bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laser‐Assisted Multilevel Non‐Volatile Memory Device Based on 2D van‐der‐Waals Few‐Layer‐ReS2/h‐BN/Graphene Heterostructures
Authors: Mukherjee Bablu , Zulkefli Amir , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Wakayama Yutaka , Nakaharai Shu
Published: August 2020

Few‐layer rhenium disulfide (ReS2) field‐effect transistors with a local floating gate (FG) of monolayer graphene separated by a thin hexagonal boron nitride tunnel layer for application to a non‐volatile memory (NVM) device are designed and investigated. FG‐NVM devices based on two‐dimensional van‐der‐Waals heterostructures have been recently studied as important components to realize digital electronics and multifunctional memory applications. Direct bandgap multilayer ReS2 satisfies various requirements as a channel material for electronic devices as well as being a strong light‐absorbing layer, which makes it possible to realize light‐assisted optoelectronic applications. The NVM operation with a high ON/OFF current ratio, a large memory window, good endurance (>1000 cycles), and stable retention (>104 s) are observed. The successive program and erase states using 10 ms gate pulses of +10 V and −10 V are demonstrated, respectively. Laser pulses along with electrostatic gate pulses provide multibit level memory access via opto‐electrostatic coupling. The devices exhibit the dual functionality of a conventional electronic memory and can store laser‐pulse excited signal information for future all‐optical logic and quantum information processing.
Acute myeloid leukemia: 2021 update on risk‐stratification and management
Authors: Estey Elihu H.
Published: August 2020

Management of AML involves choosing between purely palliative care, standard therapy and investigational therapy (“clinical trial”). Even most older patients likely benefit from treatment. Based on randomized trials CPX 351, midostaurin, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, and venetoclax, the latter three when combined with other drugs, should now be considered standard therapy. Knowledge of the likely results with these therapies is essential in deciding whether to recommend them or participate in a clinical trial, possibly including these drugs. Hence here, in the context of established prognostic algorithms, we review results with the recently‐ approved drugs compared with their predecessors and describe other potential options. We discuss benefit/risk ratios underlying the decision to offer allogeneic transplant and emphasize the importance of measurable residual disease. When first seeing a newly‐diagnosed patient physicians must decide whether to offer conventional treatment or investigational therapy, the latter preferably in the context of a clinical trial. As noted below, such trials have led to changes in what today is considered “conventional” therapy compared to even 1‐2 years ago. In older patients decision making has often included inquiring whether specific anti‐AML therapy should be offered at all, rather than focusing on a purely palliative approach emphasizing transfusion and antibiotic support, with involvement of a palliative care specialist.
A Neutral Three‐Membered 2π Aromatic Disilaborirane and the Unique Conversion into a Four‐Membered BSi2N‐Ring
Authors: Sarkar Samir Kumar , Chaliha Rinkumoni , Siddiqui Mujahuddin M. , Banerjee Samya , Münch Annika , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Stalke Dietmar , Jemmis Eluvathingal D. , Roesky Herbert W.
Published: August 2020

We report the design, synthesis, structure, bonding, and reaction of a neutral 2π aromatic three‐membered disilaborirane. The disilaborirane is synthesized by a facile one‐pot reductive dehalogenation of amidinato‐silylene chloride and dibromoarylborane with potassium graphite. Despite the tetravalent arrangement of atoms around silicon, the three‐membered silicon‐boron‐silicon ring is aromatic, as evidenced by NMR spectroscopy, nucleus independent chemical shift calculations, first‐principles electronic structure studies using density functional theory (DFT) and natural bond orbital (NBO) based bonding analysis. Trimethylsilylnitrene, generated in situ, inserts in the Si−Si bond of disilaborirane to obtain a four‐membered heterocycle 1‐aza‐2,3‐disila‐4‐boretidine derivative. Both the heterocycles are fully characterized by X‐ray crystallography.
Macrocycle Co‐Crystals Showing Vapochromism to Haloalkanes
Authors: Li Bin , Cui Lei , Li Chunju
Published: August 2020

Organic co‐crystal engineering is a promising method to make multifunctional materials. Here, the marriage of macrocyclic chemistry and co‐crystal engineering provides a smart strategy to build vapochromic materials. The macrocycle co‐crystals (MCCs) were constructed from π‐electron rich pillar[5]arene (P5) and an electron‐deficient pyromellitic diimide derivative (PDI) on a 10 g scale. MCCs of P5‐PDI are in red owing to the formation of a charge‐transfer (CT) complex. After solvent removal, a white crystalline solid with a new structure (P5‐PDIα) is yielded, which exhibits selective vapochromic responses to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of haloalkanes, accompanied by color changes from white to red or orange. Powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses reveal that the color changes are attributed to the vapor‐triggered solid‐state structural transformation to form CT co‐crystals. Coating films of P5 and PDI on glass showed a visible vapochromic behavior with good reversibility.
An Integrated Multi‐Function Heterogeneous Biochemical Circuit for High‐Resolution Electrochemistry‐Based Genetic Analysis
Authors: Dai Yifan , Xu Wei , Somoza Rodrigo A. , Welter Jean F. , Caplan Arnold I. , Liu Chung Chiun
Published: August 2020

Modular construction of an autonomous and programmable multi‐functional heterogeneous biochemical circuit that can identify, transform, translate, and amplify biological signals into physicochemical signals based on logic design principles can be a powerful means for the development of a variety of biotechnologies. To explore the conceptual validity, we design a CRISPR‐array‐mediated primer‐exchange‐reaction‐based biochemical circuit cascade, which probes a specific biomolecular input, transform the input into a structurally accessible form for circuit wiring, translate the input information into an arbitrary sequence, and finally amplify the prescribed sequence through autonomous formation of a signaling concatemer. This upstream biochemical circuit is further wired with a downstream electrochemical interface, delivering an integrated bioanalytical platform. We program this platform to directly analyze the genome of SARS‐CoV‐2 in human cell lysate, demonstrating the capability and the utility of this unique integrated system.
Air gap spinning of a cellulose solution in [DBNH][OAc] ionic liquid with a novel vertically arranged spinning bath to simulate a closed loop operation in the Ioncell® process
Authors: Guizani Chamseddine , Larkiala Sauli , Moriam Kaniz , Sawada Daisuke , Elsayed Sherif , Rantasalo Sami , Hummel Michael , Sixta Herbert
Published: August 2020

A novel, small‐volume vertically arranged spin bath was successfully developed for an air gap lyocell‐type spinning process. A maximum regeneration bath length with a minimum free volume characterizes the concept of the new spin bath. Using the ionic liquid (IL) 1,5‐diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐5‐enium acetate [DBNH][OAc], the spin bath showed very good spinning performances of IL‐cellulose dopes at high draw ratios and spinning duration for single filament spinning experiments. Using this new device, it was possible to get a step further in the optimization of the Ioncell® process and simulate a process closed loop operation by performing single filament spinning in IL/H2O mixtures. Good dope spinnability and preserved fibers mechanical properties were achieved in a coagulation bath containing up to 30 wt% IL. It is only at 45 wt% of IL in the bath that the spinnability and fibers mechanical properties started to deteriorate. The fibers fibrillar structure was less pronounced in IL‐containing spinning bath in comparison to a pure water bath. However, their crystallinity after washing was preserved regardless of the spinning bath composition. The results presented in this work have a high relevance to the upscaling of emerging IL‐based cellulose dissolution and spinning processes.
Fluorinated graphene/polyimide nanocomposites for advanced electronic packaging applications
Authors: Zhang Fan , Li Jinhui , Wang Tao , Huang Chao , Ji Fei , Shan Liang , Zhang Guoping , Sun Rong , Wong Ching‐ping
Published: August 2020

Low dielectric constant and low dissipation factor, superior hydrophobicity, excellent thermal and mechanical property, and good optical performance are desired for advanced electronic packaging of fan‐out wafer level package (FO‐WLP). An effective approach was introduced to fabricate novel fluorinated graphene/polyimide(FG/PI) nanocomposite films in this paper. FG nanosheets exhibit excellent dispersion in the PI matrix due to their high surface area with some oxygen‐containing functional groups, and individual graphitized planar structure. Besides, the effects of the addition of FG on the dielectric, optical, mechanical, thermal properties as well as the hydrophobicity of the films are investigated with controlled amounts of FG. The dielectric constant and loss can be as low as 2.64 (at 106 Hz) and 0.00176 for PI‐0.5wt% FG. And with the increase of the loading of FG, the thermal stability (T5 = 514°C) and mechanical property (tensile modulus = 2.11GPa, tensile strength = 93.23 MPa, elongation at break = 11.60%) has been improved successfully. Besides, the contact angles have been increased from 83° to 92° showing a superior hydrophobicity which is essential for the FO‐WLP. Moreover, the incorporation of FG also proved excellent optical performance of 88% transmittance at 550 nm. Therefore, with the excellent comprehensive performance, the as‐prepared FG/PI films possess widespread applications in the microelectronics especially in FO‐WLP.
Simultaneous quantification and pharmacokinetic evaluation of roflumilast and its N‐oxide in cynomolgus monkey plasma by LC–MS/MS method
Authors: Qu Haijun , Zhang Keyu , Fu Chunqing , Qiu Feng
Published: August 2020

Roflumilast (ROF), a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, has successfully been used to treat systemic and pulmonary inflammation associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. To evaluate its pharmacokinetics in monkeys, a sensitive, rapid and reliable liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of ROF and its N‐oxide metabolite (RNO). The mobile phase contained 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (A) and 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution (B). All monkey plasma samples were pretreated using protein precipitation with methanol–acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) in 50 μl plasma samples. Chromatographic separation was performed with mass spectral acquisition performed in positive electrospray ionization, utilizing multiple reaction monitoring. This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in cynomolgus monkeys. Following administration of a single oral dose of 1 mg/kg ROF in monkeys, pharmacokinetic data for ROF and RNO was reported for the first time. After oral administration, ROF was rapidly absorbed and metabolized to its metabolite RNO. The mean area under the curve value of RNO was ~13 times larger than that of ROF, suggesting that most ROF was metabolized to RNO in cynomolgus monkeys.
Development and Continuous Operation of a Bench‐Scale System for the Production of O3 + O2 + CO2 Hydrates
Authors: Hatsugai Tomomi , Nakayama Ryutaro , Tomura Shigeo , Akiyoshi Ryo , Nishitsuka Shirou , Nakamura Ryo , Takeya Satoshi , Ohmura Ryo
Published: August 2020

Ozone (O3) has many industrial applications such as in sterilization. One of the long‐term O3 preservation methods is molecular storage in clathrate hydrate. In this study, an experimental system was developed for continuously forming O3 + O2 + CO2 hydrates. The parameters that affect the continuous operation of the system and that lead to increases in the concentration of O3 in the hydrates were also experimentally evaluated, implementing the method of quality engineering. After optimizing these operating parameters, the O3 storage capacity in the hydrates was measured to be 0.26 wt % at 2 h of total operation time. By X‐ray diffraction, it was found that the produced sample contained hydrates, and long‐term preservation for 6 months was possible at the temperature of general freezing warehouses.
α–ω Alkenyl‐bis‐S‐Guanidine Thiourea Dihydrobromide Affects HeLa Cell Growth Hampering Tubulin Polymerization
Authors: Ceramella Jessica , Mariconda Annaluisa , Rosano Camillo , Iacopetta Domenico , Caruso Anna , Longo Pasquale , Sinicropi Maria Stefania , Saturnino Carmela
Published: August 2020

Cancer is going to be the first cause of mortality worldwide in the 21th century. It is considered a multifactorial disease that results from the combined influence of many genetic aberrations, leading to abnormal cell proliferation. As microtubules are strongly implicated in cellular growth, they represent an important target for cancer treatment. The well‐known microtubule‐targeting agents (MTAs) including paclitaxel, colchicine and vinca alkaloids are commonly used in the treatment of various cancers. However, adverse effects and drug resistance are major limitations in their clinical use.

To find new candidates able to induce microtubule alteration with reduced toxic effects or drug resistance, we studied a small new series of derivatives that present imidazolinic, guanidinic, thioureidic and hydrazinic groups (1–9). All the compounds were tested for their antitumor activity against a panel of six tumoral cell models. In particular, compound 8 (nonane‐1,9‐diyl‐bis‐S‐amidinothiourea dihydrobromide) showed the lowest IC50 value against HeLa cells, together with a low cytotoxicity for normal cells. This compound was able to induce the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway and inhibited tubulin polymerization with a similar efficacy to vinblastine and nocodazole. Taken together, these promising biological properties make compound 8 useful for the development of novel therapeutic approaches in cancer treatment.
Rigidly Fused Spiro‐Conjugated π‐Systems
Authors: Liu Shihui , Xia Debin , Baumgarten Martin
Published: August 2020

Spiro‐fused π‐systems have gained considerable attention for their application as semiconductors in molecular electronics. Here, a synopsis regarding recent breakthroughs in ladderized spirobifluorenes and indeno‐spirobifluorenes, along with further spiro‐condensed heteroatomic hydrocarbons with donor‐acceptor moieties, is provided. Additionally, an extended range of rigid spirobifluorene polymers and specific doubly linked spiro‐systems with partial chiral character is discussed. The diverse applications of the aforementioned structures are thoroughly evaluated.
Effects of Photosensitizers and Reaction Media on Light‐Driven Water Oxidation with Trinuclear Ruthenium Macrocycles
Authors: Meza‐Chincha Ana‐Lucia , Schindler Dorothee , Natali Mirco , Würthner Frank
Published: August 2020

Photocatalytic water oxidation is a promising process for the production of solar fuels and the elucidation of factors that influence this process is of high significance. Thus, we have studied in detail light‐driven water oxidation with a trinuclear Ru(bda) (bda: 2,2’‐bipyridine‐6,6’‐dicarboxylate) macrocycle MC3 and its highly water soluble derivative m‐CH2NMe2‐MC3 using a series of ruthenium tris(bipyridine) complexes as photosensitizers under varied reaction conditions. Our investigations showed that the catalytic activities of these Ru macrocycles are significantly affected by the choice of photosensitizer (PS) and reaction media, in addition to buffer concentration, light intensity and concentration of the sensitizer. Our steady‐state and transient spectroscopic studies revealed that the photocatalytic performance of trinuclear Ru(bda) macrocycles is not limited by their intrinsic catalytic activities but rather by the efficiency of photogeneration of oxidant PS+ and its ability to act as an oxidizing agent to the catalysts as both are strongly dependent on the choice of photosensitizer and the amount of employed organic co‐solvent.
Surface Architecture Design of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Cathode with Synergistic Organics Encapsulation to Enhance Electrochemical Stability
Authors: Hu Guorong , Fan Ju , Lu Yan , Zhang Yinjia , Du Ke , Peng Zhongdong , Li Luyu , Zhang Baichao , Shi You , Cao Yanbing
Published: August 2020

Ni‐rich LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) material attracts extensive attention due to its high discharge specific capacity, but its distinct drawbacks of rapid capacity decline and poor cycle performance at elevated temperatures and high voltage during charge/discharge cycling restricts its widespread application. To solve these problems, a multifunctional coating layer composed of a lithium‐ion‐conductive lithium polyacrylate (LiPAA) inner layer and a cross‐linked polymer outer layer from certain organic substances of silane‐coupling agent (KH550) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) is successfully designed on the surface of NCA materials, which is favorable for eliminating residual lithium and improving lithium‐ion conductivity, surface stability, and hydrophobicity of NCA materials. In addition, the amount of the coating material is also investigated. A series of characterization methods such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to analyze the morphologies and structures for materials of pristine and modified NCA. It is revealed that the co‐coating layer plays a vital part in reducing the surface residual alkalis and improving the stability of NCA particles; as a result, the modified NCA exhibits a greatly improved rate capability, cycle performance, and low polarization impedance.
Climate‐altered fire regimes may increase extirpation risk in an upper subalpine conifer species of management concern
Authors: Pansing Elizabeth R. , Tomback Diana F. , Wunder Michael B.
Published: August 2020

Climate change is transforming forest structure and function by altering the timing, frequency, intensity, and spatial extent of episodic disturbances. Wildland fire regimes in western U.S. coniferous forests are now characterized by longer fire seasons and greater frequency, with further changes expected. Identifying the impacts of altered fire regimes on forest resources may enable land managers to plan mitigation strategies or prepare for novel or altered communities. We created a stochastic, density‐dependent, matrix projection model for a whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) metapopulation to estimate the impacts of increasing fire frequency on metapopulation persistence. Whitebark pine is a widely distributed foundation species of management concern found in upper subalpine and tree line forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains. We parameterized the model using empirically based demographic data from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) and validated the model by comparing observed whitebark pine densities to those projected by the model when parameterized with historical demographic rates and fire frequencies. We reparameterized the model with current demographic rates including mortality from insect outbreaks and exotic disease. We compared odds of functional extirpation among six scenarios comprising three altered fire frequencies (fires suppressed, historical fire return interval of 268 yr, and decreasing fire return intervals from current to 97 yr) and two seed dispersal probabilities. Historical parameterization with high dispersal probability projected median whitebark pine densities (40.95 trees/ha, first and third quartiles: 21.89, 67.25), which were similar to empirically estimated densities (40.62 trees/ha, first and third quartiles: 12.04, 114.15). Odds of functional extirpation with increasing fire frequency were 8.26 and 139.91 times higher than historical fire frequency and fire suppression, respectively. In decreasing fire return interval scenarios, odds of functional extirpation were 1.76 times higher in low than high dispersal probability scenarios. These findings suggest that fire suppression may be required to maintain whitebark pine metapopulations in the GYE and that maintaining stand networks connected by high rates of seed dispersal could increase metapopulation resiliency.
Serum uric acid, influence of sacubitril–valsartan, and cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: PARAGON‐HF
Authors: Selvaraj Senthil , Claggett Brian L. , Pfeffer Marc A. , Desai Akshay S. , Mc Causland Finnian R. , McGrath Martina M. , Anand Inder S. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Kober Lars , Janssens Stefan , Cleland John G.F. , Pieske Burkert , Rouleau Jean L. , Zile Michael R. , Shi Victor C. , Lefkowitz Martin P. , McMurray John J.V. , Solomon Scott D.
Published: August 2020

Aims

This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of serum uric acid (SUA) on outcomes in heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and whether sacubitril–valsartan reduces SUA and use of SUA‐related therapies.

Methods and results

We analysed 4795 participants from the Prospective Comparison of ARNI [angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor] with ARB [angiotensin‐receptor blockers] Global Outcomes in HF with Preserved Ejection Fraction (PARAGON‐HF) trial. We related baseline hyperuricaemia (using age and gender adjusted assay definitions) to the primary outcome [cardiovascular (CV) death and total HF hospitalizations]. We assessed the associations between changes in SUA and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Overall Summary Score (KCCQ‐OSS) and other cardiac biomarkers from baseline to 4 months. We simultaneously adjusted for baseline and time‐updated SUA to determine whether lowering SUA was associated with clinical benefit. The mean (± standard deviation) age of patients was 73 ± 8 years and 52% were women. After multivariable adjustment, hyperuricaemia was associated with increased risk for the primary outcome [rate ratio 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37–1.90]. The treatment effect of sacubitril–valsartan for the primary endpoint was not significantly modified by hyperuricaemia (P‐value for interaction = 0.14). Sacubitril–valsartan reduced SUA by 0.38 mg/dL (95% CI 0.31−0.45) compared with valsartan at 4 months, with greater effect in those with elevated SUA vs. normal SUA (−0.51 mg/dL vs. −0.32 mg/dL) (P‐value for interaction = 0.031). Sacubitril–valsartan reduced the odds of initiating SUA‐related treatments by 32% during follow‐up (P < 0.001). After multivariable adjustment, change in SUA was inversely associated with change in KCCQ‐OSS and directly associated with high‐sensitivity troponin T (P < 0.05). Time‐updated SUA was a stronger predictor of adverse outcomes than baseline SUA.

Conclusions

Serum uric acid independently predicted adverse outcomes in HFpEF. Sacubitril–valsartan reduced SUA and the initiation of related therapy compared with valsartan. Reductions in SUA were associated with improved outcomes.
Process inference from topographic fractal characteristics in the tectonically active Northwest Himalaya, India
Authors: Sahoo Ramendra , Singh R.N. , Jain Vikrant
Published: August 2020

Topography evolves under the coupled effect of exogenic and endogenic governing factors, and their scale‐(in)variant dynamics. This results in a self‐affine topography across a finite range, with a characteristic fractal dimension. Fractal analysis has been used to classify geological terrains having distinct litho‐tectonic settings. However, process‐based understanding of the fractal behaviour of a natural landscape is still limited. The current study aims to substantiate and expand upon the present knowledge of topographic response to the complex actions of the governing factors using fractal characteristics. We examined the association between the litho‐tectonic, climatic settings and the fractal characteristics of the topography in the tectonically active Northwest Himalaya. Our analysis was carried out in three separate sectors having diverse litho‐tectonic settings. We used the roughness–length method to calculate the fractal parameters (fractal dimension, D; ordinate intercept, q). The Higher and the Lesser Himalaya were found to be characterized by low D and high q, while the tectonically active Sub Himalaya was found to have moderate D and low q. The southernmost foreland alluvial plains were characterized by high D and low q. Clusters of the fractal parameters were found to be consistent in spatial pattern across the three sectors. Our results showed that the geological–geomorphological settings and the associated processes (e.g. uplift, erosion and diffusion) can be well inferred using the fractal characteristics of the topography. Further, our results implied first‐order control of lithology in sustaining and shaping the topographic geometry (both its amplitude and texture) in the tectonically active Northwest Himalaya. The spatial distribution of the fractal parameters also suggested the secondary control of tectonic uplift and, to a much lesser extent, mean annual rainfall on the topographic geometry. These results collectively point to the role of complex actions of the governing factors in the landscape evolution process. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Within- and Among-Clutch Variation of Yolk Perfluoroalkyl Acids in a Seabird from the Northern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Parolini Marco , Cappelli Francesca , De Felice Beatrice , Possenti Cristina Daniela , Rubolini Diego , Valsecchi Sara , Polesello Stefano
Published: August 2020

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are surface-active agents used in diverse industrial and commercial applications. They contaminate both freshwater and marine ecosystems, are highly persistent, and accumulate through trophic transfer. Seabirds are exposed to environmental contaminants due to their high trophic position in food webs and relatively long lifespan. We measured levels of 10 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in egg yolks of yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) breeding in the northern Adriatic Sea (Northeast Italy). We examined variations in PFAAs within clutches (between eggs of different laying order) and among clutches. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most abundant yolk PFAA (mean = 42.0 ng/g wet wt), followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 3.8 ng/g wet wt) and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDa; 2.8 ng/g wet wt). The ∑PFAAs averaged 57.4 ng/g wet weight, ranging between 26.5 and 115.0 ng/g wet weight. The PFAA levels varied substantially among clutches (0.29–0.79 of the total variation), whereas the effects of laying order were considerably weaker (0.01–0.13). Egg-laying order effects were detected for ∑PFAAs, PFOS, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), and PFDoDa, whereby the last-laid eggs exhibited lower PFAA concentrations than early-laid eggs. Our results indicate that seagulls from the northern Adriatic basin deposit measurable amounts of PFAAs in their eggs. The large among-clutches differences in PFAAs suggest that exposure of yellow-legged gull females to these compounds is highly variable. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:744–753. © 2020 SETAC
Transfer and Transcriptomic Profiling in Liver and Brain of European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) After Diet-borne Exposure to Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Perrier Fanny , Bertucci Anthony , Pierron Fabien , Feurtet-Mazel Agnès , Simon Olivier , Klopp Christophe , Candaudap Frédéric , Pokrovski Oleg , Etcheverria Bruno , Mornet Stéphane , Baudrimont Magalie
Published: August 2020

A nanometric revolution is underway, promising technical innovations in a wide range of applications and leading to a potential boost in environmental discharges. The propensity of nanoparticles (NPs) to be transferred throughout trophic chains and to generate toxicity was mainly assessed in primary consumers, whereas a lack of knowledge for higher trophic levels persists. The present study focused on a predatory fish, the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) exposed to gold NPs (AuNPs; 10 nm, polyethylene glycol–coated) for 21 d at 3 concentration levels in food: 0 (NP0), 1 (NP1), and 10 (NP10) mg Au kg−1. Transfer was assessed by Au quantification in eel tissues, and transcriptomic responses in the liver and brain were revealed by a high-throughput RNA-sequencing approach. Eels fed at NP10 presented an erratic feeding behavior, whereas Au quantification only indicated transfer to intestine and kidney of NP1-exposed eels. Sequencing of RNA was performed in NP0 and NP1 eels. A total of 258 genes and 156 genes were significantly differentially transcribed in response to AuNP trophic exposure in the liver and brain, respectively. Enrichment analysis highlighted modifications in the immune system–related processes in the liver. In addition, results pointed out a shared response of both organs regarding 13 genes, most of them being involved in immune functions. This finding may shed light on the mode of action and toxicity of AuNPs in fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2450–2461. © 2020 SETAC
Stochastic channel models for massive and extreme large multiple‐input multiple‐output systems
Authors: May Taniguchi Lígia , Abrão Taufik
Published: August 2020

In this article, stochastic channel models for massive multiple‐input multiple‐output (M‐MIMO) and extreme large MIMO (XL‐MIMO) system applications are described, evaluated, and systematically compared. This work aims to cover new aspects of M‐MIMO stochastic channel models in a comprehensive and systematic way. For that, we compare different models, presenting graphically and intuitively the behavior of each model. Each M‐MIMO channel model emulates the environment using different methodologies and properties. Using metrics such as capacity, SINR, singular values decomposition, and condition number, one can understand the influence of each characteristic on the modeling and how it differentiates from other models. Moreover, in new XL‐MIMO scenarios, where the near‐field and visibility region effects arise, our finding demonstrate that for the two assumed schemes of clusters distribution, the clusters location influences the performance of the conjugate beamforming and zero‐forcing precoding due to the correlation effect, which have been analyzed from the geometric M‐MIMO channel models.
Production technology of late Roman decorated tableware from the Vesuvius environs: Evidence from Pollena Trocchia (Campania region, Italy)
Authors: Germinario Chiara , Cultrone Giuseppe , De Bonis Alberto , De Simone Girolamo F. , Gorrasi Michele , Izzo Francesco , Langella Alessio , Martucci Caterina S. , Mercurio Mariano , Morra Vincenzo , Vyhnal Christopher R. , Grifa Celestino
Published: August 2020

The northern slope of Mt. Vesuvius contains some interesting archaeological sites, including the site discovered in the town of Pollena Trocchia, where the remains, dated to between the 79 and 472 CE eruptions, document the transition from the Roman to late Roman cultural and socioeconomic settings. Profound changes occurred in this time interval, which can be inferred from changes in the ceramic manufacturing processes. Common wares, as the most widespread ceramic class in the archaeological record, are a useful example that illustrates this technological transformation. Seventeen samples of tableware, distinguished into three ceramic classes according to the method of slip application (i.e., Slipped Ware, Painted Ware “a straccio,” and Painted Ware), were analyzed. The results highlight the use of high‐CaO clayey raw materials compositionally similar to Apennine clayey deposits. The clay bodies were occasionally tempered with sandy‐silt materials composed of volcanic grains with lesser amounts of siliciclastic fragments. Firing temperatures ranged from 800 to 950°C, as suggested by quantitative X‐ray powder diffraction and microstructural analyses combined with colorimetric measurements of the ceramic bodies. Micro‐Raman analyses performed on slips revealed the use of ochre for decorating the vessels; it was applied in a different way, representing an actual technological change.
Determining the number and distribution of intraparotid lymph nodes according to parotidectomy classification of European Salivary Gland Society: Cadaveric study
Authors: Sönmez Said , Orhan Kadir Serkan , Kara Erdoğan , Büyük Melek , Aydemir Levent , Asliyüksek Hızır
Published: August 2020

Background

To investigate the distribution of the parotid gland's intraglandular lymph nodes using the parotidectomy zones determined by the parotidectomy classification of the European Salivary Gland Society (ESGS).

Materials and Methods

A total of 128 parotid glands were dissected from 64 fresh cadavers, by bilateral parotidectomy without additional incision within the standard autopsy procedure, and categorized.

Results

Eighty‐six percent of the IGLNs were located in the superficial lobe and 14% in the deep lobe. An average of 7.09 ± 3.55 IGLNs were found for each of the gland; there were 6.11 ± 3.28 in the superficial lobe and 0.98 ± 1.46 in the deep lobe. While the most common lymph nodes were found in level 2 with 47.7%, only 5% of IGLNs were at level 4. According to the proposed modification, the most common lymph nodes (35.24%) were located at level 2B.

Conclusion

Level 2B was found to contain significantly more lymph nodes than other levels, which has not been evaluated before in literature.
Mapping sexual orientation research in management: A review and research agenda
Authors: Byington Eliza K. , Tamm Georg F. B. , Trau Raymond N. C.
Published: August 2020

Attitudes, norms, and laws regarding sexual orientation are undergoing a worldwide revolution. Managers and HR professionals play a key role in responding to these changes, and managing issues related to sexual orientation diversity in organizations. As such, the amount of management scholarship on sexual orientation has been rapidly growing to help inform practice. However, at present, the literature is fragmented across management specialty areas. This makes it difficult to have an overview of what has been learned to date, and detect research opportunities. Thus, this article aims to provide the first integrative review of sexual orientation research across the management field over 23 years. We use bibliometric techniques to (a) systematically identify and map 111 topics in this literature (map downloads from:https://bit.ly/SOTopicMap), (b) identify topic trends and topic citation rates, and (c) derive an inductive taxonomy of major topic clusters. We then identify key theories and relationships in the literature, review key findings for scholars and practitioners, and identify future research directions. Among these, we highlight the need to incorporate sexual orientation as a standard demographic question in management research, and highlight best practices for doing so from other scientific fields.
Toenail selenium, plasma selenoprotein P and risk of advanced prostate cancer: A nested case‐control study
Authors: Outzen Malene , Tjønneland Anne , Hughes David J. , Jenab Mazda , Frederiksen Kirsten , Schomburg Lutz , Morris Steve , Overvad Kim , Olsen Anja
Published: August 2020

Low selenium status may be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer (PC), particularly aggressive PC, and variation in selenoprotein genes may constitute an important modifying factor. We aimed to investigate the association between two selenium status biomarkers [toenail selenium, plasma selenoprotein P (SELENOP)] and risk of advanced, high‐grade and advanced‐stage PC. We further studied whether variations in selenoprotein genes were associated with PC risk and selenium biomarker concentrations. In the “Diet, Cancer and Health” cohort, 27 178 men aged 50 to 65 years were enrolled from 1993 to 1997. Between baseline and 2012, 1160 cohort participants were diagnosed with advanced PC; among these 462 had high‐grade and 281 had advanced‐stage disease at diagnosis. Each case was risk set‐matched to one control. Toenail selenium and plasma SELENOP concentrations were measured by neutron activation analysis and a SELENOP‐ELISA, respectively, and genotyping was performed for 27 selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 12 selenium pathway genes (including seven selenoproteins) by allele‐specific PCR. Toenail selenium and circulating SELENOP concentrations were not associated with advanced, high‐grade or advanced‐stage PC. After adjustment for multiple testing, none of the genes were associated with PC risk. Neither toenail selenium nor plasma SELENOP was associated with advanced, high‐grade or advanced‐stage PC.
Increased FURIN expression in rheumatoid arthritis patients and its anti‐inflammatory effect
Authors: Cao Rong , Zhang Ying , Du Juping , Chen Shuaishuai , Wang Na , Ying Haijian , Shen Bo
Published: August 2020

Background

FURIN belongs to the proprotein convertase family that processes proproteins and is involved in many diseases. However, the role of FURIN in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the association between circulating FURIN and disease activity in patients with RA and the effect of FURIN in THP‐1‐derived macrophages.

Methods

A total of 108 RA patients and 39 healthy controls participants were included in this study. RA patients were divided into four disease activity groups determined by the Disease Activity Score of 28 joints (DAS28). FURIN expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum was detected by using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Western blotting and qRT‐PCR were used to detect cytokines level after interfering FURIN expressed in THP‐1‐derived macrophages.

Results

Both FURIN mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in RA patients than in healthy controls participants (P < .001). No significant difference in FURIN expression was observed among the four RA groups (P > .05). Spearman correlation revealed that FURIN positively correlated with transforming growth factor‐β1(TGF‐β1), rheumatoid factor (RF), and anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti‐CCP). Moreover, the inhibition of FURIN in THP‐1‐derived macrophages promoted the caspase‐1 and IL‐1β expression (P < .05).

Conclusion

FURIN levels were significantly increased in the peripheral blood of RA patients and were not associated with disease activity. The inhibition of FURIN in THP‐1‐derived macrophages with elevated IL‐1β levels shows that FURIN may have an anti‐inflammatory effect.
Severe Coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia patients showed signs of aggravated renal impairment
Authors: Gao Menglu , Wang Qianying , Wei Jianhao , Zhu Zhaoqin , Li Haicong
Published: August 2020

Background

This objective of this study was to identify a sensitive indicator of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection.

Methods

Samples were collected from 136 patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pneumonia admitted to the Shanghai public health clinical center (116 mild, 20 severe). The concentrations of serum urea, Uric Acid (UA), Creatinine (CREA), Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and urine protein (Pro) have been tested in this study.

Results

Higher levels of urea (female 7.00 ± 3.31, male 8.87 ± 5.18) Pro (female7/7, male 12/13), hs‐CRP (female 2/7, male 5/13) ESR (female 94.43 ± 33.26, male 67.85 ± 22.77) were found in severe patients compared with the mild (urea: female 3.71 ± 1.00, male 4.42 ± 1.14; Pro: female 3/46, male 12/70; hs‐CRP: female 1/46, male 3/70; ESR: female 43.32 ± 33.24, male 21.64 ± 21.82). UA is lower in the severe group (female 146.90 ± 54.01, male 139.34 ± 66.95) than in mild group (female 251.99 ± 64.35, male 339.81 ± 71.32). CREA and PCT did not show a significant difference between mild and severe patients, but the difference among the five biological markers (urea, Pro, hs‐CRP, ESR, and UA) between mild and severe patients we tested was small (P < .05).

Conclusion

Severe COVID‐19 patients had higher levels of urea and Pro, while their UA levels were lower, reflecting poor kidney function in severe patients. However, higher levels of hs‐CRP, ESR indicated that inflammatory responses were more active in severe patients.
Chromatin regulators in retinoblastoma: Biological roles and therapeutic applications
Authors: Lee Chunsik , Kim Jong Kyong
Published: August 2020

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a pediatric ocular tumor mostly occurring due to the biallelic loss of RB1 gene in the developing retina. Early studies of genomic aberrations in RB have provided a valuable insight into how RB can progress following the tumor‐initiating RB1 mutations and have established a notion that inactivation of RB1 gene is critical to initiate RB but this causative genetic lesion alone is not sufficient for malignant progression. With the advent of high‐throughput sequencing technologies, we now have access to the comprehensive genomic and epigenetic landscape of RB and have come to appreciate that RB tumorigenesis requires both genetic and epigenetic alterations that might be directly or indirectly driven by RB1 loss. This integrative perspective on RB tumorigenesis has inspired research efforts to better understand the types and functions of epigenetic mechanisms contributing to RB development, leading to the identification of multiple epigenetic regulators misregulated in RB in recent years. A complete understanding of the intricate network of genetic and epigenetic factors in modulation of gene expression during RB tumorigenesis remains a major challenge but would be crucial to translate these findings into therapeutic interventions. In this review, we will provide an overview of chromatin regulators identified to be misregulated in human RB among the numerous epigenetic factors implicated in RB development. For a subset of these chromatin regulators, recent findings on their functions in RB development and potential therapeutic applications are discussed.
Transitioning from pre‐clinical to clinical dental radiology, a pilot study: Student perceived influences on confidence
Authors: Johnson K. Brandon , Kiser Jessica , Mauriello Sally M.
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Producing radiographic images requires the use of ionizing radiation, which has been well documented for its potentially detrimental effects on human tissues. Therefore, dental hygiene students begin their radiographic training by practicing on manikins in a pre‐clinical environment. Use of manikins does not allow for patient interaction factors. No published dental studies have examined factors important in helping dental hygiene students develop confidence during the transition from manikins to working with live patients in a clinical radiology setting.

Purpose/objectives

The purpose of this study was to identify students’ perceived influences on confidence and ultimately on performance when transitioning from a pre‐clinical radiology setting to working with live patients. Specific research questions that were answered by this qualitative study were (1) What pre‐clinical radiographic experiences did students feel were beneficial for transitioning from manikins to live patients? (2) What were the primary factors that students felt they struggled with when initially taking radiographs on patients?

Methods

A qualitative study design was implemented in 2017. Data were obtained from students in a 2‐year dental hygiene program. Survey responses, focus group feedback, and observation data were used to identify common themes. Emergent themes were reported using frequencies, emic and etic expressions.

Results

Four themes surfaced surrounding patient management, communication, appointment mechanics, and infection control.

Conclusion

The use of standardized simulated patients may enhance clinical preparedness and confidence.
Dental and physical therapy faculty collaborate in assessing and educating dental students on musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Santucci Noëlle M. , Jellin Justin , Davenport Todd E.
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Research shows 54% to 93% of practicing dentists suffer from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), with many developing afflictions early in their careers. Studies also show that dental students are developing MSDs early in their professional education.

Objective

The research goal was to quantify the prevalence, anatomical location and initial onset of MSDs among first‐year dental students. The study also assessed the students’ self‐reported opinion as to whether there were enough educational touchpoints to improve their ergonomics in daily activities.

Methods

At the conclusion of a 9‐month preclinical restorative course, that included 2 lectures on MSDs, ergonomics, and postural cueing sessions, a dental and physical therapy faculty member administered a survey to 143 first‐year dental students. This survey included questions about the history and presentation of the students’ MSD symptoms and their opinion on the relative value of the educational interventions.

Results

There was a 96.5% response rate to the survey with 87.8% of students reporting mild to moderate pain. The cervical spine (41.7%) and hands (42.4%) were the most common areas afflicted. 55.4% reported pain commencing 1 month after starting in the simulation clinic. Over 60.9% of students “agreed” or “somewhat agreed” that the 2 sessions of hands‐on ergonomic educational interventions resulted in improved biomechanics and students requested additional educational resources.

Conclusion

Dental students are developing MSDs as soon as 1 month after commencing dental school. Dental education should include ongoing ergonomic training throughout the curriculum to help students prevent MSDs.
A survey of χ‐boundedness
Authors: Scott Alex , Seymour Paul
Published: August 2020

If a graph has bounded clique number and sufficiently large chromatic number, what can we say about its induced subgraphs? András Gyárfás made a number of challenging conjectures about this in the early 1980s, which have remained open until recently; but in the last few years there has been substantial progress. This is a survey of where we are now.
Financial Inclusion, Nutrition and Socio‐Economic Status Among Rural Households in Guruve and Mount Darwin Districts, Zimbabwe
Authors: Murendo Conrad , Murenje Gamuchirai , Chivenge Pepukai Prince , Mtetwa Rumbidzai
Published: August 2020

This article assessed the association between financial inclusion and nutrition among 987 rural households in two districts of Zimbabwe. Poisson and negative binomial regressions were used for model estimations. Financial inclusion increased dietary diversity and food consumption by 12 and 14 per cent, respectively. Using concentration indices, our results show pro‐rich advantages in financial inclusion and household nutrition. Promoting inclusive financial services among rural and poorer households is crucial. This can be achieved through establishing microfinance and agency banking in rural areas. Promoting pro‐poor financial inclusion strategies, for example reduction of transaction and banking fees, is important to enhance equity. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.