bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing an in Situ Mock Code Quality Improvement Program
Authors: Herbers Megan D. , Heaser Joseph A.
Published: September 2016

Background

The high risk and low volume of medical emergencies, combined with long periods between training sessions, on 2 progressive care units at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, established the importance of transforming how nursing staff are trained to respond to medical emergencies.

Objectives

To increase confidence levels and improve nursing performance during medical emergencies via in situ simulation.

Methods

An in situ, mock code quality improvement program was developed and implemented to increase nurses’ confidence while improving nursing performance when responding to medical emergencies. For 2 years, each unit conducted mock codes and collected data related to confidence levels and response times based on the recommendations in the 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.

Results

In those 2 years, nursing staff response times for calling for help improved 12%, time elapsed before initiating compressions improved 52%, and time to initial defibrillation improved 37%. Additionally, staff showed an increase in perceived confidence levels. Staff reported their appreciation of the opportunity for hands-on practice with the equipment, reinforcing their knowledge and refining their medical emergency skills.

Conclusions

In situ mock codes significantly improve response times and increase staff confidence levels. In situ mock codes are a quick and efficient way to provide hands-on practice and allow staff to work as a team.
Anti-CD48 Monoclonal Antibody Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Limiting the Number of Pathogenic CD4+ T Cells
Authors: McArdel Shannon L. , Brown Daniel R. , Sobel Raymond A. , Sharpe Arlene H.
Published: September 2016

CD48 (SLAMF2) is an adhesion and costimulatory molecule constitutively expressed on hematopoietic cells. Polymorphisms in CD48 have been linked to susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS), and altered expression of the structurally related protein CD58 (LFA-3) is associated with disease remission in MS. We examined CD48 expression and function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. We found that a subpopulation of CD4+ T cells highly upregulated CD48 expression during EAE and were enriched for pathogenic CD4+ T cells. These CD48++CD4+ T cells were predominantly CD44+ and Ki67+, included producers of IL-17A, GM-CSF, and IFN-γ, and were most of the CD4+ T cells in the CNS. Administration of anti-CD48 mAb during EAE attenuated clinical disease, limited accumulation of lymphocytes in the CNS, and reduced the number of pathogenic cytokine-secreting CD4+ T cells in the spleen at early time points. These therapeutic effects required CD48 expression on CD4+ T cells but not on APCs. Additionally, the effects of anti-CD48 were partially dependent on FcγRs, as anti-CD48 did not ameliorate EAE or reduce the number of cytokine-producing effector CD4+ T cells in Fcεr1γ−/− mice or in wild-type mice receiving anti-CD16/CD32 mAb. Our data suggest that anti-CD48 mAb exerts its therapeutic effects by both limiting CD4+ T cell proliferation and preferentially eliminating pathogenic CD48++CD4+ T cells during EAE. Our findings indicate that high CD48 expression is a feature of pathogenic CD4+ T cells during EAE and point to CD48 as a potential target for immunotherapy.
Segnalazioni Faunistiche Italiane
Authors: V.V. A.A.
Published: September 2016

not available
Stromal tissue as an adjunct tool in the diagnosis of follicular thyroid lesions by fine-needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Mai Kien T. , Hogan Kevin
Published: September 2016

Background:

The stroma in fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of thyroid lesions has not been well investigated.

Design:

We studied 256 consecutive cases of thyroid FNAB prepared with traditional smear technique. The stroma was categorized: Type 1a consisted of long (more than 3 mm), broad bands composed of mesh containing collagen fibrils thickened by entrapped blood components and follicular cells. Type 1b consisted of dense strands/bands. Type 2 was similar to Type 1a but with shorter (<2 mm) and looser stromal strands.

Results:

Types 1a and b showed straight/curved/circular branching patterns suggestive of incomplete frameworks of nodular/papillary architectures or fragments of capsule. Type 1b stroma likely represented thick/collagenized fibrous septae. Incomplete or complete rings of small encapsulated tumor were occasionally identified. These frameworks of stroma were frequently associated with multinodular goiters (MNGs) which are often hypocellular and follicular neoplasms/papillary thyroid carcinoma with increased cellularity. Type 2 was associated with microfollicles in encapsulated neoplasms or with macrofollicles in MNG. Follicular lesions of unknown significance (n= 41) either negative (n= 26) or positive (n= 15) for carcinoma in subsequent follow-up were frequently associated with stroma characteristic of MNG and carcinoma, respectively.

Conclusion:

The preservation of thein vivoarchitecture of Type 1 is likely due to its elasticity. Recognition of the stromal architecture will likely facilitate the diagnosis.
Sewing Techniques
Authors: Prendergast Jennifer
Published: September 2016

Sewing techniques are sometimes overlooked in the design process but acquiring these skills can be transformational. The ability to turn a two-dimensional design into its three-dimensional realization comes from having mastered basic sewing techniques. Sewing Techniques simplifies the often complex techniques that lie behind this process by arming designers with the precise information and skills needed to undertake each task.

Designers who develop a basic understanding of the processes involved in sample and garment construction often produce successful outcomes based on a more experimental and creative approach applied during the product development process. Developing a sample folio and being able to refer to samples and develop them according to each individual design project is a process that requires experimentation and creative thought underpinned by a basic understanding of sewing techniques. This book explores the essential equipment needed - from fabric types to diagrams identifying component parts of a sewing machine, to machine operation.

Throughout each process, clear diagrams accompanied by explanatory description panels allow readers to achieve the best possible results, including how to troubleshoot problems that may be encountered before and during sewing. Each section concludes with a project, progressing from easy to challenging. Fabrics for each project give designers the opportunity to handle different fabric types and understand the complexities of sourcing and selecting. Mastering the basic principles covered in Sewing Techniques will enable both fashion students and the contemporary craftworker to develop their techniques with a view to becoming creative practice-based professionals.
Visual Merchandising for Fashion
Authors: Bailey Sarah , Baker Jonathan
Published: September 2016

How do we define retail spaces to maintain commerciality and the ‘experience’ to encapsulate the virtual world as well as the physical one? How do we journey from private to public place? Where do people meet before they go shopping? Why do we go to a particular store and not another? What makes things sell? What first attracts us to a brand? Visual merchandising is concerned with all of these questions - and incorporates the relationship between brand, consumer, product and environment.

This book will help visual merchandisers develop new ways of working within the fashion retail business and will define a theoretical underpinning of visual merchandising principles. Examples are used to highlight and amplify the theoretical narratives existing in consumer spaces and their representations. Interviews provide invaluable advice from all levels of industry.

When designing, producing or installing a visual merchandising concept, this book will encourage you to generate individual and self directed designs - this is the ultimate visual guide to merchandising for fashion.
Apparel Quality
Authors: Bubonia Janace E.
Published: September 2016

“This user-friendly guide to evaluating apparel quality presents the roles of product designers, manufacturers, merchandisers, testing laboratories, and retailers from product inception through the sale of goods, to ensure quality products that meet customer expectations.

Bubonia provides an overview of apparel production, with emphasis on quality characteristics and cues, consumer influences and motivations impacting purchasing decisions, and the relationship of apparel manufacturing and production processes, cost, price point and the quality level of an apparel product.

A key aspect of the book is the focus on both U.S. and International standards and regulations required for apparel analysis, performance, labeling requirements and safety regulations.

The text is highly illustrated with images of stitch and seam types plus photos of their uses in actual garments, providing students with the tools needed to skillfully evaluate and critique quality elements in apparel and textile products.

Key Features

˜ Supplementary Apparel Quality Lab Manual (sold separately) includes hands-on lab activities and projects that simulate real-world garment analysis and material testing

˜ Industry Scenario boxes present case studies highlight real world situations such as the Lululemon recall and the environmental impact of apparel manufacturing

˜ Provides an illustrated guide to ASTM stitch and seam types

Teaching Resources

˜ Instructor’s Guide with Test Bank

˜ PowerPoint presentations for each chapter”
Careers! Professional Development for Retailing and Apparel Merchandising
Authors: Paulins V. Ann , Hillery Julie L.
Published: September 2016

This book and CD-ROM combination is designed to provide students and aspiring professionals with realistic information about careers in the retailing and apparel merchandising industry. With its focus on preparing students for careers in their chosen field, Careers! Professional Development for Retailing and Apparel Merchandising will help students explore their options, develop portfolios and resumes, prepare for job interviews, complete internships and negotiate the transition from student to professional.
Color Studies
Authors: Feisner Edith Anderson , Reed Ronald
Published: September 2016

The 3rd edition of Color Studies introduces students from all concentrations of visual arts to color theory, the physiology and psychology of color perception, and the physics of color. This text discusses in detail the four dimensions of color – hue, value, intensity and temperature – with tips for putting knowledge into practice in a variety of disciplines, from painting and other fine arts to interior design, architecture, fashion design, textile design, and graphic design. Feisner and Reed provide an up-to-date discussion of sustainable color applications and green materials as the underlying component of colorants, dyes, and inks in textiles, printmaking and paints. A new chapter on color and digital technology discusses illuminating with color (LED), color tools and management (Pantone), as well as color consulting and marketing. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, this lavishly illustrated edition balances traditional and modern perspectives and examples in all areas of fine art and design.
Cracking the Whip
Authors: Caplan Ralph
Published: September 2016

Cracking the Whip is a collection of 69 essays
that looks at just about everything in design: clothes, hardware, posters, cars,
airports, chairs, lighting, vending machines, cities and bathrooms. They are about
how we use design, language and instinct to navigate our everyday world from eating,
relating to others, maintaining traditions and advancing our causes. Previously
published in distinguished forums ranging from ID Magazine, Print, and Interior
Design to The New Yorker, The New York Times, and The Nation, Caplan brings to these
essays an erudition tempered by clarity, charm and humour. Cracking the Whip is made
up of disparate parts that add up to the perfect foundation for the student
designer.
Designing with Color
Authors: Dorosz Chris , Watson J.R.
Published: September 2016

This textbook/workbook trains students' eyes to develop a visual understanding of color and the principles of design through guided observation and engaging activities. Lavishly illustrated with full-color graphics and photos, the book demonstrates how color and other design elements are combined in nature and the visual arts. Part One presents color, the most immediately noticeable element of design. Part Two integrates color with the other design elements and shows how they interact according to the principles of design. Students can apply their learning by completing a series of activities and record their work with photos for future reference.
Integrating Draping, Drafting, and Drawing
Authors: Abling Bina , Maggio Kathleen
Published: September 2016

This handy studio reference teaches draping, drafting, and drawing the way they are practiced in the industry: by integrating them throughout the creative process. Integrating Draping, Drafting, and Drawing illustrates the design process, encompassing sketch and garment pattern development, and creates bridges between studio methods and design illustration. Chapters are presented as hands-on learning experiences with lessons that mimic classroom demonstrations. Step-by-step photographs portray the draping process in a sculptural way rather than using illustrations, which cannot truly depict the response of fabric draped on a dress form. Throughout the book, instructions for producing patterns and slopers—skirts, bodices, necklines and collars, and sleeves—are presented, along with variations, so that students will be able to drape, draft, and draw complete garments. The concluding chapter of the book is devoted to drawing exercises based on the work of 20th century designer Donald Brooks.
Introduction to AccuMark, Pattern Design, and Product Data Management
Authors: Sharp Julia Ridgway , Elsasser Virginia Hencken
Published: September 2016

Introduction to AccuMark, Pattern Design, and Product Data Management provides step-by-step instructions to Gerber Technology’s in-demand software programs. AccuMark, used to copy patterns into the computer, is covered from the basics of data storage and retrieval to the complexities of digitization. The Pattern Design section details the sizing and measuring, point and notch, line, and piece functions necessary to translate creativity into pattern reality. Rounding out the book are instructions in Product Data Management (PDM), including design and cost specifications. Together, these three computer aided design (CAD) programs are the industry standard. This clear, user-friendly book is the companion tool students need to master them, and to maximize their technological savvy in today’s dynamic fashion industry.
Making Buying Decisions
Authors: Clodfelter Richard
Published: September 2016

This text is designed for use in a buying course with a heavy math emphasis. The book first presents merchandising concepts in a simple, understandable way and shows students how they can use computerized spreadsheets to perform related merchandising math operations. Activities then ask the student to apply what they’ve learned by solving merchandising problems using spreadsheets that are included on the enclosed CD-Rom. Students will learn how the computer can help minimize the time it takes to perform repetitive calculations. By constructing and using spreadsheets for each mathematical operation, they will develop a better understanding of the merchandising concepts they’re studying. This manual is designed to accompany the text Retail Buying, also by Richard Clodfelter. New to this Edition -- New and revised mathematical assignments -- Blank assignment forms included on the CD-Rom -- Increased coordination with companion text Retail Buying: From Basics to Fashion CD-ROM Features-- Microsoft Excel spreadsheets containing formulas -- PC and Mac compatible -- Instructor’s Guide includes teaching suggestions, goals, & lecture outlines
Marketing Fashion
Authors: Rath Patricia Mink , Petrizzi Richard , Gill Penny
Published: September 2016

While rooted in traditional marketing principles, successful fashion marketing presents a unique set of opportunities and challenges. Marketing Fashion: A Global Perspective is the first text to engagingly present marketing theories and practices as they specifically relate to apparel, home goods, and other design-driven products. Using a variety of contemporary examples, the text details how fashion marketers develop and apply marketing strategies that meet consumer needs at a profit. Topics covered include: consumer and organizational buying behavior, market research, market segmentation, product planning and positioning, pricing, retailer relationships, and additional classic marketing theories and practices as they relate to design. In addition, Fashion Marketing explores in depth contemporary issues such as technology, social responsibility and ethics, sustainability, and globalization, and considers effective strategies for various economic climates.
Merchandise Planning Workbook
Authors: LaFleur Rosetta S.
Published: September 2016

The recipe for profitability is presented in Merchandise Planning Workbook. Focusing on the development of a six-month merchandise plan, the text explains how to use Excel 2007 as a tool to project sales, manage inventory, calculate the amount of merchandise to purchase, and adjust the price throughout the selling season. Application Exercises throughout the chapters familiarize students with each aspect of the plan, provide practice in inputting formulas and data, and demonstrate the impact of changing variables. Seven end-of-chapter assignments, when completed in sequence, produce a merchandise plan for a selling season. By mastering this important aspect of merchandising math, students can develop a marketable competency to help launch their careers in retailing.
Model Drawing
Authors: Abling Bina
Published: September 2016

This book and accompanying CD-ROM are a complete step-by-step guide to fashion model drawing. Expanding on Chapter 3 of Fashion Sketchbook, 3rd edition, Abling explains and decodes the process of sketching women, men and children in accordance with fashion industry standards, while still leaving room for the students own aesthetic interpretation. Numerous photos and detailed illustrations accompany simple, easy-to-follow instructions. The addition of grids for practice drawings throughout each chapter makes Model Drawing both a textbook and workbook.
Patternmaking for Menswear
Authors: Kim Myoungok , Kim Injoo
Published: September 2016

This comprehensive men’s patternmaking text covers many different garment types and design elements, including patternmaking techniques for both woven and knit fabrics. The step-by-step format with accompanying detailed illustrations is appropriate for beginning to advanced students, as well as the industry professionals looking to sharpen their patternmaking skill. Photographs provide examples of completed garments on the dress form and clear illustrations are highlighted with color to show precisely what to do at each step of the patternmaking process. Noting the subtle difference between patternmaking for men versus women, Kim and Kim provide readers with a complete understanding of the male anatomy, how to take measurements and fitting techniques. Patternmaking for Menswear has a unique modular organization, moving from basic sloper development to detailing slim-fit versus classic-fit garments with design details grouped together to allow readers to combine them to create unlimited design variations. With many fashion-forward and on-trend patterns, this book is an indispensible resource for creating modern and professional-looking menswear designs.
Perry’s Department Store
Authors: Videtic Karen M. , Steele Cynthia W.
Published: September 2016

Perry's Department Store: A Buying Simulation bridges the gap between the principles of retail buying and mathematical concepts using a unique simulation approach that takes readers step-by-step through a real-life buying experience. Videtic and Steele present a simplified process for making complex buying decisions using the fictitious Perry's Department Store that walks students through the steps a new buyer would take to complete a six-month buying plan and a merchandise assortment plan for categories including junior, misses' bridge/contemporary, men's, children's, denim, accessories, or home fashion.

The fourth edition has been revised with statistical information to reflect a more contemporary structure and business model for a successful department store. The new Perry's Department Store is organized to reflect a larger-scale department store in today's market. Students interact by researching current market and industry trends to build their business. The charts and worksheets in this book and companion website, Buying Simulation STUDIO, are replicas of those found in the retail and wholesale industry to expose student to the procedures and policies they can expect to find in a first job as an assistant buyer. This new edition and Buying Simulation STUDIO launches students directly into the exciting role of a retail buyer in the fashion industry.
Principles of Flat-Pattern Design
Authors: MacDonald Nora M.
Published: September 2016

The basic principles of the flat-pattern method are the foundation of producing effective apparel designs. Principles of Flat-Pattern Design, 4th Edition, maintains its simple and straightforward presentation of flat-patternmaking principles which is proven to be less intimidating for beginning students. Numbered and fully illustrated steps guide students through a logical series of pattern manipulation procedures, each beginning with a flat sketch of the design to be developed and ending with a representation of the completed pattern. A significant expansion of the introductory chapters in this 4th Edition aligns the patternmaking process with current industry practices, including technological advancements, design analysis, and production basics such as grading, marker making, and specifications.
Sample Workbook to Accompany Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers
Authors: Cole Julie , Czachor Sharon
Published: September 2016

This companion workbook consists of project instructions and card stock worksheets in a 3-hole binder for convenient storage. Using these resources, students can sew sample garment details and record design information for ongoing and additional projects. The instructions for each project list the supplies and tasks needed to prepare the samples, plus clear cross references to sewing techniques in the textbook, Professional Sewing Techniques for Designers, 2nd Edition, and the supplementary half-scales patterns available to complete projects.

Sample and Sewing worksheets are made of card stock for durable sample mounting and include space to attach sample and label sewing techniques, fabric type, fiber content, lining type, interfacing type, stitching order, stitch length, and notes on where to use the stitching technique on a garment and stitching mistakes. As students use the workbook to practice the sewing techniques, it becomes an ongoing resource and part of the design student’s fashion library.
Survey of Historic Costume
Authors: Tortora Phyllis G. , Marcketti Sara B.
Published: September 2016

This student study guide is designed to help students effectively navigate the Survey of Historic Costume and provide a tool that enables students to identify, synthesize and retain the text’s core information. Following the chapters of textbook, the Student Study Guide includes chapter objectives, key terms, historic snapshots, chapter summaries, chapter quizzes, image analysis exercises, garment analysis worksheets, a glossary of key terms and a fashion garment guide. By providing a consistent approach to all of the chapters in this text, the guide provides a vehicle that enhances the journey students will take through time and place, making the study of historic costume accessible, memorable and exciting.
A Guide to Fashion Sewing
Authors: Amaden-Crawford Connie
Published: September 2016

A Guide to Fashion Sewing, 6th Edition, provides a comprehensive fashion sewing resource for beginning and advanced sewers alike. Readers will learn how to assemble and construct designs of various styles using proven industry methods for more than 100 sewing applications. Chapters cover everything from sewing equipment, measurements, and fabric selection to actual garment assembly. Filled with easy to follow, step-by-step instructions and large, clear illustrations, this book is an indispensable resource for constructing quality garments. Accompanying video demonstrations help readers learn at their own pace basic sewing skills and techniques such a seams, darts, bias binding, zipper, and garment assembly.

The new edition features an updated design, new industrial sewing machine information and photographs, and expanded information on tailoring. Amaden-Crawford has added convenient metric measurement equivalents to the text, helpful project checklists to aid self-assessment of completed project, and 1/2 scale patterns to make sample garment assembly easier than ever before.
Concepts of Pattern Grading
Authors: Mullet Kathy K.
Published: September 2016

This step-by-step introduction to grading combines the theory of pattern grading with its practical applications. After presenting the x, y orientation to familiarize readers with the concepts of computer grading and using the Cartesian graph, the text takes a holistic approach, integrating anthropometry, size specifications, and grade guides into the grading process for women's garments with emphasis on maintaining fit and style sense.
Sewing with Knits and Stretch Fabrics
Authors: Czachor Sharon
Published: September 2016

With over 500 step-by-step color photos and instructions in a user-friendly format, Sewing with Knits and Stretch Fabrics is a professional guide to sewing with common knits and stretch fabrics such as jersey and spandex. Czachor explains the basics of working with knit fabrics and stretch woven fabrics, and how the stretch ratio impacts the design. The book covers industry methods for knit garment construction, including coverage of collars, facings, closures, bands and hems, waistline finishes, and pockets within respective chapters on t-shirts, tops and sweaters, dresses, skirts and pants, jackets, activewear, swimwear, and lingerie. The final chapter covers specialty techniques such as finishing details, embellishments, felting, and fabric manipulation.

Sewing with Knits and Stretch Fabrics provides all the tools to professionally complete the garments and advance the designer's skill and understanding of the unique properties of knits and stretch wovens.
Fashion and Technology
Authors: Genova Aneta , Moriwaki Katherine
Published: September 2016

Technology has always impacted the practice of fashion design. From materials to new manufacturing Though fashion and technology have long intersected, recent revelopments in computation have enabled the adoption of new methods, tools, and approaches to design. From materials to new manufacturing processes of the industrial age, advancements in technology have driven forward our understanding of the aesthetics, style, and functionality of garments and accessories. Fashion and Technology provides a conceptual framework for how new technologies are used in fashion design and shows how they can be implemented into the design process. This practical guide includes highly visual tutorials that introduce students and practitioners to designing with electronics-such as LEDs, sensors, electroluminescent materials, conductive and reactive materials-and digital fabrication technologies such as 3D printing and laser cutting. Projects make these innovative materials accessible to designers and will inspire creative collaborations within studio practice.
Fitting & Pattern Alteration
Authors: Liechty Elizabeth , Rasband Judith , Pottberg-Steineckert Della
Published: September 2016

Fitting and Pattern Alteration: A Multi-Method Approach to the Art of Style Selection, Fitting, and Alteration, Third Edition, shows readers how to recognize, evaluate, and correct fit for 88 figure variations. This comprehensive guide presents proven methods of style selection, fitting, and alteration. The authors use a multi-level approach that is both logical and easy to follow, and each procedure is clearly identified and fully illustrated with a second color added to clarify the procedure and show directional measuring. Each figure is drawn to scale ensuring consistency and accuracy. The cause for the fitting problem is clearly identified and explained--giving readers the why behind each fitting procedure. Highlights of this edition include new photographs of common fit problems, as well as instructions for working with multi-sized patterns and correcting garments that have more than one fit problem.
Seasonal variability of surface and column carbon monoxide over the megacity Paris, high-altitude Jungfraujoch and Southern Hemispheric Wollongong stations
Authors: Té Yao , Jeseck Pascal , Franco Bruno , Mahieu Emmanuel , Jones Nicholas , Paton-Walsh Clare , Griffith David W. T. , Buchholz Rebecca R. , Hadji-Lazaro Juliette , Hurtmans Daniel , Janssen Christof
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This paper studies the seasonal variation of surface and column CO at three different sites (Paris, Jungfraujoch and Wollongong), with an emphasis on establishing a link between the CO vertical distribution and the nature of CO emission sources. We find the first evidence of a time lag between surface and free tropospheric CO seasonal variations in the Northern Hemisphere. The CO seasonal variability obtained from the total columns and free tropospheric partial columns shows a maximum around March–April and a minimum around September–October in the Northern Hemisphere (Paris and Jungfraujoch). In the Southern Hemisphere (Wollongong) this seasonal variability is shifted by about 6 months. Satellite observations by the IASI–MetOp (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) and MOPITT (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere) instruments confirm this seasonality. Ground-based FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) measurements provide useful complementary information due to good sensitivity in the boundary layer. In situ surface measurements of CO volume mixing ratios at the Paris and Jungfraujoch sites reveal a time lag of the near-surface seasonal variability of about 2 months with respect to the total column variability at the same sites. The chemical transport model GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing System chemical transport model) is employed to interpret our observations. GEOS-Chem sensitivity runs identify the emission sources influencing the seasonal variation of CO. At both Paris and Jungfraujoch, the surface seasonality is mainly driven by anthropogenic emissions, while the total column seasonality is also controlled by air masses transported from distant sources. At Wollongong, where the CO seasonality is mainly affected by biomass burning, no time shift is observed between surface measurements and total column data.
Chemometric analysis of aerosol mass spectra: exploratory methods
to extract and classify anthropogenic aerosol chemotypes
Authors: Äijälä Mikko , Heikkinen Liine , Fröhlich Roman , Canonaco Francesco , Prévôt André S.H. , Junninen Heikki , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku , Worsnop Douglas , Ehn Mikael
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Mass spectrometric measurements commonly yield data on hundreds of variables over thousands of points in time. Refining and synthesising this “raw” data into chemical information necessitates the use of advanced, statistics-based data analytical techniques. In the field of analytical aerosol chemistry, statistical, dimensionality reductive methods have become widespread in the last decade, yet comparable advanced chemometric techniques for data classification and identification remain marginal. Here we present an example of combining data dimensionality reduction (factorisation), with exploratory classification (clustering), and show the results can not only reproduce and corroborate earlier findings, but also complement and broaden our current perspectives on aerosol chemical classification. We find that applying positive matrix factorisation to extract spectral characteristics of the organic component of air pollution plumes together with an unsupervised clustering algorithm, k-means++, for classification, reproduces classical organic aerosol speciation schemes. In addition to the typical oxidation level and aerosol source driven aerosol classification we were also able to classify and characterise outlier groups that would likely be disregarded in a more conventional analysis. Evaluating solution quality for the classification also provides means to assess the performance of mass spectral similarity metrics and optimise weighting for mass spectral variables. This both improves algorithm-based classification and provides important clues for a human analyst on the relative importance of variables and data structures.
Advancements, measurement uncertainties, and recent comparisons of the NOAA
frost point hygrometer
Authors: Hall Emrys G. , Jordan Allen F. , Hurst Dale F. , Oltmans Samuel J. , Vömel Holger , Kühnreich Benjamin , Ebert Volker
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The NOAA frost point hygrometer (FPH) is a balloon-borne instrument flown monthly at three sites to measure water vapor profiles up to 28 km. The FPH record from Boulder, Colorado, is the longest continuous stratospheric water vapor record. The instrument has an uncertainty in the stratosphere that is  <  6 % and up to 12 % in the troposphere. A digital microcontroller version of the instrument improved upon the older versions in 2008 with sunlight filtering, better frost control, and resistance to radio frequency interference (RFI). A new thermistor calibration technique was implemented in 2014, decreasing the uncertainty in the thermistor calibration fit to less than 0.01 °C over the full range of frost – or dew point temperatures (−93 to +20 °C) measured during a profile. Results from multiple water vapor intercomparisons are presented, including the excellent agreement between the NOAA FPH and the direct tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (dTDLAS) MC-PicT-1.4 during AquaVIT-2 chamber experiments over 6 days that provides confidence in the accuracy of the FPH measurements. Dual instrument flights with two FPHs or an FPH and a cryogenic frost point hygrometer (CFH) also show good agreement when launched on the same balloon. The results from these comparisons demonstrate the high level of accuracy of the NOAA FPH.
Effect of the solar activity variation on the Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (GITM)
Authors: Masutti Davide , March Günther , Ridley Aaron J. , Thoemel Jan
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The accuracy of global atmospheric models used to predict the middle/lower thermosphere characteristics is still an open topic. Uncertainties in the prediction of the gas properties in the thermosphere lead to inaccurate computations of the drag force on space objects (i.e. satellites or debris). Currently the lifetime of space objects and therefore the population of debris in low Earth orbit (LEO) cannot be quantified with a satisfactory degree of accuracy. In this paper, the Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (GITM) developed at the University of Michigan has been validated in order to provide detailed simulations of the thermosphere. First, a sensitivity analysis has been performed to investigate the effect of the boundary conditions on the final simulations results. Then, results of simulations have been compared with flight measurements from the CHallenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites and with existing semi-empirical atmospheric models (IRI and MSIS). The comparison shows a linear dependency of the neutral density values with respect to the solar activity. In particular, GITM shows an over-predicting or under-predicting behaviour under high or low solar activity respectively. The reasons for such behaviour can be attributed to a wrong implementation of the chemical processes or the gas transport properties in the model.
Soil concentrations and soil-atmosphere exchange of alkylamines in a boreal Scots pine forest
Authors: Kieloaho A.-J. , Pihlatie M. , Launiainen S. , Kulmala M. , Riekkola M.-L. , Parshintsev J. , Mammarella I. , Vesala T. , Heinonsalo J.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Alkylamines are important precursors in secondary aerosol formation in the boreal forest atmosphere. To better understand the behaviour and sources of two alkylamines, dimethylamine (DMA) and diethylamine (DEA), we estimated the magnitudes of soil-atmosphere fluxes of DMA and DEA using a gradient-diffusion approximation based on measured concentrations in soil solution and in the canopy air space. To compute the amine fluxes, we first estimated the soil air space concentration from the measured soil solution amine concentration using soil physical (temperature, soil water content) and chemical (pH) state variables. Then, we used the resistance analogy to account for gas transport mechanisms in the soil, in soil boundary layer and in the canopy air space. The resulting flux estimates revealed that the boreal forest soil with a typical long-term mean pH 5.3 is a possible source of DMA (170 ± 51 nmol m−2 d−1) and a sink of DEA (−1.2 ± 1.2 nmol m−2 d−1). We also investigated the potential role of fungi as a reservoir for alkylamines in boreal forest soil. We found high DMA and DEA concentrations both in fungal hyphae collected from field humus samples and in fungal pure cultures. The highest DMA and DEA concentrations were found in fungal strains belonging to decay and ectomycorrhizal fungal groups, indicating that boreal forest soil, and in particular, fungal biomass may be an important reservoir for these alkylamines.
The transformed-stationary approach: a generic and simplified methodology for non-stationary extreme value analysis
Authors: Mentaschi Lorenzo , Vousdoukas Michalis , Voukouvalas Evangelos , Sartini Ludovica , Feyen Luc , Besio Giovanni , Alfieri Lorenzo
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Statistical approaches to study extreme events require, by definition, long time series of data. In many scientific disciplines, these series are often subject to variations at different temporal scales that affect the frequency and intensity of their extremes. Therefore, the assumption of stationarity is violated and alternative methods to conventional stationary extreme value analysis (EVA) must be adopted. Using the example of environmental variables subject to climate change, in this study we introduce the transformed-stationary (TS) methodology for non-stationary EVA. This approach consists of (i) transforming a non-stationary time series into a stationary one, to which the stationary EVA theory can be applied, and (ii) reverse transforming the result into a non-stationary extreme value distribution. As a transformation, we propose and discuss a simple time-varying normalization of the signal and show that it enables a comprehensive formulation of non-stationary generalized extreme value (GEV) and generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) models with a constant shape parameter. A validation of the methodology is carried out on time series of significant wave height, residual water level, and river discharge, which show varying degrees of long-term and seasonal variability. The results from the proposed approach are comparable with the results from (a) a stationary EVA on quasi-stationary slices of non-stationary series and (b) the established method for non-stationary EVA. However, the proposed technique comes with advantages in both cases. For example, in contrast to (a), the proposed technique uses the whole time horizon of the series for the estimation of the extremes, allowing for a more accurate estimation of large return levels. Furthermore, with respect to (b), it decouples the detection of non-stationary patterns from the fitting of the extreme value distribution. As a result, the steps of the analysis are simplified and intermediate diagnostics are possible. In particular, the transformation can be carried out by means of simple statistical techniques such as low-pass filters based on the running mean and the standard deviation, and the fitting procedure is a stationary one with a few degrees of freedom and is easy to implement and control. An open-source MATLAB toolbox has been developed to cover this methodology, which is available at https://github.com/menta78/tsEva/ (Mentaschi et al., 2016).
Action-based flood forecasting for triggering humanitarian action
Authors: Coughlan de Perez Erin , van den Hurk Bart , van Aalst Maarten K. , Amuron Irene , Bamanya Deus , Hauser Tristan , Jongma Brenden , Lopez Ana , Mason Simon , Mendler de Suarez Janot , Pappenberger Florian , Rueth Alexandra , Stephens Elisabeth , Suarez Pablo , Wagemaker Jurjen , Zsoter Ervin
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Too often, credible scientific early warning information of increased disaster risk does not result in humanitarian action. With financial resources tilted heavily towards response after a disaster, disaster managers have limited incentive and ability to process complex scientific data, including uncertainties. These incentives are beginning to change, with the advent of several new forecast-based financing systems that provide funding based on a forecast of an extreme event. Given the changing landscape, here we demonstrate a method to select and use appropriate forecasts for specific humanitarian disaster prevention actions, even in a data-scarce location. This action-based forecasting methodology takes into account the parameters of each action, such as action lifetime, when verifying a forecast. Forecasts are linked with action based on an understanding of (1) the magnitude of previous flooding events and (2) the willingness to act "in vain" for specific actions. This is applied in the context of the Uganda Red Cross Society forecast-based financing pilot project, with forecasts from the Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS). Using this method, we define the "danger level" of flooding, and we select the probabilistic forecast triggers that are appropriate for specific actions. Results from this methodology can be applied globally across hazards and fed into a financing system that ensures that automatic, pre-funded early action will be triggered by forecasts.
Long-term entrenchment and consequences for present flood hazard in the
Garona River (Val d'Aran, Central Pyrenees, Spain)
Authors: Victoriano Ane , García-Silvestre Marta , Furdada Glòria , Bordonau Jaume
Published: September 2016

Abstract. On 18 June 2013, a damaging flood of the Garona River (Val d'Aran, Central Pyrenees, Spain) caused losses exceeding EUR 100 million. Few studies have related flood events to the geologic, tectonic and geomorphologic context. This study deals with both short- and long-term processes by studying the upper reach of the Garona River on different timescales and space scales. There has been a clear entrenchment tendency of the drainage network since the Miocene. Post-orogenic exhumation and uplift of the Axial Pyrenees determines the recent and active tectonics of the area and leads to fluvial incision. The last Upper Pleistocene glaciation affected Val d'Aran and gave rise to a destabilization period during the glacial–interglacial transition, marked by a postglacial incision tendency. Mean entrenchment rates between 0.68 and 1.56 mm yr−1 since deglaciation have been estimated. The assessment of the 2013 flood, characterized by the predominance of vertical incision and bank erosion, suggests that the long-term tendency of the fluvial system is reflected in short-term processes. The study of the geologic and geomorphologic evolution, combined with the analysis of this 30–50-year return period flood event, helps to improve flood risk management by providing contextual information that can constrain predictions and help guide choices and decisions. In fact, the millennial entrenchment tendency is shown at the human scale, which is considered useful for river management, but could be imperceptible in detailed hydrodynamic and channel morphology studies that describe river dynamics mostly at the 10–15-year timescale.
Assessing the potential for dimethylsulfide enrichment at the sea surface and its
influence on air–sea flux
Authors: Walker Carolyn F. , Harvey Mike J. , Smith Murray J. , Bell Thomas G. , Saltzman Eric S. , Marriner Andrew S. , McGregor John A. , Law Cliff S.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The flux of dimethylsulfide (DMS) to the atmosphere is generally inferred using water sampled at or below 2 m depth, thereby excluding any concentration anomalies at the air–sea interface. Two independent techniques were used to assess the potential for near-surface DMS enrichment to influence DMS emissions and also identify the factors influencing enrichment. DMS measurements in productive frontal waters over the Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand, did not identify any significant gradients between 0.01 and 6 m in sub-surface seawater, whereas DMS enrichment in the sea-surface microlayer was variable, with a mean enrichment factor (EF; the concentration ratio between DMS in the sea-surface microlayer and in sub-surface water) of 1.7. Physical and biological factors influenced sea-surface microlayer DMS concentration, with high enrichment (EF > 1.3) only recorded in a dinoflagellate-dominated bloom, and associated with low to medium wind speeds and near-surface temperature gradients. On occasion, high DMS enrichment preceded periods when the air–sea DMS flux, measured by eddy covariance, exceeded the flux calculated using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coupled-Ocean Atmospheric Response Experiment (COARE) parameterized gas transfer velocities and measured sub-surface seawater DMS concentrations. The results of these two independent approaches suggest that air–sea emissions may be influenced by near-surface DMS production under certain conditions, and highlight the need for further study to constrain the magnitude and mechanisms of DMS production in the sea-surface microlayer.
Sliding of temperate basal ice on a rough, hard bed:
creep mechanisms, pressure melting, and implications for ice streaming
Authors: Krabbendam Maarten
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Basal ice motion is crucial to ice dynamics of ice sheets. The classic Weertman model for basal sliding over bedrock obstacles proposes that sliding velocity is controlled by pressure melting and/or ductile flow, whichever is the fastest; it further assumes that pressure melting is limited by heat flow through the obstacle and ductile flow is controlled by standard power-law creep. These last two assumptions, however, are not applicable if a substantial basal layer of temperate (T ∼ Tmelt) ice is present. In that case, frictional melting can produce excess basal meltwater and efficient water flow, leading to near-thermal equilibrium. High-temperature ice creep experiments have shown a sharp weakening of a factor 5–10 close to Tmelt, suggesting standard power-law creep does not operate due to a switch to melt-assisted creep with a possible component of grain boundary melting. Pressure melting is controlled by meltwater production, heat advection by flowing meltwater to the next obstacle and heat conduction through ice/rock over half the obstacle height. No heat flow through the obstacle is required. Ice streaming over a rough, hard bed, as possibly in the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream, may be explained by enhanced basal motion in a thick temperate ice layer.