bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
All‐Optical Coherent Control of Ultrafast Injection Photocurrent in Multilayer Rhenium Disulfide Under Two‐Color Light Excitation
Authors: Xing Leidong , Cao Xueqin , Wang Fan , Xi Yayan , Xu Guorong , Xue Xinyi , Ge Yanqing , Huang Yuanyuan , Xu Xinlong
Published: December 2024

Quantum coherence by electronic quantum interference (QI) is significant to generate macroscopic photocurrent without heterostructures in both bulk and low‐dimensional materials. However, the coherent injection photocurrent by QI in low‐dimensional materials can be veiled by other linear or nonlinear optical effects. Herein, the coherent ultrafast injection photocurrent is investigated by coherent terahertz (THz) wave generation in multilayer rhenium disulfide (ReS2) at the nanometer scale under two‐color light excitation. It is observed that the THz radiation can be controlled by adjusting the relative phase between the two‐color lights under normal incidence. The experimental results demonstrate that the THz radiation of ReS2 is ascribed to the injection photocurrent from the electronic coherence of QI effect. However, the injection photocurrent is veiled by the nonlinear polarization, shift current, and drift current under oblique incidence. A method is proposed to isolate the pure injection photocurrent from these optical responses, based on the THz amplitude dependences on the pump power, incident polarization angle, and the relative phase between the two‐color lights. This work not only provides an all‐optical non‐contact method for understanding the quantum photocurrent in ReS2 but also promotes the quantum coherent control for solid‐state quantum devices.
A Novel Crosslinking Approach for Biomanufacturing of a Collagen‐Based Skin Dermal Template
Authors: Chan Weng Wan , Roy Keya Rani , Le Bach Quang , Ezhilarasu Hariharan , Zhang Xiaoqian , Lim Ryan Yi Da , Banerjee Avinanda , Kuriakose Mariya , Ng Krystle Joy , Murugan Priya , Goh Chun Ting , Zhou Weibiao , Naing May Win , Raghavan Srikala , Choudhury Deepak
Published: December 2024

Third‐degree burns result in extensive damage to the skin's epidermal and dermal layers, with limited treatment options available. Currently, xenogeneic collagen‐based skin grafts are used as scaffolds to integrate into the wound bed and provide a template for neodermis formation. Existing commercial products like Integra dermal templates rely on a time‐consuming and variable dehydrothermal (DHT) crosslinking process. This study presents a novel crosslinking process for collagen sponges, utilizing UV irradiation followed by glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking. This UV method allows to fine‐tune the template's crosslink density and degradation profile while significantly reducing the total crosslinking time from 48 to 24 h compared to DHT/GA crosslinking. In vitro characterization and in vivo validation are conducted using a full‐thickness skin wound mouse model. The collagen template supports the human dermal fibroblast cell line WS‐1 proliferation more effectively than the Integra template after 2 weeks in culture. Additionally, in vivo data indicate a similar level of regeneration of full‐thickness skin wounds in mouse models between the sponge and Integra templates. Furthermore, the sponge template does not elicit any abnormal angiogenic or immune responses. The crosslinking approach offers a promising alternative production process for collagen sponge scaffolds.
Thermal Conductivity Hydroxylated Boron Nitride/Polyurethane/Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Nanofiber Film Prepared by Electrospinning
Authors: Zhao Guan zhi , Ma Ruijie , Yin Yunjie
Published: December 2024

As functional composite materials rapidly develop, the insufficient thermal conductivity of polymer materials to meet application requirements is becoming increasingly apparent. In this work, electrospinning is employed to prepare hydroxylated boron nitride nanosheet (OH‐BNNSs)/water‐based polyurethane (WPU)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite nanofiber membranes with good thermal conductivity. When the content of OH‐BNNSs is 10 wt.%, the thermal conductivity of the OH‐BNNS/PVA/WPU composite nanofiber membrane can reach 0.629 W (mK)−1, with yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elastic modulus of ≈3.85, ≈5.87, and ≈35.22 MPa, respectively. The results indicate that the OH‐BNNS/WPU/PVA composite nanofiber membrane exhibits good thermal conductivity and outstanding hydrophilicity. When the content of OH‐BNNSs is appropriate, the composite membrane also demonstrates good mechanical properties, showing significant potential in the field of thermally conductive polymer materials.
Effects of Chain Dispersity on the Stability of Frank–Kasper Phases Self‐Assembled from Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Lai Chi To , Shi An‐Chang
Published: December 2024

The effect of chain dispersity on the relative stability of Frank–Kasper (FK) phases self‐assembled from diblock copolymers (DBCPs) is studied using self‐consistent field theory applied to DBCPs with one disperse block obeying the Poisson or Schulz–Zimm distributions. The results demonstrate that the chain dispersity enhances the relative stability of the FK phases. For DBCPs with small conformational asymmetry, the FK phase can be stabilized by dispersity and the stability window of the FK phases widens with the increase of dispersity. For DBCPs with large conformational asymmetry, the Laves C14 and C15 phases, which are metastable in monodisperse DBCPs, can be stabilized by dispersity. An analysis of the spatial organization of polymers reveals that the enhanced stability of the FK phases originated from intra‐ and inter‐domain segregation of chains with different lengths.
Polymer Brush‐Functionalized MoS2 as a Water‐Based Lubricant Additive
Authors: Ren Haohao , Zeng Huayi , Sun Chufeng , Yang Jianghong , Luo Xingping , Li Jia , Li Bin , Sheng Wenbo
Published: December 2024

Water‐based lubricants have the advantages of low cost, easy cleaning, and environmental friendliness, and are suitable for various lubrication applications. However, the limited tribological properties of pure water‐based lubricants restrict their use. To improve these properties, water‐based lubrication additives can be employed. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is widely used in tribology because of its stability, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance, but it has poor dispersion in water. To address this, MoS2 functionalized with poly(3‐sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt) (MoS2+PSPMA) is successfully prepared by grafting polymer brushes onto MoS2 using ultraviolet light. The results show that MoS2+PSPMA exhibits significantly better dispersion stability in water compared to unmodified MoS2. Additionally, MoS2+PSPMA demonstrates superior tribological properties as a water‐based lubrication additive. During reciprocating friction, MoS2+PSPMA disperses effectively in water, forming a protective film on the wear surface that reduces friction. As an additive, MoS2+PSPMA indicates good dispersion and a low friction coefficient in water, positioning it as a promising candidate for future water‐based lubricants.
Strong and Tough Self‐Healing Elastomers via BTA‐Mediated Microstructure and Metal‐ligand Coordination
Authors: Huang Xinyi , Lai Yundong , Li Haonan , He Yuanxin , Wang Lingna , Zhang Haoran , Xu Yongfeng , Zhang Qiuyu , Li Chunmei
Published: December 2024

Creating elastomers with high strength, toughness, and rapid self‐healing remains a key challenge. These seemingly contradictory properties require innovative design strategies. Herein, a novel approach is proposed by simultaneously incorporating a unique triple hydrogen bond unit, benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamide (BTA), and imidazole‐Zn2+ dynamic coordination into the elastomer. The BTA forms rigid fibers through self‐assembly via triple hydrogen bonding, inducing microphase separation that significantly enhances the material's properties. Hydrogen bonds and coordination interactions provide dynamic reversibility and self‐healing, achieving a balance of strength, toughness, and healing capabilities. By varying the BTA content and the degree of coordination crosslinking, the elastomer's strength is tunable within 8.79–2.03 MPa, and it boasts an impressive elongation at a break of up to 700%. Remarkably, it recovers 94.6% of its strength after being cut in half, facilitated by treatment with DMF at 70 °C for 24 h. Furthermore, the integration of carbon nanotubes endows the material with resistance‐sensing, enabling real‐time monitoring of human movements. Overall, this study lays a theoretical foundation and introduces innovative concepts for the development of high‐toughness self‐healing elastomers.
Relationship Between Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures and Functional Changes in Patients With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Sherlock Sarah P. , McCrady Allison , Palmer Jeffrey , Aghamolaey Haleh , Ahlgren André , Widholm Per , Dahlqvist Leinhard Olof , Karlsson Markus
Published: December 2024

Introduction/Aims

Improved methodologies to monitor the progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are needed, especially in the context of clinical trials. We report changes in muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in participants with DMD, including changes in lean muscle volume (LMV), muscle fat fraction (MFF), and muscle fat infiltration (MFI) and their relationship to changes in functional parameters.

Methods

MRI data were obtained as part of a clinical study (NCT02310763) of domagrozumab, an antibody‐targeting myostatin that negatively regulates skeletal muscle mass. This post hoc analysis evaluated participants with Dixon MRI data and corresponding functional data at baseline and weeks 49 and 97. Images were analyzed to evaluate changes in adductors, hamstrings, and quadriceps.

Results

There was a positive correlation between increases in LMV and function. LMV changes in adductors (R = 0.51) and quadriceps (R = 0.54) showed a stronger correlation with function than LMV changes in hamstrings (R = 0.30). There was a negative correlation between MFF and MFI, respectively, and function in adductors (R = −0.57, R = −0.42), quadriceps (R = −0.59, R = −0.50), and hamstrings (R = −0.53, R = −048). Participants with preserved North Star Ambulatory Assessment scores had high total LMV (LMVtot) and low total MFI (MFItot). Low ratios of LMVtot to MFItot, or participants with small LMVtot and high MFItot, appeared to have a rapid decline in function and loss of ambulation.

Discussion

These findings support the use of MRI biomarkers as potential surrogate endpoints in clinical trials of patients with DMD.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT02310763
Fast High‐Resolution Metabolite Mapping in the rat Brain Using 1H‐FID‐MRSI at 14.1 T
Authors: Simicic Dunja , Alves Brayan , Mosso Jessie , Briand Guillaume , Lê Thanh Phong , van Heeswijk Ruud B. , Starčuková Jana , Lanz Bernard , Klauser Antoine , Strasser Bernhard , Bogner Wolfgang , Cudalbu Cristina
Published: December 2024

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) enables the simultaneous noninvasive acquisition of MR spectra from multiple spatial locations inside the brain. Although 1H‐MRSI is increasingly used in the human brain, it is not yet widely applied in the preclinical setting, mostly because of difficulties specifically related to very small nominal voxel size in the rat brain and low concentration of brain metabolites, resulting in low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). In this context, we implemented a free induction decay 1H‐MRSI sequence (1H‐FID‐MRSI) in the rat brain at 14.1 T. We combined the advantages of 1H‐FID‐MRSI with the ultra‐high magnetic field to achieve higher SNR, coverage, and spatial resolution in the rat brain and developed a custom dedicated processing pipeline with a graphical user interface for Bruker 1H‐FID‐MRSI: MRS4Brain toolbox. LCModel fit, using the simulated metabolite basis set and in vivo measured MM, provided reliable fits for the data at acquisition delays of 1.30 ms. The resulting Cramér–Rao lower bounds were sufficiently low (< 30%) for eight metabolites of interest (total creatine, N‐acetylaspartate, N‐acetylaspartate + N‐acetylaspartylglutamate, total choline, glutamine, glutamate, myo‐inositol, and taurine), leading to highly reproducible metabolic maps. Similar spectral quality and metabolic maps were obtained with one and two averages, with slightly better contrast and brain coverage due to increased SNR in the latter case. Furthermore, the obtained metabolic maps were accurate enough to confirm the previously known brain regional distribution of some metabolites. The acquisitions proved high reproducibility over time. We demonstrated that the increased SNR and spectral resolution at 14.1 T can be translated into high spatial resolution in 1H‐FID‐MRSI of the rat brain in 13 min using the sequence and processing pipeline described herein. High‐resolution 1H‐FID‐MRSI at 14.1 T provided robust, reproducible, and high‐quality metabolic mapping of brain metabolites with minimal technical limitations.
The effect of inter‐municipal cooperation on social assistance programs: Evidence from housing allowances in England
Authors: Elston Thomas , Bel Germà , Wang Han
Published: December 2024

Decentralized implementation of means‐tested social assistance programs requires significant organizational capacity among local governments. For other types of local public service, like refuse collection and utilities provision, inter‐municipal cooperation has proven capable of reducing the cost of subnational policy implementation, especially for smaller municipalities. But few impact evaluations test whether the same benefits can be achieved for less capital‐intensive and more co‐produced services, like social assistance. Moreover, most evaluations focus on production costs alone, despite the potential trade‐off with service quality. We analyze panel data describing both the cost and quality of housing allowance administration for 314 local authorities in England between 2009 and 2019, during which time 80 switched from autonomous services to inter‐municipal cooperation. Using coarsened exact matching and stacked difference‐in‐differences, we find no evidence of short‐term savings after cooperation, and only weak indications thereafter. We also observe declining processing speeds, increased maladministration, and signs of reduced payment accuracy, though mostly these are temporary effects. Altogether, these results suggest that, in this setting, inter‐municipal cooperation may be unsuited to labor‐intensive public services; that short‐ and long‐term effects can differ; and that, even in the absence of a profit motive, quality shading remains a risk in cooperation reforms.
Field sensing of temperature and degree of cure for composites manufacture using parameterized physical‐informed neural networks and sparse FBG sensors
Authors: Ma Yongji , Zhou Jinzhu , Yang Ting , Lin Qiangqiang , Zhao Ping , Li Honglu
Published: December 2024

Monitoring the curing process of polymer composite parts stands imperative for improving the quality and efficiency of manufacturing processes. This paper proposes a field sensing framework that fuses parameterized physics‐informed neural networks (PPINN) and sparse fiber Bragg grating sensors to provide real‐time estimates of temperatures and degree of cure field in composite parts. Moreover, a novel separation network is developed for constructing the PPINN predictor, which integrates the coupled partial differential equation of the thermochemical curing process, achieving data‐free training and real‐time performance. In the simulation experiment, temperature accuracy reached 99.7%, while in laboratory experiments, the accuracy reached 96.1%. Both simulation and experiment demonstrated the successful field sensing of the temperature and degree of cure field in a negligible time with noise resistance ability.

Highlights

Proposed framework integrates PPINN and sparse FBG sensors for field sensing.

PPINN solves thermo‐chemical equations without simulation data required.

Simulation accuracy reaches 99.7%, and experimental accuracy reaches 96.1%.

The framework shows strong resistance to noise interference in experiments.
Examining Mental Health Changes Before and After Rhinoplasty: An Analytical Study
Authors: Farzan Ramyar , Haghdoost Afrooz , Tolouie Mohammad , Koudehi Sakineh Pourgholami , Khonacha Elham Ebrahimi , Nikinia Paria , Esmailzadeh Mojdeh
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to explore the mental health status of individuals seeking rhinoplasty before and 3 months after surgery. This study was conducted in 2022 at Velayat Hospital, involving patients aged 18–60 who were seeking rhinoplasty, selected using convenience sampling method. Exclusion criteria included prior nasal surgery and severe psychiatric disorders without clearance from a psychiatrist. The Symptom Check List‐90‐Revised questionnaire was employed to assess psychological disorders across 9 dimensions. Sixty patients were examined, consisting of 14 men and 46 women, with an average age of 31 years. A substantial 83.3% of participants sought rhinoplasty solely for cosmetic reasons, whereas 16.7% cited both cosmetic and breathing issues as motivations. Initially, 59 patients had scores indicating “good” mental health, with one showing “moderate” mental health. Three months after the surgery, all patients scored within “good” mental health. The findings revealed significant improvements in various dimensions of mental health, including depression, anxiety, and obsessive compulsive symptoms, with the exception of paranoid ideation. All three primary indicators of mental health demonstrated significant decrease post‐surgery. The study highlights the positive impact of rhinoplasty on the mental health of patients, particularly among women, individuals over 20, and non‐smokers. Notable improvements were observed across various mental health dimensions, with significant enhancements reported three months post‐surgery. However, the findings underscore the need for careful consideration of psychological conditions when selecting candidates for surgery. Limitations, including a small male sample and lack of a control group, suggest further research is necessary.
Wet chemical synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite within poly(sodium sulfonated butylene fumarate‐co‐acrylic acid) as bone scaffold: effects of sulfonate and carboxylic acid groups
Authors: Mahmoudzadeh Nadia , Shirali Hadi , Taromi Faramarz Afshar
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the synthesis, nucleation and modification of biodegradable poly(sodium sulfonated butylene fumarate‐co‐acrylic acid)/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, with a focus on the effects of incorporating hydrophilic sulfonate and carboxylic acid groups. Poly(butylene fumarate) was sulfonated at varying degrees and used to form nanocomposites through in situ nucleation of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) in a simulated body fluid solution. Critical parameters such as water absorption, swelling behavior, mechanical properties, nanoparticle dispersion and biocompatibility were evaluated. Water uptake ratios ranged from 2.72 to 6.88 g g−1, while compressive modulus values increased up to 25.9 times compared with the corresponding homopolymers, demonstrating improved mechanical stability. Despite the formation of over 80% nanoparticles, well‐distributed nHA, with sizes averaging 39 ± 13 nm, was achieved through the incorporation of sulfonated groups, preventing nanoparticle agglomeration within the scaffold matrix. Additionally, the scaffolds supported human dermal fibroblast adhesion and proliferation, with cell viability remaining high throughout the culture period. These results suggest that the developed nanocomposite scaffolds offer enhanced biocompatibility, mechanical strength and osteogenic potential, making them promising candidates for bone tissue regeneration applications. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
E‐cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use Associated Lung Injury: Epidemiology, Challenges, and Implications With COVID‐19
Authors: Soerianto Winny , Jaspers Ilona
Published: December 2024

Background

E‐cigarette, or vaping products produce an aerosol by heating nicotine, or cannabis including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), mixed with other chemicals that help make the aerosol. They are increasingly popular among teenagers and young adults, with a 2023 survey reporting that 2.13 million middle and high school students in the United States used e‐cigarettes within the last 30 days. The use of e‐cigarette, or vaping products could lead to an acute pulmonary inflammatory syndrome called e‐cigarette, or vaping, product use‐associated lung injury (EVALI). We review the challenges in diagnosing and treating EVALI, especially during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

We conducted a literature search on June 10, 2024 using the PubMed database. We searched for articles, case reports and CDC reports investigating the pathogenesis, treatment, and challenges of diagnosing EVALI during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Results

The exact causes of EVALI are not completely understood, although it has been linked to the use of THC and vitamin E acetate. There are no specific biomarkers to diagnose EVALI and it is typically diagnosed through a process of eliminating other possible conditions. Eight studies detailed cases where pediatric patients were initially diagnosed with COVID‐19 or community‐acquired pneumonia, despite multiple negative COVID‐19 tests, and were later found to have EVALI.

Conclusions

After alerting the public about the removal of vitamin E acetate from vape liquids in 2020, there has been a decline in cases of EVALI, although they are still detected. Therefore, it is necessary to continue looking for diagnostic markers of EVALI and further investigate the toxicity of vapes and e‐cigarettes to prevent the recurrence of another EVALI epidemic, especially among teenagers and young adults.
Exploring Compactness and Dynamics of Apomyoglobin
Authors: Glyakina Anna V. , Suvorina Mariya Y. , Dovidchenko Nikita V. , Katina Natalya S. , Surin Alexey K. , Galzitskaya Oxana V.
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen‐deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX‐MS) approach has become a valuable analytical complement to traditional methods. HDX‐MS allows the identification of dynamic surfaces in proteins. We have shown that the introduction of various mutations into the amino acid sequence of whale apomyoglobin (apoMb) leads to a change in the number of exchangeable hydrogen atoms, which is associated with a change in its compactness in the native‐like condition. Thus, amino acid substitutions V10A, A15S, P120G, and M131A result in an increase in the number of exchangeable hydrogen atoms at the native‐like condition, while the mutant form A144S leads to a decrease in the number of exchangeable hydrogen atoms. This may be due to a decrease and increase in the compactness of apoMb structure compared to the wild‐type apoMb, respectively. The L9F and L9E mutations did not affect the compactness of the molecule compared to the wild type. We have demonstrated that V10A and M131A substitutions lead to the maximum and large increase correspondently in the average number of exchangeable hydrogen atoms for deuterium, since these substitutions lead to the loss of contacts between important parts of myoglobin structure: helices A, G, and H, which are structured at the early stage of folding.
Muffled olfactory and sensory cues from the reproductive stage soybean selectively reduce oviposition of a major polyphagous herbivore, fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)
Authors: Gandham Krishnarao , Gautam Manish , George Justin , Reddy Gadi V.P. , Kariyat Rupesh
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

While the mother knows best/preference performance hypothesis has been well tested in natural ecosystems, how these ecological principles differ in agroecosystems is less explored. In this study, we investigated the ovipositional preference and offspring performance of fall armyworm (FAW) across vegetative and reproductive stages of soybean.

RESULTS

We examined trichomes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and assessed electroantennogram (EAG) measurements to understand how olfactory responses are affected by volatiles at different phenological stages during photoperiodism (photophase and scotophase). We found that gravid FAW preferred the vegetative compared to reproductive stage of soybean. Although VOC and EAG responses was not statistically different (P > 0.05) between photophase and scotophase, but vegetative stage exhibited significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher emissions and responses than the reproductive stage during both photophase and scotophase. Additionally, reproductive stage had lower trichomes compared to the vegetative stage. Interestingly, no significant difference was observed in offspring performance between the vegetative and reproductive stages of soybean. This suggests that oviposition preference does not necessarily correlate with offspring performance, which was confirmed through offspring mass and mass gain studies. Olfactory and sensory cues from soybean at reproductive stage reduced oviposition by mother FAW.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, we show that while mother knows best may not fit FAW‐Soybean interaction, muffled volatile emission in reproductive stages can have positive consequences for host success. The results from this study will enhance our understanding of FAW behavior across different phenological stages of host plants, that can be used to develop alternative and sustainable management strategies. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Analysis and Manufacturing of GaN Trench‐Gate MOSFETs with Thick Bottom Dielectric
Authors: Hao Chunfeng , Zhou Jiaan , Yu Guohao , Ding Liying , Li Yu , Guo Bohan , Yang An , Xing Runxian , Liu Bosen , Yue Huixin , Jiang Jinxia , Huang Rong , Zeng Zhongming , Zhang Baoshun
Published: December 2024

Herein, A high‐performance GaN vertical trench‐gate metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor (MOSFET (UMOSFET)) with polyimide (PI) as the thick‐bottom dielectric (TBD) is numerically studied and experimentally demonstrated. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of TBD can effectively suppress the peak electric field at the bottom corner of the gate trench and prevent premature breakdown of the devices. According to the technology computer‐aided design simulation results, the UMOSFETs with larger TBD thickness (tTBD) exhibit enhanced breakdown voltage (VBR) with minor expense of specific on‐resistance (Ron,sp) and a significantly improved Baliga's figure of merit. Compared with the conventional GaN UMOSFETs without TBD, the fabricated GaN UMOSFETs with 500 nm‐thick PI as TBD feature a remarkable 1.5 times enhancement in breakdown voltage VBR to 407 V, highlighting the feasibility and potential of the PI‐TBD to propel the further development of GaN vertical devices toward the inherent material and device ultimate.
Dealing with steep slopes when modeling stable boundary‐layer flow in Alpine terrain
Authors: Bouëdec E. Le , Chemel C. , Staquet C.
Published: December 2024

Steep slopes in mountainous terrain are challenging for commonly used numerical weather prediction models using terrain‐following coordinates since they can generate numerical errors when evaluating horizontal gradients, and numerical instabilities. The model orography is therefore generally smoothed locally so as to remove slopes exceeding a defined threshold, typically in the range 30°–40°. However, this process can lead to undesired changes to orographic features at the scale of the mountain range. So as to preserve properties of the orography, e.g., mean terrain height across the domain, a global smoothing algorithm is developed. The algorithm is then applied to a domain centred on the Alpine Grenoble valley. Exploration of the parameters of the algorithm allows to minimize the changes in the orography in the domain, especially that of the two main valleys (of width 2 and 5 km and depth about 2000 m). Results of numerical model simulations are next analyzed to evaluate the effects of the slope threshold on local‐ and valley‐scale atmospheric dynamics for a cold‐air pool episode. Model results from simulations with slope thresholds of 28° and 42° are compared, the lower threshold allowing for a reduction (albeit small in practice) of the near‐surface vertical grid spacing. Remarkably, not only are the near‐surface boundary‐layer temperature and wind fields similar for both simulations (and in very good agreement with observations), but this similarity holds in the whole inversion layer throughout the episode. The reasons for this similarity are that, for this cold‐air pool episode, the valley atmospheric dynamics is confined within the inversion layer and the orography is essentially unchanged by the smoothing algorithm in that layer for the slope threshold of 28° and 42°.
Organic cropping systems enhance soil health indicators in a Mollisol of the US Corn Belt
Authors: Ruis Sabrina J. , Kovar John L. , Wacha Ken M. , Carney Derek B. , O'Brien Peter L. , Delate Kathleen , Cambardella Cynthia A.
Published: December 2024

Organic cropping systems may potentially improve soil and environmental health relative to simplified conventional systems due to the use of extended crop rotations, perennial crops, and animal manure. However, few studies have evaluated the impacts of organic row crop systems on a suite of soil health indicators relative to conventional systems across time. Thus, our objective was to assess how cropping system (conventional corn [Zea mays L.]–soybean [Glycine max L.] vs. organic corn–soybean–oat [Avena sativa L.]/alfalfa [Medicago sativa L.]–alfalfa vs. organic perennial pasture) and duration of management affect surface soil health indicators (soil biological, chemical, and physical properties) after 1–9 years of management in a Central Iowa Mollisol. Overall, the organic rotation improved six of 14 soil health indicators compared with the conventional system and the organic pasture improved eight indicators. The improved indicators included soil biological indicators, labile C and N pools, and wet‐aggregate stability, but not organic C or total N concentrations. Organic systems had fewer effects on most soil chemical properties. The conventional system reduced soil C by 0.35 g kg−1 year−1 (r = −0.84, n = 9, p = 0.005), unlike the organic systems in which soil C levels were generally maintained. The changes in soil health indicators were attributed to use of perennials, reductions in tillage frequency (during perennial phases), manure, and differing plant residue amounts among the three systems. In conclusion, organic cropping systems can enhance soil biological and related indicators in the medium term, but have fewer effects on soil fertility indicators under the conditions of this study.
Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of Poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline)(BBL) Polymer Films with Living Cells
Authors: Latte Bovio Claudia , Campione Paola , Wu Han‐Yan , Li Qifan , De La Fuente Durán Ana , Salleo Alberto , Fabiano Simone , Messina Grazia Maria Lucia , Santoro Francesca
Published: December 2024

The integration of organic electronic materials with biological systems to monitor, interface with, and regulate physiological processes is a key area in the field of bioelectronics. Central to this advancement is the development of cell‐chip coupling, where materials engineering plays a critical role in enhancing biointerfacing capabilities. Conductive polymers have proven particularly useful in cell interfacing applications due to their favorable biophysical and chemical properties. However, n‐type conductive polymers remain underexplored, primarily due to their limited long‐term stability. In this study, it is demonstrated that the conductive polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL), commonly used in organic electronic devices, can effectively support neuronal cell viability and spreading, both as a bare cell culture material and when coated with exracellular matrix proteins. This work provides a preliminary validation of BBL's potential for future integration into bioelectronic devices and in biointerfacing.
Controllable Synthesis of Magnetic 2D Non‐Layered Cobalt Sulfide Nanocrystals Using Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Jang Jimin , Jeong Euihoon , Joe Minwoong , Abraham Tobiloba Gabriel , Jang Younggeun , Yoon Jongchan , Song Jaegu , Lee Zonghoon , Park Tuson , Kim Youngchan , Lee Changgu
Published: December 2024

Among 2‐dimensional (2D) non‐layered transition‐metal chalcogenides (TMCs), cobalt sulfides are highly interesting because of their diverse structural phases and unique properties. The unique magnetic properties of TMCs have generated significant interest in their potential applications in future spintronic devices. In addition, their high conductivity, large specific surface area, and abundant active sites have attracted attention in the field of catalysis. However, the synthesis of phase‐controllable 2D non‐layered cobalt sulfide nanocrystals remains challenging. In the present study, a method is reported in which ambient‐pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) is used to synthesize 2D non‐layered cobalt sulfide nanocrystals on insulating substrates. By controlling the growth temperature, the transition of nanocrystal phases from pyrite‐structured CoS2 to cubic Co3S4 and hexagonal CoS is achieved. Magnetotransport studies revealed metallic and ferromagnetic behaviors at temperatures below the Curie temperature for CoS2. In addition, electrical measurements of Co3S4‐ and CoS‐based devices showed conventional metallic behaviors, including temperature‐ and magnetic field‐dependent ordinary Hall effects. These findings demonstrate the potential of APCVD for synthesizing high‐quality 2D non‐layered cobalt sulfide nanocrystals with controllable phases, paving the way for their application in spintronics and catalysis.
Near‐Infrared Organic Small‐Molecule Photosensitizer With O2 Self‐Supply for Cancer Photodynamic‐Photothermal Synergistic Therapy
Authors: Sun Jiangman , Liu Ming , Yang Chunyu , Chen Mingxing , Qin Chaochao , Li Mengbiao , Yang Liming , Wang Guan , Yu Qingsong , Gu Xinggui
Published: December 2024

Tumor hypoxia and heat resistance as well as the light penetration deficiency severely compromise the phototherapeutic efficacy, developing phototherapeutic agents to overcome these issues has been sought‐after goal. Herein, a diradical‐featured organic small‐molecule semiconductor, namely TTD‐CN, has been designed to show low exciton binding energy of 42 meV by unique dimeric π‐π aggregation, promoting near‐infrared (NIR) absorption beyond 808 nm and effective photo‐induced charge separation. More interestingly, its redox potentials are tactfully manipulated for water splitting to produce O2 and reduction of O2 to generate O2•−. Besides, both ultrafast internal conversion and high‐frequency stretching vibrational relaxation of C≡N bonds favor photothermy. Accordingly, TTD‐CN nanoparticles have been prepared to exhibit spatiotemporally‐synchronous O2 and O2•− generation and 63.2% photothermal conversion under 808 nm laser irradiation for high‐efficient photodynamic and photothermal synergistic therapy. These findings successfully realize NIR light‐triggered spatiotemporally‐synchronous O2 self‐supply, type‐I photosensitization and superior photothermy in an organic small‐molecule phototherapeutic agent, significantly boosting the development of phototherapy.
Circularly Polarized Luminescence in Cellulose‐Based Assemblies: Synthesis, Regulation, and Application
Authors: Jia Shengzhe , Yang Bingbing , Du Jing , Zhang Jiayin , Xie Yujiang , Tao Tiantian , Tang Jiaxuan , Tang Weiwei , Gong Junbo
Published: December 2024

Currently, circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) has drawn wide interest in 3D display, information storage, and optical sensing. However, traditional synthetic paths are often accompanied by low chiral optical intensity and complex processes. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), with the properties of liquid crystals, can spontaneously arrange into the left‐handed layered nanofilm, which enables them candidates in the construction of CPL materials. Following this approach, this work reviews the synthesis of cellulose‐based chiral luminescent materials. The co‐assembly technique, in situ intercalation strategy, and defect destruction design are efficient in encapsulating the luminophores into the CNC organization. Next, various strategies on the CPL regulation, including the matching of the photonic bandgap, optical pathway design, and tailored helical structure, are summarized. These offer new sights in the CPL control, mainly focusing on the amplification and inversion of optical signals. Multimodal and convertible chiroptical signals enable the photonic films with practical values in anti‐counterfeit, sensing, and handedness induction. Overall, this timely overview summarizes the synthesis, regulation, and application of cellulose‐based CPL materials, and aims to inspire the development of the chiral optical materials.
Exploring Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer in Dinuclear Ir(III)‐Complex via Covalently Tagged Hydroquinone: Phototherapy Through Futile Redox Cycling
Authors: Shee Maniklal , Schleisiek Julia , Maity Nishith , Das Gourav , Montesdeoca Nicolás , Ha‐Thi Minh‐Huong , Gore Kiran R. , Karges Johannes , Singh N. D. Pradeep
Published: December 2024

Anticipating intramolecular excited‐state proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) process within dinuclear Ir2‐photocatalytic system via the covalent linkage is seminal, yet challenging. Indeed, the development of various dinuclear complexes is also promising for studying integral photophysics and facilitating applications in catalysis or biology. Herein, this study reports dinuclear [Ir2(bis{imidazo‐phenanthrolin‐2‐yl}‐hydroquinone)(ppy)4]2+ (12+) complex by leveraging both ligand‐centered redox property and intramolecular H‐bonding for exploring dual excited‐state proton‐transfer assisted PCET process. The vital role of covalently placed hydroquinone in bridged ligand is investigated as electron–proton transfer (ET‐PT) mediator in intramolecular PCET and validated from triplet spin density plot. Moreover, bimolecular photoinduced ET reaction is studied in acetonitrile/water medium, forging the lowest energy triplet charge separated (3CSPhen‐Im) state of 12+ with methyl viologen via favorably concerted‐PCET pathway. The result indicates strong donor–acceptors coupling, which limits charge recombination and enhances catalytic efficiency. To showcase the potential application, this bioinspired PCET‐based photocatalytic platform is studied for phototherapeutics, indicating significant mitochondrial localization and leading to programmed cell death (apoptosis) through futile redox cycling. Indeed, the consequences of effective internalization (via energy‐dependent endocytosis), better safety profile, and higher photoinduced antiproliferative activity of 12+ compared to Cisplatin, as explored in 3D tumor spheroids, this study anticipates it to be a potential lead compound.
Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling of Benzyl Alcohol and Benzylamine for Imine Synthesis Using Immobilized Cs3Bi2Br9 Perovskite
Authors: Lopes Joana C. , Peñas‐Garzón Manuel , Sampaio Maria J. , Silva Cláudia G. , Faria Joaquim L.
Published: December 2024

The oxidative cross‐coupling of benzyl alcohol (BA) and benzylamine (BZA) is employed for the production of the corresponding imine, N‐benzylidenebenzylamine (BZI), under visible light irradiation (light‐emitting diodes (LE with λmax = 417 nm) and mild reaction conditions. The cesium bismuth halide perovskites (Cs2Bi3Br9, CBB) are synthesized by a one‐step solution process as a sustainable alternative for the widely used Pb‐halide perovskites. The CBB photocatalyst is immobilized on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) structure designed explicitly for three‐dimensional (3D) printing to operate in both batch and continuous modes to overcome the need for a final catalyst separation step. The complete conversion of BZA and BA is achieved after 1 h, yielding 70% of BZI in basic medium operating in batch mode. Comparable results are found between the suspended and immobilized catalysts for imine production. Additionally, continuous production of BZI is successfully achieved using immobilized CBB, with a maximum yield of 0.35 mm of BZI after a 2 h reaction. The supported CBB perovskites demonstrate high stability after multiple uses. Finally, a comprehensive photocatalytic pathway for cross‐coupling BZA with BA is proposed.
Shifting C2H2/CO2 Adsorption and Separation in Pillar‐Layered Metal–Organic Frameworks Finely‐Regulated by Molecular Rotation
Authors: Yang Li‐Qiu , Wang Ying , Yuan Wen‐Yu , Zhai Quan‐Guo
Published: December 2024

The efficient separation of C₂H₂/CO₂ mixture is crucial for industrial applications.  A promising strategy is proposed herein to fine‐tune the C₂H₂/CO2 adsorption and separation by pillar‐layered metal–organic framework (MOF) adsorbents via molecular rotation. Keeping the same ultramicroporous architecture, three Zn‐X‐TRZ (TRZ = 1,2,4‐triazole) adsorbents are prepared with X‐pillar rotors varying from 9,10‐anthracenedicarboxylic acid (ADC), 1,4‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (NDC) to 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC). Remarkably, the introduction of the largest ADC rotors enables Zn‐ADC‐TRZ with superior C₂H₂‐selective thermodynamic‐separation ability (highest heat of adsorption and IAST selectivity values) but poor dynamic‐separation performance caused by steric hindrance. Conversely, Zn‐BDC‐TRZ with the smallest rotors exhibit moderate CO₂‐selective thermodynamic‐separation ability, but excellent CO2/C₂H₂ dynamic‐separation ability with high‐purity C₂H₂ produced at 298 K (>99.5% obtained from 70% C₂H₂ mixture and >99.95% from 90% C₂H₂ mixture). In contrast, Zn‐NDC‐TRZ with medium NDC rotors shows comparable interactions and steric hindrance with C₂H₂ and CO₂, making both the thermodynamic and dynamic C₂H₂/CO₂ separation are unfavorable. Overall, controllable adsorption of C₂H₂ and CO2 is successfully achieved and shifted from C2H2‐selective to CO₂‐selective separation regulated by the pillared molecular rotation within pillar‐layered MOFs, providing a useful route for practical gas adsorbent exploration.
Recent Progress in Balancing the Activity, Durability, and Low Ir Content for Ir‐Based Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts in Acidic Media
Authors: Wang Huimin , Li Xinyi , Zhang Guozhu , Gu Zihan , Chen Hao , Wei Guanghua , Shen Shuiyun , Cheng Junfang , Zhang Junliang
Published: December 2024

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis faces challenges associated with high overpotential and acidic environments, which pose significant hurdles in developing highly active and durable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Ir‐based nanomaterials are considered promising OER catalysts for PEM due to their favorable intrinsic activity and stability under acidic conditions. However, their high cost and limited availability pose significant limitations. Consequently, numerous studies have emerged aimed at reducing iridium content while maintaining high activity and durability. Furthermore, the research on the OER mechanism of Ir‐based catalysts has garnered widespread attention due to differing views among researchers. The recent progress in balancing activity, durability, and low iridium content in Ir‐based catalysts is summarized in this review, with a particular focus on the effects of catalyst morphology, heteroatom doping, substrate introduction, and novel structure development on catalyst performance from four perspectives. Additionally, the recent mechanistic studies on Ir‐based OER catalysts is discussed, and both theoretical and experimental approaches is summarized to elucidate the Ir‐based OER mechanism. Finally, the perspectives on the challenges and future developments of Ir‐based OER catalysts is presented.
Modulating Oxygen Reduction Activity in Chalcogenophene‐Incorporated Organic Electrocatalysts through Main‐Group Element Engineering
Authors: Cheng Shuqi , Wang Binbin , Chen Hongni , Zhao Zijie , Xing Yali , Xia Yanzhi , Long Xiaojing
Published: December 2024

Organic small molecules (OSMs) with well‐defined structures are crucial integral components of cathode catalysts for fuel cells. Despite the acknowledged potential of heteroatom doping to enhance the catalytic performance of metal‐free carbon‐based catalysts, there exists a notable gap in conducting molecular structure and catalytic activity, particularly under the premise of maintaining a constant molecular skeleton and with a clear molecular structure. Herein, the charge distribution is modulated by introducing different chalcogens into the same molecular skeleton through main‐group engineering. Among these OSMs, the Se‐containing small molecule OSM‐Se combined with carbonized calcium alginate exhibits a notable quasi‐four‐electron‐transfer oxygen reduction reaction pathway, displaying a superior half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.73 V, accompanied by outstanding electrochemical stability. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that Se‐containing small molecules can enhance the capabilities of catalysts in adsorbing and dissociating oxygen molecules, and contribute to reducing the reaction barrier of the oxygen reduction reaction. This study presents a straightforward yet highly effective approach for metal‐free carbon‐based OSM electrocatalysts.
Intrinsic Coexistence of Miscibility and Segregation in Gold–Silver Nanoalloys
Authors: Moreira Murilo , Cottancin Emmanuel , Pellarin Michel , Roiban Lucian , Masenelli‐Varlot Karine , Ugarte Daniel , Rodrigues Varlei , Hillenkamp Matthias
Published: December 2024

Bimetallic nanoparticles are used in numerous applications in catalysis, plasmonics or fuel cell technology. The addition of the second metal to the nanoparticles allows enhancing and fine‐tuning their properties by choosing their composition, size, shape and environment. However, the crucial additional parameter of chemical structure within the particle is difficult to predict and access experimentally, even though segregated core–shell structures and random alloys can have drastically different physicochemical properties. This is highlighted by the vast literature on the most studied bimetallic system, gold‐silver, for which the controversy on whether gold and silver are miscible on the nanoscale or segregate persists. Here, these contradictions are solved by determining quantitatively the coexistence of an alloyed core and a 1–2 nm thick shell with gradual silver enrichment as the chemical ground state structure. Chemical reactions with the environment and meta‐stable structures are furthermore identified as responsible for the contradictions in the literature. This method is applicable to other multi‐metallic systems, provides benchmark input for theoretical models, and forms the basis for studying chemical rearrangements under reactive conditions in catalysis.