bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unintended Consequences of Security Motivation in the Age of the Internet: Impacts on Governance and Democracy
Authors: Woody Erik Z. , Szechtman Henry
Published: November 2016

There has been a striking recent shift in how political discourse seems to work, with, for example, partial information of sometimes dubious accuracy or relevance propagating very rapidly and widely on electronic networks and overriding clearer, more complete, more accurate information. In explanation of such phenomena, we address ways in which highly interconnected electronic networks may create vulnerabilities that involve tapping into special, relatively hard-wired motivational systems in the brain, particularly the security motivation system. We also discuss a mode of communication, sometimes described as “mass hypnosis,” in relation to a motivational system that manages the dominance hierarchy. Rather than just affecting people’s higher cognitions, political messages also tap into these motivation systems, generating surprising avenues for misuse.
Cultural Transmission of Precautionary Ideas: The Weighted Role of Implicit Motivation
Authors: Fux Michal
Published: November 2016

Inspired by the idea that cognitive systems evoke cultural phenomena, this study tested a theory suggesting precautionary cognitive mechanisms as both a constraint and an enabler of transmission of cultural concepts such as religious rituals. Using ‘restricted range of themes’ as a link between precautionary cognition and religious rituals, this cross cultural study of Zulu communities in sa tested people’s inferences about implications of failure to perform life-stage rituals in order to identify the nature of the presence of precautionary themes in Zulu rituals and any involvement of environmental factors. The results reflected inferences rather than echoing of formal descriptions of rituals, and revealed a consistent affinity between certain threat-domains and specific Zulu rituals: birth and early age rituals evoked the Contamination/Contagion domain, women’s maturity rituals evoked the Decline in Resources domain, marital rituals evoked a mixture of Decline in Resources and Loss of Status domains, and death rituals evoked the Predation/Assault domain. This suggests that precautionary cognition effect on religious rituals is mediated by life-history strategy rather than by ecology factors, and also, that understanding precautionary cognition is crucial for uncovering the real motivations for religious behaviour, as direct reports cannot be taken at face value.
Health, Healthcare and Ageing Populations in Europe, a Human Rights Challenge for European Health Systems
Authors: Roscam Abbing Henriette
Published: November 2016

Demographic changes (ageing populations) are a challenge for European health systems. Innovative solutions must ensure elderly patients equitable access to good quality, affordable healthcare. De-centralisation and de-institutionalisation in healthcare for the elderly have become policy priorities for European countries. Local governments must have sufficient experience for the necessary integration of health and social services. New ways of looking at health care systems are necessary for reasons of quality, accessibility, and costs-effectiveness. The implementation and co-ordinated monitoring of the health- and care rights of the aged in Europe should be given full attention. There needs to be a handbook on elderly as well as an ombudsman. The exchange of experiences and best practices, oversight of the quality and effectiveness of the health- and care services and the system as such are indispensable.
Notes on typification of three names in Jurinea (Asteraceae)
Authors: ALTINORDU FAHIM , CRESPO MANUEL B.
Published: November 2016

The names of three species of Jurinea occurring in Turkey, Jurinea consanguinea, J. kilaea and J. mesopotamica, are typified. Lectotypes for J. kilaea and J. mesopotamica are designated from their original material conserved in the herbaria G and W, respectively. Furthermore, comments are given on the type material of J. consanguinea, with the location of the lectotype at G, and an isolectotype at K.
The effectiveness of Australia’s drug courts
Authors: Kornhauser Ryan
Published: November 2016

Operating in Australia since 1999, drug courts are now present in the majority of Australian jurisdictions. This paper takes stock of the impact evaluations of Australia’s drug courts to date, and considers to what extent these evaluations support drug courts as being more effective than ‘conventional’ sanctions in reducing recidivism.

While Australian evaluations indicate drug courts reduce recidivism more than conventional sanctions, certainty in these findings is tempered by mixed results and methodological limitations.
Developing pedagogies for the genuine internationalisation of Australian research education: Chinese intellectual knowledge as alternative resources
Authors: Meng Hui
Published: November 2016

The internationalisation of research education witnesses a growing involvement of students from China in Australian universities. Although these students bring with them a repertoire of Chinese intellectual resources, in most cases, they are expected to learn “Western” knowledge and adapt to Australian academic culture. In this article I contend that the world’s knowledge production centre may not permanently be located in the West. Theories and concepts from Eastern countries such as China can be regarded as ‘alternative resources’ to the dominant Western academic culture. Informed by this concept, this study explores the possibility of using Chinese intellectual knowledge as alternative resources to assist Chinese students’ research in Australia and develops a Chinese educational triad: ‘teaching, learning and doing’, as pedagogical strategies to make such resources more comprehensible and engaging to the Western audience, many of whom do not understand Chinese language, so that they can join the academic conversation and contribute to the internationalisation of Australian research education.
Transatlantic city, part 1: Conjunctural urbanism
Authors: Peck Jamie
Published: November 2016

As the first installment of a two-part article exploring contemporary transformations in metropolitan governance in the wake of the entrepreneurial turns of the 1980s and subsequent waves of neoliberalisation and financialisation, a case is outlined here for a ‘conjunctural’ approach to urban analysis. This can be considered to be complementary to, but at the same time distinct from, some of the concurrent approaches to comparative urbanism, in that it explicitly problematises the relative positioning of cities in the context of uneven development and multiscalar relations, as well as the dialogic connections between case studies, midlevel concepts and revisable theory claims. Taking as its point of departure the current financial and political crisis in Atlantic City, the New Jersey casino capital, the article historicises the concept of the entrepreneurial city, placing this in the context, successively, of the evolving ‘commonsense’ of neoliberal governance, the emergence of austerity urbanism and the intensification of financialised restructuring. In tracing an arc from more abstract theory claims through to the specific circumstances of contemporary urban restructuring in the United States, the article sets the stage for the more granular and concrete analysis of ‘late-entrepreneurial’ Atlantic City to follow in Part 2. To the extent that it is necessary to construct some of this staging, this first part of the article reflects on some of the methodological implications of a conjunctural approach to urban studies.
Intellectual Property and Agricultural Science and Innovation in Germany and the United States
Authors: Brandl Barbara , Glenna Leland L.
Published: November 2016

In the 1950s and 1960s, prominent institutional economists in the United States offered what became the orthodox theory on the obstacles to commercializing scientific knowledge. According to this theory, scientific knowledge has inherent qualities that make it a public good. Since the 1970s, however, neoliberalism has emphasized the need to convert public goods to private goods to enhance economic growth, and this theory has had global impacts on policies governing the generation and diffusion of scientific research and innovation. We critique the foundational conceptualizations of scientific knowledge as either public or private by examining Germany’s treatment of scientific outputs as club goods. We then compare the relative impacts on social welfare of distinct United States and German approaches to food and agricultural research and innovation. We conclude with reflections on how these findings might contribute to a democratic debate on how best to manage scientific knowledge to enhance social welfare.
Predicting the adsorption of n-perfluorohexane (n-C6F14) on BAM-P109 activated carbon using an ab initio force field
Authors: Cao Fenglei , Jing Zhifeng , Sun Huai
Published: November 2016

The adsorption isotherm of n-perfluorohexane on BAM-P109 activated carbon was predicted using an ab initio force field and a slit-like pore model representing the activated carbon. The force field parameters were derived from data calculated using quantum mechanics density functional theory with dispersion energy correction, and the total adsorption amount was calculated as the sum of the adsorption amounts of microscopic and mesoscopic pores. It was found that the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo method can efficiently calculate adsorption on microscopic pores but not on mesoscopic pores. Thus, we divided the mesoscopic pores into surface and free-volume regions and calculated the density and thickness of the adsorbed layers and the density of the vapor phase using canonical ensemble simulations. Using this protocol, we can calculate the adsorption isotherms in good agreement with the experimental data.
Adsorption, X-ray diffraction, photoelectron, and atomic emission spectroscopy benchmark studies for the eighth industrial fluid properties simulation challenge
Authors: Ross Richard B , Aeschliman David B , Ahmad Riaz , Brennan John K , Brostrom Myles L , Frankel Kevin A , Moore Jonathan D , Moore Joshua D , Mountain Raymond D , Poirier Derrick M , Thommes Matthias , Shen Vincent K , Schultz Nathan E , Siderius Daniel W , Smith Kenneth D
Published: November 2016

The primary goal of the eighth industrial fluid properties simulation challenge was to test the ability of molecular simulation methods to predict the adsorption of organic adsorbates in activated carbon materials. The challenge focused on the adsorption of perfluorohexane in the activated carbon standard BAM-P109. Entrants were challenged to predict the adsorption of perfluorohexane in the activated carbon at a temperature of 273 K and at relative pressures of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6. The relative pressure (P/Po) is defined as that relative to the bulk saturation pressure predicted by the fluid model at a given temperature (273 K in this case). The predictions were judged by comparison to a set of experimentally determined values, which are published here for the first time and were not disclosed to the entrants prior to the challenge. Benchmark experimental studies, described herein, were also carried out and provided to entrants in order to aid in the development of new force fields and simulation methods to be employed in the challenge. These studies included argon, carbon dioxide, and water adsorption in the BAM-P109 activated carbon as well as X-ray diffraction, X-ray microtomography, photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic emission spectroscopy studies of BAM-P109. Several concurrent studies were carried out for the BAM-P108 activated carbon. These are included in the current manuscript for comparison.
Induction of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in rats by cortical spreading depression
Authors: Wang Yan , Tye Anne E , Zhao Junli , Ma Dongqing , Raddant Ann C , Bu Fan , Spector Benjamin L , Winslow Nolan K , Wang Minyan , Russo Andrew F
Published: November 2016

Objective

The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has now been established as a key player in migraine. However, the mechanisms underlying the reported elevation of CGRP in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of some migraineurs are not known. A candidate mechanism is cortical spreading depression (CSD), which is associated with migraine with aura and traumatic brain injury. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CGRP gene expression may be induced by experimental CSD in the rat cerebral cortex.

Methods

CSD was induced by topical application of KCl and monitored using electrophysiological methods. Quantitative PCR and ELISA were used to measure CGRP mRNA and peptide levels in discrete ipsilateral and contralateral cortical regions of the rat brain 24 hours following CSD events and compared with sham treatments.

Results

The data show that multiple, but not single, CSD events significantly increase CGRP mRNA levels at 24 hours post-CSD in the ipsilateral rat cerebral cortex. Increased CGRP was observed in the ipsilateral frontal, motor, somatosensory, and visual cortices, but not the cingulate cortex, or contralateral cortices. CSD also induced CGRP peptide expression in the ipsilateral, but not contralateral, cortex.

Conclusions

Repeated CSD provides a mechanism for prolonged elevation of CGRP in the cerebral cortex, which may contribute to migraine and post-traumatic headache.
The effect of REDV/TiO2 coating coronary stents on in-stent restenosis and re-endothelialization
Authors: Xu Xiangshan , Wang Lijie , Wang Guofeng , Jin Yuanzhe
Published: November 2016

The coronary artery stent has been widely used in clinic. In-stent restenosis was mainly caused by the excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cell and the inflammation due to the metal ion released from stent scaffold of the drug-eluting stent. Thus, to reduce the in-stent restenosis and promote the vascular endothelialization have become a hot research point in this area. In this paper, a nano-TiO2 ceramic coating was deposited on 316L stainless steel to reduce the metal ion release and to inhibit the inflammation reaction. An endothelia cell selective adhesion peptide Arg-Glu-Asp-Val (REDV) coating was prepared on the ceramic coating by a polydopamine technology to promote the endothelialization. The corrosion test indicated that nano-TiO2 ceramic film could effectively decrease the nickel ion released from 316L stainless steel. REDV/TiO2 coating could promote the endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation, meanwhile REDV/TiO2 coating could also increase the nitric oxide concentration. Bare metal stent, TiO2-coated stent and REDV/TiO2-coated stent were implanted in the iliac arteries of rabbit model. In-stent restenosis and re-endothelialization were evaluated at 28 days post-implantation of the stents. The results showed that REDV/TiO2-coated stents could effectively reduce in-stent restenosis and promote re-endothelialization in comparison with TiO2-coated drug-eluting stent and bare metal stent. These results suggest that REDV/TiO2-coated drug-eluting stent maybe a good choice of the application for coronary artery disease.
Emotion-Cognition Interaction in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Blanchette Isabelle , Marzouki Yousri , Claidière Nicolas , Gullstrand Julie , Fagot Joël
Published: November 2016

It is well established that emotion and cognition interact in humans, but such an interaction has not been extensively studied in nonhuman primates. We investigated whether emotional value can affect nonhuman primates’ processing of stimuli that are only mentally represented, not visually available. In a short-term memory task, baboons memorized the location of two target squares of the same color, which were presented with a distractor of a different color. Through prior long-term conditioning, one of the two colors had acquired a negative valence. Subjects were slower and less accurate on the memory task when the targets were negative than when they were neutral. In contrast, subjects were faster and more accurate when the distractors were negative than when they were neutral. Some of these effects were modulated by individual differences in emotional disposition. Overall, the results reveal a pattern of cognitive avoidance of negative stimuli, and show that emotional value alters cognitive processing in baboons even when the stimuli are not physically present. This suggests that emotional influences on cognition are deeply rooted in evolutionary continuity.
A thermodynamic consistent rate-dependent elastoplastic-damage model
Authors: Ganjiani Mehdi
Published: November 2016

In this article, a rate-dependent elastoplastic-damage constitutive model considering the effect of strain rate has been developed. The derivation of this model has been established based on the irreversible thermodynamics with internal variables within the fundamentals of Continuum damage mechanics (CDM). For investigating the rate effect, an additional power function dependent on the effective strain rate has been involved in the plastic dissipation function (dynamic plastic yield surface). The damage has been assumed as a tensor-type variable and based on the energy equivalence hypothesis, the damage evolution has been developed. The proposed constitutive model has been implemented into user-defined subroutines UMAT and VUMAT in the finite-element program ABAQUS/(Standard and Explicit). For this purpose, the implicit and explicit stress integration algorithms of the model have been explained. The model has been validated by comparing the predicted results with experimental data conducted on Al2024-T3. These experiments are including the tensile and double-notched tests. Furthermore, the numerical results have been compared with some data available in the literature. The numerical examples show the excellent correlation between experiments and simulations for stress (or force) and damage results.
Health Among Schoolchildren From the School Nurse’s Perspective
Authors: Ellertsson Ann-Sofi , Garmy Pernilla , Clausson Eva K.
Published: November 2016

The aim of the study was to investigate Swedish school nurses’ perceptions of schoolchildren’s health. The study is based on two national surveys in which school nurses responded to questions about schoolchildren’s health in 2015 ( n = 181) and 2005 ( n = 129). A statistical comparison showed that physical and mental health of schoolchildren in high-risk areas was perceived as worse than that of children in low-risk areas. There were no differences regarding the number of spontaneous visits or consulting reasons related to gender in high- and low-risk areas. A national framework for data collection and reporting of schoolchildren’s health may be important for school nurses to demonstrate the need for increased support in, for example, high-risk areas. By paying attention to factors that can affect schoolchildren’s health, school nurses can also direct health promotion to areas where it is needed. Increased cooperation among school health professionals may also prevent illness and improve health.
Overview of MEG
Authors: Ahlfors Seppo P. , Mody Maria
Published: November 2016

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a method to study electrical activity in the human brain by recording the neuromagnetic field outside the head. MEG, like electroencephalography (EEG), provides an excellent, millisecond-scale time resolution, and allows the estimation of the spatial distribution of the underlying activity, in favorable cases with a localization accuracy of a few millimeters. To detect the weak neuromagnetic signals, superconducting sensors, magnetically shielded rooms, and advanced signal processing techniques are used. The analysis and interpretation of MEG data typically involves comparisons between subject groups and experimental conditions using various spatial, temporal, and spectral measures of cortical activity and connectivity. The application of MEG to cognitive neuroscience studies is illustrated with studies of spoken language processing in subjects with normal and impaired reading ability. The mapping of spatiotemporal patterns of activity within networks of cortical areas can provide useful information about the functional architecture of the brain related to sensory and cognitive processing, including language, memory, attention, and perception.
Critical care delayed discharge: Good or bad?
Authors: Gilligan Stephen
Published: November 2016

NHS England is to introduce a new Commissioning for Quality and Innovation to reduce delayed discharges from adult critical care to ward-level care. A delayed discharge is greater than 4 h, this occurred in 64.2% of patients in the critical care minimum data set database from Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre from the last five years; 46.3% were delayed between 4 and 24 h and 17.9% were delayed more than 24 h. For those who had a delay in their discharge of greater than 24 h, the data suggests that “sicker” patients ultimately do better, since there was a reduction in expected mortality of 5892 patients to an actual mortality of 5201 patients over the five years. More in depth analysis of this data is necessary to try to identify which patients are more likely to benefit from extending their critical care stay once the need for organ support has abated. The current Commissioning for Quality and Innovation offers a slightly perverse incentive against this cohort of patients.
Wagner Through Other Eyes: Parody and the Wit of Brevity in Theodor W. Adorno and Mark Twain
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: November 2016

By juxtaposing remarks of Mark Twain and Theodor W. Adorno, along with examples from operetta, radio, film, TV, and YouTube, this article maintains that popular parodies of Richard Wagner have focused less on the composer than on his devoted public—especially given the significant amount of time required to sit through one of his works.
Simultaneous quantification of actin monomer and filament dynamics with modeling-assisted analysis of photoactivation
Authors: Kapustina Maryna , Read Tracy-Ann , Vitriol Eric A.
Published: November 2016

Photoactivation allows one to pulse-label molecules and obtain quantitative data about their behavior. We have devised a new modeling-based analysis for photoactivatable actin experiments that simultaneously measures properties of monomeric and filamentous actin in a three-dimensional cellular environment. We use this method to determine differences in the dynamic behavior of β- and γ-actin isoforms, showing that both inhabit filaments that depolymerize at equal rates but that β-actin exists in a higher monomer-to-filament ratio. We also demonstrate that cofilin (cofilin 1) equally accelerates depolymerization of filaments made from both isoforms, but is only required to maintain the β-actin monomer pool. Finally, we used modeling-based analysis to assess actin dynamics in axon-like projections of differentiating neuroblastoma cells, showing that the actin monomer concentration is significantly depleted as the axon develops. Importantly, these results would not have been obtained using traditional half-time analysis. Given that parameters of the publicly available modeling platform can be adjusted to suit the experimental system of the user, this method can easily be used to quantify actin dynamics in many different cell types and subcellular compartments.
Surgical proficiency decreases the rate of healing abnormalities using anterior transobturator mesh in cystocele women
Authors: Yuk Jin-Sung , Kim Yong Jin , Yi Kyong Wook , Hur Jun-Young , Shin Jung-Ho
Published: November 2016

Aims: The objective of this study is to report the outcomes of cystocele repair with anterior transobutrator mesh kits. 

Methods: 119 consecutive women with cystoceles were treated between January 2006 and November 2010 by a single surgeon at a university hospital using the anterior transobturator mesh kit procedure. Postoperative follow-up visits were scheduled at 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery.

Results: A total of 114 women who were operated on with the anterior transobturator mesh kit completed 12 months of follow-up. The population had a mean age of 65.8 ± 7.0, a body mass index of 25.1 ± 3.0, and a parity average of 4.0 ± 1.7. An overall anatomic cure was reported for 108 patients (94.7%). The Ba point of the POP-Q exam used for grading cystoceles decreased significantly from 2.5 ± 1.6 cm to -2.8 ± 0.8 cm after 12 months (P < 0.01). One patient (0.9%) presented with bladder perforation, and five patients (4.4%) showed with healing abnormalities. Surgical case volume was negatively correlated with healing abnormalities after adjusting for age, body mass index, operation time, and parity (P = 0.15). 

Conclusion: The surgeon’s experience decreases the incidence of healing abnormalities using anterior transobturator mesh in cystocele women. The anatomical cure rate of anterior transobturator mesh is quite good.
Current concepts and dilemmas in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias
Authors: Ryu Jay H. , Moua Teng , Azadeh Natalya , Baqir Misbah , Yi Eunhee S.
Published: November 2016

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias comprise approximately one-third of interstitial lung diseases (also called diffuse parenchymal infiltrative lung diseases). The classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias has undergone several revisions since the initial description of 40 years ago, and the most recent version was published in 2013. Although some aspects have been clarified, this group of heterogeneous disorders continues to be a source of confusion and misunderstanding in clinical applications. In this article, we explore several topical themes in the evaluation and management of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.
Effect of Knowledge-Sharing Trajectories on Innovative Outcomes in Temporary Online Crowds
Authors: Majchrzak Ann , Malhotra Arvind
Published: November 2016

There is substantial research on the effects of formal control structures (i.e., incentives, identities, organization, norms) on knowledge sharing leading to innovative outcomes in online communities. However, there is little research on how knowledge-sharing trajectories in temporary online crowds create innovative outcomes without these structures. Such research is particularly of interest in the context of temporary online crowds solicited with crowdsourcing in which there is only minimal structure for knowledge sharing. We identify eight types of crowdsourcing with different knowledge-sharing patterns. The focus of this study is on the one type of crowdsourcing—collaborative innovation challenges—in which there is the least restriction on knowledge sharing in the crowd. A content analysis was conducted of all time-stamped posts made in five different collaborative innovation challenges to identify different knowledge-sharing trajectories used. We found that a paradox-framed trajectory was more likely to be followed by innovative outcomes compared to three other knowledge-sharing trajectories. A paradox-framed trajectory is one in which a novel solution emerges when different participants post in the following sequence: (1) contributing a paradox associated with the problem objective, (2) sharing assumptions to validate the paradox, and (3) sharing initial ideas for resolving the paradox in a manner that meets the problem statement. Based on the findings, a theory of paradox-framed trajectories in temporary online crowds is presented along with implications for knowledge creation theories in general and online knowledge-creating communities in particular.
Healthcare law and ethics, 9: service provision and informal caregivers
Authors: Barber Chris
Published: November 2016

There are more than 6 million informal caregivers in the UK who look after a family member or friend with a disability or long-term health condition. Many of these caregivers rely on support from multiple sources in order to carry out their caregiving role and responsibilities. This article will focus on the effects on the caregiver and the ethical issues that arise if this support were either withdrawn or reduced as a result of budgetary austerity measures.
Preventing False Negatives for Histochemical Detection of Phenolics and Lignins in PEG-Embedded Plant Tissues
Authors: Ferreira Bruno G. , Falcioni Renan , Guedes Lubia M. , Avritzer Sofia C. , Antunes Werner C. , Souza Luiz A. , Isaias Rosy M.S.
Published: November 2016

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a low-cost and advantageous embedding medium, which maintains the majority of cell contents unaltered during the embedding process. Some hard or complex plant materials are better embedded in PEG than in other usual embedding media. However, the histochemical tests for phenolics and lignins in PEG-embedded plant tissues commonly result in false negatives. We hypothesize that these false negatives should be prevented by the use of distinct fixatives, which should avoid the bonds between PEG and phenols. Novel protocols for phenolics and flavanols detection are efficiently tested, with fixation of the samples in ferrous sulfate and formalin or in caffeine and sodium benzoate, respectively. The differentiation of lignin types is possible in safranin-stained sections observed under fluorescence. The Maule’s test faultlessly distinguishes syringyl-rich from guaiacyl- and hydroxyphenyl-rich lignins in PEG-embedded material under light microscopy. Current hypothesis is corroborated, that is, the adequate fixation solves the false-negative results, and the new proposed protocols fill up some gaps on the detection of phenolics and lignins.
Hubungan Habitual Snoring dengan Prestasi Akademis Anak Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Jaya Hendri Tanu , Setyanto Darmawan B. , Oswari Hanifah
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Habitual snoring dapat menimbulkan berbagai komplikasi. Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara habitual snoring dengan prestasi akademis anak yang rendah, tetapi belum terdapat penelitian mengenai hal ini di Indonesia.Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan habitual snoring dengan prestasi anak sekolah dasar berdasarkan rata-rata nilai mata pelajaran matematika, Bahasa Indonesia, dan IPA.Metode. Desain studi potong lintang dengan kriteria inklusi berupa anak habitual snoring dan non snoring minimal 6 bulan sebelum penelitian ini berdasarkan kuesioner yang diisi oleh orangtua anak.Hasil. Didapatkan prevalens snoring 29,3 dari 249 subjek dengan prevalens occasional snoring 20,08% dan habitual snoring 9,24%. Prevalens habitual snoring pada anak laki-laki lebih tinggi dibandingkan anak perempuan (10,87% vs 7,2%) tetapi tidak bermakna secara statistik. Prevalens habitual snoring pada subjek kelompok usia >9 tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok usia ≤9 tahun. Dari 199 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi penelitian, terdiri dari 176 subjek non snoring dan 23 habitual snoring. Kelompok subjek habitual snoring memiliki pencapaian nilai rerata mata pelajaran matematika lebih rendah 11,47 point (nilai p=0,001), mata pelajaran IPA lebih rendah 10,75 point (nilai p= 0,001), Bahasa Indonesia lebih rendah 8,01 point (nilai p=0,01), dan pencapaian nilai rerata yang lebih rendah 10,8 point (nilai p=0,001) berdasarkan rata-rata nilai dari ketiga mata pelajaran tersebut dibandingkan kelompok subjek non snoring.Kesimpulan. Anak habitual snoring memiliki prestasi akademis yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan anak non snoring.
Perbandingan Efektivitas Kombinasi Ceftazidime + Amikasin dan Ceftazidime sebagai Antibiotik Empiris Demam Neutropenia pada Keganasan
Authors: William Agustinus , Purnamasari Rini , Iriani Yulia , Theodorus Theodorus
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Terapi antibiotik empiris spektrum luas merupakan standar pengobatan demam neutropeniapada keganasan karena morbiditas dan mortalitas yang berhubungan dengan sepsis bakterial. Pilihanantibiotik empiris awal, tetapi tetap kontroversial.Tujuan. Membandingkan efektivitas kombinasi ceftazidim + amikasin dan ceftazidime dalam mengatasidemam neutropenia pada keganasan di RSMH Palembang.Metode. Uji klinis acak buta ganda dilakukan sejak Desember 2012 hingga Juli 2013 di Bangsal HematologiAnak RSMH Palembang. Subjek dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok yang mendapat ceftazidime+ amikacin dan ceftazidime. Pada anak dengan keganasan yang mengalami suhu aksila >38,00C disertaiabsolute neutrophil count <1000/μL, periode bebas demam dalam 3 x 24 jam setelah pemberian regimenantibiotik awal dievaluasi untuk menilai efektivitas terapi. Data dianalisis dengan uji kai kuadrat dan Fisherexact, serta program SPSS 18.0.Hasil. Tigapuluh satu anak berusia 1-15 tahun dengan keganasan yang mengalami 46 episode demamneutropenia terdistribusi homogen pada setiap kelompok (masing-masing 23 episode). Microbiologicallydocumented infection, clinically documented infection dan unexplained fever ditemukan pada 29, 6, dan 11episode demam neutropenia. Proporsi keberhasilan pemberian ceftazidime + amikacin dalam mengatasidemam hingga hari ketiga pemantauan adalah 82,6%, sedangkan ceftazidime 56,5% (p=0,055; IK 95%:0,975-2,190).Kesimpulan. Pemberian kombinasi ceftazidime + amikacin memiliki angka keberhasilan yang lebih baikdibandingkan ceftazidim dalam menurunkan demam hingga hari ketiga, meskipun secara statistik tidak berbedabermakna.
Event Free Survival Enam Bulan Kejadian Tumor Cachexia Syndrome pada Anak dengan Keganasan
Authors: Sari Hesti Kartika , Mexitalia Maria , Nency Yetty M
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Jumlah kasus kanker pada anak dengan komplikasi tumor cachexia syndrome (TCS) terusmeningkat. Penyebab TCS bersifat multifaktorial, yaitu asupan makanan yang kurang, malabsorbsi, dansitokin oleh tumor. Pengelolaan pasien anak dengan keganasan di rumah sakit tidak hanya dari terapi antikanker tetapi juga nutrisi. Nilai event free survival (EFS) terhadap kejadian TCS merupakan salah satuindikator keberhasilan pengelolaan kanker di rumah sakit.Tujuan. Menentukan EFS 6 bulan terhadap kejadian TCS pada pasien anak dengan keganasan.Metode. Desain kohort retrospektif berdasarkan catatan medik pasien anak dengan keganasan yang dirawatdi RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang pada bulan Januari 2007 - Desember 2012. Kriteria inklusi adalah pasienusia 0-14 tahun, dengan diagnosis keganasan baik tumor padat maupun hematologi, dan tidak mengalamikakeksia pada saat diagnosis ditegakkan. Dilakukan pengamatan secara klinis dan laboratoris tiap bulanselama 6 bulan untuk menentukan terjadinya TCS. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji Kaplan Meier.Hasil. Didapatkan 83 subjek dengan keganasan, rerata umur pada kelompok tumor padat 61,2 (SD48,37) bulan, dan keganasan hematologi 79,9 (SD 48,37) bulan p=0,032. Empatbelas dari 40 (35%) anaktumor padat dan 10 dari 43(23,3%) anak dengan keganasan hematologi mengalami TCS. Kejadian TCSdidapatkan mulai pengamatan bulan kedua. Rerata terjadi TCS pada tumor padat 4,4 bulan dan padakeganasan hematologi 4,9 bulan. Event free survival 6 bulan kejadian TCS pada tumor padat 65% dankeganasan hematologi 76,7%, p= 0,207.Kesimpulan. Event free survival 6 bulan kejadian TCS pada pasien tumor padat lebih rendah daripadakeganasan hematologi, tetapi tidak berbeda secara statistik
Malaria Kongenital di Daerah Endemis Indonesia: Studi di RSUD Dr. Tc Hillers Maumere Flores
Authors: Nara Mario B. , Huwae Irene Ratridewi , Fitri Loeki Enggar , Jahja Natalia Erica
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Di distrik Sumba Barat pada tahun 2004 dilaporkan malaria merupakan penyakit terbanyak. Era transportasi yangtinggi menyebabkan kemungkinan kejadian malaria kongenital di Lembata dan Flores (Maumere) juga tinggiTujuan. Memberikan gambaran mengenai malaria kongenital di RSUD dr. TC. Hillers, Maumere.Metode: Penelitian deskriptif dilakukan mulai Desember 2012 – Desember 2013. Spesimen darah diambil dari neonatus dan ibunya,dikirim dengan dry ice ke Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya dan dilakukan pemeriksaan hapusan darah dan nested PCR.Hasil. Angka kejadian malaria kongenital di RSUD dr. TC. Hillers Maumere selama 1 tahun penelitian 7,78%. Dari 39 subjekyang terinfeksi malaria kongenital, 74,4% terinfeksi P. vivax. Gejala neonatus yang terinfeksi antara lain, anemia (46,2%), sepsis like(28,2%), prematur (38,5%), ikterus (5,5%), dan asimtomatis (48,7%).Kesimpulan. Angka kejadian malaria kongenital di RSUD dr. TC. Hillers Maumere cukup tinggi dan dapat memberikan manifestasiklinis pada bayi yang dilahirkan.
Hubungan Mikroflora Usus pada Bayi Baru Lahir dengan Jenis Persalinan
Authors: Hontong Mira Febriani , Warouw Sarah M , Manoppo Jeanette I. Ch. , Salendu Praevilia
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang.Mikroflora saluran cerna pada awal kehidupan berperan penting untuk respon imun dan dapat dipengaruhi oleh jenis persalinan.Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan antara jumlah koloni mikroflora usus Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, pada bayi baru lahir denganjenis persalinan.Metode. Penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan potong lintang terhadap semua bayi aterm sehat yang lahir pervaginam dan seksiosesarea dari bulan Oktober 2013–November 2013 di Divisi Perinatologi Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak (IKA) RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou,Manado. Dilakukan pemeriksaan tinja dengan quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RT) untuk mendeteksi kolonisasi mikrofloraBifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, dan Clostridium. Pengolahan data dengan uji Mann-Whitney.Hasil. Dua puluh lima subjek bayi lahir pervaginam dan 25 subjek bayi lahir secara seksio. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna jumlah koloni Bifidobacteriumpada persalinan pervaginam (median 2,19 x 109 CFU/g) dibandingkan seksio sesarea (median 1,55 x 109 CFU/g) (p<0,001). Median koloni Lactobacilluspada persalinan pervaginam 3,40 x 109 CFU/g tidak berbeda bermakna dengan seksio sesarea 3,51 x 109 CFU/g (p=0,362). Median koloni Clostridiumpada persalinan pervaginam 1,12x 109 CFU/g juga tidak berbeda bermakna dengan seksio sesarea 1,04 x 109 CFU/g (p=0,961).Kesimpulan. Persalinan pervaginam kolonisasi mikroflora Bifidobacterium lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan seksio sesarea. Tidak terdapat perbedaanbermakna kolonisasi mikroflora Lactobacillus dan Clostridium pada persalinan pervaginam dan seksio sesarea
ASI Eksklusif sebagai Faktor Protektif Rinitis Alergi pada Anak
Authors: Wuryanti Thrisia , Sumadiono Sumadiono , Wibowo Tunjung
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Prevalensi rinitis alergi di dunia semakin meningkat termasuk di Indonesia. Rinitis alergi menyebabkan penurunankualitas hidup sehingga sedini mungkin dicegah agar proses tumbuh kembang anak optimal. Faktor pencegah di antaranya denganpemberian air susu ibu (ASI) secara eksklusif.Tujuan. Mengetahui apakah pemberian ASI eksklusif merupakan faktor protektif terhadap rinitis alergi pada anak di Provinsi DaerahIstimewa Yogyakarta.Metode. Rancang penelitian berupa kasus kontrol berpasangan, analisis Mc.Nemar, dan conditional logistic regression. Populasi targetmurid sekolah dasar di Yogyakarta dengan rinitis alergi sebagai kasus (diagnosis berdasarkan kriteria AIRA, kuesioner ISAAC, ujitusuk kulit). Matching berdasarkan umur dan jenis kelamin. Informasi pemberian ASI dengan wawancara dan kuesioner.Hasil. Subjek penelitian adalah 55 kasus dan 55 kontrol. Alergen terbanyak menimbulkan alergi adalah kutu rumah. PemberianASI eksklusif terhadap rinitis alergi mempunyai rasio odds 0,23; IK95% 0,08-061; p=0,23. Paparan asap rokok terhadap alergimempunyai rasio odds 3,07; IK95% 1,23-7,68; p=0,016.Kesimpulan. ASI eksklusif merupakan faktor protektif terhadap rinitis alergi pada anak.
Nutrisi dan Kesehatan Gigi-Mulut pada Anak
Authors: Hendarto Aryono
Published: November 2016

Nutrisi dan kesehatan gigi dan mulut memiliki kaitan yang erat terutama pada anak yang memiliki fase tumbuh kembang. Nutrisiyang baik dan tepat penting untuk menunjang kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Sebaliknya, kesehatan gigi dan mulut juga penting untukasupan nutrisi yang adekuat. Karies gigi merupakan salah satu penyakit infeksi kronis yang paling sering terjadi pada anak danmemiliki kaitan erat dengan nutrisi. Berdasarkan sifatnya dalam memicu karies, bahan makanan dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok,yaitu anti-kariogenik, kariogenik, dan kariostatik. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ASI tidak terbukti memicukaries. Sebaliknya, kebiasaan konsumsi makanan/minuman berkadar gula tinggi, makanan cepat saji, dan makanan ringan diantarawaktu makan meningkatkan risiko karies pada anak. Anak dengan gizi lebih dan obesitas juga memiliki risiko karies yang lebih tinggi.Peran suplemen fluoride dan silitol dalam pencegahan karies masih kontroversial. Sementara itu, konsumsi probiotik terbukti mampumencegah karies dentis. Pencegahan karies dengan mengurangi kebiasaan konsumsi makanan manis, makanan cepat saji, makananringan, minuman soda, mencegah obesitas pada anak, serta didukung oleh kebiasaan menyikat gigi dengan teratur sangat pentingdalam menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut anak.
Efektivitas Kombinasi Parasetamol dan Ibuprofen sebagai Antipiretik pada Anak
Authors: Nagrani Dimple G , Prayitno Ari
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Beberapa tenaga medis yang menyarankan terapi kombinasi parasetamol dan ibuprofen (secara bersamaan ataupunselang-seling) untuk mengatasi demam. Terapi tersebut dapat membingungkan orangtua dan berpotensi kelebihan dosis obat,sedangkan efektifitas terapi kombinasi dibandingkan monoterapi belum diketahui.Tujuan. Mengevaluasi apakah pemberian terapi kombinasi antara parasetamol dan ibuprofen lebih efektif untuk mengatasi demampada anak dibandingkan dengan terapi tunggal.Metode. Penelusuran pustaka database elektronik yaitu Pubmed, Cochrane, dan Highwire.Hasil. Satu meta-analisis menyatakan terapi kombinasi yang diberikan secara simultan dapat menurunkan suhu 0,27oC dan 0,7oCberturut-turut pada jam pertama dan keempat dibandingkan dengan terapi tunggal, namun tidak terdapat perbedaan pada kenyamananpasien. Terapi selang-seling dapat menurunkan suhu 0,6oC pada jam pertama dibandingkan dengan terapi tunggal dan jumlah pasienyang memiliki suhu normal pada 3 jam pasca pemberian antipiretik selang-seling lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan terapi tunggal(RR 0,25). Satu uji klinis acak terkontrol menyatakan terapi kombinasi menurunkan suhu (2,19±0,83)oC dibandingkan denganterapi tunggal parasetamol (1,48±0,94)oC ataupun ibuprofen (1,87 ± 0,99)oC, p=0,013.Kesimpulan. Terapi antipiretik yang diberikan secara kombinasi dapat menurunkan suhu <1oC dan dapat memberikan bebas demamyang lebih lama dibandingkan dengan terapi tunggal. Meskipun demikian, tidak ada perbedaan pada tingkat kenyamanan pasienantara cara pemberian kedua regimen terapi tersebut.
Perbandingan Keamanan dan Konversi Tuberkulin dari Vaksin BCG Strain Moskow dan Vaksin BCG Strain Pasteur pada Bayi
Authors: Purniti Ni Putu Siadi , Bachtiar Novilia Sjafri , Subanda Ida Bagus , Setyorini Ayu , Putra Putu Junara , Gustawan Wayan , Windiani IGA Trisna , S Julitasari , Sari Rini Mulia
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Pemberian vaksin BCG pada bayi masih menjadi kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia dan WHO.Tujuan. Membandingkan keamanan dan konversi tuberkulin vaksin BCG strain Moskow dengan strain Pasteur.Metode. Tergabung dalam penelitian ini 220 bayi 0-1 bulan, kelompok A menerima vaksin BCG strain Pasteur, dan kelompokB menerima strain Moskow dengan randomisasi tersamar tunggal. Reaksi lokal dan sistemik yang timbul diamati hingga 30 haripasca imunisasi. Uji tuberkulin dilakukan pada hari ke-90 pasca imunisasi, dengan pembacaan 48-72 jam kemudian.Hasil. Terdapat 205 anak berhasil menyelesaikan studi. Pembesaran kelenjar getah bening ditemukan pada kedua kelompok,masing-masing 2 bayi, yang sembuh sendiri tanpa pengobatan. Tidak ditemukan kejadian ikutan pasca imunisasi serius karenavaksin BCG. Jumlah bayi yang mempunyai jaringan parut dan konversi tuberkulin tidak berbeda signifikan, p=0,578 dan p=0,205(p>0.05).Kesimpulan.Vaksin BCG strain Pasteur dan strain Moskow mempunyai profil keamanan dan konversi tuberkulin yang relatifsama.
Pertambahan Berat Badan Pasca Penutupan Patent Duktus Arteriosus secara Transkateter
Authors: Hartaty Dewi , Noormanto Noormanto , Haksari Ekawaty Lutfia
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Patent duktus arteriosus (PDA) merupakan salah satu penyakit jantung bawaan asianotik yang paling banyakdijumpai pada anak. PDA dapat memengaruhi pertumbuhan anak dan menyebabkan malnutrisi pada anak dan malnutrisi yangterjadi merupakan faktor risiko mortalitas dan morbiditas pada anak.Tujuan. Mengetahui pertambahan berat badan sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan tindakan penutupan duktus pada anak dengan PDAsecara transkateter dan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap pertambahan berat badan setelah dilakukanpenutupan PDA secara transkateter.Metode. Penelitian observasional pre dan post test design dengan menggunakan data rekam medis. Anak dengan PDA yangdilakukan penutupan secara transkateter. Z-score berat badan menurut umur dinilai sebelum dan pada saat 1, 3, 6, dan 12 bulansetelah penutupan dan dilakukan analisis menggunakan repeated ANOVA test. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pertambahanberat badan 3 bulan setelah penutupan dianalisis menggunakan chi square dan regressi logistik.Hasil. Terdapat 43 anak usia <5 tahun dengan PDA diikutkan dalam penelitian dari Januari 2005 sampai Juni 2011. Sebelumpenutupan 76,7% (33) anak dengan z-score berat badan/umur < -2 SD. Didapatkan perbaikan rerata z-score berat badan/umursebelum dan saat 1, 3, 6, dan 12 bulan setelah penutupan (-2,63 vs -2,41, -2,14, -1,92 and -1,56; p<0,05). Jenis kelamin, umur,z-score berat badan/umur sebelum penutupan, berat lahir, hipertensi pulmonal, gagal jantung, pekerjaan orang tua, pendidikanibu dan penghasilan orang tua tidak berhubungan dengan pertambahan berat badan 3 bulan setelah penutupan.Kesimpulan. Penutupan defek secara transkateter pada anak usia <5 tahun dengan PDA akan memberikan peningkatan z-scoreberat badan berdasarkan umur.
Korelasi Kadar Ion Kalsium Serum dengan Dimensi, Fungsi Sistol dan Diastol Ventrikel Kiri pada Thalassemia Mayor dengan Hemosiderosis
Authors: Furnia Ira , Prasetyo Dwi , Reniarti Lelani
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Kalsium berperan penting dalam kontraksi miokardium. Besi bebas/non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI) padathalassemia mayor (TM) dengan kelebihan besi (hemosiderosis) masuk ke dalam sel jantung menggunakan L-typ e calcium channel(LTCC) sehingga mengganggu transportasi kalsium.Tujuan. Menganalisis korelasi kadar ion kalsium serum dengan dimensi, fungsi sistol, dan diastol ventrikel kiri pada TM yangsudah mengalami hemosiderosis.Metode. Penelitian potong lintang dilaksanakan dari Desember 2014–Januari 2015 melibatkan 67 kasus TMusia 7–14 tahun yangdisertai hemosiderosis. Pemeriksaan kadar ion kalsium serum menggunakan metode ion selective electrode (ISE) dan pemeriksaandimensi serta fungsi jantung menggunakan ekokardiografi 2 dimensi, M-mode, dan Doppler oleh dokter spesialis kardiologi anak.Analisis korelasi dengan uji Spearman dan Pearson.Hasil. Uji korelasi Spearman menunjukkan korelasi negatif yang signifikan antara kadar ion kalsium serum dan left ventricularposterior wall thickness/LVPWd (r=-0,25; p=0,04). Uji korelasi Pearson menunjukkan korelasi negatif yang signifikan antara kadarion kalsium serum dan ejection fraction/EF (r=-0,294; p=0,016) serta fractional shortening/FS (r=-0,252; p=0,039), tetapi tidakdengan fungsi diastol (p>0,05).Kesimpulan. Semakin rendah kadar ion kalsium serum maka semakin tinggi nilai LVWP, EF, dan FS. Kadar ion kalsium serumtidak berkorelasi dengan fungsi diastol.
On the Regularity of Alexandrov Surfaces with
Curvature Bounded Below
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Bertrand Jérôme
Published: November 2016

In this note, we prove that on a surface with Alexandrov’s curvature bounded below, the distance
derives from a Riemannian metric whose components, for any p ∈ [1, 2), locally belong to W1,p out of a
discrete singular set. This result is based on Reshetnyak’s work on the more general class of surfaces with
bounded integral curvature.