bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Justin Martyr
Authors: Tsalla Eleni
Published: November 2021

Justin (c. 100–165
ce
) is one of three Apologist Fathers whose writings are extant and is arguably the inventor of the Christian Apology. He is celebrated for propelling Christianity beyond the confines of a marginal group by employing the established means of law and philosophy to engage with the wider culture. Justin's philosophical theology, even if not fully developed, contains the seeds of the future great theological debates. His very qualified endorsement of philosophy authorizes him to assume the stance of an insider critic while adapting philosophical resources to the Christian context, ultimately supplanting philosophy. Justin's criticism, more than theories and arguments, targets the assumption philosophers share with mythologists: a conception of the divine as descriptive of the everlasting character of natural principles and forces. For Christian philosophy, such a notion of God is, not just nonsensical, but demonic.
Kamalaśīla
Authors: McClintock Sara L.
Published: November 2021

This entry gives an account of the Indian Buddhist philosopher Kamalaśīla (c. 740–795), a representative of the so‐called Yogācāra‐Madhyamaka school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. The entry recounts Kamalaśīla's central role in the debates at Samyé Monastery in Tibet, the so‐called Samyé Debate, in which Kamalaśīla defended the doctrine of a gradual path against the doctrine of sudden enlightenment proposed by the Chinese monk Hvashang Mahāyāna. Kamalaśīla's two most influential treatises, the
Light for the Middle
and the
Stages of Meditation
, are then described and discussed. Finally, the entry briefly considers the Tibetan doxographical distinction of the Svātantrika and Prāsaṅgika schools of Madhyamaka, asking why Kamalaśīla is assigned to the former and excluded from the latter. Readers are recommended to also consult the entry on Śāntarakṣita, which describes and discusses Kamalaśīla's two major commentarial works, the
Extensive Commentary on the Compendium of Realities
and the
Extensive Commentary on the Ornament for the Middle
.
Levinas, Emmanuel
Authors: Hart Kevin
Published: November 2021

Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995) accepts the criticisms of religious transcendence developed since the Enlightenment, yet nonetheless affirms a God whose trace passes in ethical action. This God is not being or a being, and cannot be the subject of a theology, but “comes to mind” in infinite responsibility for the other person.
Locke, John
Authors: Gordon‐Roth Jessica
Published: November 2021

This entry explores two features of John Locke's (1632–1704) theological commitments: the existence and nature of God, and the nature of punishment in the afterlife. Locke argues for a cogitative and immaterial God. Locke also
denies
eternal damnation, or eternal punishment and torment in the afterlife. The goal of this entry is not only to showcase Locke's
often overlooked
discussion of eternal damnation, but also to show how this discussion, and Locke's treatment of God, link up with his groundbreaking and influential discussion of persons and their persistence conditions.
Malebranche, Nicolas
Authors: Nolan Lawrence
Published: November 2021

This entry discusses seventeenth‐century French philosopher Nicolas Malebranche's (1638–1715) unique solution to the problem of evil. Malebranche holds that God's sole aim in creation is to glorify himself. This account of divine creation reframes the traditional problem of evil: if God's aim is to glorify himself then why is the universe filled with so many imperfections, which seem to dishonor him? Malebranche's solution is, first, to distinguish God's work from the “ways” by which he creates that work. Drawing an analogy with a human architect, Malebranche holds that both must honor God. Second, he argues that for God's ways to honor him, he must create a universe governed by the fewest and most general laws. The fact that God is limited to general laws is invoked to explain why this is not the best possible world, absolutely speaking.
Meaning of Life
Authors: Mawson T.J.
Published: November 2021

The question, “What is the meaning of life?” is a question that most lay‐people would think must form a chief focus of the work of those who style themselves professional philosophers. But, until relatively recently, hardly anybody who called themselves a professional philosopher had worked on the question “What is the meaning of life?” at all. Why was that? And why did it change? Because it has changed. How is the question “What is the meaning of life?” now understood? Of what relevance, if any, is it to the philosophy of religion and of what relevance, if any, is the philosophy of religion to it? The author of this piece charts the emerging respectability of the question, “What is the meaning of life?” within analytic philosophy and its interactions with the philosophy of religion and with religions. He ventures some predictions about where “What is the meaning of life?” will go in the next stage of its history.
Medieval Philosophy, Christian Contribution
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: November 2021

Apart from the philosophical heritage of the ancient world, Christian texts, beliefs, practices, and institutions together comprise the single most significant influence on the development of medieval philosophy. Christianity affects the way medieval thinkers conceive the philosophical enterprise itself, the methods they use, the subject matter they consider appropriate for philosophical reflection, and their understanding of a broad range of traditional philosophical issues. That influence can be seen as stimulating philosophical activity but also as constraining philosophical developments in various ways. In either case, medieval philosophy is indelibly marked by its relation to Christianity.
Nature, Animals, and Ecology
Authors: Clark Stephen R.L.
Published: November 2021

Our inherited ideas of nature, animals, and ecology are contestable, and don't form a coherent or plausible unity. Within the European tradition Stoics and Epicureans offer useful contrasts between atomistic and holistic understandings of nature, and of our relations with the nonhuman, as well as partly congruent advice. On either account species are not natural kinds, and anthropocentric views of nature are at odds both with tradition and with modern science. On Epicurean and modern accounts final causes do not matter. But we must still think carefully about them in our practical ethics: recognizing at least that our present human goals are not the only ones. The transformation of all things adumbrated in “religion” suggests that we may live the dream of mutual justice and kindness even without expecting a literal apocalypse or trusting in a transcendent God. But it would be premature to deny the possibility of exactly such an apocalypse.
Nyāya
Authors: Iwasaki Yoichi
Published: November 2021

This entry provides an overview of the philosophy of the Nyāya school or the “School of Logic” of India regarding three issues: liberation, God, and the authority of scriptures. Like other schools of Indian philosophy, the soteriological inquiry of the Nyāya school begins with the understanding that life is suffering. To get rid of suffering, the school proposes that we should study epistemology and discuss with knowledgeable people, in addition to undertaking yogic practice, to know the truth of self and escape the eternal cycle of death and rebirth. In this soteriology, God has practically no role. Nevertheless, the Nyāya school accepts the existence of God who created the world and provides formal proofs of it. A typical proof may fall into a sort of cosmological argument: A mountain and the like must be created by a conscious maker, because it is a product, just like a palace. In the later stages of the Nyāya school, God is identified with the author of the Veda, the core scripture of the Brahmanic/Hindu religion. The school argues that the Veda is telling the truth, because it is the words of the one who knows the truth and never deceives us, namely, God.
Omniscience
Authors: Whitcomb Dennis
Published: November 2021

Omniscience is, roughly, all‐knowingness. It is widely taken to be a divine attribute. Several definitions of it have been offered, each with a range of prospects and problems. Its relationships to a number of nearby issues have been discussed, for instance issues about freedom and foreknowledge as well as issues about divine immutability. Several arguments have been offered against its possibility; these arguments have all been criticized. Discussion of it has begun to move outside the philosophy of religion and into the theory of knowledge more generally.
Ontological Argument
Authors: Harrelson Kevin J.
Published: November 2021

Ontological arguments are nearly a millennium old, and yet philosophers have not settled on a judgment of them. One reason for this is that Anselm's argument, as well as its most famous descendants, is importantly incomplete. Anselm claimed that it is better for God to exist in reality than only in the understanding, but he gave no justification for this curious assertion. Many have taken him to assume that existence is a property, but his defenders have easily evaded the objection. This entry considers some of the ways that philosophers have tried to supplement the argument, as well as some of the ways that others have dismissed the possibility that there is a good candidate for the missing premise. It concludes by suggesting that we would only have a refutation of ontological arguments if we had an adequate account of existential claims.
Open Theism
Authors: Sanders John
Published: November 2021

Open theism is a model of the divine nature and providence which highlights God's love for and responsiveness to creatures while affirming omnipotence and creation out of nothing. God is open to creatures, is affected by them, and enters into reciprocal relations with them. The future is open as well in that there are multiple possible futures. This means that God has dynamic omniscience, is everlasting, and that God solicits our cooperation to bring about divine initiatives rather than micromanaging history.
Philo of Alexandria
Authors: Sterling Gregory E.
Published: November 2021

Philo of Alexandria (c. 20
bce
–c. 45
ce
) was a member of one of the most prominent Jewish families of Alexandria. He wrote more than 70 works, of which almost 50 have survived. These include three series of commentaries on the Pentateuch, philosophical treatises, and apologetic treatises. His basic task was to interpret his ancestral scriptures, but he did so by reading them through the lens of Hellenistic philosophy, especially Middle Platonism. The hermeneutic that permitted this reading was allegory, more specifically, the allegory of the soul. The basic aim of his thought was the ascent of the soul through the cultivation of virtue. His work did not have any notable impact on subsequent Judaism, although the destruction of the Alexandrian Jewish community in 115–117
ce
may have been a major factor in this. His work was preserved by Christians and exercised noteworthy influence on Alexandrian and Cappadocian Christianity.
Philosophical Critique of Religion
Authors: Oppy Graham
Published: November 2021

In this entry, philosophical critique of religion is taken to be normative epistemological, ethical, and political criticism of religious worldviews, institutions, hierarchies, practices, and canons. The entry begins with a broad‐brush history of philosophical critique of religion, noting activity in the ancient Mediterranean, ancient India, ancient China, and the medieval Islamic world, but focusing primarily on the development of religious criticism in Western Europe during the second millennium. The entry then takes up a range of topics that have provoked religious criticism across the full sweep of the world's religions, starting with epistemological and metaphysical concerns, and then moving to ethical, social, and political matters. The entry is rounded out with brief discussion of some particularly prominent critics of religion: Hume, Feuerbach, Marx and Engels, Nietzsche, Freud, and Atran.
Plato
Authors: Tarrant Harold
Published: November 2021

There is no single work of Plato (c. 428–348/7
bce)
devoted to the philosophy of religion, or, more concretely, to the nature of the gods. Nor would he have recognized a distinct “philosophy of religion,” for philosophy then meant the pursuit of wisdom
as a whole
, and the very concept of religion does not easily match any Greek word. Indeed, what we think of as religious life was so closely bound up with civic and family business that the secular could not easily be separated from the sacred. What we now think of as religious questions therefore arose naturally in the course of Plato's extensive discussions of how societies might better function. This entry surveys Plato's rational consideration of polytheism, religious practices, myth, and metaphysical theology.
Plutarch
Authors: Hirsch‐Luipold Rainer
Published: November 2021

Plutarch of Chaeronea (c. 45–120) is arguably the most prolific exponent of Platonic religious philosophy in early imperial times. His oeuvre consists of
Lives of Famous Greeks and Romans
and a collection of miscellaneous writings on topics ranging from philosophy, religion, and ethics to medicine, literature, and natural sciences, known as the
Moralia
.
P
lutarch regards religious traditions as an important basis for the philosophical quest for the truth which he equates with the realm of the divine. As images of the divine, such traditions have to be understood and interpreted philosophically by way of a pictorial interpretation.
Prajñākaragupta
Authors: Moriyama Shinya
Published: November 2021

Prajñākaragupta was a mid‐eighth‐ to ninth‐century Buddhist master of the Buddhist logico‐epistemological tradition of India. His magnum opus, the
Pramāṇavārttikālaṅkāra
or
Pramāṇavārttikabhāṣya
, is an extended commentary on Dharmakīrti's
Pramāṇavārttika
. Unlike other commentaries, Prajñākaragupta's involves the author's independent arguments on several controversial topics of Buddhist philosophy of religion, epistemology, and logic, including his unique theories of omniscience and backward causation.
Psychology of Religion
Authors: Jong Jonathan
Published: November 2021

The psychological study of religion has its roots first in the natural histories of religion of the Enlightenment and then in the comparative and evolutionary researches of the Victorian anthropologists. From its earliest days, its focus has always been on individuals and their beliefs, behaviors, and experiences, and how these relate to other aspects of their lives. As older natural histories or genealogies of religion did, psychological and neuroscientific approaches to religion still raise questions of religious epistemology.
Rāmānuja
Authors: Schmücker Marcus
Published: November 2021

The entry addresses the relationship between God, souls, and
karman
. By elaborating on some key concepts concerning this relationship, we demonstrate how Rāmānuja outlines God's relation to the beginningless
karman
of souls, in particular the aspect of flowing along, and focusing on the progression from a new beginning up to the point when God gives consent to a new start for the soul. That this is possible is an independent act of God whose creation is said to be play – the only way to act independently.
Religious Language
Authors: White Roger M.
Published: November 2021

How can human language enable us to make significant claims about God, when God is radically different from anything in the terrestrial world, hidden from us and transcending human comprehension? Two answers to such questions are examined: (i) Nothing is literally true of both God and creatures, and the language used is to be regarded as metaphorical; (ii) In different ways, the use of analogy gives us resources appropriate to the task.
Śāntarakṣita
Authors: McClintock Sara L.
Published: November 2021

This entry provides an overview of the Indian Buddhist philosopher Śāntarakṣita (c. 725–788), the primary representative of the so‐called Yogācāra‐Madhyamaka school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Examining his main philosophical treatises, the
Compendium of Realities
(
Tattvasaṃgraha
) and the
Ornament of the Middle
(
Madhyamakālaṃkāra
), the entry demonstrates how Śāntarakṣita was adept at synthesizing various strands of Buddhist thought, including the technical logical and epistemological
pramāṇa
discourse of Dignāga and Dharmakīrti, the Vijñānavāda or Cittamātra thought associated with Asaṅga, and the Madhyamaka theories attributed to Nāgārjuna. Focusing on his use of mereological analysis to dismantle the possibility of any nature (
svabhāva
) in entities, the entry shows how Śāntarakṣita mounts provisional arguments in relation to diverse audiences to establish his final Madhyamaka position exposing the emptiness (
śūnyatā
) of all things. The entry concludes with a short exploration of the Buddha's omniscience, just one of many topics of interest to the philosophy of religion in Śāntarakṣita's works.
Sarvāstivāda
Authors: Dhammajoti K.L.
Published: November 2021

“Sarvāstivāda” is a Sanskrit term which means “the theory of ‘all exists.’” It claims that all true ultimate reals (
dharma
) exist in their intrinsic natures throughout all times. It maintains that the tri‐temporal existence of
dharma
s does not mean that they are permanent: “
sarvadā asti
” does not mean “
nityam asti
.” The school named after this theory was for a long time the most influential Buddhist school in ancient India. The thesis of
sarvāstivāda
or
sarvāstitva
is diametrically rejected by the “Distinctionists” (Vibhajyavādin), who hold that only the present exists. (Some among them acknowledge that the past karmas that have not yet given fruit may also be said to be existent). The
sarvāstivāda–vibhajyavāda
controversy reverberated in its various forms throughout the subsequent development of Buddhist thought, both within and outside India.
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph
Authors: Whistler Daniel
Published: November 2021

Over six decades, F.W.J. Schelling (1775–1854) was both a seminal contributor to the construction of German Idealist philosophy of religion and, later, one of its most vocal critics. The four features that distinguish his work in this field are: his naturalization of religious value; his introduction of a qualitative difference into God as a means of avoiding pantheism and explaining evil; his historicization of philosophy of religion; and his empiricist method for arguing for God from traces of revelation in the world.
Schopenhauer, Arthur
Authors: Wicks Robert L.
Published: November 2021

This entry presents Arthur Schopenhauer's (1788–1860) account of religion as extending from his understanding of the suffering human condition in conjunction with his characterization of philosophy as a discipline that expresses truth in a purely conceptual form. On this basis, it explains Schopenhauer's division of religions into two main groups, pessimistic and optimistic, along with his advocacy of pessimistic religions as the most compassionate. The latter include Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity, which he sets in moral and metaphysical opposition to the optimistic religions of Judaism, Islam, and Greek and Roman polytheism.
Śivādvaita Vedānta
Authors: Duquette Jonathan
Published: November 2021

Śivādvaita Vedānta is the name of a Sanskrit‐language school of nondualist Vedānta that centers on Śiva as the conceptual and semantic equivalent ofbrahman. Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya (c. fourteenth to fifteenth century) laid down the basis of its theology in his Śaiva commentary on theBrahmasūtras, theBrahmamīmāṃsābhāṣya. In the sixteenth century, the celebrated scholar Appaya Dīkṣita promoted Śrīkaṇṭha's teachings in a series of original works that successfully established Śivādvaita Vedānta as a major school of Vedānta in South India. In the wake of Appaya's work, Vīraśaiva scholars writing in Sanskrit developed their own school of Śaiva Vedānta during the early modern period: Śaktiviśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta.
New dosimetric guidelines for linear Boltzmann transport equations through comparative evaluation of stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung treatment planning
Authors: Webster Matthew , Tanny Sean , Joyce Neil , Herman Amy , Chen Yuhchyau , Milano Michael , Usuki Kenneth , Constine Louis , Singh Deepinder , Yeo Inhwan
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To propose guidelines for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) when using Acuros XB (AXB) equivalent to the existing ones developed for convolution algorithms such as analytic anisotropic algorithm (AAA), considering the difference between the algorithms.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on 30 lung patients previously treated with SBRT. The original AAA plans, which were developed using dynamic conformal arcs, were recalculated and then renormalized for planning target volume (PTV) coverage using AXB. The recalculated and renormalized plans were compared to the original plans based on V100% and V90% PTV coverage, as well as V105%, conformality index, D2cm, Rx/Dmax, R50, and Dmin. These metrics were analyzed nominally and on variations according to RTOG and NRG guidelines. Based on the relative difference between each metric in the AAA and AXB plans, new guidelines were developed. The relative differences in our cohort were compared to previously documented AAA to AXB comparisons found in the literature.

Results

AAA plans recalculated in AXB had a significant reduction in most dosimetric metrics. The most notable changes were in V100% (4%) and the conformality index (7.5%). To achieve equal PTV coverage, AXB required an average of 1.8% more monitor units (MU). This fits well with previously published data. Applying the new guidelines to the AXB plans significantly increased the number of minor violations with no change in major violations, making them comparable to those of the original AAA plans.

Conclusion

The relative difference found between AAA and AXB for SBRT lung plans has been shown to be consistent with previous works. Based on these findings, new guidelines for lung SBRT are recommended when planning with AXB.
Extended Locally Exact Homogenization Theory for Effective Coefficients and Localized Responses of Piezoelectric Composites
Authors: Wang Guannan , Wang Weijian , Liu Cheng , Chen Weiqiu , Mei Yue
Published: November 2021

Herein, the elasticity‐based locally exact homogenization theory (LEHT) is extended to study the effective and localized responses of piezoelectric fiber composites. Based on the Trefftz concept, coupled internal solutions for electric fields and elastic displacements are developed for repeating unit cells (RUCs) that are characterized from the composite domain. The unknown coefficients of the internal fields can be determined by imposing interfacial continuity conditions between fiber and matrix and implementing the newly proposed multiphysics periodic boundary conditions. Finally, the generalized constitutive relations are established to predict the effective coefficients. The accuracy of the proposed technique is tested by validating the present simulations against the analytical Eshelby solution and asymptotic method, classical Mori−Tanaka (M−T) model, finite element (FE)‐ and finite volume (FV)‐based methods, as well as the experimental measurement in the literature with excellent agreement. What is more, several microstructural effects, such as phase volume fraction, fiber arrangement, etc., are varied to test their effects on the piezoelectric composites at both homogenized and localized levels. Based on the presented computational efficiency, the multiphysics LEHT is encapsulated into a blackbox with input/output data constructions for easy implementation by professionals or nonprofessionals.
Plasmon Coupled Colloidal Gold Nanorods for Near‐Infrared and Short‐Wave‐Infrared Broadband Photodetection
Authors: Xiang Hengyang , Hu Zhelu , Xin Chenghao , Lin Hung‐Ju , Aigouy Lionel , Chen Zhuoying , Zhou Lei , Yuan Xiaojiao
Published: November 2021

Solution‐processed plasmonic colloidal gold nanorods (Au NRs) are promising candidates leading to new photodetection applications. While plasmonic Au NRs of a specific dimension will lead to a well‐defined optical extinction due to the localized surface plasmon resonance, in photodetection applications broadband functioning is often desired. In this work, a broadband optical extinction is achieved from λ = 400 to 2000 nm by coupling colloidal Au NRs of various dimensions in a thin film form. Such an Au NR thin film is further applied on a platinum (Pt) electrode to fabricate hybrid Au‐NR/Pt photodetectors. On these hybrid Au‐NRs/Pt devices, thanks to the plasmonic‐induced photothermal effect, a clear broadband photoresponse is demonstrated covering the near‐infrared (NIR) and short‐wave‐infrared (SWIR) spectrum from λ = 800 to 2000 nm, with a <200 µs fast photoresponse time. This work suggests that suitably coupled plasmonic colloidal Au NRs and their strong photothermal effect are promising strategies for the future development of low‐cost and broadband NIR/SWIR photodetection.
Symmetric “Double Spiro” Wide Energy Gap Hosts for Blue Phosphorescent OLED Devices
Authors: Ma Jie , Idris Muazzam , Li Tian Y. , Ravinson Daniel S. M. , Fleetham Tyler , Kim Jongchan , Djurovich Peter I. , Forrest Stephen R. , Thompson Mark E.
Published: November 2021

Wide energy gap materials dispiro[fluorene‐9,9′‐anthracene‐10′,9″‐fluorene] (SAS) and dispiro[xanthene‐9,9′‐anthracene‐10′,9″‐xanthene] (XAX) containing double spiro–carbons, are introduced as hosts for blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PHOLEDs). Both SAS and XAX are free of heteroatomic exocyclic bonds, which are implicated in limiting the stability of blue PHOLEDs. The materials are synthesized in gram‐scale quantities through short and efficient paths. They have large energy gaps (≥5.0 eV) between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and correspondingly have high triplet energies in solid state (ET ≈ 3.0 eV). Analysis of devices using SAS and XAX as host materials with the blue phosphorescent dopant fac‐tris(N,N‐di‐p‐tolyl‐pyrizinoimidazol‐2‐yl)iridium(III) (Ir(tpz)3), shows that charges are transported and trapped by the dopant, which subsequently forms excitons directly on the phosphor. As a result, luminescence quenching pathways are suppressed which leads to blue phosphorescent devices with high (≈18%) external quantum efficiency. Thus, SAS and XAX serve as promising host materials, with high triplet energies suitable for blue PHOLEDs.
Recent Progress in Utilizing Upconversion Nanoparticles with Switchable Emission for Programmed Therapy
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Liu Yilin , Chen Yongming
Published: November 2021

Conventional upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) based nanoplatforms have achieved significant progress in many fields during the past decades, and with the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, more and more complex situations need UCNPs based nanoplatforms due to their ability to load multiple molecules and also activate them independently when necessary. Only the UCNPs with switchable emission can meet this requirement. This review provides a summary of the optimization of synthetic approaches for the recently developed UCNPs with switchable emission and summarizes their various applications in programmed therapy. And also, the challenges and limitations UCNPs face and the potential solutions are discussed.
Ciliary Type III Adenylyl Cyclase in the VMH Is Crucial for High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Obesity Mediated by Autophagy
Authors: Yang Dong , Wu Xiangbo , Wang Weina , Zhou Yanfen , Wang Zhenshan
Published: November 2021

Neuronal primary cilia are crucial for body weight maintenance. Type III adenylyl cyclase (AC3) is abundantly enriched in neuronal cilia, and mice with global AC3 ablation are obese. However, whether AC3 regulates body weight through its ciliary expression and the mechanism underlying this potential regulation are not clear. In this study, humanized AC3 knock‐in mice that are resistant to high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obesity are generated, and increases in the number and length of cilia in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) are shown. It is demonstrated that mice with specifically knocked down ciliary AC3 expression in the VMH show pronounced HFD‐induced obesity. In addition, in vitro and in vivo analyses of the VMH show that ciliary AC3 regulates autophagy by binding an autophagy‐related gene, gamma‐aminobutyric acid A receptor‐associated protein (GABARAP). Mice with GABARAP knockdown in the VMH exhibit exacerbated HFD‐induced obesity. Overall, the findings may reveal a potential mechanism by which ciliary AC3 expression regulates body weight in the mouse VMH.
Minimizing the Voltage Loss in Hole‐Conductor‐Free Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Du Jiankang , Qiu Cheng , Li Sheng , Zhang Wenhao , Zhang Weihua , Wang Yifan , Qiu Zexiong , Wang Qifei , Yang Kai , Mei Anyi , Rong Yaoguang , Hu Yue , Han Hongwei
Published: November 2021

The hole‐conductor‐free printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells based on the inorganic scaffolds of mesoporous titania, mesoporous zirconia, and porous carbon have attracted much attention due to their excellent stability and low manufacturing cost. However, in such hole‐conductor‐free devices, the transport of the photogenerated holes is dominated by the diffusion‐assisted charge carrier movement, while the driving force is insufficient. Reinforcing the built‐in electric field (BEF) is an effective strategy to promote oriented carrier transport. Herein, by using an optimized two‐step deposition method, the BEF is reinforced by creating a work function difference of perovskite (Δµ) in different layers via a gradient self‐doping. The enhanced BEF improves the hole transport and extraction, and significantly reduces the carrier recombination losses in the device. As a result, an average open‐circuit voltage improvement over 60 mV and a power conversion efficiency of 17.68% are achieved without any additives or complex processes. This strategy provides a new approach toward fabricating highly efficient printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells with reduced carrier recombination losses.
Ultrathin In‐Plane Heterostructures for Efficient CO2 Chemical Fixation
Authors: Jin Sen , Shao Wei , Chen Shichuan , Li Lei , Shang Shu , Zhao Yan , Zhang Xiaodong , Xie Yi
Published: November 2021

Chemical fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value‐added organics is regarded as a competitive and viable method in large scale industrial production, during which the catalysts with promoting CO2 activation ability are needed. Herein, we proposed an in‐plane heterostructure strategy to construct Lewis acid–base sites for efficient CO2 activation. By taking ultrathin in‐plane Cu2O/Cu heterostructures as a prototype, we show that Lewis acid‐base sites on heterointerface can facilitate a mixed C and O dual coordination on surface, which not only strengthen CO2 adsorption, but also effectively activate the inert molecules. As revealed by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and quasi in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Lewis acid‐base sites could readily activate CO2 to .CO2− species, which is the key intermediate radical for CO2 fixation. As a result, abundant Lewis acid–base sites endow Cu2O/Cu nanosheets with excellent performances for dimethyl carbonate generation, a high conversion yield of 28 % with nearly 100 % selectivity under mild conditions. This study provides a model structure for CO2 fixation reactions.
Designing A New Infrared Nonlinear Optical Material, β‐BaGa2Se4 Inspired by the Phase Transition of the BaB2O4 (BBO) Crystal
Authors: Zhang Yujie , Bian Qiang , Wu Hongping , Yu Hongwei , Hu Zhanggui , Wang Jiyang , Wu Yicheng
Published: November 2021

Infrared nonlinear optical (IR NLO) crystals play a significant role in the development of IR laser technology. But rationally designing a new IR NLO crystal remains a huge challenge because of the unpredictability of inorganic structures. Herein, inspired by phase transformation of the famous BaB2O4 (BBO) crystal, a temperature‐induced centrosymmetric (CS) to noncentrosymmetric (NCS) transformation approach is employed in CS BaGa2Se4 to uncover a new NCS ternary chalcogenide, β‐BaGa2Se4 which can exhibit the well‐balanced NLO properties, including moderate phase‐matching SHG response (≈0.6×AgGaS2), high LDT (10×AgGaS2), and large birefringence (Δn=0.18 in the visible region). Therefore, β‐BaGa2Se4 will be a promising IR NLO crystal. The analysis for the structure‐property relationship shows that the excellent NLO properties of β‐BaGa2Se4 mainly originate from edge‐sharing GaSe4 tetrahedral chains, which are different from B3O6 groups in β‐BBO and respect a new direction for the design of IR NLO crystals. So, we believe that the current research provides not only a new IR NLO crystal but also some insights for the design of new IR NLO crystals.
Selective C(sp3)−N Bond Cleavage of N,N‐Dialkyl Tertiary Amines with the Loss of a Large Alkyl Group via an SN1 Pathway
Authors: Wu Jiaoyu , Li Linqiang , Liu Mengtian , Bai Lu , Luan Xinjun
Published: November 2021

Polar disconnection of the C(sp3)−N bond of N,N‐dialkyl‐substituted tertiary amines via ammonium species conventionally favored the loss of the smaller alkyl group by an SN2 displacement, while selective C(sp3)−N bond cleavage by cutting off the larger alkyl group is still underdeveloped. Herein, we present a novel Pd0‐catalyzed [2+2+1] annulation, proceeding through an alkyne‐directed palladacycle formation and consecutive diamination with a tertiary hydroxylamine by cleaving its N−O bond and one C(sp3)−N bond, for the rapid assembly of tricyclic indoles in a single‐step transformation. Noteworthy, experimental results indicated that large tert‐butyl and benzyl groups were selectively cleaved via an SN1 pathway, in the presence of a smaller alkyl group (Me, Et, iPr). Under the guidance of this new finding, tricyclic indoles bearing a removable alkyl group could be exclusively obtained by using a (α‐methyl)benzyl/benzyl or tert‐butyl/2‐(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl mixed amino source.
Antispasmodic and antimicrobial activities of pyrazole‐containing ferrocenyl alkanols versus their phenyl analogs, and the entry point to potential multitarget treatment for inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Radulović Niko S. , Nikolić Milica G. , Mladenović Marko Z. , Ranđelović Pavle , Stojanović Nikola M. , Stojanović‐Radić Zorica , Jovanović Ljiljana
Published: November 2021

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBM), such as Crohn's disease, and their common complications represent a global health challenge. Many pyrazole derivatives, such as the spasmolytic drug metamizole, have already found their place among the frequently used therapeutic agents. Alteration of the structure of established therapeutic drugs by introducing a ferrocene moiety was shown to be a promising way for the discovery of new drugs. Herein, two libraries of analogous ferrocenyl (1a‐1j) and phenyl alkanols (2a‐2j) containing a pyrazole core, among which 17 completely new structures, have been synthesized, and structurally and electrochemically characterized. These compounds, along with the aldehydes used for their synthesis, were tested in parallel for their antispasmodic, acetylcholinesterase‐inhibitory, and antimicrobial activities to evaluate their potential as multitarget IBM drugs. The antispasmodic activity was investigated by assessing their effect on both the amplitude and number of spontaneous contractions of isolated rat ileum. Their antimicrobial effect was evaluated against a panel of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial strains and fungi. It was found that several of the evaluated compounds displayed gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxant activity, among them, 1‐(1H‐3‐ferrocenyl‐1‐phenylpyrazol‐4‐yl)‐3‐methylbutan‐1‐ol (1d) showed a remarkable effect by superseding the activity of papaverine. Together with the fact that it represents one of the most antimicrobially active investigated compounds, 1d is a good candidate for further pharmacological evaluation as a multitarget drug for IBM.
The composition of edible oils modifies β‐sitosterol/γ‐oryzanol oleogels. Part I: Stripped triglyceride oils
Authors: Scharfe Maria , Prange Daniel , Flöter Eckhard
Published: November 2021

The role of the fatty acid (FA) composition of triglycerides (TAGs) on sterol/sterol ester oleogels has been studied. Minor oil components of three vegetable oils with varying degrees of unsaturation (iodine values, IV) were removed. Typical oil quality parameters were determined before and after the treatment, and oleogels were produced using all six oils. Characteristic gel properties such as transition temperatures, mechanical properties and microstructure were tested. The results were compared regarding the impact of IV and the stripping procedure. Minor components were essentially removed during stripping, resulting in significantly different oil properties such as peroxide value, free FA and viscosity. However, peroxides formed rapidly in stripped flaxseed oil. Gel–sol transition temperatures and enthalpies were higher in gels from untreated oils and decreased with IV in samples with stripped oils. In contrast, the sol–gel transition was suppressed due to minor oil components in untreated oils. The effect of IV on gel formation was much less and linked to a lower solvent viscosity in more unsaturated oils. Nevertheless, gel firmness was significantly higher in oleogels from untreated oils and decreased slightly with IV in stripped oils. That was associated with differences in the arrangement of network building blocks, which was confirmed using atomic force microscopy. This study showed that the FA composition of TAGs has a limited effect on oleogel properties compared to those of minor oil components. The next part of this study focuses on modifying oleogel properties by adding selected minor components to stripped oils at varying concentrations.
Synthesis of polycarboxylate superplasticizer modified by β‐cyclodextrin for possessing clay tolerance
Authors: Li Yue , Li Hongwen , Jin Caiyun , Zhao Bingyin , Wu Yusheng
Published: November 2021

Polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) is widely used in concrete, but the clay content in the aggregate is increasing at present, which seriously weakens the dispersing function of PCE. Therefore, in order to lower the sensitivity of PCE to the clay, ‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) was used for synthesizing anti‐clay polycarboxylate superplasticizers (AC‐PCE). Firstly, the clay tolerance property of AC‐PCE was explored by the fluidity and rheological test; then, the PCE was mixed with montmorillonite (MMT), and interaction mechanism was studied. The results showed that compared with the conventional polycarboxylate superplasticizer (CO‐PCE), an increase of 19.5% and 14.9% was observed in the fluidity of cement paste and mortar for AC‐PCE, indicating that the sensitivity of AC‐PCE to the clay was lower than that of CO‐PCE. Both CO‐PCE and AC‐PCE were adsorpted on MMT. XRD results showed that intercalation adsorption had occurred for both CO‐PCE and AC‐PCE. N2 adsorption results showed that although AC‐PCE was also inserted into the interlayer of MMT, its adsorption amount was lower than that of CO‐PCE due to steric hindrance from β‐CD, which increased the sorption level of the AC‐PCE on the cement clinkers particles. Therefore, the clay tolerance of PCE was enhanced significantly by β‐CD.
Metabonomics analysis of semen euphorbiae and semen Euphorbiae Pulveratum using UPLC–Q‐TOF/MS
Authors: Yang Ziye , Jiang Mingrui , Yue Zhuzhu , Wang Peihua , Wang Huinan , Zhang Guimei , Chen Mengyu , Zhang Jingqiu , Wang Zhicheng , Zhang Chao , Cao Yanhua , Wang Yingzi
Published: November 2021

Semen Euphorbiae (SE), the dry and mature seed of Euphorbia lathyris L., a common traditional Chinese medicine, has significant pharmacological activity. However, its toxicity limits its clinical application, and less toxic Semen Euphorbiae Pulveratum (SEP) is often used clinically. To explore the possible mechanism of SE frost‐making and attenuation, this study used ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry to perform a comprehensive metabolomics analysis of serum and urine samples from rats treated with SE and SEP, and performed histopathological evaluation of liver, kidney and colon tissues. Meanwhile, the different metabolites were visualized through multivariate statistical analysis and the HMDB and KEGG databases were used to distinguish the differential metabolites of SE and SEP to reveal related metabolic pathways and their significance. In total, 32 potential biomarkers, 14 in serum and 18 in urine, were identified. The metabolic pathway analysis revealed that arachidonic acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and seven other metabolic pathways were significantly altered. Importantly, compared with SE, SEP reduced the metabolic disorder related to endogenous components. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of lipid metabolism, intestinal flora metabolites, amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism. This study provided new insights into the possible mechanism of SE freezing and attenuation.
Primary breast osteosarcoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Omranipour Ramesh , Ensani Fereshteh , Hassanesfahani Maryam
Published: November 2021

Primary breast osteosarcoma (PBOS) is an extremely rare and poor prognostic malignancy that has not a definitive treatment guideline. Here, we presented a successfully treated case of PBOS and provided a comprehensive review of the literature which revealed the divergence of opinions regarding the histogenesis and management of this malignancy
Time course of effects of venlafaxine on migraine and generalized pruritus in a patient with depression
Authors: Miyahara Yu , Funahashi Hideki , Haruta‐Tsukamoto Ayaka , Hidaka Hiroto , Fujimoto Takako , Horinouchi Akira , Nishimori Toshikazu , Ishida Yasushi
Published: November 2021

Venlafaxine has potential as a therapeutic option for patients with depressive disorder, migraine, and pruritus unresponsive to antihistamines.
Stevens‐Johnson Syndrome due to COVID‐19 vaccination
Authors: Mansouri Parvin , Chalangari Reza , Martits‐Chalangari Katalin , Mozafari Nikoo
Published: November 2021

As public COVID‐19 vaccination programs are being implemented, it is possible that more rare and serious adverse effects such as Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrosis (TEN) may occur.
Digesters as Heat Storage – Energetic Assessment of Flexible Variation of Digester Temperature
Authors: Steiniger Bettina , Hubert Christian , Schaum Christian
Published: November 2021

A flexible digester temperature enables holistic storage of surplus heat and minimization of heat deficits on water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs). Heat‐saving potentials, performance as heat storage, and emissions of CO2 are considered in four scenarios with increasing flexibility of digester temperature for a model WRRF with 500 000 PE (population equivalent). In comparison to a digester temperature at 37 °C all year, the scenario with seasonal variation of average digester temperatures between 32.5 and 43.6 °C has the greatest annual heat‐saving potential and increase of stored heat. Further, the ranges of digester temperatures indicate a great performance as heat storage.
From Thioureas to Thioquinolines through Isolated Benzothiazines by Gold Catalysis
Authors: Salvador Daniel , Gimeno M. Concepción
Published: November 2021

New benzothiazine heterocycles have been formed from thiourea derivatives by using different gold catalysts. The catalyst and the conditions were optimised towards the selective synthesis of six‐membered benzothiazine heterocycles, characterised by X‐ray diffraction. Interestingly, these organic compounds evolved under gold catalysis in basic medium to achieve the formation of amino thioquinolines through an unprecedented aromatisation process of the heterocycle. The reaction was also carried out stoichiometrically by reaction with gold complexes to afford thioquinolines coordinated to the gold fragment. Benzothiazine, amino thioquinoline heterocycles and gold‐derived species have a great potential for biological applications.
Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of a Generic and a Branded Budesonide Nasal Spray in Healthy Chinese Subjects
Authors: Li Xin , Li Yuan , Xu Bing , Zhang Ping , Wang Yangyang , Wang Zhenyu , Hou Shuguang
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic bioequivalence of a generic budesonide nasal spray and a branded product in healthy Chinese subjects under fasting condition. A single‐center, single‐dose, randomized, open‐label, crossover study was conducted in 32 healthy Chinese subjects under fasting condition. The subjects were administered 256 μg of generic budesonide nasal spray (test drug) or branded budesonide nasal spray (RHINOCORT AQUA, reference drug), respectively. For each period, the subjects were administered with 64 μg of budesonide per spray and 2 sprays for each nostril followed by a washout period of 7 days. Plasma concentration of budesonide was determined by a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were calculated, and the bioequivalence was compared using the noncompartment model with the Phoenix WinNonlin 7.0 program. Results show that the 90% confidence intervals of the test/reference ratios of maximum concentration, area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity for the budesonide concentration were 84.8% to 102.7%, 84.6% to 94.4%, and 85.4% to 95.2%, respectively, all fall within the bioequivalent range of 80% to 125%. The test and reference budesonide nasal sprays were PK bioequivalents in healthy Chinese subjects with comparable PK parameters. No serious adverse events were reported, and the 2 products have a good and similar safety profile.
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdala responses to unpredictable threat in children
Authors: Feola Brandee , Melancon Sir Norman T. , Clauss Jacqueline A. , Noall Madison P. , Mgboh Adaora , Flook Elizabeth A. , Benningfield Margaret M. , Blackford Jennifer Urbano
Published: November 2021

Substantial evidence from studies in humans suggests the amygdala is pivotal for anxiety. Findings from animal models and translational studies suggests the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is also critical for anxiety and the anticipation of unpredictable threat in adults. However, it remains unknown whether the BNST is involved in unpredictable threat anticipation in children. Forty‐two 8–10‐year‐olds completed resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans and an unpredictable threat fMRI task in which they were trained to associate cues with images. Intrinsic connectivity analyses were performed to establish functional BNST and amygdala networks. BNST and amygdala activation to cues and images was tested. Significant findings were followed by task‐based functional connectivity analyses. Children showed evidence for BNST and amygdala intrinsic connectivity that was similar to previous patterns observed in adults. In response to unpredictable cues relative to neutral face cues, children had a significant amygdala response but no response in the BNST. The amygdala, but not the BNST, also showed a significantly greater response to fear face images relative to neutral images. Thus, unpredictable threat activated the amygdala, but not BNST, in children. This finding is contrary to studies showing robust BNST activation to unpredictable threat in adults and may suggest that the BNST's role in threat processing emerges later in development.