bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A influência da informação publicada nas “redes sociais” no processo de seleção e recrutamento: um estudo exploratório na literatura
Authors: Machado Luís Miguel Oliveira
Published: August 2016

Introdução: Numa sociedade cada vez mais online a relação entre pessoas alastrou-se naturalmente para a rede, para sites conhecidos como “Redes Sociais”. Nessa replicação, certos modos de comunicar e se representar, inócuos em estado offline, podem ser bastante prejudiciais profissionalmente quando reproduzidos em linha. Assim, o objetivo desta investigação é refletir sobre a importância - em termos profissionais - do perfil que é criado nas, ou pelo uso das, Redes Sociais em Linha (como o Facebook e outros sites similares), considerando a influência da atividade aí desenvolvida na obtenção de uma contratação laboral. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, em forma de pesquisa exploratória, incluindo fontes bibliográficas e documentais, entre as quais 16 estudos primários efetuados entre 2008 e 2014, abrangendo a perspetiva de investigadores e recrutadores sobre esta problemática de forma a responder três questões, a saber: a) Os responsáveis pelos recursos humanos e/ou outros com poder de decisão em termos de gestão de funcionários, procuram efetivamente informação em linha sobre potenciais funcionários? b) A informação encontrada tem um papel relevante na decisão desses gestores de recursos humanos? c) Quem procura trabalho deve cuidar da sua “imagem digital” mesmo nas Redes Sociais em Linha não consideradas profissionais? Resultados: A procura de informação nas chamadas “Redes Sociais” sobre os candidatos a ofertas de emprego é efetivamente realizada ao longo de todo o processo de seleção e recrutamento. Essa prática, denominada de cybervetting, também abrange as Redes Sociais em Linha tidas como não profissionais e, atendendo aos estudos analisados, é de esperar um aumento da sua frequência. A informação encontrada nas “Redes Sociais em Linha” é também considerada na avaliação dos candidatos às ofertas de emprego, uma vez que é entendida, por muitos recrutadores, como parte da “identidade digital” do indivíduo em questão. Verifica-se, igualmente, que a influência da informação obtida por essa via tende a não ser favorável aos candidatos. Conclusão: Do ponto de vista dos recrutadores a prática de cybervetting é, frequentemente, encarada como um dever profissional no sentido de encontrar o candidato mais adequado. Pelo lado dos candidatos urge uma maior consciencialização da repercussão que a atividade desenvolvida em linha pode ter em termos profissionais. Os efeitos na sua “imagem digital” são similares aos de uma tatuagem, deixa marcas dificilmente removíveis.
Identificando propriedades essenciais de registros eletrônicos de saúde
Authors: Albergaria Elisa Tuler de , Bax Marcello Peixoto , Prates Raquel Oliveira , Reis Zilma Silveira Nogueira
Published: August 2016

Introdução: Inserido no desafio de possibilitar a interação de profissionais da saúde com prontuários eletrônicos baseados na Norma ISO 13606 permitindo a personalização de interface ao mesmo tempo que se preserva a estrutura e padronização dos Sistemas de Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde (S-RES), o presente recorte objetiva caracterizar propriedades essenciais de S-RES - flexibilidade, padronização e estrutura e facilidade de interação - analisando-se três destes sistemas. Método: Utilizou-se o método de Design Science Research que busca gerar conhecimento teórico a partir da resolução de um problema prático (identificado no contexto da investigação mais ampla). Mais especificamente, no objetivo explicitado neste recorte, efetivou-se uma revisão de literatura sobre os requisitos existentes e dificuldades dos usuários dos sistemas S-RES, seguida de um levantamento e caracterização das propriedades essenciais dos S-RES e do estabelecimento de critérios de análise. O método de inspeção completa a proposta metodológica, visto que as questões (que indicam os critérios) foram apresentadas a dois especialistas para a análise dos Sistemas. Resultados: No recorte proposto, as propriedades levantadas como essenciais dos sistemas foram caracterizadas e analisadas em três S-RES. Confirmou-se a importância das propriedades essenciais destes tipos de sistemas, ainda que verifique a dificuldade de serem atendidas em um mesmo sistema. Conclusão: Os desafios postos aos S-RES não são pontuais ou mesmo de um contexto de uso. Como trabalho futuro propõe-se a criação de um modelo de interface extensível de interface para sistemas de Registro Eletrônico de Saúde baseados na ISO 13606.
Documenting Living Oral Traditions: China’s Institute of Ethnic Literature as Case Study
Authors: Bamo Qubumo , Chao Gejin , Niles John D.
Published: August 2016

The Institute of Ethnic Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences is in the forefront of efforts to record, document, and analyze the living oral traditions of China’s ethnic minorities, including works in the epic genre such as the three heroic epic cycles, namely the Gesar epic, the Janggar epic, and the Manas epic. In part, thanks to personal contacts between Chinese, North American, and European scholars, the Institute’s current research initiatives are formulated in close interaction with theoretical models known in the West. Moreover, these initiatives are grounded in a threefold “archive/base/network” approach to the living oral traditions of China as vital elements of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity.
Oral Epics into the Twenty-First Century: The Case of the Kyrgyz Epic Manas
Authors: Reichl Karl
Published: August 2016

The end of oral epics in Central Asia has been prophesied since the nineteenth century. With growing literacy in all parts of the world, oral traditions have become marginalized, and with the ever increasing pace of technical innovations, wide segments of the population have access to all kinds of entertainment, making the voice of the oral singer redundant, it would seem. Nevertheless, we can observe a surprising vitality of oral performance and oral traditions among the Kyrgyz. This paper discusses the transmission of the Kyrgyz epic tradition to the younger generation and the reasons why the epic of Manas plays such an important role for Kyrgyz cultural identity.
On Dynamical Systems for Transport Logistic and Communications
Authors: Buslaev Alexander P. , Tatashev Alexander G.
Published: August 2016

In this paper a discrete dynamical system is considered . There is a dial with $N$ positions (vertices) and $M$ particles. Particles are located in vertices. Each particle moves, at every time unit, in accordance with its plan. The plan is logistics, given through a real number which belongs to the segment $[0,1].$ The number is represented in positional numeral system with base $N$ equal to the number of vertices. A competition takes place if particles must move in opposite directions simultaneously. A rule of competition resolution is given. Systems characteristics are investigated for sets of rational and irrational plans. Some algebraic constructions are introduced for this purpose. Probabilistic analogues (random walks) are also considered.
A Location Problem of Obstacles in Population Dynamics
Authors: Ly Sidy , Mansal Fulgence , Seck Diaraf , Balde Moussa
Published: August 2016

The aim of this paper is to determine the optimal locations where Fish Aggregating Devices (F.A.D) or artificial traps must be placed in a given place of the sea and to preverse resources. Our work focuses on two parts: the first one is the study of static optimization problem with a functional taking into account the distance between the sites or F.A.D and the second one is devoted to solving an optimization problem with constraints expressed in classical model of fishery: Lagrange's method and Pontryagin's maximum principle the main mathematical tools to get characterization results of the location of artificial traps.
A New Methodological Framework for Crime Spatial Analysis Using Local Entropy Map
Authors: Kalantari Mohsen , Ghavagh Alireza Rahmaty , Toomanian Ara , Dero Qiumars Yazdanpanah
Published: August 2016

The highest crime rate in major cities has been always a challenge for managers and urban planners. In order to control and reduce the crime rate, different methods have been proposed in recent decades. Considering the relationship between land use and crime, in this study, potential spatial dependency between commercial land uses, banks, bus and subway stations and pickpocketing was investigated in Tehran. To analyze the spatial dependency, local entropy models and nonparametric approach were used. Using ArcGIS ESRI product we created the local entropy maps to show the significance level of each local region, which allows interactive examination of significant local multivariate relationships. The results show a high spatial autocorrelation between mentioned land uses and specified crimes. The parameters indicate a significant cluster distribution. Furthermore, pickpocketing density at the bus stops is at the high Bonferroni level. The results specify that spatial patterns of pickpocketing are related to land use in the study area.
Disadoption of Improved Agronomic practices in Cowpea and Maize at Ejura-Sekyeredumase and Atebubu-Amantin Districts in Ghana
Authors: Acheampong Patricia P. , Bonsu Patterson O. , Omae Hide , Nagumo Fujio
Published: August 2016

The improved cowpea and maize production methods developed in Ghana with the help of farmers are fundamental to increasing cowpea and maize productivity. Improved agronomic practices in cowpea and maize production believed to increase yield are row planting, the use of cover crops and the use of poultry manure. However, the practices are gradually losing their importance in cowpea and maize production. The paper therefore explores the extent to which various factors affect the disadoption of improved agronomic practices and reasons behind disadoption. Multistage sampling techniques were used to select hundred farmers from two cowpea and maize producing areas. Results revealed adoption of cover crops, row planting, poultry manure dropped from 13% to 6%, 99% to 53% and 77% to 10%, respectively. Financial constraint, difficulty in use, time and labour intensity were reasons for disadoption. Empirical results revealed that number of years in education, gender of farm household head, household size, access to extension and hired labour influenced disadoption of improved agronomic practices. Access to production inputs and continuous supply of information are important for farmers’ continuous use of improved agricultural technologies.
Franz–Keldysh effect in n-type GaN Schottky barrier diode under high reverse bias voltage
Authors: Maeda Takuya , Okada Masaya , Ueno Masaki , Yamamoto Yoshiyuki , Horita Masahiro , Suda Jun
Published: August 2016

The photocurrent of GaN vertical Schottky barrier diodes was investigated under sub-bandgap wavelength light irradiation. Under a low reverse bias voltage, the photocurrent is induced by internal photoemission, while under a high reverse bias voltage, the photocurrent increases significantly with the bias voltage. This is due to sub-bandgap optical absorption in a depletion region due to the Franz–Keldysh effect. The voltage and wavelength dependences of the photocurrent are successfully explained quantitatively.
Electrically active light-element complexes in silicon crystals grown by cast method
Authors: Sato Kuniyuki , Ogura Atsushi , Ono Haruhiko
Published: August 2016

Electrically active light-element complexes called thermal donors and shallow thermal donors in silicon crystals grown by the cast method were studied by low-temperature far-infrared absorption spectroscopy. The relationship between these complexes and either crystal defects or light-element impurities was investigated by comparing different types of silicon crystals, that is, conventional cast-grown multicrystalline Si, seed-cast monolike-Si, and Czochralski-grown Si. The dependence of thermal and the shallow thermal donors on the light-element impurity concentration and their annealing behaviors were examined to compare the crystals. It was found that crystal defects such as dislocations and grain boundaries did not affect the formation of thermal or shallow thermal donors. The formation of these complexes was dominantly affected by the concentration of light-element impurities, O and C, independent of the existence of crystal defects.
Quality of Life and Medico‐Legal Implications Following Iatrogenic Bile Duct Injuries
Authors: Hariharan Deepak , Psaltis Emmanouil , Scholefield John H. , Lobo Dileep N.
Published: August 2016

In this review we aimed to evaluate quality of life after bile duct injury and the consequent medico‐legal implications. A comprehensive English language literature search was performed on MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index and Google™ Scholar databases for articles published between January 2000 and April 2016. The last date of search was 11 April 2016. Key search words included bile duct injury, iatrogenic, cholecystectomy, prevention, risks, outcomes, quality of life, litigation and were used in combination with the Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT. Long‐term survival after bile duct injury is significantly impaired (all‐cause long‐term mortality approximately 21 %) along with the quality of life (especially psychological/mental state remains affected). Bile duct injury is associated with high rates of litigation. Monetary compensation varied from £2500 to £216,000 in the UK, €9826–€55,301 in the Netherlands and $628,138–$2,891,421 in the USA. Bile duct injuries have profound implications for patients, medical personnel and healthcare providers as they cause significant morbidity and mortality, high rates of litigation and raised healthcare expenditure.
Grain Refinement of Deoxidized Copper
Authors: Balart María José , Patel Jayesh B. , Gao Feng , Fan Zhongyun
Published: August 2016

This study reports the current status of grain refinement of copper accompanied in particular by a critical appraisal of grain refinement of phosphorus-deoxidized, high residual P (DHP) copper microalloyed with 150 ppm Ag. Some deviations exist in terms of the growth restriction factor (Q) framework, on the basis of empirical evidence reported in the literature for grain size measurements of copper with individual additions of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 wt pct of Mo, In, Sn, Bi, Sb, Pb, and Se, cast under a protective atmosphere of pure Ar and water quenching. The columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) has been observed in copper, with an individual addition of 0.4B and with combined additions of 0.4Zr-0.04P and 0.4Zr-0.04P-0.015Ag and, in a previous study, with combined additions of 0.1Ag-0.069P (in wt pct). CETs in these B- and Zr-treated casts have been ascribed to changes in the morphology and chemistry of particles, concurrently in association with free solute type and availability. No further grain-refining action was observed due to microalloying additions of B, Mg, Ca, Zr, Ti, Mn, In, Fe, and Zn (~0.1 wt pct) with respect to DHP-Cu microalloyed with Ag, and therefore are no longer relevant for the casting conditions studied. The critical microalloying element for grain size control in deoxidized copper and in particular DHP-Cu is Ag.
Influence of burnt ash additives on stabilisation of soft clay soils
Authors: Rangaswamy K.
Published: August 2016

This paper discusses the results of the improvement in compaction, consolidation and shear strength parameters of soft clay when stabilised with burnt ash additives those derived from a furnace in the thermal power industry. Different combinations of soil–ash mixtures are prepared with the addition of ash in the range of 10–40 % by weight of soil to arrive the optimum dosage of ash which one exhibiting maximum UCS. Herein the ash additives including both the fly ash and bottom ashes are used as the stabilising agents. The influence of curing time is also studied on UCS strength property of various soil combinations. Results indicate that the stabilisation of soft clay with ash additives is improving the UCS up to certain level of ash amounts, and further the strength is decreased. The strength of soil–fly ash mixture is much more than the strength of soil–bottom ash mixture, and it was found to be 4.86 times the strength of soft clay. The mixing of ash additives in the soil could lead to speed up the time required to consolidate the clay soil and become more permeable.
Party System Institutionalization, Party Collapse and Party Building
Authors: Mainwaring Scott
Published: August 2016

This essay reviews five important recent books on party system institutionalization, party collapse and party building. The first section analyses broader lessons about party system institutionalization derived from these books. What have we learned about how party system institutionalization varies over time and space and about its causes? All five volumes underscore the difficulty of institutionalizing democratic party systems in contemporary Asia, Africa and Latin America. At the same time, they demonstrate that there have been some successful cases of party building and party system institutionalization. In all three regions, variance across countries is great. The three books on Latin America show that sharp conflict and programmatic differences are good for institutionalization, partially countering earlier arguments about the perils of polarization. Across regions, erstwhile authoritarian ruling parties have sometimes helped to forge institutionalized party systems under competitive regimes. The rest of the essay analyses the three single-authored books in some detail and provides brief overviews of the two edited volumes.
From snapshots to modal expansions – bridging low residuals and pure frequencies
Authors: Noack Bernd R.
Published: August 2016

Data-driven low-order modelling has been enjoying rapid advances in fluid mechanics. Arguably, Sirovich (Q. Appl. Maths, vol. XLV, 1987, pp. 561–571) started these developments with snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition, a particularly simple method. The resulting reduced-order models provide valuable insights into flow physics, allow inexpensive explorations of dynamics and operating conditions, and enable model-based control design. A winning argument for proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is the optimality property, i.e. the guarantee of the least residual for a given number of modes. The price is unpleasant frequency mixing in the modes which complicates their physical interpretation. In contrast, temporal Fourier modes and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) provide pure frequency dynamics but lose the orthonormality and optimality property of POD. Sieber et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 792, 2016, pp. 798–828) bridge the least residual and pure frequency behaviour with an ingenious interpolation, called spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD). This article puts the achievement of the TU Berlin authors in perspective, illustrating the potential of SPOD and the challenges ahead.
Evolution and Coevolution: Dynamic Knowledge Capability Building for Catching-up in Emerging Economies
Authors: Dong Xiaoying , Yu Yan , Zhang Na
Published: August 2016

Knowledge has always been a strategic resource for firms; however, there is a lack of research regarding how a firm's knowledge management (KM) contributes to its capability catching-up and adaptation in emerging economies. This article focuses on the knowledge capability building of Chinese private firms that were set up in the 1990s and pays particular attention to how firms with limited resources and knowledge went on to achieve remarkable success. This paper presents its analysis through a multi-level co-evolutionary lens and a case study on the Li-Ning Company. The case study depicts the macro coevolution between the changing business environment and the firm's strategic choices, as well as the micro coevolution of the organizational strategy and the KM orientations, processes, and infrastructures within the firm. The research sheds light on the dynamic capability building trajectory for the firms in emerging economies.
Gas Turbine Accessory Systems
Authors: Lawrence O. N.
Published: August 2016

The title of this paper, “Gas Turbine Accessory Systems,” covers a wide field, and one which is changing all the time. I have known many experimental units devised to perform a certain job, which were discarded almost as soon as they were made for some more up-to-date component and then, after a lapse of months or years, the original units have been dragged out from under the bench or from a museum of relics and pressed into service again with satisfactory results.
Some Operational Problems of
Public Transport Helicopters
Authors: Whitby R. H.
Published: August 2016

Throughout the world helicopters are being operated in a variety of roles today and, whereas ten years ago, there was not one type which had got beyond the stage of being an inventor's plaything, several types are now suitable for regular military and civil operations. At present, so far as is known to the author, public transport services using helicopters are confined to charters and scheduled mail services, with the exception of a scheduled passenger service which has been run by the British European Airways Corporation as an operational experiment since June 1950. The factors, both technical and economic, which have so far prevented the large scale introduction of public transport helicopter services, are being progressively overcome and in due course operators will find that manufacturers have made available suitable aircraft. The operators' task will then be to fly these aircraft in a safe and regular manner and give the public the best service possible.
The Manufacture of Glass Cloth/Resin Blades for an Axial Flow Compressor
Authors: Horlock J. H.
Published: August 2016

Glass Cloth/Polyester resin laminates similar to those described by Irving and Saunders (Journal, February 1954) have been used at the University Engineering Laboratory, Cambridge, in the manufacture of blades for an axial flow compressor. In the first experiments, an existing aluminium stator blade was used as a pattern, and a mould was made by pouring molten type metal round this pattern, held in a steel sided moulding box.
Theory of Aircraft Undercarriages in Relation to Absorption of Initial Landing Impact
Authors: Walker P. B.
Published: August 2016

Many complex machines and mechanical systems have an ideal and abstract form which has been evolved from fundamental theory without reference to those engineering principles that are so essential in practice. Thus the heat engine has its Carnot cycle and the propeller its actuator disc. With these, and numerous other examples, the object is to provide a standard of reference, to give an ideal which can be approached but never reached and, most important, to indicate the fundamental limitations imposed by theory and prevent profitless investigations.
The Stresses Developed in Sections Subjected to Bending Moment
Authors: Beilschmidt J. L.
Published: August 2016

It is a well known fact that the (simple) Engineers’ Theory of Bending is based on the assumption of the Law of Proportionality, that is to say that the stress-strain characteristic of the material concerned is a straight line, and it accordingly follows that stress values determined by the formulæ: , for the stress at any station on the section, and M/Z for the maximum fibre stress can be correct only when the M/Z value lies within the limit of proportionality of the material.
Analysis of a Rigid-Jointed Framework
Authors: Lewitt E. H.
Published: August 2016

In the design of structural frames it is often the practice to assume the joints to be pinned, or hinged, and to calculate the forces in the members on this assumption; actually, the joints are made with considerable rigidity. The following are the results of an analytical and experimental investigation into the stresses in a rigid-jointed space frame and of the magnitude of the errors due to the assumption oi pinned joints.
Normal Shock Wave Phenomena in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
Authors: Martin B. W.
Published: August 2016

In recent years, aerodynamics and thermodynamics have found common ground in the specialised field of gas dynamics. Developments in this subject have led to a much more complete and widespread knowledge of subsonic, sonic and supersonic flow of gases in the conventional type of convergent-divergent nozzle. When the back pressure is raised above the value against which the nozzle is designed to discharge, oblique and then normal shock waves are set up in the divergent cone at a position along the nozzle axis determined by the magnitude of that back pressure. The gas which has crossed the shock wave is subjected to a process of subsonic compression.

In this paper a theoretical investigation is made of the changes in pressure, temperature, density and Mach number which occur across a normal shock wave, when the position of the wave varies along the nozzle axis. The investigation illustrates the effect of change of medium, for which the relevant property is the ratio of specific heats. This ratio for certain polyatomic gases may approach unity (e.g. for Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2, in gaseous form, γ=1·06), and for the inert monatomic gases γ= 1·667. The analysis is made non-dimensional by expressing such quantities as gas pressure, temperature, and density at any given position along the nozzle axis relative to the values of the particular parameter at entry to the convergent section.
The Lives and Work of William Samuel Henson and John Stringfellow
Authors: Ballantyne A. M. , Laurence Pritchard J.
Published: August 2016

The 23rd Main Lecture to be given at a Branch Centre was also the First Henson-Stringfellow Memorial Lecture and was given at the Yeovil Branch on the 16th February 1956. Mr. D. L. Hollis Williams, F.R.Ae.S., Chairman of the Yeovil Branch, opened the meeting and the chair was later taken by Mr. E. T. Jones, C.B., M.Eng., F.R.Ae.S., Vice-President and President-Elect of the Society. The audience, which numbered some 400, included members of the main Society and some 50 members from the Bristol and Boscombe Down Branches
Aeroelastic Problems in connection with High-Speed Flight
Authors: Broadbent E. G.
Published: August 2016

A review is given of developments in the field of aeroelasticity during the past ten years. The effect of steadily increasing Mach number has been two-fold: on the one hand the aerodynamic derivatives have changed, and in some cases brought new problems, and on the other hand the design for higher Mach numbers has led to thinner aerofoils and more slender fuselages for which the required stiffness is more difficult to provide. Both these aspects are discussed, and various methods of attack on the problems are considered. The relative merits of stiffness, damping and massbalance for the prevention of control surface flutter are discussed. A brief mention is made of the recent problems of damage from jet efflux and of the possible aeroelastic effects of kinetic heating.
The Propeller-Turbine in Airline Service
Authors: Corson T. M.
Published: August 2016

This paper gives an account of the engineering and operational aspects of the introduction and first three years' operation by British European Airways of the first propellerturbine engine to go into airline service—the Rolls-Royce Dart which powers the Vickers Viscount air liner. The origin of this type of gas turbine engine and its chief advantages and disadvantages are considered. The main features and operational characteristics of the Dart engine are detailed. The training, operational handling, flight planning and maintenance aspects of the introduction and operation of the Dart engine in the Viscount are reviewed, and the experience accumulated is summarised. It is noted that apart from all the new ground that has had to be covered and all the associated development, no special problems have been encountered. Considerable advantages in respect of engineering and operational simplification have been demonstrated. Experience indicates that this type of engine has good reliability and long overhaul life characteristics, and confirms its general suitability for medium-speed air transportation. The paper ends with mention of some of the probable trends of propeller-turbine development, and with suggestions for some additional improvements which the author considers would benefit civil operators.
Some Maintenance Aspects of Viscount Operation
Authors: Major E. R.
Published: August 2016

The importance of maintenance of aircraft in airline operations is emphasised by the fact that, in British European Airways at least, 25 to 30 per cent, of the total direct cost of operating an aircraft is absorbed by maintenance costs. This applies fairly generally to all aircraft in B.E.A.'s fleet, and is also applicable to most of the world's airlines: in the U.S. the proportion is slightly lower, which may be due not to relatively lower maintenance costs, but to relatively higher crew costs there.
Structures
Authors: Farrar D. J.
Published: August 2016

The main factors determining the shape of a supersonic aeroplane or missile are aerodynamic in origin. However, as always, a compromise with structural considerations must be achieved, zero wing thickness for supersonic aircraft being just as unattainable as infinite aspect ratio for subsonic ones.

This compromise is more far-reaching in the supersonic aircraft because of the much greater importance of aeroelasticity.

In addition, there are entirely new problems which arise from the high structural temperatures attained in supersonic flight.
Arctic Flights
Authors: Wilkins G. H.
Published: August 2016

When Trans-Arctic transportation becomes common, when air routes take full advantage of great circle courses, when we travel from New York to New Guinea via Point Barrow, Alaska, from Chicago to China almost hitting the North Pole on the way, and from San Francisco to Moscow via Spitsbergen, then, and then only, will those concerned with aerial transportation realise the facilities the Arctic affords the aerial navigator.
A Method for Designing Wind Tunnel Contractions
Authors: Harrop R.
Published: August 2016

The contraction of a wind tunnel should be free from adverse pressure gradients, since this might cause boundary layer separation.

A wall contour has been designed for a circular cross-section contraction using incompressible flow theory. This gave a favourable pressure gradient at the beginning of the contraction where separation is likely to occur.

Appendix I compares the theory with experimental results obtained from a model of a proposed supersonic tunnel of which the contraction is rectangular in cross-section and which has been based on the results obtained in this report.
Of Honeymoons and Economic Performance: Comment on Hibbs
Authors: Keech William R.
Published: August 2016

Professor Hibbs's article presents an ingenious model wherein political support of the government depends on “cumulative discounted relative performance.” Specifically, “the worse (better) the performance of the prior government, the higher (lower) will be the initial support of the new government… (G)overnments following bad acts by the opposition are likely to enjoy greater initial support than governments following good acts.”

This is a reasonable hypothesis, and it may well be correct. However, Hibbs offers no evidence of its correctness other than the overall performance of his model, and he reports no consideration, let alone rejection, of alternative hypotheses. Instead he assumes that the discounted past performance affects the new government's support with the opposite sign but with the same slope. Pursuit of Hibbs's illustrative example shows that the assumption is far from trivial, and that it produces some startling results.
Test-meal palatability is associated with overconsumption but better represents preceding changes in appetite in non-obese males
Authors: Deighton Kevin , Frampton James , Gonzalez Javier T.
Published: August 2016

Single-course,ad libitummeals are recommended for the assessment of energy intake within appetite research. This study represents the first investigation of the comparative sensitivity of two single-course,ad libitummeals designed to differ in palatability. We conducted two experiments using a preload study design. All protocols were identical except for the energy content of the preloads (Expt 1: 579 and 1776 kJ; Expt 2: 828 and 4188 kJ). During each experiment, ten healthy men completed four experimental trials constituting a low- or high-energy preload beverage, a 60-min intermeal interval and consumption of a pasta-based or a porridge-based,ad libitummeal. Appetite ratings were measured throughout each trial, and palatability was assessed after food consumption. Preload manipulation did not influence appetite (P=0·791) or energy intake (P=0·561) in Expt 1. Palatability and energy intake were higher for the pasta meal than for the porridge meal in both experiments (palatabilityP≤0·002; energy intakeP≤0·001). In Expt 2, consumption of the high-energy preload decreased appetite (P=0·051) and energy intake (P=0·002). Energy compensation was not significantly different between pasta and porridge meals (P=0·172), but was more strongly correlated with preceding changes in appetite at the pasta meal (r−0·758;P=0·011) than the porridge meal (r−0·498;P=0·143). The provision of a highly palatable, pasta-based meal produced energy intakes that were more representative of preceding appetite ratings, but the moderately palatable, porridge-based meal produced more ecologically valid energy intakes.Ad libitummeal selection and design may require a compromise between sensitivity and ecological validity.
COCOA AND TOTAL SYSTEM YIELDS OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL AGROFORESTRY VS. MONOCULTURE SYSTEMS IN A LONG-TERM FIELD TRIAL IN BOLIVIA
Authors: SCHNEIDER M. , ANDRES C. , TRUJILLO G. , ALCON F. , AMURRIO P. , PEREZ E. , WEIBEL F. , MILZ J.
Published: August 2016

Cocoa (Theobroma cacaoL.) is produced in systems of varying complexity ranging from monoculture with temporary shade to highly diverse agroforests. Producers have to weigh high cocoa yields in the short to medium term in monocultures against higher total system yields in the short term and sustainable production systems in the long term in conjunction with ecosystem services in agroforestry systems (AFs). More long-term data on the comparative agronomic, economic and ecological performance of differently managed cocoa production systems is required to make sound recommendations to farmers. This paper describes the only long-term field trial worldwide comparing different cocoa production systems under conventional and organic management. The factors (i) crop diversity (monoculture vs. agroforestry), (ii) management practice (conventional vs. organic) and (iii) cultivar are being tested in a full-factorial, randomized complete block design with four replications. First, results showed significantly faster development of trunk circumferences in monocultures (+21%) compared to AFs. Cocoa yields were 47% lower in the organic compared to the conventional monoculture. In the AFs, however, the organic–conventional yield gap was less pronounced (−16%) and statistically insignificant. The cumulative yields of all products harvested were significantly higher in the AFs (+161%) compared to the monocultures. The productivity of cocoa by-crops in AFs may contribute to local food security and risk distribution in smallholder contexts.
WHICH OPTIONS FIT BEST? OPERATIONALIZING THE SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL NICHE CONCEPT
Authors: DESCHEEMAEKER KATRIEN , RONNER ESTHER , OLLENBURGER MARY , FRANKE ANGELINUS C. , KLAPWIJK CHARLOTTE J. , FALCONNIER GATIEN N. , WICHERN JANNIKE , GILLER KENNETH E.
Published: August 2016

The large diversity of farms and farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa calls for agricultural improvement options that are adapted to the context in which smallholder farmers operate. The socio-ecological niche concept incorporates the agro-ecological, socio-cultural, economic and institutional dimensions and the multiple levels of this context in order to identify which options fit best. In this paper, we illustrate how farming systems analysis, following the DEED cycle of Describe, Explain, Explore and Design, and embedding co-learning amongst researchers, farmers and other stakeholders, helps to operationalize the socio-ecological niche concept. Examples illustrate how farm typologies, detailed farm characterization and on-farm experimental work, in combination with modelling and participatory approaches inform the matching of options to the context at regional, village, farm and field level. Recommendation domains at these gradually finer levels form the basis for gradually more detailed baskets of options from which farmers and other stakeholders may choose, test and adjust to their specific needs. Tailored options identified through the DEED cycle proof to be more relevant, feasible and performant as compared to blanket recommendations in terms of both researcher and farmer-identified criteria. As part of DEED, on-farm experiments are particularly useful in revealing constraints and risks faced by farmers. We show that targeting options to the niches in which they perform best, helps to reduce this risk. Whereas the conclusions of our work about the potential for improving smallholders’ livelihoods are often sobering, farming systems analysis allows substantiating the limitations of technological options, thus highlighting the need for enabling policies and institutions that may improve the larger-scale context and increase the uptake potential of options.
XXI. Joseph Chamberlain, W. H. O’Shea, and Parnell, 1884, 1891—2
Authors: Howard C.H.D.
Published: August 2016

Dr Lyons’s admirable study of the downfall of Parnell, recently published, has raised once again the question of the relations between Joseph Chamberlain and the Irish leader and more particularly of the part alleged to have been played by Chamberlain in bringing about the latter’s ruin. Like the late Henry Harrison, who devoted so many eloquent pages to this subject, Dr Lyons had to write without access to Chamberlain’s own papers, which, however, do not contain, so far as I am aware, anything that is at variance with his main conclusions. Nevertheless, they do containcertain letters, which are not mentioned in J.L. Garvin’s Life of Joseph Chamberlain and which supplement Dr Lyons’s account.
Home rule and the liberal party, 1899–1906
Authors: McCready H.W.
Published: August 2016

Gladstone’s dramatic commitment of the liberal party to a policy of home rule for Ireland in 1886 was followed by the Grand Old Man’s two attempts at turning his policy into legislation. The first home rule bill, that of 1886, was defeated in the house of commons and then in a general election: the second, that of 1893, was overwhelmed in the house of lords and then dropped by Gladstone’s fourth government. Though the Gladstonian commitment remained and the liberal party continued to be a home rule party — and though the pros and cons of the union of 1800 remained the major structural feature of British party politics — it was not until 1912 that the liberals did anything further about their major Irish policy. For most of the period 1893-1912 they were, of course, impotent in opposition and consequently in no position to take the initiative on home rule. In 1906, however, they won a landslide victory over their unionist opponents and it is striking that this electoral victory and the great impulse it gave to one of the most dynamic governments in the whole history of British liberalism was not followed, as had the last two liberal victories under Gladstone, by the introduction of a third home rule bill. Had the liberal landslide of 1906 been put behind another home rule measure the whole history of the matter would certainly have been radically different. The house of lords would have been easily overwhelmed; the great advance in constitutional reform for Ireland would have been carried in a spirit of liberal reform rather than of political surrender; the development of Sinn Fein would have been frustrated or at least diverted. But the liberal victory of 1906 was not so used. Home rule was postponed and sidetracked and was taken up again only when the liberal party once more desperately needed Irish votes in the budget election which followed the rejection of Lloyd George’s financial measures by the lords in November 1909. The home rule banner was hoisted afresh by Asquith, the prime minister, in his Albert Hall speechof 10 December 1909 and the third home rule bill appeared in due course in 1912 in direct — and significant — succession to the budget and the parliament act for both of which the Asquith government needed Irish support in the commons.
The American Committee for Relief in Ireland, 1920–22
Authors: Carroll F.M.
Published: August 2016

The Irish question, in one form or another, became a feature of American public life from the period of the great Irish migration to the United States in the 1840s to the twentieth century. Seemingly each generation saw a version of the Irish struggle for self-government played out in both Ireland and America. By 1920 this struggle, in the shape of the War of Independence or the Anglo-Irish War, had assumed dramatic proportions.

Many Irish-Americans, anxious to assist and support the nationalist movement in Ireland, resumed their traditional role of raising money for Ireland and attempting to influence the American government to intercede in some way on Ireland’s behalf. In 1919 Eamon de Valera, president of Dáil Íireann, went to the United States to further these objectives. However, serious rifts developed within the leadership of the Irish nationalist movement in the United States which caused Irish-Americans to divide into several hostile groups. The result was that during the summer and autumn of 1920, when crown forces in Ireland were escalating their military campaign, the Irish-American nationalist movement was largely ineffectual.
Irish settlement and identity in South Africa before 1910
Authors: McCracken Donal P.
Published: August 2016

Although there has been a continuous Irish presence at the Cape of Good Hope since the late eighteenth century, the chroniclers of the Irish diaspora have until the late 1980s ignored the continent of Africa. This was in part because relatively few Irish migrants ventured to Africa, but it is also the consequence of two other factors. The vast majority of Irish immigrants to Africa in the nineteenth century went to South Africa, a region which, with some exceptions, has been academically isolated for a generation. Then within South Africa there is much still to be learnt about the nature of English-speaking society in the region. While the meticulous analysis of black and Afrikaner history and society, and of related economic history, has dominated South African historiography for some two decades, professional academics have too often left the field of South African English-speaking studies to the amateur historian and the antiquarian. Thus what in Canada or Australia would be regarded as mainline historical research has in South Africa been sidelined in the name of historical relevancy. In fact an analysis of Irish settlement in southern Africa fills an important gap in the general survey of Irish emigration to the empire and reveals a pattern of Irish settlement very different from other regions of Irish migration.
The Church of Ireland: a critical bibliography, 1536–1992 PartV: 1800–1870
Authors: O’Ferrall Fergus
Published: August 2016

The ‘United Church of England and Ireland’, established by the Act of Union ‘for ever’ as ‘an essential and fundamental part of the Union’, survived less than seventy years. N. D. Emerson, in his 1933 essay on the church in this period, presented the history of the church in the first half of the nineteenth century as ‘the history of many separate interests and movements’; he suggested a thesis of fundamental importance in the historiography of the Church of Ireland:

Beneath the externals of a worldly Establishment, and behind the pomp of a Protestant ascendancy, was the real Church of Ireland, possessed of a pure and reformed faith more consciously grasped as the century advanced and labouring to present its message in the face of apathy and discouragement, as well as of more active and hostile opposition.

Recent historical work has begun to trace the ‘many separate interests and movements’ and to explore in detail both the ‘worldly Establishment’ and the increasingly predominant evangelical influence of the Church of Ireland during the post-union period. The main topics investigated have been the structure of the church, the political relationships of the church, the evangelical movement, the mentalities of various social groups (drawing upon literary sources), and local or regional studies. The numerous gaps in the research and in our knowledge which exist seem now all the starker given the high quality of so many recent studies concerning the Church of Ireland in this period.
Briton and Scythian: Tudor representations of Irish origins
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: August 2016

It is a commonplace of recent British historiography that in the early modern period a sophisticated and sceptical concept of writing history began to develop which involved, among other things, historians becoming significantly less credulous in their use of sources. Often the crucial break with medieval ‘chronicles’ is seen to have been brought about by the triumph of the exiled Italian humanist, Polydore Vergil, over the fervently nationalistic band of British historians and antiquarians led by John Leland, establishing that the Arthurian legends were no more than an origin myth. Jack Scarisbrick, for example, has argued that ‘early Tudor England did not produce a sudden renewal of Arthurianism … As the sixteenth century wore on, Geoffrey of Monmouth’s patriotic fantasies received increasingly short shrift from reputable historians.’ However, this comforting narrative of increasingly thorough and careful scholarship ignores the fact that there was a form of history writing in which the reliance upon origin myths such as the Arthurian legends and the ‘matter of Britain’ actually increased dramatically after the Reformation, namely English histories of Ireland.
The problems of disbandment: the Royal Irish Constabulary and imperial migration, 1919–29
Authors: Fedorowich Kent
Published: August 2016

When the Anglo-Irish campaign ended in July 1921, the British government, in accordance with the agreed settlement, initiated the disbandment of the Royal Irish Constabulary (R.I.C.). For over a century the Irish police force, renamed the Royal Irish Constabulary in 1867, had carried the burden of policing in Ireland, and after 1916 it bore the brunt of escalating republican intimidation and violence. Now that the conflict was over and the R.I.C. faced dissolution, a number of questions remained outstanding. What would Whitehall do to assist former members of this force once British troops had withdrawn? What contingencies, if any, had been made by the British government for the speedy removal of these men who could not remain in Ireland ‘simply because they [had] performed their duty fearlessly as loyal servants of the Crown’? Was compensation forthcoming, and if so, what forms would it take? One suggestion which received close scrutiny was their resettlement in the overseas dominions — but how receptive were the dominion governments to this proposal?