bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-glare coating glass with sol-gel process
Authors: Chul Kim Ki
Published: March 2021

Background/Objectives: The next generation car such as self-driving car, and electrical vehicle is a hot issue of the automobile industry, which has the infotainment system with the multi-touch screen panel.Methods/Statistical analysis: The reflection of light from the surface of touch-panel display hinders the clean image acquisition of the display of infotainment system. In this research, anti-glare coating was fabricated by slot die method with the synthesized sols using the TEOS and functional binder on cleaned slide glass. The morphology and surface roughnesswere characterized by FE-SEM, and AFM. The optical properties of anti-glare coating were analyzed by UV-visible spectrophotometer and haze meter.Findings: The average transmittance of anti-glare coating glasses exhibits 88.5% - 90.5% in the visible light range of 400 nm to 800 nm wavelength. The haze value of the anti-glare coating has 7.1% - 36.6% to various coating conditions. The haze values of anti-glare coating were mainly affected by coated sol conditions rather than the coating conditions. The coating conditions of slot die method such as gap distance, and discharge rate of nozzle not affect the quality of anti-glare coating. The haze of anti-glare coating was affected by particle density, and particle size. The anti-glare coating of dense particle distribution and large particle exhibit large haze value about 37%.The best performance of anti-glare coatingwas 7.1% haze, 90.5% average transmittance, and 11 nm average surface roughness, which was coated with the solution #2 sol. The reflectance of anti-glare coating was not affected by change of haze values. But the transmittance of anti-glare coating was affected by haze.Improvements/Applications: The anti-glare coating glass can be applied to various applications such as protective glass of crystalline Si photovoltaic cells, window of skyscraper, and roof of airport buildings.
Evaluation of image quality according to the use of copper filter in indirect conversion type DR equipment
Authors: Yu Sinyoung , Choi Joonkoo , Kim Ghajung , GO Joongseok , Chang Kwanghyun , Kim Seunggi
Published: March 2021

Background/Objectives: The image quality is evaluated by applying copper to the thickness of filtering filter in indirect conversion type DR equipment. To evaluate the appropriate filter criteria, that does not deteriorate the image quality is obtained for SNR and CNR for each thickness.Methods/Statistical analysis: Indirect conversion type DR device was used. Acrylic phantom of 12 * 14 size was placed under the same conditions of 85kV, 200mA, 16ms.Experiments were carried out without using a filter, and each of the five copper filters of different thicknesses was irradiated 20 times each. Using the Image j program, an average value and a standard deviation were obtained after designating the region of interest and background area identically. Based on these values, SNR and CNR were obtained and statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA. Statistic was used PASW Statistics 18. Release 18.0.0.Findings: In the non-filter, the SNR value is 26.61 ± 2.05, the CNR value is 0.61 ± 0.06, the SNR value is 30.08 ± 4, 63 and the CNR value is 0.76 ± 0.16 for Cu-filter 0.1mm. In the Cu-filter 0.2 mm, the SNR value is 30.54 ± 4.44, the CNR value is 0.78 ± 0.16, and the SNR value at Cu-filter 0.3mm is 36.91 ± 5.47 CNR value is 1.10 ± 0.22. In the Cu-filter 1.0 mm, the SNR value is 24.88 ± 2.57, the CNR value is 0.71 ± 0.89, the SNR value is 13.82 ± 1.27 and the CNR value is 0.31 ± 0.02 at the Cu-filter 2.0 mm. The highest SNR was 0.3 mm, the highest CNR was 0.3 mm, and the Cu filter 0.3 mm was the highest in both SNR and CNR. There was a significant difference as the result of one-way ANOVA was P = 0.000 and significance level (p <0.05) range.Improvements/Applications: The use of a filter absorbs much of the low-energy region, The effective energy is increased and the radiation dose is reduced.
Development of autosensing for self-protection device based IOT
Authors: Seok Kim Bong
Published: March 2021

Background/Objectives: There is the needs for the service not only to keep a user informed of access to potentially dangerous people approaching from the rear by alarm sound or vibration through automatic sensor installed the device but to transmit location as well as sensing time to guardian through smartphone appwhen women are going off the beaten track on the way home late at nightMethods/Statistical analysis :It is composed of app that is interlocked with a protection device installed human body detection sensor and camera capable of autosensing potentially dangerous people approaching according to proximity sensor. This autodetection makes it possible not only to inform user on approaching the people by alarm sound as well as vibration but to transmit sensor detecting time and location to guardian.Findings: Self-protection device based IoT which not only is informed approaching a dangerous person by alarm and vibration using a device attached sensor in case of sensing the people’s approaching but catches danger through smartphone application to take a picture and images included time and location is developed in this study.Improvements/Applications: This device will be expected to use not only women but students who are bullied at school. Pictures at school violence are transmitted to guardian if the student who has a device attached to the front of himmay occur school violence. Other improvements including if the device is dropped or handled roughly are under active consideration to send pictures or explanation of situation for guardian.
Mining of missing ship trajectory pattern in automatic identification system
Authors: Il Kim Kwang , Myung Lee Keon
Published: March 2021

Background/Objectives: Ship trajectories in Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) system are generated by integrating the Automatic Identification System (AIS) or Radar system. However, the AIS system has missing data section caused by AIS device problems, radio jamming, and so on. These data have been confusing ship navigators and VTS operators.Methods/Statistical analysis: In order to extract missing AIS data, time intervals of sequent points from each ship trajectory are calculated. The section with missing AIS data is above a threshold time limit defined by characteristics. Using k-means algorithm, missing AIS data were clustered into several clusters stored by ship’s ID and sailing direction. Using association rule mining analysis, meaningful association pattern were calculated by missing AIS dataset.Findings: As a result of the association rule mining, we found several missing AIS situation patterns. In case of the west route, the probability of missing AIS situation is high when they enter the east and passenger routes. Also, the probability of missing AIS situation of passing the passenger route is high when that ship enter the LNG, east and west routes.Improvements/Applications: These results can be used to predict the probability of missing AIS data in VTS system.
A study on website log data analysis methodology by transition probability
Authors: Kyeong Lee Jae , Hwan Hyun Mi , Gu Shin Dong
Published: March 2021

Background/Objectives: To measure occupancy using transition probability matrix as a data analysis method to predict future requirements for web use. From this study, Executives facing business challenges can enhance the decision-making process for management and can be provided quantified evidence.Methods/Statistical analysis: Transition matrix and transition probability matrix are estimated if web users’ webpage use patterns are tied with frequency, using web log data. Occupancy is forecasted based on a Markov chain model.Findings: Data analysis from the perspective of web log-based marketing mostly focuses on increasing traffic and improving transition rates. However, general-purpose tools such as Google Analytics provide diverse web log data. In assumption of independence on users’ page reload, occupancy can be easily estimated through matrix on page reload (transition). As a result, we obtained slightly different results from the usual method that reported only frequency. In particular, rather than making business decisions with the frequency of absolute concepts, we were able to identify the top priority services through the percentage value of relative concepts.Improvements/Applications: The occupancy prediction using transition matrix is about future prediction based on previous information. However, it differs from marketing techniques in that it is estimated based on probability. In addition, it is able to predict more accurately through a probability model.
a\A technique on novel based marching ants colonies clusters for operational big data sets
Authors: Sreenu Konda , Boddu Raja Srinivasa Reddy Dr
Published: March 2021

Computer plays a key role in everywhere world. Data is growing along with the usage of computers. In everyday life we use computer for various purpose and store bulk of information. One or other way we want to retrieve data from the storage system. Retrieving bulk of data information is not a simple thing or it is magic show. Every user wants data in different forms like reports or output information. For doing all this exercises we require one process. Process is nothing but marching ants colonies. Data related databases and tables are collected, trivial data is selected from huge tables and databases, apply aggregate functions on data and output information or reports related to data. Paper focus on how efficiently we can use software for some extent on solving business related problems. Paper may not solve century year’s data but we can achieve something. When century years data it is better to go for data mining approach because it accumulates large time to solve such big problems
Fostering a high efficient waveguide diplexer to improve 5G network frequency spectrum for IoT devices in cloud
Authors: Alagarsamy Gautami , J.Shanthini Dr
Published: March 2021

In recent days Internet of Things and 5G network connection are complement to each other. The 5G networks would surpass 4GLTE, 4G, 3G and the other networks we used. It has become a boon for the end users and corporate due to its architecture to handle the heavy data traffic of connected smart devices and large amount of smart phone users worldwide. 5G devices should support longer battery and available at low cost and consume less energy. Some smart phones have ability to charge wirelessly through inductive coupling between base and the phone. In advanced options for charging IoT devices Wireless deportation technology is integrated. To curb network congestion in denser areas and to operate at higher data rates in Ka band applications this research paper analyzes the impact of WR-28 Waveguide Diplexer to improve network frequency spectrum around 30GHz for IoT devices in cloud services. The design simulation and modeling are implemented by using Antenna Magus version 5.5 Software.
Design of high speed low power optimized square root BK adder
Authors: B Gowda Ranjith , M Banakar R
Published: March 2021

Adder is a basic building block in almost all the digital circuits used in todays digital world. Adders are used for address calculation, incrementing operation, table indices calculations and many other operations in digital processors. These operations require fast adders with reasonable design cost. Ripple carry adder (RCA) is the cheapest and most straight forward design but takes more computation time. For high speed applications Carry Look-ahead Adder (CLA) is preferred, but it has the limitation of increase in the total area of the design. Hence an adder which compromise between these two regarding area and power is Carry Select Adder (CSA). Parallel prefix adders are used to obtain quick results. In this course work, a new methodology to Modified Square Root Brent Kung adder (MSR-BK-A) is proposed to design an optimized adder and to calculate various performance parameters like area, power and delay for square root adder designs. By optimizing the structure of Binary-to-Excess-1 converter(BEC) and using it in Square Root BK adder, the power and delay can be reduced with a trade of in area. The simulated results conclude that, the MSR-BK-A with Modified BEC gives better performance in terms of power and delay. These designs have been simulated, verified and synthesized using Xilinx ISE 14.7 tool.
Standalone solar streetlamp sharing an interactive buck-boost converter
Authors: Wook Park Jin , Seo hyun Yeo , Yun Soen Ho , Mi Park Seong , Jun Park Sung , Heon Kim Gwang
Published: March 2021

Background/Objectives: Typically, the stand-alone solar streetlight system is used independently of DC/DC converter for battery charging and for LED lighting control. Such an independent power conversion system uses a DC/DC converter with only a voltage raising or reducing function for cost reduction (power semiconductor, inductor, capacitor, etc.). However, these DC/DC converters have limitations on efficiency increase in all voltage ranges when controlling MPPT. In addition, DC/DC converters for LED lighting have limitations in the design of the lighting voltage because the LED lighting operates only at voltages lower or higher than the battery voltage. Therefore, In this paper, a new power conversion system using a DC/DC converter for battery charging and for streetlight using a bi-directional buck and boost DC/DC converter.Methods/Statistical analysis: A prototype was fabricated and tested. The used equipment was a Tektronix oscilloscope, 24V (Lead-Acid) Battery, PV Simulator (ETS 1000X10D PVF_Sorensen) and WT 3000 (YOKOGAWA).Findings: By using a shared converter, cost savings were achieved by reducing the number of power semiconductor devices and the number of inductors and capacitors. In addition, it works as an input / output step-down converter to compensate the voltage design limit.Improvements/Applications: In <30 words.
Model-based predictive control of dc-dc converter for EV applications
Authors: Hyun Kim Chang , Kun Joung Houng
Published: March 2021

Background/Objectives: The power performance of electric vehicle chargers depends on the control efficiency of the power converters with on-board and off-board types. In this paper, a new control method is proposed for power converter of fast electric vehicle chargers in order to improve the power efficiency.Methods/Statistical analysis: The proposed control method is the optimal control to minimize the performance objectives from the predicted output, based on the system model. The discretized model of DC-DC converter with sampling time is derived by using lifting operation for taking into account with the desired prediction time.Findings: The existing conventional controllers are obtained by off-line optimal solution and applied to the systems. Once the control gain is determined, the controller is able to reflect the system response at the real-time.Improvements/Applications: The proposed control method has advantages to deal with system performances at real-time and the control actuation is updated every sampling time via the derived mathematical model. It can be directly applicable to real electric vehicle charger systems in industry.
High-Throughput Optimization of Effective Microbes Nutrient Formulation via Automated Media Optimization System (AMOS)
Authors: I  Saharuddin A , Z M N  Rashid N , S  Mohd Noor N , S  Abdul Rahman N , Ismail A , R  Wan Abdul Razak W , Pardi F , H Jawad A. , Ismail K , A Radzun K
Published: March 2021

Fortification of effective microbes (EM) such as Pediococcus acidilactici and photosynthetic bacteria in fertilizer and animal feed exhibiting effective outcomes in enhancing crops and livestock production as well as upholds sustainable agriculture concept. However, the productivity of the EM biomass stocks is unsurpassed to the demand due to non-optimized media. In this study, two sets of nutrient pair comprising of beef extract-manganese and yeast extract-glucose for P. acidilactici and photosynthetic bacteria respectively were studied. The optimum media formulated was based on the highest growth rate in 96-microwell plate system were subsequently tested in 1 L cultures volume for EM biomass production. Results showed that growth rate and dry weight of P. acidilactici in media supplemented with 64 g/L beef extract (0.145 h-1, 0.243 g) and 0.28 g/L manganese (0.1134 h-1, 0.32 g) were higher compared to control medium with an increment of 17.39 % and 54.59 % biomass productivity as compared to MRS medium respectively. Meanwhile, the growth rate and dry weight for Photosynthetic bacteria in media supplemented with 6.63 g/L glucose (0.2538 h-1, 0.167 g) and 0.44 g/L yeast extract (0.2733 h-1, 0.163 g) recorded 11.3 % and 8.73 % biomass productivity increment in comparison to the HCH medium.
Abundance and Length-Weight Relationship of Fishes from Sungai Sepang Besar, Selangor
Authors: A Ya N , R Singh H
Published: March 2021

This study was conducted to determine the abundance and the length-weight relationship of fishes of Sungai Sepang Besar (SSB), Selangor. A total of 832 individuals from 32 families comprising 50 species were collected from April 2014 to February 2015 by utilizing gill nets of various mesh size (1.25, 2.25, 2.50, 2.75, 3 and 4.5 inch) and long lines. The family Toxotidae was most abundant with a total of 474 individuals sampled comprising 2 species namely, Toxotes jaculatrix (n=288) and Toxotes chatareus (n=186). The Shannon-Weiner Index (2.37) and the Pielou Evennes (0.21) was low but the Margalefâ€™s richness (7.29) was relatively high. Arius sagor, Photopectoralis bindus, Toxotes jaculatrix, Thryssa dussumieri, and Stolephorus indicus demonstrated positive allometric growth (b>3) while Plotosus lineatus and Toxotes chatareus showed negative allometric growth (b<3). Understanding abundance and the length-weight relationship of fish is important not only for species conservation and management, but also their habitat use.Â Â Â
Tree Diversity, Stand Structure, and Community Composition in an Island Forest of Pulau Perhentian Besar, Terengganu
Authors: Pardi F , N Mohd Said M , Ismail A , J Sidik N , A Radzun K , N Ruziman H , S Kasri S
Published: March 2021

The Perhentian Island Archipelago comprising of 11 small islands is located in the state of Terengganu are among the biodiversity rich localities in Peninsular Malaysia. Perhentian Besar with approximately 867 hectares is one of the inhabited island and become the centre of tourism besides Perhentian Kecil. Island is well known as a place for many endemic and endangered living organism as previously demonstrated on other similar forested islands in Southeast Asia. However, there is little attention and effort of protection has been received by the terrestrial ecosystems that reside nearby the coastal. Thus, the present study investigates on tree diversity, stand structure and community composition in the island of Perhentian Besar, Terengganu. Forest plot of 0.5 hectare was established to analyze the floristic composition of tree taxa. The plot was divided into 10 subplots of 25m x 20m. All trees with 5cm diameter breast height (dbh) and above were tagged, measured for dbh size, recorded and identified. Voucher specimens were taken for further verification purposes. A total of 102 tree species were recorded comprising of 28 families and 65 genera. Rubiaceae had the highest number of species (11 species) and with regards to relative dominance, Shorea leprosula (Dipterocarpaceae) gave the highest importance value index (IVi) for species with a value of 8.45%. The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (Hâ€™) was considered high in the present study with 3.94 (Hâ€™max = 4.62) and the Evenness Index (E) value of 0.85 indicated that all species in the present study are almost equally abundant. The forest stand structure had a reverse J-shaped curve for tree size-class distributions as frequently observed in many natural forests, which indicated that the forest stand in the study site had a good recruitment patterns and also a main feature of matured forest in Peninsular Malaysia. The present study will help us to understand the pattern of tree species composition, diversity and forest ecosystem dynamic in Pulau Perhentian Besar.Â Â Â
Floristic Variation of Tree Communities In Island Forests of Pulau Tuba and Gunung Raya Forest Reserve, Langkawi
Authors: Pardi F , N  Mohd Said M , Ismail A , J Sidik N , A Radzun K , S Ishak N
Published: March 2021

Island forests are among forest habitats that are vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic disturbances, whereby the disturbances would influence the survival of biological species of the ecosystems. Langkawi Archipelago contains many small island forests and rapid development of tourism industry within this archipelago might contribute impacts to the tree flora of the forest communities on the small islands. Hence, in this study the species richness and floristic variation pattern of tree communities of two selected island forests in the Langkawi Archipelago were explored, and data gathered are anticipated to be used for management of island forests in Langkawi. Tree survey was carried out in 10 study plots of 20m x 25m each, at island forests of Pulau Tuba Forest Reserve (PTB) and Gunung Raya Forest Reserve (GRFR), making the total of 20 study plots. All trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) of 5.0 cm and above were enumerated and tree species were identified. Species data were analyzed for diversity and richness using the Shannon and Margalef indices; whilst Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used to determine floristic pattern. A total of 1062 trees were recorded from all study plots which comprised of 49 families, 134 genera and 213 tree species. The GRFR exhibited the highest species number of 135 tree species, followed by the PTB (106 tree species). Species accumulation curves showed that the curves were far from reaching the asymptote even when the whole dataset were combined. The DCA ordination diagram clearly grouped the study plots by their geological formation that indicated a gradient of species change in GRFR and PTB sites.Â Â
Toxicity Analysis on Weight-Loss Supplement using Allium Test and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR)
Authors: Mohamed Yunus N , W Z Ahmad L , Mahadi I , F Yahaya M
Published: March 2021

Recently, consumptions of weight-loss supplement to reduce and maintain body weight had tremendously increased among local people. The effect of this supplement on dividing cells particularly on chromosome and DNA should be addressed due to lack of information by manufacturers regarding the ingredients. This study was carried out to observe any toxicity effects of two commercial weight-loss supplements through Allium test and simple sequence repeat (SSR). Toxicity analysis was investigated through observation on mitotic cells of Allium cepa which includes mitotic index and chromosomes analyses at 24 and 48 hours of treatments. The genotoxic effects of brand X at 24 hours was identified by SSR based on different sizes of band (230 bp) compared to control (200 bp). At 48 hours, positive genotoxic effects were observed through chromosomes and DNA analyses. Meanwhile, brand Y showed genotoxic effect at 24 hours as suggested by both studies. Prolonged treatment at 48 hours proved the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of brand Y as supported by Allium test and SSR. This preliminary finding is beneficial for future study on toxicity effects of weight-loss supplements which will help to increase public awareness on the risks of consumption without consultation of nutritionist or physician.Â Â
Screening and Isolation of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)-Producing Bacteria from Landfill by using Cocoa Pod Husks as Carbon Source
Authors: R  Wan Abdul Razak W , J  Mohamad Yusuf N , Abdul-Aziz A , K  Navaratnam S , Zubir I , E  Rizlan Ross E
Published: March 2021

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are bioplastics, produced by various bacteria as food and energy reservoir. PHA is an alternative for synthetic plastic because they are environmentally friendly and can be degraded naturally by microorganisms. One of the important factors for the growth of PHA producing bacteria is an excess of carbon supply. In order to reduce the overall cost of PHA production, a low cost pure substrate, which is cocoa pod husks (CPH) was used as a carbon source. The objectives of this study were to isolate and screen PHA producing bacteria from landfill samples which are leachate and soil, to identify the PHA producing bacteria by using morphological characterization and 16s rDNA gene sequencing and to determine the best percentage of CPH that can be used as a carbon source for PHA producing bacteria. PHA producing bacteria from leachate and soil from landfill in Jeram, Selangor were screened by using Nile Blue A staining method. Two potential PHA producers with the brightest fluorescence under UV light from each samples were isolated and characterized by using morphological and molecular identification. Results of morphological identification shows all bacterial isolates have a rod shape and have a capsule, three bacterial isolates (L4, S3, S5) have an endospore while the remaining does not have endospore (L1). Three out of four were Gram positive bacteria (L4, S3, S5) and the remaining was Gram negative bacteria (L1). These isolates were confirmed of their identity as K. pneumoniae (L1), B. cereus (L4 & S3) and B. toyonensis (S5) using 16s rDNA gene sequencing. Different concentration of CPH, which are 2% (w/v), 5% (w/v), 7% (w/v) and 10% (w/v) were used to study the best percentage of CPH that can be used as carbon source. PHA accumulation was the highest at 7% (w/v) for all bacterial species tested and lowest at 10% (w/v) CPH except for B. toyonensis.Â  Therefore, K. pneumoniae, B. cereus and B. toyonensis which isolated from landfill show the ability to produce PHA and the used of 7% (w/v) cocoa pod husks as carbon source give the highest PHA accumulation.Â
An in Vitro Analysis of Antibacterial Efficacy of Local Brands of Toothpastes and Mouthrinses in Malaysian Market on Selected Oral Pathogens
Authors: Chandramohan M , W Chan S , Paulraj P , T Mohamed Javad P , Sajeesh P , P Sajna K , Ketharin T
Published: March 2021

Oral disease affects a considerable portion of population and is considered one of the major causes of tooth loss in developed and developing countries. An in vitro study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of toothpastes and mouthrinses towards oral pathogens which are found to cause most of the oral diseases such as gingivitis and dental plague. In this study, a total of five toothpastes and four mouthrinses were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against five oral pathogens such as Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Streprococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. The efficacy of different concentration of the toothpastes and mouthrinses were assessed by agar well diffusion method. Statistical analysis was performed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc least square differences (LSD) method (p=0.05). Toothpaste B gave the maximum zone of inhibition against tested organisms, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus oralis. Toothpaste C and E gave the maximum zone of inhibition against Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans respectively. Toothpaste A was most effective against Candida albicans. Mouthrinse G was most effective against Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus oralis and Candida albicans. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated that dentifrices which contain fluoride and cetylpyridium chloride formulation gave the maximum zone of inhibition against the tested organisms compared to other activeÂ ingredients.
Association of Salivary Cortisol Level and Social Media Networking Usage
Authors: T Mohamed Javad P , A Kadar Bashah S , Paulraj P , Chandramohan M , Sajeesh P , P Sajna K , Ketharin T
Published: March 2021

The present study investigates the usage of social media networking behavior among the MAHSA university students by using structured questionnaire. The salivary cortisol levels among the study groups were estimated. In addition, the association between salivary cortisol and the usage of social media networking was also assessed. Saliva samples were obtained twice a day from selected subjects to analyze the cortisol level. Results of the present study indicate that the 11% of the students spend less than one hour on social media, 40.2% uses two to four hours and 46.4% more than four hours daily; whereas, 2% of the study groups are others. The cortisol levels assessed among the male and female study groups showed high cortisol concentration in both morning and evening. The cortisol levels in the morning seen among the male study group ranges from 0.13-5.49 Âµg/dl and the female cortisol level ranges from 1.11-5.72 Âµg/dl. Besides in the evening, the cortisol levels seem to be higher among the study group. The evening cortisol level of male students ranges from 0.06-4.6 Âµg/dl. Whereas in the females, cortisol level ranges 0.263.9 Âµg/dl. The average value of the cortisol concentration in the morning is seen to be higher among the female study group than the male and in the evening the male cortisol concentration is seen to be higher than the females. Results clearly demonstrated that students spending more hours in social media had higher cortisol levels when compared to less hour users. From the present preliminary study, it is clear that there is an association between salivary cortisol level and the usage of social media networking behavior.Â Â Â
Callus Formation on Endosperm from Immature and Mature Fruits of Barringtonia Racemosa
Authors: S M Soder D , N A A Khalid D , Saleh A , Pardi F , J Sidik N
Published: March 2021

Barringtonia racemosa is mangroves type of plant which had been extensively utilized in conventional practices for relieving ailments of pain and inflammation. Many studies have been done on ethnobotanical profiles, pharmacological activities and chemical compounds in Barringtonia racemosa. However, there is a limited study on callogenesis of this plant particularly from different maturity stage of fruits. The present study is to identify the callogenesis of Barringtonia racemosa from endosperm explants of immature and mature fruits in MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of hormones 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L) and Kinetin (KIN) (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L). The optimum hormone combination was found in callus grown on endosperm of immature fruits in MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L KIN. It was also found that the callus in this treatment grew profusely with highest fresh weight (0.513 Â± 0.022 g), 100% callus induction and friable callus texture. The callus fresh weight on endosperm explants was higher in immature fruits compared to mature fruits for all the hormone combinations. Therefore, callogenesis were found more efficient from endosperm explant of immature fruits in Barringtonia racemosa species.Â Â Â
Biotransformation of Furaltadone, Furazolidone and Nitrofurazone using Aspergillus Tamarii isolate TN-7 : in Vitro Residual Identification and Quantification by HPLC-DAD
Authors: S Mohammad N , I A Halim M , M Mahat M , F Safian M , Z Ariffin Z
Published: March 2021

Nitrofurans (NFs) such as furaltadone (FTD), furazolidone (FZD) and nitrofurazone (NFZ) have been used as antibacterials and growth promoters for the poultry and aquaculture industry. These antibiotics have now been banned from use due to their carcinogenic properties; therefore there is an urgent need to remove or degrade NFs from contaminated areas. Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7 isolated from antibiotic overexposed soil shows an ability to degrade the NFs antibiotics. After 5 days of incubating of Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7 with 500 Âµg/mL NF, the residual of the NF concentration was determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Solid phase extraction was performed to clean-up the fermentation broth prior to HPLC-DAD analysis. Â Antimicrobial of the NFs residues showed a decreased in the percentage of inhibition that FTD, FZD and NFZ were reduced to to 85.71 %, 75.86 % and 70.97 % after 96 hours of incubation. Quantification using HPLC-DAD showed, after 96 hours of incubation, Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7 reduced furaltadone, furazolidone and nitrofurazone to 86.73 %, 37.49 % and 29.17 % respectively. This finding shows that Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7 has the potential to be used as a bioremediation tool in removing NF antibiotics from the contaminated areas.Â Â Â Â
Monitoring of Wastewater Quality from Laundry and Car Wash Industries at Batu Pahat, Johor
Authors: Abu Bakar A. , H. Hashim N. , . .
Published: March 2021

The complexity of environmental chemical exposure become a major concern because an essential objective of the global research effort is to improve life quality feature. Currently, environmental monitoring has become even more critical as human population increase, with the increasing strains on the environment. The unwanted synthetic compounds that presence from grey water in natural water was lead a toxic effect on ecosystems thus may lead to changes in biodiversity. This paper aims to discuss the studies of characterization in the environmental water sample from greywater which were laundry wastewater and car wash wastewater in the area surrounding Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. The samples were directly brought to the laboratory for analysis and the content of grey water quality was characterized by using physicochemical analyses including pH, conductivity, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), anionic surfactants (AS), oil and grease, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and nitrite. All parameters were tested according to the standard method (APHA 2012). The result of this studies showed that the concentrations of AS by using methylene blue active substances (MBAS) were higher in laundry wastewater compared to car wash wastewater which was maximum at 105.0 mg/L. While the COD for car wash wastewater was maximum at 531.1 mg/L which was higher than laundry wastewater. Some of the characterizations indicated high values for many parameters and there is the need for specific treatment prior to discharge to before it has been directly discharged to the drainage.Â Â
One-pot Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Diaryliodonium Tetrafluoroborate Salts Bearing an Isoxazole Moiety from Aryl Boronic Acids
Authors: A.F. Abdul Manan M , B. Cordes D , M.Z. Slawin A , Oâ€™Hagan D
Published: March 2021

Hypervalent iodine compounds exhibit attractive features of low cost, mild and selective reagents in organic synthesis. These reagents serve as environmentally benign alternatives to toxic heavy-metal based oxidants and expensive organometallic catalysts. The practical and simple synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl iodonium tetrafluoroborate salts is described. This synthetic method has allowed the production of isoxazole tetrafluoroborate salts from readily available aryl boronic acids without an extra anion exchange step in acceptable yields of 45% and 50%.Â
Adsorption Studies of Methylene Blue by Encapsulated Nano-Carbonaceous Alginate Beads
Authors: N. Wan Ibrahim W. , H. Zainal Abidin N. , S. Mohamad Hanapi N. , F. Ab Malek N. , N.A. Wan Sudin W. , Saim N. , Rusmin R.
Published: March 2021

Two different nano-carbonaceous materials namely, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide were encapsulated with biopolymer alginate and employed as adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. To evaluate the performance of synthesized adsorbents, several parameters including adsorbent dosage, sample volume, stirring speed, sample pH, contact time and initial dye concentration were optimized. The optimum conditions were found as follow: 0.1g adsorbent dosage, 400 rpm stirring speed, 10 mL of sample volume, 180 minutes contact time, pH 11 and 20 mg/L initial concentration of methylene blue. From the results, the encapsulated Alginate-carbonaceous beads gave higher removal percentage as compared to pristine alginate beads. This could attribute by additional hydrophobic and π-π interaction contributed from aromatic rings of carbonaceous material towards methylene blue molecular structure. Whilst, kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process accurately represented by a pseudo second-order model.
Optimization of Polystyrene Biodegradation using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Measured by Simple Colorimetric Method
Authors: K. Meng T. , Y.Y. Beng D. , S. Mohd Kassim A. , H. A. Razak A. , A. Mohd Fauzi N. , . .
Published: March 2021

Nearly 280 kilotons of polystyrene (PS) waste being discarded yearly in Malaysia. Banning usage of PS food packaging aims to minimize this “white pollution”. However, the existing PS waste volume remains the same despite the termination of PS production. Therefore, this study has investigated the optimization of biodegradation of PS using isolated strain Bacillus aryabhattai as an alternative solution to the biodegradation of recalcitrant plastic. The effect of pH and temperature as independent variables were studied at three levels each (pH: 6, 7.5 and 9, temperature: 25 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C) under the designation by three level-factorial and analysed using response surface methodology (RSM) by Design Expert Version 10.0. The biodegradation activity of Bacillus aryabhattai was quantified using simple colorimetric method. Bacillus aryabhattai was inoculated on the dye PS-film and incubated under designed conditions. As a result of biodegradation, the entrapped methylene blue dye was released and measured photometrically. Optimum conditions for the highest reading of blue dye absorbance were obtained at pH 9 and temperature of 25ºC with the desirability of 75.9%. This study provides significant information on the biodegradation activity of Bacillus aryabhattai for future research that can be applied in waste management.
Effect of Maltodextrin Substitution on Physicochemical and Sensorial Properties of Malay Traditional Cake ‘Bahulu’
Authors: Afifah Mohd Junaidishah Nur , Bujang Aishah
Published: March 2021

Although Malaysia is not a wheat-producing country, most Malaysian traditional foods uses wheat flour as its main ingredient. One ingredient substitution for wheat flour is modified starch, maltodextrin. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of wheat flour substitution with maltodextrin on physicochemical and sensorial properties of a Malay traditional cake, ‘bahulu’. Changes in the viscosity of batter, water activity (aw), specific volume, colour, texture profile and sensorial preference of ‘bahulu’ with 5% (M5), 10% (M10) and 15% (M15) maltodextrin substitution were measured. The results showed that with increase substitution of maltodextrin, batter viscosity, specific volume and aw values decreased. However, redness (+a*) of crust and yellowness (+b*) of crust and crumb, hardness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness of ‘bahulu’ increased. No significant difference was observed for L* (lightness) and –a* (greenness) of crumb, adhesiveness and cohesiveness. Compared to control, ‘bahulu’ with maltodextrin substitution showed reduction in degree of preference for sensory score except for texture attribute. This study indicates that replacement of wheat flour is possible at a certain level of substitution,  however, further improvements are required in order to maintain the quality of the Malaysian heritage food.
Optimization of Solid State Fermentation Condition to Increase Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Seaweed (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) Extract
Authors: M.N Norakma , A.H Zaibunnisa , L.W Lai , R Givitha , Razarinah W. A. R Wan
Published: March 2021

Conventional techniques such as solvent extraction can be effectively used to extract free phenolic compounds in plants. However, this method is inefficient to extract bound phenolics. Solid state fermentation (SSF) approach with Aspergillus oryzae was used to enhance bioavailability of polyphenols in Kappaphycus alvarezii. A set of experiment was computed by face centered central composite design (FCCCD) to optimize the fermentation parameters based on maximum phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Four independent variables namely: time (0, 4 and 8 days), temperature (28, 30 and 32 °C), initial moisture content (60, 70 and 80 %) and inoculum level (10, 20 and 30 % (v/v)) were investigated. The experimental results for both TPC and DPPH were 9.449 ± 0.198 mg GAE/g and 87.135 ± 0.857 % of scavenging activity, respectively; where both responses were in good agreement with RSM model prediction. The RSM design used has been proven to successfully predict the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Fermentation condition with 70% initial moisture content, 10% (v/v) inoculum level, performed at 30oC for 4 days was found to produce maximum TPC and DPPH radical scavenging activity of Kappaphycus alvarezii.
Determination of Phenolic Content, Ascorbic Acid, Antioxidant Activity and Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Fruit Waste
Authors: Nurfatihah Suhaimi Syeril , Eileen Rizlan Ross Erniee , Zubir Ishak , Navaratnam Shanti , Siva Raseetha Siva
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid content and antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from cocoa pod husk, banana peel and pineapple peel. Banana peel had significantly highest total phenolic content (154.50 mg GAE/g) followed by pineapple peel (140.37 mg GAE/g) and cocoa pod husk (114.08 mg GAE/g). Antioxidant activity of these samples measured using DPPH assays. Banana peel showed significantly higher DPPH scavenging activity (95.74%) compared to pineapple peel (84.96%) and cocoa pod husk (68.33%). Pineapple peel resulted in significantly higher (44.19 ppm) ascorbic acid as measured using High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method compared to banana peel (28.56 ppm). Cocoa pod husk, banana peel and pineapple peel were observed for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and penicillium. Samples extract at different concentrations in E. coli, S.aureus and penicillium-seeded Mueller-Hinton agar medium, resulted zone of inhibition after 24 h incubation in 37°C for bacteria and 72 h incubation in 28ºC. Banana peel at 20 and 25mg/ml against S.aureus resulted in zone of inhibition 9.67, 11.67 mm and cocoa pod husk with 8.00, 9.67 mm respectively. Cocoa pod husk at 15, 20 and 25mg/ml against E.coli resulted in zone of inhibition 7.33, 9.33 and 10.33 mm and banana peel with 6.67, 7.33 and 7.67 mm respectively. Pineapple peel does not showed any inhibition zone against tested bacteria and fungi.
Detection Method for Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Nurjanah Siti , P. Rahayu Winiati , Al Mutaqin Lisa
Published: March 2021

Salmonella is a pathogenic bacterium that can cause serious harm to humans. Chicken carcasses have been reported contaminated by Salmonella, especially S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. These two serovars are very difficult to be confirmed and distinguished using biochemical analysis, therefore a rapid method for detection and differentiation of both is required. The objective of this study was to evaluate designed primer for detection and differentiation of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis on chicken carcasses using real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (rt-PCR). Detection of Salmonella spp. was conducted using primer sequence from invA gene. Differentiation of both Salmonella serovars was conducted using specific target gene from S. Typhimurium (STM) and specific virulence plasmid of S. Enteritidis (Prot6E). The result showed that invA primer effective to detect all species Salmonella tested and has good specificity that could not detect Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae in the similar melting temperature.Â  Â Two specific primers STM and prot6E have distinguished between S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis.Â  Sensitivity of method showed very good with 0.5 Î¼M primer concentration of invA, STM and prot6E that were 0.2 pg, 22 pg and 28 pg respectively. Initial trial showed that this method can be applied for detection of Salmonella spp. and two serovars in chicken carcasses.Â Â
Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli Isolated from Local Shrimp
Authors: Syuhada A. Normarliz , Syifaâ€™ J. Nur , M.A.R. Nor-Khaizura , N.A. Mahyudin , M.R Ismail-Fitry
Published: March 2021

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are pathogens that can cause foodborne illnesses due to their ability to produce toxin. These bacteria are not naturally found in seafood, but recent studies have shown the prevalence of this microorganism in shrimp and its antibiotic resistance properties. In this study, shrimp from two species; Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon were obtained to assess the prevalence of S. aureus and E. coli and to test their antibiotics susceptibility. The result obtained by isolation indicated that 87% and 58% of shrimp samples were contaminated with S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. S. aureus and E. coli occurrence in shrimps from retail for twelve weeks fluctuated in range between 2.00 to 4.94 log10 CFU/g and 2.00 to 6.39 log10 CFU/g, respectively. Â The identified bacteria were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test. The result showed that most of S. aureus and E. coli isolates were resistant to penicillin G from Î²-lactam antibiotic group. Multidrug-resistant organism was identified in two isolates of S. aureus and seven isolates of E. coli. Â This indicated the need of improving handling of shrimp by food handlers and monitoring activities for S. aureus and E. coli contamination in shrimp as a preventive measure to ensure the safety of public health.Â Â Â Â
Natural Dyes from Chlorella Vulgaris sp Extracted via Supercritical Fluid Extraction Dyed on Silk Fabric
Authors: F. Che Rahim A. , R. Ahmad M. , Ismail K. , I. Ab Kadir M.
Published: March 2021

Of late, research on natural dyes is increasing due to its eco-friendly and less hazardous nature towards humankind. This study focuses on the colour coordinates and colour strength of dyes from Chlorella Vulgaris sp extracted via Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). The SFE optimum parameters for yield extracts were obtained through response surface methodology along with central composite design approach. Exhaustion dyeing with meta-chrome method was performed on silk fabrics for 60 minutes at 85oC. The dyed silk fabrics were measured and analysed for their colourimetric and fastness properties in accordance to MS ISO and AATCC standards, respectively. The colour shades on the dyed silk fabrics using alum mordant were light brown while for the iron mordant were dark brown. These shades were confirmed with the colour coordinates, L*a*b*, values of the fabrics. The colour strengths of the fabrics dyed with the iron mordant at 2% and 5% dyes were the highest in comparisons with other dyed fabrics. Overall, the colourfastness of the fabrics to washing were quite low but with very good colour staining ratings and fastness to perspiration, rubbing and light.Â Â