bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term learning in content‐based image retrieval
Authors: Li Jing , Allinson Nigel M.
Published: July 2010

In content‐based image retrieval, relevance feedback is an interactive process, which builds a bridge to connect users with the search engine. It leads to much improved retrieval performance by updating the query and the similarity measure according to a user's preference; and recently techniques have matured to some extent. However, most previous relevance feedback approaches exploit short‐term learning (intraquery learning) that is dealing with the current feedback session but ignoring historical data from other users, which potentially results in a great loss of useful information. Fortunately, by recording and collecting feedback knowledge from different users over a variety of query sessions, long‐term learning (interquery learning) can be implemented to further improve the performance of content‐based image retrieval in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. For this reason, long‐term learning has an increasingly important role in multimedia information searching. No comprehensive survey of long‐term learning has been conducted to date. To this end, the article addresses this omission and offers suggestions for future work. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 160–169, 2008
Stereo image displaying based on both physiological and psychological stereoscopy from single image
Authors: Hou Chunping , Yang Jiachen , Zhang Zhuoyun
Published: July 2010

Image retrieval is a hot topic in the field of computer vision. Displaying query image and retrieved image as three‐dimensional images can facilitate the users to evaluate the quality of the retrieved results. To show a single image in three‐dimensional appearance, we propose to generate stereo image based on both physiological and psychological stereoscopy. We have found out how psychological stereoscopy can strengthen or weaken physiological stereoscopy. On the basis of this, we propose to introduce random binocular disparities into the single image. The net effect of this operation is the better stereo perception. When compared with other algorithms, the proposed algorithm is simple and the computational cost is relatively low. The effectiveness of our algorithm is demonstrated on different types of images. Since the 3D images are difficult to be captured, the algorithms we proposed aiming to generate stereo image from a single image are of great importance to the development of the field of the 3D vision. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 146–149, 2008
The Ages & Stages Questionnaire: Social–Emotional: A validation study of a mother‐report questionnaire on a clinical mother–infant sample
Authors: Salomonsson Björn , Sleed Michelle
Published: July 2010

Mother‐report questionnaires of infant socioemotional functioning are increasingly used to screen for clinical referral to infant mental health services. The validity of the Ages & Stages Questionnaire: Social Emotional (ASQ:SE; J. Squires, D. Bricker, K. Heo, & E. Twombly, 2002) was investigated in a sample of help‐seeking mothers with young infants. It was compared with independent observer‐rated dyadic interactions, and the quality of dyadic relationships was rated by expert clinicians. The ASQ:SE ratings also were compared with questionnaires on maternal psychological stress and distress. The ASQ:SE did not correlate significantly with either external ratings of dyadic interaction or clinically assessed relationship qualities, though the latter two were strongly associated with each other. In contrast, ASQ:SE scores were associated with questionnaires relating to maternal psychological distress. This was especially true for mothers classified as depressed. Furthermore, reports on the ASQ:SE were strongly predicted by maternal stress. The study points to some problems with the concurrent validity of the ASQ:SE in clinical samples. It also demonstrates a close link between mothers' psychological distress and their ratings of infant social and emotional functioning. Further research should investigate the extent to which the ASQ:SE specifically measures infant functioning or maternal distress, and how it functions in clinical versus nonclinical samples.
Recommendations of the ICID task force for least developed countries in Asia
Authors: Taniyama Shigetaka
Published: July 2010

The least developed countries (LDCs) in Asia, as well as those in sub‐Saharan Africa, have not succeeded in improving their standards of living; and the number of poor in the LDCs has not yet shrunk due to economic stagnation and inapt policies amidst the ever‐increasing population.

In order to help ameliorate such problems, the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) has an important role, which it is expected to play, in assisting the LDCs with irrigation and drainage with respect to technologies, institutions, etc., by all of its capabilities, including encouraging non‐ICID‐member LDCs to affiliate with ICID, with the intention of increasing and stabilizing the production of agriculture, the foundation for the economic development of LDCs and the economic sector in which most of the labour force of LDCs currently engage.

The ICID Task Force for LDCs in Asia recommends, as the priority issues for LDCs to cope with, the promotion of participatory management of irrigation and drainage, the development of small, affordable and sustainable infrastructure, setting up substantive legal systems and laying the foundation of financial support, technology transfer and dissemination on irrigation and drainage skills to the farmer organizations, and the conservation and appropriate allocation of water resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased biofuel production in the coming decade: to what extent will it affect global freshwater resources?
Authors: Hoogeveen Jippe , Faurès Jean‐Marc , van de Giessen Nick
Published: July 2010

Irrigated agriculture accounts for 70% of global water withdrawals and therefore contributes substantially to global water scarcity. This article focuses on the impact of the increasing demand for biofuel on global water resources in the coming decade. Based on biofuel production projections for 2008 and 2017, it was estimated that currently around 1% of all water withdrawn for irrigation is used for the production of bio‐ethanol, mainly produced from irrigated sugar cane and maize. In 2017 the amount of water to be withdrawn for biofuel production would increase by 74% if agricultural practices remain the same. It is, however, likely that in 10 years the increase will be less, mainly due to crop diversification in favour of rainfed crop species. Even though globally the amount of water withdrawn for the production of biofuels is modest, locally water scarcity problems may worsen due to irrigation of bio‐ethanol feedstocks. In this context there is reason for concern in countries with fast‐developing economies like India, China, Thailand and South Africa where the growing demand for food and energy causes an increased competition for already scarce water resources. This situation will be aggravated if the projected bio‐ethanol production will come from irrigated sugar cane. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of water management for global food production and poverty alleviation
Authors: Schultz Bart , Tardieu Henri , Vidal Alain
Published: July 2010

In the coming 25–30 years global food production will have to be doubled in order to maintain food security at the global level. With respect to this to a certain extent the advantage is that food prices have increased over the past seven to eight years, and especially during the past two years. This may put farmers who are able to sell at least a certain part of their harvest in a better position, provided that the increase in production costs is at a lower level. On the other hand it puts the poor people in the cities of the emerging and least developed countries in an increasingly complicated situation as it will require more of them to remain able to purchase their food. In this paper we give a summarised overview of the role of water management for global food production and poverty alleviation. It turns out that to maintain food security in the near and medium‐term future a substantially larger increase in production will be required than continuation of the present trend. While this is quite an effort, one may expect that at least for the near future the costs will remain at the present high level and that they may even increase further. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for assessing the trade‐offs between economic and environmental uses of water in a river basin
Authors: Malano Hector M. , Davidson Brian
Published: July 2010

Significant increases in water diversion for irrigation and other uses have taken place worldwide throughout the twentieth century, often with negative consequences for environmental sustainability.

In this paper a framework which can be used to undertake an assessment of this trade‐off problem is presented. The framework aims to achieve a balance between water extractions for irrigation and other uses and environmental demand. It involves, among many factors, an understanding of the hydrological, environmental, economic and social consequences of diverting water.

The research component of the framework comprises three key elements: water cycle analysis, economic analysis and social analysis. At the core of the water cycle analysis is the characterisation of the water stocks and flows in the systems and a modelling framework to analyse system responses to water‐sharing policies and trade‐offs between extractive and environmental uses. The economic analysis focuses on the valuation of water allocated to each use including the environment, whilst the social analysis is centred on the relative values used to balance water extractions for society's needs and the environment. This framework is illustrated with examples from the Krishna Basin in India and the Murray– Darling Basin in Australia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water professionals and public leadership
Authors: M. Termeer Catrien J. A.
Published: July 2010

Many of today's water problems cannot be solved within the traditional boundaries of organizations, disciplines, sectors and routines. Innovative solutions come into being in interplay between a variety of public, private and civil society actors. These so‐called governance processes produce new challenges for water professionals, especially for those who want to make a difference. I view these water professionals as public leaders. As most of these professionals work in the context of “high reliability organizations” leadership needs a powerful combination of both encouraging variety, responsiveness and learning and of promoting order, decisiveness and reliable performance. However, not every water expert needs to become a public leader. On the contrary, water experts who are strong in disciplinary fields are still needed, but it is up to the public leaders to organize respectful interactions between these experts and all other actors involved. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein self‐modification by heme‐generated reactive species
Authors: Monzani Enrico , Nicolis Stefania , Roncone Raffaella , Barbieri Marica , Granata Alessandro , Casella Luigi
Published: July 2010

In the presence of H2O2, heme proteins form active intermediates, which are able to oxidize exogenous molecules. Often these products are not stable compounds but reactive species on their own, such as organic radicals. They can both diffuse to the bulk of the solution or react with the protein that generated them. Here, we describe the self‐modification underwent by heme proteins with globin‐type fold, that is, myoglobin, hemoglobin, and neuroglobin when treated with NO2−or catechols in the presence of H2O2. The reactive nitrogen species generated by NO2−give rise to nitration, oxidation, and/or crosslinking reactions between the proteins or their subunits. The quinones formed upon reaction with catechols easily modify Cys and His residues and eventually cause protein aggregation, which induces precipitation. The pattern of modifications undergone by the protein strongly depends on the nature of the protein and the reaction conditions. © 2007 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(1): 41–56, 2008
Phenotypic and genotypic assessment of concomitant drug‐induced toxic effects in liver, kidney and blood
Authors: Dadarkar Shruta S. , Fonseca Lyle C. , Mishra Prabha B. , Lobo Aurelio S. , Doshi Lalit S. , Dagia Nilesh M. , Rangasamy Ashok K. , Padigaru Muralidhara
Published: July 2010

Several studies have characterized drug‐induced toxicity in liver and kidney. However, the majority of these studies have been performed with ‘individual’ organs in isolation. Separately, little is known about the role of whole blood as a surrogate tissue in drug‐induced toxicity. Accordingly, we investigated the ‘concurrent’ response of liver, kidney and whole blood during a toxic assault. Rats were acutely treated with therapeutics (acetaminophen, rosiglitazone, fluconazole, isoniazid, cyclophosphamide, amphotericin B, gentamicin and cisplatin) reported for their liver and/or kidney toxicity. Changes in clinical chemistry parameters (e.g. AST, urea) and/or observed microscopic tissue damage confirmed induced hepatotoxicity and/or nephrotoxicity by all drugs. Drug‐induced toxicity was not confined to an ‘individual’ organ. Not all drugs elicited significant alterations in phenotypic parameters of toxicity (e.g. ALT, creatinine). Accordingly, the transcriptional profile of the organs was studied using a toxicity panel of 30 genes derived from literature. Each of the test drugs generated specific gene expression patterns which were unique for all three organs. Hierarchical cluster analyses of purported hepatotoxicants and nephrotoxicants each led to characteristic ‘fingerprints’ (e.g. decrease in Cyp3a1 indicative of hepatotoxicity; increase in Spp1 and decrease in Gstp1 indicative of nephrotoxicity). In whole blood cells, a set of genes was derived which closely correlated with individual drug‐induced concomitant changes in liver or kidney. Collectively, these data demonstrate drug‐induced multi‐organ toxicity. Furthermore, our findings underscore the importance of transcriptional profiling during inadequate phenotypic anchorage and suggest that whole blood may be judiciously used as a surrogate for drug‐induced extra‐hematological organ toxicity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospun aligned nanofibrous composite of MWCNT/polyurethane to enhance vascular endothelium cells proliferation and function
Authors: Meng Jie , Han Zhaozhao , Kong Hua , Qi Xiaojin , Wang Chaoying , Xie Sishen , Xu Haiyan
Published: July 2010

Aligned or random nanofibrous meshes of multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polyurethane composite (MWCNT/PU) were fabricated by electrospinning and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The regulatory effects of nanofibrous structure and MWCNT on the growth and anticoagulant function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were investigated by examining proliferation, type IV collagen secretion, tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) release, and cytoskeleton arrangement, as well as via pull‐down analysis. We show that aligned nanofibrous structure and MWCNT can function as extracellular signals to stimulate cell growth, proliferation, and extracellular collagen secretion, in addition to preserving anticoagulant function. The nanofibrous structures played important roles in the activation of Rac and Cdc42, while CNT regulated the activation of Rho. These two features synergistically activated Rho GTPases that transmitted cell‐substrate signals to the cytoplasm. These signals were then relayed to the nucleus by the MAP kinase pathway to direct cytoskeletal arrangement and cell orientation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Accurate estimation of solvation free energy using polynomial fitting techniques
Authors: Shyu Conrad , Ytreberg F. Marty
Published: July 2010

This report details an approach to improve the accuracy of free energy difference estimates using thermodynamic integration data (slope of the free energy with respect to the switching variable λ) and its application to calculating solvation free energy. The central idea is to utilize polynomial fitting schemes to approximate the thermodynamic integration data to improve the accuracy of the free energy difference estimates. Previously, we introduced the use of polynomial regression technique to fit thermodynamic integration data (Shyu and Ytreberg, J Comput Chem, 2009, 30, 2297). In this report we introduce polynomial and spline interpolation techniques. Two systems with analytically solvable relative free energies are used to test the accuracy of the interpolation approach. We also use both interpolation and regression methods to determine a small molecule solvation free energy. Our simulations show that, using such polynomial techniques and nonequidistant λ values, the solvation free energy can be estimated with high accuracy without using soft‐core scaling and separate simulations for Lennard‐Jones and partial charges. The results from our study suggest that these polynomial techniques, especially with use of nonequidistant λ values, improve the accuracy for ΔF estimates without demanding additional simulations. We also provide general guidelines for use of polynomial fitting to estimate free energy. To allow researchers to immediately utilize these methods, free software and documentation is provided via http://www.phys.uidaho.edu/ytreberg/software. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Every 3‐connected claw‐free Z8‐free graph is Hamiltonian
Authors: Lai Hong‐Jian , Xiong Liming , Yan Huiya , Yan Jin
Published: July 2010

In this article, we first show that every 3‐edge‐connected graph with circumference at most 8 is supereulerian, which is then applied to show that a 3‐connected claw‐free graph without Z8 as an induced subgraph is Hamiltonian, where Z8 denotes the graph derived from identifying one end vertex of P9 (a path with 9 vertices) with one vertex of a triangle. The above two results are both best possible in a sense that the number 8 cannot be replaced by 9 and they also extend former results by Brousek et al. in (Discrete Math 196 (1999), 29–50) and by Łuczak and Pfender in (J Graph Theory 47 (2004), 111–121). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 64: 1–11, 2010
Acyclopyrimidine C‐nucleosides: Synthesis of 5‐[(2,3‐dihydroxy‐1‐propoxy)methyl]pyrimidines
Authors: Chu Chung K. , Suh Jungjin
Published: July 2010

From the condensation of 5‐hydroxymethyluracil and glycerine, 5‐[(2,3‐dihydroxy‐1‐propoxy)methyl]uracil (3) was synthesized, which was converted to the isocytosine derivative 9 by the ring‐transformation reaction via dimethyluracil derivative 7.
Proton‐ionizable crown compounds. 6. synthesis and structural studies of new crown compounds containing sulfonamide groups
Authors: Biernat Jan F. , Bradshaw Jerald S. , Wilson Bruce E. , Dalley N. Kent , Izatt Reed M.
Published: July 2010

Two new aza crown ethers, each containing two proton‐ionizable sulfonamide groups, have been synthesized by reacting o‐phenylenediamine with a bis‐sulfonyl chloride. These compounds transport alkali metal cations in a water‐methylene chloride‐water liquid membrane system at source phase pH values above 12. The crystal structure of one of the crown compounds was determined.
Synthesis of 4,6‐disubstituted‐7‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl‐ and arabinofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines and certain related ribonucleosides
Authors: Rao T. Sudhakar , Revankar Ganapathi R. , Vinayak Ravi S. , Robins Roland K.
Published: July 2010

Several disubstituted pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine and thiazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidine ribonucleosides have been prepared as congeners of uridine and cytidine. Glycosylation of the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative of pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(1H,5H,7H)‐dione (4) with 1‐O‐acetyl‐2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐D‐ribofuranose (5) in the presence of TMS triflate afforded 7‐(2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)pyrazolo‐[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(1H,5H)‐dione (6). Debenzoylation of 6 gave the uridine analog 7‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(1H,5H)‐dione (3), identical with 7‐ribofuranosyloxoallopurinol reported earlier. Thiation of 6 gave 7, which on debenzoylation afforded 7‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl‐6‐oxopyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4(1H,5H)‐thione (8). Ammonolysis of 7 at elevated temperature gave a low yield of the cytidine analog 4‐amino‐7‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐6(1H)‐one (11). Chlorination of 6, followed by ammonolysis, furnished an alternate route to 11. A similar glycosylation of TMS‐4 with 2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐α‐D‐arabinofuranosyl chloride (12) gave mainly the N7‐glycosylated product 13, which on debenzylation provided 7‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(1H,5H)‐dione (14). 4‐Amino‐7‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosyl‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐6(1H)‐one (19) was prepared from 13 via the C4‐pyridinium chloride intermediate 17. Condensation of the TMS derivatives of 7‐hydroxy‐ (20) or 7‐aminopyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐5(4H)‐one (23) with 5 in the presence of TMS triflate gave the corresponding blocked nucleosides 21 and 24, respectively, which on deprotection afforded 7‐hydroxy‐ 22 and 7‐amino‐4‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylpyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐5‐one (25), respectively. Similarly, starting either from 2‐chloro (26) or 2‐aminothiazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidine‐5,7‐(4H,6H)‐dione (29), 2‐amino‐4‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylthiazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidine‐5,7(6H)‐dione (28) has been prepared. The structure of 25 was confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.
Studies in sulphur heterocycles. Part 7 . Tricyclic compounds related to 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐cyclohepta[b]thiophene
Authors: De Asish , Bhattacharya Subhra , Jash Sagar S. , Mukherjee Soumitra , Saha Uttam , Sen Parimal K.
Published: July 2010

Synthesis of a number of tricyclic compounds with a fused thiophene ring starting from 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐cyclohepta[b]thiophen‐4‐one and benzosuberone is described. Biological testing of these compounds for their antiparasitic activities has been carried out.
Interleaved balanced SSFP imaging: Artifact reduction using gradient waveform grouping
Authors: Nielsen Jon‐Fredrik , Nayak Krishna S.
Published: July 2010

Purpose

To analyze steady‐state signal distortions in interleaved balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) caused by slightly unbalanced eddy‐current fields and develop a general strategy for mitigating these artifacts.

Materials and Methods

We considered bSSFP sequences in which two gradient waveforms are interleaved in a “groupwise” fashion, ie, each waveform is executed consecutively two or more times before switching to the other waveform (we let “N” count the number of times each waveform is executed consecutively). The steady‐state signal profile over the bSSFP passband was calculated using numerical Bloch simulations and measured experimentally in a uniform phantom. The proposed “grouped” interleaved bSSFP strategy was applied to cardiac velocity mapping using interleaved phase‐contrast imaging with N = 2 and N = 6 in one healthy volunteer.

Results

Simulation and phantom measurements show that signal distortions are systematically reduced with increasing grouping number N. For most tissues, significant suppression was achieved with N = 4, and increasing N beyond this value produced only marginal gains. However, signal distortions for blood remain relatively high even for N > 4. In vivo cardiac velocity mapping using interleaved phase‐contrast imaging with N = 6 demonstrated reduced image artifact levels compared to the N = 2 acquisition.

Conclusion

Gradient waveform “grouping” offers a simple and general strategy for mitigating steady‐state eddy‐current distortions in bSSFP sequences that interleave two different gradients. Blood exhibits significant distortion even with “grouping,” which is a major obstacle for cardiovascular bSSFP approaches that interleave multiple gradient waveforms. The grouping concept may also benefit applications that acquire images during the transient approach to steady state. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:745–750. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tiny ferromagnetic intraocular foreign bodies detected by magnetic resonance imaging: A report of two cases
Authors: Zhang Yong , Cheng Jingliang , Bai Jie , Ren Cuiping , Zhang Yan , Gao Xuemei , Cui Xiaolin , Yang Yun Jun
Published: July 2010

We report two cases with tiny ferromagnetic intraocular foreign bodies (FBs) that were demonstrated only on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and confirmed by subsequent ophthalmologic operation. Both of the patients had a history of ocular trauma and their clinical symptoms were compatible with an intraocular FB. Plain x‐ray film, 3 mm slice thickness computed tomography (CT) scans (Toshiba TXT 600 system and GERP22 system), B‐scan ultrasonography, and an MRI study (Siemens Impact 1.0 MR system) were acquired. MR examinations were performed using spin‐echo (SE) T1, T2, and PD‐weighted axial and sagittal or coronal images with 3 mm slice thickness. Plain x‐ray film, 3 mm slice thickness CT scans and B‐scan ultrasonography all failed to demonstrate any tiny intraocular FBs in these two patients, whereas MRI revealed tiny ferromagnetic FBs due to their characteristic magnetic susceptibility artifact. A ferromagnetic FB was found in the vitreous body of each patient, which were 0.375 × 0.3 × 0.15 mm and 0.5 × 0.4 × 0.2 mm, respectively, and there was no evidence of MR‐induced damage. We suggest that tiny ferromagnetic fragments with a diameter below 0.5 mm, which are too small to be visualized by x‐ray plain films and CT images, may be visualized on MR images. These tiny ferromagnetic particles may not be large enough to cause ocular damage during a 1.0T MRI examination. MRI may be a useful tool in the evaluation of tiny intraocular ferromagnetic FBs if other imaging modalities such as plain s‐ray, CT scan, and ultrasonography failed to do so. Further evaluation with a large‐scale study (in vitro and in vivo animal study) for the safety of detecting tiny (<0.5 mm) intraocular ferromagnetic particles is warranted. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:704–707. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive monitoring of a murine model of metastatic pheochromocytoma: A comparison of contrast‐enhanced microCT and nonenhanced MRI
Authors: Martiniova Lucia , Kotys Melanie S. , Thomasson David , Schimel Daniel , Lai Edwin W. , Bernardo Marcelino , Merino Maria J. , Powers James F. , Ruzicka Jan , Kvetnansky Richard , Choyke Peter L. , Karel Pacak
Published: July 2010

Purpose

To compare contrast‐enhanced micro‐computed tomography (microCT) and nonenhanced respiratory‐triggered magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an animal model of metastatic pheochromocytoma. Animal models are becoming important in the study of cancer treatment and imaging is useful in minimizing the number of animals needed and reducing costs associated with autopsies. However, the choice of imaging modality is still evolving.

Materials and Methods

Adult female nude mice were injected by tail vein with a mouse pheochromocytoma (MPC) cell line (MPC 4/30PRR) to create a metastatic model. After optimizing imaging techniques, eight mice were imaged with both respiratory triggered MRI and microCT and the findings were verified histologically.

Results

MicroCT and MRI were approximately equal in their ability to detect hepatic metastases at a size threshold of 350 μm. In the lungs, MRI was more sensitive than microCT, detecting lesions 0.6 mm in diameter versus 1 mm for microCT. Additionally, MRI was more sensitive for lesions in the kidneys, bone, ovaries, and adrenal glands. MRI demonstrated a higher contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) than microCT.

Conclusion

In addition to the advantage of not exposing the animal to ionizing radiation, MRI provided a more complete assessment of the extent of metastases in this model compared to microCT. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:685–691. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MassBank: a public repository for sharing mass spectral data for life sciences
Authors: Horai Hisayuki , Arita Masanori , Kanaya Shigehiko , Nihei Yoshito , Ikeda Tasuku , Suwa Kazuhiro , Ojima Yuya , Tanaka Kenichi , Tanaka Satoshi , Aoshima Ken , Oda Yoshiya , Kakazu Yuji , Kusano Miyako , Tohge Takayuki , Matsuda Fumio , Sawada Yuji , Hirai Masami Yokota , Nakanishi Hiroki , Ikeda Kazutaka , Akimoto Naoshige , Maoka Takashi , Takahashi Hiroki , Ara Takeshi , Sakurai Nozomu , Suzuki Hideyuki , Shibata Daisuke , Neumann Steffen , Iida Takashi , Tanaka Ken , Funatsu Kimito , Matsuura Fumito , Soga Tomoyoshi , Taguchi Ryo , Saito Kazuki , Nishioka Takaaki
Published: July 2010

MassBank is the first public repository of mass spectra of small chemical compounds for life sciences (<3000 Da). The database contains 605 electron‐ionization mass spectrometry(EI‐MS), 137 fast atom bombardment MS and 9276 electrospray ionization (ESI)‐MSn data of 2337 authentic compounds of metabolites, 11 545 EI‐MS and 834 other‐MS data of 10 286 volatile natural and synthetic compounds, and 3045 ESI‐MS2 data of 679 synthetic drugs contributed by 16 research groups (January 2010). ESI‐MS2 data were analyzed under nonstandardized, independent experimental conditions. MassBank is a distributed database. Each research group provides data from its own MassBank data servers distributed on the Internet. MassBank users can access either all of the MassBank data or a subset of the data by specifying one or more experimental conditions. In a spectral search to retrieve mass spectra similar to a query mass spectrum, the similarity score is calculated by a weighted cosine correlation in which weighting exponents on peak intensity and the mass‐to‐charge ratio are optimized to the ESI‐MS2 data. MassBank also provides a merged spectrum for each compound prepared by merging the analyzed ESI‐MS2 data on an identical compound under different collision‐induced dissociation conditions. Data merging has significantly improved the precision of the identification of a chemical compound by 21–23% at a similarity score of 0.6. Thus, MassBank is useful for the identification of chemical compounds and the publication of experimental data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late‐Pleistocene tidewater glaciers and glaciomarine sequences from north County Mayo, Republic of Ireland
Authors: McCabe A. Marshall , Haynes John R. , Macmillan Nora F.
Published: July 2010

Late‐Pleistocene deposits in north County Mayo were deposited in three main glacigenic environments. 1. Drumlins and basal tills were formed when ice moved from the Irish lowlands and local mountain catchments into Donegal Bay. 2. Gilbert‐type deltas accumulated up to 80m I.O.D. on the lowlands and subaqueous moraines formed across minor valleys when marine‐based ice grounded inland. 3. A thick drape of fossiliferous glaciomarine mud along the coastal fringe was deposited from meltwater plumes and by ice‐rafting immediately outside of these ice limits. The muds contain an Elphidium clavatum‐dominated, low‐diversity microfauna which is characteristic of cold‐water conditions adjacent to glacier termini. Valves of Macoma calcarea from the mud have been 14C dated at 16940 ± 120 and 17300 ± 100 BP.

The high‐level delta complex was deposited from tidewater glaciers in a peripheral depression adjacent to the drumlin ice limits of north County Mayo. Although the field evidence cannot be used to determine former sea level history with any accuracy, it poses general problems for sea level history and isostatic effects of the last major ice sheet in the west of Ireland. Raised glaciomarine sequences commonly occur in close association with drumlin ice limits elsewhere in Ireland and represent marine transgressions prior to glacial unloading. It is suggested that the magnitudes and patterns of crustal depression are greater and geometrically more complex at the margins of ice sheets in Ireland than hitherto realised.
Polarized Raman and IR spectra of non‐centrosymmetric PbB4O7 single crystal
Authors: Hanuza J. , Ma̧czka M. , Lorenc J. , Kaminskii A. A. , Becker P. , Bohatý L.
Published: July 2010

Polarized Raman and IR spectra of a PbB4O7 single crystal were measured. The obtained spectra are discussed within the factor group approach for the orthorhombic P21nm(C2v7) space group with Z = 2 assuming that the crystal structure is built up of the (B4O7)∞2− framework and Pb2+ ions. It has been shown that vibrations of borate and Pb2+ units are observed above 240 and below 160 cm−1, respectively. The results obtained for the spontaneous Raman scattering have also been used in the discussion of the stimulated Raman spectra of the material studied—a new Raman‐laser crystal. The obtained results revealed that mainly translational motions of Pb2+ ions participate efficiently in the SRS effect. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic study of the uranyl carbonate mineral čejkaite and its comparison with synthetic trigonal Na4[UO2(CO3)3]
Authors: Čejka Jiří , Sejkora Jiří , Plášil Jakub , Bahfenne Silmarilly , Palmer Sara J. , Frost Ray L.
Published: July 2010

Raman and infrared spectroscopies were used to characterise two samples of triclinic čejkaite Na4[UO2(CO3)3] and its synthetic trigonal analogue. The ν3 (UO2)2+ mode is not Raman active, whereas both the ν3 and ν1 (UO2)2+ modes are infrared active. UO bond lengths in uranyls were calculated from the spectra obtained and compared with bond lengths derived from crystal structure analyses. From the higher number of bands related to the uranyl and carbonate vibrations, the presence of symmetrically distinct (UO2)2+ and (CO3)2− units in both structures is proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New insights on surface‐enhanced Raman scattering based on controlled aggregation and spectroscopic studies, DFT calculations and symmetry analysis for 3,6‐bi‐2‐pyridyl‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine adsorbed onto citrate‐stabilized gold nanoparticles
Authors: de Melo Vitor H. S. , Zamarion Vitor M. , Araki Koiti , Toma Henrique E.
Published: July 2010

A systematic study on the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for 3,6‐bi‐2‐pyridyl‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine (bptz) adsorbed onto citrate‐modified gold nanoparticles (cit‐AuNps) was carried out based on electronic and vibrational spectroscopy and density functional methods. The citrate/bptz exchange was carefully controlled by the stepwise addition of bptz to the cit‐AuNps, inducing flocculation and leading to the rise of a characteristic plasmon coupling band in the visible region. Such stepwise procedure led to a uniform decrease of the citrate SERS signals and to the rise of characteristic peaks of bptz, consistent with surface binding via the N heterocyclic atoms. In contrast, single addition of a large amount of bptz promoted complete aggregation of the nanoparticles, leading to a strong enhancement of the SERS signals. In this case, from the distinct Raman profiles involved, the formation of a new SERS environment became apparent, conjugating the influence of the local hot spots and charge‐transfer (CT) effects. The most strongly enhanced vibrations belong to a1 and b2 representations, and were interpreted in terms of the electromagnetic and the CT mechanisms: the latter involving significant contribution of vibronic coupling in the system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell wall material composition of mealy fruit among ripening nectarines
Authors: Hobbs Michael C , Easterbrook Kathryn M , Melton Laurence D
Published: July 2010

Nectarines (Prunus persica cv Fantasia) after storage at 2° for 27 days were sampled before and after ripening at 20° for 7 days. The fruit population at 7 days' ripening was divided into two categories. At one extreme there were normally ripe fruit and at the other extreme fruit were mealy. Cell wall material, isolated from the three samples, was separated into CDTA‐ and Na2CO3‐soluble and Na2CO3‐insoluble fractions. A loss of uronic acid from the cell wall material during ripening was observed, but there was no difference between normal and mealy fruit. The neutral sugar content of cell walls was determined by GLC and there was an indication that differences in the relative amount of xylose and galactose existed between normal and mealy fruit. Gel permeation chromatography showed that there were minimal differences in the degree of polymerisation of pectic polymers isolated from normal and mealy fruit.
Effects of beer‐battering on the frying properties of rice and wheat batters and their coated foods
Authors: Shih Fred , Bett‐Garber Karen , Champagne Elaine , Daigle Kim , Lea Jeanne
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Beer in batter formulation or beer‐battering has been popular in fried food recipes, but the topic is rarely reported in scientific journals or the claims substantiated with reliable studies. In this research, we prepared and characterized rice and wheat batters with and without using beer to replace water in the formulation. We studied and provided data on the effect of beer on the frying properties of batter and its coated foods.

RESULTS: With beer in the formulation, oil uptake of fried batters generally increased by up to 18%. Instrumental textural analyses indicate that beer‐battering treatment generally decreased the hardness, increased the fracturability and improved the crispness of the fried batters. Sensory evaluations show similar trends, though to a lesser extent, that fish and onion rings coated with batters were softer but crispier with beer than without.

CONCLUSION: In general, beer‐battering caused an increase in the oil uptake of the batter during frying. It also made the texture of fried batters slightly softer and crispier. The effects are more pronounced for rice batters than wheat batters. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Iron carburization in CO‐H2‐He gases, Part II: Numerical model
Authors: Wang Zhe , Yetter Richard A.
Published: July 2010

A numerical model for the carburization of iron in CO‐H2‐He mixtures was developed and compared with experimental data over the temperature range of 850°C–1150°C, CO partial pressures from 1% to 12%, and H2 partial pressures from 5% to 99%. The reaction mechanism was established on the basis of data input from recent quantum mechanical and molecular dynamics calculations as well as from rate constant estimates from kinetic and transition state theory. Sensitivity and reaction flux analyses were performed to identify the rate‐controlling and fastest reactions. Model predictions of carbon weight gain in iron samples versus time were compared with experimental data. The most sensitive reactions were refined by least‐squares fitting the model to the experiment. The resulting model can simulate and predict the trends of iron carburization in CO‐H2‐He‐CO2‐H2O mixtures for most conditions studied experimentally. Critical reactions and model parameters are identified for additional study to improve the model and understanding of the carburization mechanism. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 337–348, 2009
Inorganic‐Salt‐Induced Morphological Transformation of Semicrystalline Micelles of PCL‐b‐PEO Block Copolymer in Aqueous Solution
Authors: He Wei‐Na , Xu Jun‐Ting , Du Bin‐Yang , Fan Zhi‐Qiang , Wang Xiaosong
Published: July 2010

The effect of inorganic salt at concentrations typical of a biological environment on the micellar morphology of semicrystalline PCL‐b‐PEO in aqueous solution is investigated. The salt is introduced either by dialysis of a THF solution against an aqueous solution of the salt or by adding it into an aqueous solution containing preformed micelles. The inorganic salt can induce sphere‐to‐rod or sphere‐to‐lamella transformations of the PCL‐b‐PEO micelles in aqueous solution, depending on the length of the PCL block. The inorganic salt induces “salting‐out” of the PEO block, leading to a decrease in the reduced tethering density of the corona in the micelles.

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Homogeneous approximation property for wavelet frames with matrix dilations
Authors: Sun Wenchang
Published: July 2010

The homogeneous approximation property (HAP) for wavelet frames was studied recently. The HAP is useful in practice since it means that the number of building blocks involved in a reconstruction of a function up to some error is essentially invariant under time‐scale shifts. In this paper, we prove the HAP for wavelet frames generated by admissible wavelet functions with arbitrary translation parameters and a class of dilation matrices. Moreover, we show that the approximation is uniform to some extent whenever wavelet functions satisfy moderate smooth and decaying conditions (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lorentz summing mappings
Authors: Matos Mário C. , Pellegrino Daniel
Published: July 2010

In this paper we introduce and investigate a nonlinear concept of Lorentz summing operators. Some examples, counterexamples and connections with the theory of absolutely summing operators are presented (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modification of Polysaccharides Through Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization Grafting—Towards the Generation of High Performance Hybrids
Authors: Tizzotti Morgan , Charlot Aurelia , Fleury Etienne , Stenzel Martina , Bernard Julien
Published: July 2010

This review covers the literature concerning the modification of polysaccharides through controlled radical polymerizations (NMP, ATRP and RAFT). The different routes to well‐defined polysaccharide‐based macromolecules (block and graft copolymers) and graft‐functionalized polysaccharide surfaces as well as the applications of these polysaccharide‐based hybrids are extensively discussed.

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Jewelry Box of Morphologies with Mesoscopic Length Scales – ABC Star‐shaped Terpolymers
Authors: Matsushita Yushu , Hayashida Kenichi , Takano Atsushi
Published: July 2010

Among several star molecules studied so far, the results for two similar but slightly different systems composed of all hydrophobic components, i.e. one low Tg arm and two high Tg arms were compared and discussed mainly. They are polyisoprene‐arm‐polystyrene‐arm‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) stars and polystyrene‐arm‐polybutadiene‐arm‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) ones, and are abbreviated as ISP and SBV, respectively, in the original literatures. Several periodic Archimedean tiling patterns can be naturally formed when the relative lengths of three chains are similar one another in both series. Core‐shell type morphologies and actually three‐phase four layer lamellar structures were also commonly observed for two series. A quasicrystalline tiling with dodecagonal symmetry can also be conformed at the targeted composition of ISP/homopolymer blend and a zinc‐blende type structure was created at just a little outside of tiling region for the same blend. Furthermore, the several interesting structures from amphiphilic molecules, composed of a hydrophilic component, poly(ethylene oxide), a hydrophobic component, polymethylmethacrylate and a highly water‐repellent polymer poly(perfluoropropyleneoxide) are described and introduced.

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Serial volumetric MRI in Parkinsonian disorders
Authors: Wild Edward J. , Fox Nick C.
Published: July 2010

Tracking progression in neurodegenerative diseases is hampered by the limitations of the clinical rating scales, which are seldom linear, suffer from floor and ceiling effects, lack the ability to distinguish symptomatic change from disease modification, and are limited by imperfect intra‐ and inter‐rater reliability. The promise of an era of neuroprotective therapies renders urgent the search for reliable measures of progression. Biomarkers have the potential to enhance several aspects of both therapeutic trials and clinical practice. MRI‐based measures of cerebral volume can provide a surrogate for neuronal loss and several techniques have been applied to elucidate disease processes, aid diagnosis, and enable monitoring of progression in a variety of Parkinsonian disorders, including Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy and Huntington's disease. We review the approaches to, and findings revealed by, serial volumetric MRI in these disorders. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Boundary element method for calculation of effective elastic moduli in 3D linear elasticity
Authors: Grzhibovskis R. , Rjasanow S. , Andrä H. , Zemitis A.
Published: July 2010

A boundary integral formulation of the linear elasticity problem for a multi‐component composite is given. The fast BEM solver based on the adaptive cross approximation is then obtained by the data‐sparse representation of the resulting Galerkin matrices. The solver is used to obtain effective elastic moduli of fibre and particle reinforced composites in three dimensions by means of the strain energy equivalence principle. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vasculoprotective potential of olive oil components
Authors: Carluccio Maria Annunziata , Massaro Marika , Scoditti Egeria , De Caterina Raffaele
Published: July 2010

Epidemiological and clinical studies found that the traditional Mediterranean‐style diet is associated with significantly lower mortality from coronary artery disease. Although it is difficult to isolate individual dietary factors, cumulative evidence suggests that olive oil, used as primary source of fat by Mediterranean populations, may play a key role in the observed cardiovascular benefit. Olive oil is a priceless source of vitamins and polyphenolic antioxidants, and has a balanced ratio of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. There are multiple mechanisms by which olive oil might impact the development of atherosclerosis. Olive oil decreases LDL‐cholesterol and increases HDL‐cholesterol, and also reduces oxidative stress due to polyphenols, which are able to scavenge free radicals and protect LDL from oxidation. In addition, olive oil components may interfere with the inflammatory response within atherosclerotic lesion, by inhibiting endothelial activation involved in monocyte recruitment during early atherogenesis and macrophage production of inflammatory cytokines and matrix degrading enzymes, thus improving vascular stability. Other vasculoprotective mechanisms by olive oil components derive from anti‐thrombotic and anti‐hypertensive actions. The available data support the need to preserve certain dietary traditions, such as olive oil consumption, to counteract the burden of cardiovascular disease.
Application of new tools for the FDTD analysis of UWB antennas on dielectric substrates
Authors: Çapog̀lu İlker R. , Smith Glenn S.
Published: July 2010

New techniques are described for the FDTD analysis of radiating structures mounted on infinite planar dielectric substrates. These techniques are the near‐field‐to‐far‐field transform and the total‐field/scattered‐field boundary, or the plane‐wave injector. For demonstrating the use of these techniques, a practical ultra‐wideband antenna on an ungrounded dielectric substrate is analyzed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 358–363, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23084
Broad‐Band Reactively Loaded Dipole Antenna
Authors: Einziger P. D. , Leviatan Y. , Rozenkovich J.
Published: July 2010

A dipole antenna is an inherently frequency‐sensitive device. The frequency characteristics of the dipole are governed by the current that is induced along the radiating element. Herein, we suggest a design technique of reactive loading, aiming to maintain the current distribution, and consequently the input impedance und the radiation pattern, nearly constant over a wide bond of frequencies. The promising potential of the loading scheme is demonstrated via a moment‐method numerical simulation that shows that even with a single optimal lumped reactive load a notable 5:I bandwidth with VSWR < 3 is attainable.