bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La formación policial en El Salvador: desafíos y oportunidades para impulsar un modelo de policía comunitaria
Authors: Arévalo Herrera Luisa Carolina
Published: May 2014

Los Acuerdos de Paz pusieron énfasis en la creación de una policía nueva, diametralmente opuesta a los anteriores cuerpos de seguridad, cambio que tendría que ser expresado de manera simbólica y poniendo en relieve desde el principio que el arma principal del policía es su inteligencia. Desde su fundación hasta el once de junio del 2011 la Academia Nacional de Seguridad Pública (ANSP) ha graduado un total de 30,344 personas. Hoy por hoy, enfrenta un fuerte desafío para formar nuevos policías con una mayor calidad y actualizar a toda la plantilla policial con una filosofía de policía comunitaria para potenciar dicho modelo de actuación que promueve una nueva relación entre la comunidad y su policía, y entre directivos y operativos de la corporación policial. Sin embargo, la formación policial no es suficiente si al interior de la corporación policial no se producen cambios significativos en el clima y cultura organizacional.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i1.1390
Policía, prevención, capital social y comunidades en El Salvador
Authors: Argueta Hernández Ricardo Antonio
Published: May 2014

En este artículo se analiza la relación de la policía con la comunidad. En El Salvador, la policía tradicionalmente ha desempeñado un papel de represor del delito, pero sin preocuparse por acercarse a la comunidad. Sin embargo, en los últimos dos años la institución policial hace un giro en la atención de la problemática de la violencia y delincuencia y resultado de ese giro se introduce la filosofía de la policía comunitaria. Es decir, una policía que potencie la participación activa de la comunidad para identificar y prevenir problemas que le afectan. De lo que se trata es promover la participación de la comunidad en tareas vinculadas a la seguridad ciudadana. Actualmente se considera que en la medida que en una comunidad se fortalecen los lazos de solidaridad, de relaciones constructivas entre los vecinos, hay un capital social que contribuye a que la comunidad en cooperación con la policía previenen la violencia y la delincuencia. Evidentemente los resultados de esta nueva forma de asumir la seguridad pública no se obtendrán inmediatamente. Se requiere que, tanto los agentes y los mandos estén convencidos que con esta filosofía se pueden obtener buenos resultados en la prevención del delito. Pero además la comunidad debe ser un actor activo en la coproducción de seguridad.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i1.1391
Estado de policía o buen gobierno y mecanismos de control social en la provincia de sonsonate (1785- 1819)
Authors: Villalta Isabel
Published: May 2014

A finales de la época colonial, la provincia de Sonsonate, como el resto de territorios bajo el gobierno de la monarquía española, estaba altamente mestizado, no solo entre los grupos español e indio, sino también de ambos con el grupo negro y mulato, dando como resultado una sociedad cuyas expresiones de diversidad no solo vincularon el color de piel, sino también la cultura.Más allá de la sociedad controlada que la corona española intentó instituir, a través de una cantidad importante de leyes, la práctica de convivencia cotidiana entre la población muestra una dinámica menos dada al control.El estado de policía o buen gobierno que se intentó instituir, implicaba la colaboración entre funcionarios y vecinos para el mantenimiento del orden en todas los aspectos de la vida; sin embargo, dado que la sociedad colonial, aún afincada en el Antiguo Régimen, era una sociedad de desiguales, las corporaciones que constituían mecanismos de vigilancia y control, pugnaban por la mayor cantidad de privilegios, y por tanto por el derecho a gozar de excepciones a las leyes.El pueblo llano, fuera de la dinámica corporativa, también tenía sus propios mecanismos de vigilancia, el principal es el que hemos dado en llamar, la “sanción vecinal”, que implicaba el permanente cuidado sobre la conducta del vecino o de la vecina, bajo el riesgo de ser denunciado ante las autoridades si dicha conducta implicaba una falta o delito.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i1.1394
Ley Marco para la Convivencia Ciudadana y Contravenciones Administrativas
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i1.1396
Web: Gobernar la Ciudad; Seguridad Ciudadana y Orden Público en América Latina
Authors: Morales Peña Juan Carlos
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i1.1399
Cine: Onibús 174
Authors: Morales Peña Juan Carlos
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i1.1400
Sobre el concepto de crimen organizado. Significación de su contenido en la legislación penal salvadoreña
Authors: Sánchez Escobar Carlos Ernesto
Published: May 2014

En la realidad social del orden mundial, la criminalidad organizada es un fenómeno que se presenta de manera recurrente, pero bajo distintas manifestaciones, desde perspectivas sumamente violentas, hasta formas refinadas, ello hace que el enfoque sobre las organizaciones criminales tenga diferentes perspectivas. Lo anterior determina la importancia que tiene el concepto de crimen organizado, y en tal sentido el trabajo pretende abordar dicho marco, y tratarlo a partir de la características comunes que presentan las organizaciones criminales, también se examina la evolución  legal en El Salvador de la conceptualización del crimen organizado, y los aspectos problemáticos de interpretación que presentan el marco conceptual que lo ha ido definiendo, ello desde la creación en el Código Penal del concepto de crimen organizado, hasta la últimas de las leyes que inciden sobre este fenómeno como lo es la Ley de Proscripción de Maras, Pandillas, Agrupaciones, Asociaciones y Organizaciones de Naturaleza CriminalDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i2.1358
Cultura de violencia social del Estado y de la ciudadanía
Authors: Sancho Castaneda Eduardo
Published: May 2014

Este artículo expone una tesis teórica de elaboración propia, sobre la existencia de continuas mutaciones y desórdenes sociales de impacto constante en una sociedad salvadoreña heterogénea que recoge cuatro tipologías de sociedades: economía formal y Estado; economía informal; economía migratoria trasnacional y economía minoritaria asocial.Se destacan distintos ciclos sociales delictivos y sus correspondientes intersecciones con la represión estatal, agrupados entre los años 1993 y 1996 post Acuerdos de Paz; y en los períodos entre 2005 y 2007; y entre 2009 y 2011 post declaración de guerra a las maras. El actor emergente es la sociedad minoritaria asocial y su estructura basada en pandillas, redes sociales delictivas y su articulación en el territorio; lo que genera una situación particular de acciones relevantes de origen delictivo, criminal o antisocial.Esta tesis propone que el fenómeno evoluciona a partir de la rebelión asocial, reforzada por la cultura de violencia social del Estado y los ciudadanos. Lo interesante es que cada flujo de ascenso represivo estatal tiene un correlativo de expansión organizativa y operativo–delictivo, contexto útil para evaluar el entendimiento que se tiene de las pandillas en el año 2012 para el largo plazo y no exclusivamente en lo inmediato, en donde la tendencia es ocultar los problemas de fondoDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i2.1362
La economía ilícita: Una perspectiva desde la reproducción socioeconómica
Authors: López Ramírez Augusto Rigoberto
Published: May 2014

Como sucede en un cuadro pictórico, la perspectiva es un elemento en la composición de la imagen. Hay primer, segundo y tercer plano, punto focal y punto de fuga. Éste último elemento aporta la perspectiva y la profundidad. Ese es el punto donde van a dar todas las líneas que componen una imagen. En este cuadro de la baja delincuencia, el primer plano está compuesto por el Estado y el mercado, que además son el punto focal y los elementos más visibles del mundo formal encargados de la seguridad pública. El segundo plano está compuesto por el sector informal, y el tercer plano, al fondo pero llamando la atención, es el sector ilícito-criminal; donde también se ubica el punto de fuga: la reproducción socioeconómica. Este elemento aporta profundidad a toda la imagen, todas las líneas de los planos ya mencionados se dirigen desde y hacia él. Se diría que es un eje importante que explica la composición del todo y donde está el quid de la cuestión.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i2.1363
La paradoja mexicana de la delincuencia organizada: Policías, violencia y corrupción
Authors: Buscaglia Edgardo
Published: May 2014

Este texto describe las condiciones contextuales y dimensiones organizativas mediante las cuales las estructuras criminales mexicanas han evolucionado para constituirse en complejas federaciones de base nacional y amplia presencia territorial. También explica cómo se ha producido la expansión de la delincuencia organizada desde México hacia más de 40 países en los cinco continentes.Un aspecto que expone el texto y es de profunda preocupación, es el hecho de que en México solo se ha implementado el 46% de las medidas contenidas en la Convención de Palermo, y el 23% de las referidas a la Convención de Mérida. Por ello, se destaca el grado de ausencia en las políticas públicas mexicanas de los cuatro tipos de medidas operativas recogidas en ambos instrumentos jurídicos y que conciernen a: La coordinación interinstitucional, el combate y prevención de la corrupción, la cooperación legal internacional y la prevención social del delito, recursos y mecanismos que han sido exitosos en otros países como Colombia e Italia, donde se han implementado en más de un 97%. Se presenta la tesis de la paradoja de la sanción penal: a mayor despliegue de fuerza pública y represión estatal, los grupos criminales han respondido con mayor corrupción y violencia. La fuerza que estos últimos han tenido ha sido posible debido a sus patrimonios intactos y escondidos en la economía legal. México ha sido el destinatario de nuevas inversiones criminales debido a sus condiciones de paraíso patrimonial, situación que ha coincidido con el fenómeno de la proliferación de agencias de protección de índole privada (paramilitarismo), recurso al que, ante la indefensión social, las y los ciudadanos han recurrido en forma creciente para suplir la ausencia estatal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v1i2.1365
Language Characteristics and Written Requirements of the Maritime English Correspondence
Authors: Shen Jiang , Zhao Zhenhua
Published: May 2014

Aiming at the requirements of the maritime English correspondence, the language characteristics of the maritime English correspondence are analyzed in this article, and the factors influencing the written skills of the maritime English correspondence are discussed, and the principles of “7C” including the courtesy, the consideration, the completeness, the conciseness, the clarity, the concreteness, and the correctness should be utilized in the written of the maritime English correspondence, and the contents are listed in one complete maritime English correspondence, with their functions, that could help to enhance maritime staffs’ written capacity. ?5sl?p?er vocabulary learning. The findings of this study could perform as a roadmap in creating learning materials for mobile learning English language
Effectiveness of Teaching Approaches of In-service Training Courses for EFL Teachers in Jordanian Schools
Authors: AL-Wreikat Yazan , Abdullah Muhamad
Published: May 2014

This paper focuses on the impact of the organization of teaching approaches on the effectiveness of training for Jordanian EFL teachers. The sample for this study is drawn from all government schools in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The study uses a mixed-method approach whereby findings are triangulated throughout (in interviews, observations, and questionnaires). The study finds that most of the in-service training courses for EFL teachers are not properly organized. Moreover, taking into account different approaches, this study shows that a serious problem hinders the effectiveness of the in-service training courses.
The Relationship between Peer Assessment and the Cognition Hypothesis
Authors: Khabiri Mona , Sabbaghan Soroush , Sabbaghan Sahar
Published: May 2014

It is believed that peer assessment equips learners with a skill set withheld from them by teacher assessments that enhances language learning. However, the benefits of peer assessment are limited to how well learners can conduct peer assessment tasks. Therefore, improving the efficacy of peer assessment is essential. One way to increase the consistency of peer assessment is to increase learner attention during the assessment task. The Cognition Hypothesis states that L2 learners engaged in complex tasks pay attention to more complex linguistic structures; as a result, learning increases (Robinson, 2001a, 2001b, 2005). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether complex tasks, as outlined by the Cognition Hypothesis, improve the accuracy of peer assessment. Thirty female EFL learners conducted three speaking tasks. Each task had a different level of complexity, and participants were assessed by their peers using a rating scale. The results indicated that the absolute mean deviations for the items on the rating scale decreased as task complexity increased. In other words, the findings showed that as task complexity increased, there was more agreement among the assessors. This indicatedthat peer assessment wasmore accurate and consistent for more complex tasks.
On Vague Reference in College English
Authors: Ma Jianhe
Published: May 2014

We often come across examples of vague reference in English learning, especially college English learning. On entering college, students tend to feel at a loss since their vocabulary is required to be enlarged rapidly and a variety of reference patterns are included in their learning materials which mostly come from American and European original works. Trying to break away from those traditional researches, this paper proposes to generalize the concept of reference from the perspective of pragmatic functions and analyzes a variety of vague reference phenomena.
The Predictive Evaluation of Language Learning Tasks
Authors: Vasiljevic Zorana
Published: May 2014

Teachers are often faced with difficulty in choosing appropriate teaching activities for use in their classroom. In selecting suitable materials for their learners, teachers need to be able to analyze any tasks (i.e., their objectives, procedures and intended outcomes) before they are applied in the classroom. This paper will attempt to outline a systematic procedure for predictive task evaluation. This model should help teachers to identify elements in the task design that are likely to affect the accuracy, fluency and complexity of the students’ output before the task is implemented in the classroom and thus help them to make decisions regarding task selection and their sequencing.
A Contrastive Study on Metadiscourse Elements Used in Humanities vs. Non Humanities across Persian and English
Authors: Zarei Gholam , Mansoori Sara
Published: May 2014

The present study studied contrastively the use of metadiscourse in two disciplines (applied linguistics vs. computer engineering) across two languages (Persian and English). The selected corpus was analyzed through the model suggested by Hyland and Tse (2004). The results revealed the metadiscursive resources are used differently both within and between the two languages. As for the two courses, applied linguistics representing humanities relied heavily on interactive elements rather than interactional ones, compared with computer engineering representing non humanities. The analysis attests that humanities focus on the textuality at the expense of reader involvement. As indicated by the result, the idea of disciplinary prominence of metadiscourse across different languages needs to be cautiously taken into account.
The Effect of Collocation on Meaning Representation of Adjectives such as Big and Large in Translation from Two Languages Used in the Article to English Language Texts
Authors: Minaabad Malahat
Published: May 2014

Translation is the process to transfer written or spoken source language (SL) texts to equivalent written or spoken target language (TL) texts. Translation studies (TS) relies so heavily on a concept of meaning, that one may claim that there is no TS without any reference to meanings. People’s understanding of the meaning of sentences is far more reliable than their understanding of the meaning of words. Since what people know when they know the meaning of a word is important, but the skill of incorporating that word appropriately into meaningful linguistic contexts is more important. Our interest here lies in the shift of emphasis from referential or dictionary meaning to contextual meaning of adjectives such as big, and large in translation to English language texts or vice versa. Since big and large are synonyms, it is not surprising that they can be used to describe many of the same nouns. However, they are not perfect synonyms, and there are some differences in the distribution of these adjectives which make some problems for translators especially from those languages which these kinds of differences are not so obvious.
Comparative Effectiveness of Contextual and Structural Method of Teaching Vocabulary
Authors: Behlol Malik , Kaini Mohammad
Published: May 2014

The study was conducted to find out effectiveness of contextual an, structural method of teaching vocabulary in English at secondary level. It was an experimental study in which the pretest posttest design was used. The population of the study was the students of secondary classes studying in Government secondary schools of Rawalpindi District. Purposive and random sampling was applied to select the school and subjects. The significance of difference between the scores of groups at 0.05 level was tested applying t test. The study revealed that the contextual method is more useful for high achievers (HA) whereas structural method is more useful for average and low achievers. The HA performed better with the contextual method due to study of words in different contexts and taking help from contextual clues that has prompted spoken and written fluency. Better performance of the average and low achievers with the structural method was due to the morphological analyses of a word, role of the students as the partner in the learning process, generation and active processing of vocabulary, provision of multiple exposure of different intensity for practice and personalization of word learning.
MEASURING THE CUSTOMER PERCEIVED SERVICE QUALITY FOR LIFE INSURANCE SERVICES: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: Siddiqui Masood H , Sharma Tripti Ghosh
Published: May 2014

Liberalization of the financial services sector has led to insurance companies functioning increasingly under competitive pressures; so companies are consequently directing their strategies towards increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty through improved service quality. The present study strives to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure customer perceived service quality in life-insurance sector. The resulting validated instrument comprised of six dimensions: assurance, personalized financial planning, competence, corporate image, tangibles and technology. Further the results of analytical hierarchy process highlighted the priority areas of service instrument with assurance is the best predictor, followed by competence and personalized financial planning. The gap scores show that there is ample room for improvement in all the aspects related to service quality. These results would help the service managers to efficiently allocate attention and resources among these dimensions on the differential basis, consistent with the customer priorities. These findings can be transformed into effective strategies and actions for achieving competitive advantage through customer satisfaction and retention.
Development Mode of Automotive Logistics and Optimizing Countermeasure of China’s Automotive Enterprises
Authors: Liu Yebiao , Huang Jun , Zhang Qi
Published: May 2014

With the rapid development of automotive industry and Logistics, automotive logistics which is the most complicated in logistics develops rapidly, but there is a wide gap in automotive logistics between China and foreign countries. In this paper, major logistics operation modes of domestic and foreign automotive industry are introduced, and many problems of Chinese automotive logistics are summarized on the basis of comparison and analysis. The optimizing countermeasure is brought forward to instruct China’s automotive logistics to develop better and more rapidly.
Intellectual Property Rights, Investment Climate and FDI in Developing Countries
Authors: Adams Samuel
Published: May 2014

What is the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on foreign direct investment (FDI)? Has the coming into effect of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) had any impact on FDI inflows in developing countries? This paper answers these questions by the use of panel data for a cross – section of 75 developing countries over a period of 19 years (1985 – 2003). The results of the study indicate that: 1) strengthening IPR has a positive effect on FDI; 2) the impact of patent protection on FDI after the TRIPS agreement is far and above that of the pre – TRIPS era; 3) the degree of openness, growth rate of the economy and investment are also key determinants of FDI. The findings of the study suggest that strengthening IPR is only one component of the many factors needed to maximize the potential of developing countries to attract FDI.
Study on the Moderating Effect of the Employee Psychological Empowerment on the Enterprise Employee Turnover Tendency: Taking Small and Middle Enterprises in Jinan as the Example
Authors: Yao Kai , Cui Xiaoming
Published: May 2014

In the knowledge economy, the competition among enterprises is the competition about talents in the final analysis, and the intelligence capital becomes the key to build the core competitive advantage of enterprise. However, the abnormal turnover of employee will not only waste the human capital investment of enterprise, but also make against the implementation of the enterprise strategy and the construction of the culture. Based on the Price-Mueller (2000) model, this article adopts the definitions of the control variable, the structured variable, and the environment variable about employee turnover tendency, and creatively introduces the “employee psychological empowerment” as the Moderating variable to design and survey the questionnaire, and uses SPSS to regress in a stepwise way. The test result of the structure model by the empirical research shows that the fair allocation, the promotion opportunity, the monotonous work, the social internal support, and the exterior work chance are main factors to influence the employee turnover tendency, and the employee psychological empowerment could adjust enterprise employees’ turnover tendency. Finally, this article suggests that enterprises should harmonize the relationship between the leader’s authorization behavior and the employee’s psychological empowerment to create healthy enterprise culture and promote effective talent encouragement.
A Brief Review on Developing Creative Thinking in Young Children by Mind Mapping
Authors: Wang Wen-Cheng , Lee Chung-Chieh , Chu Ying-Chien
Published: May 2014

Mind mapping is a presentation form of radiant thinking, utilizing lines, colors, characters, numbers, symbols, image, pictures or keywords, etc. to associate, integrate and visualize the learned concept and evoke brain potential. Through mind maps, one’s attention, coordination ability, logic, reasoning, thinking, analyzing, creativity, imagination, memory, ability of planning and integration, speed reading, character, number, visuality, hearing, kinesthetic sense, sensation, etc. are significantly enhanced. “Picture” is not limited by nationality and language and is the best tool for young children to explore new things and learning. Because pictorial representation is one of the most primal human traits and drawing ability is better than writing ability in young children, learning and expressing through mind mapping prevents difficulties of writing, grammar and long description in children. Thus, this study reviews related researches to figure out whether mind mapping can be applied by young children to develop their creative thinking.
Liquidity and Dividend Policy: International Evidence
Authors: Griffin Carroll Howard
Published: May 2014

Since the days of Miller and Modigliani, academics have been studying dividend policy. There have been many theories as to why companies declare dividends, under what circumstances investors may prefer dividends to other forms of compensation, and factors that cause dividends to rise. However, the concept of liquidity has until very recently been largely ignored. This paper examines liquidity and dividend policy on the international level to determine what relationship the liquidity of a firm’s stock has on the decision of how much dividend to disburse to investors. It finds that in several specific cases, there is an inverse relationship between stock liquidity and the dividend amount paid. This perhaps would point to dividends indeed at times compensating for lower stock liquidity.
Basic Education Investment Ratio Model and the Empirical Research
Authors: Xue Mijiang , Ma Junchao , Liu Xu
Published: May 2014

By predicting the condition of basic education teachers in western rural area, this paper establishes a mathematical model determining western basic education investment ratio.
How to Start A New Business in France ? Justify the Idea of Starting A Ski Service Company in Grenoble France
Authors: Tian Yu , Chen Jingliang Chen
Published: May 2014

The paper is mainly concerning two crucial strategy question for starting a new business within today’s French business environment. They are which sector will be appropriate point to start and how to form the company. Deductive method is adopted to analyze the former and inductive approach is employed to explore the later. To make the argument robust, economics model, organizational behavior theories and accounting knowledge are widely used. Through the research work, the paper indicates that providing ski service could be a profitable business idea in Grenoble France, and the company should be organized in terms of hierarchy structure with flatting form, which could be achieved by job-enrichment. Finally, the paper demonstrates to entrepreneurs that although the economy performance of France is weak now days, some business still can be start as long as they are well arranged.
Development of Settlement Network of Yakutia in the XVIIth Century
Authors: Fedorova E. N.
Published: May 2014

At all times Yakutia was particularly concerned with the issues of territorial structure and management due to the enormity of its territory, ample natural resources and its geographical and geopolitical location. Taking into account the changes in the territorial organization of the region in the XVIIth century allows us to trace the growth dynamics of its settlement network, the relationships between individual settlements and their totality, as well as to identify the differences between the existing settlement network and the problems related to the future development of the region. The article discusses the changes in the territorial and organizational structure of the region and its internal parts within the context of general changes in the administrative division of the Russian state as a whole, and Siberia, in particular. Literary publications, historical documents containing the information about the basic changes in boundaries and structure, cartographic and descriptive materials served as the sources for studying this issue. The use of the above mentioned sources allows us to determine that the territorial and organizational structure of the region at an early stage (before the service class people came there) was a location of tribal groupings and corresponded to places of locations of clans and tribes. Only with the introduction of the yasak tax the territory of inhabitance was divided into volosts (small rural districts). At first, that division was only a fixation of social structure of the Yakuts pursuant to the words of Yakut kniaztsy (elders of Siberian clans). First groups of service class people had neither time nor favorable conditions for exercising any administrative division. Initially, they were dealing with kniaztsy who occupied certain regions called volosts or uluses. Those were the first administrative units of territory management of the region in the XVIIth century.
Applying precaution to environmental health issues at the local level: A proposed guide based on the research and experiences of Toronto Public Health
Authors: Vanderlinden Loren , Cole Donald C. , Hau Monica , Campbell Monica , Macfarlane Ronald , Mee Carol , Ayre Reg , Archbold Josephine
Published: May 2014

While the Precautionary Principle (PP) is an important policy innovation relevant to public health, practitioners do not agree on how or when it should be applied. Action on environmental health issues at Toronto Public Health (TPH) has clearly been informed by the PP. We have recently developed a guide to applying precaution that can be used to assist local public health practitioners in decision making to address environmental health hazards in the community. We applied the Guide retrospectively to TPH case examples involving education, program, policy, legislative, and advocacy interventions to manage exposures to environmental hazards. This exercise served to refine the Guide and increase our understanding of how and when TPH has applied precaution in the past. Our Guide promises to be a useful decision making support tool that will help users (1) assess what degree of precaution is appropriate for a given context; (2) systematically document evidence about harms and exposures (including uncertainties) while making the assumptions about evidence more explicit and transparent; (3) highlight potential trade-offs (including consideration of both risks and benefits), explore alternatives, and assess feasibility of interventions; (4) plan adequate communication and stakeholder engagement; and (5) institute monitoring and evaluation so as to ensure interventions still meet users’ needs. We see the Guide as a tool that deepens the process of learning and enquiry on issue management in environmental health practice. We urge others to share their applications of the PP using our Guide to promote mutual learning.
A narrative review of infections associated with personal service establishments Part I: Aesthetics
Authors: Barn Prabjit , Chen Tina
Published: May 2014

Personal service establishments (PSEs) offer a range of services to their clientele, including manicures, pedicures, facials, waxing, and hairstyling and (or) barbering services. Several key gaps exist with respect to regulations, guidelines, and best practices for PSEs. One major gap is the lack of information on infection risks associated with PSEs. To address this, we conducted a review of the scientific literature to investigate the relationship between bacterial, viral, and fungal infections and specific PSE services. Using the Ebsco database, we identified case-control studies, cross-sectional surveys, case reports, and review studies investigating this relationship. Bacterial infections, particularly, mycobacterium infections are commonly reported, while viral risks are less well characterized. No information was found on fungal infection risks. Very limited evidence is available for some services, including manicures, hair styling, and barbering. Studies related to pedicures, although few, do establish a clear link between mycobacterium infections of the lower legs and the use of re-circulating footbaths. Waxing has been implicated in bacterial infection outbreaks due to poor infection control practices. The majority of studies identified are case reports, which provide limited information on the specifics of the services, and do not allow for an assessment of the PSE-related burden of illness. Some studies, however, do point to specific risk factors, routes of transmission, and research needs that can help to better inform PSE-related policy and practice.
A narrative review of infections associated with personal service establishments Part II: Piercing and tattooing
Authors: Barn Prabjit , Chen Tina
Published: May 2014

In part II of our paper on personal service establishment services-related infections, we review bacterial, viral, and fungal infections related to piercing, tattooing, and body modification. Sixty-six studies were identified for piercing and tattooing-related viral and bacterial infections. No studies investigating fungal infections, or body modification service-related infections were identified. Bacterial infections, particularly, mycobacterium infections were commonly reported for piercing and tattooing, while viral risks were less well characterized, with the exception of tattooing related hepatitis B and C infections. Aside from localized infections at the pierced or tattooed site, a systemic infection involving the outer lining of the heart, infective endocarditis (IE), was also identified as an important health concern; those with pre-existing heart conditions are at highest risk of IE from invasive procedures. Both bacterial and viral outbreaks were linked to poor infection control procedures, and in two events, the use of municipal water to dilute tattoo ink was suspected as a source of mycobacteria leading to outbreaks of infection. The majority of studies identified were case reports; these studies provide only a limited understanding of infection pathways and do not allow for a quantitative estimation of risk. Despite important gaps in current knowledge, the available scientific literature can be used to support and inform the development of health-protective policies and practices in personal service establishments.
Prevention, identification, and treatment options for the management of bed bug infestations
Authors: Fong Daniel , Bos Constance , Stuart Taz , Perron Stèphane , Kosatsky Tom , Shum Mona
Published: May 2014

In the past decade, bed bug infestations have been increasing worldwide. Historically, studies have failed to provide evidence for the transmission of human diseases through bed bugs, but recent evidence is lacking. Although physical reactions to bed bug bites continue to be documented, evidence regarding the mental health effects arising from bed bug infestations is limited to anecdotes and case reports. This report provides an update and summary of the bed bug management strategies discussed during a workshop at the 2010 Canadian Public Health Association Conference. “Best practices” regarding prevention, identification, and treatment options are presented, using evidence from existing evaluative studies. Awareness of bed bug behaviour and proper building maintenance can prevent transfer of bed bugs from belongings, including second-hand items, and reduce entry points and harbourage sites. In addition to inspection by trained professionals, early recognition of clinical symptoms and environmental signs of an infestation are important to avoid further spread of bed bugs and to allow implementation of safe and effective treatment options. Early findings may indicate a need for special support for vulnerable individuals with mental health issues potentially exacerbated by bed bug infestations. Preparing units for treatment, including the removal of clutter, is essential. However, physical and financial limitations are challenges for managing bed bug infestations, especially for vulnerable populations. Current treatment options such as application of heat or pesticides can be effective when properly implemented, but there are concerns with pesticide resistance. An Integrated Pest Management approach is recommended and should include ongoing monitoring and prevention that are essential for positive treatment outcomes. Regulatory officials, building management, and pest management professionals are encouraged to collaborate using a systematic approach to address bed bug infestations.
Obstruction of a Public Health Inspector in a food premises, the safety and legal implications
Authors: Le Si , Chan Jim , Di Salvo Paul
Published: May 2014

This case study outlines an obstruction incident involving a Public Health Inspector (PHI) being obstructed while conducting an inspection. PHIs are empowered by legislation to conduct inspections and investigations without obstruction or hindrance from any person. Managers and employers have a duty to ensure PHIs are able to conduct their work free from harm or harassment. Previous case law provides an excellent perspective as to what actions constitute obstruction. In the current case, previous case law was used to substantiate the evidence and perspective of the Prosecutor and PHI when prosecuting the offender. To better safeguard PHIs during incidents involving obstructive behaviour, implementing an administrative warning system of problematic premises in addition to working in pairs, when feasible, will ensure inspection services are carried out safely and effectively.
Pipe inside diameter key to energy efficiency
Authors: Gaston Maury D. , Smith Carson , Hogeland James C.
Published: May 2014

Ductile iron's larger‐than‐nominal inside diameter may yield greater energy and financial savings than other materials.
Perception and the value of water: It's all relative
Authors: Goetz Melanie K.
Published: May 2014

To better communicate with customers and promote a desired outcome, utilities need to understand and incorporate the principle of relative perception and how it affects human behavior.
2014 State of the Water Industry: Ongoing challenges and no easy solutions
Authors: Mercer Kenneth
Published: May 2014

Water professionals today share a growing sense of urgency to tackle and resolve the persistent problems that have plagued the industry for years.
Função motora e qualidade de vida de indivíduos com paralisia cerebral
Authors: Prado Maria Tereza Artero , Fell Rayza Fabiane , Silva Renata Calciolari Rossi e , Pacagnelli Francis Lopes , Freitas Selma De Bastos Zambelli , Janial Aline Elizabeth Martins , Tanaka Luciana Christine Fernandes , Fernani Deborah Cristina Gonçalves Luiz , Oliveira Adriana Gonçalves de , Monteiro Carlos Bandeira De Mello
Published: May 2014

Objetivo: Avaliar e correlacionar a função motora grossa e a qualidade de vida de crianças com PC. Métodos: Foi verificado em 20 crianças o tipo clínico e anatômico, a função motora grossa pela GMFM (Gross Motor Function Measure) e a qualidade de vida pelo Questionário de Qualidade de Vida Pediátrico (PedsQL). Foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e o de Kruskal-Wallis. Para correlacionar utilizou-se da Análise de Correlação Canônica, o teste da Razão de Verossimilhança e a Estatística Multivariada de Wilks Lambda, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Apresentaram idade média de 8,4±4,03 anos. Os indivíduos com hemiparesia espástica apresentaram função motora significativamente maior que os com tetraparesia atetóide e espástica. Verificou-se a existência de alta correlação canônica significativa entre as variáveis da GMFM e PedsQL. Conclusão: Os achados demonstram que quanto maior for o comprometimento da função motora grossa menor será a sua qualidade de vida.
O primeiro ano da revista ABCS Health Sciences
Authors: Souto Ricardo Peres do
Published: May 2014

Não está disponível
Plaquetas: Papéis tradicionais e não tradicionais na hemostasia, na inflamação e no câncer
Authors: Oliveira Ingrid , Girão Manoel João Batista Castello , Sampaio Misako Uemura , Oliva Maria Luiza Vilela , Andrade Sheila Siqueira
Published: May 2014

A principal e mais conhecida função plaquetária ainda está relacionada à parada de sangramento após um dano vascular. No entanto, plaquetas estão envolvidas em diversos processos, tais como iniciar e amplificar a inflamação, interagir com células da resposta imune, além de participar na progressão tumoral, angiogênese e metástase. Neste sentido, está claro que plaquetas apresentam funções no processo inflamatório e podem influenciar respostas imune, além de desordens plaquetárias autoimune e relacionadas a presença de auto-anticorpos após transfusões, como por exemplo, na lesão pulmonar aguda associada à transfusão. Após muita especulação, recentes observações têm estabelecido novos paradigmas relacionando plaquetas à biologia molecular. Plaquetas humanas contêm fatores de spliceossomo, incluindo pequenos RNAs nucleares, proteínas de splicing e pre- mRNA endógenos. Outro ponto importante é o controle do número de plaquetas circulantes, resultado do equilíbrio entre a produção e destruição dessas células. Assim, é proposto um processo de morte programada da célula anucleada que determina seu tempo de vida. Esse processo é alvo de especulações desde a década de 60 e ainda permanece em discussão. A noção geral de que plaquetas funcionais são importantes para o sucesso de processos hematogênicos corroboram com inovações experimentais e também ligam a processos de interação plaquetas-células tumorais e seu microambiente que regula a progressão maligna. Plaquetas contribuem na sobrevivência e disseminação de células tumorais. Desta forma, discutimos aqui os mecanismos pelos quais as plaquetas atuam na imunidade, na inflamação e no câncer, uma vez que estas pequenas células são mais versáteis do que se pensava.
Exercício aeróbico intervalado na reabilitação de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca: revisão sistemática da literatura
Authors: Vidal Tainá Maria De Souza , Brandão Simone Cristina Soares , Brandão Daniella Cunha , Batista Gilmário Ricarte
Published: May 2014

O objetivo deste artigo foi revisar sistematicamente as evidências disponíveis sobre os efeitos na capacidade funcional, atividade simpática cardíaca e qualidade de vida, que constituem os principais indicadores de prognóstico, encontrados em estudos que empregam protocolos de reabilitação com exercício aeróbico intervalado em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Foi realizado um levantamento de dados sobre essa temática a partir das bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO, utilizando cinco descritores em Ciências da Saúde ou Medical Subject Headings, três termos-livres e sete cruzamentos. Na base de dados MEDLINE, via Publisher MEDLINE, cruzando-se as palavras-chave e os termos livres, foram encontrados 155 artigos. Já nas bases de dados LILACS e SciELO, nas quais foi realizada busca nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol, foram encontrados seis artigos, conjuntamente. Conclui-se, pelas evidências relatadas nesta revisão, que o exercício aeróbico intervalado em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) proporciona melhora da capacidade funcional, aferida por meio do VO2 pico, e na qualidade de vida, quando comparado ao exercício aeróbico contínuo, ambos realizados de forma isolada.
Köhler, Georges
JF
Authors: Cruse Julius M , Lewis Robert E
Published: May 2014

Georges Köhler (1946–1995) was a German immunologist who, with Cesar Milstein, perfected the hybridoma technique of preparing monoclonal antibodies against specific antigen, for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1984. Köhler joined Milstein at Cambridge as a postdoctoral fellow. His doctoral dissertation had shown that a thousand different murine immunoglobulins could react with a single epitope. He and Milstein investigated antibody gene mutations. Köhler conceived the idea of producing hybridomas. Their synthesis of monoclonal antibodies was proof for the clonal selection theory which postulated that a single B cell and its progeny could synthesise a single antibody expressed as a cell surface receptor and a secreted product. Monoclonal antibodies have broad applications in both basic research and clinical science. After Cambridge, Köhler became an Investigator at the Basel Institute for Immunology and was subsequently appointed Director of the Max‐Planck Institute for Immunology in Freiburg im Breisgau.
Genetic disorders associated with postnatal microcephaly
Authors: Seltzer Laurie E. , Paciorkowski Alex R.
Published: May 2014

Several genetic disorders are characterized by normal head size at birth, followed by deceleration in head growth resulting in postnatal microcephaly. Among these are classic disorders such as Angelman syndrome and MECP2‐related disorder (formerly Rett syndrome), as well as more recently described clinical entities associated with mutations in CASK, CDKL5, CREBBP, and EP300 (Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome), FOXG1, SLC9A6 (Christianson syndrome), and TCF4 (Pitt–Hopkins syndrome). These disorders can be identified clinically by phenotyping across multiple neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral realms, and enough data are available to recognize these postnatal microcephaly disorders as separate diagnostic entities in their own right. A second diagnostic grouping, comprised of Warburg MICRO syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, and Cerebral‐oculo‐facial skeletal syndrome, share similar features of somatic growth failure, ophthalmologic, and dysmorphologic features. Many postnatal microcephaly syndromes are caused by mutations in genes important in the regulation of gene expression in the developing forebrain and hindbrain, although important synaptic structural genes also play a role. This is an emerging group of disorders with a fascinating combination of brain malformations, specific epilepsies, movement disorders, and other complex neurobehavioral abnormalities. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Robust polymeric hydrogel using rod‐like amidodiol as crosslinker: Studies on adsorption kinetics and mechanism using dyes as adsorbate
Authors: Narayanan Rohini Kuttiplavil , Nethran Navya Kuttamassery , Devaki Sudha Janardanan , Rao Talasila Prasada
Published: May 2014

Herein, we report the preparation of robust polyacrylic acid hydrogel using rod‐like amidodiol as physical crosslinker. Polyacrylic acid–amidodiol hydrogels were characterized for its chemical structure, rheology, swelling, diffusion, and adsorption properties. Kinetics and mechanism of adsorption were investigated by UV–visible spectroscopy using dyes such as rhodamine 6G and methylene blue as adsorbate. Results suggested pseudo second‐order kinetics of multilayer adsorption and hydrogel could retain its shape even after swelling. Effect of amidodiol on the adsorption of dyes was investigated. Extent of interaction between adsorbate–adsorbate and adsorbent–adsorbate was studied using Gile's model. The generated results may provide a low cost simple technology for developing robust polymeric hydrogel adsorbent. The adsorption characteristics results can be exploited for setting up pilot plant adsorbent for the removal of such organic toxic materials. Finally, we have demonstrated its application for the removal of dyes from waste water collected from textile and paper industries. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40908.