bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electroencephalographic findings after convulsive seizures due to cerebral arterial air embolism secondary to lung cancer: a case report
Authors: Inatomi Shinichiro , Izumi Tesseki , Eura Nobuyuki , Sato Ichiro , Tasaki Masato , Muro Shigeo , Sugie Kazuma
Published: March 2022

Background

Cerebral arterial air embolism is often associated with an invasive iatrogenic etiology and a high rate of convulsive seizures. There are only a few descriptions of electroencephalogram findings in convulsive seizures due to cerebral arterial air embolism of noniatrogenic etiology. Herein, we describe the case of a patient with lung cancer and convulsive seizures with abnormalities detected on electroencephalogram caused by cerebral arterial air embolism of noniatrogenic etiology.

Case presentation

A 55-year-old Japanese man underwent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for cancer in the hilum of the left lung that was diagnosed after hemoptysis. One year after the diagnosis, he developed fever and chest pain that required hospitalization. At admission, he was in shock, and chest computed tomography revealed invasion of the left atrium and left main bronchus by the hilar cancer. Chest and abdominal computed tomography revealed small low-density areas within the tumor and around the intestinal membrane, which were interpreted as the presence of air due to invasion of the lung cancer. He was diagnosed with septic shock due to necrotic infection secondary to cancer invasion into the left atrium. The following day, he complained of difficulty in speaking and weakness in the left side of his body. A head computed tomography scan revealed multiple small low-density areas in the right cortex and bilateral subcortex, which were interpreted as air emboli. On day 3, he experienced generalized tonic–clonic seizures for approximately 1 minute, followed by myoclonus-like convulsions in the left lower limb and a right-sided gaze. The electroencephalogram findings after the convulsive seizures revealed partial epilepsy-like waves with intermittent spikes in the bilateral cerebral hemispheres and a diffuse slow wave in the left frontal lobe. He recovered from sepsis without recurrence of convulsive seizures; however, he died of hemoptysis on day 50 after discharge.

Conclusions

Electroencephalogram findings of focal spike activities and diffuse slow waves were detected in early seizures due to cerebral arterial air embolism of noniatrogenic etiology associated with lung cancer. Additional case descriptions are warranted to establish patterns in electroencephalogram findings specific to cerebral arterial air embolism.
Remimazolam enabled safe anesthetic management during tracheostomy in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a case report
Authors: Nishihara Noriaki , Tachibana Shunsuke , Ikeshima Mariko , Ino Ayumi , Yamakage Michiaki
Published: March 2022

Background

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is known to cause generalized muscle atrophy and respiratory complications. Anesthetic agents and methods for patients with ALS are extremely important because they critically influence postoperative outcomes. In this clinical case, we mainly used remimazolam for safe anesthesia management.

Case presentation

A 66-year-old man had a gradual onset of numbness and weakness in his extremities over 2 years. He was diagnosed with ALS after the appearance of dysarthria and restrictive ventilation disorder. Due to the rapid progression of respiratory dysfunction, the patient was placed on artificial respiration, and a tracheostomy was planned. General anesthesia was induced with remimazolam (6 mg/kg/h) and remifentanil (0.5 μg/kg/min). Tracheal intubation was performed without muscle relaxants, followed by total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with continuous administration of remimazolam 0.8–1.2 mg/kg/h and remifentanil 0.3–0.5 μg/kg/min. At the end of the surgery, the anesthetic effect of remimazolam was reversed with 0.4 mg of flumazenil. The patient was discharged from the operating room with stable breathing, and changes to preoperative ventilator settings were not necessary.

Conclusions

We safely performed tracheostomy for a patient with ALS using remimazolam during general anesthesia.
Application of light emitting diodes (LEDs) for food preservation, post-harvest losses and production of bioactive compounds: a review
Authors: Poonia Amrita , Pandey Surabhi , Vasundhara
Published: March 2022

Light-emitting diode (LED) technology is a new non-thermal food preservation method that works by converting light energy into heat. LED has potential to revolutionize crop production, protection and preservation. This technology is economical and environmentally friendly. LEDs have been shown to improve the nutritive quality and shelf life of foods, control the ripening of fruits, induce the synthesis of bioactive compounds and antioxidants and reduce the microbial contamination. This technology also has great scope in countries, where safety, hygiene, storage and distribution of foods are serious issues. While comparing this technology with other lighting technologies, LEDs can bring numerous advantages to food supply chain from farm to fork. In case of small growing amenities which exploit only LEDs, energy expenditure has been successfully reduced while producing nutritious food. LEDs can be used to give us better understanding and control over production and preservation of food with relation to spectral composition of light. LEDs also play significant role in food safety by inactivating the food borne pathogens. Therefore, LED lighting is a very effective and promising technology for extending shelf life of agricultural produce by increasing disease resistance and with increased nutritional values.

Graphical abstract
The Rise of the Expert Patient in Cancer: From Backseat Passenger to Co-navigator
Authors: Anampa-Guzmán Andrea , Freeman-Daily Janet , Fisch Michael , Lou Emil , Pennell Nathan A. , Painter Corrie A. , Sparacio Dorinda , Lewis Mark A. , Karmo Maimah , Anderson Patricia F. , Graff Stephanie L. ,   for the Collaboration for Outcomes using Social Media in Oncology
Published: March 2022

PURPOSE:

Patients who have cancer have leveraged the Internet to gain a better understanding of their disease and connect across geographic boundaries with others facing the same challenges. Online cancer communities have developed into resources that highlight new research and evolving care pathways. Combined with increasing health literacy and social media, they have enabled some patients to become experts in their cancer. This combination of empowerment and expertise describes the new “e-patients.”

METHODS:

We reviewed the literature to identify key areas where expert e-patients have directly participated in advancing cancer medicine, as well as opportunities available to those who wish to become more involved in research advocacy.

RESULTS:

E-patients are widely acknowledged as key stakeholders in oncology by clinicians, researchers, cancer centers, government agencies, and nonprofits. Their input is vital for informing cancer care delivery, developing and launching research initiatives, creating care guidelines and pathways, and formulating policy.

CONCLUSION:

Expert e-patients play an expanded role in their own care and in larger conversations regarding practice, research, and policy. Clinicians can engage e-patients as partners in cancer care as we work together towards improving health care access and outcomes for people with cancer.
Farming the Desert: Agriculture in the World War II–Era Japanese-American Relocation Centers
Authors: LILLQUIST KARL
Published: March 2022

In 1942 over 110,000 Japanese Americans were evacuated from the West Coast to ten inland, barbed wire-enclosed relocation centers in the name of national security. Agriculture was a key component of the eight arid to semiarid centers located in the western United States. Each center’s agricultural program included produce for human consumption, feed crops, and livestock. Some centers also grew seed, ornamental, and war crops. Evacuees raised and consumed five types of livestock and sixty-one produce varieties, including many traditional foods. Seasonal surpluses were preserved, shipped to other centers, or sold on the open market. Short growing seasons, poor soils, initially undeveloped lands, pests, equipment shortages, and labor issues hampered operations. However, imprisoned evacuee farmers proved that diverse agricultural programs could succeed in the harsh settings primarily because of labor-intensive farming methods, ingenuity, and the large markets provided by the centers. These agricultural programs played major roles in feeding, providing meaningful employment, and preparing evacuees for life outside the centers, and readied lands for post-war "homesteaders."
Neurosurgical Performance in the First 2 Years of Merit-Based Incentive Payment System: A Descriptive Analysis and Predictors of Receiving Bonus Payments
Authors: Neifert Sean N. , Cho Logan D. , Gal Jonathan S. , Martini Michael L. , Shuman William H. , Chapman Emily K. , Monterey Michael , Oermann Eric K. , Caridi John M.
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND:

The merit-based incentive payment system (MIPS) program was implemented to tie Medicare reimbursements to value-based care measures. Neurosurgical performance in MIPS has not yet been described.

OBJECTIVE:

To characterize neurosurgical performance in the first 2 years of MIPS.

METHODS:

Publicly available data regarding MIPS performance for neurosurgeons in 2017 and 2018 were queried. Descriptive statistics about physician characteristics, MIPS performance, and ensuing payment adjustments were performed, and predictors of bonus payments were identified.

RESULTS:

There were 2811 physicians included in 2017 and 3147 in 2018. Median total MIPS scores (99.1 vs 90.4, P < .001) and quality scores (97.9 vs 88.5, P < .001) were higher in 2018 than in 2017. More neurosurgeons (2758, 87.6%) received bonus payments in 2018 than in 2017 (2013, 71.6%). Of the 2232 neurosurgeons with scores in both years, 1347 (60.4%) improved their score. Reporting through an alternative payment model (odds ratio [OR]: 32.3, 95% CI: 16.0-65.4; P < .001) and any practice size larger than 10 (ORs ranging from 2.37 to 10.2, all P < .001) were associated with receiving bonus payments. Increasing years in practice (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.982-0.998, P = .011) and having 25% to 49% (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.53-0.97; P = .029) or ≥50% (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.28-0.82; P = .007) of a physician's patients eligible for Medicaid were associated with lower rates of bonus payments.

CONCLUSION:

Neurosurgeons performed well in MIPS in 2017 and 2018, although the program may be biased against surgeons who practice in small groups or take care of socially disadvantaged patients.
Tunable depth of focus with modified complex amplitude modulation of an optical field
Authors: Yin Weiyu , Yang Yanlong , Yang Ruiwen , Yao Baoli
Published: March 2022

Bessel beams have nondiffraction and self-healing properties in the propagation direction and are widely used in particle optical manipulation and optical microscopy. Bessel beams can be generated by axicons or spatial light modulators, which can produce a zero-order or high-order Bessel beam with different parameters depending on the specific application. The modulation of Bessel beams achieved in the spatial spectrum domain by optimization algorithms has a low light energy utilization rate due to the small effective modulation region. We propose a Bessel-like beam phase generation algorithm based on an improved iterative optimization algorithm directly in the spatial domain to achieve a tunable modulation of the beam’s length and the axial center position. The optimization time is reduced from minutes to seconds relative to the genetic algorithm, providing a new means of modulation for different applications in various fields.
Influence of a watertight optical window with plain glass on the light
distribution of an LED transmitter for underwater wireless optical
communications
Authors: Han Biao , Sun Yanling , Li Mingjie , Xiang Ming , Lv Pei
Published: March 2022

Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has attracted much attention recently, thanks to its high transmission speed. In many UWOC applications, the transmitter is based on light emitting diodes (LEDs). This is because it has up to a 120° divergence angle, which is helpful with establishing the communication link more easily. However, the light field of such a transmitter is affected by watertight encapsulation in practice. In this paper, we establish a theoretical model based on the Monte Carlo method to study this influence when the watertight optical window is based on plain glass. The results show that both the divergence angle and transmittance become smaller because of the optical window. In order to reduce this influence, the illumination surface, distance from the light source to the optical window, and thickness of the optical window should be smaller, while the optical window surface should be larger. In the ideal situation, the largest divergence angle is 94.4°, which is defined with full width at half-maximum (FWHM). The maximum transmittance is related to the optical materials of the window, while it is 93.54% for quartz glass. When light is modulated with on-off keying (OOK) format, if the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is larger than 40 at 0° radiation angle, the UWOC system could work when the angle is up to

±
48.7

∘

. While the SNR reduces, the workable angle range decreases. The simulation model presented in this paper is convenient to analyze the influence of a watertight optical window with plain glass. The simulation results presented in this paper are useful to the UWOC transmitter design.
FLCS-PON—an opportunistic 100  Gbit/s flexible PON prototype with probabilistic shaping and soft-input FEC: operator trial and ODN case studies
Authors: Borkowski Robert , Lefevre Yannick , Mahadevan Amitkumar , van Veen Doutje , Straub Michael , Kaptur Ralph , Czerwinski Björn , Cornaglia Bruno , Houtsma Vincent , Coomans Werner , Bonk René , Maes Jochen
Published: March 2022

FLCS-PON is a concept of a flexible passive optical network (PON), where the modulation and coding parameters of the downstream signal, consisting of modulation order, code rate, and probabilistic shaping entropy, can be adjusted on a timeslot basis to opportunistically achieve mean net bitrate increase. The system harnesses unused margins of transceivers and optical distribution networks. In this work we describe the architecture of FLCS-PON, which is designed to leverage the 50G-PON ecosystem. We provide updated and accurate performance metrics for FLCS-PON low-density parity check (LDPC) forward error correction (FEC) codes. We then report on the operator trial of a FLCS-PON system prototype carried out jointly with Vodafone and demonstrate maximum achievable net bitrates as a function of the optical path loss for five different transmitter configurations (non-return-to-zero, PAM-4, and probabilistically shaped PAM-4 with three different entropy values). On the receiver side we test four different configurations:

F
F
E
23

+

D
F
E
5

or

F
F
E
16

+

D
F
E
1

equalizers, each followed by either a hard- or a soft-input LDPC decoder. Finally, we consider two study cases on mean bitrates achievable with FLCS-PON over deployed optical distribution networks (ODNs). We map net bitrates obtained during the operator trial to Vodafone’s actual ODN optical path loss probability distribution or an ensemble of simulated ODNs. We show that in the majority of cases, FLCS-PON can provide a significant improvement of mean net bitrate. Further, FLCS-PON also enables extension of nominal power budget classes, beyond guaranteed conventional ODN loss, making it possible to provision links that might otherwise be unsupported by conventional PON.
El primer paso de la humanización pudo ser enseñar: Homo Docens
Authors: Donoso González Macarena , García Carrasco Joaquín
Published: March 2022

La Antropología emplea cultura y aprendizaje como términos clave en la emergencia de los seres humanos; los entiende como procesos extragenéticos de transferencia de información. Defendemos el empleo de los términos enseñanza y educación porque, en origen, el escenario cultural fue de relación intersubjetiva con intención de asistencia y ayuda (enseñanza); en particular, las crías aprendieron de sus madres a resolver con sentido problemas vitales (educación). Método: revisar el contexto original del término cultura y los límites de su significado al aparecer; examinar la investigación sobre la cultura primate e inferir las diferencias con la transmisión cultural en humanos. Resultados: la novedad cualitativa en la evolución humana pudo radicar en el surgimiento de los escenarios de enseñanza, en la emergencia de Homo docens. Discusión: resultaría que, junto a la complicada investigación de nuestros orígenes biológicos, la Antropología debiera situar la evolución de la humanidad en paralelo a un complicado problema pedagógico consistente en la recuperación de los cuidados maternales y la función del magisterio como esenciales en el escenario cultural.La Antropología emplea cultura y aprendizaje como términos clave en la emergencia de los seres humanos; los entiende como procesos extragenéticos de transferencia de información. Defendemos el empleo de los términos enseñanza y educación porque, en origen, el escenario cultural fue de relación intersubjetiva con intención de asistencia y ayuda (enseñanza); en particular, las crías aprendieron de sus madres a resolver con sentido problemas vitales (educación). Método: revisar el contexto original del término cultura y los límites de su significado al aparecer; examinar la investigación sobre la cultura primate e inferir las diferencias con la transmisión cultural en humanos. Resultados: la novedad cualitativa en la evolución humana pudo radicar en el surgimiento de los escenarios de enseñanza, en la emergencia de Homo docens. Discusión: resultaría que, junto a la complicada investigación de nuestros orígenes biológicos, la Antropología debiera situar la evolución de la humanidad en paralelo a un complicado problema pedagógico consistente en la recuperación de los cuidados maternales y la función del magisterio como esenciales en el escenario cultural.
English L2 thematic vocabulary acquisition through graded readers
Authors: Aradi Csenge
Published: March 2022

This paper investigates multiple aspects of incidental vocabulary acquisition through a series of thematically connected graded texts (crime stories) designed for English L2 learners. In line with some of the main trends in L2 extensive reading research, the study focuses on the effects of extensive reading on vocabulary growth, contextual and syntactic use of target items, and the enhancement of L2 associative networks. The pre-test/post-test research design employed multiple measurement instruments, including a lexical familiarity assessment scale and a sentence production task. Results indicate improvement on all the three measured aspects of vocabulary acquisition, with vocabulary growth and associative recall being the most salient benefits of the reading process.
Use of the let it pass strategy among ASEAN English speakers
Authors: Myintzu Winn
Published: March 2022

This study focuses on the use of the let it pass strategy (Firth, 1996) by English speakers from five member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) during interaction with each other. The data was from the video recordings of the participants during their conversations. Close and indepth analyses were carried out on instances of let it pass used by them. Then, retrospective interviews were conducted with each participant. Results showed that let it pass was a communication strategy the participants used to make their conversation flow smoothly, and that they used it as long as their nonunderstanding of what their interlocutor was saying did not cause a communication breakdown between them. This finding leads to the conclusion that the use of let it pass systematically facilitates talk when English speakers from ASEAN countries communicate with each other in English. Implications are noted for English language teaching and further research.
Considerações sobre a interação entre professores e pesquisadores no desenvolvimento do Projeto PREMa – EB
Authors: Igliori Sonia Barbosa Camargo , Abar Celina Aparecida Almeida Pereira , Almeida Chrystian Bastos de
Published: March 2022

Este artigo visa a apresentar a contribuição da Gênese Documental, em especial da noção de esquema, no trabalho colaborativo de professores do projeto de pesquisa Pensar os Recursos para o Ensino de Matemática no Ensino Básico - PREMa - EB e seus impactos. O projeto foi desenvolvido tendo como alicerce a metodologia da pesquisa-ação-formação, enquadrando-se na proposta de um caminho de pesquisa que favorece a articulação entre pesquisadores de universidades e grupos de professores da educação básica. O referencial teórico da pesquisa é a Gênese Documental, elaborada por Gueudet e Trouche (2009), a qual tem como pilar a noção de documento (recursos combinados a seus esquemas de utilização). Pode-se perceber no desenvolvimento do trabalho colaborativo os impactos da noção de esquema indicando a transformação dos recursos em acordo com os elementos trazidos pelos professores, os quais são advindos de suas concepções e suas práticas de sala de aula.
O ensino de Matemática no curso ginasial brasileiro: um olhar do jesuíta Pedro Browe no início do século XX
Authors: Britto Silvio Luiz Martins , Kuhn Malcus Cassiano , Bayer Arno
Published: March 2022

O estudo aborda o artigo A Mathemática no curso Gymnasial, publicado em 1906, no relatório anual do Ginásio Nossa Senhora da Conceição de São Leopoldo/RS. Como o tema se insere na História da Educação Matemática, este estudo qualitativo e documental, ampara-se na pesquisa histórica. O artigo trata da Matemática no ensino secundário brasileiro, no início do século XX, a partir do olhar do jesuíta Pedro Browe. Considera que o programa de ensino secundário brasileiro se apresenta de forma teórica, não havendo espaço para aplicações práticas. Os conteúdos são trabalhados em apenas quatro anos, tempo inferior ao de países europeus. Destacando-se nos campos da aritmética e álgebra, defende o método intuitivo no ensino secundário de Matemática no Brasil, por influência do ginásio alemão e pautado na Ratio Studiorum. O ensino de Matemática deveria ser prático e utilitário, pois essa área é apropriada para desenvolver o raciocínio, a autonomia e a razão.
Los félidos y su rol en la pandemia de COVID-19
Authors: FACELLI-FERN´ANDEZ María Celeste , FACELLI-FERN´ANDEZ Florencia Martín , PALAVECINO Cintia , BELOTTI Eduardo M.
Published: March 2022

A finales de diciembre de 2019 emergió una neumonía inusual en humanos en Wuhan, China, la cual es causada por un coronavirus (CoV) denominado SARS-CoV-2. Las infecciones por coronavirus son frecuentes en animales y humanos, siendo algunas cepas zoonóticas. Tanto los félidos domésticos (Felis silvestris catus) como los silvestres parecen ser altamente susceptibles a la infección por SARS-CoV-2, y transmiten la infección a otros félidos.  En estas especies, el virus se replica principalmente en las vías respiratorias superiores. La transmisión respiratoria estaría mediada por microgotas o aerosoles, y está vinculada principalmente a contactos estrechos entre animales y humanos en ambientes cerrados o confinados. Los félidos desarrollan títulos de anticuerpos neutralizantes y son resistentes a la reinfección. Pese a la potencial transmisión inicial en Wuhan, hasta la fecha no hay evidencia sólida de trasmisión natural de animales a humanos, a excepción de lo observado en visones. Se recomienda mantener en el interior de las viviendas a los animales cuyos propietarios están infectados por el virus de la COVID-19, así como también a los animales con infección presunta o confirmada por SARS-CoV-2.
Xenophobia, Price Competition and Violence in the Spaza Sector in South Africa
Authors:   University of the Western Cape, Piper Laurence , Charman Andrew ,   Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation
Published: March 2022

The last decade has seen growing awareness of violent attacks against foreigners in South Africa. This includes attacks against foreign traders in the townships where they are portrayed as â€˜taking overâ€™ by out-competing South African traders on price. Central to township trade are neighbourhood grocery or convenience stores colloquially known â€˜spazaâ€™ shops. Drawing on evidence from surveys with over 1000 spaza shopkeepers from South Africaâ€™s three main cities, this article makes the case that business competitiveness does not correspond simply with being foreign or South African. While Bangladeshi and Somali shops were, on average, cheaper than South African shops, Zimbabwean and Mozambican shops were actually more expensive. Further, there is also no easy correspondence between being foreign or South African and the experience of violent crime. Some nationalities report levels lower than South Africans, and some higher. However, there does seem to be a correlation between reported levels of violent crime and economic competitiveness: the nationalities whose shops are more expensive reported lower levels of violent crime, while those whose shops are cheaper reported higher levels. This suggests that the chance of being violently targeted is less about nationality, and more about whether you keep prices low and (presumably) profits high. However, the reality is more complicated as the nature of the crime experienced by the more successful shopkeepers differs by nationality. Hence, Somali shopkeepers endure much more violent crime than Bangladeshi shopkeepers. Not only do these findings challenge the myth that all foreign spaza shops are more competitive than South African shops, but also the assumption that all foreign shopkeepers experience the same levels and, especially, forms of violence.
Occupational Change among Nigerian Immigrants living in the Netherlands
Authors:   Leiden University, Ijeoma Pamela
Published: March 2022

In this article, the term occupational change is used to refer to problems Nigerian skilled immigrants encounter in the Netherlands. Immigrants who may have had stable occupations or have attended higher education before migrating to the Netherlands face numerous difficulties including foreign qualification recognition, lack of Dutch language skills, and age factors in their search for jobs. They fall back to low cadre jobs as a way of survival in the Netherlands. I have explored the relationship between occupational change and stress among Nigerian immigrants who studied and worked in Nigeria before migrating to the Netherlands. First I argue that stress, which manifests as a result of occupational change amongst Nigerian immigrants in the Netherlands, is a clear reason for downward mobility amongst migrant children and their parents. Using the case of Nigerian skilled migrants in the Netherlands, I have designed a new framework that could be used to tackle issues of migrant occupational change as a result of foreign qualification recognition in host countries.
Responding to Xenophobic Violence in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Barking Up the Wrong Tree?
Authors:   University of the Witwatersrand, Misago Jean Pierre
Published: March 2022

This paper highlights the general failure to effectively respond to and prevent xenophobic violence in South Africa and offers critical reflections on reasons thereof. Drawing mainly on the evaluation of a number of anti-xenophobic programmes by government and civil society organisations, the paper argues that past and current interventions, instead of muzzling dogs that bite, have been rather barking up the wrong tree. National government and relevant local authorities have thus far either tended to ignore the problem or categorise violence against foreign nationals and other outsiders as normal crime with no need for more specific or more targeted interventions. Although well-intentioned, civil society efforts to foster peaceful cohabitation and tolerance through social dialogues and campaigns aimed at changing attitudes have also largely proven ineffective in reducing violence. There are many reasons why these interventions continue to fail. Chief among these reasons is the fact that interventions are not evidence-based and are not informed by a clear understanding of the drivers of the violence. Similarly, past and current responses and interventions are based on shaky foundations and untested theories of change. Indeed, by focussing almost exclusively on public attitudes, interventions neglect factors and motivations that trigger violent behaviour; perhaps ignoring that attitudes are not always a good predictor of behaviour. Without a clear understanding of the drivers of the violence and of what type of responses work or do not work, intervention strategies can only be ineffective at best, and counter-productive at worst.
Territorial Control and Cross Border Movement in Eastern Ethiopia: The case of Togochale Border
Authors:   University of the Western Cape, Matshanda Namhla
Published: March 2022

The movement of people across national boundaries on the African continent, for the purposes of earning a living through gainful employment, engaging in cross-border trade or visiting their kin, is commonplace. However, the extent to which political power and authority permits this mobility is dependent on specific historical and political factors of each country. This paper traces and examines Ethiopian state presence at the Togochale border in the east of the country by examining patterns of cross-border movement â€“ namely migration, refugee movement and cross-border trade â€“ since the 1960s. Using archival sources and secondary sources, the paper constructs a historical narrative of strong state presence in this border area. Furthermore, the paper argues that the notable presence of the Ethiopian state at this border is a consequence of how the Ethiopian state conceptualises the notion of territorial statehood, which is shaped by the countryâ€™s history. Popular understandings suggest that local populations hold much sway in African border areas, rather than the central state, which is often confined to the capital â€“ miles away from the border. Therefore, the presence of the Ethiopian state at the Togochale border appears to depart from the norm of limited state presence in African borderlands.
Responsibility Sharing: Towards a Unified Refugee Protection Framework in Africa
Authors:   University of Cape Town, Willie Ncumisa , Mfubu Popo
Published: March 2022

In most African countries, refugees are not welcomed with the sense of regional solidarity that surrounded the promulgation of the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa. Instead, African states have increasingly followed the lead of European states by closing their borders, deporting those who have made it into their territories or restricting them to camps. Even in those countries where refugees are admitted, their treatment does not meet the Conventionâ€™s standards and obligations. Despite South Africa having enacted legislation, the Refugees Act, which is hailed as one of the most liberal domestic refugee protection frameworks in Africa, it has regressed in its refugee protection policy. Continued conflict in the Horn of Africa, environmental disasters and struggling economies have resulted in a migratory flow of people to South Africa. This paper will argue that due to the fragmented manner in which African states approach refugee protection, countries such as South Africa, that have liberal and progressive refugee protection frameworks, will continue to experience higher migration flows and thus shoulder a greater responsibility. In response to this migratory pressure, this paper will demonstrate how the South African government has begun to intentionally and unlawfully violate the Refugees Act as well as regional obligations, and will demonstrate how South Africa has adopted policies and practices aimed at hindering, discouraging and restricting access to asylum. This paper will propose that African states should adopt a unified regional approach to refugee protection in order to share the responsibility of refugee protection.
Nowhere to Run: A Review of the Political Economy of Migration, Identity and Xenophobic Violence in Zambia
Authors:   University of Zambia, Bbaala Phineas , Mate Njekwa ,   University of Zambia
Published: March 2022

Zambia is one of the Southern African countries that have not witnessed any serious bloody conflicts either in their post-independence eras or the periods hitherto. Consequently, the country has, over the years, provided refuge to many victims of ethnic and racial conflicts from other African countries, especially within the Sub-Saharan African region. However, Zambia faces the daunting challenge of sustaining interregional, interethnic and interracial harmony among its own indigenous groups and those identified as foreign immigrants. The April 2016 xenophobic looting of shops belonging to other African nationals by residents of Lusaka highlighted the intensification of ethnic and racial conflict in the country. Amid these identity conflicts, some commentators from different intellectual and other persuasions have tried to explain ethnic and racial identity problems in relation to primordial, constructive and instrumental theoretical underpinnings. This article goes further to draw a relationship between economic downturn and identity and xenophobic violence. The article draws arguments from a review of existing literature and empirical data.
Unaccompanied and Separated Children in South Africa: is Return the Only Option?
Authors:   Scalabrini Centre of Cape Town, Ackermann Marilize
Published: March 2022

Despite recent legislative amendments aimed at stricter border control, migration by undocumented migrants, including unaccompanied and separated children, continues to occur. Once in South Africa, no mechanism exists for the identification or registration of undocumented migrant children. Due to statutory restrictions, the births of children born to undocumented foreign parents in South Africa are not recorded. Therefore, the presence of unaccompanied and separated children in the Republic goes mostly unnoticed. Under the migration framework, documentation to regularise a foreign childâ€™s stay is either derived from a parent, or requires significant financial support, and/or legal intervention, to obtain. The article finds that unaccompanied and separated children struggle to meet the requirements set to regularise their stay once in the Republic. In a society where the ability to exercise basic human rights is intrinsically linked to identification documentation, the few options available to unaccompanied and separated children make this group highly vulnerable to exploitation, destitution, abuse, neglect, statelessness and under-development, due to restricted access to education and essential services.
Long Term Solutions to Cross-border Disaster Displacement: Lessons from West Africa
Authors:   University of Liège, Blocher Julia , Gharbaoui Dalila ,   University of Canterbury
Published: March 2022

West Africa is known across the world for its admirable adherence to its longheld principles of hospitality and inclusion. It is also a sub-region whose population shares a deep common history, a fact that is ever more evident in the on-going integration of the politics and communities of this highly mobile area. States in the region have advanced measures for disaster risk management and response, and are forward looking in terms of the implications of climate change. Many relocation projects have already been developed and implemented in some West African countries, generally within national borders, in response to environmental disasters (e.g. contamination of the Niger River) or for economic reasons (e.g. villages relocated in western Ghana to make way for mining companies). Although fewer examples exist, some relocation projects specifically concern persons vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.
O que é um sistema de forças consistente?
Authors: Martins Renato Parsekian
Published: March 2022

INTRODUÇÃO: O ortodontista pode obter um diagnóstico diferencial de qual mecânica utilizar, se ele souber diferenciar um sistema de forças consistente de um inconsistente.
OBJETIVO: O presente artigo visa explicar o que é um sistema de forças consistente e demonstrar uma forma simples de se diferenciar, na maioria dos casos, um sistema
de forças consistente de um inconsistente. CONCLUSÃO: Sabendo diferenciar um sistema de forças consistente de um inconsistente, o ortodontista pode aplicar a melhor mecânica possível para cada caso em tratamento.
Alinhamento e nivelamento na dentição mista
Authors: Janson Marcos
Published: March 2022

INTRODUÇÃO: Quando se realizam tratamentos na dentição mista, é muito comum a necessidade de alinhamento anterior para corrigir grandes rotações ou mesmo posicionar os dentes adequadamente nas arcadas. Para isso, são necessários aparelhos fixos. Durante muito tempo, o uso do 4x2 foi padrão nesse tipo de tratamento, simplesmente porque existiam alguns mitos em relação à colagem de braquetes em dentes decíduos. OBJETIVO: O presente texto tem como finalidade apresentar uma técnica simples e muito
eficaz para a resolução de problemas nessa fase, com maior controle e conforto ao paciente.
The Four Stages of Social Impacts among Ningxia China Students Studying in Malaysia
Authors: Zhang Rui
Published: March 2022

The study investigated the learning experiences and the adaptation process among China international students studying abroad in Malaysia. The paper aims to highlight how the four stages of shocks, adjustment, responses and outcomes affected significantly on their social life in a Malaysian setting. The study employed a qualitative paradigm where a total of ten participants were interviewed.  A set of semi-structured questions was used during the interviews. Interviews were transcribed. Coding and constant comparison were adopted during data analysis. The findings show the sub-themes of culture shocks, the major adjustments such as assimilating of living habits, the overwhelmed responses as the students began to reaffirm their assumptions and the meaningful outcomes were a change in the world view which enabled them to function effectively. The results yielded from this study contributed significantly towards the knowledge of study abroad and internationalisation. Thus, this implies that to able to succeed while studying abroad, it is important to understand the comprehensive adaptation process caused by the four stages of social impacts among the students in a local setting.
Kontaktlos Kennenlernen
Authors: Roth Philip , Göbel Laura
Published: March 2022

Persönliche Beziehungen in interorganisationalen Projekten sind entscheidend für ihren Erfolg. In Anbetracht ihrer Bedeutung wurde die Entwicklung dieser Beziehungen ausführlich untersucht und verschiedene zugrundeliegende Mechanismen herausgearbeitet. Unklar ist aber bisher, inwiefern diese Mechanismen greifen, wenn die Zusammenarbeit virtuell erfolgt. Die wenigen vergleichenden Untersuchungen weisen bisher lediglich darauf hin, dass ein Mangel an Face-to-face-Kontakt Beziehungsbildung erschwert. Deshalb untersuchen wir die Folgen von Virtualisierung systematisch. Dazu haben wir die Formation von 176 persönlichen Beziehungen aus drei interorganisationalen Projekten in qualitativen Interviews rekonstruiert. Indem wir die Beziehungsformationsprozesse vor und nach der Covid-19-bedingten Kontaktbeschränkung miteinander vergleichen, zeigen wir detailliert, wie sich die Mechanismen infolge der Virtualisierung verändern. Darüber hinaus identifizieren wir spezifische Beziehungsformations-Effekte der Pandemie.
GREEN MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION: A CASE OF THE BULGARIAN HOTEL MARKET
Authors: Scholz Petr , Červová Lenka , Janeček Petr , Linderová Ivica
Published: March 2022

This research article focuses on the ecological operation of accommodation services in Bulgaria. The aim of this article is to evaluate the application of various green management elements and measures in selected hotels in Bulgaria, namely in the cities of Sofia and Varna. The research will pay attention to the implementation of individual green measures in hotel operations as well as a comparison between hotel categories and hotels in the two cities in terms of the application of green measures. Running an environmentally friendly hotel can have several positive effects. It significantly manifests itself in the area of marketing – it creates an image, has an effect on current and prospective guests, and defines the positioning of the hotel. It also impacts the economic and operational aspects, with ecological elements having the potential to reduce hotels’ operating costs. The societal impact of running hotels in an environmentally friendly fashion lies in resource conservation and ensuring environmental sustainability. This research was carried out using mixed research methods, combining semi-structured interviews with hotel management staff in Varna (n = 90) and Sofia (n = 96). The total sample of participating hotels represented 81.6% of hotels in the two cities. The interviews were complemented with a questionnaire survey, which focused on the application of environmentally friendly solutions in hotel operations. In the data analysis stage, the methods of correspondence analysis, the ANOVA test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used. The results suggest that the higher the hotel category, the stronger the trend to use environmentally friendly methods in running hotels. The research also found that there were differences between the level at which green measures were applied in hotel operations in the two cities. The research results are applicable in practice by national professional associations that support resource conservation and thus affect the entire hospitality industry.
Acting the part: A thematic analysis of the experiences of actors with disabilities
Authors: Gulka Heidi J. , Macleod Hailey , Gewurtz Rebecca
Published: March 2022

Portrayals of disability in film and television are often unauthentic and stereotypical, influenced by perceptions of disability in society and the lack of disability representation in the industry. Actors with disabilities encounter unique barriers in the industry that limit their acting opportunities. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of actors with disabilities in the Canadian film and television industry. Nine actors with physical or sensory disabilities who had experience acting in the Canadian film and television industry were recruited through social media posts. Participants completed individual semi-structured interviews discussing how their disability has affected their work as an actor. Interviews were transcribed, then coded using a thematic approach. Six participants engaged in a focus group to discuss and expand on preliminary findings. Two main themes were identified: (1) the unique experiences of actors with disabilities working in the industry; and (2) the impact of industry professionals' perceptions of disability on the experiences of actors with disabilities. Many actors experience inadequate accommodations, inaccessible work sites, stigma, and being limited to disability specific roles. As a result, actors with disabilities have implemented strategies to improve their success when faced with social and physical barriers in the industry. Authentic representation was identified as the necessary strategy to overcome barriers and create more equitable experiences for actors with disabilities. A transformation of current perceptions of disability within film and television is necessary to achieve authentic representation and create a more accurate perception of disability in society.
Rostro y multiplicidad o un más allá de la violencia en cierta literatura peruana
Authors: López Nuñez Cesar Augusto
Published: March 2022

A partir de la obra fundamental de Emmanuel Levinas, Totalidad e infinito, el presente texto busca ampliar el concepto de rostridad, desarrollado por el filósofo, de tal modo que descentre su carácter antropocéntrico. El objeto de esta expansión crítico-conceptual apunta al análisis de textos literarios que se encuentran en una esfera de pensamiento distinta al occidental, debido a que su marco de construcción expresivo se cimentaría en la fuerte influencia del pensamiento amerindio. Dentro de este amplio uso del término, se hará énfasis en la presencia no humana como factor estético decisivo y no meramente ornamental o exótico.
CHARACTER BASED-AREA LEARNING MODEL IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Putri Nurul Maulana , Sari Sulistiawati , Setianingsih Sarah , Widjayatri RR. Deni
Published: March 2022

Early Childhood Education (ECE) is an effort to foster children from birth to the age of six, which is carried out by providing educational stimuli to help physical and spiritual growth and development so that children have further readiness. Character development is very important to start early. At the age of childhood or the golden age, it is proven to determine a child's ability to develop his potential greatly. Several early childhood learning models include classical, group, and area learning models based on activity angles and BCCT learning models. This study aims to develop the character of early childhood with the area learning model. This study uses a biographical approach, and the type of research used is a literature study. The results of this study provide opportunities for students to choose or carry out their activities according to their interests. Early childhood character development with the area learning model will be more interesting, interactive, and fun if teachers and students work together for the quality of learning that can be improved in a better direction.
ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI MATEMATIS SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA PADA MATERI ALJABAR
Authors: Haniatusaadah Siti , Basir Mochamad Abdul
Published: March 2022

Mathematical communication skills are one of the basic abilities that students need to have. With mathematical communication, it is expected that the ability of students' mathematical concepts can improve. The subjects in this study were Grade VII students of MTs Assyafi'iyyah Talun, District of Kayen, Pati Regency. The purpose of this research is to find out the students' mathematical communication skills in algebraic material. Descriptive research with a qualitative approach is the type of research used by researchers. Data collection used is a test and documentation method. Based on the results of data analysis, students' mathematical communication skills on algebraic material are obtained: (a) the ability to express real objects, situations, and daily events into the form of mathematical models including high categories; (b) the ability to represent real objects, images, and diagrams in the form of mathematical models included in the high category; (c) the ability to express daily events in the form of mathematical models included in the medium category; d) the ability to express a mathematical model back into one's own language is included in the medium category; (d) the ability to describe or represent real objects in the form of mathematical models included in the medium category.
PENGARUH KECEMASAN MATEMATIKA (MATHEMATICS ANXIETY) TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH PESERTA DIDIK KELAS VII MTs
Authors: Lestari Hesti , Fitriza Rozi , A Halen
Published: March 2022

This article discusses the differences in students' mathematical problem solving skills based on their level of mathematical anxiety, and the effect of mathematical anxiety on their mathematical problem solving skills. The instruments used in this study were mathematics anxiety questionnaires and mathematics problem solving ability tests. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. The results of this study shows that: there are differences in students' mathematical problem solving skills at the anxiety level of the low, medium and high categories; and there is a negative influence of mathematics anxiety on the ability to solve mathematical problems with an influence value of 86.3%.