bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
After the Collapse of Communism: Comparative Lessons of
Transitions
Authors: Kitschelt Herbert
Published: October 2005

After the Collapse of Communism: Comparative Lessons of
Transitions. Edited by Michael McFaul and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss. New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 272p. $60.00.

Michael McFaul and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss's edited volume
constitutes a useful introduction to important research frontiers in the
analysis of postcommunist polities. The editors explicitly set the
contributors the task of transcending conventional (post-)Soviet Studies
and contributing to a social science analysis of formerly communist
polities. Through that lens, “legacies” of the old regimes are
important inasmuch as causal mechanisms can be spelled out that show their
continuing relevance for the dynamic reconfiguration of politics in the
region.
Studies in Public Opinion: Attitudes, Nonattitudes, Measurement
Error, and Change
Authors: Whiteley Paul
Published: October 2005

Studies in Public Opinion: Attitudes, Nonattitudes, Measurement
Error, and Change. Edited by Willem E. Saris and Paul M. Sniderman.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. 384p. $65.00 cloth, $29.95
paper.

This edited volume contains a series of papers, which address a key
issue in public opinion research. The issue could not be more general or
more important. It is this question: Do members of the mass public
actually have opinions about political issues? The question has been
debated from the earliest work on public opinion, but was raised in a
particularly stark form in a seminal paper by Philip Converse published in
1964. As is well known, he suggested that most people did not have
meaningful opinions on most issues, due to the instability of their
responses across different waves of a panel survey. The contributors to
this volume are leading authorities in the field of political psychology
and public opinion research, and the papers collectively make an important
contribution to addressing this question. Paul Sniderman and John Bullock
in the concluding chapter summarize the existing research agenda on this
issue in the following terms: “The dominant themes of two
generations of research have been that citizens tend to be muddle-headed
(the lack of constraint theme), empty headed (the non-attitude theme) or
both” (pp. 337–38).
The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terrorism
Authors: Morefield Jeanne
Published: October 2005

The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terrorism. By
Michael Ignatieff. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. 160p.
$29.95 cloth, $16.95 paper.

While Michael Ignatieff was no doubt motivated to write this book by
the civil and human rights abuses justified by the Patriot Act and the
treatment of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib, the framing
question of it is decidedly more abstract: How can liberal democracies
defend themselves against terrorism without violating their most sacred
principles? The book is to be commended for the forthright way it
confronts the uncomfortable moral dilemmas posed by democracy's
encounter with terrorism, but Ignatieff is less successful in his attempt
to articulate a coherent “lesser evil” approach to these
encounters. More disconcerting, however, is the way the formal qualities
of his argument potentially silence the kind of self-reflection and
historical scrutiny that ought also to play a vital role in any democratic
state's—much less a superpower's—response to
terrorism.
The Remnants of War
Authors: Kalyvas Stathis N.
Published: October 2005

The Remnants of War. By John Mueller. Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University Press, 2004. 272p. $29.95.

Rarely does a cover convey with such accuracy a book's central
argument as in John Mueller's The Remnants of War. Shot by
Ron Haviv, maybe the most iconic photographer of the Yugoslav wars of the
1990s, the cover picture shows a Serb soldier celebrating the fall of the
town of Vukovar. The middle-aged soldier is drunk as he downs a bottle of
liquor with the town's ruins in the background. In fact, he looks
more like a homeless man in any European or American city than anything we
would associate with the modern military profession—an observation
that summarizes Mueller's four-tiered argument.
Behavior of Aromatic Compounds Contained in Kraft Mill Effluents Treated by an Aerated Lagoon
Authors: Chamorro S. , Xavier C. R. , Vidal G.
Published: October 2005

Kraft mill effluents were biologically treated in an aerated lagoon (AL) (3.4 L) to evaluate the behavior of aromatic compounds by UV‐vis spectroscopy. Under aerobic conditions, biological oxygen demand (BOD5) removal was between 84% and 95%, whereas soluble chemical oxygen demand (CODs) removal ranged between 40% and 60%. A slight increase was observed in the VIS436/CODs relationship (0.101–0.110), indicating that color reduction was less than the total organic matter reduction expressed by CODs. Additionally, low values of UV254/UV280 (1.23–1.12) indicate the presence of lignin‐derived compounds in the aerobic effluent relationship. Ultrafiltration (UF) analysis shows that color was concentrated in the molecular weight fraction larger than 10 000 Da. The recalcitrant fraction was found to be resistant to further biodegradation, even under optimized microbiological conditions.
Engineered Saccharomycescerevisiae Strain BioS‐OS1/2, for the Detection of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Jayaraman Muralidharan , Radhika V. , Bamne Mikhil N. , Ramos Ross , Briggs Rita , Dhanasekaran Danny N.
Published: October 2005

One of the major stress factors during space and high‐altitude flight is the oxidative damage caused by the release of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) in human tissues. ROIs are released in response to several stress factors including radiation in space. Since ROIs contribute to several pathological conditions, there has been a great interest in developing a biosensor that can monitor the impact of ROIs on biological systems. Toward this goal, we sought to engineer a yeast stain that can monitor oxidative stress and be easily integrated into a biosensor platform. Saccharomyces cerevisiae respond to hyperoxidative stress by activating the expression of many proteins including the transcription factor, Yap1. Activated Yap1 primarily binds to the Yap‐1 response elements in the promoters of genes that combat oxidative stress. Based on these observations, we genetically altered the Yap‐1 pathway in the YCR094W BY4742 strain of S. cerevisiae by fusing the YREs in the promoter region of TRX2 gene to a cDNA‐insert encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Exposure of this engineered yeast strain BioS‐OS1 to varying levels of oxidative stress, as generated by different concentrations of H2O2 or diamide, elicits robust expression of GFP that can be monitored by the fluorescence of GFP by as early as 1 h. BioS‐OS1 can detect a H2O2 concentration from 300 μM onward. We also show that the signaling strength of the strain can be increased by engineering multiple YREs in the upstream of the cDNA‐insert encoding GFP. Thus, the results presented here demonstrate that the engineered BioS‐OS yeast strain can detect ROI‐generating oxidative stress and validate the use of this prototypic strain for the development of a biosensor to detect and monitor oxidative stress factors during space and high altitude flights.
Production of GFP and Glucoamylase by Recombinant Aspergillusniger: Effects of Fermentation Conditions on Fungal Morphology and Protein Secretion
Authors: Talabardon Mylene , Yang Shang‐Tian
Published: October 2005

The effect of filamentous fungal morphology on heterologous protein secretion was investigated using the recombinant Aspergillus niger strain AB4.1[pgpdAGLAGFP], which contained the gene coded for the GLA‐GFP (glucoamylase‐green fluorescence protein) fusion protein. Three culturing systems were studied to develop different morphological forms of the fungus. Free‐cell cultures in conventional stirred‐tank bioreactors grew in pellet form with various sizes depending on culturing conditions. Cells immobilized on cotton cloth grew in mycelial form in a rotating fibrous bed (RFB) and a static fibrous bed (SFB) bioreactors. The expression of the fusion protein was growth‐associated and dependent on the fungal morphology. Immobilized cells produced 10‐fold more GFP and glucoamylase than well‐oxygenated free‐cell pellets. In free‐cell cultures, excretion of the fusion protein occurred mainly from cell autolysis, when oxygen or nutrient were depleted, whereas protein secretion took place from the beginning of the fermentation in immobilized‐cell cultures. Also, protein secretion was found to be strongly dependent on morphology. Small pellets of a 1‐mm size secreted 82% of GFP produced, whereas 43% of GFP remained intracellular in larger pellets of 5 mm. Complete secretion of GFP was obtained with cells immobilized on the fibrous matrix. The improvement in heterologous protein synthesis and secretion can be attributed to the filamentous mycelial morphology since protein secretion occurred predominantly at the tips of growing hyphae. Secretion of proteases occurred mainly in the stationary phase or when cell autolysis were induced by nutrient depletion and was not dependent on morphology, although immobilizing the cells also reduced protease activity. The RFB bioreactor gave the best fermentation performance because of its ability to control the cell morphology that was amenable to efficient oxygen transfer and protein secretion.
An Approximate Solution for a Transient Two‐Phase Stirred Tank Bioreactor with Nonlinear Kinetics
Authors: Valdés‐Parada Francisco J. , Álvarez‐Ramírez José , Ochoa‐Tapia J. Alberto
Published: October 2005

The derivation of an approximate solution method for models of a continuous stirred tank bioreactor where the reaction takes place in pellets suspended in a well‐mixed fluid is presented. It is assumed that the reaction follows a Michaelis‐Menten‐type kinetics. Analytic solution of the differential equations is obtained by expanding the reaction rate expression at pellet surface concentration using Taylor series. The concept of a pelletapos;s dead zone is incorporated; improving the predictions and avoiding negative values of the reagent concentration. The results include the concentration expressions obtained for (a) the steady state, (b) the transient case, imposing the quasi‐steady‐state assumption for the pellet equation, and (c) the complete solution of the approximate transient problem. The convenience of the approximate method is assessed by comparison of the predictions with the ones obtained from the numerical solution of the original problem. The differences are in general quite acceptable.
Cytoplasmic Overexpression, Folding, and Processing of Penicillin Acylase Precursor in Escherichiacoli
Authors: Xu Yali , Hsieh Ming‐Yi , Narayanan Niju , Anderson William A. , Scharer Jeno M. , Moo‐Young Murray , Chou C. Perry
Published: October 2005

Penicillin acylase (PAC) precursor, proPAC, was overproduced in a soluble or insoluble form in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli through the expression of the leader‐less pac gene (ll‐pac) devoid of the coding region for the signal peptide of PAC. Also, a portion of the overexpressed proPAC was further processed to form mature PAC, indicating that the posttranslational processing steps for PAC maturation can occur in both the periplasm and the cytoplasm of E. coli. The cultivation performance for ll‐pac expression was limited by several factors, including (1) misfolding of proPAC, resulting in the aggregation of insoluble proPAC as inclusion bodies, (2) intracellular proteolysis, leading to the degradation of the overexpressed gene products, and (3) inefficient PAC maturation, limiting the formation of active PAC. The effect of coexpression of various cytoplasmic chaperones, including trigger factor, GroEL/ES, DnaK/J‐GrpE, and their combinations, on ll‐pac expression was investigated. Intracellular proteolysis of the overexpressed gene products could be prevented by coexpression of GroEL/ES. On the other hand, coexpression of trigger factor appeared to be able to facilitate the folding of soluble proPAC and to improve PAC maturation. The roles of trigger factor and GroEL/ES could be coordinated to significantly improve ll‐pac expression performance. DnaK/J‐GrpE had an effect for solublization of proPAC and perhaps, similar to trigger factor, for improving PAC maturation. The ll‐pac expression performance was also significantly improved through the simultaneous coexpression of DnaK/J‐GrpE and GroEL/ES. The results of the study suggest that the folding and/or processing of proPAC could be a major issue limiting the overproduction of PAC in E. coli and the bottleneck could be eliminated through the coexpression of appropriate chaperone(s).
Heuristic Optimization of Antibody Production by Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells
Authors: Sandadi Sandeepa , Ensari Semsi , Kearns Brian
Published: October 2005

Large‐scale production of monoclonal antibodies necessitates the development of a commercially viable process using the appropriate bioreactors, culture medium, and optimal feeding strategies. In the development of feeding strategies for higher antibody titers it is critical to assess the effects of limiting substrates on cell culture longevity and antibody production. In this study, glucose andl‐glutamine were identified as limiting substrates and their effects on culture longevity and antibody production were evaluated in small‐scale experiments. The results suggested that an optimal feeding strategy should account for the osmolality profile of the culture. The heuristic approach taken to optimize the antibody production showed that the fed‐batch cultivation is superior to batch culture and maintaining low osmolality during growth phase increases cumulative viable cell density and thus leads to higher final antibody titer.
Medium Term Planning of Biopharmaceutical Manufacture using Mathematical Programming
Authors: Lakhdar Kais , Zhou Yuhong , Savery James , Titchener‐Hooker Nigel J. , Papageorgiou Lazaros G.
Published: October 2005

Regulatory pressures and capacity constraints are forcing the biopharmaceutical industry to consider employing multiproduct manufacturing facilities running on a campaign basis. The need for such flexible and cost‐effective manufacture poses a significant challenge for planning and scheduling. This paper reviews the problem of planning and scheduling of biopharmaceutical manufacture and presents a methodology for the planning of multiproduct biopharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear program (MILP) to represent the relevant decisions required within the planning process and is tested on two typical biopharmaceutical industry planning problems. The proposed formulation is compared with an industrial rule based approach, which it outperforms in terms of profitability. The results indicate that the developed formulation offers an effective representation of the planning problem and would be a useful decision tool for manufacturers in the biopharmaceutical industry particularly at times of limited manufacturing capacity.
Effects of Sulfuric Acid Loading and Residence Time on the Composition of Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrolysate and Its Use as a Source of Xylose for Xylitol Bioproduction
Authors: Silva Silvio S. , Matos Zuzel R. , Carvalho Walter
Published: October 2005

A 22 full factorial design was employed to evaluate the effects of sulfuric acid loading and residence time on the composition of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate obtained in a 250‐L reactor. The acid loading and the residence time were varied from 70 to 130 mg acid per gram of dry bagasse and from 10 to 30 min, respectively, while the temperature (121 °C) and the bagasse loading (10%) were kept constant. Both the sulfuric acid loading and the residence time influenced the concentrations of xylose and inhibitors in the hydrolysate. The highest xylose concentration (22.71 g/L) was achieved when using an acid loading of 130 mg/g and a residence time of 30 min. These conditions also led to increased concentrations of inhibiting byproducts in the hydrolysate. All of the hydrolysates were vacuum‐concentrated to increase the xylose concentration, detoxified by pH alteration and adsorption into activated charcoal, and used for xylitol bioproduction in a stirred tank reactor. Neither the least (70 mg/g, 10 min) nor the most severe (130 mg/g, 30 min) hydrolysis conditions led to the best xylitol production (37.5 g/L), productivity (0.85 g/L h), and yield (0.78 g/g).
Transient Effects of Overexpressing Anthranilate Synthase α and β Subunits in Catharanthusroseus Hairy Roots
Authors: Peebles Christie A. M. , Hong Seung‐Beom , Gibson Susan I. , Shanks Jacqueline V. , San Ka‐Yiu
Published: October 2005

Catharanthus roseus produces two economically valuable anticancer drugs, vinblastine and vincristine. These drugs are members of the terpenoid indole alkaloids and accumulate in small quantities within the plant; thus these two drugs are expensive to produce. Metabolic engineering efforts have focused on increasing the alkaloids in this pathway through various means such as elicitation, precursor feeding, and gene overexpression. Recently we successfully expressed Arabidopsis genes encoding a feedback‐insensitive anthranilate synthase α subunit under the control of the glucocorticoid‐inducible promoter system and the anthranilate synthase β subunit under the control of a constitutive promoter in C. roseus hairy roots. In this work we look at the transient behaviors of terpenoid indole alkaloids over a 72 h induction period in late exponential growth phase cultures. Upon induction, the tryptophan, tryptamine, and ajmalicine pools accumulated over 72 h. In contrast, the lochnericine, hörhammericine, and tabersonine pools decreased and leveled out over the 72 h induction period. Visible changes within the individual compounds usually took from 4 to 12 h.
Deep expression of the Indonesian Throughflow: Indonesian Intermediate Water in the South Equatorial Current
Authors: Talley Lynne D. , Sprintall Janet
Published: October 2005

The narrow westward flow of the South Equatorial Current (SEC), centered at 12°S and carrying freshened water from the Indonesian seas, is traced across the Indian Ocean using data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment. The jet is remarkably zonal and quasi‐barotropic, following the potential vorticity contours characteristic of the tropics, separating higher‐oxygen and lower‐nutrient waters of the subtropics from the oxygen‐depleted waters of the tropics. The fresh surface waters are the usual Indonesian Throughflow Water reported previously. Less well studied is the intermediate‐depth SEC carrying fresher water from the Banda Sea and Pacific, known as Indonesian Intermediate Water (IIW) or Banda Sea Intermediate Water. The high‐silica signature of IIW is documented here, permitting us to (1) trace the spread of IIW from sill density at Leti Strait to higher density as it is diluted toward the west and (2) define an IIW core for transport estimates, of 3 to 7 Sv westward, using geostrophic and LADCP velocities. The high IIW silica is traced to the Banda Sea, arising from known diapycnal mixing of Pacific waters entering through Lifamatola Strait and local sources. New heat, freshwater, oxygen, and silica budgets within the Indonesian seas suggest at least 3 Sv of inflow through the relatively deep Lifamatola Strait, supplementing the observed 9 Sv through the shallower Makassar Strait. Both shallow and deep inflows and outflows, along with vigorous mixing and internal sources within the Indonesian seas, are required to capture the transformation of Pacific to Indonesian Throughflow waters.
Morphodynamic instabilities of planar beaches: Sensitivity to parameter values and process formulations
Authors: Klein M. D. , Schuttelaars H. M.
Published: October 2005

The initial growth of bed perturbations on planar sloping beaches under the forcing of obliquely incident, breaking waves is investigated using a state‐of‐the‐art numerical model. This allows for a systematic investigation of the sensitivity of the spatial structures of the bed perturbations and their growth and migration rates to different model formulations and parameterizations. If the sediment is only transported in the direction of the net current velocity and sediment stirring is taken proportional to the wave height squared, growing up‐current oriented crescentic bars are found with a preferred spacing of 800 m and a down‐current migration rate of 10 m d−1. Varying the angle of wave incidence, drag coefficient and bed slope results in qualitatively similar growing bed forms. Using an Engelund and Hansen transport formula, very oblique down‐current oriented bars are obtained that grow in time. No preferred wavelength, however, is found. Using the Bailard transport formula results in growing, up‐current oriented bars with a preferred spacing smaller than 300 m for wave angles smaller than 7°. When using either the Engelund and Hansen or Bailard sediment transport formulation, it is essential to take the transport in the direction of the wave orbital velocity into account in order to have growing bed perturbations.
Why do kimberlites from different provinces have similar trace element patterns?
Authors: Khazan Yakov , Fialko Yuri
Published: October 2005

Analysis of the trace element contents in kimberlites from various provinces around the world, including South Africa, India, and Yakutia (Siberia, Russia), reveals remarkable similarity of the maximum abundances. In addition, we find that abundances of the rare earth elements (REE) in the South African kimberlites are highly coherent between individual elements. We suggest that the observed similarity of the trace element patterns may result from a common physicochemical process operating in the kimberlite source region, rather than from peculiar source compositions and magmatic histories. The most likely candidates for such a process are (1) partial melting at very low melting degrees and (2) porous melt flow and diffusive exchange with the host rocks. These two processes can produce the same maximum trace element abundances and similar undersaturated patterns. We argue that the porous flow, and the associated chromatographic enrichment, is preferred because it allows high saturations at relatively large melt fractions of ∼1%. Observations of enrichment of the xenolith grain rims due to an exchange with metasomatizing melts of quasi‐kimberlitic composition imply that the melt percolated beyond the source region, in agreement with basic assumptions of the percolation model. We demonstrate that the saturated REE patterns are in a good agreement with the maximum observed REE abundances in kimberlites from different provinces. The theoretical patterns are independent of the melt fraction and only weakly (if at all) depend on the source modal composition. Characteristic diverging fan‐like patterns of trace elements predicted by the percolation model are identified in kimberlites from South Africa. We propose that a high coherency of the REE patterns in the South African kimberlites results from a general dependence of all REE abundances on the calcium content. According to this interpretation, the overall depletion of the source rocks in REE with temperature (and depth) postulated by our model is a natural consequence of a decrease in the calcium content along the lherzolite trend.
Newtonian versus non‐Newtonian upper mantle viscosity: Implications for subduction initiation
Authors: Billen Magali I. , Hirth Greg
Published: October 2005

The effect of rheology on the evolution of the slab‐tip during subduction initiation is analyzed using 2‐D numerical flow models. Experimentally determined flow laws have both strong temperature‐ and stress‐dependence, which leads to large local variations in viscosity with direct consequences for subduction initiation. We find that models with Newtonian viscosity lead to flat or coupled subduction due to hydrodynamic stresses that pull the slab‐tip up towards the overriding plate. Non‐Newtonian rheology reduces these hydrodynamic stresses by decreasing the wedge viscosity and the slab coupling to wedge‐corner flow, rendering the small negative‐slab buoyancy of the slab‐tip sufficient to maintain its dip during the early stages of subduction.
Effect of solar wind pressure enhancements on storm time ring current asymmetry
Authors: Shi Y. , Zesta E. , Lyons L. R. , Boudouridis A. , Yumoto K. , Kitamura K.
Published: October 2005

The effect of solar wind pressure enhancements on storm time ring current asymmetry is investigated by examining the asymmetric variations in the north‐south (H) and east‐west (D) components of the geomagnetic field during four magnetic storms. For two strong storms, on 25 September 1998 and 29 May 2003, pressure enhancements occurred during the main phase with strong and steadily southward IMF Bz. It is found that the pressure enhancements significantly increase the asymmetry of the already strong and asymmetric ring current under these conditions. For the moderate magnetic storm on 10 January 1997, a pressure enhancement occurred during the early recovery phase when IMF Bz was turning northward while it was still southward. Our result shows that the pressure enhancement also slightly enhanced the asymmetry of the slightly asymmetric ring current that existed during the early recovery phase. On 6 November 2000, a pressure enhancement occurred during the late recovery phase when the IMF Bz was strongly northward. For this case, the pressure enhancement did not increase the asymmetry of the already symmetric ring current. The above results of ring current asymmetry increases can be explained by considering the local energization of the preexisting ring current particles by the azimuthal electric field induced by the pressure enhancement. Our results show that the effect of pressure enhancements on the ring current depends strongly on the asymmetry state of the ring current at the times of the onsets of pressure enhancements, which is in turn determined by the IMF Bz preconditioning. In addition, the size and relative strength of a pressure enhancement also play important roles in affecting the ground asymmetric H perturbation.
Limited sensitivity analysis of regional climate change probabilities for the 21st century
Authors: Dessai Suraje , Lu Xianfu , Hulme Mike
Published: October 2005

Quantifying uncertainty in regional climate change projections is important for a range of reasons. We examine the sensitivity of regional climate change probabilities to various uncertainties. We use a simple probabilistic energy balance model that samples uncertainty in greenhouse gas emissions, the climate sensitivity, the carbon cycle, ocean mixing, and aerosol forcing. We then propagate global mean temperature probabilities to General Circulation Models (GCMs) through the pattern‐scaling technique. In order to combine the resulting probabilities we devised regional skill scores for each GCM, season (DJF, JJA), and climate variable (surface temperature, and precipitation) in 22 world regions, based on model performance and model convergence. A range of sensitivity experiments are carried out with different skill score schemes, climate sensitivities, and emissions scenarios. It was shown that whether skill scores as applied in this paper were used or not, makes little difference to regional climate change probabilities. However, both these approaches provide more information than simply using the multi‐model ensemble average. For temperature change probabilities, emissions scenarios uncertainty tends to dominate the 95th percentile whereas climate sensitivity uncertainty plays a more important role at the 5th percentile. The sensitivity of precipitation change probabilities to the tested uncertainties are region specific, but some conclusions can be drawn. At the 95th percentile, the uncertainty that tends to dominate is emissions scenarios, closely followed by GCM weighting scheme and the climate sensitivity. At the 5th percentile, GCM weighting scheme uncertainty tends to dominate for JJA, but for DJF all uncertainties have similar proportionate influence.
Moral Rationalization and the Integration of Situational Factors and Psychological Processes in Immoral Behavior
Authors: Tsang Jo-Ann
Published: October 2005

Moral rationalization is an individual's ability to reinterpret his or her immoral actions as, in fact, moral. It arises out of a conflict of motivations and a need to see the self as moral. This article presents a model of evil behavior demonstrating how situational factors that obscure moral relevance can interact with moral rationalization and lead to a violation of moral principles. Concepts such as cognitive dissonance and self-affirmation are used to explain the processes underlying moral rationalization, and different possible methods of moral rationalization are described. Also, research on moral rationalization and its prevention is reviewed.
The Existential Theory of Mind
Authors: Bering Jesse M.
Published: October 2005

The primary causal explanatory model for interpreting behavior, theory of mind, may have expanded into corridors of human cognition that have little to do with the context in which it evolved, questioning the suitability of domain-specific accounts of mind reading. Namely, philosophical–religious reasoning is a uniquely derived explanatory system anchored in intentionality that does not clearly involve behavior. The presence of an existential theory of mind (EToM) suggests that individuals perceive some nondescript or culturally elaborated (e.g., God) psychological agency as having encoded communicative intentions in the form of life events, similar to a person encoding communicative intentions in deictic gestures. The emergence of EToM is discussed from ontogenetic and phylogenetic perspectives; autism is examined to determine whether alternate core explanatory models (e.g., folk physics) are used by those with deficits in theory of mind to derive existential meaning.
Cause and Effect Theories of Attention: The Role of Conceptual Metaphors
Authors: Fernandez-Duque Diego , Johnson Mark L.
Published: October 2005

Scientific concepts are defined by metaphors. These metaphors determine what attention is and what count as adequate explanations of the phenomenon. The authors analyze these metaphors within 3 types of attention theories: (a) “cause” theories, in which attention is presumed to modulate information processing (e.g., attention as a spotlight; attention as a limited resource); (b) “effect” theories, in which attention is considered to be a by-product of information processing (e.g., the competition metaphor); and (c) hybrid theories that combine cause and effect aspects (e.g., biased-competition models). The present analysis reveals the crucial role of metaphors in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and the efforts of scientists to find a resolution to the classic problem of cause versus effect interpretations.
Cultural Suppression of Female Sexuality
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Twenge Jean M.
Published: October 2005

Four theories about cultural suppression of female sexuality are evaluated. Data are reviewed on cross-cultural differences in power and sex ratios, reactions to the sexual revolution, direct restraining influences on adolescent and adult female sexuality, double standard patterns of sexual morality, female genital surgery, legal and religious restrictions on sex, prostitution and pornography, and sexual deception. The view that men suppress female sexuality received hardly any support and is flatly contradicted by some findings. Instead, the evidence favors the view that women have worked to stifle each other's sexuality because sex is a limited resource that women use to negotiate with men, and scarcity gives women an advantage.
Looking at Behavior through Control Theory Glasses
Authors: Marken Richard S.
Published: October 2005

Behavior is always seen through the theoretical preferences of the observer. These preferences act like different prescriptions for glasses. The most popular glasses use the causal theory prescription, through which an organism's behavior appears to be the result of external or internal causes. This article describes glasses that use the less familiar control theory prescription, through which behavior looks like the organism's purposeful efforts to control its own perceptions. The consequences of looking at the same behavior through these different “glasses” are demonstrated by comparing examples of real-life behavior with the behavior of computer simulations available on the Internet. A method is described that makes it possible to determine which “glasses” provide the best view of any particular example of behavior.
I Bask in Dreams of Suicide: Mental Illness, Poetry, and Women
Authors: Kaufman James C. , Baer John
Published: October 2005

A consistent research finding in creativity research has been the tendency of poets—especially female poets—to suffer from mental illness. We explore (a) Why poets? and (b) Why female poets? We posit that poetry may attract those with a predisposition toward illness, the domain of poetry may particularly reward those who exhibit illness, and unusual aspects of the domain of poetry writing may increase the likelihood of poets succumbing to illness. These domain-specific aspects of writing poetry affect men and women alike. In addition, the greater difficulty that women tend to experience in ignoring extrinsic motivational constraints may cause successful female poets to have an even higher incidence of psychological stress, and of mental illness, than male poets.
Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation
Authors: Hobfoll Stevan E.
Published: October 2005

Psychology has increasingly turned to the study of psychosocial resources in the examination of well-being. How resources are being studied and resource models that have been proffered are considered, and an attempt is made to examine elements that bridge across models. As resource models span health, community, cognitive, and clinical psychology, the question is raised of whether there is overuse of the resource metaphor or whether there exists some underlying principles that can be gleaned and incorporated to advance research. The contribution of resources for understanding multicultural and pan-historical adaptation in the face of challenge is considered.
Victimization and Substance Abuse among Women: Contributing Factors, Interventions, and Implications
Authors: Logan TK , Walker Robert , Cole Jennifer , Leukefeld Carl
Published: October 2005

Although the literature indicates that there is an association of victimization with substance abuse, there has been limited research focused on understanding and synthesizing the factors that have been identified as contributing to victimization and substance abuse and on interventions designed to address these contributing factors. The purposes of this article are to (a) review the literature on factors related to victimization and substance abuse, (b) review interventions and outcomes, and (c) discuss clinical implications for interventions and research. Results suggest that there is a high rate of co-occurrence of victimization and substance abuse among women, that the factors contributing to victimization and substance abuse are complex, and that there is a lack of treatment models addressing victimization and substance abuse.
Small-angle neutron-scattering study on a structure of microemulsion mixed with polymer networks
Authors: Nagao Michihiro , Okabe Satoshi , Shibayama Mitsuhiro
Published: October 2005

The structure of a microemulsion mixed with polymer networks was investigated by means of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The system consists of nonionic surfactant, polymer network, oil, and water. The microemulsion and the polymer network employed in this work are known to undergo temperature-induced structural transition and volume phase transition, respectively. Polymer solutions and gels were made by polymerizing monomer solutions in the presence of microemulsion droplets. In the case of a mixture of an N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) monomer solution and a microemulsion, the NIPA monomer was found to behave as a cosurfactant. However, polymerization resulted in a phase separation to polymer-rich and -poor phases. Interestingly, SANS results indicated that a well-developed ordered structure of oil domains was formed in polymer network and the structure was very different from its parent systems. Furthermore, the system underwent two different types of structural transitions with respect to temperature. One was originated from the structural transition of microemulsion due to the change of the spontaneous curvature and the other from the volume phase transition of the NIPA gel.
Rheology of polymer brush under oscillatory shear flow studied by nonequilibrium Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Ji Shichen , Ding Jiandong
Published: October 2005

The rheological behaviors of polymer brush under oscillatory shear flow were investigated by nonequilibrium Monte Carlo simulation. The grafted chain under oscillatory shear flow exhibited a waggling behavior like a flower, and the segments were found to have different oscillatory phases along the chain contour. Stress tensor was further obtained based on the statistics of sampled configuration distribution functions. The simulation reproduced the abrupt increase of the first normal stress difference N1 with the flow velocity over a critical value, as observed in the experiment of Klein et al. [Nature (London) 352, 143 (1991)]. However, our simulation did not reproduce the brush thickening with shear velocity increased, which was suggested to be responsible for the abrupt increase of N1 in the above-mentioned paper. This simulation demonstrates that the increase of normal stress might be an inherent behavior of polymer brush due to chain deformation under flow.
Asymptotic corrections to the eigenvalue density of the GUE and LUE
Authors: Garoni T. M. , Forrester P. J. , Frankel N. E.
Published: October 2005

We obtain correction terms to the large N asymptotic expansions of the eigenvalue density for the Gaussian unitary and Laguerre unitary ensembles of random N×N matrices, both in the bulk of the spectrum and near the spectral edge. This is achieved by using the well known orthogonal polynomial expression for the kernel to construct a double contour integral representation for the density, to which we apply the saddle point method. The main correction to the bulk density is oscillatory in N and depends on the distribution function of the limiting density, while the corrections to the Airy kernel at the soft edge are again expressed in terms of the Airy function and its first derivative. We demonstrate numerically that these expansions are very accurate. A matching is exhibited between the asymptotic expansion of the bulk density, expanded about the edge, and the asymptotic expansion of the edge density, expanded into the bulk.
High-resolution infrared spectroscopy of the charge-transfer complex [Ar–N2]+∙: A combined experimental/theoretical study
Authors: Verbraak H. , van Stralen J. N. P. , Bouwman J. , de Klerk J. S. , Verdes D. , Linnartz H. , Bickelhaupt F. M.
Published: October 2005

A combined experimental and theoretical study of the charge-transfer complex [Ar–N2]+∙ is presented. Nearly 50 transitions split by spin-rotation interaction have been observed by means of infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy in a supersonic planar plasma expansion. The band origin is at 2272.2563(18)cm−1 and rotational constants in the ground and vibrationally (NN-stretch) excited state amount to 0.128701(8)cm−1 and 0.128203(8)cm−1, respectively. The interpretation of the data in terms of a charge switch upon complexation is supported by new ab initio calculations. The best estimate for a linear equilibrium structure yields Re(NN)=1.102Å and Re(Ar–N)=2.190Å. Predictions for molecular parameters not directly available from the experimental results are presented as well. Furthermore, the electronic structure and Ar–N bonding mechanism of [Ar–N2]+∙ have been analyzed in detail. The Ar–N bond is a textbook example of a classical 2-center-3-electron bond.
Hierarchical structure of the energy landscape of proteins revisited by time series analysis. I. Mimicking protein dynamics in different time scales
Authors: Alakent Burak , Camurdan Mehmet C. , Doruker Pemra
Published: October 2005

Time series models, which are constructed from the projections of the molecular-dynamics (MD) runs on principal components (modes), are used to mimic the dynamics of two proteins: tendamistat and immunity protein of colicin E7 (ImmE7). Four independent MD runs of tendamistat and three independent runs of ImmE7 protein in vacuum are used to investigate the energy landscapes of these proteins. It is found that mean-square displacements of residues along the modes in different time scales can be mimicked by time series models, which are utilized in dividing protein dynamics into different regimes with respect to the dominating motion type. The first two regimes constitute the dominance of intraminimum motions during the first 5ps and the random walk motion in a hierarchically higher-level energy minimum, which comprise the initial time period of the trajectories up to 20–40ps for tendamistat and 80–120ps for ImmE7. These are also the time ranges within which the linear nonstationary time series are completely satisfactory in explaining protein dynamics. Encountering energy barriers enclosing higher-level energy minima constrains the random walk motion of the proteins, and pseudorelaxation processes at different levels of minima are detected in tendamistat, depending on the sampling window size. Correlation (relaxation) times of 30–40ps and 150–200ps are detected for two energy envelopes of successive levels for tendamistat, which gives an overall idea about the hierarchical structure of the energy landscape. However, it should be stressed that correlation times of the modes are highly variable with respect to conformational subspaces and sampling window sizes, indicating the absence of an actual relaxation. The random-walk step sizes and the time length of the second regime are used to illuminate an important difference between the dynamics of the two proteins, which cannot be clarified by the investigation of relaxation times alone: ImmE7 has lower-energy barriers enclosing the higher-level energy minimum, preventing the protein to relax and letting it move in a random-walk fashion for a longer period of time.
Structures and energetics of hydrogen-terminated silicon nanowire surfaces
Authors: Zhang R. Q. , Lifshitz Y. , Ma D. D. D. , Zhao Y. L. , Frauenheim Th. , Lee S. T. , Tong S. Y.
Published: October 2005

The analysis and density-functional tight-binding simulations of possible configurations of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) enclosed by low-index surfaces reveal a number of remarkable features. For wires along ⟨100⟩, ⟨110⟩, and ⟨111⟩ directions, many low-index facet configurations and cross sections are possible, making their controlled growth difficult. The ⟨112⟩ wires are the most attractive for research and applications because they have only one configuration of enclosing low-index facets with a rectangular cross section, enclosed with the most stable (111) facet and the (110) facet next to it. In general, the stability of the SiNWs is determined by a balance between (1) minimization of the surface energy γ(111)<γ(110)<γ(001), and (2) minimization of the surface-to-volume ratio [svr; svr(hexagonal)>svr(rectangular)>svr(triangular)]. The energy band gaps follow the order of ⟨100⟩wires>⟨112⟩wires>⟨111⟩wires>⟨110⟩wires. The results are compared with our recent scanning tunneling microscopy and transmission electron microscopy data.
An idealized model for nonequilibrium dynamics in molecular systems
Authors: Vogt Marc , Hernandez Rigoberto
Published: October 2005

The nonequilibrium dynamics of highly nonlinear and multidimensional systems can give rise to emergent chemical behavior which can often be tracked using low-dimensional order parameters such as a reaction path. Such behavior cannot be readily surmised by stationary projected stochastic representations such as those described by the Langevin equation or the generalized Langevin equation (GLE). The irreversible generalized Langevin equation (iGLE) contains a nonstationary friction kernel that in certain limits reduces to the GLE with space-dependent friction. For more general forms of the friction kernel, the iGLE was previously shown to be the projection of a mechanical system with a time-dependent Hamiltonian [R. Hernandez, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 7701 (1999)]. In the present work, the corresponding open Hamiltonian system is shown to be amenable to numerical integration despite the presence of a nonlocal term. Simulations of this mechanical system further confirm that the time dependence of the observed total energy and the correlations of the solvent force are in precise agreement with the projected iGLE. This extended nonstationary Hamiltonian is thus amenable to the study of nonequilibrium bounds and fluctuation theorems.
Observation of a new phosphorus-containing reactive intermediate: Electronic spectroscopy and excited-state dynamics of the HPBr free radical
Authors: Tackett Brandon S. , Clouthier Dennis J.
Published: October 2005

The ÃA′2-X̃A″2 electronic spectra of jet-cooled HPBr and DPBr have been obtained for the first time using the pulsed electric discharge technique with a precursor mixture of PBr3 and H2∕D2. Laser-induced fluorescence and single vibronic level emission spectra gave the bending and P-Br stretching frequencies in the ground and excited states of both isotopomers. Rotational analyses of the HPBr and DPBr 000 bands showed small spin splittings characteristic of a doublet-doublet transition of an asymmetric-top molecule. From the ground- and excited-state rotational constants, effective (r0) structures were derived with r″(PH)=1.4307(86)Å, r″(PBr)=2.2021(9)Å, and θ″=95.2(8)°, and r′(PH)=1.434(31)Å, r′(PBr)=2.1669(26)Å, and θ′=115.5(16)°. In a few favorable cases, further hyperfine splitting of the spin-rotation energy levels has been observed, due to the excited-state Fermi contact interaction of the unpaired electron with the spin magnetic moment of the P31 nucleus, with aF′=0.064(9)cm−1 for HPBr. Fluorescence depletion spectroscopy and lifetime measurements indicate that higher vibrational levels of the ÃA′2 state are predissociated by a X̃A″2 dissociative continuum. CCSD(T)∕aug-cc-pVTZ calculations predict that the most likely dissociation process is HPBr (X̃A″2)→PH(Σ−3)+Br(Pu2).
Relation between the melting temperature and the temperature of maximum density for the most common models of water
Authors: Vega C. , Abascal J. L. F.
Published: October 2005

Water exhibits a maximum in density at normal pressure at 4° above its melting point. The reproduction of this maximum is a stringent test for potential models used commonly in simulations of water. The relation between the melting temperature and the temperature of maximum density for these potential models is unknown mainly due to our ignorance about the melting temperature of these models. Recently we have determined the melting temperature of ice Ih for several commonly used models of water (SPC, SPC/E, TIP3P, TIP4P, TIP4P/Ew, and TIP5P). In this work we locate the temperature of maximum density for these models. In this way the relative location of the temperature of maximum density with respect to the melting temperature is established. For SPC, SPC/E, TIP3P, TIP4P, and TIP4P/Ew the maximum in density occurs at about 21–37K above the melting temperature. In all these models the negative charge is located either on the oxygen itself or on a point along the H–O–H bisector. For the TIP5P and TIP5P-E models the maximum in density occurs at about 11K above the melting temperature. The location of the negative charge appears as a geometrical crucial factor to the relative position of the temperature of maximum density with respect to the melting temperature.