bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Flow‐Dependent Targeted Observation Method for Ensemble Kalman Filter Assimilation Systems
Authors: Wu Yanling , Shen Zheqi , Tang Youmin
Published: May 2020

In this study, we developed a flow‐dependent sequential assimilation‐based targeted observation method by minimizing the analysis error variance under the framework of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). This approach considers the flow‐dependent variation in background error statistics when identifying optimal observational sites through the sequential assimilation method. Covariance localization is also introduced in this method, enabling computational efficiency and eliminating impacts from spurious observations. By quantifying the reduction in analysis error variances, the proposed method could estimate the potential improvements by each optimal observation while assimilated. With this method, we design an optimal observational array for sea level anomaly (SLA) prediction in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), which is implemented using a fully coupled climate model, the Community Earth System Model (CESM), in conjunction with a coupled assimilation system. The optimal observational array detected from this method was found to theoretically reduce the initial uncertainty by up to approximately 60% of the error variance. An observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) using the CESM and the coupled assimilation system, which was designed for validation purposes, confirms the theoretical reduction in the analysis error variance by the optimal observation array.
This Week: Glacier Mice and Melancholy Blossoms
Authors:   AGU
Published: May 2020

What Earth and space science stories are we recommending this week?
CO2 Dissolution Trapping Rates in Heterogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Gilmore K. A. , Neufeld J. A. , Bickle M. J.
Published: May 2020

The rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolution in saline aquifers is the least well‐constrained of the secondary trapping mechanisms enhancing the long‐term security of geological carbon storage. CO2 injected into a heterogeneous saline reservoir will preferentially travel along high permeability layers increasing the CO2‐water interfacial area which increases dissolution rates. We provide a conservative, first‐principles analysis of the quantity of CO2 dissolved and the rate at which free‐phase CO2 propagates in layered reservoirs. At early times, advection dominates the propagation of CO2. This transitions to diffusion dominated propagation as the interfacial area increases and diffusive loss slows propagation. As surrounding water‐filled layers become CO2 saturated, propagation becomes advection dominated. For reservoirs with finely bedded strata, ∼10% of the injected CO2 can dissolve in a year. The maximum fraction of CO2 that dissolves is determined by the volumetric ratio of water in low permeability layers and CO2 in high permeability layers.
Lipid Biomarker Record Documents Hydroclimatic Variability of the Mississippi River Basin During the Common Era
Authors: Muñoz Samuel E. , Porter Trevor J. , Bakkelund Aleesha , Nusbaumer Jesse , Dee Sylvia G. , Hamilton Brynnydd , Giosan Liviu , Tierney Jessica E.
Published: May 2020

Floods and droughts in the Mississippi River basin are perennial hazards that cause severe economic disruption. Here we develop and analyze a new lipid biomarker record from Horseshoe Lake (Illinois, USA) to evaluate the climatic conditions associated with hydroclimatic extremes that occurred in this region over the last 1,800 years. We present geochemical proxy evidence of temperature and moisture variability using branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) and plant leaf wax hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2Hwax) and use isotope‐enabled coupled model simulations to diagnose the controls on these proxies. Our data show pronounced warming during the Medieval era (CE 1000–1,600) that corresponds to midcontinental megadroughts. Severe floods on the upper Mississippi River basin also occurred during the Medieval era and correspond to periods of enhanced warm‐season moisture. Our findings imply that projected increases in temperature and warm‐season precipitation could enhance both drought and flood hazards in this economically vital region.
Cold Pools as Conveyor Belts of Moisture
Authors: Fuglestvedt Herman F. , Haerter Jan O.
Published: May 2020

Observations and simulations have found convective cold pools to trigger and organize subsequent updrafts by modifying boundary layer temperature and moisture as well as by lifting air parcels at the outflow boundaries. We study the causality between cold pools and subsequent deep convection in idealized large‐eddy simulations by tracking colliding outflow boundaries preceding hundreds of deep convection events. When outflow boundaries collide, their common front position remains immobile, whereas the internal cold pool dynamics continues for hours. We analyze how this dynamics “funnels” moisture from a relatively large volume into a narrow convergence zone. We quantify moisture convergence and separate the contribution from surface fluxes, which we find to play a secondary role. Our results highlight that dynamical effects are crucial in triggering convection, even in radiative‐convective equilibrium. However, it is the low‐level convergence resulting from this dynamics that removes inhibition, moistens the atmosphere aloft, and ultimately permits deep convection.
Quantifying the Solar Cycle Modulation of Extreme Space Weather
Authors: Chapman S. C. , McIntosh S. W. , Leamon R. J. , Watkins N. W.
Published: May 2020

By obtaining the analytic signal of daily sunspot numbers since 1818 we construct a new solar cycle phase clock that maps each of the last 18 solar cycles onto a single normalized 11 year epoch. This clock orders solar coronal activity and extremes of the aa index, which tracks geomagnetic storms at the Earth's surface over the last 14 solar cycles. We identify geomagnetically quiet intervals that are 40% of the normalized cycle, ±2π/5 in phase or ±2.2  years around solar minimum. Since 1868 only two severe (aa>300  nT) and one extreme (aa>500  nT) geomagnetic storms occurred in quiet intervals; 1–3% of severe (aa>300  nT) geomagnetic storms and 4–6% of C‐, M‐, and X‐class solar flares occurred in quiet intervals. This provides quantitative support to planning resilience against space weather impacts since only a few percent of all severe storms occur in quiet intervals and their start and end times are quantifiable.
Comparison and Verification of Point‐Wise and Patch‐Wise Localized Probability‐Matched Mean Algorithms for Ensemble Consensus Precipitation Forecasts
Authors: Snook Nathan , Kong Fanyou , Clark Adam , Roberts Brett , Brewster Keith A. , Xue Ming
Published: May 2020

When applied to precipitation on large forecast domains, the probability‐matched ensemble mean (PM mean) can exhibit biases and artifacts due to using distributions from widely varying precipitation regimes. Recent studies have investigated localized PM (LPM) means, which apply the PM mean over local areas surrounding individual points or local patches, the latter requiring far fewer computational resources. In this study, point‐wise and patch‐wise LPM means are evaluated for 18–24‐hr precipitation forecasts of a quasi‐operational ensemble of 10 Finite‐Volume Cubed‐Sphere (FV3) forecast members. Point‐wise and patch‐wise LPM means exhibited similar forecast performance, outperforming PM and simple means in terms of fractions skill score and variance spectra while exhibiting superior bias characteristics when light smoothing was applied. Based on the results, an LPM mean using local patches of 60 × 60 km and calculation domains of 180 × 180 km is well suited for operational warm‐season precipitation forecasting over the contiguous United States.
Adiabatic Acceleration in a Magnetotail Flux Rope
Authors: Dahlin J. T.
Published: May 2020

A new study of Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS) measurements in the Earth's magnetotail, presented by Zhong et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085141) finds that enhanced energetic electrons in a reconnection‐generated ion‐scale flux rope in the magnetotail are due to the adiabatic processes of betatron and Fermi (curvature drift) acceleration. These mechanisms act, respectively, on the perpendicular and parallel components of the distribution function so that the role of these mechanisms may be distinctly identified. This study presents a useful template for studying in situ electron energization and contributes significantly to the ongoing discussion of the role of mesoscale structure in reconnection‐driven particle acceleration throughout the heliosphere.
Lifetimes of Relativistic Electrons as Determined From Plasmaspheric Hiss Scattering Rates Statistics: Effects of ωpe/Ωce and Wave Frequency Dependence on Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Agapitov O. , Mourenas D. , Artemyev A. , Claudepierre S. G. , Hospodarsky G. , Bonnell J. W.
Published: May 2020

Whistler‐mode hiss waves generally determine MeV electron lifetimes inside the plasmasphere. We use Van Allen Probes measurements to provide the first comprehensive statistical survey of plasmaspheric hiss‐driven quasi‐linear pitch‐angle diffusion rates and lifetimes of MeV electrons as a function of L*, local time, and AE index, taking into account hiss power, electron plasma frequency to gyrofrequency ratio ωpe/Ωce, hiss frequency at peak power ωm, and cross correlations of these parameters. We find that during geomagnetically active periods with hiss observations, ωpe/Ωce and ωm decrease, leading to faster electron loss. We demonstrate that spatiotemporal variations of ωm and ωpe/Ωce with AE, together with wave power changes, significantly affect MeV electron loss, potentially leading to short lifetimes of less than 1 day. A parametric model of MeV electron lifetime driven by AE for L > 2.5 up to the plasmapause is developed and validated using Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) electron flux decay database.
Limited Retreat of the Wilkes Basin Ice Sheet During the Last Interglacial
Authors: Sutter J. , Eisen O. , Werner M. , Grosfeld K. , Kleiner T. , Fischer H.
Published: May 2020

The response of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to global warming represents a major source of uncertainty in sea‐level projections. Thinning of the East Antarctic George V and Sabrina Coast ice cover is currently taking place, and regional ice‐sheet instability episodes might have been triggered in past warm climates. However, the magnitude of ice retreat in the past cannot yet be quantitatively derived from paleo‐proxy records alone. We propose that a runaway retreat of the George V coast grounding line and subsequent instability of the Wilkes Basin ice sheet would either leave a clear imprint on the water isotope composition in the Talos Dome region or prohibit a Talos Dome ice‐core record from the Last Interglacial altogether. Testing this hypothesis, our ice‐sheet model simulations suggest that Wilkes Basin ice‐sheet retreat remained relatively limited during the Last Interglacial and provide a constraint on Last Interglacial East Antarctic grounding line stability.
Differentiating Between Tornadic and Nontornadic Supercells Using Polarimetric Radar Signatures of Hydrometeor Size Sorting
Authors: Loeffler Scott D. , Kumjian Matthew R. , Jurewicz Michael , French Michael M.
Published: May 2020

Supercell storms are the most prolific producers of violent tornadoes, though only a fraction of supercells produce tornadoes. Past research into the differences between tornadic and nontornadic supercells have provided some insights but are of little utility to a real‐time warning decision process. Operational weather radars provide consistent observations in real time, but conventional radar techniques have not been able to effectively distinguish between tornadic and nontornadic supercells. After the national radar network upgrade to polarimetric capabilities in 2013, a polarimetric signature frequently observed in supercells is the separation of low‐level enhanced differential reflectivity ZDR and specific differential phase KDP regions. We analyzed this signature in tornadic and nontornadic supercell cases and found that, although the separation distances are similar, the separation orientations are statistically significantly different. Tornadic supercells have orientations more orthogonal to storm motion and nontornadic supercells have more parallel orientations. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
Reconciling Compensating Errors Between Precipitation Constraints and the Energy Budget in a Climate Model
Authors: Michibata Takuro , Suzuki Kentaroh
Published: May 2020

Precipitation microphysics and the effective radiative forcing due to aerosol‐cloud interactions (ERFaci) contribute to some of the largest uncertainties in general circulation models (GCMs) and are closely interrelated. This study shows that a sophisticated, two‐moment prognostic precipitation scheme can simultaneously represent both warm rain characteristics consistent with satellite observations and a realistic ERFaci magnitude, thus reconciling compensating errors between precipitation microphysics and ERFaci that are common to many GCMs. The enhancement of accretion from prognostic precipitation and accretion‐driven buffering mechanisms in scavenging processes are found to be responsible for mitigating the compensating errors. However, single‐moment prognostic precipitation without the explicit prediction of raindrop size cannot capture observed warm rain characteristics. Results underscore the importance of using a two‐moment representation of both clouds and precipitation to realistically simulate precipitation‐driven buffering of the cloud response to aerosol perturbations.
Land Use/Land Cover Changes and Associated Impacts on Water Yield Availability and Variations in the Mereb‐Gash River Basin in the Horn of Africa
Authors: Measho Simon , Chen Baozhang , Pellikka Petri , Trisurat Yongyut , Guo Lifeng , Sun Shaobo , Zhang Huifang
Published: May 2020

Climate variability and drought are increasing in the Horn of Africa. Evaluating land use/land cover (LULC) changes and their impacts on water availability and variation are vital for regional land use planning and water resources management. LULC changes during 2000–2015 were estimated using high‐resolution Landsat images and the Google Earth Engine cloud platform, and land use dynamic index (K). The impact of LULC change on water yield was evaluated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoff (InVEST) model. The results at a regional scale show that there were rapid decreases in the area of forests and barren lands (‐K) while there was a drastic increase in the built‐up area (+K values). The transition was found to occur from forested land to low and very low biomass areas with 51.13% and 16.7%, respectively. There were similar LULC changes in the Mereb‐Gash River Basin. The mean annual water yield increased for all the catchments during 2000–2015 and with the peak in 2005. The highest annual sum water yield decreased in the forested lands from 43.18 million m3 in 2000 to 4.1 million m3 in 2015. There was a strong positive correlation between areal changes (%) and the annual water yield variations (%) for all the LULC types except for water body, and the correlation was significantly positive for forest (p < 0.01). The study demonstrates that the decrease in forested areas and expansion in the built‐up areas had large impacts on water yield. The impacts may increase pressure on ecosystem services, exacerbate water scarcity, and food insecurity.
Paleolimnological Assessment of Wildfire‐Derived Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Metal(loid)s and Major Ions to Subarctic Lakes (Northwest Territories, Canada)
Authors: Pelletier Nicolas , Chételat John , Blarquez Olivier , Vermaire Jesse C.
Published: May 2020

Wildfires release terrestrial elements to the atmosphere as aerosols, and these events are becoming more frequent and intense in the Arctic boreal forest as the climate is warming. We quantified the impact of atmospheric deposition of aerosols from local wildfires on metal(loid) fluxes using macroscopic charcoal accumulation rates, historical fire mapping, and element concentrations in 210Pb‐dated lake sediment from five subarctic lakes with small catchments. Lake sediments showed small but significant increases in fluxes (median = 5–10%) for 22 trace metals, metalloids, or major ions following fire events. The impact of wildfire aerosols on element fluxes was mostly due to short‐term (≤2 years) increasing sedimentation rate (6 ± 41% increase), whereas sediment element concentrations were not strongly impacted. Wildfire‐associated deposition to lake sediments was mainly composed of Ca, Al, Fe, Mg, K, Mn, and Na, which are major constituents of ash from burned biomass, but changes in sediment flux were greatest for Sb, As, Ni, Ba, Mn, Mo, and Sr compared to pre‐disturbance conditions. Compared to anthropogenic sources of pollution, wildfire‐associated atmospheric fluxes of metal contaminants to the lakes (e.g., Hg, Pb, As, Sb, and Cd) were low. This study provides quantitative estimates of wildfire impacts on atmospheric geochemical fluxes to subarctic lakes, which can be used for modeling larger‐scale impacts under changing fire regimes.
Electronic structure inspired a highly robust electrocatalyst for the oxygen-evolution reaction
Authors: Zhang Peng , Lu Ying-Rui , Hsu Chia-Shuo , Xue Huai-Guo , Chan Ting-Shan , Suen Nian-Tzu , Chen Hao Ming
Published: May 2020

We demonstrated that the electronic-band structure holds the key to electrocatalytic durability towards the oxygen-evolution reaction (OER).
Scaffold hopping enables direct access to more potent PROTACs with in vivo activity
Authors: Burslem George M. , Bondeson Daniel P. , Crews Craig M.
Published: May 2020

Herein we employ a scaffold hopping approach to enhance the activity of a previously reported BCR-Abl PROTAC.
New possibility of hydroxyapatites as noble-metal-free catalysts towards complete decomposition of volatile organic compounds
Authors: Xin Yunzi , Ando Yuri , Nakagawa Sohei , Nishikawa Harumitsu , Shirai Takashi
Published: May 2020

Initially established catalysis mechanism for the decomposition of VOCs on noble-metal-free hydroxyapatite catalysts.
Photochemical deposition of amorphous MoSx on one-dimensional NaNbO3–CdS heterojunction photocatalysts for highly efficient visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution
Authors: Zhu Jiawei , Xu Jingjing , Du Xiaoyu , Li Qiuhong , Fu Yihang , Chen Mindong
Published: May 2020

A novel ternary MoSx–CdS–NaNbO3 (MoSx–CN) photocatalyst was successfully fabricated through a two-step method (hydrothermal synthesis and photo-deposition step).
Oxidative amidation by Cu(ii)–guanidine acetic acid immobilized on magnetized sawdust with eggshell as a natural base
Authors: Darvishi Atefeh , Kazemi Miraki Maryam , Arefi Marzban , Heydari Akbar
Published: May 2020

Copper(ii)–guanidine acetic acid complex was immobilized on the surface of magnetized raw waste sawdust (SD) as an abundant natural biopolymer and employed as an efficient and recoverable catalyst in oxidative amidation reaction, while waste eggshell (ES) powder was used as a low-cost solid base.
Exciplex formation between a pair of synthesized AIEgens leads to white light generation: a spectroscopic exploration
Authors: Bhattacharyya Arghyadeep , Guchhait Nikhil
Published: May 2020

Compounds BIMP and ECPA show aggregation promoted ESIPT and AIE emissions, respectively. The BIMP–ECPA ensemble behaves as a white light emitter through exciplex formation.
Rapid and sensitive detection of cardiac troponin I using a force enhanced immunoassay with nanoporous membrane
Authors: Chang Won-Suk , Li Peng , Kakade Sandeep , Xiong Ying , Shang Hao , Zhang Yong , Lee Gil U.
Published: May 2020

Schematic of the loading of superparamagnetic beads (red spheres) into a nanoporous membrane (orange membrane) in a lab on a chip device with window (on top) for the rapid and ultrasensitive detection of cardiac troponin I.
Stackable nickel–cobalt@polydopamine nanosheet based photothermal sponges for highly efficient solar steam generation
Authors: Shao Bo , Wang Yida , Wu Xuan , Lu Yi , Yang Xiaofei , Chen George Y. , Owens Gary , Xu Haolan
Published: May 2020

Ni1Co3@PDA nanosheets were utilized as photothermal materials in a kerosene lamp-like evaporator for solar steam generation. A high evaporation rate of 2.42 kg m−2 h−1 with a corresponding energy efficiency beyond the theoretical limit was achieved.
Ultrafine phosphorus-doped rhodium for enhanced hydrogen electrocatalysis in alkaline electrolytes
Authors: Su Lixin , Zhao Yuanmeng , Yang Fulin , Wu Tian , Cheng Gongzhen , Luo Wei
Published: May 2020

Synergistic tailoring of the electronic structure of Rh through P doping contributes to the remarkable HER/HOR performances.
A salt-rejecting anisotropic structure for efficient solar desalination via heat–mass flux decoupling
Authors: Zhang Wei , Chen Xi , Zhang Gong , Li Jianfei , Ji Qinghua , Hu Chengzhi , Ren Zhiyong Jason , Liu Huijuan , Qu Jiuhui
Published: May 2020

Heat–mass decoupling enabled by anisotropy can simultaneously ensure rapid salt rejection and enhanced heat localization, achieving long-term efficient solar desalination.
A AuNP-capped cage fluorescent biosensor based on controlled-release and cyclic enzymatic amplification for ultrasensitive detection of ATP
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Xin , Tang Kai , Song Zhiling , Luo Xiliang
Published: May 2020

A AuNP-capped cage fluorescent biosensor based on controlled-release and cyclic enzymatic amplification for ultrasensitive detection of ATP.
Self-healing and easy-to-shape mineralized hydrogels for iontronics
Authors: Cao Jinfeng , Kang Yanhui , Wu Xiaoqing , He Chen , Zhou Jinping
Published: May 2020

Self-healing and easy-to-shape mineralized hydrogels for iontronics were fabricated through physically cross-linked PVP and CaCO3.
A molecular spin-crossover film allows for wavelength tuning of the resonance of a Fabry–Perot cavity
Authors: Zhang Yuteng , Ridier Karl , Shalabaeva Victoria , Séguy Isabelle , Pelloquin Sylvain , Camon Henri , Calvez Stéphane , Routaboul Lucie , Salmon Lionel , Molnár Gábor , Bousseksou Azzedine
Published: May 2020

A wavelength-tunable optical cavity was constructed using spin crossover molecules.
Rotating sector switching table‐based direct torque control of matrix converter‐fed PMSM drives for common‐mode voltage minimisation
Authors: Deng Weitao , Li Shanhu
Published: May 2020

A novel direct torque control (DTC) using rotating sector switching table is proposed for a matrix converter (MC) fed permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) system in order to minimise common‐mode voltage of the system, exploiting MC rotating vector's advantage of generating zero common‐mode voltage. To overcome the difficulty that the angle between adjacent rotating vectors varies according to the phase of input voltage, the rotating vectors are classified into two groups, and each group of vectors have identical rotating direction and fixed angle between adjacent vectors. Rotating sectors of the vector plane are then established, and concise switching table is put forward for the MC‐DTC. Experiments are carried out on a 1.6 kW prototype. The results demonstrate considerable common‐mode voltage reduction and adequate dynamic performance of the proposed MC‐DTC.
Common‐ground non‐isolated high‐gain DC/DC converter for low powerdistributed generation photovoltaic systems
Authors: Nemati Milad , Hosseini Seyed Hossein , Sharifian Mohammad Bagher Bannae , Sabahi Mehran
Published: May 2020

A high step‐up/high‐efficiency converter is one of the essential requirements of a low power grid‐connected photovoltaic system that provides the maximum power point tracking ability and injects the low voltage extracted power to AC or DC distribution network. This study presents a common‐ground non‐isolated high‐gain DC/DC converter whit a naturally wide range of soft‐switching conditions. The proposed converter has two resonant loops, and a new simple structure consists of an active switch, three diodes, two inductors and two capacitors, work in two useful operation modes. In the optimum operation mode (OOM), the switch turns on/off in zero current switching (ZCS)/zero voltage switching condition, and at the sub‐OOM, the switch turns on in ZCS condition and turns off in hard switching condition. The mathematical analysis and MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation results are described in detail. Also, a prototype 100 W converter is built and tested to validate the simulation analysis on a 100 W photovoltaic panel.
Optimal power transmission in multi‐terminal HVDC systems for large offshore wind farms: a matheuristic approach
Authors: Pathak Nikhil , Hu Zechun
Published: May 2020

Nowadays power transmission losses in multi‐terminal high‐voltage DC (MT–HVDC) systems of large offshore wind farms are the main concerns to wind farm operators. Maintaining the DC voltages and currents within pre‐specified limits and simultaneously optimising DC power flows of MT‐HVDC systems using optimum droop control settings becomes a complex optimisation problem. This droop control scheme was less explored with power loss minimisation applications due to the difficulties in the optimisation of these droop gain settings. This study presents a new mathematical programming plus meta‐heuristic‐based optimisation approach to solve this optimisation problem. This hybrid optimisation methodology is also termed as ‘matheuristic approach’. The proposed matheuristic method optimises the droop control settings for different operating conditions of offshore wind farms and simultaneously minimises the DC power losses in the MT‐HVDC system. The proposed optimisation method has been tested upon a six‐terminal HVDC system connected with large offshore wind farms. The superiority of the proposed optimisation method is demonstrated using the steady state as well as dynamic simulation studies. The simulation results show that DC power losses could be reduced significantly by adopting the proposed method to facilitate optimal power flows in the MT‐HVDC system of large offshore wind farms.
Microtabs for the mitigation of the tower shadow effect
Authors: Ghandour Ali , De Troyer Tim , Runacres Mark Charles
Published: May 2020

As the structural limits for the conventional horizontal‐axis wind turbine are being reached, innovative concepts are needed to ensure increased reliability and reduced costs. One option is limiting the fatigue to which a rotor is subjected. This study, therefore, intends to experimentally investigate the tower shadow effect for a deeper understanding of the aerodynamic fluctuations, and to study the capability of a lower surface microtab to mitigate such fluctuations. For this, aerodynamic load variations caused by the presence of the tower on the rotor blades were reproduced and studied in the wind tunnel using a setup that mimics the interaction between the tower and the blade. Anemometers and flow visualisation techniques were used to explore the influence of the tower on the surrounding flow field. Real‐time measurements show that the alterations in the lift force are mainly caused by the alterations in the flow angle and have proven that a lower surface microtab can partially mitigate aerodynamic load variations in the case of an upwind rotor blade. Experimental results are validated using a tower shadow model that is based on potential flow theory. The tower shadow model shows a reduction in 3p power oscillations by a factor of 2.
Mobile crowdsensing approaches to address the COVID‐19 pandemic in Spain
Authors: Cecilia José M. , Cano Juan‐Carlos , Hernández‐Orallo Enrique , Calafate Carlos T. , Manzoni Pietro
Published: May 2020

Mobile crowdsensing (MCS) is a technique where people with computing and sensing devices such as smartphones collectively share data that are of potential interest to the rest of society. MCS includes two different trends (i) mobile sensing, which shares raw data generated from the sensors that are embedded in mobile devices, and (ii) social sensing, which uses the information shared by people in online social networks (OSNs). In this study, the authors present the timeline evolution of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Spain, and summarise the MCS research efforts that are being undertaken by the Spanish community to address COVID‐19 outbreak. Indeed, the COVID‐19 pandemic is putting today's society at risk; lockdown and social distancing measures proposed by governments are dramatically affecting economies. In this regard, MCS tools can become a powerful solution to provide smart quarantine strategies in periods of a steep decrease of infections, or new outbreaks.
Analysis of stable operation region of the hybrid AC/DC distribution systems
Authors: Wu Ming , Li Rui , Yang Linze , Gu Hanwen , Wang Yueqi , Jiao Zaibin
Published: May 2020

Hybrid alternating current (AC)/direct current (DC) distribution is a promising technology emerging for future power systems owing to its advantages, such as high controllability and compatibility. The stability of grid‐connected converters is essential for the operation of an AC/DC distribution system. This study analyses the stable operation requirements of converters under different control modes based on the short‐circuit ratio (SCR). Then, a method to calculate the critical SCR (CSCR) of a specified converter is proposed. Based on the CSCR of each converter, the stability criterion to judge the stability of multi‐terminal DC (MTDC) distribution networks is proposed. To verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method and criterion, detailed electromagnetic simulations using PSCAD are conducted. The simulations indicate that the analysis results obtained using the proposed method and criterion are accurate, and the presented stable operation requirements of the converters can help to enhance the controllability of hybrid AC/DC distribution systems.
Two-Carbon Ring-Enlargement of Cyclic 1,3-Diketones to Cyclic 1,5-Diketones
Authors: Matsuo Jun-ichi , Kanaya Shumpei , Asaji Yuta , Yoshimura Tomoyuki
Published: May 2020

3-Hydroxy-3-vinylcycloalkanones, which were prepared from the corresponding cyclic 1,3-diketones by mono-vinylation, were rearranged to two-carbon ring enlarged cyclic 1,5-diketones by treatment with a catalytic amount of potassium tert-butoxide.
Factors Associated with Early Neonatal and First-Year Mortality in Infants with Myelomeningocele in California from 2006 to 2011
Authors: Kancherla Vijaya , Ma Chen , Grant Gerald , Lee Henry C. , Hintz Susan R. , Carmichael Suzan L.
Published: May 2020

Objective The aim of this study is to examine factors associated with early neonatal (death within first 7 days of birth) and infant (death during the first year of life) mortality among infants born with myelomeningocele.

Study Design We examined linked data from the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative, vital records, and hospital discharge records for infants born with myelomeningocele from 2006 to 2011. Survival probability was calculated using Kaplan–Meier Product Limit method and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Greenwood's method; Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI.

Results Early neonatal and first-year survival probabilities among infants born with myelomeningocele were 96.0% (95% CI: 94.1–97.3%) and 94.5% (95% CI: 92.4–96.1%), respectively. Low birthweight and having multiple co-occurring birth defects were associated with increased HRs ranging between 5 and 20, while having congenital hydrocephalus and receiving hospital transfer from the birth hospital to another hospital for myelomeningocele surgery were associated with HRs indicating a protective association with early neonatal and infant mortality.

Conclusion Maternal race/ethnicity and social disadvantage did not predict early neonatal and infant mortality among infants with myelomeningocele; presence of congenital hydrocephalus and the role of hospital transfer for myelomeningocele repair should be further examined.

Key Points
‘Climatizing’ military strategy? A case study of the Indian armed forces
Authors: Jayaram Dhanasree
Published: May 2020

Climate change is increasingly shaping security narratives, including military strategy. While considering climate change a security issue, the military’s role in this discourse and praxis becomes critical as a security actor. However, the interrelationships between climate change, security and the military are conceived and approached by different states diversely. Within different states, this triangular relationship is guided by processes with varied practical/policy implications. While ‘securitization’ has generally been used to explain climate security, other processes such as ‘climatization’ have assumed significance, wherein security practices are climatized. The Indian military too has been engaging with security implications of climate change, but by using approaches distinct from Western states, which have been the usual focus in such analyses. In this paper, the framework of climatization is used to analyse the triangular relationship, using the case study of the Indian military—by categorizing climatizing moves as symbolic, strategic, precautionary and transformative.
HTLV-1 induces T cell malignancy and inflammation by viral antisense factor-mediated modulation of the cytokine signaling
Authors: Higuchi Yusuke , Yasunaga Jun-ichirou , Mitagami Yu , Tsukamoto Hirotake , Nakashima Kazutaka , Ohshima Koichi , Matsuoka Masao
Published: May 2020

Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of a T cell neoplasm and several inflammatory diseases. A viral gene, HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), induces pathogenic Foxp3-expressing T cells and triggers systemic inflammation and T cell lymphoma in transgenic mice, indicating its significance in HTLV-1–associated diseases. Here we show that, unexpectedly, a proinflammatory cytokine, IL-6, counteracts HBZ-mediated pathogenesis. Loss of IL-6 accelerates inflammation and lymphomagenesis in HBZ transgenic mice. IL-6 innately inhibits regulatory T cell differentiation, suggesting that IL-6 functions as a suppressor against HBZ-associated complications. HBZ up-regulates expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. IL-10 promotes T cell proliferation only in the presence of HBZ. As a mechanism of growth promotion by IL-10, HBZ interacts with STAT1 and STAT3 and modulates the IL-10/JAK/STAT signaling pathway. These findings suggest that HTLV-1 promotes the proliferation of infected T cells by hijacking the machinery of regulatory T cell differentiation. IL-10 induced by HBZ likely suppresses the host immune response and concurrently promotes the proliferation of HTLV-1 infected T cells.
Developmental plasticity shapes social traits and selection in a facultatively eusocial bee
Authors: Kapheim Karen M. , Jones Beryl M. , Pan Hailin , Li Cai , Harpur Brock A. , Kent Clement F. , Zayed Amro , Ioannidis Panagiotis , Waterhouse Robert M. , Kingwell Callum , Stolle Eckart , Avalos Arián , Zhang Guojie , McMillan W. Owen , Wcislo William T.
Published: May 2020

Developmental plasticity generates phenotypic variation, but how it contributes to evolutionary change is unclear. Phenotypes of individuals in caste-based (eusocial) societies are particularly sensitive to developmental processes, and the evolutionary origins of eusociality may be rooted in developmental plasticity of ancestral forms. We used an integrative genomics approach to evaluate the relationships among developmental plasticity, molecular evolution, and social behavior in a bee species (Megalopta genalis) that expresses flexible sociality, and thus provides a window into the factors that may have been important at the evolutionary origins of eusociality. We find that differences in social behavior are derived from genes that also regulate sex differentiation and metamorphosis. Positive selection on social traits is influenced by the function of these genes in development. We further identify evidence that social polyphenisms may become encoded in the genome via genetic changes in regulatory regions, specifically in transcription factor binding sites. Taken together, our results provide evidence that developmental plasticity provides the substrate for evolutionary novelty and shapes the selective landscape for molecular evolution in a major evolutionary innovation: Eusociality.
The invisible supporters
Authors: Jakobs Eva-Maria , Digmayer Claas
Published: May 2020

This article examines how written feedback is used to support the production of texts for purposes of reuse. The case study refers to an entrepreneur training program at the University of Texas at Austin. In the program, Korean startups are trained in understanding the US market, and developing pitches that convince US investors. They are supported by Quicklook® reports. A Quicklook report delivers snapshots of the market receptivity for the startup’s product. Market analysts write the reports. In the final stage of drafting, program staff members supervise the report author. This study investigates how supervisors use commenting and how the goal of creating a highly reusable text source guides the feedback process. The database was examined quantitatively (frequency of drafting and commenting) and qualitatively (functional comment types). The results offer valuable insights into actual writing processes in business settings and how professionals interact to ensure a reusable product. The findings indicate a broad range of comment functions. Overall, we distinguish two main categories: feedback activities focusing on Quicklook reports as reusable resource, and feedback activities focusing on collaboration and workflow. Each category includes functional comment types. Further research is needed to learn more about professional strategies of reflecting on text quality, the quality of assessments, or the ratio between detected and real deficiencies of a document.
Linguistic recycling and its relationship to academic conflict
Authors: Burgess Sally , Martín-Martín Pedro
Published: May 2020

Reaching an understanding of how scholarly writers manage linguistic recycling remains a focus of many studies in
applied linguistics, bibliometrics, and the sociology of science. The value apportioned to citations in research assessment
protocols is one factor in this sustained interest, the challenges that managing intertextuality present for novice scholars,
another. Applied linguists such as Harwood (2009) and Hyland and Jiang (2017) alongside sociologists of science have studied citation practices largely from
the point of view of writers’ reasons for citing (see Erikson & Erlandson, 2014 for
a review) or readers’ understanding of the function of the citation (e.g., Willett,
2013). Linguistic recycling as direct quotation of previously published research has received less attention from
applied linguists, a notable exception being Petrić’s (2012) examination of students’
quotation practices. Her study focuses on quoting writers’ intentions. We know less, however, about cited authors’ responses to
quotations of their work. It is these responses that form the focus of our study. Taking our two most frequently cited
publications, we compiled a corpus of direct quotations noting the quotation strategy and our responses to each instance of the
reuse of our words. These responses ranged from pride and satisfaction through to annoyance at an instance of blatant
misquotation. We then extended our corpus to include quotations from publications by three scholars who have played a role in debate
around a key controversy in the English for research publication purposes (ERPP) literature. We presented these scholars with a
representative sample of quotations of their publications related to the controversy and asked them to indicate which instances
they regarded as unwarranted. Analysis of these authors’ responses provides insights into the relationship of direct quotation to
the rhetorical management of academic conflict. We suggest possible parallels with the expression of discrepancy in other
domains.
Linguistic recycling in language acquisition
Authors: Laalo Klaus , Argus Reili
Published: May 2020

The paper examines how children quote their parents’ utterances. In other words, it investigates linguistic
recycling as an aspect of language learning and how the child-directed speech (CDS) of adults influences child speech (CS). This
topic is examined especially in the light of research made in the crosslinguistic project on pre- and protomorphology in language
acquisition. Premorphology is characterized by rote-learned forms, which the child has memorized and stored as
chunks from CDS (e.g., Finn vettä, Est vett ‘water,’ partitive form). During
protomorphology, the child imitates CDS and produces analogical forms (e.g. Finn CDS: söi
vs. CS: syöi ‘ate’, Est CDS: ütles vs. CS: ükki ‘said’), which then gradually
evolve into adult-like grammar. Usage-based approaches to language acquisition rely on the assumption that language structures are
learned from language use. Typical material in present-day child language research is based on tape recordings and transcripts
made from these recordings. This kind of data makes it possible to take into account the influence of CDS to CS in a more accurate
way than the earlier data collecting methods, such as diary material, which usually contains mostly utterances produced by the
child do. The article examines how CDS gives models to CS and how the acquisition proceeds from early rote-learned forms to
adult-like grammar from the perspective of frequency distributions of inflectional patterns and elaboration on linguistic forms in
CDS – CS interaction. On the basis of analyzed speech samples and previous results, it is obvious that the quoting in children’s
and adults’ speech is present on different levels of language and is often bidirectional in nature.
Narrative analysis applied to text production
Authors: Merminod Gilles
Published: May 2020

The following paper adopts the vantage point of a linguistic ethnographic approach to news production, focused on
the process of quoting, and combined with narrative analysis. The starting point of the analysis is an account given by a person
who lived through a dramatic event. The paper investigates how the processes of recontextualization affects the account during the
making of a broadcast news story. It explains how and why news practitioners adjust stretches of talk to the news text they are
producing, and it reveals to what extent a pre-existing version of what happened (that of the account) can be reshaped by one in
the making (that of the news story in which the account is going to figure). In the case study, the processes of
recontextualization relates to three narrative issues: (1) quoting involves adapting the account’s characters’ categorizations to
those of the news story; (2) quoting entails choosing between different schemes of incidence that depict what happened slightly
differently; (3) quoting asks for a delimitation of the account’s spatiotemporal parameters that corresponds with those of the
news story. Such a narrative adjustment is neither a tightly planned nor an arbitrary process but is embedded in the professional
practice as it unfolds in the social and material world.
Reuse in STEM research writing
Authors: Anson Chris M. , Hall Susanne , Pemberton Michael , Moskovitz Cary
Published: May 2020

Text recycling (hereafter TR), sometimes problematically called “self-plagiarism,” involves the verbatim reuse of text from one’s own existing documents in a newly created text – such as the duplication of a paragraph or section from a published article in a new article. Although plagiarism is widely eschewed across academia and the publishing industry, the ethics of TR are not agreed upon and are currently being vigorously debated. As part of a federally funded (US) National Science Foundation grant, we have been studying TR patterns using several methodologies, including interviews with editors about TR values and practices (Pemberton, Hall, Moskovitz, & Anson, 2019) and digitally mediated text-analytic processes to determine the extent of TR in academic publications in the biological sciences, engineering, mathematical and physical sciences, and social, behavioral, and economic sciences (Anson, Moskovitz, & Anson, 2019). In this article, we first describe and illustrate TR in the context of academic writing. We then explain and document several themes that emerged from interviews with publishers of peer-reviewed academic journals. These themes demonstrate the vexed and unsettled nature of TR as a discursive phenomenon in academic writing and publishing. In doing so, we focus on the complex relationships between personal (role-based) and social (norm-based) aspects of scientific publication, complicating conventional models of the writing process that have inadequately accounted for authorial decisions about accuracy, efficiency, self-representation, adherence to existing or imagined rules and norms, perceptions of ownership and copyright, and fears of impropriety.
Reporting quotable yet untranslatable speech
Authors: Matsushita Kayo
Published: May 2020

When a newsmaker (i.e., a newsworthy subject) is speaking or being spoken about in a foreign language, quoting requires translation. In such “translingual quoting” (Haapanen, 2017), it is not only the content of the speech but also its translatability that determines newsworthiness. While news media in some countries prefer indirect quotation, Japanese media favor direct quotes (Matsushita, 2019). This practice yields relatively clear source text (ST)-target text (TT) relationships in translingual quoting, especially when a political speech is directly quoted by newspapers, offering abundant data for news translation research (Matsushita, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2019). However, this research approach has been challenged by the rise of a public figure known for making headlines with his extemporaneous remarks: US President Donald J. Trump. Translingual quoting of Trump in the non-English media has proven at times a “nearly impossible quest” (Lichfield, 2016) because of the unique features of his utterances, such as unorthodox word choices, run-on sentences and disjointed syntax (Viennot, 2016). This difficulty is heightened for Japanese newspapers, which uphold a longstanding journalistic standard of reporting speech as faithfully as possible, even in the case of translingual quoting (Matsushita, 2019). Against this backdrop, this article examines the often-conflicting relationship between “quotability” and “translatability” by analyzing how Japanese newspaper articles have quoted Donald Trump and his predecessor, Barack Obama, through comparison of original speeches and news texts produced by Japanese newspapers. The comparison shows that institutional conventions of Japanese newspaper companies regarding direct quotes are frequently neglected by the journalists trans-quoting Trump (e.g., changed to indirect quotes or reproduced less faithfully), leading to marked differences in the textual portrayals of the newsmakers in terms of eloquence and assertiveness.
Visuo-material performances
Authors: Reber Elisabeth
Published: May 2020

Drawn from a larger project on reported speech in parliamentary interaction (Reber, forthcoming), this paper studies visuo-material performances of so-called “literalized” (Rumsey, 1992) quoting, i.e., verbatim reproductions of original utterances. Taking an interactional-linguistic perspective, I analyze how participants accomplish ‘literalized’ reported speech through vocal, verbal, and visual cues, recruiting their material documents. The data are culled from video recordings of Prime Minister’s Questions (PMQs), a parliamentary session where the Prime Minister (PM) takes questions from the Leader of the Opposition (LO) and Members of Parliament (MPs) at the British House of Commons. I place my focus on cases where speakers use original documents as visual aids, a classic rhetoric device of persuasion, and show how paper documents are constituted, celebrated, and rhetorically enacted as (seemingly) original documents in embodied, situated ways. As a conclusion, I argue that the display of original documents allows the speaker to make claims of having not only evidential but also experiential access to their sources, a practice that underpins their evidential authority.