bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticle‐Loaded Cylindrical Micelles from Nanopore Extrusion of Block Copolymer Spherical Micelles
Authors: Chen Qianjin , Wang Jianqi , Shao Lei
Published: November 2013

Hybrid cylindrical micelles loaded with nanoparticles are fabricated via extrusion of spherical micelles in solution phase through small long cylindrical pores. Small gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are pre‐coated with thiol‐terminated polystyrene and then further encapsulated in the core part of block copolymer spherical micelles by a precipitation method. By varying the starting mass ratio of AuNPs and the diblock copolymers polystyrene‐b‐polyisoprene (PS‐b‐PI) during the encapsulation, the AuNPs loading density along the cylindrical micelles can be controlled. The mechanism for this sphere‐to‐cylinder transition induced by extruding hybrid spherical micelles through small cylindrical nanopores is discussed. These findings provide a novel way to manufacture high‐quality and functional polymeric nano­wires, which may open the door to new applications such as in plasmonic waveguides.

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Benzo[a]pyrene‐7,8‐diol‐9,10‐epoxide inhibits gap junction intercellular communication via phosphorylation of tumor progression locus 2 in WB‐F344 rat liver epithelial cells
Authors: Lee Bo Kyung , Chung Min‐Yu , Lee Ki Won
Published: November 2013

Benzo[a]pyrene‐7,8‐diol‐9,10‐epoxide (B[a]PDE), a major metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene, has been reported to function as a human carcinogen. However, the molecular mechanism of how B[a]PDE regulates signaling pathways during tumor promotion remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of B[a]PDE on the regulation of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC), one of the major carcinogenic processes, and its main regulatory signaling pathways using WB‐F344 rat liver epithelial (WB‐F344 RLE) cells. Treatment of benzo[a]pyrene or B[a]PDE resulted in GJIC inhibition, and B[a]PDE was more active at lower concentrations than benzo[a]pyrene in the suppression of GJIC. This suggests that B[a]PDE is a stronger GJIC inhibitor. B[a]PDE at 1 µM reversibly inhibited GJIC in WB‐F344 RLE cells, which was attributable to hyperphosphorylation of connexin43 (Cx43) via phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). We found that B[a]PDE induced phosphorylation of tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2), a direct upstream regulator of MEK. Tpl2 inhibitor recovered B[a]PDE‐induced GJIC inhibition and attenuated B[a]PDE‐induced MEK/ERK phosphorylation in WB‐F344 RLE cells. Collectively, our results suggest that B[a]PDE suppresses GJIC by activating Tpl2 and subsequently the MEK/ERK pathway and Cx43 phosphorylation in WB‐F344 RLE cells. These results outline the potential importance of Tpl2 as a novel therapeutic target for B[a]PDE‐induced GJIC inhibition during cancer promotion. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyperpolarized H2O MR angiography
Authors: Ardenkjaer‐Larsen Jan H. , Laustsen Christoffer , Bowen Sean , Rizi Rahim
Published: November 2013

Purpose

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that dissolution‐ dynamic nuclear polarization is capable of hyperpolarizing water protons and that the signal from the hyperpolarized bolus injection can be exploited in angiographic applications.

Methods

We hyperpolarized water/glycerol using dynamic nuclear polarization followed by dissolution in D2O.

Results

A water 1H signal enhancement of 77 times compared with 4.7 Tesla was obtained. This corresponds to a polarization of 3.5% for the 3.9 mol/L 1H in D2O . Moreover, a T1 in excess of 20 s was achieved.

Conclusion

The use of hyperpolarized water as a contrast agent presents a new opportunity to obtain MRA images with high contrast‐to‐noise in a fraction of a second. Magn Reson Med 71:50–56, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tools Made of Chicken (Gallus gallus f. domestica) Tibiotarsi Dating to the Early Islamic Period from al‐Hadir, Syria
Authors: Studer J.
Published: November 2013

Two modified chicken tibiotarsi have been discovered in a rubbish pit dated to the second half of the 7th century AD (Early Islam, Umayyad period) at al‐Hadir, in north‐west Syria. They both exhibit similar use‐wear marks. A detailed description of cut marks, fine striae and polish allows to reconstruct the processing of the bones. Extracted from two cocks' carcasses, the tibiotarsi were used in their entirety with slight manufacturing modifications. Use marks in the form of polish and fine scratches indicate that the bones were held in the hand and probably served as a spool for thread. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depictions of Birds in the Cucuteni–Tripolye Civilisation
Authors: Bejenaru L. , Monah D.
Published: November 2013

Notwithstanding the fact that few avian osteological remains have been found in the settlements of the Cucuteni–Tripolye cultural complex, birds seem to have played an important role in Cucuteni–Tripolye imagery. The earliest representation dates from the Precucuteni I phase, an ornithomorphic protome (a sculptural ornament in the form of a bird) on a vessel lid. Several vessels, known as askoï, depicting ducks exist from the Precucuteni II–Tripolye A and ornithomorphic askoï, statuettes, figurines, vessels and protomes were used during all the Cucuteni–Tripolye cultural complex phases. Starting with the Cucuteni A‐B–Tripolye CI‐CII phase, three‐dimensional representations are supplemented by painted ornithomorphic images. They became widespread from this moment on, eventually becoming the predominant form of representation. On the face of it, ornithomorphic representations seem to be rare, but the authors managed to identify over 150 statuettes, figurines, vessels, protomes and painted images. Most of them seem to relate to ritual practices or to have cosmogonic significance. Some of the representations, but not many, are realistic enough to permit approximate species‐level taxonomic identification. Most of the ornithomorphic representations are fragmentary, but the breakage may be due to deliberate, ritualistic fragmenting. They were also particularly concerned with the meanings of the ornithomorphic imagery. Taking into account the discovery conditions, the fragmentation of the artefacts and the themes depicted, the authors consider that most of the Cucuteni–Tripolye ornithomorphic representations played a key role in certain religious rituals. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unrecognized hepatitis B in pre‐screened children with hematologic and oncologic conditions
Authors: Leung Daniel H. , Ahamba David C. , Pillai Lekshmi N. , Khan Mahjabeen F. , Smith E. O'Brian , Mahoney Donald H.
Published: November 2013

Background

This study evaluates the effectiveness and interpretation of hepatitis B (HBV) screening in an at‐risk cohort of children with cancer or blood disorders.

Procedure

We conducted a retrospective epidemiologic analysis of children who screened positive for HBV (HBsAg, HbcAb) from 1999 to 2009 at a quaternary children's hospital, focusing on patients with hematologic and oncologic conditions. Descriptive statistics were generated for demographics and serologies. Follow‐up of positive serologies and clinical outcomes were analyzed.

Results

A total of 12,754 children were screened for HBV. Of 391 that screened positive, 118 had a hematologic or oncologic diagnosis. Leukemia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia comprised 84% of diagnoses. The majority (98%) tested HBcAb positive but only 20% received confirmatory HBV DNA testing. Three patients (13% of those HBV DNA tested) were identified to have chronic disease. HBV was not a known pre‐existing condition, and chemotherapy preceded HBV diagnosis in all cases.

Conclusions

The majority of children with cancer or blood disorders who screened HBV positive did not receive follow‐up DNA testing, exposing them to reactivation risk and delaying definitive therapy. HBcAb may be the only indicator of chronic HBV infection and DNA confirmation should be routine. Our findings suggest a significant number of additional patients eligible for HBV treatment may have been identified with reflexive DNA testing. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:865–868. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Safety of high dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: McManus Meghann , Frangoul Haydar , McCullers Jonathan A. , Wang Li , O'Shea Alice , Halasa Natasha
Published: November 2013

Background

Although children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) mount immune responses after vaccination with the trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV), these responses are lower compared to controls. Recently, a high dose (HD) TIV was found to increase the level of antibody response in elderly patients compared to the standard dose (SD) TIV. We hypothesized that the HD TIV would be well‐tolerated and more immunogenic compared to the SD TIV in pediatric subjects with ALL.

Procedure

This was a randomized, double‐blind, phase I safety trial comparing the HD to the SD TIV in children with ALL. Our secondary objective was immunogenicity. Subjects were randomized 2:1 to receive either the HD (60 µg) or the SD (15 µg) TIV. Local and systemic reactions were solicited, hemagglutinin inhibition titers to influenza virus antigens were measured, and monitoring labs were collected prior to and/or after each vaccination.

Results

Fifty subjects were enrolled (34 HD, 16 SD). Mean age was 8.5 years; 63% were male, and 80% were in maintenance therapy. There were no significant differences reported in local or systemic symptoms. No severe adverse events were attributed to vaccination. No significant differences between the HD and SD TIV groups were noted for immune responses.

Conclusions

No differences were noted between the HD and SD TIV groups for solicited systemic and local reactions. Since this study was not powered for immunogenicity, a phase II trial is needed to determine the immunogenicity of HD versus SD TIV in the pediatric ALL population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:815–820. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CAN READABILITY FORMULAS BE USED TO SUCCESSFULLY GAUGE DIFFICULTY OF READING MATERIALS?
Authors: Begeny John C. , Greene Diana J.
Published: November 2013

A grade level of reading material is commonly estimated using one or more readability formulas, which purport to measure text difficulty based on specified text characteristics. However, there is limited direction for teachers and publishers regarding which readability formulas (if any) are appropriate indicators of actual text difficulty. Because oral reading fluency (ORF) is considered one primary indicator of an elementary aged student's overall reading ability, the purpose of this study was to assess the link between leveled reading passages and students’ actual ORF rates. ORF rates of 360 elementary‐aged students were used to determine whether reading passages at varying grade levels are, as would be predicted by readability levels, more or less difficult for students to read. Results showed that a small number of readability formulas were fairly good indicators of text, but this was only true at particular grade levels. Additionally, most of the readability formulas were more accurate for higher ability readers. One implication of the findings suggests that teachers should be cautious when making instructional decisions based on purported “grade‐leveled” text, and educational researchers and practitioners should strive to assess difficulty of text materials beyond simply using a readability formula.
Axial symmetric Kähler manifolds, the D‐map of inflaton potentials and the Picard‐Fuchs equation
Authors: Fré P. , Sorin A.S.
Published: November 2013

In this paper we provide a definition of the D‐map, namely of the mathematical construction implicitly utilized by supergravity that associates an axial symmetric Kähler surface to every positive definite potential function V (ϕ). The properties of the D‐map are discussed in general. Then the D‐map is applied to the list of integrable cosmological potentials classified by us in a previous publication with A. Sagnotti. Several interesting geometrical and analytical properties of the manifolds in the image of this D‐map are discovered and illustrated. As a by‐product of our analysis we demonstrate the existence of (integrable) Starobinsky–like potentials that can be embedded into supergravity. Some of them follow from constant curvature Kähler manifolds. In the quest for a microscopic interpretation of inflaton dynamics we present the Ariadne's thread provided by a new mathematical concept that we introduce under the name of axial symmetric descendants of one dimensional special Kähler manifolds. By means of this token we define a clearcut algorithm that to each potential function V (φ) associates a unique 4th order Picard‐Fuchs equation of restricted type. Such an equation encodes information on the chiral ring of a superconformal field theory to be sought for, unveiling in this way a microscopic interpretation of the inflaton potential. We conjecture that the physical mechanism at the basis of the transition from a special manifold to its axial symmetric descendant is probably the construction of an Open String descendant of a Closed String model.
Simplified analysis of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water, vegetation and soil by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Marek LeEtta J , Koskinen William C
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

There is a need for a simple, fast, efficient and sensitive method for analysis of glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in diverse matrices such as water, vegetation and soil.

RESULTS

Aqueous extracts from water, vegetation and soil were passed through reverse‐phase and cation‐exchange columns and directly injected into a tandem mass spectrometer using only a guard column for separation. Extraction efficiencies from the three matrices were >80% for both glyphosate and AMPA. The method reporting levels (MRLs) for glyphosate in water, vegetation and soil were 3.04 µg L−1, 0.05 mg kg−1 and 0.37 mg kg−1 respectively. AMPA MRLs were 5.06 µg L−1 for water, 0.08 mg kg−1 for vegetation and 0.61 mg kg−1 for soil.

CONCLUSIONS

A validated, simple and efficient liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method for routine analysis of glyphosate and AMPA in water, vegetation and soil that uses minimal sample handling and clean‐up will facilitate the additional environmental research needed to address the continuing concerns related to increasing glyphosate use. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Synchrotron radiation photoemission study of interface formation between MgO and the atomically clean In0.53Ga0.47As surface
Authors: Chauhan Lalit , Hughes Greg
Published: November 2013

The evolution of interface formation between MgO and the atomically clean In0.53Ga0.47As is studied by synchrotron radiation based photoemission. The deposition of MgO in a step wise fashion on the decapped In0.53Ga0.47As surface at room temperature results in the growth of an ultrathin interfacial oxide layer. Subsequent thermal annealing at 400 °C led to the reduction of the As and In oxides and the appearance of a Ga oxide component. The deposition of metallic Mg resulted in the further removal of the interfacial oxide and the out diffusion of In into the overlayer indicating severe disruption of the interface. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The classical molecular dynamics simulation of graphene on Ru(0001) using a fitted Tersoff interface potential
Authors: Süle P. , Szendrő M.
Published: November 2013

The accurate molecular dynamics simulation of weakly bound adhesive complexes, such as supported graphene (gr), is challenging because of the lack of an adequate interface potential. Instead of the widely used Lennard‐Jones potential for weak and long‐range interactions, we use a newly parameterized Tersoff potential for gr/Ru(0001) system. The new interfacial force field provides adequate moire superstructures in accordance with scanning tunneling microscopy images and with density functional theory (DFT) results. In particular, the corrugation of ξ ≈ 1.0 ± 0.2 Å is found that is somewhat smaller than found by DFT approaches (ξ ≈ 1.2 Å) and is close to scanning tunneling microscope measurements (ξ ≈ 0.8 ± 0.3 Å). The new potential could open the way toward large‐scale simulations of supported gr with adequate moire supercells in many fields of gr research. Moreover, the new interface potential might provide a new strategy in general for obtaining accurate interaction potentials for weakly bound adhesion in large‐scale systems in which atomic dynamics is inaccessible yet by accurate DFT calculations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organophosphate pesticides‐induced changes in the redox status of rat tissues and protective effects of antioxidant vitamins
Authors: Mishra Vibhuti , Srivastava Nalini
Published: November 2013

ABSTACT

Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are among the most toxic synthetic chemicals purposefully added in the environment. The common use of OP insecticides in public health and agriculture results in an environmental pollution and a number of acute and chronic poisoning events. Present study was aimed to evaluate the potential of monocrotophos and quinalphos to effect the redox status and glutathione (GSH) homeostasis in rat tissues and find out whether antioxidant vitamins have some protection on the pesticide‐induced alterations. The results showed that these pesticides alone or in combination, caused decrease in the levels of GSH and the corresponding increase in the levels of GSSG, decreasing the GSH/GSSG ratio. The results also showed that NADPH/NADP+ and NADH/NAD+ ratios were decreased in the liver and brain of rats on exposure with mococrotophos, quinalphos, and their mixture. These pesticides, alone or in combination, caused alterations in the activities of GSH reductase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase in the rat tissues. However, the expression of the GSH recycling enzymes did not show significant alterations as compared to control. From the results, it can be concluded that these pesticides generate oxidative stress but their effects were not synergistic when given together and prior feeding of antioxidant vitamins tend to reduce the toxicities of these pesticides. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 472–482, 2015.
Pelvic floor biometry in Chinese primiparous women 1 year after delivery: a prospective observational study
Authors: Chan S. S. C. , Cheung R. Y. K. , Yiu K. W. , Lee L. L. , Chung T. K. H.
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To evaluate pelvic floor biometry in Chinese women 1 year following childbirth and to explore factors that affect it.

Methods

Translabial ultrasound examination was performed at rest, on Valsalva maneuver (VM) and on pelvic floor muscle contraction (PFMC) in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy and at 8 weeks, 6 months and 12 months after delivery in a cohort of women delivering at term their first child. Offline analysis was undertaken to measure the position of the bladder neck, cervix, anorectal junction and hiatal dimensions at each posture and at each visit, and to detect levator ani muscle (LAM) injury on PFMC 8 weeks and 12 months after delivery. Results were analyzed according to mode of delivery.

Results

We recruited 442 women, of whom 328 (74.2%) completed the study; there was LAM injury in 48 women at 8 weeks and in only 38 women at 12 months. When comparing first‐trimester biometry to that at 12 months after delivery, the bladder neck was more distal on VM and bladder neck displacement was increased, and the cervix was lower at rest and on VM in the vaginal delivery group. In the Cesarean section group, bladder neck and anorectal junction were more distal on VM, the cervix was lower at rest, on VM and on PFMC, and the hiatal area was increased on VM. There was a greater increase in hiatal area after vaginal delivery. Overall, 34.8% had irreversible hiatal distension (> 20% increase in hiatal area after delivery as compared to first trimester). LAM injury was significantly associated with irreversible hiatal distension (odds ratios, 5.2–9.5 at different postures).

Conclusions

Pregnancy beyond 35 weeks of gestation has an effect on the pelvic floor of Chinese women, irrespective of mode of delivery. The pelvic organs remain more mobile after delivery when compared to in the first trimester, and there is no clear difference between the findings observed following vaginal delivery or Cesarean section, except in hiatal distension, which is greater after vaginal delivery. LAM injury is the factor most strongly associated with irreversible hiatal distension. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Biomass gasification for synthesis gas production and applications of the syngas
Authors: Rauch Reinhard , Hrbek Jitka , Hofbauer Hermann
Published: November 2013

Synthesis gas from biomass can be produced and utilized in different ways. Conversion of biomass to synthesis gas can be done either in fluidized bed or entrained flow reactors. As gasification agent oxygen, steam, or mixtures are used. The most common use of biomass gasification in the last decades has been for heat and/or power production. Nowadays, the importance of transportation fuels from renewables is increased due to environmental aspects and growing fossil fuels prices. That is why the production of Fischer–Tropsch (FT) liquids, methanol, mixed alcohols, substitute natural gas (SNG), and hydrogen from biomass is now in focus of view. The most innovative and interesting ways of synthesis gas utilization and projects, BioTfueL or GoBiGas, BioLiq, Choren, etc. are discussed here. Further the microchannel technology by Oxford Catalysts and distributed production of SNG in decentral small scale are presented. The synthesis platform in Güssing, Austria is also presented. The FT liquids, hydrogen production, mixed alcohols, and BioSNG, these are the projects associated with the FICFB gasification plant in Güssing. Also the principle and examples of sorption‐enhanced reforming to adjust H2/CO ratio in product gas during the gasification is described. Finally, in the conclusion also an outlook for the thermochemical pathway to transportation fuels is given. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:343–362. doi: 10.1002/wene.97

This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials

Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure
Economies of Violence: TheBhagavadgītāand the Fostering of Life in Gandhi's and Ghose's Anticolonial Theories
Authors: KLAUSEN JIMMY CASAS
Published: November 2013

This article compares the political theories that Mohandas Gandhi and Aurobindo Ghose develop around the assumption that harm or violence is an unavoidable feature of all human action. Both Ghose and Gandhi venerated theBhagavadgītāand shared a concern to foster life, and they shaped Hindu political theory by combining modern biological concepts with spiritual perspectives to determine the impact of harmful human actions within a totality of interdependent living beings. Although each thinker develops his anticolonial theory by balancing the value of life, the acceptance of an economy of violence, and the duty to act rather than renounce action, they diverge on the acceptability of violence whether in politics or in interactions with nature. Analyzing their framing of human actions as simultaneously biological and spiritual opens up a new perspective on Gandhi's refusal and Ghose's willingness to resort to violence in resistance to British colonial rule in India.
Jus Post Bellumand the Responsibility to Rebuild
Authors: Pattison James
Published: November 2013

This article considers the issue of who should rebuild after war. Many leading advocates of the relevance ofjus post bellumfor Just War Theory adhere to the ‘Belligerents Rebuild Thesis’, which holds that those who have been involved with the fighting – such as the victor, just belligerent, unjust aggressor or humanitarian intervener – should be tasked with the responsibility to rebuild. By contrast, this article argues that there is a collective, international duty to rebuild that should be assigned primarily according to the agent's ability to rebuild – and not necessarily to the belligerents. The article also claims that, in contrast to the prevailing view, considerations ofjus post bellumdo not play any moral role in the justifiability of a war. Accordingly, defending the Belligerents Rebuild Thesis by invoking the alleged moral relevance ofjus post bellumfor Just War Theory is mistaken.
The Common Heritage of Mankind and the Sub-Saharan African Native Land Tenure System: A “Clash of Cultures” in the Interpretation of Concepts in International Law?
Authors: Egede Edwin
Published: November 2013

The deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction and the seabed's resources have been declared the common heritage of mankind. There are however divergent views on exactly what the common heritage of mankind is. Does it connote joint management or common ownership of this spatial area? This article argues that culture is one of the relevant factors to be considered in understanding the interpretation given to the common heritage of mankind by sub-Saharan African states and that the role of culture cannot be ignored in appreciating how states interpret concepts in international law.
Postinflammatory medial meatal fibrosis: early and late surgical outcomes
Authors: Ghani A , Smith M C F
Published: November 2013

Objectives:

To evaluate the primary and long-term surgical outcomes of patients with postinflammatory medial meatal fibrosis.

Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted of 14 ears (in 12 patients) with postinflammatory medial meatal fibrosis managed surgically. Outcome measures were primary (i.e. less than six months) and long-term (i.e. greater than five years) closure of the air–bone gap, and the incidence of otorrhoea and restenosis.

Results:

At primary review, the mean air–bone gap ± standard deviation had decreased from 29.9 ± 11.6 dB to 12 ± 8.4 dB (p < 0.0006). Seven (50 per cent) ears had closure of the air–bone gap to within 10 dB. However, for the 9 ears receiving long-term review, the mean air–bone gap ± standard deviation increased to 19.3 ± 15.2 dB; there was no significant difference between this result and pre-operative values (p = 0.06). Of the 9 long-term review ears, 3 (33 per cent) showed closure of the air–bone gap to within 10 dB. Recurrent otorrhoea was the most common complication, occurring in 5 of the 9 long-term review ears (56 per cent); in addition, 3 (33 per cent) of these 9 ears developed restenosis.

Conclusion:

Over time, the success of surgery for postinflammatory medial meatal fibrosis diminishes. This was demonstrated in the present study by progressive post-operative hearing decline and a high prevalence of otorrhoea and restenosis.
A monograph of the calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) of Greenland
Authors: Rapp Hans Tore
Published: November 2013

Greenland has more than 200 years of history of studies of the sponge fauna and is the type locality for a number of species. Many of these have not been encountered since, and as the type material has been hard to find or even lost, their taxonomic status has remained uncertain. In this study all species of calcareous sponges previously reported from Greenland are reviewed. The revision is based predominantly on new or unidentified material collected during various expeditions, but also on material used by previous authors. This includes samples from all coasts of Greenland, from the southernmost Kap Farvel area to Peary Land on the northern coast, some of the northernmost records of calcareous sponges ever. Greenland is a transition zone between the western and eastern Atlantic boreal calcareous sponge faunas, being home to species from both sides of the North Atlantic combined with some true Arctic species. There is also a strong link between the Canadian and Greenlandic sponge faunas. Twenty-eight species have been identified, from which six are new to Greenland and one is new to science. New records for Greenland are:Clathrina arnesenae(Rapp, 2006);Clathrina camura(Rapp, 2006);Clathrina pellucida(Rapp, 2006);Sycon abyssaleBorojevic & Graat-Kleeton, 1965;Leucandra validaLambe, 1900; andSycettusa thompsoni(Lambe, 1900).Clathrina tendalisp. nov. has been described from western Greenland andLeucosolenia corallorrhiza(Haeckel, 1872) andLeucandra penicillata(Schmidt, 1869) have been resurrected. Keys for identification of higher taxa and the different species of Greenlandic Calcarea are provided.
Not so soft? Delayed release reduces long-term survival in a passerine reintroduction
Authors: Richardson Kate , Castro Isabel C. , Brunton Dianne H. , Armstrong Doug P.
Published: November 2013

Reintroduction success depends in part on the release strategy used. Benefits are attributed to particular release strategies but few studies have tested these assumptions. We examined the effect of delayed release (a form of so-called soft release) on the survival of a threatened passerine, the New Zealand hihi Notiomystis cincta, for up to 7 months after translocation. Birds were captured at the source site and then held in captivity for disease screening. They were then taken to the release site, where 30 were released immediately and 28 were held for a further 2–4 days in an on-site aviary. Twenty-four birds were fitted with radio-transmitters. A 1,300 ha area around the release site was searched fortnightly, and survival was analysed using a multi-state model that accounted for the effect of transmitters on detection probability. Our results indicated that delayed release had a negative effect on long-term survival, but no effect was apparent in the first 6 weeks. Survival probability from 6 weeks to 7 months post-release was 0.77 ± SE 0.20 for immediate-release birds and 0.04 ± SE 0.06 for delayed-release birds. Our results suggest that there is a misconception about the benefits of delayed-release strategies during translocation of wild animals. Studies that have demonstrated a benefit of delayed release in other bird species used captive-bred individuals, and we suggest that wild individuals perceive captivity differently. We recommend that biological context is considered before delayed release is used in translocations.
THE ‘TROPICAL DOMINIONS’: THE APPEAL OF DOMINION STATUS IN THE DECOLONISATION OF INDIA, PAKISTAN AND CEYLON
Authors: Kumarasingham Harshan
Published: November 2013

The paper examines the reasons that India, Pakistan and Ceylon chose to become Dominions within the Commonwealth instead of becoming republics on independence as many expected. Each of these South Asian states had different motives that compelled them to take on a form of government more associated in areas where the British had settled in significant numbers. The ‘Tropical Dominions’ differed from the settler cases and tested this vague British concept. The British and South Asians had to compromise their wishes in order to satisfy their wants. India is characterised here as the ‘Expedient Dominion’, Pakistan the ‘Siege Dominion’ and Ceylon the ‘Imitation Dominion’. This paper focuses on the years immediately prior to independence to understand the various objectives of the South Asian elites that negotiated with the British for their sovereignty and how they varied from each other and from the Dominion ideal.
Recent Acquisitions of Greek, Roman and Cypriot Antiquities at the Fitzwilliam Museum 2001–2006
Authors: Burn Lucilla
Published: November 2013

The Fitzwilliam Museum, founded through the bequest of Richard, 7th Viscount Fitzwilliam of Merrion (1745–1816), is the principal museum and art gallery of the University of Cambridge. The Museum's collection of Greek, Roman and Cypriot antiquities grew steadily throughout the 19th and 20th centuries by gift, bequest, excavation and purchase, and is today one of the finest such collections in the United Kingdom outside London.
Mainland Greece (Prehistoric)
Authors: Smith David
Published: November 2013

The absence of the prehistoric Peloponnese and central Greece from last year's new format Archaeology in Greece has provided a slightly larger volume of data for this year's report than might otherwise have been expected, although the ongoing financial difficulties faced by Greece and the recent uncertainty over the status of the Archaeological Service itself continue to have a substantial impact on archaeological research and its dissemination through traditional channels; a problem which e-publication and webcasting is going some way toward addressing. In light of this, the decennial volume of the former Ministry of Culture and Tourism (www.yppo.gr/0/anaskafes), the appearance of which was noted in last year's AG, represents a welcome summary of excavation undertaken by the service between 2000 and 2010 to add to the newly-published volume of ADelt covering the Peloponnese. Some of this work has previously been reported in AG, although this is certainly not true of all.

Several other publications have appeared since 2011 which offer new data or new perspectives on the prehistory of the Greek mainland, several of which are discussed below. Of particular note are two volumes which will go some considerable way toward furthering our understanding of the Early Bronze Age in southern Greece: Daniel Pullen's The Early Bronze Age Village on Tsoungiza Hill (2011) and Elizabeth Banks' The Architecture, Settlement and Stratigraphy of Lerna IV (2013), the companion piece to Jeremy Rutter's 1995 volume detailing the pottery from the Early Helladic III settlement. Banks' volume, unfortunately, has appeared too late to be properly incorporated into this year's AG.
Crete (Prehistoric)
Authors: Bennet John
Published: November 2013

Publications of fieldwork continue to appear slowly, but the latest volume of ADelt for Crete, covering the years 2001–2004, appeared in print in summer 2012 (ADelt 56–59 [2001–2004] B5). Inevitably, given the years covered, some of the activity summarized in this volume has already been noted in AG and brief notices of some appears in the decadal summary of the activities of all the prehistoric and Classical ephorias (www.yppo.gr/0/anaskafes; AR 58 [2011–2012] 58). Emphasis here is on those activities not already noted in AG or those where significant new information appears in the new volume of ADelt. The second meeting on Archaeological Work on Crete (AWiC2), alluded to last year (AR 58 [2011–2012] 58), has been published and can be read online through the University of Crete's Library (http://elocus.lib.uoc.gr/dlib/d/0/5/metadata-dlib-1368695830-557833-31681.tkl#). A third meeting is scheduled for December 2013 and will hopefully be made accessible with equally commendable promptness. The proceedings of the Tenth International Cretological Congress held in Chania in 2006 (see AR 53 [2006–2007] 96) are still to appear in print, although e-offprints of individual contributions continue to circulate. New material in this year's entry is therefore drawn primarily from ADelt 56–59 (2001–2004) B5 and AWiC2.

The past year has seen a number of significant publications on prehistoric Crete, including the proceedings of several conferences. The publication by the BSA of Intermezzo: Intermediacy and Regeneration in Middle Minoan III Palatial Crete (Macdonald and Knappett [2013]), containing papers presented at a workshop held in 2008, complements volumes noted last year (AR 58 [2011–2012] 58) on Late Minoan IB ceramics (Brogan and Hallager [2011]) and on the Prepalatial and Protopalatial periods (Early Minoan to Middle Minoan II) (Schoep et al. [2011]).
Archaic Sanctuaries of the Cyclades: Research of the Last Decade
Authors: Ainian Alexander Mazarakis
Published: November 2013

In recent years much progress has been made in the study of the sanctuaries of the Cyclades, both in the field, with new excavations, as well as in restoration projects, and also towards their publication.

A research project entitled Sanctuaries and Cults in the Cyclades was approved as part of a research grant attached to the Chaire Internationale Blaise Pascal for 2012/2013 awarded to me by the French state and the Regional Council of Ile-de-France. The project started in October 2012, in collaboration with the University of Paris 1 (Franis Prost) and the École pratique des hautes études (François de Polignac), and is still in progress. I have been assisted by Jean-Sébastien Gros, who designed the related website and database, Yannis Kalliontzis, who is responsible for the compilation of the written sources associated with the cults in the Cyclades (mostly the inscriptions referring to cult and cult places) and Olga Kaklamani who is responsible for compiling the basic bibliography and catalogues of cult places. The chronological scope of the project is restricted to the Geometric and Archaic periods, though the developments of the Classical era are largely taken into account. The Hellenistic and Roman periods have not been included in the compilation of the archaeological data, with the exception of late inscriptions which could refer to possible earlier cults. An interactive website and online database are in preparation and will be launched soon, hosted by the server of the Department of History, Archaeology and Social Anthropology of the University of Thessaly.
Evacuating Damaged and Destroyed Buildings on 9/11: Behavioral and Structural Barriers
Authors: Groeger Justina L. , Stellman Steven D. , Kravitt Alexandra , Brackbill Robert M.
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Evacuation of the World Trade Center (WTC) twin towers and surrounding buildings damaged in the September 11, 2001 attacks provides a unique opportunity to study factors that affect emergency evacuation of high rise buildings.

Problem

The goal of this study is to understand the extent to which structural and behavioral barriers and limitations of personal mobility affected evacuation by occupants of affected buildings on September 11, 2001.

Methods

This analysis included 5,023 civilian, adult enrollees within the World Trade Center Health Registry who evacuated the two World Trade Center towers and over 30 other Lower Manhattan buildings that were damaged or destroyed on September 11, 2001. Multinomial logistic regression was used to predict total evacuation time (<30 to ≤60 minutes, >1 hour to <2 hours relative to ≤30 minutes) in relation to number of infrastructure barriers and number of behavioral barriers, adjusted for demographic and other factors.

Results

A higher percentage of evacuees reported encountering at least one behavioral barrier (84.9%) than reported at least one infrastructure barrier (51.9%). This pattern was consistent in all buildings except WTC 1, the first building attacked, where >90% of evacuees reported encountering both types of barriers. Smoke and poor lighting were the most frequently-reported structural barriers. Extreme crowding, lack of communication with officials, and being surrounded by panicked crowds were the most frequently-reported behavioral barriers. Multivariate analyses showed evacuation time to be independently associated with the number of each type of barrier as well as gender (longer times for women), but not with the floor from which evacuation began. After adjustment, personal mobility impairment was not associated with increased evacuation time.

Conclusion

Because most high-rise buildings have unique designs, infrastructure factors tend to be less predictable than behavioral factors, but both need to be considered in developing emergency evacuation plans in order to decrease evacuation time and, consequently, risk of injury and death during an emergency evacuation.

GroegerJL, StellmanSD, KravittA, BrackbillRM. Evacuating damaged and destroyed buildings on 9/11: behavioral and structural barriers. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(6):1-11.
A neuroscientific update on monoamine oxidase and its inhibitors
Authors: Schwartz Thomas L.
Published: November 2013

The goal of this brief review is to explain the role of monoamine oxidase enzymes in the neurobiology, etiology, and presentation of psychiatric illnesses, primarily major depressive disorder. This article will initially focus on the basic science and function of the monoamine oxidase system and some proposed neuropsychiatric symptoms that may arise if this enzyme system is altered by genetic predisposition. These findings and theories will next be translationally discussed in regard to clinical application pertaining to enzyme inhibition and the treatment of major depressive and other psychiatric disorders.
China's provincial industrial pollution: the role of technical efficiency, pollution levy and pollution quantity control
Authors: Jin Yanhong , Lin Liguo
Published: November 2013

Using China's provincial economic and pollution data from 1992 to 2008, we employ data envelope analysis and econometric analyses to explicitly estimate technical efficiency and examine the role of technical efficiency, pollution control instruments (pollution levy and pollution quantity control) and prices of production inputs on pollution intensity. We find that an increase of labor wage and a decrease of capital cost are associated with an improvement in technical efficiency. The levy rates of air pollution improve technical efficiency but pollution quantity control targets have no statistically significant effect on technical efficiency. On the other hand, technical efficiency, the effective levy rates, pollution quantity control targets and capital cost have a negative effect but wage has a positive effect on pollution intensity. The importance of production input prices in pollution intensity and technical efficiency suggests alternative channels for industrial pollution control as well as cautions for the unintended consequence on the environment if any policy changes are made relating to labor and capital costs.
Bt cotton, damage control and optimal levels of pesticide use in Pakistan
Authors: Kouser Shahzad , Qaim Matin
Published: November 2013

We use farm survey data and a damage control framework to analyze impacts of Bt cotton on yields and pesticide use in Pakistan. We also derive optimal levels of pesticide use with and without Bt, taking into account health and environmental externalities. This has not been done previously in the literature. Conventional cotton growers suffer from significant insect crop damage; they underuse pesticides from a profit-maximizing perspective. Yet, the picture is reversed when externalities are also considered. The social optimum of pesticide use is much lower than the private optimum, and both optima are lower with Bt than without this technology. Bt controls pest damage more effectively. Hence, yields on Bt farms are about 20 per cent higher in spite of lower pesticide use. Large pest damage is a typical phenomenon in developing countries. In such situations, Bt can contribute to productivity growth, while reducing pesticide applications and associated negative externalities.
Free Legal and Official Information on the Web: is it Time to Stop Google-Bashing?
Authors: Hunter Ian
Published: November 2013

Is Google a substitute for using known, authoritative websites for cases, legislation and other official information? Ian Hunter writes about the test searches that he carried out on Google and discusses the results he noted. In this exercise, consideration is given to whether the websites retrieved are authoritative and also attention is paid to Google's ranking of results.
V. Canada and the Repeal of the Corn Laws
Authors: Burn D. L.
Published: November 2013

Mid-nineteenth century Imperial trade policy has been discussed mainly from the standpoint of the constitutional historian. It is probably for this reason that the economic events with which the policy is connected have received very little critical analysis, and are usually expounded on lines laid down by contemporary partisans. The orthodox view that the Canadian corn-exporting trade was encouraged by the English grant of increased preference in 1843, and in the midst of consequent expansion was injured by the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, and later revived in some measure by the compensating repeal of the Navigation Laws in 1849, was the view normally held by Canadian writers in 1850. Having its origin in past politics, it characteristically exalts the influence of legislation. It is hoped to show in this article that when disturbing factors besides English tariff policy are taken into account—speculation, harvest fluctuation, and the policies of foreign states, to name no others—the interpretation which has proved so seductive is in the main a legend. A legend, it is true, whose acceptance in the late “forties” is not difficult to understand.
Prepare for Impact? Reflecting on Knowledge Exchange Work to Improve Services for Older LGBT People in Times of Austerity
Authors: King Andrew
Published: November 2013

This article reflects on the experience of undertaking a knowledge exchange project with a local government authority to improve services for older lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) adults. It frames this project in terms of local government equality work, existing research and initiatives concerning older LGBT people and the coming of austerity. The project methodology is detailed, including discussion of the generation and measurement of impact. Some critical issues that arose during the project are considered, including suggestions that these may have been related to economic austerity. The article concludes that although knowledge exchange work with older LGBT people faces challenges in such times, future research and initiatives are warranted.
Erratum: Significant CO2 fixation by small prymnesiophytes in the subtropical and tropical northeast Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Jardillier Ludwig , Zubkov Mikhail V , Pearman John , Scanlan David J
Published: November 2013

Correction to: The ISME Journal (2010) 4, 1180–1192; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.36 Since the publication of this article the authors have noticed that the units for the biomass-specific rates of CO2 fixation are incorrect (for example, in Table 2 and Figure 4). The units for biomass-specific rates of CO2 fixation should be gC gC-1 h-1 throughout the manuscript.
Composite media mixing Bragg and local resonances for highly attenuating and broad bandgaps
Authors: Kaina Nadège , Fink Mathias , Lerosey Geoffroy
Published: November 2013

In this article, we investigate composite media which present both a local resonance and a periodic structure. We numerically and experimentally consider the case of a very academic and simplified system that is a quasi-one dimensional split ring resonator medium. We modify its periodicity to shift the position of the Bragg bandgap relative to the local resonance one. We observe that for a well-chosen lattice constant, the local resonance frequency matches the Bragg frequency thus opening a single bandgap which is at the same time very wide and strongly attenuating. We explain this interesting phenomenon by the dispersive nature of the unit cell of the medium, using an analogy with the concept of white light cavities. Our results provide new ways to design wide and efficient bandgap materials.
Distinctive features of chemical composition of Bupleurum chinense applicable to original authentication
Authors: Yu Jin-Qian , Deng An-Jun , Qin Hai-Lin
Published: November 2013

The features of 1H NMR and HPLC profiles of B. chinense samples showed specific data from saikosaponins and can be applied for original authentication.
Diverse topologies of seven d10 coordination polymers constructed from a long ligand and different carboxylates
Authors: Wu Hua , Lü Xiao-Li , Yang Chun-Long , Dong Chang-Xun , Wu Mei-Sheng
Published: November 2013

Seven d10 coordination complexes exhibiting diverse architectures from 1D chain to 3D entangled frameworks based on long flexible 1,10-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)decane and different carboxylate anions have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.