bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of inter‐dental/inter‐implant papilla
Authors: Zetu Laura , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: June 2005

Objectives: The aims of this paper are to review and compare existing techniques for creation of interdental/interimplant papillae, to address factors that may influence its appearance and to present an approach that authors developed that could help clinicians to manage and recreate the interproximal papillae.

Methods: Papers related to interdental and interimplant papillae published over the last 30 years were selected and analyzed.

Results: Thorough treatment planning is essential for maintenance of the height of the interproximal papillae following tooth removal. The key for achieving an esthetically pleasing outcome is the clinicians' ability of properly managing/creating interdental/interimplant papillae. Bone support is the foundation for any soft tissue existence, techniques such as socket augmentation, orthodontic extrusion, guided bone regeneration, onlay graft and distraction osteogenesis are often used for this purpose. Soft tissue grafts as well as esthetic mimic restorations can also be used to enhance the esthetic outcomes.

Conclusions: An esthetic triangle is developed to address the foundations that are essential for maintaining/creating papilla. These include adequate bone volume, proper soft tissue thickness as well as esthetic appearing restorations.
A chlorhexidine varnish implemented treatment strategy for chronic periodontitis
Authors: Cosyn Jan , Wyn Iris , De Rouck Tim , Sabzevar Mehran Moradi
Published: June 2005

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical outcome of a subgingivally applied chlorhexidine varnish when used as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Material and methods: A randomized controlled, single blind, parallel trial was conducted on the basis of 16 volunteers suffering from chronic periodontitis. The control group received oral hygiene instructions and was scaled and root planed in two sessions. The test group received the same instructions and treatment, however, all pockets were additionally disinfected using a chlorhexidine varnish. The gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline and subsequently after 1 and 3 months.

Results: Both treatment strategies showed significant reductions in PPD and CAL at both follow‐up visits by comparison with baseline levels (p<0.001). Yet, at study termination, combination therapy resulted in additional pocket reductions between 0.73 and 1.23 mm (p<0.02), and clinical attachment gains between 0.63 and 1.09 mm (p<0.02).

Conclusions: These findings suggest that a varnish‐implemented strategy may improve the clinical outcome for the treatment of chronic periodontitis in comparison with SRP alone.
The combined use of enamel matrix proteins and a tetracycline‐coated expanded polytetrafluoroethylene barrier membrane in the treatment of intra‐osseous defects
Authors: Sipos P. M. , Loos B. G. , Abbas F. , Timmerman M. F. , Van Der Velden U.
Published: June 2005

Objectives: The purpose of this split‐mouth study was to evaluate the clinical response of enamel matrix proteins (EMPs, Emdogain Gel®) in intra‐osseous defects with or without a combined application of a tetracycline‐coated expanded polytetrafluoroethylene barrier membrane (e‐PTFE, Gore‐Tex®).

Methods: Twelve pairs of intra‐osseous periodontal defects in 11 patients received the application of EMPs on the exposed root surface (EMP). One of the two defects received randomly, as an adjunct to EMP treatment, a tetracycline‐coated e‐PTFE membrane (MEMP). At baseline, 6‐ and 12‐month probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing bone level (PBL) were measured.

Results: After 12 months, the EMP defects showed a significant mean PPD reduction of 2.86±0.75 mm, a mean gain in CAL of 1.28±2.04 mm, a mean PBL gain of 1.63±1.21 mm and a mean increase of recession (REC) of 1.56±2.30 mm. The MEMP defects showed a significant mean PPD reduction of 3.02±1.55 mm, a mean gain in CAL of 1.65±1.29 mm, a mean PBL gain of 1.58±1.92 mm and a mean increase of REC of 1.38±1.63 mm. Except for significantly more post‐operative discomfort at the MEMP sites, no significant differences were found between EMP and MEMP defects.

Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it is concluded that in the treatment of intra‐osseous defects with EMP, the adjunctive use of a tetracycline‐coated e‐PTFE membrane failed to show more gain of CAL and PBL.
Self‐reported oral health, oral hygiene habits, and dental attendance of pregnant women in Kuwait
Authors: Honkala Sisko , Al‐Ansari Jassem
Published: June 2005

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe self‐reported oral health, oral hygiene habits, and frequency of visits to a dentist among pregnant women in Kuwait.

Material and Methods: A cross‐sectional study with an anonymous structured questionnaire was distributed among 650 pregnant women during May–June 2003, when they were admitted to the maternity ward at the largest government maternity hospital in Kuwait City. The response rate was 93% (n=603).

Results: Every fourth respondent was in her first pregnancy, while 36% already had three or more children. Every fifth woman felt that her oral health was poor, and one‐third of the women believed that they had periodontal problems currently. About two‐thirds of the women were brushing more than once a day and almost all (94%) at least once a day. Over the previous 6 months, 40% had experienced dental pain. Half of the women had visited a dentist during pregnancy, mostly for dental pain. Most of the women had received no instructions concerning oral health care during their pregnancy.

Conclusions: A large proportion of the pregnant women in this study had oral health problems; however, half of the women had not seen a dentist during their pregnancy.
The relationship between emotional intelligence and initial response to a standardized periodontal treatment
Authors: Gamboa Ana Beatriz O. , Hughes Francis J. , Marcenes Wagner
Published: June 2005

Objectives: Emotional intelligence (EI) is a psychological construct, which has been proposed as a measure of coping mechanisms. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the relationship between different domains of EI, and initial response to a simplified non‐surgical treatment protocol in 29 patients with chronic periodontitis.

Methods: Assessment of patients included socio‐demographic and behavioural variables and assessment of EI. Clinical assessment included measurement of plaque and gingival bleeding. Patients received oral hygiene instruction (OHI) and supra‐gingival scaling and polishing over two visits, and re‐assessed after 3 weeks.

Results: There was a significant overall reduction in plaque and bleeding. Plaque reduction was positively associated with the EI construct of intentionality, resilience, constructive discontent and personal power (Spearman's rank test). Reduction in bleeding was positively correlated with resilience, constructive discontent and intuition.

Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrated an association between EI domains and short‐term changes in plaque and bleeding, and suggest that initial responses to standardized periodontal treatment may be partly related to EI.
Effects of single‐visit full‐mouth ultrasonic debridement versus quadrant‐wise ultrasonic debridement
Authors: Koshy Geena , Kawashima Yoko , Kiji Makoto , Nitta Hiroshi , Umeda Makoto , Nagasawa Toshiyuki , Ishikawa Isao
Published: June 2005

Background: The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to determine the effects of single‐visit full‐mouth ultrasonic debridement versus quadrant‐wise therapy.

Material and Methods: Thirty‐six subjects with chronic periodontitis, were randomly allocated to three groups – quadrant‐wise ultrasonic debridement, single‐visit full‐mouth ultrasonic debridement with povidone iodine and single‐visit full‐mouth ultrasonic debridement with water. Whole‐mouth plaque, bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket depth and attachment level were recorded before treatment and 1, 3 and 6 months post‐treatment. Plaque and saliva samples were collected for microbiological analysis.

Results: After treatment, all groups showed significant improvement in clinical parameters. Full‐mouth treatments resulted in similar improvements in full‐mouth mean plaque percentage, probing pocket depth and probing attachment level as conventional therapy. When data were analysed based on pocket depth and tooth type, there was no difference between groups in probing depth reduction or attachment gains. The full‐mouth groups demonstrated greater reduction in BOP% and number of pockets 5 mm and the total treatment time was significantly shorter. The detection frequencies of periodontal pathogens in plaque and saliva showed slight changes with no difference between groups.

Conclusion: Single‐visit full‐mouth mechanical debridement may have limited additional benefits over quadrant‐wise therapy in the treatment of periodontitis, but can be completed in a shorter time.
Listening to learning outside the classroom: student teachers study playground literacies
Authors: Grugeon Elizabeth
Published: June 2005

This article reports on ongoing work in initial teacher education (ITE) where student teachers have been required to observe and record children's play, to describe and analyse this, and to consider the pedagogical implications. They have been introduced to a theoretical background, which takes into account the increasingly multi‐modal nature of literacy practices, and have been shown a methodology for conducting a small‐scale ethnographic research project on the playground. They have been encouraged to consider how the unofficial literacy practices of the children's homes, communities and popular culture might affect the official practices of the school, and to understand how children absorb and recreate texts from beyond the school curriculum. The article reflects the student teachers' findings on school playgrounds, with narratives re‐enacted and drawn from popular media, imaginative use of playground space, and games that explore the pupils' present and future lives. Student teachers begin to recognise the vital role of socio‐dramatic play in the development of emergent literacy. They also develop insights on applying children's expertise outside the classroom to their literacy practices within the school.
Networking aroundThe Waterholeand other tales: the importance of relationships among texts for reading and related instruction
Authors: Harris Pauline , McKenzie Barbara
Published: June 2005

This article explores ways in which children's picture books form networks of relationships, and their implications for readers and classroom teachers. In this exploration, reading is seen to involve making connections within and beyond the text at hand. These connections, evoked differently across readers, shape readers' interpretations of text. Many possible meanings may arise from just one text, reinforcing the idea that no single correct meaning resides in a text. This article demonstrates tools for exploring textual connections with readers, and the value of such explorations for opening‐up reader interpretations of a text.
Focus in creative learning: drawing on art for language development
Authors: Heath Shirley Brice , Wolf Shelby
Published: June 2005

This article asks what happens to the learning of young children when they work regularly with a professional visual artist in their school. Through Creative Partnerships, a national programme initiated in 2002 to bring creative professionals into schools across England, some school children have had the opportunity for sustained project work with artists. Examined here is the context in which children (ages 4, 5, 6 and 7) worked one day a week during the academic year of 2003–2004 with Roy Smith, resident artist in Hythe Community School. Key to the children's drawing, painting and talking was close focused attention on details of three‐dimensional objects, portraits, still‐life works and their own creations. Smith's conversations with the children routinely included three and four‐syllable technical terms, biographical details of artists' lives and comparative critiques. Within several months, the art of the children reflected understanding of concepts such as foregrounding, and they showed confidence in working with problems Smith set up for them (“What do you think would happen if …?”). Particularly important here is the combination of manual and linguistic work that demands attention to detail, receptive understanding of complex terms and processes, and familiarity with the analytical and sequential thinking needed to identify and solve problems.
Our Experience With Epoetins in Treating Renal Anemia
Authors: Bren Andrej , Kandus Aljoša
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Epoetin treatment of renal anemia has been practiced in Slovenia since 1988. More than 90% of hemodialysis patients and 83% of peritoneal dialysis patients have been treated with epoetin. Epoetin has also been available for patients with renal anemia in the pre‐dialysis period and for those with a failing kidney allograft. Although epoetin treatment did not accelerate the worsening of native kidney function or allograft function, intensified antihypertensive treatment was required in kidney graft recipients. In patients on peritoneal dialysis, hypervolemia had a greater effect on hypertension than did epoetin treatment. Epoetin resistance was connected with C‐reactive peptide cryptorchidism, intact parathyroid hormone, and treatment with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors. In hemodialysis patients, lower doses of epoetin were required for patients receiving low molecular heparin and those with lower iPTH. Epoetin alpha, epoetin beta and epoetin omega seemed to be effective and safe in the treatment of renal anemia. In the past 2 years, epoetins were administered to  hemodialysis  patients  only  intravenously.
Vascular Access for Hemodialysis: Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Malovrh Marko
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  The long‐term survival and quality of life of patients on hemodialysis (HD) is dependant on the adequacy of dialysis via an appropriately placed vascular access. The optimal vascular access is unquestionably the autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF), with the most common method being the conventional radio‐cephalic fistula at the wrist. Recent clinical practice guidelines recommend the creation of native fistula or synthetic graft before the start of chronic HD therapy to prevent the need for complication‐prone dialysis catheters. This could also have a beneficial effect on the rapidity of worsening kidney failure. A multidisciplinary approach (nephrologists, surgeons, radiologists and nurses) should improve the HD outcome by promoting the use of AVF. An important additional component of this program is the Doppler ultrasound for preoperative vascular mapping. Such an approach may be realized without unsuccessful surgical explorations, with a minimal early failure rate and a high maturation, even in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Hemodialysis Catheters
Authors: Ponikvar Rafael
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  As a busy dialysis and apheresis unit and a referral center for vascular access, we had 850 hemodialysis catheter insertions in 2004, and >16 000 since 1976. According to data from literature and our experience, insertion should be guided by real‐time ultrasonography whenever possible. Trisodium citrate in various concentrations (4–30%) seems to be a preferable locking solution (local anticoagulant and antimicrobial activity, no systemic anticoagulation, low price). Mupirocin at the exit site decreases the incidence of local infection and sepsis. The possible additive beneficial effects of the locking solution (citrate) and exit‐site care with antibiotic (mupirocin, gentamycin) should be explored. According to our experience, temporary non‐tunneled single‐lumen catheters (one or two), with citrate locking and mupirocin at exit site, can be successfully used as a long‐term vascular access in selected patients. The complications rate (malfunction and infection) of these catheters is comparable to tunneled, permanent catheters, but with the important advantage of easier insertion, exchange and removal.
Convective Dialysis Therapies, Current Status and Perspective
Authors: Ledebo Ingrid
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  When introduced in the 1970s, convective dialysis therapies were considered an attractive alternative to hemodialysis (HD), but technical and economical limitations prevented wide clinical application. Today, these therapies (i.e. hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration) are receiving renewed interest from the renal community. The main reason is the disappointment with current chronic dialysis therapy, which despite continuous integration of technical and pharmaceutical progress, has not provided significantly improved survival. The recent HEMO study showed that HD, even when administered at high dose and with high‐flux membranes, has reached the limit of benefit for a representative dialysis population. At the same time there is new evidence supporting convective therapies. The extended range of solutes that is removed by convection as opposed to diffusion includes many molecules associated with uremic symptoms and complications. The hemodynamic stability characteristic of convective therapies is confirmed also in comparison with modern HD. Observational data indicates a survival benefit for patients treated with large volumes of convection. Continuously applied convective therapies are the preferred choice in severe cases of acute renal failure, and new membrane development may take these therapies to new applications of blood purification in the intensive care unit.
Subcutaneous Compared With Intravenous Epoetin Treatment in Patients on Hemodialysis: One Center Study
Authors: Malovrh Marko , Premru Vladimir
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  The use of epoetin has, in Europe, been restricted to the intravenous (i.v.) route in patients on hemodialysis. This study is aimed at investigating impacts of this change in policy. We retrospectively compared 45 hemodialysis patients treated with epoetin (alpha, beta) subcutaneously (subcutaneous [s.c.] period) for 12 months before and 12 months after changing the route from s.c. to i.v., and 38 patients of the i.v. period who underwent long‐term, i.v. low‐dose iron therapy (i.v. iron period) for 6 months. During the study period, the dose of epoetin increased in the i.v. period compared to the s.c. period by 6.4% (7379 ± 3556 IU/week [median 7846] vs 6907 ± 3842 IU/week [median 5846], respectively [NS]). During the i.v. iron period, patients began to receive regular i.v. iron. The postiron epoetin dose was 5923 ± 4779 IU/week (median 4500). The dose was decreased in comparison with the s.c. and i.v. periods by 14.2% and 19.7%, respectively. Hemoglobin decreased in the i.v. period compared to the s.c. period (120.4 ± 8.0 g/L vs 123.5 ± 6.7 g/L [P < 0.01]), and increased in the i.v. iron period compared to the s.c. and i.v. periods ([126.5 ± 9.9 g/L vs 123.5 ± 6.7 [P < 0.01]), and vs 120.4 ± 8.0 (P < 0.01)]. Changing the route of administration of epoetin required an insignificant increase in dosage. Regular low‐dose iron improves the response to epoetin and lowers the dose of epoetin, even in cases when the intravenously administration route is used.
Surgical Salvage of Thrombosed Arteriovenous Fistulas and Grafts
Authors: Ponikvar Rafael
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Our clinical experience with surgical salvage of thrombosed arteriovenous (AV) fistula and grafts, performed by a skilled interventional nephrologist is presented. A total of 286 surgical interventions were performed in 246 chronic hemodialysis patients aged 12–87 years (55 ± 16 years), 268/286 (93.7%) in AV fistulas, 18/286 (6.3%) in grafts, and analyzed retrospectively. A subgroup of 61 procedures was analyzed prospectively. The type of procedure, immediate success and patency after surgery were evaluated. Thrombectomy with reanastomosis was performed in 197/286 (68.9%) and simple thrombectomy in 89/286 (31.1%) of the procedures. The time from thrombosis to surgery was 1–60 days (3.7 ± 1.8). Immediate success was achieved in 258/286 (90.2%) of surgical procedures, 95.5% (189/198) in thrombectomies with reanastomosis, and 77.5% (69/89) in simple thrombectomies. Primary and secondary patency rates for AV fistulas after surgical salvage at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months were 93.1, 84.0, 78.3, 75.0% and 96.6, 88.0, 78.3, 77.3%, respectively. In order to maintain secondary patency, 1.15 surgical procedures per AV fistula were needed. The time to thrombosis in grafts was on average 10.2 months, primary and secondary functioning time from thrombectomy (until the end of observation period) was from 1 to 19 months (average 6.9 ± 6.3 months) and from 5.5 to 19 months (average 9.1 ± 5.6 months), respectively. In 7/16 (43.8%) surgical procedures, transluminal angioplasty and in 3/16 endovascular stent was placed after angioplasty. To maintain secondary patency, 2.3 surgical procedures per graft were needed. The surgical salvage of thrombosed AV fistulas and grafts, performed by a skilled interventional nephrologist, is successful in the short and long‐term.
Duplex‐Doppler Long‐term Follow‐up of Renal Transplant Artery Stenosis: Case Controlled Study
Authors: Župunski Ana , Buturović‐Ponikvar Jadranka
Published: June 2005

Abstract: The aim of this retrospective clinical study was to assess a long‐term course of renal transplant artery stenosis with duplex‐Doppler ultrasound, and its influence upon serum creatinine, hemoglobin concentration and hypertension, as well as to investigate a possible association between stenosis and the number of acute rejections. Thirty‐four renal transplant recipients, aged 43 ± 13 years, with significant (>50%) renal transplant artery stenosis as seen on Doppler ultrasound were compared with 34 renal transplant recipients without stenosis (excluded by Doppler). Patients of both groups were matched by age, sex, time of transplantation, type of renal transplant, and number of previous transplantations. We analyzed peak systolic velocity (PSV) in the renal transplant artery, resistance index (RI) at the level of intra‐renal arteries, serum creatinine, hemoglobin concentration, blood pressure, the number of antihypertensive medications, and the number of acute rejections on a yearly basis. In the stenosis group, PSV was 2.1 ± 0.5 m/s at 1 year after transplantation (controls 1.1 ± 0.4), 1.9 ± 0.5 at 2 years (0.9 ± 0.4), 1.9 ± 0.5 at 3 years (0.9 ± 0.4); RI was 62 ± 10% at 1 year (controls 68 ± 7), 65 ± 9 at 2 years (67 ± 7), 63 ± 9 at 3 years (67 ± 7); serum creatinine was 128 ± 58 µmol/L at 1 year (controls 129 ± 43), 119 ± 47 at 2 years (121 ± 33), 125 ± 54 at 3 years (127 ± 32). Long‐term course of renal transplant artery stenosis (>50%), treated medically or interventionally, seems to be stable and non‐progressive (during a 3‐year follow up). Spontaneous regression of stenosis to non‐significant level is possible. No difference in graft function, blood pressure or the number of acute rejections was observed comparing the stenotic and non‐stenotic groups.
Conservation Laws, Symmetries, and Elementary Particles
Authors: Hoekzema Dick , Schooten Gert , van den Berg Ed , Lijnse Piet
Published: June 2005

The following student text on conservation laws, symmetries, and elementary particles was developed in a Dutch project for teaching modern physics to the top stream of the sixth year of secondary education (age 17–18). In a series of 35 lessons of 45–50 minutes each, students study particle-wave duality, the Heisenberg principle, probability models for properties of particles, the particle in a box, and applications, elementary particles, and astrophysics (http://www.phys.uu.nl/∼wwwpmn). In this paper we focus on particle physics and the key concepts of this chapter are: transformation, reaction equation, conservation laws, and symmetry. For recent literature regarding the teaching of symmetries and/or elementary particles, we refer to articles by Hill & Lederman,1 Pascolini & Pietroni,2 Kalmus,3 O'Connell,4 and Hanley.5
Quarks & Quilts: A Physics Sampler
Authors: Becker Julie A.
Published: June 2005

Quarks & Quilts: A Physics Sampler is a quilt that is educational in two vastly different disciplines—physics and quilting. It seamlessly connects these two topics by simultaneously being informative and artistic. It is a fabric textbook on introductory physics, and while the theme of the quilt is physics, the quilt utilizes numerous quilting techniques, concepts, and quilt blocks to illustrate the concepts of physics. A “sampler quilt” is a traditional quilt composed of different quilt blocks. Quarks & Quilts: A Physics Sampler offers a sampling of quilting concepts as well as a sampling of physics concepts. A photo of the quilt can be seen on this month's cover.
Albert Einstein: The Violinist
Authors: White Peregrine
Published: June 2005

To the press of his time Albert Einstein was two parts renowned scientist, one jigger pacifist and Zionist fundraiser, and a dash amateur musician. These proportions persisted during 1979, the 100th anniversary of his birth, as writers in all media jostled each other as they recounted his achievements. Relativity tended to hog the show. Relatively little space was given to Einstein the musician.
Approximations for the Period of a Simple Pendulum
Authors: Hite Gerald E.
Published: June 2005

In a recent paper1 L. Edward Millet proposed a justification of an approximation for the period of a simple pendulum suggested earlier by Kidd and Fogg,2 and made the argument that the expression should be included in textbooks. This paper presents two other approximations that are more accurate. At this point it would seem that a decision as to which approximation, if any, should be included in textbooks or lab manuals is premature.
The Site of Action of General Anesthetics - A Chemical Approach
Authors: Sandorfy Camille
Published: June 2005

Recently Urban (Br. J. Anaesth. 2002, 89, 167) and Trudell (Br. J. Anaesth. 2002, 89, 32) assessed the present state of the art in anesthesiological research. This article is an attempt to add to the discussion some ideas from the chemist's point of view. General anesthesia is a matter of molecular associations. Among the intermolecular interactions that can be involved, weak hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces are believed to be most important. A pluralistic view is proposed, thereby different anesthetics can choose different interactions in conformity with their chemical structure. This can involve proteins, lipids, and sugars. Special attention is given to glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids. A review with 90 references.
Electronic Spectra of Conjugated Polyynes, Cumulenes and Related Systems: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Zahradník Rudolf , Srnec Martin , Havlas Zdeněk
Published: June 2005

Electronic spectra of conjugated polyynes [H(C≡C)nTH, nT = 1 to 7] and cumulenes [H2(C)nCH2, nC = 1 to 9] were calculated by means of the time-dependent density functional theory (TD DFT) and, for a group of selected molecules, also by the symmetry-adapted cluster configuration interaction method (SAC-CI). A comparison was made between calculated and published experimental spectral data. It turned out that the TD DFT (with B3LYP) was a reliable tool for calculation of band positions in the longest-wavelength region. In the case of cumulenes, except allene, only data for alkyl and phenyl derivatives are available. The characteristics of cumulenes split into two distinctly separate classes, planar (with an even number of carbon atoms, D2h) and non-planar (with an odd number of carbon atoms, D2d). Special attention was paid to the influence of substituents of various types on the position of the first intensive bands of polyynes and polyenes. Plotting wavenumbers of these bands against the reciprocal number of the CC triple bonds (polyynes) or the CC double bonds (polyenes) lead to (partial) rectification and made the extrapolation to infinite chains easier. While the extrapolated value for infinite polyynes (and derivatives like dimethyl or dicyano) amounts to about 16 000 cm-1, for anions and radical anions derived from the parent polyynes, the extrapolated value tends to significantly smaller values or possibly to zero. The situation with polyenes and their derivatives and heteroanalogues is similar; small deviations from zero with chains without significant bond alternation seem likely.
CONNECTIONS AND GENERALIZED GAUGE TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: DAVIS SIMON
Published: June 2005

The derivation of the standard model from a higher-dimensional action suggests a further study of the fiber bundle formulation of gauge theories to determine the variations in the choice of structure group that are allowed in this geometrical setting. The action of transformations on the projection of fibers to their submanifolds are characteristic of theories with fewer gauge vector bosons, and specific examples are given, which may have phenomenological relevance. The spinor space for the three generations of fermions in the standard model is described algebraically.
VANISHING THEOREMS ON STRONGLY Q-CONVEX MANIFOLDS
Authors: ABDELKADER O. , SABER S.
Published: June 2005

Let X be strongly q-convex domain of an n-dimensional Kähler manifold M and E be a holomorphic vector bundle over M. Then, if E satisfies certain positivity conditions, we prove vanishing theorems for the [Formula: see text]-cohomology groups of X with values in E.
EUCLIDEAN SUPER YANG–MILLS THEORY ON A HYPER-KÄHLER EIGHT-FOLD
Authors: MÜLSCH D. , GEYER B.
Published: June 2005

The construction of a NT = 3 cohomological gauge theory on the hyper-Kähler eight-fold, whose group theoretical description was given previously by Blau and Thompson [1], is performed explicitly.
The extensional Messaria shear zone and associated brittle detachment faults, Aegean Sea, Greece
Authors: Kumerics Christine , Ring Uwe , Brichau Stéphanie , Glodny Johannes , Monié Patrick
Published: June 2005

Structural, thermochronological and metamorphic data are used to elucidate the tectonic nature and evolution of the ductile extensional Messaria shear zone and the associated brittle Messaria and Fanari detachment faults, which exhumed their footwall from mid-crustal depths on the island of Ikaria in the Aegean. Thermobarometric data indicate that the Messaria shear zone formed at 350–>400 °C and 3–4 kbar (i.e. at a depth of
c
. 15 km). Normal faulting was accompanied by the intrusion of two granites, which together with the thermobarometric data indicate a relatively high thermal field gradient of 25–35 °C km
−1
. Zircon and apatite fission-track and apatite (U–Th)/He ages demonstrate rapid cooling in the footwall of the Messaria detachment from
c
. 400 °C to
c
. 40 °C between 11 and 3 Ma. Age–distance relationships of the data suggest that the Messaria shear zone and the Messaria detachment slipped at apparent rates of
c
. 6–9 km Ma
−1
. Kinematic indicators show a consistent top-to-the-NNE shear sense for the extensional faults. However, at the southern part of the Messaria detachment some late-stage shear-sense indicators are top-to-the-SSW and are assumed to be associated with updoming of the footwall. Numerous deformed pegmatite veins in the Messaria shear zone allow the reconstruction of deformation and flow parameters. The mean kinematic vorticity number ranges from 0.13 to 0.80, indicating that shearing deviated significantly from simple shear; that is, extensional shearing was associated with vertical ductile thinning, which contributed to tectonic exhumation. Finite strain shows oblate geometries and axial ratios of the finite-strain ellipse in sections parallel to tectonic transport and normal to the mylonitic foliation range from 1.8 to 19.9. We calculate, using a 1D numerical model, that vertical ductile thinning contributed
c
. 20% to exhumation during extensional shearing. Normal faulting was the major agent exhuming the footwall from
c
. 15 km depth.
Investigating the record of Permian climate change from argillaceous sedimentary rocks, Oman
Authors: Stephenson M.H. , Leng M.J. , Vane C.H. , Osterloff P.L. , Arrowsmith C.
Published: June 2005

A standard method for the analysis of carbon isotope composition of bulk organic matter (δ
13
C
bulk
) in palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic studies of sedimentary basins associated with hydrocarbons is suggested. This method includes the removal of interstitial hydrocarbon within the sediments, which is shown to have a negative effect on δ
13
C. Using the method, a δ
13
C
bulk
trend (
c
. −21 to −24‰) was found within the Lower Permian Al Khlata and lower Gharif formations of Thuleilat-16 and -42 well sections, south Oman. Palaeontological and sedimentological evidence indicates considerable palaeoenvironmental change, from a cold climate lowland fern flora and upland primitive conifer flora low in the sequence, to a lowland cycad-like and upland glossopterid or other gymnospermous flora higher in the sequence. The lithologies range from glacial diamictite at the base to calcrete horizons and redbeds at the top. It is therefore likely that the δ
13
C
bulk
trend is related to palaeoenvironmental change.
Constraints on the thermal energy released from the Chicxulub impactor: new evidence from multi-method charcoal analysis
Authors: Belcher C.M. , Collinson M.E. , Scott A.C.
Published: June 2005

It has been suggested by various workers that an extraterrestrial impact at the K–T boundary delivered sufficient thermal power to ignite globally extensive wildfires. Numerous models have sought to predict the amount of thermal power released by the impact, but none have considered the distribution of wildfire indicators in K–T rocks. Probably the most distinctive product from combustion of biomass is charcoal. The abundance of charcoal across the K–T boundary at eight non-marine sites in North America, stretching from Colorado in the south to Saskatchewan in the north, is recorded using three separate methods that allow quantitative analyses of microscopic to macroscopic charcoal particles. This study not only provides the first extensive study of charcoals across the K–T boundary but also uses the presence or absence of charred material to predict the extent and severity of the thermal pulse released by the K–T impact across the area predicted to have suffered the most extreme environmental effects. The K–T rocks contain on average between four and eight times (according to the method used) less charcoal than the Cretaceous rock record and non-charred plant remains are abundant in the K–T rocks. The below-background charcoal abundance and the high proportion of noncharred material in the K–T and lowermost Tertiary rocks across the Western Interior of North America suggest that there were no significant wildfires in this area associated with the K–T event. Although soot and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been reported in the K–T rocks we suggest that the soot morphology and PAH types are more consistent with a source from the vaporization of hydrocarbons rather than biomass. For spontaneous ignition of vegetation temperatures >545 °C are necessary, whereas smouldering will begin at 325 °C. The below-background levels of charcoal in the K–T rocks allow the ground temperatures following the K–T impact to be constrained to between no more than 545 °C at any point and not above 325 °C for any significant period. This implies a maximum irradiance of <19 kW m
−2
at the ground surface and that no more than 6 kW m
−2
of thermal power was delivered to the ground for more than a few hours. Therefore our results show that the fossil record indicates that the impact at Chixculub did not generate sufficient thermal power to ignite extensive wildfires.
Unusually large clastic dykes formed by elutriation of a poorly sorted, coarser-grained source
Authors: Ross Pierre-Simon , White James D.L.
Published: June 2005

Tuff dykes of unusual size invade coarser-grained volcaniclastic rocks of the Jurassic Mawson Formation at Coombs Hills and Allan Hills, Antarctica. We infer that the material for the largest dykes was elutriated from their host's matrix. To our knowledge, this mode of genesis has not been invoked before. In this volcanic setting elutriation was driven by magmatic heat, but the production of relatively finer-grained clastic dykes by elutriation of material from coarser ill-sorted sources may be significant in many settings.
Degree of magnetic anisotropy as a strain intensity gauge in ferromagnetic granites
Authors: Sen Koushik , Majumder Sukhen , Mamtani Manish A.
Published: June 2005

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data for a ferromagnetic granite (Godhra Granite, NW India) are presented and it is shown that the degree of magnetic anisotropy (

P

′) is not controlled by the mean susceptibility (

K

m
). Analyses carried out across a high-strain zone lying between granite and adjacent gneiss show that

P

′ values are highest in samples that lie close to the contact and decrease away from it. Based on these results it is concluded that if

P

′ is not controlled by

K

m
, then the former can be used to gauge strain-intensity variations in ferromagnetic granites.
Development of polygonal fault systems: a test of hypotheses
Authors: GOULTY N.R. , SWARBRICK R.E.
Published: June 2005

Polygonal networks of normal faults in layer-bound sequences of fine-grained mudstones have formed without regional tectonic extension. The two leading hypotheses concerning the generic mechanism responsible for their development are: (1) horizontal stresses are reduced by syneresis; (2) coefficients of residual friction are very low. To discriminate between these hypotheses, the ratios between the minimum horizontal and the vertical effective stresses have been estimated in four North Sea wells penetrating Oligocene and Miocene sequences that contain polygonal fault networks. The effective stress ratios are

c

. 0.8, consistent with very low coefficients of friction but not with syneresis.
Immunoglobulin Gene Diversification
Authors: Maizels Nancy
Published: June 2005

Three processes alter genomic sequence and structure at the immunoglobulin genes of B lymphocytes: gene conversion, somatic hypermutation, and class switch recombination. Though the molecular signatures of these processes differ, they occur by a shared pathway which is induced by targeted DNA deamination by a B cell–specific factor, activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Ubiquitous factors critical for DNA repair carry out all downstream steps, creating mutations and deletions in genomic DNA. This review focuses on the genetic and biochemical mechanisms of diversification of immunoglobulin genes.
Comparative Developmental Genetics and the Evolution of Arthropod Body Plans
Authors: Angelini David R. , Kaufman Thomas C.
Published: June 2005

The arthropods display a wide range of morphological diversity, varying tagmosis, as well as other aspects of the body plan, such as appendage and cuticular morphology. Here we review the roles of developmental regulatory genes in the evolution of arthropod morphology, with an emphasis on what is known from morphologically diverse species. Examination of tagmatic evolution reveals that these changes have been accompanied by changes in the expression patterns of Hox genes. In contrast, review of the modifications to wing morphology seen in insects shows that these body plan changes have generally favored alterations in downstream target genes. These and other examples are used to discuss the evolutionary implications of comparative developmental genetic data.
Zone-specific cell proliferation during adrenocortical regeneration after enucleation in rats
Authors: Ennen William B. , Levay-Young Brett K. , Engeland William C.
Published: June 2005

A quantitative analysis of zone-specific proliferation was done to determine the recovery of adrenal cortical zonation during regeneration after enucleation. Adult male rats underwent adrenal enucleation [unilateral enucleation (ULE)] or sham surgery, both accompanied by contralateral adrenalectomy. At 2, 5, 10, and 28 days, blood and adrenals were collected to assess functional recovery. Adrenal sections were immunostained for Ki67 (proliferation), cytochrome P-450 aldosterone synthase ( P-450aldo, glomerulosa), and cytochrome P-450 11β-hydroxylase ( P-45011β, fasciculata). Unbiased stereology was used to count proliferating glomerulosa and fasciculata cells. Recovery of fasciculata secretory function occurred by 28 days as reflected by plasma ACTH and corticosterone, whereas glomerulosa function reflected by plasma aldosterone remained low at 28 days. At 5 days, ULE adrenals showed increased Ki67+ cells in the glomerulosa and inner fasciculata, whereas at 10 and 28 days increased proliferation was restricted to the outer fasciculata. These data show that enucleation results in transient elevations in glomerulosa and inner fasciculata cell proliferation followed by a delayed increase in the outer fasciculata. To assess adrenal growth in enucleated adrenals previously suppressed by the presence of an intact adrenal, rats underwent ULE and sham surgery; after 4 wk, the intact adrenal was removed and enucleated adrenals were collected at 2, 5, and 10 days. Overall, proliferation was delayed in this model, but at 5 days, Ki67+ cells increased in the outer fasciculata, whereas by 10 days, increased proliferation occurred in the outer and inner fasciculata. The key novel finding of increased proliferation in the inner fasciculata suggests that the delayed growth of the enucleated adrenal results in part from a regenerative response.
Activation of NAD(P)H oxidase by outward movements of H+ ions in renal medullary thick ascending limb of Henle
Authors: Li Ningjun , Zhang Guo , Yi Fu-Xian , Zou Ai-Ping , Li Pin-Lan
Published: June 2005

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the production of superoxide (O2−·) by NAD(P)H oxidase is coupled to tubular metabolic activity through ionic activation mediated by H+ movement across cell membrane. Using dual fluorescent microscopic imaging analysis, intracellular O2−· levels and pH (pHi) in renal medullary thick ascending limb of Henle (TALH) cells were simultaneously measured. It was found that intracellular O2−· levels in these cells were increased in parallel to the elevation of pHi by outflow of H+ induced via NH4Cl loading followed by rapid removal. This increase in intracellular O2−· levels was substantially blocked by an inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchanger, methylisobutyl-amiloride (MIA; 100 μM), a chemical SOD mimetic, Tiron (1 mM) or an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase, diphenylene iodonium (DPI; 100 μM). In additional groups of TALHs, a proton ionophore, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (10 μM) was used to produce H+ conductance, leading to H+ flux across cell membrane depending on extracellular pH. The efflux of H+ increased both pHi and intracellular O2−· levels, but the influx of H+ did not increase intracellular O2−· levels. The H+ efflux-induced increase in intracellular O2−· levels was completely blocked by DPI and another NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin (100 μM). In in invo experiments, renal medullary infusion of MIA (100 μM) was found to significantly decrease the concentrations of H2O2 in the renal medullary interstitium. These results suggest that it is the outward movements of H+ ions that activates NAD(P)H oxidase to produce O2−· in TALH cells. This H+ outflow-associated activation of NAD(P)H oxidase importantly contributes to tissue levels of reactive oxygen species in the renal medulla.
Lipid oxidation in fit young adults during postexercise recovery
Authors: Kuo Calvin C. , Fattor Jill A. , Henderson Gregory C. , Brooks George A.
Published: June 2005

To evaluate the hypothesis that lipid oxidation predominates in postexercise recovery, we examined healthy men ( n = 6; age = 21.2 ± 0.6 yr) and women ( n = 6; age = 22.8 ± 2.1 yr) during and after two exercise tasks [89 min at 45% and 60 min at 65% of peak rate of oxygen consumption (V̇o2 peak)] as well as a time-matched resting control trial (Con). Exercise bouts were matched for energy expenditure. Respiratory exchange ratios (RER) during exercise at 65% V̇o2 peak for both men and women (0.95 ± 0.01 and 0.93 ± 0.02) were significantly higher than 45% V̇o2 peak (0.89 ± 0.01 and 0.86 ± 0.02) and Con trials (0.86 ± 0.01 and 0.86 ± 0.02, respectively). During recovery, for men RER values were 0.78 ± 0.01 and 0.76 ± 0.01 after 45% and 65% exercise, respectively. For women, values were 0.79 ± 0.01 and 0.78 ± 0.01. These were significantly lower than during both the preexercise resting period and the corresponding no-exercise Con period (0.82 ± 0.01 and 0.83 ± 0.01, mean RER for men and women, respectively). Hence, the contribution of lipid oxidation to energy supply increased significantly during recovery compared with preexercise levels, and it was greater after exercise than during the time-matched, no-exercise Con period. It is concluded that, although carbohydrate is the major fuel source during moderate- to high-intensity exercise, 1) there is substantial postexercise lipid oxidation; and 2) lipid oxidation is the same during postexercise recovery whether the relative power output is 45% or 65% of V̇o2 peak when energy expenditure of exercise is matched.
A perspective on the muscle reflex: implications for congestive heart failure
Authors: Sinoway Lawrence I. , Li Jianhua
Published: June 2005

In this review we examine the exercise pressor reflex in health and disease. The role of metabolic and mechanical stimulation of thin fiber muscle afferents is discussed. The role ATP and lactic acid play in stimulating and sensitizing these afferents is examined. The role played by purinergic receptors subdivision 2, subtype X, vanilloid receptor subtype 1, and acid-sensing ion channels in mediating the effects of ATP and H+ are discussed. Muscle reflex activation in heart failure is then examined. Data supporting the concept that the metaboreflex is attenuated and that the mechanoreflex is accentuated are presented. The role the muscle mechanoreflex plays in evoking renal vasoconstriction is also described.
Lipschitz functions with unexpectedly large sets of nondifferentiability points
Authors: Csörnyei Marianna , Preiss David , Tišer Jaroslav
Published: June 2005

It is known that every Gδ subset E of the plane containing a dense set of lines, even if it has measure zero,
has the property that every real‐valued Lipschitz function on
ℝ2 has a point of differentiability in E. Here
we show that the set of points of differentiability of
Lipschitz functions inside such sets may be surprisingly tiny:
we construct a Gδ set E ⊂ ℝ2 containing a dense set of lines for which there is a pair of
real‐valued Lipschitz functions on ℝ2 having no
common point of differentiability in E, and there is a
real‐valued Lipschitz function on ℝ2 whose set of
points of differentiability in E is uniformly purely unrectifiable.
Generic existence of solutions of nonconvex optimal control problems
Authors: Zaslavski Alexander J.
Published: June 2005

The Tonelli existence theorem in the calculus of variations and its subsequent modifications
were established for integrands f which satisfy convexity and growth conditions. In 1996, the author
obtained a generic existence and uniqueness result (with respect to variations of the integrand of the integral functional)
without the convexity condition for a class of optimal control problems satisfying the Cesari growth condition. In this paper, we
survey this result and its recent extensions, and establish several new results in this direction.