bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Stone Men of the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Caillois Roger
Published: March 2007

To the memory of the ephemeral goddess Sedna, whose huge body reached out across the depths of the Arctic seas, whose hair was forever matted, full of ordure, clogged with bear furs and the snouts of narwhales, and could be combed only by a shaman on one of his cosmic journeyes.

The inukshuk are piles of rough stone, shaped like men, and found on the coasts of the Canadian Arctic. I am well aware that they have never found a place in the history of statuary. However, they are unquestionably representations of the human form, and no one would confuse them with the simple cairns raised here and there by so many nomadic tribes in the course of their wanderings. They are disappearing, or have already disappeared with the recent, swift, and far reaching changes in Eskimo life. It is really almost a matter of chance as to whether one recognizes that they represent, or represented, a remarkable image of man. For me, the chance was a two-fold one, so to speak.
Reading the Bible Backwards
Authors: Sandauer Arthur
Published: March 2007

In the traditional approach, the Bible is treated as revelation, and later as the product of history. But neither the first nor the second can satisfy the modern reader—the first is too naive, the second is too learned. Although the reader no longer believes that the Bible represents the infallible word of God, he nevertheless stands at a loss before an edition which distinguishes its different layers by four different kinds of type. Since he can neither read nor study it, his only alternative is to put it aside.
Heisenberg's Concept of Matter as Potency
Authors: Carella Michael Jerome
Published: March 2007

Does the success of quantum mechanics require that we abandon the notion of complete scientific explanation? Or does it represent a breakthrough in the explanatory scope of physical theories? Ever since Werner Heisenberg formulated the theory of matrix mechanics in 1925, this issue has been the topic of a continuing philosophical debate. In this essay I propose to explain Heisenberg's rejection of the mechanistic philosophy associated with classical physics and the significance of his return to Aristotle's concept of matter as potency.
The Hunt and the Erotic
Authors: Detienne Marcel
Published: March 2007

No serious argument proves that mythology is only a by-product or a residue of history. On the contrary, a certain number of analyses and theoretical reflections on the myth suggest that different levels of meaning, covering the whole body of mythology, demonstrate a great autonomy and that if the hunt, for example, introduces a series of myths, in a society as fundamentally agricultural as Greece in the first millenium, it is not a distant echo but rather is faithful to the social means of production of a horde of hunters who had crossed the clearings of History some millenia before, but in a less diffuse manner because the cynegetic activity constitutes an excellent operative in the scheme of the myth. For a series of reasons: the hunt, a fundamentally masculine activity where the confrontation with wild animals results in bloodshed in order to procure a meat complement, contrasts with the cultivation of the land but is closely linked with warfare. If this is completely the privilege of the male, because it is a work of death, the production of cultivated foods, on the contrary, takes place on the level of gestation and reproduction, even if working the land in Greece is assumed by men.
Competition, Monopoly, and Differentils of Profit Rates: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Semmler Willi
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the theoretical background and the empirical evidence for the post-Marxian theory of monopoly. Special attention is given to the theory of monopoly capital and the hypothesis that industrial concentration and the rise of large corporations lead to stable and persistent differential profit rates between industries and size classes of firms. The paper begins by comparing the notions of competition that have been developed in part of the post-Marxian literature and both the classical (Smith, Ricardo) and Marxian theories. It emphasizes the difference between Marx's concepts of competition, price and profits and those conceptions of the monopoly capital school. On the basis of this discussion the empirical evidence pertaining to monopoly profits is analyzed. A review of the main empirical studies on monopoly and differential profit rates since the 1950's highlights those aspects which differentiate the two conceptions of competition discussed previously. In the final part of the article the analysis returns to the Marxian theory of competition in order to assess whether the empirical results regarding both differential profit rates between industries and firms and the economic power of large firms constitute a reality contrary to the theory. The conclusion is that the Marxian theory of competition and profits provides a framework consistent with the available data.
The Role of the International Monetary Fund in the Post-Bretton Woods Era
Authors: Phillips Ron
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the changing role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the world economy in the 1970s and into the 1980s. Though the IMF was established in 1945 by the Bretton Woods Agreement to aid countries with short term balance of payments problems, its role in recent years has changed dramatically. Many people argue that the IMF is becoming a world central bank with powers of surveillance over domestic economic policies, conditional loans to deficit countries, and control of world liquidity. The extent to which this is the case is a main focus of this paper.

In order to do this, it is necessary to review the events in the international monetary system in the 1970s with special attention given to those factors which affected the IMF's role. Though there are various interpretations of the IMF's role from both the mainstream and the radical-left, an alternative interpretation, which differs from those interpretations in many respects, is presented. My argument is that the IMF emerged in the 1970s as a global capitalist planner in response to the international economic crisis. Through international monetary reforms which occurred in the 1970s the IMF has played a pivotal role in the attempt to restore global accumulation. The failure of the IMF to accomplish this goal has been a direct result of global working class resistance to its policies.
Money and Development in Schumpeter
Authors: Bellofiore Riccardo
Published: March 2007

In Schumpeter's model of economic development money plays an essential role and capitalism is seen as a structurally unstable process. These distinctive features of Schumpeterian theory are due to the endogeneity of innovations and, as a consequence, of money supply. The endogenous nature of technical change and the picture of the capitalist process as a monetary circuit are also important elements in the Marxian critique of political economy. This paper reviews the Schumpeterian system, confronts it with Marx's theory, and proposes Schumpeter (as well as the heterodox stream in monetary analysis in which he must be placed) as a more appropriate critical reference for a renewal of Marxian theory of value, money and capital than Ricardian or neo-Ricardian theories.
International Division of Labor and Uneven Development: A Review of the Theory and Evidence
Authors: Liodakis George
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to synthesize critically some aspects of the Monthly Review school within an orthodox Marxist theoretical approach. It is argued that the capitalist character of international exchange and of the international division of labor imply a tendency for an increasingly uneven development. The empirical evidence presented shows in fact a growing divergence between developed and underdeveloped capitalist countries and a differentiation in the development performance of underdeveloped countries. Some implications are finally drawn concerning the potential for social change in underdeveloped countries and for the establishment of a new international economic order.
Surviving Manley and Seaga: Case Studies of Women's Responses to Structural Adjustment Policies
Authors: Bolles A. Lynn
Published: March 2007

Using the life stories of four urban, working-class women in Jamaica, this study examines how female economic activity is differentially affected by structural adjustment policies over a five-year period (1980-85). The Jamaican working-class familial organization centers on women as mothers and as providers. Under conditions framed by structural adjustment policies, the macro constraints of the national economy come face to face with the micro-level activities of working-class and poor women, children and men
Three Models of the Falling Rate of Profit
Authors: Michl Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

Three models are presented which hold in common the assumption of imperfect competition but differ in their treatment of technical change. When technical change is purely endogenous (Model I) or exogenous (Model II), the rate of profit declines to some steady-state value, either as capital accumulates or as time passes. Dynamic wage-profit curves describe the paths over time of the product wage and profit rate. Under a combined form of technical change (Model III), the slope of the dynamic wage-profit curve is indeterminate but it converges on some steady state. These steady states are the terminus of a historical process rather than the equilibria of the models. The models invite comparisons between neoclassical and Marxian theory.
To Privatize or Not to Privatize: That is the Question; What is the Answer?
Authors: Cantor Paul
Published: March 2007

This paper develops a model of the decision to privatize state-owned enterprises. The model highlights important variables for the government to consider in making privatization decisions. The model is then employed to show that, even when the state's objective is to maximize economic growth and privately owned firms invest less than the state does, the case against privatization is not clear-cut.
Social Structure of Accumulation Theory: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Retch Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper develops three themes. My primary theme is to re-emphasize the qualitative and institutional nature of SSA theory. SSA theory is above all an investigation of the qualitative distinctions that demarcate different periods or stages of capitalism, with a particular focus on the transformative processes that lead from one SSA to another. The second theme addresses the relation between quantitative long swings in economic growth and SSA analysis. The institutional changes that were taking place when Gordon, Edwards, and I developed SSA theory constituted a structural crisis and led us to predict a quantitative long swing downturn. more recent times. We need to renew our qualitative historical and institutional analysis, and I discuss four dimensions along which capitalist institutions have been restructured.
Migration as a Transitional Space and Group Analysis
Authors: Sengun Seda
Published: March 2007

What happens in the psyche of the person who migrates? How is the balance between what is objectively perceived and what is subjectively conceived of restored? What factors impinge on this process? Can group analysis help with the transition or lack of it? Is the significance of the therapy group different from any other patient group? These are questions arising from my own personal experiences of being a foreigner in the UK, and from the experiences of running groups with immigrants. I would like to explore these issues, and perhaps speculate, on the basis of Winnicott's ideas of a transitional object and playing and reality. In the second part of the article I will relate these ideas to group analysis.
What Can it Mean to Say that the Individual is Social through and through?
Authors: Stacey Ralph
Published: March 2007

This article explores different ways of thinking about the group-analytic concept of the individual as social through and through. One explanation is based on object relations theory and regards the individual as social because the individual psyche is an `internal world' of representations of social relationships. The article argues that this represents a Kantian `both/and' way of thinking. Another approach is based on Mead and this suggests that the individual is social through and through because individual mind is the same process of bodily action as the social. This represents a dialectical mode of thinking derived from Hegel.
Group-Analytic Work with the African National Congress
Authors: (Freddy) Reddy G. V.
Published: March 2007

During the years of apartheid many young black South Africans fled to neighbouring states and joined the African National Congress. Psychological disturbances surfaced and the ANC appealed for voluntary professional help. The author describes how for ten years (1979-89), as an ANC member and psychiatrist living in Norway, he spent part of each year in ANC camps and schools helping the newly-built health teams with psychiatric expertise.
When the Individual Psychotherapist is a Group Analyst
Authors: Molnos Angela
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to initiate discussion of the particular contribution group analysts make when treating patients in individual therapy. The author describes what group analysts have learnt in the course of their training and clinical practice and can bring to individual psychotherapy.
A Dialogical Model for Group Analysis: Jung and Bakhtin
Authors: Zinkin Louis
Published: March 2007

Dialogue is introduced as the key element in both group and Jungian analysis, with particular reference to Bakhtin's notion of dialogue as central to a new conception of the relationship between the individual and society. The free-flowing discourse of the therapy group is seen as analogous to free association in analysis and the role of the conductorlanalyst in dealing with these is compared. The growth in the group of the group mind and the enrichment of the individual in the group are discussed. Bakhtin's concepts of carnival and dialogue are seen as valuable in understanding the convergence of thought between Jung and Foulkes.
Towards Socialization: The Seriously Disturbed Adolescent in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Del Balzo Vincent , Judge Terri
Published: March 2007

This article documents one year's work and experience of two co-leaders of a psychotherapy group for seriously disturbed adoles-cents. Past treatment of patients in a long-term residential hospital environment is compared to those now attending on a daily basis. `Acting out' and regression of patients within the group and how this is tolerated and contained by the co-leaders is described, as well as the relationship of group members with their peers and the co-leaders. The article examines the influence of a school environment on group work and finally considers the total experience as a tool for positive social encounter, future self-control and adult independence.
Bringing it all Back Home: Cafe Subgroups and the Extended Matrix
Authors: Mark Peter
Published: March 2007

This article describes a trainee group analyst's experience of challenging his group's determination to form subgroups in cafes after sessions. A variety of approaches were tried and the article outlines a number of phases in the groups over a two-year period, leading to the conductor's realization of the need to extend his own boundaries and work with the concept of the `extended matrix', with a resultant deepening in the work. The issues are placed in theoretical context, with reference to Foulkes, Winnicott and Kohut.
In quest of presents: how are they constructed?
Authors: Grossin William
Published: March 2007

Presents come out of the past. They are both continuity for the most part and change for something which does not continue or for something new which appears. They change the unknown future into a signifying past. Since there are many emergents there are many presents. All of them are constructed, either objectively or mentally, before they possibly come to reality. In fact they are constructed by the conjunction of several involved times and they cease to be when at least one of these times comes to an end. Philosophers strongly disagree on some points presented in this article. Instead of speculative discourses, we could arrive at a closer observation of the facts, rejecting the old implicit hypothesis of single time. This better knowledge would benefit the quality of our constructed presents.
Views about food prejudice and stereotypes
Authors: de Garine Igor
Published: March 2007

Food is a social marker. Used positively, it demonstrates belonging to a group, and negatively it provides a justification for discrimination. Chauvinism and xenophobia express themselves through attitudes and stereotypes which are not necessarily grounded on facts but which may influence behaviour. Discrimination ranges from mild ridicule to harsh rejection and racism (for instance, against black people or Jews). It may apply to philosophico-religious beliefs, kinship, ethnic origins, social class and national identity. These attitudes still operate in the globalization process and possibly are not without economic consequences.
Social Representations of Health Held by Health Professionals: the Case of General Practitioners and Home-care Nurses
Authors: Flick Uwe , Fischer Claudia , Schwartz Friedrich Wilhelm , Walter Ulla
Published: March 2007

To date, social representations research in the field of health and illness has focused mainly on lay representations of health. In the context of the “New Public Health”, the more general concept of health (instead of the more reduced concept of curing illness) has become a major target for professional work. From this trend, the following research questions can be drawn: do health professionals hold a concept of health? If so, what is the major focus of such a concept? And does it include topics from the New Public Health discourse? Following a short review of the research into social representations of health, some preliminary results of a qualitative research study are presented. This study focused on representations of health held by two groups of professionals - general practitioners and nurses - both working in home care with elderly people in two German cities. The first results of this study found that, in both groups, different types of health concepts can be identified. In both groups, a strong reference was made to the World Health Organization definition. Among other concepts, a relative concept of health was held. The concepts are expressed with reference to the specific clientele of home-care work. The results are discussed with reference to the differences and overlaps with the other research on health concepts.
Science in the system of world society
Authors: Stichweh Rudolf
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses the dynamics of science as one global function system in world society. One basic paradox is pointed out: globalization arises via the nationalization of science in the 19th century, but nationalization is accompanied by a progressive internal differentiation of science. Globalization is described by means of a conceptual distinction of global diffusion vs. global interconnectedness as two core aspects of globalization. The genesis of national scientific communities and of their attendant scientific institutions (the modern scientific university and so on) seems to be a potent mechanism of global diffusion of science. The other side of the same process, progressive internal differentiation, functions as the most important mechanism of global connectedness. That is, disciplinary and subdisciplinary differentiation motivates worldwide collaborative links that are one very visible aspect of a subdisciplinary structure of science that can no longer be determined by national boundaries. In the final part of the argument, this global communicative structure is related to the organizational infrastructure of science, which is dominated by national organizations. It is demonstrated how this disparity weakens the control scientific organizations can exercise on their members, especially on the external ties of their members. This is related to new types of telecommunicative links and the ongoing flow of migration and visits between scientific organizations.
Hidden meanings: the mocambo in Recife
Authors: de Lira José Tavares Correia
Published: March 2007

In colonial Brazil, the Quimbundo word mocambo referred to free African settlements, commonly known as quilombos. Since the early 20th century, though, while the original sense remained confined to a purely historical and linguistic context, sanitary and social representations of urban growth vested the term with a totally different meaning. Henceforth it started to appear, not only to experts and political authorities but to ordinary people in general, as a regional equivalent of “slums”. In an old colonial city of the Nordeste like Recife, where, after the abolition of slavery, mocambos used to connote decay, the modern sense of the word helped to legitimate technical discourses on city planning and the whole idea of a housing policy. Symbol of poverty and backwardness, however, the world of mocambos, from the 1920s on, also appealed to local sensibilities in search of elements of cultural identity. As one of the most characteristic features of vernacular architecture in Brazil, the mocambo became, for a regionalist perspective, the object of anthropological, sociological and artistic imagination. This article tries to examine these contemporary, conflicting acceptations of the word in order to understand how the city came to see and to name itself over the first half of the century.
Inside the Romanticist Episteme
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom
Published: March 2007

Many contemporary critiques of `modernity' target a caricatured construction of `modernity-as-universalist-reason'. Such critiques are often blind to the constitutive splits and tensions within the philosophical and political horizons of modernity between a rationalist and a romanticist episteme. These critiques are therefore also oblivious to the fact that their own critiques of modernity move on a terrain heavily structured and prefigured by older romanticist critiques of reason and scientific objectivity. Some of the persistent problems in romanticist thought - the celebration of authenticity and a recurrent essentialism - reappear in current post-structuralist critiques of modernity. This is particularly evident in the debates in South Asia - emerging from the subaltern studies group in India, from debates on hybridity and migration, and on post-coloniality as a critique of Western modernity. Rather than launching essentializing and totalizing critiques of `modernity-as-universalist-reason', which tend to reproduce the metaphysical fallacies of romanticism, critiques of modernity could more fruitfully unfold as concrete critiques of modern practices and institutions.
The Stranger - on the Sociology of the Indifference
Authors: Stichweh Rudolf
Published: March 2007

The article sketches an approach to the sociology of the stranger which is based on historical semantics, on comparative studies of social structures of premodern societies and on a reconsideration of the `classical sociology of the stranger' and of marginality (Simmel, 1908; Michels, 1929 and others; Schütz, 1944; Park, 1964). The guiding hypothesis of the article is that there is a discontinuity in the modern experience of the stranger which has not been reflected sufficiently in the classical sociology of the stranger. Whereas in premodern societies membership criteria are binary codes such as `kin' vs. `stranger', `friend' vs. `enemy', and elaborate arrangements were then necessary for institutionalizing a third status (e.g. for internal strangers) between the binary alternatives, the modern experience is wholly different. Modern society is no longer a membership organization. The third status (i.e. being neither `friend' nor `stranger') has become constitutive of our everyday experience of other persons. And this everyday experience is that of indifference as our normal attitude towards most persons living in the world. A modern sociology of the stranger has to explore the facets of indifference. Indifference can be described as an interactional achievement in situations of fleeting contact. And it can be examined in its macrostructural consequences in a modern societal order in which motivations for societal engagements and therefore any willingness to care for the other are unavoidably scarce.
Paradox Preserved: From Ontology to Autology. Reflections on Niklas Luhmann's the Art of Society
Authors: Roberts David
Published: March 2007

As a universal theory Luhmann's systems theory of society includes art in its ambit. The Art of Society (1995) reconstructs the formal and the social-historical conditions of the functional differentiation of a system of art since the Renaissance. The methodological focus of the reconstruction - Luhmann's theory of form (perception, first and second order observation, medium and form) and of systemic differentiation (social function, self-organization, codes and programmes, evolution and self-description of art) - are analysed in the first part of the paper. The second part examines the unresolved question of the code of the art system, the hermeneutic circle integral to Luhmann's theory design, and the relation of his theory of art to the `aesthetic epoch' of art theory with special reference to Heidegger and Adorno.
Risk, Opportunism, and Structural Holes
Authors: FINLAY WILLIAM , COVERDILL JAMES E.
Published: March 2007

Headhunters find candidates for jobs. They are paid by their clients—employers—when the candidates they generate accept job offers. Headhunters, therefore, resemble other third-party agents or brokers whose fortunes rest on their ability to secure a match between their clients and other interested parties. In this analysis, we examine how headhunters manage the risks of being a broker in a highly competitive industry. They pursue two strategies: They attempt to develop close ties with clients, and they are willing to be opportunistic toward these clients. These strategies reflect their lack of power compared with that of clients, their belief that clients are disloyal, and the lack of embedded ties between clients and headhunters that could create a basis for enforceable trust.
Positional Sources of Inequality in Job Satisfaction
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L. , Griffin Larry J.
Published: March 2007

Differences in job satisfaction constitute an important form of social inequality. In this paper, we conceptualize and assess that portion of the variation injob satisfaction that is generated by differential positions in the social and technical division of labor. We further attempt to explain these inequalities on the basis of the job rewards and work values that are associated with these social positions. Our results suggest, in particular, that jobs in the working class are less satisfying because incumbents of working class jobs obtain less financial and intrinsic job rewards than do members of other classes. Our analyses are based on data from the 1972-73 Quality of Employ ment Survey.
Re-Examining the Frustrated Homemaker Hypothesis
Authors: Townsend Aloen , Gurin Patricia
Published: March 2007

Multiple Classification Analyses on responses from 946 white women, drawn from the 1972 American National Election Study survey, were used to test the "frustrated homemaker hypothesis" that full-time homemakers are more dissatisfied with their lives than women employed outside the home. The fit between actual and desired roles proved to be a better predictor of personal satisfaction than the traditional dichotomy between homemakers and employed women. Homemakers who had wanted a career were more personally dissatisfied than homemakers who had never wanted a career. The career-oriented homemakers were the ones who expressed greater personal dissatisfaction than employed women. Employed women and career-oriented homemakers were about equally critical of women's collective position in society, while homemakers who had never wanted a career were more accepting of women's status quo. The importance of including evaluations of both personal and collective well-being was shown by the fact that these two domains bore different relationships to employment-homemaker status.
The Perception of Class
Authors: McNAMEE STEPHEN J. , VANNEMAN REEVE
Published: March 2007

This research examines the extent to which the social relations of production are perceived as important components of class position. Following Poulantzas, we investigate economic (ownership-self-employment) political (work authority), and ideological (the mental-manual division) relations of production. The effects of these three dimensions on class perceptions are examined by an analysis of the determinants of class self-placements. Using two different national samples we find good support that each dimension is related to class placements in the working or middle class, even after controlling for the usual status measures of occupational prestige, education, and income. On the other hand, measures of job complexity (the technical rather than the social relations of production), based on the DOT Data and Things codes, are not related to class placements; nor is occupational prestige strongly related to these class placements. For class perceptions at least, the social relations of production appear more important than the technical relations. These results suggest that true class divisions are part of the popular usage of middle- and working-class labels.
Labor Mobility Between Industries
Authors: ZAGÓRSKI KRZYSZTOF
Published: March 2007

Intersectoral work force mobility plays a more vital role as a source of labor in nonagricultural production than in agriculture or services. The service sector, especially social services, recruits more of the work force through the economic activation of women. However, mobility to various branches of the secondary and tertiary sectors does not always vary according to sectorial boundaries. Similar recruitment patterns prevail in different economic branches such as manufacturing industries (construction excluded) as well as allocative and personal services. Social and administrative services, which constitute the core of postindustrial or welfare economies, differ in respect of mobility patterns not only from other branches but also from each other.
Sex Differences in Support for Organizational Advancement
Authors: SOUTH SCOTT J. , MARKHAM WILLIAM T. , BONJEAN CHARLES M. , CORDER JUDY
Published: March 2007

While women workers have often been thought to receive less support than men to advance in organizations, these sex differences have not been systematically explored. Using a sample of 486 male and 356 female employees of a large federal bureaucracy, this article examines differences between men and women in their reports of social support from four potential sources: male peers, female peers, male supervisors, and female supervisors. Our findings indicate that, in general, (1) employees receive the most support from coworkers of the same sex, but supervisors support their male and female subordinates about equally, (2) when other variables are held constant, female employees give equal support to their male and female coworkers, while men continue to favor male coworkers, (3) youth and high-level position increase the amount of support men receive from each other, but diminish or have no effect on the amount of support women receive from men, and (4) workers receive more support from opposite-sex colleagues when members of their sex constitute a relatively small proportion of the total group.
Determinants of Emplyee Tardiness
Authors: LEIGH J. PAUL , LUST JOHN
Published: March 2007

This study uses the Tobit econometrics technique to investigate the correlates of work tardiness in a large national sample of workers. Evidence is found indicating that (1) marriage and years of work experience have negative and significant effects on tardiness, (2) professionals, managers, and persons commuting long distances to work report more days tardy than others, and (3) tardiness is not correlated with absenteeism.
Patterns of Sex Desegregation in Managerial and Professional Specialty Fields, 1950-1980
Authors: JOLLY D. LEEANN , GRIMM JAMES W. , WOZNIAK PAUL R.
Published: March 2007

Sex desegregation in over 100 managerial and professional specialty occupations were examined during the periods 1950-1960, 1960-1970, and 1970-1980. Three patterns of desegregation were theoretically derived and empirical support for each of them was found: female entry into male fields, male entry into female occupations, and the gender-switching process in which a field is left by men and entered by women. Rapid growth was found to be associated with the first two patterns, and declines in occupational size with the last. Findings indicated that desegregation is both widespread and increasing in higher status fields. Nevertheless, desegregation rates are higher in occupations which pay men less and which are declining in size. The highest-paying fields continue to be more resistant to sex desegregation.
Perestroika in the USSR and China
Authors: TAUSKY CURT
Published: March 2007

Recent leaders of the USSR and China saw the inherited Stalinist blueprint as defective for managing state enterprises. To remedy enterprise inefficiencies, various reforms were begun. Review of the Soviet and Chinese prereform economic designs indicates that the misuse of resources was prompted by unconditional state support of enterprises coupled with guaranteed employment and flawed incentive criteria. Perestroika plans in both countries were directly aimed at undoing these relationships. Leaders' expectations of soaring inflation and mounting unemployment, however, have put the restructuring plans on hold. It seems that Soviet and Chinese citizens want the gains of reform without the pains, but neither nation's economy is likely to fulfill that wish. Drawing on the Soviet and Chinese experience, some guidelines for U.S. firms' renewal efforts are suggested. Secure employment was not the culprit in the command economies. Indeed, job security offers U.S. companies substantial advantages. And in the Soviet and Chinese experience, it can be seen that organizational reward systems may foster or hinder productivity gains. It is concluded that job security, when meshed with some form of profit sharing, provides the necessary situational context for members' support of productivity and quality improvement programs.
Employee Commitment
Authors: MUELLER CHARLES W. , WALLACE JEAN E. , PRICE JAMES L.
Published: March 2007

There has been a recent upsurge of interest among sociologists in the organizational commitment of employees, with loyalty and intent to stay identified as distinct forms that this commitment can take. This article argues that progress in understanding organizational commitment will not be made until conceptual and empirical distinctions among various forms of employee commitment are recognized and demonstrated. With this as the objective, it was hypothesized that loyalty and intent to stay are conceptually and empirically distinct from each other as well as from two other forms of employee commitment: work commitment and career commitment. This was tested with confirmatory factor analysis and was supported across a variety of tests. Construct validation was obtained by supporting the hypothesis that the two forms of organizational commitment but not work or career commitment are less stable during the initial employment period but then stabilize with tenure. Finally, predictive validity was established for intent to stay by demonstrating that it predicted quit behavior, or turnover, but loyalty, work commitment, and career commitment did not. Implications for studying organizational commitment within the context of substantive sociological issues are discussed.
Smiling, Deferring, and Flirting
Authors: HALL ELAINE J.
Published: March 2007

Using a gendered organization perspective, this research examines how restaurants structure gendered service encounters and how table servers perform gendered scripts of good service. Interview data from integrated wait staffs in five kinds of restaurants reveal three scripts of good service—friendliness, deference, and flirting. Waitresses were perceived as stereotypically friendly and openly displayed cheerfulness in coffee shops. Resisting subservience was easier for waiters and in restaurants that gender the work role as “waitering.” Waitresses performed a “job flirt” in restaurants that cast the work role as “waitressing.” To give good service is to “do gender” by performing gendered scripts, by differentially applying scripts to waiters and waitresses, and by structuring scripts into waitering and waitressing work roles.
Braverman's Legacy
Authors: SMITH VICKI
Published: March 2007

Commemorating its twentieth anniversary, this paper examines the legacy of Harry Braverman's Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. Braverman's book provoked three areas of inquiry that continue to thrive and to orient sociological research: the topic of worker's interests, participation, and resistances; gendered outcomes and causes of labor process transformation; and the interrelated topic of changes in skill levels and control strategies. The paper describes the conceptual transformation these topics have undergone and identifies lingering dilemmas facing those who study the labor process in the late twentieth century.
Patriarchal Pressures: An Exploration of Organizational Processes that Exacerbate and Erode Gender Earnings Inequality
Authors: ANDERSON CYNTHIA D. , TOMASKOVIC-DEVEY DONALD
Published: March 2007

The focus of this article is on the organizational contexts in which gender-based earnings inequalities are exacerbated or eroded. By conceptualizing patriarchy in workplaces as a process of dynamic struggles over organizational practices and rewards, we assume that the degree of gender inequality in workplaces should vary as a function of organizational structure, resources, and practices. We examine five organizational characteristics hypothesized to affect the level of gender inequality: organizational resources, regional gender culture, market sector, size of firm, and formalization of employment relations. Gender earnings inequality varies across organizational contexts, with the predicted female-to-male earnings ratio ranging from as little as 51 percent to parity. In particular, we find that gender earnings inequalities are higher where organizational resources are greater and lower where formalization of the employment relationship is greater and in medium-size firms. We conclude that the gendered wage determination process reflects an interaction between organization, job, and individual characteristics.
Analysis of Cylindrical Joints of Composite Materials for Torsional Loadings
Authors: Coyle Edward J. , Crochet Marcel , Pipes R. Byron
Published: March 2007

A finite element model for analysis of axisymmetric and inhomo geneous orthotropic shafts of variable cross section is developed and verified. A generic torque shaft joint is defined, and then characterized with a statistical analysis used in conjunction with the finite element model.
Vibration of Cantilevered Graphite/Epoxy Plates With Bending-Torsion Coupling
Authors: Jensen D.W. , Crawley E.F. , Dugundji J.
Published: March 2007

The effects of laminate unbalance on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of cantilevered Graphite/Epoxy plates with bending-torsion stiffness coupling has been examined. Unbalanced laminates of the form [θ2/0] s were studied. A Rayleigh-Ritz analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity of the accurate prediction of the lowest three natural fre quencies to the choice of assumed mode shapes. To serve as a reference, a finite element analysis was performed, using a general anisotropic plate element, and a series of experiments were performed. The results showed that five modes, two bending, two torsional and one chordwise, were required in the Rayleigh-Ritz formulation to determine the first three modes accurately. The presence of chordwise curvature in the torsion modes, even for plates with high aspect ratio, has a significant effect on the results and must be included in the model. Plates with significant bending- torsion coupling also require a second torsion mode to obtain a reasonable estimate of the second bending mode.
Tension-Tension Fatigue Behavior and Life Distribution of Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composite
Authors: Yang Naibin  , Fu Huimin
Published: March 2007

Tension-tension fatigue tests were performed on unidirectional graphite-epoxy com posites. Tests were conducted at a stress ratio of R = 0.1 in the frequency range 60-70 Hz. The S-N curve was generated and the residual strength of the specimens was measured.
The Modeling of Pressure Distribution in Resin Transfer Molding
Authors: Gauvin R. , Chibani M. , Lafontaine P.
Published: March 2007

The resin transfer molding process (RTM) allows the production of large FRP parts. In this technique layers of reinforcements (mats, woven rovings) are inserted into the mold cavity and resin is injected to fill the closed mold. Cavity pressure distribution is the most important parameter to minimize leakage problem at the parting line, to reduce mold deformation and to assure a good quality part.

In this paper, a simplified model applicable to unidirectional flow is proposed to predict that pressure. It is based on Darcy's law for flow of liquids through a porous media. The permeability of the reinforcement which is a function of the glass content and characteris tic of each type of reinforcement, mat or woven roving, is evaluated. Effects on the model of parameters such as glass density, surface density of the reinforcement and number of reinforcing layers are examined. The mold and instrumentation used to collect data are described and preliminary results are presented for reinforcing mat.
A Boundary Layer Approach to Interlaminar Stresses in Composite Laminates with Curved Edges
Authors: Lin Ye  , Yang Bing-Xian
Published: March 2007

A way for determining the interlaminar stresses in composite laminates with arbitrary curved edges is described using the boundary layer equations. A simple and efficient method for the calculation of interlaminar stresses is presented. The method gives a stress field that satisfies the zeroth order equilibrium equations and the stress boundary condi tions as well as the stress continuity between plies. Several laminates with a circular hole are dealt with by the present method. The results indicate that the method is of great versatility and has the ability to perform the analysis of thick laminates efficiently.
Failure in Composite Angle Structures Part II: Onset of Delamination
Authors: Sun C.T. , Kelly S.R.
Published: March 2007

Fracture mechanics was employed to investigate delamination cracks induced by trans verse matrix cracks in composite angle structures. Critical strain energy release rates were obtained which compare quite reasonably with existing data. Adhesive films were also used to toughen the delamination-prone interfaces in the curved region. Experimental results indicated that the use of adhesive films could improve the load-carrying capacity of composite angle structures.
Hysteresis Measurements for Characterizing the Dynamic Fatigue of R-SMC
Authors: Renz R. , Alstadt V. , Ehrenstein G.W.
Published: March 2007

Objective of the investigations is the determination of the dynamic fatigue behaviour of sheet moulding compounds (SMC) by the application of a very precise hysteresis measur ing method. The influence of material composition such as glass content, amount of filler, resin toughness, etc. on the dynamic fatigue behaviour of R-SMC is of special interest.
Mechanical Properties of Multidirectional Fiber Composites
Authors: Jang B.Z. , Shih W.K. , Chung W.C.
Published: March 2007

An investigation was conducted to systematically evaluate the structure- property relationships in both 3-D and the corresponding 2-D composites. Macroscopic failure modes and microfailure mechanisms in these composites were studied as a function of various material parameters. In particular, the influence of the stitched Z-direction fibers on the mechanical behavior of an otherwise 2-D composite was investigated. The 3-D composites have been found to possess a greater damage resistance than the conven tional 2-D composite materials. The Z-direction (or third-direction) fibers effectively reduce the extent of delamination by increasing the interlaminar surface energy. The total energy absorbed by a composite during impact loading, three-point, and four-point bend ing test is therefore raised without creating an excessive amount of delamination. The third directional fibers are found to have a profound effect on the failure mechanisms.
Finite Element Analysis of Strain Energy Release Rate at Delamination Front
Authors: Xianqiang Lu  , Liu Dahsin
Published: March 2007

This study examined the delamination initiation of two-lamina composite laminates under central loading. A three-dimensional finite element program was devel oped to calculate the interlaminar stresses. In order to simplify the numerical analysis, an interfacial layer was embedded in between the composite laminae. A penny-shape delamination was introduced at the center of the composite laminates and was assumed to have very low modulus to avoid the penetration between delaminated surfaces due to cen tral loading. Based on the three-dimensional finite element analysis, the strain energy release rates at the delamination front were calculated. Because the interlaminar normal stresses were negative in the interfaces, there was no mode I failure in central loading. Nu merical results also revealed that GII was higher than G III in most cases examined. In addi tion, GII in the fiber direction of the composite lamina beneath the interfacial layer was sig nificantly higher than that in the matrix direction. This result indicated the nature of non-self-similar delamination initiation which was believed to result in the anisotropic delamination in the composite laminates subjected to central loading.
Numerical Analysis of the Resin Flow in Resin Transfer Molding
Authors: Shipeng Li  , Gauvin Raymond
Published: March 2007

This report presents a study of modeling of the resin transfer molding. A numerical model for resin transfer molding simulation has been developed on the bases of Darcy's law and the numerical generation of boundary fitted coordinate system. The resin pressure distributions, the resin front positions and profiles can be obtained through the computer simulation to help in the mold design and the process control Calculated results on selected mold geometries are compared with the experimental observations and with those obtained by other investigators.