bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lightning surge analysis of Faraday cage using alternative transient program‐electromagnetic transients program
Authors: Mamiş Mehmet Salih , Keleş Cemal , Arkan Müslüm , Kaya Ramazan
Published: January 2016

Lightning surge analysis of protective structures is significant for the design of system. However, simulation models are limited. In this study, a Faraday cage with four air terminals and 2 × 6 grounding rods built to protect a switchyard control building in a 380 kV substation is simulated in alternative transient program for the analysis of lightning surges. Distributed line modelling is used for cage conductors. Down conductors are represented by considering non‐uniform variation of the conductor parameters. Current waveforms through the system and voltages at some critical points after a lightning stroke are computed. The traditional lightning parameters needed in structural protection such as lightning peak current, maximum current derivative, current rise time and current duration are determined. The effects of mesh size and some system parameters such as grounding resistance and lightning surge impedance are investigated.
Stability analysis of power system with multiple operating conditions considering the stochastic characteristic of wind speed
Authors: Ma Jing , Qiu Yang , Li Yinan , Thorp James S.
Published: January 2016

A new method to analyze the stability of power system with multiple operating conditions considering the stochastic characteristic of wind speed is proposed in this study. First, the parameter Weibull model is used to do fitting prediction of the wind speed variation trend in the short term. Second, the wind speed is divided into different intervals, and the probability density matrix of the conditional featured wind speed in each interval is calculated. Then, the system operating conditions are determined according to the conditional featured wind speed. On this basis, the continuous Markov power system model with multiple operating conditions considering the stochastic characteristic of wind speed is established, and the Lyapunov functional containing the continuous Markov power system model is constructed. Then, by applying the Dynkin Lemma to the weak infinitesimal operators of the functional, the robust stochastic stability linear matrix inequality (LMI) which satisfies the disturbance attenuation degree is derived. Finally, transform the robust stochastic stability LMI to the feasibility problem, so that the stability of power system could be identified. Time‐domain simulation tests verify that the proposed method could identify the stability of power system with multiple operating conditions quickly and efficiently.
Fractal detector design and analysis for multi‐input multi‐output radar system
Authors: Jin Yang , Haowen Chen , Xiang Li
Published: January 2016

The fractal dimension has been used in the monostatic radar to improve the target detection performance, especially in non‐homogeneous clutter environments. In this study, the application of fractal dimension is extended to multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) radar. A target detection method for MIMO radar using the fractal dimension measurements is developed. Two types of fractal dimension definitions, i.e. Hausdorf dimension and box‐counting dimension are explained and the characteristics of the box‐counting dimension are analysed in detail. Then, a fractal dimension estimation‐based detector is presented and its performance is analysed for colocated MIMO and statistical MIMO. The simulations results verify the theoretical founding of the proposed target detector for MIMO radar based on the fractal dimension estimation.
Comparison of direct and indirect measurement of the elastocaloric effect in natural rubber
Authors: Xie Zhongjian , Sebald Gael , Guyomar Daniel
Published: January 2016

The directly measured temperature change ΔT upon deformation (elastocaloric effect) of natural rubber was compared with indirect method, which is deduced from the Clausius-Clapeyron factor (∂σ/∂T)ε, where σ is the stress and ε is the strain. The factor (∂σ/∂T)ε can be measured by two different methods. One is to measure the stress vs. strain behavior at different static temperatures. It is found that the ΔT deduction is underestimated or even of opposite sign compared with the directly measured one. These behaviors are different from elastocaloric effect of shape memory alloys. An interpretation based on strain-induced crystallite is proposed. The other characterization is to measure the stress vs. temperature at constant strain. It results in a prediction, which is in good quantitative agreement with the directly measured one. The stress appears then to be a non-state variable, thus questioning the ergodicity of the material.
An integrated acoustic and dielectrophoretic particle manipulation in a microfluidic device for particle wash and separation fabricated by mechanical machining
Authors: Çetin Barbaros , Özer Mehmet Bülent , Çağatay Erdem , Büyükkoçak Süleyman
Published: January 2016

In this study, acoustophoresis and dielectrophoresis are utilized in an integrated manner to combine the two different operations on a single polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip in sequential manner, namely, particle wash (buffer exchange) and particle separation. In the washing step, particles are washed with buffer solution with low conductivity for dielectrophoretic based separation to avoid the adverse effects of Joule heating. Acoustic waves generated by piezoelectric material are utilized for washing, which creates standing waves along the whole width of the channel. Coupled electro-mechanical acoustic 3D multi-physics analysis showed that the position and orientation of the piezoelectric actuators are critical for successful operation. A unique mold is designed for the precise alignment of the piezoelectric materials and 3D side-wall electrodes for a highly reproducible fabrication. To achieve the throughput matching of acoustophoresis and dielectrophoresis in the integration, 3D side-wall electrodes are used. The integrated device is fabricated by PDMS molding. The mold of the integrated device is fabricated using high-precision mechanical machining. With a unique mold design, the placements of the two piezoelectric materials and the 3D sidewall electrodes are accomplished during the molding process. It is shown that the proposed device can handle the wash and dielectrophoretic separation successfully.
Spin coherence in a Mn3 single-molecule magnet
Authors: Abeywardana Chathuranga , Mowson Andrew M. , Christou George , Takahashi Susumu
Published: January 2016

Spin coherence in single crystals of the spin S = 6 single-molecule magnet (SMM) [Mn3O(O2CEt)3(mpko)3]+ (abbreviated Mn3) has been investigated using 230 GHz electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Coherence in Mn3 was uncovered by significantly suppressing dipolar contribution to the decoherence with complete spin polarization of Mn3 SMMs. The temperature dependence of spin decoherence time (T2) revealed that the dipolar decoherence is the dominant source of decoherence in Mn3 and T2 can be extended up to 267 ns by quenching the dipolar decoherence.
Intersubband energies in strain-compensated InGaN/AlInN quantum well structures
Authors: Park Seoung-Hwan , Ahn Doyeol
Published: January 2016

Intersubband transition energies in the conduction band for strain-compensated InGaN/AlInN quantum well (QW) structures were investigated as a function of strain based on an effective mass theory with the nonparabolicity taken into account. In the case of an InGaN/AlInN QW structure lattice-matched to GaN, the wavelength is shown to be longer than 1.55 μm. On the other hand, strain-compensated QW structures show that the wavelength of 1.55 μm can be reached even for the QW structure with a relatively small strain of 0.3 %. Hence, the strain-compensated QW structures can be used for telecommunication applications at 1.55 μm with a small strain, compared to conventional GaN/AlN QW structure.
SnS thin films prepared by H2S-free process and its p-type thin film transistor
Authors: Ran Fan-Yong , Xiao Zewen , Hiramatsu Hidenori , Ide Keisuke , Hosono Hideo , Kamiya Toshio
Published: January 2016

Polycrystalline SnS thin films were fabricated by a H2S-free process combing pulsed laser deposition at room temperature and post-deposition thermal annealing in Ar. Thermal annealing improved the crystalline quality of the SnS films and the best films were obtained by 400 °C annealing. The obtained SnS films exhibited p-type conduction with the highest Hall mobility of 28 cm2/(V ⋅ s) and the carrier densities of 1.5 × 1015 – 1.8 × 1016 cm−3. The SnS TFT exhibited p-type operation with a field effect mobility and an on-off drain current ratio of 0.4 cm2/(V ⋅ s) and 20, respectively.
Integrated health care: it’s time for it to blossom
Authors: Reddy Sandeep
Published: January 2016

Considering the grim scenario of burgeoning health-care costs and cost-cutting measures by the Australian Government, there is a clear case to invest and research into disciplines that will ensure sustainability of the public health system. There is evidence that integrated health care contributes to a cost-efficient and quality health system because of potential benefits like streamlined care for patients, efficient use of resources, a better cover of patients and improved patient safety. However, integrated health care as a notion is submerged in the disciplines of public health and primary care. In reality, it is a distinct concept acting as a bridge between primary and secondary care. This article argues it is time for the discipline of integrated health care to be recognised on its own and investment be driven into the establishment of integrated care centres.
Cross-language priming as a means of investigating bilingual conceptual representations
Authors: Tytus Agnieszka Ewa , Rundblad Gabriella
Published: January 2016

Cross language priming in the visual modality is a well-established paradigm that offers insights into the representation of the bilingual mental lexicon; however, here we employ a novel form of priming, (i.e., an animacy decision task), to test previous outcomes. In addition, this study is the first to carry out an auditory priming task with bilingual Chinese-English speakers. Thus, we report on two experiments in which the participants decided whether visually (Experiment 1) or auditorily (Experiment 2) presented stimuli were exemplars of living entities or non-living things. The tasks allowed for addressing the priming effect, the priming asymmetry effect, and in turn allowed for testing the Revised Hierarchical Model (Kroll & Stewart, 1994). Priming effects, where the related targets were responded to more rapidly compared to unrelated targets, were observed in both modalities in the L1 to L2 condition; however, no priming effects were found from L2 to L1. The findings obtained in this study support the use of primed animacy decision tasks in either modality as a valid tool for investigating bilingual lexical memory. Also, the observed priming effects allow for retaining the RHM in its original form.
Length of residence
Authors: Higby Eve , Obler Loraine K.
Published: January 2016

Among papers considering L2 performance, a subset take into account the length of residence (LOR) in the country where the L2 is spoken. In about half of these, LOR makes no difference for performance of at least one variable measured. Since those who reside in an L2 environment for many years tend to be older, the beneficial effects of longer LOR may at some point be counteracted by declines due to aging. This article draws on research in cognitive aging to consider how age could impact L2 performance. This is particularly important when investigating the effects of LOR or age of L2 acquisition since LOR, age of acquisition, and age at testing are linearly dependent variables, making conclusions based on any of these variables problematic. We argue that aging is a largely ignored confound in the literature on L2 attainment, particularly for studies that include older adults in their samples.
Critical Assessment 18: Elastic and thermal properties of porous materials – rigorous bounds and cross-property relations
Authors: Pabst W. , Gregorová E.
Published: January 2016

A critical assessment of model relations describing the porosity dependence of elastic properties (Young's modulus) and thermal properties (thermal conductivity) is given. It is shown that there are essentially five types of admissible predictive model relations for the relative Young's modulus and thermal conductivity of isotropic porous materials. The cross-property relations resulting from the complete analogy between the model relations for the elastic moduli and thermal conductivity of isotropic porous materials are reviewed and compared. Finally, it is shown that the fact that relative Young's moduli are not equal to relative thermal conductivities except for materials with translational symmetry, i.e. the mere existence and necessity of non-trivial cross-property relations, proves so-called minimum solid area models to be wrong.
Perspectives on scissors congruence
Authors: Zakharevich Inna
Published: January 2016

In this paper we give a short introduction to the different theories of scissors congruence. We begin with classical scissors congruence, which considers equivalence classes of polyhedra under dissection. We then move to multi-dimensional scissors congruence along the lines of McMullen’s polytope algebra and then to the Grothendieck ring of varieties. Tying our discussion together is the question of whether algebraic invariants are sufficient to distinguish scissors congruence classes.
Effect of Condom Use on Per-act HSV-2 Transmission Risk in HIV-1, HSV-2-discordant Couples
Authors: Magaret Amalia S. , Mujugira Andrew , Hughes James P. , Lingappa Jairam , Bukusi Elizabeth A. , DeBruyn Guy , Delany-Moretlwe Sinead , Fife Kenneth H. , Gray Glenda E. , Kapiga Saidi , Karita Etienne , Mugo Nelly R. , Rees Helen , Ronald Allan , Vwalika Bellington , Were Edwin , Celum Connie , Wald Anna ,   for the Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team, Celum Connie , Wald Anna , Lingappa Jairam , Baeten Jared M. , Campbell Mary , Corey Lawrence , Coombs Robert W. , Hughes James P. , Magaret Amalia , McElrath M. Juliana , Morrow Rhoda , Mullins James I. , Coetzee David , Fife Kenneth , Were Edwin , Essex Max , Makhema Joseph , Katabira Elly , Ronald Allan , Allen Susan , Kayitenkore Kayitesi , Karita Etienne , Bukusi Elizabeth , Cohen Craig , Allen Susan , Kanweka William , Allen Susan , Vwalika Bellington , Kapiga Saidi , Manongi Rachel , Farquhar Carey , John-Stewart Grace , Kiarie James , Allen Susan , Inambao Mubiana , Delany-Moretlwe Sinead , Rees Helen , de Bruyn Guy , Gray Glenda , McIntyre James , Mugo Nelly Rwamba
Published: January 2016

Background.  The efficacy of condoms for protection against transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) has been examined in a variety of populations with different effect measures. Often the efficacy has been assessed as change in hazard of transmission with consistent vs inconsistent use, independent of the number of acts. Condom efficacy has not previously measured on a per-act basis.

Methods.  We examined the per-act HSV-2 transmission rates with and without condom use among 911 African HSV-2 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) serodiscordant couples followed for an average of 18 months in an HIV prevention study. Infectivity models were used to associate the log10 probability of HSV-2 transmission over monthly risk periods with reported numbers of protected and unprotected sex acts. Condom efficacy was computed as the proportionate reduction in transmission risk for protected relative to unprotected sex acts.

Results.  Transmission of HSV-2 occurred in 68 couples, including 17 with susceptible women and 51 with susceptible men. The highest rate of transmission was from men to women: 28.5 transmissions per 1000 unprotected sex acts. We found that condoms were differentially protective against HSV-2 transmission by sex; condom use reduced per-act risk of transmission from men to women by 96% (P < .001) and marginally from women to men by 65% (P = .060).

Conclusions.  Condoms are recommended as an effective preventive method for heterosexual transmission of HSV-2.
The recovery of Atlantic halibut: a large, long-lived, and exploited marine predator
Authors: Trzcinski M. Kurtis , Bowen W. Don
Published: January 2016

Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) have a long history of exploitation in the Northwest Atlantic and have gone through several periods of high biomass followed by a population crash. An assessment model using data collected on the Scotian Shelf and southern Grand Banks shows that the population peaked in 1984, then decreased sharply to a low in 1993. Several management measures were taken during the decline, including reductions in total allowable catch and a minimum size limit. Concurrently, removals by the otter trawl fishery were drastically reduced following the collapse of the cod (Gadus morhua) fishery. In 2003, recruitment increased and continued to be high for 6 years. Fishing mortality rates were moderate in the late 1990s and 2000s and the population increased. By 2009, the Atlantic halibut population was highly productive with both high biomass and high levels of recruitment. The coincidence in the timing of population recovery and management actions indicates that effective management contributed to the recovery of Atlantic halibut.
Presurgical assessment of cognitive function in pediatric brain tumor patients: feasibility and initial findings
Authors: Thigpen Jennifer C. , Pearson Matthew , Robinson Kristen E. , Andreotti Charissa , Dunbar Jennifer P. , Watson Kelly H. , Dejardins Leandra , Holmes Lindsay , Byram Rebecca , Fraley Claire , Compas Bruce E.
Published: January 2016

Background

Establishing a presurgical baseline of neurocognitive functioning for pediatric brain tumor patients is a high priority to identify level of functioning prior to medical interventions. However, few studies have obtained adequate samples of presurgery assessments.

Methods

This study examines the feasibility of completing tests to assess pre-surgical neurocognitive functioning in 59 identified pediatric brain tumor patients.

Results

Eighty-five percent of patients (n = 50) were referred by the neurosurgery team before surgery and 83% of patients (n = 49) enrolled in the study. A full battery, including both performance-based and parent-report measures of neurocognitive function, was completed for 54% (n = 32) of patients. Rates of completion for either parent-report or performance-based measures were 68% (n = 40) and 69% (n = 41), respectively. While the performance-based assessment fell within the average range (M = 95.4, SD = 14.7, 95% CI, 90.7–100.0), 32% of participants had scores one or more standard deviations below the mean, or twice the expected rate. Parent-reports indicated higher level of concern than the general population (M = 55.4, SD = 11.3, 95% CI, 51.8–59.0) and found that 35% fell one or more standard deviations above the mean, or more than twice the expected rate.

Conclusions

Results suggest it is feasible to conduct pre-surgical assessments with a portion of pediatric brain tumor patients upon diagnosis and these results compare favorably with prior research. However, nearly half of identified patients did not receive a full test battery. Identifying barriers to enrollment and participation in research are discussed as well as recommendations for future research.
Introduction
Authors: Baerman Matthew
Published: January 2016

This chapter introduces the key elements of inflection, the expression of grammatical information through changes in word forms, and how it differs from derivation. It then outlines the structure and content of the volume and discusses the main topics covered: the fundamental building blocks of inflectional form and content in part one; paradigmatic structure and mapping between function and form in part two; change and variation over time in part three; computational issues from a theoretical and practical standpoint in part four; psycholinguistic considerations in part five; and studies of specific inflectional systems in part six .
Diachrony
Authors: Bowern Claire
Published: January 2016

I survey the history of work in historical morphology and recent advances in the study of morphological change. Morphology has played an important role in historical linguistics, from arguments concerning constraints on the regularity of sound change, to language classification. I describe how inflectional morphology interacts with other linguistic systems in language change (particularly phonology and syntax), and discuss arguments regard the autonomy of morphology change. Morphology has been considered quite stable in language, which would appear to make it a valuable source of evidence for the reconstruction of remote genetic relationships; however, while several families have been proposed where the argument relies on morphological categories alone, such evidence does not constitute a reliable argument for relationship in the absence of cognate material.
Contact-Induced Change
Authors: Kossman Maaarten
Published: January 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the borrowing of inflection. It is organized around two axes. On the one hand, it tackles the main question the process that allows for inflections to be taken over into about another language. This focuses on the dichotomy between isolated transfer of inflections, and transfer of inflections concomitant with other borrowing, for example as a side-effect of lexical borrowing. The second axis concerns the effect of the inflectional borrowing on the language: do the transferred elements introduce new categories—an addition to the old system—or are they parallel to or a substitution of pre-existing morphology?
Machine Translation
Authors: Bojar Ondřej
Published: January 2016

The goal of machine translation (MT) is to translate text from one natural language to another. Linguistic properties of the languages involved, and rich morphology in particular, play an important role in the difficulty of the task. After a brief survey of history of MT and morphologically rich languages (MRLs), the whole ‘MT pipeline’ is introduced, covering all the steps needed in the development of an MT system. The current mainstream approach, is highlighted, that is the phrase-based MT. The chapter the reader through the MT pipeline, explaining in detail how rich morphology negatively affects each of the steps, including the evaluation of MT quality. A wider range of MT system types is covered in the last section where old and contemporary methods for explicit and more linguistically adequate handling of rich morphology are surveyed.
Lithuanian Inflection
Authors: Holvoet Axel
Published: January 2016

The chapter gives an overview of Lithuanian nominal and verbal inflection and discusses a number of contentious issues involving the demarcation of case and adposition, inflection and derivation, affix and clitic. The first issue is illustrated by the local cases of Old Lithuanian. These involve original postpositions added to case-marked forms. Lithuanian reflexive verb forms raise questions concerning the demarcation of clitics and affixes as well as that of inflection and derivation. A similar indeterminacy between proclitic and affix adheres to aspect, scope, and negation markers added to the verb. Baltic evidentials are an interesting instance of a syntactic phenomenon becoming morphologized and giving rise to an evidential paradigm. Finally, Lithuanian derivational aspect raises problems analogous to those of Slavic aspect, but these are made more complex by the weaker degree of grammaticalization of aspect in Lithuanian.
Chamorro Inflection
Authors: Stolz Thomas
Published: January 2016

This chapter provides the first comprehensive account of the inflectional morphology of the Austronesian language Chamorro. It aims at clarifying a number of controversial issues such as the morphological status of the person markers (prefixes vs. proclitics) in the perfective aspect. The pros and cons of previous alternative analyses are taken into account. The rules which determine the use of allomorphs are spelt out and discussed in some detail. Partial reduplication is addressed briefly. Similarly, issues of variation are touched upon. The functional domain of the various affixes and morphological processes are illustrated by examples from contemporary literary Chamorro. There is an overview of the different types of paradigms of Chamorro. The chapter finishes with a comparative glance at data from the Philippine language Tagalog.
Aymara Inflection
Authors: Coler Matt
Published: January 2016

This contribution describes nominal and verbal inflection in Aymara, an isolate SOV language with a modifier-head word order spoken mainly in Peru and Bolivia. Given its highly agglutinative nature and rich morphology, Aymara provides an interesting perspective from which to study inflection. In this language inflection is suffixal (with the exception of accusative declension, which is typically subtractive). Nominal inflection involves the possessive paradigm, the plural, and suffixes which mark location and case declension. Verbal inflection involves four person/tense paradigms (simple, future, proximal past, and distal past), the plural and mood and modality. This last category includes two counterfactual paradigms, an imperative paradigm, and two evidential suffixes. This chapter provides a concise overview of those suffixes, their interaction, and some remarks on relevant inter-variant differences.
Inflectional Exponence
Authors: Trommer Jochen , Zimmermann Eva
Published: January 2016

Inflectional exponence may be understood declaratively as a systematic phonological relation between inflected word forms sharing a set of inflectional features and their bases, or derivationally as operations on base forms exposing these features. In this chapter, we discuss the types of exponence and approaches to the phenomenon which have played a prominent role in linguistic literature of the last decades, giving an overview of the range of empirical phenomena involved, and its current theoretical understanding, with a focus on approaches to non-affixational morphology in theoretical phonology. Crucially we show that there is no significant categorial difference between inflectional exponence and other types of exponence, and develop a taxonomy of exponence types that departs from the traditional dichotomy between concatenative and non-concatenative morphology by applying finer-grained classification criteria and by fully integrating templatic exponence.
Inflectional Paradigms
Authors: Blevins James P.
Published: January 2016

This chapter presents some dominant conceptions of paradigms that have been developed in different morphological traditions, identifies the kinds of elements that have been organized into paradigms, and contrasts alternative notions of paradigmatic structure. A summary of the types of relations that have been argued to require reference to a notion of paradigms leads into a review of recent applications of information theory to the problem of modelling the implicational structure of paradigms. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role that implicational relations play, explicitly in conceptions of paradigmatic structure, and implicitly in general assumptions about the demarcation and organization of inflectional systems.
Periphrasis and Inflection
Authors: Spencer Andrew , Popova Gergana
Published: January 2016

We compare periphrastic (analytic, multiword) constructions with the synthetic (morphological) inflection of verbs, nouns, and adjectives. We summarize recent characterizations starting with the canonical type, in which a syntactic construction realizes cells in an inflectional paradigm which is otherwise defined by morphological features (‘feature intersection’), as in the Latin passive perfect periphrasis, and sketch various types of non-canonicity, including ‘anti-periphrasis’, in which only a small minority of lexemes have non-periphrastic realization of a given set of inflectional properties. We discuss criteria for distinguishing periphrasis from ordinary function word syntax, and especially the problems posed by clitics for the concept ‘multiword’ (the Serbian-Croatian future tense, the Hausa ‘genitive linker’, and verbal clitics in Bulgarian/Macedonian). We conclude with brief typological remarks.
In Search of the ‘Real’
Authors: Mutsaers Paul , Trux Marja-Liisa
Published: January 2016

This chapter presents a comparison of two ethnographic case studies in two different national contexts, with the purpose of separating the rhetorics from the realities in the field of diversity management. It counterweighs mainstream diversity management literature by discussing (1) the disadvantages of certain offshoots of diversity management discourses for ethnic minority police officers in the Netherlands and (2) the benefits of the absence of diversity management for software engineers working in a highly internationalized high-tech company in Finland, a company characterized by a strong tradition of ‘organizational democracy’. The two studies are based on long-term fieldwork in both organizational settings, including several years of participant observation.
Practices of Organizing and Managing Diversity in Emerging Countries
Authors: Bosch Anita , Nkomo Stella M. , Carrim Nasima MH , Haq Rana , Syed Jawad , Ali Faiza
Published: January 2016

The chapter contextualizes and describes legislated, socio-political and organizational practices in managing diversity in three countries, namely India, Pakistan, and South Africa. The three countries serve as examples of emerging countries that have historical linkages with each other. Examples of how organizations within each country are responding to macro-level legislative practices are provided, highlighting the tensions and inconsistencies in applying legislation and its intent whilst dealing with country-specific realities. Diversity contrasts, such as integrating minorities in India and Pakistan, versus the integration of the majority in South Africa, are discussed, and attention is drawn to the emphasis placed on diversity categories such as gender and race. The chapter concludes with an overview of the differences in diversity management practices in the three countries.
Of Race and Religion
Authors: Mir Ali , Toor Saadia , Mir Raza
Published: January 2016

Prejudice and discrimination in the US against those perceived to be Muslim has reached an all-time high, yet not enough attention has been paid to this phenomenon within the field of management studies. In this chapter, we make the case for why management scholars must address this issue, and do so from within a framework of race and racialization. We show that racism today primarily exists in a cultural form, which is harder to identify and therefore address. Drawing on important insights offered by scholars from various disciplines, we outline the important relationship between religious, and specifically anti-Muslim, prejudice in the West and the origins and evolution of the idea of race. The racialization of Muslims today draws on this history and the various discourses of race so as to construct ‘the Muslim’ as the radical Other of a liberal and progressive West.
Reframing Diversity Management
Authors: Faria Alexandre
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the globalizing trajectory of the concept of diversity management from a decolonial perspective. This decolonial analysis is undertaken by a ‘local’ researcher from an emerging economy in Latin America (more specifically, Brazil) who also takes part into the US-led ‘global’ MOS academy. The basic argument is that diversity management is a controversial concept due to its attachment to Eurocentric narratives of modernity/coloniality, which have been transformed into ‘universal’ knowledge by mechanisms of knowledge management inaugurated when European conquerors discovered and conquered America over five centuries ago. The colonial side of diversity management is unveiled in order to open space for decolonial possibilities that have been negated and to the reframing of diversity management.
Rethinking Diversity in Organizations and Society
Authors: Knights David , Omanović Vedran
Published: January 2016

The problem addressed in this chapter is whether emphasis on the ‘business case’ has gone too far, for even on its own terms there have been questions concerning the actual commercial benefits of diversity management. The concern is that if practitioner interests in anti-discrimination are reduced to the business case, then any failure to achieve commercial benefits will condemn the whole programme. Consequently, there has to be some return to the social justice arguments for managing diversity. As a way of seeking to stimulate such developments, we have conducted a literature survey of the various methodological and analytical frameworks deployed in diversity in organizations research. This is in order to search for alternatives to the reduction of ideas and interests in diversity to a single managerial preoccupation with making diversity ‘pay’, or limiting diversity practices to their potential to generate commercial benefits.
Examining Diversity in Organizations from Critical Perspectives
Authors: Bleijenbergh Inge , Fielden Sandra L.
Published: January 2016

In this chapter we discuss how examining diversity in organizations from critical perspectives influences all phases of the research process. It affects the framing of research questions, the selection of research strategies, the collection of sources and analysis of data, the assessment of the role of the researcher and the theoretical contribution the research makes. Examining diversity in organizations from critical perspectives calls for research questions that, for example, examine organizational norms, reveal the intersection of different identity categories, or examine the interplay between agency and structure. They authors plea for taking the empirical perspective of the marginalized ‘other’ in the centre of the analysis and for an active reflection upon the role of the researchers in producing knowledge. Such an approach would takes both the agency of the researcher and the examined into consideration.
Duelling Dualisms
Authors: Pringle Judith K. , Strachan Glenda
Published: January 2016

This chapter presents a history of diversity management through the use of dichotomies that cross-cut the field. These are used as a framework to organize the evolution from equal opportunity policies and practices to managing diversity in organizations. We trace the shift from the social justice case for equality to the business case for managing diversity; from practitioners’ initiatives to academic research, from the US diversity discourse to many country contexts, from an emphasis on gender to ‘other’ demographic diversity dimensions, and from quantitative to qualitative research methodologies. The discussion demonstrates the complexity of combining historical and socio-political country contexts on organizational policies and practices. The resulting influences on an individual’s experiences of diversity management are as complex as are the partiality of theoretical explanations. We urge researchers to move beyond dualisms combining their strengths, to create transformative approaches. Altogether the continuing debates add to a vibrant field.
Reflections on Diversity and Inclusion Practices at the Organizational, Group, and Individual Levels
Authors: Bernstein Ruth Sessler , Crary Marcy , Bilimoria Diana , Blancero Donna Maria
Published: January 2016

This chapter reviews diversity and inclusion practices at the organizational, group and individual levels. The authors drawn on their own and other extant research to identify effective methods at each level that are likely to yield a diversity dividend, resulting in positive outcomes associated with harnessing and leveraging the social identities and resources of diverse individuals and workgroups.
Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Porter Janet , Hilde Rosalie
Published: January 2016

For years, diversity scholars have been calling for more empirical studies that specifically show how linguistic and non-linguistic practices produce asymmetrical differences between and among social groups. To that end, we show that textual analysis methodologies can provide situational, contextual, and empirical research that demonstrates practices and productions of these differences in organizations and workplaces. We further provide researchers with two overlooked approaches of textual analysis methodology that add a multi-level organizational dimension to studying the production of these differences—critical sensemaking and discourse theory. By establishing and maintaining contextual relevance and casting organization as socially constructed on multiple levels, these two approaches help point to systemic-wide strategies for addressing critical organizational, institutional and societal diversity issues such as discrimination or harassment. This chapter will be useful for the diversity researcher who studies linguistic and non-linguistic practices in organizational, institutional, and social formations.
Collecting Narratives and Writing Stories of Diversity
Authors: Zanoni Patrizia , Van Laer Koen
Published: January 2016

Drawing on the personal accounts of researchers of diversity, this chapter discusses the praxis of doing qualitative diversity research. First, it discusses how during a process of socialization, researchers are exposed to norms which promote certain research practices important to achieve the status of ‘good academic’. Second, it discusses the ambiguous and unstable power and identity dynamics characterizing qualitative research on diversity. Third, the chapter addresses the issue of translating research findings into writing, and highlights how in this process, authors have significant power, yet are also regulated in particular directions by academic conventions. Fourth, it discusses the issue of reflexivity, highlighting how it can not only be practiced in a ‘good’, but also a ‘bad’, and an ‘ugly’ way. In this way, this chapter highlights the identity- and power-laden difficulties and dilemmas confronting qualitative researchers in the field of diversity.
Sentencing Policies and Practices in South Carolina
Authors: Hester Rhys
Published: January 2016

Since the 1970s, South Carolina has had an active history of sentencing reform efforts. But despite initiatives, various iterations of South Carolina Sentencing Commissions have failed to see guidelines become law. The state did make other changes to sentencing policy, including the adoption of truth-in-sentencing for serious offenses, a three-strikes law, and numerous mandatory minimums. Given the hybrid indeterminancy and lack of guidelines, empirical research findings from South Carolina are surprising. There is evidence of modest gender and racial disparities in sentencing outcomes that is consistent with findings from other jurisdictions that have enacted guidelines. Moreover, studies report considerable uniformity in outcomes across the state, which researchers have attributed to the continuing practice of judicial rotation and legislative appointment of judges. This essay details the past and present sentencing structure in South Carolina and includes a historical account of the long but unsuccessful struggle for sentencing guidelines.
Youth Justice in Germany
Authors: Dünkel Frieder
Published: January 2016

Youth justice in Germany covers juveniles and young adult offenders from 14 to 20 years of age. The legal approach since the enactment of a first Juvenile Justice Act (JJA) in 1923 has combined justice and welfare models. Major law reforms in 1953, 1990, and 2008 emphasized diversion and “educational” and restorative justice measures. The sentencing practice remained moderate despite problems with increasing rates of violent offending during the 1990s. For the last 15 years, juvenile crime rates, particularly violent offences, and the youth population in prisons have decreased (–20 percent since 2005). The practice of diversion (70 percent of all cases) has proved to be effective in preventing reoffending. Youth imprisonment is used only as a last resort (2 percent of all cases of juvenile and young adult offenders). No “punitive turn” can be seen in legislation and sentencing practice in Germany.
Effects of Chinese and North American Wild Rice on Blood Lipids, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation Factors in Hyperlipidemic Rats
Authors: Zhang Hong , Zhai Cheng‐kai
Published: January 2016

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of replacing processed rice and wheat starch with Chinese and North American wild rice as the chief source of dietary carbohydrates in rats fed high levels of saturated fat and cholesterol. The study consisted of five groups: low‐fat diet, high fat/cholesterol diet, city diet, North American wild rice diet, and Chinese wild rice diet. At the end of eight weeks of the diet regimen, the North American and Chinese wild rice diets suppressed the increase in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol but also decreased the high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level. In addition, rats fed either the North American or Chinese wild rice diet suppressed the build‐up of oxidative stress by improving total antioxidant capacity, increasing superoxide dismutase activity, and reducing malondialdehyde concentration. In contrast, rats fed with the high fat/cholesterol diet and city diet had increased concentrations of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) compared with the low‐fat diet; rats fed with the Chinese wild rice diet had a significantly decreased serum hs‐CRP protein and TNF‐α concentration. Higher serum hs‐CRP levels were verified in the city diet group compared with North American wild rice diet group. These findings illustrate that both North American wild rice and Chinese wild rice are effective in suppressing hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation in rats even when the diet consumed is high in fat and cholesterol.
A Temperature-Independent Cold-Shock Protein Homolog Acts as a Virulence Factor in Xylella fastidiosa
Authors: Burbank Lindsey P. , Stenger Drake C.
Published: January 2016

Xylella fastidiosa, causal agent of Pierce’s disease (PD) of grapevine, is a fastidious organism that requires very specific conditions for replication and plant colonization. Cold temperatures reduce growth and survival of X. fastidiosa both in vitro and in planta. However, little is known regarding physiological responses of X. fastidiosa to temperature changes. Cold-shock proteins (CSP), a family of nucleic acid–binding proteins, act as chaperones facilitating translation at low temperatures. Bacterial genomes often encode multiple CSP, some of which are strongly induced following exposure to cold. Additionally, CSP contribute to the general stress response through mRNA stabilization and posttranscriptional regulation. A putative CSP homolog (Csp1) with RNA-binding activity was identified in X. fastidiosa Stag’s Leap. The csp1 gene lacked the long 5′ untranslated region characteristic of cold-inducible genes and was expressed in a temperature-independent manner. As compared with the wild type, a deletion mutant of csp1 (∆csp1) had decreased survival rates following cold exposure and salt stress in vitro. The deletion mutant also was significantly less virulent in grapevine, as compared with the wild type, in the absence of cold stress. These results suggest an important function of X. fastidiosa Csp1 in response to cellular stress and during plant colonization.
Why do you feel stressed in a “smile factory”?
Authors: Zhao Xinyuan (Roy) , Ghiselli Richard
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– This study aims to theoretically construct the role of hospitality job characteristics (HJCs), conceptually identify specific HJCs and empirically examine the relationships of these to work–family conflict and job stress. Hospitality employees work in a “smile factory” – often under stress.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data were collected from 346 hotel employees in China and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) and a series of hierarchical regression analyses (HRA).

Findings

– The SEM results confirmed the general role of HJCs as a job stressor, and the HRA findings differentiated the specific impacts of the characteristics on work–family conflict and job stress.

Research limitations/implications

– The survey was cross-sectional and correlational in nature. Furthermore, the results were also from selected hotels, and the respondents do not fully represent all hotel employees. Finally, the measures of hospitality job uniqueness were employees’ subjective agreement on the given statements.

Practical implications

– The study offers a systematic framework of specific job characteristics in the hospitality context for the reconciliation of previously inconsistent research findings. The findings may also be useful to hospitality managers as they attempt to analyze and understand the specific job characteristics that are the most salient reasons for withdrawal attitudes and behaviors.

Originality/value

– The present study identified the list of HJCs by summarizing previous studies and examining the roles of HJCs in work attitudes among hospitality employees. These efforts could be helpful both for scholars by constructing a consistent base for future research and for managers by precisely analyzing the specific job attributes.
Experimental research in hospitality and tourism: a critical review
Authors: Fong Lawrence Hoc Nang , Law Rob , Tang Candy Mei Fung , Yap Matthew Hong Tai
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to examine the prevalence and trend of experimental research in hospitality and tourism. Hospitality and tourism researchers have long been encouraged to increase their use of experimental designs. However, a solid support for such advocacy is lacking, and the present paper fills in this research gap.

Design/methodology/approach

– By using a systematic approach, this study reviews 161 tourism and hospitality articles and conducts content analysis based on certain criteria including journal outlets,Social Sciences Citation Indexjournals, years of publication, contexts, disciplinary foci, experimental designs, settings, number of independent variables, number of studies per article, manipulation methods, manipulation check, research subjects, sample size, subjects per experimental condition, statistical analyses and provision of effect size. The criteria between hospitality and tourism publications are also compared.

Findings

– Findings show that the number of experimental publications has significantly increased over the past decade, especially in hospitality publications. Nonetheless, there is still room for improvement in applying the experimental design in hospitality and tourism research.

Research limitations/implications

– Researchers in hospitality and tourism are recommended to report manipulation check results and the effect size of statistically significant results, as well as to devote more effort to knowledge accumulation and methodological advancement of experimental designs.

Originality/value

– This study is the first to review experimental research in hospitality and tourism. The findings of this study provide significant implications and directions for hospitality and tourism researchers to conduct experimental research in the future.