bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1,2,3,4‐Tetraethynylbenzene as a Template for Cobalt‐Catalyzed Alkyne Cocyclizations: Synthesis of 2,3,8,9‐Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl) Angular [3]Phenylene (Ia) and Bent [5]Phenylene (Benzo[1′′,2′′:3,4;3′′,4′′:3′,4′]dicyclobuta [1,2‐b:1′,2′‐b′]bisbiphenylene) (IIb).
Authors: Mohler Debra L. , Kumaraswamy Sriram , Stanger Amnon , Vollhardt K. Peter C.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thermolysis of Some Spirobenzopyran‐3′,2‐[1,3,4]oxadithiino[5,6‐c]benzopyran‐4′‐ones in the Presence of Some Homodienes and Crystallographic Studies of Some Adducts.
Authors: Hegab Mohamed I. , Moustafa A. M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rh‐Catalyzed Alkene Oxidation: A Highly Efficient and Selective Process for Preparing N‐Alkoxysulfonyl Aziridines.
Authors: Guthikonda Kiran , Wehn Paul M. , Caliando Brian J. , Du Bois J.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Bis‐ and Tetrakis‐(ω‐dimethylamino)‐Substituted Cross‐Conjugated Polyene α‐Diketones of the Thiophene Series.
Authors: Krasnaya Zh. A. , Smirnova Yu. V. , Tatikolov A. S. , Kolotaev A. V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of N‐Aryl‐Substituted Pyrroles via γ‐Bromodypnone (I).
Authors: Potikha L. M. , Kovtunenko V. A.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Formation of 1,2‐Dithiolane‐3‐thione from β‐Dithiolactone.
Authors: Shigetomi Toshiyuki , Nojima Akiko , Shioji Kosei , Okuma Kentaro , Yokomori Yoshinobu
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase Transfer Catalyzed Acylation of 5(3)‐Hydroxy‐3(5)‐substituted‐1H‐pyrazoles.
Authors: Khalil Ali Kh. , Hassan Mohamed A. , Mohamed Mohamed M. , El‐Sayed Abeer M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
5‐(1H‐Benzimidazol‐1‐yl)‐3‐alkoxy‐2‐thiophenecarbonitriles as Potent, Selective, Inhibitors of IKK‐ε Kinase.
Authors: Bamborough Paul , Christopher John A. , Cutler Geoffrey J. , Dickson Marion C. , Mellor Geoffrey W. , Morey James V. , Patel Champa B. , Shewchuk Lisa M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Formation of 5‐Methylene‐1,3‐oxazolidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Buzas Andrea , Gagosz Fabien
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Huisgen Reaction of Nitrile Oxides and Nitrile Imines Leading to Isoxazoline and Pyrazole‐4,6‐diones.
Authors: Kaur J. , Singh B. , Singal K. K.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Study of the Scope and Regioselectivity of the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed [3 + 2]‐Cycloaddition of Azides with Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Majireck Max M. , Weinreb Steven M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Synthesis of 3‐Carbamoyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles.
Authors: Tamura Mina , Ise Yumiko , Okajima Yoshikazu , Nishiwaki Nagatoshi , Ariga Masahiro
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Regioselective Catalytic Oxidative Coupling Reactions: Synthetic and Mechanistic Investigations.
Authors: Hull Kami L. , Lanni Erica L. , Sanford Melanie S.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intermediates in the Transformation of 1,2‐Dialkylpyrimidinium Iodides in the Kost—Sagitullin Rearrangement.
Authors: Danagulyan G. G. , Tadevosyan D. A. , Kinoyan F. S.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Various Substituted s‐Triazines.
Authors: Srinivas K. , Srinivas U. , Bhanuprakash K. , Harakishore K. , Murthy U. S. N. , Rao V. Jayathirtha
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐1,3‐diphenyl‐1,4,5,10‐tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4‐b] [1,5]benzodiazepines.
Authors: Dzvinchuk I. B. , Turov A. V. , Lozinskii M. O.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functionalized Oxepines via Fragmentation of Highly Strained Epoxides.
Authors: Leyhane Andrew J. , Snapper Marc L.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Manganese(III) Acetate Promoted Regioselective Phosphonation of Heteroaryl Compounds.
Authors: Mu Xue‐Jun , Zou Jian‐Ping , Qian Qiu‐Feng , Zhang Wei
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, NMR Spectroscopic Characterization and Reactions of 2,6‐Difluorophenylxenon Fluoride, 2,6‐F2C6H3XeF.
Authors: Bock Harald , Scherer Harald , Tyrra Wieland , Naumann Dieter
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Haemolytic Activity and Adjuvant Effect of Notoginsenoside K (I) from the Roots of Panax notoginseng.
Authors: Qin Feng , Ye Yi‐Ping , Sun Hong‐Xiang
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Kalanchosides A—C, New Cytotoxic Bufadienolides from the Aerial Parts of Kalanchoe gracilis.
Authors: Wu Pei‐Lin , Hsu Yu‐Lin , Wu Tian‐Shung , Bastow K. F. , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Chiral Dehydroproline Esters: [3 + 2]‐Type Cycloaddition Reaction of Allenylstannane and α‐Imino Ester.
Authors: Fuchibe Kohei , Hatemata Rina , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dialkylphosphates as Stereodirecting Protecting Groups in Oligosaccharide Synthesis.
Authors: Yamada Takeshi , Takemura Kazunobu , Yoshida Jun‐ichi , Yamago Shigeru
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Concise and Efficient Synthesis of Calothrixin B.
Authors: Sissouma Drissa , Maingot Lucie , Collet Sylvain , Guingant Andre
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of 2′‐C‐Methyl‐cyclopropyl‐Fused Carbanucleosides as Potential anti‐HCV Agents.
Authors: Lee Jeong A. , Kim Hea Ok , Tosh Dilip K. , Moon Hyung Ryong , Kim Sanghee , Jeong Lak Shin
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Dimeric Cationic Lipids Based on an Aromatic Backbone Between the Hydrocarbon Chains and Headgroup.
Authors: Paul Bishwajit , Bajaj Avinash , Indi S. S. , Bhattacharya Santanu
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Antiherpetic Flavones from the Heartwood of Artocarpus gomezianus.
Authors: Likhitwitayawuid Kittisak , Chaiwiriya Saowalak , Sritularak Boonchoo , Lipipun Vimolmas
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Genetic Algorithm‐Optimized QSPR Models for Bioavailability, Protein Binding, and Urinary Excretion.
Authors: Wang Junmei , Krudy George , Xie Xiang‐Qun , Wu Chengde , Holland George
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Single‐Crystalline CdSe Nanostructures: From Primary Grains to Oriented Nanowires.
Authors: Zhao Lili , Lu Tiezheng , Yosef Maekele , Steinhart Martin , Zacharias Margit , Goesele Ulrich , Schlecht Sabine
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Al—Ni—Si (Aluminum—Nickel—Silicon)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Al—Fe—Ni (Aluminum—Iron—Nickel)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
High‐Pressure/High‐Temperature Synthesis of Transition Metal Oxide Perovskites
Authors: Rodgers Jennifer A. , Williams Anthony J. , Attfield J. Paul
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Methane Conversion to C2 Hydrocarbons in Solid Electrolyte Membrane Reactors
Authors: Stoukides Michael
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Marine Natural Products
Authors: Hill Robert A.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highlights of Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Bataille Carole J. R. , Churchill Gwydion H.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rearrangements of Cyclobutanes
Authors: Tanko J. M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentanes and Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexanes
Authors: Carpenter Barry K.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Azolium Cyclophanes
Authors: Baker Murray V. , Brown David H.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hetero‐Diels—Alder and Cheletropic Additions of Sulfur Dioxide to Conjugated Dienes. Experimental Facts and Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Vogel Pierre , Sordo Jose A.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heterogeneous Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of the C=C Bond
Authors: Tungler A. , Sipos E. , Hada V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetrically Modified Nickel Catalyst for the Enantio‐Differentiating Hydrogenation of Prochiral Ketones
Authors: Osawa T. , Harada T. , Takayasu O.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Deoxygenation of Sugar Polyols to α,ω‐Diols and Other Oxygen Content Reduced Materials ‐ A New Challenge to Homogeneous Ionic Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis Catalysis
Authors: Schlaf Marcel
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Exploring the Catalytic Activity of a Noble Metal: The Ag Catalyzed Ethylene Epoxidation Reaction
Authors: Bocquet Marie‐Laure , Michaelides Angelos
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Investigation of Protein–Ligand Interactions by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sinz Andrea
Published: February 2007

The rate of drug discovery is greatly dependent on the development and improvement of rapid and reliable analytical methods that allow screening for protein–ligand interactions. The solution‐based methods for investigating protein–ligand interactions by mass spectrometry (MS), which are discussed in this paper, are hydrogen/deuterium exchange of protein backbone amide hydrogens, and photoaffinity labeling. Moreover, MS analysis of intact noncovalent protein–ligand complexes is described. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR–MS) with its ultra‐high resolution and excellent mass accuracy is also considered herein as it is gaining increasing popularity for a mass spectrometric investigation of protein–ligand interactions.
Physiological effects of separation and reunion in relation to attachment and temperament in young children
Authors: Oosterman Mirjam , Schuengel Carlo
Published: February 2007

This study examined physiological effects of separation and reunion in a sample 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children. Using continuous ambulatory recording, changes in heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and pre‐ejection period (PEP) were compared across the episodes of a separation–reunion procedure based on the strange situation. RSA decreased significantly over the course of the procedure as well as on separation from the parent and not the stranger, supporting that separation from the attachment figure elicited vagal withdrawal in young children. The absence of significant PEP effects suggest that the separation–reunion procedure, and more specifically separation from the parent, was not threatening enough to activate the sympathetic nervous system, even if children were insecure attached and inhibited with regard to strangers. Some of the variability in HR increases to reunion was explained by younger age. The findings highlight the role of the ANS as a regulatory process in the parent–child relationship. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 119–128, 2007.
T cell‐derived TNF down‐regulates acute airway response to endotoxin
Authors: Togbe Dieudonnée , Grivennikov Sergei I. , Noulin Nicolas , Couillin Isabelle , Maillet Isabelle , Jacobs Muazzam , Maret Marielle , Fick Lizette , Nedospasov Sergei A. , Quesniaux Valérie F. J. , Schnyder Bruno , Schnyder‐Candrian Silvia
Published: February 2007

Acute and chronic airway inflammations caused by environmental agents including endotoxin represent an increasing health problem. Local TNF production may contribute to lung dysfunction and inflammation, although pulmonary neutrophil recruitment occurs in the absence of TNF. First, we demonstrate that membrane‐bound TNF is sufficient to mediate the inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Secondly, using cell type‐specific TNF‐deficient mice we show that TNF derived from either macrophage/neutrophil (M/N) or T lymphocytes have differential effects on LPS‐induced respiratory dysfunction (enhanced respiratory pause, Penh) and pulmonary neutrophil recruitment. While Penh, vascular leak, neutrophil recruitment, TNF, and thymus‐ and activation‐regulated chemokine/CCL17 (TARC) expression in the lung were reduced in M/N‐deficient mice, T cell‐specific TNF‐deficient mice displayed augmented Penh, vascular leak, neutrophil influx, increased CD11c+ cells and expression of TNF, TARC and murine CXC chemokines KC/CXCL1 in the lung. In conclusion, inactivation of TNF in either M/N or T cells has differential effects on LPS‐induced lung disease, suggesting that selective deletion of TNF in T cells may aggravate airway pathology.
CD83 expression on dendritic cells and T cells: Correlation with effective immune responses
Authors: Aerts‐Toegaert Cindy , Heirman Carlo , Tuyaerts Sandra , Corthals Jurgen , Aerts Joeri L. , Bonehill Aude , Thielemans Kris , Breckpot Karine
Published: February 2007

Human CD83 is a marker molecule for mature dendritic cells (DC) and is also expressed on activated B and T cells. Although CD83 has been implicated in immune responses, its function on DC and T cells remains unclear. In this study, we wanted to assess the role of CD83 expressed on DC and T cells in the immune response. Down‐regulation of CD83 expression on human DC through RNA interference (RNAi) results in a less potent induction of allogeneic T cell proliferation, reduced IFN‐γ secretion by established T cells and decreased capacity in the priming of functional tumor antigen‐specific CD8+ T lymphocytes. In addition, CD83 mRNA‐electroporated DC are stronger T cell stimulators. However, CD83 overexpression on Melan‐A/MART‐1‐specific tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) circumvents the need for CD83 expression on DC. Co‐culture of immature DC with TIL or K562 cells overexpressing CD83 results in the production of enhanced levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, whereas this production is less pronounced or even absent in co‐cultures with non‐modified TIL or K562 cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that CD83 expression on T cells and DC modulates the immune response by activating DC and by delivering costimulatory signals for the stimulation of naive and memory T cells, respectively.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig Coupling of Deactivated Aminothiophenes with Substituted Halopyridines
Authors: Begouin Agathe , Hesse Stéphanie , Queiroz Maria‐João R. P. , Kirsch Gilbert
Published: February 2007

The palladium‐catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig coupling of several deactivated aminothiophenecarboxylates with differently substituted halopyridines has been performed for the first time by using Pd(OAc)2, Xantphos as the ligand, and Cs2CO3 as the base. When 2,6‐dihalopyridines were used, the proportion of diaminated product increases with the reactivity of the halopyridines (iodo > bromo > chloro). A bromo monoaminated pyridine derivative, obtained by Buchwald–Hartwig coupling, was further used in the Suzuki coupling of aryl boronic acids bearing electron‐withdrawing or electron‐donating groups. These latter compounds are very interesting as they possess diheteroarylamine and heteroaryl–aryl skeletons including pyridine and thiophene moieties.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Gold Catalysis: Selectivity Problems in Hydroarylations with Pyrroles
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Salathé Ralph , Frey Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

Gold‐catalyzed reactions of pyrrole derivatives with methyl vinyl ketone preferentially give rise to doubly substituted products, with an excess of methyl vinyl ketone even triple substitutions can be observed. This is independent of the electronic nature of substituents on the pyrrole ring, even substrates with electron‐withdrawing acyl substituents in 1‐, 2‐ or 3‐position show this behavior. The NH group of the pyrrole ring may be unprotected, no competing hydroamination is observed. In an intramolecular competition experiment with a furan ring only the pyrrole ring reacted. The constitutions of the highly‐substituted pyrroles were proven by NMR spectroscopy and one X‐ray structure analysis. Control experiments show that Yb(OTf)3 does not catalyze these reactions, but Ag+ and H+ does. Contrary to pyrroles, under similar reaction conditions indoles show a clean monosubstitution reaction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Oxidative status of DBA/1J mice with type II collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Choi Eun‐Mi
Published: February 2007

The present study was undertaken to compare the oxidant statuses of mice with collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) and those of healthy mice. For this purpose, serum oxidant products and arthritic profiles were measured in DBA/1J mice with CIA. In addition, the levels of oxidation products and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined in liver, heart, spleen, kidney, lung and brain. The induction of arthritis significantly increased anti‐collagen antibody, rheumatoid factor, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, protein carbonyl (PCO), advanced glycation end‐products (AGE), malondialdehyde (MDA) and low density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol levels in serum (P < 0.05). CIA in DBA/1J mice was associated with significantly lower activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in spleen but higher levels of oxidation products in spleen, kidney and liver than healthy normal mice (P < 0.05). However, lower concentrations of oxidized protein and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes were observed in CIA mouse lung and brain than in healthy normal mice. Dexamethasone treated CIA mice had decreased arthritis‐related indices and showed: reduced PCO and AGE in spleen and brain, and increased PCO and AGE in heart, kidney and lung; increased MDA in heart, spleen, lung and brain; reduced SOD and GR activities in lung and brain; increased GPx activity in spleen and brain; and increased GR activity heart and spleen. These data suggest that mice with CIA were more susceptible to oxidative damage in the spleen and liver under the chronic inflammatory conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pullulan‐based hydrogel for smooth muscle cell culture
Authors: Autissier Aude , Letourneur Didier , Le Visage Catherine
Published: February 2007

A hydrogel was prepared from pullulan and evaluated as a novel biomaterial for vascular engineering. Using a crosslinking process with sodium trimetaphosphate in aqueous solution, homogeneous, transparent, and easy‐to‐handle pullulan gels were obtained with water‐content higher than 90%. A circular punch was used to cut 6‐mm diameter and 2‐mm thickness discs for cell culture. Environmental scanning electron microscopy analysis of hydrated gels revealed a smooth surface, on which rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells were successfully seeded. The absence of cytotoxicity was evidenced by a live/dead assay. Fluorescence‐labeled cells were observed adhering and progressively spreading out on the surface of the material. Cellular proliferation was followed for up to 1 week using an MTT assay. In addition, a complete in vitro degradation of the gels was achieved in 3 h upon incubation in a pullulanase solution (44 U/mL). In conclusion, we have shown the feasibility of preparing a biocompatible pullulan‐based hydrogel that could support vascular cell culture. Based on these promising results, future studies will focus on the seeding of vascular cells on tubular‐shaped hydrogels and the in vivo implantation of these new biomaterials. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Genistein and zinc synergistically stimulate apoptotic cell death and suppress RANKL signaling‐related gene expression in osteoclastic cells
Authors: Uchiyama Satoshi , Yamaguchi Masayoshi
Published: February 2007

The effects of the combination of genistein and zinc, which have an anabolic effect on bone metabolism, on osteoclastic cells in mouse marrow culture system in vitro was investigated. The macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF)‐dependent bone marrow macrophages were cultured in the presence of M‐CSF (10 ng/ml) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (NF‐kB) ligand (RANKL; 50 ng/ml) for 4 days. The osteoclastic cells formed were further cultured in medium containing either vehicle, genistein, zinc sulfate (zinc), or genistein plus zinc with or without M‐CSF (10 ng/ml) and RANKL (50 ng/ml) for 24 or 72 h. The number of osteoclastic cells was significantly decreased with culture of genistein (10−6 M) plus zinc (10−5 M) in presence or absence of M‐CSF and RANKL for 24 or 72 h as compared with the value for genistein or zinc alone. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed the presence of low‐molecular weight deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments of adherent cells cultured with genistein (10−6 M) plus zinc (10−5 M) for 24 or 72 h, indicating that the combination of two chemicals induces apoptotic cell death. Such an effect was not seen in the case of each chemical. Genistein plus zinc‐induced decrease in osteoclastic cells were significantly inhibited in the presence of caspase‐3 inhibitor (10−8 or 10−7 M). Culture with genistein (10−6 M) plus zinc (10−5 M) for 72 h caused a significant increase in caspase‐3 mRNA expression in the presence or absence of M‐CSF and RANKL as compared with the value for each chemical alone. Genistein plus zinc‐induced increase in caspase‐3 mRNA expression was completely inhibited in the presence of cycloheximide (10−7 M), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, or 5, 6‐dichloro‐1‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB; 10−6 M), an inhibitor of transcription activity. The mRNA expression of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) or cathepsin K was significantly decreased with culture of genistein plus zinc in the presence of M‐CSF and RANKL for 72 h as compared with genistein or zinc alone. Nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) mRNA expression was significantly decreased with culture of genistein plus zinc in the presence of M‐CSF and RANKL for 24 or 72 h as compared with each chemical alone, while NF‐kB mRNA expression was significantly changed. This study demonstrates that the combination of genistein and zinc has potent stimulatory effects on apoptotic cell death and suppressive effects on osteoclastic cell function. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 529–542, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiation‐induced PARP activation is enhanced through EGFR‐ERK signaling
Authors: Hagan Michael P. , Yacoub Adly , Dent Paul
Published: February 2007

We examined the impact of EGFR‐ERK signaling on poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation following ionizing irradiation of human prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines displaying marked differences in ERK dependence. PARP activation was indicated by the appearance of polyADP‐ribose, the incorporation of P32‐labelled NADH, and by cellular NADH. EGFR‐ERK signaling was manipulated through ligand activation or signal interruption using the tyrphostin AG1478, or MEK inhibitor PD 184352. EGF activation of ERK prior to irradiation was associated with a marked increase in PARP activation and decreased survival in both cell lines. Prior inactivation of PARP protected both cell lines from the initial decrease in NAD+ and improved the survival of LNCaP cells following combined EGF and IR treatment. MEK inhibitor PD 184352 also reduced PARP activation and improved LNCaP survival following EGF and IR treatment. These data imply that PARP activation following exposure to ionizing radiation is enhanced through EGFR‐ERK signaling. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 1384–1393, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parathyroid sonography: Imaging and intervention
Authors: Huppert Bonnie J. , Reading Carl C.
Published: February 2007

This article reviews the role of high‐resolution sonography as an imaging modality for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with parathyroid disease. Included is a discussion of sonographic anatomy and technique, disease processes of the parathyroid glands and their sonographic appearances, preoperative imaging, and the use of sonography as a guide for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention in parathyroid disease. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2007
Extremal results for rooted minor problems
Authors: Jørgensen Leif K , Kawarabayashi Ken‐ichi
Published: February 2007

In this article, we consider the following problem. Given four distinct vertices v1,v2,v3,v4. How many edges guarantee the existence of seven connected disjoint subgraphs Xi for i = 1,…, 7 such that Xj contains vj for j = 1, 2, 3, 4 and for j = 1, 2, 3, 4, Xj has a neighbor to each Xk with k = 5, 6, 7. This is the so called “rooted K3, 4‐minor problem.” There are only few known results on rooted minor problems, for example, [15,6]. In this article, we prove that a 4‐connected graph with n vertices and at least 5n − 14 edges has a rooted K3,4‐minor. In the proof we use a lemma on graphs with 9 vertices, proved by computer search. We also consider the similar problems concerning rooted K3,3‐minor problem, and rooted K3,2‐minor problem. More precisely, the first theorem says that if G is 3‐connected and e(G) ≥ 4|G| − 9 then G has a rooted K3,3‐minor, and the second theorem says that if G is 2‐connected and e(G) ≥ 13/5|G| − 17/5 then G has a rooted K3,2‐minor. In the second case, the extremal function for the number of edges is best possible. These results are then used in the proof of our forthcoming articles 7, 8. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 55: 191–207, 2007
Structure and Properties of Nanocomposites with a Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Matrix
Authors: Gurmendi Urko , Eguiazabal Jose Ignacio , Nazabal Jon
Published: February 2007

Polymer nanocomposites based on PET and with an intercalated and fairly dispersed nanostructure have been obtained in the melt state. The intercalation and dispersion levels, as well as the mechanical properties, were studied by varying the chemical nature and amount of the organic modification of the clay, as well as the clay content. The intercalation level of PET into the organoclay galleries was measured by following the increase in the interlayer distance upon mixing. The surfactant content did not influence the intercalation level but an interaction between the polymeric matrix and the surfactant, through a common polar character, led to improved intercalation. The modulus increases observed, and consequently the overall dispersion, almost did not depend on either the amount or the chemical nature of the organic modification of the clay used, suggesting that the parameters leading to a high degree of intercalation differ from those which lead to a high modulus of elasticity and therefore to a high dispersion level. The obtained increases in the modulus of elasticity that reflect the dispersion level were large, attaining a 41% increase with respect to that of the matrix after a 6 wt.‐% clay addition.

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Genistein sensitizes inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on the growth of estrogen receptor‐positive and HER2‐overexpressing human breast cancer cells
Authors: Mai Zhiming , Blackburn George L. , Zhou Jin‐Rong
Published: February 2007

Although tamoxifen (TAM) is used for the front‐line treatment and prevention of estrogen receptor‐positive (ER+) breast tumors, nearly 40% of estrogen‐dependent breast tumors do not respond to TAM treatment. Moreover, the positive response is usually of short duration, and most tumors eventually develop TAM‐resistance. Overexpression of HER2 gene is associated with TAM‐resistance of breast tumor, and suppression of HER2 expression enhances the TAM activity. Soy isoflavone genistein has been shown to have anti‐cancer activities and suppress expression of HER2 and ERα. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that genistein may sensitize the response of ER+ and HER2‐overexpressing breast cancer cells to TAM treatment. The combination treatment of TAM and genistein inhibited the growth of ER+/HER2‐overexpressing BT‐474 human breast cancer cells in a synergistic manner in vitro. Determination of cellular markers indicated that this synergistic inhibitory effect might be contributed in part from combined effects on cell‐cycle arrest at G1 phase and on induction of apoptosis. Further determination of the molecular markers showed that TAM and genistein combination synergistically induced BT‐474 cell apoptosis in part by synergistic downregulation of the expression of survivin, one of the apoptotic effectors, and downregulation of EGFR, HER2, and ERα expression. Our research may provide a novel approach for the prevention and/or treatment of TAM insensitive/resistant human breast cancer, and warrants further in vivo studies to verify the efficacy of genistein and TAM combination on the growth of ER+/HER2‐overexpressing breast tumors and to elucidate the in vivo mechanisms of synergistic actions. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiscale approach to geo‐composite cellular structures subjected to rock impacts
Authors: Nicot François , Gotteland Philippe , Bertrand David , Lambert Stéphane
Published: February 2007

Geo‐composite cellular structures are an efficient technological solution for various applications in civil engineering. This type of structure is particularly well adapted to resisting rockfalls and can act as a defensive structure. However, the design of such structures is for the most part empirically based; this lack of research‐based design stagnates
optimization and advanced development. In this paper, the mechanical behaviour of a geo‐composite cellular structure is investigated using a multi‐scale approach, from the individual cell made up of an assembly of rocky particles contained in a wire netting cage to the entire structure composed of a regular array of cells. Based on discrete modelling of both the cell and structure scales, a computational tool has been developed for design purposes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of temperature‐dependent thermophysical properties in a partial differential equation subject to extra final measurement data
Authors: Liu Chein‐Shan
Published: February 2007

We consider an inverse problem for estimating the two coefficient functions c and k in a parabolic type partial differential equation c(u)ut = ∂[k(u)ux]/∂x with the aid of the measurements of u at two different times. The first‐ and second‐order one‐step group preserving schemes are developed. Solving the resultant algebraic equations with a closed‐form, we can estimate the unknown temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity and heat capacity. The new methods possess threefold advantages: they do not require any a priori information on the functional forms of thermal conductivity and heat capacity; no initial guesses are required; and no iterations are required. Numerical examples are examined to show that the new approaches have high accuracy and efficiency, even there are rare measured data. When the measured temperatures are polluted by uniform or normal random noise, the estimated results are also good. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2007
Determinants of charitable donation intentions: a structural equation model
Authors: Ranganathan Sampath Kumar , Henley Walter H.
Published: February 2007

Currently charities have to depend more on individual donors and less on the government for funding. Hence, understanding the individual donor and what motivates them to contribute to charities is something, which has been of increasing interest to nonprofit marketers. In this article, a path model for the charitable donation process of a religious individual is developed and tested. The variables that are used in the model are religiosity, attitude towards helping others (AHO), attitude towards charitable organizations (ACO), attitude towards the advertisement (Attad) and behavioral intentions (BI). The results suggest that AHO by itself does not cause BI. Altruistic people need to be targeted with an appropriate advertisement message. Since religiosity is an important causal variable for AHO, segmenting and targeting individuals who are religious would be pertinent. Attempts to build favorable ACO would also be worthwhile.

Religiosity

Charitable donation intentions

Charity advertisements.

Path model for predicting intentions to donate.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caveolin‐1 overexpression is associated with aggressive prostate cancer recurrence
Authors: Karam Jose A. , Lotan Yair , Roehrborn Claus G. , Ashfaq Raheela , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Shariat Shahrokh F.
Published: February 2007

Background

Caveolin‐1 protein suppresses apoptotic cell death in prostate cancer. The objectives of this study were to investigate the association of Caveolin‐1 expression with established features of prostate cancer as well as overall and aggressive disease recurrence in patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP).

Methods

Caveolin‐1 immunostaining was performed on a tissue microarray containing prostatectomy specimen cores from 232 consecutive patients treated with RP for clinically localized prostatic adenocarcinoma. Caveolin‐1 over‐expression was defined as more than 50% of cells staining positively for Caveolin‐1. Patients were categorized as having features of aggressive disease recurrence if they had a positive metastatic work‐up, post‐recurrence PSA doubling time less than 10 months, and/or failure to respond to local salvage radiation therapy.

Results

Seventy patients (30.2%) exhibited over‐expression of Caveolin‐1. Caveolin‐1 over‐expression was associated with higher pathologic Gleason sum (P = 0.038) and higher pre‐operative PSA level (P = 0.024). Patients with Caveolin‐1 over‐expression were at increased risk of PSA recurrence after surgery (P = 0.023) in univariate but not in standard post‐operative multivariate analysis. However, patients with Caveolin‐1 over‐expression were at increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer recurrence in both univariate and multivariate analysis (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

Over‐expression of Caveolin‐1 was associated with established features of prostate cancer and aggressive PSA recurrence. Caveolin‐1 might help identify patients at high risk of developing aggressive prostate cancer recurrence, thus allowing selection of patients who might benefit from early systemic therapeutic intervention. Prostate 67: 614–622, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of screened plasma resonance frequencies of a layered semiconductor using a single oblique incidence reflectance spectrum
Authors: Foltin O.
Published: February 2007

The second derivative of a simulated oblique incidence specular reflectance spectrum of infrared radiation, polarized parallel to the plane of incidence, shows the possibility of estimating the values of two screened plasma resonance frequencies of an optically uniaxial semiconductor by knowledge of a single spectrum. The use of a basal plane reflection surface enables us, in a case of a layered semiconductor, to avoid a troublesome production and a poor spectroscopic quality of the reflection surface oriented normal to the easy cleavage plane, otherwise needed for one of the normal incidence reflectance measurements. For the calculations the parameters of a Bi2Se3 crystal were used. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analytical approach to the impurity scattering in quantum wells
Authors: Abramov A. , Akimov V. , Tulupenko V. , Fomina O. , Ryzhkov V.
Published: February 2007

An approximate analytical technique for the Schrödinger equation solution for quantum‐well donor impurity states is proposed. The binding energy and wavefunction expressions obtained are analogues to the 2D hydrogen atom formulas. Calculations made using these expressions are in agreement with those performed by other methods. The impurity scattering cross section is obtained and studied. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Absorbance kinetics of dye‐doped systems with photochemical first order kinetics
Authors: Rupp Romano A. , Yao Baoli , Zheng Yuan , Menke Neimule , Wang Yingli , Dong Weibin , Zhao Wei , Chen Yi , Fan Meigong , Xu Jinjun , Fally Martin
Published: February 2007

Often it is assumed that absorbance decays in photochromic materials with the time dependence of the photochemical kinetics, i.e. exponentially for first order kinetics. Although this may hold in the limiting case of vanishing absorbance, deviations are to be expected for realistic samples, because the local photochemical kinetics slows down with increasing initial absorption and penetration depth of the radiation. We discuss the theory of the kinetics of initially homogeneous photochromic samples and derive analytical solutions. In extension of Tomlinson's theory we find an analytical solution that holds with good approximation even for samples that exhibit a small residual absorption in the saturation limit. The theoretical time dependence of the absorbance originating from photochemical first order kinetics of dye‐doped systems is compared with experimental data published by Lafond et al. for fulgides doped in different polymer matrices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization and identification of steroidal alkaloids in the Chinese herb Veratrum nigrum L. by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization with multi‐stage mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Hui‐liang , Tang Jian , Liu Run‐hui , Lin Min , Wang Bin , Lv Yi‐feng , Huang Hai‐qiang , Zhang Chuan , Zhang Wei‐dong
Published: February 2007

Electrospray ionization multi‐stage mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn) was performed to study the fragmentation behaviour of seventeen steroidal alkaloids (4 protoverine‐type alkaloids, 10 germine‐type alkaloids and 3 zygadenin‐type alkaloids) from the Chinese herb Veratrum nigrum L. The MSn spectra of the [M+H]+ ions for steroidal alkaloids provided a wealth of structural information on the substituted groups. In positive ion mode, the three types of alkaloids showed very different characteristic ions: m/z 436 or 418 for protoverine‐type alkaloids; m/z 438, 420 or 402 for germine‐type alkaloids; m/z 440 or 422 for zygadenin‐type alkaloids. These fragments were used to deduce their mass spectral fragmentation mechanisms. Furthermore, the primary compounds in methanolic extracts of the herb of Veratrum nigrum L. were investigated by using liquid chromatography (LC)/ESI‐MSn. As a result, 21 steroidal alkaloids (5 protoverine‐type alkaloids, 14 germine‐type alkaloids and 2 zygadenin‐type alkaloids) were selectively identified from 27 determined peaks. Eleven compounds were unambiguously identified by comparing with standard compounds and ten compounds were tentatively identified or deduced according to their MSn data. Two of these compounds (xingangermine and deacetyl xinganveratrine) were found to be novel steroidal alkaloids. In addition, the chemical structures of two pairs of steroidal alkaloid isomers were deduced by comparing their fragment ions. Given the important structural information of known and unknown steroidal alkaloids in crude herbal extracts, this study is useful for identifying these types of steroidal alkaloids in crude materials rapidly and selectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical genetics approach to hepatitis C virus replication: cyclophilin as a target for anti‐hepatitis C virus strategy
Authors: Watashi Koichi , Shimotohno Kunitada
Published: February 2007

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Because the current standard therapy, interferon (IFN) or pegylated‐IFN alone or in combination with ribavirin, is ineffective on approximately half of the HCV‐infected patients, alternative therapeutics are greatly needed. The chemical genetics method is a useful strategy to elucidate molecular mechanisms of the viral life cycle and screen for anti‐viral agents. This review focuses on the use of chemical genetics approach to virology, which could be called ‘chemical virology’, and introduces an example of such analysis. From a cell culture‐based screening, an immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA) was identified as an anti‐HCV compound. Analysis using CsA as a bioprobe showed that cyclophilin (CyP) B, a cellular target of CsA, regulates the function of HCV RNA polymerase NS5B, which is essential for efficient viral genome replication. By targeting CyP, HCV genome replication was drastically suppressed. Thus, chemical genetics analysis identified CyPB as a cellular cofactor of HCV genome replication and a target for novel anti‐HCV agents. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.