bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The partnering of museums and academics: working together on history that matters
Authors: Wallace Eloise , Morris Matthews Kay
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Museums and academics collaborating to create knowledge and learning opportunities is a current innovative strand of museum theory and practice. Working together across boundaries, incorporating a range of communication tools both inside and outside of the exhibition, the objective is to make the past more accessible to adults and children alike. The paper reflects the authors’ respective recent experiences of presenting alternative perspectives and interpretations on history that mattered, namely, a unique exhibition and publication entitled Recovery: Women’s Overseas Service in World War One. The authors offer a number of “signposts” for museums and academics to consider ahead of embarking on collaborative projects. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

Theorising and reflecting on the research and curation of a public history museum exhibition that included high levels of community engagement.

Findings

The authors offer a number of “signposts” for museums and academics to consider ahead of embarking on collaborative projects utilising a collective impact framework and argue that these “signposts” are likely pre-requisites for successful museum-academic partnerships.

Originality/value

Successful partnerships and collaborations between the museum and the tertiary sector do not happen through goodwill and shared philosophies alone. This paper reflects the authors’ respective recent experiences of presenting alternative perspectives and interpretations on history that mattered, namely, a unique exhibition and publication entitled Recovery: Women’s Overseas Service in World War One.
The national in the transnational
Authors: May Josephine
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to relate the compelling story of Viennese-born and educated Anna Marie Hlawaczek (c.1849–1893) and her employment as the second headmistress at Maitland Girls High School in the colony of New South Wales (NSW) from 1885 to 1887.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a biographical lens, this paper uses traditional documentary research mainly in the school administration files in the NSW State Archives to explore Hlawaczek’s experiences.

Findings

The first set of findings forms the narrative of Anna Hlawaczek’s troubled employment in the NSW teaching service at the beginnings of public girls’ secondary education. It shows the ways in which ethnicity, gender, career history and expectations worked on both sides to exacerbate the potential for misunderstanding between her and the all-male administrators of the NSW Department of Public Instruction. The second set of findings suggests two ways in which the national worked as a transnational shaping factor in her story, both constraining and empowering her.

Originality/value

The careers of non-Anglo women working in the early colonial secondary schools for girls have been rarely studied. This paper presents a previously untold story of one pioneering transnational headmistress in the NSW Department of Public Instruction. Her story complicates the transnational approach in the history of women’s education by highlighting the power of the national within the transnational.
Process philosophy’s potential contributions to innovation process research within organization studies
Authors: Matitz Queila Regina Souza , Chaerki Karine Francisconi
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss process philosophy’s potential contributions to understanding and investigation of innovation processes associated with organizational contexts.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is a theoretical piece that examines the concept of process philosophy by relating it to the relevant literature and use of examples.

Findings

In particular, the authors develop some ideas and encourage future discussion around two aspects: process philosophy-oriented conceptualizations of innovation processes and process philosophy-oriented methods of investigation about innovation processes. The authors conclude that more process philosophy-oriented research of innovation processes must be conceptually multidimensional and methodologically performative.

Originality/value

There is a recent claim about a “process turn” within organization studies, which is partly represented by attempts to develop and apply a deeper meaning of process. The presentation of the concept is novel, and does add to the literature. These aspects provide clarification regarding implications of thinking and enquiring procedurally into innovation processes.
Innovation in public relations theory and practice
Authors: Coombs W. Timothy , Holladay Sherry J.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to craft a new perspective on how we can view public relations that reflects important trends emerging in the field including digital media, storytelling, engagement and co-creation of meaning. Transmedia storytelling (an idea with some ties to public relations) and narrative transportation theory are synthesized to form the transmedia narrative transportation (TNT) approach to public relations. The paper details the development of the TNT approach and how it can be applied to public relations initiatives.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach is a literature review to inform the creation of the TNT approach. A case study is used to illustrate the TNT approach.

Findings

An innovative approach to conceptualizing and creating public relations initiatives is developed, explained and illustrated.

Research limitations/implications

The paper examines only one case to illustrate the TNT approach.

Practical implications

The TNT approach develops a new perspective for public relations for developing and executing public relations initiatives. Transmedia storytelling has already been connected to the practice and TNT builds a more comprehensive approach for understanding its value to public relations.

Originality/value

There has been a limited application of transmedia storytelling to public relations. This paper synthesizes transmedia storytelling with narrative transportation theory to develop a theory-driven, new approach for public relations thinking. The TNT approach is a unique fusion of ideas that can bring an innovative approach to the practice of public relations that captures four emerging trends that are shaping the practice.
The socialisation and leader identity development of school leaders in Southern African countries
Authors: Moorosi Pontso , Grant Carolyn
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the socialisation and leader identity development of school leaders in Southern African countries.

Design/methodology/approach

The study utilised a survey of qualitative data where data collection primarily involved in-depth interviews with school principals and deputy principals of both primary and secondary schools.

Findings

Findings revealed that early socialisation to leadership transpired during childhood and early schooling at which points in time the characteristics and values of leadership integral to the participants’ leadership practice were acquired. Initial teacher training was found to be significant in introducing principalship role conception. Leader identity was also found to develop outside the context of school through pre-socialising agents long before the teaching and leading roles are assumed.

Originality/value

The study presents an overview of the findings from four countries in Southern Africa, providing a complex process with overlapping stages of career socialisation. Existing research puts emphasis on formal leadership preparation as a significant part of socialisation – this study suggests alternatives for poorly resourced countries. Significantly, the paper improves our understanding that school leader identity is both internal and external to the school environment.
Identifying customer knowledge on social media through data analytics
Authors: He Wu , Zhang Weidong , Tian Xin , Tao Ran , Akula Vasudeva
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Customer knowledge from social media can become an important organizational asset. The purpose of this paper is to identify useful customer knowledge including knowledge for customer, knowledge about customers and knowledge from customers from social media data and facilitate social media-based customer knowledge management.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted a case study to analyze people’s online discussion on Twitter regarding laptop brands and manufacturers. After collecting relevant tweets using Twitter search APIs, the authors applied statistical analysis, text mining and sentiment analysis techniques to analyze the social media data set and visualize relevant insights and patterns in order to identify customer knowledge.

Findings

The paper identifies useful insights and knowledge from customers and knowledge about customers from social media data. Furthermore, the paper shows how the authors can use knowledge from customers and knowledge about customers to help companies develop knowledge for customers.

Originality/value

This is an original social media analytics study that discusses how to transform large-scale social media data into useful customer knowledge including knowledge for customer, knowledge about customers and knowledge from customers.
Business education in the Arab region: accreditation and pricing in the case of Lebanon
Authors: Nassereddine Abdallah
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Accreditation as a mean to improve the position of the university has become one of the major illustration of non-price competition. Three major accreditation bodies, known as the “big three”, dominate the market of business schools’ accreditation in the world, namely, AACSB, EQUIS and AMBA. This paper aims to explore the current of accreditation of business schools in Lebanon, and to test for the difference of tuition fees between accredited institutions by any of the “big three” and other business schools.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a desktop research approach, the paper provides the list of the accredited business schools from the “big three” in the Arab region and Lebanon and compiles data about the number of business schools in Lebanon since 1960, their tuition fees, and their accreditation status. Using a parametric and nonparametric procedure, the paper compares the tuition mean difference between accredited and non-accredited business schools.

Findings

The paper reveals an alarming slow progress in the Arab world when it comes to accreditation. In Lebanon, the paper finds that only seven out of 37 business schools are accredited and only three hold an accreditation from the “big three”. The two samples t-test and the Mann–Whitney U-test show that accredited schools charge tuition fees that are three times the average of other schools.

Research limitations/implications

This paper can be improved by using a larger sample and investigate the effect of accreditation on tuition fees.

Practical implications

The results highlight the existence of a gap when it comes to accreditation in the Arab region and the importance of policy-making in promoting accreditation. Moreover, business schools in Lebanon should be aware that accreditation with the “big three” could be associated with substantial increase in tuition fees.

Originality/value

This paper is the first to investigate the state of accreditation of business schools in Lebanon and its association with tuition fees.
The community school coordinator: leader and professional capital builder
Authors: FitzGerald Anne Marie , Quiñones Sandra
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Emerging research demonstrates that the community school model holds promise for meeting the needs of families by improving academic and social-emotional outcomes for students and strengthening communities. In this model, school leaders play an integral role in building relationships among multiple stakeholders, cultivating community partnerships and developing democratic decision making. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the community school coordinator (CSC) as a school leader who carries out all of her/his work in collaboration with students, teachers, school administrators, families and community partners.

Design/methodology/approach

Findings in this single qualitative case study are based on multiple data sources that include semi-structured interviews (n=29) of stakeholders (families, partners and educators), participant observations of partnership meetings and school events, and document analysis.

Findings

Data analysis shows how the CSC leads and facilitates professional capital among multiple school and community stakeholders. Findings are organized into three themes: the CSC as bridge-builder who connects and promotes trusting relationships with multiple stakeholders; the CSC as collaborator who fosters joint work and a sense of collective responsibility; and the CSC as leader who supports the emergence of decisional capital.

Originality/value

Given the nascent literature on the role of CSCs, this case study provides insight into the leadership role of the CSC as builder of professional capital. The research informs practice by providing an example of how one community school made a strategic investment in a leadership role intended to design and develop a culture of professional collaboration.
Multinational enterprises, local firms, and employee human rights violation in the workplace
Authors: Colovic Ana , Escobar Octavio R. , Lamotte Olivier , Meschi Pierre-Xavier
Published: September 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate whether multinational enterprises (MNEs) are more or less likely than local firms to violate their employees’ human rights in emerging economies, whether regional institutional pressures influence the likelihood of violating employee human rights and whether the density of MNEs in a region affects the likelihood of employees’ human rights violation by local firms.

Design/methodology/approach

Building on neo-institutional theory, this paper hypothesizes that, in an emerging economy, MNEs violate their employees’ human rights significantly less than local firms do. Moreover, it is hypothesized that the quality of regional institutions only influences the social behavior of local firms toward their employees. In addition, it is hypothesized that the density of MNEs in a region has a positive effect on local firms’ attitudes toward employee human rights. These hypotheses are examined using a sample of 1,211,638 respondent–year observations in 32 Mexican regions between 2005 and 2014.

Findings

This paper shows that MNEs are less likely to violate their employees’ human rights than local firms are. It also provides evidence that regional institutions do not influence MNE behavior toward employee human rights violation, but affect local firms. Furthermore, contrary to what was hypothesized, the density of MNEs in a region has a negative rather than positive influence on local firms’ respect of employee human rights.

Originality/value

This paper advances understanding of the behavior of MNEs in an emerging economy setting and contributes to the ongoing debate in the literature on their social impact.
Plant-based food taboos in pregnancy and the postpartum period in Southeast Asia – a systematic review of literature
Authors: Köhler Realm , Sae-tan Sudathip , Lambert Christine , Biesalski Hans Konrad
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Food taboos during pregnancy and the postpartum period have been linked to increased risk of maternal and neonatal death. This paper aims to present plant-based food restrictions on Southeast Asian women during pregnancy and after giving birth and the rationale behind such cultural practices.

Design/methodology/approach

Google® Scholar, PubMed and Scopus search using the term food taboo, its synonyms and truncations, in combination with the terms pregnancy, postpartum and breastfeeding, and with the name of the Southeast Asian countries, was conducted from January to February 2017. Articles were included in the review if their full texts were accessible online, in English, published from 2005 to 2016 and if they contained primary data from either quantitative or qualitative method.

Findings

A total of 281 articles were downloaded, and 28 were included in this review. The food taboos and the reasons for avoidance were collated and grouped per their occurrence and according to the country or countries where they are practiced. In total, 14 papers generated data on food taboos during pregnancy, 16 papers on postpartum food taboos and/or 6 on breastfeeding.

Research limitations/implications

This review pools together relevant information about plant-based food taboos Southeast Asian women adhere to during pregnancy and after giving birth. However, data are absent for some of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, and there is a need for more research to get up-to-date information on the local women’s adherence to these cultural practices.

Practical implication

The knowledge of these practices can support stakeholders who are contributing to the reduction of maternal and under-five mortality ratios in Southeast Asia.

Originality/value

This is the first review paper on food taboos covering all ASEAN members and highlighting the need for cultural sensitivity to properly address maternal and child health problems in the region.
Ask a guybrarian: work experiences of male librarians
Authors: Perret Robert
Published: September 2018

Purpose

While gender and librarianship is a perennially popular topic of research, relatively little has been published on the work experiences of male librarians. What does exist has often been extracted from broader studies. There have only been a handful of instances in which the experiences of male librarians were particularly sought and synthesized. This study is a continuation of research in decades past to capture and describe the work experience of male librarians in a predominantly female profession.

Design/methodology/approach

For this study, an anonymous online survey was conducted asking for the experiences of male-identifying reference librarians. In total, 109 responses were received, coded and parsed for trends and useful observations.

Findings

In line with previous studies, about three-quarters of male librarians reported that their gender was a not a significant factor in their professional work. This lack of change over several decades is in itself remarkable. Nearly a quarter reported gender-based issues in their work, and many reported a lack of organizational support.

Originality/value

There is a dearth of research particular to male librarianship, and few opportunities or venues for their experiences to be captured in a qualitative manner. It is hoped that this paper will raise the visibility of challenges faces by this sometimes neglected group.
Functional CTR‐type Cu(I) transporters in an oceanic diatom
Authors: Kong Liangliang , Price Neil M.
Published: September 2018

Copper concentration is so low in some remote parts of the sea it limits phytoplankton growth, but may be high enough in coastal and estuarine regions to be toxic. Acclimation to variations in Cu concentration thus requires a tightly regulated Cu transport system to help maintain Cu homeostasis. In marine species, the molecular mechanisms of Cu transport are not known. We studied Cu‐responsive genes and uptake in Thalassiosira oceanica at environmentally relevant Cu concentrations varying between 0.012 and 12 900 pmol Cu′ l−1. Copper uptake rate assessed at high Cu concentration was three‐fold faster in Cu‐limited than in Cu‐replete cells, confirming the existence of an inducible uptake pathway in this diatom. Four putative CTR‐type Cu transporters (ToCTR1, ToCTR2, ToCTR3a and ToCTR3b) identified in the transcriptome shared conserved features with known high‐affinity Cu(I) transporters. Expression of the CTR genes was upregulated as Cu concentration declined and cells maintained maximum rates of growth. Further decreases in Cu led to decreased growth rate and increased abundance of ToCTR3a/b. Both ToCTR3a and 3b restored growth of a Cu transport mutant, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ctr1Δctr3Δ, in Cu‐deficient medium and increased the uptake rates of Cu(I) and Cu(II). Thus, ToCTR3a/3b is a high‐affinity Cu(I) transporter that, in conjunction with the other ToCTRs, may enable T. oceanica to survive in Cu‐deplete ocean environments and respond to natural variation in Cu availability.
Outlet Type, Access to Alcohol, and Violent Crime
Authors: Trangenstein Pamela J. , Curriero Frank C. , Webster Daniel , Jennings Jacky M. , Latkin Carl , Eck Raimee , Jernigan David H.
Published: September 2018

Background

While there are overwhelming data supporting the association between alcohol outlet density and violent crime, there remain conflicting findings about whether on‐ or off‐premise outlets have a stronger association. This inconsistency may be in part a result of the methods used to calculate alcohol outlet density and violent crime. This analysis uses routine activity theory and spatial access methods to study the association between access to alcohol outlets and violent crime, including type of outlet and type of crime in Baltimore, MD.

Methods

The data in this analysis include alcohol outlets from 2016 (n = 1,204), violent crimes from 2012 to 2016 (n = 51,006), and markers of social disorganization, including owner‐occupied housing, median annual household income, drug arrests, and population density. The analysis used linear regression to determine the association between access to alcohol outlets and violent crime exposure.

Results

Each 10% increase in alcohol outlet access was associated with a 4.2% increase in violent crime exposure (β = 0.43, 95% CI 0.33, 0.52, p < 0.001). A 10% increase in access to off‐premise outlets (4.4%, β = 0.45, 95% CI 0.33, 0.57, p < 0.001) and LBD‐7 outlets (combined off‐ and on‐premise outlets; 4.2%, β = 0.43, 95% CI 0.33, 0.52, p < 0.001) had a greater association with violent crime than on‐premise outlets (3.0%, β = 0.31, 95% CI 0.20, 0.41, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Access to outlets that allow for off‐site consumption had a greater association with violent crime than outlets that only permit on‐site consumption. The lack of effective measures to keep order in and around off‐premise outlets could attract or multiply violent crime.
Enamel matrix derivative for the treatment of partially contained intrabony defects: 12‐month results
Authors: Corbella S , Alberti A , Calciolari E , Taschieri S , Francetti L
Published: September 2018

Background

The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) alone or in association with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) for the treatment of partially contained intrabony defects.

Methods

A total of 20 two‐walled intrabony defects belonging to nine patients were included. Ten defects were treated with EMD alone (test group 1) and the other 10 were treated with EMD and DBBM (test group 2), applying either modified papilla preservation technique or simplified papilla preservation technique.

Results

Twelve months after surgery, in the test group 1, PD was 2.8 ± 0.8 mm, REC was 2.3 ± 2.4 mm and CAL was 5.0 ± 2.8 mm, significantly reduced from baseline values (P < 0.05). Likewise, in test group 2, PD, REC and CAL reduced to 3.0 ± 0.7 mm, 3.9 ± 1.5 mm and 6.9 ± 1.1 mm respectively, from baseline values at 12 months (P < 0.05). No significant differences between groups were found.

Conclusions

The results showed that the use of EMD alone and the use of a combination of EMD and DBBM for the treatment of partially contained defects showed comparable clinical and radiographic outcomes after 12 months.
Telogen hair loss and androgenetic‐like alopecia in GAPO syndrome
Authors: Ahmed Burhan , Gritli Sami
Published: September 2018

Growth retardation, Alopecia, Pseudoanodontia and Optic atrophy (GAPO) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive condition whose cardinal features include a recognizable craniofacial dysmorphosis, growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, and premature aging. We report on a 2‐year‐old Pakistani man affected with GAPO syndrome who additionally shows an androgenetic‐like alopecia with normal testosterone levels and telogen hair loss. These are novel findings in GAPO syndrome.
Current antenatal pertussis vaccination guidelines miss preterm infants: An epidemiological study from the Northern Territory
Authors: Janagaraj Priya Darshene , Gurusamy Pari Shanmuga Raman , Webby Rosalind
Published: September 2018

Importance

Assessing gaps in antenatal pertussis vaccination to increase coverage.

Introduction

Antenatal pertussis vaccination has been proven effective in reducing pertussis disease in infants. Current guidelines recommend maternal pertussis vaccination from 28 weeks gestation. The aim of this study is to determine antenatal pertussis vaccination coverage in the Northern Territory and potential socio‐demographic factors affecting uptake, using validated birth and immunisation data.

Methods

Cross‐sectional population study including all viable births (from 24 weeks gestation) in Northern Territory public hospitals in 2016.

Results

There were 3392 viable delivery episodes in 2016 with 48.9% coverage against maternal pertussis based on current guidelines. Mothers <35 years old were more likely to receive antenatal vaccination (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.26, CI 1.035–1.52, P = 0.021). Pertussis vaccination coverage for preterm births was low at 0% for extreme, 18.86% for very preterm and 39.8% for moderate preterm births, with an overall coverage of 33.5% for all preterm births. Term births were two times more likely than preterm births to have had mothers receive an antenatal diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine (aOR = 1.957, CI 1.53–2.50, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

A significant proportion (66.5%) of preterm babies are not benefiting from protection against pertussis with the current pertussis vaccination policy from 28 weeks gestation. As timing of birth cannot be predetermined, a review of safety and acceptability of pertussis vaccine administration in the second trimester is needed. Implementation of pertussis vaccination from 20 weeks gestation will provide a wider vaccination period and maximise the protection of all infants including pre‐term infants from pertussis.
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in refractory intra‐operative cardiac arrest: an observational study of 12‐year outcomes in a single tertiary hospital
Authors: Min J. J. , Tay C. K. , Ryu D. K. , Wi W. , Sung K. , Lee Y. T. , Cho Y. H. , Lee J.‐H.
Published: September 2018

Refractory intra‐operative cardiac arrest is a challenging issue for anaesthetists. In this study, we analysed the outcomes of adult patients who received extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for refractory intra‐operative cardiac arrest between 2005 and 2016, using data from our institutional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation registry. We defined refractory intra‐operative cardiac arrest as the failure of a return of spontaneous circulation after 30 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The primary outcome measure was neurologically intact survival with a cerebral performance category score of 1 or 2 at hospital discharge. Between 2005 and 2016, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation was used to treat 23 patients who experienced refractory cardiac arrest in the operating room. The survival rates of neurologically‐intact subjects were 9/23 (39%) and 6/23 (26%) at 24 h postoperatively and at hospital discharge, respectively. The main cause of refractory‐intra‐operative cardiac arrest was haemorrhagic shock in 13 out of 23 (57%) patients, and the neurologically‐intact survival rate in these patients was 3/13 (23%) at discharge. Our study showed that approximately a quarter of patients with refractory intra‐operative cardiac arrest caused by haemorrhage would receive survival benefit from extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Therefore, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be a possible option in this clinically‐challenging situation.
Electro‐vectorcardiographic demonstration of rate‐independent transient left posterior fascicular block
Authors: Pérez‐Riera Andrés Ricardo , Barbosa‐Barros Raimundo , Sá Leitão Ramos Borges Maria Tereza , Daminello‐Raimundo Rodrigo , de Abreu Luiz Carlos , Nikus Kjell
Published: September 2018

Left posterior fascicular block (LPFB) is a rare intraventricular conduction disorder of rare occurrence, especially as an isolated entity. Its transient form is even rarer and maybe rate‐independent or rate‐dependent intermittent LPFB (phase 3 block, tachycardia‐dependent and phase 4 block or bradycardia‐dependent). We present a case of a young adult male whose baseline ECG/VCG showed the typical LPFB pattern. A treadmill stress test revealed rate‐independent intermittent LPFB with random occurrence. Imaging exams ruled out structural heart disease. To our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature of a rate‐independent intermittent LPFB with no underlying structural heart disease.
Arterio‐venous blood gas Δvalues for validation of umbilical cord blood samples at birth are not only biased by sample mix ups but also affected by clinical factors
Authors: Mokarami Parisa , Wiberg Nana , Källén Karin , Olofsson Per
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Traditional validation of umbilical cord blood samples with positive veno‐arterial ΔpH and arterio‐venous ΔpCO2 values confirms the source of samples, whereas negative Δvalues represent mix‐up of samples. To investigate whether this is true, the distributions of V‐A ΔpO2 and A‐V Δlactate were also explored and related to clinical characteristics. In addition, different cord blood sampling techniques were evaluated.

Material and methods

Register study with cord blood acid‐base and clinical data from 27 233 newborns. Clinical characteristics were related to positive, zero and negative Δvalues. Blood samplings from unclamped and double‐clamped cords were compared. A two‐sided P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

ΔpH and ΔpCO2 values distributed into positive, around zero, and negative sub‐populations, with significant differences in pH and clinical characteristics between sub‐populations. No such sub‐populations were distinguished for ΔpO2 and Δlactate. The 2.5th and 5th ΔpH percentiles were 0.013 and 0.022, respectively, and for ΔpCO2 0.30 and 0.53 kPa. Applying 5th percentile criteria resulted in 3.5% of “approved” cases showing a ΔpO2 ≤ 0. Puncture and sampling of the unclamped cord resulted in significantly better sample quality.

Conclusions

Unphysiological negative ΔpO2 values occurred despite correct validation with traditional criteria. Δlactate cannot be used for validation because both positive and negative values are physiological. Positive/around zero/negative ΔpH and ΔpCO2 sub‐populations were associated with significant differences in pH and clinical characteristics, indicating that defective sampling and sample handling are not the sole explanations for negative Δvalues. Prompt puncture and sampling of the unclamped cord resulted in best sample quality.
Potential adverse outcomes of herbal preparation use in childhood
Authors: Farrington Rachael , Musgrave Ian , Byard Roger W.
Published: September 2018

Aim

Complementary and alternative medicines are becoming increasingly popular worldwide with a variety of purported medicinal uses. These products are generally believed to be natural and therefore safe, with few adverse reactions. With this perception, parents are now taking their children to see practitioners prescribing these medicines as well as self‐prescribing. Despite this, there are issues regarding safety, efficacy and regulation, with increasing numbers of reports of adverse reactions to these products. Therefore, a mini‐review was conducted to ascertain the potential risks to children.

Methods

A overview of literature was conducted to highlight the current use of complementary and alternative medicines in children and the possible risks associated with their use.

Results

Infants and children may be more susceptible to harmful effects due to their immature physiology and metabolic pathways and different dosage requirements. Adverse reactions may also be caused by interactions with conventional medicines, contamination with heavy metals, and adulteration of filler products including other plant species or pharmaceutical agents.

Conclusion

As complementary and alternative medicines become increasingly used alongside and with conventional drug therapy, there needs to be greater awareness and discussion among parents, complementary practitioners and medical practitioners to ensure the overall health and safety of children being exposed to these products.
THE USE OF PPP ARRANGEMENTS IN STREET LIGHTING: A WIN‐WIN OPTION?
Authors: MARQUES Rui Cunha , GEDDES R. Richard
Published: September 2018

Street lighting is a classic example of a public good, and governments are extensively involved in its provision. Adequate lighting facilitates both car traffic and personal safety while improving an urban area's character. However, many systems are mismanaged and obsolete, incurring high energy costs and emissions with relatively low lighting quality. Public authorities facing budget constraints often find retrofitting old street‐lighting systems challenging. They have two options: either direct in‐house, public‐authority renovation or contracting with a private company through a public–private partnership (PPP). Although private‐sector‐participation approaches vary, most public authorities can now enter into a street‐light modernization PPP agreement. That can be a win‐win option for both the public and private sectors. The upfront investment is small and operational expenses outweigh capital expenses, generating lower payback periods and energy‐cost reduction with light‐emitting diode (LED) technology. Little public expenditure is necessary when private partners are compensated via shared energy savings. We analyze the Detroit street‐light PPP – the United States’ first – and find that PPPs are practical for retrofitting US street lights and in other countries where they are antiquated.
Comparison of footbathing and vaccination to control ovine footrot in an experimentally infected flock
Authors: Allworth MB , Egerton JR
Published: September 2018

Objective

Compare footbathing and vaccination for control of footrot during a transmission period in a sheep flock deliberately infected with multiple strains of Dichelobacter nodosus.

Methods

The strains included a known virulent strain, a benign strain and several intermediate strains. The resulting footrot was clinically intermediate. A total of 1450 Polwarth sheep aged 1–3 years were allocated to one of five treatment groups: untreated, weekly walkthrough zinc sulfate footbathing, 1‐hour stand‐in Footrite® footbathing every 3 weeks, vaccination with a commercial multivalent whole‐cell vaccine and vaccination with a novel recombinant DNA fimbrial vaccine. There were four replicates, in four paddocks.

Results

Of the untreated animals, 76% had footrot. Footbathing, either weekly or every 3 weeks, restricted the prevalence to 6/283 (2%; 97% effective) and 18/275 (6.5%; 91% effective), respectively. This was significantly lower than the prevalence in either the untreated or vaccinated group (P < 0.001). Weekly footbathing resulted in significantly fewer affected sheep than footbathing for 1 h every 3 weeks (P < 0.05). Vaccination with either whole‐cell or recombinant vaccines significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the prevalence ((142/280 (51%; 33% effective), 114/278 (41%; 46% effective) respectively), with the recombinant vaccine superior (P < 0.05) to whole‐cell vaccination. Significantly (P < 0.05) fewer 1‐year‐old sheep had footrot than older sheep. A single Footrite treatment reduced the prevalence to 12% (53/445) compared with a prevalence of 57% (27/47) for untreated sheep (79% effective).

Conclusion

In this study footbathing was more effective than vaccination at controlling and treating multistrain footrot.
Hepatotoxicosis in cattle associated with consumption of Punica granatum (pomegranate)
Authors: Hawes MH , Gill IJ
Published: September 2018

Case report

Ingestion of pomegranates was associated with the deaths of 9 of 35 young cattle; 8 were found dead without any prior clinical signs being noted and 1 animal was observed to be weak with pale‐pink mucous membranes. Gross pathological changes included widespread subcutaneous and serosal haemorrhages and the liver showed an enhanced acinar or 'nutmeg‐like' pattern. The significant histopathological lesion was severe, acute periacinar to midzonal hepatocellular necrosis. These findings were considered characteristic of a hepatotoxicosis; however, other than the possible involvement of pomegranates, no known hepatotoxins were detected in the pasture or water sources.

Conclusion

Consumption of large quantities of whole pomegranates is capable of causing severe hepatic necrosis resulting in the death of cattle. At this stage it is unknown whether the toxic principle is within the pomegranates or produced by a microbe associated with the deteriorating fruit.
Tumour angiogenesis, anti‐angiogenic therapy and chemotherapeutic resistance
Authors: Mander KA , Finnie JW
Published: September 2018

In order for a tumour to continue to grow and disseminate, it must acquire a new blood supply. Neovascularisation can be enacted by a number of different mechanisms. This dependence of tumour progression on an augmented vascular supply has been exploited by the development of anti‐angiogenic drugs, which are designed to inhibit new blood vessel formation or disrupt existing tumour‐associated vasculature, both leading to ischaemic–hypoxic tumour cell death. However, the clinical benefits of these therapeutic approaches are frequently variable and often transient, the neoplasm sometimes being able to use other neovascularisation mechanisms to maintain its blood supply and thus evade the current anti‐angiogenic therapy. Tumours may also develop a more malignant phenotype following this treatment. Clinical outcomes may be improved by simultaneously inhibiting different angiogenic pathways, abetted by more effective drug delivery regimens such as metronomic chemotherapy and the concurrent use of other antitumour modalities.
Post‐encoding wakeful resting supports the retention of new verbal memories in children aged 13–14 years
Authors: Martini Markus , Martini Caroline , Bernegger Christina , Sachse Pierre
Published: September 2018

Evidence primarily exists in adults that engaging in task‐related mental activity after new learning results in increased forgetting of learned information, compared with quietly resting in the minutes that follow learning, where less forgetting is observed. The current study investigated whether the beneficial effect of post‐encoding rest can be observed in children aged 13–14 years. Each child (N = 102) encoded two word lists. After the presentation and immediate recall of one word list, children wakefully rested for 10 min (resting condition), after presentation and immediate recall of the other word list, they solved visuo‐spatial problems for 10 min (problem‐solving condition). Seven days later, a surprise free recall test for the two word lists took place. Our results showed that children retained more words over 7 days in the resting condition than with the problem‐solving condition. Post‐hoc analyses revealed that the resting effect was a function of the number of words recollected during the immediate recall. Specifically, those children who recalled fewest words (≤ 13/30 words) in the immediate recall showed a significant resting effect. There was no resting effect in those who recalled a mid‐range (14–16/30 words) or a high number (>16/30 words) of words. These results provide new insights into the factors that influence memory in children, and suggest that a few minutes of wakeful rest benefits memory, relative to engaging in an ongoing task.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Task‐related mental activity after encoding weakens memory retention more than wakeful resting.

Beneficial effect of resting after encoding was found primarily in younger and older adults.

What does this study add?

We investigated children at the age of 13–14 years.

8‐min post‐encoding wakeful resting supports memory retention over 7 days.

Individuals differ in the impact of a brief period of wakeful resting after learning.

Only children with lower immediate memory performances profited from wakeful resting.
Achieving tumour control when suspecting sinus fat involvement during robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy: step‐by‐step
Authors: Bertolo Riccardo , Garisto Juan , Sagalovich Daniel , Dagenais Julien , Agudelo Jose , Kaouk Jihad
Published: September 2018

Objectives

To report a single expert robotic surgeon's step‐by‐step surgical technique for achieving local cancer control during robot‐assisted PN (RAPN) for T3 tumours.

Patients and methods

Since January 2010 to December 2016, the institutional RAPN database was queried for patients who underwent transperitoneal RAPN performed by a single surgeon for tumours ≤4 mm from the collecting system at preoperative computed tomography (three points on the ‘N [Nearness]’ R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry‐score item) that were pT3a involving sinus fat at final pathology. Baseline characteristics, perioperative and oncological outcomes (particularly positive surgical margins, PSMs), were identified.

Results

Of 1497 masses that underwent RAPN, 512 scored 3 points on the ‘N’ item of the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score assessment. In all, 24 patients had pT3a tumours involving sinus fat at final pathology and represented the analysed cohort. RAPN were performed according to the here described technique. No PSMs were reported. Trifecta achievement was 54.2%. Within a median follow‐up of 30 months, two and one patients had recurrence or metastasis, respectively. Two patients died unrelated to renal cancer. Retrospective analysis and limited follow‐up represent study limitations.

Conclusion

In a selected cohort of patients with renal tumours near the sinus fat at baseline R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score assessment and confirmed pT3a at final pathology, the described RAPN technique was able to achieve optimal local cancer control.
Modulatory effects of intravesical P2X2/3 purinergic receptor inhibition on lower urinary tract electromyographic properties and voiding function of female rats with moderate or severe spinal cord injury
Authors: Salazar Betsy H. , Hoffman Kristopher A. , Zhang Chuan , Zhang Yingchun , Cruz Yolanda , Boone Timothy B. , Munoz Alvaro
Published: September 2018

Objectives

To evaluate the role that intravesical P2X2/3 purinergic receptors (P2X2/3Rs) play in early and advanced neurogenic lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction after contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) in female rats.

Materials and Methods

Female Sprague‐Dawley rats received a thoracic Th8/Th9 spinal cord contusion with either force of 100 kDy (cN); moderate) or 150 kDy (cN; severe); Sham rats had no injury. Evaluations on urethane‐anesthetised rats were conducted at either 2 or 4 weeks after SCI. LUT electrical signals and changes in bladder pressure were simultaneously recorded using cystometry and a set of custom‐made flexible microelectrodes, before and after intravesical application of the P2X2/3R antagonist AF‐353 (10 μM), to determine the contribution of P2X2/3R‐mediated LUT modulation.

Results

Severe SCI significantly increased bladder contraction frequency, and reduced both bladder pressure amplitude and intraluminal‐pressure high‐frequency oscillations (IPHFO). Intravesical P2X2/3R inhibition did not modify bladder pressure or IPHFO in the Sham and moderate‐SCI rats, although did increase the intercontractile interval (ICI). At 2 weeks after SCI, the Sham and moderate‐SCI rats had significant LUT electromyographic activity during voiding, with a noticeable reduction in LUT electrical signals seen at 4 weeks after SCI. Intravesical inhibition of P2X2/3R increased the ICI in the Sham and moderate‐SCI rats at both time‐points, but had no effect on rats with severe SCI. The external urethral sphincter (EUS) showed strong and P2X2/3R‐independent electrical signals in the Sham and moderate‐SCI rats in the early SCI stage. At 4 weeks after SCI, the responsiveness of the EUS was significantly attenuated, independently of SCI intensity.

Conclusions

This study shows that electrophysiological properties of the LUT are progressively impaired depending on SCI intensity and that intravesical P2X2/3R inhibition can attenuate electrical activity in the neurogenic LUT at early, but not at semi‐chronic SCI. This translational study should be useful for planning clinical evaluations.
Serum testosterone, sex hormone‐binding globulin and sex‐specific risk of incident type 2 diabetes in a retrospective primary care cohort
Authors: O’Reilly Michael W. , Glisic Marija , Kumarendran Balachandran , Subramanian Anuradhaa , Manolopoulos Konstantinos N. , Tahrani Abd A. , Keerthy Deepi , Muka Taulant , Toulis Konstantinos A. , Hanif Wasim , Thomas G. Neil , Franco Oscar H. , Arlt Wiebke , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah
Published: September 2018

Objective

Previous studies suggest that androgens have a sexually dimorphic impact on metabolic dysfunction. However, the sex‐specific link between circulating androgens and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been examined in a large scale, longitudinal cohort, a task we undertook in this study.

Design

A retrospective cohort study in a UK primary care database.

Patients

We included men and women with available serum testosterone and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) results.

Measurements

We categorized serum concentrations according to clinically relevant cut‐off points and calculated crude and adjusted T2DM Incidence Rate Ratios (IRRs and aIRRs).

Results

Serum testosterone concentrations were available in 70 541 men and 81 889 women; serum SHBG was available in 15 907 men and 42 034 women. In comparison to a reference cohort with serum testosterone ≥20 nmol/L, men with lower serum testosterone had a significantly increased risk of T2DM, with the highest risk in those with serum testosterone <7 nmol/L (aIRR 2.71, 95% CI 2.34‐3.14, P < 0.001). In women, the risk of T2DM started to increase significantly when serum testosterone concentrations exceeded 1.5 nmol/L, with the highest risk in women with serum testosterone ≥3.5 nmol/L (aIRR 1.98, 95% CI 1.55‐2.52, P < 0.001). These observations were verified in a continuous rather than categorized analysis. The risk of T2DM increased in men and women with serum SHBG <40 and <50 nmol/L, respectively.

Conclusions/Interpretation

In this longitudinal study, we found sexually dimorphic associations between serum testosterone and risk of incident T2DM. Androgen deficiency and excess should be considered important risk factors for diabetes in men and women, respectively.