bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Алгоритм предварительного анализа дифракционных спектров для нанокомпозитных материалов с примесью массивной фракции
Authors: Алексеева О.А. , Набережнов А.А.
Published: October 2021

This contribution is devoted to discussion of questions related to the influence of a possible contribution from a bulk material on the lineshape of elastic peaks observed in diffraction experiments at neutron and / or X-ray radiation scattering on nanoporous matrices containing substances embedded into their porous space (channels). The proposed algorithm permits to estimate the input of massive component into diffraction peaks using the analysis of the experimentally observed distortions of the lineshape of the Bragg peaks. This preliminary analysis greatly simplifies the profile analysis of nanocomposite diffraction patterns, especially for molecular sieves based on powders of SBA-15, MCM-41, MCM-48, etc. types.
Влияние адгезии на трение качения и скольжения: эксперимент
Authors: Ляшенко Я.А. , Попов В.Л.
Published: October 2021

Normal and tangential contact between a cylindrical steel indenter (wheel) and an elastomer with high adhesive properties is investigated. In the case of indentation in the normal direction, a computer simulation of the process of indentation and detachment was carried out, which shows good coincidence with an experiment. For the rolling friction mode, when analyzing the measured dependences of the tangential component of the contact force on the wheel displacement, the adhesive component of the friction force was determined. The situation of sliding friction, in which the rotation of the wheel was impossible, is considered. In the presence of adhesion, the sliding friction force is proportional to the contact area. In the absence of adhesion (the elastomer is covered with a chalk dust), a stick-slip friction mode is realized. The frequency and amplitude of stick-slip transitions depend on the indentation depth of the indenter into the elastomer.
Магнитно-импульсное деформирование сплава TiNi: эксперимент и расчет
Authors: Остропико Е.С. , Магазинов С.Г. , Кривошеев С.И.
Published: October 2021

Magnetic-pulse loading methods have been known since the 80s of the XX century and, as a rule, are used to determine the laws of destruction of materials under the action of pressure pulses with a duration of several microseconds. A modified scheme of a magnetic-pulse setup for high strain rate uniaxial tension is used in this work. The application of the scheme with the possibility of experimental measurement of the strain accumulation time and strain rate is shown on samples of TiNi alloy. The paper presents the results of finite element modeling and analytical description. Both approaches have demonstrated good agreement between the calculated residual strain and experimental results, even on samples of TiNi alloy with a specific stress-strain diagram. The analytical solution showed good qualitative agreement in assessing the strain accumulation time. On the basis of the analytical solution, an assessment of the capabilities of the magnetic-pulse loading method for uniaxial high strain rate tension is presented.
Experiences of Blogging About Visible and Long-term Skin Conditions: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Authors: Tour Selina K , Thompson Andrew , Howard Ruth A , Larkin Michael
Published: October 2021

Background

Skin conditions can detract from people’s quality of life, much like conditions such as cancer, chronic pain, and depression. Visible skin conditions can lead to risk of stigmatization. It is acknowledged that there is a lack of available psychosocial support for people living with chronic skin conditions. One way in which individuals with long-term conditions are self-managing and providing peer support is through blogging and exchanging information on the web. To date, no research has specifically investigated how individuals with skin conditions experience the use blogging for self-management.

Objective

This study sought to investigate the experiences of individuals with visible, long-term skin conditions when blogging about their conditions.

Methods

A systematic blog search and a short survey were used for recruitment. A total of 4 participants took part in email interviews, which were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Skin conditions included alopecia, psoriasis, and hirsutism. The content of these individuals’ blogs was also analyzed using a qualitative template method derived from the IPA analysis.

Results

The interviews and accounts revealed a clear sense of uncertainty about the course of the bloggers’ skin conditions. This appeared to be associated with feelings of distress and isolation, searching for treatments, and ultimately a sense of defeat. The data revealed that blogging provided a space where this sense of defeat was managed and challenged. Posting on the web facilitated connection with others and enabled support networks to be established that assisted in challenging the feelings of isolation experienced. The data demonstrate the important role that blogging played for these participants in developing a sense of acceptance of their condition.

Conclusions

Blogging may provide a way for individuals to self-manage distress associated with visible skin conditions. It may provide similar benefits to those known to be derived from emotional disclosure that occurs during writing, with an added peer support dimension. Blogging has occurred naturalistically on web-based forums, and this study demonstrates how this form of interaction may warrant adaptation for use with web-based psychosocial interventions for people living with skin conditions. This study had a limited sample of 4 bloggers; therefore, further exploration would be needed to consider the utility of this approach.
Movement Patterns of Commuterline Users in the Medan City Train Station Area Based on Transit
Authors: Nasution Fidyan Aulia , Widyastuti Dyah Titisari
Published: October 2021

At the time of this research, Medan City was threatened with the gridlock, a situation where the number of vehicles exceeds the available road capacity. To prevent the gridlock happens, Medan Train Station (Medan ts.) area as the center activity of Medan City, will be developed into an area based on the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) concept by adding Light Rail Transit (LRT) and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). The addition is hoped to encourage walking and public transportation usage for visitors in Medan ts. area. This study aims to determine and mapping the movement patterns of commuterline users, in this case Medan – Binjai line which is the only line available, as the basis for the application of the concept of TOD in the Medan ts. area. The research uses observation and interview as the methods. The results of the study showed that the majority of commuterline users of the Medan ts. relied on paratransit when heading or leaving the station than walking. This can be seen from 70% of users (weekday) and 83.3% of users (weekends) using paratransit when heading to the station and 86.6% of users (weekday) and 66.6% of users (weekends) using paratransit when leaving the station.
Characteristics of the Surrounding Areas of BRT Stations in Jambi Province Based on Land-Use Diversity
Authors: Suwarto Nindya Kusumaputri , Wibisono Bambang Hari
Published: October 2021

Jambi Provincial Government tries to overcome congestion by providing public transportation, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, known as BRT Trans Siginjai Jambi. Public transportation Trans Siginjai Jambi has been operating for two years and has 11 BRT Stations. Placement of the transit node is one of the determinants of the role of bus stations in the surrounding area. The diversity of land-use and facilities close to the transit area can reduce travel time, so it is necessary to map the land-use that will determine the physical characteristics of the area around the BRT Station. This study discusses the characteristics of the area around the BRT Station using quantitative methods. Quantitative methods are used to determine the characteristics of BRT Station based on the variables of the proportion of land use in the area around the BRT Station. The land-use variable is obtained from the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) theory. The study produced three characteristics of BRT Station, namely City Station, Neighborhood Station, and Special Activity Station.
The Agenda Setting Process and its Potential Attitudinal Effects
Authors: Chernov Gennadiy
Published: October 2021

Agenda setting is a well-documented process in the media effects tradition. It has a strong impact on what issues are perceived as important by the audience. However, there are indications that agenda setting may have an indirect effect on the attitudes. The current study tested the Elaboration Likelihood Model (The ELM) as a possible mechanism of attitude change that may be present in the agenda setting process. The experimental results did not confirm the overall impact of the ELM on attitudes, but it demonstrated separate attitudinal effects of ability operationalized as knowledge. Further, it was also argued that the agenda setting process may have an indirect effect on attitudes through the peripheral route of the ELM.
Falta grave e sua interferência na rotatividade dos presídios do Estado de São Paulo: uma análise a partir das decisões do DEECRIM – 2ªRAJ.
Authors: Mendes Bruno Barros
Published: October 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo compreender o que é disciplina no âmbito do sistema penitenciário brasileiro, o que são as faltas disciplinares nos termos da Lei de Execuções Penais, como são classificadas e quais suas consequências durante o processo executório. Além disso, apresenta pesquisa empírica consistente em análise dos procedimentos julgados pelo Departamento Estadual de Execução Criminal da 2a Região Administrativa Judiciária (DEECRIM-2aRAJ), submetidos ao Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo, tendo como principal objetivo verificar se os procedimentos disciplinares violam direitos e garantias fundamentais dos sentenciados na prática. Por meio de acesso ao portal eletrônico do Tribunal Paulista, foi possível realizar a seleção procedimentos analisados e comprovar o descompasso entre o procedimento previsto na lei com a prática real. Por fim, comparando os resultados com os relatórios oficiais emitidos pelo Departamento Penitenciário Nacional, aponta a possibilidade desse distanciamento entre vigência e a efetividade dos direitos fundamentais estar interferindo na rotatividade dos presídios locais.
La Directiva “Whistleblowing”: Aspectos clave de su transposición al ordenamiento jurídico español
Authors: Caro Catalán José
Published: October 2021

En el presente trabajo se analiza el contenido de Directiva (uE) 2019/1937 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 23 de octubre de 2019 relativa a la protección de las personas que informen sobre infracciones del Derecho de la unión y su proceso de transposición al ordenamiento jurídico español. Como punto de partida, se realiza una contextualización del fenómeno del whistleblowing a nivel global. Luego se aborda el contenido esencial de la Directiva, profundizando en los canales de denuncias internos y externos. Y, por último, se abordan los aspectos clave de su transposición al ordenamiento jurídico español. Para llevar a cabo este último epígrafe, el autor se sirve de la consulta pública sobre la transposición de la Directiva planteada por el Ministerio de Justicia el 7 de enero de 2021 así como de algunas de las aportaciones realizadas en el seno de ese proceso por entidades e instituciones interesadas. Por último, el artículo se refiere brevemente al proceso de transposición de la Directiva en otros Estados miembros.
Reformalización en la mira de la congruencia
Authors: Guerra Espinosa Rodrigo Andrés
Published: October 2021

En relación con la reformalización, introducida en el Derecho procesal penal mediante las practicas del Ministerio Público, el autor se hace cargo de la situación jurídica de este fenómeno en el sistema chileno, en el contexto del principio de congruencia. Luego de confirmar la interpretación legal desde la cual se autoriza su uso y de presentarse las sentencias disponibles en la materia, se propone un análisis crítico de la reformalización.
“Nas águas turvas do penal”: os fatos e a prova nos processos de responsabilização em casos de letalidade policial
Authors: Ferreira Poliana da Silva
Published: October 2021

Este artigo tem por objetivo complexificar a leitura sobre a prova nos processos de responsabilização jurídica oriundos de abordagens policiais com resultado morte. Essencialmente, busca-se organizar a literatura sobre o tema e reler os dados produzidos em estudos de caso, anteriormente desenvolvidos pela autora. A análise das recentes pesquisas sobre a letalidade policial, a leitura sistemática de documentos públicos e outros insumos dos estudos de caso permitem lançar luz sobre três dimensões da prova na responsabilização de agentes de segurança pública implicados na morte de civis: a incerteza, a recursividade e a dialeticidade, categorias construídas a partir dos trabalhos de Françoise Tulkens e Michel Van de kerchove (1998), a respeito da opacidade do direito penal e que, neste artigo, viabilizam uma compreensão dos nós que tem impossibilitado a responsabilização da polícia que mata.
La necesidad de prever medidas cautelares ad hoc para los supuestos de discapacidad: un análisis crítico del Anteproyecto de LECrim 2020
Authors: Martín-Ríos Pilar
Published: October 2021

En el trabajo que se presenta se aborda una cuestión de indudable actualidad y relevancia: la aplicación de medidas cautelares penales a sujetos en quienes concurre una situación de discapacidad. El análisis de esta cuestión se enmarca en un contexto legislativo especialmente propicio para ello, pues la eventual aprobación del reciente Anteproyecto de LECrim podría suponer un cambio sustancial en esta materia. Pese a la general valoración favorable que la reforma planteada pudiera merecer, en el presente estudio se subrayan diversos aspectos necesitados de revisión y se destacan distintos problemas que la regulación planteada puede propiciar. ¿Puede, en suma, concluirse que la norma proyectada colma suficientemente las expectativas depositadas a este respecto?
Prisão preventiva e standards de prova: propostas para o processo penal brasileiro
Authors: Badaró Massena Caio
Published: October 2021

A partir das recentes discussões no âmbito da epistemologia jurídica, o presente trabalho pretende investigar e propor standards de prova para a decisão que decreta a prisão preventiva do imputado no processo penal brasileiro. Com este objetivo, na primeira parte responderá aos seguintes questionamentos: por que utilizar standards de prova e como formular um standard de prova. A seguir, analisará a relação entre a técnica processual de cognição e os standards probatórios e explicitará a estrutura fático-legal da decisão judicial sobre medidas cautelares pessoais. Finalmente, a partir destes aportes teóricos, somados à análise dos conceitos utilizados pelo legislador e da interpretação dada pela processualística penal brasileira aos dispositivos legais, o estudo proporá standards de prova tanto para o fumus comissi delicti quanto para o periculum libertatis. A metodologia utilizada ao longo do trabalho será a revisão bibliográfica de estudos sobre epistemologia jurídica e direito processual penal.
La mediazione in fase esecutiva nel sistema italiano: il quadro normativo e le dinamiche applicative
Authors: Vicoli Daniele
Published: October 2021

Nel sistema italiano, la vittima, sebbene abbia assunto un ruolo di crescente importanza, resta ai margini della fase di esecuzione della pena. All’indifferenza legislativa se ne aggiunge un’altra: il tema della mediazione – al centro di diffuse analisi sul piano delle possibili alternative al rito ordinario – risulta esaminato in modo superficiale nel quadro delle dinamiche esecutive. L’articolo intende offrire un contributo utile a colmare questa lacuna. Nelle linee di fondo, il tratto distintivo della mediazione in executivis è rappresentato dall’intervenuta irrevocabilità della sentenza: un fattore che si palesa ambivalente, nella misura in cui può agevolare percorsi a valenza conciliativa ma anche renderli più ostici. In simile scenario, diventa centrale il nesso tra la giustizia riparativa e gli scopi di risocializzazione sottesi alla pena, tali da esplicarsi nell’impegno dell’autore a rivisitare in chiave critica l’illecito commesso e ricostruire il rapporto con la persona offesa. Stabilita questa premessa, l’accento va posto sulla logica del dialogo: le parti sono chiamate a sviluppare, con l’aiuto del mediatore, una trama relazionale che permetta di sanare la frattura originata dal reato. Tali canoni – già sfuggenti nella dimensione normativa dell’affidamento in prova (art. 47 comma 7 ord. penit.) e del lavoro all’esterno (art. 21 comma 4-ter ord. penit.) – sono del tutto obliterati sul versante applicativo. Appare, quindi, indispensabile un deciso cambio di rotta al fine di introdurre, nella fase esecutiva, forme di mediazione a carattere individualizzato e comunicativo.
Il diritto di difesa della vittima nel procedimento di revoca o sostituzione delle misure cautelari personali durante la fase delle indagini preliminari
Authors: Marchetti Filippo
Published: October 2021

L’autore esamina il procedimento di sostituzione o revoca di una misura cautelare de libertate nell’ottica della verifica del grado di effettività delle garanzie difensive ivi assicurate alla persona offesa. A tal fine, l’analisi abbraccia i profili rappresentati dalla consistenza del compendio informativo a disposizione della vittima in vista dell’instaurazione del contraddittorio, dalla possibilità di presentare elementi utilizzabili per la decisione del giudice e, da ultimo, dalla disponibilità di strumenti per impugnare il provvedimento conclusivo del procedimento.
Il “doppio binario cautelare”: la tormentata disciplina degli automatismi stabiliti dall’art. 275 comma 3 C.P.P.
Authors: Valentini Elena
Published: October 2021

Il contributo è dedicato all’analisi del cosiddetto “doppio binario cautelare”, e dunque della disciplina speciale, racchiusa nel secondo e terzo periodo dell’art. 275 comma 3 c.p.p. (oltre che nell’art. 12 comma 4-bis d. lgs. 25 luglio 1998, n. 286), che prevede alcune deviazioni dalla regolamentazione generale concernente le condizioni applicative e i criteri di scelta delle misure cautelari personali. Il saggio esordisce descrivendo la normativa prevista per i reati comuni, per poi concentrarsi sul regime derogatorio previsto per particolari categorie di delitti. A tale ultimo proposito, dopo aver descritto la travagliata evoluzione che ha contrassegnato la disciplina speciale dal 1991 ad oggi, l’A. si sofferma sulle criticità che tuttora connotano questo dispositivo di particolare rigore, nelle sue diverse declinazioni, anche alla luce della posizione espressa al riguardo dalla Corte costituzionale.
Forecasting the future while investigating the past. The use of computational models in pre-trial detention decisions.
Authors: Quattrocolo Serena
Published: October 2021

The paper focuses on the traditional purpose of pre-trial detention (and other precautionary measures) to prevent specific risks. While liberty is the rule, before conviction, pre-trial detention is an absolute exception, competing with the opposite principle of the presumption of innocence: providing valuable and accurate justification for balancing the interest to prevent risk with the presumption of innocence is an overarching difficulty for judges, in the whole western world. Which the solutions? The paper reflects and compares the traditional solution of legal presumptions with the newer trend of actuarial assessment tools, based on psycho-criminological theories, based on the Italian and the uS federal systems.
O procedimento penal por fatos de criminalidade organizada: do maxi-processo ao «grande processo»
Authors: Orlandi Renzo
Published: October 2021

Neste artigo são analisadas as transformações no processo penal posteriores ao maxi-processo, especificamente a formação de um processo penal especial destinado à persecução da criminalidade organizada, o «grande processo», «difuso», no qual os singulares e concretos procedimentos penais confluem, com o sério risco de perder a sua individualidade.
Editoriale del Dossier “Libertà personale dell’imputato e misure cautelari restrittive della libertà individuale nel processo penale” – La libertà personale dell’imputato tra princìpi e prassi in attesa di una riforma organica della giustizia penale italiana
Authors: Giuliani Livia
Published: October 2021

Il saggio offre una sintesi del decorso evolutivo della disciplina delle misure cautelari personali alla luce dei diritti sanciti nella Carta costituzionale italiana e nelle Carte sovranazionali, ponendo in luce come il perimetro normativo già da tempo segnato al riguardo – ed oggi inserito nel contesto di un sistema multilivello – non abbia impedito prassi applicative discusse e cicliche fluttuazioni legislative. Pregevole nel suo impianto originario, sebbene perfettibile, la disciplina delle misure cautelari personali resta una normativa di settore, delineando un sottosistema fortemente sensibile agli equilibri del processo penale che non può trovare autonoma pacificazione senza una contestuale revisione del sistema penale e processuale. La congiuntura politico-economica eccezionale determinata dall’emergenza sanitaria induce a sperare che la legge delega di riforma della giustizia in corso di approvazione lasci infine apparire l’araba fenice di una efficienza del processo penale sconosciuta – a memoria di uomo vivente – al nostro ordinamento.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENTERPRISES
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, Ignatov Vladimir I. , Katayev Yuriy V. , Gerasimov Valeriy S. , Andreyeva Dar’ya V.
Published: October 2021

The paper analyzes the factors that determine the vectors of increasing the competitiveness of industrial enterprises, including agricultural machinery. Based on this analysis, the article describes the stages and directions of entry of industrial enterprises into the field of competitiveness. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in identifying and analyzing opportunities to improve the competitiveness of industrial enterprises, including agricultural machinery. (Materials and methods) Used materials on the state of competitiveness of domestic agricultural machinery, reflected the main points related to the management of the competitiveness of enterprises in the industry. Authors analyzed government documents on this issue. The pace of industrial development in the leading countries and the pace of increasing market demands for product quality, has increased significantly in recent years and is becoming increasingly unattainable for Russian manufacturers, especially for agricultural machinery enterprises. (Results and discussion) The article points out that the State Program of the Russian Federation N2539-r of April 15, 2014 sets tasks to ensure the technological development of the domestic industry on the basis of the creation and implementation of breakthrough, resource-saving, environmentally friendly industrial technologies for the production of competitive high-tech products. In order to increase the competitiveness of the industry enterprises, it is necessary to provide conditions for the formation of their own industry for the production of competitive products with parameters exceeding the parameters of the competitor's products. (Conclusions) The article considers options and trends for improving the competitiveness of products that can be applied to all industries, including agricultural machinery. To achieve these goals, it will be necessary to review the country's development priorities, elaborate and refine the proposed strategy with the involvement of qualified specialists in the field of economics, engineering, and technology.
JUSTIFYING THE FUEL SUPPLY IN THE COMMON RAIL SYSTEM WHEN DIAGNOSING THE VEHICLE ENGINE
Authors:   National Research Mordovia State University, Galin Dmitriy A. , Rakov Nikolay V. , Davydkin Aleksandr M. , Krush Leonid O.
Published: October 2021

Analysis of technical condition of diesels with accumulator Common Rail power supply system shows that the largest share of fuel equipment failures is associated with malfunction of high-pressure fuel injectors. The electronic engine control unit generates commands for biphasic fuel injection from each injector. Due to the wear of the injector elements, there is an uneven fuel supply to the engine cylinders and, as a rule, deterioration of its operation. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying the process of adjusting the fuel supply in the Common Rail system when diagnosing the engine of a Ford Transit vehicle. (Materials and methods) The most relevant method of commissioning Common Rail fuel system injectors are various service procedures, such as the Low Injection Training procedure. Authors used a scanner and appropriate software to estimate total fuel delivery at idle mode. Authors performed the study on a 2.4 liter Duratorq diesel engine. (Results and discussion) The article presents the engine parameters before and after adjustment (Small Injection Procedure). Before adjustment, two cylinders of the engine received more fuel than the other cylinders. It manifests in an increase in crankshaft speed. After the adjustment, the fuel supply to the cylinders was equalized, resulting in an equalization of crankshaft RPM, reduced vibration and noise. (Conclusions) The study showed that fuel adjustment and Low Injection Training should be a must for engine diagnostics. Correction is effective if the value of injection discrepancy is no more than 5 mg/stroke.
NEW DEVICE AND PROCEDURE FOR COMPARATIVE TESTS OF THE ABRASIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF 65G STEEL COATINGS OBTAINED BY HIGH-SPEED HDPE BORATING
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering  Center VIM, Aulov Vyacheslav F. , Rozhkov Yuri N. , Lyalyakin Valentin P.
Published: October 2021

Abrasive wear tests are a complex, time-consuming and long-term type of research on the wear-resistant properties of materials. Known methods for the experimental determination of the wear resistance of materials based on abrasive wear require an assessment of the wear resistance corresponding to the characteristics of field tests of parts with reinforcing coatings applied using high- frequency currents. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the existing methods of testing for abrasive wear in the development of technological processes to increase the wear resistance of the surfaces of machine parts in comparison with the methodology developed by VIM, as well as comparing the methods of laboratory tests and field tests with the method proposed in this paper. (Materials and methods) Authors chose the IM-01 installation of the VISKHOM design for laboratory research, which uses powder abrasive. The article describes the most similar methods of foreign authors. The drill bits of Amazone seeders were strengthened according to the selected testing technology. The plates with a size of 60x40 and a thickness of 5-7 millimeters were selected as samples for testing the relative wear resistance. According to the VIM method, an abrasive radial petal circle is used as an abrasive material on the M-1 installation. (Results and discussion) The test results are expressed by the relative wear resistance index ε, which is equal to the ratio of the wear resistance of the test sample to the wear resistance of the standard. The use of the relative wear resistance index allows to increase the accuracy of the results obtained due to the exclusion of the influence of natural changes in external parameters that determine the wear rate during the test. (Conclusions) The proposed device makes it possible to provide accelerated comparative tests of samples and improve the stability of obtaining wear characteristics in a relatively short time (with the practical use of the device, the time spent on testing of one sample was about 8 minutes).
THE HISTORY OF THE VOSTOK SATELLITE SPACECRAFT: DESIGN AND TESTING OF ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
Authors:   S. I. Vavilov Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Shcherbinin Dmitriy Yu.
Published: October 2021

The origin of space means of studying the Earth's surface in the 50- 70-s of the twentieth century is inextricably linked with the main stages of the development of space technology. The improvement of methods and technical means for the study of the Earth and near-Earth space took place in the conditions of acute political confrontation between the USSR and the United States. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in identifying the key points that influenced the formation of the “Vostok” satellite program at the design stage from 1957 to 1960, as well as assessing the contribution of engineering and design solutions to the development of the space industry of the Soviet Union. (Materials and methods) The research is based on the materials of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation, the Archive of the President of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Archive of Economics, the Archive of the S. P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation “Energiya”, the Archive of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, as well as publications of historians, memoirs of witnesses and participants of events, and the results of previous research on this topic. (Results and discussion) The article presents the history of the creation of the program of the Soviet spacecraft- satellites of the “Vostok” series. The greatest difficulty of the project was the development of scientific equipment for scientific research and the transmission of the received data from the satellite to the Earth. The terms of reference for conducting research and developing a control system that ensures the launch of the satellite into orbit were developed; the terms of reference and work plans providing for the research and development of systems and means for getting the results of scientific observations from orbit. (Conclusions) The first flight of the satellite spacecraft showed the correctness of the main theoretical provisions and engineering and design decisions taken when creating an orientable spacecraft.
CHANGES IN THE TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL LEVEL OF STEAM CULTIVATORS IN THE XXI CENTURY
Authors:   Azov-Black Sea Engineering Institute-branch of the Don State Agrarian University, Nesmiyan Andrey Yu. , Kaymakova Anastasiya S. , Tsench Yuliya S. ,   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM
Published: October 2021

Most modern agricultural machines and tools consist of components, the main parameters, design features of which were justified in the first half of the twentieth century. Slowly and evolutionarily, these technical means are developing. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in identifying general trends in the technical and technological level of steam cultivators in the first quarter of the XXI century. (Materials and Methods) For the study there was analyzed the data of the short test reports of the selected machines. The production of steam cultivators in the Russian Federation is gradually increasing. (Results and discussion) For ten years of the beginning of the XXI century, only 27 machines were provided for testing, and from 2014 to 2017 – more than 40, while for "old" cultivators, the weighted average value of the tractor traction class was 2.8, for new ones it is about of four. For the study period (on average 10 years) the quality of soil cultivation in terms of such parameters as deviation from the specified depth of cultivation, crumbling and combing of the field surface has not changed much. The productivity of cultivator units increased by 7-21 percents, which is explained not only by an increase in the power of tractors, but also by an increase in the utilization rate of charge time on average from 0.72 to 0.77. The specific weight of the "new" cultivators was on average 22 kilogram-meters less than that of the "old" analogues, which can be explained by the evolution of their designs. (Conclusions) Increasing the class of tractors by one "level" the specific material consumption of the cultivators aggregated with them increases by about 58 kilogram-meters for both "old" and " new " cultivators. With an increase in the width of the tools from 4 to 16 meters, their weight will increase by 8 times, which affects the cost and operational and environmental characteristics of wide-reach cultivators.
RESULTS OF THE TEST OF THE PNEUMATIC LEAKPROOFNESS OF THE CYLINDER-PISTON GROUP OF A DIESEL ENGINE
Authors:   Belarusian State Agricultural Academy, Kotsuba Viktor I. , Sulima Evgeniy V. , Kuzyur Vasiliy M. ,   Bryansk State Agrarian University, Budko Sergey I.
Published: October 2021

Reducing the leakproofness of the working volume of the cylinder due to wear of the cylinder piston group or other reasons leads to interruptions in the engine work. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying the dependence of the pneumatic leakproofness of the cylinder-piston group of a diesel engine on the position of the piston and the pressure of the air supplied to the cylinder. (Materials and methods) When diagnosing the cylinder-piston group, various devices are used, including pneumatic testers. This test method does not provide reliable information about the reasons for the decrease in air density and since the engine cylinders wear out unevenly, the diagnostic process must be performed at different positions of the piston. (Results and discussion) During the study of pneumatic tightness, it was found that the leakproofness of the worn cylinder-piston group in the zone of the upper dead center at the minimum pressure of the supplied air was 12.8 percent lower than in the rest of the cylinder. With an increase in pressure, the difference in leakproofness decreased to 6.3 percent. Authors confirmed the hypothesis of the dependence of the leakproofness of the worn cylinder-piston group on the position of the piston, which allows us to more accurately determine the cause of the violation of the leakproofness of the cylinder. The low pressure of the supplied air shows a greater informative value of the measurement due to a wider change in the air density in the upper dead center zone compared to the middle part of the cylinder and a smaller change in the density of the air flowing through the gaps of the cylinder-piston group. (Conclusions) In order to increase the degree of accuracy of testing the pneumatic density of the cylinder-piston group, measurements must be carried out several times at different pressures of the supplied air.
METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL WASTE FOR FURTHER PROCESSING IN A SUPERCRITICAL WATER ENVIRONMENT
Authors:   Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, Romanov Il’ya V. , Grigor’yev Viktor S.
Published: October 2021

The problem of waste disposal is always acute in all areas of production activity, especially for the agro-industrial complex. Supercritical water oxidation is the most environmentally friendly method for processing organic waste and persistent organic pollutants. In the process of recycling and disposal, along with the harmfulness, one of the main indicators is the initial state of the waste and its suitability for different disposal technologies. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in choosing and justifying the most energy-efficient method of grinding, taking into account the fact that the organ-containing waste under study (buckwheat husk, sunflower, rice) is soft, elastic and fibrous materials. (Materials and methods) The crushing of organic waste to prepare it for further processing was carried out by different methods in roller, ball, knife and colloid mills. A set of sieves with square cells according to GOST 2715-75, a drying cabinet SHS-80-01 SPU, analytical scales Acculab ALC-210d4 (weighing error of no more than 0.5 percent of the sample weight) were used to evaluate the fractional composition of the obtained material. (Results and discussion) At a concentration of 100 grams of husk per 1 liter of water after 30 minutes of wet grinding, the passage of particles through the sieve is 87.1 percent. The article presents the advantage of wet grinding in a knife mill, reveals mathematical dependencies that allow predicting the grinding process to obtain the product of the required dispersion. (Conclusions) The grinding of organ-containing waste in a knife mill by wet grinding is the most optimal technology for preparing this waste for further processing in a supercritical water environment. The obtained mathematical dependencies allow us to predict the grinding process.
The influenceof the natural and geographical specifics of Crimea on the formation of some characteristic features of traditional Crimean culture: matrix of interaction between: “Local” and “Alien” ethnic groups on the peninsula
Authors:   Fevzi Yakubov Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University, Bekirov Nadir V. , Shakurov Farit N. ,   Kazan Federal University
Published: October 2021

The usual Crimean studies have formulated a concept of lack of the genesis of traditional Crimean culture due to its approach to an ethnic history of Crimea as a replacement of a number of various and distinguished substituting ethnic groups with neither biogenetic nor cultural and linguistic continuity between them. That point was artificially implanted by the political reasons as a scientific pseudo-justification of the en-masse deportation of some Indigenous Peoples of Crimea and Northern Caucasus realized by the Soviet Power in 1940s. However, the attentive studying of the historical process in Crimea during the thousands of the years, inevitably leads to the conclusions that there were not series of total genocides among ethnic groups populating the territory of the Crimea in different times. Despite of military clashes, invasions, periodical conquests, the very natural and geographical conditions of the peninsula predetermined the inevitable involvement of different ethnic groups in economic, cultural, political, and biogenetic, and eventually even kinship relations. This was main way how a new stage of Crimean culture and inhabitants was being formed during centuries. This was the fundamental tendency of the genesis of the traditional Crimean culture and indigenous peoples of the Crimea, mainly formed by the end of the 18th century. The mechanism of the impact of these factors and the resulting matrix of interaction between the “local” and “newcomer” ethnic groups in the Crimea is analyzed in this article.
Clothers of the Crimean Tatars in the early years of Soviet power
Authors:   Crimean Tatar Museum of Cultural and Historical Heritage, Kerimova Aliye T.
Published: October 2021

The article examines the process of Sovietization of the traditional costume of the Crimean Tatars in the 1920s. Researches made by scientists and ethnographers of the studied period confirms the fact of gradual loss of the national identity of the Crimean Tatar traditional costume and transition to the general Soviet type. The factors that influenced this process were: the influence of Russian and European fashion, military conditions, and the general decline of the economy in the country and the famine of the 1920 in the Crimea, the loss of traditional sewing and weaving techniques, the replacement of handmade fabrics with factory fabrics, the use of artificial dyes for dyeing threads. The well-to-do strata of the population and the elderly, in particular, those living in some parts of the foothill and southern coastal parts of the Crimea, were the least susceptible to modern fashion. The national attributes that managed to survive the longest period in the clothes of the Crimean Tatars were headdresses – fes and kalpak. The main features of Soviet clothing were simplicity, efficiency and functionality.
Situation of Tatars and other Muslim minorities in communist Bulgaria
Authors:   F. Yakubov Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University, Seidametov Eldar  Kh. ,   Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2021

The article examines the situation of the Tatars and other Muslim minorities in Bulgaria during the communist period. The policy of the state in relation to Muslim minorities after the proclamation of the People`s Republic of Bulgaria and the establishment of socialism in the state according to the Soviet model, when the political, economic and social models of the USSR were imported and introduced without taking into account the national characteristics of Bulgaria, are analyzed. As in the Soviet Union (especially in the early stage of its formation, religion was banned and this applied to all confessions without exception. The Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) made every effort eradicate religious identity and, in particular, Islamic identity. It was planned to replace the religious ideological fragment with a socialist one, and then, on its platform, form and stimulate the development of the national, modernist and Soviet identity of Muslims. Moreover, the emphasis was also placed on improving the way of life and the material situation of the Muslim population, which, according to the Marxist theory of culture, should have contributed to a more effective formation of socialist consciousness. The ruling party saw in the Muslim religious consciousness and rudiments of the Ottoman past, an obstacle on the way of socialist progress and formation of socialist consciousness. Emasculating elements of the religious worldview from the mind of people, the BCP set itself the task of creating a modern, secular, socialist personality. To this end, in 1946–1989 the government implemented a number of economic, educational and cultural establishments.
Formation of the system of orthology of the Crimean Tatar literary language
Authors:   F. Yakubov Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University, Emirova Adile M.
Published: October 2021

The modern Crimean Tatar literary language as a processed supra-dialectal version of the common language has a long history of formation and development. The foundation of the orthology, the rules for the use of linguistic units in speech, that is, combinations with the other, changes in spelling and pronunciation, were laid in the 20–30s of the last century. The subsequent tragic events (Great Patriotic War, total deportation of the Crimean Tatars and others) delayed the discussion of these problems at the official level for almost half a century. Separate proposals aimed at optimizing the norms of the literary language were made repeatedly in private. So, in the 70s of the last century U. Kukchi in Tashkent read lectures for writers and journalists on the state of the Crimean Tatar literary language, which in 1986 were published in a book format. With the beginning of the process of repatriation of the Crimean Tatars (the end of the 80s of the XX century), interest in the problem of the Crimean Tatar orthology has again intensified. Some of the textbooks published in the 30–40s last century were republished in a modified and supplemented way. In 2010, on the basis of the “Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University” a draft of the spelling and pronunciation rules was developed and published using the new Latin alphabet. In the Crimean Tatar linguistics there is still no complete and correct set of different types of norms of the Crimean Tatar literary language. All the existing rules in new socio-political conditions are not legitimate.
Brain MRI detection of early Wernicke's encephalopathy in a hemodialysis patient
Authors: Aomura Daiki , Kurasawa Yukifumi , Harada Makoto , Hashimoto Koji , Kamijo Yuji
Published: October 2021

Wernicke’s encephalopathy should be suspected in hemodialysis patients
with appetite loss alone, with careful brain MRI analysis for detecting
possible Wernicke’s encephalopathy at an early stage.
Interactions among litter chemical traits alter the non-additive effect of litter mixing
Authors: yang hongling , Li Yulin , zhan jin , Bao Chelmeg , luo yongqing , ning zhiying , han dan
Published: October 2021

Litter decomposition is a fundamental nutrient cycling process, and
litter diversity decreases induced by biodiversity loss have substantial
effects on soil carbon cycling. However, few experimental studies have
characterized the effect of litter diversity on and litter chemistry.
Here, we used single-species and mixed litters to study the effects of
litter chemical properties on the direction, intensity and drivers of
non-additive litter-mixing effects. We found that 1) there was no
significant effect of litter species richness on soil processes, and the
litter chemistry of component species was more robust to soil
respiration and non-additive effects. 2) The early-stage mixing effect
was negative, ranging from -3.1 to -0.3, and its magnitude was strongest
in chemically diverse litter mixtures; the late-stage mixing effect
ranged from -2.3 to 1.3, and the non-additive effect of chemically
similar species was positive. 3) Litter carbon, lignin, phenols and
soluble sugar affected early-stage soil respiration, and litter carbon,
nitrogen, phenols, and condensed tannins affected late-stage soil
respiration, which accounted for 46% and 56% of the variation in
early- and late-stage soil respiration, respectively. 4) Compared with
plant species richness, litter chemistry altered the direction and
magnitude of litter mixing, and litter chemical composition (including
litter chemical traits and their interactions) had a stronger effect on
non-additive effects than variation in single chemical compounds
according to the R value (R=0.36).
5) Artemisia halodendron, as a key sand-fixing plant species, will
accelerate nutrient cycling, but it has negative effects on carbon
cycling when mixed with other plant species
Mathematical modelling of oscillating patterns for chronic autoimmune diseases
Authors: Marca Rossella Della , Ramos M. Piedade , Ribeiro Carolina , Soares Ana
Published: October 2021

Many autoimmune diseases are chronic in nature, so that in general
patients experience periods of recurrence and remission of the symptoms
characterizing their specific autoimmune ailment. In order to describe
this very important feature of autoimmunity, we construct a mathematical
model of kinetic type describing the immune system cellular interactions
in the context of autoimmunity exhibiting recurrent dynamics. The model
equations constitute a non-linear system of integro-differential
equations with quadratic terms that describe the interactions between
self-antigen presenting cells, self-reactive T cells and
immunosuppressive cells. We consider a constant input of self-antigen
presenting cells, due to external environmental factors that are
believed to trigger autoimmunity in people with predisposition for this
condition. We also consider the natural death of all cell populations
involved in our model, caused by their interaction with cells of the
host environment. We derive the macroscopic analogue and show positivity
and well-posedness of the solution, and then we study the equilibria of
the corresponding dynamical system and their stability properties. By
applying dynamical system theory, we prove that steady oscillations may
arise due to the occurrence of a Hopf bifurcation. We perform some
numerical simulations for our model, and we observe a recurrent pattern
in the solutions of both the kinetic description and its macroscopic
analogue, which leads us to conclude that this model is able to capture
the chronic behaviour of many autoimmune diseases.
Ischaemic Lumbosacral Plexopathy after Embolization of Type 2 Endoleak -- Progress and Functional Outcome
Authors: Ng Kuan Geok , Wee Tze Chao , Ho Chunyin
Published: October 2021

An endoleak is a complication that can occur after an endovascular
aneurysm repair. We report a rare case of ischemic lumbosacral
plexopathy post embolization of type 2 endoleak, including its
presentation, neurological progress, rehabilitation strategy and
functional outcome.