bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A spatial analytical approach for selecting reintroduction sites for burbot in English rivers
Authors: WORTHINGTON T. , KEMP P. S. , OSBORNE P. E. , DILLEN A. , COECK J. , BUNZEL‐DRÜKE M. , NAURA M. , GREGORY J. , EASTON K.
Published: November 2011

1. Availability of suitable habitat is a prerequisite for species reintroduction success, and to ensure population persistence, investigations of a species’ habitat utilisation throughout its life history should be conducted as part of a feasibility study.

2. Habitat utilisation models for burbot, Lota lota, developed using data from field studies conducted in France and Germany and information from the literature were used to assess the feasibility of reintroducing burbot into rivers of its former native range in eastern England.

3. Per cent tree roots, aquatic vegetation and flow types were important predictors of adult burbot abundance. Furthermore, the habitat utilisation models were supplemented with information from the literature, which suggested that off‐channel habitat such as wetlands and backwaters is important for spawning and nursery stages.

4. An assessment of the habitat availability in the rivers of the burbot’s former native range using variables related to spawning and nursery and adult life stages showed that although adult habitat was widely distributed, the availability of spawning and nursery habitat was less abundant, potentially limiting successful reestablishment.

5. Potential suitable habitat was concentrated in the central and southern areas of the species’ former English distribution. Overall, rivers of the burbot’s former range potentially afford suitable habitat to sustain a reintroduced population. However, sites should be preferentially selected on the basis of having appropriate spawning and nursery areas.
Histological and immunohistological findings in biliary intraepithelial neoplasia arising from a background of chronic biliary disease compared with liver cirrhosis of non‐biliary aetiology
Authors: Aishima Shinichi , Iguchi Tomohiro , Fujita Nobuhiro , Taketomi Akinobu , Maehara Yoshihiko , Tsuneyoshi Masazumi , Oda Yoshinao
Published: November 2011

Aishima S, Iguchi T, Fujita N, Taketomi A, Maehara Y, Tsuneyoshi M & Oda Y (2011) Histopathology59, 867–875

Histological and immunohistological findings in biliary intraepithelial neoplasia arising from a background of chronic biliary disease compared with liver cirrhosis of non‐biliary aetiology

Aims:  Hitherto, biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) has been described in chronic biliary disease but rarely in non‐biliary liver cirrhosis (LC). Intraepithelial neoplasia of the pancreas shows alterations in the expression of cell cycle and mucin core proteins. The aim of this study was to evaluate BilIN and reactive biliary lesions in biliary disease and non‐biliary LC.

Methods and results:  BilIN was found in 51% (33 of 65) of liver tissue cases of biliary disease, and in 11% (34 of 310) of the LC group. Immunohistologically, MUC5AC, an ‘early phase’ protein, and Ki67, reflecting ‘late phase’ expression, were identified with increasing degrees of dysplasia in both groups, but that expression was significantly higher in the biliary disease group. ‘Early phase’ cell cycle proteins, p16 (decrease) and p21 (increase) altered in both biliary and LC groups with increasing degrees of dysplasia.

Conclusions:  We found BilIN in the large bile ducts of hepatitis B virus‐ and hepatitis C virus‐related LC as well as in cases related to a biliary aetiology. The LC group was significantly less likely to show changes in the expression of MUC5AC and proliferative activity than the biliary group. Alterations in p16 and p21 reflected increasing degrees of dysplasia in both groups.
Minimizing damage during FIB sample preparation of soft materials
Authors: BASSIM N.D. , DE GREGORIO B.T. , KILCOYNE A.L.D. , SCOTT K. , CHOU T. , WIRICK S. , CODY G. , STROUD R.M.
Published: November 2011

Although focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy has been used successfully for milling patterns and creating ultra‐thin electron and soft X‐ray transparent sections of polymers and other soft materials, little has been documented regarding FIB‐induced damage of these materials beyond qualitative evaluations of microstructure. In this study, we sought to identify steps in the FIB preparation process that can cause changes in chemical composition and bonding in soft materials. The impact of various parameters in the FIB‐scanning electron microscope (SEM) sample preparation process, such as final milling voltage, temperature, ion beam overlap and mechanical stability of soft samples, was evaluated using two test‐case materials systems: polyacrylamide, a low melting‐point polymer, and Wyodak lignite coal, a refractory organic material. We evaluated changes in carbon bonding in the samples using X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) at the carbon K edge and compared these samples with thin sections that had been prepared mechanically using ultramicrotomy. Minor chemical changes were induced in the coal samples during FIB‐SEM preparation, and little effect was observed by changing ion‐beam parameters. However, polyacrylamide was particularly sensitive to irradiation by the electron beam, which drastically altered the chemistry of the sample, with the primary damage occurring as an increase in the amount of aromatic carbon bonding (C=C). Changes in temperature, final milling voltage and beam overlap led to small improvements in the quality of the specimens. We outline a series of best practices for preparing electron and soft X‐ray transparent samples, with respect to preserving chemical structure and mechanical stability of soft materials using the FIB.
The contribution of protein kinase C and CPI‐17 signaling pathways to hypercontractility in murine experimental colitis
Authors: Ihara E. , Chappellaz M. , Turner S. R. , Macdonald J. A.
Published: November 2011

Background  Colonic smooth muscle contractility is altered in colitis, and several protein kinase pathways can mediate colonic smooth muscle contraction. In the present study, we investigated whether protein kinase C (PKC) pathways also play a role in colonic hypercontractility observed during TH2 colitis in BALB/c mice.

Methods  Colitis was induced in BALB/c mice by provision of 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days. Changes in smooth muscle contractility were examined using dissected circular smooth muscle preparations from the distal colon. The contribution of conventional and novel PKC isozymes to the hypercontractile response was examined with pharmacological PKC inhibitors. Western blot analyses were used to examine protein expression and phosphorylation changes.

Key Results  Colonic smooth muscle was associated with inflammation‐induced hypercontractility and altered PKC expression. Carbachol‐induced peak (phasic) and sustained (tonic) contractions were increased. Chelerythrine was the most effective PKC inhibitor of both phasic and tonic contractions. There was no general difference in the percent contribution of conventional and novel PKC isozymes toward the DSS‐induced hypercontractility, but inhibition of sustained force with GF109203x was higher for inflamed muscle. The CPI‐17 phosphorylation was equally suppressed in both normal and DSS conditions by Gö6976 and chelerythrine, but only for the phasic component of contraction.

Conclusions & Inferences  The outcomes suggest that both conventional and novel PKC isozymes contribute to the phasic and tonic contractile components of BALB/c colonic circular smooth muscle under normal conditions, with novel PKC isozymes having a greater contribution to the tonic contraction. However, no effect of inflammation was observed on the relative contribution of PKC and CPI‐17 toward the observed hypercontractility.
Identification of genomic deletions spanning the PCDH19 gene in two unrelated girls with intellectual disability and seizures
Authors: Vincent AK , Noor A , Janson A , Minassian BA , Ayub M , Vincent JB , Morel CF
Published: November 2011

Vincent AK, Noor A, Janson A, Minassian BA, Ayub M, Vincent JB, Morel CF. Identification of genomic deletions spanning the PCDH19 gene in two unrelated girls with intellectual disability and seizures.

Recently, missense and truncating mutations in the gene PCDH19 have been reported to cause female‐restricted epilepsy with mental retardation (EFMR). EFMR (MIM#300088) is an X‐linked disorder characterized by early onset seizures and intellectual disability (ID). Interestingly, unlike typical X‐linked mode of inheritance, the phenotype is restricted to females, and males are unaffected carriers. PCDH19 is highly expressed in brain, and the encoded protein belongs to the cadherin superfamily. Here we report two unrelated female patients with deletions spanning PCDH19 identified by copy number variation (CNV) analysis and validated by qPCR. In one, we have identified a 3 Mb interstitial deletion at Xq21.33‐q22.1 which spans PCDH19, LOC442459 & TNMD. This patient had her first seizure at 8 months old, and also has ID and aggressive behavior. In another female patient we identified a de novo 603 kb heterozygous deletion in a female patient with fits (since 1 year of age), ID, hyperactivity and aggressive behavior. The deletion spans the entire PCDH19 gene (also TNMD, SRPX2, TSPAN6 and SYTL4). In conclusion, our results suggest that deletions at PCDH19 also cause EFMR.
Overweight and obesity in pediatric liver transplant recipients: Prevalence and predictors before and after transplant, United Network for Organ Sharing Data, 1987–2010
Authors: Perito Emily Rothbaum , Glidden Dave , Roberts John Paul , Rosenthal Philip
Published: November 2011

Perito ER, Glidden D, Roberts JP, Rosenthal P. Overweight and obesity in pediatric liver transplant recipients: Prevalence and predictors before and after transplant, United Network for Organ Sharing Data, 1987–2010.  Pediatr Transplantation 2012: 16: 41–49. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Obesity is extremely common in adult liver transplant recipients and healthy U.S. children. Little is known about the prevalence or risk factors for post‐transplant obesity in pediatric liver transplant recipients. UNOS data on all U.S. liver transplants 1987–2010 in children 6 months–20 yr at transplant were analyzed. Subjects were categorized as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese by CDC guidelines. Predictors of weight status at and after transplant were identified using multivariate logistic regression. Of 3043 children 6–24 months at transplant, 14% were overweight. Of 4658 subjects 2–20 yr at transplant, 16% were overweight and 13% obese. Children overweight/obese at transplant were more likely to be overweight/obese at one, two, and five yr after transplant in all age groups after adjusting for age, ethnicity, primary diagnosis, year of transplant, and transplant type. Weight status at transplant was not associated with overweight/obesity by 10 yr after transplant. The prevalence of post‐transplant obesity remained high in long‐term follow‐up, from 20% to 50% depending on age and weight status at transplant. Weight status at transplant is the strongest predictor of post‐transplant overweight/obesity. To optimize long‐term outcomes in pediatric liver transplant recipients, monitoring for obesity and its comorbidities is important.
Acute humoral rejection in pediatric renal transplant recipients receiving steroid minimization immunosuppression
Authors: Butani Lavjay , Gallay Brian J.
Published: November 2011

Butani L, Gallay BJ. Acute humoral rejection in pediatric renal transplant recipients receiving steroid minimization immunosuppression.

Abstract:  SM protocols have increasingly gained acceptance owing to their favorable side effect profile with comparable cellular rejection rates. After encountering SM patients with AHR, we performed a case‐control study to identify predictors associated with AHR in this cohort. Patients with (n = 4) and without (n = 19) biopsy proven AHR on a SM regimen were compared using the Student’s t‐tests. The median age at transplant was 13.8 yr. Compared to controls, the AHR cohort was older (15.9 vs. 12.1 yr, p = 0.01). Children with AHR had a lower mean tacrolimus trough level and were more likely to have a sub‐therapeutic trough at six months (3.5 vs. 5.5 ng/mL, p = 0.05); mean MMF doses were lower at all times points except three months in the AHR group (not statistically significant). This occurred in spite of higher MPA trough levels at all study points in the AHR group (significant at 3 [p = 0.019] and 6 [p = 0.03] months). Children receiving a SM regimen have a lower safety net and may benefit from more intensive monitoring of tacrolimus exposure. MMF dose modifications based on MPA trough determinations should be resisted in the setting of SM.
The role of autophagy in unilateral ureteral obstruction rat model
Authors: KIM WAN‐YOUNG , NAM SUN AH , SONG HO CHEOL , KO JUN SUNG , PARK SANG HEE , KIM HONG LIM , CHOI EUY JIN , KIM YONG‐SOO , KIM JIN , KIM YONG KYUN
Published: November 2011

Aim:  Autophagy is a cellular process of degradation of damaged cytoplasmic components and regulates cell death or proliferation. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is a model of progressive renal fibrosis in the obstructed kidney. And UUO is followed by compensatory cellular proliferation in the contralateral kidney. We investigate the role of autophagy in the obstructed kidney and contralateral kidney after UUO.

Methods:  To obtain the evidence and the patterns of autophagy during UUO, the rats were sacrificed 3, 7 and 14 days after UUO. To examine the efficacy of the autophagy inhibitors, 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA), the rats were treated daily with intraperitoneal injection of 3‐MA (30 mg/kg per day) for 7 days.

Results:  After UUO, autophagy was induced in the obstructed kidney in a time‐dependent manner. Inhibition of autophagy by 3‐MA enhanced tubular cell apoptosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the obstructed kidney after UUO. In the contralateral kidney, autophagy was also induced and prolonged during UUO. Inhibition of autophagy by 3‐MA increased the protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen significantly in the contralateral kidney after UUO. The Akt‐mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway was involved in the induction of autophagy after UUO in both kidneys.

Conclusion:  Our present results support that autophagy induced by UUO has a renoprotective role in the obstructed kidney and regulatory role of compensatory cellular proliferation in the contralateral kidney through Akt‐mTOR signalling pathway.
Losing anti‐predatory behaviour: A cost of translocation
Authors: WHITWELL SARAH M. , AMIOT CHRISTOPHE , MCLEAN IAN G. , LOVEGROVE TIM G. , ARMSTRONG DOUG P. , BRUNTON DIANNE H. , JI WEIHONG
Published: November 2011

Translocation of endangered species to habitats where exotic predators have been removed is now a common conservation practice around the world. Many of these translocated populations have thrived, and they are often used as sources for the harvesting of individuals for translocations to sites where exotic predators still exist, albeit at reduced densities. This study investigates how isolation from exotic predators affects the ability of individuals to recognize such predators using the North Island robin (Petroica longipes) as a model. The study was carried out in three robin populations in the North Island, New Zealand: a translocated population on Tiritiri Matangi Island, where exotic mammalian predators are absent; a population reintroduced from Tiritiri Matangi Island to Wenderholm Regional Park, a mainland site where these mammals are controlled to low densities; and a mainland population at Benneydale where exotic predatory mammals are common. The response intensity of robins to a model stoat was high at Benneydale and low at Tiritiri Matangi and Wenderholm. This result indicates that isolation from mammalian predators on Tiritiri Matangi has suppressed the ability of North Island robins to recognize these predators. It is possible that the low predatory mammal densities at Wenderholm have reduced robin contact with stoats, therefore reduced the opportunity for robins to learn to recognize stoats. Thus, translocation of individuals from populations without predators to places where key predators still exist could be unsuccessful if translocated individuals fail to perform appropriate anti‐predator behaviours.
Energetic and biomechanical constraints on animal migration distance
Authors: Hein Andrew M. , Hou Chen , Gillooly James F.
Published: November 2011

Ecology Letters(2011)

Animal migration is one of the great wonders of nature, but the factors that determine how far migrants travel remain poorly understood. We present a new quantitative model of animal migration and use it to describe the maximum migration distance of walking, swimming and flying migrants. The model combines biomechanics and metabolic scaling to show how maximum migration distance is constrained by body size for each mode of travel. The model also indicates that the number of body lengths travelled by walking and swimming migrants should be approximately invariant of body size. Data from over 200 species of migratory birds, mammals, fish, and invertebrates support the central conclusion of the model – that body size drives variation in maximum migration distance among species through its effects on metabolism and the cost of locomotion. The model provides a new tool to enhance general understanding of the ecology and evolution of migration.
New classification for men with lower urinary tract symptoms: cluster analysis using the International Prostate Symptom Score
Authors: Aikawa Ken , Yamaguchi Osamu , Oguro Toshiki , Ishibashi Kei , Yanagida Tomohiko , Nomiya Masanori , Haga Nobuhiro , Yoshiyasu Takashi , Kobayashi Toshimitsu
Published: November 2011

Study Type – Symptom prevalence (cohort)

Level of Evidence 2a

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Two large‐scale studies evaluating male LUTS by cluster analysis have been reported. In these reports, male LUTS was classified into five clusters or into six clusters.

Previous studies were based on data from population‐based health surveys. To provide a better understanding of how male patients with LUTS experience symptoms as symptom clusters and to identify common combinations of LUTS, we performed a clinic‐based survey.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in various combinations could be classified into characteristic symptom groups using cluster analysis.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Secondary analysis of anonymous data from 10 434 patients enrolled in a postmarketing surveillance study of tamsulosin in Japan was performed. Data were prospectively collected through the central register from men diagnosed with LUTS in 1100 medical institutions between October 2004 and March 2005.

Those who had received an α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist within 1 week before the initial visit were excluded.

The survey items were International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QOL) score, and patient characteristics including age, bodyweight, body mass index, and LUTS‐related comorbid conditions.

Data on IPSS items were used in a hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward's method).

RESULTS

Of 10 434 men with LUTS, 9910 were included in the analysis after 5% data trimming (524 patients). Five symptom clusters were identified and the symptom types of each cluster were examined.

The largest cluster (27%) consisted of patients with multiple severe symptoms, i.e. complaining of six or more symptoms with a mean score ≥2.8. In contrast, the second smallest cluster (13%) consisted of patients with minimal symptoms, i.e. complaining of essentially one or two symptom with a mean score ≤2.1.

The other three clusters were labelled based on their dominant symptoms. The clusters were weak stream (27%), storage symptoms (21%) and voiding symptoms (12%).

The storage symptoms group was older, and had more comorbidities.

The distribution of the QOL score was different among the clusters, and the percentage of patients who were very dissatisfied was highest in the multiple severe symptoms group and lowest in the minimal symptoms group.

CONCLUSIONS

Cluster analysis using the IPSS showed that men with LUTS can be classified into five characteristic symptom groups.

A new approach to symptom‐based classification may be useful to elucidate the pathology of male LUTS and individualize the therapeutic strategy for affected patients, but further studies are needed.
Resilience is a good predictor of hopelessness even after accounting for stressful life events, mood and personality (NEO‐PI‐R)
Authors: HJEMDAL ODIN , FRIBORG ODDGEIR , STILES TORE C.
Published: November 2011

Hjemdal, O., Friborg, O. & Stiles, T. C. (2012). Resilience is a good predictor of hopelessness even after accounting for stressful life events, mood and personality (NEO‐PI‐R). Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 53, 174–180.

A better understanding of the relation between protection and vulnerability may advance our understanding of mental health. Therefore the purpose of this study was to examine the incremental validity of the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) as a predictor for level of hopelessness. A healthy sample (N = 532) completed the Beck Hopelessness Scale, a list of Stressful Life Events (SLE), the Hopkins Symptom Checklist‐25 (HSCL‐25), NEO‐PI‐R (NEO Personality Inventory Revised) and the RSA. The relations between the variables were explored with correlations and multiple hierarchical regression analyses. The results indicated that the RSA measures important protective factors that significantly predict lower levels of hopelessness even when accounting for age, gender, SLE, HSCL‐25 and NEO‐PI‐R. This study supports the notion that the protective resilience factors in the RSA have unique contributions over and above established constructs of stressful life events, depressive and anxiety symptoms and personality in predicting hopelessness, supporting the incremental validity of the RSA.
Mozart'sArt ofRetransition
Authors: IVANOVITCH ROMAN
Published: November 2011

In recent years scholarly attention has become attuned to the notion of the ‘beautiful’ in Mozart: studies by Scott Burnham, Mary Hunter and Maynard Solomon have drawn attention to passages of sumptuous beauty, a hallmark of the composer's style. The present study amplifies this concern by focusing on a characteristic Mozartian gesture, noteworthy for being at once prosaically functional and conspicuously, richly (over‐)composed: a type of retransition procedure involving a contrapuntally braided linear descent over a dominant pedal. One of a family of ‘standing on the dominant’ techniques, the gesture is most distinctively found in slow movements, whose pacing allows the descent's tiny harmonic and contrapuntal jolts to resonate and be fully absorbed. In the context of Mozart scholarship, these underexplored sections are particularly sensitive, for they lie at the seam between art and craft: some of the most dazzling, memorable passages in Mozart, they are nonetheless grounded in everyday compositional procedures, markers of quotidian expertise. Using examples from the Piano Concertos in D (K. 451) and C (K. 503), the Piano Trio in B♭ (K. 502) and other works, this study elucidates the basic technical features of these passages. The aim is to place any more effusive discussions of Mozart's artistry on the firmest possible footing.
Separation of sunscreens in skincare creams using greener high‐temperature liquid chromatography and subcritical water chromatography
Authors: Kapalavavi B. , Marple R. , Gamsky C. , Yang Y.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

In this study, high‐temperature liquid chromatographic (HTLC) and subcritical water chromatographic (SBWC) separations of sunscreens contained in skincare creams were achieved at temperatures ranging from 90 to 250°C. The columns employed in this work include a ZirChrom‐DiamondBond‐C18, a XTerra MS C18 and a XBridge C18 column. The quantity of methanol consumed by the greener HTLC sunscreen methods developed in this project is significantly reduced although the HTLC separation at this stage is not as efficient as that achieved by traditional HPLC. SBWC separation of sunscreens was also achieved on the XTerra MS C18 and the XBridge C18 columns using pure water at 230–250°C. Methanol was eliminated in the SBWC methods developed in this study.
Structural and functional changes in the alveolar bone osteoclasts of estrogen‐treated rats
Authors: Faloni Ana Paula de Souza , Sasso‐Cerri Estela , Rocha Fernanda Regina Godoy , Katchburian Eduardo , Cerri Paulo Sérgio
Published: November 2011

This study investigated structural and functional features of apoptotic alveolar bone osteoclasts in estrogen‐treated rats. For this purpose, 15 female rats 22 days old were divided into three groups: Estrogen (EG), Sham (SG) and Control (CG). The rats of EG received daily intramuscular injection of estrogen for 7 days. The SG received only the oil vehicle. Maxillary fragments containing alveolar bone were removed and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Area (OcA) and number of nuclei (OcN) and bone resorption surface per TRAP‐positive osteoclasts (BS/OC) were obtained. Vimentin, caspase‐3 and MMP‐9 immunoreactions, TUNEL/TRAP and MMP‐9/TUNEL combined reactions were performed. In EG, the OcA, OcN and BS/Oc were reduced. Moreover, osteoclasts showed cytoplasm immunolabelled by caspase‐3 and a different pattern of vimentin expression in comparison with CG and SG. MMP‐9 expression was not affected by estrogen and the TUNEL‐positive osteoclasts were MMP‐9‐immunolabelled. In EG, ultrastructural images showed that apoptotic osteoclasts did not exhibit ruffled borders or clear zones and were shedding mononucleated portions. TRAP‐positive structures containing irregular and dense chromatin were partially surrounded by fibroblast‐like cells. In conclusion, the reduction in the BS/Oc may be due to reduction in OcA and OcN; these effects seem to be related to vimentin disarrangement rather than to an interference of estrogen with osteoclast MMP‐9 expression. Osteoclast apoptosis involves caspase‐3 activity and vimentin degradation; these cells release portions containing one apoptotic nucleus and, subsequently, undergo fragmentation, giving rise to apoptotic bodies.
The Return to Cognitive Skills in the Australian Labour Market*
Authors: BARRETT GARRY F.
Published: November 2011

The labour market returns to education and cognitive skills are examined using the Australian component of the IALS from 2006. A key feature of the data is the availability of objective measures of literacy, numeracy and problem‐solving skills, along with a rich array of personal and job‐related characteristics. The mean return to an additional year of education is estimated to be 6.2 per cent, almost one‐third of which may be attributed to the acquisition of cognitive skills. Controlling for cognitive skills in the earnings equation has a small effect on the estimated return to labour market experience, while accounting for approximately half of the negative wage gap for immigrants from NESBs. The return to cognitive skills is uniform across quantiles of the conditional hourly earnings distribution. There is strong evidence of credentialism in the returns to education in Australia. A significant component of the ‘sheepskin’ effects in the returns to education is attributable to the higher cognitive skills associated with the completion of a credential.
Matching the Environment to Patients with Delirium: Lessons Learned from the Delirium Room, a Restraint‐Free Environment for Older Hospitalized Adults with Delirium
Authors: Flaherty Joseph H. , Little Milta O.
Published: November 2011

Delirium is associated with several negative outcomes and is not always preventable. Current practices for the management of older hospitalized adults with delirium, such as one‐on‐one sitters, antipsychotic medications, and physical restraints, have limited effectiveness or potential health risks. An alternative management model, called the Delirium Room (DR), is a four‐bed patient room (within an Acute Care for Elders (ACE) Unit) that provides 24‐hour nursing care, emphasizes nonpharmacological approaches, and is completely free of physical restraints. This article is based on 13 years of experience at two hospitals. The authors have found that a restraint‐free environment can be achieved; “tolerate, anticipate, and don't agitate” (the T‐A‐DA method) are the core principles of the nonpharmacological approach that go beyond the traditional strategies of management (such as reorientation); based on observational data, it appears that negative outcomes associated with delirium, such as loss of function, longer hospital stay, and greater mortality, can be decreased to levels seen in individuals without delirium; and based on limited data, it appears that the rate of falls is at least not higher in the DR than in the ACE unit overall. The limitations of the DR model include lack of randomized controlled trials and the inability to determine which component of the model provides its benefits.
Polyomavirus‐induced pilomatricomas in mice: from viral inoculation to tumour development
Authors: SÍMULA SILVINA , OZUNA PAOLA VILLÁN , OTERO JAVIER , CASAS JOSÉ , SANJUAN NORBERTO
Published: November 2011

Símula S,Villán Ozuna P, Otero J, Casas J, Sanjuan N. Polyomavirus‐induced pilomatricomas in mice: From viral inoculation to tumour development. APMIS 2012; 120: 397–404.

Polyomavirus has been used extensively to study tumour induction in mice. Although most neoplasms are well characterized, those arising from hair follicles have been referred to by different names during the last four decades. The purpose of this research was to contribute to a more accurate histological characterization of these tumours as well as to study the viral progression from the onset of infection to the development of neoplasms. Polyomavirus A2 was inoculated into newborn C3H/BiDa mice, and at different time‐points (from 5 to 70 days post‐inoculation) the mice were sacrificed and studied using histological, immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and virological methods. The fully developed hair follicle tumours consisted of a proliferation of matrix cells that evolved into ‘shadow’ cells with empty nuclei and finally into amorphous keratin; the tumours were therefore diagnosed as pilomatricomas. Viral VP‐1 was observed only in fully differentiated cells and not in proliferating‐cell‐nuclear‐antigen (PCNA)‐positive cells in the same tumour. In conclusion, Polyomavirus first replicated in the skin, and then disseminated through the blood and reached the outer sheath of the hair follicles and finally infected matrix cells, leading to the development of pilomatricomas from which infectious virus was isolated.
RCT comparing minimally with moderately rough implants. Part 2: microbial observations
Authors: Quirynen M. , Van Assche N.
Published: November 2011

Background

Most current implants have a moderately rough surface (compared with older minimally rough “turned” implants) to facilitate osseointegration. This randomized controlled trial (RCT), with split‐mouth design, examined whether this increased surface roughness influenced the initial subgingival plaque formation.

Material and methods

Ten fully edentulous and eight partially edentulous patients, all with a history of severe periodontitis, received 4–6 implants (mandible or maxilla). Per jaw, both minimally (turned) and moderately rough (TiUnite) implants (MKIII; Nobel Biocare) were alternated. Also, the healing and final abutments had similar surface characteristics. Subgingival biofilm formation was followed up for 1 year, and samples were analyzed by culture technique, qPCR and checkerboard

Results

Over the entire period, no statistically significant differences could be detected in subgingival microbiota between the minimally and moderately rough surfaces. In partially edentulous patients, the biofilm matured to a higher concentration of pathogens when compared with fully edentulous patients. The subgingival implant composition and concentration in partially edentulous patients were comparable to the subgingival microbiota along teeth.

Conclusion

The roughness of the more modern implants did not influence the biofilm formation during the first year of implant loading.
The effect of a gradual response to the environment on species distribution modeling performance
Authors: Meynard Christine N. , Kaplan David M.
Published: November 2011

Species distribution models (SDMs) have been widely used in ecology, biogeography, and conservation. Although ecological theory predicts that species occupancy is dynamic, the outputs of SDMs are generally converted into a single occurrence map, and model performance is evaluated in terms of success to predict presences and absences. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of a gradual response in species occupancy to environmental gradients into the performance of SDMs. First we outline guidelines for the appropriate simulation of artificial species that allows controlling for gradualism and prevalence in the occupancy patterns over an environmental gradient. Second, we derive theoretical expected values for success measures based on presence‐absence predictions (AUC, Kappa, sensitivity and specificity). And finally we used artificial species to exemplify and test the effect of a gradual probabilistic occupancy response to environmental gradients on SDM performance. Our results show that when a species responds gradually to an environmental gradient, conventional measures of SDM predictive success based on presence‐absence cannot be expected to attain currently accepted performance values considered as good, even for a model that recovers perfectly well the true probability of occurrence. A gradual response imposes a theoretical expected value for these measures of performance that can be calculated from the species properties. However, irrespective of the statistical modeling strategy used and of how gradual the species response is, one can recover the true probability of occurrence as a function of environmental variables provided that species and sample prevalence are similar. Therefore, model performance based on presence‐absence should be judged against the theoretical expected value rather than to absolute values currently in use such as AUC > 0.8. Overall, we advocate for a wider use of the probability of occurrence and emphasize the need for further technical developments in this sense.
Cancer stem‐like cells in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands: relationship with morphogenesis of histological variants
Authors: Fujita Shuichi , Ikeda Tohru
Published: November 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 207–213

Background:  Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a common malignant salivary gland tumor. AdCC is histologically characterized as having cribriform, tubular and solid patterns, and production of excess extracellular matrix (ECM). Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined cells within a tumor that possess the capacity to self‐renew and to induce the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor.

Methods:  To examine the morphogenetic relationship between CSCs and the growth patterns in AdCC, we employed formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded 26 cases of AdCC and immunohistochemically clarified the distribution of CSCs using CD133 and CD44 antibodies.

Results:  CD133‐ or CD44‐positive cancer stem (CS)‐like cells were scattered in the pseudocyst‐lining area of cribriform patterns having a Swiss cheese‐like appearance. However, based on the further overproduction of ECM, CS‐like cells accumulate in thin epithelial cords or trabecular arrangements. These CS‐like cell aggregations are considered to form two cell‐layered tubular patterns. Moreover, proliferation of outer cells in tubular patterns leads to cribriform patterns or solid patterns in the presence of excess ECM production or a lack of ECM overproduction, respectively. CS‐like cells in AdCC were frequently located at the border areas adjacent to ECM, with exception of some cribriform and solid variants.

Conclusion:  It is suggested that CSCs included in CD133‐ or CD44‐positive cells play an important role in morphogenesis of salivary AdCC, especially in transition among the histological growth patterns. ECM is well known as a component of the CSC microenvironment, and ECM may regulate morphogenesis of AdCC through the stimulation of CSCs.
Oral neurovascular hamartoma: a lesion searching for a name
Authors: Allon Irit , Allon Dror M. , Hirshberg Avraham , Shlomi Benjamin , Lifschitz‐Mercer Beatriz , Kaplan Ilana
Published: November 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 348–353

Background:  Neurovascular hamartoma (NVH), in particular in the oral cavity, is rarely described in the literature. The low number of cases may reflect a genuine rarity of the lesion, or it may be due to its being unrecognized and/or under‐reported.

Objectives:  To investigate clinical and microscopic features of oral NVH and to define microscopic diagnostic criteria with emphasis on the differential diagnosis.

Methods:  Archival cases diagnosed as oral NVH between 1999 and 2011 were retrieved; clinical and demographic data were collected, and a paired morphometric analysis was conducted, with each case of NVH a case of fibrous hyperplasia (FH) from the same oral location. The nerve bundle and blood vessel density were quantified in five microscopic fields at ×100 magnification.

Results:  The study group included 25 oral NVH, 11 men and 14 women, aged 6–76 years, (mean 44). The majority occurred in the tongue (54%), followed by the buccal mucosa and lower lip (17% each), clinically presenting as asymptomatic 0.25–2.5 cm exophytic masses. Microscopic characteristics included poorly circumscribed masses of closely packed nerve bundles and blood vessels in a loose matrix, containing minimal or no inflammation.

The mean nerve bundle density was significantly higher in NVH (4.28 ± 1.26) in comparison with FH (0.27 ± 0.27), (P < 0.00001), and mean vessel density was significantly lower (5.98 ± 1.4 vs. 7.8 ± 1.9, respectively), (P < 0.0003).

Conclusion:  Oral NVH may not be as rare as previously considered. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that NVH presents a separate distinct entity.
Parents’ ability to recall past injuries to maxillary primary incisors in their children*
Authors: Sheinvald‐Shusterman Kineret , Holan Gideon
Published: November 2011

Abstract –  Aim:  To evaluate the ability of parents to recall past injuries to their children’s maxillary primary incisors.

Materials and methods:  Clinical and radiographic trauma‐related major and minor signs observed in the first dental visit of 727 preschool children were recorded. Major signs included crown fracture, coronal discoloration, internal resorption, pulp canal obliteration, swelling, fistula, and periapical lesion. Minor signs included enamel cracks, sensitivity to percussion, dull or metallic sound on percussion, increased mobility, and widened periodontal ligament. Children were divided into groups: CT = certainly traumatized (presenting with at least one major sign or a combination of three minor signs), PT = probably traumatized (presenting with one or two minor signs) and NT = not traumatized. Accompanying parents were asked to recall past injuries to their children’s teeth. Possible replies were ‘no’, ‘yes’ and ‘probably yes’. Disagreement when both parents were present was recorded as ‘yes’. Crown fractures involving dentin, coronal discoloration, swelling and fistula were defined as ‘observable signs of trauma’.

Results:  One‐hundred and eighteen children were accompanied by fathers, 411 by mothers and 198 by both. The CT group comprised 464 children; the PT group, 103; and the NT group, 160, with no statistically significant differences by gender. Parents’ positive recall was similar for boys (33.3%) and girls (31.0%). Mothers recalled trauma in 32.6% and fathers in 27.1% of their children. Parents failed to recall trauma in 52.6% of the CT‐group children and in 43.5% of the PT‐group children. Parents failed to recall trauma in 37.6% of the children who had observable signs of trauma.

Conclusions:  Parents’ recall of dental trauma occurring in their children’s maxillary primary incisors was reliable in <50% of the cases.
Elementary school staff knowledge and attitude with regard to first‐aid management of dental trauma in Iran: a basic premise for developing future intervention
Authors: Raoof Maryam , Zaherara Fatemeh , Shokouhinejad Noushin , Mohammadalizadeh Sakineh
Published: November 2011

Abstract –  Aim:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate Iranian teachers’ knowledge and attitude with regard to emergency management of dental trauma.

Material and methods:  A four‐part questionnaire, including demographic data, knowledge, attitude, and self‐assessment, was given to 422 teachers from 14 schools. Data obtained from 400 completed questionnaires were statistically analyzed using t‐test, one‐way anova and Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results:  It was found that there was no statistically significant difference between knowledge and demographic variations (P > 0.05). However, there was a moderate positive association between knowledge and attitude toward emergency management of dental trauma (r = 0.38, P = 0.0001). The outcome indicated completely inadequate knowledge regarding the management of tooth fracture and avulsion. Most participants (94.3%) were unsatisfied with their awareness and suggested that further education on the topic should be offered.

Conclusions:  The present study revealed considerably low knowledge of the participants regarding the first‐aid management of dental trauma for the study group. As teachers get an opportunity to attend a case of dental trauma, strategies to improve the teachers’ knowledge seem crucial.
Octreotide as therapeutic option for congenital idiopathic chylothorax: a case series
Authors: Shah Dharmesh , Sinn John KH
Published: November 2011

Background:  Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, is used for the management of patients with refractory chylothorax although its safety and efficacy in neonates have not been evaluated in controlled clinical trials. We present one of the largest case series about the use of octreotide in congenital idiopathic chylothorax.

Methods:  Six cases of congenital chylothorax (CC) were prospectively collected, who were managed with same unit protocol for octreotide. Mean (SD) gestation was 34.5 (±2.2) weeks, and birthweight was 3410 (±840.4) g. All infants required chest drains from day 1 of life, and the mean (SD) duration of insertion was 36.1 (±8.5) days. Octreotide was commenced at a median age of 13.5 days (range 8–22), given for a median duration of 20 days (range 12–27). The starting dose was 0.5–1 μg/kg/h with an increment of 1–2 μg/kg/day to a maximum of 10 μg/kg/day. Resolution of chylothorax was achieved in five patients, being resistant to treatment in the sixth patient. None had adverse effects from octreotide. Full enteral feeds were reached at a mean age of 44 days.

Conclusion:  Early commencement of octreotide is recommended although further reports to evaluate the safety and efficacy would add to the profile of this medication in the treatment of CC.
Abfraction, Abrasion, Biocorrosion, and the Enigma of Noncarious Cervical Lesions: A 20‐Year Perspective
Authors: GRIPPO JOHN O. , SIMRING MARVIN , COLEMAN THOMAS A.
Published: November 2011

Hitherto, noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) of teeth have been generally ascribed to either toothbrush—dentifrice abrasion or acid “erosion.”

The last two decades have provided a plethora of new studies concerning such lesions. The most significant studies are reviewed and integrated into a practical approach to the understanding and designation of these lesions. A paradigm shift is suggested regarding use of the term “biocorrosion” to supplant “erosion” as it continues to be misused in the United States and many other countries of the world. Biocorrosion embraces the chemical, biochemical, and electrochemical degradation of tooth substance caused by endogenous and exogenous acids, proteolytic agents, as well as the piezoelectric effects only on dentin. Abfraction, representing the microstructural loss of tooth substance in areas of stress concentration, should not be used to designate all NCCLs because these lesions are commonly multifactorial in origin. Appropriate designation of a particular NCCL depends upon the interplay of the specific combination of three major mechanisms: stress, friction, and biocorrosion, unique to that individual case. Modifying factors, such as saliva, tongue action, and tooth form, composition, microstructure, mobility, and positional prominence are elucidated.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

By performing a comprehensive medical and dental history, using precise terms and concepts, and utilizing the Revised Schema of Pathodynamic Mechanisms, the dentist may successfully identify and treat the etiology of root surface lesions. Preventive measures may be instituted if the causative factors are detected and their modifying factors are considered.

(J Esthet Restor Dent 24:10–25, 2012)
Kisspeptin‐10 stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone and testosterone in pre‐ and post‐pubertal male goats
Authors: SAITO Hayato , SAWADA Tatsuru , YAEGASHI Tomoyoshi , GOTO Yuki , JIN Jin , SAWAI Ken , HASHIZUME Tsutomu
Published: November 2011

The aims of the present study were to clarify the effect of kisspeptin‐10 (Kp10) on the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) in pre‐pubertal and post‐pubertal male ruminants. Four male goats (Shiba goats) were given an intravenous (i.v.) injection of Kp10 (5 µg/kg body weight (b.w.)), gonadotoropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH, 1 µg/kg b.w.), or 2 mL of saline as a control at the ages of 3 (pre‐pubertal) and 6 (post‐pubertal) months. A single i.v. injection of Kp10 significantly stimulated the release of LH and T in both groups. The area under the response curve (AUC) of LH for a 60‐min period after the i.v. injection of Kp10 was significantly greater in the pre‐pubertal goats (P < 0.05). The AUC of T for a 120 min period post‐injection did not differ between the two age groups. A single i.v. injection of GnRH also significantly stimulated the release of LH and T in both groups (P < 0.05). The secretory pattern of LH and T in response to GnRH resembled that in response to Kp10. These results show that the LH‐releasing response to Kp10 is greater in pre‐pubertal than post‐pubertal male goats. They also show that Kp10, as well as GnRH, is able to stimulate the release of T in male goats.
Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping of Dark‐Induced Senescence in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Li Hongwei , Lin Fanyun , Wang Gui , Jing Ruilian , Zheng Qi , Li Bin , Li Zhensheng
Published: November 2011

In order to explore the genetics of dark‐induced senescence in winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was carried out in a doubled haploid population developed from a cross between the varieties Hanxuan 10 (HX) and Lumai 14 (LM). The senescence parameters chlorophyll content (Chl a+b, Chl a, and Chl b), original fluorescence (Fo), maximum fluorescence level (Fm), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and ratio of variable fluorescence to original fluorescence (Fv/Fo) were evaluated in the second leaf of whole three‐leaf seedlings subjected to 7 d of darkness. A total of 43 QTLs were identified that were associated with dark‐induced senescence using composite interval mapping. These QTLs were mapped to 20 loci distributed on 11 chromosomes: 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 3B, 3D, 5D, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7B. The phenotypic variation explained by each QTL ranged from 7.5% to 19.4%. Eleven loci coincided with two or more of the analyzed parameters. In addition, 14 loci co‐located or were linked with previously reported QTLs regulating flag leaf senescence, tolerance to high light stress, and grain protein content (Gpc), separately.