bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different spectrophotometric methods manipulating ratio spectra for the assay of hydrocortisone acetate and clioquinol in their topical preparation
Authors: Ahmed Mona Kamel , Michael Adel Magdy , Hassan Said Abdel-Monem , Abbas Samah Sayed
Published: September 2021

Simple and precise spectrophotometric methods for quantitative assay of a mixture of hydrocortisone acetate (HCA) and clioquinol (CL) were developed and validated through different mathematical manipulation pathways. The developed methods utilized ratio spectra for resolving binary mixtures including absorbance subtraction, ratio subtraction coupled with spectrum subtraction, constant multiplication, constant value, and derivative ratio. The proposed methods were proved to be specific by analysing the laboratory-prepared mixtures and were applied for the assay of topical preparation successfully. The methods were validated using ICH guidelines where accuracy, repeatability and intermediate precision were within the acceptable limits. The linearity range was found to be 2-22 for HCA and 1.5-7 µg/mL for CL in all proposed methods and 2-7 µg/mL for HCA and CL in absorbance subtraction method through using a unified regression equation. The findings were statistically evaluated with respect to the official and reported methods, demonstrating that there was no significant difference.
Granular fertilizer caking: A research on the performance evaluation of coating agents
Authors: Avsar Cemre , Ulusal Aysu
Published: September 2021

Caking formation in fertilizer products during handling and storage is a frequently encountered problem. Caked fertilizers become together as lumps, lose their free- flowing properties, and create inefficient applications. Several parameters such as relative humidity and temperature of the environment, pressure by pile height, and physicochemical properties of fertilizer product such as moisture content, presence of fines and chemical composition, etc. cause or accelerate caking mechanism. Internal or external anticaking products have been proved to be effective in preventing the caking of fertilizer particles. Liquid or wax anticaking agents are applied externally as coatings on the fertilizer surface. This study focuses on the performance evaluation of commercially available liquid- wax anticaking agents coated on NP 20-20-0 fertilizer, classified as three main groups: petroleum-derived, alkyl amine-fatty acid containing mixtures and bio- based composition. Caking performance of coating products are evaluated via small-bag storage test in 4 sets, according to the results, petroleum derived and alkyl amine- fatty acid containing anticaking products show similar performance, whereas bio-based products’ performance is moderate. This study focuses on a practical approach that will help fertilizer industry about which type of coating product will be effective on the anticaking properties of nitrogenous fertilizers and gives brief results of the effect of commercially available products with various ranges of chemical composition on the caking process.
Development of thin-layer chromatographic method for determination of caffeine in black, green, and white tea
Authors: Abazi Drita , Limani-Bektashi Nora , Popovska Olga
Published: September 2021

Caffeine is naturally present in tea and coffee giving the pleasant and stimulant effect. Several different types of teas, black, green, and white teas bought in market were analysis for caffeine content. The boiled sample tea was filtered through filter paper. Lead(II) acetate was used to separate tannins from caffeine followed by filtration through filter paper with a black ribbon. The liquid-liquid extraction was carried out using dichloromethane (3×5 mL) and sodium sulfate as a drying agent. The TLC method was performed on Merck precoated silica gel plates 5×10 cm (60F254, 200 μm) using either methanol or dichloromethane as solvents and the mobile phases were glacial acetic acid and ethyl acetate (95:5, v/v), while the second one was consisted of ethyl acetate and ethanol (80:20, v/v), respectfully. The Rf values were 0.36 and 0.86 for the first and the second mobile phase, respectively, in comparison to the standard caffeine. The values for pH of boiled sample teas were in the range from 4.85 to 5.80. The most abundant tea sample for caffeine was determined in green tea bought in the grocery store for health nutrition (2.04 %). The yield for tea samples from green market, white tea and two tea black samples were 0.06, 0.71, 0.07, and 0.05%, respectively. The developed TLC method can be used for determination of caffeine content in tea samples.
Response surface optimization and modeling of caffeine photocatalytic degradation using visible light responsive perovskite structured LaMnO3
Authors: Ibrahim Muktar Musa , Sani Hamza Rabiu , Yahuza Khuzaifa Muhammad , Yusuf Aminu Hassan , Bungudu Ahmad Bello
Published: September 2021

Caffeine is a refractory pollutant of emerging concern that evades conventional waste-water treatment techniques. Here, we report the synthesis of visible light responsive perovskite structured LaMnO­3 photocatalyst using modified Pechini method and utilized it as an efficient photocatalyst for caffeine degradation. XRD, BET, UV-Vis, NH3-TPD, and SEM were used to characterize the photocatalyst. Response surface methodology using Central composite design was used to investigate the effect of three operational variables; catalyst dosage, initial caffeine concentration and pH on the caffeine photocatalytic degradation efficiency. The functional relationship between these operational variables and caffeine photocatalytic degradation efficiency was established be a second order polynomial model. The results of the response surface analysis indicate caffeine degradation efficiency is most significantly affected by catalyst dosage and pH. The optimal values of operational obtained by response surface optimization were found be 3.5 g/L for catalyst dosage, 7.9 and 44.6 mg/L for pH and initial caffeine concentration respectively given the caffeine degradation efficiency of 93.9%.
Crystallization of 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase
Authors: Delfi Masoud , Mahdavian Leila , Sattarifar Mohammad , Hakulinen Nina , Rouvinen Juha
Published: September 2021

The crystal structures can reveal detailed information about the overall structure, active site structure, and functional mechanism of enzymes. This study focused on the crystallization of 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase from Methylomonas aminofaciens 77a, to produce higher resolution crystals for precise structural characterization. 3-Hexulose-6-phosphate synthase is from Methylomonas aminofaciens 77a (EC 4.1.2.43). It belongs to the orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase superfamily, and acts as a key enzyme for a ribulose-monophosphate cycle of formaldehyde fixation and detoxification. 3-Hexulose-6-phosphate synthase catalyzes the aldol condensation of formaldehyde with D-ribulose-5-phosphate. For the maximum activity, 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase requires Mg2+ or Mn2+ as ligands. MaHPS crystallized at the concentration of 7 mg/mL and conditions consisting of 0.2 M MgCl2, 18% PEG 3350 at pH = 7.0.
Retraction notice to “The chemistry of group-VIb metal carbonyls” [Eur. J. Chem. 2012, 3(3), 367-394, doi: 10.5155/eurjchem.3.3.367-394.604]
Authors: Kaushik Manish , Singh Ayodhya , Kumar Munesh
Published: September 2021

Retraction notice to “The chemistry of group-VIb metal carbonyls” [Eur. J. Chem. 2012, 3(3), 367-394, doi: 10.5155/eurjchem.3.3.367-394.604]
Graphical Contents
Authors: Arslan Hakan
Published: September 2021

Graphical Contents
ESTABLISHMENT AND PLACEMENT OF A MULTI-PURPOSE PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT TO IMPROVE PARALLEL STATE ESTIMATION IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
Authors: Khashroum Zeyad , Chaharabi Ali Dehghan , Palmero Lorena , Yasukawa Keiichiro
Published: September 2021

Today, microgrids in distribution networks are in dire need of improvement to cope with economic challenges, human losses, and equipment placement issues. Today, there is the issue of scattered resources in distribution systems, which has created many problems in the areas of environment, economy, and human and animal losses. The most important challenge in this section is the existence of voltage and frequency fluctuations during the occurrence of possible events such as severe load changes or errors in distribution networks. Having such a big problem can call a distribution network into question and destroy it. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an optimal method that can meet and cover these challenges. For this purpose, the present research deals with the problem of establishing and placing a multifunctional phasor measurement unit to improve the parallel state estimation in distribution networks, which offers a control approach. This approach determines the time of occurrence of internal and external disturbances after using the phasor unit. The approach of this research is to use a neural-fuzzy method because there is uncertainty in the distribution network due to the mentioned challenges, and training in the system is needed to accurately deploy and place possible errors. Do not occur. When setting up and placing the phasor measuring unit, the most important issue is the proper distribution of the load in the distribution network. The simulation results in the MATLAB / Simulink environment show the improvement of the results according to the proposed approach.Keywords: Distribution Network, Neural-Fuzzy Network, Optimal Load Distribution, Parallel State Estimation, Phasor Measurement Unit.
The impact of agricultural producer price on sustainable food security in Africa – a system GMM approach
Authors: Kwaw-Nimeson Enoch , Tian Ze
Published: September 2021

Purpose. Given the efforts towards achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for food security by 2030, this study investigates the moderating impact of public investments in agriculture on the agricultural producer price – agricultural sustainability nexus in 40 African countries covering the period from 2000 till 2019.

Methodology / approach. In this study we used multiple regression techniques to explore a dynamic panel data model based on the one-step system Generalized Method of Moments (System-GMM). Proposed by Arellano and Bover and further developed by Blundell and Bond, the System-GMM estimator was preferred over other techniques because of its efficiency in eliminating the simultaneous biases that are associated with regression model estimations. Specifically, the one-step System-GMM was preferred over the two-step System-GMM for our estimation due to the efficiency of its optimal weighting matrices.

Results. The study discovered that although the interactions between public investments on agriculture and agricultural sustainability amplify the positive impact of a set of explanatory variables on agricultural producer price to an extent, the impact on food security in Africa is insignificant. The study also discovers that the net effects of a set of interactive terms on producer price in the developing countries in Africa are slightly lower than in the least-developed countries. The weighted average food security index for the period under study was abysmal 44.54%, indicating moderate food insecurity in Africa.

Originality / scientific novelty. In the context of food security literature in Africa, this study is the first attempt at exploring the agricultural producer price – agricultural sustainability nexus based on the moderating impact of public investments on agriculture with the Global Food Security Index (GFSI), a composite food security model developed by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). Among our study proposals it is a call for a detour from the current agricultural investment and producer price policies especially the current ‘one-size-fits-all’ regional frameworks which have proved to be less progressive and less transformative to more robust country/sector-specific frameworks that have the potential to better the fortunes of agriculture and improve food security.

Practical value / implications. The current state of agricultural producer price in most African countries is ample proof that the role and importance of the producer price have been gravely diminished. Despite governments’ efforts towards improving food security, the evidence as presented in this study supports the fact that those efforts have not achieved much success. The study, which contains a number of recommendations, highlights agricultural producer price as a potentially important driver of agricultural sustainability and sustainable food security in Africa.
Тенденції в дослідженні відповідального інвестування в контексті сталого розвитку: бібліометричний аналіз
Authors: Bulavinova Natalia , Burdenko Iryna , Lehenchuk Serhii , Tsaruk Iryna , Ostapchuk Tetiana
Published: September 2021

Мета. Мета статті – окреслити тенденції та пріоритетні напрями вивчення відповідального інвестування в контексті сталого розвитку та дослідити напрями роботи інституцій і публікаційну активність у цій сфері.

Методологія / методика / підхід. У дослідженні використано бібліометричний, структурний, кластерний та графічний аналіз, а також методи візуалізації публікаційної активності вчених щодо відповідального інвестування за даними платформи Web of Science та допомогою програмного забезпечення VOSviewer.

Результати. На основі дослідження 1534 статей, присвячених тематиці відповідального інвестування, за такими напрямами аналізу як публікаційні категорії, динаміка публікацій, типи організацій, активність авторів, видавничий рейтинг, країни-лідери публікаційної активності, цитованість статей, кластеризація термінів і цитованих авторів охарактеризовано та візуалізовано бібліометричне поле цього поняття. Досліджено найбільш цитовані статті, які спрямовані на виявлення тенденцій розкриття та подальшого моніторингу тематики відповідального інвестування як основи сталого розвитку економіки. Проаналізовано публікаційну активність авторів та найбільш цитовані й актуальні статті. Виявлено чотири тематичних кластери в дослідженні відповідального інвестування (емпіричний, поведінковий, узагальнювальний і забезпечувальний) та найбільш відомі інституції, що займаються вивченням питань відповідального інвестування.

Оригінальність / наукова новизна. Охарактеризовано основні параметри бібліометричного поля відповідального інвестування засобами кластерного, структурного та графічного аналізу динаміки окремих показників. Уперше на основі ідентифікованих кластерів визначено належність тематики дослідження до пов’язаних «емпіричного» та «забезпечувального» кластерів. Визначено, що зв’язок між кластерами відповідального інвестування виявляється у їх ролі як інструментів та одночасно стратегій формування нових інвестиційних можливостей.

Практична цінність / значущість. Отримані результати дозволяють обґрунтувати ключові підходи до розуміння відповідального інвестування та найбільш пріоритетні напрями його дослідження, визначити джерела його науково-методологічного забезпечення на шляху країн до сталого розвитку.
Управління відтворенням галузі тваринництва як основа її інноваційно-інвестиційного розвитку
Authors: Lavruk Vitalii , Korzhenivska Nataliia , Tkachuk Vitalii , Lavruk Oksana , Heldak Maria
Published: September 2021

Мета. Мета дослідження – розробити напрями вдосконалення управління процесами відтворення галузі тваринництва на основі її інноваційно-інвестиційного розвитку.

Методологія / методика / підхід. Теоретико-методологічною основою дослідження є діалектичний метод пізнання, концептуальні положення економічної теорії, наукові праці вітчизняних і зарубіжних учених стосовно управління процесом відтворення галузі тваринництва, системний підхід до вивчення та своєчасного виявлення різних соціально-економічних і виробничих проблем. Дослідження економічних аспектів управління процесом відродження та ефективного розвитку тваринництва здійснювали з використанням загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, абстрагування, узагальнення) та статистико-математичних методів (кореляційного, регресійного, сценарного планування, математичного моделювання й прогнозування економічних процесів).

Результати. Застосування запропонованих методів і методичних підходів дали можливість урахувати основні складники системи управління відтворенням потенціалу галузі для виявлення перспектив зростання обсягів виробництва валової продукції тваринництва та спрогнозувати зміни в економічних показниках його інноваційного-інвестиційного розвитку в перспективі. Використання системного й абстрактно-логічного підходів сприяло формуванню стратегії відродження тваринницької галузі на основі переліку сценаріїв розвитку відповідно до поставлених завдань стосовно її реалізації та дало змогу окреслити проблемне поле для проведення економічної модернізації тваринництва.

Оригінальність / наукова новизна. Уперше розроблено гнучкий до економічних і соціальних змін на виробництві механізм модернізації та розвитку тваринництва, який забезпечує можливість проведення модернізаційних процесів в основних підгалузях тваринництва та впровадження інноваційних технологій виробництва тваринницької продукції. Набуло дальшого розвитку вивчення питання використання альтернативного методу прогнозування пріоритетних економічних параметрів в умовах нестабільних тенденцій аграрного виробництва та динамічних змін у розвитку тваринництва під дією впливу чинників, що змінюються з різною інтенсивністю, протягом тривалого періоду.

Практична цінність/наслідки. Напрацьовані теоретичні й практичні засади дали можливість розкрити цілісність процесу управління відтворенням і розвитком галузі тваринництва. Проведене прогнозування дозволило констатувати зміни у виробництві тваринницької продукції та продуктивності тварин. Отримані результати сприяли визначенню чинників, що перешкоджають у мінливих економічних, соціальних, політичних та екологічних умовах перевести галузь тваринництва на інноваційний шлях його розвитку за рахунок упровадження сучасних технологій.
‘Behaviour and Morality have Remained Irreproachable, and his Commercial Reputation is Good
Authors: Reimann Christina
Published: September 2021

In the late nineteenth century, with the expansion of their harbours and the growth of transatlantic mobility, the port cities of Antwerp and Rotterdam became home to economically important and large migrant communities. In a context marked by the often-claimed rise of the nation state, when national legislation concerning nationality and citizenship was shifting, local authorities and citizens played an important but still underestimated role when it came to enforcing the naturalisation of foreign nationals. Applications for naturalisation in both Antwerp and Rotterdam were firmly rooted in the local context, and economic performance was key to the police commissar’s support of an applicant’s case towards the national authorities. By comparatively analysing individual applications for naturalisation in Antwerp and Rotterdam, this paper argues that the close relationship between the nation-state and the mechanisms of legal inclusion and exclusion on which it rested, has to be relativised. Aan het eind van de negentiende eeuw werden de steden Antwerpen en Rotterdam, dankzij de uitbreiding van hun havens en de groei van de trans-Atlantische mobiliteit, de thuisbasis van grote en economisch belangrijke migrantengemeenschappen. In een periode die in de historiografie vaak gekenmerkt wordt door de veronderstelde opkomst van de natiestaat en veranderende wetgeving omtrent nationaliteit en burgerschap, speelden lokale overheden en burgers een belangrijke, maar nog vaak onderschatte rol bij het bewerkstelligen van naturalisatie van mensen met een migratieachtergrond. Zowel in Antwerpen als in Rotterdam waren naturalisatieverzoeken duidelijk gesitueerd in de lokale context van de aanvrager. Zo was het economische succes van een aanvrager een doorslaggevende factor voor het verkrijgen van steun van de politiecommissaris. Deze steun vergrootte de kans van slagen van een naturalisatieaanvraag bij de nationale overheid. Aan de hand van een vergelijkend onderzoek naar individuele naturalisatieaanvragen in Antwerpen en Rotterdam, stelt dit artikel dat de hechte relatie tussen de natiestaat en de mechanismen van wettelijke in- en uitsluiting waarop die berust, moet worden gerelativeerd.
ANTIOXIDANTES UTILIZADOS PARA COMBATER O ENVELHECIMENTO CUTÂNEO
Authors: Pacheco Diego de Lima , Lobo Lívia Cabral
Published: September 2021

A maioria da população sofre com o envelhecimento, com isso é de extrema importância saber o que devemos fazer para prevenir isso. A pele além de ser o maior órgão do nosso corpo e, também o mais exposto ao meio ambiente. Ela é composta por três camadas, que são à epiderme, derme e a hipoderme. O envelhecimento da pele é constituído por dois processos, que são chamados de envelhecimento intrínseco e o envelhecimento extrínseco.  Destacando-se algumas das vitaminas que combatem o excesso de radicais livres que ajudam na manutenção das células, prevenindo-se do envelhecimento cutâneo. Neste resumo foi sinalizado com a importância de cuidar e auxiliar na alimentação adequada com o objetivo de prevenção do envelhecimento da pele.
TÉCNICA DE TUNELIZAÇÃO DO TESTÍCULO EXPOSTO E IMPORTÂNCIA DO CONHECIMENTO DA ANATOMIA NA GANGRENA DE FOURNIER
Authors: Lopes Filho Rui , Lopes Lucas Carvalho , Martins Laura Janot Pacheco Muzzi , Pedrosa Ana Beatriz Vianna
Published: September 2021

Introdução: O conhecimento da anatomia é importante no entendimento da progressão da gangrena de Fournier. A exposição dos testículos constitui um problema, após fasciite necrosante escrotal ou gangrena de Fournier, devido à possibilidade de redução da espermatogênese, sobretudo em jovens. Objetivo: Apresentar a técnica de tunelização do testículo exposto e a importância da anatomia na gangrena de Fournier. Método: Realizou-se a descrição da técnica de tunelização do testículo exposto e apresentou-se a importância da anatomia na gangrena de Fournier. Resultados: A técnica de tunelização do testículo proporcionou a cobertura com proteção do testículo exposto. As comunicações anatômicas entre as camadas de revestimento das regiões escrotal, perineal, peniana e abdominal, permitem a disseminação do processo infeccioso decorrente da gangrena de Fournier para as regiões adjacentes. Conclusão: A técnica de tunelização do testículo exposto na coxa possibilitou a proteção do testículo e as comunicações entre as camadas de revestimento das regiões escrotal, perineal, peniana e abdominal contribuiu para a disseminação do processo infeccioso da gangrena de Fournier.
DEPRESSÃO PÓS-PARTO: UM ENFOQUE À SAÚDE MENTAL DA PUÉRPERA SOB A PERSPECTIVA DA ENFERMAGEM
Authors: Zamorano Andrea Almeida
Published: September 2021

Este artigo ressalta a importância temática baseada no enfoque à saúde mental da puérpera e as contribuições do enfermeiro no reconhecimento e intervenções através do diagnóstico precoce da DPP como forma de amenizar o sofrimento psíquico da parturiente e repercussões da dor psíquica na vida social e familiar. Relata a importância do pré-natal intermediado por alterações que podem acarretar à depressão pós-parto. O presente estudo busca esclarecer a etiologia, a importância do diagnóstico precoce, suas variadas formas de tratamento e ações preventivas para a depressão pós-parto do qual são decorrentes de alterações emocionais, cognitivas, comportamentais e físicas desencadeadas do início gestacional até a fase puerperal. Por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica e sistemática da literatura, observamos que sua etiologia não foi totalmente esclarecida sob a forma de múltiplos fatores de risco envolvidos e que o tratamento deve ser realizado de forma multidisciplinar.
A PERCEPÇÃO DA EQUIPE DE ENFERMAGEM SOBRE O MÉTODO CANGURU
Authors: Costa Daniela Gomes , Castro Hosana Oliveira de , Passos Roselane Cristina , Lopes Patrícia Archanjo , Firmino Vitor Hugo Nascimento
Published: September 2021

O Método Canguru é um tipo de assistência neonatal que implica o contato pele a pele precoce entre a mãe e o recém-nascido de baixo peso, de forma crescente e pelo tempo que ambos entenderem ser prazeroso e suficiente, permitindo, dessa forma, uma maior participação dos pais no cuidado ao seu recém-nascido. Para que isso ocorra de forma efetiva, é necessária uma equipe de enfermagem qualificada para orientar a mãe e a família em todas as etapas do método. Sob essa perspectiva, o estudo compara o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem sobre o Método Canguru com a literatura, a fim de compreender a percepção dos entrevistados sobre o tema. A pesquisa foi delineada por um estudo descritivo, exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, em que a coleta de dados ocorreu no  Hospital Materno Infantil de Brasília, durante o primeiro semestre de 2021. A partir disso, concluiu- se que a equipe de enfermagem apresentou conhecimento geral, entretanto, alguns aspectos não condizem com os parâmetros apresentados pelos estudos nacionais.
A MÚSICA BRASILEIRA URBANA E SEUS INSTRUMENTOS
Authors: Bastos Junior Aldo da Silva
Published: September 2021

O presente trabalho aborda os principais gêneros que formaram a música urbana brasileira, observando os termos, a síntese histórica e os instrumentos utilizados para tocar cada estilo e a partir das culturas envolvidas. A pesquisa abrange o período que se estende do final do século XVII, aos dias atuais, identificando os ritmos que contribuíram diretamente para a construção da MPB. A metodologia aplicada trata-se da bibliográfica, consultados os autores que abordam os assuntos relativos ao tema proposto.
ENSINAR E APRENDER EM TEMPOS PANDÊMICOS: (RE)INVENTANDO PRÁTICAS PEDAGÓGICAS
Authors: Barros Reviu
Published: September 2021

Este artigo apresenta um breve recorte a partir de uma reflexão empírica nas práticas pedagógicas de professores em tempos pandêmicos. A intencionalidade é abordar de forma qualitativa, três aspectos importantes para a aprendizagem, tais como: o uso das tecnologias digitais nos processos de ensino-aprendizagem, a ação docente e o ato reflexivo sobre as estratégias de ensino. Nesse tripé de intenções, procura-se com o suporte teóricos de autores que abordam o tema, enriquecer as estratégias de ensino aprendizagem com os recursos digitais e sua extrema importância para o ensino em tempos de pandemia. Desse modo, dar continuidade no processo de formar os alunos para apropriação crítica e criativa das tecnologias disponíveis; e apresentar técnicas que podem ajudar ao docente a (re)inventar critérios objetivos e subjetivos para a atribuição de estratégias para a aprendizagem significativa dos alunos.
DESAFIOS DA EDUCAÇÃO A DISTÂNCIA ON-LINE
Authors: Costa Mara Alice Braulio , Guerra Rosane Saraiva , Guedes Paula da Silva
Published: September 2021

Nas últimas décadas com o advento da internet a EAD - Educação a Distância ganhou um destaque relevante devido às possibilidades de interação professor versus aluno, aluno versus aluno. Esta interação entre os pares foi possível acontecer via chats, fóruns (com discussões temáticas), chamadas de vídeo, vídeo conferências, reunião mediadas via plataformas como o Meet, Zoom, entre outras, graças à possibilidade de uso das Novas Tecnologias da informação e Comunicação - NTIC’s. Porém, mesmo com todas essas possibilidades de interação e comunicação, os desafios em ofertar um curso de qualidade permanecem, uma vez que eles perpassam por vários pontos que exigem a atenção dos que buscam este tipo de ensino. Dentre esses desafios podemos apontar alguns como: compor o design instrucional, o profissional preparado a frente desta construção (o designer instrucional), a equipe multidisciplinar que irá tirar o projeto do papel e torná-lo real, os professores, os tutores, os equipamentos, a falta de acesso à Internet dos alunos para poder usufruir dos cursos a distância, a ausência de conhecimento em informática básica, dificuldades de se manter motivado e com disciplina, a falta de capacitação tecnológica dos professores ao fazerem uso das plataformas digitais. Pode-se afirmar que há uma gama de aparatos necessários para o melhorias consistentes na EAD, mas dentre todos os desafios elencados não pode ser deixado de fora o principal deles, o aluno da EAD, qual o seu perfil de estudante e o quão de autonomia ele necessita para ter sucesso na sua trajetória de aprendizagem.
EDUCAÇÃO NO/DO CAMPO NO BRASIL: INTERFACES COM O ENSINO, A ARTE E MEMÓRIA
Authors: Silva Isaque Xavier Valentim da , Nunes Vera Regiane Brescovici
Published: September 2021

O presente texto traz apontamentos e questionamentos que envolvem o contexto histórico da educação do campo no Brasil. Discute as classes multisseriadas e sua sistematização nas escolas rurais. As ações que fortaleçam essa educação, mas que ainda são escassas no âmbito nacional. Os encontros e fóruns acerca do assunto, assim como o surgimento das licenciaturas em educação do/no campo e as contribuições para a realidade atual. A importância de trabalhar com o ensino de arte nessa modalidade, e finaliza com um relato de experiência, memórias de um avó que foi professor desse segmento, relatando sua experiência com o ensino regular e o de arte. Professor e avô   de turmas multisseriadas do campo entre os anos de 1967 e 1987 em Caculé-BA.
ALFABETIZAÇÃO E LETRAMENTO DE CRIANÇAS PARINTINENSES: CONTEXTO, PERCEPÇÕES E POSSIBILIDADES
Authors: Souza da Silva Marcianne , Costa Vasconcelos Corina Fátima , Justi Jadson
Published: September 2021

A alfabetização e o letramento são temas que vêm ganhando cada vez mais espaço no debate sobre uma educação de qualidade no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o processo de alfabetização e letramento de crianças de escolas públicas de Parintins, AM, Brasil, com ênfase na garantia do direito de uma aprendizagem significativa e libertadora. Metodologicamente, esta pesquisa enquadra-se como qualitativa. Participam deste estudo cinco professores e cento e noventa alunos. Os resultados evidenciam pouco conhecimento teórico por parte dos professores sobre o processo de alfabetização e letramento. Constata-se, também, que 16% dos alunos do 1º ao 2º ano estão no nível pré-silábico e silábico, 36% estão no nível silábico-alfabético e apenas 32%, no nível alfabético. Conclui-se a necessidade de se investir na formação continuada dos professores. Têm-se, ainda, que o processo de alfabetização e letramento dos alunos do 1º e 2º ano precisa ser repensado sob uma perspectiva de qualidade do ensino e da aprendizagem.
BARRAGENS DE REJEITOS: RISCOS E IMPACTOS DA MINERAÇÃO NA POPULAÇÃO DO ENTORNO
Authors: Ferreira Soares Christiane Júlia , do Nascimento Passos Alexandra
Published: September 2021

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo refletir acerca dos impactos da mineração tomando como referência os riscos associados a ruptura de barragens de rejeitos. Os crimes cometidos em Mariana e Brumadinho evidenciaram os riscos da instalação dessas estruturas para as populações do entorno. As trágicas experiências motivaram maior rigidez na fiscalização que constatou a presença de “risco alto” em outras barragens localizadas em Minas Gerais. Os interesses dos grandes setores da mineração e dos agentes públicos, cuja visão de desenvolvimento se restringe ao campo econômico, desconsideram os impactos que a constatação de risco iminente de ruptura de uma barragem de rejeitos provoca no território e na qualidade de vida das pessoas que ali vivem. A partir da revisão de literatura, o estudo revelou que, na perspectiva do desenvolvimento local, os impactos da mineração podem ser minimizados por meio do fortalecimento das relações sociais e da preservação das condições de vida das pessoas do entorno para as atuais e futuras gerações.
العوامل المؤثرة في تنشئة اولاد صالحين
Authors:   عضو الهيئة التدريسية في كلية الامام الكاظم (), عباس الساعدي م. د . صادق كاظم
Published: September 2021

تحتل تربية الاولاد مكانة مرموقة في الاسلام باعتبارها خطوة ممهدة لنجاح المشاريع الاصلاحية على صعيد الحياة الانسانية المتنوعة ولهذا تقدم ذكر التزكية على التعليم ,في المهمة التي انيطت بالنبي () ,قال تعالى:(( هُوَ الَّذِي بَعَثَ فِي الْأُمِّيِّينَ رَسُولًا مِّنْهُمْ يَتْلُو عَلَيْهِمْ آيَاتِهِ وَيُزَكِّيهِمْ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ الْكِتَابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَإِن كَانُوا مِن قَبْلُ لَفِي ضَلَالٍ مُّبِينٍ))الجمعة /38 موضوع بحثنا يدرس العوامل المؤثرة في تنشئة اولاد صالحين, وتبرز اهمية هذا البحث في انه يهدف الى ترسيخ قناعات أسرية تتكفل بادبياتها , النهوض بتربية الاولاد تربية صالحة. واما المحاور التي سنتناول اطراف الحديث حولها فنجملها فيما ياتي : المحبة, الاكرام, الاحترام, المثل الاعلى, الثقة بالنفس, التيسير والتسهيل, البهجة والنشاط, الرتابة والانتظام, الترغيب والترهيب, التزكية والتعليم, النسق التربوي. الكلمات المفتاحية: المحبة , الاكرام, المثل الاعلى، الرتابة, التيسير والتسهيل , التزكية, الترغيب, الترهيب..
Far ultraviolet airglow remote sensing measurements on Feng Yun 3D meteorological satellite
Authors: Wang Yungang , Fu Liping , Jiang Fang , Hu Xiuqing , Liu Chengbao , Zhang Xiaoxin , Li Jiawei , Ren Zhipeng , He Fei , Sun Lingfeng , Sun Ling , Yang Zhongdong , Zhang Peng , Wang Jingsong , Mao Tian
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The Ionospheric Photometer (IPM) is carried on the Feng Yun 3D (FY3D) meteorological satellite, which allows for the measurement of far-ultraviolet (FUV) airglow radiation in the thermosphere. IPM is a compact and high-sensitivity nadir-viewing FUV remote sensing instrument. It monitors 135.6 nm emission in the night-side thermosphere and 135.6 nm and N2 LBH emissions in the day-side thermosphere that can be used to invert the peak electron density of the F2 layer (NmF2) at night and O / N2 ratio in the daytime, respectively. Preliminary observations show that the IPM could monitor the global structure of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) structure around 2:00 local time using OI 135.6 nm nightglow properly. It could also identify the reduction of O / N2 in the high-latitude region during the geomagnetic storm of Aug. 26, 2018. The IPM derived NmF2 accords well with that observed by 4 ionosonde stations along 120° E with a standard deviation of 26.67 %. Initial results demonstrate that the performance of IPM meets the designed requirement and therefore can be used to study the thermosphere and ionosphere in the future.
The future of conferences: lessons from Europe's largest online geoscience conference
Authors: Gibson Hazel , Illingworth Sam , Buiter Susanne
Published: September 2021

Abstract. In the early months of 2020, as the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) swept across
the globe, millions of people were required to make drastic changes to their lives to help contain the impact of the virus. Among those changes,
scientific conferences of every type and size were forced to cancel or
postpone in order to protect public health. Included in these was the
European Geosciences Union (EGU) 2020 General Assembly, an annual conference for Earth, planetary, and space scientists, scheduled to be held in Vienna, Austria, in May 2020. After a 6-week period of changing the format to an online alternative, attendees of the newly designed EGU20: Sharing Geoscience Online took part in the first geoscience conference of its size to go fully online. This paper explores the feedback provided by
participants following this experimental conference and identifies four key
themes that emerged from an analysis of the following questions: what did attendees miss from a regular meeting, and to what extent did going online impact the event itself, both in terms of challenges and opportunities? The themes identified are “connecting”, “engagement”, “environment”, and “accessibility”. These themes include concepts relating to discussions of the value of informal connections and spontaneous scientific discovery during conferences, the necessity of considering the environmental cost of in-person meetings, and the opportunities for widening participation in science by investing in accessibility. The responses in these themes cover the spectrum of experiences of participants, from positive to negative, and raise important questions about what conference providers of the future will need to do to meet the needs of the scientific community in the years following this coronavirus outbreak.
Are sirens effective tools to alert the population in France?
Authors: Douvinet Johnny , Serra-Llobet Anna , Bopp Esteban , Kondolf G. Mathias
Published: September 2021

Abstract. In France, sirens have been the principal tool designated to alert the population in the case of danger. However, their efficacity has not been objectively tested. Using a geographical information system, questionnaires, and surveys, we analyzed (1) the spatial distribution of the siren network in relation to the covered population, the hazards threatening different areas, and the actual number of disasters that have occurred in the past, (2) the political dilemma of activating sirens, and (3) the population's trust in sirens, as well as its understanding of expected behavior in the case of an emergency. Results show that, with a few exceptions, siren coverage in France is primarily determined by population density, not by the expected hazards or the cumulative number of past disasters. Sirens are also rarely used by the authorities. However, surveyed members of the population identify sirens as the most effective alert system over other alternatives such as cell-phone-based alerting tools. In a “mock” emergency most members of the public did not know how to respond in the case of an emergency, and even most of those who correctly identified the appropriate response prior to the exercise did not react upon later hearing the siren. To improve the effectiveness of the French siren network, we recommend (1) relocating sirens to optimize their efficiency, (2) complementing the sound of sirens with a clear and unified message, (3) reorganizing the competencies to activate siren alerts, and finally (4) improving public education on different alert tools and expected behavior during an emergency.
Dating folding beyond folding, from layer-parallel shortening to fold tightening, using mesostructures: lessons from the Apennines, Pyrenees, and Rocky Mountains
Authors: Lacombe Olivier , Beaudoin Nicolas E. , Hoareau Guilhem , Labeur Aurélie , Pecheyran Christophe , Callot Jean-Paul
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Dating syntectonic sedimentary sequences is often seen as the unique way to constrain the initiation, duration, and rate of folding as well as the sequence of deformation in the shallow crust. Beyond fold growth, however, deformation mesostructures accommodate the internal strain of pre-folding strata before, during, and after strata tilting. Absolute dating of syn-folding mesostructures may help constrain the duration of fold growth in the absence of preserved growth strata. Absolute dating of mesostructures related to early-folding layer-parallel shortening and late fold tightening provides an access to the timing and duration of the entire folding event. We compile available ages from the literature and provide new U–Pb ages of calcite cements from veins and faults from four folds (Apennines, Pyrenees, Rocky Mountains). Our results not only better constrain the timing of fold growth but also reveal a contraction preceding and following folding, the duration of which might be a function of the tectonic style and regional sequence of deformation. This study paves the way for a better appraisal of folding lifetime and processes and stress evolution in folded domains.
Additional soil organic carbon storage potential in global croplands
Authors: Padarian José , Minasny Budiman , McBratney Alex B. , Smith Pete
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Soil organic carbon sequestration (SOCseq) is considered the most attractive carbon capture technology to partially mitigate climate change. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the potential of SOCseq. The additional storage potential on existing global cropland is missing. SOCseq is region-specific and conditioned by management but most global estimates use fixed accumulation rates or time frames. Here, we show how the SOC storage potential and its steady state varies globally depending on climate, land use and soil. Using 83,416 soil observations, we developed a quantile regression neural network that quantifies the SOC variation within soils with similar characteristics. This allows us to identify similar areas that present higher SOC with the difference representing an additional storage potential. The estimated additional SOC storage potential of 29 to 67 Pg C in the topsoil of global croplands equates to only 2 to 5 years of emissions offsetting and 32 % of agriculture's 92 Pg historical carbon debt estimate due to conversion from natural ecosystems. Since SOC is temperature-dependent, this potential is likely to reduce by 18 % by 2040 due to climate change.
Local-scale variability of seasonal mean and extreme values of in situ snow depth and snowfall measurements
Authors: Buchmann Moritz , Begert Michael , Brönnimann Stefan , Marty Christoph
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Daily measurements of snow depth and snowfall can vary strongly over short
distances. However, it is not clear if there is a seasonal dependence in
these variations and how they impact common snow climate indicators based on mean values, as well as estimated return levels of extreme events based on maximum values. To analyse the impacts of local-scale variations we compiled a unique set of parallel snow measurements from the Swiss Alps consisting of 30 station pairs with up to 77 years of parallel data. Station pairs are usually located in the same villages (or within 3 km horizontal and 150 m vertical distances). Investigated snow climate indicators include average snow depth, maximum snow depth, sum of new snow, days with snow on the ground, days with snowfall, and snow onset and disappearance dates, which are calculated for various seasons (December to February (DJF), November to April (NDJFMA), and March to April (MA)). We computed relative and absolute error metrics for all these indicators at each station pair to demonstrate the potential variability. We found the largest relative inter-pair differences for all indicators in spring (MA) and the smallest in DJF. Furthermore, there is hardly any difference between DJF and NDJFMA, which show median variations of less than 5 % for all indicators. Local-scale variability ranges between less than 24 % (DJF) and less than 43 % (MA) for all indicators and 75 % of all station pairs. The highest percentage (90 %) of station pairs with variability of less than 15 % is observed for days with snow on the ground. The lowest percentage (30 %) of station pairs with variability of less than 15 % is observed for average snow depth. Median differences of snow disappearance dates are rather small (3 d) and similar to the ones found for snow onset dates (2 d). An analysis of potential sunshine duration could not explain the higher variabilities in spring. To analyse the impact of local-scale variations on the estimation of extreme events, 50-year return levels were quantified for maximum snow depth and maximum 3 d new snow sum, which are often used for avalanche prevention measures. The found return levels are within each other's 95 % confidence intervals for all (but three) station pairs, revealing no striking differences. The findings serve as an important basis for our understanding of variabilities of commonly used snow indicators and extremal indices. Knowledge about such variabilities in combination with
break-detection methods is the groundwork in view of any homogenization
efforts regarding snow time series.
Sports in Natural Environment, Sports in Urban Environment: An fMRI Study about Stress and Attention/Awareness
Authors: Baena-Extremera Antonio , García Julio F. , Martínez Andrés C. , Martín-Pérez Cristina
Published: September 2021

This study aimed to explore, on one side, the differences between a group of athletes exercising outdoor (OG) and another group exercising indoor (IG) in stress and awareness, and, on the other side, between-group differences in the fMRI activations during the visualization of natural environment images versus urban images. In addition, we aimed to analyze the associations between the resulting task-related brain activations and stress and attention-awareness in each group separately. All the participants (N = 49; OG = 21, 11 females, mean age = 40, SD = 6.49; and IG = 25, 11 females, mean age = 40; 6.19) underwent an fMRI scan and completed the Perceived Stress Scale and the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. Besides, we collected a sample of hair cortisol. Participants viewed three types of images: water nature, green nature and urban images. Two-sample t-test with corrected p=0.001 values were carried out. Further correlational analyses were performed to estimate the associations between task-related brain activations and our pyscho-emotional measures in each group. Fisher tests were used to explore for potential between-group differences in the correlational indexes. In OG, compared to IG, we found a higher activation of the middle occipital cortex and a cluster comprising the supplementary motor area (SMA), the premotor cortex and the pre-SMA while viewing green nature images versus urban images. In OG, more than in IG, the higher activation of the left SMA cluster negatively correlated with perceived stress, while in the IG, more than in OG, the higher premotor cortex activation was positively related to the total score on MAAS. No significant association was found with the hair cortisol levels. Exercising outdoor would relate to better psycho-emotional outcomes, also for athletes. On the other side, the exposition to green nature led to higher activation of brain areas related to motor planning, but also to emotion regulation and emotional response.
FORMULASI SEDIAAN LOTION SEBAGAI TABIR SURYA DARI EKSTRAK METANOL KULIT LUAR BUAH JENGKOL (Archidendron jiringa (jack) I.C.Nielsen)
Authors: Sopian Ahmad , Fajr In Rahmi Fatria , Syahdania Nadya
Published: September 2021

Sunscreen is a chemical or ingredient that contains elements that protect the skin from the harmful effects of direct sunlight. The flavonoid molecules in the jengkol fruit's outer skin have a conjugated aromatic benzene group, which can absorb UVA or UVB radiation and cause skin damage. The goal of this study is to figure out what concentration of methanol extract of the outer skin of jengkol fruit (100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, 250 ppm, 300 ppm) gives the best SPF value and what effect that concentration has on the outer skin of jengkol fruit as an active ingredient in sunscreen preparations. Using spectrophotometry, the efficacy of a methanol extract of the outer skin of the jengkol fruit as an active component in sunscreen was assessed at concentrations of 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, 250 ppm, and 300 ppm. The methanol extract of the jengkol fruit's outer peel had a concentration of 300 ppm (SPF value 4.783) and was divided into three formulae with concentrations of 0.3 (F1), 0.45 (F2), and 0.65 (F3) (F3). Physical, chemical, stability, and SPF quality of the resulting formulations were evaluated. Each jengkol fruit outer skin extract lotion formulation was shown to be effective as a sunscreen, with SPF values of 27.90 (F1), 8.46 (F2), and 15.56 respectively (F3)ABSTRAKTabir surya adalah zat atau  ramuan yang mengandung bahan kandungan pelindung kulit terhadap paparan sinar matahari langsung yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan kulit. Senyawa flavonoid dalam kulit luar buah jengkol memiliki gugus benzene aromatic terkonjugasi yang dapat menyerap sinar UVA atau UVB serta dapat menyebabkan efek buruk terhadap kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi ekstrak methanol kulit luar buah jengkol (100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, 250 ppm, 300 ppm) yang memberikan nilai SPF paling baik dan mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak metanol kulit luar buah jengkol sebagai bahan aktif sediaan tabir surya. Ekstrak metanol kulit luar buah jengkol dengan menggunakan konsentrasi 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, 250 ppm, dan 300 ppm yang ditentukan efektivitasnya sebagai bahan aktif tabir surya menggunakan spektrofotometri. Ekstrak metanol kulit luar buah jengkol dengan konsentrasi 300 ppm (nilai SPF 4,783) diformulasikan dalam tiga formula dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,3 (F1), 0,45 (F2), 0,65 (F3). Sediaan yang diperoleh dievaluasi mutu fisik, kimia, stabilitas, dan SPF. Masingmasing formula lotion ekstrak kulit luar buah jengkol ditentukan efektifitasnya sebagai tabir surya dan mendapatkan nilai SPF 27,90 (F1), 8,46 (F2) dan 15,56 (F3).