bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by geopolymer-bonded CFRP
Authors: Liu Jinliang , Yan Fangpu
Published: June 2022

Purpose

A numerical simulation of the test beam was carried out with Abaqus and compared with test data to ensure that the modeling method is accurate. An analysis of the effects of the angle between the U-hoop and horizontal direction, the pre-crack height, the pre-crack spacing, and the strength of the geopolymer adhesive on the cracking load and ultimate load of the reinforced beam is presented.

Design/methodology/approach

Load tests and finite element simulations were conducted on carbon fiber reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete beams bonded with geopolymer adhesive. The bond-slip effect of geopolymer adhesive was taken into account in the model. The flexural performances, the flexural load capacities, the deformation capacities, and the damage characteristics of the beams were observed, and the numerical simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. An analysis of parametric sensitivity was performed using finite element simulation to investigate the effects of different angles between U-hoop and horizontal direction, pre-crack heights, pre-crack spacing, and strength of geopolymer adhesive on cracking load and ultimate load.

Findings

Under the same conditions, the higher the height of the pre-crack, the lower the bearing capacity; increasing the pre-crack spacing can delay cracking, but reduce ultimate load. By increasing the strength of the geopolymer adhesive, the flexural resistance of the beam is improved, and crack development is also delayed; the angle between the u-hoop and horizontal direction does not affect the cracking of reinforced beams; a horizontal u-hoop has a better effect than an oblique u-hoop, and 60° is the ideal angle between the u-hoop and horizontal direction for better reinforcement.

Originality/value

According to the experimental study in this paper, Abaqus was used to simulate the strength of different angles between U-hoop and horizontal direction, pre-crack heights, pre-crack spacings, and geopolymer adhesives, and the angles' effects on the cracking load and load carrying capacity of test beams were discussed. Since no actual tests are required, the method is economical. This paper offers data support for the promotion and application of environmentally friendly reinforcement technology, contributes to environmental protection, and develops a new method for reinforcing reinforced concrete beams and a new concept for finite element simulations.
Policing the largest drug market on the eastern seaboard: officer perspectives on enforcement and community safety
Authors: Ratcliffe Jerry H. , Wight Hayley
Published: June 2022

Purpose

The Kensington transit corridor runs between Huntingdon and Allegheny stations in the Kensington area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is one of the largest illicit drug areas in the country. The authors report qualitative findings from ride-alongs with transit police officers assigned to a vehicle patrol dedicated to reducing the response time to opioid overdoses in and around the transit system (trains and buses) in this large open-air drug market. This study's focus was on management and mitigation of the criminogenic harms associated with the illicit drug environment.

Design/methodology/approach

For ten months, transit officers patrolled the Kensington transit corridor in a dedicated vehicle (callsign “Oscar One”). Oscar One operated during either an early (8 a.m. to 4 p.m.) or late (4 p.m. to midnight) shift, between September 2020 and June 2021. 269 shifts were randomly selected for Oscar One from 574 possible shifts. Researchers accompanied Oscar One for 51 observations (19%), 45 of which were completed by the authors. Semi-structured interviews occurred during these shifts, as well as ethnographic field observations.

Findings

Four main themes emerged from the study. These centered on the role of law enforcement in a large drug market, the politics of enforcement within the city of Philadelphia, the policing world around risk and proactive engagement post–George Floyd, and the sense of police being overwhelmed on the front-line of community safety.

Originality/value

Police officers have a community safety as well as a law enforcement mandate, and this study explores the community safety and harm mitigation role from their perspective. The article draws on their words, based on approximately 400 h of field observation.
Tourism co-creation in place branding: the role of local community
Authors: Leal Miguel Martim , Casais Beatriz , Proença João F.
Published: June 2022

Purpose

This study aims to explore the role of local community in tourism co-creation. Despite the importance of internal stakeholders, there is a dearth of research on the process of place branding co-creation with the local community, considering their interconnections and influencing relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

An old and picturesque local market under a rebranding process was used as a case study. The research involved 10 interviews with market vendors to understand their views regarding place identity, their involvement in brand co-creation, their expectations about the process and the perceived results of such co-creation. Public information was also collected as secondary data to illustrate the rebranding process.

Findings

The vendor community had limited involvement in the market rebranding and felt they should have been more widely involved in the decisions as a group rather than individually. However, their satisfaction with the results of the rebranding led to the continuity of the sense of place and to the proud adoption of the new brand.

Practical implications

This study proposes greater integration of local communities as important internal stakeholders of place branding in addition to residents and suggests group meetings to involve the local community in the co-creation process.

Originality/value

This paper explores the context of a vendor community in a local market. This context has deserved little attention in the tourism literature. This study reflects the importance of local community to co-create place brands from a group perspective, taking into consideration. their roles, rights, responsibilities and relationships.
Functionally dissimilar neighbours increase tree water use efficiency through enhancement of leaf phosphorus concentration
Authors: Huang Zhiqun , Ran Songsong , Fu Yanrong , Wan Xiaohua , Song Xin , Chen Yuxin , Yu Zaipeng
Published: June 2022

Water use efficiency (WUE) is central to the global cycles of water and carbon. However, whether increasing tree diversity in forests can increase WUE remains poorly understood because the variation in WUE may result from multiple mechanisms acting concurrently. Disentangling their relative importance represents a major challenge.

Here, we conducted a forest biodiversity experiment in subtropical China to assess the effects of neighbouring tree diversity on the foliar WUE of Cunninghamia lanceolata, a widespread tree plantation species in China. We measured foliar δ13C as a proxy for the change in intrinsic WUE. To disentangle the relative importance of water and nutrient‐mediated mechanisms in altering WUE, we determined foliar nutrient concentrations and foliar δ18O. Foliar δ18O was used as a surrogate for stomatal conductance and is known to be related to plant water use.

Foliar WUE of focal trees increased with specific root length and leaf nitrogen content dissimilarities between focal trees and neighbours. The positive neighbourhood dissimilarity effect on foliar WUE was stronger under a more shaded neighbourhood. Foliar P concentration increased with neighbourhood specific root length dissimilarity. However, neither neighbourhood trait dissimilarities nor species richness significantly affect foliar δ18O. Results from structural equation model suggested that neighbourhood dissimilarity in specific root length indirectly enhanced foliar WUE and tree growth of focal trees via increasing foliar P concentration.

Synthesis. Our results demonstrate the potential role of neighbourhood trait dissimilarity in modulating tree WUE in species‐rich communities. Our finding implies that the functional diversity of tree species at the local neighbourhood level has a fundamental ability to control water and nutrient cycles in forests.
Barriers and facilitating factors influencing implementation of occupational therapy home assessment recommendations: A mixed methods systematic review
Authors: Harper Kristie J. , McAuliffe Kelly , Parsons Dave N.
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Low implementation rates of occupational therapy home assessment recommendations have previously been reported. The objective was to identify and describe the barriers and facilitating factors that influence implementation of home assessment recommendations.

Methods

A mixed methods systematic review consisting of studies involving adults living in the community who received an occupational therapy home assessment was conducted. Seven databases were last searched in August 2021. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools (SUMARI) dependent on study design. Data synthesis followed the convergent integrated approach. Findings were mapped to the theoretical Capability Opportunity Motivation Behaviour (COM‐B) model of health behaviour change.

Results

From 5,540 citations, 22 articles met the criteria for the systematic review. Implementation of occupational therapy home assessment recommendations ranged between 55% and 90%. Six synthesised findings were identified. Capability barriers included a patient's cognitive and physical ability. Motivation barriers included a perceived lack of need and stigma; patient reported decreased involvement and lack of choice. Opportunity barriers included limited family or carer involvement, carer stress, level of service provision available, including funding, therapy dosage and timing and environmental restrictions. Overall facilitators included patient‐centred care, including choice and understanding need, individualised tailored recommendations, involvement of families and carers, provision of written record and strategies to support implementation. Results were limited by methodological weaknesses in identified studies and heterogeneity in the definition and measurement of implementation impacting on comparison. Specific intervention components were often poorly described.

Conclusion

The theoretical model elucidates priority factors to address for promoting implementation of home assessment recommendations. Future high‐quality research clearly defining intervention components is required to support short‐ and long‐term implementation of recommendations in the home environment. Behaviour change techniques could be utilised to support home assessment practices in future research.
Comparison of structural and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide extracted from truffles
Authors: Guan Tongwei , Wei Xinyue , Xu Pei , Chen Kebao , Zou Yuanfeng , Chen Mengsi , Zhu Zhenyuan
Published: June 2022

As the main component of truffles, polysaccharides have a variety of biological activities such as anti‐oxidation, anti‐tumor, and hypoglycemic activity, and these activities are closely related to its structure. In this study, Tuber Aestivum crude polysaccharide (TACP) and Tuber Melanosporum crude polysaccharide (TMCP) were obtained from Tuber Aestivum and Tuber Melanosporum by using microwave‐assisted hot water, and then the Sephadex G‐200 column was utilized to further separate and purify Tuber Aestivum polysaccharide (TAP) and Tuber Melanosporum polysaccharide (TMP) from TACP and TMCP. The structural characterization results showed that the molecular weight of TAP was 2.18 × 104 kDa, while TMP was 8.79 × 103 kDa. Although the two polysaccharide components were mainly composed of mannose (Man) and glucose (Glc), the molar ratio of Man and Glc in TAP was 14.76: 12.31, with a molar ratio of 5.43:10.94 in TMP. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of two polysaccharide components was evaluated. TAP and TMP could protect porcine jejunal epithelial (IPEC‐J2) cells from oxidative damage by H2O2, but TAP exhibited stronger antioxidant effects. It was mainly reflected that TAP could increase the secretion level of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in IPEC‐J2 cells, and had a significant effect on the total antioxidant capacity of cells. The reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde had better scavenging ability at the concentration of 20 µg/ml. The difference between TAP and TMP may be due to the dissimilar structure. Its structure‐activity relationship needs further study.

Practical Application

The structure of TAP and TMP were different, and TAP had higher molecular weight. Besides, TAP and TMP can protect IPEC‐J2 cells from oxidative stress, providing a theoretical basis for developing potential antioxidant drugs of practical significance.
Mechanistic Simulations Suggest Riparian Restoration Can Partly Counteract Climate Impacts to Juvenile Salmon
Authors: Fullerton Aimee H. , Sun Ning , Baerwalde Matthew J. , Hawkins Brooke L. , Yan Hongxiang
Published: June 2022

Climate change is reducing summertime water availability and elevating water temperature, placing human consumptive needs in competition with needs of coldwater fishes. We worked with natural resource managers in the Snoqualmie River (Washington, USA) to develop riparian management scenarios, and used a process‐based modeling system to examine how a threatened population of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) may respond to climate change and whether riparian restoration could reduce climate effects. Linking models of global climate, regional hydrology, water temperature, and fish, we projected that streams would become warmer year‐round and drier during summer, further stressing salmon. Climate change accelerated egg emergence, increased juvenile growth and survival, and accelerated outmigration of sub‐yearling migrants. Growth was depressed for salmon remaining instream during summer (potential yearling migrants). Riparian restoration counteracted ~10% of summer increases in water temperature, and affected salmon similarly regardless of whether riparian buffers were partially or fully restored, whereas riparian degradation further warmed streams. Riparian restoration fully mitigated climate change effects on potential yearling migrant size, but only minimally affected sub‐yearling migrants (assessment metrics changed <2%). Our results will be useful for watershed managers in aligning priorities for fish and humans and our framework can be applied elsewhere.
Validating ATLAS: A regional‐scale high‐throughput tracking system
Authors: Beardsworth Christine E. , Gobbens Evy , van Maarseveen Frank , Denissen Bas , Dekinga Anne , Nathan Ran , Toledo Sivan , Bijleveld Allert I.
Published: June 2022

Fine‐scale tracking of animal movement is important to understand the proximate mechanisms of animal behaviour. The reverse‐GPS system—ATLAS—uses inexpensive (~€25), lightweight (<1 g) and low‐power (~0.4 mJ/transmission) tags. Six systems are now operational worldwide and have successfully tracked over 50 species in various landscape types. The growing use of ATLAS to track animal movement motivates further refinement of best‐practice application and an assessment of its accuracy.

Here, we test the accuracy and precision of the largest ATLAS system, located in the Dutch Wadden Sea, using concurrent GPS measurements as a reference. This large‐scale ATLAS system consists of 26 receivers and covers 1,326 km2 of intertidal region, with almost no physical obstacles for radio signals, providing a useful baseline for other systems. We compared ATLAS and GPS location estimates for a route (mobile test) and 16 fixed locations (stationary test) on the Griend mudflat. Precision was estimated using standard deviation during the stationary tests. We also give examples of tracked red knots Calidris canutus islandica to illustrate the use of the system in tracking small shorebirds (~120 g).

ATLAS‐derived location estimates differed from GPS by a median of 4.2 m (stationary test) and 5.7 m (mobile test). Signals that were collected by more receiver stations were more accurate, although even three‐receiver localisations were comparable with GPS localisations (~10 m difference). Receivers that detected 90% of the 1 Hz transmissions from our test tag were within 5 km of their furthest detection but height of both receiver and tag seemed to influence detection distance. The test tag (1 Hz) had a fix rate of >90% at 15 of 16 stationary sites. Tags on birds (1/6 Hz) on the Griend mudflat had a mean fix rate of 51%, yielding an average sampling rate of 0.085 Hz. Fix rates were higher in more central parts of the receiver array.

ATLAS provides accurate, regional‐scale tracking with which hundreds of relatively small‐bodied species can be tracked simultaneously for long periods of time. Future ATLAS users should consider the height of receivers, their spatial arrangement, density and the movement modes of their study species (e.g. ground‐dwelling or flying).
Latvia: Political Developments and Data in 2021
Authors: IKSTENS JĀNIS
Published: June 2022

The fight against Covid‐19 largely shaped the Latvian political agenda, undermined public support for key political institutions and led to ministerial changes in 2021. Some opposition parties attempted to use the pandemic to mobilize their supporters ahead of the 2022 parliamentary elections. The populist KPV LV/Partija KPV LV (KPV LV) party suffered a crushing defeat in the municipal elections, which were characterized by low turnout, the modest success of centre‐left parties and a rather good showing of the governing parties.
Czech Republic: Political Developments and Data in 2021
Authors: KUDRNÁČ ALEŠ , PETRÚŠEK IVAN
Published: June 2022

Several important events occurred in Czech politics in 2021. The cabinet of Prime Minister Babiš primarily focused on tackling the COVID‐19 pandemic. Four cabinet changes were made, two affecting the Health Minister and two affecting the Foreign Minister. The Constitutional Court repealed several sections of the electoral law governing the general election, leaving only a few months to pass a new electoral law before the next general election. In the October 2021 election, the SPOLU electoral alliance won the popular vote, while the governing party ANO gained the most seats under the new electoral law. The election was a disaster for left‐wing parties, as Social Democrats and the Communists gained no seats in the lower house. A new coalition government, led by political science professor Petr Fiala, was formed at the end of 2021. President Zeman was hospitalised for several weeks, casting doubts about whether he was able to fulfil his presidential duties.
Morphological and structural differences between the hemipenes and hemiclitores of golden lancehead snakes, Bothrops insularis (Amaral, 1922), revealed by radiography
Authors: Campos Garcia Viviane , dos Santos Amorim Lígia Grazziely , Almeida‐Santos Selma Maria
Published: June 2022

The golden lancehead (Bothrops insularis) is a critically endangered and island endemic snake. A remarkable characteristic of golden lanceheads is the high frequency of females showing hemiclitores. Here, we use radiography to identify morphological and structural differences between the hemipenes and hemiclitores in captive individuals. Sex was identified using the probing method and confirmed by visualizing the gonads by ultrasound. Hemipenes appeared as herringbone‐shaped structures with bone radiopacity and hemiclitores as triangular structures with soft tissue radiopacity. These differences suggest that hemiclitores spines fail to develop the level of ossification observed in hemipenis spines.
Individualized human physiology modeled in the first multi‐organ chip of engineered human tissue
Authors: Shah Aakash M. , Han Jason J.
Published: June 2022

A team of researchers succeeded in modeling complex human physiology using the first multi‐organ chip of human tissue derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. The platform may help more accurately predict various disease and pharmacologic processes.
Functional and structural efficacy of a novel combinational therapy of aflibercept and timely focal/grid photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema: do clinical study results compare favourably with a standard‐of‐care treated real‐world population?
Authors: Jørgensen Mathias M. , Vestergaard Anders H. , Blindbæk Søren L. , Peto Tunde , Grauslund Jakob
Published: June 2022

Purpose

To evaluate treatment efficacy in diabetic macular oedema (DME) comparing a study population receiving combined intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition and focal/grid photocoagulation with a matched, real‐world population receiving standard of care treatment.

Methods

In an exploratory study, we included 43 eyes from 32 patients from a previously published study as well as 46 eyes from 38 standard‐of‐care patients. The study population had received a loading dose of three monthly aflibercept injections followed by focal/grid photocoagulation and additional aflibercept pro re nata. Principal measurements at 12 months were numbers of intravitreal injections, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT).

Results

At baseline, there were no differences between groups regarding age, sex, body mass index, haemoglobin A1C, systolic pressure or type of diabetes, but the study population had a higher diastolic pressure (81.6 versus 72.1 mmHg, p = 0.03) and a lower duration of diabetes (12.3 versus 23.2 years, p = 0.03). At month 12, patients in the study group had a higher visual acuity (79.6 versus 74.3 ETDRS letters, p = 0.03), despite having received fewer aflibercept injections (4.4 versus 5.9, p < 0.01) with a higher likelihood of having only received the three mandatory injections in the loading phase (39.5% versus 13.0%, p = 0.01).

Conclusion

In comparison to a matched, real‐world DME‐population, patients in combined treatment with intravitreal aflibercept and postloading focal/grid photocoagulation obtained a better functional outcome despite having received fewer intravitreal injections. Future randomized studies are needed to evaluate the long‐term efficacy of this combined treatment regimen.
Novel insights into the pathophysiology of proliferative vitreoretinopathy: The role of vitreoschisis‐induced vitreous cortex remnants
Authors: van Overdam Koen A. , van den Bosch Thierry P.P. , van Etten Peter G. , Uppal Gurmit S. , Veckeneer Marc , Verdijk Robert M.
Published: June 2022

Purpose

We previously hypothesized a causal relationship between vitreoschisis‐induced vitreous cortex remnants (VCR) and the development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). This study aims to substantiate this association through histopathological analysis of surgical specimens in support of strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes.

Methods

A descriptive, prospective, non‐consecutive case series. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on membranes removed from the peripheral retinal surface during initial vitrectomy for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) (n = 11) or recurrent retinal detachment (n = 12). The clinical aspect of the membranes ranged from loose‐meshed membranes visualized with triamcinolone to more fibrotic membranes stained with trypan blue.

Results

Consistent with the clinical presentation, histopathological analysis revealed membranes with different area characteristics. Paucicellular lamellar collagen‐rich areas, suggestive of VCR, appeared to transition to areas of increased cellularity and eventually more fibrotic areas of low cellularity. Five different area characteristics could be identified that seemed to correspond to five histopathological stages in PVR formation, with lamellar VCR collagen acting as an essential precondition: 1. Lamellar collagen, low cellularity (hyalocytes). 2. Lamellar collagen, increased cellularity (hyalocytes, glial cells). 3. Lamellar collagen, high cellularity (macrophages, glial cells, RPE‐cells). 4. Early fibrosis, decreased cellularity (myofibroblasts). 5. Fibrosis, low cellularity (myofibroblasts).

Conclusion

These findings confirm the role of VCR in preretinal PVR formation posterior to the vitreous base. We propose that the presence of VCR over the retinal surface should be qualified as a risk factor for PVR formation. Detection and adequate removal of VCR may improve the success rate of vitreoretinal surgeries.
The impact of perceived due care on trustworthiness and free market support in the Dutch banking sector
Authors: Graafland Johan , de Gelder Eefje
Published: June 2022

Public interest theory has argued that lack of trust in companies may reduce support for free markets. The literature did not address, however, the underlying causes of lack of trust and support of free markets in customer’s perceptions of virtuousness in economic actors. Combining public interest theory with virtue theory and stakeholder trust theory of organizations, we surmise that if customers perceive that employees of companies have insufficient due care for customers’ interests, the perceived trustworthiness of those companies will be low. Customers will then be more inclined to support government regulation in that particular sector or industry. In this paper, we test the relevance of these relationships for the banking sector using a representative sample of 5844 respondents in the Netherlands. We find that if bankers are perceived as persistent in their due care for customers, this encourages a perception that banks are trustworthy, which in turn induces support for free markets in banking and reduces the call for government regulation. An important management implication of our research is that banks should foster due care by means of employee‐virtue training programs to enhance trust, thus generating more support for free market operations in the banking sector.
Gray and white matter alterations in different predominant side and type of motor symptom in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Chen Jingwen , Jiang Xianchen , Wu Jingjing , Wu Haoting , Zhou Cheng , Guo Tao , Bai Xueqin , Liu Xiaocao , Wen Jiaqi , Cao Zhengye , Gu Luyan , Yang Wenyi , Pu Jiali , Guan Xiaojun , Xu Xiaojun , Zhang Baorong , Zhang Minming
Published: June 2022

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is highly heterogeneous reflected by different affected side of body and type of motor symptom. We aim to explore clinical characteristics and underlying brain structure alterations in PD with different predominant sides and motor types.

Methods

We recruited 161 PD patients and 50 healthy controls (HC). Patients were classified into four subtypes according to their predominant side and motor type: left akinetic/rigid‐dominant (LAR), left tremor‐dominant (LTD), right akinetic/rigid‐dominant (RAR), and right tremor‐dominant (RTD). All participants assessed motor and cognitive performances, then underwent T1‐weighted and diffusion tensor imaging scanning. A general linear model was used to compare neuroimaging parameters among five groups.

Results

Among four PD subtypes, patients of LAR subtype experienced the worst motor impairment, and only this subtype showed worse cognitive performance compared with HC. Compared with HC and other subtypes, LAR subtype showed a significant reduction in cortical thickness of the right caudal‐anterior‐cingulate gyrus and fractional anisotropy of the right cingulum bundle.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that LAR subtype had the worst clinical performance, which the severer damage in the right cingulate region might be the underlying mechanism. This study underscores the importance of classifying PD subtypes based on both the side and type of motor symptom for clinical intervention and research to optimize behavioral outcomes in the future.
Distinct pathways to stakeholder use versus academic contribution in climate adaptation research
Authors: Hyman Amanda A. , Courtney Steph L. , McNeal Karen S. , Bialic‐Murphy Lalasia , Furiness Cari S. , Eaton Mitchell J. , Armsworth Paul R.
Published: June 2022

Challenges facing societies around the globe as they plan for and adapt to climate change are so large that usable, research‐driven recommendations to inform management actions are urgently needed. We sought to understand factors that influence the variation of academic contribution and use of collaborative research on climate change. We surveyed researchers (n = 31), program‐leaders (n = 5), and stakeholders (n = 81) from projects supported by a federally funded network across the United States. Our results suggest that peer‐reviewed publications do not lead to use, but frequency of meetings with stakeholders significantly increased use. Overall, the factors needed for projects to have high degrees of academic contributions are distinct from those needed to be useful to stakeholders. Furthermore, leadership perceptions of use of projects were significantly different from users. Our quantitative results can inform future requests for proposals and better enable researchers using collaborative approaches to conduct science that is more often used by stakeholders.
Health status of young adults with serious mental illness enrolled in integrated care
Authors: Brunette Mary F. , Gowarty Minda A. , Gaughan‐Maher Ashley E. , Pratt Sarah I. , Aschbrenner Kelly A. , Considine‐Sweeny Sheila , Elliott Jennifer , Almeida Margaret , L'Esperance Alicia M.
Published: June 2022

Aims

People with serious mental illness (SMI) are more likely to develop chronic health conditions and die prematurely. Timely identification of modifiable health risk factors may enable early intervention. We aimed to describe the physical health characteristics and service utilization of young people with SMI.

Methods

Young people with SMI enrolled in an integrated community mental health clinic (CMHC) and primary care program were assessed for physical and mental health history and past year service utilization.

Results

A total of 122 participants, ages 16–35 (m = 27.0 ± 5.0 years), half male, 78.3% White were assessed. Half smoked cigarettes, half had obesity, almost half (47.5%, n = 56) had hypertension, and about a third had laboratory metabolic abnormalities. The group averaged 10.7 ± 5.1 h of sedentary behavior per day. Obesity was associated with high blood pressure, prediabetes, poor self‐rated health abilities, sedentary behavior and low health satisfaction. Over half had been to the emergency department (ED) for a medical reason (55.0%, n = 66) and 24.6% had been hospitalized for a health condition in the past year. Over half had a lifetime cardiovascular risk score indicating a 50–67% chance of having a cardiovascular event; simply quitting smoking would reduce the number with this risk by almost half. Most physical health diagnoses were not recorded in the CMHC record.

Conclusion

Young people with SMI newly enrolled in integrated care had high rates of smoking, obesity, hypertension, and other cardio‐metabolic abnormalities contributing to high risk for future disease. Research is needed to examine appealing, scalable interventions to improve health, reduce unnecessary medical care, and prevent disparate chronic disease in this group.
Embodied virtual geographies: Linkages between bodies, spaces, and digital environments
Authors: Osborne Tess , Jones Phil
Published: June 2022

Within an ongoing debate about the relationships between the body and technological experiences within virtual reality (VR), there has hitherto been limited consideration of the spatial. Geographers, meanwhile, have only just begun to engage with VR and its spatialities but have paid less attention to its embodiment. The technology allows users to go beyond merely imagining themselves in a different world, creating a real sense of presence in the digital realm. Immersion and presence in VR are, however, a mix of space, embodiment and the digital. As such, any discussion of VR requires critical consideration of both embodiment and space. This paper therefore explores some of the linkages between bodies, spaces and VR to demonstrate how engagement with VR can enrich geographical scholarship.
Association among headache, temporomandibular disorder, and awake bruxism: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Silva Tatiana B. , Ortiz Fernanda R. , Maracci Lucas M. , Silva Gabriela B. P. , Salbego Rafaela S. , Liedke Gabriela S. , Marquezan Mariana
Published: June 2022

Objective

To evaluate the association between headache, myofascial temporomandibular disorder (TMD), and awake bruxism (AB).

Background

Bruxism seems to act as a risk factor for TMD and its associated comorbidities, such as headaches.

Methods

In total, 406 medical records of individuals who sought care at a university dental clinic were screened. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders was used to assess and diagnose TMD, as well as to obtain self‐reports of AB and headache.

Results

The sample consisted of 307 medical records. About 72.5% (221/305) of the sample reported having headaches, and 67.4% (180/267) and 68.4% (210/307) were diagnosed with AB and TMD, respectively. Individuals who reported having AB (odds ratio [OR], 2.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–4.7) and who were diagnosed with myofascial TMD (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.15–5.5) were more likely to have had headaches in the past 6 months when compared with patients without myofascial TMD and bruxism. Also, individuals who self‐reported headache were 2.27 times (95% CI, 1.09–4.7) more likely to have AB and 2.45 times (95% CI, 1.13–5.34) more likely to have myofascial pain than individuals without headaches.

Conclusions

Individuals with myofascial TMD, headaches, or AB were more likely to have at least one of the other conditions.
Supporting safe and gradual reduction of long‐term benzodiazepine receptor agonist use: Development of the SAFEGUARDING‐BZRAs toolkit using a codesign approach
Authors: Lynch Tom , Ryan Cristín , Bradley Colin , Foster D. , Huff Christy , Hutchinson Sharon , Lamberson Nicole , Lynch Lily , Cadogan Cathal
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Long‐term benzodiazepine receptor agonist (BZRA) use persists in healthcare settings worldwide and poses risks of patient harm.

Objective

This study aimed to develop an intervention to support discontinuation of long‐term BZRA use among willing individuals.

Methods

The intervention development process aligned with the UK Medical Research Council's complex intervention framework. This involved a previous systematic review of brief interventions targeting long‐term BZRA use in primary care and qualitative interviews based on the Theoretical Domains Framework that explored barriers and facilitators to discontinuing long‐term BZRA use. A codesign approach was used involving an active partnership between experts by experience, researchers and clinicians. Intervention content was specified in terms of behaviour change techniques (BCTs).

Results

The SAFEGUARDING‐BZRAs (Supporting sAFE and GradUAl ReDuctIon of loNG‐term BenZodiazepine Receptor Agonist uSe) toolkit comprises 24 BCTs and includes recommendations targeted at primary care‐based clinicians for operationalizing each BCT to support individuals with BZRA discontinuation.

Conclusion

The SAFEGUARDING‐BZRAs toolkit has been developed using a systematic and theory‐based approach that addresses identified limitations of previous research. Further research is needed to assess its usability and acceptability by service users and clinicians, as well as its potential to effectively support safe and gradual reduction of long‐term BZRA use.

Patient or Public Contribution

The qualitative interview phase included patients as participants. The codesign process included ‘experts by experience’ with either current or previous experience of long‐term BZRA use as collaborators.
Correlating structure with mechanical properties in lithium borophosphate glasses
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Youngman Randall E. , Jensen Lars R. , Smedskjaer Morten M.
Published: June 2022

Connecting structure with mechanical properties is needed for improving the mechanical reliability of oxide glasses. Although the mechanical properties of silicate and borosilicate glasses have been intensively studied, this is not the case for phosphate and borophosphate glasses. To this end, we here study the structure, density, glass transition, hardness, elasticity, and cracking behavior of lithium borophosphate glasses. The glasses are designed with different B/P ratios to access different boron and phosphorus speciation. The introduction of boron in the phosphate network increases the average network rigidity because of the reduction in the fraction of nonbridging oxygens as well as the exchange of phosphate groups with more constrained BO4 groups. These structural changes result in an increase in density, Vickers hardness, glass transition temperature, and Young's modulus, and a decrease in Poisson's ratio for higher B2O3 content. Furthermore, the increase in network rigidity and atomic packing density results in a lower ability of the glasses to densify upon indentation, resulting in an overall decrease in crack initiation resistance. Finally, we find an increase in the fraction of trigonal boron units in the high‐B2O3 glasses, which has a significant effect on atomic packing density and Vickers hardness.
The impact of financial institutions on exchanges in the agricultural commodity supply chain: An information economics perspective
Authors: Darby Jessica L. , Miller Jason W. , Williams Brent D. , McKenzie Andrew M.
Published: June 2022

Recent advances in supply chain research point to the vital but often overlooked role of financial institutions, such as banks and financial markets, in the execution of supply chain activities. We extend this incipient research stream by drawing on information economics and Penrose's resource‐based view of the firm to theorize about how financial markets act as a source of information and influence exchange activities in the agricultural commodity supply chain. We test our hypotheses in the U.S. agricultural commodities context, specifically the U.S. rice industry, using a novel data set that combines financial market data with proprietary data on exchanges between farmers and customers. Time series econometric analyses reveal that information from financial markets influences exchanges between farmers and customers, but it has asymmetric effects depending on exchange dynamics and local market conditions. Overall, our analyses support our hypotheses and advance supply chain research by building theory about market‐based exchange dynamics and by broadening the scope of mechanisms through which financial institutions impact exchange activities. For practice, we offer quantitative insights that can be leveraged by farmers and purchasing managers. For policymakers, we offer timely guidance related to the provision of information and the ‘real’ implications of financial markets.
Simple renal cyst as an independent risk factor for hypertension
Authors: Zhou Yaqing , Jia Limei , Lu Baojin , Bai Long , Cui Wei
Published: June 2022

A simple renal cyst (SRC) may increase the risk for hypertension. The authors examined the relationship between a SRC and hypertension in participants receiving physical examinations at Hebei Medical University. This study enrolled 66 883 participants who received physical examinations at our center from January 2012 to December 2017. Demographic data, medical history related to hypertension, hematological indexes, hypertension, and SRC subtype based on ultrasound examinations were examined. The relationship between SRC and hypertension was analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis in different models. Subgroup analysis and propensity score (PS) matching were also performed. Based on SRC subtype (unitary vs. multiple, small vs. large, unilateral vs. bilateral), a comprehensive scoring system was established to determine the effect of SRC load on hypertension. The results of univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that SRC was a risk factor for hypertension (P < .01). Subgroup and interaction analysis showed the homogeneity that SRC was an independent risk factor for hypertension in multiple subgroups (P > .05). A SRC remained an independent risk factor for hypertension after PS matching (P < .01). Based on a scoring system that considered different SRC subtypes, the risk for hypertension increased with renal cyst load (P < .01). In conclusions, a SRC was an independent risk factor for hypertension, and there was a positive correlation between SRC load and hypertension. The risk of hypertension increased gradually with the size, number, and location of a SRC. Careful follow‐up or excision should be considered for patients with SRCs.
PBRM1 deficiency oncogenic addiction is associated with activated AKT–mTOR signalling and aerobic glycolysis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Tang Yu , Jin Yan‐Hong , Li Hu‐Li , Xin Hui , Chen Jin‐Dong , Li Xue‐Ying , Pan You‐Fu
Published: June 2022

The PBRM1 (PB1) gene which encodes the specific subunit BAF180 of the PBAF SWI/SNF complex, is highly mutated (~ 40%) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, its functions and impact on cell signalling are still not fully understood. Aerobic glycolysis, also known as the ‘Warburg Effect’, is a hallmark of cancer, whether PB1 is involved in this metabolic shift in clear cell renal cell carcinoma remains unclear. Here, with established stable knockdown PB1 cell lines, we performed functional assays to access the effects on 786‐O and SN12C cells. Based on the RNA‐seq data, we selected some genes encoding key glycolytic enzymes, including PFKP, ENO1, PKM and LDHA, and examined the expression levels. The AKT–mTOR signalling pathway activity and expression of HIF1α were also analysed. Our data demonstrate that PB1 deficiency promotes the proliferation, migration, Xenograft growth of 786‐O and SN12C cells. Notably, knockdown of PB1 activates AKT–mTOR signalling and increases the expression of key glycolytic enzymes at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, we provide evidence that deficient PB1 and hypoxic conditions exert a synergistic effect on HIF 1α expression and lactate production. Thus, our study provides novel insights into the roles of tumour suppressor PB1 and suggests that the AKT–mTOR signalling pathway, as well as glycolysis, is a potential drug target for ccRCC patients with deficient PB1.
Performance of three Trichogramma species as biocontrol agents on Spodoptera frugiperda eggs
Authors: Yang Lei , Li Fen , Lü Xin , Xing Binglin , Pan Xiao , Shi Xueyan , Li Jun , Wu Shaoying
Published: June 2022

Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most polyphagous and migratory pests posing a great threat to crops. The Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) play an important role in dampening pest oscillations. In this study, we examined the performance of three egg parasitoids, T. chilonis, T. dendrolimi and T. pretiosum, to control S. frugiperda. Indoor experiments indicated significant differences in fecundity and female proportion between T. chilonis, T. dendrolimi and T. pretiosum. However, no significant differences were observed in developmental duration and female parasitic capacity. Field trials were carried out to clarify their control efficiency. Results showed that the parasitism rates of three parasitoids ranged from 10.7% to 31.4%, without significant differences. Moreover, field release of parasitoids resulted in significant decreases in damage rate (the ratio of infested plants) and damage index. A positive correlation was revealed between temperature (14.5–24.5 °C) and parasitism rate of T. chilonis. In contrast, the relative humidity (66% ~ 77%) did not affect their performance. Taken together, all three Trichogramma species can be used as potential agents to control S. frugiperda, which undoubtedly lays a solid foundation for their application.
Influence of bone morphology on the mechanobiological stimuli distribution of maxillary anterior labial bone: A biomechanical study
Authors: Liao Menglin , Wang Chunjuan , Wang Chao , Xu Yamei
Published: June 2022

Objective

This study intended to ascertain the dimensional effects of labial bone thickness and height on the mechanobiological stimuli distribution of maxillary anterior labial bone through biomechanical analysis.

Material and methods

Twelve 3D finite element models of an anterior maxillary region with an implant were computer‐simulated, including four levels of labial bone thicknesses (2, 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 mm) and three levels of labial bone heights (normal, reduced by 1/3, reduced by 1/2). A 45° buccolingual oblique load of 100 N was applied to the implant restoration.

Results

Equivalent stress and principal strain mainly concentrated on crestal bone around the implant neck. The maximum equivalent stress in bone decreased as labial bone mass decreased, while the maximum principal strain and the displacement of dental implant increased as labial bone mass decreased. No significant difference of these three indicators was observed, when the labial bone thickness changed in the range of 2.0–1.0 mm with sufficient labial bone height.

Conclusions

In terms of biomechanics, the thickness of labial bone plate was recommended ≥1 mm. Sufficient labial bone height was warranted to prevent the stability of the implants from being seriously affected. The labial bone heights were more effective than thicknesses on the mechanobiological stimuli response of the dental implant‐bone system.

Clinical significance

For this 3D finite element study, the biomechanical responses under different bone mass conditions were explored, in order to predict the process of bone remodeling and provide valid clinical recommendations for the decision‐making process regarding the choices of tissue augmentation for some specific esthetic implantation cases for future clinical applications.
Effects of virtual reality on preoperative anxiety in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Chen Yen‐Ju , Wang Cheng‐Ju , Chen Chi‐Wen
Published: June 2022

Aims

To synthesise and evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality interventions in preoperative children.

Background

Children consider operations as a predictable threat and stressful event. Children's anxiety before an operation increases as the time draws closer. Children could understand the operating room environment and process before the operation using virtual reality, which may reduce their anxiety before an operation.

Design

A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials following the Cochrane method were conducted.

Method

CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, Joanna Briggs Institute, MEDLINE and PubMed databases were searched for randomised controlled trials published before February 2021. A random‐effects model meta‐analysis to calculate pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals was performed. Conduction of the review adheres to the PRISMA checklist.

Results

Of 257 articles screened, six interventions involving 529 participants aged 4–12 years were included in the analysis. All study evidence levels were B2/Level 2, the quality was medium to high on the modified Jadad scale, with a low risk of bias. The results revealed that virtual reality significantly reduced preoperative anxiety in children (SMD: −0.91, 95% CI: −1.43 to −0.39, p = .0006). Furthermore, virtual reality significantly improved children's compliance with anaesthesia (SMD: 3.49, 95% CI: 1.32 to 9.21, p = .01).

Conclusion

Children who used virtual reality before an operation felt more familiar with the operating room environment and understood the preoperative preparation procedures. Virtual reality effectively reduced children's anxiety and improved their compliance with anaesthesia.

Relevance to clinical practice

This systematic review and meta‐analysis investigated the effect of virtual reality on preoperative anxiety in children and the findings supported its positive effects. The results could provide a reference for incorporating virtual reality into preoperative preparation guidelines.