bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical Characteristics of Strains of Syngens 10, 11 and 12 of Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: NANNEY D. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The patterns of correlation among cortical structures have been examined in strains of 3 additional breeding groups (syngens) of Tetrahymena pyriformis. As in previous studies, many cytogeometric properties were found to vary within a syngen. Surprisingly, one strain of syngen 12 differed from 3 others in the one property previously found to be constant—the pattern of variation of the position of the contractile vacuole pores. This strain may, however, be a sexually cross‐reacting representative of still another syngen. This interpretation would preserve the diagnostic value of CVP position, and permit an ordering of syngens in terms of the distance of the CVP's from meridian #1: 1, 3, 7, 6, 8, 11, 12, 9, 2, 5, 4, 10.
The Life Cycle of Eimeria bateri (Protozoa, Eimeriidae) in the Japanese Quail Coturnix coturnix japonicum
Authors: NORTON C. C. , PEIRCE M. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria bateri, a parasite of the Indian quail, was described from laboratory infections in Japanese quail. First generation schizonts developed in the glands of the duodenum and upper intestine. Second, 3rd and 4th generation schizonts and gametocytes occurred in the villous epithelium. There was a gradual spread along the small intestine until the whole organ was affected. The prepatent period was 4 days and the patent period 6 days. Graded doses from 5,000 to 1,280,000 oocysts produced very little pathogenic effect in young quail. E. bateri did not infect young pheasants or chicks.
Some Myxosporida from Marine Fishes in South Florida1
Authors: IVERSEN E. S. , CHITTY N. , VAN METER N.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Myxosoma cephalis n. sp. is described from the brain meninges, gills, jaw bone, crop tissue and buccal cavity of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus (striped mullet) of south Florida. The fresh spore is subspherical in front view, lenticular in side view and averages 14.1 × 11.0 × 9.0 μ (length, width, thickness). The sutural ridge is broad, the sutural line is faintly visible and the polar filaments are coiled 4–5 times. This parasite is apparently associated with an epizootic in mullet.

Three species of beloniform fishes from south Florida waters were examined for myxosporidan parasites. New host records and extensions of ranges are provided for Myxidium sphaericum Thélohan in Strongylura timucu (Walbaum) (timucu), and Ceratomyxa aggregata Davis in Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani) (halfbeak). A single spore of the genus Myxidium was found in the gall bladder of Hemiramphus brasiliensis Linnaeus (ballyhoo).
The Effect of 2‐Mercapto‐1‐(Beta‐4‐Pyridethyl) Benzimidazole (MPB) on Cell Differentiation and RNA Synthesis in the Protozoon Tetrahymena vorax1
Authors: NICOLETTE JOHN A. , BUHSE HOWARD E. , ROBIN MARTIN S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Differentiation of small‐mouthed cells (microstomes) into large‐mouthed, potentially carnivorous cells (macrostomes) in Tetrahymena vorax is prevented by 2‐mercapto‐1‐(β‐4‐pyridethyl) benzimidazole (MPB). This differentiation, induced by the transforming principle, stomatin, isolated from the potential prey, Tetrahymena pyriformis, is a synchronous process in which 70–95% of the population of T. vorax microstomes transform into macrostomes within 450 min. MPB also inhibits RNA synthesis in transforming microstomes while having little effect on protein synthesis. Finally, the effect of MPB on both transformation and RNA synthesis is reversible.
A Zonal Density Gradient Centrifuge for Separating Cytoplasmic Granules from Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: MOLLOY J. O. , ORMEROD W. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A small zonal density gradient centrifuge has been designed and constructed for the separation of cell granules from Trypanosoma brucei. Two distinct bands were obtained on a simple sucrose density gradient of the following granules which were found in corresponding fractions of the effluent by electron microscopy: Type I granules (lysosomes) which formed a clear‐cut band toward the periphery of the rotor, and Type II (endoplasmic reticular) granules which formed a more diffuse band and showed great diversity of size, shape and state of aggregation. This aggregation is related to the structure of these granules which are formed in the endoplasmic reticular tubules and are therefore not easily dispersed during rupture of the cell body.
The Stability to Temperature of Lysosomes in Homogenates of Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: LEE DONALD
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The effect of temperature on the stability of lysosomes in homogenates of T. pyriformis at pH 8.1 was studied thruout the temperature range 0–35 C and compared with the stability of lysosomes in homogenates of rat liver and kidney. The lysosomes from T. pyriformis are unstable on exposure for 30 min to temperatures greater than 10–15 C; this instability does not appear to depend on strain, culture medium, growth temperature or the presence or absence of agents which affect the stability of lysosomal membranes.
The Oocysts of Eimeria vermiformis sp. n. and E. papillata sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Mouse Mus musclus
Authors: ERNST JOHN V. , CHOBOTAR BILL , HAMMOND DATUS M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria vermiformis sp. n. and E. papillata sp. n. are described from the mouse Mus musculus. The sporulated oocysts of E. vermiformis are 18–26 by 15–21 μ (mean 23.1 by 18.4 μ); its sporocysts are 11–14 by 6–10 μ (mean 12.8 by 7.9 p). The sporulated oocysts of E. papillata are 18–26 by 16–24 μ (mean 22.4 by 19.2 μ); its sporocysts are 10–13 by 6–9 μ (mean 11.2 by 8.0 μ). A substiedal body is present in E. papillata sporocysts. Patent infections were produced in white laboratory mice with both species. Fourteen species of Eimeria have now been described from the genus Mus.
A New Method for Intraerythrocytic Cultivation of Malaria Parasites (Plasmodium coatneyi and P. falciparum)
Authors: TRAGER WILLIAM
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Infected blood (from the rhesus monkey with P. coatneyi or an Aotus trivirgatus monkey with P. falciparum) was placed in a special vial equipped with an overflow tube 2–3 mm above the bottom of the vial. A slow flow (50 ml per day) of culture medium was maintained over the settled layer of red cells. In favorable experiments both species of parasites went thru 2 cycles of development without addition of fresh erythrocytes. so that late schizonts and young rings were present after 4 as well as after 2 days of incubation. There was, however, no increase in total parasite number.
Ethionine and Methionine Metabolism by the Chrysomonad Flagellate Prymnesium parvum
Authors: RAHAT M. , HOCHBERG A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ethionine or methionine can serve as sole nitrogen source for growth of Prymnesium parvum. Both amino acids are taken up as such at a ratio of 2 : 1 methionine/ethionine. Ethionine is totally de‐ethylated in the cell, while methionine is probably only partially de‐methylated. The homocysteine moiety of both amino acids is similarly metabolised to form cysteine or re‐methylated to form methionine. De‐ethylation of ethionine seems how P. parvum avoids its antimetabolic effect
Acanthamoeba comandoni and A. astronyxis: Taxonomic Characteristics of Mitotic Nuclei, “Centrosomes” and Cysts
Authors: SAWYER THOMAS K. , GRIFFIN JOE L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new strain (F‐111) of Acanthamoeba comandoni was isolated from Turtle Pond, Boston, Mass. Comparative studies of A. comandoni Pussard, 1964 and A. astronyxis Ray & Hayes, 1954 indicated that the 2 species are distinct, and that the 2 names are valid and not synonymous as proposed by various investigators. An astral or brush‐pile “centrosomal body” was present near the nucleus of interphase stages of both species. During mitosis, bipolar “centrosomal bodies” were detected in A. comandoni but not in A. astronyxis. Cysts of both species were spherical and had stellate or rayed endocysts. The rays in cysts of A. comandoni extended outward and upward at different angles, and all of them were not visible in the same optical plane. In A. astronyxis, the rays extended outward from the central cyst mass, and all of them were visible in the same optical plane.
Observations on Some Internal Structures and Pseudopods of Lesquereusia spiralis (Rhizopoda, Testacida)
Authors: STUMP ALEX B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The internal structure and activities of Lesquereusia spiralis was observed by the use of nonmotile individuals which had incorporated a cover glass as part of their shell. As many as 14 ectoplasmic strands or epipods connect the main cytoplasmic mass to the inner surface of the shell. Two to 14 contractile vacuoles 2–5 μ in diameter at 22–25 C were present. A few epipods contained contractile vacuoles. The vacuoles emptied every 1–2 min. Both the number of epipods and contractile vacuoles varied with the degree of pseudopod activity; the more active the pseudopods, the more numerous these organelles. Egestion of indigestible food residues from the cytoplasm takes place just beyond the mouth of the shell thru vacuoles about 15 μ in diameter. Frequently, long flattened pseudopods of a tensile or contracting type were formed. In some cases pseudopods of this type were seen to pull themselves in 2 when the distal end remained attached and contraction continued.
Trypanosoma gerrhonoti n. sp., and Extrinsic Development of Lizard Trypanosomes in California Sandflies
Authors: AYALA STEPHEN C. , McKAY JEAN GRAHAM
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS:

Trypanosoma gerrhonoti n. sp. is described from southern alligator lizards Gerrhonotus multicarinatus of central California. It is the 2nd trypanosome species described from western North America. Extrinsic development of T. gerrhonoti and T. scelopori of western fence lizards was observed in phlebotomine sandflies Lutzomyia vexatrix occidentis, the probable natural vector. Both trypanosomes establish dense anterior midgut infections composed of long, thin epimastigotes.
Some Quantitative Aspects of the Adoptive Transfer of Immunity to Plasmodium berghei with Immune Spleen Cells
Authors: ROBERTS J. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Some of the parameters concerned in the adoptive transfer of immunity to P. berghei in rats have been studied. Immunity was not transferred efficiently until about 10 days after recovery of donor rats had commenced, but thereafter was very effective, even after the infection appeared to have been sterilized.

Animals protected by a standard dose of cells from immune spleens but challenged with different doses of parasites attained a parasitemia of about 5% at different times, but all overcame the infection at the same time.

Animals protected by different doses of cells from immune spleens and challenged with a standard dose of parasites, attained a parasitemia of about 5% simultaneously but the time taken to control the infection was inversely proportional to the dose of protective cells.

Up to a parasitemia of about 5% there was no difference in the multiplication rate of parasites in control animals, in animals which were not effectively protected and in protected animals. Beyond a parasitemia of about 5% there was no difference in the multiplication rate of parasites in control animals and in animals which were not effectively protected.

It is suggested that there is a critical period at a parasitemia of about 5% when the level of the immune response determines the fate of the host. At that stage the immune response may be inadequate, or possibly exhausted, and the parasite will then continue to multiply unchecked. Saturation of reticulocytes with parasites at a level of about 5% total parasitized red cells probably gives the host a respite which may allow the adoptively transferred cells to control the infection.
An Annotated List of Protozoan Parasites, Hyperparasites, and Commensals of Decapod Crustacea*
Authors: SPRAGUE VICTOR , COUCH JOHN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An approximately complete list of the known protozoan associates (exclusive of a few aberrant forms like Amallocystis) of decapods is presented. A few taxonomic changes are suggested. Host, site of infection and geographic location are mentioned. Some comments on pathogenicity are made.
A Euglena Mutant Resistant to N‐Methyl‐N‐Nitroso‐p‐Toluenesulfonamide
Authors: MILLIS L. A. , McCALL D. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Treatment of Euglena gracilis strain Z with N‐methyl‐N‐nitroso‐p‐toluenesulfonamide (MNTS) produced a mutant (designated MNTS‐40A) showing 2.5‐fold greater resistance to the killing effects of MNTS and 40‐fold greater resistance to “bleaching” by MNTS. The mutant destroyed MNTS 2–3 times faster than strain Z. As a consequence the nucleic acids of strain 40A became methylated to a smaller extent than those of Z. Strain MNTS‐40A was net cross‐resistant to either N‐methyl‐N'‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine or ultraviolet light.
Prevalence of Sarcocystis in Grackles in Maryland
Authors: FAYER RONALD , KOCAN RICHARD M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. One hundred and fifty‐nine grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) in Maryland were examined grossly and microscopically for Sarcocystis sp. Of 98 mature birds, 91 had Sarcocystis. None of 51 juvenile birds and none of 10 birds hatched in the laboratory had Sarcocystis. More mature females had Sarcocystis than did mature males. However, the number of intramuscular cysts (per bird) was greater in male grackles than in females. Both male and female grackles had more infections in the leg and thigh muscles than in breast muscles. No tongue or heart muscles contained Sarcocystis. No seasonal fluctuation in the number of infected birds was apparent.
Fine Structure of the Mastigont System in Tritrichomonas muris (Grassi)*
Authors: DANIEL WENDELL A. , MATTERN CARL F. T. , HONIGBERG B. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tritrichomonas muris shares many fine‐structural details with the previously described members of the family Trichomonadidae, and especially with the organisms belonging to the subfamily Tritrichomonadinae. Among the features which T. muris has in common with all Trichomonadidae and in all probability with other Trichomonadida are the arrangement and structure of: the kinetosomes; many rootlet filaments, including the sigmoid filaments of kinetosome #2; the parabasal apparatus; and the pelta‐axostyle complex. The structures which T. muris‐type flagellates share with other Tritrichomonadinae, and especially with Tritrichomonas augusta‐type species (including T. foetus), but not with Trichomonadinae that have been studied to date, are: the Type A costa; a comb‐like structure, which appears to have replaced the costal base of Trichomonadinae and of Hypotrichomonas; the suprakinetosomal body, rudimentary in T. muris; and the infrakinetosomal body. The undulating membrane, like that of T. augusta‐type organisms, consists of a proximal and a distal part. The proximal part, which contains the proximal marginal lamella, is less developed in T. muris than in T. augusta‐type flagellates, being represented by a relatively low ridge for the entire length of the organism. The distal part of the membrane in T. muris, on the other hand, is more highly developed; it is a heavy cord, with a distal marginal lamella which consists of a large triangular organelle having a highly ordered structure and 2 less well defined cords distal to this organelle. The tubules of the recurrent flagellum occupy the area distal to the cords. The sigmoid filaments of kinetosome #2, unlike those of other Trichomonadidae examined to date, extend posteriorly to the peltar‐axostylar junction; they seem to terminate within the cytoplasm near, but not connected to the axostyle. In addition to the Type A costa, there is a small rootlet filament, which appears to be homologous to the rudimentary costa noted in Hypotrichomonas. Some of the paraxostylar and paracostal granules consist of an outer, relatively dense layer and an inner “core” of moderate density; between the 2 there is a lucent ring.

The discussion deals in some detail with the possible nature of the paraxostylar and paracostal granules in trichomonads. The taxonomic status of Tritrichomonas cricetus (Wantland) [Tritrichomonas criceti (Wantland) emend. Levine] and Trichomonas criceti Ray & Sen Gupta is discussed in an appendix; it is concluded that both of these names are synonyms of T. muris (Grassi).
Preliminary Observations on the Fine Structure of the Pansporoblast of Thelohania bracteata (Strickland, 1913) (Microsporida, Nosematidae) as Revealed by Freeze‐Etching Electron Microscopy
Authors: LIU T. P. , DARLEY J. J. , DAVIES D. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The ultrastructure of a microsporidan pansporoblast was observed with freeze‐etching electron microscopy. The cross‐fractured face of ovoid mature spores, with the upper part of the spore coat fractured off, revealed the spore membrane; the convex face had many small depressions and the concave face bore fine particles. In cross‐section the spore‐coat was highly laminated and about 0.5 μ in diameter.

In the cytoplasm of the pansporoblast, fluid‐filled and finger‐print‐life profiles of vesicles were observed. The vesicles were approximately 180 nm in diameter and laminated, each lamella being about 15–18 nm thick. In addition to these vesicles, a population of elevations, each with an average diameter of 40 nm, was evenly distributed in the pansporoblast among the spores. No other cytoplasmic organelles were observed within the pansporoblast. The pansporoblast wall was about 15–19 nm thick with particles 15–18 nm in diameter on its outer surface.
Transfer of Adoptive Immunity to Plasmodium berghei: A Comparison of Routes of Injection*
Authors: CABRERA EDELBERTO J. , ALGER NELDA E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The ability to protect rats against Plasmodium berghei by the transfer of spleen cells by various routes of injection was examined. Intraperitoneal and intravenous injections of cells taken from spleens of recovered rats transferred immunity. Intramuscular injection of the same material was unsuccessful. All injections were derived from the same pool of immune spleen cells and contained equal numbers of trypan blue‐excluding cells.
Plasmodium paranucleophilum n. sp. from a South American Tanager*
Authors: MANWELL REGINALD D. , SESSLER GLORIA J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The avian malaria parasite described in this paper was isolated from a South American tanager of uncertain species, somewhat tentatively identified as belonging to the genus Tachyphonus. It is believed to have come from northern Brazil. Because the erythrocytic stages are, except for minor differences, similar to those of Plasmodium nucleophilum it is proposed to call it P. paranucleophilum. The chief difference separating the 2 species is the appearance of phanerozoites of the new species in lymphocytes of the circulating blood; these are characteristically vacuolated and give rise to moderate numbers of merozoites, probably in most cases 50 or less. Strains of P. nucleophilum isolated from other passerine birds also produce phanerozoites parasitizing lymphocytes, but such cells have never been observed in the blood stream. A subspecies, P. nucleophilum toucani, which we isolated from a Swainson's toucan Ramphastos swainsonii, also produces phanerozoites invading lymphocytes but it is less selective; endothelial cells of the brain are heavily attacked. It is also very lethal to canaries, whereas passerine strains of P. nucleophilum are usually quite benign. P. paranucleophilum, if the strain we have isolated is typical, lies between the 2 in pathogenicity, causing marked anemia but seldom death.
Carbohydrate‐Free Media for Crithidia
Authors: TAMBURRO KATHLEEN M. , HUTNER S. H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The insect trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata grew well at pH 3.8–6.3 in defined carbohydrate‐free media containing arginine (an essential amino acid) + proline + glutamic acid as substrates; glycerol was effective by itself. Precipitation of hemin in the acid media did not hinder growth. Further addition of succinic acid permitted growth matching that with carbohydrate. At pH 6.9–7.5 growth in this medium without carbohydrate with the aforementioned non‐fermentable substrates was slight; added carbohydrate (as sucrose or sorbitol) permitted good growth. Utilization of non‐carbohydrate substrates may contribute to Crithidia's ability (and presumably to that of pathogenic trypanosomatids as well) to multiply in the insect gut and to the ability of some Trypanosoma species to multiply in the insect hemocoel and salivary gland.
The Fine Structure of Differentiating Merozoites of Haemoproteus columbae Kruse*
Authors: BRADBURY PHYLLIS CLARKE , GALLUCCI BETTY B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The first sign of merozoite formation in schizonts of Haemoproteus columbae is the accumulation of dense material at intervals beneath the plasma membrane of the schizont. The schizont's membrane then invaginates in deep furrows cleaving the parasite into pseudo‐cytomeres. thereby increasing the area of membrane available for differentiation. Signs of differentiation appear under this membrane as soon as it is formed. Rhoptries and polar rings develop in the region of the dense accumulations, the cytoplasm containing these structures begins to elevate, and each evagination differentiates into a merozoite. When the merozoite is half‐formed, the cytostome appears, then dense bodies at the apex of the organism, and finally a spherical body intimately associated with a mitochondrion. These merozoites of Haemoproteus are assumed to be the forms that penetrate erythrocytes and become gametocytes. They contain the same organelles as merozoites of Plasmodium. However, the merozoites of Haemoproteus are oval like the erythrocytic merozoites of Plasmodium rather than elongate like the exoerythrocytic merozoites. This body shape may be a generic characteristic or it may indicate a structural difference between exoerythrocytic merozoites and merozoites that infect erythrocytes.

When the merozoites of Plasmodium, Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon are compared, the first 2 genera appear closely related, but Leucocytozoon seems very different. Perhaps it should not be included within the Haemoproteidae.
Lightmicroscopic Observations on Structure and Division of Histomonas meleagridis (Smith)*
Authors: HONIGBERG B. M. , BENNETT CAROLYN J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Culture forms and lumen‐dwelling phases of the ameboflagellate Histomonas meleagridis, which are structurally indistinguishable from each other, have a single flagellum. Their well‐developed pelta is connected to the anterior segment of the broad, spatulate axostylar capitulum, applied to the left‐ventral surface of the nearly spheroid or somewhat ellipsoid or ovoid nucleus. The capitulum narrows into a very slender axostylar trunk that tapers to a fine point and does not project beyond the body surface. The parabasal apparatus consists of a V‐shaped parabasal body and a large parabasal filament.

A new flagellum appears early during division and soon approaches its full length. The 2 flagella persist thruout division and each becomes the locomotory organelle of a daughter histomonad. The arms of the parental parabasal body appear to separate, each going to 1 of the daughter mastigont systems; some parabasal material is lost early in division. The 2nd arm is regenerated in each daughter parabasal body. The large parabasal filament seems not to be retained in the parental mastigont system, and new filaments are seen at both poles before 2 daughter nuclei are formed. The old axostyle degenerates from the anterior toward the posterior end; at the same time lamellar primordia of the daughter pelta‐axostyle complexes appear in the separating mastigont systems that are connected by an extranuclear spindle during the entire division process.

The structure and taxonomic status of H. meleagridis are discussed in the light of this and previous studies.
Observations on the Fine Structure of the Schizonts of Haemoproteus columbae Kruse*
Authors: BRADBURY PHYLLIS CLARKE , GALLUCCI BETTY B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The schizonts of Haemoproteus columbae resemble the exoerythrocytic schizonts of avian Plasmodium in their fine structure. Haemoproteus infects endothelial cells and grows several hundredfold in volume, destroying the cytoplasm and nucleus of the host cell. The schizont's plasma membrane is trilamellar with a dense outer lamella. Some schizonts have micropores in their plasma membranes, but there is no evidence for ingestion thru them. Instead, numerous vesicles and channels fill the host cell cytoplasm and give its plasma membrane and periparasitic vacuolar membrane the appearance of active pinocytosis. The parasite's membrane shows no sign of pinocytosis, indicating that it probably feeds by diffusion. The growing schizont has numerous mitochondria, nuclei, and ribosome‐rich cytoplasm which contains electron‐lucent vacuoles and clefts. The latter appear to be artifacts of fixation.
Synthesis of NADP‐Dependent Triosephosphate Dehyrogenase Independent of Illumination in Chlorella variegata*†
Authors: HUDOCK G. A. , BART C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Growth conditions for Chlorella variegata are described which permit induction of chlorosis in the light and partial development of the chloroplast in the dark. Growth in the light in the presence of Na acetate and NO−3 leads to chlorosis in the light. The presence of a reduced nitrogen source permits chlorophyll synthesis in the light, and, to a lesser extent, in the dark. Synthesis of NADP‐dependent triosephosphate dehydrogenase is directly correlated with chlorophyll synthesis and independent of illumination.
Properties of an Ethionine‐Resistant (ER) Mutant of Ochromonas danica
Authors: HOCHBERG A. , PIMSTEIN RACHEL , RAHAT M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. On prolonged incubation of ethionine‐sensitive (ES) cells of Ochromonas danica in L‐ethionine‐containing media, growth was resumed by an ethionine‐resistant (ER) mutant. Such mutants arise at random and are selected by the ethionine‐containing medium. Ethionine resistance is not lost on repeated transfers thru ethionine‐less media. ES cells incubated with ethionine form a large posterior vacuole before they disintegrate. Inhibition of reserve substance utilization is suggested to underlie growth inhibition of O. danica by ethionine. In ES cells incubated with ethionine, 14C uptake from labeled methionine, ethionine or serine is reduced by 65%. In ER cells the decrease in 14C uptake is 90%. This decrease in uptake of ethionine seems to be how ER O. danica evades growth inhibition by ethionine.
Malarial Parasites of the “Jesu Cristo” Lizard Basiliscus basiliscus (Iguanidae) in Panama
Authors: TELFORD SAM R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The iguanid lizard Basiliscus basiliscus in Panama is parasitized by Plasmodium basilisci and P. achiotense sp. nov. P. basilisci in this host is characterized by schizonts containing 4–14 merozoites, with schizonts parasitizing proerythrocytes containing more merozoites than those in erythrocytes. Asexual parasites lack cytoplasmic projections, while mature gametocytes are round or oval with regular margins.

P. achiotense is characterized by the combination of prominently pigmented, large schizonts containing 36–56 merozoites and oval or round gametocytes which are about 1/3 larger than those of P. basilisci.

EE‐schizonts of P. basilisci were observed commonly in thrombocytes and occasionally in lymphocytes, and appeared early in experimental infections induced by blood inoculation.
Methionine or Folate and Phosphoenolpyruvate in the Biosynthesis of Threonine in Crithidia fasciculata1
Authors: KIDDER G. W. , DEWEY VIRGINIA C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Crithidia fasciculata can synthesize threonine but it lacks an aspartokinase. The carbons of threonine may be derived from methionine when it is present in the medium. However, methionine can be synthesized by the organism provided organic sulfur is present. When both methionine and threonine are omitted from the medium, growth will occur if cysteine and high levels of folate are present. The compound common to both methionine and threonine under these conditions, α‐keto‐γ‐hydroxy‐butyrate, is derived from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and the β‐carbon of serine. High levels of folate are required for this coupling reaction, which is carried out by what may be called phosphoenolpyruvate‐tetrahydrofolate hydroxymethyltransferase. By the use of radioactive tracers, both in growth experiments and in cell‐free preparations, virtually all of the intermediates in these two series of reactions were identified.
The Action of Mercaptoethanol on Cell Division in Synchronized Tetrahymena1
Authors: KUZMICH MICHAEL J. , ZIMMERMAN ARTHUR M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Action of mercaptoethanol (ME) on cell division and macromolecular synthesis was examined in Tetrahymena synchronized for division. Cells continuously exposed to increasingly higher concentrations of ME divided with progressively longer division delays showing a dosage‐dependent response to the agent. Division was blocked in 2 × 10−2 M ME. Many cells cytolyzed in high concentrations of ME (4 × 10−2 M); others became spherical and motility decreased. Non‐delaying concentrations of ME (2 × 10−2 M) had little or no effect on protein synthesis but decreased DNA and RNA synthesis 10 and 35%, respectively. Blocking concentrations inhibited incorporation of phenylalanine, thymidine and uridine 35, 60, and 85%, respectively. It is suggested that the mode of action of ME is mediated thru inhibition of macromolecular synthesis essential for cell division and thru inhibition of formation of disulfide bridges between protein subunits.
Conservation of Glycerolated Cultures of Ochromonas danica and O. malhamensis at −10 C
Authors: KLEIN SALLY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ochromonas danica in a complex natural growth medium dies at 6–10 C in 4 days; O. malhamensis in ∼2 days. O. danica grown in the medium supplemented with 4.0% glycerol survived at −10±2 C for 35 days, and with 8% glycerol 29 days. O. malhamensis lasted only to 5 days in these media supplemented with 4% glycerol. Ethylene glycol and dimethylsulfoxide were too toxic to be effective. Difficulties in freeze‐preservation of certain other phagocytic cells, notably blood granulocytes having comparatively simple flexuous outer membranes, add interest to use of O. danica and O. malhamensis as test organisms for preservation methods, especially in the convenient, inexpensive ‐10 to ‐20 C range. Biphasic media with an overlay of distilled water serve for conservation at room temperature. Problems of mutational erosion of these photosynthetic phagotrophs are discussed.
Immunization by Irradiated Eimeria acervulina
Authors: ALI NAZIK ABU , BINNERTS W. T. , KLIMES B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In 5 experiments the infectivity and immunogenicity for chickens of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina that had been previously subjected to different levels of gamma radiation was tested. It was found that the irradiation doses can be divided into three groups: a) High dosage levels of over 16,000 rad impair the reproduction of the parasites so that few or no oocysts are discharged and no immunity is produced. b) Low dosage levels of 7,000 rad and less permit reproduction and development of immunity not perceptibly different from that resulting from unirradiated oocysts. c) An intermediate range of levels with the optimum from 9,100–13,700 rad induces attenuation while at the same time assuring sufficient immunogenic response.

A dose of 100,000 oocysts or more per bird is required to produce immunity. The optimum irradiation dose increases with the immunizing dose. It was concluded that the development of an irradiated vaccine is possible.
Biology and Ecology of Marginopora vertebralis (Foraminiferida), Great Barrier Reef
Authors: ROSS CHARLES A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Marginopora vertebralis Quoy and Gaimard is a large calcareous Foraminiferida adapted to euphotic sedimentary basins associated with tropical reefs. This and other species of foraminiferids commonly are abundant and loosely bind substrate sediments with their pseudopods to reduce erosion by waves and currents. Three stages of shell construction, embryonic, laminate and reproduction chamber stages, characterize major changes in the growth of individuals. A flexostyle in the embryonic apparatus and reproductive chambers that are well developed are reported for the 1st time in this species and genus. Reproduction in M. vertebralis is primarily asexual and reproductive activity is greatest during the late spring on the Great Barrier Reef. Reproductive maturity requires a year and commonly longer.

M. vertebralis is host to at least one species and perhaps several species of zooxanthellae‐dinoflagellates of which the most common is Gymnodinium rotundatum in its motile form. These zooxanthellae are abundant in the protoplasm of M. vertebralis, give the living foraminifer a distinctive yellow‐brownish green color, and apparently are symbiotic. M. vertebralis and perhaps other large calcareous foraminifers which are hosts to similar zooxanthellae‐dinoflagellates may have an important ecologic relationship to hermatypic corals in serving as an alternate host in the life cycle of this symbiotic group. Such a symbiotic and alternate‐host relationship may explain the similar geographic distributions of large calcareous foraminifers and reef‐building hermatypic corals.
Four New Species of Eimeria (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Pika Ochotona princeps from Alberta and O. pallasi from Kazakhstan1
Authors: LEPP DONALD L. , TODD KENNETH S. , SAMUEL WILLIAM M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria worleyi n. sp. and Eimeria barretti n. sp. from the pika Ochotona princeps from Alberta and Eimeria pallasi n. sp. and Eimeria shubini n. sp. from the pika Ochotona pallasi from Central Kazakhstan are described. Oocysts of E. worleyi were 12–16 by 10–15 μ (mean 13.5 by 12.5 μ) and spherical to subspherical. E. barretti oocysts were ellipsoidal to slightly ovoid and 27–36 by 21–27 μ (mean 32.9 by 23.8 μ). Oocysts of E. pallasi were ellipsoidal or ovoid and 19–34 by 17–26 μ (mean 26.3 by 21.3 μ). E. shubini oocysts were spherical and 22 μ in diameter. E. kriygsmanni Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1938 of Svanbaev (1958) in O. pallasi, [non] E. kriigsmanni Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1938 in Mus musculus, is a synonym of E. pallasi. E. musculi Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1938 of Svanbaev (1958) in O. pallasi, [non] E. musculi Yakimoff and Gousseff, 1938 in Mus musculus, is a synonym of E. shubini.
Bioelectric Control of Locomotion in the Ciliates*†
Authors: ECKERT ROGER , NAITOH YUTAKA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Locomotor behavior in the ciliate protozoa is controlled by the cell membrane through electrophysiological principles already familiar in receptor, nerve, and effector cells of the metazoa. This is illustrated by the avoiding reaction (15). When the membrane of the anterior part of the ciliate receives a mechanical stimulus, as during collision, it permits a local influx of Ca++. This constitutes a receptor current which depolarizes the remaining cell membrane by electrotonic spread. Depolarization causes a secondary transient increase in the calcium conductance of the entire cell membrane, and a general influx of Ca++ occurs. The resulting increase in concentration of intracellular Ca++ activates a reorientation (“reversal”) of the ciliary power stroke, causing the organism to swim backward. Forward locomotion is restored as the resting concentration of intracellular Ca++ in the cell cortex is restored by diffusion, active extrusion, or intracellular sequestering. The control and coordination of locomotion in ciliates depend on several factors in addition to the excitable properties of the membrane. These include the sensitivities of the ciliary apparatus to intracellular concentrations of calcium and other regulating substances, the anatomical distribution of sensory receptor properties of the cell membrane, and the cable properties of the cell which permit electrotonic spread of graded potential signals without need of all‐or‐none conducted signals.
Coccidia of Malaysian Mammals: New Host Records and Descriptions of Three New Species of Eimeria*
Authors: MULLIN STEVEN W. , COLLEY FREDRICK C. , STEVENS G. SCOTT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In a survey of parasites of wild mammals of Malaysia 3 new species of Eimeria were found. Eimeria tupaiae sp. n. is described from the common tree shrew, Tupaia glis. Its ellipsoidal to spherical, 3‐layered oocysts average 20 × 19 μm. A micropyle is absent; an oocyst residuum and polar granule are present. Ellipsoidal sporocysts average 11 × 7 μm. A sporocyst residuum and Stieda body are present. Eimeria ptilocerci sp. n. is described from the pen‐tail tree shrew, Ptilocercus lowii. The ellipsoidal to spherical, 2‐layered oocysts average 23 × 20 μm. A micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; polar granules are present. The ellipsoidal sporocysts average 13 × 7 μm. A sporocyst residuum and Stieda body are present. Eimeria muuli sp. n. is described from the pencil‐tailed tree mouse, Chiropodomys gliroides. The ellipsoidal single‐layered oocysts average 25 × 19 μm. A micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; a polar granule is present. The ellipsoidal sporocysts average 13 × 8 μm. A sporocyst residuum and Stieda body are present. In addition, new host records are reported as follows: E. miyairii Ohira from Whitehead's rat Rattus whiteheadi and the Malaysian wood rat, R. tiomanicus; E. separata Becker & Hall from Mueller's rat, R. muelleri, the chestnut rat, R. fulvescens, and the Malaysian wood rat, R. tiomanicus; E. nieschulzi Dieben from the red spiny rat, R. surifer and the chestnut rat, R. fulvescens; and E. callosciuri Colley from the grey‐bellied squirrel, Callosciurus caniceps and the black‐banded squirrel, C. nigrovittatus.
Analysis of the Antigenic Relationships Among Trichomonas, Histomonas, Dientamoeba, and Entamoeba. I. Quantitative Fluorescent Antibody Methods*
Authors: DWYER DENNIS M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Antigens were prepared from axenic Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba invadens, and Trichomonas gallinae; dixenic Dientamoeba fragilis; and agnotobiotic Histomonas meleagridis cultures. Antisera were developed in rabbits against each of these species by subcutaneous inoculations of homogenized organisms with complete Freund's adjuvant. The globulin fraction of each serum was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and then processed on Sephadex G‐25 and DEAE‐cellulose columns. Fluorescein/protein ratios were determined for the several DEAE fractions obtained from each of the 5 conjugated globulins, and those with ratios of approximately 3.0 were selected for use in all experiments. Conjugated anti‐Dientamoeba and anti‐Histomonas fractions were absorbed with the bacterial flora present in the respective cultures before being used for staining. Intact, formalin‐fixed organisms of each of the species were subjected to direct staining, inhibition staining, and staining with cross‐absorbed conjugated fractions. The emitted fluorescence was measured in an ultramicrofluorimeter.

Cross reactions among the 5 antigens and 5 conjugated antisera suggested that very few, if any, common antigens were shared by Trichomonas and Entamoeba. They indicated also a close antigenic relationship between Trichomonas and Histomonas on the one hand and between Histomonas and Dientamoeba on the other. Trichomonas and Dientamoeba appeared to be less closely related, and still less relationship was noted between Dientamoeba and Entamoeba. Only very weak reactions were recorded between Histomonas and Entamoeba. Entamoeba invadens emitted much fluorescence after being stained with anti‐Entamoeba histolytica conjugate and similar results were obtained by reciprocal staining. The phylogenetic implications of the immunologic findings are discussed.
Temperature‐Enhanced Osmotic Growth Requirement of Crithidia*†
Authors: ELLENBOGEN BARBARA B. , HUTNER S. H. , TAMBURRO KATHLEEN M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An osmotic growth requirement for the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata became conspicuous at 32 C. Osmo‐supportive compounds were surveyed at 28 vs. 33 C, in “low‐osmotic” defined medium. Effective osmotic support was provided by many compounds, e.g., glycerophosphate, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol, Na isethionate, glycine, arginine, KCl, NaCl, NH4Cl, and K2SO4. The nonspecificity of the requirement was thus evident, but inactivity of the presumably poorly adsorbable pentaerythritol indicated that osmotic pressure was a likely but insufficient condition for satisfying the temperature‐enhanced growth requirement most clearly expressed as a need for osmotic support. Fortification of the medium with a combination of glycerophosphate, glycine, glycerol, and Tween 80 permitted good growth at 35 C. Possible relations between the temperature‐enhanced osmotic requirement cell membrane damage, and morphological phases of Trypanosoma and Leishmania are discussed.
Action of Ultraviolet Radiation on Excystment and Concomitant Macromolecular Syntheses in Schizopyrenus russelli*
Authors: RASTOGI A. K. , SAGAR P. , KAPOOR S. C. , AGARWALA S. C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Excystment of Schizopyrenus russelli was associated with increase in DNA, RNA, and protein. Both excystment and these macromolecular increases were sensitive to ultraviolet radiation. The effect of UV was partly reversed by incubation in the dark at 28 C, but not at 4 C. Excystment from cysts preincubated in the excystment medium (before UV treatment) was relatively resistant to radiation.
Trypanosoma thecadactyli sp. n. from Forest Geckoes in Panama, and its Development in the Sandfly Lutzomyia trinidadensis (Newstead) (Diptera, Psychodidae)*
Authors: CHRISTENSEN HOWARD A. , TELFORD SAM R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma thecadactyli sp. n. is described from the forest gecko Thecadactylus rapicaudus in Panama. Blood smears from 18 of 25 (72%) geckoes sampled were positive for the new trypanosome. The flagellate, ∼22 μm long, is ovoid or roughly triangular in shape and has a posterior cytoplasmic projection. Tree buttresses, rock crevices, and caves are microhabitats shared by T. rapicaudus and the phlebotomine sandfly Lutzomyia trinidadensis. Approximately 20% of the wild‐caught and dissected L. trinidadensis were infected with flagellates. Twenty‐four of 45 (53%) laboratory‐reared L. trinidadensis allowed to feed on parasitized geckoes developed heavy infections of the mid‐ and hindgut which persisted up to 2 weeks, the longest postprandial period before dissection. Transmission probably occurs as a result of geckoes feeding on infected sandflies in nature. The distribution of L. trinidadensis, from Mexico to Brazil, approximates that of the gecko. Laboratory results and ecologic observations implicate L. trinidadensis as a potential vector of T. thecadactyli.
Observations on the Endogenous Stages of Eimeria confusa Joseph, 1969 from the Grey Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis*
Authors: JOSEPH THOMAS
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Stages in the endogenous cycle of Eimeria confusa from the grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, are described from mixed infections with another species, Eimeria lancasterensis. All corresponding stages were markedly different in the 2 species. In E. confusa infections, the parasites were located below the host cell nuclei of the epithelial cells of the villi of the jejunum and ileum. Mature schizonts were ellipsoidal, averaged 20.9 × 18.6 μm and had 18–30 merozoites. The mature microgamonts measured 34.3 × 24.7 μm and had hundreds of microgametes. Mature macrogametes were ovoid, averaged 31.3 × 25.6 μm, and contained 2 kinds of plastic granules.
Fine Structure of Trichomitus batrachorum (Perty)*
Authors: HONIGBERG B. M. , DANIEL WENDELL A. , MATTERN CARL F. T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trichomitus batrachorum (Perty) shares with Trichomonadinae most of its fine‐structural characteristics, especially those pertaining to the undulating membrane that consists of a high body fold, enclosing the loop‐shaped, periodic marginal lamella, and of the recurrent flagellum applied to the fold. This flagellate has also certain structures, i.e. the costal base, comb‐like organelle, and well developed marginal lamella, in common with Monocercomonas. It shares with Hypotrichomonas the costal base; large pelta; very fine fibers perpendicular to, and connecting the axostylar microtubules; structural details of the most proximal segment of the marginal lamella; and general relationships between dorsal body fold (poorly developed in Hypotrichomonas) and the recurrent flagellum. All these electronmicroscopic findings support the crucial position of Trichomitus in the evolutionary sequence Monocercomonas→Hypotrichomonas→Trichomitus→ Trichomonadinae suggested previously by lightmicroscopic observations. Further, Trichomitus shares with all Tritrichomonadinae the comb‐like structure, not found either in Hypotrichomonas or Trichomonadinae; and it has in common with Tritrichomonas also the costa with Type A periodicity, being the only member of Trichomonadinae with this type of supporting organelle. It appears, therefore, that Trichomitus‐type organisms represent an important link in the evolution of all Trichomonadidae from Monocercomonadidae.
Stages of Merogony in Multinucleate Merozoites of Eimeria magna Pérard, 1925*
Authors: DANFORTH HARRY D. , HAMMOND DATUS M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Stages of merogony of Eimeria magna were observed with the electron microscope in schizonts in ultrathin intestinal sections from white rabbits killed 4 days after inoculation. Some of the mature schizonts observed had uninucleate merozoites, whereas others had multinucleate ones. In each of the latter were rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, micronemes, refractile bodies, and occasionally, lipid droplets; some nuclei had a nucleolus. In the interior of some multinucleate merozoites, anlagen of daughter merozoites were observed. Each anlage was associated closely with a nucleus. In some of these nuclei, a cone‐shaped pole of a spindle was directed toward the anlage. Each early anlage consisted of an inner membrane complex with a rhoptry anlage. A Golgi complex frequently was seen at the base of the anlage. One multinucleate merozoite, still attached to the residual body, had a merozoite anlage. In later stages of merogony, the anlagen were longer and each had a conoid. In one such merozoite, 2 merozoite anlagen were observed in close association with an eccentric intranuclear spindle, and 1 anlage had a Golgi adjunct. Another merozoite had an eccentric spindle and associated centrioles, but no visible anlagen. The finding of stages of merogony in multinucleate merozoites of E. magna indicates that these might represent a further schizogonic generation occurring in the original parasitophorous vacuole.