bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co-Fe Nanoparticles Coated on Copper Substrate: Effect of Different Deposition Times
Authors: Abdullah Wan Normimi Roslini , Resali Nor Azrina , Hyie Koay Mei , Nik Roselina N.R. , Mardziah C.M. , Salleh Z.
Published: September 2013

Electrodeposition method has been effectively applied to the synthesis of the Cobalt-Iron (Co-Fe) nanoparticles on Copper (Cu) substrate. The electrodeposition was conducted in acidic environment at controlled temperature of 50°C±0.5°C. The influence of deposition times (30, 60 and 90 min) towards the characteristics and properties such as phase and crystallographic structure, surface morphologies, particle size and magnetic properties of Co-Fe nanoparticles were studied. The Co-Fe phase showed the Body Centered Cubic (BCC) crystal structure. Dendritic structure was visible in the Co-Fe nanoparticles prepared at 30 minutes deposition. Meanwhile, irregular particles surrounded by flakes were found in the sample prepared at 90 min deposition. The particle sizes were reduced from 61.6 nm to 54.8 nm when the deposition time was increased. The best soft ferromagnetic properties with higher saturation magnetization, Ms and lower coercivity, Hc were achieved by Co-Fe nanoparticles deposited at 90 min.
Study of Cutting Parameters Effects in MQL-Employed Hard-Milling Process for AISI H13 for Tool Life
Authors: Phafat Nitin G. , Deshmukh Ravindra , Deshmukh Sudhir D.
Published: September 2013

In this research work, the effects of three parameters, namely, cutting speed, feed and axial depth of cut were studied upon tool life. The milling was performed under environment of minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL), using coated carbide inserts. For tool life, cutting speed was found as the most influential parameter followed by the axial depth of cut and feed rate. High values of cutting speed proved unfavorable for tool life. The major tool damage mechanisms detected were notch wear, diffusion, adhesion, and chipping. The severity of chipping was relatively smaller as compared to that of adhesion and of notch wear because of effective application of MQL employed. The encouraging results include significant increase in tool life by MQL mainly through reduction in the cutting zone temperature and favorable change in the chip-tool and work-tool interaction.
Influence of Cutting Edge Radius in Micromachining AISI D2
Authors: Saedon J.B. , Halim A. Hakim A. , Husain H. , Meon M.S. , Othman Muhamad Fauzi
Published: September 2013

Chip formation is a dynamic process that is often non linear in nature. A chip may not form when the depth of cut is less than a minimum chip thickness. This paper presents an investigation of cutting edge radius effect on micromachining AISI D2 tool steel via simulation. The chip growth, chip formation and material deformation mechanism was investigated using commercial finite element analysis software. A model is developed with consideration of the arbitrary LagrangianEulerian (ALE) method. The chip growth, chip formation and material deformation was investigate under three criteria such as a/r<1, a/r>1 and a/r=1. The model showed that the chip is formed at a/r >1 while material extrusion performed under a/r<1.
Effect of Double Sided Process Parameters in Lapping Silicon Wafer
Authors: Sahab Abdul Rahim Mahamad , Saad Nor Hayati , Rashid Amirul Abdul , Noriah Yusoff , Said Nassya Mohd , Zubair Ahmad Faiz , Jaffar Ahmed
Published: September 2013

Silicon wafer is widely used in semiconductor industries for development of sensors and integrated circuit in computer, cell phones and wide variety of other devices. Demand on the device performance requires flatter wafer surface, and less dimensional wafer variation. Prime silicon wafer is hard and brittle material. Due to its properties, double sided lapping machine with ceramic grinding agent were introduced for machining high quality standard silicon wafers. The main focus is the silicon wafer with high accuracy of flatness; to reduce total thickness variation, waviness and roughness. In this paper the lapping experiment and analysis showed that the double sided lapping machine is able to produce total thickness variation less than 10 um at controlled process parameters within short processing time. Machining using low mode method reduced the total thickness variation (TTV) value. The lapping load and speed directly reflected the performance and condition of final silicon wafer quality.
Effect of Extreme Temperatures on Coated Piston Crown for CNGDI Engine
Authors: Jalaludin Helmisyah Ahmad , Abdullah Shahrir , Ghazali Mariyam Jameelah , Abdullah Bulan , Abdullah Nik Rosli
Published: September 2013

Due to high temperature and less proper heat transfer, the material of piston crown in an engine of compressed natural gas with a direct injection system (CNGDI) may lead to high thermal stresses and fails to withstand high temperature and operate effectively. By insulating with thermal barrier coating (TBC) such as ceramic-based yttria partially stabilised zirconia (YPSZ), heat transfer to the piston might be reduced and lead to improvement of piston durability. Hence, in this research, YPSZ coating was utilised to differentiate with the uncoated piston crowns in terms of the ability to reduce thermal penetration to the piston. A detailed finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out to determine the location of hotspots via profiles distribution of thermal. In short, it was observed that hotspots were mainly concentrated at the piston bowls rim. The heat flux for the YPSZ/NiCrAl-coated from FEA exhibited about 98% reduction compared to the uncoated piston crown.
Modeling of Flywheel Hybrid Powertrain to Optimize Energy Consumption in Mechanical Hybrid Motorcycle
Authors: Manaf Muhammad Zaidan Abdul , Mohamed Nik Abdullah Nik , Zakaria Mohamad Shukri , Saadun Mohd Noor Asril , Mohd Hanafi Mohd Hafidzal
Published: September 2013

The creation of internal combustion engine is a significant milestone in power engineering world which simplified high mechanical energy demand jobs like moving vehicle and machinery. Even though the internal combustion engine gives lot of advantages, however, this type of engine is incapable to convert the heat energy from fuel combustion to the mechanical energy efficiently. Small capacity engine e.g. motorcycle engine having the power conversion efficiency between 25-30%. Therefore, alternative power source is required to support the internal combustion engine in order to increase the overall system efficiency. These phenomena give encouragement to implement the hybridization process. This is to increase the system efficiency in transferring power to the wheel. Hybridization processes e.g. flywheel as secondary power source can increase power transfer efficiency between 30%-80%. Hence, the purpose of this research is to develop the mathematical model of the power transfer efficiency of flywheel hybrid motorcycle by using back trace simulation method. This model will record the amount of energy use in acceleration phase of the driving cycle. Subsequently, the efficiency ratio of motorcycle power transfer is calculated and comparison of those ratios between the conventional motorcycle and the hybrid motorcycle is made. The outstanding results show that the hybrid motorcycle is capable to conserve the energy used up to 36% compare to the conventional motorcycle that wasted energy up to 200%. As a conclusion, flywheel as the secondary power source is capable to supply enough energy to propel the motorcycle forward.
Green Lean TQM Suppliers, Organization and Customers Management Practices in Malaysian Automotive Companies
Authors: Noor Azlina Mohd. Salleh , Kasolang Salmiah , Jaffar Ahmed , Azianti Ismail
Published: September 2013

Green Lean Total Quality (GLTQ) Suppliers, Organization and Customers Management System (SOCM) is a system comprises the interrelated linkages between suppliers; organization and customers in Environmental Management System (EMS) practices which are integrated to TQM with Lean Manufacturing (LM) principles. SOCM is essential especially in dealing with inefficient suppliers chain and customers management. The ultimate goal of this system is to focus on achieving total SOCM efficiency that uses EMS and Lean TQM System. A survey questionnaire was developed and distributed to 30 highly active automotive companies in Malaysia and the results analyzed by SPSS. The results suggest that the level of EMS SOCM implementation is low among the 1st tier automotive companies. This shows that LTQM SOCM is more implemented than EMS SOCM among suppliers. Based on the response given, it can be deduced that a high focus and concentration were given to managing suppliers. This is believed due to the LTQM effects on the product quality. It seems that EMS SOCM has no direct impact on the product quality. EMS SOCM mainly caters for the suppliers surrounding rather than that of the customers and final product. The proposed Green LTQM SOCM framework, established in this study based on the results obtained, is believed to offer a preliminary insight on the level of SOCM. Knowing their level, the companies can embark on a new journey to enhance their SOCM. The current proposed framework is a synergy of 4 awards practices and 5 systems. Future study can be conducted to access the status of SOCM in other companies and also extended to other industry.
Advanced Autonomous Multirotor Response System
Authors: Ramli Hanif , Kuntjoro Wahyu , Makhtar Ahmad Khushairy
Published: September 2013

Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in the form of multi-rotor system is having a great potential in various applications such as disaster management (as first response system) and surveillance. It is known that conventional helicopter system, capable of hovering, is practical and reliable as many applications have confirmed its capabilities. However it is only achievable once highly optimized control architecture is realized. The objective of the research presented in this paper is, to develop a small multi rotor UAV system that is able to autonomously flying from one way point to another in a stable manner. This small UAV is termed as Mini (or Micro) Aerial Vehicle (MAV). In this project, a four-rotor system was developed, and becoming the platform of various sensors system, flight control system, and electric propulsion system. The MAV was programmed to be able to lift off and fly to waypoints making use of GPS. This paper presents the architecture of the MAV and its autonomous flight.
The Implementation of Cell-Centred Finite Volume Method over Five Nozzle Models
Authors: Alakashi Abobaker Mohammed , Salleh Hamidon Bin , Basuno Bambang
Published: September 2013

The continued research and development of high-order methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is primarily motivated by their potential to significantly reduce the computational cost and memory usage required to obtain a solution to a desired level of accuracy. The present work presents the developed computer code based on Finite Volume Methods (FVM) Cell-centred Finite Volume Method applied for the case of Quasi One dimensional Inviscid Compressible flow, namely the flow pass through a convergent divergent nozzle. In absence of the viscosity, the governing equation of fluid motion is well known as Euler equation. This equation can behave as Elliptic or as Hyperbolic partial differential equation depended on the local value of its flow Mach number. As result, along the flow domain, governed by two types of partial differential equation, in the region in which the local mach number is less than one, the governing equation is elliptic while the other part is hyperbolic due to the local Mach number is a higher than one. Such a mixed type of equation is difficult to be solved since the boundary between those two flow domains is not clear. However by treating as time dependent flow problems, in respect to time, the Euler equation becomes a hyperbolic partial differential equation over the whole flow domain. There are various Finite Volume Methods can be used for solving hyperbolic type of equation, such as Cell-centered scheme, Cusp Scheme Roe Upwind Scheme and TVD Scheme. The present work will concentrate on the case of one dimensional flow problem through five nozzle models. The results of implementation of Cell Centred Finite Volume method to these five flow nozzle problems are very encouraging. This approach able to capture the presence of shock wave with very good results.
Yaw Stability Analysis for UiTM's BWB Baseline-II UAV E-4
Authors: Mohamad Firdaus , Wisnoe Wirachman , Nasir Rizal E.M. , Sainan Khairul Imran , Jenal Norhisyam
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a study about yaw stability analysis for UiTMs Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) Baseline-II E-4. This aircraft is equipped with split drag flaps in order to perform directional motion. One of the split drag flaps will be deflected to generate yawing moment. This yawing moment is generated through the drag that is produced upon deflection of flaps. The study was carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for various sideslip angles (β) and various flaps deflection angle (δT). The simulation was conducted at 0.1 Mach number (35 m/s) and results in terms of coefficient such yawing and rolling moment are tabulated in order to determine the stability of the aircraft. The result reveals that the aircraft is directionally unstable. This is as expected because the aircraft does not have any vertical tail configuration to provide the yawing moment. However, high deflection of split flaps can still generate adequate restoring moment for the aircraft.
Longitudinal Flight Stability Augmentation of a Small Blended Wing-Body Aircraft with Canard as Control Surface
Authors: Nasir Rizal E.M. , Kuntjoro Wahyu
Published: September 2013

Transient response of an aircraft in longitudinal motion has two modes of oscillatory motion short period mode and phugoid modes and failure to achieve satisfactory level would mean poor flying and handling qualities leading to unnecessary pilot workload. This study proposes a stability augmentation system (SAS) in longitudinal flying modes for steady and level flight at all airspeeds and altitudes within Baseline-II E-2 BWBs operational flight envelope (OFE). The main controlling component of this stability augmentation system is a set of canard, a control surface located in front of the wing. It must be able to compensate Baseline-II E-2 BWB poor transient responses damping ratios so that good flying quality can be achieved. Observation from the transient responses of the unaugmented system signify high-frequency short-period oscillations with almost constant low damping ratio at an altitude, and low-frequency phugoid oscillation with varying damping ratio depending on airspeed. A conclusive behaviour of natural frequencies and damping ratios against dynamic pressure leads to the understanding on how dynamic pressure influences the flying qualities. Derivation of dynamic equations in terms of dynamic pressures enables one to design and device a feedback system to compensate poor flying qualities of the original unaugmented aircraft with conclusive relationship between important parameters and dynamic pressure are put in the overall dynamic equation. Two feedback gain systems, pitch attitude and pitch rate gains are scheduled based on dynamic pressure values and are combined into the aircraft longitudinal SAS. The proposed SAS has proven to be the suitable candidate for Baseline-II E-2 BWB as it is able to ensure Level 1 flying qualities, longitudinally.
Aircraft Performance of Kenyalang Fuel Cell UAV
Authors: Mohd Tahir Noor Idayu , Kuntjoro Wahyu , Ward Thomas Arthur
Published: September 2013

Kenyalang is a fuel cell powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developed by Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). This paper discusses the aircraft performances analysis of Kenyalang. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) using Numeca software had been performed to obtain the aerodynamics characteristic of the Kenyalang UAV in the form of lift (CL) and drag (CD) coefficients. Unstructured mesh and standard one - equation turbulence model, and Spalart-Allmaras selected in the simulation. Lift coefficients (CL) and drag coefficients (CD) were studied at flight condition of Mach 0.08 (~26 m/s) at different angles of attack, α. The CFD data results were used to obtain Stall Speed, Take off Distance and Rate of Climb, and the results are shown in this paper.
Performance and Emissions of Jatropha-Palm Blended Biodiesel
Authors: Yunus Syarifah , Abd Rashid Amirul , Latip Syazuan Abdul , Abdullah Nik Rosli , Mamat Rizalman , Abdullah Abdul Hakim
Published: September 2013

This paper deals with performances and emissions of Jatropha-Palm blended biodiesel as fuel for 4-stroke single vertical cylinder diesel engine. Five fuel samples were tested; i) Diesel fuel supplied by Petronas (PDF); ii) 5% of blended Jatropha-Palm biodiesel and 95% Diesel fuel (B5JPB); iii) 10% of blended Jatropha-Palm biodiesel and 90% Diesel fuel (B10JPB); iv) 15% of blended Jatropha-Palm biodiesel and 85% Diesel fuel (B15JPB); and v) 20% of blended Jatropha-Palm biodiesel and 80% Diesel fuel (B20JPB). Engine performances (specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency) and emissions (exhaust gas temperature and Nox emission) were analyzed and have been discussed in this study. All tests were carried out at varied load conditions which were 0.13, 0.15, 0.17, 0.19 and 0.21 kW. The results revealed that B10JPB blended showed better engine performances compared to its other blends and comparable performances compared to PDF. Comparable Nox emitted of all Jatropha-Palm fuel blended biodiesel fuel sample has been demonstrated to those PDF.
Development of Vehicle Blind Spot System for Passenger Car
Authors: Hassan Muhammad Zahir , Zainal Ariffin Haziq Irfan
Published: September 2013

Blind spot of a passenger car is an area around the vehicle that cannot be seen while looking either forward or through side or rear view mirror. In this paper, a blind spot system known as ZRT Vehicle Blind Spot System (ZRT-VBSS) has been developed using Arduino and ultrasonic sensors to overcome the problem. The system is capable to detect a moving vehicle in blind spot area under three main condition of which static, dynamic speed operation at 60 and 100 km/h and also overtake position. The results from the experimental investigation show that ZRT-VBSS is capable to perform at various operating condition that make it reliable to provide solution for driver to overcome the blind spot phenomenon.
UTeM`s Amphibious Hybrid Vehicle: Ride and Handling Analysis
Authors: Hassan Muhammad Zahir , Manaf Muhammad Zaidan Abdul , Halid Mohd Shazni , Alehan Muhammad Nadzeer , Isa Amjad Saddar Md
Published: September 2013

The vehicle ride and handling analysis is one of the important aspects in vehicle dynamics. This paper takes a model of amphibious vehicle to establish the exact virtual behavior of vehicles riding and handling base on the virtual design parameter. This vehicle can operate both on ground and water, therefore the analysis model is developed using seven degree of freedom model for ground operation and one degree of freedom model for water operation. The seven DOF are moment of roll, pitch, yaw and all four tires motion while the rest is buoyancy. Therefore, the ability and limitation of the vehicle demonstrate the behavior of unexpected case happened. These facts in turn to be used to improve the ride and handling level during acceleration, deceleration, cornering and step steer. The model also capable to function on the water where as the design of the body work considers the buoyancy concept for stability on every condition of wave surface. The analysis of buoyancy and stability for this model shows the vehicle ability to perform in the state of equilibrium condition under heeling and capsizing on water surface.
Parametric Study of Nozzle Connections in Ellipsoidal Head Pressure Vessel
Authors: Abu Kasim Haszeme , Kuntjoro Wahyu
Published: September 2013

This paper presents 3-D solid structural modeling and stress analysis of radial nozzle connections in ellipsoidal heads vessel subjected to internal pressure and various external loadings. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method was utilized to determine the stress distribution at the intersection of a radial nozzle attached to the ellipsoidal head. In order to get better understanding of the structure behavior, a parametric study was carried out to determine influences of the geometrical parameters. All the results analysis was presented as graphs of non-dimensional parameters against stress concentration factor (SCF) for each load case applied.
Static Analysis of Stitched Sandwich Beams with Functionally Graded Foam Core
Authors: Almula Thamir Aunal Deen Mohammed Sheet , Sharifi S. , Sharifishourabi G. , Gohery Scott , Ayob Amran , Yazid Yahya Mohd
Published: September 2013

In this paper static analysis of a cantilever functionally graded sandwich beam under uniform distributed loads is carried out numerically. The beam is composed of two glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) facesheets and a graded Corecell A-series foam core. The composite skins and foam core are stitched together using the same glass fiber. A finite element (FE) model is developed employing a FE commercial code to determine the stresses and deflections. To find the effect of quality of foam gradation through the thickness of the core on the deflections and stresses numerical experiments are performed. Results revealed that the quality of gradation of the foam core affected the displacements and stresses significantly so that an optimal gradation of foam can minimize the deflection, stresses and weight of the sandwich beam.
An Experimental Study on the Ballistic Impact Behavior of Non-Filled Tank against Fragment Simulating Projectile (FSP)
Authors: Aziz Mohd Rozaiman , Kuntjoro W. , David N.V. , Rais F.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents the ballistic impact study for the non-filled aluminum tank. The objective was to determine the ballistic limit for front tank wall and rear tank wall. The tank was impacted with fragment simulating projectile (FSP) with various velocities range from 239 m/s up to 556 m/s. The aluminum tank was 3 mm thick, 150 mm wide and 750 mm long. The ends of tank were closed with two Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) windows which fixed to the tank with four steel bars. The test was conducted at the Science and Technology Research Institute for Defense (STRIDE) Batu Arang, Selangor. The results showed that the ballistic limit for the front tank wall and rear tank wall was 257.7 m/s and 481 m/s, respectively.
Virtual Production Line Layout Modeling Using Arena Simulation Software
Authors: bin Mohd Said Mohd Azrin , Ismail Napsiah Binti
Published: September 2013

This paper focuses on the feasibility on developing a simulation model of a bicarbonate beverage production line layout in a manufacturing system by identifying the factory production performance in terms of production rate, production time and production cost. The production performance of the manufacturing system was evaluated using Arena software and the analysis of the production performance values was revealed. The errors percentage for the real production line layout with simulation model was 0.26 %. The models that have been developed in this research by using the Arena software were also being validated. Based on this study,, measures production line layout can be simulated by using the Arena software enhancing the result for further improvement of factory production line layout.
Springback Analysis of Rectangular Sectioned Bar of Non Linear Work-Hardening Materials under Torsional Loading
Authors: Lal Radha Krishna , Choubey Vikas Kumar , Dwivedi J.P. , Singh V.P. , Kumar Sandeep
Published: September 2013

This paper deals with the springback problems of rectangular section bars of non-linear work-hardening materials under the torsional loading. Using the deformation theory of plasticity, a numerical scheme based on the finite difference approximation has been proposed. The growth of the elastic-plastic boundary and the resulting stresses while loading, and the springback and the residual stresses after unloading are calculated. The results are verified experimentally with mild steel bars having a rectangular cross-section and the experimental results have been found to agree well with the theoretical results obtained numerically.
Study on Fatigue Crack Growth of 6065-T4 Aluminium Alloy at Different Stress Ratio
Authors: Meon Mohd Suhairil , Husain Hazran , Othman Muhamad Fauzi , Saedon J.B. , Zailani Mohd Izzul Khairi
Published: September 2013

Fatigue crack growth (FCG) rates of compact tension (CT) specimens of Aluminium alloy 6065-T4 were investigated at room temperature and constant amplitude loadings. Standard CT specimens with pre-cracked according to ASTM E647-E11 were subjected to mode I loading with three R-ratio (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5). Paris law has been used to model the stress ratio effect. A stereozoom microscope was used to observe the microstructure changes before and after the tests. The results indicated that the higher the stress ratio value (from 0.1 to 0.5), the faster the FCG rates on CT specimen of AA 6065-T4.
Numerical and Experimental Impact Analysis of Square Crash Box Structure with Holes
Authors: Dirgantara Tatacipta , Gunawan Leonardo , Putra Ichsan Setya , Sitompul Sahril Afandi , Jusuf Annisa
Published: September 2013

Numerical and experimental study of the effects of center holes located at opposite sides on dynamic axial crushing of thin-walled square aluminum extrusions column are presented in this paper. The results showed that, by inserting the holes, the impact energy absorption characteristic in a progressive buckling can be improved as the starting location of the plastic deformation is always from holes and peak crush force can be decrease, so that the deceleration does not exceed the limit that can injure the passenger when frontal impact occurs. Here, the results of numerical simulations, conducted using an explicit finite element code, are compared with experimental results for various hole diameter. The results shows that the peak crushing force is decrease, while the mean crushing force is relatively constant.
Modelling and Simulation of a Single Deck Bus Subjected to Rollover Crash Loading
Authors: Kamal Wan Noaimadudin Wan Mohamad , Saad Nor Hayati , Ghani Amir Radzi Ab. , Abdullah Nik Rosli , Jazam Khairul Izwandy Abd
Published: September 2013

Buses are the most popular and common passenger vehicle for long distance travel in Malaysia. Increased bus usage as a public transport prompts researchers to study safety aspects of the vehicles subjected to various crash incidents. The most damaging bus accident is rollover crash. The bus structures must have sufficient crashworthiness and strength in order to reduce and prevent injuries and fatalities during the rollover accident. Initially, this paper overviews the current status of rollover accidents and requirement of UN-ECE Regulation 66 which is aimed to improve the bus structure in withstanding the rollover crash. The current bus framework structure comprises galvanized square hollow sections (SHS) which are welded and bolted together. Abaqus was used to simulate responses of bus structure subjected to loadings as specified in UN-ECE Regulation 66. The results showed that the gap allowances of the residual space are complied with the UN-ECE R66 requirements. Further work to optimize the bus structure in terms of weight, structural strength and crashworthiness is proposed.
Effect of Humeral Stem Shape on Displacement in Elbow Implant
Authors: Heidari Milad , Harun Muhamad Noor , Kadir Mohammed Rafiq Abdul , Kashani Jamal , Syahrom Ardiyansyah
Published: September 2013

The daily activities are restricted by elbow architecture changes which causes instability and pain. Total elbow arthroplasty is considered last way to relief pain and instability. Various stem cross sectional shapes are designed to reduce loosening of the cemented stemmed implants. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of three different humeral stem shapes on implant displacement. Computed tomography scan image was used to reconstruct humerus bone. A three dimensional model of elbow humeral component with three different stem shapes (rectangular, triangular with round edges and circular) with the same length were modelled to be inserted in the constructed bone. All materials were assumed linear, homogenous, elastic and isotropic. A 4 N.m torque was applied and displacement for each implant was analysed. The results of this study showed displacement is more for distal region compared with proximal region. It was also found that rectangular stem had more resistance to torsional loading in comparison with circular and triangular. The present study demonstrates that changing the stem shapes affects the implant displacement and consequently the implant loosening.
Influence of Oxygenated Additive on Blended Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel Properties
Authors: Ali Obed M. , Mamat Rizalman , Faizal Che Ku Mohammad , Yusof Ahmad Fitri
Published: September 2013

Diesel fuel is widely used in almost all scopes of life, especially in the transportation sector which accounts for 36% of total energy consumed in 2008 in Malaysia. The transportation sector represents the higher energy consuming sector after industrial sector. As the main fuel used in diesel engine now is the fossil fuels which depleting continually accompanied by increasing consumption and prices day by day. Blended biodiesel fuel is considered as alternatives to current fossilized fuels at a low blending level less than 30% biodiesel. The fuel physical characteristics are among the most important parameter to determine the quality of each fuel. Though biodiesel can replace diesel satisfactorily, problems related to fuel properties persist at high blending ratio. In this study an oxygenated additive diethyl ether (DEE) was added to palm oil biodiesel (POME)-diesel blend B40 (40% vol. POME + 60% vol. diesel) in the ratios of 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% and tested for their properties improvement. These blends were tested for energy content and various fuel properties according to ASTM standards. Qualifying of the effect of additive on palm biodiesel-diesel blended fuel properties can serve the researchers who work on biodiesel fuels to indicate the fuel suitability for diesel engines according to fuel standards. The results showed an improvement in acid value, viscosity and density. The minimum pour point for the blended fuel was-2 °C for B40DE6 compare to 1°C for blended fuel B40, while maximum decrease in energy content for B40DE8 was about 7.36% compare to blended fuel B40.
Hydro-Petrol Engine: Study on Fuel Consumption and Effect on Environment
Authors: Rashid Amirul Abdul , Nor Hayati Saad , Nik Azlan Nik Nur Afiqah , Mohd Salleh Farrahshaida
Published: September 2013

Over the years, global energy demand has been enormously increased as a result of industrial development and population growth. Supply of energy is far less than the actual demand which contributes to unstable worlds oil price. Furthermore, it is proven that fossil fuel is the major contributor for harmful aspects of human activity and biophysical environment issues. This paper attempts to investigate performance of hydro-petrol engine system as an alternative to reduce dependencies to fossil fuel; emitting less harmful gaseous to the environment. For this system, Oxy-hydrogen (HHO) or also known as brown gas was produced through electrolysis method before channeled into air intake manifold of a typical 4 strokes petrol engine. The research measured petrol consumption as well as the by product gaseous. It was found that the fuel consumption reduced to 22% while the CO2 and HC gases reduced to 15% and 20% respectively when compared to unmodified engine system. Feasibility of the concluded research data will become a pathway for more comprehensive and in depth study on Hydro-petrol engine to prove its capability to reduce dependencies on fossil fuel and provide alternatives for a more environmental friendly energy approach.
Operating Characteristics of Gasifier Cookstove Using Different Biomass Materials
Authors: Zin Nurul Aisyah Mohd , Sulaiman Shaharin Anwar
Published: September 2013

Biomass energy technology such as gasifier is increasingly receiving attention as a promising renewable energy source because of the ever rising costs of fossils fuels especially diesel and kerosene. Gaseous products of gasifier based cookstove are relatively clean and environmental friendly than direct combustion cookstove. The objective of this workwas to characterize the basic operating properties of a gasifier-based biomass cookstove using different types of biomass fuels. The main characteristics evaluated were the efficiencyof the stove. The biomass considered were oil palm fronds, dry leaves and pressed sugarcane. The efficiency of the stove was tested using water boiling tests.Other characteristics such as its ignition duration and the time required to boil 2.5 kg of water were also observed. The performance of each fuel was studied by analyzing the parameters involved during water boiling tests. It was found that oil palm frond has the highest thermal efficiency among all the fuels tested.
Human Body Parts Detection Using YCbCr Color Space
Authors: Johan Nurul Fatiha , Mustafah Yasir Mohd , Md Rashid Nahrul Khair Alang
Published: September 2013

Skin color is proved to be very useful technique for human body parts detection. The detection of human body parts using skin color has gained so much attention by many researchers in various applications especially in person tracking, search and rescue. In this paper, we propose a method for detecting human body parts using YCbCr color spaces in color images. The image captured in RGB format will be transformed into YCbCr color space. This color model will be converted to binary image by using color thresholding which contains the candidate human body parts like face and hands. The detection algorithm uses skin color segmentation and morphological operation.
Nanoindentation of Porous Die Attach Materials as a Means of Determining Mechanical Attributes
Authors: Manikam Vemal Raja , Tan Kim Seah , Razak Khairunisak Abdul , Cheong Kuan Yew
Published: September 2013

A die attach nanopaste for high temperature use on silicon carbide (SiC) based power semiconductor devices was developed utilizing silver (Ag) and aluminium (Al) nanoparticles as well as organic additives. Total nanoparticle content was varied at 84.7, 85.5, 86.2 and 87 wt%, while the Ag to Al ratio was fixed to 80:20. The die attach nanopaste was sintered in open air at 380 °C for 30 minutes to create an Ag-Al inter-metallic compound between the SiC die and substrate. To determine the mechanical attributes of the post-sintered die attach interlayer, nanoindentation was performed on the samples. It was found that, a low Young modulus of elasticity, E, between 9.3-9.8 GPa was obtained. This was followed by a reduction in hardness as well as stiffness for the post-sintered Ag80-Al20 die attach material when compared against that of solder alloys or bulk metals. The formation of pores in the die attach material as it underwent sintering is believed to have contributed to this decrease in mechanical properties. The findings of this research enables the possibility of introducing a much cheaper die attach material for high temperature devices, which also has excellent mechanical properties to alleviate thermal mismatch issues between the semiconductor die and substrate.
Study on Social Interaction between Children with Autism and Humanoid Robot NAO
Authors: Miskam Mohd Azfar , Hamid Mohd Aminullah Che , Yussof Hanafiah , Shamsuddin Syamimi , Malik Norjasween Abdul , Basir Siti Nora
Published: September 2013

Autism cannot run away from their triangle deficits: social, communication and stereotyped behaviour. There is no cure for autism or any definitive treatment to treat the core symptoms of this developmental disorder. However, the deficits can be minimized by maximize their learning through behavioural therapy and educational intervention. Nowadays, the methods in the rehabilitation of autism have been upgraded by the innovation of humanoid robots, in particular the humanoid robot NAO. In this study, NAO has being programmed using Choregraphe as programming tool to develop lesson modules for children with autism to practice their social interaction skill. This paper focuses specifically on social interaction subscale to observe the behaviour of the autistic children during interaction with the humanoid robot NAO. The observation is based on six items referenced from the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-second edition (GARS-2). The use of humanoid robot NAO in the rehabilitation of autistic children is expected to help them to interact and practice their social traits just like normal children. The results evidently showed that children with autism are positively affected by NAO by giving encouraging responses in social interaction when interacting with the robot. Two-way communication between the child and robot in real time significantly give positive impact in the responses towards the robot.
Identification of Reusable Controller Strategies for the System Design of Advanced Mechatronic Systems
Authors: Anacker Harald , Dumitrescu Roman , Gausemeier Jürgen , Low Cheng Yee
Published: September 2013

Recently, mechatronics as a self-contained discipline has undoubtedly shaped the development of technical systems. Mechatronics stands for the close interaction of mechanics, electronics, control engineering and software engineering. Due to the advancement of information and communication technologies, the functionality of mechatronic systems will go far beyond current standards. The increasing complexity requires a consistent comprehension of the tasks between all the developers involved. Especially during the early design phases, the communication and cooperation between the engineers is necessary to design a first overall system model. In addition, reusing of once successfully implemented solution knowledge is becoming increasingly important related to the overall context of the triangle of tension formed by time, cost and quality. In our work, we will present an approach for the identification of reusable controller strategies for the system design of advanced mechatronic systems.
Strategy Model for Multi-Robot Coordination in Robotic Soccer
Authors: Guarnizo José G. , Mellado Martin , Low Cheng Yee , Aziz Norheliena
Published: September 2013

Soccer robots have been frequently used to validate models of multi-agent systems, involving collaboration among the agents. For this purpose, many researchers in robotics have been developing robotic soccer teams which compete in events such as RoboCup. This paper presents a strategy model for multi-robot coordination in robotic soccer teams involving ball position, team member position and opponent position for the selection of a team tactic and the player roles. This assignation is dynamical and achieved by a virtual coach. This strategy model was validated in a RoboCup Small Size League environment using Webots robot simulator.
Finite Element Analysis on the Mechanism of Human Tactile Sensation in Comparing Different Material Properties and Thickness
Authors: Jusoh Mohammad Azzeim Mat , Masahiro Ohka , Chun Wang Yu
Published: September 2013

The capability of humans mechanoreceptor in distinguishing the characteristic of surrounding objects is a very tremendous skill. For this study, the objective here is to simulate on the reception of SA1 mechanoreceptor unit in differentiating variety of thickness for two type of material, which is Stainless Steel and Copper. By utilizing Catia as the main tool, the design process and FEA simulation has been performed. Evaluation point has been specified from the simulation data in order to perform a more detailed analysis. As a result, the Von Mises criteria (detected by the skin) for Stainless Steel is higher than Copper. Also, the variation in detected stress reduces when the thickness of specimen is exceeds 0.1mm. This supports the theory, on the main role of SA1 unit in determining various thickness of materials.
Effect of TiO2 Seed Layer Thickness to the Growth of TiO2 Nanostructures by Immersion Method for Memristive Device Application
Authors: Kamarozaman Nur Syahirah , Asiah Mohd Nor , Aznilinda Z. , Bakar Raudah Abu , Herman Sukreen Hana , Rusop M.
Published: September 2013

TiO2 nanostructures were successfully grown on TiO2 thin film by solution-based method at low temperature. TiO2 thin film as a seed layer for the nanostructures growth was deposited on ITO substrate by RF magnetron sputtering method at 40 and 60 nm thicknesses. Then the TiO2 nanostructures were synthesized on the samples by keeping them floating with TiO2 layer facing down the vessel in 10M NaOH solution at 80°C for 45 min. Effect of seed layer thickness to the growth of TiO2 nanostructure and its memristive behaviour were investigated. Surface morphology and current-voltage measurement for its memristive behaviour were measured by FESEM image and Keithley 4200 semiconductor characterization system. It was found that 60 nm-TiO2 thin film result in the formation of dandelion-like morphology of TiO2 nanowires and gives better memristive behavior with larger switching loops when positive voltage was applied to the sample.
Antilock Braking System Slip Control Modeling Revisited
Authors: Ariff M.H.M. , Zamzuri Hairi , Idris N.R.N. , Mazlan Saiful Amri
Published: September 2013

The introduction of anti-lock braking system (ABS) has been regarded as one of the solutions for braking performance issues due to its notable advantages. The subject had been extensively being studied by researchers until today, to improve the performance of the todays vehicles particularly on the brake system. In this paper, a basic modeling of an ABS braking system via slip control has been introduced on a quarter car model with a conventional hydraulic braking mode. Results of three fundamental controller designs used to evaluate the braking performance of the modeled ABS systems are also been presented. This revisited modeling guide, could be a starting point for new researchers to comprehend the basic braking system behavior before going into more complex braking systems studies.
Multibody Dynamics Models of Railway Vehicle Using Adams/Rail
Authors: Ibrahim Azhar , Abdullah Mohd Azman , Hudha Khisbullah
Published: September 2013

This research is focusing on multibody dynamics modeling data and parameter comparison. The comfort and stability of railway vehicle suspension can be measured by using Ride Index Machine and other sensors. Complete model of EMU82 from KTMB is adapted to multibody software, ADAMS/Rail. With ADAMS/Rail, the behavior and characteristic of each suspension element can be determined. The accuracy of the simulation model is verified by comparing the result of body roll angle in Adams/Rail and the actual test. As for the experiment, certain test track will be chosen and simulated in ADAMS/Rail. The selection of track is based on the design and curvature characteristic. In experiment, data of roll angle and lateral acceleration are necessary. For that purpose selected sensors such as tri-axis accelerometer and gyro will be used. The running performance of the KTMB EMU82 suspension will be gathered from the simulation.
Vibration Characteristics of Composite Plate Embedded with Shape Memory Alloy at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Zaman Izzuddin , Manshoor Bukhari , Khalid Amir , Araby Sherif , bin Ghazali Mohd Imran
Published: September 2013

Unique functional material of shape memory alloy has attracted tremendous interest from researches, thus has been broadly investigated for a wide range application. Current research effort extends the use of SMA for the design of smart composite structures due to its shape memory effect, pseudo-elasticity and high damping capability. This paper presents an assessment of applications of the SMA materials for structural vibration controls, where the influences of SMA as reinforcement in the composite plate at different temperature are investigated. Four cases of composite plate are studied, which two of them are SMA-based composite fabricated at 0° and 45° angles, and the other two plates are neat (without SMA wires) and built with local stiffener. By using modal testing, the free vibration analysis is carried out to determine the vibration characteristics of composite plates. The results show that infusing SMA wires into composites increased the natural frequencies of the plate considerably, while decreased slightly for damping percentage. However, when SMA wires are heated, the damping percentage improved tremendously due to the phase transformation temperature of SMA from martensite to austenite. The outcome of this study reveals the potential of SMA materials in active vibration control.
Transmissibility of a Laminated Rubber-Metal Spring: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Salim Mohd Azli , Putra Azma , Thompson David , Ahmad Nazirah , Abdullah Mohd Azman
Published: September 2013

This paper discusses the isolation performance of a laminated rubber-metal spring. A multi-degree-of-freedom-system model using mass-damper-spring components is developed to calculate its transmissibility due to only axial vibration in the spring. The results show the embedded layers of metal plate can improve the transmissibility at high frequency.
Effect of Mixing Parameter on Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Black/Graphite/Epoxy Nanocomposite Using Taguchi Method
Authors: Zakaria Mohd Yusuf , Suherman Hendra , Sahari Jaafar , Sulong Abu Bakar
Published: September 2013

Polymer composite has attracted many researchers from various field of application due to its unique features and properties including light weight, low cost, ease to process and shaping and corrosion resistant [1-3]. Fillers is typically added to enhance the chemical and physical properties of polymers [4, 5]. One of the properties is the electrical conductivity. Carbon based filler such as graphite (G), carbon black (CB), carbon fibers (CF) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) has been extensively used to improve electrical properties of polymer composite [6-8]. Electrical properties of the composite can be explained from percolation theory which means electrical percolation in mixtures of electrically conducting and non-conducting materials [9]. The concentration of conducting phase must above the critical value called percolation threshold, in order for the material become electrically conductive [10].
Adaptive Active Force Control Application to Twin Rotor Mimo System
Authors: Ramli Hanif , Kuntjoro Wahyu , Meon M.S. , Ishak K.M Asraf K.
Published: September 2013

This paper reports a current study on modeling and simulation of adaptive Active Force Control (AFC) based scheme embedded with an artificial neural network (ANN) and/or fuzzy logic (FL) in response manipulations of the twin rotor multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system (TRMS). TRMS is well known for its non-linear behaviour and common classical control scheme such as Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) would not be adequate to compensate disturbances. The disturbances in this case were as the results of non-linear external and internal parametric changes, namely angular momentum and couple reactions between the two axes of TRMS. The adaptive control algorithm was proposed in both pitch and yaw to generate an optimum control gain for both responses, simulated viz. MATLAB/SIMULINK software Package. The ANN and FL were integrated into the scheme and act as optimum control algorithm in catalyzing the performance of the TRMS. The results from hybrid conditions of PID-AFC, PID-AFC-ANN and PID-AFC-FL respectively were observed and analyzed. From performance evaluation, PID-AFC-FL scheme has demonstrated a potentially robust and effective manipulating capability in trajectory tracking.