bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ensemble forecasting of Indian Ocean Dipole events generated by conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation method
Authors: Feng Rong , Duan Wansuo , Hu Lei , Liu Ting
Published: September 2024

In this study, we applied the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) method to generate nonlinear fast‐growing initial perturbations for ensemble forecasting, aiming to assess the effectiveness of the CNOP method in improving the forecast skill of climate events. Our findings reveal a significant improvement in the forecast skill of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) within the CNOP ensemble forecast, particularly at long lead times, thereby extending the skilful forecast lead times. Notably, this improvement is more prominent for strong IOD events, with skilful forecast lead times exceeding 12 months, outperforming many current state‐of‐the‐art coupled models. The high forecast skill of the CNOP method is primarily attributed to its ability to capture the uncertainties in the wind anomaly field in the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) closely associated with IOD evolution. Consequently, CNOP ensemble members exhibit significant deviations from the control forecast, resulting in a large ensemble spread encompassing IOD evolution. Furthermore, a comparison with the climate‐relevant singular vectors (CSV) method in terms of IOD and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictions reveals the superior performance of the CNOP ensemble forecast. Despite the initial perturbations for ensemble forecasting being generated aimed at improving IOD forecast skill, the CNOP method significantly improves the forecast skill of both IOD and ENSO events, with a greater improvement for ENSO. Additionally, the CNOP ensemble forecast system provides more reliable estimates of forecast uncertainties and exhibits higher reliability with increasing lead times. In conclusion, the CNOP method effectively captures the nonlinear physical processes of climate events and improve the forecast skill.
Three‐dimensional evaluation framework of hazard–exposure–vulnerability for mapping heatwave risk and associated dominant dimensions in China
Authors: Liu Jinping , Zhang Tongchang , Ren Yanqun , Willems Patrick , Mirchi Ali , Arshad Arfan , Liu Tie , Pham Quoc Bao
Published: September 2024

In the context of global warming, the frequency, intensity, and duration of heatwave events have markedly increased, bearing profound implications for both natural ecosystems and human societies. To effectively cope with this challenge, it is imperative to accurately identify and comprehensively assess the risks posed by heatwaves. This study undertakes a systematic approach and robust methodology to assess heatwave risks by leveraging a diverse array of data sources—encompassing remote sensing, statistical analyses. The methodology integrates the risk triangle theory alongside established risk assessment frameworks laid out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Employing a three‐dimensional evaluation framework encompassing hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, we unravel spatial–temporal patterns, high‐risk zones, and dominant dimensions of heatwave risks contributing to potential disasters. Results indicated that during 1999–2008, roughly 27% of the study areas were affected by high and above risk levels of heatwaves, and the areas with high and very high hazard, exposure, and vulnerability accounted for approximately 19.5%, 10%, and 32.5%, respectively. During 2009–2018, the proportion of areas with high and very high risk, hazard, and exposure increased to about 31%, 26%, and 14%, respectively, while the percentage of areas with high and very high vulnerability decreased to about 24.43%. Notably, Xinjiang and the western part of Northwestern China are characterized by hazard‐dominant conditions, while Southern China's risk profile has shifted from 1999–2008 to 2009–2018 from high hazard and vulnerability conditions to a more complex interaction involving hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Moreover, Northern China and the northern segment of Southwestern China exhibit simultaneous high‐risk rankings across hazard, exposure, and vulnerability dimensions, forming a comprehensive high‐risk zone. These findings characterize heatwave risk patterns and offer critical insights for risk management decisions, guiding effective disaster prevention and relief measures to ensure socio‐economic stability and public health.
Effects of parenteral nutrition supplemented with beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate on gut‐associated lymphoid tissue and morphology in mice
Authors: Takayama Haruka , Fukatsu Kazuhiko , Noguchi Midori , Takahashi Kazuya , Watkins Ayako , Matsumoto Nana , Narita Tomonori , Murakoshi Satoshi
Published: September 2024

Background

Parenteral nutrition (PN) without enteral nutrition (EN) leads to marked atrophy of gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), causing mucosal defense failure in both the gut and the extraintestinal mucosal system. We evaluated the effects of beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate (HMB) on GALT and gut morphology in PN‐fed mice.

Methods

Experiment 1: male Institute of Cancer Research mice were assigned to the Chow (n = 12), Control (standard PN: n = 10), or H600 and H2000 (PN containing 600 mg/kg or H2000 mg/kg body weight of Ca‐HMB: n = 12 and 10, respectively) groups. After 5 days of dietary manipulation, all mice were killed and the whole small intestine was harvested. GALT lymphocyte cell numbers and phenotypes of Peyer patch (PP), intraepithelial space, and lamina propria lymphocytes were evaluated. Experiment 2: 47 mice (Chow: n = 12; Control: n = 14; H600: n = 11; and H2000: n = 10) were fed for 5 days as in experiment 1. Proliferation and apoptosis of gut immune cells and mucosa, and protein expressions (mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR], caspase‐3, and Bcl2) were evaluated in the small intestine.

Results

Compared with the Controls, the Chow and HMB groups showed significantly higher PP cell numbers, prevented gut mucosal atrophy, inhibited apoptosis of gut cells, and increased their proliferation in association with increased mTOR activity and Bcl2 expression.

Conclusion

HMB‐supplemented PN is a potentially novel method of preserving GALT mass and gut morphology in the absence of EN.
Exogenous supply of potassium decreases the phytotoxicity of heat and salt stress in quinoa by ameliorating physiological and oxidative stress responses
Authors: Alzahrani Yahya M. , Abbas Ghulam , Ullah Usama Samee , Afzal Saira , Alharby Hesham F. , Alsamadany Hameed , Abdulmajeed Awatif M. , Alharbi Basmah M.
Published: September 2024

Background

Soil salinity and heat stress are serious threats to crop production around the globe due to climate change. Potassium (K) has well‐established role in plants under salinity stress; however, its effectiveness under the combined stress of salinity and heat is not well known.

Aims

The current study was planned to explore the role of K on growth, physiological, and oxidative stress responses of two varieties of quinoa (Puno and Vikinga) exposed to salinity and heat stress.

Methods

Quinoa plants were exposed to NaCl treatments (0, 200 mM). Additionally, plants were either kept under ambient temperature (32/12°C day/night) or 5°C high temperatures and supplemented with 0 and/or 10 mM K.

Results

The combined stress of salinity and heat resulted in drastic decrease in plant growth (≈50% for Puno and 60% for Vikinga), pigment contents, and stomatal conductance of both varieties. Heat stress magnified the accumulation of sodium (Na) under salt stress that limited the uptake of K in both varieties. Under the combined treatment of salinity and heat, the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were 8‐ and 9‐fold, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were 11‐ and 13‐fold higher in Puno and Vikinga, respectively. The K supplementation enhanced plant growth, stomatal conductance, pigments, and K contents and decreased the accumulation of Na in both varieties facing salt and heat stress. Additionally, K also helped the plants to overcome the oxidative stress and resulted in 17.5‐, 19‐, and 14‐fold higher activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase in Puno and 14‐, 15‐, and 12‐fold higher activities of these enzymes in Vikinga.

Conclusions

Due to better growth, ionic homeostasis, and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, Puno is regarded as a more tolerant variety than Vikinga against the combined stress of salinity and heat. Moreover, the external supply of K is very promising for quinoa facing the dual stress of salinity and heat under the changing climatic conditions.
Using pollen in turbidites for vegetation reconstructions
Authors: McDonald Laura S. , Strachan Lorna J. , Holt Katherine , McArthur Adam D. , Barnes Philip M. , Maier Katherine L. , Orpin Alan R. , Horrocks Mark , Ganguly Aratrika , Hopkins Jenni L. , Bostock Helen C.
Published: September 2024

Turbidites, deposited by sub‐aqueous gravity flows, are common in sedimentary archives worldwide and present a unique challenge and opportunity when reconstructing past vegetation through pollen analysis. When sampling pollen from a sediment core for palaeovegetation records, it is common practice to target background sediments (i.e. pelagic sediment) and avoid sampling turbidites, as they are presumed to portray a misleading picture of past vegetation. This assumption stems from our limited understanding of pollen abundance and distribution through turbidites, meaning that palynologists overlook deposits that could potentially be used to reconstruct past vegetation and climate. We present pollen assemblage and sedimentological data from four recent (<150 years) deep marine turbidite deposits from the Hikurangi Subduction Margin, Aotearoa‐New Zealand, with the aim of understanding the abundance and distribution of pollen in fine‐grained turbidites. We find that pollen is diluted in the bases of turbidites, but despite this dilution, the proportions of different pollen taxa remain consistent through each turbidite. These results confirm that pollen can be sampled from turbidites for palaeovegetation reconstructions and that sampling the fine‐grained upper parts of turbidites will provide the best pollen recovery.
Shackles of hometown identity—CEO's hometown identity and strategic change
Authors: Deng Haoran , Han Jiayuan
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the impact of CEO hometown identity on strategic change of Chinese firms. The contribution of this research lies in examining how hometown identity shackles strategic change decisions. We propose that CEOs with strong ties to their local community may exhibit caution and initiate fewer strategic changes due to their concerns about maintaining in‐group reputation. However, we argue that the negative effect of hometown identity on strategic change can be mitigated by the presence of institutional investors and slack resources. To empirically test our hypotheses, we analyze a sample of publicly listed Chinese firms spanning the period from 2008 to 2019. Our results provide robust evidence supporting our hypotheses. We employ various statistical models, including propensity score matching, instrumental variables regression, and generalized estimating equations, to ensure the reliability and validity of our findings.
Intellectual capital, borrowers' default risk, and digitalization: Allies or adversaries?
Authors: Khanchel Imen , Lassoued Naima , Hamed Selima
Published: September 2024

This study examines the effect of intellectual capital (IC) on borrowers' default risk, both directly and indirectly, through digitalization in MENA banks. The findings show a negative relationship between IC and borrowers' default risk. Moreover, digitalization partially mediates this relationship. Specifically, the human and structural components of IC reduce borrowers' default risk, whereas the relational capital component increases it. However, the capital employed component shows no significant effect on default risk. A partial mediation effect is observed for the human and structural components, while a complete mediation effect is identified for the relational component. The results reaffirm the direct relationship between IC and default risk for Conventional and Islamic banks. However, the indirect relationship, mediated by digitalization, is evident only for conventional banks.
Qingqianliutianosides A–E: five new sweet dammarane triterpenoid glycosides derived from the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus – identification, characterization and interactions with T1R2/T1R3 sweet taste receptors
Authors: Guo Tingsi , Yang Yong , Liang Ling , Huang Qin , Hu Qiqi , Xie Qingling , Yuan Hanwen , Chen Guangyu , Wang Wei , Jian Yuqing
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Cyclocarya paliurus, as a new food resource, is utilized extensively in human and animal diets due to its bioactive compounds, health benefits, and its highly prized sweet flavor. This study aimed to investigate the sweet‐taste ingredient of C. paliurus leaves.

RESULTS

Five new dammarane triterpenoid glycosides were isolated and identified as qingqianliutianosides A–E (1–5) by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis and a single crystal X‐ray diffraction experiment. Qingqianliutianoside A (1) and qingqianliutianoside C (3), present in relatively high quantities in the plant, were shown to exhibit sweetness by sensory evaluation and electronic tongue analysis. Further monitoring was conducted on the content changes in 3 in leaves at different growth stages, indicating that 3 reached its peak content in April and then showed a decreasing trend. Molecular docking studies revealed that T1R2/T1R3 receptors Ser212, Ser105, Thr239, Asn380, Thr305, and Val381 may play critical roles, demonstrating that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were the dominant interaction forces between all of the identified compounds and the active sites in the Venus flytrap module of the T1R2/T1R3 receptors.

CONCLUSION

Qingqianliutianosides A–E are promising natural source sugar substitutes for use in functional foods and beverages. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Chemical, structural and antioxidant properties of melanoidins in fish sauce
Authors: Zhu Wenhui , Wang Wenxuan , Liu Yingnan , Bu Ying , Li Jianrong , Li Xuepeng
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Melanoidins, as a functional component, exhibit antioxidant properties. However, the antioxidant mechanism of melanoidins in fish sauce remains poorly understood. The present study focused on the structural characteristics, microstructure and antioxidant activity of melanoidin substances in fish sauce.

RESULTS

Ultrafiltration and color difference analysis were utilized to confirm the main molecular weight composition of melanoidins. The ultrafiltration component > 10 kDa in fish sauce exhibited the darkest and reddest color, along with the highest content of melanoidins (699.5 mg g−1). The spectral characteristics were consistent with typical melanoidins. Gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses revealed that the melanoidins contained a significant number of oxygen‐containing groups, amino compounds, carbohydrates, aromatic compounds and carbonyl compounds (CO), pyrrole (CN), among others. In total, 129 alkanes, 71 esters, nine olefins and two alkynes were identified. The melanoidins (> 10 kDa component) had the strongest antioxidant activity, including a reducing power of 0.8, 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity of 67.7% and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of 92.4%. Additionally, the melanoidins (> 10 kDa component) had the highest total phenolic content at 48.2 μg gallic acid equivalents mL−1.

CONCLUSION

Melanoidins are important factors affecting the antioxidant activity of fish sauce. There were differences in the structural properties of melanoidin fractions with different molecular weights. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Younger age, longer delay to surgery and meniscal tears are associated with a smaller ACL remnant: An analysis from the registry of the Francophone Arthroscopic Society
Authors: Tanel Luca , Fayard Jean‐Marie , Mouton Caroline , Lambrey Pierre‐Jean , Letartre Romain , Graveleau Nicolas , Bouguennec Nicolas , Barth Johannes ,   The Francophone Society of Arthroscopy ACL Registry Study Group, Thaunat Mathieu
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate which preoperative patient, injury or clinical factors were associated with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) remnant volume in patients undergoing ACL surgery. It was hypothesized that the main factors determining an insufficient ACL remnant volume at the time of surgery were younger age and longer time to surgery.

Methods

A retrospective analysis from the Francophone Arthroscopic Society's registry was conducted, including 1565 patients with an ACL lesion underdoing a primary ACL surgery (reconstruction or repair) between June 2020 and June 2023. Patients were excluded in case of revision surgery and incomplete data. Preoperative factors—including patient demographics, delay to surgery, preoperative laxity and the presence of meniscal tears or cartilage lesions—were analysed to determine their influence on ACL remnant volume (estimated by the surgeon as the percentage of residual volume). Univariate, multivariate and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to explore these relationships.

Results

Multivariate analyses demonstrated that younger age (<20 years and 20–30 years compared to ≥40, p = 0.02), higher time from injury to surgery (≥12 months compared to <3 months, p = 0.01) and the presence of a medial (p = 0.01) or a lateral meniscal tear (p = 0.02) were significant predictors of an ACL remnant volume ≤ 50%.

Conclusions

Younger age (under 30 years of age), a time from injury to surgery above 12 months and the presence of medial and lateral meniscal tears are associated with higher odds of observing a smaller ACL remnant volume at the time of the ACL surgery. These factors should be considered when planning ACL remnant preservation techniques.

Level of evidence

Level III.
Cell‐based therapies have disease‐modifying effects on osteoarthritis in animal models: A systematic review by the ESSKA Orthobiologic Initiative. Part 3: Umbilical cord, placenta, and other sources for cell‐based injectable therapies
Authors: Sourugeon Yosef , Boffa Angelo , Perucca Orfei Carlotta , de Girolamo Laura , Magalon Jeremy , Sánchez Mikel , Tischer Thomas , Filardo Giuseppe , Laver Lior
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This systematic review aimed to investigate in animal models the presence of disease‐modifying effects driven by non‐bone marrow‐derived and non‐adipose‐derived products, with a particular focus on umbilical cord and placenta‐derived cell‐based therapies for the intra‐articular injective treatment of osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

A systematic review was performed on three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Embase) according to PRISMA guidelines. The results were synthesised to investigate disease‐modifying effects in preclinical animal studies comparing injectable umbilical cord, placenta, and other sources‐derived products with OA controls. The risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE tool.

Results

A total of 80 studies were included (2314 animals). Cell therapies were most commonly obtained from the umbilical cord in 33 studies and placenta/amniotic tissue in 18. Cell products were xenogeneic in 61 studies and allogeneic in the remaining 19 studies. Overall, 25/27 (92.6%) of studies on umbilical cord‐derived products documented better results compared to OA controls in at least one of the following outcomes: macroscopic, histological and/or immunohistochemical findings, with 19/22 of studies (83.4%) show positive results at the cartilage level and 4/6 of studies (66.7%) at the synovial level. Placenta‐derived injectable products documented positive results in 13/16 (81.3%) of the studies, 12/15 (80.0%) at the cartilage level, and 2/4 (50.0%) at the synovial level, but 2/16 studies (12.5%) found overall worse results than OA controls. Other sources (embryonic, synovial, peripheral blood, dental pulp, cartilage, meniscus and muscle‐derived products) were investigated in fewer preclinical studies. The risk of bias was low in 42% of items, unclear in 49%, and high in 9% of items.

Conclusion

Interest in cell‐based injectable therapies for OA treatment is soaring, particularly for alternatives to bone marrow and adipose tissue. While expanded umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reported auspicious disease‐modifying effects in preventing OA progression in animal models, placenta/amniotic tissue also reported deleterious effects on OA joints. Lower evidence has been found for other cellular sources such as embryonic, synovial, peripheral blood, dental‐pulp, cartilage, meniscus, and muscle‐derived products.

Level of Evidence

Level II.
Virtual reality‐based therapy after anterior cruciate ligament injury effectively reduces pain and improves knee function, movement patterns, and dynamic balance: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cortés‐Pérez Irene , Desdentado‐Guillem Jose María , Camacho‐Delgado María Soledad , del Rocío Ibancos‐Losada María , Obrero‐Gaitán Esteban , Lomas‐Vega Rafael
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Virtual reality‐based therapy (VRBT) may be an effective physical therapy complement employed in the rehabilitation of patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of VRBT in improving pain, knee function, strength, proprioception, flexion range of motion (ROM), and dynamic balance after ACL injury.

Methods

We conducted this systematic review with meta‐analysis following PRISMA criteria. Since inception to June 2024, we searched in PubMed Medline, WOS, SCOPUS, CINAHL and PEDro without publication date and language restrictions. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), comprising only patients with ACL injury, that assess the effectiveness of VRBT compared to classical interventions on the outcomes of interest were included. PEDro scale was employed to analyze the methodological quality of the RCTs included. Cohen's standardised mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to calculate the pooled effect in meta‐analyses.

Results

Nine RCTs, providing data from 330 participants (26.96 ± 3.11 years, 85% males) were included. The RCTs included showed good methodological quality (PEDro scale = 6.88 points), being, performance and detection biases, the most common biases reported. Meta‐analyses showed that VRBT was more effective than classical interventions in reducing pain (SMD = −1.15; 95% CI −1.85 to −0.45; p = 0.001; I2 = 0%), and increasing knee function (SMD = 1.71; 95% CI 0.93 to 2.5; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%), strength (SMD = 0.82; 95% CI 0.4–1.23; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%) and flexion ROM (SMD = 0.7; 95% CI 0.37–1.01; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%). Additionally, VRBT improved postero‐medial (SMD = 0.46; 95% CI 0.01–0.9; p = 0.045; I2 = 15.1%) and postero‐lateral CoP excursion (SMD = 0.75; 95% CI 0.3–1.21; p = 0.001; I2 = 0%), being effective in improving dynamic balance.

Conclusion

VRBT is an effective physical therapy complement to be included in the ACL's rehabilitation programmes due to reduces pain and increases knee function, strength, ROM and dynamic balance after ACL injury.

Level of evidence

Level II evidence.
Mass Spectrometry Structural Proteomics Enabled by Limited Proteolysis and Cross‐Linking
Authors: Lu Haiyan , Zhu Zexin , Fields Lauren , Zhang Hua , Li Lingjun
Published: September 2024

The exploration of protein structure and function stands at the forefront of life science and represents an ever‐expanding focus in the development of proteomics. As mass spectrometry (MS) offers readout of protein conformational changes at both the protein and peptide levels, MS‐based structural proteomics is making significant strides in the realms of structural and molecular biology, complementing traditional structural biology techniques. This review focuses on two powerful MS‐based techniques for peptide‐level readout, namely limited proteolysis‐mass spectrometry (LiP‐MS) and cross‐linking mass spectrometry (XL‐MS). First, we discuss the principles, features, and different workflows of these two methods. Subsequently, we delve into the bioinformatics strategies and software tools used for interpreting data associated with these protein conformation readouts and how the data can be integrated with other computational tools. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive summary of the noteworthy applications of LiP‐MS and XL‐MS in diverse areas including neurodegenerative diseases, interactome studies, membrane proteins, and artificial intelligence‐based structural analysis. Finally, we discuss the factors that modulate protein conformational changes. We also highlight the remaining challenges in understanding the intricacies of protein conformational changes by LiP‐MS and XL‐MS technologies.
Applications of plant‐derived extracellular vesicles in medicine
Authors: Zhu Yawen , Zhao Junqi , Ding Haoran , Qiu Mengdi , Xue Lingling , Ge Dongxue , Wen Gaolin , Ren Haozhen , Li Peng , Wang Jinglin
Published: September 2024

Plant‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising therapeutic agents owing to their natural abundance, accessibility, and unique biological properties. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the therapeutic potential of plant‐derived EVs and emphasizes their anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and tumor‐inhibitory effects. Here, we discussed the advancements in isolation and purification techniques, such as ultracentrifugation and size‐exclusion chromatography, which are critical for maintaining the functional integrity of these nanovesicles. Next, we investigated the diverse administration routes of EVs and carefully weighed their respective advantages and challenges related to bioavailability and patient compliance. Moreover, we elucidated the multifaceted mechanisms of action of plant‐derived EVs, including their roles in anti‐inflammation, antioxidation, antitumor activity, and modulation of gut microbiota. We also discussed the impact of EVs on specific diseases such as cancer and inflammatory bowel disease, highlighting the importance of addressing current challenges related to production scalability, regulatory compliance, and immunogenicity. Finally, we proposed future research directions for optimizing EV extraction and developing targeted delivery systems. Through these efforts, we envision the seamless integration of plant‐derived EVs into mainstream medicine, offering safe and potent therapeutic alternatives across various medical disciplines.
Navigating legal responsibilities in politically connected firms: Insights into the influence of directors' and officers' insurance on litigation risk
Authors: Zhang Xiaojuan , Guo Yizhen , Chi Tiancheng
Published: September 2024

This study aims to investigate how directors' and officers' (D&O) liability insurance, legal responsibilities, and firm political connections collectively influence corporate litigation risk. D&O insurance is common, but its effectiveness in limiting litigation risk in diverse legal and political circumstances is questionable. The study employs a quantitative research approach, utilizing regression analysis and moderation techniques. Data are collected from a diverse sample of 411 individuals comprising directors, legal experts, government regulators, public company staff, and insurance providers. Regression models explore the relationships between D&O insurance, legal responsibilities, political connections, and corporate litigation risk. The findings provide practical insights for stakeholders in corporate governance, informing strategies to enhance risk management and compliance frameworks. This study contributes to the existing literature by empirically examining the comprehensive influence of D&O insurance, legal responsibilities, and political connections on corporate litigation risk. It integrates multiple variables and moderating effects to offer a nuanced understanding of corporate governance dynamics. Strategic adoption of D&O insurance can effectively mitigate litigation risks associated with legal responsibilities, although caution is warranted regarding the exacerbating effects of firm political connections. By understanding these dynamics, firms can proactively enhance their governance practices and adapt to regulatory changes, thereby improving overall corporate resilience and sustainability.
Identification of rare missense variants in the BSN gene co‐segregating with chronic otitis media in a consanguineous Pakistani family
Authors: Yousaf Ayesha , Yousaf Sairah , Shabbir Asra S. , Yousaf Rafia , Riazuddin Saima , Shaikh Rehan S. , Santos‐Cortez Regie Lyn P. , Ahmed Zubair M.
Published: September 2024

Background

Otitis media (OM) is the most frequent and complex middle ear condition with multifactorial etiology including genetic predisposition. OM depicts a variable clinical spectrum, leading to speech, developmental delay, and hearing loss. Here, we report the clinical and genetic findings of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) segregating in a six‐generation consanguineous Pakistani family PKOM08.

Methods

Clinical evaluations, including audio and tympanometry, were conducted to assess OM manifestation and their impact on hearing function. Exome sequencing was performed to identify potential genetic variants underlying CSOM in the study participants.

Results

Clinical evaluation of participating individuals revealed varying degrees of disease severity, with mild to moderate hearing loss. All the affected individuals had CSOM with no other apparent comorbidity. Whole exome followed by Sanger sequencing revealed two rare heterozygous variants [c.1867C>T, p.(Pro623Ser) and c.11015G>A, p.(Arg3672Gln)] of BSN gene in most of the affected individuals of family PKOM08. BSN encodes a scaffold bassoon protein involved in synaptic vesicle trafficking. The identified variants replaced evolutionary conserved amino acid residues in the encoded protein and are predicted to impact the ionic interactions in the secondary structure.

Conclusion

A deep intronic variant of BSN has been previously implicated in the etiology of childhood ear infections. Our study further supports a link between BSN‐impaired function and ear infection and CSOM in children.
Flap‐Based Lower Extremity Reconstruction in the Elderly—Is It Safe and Does Age Impact Ambulation?
Authors: Manasyan Artur , Stanton Eloise W. , Wolfe Erin , Carey Joseph N. , Daar David A.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Lower extremity (LE) reconstruction in the elderly population presents a multifaceted challenge, primarily due to age‐related degenerative changes, comorbidities, and functional decline. Elderly individuals often encounter conditions such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular and peripheral artery disease (PAD), which can severely compromise the structural integrity and function of the lower limbs. As such, we aim to assess postoperative complications and functional recovery following LE reconstruction in elderly patients.

Methods

Patients ≥ 18 years who underwent post‐traumatic LE reconstruction with flap reconstruction at a Level 1 trauma center between 2007 and 2022 were included. Patient demographics, flap/wound characteristics, complications, and ambulation for the elderly (≥ 60 years old) and the control (< 60 years old) cohorts were recorded. The primary outcome was final ambulation status, modeled with logistic regression. Secondary outcomes included postoperative complications.

Results

The mean ages of the control (n = 374) and elderly (n = 49) groups were 37.4 ± 12.6 and 65.8 ± 5.1 years, respectively. Elderly patients more frequently required amputation after flap surgery (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference between the two cohorts in preoperative ambulation status (p = 0.053). Postoperatively, 22.4% of elderly patients were independently ambulatory at final follow‐up, compared to 49.5% of patients < 60. Of the elderly, 14.3% could ambulate with an assistance device (cane, walker, etc.), compared to 26.5% in the control group. A wheelchair was required for 46.9% of elderly patients, significantly higher than the 22.7% of those < 60 years of age (p < 0.001). Multivariate regression confirmed an association between older age and nonambulatory final status (p = 0.033).

Conclusion

LE reconstruction can likely be performed safely in patients 60 years of age or older. However, older age is independently associated with significantly worse postoperative ambulation. Preoperative assessment, including gait and muscle strength, and early initiation of postoperative rehabilitation can potentially improve ambulation in elderly individuals undergoing LE reconstruction.
Preoperative Vascular Imaging in Lower Extremity Free Flap Reconstruction: Comparison Between Imaging Modalities
Authors: Ahn Leah , Christensen Joani M. , Fruge Seth , Meulendijks Mara Z. , Hoftiezer Yannick Albert J. , Wong Frankie K. , Tuano Krystle R. , Valerio Ian L. , Eberlin Kyle R.
Published: September 2024

Background

Adequate vascular anatomy and perfusion status are essential for successful lower extremity free tissue transfer. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is widely available, minimally invasive, and enables visualization of soft tissues and bones. Angiography permits temporal evaluation of flow, identifies potential needs for concurrent endovascular interventions, and enhances visibility in the setting of hardware. Despite widespread availability of these imaging modalities, no standardized algorithm for preoperative imaging prior to lower extremity free flap reconstruction exists.

Methods

Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes identified patients undergoing free flap reconstruction of the lower extremity over an 18‐year period (2002–2020). Electronic medical records were reviewed for patient, treatment, and imaging characteristics, and pre‐ and post‐imaging laboratory values. Outcomes included imaging findings and related complications and surgical outcomes.

Results

In total, 405 patients were identified, with 59% (n = 238) undergoing preoperative imaging with angiography, 10% (n = 42) with CTA, 7.2% (n = 29) with both imaging modalities, and 24% (n = 96) with neither performed. Forty percent (122 of 309) of patients who underwent preoperative imaging had less than 3‐vessel runoff. Four patients developed contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) after angiography only and one after having both CTA and angiography. Vessel runoff on CTA and angiography demonstrated moderate correlation.

Conclusion

Most patients undergoing lower extremity free tissue transfer underwent preoperative imaging with angiography and/or CTA, 40% of which had less than 3‐vessel runoff. Both angiography and CTA had low complication rates, with no statistically significant risk factors identified. Specifically, the incidence of CIN was not found to be significant using either modality. We discuss our institutional algorithm to aid in decision‐making for preoperative imaging prior to lower extremity free flap reconstruction. Specifically, we recommend angiography for patients with peripheral vascular disease, internal hardware, or distal defects secondary to trauma.
A general model of microstructure evolution including phase transformation in elasto‐plastic materials
Authors: Dinkelacker‐Steinhoff Sarah , Hackl Klaus
Published: September 2024

The evolution of microstructures can be observed in various engineering and natural materials, such as special alloys, silica glasses or soils. These macroscopic and microscopic effects are often controlled by thermal and chemical changes or extern forces. In addition, several phases are usually involved in these processes, whose energy potentials result in a non‐convex total energy. A theory is introduced that can be applied to a wide range of elasto‐plastic materials with kinematic hardening. In order to obtain a general model, a relaxed free energy in small strain theory is defined using variational principles for inelastic materials. This energy includes the dissipation of the substance as so‐called dissipation distance to facilitate a time‐stepped incremental representation. Furthermore, the phase volume fractions are contained in the weighted sum of the individual energies and are expressed here using Young measures. In the centre of the model, transition rates with underlying ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are calculated, which allow access to the phase evolution of the system. The initial results and the behaviour of this theory are explained using numerical simulations created with the programming language Julia.
A regularized microplane damage material model in the implicit material point method
Authors: Oropeza Navarro Osvaldo Andres , Chihadeh Ahmad , Platen Jakob , Kaliske Michael
Published: September 2024

The work at hand introduces a regularized microplane damage formulation into the Material Point Method (MPM) using an implicit time integration scheme. A material characterization at finite deformations to describe rock‐like materials is applied, which is characterized by strain‐softening behavior. The nonlinear response of the material is captured by a damage formulation within the microplane framework. Regularization of the model is achieved by an implicit gradient enhancement. The model is implemented into an in‐house MPM code, and its capabilities are shown by a numerical example.
A pilot study of race, ethnic, gender, and parental education level differences on the Naglieri General Ability Tests: Verbal, Nonverbal, and Quantitative
Authors: Selvamenan Mathangi , Paolozza Angelina , Solomon Joanna , Naglieri Jack A.
Published: September 2024

This study was conducted to examine the relationships between general intelligence test scores and race, ethnicity, gender, and parental education using the Naglieri General Ability Tests: Verbal, Nonverbal and Quantitative (Naglieri & Brulles, & Lansdowne, 2021) for three samples that closely match the U.S. population. Few differences were found on the preliminary versions of the Verbal (Naglieri & Brulles, 2021; N = 2482), Quantitative (Naglieri & Lansdowne, 2021; N = 2369), and Nonverbal (Naglieri, 2021; N = 2383) Naglieri General Ability Tests. These initial findings suggest that this approach to measuring general ability may ultimately have utility for equitable identification of students from diverse backgrounds for possible inclusion in gifted educational programs.
How do personal resources and homeroom teacher job demands influence teachers’ professional identity? A perspective based on the job demands‐resources model
Authors: Zhou Peiling , Zhou Yue , Li Tingting , Zhao Ran , Sun Wenwen
Published: September 2024

Professional identity is essential for a qualified teacher; however, the imbalance between job resources and demands is a serious impediment to promoting teachers’ professional identity. Given that personal job resources (i.e., teachers’ socioemotional competence and psychological capital) and challenging job demands (homeroom/non‐homeroom teachers) are distinctive—but understudied—job characteristics, this study examines their role in fostering teachers’ professional identity, based on the Job Demands‐Resources (JD‐R) model. Data from 432 secondary school teachers in Henan Province, China were collected using the Chinese versions of the Teacher Socioemotional Competence Scale, Psychological Capital Scale, and Teacher Professional Identity Scale. The results showed that teachers’ socioemotional competence positively predicted their professional identity. The moderating mediator analysis showed that the mediating role of psychological capital and the moderating role of being a homeroom or non‐homeroom teacher contributed immensely to teachers’ professional identity. The identification of this moderated mediation model broadens our understanding of the JD‐R model by demonstrating the interplay between personal job resources and challenging job demands. This study also emphasizes the imperative for optimizing the balance between “demands” and “resources” to enhance teachers’ professional identity, and proposes effective interventions.
Dose modification in enzalutamide and abiraterone plus prednisolone for castration‐resistant prostate cancer: A subanalysis from the ENABLE study for PCa
Authors: Tanaka Nobumichi , Izumi Kouji , Nakai Yasushi , Shima Takashi , Kato Yuki , Mita Koji , Kamiyama Manabu , Inoue Shogo , Hoshi Seiji , Okamura Takehiko , Yoshio Yuko , Enokida Hideki , Chikazawa Ippei , Kawai Noriyasu , Hashimoto Kohei , Fukagai Takashi , Shigehara Kazuyoshi , Takahara Shizuko , Mizokami Atsushi
Published: September 2024

Background

A head‐to‐head comparison between enzalutamide (ENZ) and abiraterone plus prednisolone (ABI) revealed similar survival benefits for castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in the ENABLE study for PCa. Considering that a dose reduction of ENZ and ABI has demonstrated sufficient inhibitory ability of androgen receptor (AR) signaling, we analyzed the efficacy of modified doses of these agents in the ENABLE study for PCa.

Methods

This investigator‐initiated, multicenter, randomized controlled trial that was conducted in Japan analyzed the prespecified survival endpoints, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) response rate ( ≥50% decline from baseline), and safety profile in patients treated with modified doses (ENZ ≤ 120 mg/day, ABI ≤ 750 mg/day) compared with those treated with a standard dose (ENZ 160 mg/day, ABI 1000 mg/day) as a starting dose.

Results

In total, 92 patients in each arm were treated and analyzed; 16 patients were treated with a modified dose in both the ENZ and ABI arms, respectively. Moreover, 32 patients treated with modified doses showed a significantly better time to PSA progression (TTPP) and overall survival (OS) compared with the 152 patients treated with a standard dose (HR 0.47, 95%CI 0.27–0.83, p = 0.0379, and HR 0.35, 95%CI 0.19–0.63, p = 0.0162). Despite a significantly longer TTPP in the modified ABI group than in the standard ABI group (HR 0.29, 95%CI 0.14–0.62, p = 0.0248), no significant difference was observed in the TTPP between the modified and standard ENZ groups (p = 0.5366). Furthermore, similar adverse event rates and grades were observed in each treatment dose group.

Conclusions

The modified doses of ABI showed better TTPP than the standard dose of ABI and may be a potential treatment option for CRPC patients; however, its mechanism is still unclear, although its ability to suppress AR signaling is equivalent to that of a standard dose.
The High‐Affinity Chymotrypsin Inhibitor Eglin C Poorly Inhibits Human Chymotrypsin‐Like Protease: Gln192 and Lys218 Are Key Determinants
Authors: Németh Bálint Zoltán , Kiss Bence , Sahin‐Tóth Miklós , Magyar Csaba , Pál Gábor
Published: September 2024

Eglin C, a small protein from the medicinal leech, has been long considered a general high‐affinity inhibitor of chymotrypsins and elastases. Here, we demonstrate that eglin C inhibits human chymotrypsin‐like protease (CTRL) weaker by several orders of magnitude than other chymotrypsins. In order to identify the underlying structural aspects of this unique deviation, we performed comparative molecular dynamics simulations on experimental and AlphaFold model structures of bovine CTRA and human CTRL. Our results indicate that in CTRL, the primary determinants of the observed weak inhibition are amino‐acid positions 192 and 218 (using conventional chymotrypsin numbering), which participate in shaping the S1 substrate‐binding pocket and thereby affect the stability of the protease‐inhibitor complexes.
A rapid real‐time PCR assay for detecting Microdochium paspali causing sparse leaf patch on seashore paspalum and in environmental samples
Authors: Kong Yixuan , Jin Peiyuan , Jia Chenchen , Qiao Panpan , Zhang Huangwei , Dong Yinglu , Yang Zhimin , Zhou Yuxin , Jung Geunhwa , Hu Jian
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Sparse leaf patch (SLP) is one of the most significant diseases affecting seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.), caused by Microdochium paspali. Fast and accurate detection of this pathogen is crucial for effective disease management. However, conventional culture‐based methods are time‐consuming and often compromised by the presence of other saprophytic or endophytic fungi.

RESULTS

In this study, we developed a real‐time fluorescent quantitative (q)PCR method based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA gene to rapidly detect and quantify M. paspali. The qPCR assay demonstrated the ability to detect all 12 tested isolates of M. paspali, with no cross‐reactions observed when tested against 30 isolates of other fungal pathogens from turfgrass samples. The detection limit of the qPCR method was as low as 3.65 × 102 copies μL−1 of M. paspali genomic DNA, and the entire detection process could be completed within 1 h. The fluorescence signal was detectable in the leaf tissues of seashore paspalum without apparent disease symptoms as early as 24 h postinoculation with M. paspali. Moreover, the qPCR method successfully detected M. paspali in both asymptomatic and symptomatic turfgrass samples, including leaf, stem, root and rhizosphere soil, indicating that this assay can significantly enhance the detection of M. paspali.

CONCLUSION

The study developed a rapid real‐time qPCR assay for the detection of M. paspali causing SLP on seashore paspalum and in environmental samples, which has important implications for early warning and management of SLP. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Photo‐ and Radioluminescence Properties of (Gd3+/Ce3+) Coupled Ions Activated Sodium‐Aluminum‐Oxyfluoride‐Phosphate Glasses for X‐ray Detecting Material
Authors: Meejitpaisan Piyachat , Doddoji Ramachari , Jarucha Nawarut , Sarumaha Chayani , Kantuptim Prom , Yanagida Takayuki , Kaewkhao Jakrapong
Published: September 2024

Oxyfluoride‐based sodium‐aluminum‐phosphate glasses with a fixed 7 mol% content of Gd2O3 and various amounts of CeF3 were fabricated by the melt quenching process. The fabricated glasses (NAPGCe) were studied by physical, optical, scintillation, and light yield properties. In NAPGCe glasses, intense emission peaks were observed at 312 nm (6P7/2 → 8S7/2) for Gd3+ and 336 nm (5d → 4f) for Ce3+ ions in both photoluminescence (275 and 294 nm) and radioluminescence (X‐ray) spectra. Upon excitation with 275 nm ultraviolet radiation, a decrease in Gd3+ emission and an increase in Ce3+ emission intensity lead to efficient energy transfer (ET) from Gd3+ to Ce3+ ion in NAPGCe glasses. The bi‐exponential function was applied to fit the non‐exponential decay curves of NAPGCe glasses and then calculated their lifetimes in the order of fast (18.25–16.94 ns) and slow (72.99–67.74 ns) decay times. An overall integrated scintillation efficiency of about 67% was estimated for NAPGCe0.10 glass compared to bismuth germanate oxide (BGO:Bi4Ge3O12) crystal. Under 241Am α‐ray (5.5 MeV) source, the light yield of the NAPGCe1.00 glass was obtained by comparing it with a commercial Li‐glass scintillator (GS20), and it was found to be 26 photons MeV−1.