bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Urinary Creatine and Phosphate in Athletes: Pre‐ and Post‐Training Assessment
Authors: Santos Letícia C. S. , Silveira Landulfo , Pacheco Marcos T. T.
Published: November 2024

The aim of this study was to detect biochemical components in the urine of bodybuilders who ingested creatine pretraining compared to individuals who did not ingest creatine after physical exercise using Raman spectroscopy. Twenty volunteers practicing bodybuilding were selected to collect pre‐ and post‐training urine samples, where 10 volunteers ingested creatine 30 min before pretraining urine collection (creatine group), and 10 did not (control group). The samples were subjected to Raman spectroscopy, and the spectra of both creatine and control groups and the difference (post—pre) for both groups were analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA) technique was applied to the samples. The results showed peaks of creatine and phosphate in urine after training (creatine post‐training group), suggesting that part of the creatine was absorbed and metabolized, and part was excreted. Raman spectroscopy could be applied to detect biocompounds in urine, such as unmetabolized creatine and phosphate.
Solasodine Downregulates ABCB1 Overexpression in Multidrug Resistant Cancer Cells Via Inhibiting Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Bharathiraja Pradhapsingh , Baskar Sugumar , Prasad N. Rajendra
Published: November 2024

Multidrug‐resistant (MDR) cancer cells maintain redox homeostasis to eliminate oxidative stress‐mediated cell death. This study explores the effects of solasodine on regulating P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) expression through the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway and oxidative stress‐induced sensitization of drug‐resistant cancer cells to chemotherapeutics. Initially, the oxidative stress indicators such as intracellular ROS generation, the levels of 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) and gamma‐H2AX (γ‐H2AX) in the KBChR‐8‐5 drug‐resistant cells were measured. Additionally, the protein expression levels of Nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf‐2), Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1), and ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 1 (ABCB1)/P‐gp were measured at various concentrations of solasodine (1, 5, & 10 µM) through immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. The antioxidant activities in the KBChR‐8‐5 cells were assessed using established protocols. In this investigation, the treatment with solasodine and doxorubicin combination showed a notable increase in intracellular ROS generation in KBChR‐8‐5 cells. Furthermore, this combination treatment led to enhanced nuclear condensation, elevated levels of 8‐OHdG, and increased γ‐H2AX foci formation in the KBChR‐8‐5 cells. Solasodine treatment effectively inhibited the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and activation of the ABCB1 gene, consequently preventing overexpression of P‐gp in KBChR‐8‐5 cells. Additionally, the combination therapy increased the lipid peroxidation levels while simultaneously reducing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and the levels of glutathione (GSH). These results demonstrated that solasodine disrupts redox balance, and overcomes drug resistance by downregulating P‐gp via regulating Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway in MDR cancer cells.
The location of the centre of the proximal quadriceps tendon in kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty is not associated with poor outcome scores or symptomatic patellar instability
Authors: Razick Daniel , Akhtar Muzammil , Howell Stephen M. , Nedopil Alexander J. , Hull Maury L.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

A previous study on osteoarthritic knees found that the average position of the centre of the proximal quadriceps tendon (PQT) was 9 mm lateral from the native trochlear groove. In patients with lateral patellar facet osteoarthritis, which indicates patellofemoral instability, the average location was 21 mm. The researchers suggested that a position more lateral than 20 mm might lead to poor outcomes after kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty (KA TKA)—the current study aimed to test this hypothesis.

Methods

The study involved all patients (n = 302) who underwent KA TKA (n = 313) in 2019, had a post‐operative long‐leg scanogram and knee computed tomography scan, and completed a 2‐year questionnaire. An evaluator measured the location of the PQT relative to the centre of the distal prosthetic trochlear groove. A Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analysis determined whether there was an association between the location of the PQT and the Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) and Oxford Knee Score (OKS) at 2 years.

Results

The mean location of the PQT was 11 ± 8 mm (range, −2 medial to 36 mm lateral), with 16% (N = 46) of the KA TKAs having a more lateral location than 20 mm. The location of the PQT was not associated with the FJS (r = −0.0349, p = 0.7281) and OKS (r = −0.0641, p = 0.9009)—no patient response indicated symptoms or operative treatment for patellofemoral instability.

Conclusion

Even though 16% of patients with a KA TKA had a more lateral location than 20 mm, there is no reason to measure the centre of the PQT relative to the distal prosthetic groove. This is because the location did not show any association with the 2‐year FJS and OKS nor had any patient experienced patellofemoral instability.

Level of Evidence

IV.
Congestive heart failure after anthracycline‐containing treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma: A Swedish matched cohort study
Authors: Baech Joachim , El‐Galaly Tarec Christoffer , Entrop Joshua P. , Glimelius Ingrid , Molin Daniel , Godtfredsen Sissel Johanne , Crowther Michael J. , Smedby Karin E. , Eloranta Sandra , Dietrich Caroline E.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a known complication after anthracyclines and radiotherapy for classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Contemporary cHL treatment may be associated with less risk because radiotherapy use and techniques have changed substantially over time.

Methods

In this study, Swedish cHL patients diagnosed in 2000–2018, and treated with adriamycin [doxorubicin], bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) or bleomycin, etoposide, Adriamycin [doxorubicin], cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (BEACOPP), were matched 1:10 to the general population on birth year and sex to investigate relative rates and cumulative risks of CHF.

Results

A total of 1994 cHL patients were included, with a median age of 34 years. The median follow‐up was 8.1 years. The CHF rate was higher for patients versus comparators (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 3.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.26–4.02). Patients treated with ≤200 mg/m2 of anthracyclines had HR of 2.89 (95% CI: 1.51–3.47) versus 3.91 (95% CI: 2.72–5.60) for >200 mg/m2. Treatment with ABVD was associated with a significantly higher CHF rate (adjusted HR = 3.25, 95% CI: 2.31–4.23), while BEACOPP was not (adjusted HR = 1.95, 95% CI: 0.91–4.16). The increase in relative rates translated to the absolute scale, with an increased risk persisting up to 18 years for low cumulative doses.

Conclusion

These findings highlight that cHL survivors still face a substantial excess risk of CHF in the modern treatment era and that focus on cardiovascular health remains relevant.
Spatiotemporal feature extraction method combining common spatial pattern and hybrid spatial‐temporal attention‐Net in motor imagery–brain‐computer interface system
Authors: Qin Ke , Li Shurui , Yang Yidiao , Wang Xingyu , Jin Jing
Published: November 2024

In recent years, motor imagery (MI) based on brain‐computer interface (BCI) has gained the attention of researchers and been widely used in many fields, such as medical rehabilitation and entertainment. The temporal and spatial features of electroencephalography (EEG) are very important for MI‐BCI classification. This study proposed a better spatiotemporal feature extraction method by combining the common spatial pattern (CSP) with a hybrid spatiotemporal attention convolutional neural network (HSTA‐Net) model. The method first intercepts the MI‐EEG into multiple time windows and projects them into the feature space and feeds into the HSTA‐Net in parallel. Subsequently, the scaled dot product attention module and multi‐head attention module are used to extract spatial feature attention. Finally, the features in multiple time windows obtained through HSTA‐Net are integrated and used for classification. The proposed method achieves a classification accuracy of 77.3% on the BCI Competition IV2a dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed model has better classification performance. The CSP‐HSTA‐Net model can quickly adapt to the distribution of MI‐EEG data during the training process, which increases the interclass distance of the extracted features and decreases its intraclass distance; it can better accomplish the MI‐BCI classification task.
Biosorption of cypermethrin from aqueous solutions by Pediococcus acidilactici: kinetics, isotherms, and mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Mengmei , Dai Xin , Lu Yijie , Wan Yunxiao , Wang Xingjie , Li Jianlong , Hu Kaidi , Li Qin , Zhao Ning , Liu Aiping , Hu Xinjie , Yang Yong , Zou Likou , Liu Shuliang
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

Pediococcus acidilactici is an effective adsorbent for removing of pyrethroid insecticides. This study investigated the biosorption characteristics and mechanisms of P. acidilactici D15 using adsorption measurement, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. Isotherm and kinetic models were used to analyze the biosorption process.

RESULTS

The Langmuir isotherm model best described the cypermethrin biosorption process, with the maximum adsorption capacity of P. acidilactici D15 being 21.404 mg/g. The biosorption appeared to involve monolayer coverage with uniform forces. The pseudo‐second‐order model also fits well. The rate‐controlling steps involved intraparticle diffusion, film diffusion and chemosorption. The main cellular components involved in cypermethrin biosorption were exopolysaccharides, spheroplast, and cell wall, especially peptidoglycan. The functional groups (–OH, –NH, –CH3, –CH2, –CH, –CONH–, –CO, and –C–O–C–) from proteins, polysaccharides, and peptidoglycan on the cell surface likely played a role in binding cypermethrin. Additionally, P. acidilactici D15 effectively reduced cypermethrin in pickle wastewater.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that P. acidilactici D15 could be a potential agent for reducing pesticide residues, laying the groundwork for treating pickle wastewater containing such pesticide residues. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Comprehensive analysis of the metabolism of core microorganisms in polyphenolic compound formation during the acetic acid fermentation stage of millet vinegar
Authors: Yan Yongheng , Sun Ronglong , Yang Dan , Zhang Min , Fu Maorun , Zhang Xingrong , Huang Yanhong
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

Polyphenolic compounds in millet vinegar are crucial functional substances, but the mechanisms underlying their formation and metabolism remain unclear. Acetic acid fermentation (AAF) represents the most active microbial metabolism stage and is pivotal for forming polyphenolic compounds. This study comprehensively analyzed the role of the microbiome in polyphenolic compound production and metabolism during AAF.

RESULTS

Changing patterns were observed in both the microbiome and polyphenolic monomer compounds during AAF of millet vinegar. Lactobacillus harbinensis (0.624–0.454%) was identified as the dominant species in the pre‐AAF stage, exhibiting a significant positive correlation with caffeic acid, kaempferic acid and kaempferolide (P < 0.05). Lactobacillus harbinensis‐mediated polyphenolic compound metabolism was further confirmed through genomic analysis and pure culture fermentation techniques. Lactobacillus harbinensis encodes enzymes such as carbohydrate hydrolases, glycosidases and cellulases, which promote the release and metabolism of polyphenolic compounds from grain hulls.

CONCLUSION

This study confirmed that L. harbinensis, as a core microorganism in millet vinegar fermentation, can significantly augment the content of total phenols and specific polyphenolic compounds. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing millet vinegar production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Melatonin attenuates degenerative disc degression by downregulating DLX5 via the TGF/Smad2/3 pathway in nucleus pulposus cells
Authors: Zhang Kuibo , Wang Hua , Mo Ling , Huang Xiaohui , Yuan Chao , Liu Caijun
Published: November 2024

Background

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the leading cause of low back pain, and apoptosis plays a key role in its pathogenesis. Distal‐less homeobox 5 (Dlx5) has been reported to induce cell apoptosis. Melatonin, as a powerful antiapoptotic agent, has been widely reported.

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the role of DLX5 in the pathogenesis of IVDD and the potential therapeutic role of melatonin in targeting DLX5 in IVDD.

Materials & Methods

Western blotting, RT–qPCR, immunohistochemistry, si‐DLX5, Ex‐DLX5, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence were used to examine the regulatory effect of DLX5 on apoptosis. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed by the intraperitoneal injection of melatonin into IVDD mice.

Results

The expression level of DLX5 is significantly increased in IVDD, and the expression levels were positively correlated with the grade of IVDD. DLX5 was significantly upregulated in TNF‐α‐induced degenerative NP cells. Degenerative NP cells transfected with si‐DLX5 exhibited significantly less apoptosis than control cells. Melatonin significantly alleviated IVDD in surgically induced IVDD model mice.

Discussion

The results revealed that the expression of DLX5 was positively correlated with the severity of IVDD and that melatonin ameliorated DLX5‐induced apoptosis and extracellular matrix imbalance by inhibiting the TGF‐β/Smad signaling pathway. This study may provide therapeutic strategies to alleviate inflammation‐induced apoptosis IVDD‐associated inflammation‐induced apoptosis.

Conclusion

DLX5 plays an important role in IVDD progression by promoting apoptosis, and melatonin represents a promising therapeutic strategy for alleviating IVDD‐associated inflammation and apoptosis.
Field therapies for actinic keratosis: an Australian cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Gu Yaron , Shah Kinar Mistry , Li Grace Xiaoying , Sebaratnam Deshan Frank , Sun Helen Yiling
Published: November 2024

Background

Actinic keratoses have a high prevalence in the older Australian population, with most patients presenting with field actinic damage. Despite this high prevalence, no field therapies are subsidised under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.

Objectives

To determine which therapy for field actinic damage is the most cost‐effective when comparing 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), imiquimod (IMQ), and methyl‐aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL‐PDT) at 12 months post‐treatment.

Methods

A decision tree was constructed using TreeAge Pro, representing the likely clinical trajectories of patients with field actinic damage treated with 5‐FU, IMQ, and MAL‐PDT. The cost‐effectiveness analysis was performed from the patient perspective, assuming an outpatient setting. Efficacy data was derived from a single‐blinded, multi‐centre prospective randomised control trial. Cost data were derived from Australian dermatology clinics and pharmacies. One‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted.

Results

5‐FU was the most cost‐effective treatment. It was cheaper and more effective than all other treatments, with a cost‐effectiveness ratio of AU$201 per patient achieving ≥75% clearance in field actinic damage. The cost‐effectiveness ratios of IMQ, and MAL‐PDT were AU$940, and AU$8058 per patient achieving ≥75% clearance respectively. Both sensitivity analyses showed certainty in 5‐FU's dominance over the other treatments.

Conclusions

5‐FU is the most cost‐effective treatment option for Australian patients presenting with actinic field damage on the head area.
Therapeutic inertia in the management of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis: A systematic review of cross‐sectional studies
Authors: Ngo Jennifer Lavina , Chavez Czarina
Published: November 2024

Therapeutic inertia (TI) is defined as the inability of physicians to intensify or initiate a more aggressive treatment in patients who need it. This study aims to explore the evidence behind TI in the management of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis and to determine the factors that contribute to its occurrence. An extensive literature search was conducted systematically in Cochrane Library, Medline, Epistemonikos, Google Scholar, and HERDIN Plus from their inception up to June 2023. Cross‐sectional studies that looked into TI in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis and discussed the factors that lead to its occurrence were included in the study. The review was limited to peer‐reviewed journals in the English language. Outcomes were presented as counts and percentages, and notable findings from each study were highlighted. Three thousand two hundred and fifty six records were identified but only 4 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Based on the available evidence, the prevalence of TI in psoriasis varies from 25.4% to 35.6%. Its occurence is largely caused by physician‐related factors (reluctance to escalate treatment due to lack of knowledge and experience) and patient‐related factors (satisfaction with current treatment or refusal to change treatment due to psychological barriers). Healthcare system‐related factors were not directly explored. The limited data on TI in the management of moderate to severe psoriasis presents opportunities to further explore its prevalence, the factors contributing to it, and its effect on treatment outcomes.
Direct Linearly Polarized Emission in van der Waals LEDs via Flexoelectric Effect
Authors: Liu Xiaoya , Fu Qiang , Liao Haijun , Wu Zhicong , Sun Xudong , Xia Weiqiao , Tang Xiao , Wang Shixuan , Zhang Yuwei , Duan Zhexing , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Ma Liang , Hu Zhenliang , Ni Zhenhua , Lu Junpeng
Published: November 2024

Following the rapid development of information technology, modern polarized light, which is a critical component for display and data transmission, has been in demand for miniaturization and high efficiency, rendering two‐dimensional (2D) semiconductors potential candidates. The traditional polarized light is usually generated by external optical structures or polarizers that influence the scaling and bring up losses. Previous works have reported polarized light emission from inversion‐asymmetric 2D semiconductors such as black phosphorus (BP), black arsenide phosphorus (AsP), and rhenium disulfide (ReS2), however, their emission wavelengths are not in the visible range. Here, a direct emission of linearly polarized light is demonstrated from van der Waals light–emitting diodes (vdWLEDs) via the flexoelectric effects by inducing the non‐uniform strain in monolayer (ML) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). In this work, the effects of strain including excitonic binding energy and exciton dipole moment distribution is analyzed by the density functional theory (DFT) then we show that linearly polarized photoluminescence (PL) with a degree of linear polarization (DOLP) of ≈17% can be realized at room temperature (RT), and the polarization angle is perpendicular to the direction of the strain‐gradient. By incorporating the strained ML TMDCs into vdWLEDs, electroluminescence (EL) with DOLP of ≈19% can be observed at RT. This work puts forward a direct and universal strategy for fabricating polarized LEDs based on inversion‐symmetric semiconductors.
Orthogonal Agent Comprising a Nitrile N‐Oxide and a Phenylcarbamate for Facile Molecular Integration on Styrne‐Butadiene Resin
Authors: Nozawa Sota , Nakajima Noriyuki , Hamada Masahiro , Koyama Yasuhito
Published: November 2024

The covalent attachment of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGylation) to materials minimizes non‐specific fouling of the material surface with biocomponents. While the PEGylation reaction on polar surfaces is widely used and regarded as a common technique, the PEGylation on less polar polymers and elastomers is extremely difficult due to the absence of reactive points with PEG terminus. Herein, the design and synthesis of an orthogonal agent with a nitrile N‐oxide and a phenyl carbamate that can mediate between an alkene and an amine are reported. The ligation capacity of the orthogonal agent is demonstrated through the model reaction to connect between 1‐hexene and 4‐methoxybenzylamine and the grafting reaction of PEG onto poly(styrene‐co‐butadiene) (SB) resin. The surface characteristics of PEGylated SB film are evaluated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements. Because SB resin is frequently used as a 3D‐printing polymer, the present study indicates that the orthogonal agent can be applicable to the surface modification of 3D‐printed objects precisely manufactured by using a computer‐aided design (CAD) file in the future.
Sonochemical Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization: Harnessing Sonochemistry for Polymer Synthesis
Authors: Pauly Christophe , Schlichter Lisa , Ravoo Bart Jan , Studer Armido
Published: November 2024

In polymer science, mechanochemistry is emerging as a powerful tool for materials science and molecular synthesis, offering novel avenues for controlled polymerization and post‐synthetic modification. Building upon the previous research, nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) is merged with mechanochemistry through the design of nitroxide‐based mechanophore macroinitiators, pioneering the first instance of a sonochemical nitroxide‐mediated‐type polymerization. As NMP usually requires high temperatures, this study demonstrates that a sonochemical NMP‐type process allows polymerization under reduced temperatures down to 55 °C. Moreover, depending on the nature of the employed monomers, gelated networks are obtained, demonstrating the adaptability of the mechanophore system. This study elucidates the potential of mechanochemistry in polymer synthesis, offering insights into manipulating polymerization kinetics and advancing materials science applications.
Bacillus xiamenensis Inhibits the Growth of Moraxella osloensis by Producing Indole‐3‐Carboxaldehyde
Authors: Watanabe Masahiro , Sekino Yuika , Kuramochi Kouji , Furuyama Yuuki
Published: November 2024

Moraxella osloensis, a gram‐negative rod‐shaped bacterium found on human skin, produces 4‐methyl‐3‐hexenoic acid, contributing to clothing and body malodor. M. osloensis is resistant to UV light, drying, and antimicrobials, making its eradication challenging. As the skin is low in nutrients, commensal bacteria compete for resources and use diverse strategies to inhibit their competitors. Therefore, skin‐derived bacteria that exhibited growth‐inhibitory activity against M. osloensis were searched. Screening skin‐derived bacteria using a coculture halo assay revealed that Bacillus xiamenensis formed an inhibition zone with M. osloensis. Coculture plates were extracted with ethyl acetate and fractionated using a silica gel column and preparative thin‐layer chromatography to isolate the active compound from the B. xiamenensis metabolites. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy identified the active compound as indole‐3‐carboxaldehyde, which has low toxicity in humans. At soluble concentrations, indole‐3‐carboxaldehyde does not inhibit the growth of other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis, suggesting M. osloensis is highly sensitive to indole‐3‐carboxaldehyde. These findings highlight B. xiamenensis as a promising candidate for the development of a skin probiotic to promote skin health and combat malodor‐causing bacteria.
Stability for the 2D magnetic Bénard system with partial dissipation and thermal damping near an equilibrium
Authors: Mao Jingjing
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we focus on the Boussinesq equations with magnetohydrodynamics convection, in which the temperature obeys degenerate damped wave equations. Under the influence of an equilibrium, we prove that the 2D magnetic Bénard system remains stable in the whole space
. In particular, we obtain the decay rate and large‐time behavior. Without the coupling, the 2D MHD system with only vertical dissipation is not known to be stable. It is revealed that both the thermal damping and the horizontal background magnetic field are indispensable.
Experience Among Postnatal Nurses With Two or Three Children Returning to Work Within 3 Months in China: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Liu Meng , Yang Guangling , Zhu Qingxiang , Chen Dan
Published: November 2024

Aim

To analyse experience in postnatal nurses returning to work within 3 months following the delivery of a second or third child and recommend appropriate measures to relieve pressure and enhance work engagement among this group.

Methods

This study adopted a descriptive phenomenological approach. Semi‐structured interview was carried out with 12 postnatal nurses who had returned to work in the postpartum period following the delivery of a second or third child. The collected data were analysed using the Colaizzi method.

Results

Experience among postnatal nurses with two or three children was found to stem from three factors: declining physical quality after childbirth (pelvic floor disorder, fatigue, postpartum memory decline and sleep disturbance), poor psychological adjustment after childbirth (work–family conflict, conflict between clinical work and breastfeeding and role maladjustment) and lack of clear career planning.

Conclusion

This study emphasised the importance of psychological experience when postnatal nurses returning to clinical work in the early phase. Postnatal nurses and nurse leaders can use these results to make comprehensive solution in order to improve work engagement in the postpartum return.

Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Finite element based micromagnetic simulations of heterogeneous magnetic microstructures
Authors: Vorwerk Maximilian , Schröder Jörg
Published: November 2024

Magnetic materials play a crucial role in our everyday lives. As permanent magnets, they are core components in electric motors such as generators for wind turbines, or, as magnetocaloric magnets, they have the potential to change the cooling technology of tomorrow. All of this makes these materials key contributors to “green” energy conversion technology. Accordingly, pushing the development of these materials with a special focus on the performance, efficiency, and harmlessness of the material components contained for humans and the environment is of crucial importance. This work deals with the finite element‐based simulations within the framework of the micromagnetic theory to numerically support the quest of characterizing novel magnetic materials. The main focus remains on the numerical modeling of permanent magnetic polycrystalline materials and the influence of grain boundaries on the effective magnetization. For this purpose, large‐scale simulations of permanent magnetic neodymium‐iron‐boron () samples are carried out and the influence of different mesh sizes on the effective magnetization behavior is investigated.
The mixed displacement method to avoid shear locking in problems in elasticity
Authors: Vinod Kumar Mitruka Tarun Kumar Mitruka , Bischoff Manfred
Published: November 2024

The mixed displacement (MD) method was initially developed to mitigate geometrical locking effects in beams, plates, and shells with the intention of having intrinsically locking‐free characteristics while using equal‐order interpolation for all degrees of freedom. In other words, it is an unlocking scheme that works independent of the element shape, polynomial order, and discretization scheme. It includes additional degrees of freedom that adhere to a carefully designed differential relation that can be interpreted as a kinematic law, incorporated in a mixed sense. Certain constraints are to be enforced on these additional degrees of freedom to obtain a well‐posed system of equations. In this work, the MD method is extended for problems in solid mechanics. We present the underlying variational formulation, followed by its application to 2D solid elements. Additionally, we showcase an idea to enforce the additional constraints in a general sense. Various numerical examples, within the framework of the finite element method and isogeometric analysis, are outlined to demonstrate the performance of the MD method in the geometrically linear and geometrically nonlinear cases.
Utilizing physics‐augmented neural networks to predict the material behavior according to Yeoh's law
Authors: Maurer Lukas , Eisenträger Sascha , Kalina Karl , Juhre Daniel
Published: November 2024

This article discusses physics‐augmented neural network approaches in the field of hyperelastic material modeling. Physical conditions such as objectivity, material symmetry, or a stress– and energy‐free reference configuration are considered in the construction of the neural networks. In addition, a new approach for stress normalization is proposed. The neural network is used to learn the behavior of Yeoh's constitutive model with sparse data. Finally, the trained networks are incorporated into a three‐dimensional finite element framework and compared with the classical material model in terms of accuracy. The paper demonstrates the ability of physics‐augmented neural networks to model hyperelastic materials using a small amount of data that could be generated by experiments. Compared to the classical constitutive laws of Yeoh's model, our trained material showed no material instabilities that could occur due to poorly chosen material parameters.
Compatibilization of Post‐Consumer Recycled Polypropylene/Polyethylene Binary Blends
Authors: Tal Adir , Naveh Naum
Published: November 2024

This work investigates the compatibilization of post‐consumer recycled binary blends of polypropylene/polyethylene (PP/PE), with either high‐density PE (HDPE) or linear low‐density PE (LLDPE). Ethylene‐octene elastomer copolymers from the olefin block copolymers (OBC) family, Dow's INFUSE 9107 and INFUSE 9507, were used as compatibilizers at 4, 6, and 8 wt%. Two different recycled PP/PE blends were used: a 50/50 by weight PP/HDPE white blend (0 W), and a black blend (0B) comprising 85/15 PP/LLDPE by weight. The mechanical properties, thermal properties, and morphology of these injection‐moldable blends indicate that compatibilization took place. Elongation at break and tensile impact strength increased with compatibilizer content, especially with INFUSE 9107. For instance, the impact strength of 0 W increased almost three‐fold with 8 wt% OBC, while that of 0B was doubled with 6 wt% OBC. The tensile strain at break increased up to six‐fold with 8 wt% OBC, reaching 360% and 180% for the white and black blends, respectively. Elastic Moduli decrease to some extent, but remain within the range of applicability of PP‐based compounds. The melt flow index (MFI) values, above 20 g/10 min for 0 W and 7–8 g/10 min for 0B, allow for injection molding of these blends. Moreover, a two‐phased morphology became less apparent, the improved compatibility being driven by the lower interfacial surface energy of the blend and more efficient stress transfer between the phases. INFUSE 9107 achieved better impact strength and elongation results, mainly in the white blends, and this is explained by the better compatibility, its localization at the interface, and the lower crystallinity of the compatibilized blend.
Socioeconomic Factors Associated With Participation in Postmortem Tissue Donation in Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors
Authors: Kabat Judith M. , Boland Lauren K. , Williams Melissa , Michelson Ian , Lenzen Alicia , Plant‐Fox Ashley S. , Wadhwani Nitin , Waanders Angela J.
Published: November 2024

Background

The gift of postmortem tissue donation is critical to pediatric central nervous system (CNS) research. As a “Center of Excellence” for the Gift from a Child Program, our institution has a well‐established postmortem tissue donation program. Our objective was to determine if differences exist between patients who participated in and those that declined research‐based autopsy.

Procedure

We performed a single‐institution retrospective chart review of pediatric patients with CNS malignancies who died from their disease between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2022. Individual clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic data were assessed. Population‐level data were estimated using Zip Code Tabulation Areas. Descriptive statistics were used to compare categorical data.

Results

Among the 23 patient families approached during the study time frame, 8/23 (35%) consented to participation. In the consented (C) versus declined (D) group, there was a higher percentage of White, non‐Hispanic/Latino patients by self‐reported race (C: 88% vs. D: 55%), and no patients who identified as Asian or Hispanic/Latino (C: 0% and 0% vs. D: 13% and 27%). Of all patients approached, two required interpreters (9%), and both families declined participation. The rate of private insurance was higher in the consented group (C: 75% vs. D: 47%) compared to Medicaid as primary insurance in the declined group (C: 13% vs. D: 53%). 

Conclusions

Future research should aim to understand and improve identified disparities to ensure research advancements benefit all children with CNS malignancies. One area we plan to address is improved communication with non‐English‐speaking families by partnering with our interpreter services.
Improvement of mechanical performance via interfacial strengthening of carbon fiber‐epoxy reinforced hybrid laminate by incorporation of functionalized graphene nanoplatelet interphase
Authors: Bilgi Cahit , Pektürk Hatice Yakut , Demir Bilge
Published: November 2024

This study is an attempt to develop high‐quality hybrid composites via functionalization (for homogeneous distribution) of the graphene nanoplatelets (FGNP) and then doping to carbon fiber reinforced especial aviation epoxy matrix (Araldite LY5052) via vacuum bagging molding (VBM). The utilized materials were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, tensile, impact, hardness tests, and fracture mode analysis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed a 92% (502.5 MPa) and 85% (490 MPa) improvement in tensile strength values by doping the 1 and 1.5 wt% FGNPs, respectively. There was an improvement in impact strength with the addition of FGNP; a 28% (3.23 J/mm2) increase was achieved in the nanocomposite with 1 wt% FGNP added, and there was a decrease again in the nanocomposite with 1.5 wt% FGNP added. However, it was still 12% (2.83 J/mm2) better than the neat composite. In addition, the results of examining the fractured surface structures of the impact and tensile test specimens were compatible with these results. It reveals a significant separation of fiber‐matrix bonds with 1.5 wt% FGNP contribution. While tensile and impact strengths peak at 1 wt% FGNP value and decrease afterward, hardness values increase in parallel with the increase in FGNPs.

Highlights

Composites were developed by functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (FGNP).

The fiber‐matrix interface was strengthened with FGNP interphase.

A 92% tensile strength increase was achieved with 1 wt% FGNP additives.

28% in impact strength and 55% in hardness increase by 1 wt% FGNP.

The morphology confirmed that the FGNP interphase filled the interface.
Effectiveness of the Additional Risk Minimisation Measures for Valproate Among Healthcare Professionals and Patients: A Cross‐Sectional Survey in Six European Countries
Authors: Colas Sandrine , Nishikawa Tiffany , Dresco Isabelle , Kaplan Sigal , Marinier Karine , Lachacinski Aude , Kürzinger Marie‐Laure , Toussi Massoud
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To assess the impact of the 2018 European additional risk minimisation measures (aRMMs) regarding the use of valproate in women of childbearing potential (WCBP) and during pregnancy.

Methods

A cross‐sectional, non‐interventional survey conducted in six European countries among 1982 healthcare professionals (HCPs) (July–October 2020) and 779 WCBP treated with valproate for epilepsy, bipolar disorder or other indications (August 2020–February 2021). HCPs were prescribing physicians (neurologists, psychiatrists, paediatricians and GPs), gynaecologists and pharmacists. Prespecified criteria were defined for success in the dimensions of awareness, knowledge and behaviour (correct answers to ≥ 80% of questions at individual level) and overall success (≥ 90%/80% successful HCPs/patients respectively, in the behaviour dimension and one of the two other dimensions).

Results

HCPs and patients did not meet the success criteria either overall or in any dimension. Highest success rates were in the behaviour dimension for gynaecologists (71.7%), pharmacists (49.7%) and patients (51.2%), and in the awareness dimension for prescribing physicians (23.6%). HCPs reported being unfamiliar with some educational materials and lacked knowledge of detailed prescribing conditions for valproate and the need for contraception regardless of sexual activity. More than 50% of patients were aware of the relevant patient materials and knew about the teratogenic risks of valproate.

Conclusion

Self‐reported levels of awareness, knowledge and behaviour varied considerably by HCP type and among patient respondents. Further investigation is needed into why certain measures of the pregnancy prevention programme are not well known and followed, to improve their effectiveness. This will be addressed in a qualitative study which will be based on interviews with HCPs and patients.
Development and Validation of Claims‐Based Algorithms for Conjunctivitis and Keratitis
Authors: Chomistek Andrea K. , Franklin Jessica M. , Sobel Rachel E. , Marcus Andrea F. , Sinnott Sarah‐Jo , Ezzy Stephen M. , Gately Robert V. , Green Jeannette , Howell Ashley , Sultan Ihtisham , Akpek Esen K. , Wang Florence T.
Published: November 2024

Background

Ocular surface disorders have been reported among patients with various medical conditions, including atopic dermatitis (AD). Nonetheless, validated algorithms to identify conjunctivitis and keratitis in claims data are lacking.

Objective

Develop validated, claims‐based algorithms for conjunctivitis and keratitis among patients with AD using medical records.

Methods

Patients with AD were identified in a claims database between March 2017 and November 2019. Among these patients, candidate algorithms were developed that included diagnosis codes for conjunctivitis or keratitis, alone and in combination with ophthalmic treatments. Among patients who met ≥ 1 candidate algorithms, a subset was randomly selected for medical record review. Additionally, records from a random sample of patients with AD were reviewed to assess sensitivity. Overall, 341 records were sought and 262 adjudicated by an expert ophthalmologist. The positive predictive value (PPV) of each algorithm was calculated and compared to a pre‐specified threshold of ≥ 70%.

Results

For conjunctivitis, the final algorithm was ≥ 1 conjunctivitis diagnosis (PPV = 81%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 73%–87%). For keratitis, the final algorithm combined the following 2 candidate algorithms: ≥ 1 keratitis diagnosis and ≥ 1 dispensing of a topical antibiotic or antibiotic–steroid combination (PPV = 91%); and ≥ 1 keratitis diagnosis and ≥ 1 dispensing of an ophthalmic corticosteroid, topical immune‐modulator, or topical NSAID (PPV = 68%) for an overall PPV of 80% (95% CI: 55%–93%).

Conclusion

The first claims‐based algorithms to identify conjunctivitis and keratitis among AD patients were developed and validated. They are available for use in future studies, particularly to better understand conjunctivitis and keratitis occurrence among patients with AD.
Creating a Risk Score for Prolonged Length of Stay Following Pediatric Lung Transplants
Authors: DiLeo Michael , Thapar Ruhi , Montgomery Ashley , Patadia Siddhi , Melicoff Ernestina , Rana Abbas
Published: November 2024

Background

Pediatric lung transplant (LT) outcomes correlate with prolonged length of stay (pLOS), yet a paucity of research exists predicting pLOS in this population. We aim to identify factors associated with pLOS following pediatric LT, and to create a risk score identifying individual patients at increased risk of pLOS.

Methods

Using the OPTN database, we analyzed 733 pediatric patients who received an LT between January 2000‐July 2022. We used LASSO regularization to identify factors predicting pLOS. A risk score was calculated using odds ratios for each variable in the model.

Results

LASSO was run on 51 factors and identified 13 to be included in the model. The variables with the highest negative impact on LOS were recipient ethnicity (Asian, Native American, Pacific Islanders, or Mixed Race) (OR = 3.187), recipient requiring life support (OR = 2.354), and recipient age 2–10 years old (OR = 2.203). In contrast, low cold ischemia time (OR = 0.562), time on waitlist 21–60 days (OR = 0.284), and diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension (OR = 0.307) had protective effects on LOS. Using the risk score, we stratified patients into three equal groups: low (mean LOS = 20.60 days), medium (mean LOS = 22.53 days), and high risk (mean LOS = 36.72 days) of pLOS. The c‐statistic for the model was 0.7931 and 0.7757 for the risk score.

Conclusions

Using this model and risk score, physicians and healthcare systems could identify patients at risk of pLOS and could intervene on preventable variables before transplantation.
Au‐Free Ti/Al/Ni/TiN Ohmic Contact to AlGaN/GaN Heterostructure: Ti/Al Thicknesses at an Optimized Ratio
Authors: Ling Maoqing , Sun Zhiwei , Li Jingang , Wang Weisheng , Zhang Yuanlei , Zhang Ping , Zhao Yinchao , Zhang Jie , Low Kain Lu , van Zalinge Harm , Mitrovic Ivona , Liu Wen
Published: November 2024

Although a few studies report that tuning Ti/Al thicknesses at a fixed ratio can further improve the Ohmic contact to AlGaN/GaN heterostructure, systematic physical mechanisms have not been reported. In this work, after determining the optimal Ti/Al ratio of 1/4, two metal stacks with varying Ti/Al thicknesses and fixed Ni/TiN thicknesses are deposited to investigate how tuning Ti/Al thicknesses at an optimized ratio enhances the Ohmic contact performance. At the optimal annealing condition (950 °C, 45 s) of samples with Ti/Al thicknesses of 20/80 nm, samples with Ti/Al thicknesses of 35/140 nm exhibit a reduction of 48% in contact resistance and 70% in specific contact resistivity (ρc). By correlating the results from ρc–T measurements, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction, it has been determined that this method effectively enables N‐vacancies doping into the heterostructure, thereby increasing the carrier concentration and reducing both the height and width of the interfacial potential barrier, achieving a more efficient carrier transport. By avoiding the use of Au with high solubility and ductility, this approach significantly improves contact performance without adversely affecting the electrode surface morphology, demonstrating good adaptability for optimizing Au‐free Ohmic contacts.
Effects of dopamine β‐hydroxylase inhibition in pressure overload‐induced right ventricular failure
Authors: Andersen Stine , Axelsen Julie Sørensen , Nielsen‐Kudsk Anders H. , Schwab Janne , Jensen Caroline D. , Ringgaard Steffen , Andersen Asger , Smal Rowan , Llucià‐Valldeperas Aida , Handoko de Man Frances , Igreja Bruno , Pires Nuno
Published: November 2024

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is observed in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. This study investigates whether inhibiting the conversion of dopamine into noradrenaline by dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DβH) inhibition with BIA 21‐5337 improved right ventricular (RV) function or remodeling in pressure overload‐induced RV failure. RV failure was induced in male Wistar rats by pulmonary trunk banding (PTB). Two weeks after the procedure, PTB rats were randomized to vehicle (n = 8) or BIA 21‐5337 (n = 11) treatment. An additional PTB group treated with ivabradine (n = 11) was included to control for the potential heart rate‐reducing effects of BIA 21‐5337. A sham group (n = 6) received vehicle treatment. After 5 weeks of treatment, RV function was assessed by echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and invasive pressure–volume measurements before rats were euthanized. RV myocardium was analyzed to evaluate RV remodeling. PTB caused a fourfold increase in RV afterload which led to RV dysfunction, remodeling, and failure. Treatment with BIA 21‐5337 reduced adrenal gland DβH activity and 24‐h urinary noradrenaline levels confirming relevant physiological response to the treatment. At end‐of‐study, there were no differences in RV function or RV remodeling between BIA 21‐5337 and vehicle‐treated rats. In conclusion, treatment with BIA 21‐5337 did not have any beneficial—nor adverse—effects on the development of RV failure after PTB despite reduced adrenal gland DβH activity.
Robust Adaptive Extremum Seeking Control Without Persistence of Excitation: Theory to Experiment
Authors: Garg Tushar , Basu Roy Sayan , Vamvoudakis Kyriakos G.
Published: November 2024

In this article, we develop a novel adaptive extremum‐seeking control (AdESC) algorithm with robustness guarantees and without persistence of excitation (PE). Specifically, this builds on a proportional‐integral (PI)‐like parameter estimator. A zeroth‐order optimization framework is used, where the optimizer/agent can only query the numerical value of the cost function at the current coordinate given an unmodeled bounded disturbance. Since parameter estimation plays a decisive role in the stability and convergence properties of AdESC algorithm, it is also well established in the existing literature that to ensure parameter convergence a stringent PE condition is required. Here, we eliminate the need for a stringent PE condition by utilizing a novel set of weighted integral filter dynamics, while ensuring sufficient richness using a milder condition, called initial excitation (IE). Moreover, to validate the robustness guarantees towards unmodeled bounded disturbance, a detailed Lyapunov function based analysis is performed to establish the closed‐loop stability and convergence in the form of uniform ultimate boundedness (UUB). Furthermore, an experimental study using a unicycle wheeled mobile robot (WMR) is carried out as a proof‐of‐concept considering disturbance and disturbance‐free scenarios.