Pengaruh Formula Fungisida Nabati Minyak Cengkeh dan Serai Wangi terhadap Penyakit Busuk Buah Kakao
Authors: Harni Rita , Taufiq Efi , Amaria Widi 
Published: September 2016

<p>Penyakit utama busuk buah kakao disebabkan oleh Phytophthora palmivora dapat menurunkan hasil 20%-30%. Pengendalian penyakit<br />dengan fungisida nabati saat ini banyak dikembangkan, dengan tujuan mengurangi dampak negatif dari fungisida sintetik. Fungisida<br />nabati yang digunakan adalah minyak cengkeh dan serai wangi karena mudah didapat dan bersifat fungisidal. Penelitian bertujuan<br />menganalisis pengaruh formula fungisida nabati minyak cengkeh dan serai wangi terhadap perkembangan penyakit busuk buah kakao<br />(BBK) yang disebabkan oleh Phytophthora palmivora. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kebun petani Kabupaten Mamuju, Sulawesi Barat,<br />menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok 7 perlakuan, 4 ulangan. Setiap perlakuan diamati 20 buah kakao berukuran 8-10 cm.<br />Perlakuan yang diuji adalah 1) minyak cengkeh+serai wangi, 2) minyak cengkeh+asam salisilat, 3) minyak cengkeh+silikon, 4) serai<br />wangi+asam salisilat, 5) serai wangi+silikon, 6) fungisida sintetik sebagai pembanding, dan 7) kontrol. Larutan formula (5ml/liter)<br />disemprotkan pada buah setiap 2 minggu sekali sampai buah masak atau dipanen. Parameter yang diamati adalah persentase serangan,<br />intensitas serangan, kadar senyawa fenol, dan bobot biji kakao. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula fungisida nabati<br />cengkeh dan serai wangi yang diperkaya dengan asam salisilat dan silikon dapat menekan intensitas serangan penyakit busuk buah<br />kakao sebesar 20,48%-65,62%, tidak berbeda nyata dengan fungisida sintetik (73,15%). Besarnya tingkat penekanan penyakit sejalan<br />dengan kandungan senyawa fenol pada kuit buah kakao. Semakin tinggi kadar fenol pada kulit buah, maka semakin tinggi penekanan<br />penyakit busuk buah kakao. Penggunaan formula fungisida nabati dapat menekan kehilangan produksi kakao 23,94%-43,02%.<br />Formula terbaik dan dapat dianjurkan untuk pengendalian penyakit busuk buah kakao adalah minyak cengkeh+serai wangi,<br />cengkeh+asam salisilat, dan serai wangi+silikon.</p><p>Kata Kunci: Kakao, Phytophthora palmivora, busuk buah kakao, fungisida nabati</p><p>Black pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora is a major disease on cacao crops, which can cause yield losses until 20%-30%. Disease<br />control using botanical fungicide such as the use of clove and citronella oil, which have fungicidal effect, have been developed to reduce the negative<br />impact of synthetic fungicide residues. The objectives of this study was to analyze the effect of clove and citronella oil as botanical fungicide formula<br />on the development of black pod disease and seed weight of cocoa in the field. The study was carried out at farmer’s fields in Mamuju District, West<br />Sulawesi using a randomized block design with 4 replications and 7 treatment. In each treatment was observed 20 cacao pods with size 8-10 cm. The<br />treatments were 1) clove + citronella oil, 2) clove oil + salicylic acid, 3) clove oil + silicone, 4) citronella + salicylic acid, 5) citronella + silicone,<br />6) synthetic fungicides as a comparison treatment, and 7) control. The botanical formula was applied by spraying onto the entire surface of pod with<br />a concentration of 5 ml/litre every 2 weeks. Observations were include the percentage of attacks, intensity of the attack, the levels of phenolic<br />compounds, and seed weight of cacao. The results showed that the formula of botanical fungicide containing clove and citronella oil enriched with<br />salicylic acid and silicon can suppress disease attack of black pod (20.48%-65.62%), which was not significantly different from synthetic fungicide<br />(73.15%). The level of disease suppression in line with phenolic compounds of cocoa husk. In which, high phenolic contents can reduce black pod<br />disease at a higher level . The use of botanical fungicides formula can suppress the yield loss until 23.94% to 43.02%. The best formulas that can<br />be recommended in suppressing intensity of black pod disease were clove oil + citronella, clove oil + salicylic acid, and citronella + silicon.</p>