bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Catalytic Activities of Pseudoliquid Phase of Dodecatungstophosphoric Acid for Reactions of Polar Molecules
Authors: Nishimura Toru , Okuhara Toshio , Misono Makoto
Published: March 2006

A solid H3PW12O40 exhibited very high catalytic activities for the reactions of polar molecules in the liquid phase, while it was much less active for the reactions of nonpolar molecules. It was confirmed that the pseudoliquid phase behavior of H3PW12O40 is responsible for the high activities.
Synthesis of Methyl-branched 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxycyclohexanone Derivatives via 6-Deoxyhex-5-enopyranosides
Authors: Sato Ken-ichi , Sakuma Shogo , Nakamura Yutaka , Yoshimura Juji , Hashimoto Hironobu
Published: March 2006

Seven novel methyl-branched 2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexanone derivatives were prepared in good yields by Ferrier reaction via corresponding key intermediates: 6-deoxyhex-5-enopyranosides.
Intra-ion-pair Electron Transfer Mechanism for Photolysis of Diphenyliodonium Salt Sensitized by 9,10-Dmethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonate Counteranion
Authors: Naitoh Kazuhiko , Yamaoka Tsuguo , Umehara Akira
Published: March 2006

Diphenyliodonium 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonate is photochemically dissociated to give 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonic acid. The dissociation is considered to proceed via an intra-ion-pair electron transfer from 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene moiety to iodonium moiety. The counteranion acts as both spectral sensitizer for diphenyliodonium ion and precursor for photo-acid generator.
Basic Sites on Alkali Ion-added Zeolite
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Yagi Fuyuki , Hattori Hideshi
Published: March 2006

The X type zeolites containing alkali ions in excess of ion exchange capacity exhibited high catalytic activity for 1-butene isomerization; the reaction proceeded at 273 K. Temperature programed desorption (TPD) of adsorbed CO2 confirmed that strongly basic sites were generated by addition of alkali ions. Alkali metal oxides formed in the zeolite cavities are considered to possess strongly basic sites and to act as the catalytic sites.
Preparation, Characterization, and X-Ray Structure Studies of Tertiary Phosphine Coordinated Molybdenocene
Authors: Ito Takashi , Tokunaga Tadayuki , Minato Makoto , Nakamura Takashi
Published: March 2006

Cp2MoH(OTs) (Cp = η-C5H5, Ts = p-CH3C6H4SO2), which was prepared from Cp2MoH2 by its treatment with TsOH in EtOH, reacted with tertiary phosphines and phosphite to give cationic [Cp2MoH(PR3)]+TsO− where R = Ph, Et, OEt, Cy, and Bun. Deprotonation of the latter with NaOH in EtOH afforded Cp2Mo(PR3); X-ray structure (R = Bun) and some reactions including those with alkyl halides and with H2 to revert to Cp2MoH2 of which were studied.
A New Methodology for the Construction of Chiral 4-Benzyl-2-furanone via C2-Symmetric Bis-Radical Intermediate
Authors: Takano Seiichi , Ohashi Kazuko , Sugihara Takumichi , Ogasawara Kunio
Published: March 2006

A new methodology leading to optically pure 4-benzyl-2-furanone has been developed by employing intramolecular reaction intervening C2-Symmetric bis-radical intermediate derived from diethyl (L)-tartrate.
Preparation of Group-6 Metal(0) Carbonyl Complexes of Chelate Type Containing Diphosphinidenecyclobutene as a Bidentate Ligand
Authors: Toyota Kozo , Tashiro Katsuya , Yoshifuji Masaaki
Published: March 2006

(E,E)-3,4-Bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenylphosphinidene)-1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutene was allowed to react with the group-6 metal(0) carbonyls to give stable tetracarbonyl complexes of chelate type, where the metal is chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten.
Stereoselective Dioxygenolysis of a Tryptophan Derivative Catalyzed by a Manganese Porphyrin Bound to Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Sagawa Takashi , Ishida Hitoshi , Urabe Kenji , Ohkubo Katsutoshi
Published: March 2006

Stereoselective dioxygenolyses of the pyrrole ring in N-acetyl-l(+)- and d(−)-tryptophan methyl esters have been performed with a manganese porphyrin covalently bound to bovine serum albumin; the enantioselective ratio has achieved to 1.63 (kL/kD) in 18 vol% THF/H2O (pH 9.3) under an O2 atmosphere at 298 K.
Photo-Switched Current through Bilayer Lipid Membrane Containing Spirobenzopyran
Authors: Toyama Shigeru , Nakamura Asao , Ueno Akihiko , Toda Fujio
Published: March 2006

The current through the bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) formed from glyceryl-1-monoolein (GMO) and spirobenzopyran with a long alkyl chain (1) increased upon UV light irradiation and decreased upon subsequent irradiation of visible light during the voltage application. This photoinduced increase in the current suggests that defects in BLM are formed as pass ways for ions associated with the conformational change of 1.
Synthesis and Metastable Structure of New Photochromic Spiroindolinobenzothiopyrans
Authors: Hirano Masafumi , Miyashita Akira , Nohira Hiroyuki
Published: March 2006

Photochromic spiroindolinobenzothiopyrans having a methacryloxymethyl group have been prepared and their colored forms were demonstrated to be a zwitterionic structure on the basis of the spectroscopic data.
Enhanced p-Terphenyl-Catalyzed Photoreduction of CO2 to CO through the Mediation of Co(III)–Cyclam Complex
Authors: Matsuoka Shinjiro , Yamamoto Kiichi , Pac Chyongjin , Yanagida Shozo
Published: March 2006

Efficient p-terphenyl-catalyzed photoreduction of CO2 to carbon monoxide can be achieved by combination with Cobalt3+–cyclam (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetra-azacyclotetradecane) as an electron mediator in organic solvent.
Ferromagnetic Interaction in Oxalato Bridged Cu(II) Complex with Zigzag Chain Structure
Authors: Oshio Hiroki
Published: March 2006

Magnetic susceptibility study on a zigzag chain complex [Cu(ox)(bpy)]·2H2O bridged by oxalates has revealed that the complex is a ferromagnetic S = 1/2 Heisenberg linear chain (J = +1.22 cm−1 and g = 2.185), and magnetization experiment at 2.0 K has revealed that spin multiplicity (S) is greater than 3/2.
Mesomorphic Phase Transitions of 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-n-dodecylphenyl)porphyrin
Authors: Shimizu Yo , Miya Masaru , Nagata Akira , Ohta Kazuchika , Matsumura Ayao , Yamamoto Iwao , Kusabayashi Shigekazu
Published: March 2006

The title compound was found to exhibit two phases between the isotropic liquid and crystalline ones. The phase transition enthalpies and entropies were typical for those of discotic mesogens, though the two phases are highly viscous but not brittle. The X-ray diffraction study indicated the two phases have discotic lamellar structures with slight difference each other.
Tris(ethylenedithio)- and Tris(1,2-benzodithio)-substituted Trimethylenemethanes
Authors: Sugimoto Toyonari , Ikeda Kaoru , Yamauchi Jun
Published: March 2006

Trimethylenemethanes substituted with three ethylenedithio or 1,2-benzodithio groups were generated by electrochemical reduction of the corresponding dication salts, and investigated by ESR. For the latter diradical the triplet ESR spectrum was observed and the temperature dependence of the signal intensity established the ground triplet state. The ESR spectrum of the former diradical could not be detected because of its high reactivity so as to allow ring-closure to the methylenecyclopropane.
The Absolute Stereochemistry of Okamurallene and Its Congeners, Halogenated C15 Nonterpenoids from the Red Alga Laurencia intricata
Authors: Suzuki Minoru , Kondo Hidemasa , Tanaka Isao
Published: March 2006

The absolute stereochemistry of okamurallene and the related metabolites, unusual C15 nonterpenoid bromoallenes from the red alga Laurencia intricata Lamouroux, were established by X-ray crystallographic analysis as well as chemical and spectral evidence.
Cyclodextrin-Promoted Radical Cyclization of o-(2-Propenyloxy)- and o-(2-Propynyloxy)benzenediazonium Ions
Authors: Fukunishi Koushi , Shimode Mitsuo , Hisamune Rie , Akita Makoto , Kuwabara Masaki , Yamanaka Hiroki , Nomura Mototeru
Published: March 2006

Radical dediazoniation of o-(2-propenyloxy)- and o-(2-propynyloxy)benzenediazonium ions in the presence of β-cyclodextrin gives selectively dihydrobenzofurans under N2, while hydroxymethylated dihydrobenzofurans and 3-hydroxymethyl-benzofuran under air, respectively.
Stabilization Energy of the Catalytic Core of the Tetrahymena Ribozyme
Authors: Sugimoto Naoki , Sasaki Muneo
Published: March 2006

The stabilization energy of a catalytic core of the Tetrahymena ribozyme has been calculated according to a nearest-neighbor model for RNA duplex formation. The results suggested that the high activity of the mutant ribozyme lacking the P9 region was due to the formation of a stabilized secondary structure by the approach between the active and substrate-binding sites.
Hydrogen Species Adsorbed on an Sm2O3 Catalyst Observed by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Sakata Yoshihisa , Imamura Hayao , Tsuchiya Susumu
Published: March 2006

The characteristic hydrogen species adsorbed on a well-outgassed Sm2O3 surface at 300 K are observed by infrared spectroscopy. The infrared bands of these species were observed at 822 cm−1 and 714 cm−1.
A Composite Ru–Pt Catalyst for 2-Propanol Dehydrogenation Adoptable to the Chemical Heat Pump System
Authors: Ito Eri , Yamashita Masaru , Hagiwara Shigeji , Saito Yasukazu
Published: March 2006

Synergetic promotion was observed for 2-propanol dehydrogenation with a composite Ru–Pt/carbon catalyst, prepared by NaBH4 reduction of mixed metal chlorides adsorbed on active carbon in an aqueous solution. Metal crystallites were less than 2 nm in size. The pronounced rate is promising as the catalyst for the heat pump system.
A Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of α-Glucosides from 1-O-Acetyl Glucose by Use of Tin(IV) Chloride–Silver Perchlorate Catalyst System
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Takashima Tohru , Katsurada Manabu , Aizawa Hiroyuki
Published: March 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount of tin(IV) species generated from tin(IV) chloride and silver perchlorate, 1-O-acetyl-d-glucose stereoselectively reacts with silyl alkoxides to give the corresponding α-glucosides in high yields.
Enantioselective Addition Reaction of Trimethylsilyl Cyanide with Aldehydes Using a Chiral Tin(II) Lewis Acid
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Tsuchiya Yoshikazu , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: March 2006

Trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMS-CN) enantioselectively reacts with aldehydes to afford the corresponding cyanohydrin trimethylsilyl ethers in good yields in the presence of a chiral tin(II) Lewis acid prepared from 1,1′-dimethylstannocene, triflic acid and (+)-cinchonine.
Hydrogenation Reaction of Carboxylic Anhydrides Catalyzed by a New and Highly Active Cationic Ruthenium Complex
Authors: Kara Yoshinori , Wada Keisuke
Published: March 2006

A ruthenium complex prepared from tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium, triphenylphosphine, and a strong acid showed high activity and selectivity in hydrogenation reaction of carboxylic anhydride. The structure of the complex was assigned to be mer-HRu(PR3)3(S)2+, (S: solvent), which is more active than the neutral ruthenium complexes.
Effective Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide with Two-Stage Reaction System
Authors: Fujimoto Kaoru , Yokota Kohshiroh
Published: March 2006

Carbon dioxide (CO2) was effectively hydrogenated to methanol (MeOH) and hydrocarbons (H.C.) in the two-stage reaction system. In the first stage, CO2 was converted to carbon monoxide by reverse CO shift reaction at 450 °C, then CO was converted to MeOH, C2–C5 hydrocarbons (LPG), or liquid H.C. in the second stage. Product yields were improved when the produced H2O in the first stage was removed from upstream of the second reactor.
Design for the Peptide Analog of Calcium Binding Loops by Considering the Steric Restriction Effect of Incorporated Nonprotein Amino Acids
Authors: Honda Shinya , Ohashi Shinichi , Uedaira Hatsuho
Published: March 2006

A dodecapeptide was designed for a structural analog of calcium binding loops in EF-hand based on their averaged dihedral angles. The synthesized peptide contains three nonprotein amino acids, namely a d-alanine and two α-aminoisobutyric acids, which help this small segment to conserve the intrinsic conformation in calcium binding proteins by their steric restriction effect.
Direct Optical Resolution of Vicinal Diols and an α-Hydroxy Oxime with a Vicinal Diamine
Authors: Kawashima Masatoshi , Hirayama Akihisa
Published: March 2006

Vicinal diols, such as 1,2-cyclohexanediol, 1,2-cyclooctanediol, 2,3-butanediol, and 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol, were directly resolved with (1R,2R)-(−)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (1). (E)-1,2-Diphenyl-2-(hydroxyimino)ethanol was also resolved efficiently with 1.
Enhanced Polarization of Heptafulvene and Tropone by Annelation with Three Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene Frameworks
Authors: Aonuma Shuji , Komatsu Koichi , Maekawa Naoko , Takeuchi Ken’ichi
Published: March 2006

The heptafulvene and tropone annelated with three bicyclo[2.2.2]octene frameworks (4 (X = CH2, O)) were synthesized as stable crystals, and were found to be more polarized than the corresponding parent compounds. Accordingly, the basicity of 4 (X = O) is increased as was shown by the enhanced pKa of the conjugate acid 3 (R = OH) by 2.1–2.5 pK units. The results of dynamic NMR as well as molecular mechanics calculations indicate that 4 (X = CH2) exists in a boat form while 4 (X = O) is nearly planar.
Solid-State Co-crystallization of Diacetylenes and Its Topochemical Polymerization
Authors: Hasegawa Masaki , Ikeda Tsutomu , Noguchi Hayato
Published: March 2006

Mixed crystals of 2,4-hexadiynylene-di(p-toluenesulfonate) with -di(p-bromobenzenesulfonate) and with -di(p-chlorobenzenesulfonate) were formed by simple grinding of these monomer crystals. The formation of the mixed crystals was proved by X-ray powder diffraction and infrared spectral analyses as well as by their thermal behavior. These mixed crystals polymerized upon heating.
Dehydrogenative Condensation of Hydrosilanes Catalyzed by an Organoneodymium Complex
Authors: Sakakura Toshiyasu , Lautenschlager Hans-Jürgen , Nakajima Masashi , Tanaka Masato
Published: March 2006

Dehydrogenative condensation of trihydrosilanes is catalyzed by (C5Me5)2NdCH(SiMe3)2 to give polysilanes in high yields. In the polymerization of PhSiH3, molecular weight of the polymer becomes higher with an increase of the reaction temperature. Cyclic structures are indicated for oligomers larger than pentamers by FD-MS spectroscopy.
Cobalt-catalyzed Preparation of Diiminofuran Derivatives through Double Insertion of Isocyanide into a Metal–Carbon Bond
Authors: Sugano Kazuyoshi , Tanase Tomoaki , Kobayashi Kimiko , Yamamoto Yasuhiro
Published: March 2006

The reaction of 2-bromoacetophenone with XylNC (Xyl = 2,6-xylyl) in the presence of Et3N and cobalt complex such as Co2(XylNC)8, CoBr2(XylNC)4, [Co(XylNC)5](PF6) or Co(acac)3, gave 2,3-bis-N-(2′,6′-xylyl)imino-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydrofuran. The structure was confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Rewritable Optical Storage Effect of (Liquid Crystalline Polymer)/(Low Molecular Weight Liquid Crystal)/(Photoresponsive Molecule) Ternary Composite System
Authors: Kajiyama Tisato , Kikuchi Hirotsugu , Mori Yuichiro
Published: March 2006

A rewritable optical storage effect induced by photoirradiation to a (liquid crystalline polymer)/(low molecular weight liquid crystal)/(photoresponsive molecule) ternary composite system was investigated. Turbid and transparent states were reversibly switched upon photoirradiation with ultraviolet and visible light, respectively, under the application of an a. c. electric field. A light-addressed optical storage of the composite film was demonstrated.
One-photon and Two-photon lonization Threshold Spectra of Jet-cooled 1,4-Difluorobenzene
Authors: Fujii Masaaki , Ito Mitsuo
Published: March 2006

Ionization thresholds of jet-cooled 1,4-difluorobenzene were measured by one-photon ionization and two-photon ionization from the S1 state. Most of the ionization thresholds were commonly observed in both threshold spectra in spite of the existence of inversion symmetry for this molecule. It is concluded that the symmetry of ejected photoelectron changes in the one-photon and two-photon ionizations leaving the symmetry of the cation unchanged.
Water-Soluble Calixarene as the First Man-Made Catalyst for Regioselective Cleavage of Ribonucleoside 2′,3′-Cyclic Phosphate
Authors: Komiyama Makoto , Isaka Kazuhiro , Shinkai Seiji
Published: March 2006

The P–O(2′) bond of cytidine 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate, an intermediate in RNA hydrolysis, is regioselectively cleaved at pH 2 by use of water-soluble calix[4]arene-5,11,17,23-tetrasulfonate. This is the first totally man-made mimic for the regioselective catalysis of ribonuclease.
Effects of a Naphthyl Group upon the Stability of Aroyloxyl Radicals
Authors: Tateno Toshiyuki , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi
Published: March 2006

1-Naphthoyloxyl and 2-naphthoyloxyl radicals decarboxylate with higher activation energies than the unsubstituted benzoyloxyl radical (PhCO2·) particularly in acetonitrile, which indicates that the conjugative electron delocalization contributes to the stabilization of these radicals.
One-pot Formation of Functionalized Cyclopentenone Derivatives via Retro-Benzilic Acid Rearrangement of the Proto-Photocycloadducts of Methyl 2,4-Dioxopentanoate to Methylenecycloalkanes
Authors: Hatsui Toshihide , Ikeda Shin-ya , Takeshita Hitoshi
Published: March 2006

The proto-Photocycloadducts of methyl 2,4-dioxopentanoate to several methylenecycloalkanes and -alkenes spontaneously caused retro-benzilic acid rearrangement, exclusively. The reaction proceeded quite cleanly, and a simple work-up without chromatographic separation allowed to isolate the products directly in very good material balance.
A Convenient Method for the Preparation of Ethers from Epoxides. Trityl Hexafluoroantimonate-Catalyzed Sequential Reactions, Rearrangement and Reductive Condensation, of Epoxides
Authors: Harada Tsunehiro , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: March 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount of trityl hexafluoroantimonate, sequential reactions, rearrangement and reductive condensation, of epoxides proceed smoothly to give the corresponding ethers in fairly good yields. Trityl hexafluoroantimonate (5 mol%) efficiently accelerates the above two sequential reactions.
A Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of β-Glucosides from Pentaacylglucopyranose and Alkyl Silyl Ether by the Use of a Catalytic Amount of Active Species Generated from Methyltrichlorosilane and Silver Perchlorate
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Katsurada Manabu , Iida Yousuke
Published: March 2006

An efficient catalytic β-glycosylation reaction starting from pentaacylglucopyranose and alkyl silyl ether was performed using an active species generated from MeSiCl3 and AgClO4. 1-O-Acetyl-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-β-D-glucopyranose stereoselectively reacted with alkyl silyl ethers with the assistance of neighboring effect to give the corresponding β-glucosides in high yields.
Visible-Light Induced Photofixation of CO2 into Benzophenone Catalyzed by Colloidal CdS Microcrystallites
Authors: Kanemoto Masashi , Ankyu Hirofumi , Wada Yuji , Yanagida Shozo
Published: March 2006

Photocatalytic fixation of CO2 into benzophenone has been achieved under λ > 400-nm light irradiation of a CO2-saturated DMF solution of colloidal CdS microcrystallites as photocatalysts, triethylamine as a sacrificial electron donor, and benzo phenone yielding benzilic acid with benzhydrol and benzopinacol.
Selective Pyrolysis of Ethane over Pitch Based Carbon Fiber
Authors: Mochida Isao , Aoyagi Yusuke , Yatsunami Shunsuke , Fujitsu Hiroshi
Published: March 2006

Ethane was found stationally and selectively pyrolyzed into ethylene in first order over a pitch based carbon fiber (CF) by the contact time of 4 second at 948 to 1023 K, which was lower by 200 K than that for the convensional pyrolyses without the fiber. The selectivity tended to decrease moderately with sharp increase of the conversion at higher temperatures, being 97 to 93%, respectively, at the conversions of 2 and 33% at 948 and 1023 K, respectively.
Initial Process of Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions of High Molecular Weight Polysilanes to Electron Deficient Sensitizers in Solution
Authors: Karatsu Takashi , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Shinkai Eiju , Kitamura Akihide
Published: March 2006

Fluorescence of 9-cyanoanthracene (CA), 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) and triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate (TPP+BF4−) was quenched by high molecular weight polysilanes in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2). The quenching process of fluorescence of sensitizer by polysilanes polymer framework was investigated by measuring quenching rate constant. Small quenching rate constants in the order of 108–109 mol−1 dm3 s−1 were observed for high molecular weight polysilanes, however observation of transient absorption spectrum of pyryl radical (TPP·) was the direct evidence of electron transfer from polysilanes to TPP+.
Stereoselective Allylation of 3-Oxo Amides
Authors: Taniguchi Masahiko , Oshima Koichiro , Utimoto Kiitiro
Published: March 2006

Allylation of 2-methyl-3-oxo amides with allylzinc bromide or allylsilane in the presence of TiCl4 or n-Bu4NF provided both threo and erythro 3-allyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl amides with high stereoselectivity.
Preparation of Poly(N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide) Fine Particles by Radiation-Induced Polymerization
Authors: Naka Yukihiko , Yamamoto Yukio
Published: March 2006

Preparation of fine particles of poly(N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide) by radiation-induced polymerization is described. The size of the obtained fine particles is 0.22 μm having a narrow distribution. This result is one of the examples of the particle formation promoted by the crosslinking polymerization. This is the first report on poly(N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide) fine particles.
Enantiospecific Synthesis of (3S, 4S)-Statine and Its Analogue from D-Glucosamine as a Chiral Pool
Authors: Shinozaki Katsuo , Mizuno Kazuhiro , Oda Hirohisa , Masaki Yukio
Published: March 2006

The C(6)-carbon degradation and elimination of C(4)-hydroxy group of D-glucosamine were achieved in 8-steps and 30% overall yield to furnish (4R, 5S)-5-vinyl-2-oxazolidinone-4-carbaldehyde dimethyl acetal, which was utilized as a key intermediate for enantiospecific synthesis of biologically important threo β-hydroxy-γ-amino acids, natural (3S, 4S)-statine and (3S, 4S)-AHPPA
One-Electron and Two-Electron Redox Switch in the Reactions of 1,5-Dihydroflavin and Quinones Controlled by Acid and Base in Acetonitrile
Authors: Ishikawa Masashi , Matsuda Yoshiharu , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: March 2006

The acid-catalyzed reactions of 1,5-dihydroriboflavin-2′,3′,4′,5′-tetraacetate (FlH2) with quinones (Q) result in the one-electron oxidation of FlH2 to FlH2+• and the two-electron reduction of Q to the hydroquinones (QH2) in the presence of HClO4 in acetonitrile. In the presence of Me4NOH, the base-catalyzed reactions result in the two-electron oxidation of FlH2 to Fl and the one-electron reduction of Q to Q−•.
Preparation of Stable Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Photosynthetic Bacterial Reaction Center from Rhodopseudomonas viridis Using Poly-L-lysine
Authors: Hirata Yoshiki , Nukanobu Kouki , Hara Masayuki , Asada Yasuo , Miyake Jun , Fujihira Masamichi
Published: March 2006

In order to build up stable Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film of the photosynthetic reaction centers (RC) from Rhodopseudomonas viridis, effect of the formation of polyion complex between charged residues of RC and water soluble polyions was examined. Cationic polymer, poly-L-lysine (PLL), enhanced the stability of RC LB films during the film preparing process whereas anionic polymer, poly-L-glutamate, induced complete denaturation of RCs. LB films of RCs prepared with PLL show reproducible surface pressure area isotherm and high transfer ratio of RC monolayer to solid substrate.
He I Photoelectron Spectra of Permethylated Polygermanes
Authors: Mochida Kunio , Masuda Shigeru , Harada Yoshiya
Published: March 2006

Photoelectron spectra of permethylated linear germanes display isolated bands in the 7.70–8.60 eV region, which are readily assigned to ionizations from the germanium framework.
Importance of N(3)-H of an Isoalloxazine Ring. Large Metal Ion Effect on Oxidation of an NADH Model by the N(3)-H Dissociated Flavin
Authors: Tominami Takashi , Ikeda Kiyonori , Nabeshima Tatsuya , Yano Yumihiko
Published: March 2006

It was found that N(3)-H dissociation of 10-methylisoalloxazine plays a crucial role for a rate-accelerating metal ion effect on the oxidation of N-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) in MeCN.
Improvement of Sensing Characteristics of the Capacitive Type CO2 Sensor, CuO–BaTiO3, by Addition of Metal or Metal Oxide
Authors: Ishihara Tatsumi , Nishi Yuichiro , Kometani Kazuhiro , Mizuhara Yukako , Takita Yusaku
Published: March 2006

Effects of additives on CO2 sensing characteristics were studied on CuO–BaTiO3 mixed oxide capacitor. Although the operating temperature shifted slightly to a higher temperature and the response time was prolonged, sensitivity to CO2 was increased by the addition of ZnO, Bi2O3, SrO, and Ag. In particular, CuO–BaTiO3 mixed oxide added with Ag was highly sensitive and selective for CO2 detection.
Epitaxial Growth of Wurtzite ZnO Crystals in an Aqueous Solution System
Authors: Kawano Tetsuo , Yahiro Junko , Maki Hideyuki , Imai Hiroaki
Published: March 2006

Vertical and in-plane crystallographic orientation of ZnO rods was preferentially achieved through epitaxial growth on a Zn-face single-crystalline ZnO(001) substrate in an aqueous solution of ZnSO4 under basic conditions at 60 °C.
CeCl3·7H2O/NaI-promoted Efficient Alkylation of Activated Quinoline and Isoquinoline
Authors: Yadav J S , Reddy B V S , Sathaiah K , Reddy P Narayana
Published: March 2006

Active methylene compounds undergo smooth addition to quinolines and isoquinolines activated by chloroformate in the presence of CeCl3·7H2O/NaI to afford 2-alkyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline and 1-alkyl-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline, respectively in excellent yields with high selectivity.
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing Properties of Ag/TiO2 Films
Authors: Tanahashi Ichiro , Yamazaki Fumitake , Hamada Kouji
Published: March 2006

Ag nanoparticles were deposited on TiO2 films (Ag/TiO2 films) by photocatalytic means. When the film was immersed in various kinds of alcohols, the linear relationship was observed between the wavelength of localized surface plasmon resonance peak and the refractive index of the alcohols in the range of 1.33–1.41. The Ag/TiO2 films can be applied to the SPR sensors.
An Efficient Method for the Preparation of N-Alkylamides from Alkyl Diphenylphosphinites and Amides by Using Methyl Acrylate
Authors: Aoki Hidenori , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: March 2006

N,N-Dibenzyltrifluoroacetamide was formed in good yield by treating benzyl diphenylphosphinite with N-benzyltrifluoroacetamide in the presence of easily available methyl acrylate under mild conditions. Yields obtained for the corresponding inverted sulfonamides were good to high in the cases when alkyl diphenylphosphinites derived from chiral secondary alcohols were used.
Stepwise Size-selective Extraction of Aqueous Silver Nanoparticles by a Series of Organic Solvents
Authors: Yang Yang , Kimura Keisaku
Published: March 2006

Using various organic solvents in turn, stepwise size-selective extraction of aqueous mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA)-modified silver nanoparticles is achieved through a cation surfactant-induced water–oil transference process.
Interobserver variation in the measurement of patellar height after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Rogers B. A. , Thornton-Bott P. , Cannon S. R. , Briggs T. W. R.
Published: March 2006

We assessed the reproducibility and accuracy of four ratios used to measure patellar height, namely the Blackburne-Peel, Caton-Deschamps, Insall-Salvati and modified Insall-Salvati, before and after total knee arthroplasty. The patellar height was measured, by means of the four ratios, on the pre- and post-operative lateral radiographs of 44 patients (45 knees) who had undergone total knee arthroplasty. Two independent observers measured the films sequentially, in identical conditions, totalling 720 measurements per observer. Statistical analysis, comparing both observers and ratios, was carried out using the intraclass correlation coefficient.

Before operation there was greater interobserver variation using either the Insall-Salvati or modified Insall-Salvati ratios than when using the Caton-Deschamps or Blackburne-Peel methods. This was because of difficulty in identifying the insertion of the patellar tendon. Before operation, there was a minimal difference in reliability between these methods. After operation the interobserver difference was greatly reduced using both the Caton-Deschamps and Blackburne-Peel methods, which use the prosthetic joint line, compared with the Insall-Salvati and modified Insall-Salvati, which reference from the insertion of the patellar tendon.

The theoretical advantage of using the Insall-Salvati and modified Insall-Salvati ratios in measuring true patellar height after total knee arthroplasty needs to be balanced against their significant interobserver variability and inferior reliability when compared with other ratios.
The culture of articular chondrocytes in hydrogel constructs within a bioreactor enhances cell proliferation and matrix synthesis
Authors: Akmal M. , Anand A. , Anand B. , Wiseman M. , Goodship A. E. , Bentley G.
Published: March 2006

Bovine and human articular chondrocytes were seeded in 2% alginate constructs and cultured for up to 19 days in a rotating-wall-vessel (RWV) and under static conditions. Culture within the RWV enhanced DNA levels for bovine chondrocyte-seeded constructs when compared with static conditions but did not produce enhancement for human cells. There was a significant enhancement of glycosaminoglycans and hydroxyproline synthesis for both bovine and human chondrocytes. In all cases, histological analysis revealed enhanced Safranin-O staining in the peripheral regions of the constructs compared with the central region. There was an overall increase in staining intensity after culture within the RWV compared with static conditions. Type-II collagen was produced by both bovine and human chondrocytes in the peripheral and central regions of the constructs and the staining intensity was enhanced by culture within the RWV. A capsule of flattened cells containing type-I collagen developed around the constructs maintained under static conditions when seeded with either bovine or human chondrocytes, but not when cultured within the RWV bioreactor.
The results of arthroplasty in osteoarthritis of the shoulder
Authors: Haines J. F. , Trail I. A. , Nuttall D. , Birch A. , Barrow A.
Published: March 2006

We have undertaken a prospective clinical and radiological analysis of 124 shoulder arthroplasties (113 patients) carried out for osteoarthritis. The clinical results showed improvement in the absolute Constant score and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score of 22 and 43, respectively. Both were statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the scores after hemiarthroplasty and total arthroplasty in those patients with an intact rotator cuff.

When revision was used as the end-point for survival at ten years, survival of 86%, or 90% if glenoid components made of Hylamer sterilised in air were omitted, was obtained in primary osteoarthritis. The most common cause for revision in the hemiarthroplasty group was glenoid pain at a mean of 1.5 years; in the total arthroplasty group it was loosening of the glenoid at a mean of 4.5 years. Analysis of pre-operative factors showed that the risk of gross loosening of the glenoid increased threefold when there was evidence of erosion of the glenoid at operation. Shoulder arthroplasty should not be delayed once symptomatic osteoarthritis has been established and should be undertaken before failure of the cuff or erosion of the glenoid are present.
Total elbow arthroplasty with the Coonrad/Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis
Authors: Aldridge J. M. , Lightdale N. R. , Mallon W. J. , Coonrad R. W.
Published: March 2006

There have been few reports in the literature of total elbow arthroplasty extending beyond 10 to 15 years. We reviewed 40 patients (41 elbows) with a mean age of 56 years (19 to 83) who had undergone a Coonrad/Coonrad-Morrey elbow arthroplasty by one surgeon for various diagnoses between 1974 and 1994. Surgical selection excluded patients with previous elbow infection or who refused to accept a sedentary level of elbow activity postoperatively. Objective data were collected from charts, radiographs, clinical photographs and supplemented by the referring orthopaedic surgeons’ records and radiographs if health or distance prevented a patient from returning for final review. Subjective outcome was defined by patient satisfaction.

Of the 41 elbows, 21 were functional between 10 and 14 years after operation, ten between 15 and 19 years and ten between 20 and 31 years. There were 14 complications and 13 revisions, but no cases of acute infection, or permanent removal of any implant.
Does the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) scoring system only measure disability due to injuries to the upper limb?
Authors: Dowrick A. S. , Gabbe B. J. , Williamson O. D. , Cameron P. A.
Published: March 2006

Although the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire was designed, and has been validated, as a measure of disability in patients with disorders of the upper limb, the influence of those of the lower limb on disability as measured by the DASH score has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether it exclusively measures disability associated with injuries to the upper limb. The Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment, a general musculoskeletal assessment instrument, was also completed by participants. Disability was compared in 206 participants, 84 with an injury to the upper limb, 73 with injury to the lower limb and 49 controls.

We found that the DASH score also measured disability in patients with injuries to the lower limb. Care must therefore be taken when attributing disability measured by the DASH score to injuries of the upper limb when problems are also present in the lower limb. Its inability to discriminate clearly between disability due to problems at these separate sites must be taken into account when using this instrument in clinical practice or research.
The effect of the diameter of metal-on-metal bearings on systemic exposure to cobalt and chromium
Authors: Daniel J. , Ziaee H. , Salama A. , Pradhan C. , McMinn D. J. W.
Published: March 2006

The recent resurgence in the use of metal-on-metal bearings has led to fresh concerns over metal wear and elevated systemic levels of metal ions.

In order to establish if bearing diameter influences the release of metal ions, we compared the whole blood levels of cobalt and chromium (at one year) and the urinary cobalt and chromium output (at one to three and four to six years) following either a 50 mm or 54 mm Birmingham hip resurfacing or a 28 mm Metasul total hip replacement. The whole blood concentrations and daily output of cobalt and chromium in these time periods for both bearings were in the same range and without significant difference.
Flexible intramedullary nails for unstable fractures of the tibia in children
Authors: Vallamshetla V. R. P. , De Silva U. , Bache C. E. , Gibbons P. J.
Published: March 2006

Flexible intramedullary nailing is gaining popularity as an effective method of treating long-bone fractures in children.

We retrospectively reviewed the records and radiographs of 56 unstable fractures of the tibia in 54 children treated between March 1997 and May 2005. All were followed up for at least two months after the removal of the nails.

Of the 56 tibial fractures, 13 were open. There were no nonunions. The mean time to clinical and radiological union was ten weeks. Complications included residual angulation of the tibia, leg-length discrepancy, deep infection and failures of fixation. All achieved an excellent functional outcome.

We conclude that flexible intramedullary fixation is an easy and effective method of management of both open and closed unstable fractures of the tibia in children.
Can pre-operative skin marking transfer methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus between patients?
Authors: Wilson J. , Tate D.
Published: March 2006

National guidelines state that in patients undergoing operations the site of the procedure should be marked. In clinical practice the same marker is used repeatedly. We are not aware of any investigation regarding the theoretical risk of transferring organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus (MRSA) between patients by a skin marker.

In an experimental setting, Penflex and Viomedex skin markers were tested 30 times each after contaminating them with a standard inoculum of MRSA. The survival of the organism on the tip of the markers was assessed by culture on MRSA-indicator nutrient agar plates at 0, 5, 15 and 60 minutes, 24 and 48 hours and at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after contamination.

There was a significant difference between the markers, with the Penflex showing no survival of MRSA after 15 minutes whereas the Viomedex product continued to produce MRSA cultures for up to three weeks.
Narrative as an outcome domain in psychosis
Authors: France Christopher M. , Uhlin Brian D.
Published: March 2006

A recent renewed interest in psychosocial treatments for psychosis has only minimally included considerations of narrative therapy and other interventions based in post‐modernism. This lack of attention is curious given the profound narrative disruptions often seen in psychotic illness. In this review article we describe several studies in which narratives and narrative dimensions have been utilized to assess outcomes in psychosis. Valid and reliable measures of narrative change in psychosis are possible and can coexist with and complement traditional outcome measures. Perhaps more significantly, considerations of narrative changes may offer unique insights into the process of recovery from psychosis as well as leading to beneficial psychosocial treatments for the same
Couples' experiences of the support process in depression: A phenomenological analysis
Authors: Harris Thomas J. R. , Pistrang Nancy , Barker Chris
Published: March 2006

This qualitative, phenomenological study examined how partners attempted to support a depressed spouse and how each member of the couple experienced the support process. Participants were nine people who were or had been depressed, who were interviewed jointly with their partners on two separate occasions. The interviews, analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis, yielded 10 themes, grouped into two domains. The first domain related to the challenges couples faced over the trajectory of a depressive episode, and the second related to issues in the support process, as experienced by each member of the couple. Couples' accounts of the support process were characterized by a pervasive sense of bewilderment and struggle. The findings underline the importance of including the partner in psychological interventions for depression.
The child's active role in mother–child, father–child psychotherapy: A psychodynamic approach to the treatment of relational disturbances
Authors: Harel Judith , Kaplan Hayuta , Avimeir‐Patt Raya , Ben‐Aaron Miriam
Published: March 2006

The short‐term mother–child and father–child psychoanalytic psychotherapy assumes that children develop specific types of relationships with each parent, as well as with the parenting couple. The model integrates an intra‐psychic, object‐relational view with an interpersonal perspective to the treatment of relational disturbances in childhood. The same therapist meets with the mother–child, father–child dyads on a weekly basis, along with regular meetings with the parental dyad. The model focuses on the developmentally prelatency child's need for the active participation of both parents in the here‐and‐now shared experiences of the therapeutic process. The participants express, in interactions and in enactments, various contents and meanings of their specific patterns of relations. The therapist addresses the behaviours as well as the meanings of relations, thus promoting reflective understanding and experiential changes in self, other, and self‐other relations. The child's active and different participation with each parent is the main change‐promoting factor. The child uses mainly the medium of play to express his/her needs and to mobilize the therapist's help. The therapist's access to the different dyads is utilized to better understand the explicit and implicit relational themes. The therapist supports the co‐construction of new and different behaviour patterns and the co‐creation of additional meanings to representations. The setup fosters the child's active participation in each dyad's growth‐promoting changes.
Young adults in psychoanalytic psychotherapy: Patient characteristics and therapy outcome
Authors: Philips Björn , Wennberg Peter , Werbart Andrzej , Schubert Johan
Published: March 2006

The aims of this naturalistic study are to present patient characteristics and analyse various outcome measures at termination for psychoanalytic psychotherapies with young adults. Patients (n =134) between 18 and 25 years were included, of whom 92 received individual and 42 group therapy. One third had a self‐reported personality disorder. The patients were considerably more troubled than Swedish norm groups at intake and they showed improvement on all outcome measures during therapy. However, the post therapy means did not fully reach the norm group means. The largest positive changes (pre‐ versus post‐therapy) were with respect to the patients' overall health and functioning. Changes were more moderate in self‐reported symptoms, self‐concept, and self‐representation, while changes in interpersonal problems and object representations were small. The results of this study are discussed in the context of advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic versus randomized controlled study designs.
Physics-Based Multiplicative Scatter Correction Approaches for Improving the Performance of Calibration Models
Authors: Thennadil S. N. , Martens H. , Kohler A.
Published: March 2006

Light scattering effects pose a major problem in the estimation of chemical properties of particulate systems such as blood, tissue, and pharmaceutical solids. Recently, Martens et al. proposed an extended multiplicative signal correction (EMSC) approach where light-scattering effects were taken into account in an empirical manner. It is possible to include causal, first-principles mathematical models based on the physics of light scattering into the EMSC framework. This could lead to significant improvements in the separation of absorption and scattering effects. A preconditioning step prior to application of EMSC, whereby a transformation based on the physics of light scattering is used to convert the spectra into a form where the absorption and scattering effects are separable (an underlying assumption of EMSC), is proposed. Results indicate that the transformation followed by EMSC gives better calibration models than the direct application of EMSC to the absorbance spectra.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Ambient Air Particulate Monitoring: Correlation of Total and Speciated Aerosol Particle Counts
Authors: Hettinger B. , Hohreiter V. , Swingle M. , Hahn D. W.
Published: March 2006

A statistical analysis of ambient air particle monitoring, namely PM2.5, is presented to elucidate the correlations between laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)-based speciated aerosol monitoring and non-speciated aerosol monitoring (i.e., total particle counts). LIBS was used in a real-time, conditional-processing mode to identify individual aerosol particles containing detectable quantities of either calcium or sodium, as based on the resulting atomic emission signals. Using this technique, real-time measurements of speciated aerosol particle concentrations and analyte mass concentrations were evaluated for a total of 60 1-hour sampling periods spread over a 5-week period. For each 1-hour sampling period, total aerosol counts were simultaneously monitored using a commercial light scattering-based instrument. Over the 30 sampling periods, aerosol counts (both total and LIBS-based) were found to vary by more than one order of magnitude. For aerosol particles in the 500 nm to 2.5 μm size range, significant correlations were found between the two sampling methods, resulting in correlation coefficients ( r2) ranging from 0.22 to 0.93. In addition, transient fluctuations in aerosol counts on a timescale of 5 to 10 minutes were successfully observed simultaneously with the two monitoring techniques, thereby demonstrating the temporal resolution of LIBS.
Quantitative Vapor-Phase Infrared Spectrometry of Ammonia
Authors: Shao Limin , Griffiths Peter R. , Chu Pamela M. , Vetter Thomas W.
Published: March 2006

Reference spectra of ammonia from four sources are compared. Low-resolution spectra (i.e., spectra for which the spectrometer resolution is numerically greater than the full-width at half-height of the rotational lines) were obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) web site and from Infrared Analysis, Inc. High-resolution (0.12 cm−1) spectra were obtained from the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Two protocols were used to validate the EPA and Infrared Analysis spectra, with one requiring that Beer's law be obeyed by the low-resolution spectrum and the other that Beer's law be obeyed by the high-resolution spectrum. In all cases, the second protocol gave a significantly better spectral match. It is shown that the path-integrated concentrations for the low-resolution reference spectra were in error by as little as 4% to as much as an order of magnitude, presumably because of the effect of adsorption on the cell walls. Measured absorptivities of the NIST and PNNL spectra were different by ≈2.6% and it is believed that the effect of adsorption on these spectra is small. When the same protocols were used to test the reference spectrum of methane, the calculated path-integrated concentration was only ∼2% different from the one that was calculated from the NIST reference spectrum, suggesting that the data processing protocols provide accurate data.
Characterization of a Mid-Infrared Hollow Waveguide Gas Cell for the Analysis of Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide
Authors: Thompson Bruce T. , Inberg A. , Croitoru N. , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: March 2006

Infrared spectroscopy is commonly applied to the analysis of small gas-phase molecules. One of the limitations of using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy for these applications is the time response of long path length gas cells. Hollow waveguides (HW) that transmit in the mid-infrared spectral range have higher optical efficiencies compared to long path length cells due to smaller cell volumes. This study characterizes a silver coated, 2 mm inner diameter HW for the analysis of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) and compares the performance to a 3 m gas cell and traditional gas analyzers. The HW was found to have a CO response time less than the NDIR analyzer and approximately one-tenth of the response time on the FT-IR system equipped with a 3 m gas cell. The utility of the increased response time was demonstrated by measuring CO concentrations in sidestream cigarette smoke at the same temporal resolution as an NDIR analyzer. A 10 to 60% increase in sensitivity using various frequencies for both CO and NO was observed using the HW compared to the 3 m multipass gas cell. However, cost savings for gas-sensing applications can be achieved on a per analyte basis by using FT-IR spectroscopy, especially in combination with a HW gas-sensing module, which is significantly less expensive than a multipass gas cell.