bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
It takes two to teach! Exploring team teaching in teacher education
Authors:   , De Backer Loan
Published: October 2024

Team teaching is a promising strategy for the professional development of student teachers during their education. As a format for student teaching, team teaching involves more than group composition; it requires student teachers to collaborate in planning, implementing, and evaluating a course during workplace learning within schools. Accordingly, the challenge for teacher educators is to prepare student teachers adequately for this student teaching format. The present dissertation, composed of four sequential studies, explores student teachers’ processes and outcomes of team teaching. Together, these studies contribute to a deeper understanding of the processes and outcomes of team teaching for student teachers, highlighting the essential role of tailored support from teacher educators for student teachers when practicing team teaching.
Exploring the interplay between roots and soil microbes in high latitude regions under warming
Authors:   , Le Noir de Carlan Coline
Published: October 2024

Climate change is a major threat to all ecosystems, but its consequences are particularly severe in high latitude regions, where warming intensity is the highest. Because soil microbes have a central role in terrestrial ecosystem functioning, understanding their response to warmer conditions is essential. This thesis aims to explore the response of soil microbial communities to warming, with a particular focus on plant-microbe interactions. We first carried out field experiments in two sites with warming treatments. The first one is a Finnish tundra grassland, where air warming induced by Open-top chambers (ca +1.9), in combination with other environmental changes, has been applied for 10 years. There, warming alone did not affect the general community composition of root-associated fungi, although it clearly affected the relative abundance of mycorrhizal fungi. The other is an Icelandic subarctic grassland, where soils were warmed through geothermal activity for 12 (MTW), and over 55 years (LTW), at an intensity ranging from ca +0.5 to +6C. There, the community composition of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes shifted along the gradient. Besides, in both setups, plant communities have been manipulated by either adding new species (tundra), or excluding plant roots (subArctic grassland). The outputs were similar to untreated conditions in both studies, suggesting a high resistance of soil microbes to plant changes under field conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of warming on soil health and found that, while the microbial diversity remained stable, the microbial connectivity increased along the thermal gradient. The bacterial predicted functional profiles shifted with increasing temperatures, for which genes involved in carbon degradation specifically decreased under LTW. Last, we carried out a greenhouse experiment, where we grew grasses in soils inoculated with soil microbiomes conditioned by different warming intensities and found that plants grown in soils with microbiomes conditioned by LTW displayed lower belowground biomass. We identified some microbial taxa known to associate with plants that suggested that our observations could be due to changed relative abundance of e.g. putative plant pathogens or arbuscular mycorrhiza. Overall, our work shows that soil microbial communities are sensitive to soil warming, but not directly by air temperature. However, we found a modest effect of plant communities on the microbial community assembly, while warming-conditioned microbiomes negatively altered plant performance, reminding the high potential of soil microbes on plants, but also that within plant-microbe interactions, one may mediate the response of the other.
Success Stories of Top Performers in Teacher Education and Liberal Arts
Authors: Manuel Kyla , Diaz Tricia Mae , Burigsay Frances Anne , Bangi Jennifer , Luyun Cecille
Published: October 2024

This study was conducted to describe the journey of topnotchers from a private Catholic higher education institution in Tuguegarao City. Employing a phenomenological study approach, this study explored the lived experiences of the four topnotchers from the School of Education, Criminology, Arts, and Psychology between 2013 and 2023. Using thematic analysis to analyze the answers of the top notchers to the validated semi-structured interview questionnaire, several key factors that contributed to their success in achieving top placements in the board examinations were revealed. These factors were strong institutional support, effective teacher mentorship, good personal characteristics, a supportive family, peer support, and strategic personal interventions. These emphasize how important it is to have a solid support system inside and outside the school setting. Based on these results, the study offers various recommendations for the institution to enhance further its support for those students who are determined to succeed. These include strengthening academic and emotional support strategies from the school, family members, and peers. Moreover, it is important to invest in faculty development, enrich library resources, and intensify board exam review courses to incorporate meaningful learning experiences and test the effectiveness of a certain practice. Additionally, assessing students’ study routines to improve effective study habits and leveraging more top-notch testimonies for promotional purposes to attract more enrollees. These could serve as a source of inspiration for students and a means of enhancing the school’s standing as a producer of high scorers on board exams. Therefore, this study encourages students to pass and ace the board examinations.
A Service Learning Program Enhancing Learners’ Early Literacy and Pre-Service Teachers’ 21st-Century Skills
Authors: Mateo Jeira Rose , Monton Ma. Ronarine , Quintos Lorrea Rubi , Torres Alvic , Bangi Jennifer
Published: October 2024

Service Learning Program(SLP) is encouraged in all courses in the University of Saint Louis as a strategy in the teaching and learning process. In response to this, the Teacher-Education department developed a structured SLP named Project TEACHER (Tutorial for Engagement, Advancement, and Collaboration towards Holistic Educational Reform), which caters primarily to the needs of daycare learners. This study aimed to describe the effects of SLP on learners' early literacy. It focuses on the foundational skills of reading, writing, and phonemic awareness. Furthermore, the study also described the program's effect on the development of the 21st-century skills of the pre-service teachers. Coordinators of the program coordinated with the Early Child and Care and Development (ECCD) center at Linao East, and the Early Learning Observation and Rating Scale (ELORS) was used to identify learners needing additional early literacy assistance. It was the same tool used to monitor the progress of the learners. Data from 17 learners who completed the five tutorial sessions were included in this study. Using a paired-sample t-test, this study revealed that the project TEACHER significantly affects the learners' reading and phonemic awareness skills but not their writing skills. Meanwhile, the 26 pre-service teachers involved in the program were interviewed. Thematic analysis of their answers revealed that the program was effective for the following skills: communication, socio-emotional, collaboration, adaptability and flexibility, social responsibility, and classroom management. Hence, the project TEACHER is an effective SLP as it enhances the learners' early literacy skills and helps develop 21st-century skills among pre-service teachers. However, further planning must be done to make it effective for the learners' writing skills.
Sostenibilidad y Justicia Social: Bases para un crecimiento sostenido, inclusivo y equitativo
Authors: Tenas Alós Miguel Ángel , Colás Laguardia María Elena , Bernad Mainar Rafael , Lascorz Collada María-Cruz
Published: October 2024

La sostenibilidad y la justicia social son dos conceptos fundamentales, cuya interrelación en la búsqueda de un desarrollo equitativo y duradero es muy estrecha. La sostenibilidad alude a la capacidad de satisfacer las necesidades existentes por las personas en la actualidad, pero sin comprometer la capacidad de satisfacer dichas necesidades de las futuras generaciones. Dicho concepto, por tanto, abarca no solo la protección al medio ambiente, si bien es un punto fundamental, pero también el uso responsable de los recursos naturales, la gestión de los residuos y la reducción de la huella ecológica causada por particulares y grandes empresas. Por su parte, la justicia social implica la equidad e igualdad de oportunidades para todos los seres humanos, independientemente de cuál sea su origen, género, raza o condición socioeconómica. Si bien resulta compleja la obtención de una justicia social plena, pues los condicionantes de posición social y contactos siempre influirán, la responsabilidad de la administración es disminuir lo máximo posible las diferencias existentes entre unos y otros. Con esta nueva monografía, el grupo de investigación ECONOMIUS-J, de la Universidad San Jorge, aborda, en su vertiente jurídica, algunas de las cuestiones de mayor actualidad que actualmente influyen en la cuestión de la justicia y equidad social. Se trata de la tercera monografía del grupo de investigación. Tras las dos primeras, centradas en mayor medida en la obtención limpia de energía y circunscribiéndose a la materia medioambiental, el paso lógico devenía en ampliar el campo de investigación y analizar su incidencia en las personas y los colectivos más vulnerables.
“Becoming” Tsunki
Authors: Bammer Nora
Published: October 2024

As one of the most identity sustaining genres of Shuar songs and singing in Ecuadorian Amazonia, the spiritual ánent songs are infused with spirits, ghosts, animals, and metaphoric beings, rooted in complex myths and personal narratives. They serve as tools for addressing and transforming specific life matters, with the singer aspiring to embody the spirits they invoke. Among these spiritual entities, Tsunki, a potent water spirit, transcending binary gender associations, emerged as a focal point in my explorations on gendered dimensions of Shuar songs and singing. Conversations with Shuar individuals like Raquel Antun, Tiris Taisha, Yampauch Tiwi, and Nujinúa Jimpíkit revealed varying perceptions of Tsunki, oscillating between a female, magical, and erotic spirit to a male figure akin to a god of water and healing. These diverse portrayals caused me to take a closer look at the gender imagery and the transformative elements within the Shuar ánent.
This paper aims to explain how the ánent, as personalized musical and emotional projections of myth, possess the transformative power to construct, deconstruct, and transform identities and societal realities. Drawing on Deleuzian concepts of becoming and multiplicities, as well as Butler's theories on the social construction of gender, the analysis navigates through shifting subject positions of the singer and the human and non-human listeners involved in the ánent-induced transformation, including my own subject position.
Acknowledging the colonial imposition of gender constructs on Indigenous cultures, the paper interweaves discussions on the impact of Christian missions and the coloniality of gender, drawing inspiration from María Lugones' work. Through contextual, analytical, and self-reflective lenses, the research aims to offer a critical view of the construct and deconstruction of gender within Shuar society. The perceived ambiguities surrounding Tsunki's gender also serve as a lens through which to analyze the complexities of coloniality and decoloniality within transcendent Shuar identities.
prática da Intelectualidade Indígena como contribuição ao pluralismo jurídico no Amazonas
Authors: Melo de Aguiar Denison
Published: October 2024

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever possíveis contribuições jurídicas da música e da saúde indígenas ao pluralismo jurídico em torno das práticas da intelectualidade indígena no Amazonas. A metodologia utilizada foi a legalista, teórica e bibliográfica, por meio de levantamento bibliográfico e revisão de literatura, em especial de autorias que trabalhem com pluralismo jurídico e reflexividades indígenas. Foi utilizada também fontes secundárias a partir de notícias de jornais em sites. A partir das análises, pode-se concluir que a música kuximawara e a saúde por meio do Centro de Medicina Indígena - Bahserikowi são casos de pluralismo jurídico, e podem contribuir no sentido de que é imperioso a utilização do conhecimento indígena somado ao conhecimento do Direito ocidentale formal para que as políticas públicas que envolvem Direitos indígenas sejam mais efetivas, eficazes e eficientes.
Ukuse - Bahse Merise - Diálogos - Arte e Bahsesé
Authors: Vieira Gonçalves Luiz Davi , Bastos de Souza Jeferson
Published: October 2024

Este artigo é fruto de uma experiência de dois anos vivenciando, no Centro de Medicina Indígena, da cidade de Manaus, projetos e atividades de cunho artísticos, sociais e culturais através da parceria deste com o Diretório de Pesquisa Tabihuni (UEA/CNPq). Fundamentados no Estudos da Performance, sobretudo os de Antropologia da Performance, entendemos que este estudo, por estar apoiado nas experiências, atravessa diferentes campos do saber: adentra a Antropologia, por meio dos intelectuais indígenas do Alto Rio Negro, e a Performance, com base nos estudos das corporalidades ameríndias e da arte. As experiências destacadas neste ensaio fazem parte do âmbito das imaterialidades influenciadas pelas cosmologias e cosmogonias dos povos indígenas do Alto Rio Negro. Em uma relação recíproca e afetiva com os indígenas que estão à frente do Bahserikowi que a experiência e a formação se transformaram em corpo.
Há uma ontologia perspectivística Yepamahsã?
Authors: De Holanda Pereira Campelo Wendel , Melo de Freitas Pinto Ernesto Renan
Published: October 2024

Este ensaio visa responder se é possível considerar que, a despeito das peculiaridades das cosmovisões do Alto Rio Negro, é aceitável, ainda assim, afirmar a existência de elementos perspectivístico implícitos, de forma estrutural, na mitologia Yepamahsã (Tukano). Para este propósito, iremos adotar como referência o antropólogo Viveiros de Castro, uma vez que o autor propõe interpretar o pensamento ameríndio considerando sua dimensão epistemológica e ontológica.
Atenção à saúde indígena na realidade contemporânea
Authors: Barreto de Moura Costa Freitas Analice , Da Rocha Figueiredo Chagas Bárbara
Published: October 2024

O presente artigo é resultado da disciplina “Intelectuais Indígenas do Alto Rio Negro”, ofertada no Promana de Pós-Graduação em Sociedade e Cultura na Amazônia da Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM). É fruto de leituras e discussões promovidas pelo aprofundamento do debate acerca da cosmovisão presente nas relações sociais dos povos indígenas, levando à reflexão sobre a saúde em sua interlocução cultural; do conceito e significado de saúde visando uma perspectiva política emancipatória; acerca das múltiplas e complexas relações que são estabelecidas durante a busca do acesso à saúde pelos povos originários. Dessa maneira, o objetivo é analisar a materialidade do respeito à interculturalidade e valorização do conhecimento especializado indígena no atendimento às populações indígenas.
Feliciano Lana, a cosmologia indígena e a política cultural
Authors: Cordeiro Machado Gabriel , Caldas Torres Iraildes
Published: October 2024

Este paper explora o universo do artista plástico indígena Feliciano Lana, falecido em 2020, possivelmente devido à Covid-19. Utilizando uma metodologia dialógica, o texto aborda três tópicos principais: a vida do artista, sua produção artística e cosmológica, e sua relação com a política pública cultural, destacando seu engajamento na causa indígena e na cidadania cultural. O diálogo entre conceitos e compreensões da realidade é construído a partir da cosmologia indígena do Alto Rio Negro, representada nas pinturas de Lana. O paper destaca a homenagem póstuma ao artista por meio do edital de auxílio financeiro vinculado à Lei Aldir Blanc. A importância de Feliciano Lana é compreendida à luz da epistemologia indígena, revelada em suas obras aquareladas, contribuindo para a compreensão da realidade amazônica.
When welding goes wrong: Learning from past failures
Authors:   Health and Safety Exeutive, Bannister Adam , Stones Charlotte , Birkitt Keith , Atkin Louise
Published: October 2024

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has identified inconsistencies in the application and supervision of welding of safety-critical metallic components. Such shortcomings have led to failures with high consequences such as fatalities. A study was carried out to identify common causes of these and to highlight priority areas for improvement of weld quality in industry.
Analytical Determination and Identification Methods for Organic and Inorganic Structures in Foods
Authors: Aydin Isil , Aydin Firat
Published: October 2024

The human body needs nutrients called "food" for growth, maintenance, survival and resistance to disease. Foods contain many components, especially organic and inorganic substances. These components enable many reactions to take place in the body. Contamination of food by pollution threatens the health of the body and causes many diseases. This is a threat to living things.Therefore, in order to ensure the quality and safety of foods, it is very important to determine the organic and inorganic substances in its content by analytical instrumental analysis methods. In our study, these methods are explained and their importance is emphasized.
Use of Nanomaterials in Food and Their Safety
Authors: Tural Bilsen , Tural Servet
Published: October 2024

Nanomaterials hold significant promise for the food industry by improving functional properties, nutrient content, packaging, and overall food quality. Applications include nanoemulsions for flavor delivery, nanoencapsulation for protecting and controlling the release of vitamins, and nanoclays for enhancing packaging materials. Despite these benefits, there are concerns about the safety and potential toxicity of nanomaterials, necessitating thorough risk assessments and regulatory guidelines. Regulatory bodies like the FDA and EFSA are actively evaluating the safety of nanomaterials in food to ensure consumer protection. Ongoing research and stringent regulations are crucial to harness the benefits of nanotechnology while safeguarding public health.
Package-Borne Safety Issues in Food
Authors: Canpolat Mutlu
Published: October 2024

Food packaging plays a vital role in protecting, preserving, and delivering food products to consumers. İt shields food from physical, Chemical, and microbial influences, ensuring safety, quality, and extended shelf life. Packaging also ensures hygienic conditions for storage and transportation, safeguarding against contamination. By preventing external factors like oxygen, moisture, light, and insects from contacting food, packaging contributes to product freshness and quality maintenance. Factors such as packaging material, food properties, storage conditions, and time can influence migration rates. The packaging industry must carefully manage these factors to ensure that packaging materials do not negatively impact food safety and consumer health. To mitigate package-borne safety risks, thorough testing, quality control, and compliance with food safety regulations are essential. Proper selection of packaging materials, design, and sealing techniques can help prevent potential hazards and ensure that food products reach consumers safely. Packaging can pose safety risks in food due to Chemical migration, cross-contamination, tampering, physical hazards, microbial growth, and allergen transfer. Proper testing, quality control and regulatory compliance are crucial to prevent these risks and ensure food safety.
Cross-Contamination in Terms of Food Safety
Authors: Kimiran Ayten
Published: October 2024

In food safety, cross-contamination, which can cause foodborne illness, refers to the direct or indirect transfer of microorganisms from a contaminated source to an uncontaminated product. Cross-contamination occurs due to inadequate hygiene practices, contact with contaminated equipment and tools, direct hand contact with food prepared through improper food storage, poor food handling, and direct contact of food with air or contaminated environments. Preventing cross-contamination requires strict adherence to food safety practices. Food safety in the food chain creates a shared obligation between food business operators who bear primary responsibility, authorities who oversee this responsibility and consumers who must accept their responsibility for the proper storage, handling and preparation of food. It is thought that most foodborne illnesses can be prevented if regulations governing food safety are followed throughout the food chain, from production to consumption.
Melamine
Authors: Okcesiz Haciseyitoglu Aysun
Published: October 2024

Melamine is an organic compound and has known as with high nitrogen content, which is used in the production of pesticides, plastics, resins, sheets, commercial filters and many other products. Melamine is not a food ingredient and is not legal for adulting to food. However, it is widely used in some products that come into contact with food, such as food packaging sets and tableware. The pet food contamination in the United States in 2007 and the Chinese milk scandal in 2008 became a worldwide agenda. This scandal occurred due to high levels of melamine in infant formula. The toxicity caused by melamine, as well as the complexes it forms with uric acid or cyanuric acid naturally found in urine, have appeared to cause kidney damage, especially acute renal failure and urinary stones. Today, it is important to understand these food contamination cases and their global effects in order to prevent problems such as the melamine scandal.
The Chemical and Microbiological Contaminants and Safety of Mussels
Authors: Kilinc Berna , Kilinc Irem
Published: October 2024

For human consumption, mussels are known as an abundant source of nutrients. As for public health, mussels must be cultivated or harvested in clean regions. Because they obtain their food by filtering water, mussels are an excellent indicator of water contamination. Owing to this, they might include a range of chemical and microbiological contaminants that can be found in contaminated waters, including diclofenac, organochlorine pesticides, dioxins, furans, heavy metals, microplastics, nanomaterials, nanoparticles, persistent organic pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluoroalkyl substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organochlorine compounds. Mussels should also be processed under appropriate conditions after being harvested from clean waters, and their contamination should be prevented. It is thought that it is necessary to carry out controls continuously at every stage, from harvest to consumption, for consumers to reach healthy and reliable mussels. In addition, as this study reported, it is envisaged that information studies on the chemical and microbiological contaminants of mussels and their safety will be important to prevent the formation of disease risks.
Viral Toxicants
Authors: Alkan Bilik Ozge
Published: October 2024

Viral toxicants in food is an increasing concern within the realm of food safety. Foodborne diseases caused by viral pathogens are prevalent in humans, leading to significant rates of illness globally and particularly high rates of death in developing nations. The primary pathogens responsible for foodborne infections are Norovirus and hepatitis A virus. Additionally, Rotavirus, hepatitis E virus, Astrovirus, Aichi virus, Sapovirus, Adenovirus, Poliovirus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Nipah virus can also be transmitted through food.

The most efficacious strategy against infection is prevention. Identifying the origin of contamination is essential for the creation of an efficient solution. To prevent the occurrence of viral toxins in food, a comprehensive strategy is necessary, which involves the collaboration of producers, food processors, food handlers, and consumers.
Violence Against Healthcare Workers and Ethics
Authors: Guvercin Cemal Huseyin
Published: October 2024

Violence against healthcare workers has become a global problem with a high prevalence worldwide. Examining the root causes of violence that occurs within a specific healthcare system and evaluating it from an ethical perspective will be important for understanding violence and developing prevention strategies. The physician/health worker-patient relationship is an interaction that has ancient values from the past to the present and where the humanistic dimension is at the forefront. The fact that healthcare professionals provide services based on mutual respect, trust, honesty, compassion and fidelity, based on patient benefit, contributes to the success of the patient’s diagnosis and treatment process. However, in the last thirty years, there has been a significant transformation in this field due to the effects of some external factors such as health systems, medical technology, medical education, advanced specialization, physician’s patient load, legal regulations, and the media, especially on the physician-patient relationship. This feature of the physician-patient relationship, which is based on ethical values, has been eroded, mechanized and reduced to a service provider-service recipient relationship. The bonds of mutual respect, trust and compassion have started to dissolve, and a new situation of anomie and loss of value has emerged. This new situation has gradually become dominated by domination and violence. Violence is unethical because it is an act that disregards the value of human beings as beings with moral status and dignity, and because it treats human beings as tools. The instrumentalization and devaluation of health workers is one of the main dynamics underlying violence. Violence against healthcare workers is akin to the tip of the iceberg, stemming from various underlying social, economic, political, legal, and cultural factors. However, despite its complexity and multidimensionality, violence against healthcare workers is a preventable issue. In short, it is necessary to combat all factors that lead to violence in the healthcare. It is not enough to rely solely on judicial penalties; necessary adjustments within the healthcare system and the establishment of permanent and sustainable national policies are also vital.
A Review on the Conceptualizations of Aggression and Anger Among
Authors: Kacan Havva
Published: October 2024

This chapter aims to define aggression and anger in line with the literature and emphasize the effects and causes of aggression and anger on healthcare staff, patients and the healthcare institution and identify the measures that can be taken based on the literature. The most important factor that renders the healthcare sector different from other service sectors is that the health conditions of the individuals served are interlinked with psychological problems the patients and their relatives suffer themselves. As the patients begin to perceive their situation realistically, their increased levels of tension and anxiety evolve into anger over time. Feelings of anger, aggression and hostility that cannot be expressed in appropriate ways can cause serious health problems. In this context, the use of effective communication strategies and methods by healthcare professionals can help the patients understand their aggressive behaviors better and eliminate them. In recent years, the prevalence of attacks on healthcare workers has gradually increased. The fact that the aggressive actions have negative consequences for both service users and healthcare workers makes it necessary to deal with this issue and to take proactive measures. In this chapter, aggression and anger are examined in terms of patient and healthcare staff dimension and relevant suggestions are made to overcome this problem.
Country-Specific Strategies to Prevent Violence Against Health Workers
Authors: Ozel Mehmet
Published: October 2024

Violence against healthcare workers (HWs) poses significant challenges to healthcare systems globally, affecting both the physical and psychological well-being of workers and compromising the quality of care provided. By introducing the violence prevention strategies implemented by different countries, this chapter aims to provide an international perspective on the matter. Additionally, it underscores the importance of ensuring the safety of healthcare workers and maintaining the quality of healthcare services. Through focusing on solutions, it aims to support efforts to prevent violence against healthcare workers and to inform and mobilize policymakers, healthcare institutions, and the general public.
Crimes Against Healthcare Workers in Turkey
Authors: Sari Hidir
Published: October 2024

Due to the recent increase in violent crimes against healthcare professionals in Turkey, and changes have been made in the criminal and healthcare legislation. In force in order to prevent violent crimes that may be committed against healthcare professionals and auxiliary healthcare personnel working in healthcare services, the Turkish Criminal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure, Fundamental Law on Healthcare Services and relevant legislation have been legally evaluated. The types of crimes that can be committed against healthcare workers and their sanctions and catalog crimes are explained. Justice statistics of the Ministry of Justice, trade union violence reports, decisions of the Criminal Departments of the Supreme Court of Judgements are presented. The recommendations of the Turkish Medical Association regarding the reporting of violent crimes are also explained. In this study, it is aimed to provide the legal information needed by those who contribute to the solution of violent crimes or problems that may be committed against healthcare workers who have an important role in protecting the health of individuals and society and those who make efforts in this field.
Therapeutics in Pediatric Diseases
Authors: Onur Hakan
Published: October 2024

Gene therapy is a treatment method that involves the alteration, correction or replacement of diseased genes in order to treat genetic diseases or alleviate their symptoms. Gene therapy in children stands out as a promising approach, especially in the treatment of inherited genetic diseases. This therapy aims to correct the source of the disease by targeting the underlying genetic causes of the disease. Gene therapy is usually applied with three main methods: Increasing Gene Expression, Gene Regulation, Gene Silencing.

Gene therapy is used especially in the treatment of the following diseases in children: Inherited Genetic Diseases: Diseases such as cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, haemophilia. Metabolic Disorders: Metabolic diseases such as phenylketonuria.

Neurological Diseases: Motor neurone diseases such as SMA (spinal muscular atrophy). Gene therapy in children has great potential in the treatment of genetic diseases. With the advancement of technology, safer and more effective treatment methods are expected to be developed. However, overcoming the ethical and financial challenges in this field is important for gene therapy applications to reach a wider audience.
The Oesophagus
Authors: Karaca Bozdag Zekiye , Kilic Safak Nazire , Candir Buse Naz
Published: October 2024

The esophagus is part of the digestive system and is a tube-shaped structure that carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. Between vertebrae C6-Th10,11, it is 23-25 cm long and 1-2 cm long. As the esophagus passes through the body, it is divided into three parts: Pars cervicalis, Pars thoracica and Pars abdominalis. The wall structure consists of four layers from outside to inside: tunica adventitia, tunica muscularis, tela submucosa and tunica mucosa.

The process of swallowing unfolds in three stages: oral, pharyngeal, and oesophageal, lasting approximately 1.5 seconds. Initially voluntary, it transitions into a reflexive action and can be broken down into six steps. There are three types of oesophageal peristalsis: primary, secondary and tertiary.

Many different conditions can occur in the oesophagus, including reflux, oesophagitis, Barrett’s oesophagus, oesophageal cancer, achalasia and Mallory-Weiss syndrome. These diseases are diagnosed based on symptoms, physical examination findings and diagnostic tests, and their treatment varies depending on the symptoms, severity of the disease and underlying causes. Understanding the complexity of these conditions is an important step in successfully managing them in practice.
The Pancreas
Authors: Palanci Ozgur
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides a comprehensive resource for understanding the anatomical structure and functions of the spleen. It can be an important reference for medical students, surgeons, hematologists and immunologists.
Cancer and Pathogenesis
Authors: Karalezli Ilknur
Published: October 2024

Cancer assessment is of paramount importance as it encompasses understanding the nature of cancer, risk evaluation, prevention strategies, and health management. A tumor denotes an abnormal proliferation of cells lacking functional purpose and without the potential to metastasize to adjacent cells, organs, or distant parts of the body; hence, not all tumors are malignant, with benign tumors exhibiting non-invasive characteristics. The etiology of benign tumors remains somewhat elusive; however, genetic predispositions, poor dietary choices, exposure to radiation or toxins, occupational stress, infections, or inflammation are known factors contributing to their development. Consequently, cells capable of metastasis must be clearly distinguished from others, a crucial factor influencing treatment modalities.

As epigenetic mechanisms exert direct control over gene expression, research in this field has witnessed a surge. While certain epigenetic mechanisms silence genes by converting chromatin into heterochromatin, others activate genes by transforming them into euchromatin. Chromatin modification mechanisms facilitating epigenetic alterations encompass DNA methylation, nucleosome reorganization, histone methylation, modulation of nucleosome density, regulation of nuclear architecture, among others. These mechanisms are under scrutiny in cancer research, aided by advancements in technology, to unravel their role in oncogenic processes.

Oncogenes play crucial roles in both the initiation and progression of human carcinogenesis, converting healthy cells into cancerous ones. Alongside oncoproteins or tumor suppressor gene products, they contribute to the development of human cancers by stimulating proliferation, disrupting cell cycle regulation, or inhibiting apoptosis. These mechanisms also influence the duration of disease-related survival.

Molecular biomarkers utilized in decision-making processes within oncology are categorized as prognostic or predictive, with ongoing efforts to understand their significance in elucidating cancer mechanisms. Prognostic biomarkers enable the classification of cancer based on the risk of disease progression or mortality, facilitating tailored treatment strategies for individual patients. Such biomarkers serve as indicators of patient survival, reflecting the intrinsic aggressiveness of the tumor. Hence, early diagnosis holds pivotal importance in the cancer trajectory. In solid tumors, clinically significant molecular biomarkers aid in delineating the mechanisms underlying cancer initiation, progression, and response to treatment, thereby influencing therapeutic success.

The objective of this chapter is to underscore that understanding cancer mechanisms can pave the way for enhanced early diagnosis and treatment. There exist crucial connections between research, technological advancements, and the formulation of innovative approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of oncological malignancies. Leveraging current knowledge to develop novel strategies holds significant promise in extending survival rates.
Cancer Diagnosis, Screening, Treatment
Authors: Duzova Mursel
Published: October 2024

This chapter delves into various aspects of cancer, covering its diagnosis, screening, and treatment. Beginning with an introduction to the fundamentals of cancer, it presents an overview of cancer epidemiology and statistics, highlighting the prevalence and impact of the disease worldwide. Cancer screening methods are discussed next, emphasizing the importance of early detection in improving outcomes. The chapter then moves on to clinical assessment and physical examination techniques vital for identifying cancer signs and symptoms. Laboratory tests play a crucial role in cancer diagnosis, with detailed descriptions of various tests used to detect cancer markers. Imaging modalities such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans are also covered, showcasing their significance in visualizing tumors and guiding treatment. Biopsy and histopathological examinations are explained as definitive diagnostic tools, providing microscopic insights into tumor characteristics. The chapter further explores molecular and genetic testing, which offers personalized treatment options based on genetic mutations. In terms of treatment, the chapter outlines different surgical approaches and their indications, alongside discussing potential complications and the role of physical therapy in rehabilitation. Radiation therapy, including external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy, is elaborated upon, followed by a discussion on managing its side effects through rehabilitation. Chemotherapy agents and their combinations, along with their side effects and related rehabilitation considerations, are detailed. The chapter also covers targeted therapies like monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, emphasizing the importance of rehabilitation in managing these treatments. Lastly, immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint inhibitors, is discussed with a focus on the rehabilitation needs of patients undergoing such treatments. Overall, this comprehensive chapter provides a thorough understanding of cancer diagnosis, screening, and treatment modalities, underscoring the importance of rehabilitation in enhancing patient outcomes.
Renal Physiology and Excretion
Authors: Algul Sermin , Ozcelik Oguz
Published: October 2024

Renal physiology lies at the heart of our understanding of human biology. From regulating body uids to maintaining electrolyte balance and eliminat- ing metabolic waste, the kidneys play a vital role in keeping our bodies functioning optimally. In “Renal Physiology and Excretion,” we delve deep into the intricate mechanisms governing kidney function, oering readers a comprehensive exploration of this fascinating eld. This book is not just another textbook on renal physiology; it is a compre- hensive guide that takes readers on a journey from the fundamental principles to the latest advancements in the eld. Each chapter provides clear explana- tions, supported by illustrative diagrams and real-world examples, making complex concepts easily understandable for students, researchers, and practi- tioners alike. What sets this book apart is its emphasis on practical relevance. We go beyond theoretical knowledge to explore the clinical implications of renal physiology, helping readers understand how disruptions in kidney function can lead to various pathological conditions. From the basics of glomerular ltration to the intricacies of tubular reabsorption and secretion, this book equips readers with the knowledge and skills needed to navigate the complexities of renal physiology with condence. Whether you are a medical student preparing for exams, a researcher seek- ing to deepen your understanding of kidney function, or a clinician looking to stay abreast of the latest developments in nephrology, “Renal Physiology and Excretion” is an essential addition to your library. With its comprehensive coverage, practical insights, and clear presentation, this book is sure to become a trusted resource for anyone interested in unraveling the mysteries of renal physiology. Get your copy today and embark on a journey into the fascinating world of kidney function.
Mercury
Authors: Celik Ahmet
Published: October 2024

Mercury (Hg) is a pervasive and hazardous heavy metal pollutant, originating from both natural sources and human activities. The global concern over mercury pollution escalated following the Minamata disease incident in Japan during the 1950s. Mercury can exist in liquid form at room temperature and as a gas, enabling long-distance atmospheric travel. Human activities, including industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and mineral extraction, significantly contribute to mercury emissions, with approximately 2220 tons emitted globally in 2015. Mercury pollution in soil, primarily driven by anthropogenic activities such as mining and coal combustion, poses severe environmental and health risks. Mercury in soil exists in inorganic and organic forms, with methylmercury being particularly toxic due to its bioaccumulation and neurotoxic effects.

Remediation of mercury-contaminated soil involves physical, chemical, and biological methods. Thermal desorption, a key physical remediation technique, uses heat to volatilize and remove mercury from soil. This method’s efficacy depends on soil characteristics, mercury speciation, and operational parameters. However, high temperatures can degrade soil quality, necessitating a balance between effective mercury removal and maintaining soil usability.This chapter provides an overview of mercury’s sources, toxicity, and various remediation techniques, emphasizing the need for effective strategies to mitigate its environmental and health impacts.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Gur Ali
Published: October 2024

Anaphylaxis is a rapid-onset, life-threatening, systemic hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in varying clinical and severities as a result of sudden mediator release from mast cells and basophils. Accurate estimation of the incidence of anaphylaxis is difficult due to difficulties in diagnosis, inadequacies in the recording system or inaccurate reporting. Foods (especially in children), medications and insect bites have been reported as the most common causes. During anaphylaxis, many different biochemical mediators, chemokines and cytokines are released as a result of the degranulation of mast cells and basophils. Some of these are mediators such as histamine, tryptase, heparin and carboxypeptidase, which are preformed in the granules within the cell; Some of them are newly produced platelet activating factor (PAF), prostaglandin (PG) D2, locotriene (LT) B4 and cysteinyl locotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4). The diagnosis of anaphylaxis is made with the help of history and physical examination using widely accepted clinical criteria. In anaphylaxis, there is usually involvement of at least two organ systems, but in some cases, involvement of only one organ system (hypotension in CVS) may be considered sufficient for diagnosis. It is vital that the first intervention and treatment be performed, if possible, at the place where the diagnosis was first made. The first drug that should be given in the treatment is adrenaline. Adult dose of adrenaline is 0.2-0.5 mg and the drug should be given intramuscularly (IM) to the front side of the thigh (vastus lateralis muscle). Before discharge, the patient should be evaluated in terms of the risk of recurrence of the reaction, and in addition to explaining other protective measures and recommendations in patients deemed to be at risk, an adrenaline auto-injector should be prescribed, and the patient and, if necessary, his/her relatives should be taught when and how to use it.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Hypothermi
Authors: Calbay Ayca
Published: October 2024

Hypothermic arrest cases often occur as a result of long-term cold exposure or accident. Although it is observed primarily in centers where the weather is cold, these cases can be found all over the world. Unexpectedly, hypothermic arrest cases may also be encountered in summer months and in hospitalized patients under observation. With the use of advanced assisted resuscitation methods such as extracorporeal life support and cardiopulmonary bypass, neurological survival in this population has reached 47-63%.

Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature below 35°C (95°F) and can be life-threatening if not addressed promptly. This condition can arise from prolonged exposure to cold environments, immersion in cold water, inadequate clothing, or underlying medical conditions that affect body temperature regulation.

The primary goal of hypothermic resuscitation is to safely and effectively return the patient’s body temperature to normal levels. The treatment approach varies based on the severity of hypothermia, categorized into mild, moderate, and severe stages. In cases of mild hypothermia, passive rewarming methods are typically sufficient. Passive rewarming relies on the patient’s own metabolic heat production to gradually raise the body temperature.

For moderate to severe hypothermia, active rewarming techniques are necessary. Active rewarming methods include administering warmed intravenous fluids to increase core body temperature from the inside, using external heating devices such as heating blankets or forced-air warming systems, and in extreme cases, employing extracorporeal rewarming techniques. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and cardiopulmonary bypass are advanced medical procedures that circulate the patient’s blood through an external warming device before returning it to the body, providing rapid and controlled rewarming.

In summary, hypothermic resuscitation is a life-saving procedure that requires a methodical and patient-specific approach. The success of this intervention depends on the timely and appropriate application of rewarming techniques and the vigilant management of potential complications. Healthcare professionals’ expertise and prompt action are pivotal in ensuring the best outcomes for patients suffering from hypothermia.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Electrolyte Imbalance
Authors: Arslan Busra
Published: October 2024

Electrolyte imbalances refer to situations where electrolytes are present at levels different from normal, often necessitating urgent medical intervention. Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) is critical in managing emergencies associated with electrolyte imbalances. Electrolyte imbalances can affect the electrical activity of the heart and lead to severe cardiac arrhythmias. For instance, hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) can increase the risk of ventricular fibrillation, while hypokalemia (low potassium levels) can increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmias. ACLS encompasses a range of interventions used in managing such conditions.

The primary goals of ACLS include maintaining respiration and circulation, ensuring oxygenation, and correcting cardiac rhythm. In the treatment of electrolyte imbalances, correcting electrolyte levels, especially when they are critically abnormal, is an urgent necessity.

Specific interventions in ACLS may be tailored particularly for certain electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia. These interventions may include the administration of calcium gluconate or calcium chloride, insulin-glucose infusion, the use of beta-2 agonists, and other treatment options.

In conclusion, electrolyte imbalances can present serious conditions requiring urgent medical intervention. Advanced cardiac life support serves as an effective tool in managing such conditions and becomes crucial when interventions specific to electrolyte imbalances are warranted. Therefore, continuous education and updates on electrolyte imbalances are important for emergency medicine teams.