bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined Use of Growth Hormone and Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone Analogue in Short Normal Adolescent Girls: A Survey from Iran
Authors: Karamizadeh Zohreh , Kashef Mohammad Amin , Jalaeian Hamed , Namazee Najmeh
Published: July 2009

Combined therapy with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue and growth hormone (GH) has been used to increase the height of adolescents who are not GH deficient and who have normally timed puberty. Its use, however, is still controversial. For 2 years simultaneously, we treated eight healthy girls with very low predicted adult height (PAH < 145 cm) who were entering into normally timed puberty. The GnRH analogue triptorelin pamoate (Decapeptyl, 100 μg/kg intramuscularly every 4 weeks) and GH (0.1 IU/kg/day subcutaneously, 6 days/week) were administered. The mean chronologic age (CA) of our patients was 11.01 ± 0.95 years, and mean bone age (BA) was 12.25 ± 1.13 years. With a height of 131.50 ± 5.83 cm (−2.37 ± 0.35 SD below the mean) and PAH of 140.87 ± 3.53 cm, they were all in Tanner stage 2‐3 of puberty (except one patient in stage 4). In all cases, GH and thyroid hormone deficiency were ruled out before the study began. Height and BA were measured immediately after discontinuation of therapy. PAH was determined before and at the end of therapy. Combined treatment resulted in a 4.13 ± 1.19 cm increase in PAH (p < 0.01). Height increased significantly to 142.66 ± 3.54 cm at the end of treatment (p < 0.01). Height standard deviation score for CA increased from −2.37 ± 0.35 to −2.32 ± 0.67, showing no significant improvement (p = 0.5). Height age (HA)/BA ratio and BA/CA ratio both demonstrated significant growth during the treatment (p < 0.03 and p < 0.01, respectively), whereas HA/CA ratio did not improve significantly (p < 0.32). During treatment, puberty was completely suppressed in all cases. Combination therapy with GnRH analogue and GH resulted in significant improvement in height and PAH during therapy. Additional, and perhaps more long‐term, studies are required to show whether this kind of treatment is effective in improving final adult height. The cost‐benefit of such therapies should also be taken into account.
Lercanidipine and Losartan Effects on Blood Pressure and Fibrinolytic Parameters
Authors: Lin Tsung‐Hsien , Voon Wen‐Chol , Yen Hsueh‐Wei , Huang Chih‐Hsin , Su Ho‐Ming , Lai Wen‐Ter , Sheu Sheng‐Hsiung
Published: July 2009

Antihypertensive agents may modulate fibrinolysis in addition to reducing blood pressure. We conducted a randomized trial to assess the effects of lercanidipine and losartan on blood pressure (BP) lowering and three fibrinolytic parameters: plasminogen activator inhibitor−1 (PAI‐1), D‐dimer, and fibrinogen. All patients enrolled had essential hypertension and underwent a placebo run‐in period of 2 weeks before randomization to either lercanidipine tablets 10‐20 mg once daily or losartan tablets 50‐100 mg once daily. Twenty‐six patients completed this study. After 8 weeks of treatment, both groups of patients had significantly reduced systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) (SBP, p = 0.034 and 0.050, respectively; DBP, p = 0.018 and 0.034 for lercanidipine and losartan, respectively). Both drugs were well tolerated. Only in the group treated with lercanidipine was PAI‐1 concentration significantly reduced (57.1 ± 4.7 to 43.1 ± 4.8 ng/ mL, p = 0.047). No difference was found with D‐dimer and fibrinogen in either group. This study shows that both lercanidipine and losartan are effective antihypertensive drugs in patients with essential hypertension. Lercanidipine may provide additional benefit in fibrinolysis.
ST‐segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Patient with Acromegaly: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Lu Ming‐Ying , Hsiao Pi‐Jung , Lin Tsung‐Hsien , Su Ho‐Ming , Voon Wen‐Chol , Lai Wen‐Ter , Sheu Sheng‐Hsiung
Published: July 2009

Acromegaly is a disorder caused by the excess production of pituitary growth hormone and is characterized by the enlargement of the hands, feet and head. Increased morbidity and mortality with acromegaly is associated with cardiovascular complications, hypertension, glucose intolerance, cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease. We report a case of acromegaly, which presented with ST‐segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. The patient received successful primary transluminal coronary angioplasty with stent implantation. Acromegaly was suspected from typical appearance, and confirmed with hormonal examination and imaging of the pituitary mass. We discuss this case in comparison with previous literature.
Neurofibroma Derived from the Deep Peroneal Nerve: A Case Report
Authors: Chang Li‐Ren , Shieh Shyh‐Jou
Published: July 2009

Neurofibromas may arise anywhere along a nerve from the dorsal root ganglion to the terminal nerve branches; however, peroneal nerve involvement is not common. Surgical resection of neurofibroma with total preservation of nerve function had been thought to be difficult. Here, we report a case of an intermuscular intraneural neurofibroma derived from the deep peroneal nerve in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1. The diagnostic criteria, characteristics of imaging studies, and operative approach are described. The function of the deep peroneal nerve was preserved, with satisfactory results.
Cut‐off Values of Blessed Dementia Rating Scale and Its Clinical Application in Elderly Taiwanese
Authors: Yang Yuan‐Han , Lai Chiou‐Lian , Lin Ruey‐Tay , Tai Chih‐Ta , Liu Ching‐Kuan
Published: July 2009

Although the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale (BDRS), a clinical screening instrument, has been applied extensively, no suitable cut‐off values and clinical application have been proposed, particularly in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the precursor of dementia. The BDRS, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) were administrated in people aged 65 years and above, who were enrolled from southern Taiwan with multistep stratified random sampling and followed‐up for 2 years. All subjects (total number = 3,027), with new onset of MCI (defined as CDR = 0.5) in the first year and dementia (defined as CDR ≥ 1) in the second and third years were subjected to statistical analysis. In distinguishing normal from MCI, except in the literate group aged 65‐74 years, MMSE was superior to BDRS, with cut‐off values of 1 in both literate groups aged 65‐74 years and ≥ 75 years, and 1.5 and 2 in less educated groups aged 65‐74 and ≥ 75 years, respectively. In distinguishing MCI from dementia, BDRS had cut‐off values of 2.5 in both literate groups aged 65‐74 and ≥ 75 years, and 2.5 and 3 in less educated groups aged 65‐74 and ≥ 75 years, respectively. These values were better than those for MMSE in all groups. BDRS might be considered as a better tool than MMSE to screen for MCI and dementia in the increasing proportion of literate elderly aged 65‐74 years in the aging population.
Correlates of Attitudes Toward Homosexuality and Intention to Care for Homosexual People Among Psychiatric Nurses in Southern Taiwan
Authors: Hou Shu‐Ying , Pan Shung‐Mei , Ko Nai‐Ying , Liu Hsiu‐Chin , Wu Shu‐Jung , Yang Wen‐Chiung , Yang Hsing‐Hu , Shieh Shiu‐Fen , Chuang Li‐Yu , Yen Cheng‐Fang
Published: July 2009

This study examined the association between attitudes toward homosexual individuals and intention to provide care and demographic and occupational factors, sexual orientation, knowledge about homosexuality, and experiences of contact with homosexual people among psychiatric nurses in southern Taiwan. In total, 133 psychiatric nurses from a medical center, three regional teaching hospitals, and one psychiatric hospital in southern Taiwan were recruited into this study. Their attitudes toward homosexual people as recorded on the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Questionnaire, intention to provide care to homosexual individuals, and related factors were examined. The results revealed that psychiatric nurses who had a bachelor's or master's degree, higher level of knowledge about homosexuality, and friends or relatives with a homosexual orientation had a more positive attitude toward homosexuality. These psychiatric nurses, with more positive attitudes, and who worked in the medical center or regional teaching hospitals had a higher intention to care for homosexual people. The factors related to attitudes toward homosexuality and intention to care for homosexual people identified in this study should be taken into consideration when intervening in psychiatric nurses' attitudes toward homosexuality and intention to care for homosexual people.
Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva and Complete Atrioventricular Block Complicating Fulminant Course of Infective Endocarditis: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Chu Chih‐Sheng , Lee Kun‐Tai , Lee Shuo‐Tsan , Cheng Kai‐Hung , Voon Wen‐Chol , Sheu Sheng‐Hsiung , Lai Wen‐Ter , Sheu Chau‐Chyun
Published: July 2009

Patients with infective endocarditis usually developed persistent fever and heart failure, especially when the valve structures are invaded and destroyed. Persistent bacteremia often leads to severe sepsis or overwhelming septic shock. Septic emboli from the vegetation will possibly result in systemic thromboembolism with multiple organ infarction. Patients with infective endocarditis have been reported to present with either ruptured sinus of Valsalva or complete atrioventricular block. However, both of these serious complications occurring in a single patient is rare. In this case report, we present a 54‐year‐old man with a previous history of alcoholic cirrhosis and chronic renal failure who suffered from a fulminant course of infective endocarditis. Simultaneously, ruptured sinus of Valsalva and complete atrioventricular block further complicated the preexisting septic shock and multiple organ failure.
Appendicitis in Children Younger than 3 Years of Age: An 18‐year Experience
Authors: Chang Yu‐Tang , Lin Jan‐You , Huang Yu‐Sheng
Published: July 2009

Appendicitis in children younger than 3 years of age has always been of concern due to its low incidence and high perforation rate. In this study, we analyzed our experience and evaluated the factors contributing to the delay in diagnosis. During the last 18 years, there were nine children younger than 3 years of age who presented with appendicitis. Four of these patients visited our emergency department within 48 hours after the onset of symptoms, while the symptoms had already persisted for more than 48 hours in the remaining five patients before their arrival in our emergency department. Perforated appendicitis was found in all children. Once the perforation had occurred for more than 2 days, complaints of fever, abdominal distention, and diarrhea were common. Compared to patients with symptoms for less than 2 days, those with symptoms for more than 2 days were younger and had higher serum C‐reactive protein levels, significantly longer operation time, duration of postoperative ileus and length of hospital stay (LOS) (p = 0.026, 0.014, 0.018, and 0.014, respectively). No mortality was noted in the entire series, but seven of the nine patients had one or more complications, which may have prolonged LOS; anemia and wound infections were the two most common problems. Since delayed diagnosis is common, a thorough understanding of the clinical course of perforated appendicitis is important. Fever, diarrhea, and abdominal distention seem to be late manifestations. Prolonged LOS, operation time, and postoperative complications may be reduced if the operation is performed earlier.
Neurofibroma of the Lingual Nerve: A Case Report
Authors: Wang Hsun‐Mo , Hsu Ying‐Che , Lee Ka‐Wo , Chiang Feng‐Yu , Kuo Wen‐Rei
Published: July 2009

A neurofibroma of the lingual nerve is a rare clinical finding, the most common lesion site of a lingual neurofibroma being the tongue. In most situations, it is difficult to determine the precise nerve origins. Herein, we report a case of lingual nerve neurofibroma that presented as a submandibular mass, mimicking a submandibular gland tumor or solitary lymphadenopathy. Complete surgical excision of such a lesion for histopathologic examination provides a better treatment and final diagnosis. For a patient presenting with neurofibromatosis and a submandibular mass, a neurofibroma of nerve origin should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Activation of Endothelial Cells by Antiphospholipid Antibodies—A Possible Mechanism Triggering Thrombosis in Patients with Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Chen Pei‐Pei , Lin Yu‐Chih , Yen Jeng‐Hsien , Ou Tsan‐Teng , Wu Chen‐Ching , Liu Hong‐Wen , Tsai Wen‐Chan , Wu Kun‐Che
Published: July 2009

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an antibody‐mediated hypercoagulable state characterized by recurrent venous and arterial thromboembolic events. The presence of serum antibodies are collectively termed as antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and is the hallmark of the disease. Interest in the pathogenesis has mostly been focused on the blood coagulation factor. However, endothelial cells might play an important role. When stimulated, cell membrane would flip to expose negatively charged phospholipids and activation markers such as adhesive molecules may appear. We consider that these changes may play an important role in the initiation of the thrombotic process when endothelial cells encounter aPL. In this study, we incubated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with IgG isolated from patients with APS and found that the HUVECs were activated by the expression of negatively charged phospholipids, as shown by high annexin V binding and negative propidium iodide staining and by an increase in the level of intracellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 on the cell surface. The above findings indicate that endothelial cells can be activated on exposure to aPL and trigger the thrombotic event.
Peripheral Sympathectomy for Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Salvage Procedure
Authors: Wang Wen‐Her , Lai Chung‐Sheng , Chang Kao‐Ping , Lee Su‐Shin , Yang Chih‐Chiang , Lin Sin‐Daw , Liu Chia‐Ming
Published: July 2009

We retrospectively reviewed the effectiveness of peripheral sympathectomy for severe Raynaud's phenomenon. In this study, a total of 14 digits from six patients with chronic digital ischemic change were included. All patients had pain, ulcer, or gangrenous change in the affected digits and were unresponsive to pharmacologic or other nonsurgical therapies. In all cases, angiography showed multifocal arterial lesions, so microvascular reconstruction was unfeasible. Peripheral sympathectomy was performed as a salvage procedure to prevent digit amputation. The results were analyzed according to reduction of pain, healing of ulcers, and prevention of amputation. In 12 of the 14 digits, the ulcers healed and amputation was avoided. In the other two digits, the ulcers improved and progressive gangrene was limited. As a salvage procedure for Raynaud's phenomenon recalcitrant to conservative treatment, peripheral sympathectomy improves perfusion to ischemic digits and enables amputation to be avoided.
Karl Polanyi in Budapest: On his Political and Intellectual Formation
Authors: Dale Gareth
Published: July 2009

A major thinker and inspiring teacher, Karl Polanyi's contributions have long been influential in a variety of disciplines, notably economic sociology and economic history. Two of his innovations, substantivist economic anthropology and the “double movement thesis,” are recognized as seminal. All of the works for which he is known, however, were written late in life, when in exile, and very little is known of his Hungarian writings, virtually none of which had, until now, been translated. Despite his fame, the biographical literature on Polanyi remains modest: some studies provide invaluable insights, yet all are brief. This article attempts to make some headway in remedying these lacunae. It sketches the contours of that extraordinary historical-geographical conjuncture in which he was formed, and explores his intellectual and political engagements in the Galilei Circle and the Radical Bourgeois Party. It seeks in particular to elucidate the complex roles played by questions of nation, ethnicity and class in the life of the young Karl Polanyi.
Dietary assessment of micronutrient intakes: a European perspective
Authors: Serra-Majem Lluís
Published: July 2009

The shifting focus from infectious to non-communicable diseases has changed what and how nutritional epidemiology evaluates in the relationships between foods, nutrients and the occurrence of disease. The classically applied vision based on individual nutrients, ‘research from the bottom up’, has now been complemented with new approaches, such as applying the analysis of food combinations (dietary patterns) to study exposure and outcome. Methods of estimating nutrient adequacy have also changed over time, starting from calculating the nutrient adequacy ratio to the use of the probabilistic approach. In the present work constituting Research Activity 1.1, conducted within the EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned Network of Excellence, we have set out to rationalise and harmonise the science of estimating micronutrient intake and nutritional adequacy in Europe. A review of food and nutrition initiatives previously conducted in Europe is presented to set the background and context for the present efforts towards developing a harmonised framework on the dietary assessment of micronutrient intakes.
Validity of dietary patterns to assess nutrient intake adequacy
Authors: Román-Viñas Blanca , Ribas Barba Lourdes , Ngo Joy , Ángel Martínez-González Miguel , Wijnhoven Trudy M. A. , Serra-Majem Lluís
Published: July 2009

The purpose of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the value of the methods used to assess dietary patterns for measuring nutrient intake adequacy in the population. Systematic review on Pubmed database up to April 2008. The search included specific key words and MeSH terms. No language limit was set. Only studies that compared food patterns with nutrient intake adequacy or nutrient biomarkers were included in the analysis. The search resulted in 1504 articles. The inclusion and exclusion criteria limited the selection to thirty articles. Nineteen studies evaluated the usefulness of the dietary patterns, eithera prioridefined (thirteen studies), or defined by factor analysis (four studies) or by cluster analysis (two studies), but only nine of them tested their validity (foura prioridefined and foura posterioridefined). Diet indices showed moderate to good validity results for measuring the adequacy of intakes for α-carotene, β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin B6, Ca, folic acid, Fe and Mg. The factor analysis approach showed moderate to good validity correlations with the adequacy of intake of α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, lycopene, vitamin C, vitamin B6and folic acid. Vitamin B12and vitamin E are the micronutrients with less probability of being adequately assessed with dietary patternsa prioriora posterioridefined. Diet indices are tools with fair to moderate validity to assess micronutrient intake adequacy.
Dietary patterns and nutritional adequacy in a Mediterranean country
Authors: Serra-Majem Lluís , Bes-Rastrollo Maira , Román-Viñas Blanca , Pfrimer Karina , Sánchez-Villegas Almudena , Martínez-González Miguel A.
Published: July 2009

Dietary patterns have been related to health outcomes and morbi-mortality. Mediterranean diet indexes are correlated with adequate nutrient intake. The objective of the present study was to analyse the adequacy of nutrient intake ofa posterioridefined Mediterranean (MDP) and Western (WDP) diet patterns in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort. A sample of 17 197 subjects participated in the study. Participants completed a 136-item validated semi-quantitative FFQ. Principal component analysis was used to define dietary patterns. Individuals were classified according to quintiles of adherence based on dietary pattern scores. Non-dietary variables, such as smoking and physical activity habits, were also taken into account. The probability approach was used to assess nutrient intake adequacy of certain vitamins (vitamins B12, B6, B3, B2, B1, A, C, D and E) and minerals (Na, Zn, iodine, Se, folic acid, P, Mg, K, Fe and Ca). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the adequacy of nutrient intake according to adherence to dietary patterns. WDP and MDP were defined. A higher quintile of adherence to an MDP was associated to a lower prevalence of inadequacy for the intake of Zn, iodine, vitamin E, Mg, Fe, vitamin B1, vitamin A, Se, vitamin C and folic acid. The adjusted OR for not reaching at least six (or at least ten) nutrient recommendations were 0·09 (95 % CI: 0·07, 0·11) (and 0·02 (95 % CI: 0·00, 0·16)) for the upper quintile of MDP and 4·4 (95 % CI: 3·6, 5·5) and 2·5 (95 % CI: 1·1, 5·4) for the WDP. The MDP was associated to a better profile of nutrient intake.
How to find information on national food and nutrient consumption surveys across Europe: systematic literature review and questionnaires to selected country experts are both good strategies
Authors: Blanquer Maria , García-Álvarez Alicia , Ribas-Barba Lourdes , Wijnhoven Trudy M. A. , Tabacchi Garden , Gurinovic Mirjana , Serra-Majem Lluís
Published: July 2009

The present research was conducted within the framework of the EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned project. In order to identify the best practice in assessing nutrient intakes, a search strategy for collecting data from national food consumption surveys/studies in Europe was developed. Systematic literature searches were carried out on twenty-eight European and the four European Free Trade Association countries. A questionnaire was also sent to two to five experts in each country. Systematic reviews using PubMed yielded 12 703 abstracts that were reduced to 200 studies using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Similarly, a search of ministry web sites yielded 3033 hits, and subsequently reduced to nine surveys. Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, Spain and the United Kingdom were the countries with most data and Slovenia and Liechtenstein were those with the least. Seventy-eight expert questionnaires were obtained from all countries except for Liechtenstein, Luxembourg and Slovakia. Detailed results and references are given. A systematic search and questionnaires are equally good at identifying national surveys across countries. Literature searching provides globally accessible and objective information albeit limited, whereas the questionnaire provides information that, depending upon responders, can be more complete. A combination of both strategies is recommended.
A review of the use of information and communication technologies for dietary assessment
Authors: Ngo Joy , Engelen Anouk , Molag Marja , Roesle Joni , García-Segovia Purificación , Serra-Majem Lluís
Published: July 2009

Presently used dietary-assessment methods often present difficulties for researchers and respondents, and misreporting errors are common. Methods using information and communication technologies (ICT) may improve quality and accuracy. The present paper presents a systematic literature review describing studies applying ICT to dietary assessment. Eligible papers published between January 1995 and February 2008 were classified into four assessment categories: computerised assessment; personal digital assistants (PDA); digital photography; smart cards. Computerised assessments comprise frequency questionnaires, 24 h recalls (24HR) and diet history assessments. Self-administered computerised assessments, which can include audio support, may reduce literacy problems, be translated and are useful for younger age groups, but less so for those unfamiliar with computers. Self-administered 24HR utilising computers yielded comparable results as standard methods, but needed supervision if used in children. Computer-assisted interviewer-administered recall results were similar to conventional recalls, and reduced inter-interviewer variability. PDA showed some advantages but did not reduce underreporting. Mobile phone meal photos did not improve PDA accuracy. Digital photography for assessing individual food intake in dining facilities was accurate for adults and children, although validity was slightly higher with direct visual observation. Smart cards in dining facilities were useful for measuring food choice but not total dietary intake. In conclusion, computerised assessments and PDA are promising, and could improve dietary assessment quality in some vulnerable groups and decrease researcher workload. Both still need comprehensive evaluation for micronutrient intake assessment. Further work is necessary for improving ICT tools in established and new methods and for their rigorous evaluation.
The biology of samoan bark and ambrosia beetles (coleoptera, scolytidae and platypodidae)
Authors: Beaver R. A.
Published: July 2009

A total of 56 species of Scolytidae and four species of Platypodidae, 25 of which are endemic, is recorded from Samoa (American and Western Samoa). The nomenclature of earlier species records is brought up to date and the following changes are made: Xyleborus torquatus Eichhoff=X. silvestris Beeson syn. n.; X. wilderi Beeson=X. upoluensis Schedl syn. n.; Eccoptopterus eccoptopterus (Schedl) comb. n. (from Xyleborus). Brief notes are given of the distribution, biology and host trees of each species, with special reference to 41 species found in a survey of the island of Upolu (Western Samoa). Species causing damage were Crossotarsus externedentatus (Fairmaire) found attacking living Eucalyptus trees, and Hypothenemus birmanus (Eichhoff), involved in the death of some mango transplants. Eighteen species of potential economic importance in relation to Samoan crop and timber trees are divided into four groups: potential pests of seedlings and transplants; of established living trees as twig borers; of living trees as primary timber borers; of felled logs and unseasoned sawn timber.
Studies on the life-cycles of two species of soldier flies (diptera, stratiomyidae) which affect sugar-cane in queensland
Authors: Hitchcock B. E.
Published: July 2009

In Queensland, adults of the soldier flies Inopus rubriceps (Macq.) and I. flavus (James) emerge between March and June, usually on still warm days. The females mate and oviposit on the day of emergence, the eggs being deposited close to the soil surface under small clods or in cracks. Incubation takes 6–13 days, depending on temperature. Observations on larvae reared on maize seedlings showed that the wide size range in field populations of larvae at all times of the year was due to the differing rates of development of larvae of one generation, to overlapping generations and to a difference in size between the sexes. One-third of the larvae matured to adults at the end of one year, but only a few of the remainder survived to emerge as adults after two years, one-year larvae having 8–9 instars, and two-year larvae having 10–12. Pupation occurred within the last larval skin, and the pupal period lasted three weeks.
The sheep headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.) (Diptera, Muscidae): larval habitat and immature stages
Authors: Robinson J. , Luff M. L.
Published: July 2009

Numerous habitats were sampled for larvae of sheep headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.), in infested areas of Northumberland during the winters 1973–74 and 1974–75. Most of the larvae found came from near the surface of soil beneath pasture and long grass. The mean larval density in these sites was 1·93/m2; the greatest density in a single site was 3·87/m2 which compares well with unpublished estimates of adult fly density. Only two larvae were recovered from cow dung. One larva was found in bracken litter, and none in other types of litter, or in horse dung, peat, moss or rotten wood. Larvae were reared to the mid-third instar from eggs laid in the laboratory. Field-collected larvae fed readily on Musca and Calliphora larvae, and did not appear to diapause in December; their identity was confirmed by rearing them to the adult stage. The egg, second- and third-instar larvae, and puparium are described and figured. Descriptions are given of changes in the mouthparts during growth of the third-instar larva, and of the features by which field-collected larvae can be identified.
The form of Lutzomyia beltrani (vargas & Díaz Nájera) (Diptera, Psychodidae) in Belize, Central America
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: July 2009

The male of the predominant cave-dwelling Phlebotomine in Belize (formerly British Honduras) is described under the informal name of Lutzomyia beltrani (Belize form). Differences between this fly, L. beltrani (Vargas & Díaz Nájera) and L. steatopyga (Fairchild & Hertig) are discussed. The females of L. beltrani, L. steatopyga and L. beltrani (Belize form) are indistinguishable.
Flagellate infections in cave-dwelling sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in Belize, Central America
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: July 2009

Nearly 2000 Phlebotomine sandflies collected in caves in Belize were examined for flagellate infections in the gut. Infections were found in 4% of Lutzomyia trinidadensis (Newst.) and in 42% of L. beltrani (Belize form). The two species of sandflies were infected with different species of parasites. The sources of infections in L. trinidadensis were not established, but females probably became infected when taking blood-meals on a vertebrate. One specimen of L. trinidadensis infected with flagellates was also infected with filaria worms. Circumstantial evidence suggests that L. beltrani is the insect host of Trypanosoma leonidasdeanei, a parasite in the blood of insectivorous bats. An account is given of the physiological condition of infected and uninfected L. beltrani, of the distribution of flagellates in the gut and of differences in the incidence of infections. The presence of the parasites in the gut disturbs some physiological processes in the fly and it is suggested that the presumed Chiroptera/T. leonidasdeanei/L. beltrani association is a recent evolutionary development. A model of population structure for a community of New World Phlebotominae, derived from observations on L. beltrani, is presented.
Notes on the species of Trichomma Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) occurring in the indian subcontinent
Authors: Gauld I. D.
Published: July 2009

The Indian species of Trichomma Wesmael (Anomaloninae) are revised. A new species parasitising Dioryctria abietella (Denis & Schiffermtüller) (Pyralidae) and Eucosma pylonitis Meyrick (Tortricidae) is described as T. dioryctri, and two known species, T. nigricans Cameron and T. decorum (Cameron), are redescribed and briefly compared with other species in the genus. Short notes on the host ranges of the species are included. The cephalic capsules of the final-instar larvae of two species are described.
Colonisation of Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) in Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) (Hemiptera, Coccidae) on citrus in South Australia
Authors: Campbell M. M.
Published: July 2009

Aphytis melinus DeBach was introduced to South Australia, reared in the laboratory, and then released against Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) on citrus. In tests in nine citrus orchards, 100 adults of Aphytis melinus ensured colonisation during summer and early autumn, 1000 during late autumn, but even that number was insufficient during winter. Colonisation was equally successful whether Aonidiella aurantii was very abundant or very rare. The most efficient method for colonisation was therefore to release 100 adult parasites during summer and early autumn into small populations of A. aurantii. The parasite had dispersed at least three trees from each summer release site after five months, but much less following autumn releases. Ten months after summer release into nine trees of a total of 3330 adults, Aphytis melinus was recovered from 286 out of 354 (80%) trees in one orchard. In a further experiment, numbers of Aonidiella aurantii were reduced from 300–1000 per 150 leaves on five trees to less than 10 per 150 leaves 18 months after the release of Aphytis melinus, whereas on a control tree they increased from 550 to 1450 per 150 leaves over nine of those months.
Biochemical variants in the study of multiple insemination in Culex pipiens L. (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Bullini L. , Coluzzi M. , Bianchi Bullini A. P.
Published: July 2009

A new approach to the study of multiple insemination in mosquitoes or other organisms involving the use of electrophoretic enzyme variants is described. Data obtained on Culex pipiens L. with this technique confirm the basic monogamy of the species and suggest that multiple insemination may occur almost exclusively within 48 h after the first mating. Two independent mechanisms are probably acting in preventing multiple insemination. The first, probably the formation of a mucoid mating plug during the first copulation, allows the fertilisation of a further 10% of eggs by the second male in double inseminations; the second, the accessory gland pheromone (matrone), after an initial latent period, totally prevents a second insemination for the duration of the mosquito's life.
Woolly aphid of apple, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.), and its control in Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Carnegie A. J. M.
Published: July 2009

In insecticide trials in Southern Rhodesia against the woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.), using methyl-demeton (0·078 and 0·052 per cent. active ingredient), dimethoate (0·0625 and 0·0417 per cent. active ingredient), diazinon (0·0625 per cent. active ingredient) and malathion (0·1041 per cent. active ingredient) as foliar sprays, all insecticides gave good control of infestations above ground, but methyl-demeton and diazinon gave the best control, and treatments were followed by slower rates of repopulation.

Injecting the lower part of the trunks of trees 25 to 30 years old with ½ fluid ounce of a concentrate of a systemic insecticide, 50 per cent. methyl-demeton or 40 per cent. dimethoate, at a single point gave excellent control where that part of the sap stream supplying the aphid colonies was intercepted. By injecting with a spiral of small holes around the trunk using ½ fl. oz. 50 per cent. methyl-demeton, control of all aphids on the tree could generally be achieved.

Good control of subterranean aphid colonies on 15-year-old trees was achieved by the application to the soil of 4 gal. per tree of a fluid containing 100 cc. of a concentrate containing 75 per cent. of V-C 13 (O,O-diethyl O-2,4-dichlorophenyl phosphorothioate) diluted with water.

Biological control of E. lanigerum in Southern Rhodesia by the Hymenopterous parasite Aphelinus mali (Hald.), which was introduced in 1961, shows great promise.
Population studies on the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Deg.)
Authors: Harrison I. R.
Published: July 2009

A sampling apparatus suitable for studying fluctuations in populations of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Deg.), under field conditions is described. Four small infested poultry houses were sampled regularly for four years. In three of these years the highest population of the mite was recorded during August, and was followed by a fairly rapid fall in numbers during the autumn. Very few mites were found during the winter months. Attempts were made to increase winter populations by raising the temperature and humidity to August levels and also by increasing the amount of illumination during the winter months, but were unsuccessful.
The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. V.—Young adults of Glossina morsitans Westw. and some substituted N-methyl carbamates
Authors: Burnett G. F.
Published: July 2009

A series of six substituted phenyl N-methylcarbamate insecticides were applied to laboratory-reared adults of G. morsitans Westw. as solutions in di-isobutyl ketone. Only the 2-isopropoxy and the 3-isopropyl compounds were toxic at 0·0068 µg. per fly and the former, being apparently more active, was evaluated more fully. It was found to be equitoxic with γ BHC to young flies, and not synergised to any significant degree by five parts of piperonyl butoxide. Pregnant flies were considerably more tolerant than young flies to low dosages but not to high ones. The suggested explanation postulates that the developing larva is a potential site of detoxification but that the rapid action of high dosages results in the death of the parent before the insecticide can reach the larva and be detoxified by it.
The significance of BHC degradation in resistant house-flies
Authors: Busvine J. R. , Townsend M. G.
Published: July 2009

Resistance to γ BHC and dieldrin in various insects usually gives a characteristic resistance spectrum, probably indicating a common defence mechanism. Resistant house-flies (Musca domestica L.) are slightly anomalous in showing greater tolerance of γ BHC than of endrin and isodrin, unlike other resistant strains. A possible explanation is that they can develop an additional defence, specific towards γ BHC, as well as the usual group resistance. This might well be enhanced enzymatic degradation of BHC, which is known to occur in flies, but was not found in resistant strains of Anopheles gambiae Giles or Cimex lectularius L.

To confirm this hypothesis the rates of BHC elimination were measured in normal and two resistant strains of flies and also in normal and resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (which showed the more usual resistance spectrum). To avoid toxic effects, the non-insecticidal α BHC was used and its elimination after six hours measured in extracts by gas chromatography. The two resistant fly strains showed significantly increased degradation of BHC, correlated with their greater γ BHC resistance, whereas rates were about the same in normal flies and the two strains of L. cuprina.
The sorghum midge complex (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Harris K. M.
Published: July 2009

Nine species of Cecidomyiid midges, including Contarinia sorghicola. (Coq.), C. andropogonis Felt, C. caudata Felt, C. palposa Blanch., Stenodiplosis sp., ? Lestodiplosis sp., Clinodiplosis sp., a species of Lasiopterariae and an undescribed species of Bifila, have been recorded from the inflorescences of cultivated sorghums (Sorghum vulgare) and related wild hosts. New morphological and other studies of this complex, involving the use of new techniques which are described, have elucidated the complex without recourse to biological testing.

Contarinia, sorghicola with which C. andropogonis and C. palposa are placed in synonymy, and a new species, Stenodiplosis sorghi, here described, are the only valid species which are primary feeders on cultivated and wild species of the genus Sorghum. Contarinia caudata is a distinct species reared from the grass Apluda varia. Contarinia gambae, a second species described as new, on the basis of specimens reared from the grass Andropogon gay anus, was formerly misidentified as C. sorghicola. C. sorghicola, S. sorghi and C. gambae are described and figured in detail. A species tentatively placed in Lestodiplosis and a species of Clinodiplosis are comparatively rare and of no economic importance. The record of a species of Lasiopterariae from a wild sorghum is believed probably to have been based on a misidentification of the host, and a species previously referred to as the ‘ 3rd Bifila ’ from A. gayanus has no real connection with the sorghum midge complex.
Effect of temperature and humidity onTrogoderma anthrenoides(Sharp)(Coleoptera, Dermestidae) and comparisons with related species
Authors: Burges H. D. , Cammell M. E.
Published: July 2009

The egg production and development ofTrogoderma anthrenoides(Sharp) has been studied over a range of temperatures from 17·5 to 37·5°C. and in relative humidities of 70 per cent, and near 0 per cent.

At 70 per cent. R.H., the minimal temperature for development was between 17·5 and 20°C. and the maximum between 35 and 37·5°C. Adult females, which apparently required no food, lived on average 18 days at 37·5°C., this period increasing with falling temperature to 146 days at 17·5°C. The greatest number of eggs, a mean of 54 per female present, were laid at 27·5°C. The quickest development occurred at 35°C., females taking a mean of 44.7 days (egg 6; larva 34·3; pupa 4·4). Male larvae developed slightly faster and male adults died a little earlier than females.

Near-zero humidity shortened adult life, reduced egg production and prevented the development of larvae.

Some larvae entered a condition that is probably a facultative diapause resembling that ofT. parabileBeal. The diapause was terminated by an increase in volume of food combined with a change of temperature.

The biology ofT. anthrcnoidesresembles that of two minor pests,T. parabileandT. inclusumLee., more than that of the important pestT. granariumEverts. The first two species show no signs of becoming serious pests. It is concluded thatT. anthrcnoidesprobably has the potential only of a minor pest.
The ovarian condition of certain sylvan mosquitos in Uganda (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Corbet Philip S.
Published: July 2009

This paper records the ovarian condition of sylvan Culicine mosquitos caught resting and biting in Uganda. Information provided for the commoner species includes Sella's stages of blood-digestion, Christophers' ovarian stages (modified) for nullipars and pars, and sac stages for pars.

The distribution of Sella's stages among resting populations indicates that the several species differ widely in the resting sites chosen by blood-fed females. Among the species studied, Mansonia, fuscopennata (Theo.), M. africana (Edw.), M. uniformis (Theo.) and Culex annulioris Theo. are unusual in that many females probably rest outside forest after a blood-meal.

The ovarian stage in which nullipars and pars come to bite is often characteristic of a species. Nullipars and pars of one species may bite in the same ovarian stage, or in different stages. In species of Mansonia (Coquillettidia) nullipars are typically more advanced than pars, apparently because there is extensive use of food reserves which are exhausted before the first blood-meal; in such species ovarian development can also be discerned in pars between oviposition and a blood-meal, but it is extremely slight. In certain Aedes (subgenera Finlaya and Stegomyia), pars are typically more advanced than nullipars, and among those studied here it is only species of this type which to any extent show the pattern long regarded as normal in Anophelines. Wide variation in ovarian stages of biting nullipars of Aedes raises the possibility that limited autogeny may exist in some of the species studied.
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF OUTSIDE POWERS FOR ACTS OF SECESSIONIST ENTITIES
Authors: Talmon Stefan
Published: July 2009

In August 2008, Georgia instituted proceedings against the Russian Federation before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to establish its international responsibility for alleged acts of racial discrimination against the ethnic Georgian population in South Ossetia and Abkhazia by ‘thede factoSouth Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist authorities […] supported by the Russian Federation’. In order to establish the international responsibility of an outside power for the internationally wrongful conduct of a secessionist entity, it must be shown, inter alia, that the acts or omissions of the secessionist entity areattributableto the outside power. International tribunals usually determine the question of attribution on the basis of whether the authorities of the secessionist entity were ‘controlled’ by the outside power when performing the internationally wrongful conduct. Attribution thus becomes a question of how one defines ‘control’. The test of control of authorities and military forces of secessionist entities has become perhaps the most cited example of the fragmentation of international law. The ICJ, the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and the European Court of Human Rights have all developed and applied their own tests in order to establish whether a secessionist entity has been ‘controlled’ by an outside power. There is a lot of confusion about the various tests, usually referred to as the ‘effective control’, ‘overall control’ and ‘effective overall control’ tests. This article sets out the various control tests, their requirements and areas of application, and asks which test or tests should be applied to attribute the internationally wrongful conduct of a secessionist entity to an outside power.
ARTICLE 23 OF THE BRUSSELS I REGULATION: A COMPREHENSIVE CODE FOR JURISDICTION AGREEMENTS?
Authors: Merrett Louise
Published: July 2009

Article 23 of the Brussels I Regulation gives effect to exclusive jurisdiction agreements and also sets out certain requirements which must be satisfied in relation to such agreements. The precise role of these formality requirements, however, remains controversial. In particular, the extent to which Article 23 itself sets out an exclusive and comprehensive code is unclear. The purpose of this article is to argue that the requirements of Article 23 are both necessary and sufficient conditions for the material validity of jurisdiction agreements in Brussels I Regulation cases.
CLIMATE FINANCE AND ITS GOVERNANCE: MOVING TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY THROUGH SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE FINANCING?
Authors: Richardson Benjamin J
Published: July 2009

‘Climate finance’ is becoming an important feature of the emerging legal and policy regimes to address global warming. However, the current approach largely confines the financial sector to a transactional agent to mobilise capital for clean energy and to broker emission allowance trading. The sector's potential to leverage more sweeping positive changes in the economy as sought historically through the movement for socially responsible investment (SRI) has been insufficiently acknowledged. Indirectly, by regulating greenhouse gases the legal system is helping to create a business case for investors to respond to climate change threats. However, the potential contribution of SRI to address climate change problems more comprehensively is presently limited owing to inadequate governance frameworks, as well the sector's increasing abandonment of its traditional ethical agenda.
THE DIRECT SETTLEMENT OF EC CARTEL CASES
Authors: Stephan Andreas
Published: July 2009

In June 2008 the European Commission adopted a system of direct settlement for cartel cases, inspired by a comparative glance across the Atlantic where the majority of antitrust defendants enter negotiated guilty pleas. Whereas settlements in Europe are viewed as a method for expediting the conclusion of cases (distinct from the leniency notice), in the US they complement the offer of immunity as a device for encouraging cooperation. In both jurisdictions they have the effect of reducing the levels of fines imposed. This paper compares how well the two systems fare at enhancing administrative efficiency and deterrence, while maintaining transparency.
Middle Eastern Americana: Beyond Orientalism
Authors: Friedlander Jonathan
Published: July 2009

From a float decorated as their ibis-headed Egyptian namesake, tarboosh-topped members of the Krewe of Thoth toss trinkets to happy throngs along St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans. The occasion is Mardi Gras—not a day but a season in this legendary American city. Along with Thoth parade the krewes (social clubs) of Babylon, Isis, and Cleopatra, among others, the last group winding through Algiers, the second-oldest neighborhood in New Orleans, on the west bank of the Mississippi across from the French Quarter.
THE DUBAI MODEL: AN OUTLINE OF KEY DEVELOPMENT-PROCESS ELEMENTS IN DUBAI
Authors: Hvidt Martin
Published: July 2009

The developmental process as it unfolds in Dubai has hardly been analyzed by academics. Most current knowledge about the country originates from media coverage, especially from news magazines and business literature. Recently a number of social science based but historically oriented academic publications have appeared. Only one study, however, has seriously sought to place Dubai in a broader developmental framework: Sampler and Eigner'sFrom Sand to Silicon, published in 2003. Yet, by applying the so-called strategic trajectory model to the case of Dubai, they reduce their focus to the management side. Their aim is too narrow to provide an explanation of the overall development process in Dubai.