bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Administración de agua y glucosa en las primeras horas de vida. ¿Es realmente necesario?.
Authors: CHIARELLA Pascual , ZEGARRA Jaime , CARAVEDO Luis
Published: March 2016

Las prácticas en la nutrición del recién nacido han variado; se fomenta la lactancia materna exclusiva y se discute la necesidad de administrar un suplemento de glucosa y agua durante las primeras horas de vida para mantener la glicemia e hidratación. Para investigar al respecto se estudiaron 103 neonatos normales y sin factores de riesgo, divididos en 2 grupos: Lactancia Materna Exclusiva (LME) (52), Lactancia Mixta (LMX) (51), 2 suplementos de dextrosa al 5% más lactancia materna. Se midió glicemia, hematocrito y GEP (gravedad específica plasmática), a las 0,6,12,18 y 24 horas, y el peso a las 0,12 y 24 horas de vida. Se utilizó análisis de varianza para el estudio estadístico. Las glicemias al nacer estuvieron entre 75 y 98mg%, descendiendo a 63 y 78mg% luego de 6 horas, y manteniéndose hasta las 24 horas de vida. A las 6 horas el grupo en LMX tuvo una media más alta y una desviación estándar mayor que el grupo en LME, es decir, la glicemia llegó a valores más altos y mostró mayor variabilidad. El hematocrito, la GEP y el peso tuvieron variaciones similares en todos los grupos. La administración de un suplemento de dextrosa, mostró ser innecesaria para mantener la homeostasis de glucosa y el estado de hidratación del neonato normal aún cuando el inicio de la lactancia materna se retrase hasta 12 horas.
Algunas consideraciones médicas sobre las crónicas del Perú.
Authors: PAMO REYNA OSCAR G.
Published: March 2016

Revisar el pasado histórico toda vez que se trate de hechos muchas veces estudiados constituye un reto pues se exige, en estos casos, planteamientos originales o inéditos. Pues bien, con motivo de conmemorar el V Centenario del Encuentro de Dos Mundos vamos apresentar un estudio analítico desde el punto de vista médico de algunos aspectos, muy interesantes por cierto, que describieron los llamados cronistas, aquellos que escribieron las crónicas, tuvieron una serie de dificultades para apreciar e interpretar lo que observaron o recogieron de boca de los indianos.
Efectos del veneno del Buthus eupeus, sobre la secreción gástrica
Authors: GROSSPIETSCH John , ZAVALETA Alfonso , Grishin Eugene
Published: March 2016

La administración intravenosa del veneno del escorpión B. eupeus (a dosis de 0.25 mg/kg) incrementa la secreción gástrica de ácido y pepsinógeno en la rata, sin influenciar el volumen secretado. Ambas secreciones de ácido y pepsinógeno fueron inhibidas por la atropina y la vagotomía. La secreción gástrica de ácido fue incrementada por el veneno de escorpión y este efecto fue disminuido por el tratamiento con cimetidina y hexamethonium. Los efectos del veneno de B. eupeus sobre la secreción gástrica de la rata son debidas a un efecto neurotóxico a nivel pre y postganglionar parasimpático.
Manifestaciones oftalmológicas en el SIDA.
Authors: TOBARU Luis , MORALES Luis , BARRIGA Guillermo , CARBONE Angel , CUELLAR Luis , GOTUZZO Eduardo , SANCHEZ Jorge , CAMPOS Pablo
Published: March 2016

Durante un año fueron estudiados 61 pacientes consecutivos VIH positivos, con el fin de establecer la prevalencia de las manifestaciones oftalmológicas. Veintinueve pacientesestaban en estadío de SIDA (IV de la Clasificación CDC) y 32 eran portadores asintomáticos. En la primera evaluación, se encontró compromiso oftalmológico en 15/29 pacientes con SIDA (51.72%); siendo los hallazgos: microangiopatía retinal no infecciosa 27.6%, infecciones oportunísticas 20.68%; Sarcoma de Kaposi, 3.44% y atrofia óptica en 3.44%. De las infecciones oportunísticas encontradas en la primera visita, la más importante fue la retinitis por citomegalovirus (CMV) en 10.34%. En portadores asintomáticos, uno presentó microangiopatía retinal no infecciosa con presencia de manchas algodonosas retinales (3.1%). En el seguimiento, de los pacientes con SIDA cuyo examen inicial era normal, 2 desarrollaron microangiopatía y 3 retinitis por CMV; mientras que de los pacientes que al inicio tenían microangiopatía retinal, 5 desarrollaron retinitis por CMV en la evolución. También se observó un nuevo caso de Sarcoma de Kaposi conjuntival y uno de parálisis del VI par craneal y papilitis. Al término de este estudio habíamos acumulado 9 casos de retinitis por CMV (31%) y compromiso oftalmológico en 19/29 pacientes con SIDA (65.51%). De los 32 portadores asintomáticos, uno desarrolló retinitis por CMV, debutando como SIDA con una manifestación ocular. Se concluye que el compromiso oftalmológico en el SIDA es importante, por lo que es necesario un adecuado seguimiento oftalmológico en esta población.
Lupus eritematoso sistémico e infección herpética.
Authors: CUELLAR Luis , PAZ Eliana , CALVO Armando , SILICANI Armando
Published: March 2016

Comunicamos la experiencia en el manejo de pacientes con Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico (LES) e infección herpética (IH), de la Unidad de Inmunología y Reumatología del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, en el período 1985-1991. En esos años se atendieron 135 pacientes lúdicos de los cuales 15 (11.1%) presentaron cuadro clínico compatible con IH, trece fueron mujeres. Tres pacientes tenían LES activo; de los 12 inactivos ninguno se activó al presentarse la IH. Catorce pacientes se encontraban en tratamiento con prednisona y/o inmunosupresores. Se encontró compromiso dermatomal a nivel cervical, dorsal ylumbar; siendo más frecuente a nivel dorsal bajo y lumbar alto (10/14). En un caso se realizó serología para investigar IH, la cual fue positiva por Elisa para VHS-1, negativa para VHS-2 y VHZ. Concluimos que las IH se presentan mayormanente en pacientes con LES inactivo y no modifican el curso de la enfermedad lúpica, tienen un curso clínico favorable, no se observa diseminación de IH.
Gasometría y tolerancia clínica de los pacientes durante hemodiálisis con baños de bicarbonato y de acetato de sodio.
Authors: CIEZA Javier , HUAMAN Carlos , ESTREMADOYRO Luis
Published: March 2016

La hemodiálisis es más fisiológica cuando se usa baño de bicarbonato en vez de acetato y las nuevas técnicas de hemodiálisis (alta eficiencia y alto flujo), requieren del uso de estos baños. La influencia de los cambios en la gasometría sobre la sintomatología en hemodiálisis de pacientes con características especiales, no ha sido adecuadamente descrita.En el presente trabajo, comparamos la evolución de la gasometría arterial en un grupo de 6 hemodiálisis realizadas en 14 pacientes (7 altamente sintomáticos y 7 oligo-sintomáticos), tratados en dos sesiones con baño de bicarbonato y dos con baño de acetato de 3 horas cada una.
Candidiasis urinaria: Reporte de tres casos.
Authors: Pamo Oscar
Published: March 2016

El género Cándida comprende a por lo menos doce especies conocidas de producir enfermedad en el ser humano, es decir son patógenos oportunistas. La incidencia de candidiasis urinaria, y de otras formas localizadas y sistémicas también se ha incrementado.En lo que respecta a las formas urinarias, se les ha hallado en el 1% al 8% de los urocultivos de pacientes hospitalizados (1). Esto se debe a que en los últimos años la población de pacientes inmunosuprimidos se ha incrementado con el desarrollo de lacorticoterapia para neoplasias, inmunosupresora, la quimioterapia para neoplasias, los transplantes de órganos, el SIDA, el empleo de nuevos y potentes antimicrobianos de amplio espectro, etc. Por estas mismas razones, porque en países como el nuestro haymenos posibilidades de tratar o afrontar estas situaciones probablemente su incidencia es menor. Sin embargo, ocasionalmente enfrentamos el problema de la cadiduria como lo mostraremos a continuación.
Comparison of the Thickness of Pulley and Flexor Tendon Between in Neutral and in Flexed Positions of Trigger Finger
Authors: Sato Junko , Ishii Yoshinori , Noguchi Hideo
Published: March 2016

Objective:

This study aims to compare the morphology of the A1 pulley and flexor tendons in idiopathic trigger finger of digits other than the thumb between in neutral position and in the position with the interphalangeal joints full flexed and with the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint 0° extended (hook grip position).

Method:

A total of 48 affected digits and 48 contralateral normal digits from 48 patients who initially diagnosed with idiopathic trigger finger were studied sonographically. Sonographic analysis was focused on the A1 pulley and flexor tendons at the level of the MP joint in the transverse plane. We measured the anterior-posterior thickness of A1 pulley and the sum of the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons, and also measured the maximum radialulnar width of the flexor tendon in neutral and hook grip positions, respectively. Each measurement was compared between in neutral and in hook grip positions, and also between the affected and contralateral normal digits in each position.

Results:

In all the digits, the anterior-posterior thickness of flexor tendons significantly increased in hook grip position as compared with in neutral position, whereas radial-ulnar width significantly decreased. Both the A1 pulley and flexor tendons were thicker in the affected digits as compared with contralateral normal digits.

Conclusion:

The thickness of flexor tendons was significantly increased anteroposteriorly in hook grip position as compared with in neutral position. In trigger finger, A1 pulley and flexor tendon were thickened, and mismatch between the volume of the flexor tendon sheath and the tendons, especially in anterior-posterior direction, might be a cause of repetitive triggering.
High Re-Operation Rates Using Conserve Metal-On-Metal Total Hip Articulations
Authors: Mogensen S.L. , Jakobsen T. , Christoffersen H. , Krarup N.
Published: March 2016

Introduction:

Metal-on-metal hip articulations have been intensely debated after reports of adverse reactions and high failure rates. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the implant of a metal-on.metal total hip articulation (MOM THA) from a single manufacture in a two-center study.

Materials and Methods:

108 CONSERVE® MOM THA were implanted in 92 patients between November 2005 and December 2010. Patients had at time of retrospective evaluation their journals reviewed for re-operations and adverse reactions.

Results:

20 hips were re-operated (18.4%) at a mean follow up of 53 months. 4 pseudotumors were diagnosed at time of follow up but no substantiated link was made between adverse reactions and re-operations.

Conclusion:

The high re-operation rates found in this study raised concern about the usage of the MOM THA and subsequently lead to the termination of implantation of this MOM THA at the two orthopaedic departments.
Longitudinal Study of Serum Uric Acid, Nutritional Status, and Mortality in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Beberashvili Ilia , Erlich Anatoli , Azar Ada , Sinuani Inna , Feldman Leonid , Gorelik Oleg , Stav Kobi , Efrati Shai
Published: March 2016

Background and objectives

We hypothesized that longitudinal changes in uric acid (UA) may have independent associations with changes in nutritional parameters over time and consequently, long-term survival of patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

We conducted a retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of a clinical database containing the medical records of patients on maintenance hemodialysis receiving dialysis between June of 1999 and December of 2012 in a single center; 200 patients (130 men and 70 women) with a median age of 69.0 (interquartile range, 59.3–77.0) years old were included in the study. Dietary intake, biochemical markers of nutrition, anthropometric measurements, and UA levels were recorded at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months followed by 15 additional months of clinical observations. The patients were followed until January 31, 2015 (median follow-up was 38.0 [interquartile range, 30.0–46.8] months).

Results

In a linear mixed effects model adjusted for baseline demographics and clinical parameters, each 1.0-mg/dl longitudinal increase in UA was associated with a 13.4% slower rate of decline in geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) levels over 3 years of observation (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.11 to 0.39; P<0.001 for UA × time interaction). UA remained associated with the rate of change in GNRI, even after controlling for C-reactive protein. During the follow-up, 87 (43.5%) all-cause and 38 (19.0%) cardiovascular deaths were reported. For each 1.0-mg/dl increase in serum UA over time, the multivariate adjusted all–cause mortality hazard ratio using Cox models with the effect of time-varying risk was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.95; P<0.01), which continued to be significant, even after including the baseline GNRI levels in this model: 0.89 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.98; P=0.02).

Conclusions

Longitudinal changes in serum UA seem to track with changes in nutritional status over time, and these changes are associated with survival of patients on maintenance hemodialysis. An increase in serum UA levels over time is accompanied by improvement of nutritional status and lower mortality rate.
The impact of education on wage determination between workers in southern and central-northern Italy
Authors: Agovino Massimiliano , Garofalo Antonio
Published: March 2016

The aim of this paper is to examine the earnings dynamic in Italy, in order
to explain earnings differences between southern Italy and centralnorthern
Italy. In our analysis we use different techniques: ordinary least squares
(OLS), quantile regression models and the algorithm developed by Machado and
Mata (2005). In particular, the Machado and Mata (2005) algorithm allows us
to examine the relative importance of both differences in workers?
characteristics and in their returns in explaining southern, central and
northern Italy earnings differences at a point in time, as well as across
time within each macro-area. We focus on the role of differences in
educational endowment and returns to education, one of the most important
components of human capital in the stylised literature. The level of
education determines the substantial disparities in terms of wage returns.
However, this holds only for levels of education related to compulsory
education.
Original wall paintings at the church of the Saviour in Chvabiani (Upper Svaneti, Georgia) and Byzantine art at the turn of the tenth to eleventh centuries
Authors: Zakharova Anna , Sverdlova Sofia
Published: March 2016

The article deals with a little known ensemble of wall paintings at the
Church of the Saviour in Chvabiani, Upper Svaneti, Georgia. The initial
decoration of the church dated to 978- 1001 has survived mainly in the apse.
The badly preserved Theophany in the conch attracted the attention of
scholars who analyzed its iconography. The Apostles in the lower zone,
however, were considered to be repainted at a later date. Our examination of
these wall paintings revealed no traces of later additions. Through the
analysis of technique and style we aim to prove that the both compositions
belong to the turn of the tenth to eleventh century. These wall paintings
show unusually high quality and close affinities with Byzantine art of this
period. In our view, they could be a work of a visiting artist, probably a
Georgian trained at some major Byzantine artistic center. He may well have
been among the artists working on wall paintings at the cathedrals built and
decorated by order of kings and church hierarchs during the late tenth to
early eleventh centuries, in Tao-Klarjeti or other lands of the Georgian
kingdom still under formation.
Depictions of holy monks in the western bay of the Church of the Virgin in Studenica
Authors: Zivkovic Milos
Published: March 2016

The study is dedicated to the figures of holy monks in the west bay of the
Church of the Virgin in Studenica, painted during the restoration of the
original murals in 1568. The paper seeks to establish the identity of some
saints who were previously incorrectly identified, as well as the identity of
those who were unobserved in previous studies. It also discusses to what
extent the choice of holy monks to be depicted was determined by the original
iconographic program. The research results confirm the hypothesis that has
for long been present in scholarly literature; according to it, during the
restoration of frescoes in the Studenica katholikon, the painters largely
repeated the original painted program. Nevertheless, judging by the example
of the holy monks depicted in west bay, it may be concluded that in some
cases they departed from the original iconographic program. In selecting new
saints to be depicted they must have relied on the Menologion.
The founder of the church of Saint George at Polosko
Authors: Pavlovic Dragana
Published: March 2016

The paper seeks to establish who was the founder of the church of Saint
George at Polosko and revise the conclusions of previous researchers
regarding this issue. According to the opinion commonly adopted in the
scholarly literature, Jovan Dragusin, a cousin of King Dusan, had merely
undertaken the construction of church at Polosko, whereas his mother was
responsible for the completion of construction and painting of frescoes in
the church. Through an analysis of written and visual sources the conclusion
is reached that the sole person responsible for the construction and painting
of the church at Polosko was the nun Maria, the mother of Jovan Dragusin.
The architecture of the church of Saint George at Recani: The original design and subsequent alterations
Authors: Stevanovic Bojana
Published: March 2016

The church of Saint George at Recani, destroyed in the summer of 1999,
belonged to the group of small-sized churches in the form of a compact
cross-in-square, with three bays and a dome. In terms of architectural
features, the church at Recani did not stand out among modest churches
founded by Serbian aristocrats in the fourteenth century. The examined
documentation, drawings made by conservation professionals and records of
conservation works have provided valuable information related to the
architectural features of the church, which was listed as a cultural monument
on June 1961, becoming a state-protected asset.
In vitro and in vivo assessment of platelet function in healthy dogs during administration of a low-dose aspirin regimen
Authors: Haines Jillian M. , Thomason John M. , Seage Eileen C. , Wills Robert W. , Bulla Camilo , Lunsford Kari V. , Mackin Andrew J.
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE To assess the in vitro and in vivo platelet function of healthy dogs during administration of a low-dose aspirin regimen.

ANIMALS 16 dogs.

PROCEDURES Dogs received aspirin (1 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) for 7 days. Blood and urine samples were collected before (day 1; baseline) and on days 3 and 7 of the low-dose aspirin regimen. Platelet function was evaluated by use of turbidimetric and conventional impedance aggregometry, multiple-electrode impedance aggregometry, a platelet function analyzer (PFA), and determination of urine 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 concentration. Turbidimetric aggregometry results were compared with the results obtained by the other 4 methods. Fourteen days after cessation of aspirin, platelet-rich plasma was incubated with acetylsalicylic acid and platelet function was assessed by turbidimetric aggregometry to determine whether this technique could accurately identify dogs that responded to the low-dose aspirin regimen.

RESULTS Of the 16 dogs, 13 had turbidimetric and conventional impedance aggregometry results that were decreased by > 25% from baseline on days 3 and 7, and 4 and 7 dogs had PFA closure times > 300 seconds on days 3 and 7, respectively. The median urine 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 concentration–to–creatinine concentration ratio decreased by 49% between days 1 and 7. Turbidimetric aggregometry results were correlated with conventional impedance aggregometry results. There was poor agreement between the turbidimetric aggregometry and PFA results. The multiple-electrode impedance aggregometry protocol failed to reliably detect aspirin-induced platelet dysfunction. In vitro incubation of platelet-rich plasma with acetylsalicylic acid followed by turbidimetric aggregometry did not predict whether dogs responded to the low-dose aspirin regimen.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the response to a low-dose aspirin regimen varied among healthy dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2016;77:174–185)
Associations of force plate and body-mounted inertial sensor measurements for identification of hind limb lameness in horses
Authors: Bell Rhodes P. , Reed Shannon K. , Schoonover Mike J. , Whitfield Chase T. , Yonezawa Yoshiharu , Maki Hiromitchi , Pai P. Frank , Keegan Kevin G.
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between inertial sensor and stationary force plate measurements of hind limb lameness in horses.

ANIMALS 21 adult horses with no lameness or with mild hind limb lameness.

PROCEDURES Horses were instrumented with inertial sensors and evaluated for lameness with a stationary force plate while trotting in a straight line. Inertial sensor–derived measurements of maximum and minimum pelvic height differences between right and left halves of the stride were compared with vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces (GRFs). Stepwise linear regression was performed to investigate the strength of association between inertial sensor measurements of hind limb lameness and amplitude, impulse, and time indices of important events in the vertical and horizontal GRF patterns.

RESULTS Difference in minimum pelvic position was moderately (Ra2 = 0.60) associated with the difference in peak vertical GRF but had little association with any horizontal GRF measurements. Difference in maximum pelvic position was strongly (Ra2 = 0.77) associated with a transfer of vertical to horizontal ground reaction impulse in the second half of the stance but was not associated with difference in peak vertical GRF.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Inertial sensor–derived measurements of asymmetric pelvic fall (difference in minimum pelvic position) indicated a decrease in vertical GRF, but similar measurements of asymmetric pelvis rise (difference in maximum pelvic position) indicated a transfer of vertical to horizontal force impulse in the second half of the stance. Evaluation of both pelvic rise and fall may be important when assessing hind limb lameness in horses.
Development of representative magnetic resonance imaging–based atlases of the canine brain and evaluation of three methods for atlas-based segmentation
Authors: Milne Marjorie E. , Steward Christopher , Firestone Simon M. , Long Sam N. , O'Brien Terrence J. , Moffat Bradford A.
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE To develop representative MRI atlases of the canine brain and to evaluate 3 methods of atlas-based segmentation (ABS).

ANIMALS 62 dogs without clinical signs of epilepsy and without MRI evidence of structural brain disease.

PROCEDURES The MRI scans from 44 dogs were used to develop 4 templates on the basis of brain shape (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, dolichocephalic, and combined mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic). Atlas labels were generated by segmenting the brain, ventricular system, hippocampal formation, and caudate nuclei. The MRI scans from the remaining 18 dogs were used to evaluate 3 methods of ABS (manual brain extraction and application of a brain shape–specific template [A], automatic brain extraction and application of a brain shape–specific template [B], and manual brain extraction and application of a combined template [C]). The performance of each ABS method was compared by calculation of the Dice and Jaccard coefficients, with manual segmentation used as the gold standard.

RESULTS Method A had the highest mean Jaccard coefficient and was the most accurate ABS method assessed. Measures of overlap for ABS methods that used manual brain extraction (A and C) ranged from 0.75 to 0.95 and compared favorably with repeated measures of overlap for manual extraction, which ranged from 0.88 to 0.97.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Atlas-based segmentation was an accurate and repeatable method for segmentation of canine brain structures. It could be performed more rapidly than manual segmentation, which should allow the application of computer-assisted volumetry to large data sets and clinical cases and facilitate neuroimaging research and disease diagnosis.
Cooperative Photoredox and Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Huo Haohua , Meggersa Eric
Published: March 2016

Chemical processes combining visible-light-activated redox catalysis with asymmetric catalysis are reviewed, including enamine catalysis in the presence or absence of an additional photoredox sensitizer, phase transfer catalysis exploiting an in situ -generated electron donor–acceptor
complex, photosensitized chiral Lewis acid catalysis, and photoactivated nickel-catalyzed asymmetric cross-couplings. The transfer of a single electron leads to intermediate radical ions, whose strongly modulated reactivities can be exploited for asymmetric catalysis in a novel fashion. All
processes discussed here are redox neutral so that the electron serves as a real catalyst which cooperates with an asymmetric catalyst for the overall asymmetric transformation.
Determining Inversion Barriers in Atrop- isomers – A Tutorial for Organic Chemists
Authors: Rickhaus Michel , Jundt Lukas , Mayor Marcel
Published: March 2016

Dynamic behavior is a fascinating property of natural and artificial systems and its understanding has significantly impacted the transformation of molecular interchanges into controlled molecular motion. In this tutorial, the key descriptors of enantiomeric stability are examined in-depth.
Enantiomerization and racemization are discussed and differentiated on a fundamental level proposing a unified and distinct nomenclature. Their mathematical meanings and relations are described and deduced cohesively in the context of atropisomerization. The calculation of inversion barriers
from thermodynamic and kinetic data is demonstrated and the interdependences between the latter are explained mathematically. Using current examples from our group, the determination of rate constants and the thermodynamic parameters is shown in a step-by-step manner using the most common
techniques. The tutorial is concluded with aspects and considerations concerning statistical data analysis and error determination of measurements including a practical guide to Monte-Carlo simulations.
The Minoritarian Turn in Nineteenth-Century American Literary Studies
Authors: Rogers-Cooper Justin
Published: March 2016

Three recent publications in nineteenth-century American literary studies are compelling examples of the field’s turn toward “minoritarian” criticism, a mode of inquiry that draws on a variety of “minor” movements in scholarship such as queer studies and critical race and ethnic studies. The collection of essays in Unsettled States exemplify the minoritarian impulse to treat literary and archival texts as theoretical objects coeval with the authority of contemporary scholarship and cultural theory. One of the contributors to Unsettled States, Kyla Wazana Tompkins, also authored Racial Indigestion, a foundational text in recent food studies that authoritatively traces the erotic politics of the mouth over the long nineteenth century. In The Delectable Negro, the late Vincent Woodward provocatively addresses the ways bodies of enslaved African Americans were cannibalized, metaphorically and literally, by parasitic slave masters. All three texts stake out new practices, objects, and methods for the field, and suggest vital new directions for future scholarship.
Radioresistance of Brain Tumors
Authors: Kelley Kevin , Knisely Jonathan , Symons Marc , Ruggieri Rosamaria
Published: March 2016

Radiation therapy (RT) is frequently used as part of the standard of care treatment of the majority of brain tumors. The efficacy of RT is limited by radioresistance and by normal tissue radiation tolerance. This is highlighted in pediatric brain tumors where the use of radiation is limited by the excessive toxicity to the developing brain. For these reasons, radiosensitization of tumor cells would be beneficial. In this review, we focus on radioresistance mechanisms intrinsic to tumor cells. We also evaluate existing approaches to induce radiosensitization and explore future avenues of investigation.
A Comparison of Classification Methods for Telediagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ozkan Haydar
Published: March 2016

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive and chronic nervous system disease that impairs the ability of speech, gait, and complex muscle-and-nerve actions. Early diagnosis of PD is quite important for alleviating the symptoms. Cost effective and convenient telemedicine technology helps to distinguish the patients with PD from healthy people using variations of dysphonia, gait or motor skills. In this study, a novel telemedicine technology was developed to detect PD remotely using dysphonia features. Feature transformation and several machine learning (ML) methods with 2-, 5- and 10-fold cross-validations were implemented on the vocal features. It was observed that the combination of principal component analysis (PCA) as a feature transformation (FT) and k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) as a classifier with 10-fold cross-validation has the best accuracy as 99.1%. All ML processes were applied to the prerecorded PD dataset using a newly created program named ParkDet 2.0. Additionally, the blind test interface was created on the ParkDet so that users could detect new patients with PD in future. Clinicians or medical technicians, without any knowledge of ML, will be able to use the blind test interface to detect PD at a clinic or remote location utilizing internet as a telemedicine application.
Rock-Breaking Properties of Multi-Nozzle Bits for Tree-Type Drilling in Underground Coal Mines
Authors: Lu Yiyu , Xiao Songqiang , Ge Zhaolong , Zhou Zhe , Deng Kai
Published: March 2016

Tree-type drilling is a new technique for drilling radial tree-type boreholes in coal seams in underground mines using water jets to break the coal. The aim is to drain gas from the coal seams in larger quantities and from larger areas than can be done by conventional gas drainage using single boreholes. The self-propelled drill bit is the most important component for this technique. The bit generates a self-propelling force to move forward, break coal, and form a borehole. This paper investigates the relationships between the physical parameters of the forward nozzles in the bit and the diameter and shape of the borehole drilled. The effect of different physical parameters on the rock-breaking efficiency is studied by conducting drilling experiments. The results show that the size, orientation and number of the nozzles significantly affect the rock-breaking efficiency of the bit. To obtain a better rock-breaking efficiency under the experimental conditions used for this paper, the axial angle for forward nozzles should be 15°, the radial angle 90°, and nozzles should be arranged 2.1 mm from the center of a 12 mm drill bit. The experimental results provide a reference for the design of multi-nozzle bits for many applications such as radial jet drilling (RJD) and bent pipe cleaning.
Coarse Food Grains Are Important Actors of Healthy and Sustainable Diets
Authors: Fardet Anthony
Published: March 2016

Food health potential is not only due to the sum of its nutrients, but also to its food structure [1]. [...]
Recycled PET Nanofibers for Water Filtration Applications
Authors: Zander Nicole , Gillan Margaret , Sweetser Daniel
Published: March 2016

Water shortage is an immediate and serious threat to our world population. Inexpensive and scalable methods to clean freshwater and wastewater are in high demand. Nanofiber filtration membranes represent a next generation nonwoven filter media due to their unique properties. Polyethlyene terephthalate (PET) is often used in the packaging of water and other commonly used materials, leading to a large amount of plastic waste often with limited incentive for recycling (few value-added uses). Here, we present work in the generation of nanofiber liquid filtration membranes from PET plastic bottles and demonstrate their use in microfiltration. PET nanofiber membranes were formed via solution electrospinning with fiber diameters as low as ca. 100 nm. Filtration efficiency was tested with latex beads with sizes ranging from 30 to 2000 nm. Greater than 99% of the beads as small as 500 nm were removed using gravity filtration. To reduce biofouling, the mats were functionalized with quaternary ammonium and biguanide biocides. The biguanide functionalized mats achieved 6 log reduction for both gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
Effective Crack Control of Concrete by Self-Healing of Cementitious Composites Using Synthetic Fiber
Authors: Choi Heesup , Inoue Masumi , Kwon Sukmin , Choi Hyeonggil , Lim Myungkwan
Published: March 2016

Although concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials, it is characterized by substantially low tensile strength in comparison to its compression strength, and the occurrence of cracks is unavoidable. In addition, cracks progress due to environmental conditions including damage by freezing, neutralization, and salt, etc. Moreover, detrimental damage can occur in concrete structures due to the permeation of deteriorating elements such as Cl− and CO2. Meanwhile, under an environment in which moisture is being supplied and if the width of the crack is small, a phenomenon of self-healing, in which a portion of the crack is filled in due to the rehydration of the cement particles and precipitation of CaCO3, is been confirmed. In this study, cracks in cementitious composite materials are effectively dispersed using synthetic fibers, and for cracks with a width of more than 0.1 mm, a review of the optimal self-healing conditions is conducted along with the review of a diverse range of self-healing performance factors. As a result, it was confirmed that the effective restoration of watertightness through the production of the majority of self-healing products was achieved by CaCO3 and the use of synthetic fibers with polarity, along with the effect of inducing a multiple number of hairline cracks. In addition, it was confirmed that the self-healing conditions of saturated Ca(OH)2 solution, which supplied CO2 micro-bubbles, displayed the most effective self-healing performance in the surface and internal sections of the cracks.
First-Principles Study of Chemical and Topological Short-Range Orders in the Mg–Si Liquid Alloys
Authors: Liu Dan , Zhu Xunming , Qin Jingyu , Wang Aimin , Duan Junpeng , Gu Tingkun
Published: March 2016

The structures of a series of Mg–Si liquid alloys were investigated by means of ab initio molecular dynamic simulation. The pair distribution function analysis manifests a tendency of aggregating for the Si–Si pairs in the Mg90Si10 liquid alloy. Chemical short-range orders are observed around Si atoms between unlike atoms, and the maximum is observed for the eutectic Mg47Si53 alloy. Furthermore, the topological environment changed abruptly near the eutectic Mg47Si53 alloy according to Voronoi polyhedra analysis. The variation of diffusion coefficients of Mg and Si suggests that the dynamical properties of Mg–Si liquid alloys are more sensitive to temperature than to compositions.
Gaussian Mixture Model-Based Ensemble Kalman Filtering for State and Parameter Estimation for a PMMA Process
Authors: Li Ruoxia , Prasad Vinay , Huang Biao
Published: March 2016

Polymer processes often contain state variables whose distributions are multimodal; in addition, the models for these processes are often complex and nonlinear with uncertain parameters. This presents a challenge for Kalman-based state estimators such as the ensemble Kalman filter. We develop an estimator based on a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) coupled with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) specifically for estimation with multimodal state distributions. The expectation maximization algorithm is used for clustering in the Gaussian mixture model. The performance of the GMM-based EnKF is compared to that of the EnKF and the particle filter (PF) through simulations of a polymethyl methacrylate process, and it is seen that it clearly outperforms the other estimators both in state and parameter estimation. While the PF is also able to handle nonlinearity and multimodality, its lack of robustness to model-plant mismatch affects its performance significantly.
Performance Evaluation of Cluster Validity Indices (CVIs) on Multi/Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Datasets
Authors: Li Huapeng , Zhang Shuqing , Ding Xiaohui , Zhang Ce , Dale Patricia
Published: March 2016

The number of clusters (i.e., the number of classes) for unsupervised classification has been recognized as an important part of remote sensing image clustering analysis. The number of classes is usually determined by cluster validity indices (CVIs). Although many CVIs have been proposed, few studies have compared and evaluated their effectiveness on remote sensing datasets. In this paper, the performance of 16 representative and commonly-used CVIs was comprehensively tested by applying the fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm to cluster nine types of remote sensing datasets, including multispectral (QuickBird, Landsat TM, Landsat ETM+, FLC1, and GaoFen-1) and hyperspectral datasets (Hyperion, HYDICE, ROSIS, and AVIRIS). The preliminary experimental results showed that most CVIs, including the commonly used DBI (Davies-Bouldin index) and XBI (Xie-Beni index), were not suitable for remote sensing images (especially for hyperspectral images) due to significant between-cluster overlaps; the only effective index for both multispectral and hyperspectral data sets was the WSJ index (WSJI). Such important conclusions can serve as a guideline for future remote sensing image clustering applications.
Optical Riblet Sensor: Beam Parameter Requirements for the Probing Laser Source
Authors: Tschentscher Juliane , Hochheim Sven , Brüning Hauke , Brune Kai , Voit Kay-Michael , Imlau Mirco
Published: March 2016

Beam parameters of a probing laser source in an optical riblet sensor are studied by considering the high demands on a sensors’ precision and reliability for the determination of deviations of the geometrical shape of a riblet. Mandatory requirements, such as minimum intensity and light polarization, are obtained by means of detailed inspection of the optical response of the riblet using ray and wave optics; the impact of wavelength is studied. Novel measures for analyzing the riblet shape without the necessity of a measurement with a reference sample are derived; reference values for an ideal riblet structure obtained with the optical riblet sensor are given. The application of a low-cost, frequency-doubled Nd:YVO4 laser pointer sufficient to serve as a reliable laser source in an appropriate optical riblet sensor is discussed.
Organizing the Co-Production of Health and Environmental Values in Food Production: The Constitutional Processes in the Relationships between Italian Solidarity Purchasing Groups and Farmers
Authors: Martino Gaetano , Giacchè Giulia , Rossetti Enrica
Published: March 2016

The paper focuses on the Solidarity Purchasing Group (SPG), defined as a group of households that establishes an organization primarily to provide food to its members. The study aims at illustrating and testing two hypotheses. The first is that within the group, specific organizational processes take place according to which food communication practices determine the resource use objectives. The second hypothesis is the SPG tends to assign larger values to health and environmental protection than other resource use objectives. These hypotheses concern the ranking of the resource use objectives managed by the group. The idea is that an SPG defines the resource uses according to the specific group’s objectives and by means of organizational tools, especially the food communication practices. For testing purposes, we conducted an empirical analysis by submitting an online questionnaire to 900 Italian SPGs. The results firstly indicate that the organizational dimensions of SPGs, including the relationships between SPGs and farmers, influence the group objectives, providing empirical evidence that supports the first hypothesis. Moreover, the test of the second hypothesis indicates that group objectives concerning health and environmental protection are particularly valued by the SPGs. We then conclude that the groups are aimed at co-producing health and environmental protection with public authorities. We then underlined limits of the study and potential future research paths.
Integrated Use of GCM, RS, and GIS for the Assessment of Hillslope and Gully Erosion in the Mushi River Sub-Catchment, Northeast China
Authors: Wang Ranghu , Zhang Shuwen , Yang Jiuchun , Pu Luoman , Yang Chaobin , Yu Lingxue , Chang Liping , Bu Kun
Published: March 2016

The black soil region of Northeast China has suffered from severe soil erosion by water. Hillslope and gully erosion are the main erosion types. The objective of this research was to integrate the assessment of hillslope and gully erosion and explore spatial coupling relations between them in the Mushi River sub-catchment using geographical conditions monitoring (GCM) including remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model and visual satellite image interpretation were used to evaluate hillslope and gully erosion, respectively. The results showed that (1) the study area as a whole had slight erosion due to rill and sheet erosion, but suffered more serious gully erosion, which mainly occurs in cultivated land; (2) GCM contributed to the overall improvement of soil erosion assessment, but the RUSLE model likely overestimates the erosion rate in dry land; (3) the hillslope and gully erosion were stronger on sunny slopes than on shady slopes, and mainly occurred at middle elevations. When the slope was greater than 15 degrees, the slope was not the main factor restricting the erosion, while at steeper slopes, the dominant forest land significantly reduced the soil loss; (4) trends of gully erosion intensity and density were not consistent with the change in soil erosion intensity. To our knowledge, this study was one of the first that attempted to integrate gully erosion and hillslope erosion on a watershed scale. The findings of this study promote a better understanding of the spatial coupling relationships between hillslope and gully erosion and similarly indicate that GCM, RS, and GIS can be used efficiently in the hilly black soil region of Northeast China to assess hillslope and gully erosion.
Integrating Urban Heat Assessment in Urban Plans
Authors: Echevarría Icaza Leyre , Van den Dobbelsteen Andy , Van der Hoeven Frank
Published: March 2016

The world is increasingly concerned with sustainability issues. Climate change is not the least of these concerns. The complexity of these issues is such that data and information management form an important means of making the right decisions. Nowadays, however, the sheer quantity of data is overwhelming; large quantities of data demand means of representation that are comprehensible and effective. The above dilemma poses questions as to how one incorporates unknown climatologic parameters, such as urban heat, in future urban planning processes, and how one ensures the proposals are specific enough to actually adapt cities to climate change and flexible enough to ensure the proposed measures are combinable and compatible with other urban planning priorities. Conventional urban planning processes and mapping strategies are not adapted to this new environmental, technological and social context. In order come up with more appropriate urban planning strategies, in its first section this paper analyzes the role of the urban planner, reviews the wide variety of parameters that are starting to be integrated into the urban planners practice, and considers the parameters (mainly land surface temperature, albedo, vegetation, and imperviousness) and tools needed for the assessment of the UHI (satellite imagery and GIS). The second part of the study analyzes the potential of four catalyzing mapping categories to integrate urban heat into spatial planning processes: drift, layering, game-board, and rhizome.
ADAM10 Cell Surface Expression but Not Activity Is Critical for Staphylococcus aureus α-Hemolysin-Mediated Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Human Monocytes
Authors: Ezekwe Ejiofor , Weng Chengyu , Duncan Joseph
Published: March 2016

The Staphylococcus aureus toxin, α-hemolysin, is an important and well-studied virulence factor in staphylococcal infection. It is a soluble monomeric protein that, once secreted by the bacterium, forms a heptameric pore in the membrane of a broad range of host cell types. Hemolysin was recently discovered to bind and activate a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). In epithelial and endothelial cells, ADAM10 activation is required for the toxin’s activity against these cells. In host monocytic cells, α-hemolysin activates the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing gene family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell death. We now show that ADAM10 is critical for α-hemolysin-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human monocytes as siRNA knockdown or chemical blockade of ADAM10-α-hemolysin interaction leads to diminished inflammasome activation and cell death by reducing the available ADAM10 on the cell surface. Unlike epithelial cell and endothelial cell damage, which requires α-hemolysin induced ADAM10 activation, ADAM10 protease activity was not required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This work confirms the importance of ADAM10 in immune activation by α-hemolysin, but indicates that host cell signal induction by the toxin is different between host cell types.
Enterovirus Control of Translation and RNA Granule Stress Responses
Authors: Lloyd Richard
Published: March 2016

Enteroviruses such as poliovirus (PV) and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) have evolved several parallel strategies to regulate cellular gene expression and stress responses to ensure efficient expression of the viral genome. Enteroviruses utilize their encoded proteinases to take over the cellular translation apparatus and direct ribosomes to viral mRNAs. In addition, viral proteinases are used to control and repress the two main types of cytoplasmic RNA granules, stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (P-bodies, PBs), which are stress-responsive dynamic structures involved in repression of gene expression. This review discusses these processes and the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms with respect to enterovirus infections. In addition, the review discusses accumulating data suggesting linkage exists between RNA granule formation and innate immune sensing and activation.