bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of a screening protocol for identifying low‐risk candidates with type 1 diabetes mellitus for kidney with or without pancreas transplantation
Authors: Ma Irene W.Y. , Valantine Hannah A. , Shibata Atsuko , Waskerwitz Jane , Dafoe Donald C. , Alfrey Edward J. , Tan Jane C. , Millan Maria , Busque Stephan , Scandling John D.
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Background:Certain clinical risk factors are associated with significant coronary artery disease in kidney transplant candidates with diabetes mellitus. We sought to validate the use of a clinical algorithm in predicting post‐transplantation mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes. We also examined the prevalence of significant coronary lesions in high‐risk transplant candidates.

Methods:All patients with type 1 diabetes evaluated between 1991 and 2001 for kidney with/without pancreas transplantation were classified as high‐risk based on the presence of any of the following risk factors: age ≥45 yr, smoking history ≥5 pack years, diabetes duration ≥25 yr or any ST–T segment abnormalities on electrocardiogram. Remaining patients were considered low risk. All high‐risk candidates were advised to undergo coronary angiography. The primary outcome of interest was all‐cause mortality post‐transplantation.

Results:Eighty‐four high‐risk and 42 low‐risk patients were identified. Significant coronary artery stenosis was detected in 31 high‐risk candidates. Mean arterial pressure was a significant predictor of coronary stenosis (odds ratio 1.68; 95% confidence interval 1.14–2.46), adjusted for age, sex and duration of diabetes. In 75 candidates who underwent transplantation with median follow‐up of 47 months, the use of clinical risk factors predicted all eight deaths. No deaths occurred in low‐risk patients. A significant mortality difference was noted between the two risk groups (p=0.03).

Conclusions:This clinical algorithm can identify patients with type 1 diabetes at risk for mortality after kidney with/without pancreas transplant. Patients without clinical risk factors can safely undergo transplantation without further cardiac evaluation.
Prediction of glomerular filtration rate in renal transplant recipients: cystatin C or Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation?
Authors: Pöge Uwe , Gerhardt Thomas , Stoffel‐Wagner Birgit , Palmedo Holger , Klehr Hans‐Ulrich , Sauerbruch Tilman , Woitas Rainer P.
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Background: To overcome disadvantages of serum creatinine two strategies have been suggested to identify patients with reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). On the one hand, the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation is now recommended to classify the stage of chronic kidney disease. On the other hand, cystatin C (Cys C) has been investigated in numerous studies, finding a higher sensitivity than creatinine in detecting diminished GFR. To date, no comparison of both strategies in patients after renal transplantation has been performed.

Methods: One hundred and five consecutive renal transplant recipients underwent 99mTc‐DTPA – clearance measurement. Simultaneously, MDRD estimates were calculated and Cys C serum levels were determined. ROC analyses were performed at different decision points from 20 to 70 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Results: Although the area under the curve did not differ significantly between MDRD and Cys C within the tested GFR range, the AUC for Cys C tended to be higher when GFR exceeded 55 mL/min/1.73 m2. A significantly higher diagnostic accuracy for Cys C compared with MDRD (p=0.045 at 65 mL/min/1.73 m2) was found when investigating the subgroup of patients with well‐functioning grafts (GFR>40 mL/min/1.73 m2).

Conclusion: MDRD equation is equivalent to Cys C measurement in renal transplant recipients. As availability of MDRD is superior to Cys C, we recommend GFR estimation using the MDRD equation. Nevertheless, Cys C may serve as a confirmation test of high MDRD estimates in patients with well‐functioning grafts because of superior accuracy in these patients.
Characteristics of long‐term live‐donor pediatric renal transplant survivors: A single‐center experience
Authors: El‐Husseini Amr A. , Foda Mohamed A. , Osman Yasser M. , Sobh Mohamed A.
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Objectives: To study the characteristics and the predictors of survival observed in our pediatric live‐donor renal transplant recipients with an allograft that functioned for more than 10 yr.

Methods: One hundred fifteen children underwent renal transplantation between 1976 and 1995. Of these, 30 had functioning allografts for more than 10 yr (range, 11–18). The patients included 18 males and 12 females, with a mean age at transplantation of 13 yr (range, 5–18). Characteristics of the patients, data on graft survival, and determinants of outcome were obtained by reviewing all medical charts.

Results: At most recent follow‐up (January 2005), the mean daily dose of azathioprine was 1.2 mg/kg (range, 1–2) and that of prednisone was 0.16 mg/kg (range, 0.1–0.2). Mean creatinine clearance was 72 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (range, 45–112). Acute rejection occurred in 14 (47%) patients. Seven patients had one episode, five had two episodes, and two had three episodes of acute rejection. Three patients (10%) developed malignancy. A substantial proportion of patients (44%) were short, with a height standard deviation score (SDS) less than −1.88, which is below the third percentile for age and gender. One quarter of the patients, more commonly the females, were obese. Other complications included osteoporosis in 16 (53%) patients, avascular bone necrosis in four (13%), post‐transplantation diabetes mellitus in three (10%), and hypertension in 18 (60%). Twelve (40%) patients were married and 27% had children post‐transplantation. The independent determinants of long‐term graft survival were acute rejection and post‐transplant hypertension.

Conclusion: Despite good renal function, long‐term pediatric renal transplant survivors are at risk of significant morbidity. The determinants of long‐term graft survival are acute rejection and post‐transplant hypertension.
Predominant extrahepatic biliary disease in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: A new association
Authors: Goilav Beatrice , Norton Karen I. , Satlin Lisa M. , Guay‐Woodford Lisa , Chen Frank , Magid Margret S. , Emre Sukru , Shneider Benjamin L.
Published: February 2006

Abstract:Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is characterized by dilation of ectatic renal collecting ducts, intrahepatic biliary dysgenesis, and portal fibrosis. Portal hypertension and recurrent bacterial cholangitis can dominate the clinical picture in long‐term survivors. Predominant extrahepatic bile duct disease was revealed in four patients who underwent magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. All four patients had portal hypertension, although liver biochemistries did not suggest biliary disease. In two of the patients, cholangitis was clinically ascribed to the bile duct disease. Western blot analysis of plasma membranes from normal rat extrahepatic bile duct and kidney revealed the presence of polyductin as a single ∼440 kDa protein. Although the exact function of polyductin in the extrahepatic duct is unknown, it may have a role in the development and control of lumenal size. Clinical management of patients with ARPKD should include consideration of potential problems related to extrahepatic bile duct disease.
Control of hypertension in children after renal transplantation
Authors: Seeman Tomáš , Šimková Eva , Kreisinger Jiří , Vondrák Karel , Dušek Jiří , Gilík Jiří , Feber Janusz , Dvořák Pavel , Janda Jan
Published: February 2006

Abstract: The aim of this cross‐sectional single‐center study was to investigate the efficacy of hypertension control in children who underwent transplantation using ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring, and to determine the risk factors associated with poor control of hypertension. Thirty‐six children fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 13.9±4.4 yr; the mean time after renal transplantation was 2.7±2.4 yr (0.5–10.1). Hypertension was defined as a mean ambulatory BP ≥95th centile for healthy children and/or requiring antihypertensive drugs. Hypertension was regarded as controlled if the mean ambulatory BP was <95th centile in children already on antihypertensive drugs, or uncontrolled if the mean ambulatory BP was ≥95th centile in treated children. Hypertension was present in 89% of children. Seventeen children (47%) had controlled hypertension, and 14 (39%) had uncontrolled hypertension. One child (3%) had untreated hypertension, and only four children (11%) showed normal BP without antihypertensive drugs. The efficacy of hypertensive control was 55% (17 of 31 children on antihypertensive drugs had a BP<95th centile), i.e. 45% of treated children still had hypertension. Children with uncontrolled hypertension had significantly higher cyclosporine doses (6.1 vs. 4.3 mg/kg/day, p=0.01) and tacrolimus levels (9.2 vs. 6.1 μg/L, p<0.05), and there was a tendency toward use of lower number of antihypertensive drugs (2.0 vs. 1.5 drugs/patient, p=0.06) and lower use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (7 vs. 35%, p=0.09) and diuretics (29 vs. 59%, p=0.14) than in children with controlled hypertension. In conclusion, nearly 90% of our children after renal transplantation are hypertensive and the control of hypertension is unsatisfactorily low. The control of hypertension could be improved by increasing the number of prescribed antihypertensive drugs, especially ACE inhibitors, and diuretics, or by using higher doses of currently used antihypertensives.
Successful treatment of de novo autoimmune hepatitis and cirrhosis after pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Gibelli Nelson E. , Tannuri Uenis , Mello Evandro S. , Cançado Eduardo R. , Santos Maria M. , Ayoub Ali A. , Maksoud‐Filho João G. , Velhote Manoel C. P. , Silva Marcos M. , Pinho‐Apezzato Maria L. , Maksoud João G.
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Over a 15‐yr period of observation, among the 205 children who underwent liver transplantations, one of them developed a particular type of late graft dysfunction with clinical and histological similarity to autoimmune hepatitis. The patient had α1‐antitrypsin deficiency and did not previously have autoimmune hepatitis or any other autoimmune disease before transplantation. Infectious and surgical complications were excluded. After repeated episodes of unexplained fluctuations of liver function tests and liver biopsies demonstrating reactive or a biliary pattern, without any corresponding alteration of percutaneous cholangiography, a liver‐biopsy sample taken 4 yr after the transplant showed active chronic hepatitis progressing to cirrhosis, portal lymphocyte aggregates, and a large number of plasma cells. At that time, autoantibodies (gastric parietal cell antibody, liver–kidney microsomal antibody, and anti‐hepatic cytosol) were positive and serum IgG levels were high. Based on these findings of autoimmune disease, a diagnosis of ‘de novo autoimmune hepatitis’ was made. The treatment consisted of reducing the dose of cyclosporine, reintroduction of corticosteroids, and addition of mycophenolate mofetil. After 19 months of treatment, a new liver‐biopsy sample showed marked reduction of portal and lobular inflammatory infiltrate, with regression of fibrosis and of the architectural disruption. At that time, serum autoantibodies became negative. The last liver‐biopsy sample showed inactive cirrhosis and disappearance of interface hepatitis and of plasma cell infiltrate. Presently, 9 yr after the transplantation, the patient is doing well, with normal liver function tests and no evidence of cirrhosis. Her immunosuppressive therapy consists of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone. In conclusion, the present case demonstrates that de novo autoimmune hepatitis can appear in liver‐transplant patients despite appropriate anti‐rejection immunosuppression, and triple therapy with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone could sustain the graft and prevent retransplantation.
Emerging viral infections in transplantation
Authors: Smith Jodi M. , McDonald Ruth A.
Published: February 2006

Abstract:  Viral infections are an important complication of transplantation. The introduction of more potent immunosuppressive agents over the past decade correlates with an increase in the rate of hospitalizations of transplant patients with infections. Specifically, viral infections have emerged as a major source of morbidity and mortality in transplantation. There are several potential intervention strategies in the face of emerging infections and it is likely that the approach will differ depending on the virus in question. These include viral surveillance and pre‐emptive therapy, intervention of the transplant community, and policy change at the level of government, blood bank and organ procurement organizations. This review focuses on the emergence of the herpesviruses; HHV‐6 and HHV‐7. In addition, the issue of virus transmission through organ transplant is addressed with a discussion of West Nile virus and the rabies virus.
An Analysis of Inter‐Population Divergence in Visual Display Behavior of the Green Anole Lizard (Anolis carolinensis)
Authors: Bloch Natasha , Irschick Duncan J.
Published: February 2006

Variation in habitat structure can profoundly affect the evolution of visual displays in animals. We compared the field display behavior of two populations of the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis) in Southern Louisiana. These two populations occupy habitats varying markedly in structure (clumped vs. continuous), ecological setting (urban vs. natural) and the degree of male competition and predation. We filmed 56 large adult male lizards during the active spring reproductive period and detected substantial divergence in display behavior between populations. We found that (1) relative dewlap areas did not differ significantly between populations, (2) Tulane anoles spent about twice as much time displaying compared with Good Hope field anoles, although the average display duration did not differ significantly between populations, and (3) the two populations differed significantly in the relative frequency of display types: lizards from the Tulane population used a higher proportion of A and B display types, whereas Good Hope Field anoles used C displays more often. Finally, we detected differences in other aspects of display behavior (use of display modifiers, volley length distributions). We suggest that these display differences may result from differences in green anole male density (three times higher at Tulane), combined with habitat differences (clumped vs. continuous).
Broken Copulatory Organs are Low‐Cost Adaptations to Sperm Competition in Redback Spiders
Authors: Snow Lindsay S. E. , Abdel‐Mesih Amal , Andrade Maydianne C. B.
Published: February 2006

In some spiders, a discrete portion of the male's copulatory organ (the apical sclerite) breaks off during copulation and remains in the female's reproductive tract. Apical sclerites may prevent insemination by rivals (sperm competition), stimulate females to favourably bias paternity (cryptic choice) or breakage may reflect sexual conflict over copulation duration with little direct effect on paternity. It has been assumed that any benefits of organ breakage are balanced by a large cost (male sterility) in species where males could otherwise mate multiply, but this has never been experimentally tested. We examined these ideas in the Australian redback spider (Latrodectus hasselti Thorell 1870, Araneae: Theridiidae), a species where males are functionally sterile after one normal mating. We experimentally removed sclerites and found males were able to mate, had similar copulation durations and transferred similar numbers of sperm as males with intact sclerites. Benefits of organ breakage were examined by forcing intact, rival males to inseminate the same or opposite reproductive tracts (female have paired, independent tracts in this taxon) and assessing paternity as a function of sclerite location. As predicted, apical sclerites were typically deposited at the entrance to the female's sperm storage organ, where they could physically block insemination by rivals. First male precedence was common when males inseminated the same tract and deposited sclerites at the entrance to the spermatheca, but not when sclerites were found elsewhere in the tract, or when rivals inseminated opposite tracts (where physically blocking rivals was impossible). Our data show that, in redbacks, copulatory organ breakage is not a side‐effect of sexual conflict, is unlikely to be a cue for cryptic female choice, but allows males to avoid sperm competition. Moreover, copulatory organ damage can have minimal reproductive cost for males, so assumptions of sterility after organ breakage are unjustified without supporting data.
Functionally Referential Alarm Calls in Tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus mystax) – Evidence from Playback Experiments
Authors: Kirchhof Janna , Hammerschmidt Kurt
Published: February 2006

Studies on primate vocalisation have revealed different types of alarm call systems ranging from graded signals based on response urgency to functionally referential alarm calls that elicit predator‐specific reactions. In addition, alarm call systems that include both highly specific and other more unspecific calls have been reported. There has been consistent discussion on the possible factors leading to the evolution of different alarm call systems, among which is the need of qualitatively different escape strategies. We studied the alarm calls of free‐ranging saddleback and moustached tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus mystax) in northeast Peru. Both species have predator‐specific alarm calls and show specific non‐vocal reactions. In response to aerial predators, they look upwards and quickly move downwards, while in response to terrestrial predators, they look downwards and sometimes approach the predator. We conducted playback experiments to test if the predator‐specific reactions could be elicited in the absence of the predator by the tamarins’ alarm calls alone. We found that in response to aerial alarm call playbacks the subjects looked significantly longer upwards, and in response to terrestrial alarm call playbacks they looked significantly longer downwards. Thus, the tamarins reacted as if external referents, i.e. information about the predator type or the appropriate reaction, were encoded in the acoustic features of the calls. In addition, we found no differences in the responses of S. fuscicollis and S. mystax whether the alarm call stimulus was produced by a conspecific or a heterospecific caller. Furthermore, it seems that S. fuscicollis terrestrial alarm calls were less specific than either S. mystax terrestrial predator alarms or either species’ aerial predator alarms, but because of the small sample size it is difficult to draw a final conclusion.
Hybrid space: constituting the hospital as a home space for patients
Authors: Gilmour Jean A.
Published: February 2006

A growing body of nursing writing is engaged in reviewing the material and relational world of nursing using geographical concepts. This paper draws upon research undertaken in hospital settings where nurses constituted the hospital as a home space for patients. Nurses’ practices created an equitable and patient‐centred use of physical space in the hospital ward, along with the intimate, extended and personal relationships associated by patients with a caring and homely environment. It is suggested that this constitution of space resonates with the geographic notion of the therapeutic landscape and can be read as a challenge to more conventional uses of hospital spaces shaped by biomedical concerns. The implications of merging the distinctly different spaces and places of home and hospital are also explored using the concepts of hybridity and spatial vulnerability. The complex hybrid nursing creation of home space within hospital places works against the grain of usual understandings of hospitals as specialised illness spaces that are the domain of the health professional inhabitants. While there are limitations and dangers in the representation, this constitution of space is an expression of core nursing values privileging patient–nurse relationships and supports the maintenance of identity and personal expression.
Judgements without rules: towards a postmodern ironist concept of research validity
Authors: Rolfe Gary
Published: February 2006

The past decade has seen the gradual emergence of what might be called a postmodern perspective on nursing research. However, the development of a coherent postmodern critique of the modernist position has been hampered by some misunderstandings and misrepresentations of postmodern epistemology by a number of writers, leading to a fractured and distorted view of postmodern nursing research. This paper seeks to distinguish between judgemental relativist and epistemic relativist or ironist positions, and regards the latter as offering the most coherent critique of modernist/(post)positivist nursing research. The writings of poststructuralist philosophers, including Barthes, Lyotard, Derrida, Foucault and Rorty are examined, and a number of criteria for a postmodern ironist concept of research validity or trustworthiness are suggested. Whilst these writers reject the idea of Method as a guarantee of valid research, they nevertheless believe that value judgements can and must be made, and turn to notions of ironism, différance, and the differend. Ultimately, the postmodern ironist reader of the research report must make a judgement without criteria, based on her own practical wisdom or ‘prudence’.
Avian influenza: risk, preparedness and the roles of public health nurses in Hong Kong
Authors: Ho Georgina , Parker Judith
Published: February 2006

This paper provides an overview of the Hong Kong government's influenza preparedness plan and the key roles of public health nurses in that plan. The part played by Hong Kong public health nurses in the management of the avian influenza outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997 and the sudden acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2003, together with the capacity‐building work they are now undertaking in preparing for an influenza pandemic, highlight their crucial role in public health. Recent strengthening of public health infrastructure in Hong Kong and heightened public awareness of public health issues have facilitated more proactive and effective public health nursing activities.
Uncontested categories: the use of race and ethnicity variables in nursing research
Authors: Drevdahl Denise J. , Philips Debby A. , Taylor Janette Y.
Published: February 2006

Classifying human beings according to race and ethnicity may seem straightforward to some but it, in fact, belies a difficult process. No standard procedure exists for categorizing according to race and ethnicity, calling into question the variables’ use in research. This article explores the use of race and ethnicity variables in the nursing research literature. Content analysis was conducted of a sample of 337 original research studies published in Nursing Research from the years 1952, 1955, and then every 5 years through to 2000. Of the 337 research articles reviewed, 167 mentioned race, ethnicity, or their 81 code words or phrases. Out of the 167 articles, 153 used race or ethnicity to describe the study sample, and 45 of the 167 articles included race or ethnicity as an element of data analysis. Throughout the sample, there was substantial inconsistency related to race and ethnicity categorization, meanings of the terms, and use of these variables. Specificity related to conceptual assumptions, definitions, and context was missing and, as a result, data interpretation and understanding are suspect. The integrity of nursing knowledge requires that nurse researchers recognize and address the difficulties inherent in using race and ethnicity in health research.
A preliminary investigation of the order Bangiales (Bangiophycidae, Rhodophyta) based on sequences of nuclear small‐subunit ribosomal RNA genes
Authors: Oliveira Mariana C. , Kurniawan Joelius , Bird Carolyn J. , Rice Ellen L. , Murphy Colleen A. , Singh Rama K. , Gutell Robin R. , Ragan Mark A.
Published: February 2006

We investigated phylogenetic relationships among red algae of the order Bangiales by analysis of sequences of the nuclear gene encoding cytosolic small‐subunit ribosomal RNA in Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C. Ag. and eight samples representing seven species of Porphyra. The ssu‐rDNA range from 1818 to 1845 nucleotides in length, with guanosine plus cytosine ratios between 47.0% and 48.6%. A group IC1 intron occurs in the B atropurpurea ssu‐rDNAs at the same position as in P. spiralis var. amplifolia Oliveira Filho et Coll and several other eukaryote ssu‐rDNAs. The nine sequences form a stable monophyletic group upon phylogenetic analysis. The ssu‐rDNA from B. atropurpurea nests stably within the Porphyra group and is closely related to P. amplissima (Kjellm.) Setchell et Hus in Hus, making the genus Porphyra paraphyletic. No correlation is seen between phylogenetic position and number of cell layers in the Porphyra thallus. We discuss possible taxonomic and evolutionary implications of these observations.
Further confirmation of the presence of DNA in the pyrenoid core of the siphonous green algal genus Caulerpa (Caulerpales, Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Miyamura Shinichi , Hori Terumitsu
Published: February 2006

We re‐examined the distribution of chloroplast DNA (ct‐DNA) in the pyrenoid core of Caulerpa okamurae Weber van Bosse and C. lentillifera J. Agardh by fluorescence microscopy after staining the squashes and Technovit sections with DNA fluorochromes such as 4′6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylmdole (DAPI), ethidium bromide, Hoechst 33258 and chromomycin A3. All fluorochromes stained specifically the pyrenoid core on the squashes and Technovit sections. In addition, we present new data on the localization of ct‐DNA in the pyrenoid core of two other species of the genus Caulerpa: C. cactoides (Turner) Agardh and C. geminata Harvey.
Studies on inoculation of aerial algae. I. Semi‐mass culture and quantification of algal color of Klebsormidium flaccidum (Ulotrichales, Chlorophyceae) sprayed on to concrete board
Authors: Nanba Nobuyoshi , Machii Minori , Keng Lim Boon , Sakurai Nobuo
Published: February 2006

This paper describes methods of semi‐mass culture and the quantification of algal color sprayed on a concrete board of the alga Klebsormidium flaccidum (Küitzing) S. Mattox et Blackwell. The alga was cultured in 100 L tanks normally used for hatching brine shrimp, with aeration from the deepest parts of the slanting sides. Initially mean algal density increased rapidly and attained 9.1 times the original density after 4 weeks. Subsequently, increase of the algal density was slow, and the density became 16.1 times the original level after 8 weeks. The alga cultured in this study was sprayed on to a concrete board using an agricultural sprayer. The relationship between the algal density on the board and its color, expressed as L*a*b* color space, was quantified. The chromaticity was maximum as the algal density on the board was about 5 g/m2, and the color was most vivid. When the algal density was more than 20 g/m2, both the lightness and chromaticity changed slightly, and the color became dark green.
The wound‐healing responses of Antithamnion nipponicum and Griffithsia pacifica (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) monitored by lectins
Authors: Kim Gwang Hoon , Lee In Kyu , Fritz Lawrence
Published: February 2006

The binding of FITC labeled lectins to repair cells of Antithamnion nipponicum Yamada et Inagaki and Griffithsia pacifica Kylin, and their physiological effects on somatic cell fusion have been studied. Results indicate that repair cells strongly bind the lectins ConA and LCA, whereas other lectins did not bind to the cell, The binding of these lectins to the dead cell wall shows ConA and LCA specific substances are secreted from the tip of the repair cells. When fluorescently labeled ConA or LCA was added at various time intervals after wounding, it firstly bound (3 h post‐wounding) as a thin layer at the tips of the adjacent cells. Later (4–5 h post‐wounding) labeling also appeared at the tips of the repair ceils. Intense labeling at these sites continued throughout the wound‐healing process until repair cell fusion, at which time the lectin labeling was reduced to a narrow ring around the area of fusion, When added to plants prior to wounding and with continued monitoring, these same lectins were found to act as inhibitors to the wound‐healing response. Other control lectins showed no inhibitory effects. These results suggest that a signal glycoprotein with α‐D‐mannosyl residues is involved in the wound‐healing process of Antithamnion nipponicum. Lectins conjugated with visible tags can be used as a very fast and useful tool to monitor these signal substances.
Lectotypification of some marine red algae described by W. H. Harvey from Japan
Authors: Masuda Michio , Kudo Toshihiko , Kawaguchi Shigeo , Guiry Michael D.
Published: February 2006

Much of the marine algal material collected during Perry's Japan Expedition of 1852–54 and Rodgers’ North Pacific Exploring Expedition of 1853–56 was sent by Asa Gray of Harvard University to William Henry Harvey (1811–66) of Trinity College, Dublin, for examination. Preliminary accounts were published in 1857 and 1860, but the full descriptions and illustrations intended were never completed for publication. Original specimens collected from Japan during these expeditions are deposited in the Herbarium of Trinity College, University of Dublin, and in the Natural History Museum, London. The red algae are re‐examined and, where necessary, lectotypes are designated. The transfer of Polysiphonia stimpsonii Harvey to Enelittosiphonia is proposed as Enelittosiphonia stimpsonii (Harvey) Kudo et Masuda in Masuda et al. comb. nov. It is concluded that Polysiphonia flabellulata Harvey, which has in recent years been omitted from the Japanese marine algal flora, is an independent, characteristic species with six periaxial cells. Caulacanthus compressus Harvey is reduced to be synonymous with Gloiopeltis complanata (Harvey) Yamada, and Wrangelia tayloriana Tseng is synonymized with Wrangelia tanegana Harvey.
Life history of Cladophora surera sp. nov. (Cladophorales, Ulvophyceae)
Authors: Parodi Elisa R. , Cáceres Eduardo J.
Published: February 2006

The life history of Cladophora surera sp. Nov., described from the south of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, was found to be diplobiontic and isomorphic with haploid gametophytic (n= 24) and sporophytic (2n= 48) plants. Other freshwater species, namely C, suhriana Kutz, and C. callicoma Kütz. have also been reported to be diplobiontic and isomorphic but differing from C. surera by their ploidy level. Plants exhibit great morphological variation, as the number of branches/mm2 tends to increase with higher water velocity, thus adopting morphotypes that resemble very different species, that is, C. vagabunda (L.) Hoek, C. glomerata (L.) Kutz., C, laetevirens (Dillw.) Kutz., C. brasiliana Martens, C. dalmatica Kütz., C. vadorum (Aresch.) Kütz. and C. rivularis (L.) Hoek., but clearly differing from them by other morphological parameters; apical cell diameters, The ploidy level 24/48 has not been established for a species of Cladophora. Autogamy is the normal conjugation method and can take place even inside the gametangia before the gametes are released. Isogametes conjugate in a slow behavioral anisogamy, in which the contents of one migrate to the other. Tetra‐flagellate zoospores result from meiosis.
Hybridization studies inBostrychia.1:B. radicans(Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from Pacific and Atlantic North America
Authors: Zuccarello Giuseppe C. , West John A.
Published: February 2006

Bostrychia radicans(Montagne) Montagne is a pantropical/temperate red alga associated with mangroves and saltmarsh plants. Collections were made from a similar north‐south geographic distribution along both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America. Hybridization studies were performed with cultured isolates to assess the extent of interfertility and reproductive isolation along these two coastlines. All male and female gametophytes derived from single tetrasporophytes were intercompatible. Almost all isolates extending over 1500 km of coast line from northern Pacific Mexico are compatible, forming cystocarps that released viable carpospores. Even isolates which morphologically would be placed in two species [B. radicansandB. moritziana(Sender ex Kützing) J. Agardh], based on the presence or absence of monosiphonous branches, were capable of hybridizing. Crosses of isolates from the Atlantic USA showed a greater amount of incompatibility. Certain isolates were not compatible with any other isolates including isolates collected in close proximity (North Carolina isolates), while other isolates from the same locality were compatible (South Carolina). An isolate from South Carolina formed tetrasporophytes with isolates from Pacific Mexico but tetraspores were not viable. Certain incompatible crosses formed ‘pseudocystocarps’ but viable carposporophytes did not develop. Generalizations about reproductive isolation within a species must also consider differences between populations from different biogeographic regions that may reflect different paleoclimatological histories, founder effects and unique dispersal events.
A re‐examination of the morphology and reproduction of Nothocladus lindaueri (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Sheath Robert G. , Müller Kirsten M. , Whittick Alan , Entwisle Timothy J.
Published: February 2006

The vegetative morphology and reproduction of the freshwater rhodophyte Nothocladus lindaueri Skuja [=Batrachospermum lindaueri (Skuja) Necchi et Entwisle] were examined by light and electron microscopy. It was confirmed that this alga has a typical batrachospermalean pit plug with two cap layers, the outer one of which is domed. During elongation of hair cells, the primary wall is broken, forming a basal collar. Hair cells have a single nucleus and abundant Golgi bodies, en‐doplasmic reticula (ER) and vesicles. Dividing apical cells of the fascicles have a nucleus with art adjacent zone of exclusion, the latter containing a single polar ring. Branched trichogynes and fertilized carpogonia are shown for the first time in this species. Carpogonial branch and involucral cells contain a prominent axial nucleus, proplastids, ER and vesicles. The pit plugs disintegrate among these cells leaving open pit connections. Carpogonia have plentiful mitochondria and vesicles. The wall at the trichogyne apex is thickened and densely stained. The carposporophyte centre consists of a mass of fusion cells with open pit connections, and indeterminate gonimoblast filaments arise from this mass. The combination of a symmetrical carpogonial base, a carposporophyte centre consisting of a mass of fusion cells, and exclusively indeterminate gonimoblast filaments appears to be unique among the members of the Batrachospermaceae. The specimen of N. lindaueri contains epiphytic filaments of Audouinella meiospora producing both spermatangia and monosporangia. Spermatium formation in N. lindaueri remains unknown.
Cell cycle analysis in a multinucleate green alga, Boergesenia forbesii (Siphonocladales, Chlorophyta)*
Authors: Motomura Taizo
Published: February 2006

The cell cycle (nuclear division cycle) of a multinucleate green alga, Boergesenia forbesii (Harvey) Feldmann was studied using microspectrophotometry and BrdU incorporation techniques. Mitosis was observed frequently 1‐4 h after the beginning of the light period, on a 16:8 h LD cycle at 25°C. Mitotic nuclei formed discrete patches. Other nuclei remained in the G1 period. The DNA synthetic phase (S phase) was estimated to last about 12 h from microspectrophotometric study using aphidicolin inhibition just before the S phase and release from it. The G2 period was estimated to be about 2 h, because a labeled prophase nucleus could be detected when the samples were labeled with BrdU continuously over 3 h. The incorporation pattern of BrdU changed through the S phase nucleus. In early S phase, BrdU staining was detected as many dots in the entire nucleus, while in late S phase, it was detected as several discrete regions along the nuclear membrane. Almost all nuclei in B. forbesii were in the G1 stage after nuclear division, and the nuclei in several patches of the cell simultaneously initiated DNA synthesis. Once the nuclei entered into S phase, these nuclei continued into G2 and mitosis. In other words, the cell cycle regulation of entrance into S phase from G1 is an important factor in the growth and morphogenesis in B. forbesii.
Actin‐mediated chloroplast movement in Griffithsia pacifica (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Russel Catherine A. , Guiry Michael D. , McDonald A. Rosa , Garbary David J.
Published: February 2006

Chloroplast banding occurs in Griffithsia pacifies Kylin in a daily rhythm. At the start of the light period, chloroplasts have a uniform distribution. During the light period chloroplasts move away from the ends of the cell leaving two chloroplast‐free regions by mid‐afternoon. Later in the light period these bands disperse as chloroplasts return to the ends of cell where they remain throughout the dark period. After enzyme treatment with β‐glucuronidase to permeabilize cell walls, non‐banded plants did not form bands after the addition of 5 μg ml−1 cytochalasin B in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). When enzyme‐grown plants with chloroplast bands were treated with cytochalasin B, bands were retained for at least three days. Plants grown in media supplemented with β‐glucuronidase or DMSO alone gave banding consistent with untreated controls. Staining of microfilaments with rhodamine‐phalloidin before and after treatment with cytochalasin B gave results consistent with chloroplast movement studies. This is the first report of actin‐mediated organelle movement in red algae.
Delineation of the Genera Struvea Bonder and Phyllodictyon J. E. Gray (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Kraft Gerald T. , Wynne Michael J.
Published: February 2006

Plants of the stalked, net‐forming green alga Struvea plumosa Sender, the type species of the genus Struvea, divide segregatively at every stage of their multicellular differentiation. The segregative process results in virtually simultaneous internal cleavage of the cytoplasts of parent axes or laterals into uniseriate series of nearly identically sized daughter cells m which intercalary cross‐wall formation never takes place. Several branch orders result through a repeated process by which each daughter cell produces a pair of opposite protrusions at its distal end; the protruded arms subsequently undergo segregative divisions themselves after reaching a sufficient length. Struvea elegans Børgesen is seemingly the only other member of the genus in which the thallus divides by this segregative process. The remaining species appear to lack segregative cell division, their septation resulting from non‐synchronous, centripetal wall ingrowths that divide parent cells into more or less equal halves. Intercalary cell divisions are common, this process being easily seen in the most widely distributed member of the genus, Struvea anastomosans (Harv.) Pice, et Grunov ex Pice. Phyllodictyon J. E. Gray, based on Phyllodictyon putcherrimum. is currently considered a synonym of Struvea but should be reinstated to accommodate those former species of Struvea that have Cladophoratype. as opposed to segregative, cell division. Although the two genera thus differ substantially in their modes of cytokinesis and are assumed to represent independent developmental lines, both Struvea and Phyllodictyon are assigned to the Cladophorales on the basis of molecular studies by others showing that recognition of the separate order Siphonocladales renders the Cladophorales paraphyletic.
Haramonas dimorpha gen. et sp. nov. (Raphidophyceae), a new marine raphidophyte from Australian mangrove*
Authors: Horiguchi Takeo
Published: February 2006

A new raphidophyte flagellate is described from the river mouth of the Daintree River, north‐east Australia where there are extensive mangrove forests. The organism has two distinct phases: a club‐shaped motile form, and a more or less spherical benthic non‐motile form. The motile cell is metabolic and possesses 10–20 chloroplasts. The chloroplasts are imbricated, somewhat reminiscent of roofing tiles. A unique structure has been found at the posterior end of the cell. It is a tubular invagination, which consists of a single membrane supported by many small flattened vesicles. In addition, the structure is surrounded by many fibril‐containing vesicles. The tubular invagination is different from both the contractile vacuoles and the pusules of dinoflagellates in both behavior and structure. Based on the possession of these unique features, it is concluded that the this mangrove flagellate should be described as a new species in a new genus and the name Haramonas dimorpha Horiguchi gen. et sp. nov. is proposed.
Gamete discharge byBryopsis plumosa(Codiales, Chlorophyta) induced by blue and UV‐A light
Authors: Mine Ichiro , Okuda Kazuo , Tatewaki Masakazu
Published: February 2006

Gamete discharge by the coenocytic green algaBryopsis plumosa(Hudson) C. Agardh is induced by light. The mature male gametangia consist of a mass of quiescent male gametes and a large central vacuole. Within a few minutes after the onset of irradiation, breakdown of the tonoplast of the central vacuole and initiation of gamete motility occur simultaneously. This is followed by a forced discharge of moving gametes through a hole ruptured at the subapical region of the gametangium. The action spectrum for the light‐induced gamete discharge was determined from a series of fluence‐response curves. This action spectrum, having two major maxima at 370 and 450 nm, indicates the involvement of a blue light/UV‐A‐absorbing photoreceptor previously described as ‘cryptochrome’.
Development of the intercalary meristem in Chorda filum (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) and other primitive Laminariales
Authors: Kogame Yasuyo , Kawai Hiroshi
Published: February 2006

Development of the intercalary meristem in the terete laminarialean species Chorda filum (L.) Stackhouse was studied in culture using light and transmission electron microscopy as well as by tracing elongation and cell divisions in various parts of the sporophyte. Growth of C. filum sporophytes could be classified into three developmental stages: (i) diffuse growth; (ii) basal meristematic growth; and (iii) intercalary meristematic growth. In the diffuse growth stage, elongation and cell division frequency were almost the same in each cell. In the basal meristematic growth stage, elongation and division of cells became localized in the tissues derived from the meristematic initial cell. Cells of the basal meristematic region contained smaller chloroplasts and many small opaque vesicles. In the intercalary meristematic growth stage, there was further elongation and differentiation of cells originating from the meristematic region, and this became more active in adjacent regions below the meristem than in regions above the meristem, causing the relative position of the intercalary meristem to shift towards the tip of the sporophyte. Meristematic cells of C. filum contained well‐developed Golgi vesicles around the nucleus (perinuclear Golgi), many secretion vesicles and many small disk‐shaped chloroplasts whose thylakoids were not well developed. Sporophytes of three other terete members of Laminariales, Chorda tomentosa Lyngbye, Pseudochorda nagaii (Tokida) Kawai et Kurogi, and Pseudochorda gracilis Kawai et Nabata, show diffuse growth and basal meristematic growth, but no intercalary meristematic growth. This suggests that the common ancestor of the Pseudochordaceae and Chordaceae had basal meristematic growth, and intercalary meristematic growth evolved more recently in C. filum.
Morphological and cytogenetic characteristics of intergroup hybrids between closely related mating groups of the Closterium ehrenbergii species complex (Desmidiales, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Ichimura Terunobu , Kasai Fumie
Published: February 2006

Five F1 hybrid strains were established from rare survivors in intergroup crosses between three closely related mating groups (A, B and H) of the Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini ex Ralfs species complex. Cell sizes of these five strains studied under our standard culture conditions were compared to those of their parental stains and also to the total range of cell‐size variation in each mating group. All five F1 strains were larger in mean cell width than their parental strains. In cell length, three of them were larger than, one was the same as, and the other was intermediate between their parental strains. Their cell sizes were always larger than the range of their respective smaller parental mating group and three of them were larger than the range of their respective larger parental mating group.
Fine structure of deep‐layer sloughing and epithallial regeneration in Lithophyllum neoatalayense (Corallinales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Pueschel Curt M. , Keats Derek W.
Published: February 2006

Transmission electron microscopic study of Lithophyllum neoatalayense Masaki demonstrated that this alga used two mechanisms by which it sloughed cells from its surface. Epithallial filaments, produced by a layer of underlying initial cells, were two to four cells long. Terminal epithallial cells, those closest to the thallus surface, underwent senescence and shedding as previously described for other coralline algae. In addition, deep‐layer sloughing occurred. During this process, which is known for only one other coralline alga, cell death occurred uniformly within a surface layer 40‐50 μm thick. No pathogens or evidence of mechanical damage was detected. The zone of dead cells included the epithallial layer, the layer of initial cells, and some cortex cells beneath the initials. Pit plugs connecting living and dead cells at the edge of the necrotic zone were sealed by wall material deposited by the surviving cells, but cells within the necrotic zone showed no evidence of sealed pit plugs. The outermost surviving cells became new initial cells, which then divided to form new epithallial cells. Regeneration of the epithallial layer occurred before the thick layer of dead cells peeled away. The extensive deep shedding of both epithallial and initial cells in L. neoatalayense and the effectiveness of regeneration from cortex cells challenge the assumption that protection of initial cells is an important function of epithallial cells.
In situ growth rates of Sargassum horneri (Fucales, Phaeophyta)1
Authors: Gao Kunshan , Hua Wenqing
Published: February 2006

The relative growth rate of the brown alga Sargassum horneri (Turner) C. Agardh in the sea at Maizuru Bay, Japan, was investigated from summer to winter to examine the impact of declining solar radiation and temperature. The observed change in the growth rate between summer and winter was insignificant, in spite of a major decline in solar radiation and water temperature. The mean relative growth rate was 4.6% per day, equivalent to the daily net photosynthetic production previously reported for this species.