bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND SEASONAL MATING ACTIVITY OF TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Fockler C. E. , Borden John H.
Published: December 2009

Mating frequency and behavior of five color-coded adults of each sex of Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) were observed for 1 hour periods in petri dish arenas. Mating activity was evaluated by recording each incident in which a male assumed the "precopulatory" position on a female for a minimum of 10 seconds. Newly emerged brood adults mated with very low frequency. The mating activity of revived overwintering beetles increased throughout the winter. In February there was a sudden rise in activity to an intensity approaching that of sexually active "spring" populations of March and April. This pattern, as well as the recovery of locomotion upon warming throughout the winter, provides evidence that overwintering populations undergo only a reproductive diapause, or hibernation. Mating activity of excavating parents fell to one-half that of spring beetles within 2 weeks of host invasion and declined further after 4 weeks. Parents that had recently emerged from brood logs had negligible mating activity. Flight was not an essential prerequisite to mating. There was no prolonged delay between initial contact of the sexes and mounting, and no observable courtship. Behaviorally, the male was the aggressive partner; the female was passive and nonresisting. Multiple matings by both sexes, with the same or different partners, and mounting of mating couples and other males by males were observed. The average duration of mounting was 1.75 minutes and, when copulation occurred, 3.35 minutes; dissections showed that this period was sufficient for insemination. Pronounced reduction of mounting and copulation activity occurred within 30 to 40 minutes of initial contact with the opposite sex. Mating frequency depended primarily on the maturity and vigor of the male, although the maturity of females had a slight effect.
EMERGENCE TRAP COLLECTIONS OF TRICHOPTERA FROM AN OREGON STREAM
Authors: Anderson N. H. , Wold Janet L.
Published: December 2009

Adult Trichoptera of 39 species representing 11 families were collected from 4 emergence traps in Oak Creek, Corvallis, Ore., between May 1968 and December 1970. Glossosomatidae and Limnephilidae were the most abundant families, but Rhyacophilidae was represented by the most species. Relative abundance, seasonal occurrence, sex ratios, and ecological segregation of related species are discussed.
ANNOTATED LIST OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM HAYFIELDS AND THEIR MARGINS IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Fox C. J. S. , Dondale C. D.
Published: December 2009

The spider fauna of three hayfields and their margins in Nova Scotia was sampled by means of pitfall traps from May to October, 1960. Eleven families were represented and comprised 35 genera and 55 species. Specimens of the genus Pardosa were trapped in greatest numbers.
PHEROMONES OFIPS PINI(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): VARIATION IN RESPONSE AMONG THREE POPULATIONS
Authors: Lanier Gerald N. , Birch Martin C. , Schmitz Richard F. , Furniss Malcolm M.
Published: December 2009

Reciprocal field tests of attraction between populations ofIps pini(Say) from California, Idaho, and New York disclosed geographic variation in pheromone systems. These differences reside both in pheromone production and reception. However, it is unknown whether variation in the pheromone bouquets is qualitative, quantitative, or both.

In New York, both sexes responded in higher numbers to their own pheromone than that produced by California or Idaho males. In California, beetles of both sexes discriminated against New York, but in Idaho only females made this distinction. In both California and Idaho, the local population showed a slight preference for the pheromone produced by Idaho males over that produced by California males.

The predatorEnoclerus lecontei(Wolc.) demonstrated a four-fold preference for attractants produced by males from New York over those produced by beetles from California and Idaho. The parasitoidTomicobia tibialisAshmead showed the opposite trend.

There is no evidence that geographic variation in the pheromones produced byI.piniis sufficient to enforce breeding isolation between adjacent populations. However, these results dramatize the necessity of considering pheromonal variability in programs applying pheromones for the survey and control of widely distributed pests.
RESIN CRYSTALLIZATION RELATED TO WEEVIL RESISTANCE IN WHITE PINE (PINUS STROBUS)
Authors: Buijtenen J. P. van , Santamour Frank S.
Published: December 2009

Differences in weevil attack between trees containing crystallizing and non-crystallizing resin were observed. Among twenty non-crystallizers only three trees were successfully attacked by the white-pine weevil. About 50% of the remaining population was successfully attacked. Resin crystallization can thus be used as a characteristic to screen for resistance to the white-pine weevil.Since several other characteristics such as leader diameter, depth of cortical resin ducts and bark thickness are also related to weevil resistance, a discriminant function could be developed to maximize discrimination between susceptible and resistant trees by a properly weighted combination of characteristics related to weevil resistance.
PHOTOTACTIC ACTION SPECTRUM FOR WHITEFLY AND THE QUESTION OF COLOUR VISION
Authors: Macdowall Fergus D. H.
Published: December 2009

The peak of phototactic response ofTrialeurodes(Asterochitori)vaporariorum(Westw.) to equal numbers of quanta of monochromatic light in the range 475–625 mμ occurred at 540–550 mμ. and a hump of "red" sensitivity occurred near 600 mμ. This coincided with the transmission spectrum of host leaves. The response to light intensity was hyperbolic but it was linear within the variance in the range used for the action spectrum. Corrections were made for decreasing sensitivity during experiments. The absorption spectrum of a pigmented eye-preparation included a shoulder at the wavelength that caused maximal phototaxy. Work on greenhouse light traps is recommended. Preliminary colorimetric data did not support a capacity for colour vision.
THE CHORIONIC ARCHITECTURE OF ZELUS EXSANGUIS (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE)
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: December 2009

The chorionic structure of the main body and the specialized opercular region in the egg of Zelus exsanguis (Stål) is described. The chorionic architecture of this species is typical of the ova in the Harpactorinae.
A CORRELATION OF SOME BUTTERFLY DISTRIBUTIONS WITH GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: December 2009

This deals with the distributions of Papilio machaon L., Oeneis chryxus strigulosa McD., and Boloria napaea Hoff., as correlated with the basic geological formations to which they are evidently restricted.
SYSTEMATIC NOTES AND NEW SYNONYMY IN THE GENUS CENOCORIXA (HEMIPTERA: CORIXIDAE)
Authors: Jansson Antti
Published: December 2009

The genus Cenocorixa Hungerford is shown to contain only eight valid species. New synonymy and systematic changes are given as is a revised key to males of the genus. Variation is noted in some of the characters used for specific identifications.
NOTES ON EMBIDOBIINI (SCELIONIDAE: HYMENOPTERA) WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS
Authors: Masner Lubomir , Dessart Paul
Published: December 2009

Endecascelio stipitipennis n. gen. and n. sp. is described from Central Africa (former Belgian Congo). The extent and interrelationships of the tribe Embidobiini are discussed. A diagnosis of the tribe and a key to genera of the world is given.The genus Embidobia Ashmead is for the first time reported from the Oligocene of Baltic amber.
THE SOLDIER FLIES OF CANADA AND ALASKA (DIPTERA: STRATIOMYIDAE): I. BERIDINAE, SARGINAE, AND CLITELLARIINAE
Authors: McFadden M. W.
Published: December 2009

In Canada and Alaska, the Stratiomyidae are represented by six subfamilies containing 23 genera (less Caloparyphus) and 84 species. This paper treats three of the subfamilies, the Beridinae, Sarginae and Clitellariinae which include 15 genera and 21 species.The vast amount of information that has accumulated over the years since 1927 when Dr. Corran published his synopsis of the family has been assembled and reviewed. This includes recent changes in nomenclature, information on adults and immature stages, notes on biology and distribution records. In addition, keys have been provided for adults and larvae (where possible) at the subfamilial, tribal, generic and specific levels.
A REFINED METHOD OF HANDLING ROOT MAGGOT LARVAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) FOR BIOASSAY
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: December 2009

A method is described for rearing and selecting strong, robust populations of first-stage root larvae for bioassay of insecticide toxicants in soil and host plant tissue. Oviposition dishes are placed in cages with flies for a 6-hour period 3 times a week. The eggs are then incubated on silk cloth over moist blotting paper in petri dishes at 21° to 22 °C until they hatch. When the larvae move away from the empty egg cases to a food supply, they are transferred to the centre of another piece of silk cloth lying fiat on a wet sponge. The strongest of the larvae move most quickly outward from the central mass and are transferred to holding trays and later set up for bioassay with plant tissue or treated soil. The weaker larvae are discarded. In 24- to 48-hour tests with larvae obtained by this method, there was no mortality in untreated samples. When larvae were reared to maturity, mortality in untreated media averaged approximately 6% in several hundred tests conducted from 1969 to 1971.
LIFE CYCLES OF SOME SPECIES OF TRIATOMA (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE)
Authors: Carcavallo Rodolfo U. , Martínez Antonio
Published: December 2009

This report deals with studies of the biology of 10 species of the genus Triatoma Laporte, all of which were collected in Argentina and reared in the Microbiology and Parasitology Institute of the School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires.The specific purpose of the study was to determine, for each species, average values for number of eggs per female, proportion of eggs hatching, time required for hatching and for the development of each instar nymph, the longevity of female and male adults, and the length of egg-adult and egg–egg cycles.These studies extend the knowledge of the biology of vector species of Chagas’ disease and have been done in conjunction with studies of the geographical distribution of the insects.
A NEW SPECIES OF MIDILA WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: MIDILINAE) FROM VENEZUELA
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Midila bordonorum n. sp. is described from near Portachuelo Pass, Estado Aragua, Venezuela.
EVALUATION OF THE TREE-BEATING METHOD FOR SAMPLING DEFOLIATING FOREST INSECTS
Authors: Harris J. W. E. , Collis D. G. , Magar K. M.
Published: December 2009

A procedure for sampling defoliating forest insect larvae by beating them from foliage, used by the Forest Insect and Disease Survey of the Canadian Forestry Service to record population trends and predict future damage and control need in British Columbia, was tested over 150,000 acres on Vancouver Island. The parameters used were average numbers of larvae per collection and percentage positive collections. Results on the test species Acleris gloverana (Wlshm.) and Melanolophia imitata (Wlk.), on host Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., indicated that for low (normal) population levels the present system of choosing three-tree samples along roadsides was satisfactory but that weather conditions markedly affected sample results.
A BRIEF REVISION OF THE NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICAN SPECIES OFMEGASOMA(COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Hardy Alan R.
Published: December 2009

The genusMegasomaKirby as it occurs in North and Central America is discussed, and the taxonomic history of this group in this area is reviewed. A key is presented to aid in the separation of the 10 forms currently known from these areas, as well as one species that may be taken in the future. Each species is illustrated and discussed. Three new species,Megasoma sleeperifrom Southern California,Megasoma cedrosafrom Central Baja California, andMegasoma leconteifrom Southern Baja California, are described.
ATTRACTION AND REPRESSION OFDENDROCTONUS PSEUDOTSUGAE(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) BY THREE SYNTHETIC PHEROMONES IN TRAPS IN OREGON AND IDAHO
Authors: Rudinsky J. A. , Furniss M. M. , Kline L. N. , Schmitz R. F.
Published: December 2009

Comparative tests were made in Oregon and Idaho employing sticky traps with three synthetic pheromones ofDendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopkins, frontalin, 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, andtrans-verbenol, and the host attractants Douglas-fir resin, alpha-pinene, and camphene. The attractiveness of frontalin combined with host volatiles reported earlier from Idaho was confirmed. The combination oftrans-verbenol with frontalin plus camphene in Oregon brought the highest response among synthetic treatments, but the addition oftrans-verbenolto other treatments with frontalin sometimes decreased beetle response.3-Methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one almost nullified the attractiveness of all baits tested. The practical use of such a compound to prevent beetle aggregation and protect susceptible Douglas-fir trees as well as to regulate the "spillover" from attractive baits is considered as a possible new method of protection against bark beetles.
THE CLASSIFICATION AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF THORONINI (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The tribe Thoronini Kozlov, 1970 as interpreted here in its broader sense includes also the tribes Pseudanteridini and Tiphodytini as proposed by Kozlov (1970), i.e. the following genera:ThoronHaliday, 1833,Neothoronn. gen.,PseudanterisFouts, 1927,Thoronellan. gen.,Microthoronn. gen.,Tanaodytesn. gen., andTiphodytesBradley, 1902. The new taxa described are:Neothoron lautusn. gen. and n. sp., Ecuador;Thoronella elegansn. gen. and n. sp., Brazil;Microthoron baeoidesn. gen. and n. sp., Malaya;Tanaodytes longipesn. gen. and n. sp., Malaya;Tanaodytes sororn. sp., Ceylon;Tiphodytes godavarin. sp., Nepal;Tiphodytes mymarn. sp., Malaya;Tiphodytes selangorn. sp., Malaya.The generaThoron,Pseudanteris, andTiphodytesare recorded for the first time in Canada. The nameCalliscelioAshmead, 1893 is considered a synonym ofCaloteleaWestwood, 1837 (new synonymy).The species of Thoronini, the biology of which is known, parasitize eggs of water Heteroptera (Gerridae, Nepidae) and it is assumed that most if not all species of this tribe either live in, or are closely associated with, aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats. This is inferred, in the case of species for which definite information is lacking, from the sites in which the adults have been collected, all of which were near water.
SOUND PRODUCING STRUCTURES IN ADULT CICINDELA TRANQUEBARICA (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE) INCLUDING A LIST OF TIGER BEETLES AND GROUND BEETLES WITH FLIGHT WING FILES
Authors: Freitag R. , Lee S. K.
Published: December 2009

Stridulatory structures of the flight wings and elytra, and a dorsal chamber in the thoracic abdominal junction of C. traquebarica Herbst are described. The functions of these structures are considered. A list is provided of 62 species of tiger beetles and 13 species of ground beetles which have stridulatory files on the flight wings.
THE LARVAE OF CANADIAN ARCTIC NOCTUIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Mackay Margaret R.
Published: December 2009

Five species of Noctuidae are known to occur in the Canadian far north: Anarta richardsoni Curt., Lasiestra leucocycla Staud., Sympistis labradoris Staud., Syngrapha parilis Hbn., and an Apamea species that is probably exulis Duponchel. The larvae of these species are described and illustrated. A key to them has been prepared, although they can be distinguished without difficulty except for some specimens of Anarta richardsoni and Lasiestra leucocycla.
ESTABLISHMENT IN MAINE, NOVA SCOTIA, AND NEW BRUNSWICK OF OLESICAMPE BENEFACTOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), AN INTRODUCED ICHNEUMONID PARASITE OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Embree D. G. , Underwood G. R.
Published: December 2009

Small numbers (147–388) of Olesicampe benefactor Hinz, a European ichneumonid parasite of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), were released in Maine, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick in 1967. The parasite became established and has survived through two winters at five release points, and three winters on three release sites; on two sites the continued survival of the parasites is unconfirmed because of the collapse of the host population. O. benefactor is known to disperse slowly and even if it is successful in controlling the sawfly in the release areas, control over large areas may require releases at many locations.The subject of the range of host densities at which parasite releases should be made to ensure the greatest parasite production per parasite released, and hence the greatest chance of successful establishment, is discussed.
DIEL PERIODICITIES OF EMERGENCE OF SOME HIGH ARCTIC CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Danks H. V. , Oliver D. R.
Published: December 2009

The diel periodicities of emergence of seven species of chironomids from two ponds in the Hazen Camp area (81°49′ N., 71°18′ W.) are considered in relation to physical factors. Emergence of all species is greatest during the middle part of the day: an increase in water temperature induces emergence and a decrease inhibits it, whereas changes in light intensity, ultraviolet radiation, sunshine, and wind appear to have no effect on the diel emergence pattern. In a shallow pond, males emerge slightly earlier in the day than females in some species. In the same pond also, emergence, particularly of females, is sometimes distinctly bimodal. In a deeper tarn where the diel temperature fluctuation is very small there is a single peak, which is less pronounced than in the shallow pond.That temperature controls the periodicity of emergence implies that short-term temperature changes which may inhibit adult activity are of great importance in the high arctic. At these latitudes, changes in light intensity evidently do not reliably indicate to the emerging organisms temperatures which fluctuate near critical thresholds for activity.
OVIPOSITION AND LONGEVITY OF THE DARK-SIDED CUTWORM, EUXOA MESSORIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Cheng H. H.
Published: December 2009

In the laboratory, the mean number of eggs laid per female of the dark-sided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), fed on honey solution was 1303.8; when given water alone 261.3; and 86.4 when held without food or water. Adult food significantly increased the longevity and oviposition period and reduced the pre-oviposition period. There was no significant difference between the weight of male and female pupae. The weight of the female pupae was significantly correlated with: the oviposition period; the number of eggs laid; the longevity, except moths fed on honey solution; but not the pre-oviposition period, regardless of food taken as adults. Females fed on honey solution mated successfully, 30% of them more than once. When given water or nothing the number of mated females was reduced. Dissections showed that adult food accelerated the development of eggs and increased the fecundity potential.
SOME MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE PEA APHID,ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Auclair J. L. , Srivastava P. N.
Published: December 2009

Performance of the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris), on a holidic diet containing different metal ions was studied by individually incorporating into the diet a salt of the metal ion to be tested. The performance of the pea aphid was markedly improved when the diet contained iron; the first-generation adults reproduced, and the second-generation nymphs moulted twice or thrice, but did not reach the adult stage. Molybdenum, boron, and copper, at certain concentrations, induced the production of some live nymphs, but manganese, zinc, calcium, and cobalt did not. However, the presence of zinc, cobalt and calcium, at most of the concentrations used, slightly improved growth and reduced mortality. Furthermore, the presence of calcium appeared essential for development to the adult stage. Tolerance to all these metals was fairly high, but sodium molybdate at a concentration of 50.0 mg, and sodium borate at concentrations of 40–100 mg/100 ml of diet, appeared to reach toxic levels.Iron was found to be essential for reproduction and a range of 53–211 μg of elemental iron per 100 ml of diet appeared to be optimum. It is suggested that a synergistic effect between at least some of these metals is required for continuous reproduction of the pea aphid.
REPLACEMENT OF TYPHLODROMUS OCCIDENTALIS BY T. CAUDIGLANS AND T. PYRI (ACARINA: PHYTOSEIIDAE) AFTER CESSATION OF SPRAYS ON APPLE TREES
Authors: Downing R. S. , Moilliet T. K.
Published: December 2009

Organophosphorus sprays were applied during 1968 and 1969 to an unsprayed but otherwise well cared for apple orchard to destroy the resident phytoseiid predators, Typhlodromus caudiglans Schuster and T. pyri Scheuten. The phytoseiid commonly found in commercial orchards in British Columbia, T. occidentalis Nesbitt, was then released into the orchard.The population density of T. occidentalis increased greatly during 1970 but in the absence of sprays the resident predators reappeared. By the end of the 1971 season, T. caudiglans and T. pyri were once again the main phytoseiid predators and T. occidentalis was relegated to an insignificant role.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF CERTAIN SOIL ARTHROPODS IN A FENITROTHION-TREATED RED SPRUCE STAND
Authors: Carter N. E. , Brown N. R.
Published: December 2009

This study investigates certain arthropod predator elements of the soil fauna of a mature red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) stand. It presents differences between abundance 2 years prior to and 1 year after aerial spraying with fenitrothion at 2 and 3 oz per acre.

One species of centipede, one species of pseudoscorpion, and three species of harvestmen were noted in fewer numbers during the year of spraying. Higher numbers occurred the following year. Spiders of the family Erigonidae showed no marked difference in numbers during the course of the study. Most other spiders were encountered in reduced numbers during the spray year but rebounded next year.

Apparently, fenitrothion does cause temporary reduced abundance of at least some predacious arthropod components of the soil fauna. The effect of such changes in the insect community on soil processes remains unknown; even more so, the influence of repeated annual applications of fenitrothion remains undetermined.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF TELENOMUS COELODASIDIS (HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE SADDLED PROMINENT, HETEROCAMPA GUTTIVITTA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOTODONTIDAE)
Authors: Ticehurst Mark , Allen Douglas C.
Published: December 2009

A biological study of Telenomus coelodasidis Ashm. revealed a close temporal synchronization between this egg parasitoid and its primary host, Heterocampa guttivitta (Wlkr.). The wasp reproduced parthenogenetically in the laboratory and completed development in unfertilized host eggs. Wasp activity was greatest at relatively low temperatures, and longevity was significantly greater when individuals were provided with food. The second and third stage larvae and the pupa are described, as well as the sequence of visible changes occurring in parasitized host eggs. The egg stage of H. guttivitia should be sampled about 5–7 days after peak oviposition by the host, and eggs held for 4–6 days to obtain an accurate estimate of apparent mortality.
BIOSYSTEMATICS IN THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Hudson Anne
Published: December 2009

It was very difficult to decide whether to introduce this paper by discussing taxonomic problems in the genus Euxoa and how certain different approaches might help to solve them, or whether first to describe a number of different approaches and then to reveal that the genus Euxoa provides an excellent opportunity to try them out. Chronologically speaking the second alternative is the more correct, the approaches existed and their acknowledgment was followed by the recognition and definition of a suitable problem.
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE HIGHER SYSTEMATICS AND PHYLOGENETIC CONCEPTS IN ENTOMOLOGY
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: December 2009

This paper reviews recent work on the higher systematics of insects and summarizes the various phylogenetic concepts advocated. It is evident that there is considerable difference of opinion. This is likely to prevail since the fossil record is inadequate. It is suggested that a numerical analysis of the insects at the Order level might be profitable.
REDUCTION OF PROGENY AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE FOLLOWING REMOVAL OF SYMBIOTIC FUNGI
Authors: Barras Stanley J.
Published: December 2009

In four studies with loblolly pine bolts over a 2-year period, absence of the normal complement of mycangial and ectodermal fungi, or absence of mycangial fungi alone, caused a significant decrease in number of progeny, progeny/gallery, progeny/cm of gallery, and ratio of increase of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman. Initial emergence of progeny was delayed 13 to 24 days. Absence of fungi had no effect on number of successful attacks, length of ovipositional gallery, and number of egg niches/cm of gallery.
KNIGHTOMIRIS NEW GENUS, FOR LYGUS DISTINCTUS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

A new genus, Knightomiris, is proposed for Lygus distinctus Knight. Diagnostic features of the genus, male genitalia and the adult of distinctus are figured, and additional records on distribution are given.
BIOLOGY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF LEUCOPIS PIMCOLA AND CHAMAEMYIA POLYSTIGMA (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE)
Authors: Sluss Thomas P. , Foote B. A.
Published: December 2009

The life cycles and larval feeding habits of Leucopis (Neoleucopis) pinicola Malloch and Chamaemyia polystigma Meigen were studied in northeastern Ohio. The larval stages of L. pinicola are predators of the pine bark aphid, Pineus strobi (Hartig) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Probably there are only two generations a year, and overwintering occurs as mature larvae or pupae that are in diapause. Larvae of C. polystigma prey on the blue grass mealybug, Heterococcus nudus Green (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), that infests perennial rye grass, Lolium perenne L. This species has three generations a year and overwinters as diapausing mature larvae and pupae.

The eggs, three larval instars, and puparia of both species are described and illustrated.
HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF IPS PARACONFUSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) LARVAE AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO MORTALITY: I. INFLUENCE OF HOST TREE AND TREE DIAMETER ON PARASITIZATION
Authors: Ball J. C. , Dahlsten D. L.
Published: December 2009

The larval parasite complex of Ips paraconfusus Lanier is found to differ in Pinus ponderosa and Pinus lambertiana within the same local area. Ips paraconfusus was attacked by fewer species of parasites in ponderosa pine and the rate of parasitization was generally less in that tree species. Greater parasitization in sugar pine was not entirely accounted for by the additional parasite species, but also reflected greater efficacy by those species common to both trees. Evidence indicates that greater bark thickness in ponderosa pine at comparable diameters may have been responsible for the higher parasitization by the shared parasite species.

A significant negative regression of parasitization with diameter was found in sugar pine, but not in ponderosa pine. Most, if not all, of this regression is attributed to a single species, Rhopalicus pulchripennis, whose searching appears to be confined to the smooth, softer bark of the crown.
CEUTORHYNCHUS LITURA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): BIOLOGY AND FIRST RELEASES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE WEED CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE) IN ONTARIO, CANADA
Authors: Peschken D. P. , Beecher R. W.
Published: December 2009

Ceutorhynchus litura (F.) laid an average of 123 eggs per female. Development from egg to adult took about 6 weeks at room temperature, followed by an obligatory diapause of 3–4 months. In laboratory rearings a maximum of only an 8-fold increase over the original breeding stock was achieved in one generation. The weevil was released against the weed Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) near Belleville, Ont., in 1967. Near the centre of the release site on about 400 m2, thistle shoots have decreased to 4% of their former density of about 3–7 shoots per 0.25 m2. Circumstantial evidence indicates that the weevil aided in the spread of thistle rust Puccinia punctiformis (Str.) Rohl.
THE SELECTION OF EFFECTIVE AGENTS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
Authors: Harris P.
Published: December 2009

Little attention has been given to the selection of the most effective agents for the biological control of weeds. The consequence has been a needlessly high failure rate and cost. Seven methods for their selection are discussed and a scoring system proposed as a means of incorporating their best features.
THE BIOLOGY OF TREE-HOLES OF POINT PELEE NATIONAL PARK, ONTARIO: I. NEW MOSQUITO RECORDS FOR CANADA (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Smith S. M. , Trimble R. M.
Published: December 2009

The mosquitoes Anopheles barberi, Orthopodomyia signifera, and Orthopodomyia alba are recorded for the first time in Canada. All three species were found breeding in the water-filled rot cavities of trees in the deciduous forest of Point Pelee National Park, Ontario. Attention is drawn to the probable rarity of these mosquitoes in Canada and their conservation is recommended.
TESTS ON MICROBIAL AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND PIERIS RAPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) ON CABBAGE
Authors: Jaques R. P.
Published: December 2009

The control of larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, and the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae, by viruses, bacteria, and chemical insecticides was compared. In small field plots five applications of the nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of T. ni (1.8 × 1011 polyhedra/acre) and the granulosis virus of P. rapae (4 ×1011 granules/acre) controlled the respective host larvae as well as five applications of the chemical insecticide methomyl (0.5 to 1 lb/acre). Dipel HD-1 (0.25 lb/acre) and Thuricide HPC (60 fl. oz/acre), formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis, were as effective against T. ni larvae as methomyl but not as effective as Fundal (0.5 lb/acre) or Dipel at a higher rate (0.5 lb/acre). The control obtained by combinations of viruses with endosulfan or methomyl suggested an effective method of reducing use of chemical insecticides. Control of T. ni and P. rapae in plots up to 3 acres in area in growers’ fields demonstrated the effectiveness of the viruses when used as commercial insecticides.
PARASITES OF FACE FLY, MUSCA AUTUMNALIS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), AND ASSOCIATED DIPTERA NEAR BELLEVILLE, ONTARIO
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

One larval parasite, Aphaereta pallipes (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and three pupal parasites (Muscidifurax raptor G. & S., Spalangia nigra Latr., and Eupteromalus dubius (Ashm.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)) developed on face fly, Musca autumnalis De G. (Diptera: Muscidae), collected near Belleville, Ont. These parasites, and four other Hymenoptera and one staphylinid, were reared from other Diptera associated with M. autumnalis. The economic value of the four face fly parasites is limited because only one (A. pallipes) finds hosts easily, none is host-specific, and few individuals that develop on face fly pupae emerge from the puparia.
THE EFFECT OF EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), INFESTATIONS ON N, P, AND K CONCENTRATIONS IN APPLE FOLIAGE THROUGHOUT THE SEASON
Authors: Herbert H. J. , Butler K. P.
Published: December 2009

Seasonal trends of the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were measured in the foliage of apple trees infested with the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), at four population levels created by the action of predators and/or chemical treatment.

It was shown that by early September the concentrations of these nutrients; particularly nitrogen, were significantly depressed by high P. ulmi populations.
STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA: IV. SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE CROWN
Authors: Wheeler A. G.
Published: December 2009

The arthropod fauna associated with deteriorating crowns of alfalfa,Medicago sativaL., was studied at Ithaca, N.Y., during 1968–1969. Four decompositional stages of crowns were delimited, ranging from those of healthy, 1-year-old plants to those of dead plants. A total of 77 arthropod species, including 44 species of Diptera, were reared from the four stages of crowns. Information given for each species includes relative abundance, and associated stage of crown and number of crowns. Adults of several reared species had been collected from alfalfa foliage samples in previous years of study and were species for which the relationship to alfalfa had been obscure and which might in most insect–plant studies have been dismissed as being of chance occurrence or accidental on the plants. However, species breeding within the crowns contributed to the richness of the alfalfa fauna. Because species breeding within the microhabitat of decaying crowns were only rarely found to be associated with other morphological parts of the alfalfa plant, the crown community can be considered as a “centre of action” within the total alfalfa–arthropod community. The possible importance of considering species comprising the crown community in studies on communal stability is discussed.

None of the species of the crown community were shown to be definite primary invaders in crowns of healthy plants, although several reared species have been reported to damage living plant tissue. Many of the species probably were feeding on microorganisms and partitioning the available food resources by feeding preferentially on different classes of microorganisms. The majority of species should be classed as secondary invaders. While mechanical and winter injury probably were the main causes of initial damage to the crowns, feeding activities of the secondary-invading arthropods may have accelerated the process of crown deterioration and further opened tissues of the crown to penetration by pathogens.
FERTILITY AND SURVIVAL OF TOBACCO BUDWORMS, HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), FROM GAMMA-IRRADIATED FEMALES
Authors: Proshold F. I. , Bartell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Female Heliothis virescens (F.) were irradiated with 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, or 30.0 krad of γ-rays and crossed with untreated males. Then the survival and fertility of the F1 insects from these crosses and the survival of the F2 descendants were studied. The F1 survival showed a dose-dependent reduction with increasing dose, but F2 survival was normal. Likewise, we found near-normal fertility in progeny from irradiated females, regardless of dose.
STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA: V. SPIDERS (ARANEIDA)
Authors: Wheeler A. G.
Published: December 2009

The spider fauna of alfalfa was studied at Ithaca, N.Y., in three experimental plots and in nearby fields during 1966–69. As part of an overall study of the arthropod fauna of alfalfa, the spider populations in the study plots were recorded weekly during visual examination of the terminal 6 in. of five stems for 100 plants in each of the plots. Additional information was obtained from sweep-net and pitfall trap collections in the study plots and from sweeping several commercial plantings. The spider fauna of alfalfa was found to consist of 78 species, 10 of which were collected only from the ground layer. Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz and Dictyna volucripes Keyserling were the most abundant species found in the weekly samples. Notes on the seasonal occurrence, location on the plants, and feeding habits are given for the common species.
EFFECTS OF INFESTATIONS BY THE CORN LEAF APHID, RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDIS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), ON FIELD CORN IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Foott W. H. , Timmins P. R.
Published: December 2009

The effects of various levels of infestation of the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), on yield of field corn were examined from 1965 to 1970 inclusive when all plants whose yield might have been influenced by factors other than aphid feeding were excluded from the data. A possible relationship between moisture stress in plants and degree of aphid injury was also investigated.

A light infestation (maximum of 400 aphids on the tassel) caused average yield reductions up to 8.3% when plants were under moisture stress, but nil to negligible losses when moisture was adequate. Moderate infestations (many hundreds of aphids on part of the tassel) produced average losses up to 34.8% under drought conditions and up to 11.8% when moisture was abundant. Severe infestations (many hundreds of aphids on most of the tassel) caused average yield reductions ranging from 43.2 to 91.8% when plants were under water stress and up to 58.9% even with abundant moisture. Very severely infested plants (many hundreds on all of the tassel and whorl leaves) were usually barren or had ears with just a few kernels regardless of moisture conditions.

Most injury from aphid feeding appeared to occur before and during pollination. No particular combination of temperature and rainfall favored aphid buildup.
FOUR SPECIES OF BRYOPHAENOCLADIUS THIEN., WITH NOTES ON OTHER ORTHOCLADIINAE (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Saether Ole A.
Published: December 2009

Bryophaenocladius brincki (Freem.) comb, nov., B. productus (Freem.) comb, nov., B. laticaudus spec, nov., and B. digitatus spec. nov. are described or redescribed.

The new genus Tokunagaia is given for Adactylocladius Sæther 1969 pro parte, nec Sæther 1968. A new name, Orthocladius (s. str.) curtiseta, is given for O. brevisela Sæth. nec Kieff. Some new synonyms and records are given.
HEAT UNITS AND OUTBREAKS OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Ives W. G. H.
Published: December 2009

The numbers of heat units during a fixed overwintering period and a shifting early larval feeding period for the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner, were calculated from daily temperature data and related to known infestations of this insect in the Prairie Provinces and Ontario. Paired comparisons showed that years with increasing populations had cooler overwintering periods and warmer early feeding periods than did those with decreasing populations. Continuous records for each of 10 climatological stations showed that all known infestations in these areas were preceded by a single year (2 to 4 years earlier) with a relatively cool winter and an unusually warm spring, and that most population collapses were accompanied by cool springs and some by warm winters. The same general pattern prevailed for infestations in southern Ontario, when compared with the numbers of heat units at Toronto for the period 1860 to 1969. Some of the assumptions made during the analyses and the possible use of the results in predicting when and where outbreaks are likely to occur are discussed.
THE STAGES OF ERANNIS VANCOUVERENSIS (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) AND LIFE HISTORY NOTES
Authors: Evans David
Published: December 2009

Erannis vancouverensis Hulst occurs from northern British Columbia to central California, and has been occasionally reported at infestation levels. The larvae feed on young leaves of several species of deciduous trees; winter is passed in the egg or sometimes in the pupal stage; adults emerge during late autumn or occasionally during winter or early spring; females are wingless. The life stages, including larval instars, are described here in detail. Virus disease and parasitism by tachinid flies help control the species.
SEX RATIOS AT EMERGENCE OF TWO SPECIES OF HIGH-ARCTIC AEDES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Danks H. V. , Corbet Philip S.
Published: December 2009

Sex ratios at emergence of Aedes impiger and A. nigripes in the Hazen Camp area (81°49′ N., 71°18′ W.), northern Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., are given from trap records, mainly for 1963.

There is a marked predominance of females in trap catches from temporary ponds, and an overall slight predominance of females (but with marked pond-to-pond variation) in permanent ponds. The nature of these inter-pond differences favours the inference that, before emergence, males normally survive less well than females, especially under the conditions existing in temporary ponds as they dry up.
IMPACT OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE) ON CONES AND SEED PRODUCED BY INFESTED FRASER FIR
Authors: Fedde G. F.
Published: December 2009

Seed produced by Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., infested by the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg), was compared with that originating from uninfested trees during a cyclic year of heavy seedfall (1969) in western North Carolina. Cones were significantly shorter and seed uniformly lighter and smaller from trees infested by the aphid. X-ray examination indicated the number of full seed from uninfested trees averaged nearly 70% and 42% higher than in comparable seed samples from infested trees. Germination tests indicated viability of seed from infested trees exceeded 32% and that from uninfested trees exceeded 75%. An important factor affecting survival of seed from the two sources appeared to be the relative susceptibility of seed to attack by Megastigmus specularis Walley. Almost 28% more seed were destroyed by these seed chalcids for aphid-infested trees than for uninfested trees.
COURTSHIP AND COPULATION IN LYTTA NUTTALLI (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G. H. , Church N. S.
Published: December 2009

During courtship in Lytta nuttalli Say the male assumes the active role. Mounted above the female, he repeats a cycle of three stereotyped, stimulatory activities: antennal manipulation, abdominal vibration, and attempted genital insertion. The male uses both his antennae together to stroke alternately the tips of the female’s antennae, which he holds upright with his fore legs. With rapid lateral vibrations of his abdomen, he brushes the ends of the female’s elytra and her eighth tergum with the long bristles on his eighth sternum. He also repeatedly probes the end of the female’s abdomen with his aedeagus, attempting to establish genital contact. Abdominal vibration is performed alternately with genital insertion attempts; antennation usually is carried out at the same time as the other activities. Courtship lasts for a few minutes to 1 hour or more. Copulation is initiated by successful genital insertion and is executed with the male and female aligned end-to-end. Its average duration is 8 to 10 hours. Abdominal vibration seems to be unique to Lytta, whereas the dorsal orientation during courtship and the genital activity are similar to those observed in many other Meloinae. Though antennal manipulation is common in Meloinae, the method employed by L. nuttalli is different from that in other meloines. Anatomical modifications related to courtship are discussed.
TETROPIUM PARVULUM ELEVATED TO SPECIES RANK AND CONTRASTED TO T. CINNAMOPTERUM IN MORPHOLOGY AND HOST PREFERENCE (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Raske A. G.
Published: December 2009

The morphological differences in the larva and the adult of Tetropium parvulum Casey and T. cinnamopterum Kirby are reported. Diagnostic characters are the urogomphi of the larva. The shape of the eye, scutellum, and genitalic structures and the number of punctures on the pronotum distinguish the adult. The genitalia are also compared with a third species, T. velutinum. Larvae of T. cinnamopterum have been recorded from a number of conifers, while T. parvulum larvae have only been recorded from spruce.

A lectotype is designated for T. cinnamopterum. Examination of type specimens confirmed that T. alaskanum Fall is a synonym of T. parvulum and that T. schwarzianum Casey and T. parallelum are close to T. cinnamopterum. A key is given to distinguish T. parvulum from T. cinnamopterum.
AN ENTOMOPOXVIRUS FOUND IN POPULATIONS OF THE LARGE ASPEN TORTRIX, CHORISTONEURA CONFLICTANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Cunningham J. C. , Burke J. M. , Arif B. M.
Published: December 2009

A previously undescribed entomopoxvirus was isolated from larvae of Choristoneura conflictana Wlk. Samples of larvae taken from several points in Ontario indicated that the virus was widespread in the Province.

The morphology of the virus is described. The inclusion bodies are larger than those of another entomopoxvirus originally isolated from Choristoneura biennis Free. and propogated in Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The virions are of the same order of size for both viruses. Microspindles are associated with these viruses and some of the spindles are occluded along with the virions within the oval inclusion bodies. The C. conflictana entomopoxvirus is also infectious to C. fumiferana.
TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MONOCHAMUS SCUTELLATUS AND M. OREGONENSIS (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Raske A.
Published: December 2009

Populations of Monochamus scutellatus (Say) were found to differ morphologically from populations of M. oregonensis LeConte in color of femora, mouthparts, and antennae; elytral rugosity and shape of scutellum. The genitalia of the two entities differed slightly in the female. Alberta populations of both entities hybridized freely in the laboratory, producing a fertile F1 generation, which was successfully crossed with each parental species. Because of the lack of reproductive isolation between the allopatric entities, M. oregonensis is synonymized under M. scutellatus, but given subspecies status because of the morphological differences. Diagnostic characters of each subspecies are given.
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY OF TENEBRIO MOLITOR (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE): I. INITIATION OF MATING IN YOUNG ADULTS AND THE EFFECTS OF ADULT DENSITY
Authors: Gerber G. H.
Published: December 2009

Adults of Tenebrio molitor L. can copulate on the second day after eclosion, but the majority of them do not do so until after the third day. Almost all adults copulated at least once within the first 4 to 5 days. Young females initiated copulation at a slightly earlier age than young males. Crowding enhances mating success in young adults, for which there appears to be a critical minimum adult density. The initiation of copulation was not inhibited at very high densities; this suggests that there is not a critical maximum adult density for mating success.
ATTRACTION OF VIRGIN FEMALES AND SYNTHETIC SEX ATTRACTANTS TO THE FRUITTREE LEAFROLLER, ARCHIPS ARGYROSPILUS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Madsen Harold F. , Vakenti Jerry M. , Borden John H.
Published: December 2009

Males of the fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), were attracted to traps containing either virgin females or cis-11-tetradecenyl acetate (cis-11-TDA) combined with dodecyl acetate. In two of three field tests traps containing virgin females captured significantly more males than the synthetic lure. Trap captures indicated that the ratio of cis-11-TDA to dodecyl acetate influenced the attractiveness of the mixture, but that increased amounts had no significant effect.