bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Neonatal Mortality and its Associated Factors: A Meta-analysis of Demographic and Health Survey Data from 21 Developing Countries
Authors: Islam Md. Akhtarul , Butt Zahid A. , Sathi Nusrat Jahan
Published: June 2022

Neonatal mortality is high in developing countries, and reducing neonatal mortality is an indispensable part of the third Sustainable Development Goal. This study estimated the prevalence of neonatal mortality and the impact of maternal education, economic status, and utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services on neonatal mortality in developing countries. We used a cross-sectional study design to integrate data from 21 developing countries to acquire a wider perspective on neonatal mortality. A meta-analysis was conducted using the latest Demographic and Health Survey data from 21 developing countries. In addition, sensitivity analysis was adopted to assess the stability of the meta-analysis. The random-effects model indicated that women with higher education were less likely to experience neonatal death than mothers with up to primary education (odds ratio [OR] 0.820, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.740–0.910). Women with higher socioeconomic status were less likely to experience neonatal death than mothers with lower socioeconomic status (OR 0.823, 95% CI 0.747–0.908). Mothers with ANC were less likely to experience neonatal death than those with no ANC (OR 0.374, 95% CI 0.323–0.433). Subgroup analysis showed that maternal education and ANC were more effective in Asian countries. In this study, mothers’ lower educational level, poor economic status, and lack of ANC were statistically significant factors associated with neonatal death in developing countries. The effect of these factors on neonatal death differed in different regions.
Correspondence with Aaron Hill and the Hill Family
Authors: Richardson Samuel
Published: June 2022

Samuel Richardson (1689–1761) was an established master printer when, at the age of 51, he published his first novel, Pamela, and immediately became one of the most influential and admired writers of his time. Not only were all Richardson's novels written in epistolary form: he was also a prolific letter-writer himself. This volume in the first ever full edition of Richardson's correspondence includes his letters to and from Aaron Hill, the poet, dramatist and entrepreneur (1685–1750). Hill was Richardson's earliest literary friend and advisor as he embarked on a new career as a novelist. This correspondence offers fascinating insight into the compositional processes not just of the two Pamela novels, but of Richardson's later novels Clarissa and The History of Sir Charles Grandison. The volume also contains Richardson's correspondence with Hill's three literary daughters, which forms an invaluable chapter in the history of women's writing and literary criticism.
Foundationalism
Authors: Fumerton Richard
Published: June 2022

Foundationalism is a view about the structure of knowledge and justification. The heart of the thesis is the claim that if there is any knowledge or justified belief at all, then there is a kind of knowledge and justified belief that does not require inference from something else known or justifiably believed. This Element begins by exploring abstract arguments for foundationalism and against proposed alternatives. It then explores disagreements among foundationalists about how to understand foundational knowledge and justified belief, what is plausibly included in the foundations, and what is required for legitimate inference from foundations to the rest of what we believe. The author argues for the conclusion that one can combine insights captured by different versions of foundationalism by making a distinction between ideal justification and justification that falls short of that ideal.
The Epistemic Consequences of Paradox
Authors: Frances Bryan
Published: June 2022

By pooling together exhaustive analyses of certain philosophical paradoxes, we can prove a series of fascinating results regarding philosophical progress, agreement on substantive philosophical claims, knockdown arguments in philosophy, the wisdom of philosophical belief (quite rare, because the knockdown arguments show that we philosophers have been wildly wrong about language, logic, truth, or ordinary empirical matters), the epistemic status of metaphysics, and the power of philosophy to refute common sense. As examples, this Element examines the Sorites Paradox, the Liar Paradox, and the Problem of the Many – although many other paradoxes can do the trick too.
Correspondence with George Cheyne and Thomas Edwards
Authors: Richardson Samuel
Published: June 2022

Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), among the most important and influential English novelists, was also a prolific letter writer. Beyond its extraordinary range, his correspondence holds special interest as that of a practising epistolary novelist, who thought long and hard about the letter as a form. The Cambridge Edition of the Correspondence of Samuel Richardson is the first complete edition of his letters. The present volume contains his correspondences with Dr George Cheyne and Thomas Edwards, linked not only by their pronounced medical content but also by their generally unguarded character. An early admirer of Richardson's Pamela (1740–41), Cheyne elicits some of the novelist's most significant statements concerning his own literary practice and tastes. Edwards, an astute literary critic as well as notable sonneteer, draws Richardson into expressing some remarkable insights as a close reader of poetry and prose.
Responding to Repeated Disasters: Time to Recovery in Public Health Workers
Authors: Mash Holly B. Herberman , Fullerton Carol S. , Morganstein Joshua C. , Liu Alexander G. , Vance Mary C. , Wang Leming , Mullins-Hussain Britany , Ursano Robert J.
Published: June 2022

Objective:

In times of repeated disaster events, including natural disasters and pandemics, public health workers must recover rapidly to respond to subsequent events. Understanding predictors of time to recovery and developing predictive models of time to recovery can aid planning and management.

Methods:

We examined 681 public health workers (21-72 y, M(standard deviation [SD]) = 48.25(10.15); 79% female) 1 mo before (T1) and 9 mo after (T2) the 2005 hurricane season. Demographics, trauma history, social support, time to recover from previous hurricane season, and predisaster work productivity were assessed at T1. T2 assessed previous disaster work, initial emotional response, and personal hurricane injury/damage. The primary outcome was time to recover from the most recent hurricane event.

Results:

Multivariate analyses found that less support (T1; odds ratio [OR] = .74[95% confidence interval [CI] = .60-.92]), longer previous recovery time (T1; OR = 5.22[95%CI = 3.01-9.08]), lower predisaster work productivity (T1; OR = 1.98[95%CI = 1.08-3.61]), disaster-related personal injury/damage (T2; OR = 3.08[95%CI = 1.70-5.58]), and initial emotional response (T2; OR = 1.71[95%CI = 1.34-2.19]) were associated with longer recovery time (T2).

Conclusions:

Recovery time was adversely affected in disaster responders with a history of longer recovery time, personal injury/damage, lower work productivity following prior hurricanes, and initial emotional response, whereas responders with social support had shorter recovery time. Predictors of recovery time should be a focus for disaster preparedness planners.
Characteristics, recent evolution, and ongoing retreat of Hunt Fjord Ice Shelf, northern Greenland
Authors: Ochwat Naomi , Scambos Ted , Fahnestock Mark , Stammerjohn Sharon
Published: June 2022

Arctic ice shelves have declined over the past several decades, one of many indications of a rapidly changing cryosphere. Here we use a collection of off-nadir Landsat 8 images, a 1978 digital orthophotograph and photogrammetrically derived DEM, satellite altimetry and other data to examine the causes of an Arctic ice-shelf retreat in northernmost Greenland, the Hunt Fjord Ice Shelf (HFIS). HFIS has several distinct provenance regions comprised of glacier-derived ice and corrugated multi-decadal fast ice, with varying ice thicknesses (5–64 m). Available imagery shows little change in HFIS between 1978 and 2012, after which several midsummer calving events occurred (2012, 2016 and 2019) that reduced the HFIS by 42.5 km2 (~56%). Shelf area losses began as the number of surface melt days on the adjacent ice sheet more than doubled relative to the 1980s. Recent calving events also occurred during open-water periods at the ice-shelf front. Prior to mid-2012, there were no calving events during similar open-water periods. HFIS tributary glaciers have thinned by 3–20 m near their grounding zones, and may have accelerated since the 1980s, likely due to increased basal melting from contact with warm Atlantic Water.
Ice-rich slurries can account for the remarkably low friction of ice skates
Authors: Lever James H. , Lines Austin P.
Published: June 2022

Ice skates are remarkably slippery across a wide range of conditions. We propose, based on earlier observations and new modeling, that an ice-rich slurry forms rapidly beneath a skate blade during each stride to lubricate the interface. Crushing from normal load and abrasion from sliding provide ice particles and heat to the slurry, with average contact pressures approaching melting pressures for the bulk ice. Shearing of the slurry by forward motion generates additional heat to melt the ice particles at the pressure-reduced temperature. We model these mechanics and link the viscosity of the resulting slurry to its ice fraction, which controls slurry-film thickness via lateral squeeze-flow. The slurry properties quickly converge to establish a highly efficient lubricating film that provides the characteristically low skate friction across a wide range of conditions. Although our 1D model greatly simplifies the complex interaction mechanics, its predictions are insensitive to most assumptions other than the average contact pressure. The presence of ice-rich slurries supporting skates merges pressure-melting, crushing, abrasion and lubricating films as a unified hypothesis for why skates are so slippery across broad ranges of speeds, temperatures and normal loads.
Crimmigrating Narratives: Examining Third-Party Observations of US Detained Immigration Court
Authors: Levesque Christopher , DeWaard Jack , Chan Linus , McKenzie Michele Garnett , Tsuchiya Kazumi , Toles Olivia , Lange Amy , Horner Kim , Ryu Eric , Boyle Elizabeth Heger
Published: June 2022

Examining what we call “crimmigrating narratives,” we show that US immigration court criminalizes non-citizens, cements forms of social control, and dispenses punishment in a non-punitive legal setting. Building on theories of crimmigration and a sociology of narrative, we code, categorize, and describe third-party observations of detained immigration court hearings conducted in Fort Snelling, Minnesota, from July 2018 to June 2019. We identify and investigate structural factors of three key crimmigrating narratives in the courtroom: one based on threats (stories of the non-citizen’s criminal history and perceived danger to society), a second involving deservingness (stories of the non-citizen’s social ties, hardship, and belonging in the United States), and a third pertaining to their status as “impossible subjects” (stories rendering non-citizens “illegal,” categorically excludable, and contradictory to the law). Findings demonstrate that the courts’ prioritization of these three narratives disconnects detainees from their own socially organized experience and prevents them from fully engaging in the immigration court process. In closing, we discuss the potential implications of crimmigrating narratives for the US immigration legal system and non-citizen status.
Late Holocene hydroclimatic history of the Galilee Mountains from sedimentary records of the Sea of Galilee, Israel
Authors: Williams Abigail , Ito Emi , Mischke Steffen , Palchan Daniel , Sandler Amir , Stein Mordechai , Almogi-Labin Ahuva
Published: June 2022

Detrital sediments of the Sea of Galilee are predominantly pedogenic products of settled dust and local bedrocks transported from Upper Galilee and the Golan Heights. Using the mineralogy, chemistry, and Nd and Sr isotope ratios of the core LK12-22 collected offshore of the Ginosar valley and of contemporaneous soils from the Nahal Tzalmon and Nahal Amud catchments, we reconstructed Late Holocene regional hydroclimate. The core samples span ɛNd isotope values of −6 to −2 and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7075 to 0.7077 between the isotope fields of the Terra rossa soils and basaltic soils. Sediments from the drier Iron Age and Arabic and Ottoman periods are closer in Nd-Sr isotope ratios of the basaltic soils, while those of the wetter Middle to Late Bronze and Roman–Byzantine periods are closer to the Terra rossa soils, reflecting enhanced mobilization of sediments from the Tzalmon catchment where Terra rossa–type soils accumulated. This result corroborates other regional data that indicate semiarid to temperate conditions in the south Levant during most of the Late Holocene. Wetter conditions over the Galilee Mountains and the Ginosar valley catchment during the Roman period could have promoted the flourishing farming-fishing society that heralded the rise of Christianity.
The Collaboration of the Argentine Military Dictatorship with the Governments of Guatemala and Honduras in their ‘Fight against Subversion’ (1980–3)
Authors: Rostica Julieta Carla
Published: June 2022

This article addresses one of the instances of the transnationalisation of state terrorism that took place at the end of the Cold War in Latin America. It examines the collaboration of the Argentine military dictatorship with the governments of Guatemala and Honduras in their ‘fight against subversion’ (1980–3) through previously unexplored archives. It presents the different degrees and forms of inter-governmental collaboration, the people responsible, the time frame, and the institutions, seeking to elaborate on the role of this collaboration in the repressive processes of each nation's historical experience. In general terms, this article contributes to transnational studies of the right wing during the recent history of the Latin American Cold War.
Collision-free trajectory planning for multi-robot simultaneous motion in preforms weaving
Authors: Xu Gaoping , Meng Zhuo , Li Shuo , Sun Yize
Published: June 2022

In this paper, an automatic obstacle avoidance trajectory planning strategy is proposed for the simultaneous motion of multi-robots, which perform anthropomorphic skill operations in a large curved preformed three-dimensional (3D) weaving environment with multiple obstacles and limited space, to eliminate tedious manual calibration work of robot path in engineering. Firstly, an Adaptive Goal-guided Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (AGG-RRT) algorithm is proposed, combined with the robot obstacle avoidance strategy, to search the discrete position of the collision-free path of the end-effector gradually from the starting point to the ending point. Then the optimization of the path is completed by bidirectional pruning of redundant nodes and cubic non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve fitting. And finally, the robot trajectory is interpolated based on S-shaped acceleration/deceleration planning to ensure smooth robot joint motion. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the AGG-RRT algorithm over the basic RRT algorithm and related improved algorithms in terms of search time and success rate. The simulated experiments also achieve the smooth trajectory planning of multiple robotic arms with the synchronous obstacle avoidance motion, which shows that the AGG-RRT algorithm is successfully applied and the collision-free trajectory planning strategy is effective.
Efficient Lifting of Symmetry Breaking Constraints for Complex Combinatorial Problems
Authors: TARZARIOL ALICE , SCHEKOTIHIN KONSTANTIN , GEBSER MARTIN , LAW MARK
Published: June 2022

Many industrial applications require finding solutions to challenging combinatorial problems. Efficient elimination of symmetric solution candidates is one of the key enablers for high-performance solving. However, existing model-based approaches for symmetry breaking are limited to problems for which a set of representative and easily solvable instances is available, which is often not the case in practical applications. This work extends the learning framework and implementation of a model-based approach for Answer Set Programming to overcome these limitations and address challenging problems, such as the Partner Units Problem. In particular, we incorporate a new conflict analysis algorithm in the Inductive Logic Programming system ILASP, redefine the learning task, and suggest a new example generation method to scale up the approach. The experiments conducted for different kinds of Partner Units Problem instances demonstrate the applicability of our approach and the computational benefits due to the first-order constraints learned.
Database on mineral mediated carbon reduction: implications for future research
Authors: Prakash Medha , Weber Jessica M. , Rodriguez Laura E. , Sheppard Rachel Y. , Barge Laura M.
Published: June 2022

Carbon reduction is an important process for Earth-like origins of life events and of great interest to the astrobiology community. In this paper, we have collected experimental results, field work and modelling data on CO and CO2reduction in order to summarize the research that has been carried out particularly in relation to the early Earth and Mars. By having a database of this work, researchers will be able to clearly survey the parameters tested and find knowledge gaps wherein more experimentation would be most beneficial. We focused on reviewing the modelling parameters, field work and laboratory conditions relevant to Mars and the early Earth. We highlight important areas addressed as well as suggest future work needed, including identifying relevant parameters to test in both laboratory and modelling work. We also discuss the utility of organizing research results in such a database in astrobiology.
Understanding Disability Policy Development: Integrating Social Policy Research with the Disability Studies Perspective
Authors: Holler Roni , Ohayon Yael
Published: June 2022

Studies on the development of social policies have provided us with a rich body of knowledge. However, being based mostly on class, gender or racial analysis, this body of work has seldom used disability as an analytical framework. This article proposes a systematic research agenda for addressing this lacuna. Drawing on the political and institutional approaches, this article illustrates how mainstream theories on social policy development cannot be assumed applicable to disability policies ‘as is’. To apply them effectively, we argue, students of social policy need to rework them in light of the insights of disability studies. Such conceptual work would involve closer attention to the uniqueness of disability as a socio-political category. Integrating these social policy theories with disability studies will allow us to better identify the unique political and institutional factors behind the trajectories of disability related policy. We conclude this discussion with suggestions for future research.
The Association of Daily Stressors and Daily Emotions to Daily Optimism
Authors: Yang Yang
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Daily life events often trigger and co-occur with various emotional reactions, which activate self-regulatory processes. One possible outcome of self-regulatory processes is optimism. Limited research has examined optimism in daily life and potential daily predictors, including stressors, negative emotions, and positive emotions. Emotion differentiation – the ability to identify and label discrete emotional states – has the potential to change the association between daily predictors and optimism. The current study contextualized optimism in the emotion-laden daily life and examined the association of daily stressors and daily negative and positive emotional states to daily optimism and the role of negative and positive emotion regulation on these relationships. The current study adopted a daily diary design and collected self-reported daily responses from a sample of 248 college students over a 7-day study period. The results included concurrent and lagged effects and showed that daily negative affect and positive affect predicted both concurrent daily optimism and the next day’s optimism. Greater negative emotion differentiation predicted higher daily optimism. A better ability to differentiate positive emotions predicted a stronger relation between positive affect and daily optimism. The findings underscored the importance of daily affect and emotion differentiation being important markers for optimism interventions and daily practices.
Tidally Modulated Temperature Observed Atop a Drillsite at the Noho Hydrothermal Site, Mid‐Okinawa Trough
Authors: Kinoshita Masataka , Kitada Kazuya , Nozaki Tatsuo
Published: June 2022

We observed temperature variations over 10 months within a Kuroko ore (hydrothermal sulfide) cultivation apparatus installed atop a 50‐m‐deep borehole drilled in the Noho hydrothermal system in the mid‐Okinawa Trough, southwestern Japan, for monitoring of hydrothermal fluids and in situ mineral precipitation experiments. Temperature and pressure in the apparatus fluctuated with the tidal period immediately after its installation. Initially, the average temperature was 75–76°C and the amplitude of the semidiurnal tidal temperature modulation was ∼0.3°C. Four months later, the amplitude of tidal temperature modulation had gradually increased to 4°C in synchrony with an average temperature decrease to ∼40°C. Numerical modeling showed that both the increase in tidal amplitude and the decrease in average temperature were attributable to a gradual decrease in inflow to the apparatus, which promoted conductive cooling through the pipe wall. The reduced inflow was probably caused by clogging inside the apparatus, but we cannot rule out a natural cause, because the drilling would have significantly decreased the volume of hot fluid in the reservoir. The temperature fluctuation phase lagged the pressure fluctuation phase by ∼150°. Assuming that the fluctuations originated from inflow from the reservoir, we conducted 2D numerical hydrothermal modeling for a poroelastic medium. To generate the 150° phase lag, the permeability in the reservoir needed to exceed that in the ambient formation by ∼three orders of magnitude. The tidal variation phase can be a useful tool for assessing the hydrological state and response of a hydrothermal system.
Climatology, Seasonality, and Trends of Spatially Coherent Ocean Eddies
Authors: Martínez‐Moreno Josué , Hogg Andrew McC. , England Matthew H.
Published: June 2022

Ocean eddies influence regional and global climate by mixing and transporting heat, carbon, nutrients, and other properties. One of the most recognizable and ubiquitous features of oceanic variability are mesoscale eddies (vortices and meanders/jets) with spatial scales of tens to hundreds of kilometers. Vortices resemble Gaussian‐like features in sea surface height which locally affect near‐surface wind, cloud properties, and rainfall patterns; we refer to these Gaussian‐like eddies as spatially coherent eddies. Although spatially coherent eddies are ubiquitous, their climatology, seasonality, and long‐term temporal evolution is yet to be explored. Here, we examine the kinetic energy (KE) contained in spatially coherent eddies and present their temporal variability using satellite observations between 1993 and 2020. Around half of the transient KE contained by eddies corresponds to spatially coherent eddies. A strong seasonal cycle is observed in the spatially coherent eddy field, and correlates with the wind forcing at time‐lags of 3–6 months. The seasonal correlation between wind forcing and spatially coherent eddies with diameters smaller than 120 km is faster (∼3 months), than that of coherent eddies with larger diameters (∼6 months). These lags between different spatially coherent eddy scales are consistent with the transfer of energy from small to large scales (inverse energy cascade). Our analysis highlights the relative importance of the spatially coherent eddy field in the KE budget, revealing a lagged response between the spatially coherent eddy and forcing at different time‐scales, and showcases the seasonality, and multidecadal trends of coherent eddy properties over the global ocean.
Plio‐Pleistocene Ocean Circulation Changes in the Gulf of Alaska and Its Impacts on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles and the Cordilleran Ice Sheet Development
Authors: Sánchez Montes Maria Luisa , Romero Oscar E. , Cowan Ellen A. , Müller Juliane , Moy Christopher M. , Lloyd Jeremy M. , McClymont Erin L.
Published: June 2022

The modern Gulf of Alaska (GOA) is a Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS) region, estimated to be important for nutrient cycling and CO2 exchange. Little is known of the GOA evolution over the Pliocene and Pleistocene as well as its impact on the CIS development, when other evidence for changing North Pacific circulation has emerged. We analyzed Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 341 Site U1417 sediments, which extend through the Plio‐Pleistocene transition (4–1.7 Ma), focusing on productivity‐related biomarkers (alkenones, brassicasterol), siliceous microfossils and bulk carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Our results show two dominant water column regimes: one characterized by high silica and low organic matter (OM) preservation, containing microorganism remains from a mix of habitats (4–3.7 Ma) and a second characterized by low biogenic silica and increased OM preservation of microorganisms from dominantly open ocean habitats (3.33–3.32 Ma and 2.8–1.66 Ma). An increase of phytoplankton diversity (3.7–3.35 Ma, 3.19–2.82 Ma) characterizes the two transitions of water column conditions, from oxygenated to reductive, that we attribute to a change from ocean mixing to strong stratified conditions with some occasional mixing. The biogeochemical changes in the GOA follow 400 and 100 kyr eccentricity cycles which are also reflected in changes in the CIS. We conclude that the CIS expansion created high nutrient low chlorophyll conditions in the GOA during the Mid Piacenzian Warm Period and the early Pleistocene. In turn, positive feedbacks increased marine productivity export, atmospheric CO2 drawdown and further CIS expansion.
An Approach to Include Hydrogeologic Barriers With Unknown Geometric Properties in Groundwater Model Inversions
Authors: Marshall S. K. , Cook P. G. , Simmons C. T. , Konikow L. F. , Dogramaci S.
Published: June 2022

Hydrogeological barriers can significantly impact groundwater model predictions. They are, however, often excluded from, or misrepresented in, groundwater models if their presence is unknown or their properties are poorly constrained. Here we show that sharp barriers can be included in groundwater model inversion, even where their presence is uncertain. We describe an approach utilizing "phantom structures"—randomly located, linear groups of model cells assigned a unique hydraulic conductivity value—to improve identifiability of barriers. Algorithmic parameter estimation using model‐independent parameter estimation code (PEST) is implemented to determine model structures that best match the hydraulic head and groundwater age observation data from a hypothetical aquifer. Our results show that for a series of case studies, this method was successful in inferring the appropriate location and properties of hydrogeological barriers, when that barrier was not aligned with the dominant flow direction. We compare these results to model inversion using traditional pilot points. The phantom structures approach shows promise in identifying hydrogeological structures and in reproducing groundwater flow across a model domain. Our results demonstrate that the geometric properties of geological structures can remain flexible in a model inversion. This is a step toward reducing conceptual model uncertainty where the presence and properties of hydrogeologic barriers are undefined.
Thunderstorm Activity Under Intermediate and Extreme Climate Change Scenarios
Authors: Haberlie Alex M. , Ashley Walker S. , Battisto Christopher M. , Gensini Vittorio A.
Published: June 2022

Assessing how increasing greenhouse gas concentrations may modify regional climates is an ongoing challenge. Relatively little work has examined how climate change may influence processes related to regional thunderstorm activity. This is important to consider in areas where thunderstorms are important for maintaining regional hydroclimates. This study focuses on three convection‐allowing climate simulations—namely, a retrospective simulation (1990–2005) and two possible climate change scenarios (2085–2100)—with domains encompassing the conterminous United States. Regional and seasonal variability is noted in the response of thunderstorm activity as measured by thresholds in simulated radar reflectivity factor in the two climate change scenarios. A decrease in thunderstorm activity is projected for the Southern Plains, whereas the Southeast and Midwest experience an increase in thunderstorm activity. An examination of environmental parameters related to thunderstorm activity reveals an overall increase in convective instability but spatially varying changes in convective inhibition.
Asymmetric Distributions of Auroral Kilometric Radiation in Earth's Northern and Southern Hemispheres Observed by the Arase Satellite
Authors: Xiao Fuliang , Tang Jiawen , Zhang Sai , Zhou Qinghua , Liu Si , He Yihua , Yang Qiwu , Kasahara Yoshiya , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Kumamoto Atsushi , Nakamura Yosuke , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Shinohara Iku , Nakamura Satoko
Published: June 2022

Auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) is generated at high latitudes and can propagate down to low latitudes. Due to the lack of direct observations, the characteristics of AKR in the middle and low latitudes of two hemispheres have not been studied so far. Here, using observations of the Arase satellite from 23 March 2017 to 31 July 2019, we present the first statistical study of AKR distribution in the northern (Magnetic latitude Mlat = 0°–40°) and southern (Mlat = −40°–0°) hemispheres. Results (totally 30,353 samples) show that relatively high occurrence rates (>30%) of AKR in the northern (southern) hemisphere primarily stay in the region of magnetic local time MLT = 17–24 (MLT = 21–05). About 60% of wave samples in the northern (southern) hemisphere are observed in the frequency range of ≤300 kHz (>300 kHz). The asymmetric distribution in two hemispheres can further enrich our understanding of AKR.
Magnetic Field Annihilation in a Magnetotail Electron Diffusion Region With Electron‐Scale Magnetic Island
Authors: Hasegawa H. , Denton R. E. , Nakamura T. K. M. , Genestreti K. J. , Phan T. D. , Nakamura R. , Hwang K.‐J. , Ahmadi N. , Shi Q. Q. , Hesse M. , Burch J. L. , Webster J. M. , Torbert R. B. , Giles B. L. , Gershman D. J. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Wei H. Y. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Ergun R. E. , Saito Y.
Published: June 2022

We present observations in Earth's magnetotail by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft that are consistent with magnetic field annihilation, rather than magnetic topology change, causing fast magnetic‐to‐electron energy conversion in an electron‐scale current sheet. Multi‐spacecraft analysis for the magnetic field reconstruction shows that an electron‐scale magnetic island was embedded in the observed electron diffusion region (EDR), suggesting an elongated shape of the EDR. Evidence for the annihilation was revealed in the form of the island growing at a rate much lower than expected for the standard X‐type geometry of the EDR, which indicates that magnetic flux injected into the EDR was not ejected from the X‐point or accumulated in the island, but was dissipated in the EDR. This energy conversion process is in contrast to that in the standard EDR of a reconnecting current sheet where the energy of antiparallel magnetic fields is mostly converted to electron bulk‐flow energy. Fully kinetic simulation also demonstrates that an elongated EDR is subject to the formation of electron‐scale magnetic islands in which fast but transient annihilation can occur. Consistent with the observations and simulation, theoretical analysis shows that fast magnetic diffusion can occur in an elongated EDR in the presence of nongyrotropic electron effects. We suggest that the annihilation in elongated EDRs may contribute to the dissipation of magnetic energy in a turbulent collisionless plasma.
The Roles of Heat and Gas in a Mushy Magma Chamber
Authors: Liao Yang
Published: June 2022

Crustal magmatic systems likely consist of magmatic reservoirs dominated by crystal mush. Recent studies suggest that the physical processes occurring in crystal mush could alter the response of magmatic reservoirs during volcanic unrest. Here, we present a magma chamber deformation model that incorporates two new aspects in crystal mush: heat and exsolved gas. The model is based on earlier studies by Liao et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB019395) with additional processes including thermal‐mechanical coupling, dependence of material properties on gas content, and temperature evolution following an injection of hotter magma. The post‐injection time‐dependent evolution of the system can be grouped into three periods, which are dominated by poroelastic diffusion (short term), viscoelastic relaxation (mid term), and thermal equilibration (long term). All three time‐regimes are strongly affected by gas distribution, which alters the relative compressibility of the crystal‐rich and crystal‐poor regions in the chamber. The contribution of thermal evolution emerges during the mid‐term evolution. The time‐dependent evolution of the system highlights the intrinsic ability of a gas‐bearing mushy magma chamber to generate non‐monotonic time series of stresses, deformation, and magma transport.
Non‐Gaussian Distributions of TOA SW Flux as Observed by MISR and CERES
Authors: Lee Jae N. , Wu Dong L.
Published: June 2022

The Top of Atmosphere (TOA) shortwave (SW) flux, converted from Terra Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) narrow band albedos, is compared with that measured from Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES). We describe the probability density function (PDF) of the monthly TOA SW flux and how the statistical third moment, skewness, can impact the quantification of the flux. The PDF of the SW flux is not normally distributed but positively skewed. In both sets of observations, the near‐global (80 S–80 N) median value of the SW flux is ∼3 W/m2 less than the mean value, due to the positive skewness of the distribution. The near‐global mean TOA SW flux converted from MISR is about 7 W/m2 (∼7%) less than CERES measured flux during the last two decades. Surprisingly, a hemispheric asymmetry exists with TOA SW observations from the Terra platform. SH reflects 3.92 and 1.15 W/m2 more mean SW flux than NH, from MISR and CERES Single Scanner Footprint products, respectively. We can infer that the offsetting by morning clouds in the SH is greater than the effect of hemispheric imbalance of SW flux caused by different land masses in two hemispheres. While the characteristics of the two SW fluxes broadly agree with each other, differences in the regional PDF from two different SW fluxes are substantial over high cloud regions and high altitude regions. Our analysis shows that some parts of the different skewness from the two measurements may be attributed to the different calibration of the radiance anisotropy over high cloud scenes.
Galectin-1 activates carbonic anhydrase IX and modulates glioma metabolism
Authors: Guda Maheedhara R. , Tsung Andrew J. , Asuthkar Swapna , Velpula Kiran K.
Published: June 2022

Galectins are a family of β-galactose-specific binding proteins residing within the cytosol or nucleus, with a highly conserved carbohydrate recognition domain across many species. Accumulating evidence shows that Galectin 1 (Gal-1) plays an essential role in cancer, and its expression correlates with tumor aggressiveness and progression. Our preliminary data showed Gal-1 promotes glioma stem cell (GSC) growth via increased Warburg effect. mRNA expression and clinical data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The immunoblot analysis conducted using our cohort of human glioblastoma patient specimens (hGBM), confirmed Gal-1 upregulation in GBM. GC/MS analysis to evaluate the effects of Gal-1 depletion showed elevated levels of α-ketoglutaric acid, and citric acid with a concomitant reduction in lactic acid levels. Using Biolog microplate-1 mitochondrial functional assay, we confirmed that the depletion of Gal-1 increases the expression levels of the enzymes from the TCA cycle, suggesting a reversal of the Warburg phenotype. Manipulation of Gal-1 using RNA interference showed reduced ATP, lactate levels, cell viability, colony-forming abilities, and increased expression levels of genes implicated in the induction of apoptosis. Gal-1 exerts its metabolic role via regulating the expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX), a surrogate marker for hypoxia. CA-IX functions downstream to Gal-1, and co-immunoprecipitation experiments along with proximity ligation assays confirm that Gal-1 physically associates with CA-IX to regulate its expression. Further, silencing of Gal-1 in mice models showed reduced tumor burden and increased survival compared to the mice implanted with GSC controls. Further investigation of Gal-1 in GSC progression and metabolic reprogramming is warranted.
Allosteric inhibition of PPM1D serine/threonine phosphatase via an altered conformational state
Authors: Miller Peter G. , Sathappa Murugappan , Moroco Jamie A. , Jiang Wei , Qian Yue , Iqbal Sumaiya , Guo Qi , Giacomelli Andrew O. , Shaw Subrata , Vernier Camille , Bajrami Besnik , Yang Xiaoping , Raffier Cerise , Sperling Adam S. , Gibson Christopher J. , Kahn Josephine , Jin Cyrus , Ranaghan Matthew , Caliman Alisha , Brousseau Merissa , Fischer Eric S. , Lintner Robert , Piccioni Federica , Campbell Arthur J. , Root David E. , Garvie Colin W. , Ebert Benjamin L.
Published: June 2022

PPM1D encodes a serine/threonine phosphatase that regulates numerous pathways including the DNA damage response and p53. Activating mutations and amplification of PPM1D are found across numerous cancer types. GSK2830371 is a potent and selective allosteric inhibitor of PPM1D, but its mechanism of binding and inhibition of catalytic activity are unknown. Here we use computational, biochemical and functional genetic studies to elucidate the molecular basis of GSK2830371 activity. These data confirm that GSK2830371 binds an allosteric site of PPM1D with high affinity. By further incorporating data from hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation, we demonstrate that PPM1D exists in an equilibrium between two conformations that are defined by the movement of the flap domain, which is required for substrate recognition. A hinge region was identified that is critical for switching between the two conformations and was directly implicated in the high-affinity binding of GSK2830371 to PPM1D. We propose that the two conformations represent active and inactive forms of the protein reflected by the position of the flap, and that binding of GSK2830371 shifts the equilibrium to the inactive form. Finally, we found that C-terminal truncating mutations proximal to residue 400 result in destabilization of the protein via loss of a stabilizing N- and C-terminal interaction, consistent with the observation from human genetic data that nearly all PPM1D mutations in cancer are truncating and occur distal to residue 400. Taken together, our findings elucidate the mechanism by which binding of a small molecule to an allosteric site of PPM1D inhibits its activity and provides insights into the biology of PPM1D.
On-chip bacterial foraging training in silicon photonic circuits for projection-enabled nonlinear classification
Authors: Cong Guangwei , Yamamoto Noritsugu , Inoue Takashi , Maegami Yuriko , Ohno Morifumi , Kita Shota , Namiki Shu , Yamada Koji
Published: June 2022

On-chip training remains a challenging issue for photonic devices to implement machine learning algorithms. Most demonstrations only implement inference in photonics for offline-trained neural network models. On the other hand, artificial neural networks are one of the most deployed algorithms, while other machine learning algorithms such as supporting vector machine (SVM) remain unexplored in photonics. Here, inspired by SVM, we propose to implement projection-based classification principle by constructing nonlinear mapping functions in silicon photonic circuits and experimentally demonstrate on-chip bacterial foraging training for this principle to realize single Boolean logics, combinational Boolean logics, and Iris classification with ~96.7 − 98.3 per cent accuracy. This approach can offer comparable performances to artificial neural networks for various benchmarks even with smaller scales and without leveraging traditional activation functions, showing scalability advantage. Natural-intelligence-inspired bacterial foraging offers efficient and robust on-chip training, and this work paves a way for photonic circuits to perform nonlinear classification.
Trans-cellular tunnels induced by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans facilitate invasion through successive epithelial cells without host damage
Authors: Lachat Joy , Pascault Alice , Thibaut Delphine , Le Borgne Rémi , Verbavatz Jean-Marc , Weiner Allon
Published: June 2022

The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is normally commensal, residing in the mucosa of most healthy individuals. In susceptible hosts, its filamentous hyphal form can invade epithelial layers leading to superficial or severe systemic infection. Although invasion is mainly intracellular, it causes no apparent damage to host cells at early stages of infection. Here, we investigate C. albicans invasion in vitro using live-cell imaging and the damage-sensitive reporter galectin-3. Quantitative single cell analysis shows that invasion can result in host membrane breaching at different stages and host cell death, or in traversal of host cells without membrane breaching. Membrane labelling and three-dimensional ‘volume’ electron microscopy reveal that hyphae can traverse several host cells within trans-cellular tunnels that are progressively remodelled and may undergo ‘inflations’ linked to host glycogen stores. Thus, C. albicans early invasion of epithelial tissues can lead to either host membrane breaching or trans-cellular tunnelling.
86Kr excess and other noble gases identify a billion-year-old radiogenically-enriched groundwater system
Authors: Warr O. , Ballentine C. J. , Onstott T. C. , Nisson D. M. , Kieft T. L. , Hillegonds D. J. , Sherwood Lollar B.
Published: June 2022

Deep within the Precambrian basement rocks of the Earth, groundwaters can sustain subsurface microbial communities, and are targets of investigation both for geologic storage of carbon and/or nuclear waste, and for new reservoirs of rapidly depleting resources of helium. Noble gas-derived residence times have revealed deep hydrological settings where groundwaters are preserved on millions to billion-year timescales. Here we report groundwaters enriched in the highest concentrations of radiogenic products yet discovered in fluids, with an associated86Kr excess in the free fluid, and residence times >1 billion years. This brine, from a South African gold mine 3 km below surface, demonstrates that ancient groundwaters preserved in the deep continental crust on billion-year geologic timescales may be more widespread than previously understood. The findings have implications beyond Earth, where on rocky planets such as Mars, subsurface water may persist on long timescales despite surface conditions that no longer provide a habitable zone.
Comparative genomics of Acinetobacter baumannii and therapeutic bacteriophages from a patient undergoing phage therapy
Authors: Liu Mei , Hernandez-Morales Adriana , Clark James , Le Tram , Biswas Biswajit , Bishop-Lilly Kimberly A. , Henry Matthew , Quinones Javier , Voegtly Logan J. , Cer Regina Z. , Hamilton Theron , Schooley Robert T. , Salka Scott , Young Ry , Gill Jason J.
Published: June 2022

In 2016, a 68-year-old patient with a disseminated multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection was successfully treated using lytic bacteriophages. Here we report the genomes of the nine phages used for treatment and three strains of A. baumannii isolated prior to and during treatment. The phages used in the initial treatment are related, T4-like myophages. Analysis of 19 A. baumannii isolates collected before and during phage treatment shows that resistance to the T4-like phages appeared two days following the start of treatment. We generate complete genomic sequences for three A. baumannii strains (TP1, TP2 and TP3) collected before and during treatment, supporting a clonal relationship. Furthermore, we use strain TP1 to select for increased resistance to five of the phages in vitro, and identify mutations that are also found in phage-insensitive isolates TP2 and TP3 (which evolved in vivo during phage treatment). These results support that in vitro investigations can produce results that are relevant to the in vivo environment.
Mangrove dispersal disrupted by projected changes in global seawater density
Authors: Van der Stocken Tom , Vanschoenwinkel Bram , Carroll Dustin , Cavanaugh Kyle C. , Koedam Nico
Published: June 2022

The degree to which the distribution of mangrove forests will be impacted by climate change depends on the dispersal and establishment of sea-faring propagules, which drive forest rejuvenation, gene flow and range expansion. Climate change affects sea surface density via changes in temperature and salinity. However, these changes have not been mapped and it remains unclear how these factors may impact mangrove propagule dispersal. Here, we provide evidence for strong warming of coastal mangrove waters and elevated geographic variability in surface ocean density under representative concentration pathway RCP 8.5 by 2100. The largest changes will occur in the Indo West Pacific region, the primary hotspot of mangrove diversity. By comparing propagule densities to predicted sea surface density, we assessed potential effects on mangrove propagule dispersal. In the future, a warmer and fresher ocean is likely to alter dispersal trajectories of mangrove propagules and increase rates of sinking in unsuitable offshore locations, potentially reducing the resilience of mangrove forests.