bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The political use of psychiatry: A comparison between totalitarian regimes
Authors: Buoli Massimiliano , Giannuli Aldo Sabino
Published: January 2017

Background:

After the end of Second World War, the recent experience of the Nazi horrors stimulated a debate about the political use of psychiatry. Over the years, the focus shifted on major dictatorships of the time and especially on Soviet Union.

Aims:

This article aims to provide a critical review of the ways in which psychiatry was used by totalitarian regimes of the 20th century.

Methods:

We summarized relevant literature about political use of psychiatry in totalitarian regimes of the 20th century, with particular focus on Fascism, Nazism, Argentina dictatorship, Soviet Union and China.

Results:

One of the features that are common to most of the dictatorships is that the use of psychiatry has become more prominent when the regimes have had the need to make more acceptable the imprisonment of enemies in the eyes of the world. This for example happened in the Nazi regime when sterilization and killing of psychiatric patients was explained as a kind of euthanasia, or in the Soviet Union after the formal closure of the corrective labor camps and the slow resumption of relations with the capitalistic world, or in China to justify persecution of religious minorities and preserve economic relations with Western countries.

Conclusion:

Psychiatry has been variously used by totalitarian regimes as a means of political persecution and especially when it was necessary to make acceptable to public opinion the imprisonment of political opponents.
Natural Law and Perspectivism: A Case for Plural Definitions of Objective Morality
Authors: Salzman Todd A. , Lawler Michael G.
Published: January 2017

This essay is about Catholic theological ethics and an explanation of competing answers to questions raised by Catholic ethicists. The core of the essay is a presentation of the cognitional theory of perspectivism as a counter to the concerns of relativism raised by Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI. The essay considers the foundational theory of natural law and contrasts its 19th-century neo-Thomist understanding with Aquinas’s own understanding of natural law as reason. As a concrete illustration of the theories of perspectivism and natural law, the essay considers the question of contraception and its competing Catholic answers.
The Order of Deacons in Early Irish Canonical Sources: A Contribution to Understanding the Evolution of a ‘Major Orders’ in the Western Church
Authors: O’Loughlin Thomas
Published: January 2017

At a time when we are asked to investigate the origins of the diaconate, this paper argues that it is no easy task to recover its history nor relate that history to later questions on the nature of ordination. However, early canonical sources do throw important light on that history, and the case examined here is that of the Collectio canonum hibernensis and texts related to it. This later seventh- and early eighth-century material shows that while the diaconate was recognized as one of the sacred orders, it was, in effect, seen primarily as a function within the liturgy.
The Pastoral Function of Church Archives: A Reflection on the Theological, Juridical and Pastoral Context of Roman Catholic Diocesan Archives
Authors: Bracken David
Published: January 2017

This article explores the theological, juridical, and pastoral context of Roman Catholic archives, and diocesan and parochial archives in particular, through the lens of a letter circulated by the Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Patrimony of the Church, The Pastoral Function of Church Archives. The letter acknowledges the spiritual importance of church archives for the believing community as a vector of the tradition but also recognizes the cultural and historical significance of church archives both for Catholics and the wider community. While the legal requirements of canon law are fundamental to the discussion, the commission invites the church to move beyond a narrow juridical understanding of archives. A convincing contribution to an emerging theology of church archives, with concrete suggestions for the establishment and improvement of diocesan archival services, the document constitutes a particular challenge to Irish dioceses where the archival sector remains underdeveloped.
A Plasticity-Based Constitutive Model for Fibre-Reinforced Composite Laminates
Authors: Vaziri R. , Olson M. D. , Anderson D. L.
Published: January 2017

A continuum mechanics approach is adopted herein to develop a constitutive model for the nonlinear behaviour of laminated composites up to and including ultimate failure. The proposed model for single layers of fibre-reinforced composites (FRC) is derived within the framework of rate-independent theory of orthotropic plasticity. Both unidirectional and bidirectional (e.g., woven) FRC layers are modelled. The individual layer constitutive equations are superimposed using classical lamination theory to yield the global laminate response. The model's accuracy is illustrated by comparing the results of numerical simulations with experimental data available in the literature.
A Progressive Failure Model for Composite Laminates Containing Openings
Authors: Tan Seng C.
Published: January 2017

A progressive failure model is developed for laminated composites containing stress concentrations subjected to in-plane loading. The fundamental approach is to model a damaged lamina using a damaged ply constitutive relation in a simplified manner. The environmental effects including the thermal residual stresses and hygroscopic stresses arc taken into consideration. Parametric studies show that load increment only has little effect on the ultimate strength. When the number of elements for the finite element mesh increases to a certain value, the predicted ultimate strength approaches a stable value. The predictions for the ultimate strength, stress-strain behavior and the damage progression agree reasonably well with the experimental result.
Verification of Laminated Plate Theory for Unsymmetrical Laminates
Authors: Parhizgar Shahrokh
Published: January 2017

It is shown that the current experimental methods used in the verification of Laminated Plate Theory have not adequately included the coupling deformations existing in unsymmetrical laminated composites. The importance of these coupling deformations is demonstrated on a 0/90 laminated strip. A special grip system capable of decoupling loads and moments applied to a 0/90 laminated strip is introduced. A procedure for experimental determination of the stiffness constants A'11 and B'11 of 0/90 laminates is given. This procedure includes the coupling deformations existing in 0/90 laminates.
Interfacial Shear Stress Distribution in Model Composites, Part 1: A Kevlar 49® Fibre in an Epoxy Matrix
Authors: Jahankhani H. , Galiotis C.
Published: January 2017

The technique of Laser Raman Spectroscopy has been applied in the study of aramid fibres, such as Kevlar 49, and aramid/epoxy interfaces. A linear relationship has been found between Raman frequencies and strain upon loading a single Kevlar 49 filament in air. Model composites of single Kevlar 49 fibres embedded in epoxy resins have been fabricated and subjected to various degrees of mechanical deformation. The transfer lengths for reinforcement have been measured at various levels of applied tensile load and the dependence of transfer length upon applied matrix strain has been established. Finally, by balancing the tensile and the shear forces acting along the interface, the interfacial shear stress (ISS) distribution along the embedded fibre was obtained.
Fiber-Matrix Adhesion and Its Effect on Composite Mechanical Properties: I. Inplane and Interlaminar Shear Behavior of Graphite/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Madhukar Madhu S. , Drzal Lawrence T.
Published: January 2017

An experimental investigation was performed to establish the relationships between fiber-matrix adhesion as determined by single fiber interfacial shear strength tests with the inplane and interlaminar shear properties of graphite/epoxy composites. ±45°-tension, Iosipescu, and short beam shear tests were conducted on three identical sets of composites differing only in their fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength. The fiber-matrix interphase and consequently the interfacial shear strength was varied by using the same graphite fiber was different surface modifications, namely untreated, surface treated, and surface treated and coated with a thin layer of epoxy. The surface modification changed the interfacial shear strength by more than a factor of two, while the properties of fibers remained unchanged. The experimental results showed that both inplane and interlaminar shear strengths increased approximately in the same ratio as the interfacial shear strength, however, the inplane shear modulus was relatively insensitive to the fiber surface modifications. The fracture surface analysis revealed that when the fiber matrix interfacial shear strength was increased from low to intermediate to high values, the major failure modes changed from primarily interfacial failure to a combination of interfacial and matrix failure to primarily matrix failure, respectively, in a manner identical to that observed with the single fiber fragmentation tests.
A New Approach toward Understanding Damage Mechanisms and Mechanics of Laminated Composites Due to Low-Velocity Impact: Part II—Analysis
Authors: Choi Hyung Yun , Wu Hsi-Yung T. , Chang Fu-Kuo
Published: January 2017

An investigation consisting of both analysis and experiments was performed to study impact damage mechanisms and mechanics of laminated composites subjected to low-velocity impact. In order to fundamentally understand the impact damage of laminated composites, a unique test program was developed and performed by using a specially designed line-loading impactor. Experimental findings from the tests were obtained and presented in the first part of this series on the impact study. In this paper, an analysis will be presented for predicting the impact damage resulting from the line-loading impact and for determining essential parameters governing the impact damage. The model consists of a transient dynamic finite element analysis for calculating stresses, strains and deformations of composite plates during impact, and a failure analysis for predicting the threshold of impact damage and initiation of delaminations and micro-cracks. The predictions based on the analysis agreed with the test results reasonably well. Based on the unique approach, the proposed analysis, coupled with the experiment, was able to provide comprehensive information for fundamentally understanding the impact damage mechanisms and mechanics of laminated composites.
Beyond Health Effects?
Authors: McKay Tara , Timmermans Stefan
Published: January 2017

The lack of health insurance is traditionally considered a problem faced by individuals and their families. However, because of the geographically bounded organization and funding of healthcare in the United States, levels of uninsurance in a community may affect everyone living there. Health economists have examined how the effects of uninsurance spillover from the uninsured to the insured, negatively affecting healthcare access and quality for the insured. We extend research on uninsurance into the domain of sociologists by theorizing how uninsurance might exacerbate social inequalities and undermine social cohesion within communities. Using data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, we show that individuals living in communities with higher levels of uninsurance report lower social cohesion net of other individual and neighborhood factors and discuss implications for implementation of the Affordable Care Act.
Commentary on the Precocity Project
Authors: Anastasi Anne
Published: January 2017

First I should like to underscore a point made by Stanley in his paper. The social value of any efforts to identify and cultivate outstanding talent should need no justification. Yet in the present humanitarian surge of interest in the mentally retarded, the brain-damaged, and the physically disabled, we may lose sight of society's continuing need for the talented. Remember that it is discoveries by talented researchers in biochemistry, neurology, psychology, and other sciences that underlie current improvements in the condition and functioning level of the handicapped. Good intentions without the requisite knowledge base are not enough. Society needs the maximum cultivation and utilization of human talent—wherever found and in all fields of human endeavor—in order to improve the quality of life for all of us.
Cranio-Facial Reconstruction in Forensic Identification — Historical Development and a Review of Current Practice
Authors: Vanezis Maria , Vanezis Peter
Published: January 2017

Cranio-facial reconstruction has its origins in the 19th century, initially to recreate and ‘bring back to life’ the faces of the rich and the famous. Since then, over the last 100 years, there have been various methods used to produce reconstructions for forensic identification as well as for historical or archaeological purposes. These range from the traditional sculpting methods to those based on up-to-date computer technology. When no other method of identification is available in skeletalized, badly mutilated or decomposing remains, forensic craniofacial reconstruction may be employed to produce a face which it is hoped will trigger recognition and thus lead to a positive identification.

This paper discusses the role that cranio-facial reconstruction may play in identification and its limitations.
Offence Characteristics of Psychotic Men Who Sexually Assault Women
Authors: Smith Alan D
Published: January 2017

Very little is known about the nature of serious sex offences against women by psychotic men. This study aimed to examine such offences by carrying out a search of Home Office records for all 80 male restricted hospital order in-patients with schizophrenia, resident in any hospital in England and Wales during May 1997, with an index conviction for a contact sex offence against a woman, committed whilst psychotic. Offences peaked in the afternoon, but were proportionally distributed according to day and month. Most (47/59%) offences occurred indoors, with over half of these in the victim's home. Assailants were strangers in 49 (61%) offences. Offences involving strangers were more likely to occur outdoors and without any preceding social interaction compared to those involving assailants known to their victims. Offenders' speech tended to be impersonal, with little attempt at intimacy. Offence sexual behaviours were: breast/genital fondling 63 (79%), vaginal intercourse 42 (52%), fellatio eight (10%), anal intercourse seven (9%), and cunnilingus six (8%). Excessive violence or bizarre behaviour occurred in a minority of offences. The findings are discussed with reference to the literature on sex offences by men without mental illness. The data do not support anecdotal or popular images that most psychotic sex attackers behave in an exceptionally violent or bizarre manner.
Subjective Assessment of Blunt Impacts
Authors: Wheeler Lucy K , Maylia Eric , Jones Michael D , Holt Cathy A , Evans Sam L , Nokes Leonard DM
Published: January 2017

An important role of an eyewitness to an assault is to effectively quantify the degree of force used; yet evidence of this form is often subjective and relies on personal opinion. Twelve subjects were asked to strike a load cell with a wooden bat, using varying degrees of force. The strikes were recorded by video camera and 50 people observed the video and were asked to grade the strikes. On average 44% accurately assessed the severity of the strikes, whilst 26% over-estimated. Results suggest that the evidence of eyewitnesses should be treated with caution.
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection in a Healthy Postmenopausal Woman
Authors: Salmo E , Callaghan J
Published: January 2017

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is rare and when it occurs is most commonly seen in young females following childbirth. We report a case of a 55-year-old female who was found dead at her home. She had no history of cardiovascular disease. She smoked approximately 10 cigarettes per day. She complained of mild chest discomfort the night before her death, lasting for 10 minutes, for which no medical attention was sought. She had been seen and appeared well 15 minutes before death. At autopsy, the only abnormality was in the left anterior descending coronary artery, which showed a two cm segment with periluminal blood in the wall of the vessel compressing the lumen.

Histologically, a dissection was seen between the media and the external elastic lamina of the affected artery. There was a mixed inflammatory infiltrate including eosinophils and very occasional giant cells. Alcian blue staining was negative. The appearances were those of a localised dissection. The remaining coronary arteries were free of atheroma.

SCAD should be suspected in young females in their postpartum period presenting with chest pain since emergency treatment can greatly increase survival.
A Prospective Survey of Section 136 in Rural England (Devon and Cornwall)
Authors: Greenberg Neil , Lloyd Keith , O'Brien Chris , McIver Sian , Hessford Amanda , Donovan Martin
Published: January 2017

The Mental Health Act 1983 gives the police the power to remove those persons who appear to be mentally disordered from a public place to a place of safety. Previous studies have shown conflicting results concerning its use and there have not been any previous studies in a rural area. This study is a prospective survey of the use of Section 136 in SW England and was carried out between October and December 2000 in six custody centres in SW England. Each detainee had a study form completed to examine how the section was being applied, specifically looking at the time taken for the assessment to be complete and the outcome.

The results showed that there were 178 detentions under Section 136 over the three-month study period. It took 25 minutes for detainees to arrive at a police custody unit and the assessments took about 8 hours to complete. The longest delay was for the approved social worker to arrive at the custody centre, (3h 25m) which was significantly longer than the arrival time of the Section 12 doctor (2h 10m). After assessment 32% of Section 136 detainees were admitted to hospital. There were differences between the conversion rates between the six custody centres although these were not significant. This study's conclusions suggest that although rural areas meet the statutory maximum time limits for completing Section 136 assessments, greater distances than in inner city areas lead to substantial delays in completing assessments. Also this study found a much lower rate of hospital admission after assessment than has been found previously and this may reflect the differing needs and characteristics of a rural population compared with the inner city populations.
3.—Non-Consummation of Marriage
Authors: Puxon Margaret , Dawkins Sylvia
Published: January 2017

Failure to consummate, if due to impotence or wilful refusal, is a ground for having the Marriage annulled. In the case of impotence the inability must have existed at the time of the marriage and must have persisted up to the date of the hearing of the petition. Sterility by itself is not a ground for nullity. Wilful refusal was first made a ground for nullity by the Matrimonial Causes Act, 1937. The refusal must be a definite decision arrived at without reasonable excuse, but a husband is not entitled to say that his wife is guilty until he has taken without success such steps as a reasonable husband would take in the circumstances. There is no wilful refusal where the petitioner acquiesces in the respondent's failure to consummate.

In this article the authors examine certain aspects of the law on this subject and the nature of the cases which come before doctors and lawyers.

Margaret Puxon, author of The Family and the Law ( Penguin Books, 1963), is qualified as both a doctor and a barrister and has practised in both professions. Dr. Dawkins is a Medical Officer at the Islington Family Planning Association Clinic, and Clinical Assistant at the Obstetric Hospital, University College Hospital. She has experience in this field extending over 20 years.
Estimation of Creatine Phosphokinase as an Additional Method for Identification of Seminal Stains
Authors: Griffiths P. D. , Lehmann H.
Published: January 2017

The difficulties inherent in the identification of seminal stains in the absence of demonstrable spermatozoa are recalled.

The enzyme creatine phosphokinase is present in high concentrations in seminal fluid and it is readily detected in the human ejaculate even in cases of azoospermia. The enzyme can be detected in high concentration in dried stains for at least six months. The levels of enzyme in seminal fluid are greatly in excess of those found in any other body fluid.

It is suggested that estimation of the enzyme level in dried stains is a valuable addition to existing methods used when attempting to prove that a stain on clothing is seminal in origin.
Some Post-Mortem Observations in Accidental Hypothermia
Authors: Mant A. Keith
Published: January 2017

Persons found dead from exposure to cold constitute a medico-legal problem, as should postmortem evidence of hypothermia be missing, the cause of death may be unascertainable. The positive findings in six cases of fatal accidental hypothermia are described.
Why Have Some Victims of Death from Cold Undressed?
Authors: Gormsen Harald
Published: January 2017

Victims of death from cold are sometimes found completely or partially undressed without any signs of crime.

In connexion with a report of 2 such cases, the possible causes of the undressing of the individuals are made the subject of discussion, which is based upon the literature available. One of the hypotheses is that exposure to severe cold—paradoxically enough—may cause a feeling of warmth in the skin.
Compulsory Psychiatric Admission by the Police; A Study of the Use of Section 136
Authors: Kelleher M. J. , Copeland J. R. M.
Published: January 2017

The case notes of 92 police admissions (under section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1959) were examined in detail and comparisons were made with formal admissions by medical practitioners to the same unit (208 under section 29 and 56 under section 25) and also with the admissions of previous years. It was found that the police were as efficient at recognizing persons in need of psychiatric care among those called to their attention as were the medical practitioners who were not approved psychiatrists. Attention is drawn to the tendency of some individuals to be repeatedly admitted by the police. Suggestions are made as to their better management.
O-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS) and the Healing of Cutaneous Injuries
Authors: Ballantyne Bryan , Johnston W. G.
Published: January 2017

The possibility that o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) could modify the rate, or mechanism, of healing of skin injuries was investigated in guinea-pigs. Compared with untreated control lesions, up to 10 mg. CS applied to abrasions, full-thickness skin wounds, and standard burns did not influence the rate of healing.
A Survey of Sentenced Prisoners Transferred to Hospital for Urgent Psychiatric Treatment over a Three-Year Period in One Region
Authors: Huckle P L
Published: January 2017

This study describes a survey of sentenced prisoners who were transferred to psychiatric hospitals in South Wales under s.47 of the Mental Health Act of 1983 (England & Wales) over a three-year period.

During this time there were 29 such transfers of 25 prisoners and all were male.

Forty-four per cent were returned to prison to complete their sentence once their mental disorder was treated.

Fifty per cent of these prisoners who became patients had a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia, 13 per cent of recurrent depressive disorder, 4 per cent of a drug-induced psychosis, 4 per cent of hypomania and 6.6 per cent had some form of personality disorder.
The Use of Health Legislation to Deal with Abuse of Community Based Elderly People with Dementia
Authors: Cooney Colm , Hamid Walid A.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes current health legislation used to deal with actual and potential abuse of elderly people with dementia living in the community. Recent recommendations made regarding updating existing legal processes and creating new provisions are also outlined.
A Prospective Study of Assaults on Staff by Psychiatric In-Patients
Authors: Cheung Peter , Schweitzer Isaac , Tuckwell Virginia , Crowley K C
Published: January 2017

This study determined the prevalence and features of assaults on staff, compared them with other aggressive incidents by psychiatric in-patients, and studied their relationship with the ward atmosphere. There were 181 physical assaults among 279 staff in two months, i.e. 389 assaults per 100 staff per year. A few patients were responsible for the majority of the assaults. Most assaults were triggered off by staff-patient interaction. About one-third of the staff were significantly psychologically shaken by the incidents. Patients were more likely to be provoked and used more severe means of aggression against staff than against other targets of aggression. There were no significant differences between the characteristics of patients who assaulted staff and those who had other targets of aggression.
The Mental Health Act and Professional Hostage Taking
Authors: Mason Tom , Jennings Les
Published: January 2017

Compulsory detention of psychiatric patients is seen as a necessary response to a perceived threat, against themselves or against others, and such detention is rationalized as humane, compassionate and benevolent. However, seen from the recipient's perspective such detention and enforced treatment may be viewed as malevolent.

This paper is concerned with examining the role of compulsory detention of the mentally abnormal offender in respect of the 1983 Mental Health Act by analysis of the resultant ideas which underpin it. First, in terms of its role as a sanction against transgressors of a particular value system, who are spotlighted by the increased ‘surveillance’ in our society, Second, the issues of treatability and consent are discussed in relation to the neo-legalism that permeates our social world. In addition, the role of the 1983 Mental Health Act as a means of social control will be examined using the notion of a covert political ‘policing* in the form of compulsory detention, resulting from the medico-legal confrontation of power bases which defines the patient as a ‘professional hostage’.

Quite clearly there is an overlap of themes which creates a difficulty in interpretation. However, with increasing legal facilities for detention and the increasing number of ‘conditions’ being drawn under the medical umbrella it is important to attempt to review the results of this legislation within those areas identified above and to understand how this may be interpreted for those held against their wishes.
Pseudologia Fantastica, Factitious Disorder and Impostership: A Deception Syndrome
Authors: Hardie T J , Reed A
Published: January 2017

Pseudologia fantastica and impostership are not currently included in diagnostic systems, although there is an overlap between these two syndromes and factitious disorder. A case which illustrates the overlap is described, and the diagnostic dilemma is discussed. A term ‘deception syndrome’ is proposed for those individuals who pathologically deceive for internal (i.e. psychological) as opposed to external reasons such as financial gain.
Inquiries after Homicide in England and Wales
Authors: Prins Herschel
Published: January 2017

Recent instruction from the Department of Health requires the institution of an independent inquiry into all cases of homicide committed by those who have been in contact with the psychiatric services. The background to this instruction is explored briefly within the context of more general concerns about violence and homicide, and the advantages and disadvantages of such inquiries are discussed.
Consultant Psychiatrists' Knowledge of Mental Health Legislation in Scotland
Authors: Humphreys Martin
Published: January 2017

There has been increasing concern recently over an apparent lack of knowledge of mental health law among psychiatrists and other medical practitioners involved in its use. This has been particularly highlighted by the introduction of new and complex legislation intended to facilitate care in the community. As a result of findings from previous studies of other groups of medical practitioners in Scotland, a national survey of consultant psychiatrists working there was undertaken to determine their level of understanding of the statutory provision for the care of the mentally disordered. A purpose-designed instrument was used at interview with 72 consultants chosen at random from all psychiatric specialties. Their knowledge of even the most basic definitions and fundamental areas was limited, with only just over half being able to give the correct title of one relevant piece of legislation and only one in 10 being able to define mental disorder in terms of the Act. Otherwise knowledge was generally patchy. Greater emphasis should be placed upon training in mental health law for consultant psychiatrists in general, as the findings are unlikely to reflect purely localized patterns. Attitudes to the use of compulsory measures also need to be addressed.
A Description of a Forensic Diversion Service in One City in the United Kingdom
Authors: Chung Man Cheung , Cumella Stuart , Wensley James , Easthope Yvette
Published: January 2017

This paper describes some recent research on forensic diversion services and the application of such services in Birmingham, UK. Key components include the diversion scheme in court, diversion at point of arrest, and the remand prison liaison scheme. Various community facilities, such as a specialized bail hostel and landlady schemes to which offenders are possibly referred, are also briefly described. We advocate the need for further research in order to examine the effectiveness of the services in Birmingham.
The Effectiveness of a Volunteer Appropriate Adult Scheme
Authors: Nemitz Teresa , Bean Philip
Published: January 2017

This paper discusses the first evaluation to be undertaken of a volunteer Appropriate Adult scheme for mentally vulnerable adults. Southampton MIND was granted funding by the Mental Health Foundation to implement a volunteer Appropriate Adult scheme which began in April 1994 and lasted for two years. The Mental Health Foundation required an evaluation from an independent organization, the implications of which are examined here against the background of previous research conducted by the authors on the use of Appropriate Adult protection for mentally vulnerable adults in the police station. We show that a basic Appropriate Adult training programme has been devised and that there are people willing to take on this training and the onerous role for which it prepares them.
Offending Pattern in a Gerontophilic Perpetrator
Authors: Ball Hadrian
Published: January 2017

Examples of sexual offences perpetrated against older female victims are infrequently found in the medical literature. The case of a gerontophilic offender is reported. The criminal career of the subject bears a strong resemblance to more typical sex offenders with the exception of the very specific nature of victim selection. The current lack of knowledge and understanding of such offences and perpetrators is emphasized.
Case Reports
Authors: Aggarwal N K , Agarwal B B L
Published: January 2017

A 50-year-old female was accidently strangulated when her chunni (a piece of cloth worn around the neck) was caught in the moving wheel of a rickshaw in which she was travelling. She was brought to the nearest hospital and died within 16 hours, remaining unconscious throughout the hospital stay. Cause of death was asphyxia as a result of constriction of the neck by ligature strangulation.
2. Sudden Death by Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia in a South American Transsexual?
Authors: Lunetta P , Penttilä A
Published: January 2017

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a rare, but increasingly diagnosed, anatomo-clinical entity, characterized by a regional or diffuse replacement of the myocardium of the right ventricle (RV) by adipose/fibroadipose tissue.

We report a probable case of a sudden death by ARVD, initially misinterpreted by investigators as a violent death, in a 22-year-old, South American transsexual, HIV-positive, while attempting clandestine immigration from Switzerland to Italy.

The demonstration of the causal connection between RVD, electrical instability of the RV and death may be puzzling, especially when circumstances of death are unclear. The still unclear nosological borders between normal adipose content, ‘near physiological’ lipomatosis and RVD, the uncertain topographic correlation between (fibro) adipose infiltration and electrical instability of the RV as well as the incidental finding of extensive fibro-fatty infiltration of the RV also in victims of violent deaths indicate the need to consider with caution — and always after the exclusion of other causes — the causal connection between RVD and sudden death.
Interrelationships among Jumping Power, Sprinting Power and Pubertal Status after Controlling for Size in Young Male Soccer Players
Authors: Cunha Giovani S. , Cumming Sean P. , Valente-dos-Santos João , Duarte João P. , Silva Gustavo , Dourado Antonio C. , Leites Gabriela T. , Gaya Adroaldo C. , Reischak-Oliveira Álvaro , Coelho-e-Silva Manuel
Published: January 2017

This study examined power output on jumping and sprinting tests in young soccer players of differing pubertal status, while controlling for body size with allometric scaling exponents. A total of 46 males aged 12–18 years (14.17 years) were divided into three groups: pre-pubescent ( n = 12), pubescent ( n = 22), and post-pubescent ( n = 12). Participants performed a series of tests, including the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 10-meter and 30-meter sprint test protocols. The Post-PUB group was older ( F = 112.411, p < 0.001), more experienced in competitive soccer ( F = 8.055, p = 0.001), taller ( F = 28.940, p < 0.001), and heavier ( F = 20.618, p < 0.001), when compared to peers in the other groups. Mean differences in jumping and sprinting performances suggested a significant effect for pubertal status on performance in the 10-meter sprint (large effect size, F = 8.191, p < 0.001) and 30-meter sprint (large effect size, F = 8.093, p < 0.001) after allometric scaling. Power output derived from SJ (small effect size, F = 0.536, p = 0.001) and CMJ (small effect size, F = 1.058, p = 0.356) showed no significant differences across players of varying pubertal status. Biological maturation showed a large effect on maximal power output for sprints, but not for jumps, when the effect of body size was adjusted by statistically derived allometric exponents in young male soccer players.
Challenges in Determining How Child Work Affects Child Health
Authors: Levison Deborah , Murray-Close Marta
Published: January 2017

Credible findings from well-crafted research studies are essential in assessing the impact of child work on children's health. Researchers, however, encounter significant challenges in defining the relevant group of workers for a study and identifying an appropriate comparison group. This article describes some of those challenges and explains how choices about study and comparison groups can lead to biased research results. When selecting study groups, researchers should be aware that the impact of work on health may depend on the type and intensity of the work, and on the context in which it occurs. They should avoid drawing conclusions about the health effects of particular work situations from studies of very heterogeneous groups of workers and should not overgeneralize from studies of more homogenous groups. When choosing comparison groups, researchers should select children whose health outcomes are likely to be comparable to the outcomes working children would experience if they did not work. In particular, researchers should attempt to find children who are similar to the workers of interest on relevant non-work characteristics, including socioeconomic status and levels of parental education. In addition, they should consider the extent to which healthier children are more likely to select into the labor force as a result of decisions by parents or employers, or due to their own greater fitness. Ideally, studies of the health effects of child work should use multiple comparison groups, including children who work in relatively safe, non-strenuous occupations.
Child Labor, Gender, and Health
Authors: Leinberger-Jabari Andrea , Parker David L. , Oberg Charles
Published: January 2017

It is often forgotten that child labor is part of a multi-generational problem due in part to the failure to educate girls. Although the literacy rate for women has improved over the last two decades, in many countries it is less than half that of their male counterparts. This in turn leads to nutritional deficiencies, poverty, and poor health. While many researchers address the immediate health effects of child labor on the child laborers, this article addresses the issue of child labor from a broader perspective, one that identifies child labor as a contributor to inter-generational poverty, malnutrition, and limited educational attainment. Child labor and nutrition are important issues in both educational attainment and health status.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices for Diagnosing Breakthrough Varicella in the Outpatient Setting
Authors: Daskalaki Irini , Viner Kendra M. , Perella Dana , Newbern E. Claire , Johnson Caroline C. , Watson Barbara M.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

We assessed provider knowledge, attitudes, and practices for the management of breakthrough varicella and identified barriers to implementation of laboratory testing and reporting.

Methods.

We surveyed 145 health-care providers (HCPs) from 30 pediatric practices in Philadelphia who did not have a history of laboratory testing for breakthrough varicella. The self-administered survey instrument collected information on clinicians' practices for management of children presenting with rash, infection-control strategies, reporting to public health agencies, and laboratory testing.

Results.

Among the 144 HCPs who completed the survey, 73 (51%) had practiced for more than 10 years. While 115 HCPs (80%) would elect to evaluate a child with rash in the office, only 19 (13%) would submit diagnostics. When patients had a known recent exposure to varicella, 84 HCPs (58%) would use laboratory tests: 40% would use direct fluorescent antibody staining on a specimen from a cutaneous lesion, 24% would use polymerase chain reaction on a lesion specimen, 21% would use acute and convalescent serology, and 10% would use other tests. While waiting for test results, 82 HCPs (57%) would advise that the child be kept at home, 39 (27%) would notify the local health department, and 33 (23%) would inform the school nurse.

Conclusion.

As varicella becomes increasingly uncommon, laboratory confirmation becomes more critical for appropriate diagnosis, similar to poliomyelitis and measles. Our findings suggest that HCPs need further education regarding laboratory confirmation, containment, and reporting of breakthrough varicella.
The Measurement of Card Web Transparency and its Unevenness
Authors: Barella Alberto , Pujal Marcos , Viaplana Antonio
Published: January 2017

This paper describes an electronic apparatus suitable for finding the mean optical density of the card web and for measuring the unevenness of that optical density. A little more than 1 min is needed to obtain both measurements by means of an integrator, and at the same time a recording instrument traces the corresponding irregularity.

Some industrial card webs have been studied, and the practical importance in industry of the optical density and mean linear deviation of these webs is assessed. The curve of variance vs scanning surface seems to be of practical utility in the analysis of card web irregularity.
Studies in Wool Yellowing
Authors: Inglis A. S. , Lennox F. G.
Published: January 2017

Wool fabric has been analyzed for amino acids after severe yellowing caused by irradiation with various sources of ultraviolet and visible light. Tyrosine and tryptophan were partly destroyed by all forms of radiation examined. In addition sunlight on the dry fabric caused partial destruction of histidine, serine, threonine, proline, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and cystine and increased the content of ammonia, cysteic acid and cysteine—the last three compounds arising from other amino acids. The Xenotest apparatus magnified these changes and also destroyed some lysine and glutamic acid. Sunlight acting on wet fabric partly destroyed histidine, the 254-m μ lamp acting on dry fabric partly destroyed cystine, and sunlamp irradiation of dry fabric partly destroyed proline, methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, and cystine, that is, in addition to tyrosine and tryptophan.

No correlation exists between destruction of any particular amino acid and the final yellowness when the various methods of irradiation are compared.
The Theory of Shrinkproofing of Wool
Authors: Bradbury J. H. , Rogers G. E.
Published: January 2017

A study has been made of the localization of polyglycine deposits on Lincoln fibers from the polymerization of either anhydrocarboxyglycine (ACG) or thiazolid-2:5-dione (Dione). By optical and electron microscopic techniques, the polyglycine from either type of monomer has been observed in the form of spicular aggregates which constitute a layer of variable thickness and density over the fiber surface for given concentrations of polyglycine uptake by the wool. The microscopic evidence confirms independent results which indicate that the site of attachment of the polyglycine deposit is restricted to the surface of the fiber cuticle.
Reduction Potentials of Vat Dyes and Their Relation to the Ease of Reduction and Tendering Behavior
Authors: Nabar G. M. , Shenai V. A.
Published: January 2017

A method for carrying out potentiometric titration of reduced vat dyes in aqueous alkaline solutions using a potassium ferricyanide solution as the oxidant is described. The standard method is modified on the basis of certain assumptions, and the values of potentials are calculated and termed “Characteristic redox potentials.” An account of the determination of these characterisic redox potential values for a series of purified vat dyes is given. The characteristic redox potential values of vat dyes are compared with the ease of reduction of these dyes and also with their tendering behavior. The effect of substitution on these values is discussed.
Effect of Liquid Ammonia on Cotton's Physical Properties and Yarn Processing
Authors: Graham C. O. , Rhodes P. L. , Calamari T. A. , Harper R. J.
Published: January 2017

The intense competition from manmade textile fibers makes it imperative to explore promising approaches for improvements in processing efficiency of cotton at reduced cost. Application of liquid ammonia to cotton fibers for improvement in physical properties could provide a practical means of achieving this end.
A Study of Process Mechanics and Yarn Characteristics Using a Fabricated Stuffer-Box Crimper
Authors: Singh R. K. , Vohra J. N.
Published: January 2017

A stuffer-box crimping unit was fabricated based upon the principle of heating, buckling, and cooling, and its process mechanics was evolved. Buckling theory was substantiated to negate the long-standing view of crumpling action inside the stuffing tube. Nylon 6 multifilament yarns of 70 den/17 fil and 105 den/17 fil were processed at 150, 170, and 190°C. The breaking load, buckling length, and crimp angle decreased with increase in temperature, while the denier, elongation, and work of extension at fifth cycle of loading showed an increase.
Shrinkproofing Wool by Means of Polythiols
Authors: Brown T. D. , Rushforth M. , Shaw T. , Dobinson B. , Massy D. J. R. , Wilson W. , Winterbottom K.
Published: January 2017

Several types of polythiol resin were applied to wool fabric from organic solvent or aqueous emulsion and cured at room temperature to give shrink resistance. The most successful polythiols were those containing polyether structures and thiol functionality greater than two. Reaction of one of these polythiols with oxygen gas was demonstrated and is believed to be the means whereby the polythiols cure on the wool surface, forming disulfide crosslinks. Organic and inorganic bases, organic peroxides and hydroperoxides, and heavy metal compounds were effective catalysts. The influence of structural differences in the polythiols on the shrink resistance is discussed.
High-Performance, Crimped Rayon Fiber
Authors: Muller T. E. , Barch F. P. , Daul G. C.
Published: January 2017

A high-wet-modulus crimped rayon fiber has been developed from a viscose system that utilizes a high-purity wood pulp, relatively low quantities of viscose modifiers, and viscose ripening controlled to allow the spinning of a highly-oriented rayon fiber with an unbalanced cross section. This results in a fiber which develops a high degree of both macro- and microcrimp. Viscose and spin-bath specifications must be rigidly observed, but spinning and fiber-relaxing conditions may be varied to adjust the development of crimp and fiber properties. This fiber performs well on conventional textile-processing equipment and can be spun into the full range of yarn counts that are normally defined by fiber denier. Resulting yarns have the high strength of the high-performance HWM rayons with the bulk and hand of cotton. Fabrics show better cover than that of similar fabrics woven from rayon control samples, and hand and dimensional stability are comparable to those of cotton. This fiber blends well with polyester and shows an advantage in cover over other rayon/polyester blends that are normally quite lean in appearance.
Numbers of Fiber-to-Fiber Contacts in General Fiber Assemblies
Authors: Komori Takashi , Makishima Kunio
Published: January 2017

General formulas are derived for the estimation of the number of fiber-to-fiber contacts in fiber assemblies with arbitrary distributions of orientation and fiber length. The average number of contacts per unit volume of an assembly ñv is given by

[Formula: see text]

where

[Formula: see text]

In this equation fi is the density function of orientation, D is the diameter of the cross section of the fiber, Lv is the total length of fiber per unit volume, and θ, φ, and θ', φ' are respective polar angles characterizing the orientation of two fibers to be brought into contact each other. The application of this general result is shown to lead to the same results in the special cases considered by van Wyk, and Kallmes and Corte.
Measurement of Fiber Length of Jute Slivers Part I: A Study of the Methods of Measurement
Authors: Mukhopadhyay U. , Bhattacharyya S. N.
Published: January 2017

Difficulties in assessing the average fiber length in jute slivers are discussed. Some of the methods that are available for determining the average fiber length are examined and a simple and quick method is suggested. In the method proposed a beard is prepared by clamping the sliver at one point normal to its length and removing the loose fibers from both sides of the clamp. The weight profile of a beard prepared in this way is shown to be reasonably exponential, and hence a plot on semi-log scale will be a straight line. From the slope of the line the average fiber length can be calculated using the formula suggested. Instead of plotting the whole weight profile, the average fiber length can also be calculated from the weights of two 2-in. pieces of the beard cut at two points of the beard, and this cutting method gives values of avenge fiber length that are in good agreement with values obtained from the slope of the log-linear plot. The cutting method proposed is a quick one and appears to be reliable.