bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'évaluation du personnel dans les services publics fédéraux : fabrique de la domination salariale contemporaine ?
Authors: Daugnaix Arnaud
Published: March 2014

Depuis la réforme Copernic, les fonctionnaires statutaires et contractuels fédéraux sont soumis à un nouveau système d’évaluation du personnel, lequel est appelé cercles de développement. Celui-ci s’inspire des systèmes d’évaluation de la performance individuelle en vigueur dans le secteur privé. La contribution analyse dans quelle mesure les cercles constituent un dispositif de la domination salariale contemporaine. Pour ce faire, après avoir défini les principaux concepts de notre question de recherche, nous confrontons les cercles à un modèle de la domination salariale contemporaine. Construit à partir d’une revue de la littérature produite en sociologie de la gestion, ce modèle détaille les ressorts de la domination en question et le rôle central qu’y tiennent les dispositifs de gestion. Parmi les ressorts figurent la référence et l’objectivation de la contrainte exogène, la menace du licenciement, la construction d’une définition particulière de la situation, et une idéologie émancipatoire. Une synthèse des résultats et quelques pistes de recherche achèvent l’article.
Les conséquences de la résistance organisationnelle à l'institutionnalisation de l'évaluation sur les pratiques des acteurs : analyse à partir de la mise en place de l'évaluation individuelle à l'université française
Authors: Ientile-Yalenios Jocelyne
Published: March 2014

L’article a pour objet d’explorer les liens entre une modalité de résistance organisationnelle aux pressions institutionnelles – celle d’une composante universitaire – et ses conséquences sur les acteurs internes. Le cadre théorique structurationniste (Giddens, 1987) retenu nous permet de mener conjointement l’analyse des dimensions institutionnelles et contextuelles et celles des pratiques quotidiennes des acteurs. Nous mobiliserons le concept de résistance organisationnelle proposé par Oliver (1991) au sein de la théorie néo-institutionnaliste. Nous appuierons notre réflexion sur l’analyse de la mise en œuvre de l’entretien individuel d’évaluation au sein d’une composante universitaire française. Il ressort une modalité de résistance organisationnelle, la stratégie d’évitement, essentiellement fondée sur la reproduction des valeurs bureaucratiques d’impersonnalité et de centralisation.
Stress et satisfaction au travail des cadres intermédiaires dans les hôpitaux de Suisse romande dans un contexte de réformes
Authors: Giauque David , Resenterra Fabien , Siggen Michaël
Published: March 2014

L’article vise à identifier les déterminants du stress et de la satisfaction au travail parmi une population de cadres intermédiaires exerçant dans des établissements hospitaliers de Suisse romande. Il vise également à combler un vide dans les études sur les administrations publiques suisses : mieux saisir, au moyen d’une enquête par questionnaires, quelles sont les principales variables qui se trouvent à l’origine de la satisfaction au travail et qui peuvent être des ressources pour les acteurs afin de faire face au stress. L’étude confirme des résultats de recherches internationales, montrant que des facteurs relationnels et des caractéristiques du travail sont les principaux déterminants du stress et de la satisfaction. Elle souligne dès lors l’importance d’adopter une lecture « structurelle » et « organisationnelle » du stress et de la satisfaction, soulignant aussi que les caractéristiques individuelles de la population étudiée n’expliquent qu’une très infime variance de ces phénomènes.
L'armée française et la révolution militaire de la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Goya Michel
Published: March 2014

En 1914, la puissance de feu des armements modernes provoque une hécatombe. Pour limiter les pertes, les belligérants s’enterrent dans des tranchées. L’armée française est contrainte d’innover. Infanterie et artillerie subissent de profondes transformations. Les doctrines évoluent, permettant ainsi d’intégrer les nouveaux moyens – notamment chars et avions – aux schémas tactiques. En 1918, l’armée française, plus moderne et plus mobile que son adversaire allemand, finit par l’emporter.
Le passé de l'Europe est-il le futur de l'Asie ?
Authors: Young-kwan Yoon
Published: March 2014

De troublantes similitudes existent entre l’Asie d’aujourd’hui et l’Europe d’avant 1914. La Chine exige de jouer un rôle à la mesure de ses ambitions, comme l’Allemagne à la fin du xix e  siècle. La puissance dominante, les États-Unis, ne sait pas plus limiter l’expansion de la puissance émergente que la Grande-Bretagne il y a un siècle. Face à l’exacerbation du nationalisme en Asie, les leçons de la Première Guerre mondiale doivent être retenues pour éviter une escalade dangereuse.
La Première Guerre mondiale et la balkanisation du Moyen-Orient
Authors: Corm Georges
Published: March 2014

La Première Guerre mondiale a eu des conséquences tragiques pour le Moyen-Orient. Elle a conduit au dépècement de l’Empire ottoman et à une balkanisation de la région. La France et la Grande-Bretagne ont semé les graines de conflits futurs en faisant des promesses contradictoires aux notabilités et dirigeants locaux. L’instabilité que l’on observe aujourd’hui au Moyen-Orient puise ses racines dans les découpages qui ont fait suite à la Grande Guerre. Une nouvelle conflagration régionale est à craindre.
La mort du Héros
Authors: de Mijolla-Mellor Sophie
Published: March 2014

L’héroïsme concerne le besoin de croire par le dépassement héroïque de la quotidienneté et la mort donnée puisqu’il s’agit du guerrier et son sacrifice. Il est aussi un exemple de la différence fondamentale qui existe entre l’idéalisation et la sublimation. Cette dernière dérive la libido attachée au Moi idéal de l’enfance dans une opération de deuil de l’omnipotence à laquelle se substitue une jouissance de l’acte alors que l’idéalisation, au contraire, inhibe le sujet par un projet trop lourd et irréalisable Or le propre du héros est précisément d’agir. C’est son geste que va conter la légende. Il devient ainsi un idéal mais pas pour lui-même, pour les autres qui vont même parfois en faire un demi-dieu. Ce problème est particulièrement crucial à l’adolescence en raison des processus massifs d’idéalisation qui se font jour à cet âge. L’adolescent doit renoncer à être l’enfant idéal que le parent avait vu en lui ou plutôt il doit lui prouver que c’est par d’autres voies que celui-ci avait imaginées pour lui qu’il va y parvenir.
Le courage du héros n'est pas sans risque
Authors: Levy Sydney
Published: March 2014

Le héros adolescent ne manque pas de courage : il court vers la mort. Pour autant, il n’est pas sûr qu’en cela réside son plus grand risque. Paradoxalement, son courage peut l’emporter vers une recherche de sensations propres à la démesure. Cet élan ferait, alors, et sous certaines conditions, basculer son acte dans une rage meurtrière, l’éloignant ainsi de ses motivations premières. Le combat laisserait la place au massacre.
Malraux, héros adolescent
Authors: Drossart Francis
Published: March 2014

À travers l’œuvre et la vie d’André Malraux, sont abordées ici les deux problématiques indissolublement liées chez le héros adolescent : celle de la mort librement acceptée et celle de la fraternité assumée sans réserve. À propos du processus de l’adolescence, je reprendrai ici la formulation de Piera Aulagnier, selon laquelle ce processus repose sur un « fonds d’auto-historicité » toujours remis en jeu par sa « confrontation à des possibles relationnels ». C’est précisément ce double mouvement qui me paraît au centre de la saga malrucienne, faite de prises de risque, de coups d’éclat et de coup de dés qui, selon l’expression de Mallarmé « n’aboliront jamais le hasard ».
Magnus Hirschfeld (1868-1935) et la femme soldat
Authors: Tréhel Gilles
Published: March 2014

Magnus Hirschfeld est un médecin allemand. Il a consacré son travail à la sexologie. Pendant la première guerre mondiale, il acquiert une expérience dont il fera état dans plusieurs ouvrages. En Allemagne, seuls les hommes peuvent être enrôlés. Pour pouvoir guerroyer, les femmes doivent dissimuler leur sexe. En 1910, dans un ouvrage sur le travestissement Hirschfeld évoque ces femmes soldats aux comportements héroïques. En 1930, dans un ouvrage sur l’histoire de la sexualité dans la guerre, il mentionne dans une vignette une jeune femme de vingt ans qui revêt l’uniforme et se dit prête à répondre à l’appel de l’armée. En 1947, dans un ouvrage publié à titre posthume ce cas est développé. Nous nous intéresserons à quelques exemples de ces femmes soldats empruntés à l’œuvre d’Hirschfeld avant d’approfondir ce cas de travestissement.
Evolución de la cultura de defensa en la última década
Authors: Moréu Munáiz Fernando
Published: March 2014

El IEEE (Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos) impulsa, desde 1997 por medio del CIS (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas), la encuesta “La Defensa Nacional y las Fuerzas Armadas”. En ella se recoge, entre otras cuestiones, la opinión de los españoles en asuntos relacionados con el sentimiento y compromiso de sentirse español, la percepción de vivir en un mundo inseguro o el grado de reconocimiento de la sociedad española hacia sus Fuerzas Armadas. El estudio de la serie temporal de sus datos permite valorar el apoyo de los ciudadanos a sus ejércitos y evaluar la eficacia de los esfuerzos dedicados a ello. El análisis conjunto de los datos muestra una sociedad española con una elevada opinión de sus Fuerzas Armadas pero con un menor compromiso hacia los valores que estas representan y con un creciente interés para que su presupuesto se ajuste al menor presentimiento de amenazas militares contra España. La característica más notable de la sociedad española hacia sus Fuerzas Armadas es su enorme heterogeneidad cuando se segmenta por su edad, por su comunidad autónoma o por su ideología política.
La modernización de las Fuerzas Armadas
Authors: Serra Eduardo
Published: March 2014

El artículo realiza un breve repaso por la historia de las Fuerzas Armadas españolas destacando la importancia de la institución militar y su papel en la Historia contemporánea española. Desde de la muerte de Franco se intenta por encauzar a los mandos de las Fuerzas Armadas en la senda democrática y constitucional, siendo entonces crucial el papel del General Gutiérrez Mellado. A partir de 1981, se toman dos importantes medidas en la esfera militar: la llamada causa 2/81, para el enjuiciamiento de los responsables de la intentona golpista y la solicitud de ingreso de España en la Alianza Atlántica, paso muy importante que determinará el futuro del país y permitió la modernización de las Fuerzas Armadas españolas, equiparándolas a las del mundo occidental. Tras la victoria socialista de 1982, fue básico el giro del PSOE, que transformando su antiamericanismo inicial con habilidad, completó el ingreso de España en la Alianza Atlántica tras el referéndum de 1986, y modificó profundamente las Fuerzas Armadas, eliminando las tensiones militares. La última etapa del proceso de modernización fue la protagonizada por el gobierno de Aznar: destacan la profesionalización de las Fuerzas Armadas y la integración de España en la estructura militar de la Alianza Atlántica.
La aportación de la Defensa a la Marca España
Authors: Hidalgo García Mª del Mar
Published: March 2014

En plena crisis económica se ha lanzado el proyecto “Marca España” como una política de estado para poner en valor el concepto de España y respaldar su proyección internacional. Bajo esta perspectiva la defensa tiene mucho que aportar a este reconocimiento internacional. En el artículo se exponen tres aspectos, donde España ejerce una gran influencia en el exterior, en términos de reputación, innovación y compromiso: la incorporación de la mujer a las FAS, las misiones en el exterior y la industria de defensa.
Yo, intelectual: Pío Baroja frente a las masas y la democracia
Authors: Fuster García Francisco
Published: March 2014

El objetivo de este artículo es trazar la evolución de la actitud de Pío Baroja como intelectual durante los últimos años del siglo XIX y las primeras décadas del siglo XX, justo el período durante el cual aparece y se consolida en España este nuevo sujeto social. Para ello, intento analizar el pensamiento del escritor vasco ante dos de los temas que más preocuparon a los intelectuales españoles y europeos en esta época: la relación del individuo con la masa y la postura del intelectual frente a la democracia.
Linking experiments with the real world
Authors: Marques José Couto , Restivo Maria Teresa , Cardoso Alberto , Santos Tiago
Published: March 2014

An interactive web application has been developed to provide a learning tool for soil mechanics students. Using digital video, html and javascript the interactive video provides some facts and figures about dams in general and embankment dams in particular, using a small scale experimental model and finite element numerical simulations to provide insight on groundwater flow phenomena in this type of works. The web application is able to supply further references through social networks in order to stimulate interest and promote deeper learning of embankment dam engineering and related phenomena.
Using ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to control slugs (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in salad greens in the laboratory and greenhouse
Authors: Renkema J.M. , Cutler G.C. , Blanchard D. , Hammermeister A.
Published: March 2014

Ground beetles common in temperate agroecosystems are predators of crop pests, including slugs (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Salad green production in greenhouses during autumn and spring can be limited by damage due to slugs and other pests. Introducing ground beetles to greenhouses may help reduce damage and improve yields. In the laboratory, while arenas with only slugs produced nearly no harvestable leaves, the presence of Carabus nemoralis Müller (Coleoptera: Carabidae) increased the number and weight of harvestable leaves to 55% of the amount in control arenas (without slugs or beetles), in addition to reducing the number of slugs. In a second experiment, adult or second-instar Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were released into greenhouse mesocosms (75 cm diameter steel rings) containing salad greens and slugs. Neither adults nor larvae improved the number or weight of harvestable leaves at the first two harvests, and there was no evidence of slug consumption. Towards the end of the experiment cutworms were common in the mesocosms and contributed to damaging salad greens. Adult P. melanarius likely consumed some cutworms, resulting in small increases in salad green yields at the third harvest. Our results suggest that ground beetles should be further examined as part of an integrated approach to pest control in late and early season salad green production in greenhouses.
β7 Integrin Controls Mast Cell Recruitment, whereas αE Integrin Modulates the Number and Function of CD8+ T Cells in Immune Complex–Mediated Tissue Injury
Authors: Yamada Daisuke , Kadono Takafumi , Masui Yuri , Yanaba Koichi , Sato Shinichi
Published: March 2014

Immune complex (IC) deposition causes significant tissue injury associated with various autoimmune diseases such as vasculitis. In the cascade of inflammation, cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion via adhesion molecules are essential. To assess the role of αE and β7 integrin in IC-mediated tissue injury, peritoneal and cutaneous reverse-passive Arthus reaction was examined in mice lacking αE integrin (αE−/−) or β7 integrin (β7−/−). Both αE−/− and β7−/− mice exhibited significantly attenuated neutrophil infiltration in the peritoneal and cutaneous Arthus reaction. β7 integrin deficiency, not αE integrin deficiency, significantly reduced the number of mast cells in the peritoneal cavity, which was consistent with the result that mast cells expressed only α4β7 integrin, not αEβ7 integrin. αE−/− mice instead revealed the reduction of CD8+ T cells in the peritoneal cavity, and nearly half of them in wild-type mice expressed αE integrin. These αE+CD8+ T cells produced more proinflammatory cytokines than αE−CD8+ T cells, and adoptive transfer of αE+CD8+ T cell into αE−/− recipients restored cutaneous and peritoneal Arthus reaction. These results suggest that in the peritoneal and cutaneous reverse-passive Arthus reaction, α4β7 integrin is involved in the migration of mast cells for initial IC recognition. αEβ7 integrin, in contrast, contributes by recruiting αE+CD8+ T cells, which produce more proinflammatory cytokines than αE−CD8+ T cells and amplify IC-mediated inflammation.
Synergistic Therapeutic Vascular Cytoprotection against Complement-Mediated Injury Induced via a PKCα-, AMPK-, and CREB-Dependent Pathway
Authors: Hamdulay Shahir S. , Wang Bufei , Calay Damien , Kiprianos Allan P. , Cole Jennifer , Dumont Odile , Dryden Nicola , Randi Anna M. , Thornton Clare C. , Al-Rashed Fahad , Hoong Caroline , Shamsi Aamir , Liu Zilei , Holla Vijay R. , Boyle Joseph J. , Haskard Dorian O. , Mason Justin C.
Published: March 2014

Endothelial injury and dysfunction precede accelerated arterial disease in allograft vasculopathy and systemic autoimmune diseases and involve pathogenic Abs and complement. Recent reports suggest that switching to rapamycin from calcineurin antagonists reduces posttransplant vasculopathy and prolongs survival following cardiac transplantion. The majority of these patients also receive statin therapy. We examined potential mechanisms underlying this protective response in human endothelial cells and identified synergy between rapamycin and atorvastatin. Mechanistically, atorvastatin and rapamycin activated a protein kinase Cα, AMP-activated kinase, and CREB-dependent vasculoprotective pathway, which induced decay-accelerating factor (DAF) promoter activity via binding to the cAMP response element, mutation of which attenuated promoter activity. This response significantly increased endothelial cell surface DAF and enhanced protection against complement-mediated injury. Synergy with rapamycin was reproduced by simvastatin, whereas combining atorvastatin with cyclosporine or mycophenolate in place of rapamycin was ineffective. Importantly, synergy was reproduced in vivo, in which only atorvastatin and rapamycin therapy in combination was sufficient to induce DAF on murine aortic endothelium. We believe this pathway represents an important therapeutically inducible vasculoprotective mechanism for diseases mediated by pathogenic Abs and complement, including posttransplant vasculopathy and systemic lupus erythematosus. Although our study focuses on the vascular endothelium, the findings are likely to be broadly applicable, given the diverse cellular expression of DAF.
BAFF Suppresses IL-15 Expression in B Cells
Authors: Ma Ning , Xing Chen , Xiao He , He Youdi , Han Gencheng , Chen Guojiang , Hou Chunmei , Marrero Bernadette , Wang Yujuan , Zhang Shengquan , Shen Beifen , Li Yan , Wang Renxi
Published: March 2014

Clinical trials have shown that BAFF inhibitors do not reduce memory B cell levels but can reduce the number of mature B cells. It remains uncertain whether BAFF affects memory-maintaining cytokines such as IL-15. We found that BAFF suppressed IL-15 expression in B cells from lupus-like or experimental allergic encephalomyelitis mice. When BAFF was blocked with atacicept-IgG, IL-15 expression was upregulated in lupus-like or experimental allergic encephalomyelitis mice. Finally, we showed that BAFF suppressed IL-15 expression in transitional 2 B cells by reducing Foxo1 expression and inducing Foxo1 phosphorylation. This study suggests that BAFF suppresses IL-15 expression in autoimmune diseases, and this opens up the possible opportunity for the clinical application of BAFF- and IL-15–specific therapeutic agents.
Inhibition of GTPase Rac1 in Endothelium by 6-Mercaptopurine Results in Immunosuppression in Nonimmune Cells: New Target for an Old Drug
Authors: Marinković Goran , Kroon Jeffrey , Hoogenboezem Mark , Hoeben Kees A. , Ruiter Matthijs S. , Kurakula Kondababu , Otermin Rubio Iker , Vos Mariska , de Vries Carlie J. M. , van Buul Jaap D. , de Waard Vivian
Published: March 2014

Azathioprine and its metabolite 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) are well established immunosuppressive drugs. Common understanding of their immunosuppressive properties is largely limited to immune cells. However, in this study, the mechanism underlying the protective role of 6-MP in endothelial cell activation is investigated. Because 6-MP and its derivative 6-thioguanosine-5′-triphosphate (6-T-GTP) were shown to block activation of GTPase Rac1 in T lymphocytes, we focused on Rac1-mediated processes in endothelial cells. Indeed, 6-MP and 6-T-GTP decreased Rac1 activation in endothelial cells. As a result, the compounds inhibited TNF-α–induced downstream signaling via JNK and reduced activation of transcription factors c-Jun, activating transcription factor-2 and, in addition, NF κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), which led to decreased transcription of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, 6-MP and 6-T-GTP selectively decreased TNF-α–induced VCAM-1 but not ICAM-1 protein levels. Rac1-mediated generation of cell membrane protrusions, which form docking structures to capture leukocytes, also was reduced by 6-MP/6-T-GTP. Consequently, leukocyte transmigration was inhibited after 6-MP/6-T-GTP treatment. These data underscore the anti-inflammatory effect of 6-MP and 6-T-GTP on endothelial cells by blocking Rac1 activation. Our data provide mechanistic insight that supports development of novel Rac1-specific therapeutic approaches against chronic inflammatory diseases.
Engineering of a Novel Anti-CD40L Domain Antibody for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Xie Jenny H. , Yamniuk Aaron P. , Borowski Virna , Kuhn Robert , Susulic Vojkan , Rex-Rabe Sandra , Yang Xiaoxia , Zhou Xiadi , Zhang Yifan , Gillooly Kathleen , Brosius Ruth , Ravishankar Rathna , Waggie Kimberly , Mink Kathy , Price Laura , Rehfuss Robert , Tamura James , An Yongmi , Cheng Lin , Abramczyk Bozena , Ignatovich Olga , Drew Philip , Grant Steven , Bryson James W. , Suchard Suzanne , Salter-Cid Luisa , Nadler Steven , Suri Anish
Published: March 2014

CD40–CD40L interactions play a critical role in regulating immune responses. Blockade of CD40L by Abs, such as the anti-CD40L Ab 5c8, demonstrated positive clinical effects in patients with autoimmune diseases; however, incidents of thromboembolism (TE) precluded further development of these molecules. In this study, we examined the role of the Fc domain interaction with FcγRs in modulating platelet activation and potential for TE. Our results show that the interaction of the 5c8 wild-type IgG1 Fc domain with FcγRs is responsible for platelet activation, as measured by induction of PAC-1 and CD62P. A version of 5c8 with a mutated IgG1 tail was identified that showed minimal FcγR binding and platelet activation while maintaining full binding to CD40L. To address whether Fc effector function is required for immunosuppression, a potent Ab fragment, termed a “domain Ab” (dAb), against murine CD40L was identified and fused to a murine IgG1 Fc domain containing a D265A mutation that lacks Fc effector function. In vitro, this dAb–Fc demonstrated comparable potency to the benchmark mAb MR-1 in inhibiting B cell and dendritic cell activation. Furthermore, the anti-CD40L dAb–Fc exhibited a notable efficacy comparable to MR-1 in various preclinical models, such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin–induced Ab responses, alloantigen-induced T cell proliferation, “heart-to-ear” transplantation, and NZB × NZW F1 spontaneous lupus. Thus, our data show that immunosuppression and TE can be uncoupled and that a CD40L dAb with an inert Fc tail is expected to be efficacious for treating autoimmune diseases, with reduced risk for TE.
RETRACTED - Challenges of combined everolimus/endocrine therapy in hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Abubakr Yousif , Albushra Yasar
Published: March 2014

This paper has been retracted. See the Retraction note at: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2014.255
Geology of the oil shale deposits of Canada
Authors: Macauley G
Published: March 2014

Known deposits range from Ordovician through Cretaceous in age, occur in every province and territory of Canada except Prince Edward Island, and represent ail classes of oil shale depositional environments. Deposits are reviewed on a geologic/geographic basis,
including Ordovician and Devonian of Ontario and Quebec, Carboniferous of the Maritime Provinces, Jurassic of British Columbia, and Cretaceous of the Prairie Provinces and the Northwest and Yukon Territories. Each section contains an historic review of oil shales of the area and discussion of
stratigraphy, lithology, thickness, distribution, mineralogy and economic geology, and includes a comprehensive annotated bibliography. Lower Mississippian Frederick Brook Member oil shales of the Albert Formation in New Brunswick are the best known, most explored, and presently most significant of
Canadian oil shale deposits. These lithologically resemble the Green River shales, being lacustrine dolomite beds. At Albert County, an area 2.6 km2 contains oil shale to a depth of 615 min a structurally expanded 300 m of gross zone. With some intervals yielding in excess of 100 litres/tonne, this
area may contain in excess of 47.4 million cubic metres of in situ reserves. Along the Manitoba Escarpment of the Central Plains, the two Cretaceous "White Specks" zones (Boyne and Favel formations) have yielded up to 100 litres/tonne in the Pasquia Hills. Zone thicknesses are 40 and 20 m
respectively over a large geographic area. These appear to be the second most significant of the Canadian oil shales. Except for the New Brunswick deposit, insufficient work has currently been conducted to assess economic potential. At this point, reserve projections for Canadian oil shales would be
so conjectural as to be virtually meaningless.
Anthropogenetic relationship between Negro population groups in South Africa based on genetic distances
Authors: Hitzeroth H. W.
Published: March 2014

The present study aims to establish the anthropogenetic relationship between Negro population groups in South Africa. The method applied for this purpose is based on the calculation of genetic distances for which several formulae have been developed in the recent scientific literature.
An overview on selection methods
Authors: Swanepoel J. W. H.
Published: March 2014

In many studies the experimenter has under consideration several (two or more) alternatives, and is studying them in order to determine which is the best (with regard to certain specified criteria of “goodness”). Such an experimenter does not wish basically to test hypotheses, or construct confidence intervals, or perform regression analyses (though these may be appropriate parts of his analysis); he does wish to select the best of several alternatives, and the major part of his analysis should therefore be directed towards this goal. It is precisely for this problem that ranking and selection procedures were developed. This paper presents an overview of some recent work in this field, with emphasis on aspects important to experimenters confronted with selection problems. Fixed sample size and sequential procedures for both the indifference zone and subset formulations of the selection problem are discussed.
A generalization of local connectedness in Topology
Authors: Ohlhoff H. J. K. , Verwey A.
Published: March 2014

Our aim in this paper is to obtain an acceptable generalization of the concept of locally connected spaces in Topology. This is done by utilizing the concept of E-connected spaces which was introduced by Preuss. Locally E-connected spaces are defined and results on locally connected spaces are generalized. In particular, it is shown that the class of all locally E-connected spaces determines a bicoreflective subcategory of Top. From the many examples that are available, we concentrate on those arising from the separation axioms.
A methodology for and the determination of TCDD in Herbicides
Authors: Oliver J. E. , Reinecke A. J. , Venter J. M.
Published: March 2014

An appropriate methodology was developed under the direction of the senior author which allowed us to analyze various 2,4,5-T herbicides for the toxic contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The contaminant was detected at levels of three to fifty-six nanograms per gram (ng g-1), i.e. 3-56 ppb (parts per billion).
Positive operators on Banach lattices
Authors: Van Eldik P.
Published: March 2014

In this survey paper we discuss some recent developments in the theory of positive operators on Banach lattices and concentrate on order properties of classes of operators including kernel operators and compact operators.
Primary evaluation of plants, with regards to chemical composition and activity in other biological systems
Authors: Van der Vijver L. M. , Botha S. , Kruger A. M. C.
Published: March 2014

With the systematic investigation of plants from the Potchefstroom district an attempt is made to document valuable data of taxa from Southern Africa, concerning the primary evaluation of their chemical constituents and activity in a few biological systems. Fresh or frozen plant material is used and the following tests are performed on each morphological part: chemical screening tests for several important secondary metabolites; tests to determine potential phototoxicity; direct-plate tests to evaluate antimicrobial activity; Hippocratic evaluation of pharmacological activity in mammals with the albino rat as model. These primary tests are briefly discussed.
A search for evidence of a distant human past outside Africa
Authors: Spies A.
Published: March 2014

Dating the Pleistocene and also the Ice Ages is necessary. A period of “normal” magnetism, called the Olduvai Event, occurred about 1,8 m.y.a. It can be considered the boundary between the Pliocene and the Pleistocene, lying within the Matuyama Reversed Epoch, which ended some 700 000 y.a. The boundary between the Middle and Upper or late Pleistocene we shall accept as 125 000 y.a., which is also the beginning of the Eemian interglacial. Hominid fossils were discovered in both Java and China. From publications the names “Peking Man” and “Java Man” are well known. Today, these are referred to as Homo erectus. They are known by their very prominent supraorbital torus and postorbital constriction, alveolar prognathism and receding chin. With the widest part of the skull toward the bottom, it has a pentagonal shape. The rest of the skeleton is very little different from the modern skeleton. Fossil bones from Europe are scarce, but the little that have been found correspond with Erectus from the Far East. They date from the Middle Pleistocene.
The vegetation of the alkali granite and bordering quartzite in the Vredefort Dome north-west of Parys
Authors: Bezuidenhout H. , Bredenkamp G. J. , Elsenbroek J. H.
Published: March 2014

An investigation was made to determine the influence of alkali granite and bordering rocks on the distribution of plant species and plant communities. Six plant communities were successfully distinguished in the study area by using the TWINSPAN numerical classification technique, followed by refinement using the Braun-Blanquet technique. The plant communities could easily be correlated with specific habitat types. The results show that rock type as well as aspect (north and south facing slopes) influence the distribution of plant communities strongly. Groups of species which are reliable indicators for specific habitat conditions were also identified.
The uniqueness of a value function for asymmetric isotope separation
Authors: Geldenhuys G.
Published: March 2014

Value functions for isotope separation can be used to calculate the separative power of uranium enrichment cascades. The uniqueness of the value function for symmetric separation processes is well known. The uniqueness problem is discussed and solved for asymmetric processes.
The long-term efficacy of hepatitis B immunisation in aneasthetists in Bloemfontein
Authors: Van der Merwe J. H. S. , Diedericks B. J. S.
Published: March 2014

Thirty three months after vaccination, protective immunity was present in only 47 of anaesthetists immunised with plasma-derived vaccine. It appears that the age of the vaccinee is a major adverse factor.
Freshwater algae and the economy
Authors: Scott W. E. , Zohary T.
Published: March 2014

This article discusses the current economic importance of fresh water algae and possibilities of exploitation of algae in the future. Desirable and undesirable aspects are considered and illustrated with examples mainly from South Africa. The excessive development of undesirable algae in freshwater adversely affects the water quality by a number of chemical changes which can vary from tastes and odours to production of substances that consitute a threat to human or animal health. Removal of unwanted algae adds considerably to the costs of water treatment. Excessive algal growth impairs recreational activities and affects shoreline property values.
Agricultural research in the RSA in comparison with the system in other countries
Authors: Du Pisani A. L.
Published: March 2014

The setup of agricultural research in the RSA was given a long and hard look in comparison with those on otherAfrican countries, the USA, Britain, West Germany, Israel, the Netherlands and Australia. It was shown that therole players were basically the same in all countries, it was just the importance of their roles that differed. A pleawas made to create a system in the RSA which was adapted to the local cultural and financial climate and that thedisposition of the role players should be such that the system would be successful.
Recognition of depression/anxietycomplicated coronary diseases and evaluation of commonly used scales
Authors: Liang Si-Yu , Li Xiang-Ping
Published: March 2014

With the transformation of the medical model to a bio - psycho - social medical model, people are becoming more and more concerned about psychological and social factors in the development, prognosis and treatments of cardiovascular diseases. Some prospective studies have shown that depression/anxiety may be one of the risk factors for coronary diseases; it can accelerate the progression of the disease and may also be a risk factor for poor prognosis. However, depression/anxiety-complicated coronary diseases is rarely recognized by nonpsychiatrists; therefore, these patients often fail to receive timely diagnosis and treatment and may even undergo further psychological and economic burden because of excessive examination and treatment. Identification and intervention of coronary diseases associated with depression/anxiety as early as possible is yet to be achieved. This article reviews how to identify coronary diseases patients with depression/anxiety and how the common depression/ anxiety scales are used and evaluated nowadays.
Subtleties of the minimax selector
Authors: Wei Qiaoling
Published: March 2014

In this note, we show that the minimax and maximin critical values of a function quadratic nondegenerate at infinity are equal when defined in homology or cohomology with coefficients in a field. However, by an example of F. Laudenbach, this is not always true for coefficients in a ring and, even in the case of a field, the minimax-maximin depends on the field.
On topological properties of the formal power series substitution group
Authors: Babenko I. , Bogatyi S.
Published: March 2014

Certain topological properties of the group

\mathcal J(\bf k)

of formal one-variable power series with coefficients in a commutative topological unitary ring

\bf k

are considered. We show, in particular, that in the case of

\bf k=\mathbb Z

equipped with the discrete topology, in spite of the fact that the group

\mathcal J(\mathbb Z)

has continuous monomorphisms into compact groups, it cannot be embedded into a locally compact group. In the case where

\bf k=\mathbb Q

the group

\mathcal J(\mathbb Q)

has no continuous monomorphisms into a locally compact group. In the last part of the paper the compressibility property for topological groups is considered. This property is valid for

\mathcal J(\bf k)

for a number of rings, in particular for the group

\mathcal J(\mathbb Z)

.
Une version effective du théorème de Lindemann-Weierstrass par des méthodes d'indépendance algébrique
Authors: Roy Damien
Published: March 2014

We present a new completely effective proof of the Lindemann-Weierstrass theorem based on algebraic independence methods. Although it is slightly weaker than the best known estimate due to A. Sert, it improves the best estimate due to M. Ably obtained by such methods. The novelty of the proof lies in the simplicity of the construction of auxiliary functions, a fact that we exploit to introduce the non-specialist to methods of algebraic independence.
Quintuples of positive integers whose sums in pairs or in triples are squares
Authors: Choudhry Ajai
Published: March 2014

This paper is concerned with the two diophantine problems of finding five positive integers such that their sums either in pairs or in triples are perfect squares. The known parametric solutions of these problems are very cumbersome and not given explicitly in the published literature. Moreover, these solutions lead to numerical examples involving quite large integers. In this paper we first prove that there is a one-to-one correspondence between quintuples whose pairwise sums are squares and quintuples whose sums in triples are squares. Next we obtain all quintuples, with three or four of the five integers being distinct, such that their sums in pairs or in triples are perfect squares. We also obtain parametrized families of quintuples of distinct polynomials of degrees 6, 10, and 12 such that their sums in pairs or in triples are squares. These solutions yield quintuples of positive integers that are much smaller than the solutions generated by the known parametric solutions.
Positive braids of maximal signature
Authors: Baader Sebastian
Published: March 2014

We characterise positive braid links with positive Seifert form via a finite number of forbidden minors. From this we deduce a one-to-one correspondence between prime positive braid links of maximal signature and simply laced Dynkin diagrams, as well as a simple classification of alternating positive braid knots.
Soil greenhouse gas fluxes from different tree species on Taihang Mountain, North China
Authors: Liu X. P. , Zhang W. J. , Hu C. S. , Tang X. G.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The objectives of this study were to investigate seasonal variation of greenhouse gas fluxes from soils on sites dominated by plantation (Robinia pseudoacacia, Punica granatum, and Ziziphus jujube) and natural regenerated forests (Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Leptodermis oblonga, and Bothriochloa ischcemum), and to identify how tree species, litter exclusion, and soil properties (soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic carbon, total N, soil bulk density, and soil pH) explained the temporal and spatial variation in soil greenhouse gas fluxes. Fluxes of greenhouse gases were measured using static chamber and gas chromatography techniques. Six static chambers were randomly installed in each tree species. Three chambers were randomly designated to measure the impacts of surface litter exclusion, and the remaining three were used as a control. Field measurements were conducted biweekly from May 2010 to April 2012. Soil CO2 emissions from all tree species were significantly affected by soil temperature, soil moisture, and their interaction. Driven by the seasonality of temperature and precipitation, soil CO2 emissions demonstrated a clear seasonal pattern, with fluxes significantly higher during the rainy season than during the dry season. Soil CH4 and N2O fluxes were not significantly correlated with soil temperature, soil moisture, or their interaction, and no significant seasonal differences were detected. Soil organic carbon and total N were significantly positively correlated with CO2 and N2O fluxes. Soil bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with CO2 and N2O fluxes. Soil pH was not correlated with CO2 and N2O emissions. Soil CH4 fluxes did not display pronounced dependency on soil organic carbon, total N, soil bulk density, and soil pH. Removal of surface litter significantly decreased in CO2 emissions and CH4 uptakes. Soils in six tree species acted as sinks for atmospheric CH4. With the exception of Ziziphus jujube, soils in all tree species acted as sinks for atmospheric N2O. Tree species had a significant effect on CO2 and N2O releases but not on CH4 uptake. The lower net global warming potential in natural regenerated vegetation suggested that natural regenerated vegetation were more desirable plant species in reducing global warming.
IODP Expeditions 304 and 305: Oceanic Core Complex Formation, Atlantis Massif
Authors: Ildefonse B. ,   the IODP Expeditions 304 and 305 Scientists
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.22 04/iodp.sd.1.05.2005
Establishing Sampling Procedures in Lake Cores for Subsurface Biosphere Studies: Assessing In Situ Microbial Activity
Authors: Vuillemin A. , Ariztegui D. , Vasconcelos C. , the PASADO Scientific Drilling Party
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.10.04.2010
IODP Expedition 319, NanTroSEIZE Stage 2: First IODP Riser Drilling Operations and Observatory Installation Towards Understanding Subduction Zone Seismogenesis
Authors: McNeill L. , Saffer D. , Byrne T. , Araki E. , Toczko S. , Eguchi N. , Takahashi K. ,   IODP Expedition 319 Scientists
Published: March 2014

The Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) is a major drilling project designed to investigate fault mechanics and the seismogenic behavior of subduction zone plate boundaries. Expedition 319 is the first riser drilling operation within scientific ocean drilling. Operations included riser drilling at Site C0009 in the forearc basin above the plate boundary fault, non-riser drilling at Site C0010 across the shallow part of the megasplay fault system – which may slip during plate boundary earthquakes – and initial drilling at Site C0011 (incoming oceanic plate) for Expedition 322. At Site C0009, new methods were tested, including analysis of drill mud cuttings and gas, and in situ measurements of stress, pore pressure, and permeability. These results, in conjunction with earlier drilling, will provide (a) the history of forearc basin development (including links to growth of the megasplay fault system and modern prism), (b) the first in situ hydrological measurements of the plate boundary hanging wall, and (c) integration of in situ stress measurements (orientation and magnitude) across the forearc and with depth. A vertical seismic profile (VSP) experiment provides improved constraints on the deeper structure of the subduction zone. At Site C0010, logging-while-drilling measurements indicate significant changes in fault zone and hanging wall properties over short (< 5 km) along-strike distances, suggesting different burial and/or uplift history. The first borehole observatory instruments were installed at Site C0010 to monitor pressure and temperature within the megasplay fault zone, and methods of deployment of more complex observatory instruments were tested for future operations.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.10.01.2010
Integration of Deep Biosphere Research into the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program
Authors: Mangelsdorf K. , Kallmeyer J.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.10.0.2010
Initial Feasibility Study to Drill and Core the Ocean Mantle
Authors: Pilisi N. , Whitney B.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.12.05.2011
International Drilling to Recover Aquifer Sands (IDRAs) and Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater in Asia
Authors: van Geen A.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.12.06.2011
IODP Expedition 335: Deep Sampling in ODP Hole 1256D
Authors: Teagle D. A. H. , Ildefonse B. , Blum P. ,   the IODP Expedition 335 Scientists
Published: March 2014

Observations of the gabbroic layers of untectonized ocean crust are essential to test theoretical models of the accretion of new crust at mid-ocean ridges. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 335 ("Superfast Spreading Rate Crust 4") returned to Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 1256D with the intention of deepening this reference penetration of intact ocean crust a significant distance (~350 m) into cumulate gabbros. Three earlier cruises to Hole 1256D (ODP 206, IODP 309/312) have drilled through the sediments, lavas, and dikes and 100 m into a complex dike-gabbro transition zone.

 Operations on IODP Expedition 335 proved challenging throughout, with almost three weeks spent re-opening and securing unstable sections of the hole. When coring commenced, the comprehensive destruction of the coring bit required further remedial operations to remove junk and huge volumes of accumulated drill cuttings. Hole-cleaning operations using junk baskets were successful, and they recovered large irregular samples that document a hitherto unseen sequence of evolving geological conditions and the intimate coupling between temporally and spatially intercalated intrusive, hydrothermal, contact-metamorphic, partial melting, and retrogressive processes.

 Hole 1256D is now clean of junk, and it has been thoroughly cleared of the drill cuttings that hampered operations during this and previous expeditions. At the end of Expedition 335, we briefly resumed coring before undertaking cementing operations to secure problematic intervals. To ensure the greatest scientific return from the huge efforts to stabilize this primary ocean lithosphere reference site, it would be prudent to resume the deepening of Hole 1256D in the nearest possible future while it is open to full depth.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.13.04.2011
Operational Review of the First Wireline In Situ Stress Test in Scientific Ocean Drilling
Authors: Thu M. K. , Ito T. , Lin W. , Doan M.-L. , Boutt D. , Kawamura Y. , Khong C. K. , McNeill L. , Byrne T. , Saffer D. , Araki E. , Eguchi N. , Sawada I. , Flemings P. , Kano Y. , Moore C. , Kinoshita M. , Tobin H.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.13.06.2011
Comparison of Rhizon Sampling and Whole Round Squeezing for Marine Sediment Porewater
Authors: Schrum H. N. , Murray R. W. , Gribsholt B.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.13.08.2011
Climate Evolution in Central Asia during the Past Few Million Years: A Case Study from Issyk Kul
Authors: Oberhänsli H. , Molnar P.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.13.09.2011