bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Market-Oriented Health Care Reforms and Policy Learning in the Netherlands
Authors: Helderman Jan-Kees , Schut Frederik T. , van der Grinten Tom E. D. , van de Ven Wynand P. M. M.
Published: December 2005

In this article we analyze the evolution of market-oriented health care reforms in the Netherlands. We argue that these reforms can be characterized as policy learning within and between competing policy programs. Policy learning denotes the process by which policy makers and stakeholders deliberately adjust the goals, rules, and techniques of a given policy in response to past experiences and new information. We discern three distinctive periods. During the first period (1988-1994), the prevailing corporatist and etatist policy programs were seriously challenged by the proponents of a new market-oriented program. But when it came to political decision making and implementation, the market-oriented program soon lost its impetus because it was technically too complex and could not provide short-term solutions to meet the urgent need for cost containment. During the second period (1994-2000),the etatist program regained its previously dominant position. In parallel to a strengthening of supply and price controls, however, the government also persevered in creating the technical and institutional preconditions for regulated competition. Moreover, public discontent over waiting lists and the call for more autonomy by individual providers and insurers strengthened the alliance in favor of regulated competition. This led to the revival of the market-oriented program in a 2001 reform plan. We conclude that the odds of these new post-2001 reforms succeeding are substantially higher than in the fi rst period due to the technical and institutional adjustments that have taken place in the past decade.
Public Opinion and the Politics of Obesity in America
Authors: Oliver J. Eric , Lee Taeku
Published: December 2005

Health policy experts have recently sounded the warning about the severe health and economic consequences of America's growing rates of obesity. Despite this fact, obesity has only begun to enter America's political consciousness and we have little information about what average Americans think of obesity or whether they support obesity-related policies. Using unique survey data collected by the authors, this essay examines public attitudes toward obesity and obesity policy. We find that, contrary to the views of health experts, most Americans are not seriously concerned with obesity, express relatively low support for obesity-targeted policies, and still view obesity as resulting from individual failure rather than environmental or genetic sources. Given the absence of elite discourse on this problem, we also find that typical determinants of policy preferences, such as ideology or partisanship, are not good predictors of attitudes on obesity policy. Rather, with a low-valence issue such as obesity, the public utilizes other attitudinal frameworks such as their opinions on smoking policy and the environmental culpability for obesity. The implications of these findings for obesity policy and research on health-related public opinion are discussed.
U.S. Power, after 9/11 and before It: If Not an Empire, Then What?
Authors: Kelly John D.
Published: December 2005

John D. Kelly is an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago. Together with Martha Kaplan, he is the author ofRepresented Communities: Fiji and World Decolonization (2001) and“Nation and Decolonization: Toward a New Anthropology of Nationalism” (Anthropological Theory, December 2001).
Nationalism As Such: Violence during South Africa's Political Transition
Authors: Chipkin Ivor
Published: December 2005

Ivor Chipkin is a researcher at the Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research (WISER) at the University of the Witwatersrand,Johannesburg. He is completing his doctorate at the Ecole normale supérieure in France.
Sympathetic Magic/Contagious Corruption: Sociality, Democracy, and the Press in Ghana
Authors: Hasty Jennifer
Published: December 2005

Jennifer Hasty is a Member in the School of Social Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, participating in the annual focus seminar on corruption. She is currently on a one-year leave from her position as an assistant professor of anthropology at Pacific Lutheran University. Her book manuscript “Big Language and Brown Envelopes: The Press and Political Culture in Ghana” is under review by Indiana University Press.
Telling the Tale of a Body Devoured By Narrative
Authors: GAUCH SUZANNE
Published: December 2005

suzanne gauch is Visiting Assistant Professor of French and Comparative Literature at Case Western Reserve University. She has just completed a book-length study on issues of representation in francophone Maghrebi literature and has begun a project on the theme of lost texts.
Libertine America
Authors: TENNENHOUSE LEONARD
Published: December 2005

leonard tennenhouse, the author of Power on Display,and (with Nancy Armstrong) The Imaginary Puritan, is writing a book on transatlantic literary relations in the long eighteenth century.
Feminism, Institutionalism, and the Idiom of Failure
Authors: WIEGMAN ROBYN
Published: December 2005

robyn wiegman is the incoming Margaret Taylor Smith Director of Women's Studies at Duke University and former Director of Women's Studies at the University of California, Irvine. She is currently completing two projects: a manuscript on the institutionalization of identity studies in the U.S. academy and an edited collection on women's studies as a knowledge formation. She has co-directed the Dartmouth Institute on the Futures of American Studies since 1998.
When Whiteness Feminizes...: Some Consequences of a Supplementary Logic
Authors: CHOW REY
Published: December 2005

rey chow is Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, where she teaches in the Departments of Modern Culture and Media, and Comparative Literature. She is the author of a number of books, the most recent of which is Ethics after Idealism:Theory–Culture–Ethnicity–Reading (Indiana University Press, 1998). She is also editor of Modern Chinese Literary and Cultural Studies in the Age of Theory: Reimagining a Field (Duke University Press,forthcoming).
Revisiting the “Feminization” of American Culture. Introduction.
Authors: GOULD PHILIP
Published: December 2005

philip gould is Associate Professor of English at Brown University. He is currently at work on a book on eighteenth-century antislavery writing and commercial culture.
“An Especially Peculiar Undertaking”: Alice Notley's Epic
Authors: DUBOIS PAGE
Published: December 2005

page dubois is Professor of Classics and Comparative Literature at the University of California, San Diego and the author of Sappho Is Burning (University of Chicago Press, 1995), Torture and Truth(Routledge, 1991), Sowing the Body: Psychoanalysis and Ancient Representations of Women (University of Chicago Press, 1988), andCentaurs and Amazons: Woman and the Pre-History of the Great Chain of Being (University of Michigan Press, 1982).
(Re)ViewingStupidity
Authors: BERNSTEIN SUSAN
Published: December 2005

susan bernstein is Associate Professor of Comparative Literature at Brown University. She is the author of Virtuosity of the Nineteenth Century: Performing Language and Music (Stanford University Press, 1998)and more recently of various articles on Heine, music, and romanticism.
Empathy, Pornography, and Suffering
Authors: DEAN CAROLYN J.
Published: December 2005

carolyn j. dean is Professor of History at Brown University. She is currently working on a study tentatively entitled “Empathy,Suffering, and Indifference after the Holocaust.”
“Portraits of Grief”: Telling Details and the Testimony of Trauma
Authors: MILLER NANCY K.
Published: December 2005

nancy k. miller is Distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the Graduate Center, cuny. Her most recent books are But Enough about Me: Why We Read Other People's Lives; Bequest and Betrayal: Memoirs of a Parent's Death; and the coedited anthology, Extremities: Trauma, Testimony, and Community.
Fragonard in Detail
Authors: LAJER-BURCHARTH EWA
Published: December 2005

ewa lajer-burcharth is Professor in the Department of History of Art and Architecture at Harvard University. She is the author ofNecklines: The Art of Jacques-Louis David after the Terror (Yale University Press, 1999) and of numerous articles on French eighteenth- and nineteenth-century art and visual culture. She is currently completing a book on the self and the private sphere in eighteenth-century art and culture. The current essay is part of a longer chapter in this book.
The Bodily Ego and the Contested Domain of the Material
Authors: SALAMON GAYLE
Published: December 2005

gayle salamon teaches in the Women's Studies department at the University of California, Berkeley. She is completing a manuscript on embodiment and transubjectivity.
Of Beauty, Cruelty, and Animal Life: Hogarth's Baroque
Authors: JUENGEL SCOTT J.
Published: December 2005

scott j. juengel is an assistant professor in the Department of English at Michigan State University where he teaches transatlantic eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literature. He is currently completing a book on race, mimesis, and physiognomic science in the long eighteenth century.
Of Giving Memory
Authors: CHANG BRIANKLE G.
Published: December 2005

briankle g. chang is Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. His publications includeDeconstructing Communication: Representation, Subject, and Economies of Exchange (University of Minnesota Press, 1996) and “Deleuze, Monet,and Being Repetitive” (Cultural Critique 41 [1999]). His translation into Chinese of Jacques Derrida's Le Monolinguisme de l'autre was published in 2000. He is currently working on an essay addressing the notion of “mother tongue.”
Notes on an Unfinished Question
Authors: MCDONALD CHRISTIE
Published: December 2005

christie mcdonald is Chair of the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures and Smith Professor of French Language and Literature at Harvard University. She is the editor of Images of Congo:Anne Eisner's Art and Ethnography 1946-58 (Five Continents, 2005) and the author of The Proustian Fabric (University of Nebraska Press,1991).
Grand Geopolitics for a New Turkey
Authors: Candar Cengiz , Fuller Graham E.
Published: December 2005

Cengiz Candar is a political columnist at the Turkish newspaperSabah. He was a public policy scholar at the Wilson Center and a senior fellow at the U.S. Institute of Peace in Washington in 1999. He served as a special advisor to Turkey's President Turgut Ozal on foreign policy issues.

Graham E. Fuller is a resident senior consultant at RAND in Washington and a former vice chairman of the National Intelligence Council at the Central Intelligence Agency. He has written extensively on the geopolitics of the Middle East and Central Asia as well as on Islamic fundamentalism.
Monopoly Media Manipulation
Authors: Parenti Michael
Published: December 2005

Michael Parenti is the author of To Kill a Nation: The Attack on Yugoslavia, History as Mystery, and The Terrorism Trap.
Albanian Migration into Greece: The Economic, Sociological, and Security Implications
Authors: Danopoulos Andrew C. , Danopoulos Constantine P.
Published: December 2005

Andrew C. Danopoulos is an honors graduate in economics and sociology from the University of California–Davis. Constantine P. Danopoulos teaches political science at San Jose State University.
Demographic Mobility and Turkey: Migration Experiences and Government Responses
Authors: Içduygu Ahmet
Published: December 2005

Ahmet Içduygu is professor of international relations at the College of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Koc University, Istanbul.
Securing the Olympic Games: A Model of International Cooperation to Confront New Threats
Authors: Voulgarakis George V.
Published: December 2005

George V. Voulgarakis is minister of public order of Greece.
Turkish-Kurdish Relations and the European Union: An Unprecedented Shift in the Kemalist Paradigm?
Authors: Moustakis Fotios , Chaudhuri Rudra
Published: December 2005

Fotios Moustakis is senior lecturer in strategic studies at the Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. Rudra Chaudhuri is a researcher at the Department of Politics, University of Exeter.
Turning Back the Tide: Illegal Immigration into South Africa
Authors: Solomon Hussein
Published: December 2005

Hussein Solomon is professor of political science at the University of Pretoria and director of the Centre for International Political Studies. He is also a research associate of the Africa Institute of South Africa.
The Cult of “Love and Eugenics” In May Fourth Movement Discourse
Authors: Sakamoto Hiroko
Published: December 2005

Translated by Rebecca Jennison
The Imperialist Eye: The Cultural Imaginary of a Subempire and a Nation-State
Authors: Chen Kuan-Hsing
Published: December 2005

Translated by Yiman Wang
Gamma Knife Surgery for Low-Grade Gliomas
Authors: Heppner Peter A. , Sheehan Jason P. , Steiner Ladislau E.
Published: December 2005

OBJECT:

Data regarding the long-term efficacy of Gamma knife surgery on a large series of patients with low-grade gliomas is lacking. We aimed to review the outcome of patients with low-grade gliomas undergoing Gamma knife surgery at the Lars Leksell Gamma Knife Center at the University of Virginia to clarify its role in the management of these lesions.

METHODS:

A retrospective review of 49 patients treated between 1989 and 2003 was conducted. The median follow up was 63 months. Gamma knife surgery was generally performed for tumors in eloquent brain, residual tumor post-surgery or for late progression after surgery.

RESULTS:

Median clinical progression free survival was 44 months and median radiological progression free survival was 37 months. Five-year radiological progression free survival was 37% while clinical progression free survival was 41%. Mortality due to tumor progression occurred in 7 patients (14%). Complete radiological remission was seen in 14 patients (29%). Complications due to Gamma surgery were seen in 4 patients (8%). Of these, two resolved without sequelae, one required surgery for neurological decline and associated radiation induced changes, and one patient suffered a permanent neurological deficit from treatment.

CONCLUSION:

Gamma knife radiosurgery is a safe treatment for low-grade gliomas and may be considered in patients with residual or recurrent disease.
Concomitant Ectatic Posterior Communicating Artery and Tentorial Meningioma as a Source of Oculomotor Palsy: Case Report
Authors: Babbitz Jesse D. , Harsh Griffith R.
Published: December 2005

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE:

Although non-aneurysmal vascular compression of the oculomotor nerve is rare, it should be considered in the evaluation of unilateral oculomotor palsy.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:

A 36-year-old non-diabetic man presented with two months of intermittent retro-orbital headache and third nerve paresis caused by compression of the oculomotor nerve between an ectatic, atherosclerotic posterior communicating artery (PComA) and a small tentorial meningioma. At operation, the subarachnoid portion of the nerve, prevented from migrating posteriorly and laterally by the meningioma, was grooved by the apex of the artery's loop.

INTERVENTION:

Microvascular decompression (MVD) of the artery loop from the nerve and resection of the meningioma were performed. Postoperatively, the patient's retro-orbital headache and oculomotor paresis, with the exception of mild anisocoria, resolved. Tumor infiltrating the posterior tentorium and lateral cavernous sinus was treated by Cyberknife radiosurgery five months later. One year after surgery, the patient had improvement in his headaches, full extra-ocular movements, and minimal residual anisocoria.

CONCLUSION:

Only one other report describes MVD of the third nerve from PComA compression. A review is presented of MVD carried out for similar cases of non-aneurysmal vascular compression of the oculomotor nerve. By analogy from cases in which an aneurysm is the compressing vascular structure, prompt surgical treatment is advocated. Complete evaluation of an isolated third nerve palsy should include MRI sequences designed to detect vascular compression of cranial nerves.
Immobilization of Pybox Ligand on Modified Starch
Authors: Cornejo Alfonso , Martinez-Merino Victor , Gil Maria J , Valerio Christine , Pinel Catherine
Published: December 2005

Starch, one of the most abundant natural polymer was used as support for chiral pyridine–bis(oxazoline) ligand. The corresponding ruthenium complex was used as catalyst in cyclopropanation reaction of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate. Yield, diastereoisomeric excess and enantiomeric excess kept constant after 3 runs.
Evaluation of RNA Structures by Using a Probe-immobilized 27 MHz Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Authors: Ozeki Tomomitsu , Furusawa Hiroyuki , Okahata Yoshio
Published: December 2005

Binding behaviors of RNAs to a complementary ssDNA-immobilized quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) were consistent with the predicted secondary structure of RNA including a loop, stem, bulge, tail, and single strand domains.
Supramolecular Two-dimensional Arrays with Phenyl/Perfluorophenyl Interactions Constructed from One-dimensional Coordination Polymers
Authors: Kasai Kayoko
Published: December 2005

Supramolecular assembly of Cd(NO3)2, aniline derivatives and fluorinated ligand 1,4-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene (bpf) afforded one-dimensional coordination polymers [Cd(bpf)(aniline)2(NO3)2]n (1), [Cd(bpf)(p-toluidine)2(NO3)2]n (2), and {[Cd(bpf)(p-bromoaniline)2(NO3)2]·(p-bromoaniline)2}n (3). The 1D polymers of 1 and 2 were connected through phenyl/perfluorophenyl interaction to give supramolecular two-dimensional arrays while no such interaction in 3 due to the bulky Br group.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyran-2-ones by Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Phenoxide-catalyzed Tandem Michael Addition and Lactonization
Authors: Tozawa Takashi , Yamane Yoshinobu , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: December 2005

Chiral quaternary ammonium phenoxides derived from cinchona alkaloids were easily synthesized and were effectively employed in the tandem Michael addition and lactonization between α,β-unsaturated ketones and a silyl enolate derived from phenyl isobutyrate, and optically active 3,4-dihydropyran-2-ones were afforded in high yields with high enantiomeric excesses.
Measurement and Analysis of Vibration Levels in Commercial Truck Shipments in Thailand and Its Impact on Packaged Produce
Authors: Paul Singh S , Jarimopas B , Saengnil W
Published: December 2005

The purpose of this study was to measure and analyze the vibration levels in commercial truck shipments in Thailand. Trucks with leaf spring suspensions are the most common logistics method to move products in South East Asia. This study measured the vibration levels in two of the most commonly used truck types used to ship packaged goods as a function of road condition and vehicle speed.

The data presented in this study will assist product and package designers to reduce damage in transit by using the recommended vibration test spectrums to evaluate products and packages prior to shipment. The data can also be used by test development organizations as part of lab-simulated methods to perform preshipment tests on packaged goods. The test shipments in this study consisted of packaged tangerine fruit from orchards to retailers.

The results showed that an increase in truck speed resulted in an increase in vibration levels and damage to packaged fruit. The laterite (unpaved gravel surface) road condition produced the highest vibration level for a given truck and traveling speed followed by concrete highway and asphalt road conditions. Fruit damage was found to be greatest in the uppermost container for every combination of road, truck type, and traveling speed, which also corresponded to the highest vibration levels recorded. Results of damage in packaged tangerine fruit as a function of location in the payload is also presented.
Conventional and accelerated creep tests on nonwoven needle-punched geotextiles
Authors: Bueno B. S. , Costanzi M. A. , Zornberg J. G.
Published: December 2005

Nonwoven needle-punched geotextiles are prone to creep deformations when subjected to sustained tensile loads. Creep characterization of these materials is particularly relevant in countries such as Brazil, where nonwoven geotextiles are often used in soil reinforcement applications. However, creep testing is time consuming and requires rigorous quality control. Consequently, a research effort was conducted to develop reliable test methods suitable for expeditious determination of creep curves. Creep tests at elevated temperatures are a promising alternative in polymer engineering to accelerate creep deformations. However, only limited information is currently available on the suitability of temperature-accelerated methods for nonwoven needle-punched geotextiles. In particular, this paper presents the results of a creep study on polyester and polypropylene nonwoven needle-punched geotextiles conducted using the stepped isothermal method (SIM) to accelerate the creep process. Not only axial strains, but also lateral strains (necking) were monitored using photographic techniques. The results obtained using temperature-accelerated methods were compared with those obtained using conventional creep tests. The experimental results indicate that the accelerated creep tests can accurately characterize both axial and lateral creep phenomena in nonwoven needle-punched geotextiles.
Caring for the Dying: From a “Negative” to a “Positive” Legal Right to Die at Home
Authors: Doron Israel
Published: December 2005

The choice of the old and terminally ill to die at home has been the subject of various types of research. However, one of the aspects of this subject, which has been investigated very little, is its legal context. The absence of such legal research is contrasted by the vast amount of academic writing on the legal aspects of the right to die with dignity and euthanasia. The object of this article is to analyze and break down the “right to die at home” into its different legal components. This legal analysis will be based on Professor Isaiah Berlin’s definition of two different concepts of liberty: negative and positive freedoms. The main conclusion from the legal analysis presented in this article is that it is important to understand that at the legal level the right to die at home is dependent on many different elements. These elements may be classed in two basic categories: negative and positive freedoms and rights. Even though the former is a necessary condition of the latter, without the latter the first remains purely theoretical for many old people.
Taylorism of the Mind: Entrepreneurship Education from a Perspective of Educational Research
Authors: Holmgren Carina , From Jörgen
Published: December 2005

The aim of this article is to explore and discuss entrepreneurship education, and to raise some critical questions inspired by the work of Basil Bernstein. The discussion is based on writings on entrepreneurship education and thereby gives one picture of the intellectual debate on entrepreneurship education. In contrast to traditional education, viewed as transformation of knowledge and skills, entrepreneurship education is said to be about changing attitudes and motives. There is a consensus in the field that students can be successfully endowed with an entrepreneurial culture, when their attitudes are changed in the desired way. The focus on fostering a certain identity in entrepreneurship education might be seen as a part of the ongoing neo-liberal oriented educational restructuring process, which is sweeping through Europe.
Catalase activity in equine semen
Authors: Ball Barry A. , Gravance Curtis G. , Medina Victor , Baumber Julie , Liu Irwin K. M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize the activity of catalase in equine semen.

Animals—15 stallions of known and unknown reproductive history.

Procedure—Seminal plasma was collected from raw equine semen by centrifugation, and samples of seminal plasma were frozen prior to assay for catalase activity. Tissue samples (n = 3 stallions) from the bulbourethral gland, prostate gland, vesicular gland, and testis were homogenized, and cauda epididymal fluid was collected for determination of catalase activity. Catalase activity was determined as an enzyme kinetic assay by the disappearance of H2O2as measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.

Results—Catalase activity in equine seminal plasma was 989.3 ± 167.8 U/ml (mean ± SEM), and the specific activity of catalase in equine seminal plasma was 98.7 ± 29.2 U/mg of protein. Specific activity of catalase in tissue homogenates was significantly higher in the prostate gland (954 ± 270 U/mg of protein) than in the ampulla (59 ± 5 U/mg of protein), bulbourethral gland (54 ± 11 U/mg of protein), vesicular gland (39 ± 3 U/mg of protein), cauda epididymal fluid (11 ± 3 U/mg protein), or testis (54 ± 6 U/mg of protein).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Equine seminal plasma contains a high activity of catalase that is derived primarily from prostatic secretions. Procedures such as semen cryopreservation that remove most seminal plasma from semen may reduce the ability to scavenge H2O2and thereby increase the susceptibility of spermatozoa to oxidative stress. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1026–1030)
Kinematics of the hind limb in trotting horses after induced lameness of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints and intra-articular administration of anesthetic
Authors: Kramer Joanne , Keegan Kevin G. , Wilson David A. , Smith Bryan K. , Wilson Daniel J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify hind limb and pelvic kinematic variables that change in trotting horses after induced lameness of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints and after subsequent intra-articular administration of anesthetic.

Animals—8 clinically normal adult horses.

Procedure—Kinematic measurements were made before and after transient endotoxin-induced lameness of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints and after intra-articular administration of anesthetic. Fourteen displacement and joint angle (metatarsophalangeal [fetlock] and tarsal joints) measurements were made on the right hind limb, sacrum, and the right and left tubera coxae. Kinematic measurements were compared by general linear models, using a repeated measures ANOVA. Post hoc multiple comparisons between treatments were evaluated with a Fisher least squared difference test at α = 0.05.

Results—After lameness induction, fetlock and tarsal joint extension during stance decreased, fetlock joint flexion and hoof height during swing increased, limb protraction decreased, and vertical excursion of the tubera coxae became more asymmetric. After intra-articular administration of anesthetic, limb protraction returned to the degree seen before lameness, and vertical excursion of the tubera coxae became more symmetric.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased length of hind limb protraction and symmetry of tubera coxae vertical excursion are sensitive indicators of improvement in tarsal joint lameness. When evaluating changes in tarsal joint lameness, evaluating the horse from the side (to assess limb protraction) is as important as evaluating from the rear (to assess pelvic symmetry). (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1031–1036)
Evaluation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues obtained from vaccine site-associated sarcomas of cats for DNA of feline immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Kidney Beverly A. , Ellis John A. , Haines Deborah M. , Jackson Marion L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the use of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detection of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) DNA, using formalin-fixed paraffin- embedded (FFPE) tissues, and to use this method to evaluate tissues obtained from vaccine site-associated sarcomas (VSS) of cats for FIV DNA.

Sample Population—50 FFPE tissue blocks from VSS of cats and 50 FFPE tissue blocks from cutaneous non-vaccine site-associated fibrosarcomas (non-VSS) of cats.

Procedure—DNA was extracted from FFPE sections of each tumor and regions of thegaggene of FIV were amplified by a PCR, using 3 sets of primers. Sensitivity of the method was compared between frozen and FFPE tissues, using splenic tissue obtained from a cat that had been experimentally infected with FIV.

Results—We did not detect FIV DNA in VSS or non- VSS tissues. Sensitivity of the PCR method was identical for frozen or FFPE tissues.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—It is possible to detect FIV DNA in FFPE tissues by use of a PCR. We did not find evidence to support direct FIV involvement in the pathogenesis of VSS in cats. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1037–1041)
Herd characteristics and management practices associated with bulk-tank somatic cell counts in herds in official Dairy Herd Improvement Association programs in Ohio
Authors: Khaitsa Margaret L. , Wittum Thomas E. , Smith K. Larry , Henderson Janet L. , Hoblet Kent H.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify herd characteristics and management practices associated with bulk-tank somatic cell counts (BTSCC) in dairy herds in Ohio enrolled in official Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) programs.

Sample Population—186 dairies in Ohio.

Procedure—All herds in official DHIA programs in 9 counties were asked to participate. Extensive information regarding herd characteristics and management practices was obtained, using a standardized questionnaire. Bulk-tank milk samples were requested from all participating herds for bacterial culture. Official DHIA test-day records for January 1997 were obtained from all herds enrolled in official DHIA programs in the 9 counties. Potential associations were identified, using multivariable ANOVA.

Results—Participation was 186 of 479 (39%) herds.Streptococcus agalactiaeandMycoplasmaspp were not isolated from bulk-tank milk samples.Staphylococcus aureuswas isolated from 64 of 172 (37%) of the herds. The BTSCC were inversely associated with peak daily milk production, postmilking teat disinfection, percentage of eligible cows in the herd detected in estrus, and directly related to the extent to which BTSCC was perceived as a herd problem during the preceding 2 years. Type of housing for nonlactating cows and product used for treatment of nonlactating cows also were significantly associated with BTSCC.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Consideration of herd characteristics and implementation of management practices associated with BTSCC could result in increased milk yield and production of milk with lower BTSCC. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1092–1098)
Effects of oral administration of metronidazole on small intestinal bacteria and nutrients of cats
Authors: Johnston Karen L. , Lamport Anne I. , Ballèvre Olivier P. , Batt Roger M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects of oral administration of metronidazole on the number and species of duodenal bacteria and selective nutrients of cats.

Animals—6 healthy domestic shorthair cats.

Procedure—Undiluted duodenal fluid was obtained for quantitative and qualitative bacterial culture to determine species and number of bacteria in healthy cats. Blood samples were assayed for taurine, total protein, albumin, cobalamin, and folate concentrations. Cats then were given metronidazole (20 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 12 h) for 1 month, after which bacterial cultures and serum assays of nutrients were repeated. Nine months after cessation of antibiotic treatment, duodenal bacteria were re-evaluated and serum was assayed for total protein, albumin, cobalamin, and folate concentrations.

Results—Oral administration of metronidazole caused a significant decrease in aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts in the duodenum of healthy cats, accompanied by emergence ofStreptococcusspp andCorynebacteriumspp. Serum concentrations of cobalamin and albumin increased when duodenal bacterial counts were decreased, although changes in folate or taurine concentrations were not detected. Measured variables did not differ, when comparing results obtained before and 9 months after cessation of metronidazole.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration of metronidazole decreased the number of aerobic bacteria and altered indigenous flora in the small bowel of cats. Normal duodenal flora appeared to be stable, because species of bacteria were reestablished by 9 months after cessation of metronidazole. Bacterial flora appeared to have an impact on nutrients, because albumin and cobalamin increased during antibiotic administration and returned to preadministration concentrations after cessation of the antimicrobial. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1106–1112)
Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in dogs following subcutaneous administration and continuous infusion and the association with in vitro susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Moore Kenneth W. , Trepanier Lauren A. , Lautzenhiser Sarah J. , Fialkowski James P. , Rosin Eberhard
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of
ceftazidime following subcutaneous administration
and continuous IV infusion to healthy dogs and to
determine the minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) of ceftazidime for clinical isolates of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Animals—10 healthy adult dogs.

Procedure—MIC of ceftazidime for 101 clinical isolates
of P aeruginosa was determined in vitro. Serum
concentrations of ceftazidime were determined following
subcutaneous administration of ceftazidime
(30 mg/kg of body weight) to 5 dogs and continuous
IV infusion of ceftazidime (loading dose, 4.4 mg/kg;
infusion rate, 4.1 mg/kg/h) for 36 hours to 5 dogs.

Results—The MIC of ceftazidime for P aeruginosa
was ≤ 8 µg/ml; all isolates were considered susceptible.
Following SC administration of ceftazidime, mean
β disappearance half-life was 0.8 hours, and mean
serum ceftazidime concentration exceeded the MIC
for P aeruginosa for only 4.3 hours. Two dogs had gastrointestinal
tract effects. Mean serum ceftazidime
concentration exceeded 16 µg/ml during continuous
IV infusion. None of the dogs developed adverse
effects.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration
of ceftazidime subcutaneously (30 mg/kg, q 4
h) or as a constant IV infusion (loading dose, 4.4
mg/kg; rate, 4.1 mg/kg/h) would maintain serum ceftazidime
concentrations above the MIC determined
for 101 clinical isolates of P aeruginosa. Use of these
dosages may be appropriate for treatment of dogs
with infections caused by P aeruginosa. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:1204–1208)
Effects of 0.005% latanoprost solution on intraocular pressure in healthy dogs and cats
Authors: Studer Michele E. , Martin Charles L. , Stiles Jean
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of daily topical ocular administration of latanoprost solution on intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy cats and dogs.

Animals—9 domestic shorthair cats and 14 dogs.

Procedure—Latanoprost solution (0.005%) was administered topically to 1 eye (treated) and vehicle to the other eye (control) of all animals once daily in the morning for 8 days. Intraocular pressure was measured twice daily for the 5 days preceding treatment, and IOP, pupillary diameter, conjunctival hyperemia, and blepharospasm were measured 0, 1, 6, and 12 hours after the first 4 treatments and 0 and 12 hours after the final 4 treatments. Measurements continued twice a day for 5 days after treatment was discontinued. Aqueous flare was measured once daily during and for 5 days after the treatment period.

Results—Intraocular pressure and pupillary diameter were significantly decreased in the treated eye of dogs, compared with the control eye. Mild conjunctival hyperemia was also detected, but severity did not differ significantly between eyes. Blepharospasm and aqueous flare were not detected in either eye. Intraocular pressure in cats was not significantly affected by treatment with latanoprost. However, pupillary diameter was significantly decreased in the treated eye, compared with the control eye. Conjunctival hyperemia, aqueous flare, and blepharospasm were not detected in either eye.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Once-daily topical ocular administration of latanoprost solution (0.005%) reduced IOP in healthy dogs without inducing adverse effects but did not affect IOP in healthy cats. Latanoprost may be useful for treating glaucoma in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1220–1224)
Histologic and immunohistochemical characterization of lens capsular plaques in dogs with cataracts
Authors: Colitz Carmen M. H. , Malarkey David , Dykstra Michael J. , McGahan Mary Christine , Davidson Michael G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of the multifocal adherent plaques that commonly develop on the internal surfaces of the anterior and posterior lens capsules in dogs with cataracts.

Sample Population—31 anterior and 4 posterior capsular specimens collected during lens extraction surgery in dogs with cataracts.

Procedure—Specimens were evaluated, using light and transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to localize cytokeratin, vimentin, α-smooth muscle-specific actin, fibronectin, tenascin, and transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β) within plaques.

Results—Histologically, plaques comprised elongated spindle-shaped cells that formed a placoid mass. Cells were embedded in an extracellular matrix containing collagen fibrils, often with duplicated or split basement membranes. Immunohistochemically, normal lens epithelial cells and cells within plaques stained for vimentin. Most cells and some areas of the extracellular matrix within plaques stained for TGF-β and α-smooth muscle-specific actin. Fibronectin and tenascin were also detected in the extracellular matrix.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Canine lens capsular plaques are histologically and immunohistochemically similar to posterior capsule opacification and subcapsular cataracts in humans, which suggests that the canine condition, like the human conditions, is associated with fibrous metaplasia of lens epithelial cells. Transforming growth factor-β may play a role in the genesis of capsular plaques. Because severity of plaques was correlated with stage of cataract development, earlier surgical removal of cataracts may be useful to avoid complications associated with plaque formation. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:139–143)
Glucocorticoid receptor down-regulation in neutrophils of periparturient cows
Authors: Preisler Mara T. , Weber Patty S. D. , Tempelman Robert J. , Erskine Ron J. , Hunt Henry , Burton Jeanne L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects of parturition on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in neutrophils, serum cortisol concentration, and total blood leukocyte and neutrophil counts in periparturient dairy cows.

Animals—23 Holstein cows.

Procedure—Blood samples were collected from 8 multiparous and 5 primiparous periparturient cows at various times from 28 days before parturition until 14 days after parturition. Glucocorticoid receptor expression in neutrophils, serum cortisol concentration, and total blood leukocyte and neutrophil counts were determined. Results were compared with results from control samples obtained from 5 multiparous and 5 primiparous Holstein cows in midpregnancy.

Results—Neutrophils from periparturient cows had 49% reduction in GR expression at calving, compared with GR expression 2 to 4 weeks before calving, and 39% reduction, compared with neutrophils from cows in midpregnancy. Reduction in neutrophil GR expression began 1 week before calving and was most severe at calving and 24 hours after calving; a significant difference in GR expression was detected between primiparous and multiparous cows. Serum cortisol concentrations and total leukocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly increased at calving and returned to baseline values by 24 hours after calving. Significant negative correlations were detected between neutrophil GR expression and serum cortisol concentration, total leukocyte count, and neutrophil count.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Reduced GR expression in blood neutrophils of periparturient dairy cows was associated with increased serum cortisol concentrations, leukocytosis, and neutrophilia. Thus, GR down-regulation in neutrophils may be involved in periparturient neutrophil dysregulation and may cause increased susceptibility to mastitis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:14–19)
Use of sevoflurane for anesthetic management of horses during thoracotomy
Authors: Aida Hiroko , Steffey Eugene P. , Pascoe John R. , Yarbrough Thomas B. , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Hiraga Atsushi , Hobo Seiji , Smith Barbara L. , Steffey Michele A. , Jones James H.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate sevoflurane as an inhalation anesthetic for thoracotomy in horses.

Animals—18 horses between 2 and 15 years old.

Procedure—4 horses were used to develop surgical techniques and were euthanatized at the end of the procedure. The remaining 14 horses were selected, because they had an episode of bleeding from their lungs during strenuous exercise. General anesthesia was induced with xylazine (1.0 mg/kg of body weight, IV) followed by ketamine (2.0 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen delivered via a circle anesthetic breathing circuit. Ventilation was controlled to maintain PaCO2at approximately 45 mm Hg. Neuromuscular blocking drugs (succinylcholine or atracurium) were administered to eliminate spontaneous breathing efforts and to facilitate surgery. Cardiovascular performance was monitored and supported as indicated.

Results—2 of the 14 horses not euthanatized died as a result of ventricular fibrillation. Mean (± SD) duration of anesthesia was 304.9 ± 64.1 minutes for horses that survived and 216.7 ± 85.5 minutes for horses that were euthanatized or died. Our subjective opinion was that sevoflurane afforded good control of anesthetic depth during induction, maintenance, and recovery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of sevoflurane together with neuromuscular blocking drugs provides stable and easily controllable anesthetic management of horses for elective thoracotomy and cardiac manipulation. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1430–1437)
Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from healthy horses in Japan
Authors: Yasuda Ryo , Kawano Junichi , Onda Humiaki , Takagi Michihiro , Shimizu Akira , Anzai Toru
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine patterns of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from apparently healthy horses.

Sample Population—44 horses from 8 riding clubs in Japan.

Procedure—Methicillin-resistant staphylococci were isolated from the skin or nares, using a selective medium containing a β-(symboric) lactam antibiotic, ceftizoxime. Clonality of isolates was determined by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Detection ofmecA,mecI, andmecR1genes was accomplished by use of polymerase chain reactions.

Result—Of the 44 horses, 13 (29.5%) yielded 15 isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococci. The 15 isolates were identified as 6 species (Staphylococcus epidermidis, S lentus, S saprophyticus, S xylosus, S sciuri,andS haemolyticus). However, methicillin-resistantS aureuswas seldom isolated. Each isolate contained themecAgene and had a high resistance to β- lactam antibiotics. Some isolates also were resistant to other antibiotics such as erythromycin and kanamycin.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Methicillinresistant coagulase-negative staphylococci that were highly resistant to various antibiotics were isolated from apparently healthy horses in Japan. These organisms must be considered a potential threat to horses and veterinarians who care for them. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1451–1455)
Evaluation of the analgesic effects of epidurally administered morphine, alfentanil, butorphanol, tramadol, and U50488H in horses
Authors: Natalini Claudio C. , Robinson Elaine P
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate and compare effects of epidurally administered morphine, alfentanil, butorphanol, tramadol, and U50488H on avoidance threshold to noxious electrical stimulation over the dermatomes of the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions in horses.

Animals—5 healthy adult horses.

Procedure—Using a Latin square complete repeatedmeasures design, horses were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 6 treatments (morphine, alfentanil, butorphanol, tramadol, U50488H, or sterile water) at intervals of at least 7 days. Agents were injected epidurally at the first intercoccygeal epidural space, and electrical stimulation was applied at repeated intervals for 24 hours to the dermatomes of the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and thoracic regions. Avoidance threshold to electrical stimulation was recorded.

Results—Administration of butorphanol, U50488H, and sterile water did not induce change in avoidance threshold. Alfentanil increased avoidance threshold during the first 4 hours, but not significantly. Tramadol and morphine significantly increased threshold and analgesic effects. Complete analgesia (avoidance threshold, > 40 V) in the perineal and sacral areas was achieved 30 minutes after tramadol injection, compared with 6 hours after morphine injection. Duration of complete analgesia was 4 hours and 5 hours after tramadol and morphine injections, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Epidural administration of tramadol and morphine induces long-lasting analgesia in healthy adult horses. Epidural administration of opioids may provide long-lasting analgesia in horses without excitation of the CNS. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1579–1586)
Fecal shedding of coliform bacteria during the periparturient period in dairy cows
Authors: Pelan-Mattocks Lisa S. , Kehrli Marcus E. , Casey Thomas A. , Goff Jesse P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether numbers of coliform bacteria in feces of dairy cattle changed during the periparturient period and whether fluctuations were associated with changes in dry-matter intake.

Animals—12 healthy Holstein cows.

Procedure—Fecal samples were collected on a semiregular basis (ie, 3 to 7 times/wk) beginning 4 to 6 weeks before the anticipated parturition date and continuing through the third day (5 cows) or second week (7 cows) after parturition, and total numbers of fecal coliform bacteria were determined. Daily feed intake of 7 cows was monitored.

Results—For 11 cows, fecal coliform bacterial counts between 34 and 25 days prior to parturition were low and relatively constant (< 102change in number of bacteria). Coliform bacteria were not detected in 4 to 8% of fecal samples from 10 cows. All cows had a 104to 107increase in number of colony forming units/g of feces near the time of parturition. Number of fecal coliform bacteria peaked within 7 days of parturition in 9 cows and within 12 days of parturition in 3. Number of fecal coliform bacteria was not correlated with feed intake.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cows may have large increases in fecal coliform bacteria count during the periparturient period; however, periparturient cows do not continually shed high numbers of coliform bacteria, and coliform bacteria may not always be detectable by conventional culture methods. Changes in fecal coliform bacteria count did not correlate with changes in dry-matter intake. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1636–1638)