bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Halovivax asiaticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Castillo A. M. , Gutiérrez M. C. , Kamekura M. , Ma Y. , Cowan D. A. , Jones B. E. , Grant W. D. , Ventosa A.
Published: April 2006

Strain EJ-46T, a novel pleomorphic, aerobic, extremely halophilic member of theArchaeawas isolated from sediment of the saline Lake Ejinor, in Inner Mongolia, China. This organism was neutrophilic and required at least 15 % (2·5 M) NaCl for growth. MgCl2was not required. The isolate was able to grow at pH 6·0–9·0. Optimum growth occurred in media containing 20 % (3·4 M) NaCl at pH 7·0–7·5. Polar lipid analysis revealed the presence of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, derived from both C20C20and C20C25glycerol diethers. Four glycolipids were detected, one of which may be novel. The DNA G+C content was 60·3 mol%. 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that strain EJ-46Twas a member of the phylogenetic group defined by the familyHalobacteriaceae, and the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity values of 94·9 and 94·8 % were obtained with the haloalkaliphilic species of the genusNatronococcus,Natronococcus occultusandNatronococcus amylolyticus, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that the novel isolate should be classified as representing a new genus and species, for which the nameHalovivax asiaticusgen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EJ-46T(=CGMCC 1.4248T=CECT 7098T).
Hoeflea phototrophica sp. nov., a novel marine aerobic alphaproteobacterium that forms bacteriochlorophyll a
Authors: Biebl Hanno , Tindall Brian J. , Pukall Rüdiger , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Allgaier Martin , Wagner-Döbler Irene
Published: April 2006

Within a collection of marine strains that were shown to contain the photosynthesis reaction-centre genespufLandpufM, a novel group of alphaproteobacteria was found and was characterized phenotypically. The 16S rRNA gene sequence data suggested that the strains belonged to the orderRhizobialesand were closest (98·5 % sequence similarity) to the recently described speciesHoeflea marina. The cells contained bacteriochlorophyllaand a carotenoid, presumably spheroidenone, in small to medium amounts. Cells of the novel strains were small rods and were motile by means of single polarly inserted flagella. Good growth occurred in complex media with 0·5–7·0 % sea salts, at 25–33 °C (optimum, 31 °C) and at pH values in the range 6–9. With the exception of acetate and malate, organic carbon sources tested supported poor growth or no growth at all. Growth factors were required; these were provided by small amounts of yeast extract, but not by standard vitamin solutions. Growth occurred under aerobic to microaerobic conditions, but not under anaerobic conditions, either in the dark or light. Nitrate was not reduced. Photosynthetic pigments were formed at low to medium salt concentrations, but not at the salt concentration of sea water (3·5 %). On the basis of smaller cell size, different substrate utilization profile and photosynthetic pigment content, the novel strains can be classified as representatives of a second species ofHoeflea, for which the nameHoeflea phototrophicasp. nov. is proposed. The type strain ofHoeflea phototrophicasp. nov. is DFL-43T(=DSM 17068T=NCIMB 14078T).
Carboxydocella sporoproducens sp. nov., a novel anaerobic CO-utilizing/H2-producing thermophilic bacterium from a Kamchatka hot spring
Authors: Slepova Tatiana V. , Sokolova Tatyana G. , Lysenko Anatoly M. , Tourova Tatyana P. , Kolganova Tatyana V. , Kamzolkina Olga V. , Karpov Genady A. , Bonch-Osmolovskaya Elizaveta A.
Published: April 2006

A novel anaerobic, thermophilic, CO-utilizing bacterium, strain KarT, was isolated from a hot spring of Karymskoe Lake, Kamchatka Peninsula. The cells of the novel isolate were Gram-positive, spore-forming, short rods. The bacterium grew chemolithoautotrophically on CO, producing equimolar quantities of H2and CO2(according to the equation CO + H2O → CO2+ H2), and in the absence of CO, under N2in the gas phase, chemoorganoheterotrophically with yeast extract, sucrose or pyruvate. Growth was observed in the temperature range 50–70 °C, with an optimum at 60 °C, and in the pH range 6·2–8·0, with an optimum at pH 6·8. The micro-organism did not grow on solid media; it was able to grow only in semi-solid medium containing 0·5 % agar. The generation time under optimal conditions for chemolithoautotrophic growth was 1 h. The G+C content of the DNA was 46·5±1 mol%. Growth was completely inhibited by penicillin, novobiocin, streptomycin, kanamycin and neomycin. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the isolate should be assigned to the genusCarboxydocella. On the basis of the results of DNA–DNA hybridization and morphological and physiological analyses, strain KarTrepresents a novel species of the genusCarboxydocella, for which the nameCarboxydocella sporoproducenssp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KarT(=DSM 16521T=VKM B-2358T).
Sandarakinorhabdus limnophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacteriochlorophyll a-containing, obligately aerobic bacterium isolated from freshwater lakes
Authors: Gich Frederic , Overmann Jörg
Published: April 2006

Three strains (so36, so42Tand wo26) representing a novel Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, bacteriochlorophylla-containing species of theα-4 subgroup of theProteobacteriawere isolated from freshwater lakes using a high-throughput cultivation technique. The non-motile and slender rod-shaped cells formed orange–red-pigmented colonies. The main carotenoids were nostoxanthin and keto-nostoxanthin. According to the absorption spectrum, two different photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes, an LHI complex and a B800-830-type peripheral LHII complex, were present in the cells. The predominant fatty acids of strain so42Twere hexadecenoic acid (16 : 1ω7c) and octadecenoic acid (18 : 1ω7c), whereas 17 : 1ω6cand 14 : 0 iso 2-OH were present in smaller amounts. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid and sphingoglycolipids. The major respiratory lipoquinone was ubiquinone-10, whereas ubiquinone-9 was present in smaller amounts. The three strains were cytochrome oxidase-negative and catalase-positive and formed alkaline and acid phosphatases. The strains grew chemoorganoheterotrophically in mineral media supplemented with various organic acids, amino acids or complex substrates such as peptone and yeast extract. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain so42Twas 64·3 mol%. The three novel isolates contained the same 16S rRNA gene sequence. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the closest phylogenetic relativeSandaracinobacter sibiricuswas only 92·8 %. Accordingly, the three strains represent a new genus and species, for which the nameSandarakinorhabdus limnophilagen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed, with strain so42T(=DSM 17366T=CECT 7086T) as the designated type strain.
Morphology and phylogenetic position of Spongiochrysis hawaiiensis gen. et sp. nov., the first known terrestrial member of the order Cladophorales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Rindi Fabio , López-Bautista Juan M. , Sherwood Alison R. , Guiry Michael D.
Published: April 2006

Spongiochrysis hawaiiensisgen. et sp. nov. is described from material collected at two sites on O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands. This alga produced golden-yellow crusts on the bark ofCasuarinatrees and consisted of globular cells with an axial stellate chloroplast. The only form of reproduction was a specialized type of autosporulation in which a budding-like division of the mother cell produced daughter cells of different sizes. Phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rRNA gene showed thatSpongiochrysis hawaiiensisis a member of the freshwater clade of the Cladophorales/Siphonocladales lineage in the green algal class Ulvophyceae. On the basis of its unicellular habit and terrestrial habitat, this species is well differentiated from all other members of the same lineage and can be considered as the first known successful step of a member of the order Cladophorales into terrestrial habitats. The implications of the description of this species with regard to both green algal evolution and conservation of little-known tropical habitats are discussed. The holotype specimen ofSpongiochrysis hawaiiensisis GALW015489 and isotype specimens have also been deposited in the BISH and BM herbaria.
Reclassification of Lactobacillus thermotolerans Niamsup et al. 2003 as a later synonym of Lactobacillus ingluviei Baele et al. 2003
Authors: Felis G. E. , Vancanneyt M. , Snauwaert C. , Swings J. , Torriani S. , Castioni A. , Dellaglio F.
Published: April 2006

The relatedness of the speciesLactobacillus ingluvieiandLactobacillus thermotoleranswas investigated by comparing partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene (99·9 % similarity over 1504 bp), thehsp60gene (98·8 % similarity over 954 bp) and therecAgene (98·5 % similarity over 452 bp) and by determining DNA–DNA binding levels (79±3 %) and genomic DNA G+C contents (50 and 49 mol%, respectively). These data, in addition to their similar biochemical characteristics, suggest that the two taxa constitute a single species. According to Rules 38 and 42 of theBacteriological Code, they should be united under the nameLactobacillus ingluviei, with the nameLactobacillus thermotoleransas a later heterotypic synonym.
Deinococcus ficus sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of Ficus religiosa L.
Authors: Lai Wei-An , Kämpfer Peter , Arun A. B. , Shen Fo-Ting , Huber Birgit , Rekha P. D. , Young Chiu-Chung
Published: April 2006

A pale-pink strain (CC-FR2-10T) from the rhizosphere of the sacred tree Ficus religiosa L. in Taiwan was investigated by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The cells were Gram-positive, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming. Phylogenetic analyses using the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate indicated that the organism belongs to the genus Deinococcus, the highest sequence similarities being found with Deinococcus grandis (96·1 %), Deinococcus radiodurans (94·3 %), Deinococcus radiopugnans (93·2 %), Deinococcus indicus (93·0 %), Deinococcus proteolyticus (92·5 %), Deinococcus murrayi (92·4 %) and Deinococcus geothermalis (90·7 %). The DNA–DNA relatedness with respect to D. grandis DSM 3963T was 17·9 %. Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain CC-FR2-10T contains only menaquinone MK-8 as the respiratory quinone, unknown phosphoglycolipids as the predominant polar lipids and 16 : 1ω7c, 17 : 1ω8c and 17 : 1ω9c iso as the predominant fatty acids. The biochemical and chemotaxonomic properties demonstrate that strain CC-FR2-10T represents a novel species, for which the name Deinococcus ficus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-FR2-10T (=CCUG 53391T=CIP 108832T).
Peptostreptococcus stomatis sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity
Authors: Downes Julia , Wade William G.
Published: April 2006

Seven strains of anaerobic Gram-positive cocci isolated from human oral sites were subjected to a comprehensive range of phenotypic and genotypic tests. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strains constituted a homogeneous group that was distinct from species with validly published names, but related to Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. All oral strains tested belonged to this group, whereas all non-oral strains studied were confirmed as P. anaerobius. A novel species, Peptostreptococcus stomatis sp. nov., is proposed to accommodate these oral strains. P. stomatis is weakly saccharolytic and produces acetic, butyric, isobutyric, isovaleric and isocaproic acids as end products of fermentation. The type strain of P. stomatis is W2278T (=DSM 17678T=CCUG 51858T); the G+C content of the DNA of this strain is 36 mol%.
Sediminicola luteus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae
Authors: Khan Shams Tabrez , Nakagawa Yasuyoshi , Harayama Shigeaki
Published: April 2006

The taxonomic position of four Gram-negative, rod-shaped, golden-yellow-coloured bacteria isolated from marine sediments was determined. Analysis of the almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that these isolates belong to the family Flavobacteriaceae. An unclassified bacterium, NBRC 15975, was found to be the closest relative, showing 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 93 %; other related genera shared only 87·9–90·5 % similarity. In contrast, the four isolates shared high levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99·3–99·7 %) and high DNA–DNA reassociation values (93–104 %). The isolates could be differentiated phenotypically from other genera by the abilities to reduce nitrate and to degrade gelatin, casein and starch. The only respiratory quinone was MK-6, and the major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 1
ω9c and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The DNA G+C content was 38–40 mol%. Differentiating phenotypic characteristics and large phylogenetic distances between the isolates and previously published genera indicated that the isolates constitute a novel genus, for which the name Sediminicola gen. nov. is proposed. The type species is Sediminicola luteus sp. nov. (type strain CNI-3T=NBRC 100966T=LMG 23246T).
Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from shallow coastal water of An-Ping Harbour, Taiwan, and emended description of the family Idiomarinaceae
Authors: Jean Wen Dar , Shieh Wung Yang , Chiu Hsiu-Hui
Published: April 2006

Two strains of heterotrophic, aerobic, marine bacteria, designated strains PIT1T and PIT2, were isolated from sea-water samples collected at the shallow coastal region of An-Ping Harbour, Tainan, Taiwan. Both strains were Gram-negative. Cells grown in broth cultures were straight rods that were non-motile, lacking flagella. Both strains required NaCl for growth and exhibited optimal growth at 30–35 °C, 1–4 % NaCl and pH 8. They grew aerobically and were incapable of anaerobic growth by fermentation of glucose or other carbohydrates. Cellular fatty acids were predominantly iso-branched, with C15 : 0 iso and C17 : 0 iso representing the most abundant components. The DNA G+C contents of strains PIT1T and PIT2 were 49·3 and 48·6 mol%, respectively. Phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, together with data from phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterization, revealed that the two isolates could be assigned to a novel genus in the family Idiomarinaceae, for which the name Pseudidiomarina gen. nov. is proposed. Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis sp. nov. is the type species of the novel genus (type strain PIT1T=BCRC 17465T=JCM 13360T).
Delineation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species by multilocus sequence analysis and confirmation of the delineation of Borrelia spielmanii sp. nov.
Authors: Richter Dania , Postic Danièle , Sertour Natacha , Livey Ian , Matuschka Franz-Rainer , Baranton Guy
Published: April 2006

To evaluate multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) for taxonomic purposes in the delineation of species withinBorrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, seven relevant loci of various strains for which extensive DNA–DNA reassociation data were available were sequenced. MLSA delineation proved to be fully concordant with conventional methods. Our analysis confirmed the delineation of a novel species,Borrelia spielmaniisp. nov., previously known as ‘Borrelia spielmani’ Richteret al. 2004, with strain PC-Eq17N5T(=DSM 16813T=CIP 108855T) as the type strain.
Sphingomonas azotifigens sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the roots of Oryza sativa
Authors: Xie Cheng-Hui , Yokota Akira
Published: April 2006

Three yellow-pigmented strains associated with rice plants were characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The nitrogen-fixing abilities of these strains were confirmed by acetylene reduction assay and nifH gene detection. The three strains were found to be very closely related, with 99·9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and greater than 70 % DNA–DNA hybridization values, suggesting that the three strains represent a single species. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strains were closely related to Sphingomonas trueperi, with 99·5 % similarity. The chemotaxonomic characteristics (G+C content of the DNA of 68·0 mol%, ubiquinone Q-10 system, 2-OH as the only hydroxy fatty acid and homospermidine as the sole polyamine) were similar to those of members of the genus Sphingomonas. Based on DNA–DNA hybridization values and physiological characteristics, the three novel strains could be differentiated from other recognized species of the genus Sphingomonas. The name Sphingomonas azotifigens sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate these bacterial strains; the type strain is Y39T (=NBRC 15497T=IAM 15283T=CCTCC AB205007T).
Desulfovibrio frigidus sp. nov. and Desulfovibrio ferrireducens sp. nov., psychrotolerant bacteria isolated from Arctic fjord sediments (Svalbard) with the ability to reduce Fe(III)
Authors: Vandieken Verona , Knoblauch Christian , Jørgensen Bo Barker
Published: April 2006

Strains 18T, 61Tand 77 were isolated from two permanently cold fjord sediments on the west coast of Svalbard. The three psychrotolerant strains, with temperature optima at 20–23 °C, were able to grow at the freezing point of sea water, −2 °C. The strains oxidized important fermentation products such as hydrogen, formate and lactate with sulfate as the electron acceptor. Sulfate could be replaced by sulfite, thiosulfate or elemental sulfur. Poorly crystalline and soluble Fe(III) compounds were reduced in sulfate-free medium, but no growth occurred under these conditions. In the absence of electron acceptors, fermentative growth was possible. The pH optimum for the strains was around 7·1. The DNA G+C contents were 43·3 and 42·0 mol% for strains 18Tand 61T, respectively. Strains 18T, 61Tand 77 were most closely related toDesulfovibrio hydrothermalis(95·0–95·7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Strains 18Tand 77, exhibiting 99·9 % sequence similarity, represent a novel species for which the nameDesulfovibrio frigidussp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 18T(=DSM 17176T=JCM 12924T). Strain 61Twas closely related to strains 18Tand 77 (97·6 and 97·5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), but on the basis of DNA–DNA hybridization strain 61Trepresents a novel species for which the nameDesulfovibrio ferrireducenssp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 61T(=DSM 16995T=JCM 12925T).
Desulfotomaculum arcticum sp. nov., a novel spore-forming, moderately thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a permanently cold fjord sediment of Svalbard
Authors: Vandieken Verona , Knoblauch Christian , Jørgensen Bo Barker
Published: April 2006

Strain 15T is a novel spore-forming, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a permanently cold fjord sediment of Svalbard. Sulfate could be replaced by sulfite or thiosulfate. Hydrogen, formate, lactate, propionate, butyrate, hexanoate, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pyruvate, malate, succinate, fumarate, proline, alanine and glycine were used as electron donors in the presence of sulfate. Growth occurred with pyruvate as sole substrate. Optimal growth was observed at pH 7·1–7·5 and concentrations of 1–1·5 % NaCl and 0·4 % MgCl2. Strain 15T grew between 26 and 46·5 °C and optimal growth occurred at 44 °C. Therefore, strain 15T apparently cannot grow at in situ temperatures of Arctic sediments from where it was isolated, and it was proposed that it was present in the sediment in the form of spores. The DNA G+C content was 48·9 mol%. Strain 15T was most closely related to Desulfotomaculum thermosapovorans MLFT (93·5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Strain 15T represents a novel species, for which the name Desulfotomaculum arcticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 15T (=DSM 17038T=JCM 12923T).
Pelagibaca bermudensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium within the Roseobacter clade in the order Rhodobacterales
Authors: Cho Jang-Cheon , Giovannoni Stephen J.
Published: April 2006

A Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic, facultatively anaerobic, slightly halophilic, oval-shaped marine bacterium, designated HTCC2601T, was isolated from the western Sargasso Sea by high-throughput culturing involving dilution to extinction. Although the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the isolate and Salipiger mucosus was 96·5 %, phylogenetic analyses using different treeing algorithms clearly indicated that the strain forms a distinct lineage within a clade containing the recently classified genera Salipiger and Palleronia in the order Rhodobacterales of the Alphaproteobacteria. The DNA–DNA relatedness between strain HTCC2601T and S. mucosus was 26·3 %. Strain HTCC2601T utilized a wide range of carbohydrates, including hexose monomers, sugar alcohols, organic acids and amino acids, as sole carbon sources. The DNA G+C content of strain HTCC2601T was 65·4 mol%, and the predominant constituents of the cellular fatty acids were 18 : 1ω7c (79·7 %) and 11-methyl 18 : 1ω7c (7·5 %). The strain differed from members of the closely related genera Salipiger and Palleronia in its morphological, biochemical and ecological characteristics. On the basis of the taxonomic data obtained in this study, a novel genus and species, Pelagibaca bermudensis gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed; HTCC2601T (=KCTC 12554T=JCM 13377T) is the type strain of Pelagibaca bermudensis.
Variovorax dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from soil
Authors: Yoon Jung-Hoon , Kang So-Jung , Oh Tae-Kwang
Published: April 2006

A Gram-negative, motile and oval- or rod-shaped bacterial strain, DS-43T, was isolated from soil from Dokdo, Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. The strain grew optimally at pH 7·0–8·0 and at 30 °C in the presence of 0·5 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain DS-43T had Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C16 : 0, C16 : 1
ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, C18 : 1
ω7c and C17 : 0 cyclo as the major fatty acids, which are consistent with the corresponding data for the type strain (KCTC 12459T) of Variovorax paradoxus. The DNA G+C content was 66·0 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DS-43T was most closely related to Variovorax paradoxus, the only recognized species of the genus. The level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain DS-43T and V. paradoxus IAM 12373T was 97·3 %. DNA–DNA relatedness data and differential phenotypic properties demonstrated that strain DS-43T is distinguishable from V. paradoxus. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genetic data, it is proposed that strain DS-43T (=KCTC 12544T=CIP 108838T) be classified in the genus Variovorax as a member of a novel species, Variovorax dokdonensis sp. nov.
Yeosuana aromativorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic marine bacterium belonging to the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from estuarine sediment of the South Sea, Korea
Authors: Kwon Kae Kyoung , Lee Hee-Soon , Jung Hong-Bae , Kang Ji-Hyun , Kim Sang-Jin
Published: April 2006

A marine bacterium, GW1-1T, capable of degrading benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), was isolated from estuarine sediments of the South Sea (the Korea Strait), Korea, after an enrichment culture maintained for 2 years in a medium supplemented with a mixture of BaP and pyrene. The strain formed yellowish-brown colonies on marine agar 2216. Cells were strictly aerobic, non-motile, Gram-negative rods and produced non-diffusible carotenoid pigments. Optimal growth occurred in the presence of 1 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7 and 33–36 °C. No growth occurred without supplementation with either CaCl2or MgCl2, even in the presence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nearly complete sequence of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the isolate formed a phyletic lineage with the generaGelidibacter(93·9–94·7 % gene sequence similarity),Subsaximicrobium(93·3 %) andSubsaxibacter(93·9 %). The isolate also showed high sequence similarities toGaetbulibacter saemankumensis(94·5 %),Algibacter lectus(94·2 %), members of the genusBizionia(93·6–94·3 %) andFormosa algae(93·2 %), even though it belonged to a different phyletic line. The major respiratory quinones of the isolate were menaquinones MK-5 and MK-6. The DNA G+C content was 51·4 mol%. Dominant fatty acids were i-15 : 0, a-15 : 0, i-15 : 1ω10cand 16 : 1. On the basis of this polyphasic taxonomic evidence, strain GW1-1Tis classified as a member of a novel genus and species in the familyFlavobacteriaceae, for which the nameYeosuana aromativoransgen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is GW1-1T(=KCCM 42019T=JCM 12862T).
Aquitalea magnusonii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Gram-negative bacterium isolated from a humic lake
Authors: Lau Hoi-Ting , Faryna John , Triplett Eric W.
Published: April 2006

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming betaproteobacterium (TRO-001DR8T) was isolated from humic-lake samples collected from northern Wisconsin, USA. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain TRO-001DR8T belonged to the family Neisseriaceae, and the phylogenetic distance from its closest relative, Chromobacterium violaceum, was 95 %. Strain TRO-001DR8T lacked the violet pigmentation of C. violaceum and shared only 26 % DNA–DNA relatedness with C. violaceum. The DNA G+C content of strain TRO-001DR8T was 59 mol%. The predominant fatty acids were C16 : 1
ω7c + C16 : 1
ω7c 2-OH iso (52·5 %), C16 : 0 (21·7 %), C18 : 1
ω7c (8·0 %) and C12 : 0 (5·1 %). Strain TRO-001DR8T grew optimally at 35 °C and pH 6·0, did not utilize sucrose, but did use glucose, some organic acids and most protein amino acids. Biochemical, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses showed that strain TRO-001DR8T could not be assigned to any known genus of the Betaproteobacteria. Therefore, the isolate represents a novel genus and species, for which the name Aquitalea magnusonii gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRO-001DR8T (=ATCC BAA-1216T=BCCM/LMG 23054T).
Algoriphagus terrigena sp. nov., isolated from soil
Authors: Yoon Jung-Hoon , Lee Mi-Hwa , Kang So-Jung , Oh Tae-Kwang
Published: April 2006

A Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, DS-44T, was isolated from soil from Dokdo in Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. It grew optimally at 25 °C and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain DS-44T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1
ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 49·0 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DS-44T belongs to the genus Algoriphagus of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Similarity values between the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain DS-44T and those of the type strains of recognized Algoriphagus species were in the range 93·8–95·7 %, making it possible to categorize strain DS-44T as a species that is separate from previously described Algoriphagus species. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain DS-44T (=KCTC 12545T=CIP 108837T) was classified in the genus Algoriphagus as the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Algoriphagus terrigena sp. nov. is proposed.
Lutibacter litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from tidal flat sediment
Authors: Choi Dong H. , Cho Byung C.
Published: April 2006

A rod-shaped marine bacterium, designated strain CL-TF09T, isolated from a tidal flat in Ganghwa, Korea, was characterized based on its physiological and biochemical features, fatty acid profile and phylogenetic position. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed a clear affiliation with the family Flavobacteriaceae. Strain CL-TF09T showed the closest phylogenetic relationship with the genera Tenacibaculum and Polaribacter; sequence similarities between CL-TF09T and the type strains of Tenacibaculum and Polaribacter species ranged from 90·7 to 91·8 %. Cells of strain CL-TF09T were non-motile and grew on solid media as yellow colonies. The strain grew in the presence of 1–5 % sea salts, within a temperature range of 5–30 °C and at pH 7–8. The strain had iso-C15 : 0 3-OH (17·4 %), iso-C15 : 0 (16·7 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (15·1 %) and iso-C16 : 0 3-OH (13·4 %) as predominant fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 33·9 mol%. Based on the physiological, fatty acid composition and phylogenetic data presented, strain CL-TF09T is considered to represent a novel genus and species of the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Lutibacter litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CL-TF09T (=KCCM 42118T=JCM 13034T).
Salegentibacter agarivorans sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from the sponge Artemisina sp.
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Kim Seung Bum , Vancanneyt Marc , Shin Dong Sung , Lysenko Anatoly M. , Shevchenko Lyudmila S. , Krasokhin Vladimir B. , Mikhailov Valery V. , Swings Jean , Bae Kyung Sook
Published: April 2006

A sponge-associated strain, KMM 7019T, was investigated in a polyphasic taxonomic study. The bacterium was strictly aerobic, heterotrophic, Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented, motile by gliding and oxidase-, catalase-, β-galactosidase- and alkaline phosphatase-positive. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KMM 7019T is closely related to members of the genus Salegentibacter, namely Salegentibacter holothuriorum, Salegentibacter mishustinae and Salegentibacter salegens (97·7–98 % sequence similarities). The DNA–DNA relatedness between the strain studied and Salegentibacter species ranged from 27 to 31 %, clearly demonstrating that KMM 7019T belongs to a novel species of the genus Salegentibacter, for which the name Salegentibacter agarivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 7019T (=KCTC 12560T=LMG 23205T).
Tepidicella xavieri gen. nov., sp. nov., a betaproteobacterium isolated from a hot spring runoff
Authors: França Luis , Rainey Fred A. , Nobre M. Fernanda , da Costa Milton S.
Published: April 2006

Strains TU-16T and TU-18, two non-pigmented bacterial isolates with an optimum growth temperature of about 45 °C and an optimum pH of about 8·5–9·0, were recovered from the Furnas geothermal area on the Island of São Miguel in the Azores. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of these strains indicated that they represent a novel species in a new genus of the phylum Betaproteobacteria. The major fatty acids of strains TU-16T and TU-18 were 16 : 0 and 18 : 1ω7c. Ubiquinone 8 was the major respiratory quinone and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The novel isolates were aerobic; thiosulfate was oxidized to sulfate in the presence of a metabolizable carbon source. The organism assimilated organic acids and amino acids, but did not assimilate carbohydrates or polyols. Based on phylogenetic analyses and physiological and biochemical characteristics, it is proposed that strain TU-16T (=LMG 23030T=CIP 108724T) represents the type strain of a novel species in a new genus, Tepidicella xavieri gen. nov., sp. nov.
Latent memory for sensitization in Aplysia
Authors: Philips Gary T. , Tzvetkova Ekaterina I. , Marinesco Stephane , Carew Thomas J.
Published: April 2006

In the analysis of memory it is commonly observed that, even after a memory is apparently forgotten, its latent presence can still be revealed in a subsequent learning task. Although well established on a behavioral level, the mechanisms underlying latent memory are not well understood. To begin to explore these mechanisms, we have used Aplysia, a model system that permits the simultaneous study of memory at the behavioral, cellular, and molecular levels. We first demonstrate that robust latent memory is induced by long-term sensitization training of the tail-elicited siphon withdrawal reflex. It is revealed by its ability to facilitate the subsequent induction of three mechanistically distinct temporal domains of sensitization memory: short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term memory. Under our training conditions, the latent memory persists for at least 2 d following the decay of original memory expression but appears to be gone by 4 d. Interestingly, we also find that latent memory is induced even in the absence of overt memory for the original training. These findings now permit the analysis of the cellular and molecular architecture of a common feature of learning and memory.
Different mechanisms of fear extinction dependent on length of time since fear acquisition
Authors: Myers Karyn M. , Ressler Kerry J. , Davis Michael
Published: April 2006

Fear extinction is defined as a decline in conditioned fear responses (CRs) following nonreinforced exposure to a feared conditioned stimulus (CS). Behavioral evidence indicates that extinction is a form of inhibitory learning: Extinguished fear responses reappear with the passage of time (spontaneous recovery), a shift of context (renewal), and unsignaled presentations of the unconditioned stimulus (reinstatement). However, there also is evidence to suggest that extinction is an “unlearning” process corresponding to depotentiation of potentiated synapses within the amygdala. Because depotentiation is induced more readily at short intervals following LTP induction and is not inducible at all at a sufficient delay, it may be that extinction initiated shortly following fear acquisition preferentially engages depotentiation/“unlearning,” whereas extinction initiated at longer delays recruits a different mechanism. We investigated this possibility through a series of behavioral experiments examining the recoverability of conditioned fear following extinction. Consistent with an inhibitory learning mechanism of extinction, rats extinguished 24–72 h following acquisition exhibited moderate to strong reinstatement, renewal, and spontaneous recovery. In contrast, and consistent with an erasure mechanism, rats extinguished 10 min to 1 h after acquisition exhibited little or no reinstatement, renewal, or spontaneous recovery. These data support a model in which different neural mechanisms are recruited depending on the temporal delay of fear extinction.
Reversible hippocampal lesions disrupt water maze performance during both recent and remote memory tests
Authors: Broadbent Nicola J. , Squire Larry R. , Clark Robert E.
Published: April 2006

Conventional lesion methods have shown that damage to the rodent hippocampus can impair previously acquired spatial memory in tasks such as the water maze. In contrast, work with reversible lesion methods using a different spatial task has found remote memory to be spared. To determine whether the finding of spared remote spatial memory depends on the lesion method, we reversibly inactivated the hippocampus with lidocaine either immediately (0-DAY) or 1 mo (30-DAY) after training in a water maze. For both the 0-DAY and 30-DAY retention tests, rats that received lidocaine infusions exhibited impaired performance. In addition, when the 0-DAY group was retested 2 d later, (when the drug was no longer active), the effect was reversed. That is, rats that had previously received lidocaine performed as well as control rats did. These findings indicate that the rodent hippocampus is important for both recent and remote spatial memory, as assessed in the water maze. What determines whether remote spatial memory is preserved or impaired following disruption of hippocampal function appears to be the type of task used to assess spatial memory, not the method used to disrupt the hippocampus.
Dorsal hippocampus function in learning and expressing a spatial discrimination
Authors: White Norman M. , Gaskin Stephane
Published: April 2006

Learning to discriminate between spatial locations defined by two adjacent arms of a radial maze in the conditioned cue preference paradigm requires two kinds of information: latent spatial learning when the rats explore the maze with no food available, and learning about food availability in two spatial locations when the rats are then confined in one arm with food and the other with no food. Previous research showed that a functional dorsal hippocampus is not required for latent learning. The present experiments show that it is required for learning about food availability, and during retrieval of both types of information.
SGK protein kinase facilitates the expression of long-term potentiation in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Ma Yun L. , Tsai Ming C. , Hsu Wei L. , Lee Eminy H.Y.
Published: April 2006

Previous studies showed that the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (sgk) gene plays an important role in long-term memory formation. The present study further examined the role of SGK in long-term potentiation (LTP). The dominant-negative mutant of sgk, SGKS422A, was used to inactivate SGK. Results revealed a time-dependent increase in SGK phosphorylation after tetanization with a significant effect observed 3 h and 5 h later. Transfection of SGKS422A impaired the expression, but not the induction, of LTP. Furthermore, the constitutively active sgk, SGKS422D, up-regulated postsynaptic density-95 expression in the hippocampus. These results together support the role of SGK in neuronal plasticity.
Individual differences in dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens shell and core during instrumental learning
Authors: Cheng Jingjun , Feenstra Matthijs G.P.
Published: April 2006

Combined activation of dopamine D1- and NMDA-glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens has been strongly implicated in instrumental learning, the process in which an individual learns that a specific action has a wanted outcome. To assess dopaminergic activity, we presented rats with two sessions (30 trials each) of a one-lever appetitive instrumental task and simultaneously measured dopamine efflux in the shell and core accumbens subareas using in vivo microdialysis. Dopamine efflux was increased during each session in all areas. The behavioral performance of the rats in the second session led us to divide them into a learning group (>90% correct trials) and a nonlearning group. In the first session, the rats of the learning group showed significantly higher increases. The difference was most pronounced in the shell. In the second session, the dopamine increase was similar in both groups, although the learning groups now pressed the lever about three times more often and consequently obtained more rewards. We conclude that task-related activation of dopamine efflux is different between learning and nonlearning rats only during the learning phase. These results support the pharmacological evidence that dopamine is of particular importance during the instrumental learning process.
A temporally distinct role for group I and group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in object recognition memory
Authors: Barker Gareth Robert Isaac , Bashir Zafar Iqbal , Brown Malcolm Watson , Warburton Elizabeth Clea
Published: April 2006

Recognition memory, involving the ability to discriminate between a novel and familiar object, depends on the integrity of the perirhinal cortex (PRH). Glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the cortex, is essential for many types of memory processes. Of the subtypes of glutamate receptor, metabotropic receptors (mGluRs) have received less study than NMDA receptors; thus, the reported experiments examined the role of mGluRs in familiarity discrimination in the rat PRH. Experiments 1 and 2 assessed the effects of systemic administration of MPEP, a group I mGluR (specifically mGluR5) antagonist, and/or LY341495, a group II mGluR antagonist, on a spontaneous object novelty preference task. Simultaneous antagonism of both group I and II mGluRs impaired familiarity discrimination following a 24-h but not a 15-min delay, while antagonism of either mGluR subtype alone had no effect at either delay. The impairment was in acquisition, as in Experiment 3 coadministration of MPEP and LY341495 did not affect recognition memory performance when administered either after the sample phase or prior to test. The impairment in long-term recognition memory was mediated by mGluRs in the PRH, as localized intracortical antagonism of group I and II mGluRs also produced a deficit (Experiment 4). No evidence was found for an involvement of group III mGluRs in the acquisition of long-term familiarity discrimination (Experiment 5). These findings establish that glutamatergic neurotransmission in the PRH via group I and II mGluRs is crucial for the acquisition, but not for the consolidation or retrieval of long-term object recognition memory.
The cerebellum in maintenance of a motor skill: A hierarchy of brain and spinal cord plasticity underlies H-reflex conditioning
Authors: Wolpaw Jonathan R. , Chen Xiang Yang
Published: April 2006

Operant conditioning of the H-reflex, the electrical analog of the spinal stretch reflex, is a simple model of skill acquisition and involves plasticity in the spinal cord. Previous work showed that the cerebellum is essential for down-conditioning the H-reflex. This study asks whether the cerebellum is also essential for maintaining down-conditioning. After rats decreased the soleus H-reflex over 50 d in response to the down-conditioning protocol, the cerebellar output nuclei dentate and interpositus (DIN) were ablated, and down-conditioning continued for 50–100 more days. In naive (i.e., unconditioned) rats, DIN ablation itself has no significant long-term effect on H-reflex size. During down-conditioning prior to DIN ablation, eight Sprague-Dawley rats decreased the H-reflex to 57% (±4 SEM) of control. It rose after ablation, stabilizing within 2 d at about 75% and remaining there until ∼40 d after ablation. It then rose to ∼130%, where it remained through the end of study 100 d after ablation. Thus, DIN ablation in down-conditioned rats caused an immediate increase and a delayed increase in the H-reflex. The final result was an H-reflex significantly larger than that prior to down-conditioning. Combined with previous work, these remarkable results suggest that the spinal cord plasticity directly responsible for down-conditioning, which survives only 5–10 d on its own, is maintained by supraspinal plasticity that survives ∼40 d after loss of cerebellar output. Thus, H-reflex conditioning seems to depend on a hierarchy of brain and spinal cord plasticity to which the cerebellum makes an essential contribution.
A mutant mouse with a highly specific contextual fear-conditioning deficit found in an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen
Authors: Reijmers Leon G. , Coats Jennifer K. , Pletcher Mathew T. , Wiltshire Tim , Tarantino Lisa M. , Mayford Mark
Published: April 2006

Targeted mutagenesis in mice has shown that genes from a wide variety of gene families are involved in memory formation. The efficient identification of genes involved in learning and memory could be achieved by random mutagenesis combined with high-throughput phenotyping. Here, we provide the first report of a mutagenesis screen that has generated memory mutants in the mouse. We tested a group of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenized mice in the conditioned fear paradigm. We screened for both dominant and recessive mutations that caused impairments in contextual or tone fear conditioning. Heritability testing confirmed three fear conditioning mutants, i.e., Forgetful, Slowlearner, and Scatterbrain. All three have a learning or short-term memory deficit in contextual fear conditioning. Forgetful was further characterized and showed a highly specific phenotype. The contextual fear-conditioning deficit was apparent when Forgetful was trained with tone-shock pairings, but not when trained with shock alone. The deficit was not due to changes in shock sensitivity or anxiety. Forgetful was not impaired in two other memory tests (hidden platform version of Morris water maze and object recognition). Our data show that a mutagenesis screen can generate mutant mice with highly specific memory phenotypes that can supplement existing mice with targeted mutations. Mapping of Slowlearner found linkage to a region of chromosome 12 (LOD score of 6.5 close to D12Mit171), which suggests that ENU mutants should enable the positional cloning of genes involved in memory formation.
Bis(2-methylimidazolium) bis(2-methylimidazole-κN)bis(salicylato-κ2
O,O′)manganese(III) bis(methanol-κO)bis(salicylato-κ2
O,O′)manganese(III) methanol disolvate
Authors: Yuan Lu-Tong , Wang Zuo-Xiang , Zhou An-Yu , Liu Chun-Yi , Chou Xiao-Yong
Published: April 2006

In the title compound, (C4H7N2)2[Mn(C7H4O3)2(C4H6N2)2] [Mn(C7H4O3)2(CH4O)2]·2CH4O, there are two independent MnIII ions, each located on an inversion center. The two MnIII ions assume a distorted octahedral geometry and the complex anions are hydrogen bonded with free methylimidazolium cations and solvent methanol molecules.
Bis(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)ethane
Authors: Asker Erol , Masnovi John
Published: April 2006

In the title compound, C30H28N2, each carbazole skeleton is essentially planar. The planes of the two carbazole ring systems are nearly parallel, with a dihedral angle of 2.33 (19)°. The crystal packing is stabilized only by van der Waals forces and weak C—H...π interactions.
Tetra-μ2-cyano-κ8
C:N-μ2-2,6-dimethylpyrazine-κ2
N:N′-hexakis(2,6-dimethylpyrazine-κN)octa-μ2-thiocyanato-κ16
N:S-decacopper(I,II)
Authors: Jess Inke , Näther Christian
Published: April 2006

The asymmetric unit of the title compound [Cu8
ICu2
II(CN)4(NCS)8(C6H8N2)7], consists of six crystallographically independent Cu atoms, four thiocyanate anions and two cyanide anions, as well as four 2,6-dimethylpyrazine ligands. Two of the six Cu atoms and one of the four 2,6-dimethylpyrazine ligands are located on centres of inversion. The ligand on a special position is therefore disordered due to symmetry. Altogether there are two copper(II) and eight copper(I) cations in the formula unit. The copper(II) cations are each coordinated by four N atoms within a slightly distorted square-planar coordination. The copper(I) cations, on the other hand, are coordinated by four ligands or anions within distorted tetrahedra. From this arrangement, a three-dimensional coordination network is formed.
Methylcyclopentane
Authors: Bream Richard , Watkin David , Cowley Andrew
Published: April 2006

Methylcyclopentane, C6H12, a liquid at room temperature, was studied as part of a project to develop a computer-controlled low-temperature crystal-growing device. A single crystal was obtained at 115 K. The ring has an envelope conformation, with a pseudo-equatorial methyl substituent on the flap atom.
1-Isopropyl-6,6,8a-trimethyl-1,3a,5,6,7,8a-hexahydro-3H-1-benzofuro[2,3-b]pyrrole-2,4-dione
Authors: Narasegowda R. N. , Yathirajan H. S. , Lynch D. E. , Narasimhamurthy T. , Rathore R. S.
Published: April 2006

The crystal structure of the title benzofuran derivative, C16H23NO3, has been elucidated. The tricyclic core, i.e. the tetrahydrobenzo–dihydrofuro–pyrrolidine ring system, is non-planar owing to the folding of the five-membered rings at their cis junction. The cyclohexene ring assumes a half-chair conformation, while the dihydrofuran and pyrrolidine rings each adopt an envelope conformation. Intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds form S(6) closed patterns.
2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-2-C-methyl-D-ribono-1,4-lactone (fluoromethylrib)
Authors: Parker Samuel , Watkin David , Mayes Benjamin , Storer Richard , Jenkinson Sarah , Fleet George
Published: April 2006

The relative stereochemistry of the fluoro substituent (as ribo) and the ring size of the lactone (as five) in the title compound, C6H9FO4, have been established by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
3-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylpropan-1-one
Authors: Luo Xin-Xiang , Shan Zi-Xing
Published: April 2006

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C15H12Cl2O2, the chloro-substituted benzene rings are not parallel; the other rings are nearly parallel and the molecules stack in layers parallel to these rings. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit.
Di-μ-pyridine-2-thiolato-bis[chloro(triphenylphosphine)copper(I)]
Authors: Marjani Katayoun , Davies Sian C. , Durrant Marcus C. , Hughes David L. , Khodamorad Nejat
Published: April 2006

The structure of the title compound, [Cu2(C5H5NS)2Cl2(C18H15P)2], shows two independent molecules, each a dimer bridged through a Cu2S2 rectangular plane involving the two pyridinethione S atoms and lying about a centre of symmetry. The Cu atoms have a distorted tetrahedral geometry. There is intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the pyridinium H atoms and the Cl ligands.