bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure of Basement Rock on the Continental Slope of the Bering Sea
Authors: Scholl David W. , Buffington Edwin C. , Hopkins David M.
Published: October 2006

Profiles of repetitive seismic reflections reveal that the Bering continental slope, outer shelf, and rise overlay an acoustically reflective "basement" which extends at least 750 kilometers parallel to the trend of the slope. This acoustic basement is usually covered by several hundred meters of stratified sediments at the top and bottom of the slope; however, it is exposed in submarine canyons and flanking spurs along the main part of the slope for a distance of at least 550 kilometers northwest of the Pribilof Islands. The lithologic composition and the age of the rocks of the acoustic basement are not known. However, its probable seismic velocity of 3.1 to 3.7 kilometers per second suggests that it is composed of volcanic rocks or lithified sedimentary rocks or both. The regional geology suggests that the acoustic basement is the upper surface of folded late Mesozoic rocks which were locally intruded by granite and serpentine. The structure of the Bering slope, as deduced from the acoustic profiles, suggests that the surface of the basement has been monoclinically flexed and faulted between the shelf edge and the deep Aleutian Basin.
Mucopolysaccharide from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas
Authors: Lowe Charles U. , Adler William , Broberger Ove , Walsh John , Neter Erwin
Published: October 2006

Physical and immunologic methods were used to demonstrate the presence of an apparently unique glycoprotein in stool and tissue of patients having cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. The detection of a molecular structure specific for the disease is consistent with the apparent hereditary nature of the affection.
Isotopic Composition of Strontium in Volcanic Rocks from Oahu
Authors: Powell J. L. , DeLong Stephen E.
Published: October 2006

Analysis of several well-documented specimens from each of the three volcanic series on Oahu gives the following mean ratios of Sr
87
to Sr
86
: the Waianae series, 0.7030 ± 0.00010 (σ̅); the Koolau series, 0.70385 ± 0.00009 (σ̅); and the Honolulu series, 0.7029 ± 0.00006 (σ̅). The mean ratio of Sr
87
to Sr
86
of the Koolau series specimens is significantly higher than the means of the other two series. With one exception, significant differences in Sr
87
/ Sr
86
within a series were not found, even though some large compositional differences existed.
N
-Cyclohexyl Linoleamide: Metabolism and Cholesterol-Lowering Effect in Rats
Authors: Nakatani Hiroshi , Fukushima Hideaki , Wakimura Atsushi , Endo Michio
Published: October 2006

More than half of orally administered
N
-cyclohexyl linoleamide-carboxyl-C
14
was recovered from feces of rats, and 30 to 50 percent of the absorbed carbon-14 activity was excreted in urine.
N
-Cyclohexyl linoleamide had an inhibitory effect on the absorption of cholesterol from the thoracic duct and caused a decrease in the deposition of cholesterol in the livers of rats that had been fed cholesterol.
Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis In
Escherichia coli
: Pressure and Temperature Effects
Authors: Landau Joseph V.
Published: October 2006

The incorporation of glycine-C
14
, leucine-C
14
, and adenine-C
14
into the respective protein and nucleic acid fractions of
Escherichia coli
K-12 is markedly affected by application of moderately high hydrostatic pressure. Pressure application may result in either stimulation or inhibition of incorporation depending on the temperature.
Nickel Orthouronate: High-Pressure Synthesis
Authors: Young A. P.
Published: October 2006

The compound NiUO
4
has been synthesized at high pressure and temperature. No material of this composition is known to be synthesized at ambient pressure. The NiUO
4
structure is of the orthorhombic body-centered MgUO
4
type; cell dimensions: a
1
, 6.415 Å; a
2
, 6.435 Å; and a
3
, 6.835 Å.
Chains of Particles in Shear Flow
Authors: Zia I. Y. Z. , Cox R. G. , Mason S. G.
Published: October 2006

Interesting physical models of threads, rouleaux of red blood cells, and other flexible structures (including macromolecules) have been prepared with chains of spheres and discs. When suspended in a viscous liquid undergoing shear flow, the aggregates rotate as nearly rigid bodies, even though they have no tensile strength or stiffness until shear rates high enough to cause bending and then breaking are reached. By adding a second liquid phase which causes a meniscus to bridge adjacent particles, sufficient tensile strength can be provided to cause bending without breakage.
Red Cells and Rouleaux in Shear Flow
Authors: Goldsmith H. L.
Published: October 2006

The rotation and deformation of human red cells and linear aggregates (rouleaux) in dilute plasma suspension were observed in Poiseuille and Couette flow. Single undeformed erythrocytes and rouleaux rotated in orbits predicted by theory for rigid spheroids. Bending of rouleaux occurred at orientations at which compressive forces act on the particles and the degree of flexibility increased with the number of cells in linear array.
Spectrum and Distance of Source Sco XR-1
Authors: Friedman H. , Byram E. T. , Chubb T. A.
Published: October 2006

In a broad sky survey for x-ray sources in the 44- to 60-Å range only Sco XR-1 was detected. The spectral evidence indicates that Sco XR-1 may lie within a few hundred light-years of the sun. Its spectrum appears to be complex—possibly a mixture of thermal sources at different temperatures or of thermal and nonthermal components, as has been predicted for an active neutron star with an associated corona or magnetosphere.
Phosphorylase Kinase of the Liver: Deficiency in a Girl with Increased Hepatic Glycogen
Authors: Hug George , Schubert William K. , Chuck Gail
Published: October 2006

Studies of a child with glycogenosis revealed an increased concentration of glycogen and low phosphorylase activity in her liver. Using mixtures of homogenates of the patient's liver and of normal liver, we found the low phosphorylase activity to be caused by a deficiency of phosphorylase kinase and not of hepatic phosphorylase. The fact that phosphorylase activity was restored to normal values by the addition of phosphorylase b kinase from rabbit muscle substantiates this conclusion.
Blood Groups of the I System in Pigs: Association with Variants of Serum Amylase
Authors: Andresen E.
Published: October 2006

The Am 1 variant of porcine serum amylase was detected only in pigs having the red-cell antigen I
b
, whereas several I
b
positive pigs were found without Am I. Family and population studies show that the chromosomal loci, I and Am, are identical or closely linked. The phenotype of one exceptional progeny from a double backcross mating possibly was a result of paternal irradiation or genetic recombination during oögenesis.
Stibnite (Sb
2
S
3
) Solubility in Sodium Sulfide Solutions
Authors: Arntson R. H. , Dickson F. W. , Tunell G.
Published: October 2006

The solubility of stibnite (Sb
2
S
3
) was measured at 25°C and 1 atmosphere in solutions ranging from 0.45 to 7.16 percent Na
2
S by weight. Sb
2
S
3
: Na
2
S mole ratios of saturated solutions range from 0.238 to 0.403. Stibnite solubility increases at an increasing rate with rising Na
2
S concentration. The reaction that best fits the experimental data is

2Sb
2
S
3

+ HS
-
+ OH
-
= Sb
4
S
7
2-
+ H
2
O, for which an equilibrium constant was estimated to be about 5.0.
Tetrachloroanisol: A Source of Musty Taste in Eggs and Broilers
Authors: Engel C. , de Groot A. P. , Weurman C.
Published: October 2006

Ingestion by hens and broilers of specific chloroanisols present in some wood shavings used in poultry cages can result in a musty taste in poultry products.
1966 Nobel Laureates in Medicine or Physiology
Authors: Talalay Paul , Ashman Guy Williams , Bryan W. Ray
Published: October 2006

Two eminent scientists, Peyton Rous and Charles Huggins, were named last week to share the 1966 Nobel prize in medicine or physiology for their work on cancer. Rous is Member Emeritus of Rockefeller University; Huggins is director of the Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research at the University of Chicago. The following are descriptions and appreciations of their work by W. Ray Bryan and by Paul Talalay and Guy Williams-Ashman.
Carbamylation and Binding Constants for the Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase by Physostigmine (Eserine)
Authors: Main A. R. , Hastings F. L.
Published: October 2006

The kinetic treatment and experimental procedures which have been used to evaluate the binding and phosphorylation rate constants of organophosphate inhibitors were applied to the carbamate inhibitor eserine. The binding constant
K
I
and carbamylation rate constant
k
2c
for the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase by eserine were successfully evaluated.
Pituitary Tumors in Mice after Prolonged Feeding of Synthetic Progestins
Authors: Poel W. E.
Published: October 2006

An enhanced development of pituitary tumors was observed in virgin female mice of the C57 Leaden strain following repeated oral administration of synthetic progestins. This finding appears to parallel the co-carcinogenic enhancement of mammary tumor development elicited in C3H mice treated repeatedly with progesterone.
Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Various Parts of the Rat Brain during the Estrous Cycle
Authors: Zolovick A. J. , Pearse R. , Boehlke K. W. , Eleftheriou B. E.
Published: October 2006

The activity of monoamine oxidase was estimated in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and frontal cortex of adult female rats during the estrous cycle. Enzymatic activity in all three areas of brain was at its lowest during the diestrus phase of the estrous cycle and progressively increased to its highest during estrus. Throughout the estrous cycle the greatest activity of monoamine oxidase was found in the hypothalamus, as compared with the other brain areas. The significance of the activity is discussed.
Hylid Frogs: Polyploid Classes of DNA in Liver Nuclei
Authors: Bachmann Konrad , Goin Olive B. , Goin Coleman J.
Published: October 2006

Microspectrophotometric DNA determinations on liver nuclei of hylid frogs have revealed the presence of several polyploid classes of DNA in several specimens belonging to five species. All such specimens were breeding.
Antibody-Forming Cells: Population Patterns after Simultaneous Immunization with Different Isoantigens
Authors: McBride R. A. , Schierman L. W.
Published: October 2006

Spleen cells were obtained from chickens stimulated simultaneously with different erythrocytic antigens, and the proportions producing one and two antibodies were determined by the hemolytic-plaque technique. Most cells from birds immunized with two antigens of the same system (B) appeared to produce only one antibody. In a population of cells from birds immunized with antigens of different systems (A and B), a relatively high proportion of cells produced two antibodies.
Nebraskan and Kansan Stades: Complexity and Importance
Authors: Dort Wakefield
Published: October 2006

Several Early Pleistocene stadial tills and related soils in Kansas and Nebraska indicate a complex history of ice-sheet fluctuations. It is impossible to assign ages to individual till sheets solely on the basis of position in a stratigraphic column; all Early Pleistocene correlations must be reevaluated.
Rate of Movement and Redistribution of Stainable Neurosecretory Granules in Hypothalamic Neurons
Authors: Jasinski Andrzej , Gorbman Aubrey , Hara Toshiaki J.
Published: October 2006

Electrical stimulation of the olfactory tract of goldfish for one minute can deplete completely the stainable neurosecretory granules from cells of the preoptic nucleus as well as from their axons. Thus, in stimulated neurons secretory granules appear to move toward the neurohemal point of discharge at a rate of about 2 millimeters per minute. Reaccumulation of neurosecretory granules in depleted neurons to approximately normal numbers requires about 1 to 1.5 hours. Histological evidence indicates that, during the period of reaccumulation, granules move out of the perikaryon until normal granulation in the axons is achieved; finally, granulation of the perikaryon is restored.
Silurian of Central Texas: A First Record for the Region
Authors: Barnes Virgil E. , Boucot Arthur J. , Cloud Preston E. , Miller Richard H. , Palmer A. R.
Published: October 2006

Silurian outcrops, not previously recorded from central Texas, have been identified from the Llano uplift, where they occur in collapse structures within the Lower Ordovician Honeycut Formation of the Ellenburger Group. The formation is a pinkish-gray granular limestone, contains fossils of probable Wenlock age, and is named the Starcke Limestone.
Histamine Synthesis in Man: Inhibition by 4-Bromo- 3-Hydroxybenzyloxyamine
Authors: Levine Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Oral administration of 4-bromo-3-hydroxybenzyloxyamine to normal humans resulted in decreased urinary excretion of histamine; the normal increase in urinary levels of histamine after oral histidine loading was prevented. In two patients having systemic mastocytosis, additional evidence of inhibition of biosynthesis of histamine included marked reduction in symptoms attributed to histamine, and prevention of symptomatic exacerbation associated with histidine loading.
Light-Stimulated Electrical Responses from Skin
Authors: Recker Heywood Eric , Cone Richard A.
Published: October 2006

When skin is exposed to an intense flash of light, an early electrical response can be detected from its surface. The signals that occur during the first milliseconds after the flash are similar to electrical signals recently observed in the eye from the cell layers containing melanin. Possibly the melanin in skin augments, but does not directly generate, this early electrical response. In addition, a late response, which arises hundreds of milliseconds after the flash, also occurs in skin. Unlike the early response, the late response is sensitive only to violet and shorter wavelengths of light and hence is probably mediated by a pigment other than melanin.
Intracellular Absorption Difference Spectrum of
Limulus
Extra-Ocular Photolabile Pigment
Authors: Murray George C.
Published: October 2006

Microspectrophotometric measurements on single cell bodies located on the surface of the "lateral olfactory nerve" of
Limulus polyphemus
show they contain a photolabile pigment with an absorption-difference spectrum similar in shape to that of most other visual pigments and with a maximum absorption at 529 ± 5 nanometers.
Establishment of Four Functional, Clonal Strains of Animal Cells in Culture
Authors: Yasumura Yosihiro , Tashjian Armen H. , Sato Gordon H.
Published: October 2006

The single-cell plating technique was used to develop four clonal cell lines that perform organ-specific functions after being serially cultured for prolonged periods. These strains include steroid-secreting Leydig cells, melanoma cells that form pigment, and two strains from a hormone-secreting rat pituitary tumor. One of the cell lines from the pituitary tumor secretes growth hormone, while another line derived from the same tumor secretes a substance similar to adrenocorticotropic hormone.
National Document-Handling Systems in Science and Technology
Authors: Carter Launor F.
Published: October 2006

As a result of the studies described here and the COSATI recommendations, as well as briefings and discussions at many levels of government and with professional and industrial organizations, the Office of Science and Technology has a blueprint for action and support for forward movement in the handling of scientific and technical documents.
Possibility of Maser Action in Cosmic Radio Sources
Authors: McCray Richard
Published: October 2006

A mechanism is described for maser action in synchrotron sources. The process may contribute to the low-frequency radiation from 3C273B.
Activity Rhythms and Adiurnal Light-Dark Control
Authors: Goff M. L. Roy , Finger Frank W.
Published: October 2006

The running-wheel activity pattern of mature male rats was successfully synchronized to light-dark cycles as long as 48 hours and as short as 16 hours. Even after 6 months' exposure to "days" longer than the normal 24 hours, the animals returned promptly to circadian rhythmicity when placed under free-running conditions of continuous dark. That such rhythms also reappeared when the light condition of the 36-hour cycle was reduced from 660 to 33 lumens per square meter suggests that brightness may be the critical factor in the unexpectedly broad range of entrainment demonstrated.
Cytokinin Activity: Localization in Transfer RNA Preparations
Authors: Skoog Folke , Armstrong Donald J. , Cherayil Joseph D. , Hampel Arnold E. , Bock Robert M.
Published: October 2006

Transfer RNA from yeast, liver, and
Escherichia coli
has cytokinin activity in the tobacco callus bioassay, whereas ribosomal RNA from yeast is inactive. In contrast to fractions of yeast transfer RNA rich in serine acceptor and cytokinin activity, preparations (70 to 90 percent pure) of arginine transfer RNA
2
, glycine transfer RNA, phenylalanine transfer RNA, and valine transfer RNA
1
and of highly purified alanine transfer RNA from yeast were inactive at concentrations of 20 to 2500 micrograms per liter. One molecule of 6-(γ, γ-dimethylallylamino) purine per 20 molecules of yeast tRNA would account for the observed cytokinin activity. The number of major molecular species contributing to cytokinin activity of transfer RNA, therefore, must be small.
Photoperiodism in Lemna: Reversal of Night-Interruption Depends on Color of the Main Photoperiod
Authors: Hillman William S.
Published: October 2006

With main photoperiods of red or white light, the inhibition of flowering in
Lemna perpusilla
6746 caused by interruptions of the night with red light cannot be reversed by far-red light, since far-red light itself is highly inhibitory. However, with a main photoperiod of blue light, far-red light is much less inhibitory and partially reverses the effect of red night-interruptions. If the main blue photoperiod is terminated by a brief red exposure, reversibility is abolished, as the far-red light is again fully inhibitory. This latter effect can be reversed by far-red light. These results add light quality to the already known characteristics of the main light period which affect reversibility in the dark period, and are consistent with the idea that the effects of blue light on photoperiodism in
L. perpusilla
are mediated exclusively by phytochrome.
Light Responses of
Phycomyces
Authors: Castle Edward S.
Published: October 2006

The various growth spurts and bends obtained in simple programs or irradiation can be interpreted, up to a point, in terms of optics, symmetry, and the cell's intrinsically regulated growth. Simple kinetic models imitate many gross features of the responses, and imply that light catalyzes some step in the formation or extension of the cell wall. This step may well be a nearly terminal one, perhaps involving slippage of chitin chains over one another. The most pervasive concept in these studies is that of adaptation, of which the steady-state level is primarily set by the light flux. But, since adaptation is tested by a growth response, every "dark" process contributing to cell enlargement is also implicated. From these sources comes the prompt negative feedback after an increase in light flux, as well as the conservation of growth seen in bending. Use of light by the plant seems to be only for operation of a crude guidance system for spore dispersal. For the investigator, light is a tool that displaces or unsteadies the mechanisms of cell extension and gives glimpses of their otherwise-concealed complex interplay.
Isopiestic Technique: Measurement of Accurate Leaf Water Potentials
Authors: Boyer J. S.
Published: October 2006

Sunflower leaf tissue of known potential was obtained by equilibrating an interveinal leaf sample, at constant temperature in air, with a potential determined by sucrose solutions. Equilibration occurred within 17 hours. Except for one determination, all measurements of the water potential of the equilibrated samples with an isopiestic technique were within 0.1 bar of the known potential of the tissue. This finding indicates that thermocouple psychrometers can measure accurate values of water potential when an isopiestic technique is used.
Evolution of Immunoglobulin Polypeptide Chains: Carboxy-Terminal of an IgM Heavy Chain
Authors: Doolittle Russell F. , Singer S. J. , Metzger Henry
Published: October 2006

The dipeptide sequence at the carboxy-terminal of a heavy (μ) chain from a human macroglobulin (IgM) is tyrosylcysteine, although the reverse sequence, cysteinyltyrosine, has not been rigorously excluded. The presence of cysteine at the carboxy-terminal was predicted from a recognition of the chemical homologies among the polypeptide chains of immunoglobulins, and their probable evolutionary origin.
Initial and Resultant Population Densities in Chickens between Brooding and Sexual Maturity
Authors: Mangan G. L. , King M. G.
Published: October 2006

Seven flocks of chickens were raised in groups from weeks 5 to 9 after hatching. Initially the groups had the same number of chickens but they differed in population density. The number of birds that survived to week 9 was strongly related to the initial population density.
Tryptophan Operon of
Escherichia coli
: Regulatory Behavior in
Salmonella typhimurium
Cytoplasm
Authors: Sonerville Ronald L.
Published: October 2006

Hybrids hemizygous for the tryptophan genes were prepared by episomal transfer of an
Escherichia coli
element into
Salmonella typhimurium
. Regulation of enzyme production by hybrids carrying wild-type
E. coli
genes in response to changes in the growth medium occurs in precisely the same manner as in haploid
E. coli
wild type. Mutant alleles of the anthranilate synthetase gene of
E. coli
which prevent derepression in
E. coli
function identically in
S. typhimurium
. At least one
Salmonella
tryptophan regulatory gene unlinked to the structural genes is known. Any differences which may exist between the tryptophan regulatory genes of
E. coli
and
Salmonella
have little effect on the regulation of enzyme formation in hybrids.
Apatite and Octa-Calcium Phosphate: Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Halogens on Formation
Authors: Simpson Dale R.
Published: October 2006

Octa-calcium phosphate forms instead of apatite under a high partial pressure of CO
2
in solutions, almost neutral in
p
H, containing chloride ions or wholly lacking halogens. However, in solutions containing fluoride ions, apatite forms under the same conditions. Fluoride also increases the crystallinity of the formed apatite.
Spatial Control of the Gap Gene
knirps
in the
Drosophila
Embryo by Posterior Morphogen System
Authors: Pankratz Michael J. , Busch Maximilian , Hoch Michael , Seifert Eveline , Jäckle Herbert
Published: October 2006

The gap genes of
Drosophila
are the first zygotic genes to respond to the maternal positional signals and establish the body pattern along the anterior-posterior axis. The gap gene
knirps
, required for patterning in the posterior region of the embryo, can be activated throughout the wild-type embryo and is normally repressed from the anterior and posterior sides. These results provide direct molecular evidence that the posterior morphogen system interacts in a fundamentally different manner than do
hunchback
and
bicoid
, which are responsible for anterior pattern formation.
Recovery of Memory after Amnesia Induced by Electroconvulsive Shock
Authors: Zinkin Sheila , Miller A. J.
Published: October 2006

Electroconvulsive shock given to rats immediately after one-trial avoidance learning produced a significant amnesic effect 24 hours later; this amnesia had largely disappeared in further retention tests 48 and 72 hours after treatment. This result puts in question a basic assumption implicit in most memory consolidation studies that such amnesic effects will be permanent.
Lunar Orbiter Ranging Data: Initial Results
Authors: Mulholland J. Derral , Sjogren William L.
Published: October 2006

Data from two Lunar Orbiter spacecraft have been used to test the significance of corrections to the lunar ephemeris. Range residuals of up to 1700 meters were reduced by an order of magnitude by application of the corrections, with most of the residuals reduced to less than 100 meters. Removal of gross errors in the ephemeris reveals residual patterns that may indicate errors in location of observing stations, as well as the expected effects of Lunar nonsphericity.
Lunar Ring Dikes from Orbiter I
Authors: O'Keefe John A. , Lowman Paul D. , Cameron Winifred S.
Published: October 2006

Orbiter photographs of the wall of a large circular formation on the moon show that the wall is a convex body resembling a flow of viscous lava. The slopes are less than the angle of repose of dry rock; hence an explanation in terms of mass wastage is hard to support. The viscosity is approximately 10
13
centimeter-gram- second units, indicating an acid lava.
Chemical and Biological Warfare (I): The Research Program
Authors: Langer Elinor
Published: October 2006

Biological warfare is the intentional use of living organisms or their toxic products to cause death, disability, or damage in man, animals, or plants. The target is man, either by causing his sickness or death, or through limitation of his food supplies or other agricultural resources. Man must wage a continuous fight to maintain and defend himself, his animals, and his plants in competition with insects and microorganisms. The object of BW is to overcome these efforts by deliberately distributing large numbers of organisms of native or foreign origin, or their toxic products, taking full advantage of the ability to utilize more effective methods of dissemination and unusual portals of entry. BW has been aptly described as public health in reverse.—
"Effects of Biological Warfare Agents," pamphlet published by Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, July 1959
.
Reversible Aggregation of α-Gliadin to Fibrils
Authors: Kasarda Donald D. , Bernardin John E. , Thomas Richard S.
Published: October 2006

Acetic-acid (0.01 molar) extracts of wheat flour contain fibrils of α-gliadin which are about 80 angstroms thick and up to several thousand angstroms long. These fibrils dissociate to globular protein subunits at very low ionic strength and low
p
H. The fibrils can be reformed by increasing the
p
H to 5.1 and the ionic strength to about 0.005.
Dopamine Protects Mice against Whole-Body Irradiation
Authors: Prasad Kedar N. , Van Woert Melvin H.
Published: October 2006

Injection of dopamine before whole-body x-irradiation of mice resulted in 80 percent survivors whereas no irradiated controls survived; injection after exposure had no effect. D,L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine, the precursor of dopamine, had no effect on survival when injected either before or after irradiation.
Depression of Circulating Interferon Response in Balb/c Mice after Urethan Treatment
Authors: De Maeyer-Guignard Jaqueline , De Maeyer Edward
Published: October 2006

Urethan, when given to female Balb/c mice, impaired the capacity of these animals to produce circulating interferon. The effect appeared rapidly after a single injection of either 1 or 1.5 milligrams of urethan per gram of body weight and was of short duration. The possibility that this inhibition of the production of interferon plays a role in the enhancement of viral leukemia by urethan should now be considered.
Transitional Pre-Desert Phase in San Diego County, California
Authors: Moriarty James R.
Published: October 2006

Excavations at site U.C.L.J.-M-15 at Agua Hedionda Lagoon in southern California have provided a radiocarbon date of 7070 B.C. for a transitional phase between the San Dieguito and the La Jolla complex. The many radiocarbon dates taken from sites in San Diego County demonstrate a somewhat greater age than was hitherto generally expected for the three cultures in the area. The age of the most recent culture, the Yuman-Diegueno, has been extended to about 1000 B.C. The La Jolla shows an extremely long period of occupation spanning roughly 1000 B.C. to 7070 B.C. The third group, the San Dieguito, a pre-Desert culture, is still undated. Samples are now in process and should, judged from the new La Jolla dates, give a date earlier than 7000 B.C. for the earliest phases of the San Dieguito.
Nitrate Ions: Potentiation of Increased Permeability to Sugar Associated with Muscle Contraction
Authors: Holloszy John O. , Narahara H. T.
Published: October 2006

Nitrate ions potentiate twitch tension and enhance the increase in permeability to sugar which occurs in electrically stimulated frog sartorius muscles. However, the potentiating effect of nitrate ions on permeability is not dependent upon an increase in twitch tension. The possible relation of changes in permeability to alterations of the concentration of calcium ions in the cell is discussed.
Poisoning with DDT: Effect on Reproductive Performance of
Artemia
Authors: Grosch Daniel S.
Published: October 2006

Brine shrimp die within 5 days after being given doses of above 10
-5
parts of DDT per million. At this and lower doses, shrimp deposited broods at a normal frequency, and cysts predominated. The number of cysts that emerged and the survival of larvae to adulthood from broods of treated parents exceeded those from controls. Therefore lethality based on induced dominant or sex-linked recessive gene mutation was not evident. Decreased fecundity is due to maternal debility.
Zinc Retention in Rabbits: Effect of Previous Diet
Authors: Graham E. R. , Telle Paul
Published: October 2006

The retention of orally administered zinc-65 was influenced by the previous diet. Zinc-deficient rabbits fed a diet containing 25 parts of zinc per million incorporated naturally in soybean protein still retained 58 percent of an oral dose of zinc-65 16 days after the dose was given, while rabbits fed the same diet supplemented with zinc (54 parts per million) as zinc oxide retained only 14 percent. The weight gain and the appearance of the animals fed these two diets were different.
Microincision of Sickled Erythrocytes by a Laser Beam
Authors: Jensen Wallace N. , Bromberg Philip A. , Bessis Marcel C.
Published: October 2006

Increased mechanical fragility of the sickled red cell is thought to be important in the genesis of the hemolytic process in sickle-cell disease. Sickled cells were observed cinematographically after microincision by a ruby-laser beam. Distortion and charring invariably occurred at the site of injury, and with small injuries there was no further cell change. With larger injuries, variably rapid retraction of spicules occurred accompanied by sphering of the cell. In some cases, progressive loss of hemoglobin accompanied and followed the changes in shape; in others the sphered cell still contained hemoglobin. Regardless of the mechanisms involved in these changes in vitro, the observations may be applicable to destruction of sickled cells in vivo. We suggest that the cells are subject to avulsion of rigid cellular processes as a result of mechanical injury incurred in normal circulation. Such injured cells may undergo either immediate hemolysis or transformation into spherocytes which are subject to erythophagocytosis.
Evolution of Immunoglobulins: Structural Homology of Kappa and Lambda Bence Jones Proteins
Authors: Titani Koiti , Wikler Maurice , Putnam Frank W.
Published: October 2006

The amino acid sequence of a human lambda chain has been determined. There are many identities in sequence with human kappa chains, but this intraspecies homology is less than the interspecies homology of kappa light chains of man and mouse. Structural relationships suggest a common evolutionary origin and early differentiation of light- and heavy-chain genes.
Human Synovial Fluid: Detection of a New Component
Authors: Sandson John
Published: October 2006

A new component has been detected in synovial fluid by the agar double-diffusion technique. This component is closely related immunologically to the proteinpolysaccharides of cartilage, and is the first probable degradation product of the cartilage matrix to be consistently identified in human synovial fluid.
Ostracod "Living Fossils": New Finds in the Pacific
Authors: McKenzie Kenneth G.
Published: October 2006

New ostracod "living fossils" have been discovered in samples of Recent marine sediment collected from several Pacific islands. The finds include a male anatomy having several primitive features which, in conjunction with primitive features in the shell, necessitate reconsideration of current opinions on the phylogeny of freshwater ostracods.
Fibrinogen from Human Plasma: Preparation by Precipitation with Heavy-Metal Coordination Complex
Authors: Brown Mayo E. , Rothstein Fred
Published: October 2006

Potassium tetrathiocyanato-(S)mercurate II [K
2
Hg(SCN)
4
] is used in a mild and rapid procedure for the isolation of human fibrinogen from fresh plasma. The final product, 94 to 99 percent of which is coagulable by thrombin, represents an average yield of 80 percent and is stable in solution. It is free of plasmin, streptokinase-activatable plasminogen, and coagulation factors II, V, VIII, X and XIII. Sedimentation analysis reveals a single peak with a sedimentation coefficient equal to 7.0
S
at infinite dilution. Immunodiffusion on cellulose acetate results in two precipitin lines with rabbit antiserum to whole human serum. The fibrinogen precipitates are unusual in that they are flocculent and readily redissolve.
Extraterrestrial Life Detection Based on Oxygen Isotope Exchange Reactions
Authors: Kok Bessel , Varner Joseph E.
Published: October 2006

A method is described for detecting extraterrestrial life, based on catalysis of isotopic oxygen exchange between water and oxygen-containing anions such as phosphate, nitrate, or sulfate. This catalytic activity appears to be unique to living systems. Its applicability requires very few assumptions concerning the chemical nature of "life." Data obtained so far indicate that the experiment is sound and technically feasible.
Anaphylatoxin in Its Relation to the Complement System
Authors: Jensen Joerg
Published: October 2006

The fifth component of complement that reacts hemolytically in the guinea pig or rat complement system, C′3b, is intimately associated with the generation of anaphylatoxin. Anaphylatoxin was formed (i) if this purified component reacted with a washed, intermediate complex consisting of antigen, antibody, and the first four components of complement; (ii) if the component was treated with trypsin; or (iii) if the component was incubated with a material isolated from cobra venom together with a fraction from serum other than complement. The significance of this fifth component as anaphylatoxinogen is discussed, and a common mechanism is proposed for the generation of anaphylatoxin in whole serum.
Prevention of Induced Atherosclerosis by Peroxidase
Authors: Caravaca Josefina , Dimond E. Grey , Sommers Sheldon C. , Wenk Robert
Published: October 2006

Hepatocatalase peroxidase, an active peroxidase-oxidase subunit isolated from beef-liver catalase, prevents cholesterol deposition and aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits and has no apparent toxicity or undesirable side effects. No allergic or immunological reactions have been observed. The participation of this enzymatic subunit in homeostatic control mechanisms and its potential pharmacological value in the control of human atherosclerosis are suggested.
Signs Test Applied to Caribbean Deep-Sea Core A 172-6
Authors: Yalkovsky Ralph
Published: October 2006

Caribbean core A 172-6 of the Lamont Geological Observatory series has been subjected to a nonparametric test for trend in order to examine the distribution of selected elements and of published paleotemperature data throughout a core length of 9.35 meters. First appearance of trend below top of core has been calculated, and the results of these tests are discussed.
Planetary Contamination I: The Problem and the Agreements
Authors: Horowitz N. H. , Sharp R. P. , Davies R. W.
Published: October 2006

The sterility requirements for landed spacecraft tentatively adopted in the COSPAR resolution of 1964 are so severe as to pose a major obstacle to planetary exploration. This by itself would not justify modification of the requirements, since preservation of the biological integrity of Mars is essential for proper exploration of the planet. However, when the physical and biological assumptions underlying the COSPAR recommendations are compared with actual conditions on Mars, as established by recent observations, it becomes apparent that the COSPAR assumptions are unrealistic in important respects. Specifically, the belief that eolian erosion on Mars can effect the release of spores trapped in the interior of solids in periods of time that are short compared with the time scale of the unmanned space program is unsupported by either observation or theory. On the contrary, the analysis suggests that rates of eolian erosion on Mars are very low. Similarly, present knowledge of the Martian environment opposes the view that terrestrial microorganisms would readily contaminate the planet. The combination of dryness, lack of oxygen, and high ultraviolet flux makes the surface of Mars peculiarly unsuitable for the multiplication of terrestrial organisms. Recent studies give little support to the proposal that significant areas of geothermal activity exist on Mars.

These various findings suggest that the COSPAR-recommended constraints could be substantially relaxed without compromising to any significant degree the biological condition of Mars. In particular, a distinction needs to be made between microorganisms trapped in solids and those on exposed surfaces of landed spacecraft. Surface sterility is an unconditional requirement, in the sense that it is imposed by considerations unrelated to the nature of the Martian environment. Sterilization of the interior of solids to the extreme level recommended by COSPAR, however, is based on the assumption that entrapped organisms constitute a substantial hazard to the ecology of Mars. This assumption now seems unjustified, and the need for a high degree of interior sterility is doubtful. Current spacecraft-sterilization policies should be revised accordingly.
Crystallization of Human Lysozyme
Authors: Osserman Elliott F.
Published: October 2006

Lysozyme, isolated from the urine of patients with monocytic leukemia, has been crystallized as the chloride at
p
H 4.5 and at
p
H 10.5. The crystal forms of the human enzyme show certain similarities as well as distinct dissimilarities compared with the crystal forms of lysozyme chloride from hen's egg white.
Eperythrozoon coccoides
: Influence on Course of Infection of
Plasmodium chabaudi
in Mouse
Authors: Ott Karen J. , Stauber Leslie A.
Published: October 2006

Mice infected with
Plasmodium chabaudi
obtained from two sources were found to be contaminated with
Eperythrozoon coccoides
. At each transfer of blood parasitized with plasmodia, eperythrozoa were also passed. In the presence of these organisms, the malarial infection assumed a low-level, chronic course infrequently resulting in death of the mice. When the eperythrozoa were eliminated through treatment with oxophenarsine hydrochloride, the malarial infection took an acute course always ending in death.
Ribonuclease Activity in the Developing Seeds of Normal and
Opaque-2
Maize
Authors: Dalby Arthur , Dabies Iolo ab I.
Published: October 2006

During development, the ribonuclease activity of maize endosperm homozygous for the
opaque-2
gene increased earlier and, after a longer period of exponential increase, was much higher finally than in normal endosperm. The maximum difference was about sixfold and occurred 22 to 25 days after pollination. Heterozygotes on day 23 did not show a comparable increase in endosperm activity. No difference in the activity ratio (pH 6.0: pH 5.2) was found between normal and
opaque-2
endosperm, indicating that the increase in activity in
opaque-2
was due solely to an increase in ribonuclease A. The ribonuclease activity of
opaque-2
embryos increased more rapidly than that of normal embryos, but the final activity was the same in each case.
Information Functions of an International Meeting
Authors: Compton Bertita E. , Garvey William D.
Published: October 2006

In spite of a number of difficulties and shortcomings, this international meeting was relatively effective for this group of respondents. They benefitted from the informal interaction of participants, from information that pertained to current and planned work, and from the prospects of continued exchange with colleagues in other countries. That the meeting could have been even more valuable was also the consensus. Additional data on another such meeting reinforce these findings and suggest that the results obtained are probably not peculiar to one social science or to this specific meeting. Reports of a small group of sociologists, who received grants from the National Institute of Mental Health to attend the Sixth World Congress of Sociology at Evian in September 1966, showed marked concurrence with those of the psychologists who attended the Moscow congress. For both groups there was the same preponderence of United States and Russian presentations on the program, informal interaction was more productive of useful information than were formally scheduled events, and the main type of information obtained was a broader knowledge of research activity and effort in various countries. The sociologists emphasized even more than did the psychologists the importance of acquiring new points of view and perspectives. More than half the sociologists planned to use information obtained in their current or future work, and a fourth planned international collaborative research efforts; in both these respects they surpassed the percentages found in the data on the psychologists. Finally, all the criticisms voiced by Moscow respondents appeared also among the Evian group, though not in sufficient numbers to constitute a trend. These data suggest that international meetings can and do fill certain information needs in spite of organizational difficulties and the problems attendant upon any large gathering in an environment unfamiliar to most of those who participate.
Chromosomal Breakage Induced by Extracts of Human Allogeneic Lymphocytes
Authors: Fialkow Philip J.
Published: October 2006

A high frequency of chromosomal breakage and rearrangement has been found in fibroblasts treated with extracts of allogeneic human lymphocytes. The fact that these changes were not observed when extracts of autologous lymphocytes were tested indicates that mechanisms involving self-recognition are operative. Abnormalities, such as chromosome lagging and bridges, occurring in anaphase were also served.
Luteinizing Hormone Activity in Plasma during the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Ross G. T. , Odell W. D. , Rayford P. L.
Published: October 2006

Daily determinations of luteinizing hormone activity in plasma throughout a menstrual cycle in ten young women showed a sharp peak of activity lasting less than 48 hours around midcycle and higher mean values during the follicular phase than during the luteal phase in nine instances.
Brain Lesions in Birds: Effects on Discrimination Acquisition and Reversal
Authors: Stettner Laurence J. , Schultz William J.
Published: October 2006

Bobwhite quail (
Colinus virginianus
) with lesions of the cortex and the dorsal portion of the hyperstriatum (or "wulst") showed a considerable deficit in ability to reverse a learned discrimination between horizontal and vertical stripes. Two birds that had been run on 25 such reversals before ablation showed the same result. Lesioned birds did not, however, differ from controls in the original acquisition of the discrimination. Analysis of performance indicated that the reversal deficit was not due to difficulties in discrimination, interference with motor ability, or lack of motivation. The deficit appeared to be based on perseveration of response to the previous positive stimulus during reversal training.
Circadian Periodicity in Susceptibility to Lidocaine Hydrochloride
Authors: Lutsch Edward F. , Morris Ralph W.
Published: October 2006

Separate groups of mice standardized in an alternating 12-hour-light, 12-hour-dark regimen were treated with lidocaine hydrochloride every 3 hours over a 24-hour period. The results indicate a quantitative circadian periodicity with maximal convulsant activity at 2100 hours which was approximately a fourteen fold increase over the values observed at 1500 hours.
Osmotic Mechanism and Negative Pressure
Authors: Scholander P. F.
Published: October 2006

When solute molecules are confined, they exert a positive pressure on the barrier. If this is simply the free solvent surface, balance of forces requires the solvent to attain an equal negative hydrostatic pressure. This offers a sufficient explanation for the reduction of the vapor pressure over a solution.
Rapid Rotation of the Solar Interior
Authors: Deutsch Armin J.
Published: October 2006

A model proposed for the sun apparently can account for the maintenance of photospheric rotation against deceleration by the solar wind. The rotational period is about half a day near the top of the radiative mass, and 1.6 times shorter at the center.
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (Sulfatide Lipidoses) Cultured in vitro
Authors: Cravioto Humberto , O'Brien John , Lockwood Ruby , Kasten Frederick H. , Booher Jon
Published: October 2006

Cerebral white matter from a patient with metachromatic leukodystrophy was successfully cultured in vitro. A luxuriant growth in Rose chambers and in roller tubes was apparent by the 14th day. The outgrown cells contained large numbers of granules which stained dark brown with cresyl violetacetic acid. The growth and metachromasia were maintained up to 80 days in vitro.
Hydrocarbons in Digestive Tract and Liver of a Basking Shark
Authors: Blumer Max
Published: October 2006

The hydrocarbons of zooplankton pass through the digestive tract of the basking shark without fractionation or structural modification. They are resorbed in the spiral valve and deposited in the liver. In contrast to unsaturated fatty acids, the olefinic hydrocarbons are not decreased in concentration. The hydrocarbon assemblage in the digestive tract and in the liver is indicative of the food sources and feeding grounds of the shark. Squalene, abundant in shark liver, occurs only in traces in zooplankton; phytane, if present at all, constitutes less than 0.005 percent of the hydrocarbons of zooplankton and of shark liver.
Seed Dormancy: Breaking by Uncouplers and Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Authors: Ballard L. A. T. , Lipp A. E. Grant
Published: October 2006

When 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbon dioxide were applied together to dormant seeds of
Trifolium subterraneum
L. (subterranean clover), 2,4-dinitrophenol did not disturb the breaking of dormancy which carbon dioxide usually induces in legume seeds. On the contrary, on its own, it promoted germination in a substantial proportion of seeds; a similar effect was produced by other uncouplers or inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycerol Excretion by Symbiotic Algae from Corals and
Tridacna
and Its Control by the Host
Authors: Muscatine Leonard
Published: October 2006

Zooxanthellae isolated from reef corals and
Tridacna crocea
incorporate labeled carbon dioxide photosynthetically. In the presence of some component of the host tissue, up to 40 percent of the labeled algal photosynthate is liberated primarily as glycerol. Excretion of glycerol by the algae
in situ
and its control and utilization by the host may represent a mechanism by which zooxanthellae contribute to productivity of coral reefs.