bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A double-network strategy for the tough tissue adhesion of hydrogels with long-term stability under physiological environment
Authors: Wang Shuyang , Li Jieru , Pan Yudong , Liu Fengkai , Zeng Liangsong , Gao Yang , Lu Tongqing
Published: July 2022

We propose a facile “double-network” strategy for tough hydrogel adhesive with long-term stability under the physiological environment. The primary network is covalently crosslinked with tunable hydrophilicity, and the secondary network is noncovalently crosslinked.
Tailoring trimetallic CoNiFe oxide nanostructured catalysts for the efficient electrochemical conversion of methane to methanol
Authors: Zeng Libin , Thiruppathi Antony R. , van der Zalm Joshua , Shi Tony , Chen Aicheng
Published: July 2022

The electrochemical conversion of methane to methanol and other oxygenates is of considerable importance to address pressing environmental and energy issues.
Thermoelectric properties and low thermal conductivity of Zintl compound Yb10MnSb9
Authors: Borgsmiller Leah , Snyder G. Jeffrey
Published: July 2022

This first report of the thermal conductivity in Yb10MnSb9 shows an ultralow thermal conductivity, even lower than Yb14MnSb11. This along with a high Seebeck value, gives this material a moderate zT which has room for further improvement.
A self-regenerating 3D sponge evaporator with a tunable porous structure for efficient solar desalination
Authors: Anukunwithaya Patsaya , Koh J. Justin , Chuan Yeo Jayven Chee , Liu Siqi , Hou Xunan , Liu Nanxue , He Chaobin
Published: July 2022

Bottom-up design of 3D evaporator with high water evaporation rate shows excellent salt-rejection ability for effective and perpetual solar desalination system.
Antiviral effects of coinage metal-based nanomaterials to combat COVID-19 and its variants
Authors: Mushtaq Asim , Iqbal M. Zubair , Kong Xiangdong
Published: July 2022

Multidisciplinary scientific approaches have been employed to fight against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and coinage metal-based nanomaterials have possessed promising antiviral ability to combat COVID-19, its variants and other contagious viruses.
PgC3Mg metal–organic cages functionalized hydrogels with enhanced bioactive and ROS scavenging capabilities for accelerated bone regeneration
Authors: Tan Xiujun , Wu Jiayi , Wang Rui , Wang Chenglin , Sun Yimin , Wang Zhenming , Ye Ling
Published: July 2022

PgC3Mg metal–organic cages functionalized GelMA hydrogel with enhanced bioactive and ROS scavenging capabilities. The multifunctional GelMA/PgC3Mg hydrogel can promote osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo.
Early biochemical observations point to nutritional strategies to manage non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Calder Philip C.
Published: July 2022

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease globally. The first stage of NAFLD is steatosis, the accumulation of triacylglycerols within hepatocytes. Inflammation and oxidative stress both contribute to progression to more severe disease. In 2004 Clinical Science published two papers reporting on fatty acids and oxidative stress markers in the livers of patients with NAFLD; both these papers are highly cited. One paper reported an altered pattern of fatty acids within the livers of patients with NAFLD; there was a lower contribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including both n - 6 and n - 3 PUFAs and an altered balance between n - 6 and n - 3 PUFAs in favour of the former. Ratios of precursor PUFAs to their long chain more unsaturated derivatives were altered in NAFLD and were interpreted to indicate a reduced activity of the pathway of synthesis of long chain highly unsaturated PUFAs. The authors interpreted their findings to indicate that a low hepatic content of n - 3 PUFAs has a causal role in NAFLD. The second paper reported lower hepatic antioxidant defences and increased markers of oxidative stress in NAFLD, consistent with a role for oxidative stress in the disease. Many studies have now explored the effect of supplemental n - 3 PUFAs or antioxidants, including vitamin E, in patients with NAFLD with some benefits being reported. There remains much interest in n - 3 PUFAs and antioxidants as preventive and therapeutic strategies in NAFLD and therefore it seems likely that citation of the two papers from 2004 will be sustained.
A selective image encryption scheme using LICC hyperchaotic system
Authors: Wei Chengjing , Li Guodong
Published: July 2022

In this paper, an improved multi‐dimensional hyperchaotic system derived from the logistic map and the ICMIC based on closed‐loop coupling (LICC hyperchaotic system) is proposed and it is used in the design of selective image encryption. The performance analysis shows that the LICC hyperchaotic system with a strong coupling degree has parameters whose value can be set more flexibly and can generate a wider and more uniform distribution of chaotic sequences. Then selective image encryption is proposed. Firstly, an adaptive pseudo‐random sequence generator based on hash function is designed to ensure the difference of sequences used in different encryption steps. Second, a novel bit‐level scrambling is designed to increase the encryption speed. Finally, an efficient rule to select image blocks with weak security is proposed and the second step of the encryption is performed at the selected blocks of the image to ensure security. The encryption performance and security analysis show that the proposed encryption algorithm based on an improved hyperchaotic system is secure enough to resist several types of attacks.
A novel fixed‐time dynamic surface DC/DC SEPIC converter controller loaded by uncertain buck‐based constant power loads
Authors: Sarrafan Neda , Horiyat Navid , Zarei Jafar , Razavi‐Far Roozbeh , Saif Mehrdad , Dragičević Tomislav
Published: July 2022

The stability analysis of the single‐ended primary‐inductor converter DC/DC converters feeding constant power loads (CPLs) is of major importance. The nonlinear behaviour of CPLs and their negative incremental impedance, which impose adverse effects on system damping and stability margins, necessitate developing proper strategies for an efficient implementation framework of DC microgrid. In this paper, a fixed‐time sliding mode disturbance observer is first addressed to provide an estimation of the power flow moving along the uncertain CPLs with time‐varying nature within a fixed time. It not only expedites the estimation rate but also improves the robustness against physical parameter variation. The fixed‐time dynamic surface control law is then developed based on the estimated load power for the duty cycle of the switch such that the entire power grid becomes stable and the desired voltage of the DC bus is tracked within a fixed time irrespective of the initial conditions. A rigorous Lyapunov‐based approach is represented to guarantee the semi‐global fixed‐time uniform ultimate boundedness of the proposed scheme. Finally, in order to verify the proposed methodology's strengths, Model‐in‐the‐Loop real‐time simulations are performed under various operating case studies.
Intelligent energy management of low carbon hybrid energy system with solid oxide fuel cell and accurate battery model
Authors: Chen Tao , Gao Ciwei , Wang Zhengqin , Ming Hao , Song Meng , Yan Xingyu
Published: July 2022

In this study, an intelligent energy management method is introduced to deal with the hydrogen‐dominant hybrid energy system with low carbon consideration. Specially, both the new type fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cell, and chemical battery are subtly modelled to construct a high‐efficient hybrid energy system, in which the thermodynamics feature and accurate battery model characteristics, as well as low carbon effect, are considered. Because the hybrid energy system incorporates various complex dynamic operation features that are hard to capture via conventional operation strategy, an energy management method based on deep reinforcement learning techniques is proposed to guide the intelligent operation with self‐adaptive performance. In the simulation, it is observed that highly efficient use of hydrogen in the hybrid energy system with the aid of chemical battery could achieve good economic benefit, as well as low carbon advantages. Powered by the gas and chemical energy coupling storage effect and state‐of‐the‐art machine learning methods, the proposed intelligent energy management strategy can benefit more renewable energy adoption and guarantee the ultimate environmental friendly low carbon ecosystem in the long‐term future.
Asteroid taxonomy from cluster analysis of spectrometry and albedo
Authors: Mahlke M. , Carry B. , Mattei P.-A.
Published: July 2022

Context. The classification of the minor bodies of the Solar System based on observables has been continuously developed and iterated over the past 40 yr. While prior iterations followed either the availability of large observational campaigns or new instrumental capabilities opening new observational dimensions, we see the opportunity to improve primarily upon the established methodology.

Aims. We developed an iteration of the asteroid taxonomy which allows the classification of partial and complete observations (i.e. visible, near-infrared, and visible-near-infrared spectrometry) and which reintroduces the visual albedo into the classification observables. The resulting class assignments are given probabilistically, enabling the uncertainty of a classification to be quantified.

Methods. We built the taxonomy based on 2983 observations of 2125 individual asteroids, representing an almost tenfold increase of sample size compared with the previous taxonomy. The asteroid classes are identified in a lower-dimensional representation of the observations using a mixture of common factor analysers model.

Results. We identify 17 classes split into the three complexes C, M, and S, including the new Z-class for extremely-red objects in the main belt. The visual albedo information resolves the spectral degeneracy of the X-complex and establishes the P-class as part of the C-complex. We present a classification tool which computes probabilistic class assignments within this taxonomic scheme from asteroid observations, intrinsically accounting for degeneracies between classes based on the observed wavelength region. The taxonomic classifications of 6038 observations of 4526 individual asteroids are published.

Conclusions. The ability to classify partial observations and the reintroduction of the visual albedo into the classification provide a taxonomy which is well suited for the current and future datasets of asteroid observations, in particular provided by the Gaia, MITHNEOS, NEO Surveyor, and SPHEREx surveys.
Aspects of thermal modeling using digital terrain models
Authors: Gläser P.
Published: July 2022

Context. Our thermal model is adapted and extended in this study. Specifically the aspect of handling indirect radiation, the solar limb darkening effect, and depth profiles are addressed.

Aims. Our goal is to improve the existing thermal model to handle terrain scattering and re-radiation in an adaptive way. In addition, we aim to change previously fixed and manually chosen discretization of the solar limb darkening effect and depth profile to be adaptive and applicable for various planets and purposes.

Methods. The temperature was modeled based on digital terrain models (DTMs) using data of the Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA). New implementations to handle terrain scattering and re-radiation were introduced using level-of-detail techniques. The solar disk was discretized into a variable number of rings and the depth profile was introduced as an exponential function for which the number of nodes and the maximum depth can be chosen.

Results. We present results for the ideal window size and degree of level-of-detail for thermal studies of the Hermean north pole. Further we show that the previous discretization of the solar limb darkening effect proved insufficient for Mercury, and we updated the implementation accordingly. Similarly we improved the implementation for the depth profile. For the first time, we derived depth-to-ice, as well as average and maximum temperature maps based on thermal modeling of the complete north polar MLA DTM.
X-ray view of the 2021 outburst of SXP 15.6: Constraints on the binary orbit and magnetic field of the neutron star
Authors: Vasilopoulos G. , Jaisawal G. K. , Maitra C. , Haberl F. , Maggi P. , Karaferias A. S.
Published: July 2022

Aims.We conducted a spectral and temporal analysis of X-ray data from the Be X-ray binary pulsar SXP 15.6 located in the Small Magellanic Cloud based onNuSTAR,NICER, andSwiftobservations during the 2021 outburst.

Methods.We present the broadband X-ray spectra of the system based on simultaneousNuSTARandNICERobservations for the first time. Moreover, we used monitoring data to study the spectral and temporal properties of the system during the outburst.

Results.Comparison of the evolution of the 2021 outburst with archival data reveals a consistent pattern of variability, with multiple peaks occurring at time intervals similar to the orbital period of the system (∼36 d). Our spectral analysis indicates that most of the energy is released at high energies above 10 keV, while we found no cyclotron absorption line in the spectrum. Analysing of the spectral evolution during the outburst, we find that the spectrum is softer when brighter, which in turn reveals that the system is probably in the super-critical regime in which the accretion column is formed. This places an upper limit on the magnetic field of the system of about 7 × 1011G. The spin-evolution of the neutron star (NS) during the outburst is consistent with an NS with a low magnetic field (∼5 × 1011G), while there is evident orbital modulation that we modelled, and we derived the orbital parameters. We found the orbit to have a moderate eccentricity of ∼0.3. Our estimates of the magnetic field are consistent with the lack of an electron cyclotron resonance scattering feature in the broadband X-ray spectrum.
Automatic sequences of rank two
Authors: Bell Jason P. , Shallit Jeffrey
Published: July 2022

Given a right-infinite word x over a finite alphabetA, therankof x is the size of the smallest setSof words overAsuch that x can be realized as an infinite concatenation of words inS. We show that the property of having rank two is decidable for the class ofk-automatic words for each integerk≥ 2.
COVID-19 pandemic impact on the Spanish radiation protection professionals
Authors: García-Baonza R. , Sáez-Muñoz M. , Candela-Juan C. , Rozas S. , Camp A. , Martínez J. , Andresz S.
Published: July 2022

The pandemic situation, originated due to the appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, changed many aspects of our lives and jobs. This health crisis also affected the day-to-day work of radiation protection experts, including the wide range of areas involved in this sector. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of this pandemic on the Spanish radiation protection experts. For that purpose, a Google Forms online survey was developed with 39 questions. The survey covered different aspects related to the work developed by the Spanish professionals, taking into account three different time periods along the pandemic situation. According to this survey, the appearance of COVID-19 modified the labour conditions and modalities of many Spanish radiation protection professionals, especially at the beginning of the pandemic. Most on-site activities were related to the health sector and the nuclear industry, other sectors were more flexible, and the workload increased for half of the surveyed participants. Many operational activities suffered delays due to the pandemic, whereas the one-month wearing period of passive personal dosimeters was extended in most cases during the first Spanish alarm state (15th March 2020 up to the 21st June 2020). Finally, difficulties faced in terms of the working area have been identified and may be useful for the future.
Examination of Language, Behavioral, Academic, and Social Skills of Cochlear Implant Users in Early Primary Education
Authors: İkiz Merve , Yücel Esra
Published: July 2022

Abstract Background Cochlear implants (CIs) improve spoken language skills as well as social and academic performance in children with severe and profound sensorineural hearing loss. Purpose We compare the social skills, academic competence, and
problem behaviors in children with CIs and their typical-hearing peers and investigate the relationship between language skills and social skills, academic competence, and problem behaviors in children with CIs. Research Design Thirty-two children with CIs were divided into
two groups according to implantation age: early (n = 17) and late-implanted group (n = 15). The control group was formed by the inclusion of five same-sex classmates of each implanted child selected by the teachers of the children with CIs. Thus, 160
typical-hearing children were included in the control group. Study Sample Thirty-two children with CIs and 160 typical-hearing children participated in this study. Data collection and analysis Primary school teachers rated the children's social skills, academic
competence, and problem behaviors using the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS). The language skills of the children with CIs were assessed with the Turkish Expressive and Receptive Language Test (TIFALDI). Results A statistically significant difference was found between the
SSRS scores of the study and control groups, which was mostly due to lower social skills, and academic competence, and higher problem behavior ratings in the late-implanted group. In the study group, there was a statistically significant correlation between TIFALDI and SSRS scores. Conclusion Early
cochlear implantation provides advantages in social skills and vocabulary for children with profound congenital hearing loss. Late-implanted children need special support in different developmental areas despite attending mainstream education.
Xanthogranulomatous Oophoritis in the Setting of Post-IVF Twin Pregnancy with History of Endometriosis: A Rare Case Report with Review of Literature
Authors: Pendharkar Chinmay Shrikrishna , B.S Sunita , Pendkur Ganesh , Nandagawe Dheeraj J.
Published: July 2022

Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is an uncommon, nonneoplastic, chronic process in which the affected organ is destroyed by massive cellular infiltration of foamy histiocytes admixed with multinucleated giant cells, plasma cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, and foci of necrosis. The organs most commonly affected by this entity are kidney and gallbladder. Only a few cases involving the ovary have been reported. The etiology of this entity is unknown, but the associated risk factors are infection, inappropriate antibiotic therapy, use of intrauterine contraceptive device, abnormalities in lipid metabolism, endometriosis, leiomyoma, and recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease. The current case was a 31-year-old female with post-in vitro fertilization (post-IVF) twin pregnancy, who presented with pain in the abdomen, provisionally diagnosed as ovarian mass with suspicion of malignancy. Patient was treated with antibiotics and an elective lower segment cesarean section was planned, due to lower abdominal pain and the presentation of both fetuses being breech. Patient underwent exploratory laparotomy with right oophorectomy and left double-J stenting, in view of left hydronephrosis. Diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous oophoritis was established on histopathological examination. There is only a single case; previously documented from India, in the setting of primary infertility. The present case report stresses that the condition may affect women of any age group and may be encountered in pregnancy, as has been observed in this case. Hence, thinking about this differential diagnosis in the cases presenting with similar complaints, would be of great value to avoid misdiagnosing them.
Controlling excitons in the quantum tunneling regime in a hybrid plasmonic/2D semiconductor interface
Authors: Ferrera M. , Rahaman M. , Sanders S. , Pan Y. , Milekhin I. , Gemming S. , Alabastri A. , Bisio F. , Canepa M. , Zahn D. R. T.
Published: July 2022

The electromagnetic field confinement and amplification typical of nano-sized metallic objects supporting localized surface plasmon resonances, i.e., light-induced collective electronic oscillations, can significantly strengthen the interaction of light with atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides. In view of the realization of plasmon-enhanced devices, it is crucial to investigate the effects induced by light confinement within metallic nanostructures on the excitonic properties of these materials at the nanoscale. Here, we exploit tip-enhanced photoluminescence spectroscopy to locally control the excitons of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) coupled with gold nanotriangles in the quantum tunneling regime. The spatial resolution of 10 nm in the tip-enhanced photoluminescence measurements made it possible to image the light-emission related properties of monolayer MoS2 across one single metallic nanostructure and to investigate the effect of the plasmonic enhancement on its photoluminescence peak. Moreover, by taking advantage of the degree of freedom given by the tuning of the tip-sample distance; it was possible to probe the effect of the plasmonic pico-cavity size on the photoluminescence quenching rate of monolayer MoS2.
A resistive MHD model and simulation on plasma flow evolution in the presence of resonant magnetic perturbation in a tokamak
Authors: Zhu Ping , Ma Fangyuan , Yan Xingting , Huang Wenlong
Published: July 2022

Nonaxisymmetric magnetic fields such as the intrinsic error field and the externally applied resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) in a tokamak are known to influence the plasma momentum transport and flow evolution through plasma response, which itself strongly depends on the plasma flow as well. The nonlinear interaction between plasma response and flow has been previously modeled in the conventional error field theory with the “no-slip” condition, which has been recently extended to allow the “free-slip” condition. In this work, we further target this specific process and numerically simulate the nonlinear plasma response and flow evolution in the presence of a single-helicity RMP in a circular-shaped model tokamak configuration, based on the full resistive MHD model in the initial-value code NIMROD. Time evolution of the parallel (to k) flow or “slip frequency” profile and its asymptotic steady state obtained from the NIMROD simulations are compared with both conventional and extended nonlinear response theories. Here, k is the wave vector of the propagating island. Good agreement with the extended theory with free-slip condition has been achieved for the parallel flow profile evolution in response to RMP in all resistive regimes, whereas the difference from the conventional theory with the no-slip condition tends to diminish as the plasma resistivity approaches zero.
Laser scattering from the Ag nanofluids droplet on a plate and the surface tension measurement by scattering technique
Authors: Luo Daobin , Wu Shengbo , Yan Peidong , Xie Jiaojiao , Zhu Qiao
Published: July 2022

We developed a new optical method to detect the variation of the surface tension in this work. The distribution of laser scattering from Ag nanofluids droplet on the inclined plate was collected experimentally, and the Airy structures were found in the scattering distribution. The relationship between the scattering field distribution and the liquid surface tension was derived theoretically, and the dependence of the Airy peak of the laser scattering on the surface tension was provided. Based on the relationship between the scattering field distribution and the surface tension, an optical method for the relative measurement of surface tension is established. The surface tensions of Ag nanofluids at different concentrations were measured by this optical means, and it is easy to detect the variation of Airy peak gap vs the Ag particle concentration. The results show that the surface tension of Ag nanofluids decreases with the particle concentration increase when the concentration is less than 3.16 wt. %. This work provides a new idea for surface tension measurement of nanofluids, and it has applications in the field of nanofluids wetting.
Anomalous convective transport of the tokamak edge plasma, caused by the inhomogeneous ion cyclotron parametric turbulence
Authors: Mikhailenko V. S. , Mikhailenko V. V. , Lee Hae June
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we develop the kinetic and hydrodynamic theories of the convective mesoscale flows driven by the spatially inhomogeneous electrostatic ion cyclotron parametric microturbulence in the pedestal plasma with a sheared poloidal flow. The developed kinetic theory predicts the generation of the sheared poloidal convective flow and of the radial compressed flow with radial flow velocity gradient. The developed hydrodynamic theory of the convective flows reveals the radial compressed convective flow as the dominant factor in the formation of the steep pedestal density profile with density gradient exponentially growing with time. This gradient density growth is limited by the formation of the radial oscillating with time ion outflow of pedestal plasma to the scrape-off layer.
Reduced fluctuations for bosons in a double well
Authors: Olgiati Alessandro
Published: July 2022

We review two recent results on the ground state properties of bosonic systems trapped by a double well external potential. In the limit of a large number of particles and large separation between the wells, we prove that fluctuations in the number of particles occupying each single-well low-energy mode occur at a reduced scale with respect to N, the latter being the typical prediction of the central limit theorem. This signals the breakdown of the independent and uncorrelated particle picture of standard Bose–Einstein condensation and the emergence of an interaction-driven correlated phase in the ground state.
Modeling of saturated external MHD instabilities in tokamaks: A comparison of 3D free boundary equilibria and nonlinear stability calculations
Authors: Ramasamy R. , Ramirez G. Bustos , Hoelzl M. , Graves J. , López G. Suárez , Lackner K. , Günter S. ,   JOREK team
Published: July 2022

3D free boundary equilibrium computations have recently been used to model external kinks and edge harmonic oscillations (EHOs), comparing with linear MHD stability codes, and nonlinear analytic theory [Kleiner et al., Phys. Plasma Controlled Fusion 61, 084005 (2019)]. In this study, results of the VMEC equilibrium code are compared further with nonlinear reduced MHD simulations, using the JOREK code. The purpose of this investigation was to understand the extent to which the modeling approaches agree, and identify the important physical effects, which can modify the dynamics. For the simulated external kink, which is dominated by a single toroidal harmonic, good agreement is found when a large Lundquist number is used in the JOREK simulation, such that resistive effects are sub-dominant. Modeling EHOs where multiple toroidal harmonics are linearly unstable, the saturated perturbation observed can differ in the dominant toroidal harmonic. On the ideal timescale, a n = 2 EHO is observed in JOREK, while the saturated perturbation predicted by VMEC is a n = 1 mode. Extending simulations into timescales where resistive effects can play a role, similar n = 1 perturbations can be found. The coupling of different linearly unstable toroidal harmonics in the JOREK simulation broadens the magnetic energy spectrum and ergodises the plasma edge region, resulting in a more localized pressure perturbation. These effects are not observed in VMEC, because closed magnetic flux surfaces are enforced. Despite the sensitivity of JOREK results on the assumed resistivity, saturated states can be found using both approaches that are in reasonable agreement, even for this more advanced case.
Role of self-generated magnetic fields in the inertial fusion ignition threshold
Authors: Sadler James D. , Walsh Christopher A. , Zhou Ye , Li Hui
Published: July 2022

Magnetic fields spontaneously grow at unstable interfaces around hot-spot asymmetries during inertial confinement fusion implosions. Although difficult to measure, theoretical considerations and numerical simulations predict field strengths exceeding 5 kT in current National Ignition Facility experiments. Magnetic confinement of electrons then reduces the rate of hot-spot heat loss by >5%. We demonstrate this via magnetic post-processing of two-dimensional xRAGE hydrodynamic simulation data at bang time. We then derive a model for the self-magnetization, finding that it varies with the square of the hot-spot temperature and inversely with the areal density. The self-magnetized Lawson analysis then gives a slightly reduced ignition threshold. Time-dependent hot-spot energy balance models corroborate this finding, with the magnetic field quadrupling the fusion yield for near-threshold parameters. The inclusion of magnetized multi-dimensional fluid instabilities could further alter the ignition threshold and will be the subject of future work.
Self-generated magnetic field in ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability
Authors: Zhang D. , Li J. , Xin J. , Yan R. , Wan Z. , Zhang H. , Zheng J.
Published: July 2022

Self-generated magnetic fields in single-mode ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability (ARTI) relevant to the acceleration phase of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions are studied via two dimensional simulations. In ARTI, ∼100 T magnetic fields can be generated via the Biermann battery source without considering the Nernst effect. The Nernst effect significantly compresses the magnetic field against the electron temperature gradient and amplifies the peak value by more than three times. A scaling law for the magnetic flux is obtained, and it well predicts the evolution of the magnetic field from linear to deeply nonlinear phases of ARTI. The self-generated magnetic field reduces the ablation near the spike and reduces the width of bubbles by magnetizing the electron heat flows, which results in higher magnitude vorticity inside the bubble and enhances the nonlinear ARTI bubble penetration velocity for short-wavelength modes. The bubble velocity boosting due to self-generated magnetic field indicates the larger impact of the short-wavelength ARTI modes on ICF implosion performance than previously expected.
B800-to-B850 relaxation of excitation energy in bacterial light harvesting: All-state, all-mode path integral simulations
Authors: Kundu Sohang , Dani Reshmi , Makri Nancy
Published: July 2022

We report fully quantum mechanical simulations of excitation energy transfer within the peripheral light harvesting complex (LH2) of Rhodopseudomonas molischianum at room temperature. The exciton–vibration Hamiltonian comprises the 16 singly excited bacteriochlorophyll states of the B850 (inner) ring and the 8 states of the B800 (outer) ring with all available electronic couplings. The electronic states of each chromophore couple to 50 intramolecular vibrational modes with spectroscopically determined Huang–Rhys factors and to a weakly dissipative bath that models the biomolecular environment. Simulations of the excitation energy transfer following photoexcitation of various electronic eigenstates are performed using the numerically exact small matrix decomposition of the quasiadiabatic propagator path integral. We find that the energy relaxation process in the 24-state system is highly nontrivial. When the photoexcited state comprises primarily B800 pigments, a rapid intra-band redistribution of the energy sharply transitions to a significantly slower relaxation component that transfers 90% of the excitation energy to the B850 ring. The mixed character B850* state lacks the slow component and equilibrates very rapidly, providing an alternative energy transfer channel. This (and also another partially mixed) state has an anomalously large equilibrium population, suggesting a shift to lower energy by virtue of exciton–vibration coupling. The spread of the vibrationally dressed states is smaller than that of the eigenstates of the bare electronic Hamiltonian. The total population of the B800 band is found to decay exponentially with a 1/e time of 0.5 ps, which is in good agreement with experimental results.
Dispersion relation for the dust ionization and dust acoustic waves in the gas discharge complex plasma
Authors: Zhukhovitskii D. I.
Published: July 2022

A theoretical approach is developed for the dust ionization (DIW) and dust acoustic waves (DAW) propagating in the cloud of microparticles in the low-pressure gas discharge under microgravity conditions. The theory explores the fluid approximation for the microparticle subsystem of complex plasma combined with the kinetic equation for the ions. In the one-dimensional approximation, the wave equation is obtained whose solution defines the dispersion relation for the waves in complex plasma involving the oscillations of microparticles. Obtained dispersion relation unifies both the dust ionization and the dust acoustic waves (DIW and DAW, respectively). According to this dispersion relation, the effect of microparticles on the recombination rate leads to a number of peculiarities. Among them are existence of the minimum frequency, above which the wave propagation is possible, a weak dependence of the DIW wave number on the frequency, and a high phase velocity of DIW as compared to DAW. It is demonstrated that no instability of DIW is possible, whereas DAW can reveal instability under proper conditions. Calculation results correlate with those obtained in a recent experiment.
Direct numerical simulation of complete transition to turbulence via first- and second-mode oblique breakdown at a high-speed boundary layer
Authors: Zhou Teng , Liu Zaijie , Lu Yuhan , Wang Ying , Yan Chao
Published: July 2022

Complete transition to turbulence via first- and second-mode oblique breakdown in a high-speed boundary layer at Mach 4.5 is studied by direct numerical simulations (DNS) and linear stability theory (LST). The initial frequency and spanwise wavenumbers for both types of oblique breakdown are determined from LST. Then, DNS is employed to study the main features of the two oblique breakdown types in detail, which has rarely been discussed in previous studies. This includes the main flow structures and evolution of various modes during the linear, nonlinear, and breakdown stages, and both different and similar features for the two oblique breakdown types are summarized. Compared with only one type of low-speed streak existing for first-mode oblique breakdown, two types occur in the second-mode oblique breakdown, and the generation mechanism, evolution process, and role of the low-speed streaks are studied. Subsequently, the generation mechanism of both the heat transfer and skin-friction overshoot during both oblique breakdowns is illustrated with emphasis on the heat transfer overshoot for the second mode, which occurs at the laminar stage. Finally, both types of oblique breakdown are the likely path to a fully developed turbulent flow, although the unstable region for the second-mode oblique waves is short and for the first-mode oblique waves is amplified slowly.
Three-dimensional electron temperature measurement of inertial confinement fusion hotspots using x-ray emission tomography
Authors: Wong Ka Wai , Bachmann Benjamin
Published: July 2022

We present a novel approach to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) electron temperature distributions of inertially confined fusion plasma hotspots at the National Ignition Facility. Using very limited number of two-dimensional (2D) x-ray imaging lines of sight, we perform 3D reconstructions of x-ray emission distributions from different x-ray energy channels ranging from 20 to 30 keV. 2D time-integrated x-ray images are processed using the algebraic reconstruction technique to reconstruct a 3D hotspot x-ray emission distribution that is self-consistent with the input images. 3D electron temperatures are computed using the energy channel ratios. We demonstrate the high accuracy and applicability of this method with different complex hotspot geometries in both synthetic and experimental results.
A phenomenological study and comparison of the characteristics of droplet impact liquid film dynamics on randomly rough surfaces
Authors: Wang Liwen , Huo Jinjian , Tang Jie , Shi Xudong
Published: July 2022

The fouling of aero-engine blades is the main cause of degradation of engine performance and online washing is one of the most effective methods for restoring engine performance. The flow characteristics of the washing fluid after it impinges on the blade surface are critical to the process. The liquid film flow becomes complicated after being impacted by a droplet, because the fouling blade is a random rough surface. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dynamical characteristics of droplets after they impact the liquid film, focusing on the diameter, the height of the coronal water bloom, and the near-wall flow. We establish a random rough surface to simulate the droplet impacting the liquid film on the fouling surface and analyze the morphological evolution of the corona during the droplet impact process. The results show that an increase in the particle size has a greater impact on the coronal diameter than the coronal height. In addition, a higher droplet impact velocity and thicker liquid film are conducive to the secondary atomization of droplets and improve the transport rate of the cleaning solution. However, the flowability of the liquid film at the impact point is best when the droplet impacts the thin liquid film. Increasing the thickness of the liquid film gradually helps to improve its overall fluidity and results in a better cleaning effect.
Building a ship in a bottle for neutrino science
Authors: Heavey Anne
Published: July 2022

In a former gold mine in South Dakota, an international particle-physics experiment will delve into the unexplained matter–antimatter imbalance that gave rise to the universe.
Everyone’s a winner if we test less: the
Authors: Walsh Oliver , Harris Roger , Flower Oliver , Anstey Matthew , McGain Forbes
Published: July 2022

In this era of ‘Choosing Wisely,’ we present a four-step action plan to reduce unnecessary pathology testing and the associated patient harm (blood loss through repeated phlebotomy), economic cost and environmental impact. The authors are experts from the CODA group; a medical education and health-promotion charity that aims to build on the Choosing Wisely initiative to provide meaningful and sustainable actions to reduce the carbon footprint of healthcare, globally. Pathology testing is expensive and carbon-intensive, with as many as half of all tests being not clinically indicated. Reducing unnecessary testing is the only effective way to decrease the carbon footprint and other associated costs, as opportunities to reuse and recycle pathology specimens are limited. The four key steps for action are (i) auditing local practice; (ii) defining unnecessary testing including developing a clinical guideline for rational ordering; (iii) educating stakeholders; and (iv) measuring the impact of the intervention through re-audit. This proven method is designed to be used in any healthcare setting around the world; having a small group of passionate ‘champions’ is thought to be as important as strong clinical governance and more important than access to sophisticated equipment. Electronic medical record systems and other technological solutions offer new ways to help establish a sustainability mindset and reduce unnecessary testing. The Codachange.org/coda-earth/ website provides a dynamic crowdsourcing platform through which we can collectively learn to meet the diverse needs of our international medical community. Self-reported outcomes are gamified through collaborative feedback, amplification via social media and the ability to earn rewards, be uploaded to the CODA website, or added to the template as a success story. By combining our existing local networks with the emerging international CODA community, we can initiate meaningful change now and enter the era of environmental stewardship.
Adolescent development of multiscale structural wiring and functional interactions in the human connectome
Authors: Park Bo-yong , Paquola Casey , Bethlehem Richard A. I. , Benkarim Oualid ,   Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (NSPN) Consortium, Mišić Bratislav , Smallwood Jonathan , Bullmore Edward T. , Bernhardt Boris C. , Bullmore Edward , Dolan Raymond , Goodyer Ian , Fonagy Peter , Jones Peter , Moutoussis Michael , Hauser Tobias , Neufeld Sharon , Romero-Garcia Rafael , St Clair Michelle , Vértes Petra , Whitaker Kirstie , Inkster Becky , Prabhu Gita , Ooi Cinly , Toseeb Umar , Widmer Barry , Bhatti Junaid , Villis Laura , Alrumaithi Ayesha , Birt Sarah , Bowler Aislinn , Cleridou Kalia , Dadabhoy Hina , Davies Emma , Firkins Ashlyn , Granville Sian , Harding Elizabeth , Hopkins Alexandra , Isaacs Daniel , King Janchai , Kokorikou Danae , Maurice Christina , McIntosh Cleo , Memarzia Jessica , Mills Harriet , O’Donnell Ciara , Pantaleone Sara , Scott Jenny , Kiddle Beatrice , Polek Ela , Fearon Pasco , Suckling John , van Harmelen Anne-Laura , Kievit Rogier , Chamberlain Sam
Published: July 2022

Adolescence is a time of profound changes in the physical wiring and function of the brain. Here, we analyzed structural and functional brain network development in an accelerated longitudinal cohort spanning 14 to 25 y (n= 199). Core to our work was an advanced in vivo model of cortical wiring incorporating MRI features of corticocortical proximity, microstructural similarity, and white matter tractography. Longitudinal analyses assessing age-related changes in cortical wiring identified a continued differentiation of multiple corticocortical structural networks in youth. We then assessed structure–function coupling using resting-state functional MRI measures in the same participants both via cross-sectional analysis at baseline and by studying longitudinal change between baseline and follow-up scans. At baseline, regions with more similar structural wiring were more likely to be functionally coupled. Moreover, correlating longitudinal structural wiring changes with longitudinal functional connectivity reconfigurations, we found that increased structural differentiation, particularly between sensory/unimodal and default mode networks, was reflected by reduced functional interactions. These findings provide insights into adolescent development of human brain structure and function, illustrating how structural wiring interacts with the maturation of macroscale functional hierarchies.
Effect of erbium (Er) on the hot cracking behaviour of Al-5Cu alloy
Authors: Zou Minqiang , Ge Zhen , Qi Liang , Zhou Xingyu , Wei Xinyu , Zhang Jiayi , Chen Jiqiang
Published: July 2022

In this paper, the effect of Er on the hot cracking behaviour of Al-5Cu alloy is investigated by the means of wedge moulds, differential hot analyzer, optical microscope, and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the percentage of intergranular low-melting-point eutectic structure is increased by approximately 8% on average per 0.3 wt-% Er additions. The increase of low-melting-point eutectic structure enhances the fluidity of the liquid film in the late solidification stage, resulting in the improvement of the hot cracking resistance of the alloy. Moreover, the Al-5Cu-0.6Er alloy has the best hot cracking resistance under wedge-shaped copper casting experiments.
How urbanization affect the ecosystem health of Tibet based on terrain gradients: a case study of Shannan, China
Authors: Zhang Ji , Shi Yu , Xian Chaofan , Zhang Lu , Zou Ziying
Published: July 2022

Urbanization has significant impacts on ecosystem health (ESH) by affecting land-use patterns. The evaluation of the ESH and the spatial correlations between human interference provides an insight into sustainable development as a response to potential ecological degradation if ESH is threatened by further urbanization. We applied the Vigor-Organization-Resilience-Services (VORS) modelto detect the responses of ESH of Shannan Prefecture in the Tibet to urbanization from 1990 to 2015, based on different levels of terrain gradients. The results show that the ESH of the most areas in Shannan reaches the levels of highest health and average health during the study period. By 2015, the area proportion at the highest health level increased by 0.68%, while that of degraded level decreased by 1.51%. Overall, the ESH of areas tends to shrink at higher-level TGs, and urban sprawl with ESH shrinking existed in middle-level TGs in Shannan. Furthermore, a significant spatial aggregation effect was found concerning that low ESH–high CUL type is mainly distributed on the middle-level TGs with dense human population. The results highlight the needs to rationally organize urbanization process in plateau regions based on different TGs, which contribute to maintain ESH advancing people livelihood improvement.
Antibody evolution to SARS-CoV-2 after single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in humans
Authors: Cho Alice , Muecksch Frauke , Wang Zijun , Ben Tanfous Tarek , DaSilva Justin , Raspe Raphael , Johnson Brianna , Bednarski Eva , Ramos Victor , Schaefer-Babajew Dennis , Shimeliovich Irina , Dizon Juan P. , Yao Kai-Hui , Schmidt Fabian , Millard Katrina G. , Turroja Martina , Jankovic Mila , Oliveira Thiago Y. , Gazumyan Anna , Gaebler Christian , Caskey Marina , Hatziioannou Theodora , Bieniasz Paul D. , Nussenzweig Michel C.
Published: July 2022

The single-dose Ad.26.COV.2 (Janssen) vaccine elicits lower levels of neutralizing antibodies and shows more limited efficacy in protection against infection than either of the two available mRNA vaccines. In addition, Ad.26.COV.2 has been less effective in protection against severe disease during the Omicron surge. Here, we examined the memory B cell response to single-dose Ad.26.COV.2 vaccination. Compared with mRNA vaccines, Ad.26.COV.2 recipients had significantly lower numbers of RBD-specific memory B cells 1.5 or 6 mo after vaccination. Despite the lower numbers, the overall quality of the memory B cell responses appears to be similar, such that memory antibodies elicited by both vaccine types show comparable neutralizing potency against SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 variants. The data help explain why boosting Ad.26.COV.2 vaccine recipients with mRNA vaccines is effective and why the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine can maintain some protective efficacy against severe disease during the Omicron surge.
Metastable skyrmion phase stabilized in wider T–H region of β-Mn type Co7Zn7Mn6 chiral magnet
Authors: Pardeep  , Bitla Yugandhar , Patra Ajit Kumar , Lalita  , Pathak Rohit , Bhattacharya Amrita , Basheed G A
Published: July 2022

We report the evolution of magnetic phase diagram (

T

,
H

), by accounting for the successive magnetic phase transitions in β-Mn-type Co7Zn7Mn6, a chiral magnet by an elaborate AC susceptibility magnetometry, χ(T, H). The

T

−

H

phase diagram of polycrystalline Co7Zn7Mn6 helimagnet reveals two distinct equilibrium skyrmion phases driven by fluctuations; conventional skyrmion phase (SkX) with helical ordering just below

T

C

 ∼ 215 K and disordered skyrmion phase (DSkX) just above spin-glass region. The topological nature of SkX is due to high (

↑↑

) spins moment and magnetic disorder driven weak pinning effect manifesting into the stabilization of robust meta-stable skyrmion phase (MSkX) by trivial field-cooling via SkX at

T

S
k
X

M

 = 110 K and 150 K. We performed first-principles based density functional theory based calculations, which corroborate with the experimental structural and magnetic ground state of skyrmion-host Co7Zn7Mn6 chiral magnet.