bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Customers Intend to Use Express Delivery Services
Authors: Setiyawati Sri , Haryanto Budhi
Published: August 2016

The aim of this research was to better understand the effects of products quality, price reasonableness, brand image, and attitude towards customer’s intention. This research was guided by four research questions: What product quality has a positive influence on express delivery services a positive attitude? What price reasonableness positive influence on attitude to use express delivery services? What positive effect on brand image expresses delivery services? What positive attitude influence on intention to use express delivery services? The methodology employed was survey of 100 customers plus in-depth interviews with courier service operators. Interviews and survey were conducted from August to October 2015. This research was used SEM techniques for data analyze. The results confirmed there was no relationship between products quality, price reasonableness and attitude. Furthermore, brand image has influence attitude. The mediating role effects of costumer’s attitude for product quality, price reasonableness and brand image towards customer’s intention offer new insight into antecedents on costumer’s intention in a high influence. This study presents an original contribution to understanding brand image effect and its attributes either directly or through attitude towards customer’s intention is determine.Keywords: Product Quality, Price Reasonableness, Brand Image, Attitude, Customer’s Intention
Macroeconomic Determinants of Stock Market Development in Ghana
Authors: Owiredu Alexander , Oppong Moses , Asomaning Sandra A
Published: August 2016

Financial systems have been found to have a positive influence on the economic development of most countries. The stock market, which is also a component of the financial system is said to play an integral role in economic growth. This paper examines the macroeconomic determinants of stock market development in Ghana for the period 1992 to 2012 using annual secondary data from Bank of Ghana Quarterly Economic Bulletins, Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Stock Exchange Market Statistics, the World Bank and IMF’s International Financial Statistics. The macroeconomic indicators such as the real income (GDP per capita income), domestic saving, stock market liquidity, financial intermediary growth, macroeconomic stability (inflation) and private capital flows with stock market capitalization used as a proxy for the study were collected and used for the analysis. These variables were examined to establish a relationship with stock market developments based on a linear regression model.The regression analysis found stock market liquidity to be statistically significant to stock market developments as opposed to the other determinants (such as macroeconomic stability (inflation) real income and domestic savings and private capital flows) which were found to be non-significant. This result suggests that macroeconomic stability (inflation), real income, domestic savings and private capital flows proved not to have any significant impact on stock market development, since their regression coefficients were not statically significant at the 5% level of significance.
Prevalence of dry eye disease in autoimmune thyroid disease and the association of dry eye with clinical signs of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy: observational, noncomparative, cross-sectional study
Authors: Tirakunwichcha Suppapong , Lerdchanapornchai Vipavee , Reinprayoon Usanee , Saonanon Preamjit , Snabboon Thiti
Published: August 2016

Background

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is a risk factor for dry eye disease. The prevalence of dry eye in AITD is not definitely known.

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of dry eye in AITD and its association with clinical signs of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO).

Methods

We enrolled a cross-section of 92 patients with AITD between May 1 and August 31, 2013. All were examined to establish thyroid eye signs, and severity was classified as none, mild, and moderate-severe according to the European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy. Dry eye disease was verified using an Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer test, and ocular surface fluorescein staining. Features of meibomian glands were inspected. This observational study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.in.th, No. TCTR20130713001.

Results

The prevalence of dry eye in AITD was 27% by OSDI questionnaire (95% confidence interval (CI), 16%-34%); 96% (95% CI, 93%-99%) by TBUT; 69% (95% CI, 62%-75%) by ocular surface staining; and 18% (95% CI, 12%-23%) using a Schirmer test, which associated dry eye and proptosis with an odds ratio (OR) of 9.3 (95% CI, 1.2-70.6, P = 0.031), and lagophthalmos by ocular surface staining with an OR of 5.8 (95% CI, 1.2-27.7, P = 0.026). Dry eye in patients with or without clinical signs of TAO was not significantly different.

Conclusions

The prevalence of dry eye varied by criteria, but was not different in AITD patients with or without TAO. Proptosis and lagophthalmos were associated more strongly with dry eye disease in AITD with TAO, than without.
Using the Asset-Building Model of Development in Teaching the Politics of Community Development in Appalachia
Authors: Hatcher William
Published: August 2016

This teaching note discusses an undergraduate course on the politics of community development in Appalachia. The course teaches students that the economic issues facing Appalachia are the product of not only economics but also social and political factors. The goal of the course is to teach students the role that community development can play in the region. For the purposes of the course, community development is defined as the bettering of a community’s social, political, and economic assets (Green and Haines 2015). The course’s exploration of development in Appalachia is guided by this asset-building definition of community development. Throughout the semester, a focus is placed on how governments and non-profits affect community development in Appalachia.
Methods of teaching programming
Authors: Szlávi Péter , Zsakó László
Published: August 2016

Programming methodology is one of the oldest fields of IS education, and thus various methods have evolved for its teaching. While some of them could be used effectively in primary or secondary education, others are more suited for students in higher education. The methods themselves determine the structure and curricula of courses such as Programming methodology, Data types and algorithms, Programming technology.
The Frobenius exchange problem on competitions and in classroom
Authors: Kiss Géza
Published: August 2016

Let a_1, ..., a_n be relatively prime positive integers. The still unsolved Frobenius problem asks for the largest integer which cannot be represented as Σ x_i a_i with non-negative integers xi, and also for the number of non-representable positive integers. These and several related questions have been investigated by many prominent mathematicians, including Paul Erdős, and a wide range of partial results were obtained by various interesting methods differing both in character and difficulty. In this paper we give a self-contained introduction to this field through problems and comments suitable also for treatment in a class of talented students.
Assimilation of mathematical knowledge using Maple
Authors: Kovács Zoltán , Kozma László
Published: August 2016

For more than four years we have been teaching a Maple course at University of Debrecen for prospective mathematics teachers. The aim of the course is that students get some experience on mathematical visualization with Maple. At the last part of the course the student is provided with a problem of geometrical flavor. Within three or four weeks he/she must obtain a solution. In this paper we present and analyze two of student projects: rotation of the hypercube and drawing of complex functions. The concluding remark is that most of the students will profit from using Maple for such type of problems: it helps to assimilate mathematical knowledge.
Illustrated analysis of Rule of Four using Maple
Authors: Maróti György
Published: August 2016

Rule of Four, as a basic didactic principle, was formulated among the NCTM 2000 standards (see [14]) and since then it is quoted by numerous books and publications (see [4], [9], [12]). Practically we can say it is accepted by the community of didactic experts. The usage of the Rule of Four, however, has been realized mainly in the field of calculus, in fact certain authors restrict the wording of the principle to the calculus itself (e.g. [3]).
Calculus is a pleasant field, indeed. A sequence of values of a function provides us with example for numeric representation, while the formula and the graph of the function illustrate symbolic and graphical representations, respectively. In the end by wording the basic features of the function on natural language we gain textual representation.
This idyllic scene, however, becomes more complex when we leave the frame of calculus. In this paper we investigate the consequences of the usage of Rule of Four outside calculus. We discuss the different types of representations and show several examples which make the multiple features of representation evident. The examples are from different fields of mathematics and are created by the computer algebra system Maple, which turns out to be an excellent tool for illustration and visualization of the maim features of mathematical objects.
Next we introduce the concept of basic representation and rational representation, which is considered as the mathematical notion of "didactic usable" or "didactic rational" representation. In the end we generalize the notion of numeric representation, which leads us a more widely usable didactic principle which can be considered as a generalization of Rule of Four.
On the legacy of G. Pólya
Authors: Zimmermann Bernd
Published: August 2016

In this article are given some new aspects of mathematical problem solving. A framework is presented by three main resources: (1) Pólya's studies about mathematical heuristics are augmented by information drawn from a study of the history of mathematical problem solving. (2) Connections are presented between mathematical problem solving and mathematical beliefs. (3) Experience with a special program for mathematical talented students is sketched. On this background a new textbook-series has been developed and some teaching examples are taken from this context. An outlook is given on some new research on teaching of problem solving, including possible relations to modern brain research.
Mobile Network Planing Process Case Study - 3G Network
Authors: Tarapiah Saed , Atalla Shadi , Hashim Kamarul Faizal Bin , Daadoo Motaz
Published: August 2016

Third Generation cellular networks (3G) were developed with the aim of offering high data rates up to 2Mbps and 384Kbps for stationary and mobile users respectively which allows the operators to offer a multimedia connectivity and other data services to the end customers. In this work we apply techniques to design a 3G radio network, in particular we study the planning and implementation in developing countries, and state of Palestine as a case study. In order to carry a 3G radio network planning for a selected regions, we must follow a roadmap consists of set of phases; First of all, we must determine the region under study on the digitized map in order to obtain some useful information, such as the area distribution; thus using digital maps gives a good clearness for areas classification, land use, land terrain, heights, vectors, etc. Also we must forecast subscriber profile to perform coverage and capacity dimensioning process to achieve nominal cell plan. This paper work studies Nablus as one of the major Palestinian cities. then, subscriber forecast profile is applied in order to calculate the service traffic demand, the capacity and and coverage requirements, this study is carried in corporation with Wataniya which is one of the leading mobile telecommunication service provider in Palestine. For Nablus city we’ve found that 28 sites are required to be installed to meet the given capacity requirements, on the other hand 46 sites are for coverage. At this point we should make decision about how many site will be implemented. In general we have to select number of sites relative to coverage requirement; so to serve Nablus city by 3G services we should implement 46 sites. At final stage, we have to be sure that our proposed 3G network is suitable not only for the first year of running the 3G services over the deployed network, our design takes into consideration the growth of subscribers number and their demands, so periodically, the networking administrators and the network planning department, assess the network current status and upgrade the network to meet the future demands.
Assortativity Analysis of Real-World Network Graphs based on Centrality Metrics
Authors: Meghanathan Natarajan
Published: August 2016

<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Assortativity index (A. Index) of real-world network graphs has been traditionally computed based on the degree centrality metric and the networks were classified as assortative, dissortative or neutral if the A. Index values are respectively greater than 0, less than 0 or closer to 0. In this paper, we evaluate the A. Index of real-world network graphs based on some of the commonly used centrality metrics (betweenness, eigenvector and closeness) in addition to degree centrality and observe that the assortativity classification of real-world network graphs depends on the node-level centrality metric used. We also propose five different levels of assortativity (strongly assortative, weakly assortative, neutral, weakly dissortative and strongly dissortative) for real-world networks and the corresponding range of A. Index value for the classification. We analyze a collection of 50 real-world network graphs with respect to each of the above four centrality metrics and estimate the empirical probability of observing a real-world network graph to exhibit a particular level of assortativity. We claim that a real-world network graph is more likely to be neutral with respect to the betweenness and degree centrality metrics and more likely to be assortative with respect to the eigenvector and closeness centrality metrics.
Geochemical Examination of Surficial Soil Overlying Uranium Deposit in Manyoni, Central Tanzania
Authors: Ngulimi Miguta Faustine , Ishiga Hiroaki
Published: August 2016

Geochemical compositions of surface to shallow soil samples of Manyoni uranium deposit　in Tanzania were determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). Uranium, calcium and chlorine are abundant at the depth of 40 cm to 140 cm. Strong correlations between U, CaO and chlorine suggest uranium and carbonates deposition in a Salt Lake system. Strontium content is higher (370 to 480 ppm) than the average upper continental crust UCC (320 ppm) at the depth of 60 cm to 120 cm suggesting Sr accumulation in carbonates. TiO2 and Fe2O3 abundances appear along the profile but have normal concentrations below the average UCC content. Vanadium is positively correlated to Fe2O3 and Ni (mafic sources) concentrations and negatively correlated to U. Uranium precipitation is suggestive of abrupt evaporation during dry season at Manyoni depositional basin. Chlorine (Cl) with high concentration in the vertical profile may be yielded in the sediments after evaporation of the lake water.
Improving Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm Inversion Result Using Singular Value Decomposition
Authors: Widodo Widodo , Saputera Durra Handri
Published: August 2016

Inversion is a process to determine model parameters from data. In geophysics this process is very important because subsurface image is obtained from this process. There are many inversion algorithms that have been introduced and applied in geophysics problems; one of them is Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm. In this paper we will present one of LM algorithm application in one-dimensional magnetotelluric (MT) case. The LM algorithm used in this study is improved version of LM algorithm using singular value decomposition (SVD). The result from this algorithm is then compared with the algorithm without SVD in order to understand how much it has been improved. To simplify the comparison, simple synthetic model is used in this study. From this study, the new algorithm can improve the result of the original LM algorithm. In addition, SVD is allowing more parameter analysis to be done in its process. The algorithm created from this study is then used in our modeling program, called MAT1DMT.
Re-Discussion on the Metallogenic Age of the Hadamengou Gold Deposit in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Zhang Yu , Chen Yangyang
Published: August 2016

The Hadamengou gold deposit is located in the western segment of the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). The mineralization age of the Hadamengou gold deposit is a matter of controversy. Based on the extensive collection the results of previous research, we infer that the Hadamengou gold deposit is exposed to prolonged geological evolution. It was formed as early as the Middle Hercynian orogen. The metallization mainly took place in the Early Indosinian epoch.
The Effect of School-Based Intervention on Obese and Overweight Students in Urmia, Iran
Authors: Rezapour Baratali , Mostafavi Firoozeh , Khalkhali Hamidreza
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is an important concern for both adults and students. The study evaluates the effect of school-based intervention (SBI) on sedentary life style (SLS), physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) among the students in Urmia, Iran.

METHODS: The study was undertaken from 31 December 2013 to 21 June 2014. A total of 80 male students were randomly selected from single-sex junior high schools of the two existing districts in Urmia. They were assigned to two groups of intervention and control (each 40). SBI was performed on intervention group during 6 months. The essential parameters for evaluating the effects of SBI on SLS, ADL and BMI of students were used.

RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the two groups for the cycling (P<0.001) and walking (P=0.003) in leisure time and TV watching time (P=0.007) in the intervention group. After the intervention a decrease was found in the BMI, but it wasn’t significant (p>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: According to the obtained results, the SBI had a positive effect on the improvement of ADL but the reverse was true about SLS in obese and overweight students. More comprehensive randomized experiments must perform to explain the effects of long time SBI on the BMI of the obese and overweight students.
The Effect of a Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Program for Male Young Delinquents in Guangzhou: A Pilot Study
Authors: Zhang Jinwu , Zhang Yan
Published: August 2016

Pro-criminal attitudes and inefficiency in social skills or problem-solving skills are associated with criminal conducts. Targeting on these factors, Cognitive-Behavior Treatment (CBT) programs are effective interventions for adult and young offenders. However, the effectiveness of CBT programs in Chinese correctional facilities is unknown. The present study, as a pilot one, evaluates a CBT program consisting of six sessions to treat young delinquents in South China. In Guangzhou, 60 male delinquents were divided into experimental and comparison group. Problem-solving skills, social skills and pro-criminal attitudes were measured and compared before and after the program for both groups. Measured by Social Maladjustment Scale (SOC) and General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES), the experimental group showed significant improvements in social skills and problem solving skills, while those of the comparison group remained constant. The results of the pilot study were encouraging and demonstrating the potential of CBT programs to be effective treatment for young delinquents in South China. Implications for future research and cross-cultural generability of CBT are discussed.
Identifying and Ranking Factors Influencing on Investor Attraction in Golestan Province by Means of Fuzzy Multi-Index Decision-Making (FAHP)
Authors: Zadeh Seyyed Reza Mosusavi , Mir Yaser , Jaani Mehdi
Published: August 2016

There is no doubt that attracting investor in economic and industrial sectors is one of the key and effective issues. We can take giant strides toward improvement with the advent of investors in infrastructure sectors. The research is the result of an applied research with the aim of identifying and ranking factors which are effective on attracting investor under fuzzy environment. Hence analysis hierarchy process (Ahp_Fuzzy model) was suggested. The research method is descriptive-survey, where factors which influence on investor attraction in Golestan province, had been identified in terms of research literature. The factors were prioritized based on comments of 25 senior managers and economic experts in management and planning organization and chamber of commerce through Ahp. The research findings indicate that lack of a coordinated and efficient plan for identifying weakness, opportunities, and intimidations is the most important problem and it is a fundamental obstacle in Golestan province in order to attract investors and to specify an appropriate strategy with significance coefficient of 0.227. There are some other obstacles for attracting domestic and foreign investors in the province which are as follows:Lack of appropriate administrative organization, lack of right and efficient management with significance coefficient of 0.220, lack of primary infrastructure facilities and fundamental infrastructure and public services with significance coefficient of 0.204, limitation and lack of flexibility in rules and regulations related in investing in Goelstan province with significance coefficient of 0.198 and finally side effect of policy makings of government in macro level with significance coefficient of 0.151.In fact, the research results are exactly compatible with current economic condition of the area. We can establish a comprehensive outlook for government and senior managers of the area according to level of significance and level of influence of the indices.
Hybrid Methodology for Image Segmentation Based on Active Contour Module and Alpha-Shape Theory
Authors: Al-Tamimi Mohammed Sabbih Hamoud
Published: August 2016

The concept of the active contour model has been extensively utilized in the segmentation and analysis of images. This technology has been effectively employed in identifying the contours in object recognition, computer graphics and vision, biomedical processing of images that is normal images or medical images such as Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI), X-rays, plus Ultrasound imaging. Three colleagues, Kass, Witkin and Terzopoulos developed this energy, lessening “Active Contour Models” (equally identified as Snake) back in 1987. Being curved in nature, snakes are characterized in an image field and are capable of being set in motion by external and internal forces within image data and the curve itself in that order. The present study proposes the use of a hybrid image segmentation technique to acquire precise segmentation outcomes, while engaging “Alpha Shape (α-Shape)” in supposition to derive the original contour, followed by a refining process through engaging a conventional active contour model. Empirical results show high potential in the suggested computational method. Trials indicate that the primary contour is capable of being precisely set next to the objective contour and effectively have these objective contours extracted, devoid of any contour instigation. Some of the benefits associated with the novel hybrid contour include minimized cost of computation, enhanced anti-jamming capability, as well as enlarged utilization array of snake model.
The Study of the Effect of Corporate Governance on Profit Management of the Accepted Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
Authors: Taherinia Masoud , Zeynivand Ehsan
Published: August 2016

We studied the effect of corporate governance discipline on profit management of the accepted companies in the Stock Exchange of Tehran. The required data has been collected from a sample including120 companies accepted in the Stock Exchange of Tehran in the period of 2008 to2013. In this research, based on data types and statistical analysis methods, we have used combined data method and pooled regression analysis along with panel data. The results showed that there is a significant negative relation between characteristics of corporate governance discipline and profit management.
Vertical Profile of Leaf Nitrogen Distribution at Different Densities of Plant And Different Levels of N Fertilizer on Corn Hybrids Canopy
Authors: Ghasemi Soraya , Kochaki Ali Reza , Mahalati Mehdi Nassiri , Choukan Rajab
Published: August 2016

In this study, the distribution of leaf nitrogen of two corn hybrids during the growing season, in response to the density and N supply were studied. There were two corn hybrids (S.C. 704 and maxima (MV 524)) under three levels of nitrogen: Recommended (300 kg N/ha); RDN plus 25% (375 kg N/ha); RDN plus 50% (450 kg N/ha) and were three levels of population. Recommended (RDN) (7 plants m-2); RDN plus 10% (7.7 plants m-2); RDN plus 20% (8.4 plants m-2).Regular samplings were made from 40 days after sowing until crop maturity. Every 2 weeks, a 1 m2 sample of the canopy was cut in four successive vertical layers of equal thickness. Leaf area and N concentration (%) in each layer were measured. The vertical N gradient became more marked with ongoing vegetative development. The whole canopy photosynthetic benefit that would accrue from maintaining the N gradient is likely to be accentuated. The rate of decline in leaf N concentration in a layer was not related to either the initial concentration in the leaves within the layer.
Influence of Magnesium Sulfate on Self-Compacting Alum Sludge Concrete Incorporating with Pozzolanic Materials
Authors: Breesem Khalid M. , Abood Manal M. , Rahman Nurharniza Abdul
Published: August 2016

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a new revolution in concrete technology that made with no vibration equipment in placing and compaction. Totally, filling formwork and accomplishing full compacting under its own weight only, even when is attendance of crowded reinforcement. One of the issues that impact SCC durability is sulphate attack. The influence of magnesium sulfate attack was investigated for SCC having treated alum sludge (TAS) with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at replacement ratios of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% as well as, six SCC containing TAS, fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF) and natural zeolite (NZ) replaced cement by15%, 15%, 6% and 10%, respectively. By visual inspection of all samples of SCC, there was no indication of deterioration on the surface of samples after 90 days and 180 days. In terms of compressive strength, there was developed with samples substituted OPC by 15% TAS compared with control SCC and the others SCC replacement levels. A similar conclusion was observed of the characteristics of SCC on weight compared with control SCC. Results proved that the SCC contain TAS have higher resistance against sulfate attack as well as the maximum value of mass loss and variation in weight are noted for the control SCC compared with SCC content TAS. Finally, in spite of the system of blended in SCC was investigated in several studies and so far, more investigations are required to fully explore its behavior, especially with new materials which is alum sludge that refer to the pioneering aspect of the present.
Evaluation and Priorities the Promotion Mix Elements for Corporate Banking Customers Using MCDM Methods In Eghtesade Novin Bank
Authors: Aghaei Mohammad , Lotfi Ali , Armakan Seyed Mohammad
Published: August 2016

Among the mixed components of marketing, decisions regarding the promotion tools are very important due to their direct and rapid effect on the target market. With regard to the implementation of new models of banking business in recent years in Iran, the purpose of this research is to priorities the promotion mixas antecedent of integrated marketing communication and strongtools in order to influence the target market of corporative banking customers. The objective of promotion mix in the research emphasized the Increase sales volume, attract new customers, grow market share, enhance brand image, strengthen brand loyalty and increase profitability in the long term. For this purpose, with the help of marketing experts and using models of Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods such as AHP, TOPSIS, SAW, ELECTREand using Entropy weighting methods we have prioritized the components of promotion based on business goals. Finally, according to the fact that using the mentioned models had different results, we used the geometric mean of rates methodin finalized the finding ranking. According to the achieved finding, the different elements in order of priority to meet theconsidered business objectives in this studyinclude sales promotion, direct sales by the account managers, public relations and advertising, Objectives or ratings’ criteria.The finding illustrated that although ads are most effective in strengthening the brand, but the other two elements of personal selling and close sales promotion also has the most influence on corporative banking customers. The results of research shows that the most important instruments in advertising is television, in public relations is holding professional seminars for various industries, in advancing the sales is discount in the loan interest rate and fees, and in the in person sales also is verbal marketing by account managers of corporative banking.
Identifying and Evaluating the Criteria's Affecting of Customer ExperienceUsing Fuzzy Dematel Approach (Case Study: Branches of Bank Melli in Tehran)
Authors: Aghaei Mohammad , Anoushehi Reza
Published: August 2016

Customer experience is one of the most important factors that maintains the customer for banks and turns him into a loyal customer in the competitive marketplace conditions. This concept includes any type of interaction, feelings, perceptions, reactions, thoughts and other related cases from customers about the organization especially in the circumstance of service organization. In this study, 7 factors were identified as key determinants or constructs in the customer experience that according to the methodology of use the technique of fuzzy dematel, the most influential factor is the diversity of services and facilities provided in the bank. Other affecting factors include staff and managers of banks dealing with customers and quickness and easiness of using the bank's services. The factors that are affected are the communication system with the customers in the bank,  services environment in bank and advertising as well as the bank's reputation. According to the results, the most influential factor in the customer experience of the bank services is in fact the diversity of services and facilities provided by the bank and how the bank directors and staff deal with customers indicating that for customers the main services of bank and how the staff deal with them is very important and these two factors should be focused to increase better experience of customers.
Components of School-Based Management in the Educational Systems of Several Countries
Authors: Fallahi Kewmars , Matin Nematallah
Published: August 2016

Manage school axis, as one of the Strategies of reform of education in the educational systems are in this solution wanted very much to the requests provides and decisions to the school for raising the level of education shown, experience of the school education axis, suggest this point is that what decisions to different levels of the school are close to access to society to attend enthusiastically with quality, guarantee more and the participation of people in the administration of schools in the framework of the policies of training adults national increase,. In the educational system school axis, passing through the administrative focus on the delete lack of concentration, subject to submission provides more from the center to the local and strategy more forward-thinking than simply hoping for programming textbooks based on local needs and participation of teachers and even students in the decisions related to school. In this check the chief aim" comparative compared solutions to manage school axis in the systems of different educational “It is using the method of descriptive name "Adapting the structure of the educational systems of the school of "and "comparison  pivotal school" and "study of the schools in the system of training 30 countries of the world".
Investigating the Effects of Different Levels of Formal Education on Iran’s Economic Growth
Authors: Ansari Abdollah
Published: August 2016

Human capital accumulation affects economic growth and education is one of the main elements of human capital. Different levels of formal education can leave different effects on economic growth. I used data from the time period of 1981-2013 and vector auto regression method to study the effects of different levels of formal education on Iran’s economic growth. The results showed that increasing schooling at elementary, secondary and higher education levels have a significant effect on growth and in the long run, employees with university degrees, those with secondary and primary school qualifications had the greatest impact on GDP growth, respectively.
The Role of International Cooperation in Demarcation of Territorial Boundaries in International Law and Procedures
Authors: Saberrad Mohammad , Zamani Seyed Ghasem
Published: August 2016

Non-judicial developments in the field of boundary issues, with the aim of achieving stability and preserve it, move toward the ideal of international community. The ideal is to maintain international peace, order and security. Developments and advances are in the service of this ideal and countries take steps in this direction with responsibility than before and with believe in integrity of international peace, order and security, and apply technical and human progresses in this way. International organizations and countries, as the main subjects of international law, with understanding adverse consequences of instability, use all the tools necessary to achieve this goal and non-judicial developments occurring in delimitation of international territorial boundaries, are in line with this excellent goal. Today, countries cooperate wider than past in different ways and in all fields including boundary issues. Deep understanding toward the importance of international peace, order and security and legal belief to necessity of such cooperation, undoubtedly have facilitate today direction. Of course, the role of international institutions and organizations was very dramatic in developing such belief.
Jacques Kornberg. The Pope’s Dilemma: Pius XII Faces Atrocities and Genocide in the Second World War
Authors: Kertzer David I.
Published: August 2016

No abstract is available.
The physiological consequences of varied heat exposure events in adultMyzus persicae: a single prolonged exposure compared to repeated shorter exposures
Authors: Ghaedi Behnaz , Andrew Nigel R.
Published: August 2016

The study of environmental stress tolerance in aphids has primarily been at low temperatures. In these cases, and in the rare cases of high temperature tolerance assessments, all exposures had been during a single stress event. In the present study, we examined the physiological consequences of repeated high temperature exposure with recovery periods between these stress events inMyzus persicae. We subjected individuals to either a single prolonged three hour heating event, or three one hour heating events with a recovery time of 24 h between bouts. Aphids exposed to repeated bouts of high temperatures had more glucose and higher expression of proteins and osmolyte compounds, such as glycerol, compared to the prolonged exposure group. However, aphids exposed to the repeated high temperature treatment had reduced sources of energy such as trehalose and triglyceride compounds than the prolonged exposure group. Recovery time had more physiological costs (based on production of more protein and consumption of more trehalose and triglyceride) and benefits (based on production of more osmolytes) in repeated high temperature treatments. As aphids are known to respond differently to constant versus ‘natural’ fluctuating temperature regimes, conclusions drawn from constant temperature data sets may be problematic. We suggest future experiments assessing insect responses to thermal stress incorporate a repeated stress and recovery pattern into their methodologies.
Bone lesions in Chinese POEMS syndrome patients: imaging characteristics and clinical implications
Authors: Wang Fengdan , Huang Xufei , Zhang Yan , Li Jian , Zhou Daobin , Jin Zhengyu
Published: August 2016

Objective.Bone lesion is crucial for diagnosing and management of polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein, and skin change (POEMS) syndrome, a rare plasma cell disorder. This study is to compare the effectiveness of X-ray skeletal survey (SS) and computed tomography (CT) for detecting bone lesions in Chinese POEMS syndrome patients, and to investigate the relationship between bone lesion features and serum markers.

Methods.SS and chest/abdomen/pelvic CT images of 38 Chinese patients (26 males, 12 females, aged 21–70 years) with POEMS syndrome recruited at our medical center between January 2013 and January 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Bone lesions identified by CT were further categorized according to the size (<5 mm, 5–10 mm, >10 mm) and appearance (osteosclerotic, lytic, mixed). The percentage of plasma cells in bone marrow smears, type of immunoglobulin, platelet (Plt), and levels of serum bone metabolic markers and inflammatory factors including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), beta-isomerized C-telopeptide (β-CTx), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin (IL)-6 levels were also recorded.

Results.Of the 38 POEMS syndrome patients, the immunoglobulin heavy chain isotypes were IgA in 25 patients (65.8%; 25/38) and IgG in 13 patients (34.2%; 13/38), and the light chain isotypes wereλin 35 patients (92.1%; 35/38) andκin 3 patients (7.9%; 3/38). There were 23 patients with thrombocytosis. More patients with bone lesions were detected by CT than by SS (97.4% vs. 86.8%). The most commonly affected location was the pelvis (89.5%), followed by the spine, clavicle/scapula/sternum/ribs, skull, and long bones. Of the 38 POEMS syndrome patients, 35 (94.6%) had osteosclerotic and 32 (86.5%) had mixed lesions. Osteosclerotic lesions were typically scattered, variable in size, and plaque-like, whereas mixed lesions were pouch-shaped or soup bubble-like with a clear sclerotic margin and were generally larger. Although the majority of bone lesions were small in size, 23 (62.2%) had at least one lesion >10 mm. There was no correlation between serum marker levels and bone lesion patterns after Bonferroni correction (allP> 0.001).

Conclusions.CT is more sensitive and accurate than SS in detecting bone lesions in POEMS syndrome.
The Role of Abdominal and Pelvic Computed Tomography Scans for Geriatric Blunt Trauma Patients on Antiplatelet and/or Anticoagulation Medications
Authors: Lee Young , Lee Aaron , Docimo Salvator , Hadeed Jodi , Simlote Nidhi , Meytes Vadim , Kopatsis Katherine , Kopatsis Anthony
Published: August 2016

Blunt trauma is the most common mechanism of injury in the geriatric population. The benefits of computed tomography (CT) scanning have demonstrated improved outcomes for blunt trauma patients with head injuries. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the clinical value of using a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis on geriatric blunt trauma patients on antiplatelet/anticoagulation (AP/AC) therapy. A retrospective study reviewing geriatric patients admitted to our urban level 1 trauma center from December 2012 to September 2014 was performed. The inclusion criteria for the study included patients older than 65 years of age, admission after a blunt trauma, and on AP/AC therapy. Male and female patients with dementia were more likely to have a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis (P = 0.002 and P = 1 × 10−6, respectively). There was no statistical significance in the difference in outcomes between the demented patients who received a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis and the ones who did not. Our study demonstrated that there is no benefit in terms of length of stay, morbidity, or mortality, regardless of sex, after a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis.
What Is Lupus?
Authors: Voelker Rebecca
Published: September 2024

This JAMA Patient Page describes the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus and its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
Long-Term Use of Muscle Relaxant Medications for Chronic Pain
Authors: Oldfield Benjamin J. , Gleeson Brynna , Morford Kenneth L. , Adams Zoe , Funaro Melissa C. , Becker William C. , Merlin Jessica S.
Published: September 2024

Importance

Stricter opioid prescribing guidelines have increased prescriptions of skeletal muscle relaxants (SMRs) for chronic pain, but the efficacy of long-term use of SMRs for chronic pain is unknown.

Objective

To systematically review the effectiveness or efficacy of long-term use of SMRs for chronic pain.

Evidence Review

Two reviewers systematically searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase (Ovid), Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane through December 4, 2023. They included articles published in English, Spanish, or Italian. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and cohort studies with comparator groups evaluating at least 1-month duration of SMRs for chronic pain were included. The reviewers dually reviewed data abstraction, risk-of-bias, and quality. They characterized studies by chronic pain syndrome: low back pain, fibromyalgia, headaches, painful cramps or spasticity, and other syndromes.

Findings

A total of 30 RCTs with 1314 participants and 14 cohort studies with 1168 participants assessed SMRs for chronic pain. Studies were primarily short-term (4-6 weeks). Nine unique SMRs were represented by the studies identified. Eleven studies (25%) examined baclofen, 8 (18%) examined tizanidine, and 7 (16%) examined cyclobenzaprine. Evidence for effectiveness was strongest for SMRs used for trigeminal neuralgia, neck pain, and painful cramps; evidence suggested SMRs for fibromyalgia, low back pain, and other syndromes were not more beneficial than placebo. The most common adverse effects were sedation and dry mouth. RCTs had a low to moderate risk of bias, and the quality of cohort studies was fair to good.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review of long-term use of SMRs for chronic pain, findings suggest that their long-term use may benefit patients with painful spasms or cramps and neck pain; their long-term use for low back pain, fibromyalgia, and headaches did not appear to be beneficial. Clinicians should be vigilant for adverse effects and consider deprescribing if pain-related goals are not met.
Industry needs matter—Incorporating stakeholder interests in the selection of flower resources to support pollinators
Authors: Samnegård Ulrika , Jones Jeremy , Santos Karen C. B. S. , Goodwin Emma , Rocchetti Maurizio , Rader Romina
Published: September 2024

Most pollinator policy initiatives are focused on habitat restoration and increasing the availability of floral resources, yet the choice of plant species is not always compatible with farming system cultivation and management needs.

In this paper, we developed a framework for selecting plants to specifically meet stakeholder needs. We trialled 19 plant species and collected observational data on plant‐insect visitors, plant survival in the orchard environment and potential risks to crops and the environment. We used this framework to identify plants suitable to incorporate into blueberry cropping systems.

Practical implication: Our framework ensured plant choice based on informed decisions and allowed the selection of two plant species that aligned well with industry needs. Different plants may be optimal for different conservation aims, hence plants selected need ideally to be evaluated for their use by the flower‐visiting taxa, as well as align with industry growing practices and needs.
Efficient and Stable Blue Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes Enabled by Effective Hydrolysis of Dichloride
Authors: Zhou Xin , Ren Zhenwei , Zheng Zhiyong , Luo Chengzhao , Chen Hua , Peng Huanxi , Hu Bin , Chen Yu
Published: September 2024

Despite the substantial progress in sky‐blue (480−495 nm) perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs), the pure‐blue PeLEDs (<480 nm) merely show moderate performances. As a straightforward and effective facile way to obtain pure‐blue emission, the bromide‐chloride mixed perovskites have received considerable attention. However, the tricky issue of halide migration in the mixed halide perovskites makes a tough challenge to achieve efficient PeLEDs with stable electroluminescence (EL) spectra. Herein, the in situ treatment of Cl‐rich benzene phosphorus oxydichloride (BPOD) is proposed to achieve high‐quality pure‐blue perovskites by simultaneously enlarging the perovskite bandgap, passivating the halide vacancy defects, and immobilizing the halide ions through the hydrolysis products of chloride ions and phenylphosphonic acid. As a result, highly‐performed pure‐blue PeLEDs with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9.3% at 477 nm, an impressive lifetime of 34.7 min at 104 cd m−2, and very stable EL spectra are achieved, which are superior to the conventional mixed halide PeLEDs based on lead‐chloride precursor, representing one of the best performances for mixed halide pure‐blue PeLEDs. Therefore, this work contributes a feasible and effective method for efficient and stable pure‐blue PeLEDs.
Extended Surface Bands Enabled Lasing Emission and Wavelength Switch from Sulfur Quantum Dots
Authors: Xiao Lian , Duan Rui , Zhou Xuehong , Liu Sihang , Du Quanchao , Ren Tianhua , Yeow Edwin Kok Lee , Ta Van Duong , Huang Yi , Sun Handong
Published: September 2024

The development of a lasing wavelength switch, particularly from a single inorganic gain material, is challenging but highly demanded for advanced photonics. Nonetheless, all current lasing emission of inorganic gain materials arises from band‐edge states, and the inherent fixed bandgap limitation of the band‐edge system leads to the inaccessibility of lasing wavelength switching from a single inorganic gain material. Here the realization of a single inorganic gain material‐based lasing wavelength switch is reported by proposing an alternative lasing emission strategy, that is, lasing emission from surface gain. Previous efforts to achieve surface‐gain‐enabled lasing emission have been hindered by the limited gain volume provided by surface states due to the broad emission bandwidth and/or low emission efficiency. This challenge is overcome by introducing extended surface bands onto the surface of sulfur quantum dots. The extended surface bands contribute to a high photoluminescence quantum yield and narrow emission bandwidth, thereby providing sufficient gain volume and facilitating stimulated emission. When combined with whispering gallery mode microcavity, surface gain enabled lasing emission manifests an ultralow threshold of 8.3 µJ cm−2. Remarkably, the reconfigurable perturbation to surface gain, facilitated by molecular affinity, allows for the realization of the lasing wavelength switch from a single inorganic gain material.