bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection among Japanese immigrants and their descendants living in Southeast Brazil: a call for preventive and control responses
Authors: Bandeira Larissa Melo , Motta-Castro Ana Rita , Puga Marco , Uehara Silvia , Domingos João , Rezende Grazielli , Cesar Gabriela Alves , Tanaka Tayana
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has worldwide distribution and is considered endemic in southwestern Japan. HTLV-1 infection has been associated with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) besides other diseases. Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of HTLV-1, among the world´s largest population of Japanese immigrants and their descendants outside Japan, in São Paulo, Southeast Brazil, as well as to analyze the phylogenetic relationship among isolates of HTLV-1. Methods: From July to December 2017, 2,139 individuals from five Japanese associations were interviewed and submitted to blood collection. All serum samples were first tested for the presence of anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies by ELISA and then peripheral blood from individuals with positive serological results were analyzed for the presence of HTLV-1 5ʹLTR proviral DNA. Partial sequencing of the 5ʹLTR region of HTLV-1 proviral DNA was performed by Sanger. Results: The prevalence of HTLV-1 infection was 5.1% (95% CI 4.2-6.0). In the multiple logistic regression model, HTLV-1 infection was associated with age 45 years, female sex, first- and second-generation Japanese immigrants, and having sexual partners with a history of blood transfusion. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all HTLV-1 were classified as Cosmopolitan (1a) subtype. Of them, 47.8% were classified as Transcontinental (A) subgroup and 52.2% as belonging to the Japanese (B) subgroup. Although most HTLV-1-infected patients were asymptomatic (97.3%), the blurred vision was associated with HTLV-1 infection. Conclusion: The high prevalence of HTLV-1 infection found in this study population and especially the intrafamily and interfamily HTLV-1 transmission presents an urgent need for preventive and control responses of this infection in Brazil.
O impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 no tratamento da sífilis em pacientes atendidos em um centro de saúde em São Luís (MA)
Authors: França Carolina Moreti Câmara , Azevedo Conceição de Maria Pedrozo e Silva de , Aires Daniel Cutrim , Leite Júnior Vitaliano de Oliveira , Cantanhede Ana Beatriz Santos , Ribeiro Júnior José Estevam , Leitão Lara Eliza Sousa , Batista Luis Augusto Silva , Santos Carlos Henrique Rodrigues dos
Published: December 2021

Introdução: A pandemia de COVID-19 desencadeia impactos profundos na sociedade, com destaque para o campo da saúde. O distanciamento social, o afastamento de profissionais dos campos de atendimento e a redução de insumos nos diferentes nichos impactaram no tratamento de diferentes categorias de doenças, dentre elas as infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Objetivo: Descrever os impactos da pandemia de COVID-19 no atendimento de pacientes com sífilis em um centro de saúde especializado no acompanhamento de pacientes com infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, localizado em São Luís (MA). Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal e observacional, por meio de registros em prontuário médico, com catalogação quantitativa do número de pacientes acompanhados entre maio de 2019 e março de 2021 e informações clínico-epidemiológicos relevantes. Para correlação de variáveis, optou-se pelo uso do programa estatístico STATA 14.0. Resultados: Foram coletados dados de 193 pacientes atendidos no centro de saúde. Entre eles, 87,5% concluíram o tratamento para sífilis com penicilina benzatina, com o número de doses adequado com a fase da doença. A faixa etária entre 20 e e39 anos foi a mais acometida, contabilizando 45,91% do total de pacientes. O título de Estudo Laboratorial de Doenças Venéreas mais prevalente entre os pacientes foi de 1/64 (55,56%). Quanto aos impactos na procura ou manutenção do atendimento, adotou-se a data de 11 de março de 2020 (data em que a Organização Mundial da Saúde declarou o estado pandêmico decorrente da COVID-19). Nesse contexto, houve redução de 30% na quantidade de atendimentos durante o período analisado. Entretanto, não foi observado aumento na taxa de abandono do tratamento após a promulgação do estado pandêmico. Conclusão: O estudo promoveu uma esquematização do perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes acompanhados no centro de saúde. Observou-se que a procura desses pacientes diminuiu após a oficialização da pandemia pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, mas que as taxas de abandono do tratamento permaneceram constantes.
Desde Tlatelolco hasta el TPAN
Authors: Pezzarossi Francesco
Published: December 2021

La entrada en vigor del Tratado de Prohibición de Armas Nucleares (TPAN) marca un nuevo capítulo en la esfera del desarme nuclear. Los estados de América Latina y el Caribe, que ya se destacaron a vanguardia de la desnuclearización con el Tratado de Tlatelolco, en 1967, pueden seguir desempeñando el papel de pioneros, contribuyendo al replanteamiento contrahegemónico del orden nuclear. A este respecto, tras mapear el actual debate sobre el TPAN a modo de contextualización, el artículo analiza, desde el enfoque institucional-histórico y empírico, las principales diferencias y analogías entre esos dos acuerdos internacionales. A partir de estas observaciones, se demuestra que el impacto potencial de los estados latinoamericanos y caribeños en el futuro del desarme nuclear es de suma trascendencia.
A política externa brasileira e a migração venezuelana
Authors: Dauer Gabriel Roberto , Fernandes Rodrigues de Macêdo Marília
Published: December 2021

Este artigo busca compreender os interesses do governo brasileiro em relação à participação da Organização para as Migrações (OIM) em questões específicas da política migratória nacional, como a integração socioeconômica de venezuelanos no Brasil entre 2016 e 2020. Nesse sentido, retomamos pontos importantes da política externa brasileira para compreender a posição do Brasil frente às migrações internacionais desde a redemocratização do país, apresentamos o histórico das relações Brasil-OIM no século XXI e analisamos o projeto “Oportunidades” à luz dos interesses do governo brasileiro. Para tal, recuperamos e discutimos os principais elementos desse projeto disponibilizados nos websites da OIM, Agência dos Estados Unidos da América (EUA) para o Desenvolvimento Internacional (USAID) e da Embaixada dos EUA no Brasil para explorar os objetivos e as responsabilidades da OIM e da USAID no Brasil; o volume e a alocação orçamentária; as articulações a nível nacional, estadual e municipal do projeto, e as relações Brasil-OIM.
POWER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY BASED ON ADAPTIVE NEURO FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM FOR AC MICROGRID
Authors: Katiyar Kartik , Ayush Ayush , Singh Deep , Sharma Supriya
Published: December 2021

Micro grids increase the efficiency and resiliency of electrical networks. However, the uncertain nature of renewable energy resources integrated into the MGs usually results in different problems. We are trying to achieve a stable system which can power microgrids and can be of commercial use. This would be achieved by simulation of the system under different climatic conditions. Keywords: Microgrid Optimization, ANFIS, Neural Network, Fuzzy Logic
Entre o precário e o (in)sustentável: discursos de sustentabilidade em projetos habitacionais do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento em Belém (PA)
Authors: Castro Marlon D'Oliveira
Published: December 2021

Este artigo discute a presença de discursos de sustentabilidade na produção do espaço urbano promovida pelo Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), na sua linha Urbanização de Assentamentos Precários (UAP), para remoção urbana de famílias em situação de risco socioambiental (reassentamento e remanejamento). A partir de metodologia qualitativa apoiada no materialismo histórico-dialético, foi realizado estudo de caso sobre intervenção do PAC, a partir de seu PTTS, de projetos de habitação voltados à remoção de famílias ocupantes de espaços vulneráveis ambiental e socialmente, em Belém (PA): a Comunidade Taboquinha, no Distrito de Icoaraci. A análise exprimiu, a partir do olhar de agentes envolvidos e da trajetória dos sujeitos na transição entre espaços e seu cotidiano, o distanciamento entre a efetivação da política e a sustentabilidade nas perspectivas ambiental, social e econômica, pretendidas no bojo do Programa, demonstrando que não é possível pensar nos conjuntos habitacionais periféricos para remoção de famílias em vulnerabilidade ambiental, descolados da realidade e do sistema econômico que o produz, além das implicações que essa produção traz consigo para o espaço e a sociedade.
Prevalencia de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular durante la pandemia COVID-19
Authors: Cerezo Gustavo H. , Vicario Augusto
Published: December 2021

Introducción: La pandemia COVID-19 y las medidas sanitarias implementadas impactaron sobre la salud mental de las poblaciones más vulnerables. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular y/o factores de riesgo después de finalizada la cuarentena y compararla con la prevalencia durante la cuarentena y antes de la pandemia COVID-19. Métodos: Se envió un cuestionario on-line a los 150 días de finalizada la cuarentena. Se utilizó la escala de Ansiedad-Depresión Hospitalaria (HAD, por sus siglas en inglés) y se registraron los datos clínicos y demográficos. Los resultados fueron comparados con las muestras obtenidas durante la cuarentena y el estudio EPICA realizado en 2016 antes de la pandemia COVID-19. Resultados: Las muestras incluyeron 1076, 3542 y 1035 pacientes respectivamente. La prevalencia de ansiedad fluctuó pero no cambió (20.8%, 13.5% y 21% respectivamente). La depresión incrementó su prevalencia (9.8%, 16.7% y 19.7% respectivamente). La depresión se asoció con la enfermedad coronaria y las conductas de riesgo (fumar cigarrillos y sedentarismo). Conclusión: Ladepresión duplicó su prevalencia durante la pandemia COVID-19 en pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular y/o factores de riesgo. Los efectos de la pandemia parecen extenderse más allá de la duración de la cuarentena.
Challenges to Formality from Formal Firms Behaving Informally: Evidence from Central America
Authors: Pisani Michael J.
Published: December 2021

This research explores the competitive environment for urban formal sector firms competing against peer formal sector firms behaving informally in Central America. Explored is the upper bound of the formal-informal continuum in a regional economic environment of persistent and widespread economic informality where formal firms may employ informal tactics to gain competitive advantage versus their formal competitors. The 2010 World Bank Enterprise Surveys form the basis for empirical analyses. The results suggest formal firms utilizing informal practices is widespread and is influenced by firm maturity, firm location, industry sector, firm legal status, firm organization, ownership composition, regulatory environment, international quality certification, web presence, entry into global markets, and firm size.
STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CEFTRIAXONE SODIUM AND SALBUTAMOL
Authors: Sherje Atul , Dhende Subhash , Yergiri Mayur ,   Department of Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai - 400 0 56, Maharashtra, India
Published: December 2021

An isocratic liquid chromatographic method with UV detection at 230 nm is described for simultaneous determination of ceftriaxone sodium and salbutamol in bulk. Chromatographic separation of the two drugs was achieved on an Inertsil ODS© C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μ) using a mobile phase consisting of 50 mM potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate and methanol (77:23 %V/V) adjusted to pH 7.0 with triethylamine at a fl ow rate of 1.0mL min-1. The optimum separation was achieved in less than 10 minutes. The developed liquid chromatographic method offers symmetric peak shape, good resolution and reasonable retention time for both drugs. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines.
FORCED INDICATING UPLC-DAD METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR ESTIMATION OF APALUTAMIDE IN BULK AND IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Authors: Babu D China , Chetty C Madhusudhana , S. K Mastanamma ,   Research Scholar, Research & Development, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada - 533 003, A. P., India
Published: December 2021

A new analytical method was developed for the estimation of apalutamide in bulk and its pharmaceutical formulation. The sensitive, précise and accurate method was developed by using Waters Acquity UPLC system equipped with quaternary gradient pump. The column used was Waters C18 150 X 2.1 mm X 1.7 µm and mobile phase was 0.2 % OPA buffer in water : acetonitrile in the ratio of 25:75 V/V. The buffer pH was maintained at 4.5. The fl ow rate of mobile phase was 0.5 mL min-1 and detection was at 272 nm by using PDA detector. The method was performed at ambient temperature. The retention time of the apalutamide was 1.27 min. The % RSD value in precision was >2 %. The accuracy of the method was found to be between 99.54 % - 100.01 %. The limit of detection and limit of quantifi cation values were found to be 0.14 µg mL-1 and 0.48 µg mL-1, respectively. The linearity concentration range was found to be 11.25 - 67.5 µg mL-1, it show wide linearity concentration range. The method was proved to have good robustness after changing parameters of fl ow rate, temperature and mobile phase composition. The method showed good ability towards different stress conditions of acidity, alkalinity, peroxide and UV-light. The method can be used for the routine analysis of apalutamide in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form by using UPLC.
EVALUATION OF ANTI-MICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF STRUCTURALLY MODIFIED DERIVATIVES OF LEAD COMPOUND BERBERINE ISOLATED FROM ROOTS OF BERBERIS ARISTATA
Authors: Parcha Versha , Singh Diveya J. , Kumar Deepak , Saini Jaswinder K. ,   Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Manduwala, Dehradun – 248 007, Uttarakhand, India
Published: December 2021

The alkaloid berberine, the chief constituent of Berberis aristata, has been reported to have antimicrobial activity associated with it. Structural changes can be made to this lead compound to try to improve its effi cacy in terms of antimicrobial activity. In the present study, attempts have been made to evaluate anti-microbial potential of structurally modifi ed derivatives of berberine. The derivatives so synthesized were characterized on the basis of spectral techniques like 1H,13C NMR, UV, IR and MASS and by comparison with standard berberine. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that methoxyl group is pharmacophore of berberine and is thus needed to be retained in the skeleton. Further incorporation of the electron-withdrawing group has pronounced effect on the antimicrobial activity. Further attempts could be made to extend the series with the incorporation of such electron-withdrawing groups to get potent antimicrobial agents.
EFFICACY OF P-COUMARIC ACID IN CHRONIC CONSTRICTION INJURY INDUCED NEUROPATHIC PAIN IN RATS
Authors: Bharti Akash , Kaur Jaspreet , Kumar Amit , Singh Simranjit , Kumar Deepak ,   Department of Pharmacology, Akal College of Pharmacy & Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur – 148 001, Punjab, India
Published: December 2021

The present research work has been designed to evaluate the effect of p-coumaric acid in chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve induced neuropathic pain in rats. In addition, biochemical tests such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and total protein were performed in sciatic nerve tissue sample. The neuropathic pain has been effi ciently and successfully induced in rat by the performance of CCI. The battery of behavioural test showed the development of neuropathic pain as an index of rising the paw and tail thermal and mechanical pain sensitivity. The treatment of p-coumaric acid at dose 50 and 100 mg kg-1 , p.o. for 15 consecutive days have been shown to produce signifi cant ameliorative effect on CCI of sciatic nerve induced neuropathic pain sensitivity. In addition, CCI of sciatic nerve also induces the oxidative stress in nervous system by rising TBARS, decrease GSH and proteins levels in sciatic nerve tissue and these effects are reversed via administration of p-coumaric acid and statistically equivalent to standard drug. Hence, it may be concluded that, p-coumaric acid can be useful in the management of neuropathic pain symptoms.
SPECTRUM OF DISEASE, MANAGEMENT, EFFICIENCY, CLINICAL PROFILE AND OUTCOMES OF RETROVIRAL DISEASE PATIENTS
Authors: Talasila Narmada , Papatla Amith S. , Thummanapally Ragini , Bakshi Vasudha , Kumar B Hemanth , Kumar G Rajeev , Kumar K Vivek ,   Department of Pharmacy, Anurag University, Venkatapur, Ghatkesar Rd, Hyderabad - 500 088, Telangana, India
Published: December 2021

HIV is a virus that targets and alters the immune system, increasing the risk and impact of other infections and diseases. Without treatment, the infection might progress to an advanced disease stage called AIDS. A prospective study was conducted for a period of 6 months in a tertiary care hospital with the sample size of 102 patients. A data collection form was taken, which includes the details of demographics date of visit to the hospital, diagnosis, past and current medication history. 102 Inpatients and Outpatients diagnosed with HIV were considered. For the management of HIV, 52 % of 2 NRTI and 1 NNRTI combination and 35 % of 2 NRTI and 1 integrase inhibitor combination were used. The drug usage pattern was found to be tenofovir 74.5 %, lamivudine 83.3 % and Efavirenz 50.9 %. The percentage of subjects with opportunistic infections was 66.6 % and, among these opportunistic infections, tuberculosis was found to be 47.05 %. The viral load after 6 months of ART was found to be undetectable in 95.09 % patients. The levels of CD4 counts were raised after initiation of the ART in 6 months of duration. The death rate was found to be 4.90 %. Due to highly active antiretroviral therapy and effi cient opportunistic infection management, the patients had elevated CD4 levels and undetectable viral load. Hence HAART is highly effi cient in management of HIV which ultimately improves the quality of life of patients.
KNOWLEDGE-BASED VS EVIDENCE-BASED – COULD SPELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEALTH & ILL-HEALTH!
Authors:   Consultant - NeuroMarketing & TechnoRegulatory (Pharma & Nutra)  Chairman – Nutraceutical Committee (IDMA), Sanghavi R K
Published: December 2021

Dear Reader, It has been so truly said by Otto von Bismarck [former President of Prussia (German State) in 19th century] — ‘Only a fool learns from his own mistakes. The wise man learns from the mistakes of others.’ It is the 10% existent wise men that lead - 90% trudge behind as followers – be it the political scenario, spiritual realm or world of science. Wise men become powerful and in the current Forbes list of such top 10 are 6 politicians, 1 religious head & 3 mega global entrepreneurs. In enterprises, when it comes to science and discovery, only 3 out of the top 10 have excelled in contributing to the world of medicine! Leaders are rare & leaders in medical domain are even rarer!
PERAN DINAS PEMUDA OLAHRAGA DAN PARIWISATA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUNJUNGAN WISATAWAN DI KOTA BONTANG
Authors: Arifin Zainal
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify and describe the role of the Youth and Sports Department of Tourism in increasing tourist arrivals in the City of Bontang as well as to identify and describe the inhibiting and supporting factors of the Office of Youth Sports and Tourism in increasing tourist arrivals in the City of Bontang. The focus of this research is the role of the Department of Youth Sports and Tourism in increasing tourist arrivals in the City of Bontang. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with interview techniques to the Department of Youth Sports and Tourism to find out how the role of the Department of Youth Sports and Tourism in increasing tourist arrivals in the City of Bontang so far; the manager to find out how the role of the Department of tourism in the development of the tourism objects they manage; to the tourism industry players to find out how the socialization and the role of the Tourism Office towards the tourism industry that they manage so that they take part in promoting tourism especially in the City of Bontang. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the Department of Youth Sports and Tourism has a role in the development of tourism in the City of Bontang. This can be seen in the data received by researchers, namely tourist arrivals in the City of Bontang have experienced an increase from year to year, but still not evenly distributed. This happens because there are still many managers and tourism industry players who complain that there is still a lack of contribution or assistance from the Tourism Office towards the tourism objects they manage. The results of this study researchers can provide suggestions that the need for equal distribution of contributions from the Department of Youth Sports and Tourism to the management of tourism objects and tourism industry players, and also promotion activities more enhanced in order to further increase tourist arrivals in the City of Bontang.
PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI DENGAN METODE FULL COSTING PADA USAHA AMPLANG UD. TAUFIK JAYA MAKMUR DI SAMARINDA
Authors: Ramadhani Muhammad
Published: December 2021

Determination of cost of goods must be applied appropriately and careful, because this can help entrepreneurs to compete in a manner well and in a relatively long period of time. The purpose of this study was to determine the calculation of the cost of production of the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Samarinda business which is used today and the calculation of the cost of production in the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Samarinda business according to the full costing method. Full costing is a method of determining the cost of production that takes into account all elements of production costs into the cost of production, which consists of the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs, both behaving variable and fixed. The method used in this research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The variables of this study include the cost of production using the full costing method. Data analysis was performed by calculating the cost of production based on the concept of the full costing method. The results showed that the results of the analysis of the calculation of the Cost of Production of envelopes per kg in the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Endeavor conducted at present were Rp. 80,312.50 per kg. Whereas the Cost of Production of envelopes per kg in the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Business in Samarinda if calculated using the full costing method is Rp 83,068.23 per kg. The difference in cost of production of the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Amplang Business conducted so far using the full costing method for the UD Taufik Jaya Makmur Samarinda Endeavor is Rp 2,755.73 per kg. It is recommended that UD Taufik Jaya Makmur in Samarinda should calculate and charge all elements of the factory overhead costs in one production period (month). This is done so that information about the cost of production can be a good basis for the factory in setting the selling price of envelopes at UD Taufik Jaya Makmur in Samarinda.
Modeling Gas Burner Fires in Ranch and Colonial Style Structures
Authors:   UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, McKinnon Mark , Weinschenk Craig , Madrzykowski Daniel
Published: December 2021

The test scenarios ranged from fires in the structures with no exterior ventilation to room fires with flow paths that connected the fires with remote intake and exhaust vents. In the ranch, two replicate fires were conducted for each room of origin and each ventilation condition. Rooms of fire origin included the living room, bedroom, and kitchen. In the colonial, the focus was on varying the flow paths to examine the change in fire behavior and the resulting damage. No replicates were conducted in the colonial. After each fire scene was documented, the interior finish and furnishings were replaced in affected areas of the structure. Instrumentation was installed to measure gas temperature, gas pressure, and gas movement within the structures. In addition, oxygen sensors were installed to determine when a sufficient level of oxygen was available for flaming combustion. Standard video and firefighting IR cameras were also installed inside of the structures to capture information about the fire dynamics of the experiments. Video cameras were also positioned outside of the structures to monitor the flow of smoke, flames, and air at the exterior vents. Each of the fires were started from a small flaming source. The fires were allowed to develop until they self-extinguished due to a lack of oxygen or until the fire had transitioned through flashover. The times that fires burned post-flashover varied based on the damage occurring within the structure. The goal was have patterns remaining on the ceiling, walls, and floors post-test. In total, thirteen experiments were conducted in the ranch structure and eight experiments were conducted in the colonial structure. All experiments were conducted at UL's Large Fire Laboratory in Northbrook, IL. Increasing the ventilation available to the fire, in both the ranch and the colonial, resulted in additional burn time, additional fire growth, and a larger area of fire damage within the structures. These changes are consistent with fire dynamics based assessments and were repeatable. Fire patterns within the room of origin led to the area of origin when the ventilation of the structure was considered. Fire patterns generated pre-flashover, persisted post-flashover if the ventilation points were remote from the area of origin.
Fire Service Summary Report: Study of Residential Attic Fire Mitigation Tactics and Exterior Fire Spread Hazards on Firefighter Safety
Authors:   UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, Kerber Steve , Zevotek Robin
Published: December 2021

Attic fires pose many hazards for the fire service. When a fire occurs in an attic, it is common it goes unnoticed/reported until smoke or flames are visible from the outside of the structure. Because they take longer to detect, attic fires are more dangerous for firefighters and residents. In a fire situation, the attic ventilation system, which is designed to reduce moisture accumulation by drawing fresh air low from the eaves and exhausting moisture laden warm air near the peak, create an optimal fire growth and spread situation by supplying oxygen to the fire and exhausting hot gases. An estimated 10,000 residential attic fires are reported to U.S. fire departments each year and cause an estimated 30 civilian deaths, 125 civilian injuries and $477 million in property loss. The location of the attic creates several difficulties for the fire service. Firefighters must decide whether to fight the fire from inside the structure, from the outside or a combination of the two. This the decision is complicated by the constant hazard of ceiling collapse, which has the potential to rapidly deteriorate conditions in the living spaces. A piece of gypsum board may fall or be pulled from the ceiling making the relatively clear and cool conditions in the living space change very quickly endangering firefighters executing a search and rescue operation as part of their life safety mission. Further complicating the decision are the hazards associated with roof structure collapse, creating deadly conditions for firefighters operating on and under the roof. Structural collapse accounted for 180 firefighter deaths between 1979 and 2002 of which one-third occurred in residential structures . Many of these incidents involved a roof falling on firefighters or firefighters falling through the roof during firefighting operations on attic fires. The purpose of this study is to increase firefighter safety by providing the fire service with scientific knowledge on the dynamics of attic and exterior fires and the influence of coordinated fire mitigation tactics from full-scale fire testing in realistic residential structures.
Non-uniformity of the long-term trends in some tropospheic Stratospheric and mesospheric parameters
Authors: KANE R. P.
Published: December 2021

During the last 3 decades. the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased monotonically. These are expected to produce warming in the troposphere and cooling at higher altitudes. Expetimental observations of various atmospheric parameters were examined. It was noted that not all parameters showed monotonic trends. In some cases, the trends before and after about 1970-75 were opposite or, the trends developed only after 1970-75. The reason for this transition needs to be explored. A possible cause could be a more rapid increase of CFC concentration in recent years. Also, effect of meteorological fators speciailly sea-surface temperature changes before and after 1975. could be a possible cause though this in turn may be relaled to increasing levels of greenhouse gases.
Trends of pH and aerosols in the precipitation at Srinagar, Mohanbari, Allahabad, Jodhpur, Nagpur and Minicoy during the period 1981-2001
Authors: TOMAR M.S.
Published: December 2021

Nature of Precipitation - alkaline or acidic depends upon the concentration of major water soluble inorganic gaseous and soil derived particulates dissolved in it. If the concentration of cations is higher than that of anions the precipitations becomes alkaline and vice versa. pH is the main parameter indicating the nature of precipitation.

If pH of rainwater <5.65 it is acidic and >5.65, it is alkaline ,both in the pH scale ranging between 0 and 14. In this paper average ionic concentration (mg/lit) and their trends have been analyzed. Srinagar, Mohanbari, Jodhpur, Allahabad, Nagpur and Minicoy have been selected for the study of chemical precipitation during the period 1981-2001. Trends of different aerosols have been analyzed at the intervals 1981-87, 1988-94 and 1995-2001. It has been observed that percentage of anions has increased which results in the increase of acidic character of the precipitation. During the interval 1995-2001, Nagpur and Mohanbari had pH values 5.16 and 5.47 respectively which were in acidic range.
An objective method for predicting occurrence of pre-monsoon (March-May) thunderstorm events over Delhi using stability indices
Authors: DURAISAMY M. , BHOWMIK S.K.ROY , BANDYOPADHYAY B.K.
Published: December 2021

In this paper an attempt has been made to investigate different stability indices in relation to the occurrence of thunderstorms in order to determine the critical values of these indices for Delhi (28.35° N / 77.12° E) using pre monsoon data for the years 1999 - 2004. The study shows that the critical values of Showalter Index (SI), Lifted Index (LI), K Index (KI), Total Totals Index (TTI), and Sweat Index (SWI) are respectively < 2 °C, < 0 °C, > 24 °C, > 44.5 °C and > 100 for the thunderstorm to occur over Delhi. The corresponding common critical ranges of Lifted Condensation Level (LCL), Level of Free Convection (LFC), Equilibrium Level (EL) and Precipitable Water (PW) are respectively 923 hPa – 695 hPa, 856 hPa – 504 hPa, 545 hPa – 109 hPa and 18 mm – 54 mm. Testing of critical values of indices and the corresponding common critical ranges of LCL, LFC, EL and PW during pre-monsoon seasons of the years 2005 and 2006 shows that they are matching well with the respective critical values/ranges in most of the thunderstorm days.
Variability of scatterometer based surface vorticity over Arabian Sea and its use in monsoon onset forecasting
Authors: SINGH O.P. , SINGH HARVIR
Published: December 2021

This paper presents the results of the study undertaken to investigate the changes in the surface wind and vorticity fields over south Arabian Sea and adjoining north Indian Ocean and their association with monsoon onset over Kerala. For this purpose QuikSCAT daily gridded data of recent 10 years (2000-2009) have been utilized. The results show that there is a rising trend in the surface wind speed and vorticity over south Arabian Sea about 4-7 days before the monsoon onset over Kerala. Thus, the rising trends in the surface wind speed and vorticity over south Arabian Sea seem to be a good precursor of monsoon onset over Kerala. Continuous monitoring of Oceansat-2 scatterometer surface wind and vorticity fields over south Arabian Sea and adjoining north Indian Ocean during 15th May to 15th June could provide predictive indications of monsoon onset over Kerala on medium range scale.
Modulation of cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean by Madden - Julian oscillation
Authors: MOHAPATRA M. , ADHIKARY S.
Published: December 2021

The relationship of genesis and intensity of cyclonic disturbances (CDs) over the north Indian Ocean with the Madden – Julian Oscillation (MJO) has been examined using 33 years (1975 - 2007) data of MJO index and best track of (CDs) developed by India Meteorological Department (IMD). The MJO index based on outgoing long wave radiation (OLR) and zonal wind in upper (200 hPa) and lower (850 hPa) troposphere (Wheeler and Hendon, 2004) has been used for this purpose.

The MJO strongly modulates the genesis and intensity of CDs over the north Indian Ocean. However there are other factors contributing to cyclogenesis over the north Indian Ocean, as about 60% of cyclogenesis during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons are not significantly related with MJO. While the probability of cyclogenesis during monsoon season is higher with MJO in phase 4 and 5 (Maritime Continent), that during post-monsoon season is higher with MJO in phase 3 and 4 (east Indian Ocean and adjoining Maritime Continent). It indicates that while possibility of genesis during monsoon season is significantly suppressed with active MJO at phase 1, 7 and 8 (Africa, western Hemisphere and adjoining Pacific Ocean), there is no significant relationship between genesis and active MJO at phase 1, 7 and 8 during post-monsoon season. The anomalous cyclonic circulation at lower levels over central and north Bay of Bengal in association with MJO at phase 4 and 5 favours enhanced probability of cyclogenesis over the Bay of Bengal during monsoon season. The anomalous easterlies in association with MJO at phase 1 and development of anomalous ridge over south India in association with MJO at phase 7 and 8 which are weak monsoon features lead to suppressed cyclogenesis over north Indian Ocean during this season. The anomalous north-south trough in easterlies embedded with cyclonic circulation over the south west/west central Bay of Bengal in association with southerly surge over the region during active MJO in phase 3 and 4 most favourably influences the convection and enhances the probability of cyclogenesis over the north Indian Ocean during post-monsoon season.

The genesis of CDs is more sensitive to phase than the amplitude while the intensification of CDs is more dependent on the amplitude of MJO. Comparing monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, the modulation of genesis, intensification and duration of CDs by the MJO is more during the monsoon season than the post-monsoon season.
Factors affecting the trends in evaporation during different crop growing seasons over India
Authors: SAMUI R.P. , JOHN G. , RANSURE S.P. , PACHANKAR M.A.
Published: December 2021

Evaporation, rainfall and meteorological data for the period 1971-2004 for 58 well distributed stations over India were selected for the study. Trends of evaporation and rainfall in five regions, viz., Northwest, North, Northeast, Central and Peninsular regions of India during different crop growing seasons, viz., kharif, rabi and summer and the meteorological factors contributing towards the trend were analyzed. Annual evaporation shows decreasing trend in all the regions of the country. Trends in seasonal evaporation during kharif, rabi and summer seasons also showed decreasing trends in Northwest, North, Central and Peninsular regions of the country while few locations in Northeast India, viz., Guwahati, Dibrugarh and Tocklai showed significant increasing trend in evaporation during kharif and rabi seasons. No significant trend in annual and seasonal rainfall was observed in Indian region except a few stations in peninsular India where increasing trend was observed.

Normalized anomalies of maximum temperature, relative humidity and vapour pressure showed increasing trend in Northwest and Northern regions during all the three crop growing seasons while decreasing trend or no trend in wind velocity was observed in all the regions except in central region where increasing trend was observed during summer season.

As evaporation relates to the meteorological elements, viz., temperature, sunshine duration, wind velocity and relative humidity, the likely causative meteorological factors for such changes are studied. Increasing trends in maximum temperature was observed in central and peninsular inland regions of the country during rabi and summer seasons while slight decreasing trends were observed in the Northeast region during kharif season. High positive correlation found between maximum temperature and wind velocity indicates that the trend in evaporation is mostly influenced by these two factors. Increase in humidity and decrease in bright sunshine hours were both important and found correlated with the decrease in evaporation.
Biochemical, microbiological and technological characteristics of type II sourdoughs produced with lactic acid bacteria single-strains
Authors:   Universidade Federal do Paraná, Siepmann Francieli Begnini , Almeida Beatriz Sousa de ,   Universidade Federal do Paraná, Gomes Tatiane Aparecida ,   Universidade Federal do Paraná, Waszczynskyj Nina ,   Universidade Federal do Paraná, Spier Michele Rigon ,   Universidade Federal do Paraná
Published: December 2021

The interplay between biochemical characteristics and the generation of volatile compounds in 11 type II sourdough fermented by single strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was studied. Samples were collected at 0, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 24h for analyses of microbial growth, pH, titratable acidity and CO2 production. During the first 12h, the LABs entered the stationary phase, and the formation of organic and carboxyl acids, alcohols, and esters were observed. Although acidity is an important characteristic of sourdough, in this work increasing the acetic acid content decreased yeast growth and the CO2 retention capacity of the doughs. The main carbohydrate consumed by autochthonous yeast was influenced by the LAB added (homo-or heterofermentative), as observed by correlation analysis. Maltose and glucose showed a strong and negative correlation with the yeast cell density in the dough fermented by homo and heterofermentative LAB, respectively. Moreover, LAB had an important effect on the aromatic profile, being the alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, organics acids and esters mainly groups characterized. Altogether, 100 different volatile compounds were identified; however, each dough had a different volatile profile. This study shows, for the first time, the influence of a single strain of LAB on the characteristics of type II sourdough.
Calculating Melting Temperature of Native and Modified Oligonucleotide Complexes at Various Cation Concentrations with the Use of Enhanced Counterion Condensation Model
Authors: A. Lomzov Aleksandr , V. Pyshnyi Dmitriy
Published: December 2021

A new model describing the influence of ionic strength on thermal stability of DNA comlexes of oligonucleotides is proposed. This model assumes that binding of cations with DNA polyanions influences solely the entropy of hybridization and has a saturating mode. The efficacy of counterion binding with single- and double-stranded DNA is different, and the number of cations which bind additionally with the oligonucleotide at duplex formation depends on bulk cation concentration. Analytical equations describing the influence of cation concentration on melting temperature of DNA-duplexes as function of the length of oligonucleotide, its GC-composition and presence of the modification (non-nucleotide insert) were obtained. The values of melting temperature (Tm ) and thermodynamic parameters ( o ∆H , o ∆S ) characterizing the hybridization of both native and «bridged» oligonucleotides (bearing non-nucleotide insert on the basis of diethylene glycol phosphodiester) with DNA in various concentrations of NaCl (0,01÷1 М) were obtained using the UV-melting technique. Based on both the data obtained and presented in literature the database (695 data sets) characterizing the influence of ionic strength on the thermal stability of oligonucleotide complexes of various structure is developed. The database analysis allows us to obtain the values of the equilibrium binding constants for condensation of caions on DNA and the number of ions required for saturation of a discrete binding site. The proposed enhanced model of cation condensation utilizing unified thermodynamic increments of dsDNA formation allows us to calculate melting temperatures of DNAduplexes in the wide range of ionic strength ([Na+] = 0,01÷1 М) with high accuracy.
Calculation of the Adiabatic Invariant for Magnetized Intensive Relativistic Beams
Authors: Ivanov Andrey V. , A. Tiunov Mikhail
Published: December 2021

The technique of adiabatic invariant calculation in cross-section of magnetized intensive relativistic beam with consideration of drift motion of beam particles centers of rotation is suggested. Example of adiabatic invariant calculation of electrons of intensive beam in electrostatic accelerating system with longitudinal magnetic field is presented. It was shown that in strong enough magnetic field transverse energy of electrons preserves even at abrupt alteration of electric field.
Subterahertz Generation by Strong Langmuir Turbulence at Two-Stream Instability of High Current 1-MeV REBs
Authors: Arzhannikov Andrey V. , Burdakov Aleksandr V. , Kalinin Petr V. , Kuznetsov Sergei A. , Makarov Maxim A. , Mekler Konstantin I. , Polosatkin Sergei V. , Postupaev Vladimir V. , Rovenskikh Andrey F. , Sinitsky Stanislav L. , Sklyarov Vladislav F. , Stepanov Vasiliy D. , Sulyaev Yuliy S. , Thumm M. K. A. , Vyacheslavov Leonid N.
Published: December 2021

The results of investigation for subterahertz radiation emission induced by strong Langmuir turbulence driven by a microsecond relativistic electron beam are presented. The radiation is associated with a plasmon-plasmon merging process, which generates photons at a double plasma frequency in the range of few hundreds GHz
Remotely Controlled Waveguide Switches and Phase Shifters for High-Power Tests of Accelerating Structures
Authors: A. Vikharev Aleksandr , V. Kuzikov Sergey
Published: December 2021

The paper considers a switch and a phase shifter with an operating frequency of 12 GHz, which are tunable by using electric step motors. The both devices are based on rectangular WR90 waveguides and are designed to operate at 100 MW power level and pulse durations of up to 103 ns
Approximate Calculation of Overdriven Gaseous Detonation in Convergent Channels
Authors: S. Prokhorov Evgeniy
Published: December 2021

A simple quasi-one-dimensional model is presented to describe the propagation of gaseous detonation in a channel with variable cross-section. This model is applicable for the approximate analytical calculations of the degree overdrive of detonation wave in the transition of detonation from a broad to a narrow tube, and estimating the values of gasdynamic parameters at the detonation front
Coherent Transients in a Gas 13CH3F Generated by Step Switch of Electric Field
Authors: A. Rozhin Anton , V. Ledovskikh Dmitry , N. Rubtsova Natalia
Published: December 2021

Transient signals of optical nutations and free polarization decay arising in a gas 13CH3F (rotational transition R(4,3) of vibration mode 0–1 ν3 ) at the step-wise switch of electric field in the presence of resonant radiation of CO2 laser are investigated. In the limit of low intensity of radiation the peaks of free polarization decay are observed; the frequency of their appearance is proportional to the electric field strength. The number of observable peaks of free polarization decay decreases at laser intensity growth, and free polarization decay signal becomes indistinguishable at a background of optical nutations at high laser intensity. At high laser intensity the signal of transient optical nutations dominates. Results of calculations are in qualitative agreement with experimental data
THE EFFECT OF RETURN ON EQUITY AND GROWTH ASSETS ON PRICE BOOK VALUE WITH DEBT TO EQUITY AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE IN REGISTERED METAL SUB-SECTOR COMPANIES ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE
Authors: Afrita Nasution Yusneni , Muslim Muslim , Afdillah Soraya
Published: December 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of Return On Equity, Change In Total Assets on Price Book Value with Debt To Equity as an intervening in metal sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study is an associative study with documentation data collection techniques, the population in this study This amounted to 16 companies and samples taken amounted to 14 companies. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling technique. The analytical method used is path analysis. The results showed that Return On Equity had a positive and significant effect on Debt To Equity, Return On Equity had a positive and insignificant effect on Price Book Value, Growth Assets had a positive and insignificant effect on Debt To Equity, Growth Assets had a positive and insignificant effect on Price Book Value, Debt to Equity has a positive and insignificant effect on Price Book Value, Debt to Equity as a mediation on Return On Equity and Price Book Value has a negative and insignificant effect, Debt to Equity as a mediation on Growth Assets and Price Book Value has a negative and negative effect not significant.
Los Incas en el Collasuyu. Notas sobre alianzas prehispánicas en el área andina argentina
Authors: Gentile Lafaille Margarita E.
Published: December 2021

Resumen: El propósito de este ensayo es retomar el tema de los Incas en el Collasuyu, sector sudeste del Tahuantinsuyu, mediante aproximaciones al estudio de la capacocha, ceremonia fundacional de una alianza validada por un oráculo que podía ser consultado desde el Cusco. Veremos a través de cuatro casos dos de sus tipos: acuerdo entre el Inca y sus aliados, y acuerdo entre jefes regionales aliados entre sí.La Arqueología mostró la forma de estos acuerdos, y la Etnohistoria aportó microsecuencias de la realización de la ceremonia, rangos de sus participantes, los marcadores de la filiación incaica, etcétera.Abstract: The purpose of this essay is to return to the subject of the Incas in Collasuyu, in the southeast sector of Tahuantinsuyu, through approaches to the study of the capacocha, the founding ceremony of an alliance validated by an oracle that could be consulted from Cusco. We will see through four cases two of their types: agreement between the Inca and his allies, and agreement between regional leaders allied with each other.Archeology showed the form of these agreements, and Ethnohistory provided microsequences of the performance of the ceremony, ranks of its participants, the markers of Inca filiation, etc.Palabras clave: capacocha; Doncellas; Rachaite; Aconcagua; Llullaillaco; Tahuantinsuyu; Collasuyu; Incas; alianzas; atuendos; colores. Keywords: capacocha; Doncellas; Rachaite; Aconcagua; Llullaillaco; Tahuantinsuyu; Collasuyu; Incas; alliances; garments; colours.