bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review on the Applications of Graphene in Mechanical Transduction
Authors: Carvalho Alexandre F. , Kulyk Bohdan , Fernandes António J. S. , Fortunato Elvira , Costa Florinda M.
Published: July 2021

A pressing need to develop low‐cost, environmentally friendly, and sensitive sensors has arisen with the advent of the always‐connected paradigm of the internet‐of‐things (IoT). In particular, mechanical sensors have been widely studied in recent years for applications ranging from health monitoring, through mechanical biosignals, to structure integrity analysis. On the other hand, innovative ways to implement mechanical actuation have also been the focus of intense research in an attempt to close the circle of human–machine interaction, and move toward applications in flexible electronics. Due to its potential scalability, disposability, and outstanding properties, graphene has been thoroughly studied in the field of mechanical transduction. The applications of graphene in mechanical transduction are reviewed here. An overview of sensor and actuator applications is provided, covering different transduction mechanisms such as piezoresistivity, capacitive sensing, optically interrogated displacement, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, electrostatic actuation, chemomechanical and thermomechanical actuation, as well as thermoacoustic emission. A critical review of the main approaches is presented within the scope of a wider discussion on the future of this so‐called wonder material in the field of mechanical transduction.
Fullerotetrahydroquinolines: TfOH/TsOH ⋅ H2O‐Mediated One‐Pot Two‐Step Synthesis and N‐Alkylation/Acylation/Carboamidation Reaction
Authors: Liu Xiong , Wang Xing‐Yu , Sun Rui , Huang Min‐Rong , Liu Xiu‐Shan , Wang Hui‐Juan , Li Fa‐Bao , Liu Xu‐Feng , Liu Li , Liu Chao‐Yang
Published: July 2021

A series of N‐unsubstituted/substituted fullerotetrahydroquinolines without a directly attached nitrogen atom were synthesized in moderate to good yields via a one‐pot two‐step reaction of [60]fullerene with arylamines and paraformaldehyde in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and p‐toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate. Aromatic primary amines produce N‐unsubstituted fullereotetrahydroquinolines, while aromatic secondary amines give N‐substituted fullereotetrahydroquinoline derivatives. As precursors, N‐unsubstituted fullerotetrahydroquinolines could be further derivatized by the N‐alkylation/acylation/carboamidation reactions to produce a large variety of N‐substituted fullerotetrahydroquinolines containing Cl, NO2, C(O), and C(O)NH functional groups, which may have applications in the field of perovskite‐based solar cells. Plausible reaction pathways for the formation of N‐unsubstituted/substituted fullerotetrahydroquinolines were suggested to elucidate the above‐mentioned reaction process.

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Materials Beyond Conventional Triboelectric Series for Fabrication and Applications of Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Khandelwal Gaurav , Maria Joseph Raj Nirmal Prashanth , Kim Sang‐Jae
Published: July 2021

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were first developed in 2012, and have become the desirable choice as energy harvesters in the research community worldwide. The popularity of TENGs is attributed to their low weight, low cost, high output, wide range of materials and device designs. TENGs have been explored for many applications including sensing, implantable power sources, healthcare, and biomedical applications. The performance of TENGs depends largely on the material since charge density (σ) is a material property. Moreover, 2D materials have been investigated as an alternative to the conventional metal electrodes. The dominance of polymers and metals in the traditional triboelectric series has lead researchers to explore novel materials to extend the applications and improve TENG output. This review article summarizes the progress in the development of frictional layers and electrode materials for TENGs. The mechanism for the output enhancement and device applications are discussed in detail. Finally, a perspective on the future and relevant challenges in material development for TENGs are discussed.
Clinical implications of SRSF2 mutations in AML patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Grimm Juliane , Jentzsch Madlen , Bill Marius , Backhaus Donata , Brauer Dominic , Küpper Johannes , Schulz Julia , Franke Georg‐Nikolaus , Vucinic Vladan , Niederwieser Dietger , Platzbecker Uwe , Schwind Sebastian
Published: July 2021

The SRSF2 mutations are frequently found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and mostly affect the P95 residue. Mutations in this splicing factor mediate abnormal splicing associated with exon skipping events, including EZH2 as a crucial target. While SRSF2 mutations are enriched in secondary AML and associated with worse outcomes following chemotherapy consolidation, very little is known about the associated biological and clinical implications in AML patients consolidated with allogeneic hematopoietic stemcell transplantation (HSCT). Here we retrospectively analyzed 263 adult AML patients who received an allogeneic HSCT regarding the biological and clinical implications of the SRSF2 mutation status at diagnosis and in morphologic remission at HSCT. We found 12.5% of the patients to be SRSF2 mutated at diagnosis. Mutated patients had increased EZH2 missplicing events with P95H likely driving this pathobiology most effectively. However, the amount of EZH2 missplicing events, as a functional surrogate marker did not associate with relevant biological or clinical characteristics. We observed a persistence of mutations in remission before HSCT in the majority (93%) of SRSF2 mutated AML patients. Importantly, the variant allele frequency (VAF) levels of SRSF2 mutations in remission at HSCT did not correlate with outcomes following HSCT consolidation, limiting the applicability of SRSF2 mutations as a marker for residual AML disease. Following allogeneic HSCT SRSF2 mutated AML patients experienced a 2‐year overall survival of 77%, indicating that SRSF2 mutated AML patients may benefit from HSCT consolidation.
Thermal antioxidative kinetics of sesamol in triacylglycerols and fatty acid methyl esters of sesame, olive, and canola oils
Authors: Toorani Mohamad Reza , Farhoosh Reza , Golmakani Mohamad‐Taghi , Sharif Ali
Published: July 2021

Oxidation kinetics of the triacylglycerols (TAGs) and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) of sesame, olive, and canola oils were studied in the presence of the different concentrations of sesamol (0.1%–0.16%) at 60, 80, and 100°C. Sesamol increased the temperature coefficient, TC, and Q10 number of the TAGs more significantly compared to the FAMEs. All the sesamol‐added TAG and FAME systems, respectively, of the olive, canola, and sesame oils, respectively, exerted increased values of the Arrhenius (activation energy, Ea, and frequency factor, A) and Eyring (enthalpy, ΔH++, and entropy, ΔS++) equation parameters. Sesamol improved the Gibbs free energy (ΔG++) of the activated complex formation in the canola, sesame, and olive systems, respectively, and the effect was greater in the FAMEs.
Mechanical performance and supermolecular morphology of void free polypropylene manufactured by fused filament fabrication
Authors: Huang Miaozi , Xu Yao , Schlarb Alois K.
Published: July 2021

It is known from the literature that freedom from macroscopic defects (voids) is an essential prerequisite for good mechanical properties of 3D‐printed components manufactured using fused filament fabrication. The present study further shows that the morphology and mechanical properties of void free components are significantly influenced by the choice of process parameters. Components that were printed at low temperatures and high speeds show fair and inhomogeneous supermolecular morphology, clearly visible weld seams and a special flow‐induced staggered structure of the individual strands laid‐up. At higher magnification in the optical microscope, transcrystalline structures are visible starting from the contact area between the strands, that is, crystallization has started at the interface between the strands and is moving forward towards the center of the strands. In contrast, the samples printed at high temperatures and low speeds show a homogeneous supermolecular morphology with overall larger spherulites and a higher degree of crystallinity and compared to the specimens printed with the low temperature/high speed‐set much better mechanical properties. A numerical simulation of the temperature at the contact point of the strand emerging from the hot nozzle and the cooled strand neighbor agrees well with the measured behavior. The thermal simulation thus enables the temperature to be calculated at any point in time in the welding contact and thus access to the local thermal conditions during joining, cooling and the formation of the morphology.
Factorial validity of the Theory of Mind Inventory‐2 in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Lee Shih‐Chieh , Tsai Ching‐Hong , Lin Yu‐Ching , Li Hsing‐Jung , Jiang Dai‐Rong , Fu I‐Ning , Chen Kuan‐Lin
Published: July 2021

The Theory of Mind Inventory‐2 appears to be a promising measure assessing children's theory of mind. However, a lack of evidence on its factorial structure interferes with score interpretation. To examine whether the currently‐available structures of the Theory of Mind Inventory‐2 are robust and replicable, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in 242 children with autism spectrum disorder aged 3–12 years. Two possible structures were examined: the development‐based structure, which reflects children's developmental stages of theory of mind (early, basic, and advanced), and the content‐based structure, which represents children's social‐related functions (emotion recognition, mental state term comprehension, and pragmatics). Four fit indices were adopted simultaneously to examine the model fit of both structures. We found that the development‐based structure had a better model fit and was further modified. After modification, the development‐based structure showed an improved model fit, but it was not completely acceptable in all fit indices. These findings suggest that the scores of the Theory of Mind Inventory‐2 are more appropriate for reflecting children's developmental stages of theory of mind than the social‐related functions in children with autism spectrum disorder. However, the domain scores should be cautiously interpreted because the model fits were not completely acceptable. For further revisions, ambiguous terms (e.g., “want” and “need”) and confusing concepts assessed by the items (e.g., “recognize” and “understand”) could be specified for a better representation of children's developmental stages of theory of mind. Moreover, further validations are needed.

Lay Summary

In children with autism spectrum disorder, the scores of the Theory of Mind Inventory‐2 are more appropriate for indicating the developmental stages of theory of mind (early, basic, and advanced) than for indicating the social‐related functions (emotion recognition, mental state term comprehension, and pragmatics). However, since the factorial validity was not completely acceptable, the domain scores should be interpreted cautiously. Moreover, further revisions and validations are warranted.
Autistic young people’s experiences of transitioning to adulthood following the Children and Families Act 2014
Authors: Crane Laura , Davies Jade , Fritz Anne , O’Brien Sarah , Worsley Alison , Remington Anna
Published: July 2021

Changes to special educational needs and disability (SEND) legislation in England were implemented in 2014. Here, we evaluate the impact of these changes from the perspective of 80 autistic young people aged 16–25 years. Using an online survey and/or interviews, we examined young people’s views on three key principles of the SEND reforms: the help and support provided to them; whether they were given a say in the choices and support that they were offered; and their satisfaction with their educational journeys and outcomes. The results paint a mixed picture. Our sample of young people reported varied experiences regarding the help and support they received, and how much of a say they had regarding the choices and support available to them. The types of schooling they accessed played a role here: young people in mainstream schools highlighted particular challenges in accessing appropriate support, while many young people in special schools said they felt well supported. Parental advocacy was crucial for all young people, as was having key ‘champions’ in the form of teachers who really knew them well. The need for the development of general life and self‐advocacy skills was apparent, however, especially in preparing the young people for life after school. Encouragingly, most of our participants were generally happy with their current situation, despite identifying several areas for further improvement. Overall, the results highlight the importance of listening to—and learning from—autistic young people, throughout their educational journeys and especially as they transition to adulthood.
The evaluation of global cognitive and emotional status of older patients with chronic tinnitus
Authors: Fetoni Anna Rita , Di Cesare Tiziana , Settimi Stefano , Sergi Bruno , Rossi Giorgia , Malesci Rita , Marra Camillo , Paludetti Gaetano , De Corso Eugenio
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Tinnitus is a common symptom largely impactful on quality of life, especially in the elderly. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of self‐administered screening tests to correlate the severity of subjective perception of tinnitus with emotional disorders and the overall cognitive status.

Methods

Patients aged ≥ 55 years with chronic tinnitus were recruited and submitted to a complete audiological evaluation; Tinnitus Handicap inventory (THI); Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS‐A and HADS‐D) and Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Demographic and audiological features of patients with and without cognitive impairment (MMSE score cut‐off of 24/30) were analyzed in order to reveal the relationship among tinnitus, emotional disorders, and cognitive dysfunction.

Results

102 patients were recruited (mean age: 70.4 ± 9.6). THI score was directly related to HADS‐A score (r = .63) HADS‐D score (r = .66), whereas there was no relationship between tinnitus severity and MMSE (r = .13). CI and n‐CI groups did not differ in the characteristics of tinnitus (p > .05), however, hearing threshold (p = .049) and anxious depressive traits measured with HADS‐A (p = .044) and HADS‐D (p = .016) were significantly higher in the group with cognitive impairment. Furthermore, age ≥ 75 years (p = .002, OR = 13.8), female sex (p = .032; OR = 6.5), severe hearing loss (p = .036; OR = 2.3), and anxiety (p = .029; OR = 9.2) resulted risk factors for CI. Therefore, in CI group MMSE score was inversely related to age (r = −.84).

Conclusions

Cognitive impairment and psychiatric discomfort should be considered in tinnitus patients, related to increasing age, female sex, and severe hearing loss. Thus, self‐administered questionnaires can be useful in addressing clinical approach.
Understanding the effect of market orientation on circular economy practices: The mediating role of closed‐loop orientation in German SMEs
Authors: Schmidt Corinna Vera Hedwig , Kindermann Bastian , Behlau Cassian Felix , Flatten Tessa Christina
Published: July 2021

The implementation of circular economy (CE) practices is considered a key driver towards sustainable development of firms. Earlier studies point to the general strategic approach of market orientation as an antecedent to CE practice implementation. Still, insights are limited as the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. Based on a sample of 121 German small and medium‐sized enterprises (SME), we empirically examine how the strategic approach of closed‐loop orientation mediates the relationship between market orientation and the implementation of three types of CE practices. Using structural equation modelling, we find that while market orientation is positively related to all three types of CE practices, closed‐loop orientation mediates these relationships for only two. Our study extends CE literature by suggesting that market orientation is translated into closed‐loop orientation to spur CE practice implementation. We also offer a differentiated understanding of CE practice implementation in the context of German SMEs.
Perception versus reality: A National Cohort Analysis of the surgery‐first approach for resectable pancreatic cancer
Authors: Bergquist John R. , Thiels Cornelius A. , Shubert Christopher R. , Ivanics Tommy , Habermann Elizabeth B. , Vege Santhi S. , Grotz Travis E. , Cleary Sean P. , Smoot Rory L. , Kendrick Michael L. , Nagorney David M. , Truty Mark J.
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Although surgical resection is necessary, it is not sufficient for long‐term survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We sought to evaluate survival after up‐front surgery (UFS) in anatomically resectable PDAC in the context of three critical factors: (A) margin status; (B) CA19‐9; and (C) receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods

The National Cancer Data Base (2010–2015) was reviewed for clinically resectable (stage 0/I/II) PDAC patients. Surgical margins, pre‐operative CA19‐9, and receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy were evaluated. Patient overall survival was stratified based on these factors and their respective combinations. Outcomes after UFS were compared to equivalently staged patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy on an intention‐to‐treat (ITT) basis.

Results

Twelve thousand and eighty‐nine patients were included (n = 9197 UFS, n = 2892 ITT neoadjuvant). In the UFS cohort, only 20.4% had all three factors (median OS = 31.2 months). Nearly 1/3rd (32.7%) of UFS patients had none or only one factor with concomitant worst survival (median OS = 14.7 months). Survival after UFS decreased with each failing factor (two factors: 23 months, one factor: 15.5 months, no factors: 7.9 months) and this persisted after adjustment. Overall survival was superior in the ITT‐neoadjuvant cohort (27.9 vs. 22 months) to UFS.

Conclusion

Despite the perceived benefit of UFS, only 1‐in‐5 UFS patients actually realize maximal survival when known factors highly associated with outcomes are assessed. Patients are proportionally more likely to do worst, rather than best after UFS treatment. Similarly staged patients undergoing ITT‐neoadjuvant therapy achieve survival superior to the majority of UFS patients. Patients and providers should be aware of the false perception of ‘optimal’ survival benefit with UFS in anatomically resectable PDAC.
Diamidophosphate (DAP): A Plausible Prebiotic Phosphorylating Reagent with a Chem to BioChem Potential?
Authors: Osumah Abdulakeem , Krishnamurthy Ramanarayanan
Published: July 2021

Known since the 1890s, diamidophosphate (DAP) has been investigated within the context of its inorganic chemistry. In 1999 – with the demonstration of DAP's potential as a phosphorylating agent of sugars in aqueous medium – began the exciting phase of research about DAP's role as a plausible prebiotic phosphorylating agent. More recently, in the last five years, there has been a steady increase in the publications that have documented the surprising versatility of DAP enabling the emergence of many classes of biomolecules of life, such as nucleic acids, peptides and protocells. Thus, though in its infancy, DAP seems to be uniquely positioned to play a central role in modelling abiotic‐ to prebiotic‐chemical evolution. In this context, there is a need for systematic investigations for: (a) establishing DAP's likely availability on the early Earth, and (b) developing DAP's potential as a tool for use in synthetic and bioorganic chemistry.
High‐Throughput Solid‐Phase Assay for Substrate Profiling and Directed Evolution of Transketolase
Authors: Ocal Nazim , Lagarde Aurélie , L'enfant Mélanie , Charmantray Franck , Hecquet Laurence
Published: July 2021

Thiamine diphosphate‐dependent enzymes, and specifically transketolases, form one of the most important families of biocatalytic tools for enantioselective carbon‐carbon bond formation yielding various hydroxyketones of biological interest. To enable substrate profiling of transketolases for acceptance of different donors and acceptors, a simple, direct colorimetric assay based on pH reaction variation was developed to establish a high‐throughput solid‐phase assay. This assay reduces the screening effort in the directed evolution of transketolases, as only active variants are selected for further analysis. Transketolase activity is detected as bicarbonate anions released from the α‐ketoacid donor substrate, which causes the pH to rise. A pH indicator, bromothymol blue, which changes color from yellow to blue in alkaline conditions, was used to directly detect, with the naked eye, clones expressing active transketolase variants, obviating enzyme extraction.
Antitumor effects of 3‐bromoascochlorin on small cell lung cancer via inhibiting MAPK pathway
Authors: Zhang Zhenhua , Zhang Yidi , Yang Chunju , Wang Qianyu , Wang Hong , Zhang Yanting , Deng Wenbin , Nie Yichu , Liu Yonghong , Luo Xiaowei , Huang Jie , Wang Junjian
Published: July 2021

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) was defined as a recalcitrant cancer, and novel therapies are urgently needed. Marine natural products (MNPs) may bring continuing hope for treatment of SCLC. In this study, 3‐bromoascochlorin (BAS), an MNP isolated from the coral‐derived fungus Acremonium sclerotigenum GXIMD 02501, was primarily screened out with antiproliferative activity towards SCLC cell lines. Then western blot analysis (WB) and flow cytometry were conducted, and we found BAS could induce the apoptosis of H446 and H69AR cells. Besides, BAS could suppress the invasion and migration of H446. In an SCLC xenograft mice model, BAS inhibited the growth of tumor without affecting the body weight of mice. Finally, the underlying mechanisms were preliminarily explored. According to the results of RNA‐seq, reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and WB, our results revealed that BAS exerted antitumor activity via inhibiting mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK) pathway. Collectively, these results indicated that BAS can be used as a promising compound for the treatment of human SCLC.
Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis in a postpartum woman
Authors: Toyoshima Hirokazu , Mizuno Midori , Tanigawa Motoaki , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Nakanishi Yuki , Sakabe Shigetoshi
Published: July 2021

The distribution of pustular erythema, characteristic clinical course, and pathological findings can help diagnose acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Clinical management should include discontinuation of the suspected drug, hydrocortisone administration, and careful follow‐up examination.
Nightmare after iliac vein stenting: Spinal epidural hematoma
Authors: Jenab Yaser , Barbati Mohammad E. , Ajam Ali , Tofighi Saeed , Hosseini Kaveh , Jalaie Houman
Published: July 2021

Spinal epidural hematoma is a rare but devastating complication of iliac vein stenting. Radicular back pain during and after procedure is an alarming sign for this complication.
Lymphangioma of the fetal neck within the PIK3CA‐related‐overgrowth spectrum (PROS): A case report
Authors: Scharf Jann Lennard , Gembicki Michael , Dracopoulos Christoph , Hellenbroich Yorck , Offermann Anne , Stichtenoth Guido , Tafazzoli‐Lari Kianusch , Tharun Lars , Weichert Jan
Published: July 2021

The delineation of the prenatal diagnostic key features of PIK3CA‐related overgrowth spectrum disorders will assume a crucial part in future and a prenatal diagnosis of the causing mutations would provide physicians with a simplified interdisciplinary perinatal management.
Pilomyxoid astrocytoma of the thoracic spinal cord: Extremely rare case report of over 70‐year‐old patient
Authors: Almzeogi Mohamed A. , Abousabie Zeyad A. , Kostic Jelena , Janicijevic Aleksandar M. , Tasic Goran
Published: July 2021

The Pilomyxoid is rare tumor in elderly population, in addition to the occurrence of an isolated lesion in spinal cord is extremely rare in non‐pediatric population. Taking biopsy and subtotal resection is the starting point in essential approach for the treatment. After defining the histopathological nature of the tumor and specified that is Pilomyxoid, the next step is the combination of reoperation and adjuvant therapy.
Factors Influencing the Electrocatalytic Properties of Graphene Oxide – Gold Nanoparticles Hybrid System
Authors: Klekotka Ewelina , Kasztelan Mateusz , Palys Barbara
Published: July 2021

Graphene oxide (GO) – gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) nanocomposites are promising materials for H2O2 electrochemical sensors. Surface composition of GO is an important factor influencing the sensitivity. In this study GO has been mildly reduced by ammonia (GO‐NH3) or sodium hydroxide solution (GO‐NaOH). Such mild reduction opens up the epoxide groups on the GO surface but not the other oxygen functionalities. The electrochemical reduction of GO has been carried out too. It is found that the structure of the electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) depends on the concentration of GO used to prepare the layer. For concentrated GO (10 mg/ml) the electro‐reduction leaves OH surface groups while for lower concentrations all surface groups can be removed. All GO materials listed above were combined with AuNPs and examined as possible amperometric H2O2 sensors. The two types of layers were examined: AuNPs deposited on the top of the GO material or AuNPs deposited under the GO material layer. Among studied composites ERGO obtained from 5 mg/ml GO on the AuNPs layer showed the highest sensitivity (155.6 μA cm−2 mM−1 at −0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl).
Multi‐Enzyme‐Modified Bioanode Utilising Starch as a Fuel
Authors: Toda Rurika , Tatara Ryoichi , Horiba Tatsuo , Komaba Shinichi
Published: July 2021

A new multi‐enzyme bioanode utilising starch, maltose, and glucose as fuels is demonstrated. The unique combination of α‐amylase, glucoamylase, mutarotase, and flavin‐adenine dinucleotide‐dependent glucose dehydrogenase enables the bioanode to utilise a polysaccharide, starch, as a fuel. Replacing α‐amylase and glucoamylase with β‐amylase and maltase does not lead to effective starch degradation, possibly because of termination of the cleaving reaction by β‐AMY at the branching point of the starch molecules. Furthermore, by using a reduced graphene oxide/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes composite as the carbon support for enzyme immobilisation, the new bioanode demonstrates a high oxidation current density of 5.8 mA cm−2 in neutral phosphate‐buffered solution containing 0.8 % (w/v) starch. Finally, a bioanode containing the six enzymes, α‐amylase, β‐amylase, glucoamylase, maltase, mutarotase, and flavin adenine dependent glucose dehydrogenase, is fabricated. The fabricated bioanode is effective in degrading glucose, maltose, and starch. Thus, this study provides an important fundamental strategy for controlling the applicability of bioanodes by adjusting the loaded enzymes.
Crystallographic phase formation of iron oxide particles produced from iron nitrate by liquid flame spray with a dual oxygen flow
Authors: Sorvali Miika , Honkanen Mari , Hyvärinen Leo , Kuisma Ritva , Larjo Jussi , Mäkelä Jyrki M.
Published: July 2021

We fabricated iron oxide particles from iron(III) nitrate in a liquid flame spray synthesis. Unlike in most liquid flame spray studies, we implemented a secondary oxygen flow. The effect of the gas flow setup and two additives to the precursor solution, oxalic acid and citric acid, on the resulting particles was studied, with the focus on crystallographic phase composition. The synthesis yielded either pure maghemite or maghemite/hematite mixed phase powders. For solutions without additives, the maghemite fraction was almost linearly dependent on the equivalence ratio. The specific surface area was highest for the smallest equivalence ratios, then decreased, and increased again for the highest values. Some variation was observed between samples with equal equivalence ratios but the total oxygen flow divided differently between the two oxygen channels, a higher atomization flow promoting larger hematite fraction, and higher specific surface area. Both additives reduced the amount of hematite in the powder samples, citric acid being the more efficient one. Citric acid slightly raised the specific surface area, whereas oxalic acid dropped it in half.
Matrix Isolation Spectroscopic and Relativistic Quantum Chemical Study of Molecular Platinum Fluorides PtFn (n=1–6) Reveals Magnetic Bistability of PtF4
Authors: Senges Gene , Li Lin , Wodyński Artur , Beckers Helmut , Müller Robert , Kaupp Martin , Riedel Sebastian
Published: July 2021

Molecular platinum fluorides PtFn, n=1–6, are prepared by two different routes, photo‐initiated fluorine elimination from PtF6 embedded in solid noble‐gas matrices, and the reaction of elemental fluorine with laser‐ablated platinum atoms. IR spectra of the reaction products isolated in rare‐gas matrices under cryogenic conditions provide, for the first time, experimental vibrational frequencies of molecular PtF3, PtF4 and PtF5. Photolysis of PtF6 enabled a highly efficient and almost quantitative formation of molecular PtF4, whereas both PtF5 and PtF3 were formed simultaneously by subsequent UV irradiation of PtF4. The vibrational spectra of these molecular platinum fluorides were assigned with the help of one‐ and two‐component quasirelativistic DFT computation to account for scalar relativistic and spin–orbit coupling effects. Competing Jahn‐Teller and spin–orbit coupling effects result in a magnetic bistability of PtF4, for which a spin‐triplet (3B2g, D2h) coexists with an electronic singlet state (1A1g, D4h) in solid neon matrices.
Fluorescent Supramolecular Organic Frameworks Constructed by Amidinium‐Carboxylate Salt Bridges
Authors: Jiang Hongqin , Xie Linhuang , Duan Zhiming , Lin Kunhua , He Qing , Lynch Vincent M. , Sessler Jonathan L. , Wang Hongyu
Published: July 2021

We report here a set of fluorescent supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs) that incorporate aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) units within their frameworks. The fluorescent SOFs of this study were constructed by linking the tetraphenylethylene (TPE)‐based tetra(amidinium) cation TPE4+ and aromatic dicarboxylate anions through amidinium‐carboxylate salt bridges. The resulting self‐assembled structures are characterized by fluorescence quantum yields in the range of 4.6∼14 %. This emissive behavior is ascribed to a combination of electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds that operate in concert to impede motions that would otherwise lead to excited state energy dissipation. Single‐crystal X‐ray diﬀraction analyses revealed that the length of the dicarboxylate anion bridges has a considerable impact on the structural features of the resulting frameworks. Nevertheless, all SOFs prepared in the context of the present study were found to display emissive features characteristic of TPE‐based AIE luminogens with only a modest dependence on the structural specifics being seen. The SOFs reported here could be reversibly “broken up” and “reformed” in response to acid/base stimuli. This reversible structural behavior is consistent with their SOF nature.
Neue Kohlenstoff‐Muster
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: July 2021

Die Zahl der Kohlenstoff‐Allotrope nimmt unaufhaltsam zu. Zu den neuesten Verwandlungsformen des vielseitigen Elements zählen ein zum Ring geschlossenes Polyin sowie ein regelmäßiges Kachelmuster, dessen Einheiten nicht alle sechseckig sind.
Thunfischsalat und eine rote Polizistin
Authors: Fischer‐Henningsen Doris
Published: July 2021

Manche medizinische Rätsel lassen sich mit Hilfe der Chemie leicht lösen und verstehen – so wie der Fall der roten Polizistin.
Using Short‐Term Data to Quickly and Quantitatively Determine Formation Mechanisms of PM2.5 and Ozone
Authors: Zhao Enmin , Kuo Yi‐Ming
Published: July 2021

The short‐term exposure to high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone increases the mortality burden in megacities. Quickly identifying formation mechanisms of PM2.5 and ozone is essential for the pollution control in the early stage. Min/max autocorrelation factor analysis (MAFA) is used to analyze hourly data of air pollutants and meteorological variables collected over 7‐day periods in high and low PM2.5 events at the Wuhan Supersite in 2015. The MAFA results determined the interactions of air pollutants and the influences of meteorological variables on the formation of major air pollutants. In the high PM2.5 event (winter), PM2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) are major pollutants mainly affected by variations in temperature (TEMP), relative humidity (RH), planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), and wind speed (WS). The SIAs are produced by the oxidation of precursor pollutants which increases in daytime due to intense industrial and traffic activities. In the low PM2.5 event (summer), MAFA identified photochemical reaction of the carbon monoxide (CO), and formation of SIAs and ozone (O3). Serious O3 pollution occurs in high TEMP, high PBLH, and low RH conditions. The results can serve as a critical reference of quick decision making for local government agencies.
Phase 1 Study Evaluating the Effects of the Proton Pump Inhibitor Rabeprazole and Food on the Pharmacokinetics of Lorlatinib in Healthy Participants
Authors: Xu Huiping , O'Gorman Melissa T. , Nepal Sunil , James Lee P. , Ginman Katherine , Pithavala Yazdi K.
Published: July 2021

Lorlatinib is approved worldwide as treatment for anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐positive and c‐ros oncogene 1‐positive non‐small cell lung cancer. The objectives of this phase 1, open‐label crossover study (NCT02569554) in healthy adult participants were to determine (1) the effects of the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) rabeprazole on lorlatinib pharmacokinetics (PK), (2) the effects of a high‐fat meal on lorlatinib PK, and (3) the relative bioavailability of an oral solution to tablet formulation of lorlatinib under fasted conditions. Participants were followed on‐study for ≥50 days after the first dose of lorlatinib. Participants received treatments over 4 periods, with a washout of ≥10 days between consecutive lorlatinib doses. Twenty‐seven participants were enrolled and received lorlatinib, and all were assessed for PK and safety. Results showed no effect of multiple doses of rabeprazole on the total plasma exposure of a single oral dose of lorlatinib 100‐mg tablets. The results also indicated that a high‐fat meal had no effect on lorlatinib PK after a single 100‐mg oral dose. In addition, the relative bioavailability of lorlatinib oral solution compared with lorlatinib tablets was complete (approximately 108%). The safety profile of lorlatinib was consistent with that reported in previous studies, and most treatment‐related adverse events were mild to moderate. These data indicate that lorlatinib can be administered with drugs that modify gastric acid, including PPIs, without restriction. These results also confirm that lorlatinib can be administered regardless of food intake.
Scheduling energy‐conscious tasks in distributed heterogeneous computing systems
Authors: Liu Yifan , Du Chenglie , Chen Jinchao , Du Xiaoyan
Published: July 2021

Distributed heterogeneous systems have been widely adopted in industrial applications by providing high scalability and performance while keeping complexity and energy consumption under control. However, along with the increase in the number of computing nodes, the energy consumption of distributed heterogeneous systems dramatically grows and is extremely hard to predict. Energy‐conscious task scheduling, which tries to assign appropriate priorities and processors to tasks such that the system energy requirement would be met, has received extensive attention in recent years. However, many approaches reduce energy consumption by extending the completion time. In this article, we focus on the scheduling problem of energy‐conscious tasks in distributed heterogeneous computing systems and provide an efficient approach to mitigate energy consumption while minimizing the overall makespan of parallel applications. First, based on the heterogeneous earliest finish time, a fitness function is proposed to balance the makespan and energy consumption. Then, by improving the crossover and mutation operations of the traditional genetic algorithm, we proposed an efficient scheduling approach named energy‐conscious genetic algorithm to optimize the priorities and processor allocation of tasks, with objectives of minimizing the system energy and makespan. Experiment results on real‐world applications and simulations with randomly generated task graphs demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms in energy‐saving and makespan reducing.
Imaging of In Vitro and In Vivo Neurons in Drosophila Using Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy
Authors: Inal Melissa Ana , Bui Kathy Clara , Marar Abhijit , Li Shaoheng , Kner Peter , Kamiyama Daichi
Published: July 2021

The Drosophila melanogaster brain comprises different neuronal cell types that interconnect with precise patterns of synaptic connections. These patterns are essential for the normal function of the brain. To understand the connectivity patterns requires characterizing them at single‐cell resolution, for which a fluorescence microscope becomes an indispensable tool. Additionally, because the neurons connect at the nanoscale, the investigation often demands super‐resolution microscopy. Here, we adopt one super‐resolution microscopy technique, called stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), improving the lateral and axial resolution to ∼20 nm. This article extensively describes our methods along with considerations for sample preparation of neurons in vitro and in vivo, conjugation of dyes to antibodies, immunofluorescence labeling, and acquisition and processing of STORM data. With these tools and techniques, we open up the potential to investigate cell‐cell interactions using STORM in the Drosophila nervous system. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of Drosophila primary neuronal culture and embryonic fillets

Basic Protocol 2: Immunofluorescence labeling of samples

Basic Protocol 3: Single‐molecule fluorescence imaging

Basic Protocol 4: Localization and visualization of single‐molecule data

Supporting Protocol: Conjugation of antibodies with STORM‐compatible dyes
Prevalence of peri‐implantitis in a sample of HIV‐positive patients
Authors: Casula Luca , Poli Andrea , Clemente Tommaso , Artuso Giulia , Capparé Paolo , Gherlone Enrico F.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of peri‐implantitis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive patients and the presence of a possible correlation between the immunological profile and serological values, of peri‐implantitis, and of possible differences between all‐on‐4 and single crown/bridge prostheses.

Subjects and methods

This retrospective study included 58 adult HIV‐positive patients (222 implants) with either all‐in‐4 prostheses or single crowns/bridges on at least one dental implant loaded for more than a year who were followed for 3 year (mean follow‐up). Data pertaining to the probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing, and immunological and systemic profile were collected.

Results

Patients with single crown/bridge implant rehabilitation showed higher prevalence of peri‐implantitis (34%) than patients with all‐on‐4 rehabilitation (0%) (p = 0.012). Patients with all‐on‐4 rehabilitation were significantly older than those with single crowns/bridges (p = 0.004). Patients with peri‐implantitis had implants for a significantly longer duration than those without (p = 0.001), implying that the probability of peri‐implantitis increases as the age of implant increases.

Conclusions

The prevalence of peri‐implantitis was 26% in the HIV‐positive patients population. No correlation was found between patients' immunological and serological factors and peri‐implantitis. The most important risk factor for peri‐implantitis and mucositis was implant age.
Association of psychological distress and widespread pain with sympatoms of temporomandibular disorders and self‐reported bruxism in students
Authors: Huhtela Outi S. , Näpänkangas Ritva , Suominen Anna Liisa , Karppinen Jaro , Kunttu Kristina , Sipilä Kirsi
Published: July 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of psychosocial distress and widespread pain with self‐reported symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and bruxism, in two cross‐sectional surveys in 2012 and 2016, and whether there are temporal changes in the magnitude of associations.

Materials and methods

The data were gathered from Finnish university students in 2012 and 2016. TMD symptoms were assessed with three validated questions and bruxism with one frequently used question. Psychosocial distress was assessed with the General Health Questionnaire‐12 (GHQ‐12), and widespread pain with questions of pain in the extremities, the neck or upper back, and lower back. The associations of GHQ‐12, widespread pain and background variables with TMD symptoms and bruxism were analyzed with chi‐square tests, t‐test and binary logistic regression models stratified by gender, and adjusted for age‐group, self‐reported general health/wellbeing and presence of widespread pain.

Results

Higher GHQ‐12 score and presence of widespread pain were significantly associated with TMD symptoms in both genders at both time points. The association of higher GHQ‐12 score with sleep bruxism and awake bruxism were inconsistent. In the adjusted model higher GHQ‐12 score and widespread pain were significantly related to TMD pain symptoms in both genders at both time points, and to bruxism in 2012. Between the two time points a greater variability in these associations was seen in men than in women.

Conclusions

Psychological distress and widespread pain are significant determinants in perceived TMD pain and bruxism among students. No significant temporal alterations were observed.
The processes of thermal and “cold” ionization in caesium vapours
Authors: Khomkin A.L , Shumikhin A.S.
Published: July 2021

The processes of thermal and “cold” ionization for the calculation of the composition and conductivity of near‐critical caesium vapours are considered. The degrees of thermal and “cold” ionization are calculated for the near‐critical region, and the temperature and density regions with predominant role of the processes of “cold” ionization are indicated. The conductivity of caesium vapours is calculated as the sum of the conductivities of thermal electrons and jellium electrons. The obtained results agree with the experimental data on the gas branch of the binodal and the near‐critical isotherms. These facts can serve as confirmation of the proposed hypothesis about the existence of the jellium in the gas–plasma region and its coexistence with thermally ionized electrons.
Upwelling and the persistence of coral‐reef frameworks in the eastern tropical Pacific
Authors: Enochs Ian C. , Toth Lauren T. , Kirkland Amanda , Manzello Derek P. , Kolodziej Graham , Morris John T. , Holstein Daniel M. , Schlenz Austin , Randall Carly J. , Maté Juan L. , Leichter James J. , Aronson Richard B.
Published: July 2021

In an era of global change, the fate and form of reef habitats will depend on shifting assemblages of organisms and their responses to multiple stressors. Multiphyletic assemblages of calcifying and bioeroding species contribute to a dynamic balance between constructive and erosive processes, and reef‐framework growth occurs only when calcium‐carbonate deposition exceeds erosion. Each contributing species exhibits a unique combination of environmental sensitivities, trophic needs, and competitive abilities, making the net outcome of their habitat‐altering behavior difficult to predict. In this study, standardized blocks of clean, massive Porites were placed at six reef sites in the eastern tropical Pacific, in the strongly and more‐weakly upwelling Gulfs of Panamá (GoP) and Chiriquí (GoC), respectively. Sites were chosen to characterize the unique thermal and carbonate‐chemistry conditions of each gulf. Satellite products were used to examine differences in sea‐surface productivity, and surveys were conducted to quantify the abundance of important grazing taxa. After two years in situ, the Porites blocks were collected and scanned using high‐resolution computed tomography to volumetrically quantify both endolithic and epilithic habitat alteration. Scan‐volumes were further classified into functional groups according to morphology to quantify external bioerosion by fish and sea urchins, as well as the calcifying and bioeroding activity of crustose coralline algae, scleractinian corals, mollusks, annelids, and barnacles. The GoP, which has higher productivity, cooler temperatures, and periodically lower pH conditions, had higher rates of macroboring, but also higher rates of calcification. These unexpectedly higher rates of calcification in the GoP were a result of high recruitment of suspension‐feeding taxa, particularly barnacles and vermiform fauna that have poor reef‐forming potential. External bioerosion by grazers was the dominant process influencing these dead coral substrates across both gulfs, contributing to higher rates of net erosion in the GoC and underscoring the important roles that urchins and fish play in not just removing algae on reefs, but also eroding reef habitat. Ultimately these findings reveal that the trophic requirements of habitat‐altering taxa are closely tied to reef‐framework stability, and that environmental conditions conducive to carbonate precipitation are not necessarily those that will lead to habitat persistence.
Winter cover crops shape early‐season predator communities and trophic interactions
Authors: Bowers Carson , Toews Michael D. , Schmidt Jason M.
Published: July 2021

Despite the dynamic nature of annual cropping systems, few studies have investigated how the structure of predator communities and their interactions with prey corresponds with crop seasonality. Adding winter habitat, such as cover crops, improves soil health and likely contributes seasonal habitat availability for arthropod communities. Stable habitat may lead to functionally diverse predatory communities and their associated ecosystem services, such as biological control. Here, we estimated predatory community functional changes based on foraging traits determined by molecular gut–content analysis (MGCA) in response to winter cover crops (rye and crimson clover) in a cotton agroecosystem. Predators were collected from replicated 1‐ha experimental field plots during each major stage of crop development in 2017 and 2018, and MGCA was used to estimate predator roles and responses to cover crop treatments. Cotton planted into a rye cover crop residue promoted unique predator communities in the early and mid‐season as compared to no‐cover fields. Correspondingly, we observed dissimilar prey consumption among cover crop treatments. Winter cover crops led to an increase in consumption of alternative prey and incidental pests by natural enemies on seedling cotton and encouraged high predator diversity that aligns temporally with potential early‐season pest outbreaks. Therefore, cover crops commonly employed for soil health and erosion benefits also contribute to pest management by providing habitat and alternative prey resources that boost early‐season predatory arthropod communities.