bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of 2‐Difluoromethyl‐6‐methylpyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylates.
Authors: Katsuyama Isamu , Funabiki Kazumasa , Matsui Masaki , Muramatsu Hiroshige , Shibata Katsuyoshi
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Azinyl Sulfides. Part 109. 1‐Alkyl‐3‐ethylthio‐4‐(N‐benzoyl‐N‐phenylamino)quinolinium Salts — Synthesis and Transformations.
Authors: Zieba Andrzej , Suwinska Kinga
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Antianexiety Activity of Pyridine Derivatives Synthesized from 2‐Chloro‐6‐hydrazino‐isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide.
Authors: Amr Abd El‐Galil E. , Mohamed Salwa F. , Abdel‐Hafez Naglaa A. , Abdalla Mohamed M.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Microbiological Activity of 2‐Mercapto‐4‐methoxypyridine‐3‐carbonitrile Derivatives.
Authors: Miszke Agnieszka , Foks Henryk , Brozewicz Kamil , Kedzia Anna , Kwapisz Ewa , Zwolska Zofia
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: PIFA‐Mediated Synthesis of Novel Pyrazoloquinolin‐4‐ones as Potential Ligands for the Estrogen Receptor.
Authors: Christodoulou Michael S. , Kasiotis Konstantinos M. , Fokialakis Nikolas , Tellitu Imanol , Haroutounian Serkos A.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Multiple Regio‐ and Chemoselective Functionalizations of Pyrimidine Derivatives Using TMPMgCl×LiCl and TMP2Mg×2LiCl.
Authors: Mosrin Marc , Petrera Marilena , Knochel Paul
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Mannich Reaction of 5‐Hydroxy‐β‐carboline. Application to the Synthesis of Novel Oxazinopyrimidocarboline Derivatives.
Authors: Issa Samar , Walchshofer Nadia , Kassab Issam , Gentili Jacques , Geahchan Aziz , Bouaziz Zouhair
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Active Potential Antituberculotics: 3‐(4‐Alkylphenyl)‐4‐thioxo‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2(3H)‐ones and 3‐(4‐Alkylphenyl)‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4(3H)‐dithiones Substituted in Ring‐B by Halogen.
Authors: Waisser Karel , Matyk Josef , Kunes Jiri , Dolezal Rafael , Kaustova Jarmila , Dahse Hans‐Martin
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Sensitive Fluorogenic Probe for Cytochrome P450 Activity in Live Cells
Authors: Yatzeck Melissa M. , Lavis Luke D. , Chao Tzu‐Yuan , Chandran Sunil S. , Raines Ronald T.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Formation and Ring Opening Reactions of a Dihydrothiadiazine Cycle Fused to 1,2,4‐Triazole.
Authors: Kolodina Alexandra A. , Lesin Alexandr V. , Nelyubina Yulia V.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Method of Synthesis of 5,6‐Dihydro‐4H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a][1,4]benzodiazepines.
Authors: Mokrov Grigory V. , Likhosherstov Arkady M. , Gewald Rainer , Schindler Rudolf
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bischler—Napieralski Cyclocondensation in the Synthesis of New 11H‐Pyrimido[4,5‐b][1,4]benzodiazepines.
Authors: Cobo Justo , Nogueras Manuel , Low John N. , Rodriguez Ricaurte
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Induction of G0—G1 Phase Arrest with Apoptosis of 3,5‐Dimethyl‐6‐phenyl‐8‐(trifluoromethyl)‐5,6‐dihydropyrazolo[3,4‐f] [1,2,3,5]tetrazepin‐4(3H)‐one.
Authors: Maggio Benedetta , Raffa Demetrio , Raimondi Maria Valeria , Cascioferro Stella , Plescia Fabiana , Tolomeo Manlio , Barbusca Eleonora , Cannizzo Giuliana , Mancuso Salvatrice , Daidone Giuseppe
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lactonization of ω‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acids Using (4,5‐Dichloro‐6‐oxo‐6H‐pyridazin‐1‐yl)phosphoric Acid Diethyl Ester
Authors: Kim Min‐Jung , Kim Jeum‐Jong , Won Ju‐Eun , Kang Seung‐Beon , Park Song‐Eun , Jung Kwang‐Ju , Lee Sang‐Gyeong , Yoon Yong‐Jin
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclic Sulfonamides via Pd‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Coupling Reaction: An Expedient Approach to Polycyclic Sultams.
Authors: Majumdar K. C. , Mondal Shovan , De Nirupam
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Internal Conjugated (Z)‐Enynyltrimethylsilanes Possessing Aryl, Cycloalkenyl, (E)‐ or (Z)‐Alk‐1‐enyl Moieties on the sp Carbon Atom via Two Types of Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Hoshi Masayuki , Iizawa Tomohiko , Okimoto Mitsuhiro , Shirakawa Kazuya
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Organoselenium Compounds Active Against Pathogenic Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses.
Authors: Pietka‐Ottlik Magdalena , Wojtowicz‐Mlochowska Halina , Kolodziejczyk Katarzyna , Piasecki Egbert , Mlochowski Jacek
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies on Dragmacidin D (V): Synthesis of the Left‐Hand Fragment.
Authors: Ikoma Minoru , Oikawa Masato , Sasaki Makoto
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Alkaloids, Paxiphyllines C—E, from Daphniphyllum paxianum.
Authors: Zhang Yu , Di Ying‐Tong , Liu Hai‐Yang , Li Chun‐Shun , Tan Cheng‐Jian , Zhang Qiang , Fang Xin , Li Shun‐Lin , Hao Xiao‐Jiang
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Chemical Constituents of Roots of Urtica triangularis Hand‐Mass
Authors: Yan Xing‐Guo , Jia Jing‐Ming , Tang Ling , Shi Li‐Ying , Wang Yong‐Qi , Feng Bao‐Min
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Compounds from Dendrobium candidum.
Authors: Li Yan , Wang Chun‐Lan , Guo Shun‐Xing , Yang Jun‐Shan , Xiao Pei‐Gen
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Modular Synthesis of Functional Nanoscale Coordination Polymers
Authors: Lin Wenbin , Rieter William J. , Taylor Kathryn M. L.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Magnetic Properties of Iron(II/III) Complexes with N2O22‐ Coordinating Schiff Base Like Ligands
Authors: Weber Birgit , Jaeger Ernst‐G.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Chemical and Biological Applications of Fluorous Technologies
Authors: Zhang Wei , Cai Chun
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Small‐Molecule Inhibitors of PDK1
Authors: Peifer Christian , Alessi Dario R.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functional Polymers by Post‐Polymerization Modification.
Authors: Gauthier Marc A. , Gibson Matthew I. , Klok Harm‐Anton
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Nucleosides
Authors: Girardet Jean‐Luc , Lang Stanley A.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino‐Based Building Blocks for the Construction of Biomolecules
Authors: Mann Andre
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Homogeneous Catalysis by Gold Complexes
Authors: Kettler Peter
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Directed Mizoroki—Heck Reactions
Authors: Oestreich Martin
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Arylation and Vinylation Reactions Directed by Anionic Oxygen Functions via Cleavage of C—H and C—C Bonds
Authors: Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chelation‐Assisted Arylation via C—H Bond Cleavage
Authors: Ackermann Lutz
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐Phase Synthesis and Application of Labeled Peptide Derivatives: Probes of Receptor‐Opioid Peptide Interactions
Authors: Aldrich Jane V. , Kumar Vivek , Dattachowdhury Bhaswati , Peck Angela M. , Wang Xin , Murray Thomas F.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Transformation of Glycosyl Azides
Authors: Gyorgydeak Zoltan , Thiem Joachim
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Carbohydrate Aziridines
Authors: Karban Jindrich , Kroutil Jiri
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Biology of Naturally Occurring Antibiotics
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Chen Jason S. , Edmonds David J. , Estrada Anthony A.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
GEF1 is a ciliary Sec7 GEF ofTetrahymena thermophila
Authors: Bell Aaron J. , Guerra Charles , Phung Vincent , Nair Saraswathy , Seetharam Raviraja , Satir Peter
Published: March 2009

Ciliary guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) potentially activate G proteins in intraflagellar transport (IFT) cargo release. Several classes of GEFs have been localized to cilia or basal bodies and shown to be functionally important in the prevention of ciliopathies, but ciliary Arl‐type Sec 7 related GEFs have not been well characterized. Nair et al. [1999] identified aParameciumciliary Sec7 GEF, PSec7. InTetrahymena, Gef1p (GEF1), tentatively identified by PSec7 antibody, possesses ciliary and nuclear targeting sequences and like PSec7 localizes to cilia and macronuclei. Upregulation ofGEF1RNA followed deciliation and subsequent ciliary regrowth. Corresponding to similar Psec7 domains, GEF1domains contain IQ‐like motifs and putative PH domains, in addition to GBF/BIG canonical motifs. Genomic analysis identified two additionalTetrahymenaGBF/BIG Sec7 family GEFs (GEF2, GEF3), which do not possess ciliary targeting sequences. GEF1 and GEF2 were HA modified to determine cellular localization. Cells transformed to produce appropriately truncated GEF1‐HA showed localization to somatic and oral cilia, but not to macronuclei. Subtle defects in ciliary stability and function were detected. GEF2‐HA localized near basal bodies but not to cilia. These results indicate that GEF1 is the residentTetrahymenaciliary protein orthologous to PSec7. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radioembolization of colorectal hepatic metastases using yttrium‐90 microspheres
Authors: Mulcahy Mary F. , Lewandowski Robert J. , Ibrahim Saad M. , Sato Kent T. , Ryu Robert K. , Atassi Bassel , Newman Steven , Talamonti Mark , Omary Reed A. , Benson Al , Salem Riad
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND:

The objective of the current study was to determine the safety and efficacy of Yttrium‐90 (Y90) microsphere treatment in patients with liver‐dominant colorectal metastases.

METHODS:

Seventy‐two patients with unresectable hepatic colorectal metastases were treated at a targeted absorbed dose of 120 Gray (Gy). Safety and toxicity were assessed using version 3 of the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria. Response was assessed by anatomic imaging and positron emission tomography (PET). Survival from the diagnosis of hepatic metastases and first treatment were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Substratification analyses were performed.

RESULTS:

The median dose delivered was 118 Gy. Treatment‐related toxicities included fatigue (61%), nausea (21%), and abdominal pain (25%). Grade 3 and 4 bilirubin toxicities were observed in 9 of 72 patients (12.6%). The tumor response rate was 40.3%. The median time to hepatic progression was 15.4 months, and the median response duration was 15 months. The PET response rate was 77%. Overall survival from the first Y90 treatment was 14.5 months. Tumor replacement (≤25% vs >25%) was associated with significantly greater median survival (18.7 months vs 5.2 months). The presence of extrahepatic disease was associated negatively with overall survival (7.9 months vs 21 months). Overall survival from the date of initial hepatic metastases was 34.6 months. A subset analysis of patients who had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 demonstrated a median survival of 42.8 months and 23.5 months from the time of hepatic metastases and Y90 treatment, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Y90 liver therapy appears to provide sustained disease stabilization with acceptable toxicity. Asymptomatic patients with preserved liver function at the time of Y90 appeared to benefit most from treatment. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Canonical numbering systems for finite‐element codes
Authors: Tautges Timothy J.
Published: March 2009

Canonical numbering systems are used to relate finite‐element vertices and elements to edges and faces in those elements. A numbering system is proposed that treats all the major topological element types used in practice. Also described is a set of functions that provide common evaluations of the canonical numbering data. Examples from various parts of the finite‐element analysis process are used to show the usefulness of these functions. The differences between various numbering systems used in commercial and research codes and our numbering system are described. The implementation of these functions is available as open‐source software and can be called directly from the C, C++, and Fortran languages. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of urinary soluble E‐cadherin as a novel biomarker for diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Jiang Hongjuan , Guan Guangju , Zhang Rui , Liu Gang , Cheng Jing , Hou Xianghua , Cui Yazhou
Published: March 2009

Background

Currently, early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains a major challenge. Thus, more investigations into new DN‐related biomarkers are needed.

Methods

We employed urinary proteomic approach of fluorescence‐based difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and mass spectrometry to identify novel biomarkers in urine samples, which were from type 2 diabetes patients with normoalbuminuria (DM group), microalbuminuria (DN1 group), macroalbuminuria (DN2 group) and control group (n = 8 in each group). The identified biomarker was further studied by western blot in urine samples (n = 6 in each group) and immunohistochemistry in renal biopsies. Besides, the urinary level of biomarker was detected and analyzed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method (n = 40 in each group).

Results

A novel DN‐related biomarker, urinary E‐cadherin, was identified by proteomic methods, which up‐regulated 1.3‐fold, 5.2‐fold and 8.5‐fold in DM, DN1 and DN2 groups compared with control group. Meanwhile, high expression of urinary soluble 80 kDa fragment of E‐cadherin (sE‐cadherin) was verified in DN groups by western blot. The ELISA data also demonstrated that urinary sE‐cadherin‐to‐creatinine ratio was significantly increased in DN1 and DN2 groups versus DM group or control group (2751.5 ± 164 and 5839.6 ± 428 vs 721.9 ± 93 or 652.7 ± 87 µg/g; p < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of urinary sE‐cadherin for diagnosis of DN were calculated as 78.8% (95% CI, 74–83%) and 80% (95% CI, 65–91%). Besides, immunohistochemical stain showed that E‐cadherin expression was markedly decreased in renal tubular epithelial cells of patients with DN versus healthy controls.

Conclusions

Urinary sE‐cadherin has a potential clinical diagnostic value for DN and E‐cadherin may participate in the pathogenesis of DN. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of mechanical response of human palm to small impact force
Authors: Ito Hitomi , Fujii Yusaku
Published: March 2009

A method of measuring the mechanical characteristics of the human palm for a small impact force is proposed. In the field of bioengineering, accurate quantitative analysis of the mechanical characteristics of the human body is required. In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of the human palm for a small impact force are determined by means of the Levitation Mass Method (LMM). The LMM is a method for accurately measuring varying forces without the use of force transducers. The mechanical characteristics of the human palm were measured with high accuracy by means of an instrument based on the LMM. In the measurement, the mass, which is the moving part of an aerostatic linear bearing, is made to collide with a human palm under test. During the collision measurement, only the Doppler shift frequency of the laser light reflecting on the mass is measured with high accuracy, using an optical interferometer. The velocity, position, acceleration, and inertial force of the mass are calculated from the measured time‐varying Doppler shift. The mechanical response of the human palm to the small impact load is also characterized from the measured data. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(1): 18–23, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10002
Numerical simulation of thermal interaction between polymer and argon induction thermal plasma
Authors: Takeuchi Yoshitaka , Tanaka Yasunori , Uesugi Yoshihiko , Kaneko Shuhei , Okabe Shigemitsu
Published: March 2009

Influence of polymer powder injection into Ar thermal plasmas was investigated by numerical approaches. Thermal plasma–polymer solid coupling phenomena such as melting and evaporation were considered to study plasma‐quenching effect of polymer injection. Dominant process for decay of plasma temperature was examined by changing thermodynamic parameters such as melting, boiling temperatures and their latent heats of solid and liquid polymers. As a result, thermodynamic properties of evaporated polymer vapor directly affect plasma‐quenching phenomena more markedly than the properties of liquid and solid which influence plasma quenching efficiency through the amount of evaporation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(1): 24–33, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10226
A social cost–benefit criterion for evaluating Voluntary Counseling and Testing with an application to Tanzania
Authors: Brent Robert J.
Published: March 2009

Rationale: There are many interventions for HIV/AIDS that require that people know their status and hence require a HIV test. Testing that is driven by a desire to prevent the spread of the disease often has an indirect effect on others. These external effects need to be identified, quantified and included as part of the benefits and costs of testing. Pioneering analyses of HIV testing by Philipson and Posner have introduced the economic calculus of individual expected benefits and costs of activities into an understanding of the HIV epidemic. What is required for social evaluations is an extension of the analysis to ensure that external effects are included.

Objectives: The objective of this paper is two‐fold. First we seek to formulate cost–benefit criteria that incorporate fully the external effects in the evaluation of Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT). We achieve this by recasting the individual calculus of benefits and costs to a couple setting. We can then compare an individual's cost–benefit analysis of being tested with social criteria that look at outcomes from a couple's perspective for both separate and dual/joint testing. Second we aim to apply our social criteria to VCT programs as they currently operate in Tanzania and how these programs might operate in the future when they are scaled up to relate to the general population.

Methodology: We develop social criteria for evaluating separate and dual VCT using a couple's perspective with and without altruism. Therefore, the welfare function is based on two individual expected utility functions viewed as a couple, either married or regular partners. The benefits are the averted lives lost whenever discordant couples are revealed. The costs of VCT are the benefits of unprotected sex that the couple foregoes and the costs of the testing and counseling. The cost–benefit criteria are applied to VCT programs in Tanzania. The four main ingredients estimated are: the foregone benefit of unprotected sex (measured by the compensated wage differentials charged by commercial sex workers); the probability of infection; the cost of an infection (measured by both the value of a statistical life and the human capital approaches) and the cost of a single test (which includes behavior‐modifying counseling).

Conclusions: We find separate testing in existing VCT programs to be only marginally worthwhile. However, in scaled‐up programs the benefit–cost ratio is over three. Dual testing is always more beneficial than separate testing. However, this advantage is reduced in scaled‐up programs. VCT should be greatly expanded throughout Tanzania as future returns would be even higher for both separate and joint counseling and HIV testing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender gap in parents' financing strategy for hospitalization of their children: evidence from India
Authors: Asfaw Abay , Lamanna Francesca , Klasen Stephan
Published: March 2009

The ‘missing women’ dilemma in India has sparked great interest in investigating gender discrimination in the provision of health care in the country. No studies, however, have directly examined discrimination in health‐care financing strategies in the case of severe illness of sons versus daughters. In this paper, we hypothesize that households who face tight budget constraints are more likely to spend their meager resources on hospitalization of boys rather than girls. We use the 60th round of the Indian National Sample Survey (2004) and a multinomial logit model to test this hypothesis and to throw some light on this important but overlooked issue. The results reveal that boys are much more likely to be hospitalized than girls. When it comes to financing, the gap in the usage of household income and savings is relatively small, while the gender gap in the probability of hospitalization and usage of more onerous financing strategies is very high.Ceteris paribus, the probability of boys to be hospitalized by financing from borrowing, sale of assets, help from friends, etc. is much higher than that of girls. Moreover, in line with our theoretical framework, the results indicate that the gender gap intensifies as we move from the richest to poorest households. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copula‐based flood frequency (COFF) analysis at the confluences of river systems
Authors: Wang Cheng , Chang Ni‐Bin , Yeh Gour‐Tsyh
Published: March 2009

Many civil infrastructures are located near the confluence of two streams, where they may be subject to inundation by high flows from either stream or both. These infrastructures, such as highway bridges, are designed to meet specified performance objectives for floods of a specified return period (e.g. the 100 year flood). Because the flooding of structures on one stream can be affected by high flows on the other stream, it is important to know the relationship between the coincident exceedence probabilities on the confluent stream pair in many hydrological engineering practices. Currently, the National Flood Frequency Program (NFF), which was developed by the US Geological Survey (USGS) and based on regional analysis, is probably the most popular model for ungauged site flood estimation and could be employed to estimate flood probabilities at the confluence points. The need for improved infrastructure design at such sites has motivated a renewed interest in the development of more rigorous joint probability distributions of the coincident flows. To accomplish this, a practical procedure is needed to determine the crucial bivariate distributions of design flows at stream confluences. In the past, the copula method provided a way to construct multivariate distribution functions. This paper aims to develop the Copula‐based Flood Frequency (COFF) method at the confluence points with any type of marginal distributions via the use of Archimedean copulas and dependent parameters. The practical implementation was assessed and tested against the standard NFF approach by a case study in Iowa's Des Moines River. Monte Carlo simulations proved the success of the generalized copula‐based joint distribution algorithm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sediment storage in the shallow hyporheic of lowland vegetated river reaches
Authors: Heppell C. M. , Wharton G. , Cotton J. A. C. , Bass J. A. B. , Roberts S. E.
Published: March 2009

Excessive fine sediment deposition on the river channel bed together with colmation of finer sediments within the hyporheic are now linked to the degradation of the aquatic habitats of gravel bed rivers in permeable catchments. Previous studies of chalk rivers (associated with outcrops of calcareous rock) have demonstrated the important role of aquatic vegetation in trapping fine sediment on the river channel bed. This research investigated the spatio‐temporal patterns and composition of fine sediment stored in two vegetated river reaches, in the Frome and Piddle catchments, Dorset (UK), with contrasting hydrological regimes, in order to establish the importance of aquatic vegetation in controlling the magnitude and timing of sediment storage in chalk rivers.

Monthly mapping of macrophyte and sediment cover at the two sites (Maiden Newton and Snatford Bridge, 2003–2004) revealed a cyclical pattern of sediment storage related to the growth and die‐back of aquatic vegetation peaking at 66·8 kg m−2 in July 2003 at Maiden Newton, and 23·5 kg m−2 in October 2003 at Snatford Bridge. Sediment was stored within gravels and beneath vegetation in the margins and mid‐channel locations at both sites. Significantly more sediment was stored beneath vegetation than within gravels. The spatio‐temporal pattern of sediment storage at the reach scale and the composition of the stored sediments reflected the growth patterns and functional form (flexibility) of the dominant macrophytes Ranunculus penicillatus subsp. pseudofluitans (water crowfoot) and Rorippa nasturtium aquaticum (watercress). Finally, the paper discusses the implications of reach‐scale patterns in sediment storage for contaminant storage. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low flow controls on benthic and hyporheic macroinvertebrate assemblages during supra‐seasonal drought
Authors: Stubbington R. , Wood P. J. , Boulton A. J.
Published: March 2009

Despite the widely accepted importance of the hyporheic zone as a habitat for stream macroinvertebrates during floods, few data exist regarding community composition and distribution during periods of low flow or drought in perennial streams. Integrating research on hyporheic invertebrates with results from a long‐term study of a UK river provided the opportunity to examine how benthic and hyporheic macroinvertebrate communities respond to inter‐annual variability in river flow and periods of groundwater drought. Changes in the riverine macroinvertebrate community associated with low flow included a reduction in species richness and the number of individuals per sample, particularly aquatic insects. The hyporheic community was characterized by a relatively homogeneous composition during a period of severe low flow, punctuated by short‐term changes associated with variation in water temperature rather than changes in discharge. We present a conceptual model of the processes influencing benthic and hyporheic invertebrates under low‐flow conditions. Previous studies have seldom integrated these two assemblages and their interactions. The model presented highlights the potential importance of surface water and hyporheic zone linkages for riverine invertebrate communities under a range of flow conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved cell sensitivity and longevity in a rapid impedance‐based toxicity sensor
Authors: Curtis Theresa M. , Tabb Joel , Romeo Lori , Schwager Steven J. , Widder Mark W. , van der Schalie William H.
Published: March 2009

A number of toxicity sensors for testing field water using a range of eukaryotic cell types have been proposed, but it has been difficult to identify sensors with both appropriate sensitivity to toxicants and the potential for long‐term viability. Assessment of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell (BPAEC) monolayer electrical impedance with electric cell‐substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) showed promise in a previous systematic evaluation of toxicity sensor technologies. The goal of the study reported here was to improve toxicant responsiveness and field portability of this cell‐based toxicity sensor. A variety of human cells, non‐human mammalian cells, and non‐mammalian vertebrate cells were screened for sensitivity to 12 waterborne industrial chemicals. The results of this assessment show that bovine lung microvessel endothelial cell (BLMVEC) monolayers and iguana heart (IgH‐2) cell monolayers could detect nine out of the 12 waterborne industrial chemicals, an improvement over the seven chemicals previously detected using BPAEC monolayers. Both the BLMVEC and IgH‐2 cell monolayers were tested for their ability for long‐term survival on the ECIS test chips in a laboratory environment. Both cell lines were able to maintain high impedance readings on the ECIS electrodes for 37 days, a key trait in developing a field‐portable toxicity sensor for water. Cell line optimization has greatly contributed to the on‐going development of a field‐portable cell‐based biosensor that detects with sensitivity a wide range of waterborne toxicants. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loving‐kindness meditation to enhance recovery from negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Authors: Johnson David P. , Penn David L. , Fredrickson Barbara L. , Meyer Piper S. , Kring Ann M. , Brantley Mary
Published: March 2009

In this article, we describe the clinical applicability of loving‐kindness meditation (LKM) to individuals suffering from schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders with persistent negative symptoms. LKM may have potential for reducing negative symptoms such as anhedonia, avolition, and asociality while enhancing factors consistent with psychological recovery such as hope and purpose in life. Case studies will illustrate how to conduct this group treatment with clients with negative symptoms, the potential benefits to the client, and difficulties that may arise. Although LKM requires further empirical support, it promises to be an important intervention since there are few treatments for clients afflicted with negative symptoms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65: 1–11, 2009.
Performance of an industrial biofilter from a composting plant in the removal of ammonia and VOCs after material replacement
Authors: Colón Joan , Martínez‐Blanco Julia , Gabarrell Xavier , Rieradevall Joan , Font Xavier , Artola Adriana , Sánchez Antoni
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: Biofiltration is a suitable odor reduction technique for the treatment of gaseous emissions from composting processes, but little is known about the start‐up of full‐scale biofilters after material replacement and their performance after several years of operation.

RESULTS: Biofilter material (wood chips used previously as bulking agent in a composting process) can effectively remove ammonia and most of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) content, achieving removal efficiencies greater than 70% for VOCs and near 90% for ammonia immediately after material replacement. These removal efficiencies were maintained for several months after material replacement. In the studied full‐scale biofilter no lag phase was observed in the removal of ammonia whereas in the case of VOCs different patterns were detected during biofilter start‐up. For the old biofilter material, after 4 years of operation, a statistically significant decrease of removal efficiency for ammonia in comparison with the new material was detected. No statistically significant differences were found in the case of VOCs.

CONCLUSIONS: Data on the emissions of several pollutants from biofilters treating composting exhaust gases have been systematically obtained. The tested filtering media presented adequate properties for biofiltration of gases emitted during the composting process. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Packing two copies of a sparse graph into a graph with restrained maximum degree
Authors: Wang Hong
Published: March 2009

We show that if a tree T is not a star, then there is an embedding σ of T in the complement of T such that the maximum degree of T∪σ(T) is at most Δ(T)+2. We also show that if G is a graph of order n with n−1 edges, then with several exceptions, there exists an embedding σ of G in the complement of G such that the maximum degree of G∪σ(G) is at most Δ(G)+3. Both results are sharp in the sense that neither of Δ(T)+2 and Δ(G)+3 can be reduced. From these two results, we deduce two corollaries on packings of three graphs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 62: 178–187, 2009
Complexity of clique‐coloring odd‐hole‐free graphs
Authors: Défossez David
Published: March 2009

In this paper we investigate the problem of clique‐coloring, which consists in coloring the vertices of a graph in such a way that no monochromatic maximal clique appears, and we focus on odd‐hole‐free graphs. On the one hand we do not know any odd‐hole‐free graph that is not 3‐clique‐colorable, but on the other hand it is NP‐hard to decide if they are 2‐clique‐colorable, and we do not know if there exists any bound k0 such that they are all k0 ‐clique‐colorable. First we will prove that (odd hole, codiamond)‐free graphs are 2‐clique‐colorable. Then we will demonstrate that the complexity of 2‐clique‐coloring odd‐hole‐free graphs is actually Σ2 P‐complete. Finally we will study the complexity of deciding whether or not a graph and all its subgraphs are 2‐clique‐colorable. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 62: 139–156, 2009
Biochemical interaction of an actin‐capping protein, CapZ, with NAP‐22
Authors: Odagaki Sin‐Ichi , Kumanogoh Haruko , Nakamura Shun , Maekawa Shohei
Published: March 2009

NAP‐22 is a neuronal protein localized in the presynaptic membrane and synaptic vesicles and recovered in a Triton‐insoluble low‐density microdomain fraction after biochemical fractionation of the synaptic plasma membrane. NAP‐22 organizes membrane microdomains through binding to membrane lipids such as cholesterol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate. In this study, NAP‐22‐binding proteins were screened through the pull‐down assay using brain‐derived NAP‐22 bound to Sepharose 4B. An actin‐capping protein, CapZ, was identified in the precipitate through mass spectrometry and Western blotting. CapZ was then expressed in E. coli and the purified protein‐bound NAP‐22 directly. Because bacterially expressed NAP‐22 bound CapZ, it was determined that the N‐terminal myristoyl moiety of NAP‐22 is not necessary for the binding. The binding of NAP‐22 showed no effect on the actin nucleation activity of CapZ measured with centrifugation and viscometric assays. Hence, the CapZ–NAP‐22 complex could work as the nucleation site of actin polymerization or as the actin filament‐anchoring site on the membrane microdomain. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BDNF and extracellular matrix regulate differentiation of mice neurosphere‐derived cells into a GABAergic neuronal phenotype
Authors: Silva Ana , Pereira Jorge , Oliveira Catarina R. , Relvas João Bettencourt , Rego A. Cristina
Published: March 2009

Differentiation of neurosphere‐derived cells is regulated by extracellular cues, namely, growth factors and proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study we analyzed the influence of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), retinoic acid plus potassium chloride (RA‐KCl), and the nonsynthetic ECMs laminin (LN) and fibronectin (FN) versus the synthetic adhesion substrate poly‐L‐lysine (PLL) in the in vitro differentiation of postnatal neurosphere cells. BDNF increased the number of differentiated neurons and decreased the number of neuronal precursors (nestin‐positive cells) compared with NGF or RA‐KCl. Moreover, cells treated with BDNF plus B27 supplement acquired a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)–ergic phenotype and showed increased survival. No significant differences were found in the number of differentiated neurons in the presence of the ECMs alone. Nevertheless, FN or PLL in combination with BDNF promoted the acquisition of a GABAergic phenotype. The results obtained in this study highlight the importance of growth factors and ECM proteins for the potential of neurosphere cells to differentiate into neurons. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interactions of the gaseous neuromodulators nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide in the salamander retina
Authors: Pong Winnie W. , Eldred William D.
Published: March 2009

The three gaseous neuromodulators nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are endogenously produced in vertebrate retinas. The NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and CO/cGMP pathways have been previously shown to interact synergistically in the turtle retina to increase cGMP levels. In this study, we examined H2S as a modulator of cGMP‐like immunoreactivity (‐LI) and its interactions with the NO/CO/cGMP signaling pathways in the tiger salamander retina. Stimulation with NO donor or CO significantly increased cGMP‐LI from basal levels in bipolar and amacrine cells and in stratified arborizations in the inner plexiform layer. Stimulation with a combination of NO donor and CO significantly increased cGMP‐LI above that seen with either stimulation alone. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors reduced CO‐induced cGMP‐LI, suggesting that CO‐induced cGMP‐LI is not produced from direct activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. Exogenous H2S alone, from the donor NaHS, did not significantly modify cGMP‐LI in dosages ranging from 2 to 1,200 μM NaHS, but there was a significant decrease in NO‐induced cGMP‐LI in the presence of 200 μM NaHS. This reduction of NO‐induced cGMP‐LI was not significantly affected by the addition of CuCl2, suggesting that the decrease was not a result of H2S and NO sequestering to form a novel nitrosothiol. NaHS did not have any significant effect on CO‐induced cGMP‐LI levels. Our results concur with previous studies showing synergistic interactions between NO and CO/cGMP retinal signaling pathways. We now show that H2S inhibits NO‐induced cGMP‐LI but not CO‐induced cGMP‐LI. In conclusion, all three gaseous neuromodulators have interactive roles in modulating retinal cGMP signaling. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.