bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus In Vitro and In Vivo by the Immunosuppressive Agent Leflunomide
Authors: Dunn Melinda C Cox , Knight Deborah A , Waldman W James
Published: March 2011

Background

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide and is often the cause of infections in bone marrow, solid organ transplant, cystic fibrosis and congenital heart disease patients, as well as respiratory tract disease in elderly adults. Treatment options are limited to ribavirin, which is only marginally effective, and passive immunoprophylaxis, which is very expensive. The immunosuppressive agent leflunomide has been shown to exert potent antiviral activity against several herpesviruses and polyomavirus BK. In the current study we have tested the hypothesis that leflunomide exerts antiviral activity against RSV.

Methods

Human Hep-2 or small airway epithelial cells were inoculated with RSV and treated with A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide. Syncytia formation was assessed by immunohistochemical staining, and virus yield was measured by plaque assay. Cotton rats were intranasally inoculated with RSV, treated with leflunomide by gavage, and pulmonary viral loads were measured by plaque assay of lung homogenates.

Results

Phase contrast microscopy and immunohistochemical staining demonstrated profound attenuation of RSV-induced syncytia formation in infected cultures treated with A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide. Plaque assays of virus yield in RSV-inoculated cell cultures demonstrated potent, dose-dependent A77-mediated antiviral activity. Likewise, pulmonary viral loads in RSV-inoculated cotton rats were reduced by >3 log by leflunomide compared with vehicle-treated controls, even when leflunomide treatment was delayed until day 3 post-inoculation.

Conclusions

These findings suggest promise for leflunomide as a convenient, orally administered addition to the growing arsenal of antiviral therapeutics. While specific antiviral mechanisms remain to be elucidated, leflunomide shows unique bifunctional potential to both reduce viral load and, by virtue of its well-documented anti-iniflammatory activity, attenuate the destructive inflammation associated with RSV disease.
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of enteric bacterial pathogens isolated in Kathmandu, Nepal, during 2002-2004
Authors: Kansakar Palpasa , Baral Pankaj , Malla Sarala , Ghimire Gokarna Raj
Published: March 2011

Introduction: The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the bacterial enteropathogens Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella species and Shigella species were investigated. Methodology: A total of 877 stool samples were received for culture at the National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Kathmandu, Nepal, during January 2002 to December 2004, from diarrhoea patients attending Shukraraj Tropical Infectious Hospital and referral outpatients. All samples collected were processed for isolation and antibiotic susceptibility testing of Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. Results: Of the 877 stool samples, 148 (16.8%) were culture positive for one of the three bacterial enteropathogens investigated. Among them, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. accounted for 98/877 (11.1%), 41/877 (4.6%), 9/877 (1.02%) of the isolates respectively. A year-to-year variation was seen in the type of predominant organism, with Shigella spp. being the most prevalent in 2002 and 2003 and Vibrio spp. in 2004. In all three years, Vibrio cholerae were encountered only during the months of April to June while Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were isolated throughout the whole year. All Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin.  All Shigella isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone. Ciprofloxacin resistance was observed among isolates of Shigella dysenteriae type-1 isolated after 2003. Conclusion: Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella and Shigella infections are prevalent in Kathmandu, Nepal. A gradual increase in resistance to commonly used antimicrobials was seen among bacterial enteropathogens. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance is necessary to guide empirical treatment.
Potency of detergents in enhancing Schistosoma mansoni tegumental antigens
Authors: Hamed Manall Abdel Aziz
Published: March 2011

Introduction: Vaccine strategies represent an essential component for the future control of schistosomiasis. This work aimed to evaluate the role of detergents for potentiating the effect of Schistosoma mansoni tegumental antigens (TA) against challenge infection. Methodology: Two detergents; Triton X-100 (TX-100) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), were selected for extraction of tegumental proteins. Mice were vaccinated with two doses of each preparation (100 μg protein) at time intervals 15 days before infection. Evaluation was performed by estimating particular metabolic pathways, including the Krebs cycle (via succinate dehydrogenase); glycolysis (lactate dehydrogenase); gluconeogenesis (glucose-6-phosphatase); hydrolytic enzymes (acid phosphatase); and nucleic acid catabolic enzymes (5'-nucleotidase). Serum protein profiles, worm burden, ova counts, spleen and relative liver weights were also investigated. The work was extended to study the histopathological picture of the liver including granuloma count, and total infection area. Vaccinated post-challenged mice showed amelioration of the selected biochemical parameters and reduction in worm and ova count (P ≤ 0.0001) as well as improvement in the histological features of the liver. Results: Triton X-100 potentiated the protective effect of S. mansoni tegumental antigen and extracted effective proteins better than SDS, while TA alone recorded the lowest level of protection. Conclusion: TX-100 will be more efficient for future studies in molecular identification of novel candidate tegumental proteins.
Awareness of the Pandemic H1N1 Influenza global outbreak 2009 among medical students in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Khowaja Zubair Ali , Soomro Muhammad Idrees , Pirzada Abdul Khaliq , Yoosuf Muhammed Ahmed , Kumar Vinod
Published: March 2011

Introduction: This study aimed to assess student awareness of the pandemic pdmH1N1, including the students' attitudes and perceptions about treatment, severity of disease and preventive measures. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. The data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and results were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: A total of 396 medical students participated in this study with a mean age of 21 (± 1.4). About 365 (92.2%) were unaware of pdmH1N1. It was identified as a viral disease by 339 (85.6%) students, and 282 (71.2%) students correctly identified it as a disease affecting humans and pigs. The most common source of knowledge was television by 259 (65.4%) respondents. Most common symptoms identified were fever by 287 (72.5%), sore throat by 169 (42.7%) and cough by 127 (32.1%). Regarding vaccine, 290 (73.2%) respondents replied that it is not available and 204 (51.5%) said there is no treatment available for pdmH1N1. In severity scale 162 (40.9%) students rated it as fatal disease. According to 205 (51.8%) respondents, avoiding close contact with sick people is an effective preventive measure followed by washing hands with soap 150 (37.1%). Conclusion: The awareness regarding pdmH1N1 was not adequate among students regarding disease transmission, preventive measures, vaccinations, and available treatment. As the pdmH1N1 has become a worldwide public health problem and Pakistan is at risk of outbreak, increased awareness would be a solution to avoid its spread and complications.
Re-emergence of susceptibility to conventionally used drugs among strains of Salmonella Typhi in central west India
Authors: Kumar Yashwant , Sharma Anshu , Mani Kavaratty Raju
Published: March 2011

Introduction: Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is a global health problem causing high morbidity and mortality, especially in endemic areas such as India. The problem is exacerbated as the causative agent, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), rapidly develops resistance to drugs used in treatment. However, non-responsiveness of S. Typhi to quinolones has been reported simultaneously with the re-emergence of susceptibility to chloramphenicol. The present study investigates the re-emergence of sensitivity to conventionally used drugs among strains of S. Typhi in the central west part of India. Methodology: We evaluated 128 S. Typhi isolates received at the National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre for chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim susceptibility using standard methods. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were also evaluated. Results: The proportion of S. Typhi isolates showing susceptibility to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim was 95.3%, 94.5%, and 94.5%, respectively. These findings may help the health authorities in reconsidering the addition of these antimicrobial drugs into the treatment regime of typhoid fever and therefore may help combat the problem of increasing resistance to quinolones and cephalosporins. Conclusion: The changing trends of S. Typhi resistance patterns necessitate reconsideration of conventionally used drugs in typhoid fever treatment in India. In the present study, S. Typhi strains exhibited increased susceptibility toward chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim, therefore suggesting the possibility of their use for treatment of typhoid fever.
Low sensitivity of ParaHIT-f rapid malaria test among patients with fever in rural health centers, Northern Tanzania
Authors: Kweka Eliningaya John , Lowassa Asanterabi , Msangi Shandala , Kimaro Epiphania E , Lyatuu Ester E , Mwang'onde Beda J , Mahande Aneth M , Mazigo Humphrey D
Published: March 2011

Introduction: Several rapid diagnostic tools for malaria are currently available in local markets. However, diagnostic accuracy varies widely. The present study was conducted to evaluate a cheaply and easily available rapid diagnostic malaria test (ParaHIT-f) in rural Tanzania. Methodology: Participants presenting with fever at health centers in the Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions were eligible. Parasitological thin and thick smears were examined from finger-prick blood samples and compared to ParaHIT-f test results. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated using microscopic parasitological examination as the gold standard. Results: In total, 236/743 (31.8%) individuals had a positive malaria microscopy, and 25/715 (3.4%) were positive in the rapid diagnostic test. The sensitivity of ParaHIT-f was 10.7% (95% CI, 6.7-14.7) and specificity was 100% (95% CI, 97.4-102), with positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of 100% (95% CI, 99.1-100.2) and 70.9% (95% CI, 66.9-74.9) respectively. Sensitivity of ParaHIT-f increased with increasing P. falciparum density (P > 0.003) from 5.8% (95% CI, 0-12.9) at < 100 parasites/μl to 20.5% (95% CI, 13.5-27) at ≥ 100 parasites/μl. Conclusions: Sensitivity of the ParaHIT-f rapid test was very low in this setting, therefore concomitant use of rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy is recommended. In the case of positive test results, confirmation by parasitological techniques is not necessary. Further monitoring of ParaHIT-f in various epidemiological settings in Tanzania is warranted.
Clinical overlap between malaria and pneumonia: can malaria rapid diagnostic test play a role?
Authors: Ukwaja Kingsley Nnanna , Aina Olufemi B , Talabi Ademola A
Published: March 2011

Introduction: Malaria and pneumonia account for 40% of mortality among children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to lack of diagnostic facilities, their management is based on the integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) strategy. Symptoms of malaria and pneumonia overlap in African children, necessitating dual IMCI classifications at health centres and treatment with both antibiotics and antimalarials. This study determined the prevalence of malaria-pneumonia symptom overlap and confirmed the diagnosis of malaria in these cases using a rapid diagnostic test. Methodology: Consecutive consultations of 1,216 children (two months to five years old) were documented over a three-month period in a comprehensive health centre. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests were conducted only for children who had symptom overlap. Results: Of the 1,216 children enrolled, 1,090 (90%) reported cough or fever. Among the children fulfilling the malaria case definition, 284 (30%) also met the pneumonia case definition. Twenty-three percent (284) of all children enrolled met the criteria for both malaria and pneumonia. However, only 130 (46%) of them had a positive result for malaria using a malaria rapid diagnostic test. During a malaria-pneumonia overlap, female children (chi-square 5.9, P = 0.01) and children ≥ one year (chi-square 4.8, P = 0.003) were more likely to seek care within two days of fever. Conclusion: Dual treatment with antimalarials and antibiotics in children with malaria-pneumonia overlap may result in unnecessary over-prescription of antimalarial medications. Use of rapid diagnostic tests in their management can potentially avoid over-prescribing of malaria medications.
Immunization status of Iranian military recruits against Bordetella pertussis infection (whooping cough)
Authors: Izadi Morteza , Afsharpaiman Shahla , Jonaidi Jafari Nematollah , Ranjbar Reza , Gooya Mohammad Mahdi , Robat Sarpooshi Javad , Esfahani Ali Akbar , Soheylipoor Hamid
Published: March 2011

Introduction: Military recruits are susceptible to respiratory pathogens because of increased antibiotic resistance and the lack of an effective vaccine. The goal of the current study was to determine the immunological status of the Bordetella pertussis among conscripts in Iranian military garrisons. Methodology: The study population consisted of 424 conscripts aged 18 to 21 years who enrolled for military service. They were selected using cluster stratified sampling from all military garrisons in Tehra, Iran. To determine the seroprevalence of infection, blood specimens from all recruits were collected and stored at - 20°C until assayed. All serum samples were screened for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against Bordetella pertussis toxin (PT) and by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The overall prevalence of B. pertussis seropositivity in military recruits was 60.6. Only 55.0% of the recruits had low awareness about the record of vaccination against B. pertussis during childhood. Among 424 studied individuals, 48 recruits (11.3%) had a positive history of whooping cough; prevalence of seropositivity in these recruits was 70.0%. Among these subjects, 61.7% were referred to a physician for treatment and only 39.6% of them were administered anti-pertussis therapy. Conclusions: Our study showed that military conscripts in Tehran garrisons were not serologically immune to pertussis and also confirmed the low awareness about vaccination and medical history related to pertussis infection in this high-risk subgroup of the Iranian population. Routine acellular booster vaccination, particularly before 18 years of age, is recommended.
HIV-infected women of Burkina Faso: a “reservoir” of mycoplasma infection
Authors: Djigma Florencia , Ouedraogo Charlemagne , Sagna Tani , Ouermi Djeneba , Sanogo Korotini , Bisseye Cyrille , Kabre Abdoulaye , Pietra Virginio , Simpore Jacques , Nikiema Jean Baptiste , Musumeci Salvatore
Published: March 2011

Introduction: The objective of this work was to assess the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and genital mycoplasma colonization in 251 HIV-positive compared to 200 HIV-negative women at the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) service of Saint Camille Medical Center  Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Methodology: After revealing the cervix with a speculum, we collected swabs of vaginal discharge for the detection of pathogenic bacteria. Results: Among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, we identified respectively: Mycoplasma hominis (16.7% versus 5.5%); Ureaplasma urealyticum (16.3% versus 0.0%); co-infection M. hominis with U. urealyticum (13.14% versus 0.0%); Candida albicans (21.11% versus 41.5%); E. coli (9.96% versus 4.0%); and the presence of abundant vaginal discharge (27.5% versus 5.0%) respectively. The Nugent's score, utilized for the diagnosis of BV, was significantly higher in HIV-positive women (p < 0.001) associated with poor vaginal hygiene practices (p < 0.01) and no use of condoms (p < 0.01). Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumonia, Klebsiella oxitocica, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Gardnerella vaginalis were also isolated, but in a low prevalence ranging from 0% to 5%. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the HIV-positive women of Burkina Faso are frequently affected by BV and represent a reservoir for mycoplasma infection. Since these germs can lead to sterility and premature delivery, it is important to develop a policy of screening.
Research of Process on Making Bamboo Particle Board by Laccase-Treated Calcium Lignosulfonate
Authors: Jin Chun De , Li Song , Liu Li , Ye Jie Wang , Du Chun Gui
Published: March 2011

The processing technique of bamboo particle board using laccase-treated calcium lignosulfonate was investigated and optimized. We studied the influence of enzyme amount, calcium ligosulfonate amount and hot pressing temperature on different particle board properties. All three factors were significant difference at different levels. There has significant differences between enzyme amount and Modulus of Rupture (MOR)，Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), Thickness Swelling (TS) (P<0.01)and Internal Bonding Strength (IB) (P<0.1). There has significant differences between Calcium lignosulfonate amount and MOR，TS(P<0.01), IB(P<0.05) and MOE (P<0.1). There has significant differences between hot pressing temperature and MOE，TS(P<0.01) and IB(P<0.1), but no significant differences on MOR. The optimum condition for board making as follows: enzyme amount 50u•g-1，calcium lignosulfonate amount 10%，hot pressing pressure 3.0MPa， 200°C and 7min while 0.75g•cm-3 board density and 10 mm thickness.
Semi-Cylindrical Hyperlens Made of Al/MgO for 20nm Lithography Node
Authors: Cheng Lin , Cao Peng Fei , Meng Qing Qing , Zhang Xiao Ping
Published: March 2011

A purposed semi-cylindrical hyperlens is designed for nanolithography, which can form 20nm (or less) line width patterns with 193nm working wavelength. The hyperlens employs aluminum (Al, @193nm wavelength) and magnesium oxide (MgO, ) as the materials of alternating metal and dielectric thin layers. Taking aluminum instead of silver is a more economic solution for manufacture, and the dielectric coating acts as an anti-reflectivity of aluminum to enhance transmission. The optimum thickness of aluminum for best image fidelity has been found based on two 20nm wide slits with 40nm spacing. Incorporated with phase shifting mask (PSM) technology, the image contrast is much better than that of ordinary mask (Chrome on Glass, COG). The full wave simulations are executed and the results validated our approaches. The semi-cylindrical hyperlens made of aluminum and magnesium oxide gives potential for nano-scale manufacture, optical information storage and biomedical imaging.
A DCT-Based Blind Watermarking Algorithm for Vector Digital Maps
Authors: Wang Xun , Huang Ding Jun , Zhang Zhi Yong
Published: March 2011

This paper presented a new DCT-based watermarking algorithm for vector digital maps. A watermark bit is embedded by modifying the relationship of several high-frequency coefficients in DCT domain. To enhance data accuracy and robustness of the watermark, we proposed a Double Error Estimation method. This method allowed watermarks to be embedded when the vertices with distortion are smaller than thresholds. Experiments show that the watermarks are resilient to random noise, general geometric transformation, data scrambling and cropping. The algorithm is blind and it is easy to implement.
Study on the Synthesis of Vinyl Ester and its Using as Thickener for SMC
Authors: Yang Ming , Zhao Ying Song , Qin Yan , Nie Yu Jing
Published: March 2011

One kind of vinyl ester has been synthesized by treating epoxy resin with acrylic acid in toluene and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR results showed that the epoxy resin is indeed reacted with acrylic acid through epoxy group and carboxyl of acrylic acid. The influences of reaction factors have been studied in detail. Experimental and properties testing results showed that this kind of vinyl ester, which obtained under the conditions of the temperature is 100 °C, amount of catalyst is 1.0 wt% and the feed ratio is 1.02:1(the molar ratio of acid to epoxy), is suitable as thickener for SMC(Sheet Moulding Compound).
Research on Application and Development of Competitive Sports Simulation Based on Virtual Reality Technology
Authors: Liu Chuan Jin
Published: March 2011

With the popularity of the concept of the “Hi-tech Olympics” and the rapid development of the computer technology, the modern science and technology, characteristic of “digital technology”, have permeated into all areas of sports. In particular, the virtual reality technology plays an important role in the competitive sports training. The paper discusses the major functions of the virtual reality technology and its mutual relations with the sports system simulation, explores the application scope of the technology in the sports system simulation field, and makes an overall analysis of its application prospects and trend in the sports training simulation in hope of pushing forward the research on “digital technology” in the competitive sports simulation and the relevant fields.
On a Risk Model with Dependence between Interclaim Arrivals and Claim Sizes with Multiple Thresholds under Stochastic Interest
Authors: Huang Yu Juan , Li Ai Qin
Published: March 2011

The risk model with dependence between interclaim arrivals and claim sizes is studied in the presence of multiple thresholds and stochastic interest. An integro-differential equation for some Gerber-Shiu discounted penalty functions is derived.
Prepare of Novel Zirconium Complex and Catalytic Performance for Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Cheng Zheng Zai , Nie Yu Jing , Yan Xiao Chao , Lei Rui , Lin Su Su
Published: March 2011

Novel zirconium complex 2 has been prepared by treatment of the ligand complex 1 with ZrCl4•2THF in dichloromethane solution. The complex 1 and 2 were characterized by 1H-NMR and IR. Activated by MAO, Complex 2 displays very high activity for ethylene polymerization under the reaction temperature of 40～80 °C and the viscosity-average molecular weight of polyethylene is more than 3.0×104 when reaction temperature is no more than 60°C.The molecular-weight distribution measured by gel permeation reached 2.50.High melting points measured by DSC indicates that the polyethylene produced by complex 2 is high linearity and high crystallinity.
Research on the New Personals Application Based on 3G Mobile and Bluetooth Piconet
Authors: Meng Hao Yu , Tian Qi Ming
Published: March 2011

Fast-paced city life, people have no time to make friends by traditional methods. Appreciated when we encountered a stranger in the public place, but do not know each other, we have no effective way to understand each other.The study survey on making friends behavior,research on the 3G mobile application development technology, put forward a more immediate and more private mode to making friends. Propose out a mobile instant messaging software using Bluetooth technology blueprint. The study opened up a more direct and open innovational making friends mode compared with the other online instant messaging software. The study is innovative and has significant commercial value. The obtained theory and experience can be a meaningful reference to other studies in relevant fields.
Preparation, Characterization and Biocompatibility of Regenerated Cellulose/PVA Blend Membranes in 1-Allyl-3-Methyimidazolium Chloride
Authors: Lu Yun , Liu Yi Xing , Yu Hai Peng , Sun Qing Feng
Published: March 2011

Regenerated cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend membranes were prepared from a solution of cellulose and PVA in an ionic liquid of 1-allyl-3-methyimidazolium chloride (AMImCl). SEM images showed that the phase separation on the mixture was severely formed when the content of PVA was higher than 10% by volume. However, when the content of PVA in the mixture was lower than 6%, the cellulose and PVA were well-distributed. The regenerated blend membranes using the AMImCl presenting reasonable crystallinity were superior to those of regenerated pure cellulose membrane. In conclusion, the compatible properties of blend membranes from regenerated cellulose/PVA (6%) were improved and the blend membranes kept original biodegradability.
Numerical Simulation of Thermal Stress Fields of Steel Casting
Authors: Liao Dun Ming , Chen Li Liang , Zhou Jian Xin , Liu Rui Xiang
Published: March 2011

Many defects relative to stress occur during the complicate casting process, such as hot tearing, residual stress concentration and distortion. Modeling of casting thermal stress during casting solidification process is of great significance to predict and analyze casting stress defects. Involving too many complex influencing factors, the stress simulation is very difficult and retains a hot spot of macro simulation in foundry engineering. Currently most researchers adopt integrated FDM/FEM method, i.e. using finite difference method (FDM) to calculate solidification and heat transferring, while finite element method (FEM) to simulate stress. Some universal commercial FEA packages are usually adopted. This study has tried two kinds of approaches to simulate casting thermal stress. One is based on ANSYS, a well-known powerful FEA analysis software. Another is to develop an independent own copyrighted casting stress simulation system based on FDM. The routes of these two methods were given respectively. To calibrate the simulation system, a stress frame sample and a real practical casting were simulated and pouring experiment was also carried on. The results of simulation were in agreement with the experiment results and practical cases. It indicates that these two approaches can all meet demands. When adopting FDM method, thermal analysis and stress analysis can use the same FD model, which can avoid the nodes matching between different models and reduce the errors of thermal load transferring. It makes the simulation of fluid-flow field, temperature field and stress field unify into one model. This system takes full advantages of mature FDM technology and can be used to simulate the forming of residual stress and predict the occurrence of hot tearing.
Analysis on Measurement and Comparison of Various Vegetation Canopy LAI in Seacoast Wetland, South China
Authors: Yan Wen Hong , Ouyang Jin Jin
Published: March 2011

Data of LAI(Leaf Area Index) are needed to study characteristics of photosynthesis and evaporation by canopy of plant community. The indirect method—Imaging Digital Canopy, based on “gap-fraction” process, was described in this paper. By study in various communities about 9 measuring spots, it showed characteristics of community such as LAI, radiation transmission, extinction coefficient. LAI of Vatica hainanensis forest was measured according to height of community in different developing stage. The technique to minimize error about the Digital Plant Canopy Imager CI110 was mentioned. It was discussed that LAI of Vatica hainanensis forest was lower than that of typical rainforest. It also certified that LAI of seashore rain forest was lower than that of typical mountain rainforest. And LAI correlation of various vegetations was also mentioned. The result should supply scientific basis to study on air environmental effects of tropical seashore vegetation, especially in O2/CO2exchange, water recycle and water-lose, solar energy utilization efficiency.
Based on NERGA a Novel Decentralized PID for Non-Square System
Authors: Quan Ling , Jin Qi Bing , Wang Xue Wei
Published: March 2011

Multivariable non-square system with time delays often arises in the chemical production process. Owing to the matrix that is adopted to describe non-square system is not square, many classical multivariable control methods can be hardly applied in such system. In this paper, based on Non-square effective relative gain (NERGA) a novel decentralized PID control method is proposed. The input and output loops of the non-square system are paired though NERGA firstly, and then strong robust decentralized multivariable proportional-integral-differential (PID) controllers are designed individually based on the squared models. Finally, Simulation study was carried out for three inputs and two outputs system, the simulation results can demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
An Adaptive Network Fuzzy Inference System Controller for Car Following Behavior
Authors: Long Zhi Jun , Li Jing Fu
Published: March 2011

This article focuses on modeling and intelligent control of car following behavior. The car following behavior has been modeled by nonlinear equations, and this model has been validated by measured data of different drivers and cars and has been simulated in MATLAB software. An ANFIS controller for car following behavior has been designed and simulated in this paper. The simulated relative distance between the LV and the FV and relative speed measured by the radar sensor are sent into the ANFIS controller to simulate the car following performance. The simulation results show that the ANFIS controller has better effect than the real drivers to obtain objective of setting the least relative speed and safe distance. The presented controller can be used in analyzing and correcting driver’s behaviors, developing cooperative systems and safety systems of driving, intelligent car and traffic flow.
Linear Programming Solving the Optimization Question of Production Plan
Authors: Wu Juan
Published: March 2011

This paper mainly introduced a model of the production plan for a paper manufacture company. Primal problem of the production plan lies in determines the production quantity of different variety paper by different paper-making machinery. Considered the production cost of the paper and the estimate sales volume and so on, taken the profit maximization of the paper manufacture corporation as the goal, this paper used general mathematical model system to establish the linear programming model to optimize the profit of the paper manufacture company, and at last, several variables can be got through the GAMS solution.
Quadratic TC-Bézier Curves with Shape Parameter
Authors: Xu Wei Xiang , Wang Liu Qiang , Liu Xu Min
Published: March 2011

Quadratic TC-Bézier curves with shape parameter is constructed in a special space, it shares most optimal properties as those of the quadratic Bézier curves and its shape can be adjusted by changing the parameter value in . The circle and ellipse can be represented with this curve accurately. Presents G1 condition of quadratic TC-Bézier curves, the results have definite geometric meanings and can be applied to surface modeling conveniently.
Study on one Dimensional Numerical Simulation in Filling Stage of Water-Assisted Injection Molding
Authors: Kuang Tang Qing
Published: March 2011

Water assisted injection molding is a pretty novel way to fabricate hollow or more complicated parts. Its molding window and process control are more critical and difficult since additional processing parameters are involved. A simulation model for the filling stage of a pipe cavity during short-shot water assisted injection molding was proposed. The finite element/finite difference/control volume methods were adopted for the numerical simulation. A numerical study, based on the single factor method, was conducted to characterize the effect of different processing parameters on the short shot water-assisted injection-molding of thermoplastic composites, including short-shot size, melt temperature, mold temperature, water temperature and water pressure. For the factors selected in the simulations, short-shot size was found to be the principal parameters affecting the water penetration length while melt temperature, mold temperature, water temperature, water pressure were found to have little effect on the penetration of water.
Research on Intelligent Control Strategy of Inverted Plasma Cutting Power
Authors: Jia De Li , He Jin Song , Ning Ji Chao , Wang Chun Sheng
Published: March 2011

The inverted plasma cutting power supply has multi-variable, nonlinear, strong coupling and time-varying characteristics and technological requirements. This paper proposes a decoupling control strategy based on fuzzy neural network expert system for the multi-parameter dynamic coupling and the uncertainty of the optimal output of the cutting process. It achieves the reasoning and decision-making through the fuzzy production rules. It adjusts the parameters of the neural network by adaptive algorithm, thus gets the optimal reference current of closed-loop controller, and then achieves the given current closed-loop control by means of RBF neural network adaptive PID controller. The simulation results show that the controller has good self-adaption and approximation. Compared with traditional PID controller, the system has great improvement on static accuracy, robustness and response speed. It is verified that the controller has the advantage of dealing with discrete problem and coupling multivariable problem.
The Study of the Sports System Simulation Theory and Application
Authors: Zhu Li Jin
Published: March 2011

As an applied technology, Sports System Simulation has been widely used, but as an interdisciplinary research, it is only at the initial stage. This paper analyzed and discussed the definition, basic characteristics, research method, steps, and the current application of sports system simulation, and tried to explore the law of it , so to propose some suggestion for the establishment of Sports System Simulation science structure.
Fault Detection Method Applied to a Redundant Strapdown Inertial Navigation System
Authors: Lin Yu Rong , Guo Si Yan , Zhang Guang Ying
Published: March 2011

A fault detection method applied to a redundant strapdown inertial navigation system, which usually undergoes rapid maneuvers, is developed in this paper. First, an improved four-points detection scheme that can significantly reduce the probability of false alarm of the generalized likelihood test(GLT) is present. Then, based on analyzing influences on the fault detection performance caused by the misalignment and scale fator errors and the random bias of a gyroscope, a parity vector error model is constructed and sequently the Kalman filtering scheme to compensate the parity vector error is designed. By example of a redundant measurement unit with four single-freedom-degree gyros, the fault detection method has been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through simulation tests. Simulation results demonstrate the favorable performance of the method.
The Conception and Mechanism of Ship Frequency Scattering due to Maneuvering Motions in Regular Waves
Authors: Chen Jun Feng , Zhu Jun
Published: March 2011

By adopting ship motion equation of rolling with single-freedom degree, together with coupled heave-pitch motion equation, the irregular oscillatory motion of maneuverability response in regular waves was numerically simulated in this paper. Based on the presupposition of harmonic wave encounter frequency, the concept of frequency scattering of wave encounter frequency was presented. The constant value, as well as intensity and frequency, of wave frequency of encounter were defined, and the dispersion relation of wave encounter frequency was deduced also. Furthermore, two kinds of mechanism for the frequency scattering resulted from the change of speed and wave angle respectively, were obtained.
Water Resources and Water Environment Influencing Factors of Biomass Energy Plant (Generating by Straw) in Frigid Zone
Authors: Dai Chang Lei , Sun Si Miao , Han Hong Jun , Li Zhi Jun
Published: March 2011

Of all the real cases of water resources demonstration for construction projects, research on biomass energy cogeneration plant (generating by straw) which uses reclaimed water as its water source is relatively limited, especially the one locating in frigid zone. Even in water resources demonstration specifications, there are still ambiguities in water resources and water environment influencing factors during the demonstration process. Based on a typical example ---Yi’an biomass energy cogeneration plant, from the perspective of water resources, current situation of water resources and feasibility of water used by the plant have been analyzed; while from the perspective of water environment, water quality and water discharging impacts upon other consumers have also been assessed. Above all, strategy and method of water resources demonstration study is explicitly analyzed and summarized in this article, which provide an entire operational system for water resources feasibility study on biomass energy cogeneration plant (especially in frigid zone) and finally will enrich the practical theory and research for water resources feasibility study of construction projects.
Sheet Metal Multipoint Forming Technology Based on Hydro-Forming
Authors: Wang Li Xia , Yang Qiu He , He Shu Qian
Published: March 2011

The novel multipoint forming technology based on Hydro-forming processing was developed, and the drive mode was discussed. Die is replaced by liquid, and punch is formed by adjusting the multipoint fundamental elements. Finally through controlling the fundamental elements, the height of a serial of discrete, regularly-arranged fundamental elements is adjusted, and by using the punch pad, the accuracy of sheet metal surface contour is improved in multipoint forming technology. Then, the hydro-forming set was developed, and experimented. It provides a new efficient dieless forming method for the digital flexible forming of sheet metal.
The Application of Neural Network in Nonlinear System
Authors: Shi Lei , Wang Xing Cheng
Published: March 2011

Neural network theory is widely applied to predictive control system because of its superiority in dealing with nonlinearities therein. Meanwhile, various algorithms for neural network predictive control have been put forward..The paper investigates the application of neural network-based control in nonlinear system. Especially, some current important nerual network-based controls are remarked and the developments are prospected.
A Novel Approach to Video Detection for Background Updating and Target Tracking
Authors: Zhuang Hui Zhong , Li Han
Published: March 2011

A novel approach to video detection, synchronous detection lines method, is firstly proposed in this paper. It is actually a way to divide the pixel sets of the video images. Then, an algorithm of three-layer probability model based on synchronous detection lines is presented to solve the problems of background updating and target tracking. The results of a practical system show that this approach has better effect to solve the problems of background updating and target tracking.
Study on the Mechanism of the NaCl Influenced on the Movement of Water Molecular in the Wood
Authors: Yang Liang Qing , Liu Yi Xing , Cai Ying Chun , Sun Qing Feng , Shi Jiang Tao
Published: March 2011

This paper aimed to investigate the influence of NaCl to water molecular movement. The interpretation is that NaCl could change structure of microscopic capillary in wood and increase energy consumption for water movement in capillary. Crystallized of NaCl in capillary made the pipe diameter diminished, resulted in the reduce of movement velocity for water, at the same time the adsorbed water increased, which leaded to consume more energy to destroy this bond force between adsorbed water and wood or NaCl.
Slot/Pole Ratio Design of Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor
Authors: Wang Guang Hui
Published: March 2011

In terms of various applications of linear motor, there are different design objectives with varying concerns. In this paper, the objective is to obtain the slot/pole ratio for tubular permanent-magnet linear synchronous motor (TPMLSM). Direct-axis current analysis and finite element technique are utilized to investigate the optimal slot/slot ratio design of the TPMLSM. Based on electrical angle drift of slots between two neighboring permanent magnets, the slot/pole ratio (SPR), one of the key factors in design, is deduced by direct-axis current analysis. In contrast to those experiment methods, the proposed technique is convenient and swift; moreover it is proven that the method is efficient by 2-D axisymmetic finite element analysis.
An Optical Fiber Sensing System for On-Line Measurement of Soil Properties
Authors: Yang Hai Qing , Lv Gang
Published: March 2011

Fast measurement of soil properties is of great value for farmland fertilizer management with the purpose of reducing environmental pollution caused by over-fertilizing and improving yield/cost ratio of land. In the study, an optical fiber sensing system was introduced. It consisted of a topsoil opener, a portable spectrophotometer (350-2500nm) and an optical fiber. Prediction models of total nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), moisture content (MC), pH and organic matter (OM) were created in laboratory and validated by field testing. Soil samples were collected from 30 farmland blocks covering north of Zhejiang Province and south of Jiangsu Province, P.R. China. Partial least squares (PLS) regression with full cross-validation was used for calibration models building. The correlation coefficient of R2 between on-line and laboratory measurements of N, P, MC, pH and OM are 0.92, 0.78, 0.85, 0.83 and 0.76, respectively. The study shows the potential of using the optical fiber soil sensing system for next generation of precision farming.
PHEV Torque Control of the Pre-Shift Process Based on ANFIS
Authors: Dong Xiang Yu , Xi Jun Qiang , Chen Hui Yan
Published: March 2011

To make the parallel hybrid electrical vehicle (PHEV) equipped with automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) shift without disengaging clutch, the speed and the torque of the engine and the motor must be controlled precisely and reasonably. Because the engine and the motor all equipped before the AMT, the input shaft moment of inertia of the transmission is great. To ensure the synchronizer of the transmission disengage with a small force and reduce the tooth wear of the synchronizer, we must control the torque of the motor based on different conditions to make the AMT work with small torque transmission before shifting. In view of the uncertainty and complexity of the system, we use ANFIS method to determine the target torque of the motor to make sure the synchronizer disengages with the transmission transferring little torque. Finally, we make a vehicle simulation carried out by the software “cruise” and prove that the method is feasible.
Wave Arrival Direction Estimation Adaptive Antenna Array with Music Algorithms
Authors: Zhang Ping Chuan , Hou Li Min , Li Bu Yin
Published: March 2011

Passive radar based on GSM is a hot research field of new illuminators passive radars, and the wave arrival direction estimation is the key problem for detecting target. This paper designed adaptive antenna array for the GSM passive radar system, and give the complete Matlab simulation to verify the execution of the schedule, meanwhile, the result shows that the MUSIC algorithms is high accurate in the wave arrival direction compared with the Capon. All of this made a useful contribution to the research and application of the GSM-based passive radar.
Response Analysis of Asphalt Pavement on Vehicle Dynamic Load Based on Numerical Method
Authors: Yang Li Cheng , Ning Li Wei , Hu Jin Xiang , Luo Yi Ping
Published: March 2011

The three dimensional finite element model of the pavement has been built on the basis of elastic-plastic finite element method and the assumption of the layered system of asphalt pavement. The layered flexible pavement is composed of asphalt surface, granular base and cohesive soil subgrade and is acted by dynamic movement load. The simulation results show that vertical displacement of asphalt surface has the maximum value and reduces gradually with the improvement of the road depth. Vertical stress, longitudinal stress and transverse stress result in the fatigue damage of asphalt pavement together. The key factor is the alternating variation of longitudinal stress. The maximum longitudinal stress and the maximum transverse stress exist in the junction of the asphalt layer and the granular base. Furthermore, the maximum longitudinal strain and the maximum transverse strain are induced in the junction of the granular base and the soil subgrade.
Applied Research on ER Algorithm of Gray Modeling
Authors: Li Yong , Tan Li Ping , Xu Bao Ru
Published: March 2011

To improve the precision of gray modeling in forest fire and solve the problem of small date modeling, ER algorithm is proposed. Based on the senior introduced the robust estimation to gray modeling, this method interpolate the modeling date again. The method can achieve small date (3 dates) modeling. This research compared with three calculation methods: least squares method, least squares interpolation method and ER algorithm. According to the fitting precision, least squares method is 10.21%, least squares interpolation method is 1.08% and ER algorithm is 0.00%. That can be obtained by calculating ER algorithm has a good fitting effect.
The Morphology and Phases of Cu-In-2Se Powders Prepared by Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Liu Ke Gao , Lei Shi , Xu Bin , Liu Ya
Published: March 2011

Cu-In-2Se powders were synthesized by hydrothermal co-reduction method from CuCl2.2H2O, InCl3.4H2O and SeO2 at 95～200 °C in deionized water. The morphology and phases of the products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) respectively. Experimental results show that, CuInSe2 can be obtained at 120～200 °C, the major phase of the products synthesized at 120～200 °C are all the same. However the noticeable impurity phase In(OH)3 still exists in the product powders. The In(OH)3 phase decreases with the increasing of reacting temperature. The product powder obtained at 200 °C has fine and homogeneous particles with diameters of about 500 nm.
Function S-Rough Sets and Image F-Exterior Packet
Authors: Song Rui , Rong Xue Wen , Huang Shun Liang
Published: March 2011

Function S-rough sets is defined by employing -function equivalence class. A function is a curve. Function S-rough sets has curve characteristics and dynamic character- istics. By employing function S-rough sets, the concept of image -exterior packet is defined; the theorem of image -exterior packet and the recognization criteria of image -exterior packet are proposed. Function S-rough sets is a new theory and new tools for image processing.
An Extraction Algorithm for Voice Signal Feature Based on Multifractal Analysis
Authors: Li Da Hui , Diao Ming
Published: March 2011

This paper utilizes the multiple fractal theories to define the box dimension and the multiple fractal dimensions, and realizes the feature of voice signal. Then it designs an extraction algorithm for voice signal feature. The result shows, the multifractal method is better than sole fractal method and it may be the characteristic parameter of the voice recognition.