bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Russell Receives 2020 Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology Willi Dansgaard Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: July 2021

James M. Russell received the 2020 Willi Dansgaard Award at AGU’s virtual Fall Meeting 2020. The award is given in recognition of “high research impact, innovative interdisciplinary work, educational accomplishments, such as mentoring, or positive societal impact” and “exceptional promise for continued leadership in paleoceanography and paleoclimatology.”
Improved Algorithms Help Scientists Monitor Wildfires from Space
Authors: Thompson Elizabeth
Published: July 2021

Wildfires release pollutants that harm human health. Quality satellite monitoring can help track these pollutants and predict where they may become health hazards.
Groundwater Flow Through Continuous Permafrost Along Geological Boundary Revealed by Electrical Resistivity Tomography
Authors: Hornum Mikkel Toft , Betlem Peter , Hodson Andy
Published: July 2021

In continuous permafrost regions, pathways for transport of sub‐permafrost groundwater to the surface sometimes perforate the frozen ground and result in the formation of a pingo. Explanations offered for the locations of such pathways have so far included hydraulically conductive geological units and faults. On Svalbard, several pingos locate at valley flanks where these controls are apparently lacking. Intrigued by this observation, we elucidated the geological setting around such a pingo with electrical resistivity tomography. The inverted resistivity models showed a considerable contrast between the uphill and valley‐sides of the pingo. We conclude that this contrast reflects a geological boundary between low‐permeable marine sediments and consolidated strata. Groundwater presumably flows toward the pingo spring through glacially induced fractures in the strata immediately below the marine sediments. Our finding suggests that flanks of uplifted Arctic valleys deserve attention as possible discharge locations for deep groundwater and greenhouse gases to the surface.
Spatial Dependence of Dynamic Nonlinear Rock Weakening at the Alpine Fault, New Zealand
Authors: Simpson Jonathan , van Wijk Kasper , Adam Ludmila
Published: July 2021

We perform laser ultrasonic measurements to investigate the spatial dependence of dynamic nonlinear weakening in rocks from the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Rocks outside the damage zone display no nonlinear weakening. Within the damage zone (<30 m from the fault), cataclasites present a 3% reduction in shear modulus from wave amplitudes inducing 1–2 microstrain at atmospheric pressure. This nonlinear elasticity decreases with a characteristic pressure between 1 and 2.5 MPa. We show that rock weakening is therefore strongest in the near surface. However, this significant elastic nonlinearity in cataclasites at low strains confirms that rock weakening may play an important role in earthquake processes, such as fault weakening, triggering of slip, rupture propagation, and coseismic velocity decreases.
Reconciling Human and Natural Drivers of the Tripole Pattern of Multidecadal Summer Temperature Variations Over Eurasia
Authors: Hua Wenjian , Qin Minhua , Dai Aiguo , Zhou Liming , Chen Haishan , Zhang Wanxin
Published: July 2021

The recent summer surface air temperature (SAT) changes over densely populated Eurasia exhibit a non‐uniform pattern with amplified warming over Europe and East Asia (EA) but weak warming over Central Asia (CA), forming a wave train‐like structure. However, the key factors that determine this non‐uniform warming pattern remain unclear. By analyzing observations and model simulations, here, we show that more than half of the SAT multidecadal variations from 1950 to 2014 over Europe‐west Asia and EA may have resulted from external forcing, rather than from internal variability in the Atlantic as previously thought. In contrast, the recent SAT over CA is influenced mainly by internal variations in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Large ensemble model simulations suggest that the forced SAT multidecadal variations over Eurasia are mainly caused by changes in greenhouse gases and aerosols. Our findings provide strong evidence for major impacts of external forcing on multidecadal climate variations over Eurasia.
Vegetation Response to Rising CO2 Amplifies Contrasts in Water Resources Between Global Wet and Dry Land Areas
Authors: Cui Jiangpeng , Yang Hui , Huntingford Chris , Kooperman Gabriel J. , Lian Xu , He Mingzhu , Piao Shilong
Published: July 2021

Rising atmospheric CO2 impacts on vegetation physiological processes can alter land feedbacks on precipitation and water resources, but understanding of regional differences in these changes is uncertain. We investigate the impact of rising CO2 on land water resources for different wetness levels using four Earth system models. We find an overall tendency of runoff to increase across all wetness levels. However, runoff increases in wet regions are much larger than those in dry regions, especially in wet seasons. This substantial amplification of contrasts between wet and dry regions increases at 3% per 100 ppm increase in CO2 relative to the historical period, reaching 18% for a quadrupling of CO2, quantified by a new wetting contrast index (WCI). Physiological effects suppress evapotranspiration more in wet than dry regions, which has a larger contribution than radiative forcing to the amplification of runoff contrast, reshaping the spatial distribution of future land water resources.
Active Mars: A Dynamic World
Authors: Dundas Colin M. , Becerra Patricio , Byrne Shane , Chojnacki Matthew , Daubar Ingrid J. , Diniega Serina , Hansen Candice J. , Herkenhoff Kenneth E. , Landis Margaret E. , McEwen Alfred S. , Portyankina Ganna , Valantinas Adomas
Published: July 2021

Mars exhibits diverse surface changes at all latitudes and all seasons. Active processes include impact cratering, aeolian sand and dust transport, a variety of slope processes, changes in polar ices, and diverse effects of seasonal CO2 frost. The extent of surface change has been surprising and indicates that the present climate is capable of reshaping the surface. Activity has important implications for the Amazonian history of Mars: understanding processes is a necessary step before we can understand their implications and variations over time.
The effect of ionomer content in catalyst layers in anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers prepared with reinforced membranes (Aemion+™)
Authors: Koch Susanne , Heizmann Philipp A. , Kilian Sophia K. , Britton Benjamin , Holdcroft Steven , Breitwieser Matthias , Vierrath Severin
Published: July 2021

Anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) are prepared as catalyst-coated membranes using varying amounts of ionomer in the catalyst layers.
Impacts on Ceres and Vesta: Source regions, cratering, and fragmentation
Authors: Zain P. S. , Di Sisto R. P. , de Elía G. C.
Published: July 2021

Context. Ceres and Vesta are the largest members of the main belt (MB). They were visited by the NASA Dawn spacecraft between 2011 and 2018, which provided a great sample of detailed observations of the surface of both bodies.

Aims. We perform a study on the impacts on Ceres and Vesta. We aim to determine the size-frequency distribution (SFD) of impactors and to identify and quantify the contribution of each source region, as well as the craters produced and fragments ejected in these impact events.

Methods. We used a multipart collisional evolution model of the MB called ACDC (Asteroid Collisions and Dynamic Computation) that simulates the collisional evolution of the MB, which is split into six regions (namely Inner, Middle, Pristine, Outer, Cybele, and High-Inclination belts), according to the positions of the major resonances present there (ν6, 3:1J, 5:2J, 7:3J, and 2:1J). Furthermore, it includes the Yarkovsky effect as a dynamical remotion mechanism. We applied ACDC to Ceres and Vesta by keeping a record of all the bodies larger than 100 m that hit them during 4 Gyr. We performed 1600 simulations and, for our analysis, selected the runs that provide the best fits with the SFD of the six regions of the MB and also those that are able to form the Rheasilva and Veneneia, the two large basins on Vesta.

Results. The six regions of the MB provide, to a greater or lesser extent, impactors on Ceres and Vesta. The Outer belt is the main source of impactors smaller than 10 km on Ceres, providing more than half of the impacts, while the Middle belt is the secondary source. On Vesta, the relative impactor contribution of the Inner, Middle, and Outer belts is almost even. We are able to reproduce the craters larger than 100 km in Vesta and identify two large depressions identified in Ceres as impact craters: one called Vendimia Planitia of ~900 km and a second one of ~570 km. As an outcome of these impacts, Ceres and Vesta eject fragments into the MB. We obtain fragmentation rates of tens of fragments larger than 1 m per year for both bodies, to tens of fragments larger than 100 m per million years for Vesta and a factor of ~4 greater for Ceres. We find that hundreds of bodies larger than 10 km should have been ejected from Ceres and Vesta during their history.
Basal Implant: A Remedy to Restore Resorbed Alveolar Ridges
Authors: Thakur Prakhar , Kalra Tarun , Kumar Manjit , Bansal Ajay , Malik Shefali
Published: July 2021

The conventional crestal implants are used only when there is adequate jawbone height and width. Results of conventional implants are good in patients with healthy bone at the time of treatment, but prognosis gets deteriorated when surgical augmentation of bone is included with implant placement. These augmentation procedures have surgical risks and are costlier to the patients. Patients with atrophied jawbones are given no treatment, until crestal implants are seen as the last option. In this article, the indications for basal implants and functional differences between basal implants and crestal implants have been discussed.

Patients with extreme jawbone atrophy do not benefit from crestal implants. The basal bone is the (cortical) osseous tissue of the mandible and maxilla, and lies below the alveolar process, which has a relatively strong and no resorbing framework.

Basal osseointegrated and basal cortical screw (BCS) are two types of implants designed to take anchorage from the cortical bone of the jaw. BCS implants have long shafts and can be placed immediately in the socket after extraction and provided with immediate loading within 72 hours of implant placement. Basal implants are also called bicortical or cortical implants as they utilize the cortical portion of the jawbones for anchorage and implant stability. The basal bone has better quality and quantity of cortical bone for retention of these unique and highly advanced implants. The other names for these implants are lateral implants or disk implants.
Psychosocial and Socioeconomic Factors in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Leppich Katalin , Schneider Joanna , Potratz Cornelia , Kaindl Angela M. , Eismann Caroline , Ryczek Monika
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study is to analyze whether children with familial and sporadic neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) differ in psychosocial and socioeconomic aspects such as developmental delay as well as in comorbidities. Medical records of 250 children with NF1 at a median age of 10.6 years (range = 2–20 years at time of data collection) were retrospectively reviewed. Specifically, psychosocial and socioeconomic factors from 88 children with a family history for NF1 and 162 sporadic cases were compared. Comparing IQ, familial cases scored significantly lower than sporadic cases (89.8 vs. 96.5; p = 0.015). IQ scores of children with familial and sporadic NF1 differ depending on level of parental education (mean IQ for high education 101.3 [familial] and 102.8 [sporadic] vs. low education 87.5 [familial] and 90.4 [sporadic]; p < 0.001). No significant differences were found regarding the presence of developmental delay, learning disorders, autism spectrum disorder, or attention deficit hyperactivity disease. Children with inherited NF1 had a significantly lower IQ than sporadic cases. Children with familial NF1 more often had parents with a lower level of education, highlighting a possible impact of NF1 through generations. Also, the present study confirmed previous results in literature regarding high frequencies of learning disabilities, autism spectrum disease, and attention deficits in children with NF1.
Keynes’ contribution to statistical science
Authors: Schneider David C
Published: July 2021

The thesis of this contribution is that Keynes’ 1921 Treatise on Probability provides the logical foundation for frequentist, evidentialist and belief-type (‘Bayesian’) inference as it is practiced in the biological and environmental sciences.
Do Cogovernance and CSOs Supplement Municipal Capacity for Service Delivery? An Assessment of Differences in Simple versus Complex Services
Authors: de la Riva Agüero Renzo
Published: July 2021

Municipal governments in the Global South vary in their ability to provide not only complex social services, like environmentally proper solid waste disposal, but even simple services, like trash collection from the streets. This article examines whether variation in service provision outcomes is associated with service-specific municipal administrative capacity, locally embedded civil society organization (CSO) presence, and collaborative governance for local planning and budgeting (or cogovernance). Using a panel dataset of Peruvian municipalities, I find that while all three factors are associated with better outcomes for simple services, only greater public administration capacity is associated with higher service outcomes when the service is more complex. This suggests that CSOs may face some difficulties to supplement the state in the provision of relatively complex services and that local cogovernance venues tend to prioritize more immediate service issues. These findings have policy implications for managing relatively complex services in Global South cities that struggle with service-specific administrative capacity and relatively complex service provision, particularly those with climate change consequences. They convey that strengthening this type of capacity at the office level is crucial to providing increasingly complex services, and supporting community-based CSOs and cogovernance venues may help as a strategy to address simple service delivery.
Role of professional autonomy and project commitment in the Korean government–funded R&D projects
Authors: Baek Seung Chul , Lee Duk Hee
Published: July 2021

Countries with low technology levels have narrowed the technological gap with developed countries through continuous and strategic R&D (Research and Development) investment. However, inefficient R&D with a low performance is among the chronic problems of these countries. While factors such as budget, manpower, and operational process influence R&D innovation output (IO), the autonomous R&D climate and commitment in projects are also essential. This study analyzes the effects of professional autonomy (PA) and project commitment (PC) on the performance of 1,087 government-funded R&D projects in Korea. Our results indicate that PA improves R&D IO in the research planning stage. Additionally, PC has a negative effect on R&D IO, but there are positive moderating effects between both large firm involvement and project duration and R&D performance. Our study on research autonomy and commitment presents policy implications for improving the efficiency of R&D projects in countries that are transitioning from catching up to leading in R&D.
Idiopathic chronic diarrhea in rhesus macaques is not associated with enteric viral infections
Authors: Delwart Eric , Tisza Michael J. , Altan Eda , Li Yanpeng , Deng Xutao , Hartigan-O’Connor J. Dennis , Ardeshir Amir
Published: July 2021

While recent changes in treatment have reduced the lethality of idiopathic chronic diarrhea (ICD), this condition remains one of the most common causes of rhesus macaque deaths in non-human primate research centers. We compared the eukaryotic viromes in fecal swabs from 52 animals with ICD and 41 healthy animals. Viral metagenomics targeting virus-like particles was used to identify viruses shed by each animal. Five viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae, one to the Caliciviridae, one to the Parvoviridae, and one to the Adenoviridae families were identified. The fraction of reads matching each viral species was then used to estimate and compare viral loads in ICD cases versus healthy controls. None of the eukaryotic viruses detected in fecal swabs were strongly associated with ICD. Other potential causes of ICD are discussed.
Natural infection of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant in Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica) in India
Authors: Mishra Anamika , Kumar Naveen , Bhatia Sandeep , Aasdev Ashutosh , Kanniappan Sridhar , Thayasekhar A. , Gopinadhan Aparna , Silambarasan R. , Sreekumar C. , Dubey Chandan Kumar , Tripathi Meghna , Raut Ashwin Ashok , Singh Vijendra Pal
Published: July 2021

In May 2021, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected in nine Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica) in Arignar Anna Zoological Park, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed that the SARS-CoV-2 viruses belong to a variant of concern (VOC, delta variant, B.1.617.2 lineage) and that these viruses clustered with B.1.617.2 lineage viruses of the same geographical region detected in the same month.
Protein flexibility and dissociation pathway differentiation can explain onset of resistance mutations in kinases
Authors: Shekhar Mrinal , Smith Zachary , Seeliger Markus , Tiwary Pratyush
Published: July 2021

Understanding how point mutations can render a ligand or a drug ineffective against a given biological target is a problem of immense fundamental and practical relevance. Often the efficacy of such resistance mutations can be explained purely on a thermo-dynamic basis wherein the mutated system displays a reduced binding affinity for the ligand. However, the more perplexing and harder to explain situation is when two protein sequences have the same binding affinity for a drug. In this work, we demonstrate how all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, specifically using recent developments grounded in statistical mechanics and information theory, can provide a detailed mechanistic rationale for such variances. We establish the dissociation mechanism for the popular anti-cancer drug Imatinib (Gleevec) against wild-type and N387S mutant of Abl kinase. We show how this single point mutation triggers a non-local response in the protein’s flexibility and eventually leads to pathway differentiation during dissociation. This pathway differentiation explains why Gleevec has a long residence time in the wild-type Abl, but for the mutant, by opening up a backdoor pathway for ligand exit, an order of magnitude shorter residence time is obtained. We thus believe that this work marks an efficient and scalable approach to pinpoint the molecular determinants of resistance mutations in biomolecular receptors of pharmacological relevance that are hard to explain using a simple structural perspective and require mechanistic and kinetic insights.

Significance statement

Relapse in late-stage cancer patients is often correlated with the onset of drug resistance mutations. Some of these mutations are very far from the binding site and thus hard to explain from a purely structural perspective. Here we employ all-atom molecular dynamics simulations aided by ideas from information theory that can reach timescales of seconds with minimal human bias in how the sampling is enhanced. Through these we explain how a single point mutation triggers a non-local response in the protein kinase’s flexibility and eventually leads to pathway differentiation during dissociation, thereby significantly reducing the residence time of the drug.
Benchmarking ideal sample thickness in cryo-EM using MicroED
Authors: Martynowycz Michael W. , Clabbers Max T.B. , Unge Johan , Hattne Johan , Gonen Tamir
Published: July 2021

The relationship between sample thickness and quality of data obtained by microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) is investigated. Several EM grids containing proteinase K microcrystals of similar sizes from the same crystallization batch were prepared. Each grid was transferred into a focused ion-beam scanning electron microscope (FIB/SEM) where the crystals were then systematically thinned into lamellae between 95 nm and 1650 nm thick. MicroED data were collected at either 120, 200, or 300 kV accelerating voltages. Lamellae thicknesses were converted to multiples of the calculated inelastic mean free path (MFP) of electrons at each accelerating voltage to allow the results to be compared on a common scale. The quality of the data and subsequently determined structures were assessed using standard crystallographic measures. Structures were reliably determined from crystalline lamellae only up to twice the inelastic mean free path. Lower resolution diffraction was observed at three times the mean free path for all three accelerating voltages but the quality was insufficient to yield structures. No diffraction data were observed from lamellae thicker than four times the calculated inelastic mean free path. The quality of the determined structures and crystallographic statistics were similar for all lamellae up to 2x the inelastic mean free path in thickness, but quickly deteriorated at greater thicknesses. This study provides a benchmark with respect to the ideal limit for biological specimen thickness with implications for all cryo-EM methods.

Significance

A systematic investigation of the effects of thickness on electron scattering from protein crystals was previously not feasible, because there was no accurate method to control sample thickness. Here, the recently developed methods for preparing protein crystals into lamellae of precise thickness by ion-beam milling are used to investigate the effects of increasing sample thickness on MicroED data quality. These experiments were conducted using the three most common accelerating voltages in cryo-EM. Data across these accelerating voltages and thicknesses were compared on a common scale using their calculated inelastic mean free path lengths. It is found that structures may accurately be determined from crystals up to twice the inelastic mean free path length in thickness, regardless of the acceleration voltage.
The pore conformation of lymphocyte perforin
Authors: Ivanova ME , Lukoyanova N , Malhotra S , Topf M , Trapani JA , Voskoboinik I , Saibil HR
Published: July 2021

Perforin is a pore-forming protein that facilitates rapid killing of pathogen-infected or cancerous cells by the immune system. Perforin is released from cytotoxic lymphocytes, together with pro-apoptotic granzymes, to bind to the plasma membrane of the target cell where it oligomerises and forms pores. The pores allow granzyme entry, which rapidly triggers the apoptotic death of the target cell. Here we present a 4 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the perforin pore, revealing new inter- and intra-molecular interactions stabilising the pore. During assembly and pore formation, the helix-turn-helix motif at the bend in the central β-sheet moves away from the bend to form an intermolecular contact. Cryo-electron tomography shows that prepores form on the membrane surface with minimal conformational changes. Our findings suggest the sequence of conformational changes underlying oligomerisation and membrane insertion, and explain how several pathogenic mutations affect function.
Case study of sustainable service design in the hospitality industry
Authors: Chen Yi-An , Chen Chun Liang
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore how creative-cultural hotels can achieve sustainable service design through the development of a holistic conceptual framework.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors created this framework using a qualitative exploratory multi-case study of four creative-cultural hotels in Taiwan. The framework comprises strategic, organizational and interface levels to describe the design process and implementation of service offerings that co-create value within a multifaceted network of actors.

Findings

The findings of this study show that incorporating local arts and culture into sustainable service design can generate unique value and experiences for customers. From the perspective of sustainable development, these hotels seek to add value by using local creative and cultural resources to ensure that they have a sound commercial base from which to showcase their cultural features. As such, this study recommends that the hotel industry shift its focus to a paradigm that provides a strategic and sustainability-framed vision to create value for society while protecting local natural and cultural resources.

Originality/value

This multilevel model reframes the development of customer value constellations through a holistic understanding of user experience, eco-design practice, service encounters aligned with user touchpoints and front-line employee capabilities. To integrate the perspectives of both service providers and their customers, the proposed model embeds these stakeholders within a single model through the vehicle of local value co-creation. This holistic framework can assist in designing sustainable service within the hospitality industry to deliver better services and customer experiences. The findings provide an illustration of how the proposed multilevel sustainable-development-oriented service design framework can serve as a useful tool in guiding hotels toward corporate sustainability.
Determinants and implications of travel motivations: international travellers visiting Cappadocia
Authors: Seyitoğlu Faruk , Davras Özgür
Published: July 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the determinants and implications of travel motivations of international tourists visiting the Cappadocia destination.

Design/methodology/approach

The quantitative research method focusing on numerical data was used to test the proposed hypotheses, and the survey technique has been used to collect data. The research participants consisted of 363 international tourists visiting the Cappadocia region/Turkey and spending at least one night there. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed using the AMOS 22 package program to ensure the scales’ construct validity. Then, the structural equation model was established to test the study’s hypothesis, and these hypotheses were tested with the help of path analysis.

Findings

As determinants of travel motivations, while electronic word of mouth (eWOM) has a positive effect on travel motivation dimensions, the impact of travel risk perception is negative. Moreover, from the dimensions of travel motivations, novelty/learning and socialization positively affect destination loyalty. However, the influences of escape and relaxation and self-development are meaningless. Besides that, travel risk perception strongly impacts eWOM.

Practical implications

Destination managers and practitioners must maintain a higher level of tourist motivation and reduce tourists’ travel risk perception levels to improve destination competitiveness by constituting a more loyal customer profile. Moreover, eWOM platforms should be used efficiently.

Originality/value

This study points to a functional multidimensional model that contributes to the literature and guides destination managers and practitioners. The proposed framework of determinants and consequences of tourists’ travel motivation can also be applied in other service contexts.
Efficacy of LDL apheresis for the treatment of cholesterol crystal embolism: A prospective, controlled study
Authors: Ishiyama Katsuya , Sato Toshinobu
Published: July 2021

This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LDL apheresis (LDL‐A) for the treatment of cholesterol crystal embolism (CCE) after cardiovascular procedures. We conducted a prospective multicenter study of 34 patients with CCE and 15 historical control patients. The present participants underwent six sessions of LDL‐A for 4 weeks and underwent medical therapy with corticosteroids and statins. The mean creatinine concentration and estimated glomerular filtration rate at baseline were 3.82 ± 2.29 mg/dL and 17.8 ± 9.9 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The prevalence of maintenance dialysis at 24 weeks was significantly lower in the present participants than in the historical controls (3.1% vs. 40.0%, respectively; p < 0.0001), but the mortality rate at 24 weeks was comparable (19% vs. 33%, respectively). Although 45 adverse events occurred in 23 participants, there were no unexpected adverse events. LDL‐A for CCE reduces the prevalence of maintenance dialysis 24 weeks later and is well tolerated. This study was registered in the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs022180029) and clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01726868).
Epistatic interactions between pterin and carotenoid genes modulate intra‐morph color variation in a lizard
Authors: AGUILAR Prem , ANDRADE Pedro , PÉREZ I DE LANUZA Guillem
Published: July 2021

Color polymorphisms have become a major topic in evolutionary biology and substantial efforts have been devoted to the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for originating such colorful systems. Within‐morph continuous variation, on the other hand, has been neglected in most of the studies. Here, we combine spectrophotometric/visual modeling and genetic data to study the mechanisms promoting continuous variation within categorical color morphs of Podarcis muralis. Our results suggest that intra‐morph variability in the pterin‐based orange morph is greater compared to white and yellow morphs. We also show that continuous variation within the orange morph is partially discriminable by conspecifics. Genotyping results indicate that allelic variants at the BCO2 locus (responsible for deposition of yellow carotenoids) contribute to generate continuous variation in orange individuals. However, other intrinsic and/or extrinsic mechanisms, such as body size, might be involved, opening a new avenue for future research on the drivers of continuous variation within‐morphs.
The impact of technological change on new trade: Evidence from the container revolution
Authors: Bernhofen Daniel M. , El‐Sahli Zouheir , Kneller Richard
Published: July 2021

We estimate the impact of the container revolution on new trade in temperature‐sensitive products. Our identification strategy is justified by a historical narrative suggesting that the containerization of bilateral trading routes was exogenous to the occurrence of new trade in temperature‐sensitive products because their small trade volumes made them inconsequential for the adoption of the container technology. Employing product‐level data on containerizability, our benchmark estimates imply that containerization caused an increase in the likelihood of new trade in temperature‐sensitive products in the orders of 2.4% between 1964 and 1973 and 7.5% between 1964 and 1983.
Everolimus‐facilitated calcineurin inhibitor reduction in Asian de novo kidney transplant recipients: 2‐year results from the subgroup analysis of the TRANSFORM study
Authors: Watarai Yoshihiko , Danguilan Romina , Casasola Concesa , Chang Shen‐Shin , Ruangkanchanasetr Prajej , Kee Terence , Wong Hin Seng , Kenmochi Takashi , Amante Angel Joaquin , Shu Kuo‐Hsiung , Ingsathit Atiporn , Bernhardt Peter , Hernandez‐Gutierrez Maria Pilar , Han Duck Jong , Kim Myoung Soo
Published: July 2021

Objective

We analyzed the efficacy and safety of an everolimus with reduced‐exposure calcineurin inhibitor (EVR+rCNI) versus mycophenolic acid with standard‐exposure CNI (MPA+sCNI) regimen in Asian patients from the TRANSFORM study.

Methods

In this 24‐month, open‐label study, de novo kidney transplant recipients (KTxRs) were randomized (1:1) to receive EVR+rCNI or MPA+sCNI, along with induction therapy and corticosteroids.

Results

Of the 2037 patients randomized in the TRANSFORM study, 293 were Asian (EVR+rCNI, N = 136; MPA+sCNI, N = 157). At month 24, EVR+rCNI was noninferior to MPA+sCNI for the binary endpoint of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 or treated biopsy‐proven acute rejection (27.0% vs. 29.2%, P = .011 for a noninferiority margin of 10%). Graft loss and death were reported for one patient each in both arms. Mean eGFR was higher in EVR+rCNI versus MPA+sCNI (72.2 vs. 66.3 ml/min/1.73 m2, P = .0414) even after adjusting for donor type and donor age (64.3 vs. 59.3 ml/min/1.73 m2, P = .0582). Overall incidence of adverse events was comparable. BK virus (4.4% vs. 12.1%) and cytomegalovirus (4.4% vs. 13.4%) infections were significantly lower in the EVR+rCNI arm.

Conclusion

This subgroup analysis in Asian de novo KTxRs demonstrated that the EVR+rCNI versus MPA+sCNI regimen provides comparable antirejection efficacy, better renal function, and reduced viral infections (NCT01950819).
A meta‐analysis of carbon content and stocks in Technosols and identification of the main governing factors
Authors: Allory Victor , Séré Geoffroy , Ouvrard Stéphanie
Published: July 2021

Technosols, which are soils strongly impacted by human activity, are becoming increasingly common. To date, there has been little study of the share of the global soil carbon budget made up of carbon in Technosols or the contribution of Technosols to climate mitigation. A meta‐analysis is proposed based on the analysis of 130 articles and consisting of the extraction of 953 observations on soil organic carbon (SOC) content of Technosols and related factors (e.g., climate, land use, nitrogen and bulk density). The mean SOC content of Technosols is 4.3% and SOC stock is 73.2 t C ha−1 for the 0–30‐cm layer. The SOC content does not decrease significantly with depth and it shows high variability, even within the same depth layers. Climate has a significant effect on SOC content, especially in the upper soil layer. Land use (mainly urban, mining or industrial) shows a significant effect when considering all depths and is related to the nature of the constitutive artefacts. Unlike natural and agricultural soils, no correlation is observed with the depth nor the nature and presence of vegetation. This meta‐analysis highlights the strong originality and diversity of Technosols, compared to other soils. Compared to other existing Reference Soil Groups, they are undoubtedly among the soils with the highest carbon stocks per unit area in the pedosphere.

Highlights

Technosols appear to be among the soils with the largest organic carbon stocks

Mean value of soil organic carbon content in Technosols is 4.3%

As for natural soils, the soil organic carbon in Technosols is influenced by climate

Artefacts appear to be a major driver of organic carbon in Technosols
COVID‐19: empleo e ingresos en América Latina frente a una crisis sin precedentes
Authors: BECCARIA Luis , BERTRANOU Fabio , MAURIZIO Roxana
Published: July 2021

América Latina experimentó durante 2020 una crisis laboral sin precedentes como consecuencia de la pandemia por COVID‐19. Este artículo analiza los impactos de la pandemia sobre la dinámica del empleo y los ingresos, así como las políticas implementadas por los países de la región. Se observa una drástica contracción del empleo, de las horas trabajadas y de los ingresos como consecuencia de la fuerte reducción del nivel de actividad económica. Estos impactos han sido desigualadores y el sendero de recuperación está siendo acompañado de una amplificación de brechas laborales y de ingresos entre los diferentes grupos de población.
Room‐temperature multiferroicity in NiFe2O4 and its magnetoelectric coupling intensified through defect engineering
Authors: Cho Jae‐Hyeon , Cho Seongwoo , Lee Jun Han , Palneedi Haribabu , Lee Ju‐Hyeon , Kim Hwang‐Pill , Lee Nyun Jong , Tigunta Siriporn , Pojprapai Soodkhet , Kim Sanghoon , Ryu Jungho , Oh Yoon Seok , Hong Seungbum , Jo Wook
Published: July 2021

The well‐known ferromagnetic oxide, NiFe2O4, was studied as a potential candidate for room‐temperature Type II magnetoelectrics. A spin canting as one of the essential requirements for Type II multiferroics was induced by breaking the stoichiometry, that is, intentionally subtracting Fe ions. We observed that Fe ions were first subtracted exclusively from the tetrahedral sites, leading to an increase in the magnetoelectric coupling owing to an increasing degree of spin canting. The enhancement in the magnetoelectric coupling culminated beyond the subtraction level of ~30 at.%, at which Fe ions started to be removed from the octahedral sites. Alongside, we observed that the subtraction of Fe ions gives rise to a ferroelectricity due to the formation of defect complexes that establish an internal bias field.
The effects of hepatitis B virus infection on natural and IVF pregnancy: A meta‐analysis study
Authors: Farsimadan Marziye , Riahi Seyed Mohammad , Muhammad Huda Muhaddien , Emamvirdizadeh Alireza , Tabasi Mohsen , Motamedifar Mohammad , Roviello Giandomenico
Published: July 2021

Background

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been considered a significant cause of human reproductive failure in different studies; however, there is a considerable disagreement on the true impacts of HBV on female reproduction. This study has evaluated the impact of HBV infection on pregnancy complications in natural pregnancy and also on pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment.

Method

We searched Embase, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify the potentially relevant studies. Summary odds ratio (OR) or standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was applied to assess the relationship. Heterogeneity testing, sensitivity analysis and publication bias testing were also performed.

Results

A total of 42 studies concerning the effect of HBV infection on the natural and IVF pregnancy were included in this study. Our meta‐analysis results revealed that HBV infection had a positive correlation to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) [OR = 1.32 (1.17–1.48) (p < 0.01)] and preterm birth [OR = 1.26 (1.14–1.40) (p < 0.01)] in natural pregnancy; however, HBV infection was not significantly associated with decreased fertility rates among the patients who underwent IVF.

Conclusion

This study revealed a strong association of GDM and preterm birth with higher rates of HBV infection in pregnant women. Also, our results suggested that HBV infection in patients undergoing IVF may not negatively influence the pregnancy outcome. It may be rational to conclude that IVF might be rather a safe and effective method for HBV+ females who desire to have children.
Treatment of chronic axial back pain with 60‐day percutaneous medial branch PNS: Primary end point results from a prospective, multicenter study
Authors: Gilmore Christopher A. , Desai Mehul J. , Hopkins Thomas J. , Li Sean , DePalma Michael J. , Deer Timothy R. , Grace Warren , Burgher Abram H. , Sayal Puneet K. , Amirdelfan Kasra , Cohen Steven P. , McGee Meredith J. , Boggs Joseph W.
Published: July 2021

Background

The objective of this prospective, multicenter study is to characterize responses to percutaneous medial branch peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) to determine if results from earlier, smaller single‐center studies and reports were generalizable when performed at a larger number and wider variety of centers in patients recalcitrant to nonsurgical treatments.

Materials & Methods

Participants with chronic axial low back pain (LBP) were implanted with percutaneous PNS leads targeting the lumbar medial branch nerves for up to 60 days, after which the leads were removed. Participants were followed long‐term for 12 months after the 2‐month PNS treatment. Data collection is complete for visits through end of treatment with PNS (primary end point) and 6 months after lead removal (8 months after start of treatment), with some participant follow‐up visits thereafter in progress.

Results

Clinically and statistically significant reductions in pain intensity, disability, and pain interference were reported by a majority of participants. Seventy‐three percent of participants were successes for the primary end point, reporting clinically significant (≥30%) reductions in back pain intensity after the 2‐month percutaneous PNS treatment (n = 54/74). Whereas prospective follow‐up is ongoing, among those who had already completed the long‐term follow‐up visits (n = 51), reductions in pain intensity, disability, and pain interference were sustained in a majority of participants through 14 months after the start of treatment.

Conclusion

Given the minimally invasive, nondestructive nature of percutaneous PNS and the significant benefits experienced by participants who were recalcitrant to nonsurgical treatments, percutaneous PNS may provide a promising first‐line neurostimulation treatment option for patients with chronic axial back pain.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Citizenship as a Tool of Government in Europe
Authors: Barrault‐Stella Lorenzo , Douniès Thomas
Published: July 2021

The state participates in shaping and transmitting citizenship. From a European outlook, this special Issue of Politics & Policy focuses on the role of public policy, according to a comparative and multisectorial perspective. The special Issue originated in a Panel held on September 4, 2019 at the European Consortium of Political Research's General Conference, at the University of Wroclaw, Poland. The articles in this special Issue draw from a plurality of methods, from sociohistory to policy ethnography, and analyze how the state, in the concrete conception and implementation of its action, is a producer of social categorizations determining the legitimate contours of citizenship. Altogether, the case studies in this issue allow us to scrutinize the government of and by citizenship, meanwhile identifying discrepancies and invariants in Europe.

Related Articles in this Special Issue:

Barrault‐Stella, Lorenzo, and Thomas Douniès. 2021. “From Good ‘User’ to Good Citizen? The Political Effects on Families of Education Policies in France.” Politics & Policy 49 (4).

Ewert, Benjamin. 2021. “Citizenship as a Form of Anticipatory Obedience? Implications of Preventive Health Policy in Germany.” Politics & Policy 49 (4).

Skowronska, Kaja. 2021. “The Recent Politicization of Immigration in Poland in Light of Preexisting State Practices: Continuity or Change in the Understanding of Citizenship and Nationhood?” Politics & Policy 49 (4).
A new comparison between holographic dark energy and standard $$\varLambda $$-cosmology in the context of cosmography method
Authors: Pourojaghi Saeed , Malekjani Mohammad
Published: July 2021

The cosmography method is a model-independent technique used to reconstruct the Hubble expansion of the Universe at low redshifts. In this method, using the Hubble diagrams from Type Ia Supernovae (SNIa) in Pantheon catalog, quasars and Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB), we put observational constraints on the cosmographic parameters in holographic dark energy (HDE) and concordance $$\varLambda $$
Λ
CDM models by minimizing the error function $$\chi ^2$$

χ
2

based on the statistical Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. Then, we compare the results of the models with the results of the model-independent cosmography method. Except for the Pantheon sample, we observe that there is a big tension between standard cosmology and Hubble diagram observations, while the HDE model remains consistent in all cases. Then we use different combinations of Hubble diagram data to reconstruct the Hubble parameter of the model and compare it with the observed Hubble data. We observe that the Hubble parameter reconstructed from the model-independent cosmography method has the smallest deviation from the Hubble data and the $$\varLambda $$
Λ
CDM (HDE) model has the largest (middle) deviation, especially when we keep the observational data point $$226^{+8.0}_{-0.8}$$

226

-
0.8

+
8.0

at redshift $$z=2.36$$

z
=
2.36

in the analysis. On the contrary, in the redshift $$z <1$$

z
<
1

, we see that the compatibility of $$\varLambda $$
Λ
CDM cosmology and observation is even better than the model independent cosmography method.
Big Data and Its V’s with IoT to Develop Sustainability
Authors: Chu Xiao , Nazir Shah , Wang Kunhao , Leng Zeqi , Khalil Wajeeha
Published: July 2021

Internet of Things (IoT) has been considered as one of the emerging network and information technologies that can comprehend automatic monitoring, identification, and management through a network of smart IoT devices. The effective use of IoT in different areas has improved efficiency and reduced errors. The rapid growth of smart devices such as actuators, sensors, and wearable devices has made the IoT enable for smart and sustainable developments in the area. Physical objects are interlinked with these smart devices for the progression to analyse, process, and manage the surroundings data. Such data can then be further utilised for smarter decisions and postanalysis for different purposes. However, with the limited IoT resources, the management of data is difficult due to the restrictions of transmission power place and energy consumption, and the processing can put pressure on these smart devices. The network of IoT is connected with big data through Internet for manipulating and storing huge bulk of data on cloud storage. The secure framework based on big data through IoT is the awful need of modern society which can be energy efficient in a sustainable environment. Due to the intrinsic characteristics of sensors nodes in the IoT, like data redundancy, constrained energy, computing capabilities, and limited communication range, the issues of data loss are becoming among the main issues which mostly depend on the completeness of data. Various approaches are in practice for the recovery problem of data, such as spatiotemporal correlation and interpolation. These are used for data correlation and characteristics of sensory data. Extracting correlation data became difficult specifically as the coupling degree between diverse perceptual attributes is low. The current study has presented a comprehensive overview on big data and its V’s with Internet of Things to describe the research into the area with in-depth review of existing literature.
Study on Influence Laws of Strata Behaviors for Shallow Coal Seam Mining beneath Gully Terrain
Authors: Wang Zhiqiang , Li Jingkai , Wu Chao , Lv Wenyu , Zhang Jiao , Wang Peng , Li Zhen , Qu Hengzhe
Published: July 2021

The study on influence laws of strata behaviors is the basic guarantee of safety mining for shallow coal seam beneath gully terrain. Taking 3302 mining face of Zhujiamao Coal Mine as the engineering background, the laws of strata behaviors for shallow coal seam mining beneath gully terrain are studied by field detection, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation. The strata pressure observation and the hydraulic support working resistance show that the dynamic strata behaviors appear violently during mining beneath the gully bottom. The theoretical analysis shows that the rotation and breaking of key stratum beneath gully bottom under nonuniform load is the fundamental cause of strong dynamic strata behaviors. The numerical simulation of overburden movement and fissure development characteristics shows that the strata behaviors beneath the gully bottom are stronger than the strata behaviors beneath other areas. Additionally, according to the laws of dynamic strata behaviors, the safety measures for mining beneath gully bottom are put forward.