bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous fat‐free isotropic 3D anatomical imaging and T2 mapping of knee cartilage with lipid‐insensitive binomial off‐resonant RF excitation (LIBRE) pulses
Authors: Colotti Roberto , Omoumi Patrick , van Heeswijk Ruud B. , Bastiaansen Jessica A.M.
Published: October 2018

Background

Improved knee cartilage morphological delineation and T2 mapping precision necessitates isotropic 3D high‐resolution and efficient fat suppression.

Purpose

To develop and assess an isotropic 3D lipid‐insensitive T2 mapping technique of the knee for improved cartilage delineation and precise measurement of T2 relaxation times.

Study Type

Prospective.

Phantom/Subjects

Phantoms (n = 6) used in this study were designed to mimic the T1 and T2 relaxation times of cartilage and fat. The study cohort comprised healthy volunteers (n = 7) for morphometry and T2 relaxation time measurements.

Field Strength/Sequence

A high‐resolution isotropic 3D T2 mapping technique that uses sequential T2‐prepared segmented gradient‐recalled echo (Iso3DGRE) images and lipid‐insensitive binomial off‐resonant radiofrequency (RF) excitation (LIBRE) at 3T.

Assessment

Numerical simulations and phantom experiments were performed to optimize the LIBRE pulse. Phantom studies were carried out to test the accuracy of the technique against reference standard spin‐echo (SE) T2 mapping. Subsequently, T2 maps with and without LIBRE pulses were acquired in knees of healthy volunteers and the T2 relaxation time values in different cartilage compartments were compared.

Statistical Tests

A two‐tailed paired Student's t‐test was used to compare the average T2 values and the relative standard deviations (inverse measurement of the precision) obtained with and without LIBRE pulses.

Results

A LIBRE pulse of 1 msec suppressed fat with an RF excitation frequency offset of 1560 Hz and optimal RF excitation angle of 35°. These results were corroborated by phantom and knee experiments. Robust and homogeneous fat suppression was obtained (a fat signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) decrease of 86.4 ± 2.4%). In phantoms, T2 values were found in good agreement when comparing LIBRE‐Iso3DGRE with SE (slope 0.93 ± 0.04, intercept 0.11 ± 1.6 msec, R2 >0.99). In vivo, LIBRE excitation resulted in more precise T2 estimation (23.7 ± 7.4%) than normal excitation (30.5 ± 9.9%, P < 0.0001).

Data Conclusion

Homogeneous LIBRE fat signal suppression was achieved with a total RF pulse duration of 1 msec, allowing for the removal of chemical shift artifacts and resulting in improved cartilage delineation and precise T2 values.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1275–1284.
Evidence for an unknown agent antigenically related to the hepatitis E virus in dairy cows in the United States
Authors: Yugo Danielle M. , Cossaboom Caitlin M. , Heffron Connie Lynn , Huang Yao‐Wei , Kenney Scott P. , Woolums Amelia R. , Hurley David J. , Opriessnig Tanja , Li Linlin , Delwart Eric , Kanevsky Isis , Meng Xiang‐Jin
Published: October 2018

Genotypes 3 and 4 hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains within the species Orthohepevirus A in the family Hepeviridae are zoonotic. Recently, a genotype 4 HEV was reportedly detected in fecal samples of cows, although independent confirmation is lacking. In this study, we first tested serum samples from 983 cows in different regions in the United States for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti‐HEV and found that 20.4% of cows were seropositive. The highest seroprevalence rate (68.4%) was from a herd in Georgia. In an attempt to genetically identify HEV in cattle, a prospective study was conducted in a known seropositive dairy herd by monitoring 10 newborn calves from birth to 6 months of age for evidence of HEV infection. At least 3 of the 10 calves seroconverted to IgG anti‐HEV, and importantly the antibodies presented neutralized genotype 3 human HEV, thus, indicating the specificity of IgG anti‐HEV in the cattle. However, our extensive attempts to identify HEV‐related sequences in cattle using broad‐spectrum reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction assays and MiSeq deep‐sequencing technology failed. The results suggest the existence of an agent antigenically related to HEV in cattle, although, contrary to published reports, we showed that the IgG recognizing HEV in cattle was not caused by HEV infection.
Therapeutic spectrum of interferon‐β in ischemic stroke
Authors: Wanve Madhuri , Kaur Harpreet , Sarmah Deepaneeta , Saraf Jackson , Pravalika Kanta , Vats Kanchan , Kalia Kiran , Borah Anupom , Yavagal Dileep R. , Dave Kunjan R. , Bhattacharya Pallab
Published: October 2018

Ischemic stroke is devastating and a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To date, only clot retrieval devices and/or intravenous tissue plasminogen activators (tPA) have been approved by the US‐FDA for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an effective treatment for stroke that can have limited shortcomings and broad spectrum of applications. Interferon‐beta (IFN‐β), an endogenous cytokine and a key anti‐inflammatory agent, contributes toward obviating deleterious stroke outcomes. Therefore, exploring the role of IFN‐β may be a promising alternative approach for stroke intervention in the future. In the present review, we have discussed about IFN‐β along with its different mechanistic roles in ischemic stroke. Furthermore, therapeutic approaches targeting the inflammatory cascade with IFN‐β therapy that may be helpful in improving stroke outcome are also discussed.
AGREEing on Guidelines for Nutrition Management of Adult Severe Burn Patients
Authors: Grammatikopoulou Maria G. , Theodoridis Xenophon , Gkiouras Konstantinos , Stamouli Eleni‐Maria , Mavrantoni Myrsini‐Eleni , Dardavessis Theodore , Bogdanos Dimitrios P.
Published: October 2018

Background

Severe burns are associated with a plethora of profound metabolic, immunologic, and physiologic responses, demanding prompt and adequate management. The objective of the present study was to review, compare, and critically appraise medical nutrition therapy guidelines for adult patients with severe burns, and produce salient points for the future update of relevant guidelines.

Methods

A total of 8 clinical practice guidelines developed by the American Burn Association (ABA), the European Burn Association (EBA), the European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN), the Midlands National Health Service, the Society for Critical Care Medicine (SCCM)/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN), the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units and Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, the Indian Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (IAPEN), and the International Society for Burn Injury regarding medical nutrition therapy in burn patients was independently reviewed by a team of 4 multidisciplinary researchers using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation (AGREE II) instrument.

Results

From the appraised guidelines, the SCCM/ASPEN guidelines received the greatest scoring in the majority of AGREE domains compared with ABA, EBA, and IAPEN, which obtained the lowest scores. On the other hand, the ESPEN guidelines provided the majority of information concerning nutrition support and medical nutrition therapy.

Conclusion

Our study identified gaps in most nutrition guidelines and emphasized methodologic issues that could improve the quality of future guidelines concerning nutrition support among adult severe burn patients.
Novel natural food preservatives and applications in seafood preservation: a review
Authors: Gokoglu Nalan
Published: October 2018

Food preservative additives are natural or synthetic substances which delay degradation in foods caused by microbial growth, enzyme activity, and oxidation. Until recently, the use of synthetic additives in food was more common. However, synthetic additives have not been widely accepted by consumers in recent years due to their assumed adverse effects on their health. Therefore, the tendency of consumers to natural additives is increasing day‐by‐day. Seafood is an easily perishable food due to its chemical composition. Immediately after harvest, changes in odor, taste, and texture in fishery products can be noticed. For this reason, measures to protect the product must be taken immediately after harvest or catching. Various preservation methods have been developed. In addition to various technological methods, preservative additives are used in fresh or processed seafood as well as in other foods. This review focuses on novel natural preservatives from different sources such as plants, bacteria, fungi, animals and algae, and their use in seafood to protect quality and prolong shelf life. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
CHL1 expression differentiates Hürthle cell carcinoma from benign Hürthle cell nodules
Authors: Li Wei , Xia Shujun , Aronova Anna , Min Irene M. , Verma Akanksha , Scognamiglio Theresa , Gray Katherine D. , Ullmann Timothy M. , Liang Heng , Moore Maureen D. , Elemento Olivier , Zarnegar Rasa , Fahey Thomas J.
Published: October 2018

Background and Objectives

Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) is an unusual and relatively rare type of differentiated thyroid cancer. Currently, cytologic analysis of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy is limited in distinguishing benign Hürthle cell neoplasms from malignant ones. The aim of this study was to determine whether differences in the expression of specific genes could differentiate HCC from benign Hürthle cell nodules by evaluating differential gene expression in Hürthle cell disease.

Methods

Eighteen benign Hürthle cell nodules and seven HCC samples were analyzed by whole‐transcriptome sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was carried out to identify candidate differentially expressed genes. Expression of these candidate genes was re‐examined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Protein expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Close homolog of L1 (CHL1) was identified as overexpressed in HCC. CHL1 was found to have greater than 15‐fold higher expression in fragments per kilobase million in HCC compared with benign Hurthle cell tumors. This was confirmed by qRT‐PCR. Moreover, the immunoreactivity score of the CHL1 protein was significantly higher in HCC compared with benign Hürthle cell nodules.

Conclusions

CHL1 expression may represent a novel and useful prognostic biomarker to distinguish HCC from benign Hürthle cell disease.
No survival improvement of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy among women with invasive lobular carcinoma
Authors: Yu Tian‐Jian , Liu Ying‐Ying , Hu Xin , Di Gen‐Hong
Published: October 2018

Background and Objective

The prognosis of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) in women with breast cancer has been widely reported. Here, we evaluated the survival outcome among patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) to determine the potential benefit of CPM.

Methods

We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database to identify patients with ILC diagnosed between 1998 and 2010. Survival differences were compared between unilateral mastectomy and CPM. Propensity score matching and risk‐stratified subgroup analyses were conducted to reduce selection bias.

Results

Among 10 226 patients with ILC, 21.8% women underwent CPM, and the rate of CPM nearly tripled over a 13‐year period. Kaplan‐Meier curves and hazard ratio (HR) of non‐breast cancer‐specific survival (non‐BCSS) in multivariate analysis reflected a pre‐existing selection bias in the present cohort. A Cox proportional hazard model confirmed that patients who received CPM had significantly better BCSS and overall survival (OS) in the prematching population (BCSS: HR = 0.90; OS: HR = 0.93). However, the survival improvement could not be achieved in the postmatching cohort. None of the defined subgroups had OS benefits when CPM was performed.

Conclusions

CPM offers no survival advantage to patients with ILC. The role of CPM among ILC women should be further investigated by incorporating more objective factors.
Coastal Texas black rail population states and survey effort
Authors: Tolliver James D. M. , Moore Amanda A. , Green M. Clay , Weckerly Floyd W.
Published: October 2018

Eastern black rails (Laterallus jamaicensis jamaicensis) are of conservation concern. These birds vocalize infrequently and inhabit dense vegetation, making them difficult to detect. We conducted the first large‐scale study of black rail occupancy and abundance in Texas, USA. We conducted point count surveys that were 6‐minute call‐playback broadcasts and detected rails acoustically. We fit 19 occupancy and 19 abundance models while accounting for imperfect detection. We used the top occupancy model to estimate the required survey effort to precisely estimate black rail occupancy with and without detection correction methods. We found that detection increased with moon phase but decreased with wind speed and ambient noise. Occupancy and abundance increased with cordgrass (Spartina spp.) and intermediate marsh cover. Estimates of mean occupancy (0.27 and 0.26) and abundance (1.08 and 1.00 rails/point) were similar between 2015 and 2016. Estimated survey efforts under mean (wind = 6–10 km/hr, lunar phase = half‐moon) and optimal (wind = 0–5 km/hr, lunar phase = full moon) environmental conditions were less for detection correction methods than for non‐correction methods. We also concluded that efforts to predict black rail presence from naïve occupancy estimates are impractical. Managers and researchers who wish to monitor black rails populations should use detection correction techniques when estimating occupancy and abundance. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Comment. What drives plankton seasonality in a stratifying shelf sea? Some competing and complementary theories
Authors: Atkinson Angus , Polimene Luca , Fileman Elaine S. , Widdicombe Claire E. , McEvoy Andrea J. , Smyth Tim J. , Djeghri Nicolas , Sailley Sévrine F. , Cornwell Louise E.
Published: October 2018

The Plymouth L4 time plankton series in the Western English Channel is a textbook example of a shallow, stratifying shelf sea system. Over its 30 yr of weekly sampling, this site has provided a diverse and contrasting suite of numerical and conceptual models of plankton bloom formation, phenology, and seasonal succession. The most recent of these papers, Kenitz et al. (2017) has initiated this comment, partly because we feel that it has presented a slightly misleading picture of the plankton composition at this site, and of a robust, recurring seasonal succession. We address this by illustrating the extent of inter‐annual variability in phenology that occurs at the site, and which needs to be captured better within models. However our main aim is to foster a much better integration of the variety of top‐down and bottom‐up processes that have all been suggested to be key in driving seasonal succession. Some of these, particularly the multiple grazing and growth controls contributing to the so‐called “loophole hypothesis” may be complementary, but others, such as the role of copepod feeding traits in driving species succession (Kenitz et al. 2017) offer testable competing hypotheses. The basic assumptions and outputs of all these models need to be validated more critically, both against time series data and process studies that include the finding of unselective feeding. We suggest that the variability in plankton phenology (and not just mean timing and amplitude) could be used to diagnose the performance of alternative models of plankton succession.
Perfluorodecalin‐infused patch in picosecond and Q‐switched laser‐assisted tattoo removal: Safety in Fitzpatrick IV–VI skin types
Authors: Vangipuram Ramya , Hamill Selina S. , Friedman Paul M.
Published: October 2018

Background

The topical transparent perfluorodecalin‐infused (PFD) silicone patch has been demonstrated to reduce epidermal whitening produced in association with laser‐assisted tattoo removal. This optical clearing agent has enabled multiple laser passes to be made in one treatment session. Previous studies using the PFD patch have showed enhanced clearance with picosecond and Q‐Switched lasers on blue/black tattoos in Fitzpatrick skin types I–III. We sought to explore the safety and efficacy of using the PFD patch with Q‐Switched and picosecond lasers in Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI.

Study Design/Materials and Method

A retrospective, single institution chart review was used to assess the safety of treating tattoos using the PFD patch with Q‐Switched and picosecond lasers in Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI. A total of 14 patients, ages 23–66 with Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI were treated with the PFD patches and liquid PFD using the picosecond (532, 785, and 1064 nm) and the Q‐switched Nd:YAG (1064 nm). The treated tattoos contained blue, black, red, green, purple, and pink ink. Patient reported adverse events were evaluated.

Results

The PFD patch and liquid PFD were used with the picosecond (532, 785, 1064 nm) and the Q‐switched Nd:YAG (1064 nm) lasers to treat tattoos safely in 14 patients with Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI. Furthermore, the PFD patch was used safely when treating tattoo containing blue, black, red, green, purple and pink ink. Multiple passes were better tolerated in patients when using the PFD patch. No adverse effects were reported.

Conclusion

Our retrospective chart review supports the safety and efficacy of the PFD patch in protecting the epidermis from thermal injury during laser‐assisted tattoo removal of multicolored tattoos in patients with Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:23–26, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stimuli‐Responsive Release of Antimicrobials Using Hybrid Inorganic Nanoparticle‐Associated Drug‐Delivery Systems
Authors: Moorcroft Samuel C. T. , Jayne David G. , Evans Stephen D. , Ong Zhan Yuin
Published: October 2018

Recently, the combination of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) of Au, Ag, Fe2O3, and Fe3O4 with traditional soft matter drug‐delivery systems has emerged as a promising strategy to achieve site‐specific and controlled release of antimicrobial agents. By harnessing the plasmonic and magnetic properties of inorganic NPs, the disruption of antibiotic‐loaded liposomes, polymersomes, and hydrogels can be remotely triggered by mechanisms such as photo‐ and magneto‐thermal effects, microbubble cavitation, magnetic positioning, and pH‐changes, hence offering significant advantages in improving antibacterial efficacy, reducing side effects, and in overcoming antimicrobial resistance. This review highlights the latest development of stimuli‐responsive antibiotic delivery systems incorporating inorganic NPs. The methods employed for preparation of hybrid inorganic NP‐associated drug‐delivery systems and the effects this has upon the system are discussed. Finally, a detailed exposition of the NP‐mediated triggering mechanisms is provided and pertinent examples of their use in antimicrobial applications are presented.
Comparison of the electrochemical behavior of amorphous Zr55Cu30Ni5Al10, stainless steel (316LVM), and CoCrMo (F75) in simulated body fluid with and without addition of protein
Authors: Tabeshian Ali , Persson Dan , Arnberg Lars , Aune Ragnhild
Published: October 2018

Electrochemical behavior of, and metal ion release from the bulk amorphous (glassy) Zr55Cu30Ni5Al10 alloy (Zr‐MG) was evaluated in simulated body fluid (phosphate buffer saline [PBS]), with and without additions of protein (albumin Fraction V) at pH 7.4 and 5.2 and at body temperature 310 K (37 °C). The passivation behavior and susceptibility to pitting of the Zr‐MG was compared with conventional load bearing implant materials, that is, the medical grade ASTM F75 cast CoCrMo alloy (CoCrMo) and AISI 316 LVM low carbon vacuum re‐melted stainless steel alloy (SS). Furthermore, the metal ion release from the main constituent elements of each alloy was measured and compared. All materials showed passive behavior in the PBS solution with and without presence of albumin, though the passive region was smaller for the Zr‐MG compared to the CoCrMo and SS. Moreover, all materials experienced pitting corrosion in the PBS solution while the Zr‐MG was the most susceptible and the CoCrMo was the least one. Protein additions to the CoCrMo and SS prevented the formation of stable pits at pH 7.4 and 5.2. A decrease in passive region and pitting potential was seen in the case of albumin additions for the Zr‐MG at pH 7.4, while the opposite was seen at pH 5.2. Furthermore, the total metal ion release from the Zr‐MG was less than for the CoCrMo.
Poly(hydroxy acid) Nanoparticles for the Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Doxorubicin
Authors: Khuphe Mthulisi , Thornton Paul D.
Published: October 2018

Diblock poly(hydroxy acid) copolymers are created by the sequential ring‐opening polymerization of l‐phenylalanine O‐carboxyanhydride and l‐lysine(carboxybenzyl) O‐carboxyanhydride, and l‐phenylalanine O‐carboxyanhydride and γ ‐benzyl l‐glutamic acid O‐carboxyanhydride. Upon protecting group removal, two amphiphilic block copolymers are formed that can self‐organize in aqueous solution to form spherical nanoparticles. Such nanoparticles are capable of encapsulating doxorubicin before allowing its programmed payload release upon incubation within acidic solution. Consequently, the reported biodegradable materials are highly promising candidates for deployment for the transport and programmed release of chemotherapeutics to acidic environments, such as cancerous tissue.
Pillararene‐Based Fluorescent Supramolecular Systems: The Key Role of Chain Length in Gelation
Authors: Song Nan , Lou Xin‐Yue , Hou Wei , Wang Chun‐Yu , Wang Yan , Yang Ying‐Wei
Published: October 2018

Four supramolecular assemblies are fabricated from two pillararene tetramers with aggregation‐induced emission properties (SH and LH) and two different lengths of neutral guests with three binding sites (arms) for pillararene cavities (SG and LG) through host–guest interactions, and their fluorescent behaviors in organic solvent are investigated. SG⊂SH exhibits the largest fluorescent enhancement in chloroform due to supramolecular assembly‐induced emission enhancement, while only LG⊂LH turns into supramolecular gel with stimuli responsiveness owing to their most flexible arms.
H2S Sensing Material Based on Cotton Fabrics Modified with Polyaniline
Authors: de Almeida Thuanny Moraes , da Silveira Maranhão Fabíola , de Carvalho Fernanda Veloso , Middea Antonieta , de Araujo Joyce Rodrigues , de Souza Júnior Fernando Gomes
Published: October 2018

In this work, intelligent materials were developed from the cotton fabric modified with polyaniline (PAni). PAni was used in different oxidation states (Emeraldine Salt, Emeraldine, Leucoemeraldine and Pernigraniline Base). The obtained materials were tested as colorimetric hydrogen sulfide gas sensors. The intelligent fabrics were analyzed by Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Optical Microscopy and Electrical Resistivity Analysis. Smart fabrics were exposed to hydrogen sulfide gas, and colorimetric analyses were performed before and after exposure to identify fabrics capacity of detection. The obtained results allowed inferring that the best material was the one modified with Emeraldine base. This low‐cost material can be easily obtained, constituting a valuable hydrogen sulfide gas detection tool.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Environment Friendly Composite Based on Mango's Seed Shell and High‐Density Polyethylene
Authors: dos Santos Luis Alberto , S. M. Thiré Rossana Mara , B. Lima Edla Maria , Racca Laiza M. , da Silva Ana Lúcia N.
Published: October 2018

Lignocellulosic additives from agroindustrial waste have been used to produce polymer composites with different properties, thus contributing to sustainable development, with a reduction in the consumption of non‐renewable natural raw materials, besides the use and recovery of these wastes. Among the most used vegetable fibers, the fibers of sisal, coconut, curauá, bamboo, “pinus”, banana, and others stand out. Mango is one of the most important tropical fruits, Brazil being one of the largest producers in the world. Considering this scenario, the proposal of the present study consists in the use of fibers, previously benefited from the mango's core, in the production of composites based on high density green polyethylene (Green‐HDPE) as polymer matrix. The results showed that the addition of 13 wt% of mango's seed shell (MSS) produced composites with higher stiffness in relation to neat Green‐HDPE, even without the presence of a coupling agent. However, the SEM micrographs revealed that the interaction between filler and matrix was not so good. The Young's modulus values of the Green‐HDPE/MSS composites were compared to theoretical values obtained by the rule mixtures and Halpin‐Tsai. Based on a sum of errors squared none of the models used was found to predict the experimental data. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of MSS filler did not affect the thermal stability of the Green‐HDPE matrix.
Spoligotype‐based population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Jimma Zone, southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Abebe Gemeda , Abdissa Ketema , Abdella Kedir , Tadesse Mulualem , Worku Adane , Ameni Gobena
Published: October 2018

Background

To understand the population dynamics and propose more effective preventive strategies, defining the population structure of the circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains is important.

Methods

A total of 177 M. tuberculosis complex isolates from pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases in southwest Ethiopia were genotyped by spoligotyping. Of the strains included in this study, 126 were pan‐susceptible strains while the remaining 51 isolates were resistant to one or more first‐line anti‐TB drugs. The genotyping results were compared to the international spoligotyping (SITVIT) database of the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe and the newly revised publicly available international multi‐marker database (SITVITWEB/SPOLDB4). An online tool Run TB‐Lineage was also used to predict the major lineages using a conformal Bayesian network analysis.

Results

The spoligotyping of the 177 isolates resulted in 69 different spoligotype patterns of which 127 (71.8%) were clustered into 19 spoligoclusters (with clustering rate of 61.02%). Each cluster contains 2–29 isolates. Of the isolates with corresponding SIT in SITVIT/SDB4, the predominant strains identified were SIT 37 of the T3 subfamily with 29 isolates followed by SIT 53 of the T1 subfamily with 20 isolates. SIT 777 of the H4 subfamily and SIT 25 of the CAS1_DELHI subfamily each consisting of six isolates were identified. Eighty spoligotype patterns were orphan as they were not recorded in the SITVIT2/SPDB4 database. Further classification of the isolates on the basis of major lineages showed that 82.5% and 14.1% of the isolates belonged to Euro‐American and East African Indian lineages, respectively, while 2.8% of the isolates belonged to Mycobacterium africanum and 0.6% to Indo‐Oceanic.

Conclusion

The ill‐defined T and H clades were predominant around Jimma. The substantial number of orphans recorded in the study area warrants for additional studies with genotyping methods with better resolution and covering whole areas of southwest Ethiopia.
Respiratory‐ and cardiac motion‐corrected simultaneous whole‐heart PET and dual phase coronary MR angiography
Authors: Munoz Camila , Neji Radhouene , Kunze Karl P. , Nekolla Stephan G. , Botnar Rene M. , Prieto Claudia
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To develop a framework for efficient and simultaneous acquisition of motion‐compensated whole‐heart coronary MR angiography (CMRA) and left ventricular function by MR and myocardial integrity by PET on a 3T PET‐MR system.

Methods

An acquisition scheme based on a dual‐phase CMRA sequence acquired simultaneously with cardiac PET data has been developed. The framework is integrated with a motion‐corrected image reconstruction approach, so that non‐rigid respiratory and cardiac deformation fields estimated from MR images are used to correct both the CMRA (respiratory motion correction for each cardiac phase) and the PET data (respiratory and cardiac motion correction). The proposed approach was tested in a cohort of 8 healthy subjects and 6 patients with coronary artery disease. Left ventricular (LV) function estimated from motion‐corrected dual‐phase CMRA was compared to the gold standard estimated from a stack of 2D CINE images for the healthy subjects. Relative increase of signal in motion‐corrected PET images compared to uncorrected images was computed for standard 17‐segment polar maps for each patient.

Results

Motion‐corrected dual‐phase CMRA images allow for visualization of the coronary arteries in both systole and diastole for all healthy subjects and cardiac patients. LV functional indices from healthy subjects result in good agreement with the reference method, underestimating stroke volume by 3.07 ± 3.26 mL and ejection fraction by 0.30 ± 1.01%. Motion correction improved delineation of the myocardium in PET images, resulting in an increased 18F‐FDG signal of up to 28% in basal segments of the myocardial wall compared to uncorrected images.

Conclusion

The proposed motion‐corrected dual‐phase CMRA and cardiac PET produces co‐registered good quality images in both modalities in a single efficient examination of ~13 min.
Magnetic resonance field fingerprinting
Authors: Körzdörfer Gregor , Jiang Yun , Speier Peter , Pang Jianing , Ma Dan , Pfeuffer Josef , Hensel Bernhard , Gulani Vikas , Griswold Mark , Nittka Mathias
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To develop and evaluate the magnetic resonance field fingerprinting method that simultaneously generates T1, T2, B0, and maps from a single continuous measurement.

Methods

An encoding pattern was designed to integrate true fast imaging with steady‐state precession (TrueFISP), fast imaging with steady‐state precession (FISP), and fast low‐angle shot (FLASH) sequence segments with varying flip angles, radio frequency (RF) phases, TEs, and gradient moments in a continuous acquisition. A multistep matching process was introduced that includes steps for integrated spiral deblurring and the correction of intravoxel phase dispersion. The method was evaluated in phantoms as well as in vivo studies in brain and lower abdomen.

Results

Simultaneous measurement of T1, T2, B0, and is achieved with T1 and T2 subsequently being less afflicted by B0 and variations. Phantom results demonstrate the stability of generated parameter maps. Higher undersampling factors and spatial resolution can be achieved with the proposed method as compared with solely FISP–based magnetic resonance fingerprinting. High‐resolution B0 maps can potentially be further used as diagnostic information.

Conclusion

The proposed magnetic resonance field fingerprinting method can estimate T1, T2, B0, and maps accurately in phantoms, in the brain, and in the lower abdomen.
Response of Brook Trout Biomass to Strategic Wood Additions in the East Branch Nulhegan River Watershed, Vermont
Authors: Kratzer Jud F.
Published: October 2018

Historic logging and log driving have severely degraded fish habitat in many northeastern United States rivers, including the East Branch Nulhegan River, Vermont. To improve the habitat of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, 43 large woody material structures were constructed using chain saws and grip hoists in the East Branch Nulhegan River and two of its tributaries. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of these “strategic wood additions” on Brook Trout biomass. Nine pairs of control and treatment sites were electrofished annually for 2 years prior to wood additions and for 4 years afterward. Wood loading increased at treatment sites by 183 to 1,557 pieces/ha, resulting in total wood loadings at these sites ranging from 251 to 1,557 pieces/ha (18 to 66 pieces per 100 m). By the second year of posttreatment sampling, average Brook Trout biomass at treatment sites had approximately tripled. Mean Brook Trout biomass decreased at control sites the first year after wood was added but then rebounded to pretreatment levels, suggesting that added wood contributed to a net increase in Brook Trout abundance in the system and did not simply concentrate fish in favorable habitats. Fisheries managers can consider strategic wood additions as a potential tool for improving Brook Trout habitat and bolstering their populations in streams where the lack of large wood is the most important limiting factor.
Aging increases the expression of vasopressin receptors in both the kidney and urinary bladder
Authors: Birder Lori A. , Wolf‐Johnston Amanda S. , Jackson Edwin K. , Wein Alan J. , Dmochowski Roger
Published: October 2018

Aims

The goal of this study was to determine whether aging effects the expression of V1a and V2 vasopressin receptors in the urinary bladder mucosa (UBM) and kidney.

Methods

UBM and kidneys were obtained from young (3 months‐of‐age) and old (25‐30 months‐of‐age) female Fisher 344 rats. Tissue samples were analyzed by western blotting for V1a and V2 receptor expression, and rat plasma levels of vasopressin levels were measured by ELISA.

Results

V1a and V2 receptors were detected in both the UBM and kidneys. Aging significantly (P < 0.05) increased the expression of V2 receptors by 2.80 ± 0.52 and 6.52 ± 1.24‐fold in the UBM and kidneys, respectively. Aging also increased V1a receptor expression in the kidneys (5.52 ± 1.05 fold; P < 0.05), but not in the UBM. To the best of our knowledge, because this is the first detection of V2 receptors in the mammalian bladder mucosa, we also probed human UBM for V2 receptors and observed high expression in human UBM. Unlike V1a and V2 receptors, aging had only a minor effect on plasma vasopressin levels (8% increase).

Conclusions

V2 receptors are substantially increased in the aging UBM. The role of these receptors in UBM is as yet undefined, but given their presence and action in the kidneys, the possible effect of these receptors in free water regulation should be considered. The large age‐related increase in the expression of V2 receptors in both the UBM and kidney may contribute to the effectiveness of desmopressin in age‐related nocturia.
An innovative, non‐invasive sensation meter allows for a more comprehensive understanding of bladder sensation events: A prospective study in participants with normal bladder function
Authors: Naimi Hameeda A. , Nagle Anna S. , Vinod Naomi N. , Kolli Hiren , Sheen Derek , De Wachter Stefan G. , Speich John E. , Klausner Adam P.
Published: October 2018

Aims

There is currently no standardized method of characterizing changes in bladder sensation during bladder filling outside of the urodynamics laboratory. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize real‐time bladder sensation events using a sensation meter during oral hydration in individuals with normal bladder function.

Methods

Participants enrolled in an accelerated hydration study drank 2 L Gatorade‐G2® and utilized a sensation meter to record real‐time bladder sensation (0‐100%), verbal sensory thresholds, and sensation descriptors of “tense,” “pressure,” “tingling,” “painful,” and “other” for two consecutive fill‐void cycles.

Results

Data from 21 participants (12 females/9 males) were obtained and demonstrated an average of 8‐9 sensation events (significant changes in sensation) per fill with no differences in the total number of sensation events and volume between sensation events (fill 1 vs fill 2). An increased number of sensation events occurred at higher capacity quartiles. Event descriptors of “pressure” and “tingling” were the most commonly chosen descriptors in both fills.

Conclusions

The innovative sensation meter includes the sensation event descriptors of “tense,” “tingling,” “pressure,” and “painful,” to enable a more comprehensive understanding of bladder sensation as well as real‐time identification, quantification, and characterization of sensation events. The study demonstrates 8‐9 events per fill, acceleration of sensation during filling, and unique sensation event descriptor patterns. This technology may be helpful in the identification of novel sensation patterns associated with overactive bladder (OAB) and aging.
Quantifying brain microstructure with diffusion MRI: Theory and parameter estimation
Authors: Novikov Dmitry S. , Fieremans Els , Jespersen Sune N. , Kiselev Valerij G.
Published: October 2018

We review, systematize and discuss models of diffusion in neuronal tissue, by putting them into an overarching physical context of coarse‐graining over an increasing diffusion length scale. From this perspective, we view research on quantifying brain microstructure as occurring along three major avenues. The first avenue focusses on transient, or time‐dependent, effects in diffusion. These effects signify the gradual coarse‐graining of tissue structure, which occurs qualitatively differently in different brain tissue compartments. We show that transient effects contain information about the relevant length scales for neuronal tissue, such as the packing correlation length for neuronal fibers, as well as the degree of structural disorder along the neurites. The second avenue corresponds to the long‐time limit, when the observed signal can be approximated as a sum of multiple nonexchanging anisotropic Gaussian components. Here, the challenge lies in parameter estimation and in resolving its hidden degeneracies. The third avenue employs multiple diffusion encoding techniques, able to access information not contained in the conventional diffusion propagator. We conclude with our outlook on future directions that could open exciting possibilities for designing quantitative markers of tissue physiology and pathology, based on methods of studying mesoscopic transport in disordered systems.
3.0 T relaxation time measurements of human lymph nodes in adults with and without lymphatic insufficiency: Implications for magnetic resonance lymphatic imaging
Authors: Crescenzi Rachelle , Donahue Paula M. , Braxton Vaughn G. , Scott Allison O. , Mahany Helen B. , Lants Sarah K. , Donahue Manus J.
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this work was to quantify 3.0 T (i) T1 and T2 relaxation times of in vivo human lymph nodes (LNs) and (ii) LN relaxometry differences between healthy LNs and LNs from patients with lymphatic insufficiency secondary to breast cancer treatment‐related lymphedema (BCRL). MR relaxometry was performed over bilateral axillary regions at 3.0 T in healthy female controls (105 LNs from 20 participants) and patients with BCRL (108 LNs from 20 participants). Quantitative T1 maps were calculated using a multi‐flip‐angle (20, 40, 60°) method with B1 correction (dual‐TR method, TR1/TR2 = 30/130 ms), and T2 maps using a multi‐echo (TE = 9–189 ms; 12 ms intervals) method. T1 and T2 were quantified in the LN cortex and hilum. A Mann–Whitney U‐test was applied to compare LN relaxometry values between patients and controls (significance, two sided, p < 0.05). Linear regression was applied to evaluate how LN relaxometry varied with age, BMI, and clinical indicators of disease. LN substructure relaxation times (mean ± standard deviation) in healthy controls were T1 cortex, 1435 ± 391 ms; T1 hilum, 714 ± 123 ms; T2 cortex, 102 ± 12 ms, and T2 hilum, 119 ± 21 ms. T1 of the LN cortex was significantly reduced in the contralateral axilla of BCRL patients compared with the axilla on the surgical side (p < 0.001) and compared with bilateral control values (p < 0.01). The LN cortex T1 asymmetry discriminated cases from controls (p = 0.004) in a multiple linear regression, accounting for age and BMI. Human 3.0 T T1 and T2 relaxation times in axillary LNs were quantified for the first time in vivo. Measured values are relevant for optimizing acquisition parameters in anatomical lymphatic imaging sequences, and can serve as a reference for novel functional and molecular LN imaging methods that require quantitative knowledge of LN relaxation times.
Salvage regimens for pediatric patients with relapsed nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: DeRenzo Christopher , Lam Catherine , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Rapkin Louis , Gottschalk Stephen , Venkatramani Rajkumar
Published: October 2018

There is no established salvage regimen for pediatric patients with relapsed nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and outcomes are dismal. We performed a multicenter retrospective review to determine outcomes after first salvage therapy for pediatric patients with relapsed NPC. Fourteen patients were treated with varied regimens. Two of the 14 patients received oxaliplatin‐containing regimens and achieved a long‐term complete response. Although definitive recommendations cannot be made based on outcomes for 14 patients who received varied regimens, we discuss justification for an oxaliplatin‐containing regimen in combination with gemcitabine as a reasonable choice for first‐line salvage therapy for pediatric patients with relapsed NPC.
Synergistic effect of Nano‐ZnO and intumescent flame retardant on flame retardancy of polypropylene/ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer composites using elongational flow field
Authors: Wu Zheng‐Huan , Wang Quan , Fan Qi‐Xiang , Cai Yu‐Jun , Zhao Yong‐Qing
Published: October 2018

In this work, the synergistic effect of Nano‐ZnO and intumescent flame retardant (IFR) on polypropylene/ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (PP/EPDM) composites was researched using an elongational flow field. The results were then compared to shear flow field. The flame retardant mechanism was characterized using thermogravimetric‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG‐FTIR). Furthermore, the flame retardant properties and morphologies of the composites using different flow fields were characterized using cone calorimeter (CC), limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion test (VCT), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the mixture of 1 wt% Nano‐ZnO and 29 wt% IFR which based on the elongational flow field (VZ1) catalyzed the esterification and charring effect more efficiently than that based on the shear flow field (TZ1). The TGA indicated that VZ1 exhibited higher decomposition temperature, and resulted in more char residues than those for TZ1. Furthermore, VZ1 resulted in longer delay for the ignition, and the ignition time was 105 s longer than that for TZ1, which was the longest of all samples. The fire performance index (FPI) was the highest, while the fire growth index (FGI) was the second lowest of all the samples, and resulted in the smallest fire. The digital photos showed that the char layer of VZ1 was more compact than that of TZ1. With the proposed flame retardant exhibited better dispersion and unique “bee‐comb” microstructure in the matrix through elongational flow field, and showed better retarding characteristics than that using shear flow field. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2819–2833, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Discerning the Primary Carcinoma in Malignant Peritoneal and Pleural Effusions Using Imaging Mass Spectrometry—A Feasibility Study
Authors: Schwamborn Kristina , Weirich Gregor , Steiger Katja , Zimmermann Gregor , Schmidmayr Monika , Weichert Wilko , Caprioli Richard M.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Malignant effusions challenge diagnostic accuracy due to cytomorphologic overlaps between various malignant primaries. Workup of this material to establish a correct diagnosis is time consuming and limited by the sparsity of material. In order to circumvent these drawbacks, the use of MALDI imaging MS (IMS) as a diagnostic platform has been explored.

Experimental design

Cytology cell blocks from malignant effusions (serous ovarian carcinoma and several non‐ovarian carcinomas including gastric adenocarcinoma) containing at least 30% neoplastic cells are selected for generation of cytology microarrays (CMA). CMA sections are transferred to conductive glass slides, subjected to on‐tissue tryptic digestion, and matrix application for MALDI–IMS analysis.

Results

Supervised classification analysis identifies serous ovarian carcinomas as the source of malignant effusions with a sensitivity of 85.7% when compared to samples from all other included primary sites. When compared to gastric adenocarcinoma, serous ovarian carcinoma samples can be delineated with a sensitivity of 97.3%.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

These preliminary results highlight that MALDI–IMS allows subtyping of malignant effusions to identify the precise origin of neoplastic cells. While achieving similar results compared to classical approaches such as immunocytology, more material is conserved that will be available for further tests.
S‐S‐PEG‐COOH Self‐Assembled Monolayer on Gold Surface Enabled a Combined Assay for Serological EBV Antibody Isotypes
Authors: Lv Hui , Ye Lei , Liu Qian , Li Song‐Guo , Li Tao , Huang Na‐Li , Gao Yi , Fan Li‐Bin , Du Wei‐Dong
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human gamma herpes virus that infects human epithelial cells and B lymphocytes. It would be potentially valuable to develop novel combined assays to benefit screening for large panels of samples of EBV infectious diseases.

Experimental design

A simple antigen‐probed biochip that is modified with S‐S‐PEG‐COOH and is used as a label‐free high‐throughput screening method for a combined detection of EBV capsid antigen IgM antibody, capsid antigen IgG antibody, and nuclear antigen IgG antibody.

Results

This protein biochip has similar feasibility, sensitivity, and specificity in comparison with Liaison chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). Detection limit of the EBV antibodies by the biochip is almost identical to that by CLIA‐L (2.91 U mL–1 vs 3.00 U mL–1 for EBNA‐1 IgG, 8 U mL–1 vs10 U mL–1 for EBV‐VCA IgG, and 3.5 U mL–1 vs 10 U mL–1 for EBV‐VCA IgM). Tests of the three serological antibodies against EBV by the biochip are consistent with the CLIA‐L method in 274 clinical sera, respectively. Finally, the combined biochip is successfully utilized for diagnostic identification of EBV infection in 14 patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) and 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus SLE, as well as additional 10 known real‐time PCR positive patients.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

This biochip format will enable concurrent detection of antibodies against EBV infection and confirm infection status of EBV. It will be a versatile tool for large‐scale epidemiological screening in view of its miniaturization and high throughput.
On the Physical Implications of Hawking's Spacetime Foam
Authors: Schulz Benjamin
Published: October 2018

Hawking's spacetime foam model predicts that due to quantum fluctuations, spacetime is filled with black hole like objects. We argue that Hawking's model implies a cosmological constant of the observed order and that it also solves the problem of time in quantum gravity.
De Sitter vs Quintessence in String Theory
Authors: Cicoli M. , de Alwis S. , Maharana A. , Muia F. , Quevedo F.
Published: October 2018

De Sitter solutions have been recently conjectured to be incompatible with quantum gravity. In this paper we critically assess the progress and challenges of different mechanisms to obtain de Sitter vacua in string compactifications and compare them to quintessence models. We argue that, despite recent criticisms, de Sitter models reached a level of concreteness and calculational control which has been improving over time. On the other hand, building string models of quintessence appears to be more challenging and requires additional fine‐tuning. We discuss the tension between the swampland conjecture and the Higgs potential and find examples which can evade fifth‐force bounds even if they seem very hard to realise in string theory. We also comment on the tension with low‐redshift data and explore ultra‐light axions from string theory as dark energy candidates.