bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping the Electrostatic Profile Across Axial p-n Junctions in Si nanowires using Off-Axis Electron Holography
Authors: Gan Z. , Smith D.J. , McCartney M.R. , Perea D.E. , Picraux S.T.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Quantifying polarization fields and sheet charge in III-nitride HEMT devices using off-axis electron holography
Authors: Johnson M.R. , Smith D.J. , Zhou L. , McCartney M.R. , Cullen D.A.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Microcharacterization of GaN Nanomembranes Using Cathodoluminescence Microanalysis.
Authors: Stevens-Kalceff M.A. , Tiginyanu I.M.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Direct imaging of GaN Pyramids covered by InGaN Single Quantum Well using nano-scale Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Cathodoluminescence
Authors: Müller M. , Schmidt G. , Metzner S. , Bertram F. , Petzold S. , Veit P. , Christen J. , Wächter C. , Jetter M. , Michler P.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Characterization of optical properties of the dislocations in GaN films using transmission electron microscopy cathodoluminescence
Authors: Kim S. , Lee J. , Koo B. , Kim Y. , Choi J. , Kwon S.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
STEM Analysis Of Cu(Mn) Self-Forming Diffusion Barriers on SiO2 For Applications In The Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Lozano J.G. , Nellist P. , Bogan J. , Casey P. , McCay A. , Hughes G.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Direct Observations of Retention Failure in Ferroelectric Memories by in situ Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Gao P. , Nelson C. , Jokisaari J. , Zhang Y. , Pan X. , Baek S. , Bark C. , Eom C.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Imaging and Chemical Analysis of Core/Shell CdSe/CdS quantum dots using HR-STEM and Corrected HR-TEM
Authors: Dickerson R.M. , Hollingsworth J.A. , Ghosh Y.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Low Dose Imaging of Quantum Wells in the System CdSe-ZnSe
Authors: Calderon H.A. , Hernandez-Calderon I. , Barton B. , Specht P. , Kisielowski C.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Controlling axial p-n heterojunction abruptness through catalyst alloying in vapor-liquid-solid grown semiconductor nanowires
Authors: Perea D.E. , Schreiber D.K. , Devaraj A. , Thevuthasan T. , Yoo J. , Dayeh S.A. , Picraux S.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Absorption enhancement by Ni-silicide nanostructures embedded in ultra-thin Si films
Authors: Sachan R. , Gonzalez C. , Dyck O. , Rack P. , Duscher G. , Kalyanaraman R. , Garcia H.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
In-situ Observation of Dipolar Ferromagnetic Phase Transition in Fe3O4 Nanoparticle Arrays by Electron Holography and Lorentz Microscopy
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Hirayama T. , Hogg C.R. , Majetich S.A. , Yamamuro S.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Electron Microscopy Characterization of Nanometric ZrO2 and Er2O2S Synthetized from Organometallic Precursors.
Authors: Ávila-Brande D. , González-Rubio G. , Otero-Díaz L. , Perezzan R. , Urones-Garrote E.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
In-Situ TEM Observation of Physical Degradation of AlGaN/GaN Devices under Applied Electric Field
Authors: Ghassemi H. , Lang A. , Taheri M.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Direct nano-scale correlation of structural and optical properties of lattice matched AlInN/AlGaN DBRs using helium temperature scanning transmission electron microscopy cathodoluminescence
Authors: Bertram F. , Christen J. , Schmidt G. , Veit P. , Berger C. , Krost A.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Room temperature observation of magnetic chiral order in metallic thin films
Authors: Chen G. , Zhu J. , Wu Y. , Quesada A. , N'Diaye A. , Schmid A.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
TEM Characterization of Multiphase Composite of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Zr-10% Si Alloy
Authors: Prikhodko S. , Zou L. , Yang J.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Electron Microscopy of SiC Fibers Used in SiC Based Ceramic Composite Material for Fusion Application
Authors: Drazic G. , Toplisek T. , Gec M. , Ivekovic A. , Novak S.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Examining the Effects of Laser Ablation on Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Meier D.C. , Cavicchi R.E.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Coherent, Oxygen-Rich Nano-Clusters In Fe-1at%Zr Alloy
Authors: Li J. , Dickey E.C. , VanLeeuwen B.K. , Liu Z. , Darling K.A.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Microstructural Evolution Of Severely Plastically Deformed Sensitized Aluminum 5456 Treated By Ultrasonic Impact Treatment
Authors: Tran K. , Salamanca-Riba L. , Chiou W.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
The Influence of Stacking-Fault Energy on Deformation Mechanisms in an Fe-Mn-Al-Si Austenitic TRIP/TWIP Steel
Authors: Pierce D. , Wittig J.E. , Bentley J. , Jimenez J.A.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Formation of a Small-Angle Boundary During Annealing of a Cross Rolled Aluminium Sample
Authors: Shamsuzzoha M.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Strain mapping of triple and quadruple junctions in deformed nanocrystalline Palladium
Authors: Kuebel C. , Roesner H. , Peterlechner M. , Divinski S. , Wilde G.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Native Passive Film on Stainless Steel -Direct Imaging and Analysis using Aberration Corrected STEM-
Authors: Hamada E. , Yamada K. , Sato K. , Ishii T. , Ujiro T.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Niobium Grain Strain Investigation Using Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD)
Authors: Goddard R.E. , Narramore L. , Norris J.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Crystallographic investigations of microscopic ceramic and metallic phases in an Al-based interpenetrated phase composites
Authors: Moro M. , Zeller M. , Wagner T.R. , Solomon V.C. , Peters K. , Hetzel B.P.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Ethanol Sensor Based On High Density Coupling Of SnO2 Nanowires
Authors: Holguín Momaca J.T. , Loya Mancilla S.M. , Antúnez Flores W. , Santillán Rodríguez C.R. , Matutes Aquino J.A. , Espinosa Magaña F. , Olive-Méndez S.F.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Nanostructured composites obtained by mechanical alloying of nanoparticles reinforced and 2024 aluminum alloy
Authors: Carreño C. , Estrada I. , Neri M.A. , López C. , Martínez R.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Characterization of prototypic UO2-ZrO2 debris after steam explosion experiments in the KROTOS facility
Authors: Tyrpekl V. , Piluso P. , Dugne O.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Enhanced understanding of metal bioimmobilization by combining microscopy and x-ray absorption with molecular microbiology
Authors: Sharp J.O. , Drennan D. , Hollenback S. , Figueroa L. , Lee I. , Webb S.M.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Nanometer to micrometer scale characterization of pore networks in fine-grained rocks using electron microscopy and small angle neutron scattering
Authors: Navarre-Sitchler A. , Mouzakis K. , McCray J. , Rother G. , Dewers T. , Heath J.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Applying Confocal Microscopy to Biological Samples
Authors: North A.J.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
A Practical Guide to Bright/Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Phillips P.J. , De Graef M. , Mills M.J.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Tutorial: A guide to EBSD for in-situ studies
Authors: Mishra R.K.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Correlative Light and Electron Cryo-Microscopy
Authors: Briegel A.
Published: November 2012

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.
Hippocampal deep brain stimulation reverses physiological and behavioural deficits in a rodent model of schizophrenia
Authors: Perez Stephanie M. , Shah Amiksha , Asher Amber , Lodge Daniel J.
Published: November 2012

Subcortical dopamine system dysregulation has been suggested to underlie the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Recent preclinical investigations and human imaging studies have proposed that the augmented dopamine system function observed in schizophrenia patients may be secondary to aberrant hippocampal activity. Thus, we posit that the hippocampus represents a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of schizophrenia. Here we provide evidence of the effectiveness of a unique approach aimed at decreasing hippocampal function in a rodent model of schizophrenia. Specifically, in a rodent model of schizophrenia, we demonstrate that ventral hippocampal (vHipp) deep brain stimulation (DBS) can normalize aberrant dopamine neuron activity and behaviours associated with positive symptoms. In addition, we provide evidence that this approach may also be effective in restoring deficits in cognitive function, often left unaltered by conventional antipsychotic medications. Therefore, we have provided initial preclinical evidence demonstrating the feasibility of hippocampal DBS as a potential novel approach for the treatment of schizophrenia.
OTHER, UPPITY OBAMA
Authors: Erigha Maryann , Charles Camille Z.
Published: November 2012

Until 2008, only White candidates represented either of the two major parties as presidential nominees. Hence, little is known about how race appeals are framed by or against non-White presidential candidates. Barack Obama's election as the Democratic Party nominee allows us to investigate this issue. In this article, we conduct a content analysis of over 160 advertisements from the 2008 U.S. presidential election to examine how race appeals were framed (or countered) by each campaign. We find that the Republican campaign employed implicit racial appeals that played upon stereotypes of non-Whites as “un-American” and “other” and Blacks as “dangerous,” “criminal,” “incompetent,” and “uppity.” In contrast, the Democratic campaign de-emphasized race, portrayed “other” as positive, reinforced American identity, and spoke out against negative advertisements.
Between Priceless and Worthless: Challenges in Using Market Mechanisms for Conserving Biodiversity
Authors: Reid Colin T.
Published: November 2012

There is growing interest in the use of market mechanisms, such as offsetting and payments for ecosystem services, to further the conservation of biodiversity. The specific needs of biodiversity mean that this approach faces significant challenges in terms of defining the units that can be the subject of the economic or market devices, of ensuring that such mechanisms do deliver conservation gains and of establishing appropriate governance arrangements. There are also ethical concerns that a market approach entails a commodification of nature which sacrifices some of the very elements which make nature valuable to us. The market-based schemes currently being operated and devised should be studied carefully to see how successfully these challenges can be met.
IGEMS: The Consortium on Interplay of Genes and Environment Across Multiple Studies
Authors: Pedersen Nancy L. , Christensen Kaare , Dahl Anna K. , Finkel Deborah , Franz Carol E. , Gatz Margaret , Horwitz Briana N. , Johansson Boo , Johnson Wendy , Kremen William S. , Lyons Michael J. , Malmberg Bo , McGue Matt , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Petersen Inge , Reynolds Chandra A.
Published: November 2012

The Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) group is a consortium of eight longitudinal twin studies established to explore the nature of social context effects and gene-environment interplay in late-life functioning. The resulting analysis of the combined data from over 17,500 participants aged 25–102 at baseline (including nearly 2,600 monogygotic and 4,300 dizygotic twin pairs and over 1,700 family members) aims to understand why early life adversity, and social factors such as isolation and loneliness, are associated with diverse outcomes including mortality, physical functioning (health, functional ability), and psychological functioning (well-being, cognition), particularly in later life.
The Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study: Pathways to Cannabis Use, Abuse, and Dependence Project—Current Status, Preliminary Results, and Future Directions
Authors: Gillespie Nathan A. , Henders Anjali K. , Davenport Tracy A. , Hermens Daniel F. , Wright Margie J. , Martin Nicholas G. , Hickie Ian B.
Published: November 2012

We describe the data being collected from the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study in Australia as part of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded project, Pathways to Cannabis Use, Abuse and Dependence. The history, recruitment, assessment, and retention of twin families in this project are described in detail, along with preliminary findings and plans for future research. The goal of this NIDA project is to make a significant contribution to the discovery of quantitative trait loci influencing cannabis use disorders. Although the focus is cannabis use, abuse, and dependence in young adults, measures of comorbid illicit drug use disorders are also being collected. In addition, a variety of internalizing and externalizing disorders are being assessed, funded by support from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. Because these same twins have participated in numerous twin studies since 1992, future plans will include linking different phenotypes to investigate relationships between drug use, psychiatric disorders, and psychological phenotypes within cross-sectional and longitudinal or developmental frameworks.
The Guangzhou Twin Project: An Update
Authors: Zheng Yingfeng , Ding Xiaohu , Chen Yanxian , He Mingguang
Published: November 2012

The Guangzhou Twin Registry is a population-based registry of twins residing in Guangzhou City. The initial registry database included 9,700 pairs of young twins recruited from the Official Household Registry of Guangzhou City. The registry is designed to provide a resource to identify the genetic and environmental causes of common diseases with an initial focus on eye diseases. From 2006 onward, phenotype and DNA collection have been completed for more than 1,200 twin pairs and their parents or siblings. Most of the young twins have come back for an annual examination of the progressive traits, such as refraction, ocular biometry, weight, and height. Genome-wide association scans have been completed recently. This article gives an update of the study design, cohort profile, previous findings, and future directions. Results from the Guangzhou Twin Project may contribute to the understanding of gene-environmental interplay for complex diseases in both adults and children.
Neuropsychologische Befunde zur ADHS im Erwachsenenalter
Authors: Philipp-Wiegmann Florence , Retz-Junginger Petra , Retz Wolfgang , Rösler Michael
Published: November 2012

Die ADHS ist eine chronische Erkrankung mit Beginn in der Kindheit, die sich über das Jugendalter bis ins Erwachsenenleben fortsetzen kann. Zur Sicherstellung der Diagnose ist kein Test verfügbar. Die Diagnose einer ADHS ist eine klinische Beurteilung. Zur Kernsymptomatik gehören Aufmerksamkeitsstörung, Hyperaktivität und Impulsivität. Die Symptomatik darf nicht isoliert auftreten, sondern muss in mehreren Lebenssituationen nachweisbar sein und mit Einschränkungen im Lebensalltag einhergehen. Dabei bildet sich in der klinischen Praxis, nicht zuletzt bei den Patienten, das Bedürfnis ab, mittels Testverfahren bzw. kognitiven Leistungstests wahrgenommene Leistungsdefizite zu objektivieren und zu quantifizieren.

Es wird ein Überblick über neuropsychologische Modellannahmen zur ADHS sowie über die häufigsten neuropsychologische Testverfahren gegeben und der aktuelle Stand der Forschung hinsichtlich seiner praktischen Relevanz diskutiert.
ADHS im Kindesalter: ätiologische und therapeutische Ansätze mit dem Schwerpunkt der Bildgebung
Authors: Steinmann Elisabeth , Siniatchkin Michael , Petermann Franz , Gerber Wolf-Dieter
Published: November 2012

Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) zählt zu den häufigsten psychischen Störungen im Kindesalter. Ziel ist es, den Status Quo der Ätiologie hinsichtlich genetischer, neurobiologischer und neuropsychologischer Faktoren zu beschreiben. Es werden die derzeit anerkannten Therapiemethoden in der Behandlung der ADHS sowie ihre Wirksamkeit vorgestellt. Moderne Bildgebungsmethoden (z. B. MRT; fMRT) bieten die Möglichkeit, nichtinvasiv spezifische Aussagen über anatomische und funktionelle Änderungen zutreffen. Untersuchungen mit Hilfe dieser bildgebenden Verfahren stehen deswegen im Fokus der hier zitierten Ätiologie- und Therapieforschung. Abschließend folgt ein kurzer Ausblick auf mögliche Zukunftsfragen.
Pain Assessment and Treatment Challenges in Patients with Dementia 1This article is a modified version of the article „Pain in patients with dementia: An overview of pain assessment and treatment challenges” that will be printed in the Journal of Norsk Epidemiologi.
Authors: Husebo Bettina S. , Kunz Miriam , Achterberg Wilco P. , Lobbezoo Frank , Kappesser Judith , Tudose Catalina , Strand Liv Inger , Lautenbacher Stefan
Published: November 2012

Pain is likely to be equally prevalent in people with dementia, however, only a small minority are prescribed regular analgesics. This is a key issue since untreated pain leads to reduced quality of life and increases the likelihood of emergence of behavioural and psychological symptoms such as agitation. Better assessment and treatment of pain in this fragile patient group are therefore mandatory. In this context, we reviewed the literature on pain and dementia and summarised the best available evidence regarding the frequency of pain and pain diagnosis. Unfortunately, hardly any randomized, controlled studies of pain treatment efficacy in patients with dementia are available, with the consequence that most pain treatment recommendations are not based on the highest level of evidence.
Spezifische Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren von Vätern bei Kindeswohlgefährdung
Authors: Kuntz Jenny Juliane , Metzner Franka , Pawils Silke
Published: November 2012

Das Thema Kindeswohlgefährdung durch Misshandlung, Vernachlässigung oder Missbrauch befindet sich im Fokus von Öffentlichkeit und Kinderschutzforschung. Die Rolle von Vätern wurde dabei weitgehend vernachlässigt, obwohl bekannt ist, dass Väter im positiven sowie negativen Sinne das Leben des Kindes beeinflussen. Eine systematische Literaturanalyse zu Kindeswohlgefährdung und vaterspezifischen Risiko- sowie Schutzfaktoren wird zum besseren Überblick der Forschungssituation zu den elterlichen Faktoren vorgestellt. Der aktuelle Forschungsstand beschreibt das komplexe Zusammenwirken der vaterspezifischen Einzelfaktoren, welche in das bio-psycho-soziale Modell zur Kindeswohlgefährdung integriert werden. Praxisrelevante Aspekte des Einbezugs des Vaters sowie großer Bedarf an weiterer sog. Väterforschung und vaterspezifischer Veränderungen der Kinderschutzpraxis werden verdeutlicht.
Psychische Auffälligkeiten von Kindern psychisch kranker Eltern im Perspektivenvergleich
Authors: Wiegand-Grefe Silke , Cronemeyer Benjamin , Plass Angela , Schulte-Markwort Michael , Petermann Franz
Published: November 2012

Das Interventionsprogramm CHIMPs wird im zentralen Zielkriterium der psychischen Gesundheit der Kinder evaluiert. Die psychischen Auffälligkeiten der Kinder aus Elternsicht werden mit der Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4 – 18) von Achenbach (1991) , aus Sicht der Kinder mit dem Youth Self Report (YSR) und ihre psychische Beeinträchtigung aus Therapeutensicht mit dem Beeinträchtigungs-Schwere-Score für Kinder (BSS-K) erfasst. Die psychischen Auffälligkeiten der Kinder in allen drei übergeordneten Skalen der CBCL verringern sich aus der Patientenperspektive (N=43) und bleiben stabil im Katamnesezeitraum. In Gesamtauffälligkeit und internalisierenden Auffälligkeiten berichten auch die Lebenspartner (N=37) eine Verbesserung der Kinder. Die Kinder (N=17) selbst nehmen weniger internalisierende Auffälligkeiten wahr. Die psychische Gesamtbeeinträchtigung verbessert sich auch aus Sicht der Therapeuten. Die Befunde können als Beleg für eine Verbesserung der psychischen Gesundheit der Kinder psychisch kranker Eltern nach der CHIMPs-Intervention gelten.
Durch Jugendliche mit Störungen des Sozialverhaltens ausgelöste Krankenkassenausgaben
Authors: Ewest Franziska , Reinhold Thomas , Vloet Timo D. , Wenning Volker , Bachmann Christian J.
Published: November 2012

Die Studie basiert auf Abrechnungsdaten einer großen gesetzlichen Krankenkasse (AOK Nordost). Es wurden Patienten im Alter von 13 bis 18 Jahren mit dokumentierter ICD-10-Diagnose einer Störung des Sozialverhaltens eingeschlossen (Indexgruppe, IG, N=665) und mit einer nach Alter und Geschlecht parallelisierten Kontrollgruppe (KG, N=16.625) verglichen. Während in der KG mittlere Jahreskosten von 687 € zu verzeichnen waren, beliefen sich diese bei der IG mit 2.632 € auf das 3,83fache (p<0,001). In beiden Gruppen verursachten weibliche Versicherte höhere Kosten als männliche (IG: 2.883 € vs. 2.501 €, p=0,41; KG: 758 € vs. 649 €, p=0,22). Jugendliche mit Störungen des Sozialverhaltens lösten deutlich höhere Krankenkassenausgaben aus als Jugendliche ohne diese Diagnose. Dieses Ergebnis weist auf die gesundheitsökonomische Bedeutung des Störungsbildes hin.
Climate warming shifts carbon allocation from stemwood to roots in calcium‐depleted spruce forests
Authors: Lapenis Andrei G. , Lawrence Gregory B. , Heim Alexander , Zheng Chengyang , Shortle Walter
Published: November 2012

Increased greening of northern forests, measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), has been presented as evidence that a warmer climate has increased both net primary productivity (NPP) and the carbon sink in boreal forests. However, higher production and greener canopies may accompany changes in carbon allocation that favor foliage or fine roots over less decomposable woody biomass. Furthermore, tree core data throughout mid‐ and northern latitudes have revealed a divergence problem (DP), a weakening in tree ring responses to warming over the past half century that is receiving increasing attention, but remains poorly understood. Often, the same sites exhibit trend inconsistency phenomenon (TIP), namely positive, or no trends in growing season NDVI where negative trends in tree ring indexes are observed. Here we studied growth of two Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in western Russia that exhibited both the DP and TIP but were subject to soil acidification and calcium depletion of differing timing and severity. Our results link the decline in radial growth starting in 1980 to a shift in carbon allocation from wood to roots driven by a combination of two factors: (a) soil acidification that depleted calcium and impaired root function and (b) earlier onset of the growing season that further taxed the root system. The latter change in phenology appears to act as a trigger at both sites to push trees into nutrient limitation as the demand for Ca increased with the longer growing season, thereby causing the shift in carbon allocation.
Topographic characterization of lunar complex craters
Authors: Kalynn Jessica , Johnson Catherine L. , Osinski Gordon R. , Barnouin Olivier
Published: November 2012

We use Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter topography data to revisit the depth (d)‐diameter (D), and central peak height (hcp)‐diameter relationships for fresh complex lunar craters. We assembled a data set of young craters with D ≥ 15 km and ensured the craters were unmodified and fresh using Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide‐Angle Camera images. We used Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter gridded data to determine the rim‐to‐floor crater depths, as well as the height of the central peak above the crater floor. We established power‐law d‐D and hcp‐D relationships for complex craters on mare and highlands terrain. Our results indicate that craters on highland terrain are, on average, deeper and have higher central peaks than craters on mare terrain. Furthermore, we find that the crater depths for both mare and highlands craters are significantly deeper than previously reported. This likely reflects the inclusion of transitional craters and/or older and/or modified craters in previous work, as well as the limitations of the stereophotogrammetric and shadow‐length data sets used in those studies. There is substantial variability in the depths and the central peak heights for craters in a given diameter range. We suggest that the differences in mean d and hcp as a function of crater diameter for highlands and mare craters result from differences in bulk physical properties of the terrain types, whereas the variability in d and hcp at a given diameter may reflect variations in impactor properties and impact parameters.
Direct ventilation of the North Pacific did not reach the deep ocean during the last deglaciation
Authors: Jaccard S. L. , Galbraith E. D.
Published: November 2012

Despite its tremendous size, the deep North Pacific has received relatively little attention by paleoceanographers. It was recently suggested that the deep North Pacific was directly ventilated by dense waters formed in the subarctic Pacific during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) of the early deglaciation. Here we present new redox‐sensitive trace metal data from a sediment core at 2393 m in the subarctic Pacific, in comparison with previously published data from elsewhere in the region. The combined picture shows no sign of ventilation during the early deglaciation in any available core from water depths of 2393 m and deeper, while the deepest core to display clear signs of enhanced ventilation during HS1 was raised from 1366 m water depth. Thus, it appears likely that, although the North Pacific was well ventilated to intermediate depths during HS1, the deep ocean did not receive a significant input of dense waters from a local source, but remained isolated from the surface waters above.
Earthquake source parameters from GPS‐measured static displacements with potential for real‐time application
Authors: O'Toole Thomas B. , Valentine Andrew P. , Woodhouse John H.
Published: November 2012

We describe a method for determining an optimal centroid–moment tensor solution of an earthquake from a set of static displacements measured using a network of Global Positioning System receivers. Using static displacements observed after the 4 April 2010, MW 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah, Mexico, earthquake, we perform an iterative inversion to obtain the source mechanism and location, which minimize the least‐squares difference between data and synthetics. The efficiency of our algorithm for forward modeling static displacements in a layered elastic medium allows the inversion to be performed in real‐time on a single processor without the need for precomputed libraries of excitation kernels; we present simulated real‐time results for the El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake. The only a priori information that our inversion scheme needs is a crustal model and approximate source location, so the method proposed here may represent an improvement on existing early warning approaches that rely on foreknowledge of fault locations and geometries.
Global warming in an independent record of the past 130 years
Authors: Anderson D. M. , Mauk E. M. , Wahl E. R. , Morrill C. , Wagner A. J. , Easterling D. , Rutishauser T.
Published: November 2012

The thermometer‐based global surface temperature time series (GST) commands a prominent role in the evidence for global warming, yet this record has considerable uncertainty. An independent record with better geographic coverage would be valuable in understanding recent change in the context of natural variability. We compiled the Paleo Index (PI) from 173 temperature‐sensitive proxy time series (corals, ice cores, speleothems, lake and ocean sediments, historical documents). Each series was normalized to produce index values of change relative to a 1901–2000 base period; the index values were then averaged. From 1880 to 1995, the index trends significantly upward, similar to the GST. Smaller‐scale aspects of the GST including two warming trends and a warm interval during the 1940s are also observed in thePI. ThePIextends to 1730 with 67 records. The upward trend appears to begin in the early 19th century but the year‐to‐year variability is large and the 1730–1929 trend is small.
Ionospheric impact on the geopotential height profile of the temperature by balloon‐borne GPS radiosondes?
Authors: Choudhary R. K. , Rajeev K. , Krishna Moorthy K. , Sridharan R.
Published: November 2012

We have studied the potential inaccuracies in the geopotential height, its manifestation in the altitude profile of temperature measured by balloon‐borne GPS radiosonde (GPS sonde), and its association with the variations in ionospheric plasma density, particularly in the Indian low latitude region. Using results from a GPS sonde inter‐comparison campaign, conducted at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E, 6.4°N geomagnetic latitude) at different local times of a day, we show that differences in temperature at different geopotential heights vary with respect to the local time of the day in October 2010. However, differences in temperature become negligible and within the limits of experimental uncertainty if the comparison is made with respect to the time of measurements during the ascent rather than with respect to the GPS‐derived geopotential height. We show that the origin of the mismatch rests with the inaccurate estimation of geopotential height by the two GPS sondes and not due to any inaccuracy in their measurements itself. Differences in the geopotential height estimates are larger during late afternoon, resulting in larger temperature differences between the sondes, and least during late evening/early morning hours. The uncertainty in the geopotential height estimation remains well synchronized with the magnitude and variations in the total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere. This study exhorts us to account for the local ionospheric variations while extracting the geopotential height profiles of temperature from GPS sonde measurements, especially in the low and equatorial regions where there are large spatial and temporal variations in the ionospheric densities.
THEMIS observations of ULF wave excitation in the nightside plasma sheet during sudden impulse events
Authors: Shi Q. Q. , Hartinger M. , Angelopoulos V. , Zong Q.‐G. , Zhou X.‐Z. , Zhou X.‐Y. , Kellerman A. , Tian A. M. , Weygand J. , Fu S. Y. , Pu Z. Y. , Raeder J. , Ge Y. S. , Wang Y. F. , Zhang H. , Yao Z. H.
Published: November 2012

Sudden impulses (SIs) are an important source of ultra low frequency (ULF) wave activity throughout the Earth's magnetosphere. Most SI‐induced ULF wave events have been reported in the dayside magnetosphere; it is not clear when and how SIs drive ULF wave activity in the nightside plasma sheet. We examined the ULF response of the nightside plasma sheet to SIs using an ensemble of 13 SI events observed by THEMIS (Timed History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) satellites (probes). Only three of these events resulted in ULF wave activity. The periods of the waves are found to be 3.3, 6.0, and 7.6 min. East‐west magnetic and radial electric field perturbations, which typically indicate the toroidal mode, are found to be stronger and can have phase relationships consistent with standing waves. Our results suggest that the two largest‐amplitude ULF responses to SIs in the nightside plasma sheet are tailward‐moving vortices, which have previously been reported, and the dynamic response of cross‐tail currents in the magnetotail to maintain force balance with the solar wind, which has not previously been reported as a ULF wave driver. Both mechanisms could potentially drive standing Alfvén waves (toroidal modes) observed via the field‐line resonance mechanism. Furthermore, both involve frequency selection and a preference for certain driving conditions that can explain the small number of ULF wave events associated with SIs in the nightside plasma sheet.
Method for inferring the axis orientation of cylindrical magnetic flux rope based on single‐point measurement
Authors: Rong Z. J. , Wan W. X. , Shen C. , Zhang T. L. , Lui A. T. Y. , Wang Yuming , Dunlop M. W. , Zhang Y. C. , Zong Q.‐G.
Published: November 2012

We develop a new simple method for inferring the orientation of a magnetic flux rope, which is assumed to be a time‐independent cylindrically symmetric structure via the direct single‐point analysis of magnetic field structure. The model tests demonstrate that, for the cylindrical flux rope regardless of whether it is force‐free or not, the method can consistently yield the axis orientation of the flux rope with higher accuracy and stability than the minimum variance analysis of the magnetic field and the Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction technique. Moreover, the radial distance to the axis center and the current density can also be estimated consistently. Application to two actual flux transfer events observed by the four satellites of the Cluster mission demonstrates that the method is more appropriate to be used for the inner part of flux rope, which might be closer to the cylindrical structure, showing good agreement with the results obtained from the optimal Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction and the least squares technique of Faraday's law, but fails to produce such agreement for the outer satellite that grazes the flux rope. Therefore, the method must be used with caution.
Mirror‐mode storms inside stream interaction regions and in the ambient solar wind: A kinetic study
Authors: Enríquez‐Rivera O. , Blanco‐Cano X. , Russell C. T. , Jian L. K. , Luhmann J. G. , Simunac K. D. C , Galvin A. B.
Published: November 2012

Mirror‐mode structures have been found in the solar wind at various heliocentric distances with different missions. Recently, STEREO has observed mirror‐mode waves present as trains of holes and also as humps in the magnetic field magnitude. In some cases, mirror‐mode trains last for very long periods of time and have been called “mirror‐mode storms”. We present case studies of mirror‐mode storms observed in the solar wind using STEREO data in three different locations: in the downstream region of the forward shock of a stream interaction region, inside a stream interaction region far from the forward shock, and also in the ambient solar wind. To make a formal identification of the mirror mode, we determine wave characteristics using minimum variance analysis. Finally, we perform a kinetic dispersion analysis and discuss the possible origin of mirror‐mode structures evaluating curves of growth for different regimes of proton temperature anisotropies in a plasma with a He component.
Convective instability in sedimentation: Linear stability analysis
Authors: Yu Xiao , Hsu Tian‐Jian , Balachandar S.
Published: November 2012

Convective sedimentation in a stably stratified saltwater is studied using the linear stability analysis. Convective sedimentation is known to occur due to the double‐diffusive mechanism and the settling‐driven mechanism. In this study, a semi‐empirical closure of sediment diffusivity based on the long‐range hydrodynamics effect is adopted. The sediment phase can act as either the slow‐ or fast‐diffusing agent in the double‐diffusive system for the given salt diffusivity. Moreover, the settling‐driven effect is proportional to the square of the sediment diameter via Stoke settling law. We consider sediment concentration (grain size) in the upper freshwater layer to be in the range of 0.1 to 39.4 g/l (2 to 60 µm), which is on top of a saltwater layer with salinity 35 ppt. Linear stability analysis allows us to identify the dominant mechanism that triggers the instability, the growth rate, and the resulting characteristic finger width. Model results suggest that for fine sediment with grain diameter smaller than 10 µm (settling velocity 0.09 mm/s), double‐diffusive mechanism controls the instability and the resulting sediment finger size is of millimeter scale. For the given threshold of growth rate of O(0.01) s−1, the minimum sediment concentration is about 8–15 g/l. For grain size greater than or around 10 µm, the settling‐driven mechanism dominates and instabilities occur at sediment concentration as low as O(0.1) g/l with centimeter‐scale fingers. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding on the observed rapid sediment removal in the plume of small mountainous rivers.
Development and validation of a black carbon mixing state resolved three‐dimensional model: Aging processes and radiative impact
Authors: Matsui H. , Koike M. , Kondo Y. , Moteki N. , Fast J. D. , Zaveri R. A.
Published: November 2012

A new two‐dimensional aerosol bin scheme, which resolves both aerosol size and black carbon (BC) mixing state for BC aging processes (e.g., condensation and coagulation) with 12 size × 10 mixing state bins, has been developed and implemented into the WRF‐chem model (MS‐resolved WRF‐chem). The mixing state of BC simulated by this model is compared with direct measurements over the East Asian region in spring 2009. Model simulations generally reproduce the observed features of the BC mixing state, such as the size‐dependent number fractions of BC‐containing and BC‐free particles and the coating thickness of BC‐containing particles. This result shows that the model can simulate realistic BC mixing states in the atmosphere if condensation and coagulation processes are calculated explicitly with the detailed treatment of BC mixing state. Sensitivity simulations show that the condensation process is dominant for the growth of thinly coated BC particles, while the coagulation process is necessary to produce thickly coated BC particles. Off‐line optical and radiative calculations assuming an average mixing state for each size bin show that the domain‐ and period‐averaged absorption coefficient and heating rate by aerosols are overestimated by 30–40% in the boundary layer, compared with a benchmark simulation with the detailed treatment of mixing state. The absolute value of aerosol radiative forcing is also overestimated (10%, 3 W m–2) at the surface. However, these overestimations are reduced considerably when all the parameters (including mass and number concentration) are calculated with the simple treatment of mixing state. This is because the overestimation of radiative parameters due to higher absorption efficiency (compared with the benchmark simulation) is largely canceled by the underestimation of BC concentrations due to efficient wet removal processes. The overall errors in radiative forcing can be much smaller because of this cancellation, but for the wrong reasons.
Entrainment of coarse particles in turbulent flows: An energy approach
Authors: Valyrakis Manousos , Diplas Panayiotis , Dancey Clint L.
Published: November 2012

The entrainment of coarse sediment particles under the action of fluctuating hydrodynamic forces is investigated from an energy perspective. It is demonstrated that the entrainment of a grain resting on the channel boundary is possible when the instantaneous flow power transferred to it exceeds a critical level. Its complete removal from the bed matrix occurs only if the impinging flow events supply sufficient mechanical energy. The energy‐based criterion is formulated theoretically for entrainment of individual spherical particles in both saltation and rolling modes. Out of the wide range of flow events that can perform mechanical work on a coarse grain, only those with sufficient power and duration or equivalent energy density and characteristic length scale may accomplish its complete dislodgement. The instantaneous velocity upstream of a mobile particle is synchronously recorded with its position, enabling the identification of the flow events responsible for grain entrainment by rolling at near incipient motion flow conditions. For each of the entrainment events, the energy transfer coefficient defined as the ratio of the mechanical work performed on the particle to the mean energy of the flow event responsible for its dislodgement obtains values ranging from 0.04 to 0.10. At the examined low‐mobility flow conditions, the majority (about 80%) of the energetic structures leading to complete particle entrainment have a characteristic length of about two to four particle diameters.
Threshold optimization of cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Liu Xin , Jia Min , Tan Xuezhi
Published: November 2012

We consider the threshold optimization problem of cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive radio (CR) and investigate the threshold optimization algorithm for both single‐channel and multichannel cooperative spectrum sensing. In order to obtain the optimal threshold for single‐channel cooperative spectrum sensing, we deploy the fusion rules AND Logic, OR Logic, and K‐OUT‐N Logic. Moreover, an iterative optimization algorithm is proposed to obtain optimal CRs in cooperative spectrum sensing and their optimal thresholds. In multichannel cooperative spectrum sensing, two threshold optimization methods—namely nonrestrained multichannel threshold optimization (NRMTO) and restrained multichannel threshold optimization (RMTO)—have been proposed in order to decrease the total error detection probability of all the subchannels. The simulation results show that in single‐channel cooperative spectrum sensing the proposed algorithm outperforms traditional cooperative spectrum sensing with the uniform threshold if the SNR is different, while decreasing the detection performance slightly if the SNR is identical. The results also indicate that the NRMTO can achieve the minimal total error detection probability of multichannel cooperative spectrum sensing, while the RMTO can guarantee the detection performance of each subchannel but with a higher total error detection probability.
Space Weather Community Meets Users at Annual Meeting
Authors: Shoup Jeffrey , Singer Howard , Murtagh William , Fisher Genene
Published: November 2012

Space Weather Workshop meeting review
Inhaled Nitric Oxide Reduces Secondary Brain Damage after Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
Authors: Terpolilli Nicole A , Kim Seong-Woong , Thal Serge C , Kuebler Wolfgang M , Plesnila Nikolaus
Published: November 2012

Ischemia, especially pericontusional ischemia, is one of the leading causes of secondary brain damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). So far efforts to improve cerebral blood flow (CBF) after TBI were not successful because of various reasons. We previously showed that nitric oxide (NO) applied by inhalation after experimental ischemic stroke is transported to the brain and induces vasodilatation in hypoxic brain regions, thus improving regional ischemia, thereby improving brain damage and neurological outcome. As regional ischemia in the traumatic penumbra is a key mechanism determining secondary posttraumatic brain damage, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of NO inhalation after experimental TBI. NO inhalation significantly improved CBF and reduced intracranial pressure after TBI in male C57 Bl/6 mice. Long-term application (24 hours NO inhalation) resulted in reduced lesion volume, reduced brain edema formation and less blood–brain barrier disruption, as well as improved neurological function. No adverse effects, e.g., on cerebral auto-regulation, systemic blood pressure, or oxidative damage were observed. NO inhalation might therefore be a safe and effective treatment option for TBI patients.
The Impact of a Stuttering Disorder on Western Australian Children and Adolescents
Authors: Beilby Janet M. , Byrnes Michelle L. , Yaruss J. Scott
Published: November 2012

In this study, we examined the impact of a stuttering disorder on children (n=50) and adolescents (n=45) living in Western Australia. We compared the reactions and experiences of children and adolescents who stutter to children and adolescents who do not stutter. We compared the participants who stuttered and the fluent participants using adapted versions of the Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering (OASES). We also examined the relationship between biopsychosocial impact and stuttered speech frequency. We saw higher levels of adverse impact in young people who stuttered compared to their fluent peers. In addition, we found moderate correlations between OASES scores and stuttered speech frequency in children. These findings provided a baseline for establishing the degree of negative impact that a stuttering disorder may bring about in children and adolescents. The experiences of young people who stuttered were significantly different from the experiences of young people who were typically fluent. These findings reinforce the notion that stuttering is a disorder that can lead to negative impact for young people.