bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin II Stimulates Basolateral 10-pS Cl Channels in the Thick Ascending Limb
Authors: Wu Peng , Wang Mingxiao , Luan Haiyan , Li Lili , Wang Lijun , Wang Wen-Hui , Gu Ruimin
Published: April 2013

Chloride channels in the basolateral membrane play a key role in Cl absorption in the thick ascending limb (TAL). The patch-clamp experiments were performed to test whether angiotensin II (AngII) increases Cl absorption in the TAL by stimulating the basolateral 10-pS Cl channels. AngII (1–100 nmol/L) stimulated the 10-pS Cl channel in the TAL, an effect that was blocked by losartan (angiotension AT1 receptor [AT
1
R] antagonist) but not by PD123319 (angiotension AT2 receptor [AT
2
R] antagonist). Inhibition of phospholipase C or protein kinase C also abolished the stimulatory effect of AngII on Cl channels. Moreover, stimulation of protein kinase C with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate mimicked the effect of AngII and increased Cl channel activity. However, the stimulatory effect of AngII on Cl channels was absent in the TAL pretreated with diphenyleneiodonium sulfate, an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Moreover, treatment of the TAL with diphenyleneiodonium sulfate also blocked the effect of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate on the 10-pS Cl channel. Western blotting demonstrated that incubation of isolated TAL with AngII increased phosphorylation of p47
phox
at Ser
304
, suggesting that AngII stimulates the basolateral Cl channels by increasing NADPH oxidase–dependent superoxide generation. This notion was also supported by the observation that H
2
O
2
significantly increased 10-pS Cl channel activity in the TAL. We conclude that stimulation of AT
1
R increased the basolateral Cl channels by activating the protein kinase C–dependent NADPH oxidase pathway. The stimulatory effect of AngII on the basolateral Cl channel may contribute to AngII-induced increases in NaCl reabsorption in the TAL and AngII-infuse–induced hypertension.
Primulina mabaensis (Gesneriaceae), a new species from a limestone cave of northern Guangdong, China
Authors: CHUNG KUO-FANG , HUANG HAN-YAU , PENG CHING-I , XU WEI-BIN
Published: April 2013

We describe and illustrate the new species Primulina mabaensis from northern Guangdong, China. Its generic placement in the recently recircumscribed Primulina is confirmed by phylogenetic analyses of ITS and trnL-F intron-spacer DNA sequences. Primulina mabaensis is similar to P. repanda var. guilinensis, differing from the latter by its much larger flowers with corollas 2.5–3.0 cm (vs. 8–10 mm) long and corolla tubes 2.0–2.5 cm (vs. 6–8 mm) long and ca. 7 mm (vs. ca. 3 mm) in diameter at the corolla mouth. Primulina mabaensis is currently only known from limestone caves and rock surfaces of a karst tower in the Maba Man Archeology Site.
Eviota nigramembrana, a new dwarfgoby from the Western Pacific (Teleostei: Gobiidae)
Authors: GREENFIELD DAVID W. , SUZUKI TOSHIYUKI
Published: April 2013

Eviota nigramembrana is described from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan and also recorded from the Philippine Islands. It be-longs to the cephalic sensory-pore system pattern group I (complete), has a dorsal/anal fin-ray formula of 8/8, 5th pelvic-fin ray absent, some lower pectoral-fin rays branched, five dark internal bands between anal-fin origin and caudal fin, no distinct marking on pectoral-fin base, dark internal rectangular mark above midline of ural centrum, a light spinous dorsal fin, and black pigment on the opercular membrane.
The leucosiid crabs described by Thomas Bell in 1855: original description and dates of publication (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)
Authors: LEE B. Y. , LOW MARTYN E.Y.
Published: April 2013

Thomas Bell proposed 37 species- and 5 genus-group names for the Leucosiidae in four publications that appeared in 1855. The version appearing in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London is the earliest of these publications and the first available description of these taxa.
African, Asian, Latina/o, and European Americans’ Responses to Popular Measures of Sexist Beliefs
Authors: Hayes Eden-Reneé , Swim Janet K.
Published: April 2013

The validity and internal reliability for scores on four popular measures of sexist beliefs (the Modern Sexism scale, the Attitudes Toward Women scale, and the Benevolent and Hostile Sexism subscales of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory; collected from 1994 to 1999 with college students) were tested across four U.S. ethnic groups: 174 African American, 357 Asian American, 147 Latina/o American, and 5,629 European American participants. With some caveats, results from internal reliability, correlations among the measures, and mean endorsement indicated that these measures are suitable across the four ethnic groups examined. Caveats are that the Modern Sexism scale may not be a subtle measure of sexist beliefs in African American populations, and the Benevolent Sexism scale may not be adequate for Latina/o and African American participants. Ethnic group differences emerged in mean responses to these two measures. Taken together, these findings aid researchers in the more efficient and accurate usage of these popular measures of sexist beliefs, particularly with African American, Asian American, and Latina/o American respondents.
Serum Folate and B12 Levels in Association With Cognitive Impairment Among Seniors
Authors: Michelakos Theodoros , Kousoulis Antonis A. , Katsiardanis Konstantinos , Dessypris Nick , Anastasiou Anastasia , Katsiardani Kalliopi-Penelopi , Kanavidis Prodromos , Stefanadis Christodoulos , Papadopoulos Fotios C. , Petridou Eleni Th.
Published: April 2013

Objective: To summarize existing evidence on the effect of serum folate and vitamin B12 levels on cognitive impairment among elders via a meta-analysis, also including unpublished data from a cross-sectional study of seniors ( > 65 years) residing in Velestino, Greece. Method: Serum measurements and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) assessments were available for 593 Velestinians. In addition, 12 studies availing data on folate blood levels ( N = 9,747) and 9 on B12 ( N = 8,122) were identified following a search algorithm; pooled effect estimates were derived. Results: Cognitive impairment (MMSE < 24) among Velestenians was associated with lower education level in both genders; decreased social activity, depressive symptoms and low folate levels in males; older age in females. Meta-analyses showed an adverse effect of low-folate levels on cognition (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.40-1.96); B12 was nonsignificantly associated (OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.88-1.40). Discussion: Low folate levels are associated with cognitive impairment of seniors; underlying pathophysiological mechanisms should be further explored.
Direct laser deposition with different types of 316L steel particle: A comparative study of final part properties
Authors: Mahmood Khalid , Pinkerton Andrew J
Published: April 2013

This article investigates the role that particle size and morphology have in determining the final characteristics of a part produced by direct laser deposition. 316L stainless steel in the form of traditional gas-atomised powder and metal shavings in two size ranges were deposited into multiple-layer thin-walled parts at different process parameters. The walls were characterised, considering properties such as geometry, microstructure, composition, physical and corrosive properties and results matched to the type of build material. Results showed that using particles of >150 µm, equivalent spherical diameter offered few functional advantages, leading to a process with lower deposition efficiency and part with lower mechanical properties. Using machined shavings increases deposition efficiency and can reduce gas porosity compared with powder in the same size range, but also results in higher surface oxidation, thought to be due to higher oxidation on the original shavings. This is a barrier for some applications, but the deposition of machined shavings offers significant economic advantages.
Refocusing studies of post-communist trade unions
Authors: Varga Mihai
Published: April 2013

This article argues that we know little about whether and how post-communist trade unions mastered the massive task of turning from organizations of communist control over the workplace into representation mechanisms for workers. An initial way to deal with these issues is to re-conceptualize our explanandum from trade union strength to worker interest representation. I use a study of nine factory-level trade unions in the Romanian and Ukrainian metal sectors to explore the merits and the limitations of an approach based on the study of worker interest representation.
Masculinization in Parents of Offspring With Autism Spectrum Disorders Could Be Involved in Comorbid ADHD Symptoms
Authors: Romero-Martínez Ángel , Polderman Tinca J.C. , González-Bono Esperanza , Moya-Albiol Luis
Published: April 2013

Objective: People with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often have comorbid ADHD symptoms. ASD and ADHD are both associated with high intrauterine testosterone (T) levels. This study aims to investigate whether masculinization predicts inattention symptoms in parents, and in their ASD-affected offspring. Method: The sample consisted of 32 parents with ASD-affected children (13 male, 19 female) and 32 offspring individuals (28 male, 4 female). Masculinization of parents was measured by 2D:4D finger ratio, and current T levels. Inattention in both parents and in their offspring was measured with behavior questionnaires. Results: The results indicated that masculinized 2D:4D explains inattentive ADHD symptoms in ASD parents and in their offspring. These predictions are mediated by T and inattention symptoms of ASD parents, respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggest the existence of a masculinized endophenotype in ASD parents, which may be characterized by high attentional sensitivity to T effects.
Assessing Attention Deficit by Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Amador-Campos Juan Antonio , Aznar-Casanova J. Antonio , Ortiz-Guerra Juan Jairo , Moreno-Sánchez Manuel , Medina-Peña Antonio
Published: April 2013

Objective: To determine whether the frequency and duration of the periods of suppression of a percept in a binocular rivalry (BR) task can be used to distinguish between participants with ADHD and controls. Method: A total of 122 participants (6-15 years) were assigned to three groups: ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C), ADHD-Predominantly Inattentive (ADHD-I), and controls. They each performed a BR task and two measures were recorded: alternation rate and duration of exclusive dominance periods. Results: ADHD-C group presented fewer alternations and showed greater variability than did the control group; results for the ADHD-I group being intermediate between the two. The duration of dominance periods showed a differential profile: In control group, it remained stable over time, whereas in the clinical groups, it decreased logarithmically as the task progressed. Conclusion: The differences between groups in relation to the BR indicators can be attributed to the activity of involuntary inhibition.
Assessing and Improving Early Social Engagement in Infants
Authors: Koegel Lynn Kern , Singh Anjileen K. , Koegel Robert L. , Hollingsworth Jessica R. , Bradshaw Jessica
Published: April 2013

Empirical studies have documented a variety of social abnormalities in infancy that indicate risk for later social and behavioral difficulties. There is very little research illustrating the presence of such behavioral vulnerabilities with frequent repeated measures, and the feasibility of designing interventions for improving social engagement in infants less than 1 year of age. In the context of a multiple baseline research design, three young infants, ages 4, 7, and 9 months, referred for concerns about social engagement were assessed for affect, social interest, eye contact avoidance, and response to name. In addition, the feasibility of implementing an intervention to target social behaviors was examined. Results demonstrated that (a) consistently low or erratic levels of social behavior were evident throughout the baseline assessment period, (b) these patterns could be improved with a brief intervention (a modified Pivotal Response Treatment) showing an immediate increase and stability of social engagement, and (c) social engagement remained at a stable and high level at follow-up. The results are discussed in terms of implications of early assessment and intervention for clinical populations, including infants with autism spectrum disorder.
Platelet factor 4 mediates vascular smooth muscle cell injury responses
Authors: Shi Guanfang , Field David J. , Long Xiaochun , Mickelsen Deanne , Ko Kyung-ae , Ture Sara , Korshunov Vyacheslav A. , Miano Joseph M. , Morrell Craig N.
Published: April 2013

Key Points

PF4 mediates VSMC injury responses. PF4-driven effects are, in part, KLF4 dependent.
TP53p.R337H is a conditional cancer-predisposing mutation: further evidence from a homozygous patient
Authors: Giacomazzi Juliana , Selistre Simone , Duarte Juliana , Ribeiro Jorge Pinto , Vieira Paulo JC , de Souza Macedo Gabriel , Rossi Cristina , Czepielewski Mauro , Netto Cristina Brinkmann Oliveira , Hainaut Pierre , Ashton-Prolla Patricia
Published: April 2013

Background

Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) are among the most common childhood cancers occurring in infants affected with the Li-Fraumeni and Li- Fraumeni-like (LFS/LFL) syndromes, which are caused by dominant germline mutations in the TP53 gene. In Brazil, a particular mutation, occurring in the tetramerisation domain of the gene, p.R337H, is exceedingly common due to a founder effect and is strongly associated with ACC. In this report, we describe the phenotype and long-term clinical follow-up of a female child diagnosed with ACC and homozygous for the TP53 p.R337H founder mutation.

Case presentation

At age 11 months, the patient was diagnosed with a virilising anaplastic adrenal cortical tumour, which was completely excised without disturbing the adrenal capsule. Family history was consistent with an LFL tumour pattern, and genotyping identified the TP53 p.R337H mutation in both alleles in genomic DNA from lymphocytes and fibroblasts. Haplotype analysis confirmed the occurrence of the mutation in the same founder haplotype previously described in other Brazilian patients. No other germline or somatic TP53 mutations or rearrangements were identified. At age 9 years, the child was asymptomatic and had no evidence of endocrine derangements. Full body and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) failed to detect any suspicious proliferative lesions, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing results were within the normal reference for the child’s age, ruling out a major exercise capacity deficiency.

Conclusion

This is the first clinical and aerobic functional capacity documentation of a patient who carries two mutant TP53 alleles and no wild-type allele. Our results support the hypothesis that TP53 p.R337H, the most common TP53 mutation ever described in any population, is a conditional mutant. Furthermore, our observations over a long period of clinical follow-up suggest that TP53 p.R337H homozygotes do not have a more severe disease phenotype than do heterozygote carriers of the same mutation. Patients with the homozygous TP53 p.R337H genotype will require careful surveillance for lifetime cancer risk and for effects on metabolic capacity later in life.
Analysis of trabecular distribution of the proximal femur in patients with fragility fractures
Authors: Lu Yaogang , Wang Lei , Hao Yongqiang , Wang Ziping , Wang Minghui , Ge Shengfang
Published: April 2013

Background

Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) was used in order to assess the trabecular distribution of proximal femur and its relationship with hip fragility fractures.

Methods

A total of 99 elderly women were scanned by MDCT including: 27 trochanteric hip fractures (group A), 40 femoral neck fractures (group B), and 32 non-fractures (group C). A mid-coronal MPR image of the proximal femur was reconstructed for every patient by e-Film95 software. Four regions of interest (ROI) were chosen in the images including compressive trabecula (ComT), tensile trabecula (TenT), trochanteric trabecula (TroT) and Ward's triangle (WT) region. The mean CT values were measured by the software.

Results

The mean age was 81.44, 74.10 and 69.25 years for groups A, B and C, respectively. There was significant inter-group differences based on one-way ANOVA (P<0.05). The CT values in the four ROIs had significant differences in the groups except for TenT between group A and B (P>0.05). After the age adjustment with ANCOVA, the mean CT values of TroT and WT were significantly lower in group A as compared to that of the group B (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences for ComT and TenT between groups A and B (P>0.05).

Conclusions

The occurrence of femoral neck fracture was closely related to the degeneration of ComT and TenT. Trochanteric hip fractures were associated with a more severe degeneration in TroT as well as an enlargement of WT region besides the ComT and TenT degeneration. We concluded that the hip fragility fractures might be predicted by the measurement of the mean CT values in ComT, TenT, TroT and WT region.
Diabetes abrogates sex differences and aggravates cardiometabolic risk in postmenopausal women
Authors: Mascarenhas-Melo Filipa , Marado Daniela , Palavra Filipe , Sereno José , Coelho Álvaro , Pinto Rui , Teixeira-Lemos Edite , Teixeira Frederico , Reis Flávio
Published: April 2013

Background

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of gender and menopause in cardiometabolic risk in a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) population, based on classical and non-traditional markers.

Methods

Seventy four volunteers and 110 T2DM patients were enrolled in the study. Anthropometric data, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and the following serum markers were analyzed: glucose, Total-c, TGs, LDL-c, Oxidized-LDL, total HDL-c and large and small HDL-c subpopulations, paraoxonase 1 activity, hsCRP, uric acid, TNF-α, adiponectin and VEGF.

Results

Non-diabetic women, compared to men, presented lower glycemia, WC, small HDL-c, uric acid, TNF-α and increased large HDL-c. Diabetes abrogates the protective effect of female gender, since diabetic women showed increased BMI, WC, small HDL-c, VEGF, uric acid, TNF-α and hsCRP, as well as reduced adiponectin, when compared with non-diabetic. In diabetic females, but not in males, WC is directly and significantly associated with TNF-α, VEGF, hsCRP and uric acid; TNF-α is directly associated with VEGF and hsCRP, and inversely with adiponectin. Postmenopausal females presented a worsen cardiometabolic profile, viewed by the increased WC, small HDL-c, VEGF, uric acid, TNF-α and hsCRP. In this population, WC is directly and significantly associated with TNF-α, VEGF, hsCRP; TNF-α is directly associated with VEGF; and uric acid is inversely associated with large HDL-c and hsCRP with adiponectin, also inversely.

Conclusions

Diabetes abrogates the protective effect of gender on non-diabetic women, and postmenopausal diabetic females presented worsen cardiometabolic risk, including a more atherogenic lipid sketch and a pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic profile. The classical cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) fail to completely explain these differences, which are better clarified using “non-traditional” factors, such as HDL-c subpopulations, rather than total HDL-c content, and markers of inflammation and angiogenesis, namely TNF-α, hsCRP, uric acid and VEGF. Multi-therapeutic intervention, directed to obesity, atherogenic lipid particles and inflammatory mediators is advisory in order to efficiently prevent the serious diabetic cardiovascular complications.
Effects of imiglucerase on the growth and metabolism of Gaucher disease type I patients: a systematic review
Authors: Doneda Divair , Netto Cristina B , Moulin Cileide C , Schwartz Ida Vanessa D
Published: April 2013

Background

Gaucher disease (GD) type I is the most common type of GD. Its main clinical manifestations are hepatosplenomegaly as well as bone and hematological abnormalities. The objective of the present study was to perform a literature review on the growth and metabolism of GD type I patients.

Methods

We searched Pubmed and Scielo.br databases with predetermined study limits: case series (n≥5), clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with alglucerase or imiglucerase. The outcomes of interest were the following: growth and development, weight, height, malnutrition, overweight, obesity, basal metabolism, hypermetabolism, insulin resistance, and diabetes. A total of 175 articles were found, of which 28 met the inclusion criteria; these articles were grouped into three central themes: 1) growth of children and adolescents before and after ERT; 2) metabolic changes that remained during ERT; and 3) changes in metabolic status resulting from the treatment.

Results and discussion

The articles included in the present literature review are very heterogeneous, which hinders the analysis of data. They indicated that GD patients usually show low weight and height before ERT, which are improved with treatment in children and adolescents. Studies evaluating the energy metabolism by indirect calorimetry have indicated that the disease is associated with hypermetabolism. In adults, some changes in energy metabolism remain on ERT, and alterations, such as insulin resistance, seem to be associated with the treatment. It is not clear which are the required doses of imiglucerase for obtaining an adequate cost-effective relation, as well as the advisable therapeutic measures to avoid possible long-term adverse effects related to ERT.

Conclusions

ERT tends to normalise the growth of children and adolescents with GD type I, it seems to cause a partial response in relation to some metabolic changes associated with the disease, and it can causes metabolic changes such as weight gain in adult patients. Therefore, additional research is necessary.
The Greek version of the MacArthur competence assessment tool for treatment: reliability and validity. Evaluation of capacity for treatment decisions in Greek psychiatric patients
Authors: Bilanakis Nikolaos , Vratsista Aikaterini , Kalampokis Georgios , Papamichael Georgios , Peritogiannis Vaios
Published: April 2013

Background

Patients’ informed consent prior to treatment initiation is an essential component of contemporary clinical practice, but sometimes, patients lack decision-making capacity for treatment. Such capacity can be reliably assessed with standardized tools used, and the MacArthur competence assessment tool for treatment (MacCAT-T) is one of the most widely used instruments.

Methods

The objective of this study was to translate the MacCAT-T into Greek and evaluate the Greek version’s reliability and validity in psychiatric patients. Thirty-nine psychiatric inpatients were examined with the MacCAT-T, and results showed an excellent inter-rater reliability.

Results

Intraclass correlations ranged from 0.93 to 1 for the individual items of the tool. Severity of psychopathology was negatively correlated with reasoning, appreciation, and expressing a choice (Pearson’sr0.36, 0.539, and 0.338, respectively), but there were no associations with demographic characteristics of the patients. Of the five factors derived from the brief psychiatric rating scale, anergia was significantly correlated with appreciation, reasoning, and expressing a choice (Pearson’sr0.46, 0.45, and 0.37, respectively).

Conclusions

The Greek version of the MacCAT-T is a reliable and valid instrument that can provide a standardized measure for assessing treatment decision capacity in Greek psychiatric patients and can be used for evaluation in the clinical practice.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy with a focal boost to the MRI-visible tumor as monotherapy for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer: early results
Authors: Aluwini Shafak , van Rooij Peter , Hoogeman Mischa , Kirkels Wim , Kolkman-Deurloo Inger-Karine , Bangma Chris
Published: April 2013

Background

There is growing evidence that prostate cancer (PC) cells are more sensitive to high fraction dose in hypofractionation schemes. High-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy as monotherapy is established to be a good treatment option for PC using extremely hypofractionated schemes. This hypofractionation can also be achieved with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). We report results on toxicity, PSA response, and quality of life (QOL) in patients treated with SBRT for favorable-risk PC.

Methods

Over the last 4 years, 50 hormone-naïve patients with low- and intermediate-risk PC were treated with SBRT to a total dose of 38 Gy delivered in four daily fractions of 9.5 Gy. An integrated boost to 11 Gy per fraction was applied to the dominant lesion if visible on MRI. Toxicity and QoL was assessed prospectively using validated questionnaires.

Results

Median follow-up was 23 months. The 2-year actuarial biochemical control rate was 100%. Median PSA nadir was 0.6 ng/ml. Median International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) was 9/35 before treatment, with a median increase of 4 at 3 months and remaining stable at 13/35 thereafter. The EORTC/RTOG toxicity scales showed grade 2 and 3 gastrointestinal (GI) acute toxicity in 12% and 2%, respectively. The late grade 2 GI toxicity was 3% during 24 months FU. Genitourinary (GU) grade 2, 3 toxicity was seen in 15%, 8%, in the acute phase and 10%, 6% at 24 months, respectively. The urinary, bowel and sexual domains of the EORTC-PR25 scales recovered over time, showing no significant changes at 24 months post-treatment.

Conclusions

SBRT to 38 Gy in 4 daily fractions for low- and intermediate-risk PC patients is feasible with low acute and late genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity. Longer follow-up preferably within randomized studies, is required to compare these results with standard fractionation schemes.
Observational study of the effects of age, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis and chronic kidney disease on sublingual microvascular flow
Authors: Reynolds Toby , Vivian-Smith Amanda , Jhanji Shaman , Pearse Rupert M
Published: April 2013

Background

Sidestream dark field (SDF) imaging has been used to demonstrate microcirculatory abnormalities in a variety of critical illnesses. The microcirculation is also affected by advancing age and chronic comorbidities. However, the effect of these conditions on SDF microcirculatory parameters has not been well described.

Methods

SDF images were obtained from five groups of 20 participants: healthy volunteers under the age of 25, healthy volunteers over the age of 55, and clinic patients over the age of 55 with one of diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis and stage 5 chronic kidney disease. Microcirculatory parameters between the groups were then compared for significance using analysis of variance for parametric and the Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric data.

Results

Median microvascular flow index was 2.85 (interquartile range 2.75 to 3.0) for participants aged <25, 2.81 (2.66 to 2.97) for those aged >55, 2.88 (2.75 to 3.0) for those with diabetes mellitus, 3.0 (2.83 to 3.0) for those with cirrhosis and 3.0 (2.78 to 3.0) for those with chronic kidney disease (P for difference between groups = 0.14). Similarly, there were no significant differences in the proportion of perfused vessels and perfused vessel density between the groups.

Conclusions

Older age, diabetes, and chronic kidney and liver disease need not be considered confounding factors for comparison of SDF microcirculatory parameters in the critically ill.
Automated extraction of fracture network from 3D poststack seismic data for fracture and fault characterization and modeling
Authors: Thachaparambil Manoj Vallikkat , Wu Renchu , Wang Dong , Xu Ping , Zeng Rui , Zhu Zhigao
Published: April 2013

This article describes a new, efficient, and effective method for natural fracture interpretation with exploration and reservoir applications. The method automatically extracts, controls the quality of, and characterizes seismic-scale fracture networks, including fracture corridors and faults. The extracted 3D fracture networks are the basis of an innovative workflow for modeling subseismic fracture networks. Extracted and modeled 3D fracture networks can be analyzed as planes, sets, and even as 3D networks to aid the interpretation of naturally fractured reservoirs. In addition to conventional fracture-plane characteristics (orientation, distribution, density, etc.), the extracted networks can provide additional properties (fracture length, fracture plane area, aspect ratio, intersection type, intersection length, intersection vector, etc.) to improve the description of the fracture network.
An image-based effective-medium modeling of near-surface anomalies
Authors: Yilmaz Oz
Published: April 2013

Near-surface modeling for statics corrections is an integral part of a land seismic data processing workflow. The methods for near-surface modeling can be categorized into five groups: (1) uphole surveys, (2) shallow seismic surveys, (3) traveltime inversion, (4) waveform inversion, and (5) joint inversion of seismic and nonseismic data. The first two are past methods, the third, usually referred to as traveltime tomography, is at present the most widely accepted method, and the last two methods are future methods with several practical aspects yet to be resolved.
Comparison of surface and shipborne gravity data with satellite-altimeter gravity data in Hudson Bay
Authors: Keating Pierre , Pinet Nicolas
Published: April 2013

Several free satellite-altimetry models in the public domain may be used to study the Earth's gravity field. In this study, we compare the Bouguer anomaly map of the Hudson Bay region calculated from the satellite-derived V18 model of D. Sandwell (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) and W. Smith (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) with one compiled from measurements (GSC data set) made on the ice shelf and by ship. Noise exists in both data sets and takes the form of linear anomalies along ship tracks on the GSC map and of random high-frequency anomalies on the map derived from satellite altimetry. Spectral analysis of both maps indicates a good correspondence for anomalies wider than 15 km. In central Hudson Bay, the mean difference between the two maps is −1.6 mGal indicating only a small offset between the two data sets. Standard deviation of the difference is 2.35 mGal. The correspondence between anomaly shapes on profiles indicates that satellite-derived gravimetry is certainly good enough for regional studies. Our analysis confirms the usefulness of satellite-derived gravity in areas with incomplete gravity coverage such as the Hudson Strait and Foxe Basin north of Hudson Bay.
HL and DL libraries provide SEG members a front-row seat
Authors: Posey Chris
Published: April 2013

It is no secret that SEG's Honorary and Distinguished Lecturers impart volumes of key geophysical knowledge each year to audiences around the world. This impartation occurs by design, and the fruits thereof may be considered to be highly relevant and reliable in that each program shares four key goals that dictate the selection of every single lecturer: (1) Recognize an individual's contributions to advancing the science and technology of geophysics. (2) Disseminate discipline knowledge via speaking tours at SEG Sections. (3) Foster a sense of community among geophysicists by providing opportunities for local meetings and exchange of ideas. (4) Encourage students by providing the opportunity to discuss scientific and career issues with a leading expert.
Reviews
Authors: Avakian Bob , Green William R.
Published: April 2013

A Petroleum Geologist's Guide to Seismic Reflection, by W. Ashcroft, ISBN 13: 978-1-4443-3263-6, Wiley Blackwell, 2011, 176 pp., US $149.95 (hardcover), $84.95 (paperback), e-book available. Here on Earth: A natural history of the planet, by T. Flannery, ISBN 978-80211-9766, Atlantic Monthly Press, 2011, 288 pp., US $25 (hardcover), e-book available.
Phase III, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Docetaxel in Combination With Zibotentan in Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Fizazi Karim , Higano Celestia S. , Nelson Joel B. , Gleave Martin , Miller Kurt , Morris Thomas , Nathan Faith E. , McIntosh Stuart , Pemberton Kristine , Moul Judd W.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

As part of the ENTHUSE (Endothelin A Use) program, the efficacy and safety of zibotentan (ZD4054), an oral specific endothelin A receptor antagonist, has been investigated in combination with docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).

Patients and Methods

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study, patients received intravenous docetaxel 75 mg/m2 on day 1 of 21-day cycles plus oral zibotentan 10 mg or placebo once daily. The primary end point was overall survival (OS). Secondary end points included time to pain and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression, pain and PSA response, progression-free survival, health-related quality of life, and safety.

Results

A total of 1,052 patients received study treatment (docetaxel-zibotentan, n = 524; docetaxel-placebo, n = 528). At the time of data cutoff, there had been 277 and 280 deaths, respectively. There was no difference in OS for patients receiving docetaxel-zibotentan compared with those receiving docetaxel-placebo (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.18; P = .963). No significant differences were observed on secondary end points, including time to pain progression (median 9.3 v 10.0 months, respectively) or pain response (odds ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.61 to 1.16; P = .283). The median time to death was 20.0 and 19.2 months for the zibotentan and placebo groups, respectively. The most commonly reported adverse events in zibotentan-treated patients were peripheral edema (52.7%), diarrhea (35.4%), alopecia (33.9%), and nausea (33.3%).

Conclusion

Docetaxel plus zibotentan 10 mg/d did not result in a significant improvement in OS compared with docetaxel plus placebo in patients with metastatic CRPC.
Phase II Trial of the CDK4 Inhibitor PD0332991 in Patients With AdvancedCDK4-Amplified Well-Differentiated or Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma
Authors: Dickson Mark A. , Tap William D. , Keohan Mary Louise , D'Angelo Sandra P. , Gounder Mrinal M. , Antonescu Cristina R. , Landa Jonathan , Qin Li-Xuan , Rathbone Dustin D. , Condy Mercedes M. , Ustoyev Yelena , Crago Aimee M. , Singer Samuel , Schwartz Gary K.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

CDK4 is amplified in > 90% of well-differentiated (WDLS) and dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLS). The selective cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)/CDK6 inhibitor PD0332991 inhibits growth and induces senescence in cell lines and xenografts. In a phase I trial of PD0332991, several patients with WDLS or DDLS experienced prolonged stable disease. We performed an open-label phase II study to determine the safety and efficacy of PD0332991 in patients with advanced WDLS/DDLS.

Patients and Methods

Patients age ≥ 18 years experiencing disease progression while receiving systemic therapy before enrollment received PD0332991 200 mg orally once per day for 14 consecutive days in 21-day cycles. All were required to have CDK4 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization and retinoblastoma protein (RB) expression by immunohistochemistry (≥ 1+). The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) at 12 weeks, with 12-week PFS of ≥ 40% considered promising and ≤ 20% not promising. If ≥ nine of 28 patients were progression free at 12 weeks, PD0332991 would be considered active.

Results

We screened 48 patients (44 of 48 had CDK4 amplification; 41 of 44 were RB positive). Of those, 30 were enrolled, and 29 were evaluable for the primary end point. Grade 3 to 4 events included anemia (17%), thrombocytopenia (30%), neutropenia (50%), and febrile neutropenia (3%). At 12 weeks, PFS was 66% (90% CI, 51% to 100%), significantly exceeding the primary end point. The median PFS was 18 weeks. There was one partial response.

Conclusion

Treatment with the CDK4 inhibitor PD0332991 was associated with a favorable progression-free rate in patients with CDK4-amplified and RB-expressing WDLS/DDLS who had progressive disease despite systemic therapy.
Intensive Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Primary CNS Lymphoma: CALGB 50202 (Alliance 50202)
Authors: Rubenstein James L. , Hsi Eric D. , Johnson Jeffrey L. , Jung Sin-Ho , Nakashima Megan O. , Grant Barbara , Cheson Bruce D. , Kaplan Lawrence D.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Concerns regarding neurocognitive toxicity of whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) have motivated development of alternative, dose-intensive chemotherapeutic strategies as consolidation in primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL). We performed a multicenter study of high-dose consolidation, without WBRT, in PCNSL. Objectives were to determine: one, rate of complete response (CR) after remission induction therapy with methotrexate, temozolomide, and rituximab (MT-R); two, feasibility of a two-step approach using high-dose consolidation with etoposide plus cytarabine (EA); three, progression-free survival (PFS); and four, correlation between clinical and molecular prognostic factors and outcome.

Patients and Methods

Forty-four patients with newly diagnosed PCNSL were treated with induction MT-R, and patients who achieved CR received EA consolidation. We performed a prospective analysis of molecular prognostic biomarkers in PCNSL in the setting of a clinical trial.

Results

The rate of CR to MT-R was 66%. The overall 2-year PFS was 0.57, with median follow-up of 4.9 years. The 2-year time to progression was 0.59, and for patients who completed consolidation, it was 0.77. Patients age > 60 years did as well as younger patients, and the most significant clinical prognostic variable was treatment delay. High BCL6 expression correlated with shorter survival.

Conclusion

CALGB 50202 demonstrates for the first time to our knowledge that dose-intensive consolidation for PCNSL is feasible in the multicenter setting and yields rates of PFS and OS at least comparable to those of regimens involving WBRT. On the basis of these encouraging results, an intergroup study has been activated comparing EA consolidation with myeloablative chemotherapy in this randomized trial in PCNSL, in which neither arm involves WBRT.
Dual regulation of ETTIN (ARF3) gene expression by AS1-AS2, which maintains the DNA methylation level, is involved in stabilization of leaf adaxial-abaxial partitioning in Arabidopsis
Authors: Iwasaki Mayumi , Takahashi Hiro , Iwakawa Hidekazu , Nakagawa Ayami , Ishikawa Takaaki , Tanaka Hirokazu , Matsumura Yoko , Pekker Irena , Eshed Yuval , Vial-Pradel Simon , Ito Toshiro , Watanabe Yuichiro , Ueno Yoshihisa , Fukazawa Hiroshi , Kojima Shoko , Machida Yasunori , Machida Chiyoko
Published: April 2013

Leaf primordia are generated at the periphery of the shoot apex, developing into flat symmetric organs with adaxial-abaxial polarity, in which the indeterminate state is repressed. Despite the crucial role of the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1)-AS2 nuclear-protein complex in leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity specification, information on mechanisms controlling their downstream genes has remained elusive. We systematically analyzed transcripts by microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and performed genetic rescue of as1 and as2 phenotypic abnormalities, which identified a new target gene, ETTIN (ETT)/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ARF3), which encodes an abaxial factor acting downstream of the AS1-AS2 complex. While the AS1-AS2 complex represses ETT by direct binding of AS1 to the ETT promoter, it also indirectly activates miR390- and RDR6-dependent post-transcriptional gene silencing to negatively regulate both ETT and ARF4 activities. Furthermore, AS1-AS2 maintains the status of DNA methylation in the ETT coding region. In agreement, filamentous leaves formed in as1 and as2 plants treated with a DNA methylation inhibitor were rescued by loss of ETT and ARF4 activities. We suggest that negative transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of the ARFs by AS1-AS2 is important for stabilizing early leaf partitioning into abaxial and adaxial domains.
The p21-activated kinase Mbt is a component of the apical protein complex in central brain neuroblasts and controls cell proliferation
Authors: Melzer Juliane , Kraft Karoline F. , Urbach Rolf , Raabe Thomas
Published: April 2013

The final size of the central nervous system is determined by precisely controlled generation, proliferation and death of neural stem cells. We show here that the Drosophila PAK protein Mushroom bodies tiny (Mbt) is expressed in central brain progenitor cells (neuroblasts) and becomes enriched to the apical cortex of neuroblasts in a cell cycle- and Cdc42-dependent manner. Using mushroom body neuroblasts as a model system, we demonstrate that in the absence of Mbt function, neuroblasts and their progeny are correctly specified and are able to generate different neuron subclasses as in the wild type, but are impaired in their proliferation activity throughout development. In general, loss of Mbt function does not interfere with establishment or maintenance of cell polarity, orientation of the mitotic spindle and organization of the actin or tubulin cytoskeleton in central brain neuroblasts. However, we show that mbt mutant neuroblasts are significantly reduced in cell size during different stages of development, which is most pronounced for mushroom body neuroblasts. This phenotype correlates with reduced mitotic activity throughout development. Additionally, postembryonic neuroblasts are lost prematurely owing to apoptosis. Yet, preventing apoptosis did not rescue the loss of neurons seen in the adult mushroom body of mbt mutants. From these results, we conclude that Mbt is part of a regulatory network that is required for neuroblast growth and thereby allows proper proliferation of neuroblasts throughout development.
Intrinsic vs. Image-Related Utility in Social Media: Why Do People Contribute Content to Twitter?
Authors: Toubia Olivier , Stephen Andrew T.
Published: April 2013

We empirically study the motivations of users to contribute content to social media in the context of the popular microblogging site Twitter. We focus on noncommercial users who do not benefit financially from their contributions. Previous literature suggests that there are two main types of utility that motivate these users to post content: intrinsic utility and image-related utility. We leverage the fact that these two types of utility give rise to different predictions as to whether users should increase their contributions when their number of followers increases. To address the issue that the number of followers is endogenous, we conducted a field experiment in which we exogenously added followers (or follow requests, in the case of protected accounts) to a set of users over a period of time and compared their posting activities to those of a control group. We estimated each treated user's utility function using a dynamic discrete choice model. Although our results are consistent with both types of utility being at play, our model suggests that image-related utility is larger for most users. We discuss the implications of our findings for the evolution of Twitter and the type of value firms may derive from such platforms in the future.
Tracheostomy for Infants Requiring Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation: 10 Years’ Experience
Authors: Overman Alison E. , Liu Meixia , Kurachek Stephen C. , Shreve Michael R. , Maynard Roy C. , Mammel Mark C. , Moore Brooke M.
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND:

Despite advances in care of critically ill neonates, extended mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy are sometimes required. Few studies focus on complications and clinical outcomes. Our aim was to provide long-term outcomes for a cohort of infants who required tracheostomy.

METHODS:

This study is a retrospective review of 165 infants born between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2010 who required tracheostomy and ventilator support. Children with complex congenital heart disease were excluded.

RESULTS:

Median gestational age was 27 weeks (range 22–43), and birth weight was 820 g (range 360–4860). The number of male (53.9%) and female (46.1%) infants was similar (P = .312). Infants were divided into 2 groups based on birth weight ≤1000 g (A) and >1000 g (B). Group A: 87 (57.6%) infants; group B 64 (42.4%). Overall tracheostomy rate was 6.9% (87/1345) for group A versus 0.9% (64/6818) for B (P <.001). Group A had a longer time from intubation to positive pressure ventilation independence, 505 days (range 62–1287) vs 372 days (range 15–1270; P = .011). Infants who had >1 reason for tracheostomy comprised 78.8% of the sample; 69.1% of infants were discharged on ventilators. Birth weight did not affect time from tracheostomy to decannulation (P = .323). More group A infants were decannulated (P = .023). laryngotracheal reconstruction rate was 35.8%. Five-year survival was 89%. Group B had higher mortality (P = .033). 64.2% of infants had developmental delays; 74.2% had ≥2 comorbidities.

CONCLUSIONS:

Tracheostomy rates were higher for extremely low birth weight infants than previously reported rates for all infants. Decannulation rates and laryngotracheal reconstruction rates were consistent with previous studies. Survival rates were high, but developmental delay and comorbidities were frequent.
Common Syndromes of Orthostatic Intolerance
Authors: Stewart Julian M.
Published: April 2013

The autonomic nervous system, adequate blood volume, and intact skeletal and respiratory muscle pumps are essential components for rapid cardiovascular adjustments to upright posture (orthostasis). Patients lacking sufficient blood volume or having defective sympathetic adrenergic vasoconstriction develop orthostatic hypotension (OH), prohibiting effective upright activities. OH is one form of orthostatic intolerance (OI) defined by signs, such as hypotension, and symptoms, such as lightheadedness, that occur when upright and are relieved by recumbence. Mild OI is commonly experienced during intercurrent illnesses and when standing up rapidly. The latter is denoted “initial OH” and represents a normal cardiovascular adjustment to the blood volume shifts during standing. Some people experience episodic acute OI, such as postural vasovagal syncope (fainting), or chronic OI, such as postural tachycardia syndrome, which can significantly reduce quality of life. The lifetime incidence of ≥1 fainting episodes is ∼40%. For the most part, these episodes are benign and self-limited, although frequent syncope episodes can be debilitating, and injury may occur from sudden falls. In this article, mechanisms for OI having components of adrenergic hypofunction, adrenergic hyperfunction, hyperpnea, and regional blood volume redistribution are discussed. Therapeutic strategies to cope with OI are proposed.