bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANTUNES, Ricardo. O Privilégio da Servidão: o novo proletariado de serviços na era digital. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2018. 325 p.
Authors: Vieira Silvana DeSanti
Published: May 2020

A dinâmica da obra “Privilégio da servidão: o novo proletariado de serviços na era digital”, vem abordar um tema emergente, ou seja, reconhecer como se configura o proletariado brasileiro. Antunes (2018), busca entender como a classe trabalhadora no país tem se ajustado nos últimos anos, onde é necessário compreender se o proletariado tem se voltado para a classe média, para a indústria, ou se há uma nova configuração. O autor da obra resenhada, Ricardo Antunes, é professor titular de sociologia do trabalho no Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (IFCH/Unicamp). É também autor da obra “Os sentidos do trabalho e Adeus ao trabalho?” e organizador de “Riqueza e miséria do trabalho no Brasil”. Coordenou as coleções “Mundo do Trabalho” e “Trabalho e emancipação”, assim como colabora em revistas acadêmicas brasileiras e do exterior.
Women's Rights in Kuwait: Bringing in the Last Bedouins?
Authors: Ann Tétreault Mary
Published: May 2020

The defeat [of legislation that would grant women political rights] is a stark measure of the distrust that pervades government–parliament relations, and of the inability of Kuwaiti governing institutions to rise above patterns of conflictthat have poisoned national political life for many years.
The United States and Colombia: Partners in Ambiguity
Authors: Shifter Michael
Published: May 2020

The Clinton administration and Congress will likely reach an agreement to increase aid to Colombia. Yet whether the agreement reflects a serious commitment with a clear strategic purpose to support Colombia and the Colombian government—or whether it merely seeks to satisfy the myriad domestic political interests and agendas involved in United States policy toward Colombia—is a critical question. It is a question, however, that can probably not abide much ambiguity.
The Enigmatic Guerrilla: FARC's Manuel Marulanda
Authors: Cala Andrés
Published: May 2020

Manuel Marulanda, the head of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, “may become the unlikely head of the first leftist guerrilla movement to achieve success in the post–cold war era… .”
Chemical and Biological Terrorism: How Real a Threat?
Authors: Tucker Jonathan B.
Published: May 2020

The potential threat of chemical and biological terrorism is sufficient to warrant an ongoing investment in improved intelligence collection and civil defense as a prudent insurance policy, but not on the massive scale advocated by some publicists and federal officials.
Domestic Terrorism: The Enemy Within
Authors: Downey Dennis B.
Published: May 2020

The convergence of antigovernment patriots and neo-Nazi white supremacists is the most disturbing development in American politics. These contemporary American terrorists, sworn to the overthrow of the government and a campaign of racial elimination, have become emboldened, brandishing a rhetoric of victimization and distrust that appeals to seemingly ancient hatreds and discontents.
Reporting Africa
Authors: Ellis Stephen
Published: May 2020

How—and by whom—is certain information identified as news, especially with regard to Africa? And what role does the African press play in determining what foreign journalists regard as news—and in providing information for the African public?
Understanding Falun Gong
Authors: Madsen Richard
Published: May 2020

Why has the Chinese government mobilized vast resources to crush Falun Gong? The answer has less to do with the strangeness of its doctrines than with the effectiveness of its organization.
Resource Competition and World Politics in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Klare Michael T.
Published: May 2020

Resource issues will likely affect world affairs significantly in the years ahead. This impact may not always take the form of discord and conflict, but will certainly demand growing attention from policymakers. Whether in the economic, environmental, or political-military area, resource concerns are certain to rise on the international policy agenda.
Barak's Israel
Authors: Peretz Don
Published: May 2020

The sense of solidarity that characterized Israeli society half a century ago has dissipated as society has divided into contentious, often conflicting groups. … [But] since the Jerusalem intifada erupted in October, many in Jewish Israeli society have refocused their hostility: PA President Yasir Arafat has become the archenemy. … Barak, however, has been unable to form a new majority coalition or capitalize on the anti-Arafat emotion sweeping through the Jewish community.
America's Middle East Peace Crisis
Authors: Norton Augustus Richard
Published: May 2020

Over the past decade it has become fashionable in Washington to believe that only when a situation is ‘ripe’—that is, when the belligerents are ‘hurting’—should the United States expend diplomatic capital, and especially the scarcest resource of all, the president's time, to seek a solution. This perspective exhibits common-sense wisdom, but it also harbors a rationale for avoiding tough, complex issues.
The Kurdish Nation
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan , Gunter Michael M.
Published: May 2020

The Kurdish question consists of the desire of most Kurds to have the cultural, linguistic, and political rights that will protect their Kurdish identity. Some Kurds also seek autonomy or even independence from the countries in which they live; those states, however, have long denied such aspirations. … The result has been a constant instability that promises to intensify as the Kurds become more politically aware and as their cause grows more visible to the outside world.
The Dilemmas of Russia's Anti-Revolutionary Revolution
Authors: Hanson Stephen E.
Published: May 2020

Had Western observers understood the truly revolutionary nature of communism's collapse and its aftermath, the crisis-ridden and often violent nature of Russian politics in the post-Soviet era would have come as far less of a shock. Why did we make the mistake of thinking that Russian ‘reform’ could unfold through ordinary, not extraordinary, means?
Networks of Dissent: Islamism and Reform in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Okruhlik Gwenn
Published: May 2020

Portrayals of internal politics as contests between United States–allied ‘moderates’ and puritanical ‘Wahhabis’ are grossly oversimplified. So too is a menu that offers two stark choices: an absolute monarchy tilting toward the West or a revolutionary Islamist regime hostile to the West.
Why Peace Failed: An Oslo Autopsy
Authors: Roy Sara
Published: May 2020

The ongoing crisis among Israelis and Palestinians is not primarily the result of a failed summit, poor implementation, or Netanyahu's intransigence: it is instead the result of a ‘peace’ process that by design altered the political, economic, and physical landscape of the Palestinian territories in a manner that intensified rather than mitigated Palestinian dispossession, deprivation, and oppression, and so precluded a fair and workable settlement of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict.
Pegged for Failure? Argentina's Crisis
Authors: Mahon James E. , Corrales Javier
Published: May 2020

The press is full of diagnoses of the Argentine collapse. Most blame the Argentine political class. There is surely truth in this, and it is an opinion shared by millions of Argentines. But this drama has a larger, less easily personalized setting: tax evasion, the stubborn problem of Argentine exports, and global financial volatility.
United States Energy Policy during the 1990s
Authors: Joskow Paul L.
Published: May 2020

The good performance of energy markets during the seven or eight years following the Gulf War masked many continuing and emerging energy policy challenges that derive from larger domestic and foreign policy issues. The changes in world oil, domestic natural gas, and electricity markets in 1999 and especially 2000 likely reflect the effects of ignoring some of these challenges.
India and Pakistan in the Shadow of Afghanistan
Authors: Ganguly Sumit
Published: May 2020

Two questions about the long-term future of American South Asia policy linger…. Will the United States avoid the error of abandoning Afghanistan after its goal of ridding the region of Al Qaeda is met? And will it remain engaged sufficiently with Pakistan to help restructure that country's domestic institutions and its external priorities?
Japan's Slow-Moving Economic Avalanche
Authors: MacDonald Scott B. , Lemco Jonathan
Published: May 2020

For now Japan is too integrated into the world financial system and too big to fail…. But a time of reckoning is coming if changes are not made.
China's New Leadership: The Challenges to the Politics of Muddling Through
Authors: Saich Tony
Published: May 2020

Whoever succeeds [Jiang Zemin as general secretary] will take almost a full term to consolidate his position. … Whether this politics of muddling through will be sufficient for the next period is debatable—the leadership might be pressured to take a more dynamic approach.
Quiet Struggle in the East China Sea
Authors: Harrison Selig S.
Published: May 2020

Growing attention has been devoted in recent years to projected oil and gas pipelines that would link Russian gas fields in eastern Siberia and Sakhalin Island to China, Japan, and the two Koreas. By contrast, there is little awareness of the high economic and political stakes involved in the quiet struggle now unfolding in Northeast Asia over seabed petroleum resources, especially the conflict between China and Japan over the East China Sea.
Death as a Way of Life: Russia's Demographic Decline
Authors: Powell David E.
Published: May 2020

The depopulation of Russia seems destined to worsen in the coming years, with major implications for the military, the workforce, personal and societal health, and even national security. … If current trends continue, Russians may find themselves on the endangered species list.
Jihad and Political Violence
Authors: Euben Roxanne L.
Published: May 2020

Jihad is neither simply a blind and bloody-minded scrabble for temporal power nor solely a door through which to pass into the hereafter. Rather it is a form of political action in which … the pursuit of immortality is inextricably linked to a profoundly this-worldly endeavor—the founding or re-creation of a just community on earth.
Confronting the Unipolar Moment: The American Empire and Islamic Terrorism
Authors: Kurth James
Published: May 2020

A dialectical and symbiotic connection, perhaps an escalating and vicious cycle, exists between the [growth of the American Empire and the growth of Islamic terrorism], and the world is about to witness a titanic and explosive struggle between them.
Iran: Doubting Reform?
Authors: Baktiari Bahman , Vaziri Haleh
Published: May 2020

September 11 and subsequent developments have put to rest any idea that reforms will occur quickly in Iran or that relations will be restored with the United States.
Argentina: Anatomy of a Crisis Foretold
Authors: Starr Pamela K.
Published: May 2020

As 2002 came to an end, the Argentine economy seemed to have touched bottom after contracting more than 10 percent. But a robust recovery during 2003 will be blocked by many of the same forces that helped create Argentina's economic catastrophe: the hard-line stance of the IMF, the muddle that is Argentine politics, and a dispirited and politically disaffected populace.
Between Politics and Economics: The IMF and Argentina
Authors: Graham Carol , Masson Paul
Published: May 2020

The Argentina crisis will not provide an opportunity to make a break with the past and take the imf in the new directions that director Horst Köhler has enunciated. Instead, the fund needs to accept that the humanitarian crisis in Argentina demands quick disbursement with relaxed conditionality.
Colombia and the United States: From Counternarcotics to Counterterrorism
Authors: Tickner Arlene B.
Published: May 2020

The worldview that has molded Washington's twin wars on drugs and terrorism constitutes an extremely narrow framework through which to address the complex problems Colombia faces. National security, defined exclusively in military terms, has taken precedence over equally significant political, economic, and social considerations.
North Korea: The Sequel
Authors: Cumings Bruce
Published: May 2020

The current crisis with North Korea “has the same solution as the original [in 1994]: get North Korea's nuclear program mothballed and its medium- and long-range missiles decommissioned by buying them out at a set price. That price is American recognition of North Korea, written promises not to target the North with nuclear weapons, and indirect compensation in the form of aid and investment.”
Kenya's Postelection Euphoria—and Reality
Authors: Holmquist Frank
Published: May 2020

Kenya has successfully run the gauntlet of political transition. But the road ahead is daunting and hazardous. … Yet Kenya has major assets—a vital civil society that may be the key to a successful constitutional reform process over the next few months, … and a population that is optimistic about the future.
“Houston, We Have a Problem”: China and the Race to Space
Authors: Johnson-Freese Joan
Published: May 2020

If the United States continues to exploit the obvious military advantages of space and China feels compelled to respond, a space race seems inevitable. It is inevitable because both countries recognize that space can provide advantages, or at least avoid disadvantages, regarding the other. Space may inevitably make China the third man in the fourth battlefield.
Bush's Revolution
Authors: Daalder Ivo H. , Lindsay James M.
Published: May 2020

At heart, Bush is a revolutionary. Everything he has done in his first 32 months as president shows that he is committed to challenging the existing order. He has been audacious rather than cautious, proactive rather than reactive, risk-prone rather than risk-averse. In his actions as well as his doctrines, he has changed the course of American foreign policy.
America's Iraq Strategy: Democratic Chimeras, Regional Realities
Authors: Salmoni Barak A.
Published: May 2020

When us policy makers discuss the democratization of Iraq and the Middle East, have they set out … concrete criteria for what that means? … Have they put together the indicators for when it is time to go home? Have they established, in short, what is enough democracy, and who decides?
The Lessons of Bosnia and Kosovo for Iraq
Authors: Lampe John R.
Published: May 2020

The experience in Bosnia and Kosovo provides encouragement. … The largest postintervention lesson they offer is that the United States and its international partners can work effectively together once they are on the ground together.
What Does Putin Want?
Authors: Lavelle Peter
Published: May 2020

It is not hard to see Putin as an authoritarian. In most ways he is, based on Western standards. But, given Russia's current development trajectory, he probably has to be…. Either the Kremlin continues its very hard-handed approach to restructuring the economy or Russia risks becoming in effect a Burkina Faso with nuclear weapons.
Georgia's Rose Revolution
Authors: Mitchell Lincoln
Published: May 2020

The Rose Revolution represented a victory not only for the Georgian people but for democracy globally. [It] & demonstrated that, by aggressively contesting elections, exercising basic freedoms of speech and assembly, and applying smart strategic thinking, a democratic opposition can defeat a weak semi-democratic kleptocracy.
All in the (Dysfunctional) Family? Transatlantic Relations after Iraq
Authors: Peterson John
Published: May 2020

What matters now are the modernization of the alliance and the development of a common agenda for the Middle East. Both tasks require the EU's emergence as a more effective global power.
Gambling with the Future
Authors: Ahlstrom Dick
Published: May 2020

Paul Ehrlich held that voracious consumption would leave the West reeling when essential resources ran out. Julian Simon believed that people should be allowed to consume as they like because they can rely on technology or ingenuity to find a way forward. Both were too constricted in their perspective.
Nigeria: Chronicle of a Dying State
Authors: Okonta Ike
Published: May 2020

The ruling party is the state, the regime, and the government melded into a seamless whole, sustained by violence and deploying violence to eviscerate all obstacles to its endless trips to the oil wells.
Kenya's Antipolitics
Authors: Holmquist Frank
Published: May 2020

For reform to succeed, the range of effective interests with a voice at the table must extend beyond those of the political class—made up of top politicians and civil servants with remarkable staying power….
Russia and the West: A Dangerous Drift
Authors: McFaul Michael
Published: May 2020

Should Western leaders try to stop this perilous drift of disengagement? Yes. Can they stop it anytime in the foreseeable future? Not likely.
The “Victory” Strategy: Grand Bargain or Grand Illusion?
Authors: Hopkins A. G.
Published: May 2020

We are left with the problem of finding an exit that will not create even more chaos in the Middle East and can still be presented as something other than a defeat.
Hopes Dashed? Lula's Brazil
Authors: Cason Jeffrey
Published: May 2020

A corruption scandal and lackluster economic performance have put Lula's hopes for reelection later this year in doubt.
America Confronts the Asian Century
Authors: Abramowitz Morton , Bosworth Stephen
Published: May 2020

The United States has been the regional power in Asia since the end of World War II. But change is under way.
Asia in Transition: The Evolving Regional Order
Authors: Shambaugh David
Published: May 2020

The emerging and evolving Asian system today is a mixture of realist, liberal, and constructivist elements—with major powers vying for influence, while interdependence deepens, and behavioral norms and multilateral institutions develop. Such cross-trends may not make for conceptual clarity, but they do constitute the current reality.
Fueling the Dragon: China's Strategic Energy Dilemma
Authors: Klare Michael T.
Published: May 2020

Unless the world's existing powers are prepared to descend into the sort of resource-driven geopolitical competition that resulted in World War I … they must make room at the table for an energy-hungry China.
South Africa on Trial
Authors: Meldrum Andrew
Published: May 2020

Angry demonstrations surrounding the trial of Jacob Zuma highlight the fact that significant numbers of black South Africans are becoming frustrated with their lack of progress.
Moscow Discovers Soft Power
Authors: Hill Fiona
Published: May 2020

Its vast energy resources … have the potential to make Russia a different kind of power in the twenty-first century from what it was in the twentieth. …
What If a Nuclear-Armed State Collapses?
Authors: O'Hanlon Michael
Published: May 2020

The nuclear danger posed by the potential for state failure in a North Korea or a Pakistan is one of the most menacing facing the international environment.
The Middle East Freedom Agenda: An Update
Authors: Wittes Tamara Cofman , Yerkes Sarah E.
Published: May 2020

The major barrier to effective us support for Arab civil society is … the hostility of autocratic Arab governments toward any greater independence or activism in the nongovernmental sector.
Going in Two Directions in South Asia
Authors: Mehta Pratap Bhanu
Published: May 2020

The maturity and sophistication of the Indo-us relationship are such that both countries will be able to tolerate differences, while simultaneously strengthening the sinews of their interdependence.
Europe's Enduring Anti-Americanismx
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: May 2020

Anti-Americanism has embedded itself in a very profound way in Europe's foreign policy discourse. … This fact, more than any changes about to take place in the White House, will shape the transatlantic relationship for years to come.
Does China Face a “Lost Decade?”
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: May 2020

When smart policy makers make big miscalculations over a considerable period of time, some fundamental political imperative is usually distracting them from economic rationality.
Iraq: Are We There Yet?
Authors: Yaphe Judith S.
Published: May 2020

Iraq's long-term chances for survival will be easier to predict when we see how Iraqis navigate their way through the crises of the coming months. …
The Roots of Failure in Afghanistan
Authors: Barfield Thomas
Published: May 2020

Improving the situation in Afghanistan remains as much a political and economic task as a military one.
Mexico's Drug Wars Get Brutal
Authors: González Francisco E.
Published: May 2020

Given the rising tide of violence and the mounting evidence of drug-related corruption at all levels of government, it is probably fair to say that, so far, the cartels have managed to take the lead in a psychological war against the Mexican state.
Spain Remade, Again
Authors: Encarnación Omar G.
Published: May 2020

The real legacy of the second transition is that it has revealed the hidden strengths of Spanish democracy….
Behind the Central Asian Curtain: the Limits of Russia's Resurgence
Authors: Cooley Alexander
Published: May 2020

Recent events have made Moscow's attempts to preserve its exclusive regional control seem no longer feasible or cost-effective.
How To Govern a Multipolar World
Authors: Calleo David P.
Published: May 2020

Can Europe's postwar experience with multinational institutions help bring order to the increasingly plural world system that is unfolding in the twenty-first century?
Who Will Sustain Globalization?
Authors: Posen Adam S.
Published: May 2020

The very emerging markets whose populations have benefited most from global integration in recent years are the ones whose relative role in global affairs is being advanced as a result of the recent financial crisis.
“Moderates” Redefined: How To Deal with Political Islam
Authors: Nakhleh Emile
Published: May 2020

It is imperative for the United States to engage mainstream Islamic political parties that are committed to gradual change through the ballot box.
Is Iraq Back?
Authors: Parker Sam
Published: May 2020

Iraq is evolving from a state in crisis into a sovereign nation with a broadly accepted political process and an independent role on the regional stage.
The Accidental Coup
Authors: Finan William W.
Published: May 2020

A new book revisits Venezuela's political crisis of April 2002, when President Hugo Chávez was forced out of office and then quickly reinstated.
How a Botched US Alliance Fed Pakistan's Crisis
Authors: Cohen Stephen P.
Published: May 2020

The sense of being used, abused, and discarded now constitutes a central theme in Pakistan's ties to America. …
North Korea: How Will It End?
Authors: Bluth Christoph
Published: May 2020

[Adopting] unification as the central goal of policy toward the Koreas . … would constitute the first step on the road toward a resolution of the crisis on the peninsula.
China's Population Destiny: The Looming Crisis
Authors: Feng Wang
Published: May 2020

China's population is likely to peak less than 15 years from now, below a maximum of 1.4 billion. After that will come a prolonged, even indefinite, population decline and a period of accelerated aging.
The Transformation of US-Russia Relations
Authors: Charap Samuel
Published: May 2020

The 2008 war in Georgia planted a ticking time bomb under the bilateral relationship, notwithstanding the dramatic improvement in ties under Presidents Obama and Medvedev.
The Mideast After Iran Gets the Bomb
Authors: Riedel Bruce
Published: May 2020

Iran's acquisition of a nuclear weapons capability … will be destabilizing and unsettling. But it will not transform the fundamental nature of the military balance of power in the region.
Muslims in the Melting Pot
Authors: Finan William W.
Published: May 2020

A new book examines the role of Islam in America, where many citizens continue to view the religion through the prism of terrorism originating in the Middle East.
Global Rebalancing: The Dangerous Obsession
Authors: Dadush Uri
Published: May 2020

The focus of the G-20 and the IMF, and of the finance ministries that set their agendas, should shift away from global rebalancing, which sounds and plays like a zero-sum game.
Central America's Security Predicament
Authors: Shifter Michael
Published: May 2020

The end of political, armed conflict 15 years ago has not been accompanied by higher levels of social peace. On the contrary, fear and lawlessness today are rampant in the region.
India's Baby Boomers: Dividend or Disaster?
Authors: Bloom David E.
Published: May 2020

Indian policy makers have a decisive role to play in capturing the beneficial potential implicit in their country's demographic trajectory.
Lukashenko's Game Is Up
Authors: Wilson Andrew
Published: May 2020

The West should start planning for a post-Lukashenkist Belarus before it actually arrives. Lukashenko himself might survive, but his system will not—not all of it at least.
Democracy's Third Wave Today
Authors: Diamond Larry
Published: May 2020

While restlessness with democracy has grown in many places, authoritarian rule generally elicits greater unease if not disgust.
America's Outmoded Security Strategy
Authors: Kanin David B. , Meyer Steven E.
Published: May 2020

The United States will have to get used to others saying ‘no’ when Americans attempt to ‘lead’ them.
How India Can Fill Its Bandwagon
Authors: Sridharan Eswaran
Published: May 2020

If India can create a vibrant regional economic community around itself, the gains will be not just economic but geopolitical in both the Asian and global contexts.
Lions, Tigers, and Emerging Markets: Africa's Development Dilemmas
Authors: Pitcher Anne
Published: May 2020

Much of Africa's wealth is unevenly spread across the continent and tends to be concentrated in resource-rich countries with large populations.
African Conflicts, Western Activism
Authors: Stearns Jason K.
Published: May 2020

For much of Africa’s post—cold war history, the question has not been whether humanitarian intervention is a cover-up for big power interests, but why outsiders have been so reluctant to act.
The Inequality Challenge
Authors: Dadush Uri , Derviş Kemal
Published: May 2020

Sustaining the transformational force of technology and globalization, … while mitigating their polarizing effect within countries, is likely to prove one of the twenty-first century's great challenges.
Eastern Europe Behind the Curtain
Authors: Finan William W.
Published: May 2020

A new book by Anne Applebaum offers a heavily detailed, ground-level history of the arrival of communist rule in postwar Eastern Europe. The author aims, she says, to understand “totalitarianism in practice.”
Soft Power's Rise and Fall in East Asia
Authors: Sun Jing
Published: May 2020

Although China's assertiveness has been a major factor in the latest hardening of relations in East Asia, Beijing's retreat from soft power has not necessarily benefited those who are viewing the rise of China most anxiously.
The Future of the Nuclear Order
Authors: Sagan Scott D.
Published: May 2020

Keeping the nuclear peace will require vigilance, restraint, wisdom, and a bit of luck.
Perils and Progress
Authors: Sorensen Alan
Published: May 2020

History's horrors shouldn't blind us to the continuing spread of liberal ideas and values.
Mexico's Problematic Reforms
Authors: Starr Pamela K.
Published: May 2020

Most of Pen'a Nieto's legislative achievements remain incomplete, and they have been accompanied by serious missteps that must be rectified and oversights that can no longer be ignored.
Armenia's Search for Independence
Authors: Giragosian Richard
Published: May 2020

There are signs that Moscow may now seek to halt Armenia's deepening of ties with NATO and target Armenian reformers.
Why Turkey Has Been Quiet About Crimea
Authors: Reynolds Michael A.
Published: May 2020

The Ottoman and Russian empires clashed for centuries, but Turkey's recent embrace of its imperial legacy has not emboldened it to challenge Moscow over the annexation of Crimea.
The Global Legacies of World War I
Authors: Horne John
Published: May 2020

Although the prestige of European civilization suffered a body blow in World War I, it took most Europeans longer to realize that their continent was not the center of the world, and longer still to think of a war fought mainly in Europe as a truly global conflict.
The Geopolitics of Cyberspace After Snowden
Authors: Deibert Ron
Published: May 2020

The aims of the Internet economy and those of state security converge around the same functional needs: collecting, monitoring, and analyzing as much data as possible.
The Long Struggle for Mexican American Rights
Authors: Délano Alexandra
Published: May 2020

A new book by Neil Foley traces the history of Mexicans in the United States and the discrimination they have faced due to persistent anti-immigrant fears.
“Crisis” and Reality in European Immigration Policy
Authors: Luedtke Adam
Published: May 2020

[N]ationalism drives public impulses to crack down on immigration, yet the only effective way to increase immigration control is to cooperate with other nations—that is, by pooling resources and sovereignty… .
The Middle East's Spreading Morass
Authors: Norton Augustus Richard
Published: May 2020

Many of the Arab states see the uprisings, the Iraq war, and the rise of ISIS as fundamentally related. All of these issues are complicated by the Iran deal.
The Troubled Rise of Gay Rights Diplomacy
Authors: Encarnación Omar G.
Published: May 2020

It is premature to gauge the full impact of the developed West’s effort to sell gay rights to the developing world, but the early returns are not auspicious …
Latin America's Elusive Public Sphere
Authors: Oxhorn Philip
Published: May 2020

[N]ew ideas and new actors are needed to fill the void in the region's public sphere more than ever.
Peace in Colombia: A Time to Believe?
Authors: Theidon Kimberly
Published: May 2020

Redistributive justice will be key to generating the recognition, civic trust, and social solidarity that form the foundation of a meaningful democracy …
A New Era of Accountability in Guatemala?
Authors: Beltrán Adriana
Published: May 2020

Politicians are now facing a more active citizenry that knows it can demand greater accountability from its government and mobilize in pursuit of its demands.
The US-Cuba Thaw and Hemispheric Relations
Authors: Shifter Michael
Published: May 2020

Washington's policy of isolating Cuba succeeded only in alienating most of Latin America. Obama's new course has been welcomed, though other irritants, such as US immigration policy, remain.
Leviathan and the Magic Bullet
Authors: Drinot Paulo
Published: May 2020

A new book tries to explain historical variations in the rise of the state in four Latin American countries. The author's inclination to reduce history to data results in much of the story being left out.
The EU's Democratic Deficit and the Public Sphere
Authors: Müller Jan-Werner
Published: May 2020

The EU will not become something like a traditional nation-state anytime soon, and no supranational public sphere is likely to ever replace national public spheres.
Nationalism and Exclusion in Postwar Nepal
Authors: Snellinger Amanda
Published: May 2020

Nepal's new constitution was supposed to cap a momentous decade that saw the end of the monarchy and civil war. But identity politics and economic discontent have called national unity into question.
Who's to Blame for Putinism?
Authors: Etkind Alexander
Published: May 2020

Three recent books about Russia and its authoritarian leader offer different theories on how a clique of former spies seized control. The worst answer is to blame the victim.
Misperceptions of the ‘Muslim Diaspora’
Authors: Silvestri Sara
Published: May 2020

[T]he main religious traditions all share references to journeys and emigration experiences as metaphors for the human condition.
Labor's Travails in Postcommunist Eastern Europe
Authors: Sil Rudra
Published: May 2020

After the fall of communism, the restructuring of labor became an integral part of the larger project of building democracy and markets.
Angela Merkel's Leadership in the Refugee Crisis
Authors: Mushaben Joyce Marie
Published: May 2020

What Merkel's critics underestimate is the extent to which her proactive policies of the past decade encouraging integration and ‘intercultural opening’ have produced an even bigger paradigm shift…
Seasons of Discontent and Revolt in Kashmir
Authors: Zutshi Chitralekha
Published: May 2020

Caught between two feuding countries, neither of which has truly incorporated Kashmir into its nationalist imagination or institutional structures, Kashmiris have developed their own nationalist narrative to assert their distinctiveness and desire for freedom.
The Long Shadow of Genocide in Rwanda
Authors: Thomson Susan
Published: May 2020

Rather than addressing the trauma inflicted by genocidal violence, the ruling party has used a program of national ethnic unity and reconciliation to reinforce its political authority.
China's Corruption Crackdown: War Without End?
Authors: Wedeman Andrew
Published: May 2020

Xi's crackdown on corruption has focused new attention on the much deeper issue of the relationship between power and wealth in contemporary China.
Why the American Center Held—and Then Fell Apart
Authors: Delton Jennifer
Published: May 2020

What was remarkable about the era of liberal consensus was not just its relative economic equality, but also the widespread, bipartisan, cross-class agreement about the nature of politics and government.
The Liberal International Economic Order on the Brink
Authors: Hopewell Kristen
Published: May 2020

[W]hat Trump has done so far represents an intensification and deepening of existing patterns of US behavior in the trading system rather than a fundamental change.
Can Democracies Learn from China's Meritocratic System?
Authors: Bell Daniel A.
Published: May 2020

By learning from aspects of imperfect meritocratic systems, including Chinesestyle political meritocracy, democratic systems can improve their performance and buttress their legitimacy.
The United Nations and Sovereignty in the Age of Trump
Authors: Weiss Thomas G.
Published: May 2020

Sovereignty can be and has been interpreted more inclusively—including during World War II—to justify cooperation in the face of common, existential threats.
Fear, Loathing, and Nuclear Disarmament
Authors: Squassoni Sharon
Published: May 2020

A volatile US president has stirred up new angst over the nuclear peril. The UN treaty banning the bomb may not have much immediate effect, but it could be a first step toward a safer future.
The Stillbirth of the Catalan Republic
Authors: Muro Diego
Published: May 2020

Legality and legitimacy must be reconciled to address political disaffection and find a more stable accommodation for Catalonia within Spain.
Climate Adaptation and Water Scarcity in Southern Africa
Authors: Ziervogel Gina
Published: May 2020

Adaptation is only going to get more challenging as changes in the climate intensify, combining with the effects of rapid urbanization and the persistently high levels of poverty and inequality in Africa.
The Cost of Austerity Policies for Public Health
Authors: Reeves Aaron
Published: May 2020

[S]hort-term policy changes can have long-term effects on the health and well-being of the population.
How to Interpret ISIS's Heritage Destruction
Authors: Isakhan Benjamin
Published: May 2020

Far from being senseless acts perpetrated by barbarous savages, ISIS's heritage destruction has been carefully staged and sends clear and deliberate messages.
The Regional Response to the Venezuelan Exodus
Authors: Freier Luisa Feline , Parent Nicolas
Published: May 2020

[T]he Venezuelan displacement crisis is a crucial test of the liberal immigration policies that have been adopted across Latin America.
South Africa's Precarious Black Middle Class
Authors: Southall Roger
Published: May 2020

The precarity of daily existence for so many black middle-class South Africans is heightened by dependence on political connections.
Congo's New Citizens' Movements and Kabila's Exit
Authors: de Heredia Marta Iñiguez
Published: May 2020

The strategies Kabila adopted to avoid stepping down at the end of his term in December 2016 inadvertently consolidated this new democratic wave.
Russia's Incoherent State
Authors: Morris Jeremy
Published: May 2020

[T]he bureaucracy seeks ways to enrich itself in the manner of one big state corporation, and everyone else finds themselves in positions of vulnerability or dependency.
US Immigration Law Enforcement in the ICE Era
Authors: Golash-Boza Tanya
Published: May 2020

When the local police cooperate with immigration authorities, arrest on suspicion of any crime can lead to deportation.
The Coming of Automated Warfare
Authors: Klare Michael T.
Published: May 2020

The progression from semiautonomous, unarmed supply robots to fully autonomous weapons systems is likely to occur rapidly and with limited public scrutiny.
Long-Term Outcomes of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Veterans with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Napolitano Michael Andrew , Lee K. Benjamin , Rosenfeld Ethan S , Chen Sheena W , Sparks Andrew D , Nagy Christian D , Greenberg Michael D , Trachiotis Gregory D
Published: May 2020

Background: The Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) trial showed that surgical revascularization in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) patients improves long-term mortality compared with medical treatment alone. This study examines how veterans with ICM undergoing revascularization fare against patients without ICM; it also examines the outcomes in the veteran population.
Methods: This is a retrospective review of a single-center database. From 2000 to 2018, 1,461 patients underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Two-hundred-one patients with an ejection fraction less than 35% were classified as the ICM cohort. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included postoperative complications. Subgroup analysis was performed within the ICM cohort comparing off-pump CABG (OPCAB) versus on-pump CABG (ONCAB).
Results: ICM patients had a higher incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) use. The non-ICM cohort was more functionally independent. OPCAB was performed in 80.1% of ICM and 66.3% of non-ICM cohorts. There was no statistical difference between ICM and non-ICM cohorts in 30-day mortality (OR 1.94[0.79 – 4.75], P = .15). The ICM cohort had an increased 5-year mortality (OR 1.75[1.14 – 2.69], P = .01) and 10-year mortality (OR 1.71[1.09 - 2.67], P = .02). The ICM cohort showed improved, although not statistically significant, short-term mortality with OPCAB compared with ONCAB (3.1% versus 12.5%, OR 0.31[0.05 – 1.82], P = .20).
Conclusion: Veterans with ICM undergoing CABG demonstrated similar short-term survival compared with non-ICM veterans. The long-term survival in the ICM cohort still is inferior to patients without ICM. There is a trend toward improved short-term survival in patients with ICM undergoing OPCAB.
Linkage Disequilibrium-Based Inference of Genome Homology and Chromosomal Rearrangements Between Species
Authors: de Abreu Santos Daniel Jordan , Ferreira de Camargo Gregório Miguel , Cardoso Diercles Francisco , Buzanskas Marcos Eli , Aspilcueta-Borquis Rusbel Raul , Hurtado-Lugo Naudin Alejandro , de Araújo Neto Francisco Ribeiro , Galvão de Albuquerque Lúcia , Ma Li , Tonhati Humberto
Published: May 2020

The aim of this study was to analyze the genomic homology between cattle (Bos taurus) and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and to propose a rearrangement of the buffalo genome through linkage disequilibrium analyses of buffalo SNP markers referenced in the cattle genome assembly and also compare it to the buffalo genome assembly. A panel of bovine SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) was used for hierarchical, non-hierarchical and admixture cluster analyses. Thus, the linkage disequilibrium information between markers of a specific panel of buffalo was used to infer chromosomal rearrangement. Haplotype diversity and imputation accuracy of the submetacentric chromosomes were also analyzed. The genomic homology between the species enabled us to use the bovine genome assembly to recreate a buffalo genomic reference by rearranging the submetacentric chromosomes. The centromere of the submetacentric chromosomes exhibited high linkage disequilibrium and low haplotype diversity. It allowed hypothesizing about chromosome evolution. It indicated that buffalo submetacentric chromosomes are a centric fusion of ancestral acrocentric chromosomes. The chronology of fusions was also suggested. Moreover, a linear regression between buffalo and cattle rearranged assembly and the imputation accuracy indicated that the rearrangement of the chromosomes was adequate. When using the bovine reference genome assembly, the rearrangement of the buffalo submetacentric chromosomes could be done by SNP BTA (chromosome of Bos taurus) calculations: shorter BTA (shorter arm of buffalo chromosome) was given as [(shorter BTA length – SNP position in shorter BTA)] and larger BTA length as [shorter BTA length + (larger BTA length – SNP position in larger BTA)]. Finally, the proposed linkage disequilibrium-based method can be applied to elucidate other chromosomal rearrangement events in other species with the possibility of better understanding the evolutionary relationship between their genomes.
Reflections on the theoretical advance in ethnobiology: are we pointing to the wrong direction?
Authors: Ferreira Júnior Washington Soares
Published: May 2020

Over the past 30 years, a series of ethnobiological studies has presented and discussed theoretical scenarios, new hypotheses to be tested, as well as relevant research questions based on dialogue with different disciplines. However, the production of these articles of important theoretical relevance has not accompanied an increase in the number of studies that contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge in ethnobiology. In this manuscript, I discuss some of the main reasons that can lead to the large number of works that reflect little on their theoretical contributions, with the aim to minimize these problems, so we can favor the progress in the area for the coming years.
CD32a receptor in health and disease
Authors: Arsentieva N. A. , Batsunov O. K. , Kudryavtsev I. V. , Semenov A. V. , Totolian Areg A.
Published: May 2020

Low-affinity Fcγ-receptors that recognize the Fc portion of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules, usually being in antigen-bound state, thus representing a link between innate and adaptive immunity. They play a significant role in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Among them, a separate FcγRII family (CD32) is discerned, which is characterized by transmission of intracellular signal independently of the common γ-chain, they have one α-chain containing two extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains. FcγRII receptors are present in almost all cells of the innate immune system: monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, as well as on B-lymphocytes and platelets. They perform two main functions: target recognition, facilitation of phagocytosis and destruction of antibody-opsonized cells by monocytes/ macrophages (including pathogenic cells). In parallel, the phagocytes are activated via the cytokine synthesis stimulation. The FcγRIIA (CD32a) and FcγRIIC (CD32c) activating receptors, like as FcγRIIB (CD32b) inhibiting receptors are present among the members of the FcγRII family. The low-affinity FcγRII receptors bind to IgG, with immune complexes being their natural ligands. High levels of immune complexes are usually found in both chronic viral infections and autoimmune diseases. There are shown polymorphic variants of the CD32a gene, which can affect the receptor function, and, thereby, causing susceptibility for different infections, influence the development of autoimmune diseases and primary immunodeficiencies. Activation of the CD32a receptor induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα and interferons, that are involved into inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus, Kawasaki disease, Graves’ disease and rheumatoid arthritis. It has been shown that antibacterial activity of platelets is carried out via the CD32a receptor. The study of CD32a expression in people The CD32a receptor is considered a biomarker of cells that are a reservoir of HIV infection. At the present time, however, many questions remain regarding the mechanisms of CD32a expression of on HIV-infected cells and the role of CD32a in the formation of an HIV reservoir and/or development of appropriate resistance. In addition to HIV infection, the significance of FcγR receptors is shown in other infectious diseases, for example, with influenza and dengue virus infections. Better understanding of the CD32a structure and function will help to assess its role in immunopathogenesis of different conditions. This review focuses on the role of CD32a in development of the normal immune response in normal state and various diseases.
Inflammaging as the basis of age-associated diseases
Authors: Artemyeva O. V. , Gankovskaya L. V.
Published: May 2020

Aging is one of the most complex biological phenomena that affects all human physiological systems, including the immune system. Immunosenescence is understood as structural and functional changes in both adaptive and innate immunity systems. The so-called inflammaging is among manifestations of immune aging. It is an age-related increase in inflammatory mediators and development of an inflammatory phenotype. An important role in development of inflammaging is assigned to chronic stimulation of immune system by exogenous and endogenous danger signals (pathogen-associated molecular pattern, PAMP and damage-associated molecular pattern, DAMP), which include viruses, microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, free radicals, etc. PAMP and DAMP are recognized by the innate immunity system cells through the pattern recognition receptors (PRR), e.g., Toll-like receptors (TLR), RIG-I-like receptors (RLR), NODlike receptors (NLR), lectin receptors. Stimulation of PRR leads to activation of intracellular signaling and increased expression of pro-inflammatory factors. PAMPs are the most powerful activators of PRR and inflammation triggers; DAMPs can activate the same receptors and signaling pathways, causing the development of a sterile inflammatory response. The NF-kB signaling pathway is considered as a key signaling pathway for inflammaging. NLR stimulation also leads to formation of inflammasome. Its function is to transform the pro-inflammatory cytokines to a biologically active form, which is an important for the formation of a pro-inflammatory phenotype and development of inflammaging. This process is considered an important risk factor for morbidity and mortality among older people. Chronic inflammation underlies pathogenesis of many age-related diseases, such as osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, type 2 diabetes. Various chronic diseases associated with age are directly related to PAMP and DAMP-induced TLR or NLRP3-mediated inflammatory response. Hence, these ligands and their receptors can be suggested as biomarkers and interventional targets for age-related disorders. Despite numerous studies in age-associated pathology, there are only few works on the contribution of innate immunity in healthy aging. It remains unclear whether the inflammatory phenotype is a manifestation of healthy aging, or it is associated with development of age-related pathology. Further study of the mechanisms of inflammatory aging will reveal biomarkers of healthy aging and potential targets for the treatment of age-associated diseases.