bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children’s learning from others: Conformity to unconventional counting
Authors: Lago Oliva , Rodríguez Purificación , Escudero Ana , Dopico Cristina , Enesco Ileana
Published: January 2019

The current study investigated whether children’s conformity to a majority testimony influenced their willingness to revise their own erroneous counting knowledge. The content of the testimonies focused on conventional rules of counting, by means of pseudoerrors (i.e., unconventional counts) occurring during a detection task. In this work measurements were taken at two different time points. At time 1 children aged 5 to 7 years ( N = 88) first made independent judgments on the correctness of unconventional counting procedures presented by means of a computerized detection task. Subsequently, they watched a video in which four teachers (unanimous majority) or three (non-unanimous majority) made correct claims about the counts and children had to decide whether the informants were right or not, and justify their answers. Our participants conformed significantly more when the correct testimony was provided by a unanimous majority than by a non-unanimous majority. In addition, in two of the three pseudoerrors presented, there was no difference in the children’s tendency to conform to unconventional counts as age increased. At time 2, which was taken to test whether the effect of the testimony was maintained over time, the responses of the 32 children (16 from each age group) who had endorsed the claims of the unanimous majority at time 1 revealed that teachers’ testimonies only had a lasting influence on elementary school children’s understanding of conventional counting rules.
Diversity, toleration and recent social contract theory
Authors: Boettcher James W.
Published: January 2019

Ryan Muldoon has recently advanced an interesting and original bargaining model of the social contract as an alternative to Rawlsian social contract theory and political liberalism. This model is said to provide a more plausible account of social stability and the acceptance of diversity, at least as compared to those approaches that emphasize the traditional liberal idea of toleration. I challenge this claim by pursuing three criticisms of Muldoon’s new social contract theory. First, the principle of distribution that he proposes is likely to be rejected by some (or even many) members of the public, due to its indeterminacy or highly inegalitarian implications. Second, Muldoon tends to reduce the benefits of cooperation to gains from trade, ignoring other cooperative benefits that complicate his call for small-scale social experimentation. Finally, while motivating the acceptance of diversity is a commendable goal, distinguishing more defensible conceptions of toleration from less defensible conceptions requires attending to those elements of political liberalism that Muldoon seems to abandon, namely, standards of public reason and public justification.
Balance in social support exchange and discontinuation of young-old’s personal relationships in three birth cohorts
Authors: Suanet Bianca , van Tilburg Theo G.
Published: January 2019

Societal changes and an increase in personal resources are likely to have an impact on the personal relationships of cohorts coming of age. We expect that, in recent times, (1) relationships more often strike a balance in exchanged instrumental and emotional support and (2) relationships are discontinued more often when there is no balance in exchanged instrumental and emotional support, particularly among nonkin. We compare three birth cohorts from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, aged 55–64 years at baseline (early cohort: born in 1928–1937, interviewed in 1992; middle cohort: born in 1938–1947, interviewed in 2002; late cohort: born in 1948–1957, interviewed in 2012). The results indicate that, in the middle and late birth cohorts, personal relationships are more often characterized by a balance in social support exchanges compared to the early cohort. No cohort differences in the effect of balance on relationship discontinuation are observed. The results suggest increased opportunities and preferences of young-olds to maintain balance in their personal relationships.
Pitching a business idea to investors: How new venture founders use micro-level rhetoric to achieve narrative plausibility and resonance
Authors: van Werven Ruben , Bouwmeester Onno , Cornelissen Joep P
Published: January 2019

For entrepreneurial narratives to be effective, they need to be judged as plausible and have to resonate with an audience. Prior research has, however, not examined or explained how entrepreneurs try to meet these criteria. In this article, we addressed this question by analysing the micro-level arguments underpinning the pitch narratives of entrepreneurs who joined a business incubator. We discerned four previously unidentified rhetorical strategies that these entrepreneurs used to achieve narrative plausibility and resonance. Our findings further suggest that temporality and product development status may shape how entrepreneurs use these strategies. By outlining these aspects of entrepreneurial rhetoric, we contribute to opening up the black box of narrative resonance and plausibility and advance work on the role of rhetoric in entrepreneurship.
Falsely low activated clotting time measured in a patient with sickle cell trait
Authors: Crook Richard , Wheeler Kyrie
Published: January 2019

Sickle cell anaemia results from homozygosity of an A-T point mutation leading to a substitution of glutamic acid for valine at point 6 of the β-globin gene. A person with sickle cell trait inherits one normal and one mutated allele. Patients with sickle cell anaemia, and to a lesser extent sickle cell trait, have a wide spectrum of haemostatic abnormalities. Here we describe the problems faced in obtaining an accurate activated clotting time measurement, in a patient with sickle cell trait, prior to commencement of cardiopulmonary bypass for decannulation of Berlin Heart.
Incorporating Multicultural Couple and Family Therapy Into Incarcerated Settings
Authors: Tadros Eman , Fye Janelle M. , McCrone Christine L. , Finney Natasha
Published: January 2019

Incarceration rates have increased significantly since the 1990s, with more than two million adults in federal, state, and local facilities. More than half of the offenders report a history of mental health issues, highlighting the importance of offenders having access to effective therapeutic approaches, including individual, couples, and family counseling. Traditionally, the focus of mental health services has been individual treatment; however, family members are also significantly impacted by the offender’s absence during incarceration. Incorporating family members into treatment can serve to improve relationships, leading to better outcomes at reentry and reductions in recidivism rates. Given the preponderance of persons of color in the incarcerated population, diversity issues in counseling must also be addressed. The purpose of the underlined article is to explore the implications of incorporating multicultural family therapy into incarcerated settings.
Associations of Fluid Amount, Type, and Balance and Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Major Surgery
Authors: Weinberg L. , Li M. H. G. , Churilov L. , Armellini A. , Gibney M. , Hewitt T. , Tan C. O. , Robbins R. , Tremewen D. , Christophi C. , Bellomo R.
Published: January 2019

Fluid administration has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). We assessed whether, after correction for fluid balance, amount and chloride content of fluids administered have an independent association with AKI. We performed an observational study in patients after major surgery assessing the independent association of AKI with volume, chloride content and fluid balance, after adjustment for Physiological and Operative Severity Score for enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) score, age, elective versus emergency surgery, and duration of surgery. We studied 542 consecutive patients undergoing major surgery. Of these, 476 patients had renal function tested as part of routine clinical care and 53 patients (11.1%) developed postoperative AKI. After adjustments, a 100 ml greater mean daily fluid balance was artificially associated with a 5% decrease in the instantaneous hazard of AKI: adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR) 0.951, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.935 to 0.967, P <0.001. However, after adjustment for the proportion of chloride-restrictive fluids, mean daily fluid amounts and balances, POSSUM morbidity, age, duration and emergency status of surgery, and the confounding effect of fluid balance, every 5% increase in the proportion of chloride-liberal fluid administered was associated with an 8% increase in the instantaneous hazard of AKI (aHR 1.079, 95% CI 1.032 to 1.128, P=0.001), and a 100 ml increase in mean daily fluid amount given was associated with a 6% increase in the instantaneous hazard of AKI (aHR 1.061, 95% CI 1.047 to 1.075, P <0.001). After adjusting for key risk factors and for the confounding effect of fluid balance, greater fluid administration and greater administration of chloride-rich fluid were associated with greater risk of AKI.
Postoperative Euglycaemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis Associated with Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors (Gliflozins): A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Chacko B. , Whitley M. , Beckmann U. , Murray K. , Rowley M.
Published: January 2019

Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i)-associated euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euDKA) is a serious and increasingly recognised complication of treatment with this class of oral hypoglycaemic agents and can present a diagnostic challenge, resulting in delayed recognition, inappropriate treatment and potentially life-threatening acidosis. We present two cases of patients developing SGLT2i-associated euDKA in the early postoperative period. We support ceasing SGLT2i for 72 hours preoperatively and would suggest continuing to withhold the medication until oral intake is restored, and recommend a wider awareness of SGLT2i-associated diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) amongst patients and their healthcare providers with an emphasis on checking ketone levels irrespective of blood glucose levels in the postoperative setting.
Validation of a Revised Mandarin Chinese Language Version of the Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale
Authors: Ni J. , El-Ansary D. , Heiberg J. , Shen G. , You Q. , Gao Y. , Liu K. , Ke H. , Royse C. F.
Published: January 2019

The aim of the study was to validate a revised Mandarin version of the Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale (PostopQRS) and to apply the revised version in a Chinese population. In a prospective design, bilingual volunteers completed the scale at baseline, day one, day seven, and day 14 in both languages, with the order of language and parallel forms randomised. In addition, lung cancer patients undergoing open or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) completed the Mandarin version prior to surgery, day one, day three, day seven, day 14, one month, and three months postoperatively. Sixty-eight volunteers participated in the validation part of the study and in the clinical application, 93 lung cancer patients were included. The scores in the Mandarin version were equal to the English version in all domains at all timepoints including the word generation task, when the Mandarin morpheme was included in any part of the Mandarin word. However, Mandarin scores were lower in the word generation task if the morpheme was only included in the first part of the word. In addition, the Mandarin version was able to identify lower rates of overall recovery (P <0.01), nociceptive (P <0.01), emotive (P <0.01), and activities of daily living recovery (P=0.02) after open surgery compared to after VATS. The revised Mandarin version is equivalent to the English version for the cognitive domain, if morpheme substitution for the word generation task is allowed as any part of the word, and it is able to discriminate quality of recovery in Chinese patients.
Strategies to Reduce Inappropriate Laboratory Blood Test Orders in Intensive Care Are Effective and Safe: A Before-And-After Quality Improvement Study
Authors: Dhanani J. A. , Barnett A. G. , Lipman J. , Reade M. C.
Published: January 2019

Unnecessary pathology tests performed in intensive care units (ICU) might lead to increased costs of care and potential patient harm due to unnecessary phlebotomy. We hypothesised that a multimodal intervention program could result in a safe and effective reduction in the pathology tests ordered in our ICU. We conducted a single-centre pre- and post-study using multimodal interventions to address commonly ordered routine tests. The study was performed during the same six month period (August to February) over three years: 2012 to 2013 (pre-intervention), 2013 to 2014 (intervention) and 2014 to 2015 (post-intervention). Interventions consisted of staff education, designing new pathology forms, consultant-led pathology test ordering and intensive monitoring for a six-month period. The results of the study showed that there was a net savings of over A$213,000 in the intervention period and A$175,000 in the post-intervention period compared to the pre-intervention period. There was a 28% reduction in the tests performed in the intervention period (P <0.0001 compared to pre-intervention period) and 26% in the post-intervention period (P <0.0001 compared to pre-intervention period). There were no ICU or hospital mortality differences between the groups. There were no significant haemoglobin differences between the groups. A multimodal intervention safely reduced pathology test ordering in the ICU, resulting in substantial cost savings.
Intravenous Tranexamic Acid and Lower Limb Arthroplasty—A Randomised Controlled Feasibility Study
Authors: Painter T. W. , Daly D. J. , Kluger R. , Rutherford A. , Ditoro A. , Grant C. , Howell S.
Published: January 2019

Tranexamic acid (TA) is widely reported to reduce bleeding and the risk of blood transfusion in patients undergoing lower limb arthroplasty. No study in this setting has had adequate power to examine for the effect of TA on either uncommon, but clinically important, adverse events or patient-centric endpoints. A large randomised controlled trial (RCT) is required to address these questions. As a preliminary feasibility study, we conducted an investigator-initiated, prospective, randomised, double blind placebo-controlled trial in 140 patients, aged 45 years or older, undergoing elective primary or revision hip or knee joint replacement. Subjects were randomised to receive intravenous (IV) TA or a placebo. The primary endpoints were the proportion of patients receiving allogenic blood transfusion and the feasibility of extending our trial methodology to a large trial of TA in this population. Secondary endpoints included a range of adverse clinical and surgical events as well as several patient-centric questionnaires. Red blood cell transfusion occurred in 15% of all patients prior to discharge from hospital. Transfusion rates were significantly different between the TA and placebo groups (8.5% versus 21.7%, P=0.03). Three out of four feasibility endpoints were met, with recruitment being slower than expected. No significant differences were seen between groups in the secondary endpoints. Despite a lower rate of transfusion than that widely reported, IV TA reduced transfusion in patients undergoing lower limb arthroplasty. Our trial methodology would be feasible in the setting of a large multicentre study to investigate whether TA is safe and reduces bleeding in lower limb arthroplasty.
Inhalational versus Propofol-Based Total Intravenous Anaesthesia: Practice Patterns and Perspectives among Australasian Anaesthetists
Authors: Lim A. , Braat S. , Hiller J. , Riedel B.
Published: January 2019

Increasing evidence suggests that total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) may be the preferred anaesthetic for cancer resection surgery. To assist the preparation of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) examining Volatile (versus TIVA) Anaesthesia and Perioperative Outcomes Related to Cancer (VAPOR-C) we developed an 18-question electronic survey to investigate practice patterns and perspectives (emphasising indications, barriers, and impact on cancer outcomes) of TIVA versus inhalational general anaesthesia in Australasia. The survey was emailed to 1,000 (of 5,300 active Fellows) randomly selected Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) Fellows. The response rate was 27.5% (n=275). Of the respondents, 18% use TIVA for the majority of cases. In contrast, 46% use TIVA 20% of the time or less. Respondents described indications for TIVA as high risk of nausea, neurosurgery, and susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia. Lack of equipment, lack of education and cost were not considered barriers to TIVA use, and a significant proportion (41%) of respondents would use TIVA more often if setup were easier. Of the respondents, 43% thought that TIVA was associated with less cancer recurrence than inhalational anaesthesia, while 46% thought that there was no difference. Yet, only 29% of respondents reported that they use TIVA often or very often for cancer surgery. In Australasia, there is generally a low frequency of TIVA use despite a perception of benefit when compared with inhalational anaesthesia. Anaesthetists are willing to use TIVA for indications where sufficient evidence supports a meaningful level of improvement in clinical outcome. The survey explores attitudes towards use of TIVA for cancer surgery and demonstrates equipoise in anaesthetists’ opinions regarding this indication. The inconsistent use of TIVA in Australasia, minimal barriers to its use, and the equipoise in anaesthetists’ opinions regarding the effect of TIVA versus inhalational anaesthesia on cancer outcomes support the need for a large prospective RCT.
An Audit of Perioperative Blood Transfusions in a Regional Hospital to Rationalise a Maximum Surgical Blood Ordering Schedule
Authors: Blank R. M. , Blank S. P. , Roberts H. E.
Published: January 2019

Appropriate preoperative blood typing and cross-matching is an important quality improvement target to minimise costs and rationalise the use of blood bank resources. This can be facilitated using a maximum surgical blood ordering schedule (MSBOS) for specific operations. It is recommended that individual hospitals develop a site-specific MSBOS based on institutional data, but this is challenging in non-tertiary centres without electronic databases. Our aim was to audit our perioperative blood transfusions to develop a site-specific MSBOS. A retrospective audit of blood transfusions in surgical patients in our regional referral hospital was conducted using five years’ coded administrative data. Procedures with higher transfusion rates warranting preoperative testing (type and screen with or without subsequent cross-matching) were identified. There were about 15,000 eligible surgical procedures performed in our institution over the audit period. The need for preoperative testing was identified for only a few procedures, namely laparotomy, bowel resection, major amputation, joint arthroplasty, hip/femur fracture and humerus surgery, and procedures for obstetric complications. We observed a reduction in transfusion rates over time for total joint arthroplasty. The use of coding data represents an efficient method by which centres without electronic anaesthesia information management systems can conduct large-scale audits to develop a site-specific MSBOS. This would represent a significant improvement for hospitals that currently base preoperative testing recommendations on expert opinion alone. As many procedures in regional centres have very low transfusion rates, hospitals with a similar case mix to ours could consider selectively auditing higher-risk operations where local data is most likely to alter testing recommendations.
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction after Sevoflurane Or Propofol General Anaesthesia in Combination with Spinal Anaesthesia for Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Konishi Y. , Evered L. A. , Scott D. A. , Silbert B. S.
Published: January 2019

It is unknown if the type of general anaesthetic used for maintenance of anaesthesia affects the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of POCD in patients administered either sevoflurane or propofol for maintenance of anaesthesia during total hip replacement surgery. Following administration of a spinal anaesthetic, patients received either sevoflurane (n=121) or propofol (n=171) at the discretion of the anaesthetist for maintenance of general anaesthesia to maintain the processed electroencephalogram (bispectral index, BIS) under 60. POCD was assessed postoperatively at day 7, three months, and 12 months using a neurocognitive test battery. There was no statistically significant difference between the incidence of POCD at any timepoint with sevoflurane compared to propofol. The mean BIS was significantly lower in the sevoflurane group than in the propofol group (mean BIS 44.3 [standard deviation, SD, 7.5] in the sevoflurane group versus 53.7 [SD 8.1] in the propofol group, P=0.0001). However, there was no statistically significant association between intraoperative BIS level and the incidence of POCD at any timepoint. Our results suggest that the incidence of POCD is not strongly influenced by the type of anaesthesia used in elderly patients.
The persistence of magic and religion in contemporary medicine and psychotherapy
Authors: Luiker Henry
Published: January 2019

An examination of the ostensibly secular, modern and scientific fields of medicine and psychotherapy reveals the persistence of religious, primitive and magical thinking. Practitioners appear to meet the public demand for magical enactments at least half-way. In doing so, they may persist with practices despite evidence of its ineffectiveness, or with disregard for the question of its effectiveness altogether, or with imperviousness to the discouragingly weak therapeutic effects reported in scientific papers. Examples are drawn from coronary surgery, contemporary psychoanalysis and group analysis. The situation for group analysis is of special interest.
Optical, thermal and gas separation properties of acetate-containing copoly(ether-imide)s based on 6FDA and fluorenyl diamines
Authors: Lu Yunhua , Hao Jican , Xiao Guoyong , Li Lin , Hu Zhizhi , Wang Tonghua
Published: January 2019

The diamine, 9,9-bis[4-(4-amino-3-hydroxylphenoxy)phenyl]fluorene (BAHPPF) was synthesized by the modified two-step method. Then, a series of acetate-containing copoly(ether-imide)s were prepared by the copolymerization of BAHPPF, 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene (BAF) and 2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) followed by chemical imidization. The structures and properties of the BAHPPF and copoly(ether-imide)s were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-VIS), and tensile testing. Single gas permeation performances of these copoly(ether-imide)s were also studied for five representative gases of interest including H2, O2, N2, CO2, and CH4. The experimental results showed that the copoly(ether-imide)s showed excellent optical properties with high light transmittance above 80.2% at 450 nm. The glass transition temperature of these copolymers were higher than 333°C. Their tensile strength and Young’s module also increased, and the elongation decreased with the decrease of BAHPPF. High gas permeabilities of copoly(ether-imide)s were obtained, and the ideal selectivity of CO2/CH4 was improved due to the introduction of acetate group and flexible ether linkage. These copoly(ether-imide)s could be applied to the field of optics and gas separation.
Why we need pre-exposure prophylaxis: incident HIV and syphilis among men, and transgender women, who have sex with men, Bangkok, Thailand, 2005–2015
Authors: Holtz TH , Wimonsate W , Mock PA , Pattanasin S , Chonwattana W , Thienkrua W , Sukwicha W , Curlin ME , Chitwarakorn A , Dunne EF
Published: January 2019

We describe incident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis trends in men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) presenting for HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services and sexually transmitted infection (STI) management at the Silom Community Clinic, Bangkok, Thailand. Clients underwent rapid HIV testing and syphilis rapid plasma reagin (RPR) testing. For incidence analysis, we included clients with >1 follow-up visit. Initial negative HIV with subsequent positive HIV defined incident HIV infection; incident syphilis infection was defined as negative RPR followed by positive RPR (titer ≥1:8) and confirmatory anti- Treponema pallidum antibodies. Calculation of incidence using Poisson regression assumed a uniform probability distribution throughout the seroconversion interval. From 15 September 2005 to 31 December 2015, we tested 10,158 clients for HIV and 10,324 for syphilis. Overall, 7109 clients tested HIV-seronegative and contributed 7157 person-years (PY). Three-hundred forty-seven incident HIV infections resulted in an incidence rate of 4.8 per 100 PY (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4–5.4). We found an inverted U-shape trend of HIV incidence over time with a peak of 6.4 per 100 PY in quarter 2/2011 ( p < 0.01) (Poisson with RCS function, p = 0.001). Overall, 8713 clients tested seronegative for syphilis and contributed 8623 PY. The incidence of syphilis infection was 4.4 per 100 PY (95% CI 3.9–4.8). Despite an apparent decline in HIV incidence among MSM and TGW attending VCT services, syphilis incidence rose and remained high. Evaluating temporal trends of HIV and syphilis incidence provides an opportunity to evaluate epidemic trajectories and target limited program funding. We recommend focused HIV and STI prevention interventions for MSM in Bangkok.
Dermatologically challenging syphilis presentation
Authors: Katz Alan R , Johnson Douglas W , Komeya Alan Y , Tomas Juval E , Namiki Thomas S , Kobayashi Kozue
Published: January 2019

An atypical early primary syphilis case presentation with multiple umbilicated papular lesions on the penis and a nonreactive syphilis serology was misdiagnosed as molluscum contagiosum. Over a period of eight weeks, prior to dermatologic consultation, the papules enlarged, ulcerated, and healed. New plaque and patch formation on the penis and scrotum led to a differential diagnosis of inverse psoriasis vs. syphilis. Histological examination of a shave biopsy specimen revealed numerous Treponema pallidum organisms and repeat syphilis serological test results confirmed a syphilis diagnosis. Lesions responded to treatment with benzathine penicillin. One must keep a high index of suspicion for syphilis in light of its diverse presentation and increasing incidence.
Fatigue Life Prediction for Carbon Fibre Composites
Authors: Adam T , Gathercole N , Reiter H , Harris B
Published: January 2019

A parametric model is presented for the fatigue behaviour of a T800/5245 carbon fibre laminate in terms of a normalized Goodman diagram relating the alternating and mean components of stress for various R ratios. The model describes the complete fatigue life behaviour of a given composite family.
Effect of Microstructural Development on Mechanical behaviour of Al2O3 particle reinforced 6061Al composite at elevated temperature Dake Yu
Authors: Yu Dake , Chandra T
Published: January 2019

Hot compression of 6061Al alloy and the alloy containing 15 vol% of Al2O3 particles shows that the composite has higher strength than the monolithic alloy at all the temperatues studied. However, as the temperature increases, difference in strength between the two alloys decreases. This decrease is found to be related to microstructural development in the composite during hot compression.
The treatment of Fatigue and Damage Accumulation in Composite Design
Authors: Kedward K T , Beaumont P W R
Published: January 2019

SUMMARY

The process of design has traditionally involved a specialized treatment of damage accumulation and associated fatigue phenomena, e.g. Miners Rule. The treatment of such phenomena for the case of advanced composites tends to be complicated by the existence of a multiplicity of competing failure modes. The subject assumes even greater importance when the ever expanding types of composite systems are considered, i.e. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC's), Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC's) and Metal Matrix Composites (MMC's) to name the broader categories. All composite systems are considered herein to comprise continuous fiber reinforcements.
On the analysis of Thick Sandwich Shells
Authors: Isometsä J
Published: January 2019

Remarks concerning the analysis of thick sandwich shells are presented. The results obtained for a Mindlin type shell element and a technique which uses shell and solid elements are compared with the available analytical solution.
Effects of Surface Treatments on Mechanical properties of Knitted Structural Composites
Authors: Kitagawa K , Kankawa Y , Shimamura T
Published: January 2019

Effects of surface treatments on tensile property of knitted structural composites were discussed. The maximum tensile load of weft knitted fabrics of silicone-coating aramid yams was higher than that of none coated yarns. Moreover, the maximum tensile load of knitted fabrics increased by means of the O2 plasma 2 min. exposure. In 20 min. exposure both maximum tensile load of knitted fabrics and tensile strength of knitted structural composites were lower than those in none and 2 min. exposure. In the O2 plasma 2 min. and 20 min. treated knitted fabric of silicone-coating yarns, it can be seen that the adhesion between the reinforcement and the matrix of the knitted structural composite was weakened. However, this has not affected tensile strength of knitted structural composites.
The use of Absorbed Impact Energy as A Damage Metric
Authors: Doucet A B , Rao M D
Published: January 2019

Detection and monitoring of in—service damage requires the use of suitable parameters and metrics to quantify the damage. The use of total absorbed impact energy is investigated in this work as a damage metric which can be used to correlate impact damage to changes in vibrational damping properties.
Micromechanical measurements of Interfacial Adhesion in E-Glass/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Yavin B , Wagner H D
Published: January 2019

Experimental data are presented for the fiber/matrix interfacial adhesion in unsized and sized E-glass/epoxy microcomposites. A comparison of the results obtained by the microbond and the single-fiber composite tests is presented and discussed. The adequacy of specific micromechanical adhesion tests for a given fiber/matrix system is discussed. It is conjectured that the “true” value of the adhesion strength falls in-between the results from the microbond and the single-fiber composite tests.
Thermal-Shock behaviour of Short-Fibre Ceramic-Matrix Composites Made by the Freeze-Gelation Process
Authors: Russell-Floyd R S , Johnson R , Cooke R G , Harris B
Published: January 2019

This paper discusses the effect of thermal shock on the mechanical properties of some ceramic matrix composites manufactured by the sol-gel process. The composites were prepared by the freeze-gelation of aqueous sols of two different matrix compositions, each containing about 10vol% of Saffil alumina fibres. The properties of one composite remained almost unaffected by the thermal shock, while those of the second material remained unaffected up to about 300°C and then fell smoothly as the water-quenching temperature was further increased to 600°C.
Notch sensitivity of A Ceramic Composite with A Circular Hole
Authors: Moschelle W.R. , Laboratory Wright , Mall S.
Published: January 2019

Silicon carbide matrix reinforced with silicon carbide fabric with a circular hole was studied for its tensile fracture behavior. Hole diameter to specimen width ratios ranged from 0.1 to 0.4. The effect of the hole, for all sizes, was almost negligible, and the notched strength was found to be nearly equal to the unnotched composite strength.
Prediction of Impact-Induced Delamination in Composite Plates
Authors: Fuoss E. , Straznicky P. V. , Poon C.
Published: January 2019

The bending stiffness mismatch method is examined for its ability to predict delaminations within multi-ply composite plates. Bending stiffness is found to be insufficient to predict delamination size through thickness. A combination of several parameters may be required to model delaminations resulting from an impact response.
A Methodology for Preforming Three-Dimensional Aerospace Components
Authors: Chestney J.A. , Moore S. J. , Sarhadi M.
Published: January 2019

A new appoach to preforming resin-free dry fibre reinforcement fabrics is presented, allowing components incorporating three-dimensional features. The technique, termed shape-inclusive lay-up, has been devised to allow automated manufacture, making use of a robotic manufacturing cell. The principles of the technique and its advantages and disadvantages are described, and a case study demonstrates its abilities.
The effect of Cyclic Loading on the micromechanics of the Interface
Authors: Koimtzoglou C. , Kostopoulos V. , Melanitis N.E. , Paipetis S.A.
Published: January 2019

The effect of fatigue on the interfacial properties of carbon fibre model composites was investigated, employing the fragmentation test. Continuous and discontinuous single carbon fibre model composites were manufactured and subjected to strain controlled fatigue loading. Whilst no effect of cyclic loading on the fibre/matrix interface of continuous fibres was detected, a significant reduction in the interfacial strength of the discontinuous fibre specimens was measured.
Designing and manufacturing of a lightweight and broadband electromagnetic wave absorber with combined carbonaceous and magnetic nanofillers
Authors: Haq Izhar ul , Khurram AA , Hussain Rizwan , Naseem Shahzad
Published: January 2019

Two different types of microwave absorbers composed of two layers and four layers of nanocomposites have been designed in the light of the theory of electromagnetic wave absorbers and tested. The nanocomposites were prepared from glass fiber/epoxy filled with carbonaceous and magnetic nanoparticles. The carbonaceous nanoparticles include multiwalled carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and thermally exfoliated GNPs, whereas magnetic nanoparticles include CoFe3O4, CoNiFe3O4, MnFe3O4 in different weight percentage. The absorbers with two layers of nanocomposites had total designed thickness of 3.3 mm. The surface layer of those absorbers is made of lower permittivity nanocomposite as compared to the bottom layer. On the other hand, the absorbers with four layers of nanocomposites have alternating combination of layers filled with carbonaceous and magnetic nanoparticles. The measurement of reflectivity using free space method have shown that among all the designed microwave absorbers, one of the absorber with two layers of nanocomposites have shown least reflectivity (−24 dB) and higher −10 dB bandwidth (9 GHz). That absorber is composed of low permittivity surface layer filled with equal wt% (4 wt%) of magnetic nanoparticles, that is, CoFe3O4, CoNiFe3O4, MnFe3O4, and a bottom lossy layer filled with 2.6 wt% of carbon nanotubes.
A multi-objective evaluation method based on connection numbers theory of hazardous chemical accidents emergency medical rescue capability
Authors: Wang Yapeng , Zhang Jinguo , Wang Yundou , Xiong Xiaowen , Zhao Xin
Published: January 2019

Background:

An objective, comprehensive and scientific evaluation of emergency medical rescue capability (EMRC) is of great realistic significance in assisting the health administrative department to grasp the overall response capability of all emergency medical rescue teams, enabling each team to have a full understanding of its own strengths and weakness and improve itself accordingly. At present, the research on the evaluation of EMRC in Hazardous Chemicals Accidents (HCA) is not systematic and in-depth, and the existing research results also have some shortcomings, such as, the lack of strong theoretical support for the evaluation index system, the relatively single function of evaluation methods, and so on.

Objectives:

The objective of this article is to research the evaluation index system and a new evaluation method of EMRC in HCA to overcome the above shortcomings.

Methods:

It establishes an emergency medical rescue capability model by employing the competency model and then constructs the evaluation index system on the basis of the analysis of all the factors of emergency medical rescue capability in hazardous chemical accidents and sets up an evaluation model based on the theory of connection numbers and partial connection numbers. It determines the competence ranking of several emergency medical rescue teams and the competence state of an individual emergency medical rescue team by calculating the connection principal value, and it also predicts how the emergency medical rescue capability will develop based on the values of partial connection numbers.

Results:

The example shows that the calculation process of this model is relatively simple, and its assessment results are objective and authentic, and moreover, its multi-functions can make up for the deficiency of the simplified function of other evaluation models.

Conclusion:

This method is scientific and rational to some extent and can provide reference for evaluation problems of the same kind.
Constitutional ‘borrowing’ and freedom of expression: Can Australia learn from the US First Amendment?
Authors: Roberts Jemimah
Published: January 2019

This article explores the potential role of US free speech doctrine as a source of learning for the High Court in developing its own jurisprudence in a broadly analogous area – the Australian (implied) freedom of political communication. The author argues in favour of a critical and self-reflective approach to this question, where the comparative utility of foreign doctrine is assessed by reference to its use in advancing Australian-specific constitutional commitments and inquiries. The article concludes with a brief worked account of how this might be applied to ‘structural' versus ‘autonomy' driven US doctrine.
The Elimination of Dental Crowding and Development of a Proper Dental Arch by Maxillary Anterior Segmental Distraction Osteogenesis for a Patient With UCLP
Authors: Tanikawa Chihiro , Lee Donghoon , Oonishi Yuri Yamamoto , Haraguchi Seiji , Aikawa Tomonao , Kogo Mikihiko , Iida Seiji , Yamashiro Takashi
Published: January 2019

Objective:

This report describes the case of a male patient with a complete unilateral cleft lip and palate who presented with midface deficiency and an anteroposteriorly constricted maxilla.

Design:

Case report Interventions: Correction involved anterior distraction of the segmented maxilla.

Results:

The present case demonstrates that elongation of the maxilla with anterior distraction is an effective way to develop a proper dental arch, correct anterior and posterior crowding, and improve a midface deficiency.
Vitamin D Level and Supplementation in Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lara-Corrales Irene , Huang Christina M. , Parkin Patricia C. , Rubio-Gomez Gustavo A. , Posso-De Los Rios Claudia J. , Maguire Jonathon , Pope Elena
Published: January 2019

Background:

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by a pruritic eczematous rash. Evidence surrounding the role of serum vitamin D (VD) in modifying disease severity is inconsistent.

Objectives:

To determine whether VD levels are correlated with AD severity and the effects of VD supplementation on disease modification.

Methods:

This was a 2-phase study, using a cross-sectional design to evaluate the relationship between VD level and severity, as well as a double-blinded, randomized control trial to elucidate the effects of VD supplementation. Patients aged 0 to 18 years with AD were included in phase 1, and disease severity and serum VD levels were determined. Those with renal, liver, or other dermatologic conditions were excluded. Patients with abnormal (<72.7 nmol/L) VD levels were eligible for phase 2 and to be randomized to either VD supplementation of 2000 IU/d or placebo. VD level and severity were assessed at baseline and 3 months.

Results:

The 77 patients included in phase 1 had a mean (SD) age of 7.4 (4.5) years, and 45.5% (33/77) were female. Increased severity was significantly correlated with lower VD levels ( P = .015). Of the 45 patients included in phase 2, 21 and 24 were assigned to the supplementation and placebo arm, respectively. The mean (SD) change in severity did not differ significantly between the supplementation (15.35 [9.71]) and placebo (15.13 [8.97]) groups after 3 months of intervention ( P = .7).

Conclusion:

Although VD levels correlated with AD severity, VD supplementation did not significantly improve disease severity.
Validation of short instruments assessing parental and caregivers’ perceptions on child health and development for personalized prevention
Authors: Doove Bernice , Feron Jolien , Feron Frans , van Os Jim , Drukker Marjan
Published: January 2019

Systematically exploring parental as well as other caregivers’ concerns is a main component in preventive child health care (PCHC) for family-centred practice and personalized health care. To facilitate communication and early identification of emerging mental health problems, a PCHC toolkit based on short instruments was developed. This article investigates the reliability and validity of (1) two visual analogue scales (VAS) to assess parent-reported ‘parenting’ and ‘child behaviour’, (2) a professional caregiver-reported VAS to assess ‘child competence’ and (3) the parents’ evaluation of developmental status (PEDS) in Dutch PCHC. Parents as well as child care, kindergarten and preschool teachers completed instruments in a community-based sample of children ( N = 346) aged 3 years at baseline. The three VAS and PEDS were associated with standardized questionnaires assessing the same constructs. Overall predictive accuracy showed: good to excellent for ‘parenting’ VAS, fair to good for ‘child behaviour’ VAS and poor for ‘child competence’ VAS. The PEDS, ‘parenting’ VAS and ‘child behaviour’ VAS, demonstrated high sensitivity at various cut-off points of index test and reference standard. At follow-up, approximately 1 year later, results were similar. Although the ‘child competence’ VAS scored lower on one aspect of validity, the PEDS and the different VAS are reliable, valid and useful as brief monitoring tools in daily Dutch PCHC practice.
Evaluating Patients for Elective Outpatient Foot and Ankle Surgery: Insurance as a Predictor of Patient Outcomes
Authors: Bakhsh Wajeeh , Childs Sean , Oh Irvin , Flemister Sam , Baumhauer Judy , Ketz John
Published: January 2019

Background. Elective surgical procedures necessitate careful patient selection. Insurance level has been associated with postoperative outcomes in trauma patients. This study evaluates the relationship insurance level has with outcomes from elective foot and ankle surgery. Methods. Retrospective chart review was performed on patients who underwent elective surgery at a single center with 1-year follow-up. Patients were classified by insurance: under-/uninsured (Medicaid, Option plans) versus fully insured. Outcomes included narcotic refills, patient-reported outcomes (PROMIS) of pain, function, and mood, and compliance with follow-up visits. Statistical analysis involved mean comparison and multivariate regression modeling, with significance P < .05. Results. Cohort groups included 220 insured and 47 under-/uninsured. Outcomes between the insured and under-/uninsured groups differed significantly in narcotic refills (0.72 vs 1.74 respectively, P < .01), missed appointments (0.13 vs 0.62, P < .01), and PROMIS results (pain 54.5 vs 60.2; function 44.3 vs 39.5; mood 44.6 vs 51.3; P < .01). The change in PROMIS scores from preoperative to 1-year postoperative were different in pain (−7.3 vs −2.5, P = .03) and function (+6.3 vs +1.3, P = .04). Regression results confirm insurance as a significant factor (coefficient 0.27, P < .01). Conclusion. These results establish that under-/uninsured patients have worse pain, patient-reported outcomes, and functional outcomes after elective foot and ankle surgery, which may inform patient selection.

Levels of Evidence: Level III: Retrospective cohort study
Prolonged continuous infraclavicular brachial plexus perineural infusion following replantation of a mid-humeral amputation
Authors: Clifford Sean P , Maggard Brittany D , Hines Kelly M
Published: January 2019

Replantation of a traumatic upper extremity amputation is a complex process accompanied by prolonged hospitalization, extended rehabilitation, and potential for graft failure secondary to poor perfusion to the distal extremity. The patient is faced with repeat visits to the operating room in addition to severe acute and chronic pain issues. We present the case of an 18-year-old male treated with prolonged continuous peripheral nerve blockade following traumatic left mid-humeral amputation and subsequent replantation. The patient maintained infraclavicular brachial plexus catheterization until hospital discharge, a course spanning 33 days and six follow-up surgical procedures. The patient was pain free and had been weaned off all opioids at a 4-week outpatient surgical debridement. Prolonged continuous infraclavicular brachial plexus blockade following replantation surgery has numerous potential benefits including augmentation of perfusion to the injured extremity, management of severe acute post-traumatic pain, and prevention of the chronic pain associated with transected nerves.
The development of a self-help intervention to build social confidence in people living with visible skin conditions or scars: a think-aloud study
Authors: Pasterfield Madeline , Clarke Sally-Anne , Thompson Andrew R
Published: January 2019

Introduction:

People with a visible difference, such as scarring or a skin condition, can experience anxiety and intrusive reactions from others when in social situations. The use of products to conceal marks on the skin is provided in a number of different hospital services and by charities. However, there are relatively few psychosocial interventions available for these individuals.

Objectives:

To examine the views of skin camouflage users and practitioners on the acceptability, usability and need for a specifically developed cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) self-help booklet.

Methods:

A think-aloud protocol and descriptive form of thematic analysis were used to ascertain participants’ views of this novel psychosocial intervention. Nine participants took part in think-aloud interviews that were analysed using thematic analysis. Six skin camouflage users and three skin camouflage practitioners participated in the study.

Results:

Support for the relevance, acceptability and usability of the booklet was found from both participants who used camouflage and those who provided it. However, some participants reported that they would envisage that some people would need additional support so as to be able to use the techniques described within the booklet.

Conclusions:

This study represents an important step towards developing a brief self-help intervention for people with living with visible skin conditions or scars and demonstrates the importance of seeking feedback from experts by experience on theoretically informed psychological interventions for this patient group.