bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Felgenhauer Thomas , Schirwitz Christopher , Breitling Frank
Published: April 2010

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Fundamentals of Peptide Synthesis3.Strategies for Peptide Synthesis3.1.Solid‐Phase Synthesis3.2.Microwave‐Assisted Peptide Synthesis3.3.Combinatorial Synthesis of Peptides3.4.Peptide Arrays3.5.Other Synthetic Methods4.Chain‐Growing‐, and Side‐Chain Protective Groups4.1.Protection of the α‐Amino Functionality (“Transient Protection”)4.1.1.Base‐Labile Protection of the α‐Amino Functionality4.1.2.Acid‐Labile Protection of the α‐Amino Functionality4.1.3.Other Orthogonal Protective Groups for the α‐Amino Functionality4.2.Side‐Chain Protective Groups (“Permanent Protection”)4.2.1.Side‐Chain Protective Groups for ω‐Carboxylic acids (D, E)4.2.2.Side‐Chain Protective Groups for Amides (N, Q)4.2.3.Side‐Chain Protective Groups for Thioles and Thioethers (C, M)4.2.4.Side‐Chain Protective Groups for the Imidazole Ring (H)4.2.5.Side‐Chain Protection for the Guanidinium Group (R)4.2.6.Side‐Chain Protective groups for ω‐Amines (K)4.2.7.Side‐Chain Protection for ω‐Hydroxyl Groups (S, T, Y)4.2.8.Side‐Chain Protection for Indole Groups (W)5.Coupling Methods—Formation of the Peptide Bond5.1.Diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC)/N‐Hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) Activation5.2.Active Ester Method5.3.Symmetrical/Asymmetrical (Mixed) Anhydride Method5.4.Aminium and Phosphonium Activation5.5.Acid Fluorides6.Side Reactions6.1.Enantiomerization, Oxazolone Formation6.2.Aspartimide Formation6.3.Ornithine‐ and δ‐Lactam Formation7.Summary and Outlook
Solids Process Technology
Authors: Danner Thomas , Faust Tillmann , Hoffner Bernhard , Lutz Michael , Rieck Daniela , Vogelsang Regina
Published: April 2010

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Unit Operations of Solids Process Technology3.Process Development4.Operation of a Solids Plant5.Prospects
Characterization of a Classification or Separation Process
Authors: Leschonski Kurt
Published: April 2010

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Classification Based on Error‐Free Distribution Curves and Mass Balances2.1.Density and Cumulative Distribution Curves2.2.Mass Balances2.3.Indirect Evaluation ofv1andv22.4.Cut Size2.5.Grade Efficiency Curve (Tromp's Curve)2.6.Sharpness of Cut and Other Parameters3.Influence of Stochastic Errors3.1.Indirect Evaluation ofv1andv23.2.Evaluation of the Grade Efficiency Curve,T(x)4.Influence of Systematic Errors4.1.Splitting in the Classifier4.2.Incomplete Dispersion of the Feed Material4.3.Comminution in the Classifier5.Sample Splitting6.Sedimentation Analysis6.1.Calculation of the Equivalent Settling Rate Diameter,xw6.2.Methods of Sedimentation Analysis6.2.1.Suspension Techniques6.2.2.Superimposed Layer Techniques7.Classification Methods7.1.Sieve Analysis7.2.Air Classification7.2.1.Cross‐flow Classifiers7.2.2.Counterflow Classifiers8.Counting Methods8.1.Image Analysis8.2.Electrical Sensing Zone Method8.3.Measurement by Light Scattering or Absorption9.Fraunhofer Diffraction
Distillation, 2. Equipment
Authors: Stichlmair Johann
Published: April 2010

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Tray Columns

2.1.

Design Principles

2.2.

Operation Region of Tray Columns

2.3.

Two‐Phase Flow on Trays

2.4.

Mass Transfer in the Two‐Phase Layer

3.

Packed Columns

3.1.

Design Principles

3.2.

Operation Region of Packed Columns

3.3.

Two‐Phase Flow in Packed Columns

3.4.

Mass Transfer in Packed Columns
Distillation, 3. Processes
Authors: Stichlmair Johann
Published: April 2010

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Processes for Separating Zeotropic Mixtures

3.

Processes for Separating Azeotropic Mixtures

4.

Hybrid Processes

5.

Reactive Distillation Processes
Disperse Systems, Characterization and Analysis
Authors: Polke Reinhard , Schäfer Michael
Published: April 2010

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties of Disperse Systems and their Relevance for Process Engineering2.1.Objectives of Product Characterization2.1.1.Property Function – Product Model2.1.2.Process Function – Process Model2.1.3.Control of the Process Environment2.1.4.Modeling2.2.Definition of Measurement and Use of Data2.3.Measurement Methods2.4.Mixing Status and Homogeneity2.5.Sensibility and Kinetics of Disperse Systems3.Measuring Methods for Particle Properties4.Measuring Process Technology5.On‐line Characterization6.Outlook
Paints and Coatings, 2. Types
Authors: Funke Werner , Hoppe Lutz , Hasselkus Jürgen , Curtis Larry G. , Hoehne Klaus , Zech Hans‐Joachim , Heiling Peter , Yamabe Masaaki , Dören Klaus , Schupp Hans , Küchenmeister Rolf , Schmitthenner Martin , Kremer Wolfgang , Wieczorrek Wolfhart , Gempeler Hans , Schneider Wolfgang , White James W. , Short Anthony G. , Blank Werner J. , Calbo Leonard J. , Plath Dieter , Wagner Friedrich , Haller Werner , Rödder Karl‐Martin
Published: April 2010

The article contains sections titled:1.Oil‐Based Coatings2.Cellulose‐Based Coatings2.1.Nitrocellulose Lacquers2.1.1.Raw Materials2.1.2.Application and Uses2.2.Organic Cellulose Ester Coatings2.2.1.Cellulose Acetate Butyrate2.2.2.Cellulose Acetate Propionate3.Chlorinated Rubber Coatings3.1.Starting Products3.2.Chlorinated Rubber Paints3.3.Chlorinated Rubber Combination Paints4.Vinyl Coatings4.1.General Properties4.2.Coatings Based on Polyolefins and Polyolefin Derivatives4.3.Poly(Vinyl Halides) and Vinyl Halide Copolymers4.3.1.Poly(Vinyl Chloride) and Vinyl Chloride Copolymers4.3.2.Vinylidene Chloride Copolymers4.3.3.Fluoropolymer Coatings4.4.Poly(Vinyl Esters)4.4.1.Solid Resins4.4.2.Dispersions4.5.Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)4.6.Poly(Vinyl Acetals)4.7.Poly(Vinyl Ethers)4.8.Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers5.Acrylic Coatings6.Alkyd Coatings6.1.Alkyd Resin Binders and Uses6.2.Additional Raw Materials6.3.Production6.4.Environmental and Health Protection Measures7.Saturated Polyester Coatings7.1.Properties7.2.Production of Polyester Resins and Paints7.3.Cross‐Linking of Polyester Resins7.4.Uses8.Unsaturated Polyester Coatings8.1.Unsaturated Polyester Binders8.2.Other Raw Materials8.3.Production, Properties, and Uses8.4.Transportation and Handling9.Polyurethane Coatings9.1.Raw Materials9.2.Polyurethane Systems9.2.1.One‐Pack Systems9.2.2.Two‐Pack Systems9.3.Properties and Uses10.Epoxy Coatings10.1.Epoxy Resin Types10.2.Curing Agents10.3.Chemically Modified Epoxy Resins10.4.Uses10.4.1.Curing at Ambient Temperature10.4.2.Curing at Elevated Temperature10.4.3.Radiation Curing10.4.4.Occupational Health11.Silicone Coatings12.Urea, Benzoguanamine, and Melamine Resins for Coatings13.Phenolic Resins for Coatings13.1.Resols13.2.Novolacs13.3.Modified Phenolic Resins14.Asphalt, Bitumen, and Pitch Coatings14.1.Asphalt and Asphalt Combination Coatings14.2.Bitumen Coatings14.3.Bitumen Combination Coatings14.4.Pitch Coatings14.5.Pitch Combination Coatings15.Silicate Coatings15.1.Water Glass Coatings15.2.Alkyl Silicates
Paints and Coatings, 5. Paint Removal
Authors: Molz Thomas
Published: April 2010

The article contains sections titled:1.Paint Removal from Metals1.1.Chemical Paint Removal1.2.Thermal Paint Removal1.3.Mechanical and Low‐Temperature Paint Removal2.Paint Removal from Wood and Mineral Substrates
Paints and Coatings, 8. Properties, Testing, and Analysis
Authors: Vogel Klaus , Schernau Ulrich , Hüser Bernhard
Published: April 2010

The article contains sections titled:1.Properties and Testing1.1.Properties of Coating Materials1.2.Properties of Coatings1.2.1.Films for Testing1.2.2.Optical Properties1.2.3.Mechanical Properties1.2.4.Chemical Properties1.2.5.Weathering Tests2.Analysis2.1.Analysis of Coating Materials2.1.1.Separation of the Coating Material into Individual Components2.1.2.Analysis of Binders2.1.3.Analysis of Pigments and Extenders2.1.4.Analysis of Solvents2.1.5.Analysis of Additives2.2.Analysis of Coatings
Equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption of methylene blue on Ti‐modified volcanic ashes
Authors: Esparza P. , Borges M. E. , Díaz L. , Alvarez‐Galván M. C. , Fierro J. L. G.
Published: April 2010

Volcanic ashes (VAs) and Ti‐modified volcanic ashes (TVA) were investigated as inexpensive adsorbents to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. TVA displayed higher and faster MB adsorption than VA. Adsorption studies were carried out in a batch system at room temperature. In this work, several variables were studied: contact time, pH, initial MB concentration, and adsorbent dosage. The equilibrium data of MB adsorption were analyzed according to the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Optimum adsorption performance for TVAs particles, prepared using a hydrothermal method, was obtained at pH = 10 and 3 g/l adsorbent dose. MB adsorption isotherm data can be described satisfactorily by the Langmuir equation, whereas adsorption kinetic data fit a pseudo second‐order kinetics model. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Design and control of the ethyl benzene process
Authors: Luyben William L.
Published: April 2010

The ethyl benzene (EB) process involves the reaction of benzene with ethylene to form the desired EB product. However, ethylene can also react with EB to form an undesired product of di‐ethyl benzene (DEB) if reactor temperatures or ethylene concentrations are high. An unusual feature of the EB process is the ability to recycle “to extinction” all the DEB formed in the reactor (no net DEB product produced), since DEB reacts with benzene to form EB. Since DEB is the highest‐boiling component in the system, it comes out the bottom of the two distillation columns, so there is little energy penalty in having a large DEB recycle. Recycling benzene is more expensive because it goes overhead in the first distillation column. The economic optimum steady‐state design is developed that minimizes total annual cost (capital and energy). An effective plantwide control structure is also developed. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
A novel autosomal recessive malformation syndrome associated with developmental delay and distinctive facies maps to 16ptel in the Hutterite population
Authors: Boycott Kym M. , Beaulieu Chandree , Puffenberger Erik G. , McLeod D. Ross , Parboosingh Jillian S. , Innes A. Micheil
Published: April 2010

The Hutterites are a genetically isolated Anabaptist group living on the North American prairies; their population numbers over 40,000, the majority of whom are descendants of 89 founders. An autosomal recessive developmental disorder was identified in four patients from two consanguineous Hutterite families. To our knowledge the clinical presentation is unique and undescribed. The patients have distinctive facial features, congenital malformations of the heart and genitourinary system, head circumference at the 2nd centile and developmental delay. The facial features include tall forehead with high anterior hairline, deep‐set eyes with short, upslanted palpebral fissures, long nose with low‐hanging columella, and thick vermilion of the upper and lower lip. Karyotype and baseline metabolic studies were normal. An identity‐by‐descent mapping approach was used to localize the gene for this disorder. The patients were genotyped using Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 10 K (Xba 2.0) and 50 K (Xba 240) Arrays which identified a single 5.5 Mb homozygous region at chromosome 16p13.3. To confirm and refine the boundaries of this region, microsatellite markers were used to genotype the patients, their parents, and the available unaffected siblings. The disease locus was refined to a region of 5.1 Mb containing 173 known or predicted genes. No other recessive disorders with similar clinical features are currently mapped to this region. The coding regions of over fifteen genes, prioritized by microarray expression analysis and information available in public databases, have been sequenced, but no potential pathogenic mutations have been identified. The identification of the gene for this syndrome will provide new insights into development and learning. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, structure and DNA cleavage of mononuclear Fe(III) complexes with 1,2,4‐triazole‐base ligand
Authors: Liu Hui , Kou Ying‐ying , Feng Li , Li Dong‐dong , Gao Chun‐Yan , Tian Jin‐lei , Zhang Jing‐yan , Yan Shi‐ping
Published: April 2010

Two new mononuclear iron(III) complexes, [Fe(HL)2](ClO4) · (H2O)1.75· CH3CN (1) and [Fe(HL)Cl2] · DMF (2) [H2L = 3‐(2‐phenol)‐5‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1,2,4‐triazole] have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray single‐crystal structure analysis. The single crystal X‐ray crystallographic studies reveal that the central iron atom has a distorted octahedral environment for 1 and a distorted square pyramidal geometry for 2. The DNA cleavage activity of the iron(III) complexes was measured, indicating that the six‐coordinated iron(III) (complex 1) was cleavage inactive and only five‐coordinated complex 2 effectively promoted the cleavage of plasmid DNA in the presence and/or absence of activating agents (peroxide oxygen) at physiological pH and temperature. The mechanism of plasmid DNA cleavage was also studied by adding standard radical scavengers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Histochemical and Ultrastructural Observations of Respiratory Epithelium and Gland in Yak (Bos grunniens)
Authors: Yang Bo , Yu Sijiu , Cui Yan , He Junfeng , Jin Xinhua , Wang Ru
Published: April 2010

Submucous glands and epithelial mucous cells of yak (Bos grunniens) respiratory tract have been studied by a variety of histochemical methods and transmission electron microscopy for differentiating and characterizing serous and mucous cells. By light microscopy, the distribution, numbers of mucous cells, volume of mucous glands (Reid index), and the ratio of mucous cell to serous cell in the bronchial tree were measured with different staining. Histochemically, a majority of mucous cells, presented in the surface epithelium of bronchi and glands, secreted neutral and acid mucosubstances, only a few sulfated mucosubstances were present. No mucus‐producing cells were observed from the terminal to respiratory bronchiolar level. Ultrastructurally, serous cells in glands of the lamina propria had two distinct forms: one type filled with many round dense secretory granules, plentiful RER and few other organelles, similar to other animals; the other type contained some oval mitochondrial and distended RER, the granules resembled the former. The mucous cells in gland were similar to that of epithelium, which containing abundant secretory granules with an eccentric core. The mucous cells of the surface epithelium differ from other animals in the structure and histochemistry of their secretory granules. Analysis of the size and distribution of the secretory granules and other organelles of serous cells suggested that differences represent different phases of a secretory cycle, not various populations of cell or granules. Anat Rec 293:1259–1269, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating information retrieval support techniques for different information‐seeking strategies
Authors: Yuan Xiaojun , Belkin Nicholas J.
Published: April 2010

We report on a study that investigated the efficacy of four different interactive information retrieval (IIR) systems, each designed to support a specific information‐seeking strategy (ISS). These systems were constructed using different combinations of IR techniques (i.e., combinations of different methods of representation, comparison, presentation and navigation), each of which was hypothesized to be well suited to support a specific ISS. We compared the performance of searchers in each such system, designated “experimental,” to an appropriate “baseline” system, which implemented the standard specified query and results list model of current state‐of‐the‐art experimental and operational IR systems. Four within‐subjects experiments were conducted for the purpose of this comparison. Results showed that each of the experimental systems was superior to its baseline system in supporting user performance for the specific ISS (that is, the information problem leading to that ISS) for which the system was designed. These results indicate that an IIR system, which intends to support more than one kind of ISS, should be designed within a framework which allows the use and combination of different IR support techniques for different ISSs.
Ensemble forecasting using TIGGE for the July–September 2008 floods in the Upper Huai catchment: a case study
Authors: He Yi , Wetterhall Fredrik , Bao Hongjun , Cloke Hannah , Li Zhijia , Pappenberger Florian , Hu Yuzhong , Manful Desmond , Huang Yingchun
Published: April 2010

We present a case study using the TIGGE database for flood warning in the Upper Huai catchment (ca. 30 672 km2). TIGGE ensemble forecasts from 6 meteorological centres with 10‐day lead time were extracted and disaggregated to drive the Xinanjiang model to forecast discharges for flood events in July‐September 2008. The results demonstrated satisfactory flood forecasting skills with clear signals of floods up to 10 days in advance. The forecasts occasionally show discrepancies both in time and space. Forecasting quality could potentially be improved by using temporal and spatial corrections of the forecasted precipitation. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
SAR versus Sinc: What is the appropriate RF exposure metric in the range 1–10 GHz? Part I: Using planar body models
Authors: Anderson Vitas , Croft Rodney , McIntosh Robert L
Published: April 2010

This is the first of two articles addressing the most appropriate crossover frequency at which incident power flux density (Sinc) replaces the spatial peak value of the specific energy absorption rate (SAR) averaged over 1 or 10 g (i.e., peak 1 or 10 g SAR) as the basic restriction for protecting against radiofrequency (RF) heating effects in the 1–10 GHz range. Our general approach has been to compare the degree of correlation between these basic restrictions and the peak induced tissue temperature rise (ΔT) for a representative range of population/exposure scenarios. In this article we particularly address the effect of human population diversity in the thickness of body tissue layers at eight different sites of the body. We used a Monte Carlo approach to specify 32000 models (400 models for each of 8 body sites for 10 frequencies) which were representative of tissue thicknesses for age (18–74 years) and sex at the eight body sites. Histogram distributions of Sinc and peak 1 and 10 g SAR corresponding to a peak 1 °C temperature rise were obtained from RF and thermal analyses of 1D multiplanar models exposed to a normally incident plane wave ranging from 1 to 10 GHz in thermo‐neutral environmental conditions. Examination of the distribution spread of the histograms indicated that peak SAR was a better predictor of peak tissue temperature rise across the entire 1–10 GHz frequency range than Sinc, as indicated by the smaller spread in its histogram distributions, and that peak 10 g SAR was a slightly better predictor than peak 1 g SAR. However, this result must be weighed against partly conflicting indications from complex body modeling in the second article of this series, which incorporates near‐field effects and the influence of complex body geometries. Bioelectromagnetics 31:454–466, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined effects of 872 MHz radiofrequency radiation and ferrous chloride on reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Luukkonen Jukka , Juutilainen Jukka , Naarala Jonne
Published: April 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate possible cooperative effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation and ferrous chloride (FeCl2) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage. In order to test intracellular ROS production as a possible underlying mechanism of DNA damage, we applied the fluorescent probe DCFH‐DA. Integrity of DNA was quantified by alkaline comet assay. The exposures to 872 MHz RF radiation were conducted at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 5 W/kg using continuous waves (CW) or a modulated signal similar to that used in Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) phones. Four groups were included: (1) Sham exposure (control), (2) RF radiation, (3) Chemical treatment, (4) Chemical treatment, and RF radiation. In the ROS production experiments, human neuroblastoma (SH‐SY5Y) cells were exposed to RF radiation and 10 µg/ml FeCl2 for 1 h. In the comet assay experiments, the exposure time was 3 h and an additional chemical (0.015% diethyl maleate) was used to make DNA damage level observable. The chemical treatments resulted in statistically significant responses, but no effects from either CW or modulated RF radiation were observed on ROS production, DNA damage or cell viability. Bioelectromagnetics 31:417–424, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of LPS‐inducible genes downregulated by ubiquinone in human THP‐1 monocytes
Authors: Schmelzer Constance , Döring Frank
Published: April 2010

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an obligatory element in the respiratory chain and functions as a potent antioxidant of lipid membranes. More recently, anti‐inflammatory effects as well as an impact of CoQ10 on gene expression have been observed. To reveal putative effects of Q10 on LPS‐induced gene expression, whole genome expression analysis was performed in the monocytic cell line THP‐1. Thousand one hundred twenty‐nine and 710 probe sets have been identified to be significantly (P ≤ 0.05) up and downregulated in LPS‐treated cells when compared with controls, respectively. Text mining analysis of the top 50 LPS upregulated genes revealed a functional connection in the NFκB pathway and confirmed our applied in vitro stimulation model. Moreover, 33 LPS‐sensitive genes have been identified to be significantly downregulated by Q10‐treatment between a factor of 1.32 and 1.85. GeneOntology (GO) analysis revealed for the Q10‐sensitve genes a primary involvement in protein metabolism (e.g., HERC1 and EPS15), cell proliferation (e.g., CCDC100 and SMURF1), and transcriptional processes (e.g., CNOT4 and STK4). Three genes were either related to NFκB transcription factor activity (ERC1), cytokinesis (DIAPH2), or modulation of oxidative stress (MSRA). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that Q10 downregulates LPS‐inducible genes in the monocytic cell line THP‐1. Thus, the previously described effects of Q10 on the reduction of proinflammatory mediators might be due to its antioxidant impact on gene expression.
Fibrillation of α‐lactalbumin: Effect of crocin and safranal, two natural small molecules from Crocus sativus
Authors: Ebrahim‐Habibi Mohammad‐Bagher , Amininasab Mehriar , Ebrahim‐Habibi Azadeh , Sabbaghian Marjan , Nemat‐Gorgani Mohsen
Published: April 2010

Formation of toxic amyloid structures is believed to be associated with various late‐onset neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The fact that many proteins in addition to those that are associated with clinical conditions have the potential to form amyloid fibrils in vitro provides opportunities for studying the fundamentals of protein aggregation and amyloid formation in model systems. Accordingly, considerable interest and effort has been directed toward developing small molecules to inhibit the formation of fibrillar assemblies and their associated toxicities. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of crocin and safranal, two principal components of saffron, on fibrillation of apo‐α‐lactalbumin (a‐α‐LA), used as a model protein, under amyloidogenic conditions. In the absence of any ligand, formation of soluble oligomers became evident after 18 h of incubation, followed by subsequent appearance of mature fibrils. Upon incubation with crocin or safranal, while transition phase to monomeric beta structures was not significantly affected, formation of soluble oligomers and following fibrillar assemblies were inhibited. While both safranal and crocin had the ability to bind to hydrophobic patches provided in the intermediate structures, and thereby inhibit protein aggregation, crocin was found more effective, possibly due to its simultaneous hydrophobic and hydrophilic character. Cell viability assay indicated that crocin could diminish toxicity while safranal act in reverse order. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 854–865, 2010.
Urea interactions with protein groups: A volumetric study
Authors: Lee Soyoung , Shek Yuen Lai , Chalikian Tigran V.
Published: April 2010

We determined the partial molar volumes and adiabatic compressibilities ofN‐acetyl amino acid amides,N‐acetyl amino acid methylamides,N‐acetyl amino acids, and short oligoglycines as a function of urea concentration. We analyze these data within the framework of a statistical thermodynamic formalism to determine the association constants for the reaction in which urea binds to the glycyl unit and each of the naturally occurring amino acid side chains replacing two waters of hydration. Our determined association constants,k, range from 0.04 to 0.39M. We derive a general equation that linkskwith changes in free energy, ΔGtr, accompanying the transfer of functional groups from water to urea. In this equation, ΔGtris the sum of a change in the free energy of cavity formation, ΔΔGC, and the differential free energy of solute–solvent interactions, ΔΔGI, in urea and water. The observed range of affinity coefficients,k, corresponds to the values of ΔΔGIranging from highly favorable to slightly unfavorable. Taken together, our data support a direct interaction model in which urea denatures a protein by concerted action via favorable interactions with a wide range of protein groups. Our derived equation linkingkto ΔGtrsuggests that ΔΔGIand, hence, the net transfer free energy, ΔGtr, are both strongly influenced by the concentration of a solute used in the experiment. We emphasize the need to exercise caution when two solutes differing in solubility are compared to determine the ΔGtrcontribution of a particular functional group. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 866–879, 2010.
Impact of anastomotic leakage on long-term survival after total gastrectomy for carcinoma of the stomach
Authors:   Polish Gastric Cancer Study Group, Sierzega M , Kolodziejczyk P , Kulig J
Published: April 2010

Background

Recent studies suggest that anastomotic leak may adversely affect long-term survival in patients undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal malignancies. Data relating to total gastrectomy for gastric cancer are scarce.

Methods

An electronic database of all patients with resectable gastric cancer treated between January 1999 and December 2004 at seven university surgical centres cooperating in the Polish Gastric Cancer Study Group was reviewed.

Results

Anastomotic leakage was diagnosed in 41 (5·9 per cent) of 690 patients who underwent total gastrectomy. The prevalence of surgical and general complications, and mortality rates were significantly higher in patients diagnosed with anastomotic leakage. The only two independent risk factors for leakage were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 or 3 (odds ratio 5·09, 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 2·29 to 11·32) and splenectomy (odds ratio 2·58, 95 per cent c.i. 1·08 to 6·13). Two Cox proportional hazards models including all the patients and excluding in-hospital deaths identified anastomotic leakage as an independent predictor of survival with hazard ratios of 3·47 (95 per cent c.i. 1·82 to 6·64) and 3·14 (1·51–6·53) respectively.

Conclusion

The occurrence of anastomotic leakage was a major independent prognostic factor for long-term survival.
Evaluation of cell disruption effects on primary recovery of antibody fragments using microscale bioprocessing techniques
Authors: Rayat Andrea C. M. E. , Micheletti Martina , Lye Gary J.
Published: April 2010

Intracellular antibody Fab' fragments periplasmically expressed in Escherichia coli require the release of Fab' from the cells before initial product recovery. This work demonstrates the utility of microscale bioprocessing techniques to evaluate the influence of different cell disruption operations on subsequent solid–liquid separation and product recovery. Initially, the industrial method of Fab' release by thermochemical extraction was established experimentally at the microwell scale and was observed to yield Fab' release consistent with the larger scale process. The influence of two further cell disruption operations, homogenization and sonication, on subsequent Fab' recovery by microfiltration was also examined. The results showed that the heat‐extracted cells give better dead‐end microfiltration performance in terms of permeate flux and specific cake resistance. In contrast, the cell suspensions prepared by homogenization and sonication showed more efficient product release but with lower product purity and poorer microfiltration performance. Having established the various microscale methods the linked sequence was automated on the deck of a laboratory robotic platform and used to show how different conditions during thermochemical extraction impacted on the optimal performance of the linked unit operations. The results illustrate the power of microscale techniques to evaluate crucial unit operation interactions in a bioprocess sequence using only microliter volumes of feed. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Designing and Testing a Chemical Demulsifier Dosage Controller in a Crude Oil Desalting Plant: An Artificial Intelligence‐Based Network Approach
Authors: Alshehri A. K. , Ricardez‐Sandoval L. A. , Elkamel A.
Published: April 2010

The aim of this paper is to present an artificial neural network (ANN) controller trained on a historical data set that covers a wide operating range of the fundamental parameters that affect the demulsifier dosage in a crude oil desalting process. The designed controller was tested and implemented on‐line in a gas‐oil separation plant. The results indicate that the current control strategy overinjects chemical demulsifier into the desalting process whereas the proposed ANN controller predicts a lower demulsifier dosage while keeping the salt content within its specification targets. Since an on‐line salt analyzer is not available in the desalting plant, an ANN based on historical measurements of the salt content in the desalting process was also developed. The results show that the predictions made by this ANN controller can be used as an on‐line strategy to predict and control the salt concentration in the treated oil.
Helix Induction by Dirhodium: Access to Biocompatible Metallopeptides with Defined Secondary Structure
Authors: Zaykov Alexander N. , Popp Brian V. , Ball Zachary T.
Published: April 2010

The use of carboxylate side chains to induce peptide helicity upon binding to dirhodium centers is examined through experimental and computational approaches. Dirhodium binding efficiently stabilizes α helicity or induces α helicity in otherwise unstructured peptides for peptides that contain carboxylate side chains with i, i+4 spacing. Helix induction is furthermore possible for sequences with i, i+3 carboxylate spacing, though in this case the length of the side chains is crucial: ligating to longer glutamate side chains is strongly helix inducing, whereas ligating the shorter aspartate side chains destabilizes the helical structure. Further studies demonstrate that a dirhodium metallopeptide complex persists for hours in cellular media and exhibits low toxicity toward mammalian cells, enabling exploitation of these metallopeptides for biological applications.
An improved method for determining enantiomeric excess by 13C‐NMR in chiral liquid crystal media
Authors: Marathias Vasilios M. , Tate Peter A. , Papaioannou Nikolaos , Massefski Walter
Published: April 2010

By using a combination of inverse gated 1H decoupled 13C‐NMR experiments1 with short acquisition times and NMR Cryo‐probe technology, the sample requirements and experimental times necessary to accurately measure enantiomeric excess of small chiral molecules has been reduced 16‐fold. Quality 13C‐NMR spectra can now be obtained from a 1 to 5 mg sample in 12 minutes. The enantiomeric excess determination achieved from the average integration of all the 13C‐resonances in the spectrum is comparable to enantiomeric excess measured by chiral SFC. The advantage of the NMR method is that enantiomeric excess can rapidly be measured in situ on practical amounts of enantioselective reaction products without the need for chromatographic separation or chemical modification and with substantially less solvent waste. Chirality, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer Quality‐ASSIST supportive oncology quality indicator set
Authors: Dy Sydney M. , Lorenz Karl A. , O'Neill Sean M. , Asch Steven M. , Walling Anne M. , Tisnado Diana , Antonio Anna Liza , Malin Jennifer L.
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND:

Although measuring the quality of symptom management and end‐of‐life care could help provide a basis for improving supportive care for advanced cancer, few quality indicators in this area have been rigorously developed or evaluated.

METHODS:

The authors conducted a pilot evaluation of a comprehensive set of 92 supportive oncology quality indicators, Cancer Quality‐ASSIST, including outpatient and hospital indicators for symptoms commonly related to cancer and its treatment and information and care planning. They operationalized the indicators and developed an electronic abstraction tool and extensive guidelines and training materials. Quality assurance nurses abstracted the medical records for 356 advanced cancer patients in 2 settings: a Veterans Administration hospital and an academic hospital and cancer center. The authors evaluated the indicators' feasibility, inter‐rater reliability, and validity.

RESULTS:

The authors successfully evaluated 78 indicators across the domains; results were similar in the 2 settings. They could not feasibly evaluate 3 indicators because of low prevalence; 22 indicators had significant inter‐rater reliability issues, 9 had significant validity issues, and 3 had both reliability and validity issues, leaving a set of 41 indicators most promising for further testing and use in this population, with an overall kappa score of 0.85 for specified care.

CONCLUSIONS:

Of 92 Cancer Quality‐ASSIST quality indicators for symptoms, treatment toxicity, and information and care planning, 41 were sufficiently feasible, reliable, and valid to be used for patients with advanced cancer in these settings. This set of indicators shows promise for describing key supportive care processes in advanced cancer. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
The application of cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization to fine‐needle aspiration in the diagnosis and subclassification of renal neoplasms
Authors: Roh Michael H. , Dal Cin Paola , Silverman Stuart G. , Cibas Edmund S.
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND:

Percutaneous fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is an important diagnostic test for the evaluation and management of selected renal masses. Cytogenetic analysis of cytology specimens can serve as an adjunct for precise classification because certain tumors are associated with specific chromosomal aberrations. This study summarizes our experience with the application of conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to renal FNA specimens.

METHODS:

All percutaneous renal FNAs performed during 2005 through 2008 were identified from the electronic pathology database. Results of cytogenetic and FISH analyses were correlated with the final diagnoses of the renal FNAs.

RESULTS:

A total of 303 renal FNAs were performed. During an onsite assessment, a portion of the cytology specimen was allocated for cytogenetic analysis in 74 cases. Karyotypic analysis or FISH was successful in 44 (59%) of these. Characteristic chromosomal abnormalities were observed in 27 cases. In 17 cases, a karyotype revealed a combination of trisomies/tetrasomies and in another 5 cases, FISH revealed trisomy 7 and 17, both of which are consistent with papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Two cases showed 3p deletions consistent with clear cell RCC. Trisomy 3 was observed in 1 case of clear cell RCC. Monosomy 1 and 17 was observed in a case of papillary RCC comprised oncocytic cells. In 1 case of primary renal synovial sarcoma, FISH revealed a rearrangement at the SYT locus (18q11.2).

CONCLUSIONS:

Renal FNA specimens are amenable to analysis by cytogenetics and FISH in the diagnosis and subclassification of renal neoplasms. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Diagnostic issues with cytopathologic interpretation of lung neoplasms displaying high‐grade basaloid or neuroendocrine morphology
Authors: Maleki Zahra
Published: April 2010

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSQCC) and high‐grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (HGNEC) including small cell carcinoma (SMCC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) can be difficult to differentiate on lung cytology. This problem is particularly true in scant specimens where immunoperoxidase stains cannot be adequately performed. Sixty‐six cases of BSQCC, LCNEC, and SMCC (22 cases of each) on lung or mediastinal cytology were retrospectively reviewed from the cytopathology archives of two hospitals. Common cytomorphologic characteristics were; hypercellularity, small to intermediate round blue (hyperchromatic) cells, lack of prominent nucleoli, lack of three dimensional architecture, karyorrhexis/necrosis, mitoses, naked nuclei, nuclear crush artifact, and nuclear molding. Distinctive features included: larger cell size with pleomorphism, more cohesive architecture, syncytial aggregation, slightly coarser chromatin texture, rare keratinized malignant cells, and a granular smear background seen more often in BSQCC as opposed to HGNEC. Larger cells with prominent nucleoli and more cytoplasm with focal rosette formation were helpful in distinguishing LCNEC from SMCC and BSQCC. Finally, SMCC displayed uniform small cells with extensive necrosis, and higher mitotic rate. Immunoperoxidase (IPOX) staining using p63, CK5, 6, neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin, synaptophysin and CD56) and TTF‐1 were helpful. BSQCC showed p63 expression and was mostly negative for neuroendocrine markers and TTF‐1. HGNEC showed immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine markers with variable immunoreactivity for TTF‐1. BSQCC, SMCC, and LCNEC share overlapping cytomorphologic features and can be difficult to differentiate on limited cytology specimens. Careful consideration to subtle but definite cytomorphologic clues and attention to selective IPOX stains can lead to a definitive diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol.2011;39:159–167. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of the fatty acid‐binding protein 2 gene Ala54Thr polymorphism with insulin resistance and blood glucose: a meta‐analysis in 13451 subjects
Authors: Zhao Tongfeng , Zhao Jiangpei , Yang Wanxi
Published: April 2010

Background

The results from the published studies on the association of fatty acid‐binding protein 2 (FABP2) Ala54Thr polymorphism with insulin resistance and blood glucose are conflicting. In this meta‐analysis, we investigated the association of the FABP2 Ala54Thr polymorphism with insulin resistance and blood glucose.

Methods

We collected data on fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin, 2‐h blood glucose (2‐h BG) and 2‐h insulin (2‐h insulin), and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index. A dominant model was used for this meta‐analysis.

Results

Thirty‐one studies with 13 451 subjects were included in this meta‐analysis. The carriers of Thr54 allele have significantly higher homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index and marginally higher fasting insulin than the non‐carriers: standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.07, 95% confidence interval (CI, 0.02, 0.12), p = 0.007, pheterogeneity = 0.19 and SMD = 0.08, 95% CI (−0.01, 0.17), p = 0.07, pheterogeneity < 0.00001, respectively. A borderline significant association between the FABP2 Ala54Thr polymorphism and an increased 2‐h BG was also detected under the dominant model: SMD = 0.10, 95% CI (0.00, 0.20), p = 0.05, pheterogeneity = 0.09. In addition, a borderline association between this polymorphism and an increased fasting blood glucose in populations of other ethnic origins was detected under the dominant model: SMD = 0.11, 95% CI (−0.00, 0.23), p = 0.06, pheterogeneity = 0.03.

Conclusions

Our meta‐analysis suggests that the Thr54 allele of the FABP2 Ala54Thr is weakly associated with a higher degree of insulin resistance, higher level of fasting insulin and higher level of 2‐h BG. Our meta‐analysis also suggests a weak association between this polymorphism and an increased fasting blood glucose in populations of other ethnic origins under the dominant model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence rates and predictors of diabetes in those with prediabetes: the Strong Heart Study
Authors: Wang Hong , Shara Nawar M. , Calhoun Darren , Umans Jason G. , Lee Elisa T. , Howard Barbara V.
Published: April 2010

Background

The association between prediabetes as currently defined and incident diabetes in populations with widespread obesity, insulin resistance syndrome, and diabetes is not well defined. In this article, diabetes risk factors and incidence rates in American Indians (AI) with prediabetes are examined.

Methods

A total of 1677 AI who were nondiabetic at baseline was examined during a median 7.8‐year follow‐up as part of the Strong Heart Study (SHS). Risk factors for incident diabetes were measured. Prediabetes was defined according to American Diabetes Association 2003 criteria as having impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (2‐h plasma glucose [2‐h PG] ≥ 140 mg/dL but < 200 mg/dL) and/or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] ≥ 100 mg/dL but < 126 mg/dL).

Results

Prediabetes was identified by FPG alone in 87.5%. Diabetes incidence in those with baseline prediabetes was 66.1/1000 person‐years, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.35 (95% conference interval: 1.84–3.01), compared with participants with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) at baseline. Elevated A1c, 2‐h PG, and fasting insulin (FI); albuminuria; and obesity were significantly associated with conversion from prediabetes to diabetes. Younger age, elevated FI (or body mass index [BMI] in models without FI), and less physical activity were significantly associated with conversion from NGT.

Conclusions

Prediabetes is an independent predictor of conversion to type 2 diabetes in AI, and most can be identified through a fasting glucose measure. Measures of obesity, A1c, FPG, 2‐h PG, FI, albuminuria, and insulin resistance (IR) help predict this conversion. Obesity is a modifiable risk factor. Strategies to reduce obesity should be emphasized in individuals with prediabetes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intestinal inflammation abrogates the tolerogenic properties of MLN CD103+ dendritic cells
Authors: Laffont Sophie , Siddiqui Karima R. R. , Powrie Fiona
Published: April 2010

Intestinal CD103+ DC promote the differentiation of Foxp3+ Treg from naïve CD4+ T cells through mechanisms involving TGF‐β and the dietary metabolite, retinoic acid (RA). In this study, we have analysed whether the specialised features of CD103+ DC are conserved in colitis. Our results show that inflammation dampens the tolerogenic properties of MLN CD103+ DC, which is associated with lower expression of tgfβ2 and aldh1a2. Accordingly, CD103+ DC taken from colitic mice are impaired in their ability to induce Foxp3+ Treg and instead favour the emergence of IFN‐γ‐producing CD4+ T cells compared with their steady‐state counterparts. BrdU‐labelling studies and analysis of ontogeny markers show that CD103+ DC from steady‐state and colitic settings retain similar subset composition and developmental pathways. These results indicate that MLN CD103+ DC are not hard‐wired to promote tolerance but can adapt to environmental conditions. The inflammatory properties of MLN CD103+ DC in colitic mice may reflect defective gut tolerogenic conditioning or altered migratory pathways and raise the possibility that migratory DC populations contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.
Total Synthesis of Silyl‐Protected Early Intermediates of Polyketide Biosynthesis
Authors: Krohn Karsten , Vidal Anne , Tran‐Thien Hoan Trang , Flörke Ulrich , Bechthold Andreas , Dujardin Gilles , Green Ivan
Published: April 2010

The ketal‐ or dithioketal‐protected isocoumarins15–18gave the corresponding 1‐naphthols21–26in their reactions with the acetoacetate (10) or pentane‐2,4‐dione (19) dianions and the acetone monoanion. Subjection of the dithioketal‐protected ester28to Baker–Venkataraman reaction conditions led to the 8‐deoxy tautomeric, protected forms29/30of the early decaketide antibiotic intermediate2b. However, the dithioketal protecting groups could not be removed without destruction of the molecule. Consequently the silyl‐protected unstable early tri‐ and tetracyclic decaketide biosynthesis intermediates37a,37b, and38a(precursors of angucycline and anthracycline antitumor antibiotics) were prepared through silylation of33aand33b, to afford34aand34b, and subsequent treatment with acetylacetone dianion. The ultimate synthetic goal, the silyl‐protected 2,3‐dialkylated naphthol derivative41, was achieved by selective elongation of the bottom chain of the bis‐silyl‐protected methyl ester36with acetylacetone dianion.
Assessment of multiple types of DNA damage in human placentas from smoking and nonsmoking women in the Czech Republic
Authors: Pratt M. Margaret , King Leon C. , Adams Linda D. , John Kaarthik , Sirajuddin Paul , Olivero Ofelia A. , Manchester David K. , Sram Radim J. , DeMarini David M. , Poirier Miriam C.
Published: April 2010

Three classes of DNA damage were assessed in human placentas collected (2000–2004) from 51 women living in the Teplice region of the Czech Republic, a mining area considered to have some of the worst environmental pollution in Europe in the 1980s. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)‐DNA adducts were localized and semiquantified using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the Automated Cellular Imaging System (ACIS). More generalized DNA damage was measured both by 32P‐postlabeling and by abasic (AB) site analysis. Placenta stained with antiserum elicited against DNA modified with 7β,8α‐dihydroxy‐9α,10α‐epoxy‐7,8,9,10‐tetrahydro‐benzo[a]pyrene (BPDE) revealed PAH‐DNA adduct localization in nuclei of the cytotrophoblast (CT) cells and syncytiotrophoblast (ST) knots lining the chorionic villi. The highest levels of DNA damage, 49‐312 PAH‐DNA adducts/108 nucleotides, were found by IHC/ACIS in 14 immediately fixed placenta samples. An additional 37 placenta samples were stored frozen before fixation and embedding, and because PAH‐DNA adducts were largely undetectable in these samples, freezing was implicated in the loss of IHC signal. The same placentas (n = 37) contained 1.7–8.6 stable/bulky DNA adducts/108 nucleotides and 0.6–47.2 AB sites/105 nucleotides. For all methods, there was no correlation among types of DNA damage and no difference in extent of DNA damage between smokers and nonsmokers. Therefore, the data show that DNA from placentas obtained in Teplice contained multiple types of DNA damage, which likely arose from various environmental exposures. In addition, PAH‐DNA adducts were present at high concentrations in the CT cells and ST knots of the chorionic villi. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 52:58–68, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.