bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QRNAstruct: a method for extracting secondary structural features of RNA via regression with biological activity
Authors: Terai Goro , Asai Kiyoshi
Published: March 2022

Recent technological advances have enabled the generation of large amounts of data consisting of RNA sequences and their functional activity. Here, we propose a method for extracting secondary structure features that affect the functional activity of RNA from sequence–activity data. Given pairs of RNA sequences and their corresponding bioactivity values, our method calculates position-specific structural features of the input RNA sequences, considering every possible secondary structure of each RNA. A Ridge regression model is trained using the structural features as feature vectors and the bioactivity values as response variables. Optimized model parameters indicate how secondary structure features affect bioactivity. We used our method to extract intramolecular structural features of bacterial translation initiation sites and self-cleaving ribozymes, and the intermolecular features between rRNAs and Shine–Dalgarno sequences and between U1 RNAs and splicing sites. We not only identified known structural features but also revealed more detailed insights into structure–activity relationships than previously reported. Importantly, the datasets we analyzed here were obtained from different experimental systems and differed in size, sequence length and similarity, and number of RNA molecules involved, demonstrating that our method is applicable to various types of data consisting of RNA sequences and bioactivity values.
The Effect of Tobacco Control Mass Media Campaigns on Smoking-Related Behavior Among People With Mental Illness: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Perman-Howe Parvati R , McNeill Ann , Brose Leonie S , Tildy Bernadett E , Langley Tessa E , Robson Debbie
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Tobacco control mass media campaigns (MMCs) can be effective generally, but little is known about their effects among people with mental illness. The objectives of this study were to systematically review: (1) Whether tobacco control MMCs affect smoking-related outcomes among people with mental illness. (2) Cost-effectiveness.

Aims and Methods

Data sources: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library (searched March 2021), reference lists of included articles and relevant systematic reviews. Study eligibility criteria: Population: Adults with mental illness and experience of smoking tobacco and/or using other nicotine-containing products. Intervention/exposure: Tobacco control MMC messages. Comparator: No exposure, other tobacco control intervention(s), no comparator. Primary outcome: Changes in quitting behaviors. Study design: All primary research. Quantitative data were appraised using the EPHPP tool, qualitative data using CASP’s Studies Checklist. Data were synthesized narratively.

Results

Eight studies were included, seven were at high risk of bias. There was inconclusive evidence of the effect of MMCs on quit attempts and intentions to quit among people with mental illness. Increasing advertisement exposure did not increase quit attempts or intentions to quit among those with mental illness, however, increased exposure to an advertisement that addressed smoking and mental health did. None of the studies assessed cost-effectiveness.

Conclusions

Findings should be interpreted with caution as data are limited and of low or moderate quality. There is evidence to suggest that tobacco control MMCs have limited impact on those with mental illness, although campaigns that are specific to smoking and mental health may be effective.

Implications

There is a paucity of good-quality evidence of the effect of tobacco control MMC messages among people with mental illness. Careful consideration should be given to the design of future studies that evaluate MMCs in order to minimize the risk of bias, establish causality, and ensure the findings reflect real-world implementation. Further research should examine the need for MMC messages that address mental health.
Introduction
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces the argument that Facebook has contributed to a number of current societal issues. Its leaders have stressed that they are deeply committed to making the world a better place. The chapter outlines several dangerous aspects on the dominance of Facebook as a form of social media, and in people's lives and over their minds. It explains the unhindered spread of false, misleading, or radicalizing content through Facebook, which can particularly be seen in post-election stories. An example of this is the flurry of "fake news." The chapter looks at a structural problem wherein Facebook amplifies content that hits strong emotional registers, whether of joy or indignation. It defines the term "filter bubble," which describes the ways that Google and Facebook operate to aid companies to find out what consumers are looking for.
The Pleasure Machine
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores why Facebook is valuable, despite all the problems it facilitates and all the hatred it amplifies. It points out how people derive value from reconnecting with old acquaintances, interacting with new Friends, finding causes to join, watching funny videos, and playing games. It also clarifies how Facebook lowers the transaction costs of maintaining relationships across great distances. The chapter looks at how Facebook manipulates, describing aspects of its design that draw people back to the flow of images and emotions that constitute the News Feed on Facebook pages. It talks about Facebook's techniques to measure the relative happiness or satisfaction with aspects of the service, including its researchers who identify and maximize exposure to the things that push people to be happier and minimize exposure to things that cause anxiety or unhappiness.
The Surveillance Machine
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva
Published: March 2022

This chapter looks at retired Marine and reporter for The Ware Horse, Thomas Brennan, who noticed that the Facebook group for Marines, in his words, changed into a source of "revenge porn." It talks about men who successfully exploit the power that visual exposure of women grants them. It examines how humiliation is coordinated on a massive scale through small cameras attached to mobile devices linked to applications that promise rapid delivery to a targeted and motivated audience. The chapter discusses the ubiquity of powerful instruments that record images, videos, and sound which enable malicious distribution of the most humiliating items, injuring the spirit, morale, comfort, and careers of millions of women. It emphasizes how everyone who carries a camera attached to a mobile phone is an agent of surveillance.
The Attention Machine
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva
Published: March 2022

This chapter reviews the Ice Bucket Challenge that professional golfer Greg Norman sparked during his appearance on the American morning news show Today in 2015. It delves into the spectacular success of the Ice Bucket Challenge, as it was able to raise money for essential research towards treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It also discusses the cause that makes the catchiest, cutest, or most clever Facebook campaign, which generates the most financial support and is a terrible way to determine where charitable contributions should go. The chapter details how the media ecosystem becomes more polluted and fractured as each player in it experiments with new designs to steal attention and then hold it long enough to convince the potential customer to take some action. It describes the transition to an information economy which involved the rise of industries completely devoted to capturing people's attention.
The Disinformation Machine
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses the revelation of Facebook in September 2016, wherein advertising accounts based in Russia had precisely targeted advertisement at segments of American voters with propaganda intended to undermine support for Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign. It examines how the speculation from 2016 showed the depth of Russian meddling in American democracy, confirming the fact that Cambridge Analytica was involved with Russia. It also points out the contribution and profit of Facebook from the erosion of democratic practice and norms in the United States and elsewhere. The chapter looks at a report in the Washington Post in November 2016, which states that Russian-based organizations and companies had seeded Facebook with disinformation and intended to undermine faith in American democracy. It considers how tradition of accountability and transparency does not matter to Facebook.
Growing Moral
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

Growing Moral engages its readers to reflect on and to practice the teachings of Confucianism in the contemporary world. It draws on the whole history of Confucianism, focusing on three thinkers from the classical era (Kongzi or Confucius, Mengzi, and Xunzi) and two from the Neo-Confucian era (Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming). In addition to laying out the fundamental teachings of Confucianism, it highlights the enduring and strikingly relevant lessons that Confucianism offers contemporary readers. At its core, this book builds a case for modern Confucianism as a practical way to grow toward more harmonious lives together through reflection, ritual, and compassion; it can help us find balance and joy within our complex and too-often frenetic modern lives. Individual chapters explain how and why to be filial, follow rituals, and cultivate our sprouts of morality, as well as exploring Confucian approaches to reading, music-making, reflection, and socio-political engagement. Overall, the book presents a progressive vision of Confucianism that addresses historical shortcomings within the tradition concerning gender and other forms of hierarchy.
Expanding the Self
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

This chapter begins with some evidence of the Confucian rejection of selflessness, and then turns to a clearer explanation of what selfishness is and why it is so problematic. Next it explores the Confucian teaching that we “form one body with all things.” This does not mean to treat everything the same. Just as one appropriately treats some parts of one’s body as more important than others—using an arm to ward off damage to one’s head—so too can one value different parts of the “whole” that is our cosmos differently. Nonetheless, seeing all people or even all things as “one” can have profound effects on how we live our lives and order our societies. The end of the chapter suggests that an expansion of our notion of self can lead to a kind of ecological consciousness, albeit one in which our human lives still feature prominently.
The Human Rights Model
Authors: Erueti Andrew
Published: March 2022

In the first working group, virtually all indigenous advocates were northern-based and most of the observer governments were from CANZUS/Northern or Latin American states. Chapter 2 talks about the emergence of new indigenous movements of Asia and Africa in the second working group and their use of a human rights model to secure their participation in the Declaration negotiations. Formerly regarded as tribal peoples due to their cultural difference and marginal status within states, this group re-styled themselves as indigenous peoples to access the negotiations and the new rights being developed in the UN. Their presence significantly bolstered a shift from the decolonization model toward a human rights model. This created divisions not only between the Northern and Southern movements but within the Northern movement as the human rights model became the Declaration’s principal interpretative model. The chapter tracks these developments right up to the eleventh hour negotiations in the UN General Assembly before the Declaration’s adoption in 2007 with the African Union attempts to remove the self-determination framework from the Declaration.
Applying the Mixed-Model Interpretative Approach
Authors: Erueti Andrew
Published: March 2022

Chapter 4 presents a review of indigenous rights reforms in the North and South following the adoption of the UN Declaration. It notes the persistent objection to indigenous rights by Asian and African states, and the ambivalence of Latin America states toward the Declaration. The chapter also notes the preference within the CANZUS states—and to a large extent, too, for indigenous advocates in these states—for a human rights reading of the Declaration. The mixed model advanced in this book, can address these challenges. It will benefit the Southern movements, particularly the Asian and African movements, by removing state concerns with the category of indigenous peoples and the self-determination framework. It would also lead to clearer positioning of the decolonization model as the interpretative model in the North. The chapter concludes with three case studies to demonstrate the model’s value in claims to land rights and natural resources and in the context of the interpretation of the right to FPIC.
George Platt Lynes
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

This is a biography of George Platt Lynes (1907–1955), the gregarious American portrait, dance, fashion, and male nude photographer whose career spanned the late 1920s through his early death. From age eighteen, Lynes entered the cosmopolitan world of the American expatriate community in Paris when he became acquainted with the salon of Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas. Intending to pursue a writing and small-press publishing career, Lynes also began photographing authors like Stein, Jean Cocteau, André Gide, and Colette. Soon, he turned exclusively to photography, establishing himself as one of the premier fashion photographers in the Condé Nast stable, documenting the ballet companies of George Balanchine/Lincoln Kirstein, and pursuing a private obsession with seductive images of young male nudes rarely published in his lifetime. Lynes’s personal life was as glamorous and theatrical as his images with their brilliant studio lighting and dramatic Surrealist setups. Barely out of his teens, he met publisher Monroe Wheeler, who was already in a relationship with emerging expatriate novelist Glenway Wescott. The peripatetic threesome maintained a polyamorous connection that lasted some fifteen years. Their New York apartment became a mecca for elegant name-dropping dinner parties. Their ménage-a-trois complicates our understanding of the pre-Stonewall gay “closet.” This biography, drawing upon intimate letters and an unpublished memoir of Lynes’s life by his brother, the writer and editor Russell Lynes, paints a portrait of the emerging influence of gays and lesbians across cultural genres that defined transatlantic cosmopolitan culture and presaged later gay political consciousness.
A New Career
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

Financial considerations encourage George’s return home to Englewood from Paris in early spring 1929. There is some question of buying back the Park Place Bookshop. A day after his twenty-second birthday, George is rushed to the hospital for a ruptured appendix. He survives surgery and peritonitis, then is laid up for weeks. He grows moody facing a summer in suburban New Jersey while the rest of the Lyneses plan a European trip. By luck, Monroe and Glenway visit stateside and keep George entertained in the city and at the rectory. One night, George shows “the boys” his Kodak photos from Corsica, Villefranche, and Paris. Immediately, Monie and Glen are impressed. They arrange a loan of camera equipment from their friend Hope Weil who also counsels George. The 1929 Crash, frightful to the family’s finances, impresses upon George the need to assume adult responsibilities. Photography might be a professional path, not just a hobby.
Fifty Photographs and a Family Wedding at City Hall
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

George’s 1934 show with Julien Levy presents famous faces, including André Gide, Gertrude Stein, Carl Van Vechten, and Lily Pons. Glenway contributes the exhibit’s poster essay. George photographs Balanchine’s ballet premier at Kirstein’s invitation, beginning twenty years as official photographer of successive Balanchine/Kirstein companies. Barbara Harrison visits New York. Fascism in Europe threatens future war. Printing HOP editions on the continent becomes costly. Barbara is integrated into Monie and George’s lively social life. On her meeting Lloyd Wescott, instant attraction encourages serious dating. She and Lloyd marry in April 1935. In summer, Monroe and George travel abroad on a German liner forbidding Jewish passengers. As a member of MOMA’s Library Committee, Monie curates a striking exhibition on contemporary bookbinding. Glenway struggles to regain career traction after long expatriation in France. The dynamic on East 89th Street leaves him odd man out. George consolidates his reputation in fashion and portraiture, while privately photographing unexhibitable male nudes.
Models, Myths, 640 Madison Avenue
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

In 1937, George moves to a larger studio with an office and two darkrooms. He maintains boxes painted white to pose models and a taxidermy collection for his mythology series. Dora Maxwell becomes his capable secretary/office manager, as well as an excellent darkroom printer. Without air conditioning, in summer large blocks of ice barely cool models wilting under high-wattage lights. Jukebox music keeps up everyone’s spirits. GPL has steady commercial accounts with major department stores, his photos regularly appearing in top fashion magazines. He befriends designer Muriel King, through whom he photographs Katharine Hepburn. His favored models include Laurie “Dougie” Douglas, Liz Gibbons, and Lisa Fonssagrives. All esteem George for the sureness of his methods and his personal allure. His best mythology pictures, like Actaeon, compress fantastical narrative elements into pictorial terms. In 1938, Monroe becomes MOMA’s director of membership, and he, George, Lloyd, and Barbara join his work vacation touring Mexico.
A Gutsy and Courageous Performance
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

Reichenbach welcomes George to Paris. Within days, George meets a picture-dealer, hoping to sell art to pay medical bills. His energy renewed, he tours Paris and socializes with Gloria Swanson. George introduces Reichenbach to Tennessee Williams, then they dine out. George now finds Tennessee “enchanting, almost.” News that George dyed his hair reaches Perlin. George reassures him he has re-dyed it after suffering “abuse.” At an outdoor luncheon, Lynes takes a final classic portrait of a French Legionnaire in braided uniform. Later from Rome, George complains of chest pains. He ponders remaining in Paris where he has more professional “prestige.” George visits Tchelitchew while in Rome. He returns to New York but by mid-November is hospitalized, dreadfully pained by brain cancer. His condition declines, although permitted evening outings to the ballet or Julie Andrews in The Boy Friend. After a week of near coma, he dies on December 6, 1955.
Body and Emotion in the Sonic Act
Authors: Wallmark Zachary
Published: March 2022

This chapter develops an embodied cognitive framework connecting timbre perception to emotion, arousal, and meaning. Examining the dynamics of vocal exertion, it shows a basic correlation between the “sound of arousal” in the voice and high-arousal affect, even in relation to instrumental timbres. It claims that this relation plays a significant role in the way noisy timbres are perceived in musical and cultural contexts, and helps to explain how qualities of timbre can be somatically marked with positive or negative affective implications. These markings, which are largely conveyed through the acoustical properties of spectral centroid, inharmonicity, and auditory roughness, enable and constrain the affective response, thus determining how and what a given timbral quality can mean. The chapter moves through embodied theories of emotion to the expression of emotion in the voice (including an analysis of singer-songwriter Brandi Carlile’s “The Story”); from the role of vocality in musicking to the vocal aspects of instruments; from a physiological discussion of arousal and exertion to an acoustical reading of how arousal affects timbre; and, finally, to an account of the sensorimotor dimensions of hearing and the auditory dimensions of doing. It concludes with the suggestion that perceiving timbre involves some level of motor resonance with the acts that produce sound and with the human actors standing behind that sound.
Outsourcing Duty
Authors: Robillard Michael , Strawser Bradley
Published: March 2022

Are contemporary soldiers exploited by the state and society that they defend? More specifically, have America’s professional service members been uniquely exploited insofar as they have disproportionately carried the moral weight of America’s collective warfighting decisions since the inception of the all-volunteer force post-Vietnam and particularly since 9/11? In this work, Michael Robillard and Bradley Strawser argue that many of American soldiers have indeed been exploited in this unique way. By offering their original normative theory of “moral exploitation”—the notion that persons or groups can be wrongfully exploited by being made to shoulder an excessive amount of moral responsibility, moral risk, and exposure to “dirty hands”—Robillard and Strawser make the case that such a state of affairs describes America’s present relationship with its military. By offering a thorough and in-depth analysis of some of the exploitative and misleading elements of present-day military recruitment, the pernicious civil-military divide existing between military members and the civilian principle both within the organs of government and the public at large, and the stifling effect that “thank you for your service,” “I support the troops” culture has had on serious public engagement concerning America’s ongoing wars, Robillard and Strawser offer a tour de force of eye-opening arguments on the demoralizing state of affairs of the American soldier. They conclude by arguing for several normative and prudential prescriptions to help close this ever-widening fissure existing between America and its military and existing within America herself. In so doing, their work gives a much needed and urgent voice to America’s other 1%.
Conclusion
Authors: Robillard Michael J. , Strawser Bradley J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter concludes the book and summarizes and reviews some of the primary take-aways in the book’s attempt to articulate the various moral and political issues and concepts surrounding the moral exploitation of soldiers. In particular, we emphasize that the core issue at the heart of the present situation for how American society treats its soldiers revolves around an unfair, or uneven at any rate, distribution of the various harms and burdens of warfare—including and especially the moral burdens. The chapter challenges civilians to reconsider their relationship towards the soldiers who wage war on their behalf, and asks all to reconsider how we should prioritize these moral relationships.
Conclusion
Authors: Long Tom
Published: March 2022

This concluding chapter sums up the insights, benefits, and limitations of the book’s relational and asymmetrical approach to small states. It offers additional comparative analysis across the book’s relational case studies and issue-area surveys. The conclusions draw out lessons from a comparison of those cases, with reference to the book’s typology and associated strategies. By doing so, it addresses how the different combinations of relational conditions—captured as distinct “types”—shape small states’ strategies and outcomes. The chapter then considers how strategies and outcomes vary by issue area, including the book’s economic and security cases and the surveys of climate change, human rights, regional organizations, and public health included in Chapter 7. Finally, it underscores the implications of the book for policymakers and its contributions for broader understandings of asymmetry and small states in International Relations theory.
The Law of TUPE Transfers
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

The UK’s transfer of undertakings legislation—TUPE—is of immense practical, commercial, and financial significance to employers and employees in both the public and private sectors, yet it is also one of the most notoriously complex and unpredictable areas of employment law. It is an area which has seen regular and significant developments. This new edition of The Law of TUPE Transfers gives a concise yet comprehensive examination of all aspects of TUPE, covering issues such as when the regulations apply, the legal effects of a transfer, the information and consultation requirements of the legislation, and claims arising from transfer-related dismissals, as well as examining the impact of the various case law and other developments since the last edition.
The Transfer of an Undertaking
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides a detailed appraisal of the components of a transfer of an undertaking for the purposes of the Acquired Rights Directive and TUPE. How an undertaking and its transfer is identified is considered, including the relevance of the intention of the parties, the definition of a stable and autonomous economic entity, and the requirement that the undertaking retain its identity, which in turn leads to consideration of issues such as the temporary cessation of the relevant activities, changes to its operation, post-integration autonomy and the application of the legislation to specific works contracts. The distinction between asset-reliant activities and its impact on the application of the Directive to a given situation are considered in detail before the application of the legislation by way of a series of transactions, to ships and to share transactions, is addressed.
Who Transfers?
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses which individuals are ‘in scope’ to transfer from the transferor to the transferee where TUPE applies whether by way of a transfer of an undertaking or a service provision change. In relation to the scope of TUPE, the chapter addresses issues such as who constitutes an employee for the purposes of TUPE, its potential application to workers and the requirement that an employee be employed immediately before the transfer. The test of assignment which identifies who transfers is considered in detail, addressing circumstances such as garden leave and sickness absence. The position of employees whose work is divided on transfer is addressed, as well as the ability of employees to object to transfer and the claims which can then be brought in cases of constructive dismissal or substantial changes to the employee’s working conditions to their material detriment.
Insolvency
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

In this chapter the specific application of TUPE in insolvency situations is addressed. After a summary of the provisions of the Acquired Rights Directive and TUPE concerning the application of the transfer legislation in insolvency situations, and the concept of bankruptcy and other analogous proceedings, the chapter addresses the application of TUPE in relation to transactions out of administration and provisional liquidation. TUPE’s specific provisions concerning the transferor’s debts are considered before the chapter concludes with a detailed discussion of the permitted variations that employee representatives can agree on behalf of affected employees in insolvency situations.
Remembering the ‘Forgotten’ Pandemic
Authors: Mawdsley Hannah
Published: March 2022

Following the 1918–19 pandemic, medical research embraced the ‘Spanish’ Flu as a subject for intense study. In contrast, the popular and cultural memory of the pandemic remained obscured and disparate. In the 1970s Richard Collier, a journalist and historian, embarked upon a narrative book project about the 1918–19 flu. To generate his raw material, he placed adverts in newspapers around the world, inviting personal recollections of ordinary people’s experiences of this global phenomenon. The response surpassed his expectations and demonstrated the latent cultural memory of the pandemic which persisted around the world. Although Collier’s book was not a bestseller, his research captured and preserved the largest known collection of eyewitness accounts of the 1918–19 pandemic, first in his personal archive and later at the Imperial War Museum. This collection has since proven invaluable to academics and the media for revealing stories of the pandemic beyond the official accounts.
‘When Two Crises Meet Each Other’
Authors: Thimm Utz
Published: March 2022

The ‘Spanish’ Flu pandemic was remembered differently in the neighbouring Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands. During the Great War, almost all of Belgium was occupied by German troops. Although the pandemic was reported in the censored press, the attention of the Belgians focused on the war and the liberation of the country, even as influenza raged. Subsequently, historians of Belgium have shown little awareness of the ‘Spanish’ Flu. Across the border, the Netherlands remained neutral. The Dutch still suffered from the consequences of the war, but incomparably less so than the Belgians. Dutch literature of the period featured a few reflections of the influenza pandemic, and Dutch historians have shown some awareness of the impact of the ‘Spanish’ Flu—which incidentally entered from Germany—on their own country. At the end of the war, hardly any news from the colonies reached both countries. When lines of communication were reopened, it transpired that mortality rates from influenza in the Belgian Congo and the Dutch East Indies had been up to ten times higher than those in Europe. Yet, memories of the widescale suffering in the colonies were neglected in the historiography.
Representation and Remembrance
Authors: Arnold David
Published: March 2022

Despite India losing between 12 and 20 million people to influenza in 1918–19, the highest mortality anywhere in the world, the epidemic has been remarkably neglected in recorded memories and historical narratives of the period. This great mortality and its subsequent remembrance were largely subsumed in, or overshadowed by, Indian participation in the First World War and official memorialisation of its casualties, actual or incipient famine across large parts of the subcontinent, the economic and administrative disruption caused by the war and a new phase of nationalist militancy against British rule, led by Mohandas Gandhi, centring on the Rowlatt Satyagraha and Amritsar massacre of April 1919. Unlike its vigorous interventionism against the plague epidemic of the 1890s, the colonial regime believed itself powerless to check the spread of influenza and adopted few preventive or remedial measures, and so had scant reason to celebrate its own role. That said, some Europeans and Indians did record or recall their deep sense of personal loss, the shock of witnessing mortality on such an unprecedented scale and the impact on their lives of India’s devastating ‘war fever’.
Pandemic Exchanges
Authors: Honigsbaum Mark
Published: March 2022

Although the 1918 ‘Spanish’ influenza has been characterised by historians as the ‘forgotten pandemic’, medical researchers never forgot its devastating health impacts and their failure to develop prophylactic vaccines. On the contrary, beginning in the 1930s, flu was transformed into an object of abiding scientific interest and technological endeavour, one that by the century’s end would see the production of pandemic vaccines and the sequencing of the genome of the H1N1 ‘Spanish’ Flu virus, capturing the imaginations of science journalists and historians worldwide. This chapter argues that our current preoccupation with the ‘Spanish’ Flu is best understood as a historiographical phenomenon and product of intellectual exchanges and ongoing dialogues between virologists, molecular pathologists, science journalists and medical and environmental historians.
Pandemics and Comparative Forgetfulness
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel Kline
Published: March 2022

This chapter presents two new approaches to challenge Alfred Crosby’s longstanding orthodoxy of the Great Influenza as the great ‘forgotten pandemic’. The first opens the question of the transmission of memory of the pandemic from the generation of the survivors to their children and grandchildren. Even with a small sample of interviewees, the author found that memories of the flu pandemic cut across three generations in a third of the cases, and at least three of the twenty-one questioned related poignant personal stories of how these memories affected their lives from childhood or adolescence. Second, this essay is the first to compare remembrance of the Great Pandemic with that of other epidemics in history, such as yellow fever and cholera. The essay, however, focuses on a comparison between the Great Influenza of 1918–20 and the most remembered pandemic in world history, the Black Death. It finds that the historic memory of this earlier disease was anything but straightforward and charts the Church’s conscious blotting of it from Christianity’s most central and sacred instrument of everlasting memory—hagiography.
Afterword
Authors: Erll Astrid
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses the irony of the Great Flu’s mnemohistory: the First World War, with which the Flu shares historical time, but not mnemonic power, was revisited throughout the past century in all the forms available to modern memory, such as monuments and commemorative rituals, paintings, poems, memoirs, novels, historical writings, museums, re-enactments, television comedies and documentaries and (in the wake of its centenary) a vast digitised archive. There is a clear link, as Paul Fussell saw it, between The Great War and Modern Memory (1975). In contrast, a phrase like ‘the Great Flu and modern memory’ sounds almost oxymoronic. While the Flu’s death toll may well have exceeded that of both world wars, and while it truly affected the whole world, the pandemic’s mnemonic stature is dwarfed by the wars. Why are millions of dead and a global impact sometimes not enough to firmly root past happenings in memory? This chapter argues that three decisive forms of modern memory have been missing in the remembrance of the Great Flu: there is no strong historiographic tradition, no ongoing investment in national commemorative memory and little evidence of travelling memory. Arguably, these three absences are a result of the Flu’s low degree of narratability, which (at least in the framework of modern memory cultures since ca. 1800) tends to limit its memorability. The chapter closes with a call to move on from the regime of modern memory to a new practice of relational remembering.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Alexander M.
Published: March 2022

The book’s introduction begins by describing how finding Johannes Ambrosius Rosenstrauch’s account of Napoleon’s Russian campaign triggered a series of serendipitous discoveries that made it possible to reconstruct the entire story of his life. Rosenstrauch’s colorful biography makes him a characteristic figure of the Age of Revolution. The historiographic methodology used by this book is microhistory, an approach that historians developed in response to a loss of confidence in older paradigms that regarded European history since the eighteenth century as the steady unfolding of a systematic process of modernization. The chapter explains how microhistory works, and the specific microhistorical questions that guide the remainder of the book: How do Rosenstrauch’s beliefs and personality traits reflect the transformation of European life in the Age of Revolution? How did the dimensions of time and space affect his experience of the history of his time? How does his story help us understand both the international mobility that characterized the Age of Revolution and the national history of Germany and Russia at the dawn of the modern age? And, lastly, what are the limits of our ability to know the life of a person in the past?
Memory
Authors: Martin Alexander M.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores Rosenstrauch’s legacy in German and Russian collective memory in the nineteenth century. It begins with his influence on those who had met him personally. Most people, though, knew him only through his writings, and because he had been so secretive, they knew little about his life. The haziness of his biography allowed him to serve as a screen onto which people could project their own pressing concerns. His writings were published in German, and translated into Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Russian. In Germany, the discussions to which his legacy contributed included arguments for and against Pietist religiosity and social outreach (the so-called inner mission), and debates about whether Russia was a land of despotism and Judeo-Masonic conspiracies. In Russia, where he was cited by luminaries such as Zhukovsky, Gogol, and Leskov, he provided grist for arguments about Russia as a multinational empire, and for debates about social conservatism in the 1840s, the Great Reforms in the 1860s, the soul of the common folk in the 1880s, and the renewal of the Orthodox Church after the 1905 Revolution.
Exploring Linguistic Liability
Authors: Borg Emma , Connolly P. J.
Published: March 2022

There is a well-established social practice whereby we hold one another responsible for the things that we say. Speakers are held liable for the truth of the contents they express and they can be sanctioned and/or held to be unreliable or devious if it turns out what they say is false. In this chapter we argue that a better understanding of this fundamental socio-linguistic practice—of ascribing what we will term (following Borg 2019) ‘linguistic liability’—helps to shed light on a core debate in semantics and pragmatics, concerning how and where to draw the line between different kinds of content. We suggest that attributions of linguistic liability form a heterogenous (rather than a homogenous) class and seek to show that different kinds of liability judgements are useful because they track divergent kinds of content—specifically the kinds that have come to prominence in recent theorizing about the semantics/pragmatics divide.
Morality Unbounded
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: March 2022

This chapter takes up the question about the moral limits of social pluralism, assuming morality’s authoritative status, where social or religious subgroups present a claim to independent normative authority as a condition of their identity. The chapter’s central argument turns on the Kant-inspired idea of “moral regulation from within”: if social identity and practice that self-justifies as a matter of history or preference or sacred text can be recast consistent with moral principle, it secures standing for its place and practice in a morally regulated social world. A variety of examples and counterarguments are addressed. A final example of remedy for group-to-group injustice further tests the idea that treating groups as moral entities can change the nature of their members’ obligations, independent of individual contribution to wrongdoing.
MemComputing
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

From the originator of MemComputing comes the very first book on this new computing paradigm that employs time non-locality (memory) to both process and store information. The book discusses the rationale behind MemComputing, its theoretical foundations, and wide-range applicability to combinatorial optimization problems, Machine Learning, and Quantum Mechanics. The book is ideal for graduate students in Physics, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, and Mathematics as well as researchers in both academia and industry interested in unconventional computing. The author relies on extensive margin notes, important remarks, and several artworks to better explain the main concepts and clarify all the jargon, making the book as self-contained as possible. The reader will be guided from the basic notions to the more advanced ones with a writing style that is always clear and engaging. Along the way, the reader will appreciate the advantages of this computing paradigm and the major differences that set it apart from the prevailing Turing model of computation, and even Quantum Computing.
Universal MemComputing machine
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

This Chapter introduces the formal definition of universal MemComputing machine (UMM). It explains its main features that set it apart from a Turing machine: intrinsic parallelism, functional polymorphism, and information overhead. It also shows that a UMM with an exponential information overhead can solve NP-complete problems with polynomial resources.
Self-organizing gates and circuits
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

This Chapter introduces terminal- gates, namely gates that do not distinguish between the traditional input or traditional output terminals. Memory is the physical property that allows the realization of these self-organizing gates. It also discusses the mathematical properties of these gates when assembled into circuits, and their possible hardware realization. It gives some examples of these circuits for the solution of factorization.
Application to combinatorial optimization problems
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

This Chapter discusses a wide variety of combinatorial optimization problems where the numerical solution of the ordinary differential equations of DMMs shows advantages over traditional algorithms.
The Teian ‘Dirae’ (Documents 2–3)
Authors: Adak Mustafa , Thonemann Peter
Published: March 2022

The richest sources for the institutional history of Classical Teos, and for ongoing relations between Teos and Abdera in the generations after the Teian colonizing enterprise, are a pair of Greek inscriptions from Teos of the early fifth century BC, recording public curses to be read out by magistrates at major Teian festivals. The first of these two texts, ‘Dirae I’, has been known since the early eighteenth century, but no previous edition of the text has been based on full knowledge of the surviving copies of the stone, and as a result the text has (it is argued here) been significantly misunderstood in various respects. The second of these texts, ‘Dirae II’, was first published by Peter Herrmann in 1981; the text is inscribed on all four faces of a rectangular stone, and Herrmann read the faces in the wrong order. A full new edition of both texts is offered here, and a new interpretation of the relationship between the two texts and their significance for the institutional relationship between Teos and Abdera is proposed.
Two Greek Cities in Peace and War
Authors: Adak Mustafa , Thonemann Peter
Published: March 2022

The authors conclude with some brief reflections on kinship diplomacy in the Hellenistic world—the mediation of Greek interstate diplomacy through real or mythological ‘kinship’ between civic communities—with a particular focus on the ‘reactivating’ of such links during the various geopolitical crises of the early second century BC. The new decree of Abdera for the Teians is set firmly in its immediate historical context, as a characteristic witness to the distinctive world-view of the cities of the Greek world in the 160s BC.
The Logic of Number
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: March 2022

This book defines and develops the program of Natural Logicism for the natural, rational, and real numbers. The central method is to formulate rules of natural deduction governing variable-binding number-abstraction operators and other logico-mathematical expressions such as zero and successor. The introduction and elimination rules for a number-abstraction operator @ allow one to infer to, and away from, identity statements in the canonical form ‘t=@xΦ‎(x)’. These enable ‘single-barreled’ abstraction, in contrast with the ‘double-barreled’ abstraction effected by principles such as Frege's Basic Law V, or Hume's Principle. The logical system used for the foundational reasoning is free Core Logic. It handles non-denoting singular terms and allows only constructive and relevant reasoning. Natural Logicism imposes upon its account of the numbers four conditions of adequacy. First, one must show how it is that the various kinds of number are applicable in our wider thought and talk about the world. One does this by deriving all instances of three respective schemas: Schema N for the naturals, Schema Q for the rationals, and Schema R for the reals. These provide truth-conditions for statements deploying terms referring to numbers of the kind in question. Second, one must show how it is that the naturals sit among the rationals as themselves again, and the rationals likewise among the reals. Third, one should reveal enough of the metaphysical nature of the numbers to be able to derive the mathematician's basic laws governing them. Fourth, one should be able to demonstrate that there are uncountably many reals.
What is Natural Logicism?
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: March 2022

Natural Logicism is a new species of logicism. It is based on Gentzenian rules of natural deduction, including ones governing logico-mathematical expressions that Gentzen himself did not treat. Natural Logicism could be developed for any branch of mathematics. The aim would be to determine how much of its foundation is ‘logical’, or analytic; and in what sense the objects dealt with might be logical objects. Here the focus is on Natural Logicism for the numbers. The two main traditional aims of logicism are pursued. The numbers are shown to be ‘logical objects’, and deeper principles about them are formulated from which one can then deduce as theorems the usual ‘first principles’ that mathematicians lay down. This requires that one develop the free logic for number-abstraction operators (natural, rational, and real). The logical treatment of these operators can be called ‘single-barreled abstractionism’. It is an important advance on, and is in contrast with, the ‘double-barreled’ abstractionism of other neo-Fregeans. Another contrast with these others is that the underlying logic employed—Core Logic—is not only free but also constructive and relevant. An important methodological condition of adequacy is imposed on the natural logicist account: it must show how the different kinds of number are applicable in our wider thought and talk about the world.
Foundations After Gödel
Authors: Tennant Neil
Published: March 2022

There are two fundamental a priori constraints furnished by work in the foundations of mathematics: the Gödelian incompleteness theorems and the Non-Compossibility theorem. One cannot axiomatize the truths of arithmetic; nor can one maximize both expressive and deductive power in any language for mathematics. The main aims of contemporary work in the foundations of mathematics are described. A contrast is drawn between providing a uniform set-theoretic foundation for all branches of mathematics as opposed to treating each branch as enjoying its own special vocabulary of primitives and treating its objects sui generis. Special interest attaches to the problem of establishing the consistency of any given mathematical theory. There is a linear hierarchy of consistency strengths that have been uncovered since the discovery of the Gödelian phenomena. This hierarchy has been illuminated by work in reverse mathematics (studying second-order subsystems of arithmetic), in proof theory (studying proof-theoretic ordinals), and in set theory (studying large-cardinal existence axioms).