bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical considerations in clinical trial design with event‐free survival as the primary efficacy endpoint
Authors: Xu Tu , Zhang Yiming , Goldwasser Meredith , Zhang Vickie
Published: February 2021

In late‐phase confirmatory clinical trials in the oncology field, time‐to‐event (TTE) endpoints are commonly used as primary endpoints for establishing the efficacy of investigational therapies. Among these TTE endpoints, overall survival (OS) is always considered as the gold standard. However, OS data can take years to mature, and its use for measurement of efficacy can be confounded by the use of post‐treatment rescue therapies or supportive care. Therefore, to accelerate the development process and better characterize the treatment effect of new investigational therapies, other TTE endpoints such as progression‐free survival and event‐free survival (EFS) are applied as primary efficacy endpoints in some confirmatory trials, either as a surrogate for OS or as a direct measure of clinical benefits. For evaluating novel treatments for acute myeloid leukemia, EFS has been gradually recognized as a direct measure of clinical benefits. However, the application of an EFS endpoint is still controversial mainly due to the debate surrounding definition of treatment failure (TF) events. In this article, we investigate the EFS endpoint with the most conservative definition for the timing of TF, which is Day 1 since randomization. Specifically, the corresponding non‐proportional hazard pattern of the EFS endpoint is investigated with both analytical and numerical approaches.
A geometric description of the set of stabilizing PID controllers
Authors: Gu Keqin , Ma Qian , Zhou Huiqing , Mahzoon Salma , Yang Xingzi
Published: February 2021

This article developed a new method to described the set of stabilizing PID control. The method is based on D‐parameterization with natural description of the set. It was found that the stability crossing surface is a ruled surface that is completely determined by a curve known as discriminant. The discriminant is divided into sectors at the cusps. Corresponding to the sectors, the stability crossing surface is divided into positive and negative patches. A systematic study is conducted to identify the regions with a fixed number of right half‐plane characteristic roots. The crossing directions of characteristic roots for positive patches and negative patches are also studied. As a result, a systematic method is developed to identify the regions of PID parameter such that the system is stabilized.
Biased random k‐SAT
Authors: Larsson Joel , Markström Klas
Published: February 2021

The basic random k‐SAT problem is: given a set of n Boolean variables, and m clauses of size k picked uniformly at random from the set of all such clauses on our variables, is the conjunction of these clauses satisfiable? Here we consider a variation of this problem where there is a bias towards variables occurring positive—that is, variables occur negated w.p. and positive otherwise—and study how the satisfiability threshold depends on p. For this model breaks many of the symmetries of the original random k‐SAT problem, for example, the distribution of satisfying assignments in the Boolean cube is no longer uniform. For any fixed k, we find the asymptotics of the threshold as p approaches 0 or . The former confirms earlier predictions based on numerical studies and heuristic methods from statistical physics.
Learning latent heterogeneity for type 2 diabetes patients using longitudinal health markers in electronic health records
Authors: Lou Jitong , Wang Yuanjia , Li Lang , Zeng Donglin
Published: February 2021

Electronic health records (EHRs) from type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients consist of longitudinally and sparsely measured health markers at clinical encounters. Our goal is to use such data to learn latent patterns that can inform patient's health status related to T2D while accounting for challenges in retrospectively collected EHRs. To handle challenges such as correlated longitudinal measurements, irregular and informative encounter times, and mixed marker types, we propose multivariate generalized linear models to learn latent patient subgroups. In our model, covariate effects were time‐dependent and latent Gaussian processes were introduced to model between‐marker correlations over time. Using inferred latent processes, we integrated the irregularly measured health markers of mixed types into composite scores and applied hierarchical clustering to learn latent subgroup structures among T2D patients. Application to an EHR dataset of T2D patients showed different trends of age, sex, and race effects on hypertension/high blood pressure, total cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, high‐density lipoprotein, and medications. The associations among these markers varied over time during the study window. Clustering results revealed four subgroups, each with distinct health status. The same patterns were further confirmed using new EHR records of the same cohort. We developed a novel latent model to integrate longitudinal health markers in EHRs and characterize patient latent heterogeneities. Analysis indicated that there were distinct subgroups of T2D patients, suggesting that effective healthcare managements for these patients should be performed separately for each subgroup.
Marginal analysis of current status data with informative cluster size using a class of semiparametric transformation cure models
Authors: Lam Kwok Fai , Lee Chun Yin , Wong Kin Yau , Bandyopadhyay Dipankar
Published: February 2021

This research is motivated by a periodontal disease dataset that possesses certain special features. The dataset consists of clustered current status time‐to‐event observations with large and varying cluster sizes, where the cluster size is associated with the disease outcome. Also, heavy censoring is present in the data even with long follow‐up time, suggesting the presence of a cured subpopulation. In this paper, we propose a computationally efficient marginal approach, namely the cluster‐weighted generalized estimating equation approach, to analyze the data based on a class of semiparametric transformation cure models. The parametric and nonparametric components of the model are estimated using a Bernstein‐polynomial based sieve maximum pseudo‐likelihood approach. The asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are studied. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimators in scenarios with different degree of informative clustering and within‐cluster dependence. The proposed method is applied to the motivating periodontal disease data for illustration.
The Use of Nanomaterial In Vivo Organ Burden Data for In Vitro Dose Setting
Authors: Ma‐Hock Lan , Sauer Ursula G. , Ruggiero Emmanuel , Keller Johannes‐Georg , Wohlleben Wendel , Landsiedel Robert
Published: February 2021

Effects of nanomaterials are usually observed at higher concentrations in vitro compared to animal studies. This is pointing to differences between in vivo situations and generally less complex in vitro models. These differences concern toxicodynamics and the internal exposure (at the target cells of the in vitro and in vivo test system). The latter can be minimized by appropriate in vivo to in vitro dose extrapolations (IVIVE). An IVIVE six‐step procedure is proposed here: 1) determine in vivo exposure; 2) identify in vivo organ burden at lowest observed adverse effect concentration; 3) extrapolate in vivo organ burden to in vitro effective dose; 4) extrapolate in vitro effective dose to nominal concentration; 5) set dose ranges to establish dose–response relationships; and 6) consider uncertainties and specificities of in vitro test system. Assessing the results of in vitro studies needs careful consideration of discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo models: apart from different endpoints (usually cellular responses in vitro and adverse effects on organs or organisms in vivo), nanomaterials can also have a different potency in relatively simple in vitro models and the more complex corresponding organ in vivo. IVIVE can, nonetheless, reduce the differences in exposures.
Photothermal Membrane Distillation toward Solar Water Production
Authors: Gao Minmin , Peh Connor Kangnuo , Meng Fan Lu , Ho Ghim Wei
Published: February 2021

Freshwater production is one of the biggest global challenges today. Though desalination can provide a climate‐independent source of clean water, the process requires a high energy consumption. Emerging advancement of photothermal nanomaterials and the urgent demand for a green technology transition have reinvigorated the established solar distillation technology. The current development of photothermal vaporization focuses on material innovation and interfacial heating, which largely emphasizes vapor generation efficiency, without considering pragmatic water collection. Moreover, salt accumulation is another critical issue of seawater solar‐driven vaporization. The incorporation of photothermal materials into a photothermal membrane distillation (PMD) solar evaporator design harmoniously resolves these issues through combination of renewable energy and efficient interfacial distillation, to achieve the ultimate goal of practical saline water into freshwater conversion. At this juncture, it is imperative to review the recent opportunities and progresses of the PMD system. Here, the fundamental photothermal processes, strategies for efficient evaporator design, evaluation of various criteria for photothermal material incorporation with desired properties, discussions on desalination, water treatment, and energy generation applications are covered. Guidelines in material and system designs to further advance the PMD system that is highly promising in delivering portable water for both large‐scale and decentralized systems are provided.
Orbital Fractures
Authors: Parameswaran Ananthanarayanan , Marimuthu Madhulaxmi , Panwar Shreya , Hammer Beat
Published: February 2021

Surgery for orbital trauma is challenging. A good understanding of the orbit, its normal form, function, and the varying patterns of its disruption due to trauma is essential for its proper management. The aim of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive clinical overview of all facets of orbital trauma for the young surgeon. The chapter has been structured to include the basics of (i) anatomy, (ii) biomechanics of injury, (iii) classification and their clinical implications, (iv) surgical approaches and (v) management options available for individual types of fractures. Special features of this chapter include descriptions of clinical features exclusive to orbital trauma with a section for management of orbital emergencies. A detailed note is provided for the management of fractures of the orbital floor including guidelines for deep orbital dissection and elaboration of the principles of reconstruction. The role of computer assisted surgery, intra-operative navigation and patient specific implants has also been added to explain the recent advances in this field of surgery.
Adjunctive Therapy in Oral Cancer
Authors: Dhawan Amit
Published: February 2021

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the third most common cancer in Indian subcontinent affecting people with lower socioeconomic status. Due to inadequate screening facilities and lack of awareness among individuals most of the oral cancer cases are detected at an advanced stage. As early stage oral squamous cell carcinoma patients can be treated with single modality treatment (surgery or radical radiotherapy), multimodality regimen (surgery followed by concurrent chemoradiation) is adopted for high risk advanced stage cancers with multiple adverse features like extra nodal extension, lymphovascular invasion and perineural spread. The chapter outlines the principles of adjunctive therapy in oral cancer patients with special reference to different techniques, indications of radiotherapy and role of chemotherapeutic regimes in improving the overall survival of advanced stage oral cancer patients.
Être scolarisé dans un parcours bilingue langue des signes française-français écrit
Authors: Feuilladieu Sylviane , Assude Teresa , Tambone Jeannette , Millon-Fauré Karine
Published: February 2021

Une revue de question sur l’expérience scolaire des élèves en situation de handicap, à l’appui d’enquêtes qualitatives et quantitatives, questionne les objectifs affichés des politiques de l’éducation inclusive. Ces études montrent une expérience ressentie plus favorablement en classe spécialisée, du fait d’un rapport à la scolarité détérioré en classe ordinaire et d’un sentiment d’isolement et d’incompétence développée face aux difficultés rencontrées. La recherche menée dans une ULIS-collège parcours bilingue LSF–français écrit, auprès d’élèves sourds et entendants scolarisés ensemble en classe ordinaire, laisse entendre d’autres récits. La manière dont sont conduites les situations scolaires et d’enseignement au sein de ce dispositif d’aide, engage chez ces élèves une expérience valorisante et capacitante, permettant d’occuper une place d’élève reconnue dans la classe et parmi les pairs. L’apprentissage de la LSF, le travail des traducteurs au niveau linguistique comme au niveau pédagogique et didactique, le rôle soutenant des systèmes didactiques auxiliaires, participent au processus d’accessibilisation des situations scolaires notamment à l’accessibilité didactique, ouvrant aux élèves un espace d’opportunité scolaire.
Vibration Monitoring of Induction Motors
Authors: Thomson William T.
Published: February 2021

Master the art of vibration monitoring of induction motors with this unique guide to on-line condition assessment and fault diagnosis, building on the author's fifty years of investigative expertise.

It includes:

*Robust techniques for diagnosing of a wide range of common faults, including shaft misalignment and/or soft foot, rolling element bearing faults, sleeve bearing faults, magnetic and vibrational issues, resonance in vertical motor drives, and vibration and acoustic noise from inverters.
*Detailed technical coverage of thirty real-world industrial case studies, from initial vibration spectrum analysis through to fault diagnosis and final strip-down.
*An introduction to real-world vibration spectrum analysis for fault diagnosis, and practical guidelines to reduce bearing failure through effective grease management.

This definitive book is essential reading for industrial end-users, engineers, and technicians working in motor design, manufacturing, and condition monitoring. It will also be of interest to researchers and graduate students working on condition monitoring.
Region Prepositions: The View from French
Authors: Ursini Francesco-Alessio , Tse Keith
Published: February 2021

The goal of this article is to offer a formal account of region prepositions in French. We define region prepositions as prepositions that denote non-oriented locations and resist modification with measure phrases (e.g.,au nez dein#dix metres au nez de l'avion‘ten meters from (in front of) the tip of the airplane’). We show that region prepositions may involve items that include inflected markers or items involving “bare” markers (au bord de‘at the edge of’ vs.à droite de‘to the right of’). We analyze the relation between structure and semantic type to show that this distribution stems from the morpho-syntactic properties of their “internal location nouns” (e.g.,nez,bord, droite, sommet). We offer a feature-driven analysis of these prepositions that hinges on a Lexical Syntax account and can capture all of the relevant data in a unified perspective. We conclude by discussing some theoretical consequences for accounts of spatial prepositions.
Modeling configurational explanations
Authors: Damonte Alessia
Published: February 2021

How can Qualitative Comparative Analysis contribute to causal knowledge? The article's answer builds on the shift from design to models that the Structural Causal Model framework has compelled in the probabilistic analysis of causation. From this viewpoint, models refine the claim that a ‘treatment’ has causal relevance as they specify the ‘covariates’ that make some units responsive. The article shows how QCA can establish configurational models of plausible ‘covariates’. It explicates the rationale, operations, and criteria that confer explanatory import to configurational models, then illustrates how the basic structures of the SCM can widen the interpretability of configurational solutions and deepen the dialogue among techniques.
The Life Course of a Standard-Bearer: A Nonroyal Elite Burial at the Maya Archaeological Site of El Palmar, Mexico
Authors: Cerezo-Román Jessica I. , Tsukamoto Kenichiro
Published: February 2021

Inspired by life course and osteobiography approaches, this article explores the life and death of an individual associated with thelakamtitle (“banner” in Colonial Yukatek Maya; thus, a “standard-bearer”), a nonroyal elite of Late Classic period Maya society (AD 600–850). Although these elites are depicted on polychrome vessels and carved monuments, little is known about their life experiences and mortuary practices. The present analysis centers on an individual found at Structure GZ1, a temple with a hieroglyphic stairway, at the Maya archaeological site of El Palmar, Mexico. Using osteological, archaeological, and epigraphic data as different lines of evidence, we examine the relationship of the individual to his affiliated group. At the time of interment, there were a wide array of social, cultural, and political events both shaping and reshaping the body and identities of the individual during a period of political turbulence.
Unraveling the Philosophical Foundations of Co-opetition Strategy
Authors: Dagnino Giovanni Battista , Minà Anna
Published: February 2021

This article aims to understand how Eastern and Western philosophies shape the perspectives of scholars and practitioners in framing co-opetition (i.e., the coexistence of competition and cooperation) in distinctive manners and, in turn, how such distinctions shape the behavioral patterns of co-opetition. We disentangle the constructs of competition and cooperation and their coexistence as proposed by three Chinese schools of thought (i.e., Taoism, Confucianism, and Legalism) and three Western philosophers (i.e., Immanuel Kant, Georg W. F. Hegel, and Adam Smith). Based on this groundwork, we unveil four comparative philosophical logics used to address the essence of co-opetition (i.e., either/or, both/and, both/or, and either/and). In addition, we apply such East-meeting-West linkages to a typology of co-opetition strategies.
MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE FOR ALPHABET-SWITCHING IN THE WORKS OF CICERO: PROPER NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
Authors: O'Sullivan Neil
Published: February 2021

Our manuscripts of Cicero contain dozens of Greek words that are presented in some passages in Greek letters, and in others are transliterated into Latin. In a recent paper I collected the evidence for this phenomenon in connection with common nouns and adjectives (for example ὑποθήκη vs hypotheca, ἱστορικός vs historicus), surveyed scholarship to date and posited an interpretative framework which is assumed in this study also. Key components of this framework are the use of mixed alphabets in surviving ancient documents (especially inscriptions) and an awareness of the frequency with which modern editors change the alphabets in the manuscripts when dealing with Greek words—hence the importance of using the apparatus critici, not just the printed text, of our editions. The earlier paper was also strict in its exclusion of words in continuous passages, and even short phrases, of Greek, since that context excludes the option of transliteration for the author. The major contention of that earlier study was that a coherent pattern of use in the manuscripts can only really be a reflection of Cicero's own considered choice of alphabets: consistently inexplicable choice may indicate that Cicero himself was indifferent to which alphabet he used for single Greek words, or that our copyists paid no attention to this aspect of their exemplars, or both.
Intercropping of climbing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) and East African highland banana (Musa spp.) in the Ugandan highlands
Authors: Ronner Esther , Thuijsman Eva , Ebanyat Peter , Descheemaeker Katrien , Giller Ken E.
Published: February 2021

East African highland bananas and climbing beans are important crops for food and income in the highlands of Uganda. Intercropping of banana with legume crops is a common practice, yet climbing bean intercropping with perennials has rarely been studied in Uganda. To understand how best to improve the production system, we assessed the effects of pruning of banana leaves on light availability for climbing beans, resulting effects on bean yields and potential differences in shade tolerance between two climbing bean varieties in the eastern and southwestern highlands of Uganda. Measurements of the transmission of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) through the banana canopy were combined with yield measurements of a local and improved climbing bean variety and with banana pseudostem girth in two seasons (2016A and 2016B). We also compared yields of intercropped with sole-cropped climbing beans. The mean fractions of PAR transmitted through the banana canopy – hence available for beans – were 0.43 on pruned and 0.38 on non-pruned subplots, a significant 15% difference. The improved light availability did not increase climbing bean yield. Although no direct relationship between light interception and bean yields was found, bean yields on the most and least shaded parts of the intercropped fields differed significantly, suggesting that beans do benefit from improved light availability in intercropping. Generally, yields of sole-cropped beans were significantly larger than of intercropped beans, but we could not single out the effects of competition for light, water, and/or nutrients. The bean varieties responded similarly to the pruning treatments. The local variety tended to perform relatively better in intercropping, the improved variety in sole cropping, though differences were not significant overall. Pruning and retention of eight banana leaves over the course of a season did not affect banana pseudostem girths in the mature banana plantations. Although light availability improved, farmers may not expect a major effect on bean yield. Future research may focus on the effects of a lower number of leaves retained, comparing a number of bean varieties for suitability in sole or intercropping, or on other factors influencing the relation between the two crops such as relative plant densities of beans and bananas.
Identity, Death, and Ascension in the First Apocalypse of James and the Gospel of John
Authors: Parkhouse Sarah
Published: February 2021

Abtract

In the Gospel of John, Jesus declares himself to be the way to the Father; in the First Apocalypse of James, Jesus explains exactly what this way entails. This article analyzes how 1 Apoc. Jas. uses the Johannine christological themes of identity, death and ascension and makes them applicable for human salvation. The identity of Jesus as a son of the Father, as opposed to the inhabitants of the world/cosmos, his autonomous death that conquers cosmic evils, and his immediate ascension and fleshly return are all Johannine motifs that are reformulated in 1 Apoc. Jas. Jesus reveals to James that he too is a son of the Father, and James must declare this identity during his postmortem journey through the celestial toll-collectors. He must not fear his impending stoning as, like other martyrdom literature, the martyr is immune to earthly concerns, and the real challenge lies in the cosmic sphere.
Contestations of the Liberal International Order: From Liberal Multilateralism to Postnational Liberalism
Authors: Börzel Tanja A. , Zürn Michael
Published: February 2021

The 1990s saw a systemic shift from the liberal post–World War II international order ofliberal multilateralism(LIO I) to a post–Cold War international order ofpostnational liberalism(LIO II). LIO II has not been only rule-based but has openly pursued a liberal social purpose with a significant amount of authority beyond the nation-state. While postnational liberal institutions helped increase overall well-being globally, they were criticized for using double standards and institutionalizing state inequality. We argue that these institutional features of the postnational LIO II led to legitimation problems, which explain both the current wave of contestations and the strategies chosen by different contestants. We develop our argument first by mapping the growing liberal intrusiveness of international institutions. Second, we demonstrate the increased level and variety of contestations in international security and international refugee law. We show that increased liberal intrusiveness has led to a variety of contestation strategies, the choice of which is affected by the preference of a contestant regarding postnational liberalism and its power within the contested institution.
The Question of Adoption: “Divided” Korea, “Neutral” Sweden, and Cold War Geopolitics, 1964–75
Authors: Koo Youngeun
Published: February 2021

This article examines the early development of South Korean intercountry adoption to Sweden. It focuses particularly on two disruptions in the movement of children between the two nations, drawing on archival sources in Sweden, South Korea, and Denmark. The article demonstrates that South Korean–Swedish adoption was deeply bound up in the shifting Cold War relations within and between the Korean peninsula and Scandinavia in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Further, state actions and strategies during this time reveal that both governments actively utilized their Cold War foreign policy and positionality to shape adoption to meet their respective national interests. This study extends US-centered adoption scholarship by revealing broader implications of Cold War geopolitics in cross-border adoptions to Scandinavia and, more importantly, significant ways in which intercountry adoption challenged, altered, and constituted the Cold War relations and nation-building projects of both sending and receiving states.
Comparison between two preventive treatments for hyperketonaemia carried out pre-partum: effects on non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate and some biochemical parameters during peripartum and early lactation
Authors: Fiore Enrico , Perillo Laura , Gianesella Matteo , Giannetto Claudia , Giudice Elisabetta , Piccione Giuseppe , Morgante Massimo
Published: February 2021

The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two different preventive protocols, on serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration and liver health indices pre-partum and during early-lactation in high-yielding Holstein dairy cows. One hundred cows were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CTRL, n = 20, without preventive treatment), second group (SUPP, n = 40 animals treated with a compound based on acetyl-methionine, inositol, cyanocobalamin, l-alanine, l-arginine, l-threonine, l-glutamic acid supplementation and α-lipoic acid) and third group (MON, n = 40 animals treated with monensin). Blood samples were collected from all cows at on 3 occasions pre-partum and 3 occasions post-partum. Body condition (BCS) score was evaluated and glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), BHB, triglycerides, total cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total bilirubin, total proteins, globulins, albumin and urea concentrations were assessed. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was applied. Statistically significant differences among the three experimental groups were found in the values of all studied parameters (P < 0.05). Our results confirm the established beneficial effect of MON treatment in decreasing BHB levels and increasing glucose availability after calving. Serum biochemical analysis revealed the expected post-partum alterations attributable to adaptations that influenced the metabolism and liver function in CTRL, whereas these alterations were reduced or absent in SUPP and MON. Results from the present study suggest that both preventive protocols, but in particular SUPP, could positively affect selected indicators of energy metabolism reducing the risk of hyperketonaemia and increase of liver function in Holstein dairy cows, both pre- and post-partum.
Shallow roots: The early oil palm industry in Southeast Asia, 1848–1940
Authors: Robins Jonathan
Published: February 2021

In most narratives, the beginning of the oil palm industry in Southeast Asia boils down to entrepreneurial spirit, scientific research, and good fortune. The colonial context in which the industry emerged barely figures in the story. This article argues that colonial power was critical, providing access to land and labour that proved more important than plant selection, capital, or technology. The plantation model pushed the region ahead of Africa as the leading exporter of palm oil by the late 1930s, but its future was in doubt as the Depression and Second World War shattered the colonial order.
Reproductive females and young mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon×Ovissp.) in poor body condition are the main spreaders of gastrointestinal parasites
Authors: Bourgoin Gilles , Portanier Elodie , Poirel Marie-Thérèse , Itty Christian , Duhayer Jeanne , Benabed Slimania , Cockenpot Anne , Callait-Cardinal Marie-Pierre , Garel Mathieu
Published: February 2021

Several individual, environmental and parasitic factors can influence the impacts of parasites on host's fitness and on host's ability to transmit these parasites to new hosts. Identifying these factors and the individuals who play a greater role in parasite transmission is of main concern for the development of parasite control strategies. In the present study, we aimed to describe the diversity of gastrointestinal parasites and to identify the individual factors influencing the faecal spreading of parasites in a free-ranging population of Mediterranean mouflon. From the analysis of 433 faecal samples, we foundEimeriaspp. and gastrointestinal strongyles (GIS) were the most common parasites (>94%). The faecal oocyst counts ofEimeriaspp. were the highest during the first years of life. It was 1.6 times higher in females than in males and 2.5 times higher in individuals in poor than in good body condition. Similarly, the faecal egg count of GIS was higher in females and decreased with age, but only in males. Finally, reproductive females had GIS faecal egg count values 2.6 times higher than non-reproductive females. Management strategies of parasites should thus primarily focus on reproductive females and young individuals in poor body condition as they represent the main contamination source of the environment.
Exploring Neotropical anuran parasites: a morphological, life cycle and phylogenetic study of Catadiscus marinholutzi (Trematoda: Diplodiscidae)
Authors: Queiroz Murilo S. , Alves Philippe V. , López-Hernández Danimar , Anjos Luciano A. , Pinto Hudson A.
Published: February 2021

Amphistome species belonging to the genus Catadiscus are poorly studied intestinal trematodes found primarily in Neotropical anurans. Herein, developmental stages of an amphistome species found during herpetological and malacological surveys in a temporary marsh pond from Brazil were subjected to morphological (light and scanning electron microscopy) and molecular analyses. Adult parasites recovered from anurans were identified as Catadiscus marinholutzi. Amphistome cercariae found in the planorbid snails Drepanotrema depressissimum and Drepanotrema lucidum from the same waterbody were used for experimental and molecular studies. Immature parasites, morphologically compatible with members of Catadiscus, were experimentally obtained in laboratory-reared tadpoles. Sequencing of a partial region of 28S rDNA gene of both adult and cercariae revealed 100% similarity between these developmental stages, confirming their conspecificity. Phylogenetic analyses were attempted for the first time to reveal the position of a species of Catadiscus in the superfamily Paramphistomoidea. Catadiscus marinholutzi falls in a virtual polytomy together with other paramphistomoids, which leaves its phylogenetic relationships within the group unclear. Moreover, the high genetic divergence to Diplodiscus spp. (10.06–10.84%) cast doubts on the placement of Catadiscus within Diplodiscidae. Hence the species composition of the Diplodiscidae should be re-evaluated in further studies using a broader spectrum of related taxa.
Covid Conversations 1: Peter Sellars
Authors: Sellars Peter , Shevtsova Maria
Published: February 2021

In this profoundly dialogical exchange, Peter Sellars, theatre director, researcher, and teacher, and Maria Shevtsova open out a whole array of questions on the integral relation between politics and the theatre in its multiple manifestations. These questions not only concern the damages inflicted by the present Covid-19 pandemic but also those developed by the neoliberal economics and politics of the past forty years and more. In Sellars’s view, neoliberalism has been the hotbed of social injustices, inequities, market and other forms of current enslavement, migrations, refugee and related precarities, and the havoc of the world climate in which the plight of humanity and that of the planet are indelibly interconnected. His and Shevtsova’s discussion links such vital concerns with his theatre practice, which ranges from his engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples – he details some of his work with the collective, community organization of two Los Angeles Festivals of the early 1990s – to the various forms of his music theatre in which he collaborates, in institutional structures, with highly proficient musicians, singers and dancers. The focus chosen here from his music theatre is The Indian Queen (2013), which Sellars dramaturgically invents using pieces by Henry Purcell combined with prose fragments by Nicaraguan novelist Rosario Aguilar. Peter Sellars is an internationally renowned theatre director among whose more recent productions is Mozart’s Idomeneo, premiered at the Salzburg Festival in 2019. Maria Shevtsova, Professor of Drama and Theatre Arts at Goldsmiths, University of London, is editor of New Theatre Quarterly. This conversation took place on 16 August 2020, was transcribed from the recording by Kunsang Kelden, and was edited by Maria Shevtsova.
Simon McBurney, Theatrical Soundscapes, and Postdigital Communities
Authors: Butler Angela
Published: February 2021

In this article, Angela Butler explores postdigital community through an analysis of Complicité’s The Encounter. All facets of personal and civic life are permeated by the digital to such a degree that we are living through a period termed ‘the postdigital’. Postdigital communities are commonly formed, and nearly always sustained, through online networks. Drawing on Jill Dolan’s utopian performative and Victor Turner’s communitas, the article argues that rather than acting as an ancillary commentary platform, postdigital communities are now a principal component of certain theatrical experiences. With increasingly isolated lives, there is an evident appeal to work that taps into the joy of being alone, together. Angela Butler is an independent scholar based in Dublin who works in the technology sector. Cultural transformation is the central pillar of her ongoing research. With an eye to new and future technologies, her work is concerned with posthumanism, identities in transformation, and affective encounters.
Crystal structure of edoxaban tosylate monohydrate Form I, (C24H31ClN7O4S)(C7H7O3S)(H2O)
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Gindhart Amy M. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: February 2021

The crystal structure of edoxaban tosylate monohydrate has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. Edoxaban tosylate monohydrate crystallizes in space group P21 (#4) with a = 7.55097(2), b = 7.09010(2), c = 32.80420(21) Å, β = 96.6720(3)°, V = 1744.348(6) Å3, and Z = 2. The crystal structure consists of alternating layers of edoxaban cations and tosylate anions along the c-axis. The water molecules lie near the sulfonate end of the tosylate anions. The solid-state conformation of the edoxaban cation is determined by intermolecular interactions. The protonated nitrogen atom forms a strong N–H⋯O hydrogen bond to one of the tosylate oxygens. Only one of the water molecule hydrogens acts as a donor in an O–H⋯O hydrogen bond. The tosylate oxygens act as acceptors in a number of C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD® for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™.
The Political Distribution of Economic Privilege in Van Buren's New York
Authors: Bodenhorn Howard
Published: February 2021

Historians have long recognized that one of the principal functions of early nineteenth-century American state governments was the distribution of economic privileges, including preferential grants of corporate privileges. North, Wallis, and Weingast label such regimes natural states and argue that government as privilege dispenser is a characteristic of most societies and, in some few instances, represents a transitional phase between traditional premodern societies and modern open-access democracies. This article documents the operation of the natural state in New York, focusing on how Martin Van Buren's Democratic coalition manipulated the distribution of bank and insurance company charters so as to advance the interests of their Democratic coalition. Consistent with the North, Wallis, and Weingast interpretation, the evidence shows that the transition to open access was neither smooth nor inevitable; Van Buren's Democratic coalition reversed the long-run trend toward greater access until they were unseated during the financial crisis years of the late 1830s.
Picturing an industrial city: green and modern? Postcards from Chemnitz and Lodz (1880s–1980s)
Authors: Kisiel Piotr
Published: February 2021

A pictorial postcard condenses a cityscape into one iconic image, which claims to summarize the place, usually in a highly aestheticized version. If that is the case, how does one present an industrial city: with factories and worker housing or rather with churches and the palaces of industrial tycoons? Using four digitalized collections (over 700 postcards) this article analyses images of industrialized cities from the late nineteenth century until the end of the Cold War. The main argument is that this idealized depiction does not focus on industry, but rather taps into the imagination of the European city.
Embracing Uncertainty: Modeling Uncertainty in EPMA—Part II
Authors: Ritchie Nicholas W.M.
Published: February 2021

This, the second in a series of articles present a new framework for considering the computation of uncertainty in electron excited X-ray microanalysis measurements, will discuss matrix correction. The framework presented in the first article will be applied to the matrix correction model called “Pouchou and Pichoir's Simplified Model” or simply “XPP.” This uncertainty calculation will consider the influence of beam energy, take-off angle, mass absorption coefficient, surface roughness, and other parameters. Since uncertainty calculations and measurement optimization are so intimately related, it also provides a starting point for optimizing accuracy through choice of measurement design.
A compact L-band bandpass filter based on SIR coaxial resonators with high multipactor threshold
Authors: Benedicto J. , Rius E. , Favennec J.-F. , Pacaud D. , Carpentier L. , Puech J.
Published: February 2021

This paper presents the design of a sixth-order cross-coupled L-band filter, specifically intended for space applications. The solution was based on the principle of stepped impedance coaxial resonators (SIRs), which allowed us to fulfill several electrical and size specifications and more particularly a high multipactor threshold. The degrees of freedom afforded by the proposed topology offer a wide choice of design configuration possibilities. Whatever the central frequency and required specifications, several compromises can be made in terms of volume, height, footprint, quality factor, multipactor threshold, harmonic rejection, etc. For instance, SIR coaxial topology is very well suited to small L-band filters when moderate quality factors and multipactor thresholds of around 4000 and 400 W, respectively, are requested. The design procedure is presented and simulations and measurements are compared and discussed.
Microwave synthesis of Bessel, Bessel–Gauss, and Gaussian beams: a fully vectorial electromagnetic approach
Authors: Fuscaldo Walter , Benedetti Alessio , Comite Davide , Burghignoli Paolo , Baccarelli Paolo , Galli Alessandro
Published: February 2021

Bessel, Bessel-Gauss, and Gaussian beams have widely been investigated in optics in the paraxial approximation, under the frame of a scalar wave theory. Such approximations can hardly be applied in the microwave/millimeter-wave range, where the vectorial nature of the electromagnetic fields cannot be neglected, and experimental realizations for some of these beams appeared only recently. In this work, we discuss the generation of Bessel, Bessel-Gauss, and Gaussian beams through a fully vectorial electromagnetic approach. The field derivation of all these beams is first illustrated and numerical evaluations are then reported to compare their different propagation and diffractive behaviors. Finally, an innovative approach for realizing such solutions with planar microwave devices exploiting leaky waves is demonstrated through accurate numerical simulations.
In sechs Wochen hat sich die Welt verändert: COVID-19
Authors: Jeitziner Marie-Madlen , Zante Björn , Jenni-Moser Béatrice
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund und Problemstellung: Die Aufnahme von Patientinnen und Patienten auf einer Intensivstation ist für Angehörige während der COVID-19-Pandemie außerordentlich belastend, da sie ihre Familienmitglieder aufgrund einer Besuchsrestriktion nicht besuchen dürfen. Zielsetzungen: Beschreiben des Erlebens von Angehörigen während der COVID-19-Pandemie und Ableiten von Unterstützungshinweisen für Gesundheitsfachpersonen. Methode: Qualitative Analyse dreier schriftlicher Erfahrungsberichte von Angehörigen, deren Familienmitglieder mit COVID-19 oder anderen Krankheiten auf der Intensivstation hospitalisiert waren. Ergebnisse: Angehörige berichten vom plötzlichen, unerwarteten Auftreten der Krankheit. „Es war da, aus dem Nichts, trifft mitten ins Leben, geht nicht einfach weg. Es ist ein unbekanntes Virus, das wir hautnah kennen lernen müssen.“ Das Besuchsverbot machte ohnmächtig. Aber der erste Besuch danach bedeutete eine unbeschreibliche Freude. Zu wissen, wie es um das Familienmitglied steht, und dass Gesundheitsfachpersonen sich professionell und empathisch um den Kranken kümmern, waren Dinge, an denen sich die Angehörigen festhalten konnten. Diskussion: Angehörige waren beruhigt, wenn sie ein hohes Engagement der Fachpersonen und wiederholt nachvollziehbare Auskunft erlebten. Grenzen und Transfer: Besuchsrestriktionen hängen von der nationalen Gesetzgebung ab. Maßnahmen wie Videotelefone können auch außerhalb einer Pandemie helfen, die Beziehung zu Angehörigen aufzubauen.
Development, Construct Validity, and Measurement Invariance of the Parasocial Relationship With Political Figures (PSR-P) Scale
Authors: Hakim Moh Abdul , Liu James H.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Parasocial theory views ordinary people’s emotional bonding with political figures as a form of parasocial relationship (PSR). Despite the insights it offers, existing measures of PSR have been criticized conceptually and psychometrically. We developed a new scale of PSR with political figures (PSR-P) and examined the construct validity, factor replicability, and measurement invariance based on samples from culturally and politically diverse countries (i.e., Indonesia, New Zealand, and the United States). In three studies using a panel of experts ( N = 20; Study 1), a convenience adult sample ( N = 212; Study 2), and representative and cross-cultural samples ( N = 897; Study 3), we found that the four-item PSR-R scale provides satisfying construct validity, as well as a replicable factor structure and scalar invariance across countries. The PSR-P scale can be utilized to advance the measurement and application of parasocial theory in the field of social and political psychology. The policy implications of the findings are also discussed.
The Mediterranean Region as a Paradigm of the Global Decoupling of N and P Between Soils and Freshwaters
Authors: Romero Estela , Ludwig Wolfgang , Sadaoui Mahrez , Lassaletta Luis , Bouwman Alexander F. , Beusen Arthur H. W. , van Apeldoorn Dirk , Sardans Jordi , Janssens Ivan A. , Ciais Philippe , Obersteiner Michael , Peñuelas Josep
Published: February 2021

The global socio‐economic and agricultural expansion is accompanied by large inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on land and by a serious alteration of the water cycle and water quality. The Mediterranean basin represents a paradigmatic region to study the entangled nutrient and water challenges because the region, where many of the world's climatic and socio‐economic gradients are present, is predicted to suffer severe water stress in the coming decades yet at the same time agricultural intensification and population are increasing in many rim countries. We here describe the biogeochemical budgets of N and P in 549 river basins for the 2000–2009 period, analyzing how the climatic gradient and water management practices affect the fluxes of N and P and their stoichiometric ratios. Average land inputs are 3,600 kg N km−2 yr−1 and 470 kg P km−2 yr−1, with a significant variation between basins (>100 times) closely related to the stage of agricultural intensification. Moreover, the combination of aridity and water regulation can strongly alter the final balances, not only by changing the export of nutrients by rivers (riverine export is ca. 10% for N and 8% for P in arid basins), but also decoupling the N:P ratios between terrestrial and freshwater compartments.
Quasi‐Periodic Intensification of Convective Asymmetries in the Outer Eyewall of Typhoon Lekima (2019)
Authors: Dai Huaning , Zhao Kun , Li Qingqing , Lee Wen‐Chau , Ming Jie , Zhou Ang , Fan Xueqi , Yang Zhengwei , Zheng Feng , Duan Yihong
Published: February 2021

Typhoon Lekima (2019) possessed a double‐eyewall structure before making landfall in eastern China, with its outer eyewall showing quasi‐periodic convective intensification. Several physical mechanisms that may cause eyewall convection asymmetries were examined. The upshear occurrence of the strongest convection could not be explained by either the typhoon's motion or the effect of descending inflow from outer rainbands. Radar reflectivity analysis showed that phase locking occurred between the wavenumber‐2 vortex Rossby waves (VRWs) propagating radially outward from the inner eyewall and the azimuthally propagating wavenumber‐1 VRWs on the inner edge of the outer eyewall. Additional phase locking further arose between the aforementioned wavenumber‐1 VRWs and the azimuthally propagating wavenumber‐2 VRWs on the outer edge of the outer eyewall. These two phase‐locking processes led to the pronounced quasi‐periodic intensification of the convective asymmetry in the western semicircle of Lekima's outer eyewall.