bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical modeling and experimental study of the frontal polymerization of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/diethylenetriamine epoxy system
Authors: Frulloni E. , Salinas M. M. , Torre L. , Mariani A. , Kenny J. M.
Published: March 2005

Frontal polymerization is a process in which a spatially localized reaction zone propagates through a monomer by converting it into a polymer. In particular, the heat produced during the curing process is exploited to promote the reaction of the monomer lying next to the propagating front, making this latter able to self‐sustain. This approach represents an alternative solution to traditional polymerization methods and can be successfully applied to the preparation of many polymeric materials. In this study, frontal polymerization was numerically modeled to better understand it and to provide the basis for processing simulation. A finite‐difference method was used to solve the thermal problem coupled with the equation describing the cure evolution for a reactor with a cylindrical geometry. The implicit backward time–centered space method was used. First, a one‐dimensional model, able to describe the process in an adiabatic tube, was developed. The front ignition was simulated as if it were a hot surface warming one end of the reactor to trigger reactant polymerization. The model was able to predict the formation of a reactive front advancing in the unreacted zone with a constant speed. The influence of the chemical and physical properties of the resin on process evolution was also investigated. By applying the alternate direction implicit method, a more detailed two‐dimensional model able to describe a three‐dimensional problem for a cylindrical reactor was also developed. With this model, it was possible to study the influence of boundary conditions on process evolution, considering a convective heat exchange with the environment through the reactor walls. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, cured with diethylenetriamine (DETA), was used as the model system. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to produce a phenomenological model able to describe the cure process and to determine the physical properties of the resin. The validity of the approach was confirmed experimentally using a small cylindrical reactor. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1756–1766, 2005
GPCR Antitarget Modeling: Pharmacophore Models for Biogenic Amine Binding GPCRs to Avoid GPCR‐Mediated Side Effects
Authors: Klabunde Thomas , Evers Andreas
Published: March 2005

G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) form a large protein family that plays an important role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, the central role that the biogenic amine binding GPCRs and their ligands play in cell signaling poses a risk in new drug candidates that reveal side affinities towards these receptor sites. These candidates have the potential to interfere with the physiological signaling processes and to cause undesired effects in preclinical or clinical studies. Here, we present 3D cross‐chemotype pharmacophore models for three biogenic amine antitargets: the α1A adrenergic, the 5‐HT2A serotonin, and the D2 dopamine receptors. These pharmacophores describe the key chemical features present within these biogenic amine antagonists and rationalize the biogenic amine side affinities found for numerous new drug candidates. First applications of the α1A adrenergic receptor model reveal that these in silico tools can be used to guide the chemical optimization towards development candidates with fewer α1A‐mediated side effects (for example, orthostatic hypotension) and, thus, with an improved clinical safety profile.
Mycotic aneurysm of left anterior descending artery after sirolimus‐eluting stent implantation: A case report
Authors: Singh Harminder , Singh Charanjit , Aggarwal N. , Dugal J.S. , Kumar A. , Luthra M.
Published: March 2005

We report a case of mycotic aneurysms due to Staphylococcus aureus infection in the left anterior descending coronary artery in a 56‐year‐old male after implantation of a sirolimus‐eluting stent. This is an unreported complication of a drug‐eluting stent. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma‐1 (OEATC‐1) as a novel gene responsible for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Mizutani Kazunori , Onda Masamitsu , Asaka Shinichi , Akaishi Junko , Miyamoto Shizuyo , Yoshida Akira , Nagahama Mitsuji , Ito Kouichi , Emi Mitsuru
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most fulminant human malignancies. However, the molecular carcinogenic mechanisms of ATC are understood poorly. Recently, the authors performed a cyclic DNA (cDNA) microarray analysis with 11 anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines (ACLs) and discovered several novel responsible genes for ACLs and ATC. From the extended list, they focused on hypothetical and anonymous genes and investigated a novel gene, named the overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma‐1 (OEATC‐1) gene.

METHODS

To investigate the role of the OEATC‐1 gene in ATC carcinogenesis, first, the expression levels of OEATC‐1 in ACLs, in various types of carcinoma cell lines, and in normal human tissues were examined with reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis. To explore the effect of OEATC‐1 in ATC development, a cell‐growth assay was performed with KTA2 cells under OEATC‐1 gene silencing using small‐interfering RNA (siRNA).

RESULTS

OEATC‐1 was overexpressed significantly in ACLs and in other types of carcinoma cell lines with various expression levels. Conversely, in normal human tissues, OEATC‐1 was expressed weakly in placenta, kidney, spleen, thymus, small intestine, and thyroid gland. To evaluate the effects of OEATC‐1 on tumor cell growth, gene silencing was caused by transfecting the plasmid‐generating siRNA effect to KTA2 cells. Consequently, the silencing of OEATC‐1 significantly suppressed the cell growth compared with controls.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results indicated that OEATC‐1 may have some oncogenic or cell growth‐promoting function in ACL. OEATC‐1 is considered a novel responsible gene in ATC. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Fostering coping and nurturing hope when discussing the future with terminally ill cancer patients and their caregivers
Authors: Clayton Josephine M. , Butow Phyllis N. , Arnold Robert M. , Tattersall Martin H. N.
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND

It is challenging for clinicians to foster coping and allow hope when discussing prognosis and end‐of‐life (EOL) issues with terminally ill cancer patients and their caregivers. To the authors' knowledge, little research evidence is currently available to guide clinical practice.

METHODS

The authors conducted focus groups and individual interviews with 19 patients with far advanced cancer and 24 caregivers from 3 palliative care (PC) services in Sydney, and 22 PC health professionals (HPs) from around Australia. The focus groups and individual interviews were audiotaped and fully transcribed. Additional focus groups or individual interviews were conducted until no additional topics were raised. The participants' narratives were analyzed using qualitative methodology.

RESULTS

All participant groups believed there were ways of fostering coping and nurturing hope when discussing prognosis and EOL issues. Themes identified from the transcripts regarding ways of helping patients with a limited life expectancy to cope were: 1) emphasize what can be done (namely: a) control of physical symptoms; b) emotional support, care, and dignity; and c) practical support), 2) explore realistic goals, and 3) discuss day‐to‐day living. Two additional themes were identified regarding ways of fostering hope: the balance between truth telling and nurturing hope, and the spectrum of hope. All these themes were raised by the patients, caregivers, and HPs. However, there were some differences of opinion within the three participant groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study demonstrated that most participants believed there were ways of fostering coping and maintaining hope and that HPs have a role in facilitating this with terminally ill cancer patients and their caregivers. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Pathway sampling by regenerating peripheral axons
Authors: Witzel Christian , Rohde Charles , Brushart Thomas M.
Published: March 2005

A century ago, Ramon y Cajal described the generalized response of regenerating peripheral axons to their environment. By using mice that express fluorescent proteins in their axons, we are now able to quantify the response of individual axons to nerve transection and repair. Sciatic nerves from nonexpressing mice were grafted into those expressing a yellow variant of green fluorescent protein, then examined at 5, 7, or 10 days after repair. Regeneration was found to be a staggered process, with only 25% of axons crossing the repair in the first week. In the setting of Wallerian degeneration, this stagger will expose growth cones to an evolving menu of molecular cues upon which to base pathway decisions. Many axons arborize, allowing them to interact simultaneously with several pathways. Arborization could serve as the anatomical substrate for specificity generation through collateral pruning. Axons often travel laterally across the face of the distal stump before choosing a pathway. As a result, the average unbranched axon has access to over 100 distal Schwann cell tubes. This extensive access, however, does not ensure correct matching of axon and end organ, suggesting that pathway choice is made on the basis of factors other than end organ identity. These observations explain the failure of refined surgical techniques to restore normal function after nerve injury. The apparent wandering of axons across the repair defies surgical control and mandates a biological approach to reuniting severed axons with appropriate distal pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 485:183–190, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Architecture and neurocytology of monkey cingulate gyrus
Authors: Vogt Brent A. , Vogt Leslie , Farber Nuri B. , Bush George
Published: March 2005

Human functional imaging and neurocytology have produced important revisions to the organization of the cingulate gyrus and demonstrate four structure/function regions: anterior, midcingulate (MCC), posterior (PCC), and retrosplenial. This study evaluates the brain of a rhesus and 11 cynomolgus monkeys with Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry for neuron‐specific nuclear binding protein, intermediate neurofilament proteins, and parvalbumin. The MCC region was identified along with its two subdivisions (a24′ and p24′). The transition between areas 24 and 23 does not involve a simple increase in the number of neurons in layer IV but includes an increase in neuron density in layer Va of p24′, a dysgranular layer IV in area 23d, granular area 23, with a neuron‐dense layer Va and area 31. Each area on the dorsal bank of the cingulate gyrus has an extension around the fundus of the cingulate sulcus (f 24c, f 24c′, f 24d, f 23c), whereas most cortex on the dorsal bank is composed of frontal motor areas. The PCC is composed of a dysgranular area 23d, area 23c in the caudal cingulate sulcus, a dorsal cingulate gyral area 23a/b, and a ventral area 23a/b. Finally, a dysgranular transition zone includes both area 23d and retrosplenial area 30. The distribution of areas was plotted onto flat maps to show the extent of each and their relationships to the vertical plane at the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and cingulate sulcus. This major revision of the architectural organization of monkey cingulate cortex provides a new context for connection studies and for devising models of neuron diseases. J. Comp. Neurol. 485:218–239, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HSV induces an early primary Th1 CD4 T cell response in neonatal mice, but reduced CTL activity at the time of the peak adult response
Authors: Evans Ingrid A. C. , Jones Cheryl A.
Published: March 2005

Neonates are highly susceptible to HSV. In this study, we analyzed the primary neonatal cell‐mediated response to HSV at the site of T cell activation, the draining lymph nodes (LN), and examined the effects of dose and the ability of HSV to replicate on the strength and character of this response. Neonatal mice mounted a predominantly Th1 cytokine (IFN‐γ) response at all doses of a replication‐competent thymidine kinase‐negative HSV‐2 strain (186ΔKpn) and at high doses of a replication‐defective HSV‐2 virus (dl5–29, UL5–/UL29–). Both neonates and adults showed increased production of Th2 cytokines (IL‐4 and/or IL‐5) at high doses of the replication‐defective or inactivated HSV strains. An age‐dependent difference in the strength of the Th1 response was noted, with neonates mounting adult‐like responses at low but not high doses of HSV. Neonatal mice also showed impaired CD8+ T cell activation and reduced HSV‐specific CTL effector function at the time of the peak adult response. These studies are the first to highlight the impaired primary neonatal T cell response to HSV in the LN.
Polymerase μ is up‐regulated during the T cell‐dependent immune response and its deficiency alters developmental dynamics of spleen centroblasts
Authors: Lucas Daniel , Laín de Lera Teresa , González Manuel A. , Ruiz Jose F. , Domínguez Orlando , Casanova Jesús C. , Martínez‐A Carlos , Blanco Luis , Bernad Antonio
Published: March 2005

Mammalian DNA polymerase μ (Polμ), preferentially expressed in secondary lymphoid organs, is shown here to be up‐regulated in germinal centers after immunization. Alternative splicing appears to be part of Polμ regulation during an immune response. We generated Polμ‐deficient mice that are viable and show no anatomical malformation or serious alteration in lymphoid populations, with the exception of an underrepresentation of the B cell compartment. Young and aged homozygous Polμ–/– mice generated similar immune responses after immunization with the hapten (4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) coupled to chicken gammaglobulin (CGG), compared with their wild‐type littermates. Nonetheless, the kinetics of development of the centroblast population showed significant differences. Hypermutation analysis of the rearranged heavy chain intron region in centroblasts isolated from NP‐CGG‐immunized Polμ–/– mice showed a similar quantitative and qualitative somatic mutation spectrum, but a lower representation of heavily mutated clones. These results suggest that although it is not a critical partner, Polμ modulates the in vivo somatic hypermutation process.
Inequality decomposition and geographic targeting with applications to China and Vietnam
Authors: Wagstaff Adam
Published: March 2005

How far are income‐related inequalities in the health sector due to gaps between poor and less poor areas, rather than due to differences between poor and less poor people within areas? This note sets out a method for answering this question, and illustrates it with two empirical examples. The disproportionate accrual of health subsidies to Vietnam's better‐off is found to be largely due to the fact that richer provinces have larger per capita subsidies, while pro‐rich inequalities in health insurance coverage in rural China are found to be largely due to the fact that better‐off villages have been more successful at preventing the collapse of their insurance schemes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urgency of micturition and detrusor contractility in men with prostatic obstruction and overactive bladders
Authors: Cucchi A. , Quaglini S. , Giannantoni A. , Guarnaschelli C. , Rovereto B.
Published: March 2005

Aims

In men with prostatic obstruction and detrusor overactivity (DO), to ascertain whether urgency of micturition affects bladder contractility.

Materials and Methods

We urodynamically assessed five groups of 20 men each who had bladder outflow obstruction (BOO) from benign prostatic enlargement—Groups 1 (with no DO and no urgency), 2 (with DO and no urgency), 3A (with DO and moderate urgency), 3B (with DO and severe urgency), and 4 (with DO, severe urgency and chronic ischemic cerebral lesions). Urgency was graded as moderate or severe by the ability to avert an urgent void at cystometry for ≥2 or <2 min, respectively. BOO was assessed by the “Abrams–Griffiths number” (AG) and bladder contractility by the parameters PIP and WFmax.

Results

AG did not differ significantly in Groups 2, 3A, and 3B, proved higher in such groups than in Group 1, and was nearly the same in Groups 1 and 4. PIP and WFmax were significantly higher in Groups 2, 3A, and 3B than in Groups 1 and 4, had the highest levels in Group 3B, and did not differ significantly in Groups 1–4 and 2–3A.

Conclusions

In DO patients with prostatic obstruction there seems to be a DO‐related facilitation of bladder contractility. In the same patients, severe urgency of micturition might over‐amplify (i.e., enhance a DO‐related facilitation of) bladder contractility, provided there are no neurogenic (chronic ischemic cerebral) lesions. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pelvic floor muscle training is effective in women with urinary incontinence after stroke: A randomised, controlled and blinded study
Authors: Tibaek Sigrid , Gard Gunvor , Jensen Rigmor
Published: March 2005

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training (PFMT) in women with urinary incontinence (UI) after ischemic stroke.

Materials and Methods

Three hundred and thirty‐nine medical records of stroke patients were searched. Twenty‐six subjects were randomised to a Treatment Group (14 subjects) or a Control Group (12 subjects) in a single blinded, randomised study. The intervention included 12 weeks of standardised PFMT. The outcome measures were: (1) diary recording the frequency of voiding, the number of incontinence episodes and used pads; (2) 24‐hr home pad test; and (3) vaginal palpation of pelvic floor muscle evaluating function, strength, static and dynamic endurance.

Results

Twenty‐four subjects with urge, stress and mixed stress/urge incontinence, completed the study, 12 in each group. A significant improvement in frequency of voiding in daytime (Treatment Group/Control Group: 7/8 at pre‐test, 6/9 at post‐test (median values), P = 0.018), 24‐hr pad test (Treatment Group/Control Group: 8/12 to 2/8 g P = 0.013) and dynamic endurance of pelvic floor muscle (Treatment Group/Control Group: 11/20 to 20/8 contractions of Pelvic Floor Muscle, P = 0.028) was demonstrated in the Treatment Group compared to the Control Group. A significant improvement in frequency of voiding in daytime (decreased from seven to six, P = 0.036), pelvic floor muscle function (P = 0.034), strength (P = 0.046), static endurance increased from 9 to 30 sec (P = 0.028) and dynamic endurance increased from 11 to 20 contractions (P = 0.020) was also demonstrated within the Treatment Group, but not in the Control Group.

Conclusion

PFMT had a significant effect in women with UI after stroke measured by diaries, pad tests and vaginal palpation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alzheimer's disease and immune activation: A translational perspective
Authors: Bossù Paola , Ciaramella Antonio , Moro M. Luisa , Spalletta Gianfranco , Caltagirone Carlo
Published: March 2005

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by abnormal fibrillar deposits of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ), which are suggested to play a pivotal role in driving disease pathogenesis. Although the aetiology of AD is still unknown, a perturbation of the immune system has been widely demonstrated in both animal experimental models and patients. The most studied aspect of immune reaction in AD is inflammation, which has been described to be implied in its pathogenic processes. Moreover, a growing body of evidence, indicating that the triggering of the specific Aβ immune response can be effective in reducing AD sympotoms, suggest that a dysregulated network of innate and adaptive immune mechanismsm could be critical in AD pathogenic process. The present short review, aimed to summarise some of the principal research studies on immune activation in AD, has the intent to provide suggestions useful to formulate new immune‐therapeutic strategies for pathology treatment.
Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: a selective status report
Authors: Mecocci Patrizia , Mangialasche Francesca , Polidori M. Cristina
Published: March 2005

Age has a powerful effect on enhanced susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases, stroke, cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases and a condition of increased oxidative stress status seems to be the link factor. In this paper we briefly reviewed the more recently reports on the role of oxidative stress in aging and age‐related diseases with a specific focus on mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. The role of antioxidant therapy and/or supplementation and the importance of an antioxidant rich diet are then discussed.
Ectrodactyly‐ectodermal dysplasia‐clefting (EEC) syndrome presenting with a large nephrogenic cyst, severe oligohydramnios and hydrops fetalis: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Chuangsuwanich Tuenjai , Sunsaneevithayakul Prasert , Muangsomboon Kobkun , Limwongse Chanin
Published: March 2005

Objectives

To report a case of EEC syndrome with a large nephrogenic cyst detected by prenatal ultrasonography.

Methods

Prenatal ultrasonographic detection, genetic counselling, termination of pregnancy, radiographic study, autopsy and ultrastructural study of scalp hair. The literature on EEC syndrome with genitourinary anomalies and prenatal diagnosis was also reviewed.

Results

A 6‐cm cyst in the right side of abdominal cavity was detected in a fetus of 24 weeks' gestational age with severe oligohydramnios and hydrops fetalis. The autopsy revealed bilateral renal dysplasia with a large nephrogenic cyst at the right side and markedly hypoplastic urinary bladder and pulmonary hypoplasia. The fetus also had ectrodactyly and syndactyly of hands and feet and ectodermal dysplasia and left cleft lip and palate. Ultrastructure of hair from scanning electron microscopy revealed no obvious abnormality.

Conclusion

This is a rare case of fetal malformation partly detected prenatally. In order to detect this syndrome, careful ultrasound search for acral anomalies should be performed in cases with renal malformation or obstructive uropathy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lack of correlation between elevated maternal serum hCG during second‐trimester biochemical screening and fetal congenital anomaly
Authors: Celentano Claudio , Guanciali‐Franchi Paolo Emilio , Liberati Marco , Palka Chiara , Fantasia Donatella , Morizio Elisena , Calabrese Giuseppe , Stuppia Liborio , Rotmensch Siegfried
Published: March 2005

Objective

Isolated elevations in midtrimester maternal serum human chorionic gonadotrophin concentrations (MShCG) have been reported to be associated with a substantially increased likelihood of fetal congenital malformations. The reported malformations included a wide range of organ systems, originating at different embryologic developmental stages. The purpose of our study was to determine the significance of an isolated elevated MShCG (>2.5 MoM) in midtrimester for the detection of fetal structural anomalies in a large population.

Methods

Among 10 144 women who underwent a biochemical triple screen at 15 to 18 weeks' gestation, 463 patients, who had an elevated MShCG, but normal α‐fetoprotein (AFP) and unconjugated estriol (uE3) levels, were identified. Patients with an integrated calculated Down syndrome risk above 1:250 were excluded. Only nonsmokers, at ages <35 years, without a history of prior fetal anomalies were included. The control group consisted of 463 patients with normal serum analyte concentrations and Down syndrome risks below 1:250, who were matched for maternal age and date of biochemical screen. All patients underwent a detailed genetic sonogram in which an anatomic survey and multiple ‘soft markers’ for aneuploidy were looked for. Newborns were examined by a senior pediatrician trained in dysmorphology.

Results

MShCG levels were 3.18 ± 0.72 versus 0.99 ± 0.43 MoM (p < 0.0001) in study and control groups respectively. Sonography revealed 8 versus 6 cases of major congenital anomalies among the 463 patients of their respective groups, and 39 versus 36 sonographic ‘soft markers’ for aneuploidy. Fetal karyotyping and neonatal examination for dysmorphology revealed 6 chromosomal anomalies (4 Down syndrome; 2 Turner syndrome) among the 8 major malformations in the study group, but none in the controls (p < 0.0001). Three of the 39 fetuses with ‘soft markers’ and elevated MShCG were found to have trisomy 21.

Conclusion

Isolated elevation of MShCG does not confer an increased risk of fetal congenital anomalies other than chromosomal abnormalities. However, elevated MShCG levels in combination with sonographic ‘soft markers’ for aneuploidy were associated with a high incidence of chromosomal anomalies, despite a normal biochemical triple screen risk estimate. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term psychological consequences of pregnancy termination for fetal abnormality: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Korenromp M. J. , Christiaens G. C. M. L. , van den Bout J. , Mulder E. J. H. , Hunfeld J. A. M. , Bilardo C. M. , Offermans J. P. M. , Visser G. H. A.
Published: March 2005

Objective

We examined women's long‐term psychological well‐being after termination of pregnancy (TOP) for fetal anomaly in order to identify risk factors for psychological morbidity.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was performed in 254 women, 2 to 7 years after TOP for fetal anomaly before 24 weeks of gestation. We used standardised questionnaires to investigate grief, posttraumatic symptoms, and psychological and somatic complaints.

Results

Women generally adapted well to grief. However, a substantial number of the participants (17.3%) showed pathological scores for posttraumatic stress. Low‐educated women and women who had experienced little support from their partners had the most unfavourable psychological outcome. Advanced gestational age at TOP was associated with higher levels of grief, and posttraumatic stress symptoms and long‐term psychological morbidity was rare in TOP before 14 completed weeks of gestation. Higher levels of grief and doubt were found if the fetal anomaly was presumably compatible with life.

Conclusion

Termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly is associated with long‐lasting consequences for a substantial number of women. Clinically relevant determinants are gestational age, perceived partner support, and educational level. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Corona Plasma Techniques for Industrial Applications: HPPS and DC/AC Systems
Authors: Winands Hans G. J. J. , Yan Keping , Nair Sreejit A. , Pemen Guus A. J. M. , van Heesch Bert E. J. M.
Published: March 2005

Summary: This paper discusses some critical issues of developing industrial streamer corona plasma systems for gas cleaning. Based on streamer generation and interaction between power sources and reactors, two energization methods, namely hybrid‐pulsed power source (HPPS) and DC‐superimposed, high‐frequency AC oscillation (DC/AC), were developed for industrial applications. As an example, a result of an industrial investigation on odor emission abatement is presented. The data available is sufficient enough for the commercial‐scale design of a corona plasma system for DeNOx, DeSO2, deodorization and dust removal. We foresee that by retrofitting available ESPs, plasma‐based gas‐cleaning systems will be applied in the near future to simultaneously remove polluting gases, heavy metals, and particles.

Schematic overview of the HPPS system.

magnified image

Schematic overview of the HPPS system.
Influence of a Bias Voltage on the Characteristics of Surface Discharges in Dry Air
Authors: Sokolova Marina , Hulka Lutz , Pietsch Gerhard J.
Published: March 2005

Summary: Surface discharges (SDs) in a three‐electrode system have been investigated. The electrode system consisted of an upper plane electrode (to apply a bias voltage) and a SD arrangement with metallic strip electrodes on the upper side of a dielectric plate, while the reverse side was covered with a metallic layer. When high voltage was applied to the metallic layer with grounded strip electrodes, SDs appeared in between the strips on the dielectric. The characteristics of SDs have been already the subject of a number of investigations with respect to different plasma technologies. In the present work, the influence of a dc bias voltage on the SD characteristics has been investigated, especially on current, active power, discharge structure and ozone formation in a flow of dry air. When applying dc voltages up to 20 kV of both polarities, a rising direct current appeared with densities up to more than 50 μA · cm−2. This effect was more pronounced with negative polarity. An influence of the air flow rate on the direct current was also registered. The structure of the SD observed with a CCD camera became more diffuse with a dc bias voltage. Furthermore, it depended on the kind of dielectric material under investigation. With negative dc voltages of more than 7 to 9 kV, filamentary discharge structures appeared in the gap between the plates. The structure of these discharges and the conditions of their appearance also depended on the dielectric material.

Image of discharges on a rough pyroceramic surface (the dark strips mark the position of the electrode).

magnified image

Image of discharges on a rough pyroceramic surface (the dark strips mark the position of the electrode).
Elastic and absorption cross sections for electron–carbon monosulfide collisions
Authors: Sobrinho A. M. C. , Lee M.‐T.
Published: March 2005

We report a theoretical study of electron collisions on carbon monosulfide molecules in the low and intermediate energy range. Calculated differential, integral, and momentum–transfer cross sections for elastic e−–CS scattering as well as the total absorption cross sections are reported in the 1–500‐eV range. A complex optical potential composed by static, exchange, correlation–polarization, plus absorption contributions, derived from a fully molecular wave function, is used to describe the electron–molecule interaction dynamics. The Schwinger variational iterative method combined with the distorted‐wave approximation is applied to calculate the scattering amplitudes. Our calculated data are compared with the calculated and experimental results for electron scattering by an isoelectronic molecule N2O. Remarkable similarity in the cross sections is seen for these targets at incident energies of >50 eV. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Concomitant anomalies in 100 children with unilateral multicystic kidney
Authors: Damen‐Elias H. A. M. , Stoutenbeek P. H. , Visser G. H. A. , Nikkels P. G. J. , de Jong T. P. V. M.
Published: March 2005

Objectives

To determine the incidence and type of associated urogenital anomalies in children with a unilateral multicystic kidney and to assess in children with nephrectomy the additional diagnostic value of cystoscopy and, in girls, of colposcopy.

Methods

This was a follow‐up study of 100 fetuses with antenatally detected unilateral multicystic kidneys. After ultrasound confirmation of the diagnosis within a few days after birth voiding cystourethrography and isotope scan were performed in 83 of the surviving children to exclude vesicoureteral reflux and to establish renal function. Eighty‐one children underwent nephrectomy and, prior to surgery, all underwent cystoscopy and girls also underwent colposcopy.

Results

Seventy‐five children had one or more additional urogenital anomalies: 39 had anomalies of the contralateral kidney, 40 had anomalies of the ipsilateral kidney and 30 had one or more anomalies of the lower urogenital tract. With cystoscopy 54 anomalies of the genitourinary tract were detected in 48 children and with colposcopy three anomalies were detected in 35 girls. Eighty‐one children had a nephrectomy or heminephrectomy and 33 of them needed other urological intervention. Thirteen fetuses died (mostly from agenesis of the contralateral kidney) and six infants had no surgery at all.

Conclusion

Children with a unilateral multicystic kidney are at considerable risk of having other urogenital anomalies. When cystoscopy and colposcopy are added to routine investigations the rate of detection of anomalies is 75%, twice that reported in the literature. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of a right ventricular diverticulum complicated by pericardial effusion in the first trimester
Authors: Del Río M. , Martínez J. M. , Bennasar M. , Palacio M. , Figueras F. , Puerto B. , Mortera C. , Cararach V.
Published: March 2005

A ventricular diverticulum associated with a large pericardial effusion was diagnosed at 13 weeks of gestation. The pericardial effusion resolved spontaneously by 20 weeks and the diverticular size remained the same during pregnancy. In the postnatal period the neonate underwent surgical correction of both the diverticulum and associated ventricular and atrial septal defects. Our case indicates that congenital ventricular diverticulum may be associated with a good perinatal outcome. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further evidence for an active site polypeptide of galactosyl transferase
Authors: Plancke Y.
Published: March 2005

In a previous report it was shown that galactosyl transferase activity after blotting from acrylamide gel was present in a molecular weight range of less than 14 kDa, in Triton X-100 (1). Molecular sieve chromatography on Superose 12, in the presence of Triton X-100, gave the same result. The low molecular weight activity peak was eluted together with peptides as a part of the covalent structure of the enzyme or as absolutely requires effectors. Peptide mapping showed a new poly-lysine-like peptide and a new hydrophobic peptide in this low molecular weight activity peak as effectors of the enzyme inside its hydrophobic environment.
Cellular endotoxin desensitization in patients with severe chronic heart failure
Authors: Sharma Rakesh , Bolger Aidan P. , Rauchhaus Mathias , von Haehling Stephan , Doehner Wolfram , Adcock Ian M. , Barnes Peter J. , Poole‐Wilson Philip A. , Volk Hans‐Dieter , Coats Andrew J.S. , Lim Sam , Anker Stefan D.
Published: March 2005

Background

Increased levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been demonstrated in chronic heart failure (CHF). LPS can induce cellular desensitization, with specific down‐regulation of LPS‐mediated cellular tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α) production which does not affect other cytokine parameters. It is not known if LPS desensitization occurs in CHF.

Methods and results

Mononuclear cells from 24 CHF patients (mean age 70±2 years, age range 58 to 78 years, NYHA class 3.0±0.2) and 11 healthy controls (mean age 53±3 years, age range 39 to 75 years) were separated from venous blood and cultured for 24 h with LPS (E. coli, 0−10 ng/mL). Culture supernatants were tested for TNF‐α and interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA). Patients were subgrouped into mild (n=10), moderate (n=5), and severe (n=9) CHF. Independently of age, mononuclear cells from patients with severe heart failure produced less TNF‐α than controls (p<0.05) and patients with mild (p<0.001) or moderate CHF (p<0.05). IL‐1RA release was higher for CHF patients as a group, compared with controls (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in IL‐1RA release between CHF patient subgroups.

Conclusions

Mononuclear cells from patients with severe heart failure produce significantly less TNF‐α than healthy controls or patients with mild to moderate disease. Production of IL‐1RA is not affected. This resembles a picture indicative of LPS desensitization occurring in patients with severe CHF.
Alveolar‐capillary membrane conductance is the best pulmonary function correlate of exercise ventilation efficiency in heart failure patients
Authors: Guazzi Marco , Reina Giuseppe , Tumminello Gabriele , Guazzi Maurizio D.
Published: March 2005

Background

In heart failure (HF), changes in lung mechanics and gas diffusion are limiting factors to exercise. Their contribution to an increased exercise ventilation to CO2 production (VE/VCO2) slope is undefined.

Methods

A total of 67 stable HF patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise and pulmonary function tests, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), total lung capacity (TLC) and alveolar diffusing capacity with its subcomponents (alveolar‐capillary membrane conductance (Dm) and capillary blood volume (Vc)).

Results:

Patients showed a mild restrictive pattern (FEV1=85±15% and FVC=75±13% of normal predicted) and a moderate Dm reduction (32±12 ml min−1 mm Hg−1). Average peak VO2 was 15.6±4.0 ml min−1 kg−1 and the VE/VCO2 slope was 39.6±11.0. At simple Spearman correlation analysis, all variables, but Vc, correlated with peak VO2; only Dm correlated with VE/VCO2 slope. At partial Spearman correlation, all variables lost the peak VO2 correlation, and Dm still inversely correlated with VE/VCO2 slope (r=−0.35; p=0.005). In patients with a high VE/VCO2 slope (cutoff value 34), despite comparable lung volumes, Dm was significantly more depressed (30±13 vs. 35±10 ml min−1 mm Hg−1; p<0.01).

Conclusions:

Pulmonary function tests and alveolar gas diffusing capacity poorly correlate with peak VO2. Dm impairment rather than lung volumes correlates with exercise ventilation efficiency. This finding further adds to the pathophysiological relevance of an abnormal gas exchange in HF patients.
Effect of EPS1 gene deletion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the secretion of foreign proteins which have disulfide bridges
Authors: He Jianwei , Sakamoto Takashi , Song Youtao , Saito Akira , Harada Akihito , Azakami Hiroyuki , Kato Akio
Published: March 2005

Both amyloid‐prone cystatin and unstable mutant C94A lysozyme were secreted in wild‐type and Δeps1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Amyloid‐prone cystatin secreted at much higher level in Δeps1 cells than that in wild‐type yeast. In parallel, the secretion amount of disulfide bond disrupted mutant C94A lysozyme greatly increased in Δeps1 cells although that was apparently low in wild‐type yeast cells compared with the secretion amount of wild‐type lysozyme. It is interesting that neither the unstable mutant C94A lysozyme nor amyloid‐prone cystatin secreted in Δeps1 cells maintained their specific activities. These observations lead to the supposition that yeast cells deficient for the protein disulfide isomerase‐family‐member EPS1 locus secrete more of labile disulfide‐containing model proteins.
Requirement of the transmembrane semaphorin Sema4C for myogenic differentiation
Authors: Ko Ji-Ae , Gondo Toshikazu , Inagaki Shinobu , Inui Makoto
Published: March 2005

Semaphorins constitute a large family of signaling proteins that contribute to axonal guidance. Here we demonstrate that the transmembrane semaphorin Sema4C is up‐regulated both in the early stage of differentiation of C2C12 mouse skeletal myoblasts into myotubes and during injury‐induced muscle regeneration in vivo. Depletion of Sema4C in C2C12 cells resulted in marked attenuation of myotube formation. A fusion protein containing the extracellular Sema domain and a peptide corresponding to the intracellular COOH‐terminal region of Sema4C each inhibited the differentiation of C2C12 cells. These findings indicate that Sema4C‐mediated interaction among myoblasts plays an important role in terminal myogenic differentiation.
Evaluation of average length as an estimator of exploitation status for the Florida coral-reef fish community
Authors: Ault Jerald S. , Smith Steven G. , Bohnsack James A.
Published: March 2005

Simulation and empirical analyses were conducted to evaluate the utility and robustness of average length (Lbar) of animals in the exploited population as an estimator of fishing mortality (F), and therefore as an indicator of exploitation status for Florida coral-reef fish. Simulation results showed that the Lbar estimator of fishing mortality was relatively insensitive to trends in recruitment, and demonstrated favourable properties for detecting statistical differences between sustainable and non-sustainable rates of exploitation. Rates of F estimated from fishery-dependent size composition data were comparable to F estimates from catch-and-effort time-series. Average length was also estimated from fishery-independent diver surveys for 22 species in the exploited snapper–grouper complex. A majority of snapper–grouper species are currently fished unsustainably in the Florida Keys, though overfishing appears most severe for long-lived, slow-growing fish.
Monitoring pelagic ecosystems using plankton indicators
Authors: Beaugrand Grégory
Published: March 2005

Planktonic organisms are an important food resource of pelagic ecosystems, but they also serve as an integrator of hydroclimatic forcing. Four types of recently developed plankton indicator, based on the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey, are summarized here: indicators based on individual taxa; indicators based on functional attributes of the ecosystem (diversity); species assemblage indicators; and indicators of larval fish survival. All provide information on the state of a pelagic ecosystem, but have different limitations. Therefore, their combined application provides the most accurate diagnosis of ecosystem state. In most of the examples described, statistical analyses help to identify major spatial and temporal patterns, and may allow future ecosystem changes to be anticipated.
Interaction between real options and financial hedging: Fact or fiction in managerial decision‐making
Authors: Aabo Tom , Simkins Betty J.
Published: March 2005

This empirical study of the exchange rate exposure management of Danish non‐financial companies shows that decisions on whether or not to financially hedge an exchange rate exposure is affected by the possibility to react to changes in exchange rates by undertaking various forms of real actions (exercising real options) such as to enter new markets, change suppliers, shift production, among others. The results show that the combined interaction of a firm's size, exports, and foreign subsidiaries, as well as the firm's managerial emphasis on flexibility, are important to real options usage. These findings are important to firms in other countries with open economies.
Boundary-line analysis of field-scale yield response to soil properties
Authors: SHATAR T. M. , MCBRATNEY A. B.
Published: March 2005

An algorithm to fit boundary lines, using cubic smoothing splines, was written and used to identify yield responses to changes in soil properties. This method involves fitting a curve that represents the maximum yield response to each predictor value, which represents the yield potential at each soil property value. Boundary-line yield responses to individual soil properties were found to differ from responses found by fitting curves through the data scatter. The effects of correlated variables appeared to be lessened using the boundary line approach. Multivariate boundary-line models, based on the Law of the Minimum, were found to be useful for the identification of site-specific causes of yield variation and yield potentials. The boundary line was found to be a useful complement to more traditional data analysis techniques.
A new strategy for the determination of forage degradability with an in situ technique through the use of one fistulated ruminant
Authors: TOMICH T. R. , SAMPAIO I. B. M.
Published: March 2005

Forage degradability data from pooled forage samples were compared to those obtained from field samples using an in situ technique. Four fistulated sheep were employed as part of a Split Plot design within a 4×2 factorial (four times of incubation as plots and two forages as subplots) over a 4×4 Latin Square. The field site sample technique led to more realistic confidence limits for all parameters when modelling forage degradation and suggested the possibility of working with a single fistulated ruminant. Such a technique meets animal welfare requirements, saves experimental work and may stimulate the use of the in situ technique with simpler designs.
Über Herbarts “Ästhetische Darstellung der Welt als das Hauptgeschäft der Erziehung“ und die “Dunkle Seite der Pädagogik“
Authors: Zifreund Walther
Published: March 2005

Zusammenfassung. In diesem zweiten Beitrag zu der Frage, was in Herbarts “Ästhetischer Darstellung der Welt“ mit dem Terminus Ästhetik gemeint sei, schien es geboten, die Lebensumstände Herbarts nachzuzeichnen, wie sie in den zeitgenössischen Quellen dargestellt werden. Einzugehen war auf die besondere Beziehung Herbarts zu seiner Mutter, auf Herbarts empfindliche physische Konstitution, ebenso auf die universitäre Besonderheit der Universität Göttingen, auf Herbarts Hauslehrertätigkeit in der Schweiz, seine Berufung auf den Lehrstuhl Immanuel Kants in Königsberg und seine Rückkehr nach Göttingen. Auch war auf die Begründung der Ästhetik durch Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten Bezug zu nehmen. Es konnte aber zunächst die Frage, was nun Ästhetik eigentlich sei, in diesem Beitrag nur “zur Hälfte“ beantwortet werden. In einem dritten Anlauf in dieser Zeitschrift soll versucht werden, die Frage, was Ästhetik ihrem Grunde nach sei, zu beantworten.
Depressive Störungen im Jugendalter:
Authors: Groen Gunter , Petermann Franz
Published: March 2005

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Depressionen treten häufig im Jugendalter auf. Epidemiologische Längsschnittstudien ermöglichen repräsentative Aussagen zum Verlauf depressiver Störungen. Fragestellung: Die Persistenz depressiver Diagnosen über zwei Messzeitpunkte und prospektive Verlaufsprädiktoren sollen bestimmt werden. Methode: In einer epidemiologischen Längsschnittstudie mit Jugendlichen (12-17 Jahre; N = 1035) und einer Follow-Up-Erhebung nach 16 Monaten wurden DSM-IV-Diagnosen depressiver und anderer psychischer Störungen mit Hilfe eines hochstandardisierten Interviews ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Bei knapp 25% der Jugendlichen mit ursprünglicher Depressionsdiagnose zeigte sich eine persistierende Depression. Die Persistenz der Depression konnte vor allem durch das Vorliegen komorbider Störungen und bestimmte Depressionssymptome vorhergesagt werden. Schlussfolgerung: Die Befunde verdeutlichen das hohe spezifische Verlaufsrisiko depressiver Jugendlicher und können zu verbesserten Prognosestellungen beitragen.
Forced magnetic reconnection
Authors: Birn J. , Galsgaard K. , Hesse M. , Hoshino M. , Huba J. , Lapenta G. , Pritchett P. L. , Schindler K. , Yin L. , Büchner J. , Neukirch T. , Priest E. R.
Published: March 2005

Using a multi‐code approach, we investigate current sheet thinning and the onset and progress of fast magnetic reconnection, initiated by temporally limited, spatially varying, inflow of magnetic flux. The present study extends an earlier collaborative effort into the transition regime from thick to thin current sheets. Again we find that full particle, hybrid, and Hall‐MHD simulations lead to the same fast reconnection rates, apparently independent of the dissipation mechanism. The reconnection rate in MHD simulations is considerably larger than in the earlier study, although still somewhat smaller than in the particle simulations. All simulations lead to surprisingly similar final states, despite differences in energy transfer and dissipation. These states are contrasted with equilibrium models derived for the same boundary perturbations. The similarity of the final states indicates that entropy conservation is satisfied similarly in fluid and kinetic approaches and that Joule dissipation plays only a minor role in the energy transfer.