bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Hierarchical Logistic Models for Combining Field and Laboratory Survival Data
Authors: Wolpert Robert L , Warren-Hicks William J
Published: November 2023

Generalized linear regression models fit to multicollinear data sets can be unreliable for making predictions in data sets free from the multicollinearity. We overcome this problem in a study of brook trout response to acidification by constructing hierarchical Bayesian models to provide a coherent logical structure for synthesizing evidence from field observations and from related laboratory bioassay experiments, despite the great differences between field and laboratory settings and uncertainties about those differences.
Fertility in Britain: variation and its significance
Authors: Coleman D A
Published: November 2023

The significance of human fertility differentials

Differences in human fertility can have biological, social, and political consequences. Biological consequences arise if genotypically distinct individuals or genetically definable groups have different average rates of fertility or reproduction. Genetic differences may have social significance, especially if linked to ‘visible minorities’. Alternatively, they may be hidden polymorphisms of medical or evolutionary interest. Quite independently of any biological connection, if members of socially defined groups have distinctive characteristics which can be transmitted culturally from one generation to the next, and also have non-average fertility, then the characteristics of that society will change. That in turn may have political consequences, if the groups concerned are ethnic or religious rivals, or even recognizable in cultural or phenotypic ways. Quite apart from any group categorization, if individuals with particular characteristics which are socially or biologically heritable, have more children than others then those characteristics are likely to spread in the population; whether they are those of Galton’s ‘hereditary genius’ (Eysenck 1993) or the characteristics of ‘problem families’, or of an ‘underclass’.
Change and variability in Papua New Guinea’s patterns of disease
Authors: Attenborough R D , Alpers m. P
Published: November 2023

Modernization—whatever that may be —increases life expectancy through a shift away from infectious, mainly early-acting causes of ill-health and death, towards non-infectious, mainly degenerative and later-acting causes. Versions of this statement have been advanced by many researchers and are widely accepted (e.g. Trowell and Burkitt 1981; Boyden 1987; Caldwell et al. 1990; Landers 1992). Western societies — where the historical process is now more or less complete, though not irreversible (Fenner 1990) — are the paradigm cases. A similar or partly similar transition is currently under way to varying degrees in non-Western, including Third-World developing countries, and amongst Fourth-World indigenous minorities such as Aboriginal Australians.
The Cerdanya, a valley divided: biosocial anthropology in a research project
Authors: Macbeth H M
Published: November 2023

Within anthropology the optimism of the early 1970s for greater re-integration of biological and social perspectives on the human sciences (Harrison and Boyce 1972) remains in the 1990s problematic, although still an enthusiasm of many students. This chapter concerns research that owes much to that 1970s optimism in regard to the human sciences.

The relevance of barriers to human movement as obstacles to reproduction is well documented in biological anthropology. Isolation and even partial isolation of a group of people behind any obstacle to gene flow is of interest to biological anthropologists because the divergent effects on gene frequencies on either side of such barriers lead to genetic differences. As humans can and do cross all known physical barriers, totally isolated populations do not exist, but obstacles to passage do reduce the likelihood of marriage and mating. Such obstacles can be physical, for example the river Ray on Otmoor (Boyce et al. 1968), or social, as humans construct barriers through their perceptions of social affiliation. The biological anthropologists’ interest has frequently been directed towards mating patterns either side of that obstacle, when boundaries to biological ‘populations’ are sought in the genetic, ‘Mendelian’ sense, but biological diversity can also be caused by non-genetic factors (Harrison 1978). While ecological differences may well be discussed, too often omitted are the differences in culture, even slight, that can affect these non-genetic factors. Where the boundary is socially constructed, this is particularly likely.
Introduction
Authors: Ulijaszek Stanley J
Published: November 2023

In this book, the biological and social effects of various types of health intervention on human groups and communities living in the less developed world are examined. Intervention is an integral part of development, while health is an obvious indicator of development, since it reflects improved well-being. Development is a concept which came out of the discipline of economics, and economists generally assume that economic growth results in improved human well-being. However, the associations between economic indicators and health status at national and international level are loose, at best. Unlike development, which has wide-reaching consequences, interventions are targeted changes to the biosocial environment. Like development, they are aimed at improving human well-being, health or welfare. Although such changes may be introduced in a variety of ways, intervention would not be possible in the absence of economic resources.
Design and analysis of experiments
Authors: Payne R W , Lane P W , Digby P G N , Harding S A , Leech P K , Morgan G W , Todd AD , Thompson R , Wilson G Tunnicliffe , Welham S J , White R P
Published: November 2023

This chapter first describes the Genstat directives for estimating the effects of treatments and doing an analysis of variance with data from a designed experiment. Then, in Section 9.8, it describes the facilities for designing experiments.

In a designed experiment, each treatment is applied to several units, such as plots of land, or animal or human subjects, or samples of material. Usually the treatments are allocated randomly, since the units might not be absolutely identical. This guards against any treatment systematically getting more than its fair share of the best units, which might cause it to appear to be better than the treatments on the less favourable units. It is also one form of justification for the statistical analysis. For a more detailed discussion of why randomization is important, see for example Chapter 5 of Cox (1958).
The analysis of grouped longitudinal mortality data allowing for variable natural mortality
Authors: Hines R J O’HARA , Hines W G S
Published: November 2023

One of David Williams’ many interests was the analysis of data from toxicological studies in which groups of animals were exposed to different treatment conditions and the resulting proportions responding or exhibiting some symptom or behaviour were recorded. For example, in Williams (1987), he discussed deletion diagnostics and residuals for the detection of influential observations and outliers when generalized linear models are fitted to such data. In Williams (1982, 1988), variance models which account for the presence of extra-bionomial variation in the proportions were presented. He was also interested in interval estimation of the median lethal concentration (LC50) in toxicological studies in which the recorded response recorded was death (Williams 1986). Additionally, in a study of exposure time on the susceptibility of a certain species of snail (Boyce and Williams 1967), Williams estimated the median mortality time for a given toxicant concentration (LT50) using independent groups of animals at the different observation times. In contrast, the present chapter considers studies in which mortalities in the same groups of animals are recorded at a number of observation times.
Statistical evaluation of the fixed-dose procedure
Authors: Whitehead A
Published: November 2023

The generally accepted method for assessing the acute oral toxicity of a substance has, until recently, been the LD50 study. In such a study, groups of laboratory animals, often rats, are given a range of dose levels of the substance, with the dose levels chosen to span the ‘expected’ median lethal dose (LD50). The internationally agreed guideline published by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 1981) recommended that ten rats (five male and five female) be tested at each of a minimum of three dose levels. In 1987 the revised guideline (OECD 1987) reduced the recommended total number of animals to 20. In addition, the highest permitted test dose was reduced from 5000 mg/kg body weight to 2000 mg/kg body weight. From such a study it should be possible to estimate the LD50 and calculate a confidence interval, provided that mortality is seen at or below the highest test dose.
Ethics, objectivity, and politics: statistics in a public policy context
Authors: Fienberg Stephen E
Published: November 2023

For decades, statisticians have perpetrated a myth: that the methods they use impart objectivity to the scientific or policy issue they are used to elucidate, either through the randomization at treatment, the random selection of subjects from some appropriate population, or through the careful application of statistical models and the assessment of their fit. We have looked back to those who laid the groundwork for an identifiable field of statistics, people such as Francis Galton, Karl Pearson, R. A. Fisher, and Francis Walker, and have described them as dispassionate scientists who brought the formalism of statistical thinking to areas of application such as biology or government data gathering and thereby overcame the biased and unscientific approach of others. But quality statistical methodology often serves as a thin veneer layered over scientific investigations that are far from objective or policy neutral. This was as true for our statistical forebears as it is in the modern statistical world. Thus, we often neglect to note the extent to which the social eugenics movement influenced Galton, Pearson, and Fisher (see, for example, MacKenzie 1981; Porter 1986), or racism affected Walker’s leadership of the decennial census (see Anderson 1987). To a large extent this may not matter at all, but I believe that there are contexts where it does.
Statistics in Washington, 1935-19451
Authors: Wallis W Allen
Published: November 2023

Three considerations led me to accept the invitation to join you tonight. First, it is an honor that I would not want to forego. Second, I anticipated, correctly, that it would be an opportunity to renew old friendships and acquaintances and to make new ones. Third, I was given the impression that all that would be expected of me would be rambling reminiscences about statistics in Washington 50 to 60 years ago. With that subject the risk is only epsilon that inacuracies will be detected by more than a tiny number of the audience, so I thought it was an easy subject.
Surveying individuals with disabilities1
Authors: Sampson Allan R
Published: November 2023

Implementing, monitoring and funding national and local disability programs and legal mandates require meaningful and accurate statistics concerning individuals with disabilities. The 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) which extended certain civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities was justified, in part, by disability data demonstrating substantial economic disadvantages towards individuals with disabilities. As McNeil (1991b) noted, ‘national surveys consistently showed that two-thirds of the population with a work disability were without a job’ and many of these individuals wanted employment. To monitor, now and in the future, the success, compliance, and costs of the ADA, we need disability data of the highest quality. Equally compelling as the ADA data needs, are the disability data requirements for the Social Security Administration, particularly the Disability Insurance Program and Medicaid; for the Veterans’ Administration; and for state-level vocational rehabilitation programs. A broader description of programs that depend on disability data is given by Levine et al. (1990).
Constructed social networks in the study of diffusion1
Authors: Coleman James S
Published: November 2023

The aim of population sampling is to choose a sample from a population of independent individuals to provide a good estimate of the distribution (or of some parameters of the distribution) of characteristics of the individuals. The unit of observation is the individual (from whom data are typically obtained by interview or questionnaire), and the unit being described is the set of individuals, each of whom is regarded as an independent element of the set.
Bayesian Statistics and the Law
Authors: Fienberg S E , Finkelstein M O
Published: November 2023

The past 20 years has seen a remarkable growth in the use of statistics as evidence in legal proceedings. In the United States especially, there has been a vigorous debate over the role Bayesian methods should have both in the presentation of such evidence and in its evaluation by the triers of fact, i.e., judges and juries. In this paper, we review some of the legal and statistical elements of this debate, especially as it has appeared in treatises on legal evidence and we consider empirical evidence on how Bayesian evidence would be understood by triers of fact. We then present some widely discussed issues and “problematic” aspects of some simple uses of Bayes’ theorem. Finally, we describe two recent court cases involving Bayesian statistical evidence.
Likelihood and Bayesian Approximation Methods
Authors: Reid N
Published: November 2023

This paper reviews recent developments in higher order asymptotics both for obtaining approximations to posterior distributions for use in Bayesian analysis and for obtaining approximations to the frequentist distribution of likelihood based quantities.
Support Theory: A Nonextensional Representation of Probability Judgment
Authors: Tversky A , Koehler D J
Published: November 2023

We present a descriptive theory of belief in which probability judgments are not assigned to events—as in other models—but rather to descriptions of events, called hypotheses. In this theory, judged probability is expressed as normalized support, or strength of evidence, of the focal hypothesis relative to the alternative. The theory is nonextensional because alternative descriptions of the same event can give rise to different judgments. A review of the experimental literature and the results of new studies confirm the major predictions of support theory. First, judged probability increases by unpacking the focal hypothesis and decreases by unpacking the alternative hypothesis. Second, judged probabilities are complementary in the binary case and sub additive in the general case, contrary to both classical and revisionist models of belief. Third, subadditivity is more pronounced for probability judgments than for frequency judgments. Support theory provides a unified treatment of a wide range of empirical findings. The theory is extended to the assessment of upper and lower probabilities. Prescriptive implications are explored.
Diagnostic Geometry for Bayes Linear Prediction Systems
Authors: Farrow M , Goldstein M
Published: November 2023

In a Bayes linear prediction system, linear rules which combine prior expectations with observed data are used to predict as yet unobserved quantities. As time passes and data accumulate, the performance of the system may lead to suggestions for modifications to the belief formulation. In this paper we describe the diagnostic triangle, a graphical display which summarises, in a simple qualitative form, all changes in expectation for a multivariate time series and is appropriate for diagnostic monitoring of the development of the series. The approach is illustrated with a biological application concerning repeated multivariate time series of observations on competing species of fruitfly.
Hierarchical Modelling for Classifying Binary Data
Authors: Kokolakis* G E , Dellaportas** P
Published: November 2023

A prior which is a generalisation of the Dirichlet distribution is suggested for classification problems with binary data. Generalisation of previously suggested modelling considerations is achieved via a hierarchical modelling framework with careful hyperparameter choice which allows sharing information among cells. Illustrations and comparisons with other approaches are provided using real data examples and a Markov chain Monte Carlo implementation strategy.
A Bayesian Analysis of Non-Stationary AR Series
Authors: Naylor J C , Marriott J M
Published: November 2023

A Bayesian approach to the analysis of AR time series models, which permits the usual stationarity assumptions to be relaxed, is presented. Example analyses of published time series data are included, which illustrate some potential dangers in the application of the usual criteria for differencing.
Choosing an Appropriate Covariance Function in Bayesian Smoothing
Authors: Upsdell M P
Published: November 2023

In the Bayesian approach to smoothing the choice of covariance function controls the form of smoothing used. The class of covariance functions for which the information about some derivative of the unknown curve is stationary is investigated and the Gaussian covariance function is suggested as a suitable choice when all the derivatives of the curve are assumed to exist. Further covariance functions are proposed for use when the unknown curve is assumed to be approaching an asymptote or following a seasonal pattern.
Intrinsic Bayes Factors for Model Selection with Autoregressive Data
Authors: Varshavsky J A
Published: November 2023

One cannot typically use standard noninformative priors for Bayesian model selection or for testing hypotheses of different dimensions, since such priors are only defined up to arbitrary constants which affect values of Bayes factors. A recently proposed model selection criterion, the Intrinsic Bayes Factor (IBF), overcomes this problem and performs well for a variety of situations involving sequences of IID data. The present paper suggests a modification of IBFs for model selection with dependent data structures, autoregressive models, in particular. Numerical problems arising in direct computations of the IBFs are presented and their possible solutions are discussed.
Bayesian Approaches to the Population Modelling of a Monotonic Dose-Response Relation
Authors: Walker S G , Wakefield J C
Published: November 2023

In a dose-ranging study the goal is to establish an initial dose of a new drug for patients from the relevant target population. This may be achieved by observing individual responses over a range of dose levels from a randomly selected sample from the patient population. When data from such studies is analysed it is important to acknowledge between patient variability. Typically this is done using a hierarchical model with a (parametric) non-linear first stage model. Here we assume that a parametric dose-response curve is unknown but that a monotonic dose-response relation exists. We propose two semiparametric forms and demonstrate their use with simulated data.
The spectrum and spectral inclusions
Authors: Laursen Kjeld B , Neumann Michael M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we investigate more thoroughly the spectrum of a bounded linear operator on a Banach space from the viewpoint of local spectral theory. We already know from Chapter 1 that local spectral properties may be used to identify certain parts of the spectrum. For instance, we have seen in Proposition 1.3.2 that, for every operator with the single-valued extension property, the spectrum coincides with the surjectivity spectrum, and hence also with the union of the local spectra. To obtain further insight, we need certain tools, which will be introduced in the first two sections of this chapter.
Medieval mathematics and optics and the Renaissance style in Art
Authors: Field J V
Published: November 2023

Since universities were the recognised custodians of true mathc1natical learning in 1300-and still by and large retain that status today-it is with this characteristically medieval institution that we shall begin.
The Professionals Move In
Authors: Field J V
Published: November 2023

The very fact that someone of Daniele Barbaro’s social standing should write a treatise on perspective makes it clear, as do the actual contents of the treatise, that mathematical matters such as the use of perspective in paintings and stage sets were considered suitable topics of conversation in patrician circles as well as in learned ones. There is much other evidence to confirm that this was so, though Barbaro’s treatise was also read by practitioners: for instance, Diego Velazquez (1599-1660) owned a copy of it. Another part of mathematics suitable for conversational discussion was astronomy.
Beyond the Ancients
Authors: Field J V
Published: November 2023

Renaissance painters found themselves with very little ancient material that they could copy more or less directly. Sculptors had considerably more, and the quantity was steadily increased as excavations provided collectors with further pieces. Architecture survived in larger quantity, though mainly in a ruined state that left a certain amount of scope for the historical imagination, which of course could be aided by surviving texts. In texts, as well as in archaeological survivals, it was architects and engineers who were best provided with evidence about ancient practice. Only for the products of the minor arts, such as medals, cameos and small sculptures, was there a greater mass of evidence from surviving objects than from written sources. For such objects, direct emulation was possible, and sometimes extremely successful in artistic terms (see Fig. 8.1). Indeed, cameos in particular often pose problems for museum curators because it can be very difficult to tell whether some of them were made in Antiquity or in the Renaissance.
Fragmented Perspectives
Authors: Field J V
Published: November 2023

By the middle of the sixteenth century it was regarded as normal for an artist to have sufficient mathematical skill to give an appearance of three-dimensionality to pictures, as and when this was required. Later in the century there were in fact some artists who specialised in going much further than this. They painted illusionistic pictures in which at least some elements were to be seen as part of the real architecture of the room. These pictures make very bad illustrations in a book, because once everything is a photograph one truly has no way of telling whether the ornate carved frame shown round a picture is real or merely painted. Moreover, the change of scale also usually affects the strength of the illusion. A lesser or somehow more ‘normal’ degree of uncertainty seems to be required for this kind of sophisticated trompe l’a!il to be fun to look at.
Checking Parametric Regression Models
Authors: Bowman Adrian W , Azzalini Adelchi
Published: November 2023

In Chapters 1 and 3, smoothing techniques were introduced as descriptive and graphical tools for exploratory data analysis. A subsequent step in many cases will be the formulation of a parametric model which takes into account the features which have emerged from the preliminary analysis. The important process of formulating and fitting a suitable parametric model is outside the scope of this book. However, there will always be specific questions which are to be asked of the data. There may indeed be associated theory or hypotheses which have implications for an appropriate statistical model, even at a very simple level such as assumed linear relationships. In these circumstances, such models clearly take precedence over an entirely speculative, exploratory approach. This in turn requires a different strategy for statistical analysis.
Stochastic Networks Theory and Applications
Authors: Kelly F P , Zachary S , Ziedins I
Published: November 2023

The theory of stochastic networks is an important and rapidly developing research area, driven in part by industrial applications in the design and control of modern communications and manufacturing networks. This volume is a collection of papers written by leading researchers in the field, providing a comprehensive survey of current research and the very latest developments. Areas covered include the mathematical modeling and optimal control of queuing and loss networks; the use of large deviations theory and effective bandwidth concepts in analysis and control; and the statistical modeling and analysis of network data. The book also contains a comprehensive bibliography of the statistical literature on long-range dependence and self-similarity in network traffic and other scientific and engineering applications, which will be welcomed by researchers in universities, research institutes and industry.
Stationary ergodic Jackson networks: results and counter-examples
Authors: Baccelli Fran ois , Foss Serguei , Mairesse Jean
Published: November 2023

This paper gives a survey of recent results on generalized Jackson networks, where classical exponential or i.i.d. assumptions on services and routings are replaced by stationary and ergodic assumptions. We first show that the most basic features of the network may exhibit unexpected behavior. Several probabilistic properties are then discussed, including a strong law of large numbers for the number of events in the stations, the existence, uniqueness and representation of stationary regimes for queue size and workload.
The Cesaro limit of departures from certain ./GI/1 queueing tandems
Authors: Mountford T , Prabhakar B
Published: November 2023

We consider an infinite tandem of independent, identical -/GI/1 queues with mean service rate equal to 1 subjected to stationary and ergodic inputs of rate α < 1. Of some interest in the study of such queueing tandems are the following three inter-related questions: (1) For each α< 1, does there exist a rate a stationary and ergodic process, I α, which is an invariant distribution for the queue in the sense that I α T(I α)? (Here T(I α) is the equilibrium departure process corresponding to an input of I α,) (2) For a fixed a, is this invariant distribution unique? (3) When a stationary and ergodic arrival process of rate α < 1 is input to the first queue, do the successive departure processes converge in distribution to the invariant distribution I  α (assuming it exists)? For general non-exponential server queues, it is not yet known if invariant distributions exist.
Regression and analysis of variance
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Francis Brain , Hinde John
Published: November 2023

We consider a practical example from a psychological study. A sample of twenty-four children was randomly drawn from the population of fifth-grade children attending a state primary school in a Sydney suburb. Each child was assigned to one of the two experimental groups, and given instructions by the experimenter on how to construct, from nine differently coloured blocks, one of the 3 × 3 square designs in the Block Design subtest of the Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC, see Wechsler, 1949). Children in the first group were told to construct the design by starting with a row of three blocks (row group), and those in the second group were told to start with a corner of three blocks (corner group). The total time in seconds to construct four different designs was then measured for each child. Before the experiment began, the extent of each child’s “field dependence” was tested by the embedded figures test (EFT), which measures the extent to which subjects can abstract the essential logical structure of a problem from its context (high scores corresponding to high field dependence and low ability).
Latent Variable Models and Data Visualisation
Authors: Bishop Christopher M , Tipping Michael E
Published: November 2023

Visualisation is a powerful and widely used technique for data analysis and data mining. For simple datasets a single projection of the data on to a two-dimensional plane, such as that provided by principal component analysis, may prove adequate. In the case of more complex datasets, however, it may be necessary to find multiple plots corresponding to different projection directions and/or different subsets of the data points in order to capture the full complexity of the data. Here we use latent variable models to construct a framework for data visualisation which allows simultaneous soft clustering and projection of the data in a probabilistic setting. We first show how standard principal component analysis can be formulated in terms of maximum likelihood under a latent variable model. Next we extend the formalism to include both mixtures and hierarchical mixtures of principal component models, and derive the corresponding visualisation algorithms. Finally, we illustrate the hierarchical approach to visualisation using datasets obtained from multiphase flows along oil pipelines, and from satellite image data.
The black silhouette
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

I have regained the energy that for a few months I had completely lost. I spend long hours at the microscope. I am delighted that I have found a new reaction to demonstrate even to the blind the structure of the interstitial stroma of the cerebral cortex. I let the silver nitrate react with pieces of brain hardened in potassium dichromate. I have obtained magnificent results and hope to do even better in the future.
Controversies and various studies
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

In the early 1880s, after many years of intense investigation of the nervous system, Golgi was eager to broaden the scope of his research. He was beginning to have both material and human resources to accomplish this ambition.
A tranquil laboratory life
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

Between 1889 and 1891, the threat posed by the theory of the neuron had compelled Golgi to focus his research on the nervous system. But his interest in infectious diseases, in particular malaria, had continued unabated and his collaborators, particularly Monti, were very active in this field.
Spatial orientation and the representation of space with parietal lobe lesions
Authors: Karnath Hans-Otto
Published: November 2023

Parietal lobe lesions in humans lead to disturbances of spatial perception and of motor behaviour in space. Due to the usually large extent of lesions affecting the parietal lobe, most clinical cases show a combination of these disturbances. Dissociations arguing for distinct clinical entities combined with small cortical lesions that allow a precise localization of different functions within the parietal lobe are rather rare.
Egocentric and object-based visual neglect
Authors: Driver Jon
Published: November 2023

Patients with unilateral neglect characteristically fail to acknowledge or to respond appropriately to information towards their contralesional side, even though initial afferent pathways for such information can be demonstrably intact (see Chapters 2, 3, 7 and 23; Bisiach & Vallar 1988; Driver 1998; Robertson & Marshall 1993). Figure 4.1 provides an example of severe left visual neglect in a copying task. The association of such neglect with lesions centred on the right supramarginal gyrus, in the inferior parietal lobule (see Chapter 2, Fig. 2.1), provides one of the classic links between spatial cognition and the parietal lobe. However, it should be noted that while the area of lesion-overlap across most neglect patients certainly does fall within the right inferior parietal region, each individual case typically has quite extensive damage beyond this area as well, including white-matter. Thus, a rather diffuse network of areas will be impaired in most neglect patients. Correspondingly, recent neuropsychological studies suggest that neglect is a multi-component syndrome, with each neglect patient suffering from a number of problems in accordance with their own particular diffuse brain damage (e.g. Rafa! 1994; Thier & Karnath 1997; Mattingley et al. 1998).
Parietal cortex constructs action-oriented spatial representations
Authors: Colby Carol L
Published: November 2023

We construct a representation of the world around us in order to act. This representation must transform sensory information from the coordinates of several receptor surfaces (e.g. retina, cochlea or skin surface) into the motor coordinates needed for each effector system (e.g. eye, head, limb, trunk). The nature of this representation has been the subject of much debate (see Stein 1992, for discussion). The traditional view, strongly supported by subjective experience, is that we construct a single spatial map of the world in which objects and actions are represented in a unitary framework. The alternative view holds that the brain constructs multiple, action-oriented spatial representations in which objects and locations are represented relative to the body (egocentric representations) or relative to extrinsic reference frames not tied to the body (allocentric representations).
Memory reprocessing in corticocortical and hippocampocortical neuronal ensembles
Authors: Qin Yu-Lin , McNaughton Bruce L , Skaggs William E , Barnes Carol A
Published: November 2023

The phenomenon of retrograde amnesia for certain kinds of information after temporal-lobe damage (Scoville & Milner 1957; Squire 1992) has Jed to the general hypothesis that the hippocampus somehow facilitates the reactivation of neocortical activity patterns during ‘ offline’ periods such as sleep or quiet wake¬ fulness, when the neocortex is not actively engaged in processing incoming data (Marr 1971). It is presumed that this reactivation somehow permits recently acquired information to become appropriately integrated into long-term memory. This could occur either if the hippocampus generated explicit, compact representations of the events themselves (Marr 1971; Squire 1992; McClelland et al. 1995), or if it merely generated a cognitive map (O’ Keefe & Nadel 1978) that could also serve as a contextual code (Nadel et al. 1985; Teyler & Discenna 1986; McNaughton et al. 1996) for each event. Either of these sorts of codes could be associated with the pattern in the active neocortical modules at the time of the original experience.
Amnesia and neglect: beyond the Delay-Brion system and the Hebb synapse
Authors: Gaffan David , Hornak Julia
Published: November 2023

This volume offers a rare opportunity to consider the hippocampus, and its role in the explanation of memory and amnesia, in a broad context including other brain structures and other clinical disorders, as the abstract above indicates. To cover these topics in a short space does not allow full consideration of all the relevant evidence. Instead, a short review of the most important points in each topic is given. It is now widely accepted that human amnesia after surgical removal of the medial temporal lobe (Scoville & Milner 1957) cannot be ascribed to the hippocampus alone, because many other structures involved in these removals, such as the amygdala and the perirhinal cortex, have important functions of their own in memory. There is less complete consensus, however, about the assessment of two other sources of clinical evidence: amnesia after ischaemic anoxic hippocampal damage, and after surgical damage to the fornix.
The Molecular Genetics of Hereditary Demyelinating Neuropathies
Authors: Wrabetz L , Feltri M L , Hanemann C O , Muller H W
Published: November 2023

Hereditary demyelinating neuropathies present to the clinician in one of three forms: (i) peroneal muscular atrophy (slowly progressive wasting and weakness in the distal leg); (ii) a more severe (sometimes fatal) neuropathy of infantile onset with generalized weakness and impaired motor development; or (iii) recurrent focal weakness and altered sensation. Because many of these neuropathies share clinical features with hereditary axonal neuropathies, all have been classified together as the hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSNs; for a review, see Dyck et al., 1992a). The majority of patients afflicted by HMSN manifest the peroneal muscular atrophy phenotype, inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. In 1886, Charcot and Marie, and independently Tooth, described this phenotype; thus it also carries the name Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy. CMT neuropathies have a prevalence of -40/100000 (Skre, 1974; Dyck et al., 1992a).
Additional topics
Authors: Diggle Peter J , Heagerty Patrick J , Liang Kung-yee. , Zeger Scott L
Published: November 2023

The field of longitudinal data analysis continues to develop. In this chapter, we give a short introduction to several topics, each of which can be pursued in greater detail through the literature cited.
Transient-state kinetics and computational analysis of transcription initiation
Authors: Patel Smita S , Bandwar Rajiv P , Levin Mikhail K
Published: November 2023

Transient-state kinetics is an important area of research to investigate the pathway of enzymatic reactions (1-6). Specific experiments are designed to follow the formation and decay of reacting species as a function of time. The concentrations are determined either directly by radiometric methods or indirectly through optical changes associated with the formation of intermediates and products. The kinetics is measured as a function of a second variable such as concentration of enzyme or substrate, based on which a model or a kinetic pathway is constructed. The kinetic data in most cases are too complex and hence best analysed by computational methods that make no assumptions in fitting the data, except for the model chosen by the investigator (7, 8). Several types of experiments including kinetic and equilibrium types are globally fit using numerical and least squares fitting methods to derive a set of intrinsic rate constants that reveals the pathway of the enzymatic reaction. The derived model is considered a working model that makes predictions, based on which new experiments are designed. The results of these experiments are used to refine the model.
Threading Homology Through Algebra: Selected Patterns
Authors: Boffi Giandomenico , Buchsbaum David A
Published: November 2023

Threading Homology through Algebra takes homological themes (Koszul complexes and their variations, resolutions in general) and shows how these affect the perception of certain problems in selected parts of algebra, as well as their success in solving a number of them. The text deals with regular local rings, depth-sensitive complexes, finite free resolutions, letter-place algebra, Schur and Weyl modules, Weyl-Schur complexes and determinantal ideals. Aimed at graduates and academics in mathematics, the book provides an overview of the developments that have taken place in these areas as well as an insight into some of the open problems which exist.
Some Applications of Weyl and Schur Modules
Authors: Boffi Giandomenico , Buchsbaum David A
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we developed the basic definitions of Weyl and Schur modules, as well as Weyl–Schur complexes. In this chapter, we will give indications of how we may apply some of these ideas. In the first two sections, we deal with very basic material, and go into some detail, as the results are fundamental for most of the applications of characteristic-free representation theory that we will see. The remainder of the chapter takes a more cavalier approach to the results considered; we include a few historical notes and rely even more heavily than heretofore on recent reference material.
A cornucopia of holomorphic functions
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

We shall assume that readers know the basic properties of the real trigonometric, exponential, and hyperbolic functions, including the formulae for their derivatives from which the Maclaurin expansions of these functions are obtained. For most, this knowledge will be founded on a naive treatment of these functions, relying on elementary geometry and trigonometry. A few may have seen the naive approach superseded by a more analytical one, in which functions are defined by power series and their expected properties are then derived from the properties of these series. In the complex case, a geometric approach to the elementary functions is no longer available, but this is not a problem. Power series definitions serve admirably, since convergent complex power series behave so well. We begin by investigating that most fundamental of functions, the exponential function.
Conformal mapping
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

This chapter concerns angle-preserving mappings between regions in the complex plane. As we shall see, every holomorphic function whose derivative is non-zero defines such a mapping. These mappings are of intrinsic geometric interest and of importance in advanced complex analysis (Chapter 16 hints at this). They are also worth studying because of their usefulness in solving certain physical problems, for example, problems about two-dimensional fluid flow, the idea being to transform a given problem into an equivalent one which is easier to solve. So we wish to consider the problem of mapping a given region G onto a geometrically simpler region G’, for example the open unit disc or the open upper half-plane. We concentrate in this basic track chapter on presenting and illustrating the principles of conformal mapping. We therefore restrict attention to mapping a region whose boundary is a circline or is a pair of arcs (that is, lines, rays, circular arcs, line segments).
Power series representation
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 7 we proved the major result that a convergent power series defines a holomorphic function. This chapter reveals in full the symbiotic relationship that exists between holomorphic functions and power series. We begin with some technical results, needed for manipulating integrals and series.

If the finite sum here is replaced by an infinite sum, the corresponding interchange of summation and integration may well not be valid. For integrals along paths, a systematic study of sufficient conditions for interchange to be valid can be based either on a basic treatment of uniform convergence or on more sophisticated techniques. Since we need only to be able to handle the integration of series closely related to power series, taken round quite special contours, we elect on the basic track to avoid uniform convergence and to adopt an ad hoc approach.
Singularities
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

The time has come to face the fact that many commonplace functions fail to be holomorphic at isolated points, or worse. Laurent’s theorem (17.3) provides a very satisfactory substitute for Taylor’s theorem for functions holomorphic except at isolated singular points.
Cauchy’s residue theorem
Authors: Priestley H A
Published: November 2023

This chapter continues the study of singularities and extends in a significant way the techniques stemming from Cauchy’s theorem for evaluating the integral of a function round a contour.

The following lemma comes directly out of Laurent’s theorem and the Deformation theorem: it gives an integral formula for the Laurent coefficient c_1. The result is of sufficient importance for us to record it explicitly.
Ecology: living apart together
Authors: Schoonhoven Louis M , Loon Joop J A van , Dicke Marcel
Published: November 2023

Central themes in ecology are how organisms interact with the biotic and abiotic environment and how these interactions can explain the composition and dynamics of communities.117,141 These aspects can be investigated at different levels of biological organization, but an important challenge for ecologists is to link these. For instance, community ecologists analyse how species composition of communities fluctuates in the context of the underlying population dynamics.
MR proton spectroscopy
Authors: Marenco Stefano , Weinberger Daniel R , Bertolino Alessandro
Published: November 2023

Spectroscopy allows determination of the relative concentrations of certain chemicals in the brain through a non-invasive procedure based on a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) scan. The technique exploits the properties of magnetic nuclei such as hydrogen (1H) and phosphorus (31P). The magnetic property of these and other nuclei is manifested with their ‘spin’. When a nucleus has spin, it creates a small magnetic field, with a specific strength and orientation..
Bayesian and Frequentist Multiple Testing
Authors: Genovese Christopher , Wasserman Larry
Published: November 2023

We introduce a Bayesian approach to multiple testing. The method is an extension of the false discovery rate (FDR) method due to Benjamini and Hochberg (1995). We also examine the empirical Bayes approach to simultaneous inference proposed by Efron et al. (2001). We show that, in contrast to the single hypothesis case—where Bayes and frequentist tests do not agree even asymptotically—in the multiple testing case we do have asymptotic agreement There has been renewed interest in simultaneous inference due to the abundance of large, complex data sets. As a motivating example, consider genetic microarrays.
New Tools for Consistency in Bayesian Nonparametrics
Authors: Salinetti Gabriella
Published: November 2023

Consistency in Bayesian nonparametric statistical problems continues to register increasing attention, motivated by various and easy to share reasons, widely illustrated in the rich literature on the subject starting from Diaconis and Freedman (1986) to the recent Ghosh and Ramamoorthi (2002). The difficulty in nonparametrics is in the dimension of the problem: the “parameter” itself is typically a probability measure, the prior is a probability measure on a space of probability measures, and the resulting posterior, after seeing the data, is a random probability measure.
Multi-scale Modelling of 1-D Permeability Fields
Authors: Ferreira Marco A R , West Mike , Bi Herbert K H Lee David Higdon Zhuoxin
Published: November 2023

Permeability plays an important role in subsurface fluid flow studies, being one of the most important quantities for the prediction of fluid flow patterns. The estimation of permeability fields is therefore critical and necessary for the prediction of the behavior of contaminant plumes in aquifers and the production of petroleum from oil fields. In general, there are two types of information that can be used in the estimation of the permeability field: static data and dynamic data. Static data can be regarded as measurements of the permeability field, and are available at different levels of resolution as a result of geological studies, well tests, and laboratory measurements. Dynamic data are obtained through the production from a collection of wells, being the production history in the case of a mature oil field or the result of tracer experiments in the case of aquifers. To incorporate the dynamic data in formal statistical analysis, corresponding likelihood functions for the high-dimensional random field parameters representing the permeability field can be computed with the help of a fluid flow simulator (FFS). The FFS can run at different scales of resolution of the permeability field, lower levels providing faster but less accurate results. In this paper, we incorporate the static information available at the different scales of resolution by using a multi-scale time series model as a prior for 1-D permeability fields. Estimation of the multi-scale permeability field is then performed using an MCMC algorithm with an embedded . FFS running at different scales to incorporate the dynamic data. We use simulated data to study the performance of the proposed approach with respect to the recovery of the original permeability field.