bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Electrosynthesis of β‐Hydroxy‐α‐Amino Acids in the Form of NiII‐Schiff‐Base Complexes
Authors: Levitskiy Oleg A. , Grishin Yuri K. , Magdesieva Tatiana V.
Published: April 2019

A new electrochemical method for stereoselective hydroxyalkylation of glycine in the form of a chiral NiII complex of the Schiff base derived from (S)‐2‐[N‐(N′‐benzylprolyl)amino] benzophenone (GlyNi) is elaborated. The method is technologically simple: galvanostatic electrolysis of GlyNi is performed in a one‐compartment electrochemical cell in an alcohol solution (which serves as a reactant and a solvent simultaneously) in the presence of KOH. High chemical yields of α‐amino‐β‐hydroxy acids (in the form of NiII Schiff base complexes) were obtained for the C1–C3 primary alcohols; for the higher alcohols yields were low. The stereochemical outcome of the process is dependent on the pH of the solution and the reaction time between the end of the electrolysis and the work‐up procedure. Thermodynamically more stable (2R) product (for methanol) and (2R,28S)‐diastereomer (for the homologues) are formed at high pH with high diastereselectivity (de up to 94 %). In the media with low basicity, under kinetic control, the (2S) complex (for methanol) and (2S,28R)‐diastereomer (for higher alcohols) can be obtained (de = 100 %). The correlation between the chemical shift of the H8 proton in the 1H NMR spectra and the configuration of the amino acid α‐stereocenter in the NiII Schiff‐base complexes was established providing a new tool for determination of the absolute configuration of the α‐carbon stereocenter.
Synergy of B and Al Dopants in Mesoporous MFI Nanocrystals for Highly Selective Alcoholysis of Furfuryl Alcohol into Ethyl Levulinate
Authors: Wang Meng-Ying , Su Hui , Zhai Guang-Yao , Yu Qiu-Ying , Wang Hong-Hui , Jiang Zhi-Dong , Li Xin-Hao , Chen Jie-Sheng
Published: April 2019

In this article, the synergetic effect between the B‐ and Al‐based acidic sites in B–Al co‐doped mesoporous MFI nanocrystals (denoted as m‐B‐Al‐S1) is rationally applied to modify the alcoholysis process of furfuryl alcohol. The porosity and dopant concentration of the m‐B‐Al‐S1 materials are optimized via a modified Kirkendall growth method to boost the ultra‐high selectivity to ethyl levulinate reactions (94%). The m‐B‐Al‐S1 catalyst also shows good stability for further reuses.
Mesenchymal stem cell mediated effects on microglial phenotype in cuprizone‐induced demyelination model
Authors: Barati Shirin , Ragerdi Kashani Iraj , Moradi Fateme , Tahmasebi Fatemeh , Mehrabi Soraya , Barati Mahmood , Joghataei Mohammad Taghi
Published: April 2019

Microglial cells have an essential role in neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple sclerosis. They are divided into two subgroups: M1 and M2 phenotypes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), with neuroprotective and immunomodulating properties, could improve these diseases. We evaluate the immunomodulating effects of MSC on microglial phenotypes and the improvement of demyelination in a cuprizone (CPZ) model of multiple sclerosis (MS). For inducing the chronic demyelination model, C57BL6 mice were given a diet with 0.2% CPZ (w/w) for 12 weeks. In the MSC group, cells were transplanted into the right lateral ventricle of mice. The expression of targeted genes was assessed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. M1 and M2 microglial phenotypes were assessed by immunohistochemistry of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Arg‐1, respectively. Remyelination was studied by luxal fast blue (LFB) staining and electron microscopy (EM). We found that MSC transplantation reduced the expression level of M1‐specific messenger RNA (mRNA; iNOS and CD86) but increased the expression level of M2 specific genes (CD206, Arg‐1, and CX3CR1) in comparison to the CPZ group. Moreover, cell therapy significantly decreased the M1 marker (iNOS+ cells), but M2 marker (Arg‐1+ cells) significantly increased in comparison with the CPZ group. In addition, MSC treatment significantly increased the CX3CL1 expression level in comparison with the CPZ group and led to improvement in remyelination, which was confirmed by LFB and EM images. The results showed that MSC transplantation increases the M2 and decreases the M1 phenotype in MS. This change was accompanied by decrease in demyelination and axonal injury and indicated that MSCs have a positive effect on MS by modification of microglia cells.
Oxidative stress upregulates Wnt signaling in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells through activation of disheveled
Authors: Zhang Chi , Tannous Elizabeth , Zheng Jie J.
Published: April 2019

Abnormal retinal neovascularization associated with various retinopathies can result in irreversible vision loss. Although the mechanisms involved in this occurrence is unclear, increasing evidence suggests that aberrant Wnt signaling participates in the pathogenesis of abnormal neovascularization. Because Wnt signaling upregulation can be induced by oxidative stress through the activation of disheveled (DVL), a key molecule in the Wnt signaling pathway, we investigated whether oxidative stress can activate Wnt signaling and induce angiogenic phenotypes in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs). We found that increased Wnt signaling activity, as well as enhanced angiogenic phenotypes, such as tube formation and cell migration, were detected in the hydrogen peroxide‐treated HRMECs. Moreover, these effects were effectively suppressed by a small‐molecule Wnt inhibitor targeting the PDZ domain of DVL. Therefore, we propose that targeting abnormal Wnt signaling at the DVL level with a small‐molecule inhibitor may represent a novel approach in retinal neovascularization treatment and prevention.
An endoplasmic reticulum stress regulator, Tmbim6, modulates secretory stage of mice molar
Authors: Aryal Yam Prasad , Neupane Sanjiv , Adhikari Nirpesh , An Chang‐Hyeon , Ha Jung‐Hong , Kwon Tae‐Yub , Yamamoto Hitoshi , Jung Jae‐Kwang , Park Eui‐Kyun , Kim Ji‐Youn , Cho Sung‐Won , Sohn Wern‐Joo , Lee Youngkyun , Chae Han‐Jung , Kim Hyung‐Ryong , Kim Jae‐Young
Published: April 2019

To understand the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐stress in mice molar development, we studied Tmbim6 that antagonizes the unfolded protein response, using Tmbim6 knockout (KO) mice and in vitro organ cultivation with knocking down using small interfering RNA. During molar development, Tmbim6 is expressed in developing tooth at E14–E16, postnatal0 (PN0), and PN6. Mineral content in Tmbim6 KO enamel was reduced while dentin was slightly increased revealing ultrastructural changes in pattern formation of both enamel and dentin. Moreover, odontoblast differentiation was altered with increased Dspp expression at PN0 followed by altered AMELX localizations at PN5. These results were confirmed by in vitro organ cultivation and showed altered Bmp signaling, proliferation, and actin rearrangement in the presumptive ameloblast and odontoblasts that followed the altered expression of differentiation and ER stress‐related signaling molecules at E16.5. Overall, ER stress modulated by Tmbim6 would play important roles in patterned dental hard tissue formation in mice molar within a limited period of development.
Rapid clinical exome sequencing in a pediatric ICU: Genetic counselor impacts and challenges
Authors: Clowes Candadai Sarah V. , Sikes Megan C. , Thies Jenny M. , Freed Amanda S. , Bennett James T.
Published: April 2019

Exome sequencing (ES) has revolutionized molecular diagnosis in children with genetic disease over the past decade. However, exome sequencing in the inpatient setting has traditionally been discouraged, in part due to an increased risk of providers failing to retrieve and act upon results, as many patients are discharged before results return. The development of rapid turn‐around‐times (TATs) for genomic testing has begun to shift this paradigm. Rapid exome sequencing (rES) is increasingly being used as a diagnostic tool for critically ill infants with likely genetic disease and presents significant challenges to execute. We implemented a program, entitled the Rapid Inpatient Genomic Testing (RIGhT) project, to identify critically ill children for whom a molecular diagnosis is likely to change inpatient management. Two important goals of the RIGhT project were to provide appropriate genetic counseling, and to develop protocols to ensure efficient test coordination‐ both of which relied heavily on laboratory and clinic‐based genetic counselors (GCs). Here, rES was performed on 27 inpatient trios from October 2016 to August 2018; laboratory and clinical GCs encountered significant challenges in the coordination of this testing. The GCs involved retrospectively reviewed these cases and identified three common challenges encountered during pretest counseling and coordination. The aim of this paper is to define these challenges using illustrative case examples that highlight the importance of including GCs to support rES programs.
Moral emotions: A review and research agenda for management scholarship
Authors: Greenbaum Rebecca , Bonner Julena , Gray Truit , Mawritz Mary
Published: April 2019

By discussing “families” of moral emotions, we synthesize and review the moral emotions literature in an effort to advance organizational scholarship. First, we broadly discuss “what constitutes a moral emotion?” Second, we critically examine each family of moral emotions. We discuss key controversies and debates, particularly in terms of construct overlap, and provide recommendations. Third, we review scholarly work on each family of moral emotions in the workplace and offer ideas for future research. Finally, in our general future directions, we discuss a range of theoretical perspectives that can be used to advance the moral emotions literature in the management field.
Deep eutectic solvent as an operative media on structure‐reactivity relationships
Authors: Harifi‐Mood Ali Reza , Khorshahi Hasan
Published: April 2019

Deep eutectic solvents seem to be environmentally friendly solvents, particularly because they are prepared easily and have very low‐vapor pressures under ambient conditions. They are suitable candidates as green solvents for reaction media with special properties. To present this behavior, substitution reactions of some para‐ and meta‐substituted anilines with 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene have been spectrophotometrically investigated in varying mole fractions of ethaline as a deep eutectic solvent in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The measured rate coefficients of the reaction demonstrated a noticeable variation with the increasing mole fraction of ethaline in ethaline‐DMSO mixtures. The linear free energy relationship (LFER) of second‐order rate coefficients based on Hammett's substituent constants demonstrates a reasonably linear straight line with a negative slope in different mole fractions of ethaline‐DMSO mixtures. Another LFER investigation based on the polarity parameters of the media showed a good agreement with hydrogen bond donor and acceptor abilities of the solvent. Non‐LFER assay according to the preferential solvation model confirmed differences between the microsphere solvation of the solute molecules and the bulk composition of the solvents.
Assessing fractional hair cell survival in archival human temporal bones
Authors: Wu Pei‐zhe , Wen Wei‐ping , O'Malley Jennifer T. , Liberman M. Charles
Published: April 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

Histopathological analysis of hair cell survival in human temporal bone sections has historically been binarized such that each hair cell row is rated as either present or absent, thereby greatly underestimating the amount of hair cell loss. Here, we describe and validate a technique to reliably assess fractional hair cell survival in archival sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) using high‐resolution light microscopy and optical sectioning.

Study Design

Technique validation.

Methods

Hair cell counts in archival temporal bone slide sets were performed by several observers using either differential interference contrast (DIC) or confocal microscopy of the endogenous eosin fluorescence in hair cells. As a further cross‐check, additional decelloidinized sections were immunostained with hair cell markers myosin VI and VIIa.

Results

Cuticular plates and stereocilia bundles are routinely resolvable in DIC imaging of archival H&E‐stained human material using standard research‐grade microscopes, allowing highly accurate counts of fractional hair cell survival that are reproducible across observer and can be verified by confocal microscopy.

Conclusions

Reanalysis of cases from the classic temporal bone literature on presbycusis suggests that, contrary to prior reports, differences in audiometric patterns may be well explained by the patterns of hair cell loss.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 130:487–495, 2020
Anastomosing Hemangioma of the Nasal Cavity
Authors: Huang Zheng‐Yi , Chen Chien‐Chin , Thingujam Bipin
Published: April 2019

Anastomosing hemangioma (AH) is an uncommon benign vascular neoplasm first described in the genitourinary tract. Symptomatically and histologically mimicking malignant angiosarcoma, a few rare cases have been described in the nonrenal genitourinary tract. Here, we report a 37‐year‐old man with a nasal AH and epistaxis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of AH reported in the nasal cavity. Awareness of this entity in the nasal cavity can be helpful in diagnosis and distinction from angiosarcoma. Laryngoscope, 130:354–357, 2020
Healthy Nordic Diet Modulates the Expression of Genes Related to Mitochondrial Function and Immune Response in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome–A SYSDIET Sub‐Study
Authors: Myhrstad Mari C. W. , de Mello Vanessa D. , Dahlman Ingrid , Kolehmainen Marjukka , Paananen Jussi , Rundblad Amanda , Carlberg Carsten , Olstad Ole Kristoffer , Pihlajamäki Jussi , Holven Kirsten B. , Hermansen Kjeld , Dragsted Lars O. , Gunnarsdottir Ingibjörg , Cloetens Lieselotte , Storm Matilda Ulmius , Åkesson Björn , Rosqvist Fredrik , Hukkanen Janne , Herzig Karl‐Heinz , Risérus Ulf , Thorsdottir Inga , Poutanen Kaisa S. , Savolainen Markku J , Schwab Ursula , Arner Peter , Uusitupa Matti , Ulven Stine M.
Published: April 2019

Scope

To explore the effect of a healthy Nordic diet on the global transcriptome profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of subjects with metabolic syndrome.

Methods and results

Subjects with metabolic syndrome undergo a 18/24 week randomized intervention study comparing an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet with an average habitual Nordic diet served as control (SYSDIET study). Altogether, 68 participants are included. PBMCs are obtained before and after intervention and total RNA is subjected to global transcriptome analysis. 1302 probe sets are differentially expressed between the diet groups (p‐value < 0.05). Twenty‐five of these are significantly regulated (FDR q‐value < 0.25) and are mainly involved in mitochondrial function, cell growth, and cell adhesion. The list of 1302 regulated probe sets is subjected to functional analyses. Pathways and processes involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, immune response, and cell cycle are downregulated in the healthy Nordic diet group. In addition, gene transcripts with common motifs for 42 transcription factors, including NFR1, NFR2, and NF‐κB, are downregulated in the healthy Nordic diet group.

Conclusion

These results suggest that benefits of a healthy diet may be mediated by improved mitochondrial function and reduced inflammation.
Synthesis and Feasibility Evaluation of a new Trastuzumab Conjugate Integrated with Paclitaxel and 89Zr for Theranostic Application Against HER2‐Expressing Breast Cancers
Authors: Jang Joo Hee , Han Sang Jin , Kim Jung Young , Kim Kwang Il , Lee Kyo Chul , Kang Chi Soo
Published: April 2019

The preparation and in vitro evaluation of a theranostic conjugate composed of trastuzumab, paclitaxel (PTX), and deferoxamine (DFO)‐chelated 89Zr have been reported. These comounds have potential applications against HER2 receptor positive breast cancers. We conjugated DFO and PTX to trastuzumab by exploiting simple conjugation chemistry. The conjugate (DFO‐trastuzumab‐PTX) showed excellent radiolabeling efficiency with 89Zr and the labeled conjugate had high in vitro stability in human serum. Furthermore, DFO‐trastuzumab‐PTX displayed comparable cytotoxicity with PTX and 89Zr‐DFO‐trastuzumab‐PTX exhibited HER2 receptor‐mediated binding on HER2‐positive MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells. The results of our in vitro study indicate high potential of 89Zr‐DFO‐trastuzumab‐PTX to be utilized in the theranostic application against HER2‐postive breast cancers.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Screening of Pyridopyrimidines as Effective Anti‐Diarrheal Agents through the Suppression of Cyclic Nucleotide Accumulation
Authors: Zaminelli Tiago , Magli Elisa , Frecentese Francesco , Lescano Caroline H. , Campos Rafael , Saccone Irene , Corvino Angela , Di Vaio Paola , Giordano Flavia , Luciano Paolo , Fiorino Ferdinando , Perissutti Elisa , Santagada Vincenzo , Severino Beatrice , Caliendo Giuseppe , De Nucci Gilberto
Published: April 2019

The increased levels of cyclic nucleotides (cGMP and cAMP) in enterocytes trigger intracellular mechanisms of ion and fluid secretion into the lumen, causing secretory diarrhea. Twelve novel pyridopyrimidines derived from 5‐(3,5‐bistrifluoromethylphenyl)‐1,3‐dimethyl‐5,11‐dihydro‐1H‐indeno[2,1 : 5,6]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4,6‐trione (FPIPP) were synthesized and evaluated on intracellular cyclic nucleotide accumulation. All compounds had no effect on either cyclic nucleotide basal levels or on pre‐contracted aortic rings. The metabolic activity and viability in T84 cells, assessed by MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and the LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assays, respectively, were not affected by incubation with the compounds (50 μM). Compound VI almost abolished cGMP accumulation (94 % inhibition) induced by STa toxin in T834 cells and significantly reduced (69 %) forskolin‐induced cAMP accumulation in Jurkat cells. Compound VI was active in an in vivo model for diarrhea in rabbits. These results prompted us to perform a microscopic histopathological analysis of intestinal tissues, showing that only compound VI preserves the intestine without significant pathological changes and with a decreased inflammatory pattern in comparison to FPIPP. In vitro stability test revealed that compound VI is resistant to oxidation promoted by atmospheric oxygen.
Quantifying hydrologic alteration in an area lacking current reference conditions—The Mississippi alluvial plain of the south‐central United States
Authors: Hart Rheannon M. , Breaker Brian K.
Published: April 2019

Quantifying hydrologic alteration in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (MAP) of the south‐central United States is particularly difficult because of the lack of current reference, or even relatively undisturbed, streams and associated streamflow data. Impacts, such as water withdrawals for agriculture, weirs, dams, channelization, and other forms of regulation, within the MAP increased substantially beginning around 1960 suggesting that streamflow has since been altered. Using historical streamflow and climate data and explanatory variables, the U.S. Geological Survey developed random forest regression models to estimate expected reference monthly streamflows (pre‐1960) at 76 sites in the MAP and two adjacent Level III Ecoregions. To compensate for the lack of current reference stream sites in the study area, the pre‐1960 streamflow data were used as a surrogate to estimate current streamflow conditions without anthropogenic influence (inferring current reference conditions). Overall, nearly every site within the study area had less zero‐flow days than what historically has been observed and there were more low‐pulse spells. However, the frequency of floods remained relatively consistent.
A Sensitive Aptasensor Based on a Hemin/G‐Quadruplex‐Assisted Signal Amplification Strategy for Electrochemical Detection of Gastric Cancer Exosomes
Authors: Huang Rongrong , He Lei , Xia Yanyan , Xu Hongpan , Liu Chang , Xie Hui , Wang Su , Peng Lijun , Liu Yufeng , Liu Yuan , He Nongyue , Li Zhiyang
Published: April 2019

Emerging evidence indicates that exosomes derived from gastric cancer cells enhance tumor migration and invasion through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. However, it remains a major problem to detect cancer‐specific exosomes due to technical and biological challenges. Most of the methods reported could not achieve efficient detection of tumor‐derived exosomes in the background of normal exosomes. Herein, a label‐free electrochemical aptasensor is presented for specific detection of gastric cancer exosomes. This platform contains an anti‐CD63 antibody modified gold electrode and a gastric cancer exosome specific aptamer. The aptamer is linked to a primer sequence that is complementary to a G‐quadruplex circular template. The presence of target exosomes could trigger rolling circle amplification and produce multiple G‐quadruplex units. This horseradish peroxidase mimicking DNAzyme could catalyze the reduction of H2O2 and generate electrochemical signals. This aptasensor exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity toward gastric cancer exosomes with a detection limit of 9.54 × 102 mL−1 and a linear response range from 4.8 × 103 to 4.8 × 106 exosomes per milliliter. Therefore, this electrochemical aptasensor is expected to become a useful tool for the early diagnosis of gastric cancer.
Investigation on Viscosity and Melting Temperature of Vanadium, Titanium, Chromium Containing Hot Metal
Authors: Diao Jiao , Liu Liang , Gu Wenfeng , Gu Pan , Wang Guang , Xie Bing
Published: April 2019

In the present study, a device for measuring the viscosity and melting temperature of hot metal is designed based on the method of damped torsional oscillations. The effects of carbon, titanium, chromium, vanadium, and sulfur contents on the viscosity and melting temperature of hot metal are investigated. The results indicated that titanium is the most important element affecting the viscosity and melting temperature of hot metal. Carbides of titanium, chromium, and vanadium are precipitated when the hot metal cooled below the melting temperature. This is an important reason that titanium, chromium, and vanadium have great influence on the viscosity and melting temperature of hot metal. Furthermore, the influences of carbon and sulfur contents on the viscosity and melting temperature of hot metal are also analyzed.
Dementia: Paradigm shifting into high gear
Authors: Hachinski Vladimir
Published: April 2019

Redressing the rising threat of dementia demands not only an increase, but a diversification of efforts. We need new approaches, trials, and partners. We cannot afford to continue to only round up the usual suspects, β amyloid, and tau and try to stop them with a single drug “silver bullet”. Dementia of late onset is not a disease, but an amalgam of interactive pathologies on the shifting background of aging, requiring multimodal targeting. Cerebrovascular diseases coexist and coact with all major neurodegenerative pathologies, increasing two‐fold the likelihood that they will manifest clinically. Cerebrovascular diseases need to be controlled, to give antidegenerative drugs a chance to succeed. This calls for new types of trials and designs. Stroke doubles the chances of developing dementia and decreases in stroke incidence correlate with decreases in dementia. Ninety percent of strokes are potentially preventable and so are a proportion of dementias. The stroke and dementia communities need to partner and complement the search for silver bullets with the golden opportunity of doing something now.
Christian Apologists and “the Fall of the Angels”: An Attack on Roman Imperial Power?
Authors: Pagels Elaine
Published: April 2019

Justin, a philosopher converted to Christianity, addresses these words to the Roman senate as he protests a recent case of arbitrary arrest and execution of Christians. Although outraged by the verdict, he cannot fault the judge, Urbicus, praetorian prefect of Rome, and personal friend of the imperial family. Justin knows that Urbicus only followed orders in pronouncing the mandatory death sentence against those convicted of atheism as evinced by their refusal to worship the gods or to sacrifice to the divine genius of the emperor. Instead Justin invokes the story of Genesis 6—the story of the fall of the angels—to indict the whole system of imperial power, and to attack the divine pantheon that supports it as a false government, a form of demonic tyranny.
Rudolf Bultmann on Rudolf Otto
Authors: Lattke Michael
Published: April 2019

Rudolf Otto (1869–1937), well known for his book The Idea of the Holy, and Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976), even more famous for his hermeneutical programs of demythologization and existential interpretation, had, according to Bultmann himself, “been friends at Breslau.” Although Bultmann admitted in 1969 with incorruptible fairness that “the calling of the systematic theologian Rudolf Otto was a great gain for the theological faculty at Marburg,” he also had to state that “Otto and I grew so far apart that our students, too, were aware of the antithesis between his work and mine.” Already ten years earlier, in his first autobiographical draft of 1959, Bultmann mentioned “tensions with R. Otto, Hermann's successor,” which “led to lively discussions” among the students at Marburg. Those tensions date back at least to the early twenties, as two letters of Bultmann to Karl Barth reveal. In the first letter, written at the end of 1922, Bultmann stigmatizes the notes of Otto to F. Schleiermacher's Reden, Über die Religion, as “totally misleading.” In a letter written in April 1927 Bultmann expresses the hope that the opposition at Marburg to the Swiss theologian Eduard Thurneysen might be overcome “in six months, when Otto will be in India.” Thurneysen belonged to the new movement of so-called Dialectical Theology.
Hell Disappeared. No One Noticed. A Civic Argument
Authors: Marty Martin E.
Published: April 2019

An abstract of this essay would reveal two interests, one civil and one religious. The first has to do with a public debate over values in American elementary and secondary education and what this debate symbolizes about national life in general. Specifically, I want to suggest that the stated intentions of citizens who demand religious instruction in the public schools could only be fulfilled, logically, if this instruction included doctrines of eternal punishment—in short, the possibility of hell. This is especially true if they wish to restore moral instruction “as it used to be.” My second argument urges that such a teaching would impose on schools a doctrine that has disappeared or been drastically diminished in the preachments of most American religious groups. It is a doctrine that is hence not culturally available.
Etosha Dreams: an historical account of the Hai//om predicament
Authors: Suzman James
Published: April 2019

In 1954 several hundred Hai//om San were evicted from their homes in Etosha National Park in the former South West Africa. As a result they joined the legions of landless generational farm-labourers who sustained an uneconomic and heavily subsidised white-owned commercial agricultural sector. This paper explores the predicament of this community vis-à-vis land rights in post-apartheid Namibia. It draws on recent historical research to contextualise Hai//om demands for land, and discusses the emergence of history as a dominant paradigm for the articulation of contemporary Hai//om identity. Likewise it explores the Hai//om's invocation of history to justify their demands for greater parity in land access. In doing so, it queries the usefulness of invoking an indigenous rights model as a justification for Hai//om land claims.
Shell utilization patterns of a tropical intertidal hermit crab assemblage
Authors: Turra Alexander , Leite Fosca P.P.
Published: April 2019

The shell selection and utilization patterns of three sympatric hermit crab populations (Clibanarius antillensis, C. sclopetarius, and C. vittatus) and shell availability were studied in a tropical intertidal low energy area. Shell availability (except for C. antillensis) was low and the hermit crabs showed overlap in size (mainly C. sclopetarius and C. vittatus). The influence of shell availability and selection on shell use was dependent on crab species. Clibanarius antillensis used mainly shells of Cerithium atratum, the most available shell species, while Clibanarius sclopetarius and C. vittatus occupied shells with lower availability in the studied area such as Chicoreus senegalensis, Stramonita haemastoma, Leucozonia nassa and Cymatium parthenopeum. The three species selected different gastropod shells with only Clibanarius antillensis using almost exclusively its preferred shell species in nature. The relationship between shield length and the weight of the used shell was not dependent on crab species or shell species, indicating that the size (not species) of the shells defines what size (not species) of crabs will occupy them.
HYLEMORPHIC DUALISM
Authors: Oderberg David S.
Published: April 2019

To the extent that dualism is even taken to be a serious option in
contemporary discussions of personal identity and the philosophy of mind,
it is almost exclusively either Cartesian dualism or property dualism that
is considered. The more traditional dualism defended by Aristotelians and
Thomists, what I call hylemorphic dualism, has only received
scattered attention. In this essay I set out the main lines of the
hylemorphic dualist position, with particular reference to personal
identity. First I argue that overemphasis of the problem of consciousness
has had an unhealthy effect on recent debate, claiming instead that we
should emphasize the concept of form. Then I bring in the concept of
identity by means of the notion of substantial form. I continue
by analyzing the relation between form and matter, defending the
traditional theses of prime matter and of the unicity of substantial form.
I then argue for the immateriality of the substantial form of the human
person, viz. the soul, from an account of the human intellect. From this
follows the soul's essential independence of matter. Finally,
although the soul is the immaterial bearer of personal identity,
that identity is still the identity of an essentially embodied being. I
explain how these ideas are to be reconciled.
THE NORMATIVITY OF SELF-GROUNDED REASON
Authors: Copp David
Published: April 2019

In this essay, I propose a standard of practical rationality and a
grounding for the standard that rests on the idea of autonomous agency.
This grounding is intended to explain the “normativity” of the
standard. The basic idea is this: To be autonomous is to be
self-governing. To be rational is at least in part to be
self-governing; it is to do well in governing oneself. I
argue that a person's values are aspects of her
identity—of her “self-esteem identity”—in
a way that most of her ends are not, and that it therefore is plausible to
view action governed by one's values as self-governed. This
is also plausible on independent grounds. Given this, I say, rational
agents comply with a standard—the “values
standard”—that requires them to serve their values, and to
seek what they need in order to continue to be able to serve their
values.
THE IDENTITY OF IDENTITY: MORAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL
SELF-TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Shapiro Michael H.
Published: April 2019

Technologies are being developed for significantly altering the traits
of existing persons (or fetuses or embryos) and of future persons via germ
line modification. The availability of such technologies may affect our
philosophical, legal, and everyday understandings of several important
concepts, including that of personal identity. I consider whether the idea
of personal identity requires reconstruction, revision or abandonment in
the face of such possibilities of technological intervention into the
nature and form of an individual's attributes. This requires an
account of the work done by the concept of personal identity, and an
explanation of what “conceptual impacts of technology” and
“conceptual reconstruction” might mean.

Our existing notions of personal identity and related ideas such as
personhood and autonomy may seem unable to comfortably accommodate the
possibilities of technologically directed trait formation and development.
This is a matter of moral and legal importance because the idea of
personal identity embeds major values and reflects value-laden beliefs and
attitudes. The assumed endurance of identity underlies interpersonal
relationships, the assignment of rewards and punishments, and the very
idea of what constitutes an autonomous person. Perhaps radical
restructuring or even abandonment of concepts are sometimes called for
when the world changes drastically, but I suggest that conceptual
modification is not “compelled” for personal identity except
under extreme circumstances—the remote possibility of rapid human
“shape shifting” where physical and mentational attributes can
be transformed quickly and continuously.

Efforts to enhance human traits, including merit attributes and other
resource-attractive characteristics (e.g., intellectual and
athletic aptitudes, physical size and appearance), may generate legal
problems wherever the persistence of identity is presupposed. Some advance
speculation is thus warranted on how trait change generally will be
managed within our legal and socioeconomic systems, and more particularly
on rights of access to trait-altering technologies. I mention the possible
distributive effects of enhancing highly-resource attractive traits,
including the strengthening individual powers to acquire still more
increments in such traits in a self-reinforcing cycle. A brief review of
some constitutional issues bearing on trait change completes the
discussion.

I conclude that existing and projected technologies do not impel the
abandonment or remodeling of the idea of personal identity. We may,
however, have to reconsider some uses of this concept in different
settings, to rethink our understandings of ideas of merit and desert, and
to deal with the distribution of resources that may enlarge and entrench
the “distances” between social and economic groups.
Does emotional disclosure have any effects? A systematic review of the literature with meta-analyses
Authors: Meads Catherine , Nouwen Arie
Published: April 2019

Objectives:Emotional disclosure has been widely publicized as having beneficial effects on physical and psychological health. A full systematic review was undertaken, with standard health technology appraisal methods, with the aim to assess the effects of emotional disclosure on healthy participants and those with pre-existing morbidity, particularly on longer-term physical health, performance, and psychological outcomes.

Methods:Randomized controlled trials of emotional disclosure were obtained from database searches (Medline (1966–2003), Embase (1980–2003), Cochrane Library (2002, issue 4), Web of Science (1981–2003), Cinahl (1982–2003), and Theses (March 2003), Internet sites (including Professor J.W. Pennebaker's home pages), and personal contacts. Quality was assessed qualitatively and by Jadad score. Meta-analysis was conducted, using Revman 4.1 software, where more than two trials reported the same outcome.

Results:Sixty-one trials were found meeting the inclusion criteria. Most had less than 100 participants and the median Jadad score was 0. A wide variety of physical, physiological, immunological, performance, and psychological outcomes were measured, but fewer were reported. There was no clear improvement for emotional disclosure compared with controls in objectively measured physical health and most other outcomes assessed.

Conclusions:The opinion that this intervention is beneficial needs to be reassessed in light of the totality of evidence available.
Conjoint analysis of preferences for cardiac risk assessment in primary care
Authors: Sassi Franco , McDaid David , Ricciardi Walter
Published: April 2019

Objectives:Many evaluations underestimate the utility associated with diagnostic interventions by failing to capture the nonclinical value of diagnostic information. This is a cause of bias in resource allocation decisions. A study was undertaken to investigate preferences for the assessment of cardiac risk, testing the suitability of conjoint analysis, a multiattribute preference elicitation method, in the field of clinical diagnosis.

Methods:Two conjoint analysis models focusing on selected characteristics of cardiac risk assessment in asymptomatic patients 40–50 years of age were applied to elicit preferences for cardiac risk assessment from samples of general practitioners and the general public in the United Kingdom and Italy. Both models were based on rankings of alternative scenarios, and the results were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and an ordered probit model.

Results:In both countries, members of the public attached at least three times more importance to prognostic value (relative to clinical value) than did general practitioners. Significantly different patterns were found in the two countries with regard to other characteristics of the assessment. Variation within samples was partly associated with personal characteristics.

Conclusions:Only a fraction of the value of cardiac risk assessment to individuals and physicians in this study was linked to health outcomes. The study confirmed the appropriateness and validity of conjoint analysis in the assessment of preferences for diagnostic interventions. A wider use of this technique might significantly strengthen the existing evidence-base for diagnostic interventions, leading to a more efficient use of health-care resources.
Decisions to adopt new technologies at the hospital level: Insights from Israeli medical centers
Authors: Greenberg Dan , Peterburg Yitzhak , Vekstein Daniel , Pliskin Joseph S.
Published: April 2019

Objectives: New medical technologies have been identified as the leading cause of increasing health-care expenditures. Adoption of a new technology is one of the most important decisions in medical centers. The objectives of this study were to map and describe the function of hospital decision-makers within the area of new technology assessment and adoption, and to examine relevant considerations, sources of information, and decision-making processes in the adoption of a new technology.

Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to hospital executives and referred to (i) the considerations for and against adoption of a new technology, (ii) the decision-making process, (iii) information sources used in the decision-making process.

Results: The most frequent criteria favoring adoption included increased cost-effectiveness, increased efficacy, and decrease in complication rates. An increase in complication rates or side effects and decreased efficacy were the top ranked criteria against adoption. The final decision-making responsibility varied among technologies; the medical director frequently made the final decision when a new device was involved, but this responsibility decreased when a new drug or a new procedure was considered. Participation in scientific meetings, opinions of local experts, medical journals, and Food and Drug Administration clearance documents were the most important information sources used in the decision-making process. However, these were not necessarily the optimal sources of information. Significant barriers in adoption decision-making are lack of timely data regarding the safety of the new technology, its cost-effectiveness, and efficacy.

Conclusion: To improve the adoption decisions, hospitals must develop criteria upon which the decision-making will be based.
Use of health technology assessment in decision making: Coresponsibility of users and producers?
Authors: Hivon Myriam , Lehoux Pascale , Denis Jean-Louis , Tailliez Stéphanie
Published: April 2019

Objectives:Health technology assessment (HTA) is a policy-oriented form of research designed to inform decision-makers on the introduction, use, and dissemination of health technology. Whereas research on knowledge transfer has focused on knowledge producers, little attention has been given to the user's perspective. This study examines how health-care provider, administrator, and patient associations across Canada use HTA reports and the limitations they encounter when accessing and using scientific knowledge.

Methods:This study draws from semistructured interviews (n = 42) conducted with three types of user, located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, and Quebec. Applying well-established conceptual categories in knowledge utilization research, our qualitative analyses sought to define more precisely how HTA is used by interviewees as well as the most significant barriers they encounter.

Results:The vast majority of users recognize the usefulness and credibility of HTA reports. Of interest, the way they use HTA takes different forms. Although administrators and health-care providers are in a better position than patient associations to act directly on HTA messages—making aninstrumentaluse of HTA—we also foundconceptualandsymbolicuses across all groups. Our results also indicate that significant organizational, scientific, and material limitations hinder the use of scientific evidence. Overcoming such barriers requires a greater commitment from both HTA producers and users.

Conclusions:This study argues that, to ensure better uptake of HTA, it should become a shared responsibility between HTA producers and various types of user.
Chemotherapeutische Nebenwirkungen bei Kolonkarzinom – eine qualitative Studie aus Betroffenensicht
Authors: Kaufmann-Molnàr Ilona , Hofmann Checchini Hedi , Fringer André
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Das Kolonkarzinom ist eine häufige Erkrankung in Industrieländern. Die Kombination aus Operation, Chemo- und / oder Target-Therapien führt zu physischen, psychischen und sozialen Veränderungen im Alltag. Die Betroffenen setzen sich mit Ungewissheit, Vergänglichkeit und Kontrollverlust auseinander. Unklar ist, welche Strategien die Betroffenen anwenden, um das Selbstmanagement zu fördern. Ziel: Bewältigungsstrategien erkennen, die Personen mit Kolonkarzinom im Stadium III und IV im Umgang mit der Krankheit und deren Symptomen sowie den Nebenwirkungen der Chemotherapie entwickeln. Methode: Ein qualitativ-deskriptives Design mit leitfadengestützten Interviews wurde gewählt. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte induktiv mittels „Initial Coding“ anhand von vier Prozessschritten zur Kategorienentwicklung. Ergebnisse: Elf Betroffene berichten über den Verlust von Autonomie und Kontrolle im Alltag. Sie erleben ihre eigene Endlichkeit und persönlichen Grenzen. Die Betroffenen entwickeln Strategien, um den zunehmenden Kontrollverlust und die Abhängigkeit zu kompensieren. Sie suchen nach Fachwissen und versuchen, die Normalität und den Alltag aufrecht zu erhalten. Ihr Erleben oszilliert zwischen „Bangen und Hoffen“. Schlussfolgerungen: Für Menschen mit Kolonkarzinom stellt Hoffnung eine wichtige Bewältigungsstrategie dar. Personenzentrierte Beratungsgespräche während des ganzen Behandlungsprozesses helfen den Betroffenen im Umgang mit ihrer chronischen Erkrankung.
Multi‐Index Attribution of Extreme Winter Air Quality in Beijing, China
Authors: Callahan Christopher W. , Schnell Jordan L. , Horton Daniel E.
Published: April 2019

High‐impact poor air quality events, such as Beijing's so‐called “Airpocalypse” in January 2013, demonstrate that short‐lived poor air quality events can have significant effects on health and economic vitality. Poor air quality events result from the combination of the emission of pollutants and meteorological conditions favorable to their accumulation, which include limited scavenging, dispersion, and ventilation. The unprecedented nature of events such as the 2013 Airpocalypse, in conjunction with our nonstationary climate, motivate an assessment of whether climate change has altered the meteorological conditions conducive to poor winter air quality in Beijing. Using three indices designed to quantify the meteorological conditions that support poor air quality and drawing on the attribution methods of Diffenbaugh et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618082114), we assess (i) the contribution of observed trends to the magnitude of events, (ii) the contribution of observed trends to the probability of events, (iii) the return interval of events in the observational record, preindustrial model‐simulated climate and historical model‐simulated climate, (iv) the probability of the observed trend in the preindustrial and historical model‐simulated climates, and (v) the relative influences of anthropogenic forcing and natural variability on the observed trend. We find that anthropogenic influence has had a small effect on the probability of the January 2013 event in all three indices but has increased the probability of a long‐term positive trend in two out of three indices. This work provides a framework for both further understanding the role of climate change in air quality and expanding the scope of event attribution.
Convection in Thin Shells of Icy Satellites: Effects of Latitudinal Surface Temperature Variations
Authors: Weller Matthew B. , Fuchs Lukas , Becker Thorsten W. , Soderlund Krista M.
Published: April 2019

We use three‐dimensional numerical experiments of thin shell convection to explore what effects an expected latitudinal variation in solar insolation may have on a convection. We find that a global flow pattern of upwelling equatorial regions and downwelling polar regions, linked to higher and lower surface temperatures (Ts), respectively, is preferred. Due to the gradient in Ts, boundary layer thicknesses vary from equatorial lows to polar highs, and polar oriented flow fields are established. A Hadley cell‐type configuration with two hemispheric‐scale convective cells emerges with heat flow enhanced along the equator and suppressed poleward. The poleward transport pattern appears robust under a range of basal and mixed heating, isoviscous and temperature‐dependent viscosity, vigor of convection, and different degrees of Ts variations. Our findings suggest that a latitudinal variation in Ts is an important effect for convection within the thin ice shells of the outer satellites, becoming increasingly important as solar luminosity increases. Variable Ts models predict lower heat flow and a more compressional regime near downwellings at higher latitudes, and higher heat flow and a more extensional regime near the equator. Within the ice shell, Hadley style flow could lead to large‐scale anisotropic ice properties that might be detectable with future seismic or electro‐magnetic observations.
Improving Water Resources Management with Satellite Data
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: April 2019

An extensive review reveals that remote sensing is changing the way we manage water resources and suggests that the coming years will bring both exciting advancements and new challenges.