bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persisting in a glaciated landscape: Pleistocene microrefugia evidenced by the tree wētā Hemideina maori in central South Island, New Zealand
Authors: King Keith J. , Lewis Debbie M. , Waters Jonathan M. , Wallis Graham P.
Published: September 2020

Aim

Repeated cycles of Pleistocene glaciation have influenced phylogeographic structure of taxa on New Zealand's South Island. Many taxa became restricted to refugia at either end of the island during glaciation, resulting in an area of low endemicity in central South Island. This area of low endemism is typified by the so‐called beech (or biotic) gap, where the absence of Nothofagus forest (and many other plant and invertebrate taxa) has been attributed to repeated glaciation. Some taxa, however, appear to have persisted in situ in localized refugia within the biotic gap. We test these alternative hypotheses in a large flightless alpine wētā (grasshopper).

Location

Southern Alps, South Island, New Zealand.

Taxon

Hemideina maori Pictet & Saussure, 1891 (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae).

Methods

We used phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) and 25 nuclear DNA (nuDNA) markers to test for Pleistocene glacial microrefugia within the current montane South Island range of Hemideina maori.

Results

We identified eight deeply differentiated mtDNA lineages with limited sharing of haplotypes among populations. Genetic differentiation assessed using nuDNA revealed a similar pattern, with three groups broadly corresponding to the deepest mtDNA splits. The central South Island region exhibits substantial endemic mtDNA diversity and a distinctive nuclear lineage.

Main conclusions

These results indicate that H. maori likely persisted in microrefugia within the biotic gap during glaciation. These deep lineages are estimated to have started diverging prior to the initiation of glaciation, up to 3 Ma. These results add to a growing number of Southern Hemisphere examples of deep phylogeographic differentiation in glaciated alpine regions compared to Europe and North America, probably reflecting less intense glaciation. We suggest that other Southern Alps species showing northern and southern clades alone are more montane than alpine, and were reliant on warmer habitat to the north and south during glacial eras. Thus, there are species‐specific responses to climatic processes, influenced by distinctive habitat requirements and physiological traits.
miR‐30b Promotes spinal cord sensory function recovery via the Sema3A/NRP‐1/PlexinA1/RhoA/ROCK Pathway
Authors: Wang Xin , Li Bo , Wang Zhijie , Wang Fengyan , Liang Jing , Chen Chuanjie , Zhao Lei , Zhou Bo , Guo Xiaoling , Ren Liqun , Yuan Xin , Chen Xueming , Wang Tianyi
Published: September 2020

Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces both motor and sensory dysfunctions. We wondered whether miR‐30b could promote primary sensory neuron (PSN) axon growth in inhibitory microenvironment. The neurite growth was promoted by miR‐30b agomir and inhibited by antagomir. MiR‐30b targeted and degraded sema3A mRNA. MiR‐30b regulated the formation of sema3A‐NRP‐1‐PlexinA1 complex via targeting sema3A. The neurite length was induced by the miR‐30b agomir, and the application of sema3A protein could reverse the effect of agomir. GTP‐RhoA and ROCK expression were down‐regulated by miR‐30b. Neurite outgrowth that inhibited by sema3A and the miR‐30b antagomir was increased by Y‐27632. Agomir promoted neurite growth in NogoA inhibitory conditions, which indicated miR‐30b could both enhance neuronal intrinsic regenerative ability and promote neurite growth against inhibitory microenvironment via Sema3A/NRP‐1/PlexinA1/RhoA/ROCK axis. The agomir could also regulate Sema3A/NRP‐1/PlexinA1/RhoA/ROCK axis in vivo and restore spinal cord sensory conductive function. In conclusion, miR‐30b could be a novel target for sensation recovery after SCI.
KIT ligand produced by limbal niche cells under control of SOX10 maintains limbal epithelial stem cell survival by activating the KIT/AKT signalling pathway
Authors: Su Zhongyuan , Wang Jing , Lai Qinghua , Zhao Huanyu , Hou Ling
Published: September 2020

Homeostasis and function of limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) rely on the limbal niche, which, if dysfunctional, leads to limbal epithelial stem cell deficiency (LSCD) and impaired vision. Hence, recovery of niche function is a principal therapeutic goal in LSCD, but the molecular mechanisms of limbal niche homeostasis are still largely unknown. Here, we report that the neural crest transcription factor SOX10, which is expressed in neural crest‐derived limbal niche cells (LNCs), is required for LNCs to promote survival of LESCs both in vivo and in vitro. In fact, using mice with a Sox10 mutation and in vitro coculture experiments, we show that SOX10 in LNCs stimulates the production of KIT ligand (KITL), which in turn activates in LESCs the KIT‐AKT signalling pathway that protects the cells against activated CASPASE 3‐associated cell death. These results suggest that SOX10 and the KITL/KIT‐AKT pathway play key roles in limbal niche homeostasis and LESC survival. These findings provide molecular insights into limbal niche function and may point to rational approaches for therapeutic interventions in LSCD.
Diagnostic potential of circulating cell‐free microRNAs for community‐acquired pneumonia and pneumonia‐related sepsis
Authors: Hermann Stefanie , Brandes Florian , Kirchner Benedikt , Buschmann Dominik , Borrmann Melanie , Klein Matthias , Kotschote Stefan , Bonin Michael , Reithmair Marlene , Kaufmann Ines , Schelling Gustav , Pfaffl Michael W.
Published: September 2020

Cell‐free microRNAs (miRNAs) are transferred in disease state including inflammatory lung diseases and are often packed into extracellular vesicles (EVs). To assess their suitability as biomarkers for community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) and severe secondary complications such as sepsis, we studied patients with CAP (n = 30), sepsis (n = 65) and healthy volunteers (n = 47) subdivided into a training (n = 67) and a validation (n = 75) cohort. After precipitating crude EVs from sera, associated small RNA was profiled by next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and evaluated in multivariate analyses. A subset of the thereby identified biomarker candidates was validated both technically and additionally by reverse transcription quantitative real‐time PCR (RT‐qPCR). Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis revealed 29 differentially expressed miRNAs in CAP patients when compared to volunteers, and 25 miRNAs in patients with CAP, compared to those with sepsis. Sparse partial‐least discriminant analysis separated groups based on 12 miRNAs. Three miRNAs proved as a significant biomarker signature. While expression levels of miR‐1246 showed significant changes with an increase in overall disease severity from volunteers to CAP and to sepsis, miR‐193a‐5p and miR‐542‐3p differentiated patients with an infectious disease (CAP or sepsis) from volunteers. Cell‐free miRNAs are potentially novel biomarkers for CAP and may help to identify patients at risk for progress to sepsis, facilitating early intervention and treatment.
Bedtime social media use, sleep, and affective wellbeing in young adults: an experience sampling study
Authors: Das‐Friebel Ahuti , Lenneis Anita , Realo Anu , Sanborn Adam , Tang Nicole K. Y. , Wolke Dieter , von Mühlenen Adrian , Lemola Sakari
Published: September 2020

Background

Findings from primarily cross‐sectional studies have linked more extensive social media use to poorer sleep and affective wellbeing among adolescents and young adults. This study examined bedtime social media use, sleep, and affective wellbeing, using an experience sampling methodology with the aim of establishing a day‐to‐day temporal link between the variables. The study hypothesized a positive association between increased bedtime social media use and lower affective wellbeing the following day, mediated by poorer sleep.

Methods

Using a smartphone application, 101 undergraduate students (Mage = 19.70 years, SD = 1.09 years), completed daily questionnaires assessing the previous night’s bedtime social media use and sleep duration and satisfaction (one measurement per day, questionnaire sent at 08:00), and momentary affective wellbeing (five measurements per day, at randomly varying times between 08:00 and 22:00 on weekdays and 10:00 and 22:00 on weekends), for 14 consecutive days. Objective assessments of total sleep time and sleep efficiency were obtained via wrist‐worn actigraphs. By means of separate multilevel models, it was tested whether increased bedtime social media use predicted poorer sleep the same night, whether poorer sleep was predictive of positive and negative affect the following day, and whether sleep mediated the relationship between social media use and affective wellbeing.

Results

Increased bedtime social media use was not associated with poorer sleep the same night. Apart from subjective sleep satisfaction, no other sleep variable (i.e., subjective sleep duration, objective total sleep time and objective sleep efficiency) predicted positive or negative affect the following day.

Conclusions

This study found that bedtime social media use is not detrimental to the sleep and affective wellbeing of healthy young adults. However, it is possible that bedtime social media use may be harmful to the sleep of vulnerable individuals.
Creeping attachment: A literature review
Authors: Wan Wenjuan , Zhong Heli , Wang Jiawei
Published: September 2020

Objective

Mucogingival surgery has been widely applied in clinics. An interesting phenomenon after mucogingival surgery is the coronal migration of gingival margin, which is described as “creeping attachment.” The goal of this review is to summarize the characteristics, significance, mechanism, and manifestation of the creeping attachment after mucogingival surgery and to describe the factors associated with its occurrence.

Overview

A total of 82 relevant articles were included in the literature review. The characteristics and significance of the creeping attachment after mucogingival surgery were analyzed. The mechanism of the creeping attachment was explored. Different manifestations of and factors associated with creeping attachment were summarized.

Conclusions

Creeping attachment may occur to obtain additional root coverage after the healing of various mucogingival surgeries. However, this coverage is not always complete nor entirely predictable.

Clinical Significance

Creeping attachment plays an important role in the prognosis of mucogingival surgeries. This review will help clinicians get a thorough recognition and understanding of this phenomenon.
Re‐evaluation of reproductive cycle and fecundity of finetooth sharks Carcharhinus isodon (Valenciennes 1839) from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, with new observations on ovarian cycle and reproductive endocrinology of biennially reproducing sharks
Authors: Brown Amanda N. , Frazier Bryan S. , Gelsleichter Jim
Published: September 2020

To provide updated information on life history for improved fishery management, the reproductive cycle of the finetooth shark Carcharhinus isodon from Northwest Atlantic (NWA) populations was investigated by examining temporal changes in morphology and histology of reproductive organs. Changes in plasma concentrations of gonadal sex hormones in relation to reproductive stage were also examined. Increases in testis width, epididymis head width, plasma testosterone concentrations and occurrence of mature spermatozoa were observed in male sharks between December and April, suggesting a seasonal pattern in reproduction that culminates with copulatory activity in May. Increases in maximum follicular diameter, oviducal gland width, plasma 17β‐estradiol concentrations and occurrence of vitellogenic follicles were observed in non‐pregnant female sharks during the same time period along with the occurrence of newly pregnant females in May, demonstrating strong synchronicity between male and female reproductive cycles. Pregnant females bearing full‐term embryos were also observed in May, indicating that parturition occurs between mid‐May and early June and gestation requires 12 months. Only transient temporal changes in follicle size and oviducal gland width were observed in pregnant females, indicating that reproductive periodicity is biennial; nonetheless, a single female exhibiting signs of concurrent vitellogenesis and pregnancy was observed. Mean brood size ± S.D. was 3.9 ± 0.9 offspring/female. Fecundity was not significantly correlated with female size, in part due to an unexpectedly high rate of early embryo mortality, which occurred in 11% of pregnant females, and was more common in larger individuals. Changes in ovarian activity during mid‐pregnancy were observed, suggesting possible roles for the ovary in regulating some aspects of early to mid‐gestation. This study confirms that earlier characterizations of the reproductive cycle and fecundity in NWA finetooth sharks remain valid for use in fishery management. This study also highlights unusual features of finetooth shark pregnancy (e.g., early embryo death, mid‐pregnancy changes in ovarian function) that may have broader relevance to understanding elasmobranch reproduction.
Metabolic syndrome and its components in people with intellectual disability: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Vancampfort D. , Schuch F. , Van Damme T. , Firth J. , Suetani S. , Stubbs B. , Van Biesen D.
Published: September 2020

Background

People with intellectual disability have an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and associated premature mortality. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components are highly predictive of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to describe the pooled prevalence of MetS and its components in people with intellectual disability taking into account variations in demographic, clinical and treatment‐related variables.

Methods

Pubmed, Embase and CINAHL were searched until 5 August 2020 for studies reporting cross‐sectional data on prevalences of MetS and its components in people with intellectual disability. Two independent reviewers extracted data. Random effects meta‐analyses with subgroup and meta‐regression analyses were employed.

Results

The pooled MetS prevalence after adjusting for publication bias was 22.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 16.8%–29.6%; N studies = 10; n participants = 2443, median age at study level = 38.5 years; 52% male]. Abdominal obesity was observed in 52.0% (95% CI = 42.0%–61.9%; I2 = 86.5; N = 5; n = 844), hypertension in 36.7% (95% CI = 26.1%–48.7%; N = 6; n = 926), hypertriglyceridaemia in 23.5% (95% CI = 18.8%–28.9%; N = 5; n = 845), low high‐density‐lipoprotein‐cholesterol in 23.4% (95% CI = 19.3%–28.0%; N = 6; n = 917), and hyperglycaemia in 10.2% (95% CI = 7.6%–13.3%; N = 5; n = 845). Meta‐regression revealed that a higher MetS frequency was moderated by older age (coefficient = 0.03; standard error = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.008 to 0.055; N = 19; n = 2443) and a higher proportion of people on antidepressants in the study (coefficient = 7.24; standard error = 0.90, 95% CI = 5.48–9.00; N = 4; n = 546). There were insufficient data comparing MetS in people with intellectual disability with age‐matched and gender‐matched controls.

Conclusions

Considering that more than one fifth of people with intellectual disability have MetS, routine screening and multidisciplinary management of metabolic abnormalities in people with intellectual disability is needed. Attention should be given to older people and those on antidepressants.
A systematic review of behaviour analytic interventions for young children with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Ho H. , Perry A. , Koudys J.
Published: September 2020

Background

According to several comprehensive systematic and narrative reviews, interventions based on applied behaviour analysis principles, or behaviour analytic interventions, are considered evidence based for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, no comprehensive review of the literature related to behaviour analytic interventions for children with intellectual disability (ID) currently exists.

Methods

Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines (registration ID: CRD42018099317), the purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the relevant published literature on the use of behaviour analytic interventions to develop skills in young children (0–8 years) with ID (and without ASD). A preliminary search of the literature identified 1209 potential studies published between January 2000 and April 2020. The review process resulted in 48 articles consisting of 49 studies (i.e. one paper contained two studies) that met the inclusion criteria. Most used single‐case research designs. Studies were evaluated on five dimensions of methodological quality based on the Scientific Merit Rating Scale developed by the National Autism Center (NAC). The NAC definitions were also used for the quantity and quality of research evidence required for interventions to be considered established or emerging.

Results

There were a number of limitations to the quality of the body of research. Nevertheless, various behaviour analytic interventions met criteria for being established interventions when used for targeting communication, adaptive and pre‐academic skills in young children with ID. Behaviour analytic interventions targeting academic skills met criteria for emerging interventions.

Conclusions

Although the current literature is limited, results indicate that behaviour analytic interventions may be effectively used to support skill development in children with ID.
Development and Initial Psychometric Testing of the Midwifery Practice Climate Scale
Authors: Thumm E. Brie , Meek Paula
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Perinatal care in the United States is plagued with a high maternal mortality rate and shortages of perinatal care providers. A supportive practice climate is a theoretically based and empirically demonstrated means of improving the quality of care and stabilizing the workforce; however, there has been limited research into the qualities and measurement of a supportive practice climate for midwives.

Methods

We developed a self‐report instrument, the Midwifery Practice Climate Scale, to measure midwives’ perceptions of the supportiveness of their work environments. We tested content and face validity with 2 samples of content experts (n = 6 and n = 14, respectively).

Results

Thirty‐four items were created or adapted from nursing instruments. Two items that included language about physicians were removed based upon relevance and redundancy as a result of content and face validity testing.

Discussion

The findings indicate that the Midwifery Practice Climate Scale is relevant to midwifery and addresses the intended concept of a supportive practice climate for midwives. Challenges of creating the scale identified were language regarding leadership and the varying relationships with physicians across diverse settings. The next stages in testing the Midwifery Practice Climate Scale will address these challenges, as well as test the reliability and construct validity.
Acute effects of prolactin on hypothalamic prolactin receptor expressing neurones in the mouse
Authors: Georgescu Teodora , Ladyman Sharon R. , Brown Rosemary S. E. , Grattan David R.
Published: September 2020

In addition to its critical role in lactation, the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin also influences a broad range of other physiological processes. In particular, widespread expression of prolactin receptor (Prlr) in the brain has highlighted pleiotropic roles for prolactin in regulating neuronal function, including maternal behaviour, reproduction and energy balance. Research into the central actions of prolactin has predominately focused on effects on gene transcription via the canonical JAK2/STAT5; however, it is evident that prolactin can exert rapid actions to stimulate activity in specific populations of neurones. We aimed to investigate how widespread these rapid actions of prolactin are in regions of the brain with large populations of prolactin‐sensitive neurones, and whether physiological state alters these responses. Using transgenic mice where the Cre‐dependent calcium indicator, GCaMP6f, was conditionally expressed in cells expressing the long form of the Prlr, we monitored changes in levels of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in ex vivo brain slice preparations as a surrogate marker of cellular activity. Here, we surveyed hypothalamic regions implicated in the diverse physiological functions of prolactin such as the arcuate (ARC) and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (PVN), as well as the medial preoptic area (MPOA). We observed that, in the ARC of males and in both virgin and lactating females, prolactin can exert rapid actions to stimulate neuronal activity in the majority of Prlr‐expressing neurones. In the PVN and MPOA, we found a smaller subset of cells that rapidly respond to prolactin. In these brain regions, the effects we detected ranged from rapid or sustained increases in [Ca2+]ito inhibitory effects, indicating a heterogeneous nature of these Prlr‐expressing populations. These results enhance our understanding of mechanisms by which prolactin acts on hypothalamic neurones and provide insights into how prolactin might influence neuronal circuits in the mouse brain.
Homology and osteological correlates of pedal muscles among extant sauropsids
Authors: Hattori Soki , Tsuihiji Takanobu
Published: September 2020

Archosaurs displayed an evolutionary trend toward increasing bipedalism in their evolutionary history, that is, forelimbs tend to be reduced in contrast to the development of hindlimbs becoming major weight‐bearing and locomotor appendages. The archosaurian locomotion has been extensively discussed based on their limb morphology because the latter reflects their locomotor modes very well. However, despite some attempts of reconstructing the hindlimb musculature in Archosauria, that of the most distal portion, the pes, has often been neglected. In order to rectify this trend, detailed homologies of pedal muscles among sauropsids were established based on dissections and literature reviews of adult conditions. As a result, homologies of some pedal muscles between non‐avian sauropsids and avians were revised, challenging classical hypotheses. The present new hypothesis postulates that the avian m. tibialis cranialis and non‐avian m. extensor digitorum longus, as well as the avian m. extensor digitorum longus and non‐avian m. tibialis anterior, are homologous with each other, respectively. This is more plausible because it requires no drastical change in the attachment sites between the avian and non‐avian homologues unlike the classical hypothesis. Many interosseous muscles in non‐archosaurian sauropsids that have long been regarded as a part of short digital extensors or flexors are also divided into multiple distinct muscles so that they can be homologized with short pedal muscles among all sauropsids. In addition, osteological correlates of attachments are identified for most of the pedal muscles, contributing to future attempts of reconstruction of this muscle system in fossil archosaurs.
Development of the skin in the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) with focus on cutaneous gas exchange in the early postnatal period
Authors: Ferner Kirsten
Published: September 2020

A morphological and morphometric study of the skin development in the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) was conducted to follow the transition from cutaneous to pulmonary gas exchange in this extremely immature marsupial species. Additionally, the development of the cardiac and respiratory system was followed, to evaluate the systemic prerequisites allowing for cutaneous respiration. The skin in the newborn D. viverrinus was very thin (36 ± 3 µm) and undifferentiated (no hair follicles, no sebaceous and perspiratory glands). Numerous superficial cutaneous capillaries were encountered, closely associated with the epidermis, allowing for gaseous exchange. The capillary volume density was highest in the neonate (0.33 ± 0.04) and decreased markedly during the first 4 days (0.06 ± 0.01). In the same time period, the skin diffusion barrier increased from 9 ± 1 µm to 44 ± 6 µm. From this age on the skin development was characterized by thickening of the different cutaneous layers, formation of hair follicles (day 55) and the occurrence of subcutaneous fat (day 19). The heart of the neonate D. viverrinus had incomplete interatrial, inter‐ventricular, and aortico‐pulmonary septa, allowing for the possibility that oxygenated blood from the skin mixes with that of the systemic circulation. The fast‐structural changes in the systemic circulations (closing all shunts) in the early postnatal period (3 days) necessitate the transition from cutaneous to pulmonary respiration despite the immaturity of the lungs. At this time, the lung was still at the canalicular stage of lung development, but had to be mature enough to meet the respiratory needs of the growing organism. The morphometric results for the skin development of D. viverrinus suggest that cutaneous respiration is most pronounced in neonates and decreases rapidly during the first 3 days of postnatal life. After this time a functional transition of the skin from cutaneous respiration to insulation and protection of the body takes place.
CROSS‐SECTIONAL DEPENDENCE AND SPILLOVERS IN SPACE AND TIME: WHERE SPATIAL ECONOMETRICS AND GLOBAL VAR MODELS MEET
Authors: Elhorst J. Paul , Gross Marco , Tereanu Eugen
Published: September 2020

To enhance the measurement of economic and financial spillovers, we bring together the spatial and global vector autoregressive (GVAR) classes of econometric models by providing a detailed methodological review where they meet in terms of structure, interpretation, and estimation. We discuss the structure of connectivity (weight) matrices used by these models and its implications for estimation. To anchor our work within the dynamic literature on spillovers, we define a general yet measurable concept of spillovers. We formalize it analytically through the indirect effects used in the spatial literature and impulse responses used in the GVAR literature. Finally, we propose a practical step‐by‐step approach for applied researchers who need to account for the existence and strength of cross‐sectional dependence in the data. This approach aims to support the selection of the appropriate modeling and estimation method and of choices that represent empirical spillovers in a clear and interpretable form.
Successful management of a submucosal fibroid using a hysteroscopic morcellator system in a patient with a history of total proctocolectomy: A case report
Authors: Ota Kuniaki , Takahashi Toshifumi , Kamo Norihito , Endo Yuta , Furukawa Shigenori , Soeda Shu
Published: September 2020

Transcervical resection is widely used in the management of submucosal fibroids. However, uterine perforation and thermal bowel injuries are known complications associated with the procedure. This is a case report of a 44‐year‐old woman who presented with heavy menstrual bleeding and anemia. Magnetic resonance imaging and hysteroscopy revealed multiple fibroids, including a submucosal type 1 fibroid. She had previously undergone a total proctocolectomy with intestinal pouch‐anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Because there was a high risk of permanent colostomy in the event of a bowel injury, an electrode‐free, operative hysteroscopy using the Intrauterine Bigatti Shaver (IBS), a hysteroscopic morcellator system, was employed to prevent thermal bowel injury. The fibroid was completely removed using the IBS system with no complications. Therefore, we recommend the electrode‐free use of a hysteroscopic morcellator system in patients with a history of extensive pelvic surgery.
Outcome of vaginal stripping for vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: A 20‐year observational study
Authors: Chai Yu K. , Cheung Sze Y. C. , Chan Karen K. L.
Published: September 2020

Aim

High‐grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) is considered to be a premalignant lesion. We conducted a 20‐year retrospective observational single‐center study on the effectiveness of vaginal stripping (local excision procedure) as a treatment for high‐grade VAIN.

Methods

Women diagnosed with VAIN and treated with vaginal stripping performed from 1998 to 2017 at our unit were identified using the hospital computer database. Vaginal stripping was performed for high‐grade VAIN after being diagnosed by colposcopy‐directed biopsies.

The patients were followed every 3–6 months afterward via cytology monitoring and vaginal smear. Colposcopy‐guided biopsy was repeated for high‐grade abnormal cytology or persistent low‐grade abnormality. The residual disease and recurrence rates were determined. Risk factors for margin positivity and residual and recurrent disease were identified. The association between margin positivity and recurrence was evaluated.

Results

Excluding three women whose final histology were malignant, the follow‐up smears and histology (if any) were traced in the remaining 111 women. The median follow‐up time was 76 months. Twenty‐one of them had persistent abnormal smears (14 high‐grade lesions and seven low‐grade lesions) during the year following the vaginal stripping. The residual disease rate was 18.9% (21/111). The recurrence rate was 7.2%. There were five women (4%) with procedure‐related complications. History of hysterectomy was identified as a risk factor for recurrence.

Conclusions

Vaginal stripping is a valid treatment option for VAIN. High‐grade VAIN post treatment recurred up to 5 years post treatment. Regular long‐term surveillance is needed.
Emoji in open‐ended questions: A novel use in product research with consumers
Authors: Vidal Leticia , Ares Gastón , Le Blond Marie , Jin David , Jaeger Sara R.
Published: September 2020

The aim of this work was to explore the inclusion of emoji in open‐ended descriptions in food‐related consumer research. A total of 119 consumers evaluated six samples of chocolates of different flavors using an open‐ended question with the option of including emoji if desired. A list of 39 emoji were available to include in the responses. The great majority of the participants used emoji to describe at least one of the chocolate samples. Although up to 12 emoji were used in product descriptions, the great majority of responses included one or two emoji. Emoji were mainly used to emphasize information that was also expressed in the text, but in 20% of the responses that included emoji at least part of the meaning was conveyed exclusively by emoji. Furthermore, emoji were used to convey a wide range of meanings, from hedonic reactions to the product to emotional and conceptual associations.

Practical Applications

This research presents a new methodological variant of open‐ended questions, in which participants are given the option to include emoji in their product descriptions. Results showed that consumers indeed use emoji in their responses to convey a wide range of meanings, which suggests that this alternative is probably regarded as “natural” and could enhance consumer engagement during product evaluation. Hence, the use of emoji in open‐ended questions seems to be a good methodological alternative.
Global Diversity and Geographic Distributions ofPadinaSpecies (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae): New Insights Based on Molecular and Morphological Analyses
Authors: Ni‐Ni‐Win  , Hanyuda Takeaki , Kato Aki , Shimabukuro Hiromori , Uchimura Masayuki , Kawai Hiroshi , Tokeshi Mutsunori
Published: September 2020

The taxonomic status and species diversity of the brown algal genusPadina(Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) was assessed based on DNA sequences and the morpho‐anatomy of specimens collected worldwide, especially from tropical and subtropical western Pacific regions. Phylogenetic analyses using chloroplastrbcL and mitochondrialcox3 gene sequences demonstrated four distinct clades for newly collected samples with high bootstrap support. Each species clade possesses a suite of morphological features that are not shared by any known species ofPadina. These areP. imbricatasp. nov.,Padina luteasp. nov.,P. moffittianoidessp. nov., andP. nitidasp. nov. The occurrence of these and other species ofPadinaclearly points to an elevated diversity of the genus in tropical/subtropical waters of the western Pacific. Phylogenetic analyses provided new insights into biogeographic characteristics of the genus, with many species in the Pacific Ocean showing shared/overlapping distributions, whereas species from the Mediterranean/Atlantic and/or the Indian Ocean tend to be confined to particular regions. Consideration has also been given to the evolutionary time frame of the genusPadinabased on molecular time trees: a time tree of the concatenated data set (rbcL + cox3) revealed the estimated divergence time in the mid‐Cretaceous, whereas those ofcox3 andrbcL showed older estimates pointing to the periods of mid‐Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, respectively.
Meta‐analysis: Association between hepatitis B virus preS mutation and hepatocellular carcinoma risk
Authors: Wungu Citrawati Dyah Kencono , Ariyanto Fis Citra , Prabowo Gwenny Ichsan , Soetjipto Soetjipto , Handajani Retno
Published: September 2020

Previous observational studies suggested that hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS mutation plays an important role in the existence of HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the results are still debatable. With an increasing number of studies about this topic, this study employed a meta‐analysis to identify the association between HBV preS mutation and HCC risk. We searched for eligible studies from PubMed, ProQuest, CINAHL, ScienceDirect and Springer databases to assess the association between HBV mutation and HCC risk. This meta‐analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 to provide pooled estimate for odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Twenty‐one clinical studies were included in this meta‐analysis study which consisted of 1738 participants with HBV‐related HCC and 3740 HBsAg‐positive patients without HCC. All studies used samples of Asian population. PreS deletion was the most common mutation found in all studies. We found that ORs of HBV overall preS deletion was associated with HCC (OR = 3.28; 95% CI = 2.32‐4.65; P < .00001; random‐effects model). Each preS1 and preS2 deletion was associated with increased risk of HCC, with OR 2.42 (95% CI = 1.25‐4.68, P = .008) and 3.36 (95% CI = 2.04‐5.55, P < .00001), respectively. PreS2 start codon mutation was also significantly associated with HCC risk (OR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.15‐5.27; P = .02; random‐effect model). The result of this meta‐analysis suggested that HBV preS deletion (all, preS1 and preS2) and preS2 start codon mutation might contribute to the increased risk of HBV‐related HCC.
Risk factors for adverse events occurring after recovery from stereotactic brain biopsy in dogs with primary intracranial neoplasia
Authors: Shinn Richard L. , Kani Yukitaka , Hsu Fang‐Chi , Rossmeisl John H.
Published: September 2020

Background

Stereotactic brain biopsy (SBB) allows for histopathologic diagnosis of brain tumors. Adverse events (AE) occur in 5 to 29% of dogs after SBB, but risk factors associated with developing AE are poorly described.

Objective

Identify clinicopathologic, diagnostic imaging, or procedural variables that are associated with AE in dogs after SBB.

Animals

Twenty‐nine dogs with brain tumors.

Methods

Retrospective, case‐control study. Dogs had laboratory investigations performed before SBB, as well as clinical examinations and diagnostic imaging of the brain before and after SBB. Cases experienced AE after SBB including transient exacerbation of preexisting neurologic deficits, transient new deficits, or permanent neurologic deficits. Controls had SBB performed without AE. Fisher's exact and Student's t tests were used to examine associations between the postulated risk factors and AE.

Results

Adverse events occurred in 8/29 (27%) dogs, and 7/8 AE (88%) were transient. Cases were significantly more likely to have T2W‐heterogenous tumors (88 versus 38%; P = .04) and lower platelet counts (194.75 ± 108.32 versus 284.29 ± 68.54 ×103/mm3, P = .006). Dogs with gradient echo signal voids present on baseline imaging were significantly more likely to have hemorrhage present after biopsy, and 7/8 (88%) of cases had hemorrhage on imaging after SBB.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Twenty‐seven percent of dogs undergoing SBB experience AE, with the majority of AE resolving with 1 week. Platelet counts should be ≥185 000/mm3 to minimize risk of SBB‐associated AE. Observation of intracranial hemorrhage after biopsy can have important clinical implications, as this was observed in 88% of dogs with AE.
Marine biomonitoring with eDNA: Can metabarcoding of water samples cut it as a tool for surveying benthic communities?
Authors: Antich Adrià , Palacín Cruz , Cebrian Emma , Golo Raül , Wangensteen Owen S. , Turon Xavier
Published: September 2020

In the marine realm, biomonitoring using environmental DNA (eDNA) of benthic communities requires destructive direct sampling or the setting‐up of settlement structures. Comparatively much less effort is required to sample the water column, which can be accessed remotely. In this study we assess the feasibility of obtaining information from the eukaryotic benthic communities by sampling the adjacent water layer. We studied two different rocky‐substrate benthic communities with a technique based on quadrat sampling. We also took replicate water samples at four distances (0, 0.5, 1.5, and 20 m) from the benthic habitat. Using broad range primers to amplify a ca. 313 bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene, we obtained a total of 3,543 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs). The structure obtained in the two environments was markedly different, with Metazoa, Archaeplastida and Stramenopiles being the most diverse groups in benthic samples, and Hacrobia, Metazoa and Alveolata in the water. Only 265 MOTUs (7.5%) were shared between benthos and water samples and, of these, 180 (5.1%) were identified as benthic taxa that left their DNA in the water. Most of them were found immediately adjacent to the benthos, and their number decreased as we moved apart from the benthic habitat. It was concluded that water eDNA, even in the close vicinity of the benthos, was a poor proxy for the analysis of benthic structure, and that direct sampling methods are required for monitoring these complex communities via metabarcoding.
A Latin American Peace Movement on the Margins of the Cold War
Authors: Becker Marc
Published: September 2020

Most research on peace movements has been dedicated to the study of activism in Europe and North America. This emphasis has led to an impression that such engagement was largely absent from Latin America and Africa, in part due to their geographic distance from east–west conflicts and an overriding preoccupation with more immediate political and economic concerns. Nevertheless, during the early Cold War period the United States government invested a significant amount of time and resources into surveillance of peace committees in Latin America. Their goal was to discredit the movement as serving Soviet imperial interests, but in the process they inadvertently documented the presence of vibrant and dynamic mobilizations that reflected the legitimate concerns of local activists fighting for a better world.
Whither Presidential Approval?
Authors: Small Raphael , Eisinger Robert M.
Published: September 2020

Until recently, presidential job approval has been positively correlated with a healthy economy. Despite pre‐COVID‐19 sanguine macroeconomic indicators, President Donald Trump's job approval numbers appear to be quite low relative to those of his predecessors. Using a Bayesian model to infer latent presidential approval, we regress approval on consumer sentiment, finding strong evidence of a structural break commencing with the inauguration of President Barack Obama. We also find that the positive associations between presidential approval and consumer sentiment have weakened. Finally, we posit that a polarized political landscape may contribute to the changing of the meaning of presidential approval, which now appears to be a proxy for partisanship.
A personal view on basic education in reproduction: Where are we now and where are we going?
Authors: Jonker F. Herman
Published: September 2020

This article explores the current and expected direction of education in reproduction at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Utrecht University. The current reproductive course in the Bachelor's programme is described. Based on the yearly routine course evaluation, changes have been started and continue to be implemented, and the educational ideas behind it are defined. Interactive e‐learning modules that combine knowledge clips, animations, and quizzes have been developed. For the practical classes, e‐modules with instructional videos have been paired to the written material. Using these new tools during self‐study, students have to prepare for the necessary face‐to‐face classes that contain more in‐depth discussions and practical training. In the second part, the author describes his expectations for further educational development. The growth of effective self‐study using e‐learning, besides traditional textbooks, before more in‐depth face‐to‐face classes is likely to occur. With the growth of modern possibilities, such as the haptic technique and virtual reality, a better preparation in laboratory skills before practical training with animals is expected. In the author's opinion, despite all new learning methods and material, small group, face‐to‐face lectures, and practical classes with animals or animal material remain absolutely necessary. This article concludes with some lessons learned during the current adaptation of the course.
Understanding the effect of an agroforestry system with high litter input on topsoil permeability
Authors: Murta Johnny Rodrigues de Melo , Brito Gleicon Queiroz de , Mendonça Filho Sérgio Fernandes , Hoffmann Maurício Rigon , Salemi Luiz Felippe
Published: September 2020

Syntropic agroforestry systems (SYS) are a type of agroforestry in which very large amounts of organic matter (50–100 t ha−1 year−1) are added to the soil annually from pruning. However, information on the physical, chemical and biological effects of this management on soil is lacking. We characterized a SYS in terms of topsoil permeability (Mini‐Disk infiltrometer), soil organic matter (ignition method) and penetration resistance (Stolf penetrometer); we compared the results with those for a no‐till soy‐maize rotation and those within a native vegetation area (Brazilian Tropical Savanna), all on the same oxisol. The SYS had an infiltration capacity similar to that in the native vegetation area but which was higher than in the no‐till arable rotation. We relate this difference to both a lower penetration resistance and a high organic matter content in the SYS, possibly associated with higher litter input and with a greater above and belowground biomass. Our results indicate that SYS can be an efficient system for maintaining water infiltration at levels similar to those observed within natural ecosystems.
Donor‐specific HLA antibodies after fresh decellularized vs cryopreserved native allograft implantation
Authors: Coti Iuliana , Wenda Sabine , Andreeva Alexandra , Kocher Alfred , Laufer Guenther , Fischer Gottfried , Andreas Martin
Published: September 2020

This study aims to compare the immunogenicity of fresh decellularized with cryopreserved native heart valve allografts to identify potential immunological risks in subsequent organ transplantations. We measured the induction of allogeneic HLA class I and II specific antibodies and characterized donor‐specific antibodies by Luminex‐based single beads assay in both groups. Serum samples were collected before valve replacement, at 3 and 24 months postoperatively. Donor‐specific HLA antibodies were assessed positive if the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) was >1000. Between November 2016 and April 2017 patients with fresh decellularized homografts (n = 4) and cryopreserved native homografts (n = 4) were analyzed. Patients receiving cryopreserved native allografts reacted with broad HLA‐specific antibody response. Antibodies were directed against mismatched HLA antigens of the donors but also against HLA specificities not present on the homograft with many antibodies having mean fluorescence intensity values >10 000. While HLA class I specific antibodies showed a significant increase (P = .002) in their MFI values on day 90, HLA class II specific antibodies did not show a significant increase (P = .069). In the fresh decellularized homografts group, no significant antibody induction was observed. Consequently, the native group presented significantly higher MFIs for HLA antibodies on day 90 compared with the patients receiving decellularized allografts (P = .021). No detectable HLA antibody response was observed after implantation of decellularized in comparison with cryopreserved native allografts. Lower immunogenicity as compared with native homografts might increase the chance of receiving a transplant if will be required later in the life of the patients.
Controls of Stratigraphic Architecture on Along Strike Cooling Age Patterns
Authors: Robinson Delores M. , Khanal Subodha , Olree Elizabeth , Bhattacharya Gourab , Mandal Subhadip
Published: September 2020

Cooling related to moving rocks over an ~8.5 km vertically thick ramp in the Main Himalayan thrust (MHT) produced 0.8–2 Ma zircon (U–Th)/He (ZHe) and apatite fission track (AFT) ages from the Main Central thrust to 40 km south in central Nepal. The ramp size is controlled by thicker Proterozoic stratigraphy. ZHe ages in NW India and eastern Bhutan over a similar 40 km wide swath are 1.4–12 Ma. In addition, the ZHe ages are consistently 2–5 million years older than the AFT ages. We argue that the MHT ramps are smaller because of thinner Proterozoic stratigraphy, with two vertically thick ramps of 2.5 km each in eastern Bhutan and one vertically thick ramp of ~5 km in NW India. Thus, the original stratigraphy and associated weaker décollement horizons control location and size of active MHT ramps, resulting vertical uplift, and along strike pattern of cooling ages.