bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of Soil Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Sand Dunes of the Horqin Sand Land
Authors: Yao Shu Xia , Zhang Tong Hui , Zhao Chuan Cheng
Published: December 2012

Water is a limiting factor to plant growth in the Horqin Sand Land of China. Knowledge of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) is of importance because Kfs influences soil evaporation and water cycling under natural/artificial conditions at various scales. Kfs at fixed dunes and shifting dunes of the Horqin Sand Land were measured in situ by the Gueph permeameter. The results indicated that (1) Kfs ranged from 0.48 to 10.25 mm/min, and showed that Kfs of fixed dunes is bigger than it at shifting dunes; (2) Kfs at fixed dunes increased with increasing soil depths, but for shifting dunes, it diminished with increasing soil depths; (3) Kfs at fixed dunes is significant negative correlation with hardness, while it significant negative correlation with hardness and organic matter content at shifting dunes.
Sustainable Use of Sediment Resource in Irrigation Districts from the Lower Yellow River
Authors: Ma Liang , Chi Xiao Jun
Published: December 2012

Large amount of sediment is brought into the canal system along with the Yellow River water irrigation, which causes deposition in ditches, encroachment of arable land, intensification of soil desertification, blocking of drainage riverway and other environmental damages. On the analysis of sediment properties as a natural resource, this article introduces sediment utilization approaches at present such as farmland improvement, embankment reinforcement, construction use and subsidence land filling, which produce ecological and economic benefits and set good examples for the future sustainable utilization of sediment resource in irrigation districts.
Ecological Design and Environment Protection Based on the Study of Art Design Ethics
Authors: Gu Li , Zhu Xun
Published: December 2012

The art design ethics employs the ethic consciousness of people and society, using certain design means, to realize the sustainable development of human society. Art design ethics advocates to promote ecological design, in the purpose of achieving balance and coordination between people, environment and resources.
Modeling of NO3--N Leaching Loss for Typical Farmland in Liangwanghe River Catchment of Fuxianhu Lake Watershed
Authors: Gao Hai Ying
Published: December 2012

According to the actual condition of farmland cultivation, rainfall, soil texture and so on, to correct the calculation methods of NO3--N vertical movement in SWAT model, and setup a NO3--N vertical movement model that is suitable for Liangwanghe river catchment, the model was used to simulate the mass of soil NO3--N leaching of farmland surface and compare with the observation value. The result illustrated that simulation value is evident correlativity with groundwater NO3--N increasing value at the same time segment. It indicated the model that was setup is right.
Study on Inactivation of Microalgae in Ship Ballast Water by Pulsed Electric Field and Heat Treatment
Authors: Zhou Jun Feng , Xu Le Ping , Feng Dao Lun , Hu An Bang , Xie Ting Fei
Published: December 2012

Invasive aquatic species discharged through ship ballast water is one of the most serious problems posed nowadays in the marine environment. Inactivation effect on microalgae by combined PEF and engine waste heat pretreatment was studied. Effect factors such as pulsed peak voltage, pulsed frequency, electrode gap and heating temperature were explored, and its mechanism of inactivate the microalgae was analyzed. The results show that at the same experimental parameters, the inlet temperature of PEF treatment stage keeps at 24°C, the inactivation percentage is difficult to achieve 90% unless the electric field strength rises to 22 kV/cm. Once the PEF treatment sample is preheated to 48°C, the inactivation percentage will be up to 99% as the electric field strenth is just 10 kV/cm.
The Recommendation of how to Improve the Accuracy and Feasibility of Eco-Compensation Standard in Coal Mine Areas
Authors: Gu Gang , Liang Hai Chao , Wang Ai Guo
Published: December 2012

Ecological compensation mechanism is an important guarantee of the protection and restoration of mine ecological environment, and accuracy and feasibility of compensation standard is the key for the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism. Based on the literature review and the regional ecological compensation mechanism practice, this paper summarized the domestic and foreign research progress of ecological compensation in mining area and pointed out some problems existing in the field, and then suggested that principle of landscape planning, geographic information technology as well as the compensation standard conversion factor should be used comprehensively to solve the problem from the perspectives of calculation method, data acquisition means and the concept of compensation standards.
Management Effectiveness Evaluation of Bunaken National Park of Indonesia Using an Updated Framework
Authors: Berliarang Joanna Josephine , Fang Qin Hua
Published: December 2012

Evaluation of management effectiveness is a very crucial aspect behind the management of every successful Marine Protected Area (MPA). It gives broader understanding of the management progress, how effective the management has been and what can be done to improve management performance. The paper evaluates the management effectiveness of Bunaken National Park (BNP) management performance from 2004 to 2009. Moreover, seeing that the past evaluation framework in BNP is inadequate to assess broader issues BNP is currently facing, this paper proposes a different evaluation framework that could better fit BNP’s current condition and provide deeper assessment to help understand BNP’s overall management effectiveness in greater detail. The evaluation was conducted in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) framework which assesses six good management elements (context, planning, input, processes, outputs, and outcomes). The results highlighted a range of management problems in BNP, including poor management planning, lack of management intervention and inadequate monitoring. The paper provides insights on how essential management elements that are often neglected in management practices could affect overall management performance.
Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 over CdxZn1-xS Photocatalysts
Authors: Bai Xue Feng , Li Xian Da
Published: December 2012

A series of CdxZn1-xS (x=0.1~0.9) composite photocatalysts were prepared by coprecipitation method. The above-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis diffusive reflectance spectroscopy (DRS),surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS). It was shown from XRD that CdxZn1-xS solid solution semiconductors were of hexagonal phase in agreement with pure CdS. The DRS and SPS results showed that the band gap energy gradually reduced with the increasing of x value in CdxZn1-xS, and when x = 0.7, the Cd0.7Zn0.3S photocatalyst had the strongest surface photovoltage. It was found from photocatalytic reduction of CO2 that the highest HCOOH production rate of 342.64 μmol/(g•h) over Cd0.7Zn0.3S photocatalyst among a series of CdxZn1-xS photocatalysts were obtained under 250 W high pressure mercury lamp.
Analysis of the Environmental Benefits of Organic Agriculture
Authors: Li Qiu Min , Yang Fa Gen , Zhang Wu Di , Yin Fang , Zhao Xing Ling , Liu Jing
Published: December 2012

Environmental protection has draw the attention of the world with the today's environmental pollution increasingly serious, organic agriculture as a new agricultural development model which has less impact on the environment and sustainable development had rapidly developed and promoted in the word. This article mainly analyses and evaluates the advantages and benefits of organic agriculture in environmental protection, to demonstrate their environmental characteristics, and fully affirmed the contribution of organic agriculture in terms of environmental protection so that to provide a reference for the development of organic agriculture.
Nitrogen Load from Rural Non-Point Source Pollution in Suburb Area of Shenyang: A Case Study of Damintun Town
Authors: Ma Jian , Shi Yi , Chen Xin , Wang Hong Xiang
Published: December 2012

The export coefficient method was used to calculate the nitrogen pollution load of Damintun town from 2005 to 2007. As the results show Damintun town's 3 years mean non-point source pollution nitrogen load was 749.6 t•a-1 including crop farming 505.4 t•a-1, livestock-raising 176.5 t•a-1 and inhabitants living 67.7 t•a-1 which account for 67.4%, 23.5% and 9.0% of the total nitrogen load respectively. A field survey was carried out to test the result got from the export coefficient method. Same as the conclusion got from export coefficient model, the nitrate nitrogen concentration distribution map drawn by the field survey data indicated that planting was the main nitrogen load source of Damintun town. To reduce the nitrogen load in Damintun town area rational fertilization is the principal way.
Study on Pollination Characteristics and Hybrid Offspring Analysis on Hickory (Carya cathayensis)
Authors: Wang Zheng Jia , Huang Ian Qin , Huang You Jun , Zhang Bing , Zheng Bing Song
Published: December 2012

Hickory (Carya cathayensis) is an important ornamental tree in China. Crossbreeding is carried out with hickory as female parent, pollinating with pecan (C. illinoensis) pollen and other different types of pollen treatments. Fruit set percentage, fruits and seeds characters, pollen germination in vitro and situ and identification of seedling using AFLP and RAPD are studied in order to get pollination characteristics on hickory. The results showed that hickory and pecan pollens were not germination on 14 different components media. Hickory pollens start germinating on the female flower stigma pollinated after 8 h and universal after 24 h using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There is a small amount of fruits under cover treatment, without-pollination treatment and 2, 4-D treatment. The rate of fruit setting is the biggest up to 42.2% when female flowers are pollinated with mixed pollen within populations on hickory. Among harvested fruits and seeds, fruit phenotypic characteristics show large variation when pollinating with pecan. Fruits and seeds weight and size are significant difference comparing with the control. The frequency of polyembryony is about 9.04%. Offsprings of C. cathayensis × C. illinoensis are not true hybrids using AFLP and RAPD analysis. The variation of fruits is due to xenia effect. These results suggested that apomixis mechanism might exist on hickory.
Environment Pressure and Countermeasures of the Development of the Natural Medicine Source Plants
Authors: Chen Guo Sheng
Published: December 2012

due to the disordering and robbing exploration, the development of natural medicinal plant resources is facing severe habitat and social environment pressure that may touch the law in the process of getting raw materials from plants. Based on the above problems, to develop and enhance the distribution census about the new medicinal plant resources is a good way to cope with the resource shortages. In addition, for the validated medicinal plants, the scaled and standardized production is also an effective mean. Moreover, we should also have the whole dynamic management about the standardized production. That is to say, we should choose the excellent genetic resources, consider the regional characteristics, complete the gardens environment evaluation, grasp the best harvest time and strengthen the detection of the pesticide residues and heavy metal.
Carbon Accounting and Evaluation for Natural and Planted Forest Stands in South China
Authors: He Shao Juan , Ye Yong Chang , Zhu Jian Yun , Zhang Lu
Published: December 2012

Three forest stands, i.e., natural secondary broadleaved mixed stand, 3-year-old eucalypt stand and 1-year-old eucalypt stand, were selected for study in Dongguan, south China, for forest carbon accounting and evaluation. The results showed that forest tree carbon stocks for the three stands were 85.6745 t, 17.5570 t, and 6.5469 t for broadleaved mixed stand, 3-year-old eucalypt stand, and 1-year-old eucalypt stand, respectively, while the forest soil carbon stocks for the three forest stands in a descending order were: 3-year-old eucalypt stand (97.0984 t), 1-year-old eucalypt forest stand (96.7272 t), and broadleaved mixed forest (84.6288 t), respectively. Using a carbon tax criterion, we evaluate the monetary benefit of carbon stock for each forest stand, with the broadleaved forest stand having the highest total value. This study suggested that the perennial broadleaved forest stand has significant advantage over 1-year or 3-year-old eucalypt stands in biomass carbon stocks, however, eucalypt stands have great potentials in soil carbon stock due to more organic material return from litter.
Floristic Characteristics of the Zonal Vegetation in Guangzhou and the Implications for Urban Greening
Authors: Su Ze Qun , Zhu Chun
Published: December 2012

Floristic composition of the evergreen broadleaved forest in Maofengshan, Liantang, and Baiyunshan in Guangzhou suburban areas, was analyzed based on community survey data. Field survey indicated that the community was rich in species diversity, with 101 families of vascular plants including 203 genera and 351 species. Dominant families of the flora were Rubiacea, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, Papilionaceae, and Rutaceae, most of which are of tropical and subtropical nature. As for generic distribution, dominant geographical elements were tropical genera (74.38%) and temperate genera (13.79%), the Pan-tropic areal-type had the majority of genera (27.59%), followed by Tropical Asia and Old World Tropics, while typical tropical genera were rare. Floristic composition of the evergreen broadleaved forest community in Guangzhou suburbs and the characteristic family of the flora epitomizes the zonal flora, which will provide scientific foundation for stand rehabilitation and stand establishment approximating the natural forest community. This study also had important significance of urban greening in Guangzhou.
Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity in SWC in a Pinus koraiensis-Dominated Broadleaved Mixed Forest Gap in Xiao Xinganling’ Mountains, China
Authors: Duan Wen Biao , Wang Li Xia
Published: December 2012

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in SWC within 0-20 cm (upper layer) and 20-40 cm (lower layer) in a Pinus koraiensis-dominated broadleaved mixed forest gap in Xiao Xing’an Mountains of NE China was analyzed by using classical statistics and geographical statistics. The results indicated that the variation regularity in SWC within 0-20 cm was different from that within 20-40 cm during the growing season, the difference in SWC between the two layers reached significant level at P<0.01; the variability degree in SWC within every layer fell into medium variation. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity in SWC occurred with different degree during the study period. Autocorrelative spatial heterogeneity in SWC constituted the main part of total SWC heterogeneity. For SWC spatial distribution within different layer, the patches at medium and lower ranks dominated in forest gap, the patches at higher rank only distributed within 0-20 cm.
Wetstorage of Bagasse with Hemicellulase
Authors: Bao Li , Sun Bing , Liu Yu Xin , Zhang Rui Qi
Published: December 2012

In this paper, the effect of hemicellulase treatment on the properties of bagasse and treatment liquor was investigated, and the chemical components of bagasse after optimized hemicellulase treatment were compared with those of wet-stored bagasse. The research results showed that small molecular sugar and lignin in bagasse were dissolved in hemicellulase treatment process, and most of the sugar was non reducing sugar. The lignin dissolution rate of hemicellulase treatment was twice as much as that of wet storage, and hemicellulase treatment had relatively smaller effect on carbohydrate, especially to cellulose. In addition, the improving effect of bagasse properties with pulpzyme HC treatment was better than that of Nz51024 treatment.
Flavonoids from Illicium dunnianum
Authors: Geng Di , Weng Lian Jin , Han Yuan Yuan , Yang Xin
Published: December 2012

AIM：To investigate the chemical constituents of Illicium dunnianum. METHODS: A series of flavonoids were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques and their structures were elucidated by physicochemical and spectral data. RESULTS: Ten known flavonoids were isolated and identified as isoliquiritigenin (1), 7, 4′-Dihydroxy-5-methoxy flavanone (2), 3-(2, 4-dihydroxybenzyl)-5,7-dihydroxychroman-4-one (3), (3R)-5, 7-dihydroxy- 3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)- 6-methyl-chroman-4-one (4), 2, 5-dihydroxy-7-hydroxymethyl isoflavone (5), galangin (6), pinocembrin (7), kaempferol (8), 5,7,3′,4′-tetramethoxy catechin (9) and isorhamnetin (10). All of the compounds were isolated from this species for the first time.
Study on the Effects of Wastewater Duress on MDA in Constructed Wetland Plants
Authors: Lu Min , Li Ke Ke , Li Dong He , Liu Shun Teng , Wang Fei , Zhao Jie
Published: December 2012

The study on the wetland plant species and their resistance is the key to ecological wastewater treatment technology. The study on the effects of wastewater duress on the physical and chemical properties of constructed wetland plants and the anti-stress capability of constructed wetland plants can provide theoretical basis and technical support for constructed wetland plant material selection. By adopting surface flow constructed wetland system, the effects are studied on MDA in 4 common plants in Shandong (Phragmites communis, Typha oriental, Arundo donax and Canna generalis) in different wastewater duress time. The results show: All in all, Phragmites communis and Canna generalis have stronger anti-stress capability, while Arundo donax and Typha oriental has weaker anti-stress capability; but as wastewater duress time increases, the anti-stress capability of Phragmites communis decreases, while the anti-stress capability of Canna generalis increases.
Studies on Seed Rain Dynamics of Castanopsis carlesii and Castanopsis fargesii in the Three Gorges Reservoir
Authors: Zhu Xiao Long , Zhang Li Nian , Li Bin , Chen Dao Jing , Chen Ji Hong , Feng Da Lan
Published: December 2012

This paper carried research on seed rain intensity, seed rain time, the effects of sound seed input density of Castanopsis fargesii population and Castanopsis carlesii population in the Three Gorges Reservoir. The result showed that: (1) the seed production of Castanopsis carlesii and Castanopsis fargesii was low in the studied population, the seed rain was 36.5 seeds • m-2, 22.6 seeds • m-2, and the sound seed input density were 20.5 seeds • m-2, 9.6 seeds • m-2 respectively. (2) infesting and decay were the main causes of seed losing, 43.8% lost in Castanopsis carlesii population and 67.5% lost in Castanopsis fargesii population. (3) the duration of Castanopsis carlesii and Castanopsis fargesii population’s seed rain were 47days and 37 days, but there was a different top time between two populations, the seed rain peak of Castanopsis carlesii population was from middle to late November, with a distinguishable dropping peak, and the seed rain peak of Castanopsis fargesii population was from early to middle November.(4) temperature has significant effect on sound seed input density of Castanopsis carlesii population, temperature and wind speed have significant effect on sound seed input density of Castanopsis fargesii population.
The Performance Characteristics of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) Fermentation System
Authors: Zheng Guo Chen , Tian Zhu Jun , Li Jian Zheng , Wei Li , Jha Ajay Kumar , Guo Jing Bo , Lu Hai Feng , Jin Yu
Published: December 2012

A anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) with an effective volume of 28.7 L was adopted, and the hydrogen production efficiency was investigated with diluted molasses as the substrate. Using a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic activated sludge, the ABR was start-up with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h and 35°C. When the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration was gradually increased from 500 mg/L to 6000 mg/L after a 63-day operation, the ABR kept a steady state. The increase of influent COD concentration, from 6000 mg/L to 8000 mg/L stage by stage, had the remarkable changes on the fermentative system. The ethanol-type fermentation was formed in the first three compartments, while butyric acid-type fermentation in the 4th compartment. In the steady stage at the influent COD of 8000 mg/L, the biogas (H2) yield was found 61.54 L/d (12.85 L/d) while specific H2 production rate of the activated sludge was 48 L/kgMLVSS∙d. Although the ABR system accumulated hydrogen-producing acetogen, due to the hydrogen-consuming bacteria (methanogen and homoacetogenic bacteria), the hydrogen production efficiency was badly inhibited.
Identification and Screening of Introduced Tomato Varieties Resistant to late Blight
Authors: Luo Dan , Zhang Xi Chun , Wen Xiao Han
Published: December 2012

Tomato late blight disease that infected by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary has already become one of the main obstacles that influence the tomato production. To resolve tomato late blight disease, cultivating the disease-resistant breed is importance. Based on the previous study, different introduced varieties were used as materials in this test for the identification and varieties selection of tomato resistant to late blight, by measuring the DIS of inoculated seedlings and detached leaves. It indicated that Jingle 502 and O-33-1 are possible to become resistant varieties to late blight or the parents for cultivating new disease resistant varieties.
Conidia Production by Beauveria bassiana on Rice in Solid-State Fermentation Using Tray Bioreactor
Authors: Xie Ling , Chen Hong Mei , Yang Ji Bin
Published: December 2012

Conidia of Beauveria bassiana Bb-202, which have the potential for the control of the coleopteran pests, were produced on rice by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using tray bioreactor. As the solid substrate thickness increased, the production of conidia decreased. By cutting substrate into many small uniform pieces, metabolic heat and gas transfer in center of substrate could be improved. We concluded that the highest yield of 3.94×1012 conidia kg-1 rice was obtained as the substrate of 2cm thickness was cut into many small pieces (6cm×4cm×2cm). And the average yield of conidia increases by 45%. It indicated that cut solid substrate into many pieces would increasing the surface area of substrate. So the conidia yields were significantly increased.
Effects of Pretreatment by Xylanase on Properties of Salix Psammophila Kraft Pulp
Authors: Li Yin Bo , Yang Gui Hua , Chen Jia Chuan
Published: December 2012

The effects of pretreatment by xylanase on properties of salix psammophila KP were researched in this paper.The effects of different dosage of enzyme on fibre morphology and paper properties were studied. The results showed that pulp properties can be improved by pretreatment with xylanase.The fibre average length increases after pretreatment, fines content decreased and brightness and physcial properties improved. Brightness and physcial properties improved and scattering coefficient,absorption coefficient and opacity decreased with dosage of enzyme increasing. But brightness and physcial properties decrease and scattering coefficient,absorption coefficient and opacity increases slightly when the dosage of enzyme beyond 10IUg-1.X-ray diffractometer analysis indicated that the degree of crystallinity of fibre increased after xylanase pretreatment.
Antioxidant Activity of Schisandra Chinensis Extract and Derivatives
Authors: Wang Jing Chun , Wang Bao Qing
Published: December 2012

Antioxidant activities of acetone and methyl ethyl ketone extracts from leaves of Schisandra chinensis, one of traditional Chinese medicine consumed in the eastnorth region of China, were examined by a DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging assay and a β-carotene-linoleic acid test. In DPPH, the antioxidant activity of the acetone extracts, methyl ethyl ketone extracts and derivative were superior to that of control with IC50 were 256.54, 342.28 and 124.32μg/mL, respectively. In the β-carotene-linoleic acid test, IC50 were 278.29, 384.12 and 145.25μg/mL. It was concluded that Schisandra chinensis and its derivatives might be a potential natural source of antioxidants.
Preliminary Experiment on Extraction of Eisenia foetida Coelomic Fluid with Water Bath Pot
Authors: Zhuo Shao Ming , Xie Jia , Wu Chun Yuan , Li Guang Yi
Published: December 2012

This work explored a new water bath stimulating method to extract coelomic fluid from active Eisenia foetida. Coelomic fluid discharge amount and the coelomic fluid activity were tested to obtain the optimum extraction temperature (ET) and time. The maximum amount of coelomic fluid was obtained at 42 oC, at which vermis is exact activity, while the vermis activity is inhibited at 44 oC and even the vermis comprehensive death is observed at 46 oC, therefore the optimum ET is 42 oC; the optimum extraction time is 7 a.m. and 6 p.m for which the volume of coelomic fluid is the most. When extracted from coelomic fluid at 7 a.m and 11a.m, 60 times and 10 times diluted solution obtained the highest generation rate; when it is at 3 p.m., 10 and 100 dilution times is the best; when it is at 1 p.m., 30 and 200 dilution times is the best, and 30-80 dilution times is the optimal when it is from 3 p.m..
Pentafluorophenyl Hydrazine as a Derivatization Agent for the Determination of Twenty Carbonyl Compounds in the Atmosphere
Authors: Xie Chun Juan , Xie Ping , Li Jian , Yan Liu Shui
Published: December 2012

A sensitive and reliable method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of twenty airborne carbonyl compounds in the C1-C10 range. The carbonyls were collected onto solid sorbent coated with pentafluorophenyl hydrazine (PFPH), followed by solvent extraction and gas chromatographic (GC)/mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of the PFPH derivatives. The sorbent is packed into two separate sections in a glass sampling tube. The two-section design allows convenient checking of collection efficiency and breakthrough. The regression coefficient of the calibration curves (R2), limit of detection (LOD), reproducibility (RSD, n=6) and recovery were in the range of 0.995-0.999, 0.15-1.04ng/m3, 7.3-13.2% and 92.7-109.2%, respectively. Compare field test with classical DNPH-HPLC/UV method, good agreement exited between the two methods for lower molecular carbonyls but PFPH method is found to be a better analytical method for determination of high molecular weight carbonyls.
Regional Yield Estimation for Spring Maize with Multi-Temporal Remotely Sensed Data in Junchuan, China
Authors: Su Tao , Feng Shao Yuan , Cui Xing Yuan
Published: December 2012

Establishing timely and high accurate models for crop yield estimation is of great significance for crop management and as well as decision makers. The arm of this study is to gain an approach of the method, depending on crop growth model and entropy method, to estimate spring maize yield with multi-temporal remotely sensed Landsat TM/ETM+ data at main growth and development stages of spring maize. The experiment had been conducted in Junchuan Farm of Northeast China. In this paper, the combined weights of the single-temporal estimation models were calculated by applying the entropy method (EM), and a combination forecasting (CF) model was developed. In order to improve the rationality of CF-EM and the accuracy of yield estimation, especially to follow the law of crop growth, the combination forecasting of combined weights method (CF-CM) was developed. The results showed that the yield estimation model based on CF-CM could increase the precision of the yield estimation model based on single-temporal remote images, the correlation coefficient was remarkably improved, and the value was increased by 0.09. The combined weights in the CF-CM were proposed for selecting the favorable coefficient of the subjective weight and objective weight, and that was of great importance for some key aspects: supplying usefulness information, how to raise maize yield and selecting key temporal satellite images to estimate maize yield. The CF-CM model discussed in this paper is feasible and effective to estimate spring maize yield.
Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Electrocoagulation Process
Authors: Suwannarat Tipakorn , Pisutpaisal Nipon , Boonyawanich Siriorn
Published: December 2012

The purpose of current study was to examine the ability of electrocoagulation in decreasing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) constituted in palm oil mill effluent. Bench-scale batch reactor containing two aluminum or steel plates (10 cm width × 30 cm height with 0.1 cm thickness) serving as electrodes with the interval distance of 3 cm was set up. The wastewater with COD concentration of 68,425 mg L-1 was treated in the reactor under the varied direct currents (0.3-1.3 A) and contact time (30-120 min). Sodium chloride was added to the wastewater to obtain the final concentration of 2 g L-1 (conductivity of 10 ms) prior to being fed into the reactor. The results showed that higher treatment efficiency when the aluminum was used as electrodes compared to the steel. COD removal efficiency was directly proportional to the contact time. The maximum COD and TSS removal observed at 1.3 A current input and 60 min contact time are 74.1 and 77.0%, respectively.
Temporal and Spatial Analysis of SuZhou Urban Heat Island Effect
Authors: Fang Gang , Yang Juan , Zheng Li
Published: December 2012

The Suzhou urban as the research object, the surface brightness temperature was retrieved by the 1987,2005 and 2010 Landsat TM / ETM+thermal infrared band remote sensing images, then calculated the relative brightness temperature and the urban heat island ratio index, according to the relative brightness temperature, the Suzhou urban heat island effect was divided into four grades: green island, weak island, heat island and strong island, and compared the 3 periods urban heat island ratio index. The results show that: (1) with the urbanization process accelerated, the urban heat island ratio index has been rising in 1987-2010, the urban heat island effect is enhanced year by year; (2) the green island area and the strong island area in 1987-2010 are declining, are reduced by 23.82.km2and 8.75.km2, the weak island area and the heat island area are increasing, are increased by 22.69.km2and 9.83.km2; (3) the Suzhou urban expansion and the urban heat island expansion trend has the same space consistency in 1987-2010, while the urban area is sprawling, the urban heat island area is also expanding; (4) the urban vegetation and the urban heat island effect is a negative correlation in 1987-2010, appropriate to increase the urban green space for the mitigation of urban heat island effect has a positive effect.
Design and Realization of Forest Fire Monitoring System Based on GIS in Henan Province, China
Authors: Liu Xue Feng , Geng Yan , He Zhen Ming , Zhang Jia Hua , Zhang Le , Chen Zhen Xing , Li De Yong
Published: December 2012

Geographic Information System (GIS) is applied to the forest fire monitoring and management in Henan province, China. A forest fire monitoring system architecture is presented, which consists of the mobile client, the monitoring and management client, the map data server, and the business data processing server. The paper carried out the system database design and function design and realized the functions of forest resources inquire, fire warning, positioning and navigation of fire point, fire situation real-time dynamic plotting, and so on. The system can promote efficiently the informatization of monitoring, management, early warning in forest fire.
Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Urban Heat Island of Nantong City Based on TM/ETM+ Images
Authors: Gu Feng Yun , Dong Xiao Feng , Xie Hong Quan
Published: December 2012

A direct result of the urban heat island's intensification of Nantong is the accelerated process of urbanization in recent years. In order to analyze spatial and temporal distribution of urban heat island of Nantong City, adiative transfer equation was used to inversion surface temperature of Nantong based on 2001 and 2005TM / ETM + remote sensing images. The results are divided into six grades and temperature level distribution diagram and temperature area ratio statistics were outputted. By the analysis of temperature rating maps and temperature area ratio statistics, it showed that the heat island effect mainly occure in the central city of Nantong from 2001 to 2005. The range of heat island increase and the intensity also increase. The heat island grows in the central urban and the intensity of heat island of other parts is from weak to strong.
Landscape Attributes, Microclimate and Thermal Comfort of an Urban Square in Moderate and Dry Climate
Authors: Kariminia Shahab , Sh Ahmad Sabarinah , Norhati Ibrahim
Published: December 2012

Recent rapid urban growth in major cities highlights the role of public squares, where their success can be gauged by its frequency of use and the outdoor thermal conditions. Despite the growing number of studies on outdoor thermal comfort in temperate and dry climate, those done in the Middle East are still limited. This paper examines the effects of landscape attributes on microclimatic conditions and outdoor thermal comfort based on the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) index in Esfahan, Iran. The thermal comfort prediction and correlation between thermal environment and the use of urban space were also explored. Two fieldwork studies were conducted through simultaneous environmental measurement and questionnaire survey in winter and summer at a public square in Esfahan. The obtained data became the basis for Tmrt (mean radiant temperature) and PET estimations, supported by RayMan model. The thermal environment was investigated with different landscape attributes. The derived thermal acceptable range was found to be considerably wider that those reported in previous studies. A strong correlation was confirmed between the thermal conditions and the use of outdoor spaces. The findings demonstrated the strong positive influence of air velocity and evaporative effect of water on thermal comfort. The findings contribute toward suitable design of public squares in climates similar to Esfahan.
A Study on the Spatial Relationship between Rural Tourist Destination and Large Cities in China
Authors: Chen Zheng , Chen Li
Published: December 2012

The paper, with the rural tourist destination as study object, selects 216 distinctive tourist towns (villages) in China as the study sample, explores their spatial relationship with the cities and then sums up the characteristics and regular patterns. Firstly, the paper makes classification of all the tourist towns (villages) based on differences in their tourism resources, divides all the tourist towns (villages) into three types: natural type, cultural type and the integrated type. Secondly, it selects large cities whose population is over 500 thousand as urban samples. By means of GIS mapping analysis tools, quantitative analysis method and other methods, the author makes an analysis of the spatial relationship between distinctive tourist towns (villages) and large cities in the combination of qualitative and quantitative. The result shows that the average Euclidean distance of cultural type tourist towns (villages) to the large urban centers is minimum , the average Euclidean distance of natural type tourist towns (villages) to the large urban centers is maximum ,while the integrated type tourist towns (villages) is the middle between the first two. 93.06% distinctive tourist towns (villages) are scattered within 300 kilometers in Euclidean distance from large urban centers. They are concentrated within 20-40 kilometers (peri-urban areas) and 100-200 kilometers (big cities outlying areas) in Euclidean distance from large city centers. The larger the city is, the more surrounding distinctive tourist towns (villages) the city has.
Desorption Characteristics of Crude Oil in Oil-Contaminated Chernozem
Authors: Liu Xiao Yan , Li Ying Li , Dai Chun Lei , Chen Xue Ping , Chen Li Sha
Published: December 2012

The desorption characteristics of the petroleum pollutants in oil-contaminated chernozem was researched in the process of exploring the interaction between crude oil pollutants and the typical soil in Daqing oilfield. The oscillation-equilibrium method was used in desorption experimental simulation. Desorption kinetics of petroleum pollutants, desorption effect of suspended particles concentration, and the influences of pH, temperature on adsorption action were investigated by the experiments. Results showed that the release velocity of petroleum pollutants was rapidly in the first few minutes, however the desorption process approached to balance gradually in 1-2 hours and attained balance completely after 3 hours. In addition, the balanced desorption capacity of the chernozem ascended gradually when desorption process achieved balance, with the increase of pH, concentration of suspended particles and temperature. The chernozem soil had weak desorptive ability to the crude oil pollutants in the Daqing oilfield.
Effects of PH and Metal Cations on the Oxidation of as(III) by Pyrolusite
Authors: Tang Xian Kai , Wu Song Hai , Ren Hai Tao , Jia Shao Yi , Han Xu
Published: December 2012

In this study, the effects of pH and metal cations such as Mn(II) and Ca(II) on the oxidation of As(III) by pyrolusite were investigated. Our results showed that the oxidation of As(III) was significantly dependent on pH values. The oxidation rate increased with a decrease of pH from 4.0 to 6.0 or an increase of pH from 8.0 to 9.0, while be the lowest at pH 7.0. The removal of aqueous As(III) and the release of produced As(V) were inhibited when Mn(II) was simultaneously added into the system, which could be explained that added Mn(II) bounded to pyrolusite and consequently blocked the adsorption and oxidation of As(III). Higher concentration of Mn(II) lowered the oxidation of As(III) at both pH 5.83 and 7.82. The addition of Mn(II) caused a greater decrease in the oxidation rate of As(III) than did the addition of Ca(II). The lower oxidation rate of As(III) was observed with the higher concentration of Ca(II) at pH 5.83, while the trend was opposite at pH 8.72.
Correlation Studies of Dissolved Oxygen in the IVCW System Changes and Removal of Nitrogen
Authors: Zhang Ji Ku , Lang Yue , Li Ming Jie
Published: December 2012

Experiment simulates the integrated vertical flow constructed wetland (IVCW) operation of the system, discusses the trend of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) within the system and the relativity of DO and removing nitrogen. The results show that NH4+-N, NO3—-N and DO decrease along the flow direction in the integrated vertical flow constructed wetlands; NO3—-N increased and then decreased along the process; because of the DO of upstream pool is low, so the Total Nitrogen (TN) removing process occurs mainly in the downstream pool.
Determination of Formaldehyde Based on the Fading Reaction of Bordeaux R by Flow Injection Spectrophotometry
Authors: Su Ling , Wei Wei , Guo Jia Liang , Liu Zhen , Liu Lu Sheng
Published: December 2012

A method for determination of formaldehyde by flow injection spectrophotometry based on the catalytic effects of formaldehyde on the oxidation reaction of Bordeaux R by potassium chlorate in sulfuric acid medium was established. The relationship of the reduced absorbency to the concentration of formaldehyde was good linearity and the maximum absorption peak located at 520nm. The affecting factors on the strength of absorption including acidity, dosage, temperature, coexisting ions and so on, and the optimal conditions of the reaction in the system were investigated. Calibration graphs were linear for ranges of 0 to 3.0 mg l−1 and a detection limit of 2×10-8 g ml−1 formaldehyde was achieved. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analyses of environmental samples, with relative standard deviation of less than 1.6% and the recoveries are 93.6 % to 94.5% for the determination of formaldehyde.
Selective Separation of Praseodymium(III) by Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid Using the Complexing Agent
Authors: Yin Shao Hua , Wu Wen Yuan , Zhang Feng Yun , Zheng Qiang , Bian Xue
Published: December 2012

It is a main problem that environment can be polluted by discharge of wastewater containing NH4+, Ca2+ and Na+, when rare earths (REs) are extracted in a saponiﬁed system using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA). Pointing to this problem, the selective separation of Pr(Ⅲ) by liquid–liquid extraction using D2EHPA in the presence of a complexing agent of lactic acid (LA) has been studied. Results are shown that the maximum of separation factor (β) between Pr/Ce is 2.04 and extraction selectivity is also enhanced when compared with that of D2EHPA–HCl system. The thermodynamic function △H is determined as exothermically driven. The cation exchange mechanism is discussed by IR spectra. Thus, the results suggest that highly selective separation and extraction of Pr(Ⅲ) from a Pr/Ce solution is possible, providing a simple and environment-friendly complexing method for extraction-separation rare earths, and promoting the sustainable development in rare earths practices.of Pr(Ⅲ) from a Pr/Ce solution is possible, providing a simple and environment-friendly complexing method for extraction-separation rare earths, and promoting the sustainable development in rare earths practices.
Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete in Accelerated Tests
Authors: Zhang Wan You , Zhang Rui Yuan , Xi Lijuan
Published: December 2012

In order to study the correlation between accelerated corrosion and natural corrosion, reinforced surface morphology, steel potentials and corrosion quality were investigated by using full immersion and half immersion in this paper. The results showed that the effort of half immersion accelerated corrosion was similar to natural corrosion, and each of the tendencies of potential change was same, but the mechanisms of corrosion were different. The degree of steel corrosion, estimated by Faraday’s law, was slightly higher than the level of actual corrosion.
The Performance Test of Composite Zeolite Filter
Authors: Li Miao Wan , Yu Yan Zhen , Cheng Lei
Published: December 2012

Use natural zeolite to prepare spherical composite zeolite filter material. With range analysis, the composite zeolite filter material’s packing density is 674Kg/m3, cylinder compressive strength is 4.32MPa, and apparent porosity is 59.02%. Compared with ceramsite, composite zeolite filter whose surface roughness has larger specific surface area and higher porosity. At the start of biofilm formation and stability of the operational phase, composite zeolite filter Biological Aerated Filter (BAF)’s ammonia removal is better than ceramsite BAF, and its Biofilm biomass is higher, thus more proper to be the carrier of BAF.
Effect of Dye Dispersion Preparation on Disperse Dyeing Performance on Polyester Fabric
Authors: Siriphet Benjawan , Suesat Jantip , Suwanruji Potjanart
Published: December 2012

The effect of dye dispersion preparation prior to dyeing on the dyeing ability of the disperse dye on polyester fabric was studied. The influence of sodium laurylsulphate (SLS) concentrations and the homogenization process was determined. The optimum SLS concentration for dyeing observed in this study was 0.01 M. The color yield of the dye passing through the homogenization process on polyester fabric was higher than that from the conventional dye preparation. Homogenization was also found to enhance disperse dyeability at a lower dyeing temperature. It infers that the dyeing process could be done at a lower temperature. The dyeing temperature could be as low as 110oC in the presence of homogenization. The effect of homogenization on the dyeability at different dyeing times was also examined.
BaO-Modified Pd-Based Catalyst for Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Zhang Xue Qiao , Zhao Ming , Ye Zhi Xiang , Liu Sheng Yu , Chen Yao Qiang
Published: December 2012

Pd-based catalysts modified with BaO as a promoter was prepared by impregnation method. The catalyst was characterized by H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The catalytic activity towards methanol showed that the BaO modification promoted the conversion of methanol. The light-off temperature (T50), complete conversion temperature (T90) and ΔT (T90-T50) for methanol oxidation are 100°C, 125°C and 25°C, respectively. The H2-TPR results showed that the addition of BaO increased palladium highly dispersed and promoted the reductive ability. It also enhanced the metal-support interaction and increased the electronic surroundings of Pd and Ce sites, which maintained Pd in a higher oxidized state and Ce4+ in Ce3+ state, consequently increased the activity for methanol oxidation according to XPS measurements.
Effect of Different Process on the Pulping Properties of Salix Psammophila P-RC APMP
Authors: Qu Lin , Chen Jia Chuan , Yang Gui Hua , Xue Yu
Published: December 2012

we studied on the pulping properties of Salix Psammophila in different P-RC APMP pulping process at the same Chemicals dosage. Form the results we can see, compare with the One-stage P-RC APMP, the brightness, breaking length and bursting index of the Two-stage Salix Psammophila P-RC APMP were respectively improved by 8.34%ISO, 45.50% and 24.83%; the surface of fibre of the Salix Psammophila Two-stage P-RC APMP were more roughly and broken; the degree of the crystallinity of the cellulose of the two-stage P-RC APMP is improved by 3.57%; the content of the lignin of Two-stage Salix Psammophila P-RC APMP was reduced 7.01%.
Dyeing and Fastness Properties of Natural Dyes on Cotton Grafted with Monochlorotriazine-β-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Hernhow Panuwat , Suwanruji Potjanart , Karpkird Thitinun , Suesat Jantip
Published: December 2012

The main goal of this work was to study the possibility of improving the natural dye uptake and their fastness properties on cotton fabrics by the application of monochlorotriazine-β- cyclodextrin (MCT-β-CD). Hence, MCT-β-CD was synthesized, characterized, and grafted on cotton fabrics via pad and cure method. The existence of MCT-β-CD on cotton fabrics was confirmed by nitrogen content (%N). Natural dyes used were colorants extracted from turmeric and cassumunar powders, and a commercial natural dye i.e. Natural Red Brown. The commercial one was water soluble whereas the extracted dyes were sparingly soluble in water. These natural dyes were applied on cotton by pad-dry method. The extracted dyes on MCT-β-CD treated cotton fabrics gave higher visual color yield (K/S) than the untreated ones. In contrast, a commercial natural dye exhibited lower color yield on the treated fabrics because of its water soluble nature. The color fastnesses of the natural dyes on the treated cotton fabrics were improved from the untreated cotton samples.
Effects of Cultivation Age and Fertilization on Cd Accumulation in Greenhouse Soils, Northeast China
Authors: Shi Yi , Wang Jun , Chi Guang Yu , Chen Xin
Published: December 2012

The study was carried out at the base for the production of greenhouse vegetables located in Damintun Town of Xinmin City. A series of experiments (e.g. a field investigation and plot experiment) was conduced to clarify the origin and accumulation of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in greenhouse soils under different years of culitivation. The field investigation study revealed that the contents of heavy metal Cd of the sample soils exceeded Class I criteria (Cd≤0.2mg•kg-1) but no soil samples exceeded Class III. The results from the field plot experiment showed that contents of Cd in all greenhouse soils (after 1, 2 or 5 years of cultivation) were increased with the amount of manure applied. This suggested the potential risk of Cd pollution would be increased with the age of cultivation in the greenhouse soils and the accumulation of Cd in the greenhouse soils was mainly associated with the input of manures.