bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global pattern of plant utilization across different organisms: Does plant apparency or plant phylogeny matter?
Authors: Dai Xiaohua , Zhang Wei , Xu Jiasheng , Duffy Kevin J. , Guo Qingyun
Published: March 2017

The present study is the first to consider human and nonhuman consumers together to reveal several general patterns of plant utilization. We provide evidence that at a global scale, plant apparency and phylogenetic isolation can be important predictors of plant utilization and consumer diversity. Using the number of species or genera or the distribution area of each plant family as the island “area” and the minimum phylogenetic distance to common plant families as the island “distance”, we fitted presence–area relationships and presence–distance relationships with a binomial GLM (generalized linear model) with a logit link. The presence–absence of consumers among each plant family strongly depended on plant apparency (family size and distribution area); the diversity of consumers increased with plant apparency but decreased with phylogenetic isolation. When consumers extended their host breadth, unapparent plants became more likely to be used. Common uses occurred more often on common plants and their relatives, showing higher host phylogenetic clustering than uncommon uses. On the contrary, highly specialized uses might be related to the rarity of plant chemicals and were therefore very species‐specific. In summary, our results provide a global illustration of plant–consumer combinations and reveal several general patterns of plant utilization across humans, insects and microbes. First, plant apparency and plant phylogenetic isolation generally govern plant utilization value, with uncommon and isolated plants suffering fewer parasites. Second, extension of the breadth of utilized hosts helps explain the presence of consumers on unapparent plants. Finally, the phylogenetic clustering structure of host plants is different between common uses and uncommon uses. The strength of such consistent plant utilization patterns across a diverse set of usage types suggests that the persistence and accumulation of consumer diversity and use value for plant species are determined by similar ecological and evolutionary processes.
Global pattern and controls of soil microbial metabolic quotient
Authors: Xu Xiaofeng , Schimel Joshua P. , Janssens Ivan A. , Song Xia , Song Changchun , Yu Guirui , Sinsabaugh Robert L. , Tang Diandong , Zhang Xiaochun , Thornton Peter. E.
Published: March 2017

The microbial metabolic quotient (MMQ), microbial respiration per unit of biomass, is a fundamental factor controlling heterotrophic respiration, the largest carbon flux in soils. The magnitude and controls of MMQ at regional scale remain uncertain. We compiled a comprehensive data set of MMQ to investigate the global patterns and controls of MMQ in top 30 cm soils. Published MMQ values, generally measured in laboratory microcosms, were adjusted on ambient soil temperature using long‐term (30 yr) average site soil temperature and a Q10 = 2. The area‐weighted global average of MMQ_Soil is estimated as 1.8 (1.5–2.2) (95% confidence interval) μmol C·h−1·mmol−1 microbial biomass carbon (MBC) with substantial variations across biomes and between cropland and natural ecosystems. Variation was most closely associated with biological factors, followed by edaphic and meteorological parameters. MMQ_Soil was greatest in sandy clay and sandy clay loam and showed a pH maximum of 6.7 ± 0.1 (mean ± se). At large scale, MMQ_Soil varied with latitude and mean annual temperature (MAT), and was negatively correlated with microbial N:P ratio, supporting growth rate theory. These trends led to large differences in MMQ_Soil between natural ecosystems and cropland. When MMQ was adjusted to 11°C (MMQ_Ref), the global MAT in the top 30 cm of soils, the area‐weighted global averages of MMQ_Ref was 1.5 (1.3–1.8) μmol C·mmol MBC−1·h−1. The values, trends, and controls of MMQ_Soil add to our understanding of soil microbial influences on soil carbon cycling and could be used to represent microbial activity in global carbon models.
Synthesis of Two Isomeric Ferrocene Phosphanylcarboxylic Acids and their PdII Complexes with and without Auxiliary ortho‐Metalated C,E‐Ligands (E = N and S)
Authors: Zábranský Martin , Císařová Ivana , Štěpnička Petr
Published: March 2017

Two homologous ferrocene phosphanylcarboxylic acids, viz., 1′‐[(diphenylphosphanyl)methyl]ferrocene‐1‐carboxylic acid (HL1) and [1′‐(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocenyl]acetic acid (HL2), were synthesized and studied as ligands in PdII complexes. The addition of these hybrid donors to [PdCl2(MeCN)2] led to the bis‐phosphane complexes trans‐[PdCl2(HL1‐κP)2] and trans‐[PdCl2(HL2‐κP)2]. In contrast, the reactions of HL1 and HL2 with the PdII acetylacetonate (acac) complexes [(LYC)Pd(acac)], where LYC = 2‐[(dimethylamino‐κN)methyl]phenyl‐κC1 (LNC) and 2‐[(methylthio‐κS)methyl]phenyl‐κC1 (LSC), proceeded under proton transfer and replacement of the acac ligand, giving rise to O,P‐bridged phosphanylcarboxylate dimers [LYCPd(µ(P,O)‐L1)]2 and molecular chelates [LYCPd(L2‐κ2O,P)]2, respectively. The analogous reactions involving 1′‐(diphenylphosphanyl)‐1‐ferrocenecarboxylic acid (Hdpf) provided the macrocyclic tetramer [LNCPd(µ(P,O)‐dpf)]4 and the dimer [LSCPd(µ(P,O)‐dpf)]2. The reactions of HL1 with [Pd(acac)2] only led to an ill‐defined, insoluble material, whereas those with HL2 produced a separable mixture of the bis‐chelate complexes trans‐[Pd(L2‐κ2O,P)2], cis‐[Pd(L2‐κ2O,P)2], and [Pd(acac)(L2‐κ2O,P)].
Improvement for a Community Population: The Magnolia Community Initiative
Authors: Inkelas Moira , Bowie Patricia , Guirguis Lila
Published: March 2017

Improvement science is a promising approach to changing practice in complex community systems, which are characterized by many independent organizations with separate missions, services, and outcomes. This example shows how a network of diverse organizations is using iterative learning to come up with promising ideas, test and prototype these ideas, and spread and sustain what is found to work. The Magnolia Community Initiative (MCI) is an approach for improving population well‐being at a community scale, as a voluntary network of 70+ government, nonprofit, and for‐profit organizations supporting a population of over 100,000 people. Diverse organizations from multiple service sectors strive to work as a system by aligning and improving resources to change conditions and outcomes for local families that they could not achieve by working alone. MCI adopted an approach that combined knowledge of what to change to improve child and family well‐being, based on theory and on the expertise of organizations that comprise the network, with knowledge of how to change within a complex system, using improvement science.
Structural and functional brain network correlates of depressive symptoms in premanifest Huntington's disease
Authors: McColgan Peter , Razi Adeel , Gregory Sarah , Seunarine Kiran K. , Durr Alexandra , A.C. Roos Raymund , Leavitt Blair R. , Scahill Rachael I. , Clark Chris A. , Langbehn Doug R. , Rees Geraint , Tabrizi Sarah J. ,   Track On‐HD Investigators
Published: March 2017

Depression is common in premanifest Huntington's disease (preHD) and results in significant morbidity. We sought to examine how variations in structural and functional brain networks relate to depressive symptoms in premanifest HD and healthy controls. Brain networks were constructed using diffusion tractography (70 preHD and 81 controls) and resting state fMRI (92 preHD and 94 controls) data. A sub‐network associated with depression was identified in a data‐driven fashion and network‐based statistics was used to investigate which specific connections correlated with depression scores. A replication analysis was then performed using data from a separate study. Correlations between depressive symptoms with increased functional connectivity and decreased structural connectivity were seen for connections in the default mode network (DMN) and basal ganglia in preHD. This study reveals specific connections in the DMN and basal ganglia that are associated with depressive symptoms in preHD. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2819–2829, 2017. © 2017 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Your algorithm might think the hippocampus grows in Alzheimer's disease: Caveats of longitudinal automated hippocampal volumetry
Authors: Sankar Tejas , Park Min Tae M. , Jawa Tasha , Patel Raihaan , Bhagwat Nikhil , Voineskos Aristotle N. , Lozano Andres M. , Chakravarty M. Mallar ,   the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: March 2017

Hippocampal atrophy rate—measured using automated techniques applied to structural MRI scans—is considered a sensitive marker of disease progression in Alzheimer's disease, frequently used as an outcome measure in clinical trials. Using publicly accessible data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), we examined 1‐year hippocampal atrophy rates generated by each of five automated or semiautomated hippocampal segmentation algorithms in patients with Alzheimer's disease, subjects with mild cognitive impairment, or elderly controls. We analyzed MRI data from 398 and 62 subjects available at baseline and at 1 year at MRI field strengths of 1.5 T and 3 T, respectively. We observed a high rate of hippocampal segmentation failures across all algorithms and diagnostic categories, with only 50.8% of subjects at 1.5 T and 58.1% of subjects at 3 T passing stringent segmentation quality control. We also found that all algorithms identified several subjects (between 2.94% and 48.68%) across all diagnostic categories showing increases in hippocampal volume over 1 year. For any given algorithm, hippocampal “growth” could not entirely be explained by excluding patients with flawed hippocampal segmentations, scan–rescan variability, or MRI field strength. Furthermore, different algorithms did not uniformly identify the same subjects as hippocampal “growers,” and showed very poor concordance in estimates of magnitude of hippocampal volume change over time (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.319 at 1.5 T and 0.149 at 3 T). This precluded a meaningful analysis of whether hippocampal “growth” represents a true biological phenomenon. Taken together, our findings suggest that longitudinal hippocampal volume change should be interpreted with considerable caution as a biomarker. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2875–2896, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cross-sectional Versus Longitudinal Change in a Prospective HR-pQCT Study
Authors: Burt Lauren A , Hanley David A , Boyd Steven K
Published: March 2017

Longitudinal studies assessing age-related changes using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) provide novel insight compared with cross-sectional analyses. The purpose of this cohort study was 1) to determine individuals’ change in HR-pQCT parameters over 5 years relative to least significant change (LSC), and 2) to evaluate if predicted rate of change from cross-sectional data is comparable to actual change from longitudinal investigation. A cohort of 466 (162 male, 304 female) participants completed two HR-pQCT scans with 5 years between assessments. After image registration, standard and cortical morphological analyses were conducted. Rate of bone microarchitectural change was compared between cross-sectional models and actual change calculated from longitudinal analyses. At the young end of the life span, we observed gains in total bone density of +0.2% to +2.9% per year, whereas the older participants (aged >50 years) lost total bone density at a rate of –0.3% to –1.3% per year. Declines in total bone density begin at age 40 years in females and 60 years in males, and significant adaptation was found at both ends of the age spectrum with respect to the LSC. Models predicting rate of change from cross-sectional data were similar to the actual change reported in this longitudinal study for total density and cortical thickness at the radius and cortical density at the tibia, but we found that changes in comparison to our 5-year longitudinal results were often overestimated from cross-sectional data. Studies aimed at observing age-related changes in a normative cohort, especially in a follow-up period of less than 5 years, are better to focus on the tibia rather than the radius because of the increased sensitivity to change at the tibia. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Knockout of ATG5 leads to malignant cell transformation and resistance to Src family kinase inhibitor PP2
Authors: Hwang Sung‐Hee , Han Byeal‐I , Lee Michael
Published: March 2017

Autophagy can either promote or inhibit cell death in different cellular contexts. In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in ATG5 knockout (KO) cell line established using CRISPR/Cas9 system. In ATG5 KO cells, RT‐PCR and immunoblot of LC3 confirmed the functional gene knockout. We found that knockout of ATG5 significantly increased proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells. In particular, autophagy deficiency enhanced susceptibility to cellular transformation as determined by an in vitro clonogenic survival assay and a soft agar colony formation assay. We also found that ATG5 KO cells had a greater migration ability as compared to wild‐type (WT) cells. Moreover, ATG5 KO cells were more resistant to treatment with a Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PP2) than WT cells were. Cyto‐ID Green autophagy assay revealed that PP2 failed to induce autophagy in ATG5 KO cells. PP2 treatment decreased the percentage of cells in the S and G2/M phases among WT cells but had no effect on cell cycle distribution of ATG5 KO cells, which showed a high percentage of cells in the S and G2/M phases. Additionally, the proportion of apoptotic cells significantly decreased after treatment of ATG5 KO cells with PP2 in comparison with WT cells. We found that expression levels of p53 were much higher in ATG5 KO cells. The ATG5 KO seems to lead to compensatory upregulation of the p53 protein because of a decreased apoptosis rate. Taken together, our results suggest that autophagy deficiency can lead to malignant cell transformation and resistance to PP2.
Comprehensive proteome analysis of human skeletal muscle in cachexia and sarcopenia: a pilot study
Authors: Ebhardt H. Alexander , Degen Simone , Tadini Valentina , Schilb Alain , Johns Neil , Greig Carolyn A. , Fearon Kenneth C.H. , Aebersold Ruedi , Jacobi Carsten
Published: March 2017

Background

Cancer cachexia (cancer‐induced muscle wasting) is found in a subgroup of cancer patients leaving the patients with a poor prognosis for survival due to a lower tolerance of the chemotherapeutic drug. The cause of the muscle wasting in these patients is not fully understood, and no predictive biomarker exists to identify these patients early on. Skeletal muscle loss is an inevitable consequence of advancing age. As cancer frequently occurs in old age, identifying and differentiating the molecular mechanisms mediating muscle wasting in cancer cachexia vs. age‐related sarcopenia are a challenge. However, the ability to distinguish between them is critical for early intervention, and simple measures of body weight may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect cachexia early.

Methods

We used a range of omics approaches: (i) undepleted proteome was quantified using advanced high mass accuracy mass spectrometers in SWATH‐MS acquisition mode; (ii) phospho epitopes were quantified using protein arrays; and (iii) morphology was assessed using fluorescent microscopy.

Results

We quantified the soluble proteome of muscle biopsies from cancer cachexia patients and compared them with cohorts of cancer patients and healthy individuals with and without age‐related muscle loss (aka age‐related sarcopenia). Comparing the proteomes of these cohorts, we quantified changes in muscle contractile myosins and energy metabolism allowing for a clear identification of cachexia patients. In an in vitro time lapse experiment, we mimicked cancer cachexia and identified signal transduction pathways governing cell fusion to play a pivotal role in preventing muscle regeneration.

Conclusions

The work presented here lays the foundation for further understanding of muscle wasting diseases and holds the promise of overcoming ambiguous weight loss as a measure for defining cachexia to be replaced by a precise protein signature.
Grb7 protein RA domain oligomerization
Authors: Godamudunage Malika P. , Foster Albert , Warren Darius , Lyons Barbara A.
Published: March 2017

The growth factor receptor bound protein 7 (Grb7) is an adaptor protein that is often coamplified with the erythroblastosis oncogene B 2 receptor in 20% to 30% of breast cancer patients. Grb7 overexpression has been linked to increased cell migration and cancer metastasis. The ras associating and pleckstrin homology domain region of Grb7 has been reported to interact with various other downstream signaling proteins such as four and half Lin11, Isl‐1, Mec‐3 (LIM) domains isoform 2 and filamin α. These interactions are believed to play a role in regulating Grb7‐mediated cell migration function. The full‐length Grb7 protein has been shown to dimerize, and the oligomeric state of the Grb7SH2 domain has been extensively studied; however, the oligomerization state of the ras associating and pleckstrin homology domains, and the importance of this oligomerization in Grb7 function, is yet to be fully known. In this study, we characterize the oligomeric state of the Grb7RA domain using size exclusion chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, nuclear relaxation studies, glutaraldehyde cross linking, and dynamic light scattering. We report the Grb7RA domain can exist in transient multimeric forms and, based upon modeling results, postulate the potential role of Grb7RA domain oligomerization in Grb7 function.
A sensitivity study of the impact of dynamic vegetation on simulated future climate change over Southern Europe and the Mediterranean
Authors: Alo Clement Aga , Anagnostou Emmanouil N.
Published: March 2017

Recent projections of climate change from general circulation and regional climate models over southern Europe and the Mediterranean basin show strong warming and pronounced decrease in precipitation over large portion of the region, especially in the summer. While the role of vegetation in modulating the region's climate is widely recognized, most, if not all, of these climate change projections do not account for the response of the dynamic biosphere to the potential climate changes. In this study we investigate the role of climate–vegetation interactions in a regional climate model (RegCM3) linked to a dynamic vegetation model (CLM‐DGVM). High spatial resolution (20 km) simulations of future climate with static vegetation (i.e. vegetation fixed at the present day state) show surface temperature increases across the entire southern Europe/Mediterranean domain in 2085–2089 relative to 1985–1989 due to the radiative and physiological effects of CO2 increase. In terms of precipitation the simulations exhibit substantial precipitation decreases for most of the domain and both summer and winter seasons. Accounting for the effects of structural vegetation changes significantly alters the simulated climate change effects over these areas, but most substantially over the Mediterranean where vegetation feedback reduces summer warming by 1 K and reverts the 28% precipitation decrease to a 4% increase. These results emphasize the importance of including vegetation feedback in the projections of climate change impacts on the Mediterranean climate including extreme climatic events and storms.
Dynamics of carbon sources supporting burial in seagrass sediments under increasing anthropogenic pressure
Authors: Mazarrasa Inés , Marbà Núria , Garcia‐Orellana Jordi , Masqué Pere , Arias‐Ortiz Ariane , Duarte Carlos M.
Published: March 2017

Seagrass meadows are strong coastal carbon sinks of autochthonous and allochthonous carbon. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of coastal anthropogenic pressure on the variability of carbon sources in seagrass carbon sinks during the last 150 yr. We did so by examining the composition of the sediment organic carbon (Corg) stocks by measuring the δ13Corg signature and C : N ratio in 210Pb dated sediments of 11 Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows around the Balearic Islands (Spain, Western Mediterranean) under different levels of human pressure. On average, the top meter sediment carbon deposits were mainly (59% ± 12%) composed by P. oceanica derived carbon whereas seston contribution was generally lower (41% ± 8%). The contribution of P. oceanica to the total sediment carbon stock was the highest (∼ 80%) in the most pristine sites whereas the sestonic contribution was the highest (∼ 40–80%) in the meadows located in areas under moderate to very high human pressure. Furthermore, an increase in the contribution of sestonic carbon and a decrease in that of seagrass derived carbon toward present was observed in most of the meadows examined, coincident with the onset of the tourism industry development and coastal urbanization in the region. Our results demonstrate a general increase of total carbon accumulation rate in P. oceanica sediments during the last century, mainly driven by the increase in sestonic Corg carbon burial, which may have important implications in the long‐term carbon sink capacity of the seagrass meadows in the region examined.
Photoreversibility and Biocompatibility of Polydimethylsiloxane‐Coumarin as Adjustable Intraocular Lens Material
Authors: Jellali Rachid , Bertrand Virginie , Alexandre Michaël , Rosière Nancy , Grauwels Magda , De Pauw‐Gillet Marie‐Claire , Jérôme Christine
Published: March 2017

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) constitutes an interesting material for a variety of biomedical applications, especially as intraocular lenses (IOLs), for its excellent transparency. In this work, a photoreversible PDMS‐coumarin network, whose shape and properties can be adjusted postoperatively in a noninvasive manner, is developed. The synthesis of PDMS‐coumarin is achieved by amidation of a coumarin acid chloride derivative with amine‐functionalized PDMSs. Under exposure of λ > 300 nm, these polymers can be cured by dimerization of coumarin. The cured polymers can be uncrosslinked via photocleavage of cyclobutane dimers upon illumination at λ < 290 nm. The diffusion of linear PDMSs in a crosslinked network and the controlled shape modification are studied, which demonstrate that these polymers are good candidates for adjustable IOL application. IOL disks prepared from these materials show high hydrophobicity and good transparency. In vitro cytotoxicity, lens epithelial cell adhesion assays, and rabbit host reaction against implanted disks demonstrate the biocompatibility of the polymer.

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Glass–Metal Adhesive Polymers from Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition
Authors: Martínez‐Triana Yeimy M. , Whelan Rory , Finn M. G. , Díaz David Díaz
Published: March 2017

Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition is shown here to be an efficient method to create adhesive materials in situ between glass and copper surfaces. Twelve formulations show adhesive strengths greater than a commercial product under comparable conditions, with the best combination of monomers the same as that previously developed for copper–copper adhesion. Strong adhesion is also achieved under water, an environment in which the commercial glue fails. Brass, iron, and stainless steel could also be adhered to glass using different formulations, but aluminum could not. The concentration and molar ratio of monomers, curing temperature, prefunctionalization of the glass surface, and the incorporation of flexibility‐inducing components all have significant effects on adhesive performance.

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Preparation and Thermoresponsive Properties of UCST‐Type Polypeptide Bearing p‐Tolyl Pendants and 3‐Methyl‐1,2,3‐triazolium Linkages in Methanol or Ethanol/Water Solvent Mixtures
Authors: Li Minjie , Xu Yanzhi , Liu Tingting , Li Yin , Ling Ying , Tang Haoyu
Published: March 2017

A series of ionic polypeptides bearing p‐tolyl pendants and 3‐methyl‐1,2,3‐triazolium linkages is synthesized by N‐alkylation and subsequent ion‐exchange reaction. 1H NMR and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis verify their molecular structures and reveal quantitative conversions. The nonionic polypeptides bearing p‐tolyl pendants and 1,2,3‐triazole linkages show no thermoresponsiveness in various solvents. The resulting ionic polypeptides (i.e., P2) are able to show reversible upper critical solution temperature (UCST)‐type phase behaviors both in methanol and ethanol/water binary solvent mixtures by incorporation with proper counteranions (i.e., iodide). FTIR analysis reveals that P2 may have interacted with solvent molecules via the van der Waals interaction, H‐bonding, and dipolar–dipolar interactions. Variable‐temperature UV–vis spectroscopy reveals that the UCST‐type phase transition temperatures (Tpts) of P2 are in the range of about 26–37 °C in MeOH and in the range of about 11–46 °C in EtOH/H2O solvent mixtures depending on the main‐chain length, polymer concentration, and the weight percentage of ethanol (fw).

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Monomial ideals and independence of
Authors: Pelupessy Florian
Published: March 2017

We show that a miniaturised version of Maclagan's theorem on monomial ideals is equivalent to and classify a phase transition threshold for this theorem. This work highlights the combinatorial nature of Maclagan's theorem.
Operational Failures Detected by Frontline Acute Care Nurses
Authors: Stevens Kathleen R. , Engh Eileen P. , Tubbs‐Cooley Heather , Conley Deborah Marks , Cupit Tammy , D'Errico Ellen , DiNapoli Pam , Fischer Joleen Lynn , Freed Ruth , Kotzer Anne Marie , Lindgren Carolyn L. , Marino Marie Ann , Mestas Lisa , Perdue Jessica , Powers Rebekah , Radovich Patricia , Rice Karen , Riley Linda P. , Rosenfeld Peri , Roussel Linda , Ryan‐Wenger Nancy A. , Searle‐Leach Linda , Shonka Nicole M. , Smith Vicki L. , Sweatt Laura , Townsend‐Gervis Mary , Wathen Ellen , Withycombe Janice S.
Published: March 2017

Frontline nurses encounter operational failures (OFs), or breakdowns in system processes, that hinder care, erode quality, and threaten patient safety. Previous research has relied on external observers to identify OFs; nurses have been passive participants in the identification of system failures that impede their ability to deliver safe and effective care. To better understand frontline nurses' direct experiences with OFs in hospitals, we conducted a multi‐site study within a national research network to describe the rate and categories of OFs detected by nurses as they provided direct patient care. Data were collected by 774 nurses working in 67 adult and pediatric medical‐surgical units in 23 hospitals. Nurses systematically recorded data about OFs encountered during 10 work shifts over a 20‐day period. In total, nurses reported 27,298 OFs over 4,497 shifts, a rate of 6.07 OFs per shift. The highest rate of failures occurred in the category of Equipment/Supplies, and the lowest rate occurred in the category of Physical Unit/Layout. No differences in OF rate were detected based on hospital size, teaching status, or unit type. Given the scale of this study, we conclude that OFs are frequent and varied across system processes, and that organizations may readily obtain crucial information about OFs from frontline nurses. Nurses' detection of OFs could provide organizations with rich, real‐time information about system operations to improve organizational reliability. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental and Theoretical Examination of the Radical Cations Obtained from the Chemical and Electrochemical Oxidation of 5‐Aminothiazoles
Authors: Yamaguchi Kirara , Murai Toshiaki , Kutsumizu Shoichi , Miwa Yohei , Ebihara Masahiro , Guo Jing‐Dong , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: March 2017

Chemical or electrochemical one‐electron oxidation of 5‐N‐arylaminothiazoles was found to afford stable radical cations. For chemical oxidation, 1 equivalent of [(4‐BrC6H4)3N][SbCl6] (Magic Blue, MB) was added to CH2Cl2 solutions of the thiazoles, and the thus‐obtained radicals showed light absorption in the near‐infrared region. Electrochemical oxidation also led to bathochromic shifts in the absorption bands, and the obtained spectra were similar to those derived from the chemically oxidized species. These radicals afforded electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra that are consistent with the notion of stable nitrogen radicals (half‐life≤385 h). The EPR spectrum of a thiazole containing 4‐dimethylaminophenyl groups on the nitrogen atom at the 5‐position changed significantly upon adding >3 equivalents of MB. Details of the electronic structures of the experimentally obtained radical cations were generated from theoretical calculations.
Intrinsically disordered inhibitor of glutamine synthetase is a functional protein with random‐coil‐like pKa values
Authors: Cozza Concetta , Neira José L. , Florencio Francisco J. , Muro‐Pastor M. Isabel , Rizzuti Bruno
Published: March 2017

The sequential action of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) in cyanobacteria allows the incorporation of ammonium into carbon skeletons. In the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, the activity of GS is modulated by the interaction with proteins, which include a 65‐residue‐long intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), the inactivating factor IF7. This interaction is regulated by the presence of charged residues in both IF7 and GS. To understand how charged amino acids can affect the binding of an IDP with its target and to provide clues on electrostatic interactions in disordered states of proteins, we measured the pKa values of all IF7 acidic groups (Glu32, Glu36, Glu38, Asp40, Asp58, and Ser65, the backbone C‐terminus) at 100 mM NaCl concentration, by using NMR spectroscopy. We also obtained solution structures of IF7 through molecular dynamics simulation, validated them on the basis of previous experiments, and used them to obtain theoretical estimates of the pKa values. Titration values for the two Asp and three Glu residues of IF7 were similar to those reported for random‐coil models, suggesting the lack of electrostatic interactions around these residues. Furthermore, our results suggest the presence of helical structure at the N‐terminus of the protein and of conformational changes at acidic pH values. The overall experimental and in silico findings suggest that local interactions and conformational equilibria do not play a role in determining the electrostatic features of the acidic residues of IF7.
Lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides in the management of Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on Capsicum annuum L.
Authors: Breda Mariana O , Oliveira José V , Esteves Filho Alberto B , Barbosa Douglas RS , Santos Andrezo A
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

The evaluation of lethal and sublethal effects is of great importance for a complete assessment of the total impact of chemical compounds upon pest populations and the development of management strategies. In this study, we evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of different synthetic and botanical products on the broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), a major pest of Capsicum annuum L. and other crops.

RESULTS

Abamectin had the highest lethal effect on P. latus, followed by spiromesifen, azadirachtin, neem oil and nitrogen fertiliser + citric acid. The sublethal effects of the products were indicated by the influence on mite population growth, affecting the numbers of females, males, larvae, pupae and eggs. Furthermore, a negative instantaneous rate of increase in P. latus and repellent effects were observed.

CONCLUSION

The lethal and sublethal effects of abamectin, spiromesifen, azadirachtin and neem oil significantly affect P. latus population growth, as well as causing repellence to this mite on C. annuum, and they should be considered in the integrated pest management of this mite. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessment of insecticide risk to human health in groundwater in Northern China by using the China‐PEARL model
Authors: Geng Yue , Ma Jing , Zhou Ruize , Jia Ran , Li Chongjiu , Ma Xiaodong
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Insecticides are extensively used in China and may leach to groundwater, which is used as a source of drinking water in Northern China. However, the risk of insecticide leaching to groundwater and the subsequent risk to human health caused by the consumption of insecticide‐contaminated drinking water remain unclear.

RESULTS

A total of 336 predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) were simulated for 32 commonly used insecticides, and 171 PECs were calculated for 20 metabolites in six agricultural dry‐land scenario locations of Northern China with eight target crops. In 264 of the 336 cases, the PEC in groundwater is ≤0.1 µg L−1. Carbofuran, imidacloprid, trichlorfon and oxidative metabolites of aldicarb are the most leached chemicals in groundwater. The most vulnerable crop is cotton, whereas soil treatment is the most vulnerable application type. Urumqi and Weifang are the most vulnerable among the six scenario locations. Less than 3% of 336 cases show unacceptable risk of insecticide‐contaminated groundwater, thereby requiring higher risk assessment and risk mitigation. The unacceptable cases are the leaching of carbofuran for cotton growing in Urumqi and Weifang, and leaching of metabolites of aldicarb in cotton and tobacco scenarios.

CONCLUSION

Popular insecticides used in Northern China are generally safe to groundwater. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Transport mechanisms in SnO2:N,H thin film grown by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Jiang Jie , Ostheim Lars , Hartung David , Lu Yinmei , Hofmann Detlev M. , Eickhoff Martin , Klar Peter J.
Published: March 2017

Tin oxide thin films with nitrogen and hydrogen as dopants (SnO2:N,H) were prepared by chemical vapor deposition. To investigate the charge transport mechanisms in the samples the electrical conductivities were measured in the temperature range from 280 K down to 10 K and the mechanisms were analyzed. With decreasing temperature, the dominant electrical transport processes can be well described by the sequence of band conduction, D− state conduction and nearest‐neighbor‐hopping. We also studied the effect of different nitrogen and hydrogen concentrations, originating from a variation of the NH3 flow rate in the growth process, on the charge transport mechanisms in the films.
Graphene–Mesoporous Si Nanocomposite as a Compliant Substrate for Heteroepitaxy
Authors: Boucherif Abderrahim Rahim , Boucherif Abderraouf , Kolhatkar Gitanjali , Ruediger Andreas , Arès Richard
Published: March 2017

The ultimate performance of a solid state device is limited by the restricted number of crystalline substrates that are available for epitaxial growth. As a result, only a small fraction of semiconductors are usable. This study describes a novel concept for a tunable compliant substrate for epitaxy, based on a graphene–porous silicon nanocomposite, which extends the range of available lattice constants for epitaxial semiconductor alloys. The presence of graphene and its effect on the strain of the porous layer lattice parameter are discussed in detail and new remarkable properties are demonstrated. These include thermal stability up to 900 °C, lattice tuning up to 0.9 % mismatch, and compliance under stress for virtual substrate thicknesses of several micrometers. A theoretical model is proposed to define the compliant substrate design rules. These advances lay the foundation for the fabrication of a compliant substrate that could unlock the lattice constant restrictions for defect‐free new epitaxial semiconductor alloys and devices.
Using Intersectionality in Student Affairs Research
Authors: Strayhorn Terrell L.
Published: March 2017

This chapter presents intersectionality as a useful heuristic for conducting research in higher education and student affairs contexts. Much more than just another theory, intersectionality can powerfully shape student affairs research in both obvious and tacit ways.
Intersectionality in Student Affairs: Perspective from a Senior Student Affairs Officer
Authors: Moneta Larry
Published: March 2017

The author draws upon over four decades of experience in student affairs administration to investigate how senior student affairs officers can incorporate intersectionality into comprehensive and targeted decision‐making processes, strategic planning, and organizational considerations.
Is An Ostomy Rod Useful for Bridging the Retraction During the Creation of a Loop Ileostomy? A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Uchino Motoi , Ikeuchi Hiroki , Bando Toshihiro , Chohno Teruhiro , Sasaki Hirofumi , Horio Yuki
Published: March 2017

Background

A loop ileostomy is generally created during restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) for treating ulcerative colitis (UC), and an ostomy rod is often used to prevent stoma retraction. However, its usefulness or harmfulness has not been proven. We performed a prospective randomized control study to investigate the non‐inferiority of ostomy creation without a rod to prevent stoma retraction.

Methods

Patients with UC who underwent RPC were enrolled and randomly divided into groups either with or without ostomy rod use. Incidences of stoma retraction and dermatitis were compared.

Results

Of the 320 patients in the study groups, 308 qualified for the intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis, and 257 were included in the per‐protocol (PP) analysis. Ostomy retraction was recognized in 6 patients, 3 with a rod and 3 without. The difference with rod use (95% confidence interval) was 0.1 (−2.9 to 3.1)% in the PP analysis and 0.0 (−2.2 to 2.2)% in the ITT analysis. There were no significant differences in stoma retraction regardless of whether an ostomy rod was used in either analysis. Dermatitis was more common in patients with rod use (84/154) than in those without (40/154) (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Although median body mass indices were extremely low (20 kg/m2), an ostomy rod is not routinely needed as it may increase the risk of dermatitis. However, results in obese patients may differ from those shown here, which should be clarified via further studies.
Functional Outcomes of Modular Conversion of Hemiarthroplasty or Total to Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Williams Phillip N. , Trehan Samir K. , Tsouris Nicholas , Dines Joshua S. , Dines David M. , Craig Edward V. , Gulotta Lawrence V. , Warren Russell F.
Published: March 2017

Background

The advent of modular shoulder arthroplasty systems has allowed the conversion of hemiarthroplasty or total shoulder arthroplasty to reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) without removing a well-fixed stem.

Questions/Purposes

To determine the feasibility, functional outcome, and complication profile of RTSA modular conversion.

Methods

A prospective shoulder arthroplasty registry was queried for consecutive patients scheduled for a modular conversion from January 1, 2007, to April 1, 2015. Eligible patients had medical charts and operative records reviewed for preoperative diagnosis, age, medical comorbidities, preoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES) score, preoperative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain and instability scores, and intraoperative findings. Each patient was then contacted by telephone or mail to complete up-to-date ASES and VAS questionnaires.

Results

Seventeen patients underwent a modular conversion. Nine patients were scheduled for modular conversion but underwent humeral revision due to excessive soft tissue tension (65.3% modular conversion rate). Average follow-up was 37.4 months (range 10.0–67.6 months). Pain scores improved from 5.3 (range 0.4 to 8.0) to 2.4 (range 0 to 9.3) ( p < 0.01), instability VAS from 5.2 (range 0 to 10) to 1.1 (range 0 to 6.8) ( p < 0.01), and ASES scores improved from 35.2 (range 20.7 to 61.3) to 65.6 (range 11.8 to 92) ( p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Modular conversion of an anatomic to a RTSA is feasible in a majority of patients. Despite the complexity of the procedure, modular conversion of hemiarthroplasty or TSA to RTSA can significantly improve functional outcomes with a low rate of complications.
The future of Martinique French: The role of random effects on the variable expression of futurity
Authors: Roberts Nicholas S.
Published: March 2017

This article adds a Caribbean perspective to the analysis of futurity by presenting a quantitative variationist investigation of the competing forms used by speakers to encode future time in the Frenchdépartement et région d'outre-merof Martinique. The two variants under investigation are the inflected future (je partirai‘I will leave’) and the periphrastic future (je vais partir‘I am going to leave’). In this variety, the periphrastic future is identified as the most frequent variant. Fixed-effects and mixed-effects models furthermore tease apart the complex set of constraints governing variant selection and demonstrate the repercussions of considering speaker and lexical effects when analysing sociolinguistic data. Indeed, once individual speaker and word-level variation are controlled for, the future variable in Martinique French is constrained purely by temporal distance: while the periphrastic future acts as the default option in the majority of time contexts, the inflected future functions asthemarker of distal time.
Cyclicity versus movement: English nominalization and syntactic approaches to morpho-phonological regularity
Authors: Punske Jeffrey
Published: March 2017

In this paper, I show that Embick's (2010) cyclic head approach to regular morphology alone cannot account for the freely available variations in the realization of nominalizers in English nominalizations involving overt verbalizers. Instead, I offer an account of the regularity effects using the technology of Local Dislocation (Embick and Noyer 2001, Embick and Marantz 2008, Embick 2007a, 2007b). Using this analysis, I derive both the variable nominalization patterns and the restrictions on particles and results in derived nominals from Sichel (2010). By treating regularity as the by-product of extant morphosyntatic operations, we can better explain the distribution of regular and irregular nominalizers and account for particle/result restrictions in English derived nominals.
The Court and the Old Dominion: Judicial Review Among the Virginia Jeffersonians
Authors: Cash Jordan T.
Published: March 2017

Over the past 30 years, a growing amount of scholarly attention has been paid to forms of constitutional interpretation other than judicial review, ranging from departmentalism to explicitly removing judicial review from the court's purview. As many of these works have recognized, such skepticism is not new, but has a strong historical tradition. What has not often been noted, however, is that differing conceptions of judicial review—even opposition to judicial oversight of legislative actions—existed nearly from the moment thatMarbury v. Madisonwas decided. This article examines some of these divergent opinions on judicial review in the Early Republic by studying how it was perceived by the Old Republicans, the conservative faction of the Virginia Jeffersonians.
Tetanus vaccination, antibody persistence and decennial booster: a serosurvey of university students and at-risk workers
Authors: BORELLA-VENTURINI M. , FRASSON C. , PALUAN F. , DE NUZZO D. , DI MASI G. , GIRALDO M. , CHIARA F. , TREVISAN A.
Published: March 2017

The aim of the present research is to verify the immune status against tetanus in students and workers exposed to risk and to ascertain whether a decennial booster is necessary. Antibodies against tetanus were measured in 1433 workers and students of Padua University (Italy). The enrolment criterion was the ability to provide a booklet of vaccinations released by a public health office. The influence of age, gender, the number of vaccine doses, and the interval since the last dose was determined. Ten years after the last dose, the majority of subjects (95·0%) displayed an antibody titre above the protective level (⩾0·10 IU/ml), and half of these (49·1%) had a long-term protective level (⩾1·0 IU/ml). According to our data, titre depends on both the number of vaccine doses and the interval since the last dose (P< 0·0001). Five vaccine doses and an interval of at least 10 years since the last dose are predictive of a long-term protective titre in absence of a booster (1·97 IU/ml). These data suggest that when primary series are completed, a decennial booster is unnecessary for up to 20 years. Furthermore, we recommend measuring the antibody level before a new booster is given to prevent problems related to over-immunisation.
Come On! Using intervention mapping to help healthy pregnant women achieve healthy weight gain
Authors: Merkx Astrid , Ausems Marlein , de Vries Raymond , Nieuwenhuijze Marianne J
Published: March 2017

Objective

Gaining too much or too little weight in pregnancy (according to Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines) negatively affects both mother and child, but many women find it difficult to manage their gestational weight gain (GWG). Here we describe the use of the intervention mapping protocol to design ‘Come On!’, an intervention to promote adequate GWG among healthy pregnant women.

Design

We used the six steps of intervention mapping: (i) needs assessment; (ii) formulation of change objectives; (iii) selection of theory-based methods and practical strategies; (iv) development of the intervention programme; (v) development of an adoption and implementation plan; and (vi) development of an evaluation plan. A consortium of users and related professionals guided the process of development.

Results

As a result of the needs assessment, two goals for the intervention were formulated: (i) helping healthy pregnant women to stay within the IOM guidelines for GWG; and (ii) getting midwives to adequately support the efforts of healthy pregnant women to gain weight within the IOM guidelines. To reach these goals, change objectives and determinants influencing the change objectives were formulated. Theories used were the Transtheoretical Model, Social Cognitive Theory and the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Practical strategies to use the theories were the foundation for the development of ‘Come On!’, a comprehensive programme that included a tailored Internet programme for pregnant women, training for midwives, an information card for midwives, and a scheduled discussion between the midwife and the pregnant woman during pregnancy. The programme was pre-tested and evaluated in an effect study.
Rhetorical Adaptation and Resistance to International Norms
Authors: Dixon Jennifer M.
Published: March 2017

Scholarship on states’ responses to international norms has focused on commitment, compliance, and noncompliance; paying insufficient attention to responses that fall outside these categories. Beyond simply complying with or violating a norm; states contest, resist, and respond to international norms in a range of ways. I identifyrhetorical adaptationas a central form of resistance to international norms. Rather than simply rejecting a norm or charges of norm violation, such a strategy draws on a norm’s content to resist pressures for compliance or minimize perceptions of violation. Theorizing the relationship between norms’ content and states’ resistant rhetoric, I identify four types of rhetorical adaptation: norm disregard, norm avoidance, norm interpretation, and norm signaling. To probe the plausibility of these propositions, a case study of Turkey’s post-World War II narrative of the Armenian Genocide traces a sequence of rhetorical adaptations over the past six decades. Building on the case study, I then draw out generalizable insights into the uses and effects of rhetorical adaptation. Connecting theoretical concerns in political science with the interdisciplinary fields of genocide studies and memory studies, I delineate the ways in which actors instrumentally use norms and expand understandings of the forms and effects of so-called norm takers’ agency.