bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imported Malaria at a Referral Hospital in Tokyo from 2005 to 2016: Clinical Experience and Challenges in a Non-Endemic Setting
Authors: Takaya Saho , Kato Yasuyuki , Katanami Yuichi , Yamamoto Kei , Kutsuna Satoshi , Takeshita Nozomi , Hayakawa Kayoko , Kanagawa Shuzo , Komaki-Yasuda Kanako , Kano Shigeyuki , Ohmagari Norio
Published: January 2019

In this study, we reviewed imported malaria cases observed at the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, between 2005 and 2016, to comprehend their demographic and clinical characteristics. Data on 169 cases were used to analyze demographic information; data on 146 cases were used for the analysis of clinical information. The median patients’ age was 34 years, and 79.3% of them were male. The proportion of non-Japanese patients increased and surpassed that of Japanese patients after 2015. In 82.2% of the cases, the region of acquisition was Africa, and Plasmodium falciparum was the dominant species (74.0%) followed by Plasmodium vivax (15.4%). We observed 19 (18.4%, 19/103) severe falciparum malaria cases. Mefloquine was the most commonly used drug for treatment until the early 2010s; atovaquone/proguanil was the most commonly used after its licensure in 2013. Although none of the patients died, four recrudescence episodes after artemether/lumefantrine (A/L) treatment and one relapse episode were observed. Overall, malaria was diagnosed on median day 4 of illness, and, thereon, treatment was initiated without delay. Diagnosis on day 5 or later was significantly associated with severe disease in Japanese cases (odds ratio = 4.1; 95% CI = 1.2–14.3). We observed a dominance of falciparum malaria, an increase in the number of non-Japanese cases, late treatment failure after A/L treatment, a low relapse rate, and an association between delayed malaria diagnosis and higher disease severity. Pretravel care and early diagnosis are necessary to reduce malaria-related mortality and morbidity in settings such as ours.
Melioidosis in the Torres Strait Islands, Australia: Exquisite Interplay between Pathogen, Host, and Environment
Authors: Hempenstall Allison J. , Smith Simon , Stanton David , Hanson Josh
Published: January 2019

Burkholderia pseudomallei, a bacterium that lives in the soil of the tropics, causes the disease melioidosis. This retrospective study investigated the temporospatial epidemiology of the 49 laboratory-confirmed melioidosis cases in the Torres Straits Islands of tropical Australia between 1997 and 2017. An identifiable risk factor for the disease was present in 43/49 (88%) cases and in 35/36 (97%) cases with complete clinical data. The mean incidence of melioidosis varied across the region, from 0/100,000 persons/year in the Eastern Island Cluster to 116.1/100,000 persons/year in the Near Western Island Cluster. An environmental suitability score for the growth of B. pseudomallei—constructed using the rainfall, vegetation, and soil type on each island—correlated with disease incidence (Spearman’s rho 0.51; P = 0.035). Melioidosis is an opportunistic disease that occurs in patients with specific risk factors, but its incidence is also strongly influenced by environmental factors that favor the growth of the causative organism.
Case Report: Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis Caused by Praziquantel
Authors: Shindo Tatsuya , Masuda Yoshiyuki , Imai Yukihiro , Nagano Tohru , Nishioka Hiroaki
Published: January 2019

Praziquantel is widely used for treating parasitic infections globally, especially in countries with endemic schistosomiasis. However, severe hypersensitivity to praziquantel has rarely been reported. We report the case of a 30-year-old Japanese man who developed acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), which is a rare and severe cutaneous reaction usually triggered by drugs, after taking praziquantel. During medical examination, eggs of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense were found in his stool. He took praziquantel 600 mg for 1 day and developed skin rashes and fever the next day. Pruritic generalized maculopapular erythematous eruptions were observed over the entire body. He had elevated white blood cell count, liver enzymes, and C-reactive protein level. We prescribed acetaminophen, fexofenadine hydrochloride, loxoprofen sodium, and topical ointments including difluprednate and hydrocortisone. Over the next 3 days, he developed pinhead-sized, non-follicular pustules on his diffusely erythematous skin. Histological findings of the pustular lesion showed spongiform subcorneal pustules with perivascular inflammatory cells. Approximately 8 days after taking praziquantel, the pustules resolved with desquamation. He became afebrile on day 9 and his laboratory parameters returned to normal levels on day 16. He was diagnosed with AGEP caused by praziquantel. Physicians need to be aware that praziquantel could cause AGEP, although it is generally considered a safe drug.
Seroprevalence of Dengue Virus and Rickettsial Infections in Cambodian Children
Authors: Fox-Lewis Andrew , Hopkins Jill , Sar Poda , Sao Sena , Pheaktra Ngoun , Day Nicholas P. J. , Blacksell Stuart D. , Turner Paul
Published: January 2019

Scrub typhus (ST, Orientia tsutsugamushi), murine typhus (MT, Rickettsia typhi), and dengue virus (DENV) are important causes of childhood morbidity in Cambodia. This prospective, cross-sectional seroprevalence study determined the proportion of Cambodian children infected by these pathogens and the ages at which initial infection is likely to occur. A total of 993 patient serum samples were tested for MT- and ST-specific IgG, and 837 samples tested for DENV-specific IgG. Overall, ST, MT, and DENV seroprevalence was high, estimated at 4.2%, 5.3%, and 50.7%, respectively. Scrub typhus and MT seropositivity peaked in children aged 8–11 and 12–15 years, respectively, suggesting initial infection occurs in these ages. Dengue virus seroprevalence steadily increased with age, indicating constant DENV exposure. The results of this study suggest that in Cambodian children presenting with undifferentiated febrile illness, dengue should be considered high in the list of differential diagnoses, and empirical anti-rickettsial antimicrobial therapy may be more indicated in 8- to 15-year-olds.
Malaria-Associated Mortality in Australian and British Prisoners of War on the Thai–Burma Railway 1943–1944
Authors: Shanks George Dennis
Published: January 2019

During the building of the Thai–Burma railway in 1943 Australian and British prisoners of war died at high rates from tropical infections and nutritional deficiencies. Mortality records from “F” Force (n = 7,000) showed nearly half (44%) of the soldiers perished in a single year, yet only 4% of these deaths were primarily attributed to malaria, with another 7% where malaria was listed as a major contributing cause. Case fatality rates were < 1%, with nearly all soldiers chronically infected with Plasmodium vivax > Plasmodium falciparum. Separate labor camp point prevalence malaria rates by microscopy ranged from 28% to 69% (median 54%) despite intermittent quinine suppression. During complex public health emergencies, malaria mortality may be disguised by its combination with other common infections and nutritional deficiencies.
Simple Future of Spanish. Natural System Versus Cultivated Uses
Authors: Escandell-Vidal María Victoria
Published: January 2019

The aim of this paper is to show that the attested diversity of interpretations of the Spanish simple future does not result from an inherent polysemy, but rather from the coexistence of two different systems being “visible” at the same time: an active, fully productive system (natural system), and a set of non-active uses, which survive from an ancient system no longer in force (cultivated uses). To this end, the paper examines data from first language acquisition patterns, frequency, distributional restrictions, range of usage, and interpretation routes. The distinction suggested is a crucial requirement for a monosemic approach to the semantics of the Spanish simple future cast in evidential terms – one that can make evident its internal logic and synchronic properties.
The Focus in Spanish Language: Definition Problems and Syntactic Manifestations
Authors: Veselko Vita
Published: January 2019

The field of information structure, a meeting point of pragmatics with the traditional linguistic disciplines, is nowadays facing many terminological inconsistencies which hinder its theoretical consolidation, and the resulting practical application of its analytical models to concrete linguistic manifestations. The present article aims to revise the different conceptions of one of the central terms of this linguistic discipline, the focus, to contribute to its terminological elucidation. After presenting the existing definitions of focus as a pragmatic function, the author proceeds to analyse the information structure of its syntactic manifestations in concrete communicative situations in an attempt to determine how the assignment of this pragmatic function is conditioned by the degree of newness of the information, and what its relationship with the notion of contrast is. The study thus concludes with an outline proposal of a possible redefinition of the term and its main distinctive features.
Cognition and Society. Treatment Forms at the Dawn of Feudalism: Señor and the Honorific Formulas with -ísimo
Authors: Zieliński Andrzej
Published: January 2019

The objective of this study is to delve into the origin of two treatment formulas: señor, from senior “older”, and those with the superlative suffix. Both are very closely linked to the imposition of a new social model, feudalism, which is characterized by organizing itself on a vertical social scale, coinciding with the scale of quantification characteristic of degree expressions. In both acts the conceptual metaphor is more is up.
O universal e o particular. Uma vida a comparar
Authors: Markič Jasmina
Published: January 2019

O universal e o particular. Uma vida a comparar é uma obra publicada em homenagem à doutora Maria Francisca Xavier, professora da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas (FCSH) da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL) por ocasião da sua jubilação. A professora teve um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento da linguística em Portugal e, em particular, na Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Seguindo as palavras das organizadoras «um dos principais focos da sua investigação foi a identificação de propriedades universais e particulares de línguas humanas», por ser esta uma das áreas que mais prazer lhe dá, escolheram para o título deste volume O universal e o particular. Uma vida a comparar.
Courtesy and Degree of Strength in a Realization of Face-Threatening Acts in Spanish
Authors: Campos Carrasco Nuria
Published: January 2019

The determination of the types of speech acts that can be executed in relation to different languages ​​has been studied inside and outside the boundaries of Spanish. There have been many attempts to realize taxonomies of speech acts connected to basic schemes of expression, and these attempts of classification and structure determination are normally focused on lists of verbs without providing the main structures that languages use to express speech acts. In the development of this work we will propose tools to clearly show what is meant by speech act and by its types and, finally, we will provide a taxonomy of general structures for the expression of illocutionary directive acts of speech in Spanish.
The Definite and Indefinite Articles of Spanish (or Castilian) Language in Context
Authors: Montero Gálvez Sonia
Published: January 2019

The present paper addresses the contrast between the definite article (el/la/los/las) and the indefinite article (un/a/os/as) from a cognitive approach that not only poses a single meaning for each kind of article, but also highlights the pragmatic (or contextual) aspects that underlie that meaning and establish the use of one form or another. The article’s meaning is shaped by the way we conceptualize the reference: the definite article implies an inclusive reference characterized by the uniqueness of the referent, while the indefinite article implies an exclusive reference characterized by the lack of uniqueness. The possibility to choose one or other way depends on contextual aspects related to the common knowledge shared by the interlocutors, the communicative context (linguistic and situational) and the space (physical or mental) where the referent is located.
Abuse-deterrent properties of REMOXY® ER, a high-viscosity extended-release oxycodone formulation
Authors: Kucera, PhD Shawn A. , Zamloot, BS ChE Michael S. , Crowley, PhD Michael M. , Burns, PhD Lindsay H. , Friedmann, PhD, MD Nadav , Barbier, MBA Remi
Published: January 2019

Objective: These in vitro studies compared abuse-deterrent properties of REMOXY ER (extended-release oxycodone), a novel, high-viscosity gel formulation, versus the two currently marketed ER oxycodone formulations.Methods: Tampering methods were tailored to each product to maximize oxycodone release with the least complexity, time, and effort, based on the physical/chemical properties of each formulation. Oral abuse was simulated by extracting oxycodone from each manipulated formulation in Common Ingestible Liquids and in Advanced Solvents (not ingestible and requiring additional separation). To simulate injection abuse, oxycodone was extracted from each manipulated formulation in low volumes of injection vehicles, heated or unheated. Inhalation abuse potential was assessed by volatilization.Results: In oral abuse simulations, manipulated REMOXY ER released 2-22 percent of its oxycodone in 20 minutes in five Common Ingestible Liquids, versus 77-85 percent oxycodone released from OxyContin® ER in 5 minutes in four of the five. In six Advanced Solvents, REMOXY ER released 3-37 percent at 20 minutes, versus 55-89 percent released from OxyContin ER at 5 minutes. Minimal oxycodone was extracted from REMOXY ER in five injection vehicles, heated or unheated. In contrast, OxyContin ER released 65-87 percent of its oxycodone within 10 minutes in all vehicles, regardless of heating. Xtampza® ER released 96 percent of its oxycodone in a heated injection vehicle and released 50-60 percent in two unheated injection vehicles. Showing minimal inhalation abuse potential, 9 percent of oxycodone was vaporized from manipulated REMOXY ER at 20 minutes compared to 8.8 percent at 5 minutes for OxyContin ER.Conclusions: In these studies, REMOXY ER demonstrated robust and meaningful abuse-deterrence relative to OxyContin ER and Xtampza ER.Perspective: Abuse-deterrent drugs were intended to help fight opioid abuse. Yet, the persistence of the opioid epidemic indicates that vast improvements in abuse-deterrent technology are sorely needed. A new, high-viscosity, ER oxycodone formulation showed much improved abuse-deterrent properties in simulations of oral, injection, and inhalation abuse, compared to earlier, first-generation formulations.
The role of multimodal analgesia in preventing the development of chronic postsurgical pain and reducing postoperative opioid use
Authors: Jian, MD Wenling , Rejaei, MD Damoon , Shihab, MD Ahmed , Alston, MD, PhD Theodore A. , Wang, MD, PhD Jingping
Published: January 2019

Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is a possible complication of various surgical procedures, which can impair patients' quality of life while also contributing to chronic opioid use. Multiple biopsychosocial factors put patients at risk for CPSP. Multimodal analgesia with the use of various pharmacologic and regional anesthetic techniques can help reduce the incidence and severity of CPSP. However, the relationship between various perioperative analgesic strategies and the development of CPSP is not fully understood. Although the use of multimodal analgesia will not automatically prevent CPSP and/or prolonged opioid consumption, there is potential to do so, especially by means of regional techniques.
Consistency and representativeness of integrated water vapour from ground-based GPS observations and ERA-Interim reanalysis
Authors: Bock Olivier , Parracho Ana C.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. This study examines the consistency and representativeness differences of daily IWV data from ERA-Interim reanalysis and GPS observations at 120 global sites over a 16-year period (1995–2010). Various comparison statistics are analysed as a function of geographic, topographic, and climatic features. A small (±1 kg m−2) bias is found in the reanalysis across latitudes (moist in northern and southern mid-latitudes and dry in the tropics). The standard deviation of daily IWV differences is generally below 2 kg m−2 but peaks in the northern and southern storm-tracks regions. In general, the larger IWV differences are explained by increased representativeness errors, when GPS observations capture some small-scale variability that is not resolved by the reanalysis. A representativeness error statistic is proposed which measures the spatiotemporal variability in the vicinity of the GPS sites, based on reanalysis data at the four surrounding grid points. It allows to predict the standard deviation of daily IWV differences with a correlation of 0.73. In general, representativeness differences can be reduced by temporal averaging and spatial interpolation from the four surrounding grid points. A small number of outlying cases (15 sites) which don’t follow the general tendencies are further examined. It is found that their special topographic and climatic features strongly enhance the representativeness errors (e.g. steep topography and coast-lines, strong seasonal cycle in monsoon regions). Discarding these sites significantly improves the global ERA-Interim and GPS comparison results. The selection of site a priori, based on the representativeness error statistic, is able to detect 11 out of the 15 sites and improve the comparison results by 20 to 30 %.
Devastating Californian wildfires in November 2018 observed from space: the carbon monoxide perspective
Authors: Schneising Oliver , Buchwitz Michael , Reuter Maximilian , Bovensmann Heinrich , Burrows John P.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Due to proceeding climate change, some regions such as California are becoming warmer and drier entailing the risk that destructive wildfires and associated air pollution episodes continue to increase. November 2018 has turned into one of the most disastrous months in Californian history with two particularly destructive wildfires raging concurrently through the North and the South of the state leaving about 1000 km2 of land burnt to cinders. Both fires ignited at the wildland-urban interface causing at least 88 civilian fatalities and forcing the total evacuation of several cities and communities. Here we demonstrate that the inherent carbon monoxide CO emissions of the wildfires and subsequent transport can be observed from space by analysing radiance measurements of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite in the shortwave infrared spectral range. From the determined CO distribution we assess the corresponding air quality burden in Californian major cities caused by the fires. As a result of the prevailing wind conditions, the largest CO load during the first days of the fires is found in Sacramento and San Francisco with city area averages exceeding boundary layer concentrations of 6 mg m−3 and 4 mg m−3, respectively. For some neighbourhoods in the northwest of Sacramento national ambient air quality standards (10 mg m−3 with 8-hour averaging time) are likely exceeded.
The ICAD (Iterative Cavity Enhanced DOAS) Method
Authors: Horbanski Martin , Pöhler Denis , Lampel Johannes , Platt Ulrich
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Cavity Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (CE-DOAS or BB-CEAS DOAS) allows to make in-situ measurements while maintaining the km-long light paths required by DOAS. These technique have been successfully used for several years to measure in-situ atmospheric trace gases. A property of optical cavities is that in presence of strong absorbers or scatterers the light path is reduced, opposite to classical Long Path DOAS measurements. Typical CE-DOAS or BB-CEAS evaluation schemes correct this effect using the measured total light intensity attenuation. This makes them sensitive to any variations of the light intensity not arising from the trace gas absorption. That means an important DOAS advantage, to be independent of total light intensity, is actually lost. In order to cope with this problem, the instrument setup would require a thorough stabilisation of the light source and a very rigid mechanical setup, which would make instrumentation more complex and error prone. We present a new approach to Cavity Enhanced (CE-) DOAS based on an iterative algorithm (ICAD) which actually models the light path reduction from the derived absorbers in the optical resonator. It allows a sensitive and robust data analysis that does not depend on the total light intensity allowing a simpler and more compact instrument setup. The algorithm is discussed and simulated measurements demonstrate its sensitivity and robustness. Furthermore, a new NO2 ICAD instrument is presented. It takes advantage of the advanced data evaluation to build a compact (50 cm cavity) and light weight instrument (<10 kg) with low power consumption (25 W) for sensitive measurements of NO2 with a detection limit of 0.02 ppbv at an averaging time of 7 minutes. The instrument is characterized with a NO2 calibration source and good long term stability is demonstrated in a comparison with a commercial chemiluminescence detector. As a new application of ICAD we show measurements on an auto mobile platform to investigate the two dimensional NO2 distribution in an urban area. The instrument is so robust that even strong vibrations do not lead to any measurement problems.
Microclimatic and ecophysiological conditions experienced by epiphytic bryophytes in an Amazonian rain forest
Authors: Löbs Nina , Walter David , Barbosa Cybelli G. G. , Brill Sebastian , Cerqueira Gabriela R. , de Oliveira Sá Marta , de Araújo Alessandro C. , de Oliveira Leonardo R. , Ditas Florian , Moran-Zuloaga Daniel , Pires Florentino Ana Paula , Wolff Stefan , Godoi Ricardo H. M. , Kesselmeier Jürgen , Mota de Oliveira Sylvia , Andreae Meinrat O. , Pöhlker Christopher , Weber Bettina
Published: January 2019

Abstract. In the Amazonian rain forest, major parts of trees and shrubs are covered by epiphytic cryptogams of great taxonomic variety, but their relevance in biosphere-atmosphere exchange, climate processes, and nutrient cycling are largely unknown. As cryptogams are poikilohydric organisms, they are physiologically active only under moist conditions. Thus, information on their water content, as well as temperature and light conditions experienced by them are essential to analyzing their impact on local, regional, and even global biogeochemical processes. In this study, we present data on the microclimatic and ecophysiological conditions of epiphytic bryo-phytes along a vertical gradient and combine these with mesoclimate data collected at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) in the Amazonian rain forest between October 2014 and December 2016. While the monthly average mesoclimatic ambient light intensities above the canopy revealed only minor variations, the light intensities incident on the bryophytes showed different patterns at different heights, probably depending on individual shading by vegetation. At 1.5 m height, monthly average light intensities were similar throughout the year and individual values were extremely low, exceeding 5 µmol m−2 s−1 pho-tosynthetic photon flux density only during 8 % of the time. Temperatures showed only minor variations throughout the year with higher values and larger height-dependent differences during the dry season. Water contents of bryophytes varied depending on precipitation and air humidity. Whereas bryophytes at higher levels were affected by frequent wetting and drying events, those close to the forest floor remained wet over longer time spans during the wet seasons. Based on estimates of the potential duration of net pho-tosynthesis and dark respiration, our data suggest that water contents are decisive for overall physiological activity, and light intensities determine whether net photosynthesis or dark respiration occurs, whereas temperature variations are only of minor relevance in this environment. In general, bryophytes growing close to the forest floor are limited by light availability, while those growing in the canopy must withstand larger variations in microclimatic conditions, especially in the dry season. Measurements of CO2 gas ex-change are essential to elucidate their physiological activity patterns in greater detail.
Rhizosphere to the atmosphere: contrasting methane pathways, fluxes and geochemical drivers across the terrestrial-aquatic wetland boundary
Authors: Jeffrey Luke C. , Maher Damien T. , Johnston Scott , Maguire Kylie , Steven Andrew D. L. , Tait Douglas R.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Although wetlands represent the largest natural source of atmospheric CH4, large uncertainties remain regarding the global CH4 flux. Wetland hydrological oscillations contribute to this uncertainty, dramatically altering wetland area, water table height, soil redox potentials and CH4 emissions. This study compares both terrestrial and aquatic CH4 fluxes over two distinct seasons in both permanent and seasonal remediated freshwater wetlands in subtropical Australia. We account for aquatic CH4 diffusion and ebullition rates, and plant-mediated CH4 fluxes from three distinct vegetation communities, thereby examining seasonal, diurnal and intra-habitat variability. CH4 emission rates were related to underlying sediment geochemistry. For example, distinct negative relationships between Fe(III) and SO42− and CH4 fluxes were observed, whereas distinct positive trends occurred between CH4 emissions and Fe(II) / AVS, where sediment Fe(III) and SO42− were depleted. The highest CH4 emissions of the seasonal wetland were measured during flooded conditions and always during daylight hours, which is consistent with soil redox potential and temperature being important co-drivers of CH4 flux. The highest CH4 fluxes were consistently emitted from the permanent wetland (1.5 to 10.5 mmol m−2 d−1), followed by the Phragmites australis community within the seasonal wetland (0.8 to 2.3 mmol m−2 d−1), whilst the lowest CH4 fluxes came from a region of forested Juncus sp. (−0.01 to 0.1 mmol m−2 d−1) which also corresponded with the highest sedimentary Fe(III) and SO42−. We suggest that wetland remediation strategies should consider geochemical profiles to help to mitigate excessive and unwanted methane emissions, especially during early system recovery periods.
Apsu: a wireless multichannel receiver system for surface nuclear magnetic resonance groundwater investigations
Authors: Liu Lichao , Grombacher Denys , Auken Esben , Larsen Jakob Juul
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Surface nuclear magnetic resonance (surface NMR) has the potential to be an
important geophysical method for groundwater investigations, but the
technique suffers from a poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and long measurement
times. We present a new wireless, multichannel surface-NMR receiver system
(called Apsu) designed to improve field deployability and minimize instrument
dead time. It is a distributed wireless system consisting of a central unit
and independently operated data acquisition boxes each with three channels
that measure either the NMR signal or noise for reference noise cancellation.
Communication between the central unit and the data acquisition boxes is done
through long-distance Wi-Fi and recordings are retrieved in real time. The
receiver system employs differential coils with low-noise preamplifiers and
high-resolution wide dynamic-range acquisition boards. Each channel contains
multistage amplifiers, short settling-time filters, and two 24 bit
analog-to-digital converters in dual-gain mode sampling at 31.25 kHz. The
system timing is controlled by GPS clock, and sample jitter between channels
is less than 12 ns. Separated transmitter/receiver coils and continuous
acquisition allow NMR signals to be measured with zero instrument dead time.
In processed data, analog and digital filters cause an effective dead time
of 5.8 ms including excitation current decay. Synchronization with an
independently operated transmitter system is done with a current probe
monitoring the NMR excitation pulses. The noise density measured in a
shorted-input test is 1.8 nV Hz-1/2. We verify the accuracy of the receiver
system with measurements of a magnetic dipole source and by comparing our NMR
data with data obtained using an existing commercial instrument. The
applicability of the system for reference noise cancellation is validated
with field data.
Description and evaluation of the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM) v2.1
Authors: Lipscomb William H. , Price Stephen F. , Hoffman Matthew J. , Leguy Gunter R. , Bennett Andrew R. , Bradley Sarah L. , Evans Katherine J. , Fyke Jeremy G. , Kennedy Joseph H. , Perego Mauro , Ranken Douglas M. , Sacks William J. , Salinger Andrew G. , Vargo Lauren J. , Worley Patrick H.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. We describe and evaluate version 2.1 of the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM).
CISM is a parallel, 3-D thermomechanical model, written mainly in Fortran,
that solves equations for the momentum balance and the thickness and
temperature evolution of ice sheets. CISM's velocity solver incorporates a
hierarchy of Stokes flow approximations, including shallow-shelf,
depth-integrated higher order, and 3-D higher order. CISM also includes a
suite of test cases, links to third-party solver libraries, and
parameterizations of physical processes such as basal sliding, iceberg
calving, and sub-ice-shelf melting. The model has been verified for standard
test problems, including the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for
Higher-Order Models (ISMIP-HOM) experiments, and has participated in the
initMIP-Greenland initialization experiment. In
multimillennial simulations with modern climate forcing on a 4 km grid, CISM
reaches a steady state that is broadly consistent with observed flow patterns
of the Greenland ice sheet. CISM has been integrated into version 2.0 of the
Community Earth System Model, where it is being used for Greenland
simulations under past, present, and future climates. The code is open-source
with extensive documentation and remains under active development.
Flooded by jargon: how the interpretation of water-related terms differs between hydrology experts and the general audience
Authors: Venhuizen Gemma J. , Hut Rolf , Albers Casper , Stoof Cathelijne R. , Smeets Ionica
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Communication about water-induced hazards (such as floods, droughts or levee
breaches) is important, in order to keep their impact as low as possible.
However, sometimes the boundary between specialized and non-specialized
language can be vague. Therefore, a close scrutiny of the use of
hydrological vocabulary by both experts and laypeople is necessary. In this
study, we compare the expert and layperson definitions of 22 common terms and
pictures related to water and water hazards, to see where misunderstandings
might arise both in text and pictures. Our primary objective is to analyze
the degree of agreement between experts and laypeople in their definition of
the used terms. In this way, we hope to contribute to improving the
communication between these groups in the future. Our study was based on a
survey completed by 34 experts and 119 laypeople. Especially concerning the definition of words related to water there are
some profound differences between experts and laypeople: words like “river”
and “river basin” turn out to have a thoroughly different interpretation
between the two groups. Concerning the pictures, there is much more
agreement between the groups.
Sensitivity of centennial mass loss projections of the Amundsen basin to the friction law
Authors: Brondex Julien , Gillet-Chaulet Fabien , Gagliardini Olivier
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Reliable projections of ice sheets' future contributions to sea-level rise require models that are able to accurately simulate grounding-line
dynamics, starting from initial states consistent with observations. Here, we
simulate the centennial evolution of the Amundsen Sea Embayment in response
to a prescribed perturbation in order to assess the sensitivity of mass loss
projections to the chosen friction law, depending on the initialisation
strategy. To this end, three different model states are constructed by
inferring both the initial basal shear stress and viscosity fields with
various relative weights. Then, starting from each of these model states,
prognostic simulations are carried out using a Weertman, a Schoof and a Budd
friction law, with different parameter values. Although the sensitivity of
projections to the chosen friction law tends to decrease when more weight is
put on viscosity during initialisation, it remains significant for the most
physically acceptable of the constructed model states. Independently of the
considered model state, the Weertman law systematically predicts the lowest
mass losses. In addition, because of its particular dependence on effective
pressure, the Budd friction law induces significantly different grounding-line retreat patterns than the other laws and predicts significantly higher
mass losses.
APPLICATION OF CALIXARENE DERIVATIVES AS TACKIFIER RESIN IN RUBBER COMPOUNDS FOR TIRE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Pekachaki Henrik Margharian , Taghvaei-Ganjali Saeed , Motiee Fereshteh , Saber-Tehrani Mandana
Published: January 2019

The effect of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene on rubber-nylon-6 fabric and rubber-metal bead wire adhesion strength was quantified. For this purpose, two typically used rubber compounds were employed for two reinforcing motorcycle tire components: ply and bead. The standard pull-out tests of rubber–fabric and rubber–metal showed improvements in adhesion strength by incorporating p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene into rubber compounds. However, the maximum values of adhesion force to pull the polyamide fabrics and brass-coated metal wires out of the rubber compounds were observed when only 1.0 phr of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene was used. The adhesion performance of both fabric and metal wire decreased with higher loading amounts of p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene. The effect of a commercial phenolic tackifying resin was also evaluated in bead compound. Very similar adhesion results to p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene were obtained when using 1.0 phr phenolic resin.
Sustainable Fisheries Adaptation of Terubok Coastal Area in Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Abdul Ghanie Nur Syahmina Binti , Awang Marikan Dayang Affizah , Edman Salbiah , Abdullah Amin Mahir
Published: January 2019

Sustainable ways of fishing has been applied worldwide as the population of fish is decreasing due to heavy fishing and overexploitation. The famous fish in Sarawak, Tropical shad Tenualosa which locally known as ikan terubok (Terubok fish) is also experiencing a major decline in its population. Therefore, the goal of this study is to investigate the most preferable ways to increase the number of Terubok population in Sarawak. This study reveals that, the regulation factor is the most preferable ways in increasing the number of Terubok population followed by conservation and economics factor. Besides, the willingness to accept (WTA) estimation by using Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) shows that the average amount of compensation that will be given to the Terubok fisherman in order to conserve the Terubok populations is RM 301.08.
Incidencias de las Estrategias Metodológicas implementadas por docentes en la comprensión lectora
Authors: López Ramos Oscar Danilo , González Rubio Martha Del Socorro
Published: January 2019

El presente artículo resume los resultados de la investigación “Incidencia de las Estrategias Metodológicas implementadas por docentes en la comprensión lectora de estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Administración de Empresas de la URACCAN, Recinto las Minas, 2015; con este estudio se logró describir las estrategias metodológicas implementadas por docentes, identificar los niveles de compresión lectora alcanzado por estudiantes del primer año de la carrera de Administración de Empresas y referir estrategias metodológicas que permitan mejorar la comprensión lectora. Los aportes incluido en este artículo, son producto de la bibliografía consultada para el respaldo de las inferencias realizadas por los distintos autores del proceso investigativo, las que enriquecen el acervo cognitivo de estudiantes y docentes Universitarios.
El Marco Metodológico en la investigación cualitativa. Experiencia de un trabajo de tesis doctoral
Authors: Orozco Alvarado Julio César
Published: January 2019

El presente estudio es producto de una tesis doctoral realizada en el programa de Doctorado en Educación e Intervención Social ofertado por la UNAN-Managua en convenio con la Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, España. La investigación se realizó bajo el paradigma interpretativo y el enfoque cualitativo de la investigación científica a través del método de estudio de caso en seis Institutos de Educación Secundaria de Managua. El propósito de esta producción es coadyuvar al estudiantado de cursos de Maestría y Doctorado en la elaboración del diseño o marco metodológico de los trabajos de graduación de corte cualitativo, ya que cuando estamos iniciando en los procesos investigativos es difícil establecer correlación entre paradigmas, enfoques, métodos, técnicas e instrumentos de recogida de información, esto limita los avances en los procesos de graduación y titulación en los programas de grado y posgrado. También se hace un aporte a los procesos de validez y confiabilidad de las técnicas de investigación, así como los procesos de triangulación en el proceso de análisis e interpretación de los resultados.
Veredas hacia el desarrollo: una retro mirada a nuestro municipio almendreño en Río San Juan
Authors: López García Ramón Ignacio
Published: January 2019

El presente artículo se ha elaborado en el marco del proyecto “Un estudio local para el desarrollo: historia del departamento de Río San Juan y sus municipios”, que la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua (UNAN-Managua) ha liderado como parte de una tarea del Consejo Nacional de Universidades (CNU). El proyecto consiste en un intercambio multidisciplinar de estudiantes y docentes que realizaron trabajo de campo en los seis municipios de Río San Juan (Morrito, El Almendro, San Miguelito, San Carlos, El Castillo y San Juan de Nicaragua), obteniendo como resultado tres productos: un diagnóstico, una propuesta de plan de acompañamiento territorial y un libro de la historia de cada municipio. En este marco nace la motivación de compartir reflexiones sobre el desarrollo de la localidad del municipio El Almendro, un municipio con capacidad forestal, pero sin la vocación de sus habitantes, un municipio que ha surgido y se ha recuperado de situaciones complejas como el hecho de haber sido una zona de combate durante la revolución (1979 – 1990). Los diferentes momentos históricos del municipio muestran que la dimensión económica viene cobrando peso sobre otras dimensiones del desarrollo, donde la sostenibilidad, representada por el respeto y protección a la naturaleza como proveedora de bienes y salud, se aleja de la perspectiva de vida en la localidad.
Lethal outcome of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome despite intensive triple therapy
Authors: Anjo Carlos , Fortuna Philip , Reis Luís , Bento Luís
Published: January 2019

Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS), an infrequent autoimmune disease, manifests as a widespread thrombotic disease with multiorgan failure with a 37% mortality rate. We report 39-year-old Caucasian women, medical history of Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) complicated with APS and proliferative glomerulonephritis under dialysis. Patient was admitted at the ICU with septic shock with thoracotomy dehiscence origin. During the ICU stay, extensive lower limbs ulcers with polymorphonuclear infiltrate and steatonecrosis areas in adipose and muscular tissue. Lab studies: anti-β2-glycoprotein-Iantibody was detected. As probable CAPS diagnosis was made, triple therapy with methylprednisolone, immunoglobulin and anticoagulation immediately was started. Serious vasoplegic shock occurs with failure in vasopressor support increment and the patient died. The authors report an APS with rapid progression to catastrophic stage, rare complication that occurs only in 1% of catastrophic APS. In CAPS treatment, a statistical association between triple therapy and the decrease of mortality rate of patients with CAPS was observed, when compared with other combinations or with none of the treatments included in the triple therapy. Although the case had a lethal outcome, the authors emphasize the use of triple therapy in CAPS and the challenge of treating patients with CAPS and infection where the balance between the need for anticoagulation, aggressive immunosuppression and infection control is difficult to manage.
Statistical Analysis of Long-Term Trends of Trade Relations between Georgia and Canada
Authors: Gelashvili Simon
Published: January 2019

The article analyzes the long-term time series of 1995-2016 depicting trade relations between Georgia and Canada. Georgia's trade partner countries are ranked as a whole trade turnover, as well as export and import volume of goods and the ordinary position of Canada is established. The nature and direction of total trade turnover, as well as export and import tendencies are revealed. In the process of statistical analysis, the absolute and relative indicators were calculated. The export and import volume of 1995-2016 is also considered by the commodity groups and the first five of the largest commodity groups are drawn in both directions.

The statistics show that the trade relations between Canada and Georgia and its development are important for both countries.
From Residential Energy Demand to Fuel Poverty: Income-induced Non-linearities in the Reactions of Households to Energy Price Fluctuations
Authors: Charlier Dorothée , Kahouli Sondès
Published: January 2019

The residential energy demand is growing steadily and the trend is expected to continue in the near future. At the same time, under the impulse of economic crises and environmental and energy policies, many households have experienced reductions in real income and higher energy prices. In the residential sector, the number of fuel-poor households is thus expected to rise. A better understanding of the determinants of residential energy demand, in particular of the role of income and the sensitivity of households to changes in energy prices, is crucial in the context of recurrent debates on energy efficiency and fuel poverty. We propose a panel threshold regression (PTR) model to empirically test the sensitivity of French households to energy price fluctuations—as measured by the elasticity of residential heating energy prices—and to analyze the overlap between their income and fuel poverty profiles. The PTR model allows to test for the non-linear effect of income on the reactions of households to fluctuations in energy prices. Thus, it can identify specific regimes differing by their level of estimated price elasticities. Each regime represents an elasticity-homogeneous group of households. The number of these regimes is determined based on an endogenously PTR-fixed income threshold. Thereafter, we analyze the composition of the regimes (i.e. groups) to locate the dominant proportion of fuel-poor households and analyse their monetary poverty characteristics. Results show that, depending on the income level, we can identify two groups of households that react differently to residential energy price fluctuations and that fuel-poor households belong mostly to the group of households with the highest elasticity. By extension, results also show that income poverty does not necessarily mean fuel poverty. In terms of public policy, we suggest focusing on income heterogeneity by considering different groups of households separately when defining energy efficiency measures. We also suggest paying particular attention to targeting fuel-poor households by examining the overlap between fuel and income poverty.
Grid Investment and Support Schemes for Renewable Electricity Generation
Authors: Wagner Johannes
Published: January 2019

The unbundling of formerly vertically integrated utilities in liberalized electricity markets led to a coordination problem between investments in the regulated electricity grid and investments into new power generation. At the same time investments into new generation capacities based on weather dependent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy are increasingly subsidized with different support schemes. Against this backdrop this article analyzes the locational choice of private wind power investors under different support schemes and the implications on grid investments. I find that investors do not choose system optimal locations in feed-in tariff schemes, feed-in premium schemes and subsidy systems with direct capacity payments. Consequently, inefficiencies arise if transmission investment follows wind power investment. A benevolent transmission operator can implement the first-best solution by anticipatory investment behavior, which is however only applicable under perfect regulation. Alternatively a location dependent network charge for wind power producers can directly influence investment decisions and internalize the grid integration costs of wind power generation.
Is Abundant Natural Gas a Bridge to a Low-carbon Future or a Dead-end?
Authors: Gillingham Kenneth , Huang Pei
Published: January 2019

A fierce debate rages on whether abundant natural gas is a bridge to a low-carbon future or a hindrance to long-term decarbonization. This paper uses a detailed energy-economic market equilibrium model to study the effects of an upper bound case of natural gas availability. We show that a market-driven abundant natural gas supply can provide substantial reductions in air pollution but does not considerably reduce CO2 emissions in the longer-term, especially relative to a moderate carbon price. However, we quantify large welfare benefits from abundant natural gas. The spatial disaggregation of our results allows for a clear picture of the distributional impacts of abundant natural gas under different carbon price scenarios, illustrating welfare gains by most regions regardless of whether there is carbon pricing, but substantial heterogeneity in the welfare gains.
Natural Gas Transits and Market Power: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Schulte Simon , Weiser Florian
Published: January 2019

Turkey is a key country in order to realize the Southern Gas Corridor (SGC) due to its geographical location. However, as the main transit country within the SGC, Turkey could potentially exert market power with gas transits. Whether Turkey exerts market power or not, is crucial for an economic assessment of the SGC. Hence, the article investigates this issue quantitatively using a global partial equilibrium gas market model. An oligopolistic and a competitive supply structure in the European upstream market in 2030 are considered in the model based on calibrations to historical gas market situations. If the European gas market in 2030 is characterized by an oligopolistic supply, Turkey is able to exert market power resulting in higher prices compared to competitive transits, in particular in South Eastern Europe. In a competitive market structure, however, the importance of the SGC and thus the potential of Turkish transit market power is limited.