bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Armyworms on Bell Pepper in West-Central Florida, Fall 1993
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 10 Sep 12 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single row of 12 plants with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 28 Sep, 4, 11, 18, 25 Oct, 3, 10, 15, 22, 29 Nov, 6, 13, 20, 27 Dec, 5, 11, 19, and 26 Jan. The sprayer was outfitted with a single nozzle with a D-5 disk and #45 core and delivered 100 gpa at 60 psi. On 22 Oct and 15 Nov, each plot was rated for increasing percentage of defoliation by beet armyworm larvae using the Horsfall-Barratt scale. With this scale, ratings of 1-12 corresponded to 1-100% defoliation. Fruit were harvested on 18, 30, Nov, 9, 23 Dec, 6 Jan, and 2 Feb and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by beet armyworm larvae were determined, fruit with slight feeding damage only on the stem or calyx were considered marketable. Fruit with any damage on the fruit wall were considered unmarketable. Fruit also were examined for the presence of oviposition scars on the outside of the fruit and for the presence of larval feeding damage on the inside of the fruit caused by the pepper weevil.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in the Red River Valley, Grand Forks, ND, 1994
Authors: Suranyi Robert A. , Radcliffe Edward B. , Samuelson Matthew P. , Thompson Galen C.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted 17 May at the Research Farm of the Red River Valley Potato Growers Association. Plots were four rows wide, 60 ft long, with 38 in rows and 12 in between plants. Plots were separated on all sides by 6.3 ft of cultivated soil. The experiment had a complete randomized plot design with four replications. Egg masses were flagged 15 Jun and checked daily. Thirty percent egg hatch was estimated to have occurred 22 Jun, but heavy rains and wet field conditions delayed first application of insecticidal sprays until 24 Jun. Subsequent spray applications were made 5, 12 Jul, and 8 Aug. Jun and Jul sprays were targeted against first generation larvae, Aug application against summer generation adults. All applications were made using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a single Teejet nozzle over each row. Sprays were applied in 40 gal of water/acre at 40 psi. Egg masses, small larvae (1st and 2nd instar), large larvae (3rd and 4th instar), and adults were counted 27 Jun, 7, 14 Jul, and 10 Aug on 20 randomly selected plants from the two middle rows of each plot. Tuber yields were estimated by mechanical harvesting one row per plot 2 Sept. Defoliation data were recorded at each evaluation and expressed as mean percent of defoliation across sampling dates. The average number of insect counts across sampling dates are presented in the table. Best control resulted from the use of Furadan, Imidan, and Capture. Yield differences among treatments were not significantly correlated with any measure of insect numbers. Parts of the field were saturated for an extended period of time by heavy Jun rains, which adversely affected yields in all plots. Tuber yields ranged from 136.7 to 207.4 cwt/acre.
Foliar Insecticide Evaluation for Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1994
Authors: Zehnder G. W. , Hollingsworth M. H. , Hagemore D.
Published: December 2017

‘Silver Queen’ sweet corn was planted on 24 May at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation in Cullman, Alabama. Treatment plots were 6 rows, each 10 meters long, replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The four middle rows of each plot were sprayed with insecticides beginning at “tassel push", when the tassels were first observed growing up from the whorl, and on a 3-4 day schedule throughout the silking period until harvest. Sprays were applied on 19, 22, 26, 29 July, and on 1 and 4 Aug. Spray application was made by a self-propelled high-clearance sprayer with one hollow cone nozzle over the row and 1—6 nozzles on drop extension tubes on either side of the row (additional nozzles ere added as corn height increased). Spray volume remained constant on all spray dates at 80 gal/acre. Treatment effectiveness was determined at harvest (8 Aug) by examination of 25 randomly-picked ears per plot (100 ears per treatment) for CEW feeding damage to the ear tips. Worm feeding damage not associated with the ear tip was classified as “side damage” (assumed to be caused by other lepidopterous species). Ears were considered unmarketable if CEW damage to the ear extended 38 mm (1.5 inches) beyond the tip of the ear, or if “side damage” was present.
Aerial Insecticide Applications for Control of First-Generation European Corn Borer Larvae in South Dakota, 1994
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Jensen J. M. , Thompson D. J.
Published: December 2017

A corn field near Beresford, SD, was chosen to evaluate aerially-applied chemical and biological insecticide treatments for control of first-generation ECB larvae. Pretreatment counts indicated a light, but uniform infestation of ECB larvae in 42% of plants sampled. Stadial composition consisted of 13, 32, 38, and 17% 1st-, 2nd-, 3rd-, and 4th-instar larvae, respectively. A strip-plot experimental design was used. Each strip contained 4 replicates. Individual treatment plots were 40 m (41 rows) by 122 m. Insecticides were applied on 29 Jun at whorl (ca. 10 d prior to tasseling) stage. All insecticide treatments were applied at 8.0 lb formulated product/acre in 20-m swaths using a Cessna Ag Truck aircraft. A Duke metering system mounted on the aircraft was used for insecticide calibration and application procedures. Approximately 1 month following treatment (28 Jul), 40 plants in each plot were randomly selected, split vertically and examined for cavity (tunnelling) damage. The number and length of cavities were recorded and analyzed using SAS’s General Linear Models (GLM) procedure with means being compared by DMRT.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control Using Insecticide Rescue Treatments, 1994
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Jenson J. M. , Thompson D. J. , Nelson D. J.
Published: December 2017

A cornfield near Parkston, SD, was chosen to evaluate 35 chemical and biological insecticide treatments for control of first-generation ECB larvae. Preapplication counts indicated a uniform infestation of ECB larvae in 71.0% of plants sampled. Stadial composition consisted of 20, 35, 35, and 10% 1st-, 2nd-, 3rd-, and 4th-instar, respectively. Treatments were applied on 7 Jul at whorl (approximately 1 wk prior to tasseling) stage of physiological development. Three untreated control plots were used to compare 10 granular insecticides and 25 liquids for efficacy in preventing ECB tunnelling. Treatments included multiple rates of some compounds. Insecticides were applied to single row plots (16.4 cm by 30.5 m) in a RCBD with 4 replicates. Granules were directed into corn plant whorls using a pneumatic applicator powered by a 3.5 horsepower engine mounted on a Highboy. Noble metering units attached to a modified chain-driven apparatus regulated the amount of granules released into the pneumatic applicator. Liquid treatments were applied to corn plant whorls using a single-nozzle 3-gal, CO2-propeIled backpack sprayer system. Approximately I month following insecticide applications (12 Aug), 20 corn stalks were randomly chosen from each plot. Each plant was split vertically and examined for tunnelling damage. The number and length of cavities were analyzed using SAS’s General Linear Models procedure with means being compared by DMRT.
Insecticide Applied Aerially for Control of First Generation European Corn Borer, 1994
Authors: Witkowski John F.
Published: December 2017

The cornfield was located in Cedar county, northwest of the town of Hartington, NE. Six black headed egg masses were infested onto 30 marked plants (3, ten plant subsamples) per treatment on 24 Jun. A Cessna 188 Ag Truck was used to make the applications on 30 Jun. Aerial treatments were flown on in a strip plot design. On 9 Aug, all artificially infested plants were dissected from tassel to ground and examined for borer cavities.
Efficacy of Insecticides on Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1994
Authors: Bannister Jennifer M. , Lentz Gary L. , Austin Nancy B.
Published: December 2017

A series of tests was conducted at the West Tennessee Experiment Station, Jackson, TN, to determine efficacy of 12 insecticides recommended for control of the tarnished plant bug (TPB) on cotton. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a RCBD. Plots were 4 rows (38-inch spacing) × 20 ft. Organdy sleeve cages were placed on 4 plants per plot and pulled down to the base of the plant. Treatments were then applied using an IH 660 Hi-Boy with a 4-row boom equipped with 3 hollowcone TXVS 4 nozzles per row (one nozzle over the row and 2 nozzles on drops) calibrated to deliver 9.44 gpa at 40 psi and 3 mph. The sleeve cages were then pulled up from the base of the plants, and 10 field-collected TPB adults were aspirated into each of 2 of the 4 cages. The cages were secured at the top with a twist tie and labeled at to treatment and replication. After 48 hr, the caged cotton plants were collected and the number of living and dead TPB was recorded. Forty-eight hr after spraying, 10 field-collected adult tarnished plant bugs were placed into each of the remaining 2 sleeve cages to evaluate residual activity of the previously-applied insecticides. Number of living and dead TPB was recorded after 24 hr of exposure to the treated plants. The arcsin transformation of the data was analyzed using General Linear Model and Tukey’s Studentized Range Test.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Boll Weevil, 1994
Authors: Johnson D. R. , Jordan A. M. , Klein C. D.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 9 May at the James Ray farm in Lonoke County. Insecticides were applied on 2, 5, 12, 19, and 22 Aug with a John Deere 6000 hi-cycle equipped with a CO2 sprayer. Total volume was 10 gal/acre at 30 psi using Teejet TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Plots consisted of 12 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Boll weevil ratings were made 2-3 DAT by examining 25 squares/plot for boll weevil damage. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested on 10 Oct using a John Deere 2-row picker.
Thrips Control in Cotton with In-Furrow Insecticides in Northeast Arkansas, 1994
Authors: Studebaker Glenn
Published: December 2017

‘Plots of DES 119’ cotton were planted on 20 May at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center. Granular compounds were applied by Gandy box on the planter. In-furrow liquids were applied with a CO2 powered system mounted on the planter directing sprays into the furrow. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 5.5 gal/acre at 42 psi through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Plots were four 38-inch rows, 50-ft long, arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Damage ratings were made based on a scale of 1-10 with 10 = severe damage. Thrips counts were made by collecting 5 plants from each plot and washing the plants through a series of sieves, counting the thrips collected in the final sieve. Yields were taken by harvesting the center two rows of each plot.
Hops, Tenlined June Beetle Control with Entomopathogenic Nematodes, 1994
Authors: Wennemann L. , Cone W. W. , Jeske R. A. , Wright L. , Conant M. , Perez J.
Published: December 2017

Research was conducted in a three year old hop planting, Humulus lupulus Cluster (LI), in Mabton, WA on fine sandy loam. Pest presence was identified by using an aerial photograph and by digging up and examining the roots of 5 plants within the infested area. An average of 10 larvae per plant were found. A completely random design (3 plants per replicate) with 5 replicates was used. Treatments consisted of three entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser (All Strain), S. feltiae Filipjev (SN Strain), S. glaseri (Steiner) and water as a control. Nematodes were checked for viability under the microscope before application. Nematode species were applied on 27 May with a hand-operated soil injector (Marayuma 3MI, Tokyo, Japan) at three depths (10, 20 and 30 cm) and six locations at each depth around the base of the plant. Approximately 1.14 million nematodes (4.5 billion/acre) were injected in 180 ml of water per plant. One side of the plots was pre and the other side post irrigated for 24 h before/after nematode application by furrow irrigation. Plots were evaluated 5 weeks after treatments by digging up 60 plants and the surrounding soil (1 m diameter × 0.8 m depth) and counting P. decemlineata adults, pupae and larvae.
Evaluation of Selected Hopper Box and Seed Treatments for Control of Red Imported Fire Ant in Grain Sorghum, 1994
Authors: Castro B. A. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected insecticide treatments applied as in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP), T-banded granules (TBAND) and seed treatments (SEEDT) was evaluated for control of the RIFA at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station in Franklin Parish, LA. The test was planted no till with a John Deere 7300 planter into a bermuda grass sod containing a high density of RIFA mounds. Plots consisting of 4 rows (40 inch centers) by 30 ft were planted on 3 May in a RCB with 4 replications. RIFA no. were estimated on 1 Jun by placing an unruled index card (3X5 inches) baited with peanut butter in each plot and recording the no. of ants attracted after 3 h. No. of chinch bugs were obtained on 15 Jun by counting the no. per 20 plants in the 2 center rows. Plant stand densities were recorded on 31 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows in each plot. Plant heights were estimated on 31 May by measuring 20 plants in each plot. Intra-row plant skips were recorded on 13 Jun by counting the no. of skips > 12 inches per plot.
Seed Treatment Evaluated for Greenbug Control in Sorghum, 1994
Authors: Sloderbeck P. E. , Witt M. D. , Buschman L. L.
Published: December 2017

Seed of three sorghum hybrids treated with 0, 2 or 4 oz AI of Gaucho per cwt were furnished by Gustafson, Inc. The hybrids used in the study were NC+ 271 (greenbug susceptible), DK 56 (biotype- E resistant), and Cargill 607E, (biotype-I resistant). All three hybrids were pretreated with Captan and Concept and the DK 56 was also pretreated with Apron. The seed was planted on 24 May in a modified Latin square design with three replications. Each plot was two rows wide (5 ft) and 22 ft long. The seed was planted at the rate of 5 g per row using a cone planter. On 23 Jul corn leaf aphid and greenbug populations were monitored by cutting off two plants per plot and counting the number of aphids on the plant and removing the whorl and counting the number of aphids observed as the leaves were unrolled. On 4-5 Aug, two plants were cut off at the base and visually examined to estimate greenbug numbers. Yield data were collected by machine harvesting the plots on 27 Oct.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against the Southern Green Stink Bug on Soybean in Louisiana, 1994
Authors: Lingren P. S. , Wier A. T. , Boethel D. J.
Published: December 2017

Several insecticides were tested for efficacy of control against southern green stink bug in 3 small plot trials at the St. Gabriel Research Station in Iberville Parish, LA. Test 1 was conducted on 17 Aug on ‘Ring Around 452’ in the R6 growth stage. Tests 2 and 3 were conducted on 3 Sep on ‘Delta Pine 415’ in the R6 and R5 growth stages, respectively. Treatments in all tests were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were 50 ft by 5 rows (36 inch row spacing). Treatments were applied with a tractor using a compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 44 psi with 8002 flat fan nozzles. At 2 and 7 DAT, one 25 sweep sample was taken from each plot using a 15 inch diameter sweep net. Nymph and adult SGSB were counted. No rainfall was recorded during any of the tests.
Evaluation of Selected Bacillus Thuringiensis Insecticides for Control of Soybean Looper in North Louisiana, 1994
Authors: Mascarenhas Rosanne N. , Wier Alan T. , Boethel David J. , Lingren P. Scott , Leonard B. Rogers
Published: December 2017

A field study was conducted at the Macon Ridge Branch, Northeast Research Station, located near Winnsboro (Franklin Parish), Louisiana, to evaluate the efficacy of several B. thuringiensis insecticides for soybean looper control. Test plots were 50 ft long by 5 rows with a 40 inch row spacing and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 38 psi through TX8 hollow cone nozzles (2 per row). Insecticide treatments were applied to soybeans in the R5 stage of growth (beginning seed) on 25 Aug. Posttreatment counts, consisting of 25 sweeps per plot, were taken with a 15 inch diameter muslin net at 2, 5, and 7 DAT. No rainfall occurred and the plots were not irrigated during the experimental period. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by means separation according to DMRT.
Control of Stink Bugs on Georgia Soybeans, 1994
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Mills Billy
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of 5 selected insecticides for control of stink bugs, velvetbean caterpillars, and soybean loopers was evaluated at the University of Georgia Attapulgus Research Center, Attapulgus, GA. The insecticides were foliarapplied on 30 Aug on ‘Essex’ soybeans planted in late May. Individual plots were 4 rows wide × 50 ft long with alleys 6 ft wide on each end and 2 border rows on each side, arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 17.6 gal/acre. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 3, 7, and 14 DAT, by taking a 20-sweep sample (15-inch diam net) from a single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage (pods filling with seeds) during the testing period. The data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test.
Evaluation of Dimilin and Benlate for Soybean Insect Pest and Disease Control, 1991
Authors: Way M. O. , Whitney N. G. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Soil type was a Midland silty clay loam. Plot size was 40 ft × 6 rows (32-inch row spacing). Plots were planted 4 Jun at about 10 seeds/ft. Immediately after planting, plots were treated with 2 pt Dual + 1 qt Roundup + % pt Scepter per acre. Soybeans emerged 10 Jun. On 16 Aug (when plants were R2—3 and insect pest populations were beginning to increase) treatments were applied to 4 rows of a plot using a Solo backpack sprayer. Finished spray volume was 20 gal/acre. Immediately before application and 5, 12, 21, 28, 35, and 42 d after this initial application, plots were sampled for insects. Each sample consisted of shaking soybean plants along 9 ft of row over a vertical beat sheet. Insects were shaken and brushed from the vertical beat sheet into a plastic bag which was frozen for later inspection of the contents. One sample (9 ft of sampled row) was taken in each plot on each sample date. On 9 Sep (when soybeans were R5) a second application of Benlate was made to all treatments with Benlate (thus, after all treatments were applied, treated plots were exposed to a single application of Dimilin and/or a double application of Benlate). On the same dates plots were sampled for insects, 15 leaflets (5 each from top, middle, and bottom third of canopy) were randomly removed from each plot and taken to a laboratory where estimates of % defoliation were recorded by comparing leaflets with templates of leaflets of known defoliation. From time of initial application to the last sample date 5.26 inches of rain was recorded. On 21 and 29 Oct plots were visually rated for cercospora leaf blight and anthracnose disease severity, respectively. At maturity 120 ft of row in each plot were harvested with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture. Insect count data were transformed using Vx + 0.5 and all data analyzed by ANOVA and means separated by DMRT.
Foliar Sprays to Control Aphids in Wheat, Painter, Va, 1993
Authors: Speese III John
Published: December 2017

Wheat was planted on 13 Nov at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot was 25 ft long by 5 ft wide and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. EGA pressure was high with numbers approaching the treatment threshold of 25 aphids/ear in early May. The plots were sprayed on 9 May using a 3-nozzle flat fan boom backpack sprayer delivering 20 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Silwet L77 (0.25%) was added to each treatment. Counts of the number of EGA/ear were made on 50 randomly chosen ears/plot on the dates indicated in the table, and the plots were harvested on 7 Jul. EGA pressure had declined considerably on 25 May. Large numbers of predators (Coccinellidae, Syrphidae) were observed in the CGA 215944 (pymetrozine) treatments and in the check on each sampling date
Control of Barberry Aphid with Imidacloprid Formulations, 1994
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Plots were established at a commercial nursery north of Ft. Collins, CO. Shrubs were grown in #5 nursery containers. Plot design was an RCB with 4 replications. All treatments were applied 20 May. Soil drench treatments were made by applying specified amount of insecticide diluted 1:1000 with water. Granules were spread in the container around the base of the shrub. Plants were watered by overhead irrigation once daily. Plots were sampled by counting the number of aphids present on 5 terminals. Plants suffered through some drought stress between 30 May and 9 Jun counts.
Control of Black Cutworms on a Bentgrass Golf Course Fairway, 1994
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Gaussoin R. E. , Heng T. M.
Published: December 2017

Conventional and biological insecticides were evaluated for control of BCW larvae on a golf course creeping bentgrass fairway in Lincoln, NE. The turf (100% creeping bentgrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 0.5 inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.125 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was adequate throughout the study. Plots were 6 × 8 ft and the experimental design was an RCB with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 14 Jul 1994. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with an Lf-4 nozzle at 40 psi and delivering 5 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inch of water. A total of 1.78 inch of rain fell during the post treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 4 DAT (18 Jul) by drenching two 6 ft2 areas in each plot with 0.5 oz. of lemon-scented dish washing detergent per gal of water. BCW were recorded as they appeared on the turf surface. Pretreatment estimated life stages were: 26% under 3rd instar, 7% 3rd instar, 16% 4th instar, 41% 5th instar, 7% 6th instar, and 3% 7th instar.
Midsummer Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Merit 75WSP on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewistown, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (26 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 76CF; soil temperature at 2 inch, 74°F; RH, 85%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.50 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 31.1% sand, 46.4% silt, 22.5% clay; organic matter, 6.7%; soil moisture (oven baked) 23.1%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 4.4; and partly cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 42 DAT (6 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Formulations of Dylox, Oftanol, and Turcam on a Golf Fairway in Centre County, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO, compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (25 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 81°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 76%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 43.6% sand, 36.4% silt, 20.0% clay; organic matter, 7.6%; soil moisture (oven baked), 31.3%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.6; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.2 inches of water. Three hours prior to treatment the area received 0.3 inches of natural rainfall. Posttreatment counts were completed on 28 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Effect of Rate of Application on Efficacy of Four Insecticides Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1994
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Ethoprop (Mocap 10G), imidacloprid (Merit 75SP), fonofos (Crusade 5G), and bendiocarb (Turcam 2.5G) were applied on 18 Apr (Forsythia in early bloom) to 7 × 7 ft plots, which were replicated 5 times, in a CRB design. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY—annual bluegrass 50%, creeping bentgrass 50% maintained at 0.5 inch mowing height. All materials were applied by hand. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Liquid formulations were applied with watering cans, using 2 qt water per plot. All applications were made by applying ca. half of the material in one direction and then applying the remainder in the perpendicular direction. The entire test area received 0.25 in irrigation ca. 1 h after application of the last material. Soil pH was 6.4, water pH of water used for application was 6.1. Product efficacy was evaluated on 6 Jun by removing 12 cores (1.85 in diam, 1.5 in deep) per plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (4 observations per plot, 20 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 60% early instars (lst-3rd), 20% 4th instar, and 20% 5th instar.
Annual White Grub Control on a Golf Course Fairway Using Subsurface and Conventional Application Methods, 1994
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Von Bargen K. , Grisso R. D.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a golf course fairway. The turf (100% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 5/s inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.5 to 0.75 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was maintained at approximately 17% by weight, throughout the study. Plots were 40 inches × 15 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 23 Aug 1994 using either a Cushman prototype subsurface applicator designed to place insecticide granular treatments at the soil-thatch interface (avg depth 0.75 inches), or a Gandy 24H12 drop spreader. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment precipitation totaled 0.42 inches. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT on 13 Sep by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs. Pretreatment counts indicated 10-40 SMC/ft2 with 80-90% in the third instar stage in the test area.
Black Turfgrass Ataenius Rescue Trial, Ft. Morgan, Co, 1991
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

The experiment was established 24 Jul at the Ft. Morgan Municipal Golf Course. Soil type was a sandy loam, with thatch layer of M-in to %-in. Individual plots were 7-ft × 7-ft, arranged in a RCB design with 5 replications. Treatments were applied between 9:30-11:30 AM, in a water volume of 8 gal/1000 ft2, using a sprinkler can. Immediately preceding application heavy rains had fallen. During application, overcast conditions existed and temperatures ranged from 62-72°F and a light sprinkle occurred at the end of treatments. Plots were sprinkler irrigated within four hours after application. At the time of treatment essentially all larvae were in last instar and pupae were observed. Evaluation was made 31 Jul. Plots were sampled by lifting a 15 × 15-inch turf flap and counting all living larvae which were underneath.
Control of Aphids on Potted Chrysanthemum, Ft. Collins, Co 1993
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney , Hopper Douglas
Published: December 2017

A mixed aphid population (green peach aphid, black chrysanthemum aphid) present on greenhouse grown chrysanthemums was used to determine speed of uptake by plants and efficacy of imidacloprid (Bay NTN 33893). Plants were arranged in a RCB design with 6 replications. Granules were surface applied on either 29 Sep, 3 Nov, or 8 Nov and watered into the potting mix. Evaluations were made 11 Nov and 18 Nov by counting all aphids on one randomly selected terminal per plant in each of the four plants per pot.
Test of Registered and Experimental Insecticides for Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Beers Elizabeth H.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 2-yr-old commercial ‘Gala’ orchard near Orondo, WA. Trees were planted in double rows. Plots consisted of groups of contiguous trees within a double row, with buffer trees between plots, and buffer rows between treated rows. Four trees per plot with aphid infestations were chosen, and one shoot per tree was tagged. The number of aphids on the most infested leaf was counted on tagged shoots. Pre-treatmerit counts were used as a blocking factor for randomization. Treatments were applied with a handgun to the point of drip on 15 Jul. Post-treatment counts were taken ca. weekly until late Aug.
Rifa Quarantine Treatments in Commercial Grass Sod, 1993
Authors: Callcott A. M. , Collins H. L.
Published: December 2017

The only RIFA quarantine treatment labelled for use on grass sod is Pageant181 DF applied at 8.0 lb (AI)/acre. Candidate treatments were applied to nonproduction fields of common St. Augustine grass at 3 sites in 1993. Plots at Murff Turf Farms, Crosby, TX were treated on 26 May under extremely wet conditions; Pearl River Valley Turf, Wiggins, MS on 3 Jun under hot dry conditions; and Woerner Turf, Elberta, AL on 7 Jul under hot dry conditions. The Elberta, AL site received routine irrigation after treatment, but neither of the other sites were irrigated. Plots were 1 acre arranged in a CRD with 3 replicates per treatment at each site. Granular formulations were applied with a Herd GT-77® granular applicator mounted on a Suzuki LT4 all-terrain vehicle (ATV). Sprays were applied with a shop built boom sprayer comprised of 5 TSS-4 spray tips spaced 36" apart and overlapped by 5 TSS-3 spray tips. Both pumps and both booms were operated at 20 psi and the system was towed behind an ATV at 4 mph, providing a delivery rate of 32 gal/acre. RIFA population assessments were made in V* acre circular subplots in the center of each treatment plot immediately prior to, and at 6 wk intervals after treatment using a population indexing system (Lofgren and Williams, 1982. J. Econ. Entomol. 75:798-803). Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and Tukey’s test.
Control of Arboreal Aphids with Systemic Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Cowles R. S.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied on 14 Aug or 17 Aug to individual tree replicates for mature street trees (50-70 cm DBH) in Beverly Hills, CA, according to a RCB design with 3 replicates per tree species. Each treatment was applied using standard injection techniques: one pressurized injection unit was inserted into a pre-drilled hole at 10 cm above ground for every 15 cm of breast-height trunk circumference, then the internal seal was broken. Aphid counts were made from foliar samples collected from a hydraulic lift. Pre-treatment samples were obtained 14 Aug from 2 of the 3 ash replicates. Infested leaves were paired with similar infestations which were marked for later sampling. Post-treatment counts were made on 9 Sep from all 3 ash replicates, however, measurable elm leaf aphid populations were found in only one replicate of the elm study.
Control of European Elm Scale with Trunk Injected Insecticides, 1993-1994
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

A shelterbelt planting of mature Siberian elm trees located at the Colorado State Forest Service Nursery (Ft. Collins, CO) were used to test the efficacy of selected systemic insecticides applied with two different trunk injection systems. Arborx capsules (Tree Technologies, Inc.) were applied 30 Jun by drilling holes in the root flares of the tree. Rate of application was one capsule per 6 inch of circumference at breast height (cbh). Individual capsules contained either 5 ml of Bay NTN 33893 200SL (imidacloprid) or 4 ml of Avid (abamectin), which were allowed to drain completely into the tree. Direct trunk injections were made 26 Jul using a modified syringe that placed 1 ml of insecticide under the bark of the trunk. Injection sites were similarly made at intervals of 6 inches of tree cbh. Plot design was a RCB with 5 replications. Evaluations in the first year of the trial (10 Aug 1993) were made by assessing percent mortality of instar II nymphs on 10 leaves per tree. Evaluations the following spring (15 Jun 1994) were based on counting the number of overwintered scales on two 18 inch twig samples per tree.
Control of Bagworm, 1991
Authors: Nixon Philip L.
Published: December 2017

Eastern red cedar (approx. 15 ft. tall) in Urbana, 111. were sprayed to control bagworm larvae on 8 Jul. Insecticides were applied with a 30 gal hand-pressurized portable sprayer to the point of run-off in the morning under rising temperatures. Insecticide treatments were diluted with water; controls consisted of water only. Temperature at the end of spraying was 83°F. Larval mortality was recorded at 2 and 4 DAT, with 10 larvae sampled for each of 3 replications in a CRD. Larvae sampled at 2 DAT were removed during the sampling process. Larval cases were 23—40 mm long, averaging 31.4 mm.
Control of Tuliptree Aphids with a Systemic Insecticide, 1993
Authors: Cowles R. S.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied on 18 Mar to individual tree replicates for street trees grouped in a RCBD (5 replicates) by proximity and caliper in Claremont, CA. Leaves on the trees had just emerged and were 1 cm across at the time of application. Trees varied from 18 to 56 cm diam at breast-height (DBH). Two application methods were used, in each method 0.6 g AI was applied per cm DBH. Granules were poured into 10 cm deep holes spaced in a 1 m grid pattern under the tree’s drip line. The wettable powder was suspended in water (34 g/liter) then 30 ml injected with a Kioritz applicator into the soil per site, with 0.78 injection sites per cm DBH. Most tees were located in residential lawns and received irrigation from lawn watering; 7.7 cm of precipitation also occurred within 11 d following the application. Ten leaves were sampled from the lower canopy of each tree on 16 Aug. Aphids were counted from each sample and the leaves rated individually for honeydew and sooty mold presence. A few specks of honeydew gave a leaf a rating of 1, substantial honeydew and sooty mold gave a leaf a rating of 10. The ratings were then totalled for all leaves sampled from each tree, to give a rating with possible values on a scale from 0-100.
Apple, Tests of New Compounds Against OBLR, 1994
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied with a high pressure handgun sprayer (450 psi) to single-tree plots in two orchards in Western NY. In the LaMont orchard the ‘Tdared’ trees were ca. 12 years old, 4.2 m high, and planted 4.9 by 5.5 m apart. In the Brown orchard the ‘Mcintosh’ and ‘Delicious’ trees were ca. 3.0 m high and planted 4 by 6.7 m apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated four times. Treatments were applied on 11 and 25 Jul in the Brown orchard and on 12 and 26 Jul in the LaMont orchard. Larval populations were compared by examining 20-25 actively growing terminals/tree in the LaMont orchard on 26 Jul and 2 Aug and on 22 Jul and 2 Aug in the Brown orchard. Fruit damage from the first summer generation of larvae was estimated on 22-23 Aug by sampling a total of 300-500 apples from each tree. Fruit damage was assessed at harvest on 16 Sep in the Brown orchard and on 22 Sep in the LaMont orchard. Damaged fruit was graded using USDA standard grades of Fancy, #1, and culls. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s Protected LSD Test. Data were transformed (arcsine( squareroot x)) prior to analysis.
Efficacy of Insecticide Ear Tags on Cattle in Central Kentucky, 1994
Authors: Webb J. D. , Knapp F. W.
Published: December 2017

Tests were conducted on 8 beef cattle herds in central Kentucky using insecticide ear tags against horn flies and face flies. Ear tags were applied 1/ear in all tests during a 5-day period starting 10 Jun. Python tags were applied to 35 heifers (1/animal) and to 16 cows with calves (2/animal). Optimizer tags were applied on 30 heifers (1/animal) and 30 cows with calves (2/animal). Warrior (YT-615) tags were applied to 16 cows with calves (1/animal) and 16 cows with calves (2/animal). Patriot tags were applied to 16 cows with calves (1/animal) and 16 cows with calves (2/animal). Using binoculars, horn fly estimates were taken on one side of 10 animals while face flies were counted on the head and face of the same animals at weekly intervals.
Biting Lice Control on Angora Goats in Northern Minnesota, 1994
Authors: Brown D. R. , Moon R. D.
Published: December 2017

Goats were 82 naturally infested animals divided into 3 groups based on sex and age. Barn 1 contained 39 adult does, barn 2 had 18 bucks and aged whethers, and barn 3 had 25 kid does and whethers. Within each barn goats were assigned to four treatments, balanced by weight and initial louse density. Treatments were control (untreated); Ectrin 1, Ectrin® pour-on at a rate of 1 oz solution per 25 lb body weight; Ectrin-2, Ectrin® pour-on at a rate of 1.5 oz solution per 25 lb body weight; and Malathion 57% EC spray commercial formulation applied at 40 psi to saturate 1.5-inch long fleeces. Treatments were applied at day 0 and day 14. Goats were weighed and examined for lice on day 0, (25 Jan 1994), and reexamined, reweighed, and shorn on days 49 and 234. Additional louse exams were made on days 33, 69, 105, 138, 164 and 202. Louse densities were judged by averaging counts of lice in five, 3-inch hair-parts on each animal’s right shoulder and fore-rib area. Fleeces were evaluated for features affecting sale price; hair length, organic matter and “slippage” (shedding and matting). Barns were treated as blocks and results were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); if treatment effects were significant (P < 0.05), means were compared by LSD test (P < 0.05).
Comparison of two Neem Insecticides for Fall Webworm Control, Laboratory Bioassay 1992
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Eckberg Thomas B.
Published: December 2017

Field collected late instar fall webworm larvae were divided into groups of ten and placed in petri dishes. Six groups (60 larvae) were used in each treatment. Chokecherry foliage was treated by dipping in the various solutions tested and allowing to air dry. On August 6, the larvae were fed the treated foliage for the first 3 days, and subsequently fed untreated foliage for the duration of the experiment. Larval mortality was assessed on August 10 (4 DAT), August 13 (7 DAT), and August 17 (11 DAT).
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Beet Armyworm in a Cotton Plant Terminal Bioassay, 1994
Authors: Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , White C. A.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 1 Jul in plots of 4 rows (40 inch centers) by 30 ft at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station, Winnsboro, LA. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied on 13 Sep with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 11.5 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Ten cotton plant terminals were randomly removed from the 2 centei rows of all plots within 1 h after application. Each plant terminal was placed in a 1 oz plastic cup and infested with a single beet armyworm larvae (10-15 mg). Cups for all treatments were held in the laboratory under ambient temperature and mortality of larvae was recorded at 2, 4 and 6 DAT.
Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residue Degradation of Basillus Thuringiensis, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Using a leaf-disk bioassay, B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for residue effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The treatments were applied on 22 Sep at the recommended rate with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each tree at 1, 4, 6 and 8 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five petri dishes were prepared for each tree and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 20°C constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded.
Sevin Versus Inorganic Insecticides in Cucurbit Bait for Western Corn Rootworm Beetles
Authors: Hesler L. S. , Sutter G. R.
Published: December 2017

Four-day old, laboratory-reared male WCR beetles were assayed under clear plastic cones (11.5-cm diam., 9 cm ht.) that were set on a laboratory countertop (10 WCR per cone). WCR were fed until about 1 h before the bioassay. Under each cone, a 1-cm cube of 0.6% agar was placed on a 4-cm (diam.) plastic lid as a water source for beetles. The narrow end of a no. 8 cork was fitted about 0.5 cm into an opening (2 cm diam.) at the top of the cone. This end was bored (1 cm deep, 1.3 cm diam.), and the bore was filled with 1.5 g of toxic bait. The bait consisted of 5% powdered root of buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima H.B.K., a feeding stimulant) and 0-8% insecticide. The remainder of the bait was composed of a 3:1 (w/w) mixture of artificial patty diet and corn oil. Sevin was tested as a 2% (wt. AI) bait, and inorganic insecticides were tested as 8% (wt. AI) baits. Carbaryl was a 40% AI (wt.) formulation of Sevin XLR. Sodium fluoride and cryolite were >98% pure. The purity of boric acid was not specified. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Moribund beetles were counted at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h.
Host Plant Resistance on Pepper to the Pepper Weevil, 1991
Authors: Berdegue M. , Harris M. K. , Riley D. W. , Villalon B.
Published: December 2017

Field screening of 22 multiple virus-resistant pepper breeding lines, along with 11 commercial cultivars of jalepeno, bell, pimiento, serrano, yellow, cayenne, chile, and cherry type peppers was conducted at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Weslaco, TX. The lines were arranged in a randomized complete block with three replications using 3 m. single row plots with one plant every 30 cm. Fertilization and irrigation practices were standard for the region. Two applications of Pounce® at a rate of 17 ml in 26.5 liters of water were applied at 68 and 76 days after transplant to prevent excessively high PW densities. Ten terminal buds from two plants per plot were examined twice a week recording the number of PW adults and buds and pods with oviposition scars. The numbers of fallen buds and fruit with and without oviposition scars were also recorded. Plant phenology was examined by recording the number of buds, flower and fruit of each line once a week. Yield and fruit quality data were recorded after each of four harvests 68, 75, 87, and 95 days after transplant.
Performance of Resistant Experimental Sweet Corn Hybrids for European Corn Borer Management in Minnesota, 1991
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Davis D. W. , Battels D. W.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Sweet corn was planted 15 Jun in plots consisting of single rows, 30 ft long on 30 inch centers. Each plot was separated by 5 ft alleys and had no buffer rows. Hybrids were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental hybrids were created by crossing University of Minnesota ECB ear-resistant breeding lines with a general-combining, proprietary sul, inbred, having good ear and kernel quality. ‘Incredible,’ a homozygous sugaryenhanced (se) hybrid, was included as a commercial ECB-susceptible check. The hybrids were not treated with insecticide nor were they manually infested with ECB. All hybrids were evaluated for ECB resistance 7 Sep by randomly selecting 25 primary ears per plot (100 per treatment) and recording total larvae, larval size, ear location and feeding damage. On 12 Oct, each hybrid was evaluated further by recording total larvae per stalk and the amount of tunneling damage based on full-length longitudinal dissection of 25 stalks per hybrid (taken at random across all plots).
Blueberry Maggot Control, E. Machias, 1994
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied on 11, 18, and 26 Jul to ca. 125- by 150-ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at East Machias, Maine. There was one replication of each treatment, applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CIMA P55D Atomizer Low Volume sprayer mounted on an Agco Allis 6670 tractor operating at 40 psi and driven at ca. 1.8 mph. At first treatment, 5% of the berries were ripening and turning blue. On 4 Aug, one quart of berries was raked from each of 9 systematically selected areas within each treated and untreated area at least 25 ft from plot boundaries. Berries were refrigerated and processed within 3 days by boiling the berries and extracting the maggots from the pulp. The only significant weather conditions during this test were rains of 1.12 and 0.78 inches occurring one day after the treatments on 18 and 26 Jul, respectively.