bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of water stress on dry matter content and partitioning in four grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)
Authors: Gómez-del-Campo María , Baeza Pilar , Ruiz C. , Lissarrague José Ramón
Published: June 2016

Three-year-old grapevines of four cultivars (Garnacha tinta (Grenache noir), Tempranillo, Chardonnay and Airén) were grown on 35 L container under full irrigation and restricted irrigation conditions in order to determine the effect of water stress on carbohydrate allocation. Total grapevine dry matter was measured at pruning, fruitset, veraison and harvest. Roots, wood, shoots, leaves and clusters were dried separately. Shoots were the most affected organs by water stress, while wood was the least affected. Vines under water stress partitioned more dry matter to wood and roots to the detriment of fruits and shoots. The period from fruitset to veraison was the most active for dry matter accumulation under conditions of stress, whereas non-water stressed vines accumulated more dry matter from veraison to harvest. Under both irrigation treatments, fruits competed with roots for dry matter partitioning. Irrigation treatment and cultivar determined fruit size. Fruit size determined dry matter partitioning between organs and the dry matter accumulation pattern.
Comparison of different scaling techniques for sensory analysis of wines
Authors: Jourjon Frédérique , Symoneaux Ronan , Thibault Catherine , Reveillere Myriam
Published: June 2016

The use of sensory analysis for the winemaking industry is an interesting tool for objective evaluation of wine quality. Its development forces us to properly define and to adapt the methodology of tasting to this particular product – wine. The development of methodology of sensory analysis adapted to the wine industry constitutes one of the objectives of research carried out by the team of research from the laboratory GRAPPE of ESA (Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture of Angers) in collaboration with Interprofession of the Wines of the Loire. The influence of scaling techniques on sensory evaluation results was studied during the setting up of a wine sensory trained panel and in order to obtain objective and pertinent characterisations of wine. Three different scales were used : a 10-point category scale ; a line scale consisting of a line where each taster’s appreciation is converted to a mark between 0 and 10 ; a scale mixing the first two.

For each scale, five red wines from different appellations of Val de Loire – France were tested by the wine trained panel of the Laboratoire GRAPPE. Each set was repeated once. The products discrimination was better with the line scale and the category one. Nevertheless, interactions between judges and products were higher with the first. Results were less satisfactory with the category line scale. This method seemed to be less discriminating and interactions were more important. This fact can be explained by the different use of the scale by tasters. This study enabled us to verify the impact of the number of wine tested in the same session. Indeed, some attributes were significantly higher for the repeated wines. These results might justify establishing a different order of passage of wine for each assessor, thus minimising the order effect.

This experimentation opens interesting perspectives for the optimisation of sensory analysis methodology in the winemaking industry. Complementary studies are taking place in the Laboratoire GRAPPE.
Discrimination and risk assessment due to the volatile compounds and the inorganic elements present in the Greek marc distillates Tsipouro and Tsikoudia
Authors: Soufleros Evangelos H. , Natskoulis Pantelis , Mygdalia Angeliki S.
Published: June 2016

Tsipouro and Tsikoudia are two denominations with geographic indications of the traditional Greek marc distillate, which is produced in continental Greece and in the island of Crete respectively. It is produced by the Greek winegrowers as well as by the professional distillers. To provide data on the safety of domestic Tsipouro and Tsikoudia distillates for human consumption and to draw conclusions from any essential results, which might have an impact on the quality of this product, 23 samples were analysed for: (a) Volatile compounds by the use of gas chromatography, (b) Inorganic elements, using atomic absorption spectrometry and (c) the pH values through-out using standard methods. Data revealed differences between these two denominations, which have been confirmed by the application of a statistic analysis and a PCA. Thus, Tsikoudia was found to contain statistically higher amounts of acetalde-hyde. However, the levels that have been observed did not exceed the official limits. Most of the Tsipouro and Tsikoudia samples also contained low concentrations of estragol, an anise compound, lead and copper, which do not represent a risk to consumer health due to their toxicity. On the other hand, the total concentration of higher alcohols was higher than the official minimum limit (140 g.hl-1 Absolute Alcohol-AA), while the amylic alcohols rarely exceeded 300 g.hl-1 AA. The high concentrations of ethyl acetate (>300 g.hl-1 AA) and ethyl lactate in a few samples showed the necessity of limiting unwanted fermentations in the grape pomace. The analytical study showed that the quality of the marc distillate is, generally, satisfactory. However, it revealed great differences between Tsipouro and Tsikoudia even among the samples of each denomination and, con-sequently, these domestic distillates need standardization and a more systematic production.
Performance of dattier de Beyrouth and Alphonse Lavallée grapevines on eight rootstocks under dry-land conditions
Authors: Ezzahouani Aziz , Williams Larry E.
Published: June 2016

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of eight different rootstocks on two non-irrigated table grape cultivars Dattier de Beyrouth and Alphonse Lavallée. Seasonal midday leaf water potential was positively correlated with crop yield. Averaged across both scion and year, the 1103P rootstock had the highest yield while 41B the lowest. Berry size of 'Alphonse Lavallée on SO4 was greatest both years and for the 'Dattier de Beyrouth' scion on SO4, just one year. The rootstock with the greatest pruning weights (averaged across scion and year) was SO4 while that with the least was R-Lot. Based upon the yield data and characteristics of the fruit, 1103P would be recommended as the rootstock for use in this area under dry-land farming conditions, for the production of these two table grape cultivars.
Dosis de metadona y su relación con calidad de vida, satisfacción, psicopatología, rendimiento cognitivo y consumo adicional de sustancias no prescritas
Authors: Pedrero-Pérez Eduardo J. , MethaQoL Grupo
Published: June 2016

La efectividad de los tratamientos con metadona está fuera de toda duda, si bien persisten dudas sobre las dosis efectivas y los objetivos que debe perseguir un programa de mantenimiento. Algunos autores propugnan que sólo superiores a 50-60 mg/día deben ser consideradas efectivas, al bloquear los receptores opioides. Otros proponen dosis ajustadas a las necesidades del paciente, atendiendo prioritariamente a su recuperación. Se estudió una muestra representativa de todos los pacientes en tratamiento con agonistas del Instituto de Adicciones de Madrid (N=1898, n=450) y de la Junta de Extremadura (N=100, n=65). Se evaluaron calidad de vida, satisfacción con el tratamiento, sintomatología psicopatológica, rendimiento cognitivo y consumos adicionales. Los resultados muestran una relación negativa entre dosis y calidad de vida, sintomatología psicopatológica y rendimiento cognitivo. La satisfacción con el tratamiento, basado en dosis negociadas entre médico y paciente, fue muy elevada, con independencia de la dosis. Se formuló una ecuación estructural que relacionara todas las variables. Los resultados descartan la necesidad de utilizar dosis altas si el paciente no las precisa, y contar con otras intervenciones psicosociales que favorezcan la recuperación frente a la cronificación que supone el uso de dosis altas. Mientras los programas de altas dosis atienden prioritariamente a indicadores de control social, la calidad de vida del paciente debe ser uno de los principales indicadores de éxito del tratamiento, como en cualquier otro problema de salud.
Guest Editorial: Improving Operator Returns
Authors: Halvorsen Tore
Published: June 2016

Guest Editorial

There is a school of thought that the dramatic collapse in prices and oversupply of oil that has affected our industry, and has added to the challenges facing deepwater and mature developments, is a relatively recent phenomenon. However, with extraction costs having nearly quadrupled over the past 10 years, it has been clear for some time that a rethink is required to make extraction financially worthwhile and to help operators improve their returns.

What has changed is the emergence of a greater sense of urgency. Energy producers were working hard to improve returns, reduce capital expenditure, and extend well life when oil was around USD 100/bbl. With prices now substantially lower, the clamor for new ideas and ways of working has become even more intense.

To secure a reasonable return on investment, it is important for operators to optimize production in mature fields. For longterm stability, the world needs new sources of oil, and the greatest potential lies in offshore deepwater reserves and in the world’s other most challenging locations, such as the Arctic.

To overcome these challenges in a sustainable way, a new thinking is necessary. Among other advances, it is vital to develop new technologies that reduce costs, to standardize equipment and processes, to disrupt convention, and to devise new ways to improve the execution of deepwater projects. This demands innovation and even higher levels of collaboration and trust between suppliers and operators.

It is notable that companies across the sector are responding to the new environment. They are not only working hard to reduce costs, but also receptive to change. I have been attending more customer meetings than ever before and it is clear that there has never been a better time to push new ideas through, share information, talk about new technologies, and for producers and their partners to influence how each other works.

New Ways of Collaboration

There are numerous areas in which operators and their partners can work together in new ways to reduce the expense of subsea developments and gain efficiencies across the life of a field.

For example, it makes a great deal of economic and operational sense for service companies to be involved at the earliest possible stage in the development of a field. This is when the ability to influence cost is at its greatest. Having a presence in the initial phase allows a company to assess the field up front and propose a lowercost development scheme. By rationalizing and simplifying the overall field layout, costs can be reduced by up to 25% to 30%.

Similarly, standardization can have a dramatic effect on the cost base with, among other things, potential savings in terms of preorder and stock material, and access to volume that helps drive down cost per unit.
E&P Notes (July 2015)
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen , Jacobs Trent
Published: June 2016

E&P Notes

’New Perforation Gun Design Tests the Value of Simplicity’

Price competition among makers of perforating guns has gotten brutal, even by the rough standards of unconventional oil business where depressed oil prices have led to deep budget cuts.

One sign of the times is the sharp decline in the average amount paid to run a group of perforating guns into a well to blast open the rock for a single fracturing stage.

“The rate paid has dropped 60% over the past 18 months,” said James Cole, product line manager at Hunting Titan, one of the largest makers of the downhole systems used to perforate the reservoir before fracturing. “They are not making much profit.”

For Hunting, the rate drop adds to the challenge of launching a total redesign of its perforating gun system, which was conceived when the economics of the business looked brighter.

The finished gun and detonation unit, called the ControlFire system, is billed by the company as its biggest design change in decades. From the outside, it does not look so different. Some of the biggest changes are that components have been removed.

 

’Ultrasonic Drilling Mud Measurement To Improve Drilling’

Technology developers are working on a new ultrasonic flowmeter for drilling fluids aimed at obtaining better measurements than current systems with far fewer disruptions to rig systems. The proposed instrument may be wrapped around a rig’s suction line or flowline to provide a second-by-second analysis of flow rate, density, rheology, and particle size distribution.

The developers’ goal is to use the data obtained from the wrap-around clamp-on device to quickly address critical drilling issues such as well control, kick detection, stuck pipe, mud pump efficiency, and the evaluation of routine, but difficult to monitor tasks such as hole cleaning efficiency and hydraulics optimization.

Jason Norman, a managing partner at Onsite Integrated Services (OIS) and a former senior drilling engineer at Apache and Shell, is leading the team in building the new device. Although drilling mud may only account for about 15% of the cost of a drilling operation, a major improvement is needed in this area because poor mud management can cost much more, he said.

“Nearly every nonproductive time event we have on a drilling rig has some link back to drilling fluids,” with the exception of equipment failure, Norman said. “If something is happening with your well while drilling, cementing, or logging, chances are it can be tied back to our drilling fluids in one shape or form,” he said.

If the research and development project is successful, the ultrasonic meter will be a superior alternative to the Coriolis meter, which is widely used on onshore and offshore rigs to measure the mass flow of drilling mud. The system is being developed in partnership with a European-based sensor development company, TSK Solutions, and should be ready for field testing by the fourth quarter of this year.
India Aims To Offset Production Declines, Slash Energy Imports
Authors: Henni Abdelghani
Published: June 2016

Country Profile

With 17% of the global population, India faces a huge challenge to meet its growing domestic energy consumption, especially as it holds only 0.35% of oil reserves and 0.6% of natural gas reserves in the world.

As a result of dynamic economic growth, the country’s oil consumption is expected to increase from 3.7 million BOPD in 2013 to approximately 4.4 million BOPD by 2018.

According to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014, India’s proved oil reserves stand at 5.7 billion bbl with a production of 894,000 BOPD. Ranked as the fourth largest oil consumer after China, United States, and Russia, the country imports 82% of oil and 25% of natural gas to meet its demand.

Approximately 56% of India’s reserves are offshore and 44% onshore. The majority of the reserves is located in the western offshore region, near Gujarat and Rajasthan. The Assam-Arakan basin in the northeastern region holds 23% of reserves and 12% of the production in the country.

Although the country has enormous production potential, exploration efforts have not yet tapped the Indian sedimentary basin. Data from the Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) showed that India has a sedimentary area of 3.14 million km2 consisting of 26 basins, of which 1.39 million km2 is onshore, 0.4 million km2 is located in shallow water, and 1.35 million km2 is located in deep water. Deepwater oil production began in September 2008 when Reliance Industries (RIL), India’s largest private sector company, started production in the KG-D6 block of the Krishna-Godavari basin in the eastern offshore region.

According to the state-controlled Oil and Natural Gas Corp. (ONGC), only 22% of the sedimentary area is well explored, 44% has had exploration initiated, 12% is poorly explored, and 22% is unexplored. Of the 26 basins, only seven are currently producing.

To boost investment in the upstream sector, Indian exploration and production (E&P) companies want the government to provide incentives to local players. “The core policy initiative of the government of India’s ‘Make in India’ can gain necessary momentum and direction if supplemented by ‘Discover in India’ initiative, the latter aimed at discovering, developing, and producing energy resources in India,” said Manish Maheshwari, chief executive officer of Essar Oil E&P.

Maheshwari said that policies with a clarity of intent and richness in content are needed to attract the much needed capital in the upstream E&P sector. “We expect the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas to usher in the next wave of reforms in the E&P sector through various policy initiatives. For instance, exploration focus through open acreage licensing policy, execution driven through simultaneous exploration and production of reserves across conventional and unconventional plays, and ensuring fiscal certainty,” he said.
Technology Focus: Reservoir Simulation (July 2015)
Authors: Bailey William
Published: June 2016

Technology Focus

Coupled, full-field, integrated, holistic, or asset: Call it what you will, this class of modeling is becoming increasingly commonplace. The ability to interrogate the response of a system, from the reservoir to fiscal meter, is quite potent and encourages integration in all senses of the word—technically, operationally, and organizationally. Such end-to-end models may reveal bottlenecks, constraints, and potential flow-assurance issues.

While the benefits are manifest, two related issues are worthy of consideration: complexity and piloting. The complexity of any individual component (such as the reservoir model) refers to the engineering judgment required to ensure that it is fit for purpose. For example, should one use a simple model (computationally rapid but approximate) or should a more complex model (computationally slower but accurate) be adopted? The former is better suited for rapid scenario screening and sensitivity analysis, while the latter is better suited for detailed engineering, with a spectrum of models in between.

Piloting is another consideration. The degree of technical insight required to competently steer any single component simulator is often quite high. Having several simulators under a single, seamless platform places an extra burden on the pilots involved because the added layer of software (the integration platform) may mask possible shortcomings in a model, thus rendering potentially incorrect results and even suboptimal capital decisions.

These considerations notwithstanding, I am genuinely optimistic about the potential these full-field models will bring and the insights they can deliver. More articles are certain to appear detailing predictions vs. observations and how planning, operations, and economics benefited from such integrated studies. I respectfully submit that the story of fully coupled, full-field, integrated asset modeling has only just begun. JPT
An Efficient Work Flow for Planning Well Completions and Forecasting Profitability
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: June 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 169821, “Well Completions and Profitability: A Horn River Shale Case Study,” by C.R. Ross, SPE, and D.M. Anderson, SPE, IHS; C.P. Stephens, SPE, Calfrac Well Services; and C. Virues, SPE, Nexen Energy, prepared for the 2014 SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium, Houston, 19–20 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

The objective of this paper is to develop and demonstrate an efficient work flow that will help stakeholders make better decisions in the area of completion planning. The work flow uses information from fracture modeling, production-data analysis, and project economics to quantify the relationship between the key input parameters of the well completion (pumping rate, proppant, and fluid pumped) and expected profitability expressed in net-present-value (NPV) terms.

Introduction

Over the past decade, completion costs have risen because of longer laterals, higher pressures, and an increase in stages and in fluid and proppant pumped. As completion teams continue to see economic production from larger completions, it is safe to assume that the cost of completions will remain high relative to total well cost. While drilling costs are generally spread out over weeks or months, completion costs are highly concentrated at the end of the development phase. Furthermore, the risk of unforeseen costs in the completion phase creates significant uncertainty in profitability. This type of cash-flow profile (Fig. 1) causes the completion phase to largely determine the profitability of a well. It is difficult to separate the impact of completion and reservoir effects on production.

A quick review of the variation in completions used currently (provided in the complete paper) emphasizes that different strategies are needed to maximize profitability in different plays.

Summary of Work Flow

The purpose of this work flow is to evaluate the effectiveness and profitability of a completion for a well that has an established production history, with the intention of recommending improvements for future well completions. This work flow is best applied at an initial decision phase. Essentially, this work flow combines fracture modeling with production-data analysis—two independent techniques. Effective fracture height, length, and conductivity are key to linking the two methods.

Although a shale-gas case study is presented in the complete paper to illustrate the work flow, it is intended to be of use on any producing oil or gas well. The work flow should be thought of as a modular process into which analysis methods can be substituted as required.
Enhanced Gas Recovery by CO2 Sequestration vs. Refracturing Treatment
Authors: Carpenter Chris
Published: June 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 172083, “Enhanced Gas Recovery by Use of CO2 Sequestration vs. Refracturing Treatment in Unconventional Shale-Gas Reservoirs,” by Mohammad O. Eshkalak, SPE, Emad W. Al-Shalabi, SPE, Alireza Sanaei, SPE, Umut Aybar, SPE, and Kamy Sepehrnoori, SPE, The University of Texas at Austin, prepared for the 2014 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 10–13 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

In this paper, shale-gas-field data have been evaluated and incorporated in simulations for both carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced-gas-recovery (EGR) and refracturing-treatment purposes. This comprehensive sensitivity study helps in understanding the key reservoir and fracture properties that affect production performance and EGR in shale-gas reservoirs. The findings of this study recommend initial hydraulic refracturing of shale reservoirs for enhancing gas production, followed by CO2 injection at a later time.

Introduction

In this paper, two different EGR methods are investigated and systematically compared in terms of efficiency. The first method is a refracturing treatment in order to revive a shale-gas well that has failed to achieve economic gas-production rates. The second proposed method is CO2 injection for both storage/ sequestration and EGR. Discussions and definitions of each of these methods, as well as governing equations, are provided in the complete paper.

Basic Reservoir Model With Multifractured Gas Wells

The numerical-simulation technique is a technology that enables characterization, development, and management of a producing reservoir. It integrates geologic, geochemical, and petrophysical properties and examines their effects on production. The ability to use simulation to investigate the sensitivity of production to various reservoir properties is critical for the decision-making process in unconventional shale formations. Fig. 1 shows the configuration of Wells UT-1 and UT-2 in the shale-reservoir model. As seen in Fig. 1b, in order to maximize methane-gas production by a refracturing treatment, the new fractures are placed in the middle of each primary fracture.

CO 2 Huff ’n’ Puff Scenario. In this scenario, after 5 years of production from both wells, one of the producers is converted into a CO2 injector for 5 years. Also, another 5 years is given as a soaking time. Afterward, wells are put back on production. Methane (CH4) recovery for this scenario is almost less than 4%. On the basis of the observed mass fraction of production after soaking time in the 15th year, it is observed that 96% of CO2 is produced back while only 4% of CH4 is produced at the well. This finding shows that the huff ’n’ puff process is not a viable option for CO2 EGR because it delays 5 years of profitable gas production. Hence, this scenario was excluded as an option for CO2 EGR, and, for the rest of the study, the authors compare CO2 flooding with refracturing treatment.
MECANISMOS DE COMPARTILHAMENTO DO CONHECIMENTO ADOTADOS EM UMA UNIDADE DE TERAPIA INTENSIVA NEONATAL: O CASO DO HOSPITAL UNIVERSITÁRIO POLYDORO ERNANI DE SÃO THIAGO (HU/UFSC)
Authors: Jacobsen Alessandra De Linhares , Búrigo Carla Cristina Dutra , Nunes Rogério Da Silva , Pinto Márcia Teixeira
Published: June 2016

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar mecanismos de compartilhamento de conhecimento na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do HU/UFSC. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa, aplicada, descritiva, de campo, bibliográfica, documental e um estudo de caso. A seleção dos elementos da amostra foi feita por tipicidade e acessibilidade, dentre médicos da unidade, selecionando-se um representante de cada turno de trabalho, isto é, três médicos. A coleta de dados foi feita a partir de documentos, fontes bibliográficas, observação e entrevista semiestruturada com os médicos. Os dados foram analisados a partir da abordagem interpretativa e da técnica pattern matching. Como resultados, percebeu-se que a unidade neonatal conta com profissionais experientes, que preferem compartilhar conhecimento explícito e que enfatizam mecanismos como fontes bibliográficas, em detrimento de outras, quando tem dúvidas clínicas. Conclui-se que a Unidade já faz uso de alguns mecanismos para compartilhar conhecimento, principalmente o explícito, mas que ainda há espaço para adotar outros e que é preciso reforçar a institucionalização da gestão do conhecimento e do seu compartilhamento.
Effect of nitrate concentration, pH, and hydraulic retention time on autotrophic denitrification efficiency with Fe(II) and Mn(II) as electron donors
Authors: Su Jun-feng , Shi Jing-xin , Huang Ting-lin , Ma Fang , Lu Jin-suo , Yang Shao-fei
Published: June 2016

The role of electron donors (Fe2+ and Mn2+) in the autotrophic denitrification of contaminated groundwater by bacterial strain SY6 was characterized based on empirical laboratory-scale analysis. Strain SY6 can utilize Fe2+ more efficiently than Mn2+ as an electron donor. This study has shown that the highest nitrate removal ratio, observed with Fe2+ as the electron donor, was approximately 88.89%. An immobilized biological filter reactor was tested by using three levels of influent nitrate (10, 30, and 50 mg/L), three pH levels (6, 7, and 8), and three levels of hydraulic retention time (HRT; 6, 8, and 12 h), respectively. An optimal nitrate removal ratio of about 95% was achieved at pH 6.0 using a nitrate concentration of 50 mg/L and HRT of 12 h with Fe2+ as an electron donor. The study showed that 90% of Fe2+ and 75.52% removal of Mn2+ were achieved at pH 8.0 with a nitrate concentration of 50 mg/L and a HRT of 12 h. Removal ratio of Fe2+ and Mn2+ is higher with higher influent nitrate and HRT. A weakly alkaline environment assisted the removal of Fe2+ and Mn2+.
Study on sulfadimethoxine removal from aqueous solutions by hydrous ferric oxides
Authors: Zhu Weixiao , Wang Jianduo , Wang Yili , Wang Hongjie
Published: June 2016

Significant concerns have been raised over the presence of antibiotics including sulfadimethoxine (SDMO) in aquatic environments. This study investigated the removal capability and mechanism involved in the removal of SDMO by hydrous ferric oxides (HFO). Results showed that SDMO removal was highly pH and ionic strength dependent. The pseudo-first-order model fitted well the kinetic results, and the value of the calculated activation energy for SDMO adsorption onto HFO was 8.6 kJ mol−1. Adsorption isotherms at varied temperatures were well described by the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic parameters (change in enthalpy > 0, change in entropy > 0, and change in Gibbs free energy < 0) calculated from the temperature-dependent sorption data revealed spontaneous and endothermic process. The exchange of the surface hydroxyl groups of HFO and the negative anions of SDMO− and the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged surface of HFO and the deprotonated imino (–N−–) accounted for the uptake of SDMO by HFO.
A landscape lake flow pattern design approach based on automated CFD simulation and parallel multiple objective optimization
Authors: Guo Hao , Tian Yimei , Shen Hailiang , Wang Yi , Kang Mengxin
Published: June 2016

A design approach for determining the optimal flow pattern in a landscape lake is proposed based on FLUENT simulation, multiple objective optimization, and parallel computing. This paper formulates the design into a multi-objective optimization problem, with lake circulation effects and operation cost as two objectives, and solves the optimization problem with non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II. The lake flow pattern is modelled in FLUENT. The parallelization aims at multiple FLUENT instance runs, which is different from the FLUENT internal parallel solver. This approach: (1) proposes lake flow pattern metrics, i.e. weighted average water flow velocity, water volume percentage of low flow velocity, and variance of flow velocity, (2) defines user defined functions for boundary setting, objective and constraints calculation, and (3) parallels the execution of multiple FLUENT instances runs to significantly reduce the optimization wall-clock time. The proposed approach is demonstrated through a case study for Meijiang Lake in Tianjin, China.
Desempeño de la escala de racismo basado en la genética en estudiantes de medicina
Authors: Campo-Arias Adalberto , Celina Oviedo Heidi , Herazo Edwin
Published: June 2016

El concepto de discriminación racial se depura con el tiempo. En la actualidad se distinguen diferentes formas, entre otras, genético, moderno, simbólico o sutil. En consecuencia, se proponen instrumentos para la cuantificación de estos constructos. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer el desempeño de la Escala de Racismo Basado en la Genética (ERBG) en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Se diseñó un estudio de validación en el que participaron 341 estudiantes en edades entre 18 y 30 años, 59,2 % mujeres, completaron una versión de nueve incisos de la ERBG. La consistencia interna se estimó con los coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald y la estructura interna mediante análisis factorial exploratorio. Se observó que ERBG presentó alfa de Cronbach de 0,81 y omega de McDonald de 0,82. La estructura interna de la ERBG se limitó a una sola dimensión responsable del 40,6 % de la varianza de total. Se concluye que ERBG presenta alta consistencia interna y una estructura unidimensional en los estudiantes participantes. Futuras investigaciones deben explorar el desempeño de este instrumento en estudiantes de otras carreras y ciudades colombianas.
Educational Film Studies
Authors: Bruch Anne
Published: June 2016

Since the 1890s early film pioneers used their cinematographic oeuvre for educational and informative purposes. As a result not only did film production companies regard schools as a lucrative emerging market, but progressive teachers also welcomed this new resource for teaching and learning. Soon a professional infrastructure was created and included several teachers’ associations, film catalogues, journals, and conferences dealing with educational films and their use in teaching and the education sector.
Nipah Virus: A Public Health Concern
Authors: Siddique Abu Bakar , Fardows Jannatul , Farhana Nasreen , Mazumder Maksud
Published: June 2016

Nipah virus, a member of the genus Henipavirus, a new class of virus in the Paramyxoviridae family, has drawn attention as an emerging zoonotic virus in South-East and South Asian region. Case fatality rate of Nipah virus infection ranges from 4070% although it has been as high as 100% in some outbreaks. Many of the outbreaks were attributed to pigs consuming fruits, partially eaten by fruit bats, and transmission of infection to humans. In Bangladesh, Nipah virus infection was associated with contact with a sick cow, consumption of fresh date palm sap (potentially contaminated with pteropid bat saliva), and person-to-person transmission. In 2014, 18 cases of Nipah virus infection have been reported in Bangladesh, of which 9 cases died. In the most recent epidemic at least 6 people died out of nine cases due to Nipah virus infection in the remote northern Bangladesh in 2015. Human infections range from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis. Some people can also experience atypical pneumonia and severe respiratory problems. The virus is detected by ELISA, PCR, immunofluoroscence assay and isolation by cell culture. Treatment is mostly symptomatic and supportive as the effect of antiviral drugs is not satisfactory, and an effective vaccine is yet to be developed. So the very high case fatality addresses the need for adequate and strict control and preventive measures.J Enam Med Col 2016; 6(2): 101-105
SERENDIPITOUS DISCOVERY OF A PROJECTED PAIR OF QSOs SEPARATED BY 4.5 arcsec ON THE SKY*
Authors: Heintz K. E. , Fynbo J. P. U. , Krogager J.-K. , Vestergaard M. , Møller P. , Arabsalmani M. , Geier S. , Noterdaeme P. , Ledoux C. , Saturni F. G. , Venemans B.
Published: June 2016

We present the serendipitous discovery of a projected pair of quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) with an angular separation of Δθ = 4.50 arcsec. The redshifts of the two QSOs are widely different: one, our program target, is a QSO with a spectrum consistent with being a narrow line Seyfert 1 active galactic nucleus at z = 2.05. For this target we detect Lyα, C iv, and C iii]. The other QSO, which by chance was included on the spectroscopic slit, is a Type 1 QSO at a redshift of z = 1.68, for which we detect C iv, C iii], and Mg ii. We compare this system to previously detected projected QSO pairs and find that only about a dozen previously known pairs have smaller angular separation.
FINDING THE CENTER: AN ANALYSIS OF THE TILTED RING MODEL FITS TO THE INNER AND OUTER PARTS OF SIX DWARF GALAXIES
Authors: Boisvert John H. , Rhee George
Published: June 2016

We present a study of the H i emission of six dwarf galaxies. Profiles of dark matter halos of galaxies such as these have been the subject of much debate. In this paper we investigate the accuracy with which the dynamical center (the center of rotation) of each galaxy can be determined. We have used the tilted ring model. We find that the tilted ring method produces plausible centers that are consistent with other published works that used rings at radii larger than 1 kpc. At a radius of 1 kpc the method often converges on centers that do not make sense, producing, for example, radial velocities for the galaxies that are inconsistent with the data. The only way to get the method to work in the centers of galaxies is to use prior information about the redshifts to rule out implausible centers. This suggests that the tilted ring ring method may not be producing reliable rotational velocities in the central kiloparsecs of dwarf galaxies.
MICROLENSING PARALLAX FOR OBSERVERS IN HELIOCENTRIC MOTION
Authors: Novati S. Calchi , Scarpetta G.
Published: June 2016

Motivated by the ongoing Spitzer observational campaign, and the forthcoming K2 one, we revisit, working in an heliocentric reference frame, the geometrical foundation for the analysis of the microlensing parallax, as measured with the simultaneous observation of the same microlensing event from two observers with relative distance of order au. For the case of observers at rest, we discuss the well-known fourfold microlensing parallax degeneracy and determine an equation for the degenerate directions of the lens trajectory. For the case of observers in motion, we write down an extension of the Gould relationship between the microlensing parallax and the observable quantities and, at the same time, highlight the functional dependence of these same quantities from the timescale of the underlying microlensing event. Furthermore, through a series of examples, we show the importance of taking into account themotion of the observers to correctly recover the parameters of the underlying microlensing event. In particular, we discuss the cases of the amplitude of the microlensing parallax and that of the difference of the timescales between the observed microlensing events, which are key to understand the breaking of the microlensing parallax degeneracy. Finally, we consider the case of the simultaneous observation of the same microlensing event from the ground and two satellites, a case relevant for the expected joint K2 and Spitzer observational programs in 2016.
COSMIC REIONIZATION ON COMPUTERS. MEAN AND FLUCTUATING REDSHIFTED 21 cm SIGNAL
Authors: Kaurov Alexander A. , Gnedin Nickolay Y.
Published: June 2016

We explore the mean and fluctuating redshifted 21 cm signal in numerical simulations from the Cosmic Reionization On Computers project. We find that the mean signal varies between about ±25 mK. Most significantly, we find that the negative pre-reionization dip at z ∼ 10–15 only extends to

, requiring substantially higher sensitivity from global signal experiments that operate in this redshift range (EDGES-II, LEDA, SCI-HI, and DARE) than has often been assumed previously. We also explore the role of dense substructure (filaments and embedded galaxies) in the formation of the 21 cm power spectrum. We find that by neglecting the semi-neutral substructure inside ionized bubbles, the power spectrum can be misestimated by 25%–50% at scales k ∼ 0.1–1h Mpc−1. This scale range is of particular interest, because the upcoming 21 cm experiments (Murchison Widefield Array, Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization, Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array) are expected to be most sensitive within it.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FLUID VORTICITY, KINETIC HELICITY, AND MAGNETIC FIELD ON SMALL-SCALES (QUIET-NETWORK) ON THE SUN
Authors: Sangeetha C. R. , Rajaguru S. P.
Published: June 2016

We derive horizontal fluid motions on the solar surface over large areas covering the quiet-Sun magnetic network from local correlation tracking of convective granules imaged in continuum intensity and Doppler velocity by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. From these we calculate the horizontal divergence, the vertical component of vorticity, and the kinetic helicity of fluid motions. We study the correlations between fluid divergence and vorticity, and between vorticity (kinetic helicity) and the magnetic field. We find that the vorticity (kinetic helicity) around small-scale fields exhibits a hemispherical pattern (in sign) similar to that followed by the magnetic helicity of large-scale active regions (containing sunspots). We identify this pattern to be a result of the Coriolis force acting on supergranular-scale flows (both the outflows and inflows), consistent with earlier studies using local helioseismology. Furthermore, we show that the magnetic fields cause transfer of vorticity from supergranular inflow regions to outflow regions, and that they tend to suppress the vortical motions around them when magnetic flux densities exceed about 300 G (from HMI). We also show that such an action of the magnetic fields leads to marked changes in the correlations between fluid divergence and vorticity. These results are speculated to be of importance to local dynamo action (if present) and to the dynamical evolution of magnetic helicity at the small-scale.
KINEMATICALLY IDENTIFIED RECOILING SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE CANDIDATES IN SDSS QSOs WITH z < 0.25
Authors: Kim D.-C. , Evans A. S. , Stierwalt S. , Privon G. C.
Published: June 2016

We have performed a spectral decomposition to search for recoiling supermassive black holes (rSMBHs) in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) with z < 0.25. Out of 1271 QSOs, we have identified 26 rSMBH candidates that are recoiling toward us. The projected recoil velocities range from −76 to −307 km s−1 with a mean of −149 ± 58 km s−1. Most of the rSMBH candidates are hosted by gas-rich luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs)/ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs), but only 23% of them show signs of tidal features, which suggests that a majority of them are advanced mergers. We find that the black hole masses M
BH of the rSMBH candidates are on average ∼5 times smaller than those of their stationary counterparts and cause a scatter in the

relation. The Eddington ratios of all of the rSMBH candidates are larger than 0.1, with a mean of 0.52 ± 0.27, suggesting that they are actively accreting mass. Velocity shifts in high-excitation coronal lines suggest that the rSMBH candidates are recoiling with an average velocity of about −265 km s−1. The electron density in the narrow line region of the H ii rSMBH candidates is about 1/10 of that in active galactic nucleus (AGN) rSMBH candidates, probably because the AGN in the former was more spatially offset than that in the latter. The estimated spatial offsets between the rSMBH candidate and the center of the host galaxy range from 0.″21 to 1.″97 and need to be confirmed spatially with high-resolution adaptive optics imaging observations.
PIC SIMULATIONS OF THE EFFECT OF VELOCITY SPACE INSTABILITIES ON ELECTRON VISCOSITY AND THERMAL CONDUCTION
Authors: Riquelme Mario A. , Quataert Eliot , Verscharen Daniel
Published: June 2016

In low-collisionality plasmas, velocity-space instabilities are a key mechanism providing an effective collisionality for the plasma. We use particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to study the interplay between electron- and ion-scale velocity-space instabilities and their effect on electron pressure anisotropy, viscous heating, and thermal conduction. The adiabatic invariance of the magnetic moment in low-collisionality plasmas leads to pressure anisotropy,

, if the magnetic field

is amplified (

and

denote the pressure of species j (electron, ion) perpendicular and parallel to

). If the resulting anisotropy is large enough, it can in turn trigger small-scale plasma instabilities. Our PIC simulations explore the nonlinear regime of the mirror, IC, and electron whistler instabilities, through continuous amplification of the magnetic field

by an imposed shear in the plasma. In the regime

(

), the saturated electron pressure anisotropy,

, is determined mainly by the (electron-lengthscale) whistler marginal stability condition, with a modest factor of ∼1.5–2 decrease due to the trapping of electrons into ion-lengthscale mirrors. We explicitly calculate the mean free path of the electrons and ions along the mean magnetic field and provide a simple physical prescription for the mean free path and thermal conductivity in low-collisionality β

j
≳ 1 plasmas. Our results imply that velocity-space instabilities likely decrease the thermal conductivity of plasma in the outer parts of massive, hot, galaxy clusters. We also discuss the implications of our results for electron heating and thermal conduction in low-collisionality accretion flows onto black holes, including Sgr A* in the Galactic Center.
RESOLVE AND ECO: THE HALO MASS-DEPENDENT SHAPE OF GALAXY STELLAR AND BARYONIC MASS FUNCTIONS
Authors: Eckert Kathleen D. , Kannappan Sheila J. , Stark David V. , Moffett Amanda J. , Berlind Andreas A. , Norris Mark A.
Published: June 2016

In this work, we present galaxy stellar and baryonic (stars plus cold gas) mass functions (SMF and BMF) and their halo mass dependence for two volume-limited data sets. The first, RESOLVE-B, coincides with the Stripe 82 footprint and is extremely complete down to baryonic mass M
bary ∼ 109.1
M
⊙, probing the gas-rich dwarf regime below M
bary ∼ 1010
M
⊙. The second, ECO, covers a ∼40× larger volume (containing RESOLVE-A) and is complete to M
bary ∼ 109.4
M
⊙. To construct the SMF and BMF we implement a new “cross-bin sampling” technique with Monte Carlo sampling from the full likelihood distributions of stellar or baryonic mass. Our SMFs exhibit the “plateau” feature starting below M
star ∼ 1010
M
⊙ that has been described in prior work. However, the BMF fills in this feature and rises as a straight power law below ∼1010
M
⊙, as gas-dominated galaxies become the majority of the population. Nonetheless, the low-mass slope of the BMF is not as steep as that of the theoretical dark matter halo MF. Moreover, we assign group halo masses by abundance matching, finding that the SMF and BMF, separated into four physically motivated halo mass regimes, reveal complex structure underlying the simple shape of the overall MFs. In particular, the satellite MFs are depressed below the central galaxy MF “humps” in groups with mass <1013.5
M
⊙ yet rise steeply in clusters. Our results suggest that satellite destruction and stripping are active from the point of nascent group formation. We show that the key role of groups in shaping MFs enables reconstruction of a given survey’s SMF or BMF based on its group halo mass distribution.
H ii REGION IONIZATION OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM: A CASE STUDY OF NGC 7538
Authors: Luisi Matteo , Anderson L. D. , Balser Dana S. , Bania T. M. , Wenger Trey V.
Published: June 2016

Using data from the Green Bank Telescope, we analyze the radio continuum (free–free) and radio recombination line (RRL) emission of the compact H ii region NGC 7538 (Sharpless 158). We detect extended radio continuum and hydrogen RRL emission beyond the photodissociation region (PDR) toward the north and east, but a sharp decrease in emission toward the south and west. This indicates that a non-uniform PDR morphology is affecting the amount of radiation “leaking” through the PDR. The strongest carbon RRL emission is found in the western PDR that appears to be dense. We compute a leaking fraction f

R
 = 15 ± 5% of the radio continuum emission measured in the plane of the sky which represents a lower limit when accounting for the three-dimensional geometry of the region. We detect an average

abundance ratio by number of 0.088 ± 0.003 inside the H ii region and a decrease in this ratio with increasing distance from the region beyond the PDR. Using Herschel Space Observatory data, we show that small dust temperature enhancements to the north and east of NGC 7538 coincide with extended radio emission, but that the dust temperature enhancements are mostly contained within a second PDR to the east. Unlike the giant H ii region W43, the radiation leaking from NGC 7538 seems to only affect the local ambient medium. This suggests that giant H ii regions may have a large effect in maintaining the ionization of the interstellar medium.