bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inconsistent transcriptomic responses to hexabromocyclododecane in Japanese quail: a comparative analysis of results from four different study designs
Authors: Béziers Paul , Legrand Elena , Boulanger Emily , Basu Niladri , Ewald Jessica D , Henry Paula , Hecker Markus , Xia Jianguo , Karouna-Renier Natalie , Crump Doug , Head Jessica
Published: July 2024

Efforts to use transcriptomics for toxicity testing have classically relied on the assumption that chemicals consistently produce characteristic transcriptomic signatures that are reflective of their mechanism of action. However, the degree to which transcriptomic responses are conserved across different test methodologies has seldom been explored. With increasing regulatory demand for New Approach Methods (NAMs) that use alternatives to animal models and high-content approaches such as transcriptomics, this type of comparative analysis is needed. We examined whether common genes are dysregulated in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) liver following sublethal exposure to the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), when life stage and test methodologies differ. The four exposure scenarios included one NAM: Study 1—early-life stage (ELS) exposure via a single egg injection, and three more traditional approaches; Study 2—adult exposure using a single oral gavage; Study 3—ELS exposure via maternal deposition after adults were exposed through their diet for 7 weeks; and Study 4—ELS exposure via maternal deposition and re-exposure of nestlings through their diet for 17 weeks. The total number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) detected in each study was variable (Study 1, 550; Study 2, 192; Study 3, 1; Study 4, 3) with only 19 DEGs shared between Studies 1 and 2. Factors contributing to this lack of concordance are discussed and include differences in dose, but also quail strain, exposure route, sampling time, and HBCD stereoisomer composition. The results provide a detailed overview of the transcriptomic responses to HBCD at different life stages and routes of exposure in a model avian species and highlight certain challenges and limits of comparing transcriptomics across different test methodologies.
Adapting and combining foresight and ex ante impact pathway evaluation for place‐based research planning with stakeholders
Authors: Blundo‐Canto Genowefa , Ferré Marie , Tibaduiza‐Castaneda Leidy , Andrieu Nadine , Fréguin‐Gresh Sandrine , Rodriguez‐Borray Gonzalo , Santacruz‐Castro Adriana , Mercandalli Sara
Published: July 2024

Evaluators widely utilize theory of change or impact pathway approaches to design and evaluate interventions. In research settings, there is increasing demand for ex ante impact pathways that are place‐based, coherent, and plausible, in order to foster more impactful interventions. Foresight approaches, which enable a collaborative, structured, and systematic way to anticipate, prepare, and affect the course of change, can help achieve this by exploring diverse future scenarios, the consequences of different assumptions, or how to overcome threats and leverage opportunities for change. Through three case examples, we show how foresight tools used prior to developing impact pathways can free participants from preconceived notions of the intervention's context, actors, and impacts, and thus support creative and systemic analyses of the future to rethink the present. They extend the analysis of how different actors can shape the future, identifying effects that might otherwise be overlooked or marginalized during the planning and evaluation of the intervention, while also helping to identify the conditions necessary for desired impacts. Nonetheless, their use entails evaluative judgments about the potential impacts to be prioritized in intervention design and evaluation. This is especially relevant in the case of research where scientific or technical aspects are usually prioritized. Finally, there is an entry cost to foresight tools for evaluators, in particular for the facilitation of strategic thinking about the future. However, we recommend them as a worthwhile addition to the evaluator's toolbox to broaden the scope of design and evaluation.
A review of sphingolipids from marine sources and their analytical method, metabolic process, and essential roles in human health
Authors: Wang Xinwen , Zhao Mantong , Xia Guanghua , Shi Haohao , Li Chuan , Shen Xuanri , Rakariyatham Kanyasiri , He Saijun , Liu Zhongyuan , Zhou Dayong
Published: July 2024

Sphingolipids (SLs) are a class of lipids that are essential components of cell membranes. The main SLs and the metabolites include sphingomyelin, ceramide, and glycosphingolipids. They serve as signaling molecules and can regulate various cellular processes including proliferation, migration, senescence, and apoptosis that are essential for human health. SLs from marine organisms exhibit special structures and diverse physiological functions due to the extreme environment, which have attracted ever‐increasing attention recently. In this review, the contents and structures of SLs from marine sources, analytical methods, their metabolic pathways, as well as the physiological functions, especially the ability for the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases, including immunity, metabolic syndrome, neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, were discussed.
A Federated Learning Framework for Brain Tumor Segmentation Without Sharing Patient Data
Authors: Zhang Wei , Jin Wei , Rho Seungmin , Jiang Feng , Yang Chi‐fu
Published: July 2024

Brain tumors pose a significant threat to human health, necessitating early detection and accurate diagnosis to enhance treatment outcomes. However, centralized data collection and processing encounter challenges related to privacy breaches and data integration due to the sensitivity and diversity of brain tumor patient data. In response, this paper proposes an innovative federated learning‐based approach for brain tumor detection, facilitating multicenter data sharing while safeguarding individual data privacy. Our proposed federated learning architecture features each medical center as a participant, with each retaining local data and engaging in secure communication with a central server. Within this federated migration learning framework, each medical center independently trains a base model on its local data and transmits a fraction of the model's parameters to the central server. The central server leverages these parameters for model aggregation and knowledge sharing, facilitating the exchange and migration of models among participating medical centers. This collaborative approach empowers individual medical centers to share knowledge and experiences, thereby enhancing the performance and accuracy of the brain tumor detection model. To validate our federated learning model, we conduct comprehensive evaluations using an independent test dataset, comparing its performance with traditional centralized learning approaches. The experimental results underscore the superiority of the federated learning‐based brain tumor detection approach, achieving heightened detection performance compared with traditional methods while meticulously preserving data privacy. In conclusion, our study presents an innovative solution for effective data collaboration and privacy protection in the realm of brain tumor detection, holding promising clinical applications. The federated learning approach not only advances detection accuracy but also establishes a secure and privacy‐preserving foundation for collaborative research in medical imaging.
Associations between parental civic engagement, negative beliefs toward civic engagement and youths' future civic attitudes and behaviors
Authors: Fliaguine Olga , Thuot‐Jolicoeur Aurélie , Poulin François , Denault Anne‐Sophie , Robitaille Jean , Geoffroy Marie‐Claude , Philippe Frederick L.
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Civic engagement (CE) in adolescence is associated with a higher level of engagement in adulthood and is reported to be beneficial to youth's development and societal well‐being. Parents are among the most influential factors in adolescents' lives. This study examined the associations between parents' own civic participation, their negative beliefs toward youth CE and their child's future CE. While prior research documented positive associations between parental civic behaviors and youth CE, the role of parental negative beliefs has remained unexplored and could act as an additional barrier to adolescents' CE.

Methods

A total of 234 adolescents (65% girls; mean age = 13.77) and their parents (79% mothers; mean age = 44.20), residing in the Canadian province of Quebec from 2016 to 2019, were recruited for this cross‐sectional study. Parents completed measures of their civic activities and their negative beliefs regarding youth CE. Adolescents completed measures of future civic attitudes and behaviors.

Results

Hierarchical regressions revealed significant positive cross‐sectional associations between parental civic behaviors and their child's future civic attitudes and behaviors. However, parental negative beliefs toward youth CE were negatively associated with youths' future civic attitudes and behaviors, even after considering parental civic behaviors and family socioeconomic status. Adolescents' age did not moderate these relationships.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the significant role that parents could play in shaping CE of future generations. Interventions promoting youth CE should thus target both adolescents and their parents.
Smart wireless flexible bandage containing drug loaded polycaprolactone microparticles for real‐time monitoring and treatment of chronic wounds
Authors: Pazhouhnia Zahra , Farzin Ali , Rastgar Hossein , Dadgarnezhad Manoochehr , Jannat Behrooz
Published: July 2024

The quality of life is negatively impacted by chronic wounds for more than 25 million people in the US. They are quite prone to infection, which may lead to the eventual loss of a limb. By exposing the ulcers to treatment agents at the appropriate time, the healing rate is increased. On‐demand drug release in a closed‐loop system will aid us in reaching our goal. In this study, we have developed a platform capable of real‐time diagnosis of bacterial infection by wirelessly reading wound pH, as well as slow and on‐demand local administration of antibiotics. The drug carrier microparticles, an electrical patch, a thermoresponsive hydrogel with an integrated microheater, and a flexible pH sensor comprised the closed‐loop patch. Here it is reported that slow and smart release of cefazolin can be addressed by incorporation of drug encapsulated hydrophobic microparticles embedded into a thermo‐responsive hydrogel. The utilization of a programmable bandage to provide antibiotic medication highlights the need of not only choosing appropriate therapeutic substances but also the controlled release of the medicine and its rate of release within the wound area. The results of our study indicate that the use of cefazolin encapsulated polycaprolactone (PCL) microparticles can effectively regulate the application of antibiotic treatment for chronic skin wounds. The results also showed a substantial gradual release of cefazolin from the thermo‐responsive Pnipam hydrogel when the wound dressing was subjected to a temperature of 37°C. We believe that the developed flexible smart bandage can have a significant impact on chronic wound healing.
Structure‐based design, synthesis, and biological characterization of indolylarylsulfone derivatives as novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 inhibitors with potent antiviral activities and favorable drug‐like profiles
Authors: Wang Zhao , Wang Wenbo , Gao Zhen , Gao Huizhan , Clercq Erik De , Pannecouque Christophe , Chen Chin‐Ho , Kang Dongwei , Zhan Peng , Liu Xinyong
Published: July 2024

In the current antiretroviral landscape, continuous efforts are still needed to search for novel chemotypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) inhibitors with improved drug resistance profiles and favorable drug‐like properties. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, biological characterization, and druggability evaluation of a class of non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Guided by the available crystallographic information, a series of novel indolylarylsulfone derivatives were rationally discovered via the substituent decorating strategy to fully explore the chemical space of the entrance channel. Among them, compound 11h bearing the cyano‐substituted benzyl moiety proved to be the most effective inhibitor against HIV‐1 wild‐type and mutant strains (EC50 = 0.0039–0.338 μM), being far more potent than or comparable to etravirine and doravirine. Besides, 11h did not exhibit cytotoxicity at the maximum test concentration. Meanwhile, the binding target of 11h was further confirmed to be reverse transcriptase (IC50 = 0.055 μM). Preliminary structure–activity relationship were discussed to guide further optimization work. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies were investigated in detail to rationalize the biological evaluation results. Further drug‐likeness assessment indicated that 11h possessed excellent physicochemical properties. Moreover, no apparent hERG blockade liability and cytochrome P450 inhibition were observed for 11h. Notably, 11h was characterized by favorable in vitro metabolic stability with moderate clearance rates and long half‐lives in human plasma and liver microsomes. Overall, 11h holds great promise as an ideal Anti‐HIV‐1 lead compound due to its potent antiviral efficacy, low toxicity, and favorable drug‐like profiles.
Pediatric advanced complex endoscopy team enhances endoscopy quality and provider satisfaction
Authors: Barakat Monique T. , Bass Dorsey , Goyal Alka , Fink Christopher , Mostamand Shikib , Gugig Roberto
Published: July 2024

Background

Therapeutic endoscopic procedures are increasingly necessary for children. Pediatric gastroenterologist training and experience with endoscopic hemostasis and other complex therapeutic endoscopy procedures are often limited. We evaluated the impact of the implementation of an advanced complex endoscopy (ACE) team, which provides 24/7 inpatient/outpatient back‐up endoscopy support.

Methods

We analyzed hemostasis quality outcomes in the 2 years before implementation of ACE (2018−2020) versus the year following the implementation of ACE (2020−2021). We analyzed pediatric gastroenterology provider satisfaction and perspectives with a survey that was distributed to faculty, fellows, and advanced practice providers 1 month before implementation of ACE and again 12 months following ACE implementation.

Results

Endoscopy volume and outcome metrics for hemostasis procedures, including latency to endoscopy, need for reintervention, and administration/diversity of hemostatic therapy, including multimodal therapy, improved in the year following implementation of the ACE (p < 0.05 for each). Survey results demonstrated a positive impact on provider endoscopy experience and high utilization of ACE. Twenty‐two percent of providers reported activating ACE in the prior month and 66% in the prior year. Most providers who activated ACE were very satisfied (85%) or satisfied (7.7%). Eighty‐three percent noted ACE had a positive impact on inpatients, and 50% noted a positive impact on outpatient endoscopy. Provider anxiety with endoscopy diminished post‐ACE implementation (62% vs. 28%). Respondents unanimously found ACE beneficial to patient care (100%).

Conclusions

ACE implementation was associated with improved provider perspectives surrounding endoscopy and significant improvement in hemostasis quality parameters, escalation of hemostasis procedure volume, and broadening the range of hemostasis interventions.
Impact of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease on caregivers' work productivity: A multicenter study by the SEGHNP
Authors: Velasco Rodríguez‐Belvís Marta  , Palomino Laura , Pujol Muncunill Gemma , Martin‐Masot Rafael , Muñoz Codoceo Rosa Ana  , Barrio Torres Josefa , Navas‐López Víctor Manuel  , Martín de Carpi Javier  ,   Collaborating Researchers of the Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Working Group
Published: July 2024

Objectives/Background

Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) poses significant challenges not only to patients but also to their families, particularly affecting the work productivity of caregivers. This Spanish multicenter study aims to elucidate the extent of this impact.

Materials and Methods

A cross‐sectional, multicenter study was conducted between February 2021 and June 2023, involving parents or caregivers of PIBD patients aged 10–18 years. The study utilized the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaires alongside assessing disease activity and socioeconomic status to quantify work productivity loss and its economic implications.

Results

The study included 370 patients from 37 centers, highlighting a significant loss of work productivity among caregivers, especially mothers. The global unemployment rate was notably higher in this group compared to national averages (22.9% vs. 13.8%), particularly among females (30.7% vs. 13.7%), with absenteeism and presenteeism rates (26.4% and 39.9%) significantly impacting the caregivers' ability to work. The study also identified active disease and treatment with biologics or steroids as risk factors for increased work productivity loss.

Conclusions

Caregivers of children with inflammatory bowel disease face considerable challenges in maintaining employment, with a notable economic impact due to lost work hours. The findings underscore the need for targeted support and interventions to assist these families, suggesting potential areas for policy improvement and support mechanisms to mitigate the socioeconomic burden of PIBD on affected families.
Surface Functionalization of Carbon Black for PEM Fuel Cell Electrodes
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Park Eun Joo , Kim Yu Seung , Spendelow Jacob S.
Published: July 2024

Carbon‐based materials are extensively used in fuel cell applications due to their crucial role in maintaining high performance. Particularly, carbon black (CB) stands out as a preferred electrode material for fuel cells, owing to its high electrical conductivity and large surface area. This review focuses on the functionalization of CB and its use as a support for Pt‐based catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Functionalization strategies include oxidation, covalent functionalization, as well as polymer grafting or impregnation. Various approaches to functionalize the CB surface are discussed that effectively tailor the surface properties of electrodes, leading to improved fuel cell performance. The improvements are seen in enhanced dispersibility of catalyst particles, better ionomer distribution, increased catalyst stability, and reduced carbon corrosion. This review provides an overview of various modifications applied to CB to enhance their structural and electrochemical properties, thereby boosting fuel cell performance.
Controlling Hybrid Polyhydroxyurethane Adhesive and Rheological Properties by Partial Carbonation of Biobased Epoxy Monomer
Authors: Delliere Pierre , Laborie Dorian , Caillol Sylvain , Bakkali‐Hassani Camille
Published: July 2024

Controlling hybrid material properties by simple monomer design offers an elegant pathway to prepare thermoset adhesives with tunable properties. Herein, biobased hybrid polyhydroxyurethane/polyepoxy is prepared starting from partially carbonated cashew nut shell epoxy derivatives (NC514) and m‐xylene diamine (MXDA). The curing reactions, that is, epoxy‐amine and cyclic carbonate aminolysis, monitored by ATR‐IR spectroscopy at 50 °C are found to be concomitant yielding highly homogeneous materials. Hybrid networks are extensively characterized by swelling tests, TGA, DMA, DSC, tensile tests, rheology, and lap‐shear‐test on aluminum substrates. The introduction of hydroxyurethane moieties within the epoxy‐amine networks enhanced the adhesion properties (up to 20% compare to neat epoxy resins) by combining hydrogen bonding capability and vitrimeric properties (thermoset able to flow). Rheological characterizations and reprocessing tests demonstrated that hybrid adhesives with up to 47 mol% of cyclic carbonate groups are capable of covalent exchange (internally catalyzed by tertiary amine) while keeping similar thermomechanical properties and enhanced adhesion strength compare to the permanent epoxy network.
Mechanical Effect Produced by Photo‐Switchable Reactions: Insights from Molecular Simulations
Authors: Villegas Orlando , Serrano Martínez Marta , Le Bras Laura , Ottochian Alistar , Pineau Nicolas , Perrier Aurélie , Lemarchand Claire A.
Published: July 2024

Light‐responsive shape‐changing polymers are photonastic materials: they can convert light into mechanical energy through macroscopic transformations. Indeed, photochromic molecules embedded in these polymer films present light‐induced structural modifications that can trigger a significant macroscopic deformation. In this theoretical study based on molecular dynamics simulations, analysis tools ranging from atomic to supramolecular scales are developed to investigate this photonastic phenomenon. To this purpose, a model system built upon an azobenzene photochrome embedded in different environments (tetrahydrofuran, cis‐1,4‐polybutadiene and hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene) is considered. First, the impact of the environment on the photochrome properties is discussed through the analysis of the structural properties, ultra‐violet visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra and dynamical properties of the photoswitch. Then, the impact of the presence of the photochrome on the polymer is studied. At the atomic scale, the radial distribution functions show some differences between the cis and trans isomers due to geometrical effects. At the molecular scale, the analysis of the size and shape of the polymer chains reveals that the photochrome has no impact on the chain properties. Finally, at the macroscopic scale, the cohesive energy density shows that the polymer is stabilized by the presence of photochrome molecules.
Hyperparameter optimization of orthogonal functions in the numerical solution of differential equations
Authors: Afzal Aghaei Alireza , Parand Kourosh
Published: July 2024

Numerical methods for solving differential equations often rely on the expansion of the approximate solution using basis functions. The choice of an appropriate basis function plays a crucial role in enhancing the accuracy of the solution. In this study, our aim is to develop algorithms that can identify an optimal basis function for any given differential equation. To achieve this, we explore fractional rational Jacobi functions as a versatile basis, incorporating hyperparameters related to rational mappings, Jacobi polynomial parameters, and fractional components. Our research develops hyperparameter optimization algorithms, including parallel grid search, parallel random search, Bayesian optimization, and parallel genetic algorithms. To evaluate the impact of each hyperparameter on the accuracy of the solution, we analyze two benchmark problems on a semi‐infinite domain: Volterra's population model and Kidder's equation. We achieve improved convergence and accuracy by judiciously constraining the ranges of the hyperparameters through a combination of random search and genetic algorithms. Notably, our findings demonstrate that the genetic algorithm consistently outperforms other approaches, yielding superior hyperparameter values that significantly enhance the quality of the solution, surpassing state‐of‐the‐art results.
Wideband null frequency scanning monopole antenna under triple‐mode resonance
Authors: Ji Fei‐Yan , Mao Xiao‐Hui , Lu Wen‐Jun , Zhu Lei
Published: July 2024

Semianalytical design approach to a triple‐mode resonant, wideband null frequency scanning sectorial monopole antenna is proposed. As is demonstrated, TE3/5,1, TE9/5,1, and TE3,1 mode within a 150°, circumferentially resonant sectorial monopole are simultaneously excited to realize null frequency scanning functionality. The prototype antenna exhibits a wide impedance bandwidth of 75.3%, ranging from 1.40 to 3.09 GHz. Within the frequency band of 1.55–2.70 GHz, the radiation null linearly scans from θ = +90° to +8° with a null frequency scanning sensitivity of 12.9 MHz/°. Moreover, the antenna possesses maximum gain of 2.5 dBi in the backfire, ‐x‐direction, which indicates that it should exhibit quasi‐unidirectional radiation pattern in the azimuth plane.
Toward real‐time, volumetric dosimetry for FLASH‐capable clinical synchrocyclotrons using protoacoustic imaging
Authors: Wang Siqi , Gonzalez Gilberto , Owen Daniel Rocky , Sun Leshan , Liu Yan , Zwart Townsend , Chen Yong , Xiang Liangzhong
Published: July 2024

Background

Radiation delivery with ultra‐high dose rate (FLASH) radiotherapy (RT) holds promise for improving treatment outcomes and reducing side effects but poses challenges in radiation delivery accuracy due to its ultra‐high dose rates. This necessitates the development of novel imaging and verification technologies tailored to these conditions.

Purpose

Our study explores the effectiveness of proton‐induced acoustic imaging (PAI) in tracking the Bragg peak in three dimensions and in real time during FLASH proton irradiations, offering a method for volumetric beam imaging at both conventional and FLASH dose rates.

Methods

We developed a three‐dimensional (3D) PAI technique using a 256‐element ultrasound detector array for FLASH dose rate proton beams. In the study, we tested protoacoustic signal with a beamline of a FLASH‐capable synchrocyclotron, setting the distal 90% of the Bragg peak around 35 mm away from the ultrasound array. This configuration allowed us to assess various total proton radiation doses, maintaining a consistent beam output of 21 pC/pulse. We also explored a spectrum of dose rates, from 15 Gy/s up to a FLASH rate of 48 Gy/s, by administering a set number of pulses. Furthermore, we implemented a three‐dot scanning beam approach to observe the distinct movements of individual Bragg peaks using PAI. All these procedures utilized a proton beam energy of 180 MeV to achieve the maximum possible dose rate.

Results

Our findings indicate a strong linear relationship between protoacoustic signal amplitudes and delivered doses (R2 = 0.9997), with a consistent fit across different dose rates. The technique successfully provided 3D renderings of Bragg peaks at FLASH rates, validated through absolute Gamma index values.

Conclusions

The protoacoustic system demonstrates effectiveness in 3D visualization and tracking of the Bragg peak during FLASH proton therapy, representing a notable advancement in proton therapy quality assurance. This method promises enhancements in protoacoustic image guidance and real‐time dosimetry, paving the way for more accurate and effective treatments in ultra‐high dose rate therapy environments.
Bio‐Inspired Polydiacetylene Vesicles for Controlling Stimulus Sensitivity
Authors: Nakayama Shota , Suga Keishi , Kamata Tatsuya , Watanabe Kanako , Namigata Hikaru , Welling Tom A. J. , Nagao Daisuke
Published: July 2024

Polydiacetylene (PDA) is a kind of photopolymerizable polymer, which exhibits a unique color transition in response to external stimuli such as heat, pH, and solvent. PDAs are attractive as eye‐detection stimulus sensors with excellent time performance; however, the sensitivity of PDAs should be improved. Considering the biological membrane‐like structure of diacetylene (DA) vesicles, their modification by incorporating membrane lipids (e.g., diacylphosphocholine, PC) can be used to control the membrane fluidity, and consequently molecular ordering of DAs in the vesicle. Inspired by biological membrane systems, lipid vesicles are employed as platforms to generate PDA, and essential factors that influence the sensitivity of PDA are investigated. By lowering the polymerization temperature, the generation of PDA becomes slower, while the sensitivity improves. By adding PCs at the molar ratio of lipid:DA = 1:1, the sensitivity of PDA can be varied: the PCs with lower phase transition temperatures (Tm) made PDA insensitive, while the PCs with higher Tm improved the sensitivity as compared to pure poly(PCDA). It is concluded that the photopolymerization of DAs with a lower membrane fluidity induces highly sensitive PDA, while the photopolymerization of DAs with a higher membrane fluidity induces insensitive PDA with robustness toward stimuli.
Homecare amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A multidisciplinary, home‐based model of care for patients with ALS and their caregivers
Authors: Bublitz Sarah Kristina , Eham Magdalena , Ellrott Helena , Littger Benno , Richter Jana , Lorenzl Stefan
Published: July 2024

Introduction/Aims

Multidisciplinary care for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is recommended in international guidelines, but reaches its limits when immobility increases. This pilot project addresses this gap by delivering home‐based, specialized, multiprofessional support to ALS patients who are not able to attend outpatient care. The study assessed the feasibility of this model of care and the satisfaction of both patients and caregivers.

Methods

This was a longitudinal cohort study of patients with ALS and their caregivers in the surroundings of Munich, Germany. Patients were regularly visited at home by a multiprofessional team (neurologists/palliative care physicians, nurse, social worker, chaplain).

Results

A total of 94 patients with ALS were included in the homecare project and 88 patients and 74 caregivers were enrolled in the accompanying study. The mean care duration was 221 days, enabling 61% of the 49 deceased patients to die at home. Notably, 20% of patients chose a way to hasten death. Patient satisfaction (ICECAP Supportive Care Measure [SCM]: 23.7/28, CollaboRATE: 10.6/12) and caregiver perception of the end‐of‐life phase (Caregiver Evaluation of the Quality of End‐Of‐Life Care [CEQUEL]: 24.9/26) were high.

Discussion

This pilot project successfully implemented specialized, home‐based multidisciplinary care for ALS patients and caregivers, demonstrating both feasibility and high satisfaction. The program enabled a large proportion of patients to remain in their homes, reducing the need for hospital care. The multiprofessional approach, including neuropalliative, psychosocial and spiritual support provided comprehensive care that addressed needs of patients and caregivers. Further research is warranted to explore cost‐effectiveness.
Risk factors associated with overactive bladder severity in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Khadour Fater A. , Khadour Younes A. , Alhatem Weaam , Barroush Deema Al , Xu Tao
Published: July 2024

Background

The prevalence of overactive bladder (OAB) is known to be higher in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) however there are not many studies about specific risk factors contributing to its progression among diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, so this study aimed to investigate the risk factors specific to DM that influence the progression of OAB in Syrian population.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was carried out at five endocrinology centers situated in four Syrian provinces: Damascus, Aleppo, Homs, Hama, and Latakia. The study comprised patients who were diagnosed with both T2DM and OAB and had visited these centers from March 2020 and February 2024. The Arabic version of the OAB Symptom Score (OABSS) scale was used to categorize the participants based on the severity score into two groups: the mild OAB group and the moderate‐severe OAB group. A logistic analysis was conducted to assess the risk factors associated with the progression of OAB among patients with diabetes.

Result

Among the 186 patients diagnosed with both DM and OAB, significant distinctions were found between the two groups concerning the severity of OAB, age, duration of diabetes, symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), and ankle reflex (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a multivariate analysis revealed that age (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68–1.58), duration of diabetes (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.75–3.74), and symptomatic DPN (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.17–3.54) independently acted as risk factors for the advancement of OAB.

Conclusion

The progression of OAB in Syrian patients with diabetes is closely associated with the severity of DM. Factors such as age, duration of diabetes, and symptomatic DPN are independent predictors of the severity of OAB. Patients who experience symptomatic DPN are at an increased risk of developing OAB.
Optimized mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics by tuning polymer chain length based on quad‐screw extrusion
Authors: Choi Woo Seong , Kim Ki Hoon , Kim Seong Yun
Published: July 2024

There is a need for cost‐effective manufacturing methods to optimize the impregnation and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs) by overcoming the low flowability of thermoplastics due to their high melt viscosity. In this study, to improve the impregnation of the CFRTP by inducing low melt viscosity, a strategy to control the molecular weight (MW) of thermoplastic polymer was developed. Through the quad‐screw extrusion (QSE) process, as the rotational speed of the QSE increased, the MW of the polypropylene (PP) matrix decreased, resulting in improved flowability and impregnation characteristics of the matrix, as well as enhanced mechanical strength of the CFRTP. The tensile and flexural strengths of the CFRTP were optimized at 1500 rpm, resulting in 77% and 23% improvements, respectively, compared to the CFRTP with raw PP. Therefore, the applied QSE process effectively controlled the MW, melt viscosity, and flowability of the PP matrix and produced CFRTP with improved mechanical strength.

Highlights

Mechanical degradation using QSE was applied to improve flowability of matrix.

As polymer chain length decreased, impregnation between CF and matrix was improved.

The improved impregnation characteristics resulted in the improved mechanical strengths.

There is an optimal matrix MW to optimize the mechanical strengths of CFRTP.
Investigation of morphometric features of auricle in newborns and etiology of auricle deformity
Authors: Zhou Xueqing , Peng Xieling , Ding Yuran , Zhu Yingjie , Tian Dan , Wu Minyan , Zhang Bin , Qi Xiangdong
Published: July 2024

Importance

The diagnosis of congenital auricular deformity often relies on the clinical experience of clinicians, leading to a high incidence of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis due to the lack of quantitative diagnostic criteria.

Objective

To characterize auricle morphology in newborns from southern China and explore the underlying etiology of congenital auricle deformity.

Methods

A total of 636 neonates (1272 ears) with less than seven days old were included. The auricles of each infant were measured and photographed. The relationship between maternal factors and the occurrence of congenital auricle deformity was analyzed.

Results

The incidence of auricular deformity in southern China was 79.87%. Helical rim deformity and mixed deformity had the highest incidence (17.30% each), while cryptotia had the lowest incidence (0.31%). Among mixed deformities, lop ear with conchal crus ear was the most common (22.73%). Each type of auricle deformity had distinct measurement indicators: the vertical distance of cephalo‐auricular was 73.97% longer and cephalo‐superaurale was 70.00% longer in protruding ears compared to normal auricle; the vertical distance of cephalo‐auricular was 10.96% less in lop ears, 15.07% less in conchal crus ears, and 41.1% longer in cup ears; the distance between helix and antihelix was 22.35% less in constricted ear, 12.94% greater in helical rim deformity, and 43.53% greater in Stahl's ear. Family history of hereditary ear deformity and paternal smoking were significant factors associated with ear deformity in southern China.

Interpretation

The incidence of auricle deformities is high in southern China, with significant differences in the morphometric structures of different auricle types.
Super tough, electrochemical stability and puncture resistant electrolyte for lithium‐metal batteries
Authors: Zhang Wanyi , Yang Ziyu , He Xiaoheng , Xiang Yong , Wu Fang
Published: July 2024

Polymer electrolytes (PEs) are widely used in the field of flexible energy storage due to their high safety, good flexibility, and ease of processing. Developing PEs with both high mechanical properties, high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window (ESW) for lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs) is an urgent issue to be addressed. In this work, we designed and synthesized the poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)‐polyacrylic acid (PAA)‐LiCl electrolyte for LMBs with a high ionic conductivity, wide ESW, high modulus and puncture resistance simultaneously. Through the construction of dual cross‐linking networks, the PVA‐PAA‐LiCl exhibits a wide ESW (6.2 V), achieves a notable ionic conductivity (1.08 × 10−4 S cm−1) at room temperature and can realize a high cycle stability of Li symmetric battery more than 300 h at 1 mA cm−2/1 mA h cm−2. Furthermore, it demonstrates exceptional puncture resistance, capable of withstanding pressures up to 5.73 × 108 Pa exerted by a steel nail, while simultaneously exhibites a commendable tensile strength of 4.9 MPa. Hence, this conceptual framework featuring dual‐crosslink network structure offers profound implications for the progression of next‐generation flexible energy storage.
Substrate O‐glycosylation actively regulates extracellular proteolysis
Authors: Madzharova Elizabeta , Sabino Fabio , Kalogeropoulos Konstantinos , Francavilla Chiara , auf dem Keller Ulrich
Published: July 2024

Extracellular proteolysis critically regulates cellular and tissue responses and is often dysregulated in human diseases. The crosstalk between proteolytic processing and other major post‐translational modifications (PTMs) is emerging as an important regulatory mechanism to modulate protease activity and maintain cellular and tissue homeostasis. Here, we focus on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐mediated cleavages and N‐acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)‐type of O‐glycosylation, two major PTMs of proteins in the extracellular space. We investigated the influence of truncated O‐glycan trees, also referred to as Tn antigen, following the inactivation of C1GALT1‐specific chaperone 1 (COSMC) on the general and MMP9‐specific proteolytic processing in MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells. Quantitative assessment of the proteome and N‐terminome using terminal amine isotopic labelling of substrates (TAILS) technology revealed enhanced proteolysis by MMP9 within the extracellular proteomes of MDA‐MB‐231 cells expressing Tn antigen. In addition, we detected substantial modifications in the proteome and discovered novel ectodomain shedding events regulated by the truncation of O‐glycans. These results highlight the critical role of mature O‐glycosylation in fine‐tuning proteolytic processing and proteome homeostasis by modulating protein susceptibility to proteolytic degradation. These data suggest a complex interplay between proteolysis and O‐GalNAc glycosylation, possibly affecting cancer phenotypes.
Structural and biochemical characterization of an encapsulin‐associated rhodanese from Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Benisch Robert , Giessen Tobias W.
Published: July 2024

Rhodanese‐like domains (RLDs) represent a widespread protein family canonically involved in sulfur transfer reactions between diverse donor and acceptor molecules. RLDs mediate these transsulfuration reactions via a transient persulfide intermediate, created by modifying a conserved cysteine residue in their active sites. RLDs are involved in various aspects of sulfur metabolism, including sulfide oxidation in mitochondria, iron–sulfur cluster biogenesis, and thio‐cofactor biosynthesis. However, due to the inherent complexity of sulfur metabolism caused by the intrinsically high nucleophilicity and redox sensitivity of thiol‐containing compounds, the physiological functions of many RLDs remain to be explored. Here, we focus on a single domain Acinetobacter baumannii RLD (Ab‐RLD) associated with a desulfurase encapsulin which is able to store substantial amounts of sulfur inside its protein shell. We determine the 1.6 Å x‐ray crystal structure of Ab‐RLD, highlighting a homodimeric structure with a number of unusual features. We show through kinetic analysis that Ab‐RLD exhibits thiosulfate sulfurtransferase activity with both cyanide and glutathione acceptors. Using native mass spectrometry and in vitro assays, we provide evidence that Ab‐RLD can stably carry a persulfide and thiosulfate modification and may employ a ternary catalytic mechanism. Our results will inform future studies aimed at investigating the functional link between Ab‐RLD and the desulfurase encapsulin.
Novel acrylamide‐based baits for effective control of subterranean termites (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Abbas Sohail , Alam Aleena , Abbas Muneer , Xiao Feng , Jiali Liu , Daood Umar , Hafeez Faisal , Shakeel Muhammad , Ali Jamin , Khan Khalid Ali , Ghramh Hamed A. , Romano Donato , Ri Zhao Chen
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND

Acrylamide‐based bait has super water absorption making it highly attractive to subterranean termites that are lured by wood with high water content. This study investigated the control efficiency of these baits on subterranean termites. In particular, we evaluated the water‐absorption capacity, attractiveness to subterranean termites, and control efficiency of these baits on subterranean termites through wooden blocks (Populus deltoides and three types of particleboards).

RESULTS

The results indicated a substantial water absorption capacity of acrylamide (70.6%; control: 14.8%) and a strong attraction for feeding subterranean termites (P. deltoides: 198 highest; 81 lowest subterranean termites individuals; combination of neem leaves and walnut shells: 168 highest; 36 lowest subterranean termites individuals). When acrylamide was combined with boric acid at the highest concentration, it resulted in the lowest wood consumption rates (P. deltoides: 24.1%; control: 63.8%, combination of neem leaves and walnut shells: 32.5%; control: 62.1%).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, this research supports the commercial viability of employing innovative acrylamide‐based toxic baits and particleboards for subterranean termite management. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Analyzing the spatiotemporal habitat colonization dynamics of the common vole (Microtus arvalis Pallas) in Castilla y León, northwest Spain, using a hotspot‐based approach†
Authors: Sánchez Nilda , Plaza Javier , García‐Ariza Carmen , Pérez‐Sánchez Rodrigo , Baños‐Herrero Ana , Pallavicini Yesica , Caminero‐Saldaña Constantino
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND

The common vole is an agricultural pest and population outbreaks have caused significant crop damage in the agricultural areas of the west‐central part of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) during the last few decades. Thus, monitoring is imperative to gain a comprehensive insight on its spatiotemporal habitat colonization dynamics. This work was performed on a long‐term database with the primary objective of establishing an operational framework for understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of the common vole, all of it based on the Getis‐Ord statistics.

RESULTS

The temporal evolution of the vole abundance index (VAI) was consistent for the three studied habitats, that is, crops, reservoirs and paths. Furthermore, the majority of common vole abundance peaks coincide with summer periods, especially in annual herbaceous crops. The spatial distribution of vole abundance exhibited a non‐random pattern, characterized by spatial clustering. Particularly, the areas with higher significance of this clustering were located at the so‐called ‘Tierra de Campos’ county, covering northern Valladolid, southern Palencia and north‐eastern Zamora provinces. Periods of major incidence and concentration were 2013–2014, 2016–2017 and 2019. Common vole temporal occupancy patterns demonstrate that colonization occurred simultaneously in alfalfa reservoirs and dispersion paths, both preceding settlement in annual herbaceous crop plots.

CONCLUSION

The geographic information system (GIS)‐hotspots‐based methodology proposed here can be valuable for stakeholders involved in integrated management of the common vole, serving as a detector of pest‐prone areas in both space and time. These hotspots are useful for predicting future surveillance areas that accurately reflect pest colonization patterns. It was found that common vole abundance along dispersal paths acts as a source of dissemination, preceding the risk of colonization in annual herbaceous crop plots. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Calculation of the Activation Energy of Electrical ε2‐Conductivity of Weakly Compensated Semiconductors
Authors: Poklonski Nikolai A. , Anikeev Ilya I. , Vyrko Sergey A. , Zabrodskii Andrei G.
Published: July 2024

A model of tunneling (jumping) migration of charge carriers near their mobility edge in the upper band of neutral states of majority hydrogen‐like impurities is proposed to calculate the energy of thermal activation of electrical ‐conductivity of weakly compensated semiconductors. The difference from the known Hubbard model consists in the scheme of interimpurity transitions of charge carriers and in the method of calculating the position of their tunnel mobility edge. The drift mobility edge of free charge carriers corresponds to the thermal ionization energy of majority impurities , which is located near the c‐band bottom or the v‐band top in n‐ and p‐type semiconductors, respectively, and is due to the overlap of excited states of electrically neutral majority impurities. The position of the tunnel mobility edge for ‐conductivity is determined by taking into account the Coulomb interaction of the majority impurities in the charge states and . It is assumed that doping and compensating impurities form a single simple nonstoichiometric cubic lattice in a crystal matrix. The calculations of the activation energy on the insulator side of the insulator–metal concentration phase transition for weakly compensated p‐Si:B, n‐Si:P, and n‐Ge:Sb crystals quantitatively agree with known experimental data.
Asymmetric Doping‐Dependent Electron Transport Mobility in InxGa1–xAs/GaAs Quantum Well Field‐Effect Transistor Structure
Authors: Panda Sangita R. , Pradhan Manoranjan , Mallik Sandipan , Sahu Trinath
Published: July 2024

We analyze the asymmetric doping‐dependent electron mobility μ of GaAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum well field‐effect transistor (QWFET) structure. We consider doping concentrations, nd1 and nd2, in the substrate and surface barriers, respectively, and study μ as a function of nd2, taking (nd1 + nd2) unchanged. An increase in nd2 decreases nd1, yielding interesting changes in the occupation of subbands. For well width W < 164 Å, μ is due to single subband occupancy (SSO). Around W = 164 Å, there occurs first SSO, then double subband occupancy (DSO), and again SSO with an increase in nd2. Near the transition of subbands, abrupt discontinuities in μ arise due to inter‐subband effects. Thus, high to low and then high values of μ are obtained, displaying almost flat‐like variations, symmetric about |nd2 − nd1| = 0. As W becomes wider, complete DSO occurs throughout the range of nd2 having reduced μ. Alternatively, keeping nd1 unchanged and by increasing nd2, μ raises due to enhanced Ns, with a drop near the transition from SSO to DSO. Under SSO, μ is controlled by the ionized impurity and alloy disorder scatterings, while under DSO, the impurity scattering determines μ. Our analysis on μ can help to examine the inter‐subband effects on device characteristics of the QWFET system.