bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
V.—The Upper Chalk of North Lincolnshire
Authors: Burnet Arthvr
Published: May 2009

In the Summer of 1902 I commenced an exploration of the chalk-pits on the eastern border of the Lincolnshire Wolds, starting at Louth and working northward. Mr. W. Hill had previously visited this locality, and had proved the existence of the zone of Holaster planus at Boswell, three miles north-west of Louth, and also at Kirmington, much farther north. Mr. Jukes - Browne suggested to me that I should try and obtain fossils from the intermediate pits, and thus extend the work commenced by Mr. Hill. As the result of visits to about thirty pits, ranging from near Louth to Barrow-on-Humber, I have obtained further evidence of the zone of Holnster planus, and also some indications of the zone of Mieraster enrtestudinarium.
VI.—On the Stratigraphical Position of the Beds from which Prosopon Richardsoni, H. Woodward, was obtained
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

As some months will elapse before the results of my investigations of the Inferior Oolite and contiguous deposits of the district between Doulting, near Shepton Mallet, and Stroud, are published, in order to show from which beds the Prosopon described by Dr. Henry Woodward, F.R.S., was probably obtained, it appears desirable to give an outline of certain of these results.
VIII.—On the Chalk Section at the Waterworks Quarry, Marlow
Authors: Chatwin Charles P. , Withers Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

Having had occasion to work at the Chalk Rock in this quarry, we took advantage of the opportunity to examine the whole of the Chalk exposed above that bed, which, owing to the inaccessibility of the upper half of the quarry, had not been examined in detail. The floor of the quarry coincides in part with the top of the Chalk Rock, and as there is a vertical face of nearly 50 feet of Chalk above it, the junction of the zones of Holaster planus and Micraster cortestudinarium was to be expected in the upper portion of the section, and it was with the object of defining the junction of these two zones that we paid attention to the higher beds.
V.—The Probable Source of the Limestone Pebbles in the Bunter Conglomerate of West Somerset
Authors: Martin Edgar C.
Published: May 2009

When the Budleigh Salterton Pebble-bed is traced northward into Somerset it loses its unconsolidated character and passes into a calcareous conglomerate. The change takes place north of Burlescombe, and is complete at Thone St. Margaret; thence to Combe Florey this division of the New Red Sandstone Series is generally represented by a conglomerate composed of pebbles of limestone, quartz, and grit, more massive in its lower part. For some distance north of Combe Florey the upper beds of the division are faulted out and the lower beds are represented by a loose, rubbly gravel of subangular fragments of Devonian grit in an earthy or sandy matrix. The conglomerate reappears at Vellow, near Stogumber, and is found in several places in the Williton district, whilst in other places it is represented by gravels, sands, and sandstones.
VI.—The Microsauria, Ancestors of the Reptilia
Authors: Moodie Roy L.
Published: May 2009

One of the most interesting and most vexed questions in vertebrate palæontology at the present day is the one which concerns the origin and development of the reptiles. The progress of research has shown the Reptilia to be a wonderfully diverse class, and nearly thirty orders of animals have been assigned to the group. With all this diversity of structure there is, of course, associated a great diversity of habit. We know all kinds of extinct reptiles from the semi-aquatic to the aquatic, from the flying to the fossorial, from the arboreal to the subterranean, and many are the varying degrees of structure which are associated with these various habits of life.
VII.—On some Unrecorded Erratic Boulders in South Pembrokeshire
Authors: Chandler R. H.
Published: May 2009

During the past year several igneous erratic boulders have been noticed on the cliffs of South Pembrokeshire by Mr. A. L. Leach and myself, in situations where no such erratics were previously known, so that a record of the larger ones seems advisable; five of them being dealt with in the following paper. At Mewsford Point, near St. Govan's Head, there is a well-rounded boulder measuring 4 ft. 1 in. × 2 ft. 6 in. and about 2ft. 6in. high, weighing approximately 32 cwt., and visible from some distance because its outline and dark colour differ markedly from the surrounding crags of Carboniferous Limestone. It appears to be the southernmost igneous erratic boulder in Pembrokeshire, and hence is of more than usual interest.
VI.—On the Conversion of Olivine into Serpentine
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: May 2009

In the last volume of the Annals of British Geology (1893), just published, Professor Blake gives an abstract of a paper by me on “Variolite from Roundwood,” and incidentally calls attention to the discordance between the formulæ given by General McMahon, Dr. Roth, and myself, to explain the conversion of olivine into serpentine. I hasten at once to correct a slight error which occurs in my equation, but which, fortunately, does not affect the principal result of the argument, as the correct formula was used in making calculations. Amended, my equation is as follows:—
VII.—On the Formation at Low Temperatures of Certain Fluorides, Silicates, Oxides, Etc., in the Pipernoid Tuff of the Campania
Authors: Johnston-Lavis H. J.
Published: May 2009

When such minerals as mica, pyroxene, nepheline, fluorite, and hematite are mentioned to us, we can hardly avoid associating their genesis with very high temperatures, and if amphibole be added we are equally bound to imagine also the existence of high pressure. So deeply rooted is this, I might almost say, superstition that few petrographers, when they find such minerals lining the fissures or cavities in rocks, fail to immediately conclude that great heat, and sometimes pressure, is indicated by such an occurrence. No doubt that in the vast majority of cases they would be right, yet I hope to show in these notes that such minerals have occasionally been produced under little or no pressure at a temperature so low as to be insufficient to carbonize or even discolour the organic matter of bone, that is at a temperature considerably below that of an ordinary baking oven.
III.—On the Occurrence of Haliserites in the Upper Silurian and Upper Devonian Rocks of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Chapman Fredk
Published: May 2009

During the last few years there have passed through my hands for determination many specimens of a twig-like fossil-plant from the highest Silurian flaggy-sandstones of Victoria. These were usually too fragmentary to afford any very decided evidence as to their affinity, although their surfaces showed a close-textured and well-defined structure, referable to that of prosenchymatous wood-cells, and the stem had a definite central vascular axis, such as was first noticed by Hugh Miller in similar fossil remains from the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland.
V.—Note on Gazella Daviesii, Hinton, an Antelope from the Norwich Crag
Authors: Hinton Martin A. C.
Published: May 2009

In 1906 I described a horn-core of a small antelope which had been obtained long ago from the Norwich Crag of Bramerton, and which is now in the collection of Mr. A. S. Kennard. This specimen formerly formed part of the Bayfield collection, and Mr. William Davies had determined it as a horn-core of Capra or Antelope. A comparison showed that it was referable to the genus Gazella, but that it differed from Gazella anglica, a species from the Norwich Crag described by Mr. E. T. Newton, as well as from all the other living and fossil Gazelles respecting which I could obtain information. I therefore ventured to found a new species, G. Daviesii, for the reception of Mr. Kennard's specimen.
IV.—A Fossil Insect from the Coal-measures of Longton, North Staffordshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Some time since Mr. John T. Stobbs, F.G.S., obtained a very well-preserved impression in clay ironstone of the wing of a Neuropterous insect from the rich plant-bed at Foley, near Longton, North Staffordshire, which he very obligingly submitted to me for study. The geological horizon is that of the “Peacock Marl” (i.e., the marl overlying the Peacock Coal), and it therefore comes from near the top of the workable Coal-measures.
V.—On the Permian and Triassic Faunas of South Africa
Authors: Broom R.
Published: May 2009

Until recently very little attempt has been made to classify the reptilian fossils of the Karroo Beds according to their geological horizons. Seeley recognised certain zones—(1) the zone of Mesosaurs, (2) the zone of Pareiasaurs, (3) the zone of Dicynodonts, (4) the zone of specialised Theriodonts, and (5) the zone of Zanclodonts. While the order of these zones is correctly given they do not cover the whole period, and the third zone is an unnatural one.
II.—Sedgwick Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. E. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The recent gift to the Museum of a fine series of Lower Palæozoic fossils from the Haverfordwest area by Mr. V. M. Turnbull, M.A., who has personally collected them with much care, has at length provided us with the means of determining many of the interesting species which were mentioned without specific names (on account of their imperfect preservation) by Messrs. Marr and Roberts in their paper on this district. The collections from which their lists were drawn up are in the Sedgwick Museum.
II.—Some Eroded Hooks in Corsica
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

As I have recently seen certain cases of the curious hollowing out of rocks in Corsica, described by Mr. F. F. Tuckett (with a note from myself) in the January number of this Magazine, for which Mr. Lake suggested an explanation in the following number, I will add something to that note and intimate why I did not refer to desert regions for an explanation. The case which Mr. Lake mentions (“Das Gesetz der Wüstenbildung,” fig. 7) undoubtedly much resembles Mr. Tuckett's photographs, and so, to some extent, do figs. 16 and 17, more especially the latter. With these I was not then acquainted, perhaps having overlooked the book, because I wrote a notice of “Die Denudation in der Wüste,” when it appeared in 1891, and had formed the opinion that the author was disposed to work his hypothesis for rather more than it would stand. As, however, I knew there would shortly be a chance of my getting a glimpse of the Egyptian desert, I postponed stating why I had not suggested that kind of atmospheric erosion. In this region, however, I saw no more than I already knew, but on our return, owing to an unexpected change of plans, we spent an afternoon and part of the next day in harbour at Ajaccio, when, by a lucky chance, I hit upon some curious instances of erosion, which I think may be worth a brief description.
X.—Recent Coast Erosion in Suffolk: Dunwich to Covehithe
Authors: Spiller John
Published: May 2009

This communication brings up to date the record of losses on the _L Suffolk coast, and continues the report presented at the Ipswich Meeting, 1895, of which details were published in the Geological Magazine for January, 1896. Since that time scarcely a year has passed without the winter gales and high tides doing mischief at one or more points of the coast embraced within the above-mentioned limits; but whilst Lowestoft and Pakefield, Covehithe and Baston have all suffered very considerably, the cliffs at Dunwich remained until quite recently almost unaffected.
III.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Bryozoa (Polyzoa)
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Zoarium, always encrusting.

Zoœcia pyriform, average length, and breadth ·43 mm. and ·28 mm.; aperture semicircular, with a small tubercle at each side; front wall normally formed of five pairs of spines, the space between the lowest pair being filled by a triangular plate perforated at the apex and possibly tubular, as when it is broken off its base proves to be perforated; when there is a preceding zoœcium with an oœcium the fifth pair of spines and the triangular plate disappear, and the space so left is filled by the preceding oœcium, which always carries a small avicularium, possibly a relic of the triangular plate; the spines are not always strictly paired; the backbone is often depressed and pierced by irregular pores.
III.—Note on the genus Hastimima from Brazil and the Cape
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Professor seward has called my attention to Figs. 5 and 6 on Plate XXVIII, which accompanies his notes on Fossil Plants from Cape Colony. These fragmentary impressions of organic remains have been compared by him with similar doubtful plant-remains figured by Dr. David White from the Coal-measures of Brazil (see Commissao dos Estudos das Minas de Carvão de Pedra do Brasil, Estampa x and xi. Final Report by J. C. White, Rio de Janeiro, 1908, p. 589.) Dr. White had already doubted the vegetable nature of the specimens from Brazil, which doubt is shared by Professor Seward, but the latter expresses himself more definitely against the plant-nature of Figs. 5 and 6, Pl. XXVIII, from the Witteberg Series of Cape Colony. He has, in fact, suggested that they “represent part of a body-segment of a Eurypterid.” In this opinion I cordially agree. I also wish to add a word about the specimens figured under the name of Hastimima by Dr. David White from the Coal-measures of Brazil.
IV.—The Lower Pliensbachian— ‘Carixian’—of Charmouth
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

The Green Ammonite Beds of the Lias (called also the Wear Cliff Beds in the latest Survey publication on Lyme Regis) include the clays with occasional limestones that lie between the Belemnite Stone below and the lowest of the Three Tiers above. The lowest Tier contains ammonites of the margaritatus group, and the Belemnite Stone caps the top beds of the Belemnite Marls that may be placed in the ibex-valdani zone. So the Green Ammonite Beds may be said to constitute the upper part of such of the Pliensbachian or Charmouthian as lies below the Domerian. Buekman has applied the term ‘Charmouthian’ to this lower portion, thus restricting the term to a part only of what it originally included. I have already advocated the propriety of applying the term Charmouthian strictly with its original connotation, and would call those zones of it that lie below the Domerian,—Bonarelli's ‘Charmoutiano inferiore’—which certainly need an inclusive name, Carixian. The fullest published accounts of the Green Ammonite Beds are those in the Survey Memoirs, and may be summarized as follows: They extend from Black Ven on the west to Seatown on the east; traces only appear on Black Ven; the complete series occurs on Stonebarrow, though there “only the lower portion is well-exposed”; their thickness is about 100 feet, though variable, and as much as 125 feet to the east of Golden Cap; they consist of marly clays with ‘ferruginous bands’ and nodular limestones.
III.— Sedgwick Museum Notes. New Fossils from the Haverfordwest District. IV
Authors: Cowper Reed F. R.
Published: May 2009

The following species of Brachiopoda were recorded by Messrs. Marr & Roberts from the Ordovician beds of the Haverfordwest district:—
III.—An Excursion to the Volcanoes of Nevado de Toluca and Jorullo in Mexico
Authors: Hobson Bernard
Published: May 2009

In connection with the meeting of the Tenth International Geological Congress in the city of Mexico, an excursion, known as the Jorullo Excursion, was organised, of which the following is an account:—

Nevado de Toluca.
I.—A Contribution to Knowledge of the Fossil Fish Fauna of the English Purbeck Beds
Authors: Smith Woodward Arthur
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of the notes on some new fishes from the English Purbeck and Wealden Beds five years ago, the Rev. W. R. Andrews, of Teffont, has kindly entrusted to the writer for examination a fine series of Purbeckian fishes from the Vale of Wardour. All the members of this fauna are remarkably diminutive, compared with those met with in the corresponding formation in Dorsetshire; but nearly all the species are well preserved, and some are sufficiently novel to be worthy of detailed description. The Pycnodont genus Mesodon, which was first described from the English Purbeck in the paper already cited, is here represented by one or two more forms; the Lepidosteoid Macrosemius is now first definitely recorded as a British fossil; additional examples of Pleuropholis extend previous information of that genus; new specimens of Leptolepis Brodiei add to the known specific characters of this fish; and the opportunity is now afforded for publishing a figure of the small Palæoniscid, Coccolepis andrewsi.
IV.—Notes on “The Great Ice Age” in Relation to the Question of Submergence
Authors: Bell Dugald
Published: May 2009

Leaving those local matters, there is a point of some general interest, suggested by several passages of Dr. Geikie's work, which we should like briefly to notice before laying it aside. It is in regard to those repeated depressions and re-elevations of the land which he still favours in connection with the Glacial epoch. Dr. Geikie's latest “scheme” of that epoch seems to include at least five Glacial and four inter-Glacial periods, accompanied by submergences and re-elevations to the extent of between 500 and 600 feet—the maximum being for the present restricted to that amount. Frankly, we confess ourselves unable to see the proofs for so many Glacial and inter-Glacial periods, of which, if they did occur, it would apparently be impossible—on the author's own premises as to glacial erosion—now to discover any traces. Apart from this, we might remark on the inherent improbability of such extensive oscillations of the earth's crust having happened in recent geological times, without leaving more distinct evidence of themselves than the very scanty and doubtful deposits which we have been considering.
II.—The European Species of Etoblattina, with Drescription of a New Form
Authors: Scudder Samuel H.
Published: May 2009

For the convenience of students a first essay is here made to tabulate the European species of Etoblattina, the genus of Cockroaches most numerously represented in Carboniferous times, both in Europe and America. All the species described up to the present time are introduced, together with a new British species, a description of which is added. It will be seen that Deichmüller's var. Stelzneri (regarded by him as a form of E. flabellata) and Geinitz's var. dyadica (regarded by him as another form of the same) are considered distinct species; and that E. Rollei, Deichm., is not included, this last being more probably a Gerablattina. E. Peachii, Woodw., is also omitted, as the tegmina are undeveloped and therefore present no features which could admit it into the table. On the other hand, Blattina intermedia, Gold., formerly described by me as a Gerablattina, has had new light thrown upon it by Kliver, showing it to be an Etoblattina, and it is accordingly introduced here.
IV.—Woodwardian Museum Notes
Authors: Cowper Reed F. R.
Published: May 2009

The genus Cheirurus offers an interesting study in evolution. Barrande, in his monumental work on the Silurian System of Bohemia, drew up a classification of the genus based principally on the character of the pleural grooves. Thus he divided the species into two sections—
III.—Vertical Tertiaries at Bincombe, Dorset
Authors: Fisher Rev. O.
Published: May 2009

I have just read the abstract of Mr. Clement Reid's paper to the Geological Society (April 29, 1896) upon the Eocene deposits of Dorset. Many years ago I paid a good deal of attention to these beds, and have many notes upon what I saw. The section which I now send is reduced from my notebook, a section which in my belief has never been seen by any geologist except myself. It was taken when a large pit was open, and the section clear and unmistakable. I copy the words I wrote on the spot. “December 24, 1855. Examined the large gravel-pit recently opened in the Tertiary Eocene beds at Bincombe. A section is given on the last leaf [of the notebook]. The deep cuttings lately made show the beds to be vertical, following the dip of the chalk. The beds have much the character of those at Bournemouth, except that they are much coarser. The place of the large flints with fossils is shown in the section. The manner in which the ends of the vertical beds are bent over, and dragged down the slope of the hill, is particularly well shown.”
VI.—The Chalky and other Post-Tertiary Clays of Eastern England
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Among the so-called Glacial beds, none fills a larger place in geological literature than the Chalky Clay of Eastern England. I prefer to call it the Chalky Clay, as Searles Wood named it, rather than the Chalky Boulder-clay, because boulders in the true sense of the word, such as characterize the genuine Boulder-clays of North Britain, are infrequent in it. The term Chalky applied to this clay depends on the fact that it is more or less crowded with chalk rubble and chalk fragments of various sizes, and that it has also incorporated in it a considerable quantity of chalk dust, whence its colour and superficial appearance. These peculiarities, which mark it over a wide area from Yorkshire to Finchley, and from Southwold to Warwickshire, are, nevertheless, a secondary, and not a primary, feature of the clay, and have disguised and confused the problem of its explanation.
VI.—On the occurrence of Corundum produced by Contact-metamorphism on Dartmoor
Authors: Busz K.
Published: May 2009

Some three years ago, when travelling in Devonshire, I had the opportunity of visiting some places on Dartmoor, and of collecting on the border of the Dartmoor Granite some specimens of rocks, which on closer examination seemed to be of general interest. Although I have not finished the examination of these, yet I have made some remarkable observations, which I should like to describe to the readers of this Magazine.
III.— Note on the Faunal Succession in the Carboniferous Limestone (Avonian) near Llantrisant Station in the Bridgend Area, South Wales
Authors: Delépine G.
Published: May 2009

During the autumn of 1909, I made a short excursion into the Bridgend district and examined the Avonian sequence near Llantrisant. The present note embodies the results of a few traverses and suggests a correlation with the sequence already established at other points of the South-West Province.
V.—Two New Species of Eurypterus from the Coal-Measures of Ilkeston, Derbyshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

By the kindness of Mr. Henry A. Allen, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of England, three examples of Eurypterus, in clay-iron-stone nodules, showing impression and counterpart, together with a fragment of a fourth example, all from the Coal-measures to the north - west of Ilkeston, have been most obligingly lent me for description by their discoverer, Dr. L. Moysey, M.A., of St. Moritz, Ilkeston Road, Nottingham.
V.—Notes on Metriorhynchus superciliosus, Desl.
Authors: Leeds E. Thurlow
Published: May 2009

The commonest species of the genus Metriorhynchus occurring in the Oxford Clay of the Peterborough district is Metriorhynchus superciliosus (Desl.). The species found in the above locality has been identified with that of Deslongehamps by the late Mr. J. W. Hulke, F.R.S., in his paper “On the Skeletal Anatomy of the Mesosuchia” (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, November 20th, 1888), and also by Mr. Lydekker in the “Catalogue of Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia,” part iv, Suppt., p. 232. Mr. Lydekker, at the time he compiled the Catalogue, brought a east of part of the skull of M. supercilicsus to compare with the numerous skulls in the Eyobury Collection.
III.—Sedgwick Museum Notes. A New Species of Lichas
Authors: Cowper Reed F. R.
Published: May 2009

It is rarely the ease that we find complete individuals of any species of Lichas, especially in the Ordovician rocks, but several entire specimens belonging to a new British species have been recently collected by Mr. V. II. Turnbull from the Dufton Shales near Melmerby, and detached head shields, pygidia, and hypostomes from the same locality and horizon are not uncommon. Since most species of Lichas have been founded on detached and isolated portions of the body, it is desirable to give a somewhat full description of this new form, which belongs to a group of the genus not previously recognised with certainty in the British Isles.
VI.—Iron Ore Supplies
Authors: Brough Bennett H.
Published: May 2009

Of all the problems with which the practical geologist has to deal, none is of greater importance at the present time than the discovery of fresh sources of iron ore supply. Every inhabitant of the United Kingdom, of the United States, and of Germany requires annually about a quarter of a ton of the iron of which the world last year produced 60,000,000 tons, the result of the smelting of over 120,000,000 tons of ore. Year by year the production and consumption are increasing, and many of the deposits of the richer ores are showing signs of depletion. The question of ascertaining how the demand for the vast supplies of iron ore that will in the future be needed will be met calls, therefore, for very serious consideration, and a few statistical notes may be useful as a contribution to a discussion of the subject.
VI.—Notes on some Coastal Features in Co. Waterford III. Tramore Bay to Dunmore East
Authors: Cowper Reed F. R.
Published: May 2009

The projecting mass of land between Tramore Bay and the mouth of the River Suir consists of Old Red Sandstone, and the cliffs are mostly high, bold, and precipitous. The valleys which descend to the sea are more or less filled with Boulder-clay and other drift materials, testifying to their pre-Glacial oxcavation. The geological history of these valleys and of the large shallow lagoon lying inside the long spit of sand dunes which nearly cuts off the head of Tramore Bay deserves a separate article, and we will therefore here commence with the description of the eastern shore of this bay stretching from Summerville to Brownstown Head. Messrs. Wright & Muff in their paper on the pre-Glacial shore-line of the South of Ireland made no reference to this portion of the Waterford coast.

The cliff below Summerville House is composed of the usual type of Boulder-clay of the district, but devoid of any large boulders; it is capped by 4–8 inches of whitish to yellow marl without any stones; above this comes 1–2 feet of wind-blown sand immediately beneath the thin soil. The Boulder-clay here is only about 6 feet thick, and the total height of the cliffs is only 8–12 feet. The line of these drift-formed cliffs recedes inland behind the large triangular area of grass-grown hummocky land which projects seawards at Bass Point; this area represents a comparatively recent accumulation of sand which has been built outwards for some 200 yards from the base of the cliffs so as to narrow the channel of Rinnashark Harbour leading into the Back Strand lagoon.
VIII.—On a Glacial Drift at Marros, near Amroth
Authors: Leach A. L.
Published: May 2009

One mile and a half east of Amroth a small valley which opens on the coast of Carmarthen Bay at Marros shows drift deposits of much interest. The valley itself is noteworthy. Like several others in the vicinity it is deeply cut in comparison with its width; the gradient of the valley sides is as high as 1 in 2, and the depth below the bordering hills is not less than 300 feet. The stream, which now drains the valley, rises on Marros Mountain, barely 2 miles from the shore, and flows down the main dip-slope of the Coal-measures, which here are greatly disturbed by folds and faults.
IV.—On the occurrence of Wind-worn Pebbles in High-level Gravels in Worcestershire
Authors: Wills Leonard J.
Published: May 2009

Wind-worn Pebbles are somewhat rare in England, and accordingly it may be of interest to record the occurrence of a deposit of which they from a prominent feature. This has been met with in several quarry-sections at Hill Top, near Bromsgrove in Worcestershire, at about 350 feet above sea-level. I am indebted to Mr. Willcox, the owner of one of the quarries, for Pointing out these Pebbles to me.
III.—Some Ambulacral Structures in the Holectypoida
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

The phenomena of ‘plate-crushing’ in the course of the growth of the ambulacra of the regular Echinoids have for many years been utilized for purposes of classification of those forms, but the similar features which exist among some of the irregular types have not been studied in such detail as to render them systematically useful. It is with a view to showing that the structure of the ambulacra in one group of the Echinoidea Irregularia can be relied upon as an index of the relationships of the various genera, that this note has been written. It makes no pretence at completeness, as the material and time available have not been sufficient to allow of an exhaustive study. But the results of those observations that have been made seem to indicate that among the Holectypoida it should be possible, with the aid of zonal collecting, to trace genetic series among the various species, and perhaps to bridge the gulfs existing between the genera, by a study of their ambulacral plating.
IV.—Wind Erosion on the Coast of Mull
Authors: Bosworth T. O.
Published: May 2009

The Ross of Mull is a comparatively low-lying peninsula exposed to the storms and swept by gales from the Atlantic. On these rocky shores are occasional stretches of sand which frequently have been driven inland, forming dunes and patches of blown sand at intervals around the coast. Sometimes the sand is forced up the cliffs and deposited more than 100 feet above the sea, and there are places in the centre of the peninsula where the blown shell-material is quite a noticeable constituent in the soil.
IV.—On Quartzite Lenticles in the Schists of South-Eastern Anglesey
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

The prevailing type of schist in the south-east of Anglesey, for some miles to the north and north-west of Beaumaris, is a wavily foliated, pale-green, chloritic rock, the quartz in which, though more abundant than appears at first glance, is in a very fine state of subdivision. In a common variety, especially prevalent about Llanddona, quartz forms nearly the whole of the rock, but it is still in very compact seams, separated by partings of chlorite or mica.
VIII.—On a Pygidium ofBronteusfrom the Devonian of Gerolstein, Eifel, preserved in the Collection of the late Mr. Townshend M. Hall in the Athenæum, Barnstaple.
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Many years ago the late Mr. Townshend M. Hall, F.G.S., of Pilton, Barnstaple, specially devoted his energies to the geology and palæontology of the Devonian rocks of North Devon, and in addition to a set of fossils acquired from him, now in the British Museum (Natural History), he left a series of local fossils to the Museum in the Athenæum at Barnstaple. This collection has been kindly curated by Mr. J. G. Hamling, F.G.S., of The Close, Barnstaple, North Devon, who takes a deep interest in the geology of the district. Mr. Hamling has called my attention to an interesting specimen in this collection which proves to be a pygidium ofBronteus, collected by the late Mr. Townshend M. Hall in the Devonian rocks of Gerolstein in the Eifel, which country he had visited many years ago in company with the late Mr. John Edward Lee, F.G.S., of Torquay. In remembrance of that excursion Mr. Hall had presented the counterpart of this fossil to Mr. J. E. Lee, and it was supposed to be in this gentleman's collection, but it cannot now be found. There is, I believe, a good cast of the fossil in the Townshend Hall Collection in the Natural History Museum.
IX.—The Characteristics of British Earthquakes: A Summary of Twenty-one Years' Work
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

For a detailed study of the earthquakes of any district, an interval of twenty-one years is too brief. Long-period variations of frequency cannot be established. We can form no satisfactory conception of the distribution of seismic energy in space, for some foci may lie inactive for a much longer time, while others may continue in operation without apparent change. But, to ascertain the characteristic features of the earthquakes, to investigate their relations with those which precede and follow them, or to trace their connexion with the structure of the central districts, such an interval is possibly of sufficient length. In any case, the defects resulting from its brevity may be partly compensated by uniformity in treatment and in the methods of investigation.
III.—The Residual Earths of British Guiana commonly Tremed ‘Laterite’
Authors: Harrison J. B. , Reid K. D.
Published: May 2009

The Christianburg and Akyma deposits afford excellent examples of the highly aluminous or bauxitic type of laterite formation. They here occur as parts of a residuary deposit derived from the decomposition in situ of an igneous rock, probably a porphyrite or a tuff, an almost pure quartz-sand, and masses of bauxite containing in the more aluminous varieties from 92·6 to 94·4 per cent. of the hydrates of alumina and in the ferruginous ones 64·6 per cent. of the hydrates of alumina with about 24 per cent. of the oxides and hydrates of iron.
IV.—Flowing Wells and Sub-Surface Water in Kharga Oasis
Authors: Beadnell Hugh John Llewellyn
Published: May 2009

The Possibility of obtaining, under certain conditions, flowing wells from these sandstones has been brought to my notice by the discovery that in the neighbourhood of El Dêr, on the east side of the depression, flowing water is obtainable from comparatively shallow wells sunk on the crest of the anticlinal fold, which runs north and south through that district, through the red shales to the underlying surface-water sandstone (see section). I am unable to speak positively of the original depth of the ancient wells in this district, but when one of those to the north of El Dêr was taken in hand, cleaned out and cased. flowing water was met with at a depth of 65 metres, below which untouched ground was struck. The flow increased on drilling a few metres into the sandstone rock below, and the bore has now given a fairly steady discharge of about 40 gallons per minute for over twelve months.
II.—OnHerpetopora, a New Genus Containing Three New Species of Cretaceous Cheilostome Polyzoa
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

In a report on a visit of the Geologists' Association to the exhibits of Polyzoa and Corals in the Geological Department of the British Museum in February, 1913, the author had occasion to mention two related and unnamed species of uniserial Chalk Polyzoa that hitherto had appeared in records asHippothoa dispersa(von Hagenow). neither of which was this species, nor did either belong to the genusHippothoa, Lamouroux. Since one of these two forms is very common in the English Chalk and the other not rare, it is time for a description of them to be published, that collectors may have distinctive names for them. In addition, a third form that has occurred in England is described, and the rest of the species included in the genus are mentioned, so that an idea of the genus as a whole may be formed.
3. The Geological Relations of South Georgia
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The special interest of the island of South Georgia depends on the evidence it promises as to the geological history of that part of the Southern Ocean which lies south of the South Atlantic. According to the well-known views of Professor Suess, South Georgia is on a continuation of the mountain line of the Andes, which at the southern end of South America bends eastward along the northern margin of Drake's Sea and continues 30° to the east, where it turns southward; it completes a great horseshoe-shaped course by passing through South Georgia and returning westward through the South Orkneys to Grahamland.
III.—Notes on the Petrology of a Portion of the North Kalgoorlie Field
Authors: Farquharson R. A.
Published: May 2009

The majority of the numerous papers that have already been published on the petrology of Kalgoorlie have dealt with the subject only in a more or less general way. Few investigators have hitherto devoted their energies to the study of one portion of the field, and even Larcombe, whose main thesis seems to have been the study of the Golden Mile, has chosen an area in which owing to the magnitude and depth of the lode formations, and the consequent chemical and thermodynamic alterations, definite clues as to the original rock types could hardly be expeoted to remain, since there can be no doubt that in petrology, as in stratigraphy, much light can occasionally be thrown on the most difficult portions of a field by the study of the outlying portion. It has therefore been with considerable interest that the investigation of the North End has been begun.
V.—What is a Metamorphic Rock?
Authors: Schwarz E. H. L.
Published: May 2009

The latest book on metamorphism, Dr. V. Grubenmann'sKristallinen Schiefer, still leaves it an open question what a metamorphic rock is. Generally speaking there is no doubt about the matter; every geologist has a more or less precise idea of what he means by the term, but no one has yet been able to propound a definition which is perfectly satisfactory, and which will enable one to distinguish a metamorphic rock from all other kinds and at the same time convey an expression of the characteristic peculiarities inherent in such a rock. The need of a definition is very necessary. The want of it has led Dr. Grubenmann to include some rocks among the crystalline schists which one ordinarily would not refer to that class, and on the other hand there are some rocks frequently referred to that class which are not included. In the first case, the masses of emery form the twelfth group of Dr. Grubenmann's classification, yet the analysis of the Naxos emery, which reveals traces of boric oxide (1.15 per cent. in one case) would seem to place these lenses among the ore-bodies deposited by pneumatolitic action.
IV.—On the Flexibility of Rooks; with Speoial Reference to the Flexible Limestone of Durham
Authors: Card George W.
Published: May 2009

The existence of rocks possessing, when the laminæ are not too thick, the property of flexibility has long been known. Upon flexible sandstone (“Itacolumite”) a great deal has been written at different times, and of late years important work has been done which renders it necessary to greatly modify the opinions formerly held with regard to this rock. Notwithstanding the interest which, is attached to the subject, it is one very much neglected by our textbooks, the British, either ignoring it altogether, or treating it with the utmost brevity, the German, while sometimes referring to it at considerable length, do not do more than enunciate the old views. To Prof. Judd—who has kindly aided me with advice, and by affording facilities for preparing this paper—I owe the suggestion that it would therefore be useful to give a résumé of the present state of our knowledge upon the flexibility of rocks in general.
II.—Notes on New or Imperfectly Known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

The group of Membraniporæ, with a small median barred avicularium placed immediately above the oæcium, of which M. Griffithi, Bryd., is a leading instance, contains several Senonian members in addition to the Trimingham forms (M. Triminghamensis, M. anterides, M. humiliata) which I have already described in this Magazine. They seem to arise first in the zone of Micraster cor-anguinum.

Membranipora Simulacrum, sp. nov. (Pl. XXVI, Figs. 1, 2.)

Zoarium unilaminate, always adherent.

Zoæcia large, very slightly subpyriform, areas oval, with average length .5 to .55 mm. and breadth .3 mm.; side walls bent slightly inwards, and so low and slender that at a hasty inspection they might be taken to be mere ghosts of some species with a low arched front wall.
V.—An Ancient Glacial Shore
Authors: Reade T. Mellaed
Published: May 2009

In a cutting of the Seacombe Branch of the Wirral Railway at the present moment is to be seen a deposit which cannot be other than a glacial shore. It is about 18 inches thick, covered by a bed of Boulder-clay some 8 feet thick, and has been exposed by the cutting for a distance of 16 chains running south-east and north-west, to the south-east of the point of intersection of the Railway with Poulton Road. The rise is 16 feet in this distance at a regular up-grade towards Poultou Road, and the average level about 60 feet above O.D. Transversely to the Railway it is about level, and over the whole of the area—1056 feet by 30 feet=3520 superficial yards—the deposit occurred and was excavated by the steam navvy. The bed is composed of pretty clean sand with some small gravel, and is crowded with shell fragmentsinall stages of decay. It is precisely like a modern beachinconstitution, extent and slope, but what renders the fact more certain is the great quantity of clay balls or boulders mixed with the sand. These balls are covered over their surface with small gravel, shells and sand, picked up as they rolled about on the beach, just like the mud balls we find on the shore at Crosby at the present day. On being cut into with a knife these clay balls are seen to be formed of ordinary compact brown Boulder-clay, and they are pretty hard. The contractor, Mr. Davies, who is much interested in the geology of the cutting, tells me that these clay balls are found all over the area in great profusion, and as far as I tested the bed, which I did in at least half-a-dozen places, I found the statement correct. He also informed me that the bed is underlain by silt, but it has not been tested more than a few feet deep. I picked up and brought away about twenty clay balls varyinginsize from 3 inches down to ¾ inch diameter, some of them being spherical and others ellipsoidal inform.
VI.—Jurassic Ammonites: Notes on a Pamphlet by Dr.Emle Haug
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: May 2009

In the twentieth volume of the Bulletin de la Société geologique de France (p.277) a valuable paper with the above title was published. It contains three plates with a number of species, six of which are said to be new. That I cannot agree with all his conclusions Dr. Haug knows well, for, before the work appeared, the author kindly sent me copies of his proof plates for my opinion, and several letters passed between us on the subject; that he cannot agree with all my opinions on matters palæontological the author readily confesses in the present paper. Nevertheless in two cases of importance this paper does bring us more closely into agreement, as I will point out presently.
I.—On large Terrestrial Saurians from the Rhætio Beds of Wedmork Hill, described as Avalonia Sanfordi and Picrodon Herveyi
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: May 2009

In 1894 Mr. W. A. Sanford described, in the Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological Society (vol. xl, 1894, p. 234), the geological circumstances of the discovery of a large fossil reptile. The fossil bones were found by the Eev. Sydenham H. A. Hervey and himself in the Rhætic beds in the parish of Wedmore, in the Vale of Glastonbury; and compared to Megalosaurus in its large size and carnivorous character. The remains were generously presented to the British Museum (Natural History) at South Kensington. I have now to redeem a promise made by Mr. Sanford in his paper that I would name and describe the specimens.
III.—Narrative of a Geological Journey through Russia
Authors: Harris Geo. F.
Published: May 2009

The meeting of the International Geological Congress at St. Petersburg towards the end of August last year was about as successfulinpromoting (he main objects the Congress has in view as any of its predecessors. There was a marked absence of anything like a serious radical programme, and in that sense the meeting may be said to have been progressive. The majority of the papers read were commonplace, the few exceptions being mostly in the domain of petrology. Every geologist who attended the meeting was grateful to the Organizing Committee for getting together such a nice little exhibition of specimens, maps, and models for the occasion. It was full of interest.
I.—Note on the Antlers of a Red-Deer (Cervus elaphus, Linn.) from Alport, Youlgreave, near Bakewell, Derbyshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In 1891, Frank S. Goodwin, Esq., of Bakewell, Derbyshire, presented to the British Museum (Natural History) a pair of antlers of red-deer, with fragments of the calvarium attached, which had been obtained, with other cervine remains, from a tufaceous deposit of comparatively modern date near Bakewell, Derbyshire.
II.—Professor Hull “On the Submerged Platform of Western Europe.”
Authors: Fisher Osmond
Published: May 2009

To appreciate more fully Professor Hull's interesting paper “On the Submerged Terraces and River Valleys bordering the Britisli Isles,” it is necessary to refer to the Transactions of the Victoria Institute,inwhich the paper is illustrated by a map showing the contour-lines and soundings. The author thinks that the steep descent from the surface of the 100-fathom plateau to the abyssal floor of the Atlantic is analogous to an escarpment, instancing the Cotteswold Hills and other examples, and argues from this that the steep descent in question has been due to the forces of subaerial denudation, and has had a terrestrial origin.
IV.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: A New Trilobite from Mount Stephen, Field, B.C.
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

A representative collection of fossils from the Middle Cambrian beds of Mount Stephen, Field, British Columbia, has recently been brought back by Mr. S. H. Reynolds, M.A., F.G.S., and presented to the Woodwardian Museum. The fauna has been described by Rominger and Walcott; and the latter has compared it to that from the Highland range, near Pioche, Nevada, and from near Antelope Spring, Western Utah. The section at Field has been described by Mr. E. G. McConnell.
I.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: A New Carboniferous Trilobite
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

A Mongst the fossils collected from the Pendleside Limestone of Butterhaw Knoll, Cracoe, Yorkshire,inwhich Cyphaspis acanthina. (Coignou) was discovered a few years ago, there are in the Woodwardian Museum a few specimens of a species of Phillipsia, which were foundin1889 by Professor Hughes' same geological party. My attention has been recently directed to them, and it has become evident, after a careful examination, that they do not belong to any of the hitherto described species of this genus.
II.—On some Life Zones in the Lower Palæozoic Rocks of the British Areas, as defined mainly by Researches During the Past 30 Years
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

From the foregoing remarks it will be seen that the Middle Cambrian, as at present defined, is characterized by having numerous Life Zones in which, usually, species of the genus Paradoxides, or of some closely allied forms, may be considered the dominant organisms. Up to the present the genus Olenellus, so typical of the Lower Cambrian rocks, has not been foundindirect association with Paradoxides, but some of the associated genera are equally characteristic both of the Lower and of the Middle Cambrian.