bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Out of sight and out of mind: Bookmarks are created but not used
Authors: Bergman Ofer , Whittaker Steve , Schooler Joel
Published: August 2020

Users commonly report problems in refinding important websites. To address this, some create Bookmarks (also called web Favorites) to improve the refinding of these websites. Previous research notes that these Bookmarks are rarely used. However, these prior studies did not systematically observe and quantify the frequency and success of Bookmark retrievals, or compare their success with other retrieval methods. The authors address those questions in this study using the elicited personal information retrieval technique, in which they asked their 50 participants to retrieve target URLs (uniform resource locators). Each participant received 21 targets, from which five were taken from the participants’ Bookmarks, and they were presented in random order to avoid raising suspicions. Although most of the participants created Bookmarks, they rarely used them for retrieval. Across all of the participants, only 41 (16%) of these 250 bookmarked retrieval targets were actually retrieved using the Bookmark facility. Of these 41 instances when Bookmarks were used, only 9 (4%) Bookmarks were retrieved using the Bookmarks menu hierarchy, while the remaining 32 were located in the browser’s upper bar, which was in full view of the participants. The results suggest that unless the Bookmarks were highly visible, the participants did not use them. Furthermore, for websites that the users had visited, bookmarked websites were not better retrieved than those that had not been bookmarked. The authors conclude by discussing possible explanations, as well as design and theory implications.
16th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force Report on Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Cervera Ricard , Rodríguez-Pintó Ignasi , Legault Kim , Erkan Doruk
Published: August 2020

The Task Force on Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (CAPS) met again on occasion of the 16th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies (aPL) that was held in Manchester, England, in September 2019. Its aims were to assess the up-to-date knowledge on pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory features, diagnosis and classification, precipitating factors, and treatment of CAPS. This article summarizes the main aspects that were presented during the Task Force meeting at that Congress.
Time, class and privilege in career imagination: Exploring study-to-work transition of Chinese international students in UK universities through a Bourdieusian lens
Authors: Xu Cora Lingling
Published: August 2020

Existing research and policy on international students’ study-to-work transition fall short of a temporal theoretical perspective that is sensitive to the fluid and class-stratified nature of their career imagination. Career imagination refers to how international students conceive of, enact and reconfigure their careers as they encounter novel circumstances along their life courses. Drawing on in-depth interview data with 21 Chinese international students and graduates at UK higher education institutions, this article adopts a primarily Bourdieusian framework that centres around how time, class and privilege intersect to shape these students’ career imagination. In this framework, time is conceptualised both as a form of coveted cultural capital and as an underlining mechanism that constitutes these students’ habitus. This theoretical orientation facilitates exposition of the complex rationale behind the two observed temporal career strategies, ‘deferred gratification’ and ‘temporal destructuring’ and accentuates nuanced inequalities pertaining to fine-grained familial class backgrounds and places of origin of these students. This article furnishes empirical cases that challenge extant policy and empirical literature’s tendency to consider international students and their career imagination as homogeneous, individualised and present-focused. Instead, the empirical findings reveal how these Chinese international students’ career imagination is class-differentiated, embedded within and influenced by broader temporal structures and constantly evolving. This article thus advances understanding about how temporally sensitive and better differentiated career supports should be and could be tailored for international students at policy and practice levels.
Reimagining VAWA: Why Criminalization Is a Failed Policy and What a Non-Carceral VAWA Could Look Like
Authors: Goodmark Leigh
Published: August 2020

The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) is the signature federal legislative accomplishment of the anti-violence movement and has ensured that criminalization is the primary response to intimate partner violence in the United States. But at the time of its passage, some anti-violence activists, particularly women of color, warned that criminalization would be problematic for a number of reasons, a caution that has borne fruit in the 25 years since VAWA’s passage. This article critiques the effectiveness of criminalization as anti-domestic violence policy and imagines what a non-carceral VAWA could look like.
Impact of different processing treatments on techno and biofunctional characteristics of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeate)
Authors: Sahni Prashant , Sharma Savita , Singh Baljit
Published: August 2020

Impact of different processing techniques (wet heating, microwave processing, dry heating, soaking, and extrusion) on the techno-biofunctional characteristics of dhaincha ( Sesbania aculeate) was investigated to ascertain the most effective method for processing dhaincha to improve its potentiality for utilization. All the processing techniques improved the cooking quality of dhaincha seeds. Thermal processing techniques were effective in reducing antinutrients and enhancing the antioxidant activity in comparison to soaking. Microwave and extrusion processing completely inactivated lectin and trypsin inhibitor activity and reduced 13.48% and 23.68% saponins, respectively. Extrusion treatment resulted in the maximum increase in total phenols (21.94 to 28.48 GAE mg/g) and flavonoids (0.94 to 1.41 QE mg/g) with consequent highest increase in ABTS· + RSA (161.21 to 261.27 TEAC μmol/100g), FRAP (34.97 to 39.04 TEAC μmol/g), reducing power (12.18 to 17.05 AAE mg/g), and metal chelating activity (2.65 to 3.76 mmol EDTAE/100g). Furthermore, extrusion treatment improved techno-functional characteristics and exhibited improvement in the freeze and refrigeration thaw stability in comparison to other methods of processing. Extrusion processing was the most effective method to process dhaincha for improving its techno-biofunctionality.
Epidemiology of HIV Infection Among HIV-Exposed Infants, Nairobi County, Kenya, 2015
Authors: Kiplagat Anthony B , Ngunu Carol , Oyugi Elvis , Ransom James
Published: August 2020

Objective:

To characterize human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive infants among HIV-exposed infants (HEIs) in Nairobi County for public health action.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective review of records of HEIs’ HIV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results in Nairobi County in 2015, excluding confirmatory PCR-positive results. HIV-exposed infant registry data were entered into Microsoft Excel and descriptive and associative statistics were calculated with OpenEpi software.

Results:

A total of 5802 HEI records were analyzed, with a median age of 4.5 (interquartile range, 8.5) months; 342 (5.9%) tested positive, 51% were female, and 4420 (76.2%) were seen at maternal and child health clinics. Standard highly active antiretroviral therapy intervention was given to 184 (60.3%) of the mothers of exposed infants, and 178 (53%) of the HIV-positive infants received active antiretroviral therapy. A total of 3464 (59.7%) HEIs had PCR done within the first 2 months, and 119 (3.4%) tested positive. The average turnaround time for PCR samples was 28 ± 22 days, and a total of 191 (3.3%) HIV-positive HEIs were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life.

Conclusion:

The recorded mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate of 5.9% in Nairobi County is lower than the 2015 national rate, which suggests the Nairobi prevention of mother-to-child transmission efforts are moderately effective. However, results from this study show that Kenya will struggle to meet the MTCT 2020 target rate of <5%.
Effects of laser spot positioning with optical beam deflection method on tapping mode and bimodal AFM
Authors: Putnam Jesse , Damircheli Mehrnoosh , Eslami Babak
Published: August 2020

This work focuses on the importance of laser location and its effect on contact mode, tapping mode, and bimodal AFM both theoretically and experimentally. It is found that the current guidelines in the field might lead to mischaracterization of matter especially in bimodal AFM. A numerical study is done for a cantilever with its tip located at the end while interacting with two different polymers of Polystyrene (PS) and Low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Different observables are recorded at the end of the cantilever, 80% of its length, and 60% of its length. These results are verified by experiments in contact mode, tapping mode and bimodal AFM. Bimodal AFM observables are converted to energy quantities (i.e., virial and dissipated power) which are used to characterize soft matter in this field. Similar to simulation, for each of these measurements three different laser locations are selected. Finally, it is found there are certain locations on the cantilever that should be avoided for placing the laser while exciting higher eigenmodes. Hence, locating the laser around 80% of its length while performing bimodal AFM with the first and second eigenmodes on polymer surfaces can decrease phase contrast. It is concluded that: (1) contact mode AFM on stiff surfaces might not be effected by change of laser location, (2) misalignment of laser can cause up to 40% of mischaracterization in tapping mode and (3) 10% of phase contrast reduction in addition to 20% percent of reduction in amplitude oscillations in bimodal AFM. It is shown this can lead to mischaracterization of material. By positioning the laser location closer to the clamped end of the cantilever, surface indentation can occur. Although this is considered as a surface damage in soft matter imaging, it can be considered as a new capability of multifrequency AFM for surface modification.
The ionization process of chemical warfare agent simulants in low temperature plasma ionization
Authors: Li Baoqiang , Kong Jinglin , Zhang Lin , Fu Wenxiang , Zhang Zhongyao , Li Cuiping
Published: August 2020

The application of low-temperature plasma ionization technology in the chemical warfare agent detection was mostly focused on the research of rapid detection methods. Limited studies are available on the ionization process of chemical warfare agents in low temperature plasma. Through the intensity of protonated molecules of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) in different solvents including methanol, deuterated methanol (methanol-D4), pure water, and deuterium oxide (water-D2), it was concluded that the water molecule in the air provides the hydrogen ion (H+) needed for ionization. The product ion spectra and the collision-induced dissociation processes of protonated molecules of nerve agent simulants, including DMMP, diethyl methanephosphonate (DEMP), trimethyl phosphate (TMP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), tripropyl phosphate (TPP), and tributyl phosphate (TBP) were analyzed. Results revealed that H+ mostly combined with phosphorus oxygen double bond (P = O) in the low-temperature plasma ionization. By analyzing the peak intensity distribution of product ions of protonated molecules, the presence of proton and charge migration in the low temperature plasma ionization and collision-induced dissociation were researched. This study could provide technical guidance for the rapid and accurate detection of chemical warfare agents through low temperature plasma ionization-mass spectrometry.
Ultrasound in the Modern Management of the Diabetic Foot Syndrome: A Multipurpose Versatile Toolkit
Authors: Pieruzzi Letizia , Napoli Vinicio , Goretti Chiara , Adami Daniele , Iacopi Elisabetta , Cicorelli Antonio , Piaggesi Alberto
Published: August 2020

Ultrasound (US) is a noninvasive and versatile technology that in recent years found acceptance in almost all the medical specialties, with diagnostic and interventional applications. In the diabetic foot syndrome (DFS), US found specific indications mainly in the screening, quantification, and follow-up of the vascular component of the pathology, but also in the study of the deformities and structural modifications induced by neuropathy and in the diagnosis and surgical management of infections, especially those that induce anatomical changes, like abscesses and fasciitis. This review will summarize all these application of US, giving special attention to the vascular aspects, and on the predominant role that US gained in recent times to guide the indication to revascularization, on the new standardized approach to the study of the arterial tree of the limb and the foot, the so-called duplex ultrasound arterial mapping, which significantly increased the utilization of US to plan the revascularizations in this complex pathology. Outside the vascular fields, the diagnosis of neuropathy and infection and the intraoperative use of US in the surgical management of abscesses and fasciitis will be discussed, leaving the last part to the new and interesting applications of US in the management of DFU, a field that is still in evolution, offering new possibilities to the health care professionals involved in the management of these chronic wounds. The variety of applications both in diagnostic and operative fields makes US a rather versatile technology—a toolkit—that should have a special place among those at reach of the specialists of DFS care.
Association Between Family/Neighborhood Cancer Risk Factors and Adolescent Dietary Behaviors: A Parent-Adolescent Dyadic Analysis
Authors: Xu Lei , Odum Mary , Rogers Charles R. , Wu Qiang , Wilmouth Logan
Published: August 2020

Objective. This cross-sectional study examined associations between adolescent dietary behaviors and family/home environments with parent-adolescent dyadic analysis. Methods. Secondary data were analyzed for adolescents and their parents who participated in the 2014 Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) study. Relationships between adolescent and parent intake of convenience/fast-food, fruits/vegetables, and sugar, as well as family/community and mealtime environments, were examined using Pearson’s correlations, 2-sample t tests, analysis of variance, and general linear model analyses. Results. Among this nationwide parent-adolescent dyad sample (N = 1890), a moderate relationship between parent and adolescent consumption of convenience/fast-foods ( r = 0.426) and fruits/vegetables ( r = 0.416) was found. Adolescent convenience/fast-foods intake differed by sex, neighborhood socioeconomic status, meals eaten with family, and meals eaten in front of the TV ( P < .001 for all) as well as race/ethnicity ( P = .004). Adolescent fruit/vegetable intake differed by home location ( P = .029), school location ( P = .032), meals eaten together with family, meals eaten in front of the TV, and body mass index category ( P < .001 for all). Generalized linear models revealed multiple predictors of adolescent dietary behaviors. Conclusion. Findings suggest dynamic relationships between adolescent and parent dietary cancer risk factors and adolescent fruit/vegetable consumption disparities by multiple environmental factors. Interventions targeting adolescent-parent dyads may help reduce cancer risk associated with diet.
Current status of treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors for gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic cancers
Authors: Eso Yuji , Seno Hiroshi
Published: August 2020

The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), or programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) has revolutionized the treatment strategy in various types of cancers. In addition, recent studies have revealed that tumor microsatellite instability (MSI) status and tumor mutation burden (TMB) contribute significantly to the therapeutic response to anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), which led to an accelerated approval to pembrolizumab for the treatment of MSI-high or mismatch-repair-deficient solid tumors after conventional chemotherapies in 2017 and for the treatment of TMB-high solid tumors in 2020 by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the field of gastrointestinal cancers, many clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of various regimens such as ICI monotherapy, the combination of anti-CTLA-4 mAb and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 mAb, and combination of ICI and conventional chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitor have been reported or are in progress. This review summarizes MSI status and TMB in gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic cancers, and provides the results of most relevant clinical trials evaluating ICIs. We also discuss the development of biomarkers required for improving the selection of patients with a high probability of benefiting from treatment with ICIs, and potential therapeutic strategies that could help to enhance anticancer responses of ICIs.
Atypical femur fractures: current understanding and approach to management
Authors: Tile Lianne , Cheung Angela M.
Published: August 2020

Osteoporosis and resulting osteoporotic fractures are responsible for significant morbidity, excess mortality, and health care costs in the developed world. Medical therapy for osteoporosis has been shown in multiple randomized controlled trials to reduce the risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures and hip fractures, and in some studies bisphosphonate medications have been associated with improved survival. Although the overall benefit to risk ratio of osteoporosis medications remains favorable, there have been concerns raised about the long-term safety of these treatments. Atypical femur fracture, which is a rare type of fracture that has been associated with the long-term use of potent antiresorptive bone medications, is a potentially devastating consequence of osteoporosis treatment. This paper reviews our current understanding of atypical femur fractures, their relationship to antiresorptive osteoporosis medications, and proposed strategies for management, in order to inform clinical decision making about the optimal use and duration of medical therapy for the treatment of patients with osteoporosis or at high risk for osteoporotic fractures.
Self-Assembled Casein Nanoparticles Loading Triptolide for the Enhancement of Oral Bioavailability
Authors: Liu Chengxia , Jiang Ting-ting , Yuan Zhi-xiang , Lu Yu
Published: August 2020

Triptolide (TP), a broad-spectrum antitumor drug, has very poor solubility and oral bioavailability, which limits its clinical use. Compared with conventional formulations of TP, a casein (Cas)-based drug delivery system has been reported to have significant advantages for the improvement of solubility and bioavailability of insoluble drugs. In this paper, we report the successful preparation of TP-loaded Cas nanoparticles (TP-Cas) using the self-assembly characteristics of Cas in water and the optimization of the formulation by evaluation of entrapment efficiency (EE) and loading efficiency (LE). Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was adopted to characterize the TP-Cas. Results showed that the obtained TP-Cas were approximately spherical with a particle size of 128.7 ± 11.5 nm, EE of 72.7 ± 4.7 %, and LE of 8.0% ± 0.5%. Furthermore, in vitro release behavior of TP-Cas in PBS (pH = 7.4) was also evaluated, showing a sustained-release profile. Additionally, an in vivo study in rats displayed that the mean plasma concentration of TP after oral administration of TP-Cas was significantly higher than that treated with TP oral suspension. The C max value for TP-Cas (8.0 ± 4.4 μg/mL) was significantly increased compared with the free TP (0.9 ± 0.3 μg/mL). Accordingly, the area under the curve (AUC0-8) of TP-Cas was 2.8 ± 0.8 mg/L·h, 4.3-fold higher than that of TP suspension (0.6 ± 0.1 mg/L·h). Therefore, it can be concluded that TP-Cas enhanced the absorption and improved oral bioavailability of TP. Taking the good oral safety of Cas into consideration, TP-Cas should be a more promising preparation of TP for clinical application.
Antifungal Activity of β-Pinene-Based Hydronopyl Quaternary Ammonium Salts Against Phytopathogenic Fungi
Authors: Feng Xue Zhen , Xiao Zhuanquan , Zhang Li , Liao Shengliang , Chen Shangxing , Luo Hai , He Lu , Fan Guorong , Wang Zongde
Published: August 2020

β-Pinene can be used as a cheap source to synthesize a large number of high value-added derivatives. In this study, a series of β-pinene derivatives was prepared, and the antifungal activities of the compounds were assessed against phytopathogenic fungi. Eight N-alkyl hydronopyl diethyl ammonium halide salts were synthesized by the reaction of hydronopyl diethyl ammonium halide with 8 halogenated alkanes. The structures of the synthesized products were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The antifungal activities of these derivatives were tested against 11 plant pathogens, and the preliminary structure-activity relationship is discussed. Some derivatives exhibited moderate to significant antifungal activity due to the fusion of the hydronopyl, a long-chain alkyl, bromine, and iodine anionic groups. In contrast to the structure-activity relationship of compounds 2a, 2b, and 2c, iodine ions in 2f, 2g, and 2f had a significant effect on enhancing the antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, S clerotinia sclerotiorum, Phytophthora capsici, Phomopsis, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Glomerella cingulata, and Fusicoccum aesculi. A higher molecular weight could increase the antifungal activity against Fusarium proliferatum, Alternaria kikuchiana, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, P. capsici, Phomopsis, and S. sapinea. Compounds 2d and 2e exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity against the tested strains. These derivatives are expected to be used as precursor molecules for novel pesticide development in further research.
Evidence-Based Physical Examination for the Diagnosis of Subscapularis Tears: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dakkak Andrew , Krill Michael K. , Krill Matthew L. , Nwachukwu Benedict , McCormick Frank
Published: August 2020

Context:

There is a renewed interest in diagnosing and treating subscapularis tears, but there is a paucity of clinical guidance to optimize diagnostic decision-making.

Objective:

To perform a literature review to evaluate advanced maneuvers and special tests in the diagnosis of subscapularis tears and create a diagnostic algorithm for subscapularis pathology.

Data Sources:

PubMed, MEDLINE, Ovid, and Cochrane Reviews databases.

Study Selection:

Inclusion criteria consisted of level 1 and 2 studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals that focused on physical examination.

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 2.

Data Extraction:

Individual test characteristics (bear hug, belly press, lift-off, Napoleon, and internal rotation lag sign) were combined in series and in parallel to maximize clinical sensitivity and specificity for any special test evaluated in at least 2 studies. A secondary analysis utilized subjective pretest probabilities to create a clinical decision tree algorithm and provide posttest probabilities.

Results:

A total of 3174 studies were identified, and 5 studies met inclusion criteria. The special test combination of the bear hug and belly press demonstrated the highest positive likelihood ratio (18.29). Overall, 3 special test combinations in series demonstrated a significant impact on posttest probabilities. With parallel testing, the combination of bear hug and belly press had the highest sensitivity (84%) and lowest calculated negative likelihood ratio (0.21).

Conclusion:

The combined application of the bear hug and belly press physical examination maneuvers is an optimal combination for evaluating subscapularis pathology. Positive findings using this test combination in series with a likely pretest probability yield a 96% posttest probability; whereas, negative findings tested in parallel with an unlikely pretest probability yield a 12% posttest probability.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Repair Simulation Model: Face, Content, and Construct Validation
Authors: AlQahtani Abdulaziz , Albathi Abeer , Castelnuovo Paolo , Alfawwaz Fahad
Published: August 2020

Background

Cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSFL) repair simulation models are scarce; however, these models are valuable tools for skull base reconstruction surgery training.

Objectives

This study aims to assess the face, content, and construct validity of a CSFL repair simulation model.

Method

Eight novices (residents- PGY3) and eight experts have performed skull base reconstruction in multiple sites in twelve human cadaveric heads in simulated surgical environment. The experts completed a post-study 21-item questionnaire to assess the face and content validity. The performances of the participants were recorded and scored by two independent investigators who were blinded to the participant's level. Global Rating Scale of Operative Performance (GRSOP) and a Specific Skull Base Reconstruction Checklist (SBRC) were used to score the performances.

Results

The responses from the expert group for the 21-item questionnaire were high for all items (4.13–4.88 out of 5). The internal consistency reliability of the questionnaire and the intraclass correlation, which was derived by Cronbach’s Alpha, were 0.913 and 0.941 respectively. Differences in construct validity between the two groups were statistically significant for both the GRSOP and SBRS (P-value < 0.001).

Conclusion

We demonstrated the face, content, and construct validity of the CSFL repair simulation model, which facilitates the acquisition of technical skills necessary for skull base reconstruction surgery. The model includes realistic features that make it useful in educational courses.
European guidelines on microscopic colitis: United European Gastroenterology and European Microscopic Colitis Group statements and recommendations
Authors: Miehlke Stephan , Guagnozzi Danila , Zabana Yamile , Tontini Gian E. , Kanstrup Fiehn Anne‐Marie , Wildt Signe , Bohr Johan , Bonderup Ole , Bouma Gerd , D'Amato Mauro , Heiberg Engel Peter J. , Fernandez‐Banares Fernando , Macaigne Gilles , Hjortswang Henrik , Hultgren‐Hörnquist Elisabeth , Koulaouzidis Anastasios , Kupcinskas Jouzas , Landolfi Stefania , Latella Giovanni , Lucendo Alfredo , Lyutakov Ivan , Madisch Ahmed , Magro Fernando , Marlicz Wojciech , Mihaly Emese , Munck Lars K. , Ostvik Ann‐Elisabeth , Patai Árpád V. , Penchev Plamen , Skonieczna‐Żydecka Karolina , Verhaegh Bas , Münch Andreas
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Microscopic colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterised by normal or almost normal endoscopic appearance of the colon, chronic watery, nonbloody diarrhoea and distinct histological abnormalities, which identify three histological subtypes, the collagenous colitis, the lymphocytic colitis and the incomplete microscopic colitis. With ongoing uncertainties and new developments in the clinical management of microscopic colitis, there is a need for evidence‐based guidelines to improve the medical care of patients suffering from this disorder.

Methods

Guidelines were developed by members from the European Microscopic Colitis Group and United European Gastroenterology in accordance with the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument. Following a systematic literature review, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. Statements and recommendations were developed by working groups consisting of gastroenterologists, pathologists and basic scientists, and voted upon using the Delphi method.

Results

These guidelines provide information on epidemiology and risk factors of microscopic colitis, as well as evidence‐based statements and recommendations on diagnostic criteria and treatment options, including oral budesonide, bile acid binders, immunomodulators and biologics. Recommendations on the clinical management of microscopic colitis are provided based on evidence, expert opinion and best clinical practice.

Conclusion

These guidelines may support clinicians worldwide to improve the clinical management of patients with microscopic colitis.
Asylum seekers’ lived experiences of dignity during health examination: A phenomenological hermeneutical study
Authors: Obtinario Olivia Bolinas , Thorkildsen Kari Marie
Published: August 2020

For newly arrived asylum seekers, a health examination is common practice in many countries. For asylum seekers, this part of the asylum-seeking process can be experienced as a burden due to communication barriers, feelings of mistrust and insecurity and the experience of being an object rather than an individual. The aim of this study was to explore asylum seekers’ lived experiences of dignity while undergoing a health examination. Eight asylum seekers participated in individual in-depth interviews. A phenomenological hermeneutical approach was used to analyse the collected data. The study is reported in accordance with COREQ guidelines. The lived experience of dignity was linked to dignity violation as well as to dignity safeguarded. The participants experienced anxiety about how they would be received. Some were met with kindness and care, but there were also many incidents of demeaning behaviour. With an interpreter present, the participants experienced that they could not speak freely. Numerous healthcare personnel and frequent transfers caused confusion and insecurity. Well-organised health centres made participants experience a sense of safety and respect. The results can be understood as a pattern consisting of four categories: rights-related, care-related, communication-related and system-related. This small study, which limits the conclusions that can be drawn, conveys that ethical awareness and professional expertise may contribute to safeguarding asylum seekers’ dignity in the above categories during a health examination.
Teacher Learning in Scaffolding Children’s Collaborative Dialogue in a Chinese Elementary School
Authors: Sun Jingjing , Zhang Jie , Li Hong
Published: August 2020

Purpose:

Dialogic pedagogies that provide students with frequent opportunities to talk have been shown to help students develop essential 21st-century skills. Many Chinese teachers, however, lack confidence and experiences in shifting from teacher-centered pedagogical practices to such student-centered practices. This study examined Chinese elementary school teachers’ reflections on learning to facilitate small-group collaborative reasoning (CR) discussions in their classrooms.

Design/Approach/Methods:

Two fourth-grade teachers in a public school in Beijing, China, participated in the study, where they participated in seven semi-structured debriefing interviews and wrote 13 reflective journals. Thematic analysis of the debriefing interviews and journals was carried out to understand the teachers’ learning progress.

Findings:

The results showed that although the teachers encountered major challenges, such as a drastic shift in their roles, the intense cognitive demands of scaffolding, and the emotional stress of handling the uncertainties of CR discussions, they also made noteworthy progress while learning to facilitate CR discussions. The teachers’ achievement goal orientations seem to have played a major role in how they responded to the challenges and whether they made progress.

Originality/Value:

This study reveals insights into the challenges and progress that the teachers experienced when learning to use a discussion-based teaching approach. It sheds light on the motivational mechanism of teacher learning and provides guidance on how to support Chinese teachers through the use of small-group collaborative discussions.
Viewing the Parent-Teacher Relationship in Music Education Through the Lens of Role Theory: A Literature Review
Authors: Ang Kathryn , Panebianco Clorinda , Odendaal Albi
Published: August 2020

The relationship between a parent and a teacher can be fraught with difficulties because of role conflicts that may result from the negotiations that occur between them. We synthesized recent perspectives drawn from the research literature on parent-teacher relationships with that of role theory, and aim to demonstrate how the current research literature can be used to describe the roles of parents and teachers and their relationship to one another in music lessons. Our findings indicate that parents often play multiple roles such as home supervisors, supporters, providers, role models, partners in education, and consumers, whereas teachers may play the roles of professional musicians, educators, partners in education, and role models. We argue that roles should be understood as resulting from interaction and negotiation between parties in a relationship, and suggest that concepts from role theory are helpful tools for the reconceptualization of parents’ and teachers’ roles.
Predictive modeling of complex ABO glycan phenotypes by lectin microarrays
Authors: Anani Waseem Q. , Ashwood Heather E. , Schmidt Anna , Burns Robert T. , Denomme Gregory A. , Hoffmeister Karin M.
Published: August 2020

Serological classification of individuals as A, B, O, or AB is a mainstay of blood banking. ABO blood groups or ABH antigens, in addition to other surface glycans, act as unique red blood cell (RBC) signatures and direct immune responses. ABO subgroups present as weakened, mixed field, or unexpected reactivity with serological reagents, but specific designations remain complex. Lectins detect glycan motifs with some recognizing ABH antigens. We evaluated a 45-probe lectin microarray to rapidly analyze ABO blood groups and associated unique glycan signatures within complex biological samples on RBC surface glycoproteins. RBC membrane glycoproteins were prepared from donor RBCs, n = 20 for each blood group. ABO blood group was distinguishable by lectin array, including variations in ABH antigen expression not observed with serology. Principal component analysis highlighted broad ABO blood group clusters with unexpected high and low antigen expression and variations were confirmed with ABH antibody immunoblotting. Using a subset of lectins provided an accurate method to predict an ABO serological phenotype. Lectin microarray highlighted the importance of ABO localization on glycoproteins and glycolipids and pointed to increased glycocalyx complexity associated with the expression of A and B antigens including high mannose and branched polylactosamine. Thus, lectins identified subtle surface ABO blood group glycoprotein density variations not detected by routine serological methods. Transfusion services observe alterations in ABH expression during malignancy, and ABO incompatible solid organ transplantation is not without risk of rejection. The presented methods may identify subtle but clinically significant ABO blood group differences for transfusion and transplantation.
Relationship between sleep duration and TV time with cardiometabolic risk in adolescents
Authors: Sehn Ana Paula , Gaya Anelise Reis , Dias Arieli Fernandes , Brand Caroline , Mota Jorge , Pfeiffer Karin Allor , Sayavera Javier Brazo , Renner Jane Dagmar Pollo , Reuter Cézane Priscila
Published: August 2020

Objective

To verify the association between sleep duration and television time with cardiometabolic risk and the moderating role of age, gender, and skin color/ethnicity in this relationship among adolescents.

Methods

Cross-sectional study with 1411 adolescents (800 girls) aged 10 to 17 years. Television time, sleep duration, age, gender, and skin color/ethnicity were obtained by self-reported questionnaire. Cardiometabolic risk was evaluated using the continuous metabolic risk score, by the sum of the standardz-score values for each risk factor: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemia, cardiorespiratory fitness, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference. Generalized linear regression models were used.

Results

There was an association between television time and cardiometabolic risk (β, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.003). Short sleep duration (β, 0.422; 95% CI, 0.012; 0.833) was positively associated with cardiometabolic risk. Additionally, age moderated the relationship between television time and cardiometabolic risk (β, − 0.009; 95% CI, − 0.002; − 0.001), suggesting that this relationship was stronger at ages 11 and 13 years (β, 0.004; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.006) compared to 13 to 15 years (β, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001; 0.004). No association was found in older adolescents (β, 0.001; 95% CI, − 0.002; 0.002).

Conclusions

Television time and sleep duration are associated with cardiometabolic risk; adolescents with short sleep have higher cardiometabolic risk. In addition, age plays a moderating role in the relationship between TV time and cardiometabolic risk, indicating that in younger adolescents the relationship is stronger compared to older ones.
Process evaluation of a workplace-based health promotion and exercise cluster-randomised trial to increase productivity and reduce neck pain in office workers: a RE-AIM approach
Authors: Welch Alyssa , Healy Genevieve , Straker Leon , Comans Tracy , O’Leary Shaun , Melloh Markus , Sjøgaard Gisela , Pereira Michelle , Chen Xiaoqi , Johnston Venerina
Published: August 2020

Background

This study uses the RE-AIM framework to provide a process evaluation of a workplace-based cluster randomised trial comparing an ergonomic plus exercise intervention to an ergonomic plus health promotion intervention; and to highlight variations across organisations; and consider the implications of the findings for intervention translation.

Method

This study applied the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance) methodology to examine the interventions’ implementation and to explore the extent to which differences between participating organisations contributed to the variations in findings. Qualitative and quantitative data collected from individual participants, research team observations and organisations were interrogated to report on the five RE-AIM domains.

Results

Overall reach was 22.7% but varied across organisations (range 9 to 83%). Participants were generally representative of the recruitment pool though more females (n = 452 or 59%) were recruited than were in the pool (49%). Effectiveness measures (health-related productivity loss and neck pain) varied across all organisations, with no clear pattern emerging to indicate the source of the variation. Organisation-level adoption (66%) and staffing level adoption (91%) were high. The interventions were implemented with minimal protocol variations and high staffing consistency, but organisations varied in their provision of resources (e.g. training space, seniority of liaisons). Mean adherence of participants to the EET intervention was 56% during the intervention period, but varied from 41 to 71% across organisations. At 12 months, 15% of participants reported regular EET adherence. Overall mean (SD) adherence to EHP was 56% (29%) across organisations during the intervention period (range 28 to 77%), with 62% of participants reporting regular adherence at 12 months. No organisations continued the interventions after the follow-up period.

Conclusion

Although the study protocol was implemented with high consistency and fidelity, variations in four domains (reach, effectiveness, adoption and implementation) arose between the 14 participating organisations. These variations may be the source of mixed effectiveness across organisations. Factors known to increase the success of workplace interventions, such as strong management support, a visible commitment to employee wellbeing and participant engagement in intervention design should be considered and adequately measured for future interventions.

Trial registration

ACTRN12612001154897; 29 October 2012.
The influence of foehn winds on the incidence of severe injuries in southern Bavaria – an analysis of the TraumaRegister DGU®
Authors: Greve Frederik , Kanz Karl-Georg , Zyskowski Michael , von Matthey Francesca , Biberthaler Peter , Muthers Stefan , Matzarakis Andreas , Lefering Rolf , Huber-Wagner Stefan
Published: August 2020

Background

Foehn describes a wind which occurs in areas with close proximity to mountains. The presence of foehn wind is associated with worsening health conditions.

This study analyzes the correlation between a foehn typical circulation and the incidence for suffering a severe trauma.

Methods

This is a retrospective, multicentre observational register study. The years from 2013 to 2016 were analyzed for the presence of foehn winds. A logistic regression analysis with the number of daily admitted trauma patients as the primary target value was performed in dependence of foehn winds.

Southern Bavaria is a typical foehn wind region. Individuals were treated in 37 hospitals of Southern Bavaria which participate in the TraumaRegister DGU®, an international register that includes all severe trauma patients, mainly in Germany.

We analyzed patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) of at least nine with admission to intensive care units or prior death in the emergency room.

Results

6215 patients were enrolled in this study. A foehn-typical circulation was present on 65 days (4.5%). 301 patients (5%) suffered a trauma with an ISS ≥ 9 on a foehn day. The mean ISS was 20.2 (9–75). On average, 4.3 patients (0–15 patients) were admitted on a daily basis due to a severe trauma.

The multivariate regression analysis revealed a daily increase of 0.87 individuals (p = 0.004; 95% CI 0.23–1.47) on foehn days. During spring 1.07 patients (p = < 0.001; 95% CI 0.72–1.42), in summer 1.98 patients (p = < 0.001; 95% CI 1.63–2.32), in fall 0.63 (p = < 0.001; 95% CI 0.28–0.97) and on Saturdays, 0.59 patients (p = < 0.001; 95% CI 0.24–0.93) were additionally admitted due to severe trauma.

Conclusion

Foehn winds are significantly associated with severe trauma in trauma centers of the TraumaNetzwerk DGU®.
Elastic pneumatic tourniquet cuff can reduce postoperative thigh pain after total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Park Jae-Young , Kim Sung Eun , Lee Myung Chul , Han Hyuk-Soo
Published: August 2020

Background

Tourniquet use is associated with complications such as thigh pain, skin problems, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This prospective study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the pneumatic tourniquet system using an elastic cuff and limb occlusion pressure (LOP) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The hypothesis of this study was that an elastic cuff tourniquet would result in less postoperative thigh pain after TKA.

Methods

This prospective randomized controlled trial involved a total of 98 patients who underwent primary TKA. They were randomized into two groups: tourniquet system using an elastic cuff and LOP group (Group E) and tourniquet system using a conventional-cuff and LOP group (Group C). Outcomes including postoperative thigh pain assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS), serum muscle enzymes, recommended tourniquet pressure (RTP), bloodlessness of surgical field, surgical time, incidence of DVT, and the frequency of rescue analgesic use after surgery, were compared between groups.

Results

Patients in Group E experienced significantly less thigh pain compared to those in Group C on postoperative day 4 (P = 0.01) and day 7 (P = 0.04). The difference between RTP and systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in Group E (P = 0.045). One case of thigh DVT was found in Group E, while no such cases were found in Group C. One and two cases of poor bloodless surgical fields were observed in Group E and Group C, respectively. There was no significant difference in surgical time, levels of serum muscle enzymes, and the frequency of rescue analgesic use between the two groups.

Conclusions

The pneumatic tourniquet system using an elastic cuff and LOP reduced early postoperative thigh pain more effectively than did the tourniquet system using a conventional cuff and LOP.

Trial registration

#KCT0003149. Registered August 17, 2018 - Retrospectively registered.
Use of an oxygen planar optode to assess the effect of high velocity microsprays on oxygen penetration in a human dental biofilms in-vitro
Authors: Khosravi Yalda , Kandukuri Rala D.P. , Palmer Sara R. , Gloag Erin S. , Borisov Sergey M. , Starke E. Michelle , Ward Marilyn T. , Kumar Purnima , de Beer Dirk , Chennu Arjun , Stoodley Paul
Published: August 2020

Background

Dental plaque biofilms are the causative agents of caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. Both mechanical and chemical strategies are used in routine oral hygiene strategies to reduce plaque build-up. If allowed to mature biofilms can create anoxic microenvironments leading to communities which harbor pathogenic Gram-negative anaerobes. When subjected to high velocity fluid jets and sprays biofilms can be fluidized which disrupts the biofilm structure and allows the more efficient delivery of antimicrobial agents.

Methods

To investigate how such jets may disrupt anoxic niches in the biofilm, we used planar optodes to measure the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration at the base of in-vitro biofilms grown from human saliva and dental plaque. These biofilms were subject to “shooting” treatments with a commercial high velocity microspray (HVM) device.

Results

HVM treatment resulted in removal of much of the biofilm and a concurrent rapid shift from anoxic to oxic conditions at the base of the surrounding biofilm. We also assessed the impact of HVM treatment on the microbial community by tracking 7 target species by qPCR. There was a general reduction in copy numbers of the universal 16S RNA by approximately 95%, and changes of individual species in the target region ranged from approximately 1 to 4 log reductions.

Conclusion

We concluded that high velocity microsprays removed a sufficient amount of biofilm to disrupt the anoxic region at the biofilm-surface interface.