bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase as a Therapeutic Target in Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Neuroblastoma
Authors: Cheng Mangeng , R. Ott Gregory
Published: November 2012

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a receptor tyrosine kinase in the insulin receptor superfamily, was originally identified as the oncogenic NPM (nucleophosmin)-ALK fusion protein due to a t (2;5) chromosomal translocation in anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Many other chromosomal rearrangements or gene mutations/amplification leading to enhanced ALK activity have subsequently been identified and characterized in a number of human cancer types. The recent reports of EML4 (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein- like 4)-ALK oncogenic proteins in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the identification of ALK activating point mutations and gene amplification in neuroblastoma have indicated ALK as a potential major therapeutic target for human cancers. In this review, the role of oncogenic ALK in development of various human cancers is summarized and the efforts and progress of developing small molecule ALK inhibitors as potential cancer therapeutics are updated. Several small molecule ALK inhibitors from distinctive chemical scaffolds in either clinical or preclinical development stage are highlighted and profiled. The challenges and future directions of developing small molecule ALK inhibitors as cancer therapeutics are discussed.
New Medical Strategies for Midgut Carcinoids
Authors: Nilsson Ola , Arvidsson Yvonne , Johanson Viktor , Forssell-Aronsson Eva , Ahlman Hakan
Published: November 2012

Patients with well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract often present with metastases and hormonal symptoms. These patients can be palliated by interventional tumour reduction and medical treatment with somatostatin analogues; no effective chemotherapy is available. Radionuclide therapy via somatostatin receptors is one new therapeutic alternative. The recognition that neuroendocrine tumours express specific receptors for growth factors and chemokines, which are of importance for tumour growth, vascularization, and spread, may open the way for new therapeutic approaches. The signalling pathways in carcinoid tumours are incompletely explored. This review summarizes potential new treatment strategies from clinical and experimental studies, e.g. inhibition of angiogenesis, targeting of growth factors or their receptors by tyrosine kinase inhibitors, interference with specific cellular pathways (mTOR, PI3K, RAS/RAF, Notch), and also inhibition of the proteasome and histone deacetylation. Combining targeted therapy with chemotherapy, or using drugs to sensitize for radionuclide therapy, may enhance the treatment outcome.
Enzyme Inhibition as a Key Target for the Development of Novel Metal-Based Anti-Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Griffith Darren , P. Parker James , J. Marmion Celine
Published: November 2012

Historically, DNA has been the target for many metal-based anti-cancer drugs, but drawbacks of prevailing therapies have stimulated the search for new molecular targets which may present unique opportunities for therapeutic exploitation. Enzyme inhibition has recently been identified as an alternative and significant target. The pursuit of novel metallodrug candidates that selectively target enzymes is now the subject of intense investigation in medicinal bioinorganic chemistry and chemical biology. In the field of drug design, it is recognised by many that exploiting the structural and chemical diversity of metal ions for the identification of potential hit and lead candidates can dramatically increase the number of possible drug candidates that may be added to the already abundant armoury of chemotherapeutic agents. This review will focus on recent key advancements in enzyme inhibition as a key target for the development of novel metal-based anti-cancer therapeutics. The enormous clinical success of classical platinum drugs, amongst others, coupled with the wealth of knowledge accumulated in recent years on enzyme structure and function, has undoubtedly been the impetus behind the development of new metallodrug candidates with enzyme inhibitory properties. Recent trends in this field will be reviewed with a particular emphasis on metal complexes that inhibit protein and lipid kinases, matrix metalloproteases, telomerases, topoisomerases, glutathione-Stransferases, and histone deacetylases.
Fresh Platinum Complexes with Promising Antitumor Activity
Authors: Wang Xiaoyong
Published: November 2012

Platinum-based anticancer chemotherapy constitutes a cornerstone for the treatment of various solid tumors. However, existing platinum drugs like cisplatin encounter many obstacles such as drug resistance and systemic toxicity in clinical applications. Extensive attempts have been made to minimize the side effects of platinum drugs. This review concentrates on the major development of novel platinum complexes in the last five years, and highlights the complexes with DNA damage mode fundamentally different from that of cisplatin. Diverse platinum complexes are discussed in the text, including analogues of cisplatin or oxaliplatin, monofunctional platinum( II) complexes, polynuclear platinum(II) complexes, trans-platinum(II) complexes, and platinum(IV) complexes. All of these complexes display impressive antitumor activity and some of them show remarkable potentiality to circumvent the resistance to cisplatin. On the basis of these new facts, it can be concluded that structural modifications could substantially modulate the DNA binding mode and DNA damage process, and as a result largely improve the antitumor efficacy of platinum complexes.
Progresses in TCM Metal-Based Antitumour Agents
Authors: Chen Zhen-Feng , Liang Hong
Published: November 2012

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have recently been recognized as a new source of anticancer drugs and new chemotherapy adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and to diminish side effects and resistance of cancer chemotherapies. At the same time, cisplatin, one of the most widely used anticancer drugs, is effective in treating a variety of cancers, especially testicular cancer for which it has a greater than 90% cure rate, but its clinical efficacy is limited by significant side effects and acquired or intrinsic resistance. Therefore, many efforts have been devoted to designing new platinum compounds with improved pharmacological properties and a broader range of antitumour activity. New strategies have been applied in the designs of antitumour coordination compounds as drugs, such as synthesizing new ligands or metal complexes with different reaction mechanisms. Among them, new coordination compounds based on traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) provide a novel approach to potential (pro-)drugs. This review mainly focuses on the synthesis, structure, antitumour activity and interactions with molecular targets of TCM based metal complexes. TCM alkaloids, flavonoids, cantharidin, coumarins, plumbagin, curcumin and camphoric acid metal-based antitumour agents are covered. The future development of hybrid TCM-metal complexes as antitumour drugs is discussed. The pursuit of new TCM metal-based anticancer drugs and enhancement of modern TCM holds promise for overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR).
Compounds from Wild Mushrooms with Antitumor Potential
Authors: C.F.R. Ferreira Isabel , A. Vaz Josiana , Vasconcelos M. Helena , Martins Anabela
Published: November 2012

For thousands of years medicine and natural products have been closely linked through the use of traditional medicines and natural poisons. Mushrooms have an established history of use in traditional oriental medicine, where most medicinal mushroom preparations are regarded as a tonic, that is, they have beneficial health effects without known negative side-effects and can be moderately used on a regular basis without harm. Mushrooms comprise a vast and yet largely untapped source of powerful new pharmaceutical products. In particular, and most importantly for modern medicine, they represent an unlimited source of compounds which are modulators of tumour cell growth. Furthermore, they may have potential as functional foods and sources of novel molecules. We will review the compounds with antitumor potential identified so far in mushrooms, including low-molecular-weight (LMW, e.g. quinones, cerebrosides, isoflavones, catechols, amines, triacylglycerols, sesquiterpenes, steroids, organic germanium and selenium) and high-molecular-weight compounds (HMW, e.g. homo and heteroglucans, glycans, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, proteoglycans, proteins and RNA-protein complexes).
Immunotherapy of Malignant Gliomas Using Autologous and Allogeneic Tissue Cells
Authors: M. Hofman F. , Stathopoulos A. , A. Kruse C. , C. Chen T. , E.J.C. Schijns V.
Published: November 2012

Immunotherapy of brain tumors is rapidly emerging as a potential clinical option [1-3]. The quality and magnitude of immune responses evoked by the new generation anti-tumor vaccines is in general highly dependent on the source or choice of peptide antigens, and as well, a suitable immunopotentiator. Poorly immunogenic antigens, such as those present in tumor cell lysates, may not reliably provide stimulation like recombinant or DNA-encoded protein antigens might be expected to. In addition, the efficacy of the vaccine may depend on inherent counteracting measures of the tumor which dampen immune surveillance and immune effector activity triggered by immunization [4]. Our body has many means of limiting an immune response to our own (self) proteins. In particular, patients with gliomas exhibit a broad suppression of cell-mediated immunity [5-8]. Unfortunately, for most tumor vaccines the induction of local or systemic immune effector cells does not necessarily translate into objective clinical responses or increased survival [9]. Here we review immunotherapeutic approaches against gliomas and recent pre-clinical and clinical initiatives based on cellular or active immunization of the patients immune system using autologous and allogeneic tissues or cultured cells. Available evidence shows that single modality cancer therapies likely remain suboptimal. Combination regimens targeting the immune system at multiple coordinated levels must be developed, and possibly combined with strategies to inhibit immune suppressive factors if significant clinical benefit is to be achieved.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor as a Target for Anti-Cancer Agent Design
Authors: Cao Jiangying , Fang Hao , Wang Binghe , Ma Chunhua , Xu Wenfang
Published: November 2012

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors, one family of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK), are promising targets for the cancer therapy. Many potential inhibitors including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), reversible inhibitors and irreversible inhibitors have been developed. Some of them have been approved by the FDA or in the stage of clinical trials. This report reviews the recent progress of the structures, functions and inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases.
New Therapeutic Interventions in Airway Inflammatory and Allergic Diseases
Authors: Ennis M.
Published: November 2012

Asthma is a common, chronic condition that is usually treated by the combination of inhaled steroids and β2 agonists on a when required basis. More recently, two further agents have been licensed for use: leukotriene receptor antagonists and very recently anti-IgE. This review describes a number of other possible treatment modalities. Some are well developed and already in Phase III clinical trials, others involve the use of drugs already on the market for other indications and a number are reasonably speculative.
Spinal Fusion in the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: Rationale for Improvement
Authors: Nyström Bo
Published: November 2012

Results following fusion for chronic low back pain (CLBP) are unpredictable and generally not very satisfying. The major reason is the absence of a detailed description of the symptoms of patients with pain, if present, in a motion segment of the spine. Various radiological findings have been attributed to discogenic pain, but if these radiological signs were really true signs of such pain, fusion would have been very successful. If discogenic pain exists, it should be possible to select these patients from all others within the CLBP population. Even if this selection were 100% perfect, however, identification of the painful segment would remain, and at present there is no reliable test for doing so. Regardless of whether an anterior or posterior type of fusion is performed, or even if artificial discs are used, solving the puzzle of pain associated with the presumed segmental disorder must be the primary goal.
The Stokes Phenomenon, Borel Summation and Mellin-Barnes Regularisation
Authors: Kowalenko Victor
Published: November 2012

The Stokes phenomenon refers to the emergence of jump discontinuities in asymptotic expansions at specific rays in the complex plane. This book presents a radical theory for the phenomenon by introducing the concept of regularization. Two methods of regularization, Borel summation and Mellin-Barnes regularization, are used to derive general expressions for the regularized values of asymptotic expansions throughout the complex plane. Though different, both yield identical values, which, where possible, agree with the original functions. Consequently, asymptotics has been elevated to a true discipline yielding precise solutions. All researchers, who seek asymptotic solutions to problems, will find this a most valuable book.
Part 2- Second Trimester: Cephalic Pole Malformations
Authors: Bonilla-Musoles Fernando , Eduardo Machado Luiz , Raga Franciso , Carlos Castillo Juan , Osborne Newton , Villalaiz Esperanza , Bonilla Francisco , Machado Fernanda
Published: November 2012

Hydrocephaly or ventriculomegaly is caused by an abnormal volume increase of the brain’s
lateral ventricles. Acrania, exencephalia and anencephalia start from a single process as a consequence of
an early closure defect of the anterior neuropore. Encephaloceles are extremely grave bone defects, almost
always of the frontal or occipital bones, often associated with chromosomopathies. Ciclopia and proboscis,
also called “polyfemus”, always letal, are fetuses presenting a frontonasal malformation showing one single
eye with or without a dermo-cartilaginous appendix above the eye anlage, Craniosynostosis is defined as the
premature closure of the calvarian sutures and includes the following anomalies or syndromes: Apert,
Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Saethre-Chotzen, Jackson-Weiss and Antley Bixler. Ear malformations can arise
from embriologic migration or rotation defects and are often associated with other embriopathies, Charge
association, Vacterls syndrome, or chromosomal defects such as trisomies 13-15, 18, 21 and 22. Orofacial
teratomas are extremely rare and occur at the base of the cranium in the roof of the hard palate or on the
mandible. Cleft lipe and cleft palate are generally associated with other major or minor malformations
especially from de CNS and with chromosomopathies. Retrognathia is a condition of facial disharmony
whether Micrognathia is an abnormal smallness of the jaws frequently associated with chromosomopathies
and genetic syndromes. Dandy-Walker is characterized by the presence of a cyst in the posterior fossa that
communicates with the fourth ventricle showing a total or partial defect of the cerebellar vermis. The
aneurysm of the vein of Galen refers to different midbrain arteriovenous fistula malformations associated
with aneurysm dilatation of the veins. 4D Angiodoppler seems to be very useful for the definitive diagnosis.
Congenital goitrus hypothyroidism is very rare but potentially dangerous due to its lifelong consequences.
Fetal 3D/4D Cardiovascular Imaging
Authors: Hata Toshiyuki , Noguchi Junko
Published: November 2012

We present herein the latest three-dimensional (3D)/four-dimensional (4D) sonographic studies on fetal
heart and blood vessels using STIC (spatiotemporal image correlation) or real-time 3D fetal echocardiography.
These new 3D/4D ultrasound techniques include VOCAL (Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis), TUI
(Tomographic Ultrasound Imaging), SonoVCAD (Sonography Based Volume Computer Aided Diagnosis),
color/power Doppler ultrasound and HD (High-Definition)-flow, B-flow and inversion mode. Fetal 3D/4D
echocardiography provides a novel means for evaluation of fetal heart and blood vessels in 3D in real time, and of
fetal intracardiac hemodynamics in the second and third trimesters. These novel techniques may assist in the
evaluation of fetal cardiac anatomy and hemodynamics, and offer the potential advantages relative to conventional
two-dimensional fetal echocardiography and Doppler flow mapping. 3D/4D ultrasound may be an important
modality in future fetal cardiac research and in evaluation of congenital heart disease in the fetus.
Chapter 02 - Development of the Self
Authors: A. Mackey Richard
Published: November 2012

Theory is a resource for informing one’s practice. The concepts that are highly useful in understanding how a sense of self
emerges over the lifespan are drawn from attachment, self psychological and object relations theories. These theories focus
primarily on early development. The chapter also attends to the development in later childhood and adolescence and then introduces
the emergence of the self in the adulthood. Beginning in this chapter, vignettes from psychotherapy with clients are used to tie
concepts to practice.
Chapter 03 - Intimate Relationships and the Emerging Self in Adulthood
Authors: A. Mackey Richard
Published: November 2012

The discussion of the centrality of psychological intimacy in meaningful adult relationships to the emergence of a sense of self in
adulthood is based on our research into the meaning of psychological intimacy to 216 partners in 108 heterosexual and same sex
relationships that had lasted for an average of 30 years. This study is also the basis of chapter 6 on therapy with couples. Factors
that had a significant role in shaping the quality of psychological intimacy were the absence of major conflict, a confrontive
conflict management style of one’s partner, a sense of fairness about the relationship and the expression of physical affection
between partners. These qualities are invaluable resources for development of the self during the adult years.
Prologue
Authors: A. Mackey Richard
Published: November 2012

No matter the specific theoretical orientation and technical approach to psychotherapy, this book present a perspective that the
self of a practitioner tempered by professional values is the primary resource for helping troubled people, especially those who
suffer from a damaged sense of self. The empathic use of self is the centerpiece of the role of a psychotherapist. In this
introduction to the book, the context of psychotherapeutic practice both in the past and today are discussed, since context is so
important in shaping ideas. The prologue also lays out the my values about theory and practice, which have an equally powerful
effect on my orientation and approach to the practice of psychotherapy.
Four D and 2D Echocardiographic Evaluation of Anomalies of the Venous Connections
Authors: Volpe Paolo , De Robertis Valentina , Gianluca Campobasso , Volpe Nicola , Rembouskos Georgios
Published: November 2012

Abnormalities of systemic and pulmonary venous connections are among the most frequently missed
congenital heart disease (CHD) in prenatal ultrasound studies. In fact their prenatal US detection is difficult and
requires adequate image resolution and attention to detail.

Recently, three-four D US has been suggested to provide a significant contribution to our understanding of the
developing heart in both normal and anomalous cases. In particular “B-flow-STIC imaging” and “inversion
mode” have been demonstrated to supply additional information over that provided by 2D US in the prenatal
diagnosis of some congenital heart defects, including abnormalities of the venous connections.

In this chapter we report the 2D prenatal characterization of the most common anomalies of the venous
connections, and describe the application and added value of 4D echocardiography with B-flow-STIC imaging or
with inversion mode in the prenatal diagnosis of total anomalous pulmonary venous connections and abnormal
systemic venous connections respectively.
Conotruncal Anomalies
Authors: Paladini Dario , Sglavo Gabriella
Published: November 2012

In the chapter, the 2D, color Doppler and 4D features of major conotruncal abnormalities will be
described. In particular, the echocardiographic views on which the various lesions are detected will be described.
In addition, the role of color Doppler in the recognition of valve stenosis or insufficiency will be illustrated.
Finally, the diagnostic role of 4D echocardiography will be described, only in those cases in which it has
additional clinical value. Videos of major diagnostic features are also provided, to facilitate the understanding of
the text.
First Trimester Study of Fetal Heart with 4D Echocardiography
Authors: Alina Weissmann-Brenner , Liat Gindes , Reuven Achiron
Published: November 2012

The following chapter discusses the added value of various novel 3- and 4-Dimensional Ultrasound
(3D/4D US) applications for assessing fetal cardiac anomalies at the first trimester of pregnancy. Information on
the importance of the early diagnosis, the feasibility, the anomalies that can be detected at early stages of
pregnancy and the limitation of such early examination are discussed in details.
Assessment of Cardiac Geometry and Stroke Volumes by 4D Fetal Echocardiography
Authors: Yeo Lami , Romero Roberto , Lee Wesley
Published: November 2012

Accurate and reliable methods to assess fetal cardiac function would be useful in evaluating fetuses
with cardiac disease (structural or otherwise). Traditionally, two-dimensional echocardiography has been used to
estimate fetal ventricular volume, and assess cardiac function. However, the unique and complex geometry of the
fetal ventricles makes analysis of cardiac function using this modality a challenge, and hence, the interest in using
three- and four-dimensional ultrasound. Although theoretically appealing, three-dimensional echocardiography
had to overcome several difficulties, including: gating, suboptimal image quality, and lack of real-time
observation. Four-dimensional fetal echocardiography is a method to assess ventricular volume and cardiac
function, and can overcome many of the pitfalls of conventional methods. Thus, this modality offers an important
method for the assessment of fetal cardiac function.
ANALYSIS APPROACHES AND ALGORITHMS FOR PLASMONIC STRUCTURES
Authors: Fu Yongqi
Published: November 2012

Firstly, several stationary analyzing approaches: rigorous coupling wave analysis/Fourior model method, Mie theory,
multiple multipole program, and discrete dipole approximation were presented. Then dynamic analyzing approaches: finite difference
and time domain, and beam propagation method were described briefly in this chapter. Both the stationary and dynamic analyzing
approaches were presented by theoretical description in respect of wave propagation through the subwavelength metallic structures.
METAMATERIALS
Authors: Fu Yongqi
Published: November 2012

Aim of this chapter is that readers can obtain an outline about metamaterials from concept to principle after reading.
Concept introduction of negative refraction index was given firstly, including literature review, history regarding the negative
refraction index, and illustration of energy and momentum in negative refractive index materials. Then three types of metamaterials:
electronic metamaterials, magnetic metamaterials, and double negative-index metamaterials were described in this chapter.
TOP-DOWN APPROACHES
Authors: Fu Yongqi
Published: November 2012

Many nanofabrication techniques were reported in books and journals at present. In this chapter, we targeted two
commonly used approaches for fabrication of subwavelength metallic structures: focused ion beam (FIB) technology and laser
interference photolithography. The former can realized fine nanofabrication over a local tiny area in one-step only. But it is a
technique with high expenditure and small localized fabrication area. The latter can realize large area fabrication and cost effective.
But it needs pattern transformation from photoresist into substrate. Some fabrication examples were presented. Problems existing in
the fabrication processes were addressed as well.
BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES
Authors: Fu Yongqi
Published: November 2012

Two commonly used approaches for fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures: self assembled monolayer and
electrochemistry techniques were introduced. The bottom-up approach has advantages of cost effective, large area fabrication, and
simple process. But it is chemistry-based process, and thus has shortages of low repeatability, unstable, and low uniformity. It is
suitable for fabrication of micro-/nanostructures which can be used as biosensors in life science.
NANOHOLES ARRAY AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Fu Yongqi
Published: November 2012

One of important types of plasmonic structures, nanoholes array was highlighted and presented in this chapter. Firstly,
optical transmission properties of the nanoholes were introduced. Then polarization effect of elliptical nanoholes array was
highlighted. Finally, one typical application of the nanohole array embedded on biochips for cancer cell detection was described
briefly.
PLASMONIC LASERS
Authors: Fu Yongqi
Published: November 2012

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)-based subwavelength metallic structures for laser amplification, emission, and
collimation were introduced in this chapter. The plasmonic structures here act as a type of microlens which is integrated together
with the laser for beam shaping or collimation. Then one application of the plasmonic laser for ablation of Silicon substrate was
described.
PLASMONIC STRUCTURES FOR DATA STORAGE
Authors: Fu Yongqi
Published: November 2012

Plasmonic structures for another novel application: data storage was presented in this chapter. Total three type structures:
thermal assisted magnetic head, plasmonic lens array, metallic nanoparticles-based recording, and atomic force microscope
configuration-based system were discussed. A shortcut for readers getting a quick view of the plasmonic structure-related data
storage was provided through this chapter.
FUTURE TENDENCIES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Fu Yongqi
Published: November 2012

This chapter briefly discusses future tendencies and challenging in the fields of metamaterials-based imaging, nanoholes
array for biosensing and detection, metamaterials-based antenna for communications, nanophotonic devices-based optical
nanocircuits for quantum computer, LSPR-based immunoassay for nano-biosensing, and nanometrology for real-time dynamic
inspection/testing/measurement.
General Synthetic Strategies for III-V Nanowires
Authors: Li Jianye , Zhu Hongmin
Published: November 2012

III-V semiconductor nanowires are expected to play a significant role in future nanoscale electronic
and optoelectronic devices. In this chapter, we attempt to review the general synthetic strategies for III-V
compound nanowires. We first summarize various III-V nanowire growth techniques such as chemical vapor
deposition, laser ablation, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, chemical beam
epitaxy, hydride vapour phase epitaxy, wafer annealing, and low-temperature solution methods. Subsequently, we
discuss mechanisms involved to generate III-V nanowires from different synthetic schemes and conditions,
including vapor-liquid-solid, vapor-solid-solid, solution-liquid-solid, vapor-solid (self-catalytic, oxide-assisted,
and axial screw dislocation), ligand-aided solution-solid, and reactive Si-assisted growth.
III-V Semiconductor Nanowire Light Emitting Diodes and Lasers
Authors: Motohisa Junichi , Tomioka Katsuhiro , Hua Bin , S.K. Varadwaj Kumar , Hara Shinjiroh , Hiruma Kenji , Fukui Takashi
Published: November 2012

We describe the growth and optical properties of III-V semiconductor nanowires and their application
to nanoscale photonic devices such as Fabry-Perot cavity, waveguides, optically-pumped lasers, and lightemitting
diodes. The nanowires were grown by selective-area metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (SA-MOVPE) on
the (111) oriented substrates. Nanowires containing heterostructures in their radial direction, that is, core-shell
heterostructures, have also been realized by controlling the growth mode during SA-MOVPE. The nanowires
were characterized by micro-photoluminescence measurements and those detached from the grown substrate
showed resonant peaks associated with Fabry-Perot cavity modes. It was simultaneously shown that core-shell
hetereostructured nanowires exhibited stronger photoluminescence than bare nanowires due to reduced surface
non-radiative recombination. Furthermore, core-shell nanowires exhibited lasing oscillation originating from the
cavity formed by both end facets at pulsed-laser excitation. Meanwhile, electroluminescence from core-shell
nanowires was also demonstrated.
Systems Biology: A Promising Tool to Study Abiotic Stress Responses
Authors: Chawla Konika , Barah Pankaj , Kuiper Martin , M. Bones Atle
Published: November 2012

Plant abiotic stress responses are a major yield-limiting factor in agriculture and thereby in the
production of food, feed and fibre. Recent technology developments allow studies of such stress responses at a
global molecular scale using omics data (metabolome, proteome, transcriptome and more). Significant progress has
been made in statistical, mathematical and informatics driven analysis of omics data. Genes, proteins and
metabolites can now be classified, categorized and linked at a genomic scale, and network-based analysis of
various biological processes is becoming reality. However, in order to gain a complete overview of all processes
and active networks in each cell type of the plant at all developmental stages and under all types of environmental
variation, data production needs to become feasible at a significantly more massive scale. Systems biology studies
the organization of system components and their networks, with the idea that unique properties of a system can
only be observed through study of the system as a whole. A system-based analysis can involve multiple scales,
ranging from single cells, tissues, organs to whole organisms. One of the foundations of systems biology is the
analysis of networks of interacting and interdependent components that produce the system's unique properties.
Network analysis provides intuitive ways for omics data visualization, as it reduces the intrinsic complexity of such
data. In this chapter we discuss systems biology as a promising tool to study plant stress responses. We list various
network and visualization tools available to biologists, to help them analyse high throughput omics data sets.
Why Sexual Health is Important
Authors: Bigrigg Alison , Ilett Rosie
Published: November 2012

The introductory chapter describes the motivation for the collection - to explore the cultural,
social and organisational context of sexual health in twenty-first century Scotland. Written by the book's
co-editors, it argues that good sexual health is vitally important, and its absence linked to social
inequalities, often to discrimination and disempowerment.

The development of the first national sexual health strategy in Scotland forms the book’s core, and the
chapter explains why Scotland, as a devolved part of the UK, with its own government and health care
system is the site for investigation. Population health in Scotland is notably worse than the rest of the
UK, with health and social inequalities prominent. This context has enabled responses to emerge in
relation to sexual health that the chapter suggests are of wider interest and the chapter briefly describes
population demographics of Scotland, its political and geographical landscape, historical and
contemporary attitudes towards sex and sexual activity, and earlier policy thinking and the type of sexual
health services provided.

The structure for the book is set out, based on four sections - the social, political and cultural context;
structures and services developed through the sexual health strategy; sexual health service innovation,
and cross-cutting issues around partnership and integration – with information given about the authors.
The chapter finishes by proposing that a momentum has begun in Scotland around sex and sexual health,
and that this collection, whilst concerned about the implications of the current economic climate, argues
for optimism and hope for the future.
Partnership Working and Multi-Agency Approaches
Authors: Gardiner Andrew
Published: November 2012

The final chapter in this section of the book, and of the overall collection, turns its attention to
the role of other agencies beyond the NHS in affecting sexual health improvement and the nature of
partnership arrangements to deliver desired change. The clear expectations in Respect and Responsibility
(Scotland’s first national sexual health strategy) of multi-organisational working, especially between the
NHS, local authorities and the voluntary sector, to address sexual health needs in Scotland have needed
creative responses. These are reviewed by the chapter’s author, Andrew Gardiner from NHS Grampian,
and structures that have been put in place to facilitate partnership working across Scotland are described.
These include recent requirements, through the introduction of Single Outcome Agreements and
Community Planning, by Scottish Government of local authorities in Scotland to ensure that health
improvement is addressed in partnership.

Examples of successful joint working from across Scotland are given that suggest where lessons could be
learned for the future, especially concerning the most vulnerable population groups and indicate where
useful groundwork has started.
A Brief Overview of Lithographic Advancements in the Last Decade with a Focus on Double Patterning
Authors: Kye Jongwook , O. Topaloglu Rasit
Published: November 2012

To cope with the printability of smaller transistor and interconnect features in semiconductor integrated
circuit manufacturing, the area of lithography has seen significant advancements over the last decade. In
this chapter, we briefly go over these advancements while giving more weight on recent advancements and
methods or those that have prevailed over the time. As particular examples for the recent developments, we
review the area of double patterning lithography.
List of Contributors
Authors: O. Topaloglu Rasit , Li Peng
Published: November 2012

Full text available.
Compact Modeling for NBTI and CHC Effects
Authors: Wang Wenping , Reddy Vijay , Krishnan Srikanth , Cao Yu
Published: November 2012

Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) and Channel Hot Carrier (CHC), which is also called Hot
Carrier Injection (HCI), are the leading reliability concerns for nanoscale transistors. The de facto modeling
method to analyze CHC is based on substrate current (Isub), which becomes increasingly problematic with
technology scaling as various leakage components dominate Isub. In this work, we present a unified approach
that directly predicts the change of key transistor parameters under various process and design conditions, for
both NBTI and CHC effects. Using the general reaction-diffusion model and the concept of surface potential,
the proposed method continuously captures the performance degradation across subthreshold and strong inversion
regions. Models are comprehensively verified with an industrial 65nm technology. By benchmarking
the prediction of circuit performance degradation with measured ring oscillator data and simulations of an
amplifier, we demonstrate that the proposed method predicts the degradation very well. For 65nm technology,
NBTI is the dominant reliability concern and the impact of CHC on circuit performance is relatively small.
Compact Modeling of Engineered Strain
Authors: Q. Williams Richard
Published: November 2012

Engineered strain, or the inclusion of Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) process technology that intentionally
modifies channel strain in a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), is now a
common component of high-performance logic chips. Beneficial channel strain physically deforms the crystal
lattice and alters the crystal energy band structure, enhancing carrier transport. This transport enhancement
can be a significant contributor to the performance uplift in a ULSI technology node-to-node transition.

A side effect of engineered strain is that the physical mechanisms that introduce strain in a MOSFET are
affected by the types and dimensions of the physical structures in the MOSFET’s immediate vicinity. Analysis
of strain layout dependency is in general a complex three-dimensional problem, however it can be reduced
to compact model-compatible form so that circuit designers can evaluate its impact on circuit response. This
chapter reviews recent technology, physics, characterization techniques, modeling approaches, and simulation
literature in the field of engineered strain compact modeling.
Mathematical Method for VLSI Thermal Simulation at the System and Circuit Levels
Authors: Oh Dongkeun , Chung Ping Chen Charlie , Hen Hu Yu
Published: November 2012

As the integration density of on-chip transistors increases, high power density exacerbates the reliability of
integrated circuits (ICs), limiting their performance. As a result, sophisticated thermalmanagement becomes a
key to design reliable and high-performance ICs, which requiring an accurate and efficient thermal simulation
framework. However, due to the large computational cost of general-purpose thermal simulators, we need
a dedicated one that is optimized for each specific application. In this chapter, first, we will discuss the
various thermal simulation algorithms optimized for each target application, particularly at the system and
circuit-levels. Second, we present a detailed analytical formula dedicated to circuit-level steady-state thermal
simulation. Finally, we compare computational cost of all circuit-level thermal simulation methods in terms
of the computational cost.
MOLECULAR BREEDING IN FESCUE GRASS SPECIES
Authors: S. Bhandari Hem , C. Saha Malay
Published: November 2012

Rapid advances in Genomic technologies have widened the opportunities for selecting desirable plants
based on DNA markers. The conventional method of breeding is slow in improving the genetic potentials of crops
particularly when the traits of interest are quantitative in nature. Molecular genetic tools have been developed to aid in
cultivar development. DNA based marker assisted selection (MAS) is emerging as a potential tool to enhance the
efficiency of selection. Molecular markers have been widely used for cultivar identification, parentage and genetic
diversity analysis, genome mapping and tagging of genes of agricultural importance. Genetic linkage maps and
quantitative trait analysis enable researchers to identify molecular markers associated with target traits. Marker-assisted
breeding is being implemented in different grass species. Tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire]
is an important cool-season perennial grass which is widely used as forage and turf and also in conservation plantings.
It is an outcrossing polyploid and most of the traits of interests are quantitative in nature. A comprehensive molecular
marker system with microsatellite and sequence tagged site markers has been developed for tall fescue. Genetic linkage
maps were constructed and used for the quantitative trait analysis of important forage quality and morphological traits.
Molecular markers associated with forage digestibility and stem rust resistance were identified and used in a practical
breeding program. Molecular breeding is expected to greatly expedite the future tall fescue cultivar development
process.
ANTHOCYANINS: LOOKING BEYOND COLORS
Authors: Vyas Pritesh , Chaudhary Bratati , Mukhopadhyay Kunal , Bandopadhyay Rajib
Published: November 2012

The colors of food have always been a value of quality as it plays an important role in enjoyment of
foodstuffs. Most food products during processing, looses its natural color and the manufacturers are required to provide
a color to the foodstuff so as to make it more appealing. With the increasing concern about food safety and quality,
natural pigments like anthocyanins are getting more attention. The need to avoid the use of synthetic colorants and
move towards the use of natural colorants has increased research in this field during the past decade. In fact, the
molecular genetic control of anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway is now one of the best understood of all secondary
metabolic pathways in plants. Engineering the biosynthetic pathway for augmented production of anthocyanins in
controlled in vitro conditions is seen as one of the exciting spin-offs in the technology. For this purpose, the structural
genes responsible for catalyzing various steps of the pathway as well as the regulatory genes that control the expression
of the structural genes have been engineered to provide different types and combinations of anthocyanins with novel
colors. The elicitation of anthocyanin pigments in plant cell culture through illumination, precursor feeding, elicitor
optimization and Agrobacterium mediated transformation are seen as prominent feasible techniques for augmented
production of anthocyanins. An effort to combine plant cell culture and functional genomics is a substantial initiative in
this direction that might lead to its application as a potential natural food colorant. This chapter aims at providing
comprehensive information on the topic of its importance to students and researchers of biotechnology and
biochemistry. This chapter will highlight the studies that have been carried out both at cell culture and molecular level
to enhance anthocyanin production.
NON-VIRAL DNA DELIVERY SYSTEMS: APPROACHES, APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Authors: N. Uddin Sarder
Published: November 2012

Biotechnology is a series of enabling technologies where plants, animals, microbes or their
parts are used to produce new products or to modify products for the welfare of human being directly or
indirectly. DNA delivery/transfer is the pre-requisite for almost all basic and applied researches in the field
of molecular biotechnology. To perform gene delivery/transfer two types of vectors are available, (i) viral
vectors (ii) non-viral vectors. Among the vectors, non-viral vectors are proved less toxic and safe compare
to viral vectors through clinical trial. No single vector is proved suitable for every gene transfection
experiment. Cationic polymers and lipids both are experimentally established as non viral vector with
higher transfection efficiency. Identifying the barriers for transfection and the possible solution, the
stability improvement research is needed for better clinical performance of cationic vectors. In future, it is
also possible to find out new conjugates as cationic polymers and lipid bearing novel properties, suitable to
bind with DNA and penetrate cell. Considering all these properties, this chapter reviews the most recent
studies highlighting cationic polymers and lipids used in non-viral gene delivery systems.
Decision Making Ability - Capacity
Authors: Jeffrey C. McILwain
Published: November 2012

Capacity is also known as competence and is about decision making ability. The simplest basis of capacity is the ability to understand and retain information and then to weigh it up and then decide. It is presumed in law that all adults have such ability and it is also taken that older children (who may be referred to " young persons" ) can have the ability. However, if an adult or child / young person lack such a complete ability then strong measures must be in place to protect them.
Clinical Information
Authors: Jeffrey C. McILwain
Published: November 2012

To use capacity wisely requires access to information. Information quality must be full and neutral in content and cover alternatives as well as potential risks. The quality of imparted clinical information must be of the highest standard, relevant and pertinent to the individual patient. Regarding risks, specific attention to frequency based upon sound knowledge can be ascertained by using standard methodologies and principles as used in non-clinical risk management situations. Allowance has to be made for patient perception as well as professional's perception in the arena of quality.
Consent - When and Where
Authors: Jeffrey C. McILwain
Published: November 2012

In general the proximity to information giving is to when, and so where, consent taking should occur provided that duress is not applied.
Miscellaneous Issues Concerning Communication
Authors: Jeffrey C. McILwain
Published: November 2012

Not every patient has the same primary language as that of the consent taker and allowances must be built in to any system to allow for this. Equally there has to be an understanding and process that deals with patients who refuse to give consent even if that procedure is in that patient's best interests. The more common usage of “Living Wills” requires some knowledge of their validity and limitations.
Human Tissue - Who can give Consent?
Authors: Jeffrey C. McILwain
Published: November 2012

Whilst it is usual to understand who can give consent in the living, in the matter of death the Human Tissue Act 2004 UK specifies the only hierarchy of who may give consent in death.
Mental Health Patients and Consent
Authors: Jeffrey C. McILwain
Published: November 2012

Mental health has some very specific requirements that pertain to mental health consent matters and mental illness treatment as well as in the aspect of capacity. This is a specialised field and requires specific knowledge from trained clinicians in the field.
Clinical Recordings Including Photography and Images
Authors: Jeffrey C. McILwain
Published: November 2012

It is not unusual for recordings to be made of clinical matters for the benefit of future audit of care or teaching. Within a digital age the matter of consent is of even more importance as to the capture and storage of such images and their usage thereof.
Stretch Yourself: Some Consent Scenarios
Authors: Jeffrey C. McILwain
Published: November 2012

Some Consent Scenarios

It is useful to discuss scenarios that are real or construed to test one's understanding and so 30 scenarios are given for enlightenment based upon the text of founding principles.
Physical Activity and Health in The Elderly
Authors: Lobo Alexandrina
Published: November 2012

Physical inactivity is not only an individual's personal problem but is identified as a serious public health issue. Prolonged inactivity that occurs among many elderly persons tends to lead into a gradual decrease in all components of physical fitness, thus compromising their quality of life.

Scientific research has shown that physical exercise can slow down both the psychological and physical aging clock. Engagement in health promoting behavior in the domains of physical activity, healthy dietary practice and stress management are considered useful strategies to enhance functional capacity among elderly people. These practices delay the onset of chronic diseases, minimize negative psychological effects and improve social networks and the quality of life, particularly for the elderly.

This Ebook goes a long way in promoting healthy values by providing people with information and tools to help meet the challenges of promoting physical activity for older adults in this dynamic 21st century we live in.
Necessary and Sufficient Optimality Conditions for Continuous-Time Multiobjective Optimization Problems
Authors: J. V. Brand~ao Adilson , Antunes de Oliveira Valeriano , Antonio Rojas-Medarx Marko , Batista Santos Lucelina
Published: November 2012

We discuss necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality for nonsmooth and
smooth continuous-time multiobjective optimization problems under generalized convexity
assumptions.