bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PAKISTAN AFGHAN RELATION: HISTORY CONFLICTS AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Dr. Muhammad Ali, Malik Safdar
Published: July 2021

Pakistan and Afghanistan, two immediate Muslim neighbors, that not only share a common border but also have many other commonalities such as; linguistic, strong historical, ethnic, cultural, and religious ties. Despite of its geo-strategic location and various common factors, nature of Pak- Afghan ties the nature of PakAfghan relations is characterized by mistrust and suspicions and painful experience for both of them. Since its inception, Pakistan faces a hostile attitude from its western neighbor Afghanistan. Except during the Taliban’s four-year era, all the rulers of Afghanistan showed fluctuating degrees of dissatisfaction towards Pakistan. Conflict over Duran line, Soviet-Afghan war Pakistan support to Taliban, Pakistan role in War on Terror, and growing cross border militancy has stained relation between both countries. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the Pakistan Afghanistan relation in a historical context and highlight those factors which were the main hurdles in the way of a smooth and positive relation.
The Role of SAARC on Regional Economic Development
Authors: Farhana Kosar, Prof. Dr. Syed Wasimuddin
Published: July 2021

In the current situation of globally optimised trade, territorial equilibrium has become inevitable. Coordination of monetary policy requires a combined effort of public and private funds. The necessary elements of this combined cycle are, on the public side, the ministries of finance and trade and the Planning and Development Commission and, on the private side, the stock exchange and accounting specialists. In the area of financial inclusion, the development of creation variables (especially labour and business) from one partner country to another is allowed without administrative control from the government. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is additionally trying to reconcile South Asia in the monetary sphere, but at a slow pace.
Gender Difference Among Employees Working In Diplomatic Missions
Authors: Farkhanda Warsi
Published: July 2021

This study was conducted to examine the gender differences among men and women employees working in Diplomatic Missions. The area of the study was different Diplomatic Missions of different countries and their employees both men and women. The random sampling technique was used to select 24 employees working in diplomatic missions as a sample for the study. Out of 24 employees, 12 were women and 12 were men. Data was collected through questionnaire developed by researcher. The reliability of the questionnaire came out to be .759 for number of employment opportunities and 0.892 for position in office hierarchy. Data collected through questionnaire was analyzed through quantitative means and the data collected was presented in percentage and frequencies and to test the hypothesis paired sample Independent t-test was applied. Findings of this study indicated that gender difference exists between men and women employees working in Diplomatic Missions, the ratio of women employees was less on top position in most of the Diplomatic Missions as compared to men. Moreover, men and women not treated equally in number of employment opportunities. Therefore, it is recommended that authorities of Diplomatic Missions should treated equally of both employees in terms of number of employment opportunities, and top positions in diplomatic missions
Pak-Iran Relations Possibilities And Restrictions
Authors: Samina Farhat , Prof. Dr. Summer Sultana
Published: July 2021

This research paper intend to analyse the Pak-Iran economic and non-economic ties in view of local and international remonstrances stemmed post 1979. This would probe the inward and outward remonstrances to the link, mainly the part of India and US. This would too analyse possibilities accessible to both allies for enhancing their ties in to boost its worth and endurance. Pakistan is a Muslim state that is influenced by the U.S. averting the free growth of its society and throbbing its political sovereignty. At the same time, India is increasing its impact in South Asian security complex through creating bonds with the west surrounding states of Pakistan. The US-Indo tactical bond is also demarcating the equilibrium of strength in India’s benefit; thus, Pakistan is pressurized on east and west and critically risking the exterior security situation of the country. This study analyses Pak-Iran tie in view of this nexus of ties among the asserting and collaborating powers.
Migration and its Impact on Political Scenario:The Case of Karachi
Authors: Mehtab S. Karim , Dr. Huma Baqai
Published: July 2021

The impact of population growth is felt on every wake of life. Themovement of population from one country to another or within a countryhas its own consequences. Goldstone et al (2012) have thus argued, thatthe world’s population is changing in ways that are historicallyunprecedented, having its own political consequences such as, theperformance of the government due to increasing demand for services andthe distribution of political power at intra-state level. Thus, internalmigration, which is from high fertility rural zones to urban centers -indeveloping countries like Pakistan- in search of livelihood andemployment, results in concentration of population in slums and squattersettlements on the one hand and a youth bulge in urban areas, furthercontributing to this phenomenon and unprecedented urbanization. State’sinability to address this demographic change effectively results in strainsresources and poor governance. In turn, it creates xenophobia, wherenative populations blame the new migrants for deteriorating civicamenities; and generates various conflicts of critical nature. Pakistan,since its inception as an independent country, has experienced bothinternational and internal migration that resulted in socio-economiccrisis, political agitation and violent ethnic conflicts. In this backdrop, this paper takes into account the migration patterns in Pakistan since 1947 and focuses on Karachi for it being the most affected city. It theorizes that the conflict matrix of Karachi is fairly indicative of fault lines and argues that these fault lines will turn into gaping holes if timely actions are not taken.
Dying to Serve: Militarism, Affect, and the Politics of Sacrifice in the Pakistan Army
Authors: Sara Ahmad
Published: July 2021

In every country, as an institution the military is responsible for protecting its physical borders and, at their request, helping the civilian government in a time of need. Pakistan’s military is not only a defender of physical borders and ideological frontiers, it also directly or indirectly is involved in politics. It is a robust institution that safeguards the country from external and internal threats and is always ready to make sacrifices for the nation. Many books have been written on the subject of Pakistan's military from different perspectives, but Dr. Maria Rashid’s book entitled “Dying to serve: Militarism, affect, and the politics of sacrifice in the Pakistan army” is a unique contribution that deals with ‘militarism’ and exposes the mechanisms through which it operates in Pakistan. This book has been critically written under diverse and well-arranged themes. Previous studies discuss the high ranking military officers, but omit the martyred soldiers and their poor families coming from socio-economically backward areas. Also highlighted throughout the book is the feminine role of members of the soldiers’ families.
CHINA- PAKISTAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS: A REVIEW OF FIRST TWO DECADES OF 21ST CENTURY
Authors: Syed Muhammad ,Prof. Dr. Sayeda Daud, Prof. Dr. Farooq Aziz
Published: July 2021

China - Pakistan have celebrated more than 6 decades of true friendship. Both countries have cooperated in various fields i.e. economic, political, defence and cultural etc. This research focused on the economic relationship between both states during the first two decades of the 21st century. In this research, it is tried to find out and present the positive and negative points of these relations. Research briefly described the gradual improvement in bilateral relations. The depth of friendship can be determined by the Chinese statement when they declared Pakistan as dear as Israel for the United States. Recently, the most important project CPEC has diverted all the attention of global politics and geopolitics and it is being called the game-changer in the region. This research is qualitative and would base upon interviews, books and articles to reach on a conclusion and bring out a clear picture of the advantages and even disadvantages of various projects advanced by China in Pakistan. The way of bilateral trade has been discussed and suggestions are prepared to make this trade more China - Pakistan have celebrated more than 6 decades of true friendship. Both countries have cooperated in various fields i.e. economic, political, defence and cultural etc. This research focused on the economic relationship between both states during the first two decades of the 21st century. In this research, it is tried to find out and present the positive and negative points of these relations. Research briefly described the gradual improvement in bilateral relations. The depth of friendship can be determined by the Chinese statement when they declared Pakistan as dear as Israel for the United States. Recently, the most important project CPEC has diverted all the attention of global politics and geopolitics and it is being called the game-changer in the region. This research is qualitative and would base upon interviews, books and articles to reach on a conclusion and bring out a clear picture of the advantages and even disadvantages of various projects advanced by China in Pakistan. The way of bilateral trade has been discussed and suggestions are prepared to make this trade more
Social Media Might Bring About Social Revolution in Pakistan
Authors: Masood Ahmed, Dr. Noreen Aleem, Human Nisar Khan
Published: July 2021

This study strives to explain the great potential of revolution in Pakistani Society. We have taken into account the previous historical and modern successful revolution of the world to analyze the root cause of its success that can be associated with the potential of Pakistani people at large. Moreover, literature signifies, “How does a revolution take place?” that enables us to find our objectives. The Qualitative Research Methodology and “Hermeneutic Approach” are adapted to draw out the assumption and to understand the Psyche of Pakistani Society. According to the finding, a revolution in Pakistan might be possible and activated in future, as the present political scenario has ignited the feeling of being subjects of political class of king families. Regardless of many differences in political and religious sentiments, the Pakistani people are cathartic in nature and react emotionally and aggressively on any incidence of human injustice and tyranny. As we have seen in the past at different sentimental issues, like agitation against ten year Ayub Era, agitation against Bhutto regime by National Alliance and in former East Pakistan as Bangladesh Revolution and above all, the successful active role of social media on all such injustices and tyrannical incidences in society. All these phenomena lead to a revolution in future to come in Pakistan.
Phylosophy of constitushional law
Authors: Kazanji Leonid-Luka
Published: July 2021

Constitushional law is a legal system that is a world of extraordinary thoughts it is back bone of the highest legal doctrines.
GENDER EQUALITY IN TUNISIA: CURRENT TRENDS
Authors: Kashina Anna
Published: July 2021

Tunisia has come a long way towards achieving gender equality and remains a prominent example to other Arab countries in this experience. Meanwhile, Tunisia still takes only modest positions in international rankings on various indexes measuring gender gap. This work examines, with the help of a comparative-historical method, the formation of the women's movement in Tunisia and the development of legislation on gender equality. Then, through statistical data the author outlines the extent of women's economic, social, and political participation, and, finally, referring to the "concept of representation" by Hanna F. Pitkin (1967), the author looks at the pre-election programs of political parties that won the 2019 parliamentary elections, in order to assess the perception of the problem of women's emancipation in Tunisian society on the whole. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that, despite progressive legislative framework guaranteeing women's rights, the mass consciousness of Tunisians maintains a set of ideas and norms on gender inequality generated by Islamic tradition and fostering the discrepancy, first in the existing legislation and the objective reality, and secondly, between the rules of family law containing elements of Sharia, and the provisions of the Constitution, as well as the accepted international obligations.
Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory: 75 years of outstanding achievements
Authors: Mickaelian A. M.
Published: July 2021

The Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory (BAO) is one of the most famous observatories of the Soviet Union and may be of the world. It was founded in 1946 by the outstanding scientist Viktor Ambartsumian (1908-1996) and became the leader of studies on instability phenomena in the Universe. Many discoveries have been carried out at BAO related to stars, star clusters and other systems, nebulae, galaxies and systems of galaxies. BAO has two major instruments; 1m Schmidt and 2.6m classical telescopes. Together with V. Ambartsumian, outstanding scientists Beniamin Markarian, Grigor Gurzadyan, Marat Arakelian and others have worked at BAO. Many important international meetings and schools for young astronomers have been held. Many important people, including State authorities, Nobel Prize Winners and others have visited BAO. BAO has statuses of RA National Value, Regional Astronomical Centre, it has UNESCO Documentary Heritage item, its garden is recognized as Dendrarium, and there is RA National Hero Viktor Ambartsumian's house-museum.
On the kinematic interpretation of cosmological redshifts
Authors: Ter-Kazarian G.
Published: July 2021

We describe what is essentially a correct solution to the kinematic interpretation of cosmological redshifts in standard cosmological model. In the framework of "stretching of space" point of view of the spatially homogeneous and isotropic Robertson-Walker space-time of standard cosmological model, we study so-called "lookforward" history of expanding universe, subject to certain rules, in order to overcome the ambiguity of the parallel transport of source four-velocity along the null geodesic to an observer. We interpret the cosmological redshifts as the accumulation of a series of infinitesimal "relative" spectral shifts along the path of light consequent on recession. The crux of our solution is the kinetic recession velocity of comoving astronomical object, which is always subluminal even for large redshifts of order one or more, so that it does not violate the fundamental physical principle of causality. Our analysis establishes a straightforward kinematic relationship of overall cosmological redshift and kinetic recession velocity, which is utterly distinct from a familiar global Doppler shift formula. A difference of global Doppler velocity and kinetic recession velocity, for redshifts 0.9 ≤ z ≤ 800, is ≥ 0.072c, where a maximum value, 0.187c, is reached at redshifts z = 4.5 - 5.1. A general solution is reduced to a global Doppler shift along the null geodesic. We discuss the implications for the case of a zero-density cosmological model of Milne universe, whereas a correspondence to the more usual special relativity notion of relative speed retains. In Table 1, we are summing up kinetic recession velocities of some typical distant astronomical objects with spectroscopic redshift determinations collected from the literature.
Study of danazol active agent
effect on Mcf10a breast cells redox
phosphorylation
Authors: Yeszhan B. G. , Ossikbayeva S. O.
Published: July 2021

Relevance: Fibrocystic mastopathy is one of the
most complex breast pathologies, occurring in about
60% of women. The causes and molecular mechanisms of cyst formation in fibrocystic mastopathy are
not fully understood, and effective treatment methods are not widely implemented. However, there is
evidence of the fibrocystic mastopathy malignization
risk. We studied the molecular effect of the active agent
danazol on the respiratory complex in mitochondria,
which occur in various concentrations and are considered the cell energy center.
A method of permeation with special substances
was developed to improve the cell membrane permeability in the intracellular proteins and nucleic acids
analysis. The scientists aimed to study the Mcf10a cell
line mitochondrial respiratory complex using the permeabilization method.
Purpose: To study the effect of different danazol
concentrations on Mcf10a breast cells redox phosphorylation in women with fibrocystic mastopathy.
Results: Monitoring the redox phosphorylation
process using the respiratory complex substrates
affecting the Msf10A breast cells respiratory chain
showed the danazol 30 μM effect on the respiratory
complex I.
Conclusions: According to oxygraphic records, 10
minutes’ exposure to danazol 30 μM after permeabilization with digitonin increased the Msf10A cells’ oxidative phosphorylation compared with the control. The
respiratory rate decreased by 45% ten minutes after
treatment with digitonin.
Lung cancer mortality due
to delayed treatment:
Literature review
Authors: Abdurakhmanov B. А. , Avizovа Z. К.
Published: July 2021

Relevance: Lung cancer is still leading in the structure
of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. Delay in appropriate treatment increases the probability of death from
this disease.
Purpose: to study foreign scientific publications of recent years on the mortality from lung cancer due to delayed
treatment.
Results: The analysis of global literature for 2010-
2020 shows that any delay in lung cancer treatment after
establishing the diagnoses reduces the survival rates. Recent studies provide a qualitative assessment of the effect
of delay in treatment on cancer mortality for prioritization and modeling. The indications for surgery, systemic
treatment, and radiation therapy in seven types of cancer,
including lung cancer, evidence a significant association
between delay in treatment and increased mortality. The
researchers believe that early diagnostics increase the
treatment efficacy.
Conclusion: Analyzing the barriers to timely treatment
for lung cancer can help clarify and assess the impact of delayed treatment on survival. Policies designed to minimize
delays in treatment can improve survival outcomes.
Difficulties experienced by parents
of children with cancer:
A literature review
Authors: SAGADIYEVA M. M. , ZHUMANBAYEVА Zh. M.
Published: July 2021

Relevance: Children with cancer experience certain difficulties and needs associated with pain, nutrition, weakness, infection,
and hyperthermia. All these needs require satisfaction and support both from medical staff and the children’s families. One of the
most difficult aspects of being parents of a child diagnosed with cancer is to balance normal family life with the sick child’s needs and
treatment requirements. Cancer is a serious disease that creates many stress factors for family members. Families mostly feel that
everything has changed in their lives with the cancer diagnosis and have to make many adjustments, including financial spendings.
Treatments, hospital visits, and hospitalizations suddenly invade their normal family life. A shock after diagnosis, painful therapy, an
associated disruption of family and social development, and a constant uncertainty of relapse affect not only the sick child but also
his/her family members.
The article aimed to describe the needs and difficulties of parents of a child with cancer.
Results: Data analysis revealed four main areas where the parents of children with cancer experience difficulties: 1. changes in
the daily life of families caring for children with cancer, 2. financial challenges, 3. lack of knowledge, 4. pain management, and 5.
psychological health.
Conclusion: Serious disease in a child possesses challenges for his/her parents due to the changes in families’ daily lives. These
parents need additional knowledge of care, psychosocial support, especially when making decisions they have to make, such as terminating cancer treatment, giving consent to refuse resuscitation or life support.
Predicting peritoneal contamination with enterobacteria producing extendedspectrum beta-lactamases and choosing empirical antibacterial therapy for postoperative peritonitis in cancer patients
Authors: Shishlo I. F. , Krasny S. A. , Dolgina Yu. N.
Published: July 2021

Enterobacteriaceae family microorganisms, specifically E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, are the most common activators of postoperative peritonitis in oncology. Many of these microorganisms produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). The deemed resistance of ESBL-producing enterobacteria to all β-lactam antibiotics, except for carbapenems, leads to ineffectiveness of empiric antibiotic therapy. Purpose of the study: To define the risk factors of peritoneal contamination with ESBL-producing enterobacteria for choosing optimal empirical antibacterial therapy on the example of a specific cancer patient with postoperative peritonitis. Results: Independent risk factors of peritoneal contamination with ESBL-producing enterobacteria included “the administration of antibiotics for more than three days” (OR 106, 95% CI 21.0-537, p<0.001), “two or more relaparotomies” (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.32-5.34, p =0.006), and “postoperative preventive antibiotic treatment” (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.04-0.75, p =0.02). The obtained prognostic model allowed predicting the infection with ESBL-producing enterobacteria before establishing the postoperative peritonitis microbial etiology. The model sensitivity was 94.7%, overall predictive accuracy was 73.1. Conclusion: Prolonged administration of antibiotics (3rd-generation cephalosporins and/or fluoroquinolones) after cancer surgery to prevent surgical infections is the main independent risk factor of peritoneal contamination with ESBL- producing enterobacteria.
Clinical and phenotypic variants
of hereditary and sporadic colorectal
cancer in young patients
Authors: Afonin G. A. , Baltayev N. A. , Kaidarova D. R. , Kalmenova P. B.
Published: July 2021

Relevance: In the Republic of Kazakhstan, colorectal
cancer (CRC) ranks third in the structure of oncological pathology. In 2008-2019, the CRC incidence in the Republic
was growing each year. There is an upward trend in CRC
incidence among young people. Cohort studies show that,
in young patients, CRC is characterized by distal localization of the tumor process, “late” stages of the disease, an
aggressive course, and low tumor differentiation. The
known association of phenotypic signs with clinical characteristics of the disease, such as the response to therapy
and survival rates, urges addressing this problem. The phenotypic and molecular genetic aspects of CRC in young
people have not been systematically studied in Kazakhstan.
The purpose of the study was to compare the phenotypic features of hereditary and sporadic colorectal cancer
in young patients and patients over 65 years.
Results: The study involved 185 patients aged 17 to
50 years (Group 1) and 112 patients aged 65 to 85 (Group
2). In Group 1, a locally advanced process (stage III) was
14.8% more often than in Group 2; stage IV was 1.23 times
more common in men; and multiple primary tumors were
3.1% more often, with a prevailing metachronous course.
In Groups 1 & 2, most tumors were localized in the rectum;
84.8% and 78.6% of tumors, respectively, occurred in the
left half of the colon. The frequency of right-sided tumors
increased with age modified by gender (in Group 2). Hereditary burdened anamnesis was detected in 14.6% patients
before 50 (6.57% more than in Group 2); family history of
CRC – in 4.8% patients. The latter is consistent with published data. The studied syndromic variants met the diagnostic criteria for familial adenomatous polyposis, Lynch
syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and familial type X
colorectal cancer.
Conclusion: The increase in CRC incidence at the age
of 50-70 years is explained by the effectiveness of screening. However, the upward trend for the age below 50 needs
a detailed study of etiological (dietary, environmental,
behavioral, hereditary) factors. Effective early diagnostics
requires considering the phenotypic characteristics and
hereditary history associated with a high risk of CRC onset
Genetic predictors of cytokine response in ENT-associated encephalitis
Authors: Kravtsov V. V. , Shnayder N. A. , Neznanov N. G. , Krivopalov A. A. , Yanov Y. K. , Nasyrova R. F. , Shamkina P. A. , Gavrilyuk O. A.
Published: July 2021

(1) Introduction: An imbalance of the genetically determined cytokine response plays a key role in the etiology of ENT-associated encephalitis. In recent years, an attempt has been made to evaluatethe prognostic role of chronic pathology of the paranasal sinuses in the development of acute, subacute and chronic encephalitis and meningitis, which in clinical practice are manifested both as cerebral and focal neurological symptoms and as mental disorders: from borderline to psychotic ones. The problem requires a multidisciplinary approach on the part of the specialists in the following clinical disciplines: neurology (as well as neurobiology), psychiatry, immunology, experimental medicine, otorhinolaryngology, and pharmacogenetics. The solution of this problem is possible with the involvement of preventive and personalized medicine.

(2) The purpose:Evaluation the prognostic role of genetic polymorphisms of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in the development of ENT-associated encephalitis.

(3) Materials and Methods: We conducted a keyword-based analysis of the English and Russian-language articles published within the past 30 years (from 1988 to 2018). The following databases were used in the study: PubMed, MedLine, Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics), Web Science, Russian Science Citation Index, Scopus, Scientific Research, Google Scholar, Oxford Press, and eLibrary.

(4) Results: In a number of the analyzed works, regardless of the causative agent and viral load, an increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokine production was noted in patients with more severe disease progression, neurological complications and unfavorable outcomes, both in viral encephalitis and in bacterial one. Based on this, 30 single nucleotide variants (SNV), their influence on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes, as well as their predictor role in the development of ENT-associated encephalitis were analyzed. Due to the nature of the systemic immune response, the analysis included both cerebral and extracerebral pathology-associated SNV. The inconsistency of the previously obtained results was noted, an attempt to explain this phenomenon was made. The analysis of the dynamics and geography of publications on the stated topic was made, the leading Russian scientific centers in the field were defined. The most promising SNV for further studies were identified.

(5) Conclusion:The risk of developing ENT-associated encephalitis is associated with a genetically determined status of the cytokine response and its regulation. Studies of the association of various SNV of genes encoding pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the Russian Federation need to be continued.
Interpretation of Enterography in Patients with Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Park Seong Ho , Park Sang Hyoung , Ye Byong Duk
Published: July 2021

Computed tomography enterography and magnetic resonance enterography are presently state-of-the-art radiological tests to examine the small bowel in patients with Crohn’s disease. This review provides up-todate practical knowledge, including high-quality exemplary figures, to make the interpretation of enterography examinations more accurate and clinically relevant for improved care of patients with Crohn’s disease, emphasizing the interpretation of magnetic resonance enterography. The interpretative tasks include the diagnosis of the disease (through differential diagnosis from other mimicking conditions); specific assessment of the inflammatory activity, disease extent, and complications; assessment of the overall disease severity; diagnosis of remission; and identification of comorbidities. A good understanding of the clinical context of the patient and efforts to achieve more standardized interpretation is critical for more effective and more precise delivery of information.
Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Histologically Defined Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Seo Nieun , Kim Myeong-Jin , Park Young Nyun , Park Mi-Suk , Choi Jin-Young , Chung Yong Eun
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To describe the imaging features of histologically defined early hepatocellular carcinoma (eHCC) on gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI (EOB-MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).Materials and Methods: We enrolled 173 surgically confirmed eHCCs in 119 patients examined by preoperative EOB-MRI and DWI between January 2006 and September 2017. The imaging features of preoperatively detected eHCCs were retrospectively analyzed by two radiologists. The clinical and imaging characteristics associated with false-negative detection were evaluated.Results: Of the 173 eHCCs, 118 (68%) in 78 patients were prospectively reported on preoperative EOB-MRI. After retrospective review, 17 eHCCs in 13 patients were additionally detected, with a per-lesion detection sensitivity of 78% (135/173). Thus, the imaging features of 135 eHCCs in 91 patients were analyzed. Most eHCCs exhibited hepatobiliary hypointensity (90%, 122/135). Arterial phase hyperenhancement, washout, and capsule appearance were seen in 68 (50%), 79 (59%), and 11 (8%) detected lesions, respectively. Diffusion restriction and fatty change were noted in 30 (22%) and 39 (29%) lesions, respectively; most eHCCs exhibited T1 and T2 isointensity (80 [59%] and 89 [66%], respectively). False-negative detection was associated with small lesion size (< 1 cm), history of HCC treatment (odds ratio, 0.34 [95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.92]), number of HCC lesions (≥ 2; odds ratio, 0.08 [0.01-0.66]), and poor functional liver imaging score (< 4; odds ratio, 0.13 [0.04-0.51]).Conclusions: Histologically defined eHCCs typically appear as hepatobiliary phase hypointensity. Detection sensitivity of eHCC may be affected by lesion size, history of HCC treatment, number of HCCs, and hepatobiliary enhancement.
Lymphoepithelial Cyst of the Pancreas: A Case Report
Authors: Yu Mi Hye
Published: July 2021

Lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas is a rare, non-malignant lesion with a good prognosis. It is filled with keratinized material, lined by squamous epithelium, and surrounded by lymphoid tissue. The imaging appearance of lymphoepithelial cyst varies and sometimes similar to other pancreatic lesions. Therefore, the preoperative imaging diagnosis of the lymphoepithelial cyst is difficult. We present a case of surgically diagnosed lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas focused on MR imaging features.
Dissosiativ identitetsforstyrrelse i utredning av barn og ungdom: Teori og kliniske utfordringer
Authors: Herner Linn Breen , Førde Stein , Helland Ingrid B. , Knudsen-Heier Stine , Diseth Trond H.
Published: July 2021

Background: Clinical practice and recent research indicate that dissociative symptoms and disorders are left unidentified and undiagnosed by health professionals. Based on a clinical case from our work setting, this article describes relevant literature regarding dissociation and dissociative disorders to add to the knowledge of the theoretical and phenomenological features of complex dissociative disorders. Further, we describe differential diagnostic challenges that may arise in clinical practice.

Methods: The authors work in specialized health care and have extensive clinical expertise in complex dissociative symptomatology in children. Both systematic and non-systematic literature searches were performed.

Findings: Recent research shows the Trauma model to be central to understanding dissociative disorders. Symptoms can be mistaken for cognitive difficulties, oppositional issues or other somatic symptoms. Quantitative measures, systematic observations and clinical evaluations are fundamental for identifying dissociative symptoms and disorders.

Implications: There is potential for identifying and evaluating dissociative symptoms at an earlier stage. Interdisciplinary and differential diagnostic evaluations are crucial to provide adequate understanding, assessment, and treatment of these patients.

Keywords: Dissociative identity disorder, dissociation, somnambulism, biopsychosocial framework, clinical practice

Merknad: forfatterne oppgir ingen interessekonflikter.

Fagfellevurdert artikkel.
Fentanyl availability on darknet markets
Authors: Broadhurst Roderic , Ball Matthew
Published: July 2021

A snapshot of the sale of fentanyl and its analogues across several popular darknet markets between 2 January and 27 March 2019 reveals the amount, types and physical forms available. Of the 127,541 unique drug listings identified, 13,135 were opioids (10.3% of all drugs), of which 1,118 (0.876% of all drugs) were fentanyl or its analogues. Between 27.3 and 39.3 kilograms of fentanyl and its derivatives were available over the period. The average price of fentanyl was A$99 per gram, while carfentanil was A$26.8 per gram. The shipping methods, cross-market operations and product specialisation of the 303 active fentanyl vendors on these darknet markets are also described.
Innovation Management to Sustain Competitive Advantage: A Qualitative Multi-Case Study
Authors: Tahat Ghayth
Published: July 2021

The significance of innovative capabilities and new product development (NPD) in marketing and business strategy innovation has been recognised by researchers and management. Researchers and practitioners have explored and evaluated the organisational capabilities and knowledge management, too. This current paper, however, represents inadequacy of connection between organisational capabilities, innovative capabilities, new product development and integrated shared knowledge. Furthermore, there is insufficient knowledge and data on the effect and the involvement of organisational capabilities and integrated shared knowledge to company's success, performance, and sustainability. This paper aimed at determining whether there is a connection between organisational capabilities, innovative capabilities, new product development and integrated shared knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and explore how organisational capabilities and shared knowledge impact and contribute to innovative capabilities, new product development and innovative management. This paper has empolyed a qualitative multiple-site case study through conducting one-on-one (personal) interviews as well as conducting in-depth interviews with key decision makers from innovative and technology companies located in Texas State in the USA. This paper attempts to answer the following key research question, namely: How do organisational capabilities and shared knowledge that influence innovative capability and new product development contribute to the company’s performance, success, and sustainability? NVivo 11 Qualitative Data Analysis Software was used to import and analyse the respondent interviews. The software (NVivo 11) was also used to determine the study findings through theme analysis. The paper key finding is that organisational capabilities and shared knowledge are linked and crucial for the success of innovative capabilities and new product development. A set of recommendations for future researchers is proposed.
Estudio radiológico de cadera mediante percepción táctil dirigido a estudiantes de Fisioterapia con discapacidad visual
Authors: Martín Rubio M. P. , Arribas González L. F.
Published: July 2021

La luxación de cadera constituye la segunda causa de trastorno ortopédico en niños con parálisis cerebral. El mejor tratamiento de la misma es la prevención, donde la fisioterapia, a través de los programas de educación motriz terapéutica juega un papel fundamental, y, para ello, es necesario conocer la evolución del desarrollo de la cadera mediante protocolos de evaluación clínica y radiológica. Dado que la radiografía es una prueba diagnóstica que requiere de capacidad visual para su valoración e interpretación, hemos visto la necesidad de desarrollar una herramienta táctil para que nuestros alumnos adquieran estos conocimientos y sean profesionales altamente cualificados. Este proyecto tiene como objetivo ayudar a los estudiantes de Fisioterapia con discapacidad visual a interpretar mediante el tacto la disposición de los elementos óseos, tal y como aparecen en una radiografía de la cadera normal, y de la patológica en los niños afectados con parálisis cerebral, además de conocer los ángulos y las líneas necesarios para estudiar el estado ortopédico de la cadera. Está formado por tres series de láminas táctiles que representan una cadera normal, una cadera con signos patológicos leves y otra con signos patológicos graves, extraídas de radiografías de casos clínicos reales. Esta propuesta educativa es de igual utilidad para el docente, ya que facilita la transmisión con claridad de la complejidad de los conceptos. Se valoraron los resultados del proyecto mediante una encuesta que fue cumplimentada por los alumnos que habían cursado la asignatura en el año académico anterior. El 100 % de los alumnos manifestó que el nuevo material docente facilitaba la adquisición de los conocimientos.
Los Blindhéroes: ajuste a la discapacidad visual de alumnos de 3 a 10 años a partir de cuentos y muñecos personalizados
Authors: Gómez Paredes M. J. , de Castro Maqueda R.
Published: July 2021

El objetivo de esta experiencia es trabajar la autoestima y el ajuste al déficit visual de alumnos de 3 a 10 años con discapacidad visual, fomentando el aprendizaje de estrategias de afrontamiento. Esto se realiza a través de los personajes que se han elaborado y en los que creemos que se ven reflejados los niños. Nuestro alumnado presenta una dificultad añadida debido a su diversidad funcional visual. Creemos que podemos ayudarles a aceptarse como son, mejorando así sus relaciones sociales, valorando de forma adecuada sus capacidades, disfrutando de la mayor autonomía que su diversidad funcional les permita y consiguiendo todo aquello que se propongan. Elaborar un personaje y un cuento con sus propias características, adornadas con superpoderes (porque todos somos superhéroes), puede servir de base para comenzar el trabajo de aceptación de sus diferentes capacidades.
Un club de lectura multisensorial: un proyecto para fomentar la lectura en personas con discapacidad visual
Authors: Gil Calmuntia M. Á. , Vallès Altés M.
Published: July 2021

Esta experiencia se enmarca en las instalaciones de la Biblioteca de la ONCE de la Delegación Territorial de Cataluña y se ha desarrollado a lo largo de un año con el propósito de hacer más atractiva la lectura a personas con discapacidad visual e incluir elementos, fácilmente identificables con otros sentidos, que tenían que ver con el contexto de las obras propuestas. El objetivo era crear un club de lectura diferente a los habituales y conseguir una mayor inmersión en la lectura utilizando material sonoro, táctil y olfativo adecuado a cada caso. Además, se potenció la interacción entre los participantes, que, en varias ocasiones, colaboraron en la propia organización de la sesión. Los resultados fueron muy satisfactorios y con un alto índice de aceptación y participación por parte de los usuarios, quienes podían elegir cualquiera de los soportes disponibles para realizar la lectura. Sesión a sesión se fue incrementando el interés por esta actividad entre los usuarios, resultando, a día de hoy, la actividad estrella de la biblioteca.
La comprensión de gráficos CTIM por parte de estudiantes con discapacidad visual mediante la utilización de un dispositivo de tableta electrónica multisensorial
Authors: Hahn M. E. , Mueller C. M. , Gorlewicz J. L.
Published: July 2021

Introducción: este trabajo examina la efectividad de los dispositivos electrónicos de tableta multimodales con pantalla táctil para transmitir gráficos de ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas (CTIM) a través de vibraciones y sonidos a personas con discapacidad visual (es decir, con ceguera o con baja visión), y establece una comparación con gráficos en relieve similares presentados en un formato impreso. Método: se obtuvo la participación en el estudio de una muestra de 22 voluntarios con discapacidad visual seleccionados en un campamento de verano y en escuelas locales para estudiantes ciegos. En primer lugar, se enseñó a los participantes, en un breve periodo (~30 minutos), a explorar gráficos mediante una tableta con pantalla táctil multimodal. A continuación, los participantes examinaron seis tipos de gráficos en relieve (línea numérica, tabla, gráfico circular, gráfico de barras, gráfico de coordenadas y plano) presentados en una tableta y en papel impreso. Tras la exploración, los participantes respondieron a tres preguntas por cada tipo de gráfico relativas a su contenido. Resultados: la precisión de los participantes solo se mostró un 6 % más alta al responder a preguntas relativas a un gráfico impreso en relieve frente al mismo gráfico mostrado en una tableta. Una prueba t para muestras emparejadas mostró que esta diferencia no era significativa: t(14) = 1,91, p = 0,07. Los análisis de seguimiento no revelaron interacciones entre el medio de presentación y el tipo de gráfico: F(5, 50) = 0,43, p = 0,83, o la capacidad visual, F(1, 13) = 0,00, p = 0,96. Análisis: los resultados demuestran que las tabletas táctiles multimodales son comparables a los gráficos impresos en relieve a la hora de transmitir contenidos iconográficos de carácter científico y matemático a personas con discapacidades visuales, independientemente de la gravedad de las mismas. La relativa equivalencia en la precisión de la respuesta utilizando los distintos medios (tableta o papel) resultó inesperada, ya que la mayoría de los alumnos participantes eran lectores de braille y tenían experiencia en el manejo de gráficos en relieve, mientras que entraron en contacto con la tableta por primera vez en el mismo día en el que se efectuó la prueba. Implicaciones para los profesionales: el presente trabajo muestra que las tabletas multimodales con pantalla táctil pueden ser una opción eficaz de la que pueden hacer uso en el curso de su actividad docente los profesores de educación general o aquellos profesores que tengan alumnos con discapacidad visual. En la actualidad, la creación de gráficos accesibles exige mucho tiempo y una preparación notable, pero estas tabletas aportan soluciones que permiten ofrecer visualizaciones de gráficos en tiempo real para su presentación en clase.
Ownership Changes Through the Eyes of Workers on Large Farms
Authors: Kluba Jolanta , Szczepańska Barbara
Published: July 2021

The paper offers an assessment of ownership changes on a large farm from the point of view of the employees. Such farms, some of them operating as companies, are important workplaces for the rural population today. The paper presents the results of a qualitative research (ten free-form interviews) involving people who managed such a farm located in this case in the village of Pągów (Opolskie province, Namysłów county), as well as the farm’s employees. The aim of the study was: 1) to reconstruct the employees’ work biographies, 2) to evaluate the extent to which they were active participants of the changes or objects of those changes when ownership transformations were carried out without their knowledge, despite affecting them directly, 3) to determine what impact the ownership changes had on the employees’ work situation and how they were treated by the owners and managerial staff.
Changes in Farmers’ Modes of Work in Podlasie
Authors: Krzyworzeka Amanda
Published: July 2021

Over a long time, a unique peasant mode of work developed in rural areas, which has been described in substantial detail by scholars including ethnographers, historians and rural sociologists. It was largely based on concentrating on the process and not the result, affirming work as such, cooperation with family members and neighbours, and work being embedded in a social context. This model underwent substantial change already under communism, but recent decades have accelerated the process. In the face of the structural transformation of rural areas, but also wider changes related to the sphere of work in late modernity, values once fundamental to peasants no longer play such an important role in the lives of present-day farmers. They have been replaced with other attitudes; different skills have become necessary, different attitudes have become valuable. The reasons for this include the fact that farmers realise that their children will probably seek their life’s path outside agriculture, and therefore they bring them up differently. The paper discusses not only new modes of work in agriculture and the system of values behind them, but also the sources from which farmers draw such new models.
Between Passion and Rejection – Attitudes to Farming among Young University Graduates in Rural Areas of Poland
Authors: Matysiak Ilona
Published: July 2021

The aim of the article is to analyse the significance of farming and agriculture in the lives of young rural university graduates in Poland. Their educational and professional choices are discussed. How many of them graduated from agricultural higher education institutions and agricultural disciplines? Do such decisions translate into taking up farming after having completed the studies? What are the reasons that young people with higher education living in rural areas may be or may not be interested in farming? Another objective is to identify the main factors potentially “pulling” them towards agriculture and those “pushing” them out of this sector. The article is based on 92 in-depth interviews with university graduates aged 25–34 and 27 in-depth interviews with competent local informants conducted in ten purposely selected rural municipalities across Poland. The results show that farming and agriculture are more present in young university graduates than their educational and professional choices suggest. However, the interviews reflect the dominance of the modernisation paradigm shaping the perceptions of farmers and agriculture in Poland.