bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory testing and simulation of the paraffin deposition in Turija field oil well in Vojvodina region, Serbia
Authors: Danilovic Dusan , Karovic-Maricic Vesna , Secerov-Sokolovic Radmila , Ivezic Dejan , Zivkovic Marija
Published: February 2011

In Serbia approx. 70% of the crude oil produced accounts for the heavy oil
type, these results in the deposition of paraffin in wells, oil production
decrease while increasing the operating costs. Different methods, such as
mechanical, chemical and thermal, are applied in effort to solve the paraffin
deposition problem. Most methods require an accurate determination of that
the deposition zone in well. In this paper, experimental and simulation
results of the parameter analysis affecting intensity and zone of paraffin
deposition in oil wells are presented. The analysis has been done for heavy
oil produced from the oil field Turija, Vojvodina region, Serbia. The
paraffin deposition curves and paraffin deposition intensity during time are
experimentally defined. The influence of temperature gradient, fluid flow
rate and gas content in oil changes on the paraffin deposition zone change
was analyzed by the computer simulation. It was found that temperature
gradient changes can cause paraffin deposition zone to change approx. 22 m,
i.e. maximum 43 m. It was also determined that the length of paraffin
deposition zone can change up to 140 m due to the changes in the fluid flow
rate or in the gas content in oil. The increase of the flow rate causes
paraffin deposition zone to reduce, while increased gas content in oil leads
to its increase. On the basis of the obtained results, the optimal working
parameters of mechanical method, such as frequency and depth of paraffin
scraping as well as temperature and heating cable power of thermal methods
can be determined.
Degradation kinetics of seven organophosphorus pesticides in milk during yoghurt processing
Authors: Bo Li-Yingx , Zhang Ying-Hua , Zhao Xin-Huai
Published: February 2011

Bovine milk spiked with seven organophosphorus pesticides, i.e., dimethoate,
fenthion, malathion, methyl parathion, monocrotophos, phorate and
trichlorphon, was fermented at 42?C with commercial directed vat set (DVS)
starters to investigate the degradation kinetics of the pesticides during
yoghurt processing. The spiked pesticides were extracted from the prepared
samples with an organic solvent and analyzed by gas chromatography after
purification. Based on published results that the degradation kinetics of
pesticides is first order, the rate constant of degradation and the half live
period of the pesticides were calculated. The results indicated that
degradation of the pesticides in milk during yoghurt processing were enhanced
by one or both starters, except for malathion, and the two commercial DVS
starters had different influences on the degradation kinetics of the
pesticides.
Restorative justice in Macedonian criminal legislation and difficulties in its implementation
Authors: Bacanovic Oliver
Published: February 2011

The subject-matter of this paper is to provide an overview of the situation/
status within Macedonian criminal legislation as a concept whose introduction
and implementation is of recent time. This issue is addressed at two levels:
through the overview of the representation of restorative justice elements
within the Macedonian criminal legislation and through foreseeing the
difficulties considering the implementation of this concept. Regarding the
second level the author especially focuses on the difficulties with which
social work centers and local communities have to deal. In order to answer
the posed questions the author used his own findings, as well as the findings
to which he came during the direct contacts with representatives of
respective institutions or on the grounds of materials that these
institutions provided. In the conclusion, the author attempts to answer to
the closing question: can we be satisfied with the accomplished in the area
of restorative justice? The author attempts to answer on the grounds of
certain indicators (political will, material assumptions, realized
professional trainings and education). The author points out to the necessity
of acting in the educational system as well on all levels with an aim to
create indispensable critical mass within society that will have an upgraded
awareness for peaceful resolution of the conflict situation.
Internal Audit Sourcing Arrangements and Reliance by External Auditors
Authors: Desai Naman K. , Gerard Gregory J. , Tripathy Arindam
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY: A company’s internal audit (IA) function can be maintained in-house, outsourced to an IA service provider, or cosourced (a combination of the in-house and outsourced IA functions). This study explores the effect of these sourcing arrangements on the external auditor’s assessed quality and reliance on the IA function. We predict that external auditors consider the cosourced and outsourced IA functions to be equal in terms of assessed quality and reliance. Furthermore, we predict that the external auditors’ assessments of objectivity and competence will be greater for cosourced and outsourced IA functions compared to in-house IA functions; therefore, external auditors will have greater reliance on the cosourced and outsourced IA functions. Finally, we predict that when the IA service provider also provides additional tax services to the client, external auditor reliance is significantly decreased compared to when the service provider does not provide tax services. One hundred and eight CPAs participated in this study and were randomly assigned to one of five treatment conditions: in-house, cosource, outsource, cosource with tax services, and outsource with tax services. The results support our predictions and indicate that external auditors place more reliance on cosourced and outsourced IA functions compared to in-house IA functions. Furthermore, external auditors’ reliance on cosourced and outsourced IA functions decreases when tax services are also provided by the IA service provider.
To What Extent Are Auditors’ Attitudes toward the Evidence Influenced by the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?
Authors: Guiral Andre´s , Ruiz Emiliano , Rodgers Waymond
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY: We examined whether auditors’ attitudes toward the evidence in the going concern setting may be driven by their expectations of the self-fulfilling prophecy effect. Following previous research on motivated reasoning, we assumed that the self-fulfilling prophecy effect could be interpreted as a potential motivational/incentive factor supporting auditors’ reluctance to issue going concern opinions. The belief-adjustment model of Hogarth and Einhorn (1992) was used to estimate auditors’ attitudes toward confirming and disconfirming evidence by manipulating, in a laboratory experiment, order of evidence and framing (viability versus failure), and capturing auditors’ expectations of the self-fulfilling prophecy effect. Our results indicate that auditors’ expectations of the self-fulfilling prophecy affected their attitudes toward confirming and disconfirming evidence. Further, we specifically find that auditors with higher expectations of the self-fulfilling prophecy had a greater sensitivity to mitigating evidence and, at the same time, a lower tendency to favor contrary evidence.
Productivity Growth in the Public Accounting Industry: The Roles of Information Technology and Human Capital
Authors: Chang Hsihui , Chen Jengfang , Duh Rong-Ruey , Li Shu-Hsing
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY: In this paper we decompose productivity growth into four components: efficiency change, technical progress, information technology (IT) capital accumulation, and human capital accumulation. We analyze data on the operations of 51 public accounting firms in Taiwan for the years 1993 and 2003, and find that productivity growth was driven primarily by the accumulation of IT capital and human capital. We also find that the difference in productivity growth between Big 4 and non-Big 4 accounting firms is attributable to technical progress and, especially, IT capital accumulation. Further, our multiple regression results indicate that accounting firms that had high growth in non-audit services (NAS) during the 11-year period enjoyed significantly higher productivity growth through greater IT capital and human capital accumulation than firms that remained focused on traditional audit services.
Audit Risk Assessments Using Belief versus Probability
Authors: Fukukawa Hironori , Mock Theodore J.
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY: Important audit judgments concerning client selection, audit program planning, and risk assessment all may be impacted by the approach taken to assess risk and to interpret audit evidence. This experimental study examines whether auditors’ risk assessments are influenced by the risk assessment approach and by assertion framing. Risk assessment approach was manipulated by eliciting belief-based versus probability-based risk assessments. Assertion framing was manipulated by stating the financial statement assertions to be examined in a positive versus negative form.

Four measures of risk of material misstatement are compared, including one based on the Cobb and Shenoy (2003a, 2003b, 2006) transformation of beliefs into “probabilities.” Both risk assessment approach and assertion framing effects on the auditors’ risk assessments are observed. Given these significant differences, the risk measure(s) the auditor chooses to focus on and the way assertions are framed are shown to be important audit choices in that such choices may impact both audit effectiveness and efficiency.
Effects of different levels of zinc on growth and yield of red amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) and rice (Oryza sativa, Variety-BR49)
Authors: Malik NJ , Chamon AS , Mondol MN , Elahi SF , Faiz SMA
Published: February 2011

Two pot experiments were conducted at the Dept. of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka to examine the effects of Zn on red amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) and rice (Oryza sativa). The soil collected from Bhaluka, Mymensingh (Chandra series), had the following general characteristics; pH 6.0, E.C 134 μS cm-1, organic matter 2.20%, organic carbon 1.27%, total N, P, K 0.024, O.07 and 0.05 % respectively. The total Zn content was 20 ppm and the texture was silty loam. Four Zn levels were maintained by treating the experimental soils with 0, 200, 300 and 400 mg Zn/kg soil. Roots & shoots of red amaranth and rice were collected after 45 and 90 days of sowing respectively. A significant impact of zinc was observed on growth and yield of red amaranth and rice. The concentration of zinc increased with increasing zinc treatment in red amaranth and rice roots, shoots and grain. The length of roots and shoots, the fresh and dry matter production  decreased with increasing zinc levels for red amaranth. In case of Rice the length of roots, shoots and spikelets increased with increasing zinc levels and the highest was observed at 200 ppm Zn. The fresh and dry matter production at first decreased at 200 ppm Zn but increased at 300 and 400 ppm Zn for Rice. The results showed that zinc influenced the growth and yield of red amaranth and rice. Keywords: Zinc; Toxicity; Treatments; Yield; Uptake; Heavy metal.DOI: 10.3329/jbayr.v1i1.6836Journal of Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers Vol.1(1) 2011 pp.79-91
The nature of teacher feedback in second language (L2) writing classrooms: A study on some private universities in Bangladesh
Authors: Karim Md Ziaul , Ivy Taslima Irine
Published: February 2011

The core task of second language (L2) writing teachers is to help students become efficient writers by building up student confidence and providing effective strategies to improve student writing. Teacher feedback given during various stages of process writing can play a vital role in this respect. This paper tried to find out the prevalent forms and nature of teacher feedback in L2 writing classrooms of some private Universities (e.g. dominant forms of feedback, the effect of feedback, amount of importance attached to feedback sessions, attitude towards students in the process & teacher training on feedback). At the same time it also looked into the effect of feedback on students (whether students view feedback as important, what kinds of feedback students prefer, what they expect from the teacher & whether they feel positive about feedback). Based on these findings some suggestions based on recent literature were added to help improve feedback methods according to one's context.Key words: Feedback to L2 writing; Feedback in ESL/EFL classroom; Feedback nature and type in Bangladesh.DOI: 10.3329/jbayr.v1i1.6837Journal of Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers Vol.1(1) 2011 pp.31-48
Bridging the digital divide through public, school and college libraries: Case study of Bangladesh
Authors: Shuva Nafiz Zaman , Akhter Rowshon
Published: February 2011

The least developed and developing countries are combating against digital divide in order to keep the wheel of development rolling and escape from the vicious circle of poverty as digital divide is one of the key factors that can lead the poverty situation of these nations to an extreme level. In Bangladesh, the digital divide condition is severe. Therefore it is imperative for Bangladesh to take fruitful steps to bridge the digital divide and to ensure ICT facilities at the national level. Recently as government pledged to convert Bangladesh into Digital Bangladesh by 2021 which is the golden jubilee year of Bangladesh independence, several initiatives have been taken to overcome the digital divide and to produce future qualified generations. However, it has been observed that no worth mentioning project has been taken by any government that ensures proper development of public, school and college libraries. Government should realize the fact that complete development of the country is never possible unless we concentrate library based education. It is not possible for any government to ensure computer with internet connection to each and every family in Bangladesh, however, it is possible to ensure ICTs at school, college and public libraries. The author of this paper firmly believe that ensuring ICTs to public, school and college libraries will greatly reduce digital divide at the national level and will produce qualified, efficient, ICT competent future generations. In this paper an attempt has been made by the authors to show the existing digital divide in the country, current ICT scenario and core projects that have taken by government, non-government, donor agencies and other development organization. The main object of this paper is to show how public, school and college libraries can reduce digital divide at the national level. It is believed that coordinated, long-term, effective projects/programme to reduce digital divide will ensure peaceful, educated, qualified, ICT competent future generations. Key words: Digital Divide; ICT Scenario Bangladesh; Government Initiatives; Non-government initiatives; Public libraries; School libraries; College libraries.DOI: 10.3329/jbayr.v1i1.6839Journal of Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers Vol.1(1) 2011 pp.49-77
An analysis of the practices of Muhammad (pbuh) on resolving conflicts
Authors: Monjur Mustafa
Published: February 2011

Conflict is an inevitable phenomenon of human life as everyone strives for the peace, which can be established only on the absence of conflict. So, naturally, the presence of various conflicts in our life cycle, from the very person to the greater field of international arena, and the process to avoid or resolve these have been taken as a major concern by the social thinkers. In this regard, Muslim scholars also give their thoughtful suggestion on principles and methods of conflict resolution according to the Islamic ideology that basically consists of the Quran and of the tradition of the Prophet (pbuh). In this paper, among these two core sources of Islam, the traditions of Prophet (pbuh) are described to some extent that would be helpful to regulate a new method for conflict management. This paper is also an attempt to make proper evidences from the history for the settlement of disputes of the present world. With the comparison of conventional and Islamic process of conflict resolution it also can help to add suitable dimension in this context.    Key words: Conflict resolution; Dispute; Islam; Peace; Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).DOI: 10.3329/jbayr.v1i1.6840Journal of Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers Vol.1(1) 2011 pp.109-125
Structure, decoration and materials: Mughal Mosques of medieval Dhaka
Authors: Shamsuzzoha ATM , Islam Hamidul
Published: February 2011

The corrected PDF for this article was loaded on 10/02/2011.Muslim architecture has been initiated from the very beginning of Islamic heritage which is started by the mosque, introduced by Prophet Muhammad (Sm.). From the early age of Islam, Muslim architecture has been developed from the foot point of mosque. Gradually by the expansion of Islam it was circulated in various countries of the world. Later stage, mosque architecture has been introduced into India at the very beginning of 13th century. Mosque architecture in medieval time exposes clearly its sacred identity but in secular architecture, the ideas are not spiritually motivated in cosmic sense. Certainly structural idea, materials and its functionality played a vital role in that era and beyond. Functionality, aesthetic use of materials and technique with effective manner are depending on assimilated technologies. Besides these, integrated process of standard materials, skilled labor, innovative idea and socio-economic as well as geographical factors are important for building any magnificent architecture. Mughal mosques of Dhaka are the unique example of architecture where the ideas and used materials have been effectively amalgamated in the medieval context of Bengal. The present study is an attempt to analyze the structure, structural decoration and use of materials of medieval Mughal Mosques of Dhaka. The study will also cover exclusively interior and exterior structure and design of the mosques. The focus of the study is to demonstrate the effective use of available materials, for representing own belief and cultural exclusivity to the architecture.Keywords: Structure; decoration; materials; medieval Dhaka; Mughal Mosque; Muslim architectureDOI: 10.3329/jbayr.v1i1.6841Journal of Bangladesh Association of Young Researchers Vol.1(1) 2011 pp.93-107
Cumulative Epigenetic Abnormalities in Host Genes with Viral and Microbial Infection during Initiation and Progression of Malignant Lymphoma/Leukemia
Authors: Oka Takashi , Sato Hiaki , Ouchida Mamoru , Utsunomiya Atae , Yoshino Tadashi
Published: February 2011

Although cancers have been thought to be predominantly driven by acquired genetic changes, it is becoming clear that microenvironment-mediated epigenetic alterations play important roles. Aberrant promoter hypermethylation is a prevalent phenomenon in human cancers as well as malignant lymphoma/leukemia. Tumor suppressor genes become frequent targets of aberrant hypermethylation in the course of gene-silencing due to the increased and deregulated DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). The purpose of this article is to review the current status of knowledge about the contribution of cumulative epigenetic abnormalities of the host genes after microbial and virus infection to the crisis and progression of malignant lymphoma/leukemia. In addition, the relevance of this knowledge to malignant lymphoma/leukemia assessment, prevention and early detection will be discussed.
Long-Time Data Storage: Relevant Time Scales
Authors: Elwenspoek Miko C.
Published: February 2011

Dynamic processes relevant for long-time storage of information about human kind are discussed, ranging from biological and geological processes to the lifecycle of stars and the expansion of the universe. Major results are that life will end ultimately and the remaining time that the earth is habitable for complex life is about half a billion years. A system retrieved within the next million years will be read by beings very closely related to Homo sapiens. During this time the surface of the earth will change making it risky to place a small number of large memory systems on earth; the option to place it on the moon might be more favorable. For much longer timescales both options do not seem feasible because of geological processes on the earth and the flux of small meteorites to the moon.
Experiment and Simulation of Medium-Duty Tactical Truck for Fuel Economy Improvement
Authors: Liao Yeau-Jian Gene , Quail Allen M.
Published: February 2011

Fuel economy improvement on medium-duty tactical truck has and continues to be a significant initiative for the U.S. Army. The focus of this study is the investigation of Automated Manual Transmissions (AMT) and mild hybridization powertrain that have potential to improve the fuel economy of the 2.5-ton cargo trucks. The current platform uses a seven-speed automatic transmission. This study utilized a combination of on-road experimental vehicle data and analytical vehicle modeling and simulation. This paper presents the results of (1) establishment of a validated, high fidelity baseline analytical vehicle model, (2) modeling and simulation of two AMTs and their control strategy, (3) optimization of transmissions shift schedules, and (4) modeling and simulation of engine idle stop/start and Belt-Integrated-Starter-Generator (B-ISG) systems to improve the fuel economy. The fuel economy discrepancy between experimental average and the baseline simulation result was 2.87%. The simulation results indicated a 14.5% and 12.2% fuel economy improvement for the 10-speed and 12-speed AMT respectively. A stop/start system followed by a B-ISG mild hybrid system incorporating regenerative braking was estimated to improve fuel economy 3.39% and 10.2% respectively.
Correlated Individual Differences and Choice Prediction
Authors: Lindsay Luke
Published: February 2011

This note briefly summarizes the consequences of adding correlated individual differences to the best baseline model in the Games competition, I-SAW. I find evidence that the traits of an individual are correlated, but refining I-SAW to capture these correlations does not significantly improve the model’s accuracy when predicting average behavior.
Photodynamic Treatment Induces an Apoptotic Pathway Involving Calcium, Nitric Oxide, p53, p21-Activated Kinase 2, and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase and Inactivates Survival Signal in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Chan Wen-Hsiung
Published: February 2011

Photodynamic treatment (PDT) elicits a diverse range of cellular responses, including apoptosis. Previously, we showed that PDT stimulates caspase-3 activity, and subsequent cleavage and activation of p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) in human epidermal carcinoma A431 cells. In the current study, pretreatment with nitric oxide (NO) scavengers inhibited PDT-induced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) changes, activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, p21-activated protein kinase 2 (PAK2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and gene expression of p53 and p21 involved in apoptotic signaling. Moreover, PAK2 activity was required for PDT-induced JNK activation and apoptosis. Inhibition of p53 mRNA expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA) additionally blocked activation of PAK2 and apoptosis induced by PDT. Importantly, our data also show that PDT triggers cell death via inactivation of ERK-mediated anti-apoptotic pathway. PDT triggers cell death via inactivation of the HSP90/multi-chaperone complex and subsequent degradation of Ras, further inhibiting anti-apoptotic processes, such as the Ras→ERK signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, we did not observe two-stage JNK activation for regulation of PAK2 activity in the PDT-induced apoptotic pathway in HUVECs, which was reported earlier in A431 cells. Based on the collective results, we have proposed a model for the PDT-triggered inactivation of the survival signal and apoptotic signaling cascade with Rose Bengal (RB), which sequentially involves singlet oxygen, Ca2+, NO, p53, caspase-9, caspase-3, PAK2, and JNK.
Two New Phenols from Scutellaria barbata
Authors: Wang Gang , Wang Fei , Liu Ji-Kai
Published: February 2011

Two new phenols, 2(S)-2’,7-dihydroxy-5,8-dimethoxyflavanone (1) and (S)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one (2), were isolated from the ethanol extract of Scutellaria barbata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.
Enhancement of Copper Availability and Microbial Community Changes in Rice Rhizospheres Affected by Sulfur
Authors: Shi Ji-Yan , Lin Hui-Rong , Yuan Xiao-Feng , Chen Xin-Cai , Shen Chao-Feng , Chen Ying-Xu
Published: February 2011

The role of sulfur on the availability of Cu and the bacterial community in rice rhizospheres was investigated by pot experiments. With sulfur addition, pH in rhizosphere soil decreased and Mg(NO3)2 extractable Cu increased significantly. The bacterial community composition also changed with sulfur addition. Some specific clones having high similarity to Thiobacillus, which indicated that sulfur oxidation in the rice rhizosphere could increase the availability of Cu. These results suggested that sulfur source which could provide substrate to sulfur oxidizing bacteria and enhance the availability of Cu was not a suitable sulfur fertilizer for Cu polluted soil.
Factors and Mechanisms for Pharmacokinetic Differences between Pediatric Population and Adults
Authors: Fernandez Eva , Perez Raul , Hernandez Alfredo , Tejada Pilar , Arteta Marta , Ramos Jose T.
Published: February 2011

Many physiologic differences between children and adults may result in age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Factors such as gastric pH and emptying time, intestinal transit time, immaturity of secretion and activity of bile and pancreatic fluid among other factors determine the oral bioavailability of pediatric and adult populations. Anatomical, physiological and biochemical characteristics in children also affect the bioavailability of other routes of administration. Key factors explaining differences in drug distribution between the pediatric population and adults are membrane permeability, plasma protein binding and total body water. As far as drug metabolism is concerned, important differences have been found in the pediatric population compared with adults both for phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes. Immaturity of glomerular filtration, renal tubular secretion and tubular reabsorption at birth and their maturation determine the different excretion of drugs in the pediatric population compared to adults.
Compact on-Chip Temperature Sensors Based on Dielectric-Loaded Plasmonic Waveguide-Ring Resonators
Authors: Andersen Thomas  B. , Han Zhanghua , Bozhevolnyi Sergey  I.
Published: February 2011

The application of a waveguide-ring resonator based on dielectric-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides as a temperature sensor is demonstrated in this paper and the influence of temperature change to the transmission through the waveguide-ring resonator system is comprehensively analyzed. The results show that the roundtrip phase change in the ring resonator due to the temperature change is the major reason for the transmission variation. The performance of the temperature sensor is also discussed and it is shown that for a waveguide-ring resonator with the resonator radius around 5 mm and waveguide-ring gap of 500 nm which gives a footprint around 140 µm2, the temperature sensitivity at the order of 10−2 K can be achieved with the input power of 100 mW within the measurement sensitivity limit of a practical optical detector.
La position française sur le problème de l'exploitation des fonds océaniques
Authors: Quéneudec Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Dans cet article, on expose que la France a voté, en 1982, en faveur de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, et a signé cette convention la même année, parce qu'elle pense qu'il y a là une contribution utile au dialogue Nord-Sud, et bien qu'elle considère que certaines des modalités d'application mériteraient d'être précisées ou modifiées. Afin de préserver ses intérêts et de ne pas perdre le contact avec les principaux pays industriels du monde, elle s'est dotée en 1981 d'une législation nationale relative à l'exploitation des grands fonds marins.
Les ports de commerce français de 1965 à 1983
Authors: Vigarié André
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Cet article étudie l'évolution des ports français à partir de 1965, parce que c'est à cette date qu'est mise en place la réforme des « ports autonomes » qui coïncide avec le début d'une nouvelle politique nationale portuaire de grand style. La croissance des activités littorales dure jusqu'après la crise de 1974 ; c'est alors qu'il convient d'étudier la structure portuaire nationale. Avec le début des années 1980, commence une phase difficile dont il faut chercher à mesurer le poids pour l'avenir.
Transports maritimes et économie française : aspects géographiques
Authors: Verlaque Christian
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

This paper aims at analyse the recent fluctuations of the French maritime traffic, connected with the world economic depression, as shown by two economic indexes : the variation of the bulk of transported goods, on one hand ; the impact on employment on ships and in auxiliary services, on the other hand. The distribution of the second index in the French coastal areas is shown on figure 1 and tables 4 and 5.
Le tourisme : agent conflictuel de l'utilisation de l'espace littoral en France
Authors: Renard Jean
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Le tourisme de masse apparu après la guerre avec la diffusion de l'automobile et la démocratisation des loisirs est un agent conflictuel efficace sur l'ensemble de nos littoraux, même si la pression varie selon les lieux. Sa présence, de plus en plus envahissante, s'exprime par une consommation boulimique d'espaces naturels et agricoles, mais aussi par des déséquilibres engendrés sur les activités préexistantes et par les mutations sociales, professionnelles et les compositions par âge des populations permanentes. Les retards apportés à un contrôle efficace de l'utilisation des sols, les insuffisances de la réglementation ou ses effets pervers, toutes choses qui s'expliquent par les conflits entre les pouvoirs locaux et l'intérêt général ont rendu les relations de plus en plus conflictuelles entre les utilisations touristiques et les autres usages de l'espace littoral. L'acuité des tensions tient aux comportements et aux rapports de force des divers agents sociaux en présence. Une réglementation drastique à l'échelle nationale, mais adaptée aux réalités régionales, s'impose afin de régler ces conflits et d'aboutir à un aménagement raisonné, ce pourrait être le rôle de la future loi sur le littoral, mais n'est-il pas trop tard ?
Activités traditionnelles et tourisme dans les îles du Ponant (Bretagne)
Authors: Brigand Louis
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Cet article est une contribution à la gestion du littoral appliquée au milieu insulaire. Après une longue période de bonne activité malgré des conditions de vie difficiles, les îles en avant des côtes de Bretagne ont connu, sauf l'une d'entre elles, un grave déclin démographique qui s'est accéléré après la Seconde Guerre Mondiale (fig. 2). On montre que la situation et l'activité économique actuelles sont différentes selon les îles. Le dévelopement du tourisme est une source de profit, mais il pose des problèmes humains. Les récents efforts pour lutter contre les handicaps insulaires sont examinés. L'aménagement et le développement de ces îles doit tenir le plus grand compte de leur diversité, et envisager des solutions qui ne seront pas partout les mêmes.
L'aquaculture française : bilan et perspectives
Authors: Doumenge François
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Elevage de truites, ostréiculture et myticulture assurent des bases solides à l'aquaculture française en ayant su évoluer pour surmonter des crises biologiques graves. Une diversification s'impose pour mieux valoriser les ressources littorales et pour donner des assises plus larges au secteur aquacole. Sur les côtes françaises des activités nouvelles apparaissent, mais c'est dans les départements et territoires d'Outre-Mer que l'on enregistre le plus de dynamisme (perliculture en Polynésie, élevages de tortues à la Réunion, cultures de crustacés dans les Caraïbes et les îles du Pacifique Sud).
La gestion des estuaires en France
Authors: Guillaud J.-F. , Romana A.
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Après une présentation générale des trois principaux estuaires français (Seine, Loire, Gironde), on précise le rôle des facteurs hydrodynamiques (marée, débit fluvial) sur l'hydrologie estuarienne et sur les mécanismes sédimentaires qui conduisent notamment à la formation d'un bouchon vaseux.

Au vu des derniers résultats des études réalisées sur ces trois estuaires, il est ensuite montré quelles sont les relations entre les mécanismes hydrosédimentaires et les caractéristiques sédimentologiques (déplacement du bouchon vaseux), biologiques (production primaire) et chimiques (sels nutritifs, matière organique, oxygène dissous, micropolluants).

La connaissance de ces relations permet enfin de préciser quelles peuvent être les conséquences des activités humaines sur les estuaires, et de définir des lignes directrices pour une meilleure gestion.
Les grandes pêches thonières françaises en zone tropicale
Authors: Carré François
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Depuis le milieu des années 1950, les pêcheurs bretons et basques exploitent les thons tropicaux au large de l'Afrique d'où proviennent environ 90 % de la production nationale (70 000 tonnes). L'essentiel des captures est réalisé par une flottille de senneurs congélateurs très perfectionnés, armés par les sociétés spécialisées dans la conserve et la commercialisation du thon. Traité dans des usines africaines et françaises, ce thon en boites répond presque entièrement à la demande du marché français.

Malgré ses succès, cette activité a un avenir incertain qui dépend de l'état des stocks, des possibilités d'accès aux pêcheries situées dans des eaux étrangères et de la compétitivité des produits français. Les armateurs cherchent à découvrir des pêcheries nouvelles dans l'océan Indien (Seychelles) et autour des territoires français d'outre-mer.
Mutations halieutiques en Haute-Normandie : de la pêche lointaine au large à une pêche côtière intensive
Authors: Rieucau Jean
Published: February 2011

RESUME

Les activités de pêche sur la côte française de Normandie et de Picardie, de Honfleur au Crotoy, ont, dans les vingt dernières années, évolué du chalutage industriel au large et de la grande pêche vers un chalutage artisanal côtier en Manche. Ce changement radical a été pleinement réussi à Dieppe, avec un développement du dragage de la coquille Saint-Jacques et une orientation vers les espèces démersales de valeur. A Fécamp, cependant, la reconversion a été manquée, surtout du fait de facteurs humains qui sont exposés dans l'article. Quant à l'estuaire de la Seine, il est maintenant rendu complètement artificiel avec primauté absolue de la grande navigation et de l'industrie, alors que l'estuaire et la baie de la Somme semblent prometteurs pour un développement de la conchyliculture.
Les difficultés de la pêche industrielle en France : l'exemple de Lorient
Authors: Chaussade Jean
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

En dépit du fait que le port de pêche de Lorient est devenu en 1982 le second de France pour le tonnage des captures et le premier pour leur valeur, il doit faire face à des problèmes nombreux et complexes : augmentation du prix du carburant non compensée par celui des ventes, vétusté des chalutiers moyens, difficultés d'accès aux aires de pêche traditionnelles, déficiences dans la commercialisation, manque de coordination entre ports français, etc. Des solutions possibles sont suggérées, mais pour l'instant la situation est typique des difficultés rencontrées dans un port de pêche relativement grand à l'échelle française.
Conservation du patrimoine architectural et des villes historiques en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Kain Roger
Published: February 2011

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit den Massnahmen für die Erhaltung und Konservierung des baukünstlerischen Erbschaft Grossbritanniens. Weiter führt er einige Gegensätze mit dem französischen System ein. Eine kurze Einfuhrung fragt zuerst « Weshalb die Konservierung ? » und dann wird die Literatur in der englischen Sprache kritisch besprochen. Der Reihe nach werden die Erhaltung historischen Gebäude, Zonen für Konservierung, der Programm für historisch wertvolle Städte, Städte Programme, und die Mitwirkung Grossbritannien im europäischen Feldzug fur die städische Renaissance untersucht. Schliesslich werden finanzielle Fragen diskutiert, wobei besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf den « sich drehenden Fonds » gegeben wird. Durch diesen Fonds hat man einen grossen Erfolg in den Vereinigten Staaten gehabt, eine positive Zukunft für die Vergangenheit zu sichern.
Concentration de sables lourds sur les plages de la baie de Morlaix (Finistère): Exemples de micro-placers d'origine proximale dans une profonde échancrure littorale en voie de déblaiement rapide par la mer
Authors: Chauris Louis
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY

Investigations carried out upon heavy minerals (47 samples) concentrated along the beaches of the bay of Morlaix, a large coastal indentation in the Western Channel, have displayed seven different districts. As a general rule, the coastal placers present a proximal origin. The heavy sands come essentially, by marine erosion and sorting, from late continental sediments (arena and periglacial deposits, head). The outer contributions are small, except for the northwestern end of the bay and especially its northeastern part. The proximal origin of an important part of the sands could account for the future of the beaches, at present time altered by anthropic modifications.
Tréfimétaux, la stratégie de P.U.K. et les nationalisations
Authors: Buléon Pascal
Published: February 2011

RESUME

L'article analyse les effets localisés de la restructuration de Péchiney- Ugine-Kuhlman dans un de ses sites industriels : Dives-sur-Mer près de Caen dans le Calvados (Normandie). Le groupe P.U.K., comme tous les grands groupes industriels, a engagé en 1983 des restructurations de grande ampleur pour s'adapter à la situation de récession économique prolongée que nous connaissons depuis 1974. A partir des décisions de 1983, la naissance et le développement de la stratégie du groupe P.U.K. sont reconstitués et analysés depuis 1976, ainsi qu'après sa nationalisation en 1981 : politique de produits, de filières, de délocalisation. Quelles ont été les incidences de la nationalisation sur la stratégie de P.U.K. ? Existe-t-il des politiques alternatives aux stratégies de restructuration ? L'article tente d'apporter des éléments de réponse à ces questions.
L'évolution récente du groupe Biderman ; un exemple de reconversion industrielle dans l'Ouest de la France
Authors: Montagne-Villette Solange
Published: February 2011

FRE : France!Ouest français!Industrie textile!Confection!Localisations industrielles!
L'évolution récente de la population limousine
Authors: Bouet Guy , Balabanian Olivier
Published: February 2011

FRE : Limousin!Géographie de la population!Exode rural!Desserrement urbain!
Le dynamisme de la pêche artisanale sablaise
Authors: Fournet Philippe
Published: February 2011

ENG : Vendée!Gulf of Biscay!Fishing!Cooperative firms!Trawling!
La brande montmorillonnaise et le dynamisme végétal de ses tourbières
Authors: Gesan Marcel
Published: February 2011

FRE : Poitou-Charentes!Biogéographie!Brande!Tourbière!
Quelques formations tertiaires du Confolentais
Authors: Lacotte R.
Published: February 2011

ENG : Poitou-Charentes!Superficial deposits!Tertiary!
Autour d'Angers et de la Roche-sur-Yon. Etude comparée de quelques aspects de l'espace péri-urbain
Authors: Pihet Christian , Guimbretière C.
Published: February 2011

Cet article fait le point des recherches sur l'espace péri-urbain d'Angers et de La Roche-sur-Yon. Les auteurs s'attachent à repérer dans une optique comparatiste les concordances et les discordances dans les processus de polarisation de l'espace autour des deux villes. Ils étudient successivement les problèmes soulevés par l'aménagement des périphéries, le marché foncier et les comportements nouveaux des néo-résidents en matière scolaire et d'achats. Malgré des différences évidentes liées à l'histoire et à la situation des deux zones étudiées, les processus à l'œuvre illustrent la progressive emprise du fait urbain sur des campagnes jadis autonomes.
La morphologie urbaine de Rennes en 1986
Authors: Le Roue Anne-Yvonne
Published: February 2011

fre : Photo-interprétation, morphologie urbaine, Rennes
La crise du marché de l'étain et la situation économique dans une région stannifère traditionnelle : la Cornouaille
Authors: Moindrot Claude
Published: February 2011

fre : Sismicité historique, Poitou, Touraine
Les remaniements historiques du régime des eaux d'un marais littoral : le Marais breton-vendéen
Authors: Baudet J. , Gruet Yves , Maillard Y.
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Le marais breton-vendéen est un marais littoral atlantique qui a encore notablement évolué au cours de la période historique récente. Au colmatage naturel se sont ajoutées diverses actions anthropiques comportant une multiplicité d'aménagements : digues, polders, canaux, vannages, etc.. De tout temps, l'homme a lutté à la fois contre l'intrusion marine et l'inondation liée aux afflux saisonniers d'eau douce. Nous présentons les étapes successives de l'aménagement des réseaux hydrographiques et les conséquences concernant la gestion hydraulique et le régime de salinité des eaux.
Qualité du milieu marin étudiée en baie de Bourgneuf à l'aide d'indicateurs biologiques de pollutions métalliques
Authors: Amiard-Triquet Claude
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Two sets of mussels and three sets of oysters have been selected according to their age and/or size and cultivated in the bay of Bourgneuf from march 1982 to may 1984. Monthly sampling has been carried out, allowing the determination of the dry weight of soft tissues and their levels of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. The seasonal fluctuations and specific differences recognized in metal concentration depend mainly on natural physiological factors. On the other hand, except during a short lead contamination observed in August 1982, the metal concentrations in the filter-feeding molluscs of the bay of Bourgneuf are generally low compared to those determined in other coastal areas.

Consequently, the Bourgneuf Bay seems relatively free of pollution, at least concerning the four investigated metals which are among the most dangerous pollutants in marine environment. Any further management in that area should preserve primarily the water quality.
Surexploitation et détérioration de la qualité des terrains conchylicoles : conséquences sur les systèmes d'exploitation ; exemples en France et au Japon
Authors: Sornin Jean-Marc , Mariojouls C.
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Les installations conchylicoles surélevées ou suspendues sont utilisées en France pour la mytiliculture (bouchots, tables) ou l'ostréiculture (tables) et au Japon pour l'ostréiculture (radeaux). Devant la nécessité d'augmenter la production et de limiter l'extension géographique des concessions, ce type d'installations s'est fortement développé. Grâce à cette meilleure utilisation de l'espace marin (la répartition se fait sur un volume et non plus sur une surface), les densités de mollusques cultivés par mètre carré sont plus importantes.

L'augmentation de biomasse provoque, par l'intermédiaire de la biodéposition, des quantités croissantes d'apports vers le sédiment. Ces accumulations riches en matières organiques modifient les propriétés physiques et la biogéochimie des sédiments. Ainsi, les changements de la morphologie des fonds par la formation de buttes ou de chenaux modifient la circulation des eaux. De même, les relargages de substances comme l'hydrogène sulfuré ou l'ammoniaque sont fortement augmentés par l'intermédiaire des eaux interstitielles. Ces phénomènes sont surtout observés dans les zones non-découvrantes.

La détérioration de la qualité des terrains conchylicoles se traduit par un ralentissement de la croissance, un moindre engraissement, et parfois une mortalité des animaux. Cela signifie pour l'éleveur, une perte du cheptel, un allongement du cycle d'élevage, une baisse de la qualité du produit.

On constate que la relation entre le problème biogéochimique de détérioration des sols et sa prise en compte dans le système d'élevage dépend étroitement du contexte économique de la production. On peut distinguer les tendances suivantes : en France, la rémunération de la qualité du produit à la vente incite au niveau individuel à l'adoption de mesures de lutte contre la détérioration des sols. En revanche, au Japon, l'existence d'une organisation collective forte favorise la concertation entre professionnels et la mise en place de mesures générales, sans emprunter la voie réglementaire.

Différentes techniques sont envisagées pour remédier à ce problème : déplacement des installations, jachère, labour des sols, diminution de la densité d'élevage. L'amélioration de rentabilité obtenue par la pratique de ces techniques implique aussi une augmentation du temps de travail.
Les conflits d'usage sur le littoral camarguais : protection de la nature et pratiques sociales
Authors: Picon Bernard
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

L'exemple de la basse Camargue littorale montre que lorsqu'on limite les conditions d'accès à un espace au nom de la protection de la nature, on assiste à une augmentation du niveau socio-culturel des gens qui le fréquentent.

Ceux-ci viennent généralement des grands centres urbains. La satisfaction de leurs pratiques de la nature se fait au détriment des pratiques populaires locales. Ceci pose le problème du rôle social des scientifiques et de l'hégémonie culturelle des couches moyennes urbanisées dans l'organisation de l'espace.
L'approche systémique comme méthode d'étude des sociétés littorales et de leurs milieux. Applications à la Basse-Normandie
Authors: Clary Daniel
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

The systemic analysis, first applied by soviet geographers to natural environment studies, has been spread by the « Toulouse School ». They prove its interest in monographic studies, humanized spaces. The littoral is available to systemic analysis because it is possible to apprehend in one inclusive step natural elements and human activities. We have experimented this step about Baie des Veys and Dives marshes. We are working and interrogating about the west Cotentin coast, geosystem in the half of the XlXth century, burst by the pression of exterior flows, and now element of different systems. The systemic analysis gives more interest to milieu studies, reveals the past working of structures which have modeled the landscape ; it is useful for the planner, showing the complex interrelations (impact studies) between the facts.
Le sentier du littoral à la pointe de la Bretagne
Authors: Couix Gilles
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ

La mise en œuvre de la servitude de passage des piétons sur le littoral a pour but d'ouvrir ou de rétablir l'accès du public au rivage. Si elle est contraignante pour les propriétés riveraines du Domaine Public Maritime, cette servitude permet la création d'itinéraires de promenades en bordure de mer. Dans le département du Finistère, caractérisé par l'ampleur (795 km) et la diversité de sa façade maritime, les communes travaillent en collaboration avec les services de l'Équipement pour mettre en place des chemins piétonniers qui reprennent souvent le tracé du fameux sentier douanier. C'est un nouvel équipement touristique qui doit s'insérer le mieux possible dans une politique d'aménagement et de protection de la frange littorale.