bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyaluronic Acid Nanoporous Microparticles with Long In Vivo Joint Residence Time and Sustained Release
Authors: Palmieri Graziana , Rinaldi Antonio , Campagnolo Luisa , Tortora Mariarosaria , Caso Maria Federica , Mattei Maurizio , Notargiacomo Andrea , Rosato Nicola , Bottini Massimo , Cavalieri Francesca
Published: April 2017

A simple approach is reported to engineer biodegradable and biocompatible nanoporous hyaluronic acid particles (NPHAs) with a characteristic sponge‐like morphology and uniform size. These NPHAs can be synthesized using the concomitant cross‐linking of hyaluronic acid and the cross‐linking agent precipitation. The nanoporous architecture of NPHAs prevents the rapid enzymatic degradation of hyaluronic acid and controls the erosion of microparticles in physiological conditions. Once injected into an intra‐articular body cavity of healthy mice, these NPHAs reside at the point‐of‐delivery for an extended time period, exhibiting a sustained release of hyaluronic acid. In addition, in vivo studies indicate the persistence of NPHAs in the knee joints with neither accumulation into major organs, nor any local or systemic side‐effect. The use of NPHAs is emphasized as reservoirs of hyaluronic acid, effectively providing an innovative and safe platform for prolonging the favorable effects displayed by hyaluronic acid on joints affected by osteoarthritis.
Dual action of high estradiol doses on MNU‐induced prostate neoplasms in a rodent model with high serum testosterone: Protective effect and emergence of unstable epithelial microenvironment
Authors: Gonçalves Bianca F. , de Campos Silvana G.P. , Góes Rejane M. , Scarano Wellerson R. , Taboga Sebastião R. , Vilamaior Patricia S.L.
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND

Estrogens are critical players in prostate growth and disease. Estrogen therapy has been the standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer for several decades; however, it has currently been replaced by alternative anti‐androgenic therapies. Additionally, studies of its action on prostate biology, resulting from an association between carcinogens and estrogen, at different stages of life are scarce or inconclusive about its protective and beneficial role on induced‐carcinogenesis. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether estradiol exerts a protective and/or stimulatory role on N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosurea‐induced prostate neoplasms.

METHODS

We adopted a rodent model that has been used to study induced‐prostate carcinogenesis: the Mongolian gerbil. We investigated the occurrence of neoplasms, karyometric patterns, androgen and estrogen receptors, basal cells, and global methylation status in ventral and dorsolateral prostate tissues.

RESULTS

Histopathological analysis showed that estrogen was able to slow tumor growth in both lobes after prolonged treatment. However, a true neoplastic regression was observed only in the dorsolateral prostate. In addition to the protective effects against neoplastic progression, estrogen treatment resulted in an epithelium that exhibited features distinctive from a normal prostate, including increased androgen‐insensitive basal cells, high androgens and estrogen receptor positivity, and changes in DNA methylation patterns.

CONCLUSIONS

Estrogen was able to slow tumor growth, but the epithelium exhibited features distinct from a normal prostatic epithelium, and this unstable microenvironment could trigger lesion recurrence over time.
Correlation between experimental data of protonation of aromatic compounds at (+) atmospheric pressure photoionization and theoretically calculated enthalpies
Authors: Ahmed Arif , Lim Dongwon , Choi Cheol Ho , Kim Sunghwan
Published: April 2017

Rationale

The theoretical enthalpy calculated from the overall protonation reaction (electron transfer plus hydrogen transfer) in positive‐mode (+) atmospheric‐pressure photoionization (APPI) was compared with experimental results for 49 aromatic compounds. A linear relationship was observed between the calculated ΔH and the relative abundance of the protonated peak. The parameter gives reasonable predictions for all the aromatic hydrocarbon compounds used in this study.

Methods

A parameter is devised by combining experimental MS data and high‐level theoretical calculations. A (+) APPI Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer was used to obtain MS data for each solution. B3LYP exchange‐correlation functions with the standard 6‐311+G(df,2p) basis set was used to perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Results

All the molecules with ΔH <0 kcal/mol for the overall protonation reaction with toluene clusters produced protonated ions, regardless of the desolvation temperature. For molecules with ΔH >0, molecular ions were more abundant at typical APPI desolvation temperatures (300°C), while the protonated ions became comparable or dominant at higher temperatures (400°C). The toluene cluster size was an important factor when predicting the ionization behavior of aromatic hydrocarbon ions in (+) APPI.

Conclusions

The data used in this study clearly show that the theoretically calculated reaction enthalpy (ΔH) of protonation with toluene dimers can be used to predict the protonation behavior of aromatic compounds. When compounds have a negative ΔH value, the types of ions generated for aromatic compounds could be very well predicted based on the ΔH value. The ΔH can explain overall protonation behavior of compounds with ΔH values >0. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new negative and positive gas ion source for isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Pieńkos Tomasz , Hałas Stanisław
Published: April 2017

Rationale

The goal of this research was to construct an effective gas ion source for isotope ratio mass spectrometry, which generates sufficiently strong and stable ion beams for multiple isotope ratio analysis of sulfur and oxygen from readily available gases such as SO2, CO2, CO, O2 and chlorine from CH3Cl gas.

Methods

By means of a 60° sector mass spectrometer equipped with a new type of sensitive ion source and with a dual‐inlet system and triple collector assembly, we have measured 34S/32S and challenging 36S/32S isotope ratios using positive sulfur ions generated from SO2 gas. The new ion source differs from the Nier‐type ones by the electron beam being replaced with a tungsten filament. The obtained isotope signals of 32S+, 34S+ and 36S+ were from 1 to 5 V (depending on the pressure of admitted gas) on high‐ohm resistors of 200 MΩ, 5 GΩ and 500 GΩ, respectively. The variable 33S peak was not recorded as useful due to interference from H32S+ ions.

Results

Although the ionizing electrons in the new ion source have significant energy dispersion the obtained peak profiles are flat‐topped and they lead to good resolving power for the mass spectrometer (M/∆M ≈ 100). The achieved precision of δ34S and δ36S determination was better than ±0.01 and ±0.1‰, respectively. The determination of 37Cl/35Cl in a volatile organic compound CH2Cl2 was easily achieved on Cl– negative ions with a precision of ±0.005‰.

Conclusions

The new ion source has great potential in the quantitative analysis of gases on positive ion mass spectra as well as, in the case of gases with high electron affinity such as CH3Cl, CH3Br, SF6, SiF4, on negative ones. It usefulness was demonstrated on an example of multiple sulfur isotope analysis and 37Cl/35Cl ratio determination with great precision. A negative ion source of this type will probably be useful in a more complicated instruments used in SIMS or AMS. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid mass spectrometry analysis of a rectilinear ion trap by continuous secular frequency scanning
Authors: Huo Xinming , Chen Jin , Tang Fei , Yao Tongtong , Piao Shiyun , Ni Kai , Wang Xiaohao
Published: April 2017

Rationale

Secular frequency scanning is a mass spectrometry (MS) analysis method in which the frequency of the auxiliary alternating current (AC) signal is scanned. It has low requirements for radio‐frequency (RF) power, which is beneficial for the miniaturization of the mass spectrometer. In this study, the MS performance in the reverse secular frequency scanning (RSFS) mode is optimized for a rectilinear ion trap (RIT), and a method for rapid MS analysis using continuous secular frequency scanning (CSFS) is proposed.

Methods

A RIT mass spectrometer with an auxiliary AC frequency scanning function was built. The resolution, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and quantitation capability in the RSFS mode were characterized and optimized. Operation in the CSFS mode was then performed by scanning the frequency of the auxiliary AC signal continuously and periodically while maintaining the RF signal and the front Z electrode in the ion injection state, so that the ion injection and cooling were performed at the same time as the mass analysis.

Results

With this system, the RSFS mode achieved unit mass resolution at 332 Th, and the MS/MS analysis was completed without changing the RF amplitude at q = 0.4583 for reserpine. The limit of quantitation for imatinib was about 250 ng/mL with the determination coefficient R2 = 0.9981. In the CSFS mode, a single analysis cycle of less than 20 ms could be achieved, which is 14 times faster than the traditional sweep modes. In addition, 100% ion utilization can theoretically be achieved in the CSFS mode.

Conclusions

The CSFS mode is different from the traditional phased sequential operation mode of an ion trap mass spectrometer. By periodic scanning of the auxiliary AC frequency while maintaining ion injection, it is possible to improve the analysis efficiency of the mass spectrometer, which has the prospect of useful application in the field of rapid MS monitoring. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of artemisitene in rat plasma by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and its application in pharmacokinetics
Authors: Wu Li‐lan , Wu Yun‐Shan , Chen Wei‐Ying , Zhou Wen , Tang Lipeng , Li Ben , Liu Bo
Published: April 2017

Rationale

Artemisitene shows a wide variety of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant protection in vitro and in vivo. It has been identified as a novel Nrf2 inducer. However, there is no report on an ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) method to quantitate artemisitene in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic profile study.

Methods

An ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH Symmetry Shield RP18 column (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm) was used at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min–1. Mass detection was performed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive mode. Plasma samples were pre‐treated by a single‐step extraction with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solutions‐acetonitrile, and tolbutamide was used as internal standard.

Results

The calibration curve was from 0.98 to 1000 ng∙mL–1 (r2 = 0.995). The extraction recoveries were 61.5–79.4% and 81.7–94.6% for artemisitene and tolbutamide, respectively. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.98 ng∙mL–1. The absolute bioavailability of artemisitene was 3.7% after intravenous and oral administration in rats.

Conclusions

The UPLC/MS/MS assay was validated for linearity, accuracy, stability, extraction recovery, matrix effects, and intra‐day and inter‐day precision. The method, for the first time, achieved some pharmacokinetic parameters and was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density functional theory study on structure and stability of BeBn+ clusters
Authors: Liu Chunhui , Si Hongyan , Han Peilin , Tang Mingsheng
Published: April 2017

Rationale

Boride compounds hold promise for broad applications in the field of optoelectronics due to their high‐temperature resistant, corrosion resistant and antioxidant properties. In order to reveal the formation mechanism of alkali and alkaline earth metal doped boron clusters, theoretical studies of these systems are required.

Methods

All the possible geometrical structures of BeBn+ clusters (n = 1–8) were optimized at the B3LYP/6–311+G(d) level; the harmonic vibration frequencies were obtained to examine the true stability and give the zero‐point vibration energy at that theoretical level. The single point energies of all the structures were computed at the CCSD(T)/aug‐cc‐pVDZ level. For the most stable structures, the average binding energy (Eb), the fragmentation energy (EF) and second‐order difference of total energy (Δ2E) were used to evaluate the relative stability of clusters.

Results

Most of the BeBn+ clusters are planar in structure; the B atoms tend to aggregate to form a boron ring, and the coordinating Be atoms are on the periphery of the clusters. The fragmentation energy and second‐order difference of total energy show that there is an obvious odd‐even alteration as n increases, and local‐maxima when n is odd.

Conclusions

A systematic theoretical investigation on the geometries, stabilities and electronic properties of BeBn+ clusters has been carried out where n = 1–8. The results provide a useful reference for understanding the formation mechanism and stability of these clusters, as well as guidance for finding larger size clusters.
Trap‐State Suppression and Improved Charge Transport in PbS Quantum Dot Solar Cells with Synergistic Mixed‐Ligand Treatments
Authors: Pradhan Santanu , Stavrinadis Alexandros , Gupta Shuchi , Bi Yu , Di Stasio Francesco , Konstantatos Gerasimos
Published: April 2017

The power conversion efficiency of colloidal PbS‐quantum‐dot (QD)‐based solar cells is significantly hampered by lower‐than‐expected open circuit voltage (VOC). The VOC deficit is considerably higher in QD‐based solar cells compared to other types of existing solar cells due to in‐gap trap‐induced bulk recombination of photogenerated carriers. Here, this study reports a ligand exchange procedure based on a mixture of zinc iodide and 3‐mercaptopropyonic acid to reduce the VOC deficit without compromising the high current density. This layer‐by‐layer solid state ligand exchange treatment enhances the photovoltaic performance from 6.62 to 9.92% with a significant improvement in VOC from 0.58 to 0.66 V. This study further employs optoelectronic characterization, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy to understand the origin of VOC improvement. The mixed‐ligand treatment reduces the sub‐bandgap traps and significantly reduces bulk recombination in the devices.
Combined control of aluminum bath composition by X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray fluorescence analysis
Authors: Piksina Oksana , Andruschenko Eugene , Dubinin Petr , Kirik Sergey , Ruzhnikov Sergey , Samoilo Alexandr , Yakimov Igor , Zaloga Alexandr
Published: April 2017

The present paper provides a combined application of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) methods in process control for the analysis of aluminum baths of different compositions. Developed approaches to the combined calibration XRD and XRF methods, independent calibration XRF techniques and to the full‐profile automated Rietveld analysis of a bath composition are described.

We established that combined XRD–XRF calibration techniques provide an accurate stable analysis of technological parameters in a wide range of traditional and low‐melting compositions due to an accurate quantification of CaF2, MgF2 and KF additives. The developed XRF techniques provide quantitative analysis of both cryolite ratio and alumina with the accuracy of 0.03 and 0.25% wt. respectively, which is comparable with the technologically required accuracy.

The evolutionary approach that automates full profile quantitative XRD analysis of bath composition and uses XRF data on Ca and Mg provides a better accuracy of measuring cryolite ratio compared to an accuracy of non‐automated analysis by Rietveld method.

Combined application of the two X‐ray methods eliminates gross analytical errors and stabilizes overall performance of a smelter's process control system. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exercise and Young People
Authors: Cale Lorraine , Harris Jo
Published: April 2017

Young people are a distinct group with specific exercise needs, yet there are a number of misconceptions and limited guidance on the subject. This book explores the key issues, implications and initiatives associated with exercise and exercise promotion in young people, draws together the available evidence on young people's physical activity and fitness, and explores how exercise can be promoted to young people in the contexts of the school and community. It converts theory into practice, ideas into reality and principles into action, and will be a valuable resource for students and practitioners alike.
Using Patient Experience in Nurse Education
Authors: Warne Tony , McAndrew Sue
Published: April 2017

Current health policy places an emphasis on the greater involvement of health service users and carers in all aspects of their care, including planning, provision and evaluation. However, the focus is usually on ‘after the event’ accounts – i.e. when individuals have become consumers of health care services. There is little patient involvement in ‘before the event’ experiences such as planning to meet health care needs, or in the training of health care practitioners. This book fills that gap, and meets a growing demand for educational approaches that address the perspectives of patients and carers.
The immigrant effect: factors impacting use of primary and emergency department care – a Canadian population cross-sectional study
Authors: Ohle Robert , Bleeker Helena , Yadav Krishan , Perry Jeffrey J.
Published: April 2017

Objective

In 2011, Canada had a foreign-born population of approximately 6,775,800. They represented 20.6% of the total population. Immigrants possess characteristics that reduce the use of primary care. This is thought to be, in part, due to a lower education level, employment, and better health status. Our objective was to assess whether, in an immigrant population without a primary care physician, similar socioeconomic factors would also reduce the likelihood of using the emergency department compared to a non-immigrant population without primary care.

Methods

Data regarding individuals ≥ 12 years of age from the Canadian Community Health Survey from 2007 to 2008 were analysed (n=134,073; response rate 93%). Our study population comprised 15,554 individuals identified without a primary care physician who had a regular place for medical care. The primary outcome was emergency department as a regular care access point. Socioeconomic variables included employment, health status, and education. Covariates included chronic health conditions, mobility, gender, age, and mental health. Weighted logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the importance of individual risk factors.

Results

The sample of 15,554 (immigrants n=1,767) consisted of 57.3% male and 42.7% female respondents from across Canada. Immigrants were less likely than Canadian-born respondents to use the emergency department as a regular access point for health care (odds ratio=0.48 [95% CI 0.40 – 0.57]). Adjusting for health, education, or employment had no effect on this reduced tendency (odds ratio=0.47 [95% CI 0.38 – 0.58]).

Conclusion

In a Canadian population without a primary care physician, immigrants are less likely to use the emergency department as a primary access point for care than Canadian-born respondents. However, this effect is independent of previously reported social and economic factors that impact use of primary care. Immigration status is an important but complex component of racial and ethnic disparity in the use of health care in Canada.
Disappearing acts: disability, gender, and the memory of Fascism in Italian film
Authors: Hill Sarah Patricia
Published: April 2017

Benedetto Croce’s description of fascism as ‘a moral illness of our time’ provides a useful starting point for thinking about the phenomenon ofcine-revisionismo storiograficoand the representation of Fascism and fascists in Italian cinema. In many films from the post-war period and beyond, the metaphor of moral illness is literalised in portrayals of fascist characters who are shown as mentally or physically sick or disabled (often confusing the two), in contrast to the otherwise healthy and wholesome body of Italians. Addressing the conflation of physical and moral impairment in three 1960 films that grapple with the memory of Italy’s Fascist past – Roberto Rossellini’sEra notte a Roma(Escape by Night), Carlo Lizzani’sIl gobbo(The Hunchback of Rome), and Florestano Vancini’sLa lunga notte del ’43(It Happened in ’43) – this article argues that in these films, bodies that do not conform to an able-bodied male norm function aslieux de mémoirethat permit both the expression and containment of painful memories of the Fascist period.
Bipolar disorder patients display reduced serum complement levels and elevated peripheral blood complement expression levels
Authors: Akcan Uğur , Karabulut Sercan , İsmail Küçükali Cem , Çakır Sibel , Tüzün Erdem
Published: April 2017

Objective

Bipolar disorder (BD) patients have recently been shown to exhibit increased proinflammatory cytokine levels indicating the role of inflammation in this disease. As inflammatory responses often include complement level alterations and complement production is influenced by cytokines, we aimed to find out whether complement system is activated in BD in a time-dependent manner and complement factors are involved in BD pathogenesis.

Methods

Serum C4, factor B, sC5b-9 and neuron-specific enolase levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas peripheral blood mononuclear cell messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of C1q, C4, factor B and CD55 were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction in chronic BD patients (n=22), first episode BD patients (n=24) and healthy controls (n=19).

Results

Serum complement levels were significantly reduced in chronic BD patients as compared with first episode BD patients and healthy controls. Serum levels of complement factors showed significant inverse correlation with disease duration, severity of manic symptoms and serum neuron-specific enolase levels. In chronic BD patients, peripheral blood mononuclear cell mRNA expression levels of C1q, C4 and factor B were significantly elevated, whereas the mRNA expression level of the complement inhibitor CD55 was significantly reduced.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that complement factor levels are reduced in BD presumably due to overconsumption of the complement system and complement production is increased at mRNA level possibly as a compensation measure. Complement factors might potentially be used as indicators of disease severity, neuronal loss and cognitive dysfunction.
THE PROJECTIVE DIMENSION OF THE EDGE IDEAL OF A VERY WELL-COVERED GRAPH
Authors: KIMURA KYOUKO , TERAI NAOKI , YASSEMI SIAMAK
Published: April 2017

A very well-covered graph is an unmixed graph whose covering number is half of the number of vertices. We construct an explicit minimal free resolution of the cover ideal of a Cohen–Macaulay very well-covered graph. Using this resolution, we characterize the projective dimension of the edge ideal of a very well-covered graph in terms of a pairwise$3$-disjoint set of complete bipartite subgraphs of the graph. We also show nondecreasing property of the projective dimension of symbolic powers of the edge ideal of a very well-covered graph with respect to the exponents.
Information from Abroad: Foreign Media, Selective Exposure and Political Support in China
Authors: Huang Haifeng , Yeh Yao-Yuan
Published: April 2017

What kind of content do citizens in a developing and authoritarian country like to acquire from Western free media? What are the effects of their potentially selective exposure? In a survey experiment involving 1,200 Chinese internet users from diverse socio-demographic backgrounds, this study finds that Chinese citizens with higher pro-Western orientations and lower regime evaluations are more inclined to read content that is positive about foreign countries or negative about China. More importantly, reading relatively positive foreign media content about foreign countries can improve rather than worsen the domestic evaluations of citizens who self-select such content. The article argues that this is because reputable Western media outlets’ reports are generally more realistic than overly rosy information about foreign socio-economic conditions that popularly circulates in China. Consequently, foreign media may have a corrective function and enhance regime stability in an authoritarian country by making regime critics less critical. The article also introduces a new variant of the patient preference trial design that integrates self-selection and random assignment of treatments in a way that is useful for studying information effects.
The decline of ungulate populations in Iranian protected areas calls for urgent action against poaching
Authors: Ghoddousi Arash , Soofi Mahmood , Hamidi Amirhossein Kh. , Ashayeri Sheyda , Egli Lukas , Ghoddousi Siavash , Speicher Julian , Khorozyan Igor , Kiabi Bahram H. , Waltert Matthias
Published: April 2017

Poaching is cryptically but rapidly driving many species towards extinction. Knowledge of population trends of exploited species and incentives for poaching is necessary to inform appropriate conservation measures. We estimated the abundance of four ungulate species in Golestan National Park, Iran, the country's oldest protected area, where poaching of ungulates is widespread. We used line transect surveys (186 km), camera trapping (2,777 camera-nights), point counts (64 scans) and dung counts (along 38 km), and compared population estimates with those from earlier records. We also investigated the incentives for poaching, using a semi-structured interview survey. Population estimates for 2011–2014 indicated a 66–89% decline in three ungulate species (bezoar goatCapra aegagrus, red deerCervus elaphusand urialOvis vignei) compared to 1970–1978. Only wild boarSus scrofashowed a population increase (of 58%) during the same period, possibly facilitated by religious restrictions regarding the consumption of this species. The incentives for poaching were categorized (in a non-ordinal manner) as subsistence, pleasure, tradition, trade of wild meat, and conflict with conservation regulations and bodies. The decline in hunted ungulates in this Park appears to be the result of rampant poaching, and a similar trend is evident in other protected areas in the country. We suggest the adoption of participatory conservation strategies, improvement of law enforcement practices and cooperation with international experts to reduce poaching in these protected areas. Taking into account the incentives for poaching, a combination of economic and non-economic strategies should be considered.
Why Rawls Can't Support Liberal Neutrality: The Case of Special Treatment for Religion
Authors: Koppelman Andrew
Published: April 2017

Some arguments against the law’s special treatment of religion are adapted from Rawls. These overlook the ways in which the abstract rights agreed to in the original position are given specific institutional form at the constitutional stage. Because the rights established in the original position are vaguely specified, liberty of conscience can’t be implemented without reliance on contestable values such as religion. Public reason, when refracted through the four-stage sequence (where it becomes less constraining at each stage of the sequence), is far less constraining than the proponents of liberal neutrality hope. Fulfilling the commitments made in the original position, for people in the world here and now, requires taking account of the values that those people hold. A Rawlsian position thus can support the American regime of religious accommodation.
Research Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Elder Abuse Prevalence Studies
Authors: Yon Yongjie , Mikton Christopher , Gassoumis Zachary D. , Wilber Kathleen H.
Published: April 2017

La maltraitance des personnes âgées est un important problème de santé publique et de droits de l’homme. Néanmoins, notre connaissance de la veritable ampleur du phénomène demeure limitée. Pour y remédier, nous allons procéder à une revue systématique et une méta-analyse des études de prevalence de la maltraitance des personnes âgées dans le monde entier. Ce protocole décrit l’approche méthodologique qui sera adoptée pour la réalisation de la revue systématique et de la méta-analyse. En particulier, le protocole décrit le développement des stratégies de recherche et des critères pour identifier et sélectionner les études de prévalence ainsi que la façon dont les données des études sélectionnées seront extraites pour l’analyse. Le protocole décrit également l’approche analytique qui sera utilisée pour calculer les estimations de prevalence et l’utilisation de méta-régression pour évaluer la façon dont les caractéristiques des études influencent les estimations de la prévalence. Ce protocole est conforme au “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis” – ou PRISMA – et a été enregistré auprès du registre de revues systématique PROSPERO International Prospective Register.
Childhood abuse and neglect and insecure attachment states of mind in adulthood: Prospective, longitudinal evidence from a high-risk sample
Authors: Raby K. Lee , Labella Madelyn H. , Martin Jodi , Carlson Elizabeth A. , Roisman Glenn I.
Published: April 2017

The present report used data from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation to investigate the factor structure and childhood abuse and/or neglect related antecedents of adults’ attachment states of mind in a high-risk sample. Adult Attachment Interviews (AAIs) were collected when participants were age 26 years (N= 164) and Current Relationship Interviews (CRIs) were collected from participants (N= 116) and their romantic partners when target participants were between ages 20 and 28 years (M= 25.3 years). For both the AAI and the CRI, exploratory factor analyses revealed that (a) attachment state of mind scales loaded on two weakly correlated dimensions reflecting dismissing and preoccupied states of mind and (b) ratings of unresolved discourse loaded on the same factor as indicators of preoccupied states of mind. Experiencing any subtype of abuse and/or neglect, especially during multiple developmental periods, and experiencing multiple subtypes of abuse and/or neglect during childhood were associated with risk for preoccupied (but not dismissing) AAI states of mind regarding childhood relationships with caregivers. Analyses focused on the particular subtypes, and perpetrators indicated that the predictive significance of childhood abuse/neglect for adult's AAI preoccupied states of mind was specific to experiences of abuse (but not neglect) perpetrated by primary caregivers. In addition, experiencing chronic or multiple subtypes of childhood abuse and/or neglect increased risk for dismissing (but not preoccupied) CRI states of mind regarding adult romantic partners.
Insensitive parenting may accelerate the development of the amygdala–medial prefrontal cortex circuit
Authors: Thijssen Sandra , Muetzel Ryan L. , Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Tiemeier Henning , Verhulst Frank C. , White Tonya , Van Ijzendoorn Marinus H.
Published: April 2017

This study examined whether the association between age and amygdala–medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) connectivity in typically developing 6- to 10-year-old children is correlated with parental care. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired from 124 children of the Generation R Study who at 4 years old had been observed interacting with their parents to assess maternal and paternal sensitivity. Amygdala functional connectivity was assessed using a general linear model with the amygdalae time series as explanatory variables. Higher level analyses assessing Sensitivity × Age as well as exploratory Sensitivity × Age × Gender interaction effects were performed restricted to voxels in the mPFC. We found significant Sensitivity × Age interaction effects on amygdala–mPFC connectivity. Age was related to stronger amygdala–mPFC connectivity in children with a lower combined parental sensitivity score (b= 0.11,p= .004,b= 0.06,p= .06, right and left amygdala, respectively), but not in children with a higher parental sensitivity score, (b= –0.07,p= .12,b= –0.06,p= .12, right and left amygdala, respectively). A similar effect was found for maternal sensitivity, with stronger amygdala–mPFC connectivity in children with less sensitive mothers. Exploratory (parental, maternal, paternal) Sensitivity × Age × Gender interaction analyses suggested that this effect was especially pronounced in girls. Amygdala-mPFC resting-state functional connectivity has been shown to increase from age 10.5 years onward, implying that the positive association between age and amygdala–mPFC connectivity in 6- to 10-year-old children of less sensitive parents represents accelerated development of the amygdala–mPFC circuit.
Circle of Security–Parenting: A randomized controlled trial in Head Start
Authors: Cassidy Jude , Brett Bonnie E. , Gross Jacquelyn T. , Stern Jessica A. , Martin David R. , Mohr Jonathan J. , Woodhouse Susan S.
Published: April 2017

Although evidence shows that attachment insecurity and disorganization increase risk for the development of psychopathology (Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010; Groh, Roisman, van IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Fearon, 2012), implementation challenges have precluded dissemination of attachment interventions on the broad scale at which they are needed. The Circle of Security–Parenting Intervention (COS-P; Cooper, Hoffman, & Powell, 2009), designed with broad implementation in mind, addresses this gap by training community service providers to use a manualized, video-based program to help caregivers provide a secure base and a safe haven for their children. The present study is a randomized controlled trial of COS-P in a low-income sample of Head Start enrolled children and their mothers. Mothers (N= 141; 75 intervention, 66 waitlist control) completed a baseline assessment and returned with their children after the 10-week intervention for the outcome assessment, which included the Strange Situation. Intent to treat analyses revealed a main effect for maternal response to child distress, with mothers assigned to COS-P reporting fewer unsupportive (but not more supportive) responses to distress than control group mothers, and a main effect for one dimension of child executive functioning (inhibitory control but not cognitive flexibility when maternal age and marital status were controlled), with intervention group children showing greater control. There were, however, no main effects of intervention for child attachment or behavior problems. Exploratory follow-up analyses suggested intervention effects were moderated by maternal attachment style or depressive symptoms, with moderated intervention effects emerging for child attachment security and disorganization, but not avoidance; for inhibitory control but not cognitive flexibility; and for child internalizing but not externalizing behavior problems. This initial randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of COS-P sets the stage for further exploration of “what works for whom” in attachment intervention.
In ovoexposure to omega-3 fatty acids does not enhance omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in broiler chickens
Authors: Kanakri K. , Carragher J. , Muhlhausler B. , Hughes R. , Gibson R.
Published: April 2017

The content of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−3 LCPUFA) in chicken meat can be boosted by feeding broilers a diet containing α-linolenic acid (ALA, from flaxseed oil), some of which is converted by hepatic enzymes ton−3 LCPUFA. However, most of the accumulatedn−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in meat tissues is still in the form of ALA. Despite this, the levels of chicken diets are being enhanced by the inclusion of vegetable and marine sources of omega-3 fats. This study investigated whether the capacity of chicken forn−3 LCPUFA accumulation could be enhanced or inhibited by exposure to an increased supply of ALA orn−3 LCPUFAin ovo. Breeder hens were fed either flaxseed oil (High-ALA), fish oil (highn−3 LCPUFA) or tallow- (lown−3 PUFA, Control) based diets. The newly hatched chicks in each group were fed either the High-ALA or the Control diets until harvest at 42 days’ post-hatch. Then−3 PUFA content of egg yolk and day-old chick meat closely matched then−3 PUFA composition of the maternal diet. In contrast, then−3 PUFA composition of breast and leg meat tissues of the 42-day-old offspring closely matched the diet fed post-hatch, with no significant effect of maternal diet. Indeed, there was an inhibition ofn−3 LCPUFA accumulation in meat of the broilers from the maternal Fish-Oil diet group when fed the post-hatch High-ALA diet. Therefore, this approach is not valid to elevaten-3 LCPUFA in chicken meat.
Osteoporose – Langzeitmanagement einer chronischen Erkrankung
Authors: Wildpaner Dagmar , Pavese Chiara , Weber Marcel
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung. Die Senkung der Inzidenz osteoporotischer Frakturen ist eine grosse Herausforderung in den nächsten Jahrzehnten. Primärprävention, Früherkennung von Risikopatienten, Reduktion von Risikofaktoren und rechtzeitiger Behandlungsbeginn sind wirksame Massnahmen zur Vermeidung von Osteoporosefrakturen. Basis jeder Osteoporosetherapie sind Allgemeinmassnahmen, Optimierung der Ernährung, Diagnostik und Risikoanalyse sowie die Wahl des optimalen Medikamentes. Die Behandlung der Osteoporose erfordert jahrzehntelanges Management. Regelmässige Kontrolle des Therapieerfolges und die Reevaluation der Risiken der Langzeitbehandlung sind gefordert. Nebenwirkungen kommen grosse Aufmerksamkeit zu, weshalb der Druck nach Therapiepausen gross ist. Einige Patienten erleiden während eines solchen Therapieunterbruchs eine neue Fraktur. Für Hochrisikopatienten kann eventuell ein medikamentöser Substanzwechsel, nicht aber eine Pause empfohlen werden. In diesem Artikel werden die aktuellen Guidelines und Langzeitstrategien diskutiert.
Stimuli-controlled self-assembly of diverse tubular aggregates from one single small monomer
Authors: Shi Qixun , Javorskis Tomas , Bergquist Karl-Erik , Ulčinas Artūras , Niaura Gediminas , Matulaitienė Ieva , Orentas Edvinas , Wärnmark Kenneth
Published: April 2017

The design and synthesis of new stimuli-responsive hydrogen-bonding monomers that display a diversity of self-assembly pathways is of central importance in supramolecular chemistry. Here we describe the aggregation properties of a simple, intrinsically C2-symmetric enantiopure bicyclic cavity compound bearing a terminally unsubstituted ureidopyrimidinone fragment fused with a pyrrole moiety in different solvents and in the absence and presence of C60 and C70 guests. The tetrameric cyclic aggregate is selectively obtained in chlorinated solvents, where only part of the available hydrogen bonding sites are utilized, whereas in toluene or upon addition of C70 guests, further aggregation into tubular supramolecular polymers is achieved. The open-end cyclic assemblies rearrange into a closed-shell capsule upon introduction of C60 with an accompanied symmetry breaking of the monomer. Our study demonstrates that a C60 switch can be used to simultaneously control the topology and occupancy of tubular assemblies resulting from the aggregation of small monomers.
Genome assembly with in vitro proximity ligation data and whole-genome triplication in lettuce
Authors: Reyes-Chin-Wo Sebastian , Wang Zhiwen , Yang Xinhua , Kozik Alexander , Arikit Siwaret , Song Chi , Xia Liangfeng , Froenicke Lutz , Lavelle Dean O. , Truco María-José , Xia Rui , Zhu Shilin , Xu Chunyan , Xu Huaqin , Xu Xun , Cox Kyle , Korf Ian , Meyers Blake C. , Michelmore Richard W.
Published: April 2017

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a major crop and a member of the large, highly successful Compositae family of flowering plants. Here we present a reference assembly for the species and family. This was generated using whole-genome shotgun Illumina reads plusin vitroproximity ligation data to create large superscaffolds; it was validated genetically and superscaffolds were oriented in genetic bins ordered along nine chromosomal pseudomolecules. We identify several genomic features that may have contributed to the success of the family, including genes encodingCycloidea-like transcription factors, kinases, enzymes involved in rubber biosynthesis and disease resistance proteins that are expanded in the genome. We characterize 21 novel microRNAs, one of which may trigger phasiRNAs from numerous kinase transcripts. We provide evidence for a whole-genome triplication event specific but basal to the Compositae. We detect 26% of the genome in triplicated regions containing 30% of all genes that are enriched for regulatory sequences and depleted for genes involved in defence.
Nanomechanics of individual aerographite tetrapods
Authors: Meija Raimonds , Signetti Stefano , Schuchardt Arnim , Meurisch Kerstin , Smazna Daria , Mecklenburg Matthias , Schulte Karl , Erts Donats , Lupan Oleg , Fiedler Bodo , Mishra Yogendra Kumar , Adelung Rainer , Pugno Nicola M.
Published: April 2017

Carbon-based three-dimensional aerographite networks, built from interconnected hollow tubular tetrapods of multilayer graphene, are ultra-lightweight materials recently discovered and ideal for advanced multifunctional applications. In order to predict the bulk mechanical behaviour of networks it is very important to understand the mechanics of their individual building blocks. Here we characterize the mechanical response of single aerographite tetrapods via in situ scanning electron and atomic force microscopy measurements. To understand the acquired results, which show that the overall behaviour of the tetrapod is governed by the buckling of the central joint, a mechanical nonlinear model was developed, introducing the concept of the buckling hinge. Finite element method simulations elucidate the governing buckling phenomena. The results are then generalized for tetrapods of different size-scales and shapes. These basic findings will permit better understanding of the mechanical response of the related networks and the design of similar aerogels based on graphene and other two-dimensional materials.
Magnetically-driven colossal supercurrent enhancement in InAs nanowire Josephson junctions
Authors: Tiira J. , Strambini E. , Amado M. , Roddaro S. , San-Jose P. , Aguado R. , Bergeret F. S. , Ercolani D. , Sorba L. , Giazotto F.
Published: April 2017

The Josephson effect is a fundamental quantum phenomenon where a dissipationless supercurrent is introduced in a weak link between two superconducting electrodes by Andreev reflections. The physical details and topology of the junction drastically modify the properties of the supercurrent and a strong enhancement of the critical supercurrent is expected to occur when the topology of the junction allows an emergence of Majorana bound states. Here we report charge transport measurements in mesoscopic Josephson junctions formed by InAs nanowires and Ti/Al superconducting leads. Our main observation is a colossal enhancement of the critical supercurrent induced by an external magnetic field applied perpendicular to the substrate. This striking and anomalous supercurrent enhancement cannot be described by any known conventional phenomenon of Josephson junctions. We consider these results in the context of topological superconductivity, and show that the observed critical supercurrent enhancement is compatible with a magnetic field-induced topological transition.
On the discrepancy between observed and CMIP5 multi-model simulated Barents Sea winter sea ice decline
Authors: Li Dawei , Zhang Rong , Knutson Thomas R.
Published: April 2017

This study aims to understand the relative roles of external forcing versus internal climate variability in causing the observed Barents Sea winter sea ice extent (SIE) decline since 1979. We identify major discrepancies in the spatial patterns of winter Northern Hemisphere sea ice concentration trends over the satellite period between observations and CMIP5 multi-model mean externally forced response. The CMIP5 externally forced decline in Barents Sea winter SIE is much weaker than that observed. Across CMIP5 ensemble members, March Barents Sea SIE trends have little correlation with global mean surface air temperature trends, but are strongly anti-correlated with trends in Atlantic heat transport across the Barents Sea Opening (BSO). Further comparison with control simulations from coupled climate models suggests that enhanced Atlantic heat transport across the BSO associated with regional internal variability may have played a leading role in the observed decline in winter Barents Sea SIE since 1979.
Probing the symmetry of the potential of localized surface plasmon resonances with phase-shaped electron beams
Authors: Guzzinati Giulio , Béché Armand , Lourenço-Martins Hugo , Martin Jérôme , Kociak Mathieu , Verbeeck Jo
Published: April 2017

Plasmonics, the science and technology of the interaction of light with metallic objects, is fundamentally changing the way we can detect, generate and manipulate light. Although the field is progressing swiftly, thanks to the availability of nanoscale manufacturing and analysis methods, fundamental properties such as the plasmonic excitations’ symmetries cannot be accessed directly, leading to a partial, sometimes incorrect, understanding of their properties. Here we overcome this limitation by deliberately shaping the wave function of an electron beam to match a plasmonic excitations’ symmetry in a modified transmission electron microscope. We show experimentally and theoretically that this offers selective detection of specific plasmon modes within metallic nanoparticles, while excluding modes with other symmetries. This method resembles the widespread use of polarized light for the selective excitation of plasmon modes with the advantage of locally probing the response of individual plasmonic objects and a far wider range of symmetry selection criteria.
Intercalant-independent transition temperature in superconducting black phosphorus
Authors: Zhang R. , Waters J. , Geim A. K. , Grigorieva I. V.
Published: April 2017

Research on black phosphorus has been experiencing a renaissance over the last years, after the demonstration that few-layer crystals exhibit high carrier mobility and a thickness-dependent bandgap. Black phosphorus is also known to be a superconductor under high pressure exceeding 10 GPa. The superconductivity is due to a structural transformation into another allotrope and accompanied by a semiconductor-metal transition. No superconductivity could be achieved for black phosphorus in its normal orthorhombic form, despite several reported attempts. Here we describe its intercalation by several alkali metals (Li, K, Rb and Cs) and alkali-earth Ca. All the intercalated compounds are found to be superconducting, exhibiting the same (within experimental accuracy) critical temperature of 3.8±0.1 K and practically identical characteristics in the superconducting state. Such universal superconductivity, independent of the chemical composition, is highly unusual. We attribute it to intrinsic superconductivity of heavily doped individual phosphorene layers, while the intercalated layers of metal atoms play mostly a role of charge reservoirs.