bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Has There Been a ‘Long Peace’ in Antarctica?
Authors: Jabour Julia
Published: February 2016

This article draws on the work of John Lewis Gaddis, a Pulitzer Prize-winning author and historian particularly well known for his scholarship on the Cold War. In his 1986 paper, “The Long Peace: Elements of Stability in the Postwar International System” Gaddis posited a range of plausible reasons for why neither the United States nor the Soviet Union took the ultimate step of initiating a nuclear war against the other. This restraint was founded on principles of mutual understanding of the consequences of such an action and contributed to what he termed the ‘long peace’ in post-Cold War international relations. This article examines why there has also been a ‘long peace’ in Antarctic relations, using Gaddis’s theories and applying them to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties’ dealings with each other in the context of the Antarctic Treaty System – the legal regime that governs Antarctica. It finds that despite a radically different set of international relations circumstances today, Gaddis’s theories hold true. How long this long peace will last is not the point here; merely that it exists is cause for optimism.
Revision of the Caraphiini, New Tribe (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lepturinae)
Authors: OHBAYASHI NOBUO , LIN MEI-YING , YAMASAKO JUNSUKE
Published: February 2016

Caraphiini N. Ohbayashi, Lin & Yamasako, trib. nov. of the subfamily Lepturinae is erected for the genus Caraphia Gahan, 1906. The Central American genus Noctileptura Chemsak & Linsley, 1984 is synonymized with the southeast Asian genus Caraphia. Caraphia huai N. Ohbayashi & Lin, sp. nov., from Hainan and Guangdong, China, Caraphia paulastoni N. Ohbayashi & Lin, sp. nov. from Hong Kong, China and Caraphia lingafelteri N. Ohbayashi & Yamasako, sp. nov. from Matagalpa, Nicaragua are described. All the known sixteen species of the newly defined genus Caraphia are revised with a key and their habitus.
Advertisement call of Scinax camposseabrai (Bokermann, 1968) (Anura: Hylidae), with comments on the call of three species of the Scinax ruber clade
Authors: NOVAES GABRIEL , ZINA JULIANA
Published: February 2016

Scinax camposseabrai was allocated into the Scinax ruber clade by Caramaschi & Cardoso (2006) by overall similarities as snout not pointed, breeding in open areas, and an advertisement calls with multipulsed notes. This assumption about the call was based solely on an onomatopoeia provided by Bokermann (1968). Herein we provide a formal description of the advertisement call of S. camposseabrai and compare it with described calls of other S. ruber clade species. Additionally, we provide descriptions of the advertisement calls of three sympatric species of the S. ruber clade: S. eurydice (Bokermann), S. pachycrus (Miranda-Ribeiro) and S. cf. x-signatus.
Five species of the genus Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from China
Authors: LI HOUHUN , ZHANG ZHENGUO
Published: February 2016

Five species of the genus Epicephala Meyrick, 1880 are reported based on specimens collected from leaves or reared from fruits of different Glochidion plants (Phyllanthaceae) in southern part of China. Epicephala duoplantaria Li, sp. nov., E. daltonii Li, sp. nov., E. jianfenglingina Li, sp. nov. and E. assamica Li, sp. nov. are described as new; E. ancylopa Meyrick, 1918 is redescribed and recorded from China for the first time. Photographs of adults and genital structures are provided.
A new species of Odorrana (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae) from Vietnam
Authors: PHAM CUONG THE , NGUYEN TRUONG QUANG , LE MINH DUC , BONKOWSKI MICHAEL , ZIEGLER THOMAS
Published: February 2016

A new species of Odorrana is described from the karst forests in northeastern Vietnam based on morphological differences and molecular divergence. Morphologically, the new species is distinguishable from its congeners on the basis of a combination of the following diagnostic characters: (1) size large (SVL 85.9–91.6 mm in males, 108.7–110.1 mm in females); (2) head longer than wide; (3) vomerine teeth present; (4) external vocal sacs absent; (5) snout short (SL/SVL 0.16–0.17); (6) tympanum large (TD/ED 0.70 in males, 0.68 in females); (7) dorsal surface of head and anterior part of body smooth, posterior part of body and flanks with small tubercles; (8) supratympanic fold present; (9) dorsolateral fold absent; (10) webbing formula I0–0II0–0III0–1/2IV1/2–0V; (11) in life, dorsum green with dark brown spots; (12) flanks greyish brown with dark brown spots; (13) throat and chest grey, underside of limbs with large dark brown spots, edged in white, forming a network. In the phylogenetic analyses, the new species is unambiguously nested within the O. andersonii group, and placed as the sister taxon to O. wuchuanensis.
‘Femminicidio’ in Italy: A critique of feminist gender discourse and constructivist reading of the human identity
Authors: Bandelli Daniela , Porcelli Giorgio
Published: February 2016

In recent years a feminist gender discourse of femicide has become established in Italian political debate. Stereotypical and sexist representations of women are singled out as key issues to be addressed in the fight against Violence Against Women (VAW). Gender discourse and associated cultural/linguistic enterprise simplify heterosexual (violent) relational dynamics, overshadow different situational, relational and socio-psychological readings of violence and foreground a cultural understanding of the human being as a self-determined artificially constructed identity. The authors of this article suggest that this discourse on femicide can be read through the lens of Foucault’s theory of biopolitics, as a device of manipulation of human identity. Furthermore the authors borrow from Habermas’s theory of public sphere and argue that the hegemonic gender interpretation of femicide reflects the specific vantage point of feminist groups while it is not the result of any inclusive public reflections on the causes of this social phenomenon. Their core argument is that a gender discourse of femicide contributes to the advancement of a social constructivist paradigm in the interpretation of self in postmodern society, a society that, as warned by sociologist David Riesman and Jungian psychologist Tony Wolff, is populated by individuals that conform to cultural values.
Listening to Our Voices
Authors: Louis Dave A. , Rawls Glinda J. , Jackson-Smith Dimitra , Chambers Glenn A. , Phillips LaTricia L. , Louis Sarah L.
Published: February 2016

This article focuses on the experiences of four Black faculty members at predominantly White research universities with microaggression in the workplace. Utilizing scholarly personal narratives (SPN), this article explores the inhibitive nature of microaggressions, the resilient nature of Black faculty enduring these social attacks, and possible avenues for addressing the issue at an institutional level. The narratives shed light on the invisible social ill that occurs daily in the American academy, and those same voices call for serious introspection and administrative action in the field of higher education.
Enamelin Directs Crystallite Organization at the Enamel-Dentine Junction
Authors: Siddiqui S. , Al-Jawad M.
Published: February 2016

Enamel is an acellular material formed by the intricate process of amelogenesis. Disruption caused at the initial stages of development, by means of mutations in the ENAM gene encoding the enamelin protein, results in enamel hypoplasia. Little is known about the consequence of ENAM mutation on the enamel structure at a crystallographic level. The aim of this study was to characterize the structure of ENAM-mutated enamel to develop a deeper understanding of the role of enamelin protein during formation with regard to crystal organization. Synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction (SXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to measure and correlate enamel crystallography and microstructure in hypoplastic and healthy enamel. Rietveld refinement carried out on 2-dimensional diffraction patterns, collected from the Advanced Photon Source, were used to quantify changes in the preferred orientation (crystallographic texture) within the labial regions of each tooth slice and then correlated with the local microstructure. In general, healthy deciduous incisors displayed a higher degree of crystal organization across the labial surface in comparison with the hypoplastic enamel. ENAM plays the greatest functional role at the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ), as it was the region that exhibited lowest texture relative to unaffected controls. Other areas within the tooth, however, such as the cusp tip, displayed greater organization in line with healthy enamel, suggesting its effects are restricted to the early stages of enamel secretion. Observed clinically, the surface of ENAM-mutated hypoplastic enamel can appear to be normal, yet severe sub-nano and microstructural defects appear beneath the subsurface layer. Quantitative characterization of the crystallographic properties from enamel with known genotype expands the understanding of enamel formation processes and can aid better clinical diagnosis and tailor-made treatment.
Epithelial Microvesicles Promote an Inflammatory Phenotype in Fibroblasts
Authors: Bi J. , Koivisto L. , Owen G. , Huang P. , Wang Z. , Shen Y. , Bi L. , Rokka A. , Haapasalo M. , Heino J. , Häkkinen L. , Larjava H.S.
Published: February 2016

Microvesicles (MVs) are extracellular vesicles secreted by various cell types that are involved in intercellular communication. We hypothesized that in human periodontal disease, the pocket epithelium releases MVs, which then modulate gene expression in the underlying fibroblasts to control periodontal inflammation. MVs were isolated from culture medium of gingival epithelial cells (GECs) treated with oral bacterial biofilm extract or left untreated. Biofilm treatment significantly increased MV release from the GECs. Mass spectrometry of GEC-MVs identified a total of 2,173 proteins, of which about 80% were detected in MVs from both control and biofilm-treated GECs. Among 80 signature genes of human gingival fibroblasts, 20 were significantly regulated ( P < 0.05) by MVs from control and biofilm-treated GECs in a similar manner. Matrix metalloproteinase 1 and 3 and interleukin 6 and 8 showed the strongest regulation at the mRNA and protein levels. Several cellular signaling pathways were activated by GEC-MVs in human gingival fibroblasts, including Smad and mitogen-activated protein kinase–associated pathways ERK1/2, JNK, and p38. However, ERK1/2 signaling dominated in the MV-induced gene expression changes. The results demonstrate that GEC-MVs have a strong regulatory effect on the expression of fibroblast genes associated with inflammation and matrix degradation and that bacterial biofilm stimulates the generation of GEC-MVs. This suggests that bacterial biofilms can contribute to the initiation and progression of periodontal disease by promoting a tissue-destructive phenotype in gingival fibroblasts via the enhanced secretion of epithelial MVs.
Active noise control using wavelet function and network approach
Authors: Rakhshan Mohsen , Moula Ehsan , Shabani-nia Faridoon , Safarinejadian Behrouz , Khorshidi Shapour
Published: February 2016

Active noise control (ANC) is based on the principle of superposition of waves. It means that an algorithm is used to tune a secondary source to make an anti-noise with equal amplitude but opposite phase with the primary source. In this paper, a wavelet function and network (WAVENET) approach is designed for ANC. The algorithm is used to train parameters of an anti-noise filter for omitting the undesired noise. FXLMS and NLMS are the conventional methods of ANC that need complex acoustic plant models and these necessities make the methods complex and inaccurate. In the WAVENET approach, this complexity can be accounted for. Numerical simulations for a WAVENET approach are presented to demonstrate the performance of the WAVENET approach scheme.
A review of a new Dutch guideline for management of recurrent varicose veins
Authors: Lawson James A , Toonder Irwin M
Published: February 2016

In 2013, the new Dutch guideline for “Venous Pathology” was published. The guideline was a revision and update from the guideline “Diagnostics and Treatment of Varicose Veins” from 2009 and the guideline “Venous Ulcer” from 2005. A guideline for “Deep Venous Pathology” and one for “Compression Therapy” was added to the overall guideline “Venous Pathology.” The chapter about treatment of recurrent varicose veins after initial intervention was recently updated in 2015 and is reviewed here. The Dutch term “recidief varices” or the French “récidive de varices” should be used analogous to the English term “recurrent varicose veins.” The DCOP Guideline Development Group Neovarices concluded that “recidief” in Dutch actually suggests recurrence after apparent successful treatment and ignores the natural progression of venous disease in its own right. So the group opted to use the term “neovarices.” In the Dutch guideline, neovarices is meant to be an all embracing term for recurrent varicose veins caused by technical or tactical failure, evolvement from residual refluxing veins or natural progression of varicose vein disease at different locations of the treated leg after intervention. This report reviews the most important issues in the treatment of varicose vein recurrence, and discusses conclusions and recommendations of the Dutch Neovarices Guideline Committee.
Long-term follow-up for different varicose vein therapies: is surgery still the best?
Authors: Bootun Roshan , Davies Alun H
Published: February 2016

Management of varicose vein disease has changed drastically over the past decades. Since its introduction in vein practice, surgery has gone through several stages of evolution until the method of ligation with stripping eventually became and remained the standard for a long time. It was found to be effective at treating the condition and, indications of its beneficial impact on patients’ quality of life soon also became evident. However, being associated with significant morbidity, surgery gradually fell out of favour, especially, once the newer endovenous techniques were launched around the turn of the century. These endothermal methods allowed procedures to be carried out under local anaesthetic as day case interventions, often with a similar or even better effect on occlusion rates and quality of life. In addition, there is mounting evidence that these newer techniques might be more cost-effective. This review evaluates surgical treatment of varicose veins compared to endovenous methods and also assesses its place in current phlebological practice.
Compression to prevent PTS: a controversy?
Authors: Amin Elham , Joore Manuela A , ten Cate-Hoek Arina J
Published: February 2016

Compression therapy, prescribed as elastic compression stockings, is the cornerstone in the management of post-thrombotic syndrome. The effectiveness of elastic compression stockings has recently been called into question in a large randomized placebo-controlled trial. The findings however may be less contradictory than assumed and presented. The mechanistic substrate for the effectiveness of compression therapy is based on its ability to counteract venous hypertension, which is a central aspect in the pathophysiology of post-thrombotic syndrome. Nevertheless, despite elastic compression stockings a significant percentage (20–50%) of patients develops post-thrombotic syndrome, suggesting that there are other factors to be considered next to compression. Every patient has an individual baseline risk value, constituted of non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors (i.e. age, sex, bodyweight etcetera). Straining patients at risk is therefore crucial. Exploring additional or alternative forms of therapy is desirable as well since these are in addition to the risk factors, costs aspects and quality of life, puzzle pieces in the management of post-thrombotic syndrome, which once pieced together enables multifactorial yet individualized therapy.
Susceptibility to Hamstring Injuries in Soccer
Authors: Schuermans Joke , Van Tiggelen Damien , Danneels Lieven , Witvrouw Erik
Published: February 2016

Background:

Running-related hamstring strain injuries remain a delicate issue in several sports such as soccer. Their unremittingly high incidence and recurrence rates indicate that the underlying risk has not yet been fully identified. Among other factors, the importance of neuromuscular coordination and the quality of interplay between the different hamstring muscle bellies is thought to be a key determinant within the intrinsic injury risk. Muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging (mfMRI) is one of the tools that has been proven to be valid for evaluating intermuscular coordination.

Purpose:

To investigate the risk of sustaining an index or recurring soccer-related hamstring injury by exploring metabolic muscle characteristics using mfMRI.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

A total of 27 healthy male soccer players and 27 soccer players with a history of hamstring injuries underwent standardized mfMRI. The mfMRI protocol consisted of a resting scan, a strenuous bilateral eccentric hamstring exercise, and a postexercise scan. The exercise-related T2 change, or the signal intensity shift between both scans, was used to detect differences in metabolic characteristics between (1) the different hamstring muscle bellies and (2) the prospective cohorts based on the (re)occurrence of hamstring injuries during a follow-up period of 18 months.

Results:

The risk of sustaining a first hamstring injury was associated with alterations in the intermuscular hierarchy in terms of the magnitude of the metabolic response after a heavy eccentric effort, with the dominant role of the semitendinosus set aside for a higher contribution of the biceps femoris ( P = .017). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that this variable was significantly able to predict the occurrence of index injuries with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 70% when the metabolic activity of the biceps femoris exceeded 10%. The risk of sustaining a reinjury was associated with a substantial deficit in hamstring strength endurance ( P = .031). Soccer players who sustained a reinjury were only able to perform prone leg curls for a mean duration of 146.50 ± 76.16 seconds, whereas those with an injury history but no recurrence during follow-up were able to continue for a mean of 237.45 ± 110.76 seconds (95% CI, 11.9-230.5 seconds; P = .031).

Conclusion:

This was the first study to assess the causal relation between the intramuscular recruitment pattern and the risk of sustaining an index or secondary hamstring strain. Changes in intermuscular interplay seem to significantly increase the risk of sustaining index hamstring injuries in male amateur soccer players. Inadequate eccentric muscle endurance could be associated with an increased risk of sustaining a recurring hamstring injury.
Effect of Hypercholesterolemia on Fatty Infiltration and Quality of Tendon-to-Bone Healing in a Rabbit Model of a Chronic Rotator Cuff Tear
Authors: Chung Seok Won , Park HaeBong , Kwon Jieun , Choe Ghee Young , Kim Sae Hoon , Oh Joo Han
Published: February 2016

Background:

The incidence of healing failure after rotator cuff repair is high, and fatty infiltration is a crucial factor in healing failure.

Purpose:

To verify the effect of hypercholesterolemia on fatty infiltration and the quality of tendon-to-bone healing and its reversibility by lowering the cholesterol level in a chronic tear model using the rabbit supraspinatus.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Forty-eight rabbits were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n = 12 each). After 4 weeks of a high-cholesterol diet (groups A and B) and a regular diet (groups C and D), the supraspinatus tendon was detached and left alone for 6 weeks and then was repaired in a transosseous manner (groups A, B, and C). Group D served as a control. Group A continued to receive the high-cholesterol diet until the final evaluation (6 weeks after repair); however, at the time of repair, group B was changed to a general diet with administration of a cholesterol-lowering agent (simvastatin). Histological evaluation of the fat-to-muscle proportion was performed twice, at the time of repair and the final evaluation, and an electromyographic (EMG) test, mechanical test, and histological test of tendon-to-bone healing were performed at the final evaluation.

Results:

For the EMG test, group A showed a significantly smaller area of compound muscle action potential compared with groups C and D (all P <.01), and group B showed a larger area than group A, almost up to the level of group C ( P = .312). Similarly, group A showed significantly lower mechanical properties both in load-to-failure and stiffness compared with groups C and D (all P <.05). In addition, although not significantly different, the mechanical properties of group B were higher than those of group A (mean load-to-failure: group A = 42.01 N, group B = 58.23 N [ P = .103]; mean stiffness: group A = 36.32 N/mm, group B = 47.22 N/mm [ P = .153]). For the histological test, groups A and B showed a significantly higher fat-to-muscle proportion than did groups C and D at 6 weeks after detachment (all P <.05), but at the final evaluation, group B showed a decreased fat-to-muscle proportion (mean ± SD: from 64.02% ± 11.87% to 54.68% ± 10.47%; P = .146) compared with group A, which showed increased fat-to-muscle proportion (from 59.26% ± 17.80% to 78.23% ± 10.87%; P = .015). Groups B and C showed better tendon-to-bone interface structures than did group A, which showed coarse and poorly organized collagen fibers with fat interposition.

Conclusion:

Hypercholesterolemia had a deleterious effect on fatty infiltration and the quality of tendon-to-bone repair site, and lowering hypercholesterolemia seemed to halt or reverse these harmful effects in this experimental model.

Clinical Relevance:

Systemic diseases such as hypercholesterolemia should be tightly controlled during the perioperative period of rotator cuff repair.
Effects of surface functional groups on proliferation and biofunction of Schwann cells
Authors: Wang Yaling , Ji Yawei , Zhao Yahong , Kong Yan , Gao Ming , Feng Qilin , Wu Yue , Yang Yumin
Published: February 2016

Scaffolds in tissue engineering should be rationally designed to become an adhesion substrate friendly to cells. Schwann cells play an important role in nerve regeneration and repair. Previous studies have suggested that surface chemical groups have effect on many types of cells. However, there have hitherto been few reports on Schwann cells. In this study, we investigated cell adhesion, survival, proliferation, and neurotrophic actions of Schwann cells cultured on glass coverslips modified with different chemical groups, including methyl, carboxyl, amino, hydroxyl, mercapto, and sulfonic groups. Schwann cells on amino and carboxyl surfaces had higher attachment rate, presenting good morphology, high proliferation, and strong neurotrophic functions, while on methyl surfaces, few cells can survive, cells shrunk into round shape, exhibiting poor proliferation and weak neurotrophic functions. Growth of cells on other groups was between methyl and amino, carboxyl, and had little difference among them. Our data indicated that chemical groups can regulate behavior of Schwann cells, indicating a way to design new scaffolds for peripheral nerve regeneration.
A History of Childhood Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Among Native American Adults
Authors: Kong Jooyoung , Roh Soonhee , Easton Scott D. , Lee Yeon-Shim , Lawler Michael J.
Published: February 2016

This study examined the association between childhood maltreatment and intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among Native American adults. Based on Riggs’s theoretical model of the long-term effects of childhood abuse, we also examined the mediating roles of insecure attachment patterns and depressive symptoms. The current study was a secondary data analysis using the 2013 General Well-Being Among Native Americans dataset ( N = 479). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the hypothesized relationships among key constructs. Consistent with existing literature of revictimization, our findings showed that the experience of childhood maltreatment was positively associated with IPV victimization. Mediation analyses indicated that depression was a significant mediator in the association between childhood maltreatment and IPV victimization. In addition, all the paths linking childhood maltreatment, fearful attachment, depressive symptoms, and IPV victimization were statistically significant, although the overall mediation effect was not significant. The results of this study suggest that Riggs’s model can serve as a useful theoretical framework for understanding the long-term effects of childhood maltreatment among Native American adults. Practitioners in the area of IPV should include maltreatment history and current attachment patterns in client assessments, which could help address conflict and violence within intimate relationships.
College Student Perceptions of Campus Safety Initiatives
Authors: Schafer Joseph A. , Lee Charern , Burruss George W. , Giblin Matthew J.
Published: February 2016

In the aftermath of tragic campus-based incidents causing injury and death, it has become common to see discussions concerning the safety measures institutions should be taking to prevent or mitigate the harm of such events. The recommended approaches reflect a degree of face validity but largely lack empirical grounding or clear evidence of support from the largest population they seek to protect—college students. Using survey data from six Illinois colleges, this study examines the level of student support for campus safety practices. Applying a framework derived from literature on fear of crime and other salient concepts, multivariate modeling is used to explain variation in the observed level of student support. The explanatory models offer limited insight into the factors shaping why students do or do not support campus safety practices. The findings demonstrate the importance of considering the views of students when institutions make decisions about campus safety policies.
Prospective Comparison of Acute Kidney Injury During Treatment With the Combination of Piperacillin-Tazobactam and Vancomycin Versus the Combination of Cefepime or Meropenem and Vancomycin
Authors: Peyko Vincent , Smalley Samantha , Cohen Henry
Published: February 2016

Purpose:

To prospectively evaluate the observed incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in adult patients receiving the combination of piperacillin-tazobactam and vancomycin versus the combination of cefepime or meropenem and vancomycin for greater than 72 hours.

Methods:

This was a prospective, open-label cohort study at a community academic medical center involving adult patients over a 3-month time period who received either the combination of piperacillin-tazobactam and vancomycin or the combination of cefepime or meropenem and vancomycin for greater than 72 hours. The patients were evaluated for AKI, defined using specific criteria introduced by Kidney Disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group in 2012.

Results:

A total of 85 patients receiving either antimicrobial combination were evaluated for AKI. The incidence of AKI was significantly higher in the piperacillin-tazobactam and vancomycin group (37.3%) compared with the cefepime or meropenem and vancomycin group (7.7%; χ2 = 7.80, P = .005).

Conclusion:

The result of this study suggests that the risk of developing AKI is increased in patients receiving the combination of piperacillin-tazobactam and vancomycin versus those receiving the combination of cefepime or meropenem and vancomycin.
Investigations on stability and control characteristics of a CS-VLA certified aircraft using wind tunnel test data
Authors: Van Nguyen Nhu , Tyan Maxim , Lee Jae-Woo , Kim Sangho
Published: February 2016

The stability and control characteristics using a wind tunnel test data process are proposed and developed to investigate the stability and control characteristics of a CS-VLA certified aircraft and to comply with the CS-VLA subpart B at the preliminary design review (PDR) and critical design review (CDR) stage. The aerodynamic characteristics of a 20% scale model are provided and investigated with clean, rudder, aileron, elevator, and winglet effects. The Mach and Reynolds correction methods are proposed to correct the aerodynamics of the scale model for stability and control analysis to obtain more reliable and accurate results of the full-scale model. The aerodynamic inputs and moment of inertia (MOI) comparison between the PDR and CDR stage show good agreement in the trends of stability and control derivatives. The CDR analysis results with the corrected wind tunnel test data and accurate MOI are investigated with respect to the longitudinal and lateral stability, control, and handling qualities to comply with the CS-VLA 173, CS-VLA 177, and CS-VLA 181 for finalizing the configuration in the CDR stage.
When Is an Adolescent an Adult? Assessing Cognitive Control in Emotional and Nonemotional Contexts
Authors: Cohen Alexandra O. , Breiner Kaitlyn , Steinberg Laurence , Bonnie Richard J. , Scott Elizabeth S. , Taylor-Thompson Kim , Rudolph Marc D. , Chein Jason , Richeson Jennifer A. , Heller Aaron S. , Silverman Melanie R. , Dellarco Danielle V. , Fair Damien A. , Galván Adriana , Casey B. J.
Published: February 2016

An individual is typically considered an adult at age 18, although the age of adulthood varies for different legal and social policies. A key question is how cognitive capacities relevant to these policies change with development. The current study used an emotional go/no-go paradigm and functional neuroimaging to assess cognitive control under sustained states of negative and positive arousal in a community sample of one hundred ten 13- to 25-year-olds from New York City and Los Angeles. The results showed diminished cognitive performance under brief and prolonged negative emotional arousal in 18- to 21-year-olds relative to adults over 21. This reduction in performance was paralleled by decreased activity in fronto-parietal circuitry, implicated in cognitive control, and increased sustained activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, involved in emotional processes. The findings suggest a developmental shift in cognitive capacity in emotional situations that coincides with dynamic changes in prefrontal circuitry. These findings may inform age-related social policies.
Experimental and numerical investigation of a gearless one-motor contra-rotating fan
Authors: Heinrich M , Friebe C , Schwarze R
Published: February 2016

A gearless one-motor concept for contra-rotating fans is presented in this article. The rotors are mounted to an electric motor using only one shaft. The coupling between both rotors is realised by utilising the conservation of angular momentum. The contra-rotating fans has a diameter of 200 mm at a design speed of 2100 min−1 for the first stage and 1200 min−1 for the second stage. It has been designed and investigated through a series of experiments by the Institute of Air Handling and Refrigeration in Dresden. The performance map and 2D particle image velocimetry measurements have been conducted. Numerical models for 3D quasi-steady state and transient simulations have been implemented and carried out by the Institute of Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics. The results show a good agreement between the quasi-steady, the transient simulations and the experiment. However, when close to stall, the time-resolved simulations show a superior performance compared with steady-state computations.
Consensus statement on the role of Accredited Exercise Physiologists within the treatment of mental disorders: a guide for mental health professionals
Authors: Lederman Oscar , Grainger Kristine , Stanton Robert , Douglas Angela , Gould Kirrily , Perram Amy , Baldeo Rishi , Fokas Theodora , Nauman Fiona , Semaan Amanda , Hewavasam Jude , Pontin Louise , Rosenbaum Simon
Published: February 2016

Objective:

The aim is to identify the role and scope of Accredited Exercise Physiologist (AEP) services in the mental health sector and to provide insight as to how AEPs can contribute to the multidisciplinary mental health team.

Methods:

A modified Delphi approach was utilised. Thirteen AEPs with experience in mental health contributed to the iterative development of a national consensus statement. Six mental health professionals with expertise in psychiatry, mental health nursing, general practice and mental health research participated in the review process. Reviewers were provided with a template to systematically provide feedback on the language, content, structure and relevance to their professional group.

Results:

This consensus statement outlines how AEPs can contribute to the multidisciplinary mental health team, the aims and scope of AEP-led interventions in mental health services and examples of such interventions, the range of physical and mental health outcomes possible through AEP-led interventions and common referral pathways to community AEP services.

Outcome:

AEPs can play a key role in the treatment of individuals experiencing mental illness. The diversity of AEP interventions allows for a holistic approach to care, enhancing both physical and mental health outcomes.
Making the Road While Walking It
Authors: Zabel Robert H. , Kaff Marilyn , Teagarden James
Published: February 2016

Richard Simpson is professor of special education at the University of Kansas (KU). Dr. Simpson’s duties at KU have included roles of staff psychologist, teaching associate, assistant professor, project director, associate professor, professor, and chairperson for the Department of Special Education. He has directed numerous University of Kansas and University of Kansas Medical Center demonstration programs for students with autism and other disabilities. He has authored numerous books, articles, and assessment instruments on a variety of topics related to students with disabilities.
Interleukin-33 Expression Indicates a Favorable Prognosis in Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors
Authors: Rössle Matthias , Cathomas Gieri , Bonapace Laura , Sachs Melanie , Dehler Silvia , Storz Martina , Huber Gerhard , Moch Holger , Junt Tobias , Mertz Kirsten D.
Published: February 2016

The cytokine interleukin-33 (IL-33) is abundantly expressed in epithelial barrier tissues such as salivary glands. Here, we characterized nuclear IL-33 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors and associated it with disease outcome. Most benign salivary gland tumors expressed IL-33, and all Warthin’s tumors showed strong and consistent IL-33 expression in the basally oriented cells of their bilayered epithelium. In the malignant group of neoplasms, nuclear IL-33 expression was limited to specific tumor entities—for example, to epithelial-myopepithelial carcinomas (n = 9/11), acinic cell carcinomas (n = 13/27), and oncocytic carcinomas (n = 2/2). IL-33 expression in the combined group of malignant salivary gland neoplasms was significantly associated with favorable histological parameters, lack of metastasis, and longer overall survival, compared with IL-33–negative tumors. We conclude that IL-33 expression is a novel prognostic marker for malignant salivary gland tumors with potential use in clinical diagnostics.
Use of organic acids for prevention and removal of Bacillus subtilis biofilms on food contact surfaces
Authors: Akbas Meltem Yesilcimen , Cag Seyda
Published: February 2016

The efficacies of organic acid (citric, malic, and gallic acids) treatments at 1% and 2% concentrations on prevention and removal of Bacillus subtilis biofilms were investigated in this study. The analyses were conducted on microtitration plates and stainless steel coupons. The biofilm removal activities of these organic acids were compared with chlorine on both surfaces. The results showed that citric acid treatments were as powerful as chlorine treatments for prevention and removal of biofilms. The antibiofilm effects of malic acid treatments were higher than gallic acid and less than citric acid treatment. When the antibiofilm effects of these acids and chlorine on the two surfaces were compared, the prevention and removal of biofilms were measured higher on microtitration plates than those on stainless steel coupons. Higher reductions were obtained by increasing concentrations of sanitizers on 24-hour biofilm with 20-minute sanitizer treatments for removal of biofilms.
Research on optimum design and construction process of tensegrity tower structures
Authors: Ma Ruijia , Ma Renle , Guest James K
Published: February 2016

Tensegrity tower structures are innovative lightweight structures that feature a system of tension members arranged such that compressive members do not directly interact. In this article, a 7-stage tensegrity tower structure was designed and a modified genetic algorithm was used to optimize the prestress distribution within and shape of the tower. The optimization result shows the structure’s lateral stiffness improves considerably compared with the initial model. Moreover, in order to determine the construction process, a construction scheme utilizing initial prestress and compensating prestress was proposed and a computational program named compensating prestress design program was developed. This program can help identify target tension and joint coordinates at each construction step such that the cable tension distribution in the completed structure meets designer-specified target values. Sensitivity analysis was also introduced in this program and Key Cable Theory was proposed as a result in order to improve the precision of compensating prestress design program. An illustrative example showed after applying compensating prestress design program, tension errors were all controlled within a small range.
Analysis and design of elevated liquid-filled reinforced concrete conical tanks
Authors: Azabi TM , Ansary AM El , Damatty AA El
Published: February 2016

Reinforced concrete conical tanks are used in municipalities and industrial applications as liquid containing vessels. These tanks can be ground supported tanks or elevated on a supporting shaft. Although most design codes provide guidelines for rectangular and cylindrical tanks, no guidance is provided in these codes for conical tanks. This study focuses on assessing the accuracy of a design approach based on the provisions of Portland Cement Association Circular Concrete Tanks without Pre-stressing code for cylindrical tanks combined with an equivalent cylinder approach provided by the American Water Works Association-D100. Several reinforced concrete conical tanks with different geometric configurations are analyzed under the effect of hydrostatic loading using this approach. The internal forces obtained according to code provisions are compared with those predicted by a linear finite element analysis model developed for all studied tanks. The finite element analysis model is based on a degenerated consistent sub-parametric triangular shell element developed in-house. The results of this comparison show that Portland Cement Association Circular Concrete Tanks without Pre-stressing approach leads to larger hoop tension and smaller meridional moment compared to those obtained from the finite element analysis. Therefore, the Portland Cement Association Circular Concrete Tanks without Pre-stressing provisions combined with the equivalent cylinder approach lead to an inadequate design if applied to conical-shaped tanks.
Positive behavioural support in schools for children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities whose behaviour challenges
Authors: Iemmi Valentina , Knapp Martin , Brown Freddy Jackson
Published: February 2016

Decision-makers with limited budgets want to know the economic consequences of their decisions. Is there an economic case for positive behavioural support (PBS)? A small before–after study assessing the impact of PBS on challenging behaviours and positive social and communication skills in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities and behaviours that challenge was followed by an evaluation of costs. Results were compared with the costs of alternative packages of care currently available in England obtained from a Delphi exercise conducted alongside the study. Children and adolescents supported with PBS showed improvement in challenging behaviours and social and communication skills, at a total weekly cost of GBP 1909 (and GBP 1951 including carer-related costs). PBS in schools for children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities and behaviours that challenge may help to support them in the community with potential improvements in outcomes and also cost advantages.
What are the next breakthroughs in the management of acute intracerebral hemorrhage?
Authors: Toyoda Kazunori , Koga Masatoshi , Sato Shoichiro
Published: February 2016

The impact of acute therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage is far behind that for acute ischemic stroke. Potential breakthroughs in the management of acute intracerebral hemorrhage are presented. To prevent early hematoma growth, acute blood pressure lowering, emergent hemostatic therapy, and minimally invasive surgery with topical thrombolysis have been attempted. Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective pharmacotherapies may attenuate perihematomal edema as a surrogate marker for the inflammatory response and improve clinical outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage. Hyperacute modification of vital parameters, early seizure control, early rehabilitation, and neuroregenerative therapy are other promising strategies in the foreseeable future.
The crime drop and the changing face of commercial victimization: Reflections on the ‘commercial crime drop’ in the UK and the implications for future research
Authors: Hopkins Matt
Published: February 2016

A growing body of research has both described and forwarded hypotheses to account for the crime drop that has been observed in many western countries since 1995. Commentators have focused on falls observed for households and individuals, with little reflection on the commercial sector. This is surprising given that previous research has recognized both the high rate of crime against some business sectors and the potential impact of crime against more economically vulnerable enterprises. This article explores the crime drop in relation to businesses in England and Wales. It considers whether there is evidence of a crime drop, the extent to which this appears to mirror the patterns observed for households/individuals and presents some tentative hypotheses to explain the patterns observed. Some suggestions are also made for areas that require further research.
Evaluating discourses of dissent: Questions of Moralität and Sittlichkeit
Authors: Brinton Aspen E
Published: February 2016

This article contends that the language of dissident movements should be analyzed through the lenses of two modes of moral reasoning in order to evaluate the potential success of those movements. These two modes are characterized as the differences between Moralität and Sittlichkeit, Moralität as a type of moral reasoning based in universal principles, Sittlichkeit based in local manners and customs. Both types of reasoning can be observed in most dissident movements, and this article argues that dissident movements will not be successful without a certain balance of both types of moral reasoning infused in the processes of engaging citizens, mobilizing action, justifying strategy, and ensuring representation. This article explores several historical discourses, including anti-communist dissidents in Eastern Europe, Gandhi, and Aung San Suu Kyi. These cases demonstrate both the differences in these two modes of moral reasoning, and the various successful ways they can be used together as discourses of dissent. Conclusions are drawn for the sake of application to global dissident movements more generally.
Repositioning childhood lived experiences within adult contexts: A Black feminist analysis of childhood/s regulation in early childhood care and education
Authors: Pérez Michelle Salazar , Medellin Kelly , Rideaux Kia S
Published: February 2016

Children have been governed within early childhood care and education in ways that would be heavily scrutinized if the same situations occurred within adult contexts. As such, in this article, we utilize Black feminist perspectives to interrogate and (re)examine childhood regulatory spaces. We provide readers with storied narratives that demonstrate how younger human beings are violated, controlled, and disciplined. To emphasize these points, we describe these same childhood experiences as if they were happening to adults. Examples of situations interrogated include everyday childhood routines, the use of assessment to determine ability grouping, and implementation of classroom management systems. Theorizing the narratives with a Black feminist lens inspires the rethinking of everyday (sometimes unrealized) regulation of younger human beings in early childhood care and education.
Social Media Communicator Roles: A Scale
Authors: Carpenter Serena , Lertpratchya Alisa P.
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this research is to describe the various roles of practitioners who use social media communication through a scale. Human organizations are role systems in which patterned behaviors take place. Literature and theory spanning multiple occupational fields guided the development of items. Through a multi-method approach and six-step process, we created a set of social media communicator roles resulting in a five-factor model: customer service provider, mobilizer, information disseminator, researcher, and community builder.
Social Media Rhetoric of the Transnational Palestinian-led Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement
Authors: Hitchcock Jennifer
Published: February 2016

This article uses rhetorical analysis to determine the effectiveness and characteristics of social media usage by the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement targeting Israel. Hundreds of local student, community, and religious groups in the United States use social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook to promote BDS discourse and organize local BDS-related events. Even though social media platforms are important for an international movement composed of a very dispersed population, with millions of Palestinians also living under military occupation, the history of traditional media use during the First Intifada also suggests that social media are not necessary for mobilizing Palestinians at the local level. A preliminary rhetorical analysis of several BDS-related Facebook pages and Twitter accounts reveals that the BDS movement’s social media usage functions similarly in some ways to other contemporary mass movements by facilitating on-the-ground actions and delivering useful information to supporters. BDS movement social media discourse, however, does not establish the same level of emotional connection or interactivity with audiences as some other recent movements have, but these limitations can be partly explained by the unique political, material, and rhetorical constraints of the situation.