bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atomic spins on surfaces
Authors: Heinrich Andreas
Published: March 2015

When adapted to cryogenic temperatures and high magnetic fields, a scanning tunneling microscope can assemble and probe spin chains, logic gates, and other configurations of magnetic atoms.
Rings of fire: Carbon combustion from soot to stars
Authors: Troy Tyler P. , Ahmed Musahid
Published: March 2015

During combustion, simple carbon compounds grow into complex lattices. A popular model describing that growth process has now passed its first experimental test.
Mitogen-activated protein kinases MpkA and MpkB independently affect micafungin sensitivity in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Yoshimi Akira , Fujioka Tomonori , Mizutani Osamu , Marui Junichiro , Hagiwara Daisuke , Abe Keietsu
Published: March 2015

The transcriptional regulation of the MAPK mpkA and cell wall-related genes in Aspergillus nidulans differs from that of their counterparts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The A. nidulans MAPK MpkB is putatively orthologous to the yeast MAPKs Kss1p and Fus3p. To investigate MpkB and its contribution to cell wall integrity in A. nidulans, we constructed mpkB-disruptant (mpkB∆) strains. We previously showed that mpkA∆ strains exhibited reduced colony growth and increased sensitivity to the β-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitor micafungin. Like mpkA∆ strains, mpkB∆ strains exhibited slight growth retardation and increased sensitivity to micafungin. Although MpkB-dependent signaling modulated the transcription of some cell wall-related genes, the sugar composition of cell wall fractions was similar among wild-type, mpkA∆, and mpkB∆ strains. To elucidate the relationship between MpkA and MpkB pathways, we compared conditional mutants of mpkB with those with mpkA deletion. Sensitivity testing suggested that MpkA and MpkB additively contribute to micafungin activity in A. nidulans.
DNA2 drives processing and restart of reversed replication forks in human cells
Authors: Thangavel Saravanabhavan , Berti Matteo , Levikova Maryna , Pinto Cosimo , Gomathinayagam Shivasankari , Vujanovic Marko , Zellweger Ralph , Moore Hayley , Lee Eu Han , Hendrickson Eric A. , Cejka Petr , Stewart Sheila , Lopes Massimo , Vindigni Alessandro
Published: March 2015

Accurate processing of stalled or damaged DNA replication forks is paramount to genomic integrity and recent work points to replication fork reversal and restart as a central mechanism to ensuring high-fidelity DNA replication. Here, we identify a novel DNA2- and WRN-dependent mechanism of reversed replication fork processing and restart after prolonged genotoxic stress. The human DNA2 nuclease and WRN ATPase activities functionally interact to degrade reversed replication forks with a 5′-to-3′ polarity and promote replication restart, thus preventing aberrant processing of unresolved replication intermediates. Unexpectedly, EXO1, MRE11, and CtIP are not involved in the same mechanism of reversed fork processing, whereas human RECQ1 limits DNA2 activity by preventing extensive nascent strand degradation. RAD51 depletion antagonizes this mechanism, presumably by preventing reversed fork formation. These studies define a new mechanism for maintaining genome integrity tightly controlled by specific nucleolytic activities and central homologous recombination factors.
Assessing actin’s growth rate
Authors: Short Ben
Published: March 2015

In 1981, Pollard and Mooseker used electron microscopy to measure the rate of actin polymerization.
Monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy complicated by twin–twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Noori Muna , Kumar Sailesh
Published: March 2015

Monochorionic twin pregnancies can be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, particularly, as this case describes, if associated with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. This case gives insight into the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of twin-to-twin transfusion treatment, with particular attention to fetoscopic ablation of placental vessels, a technique which optimizes fetal survival whilst minimizing morbidity, and is the treatment of choice for advanced disease.
The challenges and controversies of pregnancy and diabetes
Authors: Thaware Parag , Cauldwell Matthew , McCance David R
Published: March 2015

The care of pregnant women with diabetes can be challenging for both patient and clinician. Via a case of pregnancy in a woman with pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus, this case highlights the key areas in the management of such pregnancies, particularly the importance of pre-conceptual counselling, screening for pregnancy and diabetes-related complications, and optimal glycaemic control. This is illustrated by key findings from the Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome [HAPO] Study and the Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) trial.
Management of a pregnant woman with morbid obesity
Authors: Chiswick Carolyn , Denison Fiona , Fitzwilliams Ben
Published: March 2015

As a result of the global obesity epidemic, more women than ever are starting their pregnancy overweight or obese, putting them at greater risk of pregnancy complications. This case describes the course of a pregnancy in a woman with a BMI of 49 kg/m2. As the case progresses, the challenges associated with such pregnancies are highlighted; in particular, maternal risk such as diabetes and pre-eclampsia as well as surgical and anaesthetic complications.
Vaginal birth after caesarean section
Authors: Atere-Roberts Natalie , Impey Lawrence W , Lee Geraint
Published: March 2015

Whilst success rates are high and catastrophic consequences following vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) are extremely rare, the obstetrician must be alert to the increased fetal and maternal risk associated with VBAC when compared to repeat elective caesarean section. This case, describing a case of VBAC resulting in uterine rupture, demonstrates the importance of close intrapartum monitoring using a partogram and cardiotocography, early recognition of rupture and expeditious management. Alongside the case, factors which may be use to predict successful outcome of a VBAC are discussed, as well as aspects of risk management following any adverse event. Expert commentary from the neonatologist gives insight into the management and prognosis of hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury resulting from birth trauma.
Forewarned is forearmed in massive obstetric haemorrhage
Authors: Kopeika Julia , Bewley Susan , Fitzwilliams Ben , Robinson Susan
Published: March 2015

Postpartum haemorrhage is the commonest life-threatening obstetric emergency that justifies our professional existence. We treat it successfully most of the time, but cannot take any haemorrhage for granted, as this case shows. However, a combination of training, regular drills, and skills, clinical experience, and reflection prepare doctors for the next cases. This case describes a massive postpartum haemorrhage following the induction of labour of an obese multiparous woman. It illustrates several important points in the diagnosis and management of postpartum haemorrhage, and the typical challenges on the frontline of care. The value of early recognition, involvement of experienced staff, efficient communication, and multidisciplinary teamwork (particularly with the haematologist and anaesthetist) is central to the successful management of a sick patient such as this.
Treating urinary incontinence: an evolving challenge for us all
Authors: Cortes Eduard , Webster Louise , Kelleher Con
Published: March 2015

Lower urinary tract symptoms are common, affecting up to 35 % of women in European countries. However, this heterogenous group of symptoms correlates poorly with underlying diagnosis. By describing a case of a 61-year-old woman with troubling urinary urgency, urge incontinence, and frequency, this case provides a systematic approach to aid the assessment, investigation, and management of women presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms.
Cancer and Meaning
Authors: Breitbart William S. , Poppito Shannon R.
Published: March 2015

This chapter provides instructions for conducting the second session of meaning-centered group psychotherapy. The reader is instructed to reintroduce the basic concepts and sources of meaning from the first session, and to explore the topic of ‘Cancer and Meaning’ in light of the guiding theme ‘Identity before and after Cancer Diagnosis.’ By the end of Session 2, the facilitator will have ensured that group members have a general understanding of what their authentic sense of self is and the impact cancer has had on it.
Historical Sources of Meaning
Authors: Breitbart William S. , Poppito Shannon R.
Published: March 2015

This chapter provides instructions for conducting the fourth session of meaning-centered group psychotherapy. The reader is instructed to continue to explore the topic of ‘Historical Sources of Meaning’ and the guiding theme ‘Life as a Legacy.’ Leaders will pick up where they left off from Session 3 by continuing to explore the concept of ‘legacy’ in historical context (e.g., past, present, future). By the end of Session 4, group members will have a solid understanding of the legacy that they live and will give via present roles and accomplishments, and future lessons and wisdom they hope to pass on.
Transitions
Authors: Breitbart William S. , Poppito Shannon R.
Published: March 2015

This chapter provides instructions for conducting the eighth session of meaning-centered group psychotherapy. The reader is instructed to help members to reflect on their group experience in light of the last seven sessions. Facilitators will facilitate dialogue and reflection around members’ thoughts and feeling surrounding the finality of their group experience in light of facing important transitions and facing their own mortality due to their cancer illness. They will also guide the group in exploring what it has been like to share their cancer experiences and life stories with others in the group and to witness others’ stories in return. Time should be given to share and explore members’ final ‘Legacy Projects,’ as well as meaningful experiences within the group process. Time should also be allotted for patients to offer feedback regarding their group experience and hopes for the future.
Mutation rate estimation for 15 autosomal STR loci in a large population from Mainland China
Authors: Zhao Zhuo , Wang Hua , Zhang Jie , Liu Zhi-Peng , Liu Ming , Zhang Yuan , Sun Li , Zhang Hui
Published: March 2015

STR, short trandem repeats, is well known as a type of powerful genetic marker and widely used in studying human population genetics. Compared with the conventional genetic markers, the mutation rate of STR is higher. Additionally, the mutations of STR loci do not lead to genetic inconsistencies between the genotypes of parents and children; therefore, the analysis of STR mutation is more suited to assess the population mutation. In this study, we focused on 15 autosomal STR loci (D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818, FGA). DNA samples from a total of 42416 unrelated healthy individuals (19037 trios) from the population of Mainland China collected between Jan 2012 and May 2014 were successfully investigated. In our study, the allele frequencies, paternal mutation rates, maternal mutation rates and average mutation rates were detected in the 15 STR loci. Furthermore, we also investigated the relationship between paternal ages, maternal ages, pregnant time, area and average mutation rate. We found that paternal mutation rate is higher than maternal mutation rate and the paternal, maternal, and average mutation rates have a positive correlation with paternal ages, maternal ages and times respectively. Additionally, the average mutation rates of coastal areas are higher than that of inland areas. Overall, these results suggest that the 15 autosomal STR loci can provide highly informative polymorphic data for population genetic assessment in Mainland China, as well as confirm and extend the application of STR analysis in population genetics.
An Alternative Method for Processing Northern Blots After Capillary Transfer
Authors: Nilsen Timothy W.
Published: March 2015

Different laboratories use different methods for the prehybridization, hybridization, and washing steps of the northern blotting procedure. In this protocol, a northern blot is pretreated with Church and Gilbert hybridization buffer to block nonspecific probe-binding sites. The immobilized RNA is then hybridized to a DNA probe specific for the RNA of interest. Finally, the membrane is washed and subjected to autoradiography or phosphorimaging. The solutions and conditions described here may be ideal for those who prefer to use fewer ingredients in their solutions. This protocol is designed to achieve the same goals as other northern blotting approaches. It minimizes background (nonspecific adherence of probe to membrane and nonspecific hybridization) and maximizes specific hybridization to RNAs immobilized on a membrane.
Purification of 70S Ribosomes
Authors: Rivera Maria C. , Maguire Bruce , Lake James A.
Published: March 2015

Here we describe the further purification of prokaryotic ribosomal particles obtained after the centrifugation of a crude cell lysate through a sucrose cushion. In this final purification step, a fraction containing ribosomes, ribosomal subunits, and polysomes is centrifuged through a 7%–30% (w/w) linear sucrose gradient to isolate tight couple 70S ribosomes, as well as dissociated 30S and 50S subunits. The tight couples fraction, or translationally active ribosome fraction, is composed of intact vacant ribosomes that can be used in cell-free translation systems.
Multiphoton Excitation of Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Xu Chris , Zipfel Warren R.
Published: March 2015

This introduction reviews the multiphoton excitation cross sections of extrinsic and intrinsic fluorophores, genetically engineered probes, and nanoparticles. We will review the known two-photon excitation cross sections of biological indicators and will discuss several related issues such as how to theoretically estimate and experimentally gauge the two-photon cross section of an indicator. We provide practical guides for experimentally estimating the excitation cross section.
Bridging the gap between biodiversity data and policy reporting needs: An Essential Biodiversity Variables perspective
Authors: Geijzendorffer Ilse R. , Regan Eugenie C. , Pereira Henrique M. , Brotons Lluis , Brummitt Neil , Gavish Yoni , Haase Peter , Martin Corinne S. , Mihoub Jean‐Baptiste , Secades Cristina , Schmeller Dirk S. , Stoll Stefan , Wetzel Florian T. , Walters Michele
Published: March 2015

Political commitment and policy instruments to halt biodiversity loss require robust data and a diverse indicator set to monitor and report on biodiversity trends. Gaps in data availability and narrow‐based indicator sets are significant information barriers to fulfilling these needs.

In this paper, the reporting requirements of seven global or European biodiversity policy instruments were reviewed using the list of Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) as an analytical framework. The reporting requirements for the most comprehensive policy instrument, the United Nation's Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020, were compared with the indicator set actually used for its reporting, to identify current information gaps. To explore the extent to which identified gaps could be bridged, the potential contribution of data mobilization, modelling and further processing of existing data was assessed.

The information gaps identified demonstrate that decision‐makers are currently constrained by the lack of data and indicators on changes in the EBV classes Genetic Composition and, to a lesser extent, Species Populations for which data is most often available. Furthermore, the results show that even when there is a requirement for specific information for reporting, the indicators used may not be able to provide all the information, for example current Convention of Biological Diversity indicators provide relatively little information on changes in the Ecosystem Function and Ecosystem Structure classes. This gap could be partly closed by using existing indicators as proxies, whereas additional indicators may be computed based on available data (e.g. for EBVs in the Ecosystem Structure class). However, for the EBV class Genetic Composition, no immediate improvement based on proxies or existing data seems possible.

Synthesis and applications. Using Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) as a tool, theory‐driven comparisons could be made between the biodiversity information gaps in reporting and indicator sets. Analytical properties, such as an identification of which data and indicator(s) are relevant per EBV, will need to be addressed before EBVs can actually become operational and facilitate the integration of data flows for monitoring and reporting. In the meantime, a first analysis shows that existing indicators and available data offer considerable potential for bridging the identified information gaps.
Better thanFuller: A Two Interests Model of Remedies for Breach of Contract
Authors: Campbell David
Published: March 2015

The attempt to combine the contractual interests properly so‐called with the restitution interest in theFuller andPurdue three interests model of remedies for breach of contract is ineradicably incoherent. Stimulated by reflection on contemporary restitution doctrine's understanding of the quasi‐contractual remedies of recovery andquantum meruit, this paper argues that the complete elimination from the law of contract of the restitution interest, which incorporates those remedies into the three interests model, would improve both the coherence of the model of contractual interests and the substantive law of remedies for breach.
The Human Transplantation (Wales) Act 2013: an Act of Encouragement, not Enforcement
Authors: Douglas James F. , Cronin Antonia J.
Published: March 2015

The Human Transplantation (Wales) Act became law in Wales in September 2013. The Act aims to increase deceased donor organ and tissue donation in Wales by introducing a ‘soft opt‐out’ system to replace the previous requirement of express ‘appropriate’ consent under the Human Tissue Act 2004. Adults dying in Wales (with certain exceptions) will be ‘deemed’ to consent to donation, unless evidence of their objection is produced, and a duty is imposed on Ministers to promote transplantation and inform the public through awareness campaigns about how to choose the deemed status or opt out. Although a welcome development, these campaigns may obscure the effects of deemed consent, especially in the context of generally rising UK donation rates. There may also be problems of legal interpretation and of integration with the ‘opt‐in’ laws in the rest of the UK. In the absence of any statutory duty to retrieve all lawfully donated organs, the apparently restricted influence of donor relatives is likely to remain effectively dominant.
The Rule in Wilkinson v Downton: Conduct, Intention, and Justifiability
Authors: Liew Ying Khai
Published: March 2015

The decision in OPO v MLA [2014] EWCA Civ 1277 causes confusion to the rule in Wilkinson v Downton. A strong line of authorities indicates that the defendant must either have an actual intention to cause physical injury or be reckless as to the causing of such harm, the latter being determined by the likelihood of harm being caused by the defendant's act. ‘Imputed intention’ does not form a separate category of mental state. There was also a missed opportunity to develop a ‘justifiability’ criterion, by which policy considerations can be taken into account to preclude an application of the tort. This criterion ought to be developed in a principled manner, in line with the existing jurisprudence concerning human rights and with the policy limitations as developed in the context of other torts.
Plant polysaccharides initiate underground crosstalk with bacilli by inducing synthesis of the immunogenic lipopeptide surfactin
Authors: Debois Delphine , Fernandez Olivier , Franzil Laurent , Jourdan Emmanuel , de Brogniez Alix , Willems Luc , Clément Christophe , Dorey Stephan , De Pauw Edwin , Ongena Marc
Published: March 2015

Some plant‐associated bacteria such as Bacillus sp. can protect their host from pathogen ingress and this biocontrol activity correlates with their potential to form multiple antibiotics upon in vitro growth. However, our knowledge on antibiotic production by soil bacilli evolving on roots in natural conditions is still limited. In this work, antibiome imaging first revealed that the lipopeptide surfactin is the main bacterial ingredient produced in planta within the first hours of interaction with root tissues. We further demonstrated that surfactin synthesis is specifically stimulated upon perception of plant cell wall polymers such as xylan or arabinogalactan, leading to fast accumulation of micromolar amounts in the root environment. At such concentrations, the lipopeptide may not only favour the ecological fitness of the producing strain in term of root colonization, but also triggers systemic resistance in the host plant. This surfactin‐induced immunity primes the plant to better resist further pathogen ingress, and involves only limited expression of defence‐related molecular events and does not provoke seedling growth inhibition. By contrast with the strong response mounted upon perception of pathogens, this strongly attenuated defensive reaction induced by surfactin in plant tissues should help Bacillus to be tolerated as saprophytic partner by its host.
Intravenous ketamine during spinal and general anaesthesia for caesarean section: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: HEESEN M. , BÖHMER J. , BRINCK E. C. V. , KONTINEN V. K. , KLÖHR S. , ROSSAINT R. , STRAUBE S.
Published: March 2015

Background

Intravenous ketamine has been used during general and regional anaesthesia for caesarean section. No systematic review and meta‐analysis on the desired effects and adverse effects of ketamine administration during caesarean section have yet been performed.

Methods

After a systematic literature search a meta‐analysis was conducted with the random effects model. Weighted mean difference (WMD) or risk ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed.

Results

Twelve randomised controlled double‐blind trials comprising 953 patients were included: seven studies reported on spinal anaesthesia and five on general anaesthesia. Significant differences in the aforementioned outcome variables were found only in the spinal anaesthesia studies. In the spinal anaesthesia studies the time to the first analgesic request was significantly longer in ketamine‐treated women, the WMD was 49.36 min (95% CI 43.31–55.41); visual analogue scale pain scores at rest 2 h after surgery were significantly lower. No differences were observed for maternal nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and psychomimetic effects. Only few data were found for neonatal outcomes.

Conclusions

We conclude that ketamine enhances post‐operative analgesia after caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. There is a paucity of data for several maternal adverse effects as well as for neonatal well‐being. Further studies are needed for general anaesthesia.
Day–night variation in heart rate variability changes induced by endotoxaemia in healthy volunteers
Authors: ALAMILI M. , ROSENBERG J. , GÖGENUR I.
Published: March 2015

Background

Morbidity and mortality in response to sepsis may be dependent on clock time for the initiation of sepsis. Endotoxaemia, an experimental model for systemic inflammation, induces alterations in sympatico‐vagal balance in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity can be estimated by measuring heart rate variability (HRV). Based on the intimate link between ANS and the inflammatory response, we hypothesized, that HRV changes seen during endotoxaemia would be different based on time of the day the endotoxaemia is initiated. We investigated day/night variation in endotoxaemia‐induced changes in HRV.

Methods

A randomized, crossover study with 12 healthy men (age 18–31) was conducted. Endotoxaemia were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin 0.3 ng/kg b.w. in two visits (day visit and night visit). At the day visit, endotoxaemia were induced at 12:00 h, and at the night visit it was induced at 24:00 h. Holter recordings were started 1 h before administration of LPS, and continued for 10 h. Time‐domain and frequency‐domain parameters of HRV were analysed.

Results

A total of nine persons finished the study with valid recordings. Endotoxaemia at both night and day resulted in a significant depression in HRV parameters high‐frequency power (HF), low‐frequency power (LF), standard deviation of normal‐to‐normal (NN) intervals, root mean square of successive differences and proportion of NN50 divided by total number of NNs (P < 0.001). The ratio LF/HF and mean heart rate significantly increased by endotoxaemia (P < 0.001). At night‐time endotoxaemia, a more pronounced depression of LF, HF and SDNN (P < 0.01) and a more pronounced increase in the ratio of LF/HF and mean heart rate (P < 0.01) occurred compared with day‐time endotoxaemia.

Conclusion

Endotoxaemia induced changes in HRV exhibit a day–night difference. This difference may have clinical consequences in patients with sepsis.
Lowered national cesarean section rates after a concerted action
Authors: Ayres‐De‐Campos Diogo , Cruz Joana , Medeiros‐Borges Claudia , Costa‐Santos Cristina , Vicente Lisa
Published: March 2015

Objective

To evaluate national cesarean section (CS) rates and other obstetric indicators after a concerted action to reduce CS rates was undertaken in Portugal from 2010 onwards. This action was based on the transmission of information and training of healthcare professionals, together with the inclusion of CS rates as a criterion for hospital funding.

Design

Retrospective observational population‐based study.

Setting

Portugal.

Population

Births occurring in Portugal between 2000 and 2014.

Methods

Governmental sources were used to obtain data on national CS, perinatal and maternal mortality rates. Rates of instrumental vaginal delivery, vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), hypoxia‐related complications and perineal lacerations were retrieved for state‐owned hospitals.

Main outcome measures

CS, perinatal and maternal mortality, instrumental vaginal delivery, VBAC, hypoxia‐related complications and perineal lacerations.

Results

After a continuous rise between 2000 and 2009, national CS rates declined significantly over the following 5 years (36.6% vs. 33.1%, time trend p ≤ 0.001). Perinatal mortality maintained a downward trend during this period, while maternal mortality remained unchanged. Rates of instrumental vaginal delivery, VBAC and perineal lacerations increased, while the incidence of hypoxia‐related complications decreased.

Conclusions

A concerted action based on the transmission of information and training of healthcare professionals, together with the inclusion of CS rates as a criterion for hospital funding, was followed by a significant reduction in national CS rates, as well as an improvement in most related obstetric indicators. There may be an association between the reported intervention and the observed changes.
Five‐year outcome of bipolar I and II disorders: findings of the Jorvi Bipolar Study
Authors: Pallaskorpi Sanna , Suominen Kirsi , Ketokivi Mikko , Mantere Outi , Arvilommi Petri , Valtonen Hanna , Leppämäki Sami , Isometsä Erkki
Published: March 2015

Objectives

The long‐term outcome of bipolar disorder (BD) has been extensively investigated. However, previous studies may be biased towards hospitalized patients with bipolar I disorder (BD‐I), and generalizability to the current treatment era remains uncertain. In this naturalistic study, we followed a secondary‐care cohort of patients with BD.

Methods

In the Jorvi Bipolar Study, 191 patients with BD‐I and bipolar II disorder (BD‐II) were followed using a life‐chart method. Interviews were conducted at six months, 18 months, and five years. Time to full remission, time to first recurrence, total time ill, their predictors, and BD‐I versus BD‐II differences were investigated among the 151 patients remaining in follow‐up.

Results

Nearly all subjects recovered from the index episode, but almost all (90%) had a recurrence, and most had multiple recurrences. The patients spent about one‐third of their time in illness episodes and 15% of their time with subthreshold symptoms; half of the time they were euthymic. After controlling for confounders, no difference in time spent in depressive states between patients with BD‐I and BD‐II persisted. Among patients with a depressive index phase, cluster C personality disorders [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.452, p = 0.040] and higher 17‐item Hamilton Depression Scale score (HR = 0.951, p = 0.022) predicted longer time to remission, whereas lifetime psychotic symptoms (HR = 2.162, p = 0.016) predicted shorter time to first recurrence.

Conclusions

Among patients with BD, chronicity as uninterrupted persistence of illness was rare, but multiple recurrences were the norm. Patients with BD spent only half of their time euthymic. Patients with BD‐I and BD‐II may differ little in proneness to depressive states. Severity of depression, cluster C personality disorders, and psychotic symptoms predicted outcome.
Nonparametric Estimation of Transition Probabilities in the Non-Markov Illness-Death Model: A Comparative Study
Authors: de Uña-Álvarez Jacobo , Meira-Machado Luís
Published: March 2015

Multi-state models are often used for modeling complex event history data. In these models the estimation of the transition probabilities is of particular interest, since they allow for long-term predictions of the process. These quantities have been traditionally estimated by the Aalen–Johansen estimator, which is consistent if the process is Markov. Several non-Markov estimators have been proposed in the recent literature, and their superiority with respect to the Aalen–Johansen estimator has been proved in situations in which the Markov condition is strongly violated. However, the existing estimators have the drawback of requiring that the support of the censoring distribution contains the support of the lifetime distribution, which is not often the case. In this article, we propose two new methods for estimating the transition probabilities in the progressive illness-death model. Some asymptotic results are derived. The proposed estimators are consistent regardless the Markov condition and the referred assumption about the censoring support. We explore the finite sample behavior of the estimators through simulations. The main conclusion of this piece of research is that the proposed estimators are much more efficient than the existing non-Markov estimators in most cases. An application to a clinical trial on colon cancer is included. Extensions to progressive processes beyond the three-state illness-death model are discussed.
Multivariate Sparse Group Lasso for the Multivariate Multiple Linear Regression with an Arbitrary Group Structure
Authors: Li Yanming , Nan Bin , Zhu Ji
Published: March 2015

We propose a multivariate sparse group lasso variable selection and estimation method for data with high-dimensional predictors as well as high-dimensional response variables. The method is carried out through a penalized multivariate multiple linear regression model with an arbitrary group structure for the regression coefficient matrix. It suits many biology studies well in detecting associations between multiple traits and multiple predictors, with each trait and each predictor embedded in some biological functional groups such as genes, pathways or brain regions. The method is able to effectively remove unimportant groups as well as unimportant individual coefficients within important groups, particularly for large p small n problems, and is flexible in handling various complex group structures such as overlapping or nested or multilevel hierarchical structures. The method is evaluated through extensive simulations with comparisons to the conventional lasso and group lasso methods, and is applied to an eQTL association study.
Sharing without caring? Respect for moral others compensates for low sympathy in children's sharing
Authors: Zuffianò Antonio , Colasante Tyler , Peplak Joanna , Malti Tina
Published: March 2015

We examined links between sharing, respect for moral others, and sympathy in an ethnically diverse sample of 7‐ and 15‐year‐olds (N = 146). Sharing was assessed through children's allocation of resources in the dictator game. Children reported their respect towards hypothetical characters performing moral acts. Sympathy was evaluated via caregiver and child reports. Respect and caregiver‐reported sympathy interacted in predicting sharing: Higher levels of respect were associated with higher levels of sharing for children with low, but not medium or high, levels of sympathy. The motivational components of other‐oriented respect may compensate for low levels of sympathetic concern in the promotion of sharing.
Daily negative affect and smoking after a self‐set quit attempt: The role of dyadic invisible social support in a daily diary study
Authors: Lüscher Janina , Stadler Gertraud , Ochsner Sibylle , Rackow Pamela , Knoll Nina , Hornung Rainer , Scholz Urte
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Social support receipt from one's partner is assumed to be beneficial for successful smoking cessation. However, support receipt can have costs. Recent research suggests that the most effective support is unnoticed by the receiver (i.e., invisible). Therefore, this study examined the association between everyday levels of dyadic invisible emotional and instrumental support, daily negative affect, and daily smoking after a self‐set quit attempt in smoker–non‐smoker couples.

Methods

Overall, 100 smokers (72.0% men, mean age M = 40.48, SD = 9.82) and their non‐smoking partners completed electronic diaries from a self‐set quit date on for 22 consecutive days, reporting daily invisible emotional and instrumental social support, daily negative affect, and daily smoking.

Results

Same‐day multilevel analyses showed that at the between‐person level, higher individual mean levels of invisible emotional and instrumental support were associated with less daily negative affect. In contrast to our assumption, more receipt of invisible emotional and instrumental support was related to more daily cigarettes smoked.

Conclusions

The findings are in line with previous results, indicating invisible support to have beneficial relations with affect. However, results emphasize the need for further prospective daily diary approaches for understanding the dynamics of invisible support on smoking cessation.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject? Social support receipt from a close other has proven to have emotional costs. According to current studies, the most effective social support is unnoticed by the receiver (i.e., invisible). There is empirical evidence for beneficial effects of invisible social support on affective well‐being.

What does this study add?

Confirming benefits of invisible social support for negative affect in a health behaviour change setting

Providing first evidence for detrimental effects of invisible social support on smoking
Therapeutic immunoglobulin should be dosed by clinical outcome rather than by body weight in obese patients
Authors: Hodkinson J P , Lucas M , Lee M , Harrison M , Lunn M P , Chapel H
Published: March 2015

There are currently no data to support the suggestion that the dose of therapeutic immunoglobulin (Ig) should be capped in obese patients for pharmacokinetic (PK), safety and economic reasons. We compared IgG trough levels, increment and efficiency in matched pairs of obese and lean patients receiving either replacement or immunomodulatory immunoglobulin therapy. Thirty-one obese patients were matched with a clinically equivalent lean patient across a range of indications, including primary antibody deficiency or autoimmune peripheral neuropathy. Comprehensive matching was carried out using ongoing research databases at two centres in which the dose of Ig was based on clinical outcome, whether infection prevention or documented clinical neurological stability. The IgG trough or steady state levels, IgG increments and Ig efficiencies at times of clinical stability were compared between the obese and lean cohorts and within the matched pairs. This study shows that, at a population level, obese patients achieved a higher trough and increment (but not efficiency) for a given weight-adjusted dose compared with the lean patients. However at an individual patient level there were significant exceptions to this correlation, and upon sub-group analysis no significant difference was found between obese and lean patients receiving replacement therapy. Across all dose regimens a high body mass index (BMI) cannot be used to predict reliably the patients in whom dose restriction is clinically appropriate.
Importance of contralateral aldosterone suppression during adrenal vein sampling in the subtype evaluation of primary aldosteronism
Authors: Umakoshi Hironobu , Tanase‐Nakao Kanako , Wada Norio , Ichijo Takamasa , Sone Masakatsu , Inagaki Nobuya , Katabami Takuyuki , Kamemura Kohei , Matsuda Yuichi , Fujii Yuichi , Kai Tatsuya , Fukuoka Tomikazu , Sakamoto Ryuichi , Ogo Atsushi , Suzuki Tomoko , Tsuiki Mika , Shimatsu Akira , Naruse Mitsuhide
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is the standard criterion for the subtype diagnosis in primary aldosteronism (PA). Although lateralized index (LI) ≥4 after cosyntropin stimulation is the commonly recommended cut‐off for unilateral aldosterone hypersecretion, many of the referral centres in the world use LI cut‐off of <4 without sufficient evidence for its diagnostic accuracy.

Aim

The aim of the study was to establish the diagnostic significance of contralateral (CL) aldosterone suppression for the subtype diagnosis in patients with LI <4 in AVS.

Design and patients

A retrospective multicentre study was conducted in Japan. Of 124 PA patients subjected to unilateral adrenalectomy after successful AVS with cosyntropin administration, 29 patients with LI < 4 were included in the study. The patients were divided into Group A with CL suppression (n = 16) and Group B (n = 13) without CL suppression. Three outcome indices were assessed after 6 months postoperatively: normalization/significant improvement of hypertension, normalization of the aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) and normalization of hypokalaemia.

Results

The normalization/significant improvement of hypertension was 81% in Group A and 54% in Group B (P = 0·2). The normalization of ARR was 100% in Group A and 46% in Group B (P = 0·004). Hypokalaemia was normalized in all patients of both groups. The overall cure rate of PA based on meeting all the three criteria was 81% in Group A and 31% in Group B (P = 0·01).

Conclusions

In patients with PA, where the LI is <4 on AVS, CL suppression of aldosterone is an accurate predictor of a unilateral source of aldosterone excess. CL suppression data should be interpreted in conjunction with computed tomographic adrenal imaging findings to guide surgical management.
Position‐Based Skinning for Soft Articulated Characters
Authors: Abu Rumman Nadine , Fratarcangeli Marco
Published: March 2015

In this paper, we introduce a two‐layered approach addressing the problem of creating believable mesh‐based skin deformation. For each frame, the skin is first deformed with a classic linear blend skinning approach, which usually leads to unsightly artefacts such as the well‐known candy‐wrapper effect and volume loss. Then we enforce some geometric constraints which displace the positions of the vertices to mimic the behaviour of the skin and achieve effects like volume preservation and jiggling. We allow the artist to control the amount of jiggling and the area of the skin affected by it. The geometric constraints are solved using a position‐based dynamics (PBDs) schema. We employ a graph colouring algorithm for parallelizing the computation of the constraints. Being based on PBDs guarantees efficiency and real‐time performances while enduring robustness and unconditional stability. We demonstrate the visual quality and the performance of our approach with a variety of skeleton‐driven soft body characters.
Does Bruxism Contribute to Dental Implant Failure? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Zhou Yi , Gao Jinxia , Luo Le , Wang Yining
Published: March 2015

Background

Bruxism was usually considered as a contraindication for oral implanting. The causal relationship between bruxism and dental implant failure was remained controversial in existing literatures.

Purpose

This meta‐analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between them.

Materials and Methods

This review conducted an electronic systematic literature search in MEDLINE (PubMed) and EmBase in Novermber 2013 without time and language restrictions. Meanwhile, a hand searching for all the relevant references of included studies was also conducted. Study information extraction and methodological quality assessments were accomplished by two reviewers independently. A discussion ensued if any disagreement occurred, and unresolved issues were solved by consulting a third reviewer. Methodological quality was assessed by using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale tool. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was pooled to estimate the relative effect of bruxism on dental implant failures. Fixed effects model was used initially; if the heterogeneity was high, random effects model was chosen for meta‐analysis. Statistical analyses were carried out by using Review Manager 5.1.

Results

In this meta‐analysis review, extracted data were classified into two groups based on different units. Units were based on the number of prostheses (group A) and the number of patients (group B). In group A, the total pooled OR of bruxers versus nonbruxers for all subgroups was 4.72 (95% CI: 2.66–8.36, p = .07). In group B, the total pooled OR of bruxers versus nonbruxers for all subgroups was 3.83 (95% CI: 2.12–6.94, p = .22).

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between bruxism and dental implant failure. In contrast to nonbruxers, prostheses in bruxers had a higher failure rate. It suggests that bruxism is a contributing factor of causing the occurrence of dental implant technical/biological complications and plays a role in dental implant failure.
Rectal cancer threatening or affecting the prostatic plane: is partial prostatectomy oncologically adequate? Results of a multicentre retrospective study
Authors: Frasson M. , Garcia‐Granero E. , Parajó A. , Garcia‐Mayor L. , Flor B. , Garcia‐Granero A. , Lavery I.
Published: March 2015

Aim

The management of rectal cancer threatening or affecting the prostatic plane is still under debate. The role of preoperative chemo radiotherapy and the extent of prostatectomy seem to be key points in the treatment of these tumours. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pathological circumferential margin status and the local recurrence rate following different therapeutic options.

Method

A multicentre, retrospective study was conducted of patients with rectal cancer threatening or affecting the prostatic plane, but not the bladder, judged by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The use of preoperative chemoradiotherapy and the type of urologic resection were correlated with the status of the pathological circumferential resection margin (CRM) and local recurrence.

Results

A consecutive series of 126 men with rectal cancer threatening (44) or affecting (82) the prostatic plane on preoperative staging and operated with local curative intent between 1998 and 2010 was analysed. In patients who did not have chemoradiotherapy but had a preoperative threatened anterior margin the CRM‐positive rate was 25.0%. In patients who did not have preoperative chemoradiotherapy but did have an affected margin, the CRM‐positive rate was 41.7%. When preoperative radiotherapy was given, the respective CRM infiltration rates were 7.1 and 20.7%. In patients having preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by prostatic resection the rate of CRM positivity was 2.4%. Partial prostatectomy after preoperative chemoradiotherapy resulted in a free anterior CRM in all cases, but intra‐operative urethral damage occurred in 36.4% of patients who underwent partial prostatectomy, resulting in a postoperative urinary fistula in 18.2% of patients.

Conclusion

Preoperative chemoradiation is mandatory in male patients with a threatened or affected anterior circumferential margin on preoperative MRI. In patients with preoperative prostatic infiltration, prostatic resection is necessary. In this group of patients partial prostatectomy seems to be oncologically safe.
Panniculitis with crystals induced by etanercept subcutaneous injection
Authors: Llamas‐Velasco Mar , Requena Luis
Published: March 2015

Panniculitis with lipid crystallization within adipocytes may be seen in several disorders, including crystal‐storing histiocytosis, gouty panniculitis, subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn, post‐steroid panniculitis, sclerema neonatorum, oxalosis and subcutaneous fungal infections by mucormycosis, zygomycosis or aspergillosis. Panniculitis at the sites of subcutaneous injection of drugs are frequent, but to our knowledge no crystals have been described in the drug‐induced panniculitis at the sites of subcutaneous injections. We report on a patient who developed a panniculitis with lipid crystallization at the site of etanercept injection.
Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion and Its Association with Mortality in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Gajanana Deepakraj , Seetha Rammohan Harish , Alli Oluseun , Romero‐Corral Abel , Purushottam Bhaskar , Ponamgi Shiva , Figueredo Vincent M. , Pressman Gregg S.
Published: March 2015

Background

Transient left ventricular dysfunction can occur under conditions of extreme emotional or physiological stress. There is little data on right ventricular function in such situations.

Methods

One hundred twenty patients admitted to an ICU with a noncardiac illness were studied. Those with documented coronary disease, ejection fraction <40%, sepsis, or intracranial hemorrhage were excluded. Echocardiograms were performed within 24 hours of admission. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) was measured to assess right ventricular systolic function. Plasma catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine) were measured on admission. Clinical and demographic data were collected, along with data on ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and in‐hospital and long‐term mortality. TAPSE was tested for correlation with adverse outcomes and length of stay.

Results

Mean TAPSE for the group was 2.05 ± 0.66 cm. Based on area under the ROC curve analysis, TAPSE <2.4 cm was the best cutoff for predicting in‐hospital and long‐term mortality. There were 13 in‐hospital deaths, 12 in the group with TAPSE <2.4 cm and one among those with TAPSE ≥2.4 cm. On multivariate analysis, TAPSE <2.4 cm was a significant predictor of in‐hospital mortality (χ2 = 4.6, P = 0.03). When tested against hospital LOS, an inverse correlation was found (P = 0.04). No association was found between TAPSE and catecholamine levels.

Conclusions

Right ventricular systolic function, as assessed by TAPSE, has important prognostic value in critically ill patients. Mean values were lower in patients who died in‐hospital versus those who survived to discharge. In addition, patients with TAPSE <2.4 cm had a longer hospital length of stay.