bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-report assessment of the DSM-IV personality
disorders. Measurement of trait and distress
characteristics: the ADP-IV
Authors: SCHOTTE C. K. W. , de DONCKER D. , VANKERCKHOVEN C. , VERTOMMEN H. , COSYNS P.
Published: July 2002

Background. Self-report instruments assessing the DSM
personality
disorders are characterized by
overdiagnosis due to their emphasis on the measurement of personality traits
rather than the
impairment and distress associated with the criteria.

Methods. The ADP-IV, a Dutch questionnaire, introduces
an alternative assessment method: each
test item assesses ‘Trait’ as well as ‘Distress/impairment’

characteristics of a DSM-IV criterion.
This item format allows dimensional as well as categorical diagnostic
evaluations. The present study
explores the validity of the ADP-IV in a sample of 659 subjects of the
Flemish population.

Results. The dimensional personality disorder subscales,
measuring Trait characteristics, are
internally consistent and display a good concurrent validity with the Wisconsin
Personality
Disorders Inventory. Factor analysis at the item-level resulted in
11 orthogonal factors, describing
personality dimensions such as psychopathy, social anxiety and avoidance,

negative affect and self-image. Factor analysis at the subscale-level identified
two basic
dimensions, reflecting hostile (DSM-IV Cluster B) and anxious (DSM-IV Cluster
C)
interpersonal attitudes. Categorical ADP-IV
diagnoses are obtained using scoring algorithms, which emphasize the
Trait or the Distress concepts
in the diagnostic evaluation. Prevalences of ADP-IV diagnoses of any personality
disorder
according to these algorithms vary between 2·28 and 20·64%.

Conclusions. Although further research in clinical samples

is required, the present results support
the validity of the ADP-IV and the potential of the measurement of trait

and distress characteristics
as a method for assessing personality pathology.
Acute fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome patients
Authors: SMITH A. P. , BORYSIEWICZ L. , POLLOCK J. , THOMAS M. , PERRY K. , LLEWELYN M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients often
complain that they are more
susceptible to acute mental fatigue. It is important to determine whether
this is observed using
objective tests of sustained attention and responding.

Methods. Sixty-seven patients who fulfilled the criteria for
CFS proposed by Sharpe et al. (1991)
were compared with 126 matched healthy controls. Acute fatigue was assessed
by comparing
performance at the start and end of a lengthy test session and by examining
changes over the course
of individual tasks.

Results. CFS patients showed impaired performance compared
to the controls and these differences
increased as the volunteers developed acute fatigue. In addition, differences
between the two groups
were larger at the end of the test session.

Conclusions. The present results show that CFS patients are
more susceptible to acute fatigue than
healthy controls. This could reflect motor fatigue or an inability to compensate
for fatigue with
increased effort. This profile is consistent with previous research on
fatigue and suggests that
interpretation of certain aspects of CFS may be helped by considering it
as the end point of a
continuum of fatigue rather than a distinct disease.
Anxiety, depression, psychotropic drug use and
cognitive impairment
Authors: PATERNITI S. , DUFOUIL C. , BISSERBE J.-C. , ALPÉROVITCH A.
Published: July 2002

Background. Numerous studies have shown that anxiety and
depression are related to cognitive
impairment, but the concomitant association between anxious symptoms, depressive
symptoms and
cognitive function has not been investigated, and, most studies have not
considered psychotropic
drug use as a possible confounding factor.

Methods. We assessed the independent association between depression,
anxiety, psychotropic drug
use and cognitive performance in 457 men and 659 women, aged 59–71
years living in the
community. Data on demographic background, occupation, medical history,
drug use and personal
habits were obtained using a standardized questionnaire. The Spielberger
Inventory Trait and the
Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression (CES-D) scales were used to evaluate
anxious and
depressive symptomatology respectively. Cognitive assessment included six
traditional tests
covering the main areas of cognitive functioning.

Results. In men, anxious and depressive symptomatologies had
independent significant associations
with most cognitive abilities, independent of psychotropic drug use. In
women, the association
between anxiety or depression and cognitive functioning was less strong
and disappeared after
adjustment for psychotropic drug use. Psychotropic drug use was associated
with lower cognitive
scores in both sexes. In men with high CES-D scores, we found positive
correlations between
anxiety level and cognitive scores.

Conclusions. The study showed that anxiety, depression and
psychotropic drug use were significantly
and independently associated with cognitive functioning in elderly men.
The high prevalence of
psychotropic drug use in women with or without psychological disorders
may explain its major
effect in women. Results suggested that anxiety may partly compensate for
some negative
effects of depression on cognitive functioning.
Genetic and environmental influences on juvenile antisocial behaviour assessed on two occasions
Authors: JACOBSON K. C. , PRESCOTT C. A. , KENDLER K. S.
Published: July 2002

Background. There is conflicting evidence concerning the magnitude of genetic and shared
environmental influences on juvenile antisocial behaviour (AB). The use of more than one
assessment of AB may yield more accurate estimates of these influences.

Methods. Retrospective reports of antisocial behaviour prior to age 18 were obtained on two
occasions from a population-based sample of 3522 adult males from male–male twin pairs: phone
interviews (wave 1) and self-report questionnaires obtained 19 months later (wave 2). Structural
equation modelling estimated the genetic and environmental influences on reliably-measured AB.
Factors related to participation of co-twin at wave 1, attrition between waves 1 and 2, and reliability
of wave 1 and wave 2 assessments were also investigated.

Results. Twin analyses revealed that genetic, shared environmental, and non-shared environmental
influences accounted for approximately 33% (95% CI = 9–57%), 31% (95% CI = 10–51%) and
36% (95% CI = 29–44%) of the variance of reliably measured AB, respectively. We also found
significant occasion-specific genetic influences on wave 1 AB. Wave 1 AB did not predict wave 1
participation of co-twin or attrition, but was related to reliability. Co-twins of MZ twins and
younger twins were more likely to participate at wave 1; attrition was predicted by being a DZ twin,
lack of initial participation of co-twin, fewer years of education, and fewer children. Being older,
being unmarried, and having less psychopathology were associated with greater reliability.

Conclusions. When measurement error is taken into account, both genetic and shared
environmental factors are significant influences on juvenile AB, accounting for approximately one-
third of variation. The origin of the specific genetic influences on wave 1 AB is unclear, but may be
due to factors related to measurement.
Freud's religion: Oedipus and Moses
Authors: FRIEDMAN R. Z.
Published: July 2002

Moses and Monotheism is Freud's last book on religion.
It was published
in its entirety only after his flight from Nazi-occupied Vienna. Moses
is perhaps
Freud's most controversial book on religion. It is both an apology
and a curse. It is
a critique of traditional Judaism (by way of an Oedipal analysis of a deified
Moses),
a defence of a modern humanistic Judaism (a Judaism of moral and intellectual

values), and a bitter critique of Christianity (a religion not of the Father
but of the
sons, a failed religion, which expresses its failure in anti-Semitism).
A defiant and
rebellious book, one might say, one in which an old man rises to meet his
fate and
does so with surprising wilfulness and vigour. But Moses also
reveals a dogmatic
Freud defending a critique of religion that is intellectually flawed and
politically
misdirected.
Redeeming the past
Authors: SHERRY PATRICK
Published: July 2002

I take up Richard Swinburne's point, in his Responsibility
and Atonement,
Ch. 5, that although the past cannot be changed, wrongdoers may change
its
significance by ‘disowning’ their actions through atonement,
just as their victims
may do so through forgiveness. I argue that the point can and should be
pressed
much more strongly than it is by Swinburne within the terms of his own
discussion;
and that it has a much wider significance, transcending that discussion,
for there is
a constant interplay between events, human actions, and our retrospective
assessment
of the past. Finally, I look tentatively at the question in an eschatological

perspective.
Lyric epiphany
Authors: FRIEDRICH PAUL
Published: July 2002

The study of lyric epiphany, essential to any coordination
of sociolinguistics and literature, is defined in terms
of five considerations (e.g., its role in political rhetoric),
and linguistic criteria such as phonic compression. One
track in the argument deals with lyric epiphany in ordinary
language (e.g., M.L. King's speeches), in prose (e.g.,
Cather and Tolstoy), and in the long poem. The second,
intermittently intersecting track consists of intense analyses
of four cases of linguistic epiphany in The Odyssey
that involve (1) semantically ramifying root symbols such
as the olive in Greece, (2) simile concentration, as in
the reverse similes that commute antithetical subcategories,
(3) phonic texturing (e.g., alliteration, phonaesthesia),
and as a limiting case, (4) epiphany through chiasmus.
The conclusions suggest the universal, cross-language and
cross-cultural reality of lyric epiphany (e.g., not just
classic Russian and Homeric Greek, but Quechua, Eskimo,
and Sanskrit and Hebrew religious texts). Lyric epiphany
is a subtype of generic epiphany: an intuition or revelation
of truth values beyond language and empirical experience.
Lyric epiphany, while a component of classical poetics
– both Western and Eastern – and a subcategory
of ideologies of Primitivism and, within that, of Modernism,
is also, like the human body, part of the human experience
that can and should be studied as part of cultural linguistics
and sociolinguistics.
Combining distributed and localist computations in real-time neural networks
Authors: Carpenter Gail A.
Published: July 2002

In order to benefit from the advantages of localist coding, neural models that feature winner-take-all representations at the top level of a network hierarchy must still solve the computational problems inherent in distributed representations at the lower levels.
Boxing Day
Authors: Killeen Peter R.
Published: July 2002

A convincing case is made for the importance of conditioning in social interaction, but more than Pavlovian conditioning is involved: UR (unconditioned response) modification, imprinting, Skinnerian conditioning, and other forms of behavior modification are adduced as Pavlovian. Beyond its value as an icon, control theory is not brought to bear in an informative fashion on these phenomena.
Feedback: A general mechanism in the brain
Authors: Montant Marie
Published: July 2002

Norris, McQueen & Cutler argue that there is no need for feedback in word recognition. Given the accumulating evidence in favor of feedback as a general mechanism in the brain, I will question the utility of a model that is at odds with such a general principle.
Self-organisation or reflex theory?
Authors: Székely George
Published: July 2002

Neuromodelling is one of the techniques of modern neurosciences. The “at a distance” type of triadic synapse is probably the prevailing form of impulse transmission in many parts of the brain. If the genetically controlled cell-to-cell neuronal interconnections are abandoned, self-organisation may be the mechanism of structure formation in the brain. This assumption weakens the position of the reflex arc as the basic functional unit of nervous activities.
Each distinct type of mental state is supported by specific brain functions
Authors: Gottesmann Claude
Published: July 2002

Reflective waking mentation is supported by cortical activating and inhibitory processes. The thought-like mental content of slow wave sleep appears with lower levels of both kinds of influence. During REM sleep, the equation: activation + disinhibition + dopamine may explain the often psychotic-like mode of psychological functioning.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Phonemic organization does not occur: Hence no feedback
Authors: Warren Richard M.
Published: July 2002

I agree with Norris et al. that feedback to a phonemic level is never necessary, but disagree strongly with their reason why this is true. I believe the available evidence indicates that there is no feedback because there is no phonemic level employed in the perceptual processing of speech.
Dreaming as play
Authors: Humphrey Nicholas
Published: July 2002

Dreaming can provide a marvelous opportunity for the “playful” exploration of dramatic events. But the chance to learn to deal with danger is only a small part of it. More important is the chance to discover what it is like to be the subject of strange but humanly significant mental states.

[Revonsuo]
A spatial coding analysis of the A-not-B error: What IS “Location at A”?
Authors: Newcombe Nora S.
Published: July 2002

Thelen et al. criticize “spatial coding” approaches to the A-not-B error. However, newer thinking about spatial coding provides more precise analytic categories and recognizes that different spatial coding systems normally coexist. Theorizing about spatial coding is largely compatible with dynamic-systems theory, augmenting it with an analysis of what one means when discussing “location at A” (or B).
Parity is not a generalisation problem
Authors: Damper R. I.
Published: July 2002

Uninformed learning mechanisms will not discover “type-
2” regularities in their inputs, except fortuitously. Clark
& Thornton argue that error back-propagation only learns the
classical parity problem – which is “always pure
type-2” – because of restrictive assumptions implicit
in the learning algorithm and network employed. Empirical analysis
showing that back-propagation fails to generalise on the parity
problem is cited to support their position. The reason for failure,
however, is that generalisation is simply not a relevant issue.
Nothing can be gleaned about back-propagation in particular, or
learning in general, from this failure.
Sex differences in pain: And now for something completely different
Authors: Kupers Ron
Published: July 2002

The belief that women report more somatic complaints than
men is not new. Many centuries b.c., the Egyptians and the
Greeks already made an association between female pains and
hysteria, which is Greek for “wandering womb.”
Despite the commonly held belief that women are more sensitive to
pain than men, the issue of sex differences in pain has received
little attention from the scientific community in general. It is the
merit of berkley to draw our attention to this large gap
in our scientific knowledge.
Précis of Statistical significance: Rationale, validity, and utility
Authors: Chow Siu L.
Published: July 2002

The null-hypothesis significance-test procedure (NHSTP) is
defended in the context of the theory-corroboration experiment, as
well as the following contrasts: (a) substantive hypotheses versus
statistical hypotheses, (b) theory corroboration versus statistical
hypothesis testing, (c) theoretical inference versus statistical
decision, (d) experiments versus nonexperimental studies, and
(e) theory corroboration versus treatment assessment. The null
hypothesis can be true because it is the hypothesis that errors are
randomly distributed in data. Moreover, the null hypothesis is never
used as a categorical proposition. Statistical significance means only
that chance influences can be excluded as an explanation of data; it
does not identify the nonchance factor responsible. The experimental
conclusion is drawn with the inductive principle underlying the
experimental design. A chain of deductive arguments gives rise to the
theoretical conclusion via the experimental conclusion. The anomalous
relationship between statistical significance and the effect size
often used to criticize NHSTP is more apparent than real. The absolute
size of the effect is not an index of evidential support for the
substantive hypothesis. Nor is the effect size, by itself, informative
as to the practical importance of the research result. Being a
conditional probability, statistical power cannot be the a
priori probability of statistical significance. The validity of
statistical power is debatable because statistical significance is
determined with a single sampling distribution of the test statistic
based on H0, whereas it takes two distributions to
represent statistical power or effect size. Sample size should not be
determined in the mechanical manner envisaged in power analysis. It is
inappropriate to criticize NHSTP for nonstatistical reasons. At the
same time, neither effect size, nor confidence interval estimate, nor
posterior probability can be used to exclude chance as an explanation
of data. Neither can any of them fulfill the nonstatistical functions
expected of them by critics.
What is the point? Concepts, description, and rigid designation
Authors: Franks Bradley , Braisby Nick
Published: July 2002

Millikan's nondescriptionist approach applies an account
of meaning to concepts in terms of designation. The essentialism that
provides the principal grounds for rigid designation, however,
receives no empirical support from concepts. Whatever the grounding,
this view not only faces the problems of rigid designation in theories
of meaning, it also calls for a role for pragmatics more consonant
with descriptionist theories of concepts.
Complexity: From formal analysis to final action
Authors: Frye Douglas , Zelazo Philip David
Published: July 2002

Relational complexity provides a metric for measuring task
demands, and in this respect has much in common with the cognitive
complexity and control theory. However, relational complexity does not
account for the relative difficulty of different relational types, and
appears to underestimate the importance of changes in children's
ability to act on the basis of their understanding.
A syllable-centric framework for the evolution of spoken language
Authors: Greenberg Steven
Published: July 2002

The cyclic nature of speech production, as manifested in the syllabic organization of spoken language, is likely to reflect general properties of sensori-motor integration rather than merely a phylogenetic progression from mastication, teeth chattering, and lipsmacks. The temporal properties of spontaneous speech reflect the entropy of its underlying constituents and are optimized for rapid transmission and decoding of linguistic information conveyed by a complex constellation of acoustic and visual cues, suggesting that the dawn of human language may have occurred when the articulatory cycle was efficiently yoked to the temporal dynamics of sensory coding and rapid retrieval from referential memory.
Human speech: A tinkerer's delight
Authors: Sussman Harvey M. , Fruchter David , Hilbert Jon , Sirosh Joseph
Published: July 2002

The most frequent criticism of the target article is the
lack of clear separability of human speech data relative to
neuroethological data. A rationalization for this difference was
sought in the tinkered nature of such new adaptations as human
speech. Basic theoretical premises were defended, and new data
were presented to support a claim that speakers maintain a low-noise
relationship between F2 transition onset and offset frequencies for
stops in pre-vocalic positions through articulatory choices. It
remains a viable and testable hypothesis that the phenomenon described
by the locus equation is a functional adaptation of production
mechanisms to processing preferences of the auditory system.
Précis of Lifelines: Biology, freedom, determinism
Authors: Rose Steven
Published: July 2002

There are many ways of describing and explaining the properties
of living systems; causal, functional, and reductive accounts are
necessary but no one account has primacy. The history of biology as
a discipline has given excessive authority to reductionism, which
collapses higher level accounts, such as social or behavioural ones,
into molecular ones. Such reductionism becomes crudely ideological
when applied to the human condition, with its claims for genes
“for” everything from sexual orientation to compulsive
shopping. The current enthusiasm for genetics and ultra-Darwinist
accounts, with their selfish-gene metaphors for living processes,
misunderstand both the phenomena of development and the interactive
role that DNA and the fluid genome play in the cellular orchestra.
DNA is not a blueprint, and the four dimensions of life (three of space,
one of time) cannot be read off from its one-dimensional strand. Both
developmental and evolutionary processes are more than merely
instructive or selective; the organism constructs itself, a process
known as autopoiesis, through a lifeline trajectory. Because organisms
are thermodynamically open systems, living processes are homeodynamic,
not homeostatic. The self-organising membrane-bound and energy-utilising
metabolic web of the cell must have evolved prior to so-called naked
replicators. Evolution is constrained by physics, chemistry, and
structure; not all change is powered by natural selection, and not all
phenotypes are adaptive. Finally, therefore, living processes are
radically indeterminate; like all other living organisms, but to an even
greater degree, we make our own future, though in circumstances not of
our own choosing.
Risk-taking, fear, dominance, and testosterone
Authors: Archer John
Published: July 2002

Campbell's analysis of the evolution of human sex
differences to include selection pressures on the female is generally
welcomed. This commentary raises some specific issues about the
evidence cited: the impact of paternal death on survival prospects; a
possible mechanism underlying a sex difference in fear; the selective
advantage of dominance hierarchies; and the absence of evidence that
testosterone causes human aggression.
The evolutionary psychology of patriarchy: Women are not passive pawns in men's game
Authors: Buss David M. , Duntley Joshua
Published: July 2002

We applaud Campbell's cogent arguments for the evolution
of female survival mechanisms but take issue with several key
conceptual claims: the treatment of patriarchy; the implicit
assumption that women are passive pawns in a male game of
media exploitation; and the neglect of the possibility that media
images exploit existing evolved psychological mechanisms rather
than create them.
Inflectional classes, defaults, and syncretisms
Authors: Spencer Andrew
Published: July 2002

I argue for an extension of Clahsen's psycholinguistic paradigm to well-known languages with more complex morphological systems. This would help to address conceptual questions such as the nature of defaults and the way in which syncretisms are coded in the brain.
Representation and knowledge are not the same thing
Authors: Smith Leslie
Published: July 2002

Two standard epistemological accounts are conflated in Dienes
& Perner's account of knowledge, and this conflation requires
the rejection of their four conditions of knowledge. Because their four
metarepresentations applied to the explicit-implicit distinction are
paired with these conditions, it follows by modus tollens that
if the latter are inadequate, then so are the former. Quite simply,
their account misses the link between true reasoning and knowledge.
Sojourn times in small neighborhoods of indifferent fixed points of one-dimensional dynamical systems
Authors: INOUE TOMOKI
Published: July 2002

We study one-dimensional dynamical systems with indifferent fixed points $p$ and $q$. The dynamical systems we study in this paper have ergodic, infinite, invariant measures. We consider the limit of the ratio of the sojourn time of the trajectory in a small neighborhood of $p$ to that in a small neighborhood of $q$. We show that the limit does not exist under some conditions, which has been announced in a previous paper. In fact we prove that the limit supreme of the ratio is $\infty$ and that the limit infimum is 0.
Limit at resonances of linearizations of some complex analytic dynamical systems
Authors: BERRETTI ALBERTO , MARMI STEFANO , SAUZIN DAVID
Published: July 2002

We consider the behaviour near resonances of linearizations of germs of holomorphic diffeomorphisms of $({\Bbb C},0)$ and of the semi-standard map.

We prove that for each resonance there exists a suitable blow-up of the Taylor series of the linearization under which it converges uniformly to an analytic function as the multiplier, or rotation number, tends non-tangentially to the resonance. This limit function is explicitly computed and related to questions of formal classification, both for the case of germs and for the case of the semi-standard map.
Prevalence of non-Lipschitz Anosov foliations
Authors: HASSELBLATT BORIS , WILKINSON AMIE
Published: July 2002

We give sharp regularity results for the invariant subbundles of hyperbolic dynamical systems in terms of contraction and expansion rates and prove optimality in a strong sense: we construct open dense sets of codimension one systems where this regularity is not exceeded. Furthermore, we exhibit open dense sets of symplectic, geodesic, and codimension one systems where the analogous regularity results of [PSW] are optimal. As our main result we produce open sets of symplectic Anosov diffeomorphisms and flows with low transverse Hölder regularity of the invariant foliations almost everywhere. Prevalence of low regularity of conjugacies is a corollary. We also establish a new connection between the transverse regularity of foliations and their tangent subbundles.
Problème de l'entropie minimale pour les métriques de Finsler
Authors: VEROVIC PATRICK
Published: July 2002

Sur tout espace riemannien compact, localement symétrique de type non compact et de rang au moins égal à deux, nous construisons explicitement une métrique de Finsler donnant à l'espace le même volume que la métrique localement symétrique mais dont l'entropie volumique est strictement inférieure à l'entropie volumique de cette dernière. De plus, cette métrique de Finsler est l'unique minimum de l'entropie volumique parmi les métriques de Finsler $G$-invariantes normalisées par le volume de la variété.

D'autre part, concernant le rang un, nous prouvons que les métriques hyperboliques réelles sont des points critiques de l'entropie topologique parmi les métriques de Finsler sur une variété compacte, et ce, en normalisant aussi bien par le volume de la variété en dimension quelconque que par le volume de Liouville des fibrés unitaires en dimension deux.
Minority Governments and Party Politics: The Political and Institutional Background to the “Danish Miracle”
Authors: Green-Pedersen Christoffer
Published: July 2002

The successful performance of the Danish economy in the 1990s has encouraged scholars to talk about a “Danish
miracle”. This article investigates why Danish governments have been able to govern the economy so successfully in
the 1990s. It argues that two factors have been important. First, the bargaining position of minority governments has
been strengthened. Today, Danish minority governments can enter agreements with changing coalitions in the Danish
parliament, as a result of changes in Danish party politics and in the functioning of Danish parliamentarianism. The
article thus challenges the conventional wisdom about minority governments as weak in terms of governing capacity.
Second, the changed socio-economic strategy of the Social Democrats returning to power in 1993 has been important,
because it has created a political consensus around a number of controversial reforms.
Ageful and proud
Authors: ANDREWS MOLLY
Published: July 2002

There is something splendid about the word ageful – a word which I
had not encountered before reading Bytheway (2000). Ironically,
Bytheway does not share my affection for his invention; rather, for him
it seems to have negative connotations, reflected in his comment: ‘as
gerontologists we are vulnerable to seeing ourselves and those we study
entirely in terms of age: as ageing rather than living individuals: ageful
rather than ageless’ (2000: 785–6). But why this juxtaposition between
ageing and living? Surely there is an interconnectedness between the
two. We are ageing from the moment we are born; the longer we live,
the more full of age we become.
The contribution of socio-demographic and psychosocial factors to life satisfaction
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-BALLESTEROS ROCÍO , DOLORES ZAMARRÓN MARÍA , ANGEL RUÍZ MIGUEL
Published: July 2002

Life satisfaction continues to be an important construct in the psychosocial study of ageing. It is one of the commonly-accepted subjective conditions of quality of life and seems to be one of the facets of successful ageing, both of which are key concepts in ageing. Research reports that life satisfaction is strongly related to socio-demographic and psychosocial variables. These, however, are mutually dependent interactive variables, and much more attention should be paid to the study of the relative contribution of these two types of factors to life satisfaction. The purpose of the research reported in this article was to discover which socio-demographic conditions and psychosocial factors are the most important, and to decide to what extent they contribute to life satisfaction. A sample of 507 individuals aged 65 and over and representative of the Spanish population in terms of age and gender, were interviewed at home. The results indicate that two socio-demographic characteristics (income and education) influence life satisfaction both directly and also indirectly, through psychosocial factors such as activity (physical activity level, satisfaction with leisure activities, and social contacts), perceived health and physical illness. Among psychosocial factors, activity and health both contribute to explaining life satisfaction. The results are discussed from the point of view of the activity theory of ageing.
Differences over time in older people's
relationships with children and siblings
Authors: BURHOLT VANESSA , WENGER G. CLARE
Published: July 2002

Based on data from the Bangor Longitudinal Study of Ageing, this
paper
examines changes over 16 years (1979–1995) in the relationships of
older
people (aged 65 or over in 1979) with their children and siblings. The
study uses
latent class analysis to categorise the relationships into two types based
on four
components of intergenerational solidarity: structural, associational,
affectional
and functional. The two types of relationship identified are close knit

and loose knit. Results show a change in relationship types over time.
Overall,
relationships with parents decreased in solidarity. Relationships with
mothers
showed a smaller decrease in close knit relationships than with fathers;
sibling
relationships of parents became more loose knit, but remained stable and

closer for those who were childless. 71 per cent of those aged 80 or over
had
at least one close knit relationship with either a sibling or child. Gender

differences exist in the development of relationships over time: fathers
had
more loose knit relationships with children than mothers, and male-male

sibling dyads did not strengthen over time.
Where's the Beef?
Authors: Stein Judith
Published: July 2002

Responding to the triumph of the right during the 1980s, Eley and Nield
conclude that traditional concepts of class are no longer workable and need a
major overhauling. Unfortunately, they mischaracterize the literature, offer
little that could refine the debates, and ignore the important role of
capitalism in the last two decades.
Still the American Century
Authors: CUMINGS BRUCE
Published: July 2002

At the inception of
the twenty-first century—not to mention the next millennium—books on
‘the American Century’ proliferate monthly, if not daily. We now
have The American Century Dictionary, The American Century
Thesaurus, and even The American Century Cookbook; perhaps the
American Century baseball cap or cologne is not far behind. With one or two
exceptions, the authors celebrate the unipolar pre-eminence and comprehensive
economic advantage that the United States now enjoys. Surveys of public opinion
show that most people agree: the American wave appears to be surging just as the
year 2000 beckons. Unemployment and inflation are both at twenty-year lows,
sending economists (who say you can't get lows for both at the same time)
back to the drawing board. The stock market roars past the magic 10,000 mark, and
the monster federal budget deficit of a decade ago miraculously metamorphoses
into a surplus that may soon reach upwards of $1 trillion. Meanwhile President
William Jefferson Clinton, not long after a humiliating impeachment, is rated in
1999 as the best of all postwar presidents in conducting foreign policy (a
dizzying ascent from eighth place in 1994), according to a nationwide poll by the
Chicago Council on Foreign Relations. This surprising result might also, of
course, bespeak inattention: when asked to name the two or three most important
foreign policy issues facing the US, fully 21 per cent of the public
couldn't think of one (they answered ‘don't know’), and a
mere seven per cent thought foreign policy issues were important to the
nation. But who cares, when all is for the best in the best of
all possible worlds?
Mixed messages: unsettled cosmopolitanisms in Nepali pop
Authors: GREENE PAUL
Published: July 2002

This is an age of jazz. This is an age of having long, tangled hair, and of [young men] wearing an earring, and of wearing caps backwards [with the visor in the back]. And it is also a period of rap. Some raps are known as bhattirap and some are known as party rap. And some are meaningless raps. But at this moment it is a time of deuseerap. Deuseerap!!

Opening rap in ‘Deusee rey extended mix’ by Brazesh Khanal

(translated from Nepali; underlined words are sung in English)

Throughout Asia, the English word ‘mix’ (or variant thereof) is being used today to characterise a new mode of musical borrowing and syncretism distinctive of several pop musics that have emerged in the 1990s. Earlier modes of pop music borrowing typically involve timbral, rhythmic and melodic adaptations of both indigenous and foreign materials, in which contrasts between different musical elements are smoothed over so that they can be integrated into unified musical expressions. In contrast, the new ‘mix’ music of India (Greene 2000, pp. 545–6), Nepal (Greene 1999A; Henderson 1999), Japan (Condry 1999), Indonesia (Wallach 1999) and South Asian diasporic communities (Manuel 1995) employs the latest sound studio technologies in order to reproduce more precisely than ever before the precise timbres, rhythms and tunings of sound bites of both foreign pop and indigenous music. Yet as these foreign and indigenous sounds are coming more sharply into focus in Asian soundscapes, their meanings and histories seem to be going out of focus. For one thing, a ‘mix’ commonly takes the form of a sonic montage: abruptly juxtaposed musical styles heard in rapid succession that
project only a weak sense of overarching form. In this ‘mix’ configuration, foreign and indigenous sounds sometimes present themselves as inscrutable sound bites – snippets detached from their original musical and cultural contexts. Mixes typically celebrate sonic contrasts, rather than attempt to reach or move the listener within any single musical idiom. Moreover, foreign sounds travel to Asia so quickly through radio, music television, recordings and the Internet, that they are detached from their histories and original cultural contexts, and often present themselves as suggestive, intriguing, but underdetermined cultural indexes. This point is taken up below in an analysis of Nepali heavy metal, one of the elements in the mix. Both Western pop and indigenous sounds become perspectival constructs, taking on a range of meanings and affective forces in different listener experiences. Mix music embodies new, understudied and essentially postmodern musical aesthetics (in the sense of Manuel 1995) that have taken root in Asian and other world communities.
Revisiting the wreck: PJ Harvey's Dry and the drowned virgin-whore
Authors: Mazullo Mark
Published: July 2002

This is the place

And I am here, the mermaid whose dark hair

streams black, the merman in his armoured body

We circle silently

about the wreck

we dive into the hold

I am she: I am he ...

(‘Diving into the Wreck’: Rich 1973, p. 24)

Were Adrienne Rich to dive again today into the wreck – of history, of collective memory, of identity – she might be surprised to find Polly Jean Harvey already there, feasting in the depths on plots and symbols, greedily stuffing her storytelling sack. Like Rich, with her dual-sexed narrator (‘I am she: I am he’), Harvey enjoys playing at multiple selves, and in doing so, she tells stories that are fuelled equally by the fires of female and male, hetero- and homosexual desire. In the final stanza of her celebrated poem, Rich creates another memorable conundrum of syntax: ‘We are, I
am, you are/by cowardice or courage/the one who find our way/back to this scene’ (Rich 1973, p. 24). With her
suggestive pronoun games, Rich calls for a uniting of forces in the excavation of a troubled past. This seems to be
Harvey's conviction as well. Hers is a musical dramatic stage upon which multiple characters, in combined voices and disparate musical styles, act out disorienting and sometimes disturbing tales of identity, sexuality and power.
On an effective design approach of cartesian space neural
network control for robot manipulators
Authors: Jung Seul , Hsia T. C.
Published: July 2002

It is well known that computed torque robot control is subjected to
performance degradation due to uncertainties in robot model, and application of
neural network (NN) compensation techniques are promising. In this paper we
examine the effectiveness of neural network (NN) as a compensator for the
complex problem of Cartesian space control. In particular we examine the
differences in system performance of accurate position control when the same NN
compensator is applied at different locations in the controller structure. It is
found that using NN to modify the reference trajectory to compensate for model
uncertainties is much more effective than the traditional approach of modifying
control input or joint torque/force. To facilitate the analysis, a new NN
training signal is introduced and used for all cases. The study is also extended
to non-model based Cartesian control problems. Simulation results with
three-link rotary robot are presented and performances of different compensating
locations are compared.
Path planning of a mobile robot using genetic heuristics
Authors: Nearchou Andreas C.
Published: July 2002

A genetic algorithm for the path planning problem of a mobile robot which is moving and picking up loads on its way is presented. Assuming a findpath problem in a graph, the proposed algorithm determines a near-optimal path solution using a bit-string encoding of selected graph vertices. Several simulation results of specific task-oriented variants of the basic path planning problem using the proposed genetic algorithm are provided. The results
obtained are compared with ones yielded by hill-climbing and simulated annealing techniques, showing a higher or at least equally well performance for the genetic algorithm.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN FRANCE
Authors: Fleurette Frédéric , Banta David
Published: July 2002

The French healthcare system combines freedom of medical practice with nationwide social security. It

is compulsory for every legal resident. A range of public and private institutions provide care, and

patients have free access to physicians. The health coverage system is characterized by solidarity and

universal responsibility. Although the French system is highly regulated, funding of health-related

expenses is a chronic social problem. Since the 1996 healthcare reform, the national objective for

reimbursed healthcare expenditures is voted by the parliament, and the annual increase of hospital

funding is controlled at the regional level. An agency for hospitals has been established in every region,

and it quantifies needs indexes for future equipment and beds. However, establishing appropriate reference

ratios based on objective assessment is difficult. The idea of basing policy and practice decisions on

objective assessment grew for years, until the National Agency for the Development of Medical

Evaluation was established in 1989. The 1996 healthcare reform expanded this

agency to encompass hospital accreditation and renamed it the National Agency for Accreditation and

Evaluation in Health. In March 1999, the National Agency for Health Products

was established. It controls the safety of

medical products and evaluates products' medical benefits before reimbursement decisions. Health

technology assessment is now related to virtually every health policy process in France, and its role

increases continually.
HOW TO ESTIMATE AUTOREGRESSIVE ROOTS NEAR UNITY
Authors: Phillips Peter C.B. , Moon Hyungsik Roger , Xiao Zhijie
Published: July 2002

A new model of near integration is formulated in
which the local to unity parameter is identifiable and
consistently estimable with time series data. The properties
of the model are investigated, new functional laws for
near integrated time series are obtained that lead to mixed
diffusion processes, and consistent estimators of the localizing
parameter are constructed. The model provides a more complete
interface between I(0) and I(1) models than
the traditional local to unity model and leads to autoregressive
coefficient estimates with rates of convergence that vary continuously
between the O(√n) rate of stationary autoregression,
the O(n) rate of unit root regression, and the
power rate of explosive autoregression. Models with deterministic
trends are also considered, least squares trend regression is shown
to be efficient, and consistent estimates of the localizing
parameter are obtained for this case also. Conventional unit root
tests are shown to be consistent against local alternatives in the
new class.
Resource heterogeneity affects demography of the Costa Rican ant Aphaenogaster araneoides
Authors: McGlynn Terrence P. , Hoover Justin R. , Jasper Geoffrey S. , Kelly Megan S. , Polis Alexander M. , Spangler Catherine M. , Watson Bonnie Joy
Published: July 2002

How do animals respond to an unpredictably heterogeneous environment? Ants foraging in the leaf
litter of tropical wet forests experience unpredictably fluctuating food resources. To study how an ant species
responds to these changes, foragers were tracked to determine home ranges of 51 colonies of Aphaenogaster
araneoides, in three sites in a Costa Rican tropical wet forest. Of these colonies 16 were excavated to measure
colony size, colony growth, and reproductive investment. These demographic variables were compared with two
measures of home range quality: leaf litter dry weight and mass of arthropods. Home range areas of colonies were
highly correlated with colony size, and moderately correlated with resource abundance. Colony growth was independent of colony size, as is found in other ants in unpredictable environments. The growth of colonies was closely
associated with resource abundance. Production of the male reproductive caste was closely tied to the size of a
colony rather than growth, but male production in slow-growing colonies was limited. Colonies foraging within
high-quality environments grew at a faster rate, but reproduction was mainly correlated with colony size. Furthermore, it was found that the frequency of foragers in long-term treatment plots with supplemental food and reduced
leaf-litter quality was not significantly different from the frequency of foragers in control plots. This rain-forest ant
does not modify its home range areas in response to poor environments, and as a result, small-scale environmental
heterogeneity strongly determines growth and reproduction.
Ecosystem dynamics at disturbed and undisturbed sites in North Queensland wet tropical rain forest. III. Nutrient returns to the forest floor through litterfall
Authors: HERBOHN JOHN L. , CONGDON ROBERT A.
Published: July 2002

The nutrient contents and accessions in litterfall over a period of 3 y are reported for undisturbed areas and at two sites disturbed by selective harvesting in tropical rain forest in North Queensland, Australia. Mean concentrations (mg g&supminus1; dry weight) of nutrients in litterfall ranged from 10 to 12 for nitrogen; 0.33 to 0.43 for phosphorus; 3.6 to 4.3 for potassium; 6.0 to 10.5 for calcium; and 1.7 to 2.6 for magnesium. These concentrations are in the middle to lower part of the spectrum of values recorded for tropical forests. Accessions of nutrients in litterfall (kg ha&supminus1; y&supminus1;) ranged from 59 to 64 N; 1.9 to 2.4 P; 20 to 24 K; 34 to 63 Ca; and 9 to 16 Mg. These rates, particularly for N and P, are among the lowest recorded for tropical forests. There were no consistent between-site differences in total nutrient accessions in small litterfall. In terms of the contribution of litterfall to the accessions of nutrients to the forest floor, this suggests that the logged sites have recovered from the effects of selective harvesting within 25 y. Nutrient accessions at each site were distinctly seasonal, with maximum accessions occurring in the late dry season to late in the wet season. Leaf-fall accounted for the largest proportion of nutrient accessions over the study period, although at certain times accessions in both reproductive material and wood were significant. A cyclone which crossed the coast near the study sites resulted in large nutrient accessions over a short period but had little effect on the total annual accession. A comparison with previous studies of litterfall in Australian tropical rainforests indicates that nutrient return in litterfall is directly related to soil fertility.
Reasoning with inconsistency in structured text
Authors: HUNTER ANTHONY
Published: July 2002

Reasoning with inconsistency involves some compromise on classical logic. There is a range of proposals for logics (called paraconsistent logics) for reasoning with inconsistency each with pros and cons. Selecting an appropriate paraconsistent logic for an application depends upon the requirements of the application. Here we review paraconsistent logics for the potentially significant application area of technology for structured text. Structured text is a general concept that is implicit in a variety of approaches to handling information. Syntactically, an item of structured text is a number of grammatically simple phrases together with a semantic label for each phrase. Items of structured text may be nested within larger items of structured text. The semantic labels in a structured text are meant to parameterize a stereotypical situation, and so a particular item of structured text is an instance of that stereotypical situation. Much information is potentially available as structured text, including tagged text in XML, text in relational and object-oriented databases, and the output from information extraction systems in the form of instantiated templates. In this review paper, we formalize the concept of structured text, and then focus on how we can identify inconsistency in items of structured text, and reason with these inconsistencies. Then we review key approaches to paraconsistent reasoning, and discuss the application of them to reasoning with inconsistency in structured text.