bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validity and Redescription of Profundulus balsanus Ahl, 1935 (Cyprinodontiformes: Profundulidae)
Authors: JAMANGAPÉ O JOSÉ A. , VELÁZQUEZ-VELÁZQUEZ ERNESTO , MARTÍNEZ-RAMIREZ EMILIO , ANZUETO-CALVO MANUEL J. , GOMEZ EYDA L. , DOMINGUEZ-CISNEROS SARA E. , MCMAHAN CALEB D. , MATAMOROS WILFREDO A.
Published: October 2016

Profundulus balsanus was described by Ahl in 1935 and later placed in synonymy with P. punctatus. Recent molecular studies have demonstrated that specimens identified as P. balsanus belong to a distinct taxon. Herein we used a combination of morphometric, meristic, coloration and osteological data in order to demonstrate the distinctiveness of P. balsanus. Additionally, we used molecular data to reconstruct a phylogeny to place P. balsanus in a systematic context. Profundulus balsanus belongs to the punctatus clade within the genus Profundulus. It can be distinguished from P. oaxacae based on scale count in the lateral line and from P. punctatus based on differences in coloration in the anal fin. We provide a taxonomic key to all Mexican species of Profundulus.
Literature Against Criticism
Authors: Eve Martin Paul
Published: October 2016

This is a book about the power game currently being played out between two symbiotic cultural institutions: the university and the novel. As the number of hyper-knowledgeable literary fans grows, students and researchers in English departments waiver between dismissing and harnessing voices outside the academy. Meanwhile, the role that the university plays in contemporary literary fiction is becoming increasingly complex and metafictional, moving far beyond the ‘campus novel’ of the mid-twentieth century.

Martin Paul Eve’s engaging and far-reaching study explores the novel's contribution to the ongoing displacement of cultural authority away from university English. Spanning the works of Jennifer Egan, Ishmael Reed, Tom McCarthy, Sarah Waters, Percival Everett, Roberto Bolaño and many others, Literature Against Criticism forces us to re-think our previous notions about the relationship between those who write literary fiction and those who critique it.
Seasonal Variation in Canopy Aerodynamics and the Sensitivity of Transpiration Estimates to Wind Velocity in Broadleaved Deciduous Species
Authors: Barnard D. M. , Bauerle W. L.
Published: October 2016

Characterization of seasonal dynamics in wind speed attenuation within a plant canopy α is necessary for modeling leaf boundary layer conductance , canopy–atmosphere coupling Ω, and transpiration at multiple scales. The goals of this study were to characterize seasonal variation in α in four tree species with canopy wind profiles and a canopy-structure model, to quantify the impact of α on estimates of and Ω, and to determine the influence of variable wind speed on transpiration estimates from a biophysical model [Multi-Array Evaporation Stand Tree Radiation Assemblage (MAESTRA)]. Among species, α varied significantly with above-canopy wind speed and seasonal canopy development. At the mean above-canopy wind speed (1.5 m s−1), α could be predicted using a linear model with leaf area index as the input variable (coefficient of determination R2 = 0.78). However, the canopy-structure model yielded improved predictions (R2 = 0.92) by including canopy height and leaf width. By midseason, increasing canopy leaf area and α resulted in lower within-canopy wind speeds, a decrease in by 20%–50%, and a peak in Ω. Testing a discrete increase in wind speed (0.6–2.4 m s−1; seasonal mean plus/minus one standard deviation) had variable influence on transpiration estimates (from −30% to +20%), which correlated strongly with vapor pressure deficit (R2 = 0.83). Given the importance of α in accurate representation of , Ω, and transpiration, it is concluded that α needs to be given special attention in plant canopies that undergo substantial seasonal changes, especially densely foliated canopies (i.e., leaf area index >1) and in areas with lower native wind speeds (i.e., <2 m s−1).
The impact of accession to the European Union on suicide rates: A cross-national time-series analysis
Authors: Piatkowska Sylwia J , Raffalovich Lawrence E , Messner Steven F
Published: October 2016

Building upon prior research, this study examines the effects of European Union (EU) accession on suicide rates in the Eastern European countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 using pooled cross-sectional time-series data that cover approximately 20 years (1990–2011). Results from fixed-effects regression analyses indicate that EU entry has no effect on total suicide rates and suicide rates among males, but has a negative effect on female suicide rates in the fully specified models. In addition, we find that EU entry also has a negative effect on the ratio of suicide rates to an aggregated indicator of lethal violence (homicide rates + suicide rates, or the suicide–homicide ratio) for the total population and for the female population. Consistent with previous research, we find some significant negative effects on suicide rates for economic growth and life expectancy at birth, and a positive effect for females. When interpreted with reference to the ‘stream analogy’ for understanding the two major forms of lethal violence (suicide and homicide), our findings suggest that the impact of any increase in the ‘flow’ of lethal violence associated with EU entry is likely to be manifested in an ‘outward’ rather than ‘inward’ direction for the nations in the sample. Our analyses also reaffirm previous research documenting appreciable gender differences in lethal violence.
Do “Brain-Training” Programs Work?
Authors: Simons Daniel J. , Boot Walter R. , Charness Neil , Gathercole Susan E. , Chabris Christopher F. , Hambrick David Z. , Stine-Morrow Elizabeth A. L.
Published: October 2016

In 2014, two groups of scientists published open letters on the efficacy of brain-training interventions, or “brain games,” for improving cognition. The first letter, a consensus statement from an international group of more than 70 scientists, claimed that brain games do not provide a scientifically grounded way to improve cognitive functioning or to stave off cognitive decline. Several months later, an international group of 133 scientists and practitioners countered that the literature is replete with demonstrations of the benefits of brain training for a wide variety of cognitive and everyday activities. How could two teams of scientists examine the same literature and come to conflicting “consensus” views about the effectiveness of brain training?

In part, the disagreement might result from different standards used when evaluating the evidence. To date, the field has lacked a comprehensive review of the brain-training literature, one that examines both the quantity and the quality of the evidence according to a well-defined set of best practices. This article provides such a review, focusing exclusively on the use of cognitive tasks or games as a means to enhance performance on other tasks. We specify and justify a set of best practices for such brain-training interventions and then use those standards to evaluate all of the published peer-reviewed intervention studies cited on the websites of leading brain-training companies listed on Cognitive Training Data ( www.cognitivetrainingdata.org ), the site hosting the open letter from brain-training proponents. These citations presumably represent the evidence that best supports the claims of effectiveness.

Based on this examination, we find extensive evidence that brain-training interventions improve performance on the trained tasks, less evidence that such interventions improve performance on closely related tasks, and little evidence that training enhances performance on distantly related tasks or that training improves everyday cognitive performance. We also find that many of the published intervention studies had major shortcomings in design or analysis that preclude definitive conclusions about the efficacy of training, and that none of the cited studies conformed to all of the best practices we identify as essential to drawing clear conclusions about the benefits of brain training for everyday activities. We conclude with detailed recommendations for scientists, funding agencies, and policymakers that, if adopted, would lead to better evidence regarding the efficacy of brain-training interventions.
ChiLin: a comprehensive ChIP-seq and DNase-seq quality control and analysis pipeline
Authors: Qin Qian , Mei Shenglin , Wu Qiu , Sun Hanfei , Li Lewyn , Taing Len , Chen Sujun , Li Fugen , Liu Tao , Zang Chongzhi , Xu Han , Chen Yiwen , Meyer Clifford A. , Zhang Yong , Brown Myles , Long Henry W. , Liu X. Shirley
Published: October 2016

Background

Transcription factor binding, histone modification, and chromatin accessibility studies are important approaches to understanding the biology of gene regulation. ChIP-seq and DNase-seq have become the standard techniques for studying protein-DNA interactions and chromatin accessibility respectively, and comprehensive quality control (QC) and analysis tools are critical to extracting the most value from these assay types. Although many analysis and QC tools have been reported, few combine ChIP-seq and DNase-seq data analysis and quality control in a unified framework with a comprehensive and unbiased reference of data quality metrics.

Results

ChiLin is a computational pipeline that automates the quality control and data analyses of ChIP-seq and DNase-seq data. It is developed using a flexible and modular software framework that can be easily extended and modified. ChiLin is ideal for batch processing of many datasets and is well suited for large collaborative projects involving ChIP-seq and DNase-seq from different designs. ChiLin generates comprehensive quality control reports that include comparisons with historical data derived from over 23,677 public ChIP-seq and DNase-seq samples (11,265 datasets) from eight literature-based classified categories. To the best of our knowledge, this atlas represents the most comprehensive ChIP-seq and DNase-seq related quality metric resource currently available. These historical metrics provide useful heuristic quality references for experiment across all commonly used assay types. Using representative datasets, we demonstrate the versatility of the pipeline by applying it to different assay types of ChIP-seq data. The pipeline software is available open source at https://github.com/cfce/chilin.

Conclusion

ChiLin is a scalable and powerful tool to process large batches of ChIP-seq and DNase-seq datasets. The analysis output and quality metrics have been structured into user-friendly directories and reports. We have successfully compiled 23,677 profiles into a comprehensive quality atlas with fine classification for users.
Impact of post-alignment processing in variant discovery from whole exome data
Authors: Tian Shulan , Yan Huihuang , Kalmbach Michael , Slager Susan L.
Published: October 2016

Background

GATK Best Practices workflows are widely used in large-scale sequencing projects and recommend post-alignment processing before variant calling. Two key post-processing steps include the computationally intensive local realignment around known INDELs and base quality score recalibration (BQSR). Both have been shown to reduce erroneous calls; however, the findings are mainly supported by the analytical pipeline that incorporates BWA and GATK UnifiedGenotyper. It is not known whether there is any benefit of post-processing and to what extent the benefit might be for pipelines implementing other methods, especially given that both mappers and callers are typically updated. Moreover, because sequencing platforms are upgraded regularly and the new platforms provide better estimations of read quality scores, the need for post-processing is also unknown. Finally, some regions in the human genome show high sequence divergence from the reference genome; it is unclear whether there is benefit from post-processing in these regions.

Results

We used both simulated and NA12878 exome data to comprehensively assess the impact of post-processing for five or six popular mappers together with five callers. Focusing on chromosome 6p21.3, which is a region of high sequence divergence harboring the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, we found that local realignment had little or no impact on SNP calling, but increased sensitivity was observed in INDEL calling for the Stampy + GATK UnifiedGenotyper pipeline. No or only a modest effect of local realignment was detected on the three haplotype-based callers and no evidence of effect on Novoalign. BQSR had virtually negligible effect on INDEL calling and generally reduced sensitivity for SNP calling that depended on caller, coverage and level of divergence. Specifically, for SAMtools and FreeBayes calling in the regions with low divergence, BQSR reduced the SNP calling sensitivity but improved the precision when the coverage is insufficient. However, in regions of high divergence (e.g., the HLA region), BQSR reduced the sensitivity of both callers with little gain in precision rate. For the other three callers, BQSR reduced the sensitivity without increasing the precision rate regardless of coverage and divergence level.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that the gain from post-processing is not universal; rather, it depends on mapper and caller combination, and the benefit is influenced further by sequencing depth and divergence level. Our analysis highlights the importance of considering these key factors in deciding to apply the computationally intensive post-processing to Illumina exome data.
VennDiagramWeb: a web application for the generation of highly customizable Venn and Euler diagrams
Authors: Lam Felix , Lalansingh Christopher M. , Babaran Holly E. , Wang Zhiyuan , Prokopec Stephenie D. , Fox Natalie S. , Boutros Paul C.
Published: October 2016

Background

Visualization of data generated by high-throughput, high-dimensionality experiments is rapidly becoming a rate-limiting step in computational biology. There is an ongoing need to quickly develop high-quality visualizations that can be easily customized or incorporated into automated pipelines. This often requires an interface for manual plot modification, rapid cycles of tweaking visualization parameters, and the generation of graphics code. To facilitate this process for the generation of highly-customizable, high-resolution Venn and Euler diagrams, we introduce VennDiagramWeb: a web application for the widely used VennDiagram R package. VennDiagramWeb is hosted at http://venndiagram.res.oicr.on.ca/.

Results

VennDiagramWeb allows real-time modification of Venn and Euler diagrams, with parameter setting through a web interface and immediate visualization of results. It allows customization of essentially all aspects of figures, but also supports integration into computational pipelines via download of R code. Users can upload data and download figures in a range of formats, and there is exhaustive support documentation.

Conclusions

VennDiagramWeb allows the easy creation of Venn and Euler diagrams for computational biologists, and indeed many other fields. Its ability to support real-time graphics changes that are linked to downloadable code that can be integrated into automated pipelines will greatly facilitate the improved visualization of complex datasets. For application support please contact Paul.Boutros@oicr.on.ca.
Contributions to the fixed point theory of diagonal operators
Authors: Petruşel Adrian , Rus Ioan A , Şerban Marcel-Adrian
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we introduce the notion of diagonal operator, we present the historical roots of diagonal operators and we give some fixed point theorems for this class of operators. Our approaches are based on the weakly Picard operator technique, difference equation techniques, and some fixed point theorems for multi-valued operators. Some applications to differential and integral equations are given. We also present some research directions.
Efficiency of metaphase II oocytes following minimal/mild ovarian stimulation in vitro fertilization
Authors: Zhang John J. , Yang Mingxue , Merhi Zaher
Published: October 2016

Background

An inverse relationship between oocyte efficiency and ovarian response was reported in conventional IVF. The purpose of this study was to report metaphase II (MII) oocyte efficiency according to oocyte yield in minimal/mild stimulation IVF (mIVF) and to assess whether oocyte yield affects live birth rate (LBR).

Methods

Infertile women (n = 264) aged < 39 years old with normal ovarian reserve who had mIVF were recruited. All participants received the same protocol for ovarian stimulation. All the embryos were cultured to the blastocyst stage and vitrified using a freeze-all approach. This was followed by a single blastocyst transferred to each participant in subsequent cycles over a 6-month period. Ovarian response was categorized according to the number of MII oocyte yield (low: 1–2, intermediate: 3–6 and high ≥ 7 MII oocytes). MII oocyte utilization rate was calculated as the number of live births divided by the number of MII oocytes produced after only one oocyte retrieval and subsequent transfers of vitrified/warmed blastocysts. The main outcome measure was cumulative LBR over a 6-month period.

Results

Among all the participants, 1173 total retrieved oocytes (4.4 ± 0.2 per patient) resulted in 1019 (3.9 ± 0.2 per patient) total MII oocytes, a clinical pregnancy rate of 48.1 % and a LBR of 41.2 %. Oocyte utilization rate was inversely related to ovarian response where it was 30.3 % in the “low” vs. 9.3 % in the “intermediate” vs. 4.3 % in the “high” oocyte yield groups (p < 0.05). Implantation rate significantly dropped as the number of MII oocytes increased and was highest in the “low” oocyte yield group (p < 0.0001). Cumulative LBR was similar in “low,” “intermediate,” and “high” oocyte yield groups (p > 0.05). The number of MII oocytes had poor sensitivity and specificity for predicting a live birth.

Conclusion

These data extend the hypothesis of oocyte efficiency reported in conventional IVF protocols to mIVF protocols.

Trial registration

Registration clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00799929.
Editorial: All that you can B: mirn23a regulates B versus myeloid fates
Authors: Scholz Jean L , Allman David , Cancro Michael P
Published: October 2016

Discussion on how knockout mice show that mirn23a represses B lymphopoiesis via Trib3.
Resaturated pay: A new infill target type identified through the application and continuous improvement of 4D seismic at the Forties Field
Authors: Byerley Grant , Singer Lyndsay , Rose Phil
Published: October 2016

Forties is a giant North Sea oil field with an estimated 4.2 billion to 5 billion barrels of oil initially in place. The field has been producing since 1975 and by year-end 2015 had produced more than 2.7 billion barrels of cumulative oil production. The peak production rate exceeded more than 500,000 barrels of oil per day (BOPD) in 1979, and since then more than 3.8 billion barrels of water have been injected into the field. The majority of the field is now water swept due to the combined effect of water injection and extensive depletion supported by a large underlying aquifer. The ability to identify the few remaining unswept portions of the reservoir has elevated 4D seismic into a key technology to derisk all new wells drilled at Forties. The types of 4D targets at Forties are ever-evolving as continuous improvements in seismic acquisition and processing technologies deliver higher quality time-lapse seismic data. With every subtle improvement in 4D repeatability, additional and sometimes unexpected information about the reservoir has come to light. Historically the primary and most robust 4D effect was an increase in impedance (i.e., a “hardening” effect), which could be mapped confidently to identify areas where water was replacing oil. As 4D repeatability improved, it became evident that a decrease in impedance (i.e., a “softening” effect) was observed in many areas in the reservoir. Further analysis revealed that this type of 4D response was highlighting areas where oil had resaturated previously swept reservoir, forming a new type of infill target in the Forties portfolio called resaturation targets. Since drilling the first 4D resaturation target in 2011, 22 of these targets have been drilled with an 86% success rate, delivering 15 million barrels of new oil production from the Forties Field.
Halfdan 4D workflow and results leading to increased recovery
Authors: Calvert M. A. , Hoover A. R. , Vagg L. D. , Ooi K. C. , Hirsch K. K.
Published: October 2016

In 2012, a repeat time-lapse seismic survey was acquired over the Halfdan oil field located in the Danish North Sea. The main oil reservoir is the Cretaceous chalk Tor Formation, and the field is developed with a line-drive water flood. The reservoir saturation changes due to water injection and gas breakout lead to large changes in acoustic impedance, which can be imaged with 4D seismic. The 4D acoustic-impedance changes, in conjunction with production and geologic data, were analyzed on a well-by-well basis and resulted in several interesting correlations between the geology and the 4D response. The 4D was used to update the seismic interpretation of some important layers within the static and dynamic model. In some areas, the impact of local porosity variations on the lateral sweep could be seen. The 4D also provided evidence that some faults serve as potential pathways for formation-water entry into the oil-producing layers. In addition, numerous well-intervention opportunities were identified through integrating the 4D with the production, geologic, and dynamic data. Examples from the two-vintage and three-vintage 4D acoustic-impedance data illustrating these key 3D and 4D learnings and a successful well intervention are shown.
Small acoustic sources for low-cost reservoir monitoring offshore
Authors: Chalenski David A. , Wang Kanglin , Lopez Jorge , Hatchell Paul , Wills Peter , Chen Yi , Griswold Shari , Patrikeeva Natalya
Published: October 2016

Two 4D seismic data sets are compared which were acquired simultaneously in a deepwater field but with differently sized acoustic sources with 2450 in3 and 360 in3 volumes. The data sets were processed using similar runstreams, enabling side-by-side comparison of the 4D features. Compared with the large-source data, the small-source data showed similar 4D signals, albeit with higher but acceptable levels of 4D noise. An overprint of the acquisition methodology was found to detrimentally impact the small-source data, but this was mitigated in processing. Opportunities for improvement of the small-source data in future dedicated surveys are proposed. A cost–benefit analysis is presented to show the relative value increase by using smaller, lower-cost surveys for frequent reservoir monitoring.
High-productivity seabed time-lapse seismic data acquisition using simultaneous sources enabled by seismic apparition: A synthetic-data study
Authors: Eggenberger Kurt , Pedersen Åsmund Sjøen , Thompson Mark , Solheim Odd Arve , Amundsen Lasse , van Manen Dirk-Jan , Andersson Fredrik , Robertsson Johan O. A.
Published: October 2016

Seismic apparition is a recent signal-processing advance that trades signal interference and aliasing between different spatial (and temporal) dimensions. In particular, an important application of seismic apparition is for simultaneous-source separation to better exploit the available data space in the frequency-wavenumber (f-k) domain with energy from different simultaneous sources. The introduction of periodic modulation functions in seismic acquisition produces an effect where parts of the energy of one or more sources are partially shifted to different empty parts within the f-k domain. This so-called apparated energy then can be used to perfectly predict (at low frequencies) the remaining part of the signal in the regions of the f-k domain where the wavefields from the different sources overlap and to deterministically separate the sources at predetermined (repeated) positions — a prerequisite for 4D seismic processing. At higher frequencies, the apparition separation is dealiased using directional information, taking full advantage of the perfect separation at lower frequencies to achieve the required low-error separation. To apparate seismic energy to different portions within the f-k domain, we introduce a periodic modulation function, consisting for instance of a small time delay/advance or an amplitude scaling to every second shot. Our simultaneous-source approach is thus opposite to established industry practices of maximizing randomness using dithered sources. A deterministic simultaneous-source-separation approach in which shot points and simultaneous-source patterns are repeated accurately is a major advantage over industry-standard stochastic simultaneous-source-acquisition approaches, particularly for 4D applications. We demonstrate the suitability of the seismic-apparition simultaneous-source technique to time-lapse seismic, having a permanent-reservoir-monitoring context in mind, by investigating two operational scenarios of single-vessel acquisition where two sources are excited simultaneously. Single-vessel simultaneous-source acquisition represents the most challenging case for shot separation in general and for time-lapse seismic applications in particular. The quantitative and qualitative wavefield decomposition results analyzed pre- and poststack are highly encouraging on synthetic data and warrant further testing of seismic-apparition technology in a real 4D seismic test case.
Role of geophysics in unconventional-resource development on display at URTeC 2016
Authors: Maxwell Shawn
Published: October 2016

The 2016 Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC), which took place 1–3 August in San Antonio, Texas, provided a unique opportunity to explore the latest development strategies in unconventional reservoirs, with the role of geophysics on prominent display. The fourth-annual event was cosponsored by SEG, the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), and was supported by eight additional societies. The meeting series has established itself as the premier event showcasing state-of-the-art unconventional-reservoir development and characterization with a specific emphasis on integrated workflows.
Narratives of experience of mental health and illness on healthtalk.org
Authors: Kidd Jo , Ziebland Sue
Published: October 2016

Online health information is increasingly popular and may bring both benefits and potential harm to users with mental health problems. The encouragement of harmful behaviour among this population is a particular concern. The website healthtalk.org provides the benefits of shared experience by publishing excerpts from rigorous research interviews with patients, contextualised with medical information. This article sets out evidence for the positive and negative effects of online mental health information and describes the methodology behind healthtalk.org, with an overview of the mental health information it provides and how it can benefit patients and health professionals.
mTOR Inhibitors for the Treatment of Severe Congenital Hyperinsulinism: Perspectives on Limited Therapeutic Success
Authors: Szymanowski Marie , Estebanez Maria Salomon , Padidela Raja , Han Bing , Mosinska Karolina , Stevens Adam , Damaj Lena , Pihan-Le Bars Florence , Lascouts Emilie , Reynaud Rachel , Ferreira Catherine , Bansept Claire , de Lonlay Pascale , Saint-Martin Cécile , Dunne Mark J. , Banerjee Indraneel , Arnoux Jean-Baptiste
Published: October 2016

Context:

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates and infants. In medically unresponsive CHI, subtotal pancreatectomy is performed to achieve euglycemia with consequent diabetes in later life. Sirolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, has been reported to obviate the need for pancreatectomy, but experience is limited.

Objective:

We have investigated the efficacy and adverse effect profile of mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of severe CHI.

Design, Setting, and Patients:

This was an observational review of 10 severe CHI patients treated with mTOR inhibitors, in France and the United Kingdom, with the intention of achieving glycemic control without pancreatectomy. Safety information was recorded.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

We examined whether mTOR inhibitors achieved glycemic control, fasting tolerance, and weaning of supportive medical therapy.

Results:

mTOR inhibition achieved euglycemia, fasting tolerance, and reduced medical therapy in only three patients (30%). Triglyceride levels were elevated in five patients (50%). One child required a blood transfusion for anemia, four had stomatitis, two had sepsis, one developed varicella zoster, and two patients developed gut dysmotility in association with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. In silico analysis of transcriptome arrays from CHI patients revealed no significant association between mTOR signaling and disease. Pancreatic tissue from two patients who did not respond to sirolimus showed no reduction in cell proliferation, further suggesting that mTOR signaling did not down-regulate proliferation in the CHI pancreas.

Conclusion:

mTOR inhibitor treatment is associated with very limited success and must be used with caution in children with severe CHI.
A Struggle for Trust: The Comcáac (Seris) of Sonora Under Colonial and Republican Rule, 1650–1850
Authors: Hölck Lasse
Published: October 2016

This study examines the historical relationship between Comcáac foragers of Sonora, Mexico, and the Spanish/Mexican society between 1650 and 1850. To do so, the concept of trust is introduced, adapted for ethnohistorical research, and discussed as a frequent term in the primary sources. The social organization of foragers is outlined to localize the place of trust within it and to analyze its meaning for interethnic relations. Finally, historical examples are given throughout the article to illustrate and expand the theoretical findings. This article highlights the nonviolent relations in contrast to the commonplace view of perennial conflict between the societies, as given in secondary literature, and aims to provide an alternative reading of this particular ethnohistory.
Meeting with Resistance: Early Spanish Encounters in the Americas, 1492–1524
Authors: Redmond Elsa M.
Published: October 2016

This examination of the earliest Spanish-Amerindian encounters on Hispaniola and in Tierra Firme adopts a historical perspective on indigenous warfare. A chronological timeline monitors the recorded encounters and hostilities between the native Amerindian societies and the Spaniards from Columbus’s 1492 voyage until the destruction of the first permanent Spanish settlement of Santa María de la Antigua del Darién in 1524. The timeline evaluates the proposition that Amerindian societies intensified their warfare practices in response to European incursions. The available information about the size, composition, preparedness, and organization of the native forces is juxtaposed against that of the Spanish forces. The warfare strategies and tactics are examined, both offensive and defensive measures, as well as the actions of the opposing forces in the aftermath of a confrontation. The findings do not support the proposition that Amerindian warfare practices changed significantly in the face of European incursions. The study concludes with a consideration of the unexpected innovations and consequences of the military encounters between late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century Europeans and Amerindian chiefdoms.
Record keeping in radiology: are we doing enough?
Authors: Walton Edward R J , Gandhi Sanjay
Published: October 2016

In modern medical practice, there is an ever-increasing rise in litigation. A strong emphasis is placed on good record keeping as an integral part of patient care and the clinician legal defence. This commentary describes the potential flaws and vulnerabilities in the radiologist record keeping and the potential implications for patient care.
Modeling of the effect of internal gravity waves on upper atmospheric conditions during sudden stratospheric warming
Authors: Васильев Павел , Vasilyev Pavel , Карпов Иван , Karpov Ivan , Кшевецкий Сергей , Kshevetskii Sergey
Published: October 2016

We present results of modeling of the effect of internal gravity waves (IGW), excited in the region of development of a sudden stratospheric warming (SSW), on upper atmospheric conditions. In the numerical experiment, we use a two-dimensional model of propagation of atmospheric waves, taking into account dissipative and nonlinear processes accompanying wave propagation. As a source of disturbances we consider temperature and density disturbances in the stratosphere during SSWs. Amplitude and frequency characteristics of the source of disturbances are estimated from observations and IGW theory. Numerical calculations showed that waves generated at stratospheric heights during SSW can cause temperature changes in the upper atmosphere. Maximum relative disturbances, generated by such waves, with respect to quiet conditions are observed at 100–200 km. Disturbances of the upper atmosphere in turn have an effect on dynamics of a charged component in the ionosphere and can contribute to observable ionospheric effects of SSW.
Night airglow in RGB mode
Authors: Михалев Александр , Mikhalev Aleksandr , Подлесный Степан , Podlesny Stepan , Стоева Пенка , Stoeva Penka
Published: October 2016

TTo study dynamics of the upper atmosphere, we consider results of the night sky photometry, using a color CCD camera and taking into account the night airglow and features of its spectral composition. We use night airglow observations for 2010–2015, which have been obtained at the ISTP SB RAS Geophysical Observatory (52° N, 103° E) by the camera with KODAK KAI-11002 CCD sensor. We estimate average brightness of the night sky in R, G, B channels of the color camera for eastern Siberia with typical values ranging from ~0.008 to 0.01 erg·cm–2·s–1. Besides, we determine seasonal variations in the night sky luminosities in R, G, B channels of the color camera. In these channels, luminosities decrease in spring, increase in autumn, and have a pronounced summer maximum, which can be explained by scattered light and is associated with the location of the Geophysical Observatory. We consider geophysical phenomena with their optical effects in R, G, B channels of the color camera. For some geophysical phenomena (geomagnetic storms, sudden stratospheric warmings), we demonstrate the possibility of quantitative relationship between enhanced signals in R and G channels and increases in intensities of discrete 557.7 and 630 nm emissions, which are predominant in the airglow spectrum.
Prospective IS-MST radar. Potential and diagnostic capabilities
Authors: Потехин Александр , Potekhin Aleksandr , Сетов Артём , Setov Artem , Лебедев Валентин , Lebedev Valentin , Медведев Андрей , Medvedev Andrey , Кушнарев Дмитрий , Kushnarev Dmitriy
Published: October 2016

In the next few years, a new radar is planned to be built near Irkutsk. It should have capabilities of incoherent scatter (IS) radars and mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radars [Zherebtsov et al., 2011]. The IS-MST radar is a phased array of two separated antenna panels with a multichannel digital receiving system, which allows detailed space-time processing of backscattered signal. This paper describes characteristics, configuration, and capabilities of the antenna and transceiver systems of this radar. We estimate its potential in basic operating modes to study the ionosphere by the IS method at heights above 100 km and the atmosphere with the use of signals scattered from refractive index fluctuations, caused by turbulent mixing at heights below 100 km. The modeling shows that the radar will allow us to regularly measure neutral atmosphere parameters at heights up to 26 km as well as to observe mesosphere summer echoes at heights near 85 km in the presence of charged ice particles (an increase in Schmidt number) and mesosphere winter echoes at heights near 65 km with increasing background electron density. Evaluation of radar resources at the IS mode in two height ranges 100–600 and 600–2000 km demonstrates that in the daytime and with the accumulation time of 10 min, the upper boundaries of electron density and ionospheric plasma temperature are ~1500 and ~1300 km respectively, with the standard deviation of no more than 10 %. The upper boundary of plasma drift velocity is ~1100 km with the standard deviation of 45 m/s. The estimation of interferometric capabilities of the MST radar shows that it has a high sensitivity to objects of angular size near 7.5 arc min, and its potential accuracy in determining target angles can reach 40 arc sec.
Progress cargo spacecraft observed with the AZT-33IK optical telescope
Authors: Клунко Евгений , Klunko Evgeny , Еселевич Максим , Eselevich Maxim , Тергоев Владимир , Tergoev Vladimir
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we describe a telescope and measuring equipment used for optical observations of Progress cargo spacecraft (PCS), which were made during Radar–Progress space experiment sessions. We also describe object tracking and measurement techniques. The observations were made with the optical telescope AZT-33IK at Sayan Solar Observatory of ISTP SB RAS. During many of the sessions, we registered optical phenomena that occurred in regions of space surrounding PCS and appeared due to the work of PCS onboard engines. The data we obtained can be used to independently control the geometry of the experiment and to analyze physical conditions in outer space.
Institutional Equivalence: How Industry and Community Peers Influence Corporate Philanthropy
Authors: Marquis Christopher , Tilcsik András
Published: October 2016

This paper explores how organizations respond to simultaneous institutional influences from two distinct sources: the industry in which they operate and the local geographic community in which they are headquartered. We theorize that the existence of institutional equivalents—other organizations at the same intersection of different fields, such as the same industry and the same community—provides a clear and well defined reference category for firms and thus shapes which subset of peers the focal organization imitates most closely. We develop hypotheses about how the presence or absence of institutional equivalents affects organizations’ responses to behavioral cues from different peer groups, how these effects vary when peers in different fields exhibit inconsistent behaviors, and how organizational characteristics, such as size and performance, strengthen or weaken the influence of institutional equivalents. We test our propositions through a longitudinal analysis of philanthropic contributions by Fortune 1000 firms from 1980 to 2006. Our framework illuminates how simultaneous presence in multiple fields affects organizations and introduces to institutional theory the concept of institutional equivalence, which we argue is a critical factor in determining how organizations respond to multiple institutional cues.
We can measure progress using children's statements
Authors: Quinn Sarah
Published: October 2016

Sarah Quinn discusses the benefits of using ‘I can’ statements to evaluate the progress of two to five-year-olds, instead of relying on the guidance contained in the Development Matters document.
Should we hide or show our emotions in childcare
Authors: Burgess Claire
Published: October 2016

We often ask our children to be open and frank with us about how they are feeling, yet the British are famed for having a stiff upper lip, so how much is ‘too much’ when it comes to sharing how we feel?
O USO INDISCRIMINADO DO CLORIDRATO DE METILFENIDATO COMO ESTIMULANTE POR ESTUDANTES DA ÁREA DA SAÚDE DA FACULDADE ANHANGUERA DE BRASÍLIA (FAB)
Authors: Affonso Raphael da Silva , Lima Karine silva , Oyama Yasmine Mithiê de Oliveira , Deuner Melissa Cardoso , Garcia Danielle Rodrigues , Barboza Larissa Leite , França Tanos Celmar Costa
Published: October 2016

A presente pesquisa de campo refere-se ao uso indiscriminado de psicoestimulantes, com ênfase no cloridrato de metilfenidato. Este medicamento é indicado para o tratamento do Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) e da narcolepsia. O cloridrato de metilfenidato é um fármaco que age no sistema nervoso central, inibindo a recaptação de dopamina e noradrenalina dos terminais sinápticos. Ele vem sendo usado, sem a orientação medica, de forma a potencializar as funções cognitivas de indivíduos que não possuem nenhum tipo de distúrbio. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e quantificar o uso não terapêutico do cloridrato de metilfenidato, analisar os efeitos colaterais provocados por tal medicamento e fazer um levantamento do uso de outros psicoestimulantes.  A pesquisa foi realizada na Faculdade Anhanguera de Brasília (FAB), com a aplicação de um questionário sobre o uso indiscriminado do cloridrato de metilfenidato ou outros psicoestimulantes pelos estudantes dos cursos de Biomedicina, Enfermagem, Farmácia e Nutrição. A análise dos dados coletados demonstrou que, de um total de 400 entrevistados, 6,0% (n=24) relataram o uso de metilfenidato.  Dentre os estudantes que relataram o uso, somente 16,7% (n=4) possuíam o diagnóstico médico de TDAH para o uso terapêutico. Outros autores apontam um aumento crescente na produção e na utilização do cloridrato de metilfenidato. De acordo com a avaliação do questionário respondido pelos alunos da FAB 19,5% dos estudantes revelaram já terem feito uso de algum medicamento para auxiliar os estudos e 57% dos alunos que usaram o cloridrato de metilfenidato como psicoestimulantes o fizeram sem a orientação de um médico.
AVALIAÇÃO DA ESTABILIDADE E DA ATIVIDADE ENZIMÁTICA DE SOLUÇÕES DE PAPAÍNA UTILIZADAS NO DESBRIDAMENTO E CICATRIZAÇÃO DE FERIDAS
Authors: Borella Júlio Cézar , Simões Renata Filliettaz , Puga Robison Leandro Aparecido , Stevanato Marise C. Bastos
Published: October 2016

Soluções de papaína (2% m/v, 6% m/v e 10% m/v), utilizadas no desbridamento e cicatrização de feridas, foram preparadas sem e com adjuvantes farmacotécnicos (propilenoglicol, EDTA dissódico e metilparabeno) e foram estocadas em ambientes com diferentes temperaturas (5-10ºC e 30-35oC). Análises organolépticas, de pH, contaminação microbiológica e atividade enzimática (método de coagulação do leite) foram realizadas durante o período de estocagem. Os resultados mostraram que aspectos organolépticos e pH não são guias confiáveis para monitorar as variações de atividade enzimática nas soluções. Não houve problemas em relação à contaminação microbiológica das soluções durante o período de avaliação. Ambientes de estocagem com temperaturas mais baixas conseguem manter elevadas as atividades enzimáticas das soluções. Não se observou aumento proporcional entre a atividade enzimática máxima das soluções sem adjuvantes e a concentração de papaína presente nas formulações. Inicialmente as soluções de papaína sem adjuvantes exibiram de três a cinco vezes maiores suas atividades enzimáticas, mas houve rápido decaimento. Deste modo, deve-se utilizá-las nos curativos, na forma de preparações extemporâneas. Por outro lado, as atividades enzimáticas das soluções com adjuvantes se mantem por maior período, após preparo.
The Kurdish Question Then and Now
Authors: Amin Samir
Published: October 2016

The political chaos that has recently dominated the scene in the Middle East is expressed, among other ways, by the violent resurgence of the Kurdish question. How can we analyze, in these new conditions, the scope of the claims of the Kurds—autonomy, independence, unity? And can we deduce from analysis that this claim must be supported by all democratic and progressive forces, in the region and in the world?… Debates on the subject produce great confusion. This is because most contemporary actors and observers rally around a non-historical vision of this and related issues.… I will offer a counterpoint to this transhistorical vision of social issues and "rights," through which the social movements of the past and present express their demands. In particular, I will attribute paramount importance to the divide that separates the thriving of the modern capitalist world from past worlds.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
What Is Socialism for the Twenty-First Century?
Authors: Lebowitz Michael A.
Published: October 2016

Often the best way to begin to understand something is to consider what it is not. Socialism for the twenty-first century is not a society in which people sell their ability to work and are directed from above by others whose goal is profits rather than the satisfaction of human needs. It is not a society where the owners of the means of production benefit by dividing workers and communities in order to drive down wages and intensify work…. Nor is it a statist society where decisions are top-down and where all initiative is the property of state office-holders or cadres of self-reproducing vanguards.… Also, socialism for the twenty-first century is not populism.… Further, socialism for the twenty-first century is not totalitarianism.… [S]ocialism for the twenty-first century does not dictate personal belief…. Nor does socialism for the twenty-first century worship technology and productive forces…. Finally, contrary to its self-proclaimed inventor (Heinz Dieterich), socialism for the twenty-first century is not "essentially a problem of informatic complexity" that requires cybernetic calculation of quantities of concrete labor as the basis for an exchange of equivalents.&hellp; So, let us explain what socialism for the twenty-first century is. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
A Working-Class Sherlock
Authors: Shotwell Gregg
Published: October 2016

Timothy Sheard, the Lenny Moss mystery series (New York: Hardball).At its best, the art of fiction reveals the underlying truth of human relations: we are communal and collaborative by nature. Selfishness and greed are social aberrations because, ultimately, they violate the principle of self-preservation. No wonder we are drawn to crime stories: they mirror our common experience. Capitalism is high crime disguised as church doctrine. Conspiracy is evident, though the evidence is concealed. Hence, our fascination with the detective genre. We are in dire need of Timothy Sheard's scrutiny—a detective who peers through a working-class eyeglass.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
A New Model with Regime Switching Errors: Forecasting GDP in Times of Great Recession
Authors: Bartkus Algirdas
Published: October 2016

This paper investigates the possibility to obtain better GDP forecasts in the early stages of Great Recession. Here, predictive performance refers to exclusively out-of-sample forecasts. Based on exploratory data analysis and general-to-specific modelling, this paper proposes a univariate predictive threshold model for the small open economy that outperforms its linear counterparts and correctly determines the course of events. This model does not explain any causal links; however, based on a set of economic arguments, it sets forward an idea regarding how a forecaster can act when principal determinant factors, responsible for a sudden, yet lasting change, are unknown, unmeasurable or cannot be influenced by national policy makers. A major dissimilarity between usual threshold models and the model presented in this paper is that while variables act differently under different conditions in the former, in this model, due to economic reasons, errors act differently. Alternatively, this paper can be viewed as a comparative GDP prediction study.