bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Shift in Discourse Towards ‘Public Understanding of Sustainability Science’ (PUSS)
Authors: Atchia Shakeel Mohammad Cassam
Published: June 2022

Science represents the body of knowledge which has been shaping the world, and it forms the basis of every discipline ranging from the core science to philosophy. Fundamentally, the understanding of science is two-fold, where one is related to the science of the common people while the other is related to high-order scientific ideas, theories, and research. In this era of the fourth industrialisation, the challenge is not limited to the training of top scientists but to making science accessible to every one by bringing science to the lay public. This is where the ‘Public understanding of sustainability science (PUSS)’ represents a key concept as it aims at transforming the lay public into informed citizens with the appropriate knowledge, know-how, skills, attitudes, and values required to understand and face current and future challenges such as the energy crisis, climate change, emergence, and re-emergence of new epidemics, using an integrated approach. The ‘Public Understanding of Science (PUS)’, as a dimension, originated during the late 1980s from the concept of ‘science literacy’ as a response to the public deficit discourse at that time, where the focus of science was shifting from knowledge to attitudes. And during the last decade, the public deficit discourse on trust deficiency shifted the paradigm from PUS to ‘science in-and-of society’. However, today the discourse has reached a new dimension where the public trust deficit is already being questioned and challenged. As a response to such discourse, this case study analysed the current public interrogations and challenges using the ‘co-production of knowledge model’ with the lens of the public deficit theory to better prepare the public to face current and future challenges. Consequently, the PUSS has been identified as the new paradigm to address the current public deficits.
Idiopathic hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis with compressive myelopathy: a case report
Authors: Shin Tae Hwan , Kim Tae Woo
Published: June 2022

Idiopathic hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis (IHSP) is a rare condition characterized by chronic progressive diffuse inflammatory fibrosis in the dura mater of the spinal cord. Depending on its extent or severity, IHSP may cause symptoms by compressing the spinal cord. We present a case of IHSP across the cervical dura mater in a 78-year-old male patient. The patient visited the emergency department for right shoulder pain a month before admission, weakness in the right upper extremity a week before admission, and sudden quadriparesis on the day of admission. A neurological examination of the motor power of the extremities indicated grade IV quadriparesis and grade I hand grasp power in both hands. Hypoesthesia under the T1 dermatome was evaluated. Cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium enhancement showed diffuse thickening of the anterior and posterior dura through the C2 to C5 levels, causing central canal stenosis and compressive myelopathy. Immediate decompressive laminoplasty was performed. A biopsy specimen of the thickened dura mater was obtained during surgery, and IHSP was diagnosed on the basis of the results of the pathological examination. High-dose steroid therapy was administered after decompressive surgery, and follow-up MRI showed radiological improvement in the lesion area.
Intranasal Glucagon for the Treatment of Hypoglycemia
Authors: Tran Khai , MacDougall Danielle
Published: June 2022

Intranasal glucagon was equally effective compared with glucagon given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection to treat experimentally insulin-induced hypoglycemia in both adults and children with type 1 diabetes.

The overall rates of adverse events were similar between groups treated with intranasal glucagon or intramuscular or subcutaneous glucagon. Nausea and vomiting were more frequent in the groups treated with intramuscular or subcutaneous glucagon, whereas eye and nose symptoms occurred more frequently in the intranasal glucagon group.

There was no evidence identified that compared the clinical effectiveness of intranasal glucagon with placebo or no treatment in people treated with insulin who received treatment for hypoglycemia.

No evidence was found about the cost-effectiveness of intranasal glucagon and no evidence-based guidelines were found about the use of intranasal glucagon for the treatment of hypoglycemia in people who receive treatment with insulin.
Transient Dynamic Analysis of Crankshaft Torsional Vibration for Reciprocating Piston Compressor
Authors: Wang Shijie , Lu Jie , Zhao Nan , Xu Zengjin , Li Yuan
Published: June 2022

The crankshaft of 6M50 type reciprocating piston compressor frequently cracked because of torsional vibration. To perform full analysis of crankshaft vibration of the compressor and solve the cracking problems completely, the finite element analysis software is used, and dynamic simulation of crankshaft torsional vibration is developed and analyzed. Finite element modeling process of compressor crankshafts is discussed, and the results of modal analysis for different modification plans are compared. Transient dynamic analysis of the system is performed. The basic cracking reason for crankshafts with different major diameters is explained theoretically by comparison of calculated and practical results.
Adaptive Maintenance Optimization for Mechanical Systems with Non-stationary Wiener Degradation
Authors: Gu Hongqiang , Guo Chiming , Zhao Jianmin
Published: June 2022

Online and offline adaptive maintenance policies are presented for the systems with non-stationary Wiener degradation processes. In the policies, preventive maintenance threshold will change with the degradation indicator adaptively. The cumulative sum algorithm is used in the online model to detect the change point of the degradation process. On this basis, an analytical model of the offline model is developed. A gearbox case based on the vibration-based degradation signals is studied to show the performance of the maintenance policy. It shows that it is important to consider the change point and to be of high effectiveness using the adaptive maintenance model.
Variations and correlations of CO, C2H2, C2H6, H2CO and HCN columns derived from three years of ground-based FTIR measurements at Xianghe, China
Authors: Zhou Minqiang , Langerock Bavo , Wang Pucai , Vigouroux Corinne , Ni Qichen , Hermans Christian , Dils Bart , Kumps Nicolas , Nan Weidong , De Mazière Martine
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Carbon monoxide (CO), acetylene (C2H2), ethane (C2H6), formaldehyde (H2CO), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) are important trace gases in the atmosphere. They are highly related to biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, and biogenic emissions, affecting air quality and climate change. Mid-infrared high spectral resolution solar-absorption spectra are continuously recorded by a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer (Bruker IFS 125HR) at Xianghe (39.75° N, 116.96° E), China. In this study, we use the SFIT4 code to retrieve these five species from the FTIR spectra measured between June 2018 and November 2021. The retrieval strategies, retrieval information, and uncertainties are presented and discussed. For the first time, the time series, variations, and correlations of these five species are analyzed in North China. The seasonal variations of C2H2 and C2H6 total columns show a maximum in winter-spring and a minimum in autumn, whereas the seasonal variations of H2CO and HCN show a maximum in summer and a minimum in winter. Unlike the other four species, there is almost no seasonal variation of the CO total column. Using the monthly means as the background, the synoptic variations of these species are investigated as well. The FTIR measurements at Xianghe reveal high correlations among these species, indicating that they are affected by common sources. The correlation coefficients (R) between CO and the other four species (C2H2, C2H6, H2CO, and HCN) are between 0.68 and 0.80. The FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (FLEXPART) v10.4 backward simulations are used to understand the airmass sources observed at Xianghe, and it is found that the high column abundances are coming mainly from local anthropogenic emissions. Using satellite measurements, we show that the boreal forest fire emissions in Russia can lead to enhanced HCN total columns at Xianghe.
Impacts of active satellite sensors' low-level cloud detection limitations on cloud radiative forcing in the Arctic
Authors: Liu Yinghui
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Previous studies revealed that satellites sensors with the best detection capability identify 25 %–40 % and 0 %–25 % fewer clouds below 0.5 and between 0.5–1.0 km, respectively, over the Arctic. Quantifying the impacts of cloud detection limitations on the radiation flux are critical especially over the Arctic Ocean considering the dramatic changes in Arctic sea ice. In this study, the proxies of the space-based radar, CloudSat, and lidar, CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations), cloud masks are derived based on simulated radar reflectivity with QuickBeam and cloud optical thickness using retrieved cloud properties from surface-based radar and lidar during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment. Limitations in low-level cloud detection by the space-based active sensors, and the impact of these limitations on the radiation fluxes at the surface and the top of the atmosphere (TOA), are estimated with radiative transfer model Streamer. The results show that the combined CloudSat and CALIPSO product generally detects all clouds above 1 km, while detecting 25 % (9 %) fewer in absolute values below 600 m (600 m to 1 km) than surface observations. These detection limitations lead to uncertainties in the monthly mean cloud radiative forcing (CRF), with maximum absolute monthly mean values of 2.5 and 3.4 Wm−2 at the surface and TOA, respectively. Cloud information from only CALIPSO or CloudSat lead to larger cloud detection differences compared to the surface observations and larger CRF uncertainties with absolute monthly means larger than 10.0 Wm−2 at the surface and TOA. The uncertainties for individual cases are larger – up to 30 Wm−2. These uncertainties need to be considered when radiation flux products from CloudSat and CALIPSO are used in climate and weather studies.
A Lagrangian analysis of pockets of open cells over the southeastern Pacific
Authors: Smalley Kevin M. , Lebsock Matthew D. , Eastman Ryan , Smalley Mark , Witte Mikael K.
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Pockets of open cells (POCs) have been shown to develop within closed-cell stratocumulus (StCu), and a large body of evidence suggests that the development of POCs result from changes in small-scale processes internal to the boundary layer rather than large-scale forcings.
Precipitation is widely viewed as a key process important to POC development and maintenance.
In this study, GOES-16 satellite observations are used in conjunction with MERRA-2 winds to track and compare the microphysical and environmental evolution of two populations of closed-cell StCu selected by visual inspection over the southeastern Pacific Ocean: one group that transitions to POCs and another comparison group (CLOSED) that does not.
The high spatiotemporal resolution of the new GOES-16 data allows for a detailed examination of the temporal evolution of POCs in this region.
We find that POCs tend to develop near the coast, last tens of hours, are larger than 104 km2, and often (88 % of cases) do not re-close before they exit the StCu deck.
Most POCs are observed to form at night and tend to exit the StCu during the day when the StCu is contracting in area.
Relative to the CLOSED trajectories, POCs have systematically larger effective radii, lower cloud drop number concentrations, a comparable conditional in-cloud liquid water path, and a higher frequency of more intense precipitation.
Meanwhile, no systematic environmental differences other than boundary layer height are observed between POC and CLOSED trajectories.
Interestingly, there are no differences in reanalysis aerosol optical depth between both sets of trajectories, which may lead one to the interpretation that differences in aerosol concentrations are not influencing POC development or resulting in a large number that re-close.
However, this largely depends on the reanalysis treatment of aerosol–cloud interactions, and the product used in this study has no explicit handling of these important processes.
These results support the consensus view regarding the importance of precipitation on the formation and maintenance of POCs and demonstrate the utility of modern geostationary remote sensing data in evaluating the POC life cycle.
Atmospheric Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen to a Deciduous Forest in the Southern Appalachian Mountains
Authors: Walker John Thomas , Chen Xi , Wu Zhiyong , Schwede Donna , Daly Ryan , Djurkovic Aleksandra , Oishi A. Christopher , Edgerton Eric , Bash Jesse , Knoepp Jennifer , Puchalski Melissa , Iiames John , Miniat Chelcy Ford
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Assessing nutrient critical load exceedances requires complete and accurate atmospheric deposition budgets for reactive nitrogen (Nr). The exceedance is the total amount of Nr deposited to the ecosystem in excess of the critical load, which is the amount of Nr input below which harmful effects do not occur. Total deposition includes all forms of Nr (i.e., organic and inorganic) deposited to the ecosystem by wet and dry pathways. Here we present results from the Southern Appalachian Nitrogen Deposition Study (SANDS), in which a combination of measurements and field-scale modeling were used to develop a complete annual Nr deposition budget for a deciduous forest at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. Wet deposition of ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, and bulk organic N were measured directly. The dry deposited Nr fraction was estimated using a bidirectional resistance-based model driven with speciated measurements of Nr air concentrations (e.g., ammonia, ammonium aerosol, nitric acid, nitrate aerosol, bulk organic N in aerosol, total alkyl nitrates, and total peroxy nitrates), micrometeorology, canopy structure, and biogeochemistry. Total annual deposition was 6.6 kg N ha-1 yr-1, which is on the upper end of Nr critical load estimates recently developed for similar ecosystems in nearby Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Of the total (wet + dry) budget, 50.7 % was contributed by reduced forms of Nr (NHx = ammonia + ammonium), with oxidized and organic forms contributing 41.6 % and 7.7 %, respectively. Our results indicate that reductions in NHx deposition would be needed to achieve the lowest estimates (3.0 kg N ha-1 yr-1) of Nr critical loads in southern Appalachian forests.
The warm winter paradox in the Pliocene northern high latitudes
Authors: Tindall Julia C. , Haywood Alan M. , Salzmann Ulrich , Dolan Aisling M. , Fletcher Tamara
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Reconciling palaeodata with model simulations of the Pliocene climate is essential for understanding a world with atmospheric CO2 concentration near 400 ppmv (parts per million by volume). Both models and data indicate an amplified warming of the high latitudes during the Pliocene; however, terrestrial data suggest that Pliocene northern high-latitude temperatures were much higher than can be simulated by models. We focus on the mid-Pliocene warm period (mPWP) and show that understanding the northern high-latitude terrestrial temperatures is particularly difficult for the coldest months. Here the temperatures obtained from models and different proxies can vary by more than 20 ∘C. We refer to this mismatch as the “warm winter paradox”. Analysis suggests the warm winter paradox could be due to a number of factors including model structural uncertainty, proxy data not being strongly constrained by winter temperatures, uncertainties in data reconstruction methods, and the fact that the Pliocene northern high-latitude climate does not have a modern analogue. Refinements to model boundary conditions or proxy dating are unlikely to contribute significantly to the resolution of the warm winter paradox. For the Pliocene high-latitude terrestrial summer temperatures, models and different proxies are in good agreement. Those factors which cause uncertainty in winter temperatures are shown to be much less important for the summer. Until some of the uncertainties in winter high-latitude Pliocene temperatures can be reduced, we suggest a data–model comparison should focus on the summer. This is expected to give more meaningful and accurate results than a data–model comparison which focuses on the annual mean.
Are dense networks of low-cost nodes better at monitoring air pollution? A case study in Staffordshire
Authors: Frederickson Louise Bøge , Sidaraviciute Ruta , Schmidt Johan Albrecht , Hertel Ole , Johnson Matthew Stanley
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Air pollution exhibits hyper-local variation, especially near emissions sources. In addition to people's time-activity patterns, this variation is the most critical element determining exposure. Pollution exposure is time-activity and path-dependent with specific behaviors such as mode of commuting and time spent near a roadway or in a park playing a decisive role. Compared to conventional air pollution monitoring stations, nodes containing low-cost air pollution sensors can be deployed with very high density. Monitoring stations are often tasked with characterizing regional air pollution and are therefore placed away from local sources, leaving the additional burden of local emissions such as traffic uncharacterized. In this study, a network of 18 nodes using low-cost air pollution sensors was deployed in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, UK, in June 2020. Each node measured a range of species including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10); this study focuses on NO2 and PM2.5 over a one year period from August 1, 2020 to October 1, 2021. A simple and effective temperature, scale and offset correction was able to overcome data quality issues associated with temperature bias in the NO2 readings. In its recent update, the World Health Organization dramatically reduced annual exposure limit values from 40 to 10 μg m-3 for NO2 and from 10 to 5 μg m-3 for PM2.5. We found the average annual mean NO2 concentration for the network was 17.5 μg m-3, and 8.1 μg m-3 for PM2.5. While in exceedance of the WHO guideline levels, these average concentrations do not exceed legally binding UK/EU standards. The network average NO2 concentration was 12.5 μg m-3 higher than values reported by a nearby regional air quality monitoring station, showing the critical importance of monitoring close to sources before pollution is diluted. We demonstrate how data from a low-cost air pollution sensor network can reveal insights into patterns of air pollution and help determine whether sources are local or non-local. With spectral analysis, we investigate the variation of the pollution levels and identify typical periodicities. Both NO2 and PM2.5 have contributions from high-frequency sources, however, the low-frequency sources are significantly different. Using spectral analysis, we determine that at least 54.3 ± 4.3 % of NO2 is from local sources, whereas in contrast, only 37.9 ± 3.5 % of PM2.5 is local.
Quantification of meteorological conditions for rockfall triggers in Germany
Authors: Nissen Katrin M. , Rupp Stefan , Kreuzer Thomas M. , Guse Björn , Damm Bodo , Ulbrich Uwe
Published: June 2022

Abstract. A rockfall dataset for Germany is analysed with the objective of identifying the meteorological and hydrological (pre-)conditions that change the probability for such events in central Europe. The factors investigated in the analysis are precipitation amount and intensity, freeze–thaw cycles, and subsurface moisture. As there is no suitable observational dataset for all relevant subsurface moisture types (e.g. water in rock pores and cleft water) available, simulated soil moisture and a proxy for pore water are tested as substitutes. The potential triggering factors were analysed both for the day of the event and for the days leading up to it. A logistic regression model was built, which considers individual potential triggering factors and their interactions. It is found that the most important factor influencing rockfall probability in the research area is the precipitation amount at the day of the event, but the water content of the ground on that day and freeze–thaw cycles in the days prior to the event also influence the hazard probability. Comparing simulated soil moisture and the pore-water proxy as predictors for rockfall reveals that the proxy, calculated as accumulated precipitation minus potential evaporation, performs slightly better in the statistical model. Using the statistical model, the effects of meteorological conditions on rockfall probability in German low mountain ranges can be quantified. The model suggests that precipitation is most efficient when the pore-water content of the ground is high. An increase in daily precipitation from its local 50th percentile to its 90th percentile approximately doubles the probability for a rockfall event under median pore-water conditions. When the pore-water proxy is at its 95th percentile, the same increase in precipitation leads to a 4-fold increase in rockfall probability. The occurrence of a freeze–thaw cycle in the preceding days increases the rockfall hazard by about 50 %. The most critical combination can therefore be expected in winter and at the beginning of spring after a freeze–thaw transition, which is followed by a day with high precipitation amounts and takes place in a region preconditioned by a high level of subsurface moisture.
Controls on Greenland moulin geometry and evolution from the Moulin Shape model
Authors: Andrews Lauren C. , Poinar Kristin , Trunz Celia
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Nearly all meltwater from glaciers and ice sheets is routed
englacially through moulins. Therefore, the geometry and evolution of
moulins has the potential to influence subglacial water pressure variations,
ice motion, and the runoff hydrograph delivered to the ocean. We develop the
Moulin Shape (MouSh) model, a time-evolving model of moulin geometry. MouSh
models ice deformation around a moulin using both viscous and elastic
rheologies and melting within the moulin through heat dissipation from
turbulent water flow, both above and below the water line. We force MouSh
with idealized and realistic surface melt inputs. Our results show that,
under realistic surface melt inputs, variations in surface melt change the
geometry of a moulin by approximately 10 % daily and over 100 %
seasonally. These size variations cause observable differences in moulin
water storage capacity and moulin water levels compared to a static,
cylindrical moulin. Our results suggest that moulins are important storage
reservoirs for meltwater, with storage capacity and water levels varying
over multiple timescales. Implementing realistic moulin geometry within
subglacial hydrologic models may therefore improve the representation of
subglacial pressures, especially over seasonal periods or in regions where
overburden pressures are high.
Constitutionalizing Women’s Equality in India: Assessing the Sabarimala Decision
Authors: Narain Vrinda
Published: June 2022

In 2018, in Indian Young Lawyers Association (IYLA) v State of Kerala, popularly known as the Sabarimala case, the Indian Supreme Court struck down a rule that prevented girls and women in the 10-50 age group from entering the Sabarimala temple in Kerala. The Court, in a 4-1 decision, held that the temple rule violated women’s right to equality and right to worship and was not protected under the right to religious freedom. Sabarimala is a landmark decision. For the first time,the Court insisted that all discrimination must be tested against constitutional values and discrimination that perpetuates stereotypes and disadvantage will not withstand constitutional scrutiny. It emphasised the importance of substantive equality in contesting discrimination against women and challenging the structures of oppression that exclude women. Finally, the Court linked women’s equality rights with equal citizenship. Focusing on the Sabarimala decision, this paper evaluates the recognition of women’s rights in Indian constitutional jurisprudence and assesses its transformative potential. The paper aims to place women’s equality rights squarely within constitutional discourse; to further develop understandings of justice that will constitutionalize women’s equality rights and ensure their inclusion in constitutional doctrine and discourse and to create salient changes in women’s everyday lives.
“Least Favored Nation”: Pregnancy Discrimination Disparate Impact Claims Post-Young
Authors: Lux Emma
Published: June 2022

This Article analyzes disparate impact claims under the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Young v. United Parcel Service, Inc. In Young, the Court interpreted the PDA to provide plaintiffs who bring pregnancy-related disparate treatment claims pursuant to Title VII with additional protections that plaintiffs who bring non-pregnancy-related claims under Title VII do not receive. The Young court reasoned that this interpretation flowed from the PDA because Congress intended the Act to modify Title VII and wanted to ensure that federal courts would not prematurely dismiss pregnancy discrimination claims, as they historically had done. This Article argues that such reasoning not only provides additional protections for plaintiffs who bring disparate treatment claims, but also furnishes similar safeguards for plaintiffs who bring disparate impact claims. The Article concludes by noting, however, that federal courts have not yet extended such special protection to plaintiffs with pregnancy- related disparate impact claims. The result is that courts still often prematurely dismiss their claims, despite the PDA’s purpose and Young’s reasoning.
A Role for Communities in Reasonable Efforts to Prevent Removal
Authors: Shanta Trivedi  , Matthew Fraidin
Published: June 2022

Ostensibly, the "child welfare system" exists to safeguard the well-being of minors. However, child welfare agencies often exercise their authority by removing children in the aftermath of family crises that less disruptive upstream interventions could have mitigated. Children from low-income families are over-represented in the child welfare system; they are removed too frequently from communities that have been systemically marginalized.
PROTECTIVE TAX ELECTIONS
Authors: Cauble Emily
Published: June 2022

In many instances, taxpayers can select among various available tax outcomes by simply filing (or not filing) a tax election. Oftentimes, taxpayers file tax elections on a protective basis. When a taxpayer believes that filing an election may not be necessary but files it just in case, the taxpayer files a “protective tax election.” While existing academic literature explores various aspects of tax elections, the filing of tax elections on a protective basis has not been addressed. This Article begins to fill that gap.
            In some circumstances, the tax outcome that follows from making a protective tax election is not necessarily what the taxpayer intends to claim. A taxpayer might plan to claim a given tax outcome but be wary of a risk that the claim will fail. The taxpayer files a protective tax election to opt for the taxpayer’s second choice. In other words, the taxpayer uses the election to ensure that, if the taxpayer’s intended claim does fail, the alternative tax treatment imposed upon the taxpayer is more favorable than what would befall the taxpayer in the absence of the protective tax election. This Article adopts the phrase “Favorable Fallback Protective Tax Elections” to refer to protective tax elections filed under these circumstances.
            The policy implications of Favorable Fallback Protective Tax Elections are numerous. The policy disadvantages of such elections include their potential to trap unwary taxpayers as well as their propensity for encouraging well-advised taxpayers to take more aggressive reporting positions. One policy advantage of such elections is the possibility that they may encourage taxpayers to reveal useful information to the IRS.
            This Article explores the various uses of protective tax elections, assesses their policy advantages and disadvantages, and recommends ways to amplify their advantages and mitigate their disadvantages.
Health care utilization by ethnic minority populations: a narrative review and secondary data analysis
Authors: Hanner Olsen
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT 

Background: Ethnic minority populations have lower rates of healthcare utilization than ethnic majority populations.  

Purpose: This narrative review and secondary data analysis examines the factors inhibiting healthcare utilization in ethnic minority populations around the world and the associations between healthcare utilization factors and ethnic minority status in Western Guinea.  

Method: A narrative review was conducted using 18 studies which examined health care utilization by ethnic minority populations in Bangladesh, India, Vietnam, China, Australia, Peru, Guatemala, Mexico, and Uganda. Secondary data analysis was conducted using Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data collected in Indonesia in 2017, with the use of migration status as a proxy for ethnic minority status in Western Guinea.  

Results: There are four prominent factors which impacted healthcare utilization in the reviewed populations: financial access to health services, physical access to health services, the behavior and cultural competency of health service providers, and the quality of care provided. These trends are apparent in Western Guinea as well – there was a significant association (p = 0.00) between problems getting money for treatment and ethnic minority status and minority populations were more likely to seek less skilled care than majority populations.  

Conclusion: Barriers to healthcare utilization operate systemically and reproductively to force ethnic minority populations into a state of lower socioeconomic status and health outcomes. The incorporation of anti-racist foundations in health service provision is necessary to ensure the right to health for ethnic minority populations and for the successful fulfillment of the third Sustainable Development Goal (SDG).
Letter from the Editor
Authors: Scarlet Au  , Sophia Spiegel
Published: June 2022

Dear Reader,

 

This past season, the journal’s editorial board continued to engage with the scientific community through the release of our newest Spring 2022 issue, production of online content in the form of blogs, and a fundraising event for Help Ukraine 2022. With a combination of in-person and online meetings, the journal maintained an active campus-wide and online presence. 

 

The journal released its first print edition with the publication of the Fall 2021 issue, which was well-received and marked an important achievement for the editorial board. A copy of this printed issue will be kept in the Columbia Libraries archive. We credit the Production and Design team for their work in converting the online formatting into an issue suited for printing. We anticipate more print editions to be released in the near future for upcoming issues. 

 

This Spring 2022 issue explores a broad range of global health topics from the Breast Cancer Screening Programme in Nigeria to current issues with the information ecosystem. This issue also delves into ongoing public health concerns such as eradicating Guinea Worm Disease and addressing the healthcare needs of ethnic minority populations. We thank our authors and peer reviewers for their submissions and contributions without which our journal could not exist.

 

We would like to thank our staff across all the teams – the Editorial Review Board, Production & Design Board, Online Board and the Business & Communications Board – for their dedication and commitment towards the journal. We are also especially grateful for the continued support from the Columbia University Libraries and the Faculty Advisory Board composed of Digital Publishing Librarian Michelle Wilson and faculty advisor Professor James Colgrove. 

 

Sincerely,

Scarlet Au & Sophia Spiegel

Co-Editors-in-Chief, The Columbia University Journal of Global Health
Challenging Dominant Language Ideology in the Adult ESL Classroom: A Case Study
Authors: Constantin-Dureci Gabriela
Published: June 2022

In the United States, dominant language ideology validates the use of Standardized English as the only appropriate linguistic practice (Lippi-Green, 1994; Flores & Rosa, 2015). In educational settings, dominant language ideology manifests through the beliefs in language standardization and monolingualism (Farr & Song, 2011). The present case study investigates how dominant language ideology is manifested in the adult ESL classroom by examining the practices of one ESL teacher. The study employs multiple sources and modes of data (questionnaires, in-person observations, a semi-structured interview, and teaching artifacts) collected over multiple lessons. The study shows that the teacher generally resists dominant language ideology: she views students’ code-switching as a resource, rather than a deficit and does not associate Standardized English with correctness. Accordingly, incorporating language variation in the ESL classroom is viewed as a necessary teaching practice. Nevertheless, the teacher reinforces the notion of the monolingual native speaker as the authority for linguistic expertise and, thus, aligns with the tenets of dominant language ideology. Ultimately, by offering an account of the practices of one ESL teacher, the present study illuminates the ways in which teachers can resist dominant language ideology in the classroom and, thus, engage with critical language pedagogy.
Tracing Changes in a Gun Control Q&A: The Story of “One Hundred Round Magazine Drums”
Authors: Yu Di
Published: June 2022

In recent years, the US society has witnessed a sharp growth in political divide, particularly between those holding conservative and liberal views (Pew Research Center, 2014, 2017). Among the multitude of issues that the American people find divisive, the issue on gun regulation has been one of the most controversial ones (Pew Research Center, 2021) wherein attitudes towards guns vary drastically and are divided along partisan lines. Citizens take to platforms of civic participation such as town hall meetings to express concerns about such divisive issues and seek accountability from politicians. This analysis focuses on one such instance and documents how, with the focal issue of high-capacity firearms, both the citizen and politician adjust their next actions in this gun regulation discussion. Specifically, we observe how the citizen reformulates the notion of gun rights while the politician shifts the perspectives of his responses.
Readers’ Credits for Volume 22, Issue 1
Authors: Kim Peter
Published: June 2022

Studies in Applied Linguistics & TESOL (SALT) would like to thank the following individuals for reviewing the contributions for Volume 22, Issue 1 (2022):
Tingkat Pengetahuan Remaja Sekolah Menengah Atas Tentang HIV/AIDS
Authors: Agustina Fitriani
Published: June 2022

HIV merupakan singkatan dari Human Immuno deficiency Virus adalah virus yang dapat melemahkan kekebalan tubuh pada manusia. Sedangkan AIDS adalah singkatan dari Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome adalah kumpulan dari gejala dan infeksi atau biasa disebut sindrom yang diakibatkan oleh kerusakan sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia karena virus HIV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan remaja tentang HIV/AIDS di SMA Negeri 01 Bumi Agung Kabupaten Way Kanan. jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian yang bersifat deskriftif dimana populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh remaja SMA Negeri 01  Bumi Agung dan yang di jadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagian dari remaja SMA Negeri 01 Bumi Agung yaitu sebanya 75 orang dan dipilih secara proposif sampling. Selanjutnya data diperoleh melalui kuesioner dan di analisis secara univariat dari setiap variable jawaban pertanyaan. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu pengetahuan remaja tentang HIV/AIDS sebanyak 97.3% (73) orang memiliki pengetahuan yang baik,  pengetahuan remaja tentang penyebab HIV/AIDS sebanyak 97.3% (73) orang memiliki pengetahuan yang baik, Pengetahuan remaja tentang Gejala HIV/AIDS adalah 70.7 % (53) orang memiliki pengetahuan yang baik , Pengetahuan remaja tentang pencegahan HIV/AIDS adalah 85.3 % (64) orang memiliki pengetahuan yang baik, dan Pengetahuan remaja tentang penularan HIV/AIDS adalah 80.0% (60) orang memiliki pengetahuan yang baik.  Dari hasil penelitian ini diharapkan kepada remaja khususnya SMA Negeri 01 Bumi Agung Kabupaten Way Kanan Diharapkan untuk para remaja lebih memperhatikan lagi mengenai kesehatan reproduksinya dan secara aktif mencari informasi mengenai HIV/AIDS.
Special Education Teachers and Student Academic Achievement in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Almughyiri Salman
Published: June 2022

Teaching evaluation has been used widely in learning institutions globally to address achievement gaps for students with special needs, math learning disabilities (MLD), and learning impairments, such as autism. In most cases, learners with disabilities impeding the acquisition of mathematics and languages receive preferential consideration for special education. Successful knowledge acquisition for special needs students usually involves teacher guidance, especially in the evaluation of learning needs and dissemination of curriculum content, and student interactions. In this study, data collected from 170 special education administrators drawn from three regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) (Riyadh, Makkah, and Medina) was used to explore the effectiveness of training and certification of special education teachers on the attainment of desirable academic outcomes in mathematics. A purposive sampling strategy was used to recruit the participants. A descriptive analysis design was applied to study the underlying characteristics of the sample population. The findings from the study, which were presented using graphs and tables based on the responses from the participants, showed the diversity in the composition of special education teachers in KSA. Specifically, qualified practitioners, uncertified personnel, and unfilled teaching vacancies accounted for 55.88%, 38.24%, and 5.88% of all positions respectively. A considerable proportion of special education teachers (52.94%) reported that they use teacher-directed instruction as opposed to student-centered learning (47.06%). The implications of the findings and the recommendations are discussed in the final sections of this report.
ANALISIS PENGARUH BELANJA MODAL, INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA, DAN TENAGA KERJA TERSERAP TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI KABUPATEN/KOTA DI INDONESIA
Authors: Aryanto Wawan , Handaka Riya Dwi
Published: June 2022

There are many ways for a region to raise its economic growth. On this research aims to examine the effect of Human Development Index, capital expenditures, and labor absorption on economic growth of local governments in Indonesia. We use secondary data. There are variable the Human Development Index, capital expenditures of local governments, and labor absorption as an exogenous variable, while Gross Regional Domestic Product as an endogenous variable. This study uses panel data which combines time series data and cross section. These data were analyzed using regression with Eviews program. The results with significance level α = 0.05 showed that all hypothesis are accepted. All of exogenous variables are proved significantly positive effect on economic growth.
The Commercial Conceptualization of Crytpocurrency
Authors: Fairfield Joshua
Published: June 2022

In the midst of a global meltdown of financially focused cryptocurrencies, distributed ledger technologies are in search of a second sentence. DLTs have always been combined techno-social systems. The commercial conceptualization of cryptocurrency – the idea that the core application for blockchain is decentralized finance – has kept academic focus overwhelmingly on the technological part of the policy problem. What the current meltdown reveals is the degree to which DLTs serve as loci for social and community organization. DLT communities organize around decentralized finance, but the level of commitment and community show that the payoff for investors is being involved in a movement or a cause. Similarly, NFTs are more than digital deeds. The deeds can designate unique online assets, but the real work of spinning up a blockchain is one of generating social value for those assets. Why a given Bored Ape has value is a far more important question than the operation of a distributed database technology. Much work remains yet to be done to adequately account for the social component of the policy question.

This conversation will explore recent events in the current DLT meltdown with a view toward revealing and surfacing questions of community and identity that are increasingly coming to the forefront of distributed ledger tools and development.
Language Conflict, Attitude and Language Choice in a Bilingual Academic Environment
Authors: Numfor Comfort Nchang
Published: June 2022

This paper set out to examine the language attitude and factors that determine the language choice of students of the Special Bilingual Classes of the English Department of Government Bilingual High School (G.B.H.S) Bayelle Nkwen Bamenda. This was done by examining the factors, which determine the Francophone students’ rising interest in their choice of studying English. Students of the Special Bilingual Classes were chosen to be the focus of this research based on their bilingual learning setting. The data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaire and interview guide were designed to capture the Francophone students’ attitude and their choice of studying English, when they already have French that they can use in all circumstances. The results revealed that the Francophone students of the Special Bilingual Classes of the English Department hold a positive attitude toward English. Both teachers and students of the Special Bilingual Classes of the English Department of G.B.H.S Bayelle did indicate some kind of shift from French to English that reflects the latter’s position as a global lingua franca, associated with western style of life, prosperity and economic development, scholarship, carrier opportunity, science and technology, to name just a few. The results also showed preponderant influence or authority over students from English speaking background which prevents them from having a sound education.
A Psycholinguistic Study of Persuasive Strategies Used in the Farewell Sermon of Prophet Mohammed (PBUH)
Authors: Munazil Tahany Mohammed Ismail , Rababah Luqman
Published: June 2022

This study looks into the persuasive strategies used in Prophet Mohammed’s final sermon (PBUH). The qualitative design was used in this study. The persuasive strategies theory was used in this study to analyze Prophet Mohammed’s final sermon. The analysis of this sermon revealed that it contains all three persuasive strategies: logos, pathos, and ethos. The results revealed that the frequency percentages for the selected strategies are as follows: logos 50%, pathos 40%, and ethos 10%. Furthermore, the sermon contains a variety of speech acts. This study is significant because the speaker is well-known, which piques the interest of many readers/listeners. Furthermore, the sermon is clear and full of logical sentences, which appeals to a wide range of readers, including politicians, speechmakers, and researchers. Furthermore, this study is significant for linguists and researchers because it examines the sermon from previously overlooked perspectives.
Kur’an’da Geçen “Necm/Nücûm” Kelimelerinin Analitik İncelemesi (Metin İçi Bağlam Çerçevesinde)
Authors: EKİZER Duran
Published: June 2022

Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’deki sureler ile sureleri oluşturan âyetler arasında tevkîfî bir insicam ve tenasüp vardır. Bu sistematik örgü sadece âyet ve surelerin sıralamasında değil, aynı zamanda cümle ve pasajların birbirleri arasındaki anlam bağlantısında mevcuttur. Dolayısıyla her bir âyet, anlam bakımından bağlı olduğu diğer âyetlerle birlikte metin içi bağlam açısından semantik bir role sahiptir. Ayrıca Kur’ân’da geçen ümmet, necm ve kitâb gibi çok anlamlı kelimelerin hangi mana için kullanıldığı dış bağlam ile birlikte metnin iç bağlamından hareketle anlaşılabilir.

Necm/nücûm kelimeleri Kur’ân’da birden fazla anlamda kullanılmıştır. Buna göre eş sesli bir kelime olan necm/nücûm kelimeleri Kur’ân’da dört yerde tekil, dokuz ayette ise çoğul olarak “nücûm” şeklinde on üç defa geçmektedir. Araştırmada bu kelime, kullanım bilim açısından metin içi bağlam merkezli olarak incelenmiş ve bu kelimelerin dokuz yerde “yıldız”, üç yerde “vahiy”, bir yerde “gövdesiz bitki” anlamlarında kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir.

Yapılan dilbilimsel analiz neticesinde necm/nücûm kelimelerinin “yıldız” anlamında kullanıldığı âyetlerde bazen ay ve güneş ile birlikte, bazen de münferit olarak “teshîr/Allah’ın emrine boyun eğme” fiili ile birlikte kullanıldığı görülmüştür. “Yıldız” anlamında kullanıldığı bir yerde ise “bir durumu nasıl planlayıp idare edeceğini düşünmek” anlamındaki kalıp ifadeyi oluşturan kelime bütününden birisidir. Özellikle kadim tefsirlerde “gövdesiz bitki” anlamının verildiği bir yerde ise güneşle birlikte “secde etme” fiilinin öznesi olarak zikredildiği görülmektedir. “Vahiy” anlamına geldiği pasajlarda ise dizimbilim içerisinde siyak ve sibak karinesi gereğince Kur’ân âyetlerinin inişi ile ilgili konular içinde geçmektedir.

Yukarıda yapılan tespitlerin bir neticesi olarak; Kur’ân’da geçen necm/nücûm maddelerinin metin içi bağlama dikkat edilmeden genellikle “yıldız” olarak anlaşıldığı dikkate alındığında, daha önce hakkında ayrıntılı bir spesifik bir çalışma yapılmayan bu alanda araştırmanın katkı sağlayacağı umulmaktadır. Ayrıca bu makalede ortaya konmaya çalışılan metodik yaklaşımın, çok anlamlı Kur’ân müfredatının, âyetler arasındaki dilsel anlam örgüleri çerçevesinde doğru bir şekilde anlaşılmasında yardımcı olması hedeflenmektedir.
Rezension von: Mertens, Dieter, Humanismus und Landesgeschichte
Authors: Fuchs Franz , Mertens Dieter
Published: June 2022

Dieter Mertens, Humanismus und Landesgeschichte. Ausgewählte Aufsätze, hg. von Dieter Speck, Birgit Studt und Thomas Zotz (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg, Reihe B: Forschungen, Bd. 218), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 2018. 2 Teilbände, XIV und 1042 S., 27 Abb., 1 Tab. ISBN 978-3-17-034359-7. Geb. € 88,–
Rezension von: Raichle, Christoph, Die Finanzverwaltung in Baden und Württemberg im Nationalsozialismus
Authors: Klöckler Jürgen , Raichle Christoph
Published: June 2022

Christoph Raichle, Die Finanzverwaltung in Baden und Württemberg im Nationalsozialismus, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 2019. 949 S., 46 Abb. ISBN 978-3-17-035280-3. € 98,–
Rezension von: Frauenknecht, Erwin; Rückert, Peter (Bearb.), Mechthild (1419–1482) im Spiegel der Zeit
Authors: Auge Oliver , Frauenknecht Erwin , Rückert Peter
Published: June 2022

Mechthild (1419 – 1482) im Spiegel der Zeit. Begleitbuch und Katalog zur Ausstellung des Landesarchivs Baden-Württemberg, Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart, bearb. von Erwin Frauenknecht und Peter Rückert, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 2019. 248 S. ISBN 978-3-17-036526-1. Softcover. € 20,–
Rezension von: Müsegades, Benjamin; Runde, Ingo (Hrsg.), Universitäten und ihr Umfeld
Authors: Jansen Julius , Müsegades Benjamin , Runde Ingo
Published: June 2022

Benjamin Müsegades / Ingo Runde (Hg.), Universitäten und ihr Umfeld. Südwesten und Reich in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit. Tagung im Universitätsarchiv Heidelberg am 6. und 7. Oktober 2016 (Heidelberger Schriften zur Universitätsgeschichte, Bd. 7), Heidelberg:Universitätsverlag Winter 2019. 276 S., 23 Abb. ISBN 978-3-8253-6846-3. Geb. € 25,–