bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution of COVID-19 infection in Thailand and its related factors during 2020-2021
Authors: Yan ZiJie , Sornlorm Kittipong , U Ei Sandar
Published: April 2024

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, with over 759 million confirmed cases and 6.8 million deaths globally as of March 2023, underscores the critical need for effective control measures.
Objectives: This study investigates the spatial dynamics of the disease in Thailand from 2020 to 2021, focusing on the association between demographic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors and COVID-19 infection rates, utilizing Geographic Information Systems.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, QGIS and GeoDa were employed to analyze the spatial pattern of COVID-19 infection rates using Local Moran’s I statistics for spatial autocorrelation. Spatial regression, specifically the Spatial Lag Model and Spatial Error Model was utilized to identify factors related to the observed spatial patterns.                     
Results: The study identified high incidence clusters in southern and central Thailand. Population density, age demographics, and urbanization were found to be positively correlated with incidence rates. Environmental factors such as temperature showed a negative correlation, while forest area coverage exhibited a complex influence. Socioeconomic variables, including income and alcohol density, displayed varying effects, while tobacco density was positively associated with incidence.
Conclusion: This comprehensive study underlines the importance of considering spatial dynamics in pandemic analysis. It reveals the multifaceted interplay between demographic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors in COVID-19 transmission. These findings provide valuable insights for targeted interventions and effective pandemic control strategies in Thailand and similar regions.
Simultaneous use of Morinda citrifolia fruit extract and amlodipine: Antihypertensive activity and sub-chronic toxicity in rats
Authors: Azizah Nur , Puspitasari Irma Melyani , Hasanah Aliya Nur , Halimah Eli
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the effects of the simultaneous use of Morinda citrifolia fruit extract (MCFE) and amlodipine (AML) on rats’ antihypertensive activity and sub-chronic toxicity. The antihypertensive activity was assessed in 25 male Wistar rats divided into 5 groups: 1. normal, 2. negative control (NaCl 8%), 3. positive control [NaCl 8% + AML 1 mg/kg body weight (BW)], 4. Treatment-1 [NaCl 8% + MCFE (45 mg/kg BW)], and 5. Treatment-2 [NaCl 8% + MCFE (45 mg/kg BW) + AML (1 mg/kg BW)]. MCFE and AML were given orally on days 22–35. The blood pressure was measured on days 0, 7, 21, 28, and 35. The sub-chronic toxicity study was conducted with a repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity test. The results showed that the blood pressure reduction in the treatment-2 group was not significantly different from those in the positive control or treatment-1 group (p > 0.05). In addition, it changed aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine levels, and histological parameters in the liver and kidneys. The simultaneous use of MCFE and AML might have the same activity as either AML or MCFE alone but could cause toxic effects on liver and kidney function. Therefore, simultaneous use should not be considered for hypertension therapy.
A cavalaria do mar: a guerra da expansão imperial portuguesa – séculos XV e XVI
Authors: Freire Wellington
Published: April 2024

A questão central, aquela que move o andamento do livro que ora o leitor tem em mãos é: qual a doutrina militar adotada pela arma militar terrestre portuguesa ao longo do processo expansionismo e conquista territorial que se estendeu pelos séculos XV e XVI? Dito de outra forma: como lutaram as tropas lusitanas durante as operações empreendidas em três continentes durante o período de conquista do seu império marítimo? A hipótese formulada é a de que ao longo da expansão imperial portuguesa, que se desdobrou por operações militales em três continentes, as tropas lusitanas lutaram animadas por um anacrônico espírito de cavalaria. Pleiteia-se que o princiapal componente tático-estratégico das ações ofensivas e defensivas da força militar terrestre e naval portuguesa foi o da persitência de um imaginário cavaleiresco. De um ponto de vista estritamente militar, a expansão imperial foi uma espécie de incursão da cavalaria do mar.
Distinct transcriptomic profile of satellite cells contributes to preservation of neuromuscular junctions in extraocular muscles of ALS mice
Authors: Li Ang , Yi Jianxun , Li Xuejun , Dong Li , Ostrow Lyle W , Ma Jianjie , Zhou Jingsong
Published: April 2024

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive weakness of almost all skeletal muscles, whereas extraocular muscles (EOMs) are comparatively spared. While hindlimb and diaphragm muscles of end-stage SOD1G93A (G93A) mice (a familial ALS mouse model) exhibit severe denervation and depletion of Pax7+satellite cells (SCs), we found that the pool of SCs and the integrity of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are maintained in EOMs. In cell sorting profiles, SCs derived from hindlimb and diaphragm muscles of G93A mice exhibit denervation-related activation, whereas SCs from EOMs of G93A mice display spontaneous (non-denervation-related) activation, similar to SCs from wild-type mice. Specifically, cultured EOM SCs contain more abundant transcripts of axon guidance molecules, including Cxcl12, along with more sustainable renewability than the diaphragm and hindlimb counterparts under differentiation pressure. In neuromuscular co-culture assays, AAV-delivery of Cxcl12 to G93A-hindlimb SC-derived myotubes enhances motor neuron axon extension and innervation, recapitulating the innervation capacity of EOM SC-derived myotubes. G93A mice fed with sodium butyrate (NaBu) supplementation exhibited less NMJ loss in hindlimb and diaphragm muscles. Additionally, SCs derived from G93A hindlimb and diaphragm muscles displayed elevated expression of Cxcl12 and improved renewability following NaBu treatment in vitro. Thus, the NaBu-induced transcriptomic changes resembling the patterns of EOM SCs may contribute to the beneficial effects observed in G93A mice. More broadly, the distinct transcriptomic profile of EOM SCs may offer novel therapeutic targets to slow progressive neuromuscular functional decay in ALS and provide possible ‘response biomarkers’ in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
Robust metabolic syndrome risk score based on triangular areal similarity
Authors: Shin Hyunseok , Shim Simon , Oh Sejong
Published: April 2024

One of the limitations of currently-used metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk calculations is that they often depend on sample characteristics. To address this, we introduced a novel sample-independent risk quantification method called ‘triangular areal similarity’ (TAS) that employs three-axis radar charts constructed from five MetS factors in order to assess the similarity between standard diagnostic thresholds and individual patient measurements. The method was evaluated using large datasets of Korean (n = 72,332) and American (n = 11,286) demographics further segmented by sex, age, and race. The risk score exhibited a strong positive correlation with the number of abnormal factors and was closely aligned with the current diagnostic paradigm. The proposed score demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy and robustness, surpassing previously reported risk scores. This method demonstrated superior performance and stability when tested on cross-national datasets. This novel sample-independent approach has the potential to enhance the precision of MetS risk prediction.
Assessment of Awareness, Knowledge, and Perception on the Purchase Intention towards Packaged Milk
Authors: N Venkatesa Palanichamy , M Kalpana , M Giruba , S Aruna Prabha
Published: April 2024

India has the highest livestock population in the world with 50 percent of the buffaloes and 20 percent of the world’s cattle population, most of which are milk cows and milk buffaloes. The research was focused on the packaged milk purchasing behaviour of consumer. The study area is confined to Erode district because of its high population and narrowed down to Erode town since the packaged milk purchasing is higher in town area. From each selected wards, 20 sample respondents are randomly selected. A pre-tested questionnaire will be used to collect data for the study. The general characteristics of the sample respondents would help in understanding the nature and behavior of the sample respondents. The general characteristics of sample respondents such as, education, purchase decision of sample respondents etc have a significant bearing on the study. Percentage analysis was used to study the general characteristics of the consumers which included age, education, gender, income, occupation, awareness, preference, knowledge of the respondents, frequency of purchase, type of decision makers, quantity of purchase, place of purchase. Majority of the respondents were aware of branded and non-branded milk. Only few respondents were not aware so suitable step should take to create awareness, so that more customers will get motivated to buy branded and non-branded milk. Knowledge of the respondents on branded milk was depends on consumer interest and also education one of the reason to gain knowledge. Most of the respondents were preferred Aavin because booth there and availability of the Aavin milk is high compared to other brand. So expect Aavin other firms have to follow suitable marketing strategies to increase preference among the consumers.  Knowledge of the respondents on branded milk was depends on consumer interest and also education is one of the reason to gain knowledge. About 33 per cent were had energy level knowledge on branded milk. Whereas 67 per cent of the respondents were had energy level knowledge on branded milk. About 11 per cent were had energy level knowledge on non-branded milk. And majority of the respondents 89 per cent were had energy level knowledge on non-branded milk.
An Analysis of Indian Overseas Bank's Case Study on the Conceptual Framework of Lending Technologies for Financing Small and Medium-sized Businesses
Authors: N Venkatesa Palanichamy , M Kalpana , N Balakrishnan
Published: April 2024

This to examine the Indian Overseas Bank’s credit facilities MSMEs with various financing options available and also examine the constraints in credit facilities. The sample respondents was 90, which comprised of seventy-one manufacturing enterprises and nineteen service enterprise respondents. Statistical tools such as Percentage analysis, Chi-square Test, factor analysis was used to analyse the data. The study revealed that, among manufacturing enterprise and service enterprise respondents, majority (67.60 per cent and 57.89 per cent) were small entrepreneurs. in middle age group (37.78 per cent). About 40 per cent were graduates and 78.89 per cent were sole proprietors. There was a significant association between type of business and age group, form of organization and business experience. 98 per cent of respondents were aware about term loan of which 65.90 per cent availed loan. 91 per cent of the respondents were aware of working capital finance of which 70.73 per cent availed loan. Bank officers (67.77 per cent) were main source of information. The source of finance (64.44 per cent) was IOB loan. They were willing to avail loan amount of Rs. 1-10 lakhs for two years. Maximum respondents repaid 25-50 per cent of loan. Difficulties faced by the customers in availing credit facilities were grouped under seven factors. Top five ranks were given to the statements such as; network of bank branches is not good, no wide range of services, non-availability of timely rehabilitation finance, lack of dissemination of information and lack of MSME loan processing centres at key locations. Majority of the respondents suggested for specialized branches of MSMEs (40 per cent).
Determinants of Values of Integrity in Bhutanese Youth: An Empirical Study
Authors: Jamtsho Tashi , Wangchug Karma Thinley
Published: April 2024

The study primarily examined the various factors that contribute towards instilling values in the youth. Values are those principles or standards that help improve quality of life and forms the basis of character and personality development. Values can be love, compassion, sympathy, empathy, tolerance, etc. They lay the foundation for externally practiced values like integrity, honesty, discipline, punctuality, and loyalty. The study also assessed the effectiveness of the Integrity Club. The integrity clubs instituted in the schools’ advocated integrity, trust, respect, ownership, leadership, teamwork, and patriotism to students and staff through various activities. The study, using the data from the Youth Integrity Assessment (YIA) 2022 conducted by the Anti-Corruption Commission of Bhutan (ACC) found that factors, such as, positive social influence, being accountable for one’s actions, and believing in ethical conduct formed the prerequisite conditions for leading a successful life. Hence, these critical factors significantly engendered positive values in the youths. Moreover, having an Integrity Club in the schools made a positive influence on the youths particularly in understanding the ethical way of living. Also, in general, the females and the mature youths in the schools with Integrity Club portrayed of possessing more values in comparison to the youths in the schools without Integrity Club. The study's findings could assist policy-makers in designing and implementing programs and initiatives to create a conducive environment for the youth to imbibe positive values.
African (Area) Studies Experience
Authors: Msindo Enocent
Published: April 2024

The idea of “Area studies” emerged before the Cold War. However, we must distinguish the genesis of the idea from its later institutionalisation in Western universities post-1945. Using African studies as a case, this paper examine the early origins of Area studies pre-1945, chiefly in England. We then trace the development of African studies in the USA, its connection to the changing political and economic interests after 1945 and its belated development in Brazil. This version of African studies largely reflected the evolving interests of countries who supported and funded it. It produced usable knowledge that primarily advanced their colonial and neo-colonial enterprises. Gatekeepers arose in the Global North, who founded well supported academic journals and African studies associations that, for a while, seldom engaged with black scholars in Africa. African studies scholars are still dealing with these fractured legacies and research agenda that favours funders from the Global North.
“Black flowers”, vozes pela liberdade
Authors: Paixão Marcelo
Published: April 2024

Resenha de:Raussert, Wilfried; e Steinitz, Matti (Orgs.). Black Power in Hemispheric Perspective: Movements and Cultures of Resistance in the Black Americas. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier; Nova Orleans: University of New Orleans Press, 2022. 280 p.
Movimento negro
Authors: Garrido Mírian Cristina de Moura
Published: April 2024

Resenha de:SANTOS, Jocélio Teles dos. Ativismo negro no Brasil: frente ao Estado e no Estado (1970-2016). Salvador: EDUFBA; Feira de Santana: UEFS Editora, 2022. 280 p.
White Luminescence from Multiple‐Dye‐Doped Electrospun DNA Nanofibers by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
Authors: Ner Yogesh , Grote James G. , Stuart Jeffrey A. , Sotzing Gregory A.
Published: June 2009

A DNA spin‐off: Electrospinning of DNA complexes gives nanofibers with a highly ordered morphology that allows homogeneous distribution of encapsulated multiple chromophores. The emission color can be controlled by suitable choice of the donor–acceptor pair and the doping ratio. Pure white‐light emission from nanofibers is demonstrated (see picture).

magnified image
Preservation of properties in discrete‐time systems under substitutions
Authors: Fernández‐Anaya Guillermo , Flores‐Godoy José‐Job , Álvarez‐Ramírez José
Published: June 2009

For discrete‐time systems, using substitutions of the variable z by 𝕄1 functions, we give results on preservation of stability, stabilization, positive real (PR), strictly positive real (SPR), bounded real (BR), and strictly bounded real (SBR) functions, along with the ℋ︁∞‐norm. These results can be interpreted in the sense of robust control or uniform systems. Based on these properties, we present results about preservation of the SPR Lemma and absolute stability for discrete‐time descriptor systems using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and substitutions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Stress experiences of family members of registered sex offenders
Authors: Tewksbury Richard , Levenson Jill
Published: June 2009

The collateral consequences of sex offender registration and notification (SORN) have been well established, although little evidence has supported the efficacy of SORN. Based on the belief that family members provide some of the most consistent, important, and intense forms of support for criminal offenders in general and registered sex offenders (RSOs) more specifically, the experiences of sanctions, losses, and stresses of these individuals is examined. Using survey responses from 584 individuals known to visit online support and advocacy groups for RSOs and their loved ones, this study identifies the stress levels and stressors experienced by this population. Findings show that family members of RSOs experience high levels of social isolation, fear, shame, property damage, and forced residential relocation. Perceived stress is significantly higher for those who are of lower economic means, feel isolated, have high levels of fear and shame/embarrassment, or were forced to move. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Not in our front garden’: Land use conflict, spatial meaning and the politics of naming place
Authors: Nash Nicholas , Lewis Alan , Griffin Christine
Published: June 2009

Strategies aimed at reducing land use conflict often stress the need to make planning decisions more democratic. However, this goal is obstructed by overly‐narrow conceptual perspectives that neglect the symbolic significance of place. We illustrate this by examining place names, which function as repositories of socio‐political meaning. Drawing on elements of discursive and rhetorical psychology and subject positioning theory, we investigated the variety of meanings associated with place names in the context of a proposed housing development in Swindon, in the South of England. Thirty interviews with different stakeholders were conducted to gauge their opinions towards the proposal. Noting differences in the way the proposed site was named, we analysed the range of meanings associated with each name in relation to participants' stances towards development. Our results show how, in naming place, spatial meanings are negotiated and contested in ways that support contrasting political objectives. We conclude that planning professionals should exercise greater sensitivity towards existing spatial meanings, especially place names. In addition, socio‐political understandings of subjective spatial relationships can serve as a basis for achieving more productive dialogue and improving development designs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Combined Solid‐State NMR and MD Characterization of the Stability and Dynamics of the HET‐s(218‐289) Prion in its Amyloid Conformation
Authors: Lange Adam , Gattin Zrinka , Van Melckebeke Hélène , Wasmer Christian , Soragni Alice , van Gunsteren Wilfred F. , Meier Beat H.
Published: June 2009

Dynamic and rigid: The prion HET‐s(218–289) consists, in its amyloid form as shown here, of highly ordered and rigid parts and a very dynamic loop, which could be of great importance for fibril formation. Indeed, MD simulations explain the experimental NMR results and describe the dynamics of the salt‐bridge network that stabilizes the amyloid fibril, a feature not easily accessible by experiment.

magnified image

The three‐dimensional structure of amyloid fibrils of the prion‐forming part of the HET‐s protein [HET‐s(218–289)], as determined by solid‐state NMR, contains rigid and remarkably well‐ordered parts, as witnessed by the narrow solid‐state NMR line widths for this system. On the other hand, high‐resolution magic‐angle‐spinning (HRMAS) NMR results have shown that HET‐s(218–289) amyloid fibrils contain highly flexible parts as well. Here, we further explore this unexpected behaviour using solid‐state NMR and molecular dynamics (MD). The NMR data provide new information on order and dynamics in the rigid and flexible parts of HET‐s(218–289), respectively. The MD study addresses whether or not small multimers, in an amyloid conformation, are stable on the 10 ns timescale of the MD run and provides insight into the dynamic parameters on the nanosecond timescale. The atom‐positional, root‐mean‐squared fluctuations (RMSFs) and order parameters S2 obtained are in agreement with the NMR data. A flexible loop and the N terminus exhibit dynamics on the ps–ns timescale, whereas the hydrophobic core of HET‐s(218–289) is rigid. The high degree of order in the core region of HET‐s(218–289) amyloids, as observed in the MD simulations, is in agreement with the narrow, solid‐state, NMR lines. Finally, we employed MD to predict the behaviour of the salt‐bridge network in HET‐s(218–289), which cannot be obtained easily by experiment. Simulations at different temperatures indicated that the network is highly dynamic and that it contributes to the thermostability of the HET‐s(218–289) amyloids.
Biopolymere in textilen Anwendungen. Polylactid, Polyhydroxyalkanoate
Authors: Siegmund Felixine , Veit Dieter , Gries Thomas
Published: June 2009

Biopolymere stellen eine interessante Polymerklasse dar, deren Potential bisher noch nicht endgültig erfasst ist. Sie gewinnen jedoch zunehmend an Marktwert. Vor allem Polylactid (PLA) hat sich bereits durchsetzen können, da es nicht nur aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen hergestellt werden kann und abbaubar ist, sondern darüber hinaus ein Eigenschaftsprofil aufweist, das mit herkömmlichen thermoplastischen Kunststoffen vergleichbar ist und sich auch ähnlich gut verarbeiten lässt. Das Anwendungsfeld der Biopolymere reicht von Folien, Obst‐ und Gemüseschalen bis hin zu Hygiene‐ und Medizinartikeln und ist daher sehr vielfältig. Diese Vielfältigkeit wird sicherlich in der Zukunft weiter zunehmen.
Biochemische Interaktionen in Marinen Biofilmen. Kampf, Kommunikation, Kooperation
Authors: Matz Carsten
Published: June 2009

Marine Mikroorganismen sind als vielseitige Produzenten von Sekundärmetaboliten bekannt. Auch wenn das Meer tausende von bioaktiven Metaboliten in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten hervorgebracht hat, so stehen wir erst am Anfang, die natürlichen Funktionen dieser Moleküle zu erforschen. Viele Mikroorganismen kommen in der Umwelt als mehrzellige Lebensgemeinschaften, so genannten Biofilmen, vor. Dabei stellt die chemische Kommunikation einen wichtigen Mechanismus dar, wie Biofilmpopulationen ihre Verhaltensweisen koordinieren und auf Umweltveränderungen reagieren. Aktuelle Untersuchungen bringen ein komplexes Netz biochemischer Wechselbeziehungen ans Licht, über das mikrobielle Symbiosen, Konkurrenz und Verteidigung gegenüber Fraßfeinden und Parasiten vermittelt wird. Das Verstehen der molekularen Grundlagen von Biofilminteraktionen in ihrem ökologischen Kontext birgt das Potential, die Suche nach wirkspezifischen Naturstoffen und die Entwicklung von Biofilm‐basierter Biotechnologien zu verfeinern.
Der “Chemie‐Baukasten” der Hochschule Fresenius
Authors: Gros Leo , Horz Maren , Wagener Reinhard
Published: June 2009

Für Chemie‐Interessierte, die auf die bewährten Merkmale eines Fachhochschul‐Studiengangs auch im Bachelor‐Studium nicht verzichten wollen, bietet die Hochschule Fresenius als derzeit einzige Hochschule in Deutschland einen 8‐semestrigen Chemie‐Bachelorstudiengang mit integriertem Auslands‐ und Praxissemester an. Darauf baut der zweisemestrige Master‐Studiengang Bio‐ and Pharmaceutical Analysis auf. Wer sich neben der Chemie auch für Management und Marketing interessiert, kann stattdessen den 6‐semestrigen Bachelorstudiengang Wirtschaftschemie wählen. Bis zum 4. Semester lernen die Studierenden gemeinsam und entscheiden sich dann für einen der beiden Bachelor‐Studiengänge.
Die Struktur der DNA – Modell‐Projekt II
Authors: Quadbeck‐Seeger H.‐J.
Published: June 2009

Wie die DNA in etwa aussieht, kennt praktisch jeder von Abbildungen. Allerdings zeigen erst dreidimensionale Modelle die eindrucksvolle Schönheit und Vollkommenheit des Moleküls. Leider sind solche Modelle teuer. In zwei Artikeln (Biol. unserer Zeit, 2008, 38, 150 sowie Chem. unserer Zeit 2008, 42, 293) wurde ein Modell vorgeschlagen, das sich sehr kostengünstig herstellen lässt. Nun wächst die Modell‐Familie: Für Unterrichtszwecke lassen sich nach neuem Konzept auch deutlich größere, ebenfalls kostengünstige Modelle bauen.
Frank Model and Spontaneous Emergence of Chirality in Closed Systems
Authors: Crusats Joaquim , Hochberg David , Moyano Albert , Ribó Josep M.
Published: June 2009

In a closed system an irreversible enantioselective autocatalysis coupled to a mutual inhibition reaction, corresponding to a fast and low exergonic formation of the heterochiral dimer which reverts to the monomers in the final reaction work‐up, yields absolute asymmetric synthesis even in the absence of chiral polarizations. This is due to the very high chiral amplifications of the initial small statistical deviations from the ideal racemic composition. Moreover, this system is sensitive to very small chiral polarizations (energy differences between transition states below the mJ mol−1 range). This behaviour can also be observed in reversible exergonic reactions, because the racemization time scale is substantially longer than that of the transformation of the initial reagents. The effect of the presence of other reactions likely to occur (i.e. non‐catalytic transformations, non‐enantioselective catalysis and homodimer formation) is discussed. Even if these decrease the sensitivity of the network in several chemical scenarios, the emergence of kinetically controlled spontaneous symmetry breaking is not hindered. These features, together with the response of the system to a sequential reaction procedure, suggest that a similar type of network is at the heart of the Soai reaction.
The Dynamic Side of the Hofmeister Effect: A Single‐Molecule Nanopore Study of Specific Complex Formation
Authors: Gurnev Philip A. , Harries Daniel , Parsegian V. Adrian , Bezrukov Sergey M.
Published: June 2009

Beyond measurements of equilibria: An α‐hemolysin nanopore is used as a single‐molecule sensor to follow the effects of different salts on the complexation reaction of γ‐cyclodextrin and adamantane carboxylate (see picture). The kinetics underlying the dynamic equilibrium are studied to reveal qualitatively different dynamic actions of various cosolute salts.

magnified image
Role of p21‐activated kinase in cell polarity and directional mesendoderm migration in the Xenopus gastrula
Authors: Nagel Martina , Luu Olivia , Bisson Nicolas , Macanovic Bojan , Moss Tom , Winklbauer Rudolf
Published: June 2009

The p21 activated kinases (Paks) are prominently involved in the regulation of cell motility. Using a kinase‐dead mutant of xPak1, we show that during Xenopus gastrulation, the kinase activity of Pak1 is required upstream of Cdc42 for the establishment of cell polarity in the migrating mesendoderm. Overactivation of Pak1 function by the expression of constitutively active xPak1 compromises the maintenance of cell polarity, by indirectly inhibiting RhoA function. Inhibition of cell polarization does not affect the migration of single mesendoderm cells. However, Pak1 inhibition interferes with the guidance of mesendoderm migration by directional cues residing in the extracellular matrix of the blastocoel roof, and with mesendoderm translocation in the embryo. Developmental Dynamics 238:1709–1726, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depigmentation of skin and hair color in the somatic cell cloned pig
Authors: Hwang Kyu‐Chan , Cho Seong‐Keun , Lee Seong‐Hoon , Park Jong‐Yi , Kwon Deug‐Nam , Choi Yun‐Jung , Park Chankyu , Kim Jae‐Hwan , Park Keun‐Kyu , Hwang Seongsoo , Park Soo‐Bong , Kim Jin‐Hoi
Published: June 2009

Previously, we have successfully produced nine cloned piglets using Duroc donor cells. Among these clones, one showed distinct depigmentation of the skin and hair color during puberty. In this study, we selected a clone with depigmentation to investigate the etiology of the anomaly in somatic cell nuclear transfer. We hypothesized that genes related to Waardenburg syndrome (Mitf, Pax‐3, Sox‐10, Slug, and Kit) are closely associated with the depigmentation of pig, which was derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (scNT). Total RNA was extracted from the ear tissue of affected and unaffected scNT‐derived pigs, and the transcripts encoding Mitf, Pax‐3, Sox‐10, and Slug, together with the Kit gene, were amplified by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, sequenced, and analyzed. The cDNA sequences from the scNT pig that showed progressive depigmentation did not reveal a mutation in these genes. Although we did not find any mutations in these genes, expression of the genes implicated in Waardenburg syndrome was severely down‐regulated in the affected scNT pig when compared with unaffected scNT pigs. This down‐regulation of gene expression may result in a previously undescribed phenotype that shows melanocyte instability, leading to progressive loss of pigmentation. Developmental Dynamics 238:1701–1708, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome‐wide expression profiling in the Drosophila eye reveals unexpected repression of notch signaling by the JAK/STAT pathway
Authors: Flaherty Maria Sol , Zavadil Jiri , Ekas Laura A. , Bach Erika A.
Published: June 2009

Although the JAK/STAT pathway regulates numerous processes in vertebrates and invertebrates through modulating transcription, its functionally relevant transcriptional targets remain largely unknown. With one jak and one stat (stat92E), Drosophila provides a powerful system for finding new JAK/STAT target genes. Genome‐wide expression profiling on eye discs in which Stat92E is hyperactivated, revealed 584 differentially regulated genes, including known targets domeless, socs36E, and wingless. Other differentially regulated genes (chinmo, lama, Mo25, Imp‐L2, Serrate, Delta) were validated and may represent new Stat92E targets. Genetic experiments revealed that Stat92E cell‐autonomously represses Serrate, which encodes a Notch ligand. Loss of Stat92E led to de‐repression of Serrate in the dorsal eye, resulting in ectopic Notch signaling and aberrant eye growth there. Thus, our micro‐array documents a new Stat92E target gene and a previously unidentified inhibitory action of Stat92E on Notch signaling. These data suggest that this study will be a useful resource for the identification of additional Stat92E targets. Developmental Dynamics 238:2235–2253, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamics of work limitation and work in Australia
Authors: Oguzoglu Umut
Published: June 2009

This paper examines the impact of self‐reported work limitations on the labour force participation of the Australian working age population. Five consecutive waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey are used to investigate this relationship. A two‐equation dynamic panel data model demonstrates that persistence and unobserved heterogeneity play an important role in work limitation reporting and its effect on labour force participation. Unobserved factors that jointly drive work limitation and participation are also shown to be crucial, especially for women. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Think twice before you book? Modelling the choice of public vs private dentist in a choice experiment
Authors: Kiiskinen Urpo , Suominen‐Taipale Anna Liisa , Cairns John
Published: June 2009

This study concerns the choice of primary dental service provider by consumers. If the health service delivery system allows individuals to choose between public‐care providers or if complementary private services are available, it is typically assumed that utilisation is a three‐stage decision process. The patient first makes a decision to seek care, and then chooses the service provider. The final stage, involving decisions over the amount and form of treatment, is not considered here. The paper reports a discrete choice experiment (DCE) designed to evaluate attributes affecting individuals' choice of dental‐care provider. The feasibility of the DCE approach in modelling consumers' choice in the context of non‐acute need for dental care is assessed. The aim is to test whether a separate two‐stage logit, a multinomial logit, or a nested logit best fits the choice process of consumers. A nested logit model of indirect utility functions is estimated and inclusive value (IV) constraints are tested for modelling implications. The results show that non‐trading behaviour has an impact on the choice of appropriate modelling technique, but is to some extent dependent on the choice of scenarios offered. It is concluded that for traders multinomial logit is appropriate, whereas for non‐traders and on average the nested logit is the method supported by the analyses. The consistent finding in all subgroup analyses is that the traditional two‐stage decision process is found to be implausible in the context of consumer's choice of dental‐care provider. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child's behaviour in mother–child interaction predicts later emotional and behavioural problems
Authors: Mäntymaa Mirjami , Puura Kaija , Luoma Ilona , Vihtonen Vilja , Salmelin Raili K. , Tamminen Tuula
Published: June 2009

The aims were to examine the association of maternal or child interactive behaviour with emotional and behavioural problems of the child simultaneously and 3 years later, and to assess whether there is continuity in children's emotional and behavioural symptoms from 2 to 5 years. Sixty‐five 2‐year‐old children with their mothers were videotaped during a feeding situation. Their mothers completed the CBCL at 2 years and when the children were 5. Simultaneously, there were no strong correlations between child's emotional and behavioural problems and maternal or child interactive behaviour. Subsequently, mothers' higher sensitivity and more optimal structuring, as well as child's higher involvement of the mother, were associated with lower levels of child externalizing and total problem scores. Also, less responsive children showed more externalizing symptoms 3 years later. There was continuity of emotional and behavioural problems from 2 to 5 years. Problems in mother–child interaction may predict behavioural problems in the child subsequently. Besides maternal behaviour, it is important to consider the interactive behaviour of the child. Children who are less responsive and who show less involvement of the mother are more likely to subsequently present more externalizing symptoms, and these children should be recognized and treated early. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When should evidence be disclosed in an interview with a suspect? An experiment with mock‐suspects
Authors: Sellers Steven , Kebbell Mark R.
Published: June 2009

The question of whether to disclose evidence to a suspect early on, or later, in an interview is often of critical importance for police officers' interviewing strategies. To shed light on this issue, an experiment was conducted in which 95 participants each committed a mock‐theft as a hidden ‘witness’ observed them. A statement from the witness was presented to them during a subsequent interview in which they were ‘suspects’. The time at which this evidence was disclosed to participants, and the evidence strength, was manipulated. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of four conditions; Early Weak, Early Strong, Late Weak, or Late Strong. Both late evidence disclosure, and strong evidence, produced higher confession rates than did early disclosure or weak evidence, and late disclosure of weak evidence resulted in the withdrawal of most of the confessions which had previously been made. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphopeptide fragmentation and analysis by mass spectrometry
Authors: Boersema Paul J. , Mohammed Shabaz , Heck Albert J. R.
Published: June 2009

Reversible phosphorylation is a key event in many biological processes and is therefore a much studied phenomenon. The mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of phosphorylation is challenged by the substoichiometric levels of phosphorylation and the lability of the phosphate group in collision‐induced dissociation (CID). Here, we review the fragmentation behaviour of phosphorylated peptides in MS and discuss several MS approaches that have been developed to improve and facilitate the analysis of phosphorylated peptides. CID of phosphopeptides typically results in spectra dominated by a neutral loss of the phosphate group. Several proposed mechanisms for this neutral loss and several factors affecting the extent at which this occurs are discussed. Approaches are described to interpret such neutral loss‐dominated spectra to identify the phosphopeptide and localize the phosphorylation site. Methods using additional activation, such as MS3 and multistage activation (MSA), have been designed to generate more sequence‐informative fragments from the ion produced by the neutral loss. The characteristics and benefits of these methods are reviewed together with approaches using phosphopeptide derivatization or specific MS scan modes. Additionally, electron‐driven dissociation methods by electron capture dissociation (ECD) or electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and their application in phosphopeptide analysis are evaluated. Finally, these techniques are put into perspective for their use in large‐scale phosphoproteomics studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of rice bran lipase by azadirachtin from Azadirachta indica
Authors: Gangadhara  , Ramesh Kumar Parigi , Prakash Vishweshwaraiah
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Chemical constituents of the neem tree are extensively explored; the major component present in the tree is azadirachtin. Azadirachtin, a tetranortriterpenoid, is remarkable for its chemical complexity and for its biological activity. This study, for the first time, has provided information on the interaction and inhibition of rice bran lipase (RBL) by azadirachtin. RBL, an esterase, is a versatile enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester linkages, primarily in neutral lipids such as triglycerides.

RESULTS: The catalytic activity of RBL in the presence of azadirachtin has been investigated. There was a decrease in enzyme activity relative to the control at all concentrations tested. At 1 mmol L−1 concentration of azadirachtin the enzyme loses 84% of its activity. The kinetics of inhibition of RBL by azadirachtin are competitive in nature. From analysis of the kinetic data the inhibition constant Ki is found to be 0.14 mmol. Fluorescence measurements showed a gradual decrease in emission intensity; a red shift in emission maximum may be attributed to perturbation of the aromatic residues. Far‐ultraviolet circular dichroism results showed minor conformational changes.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that azadirachtin specifically inhibits and binds to RBL in bringing about inhibition with minor structural alteration. This inactivation of RBL by azadirachtin can be utilized to prevent oxidation of RBL with an ultimate goal of exploiting the potential of the plant source for producing edible‐grade oil from rice bran using a natural molecule at very low concentration. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Essential oil, fatty acid and sterol composition of Tunisian coriander fruit different parts
Authors: Sriti Jazia , Talou Thierry , Wannes Wissem Aidi , Cerny Muriel , Marzouk Brahim
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Seed and pericarp of coriander fruit were compared in terms of essential oil, fatty acids and sterols.

RESULTS: Essential oil yield of coriander samples ranged from 0.30 to 0.68% (w/w) in fruit and seed, respectively. However, in pericarp, the essential oil yield was only of 0.04% (w/w). Linalool was the major compound in the whole fruit, seed and pericarp, with 86.1%, 91.1% and 24.6% of the oils, respectively. Fatty acid composition of pericarp and seed lipids were investigated by gas chromatography. Petroselinic acid was the main compound of fruit and seed, followed by linoleic and oleic acids. Palmitic and linoleic acids were estimated in higher amounts in pericarp lipids. Total sterol contents were 36.93 g kg−1 oil in seed, 6.29 g kg−1 oil in fruit and 4.30 g kg−1 oil in pericarp. Fruit and pericarp oils were characterized by a high proportion of β‐sitosterol, with 36.7% and 49.4% of total sterols, respectively. However, stigmasterol (29.5%) was found to be the sterol marker in seed oils.

CONCLUSION: Coriander oil is a rich source of many compounds such as essential oils, fatty acids and sterols. This compound distribution presented significant differences between whole fruit, seed and pericarp. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of the effect of plant extracts and phenolic compounds on reduction of acrylamide in an asparagine/glucose model system by RP‐HPLC‐DAD
Authors: Zhu Fan , Cai Yi‐Zhong , Ke Jinxia , Corke Harold
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Acrylamide has been found in various foods. Many studies have been conducted to mitigate acrylamide formation during the Maillard reaction. In this study, the effects of 35 crude aqueous extracts from dietary plants (spices, fruits, tea, beans and herbs) and 11 phenolic compounds on the mitigation of acrylamide in an asparagine/glucose model system were investigated. A simple method using reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with 100% water as mobile phase was developed for acrylamide quantification.

RESULTS: Addition of plant extracts significantly influenced acrylamide formation. Extracts of mint, cumin seeds and star anise caused the greatest reductions, of 75%, 73% and 69%, respectively, but Huanggang Ku‐Jing‐Cha extract facilitated acrylamide formation with increases of 18%. Of the phenolic compounds, p‐coumaric acid caused the greatest reduction (53%), whereas hesperetin increased acrylamide content by 9%.

CONCLUSION: This study provided a possible use of crude aqueous plant extracts to mitigate acrylamide formation in the Maillard reaction. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of dietary black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) on performance, egg traits, egg cholesterol content and egg yolk fatty acid composition in laying hens
Authors: Yalçın Sakine , Yalçın Suzan , Erol Handan , Buǧdaycı K Emre , Özsoy Bülent , Çakır Serkan
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary black cumin seed on performance, egg traits, egg cholesterol content and egg yolk fatty acid composition in laying hens during a 12 week period. For this purpose a total of 160 Lohmann Brown laying hens 36 weeks of age were allocated to four dietary treatments with one control group and three treatment groups. Black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) was used at the level of 5, 10 and 15 g kg−1 in the diets of the first, second and third treatment groups, respectively.

RESULTS: Dietary treatments did not significantly affect body weight, feed intake, egg production, egg quality characteristics and blood parameters. Diets containing 10 and 15 g kg−1 black cumin seed increased egg weight (P < 0.01), improved feed efficiency (P < 0.01) and decreased egg yolk cholesterol, saturated fatty acids (% of total fatty acid methyl esters) and the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05) compared to the diet of control group.

CONCLUSION: Dietary black cumin seed at the level of 10 and 15 g kg−1 had beneficial effects on egg weight, feed efficiency, egg cholesterol content and egg yolk fatty acid composition. Therefore it can be used at the level of 10 and 15 g kg−1 in the diets of laying hens. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The relationship between business characteristics and ICT deployment in the rural tourism sector. The case of Spain
Authors: Peña Ana Isabel Polo , Jamilena Dolores María Frías
Published: June 2009

The deployment of information and communication technologies (ICT) is crucial for the competitiveness of rural tourism businesses. It is therefore important to know the relation between a firm's characteristics and ICT deployment. This study makes two hierarchical segmentations to predict the behaviour of these firms when deploying the Web and e‐mail. This work determines which characteristics are related to ICT deployment. Activity and category are the two characteristics that most effectively predict a firm's behaviour, whereas location and size are less effective. These results have implications for entrepreneurial behaviour and for public agents working in rural tourism. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a new type micro slurry‐jet erosion (MSE) tester for evaluation of wear properties of hard thin coatings
Authors: Iwai Yoshiro , Matsubara Tohru , Hirai Yuichi , Hogmark Sture
Published: June 2009

Versatile and reliable techniques for evaluation of hard thin coatings are necessary for the development and tribological assessment of new coatings. We have proposed a new type of micro slurry‐jet erosion (MSE) test, i.e. a solid particle impact erosion test for swift evaluation of wear properties of hard thin coatings. We are using a new type of MSE test apparatus (pot type tester) that makes it possible to obtain the wear loss per unit mass of erodent, which in this test was alumina particles with an average size of 1.2 µm. Its performance was evaluated by using a Si wafer plate under various test condition. In addition, the MSE tester was demonstrated by evaluating the wear resistance of TiN on high‐speed steel substrate. The new MSE test generates highly reproducible results and is very sensitive to the quality of the coatings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic stability analysis of piled embankments: A multiphase approach
Authors: Thai Son Quang , Hassen Ghazi , de Buhan Patrick
Published: June 2009

The seismic stability analysis of an embankment lying over a soft foundation soil reinforced by a group of vertical piles is performed within the framework of the upper bound kinematic approach of yield design. The analysis is based on a previously developed ‘multiphase’ model of the reinforced ground, which explicitly accounts for the shear and bending resistances of the piles. Making use of appropriate failure mechanisms involving shear zones across which the reinforcements are continuously deforming, along with ‘plastic hinge’ surfaces, upper bound estimates to the critical seismic coefficient of the structure are derived. The results, which are confirmed by the simulations obtained from a finite element elastoplastic code, give clear evidence of the key role played by the bending strength capacities of the piles in ensuring the stability of the pile reinforced embankment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.