bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Digital Games for Moral Development in Education
Authors: FitzGerald Ross , Groff Jennifer
Published: May 2011

Ethical and moral development is a result of cognitive structures generated through experience in the pivotal stage of adolescence, during which formal education plays a critical role. Recent advancements in cognitive psychology have explored the very nature of moral development, as well as the critical role education plays in that development. Digital games are potentially powerful learning environments to shape moral development for students. This chapter describes two case studies of digital games used in a middle school classroom to enhance moral development. Finally, it reflects upon and analyzes these cases using the developmental theories of Robert Selman and others as a framework.
The Doctor Will Be You Now
Authors: Sharkasi Nahil
Published: May 2011

In the field of fertility medicine, technology has vastly outpaced our ethical, legal, and social frameworks leaving us in a quagmire of gray morality. Seeds is a role-playing game and ethics simulation about Assisted Reproductive Technology and its effect on 21st century medical decisions. Players play the role of a fertility doctor and must make difficult ethical decisions through courses of treatment while balancing economic, emotional, and scientific concerns. With Seeds, the goal is to foster meaningful decision-making that may transfer from the game world into the real world through stimulating role-play and by creating a safe space for exploration of ethical issues. This chapter offers critical reflection on the design choices made in the process of creating this ethical exploration space on the subject of Assisted Reproductive Technology.
The UID Project
Authors: Chakraborthy Rajarshi , Rengamani Haricharan , Kumaraguru Ponnurangam , Rao Raghav
Published: May 2011

The Indian government has undertaken a major effort to issue Unique Identification Numbers (UID) to its citizens. This chapter examines the Social Security Number system in the US, and investigates other UID projects in Europe. Based on these understanding and other information around UID systems, the authors discuss possible issues that are expected to arise in the implementation of UID system in India. They articulate how biometrics is being advocated by the proponents of the system in India for unique identification. The authors elucidate the social, ethical, cultural, technical, and legal implications / challenges around the implementation of a unique identification project in India.
Classifying Host Anomalies
Authors: Ramachandran Suja , Mundada R.S. , Bhattacharjee A.K. , Murthy C.S.R.C. , Sharma R.
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, the authors propose an ontology based approach to classify the anomalous events occurring in a number of hosts, thus filtering the interesting or non-trivial events requiring immediate attention from a set of events. An ontology is developed to structure the domain of anomaly detection. It expresses the semantic relationships among the attributes of an anomaly detection system and events collected by it. The system harnesses the reasoning capability of ontology and that of inference engine to make meaningful assumptions about anomaly events. This enables automatic classification of the reported anomalies based on the functionality and significance of the originating host as well as the associated system resource or parameter.
Securing Next Generation Internet Services
Authors: Talukder Asoke K.
Published: May 2011

In Next Generation Internet (NGI), internet will graduate from being just a network of networks to network of interoperable services. Security in NGI must cover all 7 layers of the OSI model instead of just 3 bottom layers as in the past. This chapter discusses the security issues in NGI and proposes a methodology for security countermeasures in NGI.
DoS Attacks in MANETs
Authors: Kaur Rajbir , Gaur M.S. , Suresh Lalith , Laxmi V.
Published: May 2011

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile devices that communicate with each other without any fixed infrastructure or centralized administration. The characteristics specific to MANET (1) dynamic network topology, (2) limited bandwidth, (3) limited computational resources, and (4) limited battery power pose challenges in achieving goals of security and availability. MANETs are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks that can adversely affect performance of MANET. In this chapter the authors present a survey of DoS attacks at various layers, their detection and respective countermeasure.
Towards Checking Tampering of Software
Authors: Kumar N.V.Narendra , Shah Harshit , Shyamasundar R.K.
Published: May 2011

Assuring integrity of software is a very challenging issue. Different manifestations of tampering exist such as intentional attack with the aim of harming the user (through some kind of a malware; Baker, 1995) or the user himself tampers with the software to gain features he is not authorized with (Baxter, Yahin, Moura, Sant’Anna, & Bier, 1998). In this chapter, the authors make a survey of various strategies used to assure the integrity of software such as trusted computing platform, software attestation, software similarity, software watermark, software birthmark etc. Subsequently, the authors present a novel method for malware detection from a semantic approach that can be adapted for checking the integrity of software. They shall discuss some of the initial experimental results in this direction.
A Survey on Digital Image Steganographic Methods
Authors: Amritha P. P. , Gireesh T. Kumar
Published: May 2011

The embedding schemes utilizes the characteristic of the human vision’s sensitivity to color value variations and resistant to all known steganalysis methods. The main requirement of steganography is undetectability, which loosely defines that no algorithm exists that can determine whether a work contains a hidden message.
Beyond Efficiency and Productivity
Authors: Winter Susan J. , Gaglio Connie Marie , Rajagopalan Hari K.
Published: May 2011

Firms employ information and communication technology (ICT) in their pursuit of competitive growth and the productivity-related business value that accrues from its use is widely acknowledged. However, the organizational literature has long recognized that operational efficiency and productivity are not the only factors required for corporate success. One of the primary tasks facing firm leaders is the management of external stakeholders’ impressions of the firm that enable it to gain access to external resources. This chapter explores this additional symbolic dimension of ICT business value by investigating how and when the simple possession and use of ICT itself might create favorable impressions of the firm, yielding business value and competitive growth over and above its effects on operational efficiency and productivity. Using qualitative and inductive methods, the authors identify established and emerging ICTs’ additional symbolic meanings for potential customers and develop a model of the judgment process through which ICT affects corporate images. When assessing the business value of ICT savvy managers should consider both efficiency and organizational image. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are discussed.
Training, Competence, and Business Performance
Authors: Olsen Dag H. , Eikebrokk Tom R.
Published: May 2011

This article examines the relationship between training, competence and performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the context of e-business. Literature review combined with a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods were used to investigate these relationships. Data about e-business competences and performance in 339 SMEs in three European countries was combined with data about training supply from 116 providers of e-business related training. The empirical findings document a positive relationship between training, competence and performance and show that training explains variances in e-business competences and performance in terms of efficiency, complementarities, lock-in and novelty. The research has both theoretical and practical implications. It contributes to theoretical development by lending support to the idea that methodological issues are an important reason behind the lack of empirical support frequently reported in the literature. The study has practical implications for public policy makers, training suppliers and SME managers.
Promoting Competitive Advantage in Micro-Enterprises through Information Technology Interventions
Authors: Kamal Mehruz , Qureshil Sajda , Wolcott Peter
Published: May 2011

The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) have the potential to enable these businesses to grow through access to new markets and administrative efficiencies. However, the growth of the smallest of these SMEs which are micro-enterprises is hindered by their inability to adopt ICTs effectively to achieve competitive advantage. This chapter investigates how micro-enterprises can adopt ICTs to grow and achieve competitiveness. This investigation of a set of seven micro-enterprises took place through an interpretive field study in which action research was used to diagnose and treat the micro-enterprises with interventions through a process of “Information Technology (IT) Therapy”. This process involved providing individualized IT solutions to pressing problems and opportunities and the development of a longer-term IT project plan, customized for each of the businesses. The increase in competitiveness of these micro-enterprises was assessed using the Focus Dominance Model and their growth through a modified model of micro-enterprise growth based on the resource based view of the firm. This research also contributes with a unique set of skills and experiences that ITD innovators can bring in helping micro-enterprises achieve sustained growth and competitive advantage.
Privacy Factors for Successful Ubiquitous Computing
Authors: Little Linda , Briggs Pam
Published: May 2011

Certain privacy principles have been established by industry, e.g. the U.S. Public Policy Committee of the Association for Computing Machinery (USACM). Over the past two years, we have been trying to understand whether such principles reflect the concerns of the ordinary citizen. We have developed a method of enquiry which displays a rich context to the user in order to elicit more detailed information about those privacy factors that underpin our acceptance of ubiquitous computing. To investigate use and acceptance, Videotaped Activity Scenarios specifically related to the exchange of health, financial, shopping and e-voting information and a large scale survey were used. We present a detailed analysis of user concerns, firstly in terms of a modified Hertzberg model that identifies a set of constructs that might reflect user-generated privacy principles, secondly those factors likely to play a key role in an individuals cost-benefit analysis, and thirdly, longer-term concerns of the citizen in terms of the impact of new technologies on social engagement and human values.
Privacy Compliance Checking using a Model-Based Approach
Authors: Pearson Siani , Allison Damien
Published: May 2011

Organisations are under pressure to be compliant to a range of privacy legislation, policies and best practice. At the same time many firms are using privacy as a key differentiator. There is a clear need for high-level management and administrators to be able to assess in a dynamic, customisable way the degree to which their enterprise complies with these. We outline a solution to this problem in the form of a model-driven automated privacy process analysis and configuration checking system. This system models privacy compliance constraints, automates the assessment of the extent to which a particular computing environment is compliant and generates dashboard-style reports that highlight policy failures. We have developed a prototype that provides this functionality in the context of governance audit; this includes the development of software agents to gather information on-the-fly regarding selected privacy enhancing technologies and other aspects of enterprise system configuration. This approach may also be tailored to enhance the assurance provided by existing governance tools, and to provide increased feedback to end users about the degree of privacy and security compliance that service providers are actually providing.
Personalizing News Services Using Semantic Web Technologies
Authors: Frasincar Flavius , Borsje Jethro , Hogenboom Frederik
Published: May 2011

This chapter describes Hermes, a framework for building personalized news services using Semantic Web technologies. The Hermes framework consists of four phases: classification, which categorizes news items with respect to a domain ontology, knowledge base updating, which keeps the knowledge base up-to-date based on the news information, news querying, which allows the user to search the news with concepts of interest, and results presentation, which shows the news results of the search process. Hermes is supported by a framework implementation, the Hermes News Portal, a tool that enables users to have a personalized access to news items. The Hermes framework and its associated implementation aim at advancing the state-of-the-art of semantic approaches for personalized news services by employing Semantic Web standards, exploiting and keeping up-to-date domain information, using advanced natural language processing techniques (e.g., ontology-based gazetteering, word sense disambiguation, etc.), and supporting time-based queries for expressing the desired news items.
Tana and the Handbag
Authors: Hooper Val A. , Huff Sid L. , McDonald Jon
Published: May 2011

Research into the determinants of online auction prices has tended to group them into buyer factors, seller factors and site factors. A case is presented which recounts how a $30 handbag was sold for $ 22,750 in an online auction shortly after a national sport event. Analysis of the case indicates that, in addition to the three groups of factors already identified, other factors can exert a considerable influence on the final auction price. A model is proposed which depicts five groups of factors impacting the final price: buyer factors, seller factors, site factors which are expanded to include timing of the auction, and site brand strength; product factors which include product features, brand strength, and brand extension/association; and promotion, which includes media publicity. While not all factors will impact on every auction, due consideration should be accorded each of them by both buyers and sellers.
Critical Factors to Successful Website Development
Authors: Korgaonkar Pradeep , O’Leary Bay , Silverblatt Ronnie , Korgaonkar Kevin
Published: May 2011

This study was conducted to help understand the factors involved in building a successful website. A national survey of professionals in the areas of website design and development were contacted. Based on past published writings in the literature eight factors were identified as critical to the success of website functionality. The factors that are consistently posited in the literature are: 1) Entertainment and Visual Appeal, 2) Reliability, 3) Cost Reductions Attained, 4) Back-End Processes Enabled, 5) Personalization, 6) Information Quality, 7) User Empowerment, and 8) Privacy/Security. Study results are based on the analysis of 349 responses and provide support for the research hypotheses.
Still Watching Other People’s Programmes?
Authors: Theodoulou Theodoulos , Papagiannidis Savvas
Published: May 2011

In this paper, the authors adapt a value chain analysis framework used in the music industry and apply it to the television industry, in order to probe the television value creation and distribution mechanisms and examine how they were affected by technology. More specifically, they examine how viewers can effectively become producers by repositioning themselves in the value chain and the implications of such a shift. Their discussion takes place in the context of a case study, that of Current TV, in order to illustrate in practice the opportunities and implications for the content producers, the broadcasters, and the viewers themselves.
Supply Chain Risk Management
Authors: Vanany Iwan , Zailani Suhaiza , Pujawan Nyoman
Published: May 2011

Supply Chain Risk Management has increasingly becoming a more popular research area recently. Various papers, with different focus and approaches, have been published since a few years ago. This paper aims to survey supply chain risk management (SCRM) literature. Paper published in relevant journals from 2000 to 2007 will be analysed and classified into five categories: conceptual, descriptive, empirical, and exploratory cross-sectional and exploratory longitudinal. We also looked at the papers in terms of the types of risks, the unit of analysis, the industry sectors, and the risk management process or strategies addressed. The literature review will provide the basis for outlining future research opportunities in this field.
A New Optimization Method for Supplier Evaluation in the Context of Volume Discount
Authors: Saen Reza Farzipoor
Published: May 2011

Supplier selection is a multiple criteria decision making problem that the selection process mainly involves evaluating a number of suppliers according to a set of common criteria for selecting suppliers to meet business needs. Suppliers usually offer volume discounts to encourage the buyers to order more. To select suppliers in the presence of both volume discounts and imprecise data, this chapter proposes an optimization method. A numerical example demonstrates the application of the proposed method.
Decision-Making Coordination within Three-Echelon Supply Chains
Authors: Montoya-Torres Jairo R.
Published: May 2011

Supply chain performance is highly influenced by the coordination level between its members, which needs information sharing. In this paper we consider a three-echelon direct sell supply chain model and focus on the problem of coordinated decision-making between its members. Our contribution is a first approach that measures the impact of the degree of coordination between the members. Demand behavior is modeled using a geometric Brownian process. Simulation models are run in order to analyze various cooperation scenarios. Our results show a direct relation between the degree of coordination within the supply chain and the total system cost. Although this result is intuitive, our simulations allowed us to quantify such a relation and in which measure these costs are whether or not associated to imperfect coordination.
An Approach of Decision-Making Support Based on Collaborative Agents for Unexpected Rush Orders Management
Authors: Nfaoui El Habib , El Beqqali Omar , Ouzrout Yacine , Bouras Abdelaziz
Published: May 2011

Decisions at different levels of the supply chain can no longer be considered independently, since they may influence profitability throughout the supply chain. This paper focuses on the interest of multi-agent paradigm for the collaborative coordination in global distribution supply chain. Multi-agent computational environments are suitable for a broad class of coordination and negotiation issues involving multiple autonomous or semiautonomous problem solving contexts. An agent-based distributed architecture is proposed for better management of rush unexpected orders. This paper proposes a first architecture validated by a real and industrial case.
Trust-Based Information Risk Management in a Supply Chain Network
Authors: Zuo Yanjun , Hu Wen-Chen
Published: May 2011

Information risk management is crucial for an organization operating in an increasingly integrated and intensively communicated environment to mitigate risks and ensure core business functions. Given the open and dynamic nature of a supply chain network, information risk management is challenging and various factors must be considered. This article introduces a trust-based approach to facilitate supply chain participants to perform effective risk management. The major components of the proposed framework include supply chain member trust evaluation, data classification, and trust-based decision making. The major purpose of the framework is to control and mitigate information risks that a participant faces in a supply chain network (e.g., risks to information confidentiality, privacy, and integrity). We apply the principle of transitive trust for trust evaluation and use several decision tools for risk analysis and mitigation.
Supply Chain Risk Management Driven By Action Learning
Authors: Borgman H.P. , Rachan Wilfred
Published: May 2011

This chapter is the outcome of our consolidated learning on “Supply Chain Risk Management” and “Action Learning in Supply Chains” over a period from 2006 to 2010. We have also published several papers in this domain; please refer to the bibliography section. Although there is a substantial volume of literature on the topic of Supply Chain Management and no lack of coverage today on Risk Management, our motivation was guided by our desire to put into context, both from an academic and Industry perspective, a practical methodology for supply chain risk mitigation based on a proven theory of learning. This methodology will enable industry practitioners of supply chain management to comprehend and act upon risk i.e. identification, assessment, response, monitoring and evaluation. Risk Management in Supply Chain is not a “one-off” transaction but rather an ongoing practice of problem solving and organizational learning i.e. a continuous methodology for sustainable improvement. The methodology provides a means to structure past problems as knowledge to be used by the organization and increase preparedness for facing new challenges. In a global competitive market, successful management of risk in supply chain can be the difference between corporate success and failure.
Using Organizational Information Processing Theory to Examine the Relationship between Information Sharing and Supply Chain Performance
Authors: Posey Clay
Published: May 2011

Supply chains operate under conditions of uncertainty, and chain members exchange information as a means to mitigate such uncertainty within the chain. While these exchanges have largely been viewed as a positive method of achieving operational cohesion, some supply chains appear to benefit more from increased levels of information sharing than others. To assist in explaining the performance differences experienced by supply chains engaged in information-sharing activities, a new perspective of information sharing within supply chains based on organizational information processing theory (Galbraith, 1973) is introduced. More specifically, it is posited that individual supply chains may be examined as single information processors and that their characteristics can induce complexities in the shared information—ultimately an issue that affects how supply chains process this information. Furthermore, the degree to which supply-chain members’ information systems are compatible with each other is posited to also play a significant role in information-processing capabilities.
Genetic Algorithm to Solve Multi-Period, Multi-Product, Bi-Echelon Supply Chain Network Design Problem
Authors: Dhanalakshmi R. , Parthiban P. , Ganesh K. , Arunkumar T.
Published: May 2011

In many multi-stage manufacturing supply chains, transportation related costs are a significant portion of final product costs. It is often crucial for successful decision making approaches in multi-stage manufacturing supply chains to explicitly account for non-linear transportation costs. In this article, we have explored this problem by considering a Two-Stage Production-Transportation (TSPT). A two-stage supply chain that faces a deterministic stream of external demands for a single product is considered. A finite supply of raw materials, and finite production at stage one has been assumed. Items are manufactured at stage one and transported to stage two, where the storage capacity of the warehouses is limited. Packaging is completed at stage two (that is, value is added to each item, but no new items are created), and the finished goods inventories are stored which is used to meet the final demand of customers. During each period, the optimized production levels in stage one, as well as transportation levels between stage one and stage two and routing structure from the production plant to warehouses and then to customers, must be determined. The authors consider “different cost structures,” for both manufacturing and transportation. This TSPT model with capacity constraint at both stages is optimized using Genetic Algorithms (GA) and the results obtained are compared with the results of other optimization techniques of complete enumeration, LINDO, and CPLEX.
Customer Perceived Value of Travel and Tourism Web Sites
Authors: Lexhagen Maria
Published: May 2011

The continuing development and growth of the Internet imply that business and customers perceive that the Internet provides them with some kind of value. The Internet has also seen an increasing importance of user-generated content and utilisation of the Internet as a social medium often referred to as the Web 2.0. In this study the concept of customer value, based on the typology of consumer value (Holbrook, 1994; 1999) and the value hierarchy model (Woodruff & Gardial, 1996; Woodruff, 1997), is used to identify dimensions and expressions of what customer-perceived value is in travel and tourism web sites and how it is created. Moderately structured in-depth interviews are used to collect data. In the analysis connections between different types of value are presented and the lack of certain types of value is discussed.
IT Services Offshoring
Authors: Popoli Paolo
Published: May 2011

In light of new changes in the market, in supply as well as demand, IT offshore outsourcing may be interpreted as an articulate and complex tool for pursuing strategic goals which go well beyond the traditional objective of cost saving. Indeed, IT services today are required not only to make management processes more efficient and economical, but also to help increase a company’s capacity to create value, and thus gain a greater competitive advantage. From a strategic point of view, IT structures are increasingly crucial in the implementation of business, and are no longer mere support factors in value chain activities. At the same time, the increased potential of this tool has also led to a greater complexity of management, which can only be properly matched by a flexible, dynamic governing model. This paper will identify some critical elements in managing offshoring relationships aimed at the innovation and improvement of the value creation processes.
Performance Modeling and Analysis of Surgery Patient Identification Using RFID
Authors: Jeong Byungho , Cheng Chen-Yang , Prabhu Vittal
Published: May 2011

This paper proposes a workflow and performance model for surgery patient identification using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). Certain types of mistakes may be prevented by automatically identifying the patient before surgery. The proposed workflow is designed to ensure that both the correct site and patient are engaged in the surgical process. The performance model can be used to predict patient waiting time and service duration time with RFID implementation. A proof-of-concept system is developed to understand the information flow and to use information in RFID-based patient identification. Performance model indicates the response time to patients can be reduced to 38% after four hours using the proposed RFID based workflow.
Four L2 Learning Objectives to Guide Podcast Design
Authors: Fernández Claudia
Published: May 2011

This chapter addresses the production of podcasts as second language (L2) instructional materials developed by language instructors. The author discusses the importance of having clear language learning objectives when creating podcasts. The clarity of the objectives will depend on the particular nature of these materials and will influence podcast design and outcomes. In an effort to contribute to the understanding of podcast design that effectively promotes L2 acquisition and development, the author proposes that podcasts - when used by students as listening tools - can help the L2 learner accomplish four main learning objectives: (1) language acquisition, (2) development of listening comprehension skills, (3) learning of explicit information about the L2 and (4) awareness of the target culture. As with any L2 learning materials (Mobile Assisted or not), podcast development should be based on what is known about L2 acquisition and best teaching practices (Rosell-Aguilar, 2007; 2009). Therefore, the author addresses some of the aspects of language learning and teaching that should be considered in order to create well-informed podcasts that aim at the four proposed learning objectives.
Challenges of Adopting Web 2.0 and Mobile 2.0 for Language Learning
Authors: Hsueh Su-Ling
Published: May 2011

Podcasts, blogs, and wikis are the best-liked Web 2.0 services used by language teachers for homework assignments or special projects. Although these services sound promising, the potential challenges to their use should not be overlooked. This chapter discusses challenges, including economic aspects, technical support and training, pedagogy and teachers’ roles, and feedback and evaluation. Suggestions are also provided to resolve the concerns. Detailed introductions of podcasts, wikis, blogs, Web 2.0, and Mobile 2.0 are presented, along with analysis of geographic users’ learning styles and characteristics. Mobile technology to assist language learning is also explored.
Crossing Classroom Settings and Academic Disciplines while Crossing Geographical Boundaries
Authors: Summerfield Giovanna
Published: May 2011

American universities are exploring new methods for internationalizing their curricula by applying on- and off-campus strategies and by providing their students with opportunities to become global citizens. The number of overseas study programs increases every year (in spite of the brooding economical circumstances), and student enrollments confirm an interest and an awareness of the linguistic as well as the cultural demands of future professional careers. Unfortunately, the traditional curricula used in these abroad programs do not reflect the steady hunger for academic global initiatives. This instrumental case study examines how university learners enrolled in a one-month credited abroad program benefitted from an innovative curriculum which used iPods® as repositories of study materials as well as tools for cultural involvement. This study also suggests that the use of technology was able to extensively engage students in language- and culture-based tasks and was able to cultivate collaboration and creativity while it allowed them a real sense of an abroad classroom, complete with a wealth of information and resources at their fingertips.
Patterns and Instructional Methods
Authors: Wedekind Joachim
Published: May 2011

Looking for these differences helps to identify the advantages of the pattern approach and this chapter intends to show that it is not only old wine in new bottles. Importantly, educational patterns are more practicable and more flexible than instructional methods, and it is necessary to join existing educational patterns (in terms of a pattern language) in order to use them successfully in designing teaching scenarios that can actually be implemented.
Linking CSCL Script Design Patterns
Authors: Villasclaras-Fernández Eloy D. , Hernández-Leo Davinia , Pérez Juan I. Asensio , Dimitriadis Yannis , Martínez-Monés Alejandra
Published: May 2011

Among the fields in which design patterns have been applied, the design of CSCL scripts has received the attention of the e-learning research community. The usage of design patterns is justified by the complexity of the task of planning collaborative learning scenarios. Making this task even more complex, planning assessment activities and/or resources is one of the aspects that need to be taken into account in the design of a CSCL script. Focusing on this issue, this chapter deals with the application of learning and assessment patterns along with the creation of such scripts. More specifically, this chapter is focused on the potential benefits of using detailed information concerning the relationships between assessment and learning patterns. Different types of links between CSCL scripting design patterns are illustrated, and finally this chapter discusses the possibilities of using them in CSCL script authoring software tools.
Evaluating Learning Designs through the Formal Representation of Pedagogical Patterns
Authors: Laurillard Diana , Ljubojevic Dejan
Published: May 2011

To test the approach, in this chapter, we present the way in which several learning theories can be mapped onto the Conversational Framework, and use this to provide the means by which instances of learning design practice can be pedagogically evaluated in a systematic and computationally interpretable way. The chapter concludes with the early findings from the thinking-prototype tests of evaluative capability of the framework.
Embedding Design Patterns in a Methodology for a Design Science of E-Learning
Authors: Mor Yishay
Published: May 2011

This chapter argues for a design science paradigm of e-learning, and offers a pattern-based methodological framework for such a paradigm. As a concrete manifestation of the framework, the chapter presents a pattern language for collaborative reflection and participatory design workshops, which has been developed for and used by several e-learning design research projects.
Visualizing Learning Processes Using Didactic Process Maps
Authors: Honegger Beat Döbeli , Notari Michele
Published: May 2011

In order to keep DPM as simple and easy to use as possible an approach following the 80:20-principle (pareto-principle) has been chosen: essential properties of the pattern and the learning processes must be visualizable while unessential and rare used properties have to be left out. They can be communicated literally and negotiated orally. With this principle in mind, the DPM approach distinguishes itself from existing efforts for an exhaustive learning process description language and fits well into the design pattern approach.
Navigational Paths and Didactical Patterns
Authors: Iske Stefan
Published: May 2011

This chapter focuses on a specific field of e-learning: the relationship between general didactical patterns to design teaching/learning processes on the one hand and empirical behavioral patterns of users (navigational paths) on the other hand. It is based on empirical research on the usage of a hypertextual on-line learning environment. The analyzed dataset consists of about 1500 paths containing about 4700 pages. These empirical navigational paths are analyzed in order to identify similar paths (patterns, structures and regularities), following a heuristic and inductive approach. This approach is based on the method of sequence analysis (optimal matching). The aggregation of similar paths into homogeneous groups will be discussed, as well as the identification of patterns within these aggregated groups. The inductively identified empirical patterns will be compared to deductive, theory-driven patterns. Empirical results will be presented which show the variety and complexity of empirical navigational paths and their relation to theory-driven patterns. These results will be located and discussed in a pedagogical-didactical context.
Formative E-Assessment
Authors: Mor Yishay , Mellar Harvey , Pachler Norbert , Daly Caroline
Published: May 2011

This chapter presents findings from the JISC funded project ‘Scoping a vision for formative e-assessment’ (FEASST). The project was motivated by the increasing recognition of the importance of formative assessment and the need to identify effective strategies for incorporating it into e-learning. This chapter is particularly interested in the human-centric, social dimensions of e-assessment. The project used the participatory pattern methodology to engage a group of practitioners in developing case studies of formative e-assessment across a range of settings (from Primary to Higher Education) through a series of Practical Enquiry Days. Next, the design patterns were extracted from these cases and the outcomes were analysed against the literature. Patterns were subjected to the scrutiny of a group of software developers who used them as the basis for pedagogical and technical scenarios of use. Finally, the case studies and the design patterns were mapped to a domain map. This chapter provides an overview of the project and highlights an illustrative number of patterns.
Design Patterns as Guidance for Designers of Groupware used by Team for the Development of Innovative Products
Authors: Georgiakakis Petros , Retalis Simos , Bitter-Rijpkema Marlies , Pannekeet Kees , Rutjens Marjo , Sloep Peter
Published: May 2011

This chapter proposes a design pattern based on the Six Thinking Hats Creativity technique to foster the collaboration among specialists of various fields. It exemplifies the value of pattern languages for the work in multidisciplinary teams and discusses how the proposed pattern helped in a design project in which a groupware system is developed. Following the structure of flow design patterns, the Six Thinking Hats Technique is described in the pattern format taking the problem context and its forces into account. In its solution part, the pattern describes the types of tasks as well as the types and structure of groups for each of the various roles defined by this creativity technique. The core solution of the present pattern is to shift between various perspectives and to incorporate multiple views of the stakeholders.
Patterns of Social Practice
Authors: Wodzicki Katrin , Moskaliuk Johannes , Cress Ulrike
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, the application of patterns in the context of social practice will be considered from a psychological point of view. After briefly introducing the history of patterns, this chapter will discuss the specific conditions that apply for formulating and using patterns of social practice, as well as the benefits and challenges of their application. This discussion will result in four main challenges. In order to address them, the chapter presents psychological approaches that deal with the relevant issues and help to understand potential benefits of patterns of social practice. It concludes with some remaining open questions for future research. The entire chapter focuses on the structure that patterns provide, and how this structure supports the communication, exchange, and learning of social practice. The discussion of pattern writing processes (e.g., the process of shepherding) would need a motivational and practical consideration rather than a cognitive psychological one.
A First Glimpse at the Whole
Authors: Bauer Reinhard , Baumgartner Peter
Published: May 2011

This chapter proposes an interesting discussion on how to transfer design patterns from architecture and software engineering to education. Computer scientists and pedagogues try to define patterns and pattern languages suitable for educational needs. The main goal of their work is to enhance quality and to foster best practices of teaching. Arguably, talking about a pedagogical pattern language requires definitely thinking about and describing its taxonomy, in other words, we have to think about a “grammar,” a set of logical and structural rules that govern the composition of meta-patterns, patterns and subpatterns like sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. Analyzing an exemplary educational scenario, this contribution will demonstrate the applicability of Alexander’s fifteen properties of living centers in education and intends to open discussion and reflection about the important role of an educational taxonomy for classifying existing pedagogical patterns.
Strategic Planning for the Integrated Use of Organizational ICT Processes and e-Learning in Higher Education
Authors: McPherson Maggie , Jameson Jill
Published: May 2011

Universities currently face urgent demands to facilitate both lifelong learning and widening participation in an era of increasing global competition combined with the need for cost reductions. To cope with rising numbers of students, educators are rethinking teaching strategies to consider the potential of e-learning for academic delivery to an ever more diverse student population. However, there is a relative dearth of research examining the role of strategic management and the impact of organizational factors when considering the implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for administrative/management purposes and learning technologies to support teaching activities. This chapter analyses organizational ICT processes and e-learning in higher education (HE) through the use of a theoretical ‘rich picture’. ‘Soft systems methodology’ (SSM) is applied to argue that since institutional settings, organizational vision, strategy and top-level support are critical to the success (or failure) of e-learning initiatives, these factors should equally be considered in planning for the implementation of integrated uses of ICT and e-learning. Academic programs are set in particular contexts within university environments and many have their own unique administrative procedures. In addition, numerous factors impinge on the implementation of technology enhanced learning solutions, including the roles of tutors, learners, courses, and the processes used to integrate teaching-related ICT. This chapter provides a theoretical ‘rich picture’ of these processes at both program and faculty level to confirm prior research on the implementation of Information System (IS) projects, demonstrating that institutional issues such as strategic thinking and top-level sponsorship are key factors in successful outcomes.
Technology Transfer
Authors: Lea Russ
Published: May 2011

In the past three decades, economic competitiveness has morphed from an international concern (e.g. outcompete Japan) to a regional concern (e.g. knowledge clusters) to one where individual universities are in an “arms race” with each other for private and public funding (including licensing royalties, retaining star faculty, pursuing academic earmarking, developing technology parks and incubators, etc.). The greatest benefit that Bayh-Dole afforded universities, namely, to promote the utilization of their research for the public good, sometimes seems distant to the perceived objectives whereby universities attempt to maximize their own resources, including commercialization profits from faculty innovations that are ultimately transferred to the economy.
Enhancing Clinical Education for Healthcare Professionals through Innovative Pedagogy, Advanced Technologies, and Design Research
Authors: Reeves Thomas C. , Reeves Patricia M.
Published: May 2011

Clinical education is a major component of higher education programs for healthcare professionals in fields such as medicine, nursing, pharmacy, public health, and social work. The increasing complexity of performance in these fields demands new approaches to clinical education and training. The reform of clinical education in colleges and universities must be driven first and foremost by innovative pedagogy (e.g., authentic tasks and case-based learning models) rather than advanced technologies alone (e.g., 3D immersive simulations and social networking tools). The overall transformation of clinical education and training would be best guided by a design research approach.
Impact of Web 2.0 on Higher Education
Authors: Dabbagh Nada , Reo Rick
Published: May 2011

The chapter addresses the impact of Web 2.0 on higher education institutions. Using Christensen’s theory of disruptive innovations, the authors ask whether Web 2.0 is a sustaining innovation that is creating incremental changes in higher education practices as older technologies have, or if Web 2.0 is a disruptive innovation that is slowly easing its way to meet the needs of specialized audiences but ultimately may drive out the conventional education model or turn it on its head. To tackle this question, the authors briefly review the current state of Web 2.0 in higher education, discuss related issues and controversies, and then focus on the impact of Web 2.0 on human, social, and organizational aspects of higher education institutions.
Viability, Sustainability, Scalability and Pedagogy
Authors: Smyth Robyn , Vale Deborah , Andrews Trish , Caladine Richard
Published: May 2011

In a two year project called the Leading Rich Media project, the implementation of rich media technologies in Australian universities was investigated from the standpoints of viability, sustainability, scalability and pedagogy. Over half of all universities responded with several respondents from each institution providing rich data concerning how implementation is planned, funded, maintained and administered. The silences in the investigation were interesting, with the project team discovering a surprising lack of current scholarly publications available to inform their work. Other silences in the data led them to conclude that there is a policy and strategic planning void in many institutions which could threaten best use of emerging rich media technologies such as desktop videoconferencing and other synchronous communications technologies.
Computer-Mediated Communication that Brings Learning into the Present
Authors: Seward Linda , Harvey Vickie , Carranza Joseph
Published: May 2011

A two-part assignment was designed which paired students together using e-mail technology that required them to engage in peer teaching. This allowed us to study computer-mediated communication that was not part of a discussion group or chat room. An analysis of the e-mails revealed that males and females did not differ in frequency, length or use of social incentives. Males sent slightly more status enhancement messages while females sent more status recognition messages. Significant gender differences occurred, however, in the use of apologies and in how personal weaknesses or bad experiences were characterized. Unexpectedly, university affiliation was more significant than gender in the amount of self-disclosure. [Article copies are available for purchase from InfoSci-on-Demand.com]
“Virtual Inquiry” in the Science Classroom
Authors: Toth Eva Erdosne
Published: May 2011

The article examines prior research on students’ difficulties with inquiry learning and outlines research-based decisions for the consideration of software-based scaffolds for inquiry teaching and learning. The objective is to detail research findings in a way that assists teachers in their development of pedagogical content knowledge as relevant to the selection and use of technological tools for classroom inquiry in the high school biology or college introductory biology classrooms. Employing a worked-out-example in the popular domain of DNA science, the article illustrates the research-based integration of instructional design decisions coordinated with the features of selected software tools. The coordination of software-design with instructional design has the potential of significantly enhancing students’ learning while also supporting the development of teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge.
Benchmarking Online Learning Practices in Higher Education
Authors: Ray Julie A.
Published: May 2011

Colleges and Universities across the United States have experienced an unprecedented growth in the availability of and demand for online courses and degree programs in the recent years. However, this medium for instructing is still relatively new compared to other traditional forms of instruction. Therefore, an overall lack of research on the online medium exists. This study benchmarks the practices of colleges and universities in the tri-state area of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia on factors that contribute to the selection of Course Management Systems (CMS), the availability and/or requirements for instructor training, and the evaluation or lack thereof of online courses. A total of thirty institutions participated in this mixed methods study.