bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Pilot Randomized Trial of Induced Blood Pressure Elevation: Effects on Function and Focal Perfusion in Acute and Subacute Stroke
Authors: Hillis A.E. , Ulatowski J.A. , Barker P.B. , Torbey M. , Ziai W. , Beauchamp N.J. , Oh S. , Wityk R.J.
Published: August 2003

Background: Small, unrandomized studies have indicated that pharmacologically induced blood pressure elevation may improve function in ischemic stroke, presumably by improving blood flow to ischemic, but noninfarcted tissue (which may be indicated by diffusion-perfusion mismatch on MRI). We conducted a pilot, randomized trial to evaluate effects of pharmacologically induced blood pressure elevation on function and perfusion in acute stroke. Methods: Consecutive series of patients with large diffusion-perfusion mismatch were randomly assigned to induced blood pressure elevation (‘treated’ patients, n = 9) or conventional management (‘untreated’ patients, n = 6). Results: There were no significant differences between groups at baseline. NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were lower (better) in treated versus untreated patients at day 3 (mean 5.6 vs. 12.3; p = 0.01) and week 6–8 (mean 2.8 vs. 9.7; p < 0.04). Treated (but not untreated) patients showed significant improvement from day 1 to day 3 in NIHSS score (from mean 10.2 to 5.6; p < 0.002), cognitive score (from mean 58.7 to 27.9% errors; p < 0.002), and volume of hypoperfused tissue (mean 132 to 58 ml; p < 0.02). High Pearson correlations between the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and accuracy on daily cognitive tests indicated that functional changes were due to changes in MAP. Conclusion: Results warrant a full-scale, double-blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and risk of induced blood pressure elevation in selective patients with acute/subacute stroke.
Microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS), Aicardi, and Goltz syndromes: are they related X-linked dominant male-lethal disorders?
Authors: van den Veyver I.B.
Published: August 2003

Gene identification for X-linked dominant sporadic disorders is challenging because no extended families exist that can be studied by linkage analysis. Therefore, classic positional cloning approaches are not possible, and other methods have to be used to search for candidate genes. These conditions present the next challenge for disease-gene identification of Mendelian disorders. The various issues and difficulties involved, such as male lethality, X chromosome inactivation, and analysis of phenotypic similarities among different conditions are illustrated through discussion of three X-linked developmental disorders: microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS) syndrome, Aicardi syndrome, and Goltz syndrome (focal dermal hypoplasia).
News Media Portrayal of Mental Illness
Authors: Wahl Otto F.
Published: August 2003

Newspapers are a primary source of information about a variety of topics, including mental illnesses. A study of 1999 newspapers revealed that dangerousness is the most common theme of stories about mental illnesses. In contrast, stories of recovery or accomplishment were found to be rare. The ratio of negative to positive stories involving mental illness decreased between 1989 and 1999, but negative stories continued to far outnumber positive ones. The potential influence of these patterns of news coverage on public attitudes and public policy are discussed.
Broadcast News Portrayal of Minorities
Authors: Klein Roger D. , Naccarato Stacy
Published: August 2003

This article examines how local television news has been shown to misrepresent minorities. Minorities are portrayed more frequently as criminals than are Whites, and minority misrepresentation has been shown to be out of proportion to crime statistics. Several possible explanations are given for this phenomenon. Evidence exists that audiences are aware of misrepresentation and that news directors are aware that their newscasts scare the audiences they serve. Research suggests that local television news stations can improve ratings by reducing crime coverage and by changing the nature of coverage. Suggestions also are offered as to how audiences can be better prepared to react to biased reporting.
A Single Western State Model?
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio
Published: August 2003

The article discusses political development in the paradigmatic cases of Western Europe and the United States, arguing that the building and consolidation of their democratic nation states follow different paths. Nevertheless, after two centuries of differential political and institutional evolution, at the end of the 20th century, Western Europe, with the deepening of the integration process, has moved in the direction of a supranational organization that has many similarities to the American compound republic. However, the different institutional histories, with their attendant path-dependency effects, will continue to condition the developments of Europe and America, rendering convergence toward uniformity highly unlikely. Notwithstanding institutional transformation occurring in the Western political world, plurality will continue to mark its future.
An Examination of Charter School Equity
Authors: Wamba Nathalis Guy , Ascher Carol
Published: August 2003

Many charter schools have arisen in urban areas, and they appear to enroll more students of color and low-income youth. In this article, the authors investigate the implications of charter school choice for equity. Three standards of equity—racial balance, resources, and outcome—are discussed. The authors review (a) the equity provisions of state charter legislation, (b) research on who may be choosing to send their children to charter schools and why, and (c) analyses of the demographics characteristics of charter schools' students. These analyses suggest that charter schools have not overcome racial isolation. The authors conclude the article with a discussion of the complexities of applying the three equity standards to charter schools.
Teacher Shortages in Urban Schools
Authors: Ng Jennifer C.
Published: August 2003

Quality teachers have an impact on improving student learning and performance, but teacher shortages remain a significant problem for urban schools. This article examines the impact of traditional approaches in teacher recruitment through university-based certification programs as well as alternative certification routes. Each approach may have particular merit, but each also faces particular obstacles, such as overcoming preconceptions held by preservice teachers or demonstrating consistent quality in its trainees. These approaches are primarily concerned with aspects of recruitment and largely ignore the way systematically poor retention measures also contribute to staffing needs. The article argues that traditional and alternative certification efforts are by themselves limited in their potential to address the problem of teacher shortages in urban schools and that an organizational view of schools that looks beyond individual teachers as the lone indicators of instructional performance and educational equity might be a better guide to future research and policy formation endeavors.
Model Selection for Simulation Design: A Multiobjective Decision Analysis Approach with an Application to Simulating Transport Agents
Authors: Schaefer Lisa A. , Kirkwood Craig W.
Published: August 2003

This article reviews the characteristics of the model selection problem for simulation software or analyses and presents a multiobjective decision analysis approach for model selection that addresses these characteristics. The approach is illustrated with an application to selecting a modeling approach for simulating transport agents. The authors discovered that using multiobjective decision analysis for model selection can assist decision makers in more fully understanding all aspects of the simulation design problem and can uncover insights into the particular simulation project being designed.
A Test of Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory Using Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Gibbs John J. , Giever Dennis , Higgins George E.
Published: August 2003

This article presents a test of Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of the study, which are based on self-reports from a sample of 422 university students, generally support the theory. The support is qualified by methodological and analytical limitations. Despite its limitations, the study represents an addition to the growing body of empirical support for Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory.
Predictors of African American Adolescent Sexual Activity: an Ecological Framework
Authors: Mandara Jelani , Murray Carolyn B. , Bangi Audrey K.
Published: August 2003

The present study identified predictors of African American adolescent sexual activity. An ecological model of personal, familial, and extrafamilial risk factors was proposed. Forty-eight female and 53 male African American adolescents participated. Hierarchical logistic regression and structural equation modeling found some support for the model. Risk factors were found at each level of the adolescents social ecology and explained over 80% of the variance in sexual activity. Being older, male, having low parental monitoring, using drugs, and having friends that used drugs decreased the probability of being a virgin. Virgins also expected to live 10 years longer than nonvirgins. It was suggested that fathers and community members should take a more active role in adolescents lives to curb the threat of HIV/AIDS and other STDs in the African American community.
Cross-Validation of the Africentrism Scale
Authors: Kwate Naa Oyo A.
Published: August 2003

This study cross-validated the Africentrism Scale and investigated the relationship between Africentrism and demographic variables in a diverse sample of individuals of African descent. Participants were 206 individuals who identified as African, African American, or Caribbean/West Indian. Demographic variables included age, gender, ethnic background, educational level, place of rearing, and level of identification with African ancestry. The results suggested that age and education were related to Africentrism with younger and less educated individuals endorsing less Africentrism. No other demographic variables emerged as significant predictors. Caribbeans had a slightly lower score than others after controlling for age. Overall, the Africentrism Scale demonstrated solid internal consistency (coefficient alpha) and convergent validity (inverse association to a measure of cultural misorientation). In addition, the obtained factor structure was similar to that obtained in the original sample.
Student Inquiries into Neglected Research for a Sustainable Society: Communication and Application
Authors: Pearce Joshua , Russill Chris
Published: August 2003

By applying the interdisciplinary approach of science, technology, and society, students can solve often-neglected research problems of shifting society's operation toward a sustainable state. A recent Penn State University student research report titled The Mueller Report: Moving Beyond Sustainability Indicators to Sustainability Action contained a detailed ecological analysis of one campus building and addressed methods to optimize its ecological performance in terms of sustainability by using both behavioral and technological improvements. This article analyzes the factors that affected the successful implementation of sustainable practices generated by student research: (a) choosing a receptive primary audience, (b) establishing interpersonal relationships with decision makers, (c) saturating the local media, (d) making sustainability convenient, and (e) demonstrating fiscal responsibility.
MSTS Inquiry for Career-Change Teachers
Authors: Spector Barbara S. , Burkett Ruth S.
Published: August 2003

This article presents the design of, and students' responses to, a Web-enhanced course titled “Inquiry Methods Integrating Science, Mathematics, Technology, and Society (MSTS) in Elementary Grades.” The course was part of the pilot test of a novel approach to a compressed-time alternative pathway masters of arts in teaching degree for career-change students in elementary education. Students' responses indicated this approach to MSTS and inquiry served to unify many of the other courses in the degree program.
How Low-Income Women Find Jobs and its Effects on Earnings
Authors: Rankin Bruce
Published: August 2003

This article focuses on how low-income urban women find work and the effect it has on subsequent earnings. The results show that although most find jobs through strongly tied informal contacts—a method usually associated with lower quality jobs—tie strength has no effect on earnings. The social resource perspective is supported by an earnings penalty associated with unemployed contacts. Subgroup analyses show only minor racial and ethnic differences, but women who have recently left welfare are more likely to find jobs through potentially beneficial formal sources. The results are discussed in light of the social isolation and labor market conditions faced by less-skilled female workers.
Workforce Intermediaries: Partnerships for the Future
Authors: Giloth Robert P.
Published: August 2003

The United States faces a looming workforce and economic crisis in the decades ahead because of the diminishing supply of skilled labor. Tight labor markets are good for low-skilled, low-income workers, but opportunities will be lost without adequate training and education in place. Lack of adequate debate about federal workforce legislation confirms the general inattention of all levels of government in taking this workforce crisis seriously. This lack of political will is compounded by institutional fragmentation in the workforce field. Employer-driven partnerships, called workforce intermediaries, are demonstrating how workforce progress can be achieved for both businesses and workers. Intermediaries are dual-customer, brokers of services, entrepreneurial, and results driven.
Transforming Women's Citizenship Rights within an Emerging Democratic State
Authors: Fallon Kathleen M.
Published: August 2003

Feminist scholars argue that women generally gain political rights followed by civil and social rights. However, this argument is based on data from North America and Western Europe, and few scholars, if any, have examined the progression of these rights within countries currently undergoing transitions to democracy in different parts of the world. Through in-depth interviews with members of women's organizations in Ghana, the author extends this literature. The findings both contradict and support the prior feminist argument. They indicate that prior to democratization, women focused primarily on social rights to improve their economic well-being. However, new opportunities emerged with the transition, which allowed women to use their political rights to secure more civil and social rights.
Explaining Response Latencies and Changing Answers Using Client-Side Paradata from a Web Survey
Authors: Heerwegh Dirk
Published: August 2003

Web surveys allow the registration of numerous paradata, which describe how respondents fill in web questionnaires. This study introduces client-side paradata into the field of web surveys, which provide a more detailed description of the process than server-side paradata commonly used in web surveys. In the article, the author presents the software needed to enable web surveys to collect client-side paradata and demonstrates its practical relevance by replicating a study by Bassili and Fletcher on response latencies and attitude stability. The study successfully replicates the findings from the Bassili and Fletcher study and shows that respondents with less stable attitudes need more time to respond to an attitudinal question. Moreover, this study also reports findings on response latencies to knowledge questions and investigates the meaning of changing answers to knowledge and opinion questions.
Trajectories of Disability among the Oldest Old
Authors: Romoren Tor Inge , Blekeseaune Morten
Published: August 2003

Objectives: This study analyzes trajectories of disability from onset until death in an 80+ population. Methods: The study population ( N = 434) consists of all persons born before 1902 living in the town of Larvik, Norway, in January 1981 ( N = 434). By registering illnesses and activities of daily living (ADL) limitations, each participant was followed until the last one died in 1999. Results: Main trajectories of disability were (a) serious dementia, (b) severely dependent, (c) frail, and (d) fairly healthy. Multivariate analyses show significant effects of gender and age but no effect of socioeconomic status (SES) and marital status on the probability of entering one of four main trajectories. Discussion: Although there are many exceptions, the trajectory of disability among the oldest old most often takes a serious course, particularly among women.
Racial Profiling by Store Clerks and Security Personnel in Retail Establishments
Authors: Gabbidon Shaun L.
Published: August 2003

This article examines Shopping While Black (SWB), which is the practice of racial profiling in retail settings. The study couches this form of racial profiling under the following three criminological perspectives: labeling theory, conflict theory, and the colonial model. Based on a review of the literature and an analysis of appellate cases at the state and federal levels, the author concludes that, like racial profiling in automobiles, the concept of Shopping While Black requires serious scholarly attention. Given the nature of the problem, the following represent viable strategies to reduce such profiling: require clerks and security personnel to receive education on the perils of racial profiling, encourage victims of profiling to sue retailers who engage in these practices, and work with civil rights groups to organize boycotts. The article concludes by urging federal officials to increase current levels of funding to study and remedy these discriminatory practices.
The Determinants of Team-Based Innovation in Organizations
Authors: Caldwell David F. , O'Reilly Charles A.
Published: August 2003

This study investigates the role of work group norms in promoting innovation in high-technology organizations. Through structured discussions, samples of senior executives identified organizational patterns and norms associated with successful innovation. Based on the results, a survey was developed and administered to a set of managers. Results show four norms associated with increased group innovation: support for risk taking, tolerance of mistakes, teamwork, and speed of action. An instrument to assess these norms is developed.
Restoring Attention in Pregnancy
Authors: Stark Mary Ann
Published: August 2003

The purpose of this quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study was to test whether regularly spending time in the natural environment would improve concentration for women in the third trimester of pregnancy, a time when women rely on their ability to concentrate in order to prepare for birth and parenting. Several measures requiring concentration were administered before an intervention that included spending 120 minutes each week in restorative activities involving nature. When posttest measures were collected, women in the intervention group had significantly fewer errors compared to the control group. Other measures did not reveal significant differences. These results suggest that encouraging women to spend time in activities that involve nature and designing health care environments to incorporate nature may help pregnant women improve their ability to concentrate and reduce errors at a time when they have many demands on their time and attention.
Evolutionary Implications of Cross-Cultural Correlations
Authors: Korotayev Andrey , Kazankov Alexander , Dreier Leonid , Dmitrieva Natalia
Published: August 2003

In 1896 Boas argued that “if anthropology desires to establish laws governing the growth of culture it must not confine itself to comparing the results of the growth alone, but whenever such is feasible it must compare the processes of growth” (p. 280). However, later it was argued that evolutionary inferences could not and should not be made from synchronic data. But is the comparative evolutionary method of anthropology entirely illegitimate? In this article, the authors test this hypothesis using synchronic and diachronic data on kinship organization and terminology from the Circum-Mediterranean region. This test appears to support the idea that inferences about specific evolutionary developments can be made on the basis of a synchronic association. Contrary to most anthropological discourse of the recent decades, the authors maintain that a synchronic association can serve as a sound basis for making inferences about specific evolutionary developments.
Regulating Emotion in Parent-Child and Peer Relationships: A Comparison of Sexually Maltreated and Nonmaltreated Girls
Authors: Shipman Kimberly , Zeman Janice , Fitzgerald Monica , Swisher Lisa M.
Published: August 2003

This study examined emotion regulation skills in 22 sexually maltreated girls and 22 nonmaltreated girls between 6 and 12 years of age to determine how the experience of sexual maltreatment might interfere with normative emotional development. Findings indicated that sexually maltreated girls, compared to nonmaltreated peers, reported different goals (i.e., inhibiting emotion to avoid conflict vs. displaying emotion to rectify a situation) for managing their emotional expressivity with their parents. They also reported expecting less support and more conflict from parents in response to emotional displays. Finally, maltreated girls expected less practical assistance from all social partners (i.e., mother, father, best friend) following their emotional displays. Surprisingly, however, there were no group differences in girls' ability to generate effective strategies for coping with emotionally arousing situations. Findings are discussed from the functionalist approach to emotional development, emphasizing the importance of social context (i.e., maltreating, nonmaltreating) in the development of children's emotion regulation skills.
Use of Home Nursing Service in Southern Taiwan
Authors: Yeh Lily , Chen Ching-Huey
Published: August 2003

Anderson's behavioral model was applied to examine predisposing, enabling, and need components that influence the use of home nursing services in southern Taiwan. The authors collected data from 10 hospital-based, profit-oriented home nursing agencies. There were 449 participants, and the mean of their ages was 71.9. The services provided were related to periodic indwelling catheter replacement and wound care. It was found that the mean of enrollment per client was 185.1 days and that about 60% of them received services within 4 months. Most of the clients (61.0%) received services less than five times, and the mean of total visits was 9.5 (range = 1 to 108). The intensity of the visits showed that about half of the clients (51.2%) received service every 14 to 30 days. Results of this study can be used as a reference in policy making to refine the national health insurance system in Taiwan.
Practice Development: A Framework Toward Modernizing Health Care in the United States and the United Kingdom and a Means Toward Building International Communities of Learning and Practice
Authors: Chin Helen
Published: August 2003

U.S. and U.K. governments and health care organizations are pressured to provide innovative, equitable, and quality patient-focused, evidence-based care that meets the needs of contemporary populations within existing resources. This requires new ways of working and thinking so clients, their families, and health care providers become an integrated and accountable community. This article addresses practice development as a framework that facilitates development of communities of practice and learning while acknowledging the inherent complexity and messiness. It examines how U.S. and U.K. community and acute services have adopted the framework to provide evidence-based, innovative ways of working and explains practitioners' experiences meeting the needs of clients and working in partnership and across boundaries. In doing so, practitioners have taken leadership roles, rewritten rules, and shifted the balance of power from professionals to clients while being fully accountable. The article discusses implications for future cross-cultural working partnerships and alliance building.
Institutionalization of a School Health Promotion Program: Background and Rationale of the Catch-on Study
Authors: Osganian Stavroula K. , Parcel Guy S. , Stone Elaine J.
Published: August 2003

Research is lacking on how to make effective programs available on a large scale and how to maintain levels of implementation. CATCH: A Study of Institutionalization (CATCH-ON) was designed to help us understand the conditions under which such programs are institutionalized after the trial has ended. The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) was the largest field trial of school-based health promotion in the United States conducted in 96 schools in four geographic areas of the United States: California, Louisiana, Minnesota, and Texas. The intervention was multicomponent, targeting school policy and practices in nutrition, physical activity, health education, and smoking. This report provides background on the CATCH study design, the conceptual framework for research on institutionalization of the CATCH program, and an overview of the seven original reports that present results from the CATCH-ON study in this theme issue.
How the Catch Eat Smart Program Helps Implement the USDA Regulations in School Cafeterias
Authors: Hoelscher Deanna M. , Mitchell Paul , Dwyer Johanna , Elder John , Clesi Ann , Snyder Patricia
Published: August 2003

This article describes the implementation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National School Lunch Program (NSLP) standards in school lunch menus in 56 intervention and 20 control schools from the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) 5 years after the main trial, compared with 12 schools previously unexposed to CATCH. School food service personnel completed questionnaires to assess CATCH guideline implementation, demographic data, behavioral constructs, training, program material use, and par ticipation in competing programs. Five days of menus and recipes were collected from school cafeteria staff, averaged, and compared to USDA School Meal Initiative (SMI) standards. Significant differences between intervention and unexposed schools were found for training and knowledge of CATCH and in mean percentage energy from fat and carbohydrates. Intervention schools most closely met USDA SMI recommendations for fat. Thus, the CATCH Eat Smart Program assisted school cafeterias in meeting USDA guidelines 5 years postimplementation.
The Balanced Scorecard as an Intellectual Technology
Authors: Edenius Mats , Hasselbladh Hans
Published: August 2003

In this article, we focus on the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a discursive practice. Instead of asking whether the figures in the BSC correspond to reality, or whether they serve the users' purposes and behave according to their intentions, we have chosen to analyse how the BSC partakes in shaping the world it is intended to reflect. Two case studies will be presented in order to demonstrate how the BSC works in this respect. In the first case, the main issue is how the BSC both naturalizes alleged cognitive limitations among managers and induces them to replace everyday knowledge with highly selective representations. After that, the BSC is shown to operate simultaneously as a strait-jacket on strategic intentions and as a constituent of new patterns of action-but in ways that are loosely coupled to strategic intentions.
The Future: Globalization and New Roles for HRD
Authors: Marquardt Michael , Berger Nancy O.
Published: August 2003

The problem and the solution. Globalization, an inevitable and irreversible force, has significantly affected the workplace and the community, in ways both good and bad. Human resource development's (HRD's) response and impact has been minimal and at a mostly micro level. This article discusses seven key macro areas in which HRD can maximize the beneficial elements of globalization and limit its dehumanizing forces, namely, (a) political development, (b) economic development, (c) organizational and workplace learning, (d) education and vocational training, (e) global leadership development, (f) technology and knowledge, and (g) environment sustainability.
Linking Lifelong Learning, Corporate Social Responsibility, and the Changing Nature of Work
Authors: Packer Arnold H. , Sharrar Gloria K.
Published: August 2003

The problem and the solution. Organizations and employees are facing challenges that arise from the changing nature of work and the need for corporate social responsibility. Although two separate trends, they have similar implications for human resource development (HRD) and education and share links to the importance of lifelong learning. Through a whole system perspective on learning and collaboration between HRD and the education system, employees and organizations can adapt to the changes and benefit individuals, organizations, and society.
Perfect Transmissions
Authors: Poster Mark
Published: August 2003

In the globally networked world, strange, unexpected, and sometimes amusing events occur. This article analyzes one such happening with the purpose of understanding how the global communication system affects national cultures. It is the author's hypothesis that the current state of globalization, of which the internet is a major component, imposes a new and heightened level of interaction between cultures. This interactivity changes each culture in many ways, one of which the article highlights: the degree of autonomy of each culture is significantly reduced as a consequence of the global information network.
The Mark on the Spade
Authors: Shelton Allen
Published: August 2003

Freud suggested in his essay “The Mystical Writing Pad” the beginning of the geological ethnography in which the person might be split into coexisting archeological layers. But Freud short shrifted the method and his choices for excavation. What would happen if a garden were psychoanalyzed? The grub and praying mantis, the piece of blue glass in the humus, the encroaching Bermuda grass, the sharpness of the spade, the lingering traces of the previous owners, and economies would all have to be accounted for in what Braudel described as a “set of sets.” The result would be a stratified, geological history of the marks left behind in literal scars, in lilacs, and in the emotional tones vibrating in the pattern of cuts and cutting devices—but all related like a set of living boxes nestled inside one another.
“I am a Man”: The Queer Politics of Race
Authors: Pinar William F.
Published: August 2003

My argument is straightforward if queer: Racism is some sense an “affair” between men. Of course, racism is not only an affair between men. Women have very much been victims: White men's assaults on Black women from slavery to the present is, for instance, well known. Nor I am suggesting that “race” can be reduced to gender; it cannot. But it does have to do with sex and desire, as the pandemic White male rape of Black female (and, there is some evidence to suggest, male) slaves as well as post-“emancipation” obsessions with Black male sexuality (specifically, rape) make explicit. The centrality of castration in lynching—a primarily post-Civil War phenomenon that took the lives of at least 3,000 mostly young Black men—underscores White men's interest in the Black male phallus. What I suggest is that racial violence and racial politics cannot be understood unless “queered.”
CD41 expression defines the onset of primitive and definitive hematopoiesis in the murine embryo
Authors: Ferkowicz Michael J. , Starr Mark , Xie Xiaodong , Li Weiming , Johnson Scott A. , Shelley William C. , Morrison Paul R. , Yoder Mervin C.
Published: August 2003

The platelet glycoprotein IIb (αIIb; CD41) constitutes the alpha subunit of a highly expressed platelet surface integrin protein. We demonstrate that CD41 serves as the earliest marker of primitive erythroid progenitor cells in the embryonic day 7 (E7.0) yolk sac and high-level expression identifies essentially all E8.25 yolk sac definitive hematopoietic progenitors. Some definitive hematopoietic progenitor cells in the fetal liver and bone marrow also express CD41. Hematopoietic stem cell competitive repopulating ability is present in CD41dim and CD41lo/-cells isolated from bone marrow and fetal liver cells, however, activity is enriched in the CD41lo/- cells. CD41bright yolk sac definitive progenitor cells co-express CD61 and bind fibrinogen, demonstrating receptor function. Thus, CD41 expression marks the onset of primitive and definitive hematopoiesis in the murine embryo and persists as a marker of some stem and progenitor cell populations in the fetal liver and adult marrow,suggesting novel roles for this integrin.
A model of milled surface generation for time domain simulation of high-speed cutting
Authors: Peigné G , Paris H , Brissaud D
Published: August 2003

Modelling the machined surface during time domain simulation is a complex and time consuming problem. However, calculation time can be reduced using specific models dedicated to milling operations. This research presents 2.5-dimensional geometrical modelling of the milled surface generation used in a time domain simulation of end milling operations. It is dedicated to the study of flexible workpiece-flexible tool system and high-speed cutting conditions. This modelling provides an accurate representation of the machined surface and is independent of the time discretization imposed by the dynamic of the cutting process. The material removal process is achieved by considering the effective paths of tool teeth relative to the workpiece, including vibrating motions of both tool and workpiece. At each time step the tooth motion is interpolated with a quadratic form model allowing low interpolation error even for long incremental tooth displacements. Simulation is compared with experimental results; the surface defects due to vibrating behaviour are shown, and a good correlation is obtained.
Experimental characterization of superfinishing
Authors: Chang S-H , Farris T N , Chandrasekar S
Published: August 2003

An experimental study has been made of the superfinishing process. A force measurement system, developed for external cylindrical superfinishing, has been used to measure directly the forces acting on the abrasive stone. A systematic parametric study of material removal rate, force ratio, specific energy and surface finish is detailed. The force ratio and specific energy are found to be sensitive indicators of the cutting action of the stone. This indicates that force ratio could be used to monitor the process, on line in industrial applications. The two regimes of rough finishing and fine finishing have been characterized. A sharp transition from fine to rough finishing occurs at a stone oscillation frequency of about 1600 cycles/min. This characteristic frequency is mostly independent of stone-work contact pressure. The experimental data are used to construct a superfinishing process map to depict the various regimes in which different modes of superfinishing dominate.
Computer simulation of a workpiece temperature field during the grinding process
Authors: Wang L , Qin Y , Liu Z-c , Ge P-q , Gao W
Published: August 2003

The study focus about the status of the grinding temperature has been changed from static to transient. A model has been built of the grinding temperature field based on the finite element method (FEM). The dynamic temperature distribution of a workpiece during the whole grinding process can be displayed using Media Player. In this way the variational temperature distribution of the process can be known exactly. There is little difference between this simulation result and the previous analytical solution for dry grinding and accordingly it is credible to apply FEM to a wet grinding field. The FEM results possess higher precision, less calculation and wider scope than analytical results when applying and considering more influencing factors. Finally, the experimental data are compared with the simulated data to test the reliability of the latter. The results show that the method is suitable for obtaining temperature distribution using FEM.
Increasing cut surface quality with various cutting nozzle head oscillations for abrasive aquajet machining
Authors: Patel K J , Chen F L
Published: August 2003

This short paper introduces different nozzle oscillation cutting methods, which are developed using theoretical formulae as well as experimental resources. A comparison study was conducted using different surface texture parameters between a straight cut and different oscillation cutting methods with the same cutting parameters. An optimum oscillation cutting method is suggested. A significant amount of increase in surface quality was obtained.
Mechanistic limitations in the synthesis of polyesters by lipase‐catalyzed ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Panova Anna A. , Kaplan David L.
Published: August 2003

Lipase‐catalyzed polymerization of caprolactone (CL) in toluene with methoxy‐poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) and water as initiators was characterized in detail for mechanistic insight. 1H NMR analysis of polycaprolactone chains (PCL), dicaprolactone, degree of esterification of MPEG, and fractions of PCL chains initiated by MPEG and water were used to follow the reactions. The data were analyzed with the kinetic scheme involving formation of the acylenzyme and its consequent reaction with MPEG, water, or PCL to yield the MPEG‐ or water‐initiated PCL chains, or increase in PCL length. A limit for MPEG initiator esterification in lipase‐catalyzed CL polymerization was observed and was explained by preferential reaction of PCL propagation over MPEG esterification at long reaction times and low MPEG concentrations. Slower monomer conversion in concentrated monomer solutions was explained by decreased partitioning of PCL between the solvent and the enzyme. This effect resulted in inhibition of the lipase by the reaction product, PCL chains, and/or insufficient diffusion of monomer to the enzyme active site. High monomer/initiators ratio in these solutions did not yield longer polymer chains due to decreased monomer conversion and the corresponding decrease in product yields; lower yields were also observed for chain initiation by MPEG and water. A shift in the reaction rate‐limiting step from formation of acylenzyme in dilute CL solutions to its deacylation in concentrated CL solutions yielded higher PCL polydispersity due to increased initiation by water. Enhanced intramolecular cyclization was also observed. Endgroup composition of PCL chains was influenced by the concentration of monomer, ratio of initiators (MPEG and water), and reaction time, yielding PCL chains initiated exclusively by MPEG at “infinite reaction times.” © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 84: 103–113, 2003.
Experimental study of water fluxes in a residential area: 2. Road infiltration, runoff and evaporation
Authors: Ragab R. , Rosier P. , Dixon A. , Bromley J. , Cooper J. D.
Published: August 2003

Lack of accurate data has led some hydrologists and city planners to assume that urban infiltration is zero and runoff is 100% of the rainfall. These assumptions lead to an over estimation of road runoff volume and an underestimation of direct recharge to groundwater, which is already rising under some UK cities. This study investigates infiltration and runoff processes and quantifies the percentage of rainfall that contributes to storm drainage, and that which infiltrates through different types of road surface. Access tubes were installed for measuring soil water content using a neutron probe in three car parks, a road and a grass site at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford. Storm drainage was recorded at the exit of the Thamesmead Estate in Crowmarsh Gifford, just before the drain joins the River Thames at Wallingford. Rainfall and water table depth were also recorded. Weekly measurements of soil moisture content indicated that the top 40 cm layer is not influenced by water‐table fluctuations and, therefore, positive changes in soil moisture could be attributed to infiltration of rainfall through the surface. Depending on the nature of the surface, subsurface layers, level of traffic, etc., between 6 and 9% of rainfall was found to infiltrate through the road surfaces studied. The storm drainage generated by road runoff revealed a flow pattern similar to that of the receiving watercourse (River Thames) and increased with the increase of infiltration and soil water content below the road surface. The ratio of runoff to rainfall was 0·7, 0·9 and 0·5 for annual, winter (October–March) and summer (April–September) respectively. As the results of the infiltration indicated that 6 to 9% of annual rainfall infiltrates through the road surface, this means that evaporation represents, 21–24% of annual rainfall, with more evaporation taking place during summer than winter. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing in‐class variability of groundwater systems: local upland systems
Authors: Petheram Cuan , Dawes Warrick , Walker Glen , Grayson Rodger B.
Published: August 2003

The objective of this paper is to assess the extent that information can be transferred between hydrogeologically similar catchments, by investigating in detail one set of similar catchments. In particular, five examples of a class of deeply weathered, fractured rock aquifers were used as the basis for this assessment. This catchment type was chosen because of its prominence in salinized regions in southeastern Australia. The catchments chosen encompass a wide variety of scales, gradients, and climatic zones. The five catchments were modelled using FLOWTUBE. Catchment parameter values, catchment response to incremental reductions in recharge and the similarity of the catchments were compared. The results suggest that there is a considerable range in parameter values, but that this is smaller than the range for all aquifer types. However, given the sensitivity of the models to transmissivity and specific yield, the range of values was too high to allow the transfer of ‘averaged’ values to other hydrogeologically similar catchments with confidence. Evaluation of a dimensionless similarity parameter G for each of the five catchments indicates that the parameters of transmissivity, specific yield, length and head may be interrelated. The implications of this are: (1) that the range in catchment responses might not be as great as suggested by standard sensitivity studies; (2) surrogate parameters may exist, which would enable aquifer parameters to be transferred to other hydrogeologically similar catchments with greater confidence. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of 2‐aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles by 15N and 13C NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Nowak‐Wydra Barbara , Gierczyk Błażej , Schroeder Grzegorz
Published: August 2003

15N NMR chemical shifts of 2‐aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles were assigned on the basis of the 1H–15N HMBC experiment. Chemical shifts of the nitrogen and carbon atoms in the oxadiazole ring correlate with the Hammett σ‐constants of substituents in the aryl ring (r2 ≥ 0.966 for N atoms). 15N NMR data are a suitable and sensitive means for characterizing long‐range electronic substituent effects. Additionally, 13C NMR data for these compounds are presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal evaluation of bronchopulmonary disease in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Farrell Philip M. , Li Zhanhai , Kosorok Michael R. , Laxova Anita , Green Christopher G. , Collins Jannette , Lai Hui‐Chuan , Makholm Linda M , Rock Michael J. , Splaingard Mark L.
Published: August 2003

Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) develop bronchopulmonary disease at variable ages. Determining the epidemiology of chronic lung disease and quantifying its severity, however, have been difficult in infants and young children. As part of the Wisconsin CF Neonatal Screening Project, we were presented with an ideal opportunity to assess longitudinally the evolution of symptoms, signs, and quantitative measures of CF respiratory disease. After newborn screening test results led to early recognition, 64 patients diagnosed at a median age of 6.71 weeks were enrolled and studied systematically at a median age of 11.3 years to obtain clinical information, chest radiographs, and pulmonary function tests. Our observations revealed that a frequent cough by history is evident by 10.5 months of age in half the patients. Quantitative chest radiology (CXR scoring) demonstrated that potentially irreversible abnormalities are present in half the children by 2 years. The severity of Wisconsin and Brasfield CXR scores increased in association with respiratory infections. Longitudinal progression of Wisconsin CXR scores was related to age (P < 0.001), pancreatic insufficiency (P = 0.005), and respiratory secretion cultures positive forStaphylococus aureas(P = 0.039). In contrast, serial spirometry showed limited sensitivity, as did lung volume determinations; neither was satisfactory as repeated measures with acceptable quality control until after 7 years of age. Time to event analyses revealed that half the patients had % predicted FEF25–75and FEV1/FVC values greater than 80% until 10.7 and 9.9 years, respectively. We conclude that of the methods evaluated, quantitative chest radiology is currently the best procedure for frequent assessment of bronchopulmonary disease in CF, and that radiographic progression is evident in approximately 85% of patients by 5 years of age. Our results also suggest that bronchiectasis and other radiographic evidence of chronic infection are apparent prior to airways obstruction in young CF patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:230–240. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial profiling of protein hydrophobicity: Native vs. Decoy structures
Authors: Zhou Ruhong , Silverman B. David , Royyuru Ajay K. , Athma Prasanna
Published: August 2003

A recent study of 30 soluble globular protein structures revealed a quasi‐invariant called the hydrophobic ratio. This invariant, which is the ratio of the distance at which the second order hydrophobic moment vanished to the distance at which the zero order moment vanished, was found to be 0.75 ± 0.05 for 30 protein structures. This report first describes the results of the hydrophobic profiling of 5,387 non‐redundant globular protein domains of the Protein Data Bank, which yields a hydrophobic ratio of 0.71 ± 0.08. Then, a new hydrophobic score is defined based on the hydrophobic profiling to discriminate native‐like proteins from decoy structures. This is tested on three widely used decoy sets, namely the Holm and Sander decoys, Park and Levitt decoys, and Baker decoys. Since the hydrophobic moment profiling characterizes a global feature and requires reasonably good statistics, this imposes a constraint upon the size of the protein structures in order to yield relatively smooth moment profiles. We show that even subject to the limitations of protein size (both Park & Levitt and Baker sets are small protein decoys), the hydrophobic moment profiling and hydrophobic score can provide useful information that should be complementary to the information provided by force field calculations. Proteins 2003;52:561–572. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.