bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined Spinal‐Epidural Anesthesia in a Dog
Authors: NOVELLO LORENZO , CORLETTO FEDERICO
Published: February 2006

Objective—To report use of combined spinal epidural anesthesia for tail resection and surgical exploration of the pelvic canal and the perineal–pararectal area in a dog.

Animal—A 4‐month‐old, 13 kg male Collie dog.

Methods—Under inhalant anesthesia, an epidural catheter was threaded through a Tuohy needle at L5–L6. Then using a Whitacre spinal needle bupivacaine and fentanyl were administered in the subarachnoid space at L6–L7 level. Fifteen minutes later, morphine was administered epidurally. Bupivacaine and morphine were administered epidurally 4 hours after the subarachnoid injection.

Results—No cardiorespiratory response to surgical stimulation was observed. Postoperative analgesia was satisfactory, and the catheter was removed 30 hours later. No complications or neurologic sequelae occurred before discharge or were noted 10 days later.

Conclusion—Combined spinal‐epidural anesthesia provided excellent intraoperative anesthesia and perioperative analgesia in a dog undergoing surgery involving the pelvic canal.

Clinical Relevance—Combined spinal‐epidural anesthesia can be performed in dogs, and its use should be considered in major surgeries caudal to the diaphragm, as the epidural catheter allows cranial extension of the block, providing excellent intraoperative anesthesia and perioperative analgesia.
Cesarean Section and Ovariohysterectomy After Severe Uterine Torsion in Four Cows
Authors: SCHÖNFELDER AXEL M. , SOBIRAJ AXEL
Published: February 2006

Objective— To report a technique for intra‐partum ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in cows after severe uterine compromise after uterine torsion.

Study Design— Clinical case report.

Animals— Four cows with uterine torsion.

Methods— After a ventrolateral cesarean section, uterine closure, and uterine detorsion, the laparotomy incision was elongated (20 cm) caudally so that the uterus can be completely exteriorized. The uterus was separated from broad ligaments by transection between 2 rows of overlapping interrupted sutures placed in the broad ligaments to a point ∼2 cm caudal to the external os of the cervix. The vagina was occluded with 2 clamps directly caudal to the external os of the cervix and closed with 5 single cruciate sutures that penetrated all layers, and then the vagina was transected between the suture line and external os to remove the uterus. The abdominal incision was closed in layers.

Results— All cows survived the surgery; however, 1 died the next day from Escherichia coli sepsis and 1 was euthanatized at 8 days because of unresponsive E. coli mastitis. One cow, 28 days after surgery developed a 15 cm perivaginal abscess, which resolved after drainage. This cow and the fourth cow survived and lactated.

Conclusions— Intra partum OVH is technically possible after cesarean section in cows with uterine compromise or necrosis after uterine torsion.

Clinical Relevance— Ovariohysterectomy should be considered in cows with severe uterine torsion that have uterine tissue compromise to improve survival.
The Fate of Academic Freedom in the Age of High Liberalism: The Case of Charles Beard
Authors: Brown David
Published: February 2006

In the early years of the Cold War, the American historical community fought vigorously over the reputation of Charles Beard. Midwestern progressives defended his legacy, while postwar liberals denounced Beard as an isolationist whose scholarship had not prepared the United States to fight either German fascism or Soviet communism. This essay explores the attack on Beard, its implications for academic freedom, and its role in silencing critics of the Cold War.
Racial Purity or Legal Clarity? The Status of Black Residents in Eighteenth‐Century France
Authors: Boulle Pierre H.
Published: February 2006

This article surveys the legislation concerning the residence of colonial slaves and nonwhites in general in eighteenth‐century France. On the one hand, it shows an increasing concern with race on the part of the elite, heavily influenced by colonial attitudes, leading to laws increasingly reminiscent of apartheid; on the other hand, it reveals the state's inability to enforce its own regulations in the context of privilege, resulting in a legal confusion typical of late ancien‐ŕegime law.
Asia First?
Authors: Duchesne Ricardo
Published: February 2006

This paper defends the traditional argument that sometime in the medieval/early modern era Europe took a historical path that set it decisively apart from other civilizations. The claim is not that medieval/early modern Europe was already more advanced than Asia in terms of overall economic performance, technological capability, and living standards. It is that from the twelfth century onwards Europe showed itself to be a great learner, in a cumulative, self‐reinforcing process of assimilation, innovation, and invention. This modern trait gave Europe a unique developmental dynamic.
Opening Our Eyes: History and the Social Sciences
Authors: Hoffman Philip T.
Published: February 2006

Historians make practically no use of new intellectual tools from the social sciences that are revolutionizing fields such as law or political science, even though the tools lend themselves to the study of the past. True, they may not suit every historian, but why should we forsake methodological assistance that can broaden our perception of the past and help us decide what is important?
George W. Bush's City on a Hill
Authors: Lyons Paul
Published: February 2006

This paper explores the various and sometimes contradictory meanings of the metaphor of A City on a Hill, with an emphasis on how such an investigation can contribute to an understanding of the foreign policy of George W. Bush, especially in terms of the War on Terrorism in general and the war in Iraq in particular. The strands within the metaphor include religious, political, economic, and technological dimensions which too often exacerbate the confusions about national self‐image many Americans have about our role in the world and about what has been called the right‐wing Wilsonianism of the Bush White House. Greater clarity about the role of this metaphor in our history might help in minimizing what can fittingly be called the law of unintended consequences.
St. George Tucker: The First Modern American Law Professor
Authors: Klafter Craig Evan
Published: February 2006

This article argues that St. George Tucker, during his tenure as Professor of Law and Police at the College of William and Mary from 1790 to 1804, transformed American law professors, as distinguished from their English counterparts, into teachers who have primarily focused on educating students for the practice of nearly all areas of law, and who have influenced the development of law through legal scholarship and activism.
High‐Resolution Analysis of the Surface P Wave as a Measure of Atrial Electrophysiological Substrate
Authors: Redfearn Damian P. , Lane Joanne , Ward Kevin , Stafford Peter J.
Published: February 2006

Background: At present atrial electrophysiology can only be assessed by invasive study. This limits available data in humans concerning atrial electrophysiologic changes in disease and in response to intervention. Indirect evidence suggests that the signal‐averaged P wave (SAPW) may provide noninvasive markers of atrial electrophysiology but no direct evaluations that measure both refractoriness and conduction time have been reported.

Methods: We investigated 9 patients attending for diagnostic electrophysiological studies (4 male; mean age 35.7 years). A 20‐pole catheter was positioned in the right atrium; a decapole catheter was placed in the coronary sinus. Atrial effective refractory period (AERP) and conduction times were measured at the lateral and septal right atrium and the left atrium during sinus rhythm (SR) and at pacing cycle lengths of 600, 500, and 400 ms. Simultaneous SAPW recordings were taken during SR and pacing at 600 ms. Intravenous flecainide (2 mg/kg) was given after which the protocol was repeated.

Results: Flecainide slowed conduction significantly at all sites (P < 0.05). During baseline measurements, rate adaptation of AERP was observed (P < 0.02 at the septum). Flecainide increased filtered P wave duration (P < 0.05) and reduced P wave energies (P < 0.05). Negative correlation was observed between P wave energies and conduction time with an inverse relationship between high‐frequency energy and left atrial AERP.

Conclusions: The SAPW provides a noninvasive marker of atrial electrophysiology.
Prognostic Significance of Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Diphtheritic Myocarditis After Hospital Discharge: A Long‐Term Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Celik Turgay , Selimov Nazim , Vekilova Afet , Kursaklioglu Hurkan , Iyisoy Atila , Kilic Selim , Isik Ersoy
Published: February 2006

Objective: We aimed to investigate the long‐term cardiac mortality and the relationship between cardiac mortality and electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with diphtheritic myocarditis who survived after hospital discharge.

Materials and Methods: Between 1991 and 1996, 32 patients (all males, mean age 21.00 ± 3.77 years) surviving diphtheritic myocarditis were included in the study and they were followed up for an average of 16.3 months (range 10.3–26.8 months) after hospital discharge. Clinical evaluation, ECG, and echocardiography were performed on admission, daily while in hospital and at the time of discharge. ECG changes were permanent during the follow‐up period. The causes of death of the patients during follow‐up period were inferred from the death records of the patients and talking to the people witnessing cardiac arrest.

Results: We observed that the patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) and T wave inversion at hospital discharge had lower survival rates than that of the patients without these ECG changes in the long term. Although univariate Cox regression analysis identified LBBB (P = 0.001) and T wave inversion (P = 0.014) as the predictors of survival, only LBBB was an independent predictor of survival in multivariate Cox regression analysis. Adjusted hazard ratio was calculated as 13.67 for LBBB (P = 0.001; CI = 2.81–66.28).

Conclusion: Diphtheritic myocarditis does not only demonstrate a malignant clinical course during acute phase of the disease, but also during the long‐term follow‐up period, especially in patients with LBBB and T wave inversion. Besides, T wave inversion and LBBB can help us to predict survival rate of the patients in long term. Moreover, LBBB is an independent predictor of long‐term survival in diphtheritic myocarditis.
Long R–P′ Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: What Is the Mechanism?
Authors: Richmond H. C. Tyler , Saucier Nathan A. , Littmann Laszlo
Published: February 2006

Deciphering the electrophysiologic mechanism of a long R–P′ paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia typically requires an invasive electrophysiologic study. We present a case where analysis of a simple surface 12‐lead ECG was sufficient for the diagnosis.
The History, Science, and Innovation of Holter Technology
Authors: Kennedy Harold L.
Published: February 2006

Holter technology has endured for more than 40 years, and proven to be a valuable adjunctive noninvasive diagnostic technology to record the ambulatory or long‐term electrocardiogram in the study of living creatures. During this span of time, many scientists, physicians, and innovators contributed to the development and evolution of Holter technology. This essay seeks to document a view of the history and evolution of the technology during that time, and concomitantly give recognition to the scientists, physicians, and engineers who contributed so greatly.
Effects of Atropine and Pirenzepine on Heart Rate Turbulence
Authors: Vukajlovic Dejan D. , Guettler Norbert , Miric Milutin , Pitschner Heinz Friedrich
Published: February 2006

Background: It has been shown that mortality risk in patients after myocardial infarction could be estimated by heart rate turbulence (HRT), a short‐term change in heart rate after ventricular premature beat (VPB), presumably caused by baroreceptor mechanism. We sought to determine whether pharmacological blockade with atropine, or augmentation of vagal tone with pirenzepine given in small doses would influence HRT.

Methods: In 30 patients with normal echocardiogram, and without signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease, after electrophysiologic examination or radiofrequency ablation for supraventricular arrhythmias was completed, turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS) in basal state, after 1.3 mg IV pirenzepine and finally, after atropine in dose of 0.04 mg/kg of body weight were compared.

Results: As assessed by Friedman ANOVA test both pirenzepine and atropine caused a significant change in both TO (P < 0.01) and TS (P < 0.01). The mean basal TO of −3.6 ± 2.9%, changed after pirenzepine to −5.99 ± 5.6% (P < 0.01), and after atropine it changed to −3.3 ± 18.1% (P < 0.01). The mean basal TS of 18.6 ± 10.1 ms/R‐R interval increased after pirenzepine to 26.8 ± 19.9 ms/R‐R interval (P < 0.05), and decreased after atropine to 1.2 ± 0.8 ms/R‐R interval (P < 0.01). Mean cycle length increased after pirenzepine from 706.8 ± 106.8 to 830 ± 151.9 ms (P < 0.01), and decreased after atropine to 454.2 ± 58.1 ms (P < 0.01).

Conclusion: A conclusion could be drawn that vagomymetic manipulation with intravenous pirenzepine increases HRT; vagal blockade with atropine decreases HRT. This finding suggests that a normal vagal innervation of heart is a prerequisite for the phenomenon of HRT.
Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Systemic Sarcoidosis
Authors: Uslu Nevzat , Akyol Ahmet , Gorgulu Sevket , Eren Mehmet , Ocakli Birsen , Celik Seden , Yildirim Aydin , Aksu Huseyin , Nurkalem Zekeriya
Published: February 2006

Purpose: The identification of subjects with systemic sarcoidosis at higher risk for sudden death is an unresolved issue. An influence of the autonomic activity on the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias was postulated. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis provides a useful method to measure autonomic activity, and is a predictor of increased risk of death in various conditions. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate HRV in patients with systemic sarcoidosis.

Methods: The study included 35 patients with biopsy proven systemic sarcoidosis who were not taking antiarrhythmic medications. Thallium scintigraphy was performed to all patients with systemic sarcoidosis. The cardiac sarcoidosis was accepted in 16 patients as abnormal thallium scintigraphy and normal coronary arteriography. The time‐domain analysis of HRV was expressed as the standard deviation of all normal to normal NN intervals (SDNN) detected during 24‐hour Holter monitoring. Twenty‐four healthy subjects represented a control group for HRV analysis.

Results: There were no differences in age (44 ± 13 years for cardiac sarcoidosis, 42 ± 15 years for noncardiac sarcoidosis, and 40 ± 10 years for control group; P = NS), sex (the ratio of female; 63%, 68%, and 55%, respectively; P = NS), and echocardiographic ejection fraction (63 ± 10%, 67 ± 8%, and 69 ± 6%, respectively; P = NS) among study groups. The mean SDNN value of the group with cardiac sarcoidosis was significantly lower than both the group with noncardiac sarcoidosis and the control group (72 ± 32 ms vs 110 ± 46 ms and 152 ± 36 ms; P < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusion: HRV is decreased in patients with systemic sarcoidosis compared to the control group. This decreasing is more obvious in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis.
Functional Significance of KCNH2 (HERG) K897T Polymorphism for Cardiac Repolarization Assessed by Analysis of T‐Wave Morphology
Authors: Linna Eeva H. , Perkiömäki Juha S. , Karsikas Mari , Seppänen Tapio , Savolainen Markku , Kesäniemi Y. Antero , Mäkikallio Timo , Huikuri Heikki V.
Published: February 2006

Background: Although KCNH2 (HERG) K897T polymorphism has been shown to be associated with the QT interval measured from 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG), the functional significance of K897T polymorphism has been debated. The aim of this study was to test whether the K897T polymorphism of the KCNH2 (HERG) gene coding for the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ channel influences cardiac repolarization assessed by principal component analysis (PCA) of T‐wave morphology.

Methods: Twelve‐lead ECGs were digitized and T‐wave morphology was analyzed with a PCA method in a population consisting of 228 healthy middle‐aged subjects (121 women and 107 men). DNA samples were genotyped for the nucleotide 2690 A>C variation of the KCNH2 gene, corresponding to the KCNH2 K(lysine)897T(threonine) amino acid polymorphism.

Results: The allele frequencies were 0.86 (K) and 0.14 (T). The KCNH2 K897T polymorphism was associated with the total cosine R‐to‐T (TCRT), which reflects the wave front direction between depolarization and repolarization. TCRT was 0.421 in the genotype KK and 0.300 in the genotypes KT and TT (P = 0.04). The difference of TCRT was more marked between the KCNH2 K897T genotypes in women (P = 0.03) than in men (P = 0.52).

Conclusions: The common K897T polymorphism of the cardiac potassium channel KCNH2 has functional significance for cardiac electrical properties. Subjects with a less common genotype, KT or TT, have smaller TCRT, which reflects dyssynchrony between depolarization and repolarization and is associated with an increased risk of cardiac mortality.
Effect of Relative Humidity on the Viscoelastic and Mechanical Properties of Spray‐Dried Powder Compacts
Authors: Uppalapati Maruti , Green David J.
Published: February 2006

Spray‐dried powder compacts exhibit viscoelastic properties such as stress relaxation, creep, and delayed elastic strain. This behavior is attributed to the organic binder, which forms bridges between the particles in spray‐dried granules, thereby affecting their deformation characteristics. The viscosity and distribution of the binder within the powder compact can affect its mechanical and viscoelastic properties. In this study, the powder was conditioned at different ambient relative humidity (RH) levels, to vary the binder viscosity. Load deformation, stress relaxation, fracture strength, and fracture toughness behavior of ferrite powder compacts were studied as a function of ambient RH both before and after compaction. The loading rate was found to significantly affect the time‐dependent response, and the relaxation times decreased at high humidity levels during compaction. It is proposed that increasing the humidity level during compaction increases the number of particle–particle contacts. This simple mechanism of binder redistribution led to slower relaxation times, increases in fracture strength, and elastic modulus of the green bodies, without significantly altering the fracture toughness when powders were compacted at high humidity to a given density.
Implant–tooth‐supported fixed partial prostheses: correlations between in vivo occlusal bite forces and marginal bone reactions
Authors: Akça Kıvanç , Uysal Serdar , Çehreli Murat Cavit
Published: February 2006

Purpose: To evaluate maximal occlusal bite forces (MOF) and marginal bone level (MBL) changes in patients with implant–tooth‐supported fixed partial prostheses (FPP).

Material and methods: Twenty nine partially edentulous patients consecutively who received 34 three‐occlusal unit FPP with terminal implant and tooth support were subjected to quantification of MOFs using a sub‐miniature load cell connected to a data acquisition system and measurement of the MBL changes around implants in digitalized periapical radiographs obtained at prostheses delivery and 24‐month follow‐up.

Results: MOFs for implant support (mean: 353.61 N) significantly differed from tooth support (mean: 275.48 N) (P<0.05), while gender did not influence MOFs (P>0.05). MBL changes at mesial and distal sites of the implants at 24 months of functional loading were 0.28 and 0.097 mm respectively.

Conclusion: Although MOFs under functional loading might indicate an increase in load participation for supporting implant, the rigid connection between implant and natural tooth via three‐occlusal unit FPP does not jeopardize the time‐dependent MBL stability of the implant under functional loads.
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of small‐diameter (3.3‐mm) implants followed for 1–7 years: a longitudinal study
Authors: Romeo Eugenio , Lops Diego , Amorfini Leonardo , Chiapasco Matteo , Ghisolfi Marco , Vogel Giorgio
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Implants with a small diameter may be used where bone width is reduced or in single‐tooth gaps with limited mesiodistal space, such as for the replacement of lateral maxillary or mandibular incisors. The purpose of the present longitudinal study was to compare the prognosis of narrow implants (3.3‐mm‐diameter) to standard (4.1‐mm‐diameter) implants. Over a 7‐year period, 122 narrow implants were inserted in 68 patients to support 45 partial fixed prostheses (PFD) and 23 single‐tooth prostheses (ST). Furthermore, 120 patients received 208 standard implants and were restored with 70 PFD and 50 ST, respectively. Clinical and radiographic assessment data were provided. Six (1.8%) out of 330 implants failed. Cumulative survival and success rates were calculated with life‐table analyses processed by collecting clinical and radiographic data. For narrow implants, the cumulative survival rate was 98.1% in the maxilla and 96.9% in the mandible. The cumulative success rate was 96.1% in the maxilla and 92% in the mandible. Conversely, standard‐diameter implants showed a cumulative survival rate of 96.8% in the maxilla and 97.9% in the mandible. The cumulative success rate was 97.6% in the maxilla and 93.8% in the mandible. Cumulative survival and success rates of small‐diameter implants and standard‐diameter implants were not statistically different (P>0.05). Type 4 bone was a determining failure factor, while marginal bone loss was not influenced by the different implant diameters. The results suggest that small‐diameter implants can be successfully used in the treatment of partially edentulous patients.
SENSORY EVALUATION OF VANILLA‐DAIRY DESSERTS BY REPERTORY GRID METHOD AND FREE CHOICE PROFILE
Authors: GONZÁLEZ‐TOMÁS LUIS , COSTELL ELVIRA
Published: February 2006

“Natillas” are semisolid dairy desserts widely consumed in Spain, with notable differences existing between commercial brands in their composition and sensory and physical properties. The repertory grid method, in conjunction with the free choice profile (FCP), was used to provide data on how consumers perceived eight commercial “natillas” samples. The most frequent terms used were: vanilla flavor, sweetness, consistency and liquid texture as described by 77, 67, 57 and 53% of the consumers, respectively. A three‐dimensional solution was chosen. Dimension 1 accounted for 27.23% of variance and separated the samples largely by yellow‐color intensity and consistency. Dimension 2 (15.88%) was mainly related to the visual attributes of texture, creaminess and different notes of flavor. The third dimension (11.34%) was related to structural‐texture attributes, orange‐yellow color and acid and artificial flavors. The assessors plot showed two clusters. Analysis of each group data revealed differences in their perception of sample variation, mainly regarding texture and color.
USING HIGH‐LEVEL CONSUMER‐RESEARCH METHODS TO CREATE A TOOL‐DRIVEN GUIDEBOOK AND DATABASE FOR PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING
Authors: MOSKOWITZ HOWARD , GOFMAN ALEX , BECKLEY JACQUELINE
Published: February 2006

We present aspects and data for a tool‐driven database for marketing and product development, which are publicly accessible. The objective is to create a method whereby knowledge of concepts and products can be archived using overviews of a specific product category. The first phase of the database comprises systematic analysis of product concepts, which contain elements dealing both with features and emotions. The concept phase provides an idea about responses to statements about product features, along with responses to emotional elements and brands. The second phase comprises an analysis of the competitive frame of products, even before systematic product development is initiated. This second phase identifies expected and thus reasonable ranges of product‐sensory features, levels of acceptance of typical products, relations between liking and sensory attributes and segmentation of sensory preferences. Together, the two phases provide a guide to product developers new in a category, archive current knowledge and provide a sourcebook for marketers and developers alike, which is accessible using research tools. The two phases allow product development to become more scientific, more based on common experience rather than individual expertise and thus more efficient, without compromising corporate knowledge of specific ingredients, processes or business opportunities.
SHELF‐LIFE ESTIMATION OF APPLE‐BABY FOOD
Authors: GÁMBARO ADRIANA , ARES GASTÓN , GIMÉNEZ ANA
Published: February 2006

The aim of the present work was to study the evolution of the color of an apple‐baby food and to estimate its sensory shelf life. Samples of apple‐baby food stored at 25C were analyzed using trained assessors and a consumer panel. A zero‐order reaction kinetics was found for the evolution of sensory color with storage time. Color was highly correlated with consumers' rejection percentage and overall acceptability, which indicates that consumers consider this attribute when deciding to accept or reject this product and in assigning their acceptability scores. Using this correlation, the sensory cutoff point for color, corresponding to a 25% consumer rejection, was calculated. Sensory shelf life was estimated using consumer data. Sensory shelf life estimated by survival analysis was in agreement with that calculated considering an acceptability limit of 6.0 in a 9‐point hedonic scale.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSUMER ACCEPTABILITY AND DESCRIPTIVE SENSORY ATTRIBUTES IN CHEDDAR CHEESE*
Authors: CASPIA E.L. , COGGINS P.C. , SCHILLING M.W. , YOON Y. , WHITE C.H.
Published: February 2006

The relationship between the consumer acceptability of Cheddar cheese and its descriptive sensory attributes was determined using preference mapping and logistic regression for three Cheddar cheeses. A trained panel (n = 9) differentiated the cheeses based on taste, aroma and textural attributes. The overall order of consumer preference (P < 0.05) for the three cheeses was 9, 7 and 12 months of aging time, respectively. The trained panel characterized the 7‐ and 9‐month‐old cheeses as having young/undeveloped flavors such as “cooked,”“buttery” and “creamy” flavors, and had volatiles that were responsible for the creamy flavor in cheeses. The 12‐month‐old cheese was characterized by aged/developed flavors and included volatile compounds responsible for fruity aromas and sulfurous, earthy and free fatty acid flavors. External preference mapping revealed six clusters of consumers with varying Cheddar cheese preferences; 74, 95 and 61% of the consumers found 7‐, 9‐ and 12‐month‐old cheeses to be acceptable, respectively.
Positive Solution of Two‐Dimensional Solute Transport in Heterogeneous Aquifers
Authors: Herrera Paulo , Valocchi Albert
Published: February 2006

The transport of contaminants in aquifers is usually represented by a convection‐dispersion equation. There are several well‐known problems of oscillation and artificial dispersion that affect the numerical solution of this equation. For example, several studies have shown that standard treatment of the cross‐dispersion terms always leads to a negative concentration. It is also well known that the numerical solution of the convective term is affected by spurious oscillations or substantial numerical dispersion. These difficulties are especially significant for solute transport in nonuniform flow in heterogeneous aquifers. For the case of coupled reactive‐transport models, even small negative concentration values can become amplified through nonlinear reaction source/sink terms and thus result in physically erroneous and unstable results. This paper includes a brief discussion about how nonpositive concentrations arise from numerical solution of the convection and cross‐dispersion terms. We demonstrate the effectiveness of directional splitting with one‐dimensional flux limiters for the convection term. Also, a new numerical scheme for the dispersion term that preserves positivity is presented. The results of the proposed convection scheme and the solution given by the new method to compute dispersion are compared with standard numerical methods as used in MT3DMS.
Tracer Mass Recovery in Fractured Aquifers Estimated from Multiple Well Tests
Authors: Sanford William E. , Cook Peter G. , Robinson Neville I. , Weatherill Douglas
Published: February 2006

Forced‐gradient tracer tests in fractured aquifers often report low mass recoveries. In fractured aquifers, fractures intersected by one borehole may not be intersected by another. As a result (1) injected tracer can follow pathways away from the withdrawal well causing low mass recovery and (2) recovered water can follow pathways not connected to the injection well causing significant tracer dilution. These two effects occur along with other forms of apparent mass loss. If the strength of the connection between wells and the amount of dilution can be predicted ahead of time, tracer tests can be designed to optimize mass recovery and dilution. A technique is developed to use hydraulic tests in fractured aquifers to calculate the conductance (strength of connection) between well pairs and to predict mass recovery and amount of dilution during forced gradient tracer tests. Flow is considered to take place through conduits, which connect the wells to each other and to distant sources or sinks. Mass recovery is related to the proportion of flow leaving the injection well and arriving at the withdrawal well, and dilution is related to the proportion of the flow from the withdrawal well that is derived from the injection well. The technique can be used to choose well pairs for tracer tests, what injection and withdrawal rates to use, and which direction to establish the hydraulic gradient to maximize mass recovery and/or minimize dilution. The method is applied to several tracer tests in fractured aquifers in the Clare Valley, South Australia.
Morphometric assessment of the canine hip joint using the dorsal acetabular rim view and the centre‐edge angel
Authors: Meomartino L. , Fatone G. , Potena A. , Brunetti A.
Published: February 2006

The dorsal acetabular rim (DAR) view of the hip joint can be used to assess the weightbearing portion of the acetabulum and the acetabular coverage, providing an adjunct to the conventional ventrodorsal (VD) view in the radiographic evaluation of hip dysplasia in the dog. A quantitative index of acetabular coverage in the DAR view, the acetabular slope (AS) angle, was originally proposed in 1990. The aim of the present study was to make a prospective, comparative assessment of a new parameter, the centre‐edge (CE) angle, with the AS angle, for the evaluation of the acetabular coverage of the femoral head in the DAR view. The reliability and repeatability of the two parameters was assessed using the r1 value of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in a prospective study of 208 hip joints in large and giant breed dogs. An estimation of the added value of using the DAR view, compared with that of the VD standard view alone, was also assessed. The CE angle showed a higher r1 value compared with the AS angle; in 26 per cent of hips of FCI classes A, B and C, the DAR view provided additional diagnostic information compared with the VD view, with respect to lateralisation and/or initial changes to the dorsal rim. It is concluded that the CE angle is more reliable than the AS angle in the evaluation of acetabular coverage, and that the DAR view provides valuable data compared with the VD view alone in the early stages of canine hip dysplasia.
Mask induction of anaesthesia with isoflurane or sevoflurane in premedicated cats
Authors: Lerche P. , Muir W. W. , Grubb T. L.
Published: February 2006

A comparison was made of the time to and quality of induction of anaesthesia when sevoflurane (n=14) or isoflurane (n=14) was delivered by mask in premedicated healthy adult cats presented for elective surgery. Times to induction and intubation were significantly shorter with sevoflurane (210 ±57 seconds and 236 ±60 seconds, respectively) than with isoflurane (264 ±75 seconds and 292 ±73 seconds). The quality of induction was similar for both agents. Two cats in each group developed opisthotonus of less than 45 seconds’duration. Both sevoflurane and isoflurane produced mask induction of anaesthesia of a similar quality in this species. Sevoflurane provided more rapid induction of anaesthesia and establishment of a controlled airway than isoflurane.
Canine dysautonomia: two clinical cases
Authors: Jamieson P. M. , Scudamore C. L. , Ruppert C. E. , Mauchline S. , Simpson J. W.
Published: February 2006

Two clinical cases of canine dysautonomia are described. Two young female neutered dogs were presented with clinical signs including vomiting, diarrhoea, faecal tenesmus, dysphagia and urinary retention. Decreased tear production, dry mucous membranes, bilateral Horner's syndrome, decreased anal sphincter tone and gastrointestinal hypomotility were also observed. Presumptive diagnoses of dysautonomia were made based on the clinical presentation and investigations. Postmortem histopathological examination in one of the cases demonstrated marked depletion of neuronal cell bodies in the intestinal myenteric plexuses and parasympathetic ganglia, confirming the diagnosis in this case. Criteria for aiding the antemortem diagnosis of this rare condition based on clinical observations and diagnostic testing are proposed.
Development of hypertrophic osteodystrophy and antibody response in a litter of vaccinated Weimaraner puppies
Authors: Harrus S. , Waner T. , Aizenberg I. , Safra N. , Mosenco A. , Radoshitsky M. , Bark H.
Published: February 2006

Two different vaccination protocols were compared with regard to the development of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD) (also termed metaphyseal osteopathy) and effectiveness of immunisation in a litter of 10 Weimaraner puppies. Five puppies (group 1) were vaccinated with a modified live canine parvovirus vaccine (CPV) and then two weeks later with a trivalent vaccine containing modified live canine distemper virus and adenovirus type 2 combined with a Leptospira bacterin (DHL). The CPV and DHL vaccine protocols were administered a further two times, at two‐week intervals. Group 2 was vaccinated with three consecutive multivalent vaccines containing modified live canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, parainfluenza and adenovirus type 2 combined with a Leptospira bacterin, at four‐week intervals. All puppies were first vaccinated at the age of eight weeks. Three dogs in group 1 developed HOD, while all five dogs in group 2 developed HOD during the study period. Dogs in group 2 had more episodes of HOD than those in group 1. Dogs in group 1 developed higher antibody titres to canine distemper virus and parvovirus compared with those in group 2. Only two out of the 10 dogs developed protective antibody titres to parvovirus. The results of this study suggest that the two different vaccination protocols affected the pattern of appearance of HOD and immunization in this litter of Weimaraner puppies. The results obtained and the previously reported data suggest that a larger controlled study is needed to further elucidate the effect of different vaccination protocols on HOD and immunisation in Weimaraner puppies.
Canine inhertited retinal degenerations: update on molecular genetic research and its clinical application
Authors: Lin C‐T. , Gould D. J. , Petersen‐Jones S. M. , Sargan D. R.
Published: February 2006

Inherited retinal degenerations in the dog include generalized progressive retinal atrophy, retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy, congenital stationary night blindness and day blindness (hemeralopia). The clinical phenotype and pathology of these diseases closely resemble some types of human inherited retinal degeneration, in particular retinitis pigmentosa, one of the most common inherited causes of blindness in man. Molecular genetic investigations aim to identify the genetic mutations underlying the canine inherited retinal degenerations. Two major research strategies, candidate gene analysis and linkage analysis, have been used. To date, candidate gene analysis has definitively identified the genetic mutations underlying nine inherited retinal degenerations, each in a different breed of dog, and linkage studies have identified genetic markers for a further retinal degeneration which is found in at least six different breeds. This review outlines the research strategy behind candidate gene and linkage studies and summarises recent results in the search for genetic causes of canine inherited retinal degenerations. The aim is to increase awareness of this rapidly changing field and to show how the research can be used to develop genetic tests for these diseases and thereby reduce the incidence of inherited eye disease in dogs.
Caudal proximal tibial deformity and cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small‐breed dogs
Authors: Macias C. , Mckee W. M. , May C.
Published: February 2006

Eight dogs presented with chronic hindlimb lameness associated with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Seven were small terriers. A caudal deformity of the proximal tibial shaft, originating at the proximal tibial physis, and an excessive caudal slope of the tibial plateau were present bilaterally in all dogs. The deformity was thought to be responsible for the cranial cruciate ligament failure and poor response to conservative management. Tibial plateau angles were in excess of 26° in all dogs. The lameness was bilateral in three dogs. There was complete cranial cruciate ligament rupture in seven stifles and partial rupture in four. There were no meniscal injuries. Surgical correction resulted in a significant improvement (P < 0 ·0001) in all dogs, with a mean follow‐up of 12 months (range three to 24 months). There were no complications.
Thoracolumbar disc disease in large dogs: a study of 99 cases
Authors: Macias C. , Mckee W. M. , May C. , Innes J. F.
Published: February 2006

The records of 99 dogs weighing over 20 kg with thoracolumbar disc disease were reviewed. Two types of disc disease were recognised: degenerative nuclear extrusion (n=63) and degenerative annular protrusion (n=36). Sixty‐nine per cent of the affected discs were located between T12‐T13 and L2‐L3. Of the 63 dogs with degenerative nuclear extrusions, 35 were non‐ambulatory and seven had no conscious pain perception at the time of presentation. Decompressive surgery was performed in 55 dogs, four dogs were managed non‐surgically and three dogs were euthanased. A successful outcome was achieved in 49 (78 per cent) cases as assessed by the authors and in 53 (84 per cent) cases as assessed by the owners. Mean follow‐up time was 11·7 months (range 1·5 to 48 months). Five dogs subsequently lost the ability to ambulate on their hindlimbs. Myelographic investigations in three of these dogs revealed a second thoracolumbar degenerative nuclear extrusion. Of the 36 dogs with degenerative annular protrusions, seven were non‐ambulatory at the time of presentation. Fifteen cases had multiple protrusions. Twenty dogs were managed non‐surgically, 12 surgically and four were euthanased. A successful outcome was achieved in eight (22 per cent) cases as assessed by the authors and in 19 (52 per cent) cases as assessed by the owners. Mean follow‐up time was 9·2 months (range 1·5 to 30 months). The outcome of dogs with annular protrusions was significantly worse compared to the outcome of dogs with nuclear extrusions (P< 0 ·001).
Septic peritonitis secondary to unilateral pyometra and ovarian bursal abscessation in a dog
Authors: Van Israël N. , Kirby B. M. , Munro E. A. C.
Published: February 2006

A seven‐year‐old, female entire Labrador retriever was presented for acute‐onset vomiting and lethargy, associated with weakness and generalised tremors. The clinical, radiographic, ultrasonographic and histopathological findings revealed septic peritonitis which occurred secondarily to unilateral pyometra and ovarian bursal abscessation. However, in this case, the initial clinical findings, blood parameters, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings did not allow a specific diagnosis. Repeat monitoring was required, and abdominocentesis proved to be the most useful diagnostic test, allowing a definitive diagnosis and the decision to be made as to whether or not to carry out exploratory surgery.
Necrotising encephalitis in the Yorkshire terrier: a case report and literature review
Authors: Kuwamura M. , Adachi T. , Yamate J. , Kotani T. , Ohashi F. , Summers B. A.
Published: February 2006

A four‐year‐old, spayed female Yorkshire terrier was presented with a two‐month history of lameness in the left forelimb, circling and falling. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination 11 days after presentation revealed dilation of the right lateral ventricle. Following euthanasia, which was performed about 10 months after the onset of clinical signs, there was gross evidence of degeneration and cavitation of the cerebrum and dilation of the lateral ventricle on the right side. Microscopically, cavitation and necrosis were observed in the white and grey matter of the right cerebrum and there was abundant gemistocytic and fibrillary astrocytosis. Haemorrhage and marked perivascular cuffing with mononuclear cells were found in the mesencephalon. Inflammatory lesions consisting of lymphocytic infiltration and glial proliferation were also present in the dorsal funiculus of the cervical spinal cord. This case was diagnosed as necrotising encephalitis in the Yorkshire terrier (NEYT) with involvement of the spinal cord. NEYT is a chronic progressive neurological disorder, resulting from widespread, destructive non‐suppurative inflammation of the central nervous system of unknown cause. In the past decade, 12 cases have been documented in adult to aged Yorkshire terriers. Computed tomography and MRI can detect the characteristic multifocal cavitations and ventriculomegaly, facilitating premortem diagnosis.
Immunosuppressive cytokines in the regional lymph node of a dog suffering from oral malignant melanoma
Authors: Catchpole B. , Gould S. M. , Kellett‐Gregory L. M. , Dobson J. M.
Published: February 2006

A 10‐year‐old male cross‐breed dog was referred for investigation of oral malignant melanoma. Fine‐needle aspirates were taken from the draining submandibular lymph node. The presence of metastatic melanoma cells was confirmed by cytological examination and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) using primers for the melanoma‐associated antigens: tyrosinase and mart‐1/melan A. Cytokine expression in the lymph node was evaluated by multiplex RT‐PCR, which demonstrated the presence of mRNA for IL‐10 and TGF‐β1. However, IL‐2, IL‐4 and IFNγ mRNA could not be detected, suggesting a lack of immune activation. Thoracic radiographs showed a lesion within the caudal lung fields suggestive of pulmonary metastasis. The dog developed signs of dyspnoea and collapse and was euthanased four days later. This case illustrates that molecular techniques can be used to aid clinical staging of canine oral malignant melanoma, and suggests that immunosuppressive cytokines could be involved in the pathogenesis of disease.
Investigation of the role of aldosterone in hypertension associated with spontaneous pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs
Authors: Goy‐Thollot I. , Péchereau D. , Kéroack S. , Dezempte J‐C. , Bonnet J‐M.
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of aldosterone as an initiating and/or perpetuating factor in hypertension associated with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) in dogs. Thirteen dogs with PDH and 11 healthy control dogs were used. In all dogs, arterial blood pressure and plasma sodium, potassium, basal aldosterone, post‐ACTH aldosterone, basal cortisol and post‐ACTH cortisol concentrations were measured. The tests were repeated 10 days and three months after the beginning of o,p′‐DDD treatment in PDH dogs. In untreated PDH dogs, plasma aldosterone was significantly decreased, whereas cortisol, sodium and arterial blood pressure were significantly increased compared to healthy dogs. Hypertension remained in most treated PDH dogs despite normalisation of cortisol and persistently low aldosterone levels. These results did not demonstrate that aldosterone is involved in the development and perpetuation of hypertension in PDH. However, glucocorticoids seemed to play a major role as an initiating and perpetuating factor in PDH in dogs.
Evaluation of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch
Authors: Scott L. , Leddy M. , Bernay F. , Davot J. L.
Published: February 2006

In a multicentre, blinded, placebo‐controlled trial, 50 dogs were treated for 28 days with either phenylpropanolamine or a placebo control. Each was given at a dose of one drop per 2 kg orally three times daily, equivalent to 1 mg/kg three times daily of phenylpropanolamine. Dogs that presented with clinical signs consistent with urinary sphincter mechanism incontinence were included in the study. They were examined on three occasions by the investigating veterinary surgeon. The frequency and volume of unconscious urination were scored by veterinary surgeons according to a pre‐established scoring system. Phenylpropanolamine proved to be more effective than the placebo in regard to several parameters. At day 28, 85·7 per cent of phenylpropanolamine‐treated cases had no episodes of unconscious urination compared with 33·3 per cent of placebo‐treated cases. This was statistically significant. Few, mild side effects were seen in either group.
Surgical management of haemangiopericytoma involving the biceps femoris muscle in four dogs
Authors: Connery N. A. , Bellenger C. R.
Published: February 2006

Four dogs with haemangiopericytoma of the subcutaneous tissue overlying and infiltrating the biceps femoris muscle were successfully managed using complete resection of the involved muscle with 2 to 3 cm skin margins. Postoperatively, no local recurrence was noted in any of the dogs in a follow‐up period of four to 33 months (mean 22 months). Wound dehiscence, attributed to increased tension and inadequate exercise restriction, occurred in two of the four cases. Closure of the large cutaneous deficit in the craniolateral thigh and stifle was achieved by rotation of a flank‐fold skin flap in one case. Strict exercise restriction and the use of a Robert Jones dressing may prevent muscle suture disruption. These measures should enable primary wound healing in the region to progress without complication.
Management of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in a male dog with laparoscopic‐guided deferentopexy
Authors: Salomon J. F. , Cotard J. P. , Viguier E.
Published: February 2006

Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence is uncommon in the male dog. Diagnosis is made on the basis of the history (full bladder intermittent incontinence with persistence of normal micturitions), clinical examination and by exclusion of other causes of incontinence, such as prostatic disease, lower urinary tract abnormalities and cystitis. This report describes a case in an 11‐year‐old male poodle in which positive contrast urethrocystography showed no anatomical abnormalities. Surgical treatment by fixation of both ductus deferens to the abdominal wall under laparoscopic guidance with cranial displacement of the urinary bladder improved the incontinence.