bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industrial Experience in Sea Water Desulfation
Authors: Pedenaud Pierre , Hurtevent Christian , Baraka-Lokmane Salima
Published: May 2012

Large quantities of sea water are injected in oil and gas fields all over the world for pressure maintenance support and sweeping efficiency of the reservoir in order to maximize the hydrocarbon production. Many difficulties are linked with sea water injection such as risks of reservoir souring, loss of injectivity, incompatibility between sea and reservoir waters. One specific problem is the risk of sulfate based scale formation like barium sulfate. Indeed sea water contains around 2800 mg/l of sulfate and some reservoir contains high concentration of barium and strontium. If nothing is done to prevent the mixing of these two waters, scale deposits will occur at the producer wells once the breakthrough happened, with the loss of production.

One solution is to remove the sulfate from sea water prior to injection, and this is possible by using the nanofiltration process. This desulfation process based on membrane technology is in operation in TOTAL sites for more than 10 years and it works very succesfully.

This paper presents the feedback of ten years of operations both on the desulfation process and also on the scale prevention strategy. Based on the experience of three big desulfation units operated offshore on FPSOs, this paper presents the various parameters of this process such as the operational constraints, membrane cleaning requirements, need for efficient pre treatment, membrane life time, and efficiency in sulphate removal. Moreover at the beginning anti scale injection was installed on the producer wells to inhibit the residual sulphate coming from desulfation (40 ppm), however better efficiency of process and sulphate elimination in reservoir showed that this residual risk is nil. Results showed that the choice of desulfation is the best solution to prevent barium sulphate scale, even if this process can appear firstly as constraining and costly.
Understanding Mechanisms of Scale inhibition Using Newly Developed Test Method and Developing Synergistic Combined Scale Inhibitors
Authors: Liu Xuan , Chen Tao , Chen Ping , Montgomerie Harry , Hagen Thomas , Wang Bin , Yang Xu
Published: May 2012

Static jar and dynamic loop tests are two major test methods used in the oilfield scale industry to evaluate the performance of scale inhibitors. The minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) under the test conditions can be determined, but with a certain amount of assumptions and theoretical analysis of the mechanism of scale inhibition, especially for scale inhibitors with dispersive effects.

Unlike these traditional test methods, a newly developed test method, using an ultrasonic technique along with turbidity measurement, has been used to evaluate scale inhibitors and understand the inhibition mechanisms. In comparison with traditional test methods, this test method provides a quick and effective way to understand the scale inhibitors, including the effect of scale inhibitors on the induction, nucleation and growth stages of scale formation, and also the dispersion functions of scale inhibitors.

Several typical commercial scale inhibitors, including phosphonate and polymer based chemistries have been tested using this newly developed test method. Different scale inhibitors demonstrated different inhibition mechanisms and will be addressed in detail in this paper.

Results showed a polymer based scale inhibitor has good inhibition on the induction time of scale formation and a phosphoric based scale inhibitor showed a major dispersive effect on scale inhibition. The combined formulation based on these two inhibitors has been evaluated and a synergistic effect was observed and later confirmed by both the traditional static jar test and dynamic loop test, where the mixture of 75% polymer based scale inhibitor and 25% phosphoric based scale inhibitor showed much better performance than both neat scale inhibitors.

In this paper, this newly developed test method will be introduced in detail and the benefits and limitations will also be discussed. By understanding the mechanism of the scale inhibitors, this technique might provide a new and alternative route of developing and formulating scale inhibitors.
Retention and Release of Scale Inhibitor in Different Clay Minerals
Authors: Jordana Rut , Howe Russell F. , Guan Hua
Published: May 2012

Addition of scale inhibitor into the reservoir allowing its adsorption and or precipitation into the rock formation and subsequent release during production is one of the most common treatments used in oil field industries to avoid scale formation. Little is known however about the surface chemistry of scale inhibitor interaction with the various mineral phases present in subsea rock formations. This paper presents some recent work investigating these interactions with the spectroscopic techniques commonly employed in surface chemistry. Uptake of NTMP, a model scale inhibitor, by kaolin, halloysite and montmorillonite has been monitored by liquid phase 31P NMR spectroscopy. 31P NMR has also been used to follow the release of scale inhibitor during desorption experiments. The adsorbed inhibitor has been detected directly and quantified with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS combined with argon ion etching has also been able to distinguish between inhibitor adsorbed onto the external surface of the clays and occluded into the interlayer spacing.
Multi-level Research on Youth Participation in the Haitian Reconstruction
Authors: Pluim Gary W.J.
Published: May 2012

Research in comparative and international education routinely encounters exceptional research conditions. In this article, the author explores the particular issues he faced in his research on multi-level youth programs of the Haitian reconstruction. Through a vertical analysis of internationally sponsored programs, this study required special attention to working in a cross-cultural, politically fragile environment. In this article, he highlights connections with several other multi-level studies in fragile states which are also featured in this issue of RCIE. However, his focus is upon those issues that are particular to conducting research in post-earthquake Haiti. These issues include the roles of researcher and participants, the impact of discourses of security, and negotiating cross-cultural issues such as language, power, and notions of participation. This article also positions his research by including an overview, a theoretical framework, the socio-political context, and a detailed description of methodology and methods.
The Research Process in a Multi-level Mixed-Methods Case Study: International Organization Headquarters and Field Employee Perspectives of a Program in Southern Sudan
Authors: Eschenbacher Heidi
Published: May 2012

This article provides an overview of the methods and data-collection process for a multi-level mixed-methods case study. Data for the study were gathered through phone interviews and electronic surveys from individuals working on the same educational program in Southern Sudan, though some were supporting the program from outside the country. The primary comparison was to examine the varied perceptions held by staff involved in a program, that depended on whether they worked in the field, the program office or the international or regional headquarters. This article examines mixed-method research using remote data collection. It also examines how previous experience working on a different program in Southern Sudan helped to prepare for this study.
Reciprocal Cross-school Attraction in Domestic Educational Policy Borrowing: An Initial Conceptualization
Authors: Barmeier Henry
Published: May 2012

This article presents a novel theoretical framework for the study of educational policy borrowing at the sub-national level. Prior theorizing on educational policy transfer, and on policy ‘borrowing’ in particular, has focused on cross-national processes. In this article the author uses the existing cross-national models of Phillips and Ochs and of Rappleye to develop a conceptualization of how and why educational ideas and practices move between schools of the same country. Domestic policy borrowing is of theoretical interest to the field of comparative education because it demands exploration of reciprocal cross-school attraction, a phenomenon that does not have much relevance at an international scale. Further, domestic policy borrowing is of practical interest in England because of the role that it plays in deliberate government attempts to improve the lowest-performing schools. By articulating a theoretical framework for the study of reciprocal cross-school attraction, the author hopes to facilitate more systematic and comparable research on how and why educational ideas and practices move between schools. Results from his own empirical work using this model will be reported at a later date.
Fostering Critical Thinking about Citizenship Education in Particular Contexts: Notes from an Anglo-Turkish Student Teachers' Exchange Programme
Authors: Busher Hugh , Wilkins Chris , Lawson Tony
Published: May 2012

Student teachers and staff from three universities in Turkey and from Leicester University, England took part in an exchange programme in Turkey and Britain in 2008–2009. Funding for this from the European Union (EU) and Turkey was in part related to Turkey's application for EU membership and currently contested discourses about the nature of citizenship, citizenship education and European identity. The views of participating student teachers' on these topics were collected before the exchange visits, during the preparation phase, by a questionnaire and during the exchange visits by focus groups. Staff reflections on the programme were gathered after it was completed. Students' understandings of citizenship, the education processes of the Other and their own definitions of appropriate pedagogy were challenged by their experiences during the exchange visits. They also questioned the construction of knowledge engendered by the programme choosing atypical school sites for their visits. Participating staff reflected critically on the impact of the programme on different institutional agendas.
Application of BDD thin film electrode for electrochemical decomposition of heterogeneous aromatic compounds
Authors: Czupryniak Justyna , Fabiańska Aleksandra , Stepnowski Piotr , Ossowski Tadeusz , Bogdanowicz Robert , Gnyba Marcin , Siedlecka Ewa
Published: May 2012

The aim of the presented study is to investigate the applicability of electrochemical oxidation of aromatic compounds containing heteroatoms, e.g. waste from production of pesticides or pharmaceutics, at a borondoped diamond (BDD) electrode. The BDD electrodes were synthesized by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (MW PE CVD). Investigation of the electrode surface by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the synthesized layer was continuous and formed a densely packed grain structure with an average roughness of less than 0:5 μm. The influence of important electrochemical parameters: current density, kind of reactor, pH or mixing operation, on the efficiency of the oxidation was investigated. The fouling of electrode’s surface caused by the deposition of organic material was observed during CV and galvanostatic experiments. At low current density the oxidation rate constant k was low, but the current efficiency was relatively high. The BDD can be used successfully to remove heterogeneous aromatic compounds existing either as molecules or cations. During 4 h of electrolysis 95% of aromatic compounds were electrochemically decomposed to mineral forms. It was observed that the influence of the initial pH on mineralization was marginal.
Determination of freeze-out conditions from lattice QCD calculations
Authors: Karsch Frithjof
Published: May 2012

Freeze-out conditions in Heavy Ion Collisions are generally determined by comparing experimental results for ratios of particle yields with theoretical predictions based on applications of the Hadron Resonance Gas model. We discuss here how this model dependent determination of freeze-out parameters may eventually be replaced by theoretical predictions based on equilibrium QCD thermodynamics.
The Palladium(Ii)-Catalysed Ligand Exchange between Hexacyanoferrate(Ii) and 4-Cyanopyridine in Aqueous Acidic Medium
Authors: Naik Radhey Mohan , Kumar Basant
Published: May 2012

The kinetics of the palladium(II)-catalysed ligand exchange of the hexacyanoferrate(II) complex ion with 4-Cyanopyridine (4-CNpy) in aqueous acidic medium have been investigated at 25.0 ∓ 0.1 °C, pH 3.2 ∓ 0.02 and ionic strength, I=0.1 M (KNO3). The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the increase in absorbance of the intense cherry red complex [Fe(CN)54-CNpy] 3-, corresponding to metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions, atλ.max 477 nm. The effects of pH, ionic strength, the concentrations of [Fe(CN)54-], Pd2+ and 4-CNpy on the reaction rate have been studied and analysed. The kinetic data suggest that substitution follows an interchange dissociative (Id) mechanism and occurs via formation of a solvent-bound intermediate. The effects of the dielectric constant of the medium on the reaction rate have been used to visualize the formation of a polar activated complex and an interchange dissociative mechanism for the reaction. A most probable mechanism has been proposed in order to interpret the kinetic data. Kinetic evidence is reported for the displacement of CN- by 4-CNpy in [Fe(CN)64-]. Activation parameters for the proposed reaction have been evaluated using an Eyring plot, and provided further support to the proposed mechanistic scheme.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Catechols in the Presence of Dimethyl Phosphite
Authors: Shoaei Seyed Mohammad , Monajjemi Majid , Rafiee Mohammad , Khalafi Lida , Aghaei Mehran , Aghaei Hossein
Published: May 2012

The reaction of electrochemically generated o-benzoquinones from the oxidation of catechol derivatives as Michael acceptors with dimethyl phosphite as nucleophile has been studied using cyclic voltammetry. The reaction mechanism is believed to be EC comprising oxidation of catechol moiety of these antioxidants followed by Michael addition of dimethyl phosphite. The observed homogeneous rate constants (kobs) for the reactions were estimated by comparing the experimental voltammetric responses with the digitally simulated results based on the proposed mechanism. In addition, the effects of nucleophile concentration and of substitutent group of the catechols on the voltammetric behaviour and the rate constants of the chemical reactions are described.
Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilization on Amine Functionalized Carbon Nano Tubes: Direct Electrochemistry and Bioelectrocatalysis
Authors: Tasviri Mahboubeh , Ghourchian Hedayatollah , Gholami Mohammad R. , Rafiee-Pour Hossain-Ali
Published: May 2012

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was successfully immobilized on amine functionalized TiO2-coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (NH2 TiO2 CNTs) by a convenient and efficient method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and amperometry were applied to characterize the HRP/NH2- TiO2 - CNT nano-composite. These techniques showed that the NH2 TiO2CNTs greatly enhance the electron transfer between HRP and the modified electrode. Owing to the redox reaction of the electroactive centre of HRP, the HRP/NH2-TiO2-CNTs modified electrode exhibited a pair of quasi-reversible peaks with a peak-to-peak separation (Δ Ep) of 70.6 m V and a formal potential ( E°’) of - 367.65 m V (versus Ag/AgCl) in phosphate buffer solution. The charge transfer coefficient (a) and the apparent charge transfer rate constant (ks) were found to be 0.34 and 2.08 s-1 respectively. The prepared biosensor responded to H2O2 with a linear range, detection limit, sensitivity and response time of 1.0 × 10−9 to 1.0 × 10 −7 M, 0.786nM, 28.4 μA A nM−1 and 3 s, respectively.
Kinetic Study and Degradation Mechanism of Landrin in Aqueous Media
Authors: Ouertani Randa , El Attache Latifa Latrous , Hamida Néjib Ben
Published: May 2012

The alkaline hydrolysis of landrin (2,3,5-trimethylphenyl-N-methylcarbamate) into 2,3,5-trimethylphenol was examined for various buffers and sodium hydroxide solutions ranging from pH 11.8 to 13.6. This work was carried out by reversed phase liquid chromatography and UV spectrophotometry. The positive activation entropy A Δ S#= +38.40 J mol −1 K −1 and the absence of general basic catalysis indicated an ElcB hydrolytic mechanism involving the formation of methyl isocyanate. This result was confirmed by the finding that landrin fits well into Brönsted and Hammett plots, obtained for a series of substituted N- methylcarbamates whose decomposition in aqueous media was established to follow an El cB mechanism.
Radiation Effects on Zeolite Nanomaterials - Some Potential Implications for Cleaning Liquid Nuclear Waste and for Enhanced Radioactive Decontamination
Authors: Rhodes Christopher J. , Dintinger Timothy C.
Published: May 2012

A series of group 1 and group 2 element cation-exchanged samples of zeolite X were prepared and exposed to a beam of spin-polarised, positive muons (of energy 28MeV/c) from a particle accelerator. Longitudinal field repolarisation measurements were made which identified, in each case, both diamagnetic and paramagnetic muon fractions. One of the paramagnetic components revealed a hyperfine field compatible with values reported previously for free muonium atoms (1585 G), while a secondary component was detected showing roughly half the hyperfine coupling measured for atomic muonium, leading to the conclusion that the muonium had become chemically-bound within the zeolite structure, probably via a single-electron bond to a coordinatively unsaturated aluminium atom. A significant “lost fraction” was also indicated along with superhyperfine and anisotropic components that repolarised in weaker magnetic fields (0-100G). As a general trend, the muonium atom yield was found to increase in order of the increasing radius/charge (riz) ratio, though it is constant within the experimental errors, while the chemically bound muonium was formed in similar proportion in all samples (14.1 + 1.9% of the total muonium polarisation), with the exception of HX and the parent NaX (from which the other zeolite samples were prepared by cation-exchange), in which it was absent. Along with data from zero-field experiments which were also undertaken, this is interpreted in terms of an entrapment or effective “scavenging” of radiolytic electrons by the cations (in the order Na+>K+; Mg2+>Ca2+>Sr2+>Ba2+) whose combination with positive muons is therefore impeded, thus reducing the yield of muonium atoms. Results for LiX are anomalous since the muonium yield is greater than expected, possibly due to a greater degree of covalency in the Li-0 bonding than pertains for the other cations. These results may have some implications for zeolites that suffer longterm radiation exposure/damage when they are used to clean radioactive cations (e.g. Cs +, Sr2+) from the waters of nuclear power stations and as materials whose cation-exchange capacity has been deliberately enhanced by prior exposure to ionising radiation.
Titanium Amido- and Imido-Complexes Supported by a Tridentate Pyrrolyl Ligand: Syntheses, Characterisation and Catalytic Activities
Authors: Chen Zhou , Li Lei , Chen Yanmei , Hu Bin , Wu Jian , Wang Xiufang , Lei Tao , Li Yahong
Published: May 2012

The complexes [Ti(NMe2)2(pmpmi)] [H2pmpmi = (2-pyrrolylmethene)-(2-pyrrolylmethyl)imine], [Ti(NtBu)(pmpmi)(py)2], [Ti(NtBu)(pmpmi)(dpy)] and [Ti(NPh)(pmpmi)(py)2] have been prepared, characterised and shown to be pre-catalysts for the hydroamination of phenylacetylene with aniline and p-chloroaniline. The X-ray structures of [Ti(NMe2)2(pmpmi)], [Ti(NtBu)(pmpmi)(dpy)] and [Ti(NPh)(pmpmi)(py)2] have been determined.
Decarboxylative Bromination of Cinnamic Acids by 2-Iodoxybenzoic Acid with Tetrabutylammonium Bromide
Authors: Han Jianlei , Wei Yuping
Published: May 2012

The decarboxylative bromination of cinnamic acids using the hypervalent iodine reagent 2-iodoxybenzoic acid with tetrabutylammonium bromide is described, providing good to excellent yields of bromostyrenes. Bromostyrenes are useful coupling components in a wide range of transition metal-catalysed coupling reactions.
Synthesis of Anovel Sterically Hindered Imidazolinium Chloride: An N-Heterocyclic Carbene Precursor
Authors: Liu Xiang , Ge Kaiqi , Guan Pei , He Pang , Li Yunfei , Shi Yanhui , Cao Changsheng
Published: May 2012

A hindered imidazolinium chloride which is a bulky, strongly donating N-heterocyclic carbene precursor has been synthesised from pinacolone in six steps. The chlorides can be easily converted to its corresponding hexafluorophosphate salt in near quantitative yield. The two new compounds were characterised by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and elemental analyses.
A Chiral Amino-Naphthalene-Derived Prolinamide Catalyst for the Enantioselective Michael Addition of Ketones to Nitroolefins
Authors: Yu Chuanming , Zhang Ke , Shi Xiangjun
Published: May 2012

An enantioselective Michael addition of ketones to nitroolefins has been accomplished using a novel chiral amino-naphthalene-derived prolinamides catalyst 1. The desired Michael adducts were obtained in high yields (up to 93%) as well as good diastereoselectivities (>99:1) and enantioselectivities (48%-99% ee).
Efficient Synthesis of 6-Hydroxy-6-Aryloxymethyl-1,5-Diaryl-1,3,5-Triazinane-2,4-Dithiones
Authors: Li Zheng , Cai Hongfang
Published: May 2012

An efficient and convenient method for the synthesis of 6-hydroxy-6-aryloxymethyl-1,5-diaryl-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4-dithiones via condensation of 2 equiv. of 1-arylthioureas with aryloxyacetic acids using ferric chloride hexahydrate as catalyst is described. Triazine derivatives have important medicinal properties, are widely used in the textile, plastic and rubber industries, and have applications as pesticides, dyestuffs, optical bleaches, explosives and surface active agents.
Catalyst and Solvent-Free Bromination of Toluene Derivatives by HBr–H2O2 with Visible-Light Photocatalysis using a Continuous-Flow Micro Reactor
Authors: Yu Wu-bin , Yu Dong-ping , Zheng Ming-ming , Shan Shu-ting , Li Yu-jin , Gao Jian-rong
Published: May 2012

The efficiency of the bromination of toluene derivatives has been improved significantly by utilising a combination of hydrogen peroxide (30%) and hydrogen bromide (40%) in a continuous-flow micro reactor. This catalyst and solvent-free reaction takes place by visible-light photocatalysis.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures and DNA-Binding Properties of a Six-Coordinate Ternary Iron (III) Complex Formed with Tris(2-[N-Ethyl]Benzimidazylmethyl)Amine and Salicylate
Authors: Wu Huilu , Bai Ying , Yuan Jingkun , Wang Hua , Pan Guolong , Fan Xuyang , Kong Jin
Published: May 2012

A ternary Fe(III) complex with a tripodal ligand tris(2-[ N-ethyl]benzimidazlylmethyl)amine (Etntb) and salicylate, with composition [Fe(Etntb)(salicylate)](NO3)·MeOH, has been synthesised. Its crystal structure shows that the central Fe(III) atom is six-coordinated and forms a distorted octahedral structure. The DNA-binding properties of the Fe(III) complex have been investigated by spectrophotometric methods and viscosity measurements, and the results suggest that the Fe(III) complex binds to DNA via an intercalation binding mode. Additionally, the Fe(III) complex scavenges hydroxyl radicals in in vitro studies.
Synthesis of Potent Anticancer Thieno[2,3-d]Pyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Kandeel M.M. , Mounir Ashraf A. , Refaat Hanan M. , Kassab Asmaa E.
Published: May 2012

As part of our program to identify novel cytotoxic agents, various series of hexahydrocycloocta[4,5]thieno[2,3- d] pyrimidines and pyrimidin-4-ones substituted by aryl at the C-2 position together with phenylethylamino, substituted amino, hydrazinyl or arylidenhydrazinyl substituents at the C-4 position were synthesised. These compounds were prepared as bioisosteres of gefitinib, an antitumour drug used for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. All compounds exhibited antitumour activity against (HCT 116) cell line in vitro. Eight compounds (IC50: 3.89, 4.65, 6.63, 6.94, 7.89, 9.53, 12.00 and 12.30 μg mL−1 respectively) exhibited 4.3 to 1.3 fold more potent antitumour activity than imatinib (IC50: 16.93 μg mL−1). Also, a docking study of the newly synthesised compounds with the active site of CDK2 was described.
The Synthesis of 4-Tosyloxy-2-Substituted Phenols using New Solid Pyridinium Salt Supported [Hydroxyl(Tosyloxy)Iodo]Benzene Reagents
Authors: Yang Bing , Zhang Jizhen , Zhao Dejian , Kuang Hua
Published: May 2012

Two new solid pyridinium salt supported HTIB reagents ( N-{4-[hydroxyl(tosyloxy)iodo]benzyl}pyridinium tetrafluoroborate and N-{4-[hydroxyl(tosyloxy)iodo]phenylcarbamoylmethyl}pyridinium tetrafluoroborate) were synthesised using a pyridinium salt as a cationic support. Although the former was hygroscopic the latter was stable in air and in a highly humid atmosphere over a few weeks. The latter has an extra amide linkage. The structures of both compounds were established by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS and elemental analysis. Then, two 4-tosyloxy-2-substituted phenols were successfully prepared using the new reagents. Both reagents were easily regenerated in high yields.
Synthesis of Novel Pyrido[1,2-b][2,4]Benzodiazepine Derivatives
Authors: Kovtunenko Volodymyr O. , Potikha Lyudmila M. , Sypchenko Volodymyr V. , Zubatyuk Roman I. , Shishkin Oleg V.
Published: May 2012

A new method based on the reaction of [2-(bromomethyl)phenyl](4-chlorophenyl)methanone with pyridine-2-amines has been used for the synthesis of 6-(4-chlorophenyl)-11H-pyrido[1,2- b][2,4]benzodiazepin-12-ium salts. The quaternary pyridinium salts, which were formed on the first stage, gave the pyrido[1,2- b][2,4]benzodiazepine system upon heating with acids.
Synthesis and Structure Analysis of 1-(2-Chlorobenzoyl)-3,6-Diphenyl-1,4-Dihydro-1,2,4,5-Tetrazine
Authors: Rao Guo-Wu , Zhang Li-Ling , Li Xiao-Min
Published: May 2012

1-(2-Chlorobenzoyl)-3,6-diphenyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine was prepared from 2-chlorobenzoyl chloride and 3,6-diphenyl-1,2(or 1,4)-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, and its structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. This reaction yields the 1,4-dihydro derivative rather than the 1,2-dihydro derivative. The central six-member ring of the title compound exhibits a boat conformation and therefore, is not homoaromatic.
2-Iodoxybenzoic Acid-Mediated Transformation of Halogenated Hydrocarbon in the Presence of Tetraethyl Ammonium Bromide
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Han Jianlei , Xu Yanjun , Wei Yuping
Published: May 2012

2-Iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) has been shown to react with alkyl halides in the presence of tetraethyl ammonium bromide to give 2-iodobenzoate esters. Most of the monohalides and dihalides reacted easily with moderate to good yields. The 2-iodobenzoate esters containing other functional groups can offer further synthetic uses. The 2-iodobenzoic acid can be recycled easily and oxidised to IBX again.
Contemporary Qur'anic Studies in Iran and its Relationship with Qur'anic Studies in the West
Authors: Karimi-Nia Morteza
Published: May 2012

The status of tafsīr and Qur'anic studies in the Islamic Republic of Iran has changed significantly during recent decades. The essay provides an overview of the state of Qur'anic studies in Iran today, aiming to examine the extent of the impact of studies by Western scholars on Iranian academic circles during the last three decades and the relationship between them. As in most Islamic countries, the major bulk of academic activity in Iran in this field used to be undertaken by the traditional ʿulamāʾ; however, since the beginning of the twentieth century and the establishment of universities and other academic institutions in the Islamic world, there has been increasing diversity and development. After the Islamic Revolution, many gradual changes in the structure and approach of centres of religious learning and universities have occurred. Contemporary advancements in modern sciences and communications technologies have gradually brought the institutions engaged in the study of human sciences to confront the new context. As a result, the traditional Shīʿī centres of learning, which until 50 years ago devoted themselves exclusively to the study of Islamic law and jurisprudence, today pay attention to the teaching of foreign languages, Qur'anic sciences and exegesis, including Western studies about the Qur'an, to a certain extent, and recognise the importance of almost all of the human sciences of the West.
An Arabic Translation of Ignaz Goldziher's Die Richtungen der islamischen Koranauslegung
Authors: Saleh Walid
Published: May 2012

This article traces the history of the Arabic translation of Ignaz Goldziher's book Die Richtungen der islamischen Koranauslegung and its relationship with the studies on tafsīr published in Cairo before and after its translation. Two works were intimately related to this translation, the first was a long article by Amīn al-Khūlī which was published first as an entry in the Arabic translation of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the second a PhD dissertation written by Muḥammad al-Dhahabī at al-Azhar University which was one of the first comprehensive modern histories of the field of tafsīr. These books were fundamental to the studies of tafsīr in the Arab and Islamic world, and this article charts the history of their publication and the impact they occasioned.
Photoinduced Phase Transitions in α-, θ-, and κ-type ET Salts: Ultrafast Melting of the Electronic Ordering
Authors: Iwai Shinichiro
Published: May 2012

Photoinduced phase transitions in organic compounds with strong electron correlation ET [bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene)-based salts α-(ET)2I3, θ-(ET)2RbZn(SCN)4, κ-(d-ET)2Cu[N(CN)2Br] were discussed based, on time resolved optical pump-probe spectroscopy using ~150 fs mid-infrared pulse, 12 fs near infrared pulse, and sub-picosecond terahertz pulse. (i) In charge-ordered insulators α-(ET)2I3 and θ-(ET)2RbZn(SCN)4, we captured ultrafast snapshots of charge dynamics i.e., immediate (ca. 15 fs) generation of a microscopic metallic state (or equivalently the microscopic melting of the charge order) which is driven by the coherent oscillation (period; 18 fs) of correlated electrons. Subsequently, condensation of the microscopic metallic state to the macroscopic scale occurs in α-(ET)2I3. However, in θ-(ET)2RbZn(SCN)4, such condensation is prevented by the large potential barrier reflecting the structural difference between the insulator and metal; (ii) In a Dimer–Mott insulator κ-(d-ET)2Cu[N(CN)2Br], photogeneration of the metallic state rises during ca. 1 ps that is much slower than the melting of charge order, because the photoinduced insulator to metal transition is driven by the intradimer molecular displacement in the dimer Mott insulator. The ultrafast dynamics of photoinduced insulator–metal transitions depend strongly on the molecular arrangement, reflecting various competing phases in the ET sheets.
Pharmacological Classification and Activity Evaluation of Furan and Thiophene Amide Derivatives Applying Semi-Empirical ab initio Molecular Modeling Methods
Authors: Bober Leszek , Kawczak Piotr , Baczek Tomasz
Published: May 2012

Pharmacological and physicochemical classification of the furan and thiophene amide derivatives by multiple regression analysis and partial least square (PLS) based on semi-empirical ab initio molecular modeling studies and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) retention data is proposed. Structural parameters obtained from the PCM (Polarizable Continuum Model) method and the literature values of biological activity (antiproliferative for the A431 cells) expressed as LD50 of the examined furan and thiophene derivatives was used to search for relationships. It was tested how variable molecular modeling conditions considered together, with or without HPLC retention data, allow evaluation of the structural recognition of furan and thiophene derivatives with respect to their pharmacological properties.
Asymmetric Synthesis of the Carbon-14-Labeled Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator using Cinchona Alkaloid Catalyzed Addition of 6-Bromoindole to Ethyl Trifluoropyruvate
Authors: Sumiyoshi Takaaki , Urabe Daisuke , Tojo Kengo , Sakamoto Masato , Niidome Kazumi , Tsuboya Norie , Nakajima Tomoko , Tobe Masanori
Published: May 2012

We describe in this study the asymmetric synthesis of radioisotope (RI)-labeled selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator. This synthesis is based on optimization of the cinchona alkaloid catalyzed addition of 6-bromoindole to ethyl trifluoropyruvate and Negishi coupling of zinc cyanide to the 6-bromoindole moiety. [14C] Labeled (−)-{4-[(1-{2-[6-cyano-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropyl}piperidin-4-yl)oxy]-3-methoxyphenyl}acetic acid (−)-1 was synthesized successfully with high enantioselectivity ( > 99% ee) and sufficient radiochemical purity.
Development of Diversified Methods for Chemical Modification of the 5,6-Double Bond of Uracil Derivatives Depending on Active Methylene Compounds
Authors: Sajiki Hironao , Iida Yusuke , Ikawa Kanoko , Sawama Yoshinari , Monguchi Yasunari , Kitade Yukio , Maki Yoshifumi , Inoue Hideo , Hirota Kosaku
Published: May 2012

The reaction of 5-halogenouracil and uridine derivatives 1 and 7 with active methylene compounds under basic conditions produced diverse and selective C-C bond formation products by virtue of the nature of the carbanions. Three different types of reactions such as the regioselective C-C bond formation at the 5- and 6-positions of uracil and uridine derivatives (products 2, 5, 8, 17, 20 and 21), and the formation of fused heterocycle derivatives 2,4-diazabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane (15) and 2,4-diazabicyclo-[4.1.0]nonane (16) via dual C-C bond formations at both the 5- and 6-positions were due to the different active methylene compounds used as reagents.
The Camera Itself as a Calibration Pattern: A Novel Self-Calibration Method for Non-Central Catadioptric Cameras
Authors: Xiang Zhiyu , Sun Bo , Dai Xing
Published: May 2012

A novel and practical self-calibration method for misaligned non-central catadioptric cameras is proposed in this paper. Without the aid of any special calibration patterns in the scene, the developed method is able to automatically estimate the pose parameters of the mirror with respect to the perspective camera. First it uses the ellipse corresponding to the mirror boundary in the image to compute the possible solutions for mirror postures. With two pose candidates, thereafter we propose a novel selection method to find the correct solution by using the image of the lens boundary. The whole calibration process is automatic and convenient to carry out since nothing more than a single image acquired from the catadioptric camera is needed. Experimental results both on synthesized and real images prove our success.
A reference microsatellite kit to assess for genetic diversity of Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae)
Authors: Billot Claire , Rivallan Ronan , Sall Mbaye Ndoye , Fonceka Daniel , Deu Monique , Glaszmann Jean‐Christophe , Noyer Jean‐Louis , Rami Jean‐François , Risterucci Ange‐Marie , Wincker Patrick , Ramu Puna , Hash Charles T.
Published: May 2012

• Premise of the study: Discrepancies in terms of genotyping data are frequently observed when comparing simple sequence repeat (SSR) data sets across genotyping technologies and laboratories. This technical concern introduces biases that hamper any synthetic studies or comparison of genetic diversity between collections. To prevent this for Sorghum bicolor, we developed a control kit of 48 SSR markers.

• Methods and Results: One hundred seventeen markers were selected along the genome to provide coverage across the length of all 10 sorghum linkage groups. They were tested for polymorphism and reproducibility across two laboratories (Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement [CIRAD], France, and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics [ICRISAT], India) using two commonly used genotyping technologies (polyacrylamide gel–based technology with LI‐COR sequencing machines and capillary systems with ABI sequencing apparatus) with DNA samples from a diverse set of 48 S. bicolor accessions.

• Conclusions: A kit for diversity analysis (http://sat.cirad.fr/sat/sorghum_SSR_kit/) was developed. It contains information on 48 technically robust sorghum microsatellite markers and 10 DNA controls. It can further be used to calibrate sorghum SSR genotyping data acquired with different technologies and compare those to genetic diversity references.
Une grotte qui sent l'ours(e) ?
Authors: Joye-Bruno Catherine
Published: May 2012

Résumé Chez les lapons, le mythe fondateur du culte de l’ours, qui était encore pratiqué en Laponie avant que le renne ne le supplante, est un mythe qui met en scène la féminisation de l’ours. L’auteure s’appuie sur son analyse pour reprendre pas à pas le mythe freudien du Père de la horde et tenter ainsi de repérer ce qui vient à les différencier et quelles questions psychanalytiques ces différences peuvent poser. Contrairement au mythe freudien, l’humanisation naît de l’union d’un ours et d’une femme, une union qui pour avoir cet effet doit aboutir à la mort de l’Ours. C’est l’intervention d’une femme par son mariage avec un animal qui permet de générer l’humanité avec la naissance d’un premier fils, qui justement parce qu’il ne tue pas son père, devient humain. L’auteure avance que le partenaire bestial n’est pas un être de jouissance, mais bien plutôt celui qui introduit à la castration.
Les habits neufs de l'interprétation
Authors: Prat Régine
Published: May 2012

Résumé L’auteur interroge la pertinence de la distinction, entre Interprétation et Construction, en particulier dans l’analyse d’enfants. Elle propose de définir le statut d’interprétation non à partir de sa forme mais à partir de son effet, tant sur le psychisme que sur le processus analytique. La forme de l’interprétation sera considérée comme un outil facilitant la communication avec le patient et constituant un vocabulaire spécifique s’accordant à son niveau de symbolisation. Des exemples cliniques proposent, comme piste de réflexion, différentes modalités d’interprétation du langage du corps et de l’acte à celui du jeu de rôle, ainsi qu’un travail sur les espaces et limites idenitaires, en particulier avec les parents.
Retour à Franckie. Trauma et dissociation, quelles modalités interprétatives ?
Authors: Ithier Béatrice
Published: May 2012

Résumé Dans un texte intitulé « Réflexions sur la névrose obsessionnelle et Franckie », ce petit patient analysé par B. Bornstein, de ses 5 ans et demi à 8 ans, Winnicott, s’appuyant sur la seule première séance, réfère l’échec de la cure à la méconnaissance de la dissociation, comme défense primaire dans toute névrose. Au-delà de la reconnaissance et de la nécessaire intégration de l’affect dépressif lié aux traumas, dans et par le partage émotionnel avec l’analyste, c’est une réflexion qui est menée à partir de certaines articulations de la cure, sur l’impasse d’une démarche interprétative portant sur la fantasmatique de l’enfant hors la relation aux liens transféro-contre-transférentiels. En ce cas, c’est le verrouillage de la dissociation qui perdure, entraînant l’enfant dans l’escalade d’une organisation défensive, avec l’issue psychotique du désespoir ou de la désespérance obsessionnelle.
Vers la rencontre interprétative
Authors: Sharara Rajah
Published: May 2012

Résumé L’espace transitionnel de jeu et l’espace transféro-contre-transférentiel se déploient dans le monde fantasmatique de l’enfant, lors de la rencontre avec l’objet primaire, dans la construction intrapsychique pour figurer à un niveau infraverbal, le dedans-dehors, les angoisses archaïques et les angoisses d’intrusion. Le holding du regard de la « mère-thérapeute » permet à l’enfant de prendre appui sur la « feuille-thérapeute » qui fonctionne comme un miroir identitaire réfléchissant, processus fondateur du narcissisme en lien avec la figurabilité et du « faire soi » qui permet la contenance et la reviviscence d’un « moi-sensoriel-corporel ». Dans un deuxième temps se dévoile la valence sexuelle avec ses mouvements œdipiens, car elle était présente, mais enfouie sous le traumatisme.
L'interprétation « suffisamment bonne » : jouer, créer, interpréter
Authors: Bensidoun Bernard
Published: May 2012

Résumé En prenant appui sur les conceptions de D.W. Winnicott, notamment celle de « mère suffisamment bonne », l’auteur reprend le matériel clinique de deux analyses d’enfants. Apparaissent alors diverses figures dont la notion d’interprétation trouvée-crée.
Les mots-écrans du « silence » de soi de l'adolescent. Quel travail d'interprétation pour l'analyste ?
Authors: Schmid-Kitsikis Elsa
Published: May 2012

Résumé L’auteur aborde, à la lumière de deux exemples cliniques, le cas de l’adolescent, qui dans sa relation à soi-même et à l’autre, à l’analyste, choisira une sorte d’écran, qui lui fera croire qu’il peut échapper au regard, à la voix qui dérange son intimité. Il s’installera dans un silence de soi le plus souvent derrière un flot de paroles. Le travail d’interprète de l’analyste devra affronter cette particularité en offrant durant la période qui se révélera nécessaire, une capacité d’attente et d’écoute de ce qui apparemment est là, chez le jeune, comme seule entrée en relation qui ne soit pas vécue comme intrusion dans le monde secret de l’intimité.
L'indication comme première interprétation
Authors: Chauvet Évelyne
Published: May 2012

Résumé Réflexions théorico-cliniques à propos d’une indication de traitement et sur le choix d’un dispositif thérapeutique comme première interprétation ou premier « contenant interprétatif ». L’auteur souligne l’importance de l’écoute du corps comme messager du psychisme par l’analyste consultant lorsque les symptômes corporels dominent le tableau clinique. Discussion sur les enjeux économiques d’une indication apparemment paradoxale de « thérapie à médiation corporelle » se servant du corps, lieu du symptôme, comme une médiation dans le traitement. Hypothèses métapsychologiques concernant une « transitionnalisation » du corps dont les messages adressés à l’objet ont le statut d’« agirs corporels » porteurs d’un traumatique narcissique et sexuel.
Les juristes internationalistes français, l'Europe et la paix à la Belle Époque
Authors: Guieu Jean-Michel
Published: May 2012

Résumé Dans une période marquée à la fois par la montée progressive des tensions internationales et par l’intérêt nouveau des États pour l’organisation de la paix (conférences de la Paix de La Haye de 1899 et 1907), les internationalistes français cherchèrent à imposer le droit comme le meilleur moyen de réguler les rapports internationaux et de maintenir la paix internationale. Ils développèrent les idées d’interdépendance croissante des États au sein d’une communauté internationale, d’épuisement économique et moral des sociétés européennes sous le régime de la « paix armée », de civiliser la guerre et de recourir à l’arbitrage international. Mais respectueux des souverainetés nationales, leur ambition n’était nullement de remettre en cause la société interétatique de leur temps.
Ferdinand Larnaude, un « délégué technique » à la conférence de la Paix de 1919 entre expertise et « culture de guerre »
Authors: Laniol Vincent
Published: May 2012

Résumé Ferdinand Larnaude, grand juriste républicain et doyen de la faculté de droit de Paris, eut un rôle important en tant que « délégué technique » dans différentes commissions de la conférence de la Paix de 1919, spécialement dans la commission des Responsabilités des auteurs de la guerre. Il utilisa son expertise juridique comme moyen pour négocier d’égal à égal avec des chefs d’État comme Wilson dans la commission de la Société des Nations. Mu par une indéniable confiance dans l’idéal de la « paix du Droit », dans une rénovation du droit international, il n’en était pas moins un patriote suivant les instructions de son gouvernement et hostile à l’ancien ennemi allemand.
Les juristes, la protection des minorités et l'internationalisation des Droits de l'homme : le cas de la France (1919-1939)
Authors: Kévonian Dzovinar
Published: May 2012

Résumé La mise en rapport des trajectoires, positions doctrinales et cadres de références des juristes, rapportée à la question de la protection des minorités et de l’internationalisation des Droits de l’homme en France, permet de ne pas opposer pratiques sociales et normes juridiques. Elle montre la part manifeste que les auteurs originaires des anciens empires russe, ottoman ou austro-hongrois ont apportée à la question entre 1920 et 1940 et de fortes connexions entre ces espaces. L’analyse des thèses de droit produites et des écrits doctrinaux permet d’observer à la fois la plasticité de l’approche juridique des faits internationaux, le poids de l’héritage antérieur dans la distance construite entre faits et normes, comme les contraintes fixées par une institutionnalisation partielle des relations internationales.
Le refus d'un « nouvel ordre » géopolitique bâti sur la « race »
Authors: Falconieri Silvia
Published: May 2012

Résumé En 1939, la section doctrinale du quatrième numéro de la Nouvelle revue de droit international privé est tout entière consacrée à la vague de législation raciale qui d’Allemagne s’étend aux autres pays européens, menaçant de bouleverser de fond en comble les fondements du droit international public et privé. Dès les premières années de sa fondation, la  nrdip semble comme hantée par les changements que le régime national-socialiste, par sa production normative, est susceptible d’entraîner sur les équilibres internationaux. Quelles sont les préoccupations majeures de Lapradelle et de ses collaborateurs ? Quelle est la position de la nrdip vis-à-vis de ce « nouvel ordre » juridique fondé sur la « race » ? Comment des données comme celles de « race » et de « santé du peuple », propres au domaine de la science biologique, sont-elles mobilisées dans le discours de ces spécialistes du droit international privé ? En répondant à ces questions, cet article détermine la place de cette nouvelle revue, de ses fondateurs et de ses collaborateurs dans le contexte de la science du droit international privé français et européen des années 1930-1940.
El ocio como valor en la sociedad actual
Authors: Aristegui Fradua Iratxe , Silvestre Cabrera María
Published: May 2012

El ocio representa un valor indiscutible en la sociedad actual. En este artículo vamos a tratar de reflejar la cada vez mayor importancia que el tiempo libre y de ocio están adquiriendo en nuestra vida, a partir de los resultados obtenidos en la Encuesta Europea de Valores en su aplicación en Europa, España y País Vasco. Se tratará de mostrar una visión comparativa de las tres realidades señaladas en cuanto a la importancia y el significado del ocio, a lo largo del tiempo, en un período que comprende desde 1999 hasta 2008.
Compromiso temporal discrecional: efectos sobre la elección y el estilo de ocio
Authors: Stebbins Robert A.
Published: May 2012

Este artículo introduce y elabora el concepto de compromiso temporal discrecional, que se define como la asignación no forzada de un cierto número de minutos, horas, días o cualquier otra unidad de tiempo que una persona consagra, o querría consagrar, a realizar una actividad. El compromiso temporal discrecional encuentra su expresión en el ocio y en las facetas agradables del trabajo (que, en la práctica, se experimentan como ocio). Los tipos de compromisos temporales que realizan las personas les ayudan a dar forma a sus estilos de vida laborales y de ocio, constituyendo así parte del modelado de estos estilos de vida. En el ocio, la naturaleza de estos compromisos varía sustancialmente en función de sus tres formas: ocio serio, casual o basado en proyectos. En el ámbito de los Estudios de Ocio se usa generalmente el “uso del tiempo” como una idea objetiva. Al contrario que la expresión “compromiso temporal discrecional”, aquella no connota habitualmente ningún sentido subjetivo de iniciativa o intencionalidad personales (asignar tiempo, reservar tiempo, etc.).