bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Acute Coffee Consumption on Postprandial Oxidative Stress
Authors: Bloomer Richard J. , Trepanowski John F. , Farney Tyler M.
Published: July 2013

Background

Coffee has been reported to be rich in antioxidants, with both acute and chronic consumption leading to enhanced blood antioxidant capacity. High-fat feeding is known to result in excess production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, promoting a condition of postprandial oxidative stress.

Methods

We tested the hypothesis that coffee intake following a high-fat meal would attenuate the typical increase in blood oxidative stress during the acute postprandial period. On 3 different occasions, 16 men and women consumed a high-fat milk shake followed by either 16 ounces of caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee or bottled water. Blood samples were collected before and at 2 and 4 hours following intake of the milk shake and analyzed for triglycerides (TAG), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC).

Results

Values for TAG and MDA ( P < 0.001), as well as for H2O2 ( P < 0.001), increased significantly following milk shake consumption, with values higher at 4 hours compared with 2 hours post consumption for TAG and H2O2 ( P < 0.05). TEAC was unaffected by the milk shake consumption. Coffee had no impact on TAG, MDA, H2O2, or TEAC, with no condition or interaction effects noted for any variable ( P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Acute coffee consumption following a high-fat milk shake has no impact on postprandial oxidative stress.
Estimating yield response to temperature and identifying critical temperatures for annual crops in the Canadian prairie region
Authors: Robertson Susan M. , Jeffrey Scott R. , Unterschultz James R. , Boxall Peter C.
Published: July 2013

Robertson, S. M., Jeffrey, S. R., Unterschultz, J. R. and Boxall, P. C. 2013. Estimating yield response to temperature and identifying critical temperatures for annual crops in the Canadian Prairie region. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1237–1247. Historical yield and temperature data, by municipal district for the three prairie provinces, are used to estimate the marginal effect of exposure to specific temperatures in defined ranges during the growing season. Incorporating these non-linear temperature effects into the model improves yield forecasting for Canadian prairie annual crops over models that use average temperatures or growing degree days. Critical maximum temperatures at which yields decline, calculated for winter wheat, spring wheat, durum wheat, barley, spring rye, fall rye, oats, canola and flax, range between 28 and 34°C, depending on the crop. Additional critical minimum and maximum temperatures are estimated using the marginal effect of exposure to specific temperatures in defined ranges. Estimates of critical maximum temperatures and their marginal impact on yields are important for research and policy analysis on various issues and problems, including climate change, risk management instruments such as crop insurance, and development of heat tolerant crop varieties.
Social Entrepreneurship in Religious Congregations' Efforts to Address Health Needs
Authors: Werber Laura , Mendel Peter J. , Derose Kathryn Pitkin
Published: July 2013

Purpose.

Examine how religious congregations engage in social entrepreneurship as they strive to meet health-related needs in their communities.

Design.

Multiple case studies.

Setting.

Los Angeles County, California.

Participants.

Purposive sample of 14 congregations representing diverse races/ethnicities (African-American, Latino, and white) and faith traditions (Jewish and various Christian).

Method.

Congregations were recruited based on screening data and consultation of a community advisory board. In each congregation, researchers conducted interviews with clergy and lay leaders (n = 57); administered a congregational questionnaire; observed health activities, worship services, and neighborhood context; and reviewed archival information. Interviews were analyzed by using a qualitative, code-based approach.

Results.

Congregations' health-related activities tended to be episodic, small in scale, and local in scope. Trust and social capital played important roles in congregations' health initiatives, providing a safe, confidential environment and leveraging resources from—and for—faith-based and secular organizations in their community networks. Congregations also served as “incubators” for members to engage in social entrepreneurship.

Conclusion.

Although the small scale of congregations' health initiatives suggest they may not have the capacity to provide the main infrastructure for service provision, congregations can complement the efforts of health and social providers with their unique strengths. Specifically, congregations are distinctive in their ability to identify unmet local needs, and congregations' position in their communities permit them to network in productive ways.
Interventions with Children and Parents to Improve Physical Activity and Body Mass Index: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dellert Jane Cerruti , Johnson Portia
Published: July 2013

Objective.

Examine the effect of interventions with parents and children on children's physical activity and body mass index (BMI).

Data Source.

Computerized searches for intervention studies published between 1990 and 2011 used multiple ProQuest databases, including unpublished dissertations and theses to minimize publication bias.

Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.

English-language, intervention-testing studies of children, parents, or families with outcomes of physical activity or BMI were retrieved from peer-reviewed journals, dissertations, and theses. Eliminated studies had no control or comparison group; had no continuous outcome variable; had no physical activity/exercise and/or BMI as outcomes; or had incomplete statistics necessary for meta-analysis (means, standard deviations, or confidence intervals).

Data Extraction.

Twenty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Quality criteria were control group, objective outcome variable measure, clarity of variable definitions, and number and reason for subject withdrawal.

Data Synthesis.

Meta-analysis on the raw difference of means estimated mean weighted effect size (MWES) assessed dispersion of effects and computed a summary effect.

Results.

MWES for interventions with parents and children on physical activity (Z = 2.92; confidence interval [CI] = .09 to .48; p = .002) and on BMI for interventions with children alone (Z = −2.10; CI = −.16 to −.01;p = .02) was significant.

Conclusion.

A significant effect on physical activity but not on BMI was found when interventions included both parents and their children.
Association of Street Connectivity and Road Traffic Speed with Park Usage and Park-Based Physical Activity
Authors: Kaczynski Andrew T. , Koohsari Mohammad Javad , Stanis Sonja A. Wilhelm , Bergstrom Ryan , Sugiyama Takemi
Published: July 2013

Purpose.

The purpose of this study was to examine associations between street connectivity and road traffic speed and neighborhood residents' use of parks and park-based physical activity.

Design.

Cross-sectional.

Setting.

Kansas City, Missouri.

Subjects.

Participants were 893 adults from randomly selected households.

Measures.

Both self-reported park use and park-based physical activity were dichotomized as some versus none. Intersection density was calculated around each participant, and network analysis was used to determine whether participants had to travel on or cross a road with traffic speed greater than 35 miles per hour (mph) to reach the closest park.

Analysis.

Multilevel logistic regression examined the association between intersection density and traffic speed wit park use and park-based physical activity.

Results.

Compared to those in the lowest intersection density quartile, participants in the third and fourth quartiles were more likely to use parks and to engage in physical activity in parks (odds ratio [OR] = 1.76–2.34; all p < .05). Likewise, compared to those who had a high-speed road on their way to the closest park, participants with slower traffic routes to parks were more likely to use the parks (OR = 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05–1.92).

Conclusion.

In addition to park proximity and the design of park features, ensuring direct and safe access to parks through street network design and traffic speed reduction strategies may be key to facilitating park-related physical activity.
The Impact of Cessation Media Messages on Cessation-Related Outcomes: Results from a National Experiment of Smokers
Authors: Duke Jennifer C. , Nonnemaker James M. , Davis Kevin C. , Watson Kimberly A. , Farrelly Matthew C.
Published: July 2013

Purpose.

Examine effects of exposure to two types of cessation advertisements on changes in cessation-related outcomes.

Design.

Experimental data from a nationally representative, longitudinal sample of smokers, collected in three waves over 4 weeks.

Setting.

National.

Subjects.

Three thousand and two adult U.S. smokers aged 18+ completed baseline and follow-up interviews at 2 and 4 weeks, from December 2010 to February 2011.

Intervention.

Six randomly assigned conditions consisting of repeated exposure to cessation advertisements: why-to-quit advertisements featuring emotional, personal testimonies (1: WTQ-T) or graphic images (2: WTQ-G); how-to-quit advertisements (3: HTQ), a combination of both (4: WTQ-T + HTQ; 5: WTQ-G + HTQ), and no-ad condition (6: control).

Measures.

Cessation-related beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and quitting behavior.

Analysis.

Multivariable ordinary least squares and logistic regressions testing whether exposure to antitobacco television advertisements were associated with changes in tobacco-related outcomes.

Results.

Exposure to WTQ-T or WTQ-G advertisements, both alone and combined with HTQ advertisements, elicited positive change in beliefs, attitudes, and intentions as compared to controls. Smokers in three of four WTQ conditions were substantially more likely to have quit smoking at 4 weeks than controls (odds ratios range from 5.9 to 10.1, p < .05 or better). No effects were found for the HTQ-only condition.

Conclusion.

Exposure to WTQ advertisements markedly increases the odds that a smoker will quit in the study period, suggesting positive movement toward successful, long-term cessation. HTQ advertisements did not enhance advertising effectiveness and may not be suitable as a primary message strategy.
Impact of Recess Interventions on Children's Physical Activity—A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Erwin Heather E. , Ickes Melinda , Ahn Soyeon , Fedewa Alicia
Published: July 2013

Objective.

The purpose of this paper was to explore the effect of recess interventions on children's physical activity (PA) levels and to examine which specific interventions/characteristics have more influence on children's PA

Data Source.

Academic Search Premier, CINAHL, ERIC, MEDLINE, ProQuest, SPORT Discus

Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.

Papers published between 1986 and 2012, published in the English language, and evaluating any recess intervention with PA as an outcome

Data Extraction.

Study outcomes were distilled into seven domains related to PA: age, gender, intervention type, intervention duration, duration of PA per intervention session, outcome measures, and study region

Data Synthesis.

Effect sizes were pooled within and across studies for each domain separately. Moderator analyses were performed using gender, age, and total length of intervention. Twenty-three independent samples were provided from 13 studies.

Results.

The estimated overall effect size for time in PA was 56 (SE .07), suggesting a positive and significant mean difference between pretest and posttest PA time after implementing a recess intervention. Differences in PA levels were moderated by age, duration and type of intervention, and type of outcome measures.

Conclusion.

The limited evidence suggests recess interventions can improve youth PA levels. Implications reinforce the importance of schools in advocating for recess during the school day. Strategies shown to increase student PA during recess should be implemented.
Business Network Dynamics and Diffusion of Innovation
Authors: Rieple Alison , Pironti Marco , Pisano Paola
Published: July 2013

In global markets, organizations can use 3-D printing technology to decrease the uncertainty brought by technological innovation. Through a qualitative analysis of seven case studies, the authors have identified a new business network type - defined as beta-network - characterized by a flat horizontal shape structured with a multitude of actors and weak ties. In the short term the beta-network co-exists with the incumbent network defined by a more vertical structure, fewer actors and stronger ties, while in the long term they can co-evolve in an emerging integrated network.
Exploring Partnerships for Social Innovation
Authors: Risso Mario
Published: July 2013

Even prior to the recent financial and economic slowdown many enterprises had adopted Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies to improve their relationships with customers, who are becoming more and more sensible to ethical values. Recently, companies are increasingly promoting social innovation through collaborative initiatives among business, non-profit organizations (NPO) and public institutions for improving CSR implementation strategies. Often, innovation stems from this new trend based on the cross-fertilization between economic and social actors. This article investigates how large retailers are shaping new approaches where economic and social aspects become mutually supportive to enhance their impact on local communities. The cases of ‘solidarity stores’ in France is an example of emerging innovation through contamination.
Alliances, Open Innovation and Outside-in Management
Authors: Arrigo Elisa
Published: July 2013

Market-driven firms adopt an outside-in management that goes far beyond a simple observation of competitors and understanding of customers’ needs, in order to grasp new market opportunities. In this sense, strategic alliances have become increasingly important to the firms’ external knowledge access and innovation; firms enter into global networks to share both knowledge and costs and to increase their innovativeness. In this way, as shown in the Philips case, being open to the outside, market-driven firms expand their innovation potential and open innovation becomes a valuable strategy to improve the firm’s competitiveness.
Coherent uncertainty analysis of aerosol measurements from multiple satellite sensors
Authors: Petrenko M. , Ichoku C.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Aerosol retrievals from multiple spaceborne sensors, including MODIS (on Terra and Aqua), MISR, OMI, POLDER, CALIOP, and SeaWiFS – altogether, a total of 11 different aerosol products – were comparatively analyzed using data collocated with ground-based aerosol observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations within the Multi-sensor Aerosol Products Sampling System (MAPSS, http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/mapss/ and http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/aerostat/. The analysis was performed by comparing quality-screened satellite aerosol optical depth or thickness (AOD or AOT) retrievals during 2006–2010 to available collocated AERONET measurements globally, regionally, and seasonally, and deriving a number of statistical measures of accuracy. We used a robust statistical approach to detect and remove possible outliers in the collocated data that can bias the results of the analysis. Overall, the proportion of outliers in each of the quality-screened AOD products was within 7%. Squared correlation coefficient (R2) values of the satellite AOD retrievals relative to AERONET exceeded 0.8 for many of the analyzed products, while root mean square error (RMSE) values for most of the AOD products were within 0.15 over land and 0.07 over ocean. We have been able to generate global maps showing regions where the different products present advantages over the others, as well as the relative performance of each product over different land cover types. It was observed that while MODIS, MISR, and SeaWiFS provide accurate retrievals over most of the land cover types, multi-angle capabilities make MISR the only sensor to retrieve reliable AOD over barren and snow/ice surfaces. Likewise, active sensing enables CALIOP to retrieve aerosol properties over bright-surface closed shrublands more accurately than the other sensors, while POLDER, which is the only one of the sensors capable of measuring polarized aerosols, outperforms other sensors in certain smoke-dominated regions, including broadleaf evergreens in Brazil and South-East Asia.
Meteorology during the DOMINO campaign and its connection with trace gases and aerosols
Authors: Adame J. A. , Martínez M. , Sorribas M. , Hidalgo P. J. , Harder H. , Diesch J.-M. , Drewnick F. , Song W. , Williams J. , Sinha V. , Hernández-Ceballos M. A. , Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J. , Sander R. , Hosaynali-Beygi Z. , Fischer H. , Lelieveld J. , De la Morena B.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The DOMINO (Diel Oxidant Mechanisms in relation to Nitrogen Oxides) campaign was carried out from 21 November to 8 December 2008 at El Arenosillo station (SW of Spain) in a coastal-rural background environment. The main weather conditions are analysed using local meteorological variables, meteorological soundings, synoptic maps, as well as back trajectories of the air masses using the HYSPLIT model and high spatial resolution of meteorological fields. Measurements of the main meteorological parameters were collected both on the surface and on a tall tower. A detailed land use analysis was performed on a 80 km scale showing the main vegetation types. Also the main anthropogenic atmospheric emission sources both industrial-urban from Huelva and from the urban Seville area are shown. A study to identify air mass origins and their variation with height was carried out. In this intensive campaign air masses coming from different areas with different emission sources were observed: from the NW, with a highly industrial-urban character; continental flows from northerly directions; from the NE, with pathway, first, over the Seville metropolitan area and, then, over the Doñana National Park; and maritime air masses coming from the Atlantic Ocean. To study the chemistry in the four atmospheric scenarios identified, gas phase measurements of primary and secondary species such as ozone, NO, NO2 and SO2, biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs like benzene and isoprene, as well as total particles concentration and chemical composition of the aerosols are compared and discussed. The highest levels for total particle concentration, NO, NO2, SO2, benzene, PM10, PM2.5 and chemical elements such as As or Cu were found under flows associated with industrial-urban emissions from the Huelva-Portugal sector which are transported to the site before significant removal by chemical or deposition mechanism can occur. The air masses from the north were affected mainly by crustal elements and biogenic sources, the latter being exemplified by the biogenic species such as isoprene, particularly in the first part of the campaign. The urban air from the Seville area, before arriving at El Arenosillo traverses the Doñana National Park and therefore, was affected by industrial-urban and biogenic emissions. This air can transport low levels of NOx, total particle concentration and SO2 with aged ozone and some isoprene. Marine air masses from the Atlantic Ocean influence El Arenosillo frequently. Under these conditions the lowest levels of almost all the species were measured with the exception of ozone levels associated to long-range transport.
Ozone seasonality above the tropical tropopause: reconciling the Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives of transport processes
Authors: Abalos M. , Ploeger F. , Konopka P. , Randel W. J. , Serrano E.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. We aim to reconcile the recently published, apparently contrasting results regarding the relative importance of tropical upwelling versus horizontal transport for the seasonality of ozone above the tropical tropopause. Different analysis methods in the literature (Lagrangian versus Eulerian, and isentropic versus pressure vertical coordinates) yield different perspectives of ozone transport, and the results must be carefully compared in equivalent terms to avoid misinterpretation. By examining the Lagrangian calculations in the Eulerian formulation, we show here that the results are in fact consistent with each other and with a common understanding of the ozone transport processes near and above the tropical tropopause. We further emphasize that the complementary approaches are suited for answering two different scientific questions: (1) what drives the observed seasonal cycle in ozone at a particular level above the tropical tropopause? and (2) how important is horizontal transport from mid-latitudes for ozone concentrations in the tropical lower stratosphere? Regarding the first question, the analysis of the Transformed Eulerian Mean (TEM) ozone budget shows that the annual cycle in tropical upwelling is the main forcing of the ozone seasonality at altitudes with large vertical gradients in the tropical lower stratosphere. To answer the second question a Lagrangian framework must be used, and the results show that a large fraction (∼50%) of the ozone molecules ascending through the tropical lower stratosphere is of extra-tropical origin and has been in-mixed from mid-latitudes.
Evaluation of the Lidar/Radiometer Inversion Code (LIRIC) to determine microphysical properties of volcanic and desert dust
Authors: Wagner J. , Ansmann A. , Wandinger U. , Seifert P. , Schwarz A. , Tesche M. , Chaikovsky A. , Dubovik O.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The Lidar/Radiometer Inversion Code (LIRIC) combines the multiwavelength lidar technique with sun/sky photometry and allows us to retrieve vertical profiles of particle optical and microphysical properties separately for fine-mode and coarse-mode particles. After a brief presentation of the theoretical background, we evaluate the potential of LIRIC to retrieve the optical and microphysical properties of irregularly shaped dust particles. The method is applied to two very different aerosol scenarios: a strong Saharan dust outbreak towards central Europe and an Eyjafjallajökull volcanic dust event. LIRIC profiles of particle mass concentrations for the coarse-mode as well as for the non-spherical particle fraction are compared with results for the non-spherical particle fraction as obtained with the polarization-lidar-based POLIPHON method. Similar comparisons for fine-mode and spherical particle fractions are presented also. Acceptable agreement between the different dust mass concentration profiles is obtained. LIRIC profiles of optical properties such as particle backscatter coefficient, lidar ratio, Ångström exponent, and particle depolarization ratio are compared with direct Raman lidar observations. Systematic deviations between the LIRIC retrieval products and the Raman lidar measurements of the desert dust lidar ratio, depolarization ratio, and spectral dependencies of particle backscatter and lidar ratio point to the applied spheroidal-particle model as main source for these uncertainties in the LIRIC results.
Space-based retrieval of NO2 over biomass burning regions: quantifying and reducing uncertainties
Authors: Bousserez N.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The quality of space-based nitrogen dioxide (NO2) retrievals from solar backscatter depends on a priori knowledge of the vertical profiles of NO2 and aerosol optical properties. This information is contained in an air mass factor (AMF), which accounts for atmospheric scattering and is used to convert the measured line-of-sight "slant" columns into vertical columns. In this study we investigate the impact of biomass burning emissions on the AMF in order to quantify NO2 retrieval errors in the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) products over these sources. Sensitivity analyses are conducted using the Linearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (LIDORT) model and the GEOS-Chem chemistry-transport model with an improved daily biomass burning emission inventory. Aircraft in situ data collected during two field campaigns, Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) and Dust and Biomass-burning Experiment (DABEX), are used to evaluate the modeled aerosol optical properties and NO2 profiles over Canadian boreal fires and western Africa savanna fires respectively. Biomass burning aerosols increase the AMF by 3 to 15% over boreal fires, while they decrease the AMF by −10 to −30% over savanna fires. The presence of an elevated aerosol layer over west Africa due to the Harmattan front explains the negative aerosol effect over this area. The impact of fires on the AMF is driven by the NO2 shape profile perturbations, which decrease the AMF by −10 to −60% over both regions. Aerosol and shape factor effects are most sensitive to surface reflectance and clouds. In particular, retrieval errors associated with shape factor uncertainties can increase by a factor of 2 due to the presence of clouds. In contrast with conclusions from previous studies, we demonstrate that in the presence of pre-existing clouds, the effect of aerosols on the AMF cannot be fully accounted for through the modified retrieved cloud parameters. Finally, a new method that uses slant column information to correct for shape factor error in the retrieval is proposed and tested over west African fires.
Light extinction by Secondary Organic Aerosol: an intercomparison of three broadband cavity spectrometers
Authors: Varma R. M. , Ball S. M. , Brauers T. , Dorn H.-P. , Heitmann U. , Jones R. L. , Platt U. , Pöhler D. , Ruth A. A. , Shillings A. J. L. , Thieser J. , Wahner A. , Venables D. S.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Broadband optical cavity spectrometers are maturing as a technology for trace gas detection, but only recently have they been used to retrieve the extinction coefficient of aerosols. Sensitive broadband extinction measurements allow explicit separation of gas and particle phase spectral contributions, as well as continuous spectral measurements of aerosol extinction in favourable cases. In this work, we report an intercomparison study of the aerosol extinction coefficients measured by three such instruments: a broadband cavity ring-down spectrometer (BBCRDS), a cavity-enhanced differential optical absorption spectrometer (CE-DOAS), and an incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer (IBBCEAS). Experiments were carried out in the SAPHIR atmospheric simulation chamber as part of the NO3Comp campaign to compare the measurement capabilities of NO3 and N2O5 instrumentation. Aerosol extinction coefficients between 655 and 690 nm are reported for secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formed by the NO3 oxidation of β-pinene under dry and humid conditions. Despite different measurement approaches and spectral analysis procedures, the three instruments retrieved aerosol extinction coefficients that were in close agreement. The refractive index of SOA formed from the β-pinene + NO3 reaction was 1.61, and was not measurably affected by the chamber humidity or by aging of the aerosol over several hours. This refractive index is significantly larger than SOA refractive indices observed in other studies of OH and ozone-initiated terpene oxidations, and may be caused by the large proportion of organic nitrates in the particle phase. In an experiment involving ammonium sulphate particles the aerosol extinction coefficients as measured by IBBCEAS were found to be in reasonable agreement with those calculated using Mie theory. The results of the study demonstrate the potential of broadband cavity spectrometers for determining the optical properties of aerosols.
Technical Note: Comparison of storage strategies of sea surface microlayer samples
Authors: Schneider-Zapp K. , Salter M. E. , Mann P. J. , Upstill-Goddard R. C.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The sea surface microlayer (SML) is an important biogeochemical system whose physico-chemical analysis often necessitates some degree of sample storage. However, many SML components degrade with time so the development of optimal storage protocols is paramount. We here briefly review some commonly used treatment and storage protocols. Using freshwater and saline SML samples from a river estuary, we investigated temporal changes in surfactant activity (SA) and the absorbance and fluorescence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) over four weeks, following selected sample treatment and storage protocols. Some variability in the effectiveness of individual protocols most likely reflects sample provenance. None of the various protocols examined performed any better than dark storage at 4 °C without pre-treatment. We therefore recommend storing samples refrigerated in the dark.
Response of carbon dioxide emissions to sheep grazing and nitrogen application in an alpine grassland
Authors: Gong Y. M. , Mohammat A. , Liu X. J. , Li K. H. , Christie P. , Fang F. , Song W. , Chang Y. H. , Han W. X. , Lü X. T. , Liu Y. Y. , Hu Y. K.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Previous work has failed to address fully the response of (autotrophic and heterotrophic) respiration to grazing and nitrogen (N) addition in different ecosystems, particularly in alpine grasslands outside the growing season. From 2010 to 2011, we combined two methods (static closed chambers and a closed dynamic soil CO2 flux system) in a controlled field experiment in an alpine grassland in the Tianshan Mountains. We examined the effects of grazing and N application on ecosystem respiration (Re) both outside (NGS) and during (GS) the growing season and determined the pattern of Re in relation to climate change. There was no significant change in CO2 emissions under grazing or N application. Heterotrophic respiration (Rh) accounted for 78.5% of Re. Re, Rh and autotrophic respiration (Ra) outside the growing season were equivalent to 12.9, 14.1 and 11.4% of the respective CO2 fluxes during the growing season. In addition, our results indicate that precipitation (soil water content) plays a critical role in Ra in this cold and arid environment. Both Rh and Re were sensitive to soil temperature. Moreover, our results suggest that grazing and N addition exert no significant effect on CO2 emissions in alpine grassland but may alter soil carbon stocks in alpine grassland.
Inter-annual tropical Pacific climate variability in an isotope-enabled CGCM: implications for interpreting coral stable oxygen isotope records of ENSO
Authors: Russon T. , Tudhope A. W. , Hegerl G. C. , Collins M. , Tindall J.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Water isotope-enabled coupled atmosphere–ocean climate models allow for exploration of the relative contributions to coral stable oxygen isotope (δ18Ocoral) variability arising from sea surface temperature (SST) and the isotopic composition of seawater (δ18Osw). The unforced behaviour of the isotope-enabled HadCM3 coupled general circulation model suggests that the extent to which inter-annual δ18Osw variability contributes to that in model δ18Ocoral is strongly spatially dependent, ranging from being negligible in the eastern equatorial Pacific to accounting for 50% of δ18Ocoral variance in parts of the western Pacific. In these latter cases, a significant component of the inter-annual δ18Osw variability is correlated to that in SST, meaning that local calibrations of the effective local δ18Ocoral–SST relationships are likely to be essential. Furthermore, the relationship between δ18Osw and SST can be non-linear, such that the model interpretation of central and western equatorial Pacific δ18Ocoral in the context of a linear dependence on SST alone leads to overestimation (by up to 20%) of the SST anomalies associated with large El Niño events. Intra-model evaluation of a salinity-based pseudo-coral approach shows that such an approach captures the first-order features of the model δ18Osw behaviour. However, the utility of the pseudo-corals is limited by the extent of spatial variability seen within the modelled slopes of the temporal salinity–δ18Osw relationship.
A 350 ka record of climate change from Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic: refining the pattern of climate modes by means of cluster analysis
Authors: Frank U. , Nowaczyk N. R. , Minyuk P. , Vogel H. , Rosén P. , Melles M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Rock magnetic, biochemical and inorganic records of the sediment cores PG1351 and Lz1024 from Lake El'gygytgyn, Chukotka peninsula, Far East Russian Arctic, were subject to a hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis in order to refine and extend the pattern of climate modes as defined by Melles et al. (2007). Cluster analysis of the data obtained from both cores yielded similar results, differentiating clearly between the four climate modes warm, peak warm, cold and dry, and cold and moist. In addition, two transitional phases were identified, representing the early stages of a cold phase and slightly colder conditions during a warm phase. The statistical approach can thus be used to resolve gradual changes in the sedimentary units as an indicator of available oxygen in the hypolimnion in greater detail. Based upon cluster analyses on core Lz1024, the published succession of climate modes in core PG1351, covering the last 250 ka, was modified and extended back to 350 ka. Comparison to the marine oxygen isotope (δ18O) stack LR04 (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005) and the summer insolation at 67.5° N, with the extended Lake El'gygytgyn parameter records of magnetic susceptibility (κLF), total organic carbon content (TOC) and the chemical index of alteration (CIA; Minyuk et al., 2007), revealed that all stages back to marine isotope stage (MIS) 10 and most of the substages are clearly reflected in the pattern derived from the cluster analysis.
Influence of dynamic vegetation on climate change and terrestrial carbon storage in the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: O'ishi R. , Abe-Ouchi A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. When the climate is reconstructed from paleoevidence, it shows that the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ca. 21 000 yr ago) is cold and dry compared to the present-day. Reconstruction also shows that compared to today, the vegetation of the LGM is less active and the distribution of vegetation was drastically different, due to cold temperature, dryness, and a lower level of atmospheric CO2 concentration (185 ppm compared to a preindustrial level of 285 ppm). In the present paper, we investigate the influence of vegetation change on the climate of the LGM by using a coupled atmosphere-ocean-vegetation general circulation model (AOVGCM, the MIROC-LPJ). The MIROC-LPJ is different from earlier studies in the introduction of a bias correction method in individual running GCM experiments. We examined four GCM experiments (LGM and preindustrial, with and without vegetation feedback) and quantified the strength of the vegetation feedback during the LGM. The result shows that global-averaged cooling during the LGM is amplified by +13.5 % due to the introduction of vegetation feedback. This is mainly caused by the increase of land surface albedo due to the expansion of tundra in northern high latitudes and the desertification in northern middle latitudes around 30° N to 60° N. We also investigated how this change in climate affected the total terrestrial carbon storage by using offline Lund-Potsdam-Jena dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ-DGVM). Our result shows that the total terrestrial carbon storage was reduced by 597 PgC during the LGM, which corresponds to the emission of 282 ppm atmospheric CO2. In the LGM experiments, the global carbon distribution is generally the same whether the vegetation feedback to the atmosphere is included or not. However, the inclusion of vegetation feedback causes substantial terrestrial carbon storage change, especially in explaining the lowering of atmospheric CO2 during the LGM.
Importance of precipitation seasonality for the interpretation of Eemian ice core isotope records from Greenland
Authors: van de Berg W. J. , van den Broeke M. R. , van Meijgaard E. , Kaspar F.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The previous interglacial (Eemian, 130–114 kyr BP) had a mean sea level highstand 4 to 7 m above the current level, and, according to climate proxies, a 2 to 6 K warmer Arctic summer climate. Greenland ice cores extending back into the Eemian show a reduced depletion in δ18O of about 3‰ for this period, which suggests a significant warming of several degrees over the Greenland ice sheet. Since the depletion in δ18O depends, among other factors, on the condensation temperature of the precipitation, we analyze climatological processes other than mean temperature changes that influence condensation temperature, using output of the regional climate model RACMO2. This model is driven by ERA-40 reanalysis and ECHO-G GCM boundaries for present-day, preindustrial and Eemian climate. The processes that affect the condensation temperature of the precipitation are analyzed using 6-hourly model output. Our results show that changes in precipitation seasonality can cause significant changes of up to 2 K in the condensation temperature that are unrelated to changes in mean temperature.
NGRIP temperature reconstruction from 10 to 120 kyr b2k
Authors: Kindler P. , Guillevic M. , Baumgartner M. , Schwander J. , Landais A. , Leuenberger M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. In order to reconstruct Greenland NGRIP temperature, measurements of δ15N from the beginning of the Holocene to Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) event 8 have been performed. Together with previously measured and mostly published δ15N data, we are now able to present for the first time a NGRIP temperature reconstruction for the whole last glacial period (beginning of the Holocene back to 120 kyr) including every DO event based on δ15N isotope measurements using a firn densification and heat diffusion model. The detected temperature rises at DO events range from 5 °C (DO 25) up to 16.5 °C (DO 11), ± 3 °C. To bring measured and modelled data into agreement, we had to reduce the accumulation rate given by the ss09sea06bm time scale in some periods significantly, especially during the last glacial maximum (LGM). A comparison between reconstructed temperature and δ18Oice data confirms that the isotopic composition of the stadial was strongly influenced by seasonality. We continuously calculated α (δ18Oice to temperature sensitivity) on a 10 kyr running time window. α variations show an anticorrelation with obliquity, in agreement with a simple Rayleigh distillation model, and moreover seem to be influenced by Northern Hemisphere ice sheet volume.
CHIMERE 2013: a model for regional atmospheric composition modelling
Authors: Menut L. , Bessagnet B. , Khvorostyanov D. , Beekmann M. , Blond N. , Colette A. , Coll I. , Curci G. , Foret G. , Hodzic A. , Mailler S. , Meleux F. , Monge J.-L. , Pison I. , Siour G. , Turquety S. , Valari M. , Vautard R. , Vivanco M. G.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Tropospheric trace gas and aerosol pollutants have adverse effects on health, environment and climate. In order to quantify and mitigate such effects, a wide range of processes leading to the formation and transport of pollutants must be considered, understood and represented in numerical models. Regional scale pollution episodes result from the combination of several factors: high emissions (from anthropogenic or natural sources), stagnant meteorological conditions, kinetics and efficiency of the chemistry and the deposition. All these processes are highly variable in time and space, and their relative contribution to the pollutants budgets can be quantified with chemistry-transport models. The CHIMERE chemistry-transport model is dedicated to regional atmospheric pollution event studies. Since it has now reached a certain level a maturity, the new stable version, CHIMERE 2013, is described to provide a reference model paper. The successive developments of the model are reviewed on the basis of published investigations that are referenced in order to discuss the scientific choices and to provide an overview of the main results.
Disinformative data in large-scale hydrological modelling
Authors: Kauffeldt A. , Halldin S. , Rodhe A. , Xu C.-Y. , Westerberg I. K.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Large-scale hydrological modelling has become an important tool for the study of global and regional water resources, climate impacts, and water-resources management. However, modelling efforts over large spatial domains are fraught with problems of data scarcity, uncertainties and inconsistencies between model forcing and evaluation data. Model-independent methods to screen and analyse data for such problems are needed. This study aimed at identifying data inconsistencies in global datasets using a pre-modelling analysis, inconsistencies that can be disinformative for subsequent modelling. The consistency between (i) basin areas for different hydrographic datasets, and (ii) between climate data (precipitation and potential evaporation) and discharge data, was examined in terms of how well basin areas were represented in the flow networks and the possibility of water-balance closure. It was found that (i) most basins could be well represented in both gridded basin delineations and polygon-based ones, but some basins exhibited large area discrepancies between flow-network datasets and archived basin areas, (ii) basins exhibiting too-high runoff coefficients were abundant in areas where precipitation data were likely affected by snow undercatch, and (iii) the occurrence of basins exhibiting losses exceeding the potential-evaporation limit was strongly dependent on the potential-evaporation data, both in terms of numbers and geographical distribution. Some inconsistencies may be resolved by considering sub-grid variability in climate data, surface-dependent potential-evaporation estimates, etc., but further studies are needed to determine the reasons for the inconsistencies found. Our results emphasise the need for pre-modelling data analysis to identify dataset inconsistencies as an important first step in any large-scale study. Applying data-screening methods before modelling should also increase our chances to draw robust conclusions from subsequent model simulations.
Operational reservoir inflow forecasting with radar altimetry: the Zambezi case study
Authors: Michailovsky C. I. , Bauer-Gottwein P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. River basin management can greatly benefit from short-term river discharge predictions. In order to improve model produced discharge forecasts, data assimilation allows for the integration of current observations of the hydrological system to produce optimal forecasts and reduce prediction uncertainty. Data assimilation is widely used in operational applications to update hydrological models with in situ discharge or level measurements. In areas where timely access to in situ data is not possible, remote sensing data products can be used in assimilation schemes. While river discharge itself cannot be measured from space, radar altimetry can track surface water level variations at crossing locations between the satellite ground track and the river system called virtual stations (VS). Use of radar altimetry in operational settings is complicated by the low temporal resolution of the data (between 10 and 35 days revisit time at a VS depending on the satellite) as well as the fact that the location of the measurements is not necessarily at the point of interest. Combining radar altimetry from multiple VS with hydrological models could overcome these limitations. In this study, a rainfall runoff model of the Zambezi River Basin is built using remote sensing datasets and used to drive a routing scheme coupled to a simple floodplain model. The Extended Kalman filter is used to update the states in the routing model with data from 9 Envisat VS. Model fit was improved through assimilation with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiencies increasing from 0.21 to 0.63 and from 0.82 to 0.87 at the outlets of two distinct watersheds. However, model reliability was poor in one watershed with only 54% and 55% of observations falling in the 90% confidence bounds, for the deterministic and assimilation runs respectively, pointing to problems with the simple approach used to represent model error.
A importância dos profissionais da gestão da informação para as organizações
Authors: Maravilhas-Lopes Sérgio Paulo
Published: July 2013

Este trabalho fundamenta-se numa revisão da literatura e sua análise bibliográfica e tem como objetivo demonstrar a um decisor organizacional quais as vantagens reais que pode obter com a contratação de profissionais da área da gestão da informação. Para tal, consideramos que o melhor seria dar provas factuais das tarefas que estes profissionais podem realizar na pesquisa e análise da informação, as vantagens que se podem obter através do seu bom uso, assim como os locais onde a informação se encontra e pode ser consultada. Nada melhor para isso do que começar por explicar os conceitos de informação e gestão da informação, as atividades que podem ser desempenhadas pelos gestores de informação e as vantagens daí decorrentes, bem como as suas implicações na conjuntura económico-tecnológica atual e também as suas implicações bio-antropo-sociais. A gestão de informação inserida na estratégia empresarial revela ser um fator chave na obtenção de vantagens competitivas para as organizações. Para desempenhar convenientemente a sua função, o gestor de informação deve ter à sua disposição toda a informação interna relevante, pois só conhecendo de forma aprofundada a organização poderá encontrar as melhores soluções de informação.
A gestão da informação na análise de Foucault sobre as relações poder-saber
Authors: Maravilhas-Lopes Sérgio Paulo
Published: July 2013

Foucault mostrou como o poder e o saber se interrelacionam e de que forma ele é exercido sobre os indivíduos na sociedade, através de tecnologias que permitem a vigilância, cada vez gerando mais saber. Tentaremos ligar a vigilância ao conhecimento e poder que permitem obter, bem como o uso de tecnologias em moldes eletrónicos para o fazer. Tendo Foucault apontado como o poder e o saber se interrelacionam e de que forma é ele exercido sobre os indivíduos na sociedade, cada vez gerando mais saber, procuraremos mostrar essas relações, objetivos dessa coerção e formas de o fazer, apelando à utilização das novas tecnologias e fazendo uso da gestão da informação para acumular e exercitar esse saber que se revelará em mais poder para quem o detém. Desde sempre o conhecimento e a informação foram uma vantagem para quem dela dispunha, a diferença é que no passado conhecíamos bem os nossos vigilantes e agora, nos nossos dias, simplesmente nem sequer sabemos por quem somos vigiados, e o poder que isso pode exercer sobre as nossas vidas. Concluiremos com uma alusão ao papel da gestão da informação na obtenção e utilização desse saber para que melhor se exerça o poder.