bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Characterization and Flexural Strength of a Denture Base Acrylic Resin with Monomer 2‐Tert‐Butylaminoethyl Methacrylate
Authors: Rodriguez Larissa Santana , Paleari André Gustavo , Giro Gabriela , de Oliveira Junior Norberto Martins , Pero Ana Carolina , Compagnoni Marco Antonio
Published: October 2012

Purpose

The objectives of this study were to investigate the flexural strength (FS) and chemical interaction between 2‐tert‐butylaminoethyl methacrylate (TBAEMA) and a denture base acrylic resin.

Materials and Methods

Specimens were divided into five groups according to the concentration of TBAEMA incorporated in acrylic resin Onda‐Cryl (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) and were submitted to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (XPS‐ESCA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. FS of the specimens was tested, and results were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey's test (α < 0.05).

Results

Different nitrogen ratios were observed on specimens’ surfaces: 0.36%, 0.54%, 0.35%, and 0.20% for groups 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%, respectively. FTIR indicated copolymerization of acrylic resin and TBAEMA, and DSC results demonstrated a decrease in glass transition temperature (Tg). Significant differences were found for FS (p < 0.05). The mean values were 91.1 ± 5.5,A 77.0 ± 13.1,B 67.2 ± 12.5,B 64.4 ± 13.0,B and 67.2 ± 5.9B MPa for groups 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%, respectively (same superscript letters indicate no significant difference).

Conclusions

The incorporation of TBAEMA in acrylic resin resulted in copolymerization and the presence of amine groups on specimens’ surfaces, and in decreases of Tg and FS.
The Use of Custom‐Milled Zirconia Teeth to Address Tooth Abrasion in Complete Dentures: A Clinical Report
Authors: Livaditis Joanne M. , Livaditis Gus J.
Published: October 2012

A patient exhibited severe abrasion of resin posterior denture teeth including perforation of the denture base. New dentures were provided to explore the application of zirconia teeth for complete dentures. [Correction added to online publication 07 November 2012: “Zirconium” corrected to “Zirconia”.] Traditional denture procedures were combined with fixed prosthodontic CAD/CAM procedures to fabricate custom‐designed four‐tooth posterior segments in hollow crown form to reduce weight and with a retentive form for interlocking to the denture base. The new dentures were successful in reducing wear of the denture teeth over the short‐term follow‐up period.
Paths to Success: How Do Market Orientation and Entrepreneurship Orientation Produce New Product Success?
Authors: Hong Jinhwan , Song Tae Ho , Yoo Shijin
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between strategic orientation and the performance of new products. In this paper, we develop a conceptual model that explores the roles of market orientation (MO) and entrepreneurship orientation (EO) on new product performance and seek to understand the mediating roles of process and product characteristics. Based on a survey of 471 small and medium‐sized enterprises in Korea, we found that MO and EO positively affect new product performance. The main impact of MO is through new product development proficiency and product meaningfulness and that of EO is through proficient intellectual property management and product novelty. Academic and managerial implications are also discussed.
Moderating Effects of Nationality and Product Category on the Relationship between Innovation and Customer Equity in Korea and China
Authors: Zhang Hao , Ko Eunju , Lee Euntaik
Published: October 2012

Innovation has become a key concept in recent decades. Truly innovative products can create value for consumers, extend the product category, generate higher margins, and strengthen the brand. Simply speaking, relationships may form between product innovation and each driver of customer equity. However, for different product categories and nationalities, this relationship may differ. This paper not only identifies the relationships between innovation and customer equity, but also examines the moderating effects of product category and nationality. In total, 409 consumers from Korea (n = 200) and China (n = 209) were surveyed by questionnaire in this study. The stimuli of the degree of innovation (i.e., radical or incremental) included Nike+Ipod and Adidas 1, and Nike Air Max and Adidas Team Series from the shoe industry, while H&M designer label and Nano material, and H&M seasonal collection and cycle material from the clothing industry. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. The results show that the degree of innovation exerts positive influences on value equity and brand equity, which can be drivers of customer equity. Thus, the reason firms launch innovative products is not only to boost sales by increasing customer value, but also to improve brand image, which can influence the customers’ purchase decision. The relationship between innovation and customer equity can be moderated by product category and nationality. Managers should develop different innovation strategies based on different product categories and customer nationalities.
New Market Creation for Breakthrough Innovations: Enabling and Constraining Mechanisms
Authors: O'Connor Gina Colarelli , Rice Mark P.
Published: October 2012

While the technological development associated with breakthrough innovation (BI) is truly challenging, creating markets to stimulate their use may be an even more daunting barrier to successful commercialization. Co‐development partners, distribution channel agents, and ultimate users are all required to adopt new processes and to change behaviors in many cases, and the outcomes are unknown. In this paper, the processes and challenges associated with creating new markets for BIs are explored in a qualitative prospective cross‐case comparison of 12 breakthrough projects under development in 10 large established companies. A number of activities that take place in implicit fashion that create both enabling and constraining mechanisms for BIs are observed. The data suggest, for example, that the earliest application choices that scientists make in the project's development ultimately affect the revenue model, that scientists are unaware of the impact of these decisions, that business model development is a very exploratory process, that criteria used to choose initial market entry points conflict with the expectations of operating units, and that the concept of a killer application can be rather dangerous to the health and well‐being of a BI in its commercial infancy. It is argued that new market creation is the result of managing a specific set of events and activities, which are identified in a grounded theoretic fashion. The companies studied, however, were neither fully aware of nor systematically attentive to these activities. A framework is presented of enabling and constraining mechanisms that teams and organizations impose through the processes and decisions they take in the course of the project's development, and a series of propositions regarding the dynamics of successful new market creation for BIs is offered.

The implications of these results are far‐reaching. These results show that market creation for BIs may require as much time and investment as their technical development. We do not find evidence of large established organizations’ awareness of or willingness to make these investments as readily as they invest in technical development. The result is research and development labs at large established firms with stockpiles of potentially game‐changing technologies. To evolve a mature BI commercialization competency, a firm must recognize and address the implications for managerial processes, for personnel recruitment, for setting leaders’ expectations, and for developing appropriate performance metrics for those responsible for market creation that go beyond technical discovery and engineering development. Implications for each are discussed.
New Product Portfolio Management Decisions: Antecedents and Consequences
Authors: McNally Regina C. , Durmuşoğlu Serdar S. , Calantone Roger J.
Published: October 2012

This research employs organizational information processing theory to propose and examine the antecedents and consequences of new product portfolio management (NPPM) decisions. Understanding NPPM decisions is an important research area because these decisions affect firm profitability but are difficult to make because of limited reliable information. Recent survey results of Product Development and Management Association members and other NPPM professionals suggest nearly half of initial new product ideas are chosen to advance through the new product development (NPD) pipeline via informal processes. Thus, managers wield considerable influence in NPPM. Yet only limited research quantitatively examines how NPPM decisions impact performance and the role of manager dispositions.

Using as the research context a marketing simulation exercise conducted with mid‐level managers, this research reveals important insights into the impact of the three NPPM dimensions—value maximization, balance, and strategic fit—on NPD and firm performance. The analysis suggests a critical role for the NPPM dimension of balance as it is the single dimension impacting performance. However, value maximization is relevant as a criterion for competing because, overall, managers see this dimension as important. At the same time, managers are cautioned in their use of strategic fit as it appears this dimension may constrain innovative choices.

Furthermore, three manager dispositions proposed from organizational information processing theory—directive leadership style, need for cognition, and risk perceptions—all influence NPPM dimensions. Managers are recommended to consider the personality traits of managers involved in NPPM decisions to ensure thorough consideration of all dimensions.
Innovation through Experience Staging: Motives and Outcomes
Authors: Candi Marina , Beltagui Ahmad , Riedel Johann C. K. H.
Published: October 2012

There is a growing recognition of the opportunities of innovation through experience staging. The literature, however, tends to focus on high‐profile examples of firms from largely hedonic sectors, such as entertainment and hospitality. These cases provide vivid and persuasive examples, but they fail to address how firms outside these sectors can join the experience economy—a term coined in 1998 by Pine and Gilmore—by developing new products and services with experiences at their core. The paper reports on two studies undertaken to examine why firms that do not belong to sectors that are largely hedonic innovate through experience staging and how they benefit from doing so. The first study is an in‐depth case study of 15 diverse firms, which examines these firms' motives for pursuing innovation through experience staging. The second study is a two‐year longitudinal quantitative survey of 131 small‐ and medium‐sized firms (SMEs) to address the question of the benefits that firms that do not have strong brands can gain by from innovation through staging experiences.

The first study provides the basis for classifying firms along two dimensions depending on the nature of the new products or services (referred to collectively as offerings) they create. The first dimension has to do with whether new offerings have a functional or experiential core. The second dimension has to do with the degree of experiential augmentation applied to offerings.

The first study suggests that firms adopt an experience‐staging strategy to innovation based on both outward‐facing and inward‐facing motives. The outward‐facing motives include improving a firm's image in its market, entering new markets, and attracting new customers. The inward‐facing motives include improving a firm's attractiveness to employees and increasing profitability. The results of the second study suggest that creating offerings with an experiential core can contribute to success by enhancing a firm's image, its attractiveness to employees, and its ability to enter new markets. Moreover, experiential augmentation contributes to profitability, new customer attraction, and employee attractiveness.

This research has important implications for theory and practice. In the first place, this research extends existing theory about experience staging to firms outside sectors that are largely hedonic. In the second place, the managerial implications are that innovation through experience staging can be an effective way for SMEs, even those outside industries, such as entertainment or hospitality, to create competitive advantage.
How Relevant Is Government Championing Behavior in Technology Development?
Authors: Caerteling Jasper S. , Halman Johannes I. M. , Song Michael , Dorée André G. , Van Der Bij Hans
Published: October 2012

Many studies emphasize the importance of government support in technology development. However, this study is among the first to provide empirical findings of the relevance of government roles for the performance of technology development projects. Based on earlier research and the strategic management literature, a theoretical model and hypotheses are developed to study the relevance of government roles and project teams' strategic behavior for technology development projects. Our results show that government championship is an important positive factor for the performance of technology development projects. Government championing behavior overcomes regulatory barriers, enthusiastically promotes the technology's advantages, and gets key decision makers involved. As such, government championship has more impact than government financial/technical assistance on both project performance and benefits to customers. The findings also show that both the proactiveness and defensiveness dimensions of project teams' strategic behavior contribute positively to project performance and benefits to customers. The paper concludes with implications for practice: From a policy perspective, government should extend its technology policies by taking on the role as a champion, while companies should invest in building professional relations with champions in government.
Integrating Multiple Stakeholder Issues in New Product Development: An Exploration
Authors: Driessen Paul H. , Hillebrand Bas
Published: October 2012

Addressing the interests of a wide set of stakeholders is important because it may have positive effects on financial performance. At the same time, however, it is also very complex because managers may face conflicting stakeholder issues, much more so than organizations that listen to only one stakeholder. Little is known about how multiple stakeholder issues are dealt with in the context of new product development (NPD). The objective of this study is to delineate the elements of stakeholder integration in the context of NPD. A combination of insights from stakeholder theory and market information processing serves as a theoretical perspective to guide the empirical exploration in this study. The authors take the development of green (ecological) products as an empirical context for their qualitative multiple case study. Specifically, they selected four case studies with different expected levels of stakeholder integration, based on literature about green NPD. Data were collected through in‐depth interviews with key informants, collecting documents, and obtaining artifacts. In total, 28 informants from various domains were interviewed. Transcribed interviews were coded using qualitative analysis software. The results show that a distinction needs to be made between market and nonmarket stakeholders, and that not all organizations are equally capable of identifying issues that are important to both categories of stakeholders. Organizations that identify issues that are relevant to both market stakeholders and nonmarket stakeholders are more likely to face tensions between stakeholder issues in NPD. Organizations manage these tensions using several, sometimes redundant, coordination mechanisms and using multiple prioritization principles in conjunction. Based on the results, the authors conceptualize stakeholder integration capability in an NPD context as the combination of stakeholder issue identification techniques, coordination mechanisms, and prioritization principles. They propose that stakeholder integration capability is the result of a learning process. Moreover, they propose that proactivity of environmental management and environmental impact of the industry help to explain why stakeholder issue identification techniques are developed, and that the identification of more stakeholder issues leads organizations to develop coordination mechanisms and prioritization principles. Finally, the authors propose that stakeholder integration capability leads to competitive advantage through organizational identification by stakeholders. The study implies that integrating multiple stakeholder issues is not just a matter of feeding additional information into NPD processes, but of changing the nature of these NPD processes.
Product Quality as a Formative Index: Evaluating an Alternative Measurement Approach*
Authors: Molina‐Castillo Francisco‐Jose , Calantone Roger J. , Stanko Michael A. , Munuera‐Aleman Jose‐Luis
Published: October 2012

Product quality is a critical competitive issue when launching new products. However, the product quality construct has been measured inconsistently in prior research, with researchers often not considering multiple components of quality. Thus, results may not be comparable across studies, and when dimensions of quality are excluded, relationships found between quality and other constructs may be spurious. As a response, we develop a formative measurement approach to product quality. The components of product quality are not interchangeable in measurement as typical reflective approaches assume. These dimensions make up the quality construct, necessitating a formative measurement approach. Here, this approach is developed and tested, compared with the traditional reflective approach, and its relationships with other constructs evaluated in a model of new product performance. Overall, this formative approach is shown both to be theoretically appropriate and to possess strong measurement properties. This approach has clear implications for research concerning product quality and improving its measurement in the future.
Perspective: New Product Failure Rates: Influence of Argumentum ad Populum and Self‐Interest
Authors: Castellion George , Markham Stephen K.
Published: October 2012

A persistent myth in product innovation and management is that the failure rate of new products is 80% or higher. How does this false idea continue to displace the conclusions of empirical studies since 1977 that the new product failure rate is 40% or less? We examine the influence of a fallacy that encourages people's unthinking acceptance of ideas on new product failure rates and whose appeal rests primarily on an emotional, rather than a reasoned, argument. Self‐interest also plays a major role in keeping this myth alive.
The Institutional Basis of Intercommunal Order: Evidence from Indonesia's Democratic Transition
Authors: Tajima Yuhki
Published: October 2012

When authoritarian regimes break down, why does communal violence spike and why are some locations more prone to violence than others? To understand violence during transitions, it is necessary to understand what sustains order when regimes are stable. While existing theories attribute order to formal or informal security institutions on their own, I argue that intercommunal order obtains when formal and informal security institutions are aligned. During authoritarian breakdowns, the state's coercive grip loosens, exposing mismatches between formal and informal institutions and raising the risk of communal violence. Formal‐informal mismatches emerge in communities accustomed to heavy state intervention since they will have developed more state‐dependent informal security institutions. I apply an instrumental variables approach on a nationwide dataset of village‐level data to show that prior exposure to military intervention, proxied by the distance to security outposts, led to Indonesia's spike in violence during its recent democratic transition.
Effect of ethnicity on erythropoietin therapy response for hemodialysis patients: A retrospective study
Authors: Al‐khalaf Bader , Al‐khalaf Nour , Mustafa Seham
Published: October 2012

Anemia is a common feature in chronic kidney disease patients due to deficiency of erythropoietin (EPO). Diseased kidneys are unable to produce EPO, which enhances red blood cell production from the bone marrow. Recombinant human EPO in hemodialysis patients was introduced with perfect outcomes as a hormonal substitutive treatment. Some ethnic minority groups have high prevalence of anemia associated with chronic kidney diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences between African Caribbeans and Caucasians’ EPO therapy response with regard to hemoglobin (Hb), some factors affecting it and some comorbid conditions. A retrospective study for 6 months of 100 patients on hemodialysis was conducted on two ethnic minorities groups; 46 patients were African Caribbean and 54 patients were Caucasian, who received EPO therapy at once or three times weekly dose at the Hanbury Dialysis Unit of Royal London Hospital. There were three types of EPO therapy used: Aranesp, Mircera and Neorecormon. Forty‐six patients were African Caribbean and 54 patients were Caucasian. There were 63.4% of patients treated by Aranesp while 13% were given Mircera; 22.8% of the sample used Neorecorman. It was shown that the chosen comorbid conditions had higher percentage in the African Caribbeans than in Caucasians. Diabetic and/or hypertensive patients are almost double the patient numbers. In addition, sickle cell anemia is only present in African Caribbeans. There were 43.5% of African Caribbeans and 81.1% of Caucasians who met the standards of Hb level. There was no significant difference between African Caribbeans and Caucasians regarding parathyroid hormone, c‐reactive protein, B12, mean corpuscular volume, ferritin, and folate. In this study, there was a significant difference in the Hb levels between African Caribbean and Caucasian groups. Sixty percent of African Caribbeans had mean Hb less than normal levels. However, they received lower EPO dose than Caucasians. As a result, this may affect the whole treatment and therapy which may lead to anemic complications.
Why Do People Like Natural? Instrumental and Ideational Bases for the Naturalness Preference
Authors: Li Meng , Chapman Gretchen B.
Published: October 2012

Naturalness preference refers to the tendency to prefer natural things to otherwise equivalent unnatural alternatives. Previous research suggests that the naturalness preference is largely due to ideational reasons (moral or aesthetic appeals), rather than instrumental reasons (inferred functional superiority), because the natural and unnatural alternatives were specified as identical. The current studies showed that people do not always believe that natural and unnatural alternatives can be identical. Responses that in previous studies would have been interpreted as ideational‐based naturalness preference were correlated with beliefs in instrumental advantages of natural products. We propose that instrumental and ideational reasons are closely connected, and instrumental beliefs may contribute to the “natural is better” heuristic. The financial consequence of naturalness preference was also demonstrated.
Feelings of Safety: Ironic Consequences of Police Patrolling
Authors: van de Veer Evelien , de Lange Martijn A. , van der Haar Eline , Karremans Johan C.
Published: October 2012

Increasing police patrolling is often assumed to be an effective means of enhancing general feelings of safety. This relationship between perceiving police and feelings of safety was tested by having police officers patrol during a field experiment (Study 1) and by manipulating the police presence in pictures of neighborhoods in a laboratory experiment (Study 2). Both studies show that in environments that are generally considered to be safe, feelings of safety are not increased by police presence. Moreover, men feel less safe when police are present compared with when police are absent. The results are discussed in terms of possible underlying mechanisms and implications for police patrolling.
Prospective Examination of Self‐Regulatory Efficacy in Predicting Walking for Active Transportation: A Social Cognitive Theory Approach
Authors: Fuller Daniel L. , Gyurcsik Nancy C. , Spink Kevin S. , Brawley Lawrence R.
Published: October 2012

Walking for transportation is associated with health benefits. Minimal theory‐based research has examined social cognitive and environmental predictors. This study examined social cognitions (self‐regulatory efficacy to plan/schedule and overcome barriers; distance and travel time cognitions) and an environmental factor (proximity) as predictors of walking for transportation. Participants (n = 105) were university students, faculty, and staff, living within a walkable distance to campus. Social cognitions and proximity measures were completed at baseline, followed by walking for transportation to/from the campus over 2 weeks. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis predicted walking (R2adjusted = .55; p < .05). Self‐regulatory efficacy to plan/schedule and overcome barriers were independent predictors (p's < .01). Findings supported theoretical contentions that self‐regulatory efficacy predicts walking for transportation.
Estimating population size by spatially explicit capture–recapture
Authors: Efford Murray G. , Fewster Rachel M.
Published: October 2012

The number of animals in a population is conventionally estimated by capture–recapture without modelling the spatial relationships between animals and detectors. Problems arise with non‐spatial estimators when individuals differ in their exposure to traps or the target population is poorly defined. Spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) methods devised recently to estimate population density largely avoid these problems. Some applications require estimates of population size rather than density, and population size in a defined area may be obtained as a derived parameter from SECR models. While this use of SECR has potential benefits over conventional capture–recapture, including reduced bias, it is unfamiliar to field biologists and no study has examined the precision and robustness of the estimates. We used simulation to compare the performance of SECR and conventional estimators of population size with respect to bias and confidence interval coverage for several spatial scenarios. Three possible estimators for the sampling variance of realised population size all performed well. The precision of SECR estimates was nearly the same as that of the null‐model conventional population estimator. SECR estimates of population size were nearly unbiased (relative bias 0–10%) in all scenarios, including surveys in randomly generated patchy landscapes. Confidence interval coverage was near the nominal level. We used SECR to estimate the population of a species of skinkOligosoma infrapunctatumfrom pitfall trapping. The estimated number in the area bounded by the outermost traps differed little between a homogeneous density model and models with a quadratic trend in density or a habitat effect on density, despite evidence that the latter models fitted better. Extrapolation of trend models to a larger plot may be misleading. To avoid extrapolation, a large region of interest should be sampled throughout, either with one continuous trapping grid or with clusters of traps dispersed widely according to a probability‐based and spatially representative sampling design.
Cross‐evaluation of facial hyperpigmented lesions based on fluorescence color image and cross‐polarized color image
Authors: Kim Eunji , Kim Dongyoun , Choi Eung H. , Jung Byungjo
Published: October 2012

Background/purpose

Hyperpigmentation is a common skin problem that looks darker than normal skin regions. Accurate evaluation of a hyperpigmented lesion (HPL) is of clinical importance because proper choice of treatment can be dependent on it. This study aimed to differentiate between epidermal and dermal HPLs.

Methods

Cross‐polarized color images (CPCIs) and fluorescence color images (FCIs) were acquired from the same facial regions. Contrast‐limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) was employed to enhance the image contrast and a fuzzy c‐means algorithm was implemented to extract the HPLs. The HPLs were superimposed to investigate the difference between CPCI and FCI.

Results

The HPL was successfully extracted by applying both CLAHE and fuzzy c‐means algorithms. CPCI and FCI resulted in a slightly different HPL, even from the same facial region, indicating a greater percentage area of HPL in FCI than CPCI.

Conclusion

CPCI and FCI may be utilized to differentiate HPLs that exist in different skin layers. Thus, this approach may contribute to the effective treatment of HPLs.
Supporting housing and neighbourhoods for healthy ageing: Findings from the Housing and Independent Living Study (HAIL)
Authors: Byles Julie E , Mackenzie Lynette , Redman Sally , Parkinson Lynne , Leigh Lucy , Curryer Cassie
Published: October 2012

Aim

To identify the extent to which homes and neighbourhoods of older community‐dwelling people are ‘supportive’.

Method

Cross‐sectional survey, in‐home observation and interviews involving 202 participants (75–79 years). Measures included SF‐36 health‐related quality of life and Late Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI) scores, and self‐reported home usability, access, safety and neighbourhood. Associations between home and neighbourhood characteristics were assessed using χ2‐tests, t‐tests and Pearson correlations.

Results

Older people rated neighbourhood satisfaction highly (3.0 men, 3.2 women; 4 being the highest score). Many homes failed objective adaptability and safety ratings, particularly bathrooms (80% did not have a shower grab rail, 77% did not have non‐slip floors); 27% of homes scored ≥8 of 25 possible hazards. There were significant correlations between perceptions of housing and neighbourhood and SF‐36 and disability scores.

Conclusion

Many homes and neighbourhoods may not accommodate increased frailty or disability of older people into the future.
Measuring the Performance of Critical Access Hospitals in Missouri Using Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Gautam Shriniwas , Hicks Lanis , Johnson Thomas , Mishra Bhawani
Published: October 2012

Purpose: Rural hospitals are critical for access to health care, and for their contributions to local economies. However, many rural hospitals, especially critical access hospitals (CAHs) need to strive for more efficiency for continued viability. Routinely evaluating their performance, and providing feedback to management and policy makers, is therefore important.

Method: Three measures of relative efficiency are estimated for CAHs in Missouri using an Input‐oriented Data Envelopment Analysis with a variable returns to scale assumption and compared with the efficiency of other rural hospitals in Missouri using Banker's F‐test. Using 30‐day readmission rate as a measure of quality, CAHs are evaluated against efficiency‐quality dimensions.

Findings: CAHs in Missouri had a slight decline in average technical efficiency, but they had a slight gain in average cost efficiency in 2009 compared to 2006. More than half of the CAHs were neither economically nor technically efficient in both years. The relative efficiency of other rural hospitals was statistically higher than that of CAHs in Missouri.

Conclusions: This study validates the finding of relative inefficiency of CAHs compared to other hospitals paid under the Prospective Payment System at a state level (Missouri). However, with considerable variation in socioeconomic as well as health care access indicators across states, a relative efficiency frontier may not be the only relevant indicator of value for the evaluation of the performance of CAHs. Access to health care and the impact on the local economy provided by these CAHs to the community are also critical indicators for more comprehensive performance evaluation.
Promoting Heart Health in Rural Women
Authors: Fahs Pamela Stewart , Pribulick Margaret , Williams Ishan Canty , James Gary D. , Rovynak Virginia , Seibold‐Simpson Susan M.
Published: October 2012

Purpose

To compare 2 strategies, stage‐matched nursing and community intervention (SMN+CI) and community intervention (CI) alone in changing cardiovascular risk factors in up to 3 behavioral areas: diet, physical activity, and/or smoking among rural women.

Methods

A 14‐month, multisite randomized controlled trial of 117 rural women was conducted. Transtheoretical model was used in identification of stage of change and development of the SMN+CI nursing interventions. A social‐ecological model was used to address issues of rurality in the development of interventions.

Findings

The SMN + CI group was superior on 4 outcomes. There were significant increases in 2 measures of dietary intake; improvement in dietary stage of change for fruits and vegetables; and reduced diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the SMN + CI group. After log transformation DBP significance was lost. The CI group had a significant reduction in change in total cholesterol; however, significance was lost after control for the initiation of lipid lowering medications. There was a significant reduction in Framingham risk scores pre‐ to postintervention, regardless of group.

Conclusions

There continues to be a need to improve cardiovascular risk factors in rural women. There should be an exploration of whether intensified dose and fidelity of the intervention strategies of diet and physical activity are effective in improving anthropometric and laboratory values. Further investigation is warranted into factors influencing the pre‐ to postreduction in Framingham risk scores.
Better regulation, administrative sanctions and constitutional values
Authors: Yeung Karen
Published: October 2012

This paper interrogates the predisposition in favour of informal, low-intervention control styles of enforcement advocated by the ‘better regulation’ movement, and which resonates throughout the Hampton Report recommendations which are currently being implemented in the UK. It focuses on three practices that reflect the trend towards diverting regulatory enforcement action away from the courts in favour of reliance on formal administrative sanctioning powers ranging from ‘hard’ to ‘soft’: the use of negotiated penalty settlements, the acceptance of administrative undertakings (‘enforcement undertakings’) and the provision of firm-specific compliance advice by regulators. Each practice is explored through various analytical lenses which enable the underlying constitutional tensions to be identified and interrogated. In so doing, it demonstrates how the emphasis on bargaining, negotiation and discussions between regulators and those they are responsible for regulating advocated by the UK better regulation movement may antagonise several constitutional values, including transparency, accountability, due process and participation, as well as several values associated with formal conceptions of the rule of law. On the other hand, resort to negotiation and discussion in regulatory enforcement can generate important benefits, largely in facilitating the timely, creative and cost-effective resolution of enforcement disputes while avoiding the formality, delay and hostility associated with formal court adjudication. This ‘clash of logics’ can be traced to inherent differences between bargaining, on the one hand, and adjudication on the other. Bargaining and adjudication represent two quite different and distinct forms of ordering through which disputes can be resolved, and it is these differences that lie at the foundation of their respective virtues and shortcomings when employed to resolve disputes concerning regulatory violations.
A New Enantiornithine Bird from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Jinzhou Area, Western Liaoning Province, China
Authors: Li LI , Jinqi WANG , Xi ZHANG , Shilin HOU
Published: October 2012

A new Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird from Liaoning Province of northeastern China, Shengjingornis yangi, gen. et sp. nov., is reported. This new bird possesses the following unique combination of features: a long rostrum, with some teeth in the front; short nasal; slender jugal; Y‐shaped furcula, with expanded distal end of the hypocleidum; cake‐like sternum, with a low and caudally distributed keel; strut‐like and caudally concave coracoid. The derived features of the scapula and the wings suggest a powerful flapping flight capability.
Geochemistry of Permian Mafic Igneous Rocks from the Napo‐Qinzhou Tectonic Belt in Southwest Guangxi, Southwest China: Implications for Arc‐Back Arc Basin Magmatic Evolution
Authors: Xiaofeng QIN , Zongqi WANG , Yingli ZHANG , Luozhong PAN , Guiang HU , Fusheng ZHOU
Published: October 2012

The Napo‐Qinzhou Tectonic Belt (NQTB) lies at the junction of the Yangtze, Cathaysia and Indochina (North Vietnam) Blocks, which is composed of five major lithotectonic subunits: the Qinzhou‐Fangcheng Suture Zone (QFSZ), the Shiwandashan Basin (SB), the Pingxiang‐Nanning Suture Zone (PNSZ), the Damingshan Block (DB) and the Babu‐Lingma Suture Zone (BLSZ). On the basis of geochemical compositions, the Permian mafic igneous rocks can be divided into three distinct groups: (1) mafic igneous rocks (Group 1) from the Longjing region in the PNSZ and Hurun region in the BLSZ, which are characterized by intermediate Ti, P and Zr with low Ni and Cr contents; (2) mafic igneous rocks (Group 2) from the Naxiao and Chongzuo region in the DB, characterized by low‐intermediate Ti, P and Zr with high Ni and Cr concentrations; and (3) mafic igneous rocks (Group 3) from the Siming region in the Jingxi carbonate platform of the northwestern margin of the NQTB, with intermediate‐high Ti, P and Zr and low Ni and Cr contents. The Group 1 rocks yield a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 250.5±2.8 Ma and are geochemically similar to basalts occurring in back‐arc basin settings. The Group 2 rocks exhibit geochemical features to those basalts in island arcs, whereas the Group 3 rocks show geochemical similarity to that of ocean island basalts. All three groups are characterized by relatively low εNd(t) values (–2.61 to +1.10) and high initial 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios (0.705309–0.707434), indicating that they were derived from a subduction‐modified lithospheric mantle and experienced assimilation, fractional crystallization, and crustal contamination or mixing during magmatic evolution. Accordingly, we propose the existence of an arc‐back arc basin system that developed along the NQTB at the border of SW Guangxi Province (SW China) and northern Vietnam, and it was formed by continued northwestward subduction of the Cathaysian (or Yunkai) Block under the Yangtze Block, and northeastward subduction of the Indochina Block beneath the Yangtze Block during Permian time.
LA‐ICP‐MS Zircon U‐Pb Dating of Intermediate‐Acidic Intrusive Rocks and Molybdenite Re‐Os Dating from the Bangpu Mo (Cu) Deposit, Tibet and its Geological Implication
Authors: Liqiang WANG , Yuchuan CHEN , Juxing TANG , Pengrui LÜ , Maocheng LUO , Huan WANG , Wei CHEN , Qiufeng LENG
Published: October 2012

The multi‐stage intrusions of intermediate‐acid magma occur in the Bangpu mining district, the petrogenic ages of which have been identified. The times and sequences of their emplacement have been collated and stipulated in detail in this paper by using the laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) zircon U‐Pb dating method. The ages of biotite monzogranite that were formed before mineralization in the southwest of this mining district are 70±1 Ma (mean square of weighted deviates (MSWD) = 9.5, n= 8) and 60.60±0.31 Ma (MSWD=3.8, n= 16), which belong to the late Cretaceous–early Paleocene in age. That means, they are products of an early tectonic‐magmatic event of the collision between the Indian and Asian continentals. The ages of ore‐bearing monzogranite porphyry and ore‐bearing diorite porphyrite are 16.23±0.19 Ma (MSWD= 2.0, n= 26) and 15.16±0.09 Ma (MSWD=3.9, n= 5) separately, which belong to the middle Miocene in age; namely, they are products of the Gangdese post‐collision extensional stage when crust‐mantle materials melted and mixed as well as magmatic intrusion simultaneously occurred. Some zircons with ages of 203.6±2.2 Ma (MSWD=1.18, n= 7) were captured in the ore‐bearing diorite porphyrite, which shows that there had been tectono‐magmatic events in the late Triassic–early Jurassic. Molybdenum (copper) ore‐bodies produced in the monzogranite porphyry and copper (molybdenum) ore‐bodies produced in the diorite porphyrite are the main ore types in this ore deposit. The model ages of Re‐Os isotopic dating for the 11 molybdenite are 13.97–15.84 Ma, while isochron ages are 14.09±0.49 Ma (MSWD=26). The isochron ages of seven molybdenite from molybdenum (copper) ore with monzogranite porphyry type are 14.11±0.31 Ma (MSWD=5.2). There is great error in the isochron ages of four molybdenite from copper (molybdenum) ore with diorite porphyrite type, and their weighted average model ages of 14.6±1.2 Ma (MSWD=41), which generally represent the mineralization age. The results about the Re‐Os isotopic dating of molybdenite in the ore of different types have limited exactly that, the minerlazation age of this ore deposits is about 14.09 Ma, which belongs to the middle Miocene mineralization. The Bangpu deposit has a uniform metallogenic dynamics background with the porphyry type and skarn‐type deposits such as Jiama, Qulong and others.
Linkage between Seasonal Insolation Gradient in the Tropical Northern Hemisphere and the Sea Surface Salinity of the Equatorial Indian Ocean during the Last Glacial Period
Authors: RAJEEV Saraswat , RAJIV Nigam , ANDREAS Mackensen , SYEE Weldeab
Published: October 2012

Paired stable oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca analyses in calcite tests of the mixed‐layer‐dwelling planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber has been used to reconstruct equatorial Indian Ocean δ18O of seawater (δ18Osw) over the last ∼137 thousand years. On the basis of ice‐volume‐corrected δ18Osw (δ18Osw–ivc), relative changes in sea surface salinity (SSS) have been estimated. The SSS estimates suggest three episodes of higher SSS (131–113 thousand years before present (kyr BP), 62–58 kyr BP, and 30–24 kyr BP) within the last glacial period as compared with the present. SSS comparison between interglacial episodes reveals that the surface seawater over the core site was significantly saltier during the penultimate interglacial than the Holocene. We suggest that the evolution of a seasonal insolation gradient between the Indian monsoon areas and the equator over the investigated time interval was instrumental in shaping the strength of the Indian winter and summer monsoons that left their imprints on the equatorial Indian Ocean SSS via freshwater input and wind‐induced mixing. The study shows that the insolation difference between northern latitudes and the equator during winter affects monsoon strength in the Indian region, especially during cold intervals.
Noise Reduction Technique Applied to the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves
Authors: ISLAM Taohidul , CHIK Zamri , MUSTAFA Mohd Marzuki
Published: October 2012

This paper shows the presence of noises and technique to reduce these noises during the surface wave analysis. The frequency‐dependent properties of Rayleigh‐type surface waves can be used for imaging and characterizing the shallow subsurface. Interference by coherent source‐generated noise inhibits the reliability of shear‐wave velocities determined through inversion of the phase velocities of Rayleigh waves. Among these interferences by non‐planar, non‐fundamental mode Rayleigh waves (noise) are body waves, scattered and non‐source‐generated surface waves, and higher‐mode surface waves. For the reduction of noise, the filtering technique is implemented in this paper for the multichannel analysis of surface wave method (MASW). With the de‐noising technique during the MASW method, more robust and reliable outcome is achieved. The significance of this paper is to obtain pre‐awareness about noises during surface wave analysis and take better outcomes with de‐noising performance in near surface soil investigations.
Terrestrial weathering of ordinary chondrites in nature and continuing during laboratory storage and processing: Review and implications for Hayabusa sample integrity
Authors: VELBEL Michael A.
Published: October 2012

Abstract– The Hayabusa mission recently returned the first samples from an ordinary chondrite (OC) parent body. Olivine, low‐Ca pyroxene, and kamacite compositions fall within the known ranges of minerals from LL4 to LL6 chondrites. Hayabusa samples are being processed and stored in a pure N2 atmosphere. However, during recovery, prior to receiving, and during preliminary examination, some Hayabusa samples were briefly exposed to terrestrial atmosphere. Some of the minerals already identified in the Hayabusa samples (olivine, sulfides) are known to be among the most vulnerable to weathering reactions in moist, oxidizing terrestrial environments. Oxidation of Fe in metal, sulfides, and ferrous silicates is ubiquitous in naturally weathered OC finds, in samples of falls subjected to even a few decades of weathering before recovery, and in OC falls recovered and curated promptly after recovery. All prerecovery oxidation, hydrolysis, hydration, and product‐forming phenomena documented to affect OC finds have been documented to continue in OC samples in curatorial and laboratory settings, producing mineralogical and textural effects at scales easily discernable by electron microscopy, on timescales of decades. Hayabusa samples will be exposed to similar terrestrial conditions at times throughout sample processing, allocation, and examination. Maximizing the science yield from these important samples requires thorough understanding of how LL chondrite minerals like those in the Hayabusa samples react with terrestrial moisture and oxidants in support of proper planning for maintaining Hayabusa sample integrity after allocation, and for proper anticipation of the effects of inevitable exposure to Earth’s atmosphere during storage and examination in terrestrial analytical laboratories.
Meteorite impact craters and possibly impact‐related structures in Estonia
Authors: PLADO Jüri
Published: October 2012

Abstract– Three structures (Neugrund, Kärdla, and Kaali) of proven impact origin make Estonia the most cratered country in the world by area. In addition, several candidate impact structures exist, waiting for future studies to determine their origin. This article is an overview of these proven and possible impact structures, including some breccia layers. It summarizes the information and descriptions of the morphology; geological characteristics; and mineralogical, chemical, and geophysical data available in the literature. The overview was prepared to make information in many earlier publications in local journals (many of which had been published in Estonian or Russian) accessible to the international community. This review summarizes the facts and observations in a historical fashion, summarizing the current state of knowledge with some additional comments, and providing the references.