bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translation theories in “the other Europe”
Authors: Costantino Lorenzo
Published: January 2016

Since the mid-1950s much research has been carried out in the field of translation theories in Poland. Although the results that emerged were often of considerable interest, Polish translation theories are often ignored by experts in the West. This article investigates the Polish contribution to theoretical discussions of translation. Early contributions to the debate, in 1955, characterized by a “linguistic” approach, warned against theories limiting the “unit of translation” to single words, thus neglecting the “text.” Linguist O. A. Wojtasiewicz stressed the semiotic, psychological, and cultural nature of translation. Around the mid-1960s a group of scholars from the “Poznań School” focused on literary translation. They saw literary translation as a semiotic process and produced a theoretical and descriptive research that could be defined as “target-oriented.” Their methods are typified by the particular attention given to diachronic and reception perspectives. Since the mid-1970s, in marked opposition to the “predominant role of literary texts” in Polish translation studies, F. Grucza and scholars from Warsaw University (“Warsaw School”) favored other areas of research, such as oral translation and specialized translation and interpreting. From the research carried out in Warsaw, a new perspective opened up within the linguistic approach, resulting in a new definition of the equivalence based on cognitive and pragmatic factors. This line of research also involved cognitive linguistics, as of the 1990s the most noteworthy innovation in Polish translation studies. Since 1990 the research field has become more varied: there are now more translation study centers (Cracow, Łódź, Lublin, Gdańsk…), and the field of investigation has broadened, now following on the heels of Western debate, with which there is now more contact.
Machine-assisted translation of literary text
Authors: Toral Antonio , Way Andy
Published: January 2016

Contrary to perceived wisdom, we explore the role of machine translation (MT) in assisting with the translation of literary texts, considering both its limitations and its potential. Our motivations to explore this subject are twofold, arising from: (1) recent research advances in MT, and (2) the recent emergence of the ebook, which together allow us for the first time to build literature-specific MT systems by training statistical MT models on novels and their professional translations. A key challenge in literary translation is that one needs to preserve not only the meaning (as in other domains such as technical translation) but also the reading experience, so a literary translator needs to carefully select from the possible translation options. We explore the role of translation options in literary translation, especially in the context of the relatedness of the languages involved. We take Camus’ L’Étranger in the original French language and provide qualitative and quantitative analyses for its translations into English (a less-related language) and Italian (more closely related). Unsurprisingly, the MT output for Italian seems more straightforward to be post-edited. We also show that the performance of MT has improved over the last two years for this particular book, and that the applicability of MT does not only depend on the text to be translated but also on the type of translation that we are trying to produce. We then translate a novel from Spanish-to-Catalan with a literature-specific MT system. We assess the potential of this approach by discussing the translation quality of several representative passages.
Powerful quasar outflow in a massive disc galaxy at z ∼ 5
Authors: Curtis Michael , Sijacki Debora
Published: January 2016

There is growing observational evidence of high-redshift quasars launching energetic, fast outflows, but the effects that these have on their host galaxies is poorly understood. We employ the moving-mesh code AREPO to study the feedback from a quasar that has grown to ∼109 M⊙ by z ∼ 5 and the impact that this has on its host galaxy. Our simulations use a super-Lagrangian refinement technique to increase the accuracy with which the interface of the quasar-driven wind and the surrounding gas is resolved. We find that the feedback injected in these simulations is less efficient at removing gas from the galaxy than in an identical simulation with no super-Lagrangian refinement. This leads to the growth of a massive, rotationally supported, star-forming disc, co-existing with a powerful quasar-driven outflow. The properties of our host galaxy, including the kinematical structure of the gaseous disc and of the outflow, are in good agreement with current observations. Upcoming ALMA and JWST observations will be an excellent test of our model and will provide further clues as to the variance in properties of high-redshift quasar hosts.
The relationship between the outside financing and the quality of financial reporting: evidence from Iran
Authors: Kardan Behzad , Salehi Mahdi , Abdollahi Rahimeh
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– This study aims to investigate the impact of outside financing (equity and debt financing) on the quality of financial reporting in Iran.

Design/methodology/approach

– Sample includes the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange – 152 companies in a period of four years during 2010-2013. Data were analyzed by using multiple linear regressions with the benefits of the combined data.

Findings

– The results indicates that there is a positive relationship between the quality of financial reporting based on the qualitative characteristics of the theoretical principles of the Iranian Financial Accounting Standards Board and debt financing. Moreover, there is a negative relationship between the quality of financial reporting based on the Dechow and Dichev (2002) model and debt financing. Additionally, there is a negative relationship between the quality of financial reporting (based on the qualitative characteristics of the theoretical principles of the Iranian Financial Accounting Standards Board as well as the Dechow and Dichev models) and equity financing.

Originality/value

– Financial statements as the output of the accounting system has always been considered by the investors, the creditors and the government; nonetheless, its dependability in making decisions has always been doubted because of using the accrual principle in the calculation of the reported figure in the statements and, consequently, the possibility of being manipulated by the managers as well as the likelihood of conflict of interest among the managers and the shareholders.
Business relationship framework in Indonesia: relationship marketing vs transaction cost
Authors: Setyawan Anton Agus , Purwanto Bernardinus Maria , Dharmmesta Basu Swastha , Nugroho Sahid Susilo
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to explore business relationship framework between two companies. In this research, relationship marketing and transaction cost were used as frameworks to analyze business relationship of two different kinds of companies in Indonesia, oil company and hypermarket. Gronroos (1994) defines relationship marketing is establishing, maintaining and enhancing relationships with customers and other partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of the parties involved are met. This is achieved by a mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises. This definition is a key to analyze the relationship of retailer and their supplier. In contrast, Williamson (1980) argued that relationship in business organization is based on their economic interest, and this approach is known as transaction cost approach. In this kind of relationship, business organizations consider cost and benefit of business relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

– The design of this study is triangulation. Two approaches were used to answer the research questions. A survey involving 204 respondents was conducted. These are companies in Indonesia oil and gas and retail industries. The types of power of those companies were analyzed using descriptive statistic and paired t test. Also, case study was conducted to gain depth information of two companies, with a large number of business partners among the respondents. The design of case study is holistic case study.

Findings

– The result shows that, in the oil company, the relationship between a company and their supplier is tied on a strict contract. In fact, the relationship of supplier and company in a fuel company based on transaction cost theory. In the retail company, the relationship of supplier and retailer based on trust, commitment and satisfaction. Those three construct are the foundation of relationship marketing. Companies in those two industries tend to use non-coercive power to influence their business partners.

Originality/value

– This study analyzes type of business relationship in industries in emerging markets. It also discusses type of influence strategy used by companies to control their business partners to gain mutual benefit.
Designing innovative business models with a framework that promotes experimentation
Authors: Wrigley Cara , Straker Karla
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– Business models to date have remained the creation of management, however, it is the belief of the authors that designers should be critically approaching, challenging and creating new business models as part of their practice. This belief portrays a new era where business model constructs become the new design brief of the future and fuel design and innovation to work together at the strategic level of an organisation.

Design/methodology/approach

– The purpose of this paper is to explore and investigate business model design. The research followed a deductive structured qualitative content analysis approach utilizing a predetermined categorization matrix. The analysis of forty business cases uncovered commonalities of key strategic drivers behind these innovative business models.

Findings

– Five business model typologies were derived from this content analysis, from which quick prototypes of new business models can be created.

Research limitations/implications

– Implications from this research suggest there is no “one right” model, but rather through experimentation, the generation of many unique and diverse concepts can result in greater possibilities for future innovation and sustained competitive advantage.

Originality/value

– This paper builds upon the emerging research and exploration into the importance and relevance of dynamic, design-driven approaches to the creation of innovative business models. These models aim to synthesize knowledge gained from real world examples into a tangible, accessible and provoking framework that provide new prototyping templates to aid the process of business model experimentation.
Leadership and the wisdom of crowds: how to tap into the collective intelligence of an organization
Authors: Matzler Kurt , Strobl Andreas , Bailom Franz
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– Under certain conditions, a mass of people can be smarter than the best expert – even if the expert is part of the group. In this paper we show how leaders can improve decision making by tapping into the collective intelligence of their organization.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on James Surowiecki’s four conditions of collective intelligence (cognitive diversity, independence, utilization of decentralized knowledge, and effective aggregation of dispersed knowledge), we discuss how leaders can tap into the wisdom of the crowd of their organizations.

Findings

– We show how leaders can increase cognitive diversity in decision making, access decentralized knowledge in their organizations, encourage individuals to contribute their knowledge without interference from peer pressure, conformity or influence from superiors, and how knowledge can effectively be aggregated to make wiser decisions.

Originality/value

– While various tools exist to reap the collective intelligence of a group, we argue that leaders also must change their attitudes and leadership styles. Using evidence from various studies and several examples we show what leaders can do to make smarter decisions.
Reconciling contradictory relationships between mobility and extinction risk in human‐altered landscapes
Authors: Martin Amanda E. , Fahrig Lenore
Published: January 2016

Some empirical and theoretical studies suggest that more mobile species are less at risk in human‐altered landscapes, while others suggest the opposite.

We propose three novel hypotheses to explain these contradictory findings: (i) extinction risk increases with increasing mobility when mobility is measured as emigration, but decreases with increasing mobility when mobility is measured as immigration; (ii) the most mobile species (whether measured by emigration or immigration) in unaltered landscapes are least mobile in human‐altered landscapes, so the relationship between mobility and risk is opposite when mobility is measured in unaltered and altered landscapes; and (iii) the mobility–risk relationship is ∩‐shaped; thus, the relationship is apparently positive when studied species have low‐to‐intermediate mobility, but negative when species have intermediate‐to‐high mobility. We also evaluate a fourth hypothesis that had been previously theorized: that some landscape structures drive evolution of dispersal characteristics that increase both mobility and risk, while others drive evolution of characteristics that increase mobility and decrease risk.

To evaluate these four hypotheses, we created an individual‐based, spatially explicit simulation model to simulate population dynamics, evolution of dispersal characteristics and species response to habitat loss.

Our simulations supported the first and fourth hypotheses. Extinction risk increased with emigration rate but decreased with immigration rate. Species in landscapes with historically more abundant, less fragmented habitat and more frequent disturbance had increased risk and mobility during habitat loss, while species in landscapes with lower matrix quality had increased risk and decreased mobility.

Synthesis. This is the first study to investigate why some studies find that more mobile species are less at risk in human‐altered landscapes, while others find the opposite. Our results suggest that these contradictory relationships occur because of differences in how mobility is measured and differences in the historic structure of species' landscapes. Understanding how mobility and the historic landscape influence extinction risk can help us identify species of conservation concern. Our results suggest that we should focus on species with high emigration rates but low immigration rates, and those that evolved in landscapes with non‐fragmented habitat and high‐risk matrix.
‘Two working together is so much better than just one’: Professional support needs of primary healthcare dietitians
Authors: Beckingsale Louise , Fairbairn Kirsty , Morris Caroline
Published: January 2016

Aim

This qualitative study explored the experiences of professional support received, and the perceptions of professional support required by New Zealand (NZ) registered dietitians working in primary health care (PHC).

Methods

Twelve PHC dietitians across a range of ages, ethnic and professional backgrounds participated in individual, semistructured, face‐to‐face interviews. The interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results

All participants identified that professional support impacted their ability to develop the competency and confidence required to deliver effective services in the PHC setting. Four sources of intraprofessional support were described: being in a team with another dietitian, being involved in dietetic networks or peer support groups, undertaking professional supervision and having access to relevant professional development opportunities. Additionally, participants identified two sources of interprofessional support: being part of a multidisciplinary, culturally diverse team and collaborating with other PHC professionals.

Conclusions

It is evident that dietitians working in the NZ PHC sector value good professional support. This enables them to develop greater competence and confidence to work more effectively. While an essential source of professional support comes from within the dietetic profession, another important source is other PHC colleagues. Feeling part of a multidisciplinary culturally diverse PHC team and/or working in collaboration with other PHC health workers resulted in the dietitian feeling a stronger sense of interprofessional support. This aligns with NZ's current PHC strategy, supporting the development of multidisciplinary PHC teams and collaborative care to improve patient outcomes.
Increasing the power of genome wide association studies in natural populations using repeated measures – evaluation and implementation
Authors: Rönnegård Lars , McFarlane S. Eryn , Husby Arild , Kawakami Takeshi , Ellegren Hans , Qvarnström Anna
Published: January 2016

Genomewide association studies (GWAS) enable detailed dissections of the genetic basis for organisms' ability to adapt to a changing environment. In long‐term studies of natural populations, individuals are often marked at one point in their life and then repeatedly recaptured. It is therefore essential that a method for GWAS includes the process of repeated sampling. In a GWAS, the effects of thousands of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) need to be fitted and any model development is constrained by the computational requirements. A method is therefore required that can fit a highly hierarchical model and at the same time is computationally fast enough to be useful.

Our method fits fixed SNP effects in a linear mixed model that can include both random polygenic effects and permanent environmental effects. In this way, the model can correct for population structure and model repeated measures. The covariance structure of the linear mixed model is first estimated and subsequently used in a generalized least squares setting to fit the SNP effects. The method was evaluated in a simulation study based on observed genotypes from a long‐term study of collared flycatchers in Sweden.

The method we present here was successful in estimating permanent environmental effects from simulated repeated measures data. Additionally, we found that especially for variable phenotypes having large variation between years, the repeated measurements model has a substantial increase in power compared to a model using average phenotypes as a response.

The method is available in the R package RepeatABEL. It increases the power in GWAS having repeated measures, especially for long‐term studies of natural populations, and the R implementation is expected to facilitate modelling of longitudinal data for studies of both animal and human populations.
Youth, children and families in austere times: change, politics and a new gender contract
Authors: McDowell Linda
Published: January 2016

In this end piece, I comment on and connect the six preceding substantive articles about inequality in the years of austerity following the financial crisis and link their arguments to my own work on youth. I argue that the long decades of deindustrialisation and the more recent post‐crisis austerity climate may be reshaping the old sexual/gender contract that defined the Fordist era.
GIS‐based multiproxy coastline reconstruction of the eastern Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea, during the Stone Age
Authors: Habicht Hando‐Laur , Rosentau Alar , Jõeleht Argo , Heinsalu Atko , Kriiska Aivar , Kohv Marko , Hang Tiit , Aunap Raivo
Published: January 2016

We present early to mid‐Holocene palaeocoastline reconstructions for the Tolkuse‐Rannametsa area on the eastern coast of the Gulf of Riga. Radiocarbon‐dated sediment stratigraphies and diatom analyses, supported by ground‐penetrating radar data and GIS‐based modelling, were used in the palaeogeographical reconstructions to strip back younger sediments and landforms from the LiDAR‐derived digital elevation model. The reconstructions show an open coast environment during the Ancylus Lake stage and the formation of a peatland after the lake drainage at about 9000–8600 cal. a BP. The waters of the Litorina Sea flooded the study area between 8200 and 7700 cal. a BP, forming a 25‐km‐long and up to 5.5‐m‐deep lagoon with two connections to the sea. This brackish water lagoon existed in the area for about 4000 years and terminated around 3800–3500 cal. a BP as a result of isostatic uplift and growth of the barrier spit. The reconstructions illustrate the relationships between the lagoonal system and three Mesolithic and Neolithic settlement sites found in the study area. A comparative analysis which besides palaeogeographical and ecological data included a data set with more than 100 Stone Age sites from the eastern Baltic region, was used to propose the most suitable locations for coastal settlements in the Tolkuse‐Rannametsa area. However, some of these areas are presently covered by a peat layer that is several metres thick, which may explain the relative scarcity of the archaeological finds on the shores of the palaeo‐lagoon. The proposed multiproxy approach has the capability to delimit the areas that would have been favourable for prehistoric habitation, but might not be observable in the present‐day topography. In return, this increases the likelihood of locating any well‐preserved preserved settlement sites and artefacts that are buried under the protective sediment layer.
The novel nonapeptide acein targets angiotensin converting enzyme in the brain and induces dopamine release
Authors: Neasta Jérémie , Valmalle Charlène , Coyne Anne‐Claire , Carnazzi Eric , Subra Gilles , Galleyrand Jean‐Claude , Gagne Didier , M'Kadmi Céline , Bernad Nicole , Bergé Gilbert , Cantel Sonia , Marin Philippe , Marie Jacky , Banères Jean‐Louis , Kemel Marie‐Lou , Daugé Valérie , Puget Karine , Martinez Jean
Published: January 2016

Background and Purpose

Using an in‐house bioinformatics programme, we identified and synthesized a novel nonapeptide, H‐Pro‐Pro‐Thr‐Thr‐Thr‐Lys‐Phe‐Ala‐Ala‐OH. Here, we have studied its biological activity, in vitro and in vivo, and have identified its target in the brain.

Experimental Approach

The affinity of the peptide was characterized using purified whole brain and striatal membranes from guinea pigs and rats . Its effect on behaviour in rats following intra‐striatal injection of the peptide was investigated. A photoaffinity UV cross‐linking approach combined with subsequent affinity purification of the ligand covalently bound to its receptor allowed identification of its target.

Key Results

The peptide bound with high affinity to a single class of binding sites, specifically localized in the striatum and substantia nigra of brains from guinea pigs and rats. When injected within the striatum of rats, the peptide stimulated in vitro and in vivo dopamine release and induced dopamine‐like motor effects. We purified the target of the peptide, a ~151 kDa protein that was identified by MS/MS as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE I). Therefore, we decided to name the peptide acein.

Conclusion and Implications

The synthetic nonapeptide acein interacted with high affinity with brain membrane‐bound ACE. This interaction occurs at a different site from the active site involved in the well‐known peptidase activity, without modifying the peptidase activity. Acein, in vitro and in vivo, significantly increased stimulated release of dopamine from the brain. These results suggest a more important role for brain ACE than initially suspected.
Adverse birth outcomes and childhood caries: a cohort study
Authors: Nirunsittirat Areerat , Pitiphat Waranuch , McKinney Christy Michelle , DeRouen Timothy A. , Chansamak Nusara , Angwaravong Onauma , Patcharanuchat Piyachat , Pimpak Taksin
Published: January 2016

Objectives

To examine the association between adverse birth outcomes and dental caries in primary teeth.

Methods

This study included children in Khon Kaen, Thailand, who participated in the Prospective Cohort Study of Thai Children. Preterm was defined as a birth at <37 weeks gestation, low birthweight (LBW) as birthweight <2500 g, and small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) as birthweight <10th percentile of expected weight for gestational age. Two calibrated dentists measured dental caries in primary teeth when the children were 3–4 years old using decayed, missing and filled surfaces (dmfs) index following the World Health Organization criteria. We used negative binomial regression with generalize linear models to estimate relative risks (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for confounding factors. Of 758 children with gestational age data and 833 with birthweight data, the 544 (follow‐up rate of 71.8% in preterm and 65.3% in LBW) who had dental data available were included in the analysis.

Results

Dental caries was observed in 480 children (88.2%), with a mean dmfs of 14.3 (standard deviation 12.8). The adjusted RR for dental caries was 0.61 (95% CI 0.43, 0.85) for preterm, 0.89 (95% CI 0.67, 1.21) for LBW, and 0.96 (95% CI 0.74, 1.26) for SGA.

Conclusions

There was an inverse association between preterm and childhood caries. LBW and SGA were not associated with dental caries in this population.
Better practices for reporting on conservation
Authors: Tanentzap Andrew J. , Walker Susan , Theo Stephens R. T.
Published: January 2016

Trend indicators are the primary approach used for reporting on biodiversity worldwide, but often poorly inform conservation policy and management. Here, we show how the field of systematic conservation planning offers approaches for biodiversity reporting to foster better adaptation and accountability by estimating the difference made by conservation interventions; identifying how changes in biodiversity contribute to conservation goals, accounting for unequal and complementary contributions; and evaluating cost‐effectiveness of interventions. By recognizing that biodiversity reporting and conservation prioritization must inform each other as an adaptive process, we show how they share data needs and methodologies, including distributions and abundances of features and pressures, predictions of future changes in features under different pressures, distributions of different interventions and their associated costs, and stepwise models aggregating contributions to an overall goal. Incorporating prioritization‐based approaches into biodiversity reporting will enable more robust conservation decisions than would be possible based on simple trend indicators.
Upregulation and axonal transport of synaptotagmin‐IV in the direct‐pathway medium spiny neurons in hemi‐parkinsonian rats induced by dopamine D1 receptor stimulation
Authors: Tratnjek Larisa , Glavan Gordana , Višnjar Tanja , Živin Marko
Published: January 2016

Synaptotagmin‐IV (Syt‐IV) may function as a regulator of Ca2+‐dependent synaptic transmission. In the hemi‐parkinsonian rats with unilateral lesions of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons Syt‐IV and substance‐P (SP) mRNAs could be upregulated within the dopaminergically hypersensitive striatum of the lesioned brain hemisphere via the stimulation of striatal dopamine D1 (D1‐R), but not D2 receptors. The hypersensitive D1‐R‐mediated transmission may be the culprit for the undesired expression of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia, implying the involvement of Syt‐IV and SP in the process. First, striatal cellular phenotypes expressing Syt‐IV were determined. It was found to be expressed in all striatal neurons and a small population of astrocytes. Then it was examined, if the D1‐R‐mediated upregulation of Syt‐IV mRNA may result in the upregulation of the translated protein. It was found that, after acute stimulation with a selective D1 agonist, (±)‐6‐chloro‐7,8‐dihydroxy‐3‐allyl‐1‐phenyl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐3‐benzazepine hydrobromide (SKF‐82958), Syt‐IV was elevated within the SP‐expressing striatal neurons of the lesioned side. This was followed by the upregulation of Syt‐IV, but not of its mRNA, within the ipsilateral target nuclei of the direct‐pathway medium spiny neurons, indicating axonal transport of de novo synthesized protein to their SP‐positive synaptic terminals. However, despite the striatal upregulation of SP and Syt‐IV following a similar time‐course, their subcellular co‐localization within the axonal terminals was not found. It was therefore suggested that Syt‐IV may regulate the hypersensitive striatal synaptic transmission, although via a SP‐independent mechanism.
Deciphering phonemes from syllables in blood oxygenation level‐dependent signals in human superior temporal gyrus
Authors: Zhang Qingtian , Hu Xiaolin , Luo Huan , Li Jianmin , Zhang Xiaolu , Zhang Bo
Published: January 2016

Linguistic units such as phonemes and syllables are important for speech perception. How the brain encodes these units is not well understood. Many neuroimaging studies have found distinct representations of consonant–vowel syllables that shared one phoneme and differed in the other phoneme (e.g. /ba/ and /da/), but it is unclear whether this discrimination ability is due to the neural coding of phonemes or syllables. We combined functional magnetic resonance imaging with multivariate pattern analysis to explore this question. Subjects listened to nine Mandarin syllables in a consonant–vowel form. We successfully decoded phonemes from the syllables based on the blood oxygenation level‐dependent signals in the superior temporal gyrus (STG). Specifically, a classifier trained on the cortical patterns elicited by a set of syllables, which contained two phonemes, could distinguish the cortical patterns elicited by other syllables that contained the two phonemes. The results indicated that phonemes have unique representations in the STG. In addition, there was a categorical effect, i.e. the cortical patterns of consonants were similar, and so were the cortical patterns of vowels. Further analysis showed that phonemes exhibited stronger encoding specificity in the mid‐STG than in the anterior STG.
Neurogenesis and anxiety‐like behavior in male California mice during the mate's postpartum period
Authors: Hyer M. M. , Hunter T. J. , Katakam J. , Wolz T. , Glasper E. R.
Published: January 2016

Our understanding of postpartum anxiety (PPA) in fathers is limited, despite the negative consequences of anxiety on the father and child. Offspring contact reduces PPA in mothers; however, parallel investigations in fathers has gone unaddressed. Adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) contributes to anxiety regulation and is altered during the postpartum period, yet the effects of fatherhood on the production, or survival, of newborn cells in the DG, and the role of adult neurogenesis in PPA regulation, have not been examined. Using the biparental California mouse (Peromyscus californicus), we examined the relationships among postnatal day, anxiety‐like behavior and adult neurogenesis in fathers. We hypothesized that attenuated anxiety‐like behavior and enhanced adult neurogenesis would be observed when father–offspring contact was increased. We observed a reduction in anxiety‐like behavior on the elevated plus‐maze, but only at PND 16, a time of peak pup retrieval. Fatherhood reduced 1‐week survival of newborn cells; however, surviving cells were maintained until 2 weeks postpartum. In contrast, non‐fathers experienced a significant reduction in the survival of newborn cells between 1 and 2 weeks postpartum. Fatherhood also increased the numbers of newborn cells that expressed a neuronal phenotype. Collectively, these findings suggest that offspring interaction contributes to reductions in anxiety‐like behavior and the maintenance of newborn neurons in the DG of fathers. These data contribute to our knowledge of the postpartum affective state in fathers, findings that may contribute to improved health of both the father and offspring.
Biomass production and energy balance of herbaceous and woody crops on marginal soils in the Po Valley
Authors: Amaducci Stefano , Facciotto Gianni , Bergante Sara , Perego Alessia , Serra Paolo , Ferrarini Andrea , Chimento Carlo
Published: January 2016

A wealth of data and information on the cultivation of perennial biomass crops has been collected, but direct comparisons between herbaceous and woody crops are rare. The main objective of this research was to compare the biomass yield, the energy balance and the biomass quality of six perennial bioenergy crops: Populus spp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix spp., Arundo donax, Miscanthus × giganteus, and Panicum virgatum, grown in two marginal environments. For giant reed and switchgrass, two levels of nitrogen fertilization were applied annually (0–100 kg ha−1). Nitrogen fertilization did not affect biomass or energy production of giant reed; thus, it significantly reduced the energy return on investment (EROI) (from 73 to 27). In switchgrass, nitrogen fertilization significantly increased biomass production and the capacity of this crop to respond to water availability, making it a favorable option when only biomass production is a target. Net energy gain (NEG) was higher for herbaceous crops than for woody crops. In Casale, EROI calculated for poplar and willow (7, on average) was significantly lower than that of the other crops (14, on average). In Gariga, the highest EROI was calculated for miscanthus (98), followed by nonfertilized giant reed and switchgrass (82 and 73, respectively). Growing degree days10 during the cropping season had no effect on biomass production in any of the studied species, although water availability from May to August was a major factor affecting biomass yield in herbaceous crops. Overall, herbaceous crops had the highest ranking for bioenergy production due to their high biomass yield, high net energy gain (NEG), and biomass quality that renders them suitable to both biochemical and thermochemical conversion. Miscanthus in particular had the highest EROI in both locations (16 and 98, in Casale and Gariga), while giant reed had the highest NEG on the silty‐loam soil of Gariga.
Genetic complementation analysis showed distinct contributions of the N‐terminal tail of H2A.Z to epigenetic regulations
Authors: Kusakabe Masayuki , Oku Hiroyuki , Matsuda Ryo , Hori Tetsuya , Muto Akihiko , Igarashi Kazuhiko , Fukagawa Tatsuo , Harata Masahiko
Published: January 2016

H2A.Z is one of the most evolutionally conserved histone variants. In vertebrates, this histone variant has two isoforms, H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2, each of which is coded by an individual gene. H2A.Z is involved in multiple epigenetic regulations, and in humans, it also has relevance to carcinogenesis. In this study, we used the H2A.Z DKO cells, in which both H2A.Z isoform genes could be inducibly knocked out, for the functional analysis of H2A.Z by a genetic complementation assay, as the first example of its kind in vertebrates. Ectopically expressed wild‐type H2A.Z and two N‐terminal mutants, a nonacetylable H2A.Z mutant and a chimera in which the N‐terminal tail of H2A.Z.1 was replaced with that of the canonical H2A, complemented the mitotic defects of H2A.Z DKO cells similarly, suggesting that both acetylation and distinctive sequence of the N‐terminal tail of H2A.Z are not required for mitotic progression. In contrast, each one of these three forms of H2A.Z complemented the transcriptional defects of H2A.Z DKO cells differently. These results suggest that the N‐terminal tail of vertebrate H2A.Z makes distinctively different contributions to these epigenetic events. Our results also imply that this genetic complementation system is a novel and useful tool for the functional analysis of H2A.Z.
Role of computed tomography urography in the clinical evaluation of upper tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Jinzaki Masahiro , Kikuchi Eiji , Akita Hirotaka , Sugiura Hiroaki , Shinmoto Hiroshi , Oya Mototsugu
Published: January 2016

Intravenous urography has been widely used for the evaluation of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. However, computed tomography urography presently has a higher diagnostic accuracy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (94.2–99.6%) than intravenous urography (80.8–84.9%), and has replaced intravenous urography as the first‐line imaging test for investigating patients with a high risk of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Although the detection rate for bladder tumors using standard computed tomography urography is not yet high enough to replace cystoscopy, the addition of a 60‐ to 80‐s delayed scan after the administration of contrast material for the whole pelvis improves the detection rate. A drawback to computed tomography urography is the higher radiation dose of 15–35 mSv, compared with a mean effective dose of 5–10 mSv for intravenous urography. Among several approaches to reducing the radiation dose, the use of an iterative reconstruction algorithm is most likely to become an effective solution because of its simplicity. One advantage of computed tomography urography over intravenous urography is its ability to reliably differentiate between upper tract urothelial carcinoma and calculi or blood clots. Computed tomography urography also shows characteristic findings of other benign conditions. These findings, in combination with negative cytology, are very important diagnostic clues for avoiding an unnecessary nephroureterectomy. For the clinical staging, a recent study has reported the high diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography urography with respect to ≥pT3 tumors. The present review shows the current status of computed tomography urography for the evaluation of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
A Novel Synthesis of Green Apatite‐Type Y5(SiO4)3N:Eu2+ Phosphor via SiC‐Assisted Sol–Gel Route
Authors: Wan Jieqiong , Liu Qian , Liu Guanghui , Zhou Zhenzhen , Ni Jia , Xie Rong‐jun
Published: January 2016

A green Y5(SiO4)3N:Eu2+ phosphor has been successfully prepared by developing a new SiC reduction‐assisted sol–gel method. The valence state of Eu ions was identified with XPS analysis and the photoluminescence spectrum presents a Eu2+ typical broad green emission band. XRD analysis, photoluminescence and excitation measurement, and FTIR test were also carried out, to obtain crystal phase, light emitting, and chemical bonding results. The specific mechanism of SiC reductant in the synthetic process was studied in details. This novel method shows lower equipment requirements and is cost saving. The method can extend applications in synthesizing other silicon‐based oxynitrides.
Recurrent connections between Amazon and Atlantic forests shaped diversity in Caatinga four‐eyed frogs
Authors: Thomé Maria Tereza C. , Sequeira Fernando , Brusquetti Francisco , Carstens Bryan , Haddad Célio F. B. , Rodrigues Miguel Trefaut , Alexandrino João
Published: January 2016

Aim

The Caatinga is a widespread but poorly known biome in South America. Its historical stability is controversial and different types of evidence provide support to contrasting hypotheses. We investigate how past biome dynamics may have caused diversification in the endemic four‐eyed frog genus Pleurodema.

Location

Caatinga biome.

Methods

We sampled 353 individuals of Pleurodema alium and Pleurodema diplolister from 60 localities and genotyped them at 12 (P. alium) or 20 (P. diplolister) microsatellite loci. We sequenced a mitochondrial fragment for a subset (199) of the samples. After exploratory analyses to infer genetic structure between and within species, we designed seven biogeographical scenarios based on the literature on species distributions, palaeomodels and geological palaeoindicators. We tested these hypotheses by calculating the posterior probability of models using multilocus approximate Bayesian computation (ABC).

Results

Both markers recovered well‐defined interspecific limits with restricted introgression, but population structure within P. diplolister is subtle and affected by isolation by distance. Model selection using ABC supported two scenarios of diversification that included recent demographic growth. Genetic breaks at intra‐ and interspecific levels were geographically coincident, and correlated with past forest invasions reported in the literature.

Main conclusions

Our data support the idea that past expansions of the Amazon and Atlantic forests over the current Caatinga distribution shaped the genetic structure in endemic four‐eyed frogs at more than one level by promoting intermittent vicariance. Additional support comes from the distribution patterns of forest and Caatinga taxa. Variation among groups suggests differential organismal responses to past habitat shifts, probably mediated by specific natural‐history traits. This paper provides the first direct evidence that taxa endemic to the Caatinga were affected by past forest interactions.
Impact of paved front gardens on current and future urban flooding
Authors: Kelly D.A.
Published: January 2016

Domestic front gardens provide a valuable asset in the control of surface water runoff in towns and cities. Projected increases in future rainfall make this asset increasingly important, while growing trends of paving over front gardens puts this asset at jeopardy. The contribution of paved front gardens to the overall urban flood burden is often neglected. This paper quantifies rainwater runoff from a typical front garden using numerical simulation. Runoff is quantified in terms of both current and future rainfall intensities and in relation to variables of impermeable cover and soil type.

Garden runoff is shown to be directly proportional to the area of impermeable cover and rainfall intensity. Soil type is important in determining runoff with faster infiltrating soils experiencing higher percentage increases in runoff if paved over, and slower infiltrating soils experiencing increased runoff volumes even from unpaved gardens in response to increased rainfall due to future climate change.
Moments of joy and delight: the meaning of traditional food in dementia care
Authors: Hanssen Ingrid , Kuven Britt Moene
Published: January 2016

Aims and objectives

To learn about the meaning of traditional food to institutionalised patients with dementia.

Background

Traditional food strengthens the feelings of belonging, identity and heritage, which help persons with dementia to hold on to and reinforce their cultural identity and quality of life. Taste is more cultural than physiological. Dietary habits are established early in life and may be difficult to change. Being served unfamiliar dishes may lead to disappointment and a feeling of being betrayed and unloved.

Design and method

The three studies presented have a qualitative design. In‐depth interviews of family members and nurses experienced in dementia care were conducted in South Africa and among ethnic Norwegians and the Sami in Norway. Content‐focused analysis, hermeneutic in character, was used to enable the exploration of the thoughts, feelings and cultural meaning described.

Results

Traditional foods created a feeling of belonging and joy. Familiar tastes and smells awoke pleasant memories in patients and boosted their sense of well‐being, identity and belonging, even producing words in those who usually did not speak.

Conclusions

In persons with dementia, dishes remembered from their childhood may help maintain and strengthen cultural identity, create joy and increase patients' feeling of belonging, being respected and cared for. Traditional food furthermore improves patients' appetite, nutritional intake and quality of life. To serve traditional meals in nursing homes demands extra planning and resources, traditional knowledge, creativity and knowledge of patients' personal tastes.

Relevance for clinical practice

This study provides insight into culture‐sensitive dietary needs of institutionalised patients with dementia. The cultural significance of food for feeling contentment and social and physical well‐being is discussed. Besides helping to avoid undernutrition, being served traditional dishes may be very important to reminiscence, joy, thriving and quality of life.
Invadopodia proteins, cortactin, N‐WASP and WIP differentially promote local invasiveness in ameloblastoma
Authors: Siar Chong Huat , Rahman Zainal Ariff Bin Abdul , Tsujigiwa Hidetsugu , Mohamed Om Alblazi Kamila , Nagatsuka Hitoshi , Ng Kok Han
Published: January 2016

Background

Cell migration and invasion through interstitial tissues are dependent upon several specialized characteristics of the migratory cell notably generation of proteolytic membranous protrusions or invadopodia. Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic epithelial neoplasm with a locally infiltrative behaviour. Cortactin and MMT1‐MMP are two invadopodia proteins implicated in its local invasiveness. Other invadopodia regulators, namely N‐WASP, WIP and Src kinase remain unclarified. This study addresses their roles in ameloblastoma.

Materials and method

Eighty‐seven paraffin‐embedded ameloblastoma cases (20 unicystic, 47 solid/multicystic, 3 desmoplastic and 17 recurrent) were subjected to immunohistochemistry for expression of cortactin, N‐WASP, WIP, Src kinase and F‐actin, and findings correlated with clinicopathological parameters.

Results

Invadopodia proteins (except Src kinase) and F‐actin were widely detected in ameloblastoma (cortactin: n = 73/87, 83.9%; N‐WASP: n = 59/87; 67.8%; WIP: n = 77/87; 88.5%; and F‐actin: n = 87/87, 100%). Protein localization was mainly cytoplasmic and/or membranous, and occasionally nuclear for F‐actin. Cortactin, which functions as an actin‐scaffolding protein, demonstrated significantly higher expression levels within ameloblastoma tumoral epithelium than in stroma (P < 0.05). N‐WASP, which coordinates actin polymerization and invadopodia‐mediated extracellular matrix degradation, was overexpressed in the solid/multicystic subtype (P < 0.05). WIP, an upstream regulator of N‐WASP, and F‐actin were significantly upregulated along the tumour invasive front compared to tumour centres (P < 0.05). Except for males with cortactin overexpression, other clinical parameters (age, ethnicity and anatomical site) showed no significant correlations.

Conclusions

Present results suggest that local invasiveness of ameloblastoma is dependent upon the migratory potential of its tumour cells as defined by their distribution of cortactin, N‐WASP and WIP in correlation with F‐actin cytoskeletal dynamics.
Philosophical Arguments Against the A‐Theory
Authors: Deasy Daniel
Published: January 2016

According to the A‐theory of time some instant of time is absolutely present. Many reject the A‐theory on the grounds that it is inconsistent with current spacetime physics, which appears to leave no room for absolute presentness. However, some reject the A‐theory on purely philosophical grounds. In this article I describe three purely philosophical arguments against the A‐theory and show that there are plausible A‐theoretic responses to each of them. I conclude that, whatever else is wrong with the A‐theory, it is not obviously a philosophically suspect theory.