bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interviewing Young Men about Sex and Procreation: Methodological Issues
Authors: Hutchinson Sally , Marsiglio William , Cohan Mark
Published: April 2003

Because clear instructions for interviewing men about their developing procreative identities do not exist, the authors discuss a variety of methodological issues that surfaced during in-depth interviews with young men about relationships, sex, contraception, pregnancy, and fatherhood. The authors interviewed a diverse sample of 50 single male participants, ages 16 to 30, who had dated at least one woman in the past 3 years (or had been married). The purpose of the reflexive analysis was to sensitize researchers, social service providers, and the authors to the challenges of conducting qualitative interviews with young men. The authors present indices for assessing interview success.
The Art of Watching Out: Vigilance in Women who have Migraine Headaches
Authors: Meyer Geralyn A.
Published: April 2003

The author used grounded theory methodology to explore the process of vigilance in women who had migraine headaches. Twenty-two women were interviewed. The basic social problem identified for women with migraines was the need to maintain function when faced with unpredictable bouts of pain and associated distress. One way women maximized their function was through the exercise of vigilance. Vigilance in these women can be conceptualized as the art of watching out. Watching out, the core category, had four subprocesses: assigning meaning to what is, calculating the risk, staying ready, and monitoring the results. Conditions for watching out were owning the label and making the connections. Deciding what to do and acting to maximize function were consequences of vigilance.
A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Childhood and Adolescent Physical Activity Experiences on Adult Physical Activity Perceptions and Behaviors
Authors: Thompson Angela M. , Humbert M. Louise , Mirwald Robert L.
Published: April 2003

The authors describe the influence of childhood and adolescent physical activity on adult physical activity attitudes and behaviors. They conducted one-on-one, semistructured, in-depth interviews with 16 men and 15 women from a longitudinal growth and development study and a follow-up investigation 25 years later. They used thematic analyses to analyze the data. Three themes emerged from the men's interviews: significant others, size and maturation, and physical ability, with clear distinctions among the active, average, and inactive men. The themes transitions, body image concerns, and significant others influenced the active, average, and inactive women. Specific relationships, circumstances, and attitudes formed in childhood and adolescence influenced adult physical activity predilection and behaviors.
"Getting Used to It": Children Finding the Ordinary and Routine in the Uncertain Context of Cancer
Authors: Stewart Janet L.
Published: April 2003

Uncertainty has been described as one of the major stressors faced by children with cancer and their families. However, ill children's responses to uncertainty have not been systematically studied. This grounded theory study of 11 children undergoing treatment for cancer confirmed that children experience multiple uncertainties in the context of cancer diagnosis and treatment. For the most part, however, children did not characterize themselves as feeling uncertain. Instead, they quickly came to view their lives as routine and ordinary despite the unpredictable nature of their illness course. Children described a process of getting used to cancer that allowed them to keep their focus on the ordinary nature of their everyday lives within the uncertain context of their illness. This interplay between uncertainty and routine provides important insight into children's psychological adjustment to life-threatening illness.
The Hidden Suffering Among Breast Cancer Patients: A Qualitative Metasynthesis
Authors: Arman Maria , Rehnsfeldt Arne
Published: April 2003

The aim of this study was to review literature on how the lived experience of breast cancer and suffering was described in nursing/caring literature between 1990 and 2000, and to interpret and discuss the result from the perspective of suffering. The frequent reports of changing courses, called by various names, such as transition, transformation, transcendence, and finding meaning, were found as paths whereby the person regained integrity, balance, and wholeness. When findings were interpreted from the perspective of suffering and an ontological health model, actions, values, and existential concerns were understood as both expedients for alleviating suffering and a sign of the patient’s inner struggle.
Attending to Embodied Responses: A Way to Identify Practice-Based and Human Meanings Associated With Secondary Trauma
Authors: Raingruber Bonnie , Kent Marilyn
Published: April 2003

Most researchers of secondary trauma have focused on the pathological aspects of embodied responses rather than their usefulness in interpreting clinical situations. In this study, the authors completed a phenomenological investigation of nursing and social work faculty and student experiences with secondary trauma. They focused on how physical sensations and perceptions alert clinicians to reflect on human meanings associated with traumatic events. Findings indicated that participants experienced strong physical sensations that served as a Geiger counter of meaning and helped clinicians reflect on and understand the traumatic event. Clinicians, educators, and students should take the time to reflect on physical sensations in order to fully understand the human and professional meanings embedded in these responses.
Beyond the “Fetishism of Words”: Considerations on the Use of the Interview to Gather Chronic Illness Narratives
Authors: Miczo Nathan
Published: April 2003

The author explores the technique of interviewing chronic illness patients to obtain narratives of their illness experiences. It is argued that the perspective that interview responses are accurate reflections of experience (the “fetishism of words”) hampers the understanding of patient voice and agency. Discussions of chronic illness and narrative are followed by an examination of the interview based on the work of Charles L. Briggs. The author then uses the concepts of self-presentation and social support to examine what interviewers and interviewees contribute to the coconstructed discourse that is produced by the interview and addresses the question of how these concepts contribute to the beneficial outcomes of constructing narratives. The author offers specific suggestions for future research.
Directness in Chinese Business Correspondence of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Beamer Linda
Published: April 2003

Although the literature has usually characterized Chinese business correspondence as indirect, this article illustrates how Chinese writers used directness in 115 extant English-language business letters to Jardine, Matheson & Company Ltd. in the nineteenth century. Taking a general speech-act approach and a linguistic pragmatics analysis to determine the incidence of directness and indirectness, the author then uses cultural analysis to understand why the writers used directness and indirectness. The analysis shows that indirectness in the organization of the message served to establish an informational context whereas directness served to signal a strong proximity dimension in the relationship between the correspondents. The article proposes that these Chinese writers may have chosen directness precisely to signal proximity, especially where power differentials were great.
Stakeholders As Coaches: An Experiential Method For Teaching Environmental Regulatory Negotiation
Authors: Ramus Catherine A.
Published: April 2003

The author presents a teaching method that uses stakeholders as coaches of management students and professionals who wish to learn about the regulatory negotiation process used to make federal environmental rules. This experiential approach, which includes stakeholder briefings of teams who then role-play a regulatory negotiation, is an engaging way for participants to learn how to manage complex situations and negotiate with multiple parties. It has the additional benefit of helping stakeholders step back from the table to gain new perspectives about the content and process of the environmental negotiation in which they have been involved.
The Impact of Gender Role on Recovery from Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Case Patricia
Published: April 2003

Few works have looked at the social impact of surviving bone marrow transplantation, a highly invasive treatment that challenges social roles and relationships with social institutions. No work to date has looked at how gender role might affect recovery between men and women. Identifying how these factors influence recovery is essential if the medical community is to address all of the needs of the patient in the postrecovery setting. This article discusses findings of a longitudinal assessment of fifty-two long-term survivors of bone marrow transplantation. As was expected, satisfaction with life following transplant was more strongly associated with gender roles, with women more likely to be influenced by family support and emotional recovery and men more likely to be influenced by physical recovery and, to a lesser extent, emotional recovery.
Sexuality, Fertility Issues, and Cancer
Authors: Thaler-DeMers Debra
Published: April 2003

Treatment decisions for persons with cancer have a long-term impact on interpersonal relationships, sexuality, and reproductive capacity. Too often, sexual and reproduction issues are not adequately discussed before treatment begins. Members of the health care team must take responsibility for providing all relevant information necessary for patients to make informed decisions about their care.
Dying with Dignity: Prisoners and Terminal Illness
Authors: Dawes John
Published: April 2003

During the past twenty years in Australia, there has been a developing concern about deaths in police and correctional custody. This article discusses a small but important component of deaths in correctional custody: the care of those prisoners in the terminal phase of a terminal illness. Hospice care in prison as well as in the community (achieved through compassionate release provisions) is discussed, and some of the problems with both strategies are identified. Two briefcase histories are discussed. The background to concern about dying prisoners is the aging of Australians in the community as well as those imprisoned, greater community awareness of issues dealing with loss and grief for the survivors of such deaths (through the work of state and territory coroners and support groups), and correctional agencies' becoming increasingly aware of their duty of care responsibilities.
The New Face of Death: Postmodernity and Changing Perspectives of the Afterlife
Authors: Lee Raymond L. M.
Published: April 2003

Reflections on the near-death experience, the bardo teachings in Tibetan Buddhism, and the relationship between dying and dreaming have made possible many new insights into the death process. The postmodern context in which this knowledge is being disseminated provides an environment conducive to understanding the meaning of self-transformation in life and death. These developments suggest that the denial and fear of death have been an unnecessary distraction in the unfolding of human consciousness.
The Need to Educate Nursing Home Administrators about Variations in State Legislation Affecting Patients' Rights to Refuse Treatment
Authors: Hosay Cynthia K.
Published: April 2003

Nursing home patients in the United States have a constitutional right to refuse treatment. The federal Patient Self-Determination Act confirms that right. State laws address the obligations of health care providers and facilities to honor those rights. But state laws vary, and nursing home administrators may not know the laws of their states. In this article, areas of significant variation in state laws are identified so that educators of nursing home administrators and direct care providers can address providers' statutory obligations concerning end-of-life issues. The advance directives statutes of the fifty states and the District of Columbia were reviewed and analyzed to determine the principal areas of variation in state requirements. Three key areas with high levels of variation were identified. Recommendations for teaching about state requirements on advance directives were developed. Education of nursing home administrators is needed to alert them to their states' requirements, benefiting them and the patients they serve.
Evaluation of an Educational Video for Cardiac Patients
Authors: Blank Fidela S. J. , Smithline Howard A.
Published: April 2003

Prehospital delay is a major problem in the management of patients with acute cardiac ischemia. The authors created a patient teaching program consisting of an educational video and written instructions designed to reduce prehospital delays in patients with chest pain. Patients who received standard discharge instructions served as the control group, whereas those who received the new patient teaching in addition to standard discharge instructions served as the intervention group. Of the 500 enrolled, 19% were rehospitalized within 1 year. Analysis of rehospitalizations showed no significant difference between the two groups on the three outcome variables: percentage who presented within the first hour of pain, use of ambulance, and time from anginal onset to emergency department arrival. In a comparison of the index hospitalization to the rehospitalization, there was a significant increase in the use of ambulances for the intervention group, p = .03, but not for the control group.
Evolutionary Thought in Management and Organization Theory at the Beginning of the New Millennium
Authors: Murmann Johann Peter , Aldrich Howard E. , Levinthal Daniel , Winter Sidney G.
Published: April 2003

The beginning of a new millennium provides a welcome opportunity to take stock of the accomplishments, open questions, and most promising research avenues of evolutionary models in management and organization theory. Johann Peter Murmann has invited Howard Aldrich, Daniel Levinthal, and Sidney Winter to appraise the state of the art in evolutionary research and where scholarly efforts should go in the new millennium. The panel also clarified their positions by answering questions that Johann Peter Murmann solicited from the scholarly community in response to the panel's dialogue.
A Typology of Virtual Teams
Authors: Bell Bradford S. , Kozlowski Steve W. J.
Published: April 2003

As the nature of work in today’s organizations becomes more complex, dynamic, and global, there has been increasing emphasis on distributed, “virtual” teams as organizing units of work. Despite their growing prevalence, relatively little is known about this new form of work unit. The purpose of this article is to present a theoretical framework to focus research toward understanding virtual teams and identifying implications for effective leadership. The authors focus on delineating the dimensions of a typology to characterize different types of virtual teams. First, the authors distinguish virtual teams from conventional teams to identify where current knowledge applies and new research needs exist. Second, the authors distinguish among different types of virtual teams, considering the critical role of task complexity in determining the underlying characteristics of virtual teams and leadership challenges the different types entail. Propositions addressing leadership implications for the effective management of virtual teams are proposed and discussed.
Leadership and Semiautonomous Work Team Performance
Authors: O’Connell Matthew S. , Doverspike Dennis , Cober Alana B.
Published: April 2003

The impact of leadership on group performance was investigated in the context of a semiautonomous work team environment. The relationship between group performance and team leadership, as exhibited by the designated, internal leader, was moderated by team size. Team leadership, as rated by team members, was related to the managers’ ratings of quality and overall performance for smaller teams, but not for larger teams. In addition, the managers’ ratings of team performance were not significantly correlated with ratings of team performance obtained from the team members.
A Longitudinal Model of the Effects of Team Leadership and Group Potency on Group Performance
Authors: Sivasubramaniam Nagaraj , Murry William D. , Avolio Bruce J. , Jung Dong I.
Published: April 2003

In the current study, the authors examine how leadership within a team predicts levels of group potency and group performance over time. The authors predict that groups that rated themselves high on transformational team leadership behaviors soon after the groups were formed would see themselves as being more potent over time and also would achieve a higher level of group performance. These predictions were confirmed. The implications of the current study for further research on leadership within teams are discussed.
Examining the Team/Leader Interface
Authors: Hawkins Katherine , Tolzin Anne
Published: April 2003

The authors propose that baseball teams serve as exemplars of postmodern organizations, such that studying the team/leader interface on baseball teams would be analogous to studying these relationships in other postmodern organizations. Furthermore, the authors argue that traditional leadership theories (for example, contingent rewards) may not apply to postmodern organizations nor may theories that rely on the development of long-term relationships between superiors and subordinates (for example, vertical dyad linkages). Rather, the authors propose a new model of leadership that responds to the needs of postmodern organizations, wherein leaders perform leadership through ritualized behavior, engage in transformational leadership, and effectively manage the autonomy-interdependence dialectic.
Decision Making at Different Levels of the Organization and the Impact of New Information Technology
Authors: Wijnberg Nachoem M. , van den Ende Jan , de Wit Onno
Published: April 2003

This article focuses on the impact of information technologies on the upstream and downstream flows of information. The authors distinguish between two types of decisions and two types of decision-making criteria and propose a four-part framework in which the essential messages of systematic management and scientific management are depicted. Two cases, concerning the introduction of a new information technology (punched-card machines) in two Dutch banks, are analyzed within the framework. It is demonstrated how the chances of success are increased by employing the new technology to enable employees at lower levels of the organization to be more, instead of less, concerned with and aware of the performance objectives of the firm as a whole.
Special Issue Introduction: Defining The Domain Of Workplace Diversity Scholarship
Authors: Konrad Alison M.
Published: April 2003

Workplace diversity crystallized as a management sub-field only when members of historically excluded groups became serious contenders for power positions in North American organizations. This article asserts power/dominance relations between identity groups as a central factor driving diversity dynamics in organizations and questions the predominance of the trait model, which locates the fundamental mechanisms driving diversity dynamics within individuals and ignores contextual factors, including power. The author argues that it is important to draw a distinction between diversity scholarship and the individual differences tradition in organizational studies in order to retain a central focus on power relations among identity groups and avoid diluting the diversity construct to the point that any group composed of non-identical individuals becomes diverse by definition.
Family Therapy Theory: What Is Important in the Training of Today's Family Counselors?
Authors: May Kathleen M.
Published: April 2003

Family therapy theory as it relates to the training of novice family counselors is explored in this article. The increasing number of theories and recent advances in the field have complicated the decision regarding what theories should be taught in introductory family counseling courses. Questions are posed concerning whether the traditional theories should be taught as they were originally conceptualized or whether integration should begin in the early stages of training. The importance of incorporating a cultural lens regardless of theoretical perspective is emphasized.
Accessing the Rest-of-the-Story in Couples Therapy
Authors: Sween Erik
Published: April 2003

This case presentation describes a Narrative-Constructivist Therapy approach for working with couples. The figure-ground metaphor is introduced as a way to understand how certain negative experiences and interpretations can become the predominant focus for couples. When couples feel trapped in the troublesome same-old-story of their relationship, it is important for therapists to listen for the rest-of-the-story. By asking questions that change the perceptual background, alternate experiences and new interpretations may emerge. Specific questions about time, intention, and vantage point, can help couples access the rest-of-the-story about their relationship. Fortunately, for this couple, this approach helped to change the conflicted same-old-story that had defined their relationship for years.
Understanding the Implications of HIV Disease in Women
Authors: Carney Jamie S.
Published: April 2003

Recently, greater attention has been focused on the implications of HIV disease for women. This is coupled with a greater awareness that women are impacted in different ways physically, psychologically, and socially by HIV infection or AIDS in comparison to men. In this article, counselors are urged to become knowledgeable about the many issues and stressors that women with HIV disease face. This article provides an overview of such concerns, including disease characteristics, progression, and symptoms. In addition, psychological, social, and relationship concerns are identified in relation to parenting, intimate relations with partners, and family and friendship support.
Parental Notification and Family Counseling: Amendments to FERPA
Authors: Cutler Heather A.
Published: April 2003

In 1998, the Higher Education Reauthorization Act amended the 1974 Family Education Rights to Privacy Act (FERPA) by awarding institutions of higher education the option to notify parents when students have violated alcohol or drug policies. For family counselors, the recent amendment created an opportunity for collaboration between parents and universities that was considered illegal in the past. A case study of a family situation is presented followed by discussions on how the new amendment helps counselors work with families who have children or family members in college.
The Center for Children and Families at Risk: A Facilitating Environment
Authors: Eisenstein-Naveh Antonina Rosa
Published: April 2003

The Centers for Children and Families at Risk are family treatment settings which were established by the Ministry of Welfare in Israel, in cooperation with the Ashalim Division of the Joint Distribution Committee in Jerusalem. Their purpose was to provide an alternative option to the removal of children from their homes and to create a “home away from home” experience. A multidisciplinary staff acts as an extended family who provides the “good-enough mothering” and “holding” that is the basis of D.W. Winnicott’s idea of the “facilitating environment.” In this article, the author discusses how a special model of therapy developed from an ongoing dialogue between the staff and families who were accepted into treatment. As a result, an attempt is made to transform an ongoing cycle of deprivation and violence into a sense of feeling “lovable” and then, hopefully, “love able.”
Family-Based Approaches to Juvenile Delinquency: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Hinton W. Jeff , Sheperis Carl , Sims Pat
Published: April 2003

The increasing effects of juvenile crime on society have caused attention to shift toward efficacy of offender treatment programs. Traditional methods of treatment with this population have failed to produce satisfactory outcomes. As a result, many researchers are now calling for more systemic approaches to offender treatment that focus on problems embedded within multiple levels (e.g., school, family, peers, culture, and socioeconomic level). Effective approaches, which employ direct and indirect client and community services, tend to be action oriented, multifaceted, preventive and remedial, culturally sensitive, systemic in nature, and comprehensive. This article examines factors contributing to delinquency (e.g., developmental issues, gender-related issues, and environmental factors) and elements of effective approaches for treating delinquency (e.g., multisystemic therapy, functional family therapy, behavioral parent training, and family skills training). The purpose of this examination is to provide readers with information to effectively meet the challenges of therapeutic intervention within the juvenile offender system.
Coping With Caregiving Stress: A Wellness-Oriented, Strengths-Based Approach for Family Counselors
Authors: Myers Jane E.
Published: April 2003

Caregiving has become a normative family stress that typically extends over multiple years. Traditional conceptualizations of caregiving in terms of burden and stress lead to interventions based in a medical model of care. Wellness is presented as an alternative model with the potential for empowering caregivers and helping them develop healthier lifestyles. A case example is presented to demonstrate how marriage and family counselors can use this approach to enhance wellness in caregivers and their families.
Neuroscience Applications in Marital and Family Therapy
Authors: Tootle A. Eugene
Published: April 2003

Historically, family therapists have relied on counseling theory and the social sciences to understand the dynamics of family relationships. These sources have been helpful, but the solutions to many problems in therapy remain elusive. This article addresses the importance of a basic understanding of neuroscience in marital, couple, and family therapy training and practice. It examines the biological and physiological processes underlying emotions, memory, and neurochemistry, and emphasizes their impact on behavior. The therapeutic benefits of movement and music are also addressed. Only with a thorough understanding of the social and biological bases of behavior will family therapists and other mental health professionals be adequately prepared to assist in finding solutions to the difficult problems encountered in family therapy. Neuroscience is an indispensable source of information and should be a part of each therapist’s academic preparation, continuing education, and lifelong learning.
Monopolization of Information and Female Status: A Cross-Cultural Test
Authors: Artemova Olga , Korotayev Andrey V.
Published: April 2003

The world-wide cross-cultural tests performed in this paper support the hypothesis that monopolization of politically important information is inversely related with female status. Monopolization of politically important information displays a significant negative correlation with such important characteristics of female status as female leadership posts in kinship or extended family units, female ownership or control of dwellings, high value of female life, absence of a double standard in regard to extramarital sex, absence of physical punishment of wives, and absence of belief that women are generally inferior to men.
“Early State” in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Statistical Reanalysis of Henri J. M. Claessen’s Database
Authors: Bondarenko Dmitri M. , Korotayev Andrey V.
Published: April 2003

The authors reanalyze Claessen’s data set on the “Early States.” Though Claessen’s Early State typology is largely justified, we suggest some corrections and amendments to his typologization and his model of Early State evolution. We show that the development of personal ownership of land correlates rather weakly with the political development of the Early State, and that political development might be accompanied by the strengthening of communal ownership. We also examine the correlation between Early State political development and ruler sacralization. Though this correlation is insignificant for the whole sample, its insignificance is accounted for by two distinct evolutionary patterns. The pattern observed in the “axial age” zone is characterized by a strong negative correlation between political development and ruler sacralization, while the pattern observed throughout the rest of the world is characterized by a strong positive correlation between the two variables. The authors discuss possible causes of this difference.
The Impact of State Capacity on Enforcement of Environmental Policies: The Case of China
Authors: Schwartz Jonathan
Published: April 2003

Does variation in state capacity predict compliance with government policies? This article tests the usefulness of state capacity as an analytic tool to evaluate environmental policy enforcement in China. The study employs two methodological approaches: first, a quantitative evaluation of capacity among 10 representative Chinese provinces and their compliance with environmental policies dictated by the Chinese central government and second, a qualitative evaluation of the potential causal relationship between state capacity and compliance. The results of these analyses illustrate the central role of state capacity in environmental policy compliance. The results also point to the importance of non-state-capacity factors. The accuracy of analyses relying on the state capacity model is improved if combined with assessments of the policies to be enforced and the commitment of the government responsible for their enforcement.
Harnessing Butterfly Biodiversity for Improving Livelihoods and Forest Conservation: The Kipepeo Project
Authors: Gordon Ian , Ayiemba Washington
Published: April 2003

The Kipepeo Project is a community-based butterfly farming project on the margins of Arabuko-Sokoke Forest on the north coast of Kenya. This forest is a globally important forest for biodiversity conservation. In the early 1990s, 54% to 59% of the local community wanted the entire forest cleared for settlement and the forest was invaded by farmers on several occasions. The Kipepeo Project was set up to change community attitudes to the forest by giving them a stake in its conservation. Kipepeo trained farmers living next to the forest to rear forest butterflies. Butterfly pupae were purchased from the farmers for export to the live butterfly exhibit industry in Europe and the United States. Cumulative community earnings from 1994 to 2001 exceeded $130,000 with significant positive effects on both livelihoods and attitudes. The project has been financially self-sustaining since 1999. Butterfly monitoring indicates that there have been no adverse effects on wild butterfly populations.
Development of a Short Form for the MMPI-2 Based on Scale Elevation Congruence
Authors: McGrath Robert E. , Terranova Ray , Pogge David L. , Kravic Celina
Published: April 2003

The length of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is often considered a barrier to its use, leading to the development of short forms. Two methods of abbreviating the revised MMPI have now been developed. One agrees poorly with the long form in terms of which scales are elevated. The second ensures perfect congruence in which scales are elevated but requires computer administration. This article describes the development of a short form representing a compromise approach. The short form was derived using 800 psychiatric inpatients and cross-validated with samples of 658 inpatients and 266 outpatients. It is briefer than the computerized short form but does not achieve perfect congruence with the full inventory. It is longer than earlier noncomputerized short forms but demonstrates greater scale elevation congruence with the full inventory and allows estimates of more scales. The short form offers a reasonable alternative when the full inventory is impractical.
Commission Error Rates on a Continuous Performance Test Are Related to Deficits Measured by the Benton Visual Retention Test
Authors: Dougherty Donald M. , Mathias Charles W. , Marsh Dawn M. , Greve Kevin W. , Bjork James M. , Moeller F. Gerard
Published: April 2003

This study is one in a series investigating the relationship between impulsive behavior on a Continuous Performance Test (i.e., the Immediate and Delayed Memory Task) and other cognitive deficits measured by clinical instruments. Forty-two adolescents were selected for two groups, controls and hospitalized patients with disruptive behavior disorders. Each adolescent completed the Immediate and Delayed Memory Task and the Benton Visual Retention Test. Our main findings were that, even when controlling for IQ, the Immediate and Delayed Memory Task commission errors were associated with adverse Benton performance, but only in the patient group. These results may be explained by a shared association between processes of impulsivity and other deficits of executive control that may interfere with successful performance of the Benton.
Perisynaptic Schwann Cells at the Neuromuscular Junction: Nerve- and Activity-Dependent Contributions to Synaptic Efficacy, Plasticity, and Reinnervation
Authors: Auld Daniel S. , Robitaille Richard
Published: April 2003

Glial cells are increasingly recognized for their important contributions to CNS and PNS synaptic function. Perisynaptic Schwann cells, which are glial cells at the neuromuscular junction, have proven to be an exceptionally useful model for studying these roles. Recent studies have shown that they detect and reciprocally modulate synaptic efficacy in an activity-dependent manner in the short term. In addition, perisynaptic Schwann cells guide reinnervating nerve sprouts after deinnervation, and many important parameters of this are dependent on synapse activity. Thus, it is hypothesized that perisynaptic Schwann cells are key integrators in a continuum of synaptic efficacy, stability, and plasticity at the neuromuscular junction, which is important for maintaining and restoring synaptic efficacy. NEUROSCIENTIST 9(2): 144–157, 2003.
The Web and E-Mail in Science Communication
Authors: Dumlao Rebecca , Duke Shearlean
Published: April 2003

Using open-ended interviews, researchers identified twelve themes concerning Web and e-mail use by science writers. The Web and e-mail “speed information” between sources, reporters, editors, and audiences. “Skepticism” about information quality leads science writers to urge practices of “good judgment” by Web users. A diagram illustrates ways “speeds information” is changing journalistic work. Suggestions concerning future research on diffusion of information are offered.
Cultivating the Science Internet Audience
Authors: Treise Debbie , Walsh-Childers Kim , Weigold Michael F. , Friedman Meredith
Published: April 2003

This two-part study examines factors that can influence the perceived credibility of a science Web site. In the first part, respondents answered questions about their perceptions of science sites with the .com and .gov domain. Findings suggest that sites with a .gov domain are perceived to be more credible. Part 2 is an experiment in which respondents read a short science article from a site. Participants were randomly assigned to experimental conditions in which they were led to believe the site was from either a high- or moderate-credibility source and from a domain that contained either a .gov or .com extension. Ratings of the author, source, and the article were systematically influenced by the manipulations. Implications for science Web sites are presented in the discussion.
Dynamics of an Elastic Structure Excited by Harmonic and Aharmonic Impactor Motions
Authors: Balachandran B.
Published: April 2003

In this paper, we study the dynamics of a thin-walled structure subjected to impact excitations with the help of experimental and numerical investigations. A stainless-steel cantilever beam with a tip mass is considered, and this elastic structure is impacted close to the free end with an impactor. The impactor motions are prescribed in the form of harmonic functions and aharmonic functions of the form D¦cos(Ω t)¦. A finite time of contact between the structure and the impactor is considered. The excitation amplitude and the excitation frequency associated with the impactor motions are used as control parameters, and the results obtained are presented in the form of bifurcation diagrams and phase portraits. During harmonic impactor motions, period-doubled motions, incomplete period-doubling sequences, aperiodic motions, and multiple responses are observed. In addition to these responses, the responses observed during half-sine impactor motions include period-three motions and modulated motions. A finite-dimensional model is developed in the analytical efforts through a Galerkin projection and numerical studies are conducted using this model. The numerical results show many qualitative similarities with the experimental results, and they also show the importance of considering finite-time duration of the loading.
Patterns of Health Insurance Coverage among Rural and Urban Children
Authors: Coburn Andrew F. , McBride Timothy D. , Ziller Erika C.
Published: April 2003

Despite the potential for the State Children’s Health Insurance Program to improve the health care coverage of rural children, the expansion of public health insurance to children in rural areas may be hampered by a lack of understanding about the patterns of insurance coverage they experience. This study uses the Census Bureau’s 1993-1996 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to evaluate differences in the duration of, and in their entry into and exit from, uninsured spells. While the average duration of newspells was shorter for rural children and most regained coverage quickly, rural children were also more likely than urban children to experience protracted spells of uninsurance. Moreover, rural children were more likely than urban children to move between public and private coverage. These findings have important implications for designing insurance expansion programs and outreach strategies to effectively enroll and retain rural children.
The Structure of State Health Agencies: A Strategic Analysis
Authors: Ford Eric W. , Duncan W. Jack , Ginter Peter M.
Published: April 2003

Leaders in public organizations are adopting many private sector management practices to control costs and increase efficiency. Nowhere is this more evident than among state health agencies. State health agencies were encouraged to change the way they operate by the 1988 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on The Future of Public Health. This report portrayed public health as being in disarray. To address major deficiencies identified by the IOM study, some public health leaders have reevaluated their environments, reconfigured their organizations, and adopted a strategic mindset. The purpose of this research is to explore the various organizational configurations of state health agencies. Replicating methods used in studies of private sector organizations, five distinct strategic configurations or archetypes were identified. This comprehensive public health agency taxonomy will assist future researchers in analyzing public health organizations’ environments, structures, and strategies.
Cost Sharing for Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services in Managed Care Plans
Authors: Hodgkin Dominic , Horgan Constance M. , Garnick Deborah W. , Merrick Elizabeth L.
Published: April 2003

Recent initiatives to improve private insurance coverage for substance abuse and mental health in the United States have mostly focused on equalizing coverage limits to those found in general medical care. Federal law does not address cost sharing (copayments and coinsurance), which may also deter needed care or impose significant financial burdens on enrollees. This article reports on cost sharing requirements for outpatient care in a nationally representative sample of managed care plans in 1999. Levels of cost sharing are substantial, with around 40 percent of products requiring copayments of $20 or more and another 15 percent requiring coinsurance of 50 percent. Cost sharing for outpatient substance abuse treatment is very similar to that for mental health. Compared to general medical care, at least 30 percent of products impose higher cost sharing for substance abuse and mental health treatment. Future parity initiatives should be examined for how they address differences in cost sharing as well as limits.
What We Do Not Know About Juvenile Sexual Reoffense Risk
Authors: Caldwell Michael F.
Published: April 2003

States have increasingly subject juvenile sexual offenders to sex offender registration and commitment under sexual predator laws in recent years. These statutes assume that sexual offenders present a sustained risk to recommit sexually violent crimes over an extended time period. Implicit in this assumption is that criminal sexual behavior is a product of some form of stable trait or condition that continues to push the juvenile toward sexually violent behaviors as they get older. This article examines these assumptions in light of the available research on the stability of sexually offending behavior in juveniles. The difficulties attendant to applying adult offender risk assessment models to juvenile sexual offenders are addressed. The available evidence indicates that the development and persistence of sexually criminal behavior is poorly understood, making the prediction of sustained sexual offending in juveniles that is required by some sexual predator statutes a particularly difficult task.
Intracranial Hemorrhage and Rebleeding in Suspected Victims of Abusive Head Trauma: Addressing the Forensic Controversies
Authors: Hymel Kent P. , Jenny Carole , Block Robert W.
Published: April 2003

Does an expanded subarachnoid space predispose to subdural bleeding? What does heterogeneity in the appearance of a subdural collection on CT or MRI imaging indicate? Spontaneous rebleeding? Minor re-injury? Major reinjury? In some specific cases, answers to these questions have important forensic implications. To conclude objectively that an infant's intracranial hemorrhage or rebleeding resulted from inflicted injury or re-injury requires an in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of posttraumatic subdural and subarachnoid collections. The authors present two cases of indoor, accidental, pediatric, closed-head trauma that resulted in intracranial rebleeding. Both accidental cranial impacts occurred in medical settings and were independently witnessed by medical personnel. In addition, the authors summarize the relevant medical literature regarding pediatric intracranial bleeding and rebleeding.
Gender, Power, and Violence in the Family
Authors: Bugental Daphne Blunt , Shennum William
Published: April 2003

Attributions for parent-child relationship outcomes were assessed as a function of childhood maltreatment history. In Study 1, the attributions of maltreated children were compared with those of nonmaltreated children from a similar background. Maltreated girls (but not boys) were found to be more likely than nonmaltreated girls to attribute lower power or control to self than to parents. Effects of maltreatment on children's attributions were found for physical but not sexual abuse. In Study 2, the attributions of parents with a history of abuse as children were compared with those of parents who had not been abused. Women (but no men) with a history of abuse attributed less power or control to self than to children. Implications are drawn for gender differences in the role of biased attributions as a consequence of physical abuse.
Forensic Anogenital Exam Interventions: Potential Contributions of Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Authors: Waibel-Duncan Mary Katherine , Sandler Howard M.
Published: April 2003

This manuscript proposes that Smith and Lazarus's cognitive appraisal theory offers a useful conceptual guide for exploring the mechanisms underlying psychoeducation's apparent efficacy at reducing children's forensic anogenital exam distress. After presenting an overview of Smith and Lazarus's cognitive emotional relational theory of emotions, the authors suggest how this model of cognition-emotion associations might inform the refinement and evaluation of current preparatory interventions as well as the design of future patient/family education programs. Empirical evidence from the broader pediatric literature and direct observations of children's anogenital exam experiences suggest how cognitive appraisal theory translates into clinical research and practice. Avenues for future research are proposed.
Adverse Behavioral and Emotional Outcomes from Child Abuse and Witnessed Violence
Authors: Johnsona Renee M. , Kotch Jonathan B. , Catellier Diane J. , Winsor Jane R. , Dufort Vincent , Hunter Wanda , Amaya-Jackson Lisa
Published: April 2003

This article examines mental health outcomes of children who have witnessed violence in their social environment and/or have been physically abused. Participants (n = 167) come from a longitudinal study on child maltreatment. Outcomes—including depression, anger, and anxiety—are measured by the Child Behavior Checklist and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children. The authors used adjusted multivariate analyses to test the statistical significance of associations. The majority of children were female (57%) and non-White (64%). One third had been physically victimized; 46% had witnessed moderate-high levels of violence. Results confirm that children are negatively affected by victimization and violence they witness in their homes and neighborhoods. Victimization was a significant predictor of child aggression and depression; witnessed violence was found to be a significant predictor of aggression, depression, anger, and anxiety. Implications will be discussed.
Child Maltreatment and Adulthood Violence: The Contribution of Attachment and Drug Abuse
Authors: Feerick Margaret M. , Haugaard Jeffrey J. , Hien Denise A.
Published: April 2003

This study examined the association between child maltreatment and adult violence in a high-risk sample of women with and without a history of cocaine abuse and the contribution of working models of childhood attachment relationships in understanding this association. Results indicated that whereas childhood physical abuse was associated with adult sexual victimization for cocaine-abusing women, sexual abuse was associated with both partner violence victimization and perpetration for comparison women. Insecure working models of attachment were associated with partner violence victimization for comparison women, independent of the effect of sexual abuse. These findings suggest the importance of research focused on understanding the processes by which child maltreatment may lead to later violence and that examines both childhood and adulthood experiences in understanding pathways to adult violence.