bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theory and Application of Quantum-Based Interatomic Potentials in Metals and Alloys
Authors: Moriarty John A.
Published: August 2023

Historically, the interatomic potentials used in atomistic computer simulations of materials properties, such as molecular dynamics, have been simple empirical constructions, typically chosen in fixed analytic form with arbitrary parameters that are fitted to experimental or theoretical data. We know, however, that predictive power at atomic length scales comes from quantum mechanics, as demonstrated by the enormous success of density functional theory (DFT) over the past fifty years. At the same time, quantum simulations based on DFT are confined to small systems that are often no more than a few hundred atoms with time scales of a few picoseconds. In metals and alloys especially, a viable path forward to the vastly larger length and time scales offered by empirical potentials, while retaining the predictive power of DFT quantum mechanics, is to coarse-grain the underlying electronic structure and systematically derive quantum-based interatomic potentials (QBIPs) from first-principles considerations. This is possible because the valence energy bands in metals and alloys are amenable to simplified quantum treatments, leading to robust expansion of the total energy in terms of weak interatomic matrix elements that define the potentials. This book elaborates the development and application of QBIPs for simple, transition and actinide metals and their alloys based on DFT methods, especially first-principles generalized pseudopotential theory. The book spans the entire QBIP process from foundation in fundamental theory, to the development and machine-learning optimization of accurate potentials for real materials, to the widespread application of the potentials to materials modeling and simulation of structural and thermodynamic properties, point and line defects, and mechanical properties of metals and alloys across the Periodic Table.
Critiquing Civil Recovery
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer
Published: August 2023

This chapter progresses from the doctrinal and contextual analysis of preceding chapters and, drawing upon empirical data, offers new insights into contentious aspects of civil recovery. Specifically, it critiques civil recovery from three angles: the non-conviction-based approach, the presumption of innocence, and the standard of proof.
Conclusion
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer
Published: August 2023

This chapter concludes the book with a consideration of three broader aspects. First, it explores self-legitimation strategies expressed by proponent interviewees. It contends that such views reinforce due process concerns, evidencing a cognitively dissonant position on the part of proponents. Second, while this book concentrates on Ireland and England & Wales, it highlights how civil recovery powers are increasingly prevalent internationally. The chapter considers this spread of non-conviction-based confiscation powers, with particular focus on proposals by the European Commission for an EU-wide non-conviction-based confiscation model. Third, and finally, it situates discussion of civil recovery in the broader context of civil/criminal procedural hybrids across different applications and jurisdictions.
The Real Living Wage
Authors: Heery Edmund , Hann Deborah , Nash David
Published: August 2023

The Real Living Wage presents a detailed case study of the campaign for the Living Wage, a voluntary standard promoted by the community organizing network Citizens UK, and a striking example of the civil regulation of the employment relationship. The book first examines the nature of the Living Wage as a body of regulation and the methods that Citizens UK and its partner organization, the Living Wage Foundation, have used to encourage employers to adopt the standard. It then considers the responses to the campaign of employers, trade unions, and public authorities. The book identifies those employers that have backed the campaign and their motives for doing so, the variable responses of trade unions, which have encompassed forming coalitions with campaigners alongside considerable suspicion and conflict, and the methods that national, regional, and local governments have used to promote the standard. The book ends by presenting evidence of the impact of the campaign. It shows that the scheme has been redistributive, with more than 12,500 employers adopting the Living Wage, benefitting about 340,000 low-wage employees. It also shows that there is a business case for the Living Wage and identifies a series of positive effects for employers that have implemented the standard within their organizations.
What makes something a perceptual object?
Authors: Mroczko-Wąsowicz Aleksandra , Stoch Nastazja , Zguda Paulina
Published: August 2023

This chapter overviews approaches to object perception focusing on perceptual objects (POs) as units of perception. An account of POs should acknowledge the ambiguity of the term ‘object’ and determine the relations between its senses. It should settle whether non-prototypical visual objects, sounds, odours, and entities from other sense modalities can be POs. Additionally, it requires criteria for singling out a PO from a stimulus array. Gestalt laws provide general principles of perceptual organization but cannot serve as criteria for object individuation. These are offered within the body theory, which, in turn, exhibits visuocentric limitations. In the chapter, the authors review two plausible theories individuating POs in a modality-independent way. It is recommended that a comprehensive approach to POs may not rely on object perception alone but should be complemented with object conception. By differentiating three levels of description of POs, the authors also propose to adhere to a proper level when investigating POs.
Sensory binding without sensory individuals
Authors: Quilty-Dunn Jake
Published: August 2023

The capacity for feature binding is typically explained in terms of the attribution model: a perceptual state selects an individual and attributes properties to it. Thus, features are bound together in virtue of being attributed to the same individual. While the attribution model successfully explains some cases of binding in perception, not all binding needs to be understood as property attribution. This chapter argues that some forms of binding—those involving holistic iconic representations, which bind features outside the limits of attention and object files—do not fit the attribution model. The chapter then sketches an alternative coordination model of binding.
Material objects as the singular subjects of multimodal perception
Authors: Matthen Mohan
Published: August 2023

Higher animals need to identify and track material objects because they depend on interactions with them for nutrition, reproduction, and social interaction. This paper investigates the perception of material objects. It argues, firstly, that material objects are tagged, in all five external senses, as bearers of the features detected by them. This happens through a perceptual process, here entitled generalized completion, which creates the appearance of objects that have properties that transcend the activation of sensory receptors. The paper shows, secondly, that material objects are privileged subjects for perceived motion and interaction. That is, they are perceived as subjects for these properties, while their parts seem to be subjects only derivatively. Material objects are the only perceptual subjects that are both multisensory and privileged.
Multimodal structure of painful experiences
Authors: Skrzypulec Błażej
Published: August 2023

It is common to characterize pain with touch-related terms, like ‘cutting’, ‘pressing’, ‘sharp’, and ‘pulsing’, or temperature-related terms, like ‘hot’ or ‘burning’. This suggests that many pains are phenomenally multimodal because they are experienced as having some tactile-like or thermal-like character. The goal of this chapter is to investigate the structure of phenomenally multimodal pain experiences. It is argued that the usual accounts of multimodal structure proposed in investigations regarding exteroceptive experiences cannot be plausibly applied to multimodal experiences of pain. Instead, an alternative framework is proposed, which characterizes the structure of tactile-like and thermal-like pains by referring to the notion of crossmodal correspondences.
Estate Management around Florence and Lucca 1000-1250
Authors: Tabarrini Lorenzo
Published: August 2023

This book describes the forms of estate management, and the way they changed, around Florence and Lucca during the central Middle Ages. It is based mainly on the notarial charters preserved in the ecclesiastical archives of both cities dating to the period 1000–1250, with a focus on the years between c. 1180 and c. 1230—which were characterized by a process of overall economic growth. The Florentine and Lucchese countryside are worth comparing, as they are believed to have had very different historical trajectories. The so-called manorial system (sistema curtense in Italian) is believed to have ceased to exist in the Lucchesia around the beginning of the tenth century, whereas in the Fiorentino its disappearance can be dated to the early thirteenth century. Similarly, the Florentine countryside is generally regarded as the birthplace of a particular type of sharecropping tenure, the mezzadria poderale, which spread over much of central Italy during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and would later become an essential component of Italian agrarian identity. On the contrary, the mezzadria poderale is thought to have never developed at any point in the history of medieval and early modern Lucchesia. Thus, the book sets out to examine the transformations of estate management around both cities over the central Middle Ages in their own right; that is to say, by detaching those transformations from any teleological view, and by placing them within the economic and socio-political context of the period 1000–1250.
Disagreeing About Forgiveness
Authors: Russell Luke
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines disagreements over whether victims of wrongdoing ought to overcome their resentment and forgive the perpetrators. Many people encourage victims of wrongdoing to forgive, saying that forgiveness ends conflict and allows victims to heal. However, there are some cases in which victims are criticized for forgiving unrepentant wrongdoers. Holocaust survivor Eva Kor forgave the Nazis and was subsequently told by fellow survivors that her act of forgiveness was impermissible. The fact that people disagree over the moral permissibility of forgiveness prompts us to ask what forgiveness amounts to. Dictionary definitions and common metaphors provide limited assistance in relation to answering this question. Nor is it easy to identify the nature of forgiveness by looking to the Bible or other religious texts. Psychologists do not operate with a shared definition of forgiveness, and they appear to be investigating a range of different things under this heading. None of these authorities give a clear answer to the question of what forgiveness really is.
ThePrint
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi
Published: August 2023

ThePrint’s tagline reads ‘Substance of print, Reach of digital’ which clearly defines that the organization enshrines the sanctity of print in the realm of digital. This chapter focuses on ThePrint’s performance in the digital space. With the expansion of digital media, Shekhar Gupta’s initiative ThePrint is rising fairly well with an easy reach to its audience. It is an independent platform providing the readers with fair and qualitative journalism with both online and offline media presence without any extrinsic bent. An in-depth case study of the organization will enable the readers to understand how ThePrint packages itself for its users and what kind of initiatives it undertakes to engage with people both on-screen and off-screen. Its quality content in the digital space has earned the platform a good reputation in the field of qualitative and fair journalism. The changing trends turned Shekhar Gupta into a digital entrepreneur who believes that ‘you can be a veteran and beginner at the same time’. The chapter focuses on the genesis, growth and development of the organization, organizational structure, editorial policies, target audience, business model, and the overall working of the platform. The author also unveils the strategic intent of the group to engage a vast readership and how their content is different from other media platforms. With its unique product and content management policies, ThePrint has managed to foster a one-on-one interaction with its audience and also focus on their offline presence. The parent company of ThePrint is PrintlineMedia, but it works entirely as an independent firm in working on consideration of the various social, political, economic, and legal factors to have an uptight competition with its rivals.
Inshorts
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi
Published: August 2023

Inshorts is one of the most-read digital news apps in India. Their target audience is the youth of the country, and thus they try to make their best attempt in relating the content to them. In this chapter, we discover how an idea of three engineering students turned into a successful business venture called Inshorts. It is registered under the aegis of Inshorts Medialabs, a private limited company launched on 27 July 2015. It broadly operates in the domain of news, information, updates, and noteworthy happenings around the world. Its turnover for FY 2021 was ₹105 crores. This chapter explores how an organization took shape from a Facebook page and grew on to become a legitimate digital media organization to become the symbol of news to fight the race against time. It reviews the Inshorts’s business and revenue model and examines the journey of the organization and familiarizes the readers with its founders among various other aspects of the digital media entrepreneurial venture.
The Wire
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi
Published: August 2023

Based out of New Delhi, the foundation stones of the organization were laid in 2015 by Siddharth Varadarajan, Sidharth Bhatia, and M.K. Venu. Their aim was to keep the democratic spirit of the country alive which is explored via their strategic intent, business model, and content and product management. The media organization has also received angel donations from some established firms. They reach out to people via their website and through social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter in order to receive donations and keep the authentic sources alive.
The Better India
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi
Published: August 2023

The chapter talks about the genesis of The Better India, a unique platform that presents its stories with a motive of positive social and cultural change. It was founded by two former engineers who started with a blog that was later converted into a website with the stimulus of their family and friends. They said that they wanted to become ‘India’s morning good news platform’. With the revenue source of advertisements and sponsorships, the company is expected to have a great boom in the coming future. With the language constraint of serving only in English, now they have even started publishing their content in Hindi to bridge the rural–urban gap. For now, their major audience comprises of people from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Singapore. The team defines itself as ‘India’s only and Asia’s largest positive journalism platform that uses storytelling to drive large-scale change and impact!’
Scroll
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi
Published: August 2023

Founded by Samir Patil and Naresh Fernandes in 2014, Scroll is a Hindi- and English-language digital news publication owned by the Scroll Media Incorporation. In the year 2014, Samir Patil decided to give a new meaning to the most used digital word, ‘scroll’. In India, he founded an English news website named Scroll (scroll.in) to give a brand-new perspective to journalism in the country. When Samir Patil and Naresh Fernandes decided to tread the path of journalism, there was something that they were sure of: news that is expansive and research based. Scroll intended to pursue data-driven and grassroot reporting. The organization, which firmly believes in media being the fourth pillar of democracy, aims at keeping the basic principles of journalism intact with their editorial policies. The organization initially started in English and has also expanded into the field of Hindi journalism. This chapter documents the journey of the Scroll and also unravels its funding model including its biggest angel investor. The chapter also explores the organization’s network of widespread audiences that has been the reason behind the company’s success. It also focuses on the content management and editorial policies of the group that has secured them with a huge following on social media platforms.
Introduction
Authors: Waters Rob
Published: August 2023

The Introduction outlines the scope of integration projects in London in the two decades between the arrival of the Empire Windrush and the passage of the first Race Relations Act, and it establishes why London held a particularly prominent place in the development of the politics of integration in this era. It considers the ways in which this integrationism worked through racial logics, perpetuating race even as it aimed at overcoming its discriminations. The latter part of the Introduction discusses the meaning and structure of integration politics in more detail before outlining the book’s chapters.
The tradition of Hervaeus Natalis
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: August 2023

After a consideration of some relevant texts from Thomas Aquinas, this chapter examines the Christology of Hervaeus Natalis, and the many ways in which it diverges from that of Aquinas. It then discusses the controversies in the Dominican order surrounding Durand of St Pourçain, and shows that the positions of Durand and his opponents (including Hervaeus) are much closer to each other than they are to that of Aquinas. The chapter then goes on to examine a number of theologians of the fifteenth century whose positions are, by accident or design, similar to that of Hervaeus, culminating in Nicholas of Cusa.
Peter Auriol
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides an account of the development of Auriol’s Christology through three redactions of book 3 of his commentary on the Sentences, two previously unpublished, along with material from the Scriptum on book 1 of the Sentences. The chapter establishes the correct order of the various texts. Auriol proposes a radically original Christology, according to which the divine person ‘terminates’ the human nature in a way analogous to that in which a point terminates a line; and created subsistence likewise ‘terminates’ the nature to which it is proper. Auriol was possibly followed on this by a Dominican theologian of the 1320s, Bernard of Lombardy; and his view on subsistence was criticized by Adam Wodeham. Auriol’s insights later passed into the Thomist tradition through John Capreolus, who transcribed parts of the text from a manuscript in Toulouse.
Critical Forms
Authors: Wilson Ross
Published: August 2023

Critical Forms is an account of the generic forms in which literary criticism has been undertaken. It examines chiefly Anglophone literary criticism, albeit with comparative discussion of French and German material, from around 1750 to the present and examines prefaces, selections and anthologies, reviews, lectures, dialogues, letters, and life-writing. Though not intended to be an exhaustive history of the period, Critical Forms begins in the mid-eighteenth century because this date sees the emergence of something like the forms (chiefly, the essay and the treatise) in which criticism is still predominantly practised. In order at least to complicate this predominance, the book documents an abiding plurality in the forms of literary critical writing in the subsequent period, leading up to the present. Critical Forms both questions the status of the essay and treatise as the ‘natural’ forms of literary criticism and shows that the history of literary criticism is much more formally various and innovative than the usual ways of recounting that history as a succession of schools and movements would allow. In addition, Critical Forms at least harbours the hope that it will make available a wider array of forms for the practice of literary criticism today; it is this hope that licenses its own admittedly brief experiments in critical form.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Ross
Published: August 2023

The Introduction begins by exploring the formal characteristics of philosophical and literary-critical writing. While showing that considerations of the relation between philosophy and form are germane to the book’s argument, the Introduction comes to focus in particular on literary criticism, detailing the ways in which the relation between literary criticism and its forms is distinctive, owing, in part, to the shared linguistic medium of literature and its criticism. The Introduction situates the book’s concern with the forms of literary criticism in relation to a range of recent institutional and intellectual contexts, including, for instance, the interest in ‘creative criticism’ and recent defences of ‘academic writing’. The book’s historical parameters are also laid out and justified here: while noting that many of the forms discussed in the book have ancient and early modern precedents, the Introduction offers a rationale for seeing the middle of the eighteenth century as a defining moment for subsequent criticism. Examples of the consideration of literary critical form in the work of Oscar Wilde and Walter Benjamin are examined before a brief overview of the book’s contents is offered in conclusion.
Selections
Authors: Wilson Ross
Published: August 2023

Where other critical forms seem to display the authorial agency and intervention of the critic, it would appear that selections and anthologies do not. This chapter opens by considering the matter—or, according to T. S. Eliot, ideal—of critical silence. While notes and other critical paratexts are of course a key focus of this chapter, its main concern is with the act and presentation of selection itself. It is argued that, in fact, selection is paradigmatically critical and paradigmatically formal. The chapter deals with a variety of examples in historical context, from Isaac D’Israeli to Amiri Baraka, via Charles Lamb and Francis Turner Palgrave.
Lectures
Authors: Wilson Ross
Published: August 2023

This chapter returns to the consideration (important in the Introduction and Chapter 2 especially) of the invisibility of critical forms. It notices that much literary criticism has its origin in lectures, though this fact is often effaced. The chapter considers the relations between oral and textual communication, especially by means of a consideration of Gertrude Stein’s published lectures and Erving Goffman’s sociology of communication. The ritual and representative aspects of the lecture—prominent in Goffman’s discussion—are central throughout and are explicitly addressed in examination of examples from Henry Louis Gates, Jr and Toni Morrison. The importance of the lecture to higher-education pedagogy—especially in the field of literary criticism—and the reasons for this in the face of technological development and managerial challenge are considered in broad historical context. In addition to the examples already mentioned, the chapter examines work by Robert Lowth, John Keble, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Eric Griffiths.
Letters
Authors: Wilson Ross
Published: August 2023

This chapter is concerned throughout with the supposedly public nature of literary criticism. It returns to Peter Uwe Hohendahl’s definition of literary criticism as public communication on literature in order to question it—but without simply assuming that letters are private communication. As becomes clear through examination of a series of examples, many literary-critical letters were written for publication and many others straddle the private–public divide. The question of the treatise presented as a series of letters is also considered here, chiefly though the example of the work of Richard Hurd. Other examples, from the eighteenth century to recent experiments in collaborative criticism, are central to the chapter.
Conclusions
Authors: Davies Jonathan
Published: August 2023

This chapter synthesizes what has been argued before, concluding that the Jewish War is a highly complex product of its times, a virtuoso balancing act between courtesy and discourtesy towards Josephus’ all-powerful patrons, but fundamentally, at its deepest level, a rejection of the imperial narrative about the Jewish rebellion. It surveys a range of existing approaches to the question of Josephus’ relationship with Flavian power in the light of what has been argued in previous chapters, and concludes that none of them fully capture the complexity of this author’s stance. It ends by suggesting several possible avenues of future research into Josephus and his place in Graeco-Roman historiography.
Telling Time in the Greco-Roman World
Authors: Miller Kassandra J.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 1 introduces the temporal landscape of the Imperial period and the key concepts with which this book engages. The chapter reviews the archaeological evidence for sundials and water clocks and discusses both their capabilities and their changing prevalence over time. It also recounts how the Greek term hōra evolved to mean “hour” (as well as “season” and a general span of “time”), and it distinguishes between the two different kinds of hour (“seasonal” and “equinoctial”) that ancient timekeeping tools could measure. The chapter helps readers to better understand the temporal frameworks and lexicons that were available to physicians like Galen and, thus, to better appreciate the temporal choices that these physicians faced.
Doctors and Clocks
Authors: Miller Kassandra J.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 2 offers a chronological overview of how the developments in timekeeping technologies outlined in Chapter 1 intersected with developments in the theory and practice of medicine. The chapter first discusses the Pharaonic Egyptian and Assyro-Babylonian precedents to Greek and Roman medical timekeeping and then introduces the broad trends that emerged in the Hippocratic, Hellenistic, and Roman Imperial stages of Greco-Roman medicine. It addresses relevant methodological challenges along the way and, by establishing both the history and the contemporary landscape of medical timekeeping in the age of Galen, it sets the stage for the thematic case studies that will follow.
When Is Temporal Exactitude Desirable?
Authors: Miller Kassandra J.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 6 offers a corrective to the notion that Galen would prefer doctors to keep their eyes on the clock at all times. This chapter argues that Galen actually seeks to present himself as occupying a reasonable, middle stance in an ongoing debate over the role of numerical precision in medical timekeeping. By examining a series of passages drawn from Galen’s works on fevers and bloodletting—as well as his magnum opus, On the Method of Healing—it becomes evident that, while Galen accuses some physicians of being insufficiently precise in their numerical timekeeping, he accuses others of being overly precise and programmatic. This chapter, like the preceding one, highlights the fact that, even in times and places where clocks were easily accessible, medical authors made different choices about when and how to employ hourly timekeeping. It reveals that certain medical concepts and treatments were seen as being especially ripe for debates over numerical temporal precision.
Posted Workers Are Persons Too! Posting and the Constitutional Democratic Question of Fair Mobility in the European Union
Authors: Garben Sacha
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the question of fair mobility in the context of the law on posted workers in the EU. It revisits the well-worn discussion on posting, recounting the saga from Rush Portuguesa and Laval to the current Revised Posted Workers Directive 2018/957, as recently upheld by the Court of Justice in Hungary v. Parliament and Council, and proposes different terms for our legal arguments in relation to this contentious topic. It attempts to operationalize ‘fairness’ in a meaningful way, by reference to the overarching, basic common values of constitutionalism and democracy, and on that basis critically evaluates the current law. The central argument is that posted workers should be treated as migrant workers under EU free movement law and should thus have the right to equal treatment.
Economic Activity and EU Citizenship Law: Seeding Means-based Logic in a Status-based Freedom
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh
Published: August 2023

It is normally assumed that freedom of movement for workers and self-employed persons produces deeper legal privilege than free movement disconnected from economic activity. While, in many respects, that is true, this chapter probes the relationship between Union citizenship and economic activity further. It argues that the influence of economic free movement on citizenship has been largely constitutive and rights-deepening, but the influence of citizenship on economic free movement has become somewhat deconstructive and rights-thinning. The chapter shows that the traditional emphasis on status in economic free movement law yields increasingly to the importance of both means and integration in EU citizenship law. Questions raised by the chapter sit in thorny debates about the reach and purpose of free movement and Union citizenship. In that light, the historical disconnect between status and means in economic free movement law has, unsurprisingly, come under strain. A difficulty with pursuing comprehensive reform is that, in the current political and economic climate, confronting status and means mismatches could aggravate the vulnerability of economically active citizens—vulnerability created in part, ironically, by concepts designed for EU citizenship law. We should therefore think carefully before essential features of economic free movement law are recast: not least because the evidence base presumed to support more restrictive free movement would need to be more robust, beyond an intuitive sense of relevant factors or preferences; but also, because the freedoms protected by EU internal market law, since the very foundations of the Treaty of Rome, really matter.
Introduction
Authors: Sohal Amar
Published: August 2023

During the twentieth century, many political actors and theorists across the globe believed that the religious partition was a solution to the democratic problem of numbers. To compensate for their numerical weakness, minorities were often turned into sovereign nations. This Introduction lays out the conceptual framework that animated the Indian Muslim refusal of this triumphant logic. Swimming against the tide of Pakistani nationalism, a set of eminent Muslim thinker-politicians associated with the Indian independence movement recognized the structural significance of a consenting minority to the formation of a plural democracy. Leaning on Islam’s universalism to extend its ambitions beyond political separatism, they not only endorsed but deepened a uniquely Indian nationalist rendering of the secular. By remaking the Indian Muslim concept of parity, championing regional particularity, and engaging with the shifting meaning of sovereignty over historical time, the likes of Abul Kalam Azad, Sheikh Abdullah, and Abdul Ghaffar Khan charted a third way to nationalism. On the one hand, and in the hope of averting its own minoritization, the Muslim secular challenged the abstractions of its Hindu friends, M.K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. On the other, it critiqued Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s campaign for Pakistan since it institutionalized rather than dispelled India’s identitarian animosities.
Secularism as Culture
Authors: Sohal Amar
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores how Abul Kalam Azad and a set of Muslim intellectuals associated with the Indian National Congress imagined the shared nation, and situates their ideas in a wide-ranging debate with their political colleagues and rivals. They anchored Indian nationality in the profane culture produced collectively by Hindus and Muslims on the plains of northern India from the medieval period, and extended this equalization to encompass a recurring story of Central Asian migration to a hospitable subcontinent. In their disputes with religious nationalists, the Congress Muslims formulated conceptions of universal cultural interaction and historical truth to argue that a shared culture was simply a cold fact of Indian life. This shaped a supplementary argument about how sectarian antagonism was just as responsible for the creation of nationality as friendship, and also led these thinker-politicians to attach an unusual degree of historical veracity to their claims. Convinced that their reading of the past was true, they almost looked upon the professional historian as their ally. However, they saw little intrinsic value in exhaustive histories. Concerned chiefly with their cultural inheritance, these future-oriented thinkers resurrected the past only to produce an account of present possession and reaffirm their Indian nation. Therefore, the long political history of Indian monarchy, while never ignored, was subordinated to this focus on culture and society. This chapter ends with a discussion about the national stature Azad ascribed to Urdu, and the extent to which Progressive literature and contemporary cinema mirrored the Azadian idea.
Interlude
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

Passengers settle into their seating compartments, while the crew steers the Yankee Clipper toward its first stop in Bermuda. Accommodations on board the Boeing B-314 have been carefully designed to put travelers’ minds at ease, because flying across an ocean is still an awe-inspiring feat. After the trip’s course is set, Captain R. O. D. Sullivan descends from the flight deck to greet his latest strange assortment of passengers and to reassure them about the safety of the journey. The veteran pilot has played a role in each step of Pan American Airways’ development as the first successful US overseas airline—from its inaugural Latin American routes and sensational efforts to link California with China, to its transatlantic commercial service. At Bermuda, Sully and his passengers encounter the British colony’s strict contraband control regime.
Twelve Mile River
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

Born at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains, Ben Robertson grew up imbibing Lost Cause myths about the Confederacy and the history of the American South. They will continue to shape his thinking as he trains to work in the newly professionalized field of journalism, travels to the South Pacific for adventure, and returns to a job with the New York Herald Tribune. Covering the Roosevelt administration as a reporter for the Associated Press makes Ben certain that his own sympathies rest with the startling innovations of the New Deal. But the racial politics of his home state, South Carolina, and his own illusions about the necessity of Jim Crow segregation put limits on his liberal commitments and loyalties to the Democratic Party.
Back to Porridge
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

Frank struggles with his business in Batavia after the fall of the Netherlands in 1940. The strains of war take a toll on his health and outlook. The Nazis’ stunning Blitzkrieg across the Low Countries and France has thrown the future of colonized Asia into jeopardy. But on plumeria-scented terraces, over private club reserves of whisky and gin, Westerners living in the region, including Frank, bat away fears of a Japanese advance as preposterous. This fantasy of white supremacy will prove in many ways to be Japan’s greatest weapon once it launches its stunning assault on Hawai‘i and Southeast Asia.
The Charter Offer
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

As Manuel and his partner, Marcelino Garcia, put behind their brush with the law and get back to their neutral shipping business, American authorities find themselves wholly unprepared for the war crashing down on their shores. Even as the Kriegsmarine’s Admiral Karl Dönitz launches Operation Drumbeat and begins torching boats up and down the Eastern Seaboard, Allied inspectors remain slow to rein in Spanish ships engaging in suspicious movements and communications. Fears about the fate of the Iberian Peninsula lead Foreign Office and State Department diplomats to favor appeasing agents of Franco’s regime. By the fall of 1942, however, Manuel’s position will grow increasingly precarious.
Small Potatoes
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

Frank gathers with other war correspondents in Melbourne to be near Douglas MacArthur’s headquarters for the Southwest Pacific Area and take stock of the Australian war effort. He often goes on the air at two or three o’clock in the morning so his radio broadcasts can be heard in the United States during waking hours. He offers biting commentary on the fall of Burma and the Philippines, the independence movement in India, and the treatment of imprisoned Westerners under Japanese occupation. His criticisms of leaders in Washington and London would not have passed domestic US censorship regulations, but in Australia they are approved because they advance the agendas of MacArthur and Prime Minister John Curtin.
Acid Test
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

As Ben travels to India, the stakes for holding the subcontinent—a main supply base for Allied defenses in the Middle East and a necessary launching point for future counteroffensives against the Japanese—have never been higher. But escalating calls for independence from Mohandas Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehu, and other anticolonial nationalists as well as the arrival of so many wartime newcomers, including thousands of American troops, threaten to scramble the colony’s established social and political order. Witnessing up close the merciless crackdown on Quit India protesters, Ben reconsiders his zealous championing of the British and makes a choice at the risk of his own career.
Hot Questions
Authors: Blower Brooke L.
Published: August 2023

The 1942 midterm elections have elevated not only Republican politicians who want to push back against domestic New Deal policies but also many who had resisted US intervention in Europe and even now continue to question and criticize the war effort, including its foundational program Lend-Lease, which will expire in six months if not renewed by Congress. Rightwing newspapers further undermine support for the program by linking new rationing schemes and household supply shortages to Allied aid. George finds himself unexpectedly thrust into the role of one of the most consequential defenders of Lend-Lease and the new approach to international finance and exchange it heralds.
Conclusion
Authors: Grogan Colleen M.
Published: August 2023

This chapter summarizes the book’s main findings and offers possible solutions to unravel the Grow-and-Hide Regime. The chapter argues for a transparent public discourse that include three main components: (1) debunking the competition myth, (2) showing the extent to which private actors rely on public funds, and (3) revealing the true role of government. Because there are no incentives for politicians or private actors to reveal these truths, this discursive reform must come from independent sources with a wide reach to influence public opinion. We need a movement that insists on revealing the role of government and the sources of funding behind private profits.
Introduction on Contextualizing Islam–Democracy Discourse and Its Currents and Trends
Authors: Ahmad Parray Tauseef
Published: August 2023

This (introductory) chapter contextualizes the discourse of Islam–democracy (in) compatibility in theoretical and normative contexts. It deliberates on the current trends and scenario as far as Islam-democray (compatibility or incompatibility) discourse is concerned. Stating the objectives, it offers an outline of the scope and structure of the whole work by providing a succinct overview of each chapter. It also provides an outline of the Islam–democracy debate, especially since it has gained a momentum (in 1990s), and basic questions revolving around this discourse, under two major headings: (i) Scope of Islam–Democracy Discourse in the 21st Century and (ii) The Present Work: Scope and Structure.
Engineering a replication-incompetent viral vector for the delivery of therapeutic RNA in crustaceans
Authors: Alenton Rod Russel R , Mai Hung N , Dhar Arun K
Published: August 2023

Viral disease pandemics are a major cause of economic losses in crustacean farming worldwide. While RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapeutics have shown promise at a laboratory scale, without an effective oral delivery platform, RNA-based therapy will not reach its potential against controlling viral diseases in crustaceans. Using a reverse-engineered shrimp RNA virus, Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV), we have developed a shrimp viral vector for delivering an engineered RNA cargo. By replacing the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) protein-coding region of MrNV with a cargo RNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a proof-of-concept, we generated a replication-incompetent mutant MrNV(ΔRdRp) carrying the GFP RNA cargo resulting in MrNV(ΔRdRp)-GFP. Upon incorporating MrNV(ΔRdRp)-GFP in the diet of the marine Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), MrNV(ΔRdRp) particles were visualized in hemocytes demonstrating successful vector internalization. Fluorescence imaging of hemocytes showed the expression of GFP protein and the MrNV capsid RNA (RNA2) as well as the incorporated GFP RNA cargo. Detection of cargo RNA in hepatopancreas and pleopods indicated the systemic spread of the viral vector. The quantitative load of both the MrNV RNA2 and GFP RNA progressively diminished within 8 days postadministration of the viral vector, which indicated a lack of MrNV(ΔRdRp)-GFP replication in shrimp. In addition, no pathological hallmarks of the wild-type MrNV infection were detected using histopathology in the target tissue of treated shrimp. The data unequivocally demonstrated the successful engineering of a replication-incompetent viral vector for RNA delivery, paving the way for the oral delivery of antiviral therapeutics in farmed crustaceans.
Characterizing restrictions on commercial advertising and sponsorship of harmful commodities in local government policies: a nationwide study in England
Authors: McKevitt Sarah , White Martin , Petticrew Mark , Summerbell Carolyn , Vasiljevic Milica , Boyland Emma , Cummins Steven , Laverty Anthony A , Millett Christopher , de Vocht Frank , Junghans Cornelia , Vamos Eszter P
Published: August 2023

Background

Commercial advertising and sponsorship drive the consumption of harmful commodities. Local authorities (LAs) have considerable powers to reduce such exposures. This study aimed to characterize local commercial policies across all English LAs.

Methods

We conducted a census of all English LAs (n = 333) to identify local commercial policies concerning advertising and sponsorship of tobacco, alcohol, less healthy foods and gambling, through online searches and Freedom of Information requests. We explored policy presence, commodity frequency and type, and associations with LA characteristics (region, urban/rural and deprivation).

Results

Only a third (106) of LAs in England had a relevant policy (32%). These included restrictions on tobacco (91%), gambling (79%), alcohol (74%) and/or less healthy foods (24%). Policy prevalence was lowest in the East of England (22%), North East (25%) and North West (27%), higher in urban areas (36%) than rural areas (28%) and lower in the least (27%) compared with the most (38%) deprived areas. Definitions in policies varied, particularly for alcohol and less healthy foods.

Conclusions

English LAs currently underutilize their levers to reduce the negative impacts of harmful commodity industry marketing, particularly concerning less healthy foods. Standardized guidance, including clarity on definitions and application, could inform local policy development.
The Effects of Dexamethasone versus Potassium Chloride as Additives to Local Anesthetic in Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block
Authors: El Said Kamel Amr Mohamed , Thabet Wael Reda Hussen , Michael Hany Victor Zaki , El Din Saad Assem Ahmed Galal
Published: August 2023

Background

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage. Regional anesthesia of the trunk and the extremities an alternative to general anesthesia in many situations. It avoids the unwanted effects of the anesthetic drugs used during general anesthesia and the stress of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.

Aim of the Work

To compare the clinical efficacy of addition of dexamethasone or potassium chloride to local anesthetic solution of bupivacaine and lignocaine on the onset, duration, quality of analgesia, and quality of sensory and motor blockade in supraclavicular brachial plexus block in patients undergoing upper extremity surgeries.

Patients and Methods

This study is a prospective double – blinded, randomized trial After obtaining approval from the Research Ethical Committee of faculty of medicine Ain shams University, this study was conducted in the operating theaters of Ain shams University Hospital.

Results

In the current study, it was obvious that: addition of Dexamethasone to bupivacaine in supraclavicular nerve block shortened the onset times of both sensory and motor blocks than add. Addition of Dexamethasone to bupivacaine significantly prolongs both sensory and motor block durations than injecting dexamethasone intravenously. Addition of Dexamesthasone to bupivacaine prolongs the analgesia of brachial plexus block with subsequent consumption of less amount of analgesics than adding Potassium Chloride.

Conclusion

The use of ultrasonography in performing the supraclavicular nerve block, decreased significantly the incidence of complications such as pneumothorax or intravascular injection and hence, lowered the incidence of systemic toxicity of local anesthetics.