bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic constipation - the role of clinical assessment and colorectal physiologic tests to obtain an etiologic diagnosis
Authors: Lacerda-Filho Antônio , Lima Marcílio José Rodrigues , Magalhães Marisa Fonseca , Paiva Rodrigo de Almeida , Cunha-Melo José Renan da
Published: April 2008

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of subtypes of chronic constipation has been considered difficult to achieve even in specialized centers. Although colorectal physiologic tests have brought an important contribution, it remains unclear in which patients these tests should be indicated for. AIMS: This study aims to establish a differential diagnosis for chronic constipation cases using clinical assessment and physiologic tests and to identify clinical parameters that could predict which patients need physiologic tests. METHODS: One hundred and seventy nine patients (83% females; mean age, 45) with chronic constipation according to Rome II criteria were initially treated by dietary advice and functional reeducation and those unresponsive (110 or 61.5%) were submitted to colonic transit time, defecography, anorectal manometry and electromyography, as needed. RESULTS: A differential diagnosis was achieved in 63.6% of patients tested. However, 61.5% of 179 patients with chronic constipation (69 with no need to tests and 40 with normal tests) have etiologic diagnosis established only on clinical basis. Irritable bowel syndrome (32%), pelvic floor dysfunction (29%) and functional constipation due to faulty diet and life style habits (22%) were the main causes of chronic constipation. Alternating constipation and nausea/vomiting were symptoms significantly related to the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome; younger age, larger intervals between bowel movements, occurrence of fecal impaction and necessity of enema were related to the diagnosis of non-chagasic megacolon and digital assistance to evacuate and large rectocele or spastic pelvic floor on rectal exam were associated to pelvic floor dysfunction. Patients with long-standing constipation, fecal impaction, abdominal pain not eased after defecation, necessity for enemas, digital assistance and evidence of rectocele tended to be in need for physiologic tests to define the cause of chronic constipation. CONCLUSIONS: The etiologic diagnosis of chronic constipation can be achieved in most of patients on a clinical basis and some symptoms may be significantly related to specific diagnoses. Indications for physiologic tests should be based on specific clinical parameters.
Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Triassic bivalve families Mysidiellidae Cox, 1964 and Healeyidae new family
Authors: Hautmann M.
Published: April 2008

The Mysidiellidae are morphologically isolated among Triassic bivalves but share important characters with Late Paleozoic Ambonychioidea. Apart from a great similarity in the general shape of the shell, the most primitive mysidiellid genus Promysidiella resembles ambonychioids in the presence of a duplivincular-opisthodetic ligament system. Within the Mysidiellidae, this ligament type evolved into the transitional ligament system that characterizes Late Triassic Mysidiella. The phyletic polarity indicates that this evolution probably took place by paedomorphosis. New examinations of the shell microstructure of Mysidiella demonstrate the presence of simple prismatic and possibly foliated structures in the calcitic outer shell layer, which further supports an ambonychioid affinity. Therefore, the Mysidiellidae are removed from the Mytiloidea and assigned to the Ambonychioidea. The poorly known genus Protopis, which was originally included in the Mysidiellidae, probably had a parivincular ligament system and was hence a member of the Heteroconchia. Joannina, which was previously considered a junior synonym of Protopis, is re-established. The hinge margin of Joannina carries a well developed nymph but lacks teeth. These characters as well as its modioliform shape, anterior shell lobe, and pronounced diagonal carina link Joannina with the Late Triassic genus Healeya (Modiomorphoidea). Both taxa are herein placed in the new family Healeyidae, which differs from the morphologically similar Kalenteridae in the absence of elaborated hinge teeth. Protopis, as well as the recently described genera Leidapoconcha, Waijiaoella, and Qingyaniola, are tentatively assigned to the Healeyidae.
The duplivincular ligament of recent Pinna Nobilis L., 1758: further evidence for pterineid ancestry of the Pinnoidea
Authors: Garcia-March J. R. , Márquez-Aliaga A. , Carter J. G.
Published: April 2008

A correct interpretation of ligament ontogeny and structure is essential for establishing phylogenetic relationships among higher taxa in the bivalve superorder Pteriomorphia. Recent research on pteriomorphian ligaments has focused on understanding ligament morphospace (Thomas et al., 2000; Ubukata, 2003) and evolutionary pathways. In this regard, studies of the transition from larval to post-larval and adult ligaments (Malchus, 2004) have been especially fruitful.
An unexpected early record ofMictomys Vetus(Arvicolinae, Rodentia) from the Blancan (Pliocene) Glenns Ferry Formation, Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, Idaho
Authors: Ruez Dennis R. , Gensler Philip A.
Published: April 2008

The cooling during the Pliocene that preceded major continental glaciation in North America is recorded by thick fluvial and lacustrine sequences at Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument (HAFO) in southcentral Idaho (McDonald et al., 1996). Fossiliferous beds at HAFO occur within the nearly 200 m of exposed Glenns Ferry Formation west of the Snake River. This formation extends from southwestern Idaho into easternmost Oregon (Malde and Powers, 1962). The Glenns Ferry Formation within HAFO contains hundreds of localities that are within the Blancan North American Land Mammal Age. Collection of specimens from these localities since the late 1920s has resulted in large repositories of fossils currently housed, in part, at the United States National Museum, the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology (UMMP), and the Idaho Museum of Natural History (IMNH); additionally, smaller collections were accumulated by other museums (McDonald et al., 1996). Today the paleontological resources of HAFO are stewarded by the National Park Service. In spite of the extensive previous collections, significant new discoveries are still being made at HAFO.
Using Accelerated Learning to Engage Employees and Deliver Results
Authors: Grant Fiona Louise
Published: April 2008

Organizations in the oil and gas industry around the world have placed an enormous importance on HS&E training as a way to help make employees more risk aware and, consequently, to reduce incidents from occurring. Traditionally, training methodologies have been conventional with limited active participation.

It is widely acknowledged that students engaging in this type of passive learning typically retain only 5–20% of the information conveyed. So, how do we close the gap on the 85%, increase effectiveness, and reduce time?

This paper will describe and demonstrate an accelerated learning methodology that actively engages students in learning and gives them ownership of the learning process.

Accelerated learning is activity-based and uses all the senses. It involves learning through sight, hearing, touch, and sometimes even smell and taste. In essence, it is highly participative and is only facilitated by the instructor.

This paper describes how this methodology has been used in the workplace to energize HS&E training and effect some real behavioral changes in employees. Because trainees take ownership of learning for themselves through a variety of interactive, facilitated activities, they retain more information and are more likely to apply it correctly in the workplace. This paper draws on case studies in over 15 countries, on 4 continents where this methodology has been used to:Develop the competence of HS&E SpecialistsInduct Graduate Engineers into a positive safety cultureCommunicate key HS&E requirements to supervisors & managersImprove the quality of risk/impact assessmentsTranscend cultural & language barriers

Results delivered include:100% positive trainee feedbackaverage 20% increase in perceived performance levelbetter quality risk/impact assessmentsincreased number of observation cards submitted
Design and Testing of a Drop Counter for Use in Vadose Zone Water Samplers
Authors: Mertens Jan , Tuts Valentijn , Diels Jan , Vanderborght Jan , Feyen Jan , Merckx Roel
Published: April 2008

Measuring leachate mobility in the vadose zone is necessary to understand the processes controlling groundwater and river contamination, and requires recording leachate volumes with time. Many field studies manually measure the volume of leachate with a daily, weekly, or even biweekly resolution; however, measurement of leachate at higher temporal resolution is needed for the calibration of solute transport models and is useful in identifying the contribution of preferential flow to solute transport. We designed a simple, robust, and low‐cost drop counter for measuring leachate volumes at a high temporal resolution. Laboratory experiments showed a nearly perfect linear relationship between the applied flux and the number of drops per unit time, and indicate an average drop size of 35 μL. Due to manual manufacturing, variability between drop counters is not negligible and a one‐point calibration is necessary. The drop counter consists of an upper (guiding) tube from which a drop forms and a lower (capillary) tube that “sucks” the drop down before it falls. The presence of the lower tube makes the counter less vulnerable to temperature and ionic strength effects of the leachate. Counting of the drops can be easily achieved using any type of datalogger capable of logging electrical pulses.
Suspected albuterol toxicosis in a dog
Authors: McCown Jennifer L. , Lechner Elizabeth S. , Cooke Kirsten L.
Published: April 2008

Case Description—A 6-year-old male castrated Shetland Sheepdog was evaluated because of severe hypokalemia and progressive paresis.

Clinical Findings—Physical examination revealed fever, tachypnea, mydriasis, hyperemic mucous membranes, severe forelimb paresis, and hind limb paraplegia. The dog had superficial and deep pain sensation in all 4 limbs. Forelimb spinal reflexes were considered normal, but hind limb reflexes were normal to slightly hyperreflexive. The panniculus reflex was considered to be normal, and cranial nerve reflexes were intact. A CBC revealed mild leukocytosis and erythrocytosis, and serum biochemical analysis revealed severe hypokalemia. Thoracic and abdominal imaging did not reveal relevant findings. Blood pressure and ECG findings were within reference limits. Questioning of the owner revealed possible exposure to albuterol via ingestion of medication intended for the owner's horse. Results of serum testing via immunoassay were suggestive of albuterol toxicosis.

Treatment and Outcome—Treatment included IV administration of an electrolyte solution and supplemental potassium chloride. The rate of potassium chloride supplementation was slowly decreased as serum potassium concentration increased. No other medical intervention was required, and the dog made a rapid and complete recovery.

Clinical Relevance—Ingestion of albuterol can lead to profound physical and serum biochemical abnormalities. Appropriate historical information should be obtained to identify possible sources and routes of exposure to intoxicants. Albuterol-induced hypokalemia can be successfully managed medically.
Lomustine for treatment of mast cell tumors in cats: 38 cases (1999–2005)
Authors: Rassnick Kenneth M. , Williams Laurel E. , Kristal Orna , Al-Sarraf Renée , Baez Jennifer L. , Zwahlen Courtney H. , Dank Gillian
Published: April 2008

Objective—To determine clinical activity and toxic effects of lomustine when used to treat cats with mast cell tumors (MCTs).

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—38 cats with measurable, histologically or cytologically confirmed MCTs treated with lomustine at a dosage ≥ 50 mg/m2.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed to determine response to treatment and evidence of drug toxicoses. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate remission duration.

Results—26 cats had cutaneous MCTs, 7 had MCTs of the mesenteric lymph nodes, 2 had gastrointestinal tract MCTs, 2 had hepatic MCTs, and 1 had MCTs involving multiple organs. Targeted lomustine dosage was 50 mg/m2 in 22 cats and 60 mg/m2 in 16 cats. Median administered dosage of lomustine was 56 mg/m2 (range, 48 to 65 mg/m2), and median number of doses administered was 2 (range, 1 to 12). Seven cats had a complete response and 12 had a partial response, for an overall response rate of 50%. Median response duration was 168 days (range, 25 to 727 days). The most common toxicoses were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that lomustine had activity against MCTs in cats and was well tolerated. Further, findings suggested that treatment with lomustine should be considered for cats with MCTs for which local treatment is not an option.
Characterization of δ-phase in superalloy Allvac 718PlusTM
Authors: Stotter Christoph , Sommitsch Christof , Wagner Julian , Leitner Harald , Letofsky-Papst Ilse , Zickler Gerald A. , Prantl Werner , Stockinger Martin
Published: April 2008

Nowadays, the trend goes to better and more efficient gas turbine engines with lower emissions, greater durability and lower cycle costs. To this end, new materials such as Allvac 718PlusTM, should enhance the high temperature performance. The appearance, morphology and control of the δ-phase are of special interest because of their critical influence on grain structure, grain size and mechanical properties. In this work, the evolution and the morphology of the δ-phase during heat treatment between 900 and 1000°C for annealing times of up to 8 h are investigated in order to determine the time – temperature – precipitation diagram and to understand the phase morphology. For this, different analysis methods are applied, such as light microscopy analysis with computer-aided quantitative metallography, dual beam focused ion beam and both scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy.
Predicted precipitate back-stress and creep rupture strength of the advanced 9–12% Cr steel COST E2
Authors: Holzer I. , Kozeschnik E.
Published: April 2008

Modern advanced 9–12% Cr steels are complex alloys with excellent creep strength even at high temperatures up to 620°C. In this work, the experimentally observed creep rupture strength of the European COST alloy E2 is compared to the calculated maximum obstacle effect (Orowan stress) caused by the precipitates present in these steels for different heat treatment conditions. The applied model for precipitation strengthening is briefly outlined. It is shown that the differences in creep rupture strength caused by different heat treatments disappear after a long time under service conditions. This observation is discussed on the basis of the calculated evolution of the precipitate microstructure. The concept of boosting long-term creep rupture strength by maximizing the initial creep strength with optimum quality heat treatment parameters for precipitation strengthening is critically assessed.
Polymer Microcapsules with Carbohydrate‐Sensitive Properties
Authors: Levy Tatjana , Déjugnat Christophe , Sukhorukov Gleb B.
Published: April 2008

Carbohydrate‐sensitive polymer multilayers are assembled onto flat substrates and colloidal CaCO3 particles via reversible covalent ester formation between the polysaccharide mannan and phenylboronic acid moieties grafted onto poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The resulting multilayer films are sensitive to several carbohydrates, and show the highest sensitivity to fructose. The response to carbohydrates arises from the competitive binding of small molecular weight sugars and mannan to boronic acid groups within the films, and is observed as a rapid dissolution of the multilayers upon contact with a sugar‐containing solution above a critical concentration. In addition, carbohydrate‐sensitive multilayer capsules are prepared, and their sugar‐dependent stability is investigated by following the release of encapsulated tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate‐bovine serum albumin (TRITC‐BSA).
Mechanism of the Nucleophilic Substitution of Acyl Electrophiles using Lithium Organocuprates
Authors: Yoshikai Naohiko , Iida Ryoko , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: April 2008

The mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reaction at an sp2 carbon center of a thioester or an acid chloride with a lithium organocuprate reagent has been investigated. Density functional calculations indicated that the thioester undergoes oxidative addition of the CS bond to the copper(I) atom through a three‐centered transition state to afford an organocopper(III) intermediate, which gives the product through reductive elimination of the alkyl and the acyl groups. On the other hand, the acid chloride loses a chloride anion very easily when it interacts with the cuprate, because the chloride anion is captured by a lithium(I) cation rather than a copper(I) atom. 13C kinetic isotope effect (KIE) experiments showed excellent agreement with computational predictions for the thioester reaction, but suggested that the nucleophilic displacement transition state of the acid chloride occurs much more advanced than the calculations predict.
Mosaic FMR1 deletion causes fragile X syndrome and can lead to molecular misdiagnosis: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Coffee Bradford , Ikeda Morna , Budimirovic Dejan B. , Hjelm Lawrence N. , Kaufmann Walter E. , Warren Stephen T.
Published: April 2008

The most common cause of fragile X syndrome is expansion of a CGG trinucleotide repeat in the 5′UTR of FMR1. This expansion leads to transcriptional silencing of the gene. However, other mutational mechanisms, such as deletions of FMR1, also cause fragile X syndrome. The result is the same for both the expansion mediated silencing and deletion, absence of the gene product, FMRP. We report here on an 11‐year‐old boy with a cognitive and behavioral profile with features compatible with, but not specific to, fragile X syndrome. A mosaic deletion of 1,013,395 bp was found using high‐density X chromosome microarray analysis followed by sequencing of the deletion breakpoints. We review the literature of FMR1 deletions and present this case in the context of other FMR1 deletions having mental retardation that may or may not have the classic fragile X phenotype. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inactivation of the CDKL3 gene at 5q31.1 by a balanced t(X;5) translocation associated with nonspecific mild mental retardation
Authors: Dubos Aline , Pannetier Solange , Hanauer André
Published: April 2008

We have investigated the breakpoints of a balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomes X and 5, [46,X,t(X;5)(p11.1;q31.1)], in a woman with mild mental retardation (MR). Methylation studies showed a 100% skewed X‐inactivation in patient‐derived lymphocytes. Cloning and sequencing of the junction fragment from the X derivative showed that the breakpoint occurred in intron 3 of the CDKL3 gene on chromosome 5 and in a region devoid of genes on chromosome X. Quantitative RT‐PCR analyses on patient‐derived lymphoblastoid cells documented a significant 50% decrease of the CDKL3 transcript level. Allelic expression analysis, using an intronic SNP that was RT‐PCR amplified from CDKL3 pre‐mRNA, provided further evidence that the CDKL3 gene was transcribed from only one allele. Decreased CDKL3 gene expression was definitively confirmed at the protein level by immunoblot analysis. CDKL3 is a member of a subset of the cdc2‐related protein kinase family that shows similarity to both mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and cyclin‐dependant kinases (cdks). Importantly, one member of the family, CDKL5, has been implicated in atypical Rett syndrome, West syndrome, and X‐linked infantile spasm, all including MR as a manifestation. Expression studies demonstrated that the mouse homologue, mCdkl3, was expressed in all brain regions investigated and throughout mouse development, a pattern that is consistent with a role in development and brain function. Together the data suggest that haploinsufficiency of CDKL3 in the t(X;5) patient contributes to her phenotype, and that the CDKL3 gene is a strong candidate for nonsyndromal autosomal dominant MR. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The genetic basis of panic and phobic anxiety disorders
Authors: Smoller Jordan W. , Gardner‐Schuster Erica , Covino Jennifer
Published: April 2008

Panic disorder and phobic anxiety disorders are common disorders that are often chronic and disabling. Genetic epidemiologic studies have documented that these disorders are familial and moderately heritable. Linkage studies have implicated several chromosomal regions that may harbor susceptibility genes; however, candidate gene association studies have not established a role for any specific loci to date. Increasing evidence from family and genetic studies suggests that genes underlying these disorders overlap and transcend diagnostic boundaries. Heritable forms of anxious temperament, anxiety‐related personality traits and neuroimaging assays of fear circuitry may represent intermediate phenotypes that predispose to panic and phobic disorders. The identification of specific susceptibility variants will likely require much larger sample sizes and the integration of insights from genetic analyses of animal models and intermediate phenotypes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amyloide: nicht nur pathologische Substanzen, sondern auch geordnete Nanomaterialien
Authors: Cherny Izhack , Gazit Ehud
Published: April 2008

Amyloidfasern gehören zu den wichtigsten selbstorganisierten Strukturen in der Natur. Zahlreiche Proteine und Peptide mit unterschiedlichen Aminosäuresequenzen bilden unter verschiedenen Bedingungen solche sehr stabilen und hochgradig organisierten Assoziate, die man in Phasenzuständen von Flüssigkristallen bis hin zu starren Nanoröhren findet. Für diese supramolekularen Aggregate sind weit mehr Anwendungen denkbar als für synthetische Polymere, da ihre Bausteine biologische Funktionen und mechanische Eigenschaften in sich vereinen. Hier beschreiben wir die Strukturen supramolekularer Amyloidaggregate sowie die Anwendungen von natürlichen oder künstlichen Sequenzen und deren Perspektiven.
Methodology of development and estimation of quality of heat‐resistant antiadhesive coatings on the basis of fusible fluoroplastics for food industry
Authors: Anan'ev V. V. , Gubanova M. I. , Semenov G. V.
Published: April 2008

Development of antiadhesive coatings for working surfaces of the food equipment in high‐temperature technology is extremely important for the modern food industry. By development of the coatings as a polymeric basis, a powder fluoroplastic modified by the complex of additives is used. The studies are performed on the estimation of modifying component distribution in a polymer matrix. At present, the complexity of the problem of the development of antiadhesive coatings for alimentary purposes is conditioned by restricted selection of polymer materials suitable for food‐contacting covers, which possess high thermostability, and also low surface energy responsible for a level of adhesive interplay with alimentary media. Therefore, a problem of widening of the range of thermo‐ and chemoresistant polymer materials by usage of number of unsoluble biologically inert polymers as film‐forming components is actual. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence of molecular weight on impact fracture behavior of injection molded high density polyethylene: Scanning electron micrograph observations
Authors: Li Bin , Gong Guan , Xie Bang‐Hu , Yang Wei , Yang Ming‐Bo
Published: April 2008

A group of high density polyethylene with different molecular weight was prepared by melt blending two kinds of HDPE with weight average molecular weight of 3.2 × 105 g/mol and 7.2 × 105 g/mol, respectively. The fracture behavior of injection molded specimens of these samples was investigated by Izod impact test and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the variations of impact toughness of injection molded HDPE could be reflected directly by the evolution of morphology of fracture surface as molecular weight increases. Higher molecular weight led to higher impact toughness, due to both thickened oriented shear zone which could enhance the crack resistance and depressed two types of fracture behavior (tearing‐brittle fracture and heat softening/melting fracture) with low energy consumption. Fracture behavior in different position of injection molded HDPE shows different molecular weight dependence. The impact toughness at far‐gate‐end increases with increasing molecular weight, while the impact toughness at near‐gate‐end, especially for the blends, almost keeps constant within a certain range of molecular weight. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
pH sensitivity and swelling behavior of partially hydrolyzed formaldehyde‐crosslinked poly(acrylamide) superabsorbent hydrogels
Authors: Marandi G. Bagheri , Esfandiari K. , Biranvand F. , Babapour M. , Sadeh S. , Mahdavinia G. R.
Published: April 2008

Poly(acrylamide) superabsorbent hydrogel was synthesized through crosslinking method. Formaldehyde was used as a crosslinking agent. To achieve a hydrogel with high swelling capacity, the resulted hydrogels were saponified using NaOH solution at high temperature. During saponification, ammonia gas is produced from hydrolysis reaction of amide groups. The arising of ammonia produces porous structure in hydrogels, which is confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. The conversion of amide groups to carboxylate groups was identified by FTIR spectroscopy. The reaction variables in both crosslinking and hydrolysis reactions that affect the swelling of hydrogels were optimized. The swelling of the hydrogels in various salt solutions with various valencies and radii was studied. Also, the absorbency under load was measured. The hydrogels exhibited pH‐sensitivity characteristics. A sharp swelling change was observed in lieu of pH variations in a wide range (1–13). The swelling variations were explained according to the swelling theory based on the hydrogel chemical structure. The pH‐reversibility and on–off switching behavior makes the intelligent hydrogels as good candidates for considering as potential drug carries. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and characterization of N‐alkylated chitosan derivatives
Authors: Ma Guiping , Yang Dongzhi , Tan Hailin , Wu Qin , Nie Jun
Published: April 2008

N‐alkylated chitosan derivatives were synthesized in water containing acetic acid by the Michael addition reaction of chitosan with various acryl reagents. The chemical structures of the chitosan derivatives were characterized with Fourier transform infrared and 1H‐NMR techniques. The 1H‐NMR results indicated that the degree of substitution of the chitosan derivatives ranged from 0.13 to 0.39. The chitosan derivatives exhibited different solubilities in distilled water. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the chitosan derivatives were amorphous. The chitosan derivatives still had antimicrobial ability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Prostaglandin E2 modulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the fat body and midgut of Anopheles albimanus
Authors: García Gil de Muñoz F.L. , Martínez‐Barnetche J. , Lanz‐Mendoza H. , Rodríguez M.H. , Hernández‐Hernández F.C.
Published: April 2008

Prostaglandins (PGs) participate in the regulation of vertebrate and in at least six insect orders' immune responses. We identified PGE2 in midgut, fat body, Malpighian tubules, and ovarioles of Anopheles albimanus (Aa) mosquitoes. Our data indicate that PGE2 synthesis in cultured midguts responds to the presence of two bacterial species, Micrococcus luteus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The production of mRNA coding for antimicrobial peptides Aa‐Attacin, Aa‐Cecropin, and Aa‐Gambicin was observed in cultured fat bodies and midguts. The production of these messengers was reduced in the presence of dexamethasone, and this effect was reversed by arachidonic acid. Adding PGE2 to cultures resulted in increased Aa‐cecropin mRNA and decreased Aa‐attacin and Aa‐gambicin mRNAs. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 68:14–25, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Information‐centered research for large‐scale analyses of new information sources
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Wouters Paul , Fry Jenny
Published: April 2008

New mass publishing genres, such as blogs and personal home pages provide a rich source of social data that is yet to be fully exploited by the social sciences and humanities. Information‐centered research (ICR) not only provides a genuinely new and useful information science research model for this type of data, but can also contribute to the emerging e‐research infrastructure. Nevertheless, ICR should not be conducted on a purely abstract level, but should relate to potentially relevant problems.
Making the global information society good: A social justice perspective on the ethical dimensions of the global information society1
Authors: Britz Johannes J.
Published: April 2008

This article discusses social justice as a moral norm that can be used to address the ethical challenges facing us in the global Information Society. The global Information Society is seen as a continuation of relationships which have been altered by the use of modern information and communication technologies (ICTs). Four interrelated characteristics of the global Information Society also are identified. After a brief overview of the main socioethical issues facing the global Information Society, the article discusses the application of social justice as a moral tool that has universal moral validity and which can be used to address these ethical challenges. It is illustrated that the scope of justice is no longer limited to domestic issues. Three core principles of justice are furthermore distinguished, and based on these three principles, seven categories of justice are introduced. It is illustrated how these categories of justice can be applied to address the main ethical challenges of the Information Society.
The problem of information naïveté
Authors: Brody Roberta
Published: April 2008

With the rapidly changing Web‐enabled world, the already existing dichotomy between knowing of and knowing about, or information naïveté, widens daily. This article explores the ethical dilemmas that can result from the lack of information literacy. The article also discusses conditions and consequences of information naïveté, media bias, possessive memory, and limited contexts and abilities. To help avoid information failure, the author recommends producers, contributors, disseminators, and aggregators of information be less information naïve.
Energetische Sanierung von Schulgebäuden in den neuen Bundesländern – Sanierungsprojekt Förderschule Rathenow
Authors: Himburg Stefan
Published: April 2008

Die Sanierung von Schulen und schulähnlichen Gebäuden steht im Mittelpunkt aktueller Maßnahmen zur Energieeinsparung im Gebäudebestand. Das hier beschriebene Gebäude stellt den Standardtyp einer Großtafelbauserie in den neuen Bundesländern dar und weist im Hinblick auf die hohe Anzahl von 540 projektierten Gebäuden dieses Typs einen Modellcharakter auf. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass hinsichtlich des baulichen Zustandes dieser Gebäude ein vordringlicher Sanierungsbedarf besteht. Die Berechnungen zur energetischen Bewertung des Gebäudes zeigen eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung von ermittelten Bedarfswerten und vorliegenden Verbrauchswerten für die Heizenergie und dienen als Basis für prognostizierte energetische Einsparungen durch verschiedene Sanierungsmaßnahmen. Die neue Berechnungsnorm DIN 18599 gestattet hierbei eine wesentlich differenziertere Erfassung der Nutzungsrandbedingungen wie Nutzungszeiten, Personenbelegung, interne Wärmequellen und den Einfluss einer Nachtabsenkung.

Anhand von vergleichenden Berechnungen können verschiedene Sanierungskonzepte aufgestellt und bewertet werden.
Tauwasserausfall in Eissporthallen
Authors: Marquardt Helmut , Mainka Georg‐Wilhelm
Published: April 2008

Auf Grund von Schäden in der Holzkonstruktion bzw. Schimmelbildung an der Unterdecke wurden drei Eissporthallen in Norddeutschland näher untersucht. Temperatur‐ und Feuchtemessungen innerhalb und außerhalb dieser Hallen führten zu interessanten Ergebnissen: Während relativ warmer Winterperioden war die oberhalb der Eisfläche gemessene Oberflächentemperatur an den Dachunterseiten niedriger als die Hallenlufttemperatur und damit die relative Luftfeuchte an der Dachkonstruktion deutlich höher als außerhalb des Gebäudes. Dadurch fiel Tauwasser aus, welches von der Dachkonstruktion auf das Eis tropfte. Auch war – je nach Konstruktion – die Holzfeuchte am Ende des Winters sehr hoch, so dass teilweise holzzerstörende Pilze gefunden wurden bzw. deutliche Korrosion an den Stahlteilen festgestellt wurde.

In diesem Beitrag werden die Klimabedingungen in solchen Eissporthallen unter Berücksichtigung der Wärmeleitung, der Konvektion und der Strahlung mit vereinfachten Rechenmodellen simuliert. Die Ergebnisse nach Variation der Parameter werden diskutiert, woraus zwei Lösungen zum Absenken der Holzfeuchte bzw. zur Verringerung der Korrosionsgefahr in der Konstruktion entwickelt werden:

– Eine wärmegedämmte Unterdecke unter der belüfteten Dachkonstruktion schützt diese vor den Strahlungsverlusten an die kalte Eisfläche und den daraus resultierenden hohen Feuchten.

– Eine Lufttrocknungsanlage sorgt für trockenere Luft in der Eissporthalle. Dadurch kann die Luftfeuchte so weit gesenkt werden, wie für eine dauerhafte Konstruktion notwendig.
Dachentwässerungen im Zuge geänderter normativer Anforderungen und sich ändernder klimatischer Einwirkungen – eine Planungsaufgabe?
Authors: Röder Jörg
Published: April 2008

Die Dach‐ und Gebäudeentwässerung soll für den schadenfreien Abfluss des Regenwassers sorgen. Die planmäßige Dachentwässerung wird dabei “nur” für einen mittleren Regen ausgelegt. Schäden durch stärkere Regenereignisse sollen vermieden werden, indem die Möglichkeit einer Notentwässerung vorgesehen wird. Die Notentwässerung und die Sicherstellung der Funktionstüchtigkeit der Dachentwässerung durch eine regelmäßige Wartung stellen die Hauptanforderungen an Dach‐ und Gebäudeentwässerungen dar.

Die Planung und Bemessung von Rinnen und Fallleitungen erfolgt mit der neuen Normengeneration erstmals unter Verwendung hydraulischer Bemessungsgrundlagen und statistisch abgesicherter Regenspenden. Dennoch zeigen Fallbeispiele, dass der Planung und Bemessung von Dach‐ und Gebäudeentwässerungen zu wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wird. Die Folge sind nicht selten Wasserschäden an der Konstruktion.

Eine Analyse der Bemessungsverfahren verdeutlicht, dass auch in diesem sensiblen Bereich der Gebäudekonstruktion – im Gegensatz zur statischen Bemessung von Bauteilen – i. d. R. keine Sicherheiten vorgesehen sind. Diese wären jedoch im Zuge sich abzeic

hnender Klimaveränderungen u. a. zur Vermeidung von Überbeanspruchungen und Schäden durchaus sinnvoll.
Mehr Klimaschutz durch das Erneuerbare‐Energien‐Wärmegesetz?
Authors: Rabenstein Dietrich
Published: April 2008

Das Erneuerbare‐Energien‐Wärmegesetz kann nur dann die Erwartungen an die Klimaschutz‐Wirkung erfüllen, wenn in der Energieeinsparverordnung 2009 die Ansprüche an den Wärmeschutz gegenüber dem bisherigen Entwurf erheblich verstärkt werden. Es wird vorgeschlagen, die Nebenanforderung spezifischer Transmissionswärmeverlust durch die Nebenanforderung Jahres‐Heizwärmebedarf zu ersetzen.
Retinoic acid‐induced inner ear teratogenesis caused by defective Fgf3/Fgf10‐dependent Dlx5 signaling
Authors: Liu Wei , Levi Giovanni , Shanske Alan , Frenz Dorothy A.
Published: April 2008

Background: Retinoic acid (RA) is essential for inner ear development. However, exposure to excess RA at a critical period leads to inner ear defects. These defects are associated with disruption in epithelial–mesenchymal interactions. METHODS: This study investigates the role of Dlx5 in the epithelial–mesenchymal interactions that guide otic capsule chondrogenesis, as well as the effect of excess in utero RA exposure on Dlx5 expression in the developing mouse inner ear. Control of Dlx5 by Fgf3 and Fgf10 under excess RA conditions is investigated by examining the developmental window during which Fgf3 and Fgf10 are altered by in utero RA exposure and by testing the ability of Fgf3 and Fgf10 to mitigate the reduction in chondrogenesis and Dlx5 expression mediated by RA in high‐density cultures of periotic mesenchyme containing otic epithelium, a model of epithelial–mesenchymal interactions in which chondrogenic differentiation of periotic mesenchyme ensues in response to induction by otic epithelium. RESULTS: Dlx5 deletion alters expression of TGFβ1, important for otic capsule chondrogenesis, in the developing inner ear and compromises the ability of cultured periotic mesenchyme containing otic epithelium, harvested from Dlx5 null embryos, to differentiate into cartilage when compared with control cultures. Downregulation in Dlx5 ensues as a consequence of in utero RA exposure in association with inner ear dysmorphogenesis. This change in Dlx5 is noted at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5), but not at E9.5, suggesting that Dlx5 is not a direct RA target. Before Dlx5 downregulation, Fgf3 and Fgf10 expression is modified in the inner ear by excess RA, with the ability of exogenous Fgf3 and Fgf10 to rescue chondrogenesis and Dlx5 expression in RA‐treated cultures of periotic mesenchyme containing otic epithelium supporting these fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) as intermediary genes by which RA mediates its effects. CONCLUSIONS: Disruption in an Fgf3, ‐10/Dlx5 signaling cascade is operant in molecular mechanisms of inner ear teratogenesis by excess RA. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 2008. ©2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methods of evaluating human exposure to electromagnetic fields radiated from operating base stations in Korea
Authors: Kim Byung Chan , Choi Hyung‐Do , Park Seong‐Ook
Published: April 2008

This article presents measurement methods used to determine the human exposure to electromagnetic fields radiated from operating base stations. In Korea, when evaluating the human exposure to electromagnetic fields from operating base stations, the measurement procedure is different between the following cases: in situ measurement and electromagnetic environment measurement. When performing an in situ measurement, compliance with human exposure limits is determined by the spatially averaged field value obtained within the space occupied by humans at one arbitrary position, but when performing an electromagnetic environment measurement, it is determined by the maximum value at the highest field position selected from several places. Bioelectromagnetics 29:579–582, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computational chemistry approaches to drug discovery in signal transduction
Authors: Fischer Peter M.
Published: April 2008

The advent of therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting specific macromolecular components of deregulated signaling pathways associated with particular disease states has given rise to the idea that it should be possible to design ligands as drug candidates to these targets from first principles. This concept has been beckoning for a long time but structure‐based ligand design only became feasible once it was possible to determine the 3‐D structures of molecular targets at atomic resolution. However, structure‐based design turned out to be difficult, chiefly because under physiological conditions both receptors and ligands are not static but they behave dynamically. While it is possible to design ligands with high steric and electronic complementarity to a receptor site, it is always uncertain how biologically relevant the assumed conformations of both ligand and receptor actually are. The fact that it remains beyond our current abilities to predict with sufficient accuracy the affinity between hypothetical ligand and receptor poses is in part connected with this problem and continues to confound the reliable prediction of drug‐like ligands for therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made and so‐called virtual screening methods that use computational methods to dock candidate ligands into receptor sites and to score the resulting complexes are now used routinely as one of the components in drug discovery screening campaigns. Here an overview is given of the underlying principles, implementations, and applications of structure‐guided computational design technologies. Although the emphasis is on receptor‐based strategies, mention will also be made of some of the more established ligand‐based approaches, such as similarity analyses and quantitative structure–activity relationship methods.
Polymeric micelles anchored with TAT for delivery of antibiotics across the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Liu Lihong , Venkatraman Subbu S. , Yang Yi‐Yan , Guo Kun , Lu Jia , He Beiping , Moochhala Shabbir , Kan Lijing
Published: April 2008

Polymeric micelles self‐assembled from cholesterol‐conjugated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and anchored with transcriptional activator TAT peptide (TAT‐PEG‐b‐Col) were fabricated for delivery of antibiotics across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Ciprofloxacin, which demonstrated a high bactericidal effect, was efficiently loaded into the micelles by a membrane dialysis method. The ciprofloxacin‐loaded micelles were characterized via dynamic light scattering and SEM. The micelles were spherical in nature, having an average diameter of smaller than 180 nm. Sustained release of ciprofloxacin was achieved over 6 h in phosphate‐buffered saline (pH 7.4) at 37°C. Confocal laser scanning microscopy reveals that the uptake of Fluorescein 5‐isothiocyanate (FITC)‐loaded TAT‐PEG‐b‐Col micelles by human astrocytes was much higher than that of free FITC. Animal studies proved that these micelles crossed the BBB and entered the brain. The TAT‐conjugated micelles may be used to deliver antibiotics across the BBB for treatment of brain infections. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 617–623, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Convective‐diffusive mass transfer of agonist and the intracellular calcium response of endothelial cell
Authors: Kumar Vineet , Upadhyay S.N.
Published: April 2008

Endothelial cell layer regulates several crucial physiological processes of the vascular system. The mechanism of the response of this cell layer to the flow of surrounding fluid is still largely unclear. In the present article, a comparison of the available experimental results for the intracellular calcium ion concentration and theoretical results for the extra‐cellular ATP concentration obtained using a convective‐diffusive mass transfer model, has been made which supports the mass transfer model for the endothelial cell response to the fluid flow. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with the calculated values assuming the effect of ATP concentration alone. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 843–849. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Avoiding pacemaker lead entrapment during PFO closure
Authors: Demkow Marcin , Malek Lukasz A. , Ruzyllo Witold
Published: April 2008

We present a case of a patient with a history of cryptogenic stroke and implanted dual‐chamber pacemaker referred for transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO). During the procedure ventricular lead of the pacemaker was found to run alongside the PFO. This interrupted correct positioning and deployment of the Amplatzer occluder without sandwiching of the lead. A self‐prepared pigtail catheter with a cut off tip was used to move the lead away from the PFO. Subsequently, an occluder was successfully placed. In conclusion, difficulties in Amplatzer occluder placement in patients with implanted pacemaker may be overcome by a manoeuvre which prevents lead entrapment by the device. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity, Selectivity, and Aromaticity of Be32‐ and Its Complexes
Authors: Roy Debesh Ranjan , Chattaraj Pratim Kumar
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ab initio Study on Structure and Phase Transition of A‐ and B‐Type Rare‐Earth Sesquioxides Ln2O3 (Ln: La—Lu, Y, and Sc) Based on Density Function Theory.
Authors: Wu Bo , Zinkevich Matvei , Aldinger Fritz , Wen Dingzhong , Chen Lu
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Electrical Resistivity of Rare‐Earth Zinc Bismuthides REZn1‐xBi2 (RE: La, Ce, Pr).
Authors: Zelinska Oksana Ya. , Mar Arthur
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenoxosilicates of the Lanthanides. Part 1. The Crystal Structure of Gd[SiO3(OH)].
Authors: Hoess Patrick , Hartenbach Ingo , Schleid Thomas
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rare‐Earth Doped Glass Scintillators Effective to Spent Nuclear Fuels Through Photocatalyst.
Authors: Kawano K. , Tasaki H. , Hong B.‐C. , Ishitsuka T.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanido Ammonium Cations [NM4]9+ as Main Structural Features in Lanthanide(III) Nitride Chalcogenides and Their Derivatives.
Authors: Schleid Thomas , Lissner Falk
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrafine Neodymium Oxide Particles.
Authors: Zawadzki Miroslaw
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Mercury‐Substituted Type‐I Clathrates A8Hg4Sn42 (A: K, Rb, Cs).
Authors: Kaltzoglou Andreas , Ponou Simeon , Faessler Thomas F.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.