bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organ Preservation for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Baxter Nancy N. , Garcia-Aguilar Julio
Published: March 2007

Organ preservation with maintenance of function in the treatment of rectal cancer is highly valued by patients. Although most patients with resectable rectal cancer can undergo a sphincter-sparing radical procedure, there are patient, tumor, surgeon, and treatment factors that influence the ability to restore intestinal continuity after radical resection. Although population-based data suggest that the rate of sphincter preservation is lower than could be obtained at expert centers, there are patients in whom low anterior resection with colo-anal anastomosis is not technically feasible and/or oncologically sound. Additionally, resection with ultralow anastomosis results in functional compromise in many patients. Local treatment of rectal cancer aims to decrease the morbidity and the functional sequelae associated with radical resection; however, local excision is associated with a higher rate of local recurrence than is radical resection. Strict selection criteria are essential when considering local excision, and patients should be informed of the risk of local recurrence. The use of adjuvant therapy with local excision, particularly in patients with T2 lesions, has promise but should be considered only as part of a clinical trial.
Transcatheter and Ablative Therapeutic Approaches for Solid Malignancies
Authors: Liapi Eleni , Geschwind Jean-Francois H.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to present in a concise manner an overview of the most widely used locoregional transcatheter and ablative therapies for solid malignancies. An extensive MEDLINE search was performed for this review. Therapies used for liver cancer were emphasized because these therapies are used most commonly in the liver. Applications in pulmonary, renal, and bone tumors were also discussed. These approaches were divided into catheter-based therapies (such as transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, bland embolization, and the most recent transcatheter arterial approach with drug-eluting microspheres), ablative therapies (such as chemical [ethanol or acetic acid injection]), and thermal ablative therapies (such as radiofrequency ablation, laser induced thermotherapy, microwave ablation, cryoablation, and extracorporeal high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation). A brief description of each technique and analysis of available data was reported for all therapies. Locoregional transcatheter and ablative therapies continue to be used mostly for palliation, but have also been used with curative intent. A growing body of evidence suggests clear survival benefit, excellent results regarding local tumor control, and improved quality of life. Clinical trials are underway to validate these results. Image-guided transcatheter and ablative approaches currently play an important role in the management of patients with various types of cancer—a role that is likely to grow even more given the technological advances in imaging, image-guidance systems, catheters, ablative tools, and drug delivery systems. As a result, the outcomes of patients with cancer undoubtedly will improve.
Pregnancy Outcome Among Twins Conceived After Subfertility Treatment Compared With Natural Twins: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Murphy Michael F. G. , Neale Rachel E. , Hey Kate , Seagroatt Valerie A. , Goldacre Michael J. , Vessey Martin P. , Willis Bryony M. , Ellis Douglas J. , Barlow David H.
Published: March 2007

Pregnancy outcome and characteristics of women who conceive following subfertility treatment remains a subject of great interest. We analyzed these variables among 199 women who delivered a registerable twin birth compared with 1773 women who delivered a naturally conceived twin birth in a population-based obstetric cohort drawn from around Oxford, England. Treatment was restricted to conceptions involving simple ovulation induction only. Treated mothers were of significantly higher social class and older, more likely to deliver girls and to be delivered by cesarean section, and significantly less likely to be smokers at the time of antenatal booking and to have delivered previous pregnancies. Pregnancy outcome was similar between the two groups for most measures, with the exception of birthweight which was lower in treated twins, though not significantly so. Overall the results are reassuring with respect to outcome in twin pregnancies following simple ovulation induction.
Twins of Mistaken Zygosity (TOMZ): Evidence for Genetic Contributions to Dietary Patterns and Physiologic Traits
Authors: Gunderson Erica P. , Tsai Ai-Lin , Selby Joe V. , Caan Bette , Mayer-Davis Elizabeth J. , Risch Neil
Published: March 2007

Twin designs, comparing correlations in monozygotic (MZ) versus dizygotic (DZ) twins, have an extensive history. One major confounder in such studies is that MZ twins may share postnatal environmental influences more so than do DZ twins. To avoid such confounding, twins separated at or soon after birth have been studied, but their scarcity often makes this approach impractical. Another method has been to measure the degree of contact twins have maintained over time, and adjust the observed correlations. Here, we remove confounding by utilizing the discrepancy between biological and self-perceived zygosity to separate environmental from genetic sources of twin similarity. We analyzed dietary patterns and physiologic traits in 350 female twin pairs of the 1988 Kaiser Permanente Twin Registry. Among twin pairs, 175 were MZ by self-report and genetic testing (MZC), 136 were DZ by self-report and genetic testing (DZC), 30 were MZ by genetic testing but not by self-report (MZW), and 9 were DZ by genetic testing but not by self-report (DZW) but were excluded due to small sample size. For healthy food patterns, MZC and MZW intraclass correlations were similar and greater than for DZC, yielding positive and significant heritability estimates. For unhealthy food patterns, the MZC, MZW and DZC correlations were similar with no significant heritability. For physiologic traits, MZC and MZW correlations were similar and higher than those for DZC, indicating significant heritability, except for insulin for which MZW and DZC were similar and which showed modest heritability. Twins of mistaken zygosity (TOMZ) provides a useful approach to robust determination of heritability.
Longitudinal Genetic Analysis of Plasma Lipids
Authors: Middelberg Rita P. , Martin Nicholas G. , Whitfield John B.
Published: March 2007

The consensus from published studies is that plasma lipids are each influenced by genetic factors, and that this contributes to genetic variation in risk of cardiovascular disease. Heritability estimates for lipids and lipoproteins are in the range .48 to .87, when measured once per study participant. However, this ignores the confounding effects of biological variation measurement error and ageing, and a truer assessment of genetic effects on cardiovascular risk may be obtained from analysis of longitudinal twin or family data. We have analyzed information on plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides, from 415 adult twins who provided blood on two to five occasions over 10 to 17 years. Multivariate modeling of genetic and environmental contributions to variation within and across occasions was used to assess the extent to which genetic and environmental factors have long-term effects on plasma lipids. Results indicated that more than one genetic factor influenced HDL and LDL components of cholesterol, and triglycerides over time in all studies. Nonshared environmental factors did not have significant long-term effects except for HDL. We conclude that when heritability of lipid risk factors is estimated on only one occasion, the existence of biological variation and measurement errors leads to underestimation of the importance of genetic factors as a cause of variation in long-term risk within the population. In addition our data suggest that different genes may affect the risk profile at different ages.
Healthy Twin: A Twin-Family Study of Korea — Protocols and Current Status
Authors: Sung Joohon , Cho Sung-Il , Lee Kayoung , Ha Mina , Choi Eun-Young , Choi Ji-Sook , Kim Ho , Kim Jihae , Hong Kyoung Sue , Kim Yeonju , Yoo Keun-Young , Park Chan , Song Yun-Mi
Published: March 2007

‘Healthy Twin’ is a twin family study extension of the existing Korean Twin-Family Register. Healthy Twin recruits adult like-sex twins over the age of 30 and their adult family members. Healthy Twin protocols are primarily tailored to the study of the quantitative trait loci of complex traits as well as to the role of environment in the etiology of complex diseases. A full-length survey is underway, including questionnaires, health examinations and the collection of biological specimens. So far, 820 individuals (169 twin pairs and their families) have participated in the survey and 1068 individual twins (608 twin pairs) have replied to the mailed zygosity questionnaire as of July 2006. The first phase (2005–2006) of Healthy Twin will recruit 1550 individuals (including about 380 twin pairs), and the second phase a proposed 1500 to 2500 additional participants. We report study protocols and zygosity and the distribution of family size of the study participants.
Update From Sri Lankan Twin Registry: Establishment of a Population-Based Twin Register and Ongoing Project on Common Mental Disorders, Alcohol Abuse and Suicidal Ideations
Authors: Siribaddana Sisira Hemananda , Siriwardane Waduthanthrige Danushki , Hewage Suwin Nilanga , Athukorale Athukoralage Don Manjula Deshapriya , Sumathipala Athula , Hotopf Matthew
Published: March 2007

The Sri Lankan Twin Registry began as a volunteer register in 1997. Previously, we have shown door-to-door surveys as the best option to build a population-based twin register of older, adult twins. Our aim was to build a population-based twin register in the Colombo district and use it for twin studies on common mental disorders. We aimed to identify a random sample of 4000 twins ascertained through the twin census. The Colombo district is divided into 13 divisional secretariat divisions (DSDs) and each division is further divided into Grama Niladari divisions administratively. Grama niladaris (GNs) are civil servants and visit each household in order to update the electoral register. GNs were used to do a census of twins while they updated the electoral register. The correlation between population density and twin rate among DSDs was .81, and between twin rate and the percentage of returned forms (from each DSD) was .74. We received 9648 forms notifying about twins and multiples. After removing the duplicates and information about twins who live in other districts, there were 17,406 multiples remaining. After incorporating twins and multiples from various other feasibility studies we now have 19,040 multiples with 8.46 twins per 1000 people in the Colombo district.
Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research
Authors: Iacono William G. , McGue Matt , Krueger Robert F.
Published: March 2007

The Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research (MCTFR) houses a collection of longitudinal, community-based twin-family and adoptee-family projects that focus on the mental health outcomes of adolescent youth with a special focus on the development of substance use and related behavior disorders. The Minnesota Twin Family Study includes epidemiological investigations of 11- and 17-year-old twins, an examination of 11-year-old twins selected for being at high risk for having a childhood disruptive behavior disorder, and a supplemental registry of young adult twins age 18 years and older who are not enrolled in these longitudinal studies. Also, part of the MCTFR is the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study, a complementary prospective investigation of adolescent sibling pairs in families with adoptive and biological offspring. MCTFR participants from these various projects are assessed in person and through multiple informants to provide comprehensive coverage of psychological adjustment, mental health, and psychosocial risk/protective factors. Measurement of EEG and autonomic nervous system reactivity is also part of the assessment battery for twin families. This article provides an overview of study design and includes a review of recent MCTFR findings.
Characterizing wood fiber and particle length with a mixture distribution and a segmented distribution
Authors: Cao Quang V. , Wu Qinglin
Published: March 2007

The length data from 12 samples of wood fibers and particles were described using lognormal and Weibull distributions. While both distributions fitted the middle range of the data well, the lognormal distribution provided a closer fit for short fibers and particles and the Weibull distribution was more appropriate for long ones. A mixture of the lognormal and Weibull distributions was developed using a variable weight to allow the new distribution to take the lognormal form for short fibers and gradually change to the Weibull form for long fibers. In the segmented distribution approach, a left segment of the lognormal distribution was joined to a right segment from the Weibull form. The Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit test at the 5% level failed to reject the hypothesis that the mixture distribution and the segmented distribution fitted the data. Q-Q plots showed that both the mixture and segmented distributions provided an excellent fit to the fiber and particle length data, combining the best features of the lognormal and the Weibull distributions. These two new distributions are therefore better alternatives than the single lognormal and Weibull distributions for this data set.
Ellagitannins from Portuguese oak wood (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) used in cooperage: influence of geographical origin, coarseness of the grain and toasting level
Authors: Jordão António Manuel , Ricardo-da-Silva Jorge Manuel , Laureano Olga
Published: March 2007

The ellagitannins and ellagic acid from extracts of Portuguese oak wood chips (Quercus pyrenaica) used in cooperage from different origins (Gerês and Guarda forests) were analysed by HPLC. The results were compared with the ellagitannin content of wood chips obtained from American (Q. alba) and French (Q. petraea) oak. The influence of heat treatment and the coarseness of the grain on ellagitannins and ellagic acid were also studied. Five ellagitannins (vescalagin, castalagin, roburin D, roburin E and grandinin) and ellagic acid were quantified. Vescalagin and castalagin were the most abundant individual ellagitannins in all of the oak wood chips studied. Portuguese oak wood had the highest content of ellagitannins and ellagic acid, followed by the French and American oaks. The geographical origin of Portuguese oak and the coarseness of the grain of French oak affected the content of ellagitannins and ellagic acid. In general, the ellagitannin content decreased with the toasting process, while the ellagic acid content increased. The toasting process had the highest impact on ellagitannin composition in comparison to the other variables studied.
A hysteresis model suitable for numerical simulation of moisture content in wood
Authors: Lund Frandsen Henrik , Svensson Staffan , Damkilde Lars
Published: March 2007

The equilibrium moisture content in wood depends not only on the current relative humidity in ambient air, but also on the history of relative humidity variations. This hysteresis dependence of sorption in wood implies that in the worst case the moisture content for a given relative humidity may deviate by 30–35%. While researchers seem to have reached a general agreement on the hypothesis for the sorption hysteresis phenomenon, only a few models describing the phenomenon are available. Current models such as the independent domain model have numerical deficiencies and drawbacks. This paper presents a new hysteresis model, which mathematically resolves in closed-form expressions, with the current relative humidity and moisture content as the only input parameters. Furthermore, the model has the advantage of being applicable to different sorption isotherms, i.e., different species and different temperatures. These features make the model relatively easy to implement into a numerical method such as the finite element method.
Simple estimation of critical stress intensity factors of wood by tests with double cantilever beam and three-point end-notched flexure
Authors: Yoshihara Hiroshi
Published: March 2007

Simple equations are proposed for calculation of critical stress intensity factors by tests using double cantilever beam (DCB) and three-point end-notched flexure (3ENF). The calculation modes are named here as modes I and II and are based on the beam theory and 95 previously published data on the elasticity properties of woods. The validity of the data was examined on specimens of western hemlock wood with various crack lengths. The influence of the elastic properties is more significant on the stress intensity factor calculated in mode I than that calculated in mode II. Further work is needed, particularly for measuring the mode I stress intensity factor. However, it is obvious from the experiments with western hemlock that the critical stress intensity factors can be determined by the equations proposed here.
Screening fungi tolerant to Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) extractives. Part 2. Development of a feeder strip assay
Authors: Lim Young Woon , Chedgy Russell J. , Amirthalingam Sabarish , Breuil Colette
Published: March 2007

Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) is a naturally durable softwood species native to British Columbia in Canada, and Washington, Oregon and California in the USA. Untreated T. plicata products are usually durable because of the presence of extractives with anti-microbial activity. However, there are extractive tolerant fungi that can attack T. plicata. To screen for extractive-tolerant species we developed a T. plicata feeder strip assay. When the feeder strips were placed on malt extract agar, extractives from the wood accumulated in the media and strongly inhibited growth of non-tolerant fungal strains. Extractives remaining in feeder strips following incubation on media were characterized. Of the many compounds leached out, γ- and β-thujaplicin, β-thujaplicinol, plicatic acid and thujic acid were quantified. The growth of selected fungal strains was not affected by plicatic acid; however, it was inhibited to different degrees by β- and γ-thujaplicin. Pachnocybe ferruginea was extractive-tolerant and may play an important role in the initial stages of degradation of T. plicata products.
John Collier Jr and Gary Kildea Honored for Lifetime Achievement
Authors: Diaz‐Barriga Miguel , Festival Jury SVA
Published: March 2007

•Continuting a Legacy of Communicating Visually: Acceptance of the SVA John Collier Jr Award 2006 Andrea M Heckman
Association for Africanist Anthropology
Authors: Coffman Jennifer E
Published: March 2007

•The Elliot Skinner Book Award and AfAA Board Updates Bennetta Jules‐Rosette
Association for Black Anthropologists
Authors: Chin Elizabeth J
Published: March 2007

•Transforming Anthropology Joins AnthroSource Family Lee Baker
Middle East Section
Authors: Starrett Gregory
Published: March 2007

•Fashion and the Meaning of Tehrani Style Pardis Mahdavi
Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of novel heterocycles
Authors: Yar Shahar , Siddiqui Ahmad , Ali Ashraf
Published: March 2007

In the present investigation 4-hydroxy-3-methylacetophenone on condensation with various aromatic aldehydes in methanolic KOH solution yielded the corresponding chalcones (CI-CXI). These chalcones were further reacted with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol which led to the formation of pyrazoline derivatives (HI-HXI). The newly synthesized heterocyles were characterized on the basis of their chemical properties and spectroscopic data. All newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. .
First and second order necessary optimality conditions for discrete optimal control problems
Authors: Marinkovic Boban
Published: March 2007

Discrete optimal control problems with varying endpoints are considered. First and second order necessary optimality conditions are obtained without normality assumptions.
Paradox in a non-linear capacitated transportation problem
Authors: Dahiya Kalpana , Verma Vanita
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses a paradox in fixed charge capacitated transportation problem where the objective function is the sum of two linear fractional functions consisting of variables costs and fixed charges respectively. A paradox arises when the transportation problem admits of an objective function value which is lower than the optimal objective function value, by transporting larger quantities of goods over the same route. A sufficient condition for the existence of a paradox is established. Paradoxical range of flow is obtained for any given flow in which the corresponding objective function value is less than the optimum value of the given transportation problem. Numerical illustration is included in support of theory.
Changes in the Propensity to Live Alone: 1950–1976
Authors: Michael Robert T. , Fuchs Victor R. , Scott Sharon R.
Published: March 2007

The growth in single-person households is a pervasive behavioral phenomenon in the United States in the post-war period. In this paper we investigate determinants of the propensity to live alone, using 1970 data across states for single men and women ages 25 to 34 and for elderly widows. Income level appears to be a major determinant of the propensity to live alone. The estimated cross-state equations track about three-quarters of the increase in the propensity to live alone between 1950-1976and suggest that income growth has been the principal identified influence. Other variables found to affect (positively) the propensity to live alone include mobility, schooling level, and for young people a measure of social climate; non-whites appear to have a somewhat lower propensity to live alone.
Notes in the History of British Life Assurance
Authors: Tomkins George
Published: March 2007

The different sciences, arts, and manufactures possess respectively their own peculiar records. Such records, when derived from legitimate sources, and arranged with chronological accuracy, constitute what is known under the term history. In these notes my aim is to present in a concise form some points of interest in common with one of the most important branches of political economy. Since labour is the only source of wealth, provident action on the part of the masses is the mainstay of national prosperity. Under this view Life Assurance becomes not simply an important element in the welfare of individual families, but a subject of corresponding interest to society. It is impossible to trace with any degree of accuracy the origin of the system. If the division of human life into four equal parts may, with any degree of reliability, be ascribed to Pythagoras, then its rude beginning may be ascribed to the Phoenicians. It is certain that by a law which was in force among the Romans, known as the Falcidian, which obliged a testator to leave one-fourth of his property to his direct heirs, a table was framed by Ulpian (A.D. 364), which gave rise to the doctrine of annuities. In Mr. Walford's valuable “Insurance Guide,” there is to be found information which will interest antiquaries.
The Story of Prince Henry of Monmouth and Chief-Justice Gascoign
Authors: Solly-Flood F.
Published: March 2007

The story of the imprisonment of Prince Henry of Monmouth by Chief-Justice Gascoign, for insulting him in court, is one with which Shakespeare has long made the whole civilised world familiar, and his dramatic representation of that supposed event had been accepted by Rapin, and after him by Hume and other professed historians, not merely as in the main true, but as an incident in an abandoned course of life during his youth before he became king, when Mr. Tyler undertook the task of vindicating the memory of the Prince from the load of calumny under which it had long laboured, and in his life of the Prince, published in 1830, asserted that ‘never did a young man receive from his contemporaries more unequivocal testimony of the practical exercise in his person of propriety, modesty, and perseverance than Henry of Monmouth did before he became king,’ but of his alleged contempt of court he says little. On the other hand, Miss Strickland, a.popular biographer, and Lord Campbell, a distinguished judge as well as biographer, both writing several years after the publication of Mr. Tyler's work, with the contents of which they describe themselves as acquainted, revive and insist upon as true the representation of the Prince as having in early life associated himself with buffoons and criminals, and the story of his misconduct in a court of justice and consequent imprisonment as the natural outcome of such a course of life. Moreover Miss Strickland professes to refer to previous writers as authorities for all her statements.
The Flight of Louis XVI. to Varennes. a Criticism of Carlyle
Authors: Browning Oscar
Published: March 2007

The arrest of Louis XVI. during his flight from Paris to Montmédy was one of the most important events in the history of the French Revolution, and probably one of the most important in the history of France. It also forms one of the best known and most admired portions of Carlyle's history of the Revolution. It occupies a whole book of the second volume, fifty-four pages of the Library edition. It may therefore be taken as a fair specimen of Carlyle's style, both in its strength and in its weakness. A careful examination of his narrative from a purely prosaic standpoint will throw light on his manner of composition. It may be said that it is un-gracious to criticise in the petty details of fact a narrative which has stirred so many hearts by its tragic pathos, and which in its broad outlines is consistent with the truth. But here lies the whole distinction between the historical poem and the historical novel on the one side, and history proper on the other. Carlyle would have said, if he had been asked, that his one object in writing history was to tell the truth. It is for this reason that he multiplies fact upon fact and detail upon detail, until he has brought the scene vividly before the eyes of the reader. His accuracy can be trusted where he has visited the scenes which he describes, and where he is not carried away by preconceived prejudices or ideas.In history truth is always more tragic and more moving than fiction.
Co-operative History
Authors: Ropes A. R.
Published: March 2007

I am not in a position to-night to imitate my predecessors, and give at present the results of any research into archives or correspondence. My contribution is purely theoretical in its character, though I trust it may have a practical bearing. I simply wish to call attention to some of the more obvious dangers now besetting historical writing, and to attempt to estimate how far certain new methods of work may avert those dangers. My paper is merely a recommendation of ‘co-operation in the production of historical works.’
Domestic Everyday Life, Manners, and Customs in the Ancient World
Authors: Harris George
Published: March 2007

Thereis nothing which contributes more fully to throw light on the manners and habits of a people, or more forcibly to exhibit to us the tone of thought which prevailed among them, than the rites and ceremonies that they adopted connected with their religion. And the wilder and more extravagant the superstitions which in such a nation prevailed, the more strikingly do they evince the tone of thought and feeling that animated the people. Potent everywhere, and under whatever phase, as was the influence of these notions, they served in each case to develop the whole mind and character of the nation; as each passion, and emotion, and faculty, were exerted to the very utmost on a subject of such surpassing interest to them all. Imagination here, relieved from all restraint, spread her wings and soared aloft, disporting herself in her wildest mood; and the remoter the period to which the history of any particular country reaches, and the more barbarous the condition in which the people existed, the more striking, and the more extraordinary to us, appear the superstitions by which they were influenced. Human nature is by this means developed to the full, all its energies are exerted to the utmost, and the internal machinery by which its movements are impelled, is stimulated to active operation. We gaze with wonder and with awe upon the spectacle thus exhibited. However involuntarily, we respect a people—misguided and erring as they were—whose eagerness to follow whatever their conscience prompted, urged them to impose such revolting duties on themselves; while we regard, with pity and with horror, those hideous exploits which were the fruit of that misguided zeal.
Historical Notices of John Bunyan.
Authors: Hurst George
Published: March 2007

As Mayor of Bedford when the statue of John Bunyan, presented to that town by the Duke of Bedford, was lately inaugurated, I was led to devote some attention to the history of the great dreamer. During my investigations I was led to the conclusion that his biographers have fallen into some errors.

It is commonly stated that Bunyan was, about the year 1728, born at Elstow, a village near Bedford; this statement is certainly incorrect. He was born at Harrowden, a hamlet belonging to Cardington, a parish subsequently famous as the residence of the celebrated philanthropist, John Howard. The place is called Bunyan End, but it is now a ploughed field. It is not surprising that the mistake should have occurred, since the hamlet of Harrowden adjoins Elstow, and Bunyan, immediately after his marriage, occupied the cottage in the village which has been designated as his birth-place.
The Emperor Frederick II. of the House of Hohenstaufen
Authors: Pennington Arthur Robert
Published: March 2007

The Emperor Frederick II. was one of the most extraordinary personages in history. He has found many biographers among Continental writers. Muratori, Giannone, Von Raumer, and Hofler have described his remarkable career either with national pride or with stern condemnation. But until Dean Milman wrote his history of Latin Christianity, a few lines in Gibbon and a few pages of Hallam contained all the information which could be obtained respecting him by the English reader. Since the Dean wrote, information from other sources has been obtained, which I now propose to bring before you. We see this remarkable man only indistinctly through the mists of calumny and prejudice. On account of his long contest with the popes, he has been assailed by Roman Catholic writers with vituperative epithets. I propose in the following paper to give an account of his life; to show whether or no Roman Catholic writers were justified in regarding him as a monster of iniquity; to describe his natural endowments and acquirements, and the services which he conferred on his country; and to bring before you that celebrated struggle with the popes which has affected the course of events in his own age, and through succeeding generations.
Abraham Lincoln
Authors: Arnold Isaac N.
Published: March 2007

The noblest inheritance we Americans derive from our British ancestors is the memory and example of the great and good men who adorn your history. They are as much appreciated and honoured on our side of the Atlantic as on this. In giving to the English-speaking world Washington and Lincoln we think we repay, in large part, our obligation. Their pre-eminence in American history is recognised, and the republic, which the one founded and the other preserved, has already crowned them as models for her children.
Educational Organisation of the Mendicant Friars in England (Dominicans and Franciscans)
Authors: Little A. G.
Published: March 2007

The absence of authentic materials will probably make it for ever impossible to recover with any degree of accuracy or fulness the history of the Mendicant Orders in England. Save for a few stray extracts embedded in other documents, all the Acts of the provincial chapters of all the four Orders in England are lost, and have been lost for centuries. It is in those Acts that one would have hoped to find the outlines of the educational organisation of the friars. In the absence of this source of information one has to rely on a few chronicles, a few letters, the general Constitutions of the Orders, the Acts of the General Chapters, the registers of the general masters, and the Acts of the provincial chapters of other provinces. But even here the Quellen are very incomplete: many have been lost; many exist only in manuscript or in very rare editions; while the manuscripts are generally difficult of access to an English student. In the present paper I have been compelled, owing to the want of materials, to omit all mention of Carmelites and Austin Friars, and to confine myself to Dominicans and Franciscans.
The Expulsion of the Jews by Edward I.:an Essay in Explanation of the Exodus, A.D. 1290
Authors: Leonard George Hare
Published: March 2007

In the year 1290, when King Edward proposed to his Parliament that a fifteenth of all movables should be granted him by clergy and laity alike, and at the same time demanded a tenth of all spiritual revenue, his request was only complied with on the express condition that he would banish the Jews out of the country. The great expulsion, which followed in the autumn of the same year, has always seemed to me an event of a very curious and interesting character, and one deserving a more elaborate explanation than usually falls to its lot. It is quite clear that Parliament dearly wished to be rid of these aliens in race and religion, and, at the same time, the King could not have been altogether unwilling to fall in with the desires of his people, for, considerable as the tax might be, it was quite insufficient to compensate him for the great and permanent source of revenue upon which his forefathers had been wont to rely. The matter is popularly explained on the score of religious bigotry: the people, it is said, are ignorant fanatics, led on by a less ignorant but more fanatical clergy, and the King shares in the fanaticism of his people. This explanation is not untrue, but it is not the whole truth. I am quite sure that the deep-rooted hatred of the Jews in mediaeval England was not due to bigotry alone, any more than the feeling against them in Europe to-day is solely due to such a cause.
Politics at the Council of Constance
Authors: Figgis J. Neville
Published: March 2007

Was the Council of Constance a failure? We are apt to think so. True it deposed three popes, and burnt two heresiarchs and mildly condemned some unusually idiotic pamphleteering. It did restore unity to the Church desolated by half a century of schism. But it seemed as though the passion for unity had absorbed all the energies of men who had before talked not merely of unity, but of reformation—both in the head and members of the Church. For enduring reform men had to wait a full century, and when it came it came in other and rougher guides than that contemplated by Parisian doctors. But this was as nothing to the ruin that befel the constitutional schemes of the fathers. They were fond of asserting the superiority of councils to popes. They desired to take security for the future by clipping the wings of the Canonists, and (shall we say?) interpreting the ‘plenitudo potestatis.’ The Pope was still to be head, for Jesus Christ had founded a kingdom; but he was to rule with a Bill of Rights to restrain him to do what he ought, not what he liked. The decree ‘Frequens’ was to serve as a triennial act for the ecclesiastical revolution, and a council which was virtually the Church—at any rate as much so as the eighteenth century House of Commons was in Whig phrase ‘virtually’ the representative of the people of England—was to meet at short intervals to effect reforms and to teach the Pope his place.
The Development of Industry and Commerce in Wales During the Middle Ages
Authors: Lewis E. A.
Published: March 2007

The development of industry and commerce in Wales during the Middle Ages may be regarded from two points of view. On the one hand we are concerned with the gradual decay of the commerce carried on by the inhabitants of the western regions of tribal Britain, and on the other hand with the development of the national commerce of the modern Principality.
The Battle of Dunbar
Authors: Firth C. H.
Published: March 2007

The battle of Dunbar has been so often described, that it is a bold undertaking to attempt to describe it again. My only excuse is that a careful study of the old evidence on which the accounts of the battle are based, and the discovery of a new piece of evidence, have led me to believe that the battle was fought in rather a different way, and that the two armies were posted in rather a different position, from what is generally supposed. And, having carefully examined the ground and turned over the evidence again and again, I am the more confirmed in the view which I wish to lay before you. Whether I can succeed in proving my theory or not, it is for historians to judge, but at all events it is sufficiently new to be worth stating.
The Tribal Hidage
Authors: Corbett W. J.
Published: March 2007

The object of the present paper is to put forward a new theory in explanation of the curious list of old English districts with their hidages, or what purport to be their hidages, which is to be found printed in Birch's Cartularium Saxonicum (vol. i., 414), and to which attention has often been drawn, but most recently by Professor Maitland in his ‘Domesday Book and Beyond’ (p. 506) under the name of the ‘Tribal Hidage.’
Prince Henry of Monmouth—His Letters and Despatches During the War in Wales. 1402–1405
Authors: Flood Frederick SollY
Published: March 2007

‘The Story of Prince Henry of Monmouth and Chief Justice Gascoign,’ read at a meeting of the Royal Historical Society in November 1885, contained a brief, but only a brief sketch of the military career of that illustrious prince during the war in Wales. But though for the purpose which the writer had in view it was necessary to trace the prince's movements and his actions as described in contemporaneous official documents, want of space precluded the possibility of a transcript of any part of the correspondence, memoranda, or records therein referred to. It is proposed now to partially supply that omission by means of a translation of all the few letters and despatches of the prince himself during the war which are extant. They are all in the French language. It may be reasonably expected that the letters and despatches of anyone giving an account of great deeds in which he himself was a partaker would be found full of deep interest, and a sense of disappointment cannot fail to be felt on learning that those of Henry of Monmouth, Prince of Wales, are only six in number. It is only to the marvellous industry and research of Sir Robert Cotton, two hundred years after they were written, that we owe the discovery and preservation of any of them, and to the labours of the Record Commission perfected by Sir Harris Nicolas that we owe a print of these, and a vast number of other most valuable documents during the period commencing 10 Richard II., A.D. 1386, and ending with few exceptions 38 Henry VI., A.D. 14.61, published in 1834, and which will be quoted for the sake of brevity by the title of ‘Acts of Council.’
On the Instituta Cnuti Aliorumque Regum Anglorum
Authors: Liebermann F
Published: March 2007

The short Latin treatise to which I give the above title claims the attention of all who study the mediaeval history of England, in several respects. It is one of the earliest Latin compilations of English law written by a jurist; it serves to explain some Anglo-Saxon ordinances and to reconstruct their text; it contains the only trace, though hidden under a foreign form, of some Anglo-Saxon legal articles; and it sheds some light on the English constitution about A.D. 1100, especially on the remnants and traditions of an earlier policy.
Elizabethan Village Surveys
Authors: Corbett W. J
Published: March 2007

The object of the present paper is to call attention to a class of documents which seem hitherto to have escaped much notice from economic historians, but which, it is thought, may throw light on the agrarian transitions which took place in England during the sixteenth century. The documents in question date from the reign of Elizabeth, and are termed by their compilers Libri supervisionis, or surveys. An examination of their contents shows that the name is justly applied; for they are not merely rentals or terriers, such as landowners in all ages have frequently compiled as evidence of the value or extent of their estates, but elaborate topographical descriptions, furlong by furlong, and strip by strip, of complete villages, extending sometimes in length to a hundred pages of manuscript. Herein lies their interest ; for, as the surveys are not confined to particular estates or particular manors, but make the complete circuit of the villages, giving the abuttals and compass bearings of the various parcels of land, only patience and ingenuity are required to compile a tolerably accurate map of each village as it was at the date of the surveyor's visit; and Elizabethan maps are not of such every day occurrence as to render their recovery a matter of indifference. Of course in some cases owing either to ignorance of the size and shape of the wastes, or to the complete obliteration of old landmarks by parliamentary enclosures, it may be difficult to compile a map ; but even in these cases the surveys themselves cannot fail to be illuminating, containing as they do a detailed statement of the arrangements of each village such as can nowhere else be obtained.
English Ships in the Reign of James I.
Authors: Marsden R. G.
Published: March 2007

Introduction:

The following list of ships' names occurring in documents of the reign of James I. (March 24, 1603, to March 27, 1625), has been compiled mainly from the following sources:

High Court of Admiralty, Records.

State Papers Domestic, Ireland, Colonial, East Indies, America, Venice.

Historical MSS. Commission, Reports.

Customs Rolls.

Exchequer, Warrants for Issues, Issue Rolls, and K. R. Memoranda Rolls.

MSS. (various) British Museum.

Letter Book of the East India Company (Birdwood and Foster).

Letters received by the East India Company (Stevens).

Purchas, his Pilgrims.

Hakluyt Society, Publications.

Camden Society, Publications.
Coal-Mining in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Moller Asta
Published: March 2007

The history of coal-mining in the seventeenth century covers what may be termed the first chapter in the great story of English coal. In less than a century a seemingly insignificant and experimental industry developed into one of considerable importance. Coal had been used locally before this period; but an industry, as such, did not arise till a decline in the country's supply of wood stimulated new activities. It is possible that the introduction of coal might have been indefinitely postponed, had not years of ruthless felling of timber and neglect of forest lands, coincident with an increasing demand for wood for other than domestic purposes, caused a shortage of fuel. To the Elizabethan the decay of woods had an even wider significance. The demands of the Navy, the extension of the Empire and the discovery of new countries all laid a claim on timber. Its preservation became a matter of national concern. That the individual consumer should have possessed this degree of circumspection, and acted accordingly, was hardly to be expected; but the national needs were brought home to him through an increase in the price of wood. The use of coal became a matter of necessity rather than of choice.
Notes from the Ecclesiastical Court Records at Somerset House
Authors: Fincham Francis W. X.
Published: March 2007

When I had the honour of being invited to read a paper before this Society on the above-mentioned records, I hesitated to accept, but the consideration that for the last 60 or 70 years these records have been practically inaccessible to students prevailed. Only quite recently, however, following upon a request made to the President of the Probate and Divorce Division to allow a particular series amongst them to be consulted, this position has been somewhat modified. Some of the cases quoted in this paper may in consequence be already familiar to my audience. The recent publication of Miss Eleanor Trotter's Seventeenth Century Life in a Country Parish, taken, it is true, chiefly from the records of the Quarter Sessions which dealt with certain cases instituted in the first instance in an Ecclesiastical Court, has given us a picture of social parish life more vivid and illuminating than any I can hope to conjure up as the result of these researches. The records I propose to treat of in this paper have their counterpart in almost all of the Episcopal and Archidiaconal Courts in England. The form of procedure in all is practically identical, but the historical interest of the records preserved in Somerset House is, I venture to think, somewhat greater. Under Section 89 of the Court of Probate Act of 1857, the Judge of the Probate Court had power to requisition from Ecclesiastical custody any books wholly or mainly of a testamentary nature, and under Section 66 of the Divorce Court Act 1857, the Secretary of State had power to requisition all matrimonial records.
The Collection of Ship-Money in the Reign of Charles I
Authors: Gordon M. D.
Published: March 2007

The subject of this paper is the financial aspect of shipmoney; that is, it attempts to discuss the following questions. How much money was actually levied on the ship-money writs? How was that money spent? How was it assessed and collected? As a form of direct taxation how does ship-money compare with a subsidy? The materials on which it is based are mainly the Audit Office Declared Accounts, the assessments in the Council Register, and the letters of instructions sent with the King's writs by the council to the sheriffs. These letters were substantially the same from year to year, with considerable additions dealing with points which had arisen in the course of the collections.
The India Board (1784–1858)
Authors: Foster William
Published: March 2007

The Right Honourable Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India—generally known as the India Board, or the Board of Control—had an existence of practically three-quarters of a century, namely, from the last year of the Governor-Generalship of Warren Hastings to the assumption in 1858 by the Crown of the direct administration of India. That this long period was filled with important events in the history of both England and India no one will need to be reminded; and a study of the part played by the Board would be of great interest. Obviously, however, the subject is far too big to be dealt with in the time available this afternoon; so I have thought it best to limit myself to what may be termed the domestic side of the Board's history—its constitution, its methods of working, its personnel, the various buildings it occupied, and so forth; using for this purpose chiefly the Board's own records, now preserved among the archives of its successor, the present India Office.