bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Sarcolemmal Background Ca2+ Entry and Sarcoplasmic Ca2+ Leak Currents on Electrophysiology and Ca2+ Transients in Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes: A Computational Comparison
Authors: Streiff Molly E. , Sachse Frank B.
Published: June 2022

The intricate regulation of the compartmental Ca2+ concentrations in cardiomyocytes is critical for electrophysiology, excitation-contraction coupling, and other signaling pathways. Research into the complex signaling pathways is motivated by cardiac pathologies including arrhythmia and maladaptive myocyte remodeling, which result from Ca2+ dysregulation. Of interest to this investigation are two types of Ca2+ currents in cardiomyocytes: 1) background Ca2+ entry, i.e., Ca2+ transport across the sarcolemma from the extracellular space into the cytosol, and 2) Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) across the SR membrane into the cytosol. Candidates for the ion channels underlying background Ca2+ entry and SR Ca2+ leak channels include members of the mechano-modulated transient receptor potential (TRP) family. We used a mathematical model of a human ventricular myocyte to analyze the individual contributions of background Ca2+ entry and SR Ca2+ leak to the modulation of Ca2+ transients and SR Ca2+ load at rest and during action potentials. Background Ca2+ entry exhibited a positive relationship with both [Ca2+]i and [Ca2+]SR. Modulating SR Ca2+ leak had opposite effects of background Ca2+ entry. Effects of SR Ca2+ leak on Ca2+ were particularly pronounced at lower pacing frequency. In contrast to the pronounced effects of background and leak Ca2+ currents on Ca2+ concentrations, the effects on cellular electrophysiology were marginal. Our studies provide quantitative insights into the differential modulation of compartmental Ca2+ concentrations by the background and leak Ca2+ currents. Furthermore, our studies support the hypothesis that TRP channels play a role in strain-modulation of cardiac contractility. In summary, our investigations shed light on the physiological effects of the background and leak Ca2+ currents and their contribution to the development of disease caused by Ca2+ dysregulation.
Application of Space Technologies Aimed at Proprioceptive Correction in Terrestrial Medicine in Russia
Authors: Motanova Eugenia , Bekreneva Maria , Rukavishnikov Ilya , Shigueva Tatiana A. , Saveko Alina A. , Tomilovskaya Elena S.
Published: June 2022

Space technologies greatly contributed not only to space medicine but also to terrestrial medicine, which actively involves these technologies in everyday practice. Based on the existing countermeasures, and due to similarities of sensorimotor alterations provoked by the weightlessness with various neurological disorders, a lot of work has been dedicated to adaptation and introduction of these countermeasures for rehabilitation of patients. Axial loading suit and mechanical stimulation of the soles’ support zones are used in mitigation of stroke and traumatic brain injury consequences. They are also applied for rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy. Complex application of these proprioceptive correction methods in neurorehabilitation programs makes it possible to effectively treat neurological patients with severe motor disturbances and significant brain damage.
Evaluating Variation in Germination and Growth of Landraces of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Under Salinity Stress
Authors: Cope Jonathan E. , Norton Gareth J. , George Timothy S. , Newton Adrian C.
Published: June 2022

Ongoing climate change is resulting in increasing areas of salinity affected soils, rising saline groundwater and droughts resulting in irrigation with brackish water. This leads to increased salinity stress in crops that are already grown on marginal agricultural lands, such as barley. Tolerance to salinity stress is limited in the elite barley cultivar pools, but landraces of barley hold potential sources of tolerance due to their continuous selection on marginal lands. This study analyzed 140 heritage cultivars and landrace lines of barley, including 37 Scottish Bere lines that were selected from coastal regions, to screen for tolerance to salinity stress. Tolerance to salinity stress was screened by looking at the germination speed and the early root growth during germination, and the pre-maturity biomass accumulation during early growth stages. Results showed that most lines increased germination time, and decreased shoot biomass and early root growth with greater salinity stress. Elite cultivars showed increased response to the salinity, compared to the landrace lines. Individual Bere and landrace lines showed little to no effect of increased salinity in one or more experiments, one line showed high salinity tolerance in all experiments—Bere 49 A 27 Shetland. A Genome Wide Association Screening identified a number of genomic regions associated with increased tolerance to salinity stress. Two chromosomal regions were found, one associated with shoot biomass on 5HL, and another associated with early root growth, in each of the salinities, on 3HS. Within these regions a number of promising candidate genes were identified. Further analysis of these new regions and candidate genes should be undertaken, along with field trials, to identify targets for future breeding for salinity tolerance.
Structural and Biophysical Characterization of Purified Recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana's Alternative Oxidase 1A (rAtAOX1A): Interaction With Inhibitor(s) and Activator
Authors: Sankar Tadiboina Veera , Saharay Moumita , Santhosh Dharawath , Vishwakarma Abhaypratap , Padmasree Kollipara
Published: June 2022

In higher plants, alternative oxidase (AOX) participates in a cyanide resistant and non-proton motive electron transport pathway of mitochondria, diverging from the ubiquinone pool. The physiological significance of AOX in biotic/abiotic stress tolerance is well-documented. However, its structural and biophysical properties are poorly understood as its crystal structure is not yet revealed in plants. Also, most of the AOX purification processes resulted in a low yield/inactive/unstable form of native AOX protein. The present study aims to characterize the purified rAtAOX1A protein and its interaction with inhibitors, such as salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) and n-propyl gallate (n-PG), as well as pyruvate (activator), using biophysical/in silico studies. The rAtAOX1A expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) cells was functionally characterized by monitoring the respiratory and growth sensitivity of E. coli/pAtAOX1A and E. coli/pET28a to classical mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) inhibitors. The rAtAOX1A, which is purified through affinity chromatography and confirmed by western blotting and MALDI-TOF-TOF studies, showed an oxygen uptake activity of 3.86 μmol min−1 mg−1 protein, which is acceptable in non-thermogenic plants. Circular dichroism (CD) studies of purified rAtAOX1A revealed that >50% of the protein content was α-helical and retained its helical absorbance signal (ellipticity) at a wide range of temperature and pH conditions. Further, interaction with SHAM, n-PG, or pyruvate caused significant changes in its secondary structural elements while retaining its ellipticity. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies revealed that both SHAM and n-PG bind reversibly to rAtAOX1A, while docking studies revealed that they bind to the same hydrophobic groove (Met191, Val192, Met195, Leu196, Phe251, and Phe255), to which Duroquinone (DQ) bind in the AtAOX1A. In contrast, pyruvate binds to a pocket consisting of Cys II (Arg174, Tyr175, Gly176, Cys177, Val232, Ala233, Asn294, and Leu313). Further, the mutational docking studies suggest that (i) the Met195 and Phe255 of AtAOX1A are the potential candidates to bind the inhibitor. Hence, this binding pocket could be a ‘potential gateway' for the oxidation-reduction process in AtAOX1A, and (ii) Arg174, Gly176, and Cys177 play an important role in binding to the organic acids like pyruvate.
Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA)5 Regulates Translation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts to Enhance Growth and Stress Tolerance
Authors: Karpinska Barbara , Razak Nurhayati , Shaw Daniel S. , Plumb William , Van De Slijke Eveline , Stephens Jennifer , De Jaeger Geert , Murcha Monika W. , Foyer Christine H.
Published: June 2022

The late embryogenesis abundant (LEA)5 protein is predominantly expressed in Arabidopsis leaves in the dark, the levels of LEA5 transcripts decreasing rapidly upon illumination. LEA5 is important in plant responses to environmental stresses but the mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. We therefore explored LEA5 functions in Arabidopsis mutants (lea5) and transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively expressing LEA5 (OEX 2-5), as well as in transgenic barley lines expressing the Arabidopsis LEA5 gene. The OEX 2-5 plants grew better than controls and lea5 mutants in the presence of the prooxidants methyl viologen and menadione. Confocal microscopy of Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts expressing a LEA5-YFP fusion protein demonstrated that LEA5 could be localized to chloroplasts as well as mitochondria in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Tandem affinity purification (TAP) analysis revealed LEA5 interacts with the chloroplast DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 22 (RH22) in Arabidopsis cells. Split YFP analysis confirmed the interaction between RH22 and LEA5 in chloroplasts. The abundance of translated protein products in chloroplasts was decreased in transgenic Arabidopsis plants and increased in lea5 knockout mutants. Conversely, the abundance of translated mitochondrial protein products was increased in OEX 2-5 plants and decreased in lea5 mutants. Mitochondrial electron transport rates were higher in the OEX 2-5 plants than the wild type. The transformed barley lines expressing the Arabidopsis LEA5 had increased seed yields, but they showed a greater drought-induced inhibition of photosynthesis than controls. Taken together, these data demonstrate that LEA5 regulates organellar translation, in order to enhance respiration relative to photosynthesis in response to stress.
Inferred Subcellular Localization of Peroxisomal Matrix Proteins of Guillardia theta Suggests an Important Role of Peroxisomes in Cryptophytes
Authors: Vasilev Jana , Mix Ann-Kathrin , Heimerl Thomas , Maier Uwe G. , Moog Daniel
Published: June 2022

Peroxisomes participate in several important metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells, such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or the degradation of fatty acids by β-oxidation. Recently, the presence of peroxisomes in the cryptophyte Guillardia theta and other “chromalveolates” was revealed by identifying proteins for peroxisomal biogenesis. Here, we investigated the subcellular localization of candidate proteins of G. theta in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, either possessing a putative peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1) sequence or factors lacking a peroxisomal targeting signal but known to be involved in β-oxidation. Our results indicate important contributions of the peroxisomes of G. theta to the carbohydrate, ether phospholipid, nucleotide, vitamin K, ROS, amino acid, and amine metabolisms. Moreover, our results suggest that in contrast to many other organisms, the peroxisomes of G. theta are not involved in the β-oxidation of fatty acids, which exclusively seems to occur in the cryptophyte's mitochondria.
No Consistent Shift in Leaf Dry Mass per Area Across the Cretaceous—Paleogene Boundary
Authors: Butrim Matthew J. , Royer Dana L. , Miller Ian M. , Dechesne Marieke , Neu-Yagle Nicole , Lyson Tyler R. , Johnson Kirk R. , Barclay Richard S.
Published: June 2022

The Chicxulub bolide impact has been linked to a mass extinction of plants at the Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary (KPB; ∼66 Ma), but how this extinction affected plant ecological strategies remains understudied. Previous work in the Williston Basin, North Dakota, indicates that plants pursuing strategies with a slow return-on-investment of nutrients abruptly vanished after the KPB, consistent with a hypothesis of selection against evergreen species during the globally cold and dark impact winter that followed the bolide impact. To test whether this was a widespread pattern we studied 1,303 fossil leaves from KPB-spanning sediments in the Denver Basin, Colorado. We used the relationship between petiole width and leaf mass to estimate leaf dry mass per area (LMA), a leaf functional trait negatively correlated with rate of return-on-investment. We found no evidence for a shift in this leaf-economic trait across the KPB: LMA remained consistent in both its median and overall distribution from approximately 67 to 65 Ma. However, we did find spatio-temporal patterns in LMA, where fossil localities with low LMA occurred more frequently near the western margin of the basin. These western margin localities are proximal to the Colorado Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, where an orographically driven high precipitation regime is thought to have developed during the early Paleocene. Among these western Denver Basin localities, LMA and estimated mean annual precipitation were inversely correlated, a pattern consistent with observations of both fossil and extant plants. In the Denver Basin, local environmental conditions over time appeared to play a larger role in determining viable leaf-economic strategies than any potential global signal associated with the Chicxulub bolide impact.
Effects of Different Bud Thinning Methods on Nutritional Quality and Antioxidant Activities of Fruiting Bodies of Pleurotus eryngii
Authors: Liu Lingyun , Wang Lupeng , Li Xuefei , Zhu Shurui , Pan Niangang , Wang Xin , Li Changtian , Li Yu
Published: June 2022

The cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii was studied by different methods, such as puncturing and fixed-point mushroom production, shading treatment at the top of the bag, and pulling the top of the bag. The agronomic characters, yield, nutritional components, and antioxidant activities in vitro of fruiting bodies of P. eryngii were determined. The results showed that the number of buds in the perforated treatment was less than that in the production method of traditional fruiting bodies to a certain extent. When a circular hole with a diameter of 1.5 cm was drilled in the perforated treatment, the number of buds was 5, which was less than that in the control group. The efficiency of artificial removal of buds was significantly higher than that of the control group, but the harvesting date was longer than that of other methods. The number of buds in shading treatment and bag opening treatment was significantly less than that in the control group, which could effectively control the number of buds and reduce the cost of manpower and material resources. In terms of nutritional components, the A3 treatment group with a hole diameter of 1.0 cm and a quantity of one had the highest crude protein content of 151.34 g, and a significant difference was observed in crude fiber content compared with other treatments. The extraction rate of B5 crude polysaccharide was the highest, and the extraction rate was 12.90%. The antioxidant activities in vitro increased with the increase of crude polysaccharide concentration. Using A3 treatment to cultivate fruiting bodies is conducive to meeting people’s requirements for improving quality of life.
A Calcineurin Regulator MoRCN1 Is Important for Asexual Development, Stress Response, and Plant Infection of Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Liu Caiyun , Liu Tiangu , Lv Ziwei , Qin Mengyuan , Qu Zhiguang , Zhang Ziwei , Li Fuyan , Chen Deng , Zhang Xinrong , Chen Xiao-Lin , Shen Mi
Published: June 2022

The calcium/calcineurin signaling pathway plays a key role in the development and virulence of plant pathogenic fungi, but the regulation of this signaling pathway is still not clear. In this study, we identified a calcineurin regulator MoRCN1 in the plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and found it is important for virulence by regulating the calcineurin pathway. MoRCN1 deletion mutants were severely decreased in colony growth and conidia formation. More importantly, the deletion of MoRCN1 led to a significant reduction in virulence due to defects in appressorium formation and invasive growth. The ΔMorcn1 mutants were more sensitive to different stresses and induced host ROS accumulation, suggesting a role of MoRCN1 in stress adaptation. We found that MoRCN1 directly interacted with the calcineurin catalytic subunit MoCNA and affected its protein stability, which was therefore important for regulating the calcineurin pathway. Transcriptome analysis showed that MoRCN1 significantly activated 491 genes and suppressed 337 genes in response to calcium ion, partially overlapped with the MoCRZ1-bound genes. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that MoRCN1-regulated genes were enriched in stress adaptation, lipid metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, reflecting a function of MoRCN1 in host cell adaptation. Altogether, these results suggest MoRCN1 functions as a regulator of the calcium/calcineurin signaling pathway for fungal development and infection of host cells.
Analysis on the Moderating Effect of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Mode and Locus of Control of College Teachers and Students Based on Comic Style Recognition
Authors: Li Bingjie , Ren Kangshun , Guo Qiyang , Huang Xiaohong , Chen Jianjun
Published: June 2022

This study was carried out to explore the moderating effect of comic education and locus of control (LOC) in innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities. Firstly, the theoretical knowledge of comic education, innovation and entrepreneurship education, and LOC was briefly introduced, and the significance of comics for innovation and entrepreneurship education was discussed. Secondly, the existing innovation and entrepreneurship education modes in colleges and universities in China were introduced. Thirdly, a simple comparative analysis was conducted on the internal and external characteristics of LOC. Finally, an investigation was performed on the innovation and entrepreneurship ability of college students. The results demonstrate that the average score of students’ innovation spirit is 3.302, with a standard deviation of 0.481, suggesting that the current college students’ overall innovative spirit is moderate. Besides, students get moderate scores in each dimension, and the difference between different students is slight. Among them, the mean of reflectiveness is the highest (M = 3.446, SD = 0.540), and the mean of criticality is the lowest (M = 3.160, SD = 0.481). The average score of the current students’ entrepreneurial ability is 3.112, indicating that the students’ entrepreneurial ability is above the average. From the perspective of each dimension, students have the lowest score in opportunity discovery ability, which is at a low level (M = 2.821, SD = 0.873), while the other five dimensions are at a medium level. The highest is strategic decision-making ability (M = 3.264, SD = 0.749). At the same time, factors such as gender, grade, institution, and students’ relatives significantly impact students’ innovation and entrepreneurship ability. It can be concluded that colleges and universities should focus on controlling the quality of innovation and entrepreneurship teaching and guiding and carrying out innovation and entrepreneurship practice activities. They should also encourage students to participate in courses and activities related to innovation and entrepreneurship to improve college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship ability.
Brain Dynamics Underlying Preserved Cycling Ability in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease and Freezing of Gait
Authors: Licen Teja , Rakusa Martin , Bohnen Nicolaas I. , Manganotti Paolo , Marusic Uros
Published: June 2022

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is generally associated with abnormally increased beta band oscillations in the cortico-basal ganglia loop during walking. PD patients with freezing of gait (FOG) exhibit a more distinct, prolonged narrow band of beta oscillations that are locked to the initiation of movement at ∼18 Hz. Upon initiation of cycling movements, this oscillation has been reported to be weaker and rather brief in duration. Due to the suppression of the overall beta band power during cycling and its continuous nature of the movement, cycling is considered to be less demanding for cortical networks compared to walking, including reduced need for sensorimotor processing, and thus unimpaired continuous cycling motion. Furthermore, cycling has been considered one of the most efficient non-pharmacological therapies with an influence on the subthalamic nucleus (STN) beta rhythms implicative of the deep brain stimulation effects. In the current review, we provide an overview of the currently available studies and discuss the underlying mechanism of preserved cycling ability in relation to the FOG in PD patients. The mechanisms are presented in detail using a graphical scheme comparing cortical oscillations during walking and cycling in PD.
The Impact of Cooperative Learning Method on the Oral Proficiency of Learners of the Training Program for English Tourist Guides
Authors: Hong Yao , Chen Ling-Ge , Huang Jian-Hao , Tsai Yi-Ying , Chang Te-Yi
Published: June 2022

Oral proficiency is the core element of training courses for English tourist guides. This ability needs to be addressed in training program for English tourist guides. Cooperative learning method is widely used by educators as a teaching method, but rarely used to improve oral proficiency. A quasi-experimental design involving 60 participants was conducted to investigate and examine the effectiveness of cooperative learning method on the oral proficiency of learners in the English tourist guide training program. There were 30 learners in the control group and the experimental group, respectively. The experimental group adopted cooperative learning method, while the control group adopted traditional approach, in both of which pre-test and post-test were conducted. The results of the study showed that the impact of teaching with the cooperative learning method on the oral proficiency of learners of the training program for English tourist guides was higher than that of teaching with the traditional approach. The importance of the cooperative learning method in the training program for English tourist guides is highlighted as a reference for educational institutions.
The Role of Language in Expressing Agentivity in Caused Motion Events: A Cross-Linguistic Investigation
Authors: Park Hae In
Published: June 2022

While understanding and expressing causal relations are universal aspects of human cognition, language users may differ in their capacity to perceive, interpret, and express events. One source of variation in descriptions of caused motion events is agentivity, which refers to the attribution of a result to the agent's action. Depending on the perspective taken, the same event may be described with agentive or non-agentive interpretations. Does language play a role in how people construe and express caused motion events? The present study investigated the use of agentive vs. non-agentive language by speakers of different languages (i.e., monolingual speakers of English and Korean, and Korean learners of English). All three groups described prototypical causal events similarly, using agentive language (active transitive sentences). However, when it came to non-prototypical causal events (where the agent was not shown in the scene), they diverged in their choice of language: English speakers favored agentive language (passive transitive sentences), whereas Korean speakers preferred non-agentive language (intransitive sentences). Korean learners of English patterned with Korean speakers, demonstrating L1 influence on their use of English. These findings highlight the effects of language on motion event construal.
Bridge of Rainbow: Association Between Internet-Based Social Media Use and Homosexuality Inclusion in China
Authors: Jiang Yao , Yang Fan
Published: June 2022

By using the nationally representative dataset of China Labor-force Dynamics Survey, this paper explored the relationship between internet-based social media use and Chinese people's homosexuality inclusion. Addressing endogeneity by using an instrumental variable approach, the results of instrumental variable-ordered probit model indicated that individuals' internet-based social media use had a positive and significant association with their homosexuality inclusion. Furthermore, the heterogeneity analysis revealed that the heterogeneous effects of internet-based social media use on homosexuality inclusion caused by income, gender, and region. The homosexuality inclusion of respondents with higher income, respondents of female gender, and respondents located in eastern region of China was found to be more evidently associated with internet-based social media use. The functional mechanism analysis suggested that the number of respondents' LGBT friends mediated the overall relationship between internet-based social media use and homosexuality inclusion. The robustness check showed that the results were robust cross different models. The findings in this paper provide new evidence that the effect of information technology development on individual perception and behavior in Chinese context.
Driving With Agents: Investigating the Influences of Anthropomorphism Level and Physicality of Agents on Drivers' Perceived Control, Trust, and Driving Performance
Authors: Cheng Peiyao , Meng Fangang , Yao Jie , Wang Yiran
Published: June 2022

As technological development is driven by artificial intelligence, many automotive manufacturers have integrated intelligent agents into in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) to create more meaningful interactions. One of the most important decisions in developing agents is how to embody them, because the different ways of embodying agents will significantly affect user perception and performance. This study addressed the issue by investigating the influences of agent embodiments on users in driving contexts. Through a factorial experiment (N = 116), the effects of anthropomorphism level (low vs. high) and physicality (virtual vs. physical presence) on users' trust, perceived control, and driving performance were examined. Results revealed an interaction effect between anthropomorphism level and physicality on both users' perceived control and cognitive trust. Specifically, when encountering high-level anthropomorphized agents, consumers reported lower ratings of trust toward the physically present agent than toward the virtually present one, and this interaction effect was mediated by perceived control. Although no main effects of anthropomorphism level or physicality were found, additional analyses showed that anthropomorphism level significantly improved users' cognitive trust for those unfamiliar with IVIS. No significant differences were found in terms of driving performances. These results indicate the influences of in-vehicle agents' embodiments on drivers' experience.
Singing Mandarin? What Short-Term Memory Capacity, Basic Auditory Skills, and Musical and Singing Abilities Reveal About Learning Mandarin
Authors: Christiner Markus , Renner Julia , Groß Christine , Seither-Preisler Annemarie , Benner Jan , Schneider Peter
Published: June 2022

Learning Mandarin has become increasingly important in the Western world but is rather difficult to be learnt by speakers of non-tone languages. Since tone language learning requires very precise tonal ability, we set out to test whether musical skills, musical status, singing ability, singing behavior during childhood, basic auditory skills, and short-term memory ability contribute to individual differences in Mandarin performance. Therefore, we developed Mandarin tone discrimination and pronunciation tasks to assess individual differences in adult participants’ (N = 109) tone language ability. Results revealed that short-term memory capacity, singing ability, pitch perception preferences, and tone frequency (high vs. low tones) were the most important predictors, which explained individual differences in the Mandarin performances of our participants. Therefore, it can be concluded that training of basic auditory skills, musical training including singing should be integrated in the educational setting for speakers of non-tone languages who learn tone languages such as Mandarin.
A Comparison of Affective Responses Between Time Efficient and Traditional Resistance Training
Authors: Andersen Vidar , Fimland Marius Steiro , Iversen Vegard Moe , Pedersen Helene , Balberg Kristin , Gåsvær Maria , Rise Katarina , Solstad Tom Erik Jorung , Stien Nicolay , Saeterbakken Atle Hole
Published: June 2022

The aim of the study was to compare the acute effects of traditional resistance training and superset training on training duration, training volume and different perceptive measures. Twenty-nine resistance-trained participants (27 ± 7 years, 173 ± 9 cm, and 70 ± 14 kg) performed a whole-body workout (i) traditionally and (ii) as supersets of exercises targeting different muscle groups, in a randomized-crossover design. Each session was separated by 4–7 days, and consisted of eight exercises and three sets to failure. Training duration and number of repetitions lifted were recorded during the sessions. Rate of perceived exertion for effort (RPE), rate of perceived exertion for discomfort (RPD), session displeasure/pleasure (sPDF), and exercise enjoyment (EES) were measured 15 min after each session. Forty-eight hours after the final session participants reported which session they preferred. The superset session led to significantly higher values for RPE (1.3 points, p < 0.001, ES = 0.96) and RPD (1.0 points, p = 0.008, ES = 0.47) and tended to be higher for sPDF, i.e., more pleasurable, (p = 0.059, ES = 0.25) compared to the traditional session. There was no difference in EES (p = 0.661, ES = 0.05). The traditional session led to significantly increased training volume (4.2%, p = 0.011, ES = 0.34) and lasted 23 min (66%, p < 0.001, ES = 7.78) longer than the superset session. Eighteen of the participants preferred the superset session, while 11 preferred the traditional session. In conclusion, performing a whole-body workout as a superset session was more time-efficient, but reduced the training volume and was perceived with greater exertion for effort and discomfort than a traditional workout.
Copyright Governance for Online Short Videos: Perspective of Transaction Cost Economics
Authors: Long Mingxia
Published: June 2022

In recent years, copyright governance for short videos has become a hot issue of common concern in the academic community and the industry. Therefore, this study intends to explore the economic aspect of copyright governance in relation to the proliferation of infringing short videos. The short video industry of China has been taken as a case to demonstrate the copyright governance issue. Transaction cost theory has been applied to analyze the economic aspect of copyright governance in terms of four dimensions: bounded rationality, opportunism, environmental uncertainty, and asset specificity. From the perspective of transaction cost economics, the problem of short video infringement is observed to be essentially a market failure due to high transaction costs. In the short video market, substantial transaction costs are incurred in the legal transaction of copyright with these costs considered to be too high. This is especially the case when transaction costs exceed the net proceeds initially expected by short video users from the authorization, making it impossible to carry out the transaction and leading to infringement. To effectively control the copyright infringement of short videos, it is necessary to build a cross-platform information-sharing mechanism to reduce search costs, establish a unified copyright management platform to reduce coordination costs, and give full attention to the role of technical support to reduce regulatory costs.
Development and Validation of Parental Support Scale of Children’s Sports Training in China: Socio-Ecological Approach
Authors: Zheng Nan , Yang Ye
Published: June 2022

Objectives

To promote Chinese children participation in sports training and acquisition of sports skills, we combined a social ecological research framework with parental support to develop the Parental Support for Children’s Sports Training Scale (PSCSTS).

Methods

The scale was initially developed based on literature review, group interviews, and expert evaluations. A complete reliability and validity test was conducted on 1,594 parents of primary and secondary schools in Shanghai.

Results

The PSCSTS has 37 questions, and exploratory factor analysis has formed 10 factors: policy support, parents’ financial support, community support, media support, sports development, school activity participation, parents’ exercise habits, training quality support, development of school sports activities, learning skills. The higher-order models constructed by validated factor analysis fit well (χ2/df = 2.130, RMSEA = 0.038, SRMR = 0.042, GFI = 0.911, CFI = 0.928). The Parents of children of different sexes have measurement invariance in the PSCSTS.

Conclusion

The PSCSTS developed in this study based on a social-ecological framework has high reliability and validity, and can be used as a comprehensive measure of parental support for their children’s sports training.
Conflict or Collaboration—The Impact of Knowledge Endowment Heterogeneity on Remix in Open Collaborative Communities
Authors: Tan Juan , Qi Congcong , Gao Xiaohui , Lu Jianle , Tan Qiong
Published: June 2022

With the emergence of online open platforms and communities, remix has drawn much attention as an essential source of innovation whereby the knowledge endowment of online community users plays a crucial role. This study constructs a structural equation model to explore the impact of user knowledge endowment heterogeneity on remix through the mediating effect of their collaborative psychology. In this empirical study, we collected 25,032 pieces of data from Thingiverse (a 3D printing community) users and their published designs. The findings are as follows. Explicit knowledge endowment heterogeneity has a positive impact on the quantity of remix but a negative impact on its quality. Likewise, the implicit knowledge endowment heterogeneity positively affects the quantity of remix but has no significant effect on its quality. Users’ conflicting psychology plays a mediating role between knowledge endowment heterogeneity and remix, while their collaborative psychology negatively mediates merely between explicit knowledge endowment heterogeneity and remix quality. By unraveling the relationship between user knowledge endowment heterogeneity, collaborative psychology, and remix, this study is significant in understanding users’ remix process in open collaborative communities and illuminating their psychological mechanism in this process.
Different Heschl’s Gyrus Duplication Patterns in Deficit and Non-deficit Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Authors: Takahashi Tsutomu , Sasabayashi Daiki , Takayanagi Yoichiro , Furuichi Atsushi , Kobayashi Haruko , Noguchi Kyo , Suzuki Michio
Published: June 2022

Deficit syndrome schizophrenia is a characteristic subtype defined by persistent negative symptoms and poor functional outcomes; however, the biological mechanisms underlying this specific subtype have not yet been elucidated in detail. The present magnetic resonance imaging study examined the prevalence of duplicated Heschl’s gyrus (HG), a potential neurodevelopmental marker, in schizophrenia patients with (N = 38) and without (N = 37) the deficit syndrome. The prevalence of the HG duplication pattern bilaterally was higher in the whole schizophrenia group than in 59 matched healthy controls. Furthermore, the prevalence of right HG duplication was significantly higher in the deficit schizophrenia group than in the non-deficit schizophrenia group. The HG pattern in schizophrenia was not associated with clinical variables, including illness duration, medication, and symptom severity, while right HG duplication correlated with higher scores for Proxy for the Deficit Syndrome. The present results suggest that the prominent neurodevelopmental pathology associated with gyral formation of HG may contribute to enduring negative symptomatology in schizophrenia.
Bridging the Gap of AutoGraph Between Academia and Industry: Analyzing AutoGraph Challenge at KDD Cup 2020
Authors: Xu Zhen , Wei Lanning , Zhao Huan , Ying Rex , Yao Quanming , Tu Wei-Wei , Guyon Isabelle
Published: June 2022

Graph structured data is ubiquitous in daily life and scientific areas and has attracted increasing attention. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been proved to be effective in modeling graph structured data and many variants of GNN architectures have been proposed. However, much human effort is often needed to tune the architecture depending on different datasets. Researchers naturally adopt Automated Machine Learning on Graph Learning, aiming to reduce human effort and achieve generally top-performing GNNs, but their methods focus more on the architecture search. To understand GNN practitioners' automated solutions, we organized AutoGraph Challenge at KDD Cup 2020, emphasizing automated graph neural networks for node classification. We received top solutions, especially from industrial technology companies like Meituan, Alibaba, and Twitter, which are already open sourced on GitHub. After detailed comparisons with solutions from academia, we quantify the gaps between academia and industry on modeling scope, effectiveness, and efficiency, and show that (1) academic AutoML for Graph solutions focus on GNN architecture search while industrial solutions, especially the winning ones in the KDD Cup, tend to obtain an overall solution (2) with only neural architecture search, academic solutions achieve on average 97.3% accuracy of industrial solutions (3) academic solutions are cheap to obtain with several GPU hours while industrial solutions take a few months' labors. Academic solutions also contain much fewer parameters.
Multilevel Coarsening for Interactive Visualization of Large Bipartite Networks
Authors: Valejo Alan Demétrius Baria , Fabbri Renato , de Andrade Lopes Alneu , Zhao Liang , de Oliveira Maria Cristina Ferreira
Published: June 2022

Bipartite networks are pervasive in modeling real-world phenomena and play a fundamental role in graph theory. Interactive exploratory visualization of such networks is an important problem, and particularly challenging when handling large networks. In this paper we present results from an investigation on using a general multilevel method for this purpose. Multilevel methods on networks have been introduced as a general approach to increase scalability of community detection and other complex optimization algorithms. They employ graph coarsening algorithms to create a hierarchy of increasingly coarser (reduced) approximations of an original network. Multilevel coarsening has been applied, e.g., to the problem of drawing simple (“unipartite”) networks. We build on previous work that extended multilevel coarsening to bipartite graphs to propose a visualization interface that uses multilevel coarsening to compute a multi-resolution hierarchical representation of an input bipartite network. From this hierarchy, interactive node-link drawings are displayed following a genuine route of the “overview first, zoom and filter, details on demand” visual information seeking mantra. Analysts may depart from the coarsest representation and select nodes or sub-graphs to be expanded and shown at greater detail. Besides intuitive navigation of large-scale networks, this solution affords great flexibility, as users are free to select different coarsening strategies in different scenarios. We illustrate its potential with case studies involving real networks on distinct domains. The experimental analysis shows our strategy is effective to reveal topological structures, such as communities and holes, that may remain hidden in a conventional node-link layout. It is also useful to highlight connectivity patterns across the bipartite layers, as illustrated in an example that emphasizes the correlation between diseases and genes in genetic disorders, and in a study of a scientific collaboration network of authors and papers.
Studying Sharp Changes of Urban Landscape: Concession Within Agricultural, Hydraulic, and Maritime Public Domain in Kelibia City, Northern Tunisia
Authors: Kassouk Zeineb , Hammami Hela , Ismail Haithem
Published: June 2022

Coastal cities are desirable places to live and work which results in ongoing and increasing urbanization. In southern Mediterranean countries, coastal urbanization often occurs on croplands. This expansion is frequently on most productive croplands and emerges as an important sustainability concern. The aim of this study is to quantify urban growth over lands in Kelibia city, a coastal region in Tunisia that is one of the most threatened Mediterranean regions. We describe the changes in urban structures during the period of 2012–2016 by using Multi dates Pleiades images and using Otsu binary and sample-based Edge segmentation. Otsu segmentation showed higher accuracy than Edge segmentation method. Based on Otsu binary maps, urban areas were quantified in two dates. The results illustrated a dramatic increase of urban areas at the expense of agricultural land, maritime public domain (MPD) and hydraulic public domain (HPD). Analysis of parameters for urban sprawl quantification evaluated a sharp increase of urbanization rate, intensity, and dynamic degree. FRAGSTAT metrics described the change of landscape structure due to the increase of fragmentation pace, compactness degree, shape complexity, and proximity reduction. This significant urban change in extent and structure during a short temporal scale could be considered as a serious issue. For this reason, the implementation of systematic strategies for urban monitoring requires citizen awareness, law enforcement, and scientific supervision to mitigate land consumption, reduce flooding vulnerability, and to control the environmental impacts of urbanization.
Has Firms' Emphasis on Environmental and Social Sustainability Impacted How They Have Been Affected by and Responded to COVID-19?
Authors: Aarstad Jarle , Jakobsen Stig-Erik , Fløysand Arnt
Published: June 2022

This paper's major focus is to study if firms' emphasis on environmental and social sustainability has impacted how they have been affected by and responded to COVID-19. A survey of Norwegian firms across industries shows that those emphasizing environmental and social sustainability have had a relatively strong response to COVID-19, albeit not having been strongly affected. For firms in the aquaculture industry, the results are similar to those emphasizing environmental and social sustainability. Firms in the hospitality, tourism and culture industry and firms with international engagements have been strongly affected by COVID-19 and have also had a strong response. Firms with international ownership have been strongly affected but have not had a corresponding response. Overall, being strongly affected by COVID-19 does not always result in a corresponding response. Similarly, a strong response to COVID-19, being the case for firms emphasizing sustainability, is not always triggered by being strongly affected.
Using Self-Determination Theory to Explore Enjoyment of Educational Interactive Narrative Games: A Case Study of Academical
Authors: Grasse Katelyn M. , Kreminski Max , Wardrip-Fruin Noah , Mateas Michael , Melcer Edward F.
Published: June 2022

Choice-based interactive storytelling games such asAcademical, our responsible conduct of research training game, show great promise as a novel way of providing efficacious ethics training. However, much work remains to determine what factors of such games contribute to their advantages over traditional text-based training tools, especially if we hope to further improve their enjoyment, engagement and efficacy. In this article, we present a case study exploring how the motivational factors of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) underlie players’ perceived most and least enjoyable experiences arising from the design ofAcademical. Specifically, we discuss how certain elements ofAcademical’s design influence different SDT factors and subsequently player experience, as well as how such elements can be changed to further improve the game. Furthermore, our work highlights potential limitations of existing conceptualizations for the relatedness factor of SDT—discussing ways that it can be extended to properly understand player enjoyment within single-player educational interactive narrative games.
Equations of Motion Near Cyclotron Resonance
Authors: Albert Jay M. , Artemyev Anton , Li Wen , Gan Longzhi , Ma Qianli
Published: June 2022

This work compares several versions of the equations of motion for a test particle encountering cyclotron resonance with a single, field-aligned whistler mode wave. The gyro-averaged Lorentz equation produces both widespread phase trapping (PT) and “positive phase bunching” of low pitch angle electrons by large amplitude waves. Approximations allow a Hamiltonian description to be reduced to a single pair of conjugate variables, which can account for PT as well as phase bunching at moderate pitch angle, and has recently been used to investigate this unexpected bahavior at low pitch angle. Here, numerical simulations using the Lorentz equation and several versions of Hamiltonian-based equations of motion are compared. Similar behavior at low pitch angle is found in each case.
High CT Attenuation Values Relative to the Brainstem Predict Fungal Hyphae Within the Sinus
Authors: Kikuta Shu , Han Bing , Yoshihara Shintaro , Nishijima Hironobu , Kondo Kenji , Yamasoba Tatsuya
Published: June 2022

Objectives

There is currently no established objective diagnostic indicator for the differentiation of sinus fungal ball (SFB) from unilateral nonfungal chronic sinusitis (UCRS). This study evaluated whether computed tomography (CT) attenuation values relative to those of the brainstem (relative CT number) are useful for differentiating SFB from UCRS.

Materials and Methods

Consecutive patients who were pathologically diagnosed with SFB or UCRS between 2013 and 2021 were retrospectively identified. The relative CT numbers of region of interest (ROIs) within the sinuses were compared between the two patient groups. Factors with predictive power for differentiating SFBs from UCRSs were identified by uni/multivariable logistic regression analyses.

Results

One hundred and eighty-three patients with unilateral chronic sinusitis were finally analyzed (SFB, 86 cases; UCRS, 97 cases). Regardless of the presence or absence of calcified lesions, the relative CT numbers in SFB were significantly higher than those in UCRS. ROIs showing high relative CT numbers were those where fungal hyphae were present. In the uni/multivariable logistic regression analysis, age (p < 0.001), relative CT number (p < 0.001), and calcification (p = 0.002) had predictive value for distinguishing SFB from UCRS. Within those cases not showing calcification, age (p = 0.004) and relative CT number (p < 0.001) were predictive factors for differentiating SFB from UCRS. A relative CT number >1.5 was significantly associated with SFB (sensitivity, 70%; specificity, 91%), with a significantly larger area under the receiver operating characteristics curve than age.

Conclusions

High relative CT numbers within the sinus are strongly associated with the presence of fungal hyphae, and measurement of relative CT number is a powerful adjunctive diagnostic method for distinguishing between SFB and UCRS.