bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Analysis on the Impact of Acoustic Liners in Fan Flutter
Authors: González-Monge Javier , Pérez José Miguel , Corral Roque , Zhao Fanzhou , Vahdati Mehdi
Published: September 2024

This work investigates the impact of acoustically treated intakes on fan flutter. The propagation of the fan acoustic perturbations is studied using a simplified model, where the frequency of the waves in the intake is the natural frequency of the fan blade in the stationary frame of reference. The model consists of a constant cross-sectional annular duct, where the acoustic modes are computed for hard wall and lined wall regions, assuming a uniform axial flow. The interfaces between the lined and hard wall sections are solved by doing mode matching. The acoustic reflections in the zero-thickness intake are computed using the Wiener–Hopf technique following Rienstra’s model. Analytical results show that the waves propagating from the fan are reflected and scattered radially at the interfaces between the hard wall and the liner. Furthermore, the liner damps and changes the phase velocity of acoustic modes. Due to the low frequency of the flutter waves, the radial scattering can activate different cut-off modes, which need to be retained in order to make accurate predictions. The likelihood of fan flutter is estimated using the phase of the reflected cut-on waves reaching the fan. This strategy is used to assess the impact of the acoustic liners on the stability of a realistic fan. It is concluded that the impact of the phasing and reflections induced by the acoustic liners is comparable to that of the intake and can alter the flutter characteristics of the fan significantly.
New species and record of oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) from highlands bamboo location in Ethiopia
Authors: Ermilov Sergey G. , Rybalov Leonid , Kuzmicheva Evgeniya
Published: September 2024

The present study is based on oribatid mite material collected from litter in highlands bamboo location in Bale Mountains National Park, Southeastern Ethiopia. A list of 35 species belonging to 27 genera and 19 families is presented; of these, Nothrus berlesei and Dolicheremaeus capillatus neonominatus are recorded in Ethiopia for the first time. Two new species—Coronabelba pustulata Ermilov sp. nov. and Suctobelbila quattuor Ermilov sp. nov.—are described. Coronabelba pustulata differs from the other congeneric species by the presence of densely tuberculate dorsal part of the notogaster, bordered by two longitudinal ridges. Suctobelbila quattuor differs from the other congeneric species by the presence of four longitudinal cerotegumental bands represented by sparse granules connected by cerotegumental cords on the notogaster.
Effects of selective stimulation of apical electrodes on temporal pitch perception by cochlear implant recipients
Authors: De Groote Evelien , Carlyon Robert P. , Deeks John M. , Macherey Olivier
Published: September 2024

This study investigated whether selective apical stimulation improves temporal pitch perception in eight MED-EL cochlear implant recipients and whether any such improvement relates to auditory-nerve survival. Three stimulation conditions differing in the place and width of excitation were evaluated: single-electrode stimulation of (i) the most apical, (ii) a mid-array electrode, and (iii) multi-electrode stimulation of the four most apical electrodes. Stimulation-current-induced non-stimulating electrode voltages were recorded to identify extracochlear electrodes and gauge insertion depth. The pitches of the four most apical electrodes were compared using place-pitch ranking. Rate-pitch ranking was assessed between 80 and 981 pulses per second for the three stimulation conditions, to estimate the “upper limit” of temporal pitch. Single-electrode apical stimulation did not increase the upper limit relative to other conditions. The polarity effect (PE), defined as the difference between thresholds obtained for triphasic pulse trains with their central high-amplitude phase either anodic or cathodic, was obtained to evaluate peripheral neural health. The PE did not differ between apical and mid-array stimulation or correlate with the upper limit. In conclusion, we found no improvement of temporal pitch perception with single-electrode apical stimulation, and discuss possible explanations for this observation.
Dynamic Changes in Yeast Populations and Aroma Composition of ‘Beimei’ (Vitis vinifera × Vitis amurensis) during Spontaneous Fermentation
Authors: Li Y. F. , Liu X. Z.
Published: September 2024

‘Beimei’ is a hybrid cultivar of Vitis vinifera and wild Vitis amurensis with fungus- and cold-resistant characteristics that is widely grown in many regions of China. However, studies on the yeast diversity and aroma compound composition of this cultivar remain scarce. Here, indigenous yeast diversity, aroma compound composition, and their dynamic changes during the spontaneous fermentation of ‘Beimei’ were investigated and monitored using high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The result indicated that non-Saccharomyces yeasts were predominant at the initial stages of ‘Beimei’ spontaneous fermentation and then sharply decreased. Cladosporium herbarum and Hanseniaspora uvarum were identified as the dominant species of filamentous fungi and yeast, respectively, at the beginning and on the first day of fermentation, whereas unclassified_f_Saccharomycetacease was dominant throughout fermentation, starting from the third day until the end of fermentation. The main volatile aroma chemicals were esters and alcohols, which accumulated abundantly at the late stage of fermentation. Taken together, this study represents the first step in exploring untapped yeast species and aroma compounds, which is helpful for the screening of native yeasts from ‘Beimei’ and producing distinctive aroma wines.
Variation of Elemental Composition of Leaves in Nitraria schoberi L. and N. sibirica Pall. Depending on Edaphic Growth Conditions
Authors: Boyarskikh I. G. , Khudyaev S. A. , Tomoshevich M. A. , Erst A. A. , Wu S. D. , Banaev E. V.
Published: September 2024

A study was conducted about the variation of levels of macro- and microelements in the soil and leaves of two species of the genus Nitraria L. in various habitats in Siberia. New data were obtained on the concentration variations of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Li, Sr, and Cd in leaves of N. schoberi L. and N. sibirica Pall. It was found that the salinity of habitats of N. sibirica (up to 3.23%) can exceed salinity of soils under N. schoberi (up to 0.5%) by more than sixfold. Soils of N. schoberi habitats are characterized by lower contents of carbonates (1.0–3.8%) and of physical clay (2–19%) as compared to soils of N. sibirica habitats: 1.2–18.2 and 9–40%, respectively. An increase in the physical-clay content of soil positively correlated with the accumulation of Mg, Cu (p ≤ 0.01), and Mn (p ≤ 0.001) in the plant leaves. The degree of soil salinity was positively associated with the accumulation of Ca, Zn, Sr (p ≤ 0.01), Mg (p ≤ 0.05), and Cd (p ≤ 0.001) in the leaves. An increase in concentration of mobile Na in soil positively correlated with concentrations of Ca, Cu (p ≤ 0.01), and Zn (p ≤ 0.001) in the leaves. In N. sibirica leaves, the concentration of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Sr, Mn, Zn, and Cu was 1.5–3 times higher than that in N. schoberi leaves. Both species are capable of accumulating very high concentrations of Na (N. schoberi: up to 83.8 g/kg and N. sibirica: up to 77.2 g/kg). In the leaves of N. schoberi plants of immature age, K and Na levels were seven times higher than those in leaves of adult generative plants, whereas Mg and Ca levels were 3–5 times higher. This study should expand the understanding of mechanisms of Nitraria species’ adaptation to high-salinity conditions.
Differences by ethnicity in the association between unpaid caring and health trajectories over 10 years in the UK Household Longitudinal Study
Authors: Wells Whitney , Xue Baowen , Lacey Rebecca , McMunn Anne
Published: September 2024

Background

Unpaid carers deliver critical social care. We aimed to examine differences by ethnicity in (1) profiles of unpaid caring and (2) associations between caring and physical and mental health trajectories.

Methods

We used 10 waves of data from 47 015 participants from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2009–2020). Our outcomes were 12-item Short Form Health Survey physical and mental component scores. We performed bivariate comparison of profiles of caring by ethnicity. We used multilevel linear mixed effects models to estimate associations between caring and health trajectories and assess for heterogeneity by ethnicity.

Results

We found that caring profiles differed by ethnicity. The proportion caring for someone within their household ranged from 39.7% of White carers to 70.1% of Pakistani and 74.8% of Bangladeshi carers. The proportion providing 20+ hours/week of care ranged from 26.9% of White carers to 40.6% of Pakistani and 43.3% of Black African carers. Ethnicity moderated associations between caring and physical but not mental health trajectories (test for interaction: p=0.038, p=0.75). Carers showed worse physical health compared with non-carers among Black African (−1.93; −3.52, –0.34), Bangladeshi (−2.01; −3.25, –0.78), Indian (−1.30; −2.33, –0.27) and Pakistani carers (−1.16; −2.25, –0.08); Bangladeshi carers’ trajectories converged with non-carers over time (0.24; −0.02, 0.51). White carers showed better baseline physical health than non-carers (0.35; 0.10, 0.60), followed by worsening trajectories versus non-carers (−0.14; −0.18, –0.10).

Conclusions

There are differences by ethnicity in profiles of caring and associations between caring and physical health trajectories. Future research should account for ethnicity to ensure applicability across groups.
Prehospital factors predicting mortality in patients with shock: state-wide linkage study
Authors: Eliakundu Amminadab L , Bloom Jason E , Ball Jocasta , Nehme Emily , Okyere Daniel , Heritier Stephane , Voskoboinik Aleksandr , Dawson Luke , Cox Shelley , Anderson David , Burrell Aidan , Pilcher David , Chew Derek P , Kaye David , Nehme Ziad , Stub Dion
Published: September 2024

Background

Patients with shock treated by emergency medical services (EMS) have high morbidity and mortality. Knowledge of prehospital factors predicting outcomes in patients with shock remains limited. We aimed to describe the prehospital predictors of mortality in patients with non-traumatic shock transported to hospital by EMS.

Method

This is a retrospective cohort study of consecutive ambulance attendances for non-traumatic shock in Victoria, Australia (January 2015–June 2019) linked with government-held administrative data (emergency, admissions and mortality records). Predictors of 30-day mortality were assessed using Cox proportional regressions. The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality.

Results

Overall, 21 334 patients with non-traumatic shock (median age 69 years, 54.8% female) were successfully linked with state administrative records. Among this cohort, 9 149 (43%) patients died within 30-days. Compared with survivors, non-survivors had a longer median on-scene time: 60 (35–98) versus 30 (19–50), p <0.001. Non-survivors were more likely to be older (median age in years: 74 (61–84) vs 65 (47–78), p<0.001), had prehospital cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation (adjusted HR (aHR)=6.26, 95% CI 5.87, 6.69) and had prehospital intubation (aHR=1.07, CI 1.00, 1.14). Reduced 30-day mortality was associated with administration of epinephrine (aHR=0.66, CI 0.62, 0.71) and systolic blood pressures above 80 mm Hg in the prehospital setting.

Conclusion

The 30-day mortality from non-traumatic shock is high at 43%. Independent predictors of mortality included age, prehospital cardiac arrest and endotracheal intubation. Interventions that target reversible causes of short-term mortality in patients with non-traumatic shock are a high priority.
Dobutamine stress echocardiography after positive CCTA: diagnostic performance using fractional flow reserve and instantaneous wave-free ratio as reference standards
Authors: Tjellaug Bråten Anders , Holte Espen , Wiseth Rune , Aakhus Svend
Published: September 2024

Aims

To assess the diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in symptomatic patients with a low to intermediate pretest probability of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and a positive coronary CT angiography (CCTA).

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 104 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography for symptoms of stable CAD and a CCTA indicative of obstructive CAD. The diagnostic performance of DSE was evaluated against two intracoronary pressure indices: (a) fractional flow reserve (FFR) with a cut-off of ≤0.80 and (b) instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) with a cut-off of ≤0.89, indicating haemodynamically significant stenoses.

Results

Of 102 patients, 46 (45%) had at least one significant lesion as defined by FFR, as did 37 (36%) as defined by iFR. DSE showed positive results in 33% (34/102) of cases. The discriminative power of DSE for detecting significant CAD was moderate, with areas under the curve of 0.63 (p=0.024) compared with FFR and 0.64 (p=0.025) compared with iFR. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of DSE were, respectively, 61%, 43%, and 75% against FFR, and 64%, 46% and 74% against iFR. The diagnostic accuracy of DSE did not differ significantly between FFR and iFR as a reference (p=0.549).

Conclusion

In patients with positive CCTA, DSE has a moderate ability to identify haemodynamically significant CAD, with low sensitivity and moderate specificity. When assessed against FFR and iFR criteria, its additive diagnostic value is limited in patients with low to intermediate pretest probability of obstructive CAD.

Trial registration number

NCT03045601.
Change in different classes of chronic back pain suspicious of axial spondyloarthritis: a latent transition analysis of the SPACE cohort
Authors: Bosch Philipp , Sepriano Alexandre , Marques Mary-Lucy , van der Heijde Désirée , Landewé Robert , van Lunteren Miranda , de Bruin Liese , de Hooge Manouk , Bastiaenen Caroline , Exarchou Sofia , Ramonda Roberta , Fagerli Karen Minde , van Gaalen Floris A , Ramiro Sofia
Published: September 2024

Objectives

To follow up four previously identified classes ‘pure axial spondyloarthritis’ (axSpA) (‘axial’), ‘axSpA with peripheral signs’ (‘inflammatory back pain+peripheral’), ‘axSpA at risk’ and ‘no spondyloarthritis’ (‘no SpA’). They reflect the expert-opinion-free construct or ‘Gestalt’ of chronic back pain suspicious of axSpA. The aim was to assess participants’ transitions between these classes over time.

Methods

Participants with chronic back pain of ≤2 years duration, suspicious of axSpA from the SPondyloArthritis Caught Early cohort were analysed. Latent class (LCA) and latent transition analysis (LTA) using clinical, laboratory and imaging data at baseline and 2 years were calculated. Conditional and marginal probabilities were obtained, reflecting the probability of a spondyloarthritis feature in a class and the probability of the participant’s class membership, respectively. Transitional probabilities were extracted revealing potential switches across classes. The analyses were performed in all participants using imputations for missing data and in participants with full data at baseline and 2 years.

Results

Baseline and 2 years LCA models were constructed for 702 participants, resulting in the same four-class model as previously described. LTA revealed only a 3% transition from the ‘no SpA’ to the ‘at-risk’ class from baseline to 2 years with all other participants remaining in their initially assigned class. Sensitivity analysis on 384 participants with complete data at both baseline and 2 years showed similar results, underlining the model’s robustness.

Conclusions

Transitions between the four classes over 2 years were basically inexistent, highlighting the unlikelihood of developing new class-defining features of axSpA after an initial clinical workup.
Tunnelling amplitudes through localised external potentials from Feynman diagram summation
Authors: Zielinski Rosemary , Simenel Cédric , McGlynn Patrick
Published: September 2024

Currently there is no general theory of quantum tunnelling of a particle through a potential barrier which is compatible with QFT. We present a complete calculation of tunnelling amplitudes for a scalar field for some simple potentials using quantum field-theoretic methods. Using the perturbative S-matrix formalism, starting with the Klein–Gordon Lagrangian, we show that an infinite summation of Feynman diagrams can recover tunnelling amplitudes consistent with relativistic quantum mechanics. While this work does not include many-particle effects arising from a fully quantised QFT, it is necessary to investigate QFT corrections to tunnelling amplitudes.
TUHTC: Two-Stage Unsupervised Hierarchical Text Classification of Power Grid Data Assets
Authors: Liu Shenglong , Li Yixin , Wang Honggang , An Bing , Chen Jiasong , Shi Weining
Published: September 2024

Data classification and grading provide the foundation and guidance for information security management, and the construction of data security system is inseparable from this cornerstone. In recent years, the high-frequency use and complex interactions of power grid data have made the data security management increasingly in need of automated, efficient and credible data classification and grading. The characteristics of power grid data assets, such as sensitivity, complexity and multi-dimensions, exacerbate the challenges of the task. Due to the scattered businesses and complex categories of existing data, experts in a single field have limited knowledge and cannot label all data in all the fields, which also makes data labeling very difficult. To address the aforementioned issues, we present a two-stage unsupervised methodology for hierarchical text classification (TUHTC). Initially, we leverage the semantic information inherent in hierarchical labels for data augmentation of annotated datasets. Subsequently, we enhance the semantic embedding of labels to facilitate the effective classification of data. We conducted experimental verification using database information in authentic business scenarios, thereby validating the efficacy of the proposed methodology.
Intelligent Evaluation Method of Interactive Experience Aesthetics Based on Eye Movement Data
Authors: Zhang Xiaodan , Zhang Xuedong
Published: September 2024

The traditional intelligent evaluation method of interactive experience aesthetics has the problems of low evaluation accuracy and long evaluation time. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes an intelligent evaluation method of interactive experience aesthetics based on eye movement data. Based on three kinds of eye movement data indicators, namely, search index, processing index and other indicators, an intelligent evaluation index system of interactive experience aesthetics is constructed according to the principles of rationality of interaction mode, conformity of information structure with users’ habits and consistency of interface. Seven intelligent evaluation indexes of interactive experience aesthetics, such as density, vertical symmetry and balance, are obtained according to the evaluation index results. The obtained evaluation indexes are preprocessed by cluster analysis. According to the preprocessing results, an intelligent evaluation model of interactive experience aesthetics is constructed by the entropy method, and the evaluation results are obtained. The experimental results show that the proposed method has high accuracy and a short evaluation time.
Proof of a conjecture on congruences of the sum of minimal excludants
Authors: Xuan Yu , Yao Olivia X. M.
Published: September 2024

Very recently, Baruah et al. refined a result of Andrews and Newman on the sum of minimal excludants over all the partitions of a positive integer [Formula: see text] by establishing the generating functions of two functions [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] which denote the sum of odd minimal excludants and the sum of even minimal excludants, respectively. They proved some congruences on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] modulo 4 and 8 and posed a conjecture on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at the end of their paper. In this paper, we confirm this conjecture by using theta function identities.
A family of integrals related to values of the Riemann zeta function
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Levrie Paul , Pain Jean-Christophe , Scharaschkin Victor
Published: September 2024

We propose a relation between values of the Riemann zeta function [Formula: see text] and a family of integrals. This results in an integral representation for [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a positive integer, and an expression of [Formula: see text] involving one of the above-mentioned integrals together with a harmonic-number sum. Simplification of the latter eventually leads to an integral representation of [Formula: see text].
Arithmetic properties of 5-regular partitions into distinct parts
Authors: Baruah Nayandeep Deka , Sarma Abhishek
Published: September 2024

A partition is said to be [Formula: see text]-regular if none of its parts is a multiple of [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] denote the number of 5-regular partitions into distinct parts (equivalently, into odd parts) of [Formula: see text]. This function has also close connections to representation theory and combinatorics. In this paper, we study arithmetic properties of [Formula: see text]. We provide full characterization of the parity of [Formula: see text], present several congruences modulo 4, and prove that the generating function of the sequence [Formula: see text] is lacunary modulo any arbitrary positive powers of 5.
Introducing HotCarbon: A Workshop on Sustainable Computer Systems
Authors: Peter Simon , Chouske Esha
Published: September 2024

The HotCarbon workshop stands at the forefront of discussions on sustainability within the realm of computer and networked systems. Established in 2022, HotCarbon's mission is to unite researchers and practitioners to engage in a dynamic dialogue centered on the sustainability of the entire computing lifecycle. This includes a focus on both the operational and embodied impacts of computer systems, aiming to foster innovations that lead to more sustainable practices.
EnergAt: Fine-Grained Energy Attribution for Multi-Tenancy
Authors: Hè Hongyu , Friedman Michal , Rekatsinas Theodoros
Published: September 2024

In the post-Moore's Law era, relying solely on hardware advancements for automatic performance gains is no longer feasible without increased energy consumption, due to the end of Dennard scaling. Consequently, computing accounts for an increasing amount of global energy usage, contradicting the objective of sustainable computing. The lack of hardware support and the absence of a standardized, software-centric method for the precise tracing of energy provenance exacerbates the issue. Aiming to overcome this challenge, we argue that fine-grained software energy attribution is attainable, even with limited hardware support. To support our position, we present a thread-level, NUMA-aware energy attribution method for CPU and DRAM in multi-tenant environments. The evaluation of our prototype implementation, EnergAt, demonstrates the validity, effectiveness, and robustness of our theoretical model, even in the presence of the noisy-neighbor effect. We envisage a sustainable cloud environment and emphasize the importance of collective efforts to improve software energy efficiency.
The Case of Unsustainable CPU Affinity
Authors: Zhao Jiechen , Lim Katie , Anderson Thomas , Jerger Natalie Enright
Published: September 2024

CPU affinity reduces data copies and improves data locality and has become a prevalent technique for high-performance programs in datacenters. This paper explores the tension between CPU affinity and sustainability. In particular, affinity settings can lead to significant uneven aging of cores on a CPU. We observe that infrastructure threads, used in a wide spectrum of network, storage, and virtualization sub-systems, exercise their affinitized cores up to 23× more when compared to typical
μ
s-scale application threads. In addition, we observe that the affinitized infrastructure threads generate regional heat hot spots and preclude CPUs from being used with the expected lifetime. Finally, we discuss design options to tackle the unbalanced core-aging problem to improve the overall sustainability of CPUs and call for more attention to sustainability-aware affinity and mitigation of such problems.
When Does Saving Power Save the Planet?
Authors: Woodruff Jackson , Schall David , O'Boyle Michael F. P. , Woodruff Christopher
Published: September 2024

The computing industry accounts for 2% of the world's emissions. Power-efficient computing is a frequent topic of research, but saving power does not always save the environment. Jevons' paradox states that resource savings from increases in efficiency will be more than compensated for by increased demand by a process called
rebound
--- making these ineffective ways to decrease emissions.

This is not the case for all applications within computing: applications whose demand is inelastic with respect to power consumption
can
have reduced power consumption. We analyze several large fields within computer science, including ML, the Internet and IoT, and provide directions on where power efficiency savings will help reduce carbon emissions.

We present the economic tools needed to decide whether power-efficiency improvements are likely to result in reduced or increased emissions. We conclude that many problems in computer science do have characteristics of rebound, meaning that green energy is the only solution for many fields.
Dose‐Dependent Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Microbiological, Antioxidant, and Functional Properties of Buckwheat, Cowpea, Oat, and Brown Rice Flour
Authors: Bhat Suhail Ahmad , Singla Mohit , Goraya Rajpreet Kaur , Kumar Yogesh , Jan Kulsum , Bashir Khalid
Published: September 2024

The present investigation was conducted to analyze the impact of the gamma irradiation dose on the microbiological, structural, and functional properties of buckwheat, cowpea, oat, and brown rice flour. The results showed that as the irradiation dose increased, there was a significant reduction in the total bacterial count (TBC) and the total yeast and mold count (TYMC). Specifically, a decrease of 60.67% was observed in TBC and 63.49% in TYMC compared to unirradiated samples, even at a dose of 5 kGy. In addition, there was a significant increase in the total phenolic content of all flour samples (8% for cowpea to 56.48% for buckwheat) after exposure to irradiation. In particular, buckwheat flour exhibited the highest DPPH inhibition capacity of 79.80% when irradiated at 15 kGy, outperforming the other flour samples. However, the FTIR spectra remained unchanged. The application of irradiation to cereals and legumes has recently been recognized as an innovative method to address the issues caused by insects and pests. Gamma irradiation can be applied to the product after packaging, reducing the risk of cross‐contamination. Additionally, this technique is nonthermal and does not leave any residues. The dietary value, sensory, and other quality parameter characteristics of pseudocereals and cereal‐related products can be preserved by subjecting them to controlled irradiation doses.
Tribological Performance of Laser‐Based Surface Textured Nonconformal Contacts
Authors: P. Anand , P. Ramkumar , K. P. Lijesh , Edachery Vimal
Published: September 2024

The benefits of surface textures on rolling and sliding tribological contacts have been an exciting field of study over the last three decades. Laser surface texturing (LST) is a comparatively newer texturing methodology that yields repeatable precise microtextures. A detailed overview of the available literature on the various works in this field is consolidated in this review. The main focus is on the effect of surface textures (with focus on laser ablation) for nonconformal contacts with elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), as in rolling element bearings. A review of literature on textured contacts for the EHL regime, emphasizing its effect on friction, wear, rolling contact fatigue, vibration, texture geometry, and numerical simulation studies, is carried out with possibilities of future works. Basic details on LST processes and various parameters of the laser beam that determine the texture geometry are discussed. Being a field of continuing research, the review paper will aid in understanding the present developments and future directions in laser‐based surface texturing for nonconformal tribological contacts.
Using the Degree r ∈ [0, 1] in Defining Rough Fuzzy Sets
Authors: Alsulami S. H. , Abbas S. E. , Saleh S. , Ibedou Ismail
Published: September 2024

This paper introduced a new definition of rough fuzzy sets based on a fuzzy ideal defined on a fuzzy approximation space (X, R). This definition considered the degree r ∈ [0, 1] in defining the after sets and the before sets of the arbitrary fuzzy relation R on the finite set of objects X. It is shown that this new type of roughness is a generalization to many of previous definitions in the fuzzy case and also in the ordinary case. As an application, it is given a rough fuzzy‐connected set notion depending on some degree r ∈ [0, 1].
Fermented Polyherbal Formulation Restored Ricinoleic Acid‐Induced Diarrhea in Sprague Dawley Rats and Exhibited In Vitro Antibacterial Effect on Multiple Antibiotic‐Resistant Gastrointestinal Pathogens
Authors: Chakraborty Subhanil , Roy Babli , Sen Subhajit , Mandal Santi M. , Das Arghya , Chakraborty Ranadhir
Published: September 2024

The involvement of multiple antibiotic‐resistant gastrointestinal pathogens in diarrhea aggravates the disease condition uncontrollably. The current study aimed to find and develop a suitable formulation utilizing multiple natural components from known plant sources to augment the current therapeutic outcomes. The hydroethanolic extraction method was applied through boiling and fermentation on ancient observation‐based efficacious plant parts for developing the antidiarrheal polyherbal formulation AP‐01. An animal study model of diarrhea was used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the formulation. The formulation was tested in vitro on four different multiple antibiotic‐resistant gastrointestinal pathogens collected from the national repository. The formulation depicted no cytotoxicity on normal gut cells and was efficacious at 10 ml/kg single dose in relieving symptoms of diarrhea by 79.71%, compared with the standard drug showing a reduction of symptoms by 83.01%. AP‐01 exhibited delayed gastric motility. The symptoms of diarrhea ceased to occur within 320.66 ± 5.05 minutes with AP‐01, whereas the standard drug took 308 ± 6.63 minutes. AP‐01 was found successful at a viable dosage regimen of 75 μl/ml v/v to 100 μl/ml v/v in inhibiting the growth of different pathogens from the Enterobacteriaceae family possessing resistance against several classes of antibiotics in culture media. Chemical analysis revealed different alkaloids, flavonoids, and polyphenols that probably work in unison through multiple modes of action to arrest diarrhea and inhibit pathogens simultaneously. These promising results shown by AP‐01 should evoke an effort to dive deep into research and development for better therapeutic formulations for infectious diarrhea by harvesting nature’s arsenal.
Comparative Analysis of Public Transportation Comfort in Addis Ababa: Objective and Subjective Performance Metrics
Authors: Esheti Shambel Assefa , Emagnu Yonas Minalu , Haylemariam Birhanu Demissie , Melaku Robeam Solomon
Published: September 2024

Passenger comfort significantly influences commuter satisfaction and mode preferences in urban transportation systems. To maintain competitiveness and attract more passengers, conducting continuous performance evaluations based on key performance indicators is commendable. Therefore, this study is aimed at conducting a mode‐wide comfort performance evaluation and comparisons to identify the strengths and weaknesses of respective mass transport alternatives found in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study employs a comprehensive approach by integrating both subjective surveys and objective measurements on key comfort determinants, including in‐vehicle passenger loading, travel time, vibration, and sound, across five transport modes: minibus taxis, midi buses, PSETSE, Anbesa City Bus Service Enterprise (ACBE), and Sheger Mass Transport Enterprise (SMTE). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals variations among transport modes, with minibus taxis emerging as the most comfortable, featuring a travel time of 1.7 min/km, 2.6 min/km during off‐peak and peak times of the day, respectively, and an average of 1.13 passengers per seat in both periods of the day. In contrast, midi buses are identified as the least comfortable, characterized by elevated noise production (77.46 and 80 dB) and an average vibration rating of 3.9 and 4.2 at peak and off‐peak periods of the day. Following midi buses, the ACBE exhibits the highest passenger loading and travel time (2.113 and 1.548 passengers per seat and takes 4.2 and 3.34 min) to cover 1 km during peak and off‐peak periods, respectively. The holistic evaluation demonstrates an average correlation of 81.75%, indicating a strong alignment between peak‐hour objective and subjective assessments. This could help commuters make relevant mode choice decisions and transport companies make market‐oriented decisions in this competitive environment.
High Blood Pressure and Depression Among the Working Population of Ghana: A Generalized Linear Model of the Risk Factors
Authors: Ofori Michael Arthur , Mensah David Kwamena , Nizeyimana Ildephonse , Jha Niharika , Zeba Zebunnesa , Roy Shongkour
Published: September 2024

Background. The global presence of high blood pressure and depression poses a significant public health threat, particularly in emerging nations. High blood pressure and depression are inevitable among the working population of Ghana, and it is crucial to recognize the potential influence of these conditions on the working‐age population.

Materials and Methods. The study analyzed the risk factors associated with high blood pressure and depression among the working population of Ghana. The data in this study were drawn from Wave 1 data of the Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) survey, which was conducted by World Health Organization (WHO) in Ghana from January 2007 to December 2008. A longitudinal survey under the banner of SAGE was conducted. The study used 2681 participants aged 18–60 years. We modeled high blood pressure using logistic regression and depression with the proportional odds model of ordinal logistic regression.

Results. The study revealed that the prevalence of depression among the working‐age population was 42.5%, whereas that of high blood pressure was 48.7%. The result also showed that males have a lower risk of developing high blood pressure and depression (OR = 0.851 and OR = 0.658, respectively) compared with females. Also, older adults (40–60 years) have a higher risk of developing high blood pressure and depression (OR = 1.992 and OR = 2.334, respectively) compared with younger adults. Other risk factors associated with high blood pressure include diabetes (2.107), depression, and weight. Last, alcohol intake (1.502), tobacco intake (1.279), and high blood pressure were found to be other risk factors associated with depression.

Conclusion. The prevalence of depression and high blood pressure is high among the working population of Ghana. There is therefore the need to incorporate health awareness programs on these topics.
Comparison of Machine Learning and Classic Methods on Aerodynamic Modeling and Control Law Design for a Pitching Airfoil
Authors: Yan Lang , Chang Xinghua , Wang Nianhua , Zhang Laiping , Liu Wei , Deng Xiaogang
Published: September 2024

Aerodynamic modeling and control law design methods are crucial foundational technologies that enable efficient maneuvering flight of aircraft. Hence, this study focuses on how to construct the aerodynamic model and design control law using machine learning, as well as their differences from classical methods. To conduct this, a modified NACA0012 airfoil with a tail functioning as an elevator is employed as the geometry model. Through the utilization of the rigid dynamic grid method and overlapping grid technology, the pitch of the airfoil and the deflection of the elevator are efficient to execute. Firstly, the pitching moment coefficient is sampled through both steady and unsteady computations. Then, multivariate nonlinear regression (MNR) models and artificial neural network (ANN) models are established based on steady and unsteady sampling data, respectively. Additionally, the obtained model is evaluated using open‐loop control laws. Based on the evaluation, the proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) control algorithm is used to design the airfoil pitching control law using the MNR model. Meanwhile, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is used to design the pitching control law using the ANN model. Finally, the PID and DRL controllers are implemented in a CFD environment for airfoil pitching control to verify their effectiveness in application scenarios. The results suggest that models based on both steady and unsteady data can reflect dynamic aerodynamic characteristics. However, using unsteady computation for data sampling significantly reduces time consumption compared to steady computation. Furthermore, the model constructed by ANN may have unexpected excellent characteristics. Both the PID and DRL control laws, designed based on the models, perfectly complete the control process in the CFD environment. This study provides valuable insights for the implementation of controllable maneuvering flight in aircraft.
Plastic Waste in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC): Impact on the Environment and Public Health—A Systematic Review
Authors: Husaini Danladi Chiroma , Mendez Rodeli Kaylin , Arzu Michael , Harris-Thurton Lydia
Published: September 2024

Background. The global spread and accumulation of plastics in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial settings are of great concern to public health and the environment, especially in developing countries with few resources. In the Caribbean and Latin America, nearly 17,000 tons of plastic waste are generated and trashed daily in open dumpsites with attendant consequences for the environment, the economy, aquatic life, the beauty of sea beaches, and public health. The increased use of plastics threatens public health and the ecosystem. Main Body. This systematic review assessed the impact of plastic waste on the environment, economy, and public health in LAC by searching relevant databases such as PubMed, HINARI, Google Scholar, and Scopus. PRISMA and Rayyan software were used to select and analyze research articles for the review. Conclusions. The review showed that plastic pollution significantly impacts the environment, aquatic life, economy, and human health in LAC. The review further indicated that countries in LAC are working assiduously to address the issues associated with plastic pollution. The use of biodegradable plastics, cleanup campaigns, and policies/programs to reduce or ban plastics are some current efforts in many LAC countries. More research on the impact of plastic waste needs to be conducted, especially in the Caribbean, to address and mitigate the challenges of plastic pollution.
Unlocking Learning: Investigating the Replayability of Educational Games
Authors: Adetunji Rose Oluwaseun , Ade-Ibijola Abejide
Published: September 2024

Recently, gamification has emerged as an effective approach to captivate users, particularly in the context of online education. Although there has been a rise in the recent surge of articles on gamification, there is still a lack of research on the impact of replayability. We conducted a systematic literature review to address this gap by elucidating the impact of replayability in educational games on learners’ behaviour in e‐learning. The analysis of the investigations reveals the game elements that are predominantly utilised in the literature, and their corresponding effects on learners are identified and mapped. Moreover, we categorise these observed impacts of replayability on learners into six components: variety and performance, experience and nostalgia, learning, goals and completion, social aspect, and difficulty. Additionally, this study also examined the cognitive and affective behaviour of users in relation to replayability. The results of our comprehensive analysis of existing literature indicate that the study of replayability in educational games and its effects on learning is still at the outset. There is a scarcity of experimental tests and evidence in this area, with a prevailing tendency to primarily utilise educational games as external rewards. The study’s findings indicate that educational games that can be played multiple times have a substantial positive impact on learning outcomes and engagement. The study suggests that educators and game developers should prioritise the creation of games that include features supporting repeated play and diverse learning experiences.
Sustainable Material Selection in New Constructions: A Brute‐Force Optimization Framework Using Parallel Computing, Cost Benefits, and Thermal Performance Analysis
Authors: Arab Anvari Ehsan , Sadi Sajad , Gholami Javad , Fayaz Rima
Published: September 2024

Sustainable construction practices rely on carefully selecting building materials and balancing environmental and economic considerations. This study examines the complex link between local climate, market dynamics, and building material selection. Market data analysis, parametric modeling, and brute‐force optimization are used to provide insights into construction decision‐making. Across 5540 simulations, a thorough assessment of the financial and energy performance of various materials for walls, roofs, windows, and floors is conducted. Incorporating Pareto ranking, parallel simulation, and sensitivity analysis, the comprehensive evaluation reveals the intricate tradeoffs between cost, thermal properties, and energy savings. The findings highlight the potential for optimal external wall solutions to reduce U‐values by up to 30% and achieve source energy savings of up to 25% source energy savings across diverse climates. By emphasizing the importance of local context in material selection, this study highlights how energy consumption patterns and transmission losses influence financial and energy performance, thus advancing sustainable construction practices.
Bitter Apricot Seed Kernel Oil Coating for Food Preservation and Shelf‐Life Extension
Authors: Hamid Zeenat , Akbar Ali , Khan Nazir Ahmad , Kamran Kashif , Sher Hassan
Published: September 2024

Bitter apricot belongs to the genus Prunus and family Rosaceae and possesses bioactive compounds including oil with medicinal potential. A study was designed to investigate the food preservation and shelf‐life extension potency of bitter apricot seed kernel oil (BASKO). It was used as a coating material independently or pure oil coating (OC) and integrated with a film‐forming solution (FFS) for the extension of shelf‐life. It was also used in a challenge study against fungal and bacterial species. The FFS coating was found effective, as the coated apples remained relatively fresh (internally and externally), whereas the OC applied was found partially shrunk compared to the completely spoiled uncoated (control) apples, after 20 weeks of incubation with a weight loss of 35 ± 2% for uncoated, 11 ± 1% for OC, and 5 ± 1% for FFS coated. The nutritional status of the apples during shelf‐life studies showed that the carbohydrates (28.16 ± 0.91 and 34.14 ± 1.04 μg/mL) and protein (3.704 ± 0.30 and 3.549 ± 0.53 μg/mL) amount decreased in both oil and FFS coated apples compared to the fresh apple samples calculated at initial stage of the experiments 39.01 ± 1.02 μg/mL (carbohydrates) and 3.34 ± 0.58 μg/mL (protein), respectively. The BASKO coating reduced the fungal (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus) and bacterial (Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli) number during the challenge studies and prevented the spoilage of apples in the inoculated apples during the 16‐week incubation. It was concluded in the study that BASKO can be used as a strong preservative for fresh fruit preservation and can be a good choice for food industry applications.
Development, Statistical Optimization, and Characterization of Resveratrol‐Containing Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) and Determination of the Efficacy in Reducing Neurodegenerative Symptoms Related to Alzheimer’s Disease: In Vitro and In Vivo Study
Authors: Khishvand Mohammad Amin , Yeganeh Ehsan Mehrabani , Zarei Mohammad , Soleimani Meysam , Mohammadi Mojdeh , Mahjub Reza
Published: September 2024

Resveratrol (RSV), as a natural polyphenol exhibiting antioxidative properties, is studied in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, RSV has low oral bioavailability. In this study and in order to overcome the issue, RSV was encapsulated into the solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). In this study, RSV‐loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (RSV‐SLNs) were prepared by the solvent emulsification‐evaporation technique, and their physicochemical properties were optimized using Box–Behnken response surface methodology. The morphology of the particles was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The neuroprotective effects of the nanoparticles were investigated in animal models using the Morris water maze (MWM). Then after, the rats were sacrificed, their brains were collected, and the extent of lipid peroxidase (LPO) as well as the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined in the hippocampus section samples. Finally, the collected brain tissues were histologically studied. The particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE%), and drug loading (DL%) of the optimized nanoparticles were 104.5 ± 12.3 nm, 0.322 ± 0.11, −3.1 ± 0.15 mV, 72.9 ± 5.31% and 14.6 ± 0.53%, respectively. The microscopic images revealed spherically shaped and nonaggregated nanoparticles. The in vivo studies demonstrated higher efficiency of RSV‐SLN in the reduction of escape latency time and improvement in the time spent in the target quadrant compared to free RSV. Moreover, it was demonstrated that RSV‐SLN posed a higher potency in the reduction of LPO as well as elevation of the GSH levels in the brain samples. The histological studies revealed a decline in neural degeneration and an improvement in the CA1 pyramidal cell morphology. The obtained data revealed that RSV‐SLNs caused more reduction in Alzheimer‐related symptoms rather than free RSV.