bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCTION TO A RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE
Authors: Barker Walter R.
Published: January 2025

An introduction to a design procedure for rigid airport pavements is presented. The design criteria used in the procedure are based on the tensile stress in the portland cement concrete (FCC) slab as computed by the layered elastic theory and on the strength of the FCC slab as measured by the flexural beam test. The criteria were developed by the analysis of some 60 test sections. In the basic report, procedures are given for the characterization of the pavement materials both by laboratory testing and by typical values and/or correlation studies. The thickness requirements as determined by the new criteria are compared with the thickness as determined by the Corps of Engineers and the Federal Aviation Administration design procedures. The comparison indicated a basic difference between the new criteria and the criteria presently being used. A detailed study of the two criteria shows that the new criteria fit the test data better than the present criteria.
JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN MICHIGAN DESIGN PERFORMANCE AND REPAIR
Authors: Arnold Charles J. , Chiunti Manuel A. , Bancroft Kurt S.
Published: January 2025

The report covers background information concerning the performance and problems related to postwar pavements with 99-ft reinforced slabs, load transfer, and base plates under the joints. Newer pavements have been designed with successively shorter slab lengths. Load transfer and reinforcement still are used. A major installation of experimental pavement is discussed. Experience to date has resulted in a recent change to incorporate free draining base materials with subbase drains in future Interstate projects. The first concrete recycling job has been indefinitely delayed because of fund reductions. The effects of pressure build-up in older pavements is discussed, along with strategies for pressure relief, experimental pressure relief projects, preventive maintenance, and the development of techniques for locating and installing joint filler in pressure relief joints. The effects of base drainage on the performance of the concrete pavement as well as the inter-relationships with aggregate quality, are demonstrated for an experimental installation having extreme variations in drainability. A few details of concrete shoulder design and some examples of compatible slab length considerations are suggested, along with brief comments on corrosion resistant load transfer dowels.
NON-CONVENTIONAL VS. CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN ARIZONA
Authors: Delton James P.
Published: January 2025

Pavement faulting or step-off has been one of the major problems on Arizona's Portland Cement Concrete Pavements. Other problems have included warping and curling, texture loss, and shoulder joint failures. In 1974 work was initiated in an attempt to solve some or all of these problems by building and studying "non-conventional" PCCP sections on State Route 360, The Superstition Freeway. These projects are adjacent to a conventional section, i.e., 23 cm (9 in,) PCC, 15 cm (6 in.) CTB, and 10 cm (4 in.) aggregate base. To date, full- depth 33 and 28 cm (13 and 11 in,) PCCP on subgrade and prestressed 15 cm (6 in.) PCCP on a 10 cm (4 in.) lean concrete base have been built. A 23 cm (9 in.) PCCP on 10 cm (4 in.) of Lean Concrete Base is under construction. The main items of study are joint performance and ride quality. Full depth PCCP results in lower joint deflections in comparison to conventional PCCP. The extra slab thickness and joint surface area do not overcome the effects of joint separation from shrinkage due to curing and temperature changes. Loss of rideability is somewhat less on full depth versus conventional PCCP.
PERFORMANCE OF THIN BONDED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE OVERLAYS ON MILITARY AIRFIELDS
Authors: Boyer Robert E. , Foxworthy Paul T. , Highter William H.
Published: January 2025

The United States Air Force has more than 20 years of experience with thin bonded Portland cement concrete overlays--5 ,1 to 10.2 Gil\ (2 to 4 in.) in thickness. The construction history and performance of 14 features (a feature being defined as a pavement cross-section of like construction) involving thin bonded overlays at four Air Force bases are discussed in this paper. The features range in age from 13 to 21 years and include both runways and aprons. Traffic on the thin bonded overlays ranged from high volume, lightweight fighter aircraft to moderate volume, very heavy cargo, tanker and bomber aircraft. The construction procedure followed for each of the thin bonded overlays was similar. The surface of the original pavement was scarified to a depth of not less than .6 cm (1/4 in.) and all loose material was removed. When necessary, the pavement was cleaned with a detergent, flushed, and then etched with muriatic acid. The surface was again flushed, and a grout .15 to .3 cm (1/16 to 1/8 in.) thick was applied to provide a bond. The overlay was then applied quickly before the grout could dry. In general, the overlays have performed quite satisfactorily. Condition surveys indicate that after 17 years most features are in VERY GOOD condition, and the remaining are in GOOD condition. Problems encountered with the overlays can be traced to faulty construction procedures. Most notably, allowing the grout to dry prior to overlay placement and failure to match joints in the overlay with the underlying pavement have resulted in loss of bond and reflection cracking, respectively.
REHABILITATION DESIGN FOR AIRFIELD PCC PAVEMENTS
Authors: Shahin M. Y. , Darter M. I.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents procedures for airfield pavement condition rating, evaluation, and rehabilitation design. The procedures are based on the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) which measures the pavement's structural integrity and surface operational conditions. The PCI is used worldwide by the U.S. Air Force and several other agencies. Hodels are presented for predicting PCI as a function of traffic, climate, and pavement structure. This paper emphasizes the significance of these models for use not only for PCI prediction, but also for performance-based design models. However, these models should be considered preliminary since they were being field-evaluated and improved at the time this paper was prepared.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF COMPOSITE CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Kohn Starr D. , Darter Michael I.
Published: January 2025

A rational design procedure was developed for composite concrete pavements based on fatigue damage considerations. The structural analysis of the composite system was performed using a finite element computer model developed at the University of Illinois. A curve was also developed using field data and a fatigue damage program to relate pavement cracking index to the fatigue damage value. This curve was developed to calibrate the procedure to actual field cracking conditions. It is an aid to the designer in selecting a fatigue damage value to use in the design of the pavement section for any allowable level of cracking. The example designs indicate that the composite pavement can be constructed at reasonable thicknesses with a potential reduction in total cement content.
STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT IDEAS - RESULTS OF FRENCH EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Verhee Francois
Published: January 2025

Portland cement concrete pavements in France are of the nonreinforced, nondoweled type and are subject to very heavy traffic. This paper deals with the maintenance of pavements built prior to 1974 and whose structure does not incorporate certain recent design features such as lateral drainage. The pavements concerned can be placed in four categories according to their structural condition (from good to very poor condition). There are three types of structure maintenance corresponding to these different conditions. These are described in the paper along with the specific maintenance techniques applicable to each category. (I) Routine maintenance designed essentially to ensure proper pavement sealing, (2) "Medium" structural maintenance involving such techniques as lateral drainage of slab edge, reconstruction of shoulder edge without drainage, grouting under slabs, improving load transfer at joints (by joint blocking or keying), bituminous overlays (thinner than or equal to 15 cm). (3) Heavy maintenance consisting either of thick bituminous overlays or reconstruction in portland cement concrete of degraded lane only. Only the load transfer improvement techniques are not yet operational. Maintenance techniques to be used are determined on the basis of observed pavement deterioration. The choice may be bituminous overlays which modify the pavement structure, or maintenance for correcting the defects while conserving a cement concrete structure.
THE ANALYTICAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Stock A. F.
Published: January 2025

This paper considers fundamentally based design procedures for concrete roads. The literature has been reviewed for procedures relevant to the analysis of concrete roads, for structural performance models, and for data relating to material performance, It was concluded that further development of analysis techniques, particularly in relation to pavements containing cracked layers is necessary. Also, further information relating laboratory measurements of material performance to field performance is necessary. If this information is forthcoming, and by drawing on information from other research fields, it will be possible to produce a detailed fundamentally based design package.
CONCRETE PAVEMENT RECONSTRUCTION ON THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Authors: Renier E. J.
Published: January 2025

This article reviews and discusses the design and reconstruction of concrete pavement projects on the U.S. Interstate System, focusing on the use of Portland cement concrete. The adoption of the 1982 Surface Transportation Assistance Act's 4R fund has facilitated significant advancements in reconstruction methods. Various projects across different climates in the United States are examined, including complete replacements, full-depth unbonded and partial-depth bonded overlays, and the recycling of old concrete as aggregate for new pavements. The paper highlights innovative equipment and techniques that have emerged as a result of increased funding and legislative support, aimed at addressing the challenges posed by heavy commercial traffic and the need for durable road infrastructure. Economic factors, life-cycle costing, and material reuse are also discussed as critical considerations in the decision-making process for pavement reconstruction. The effectiveness of these projects is assessed in terms of technical feasibility and long-term economic benefits, emphasizing the importance of continued funding and research to support future infrastructure demands. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
DEVELOPMENT OF A PROBABILISTIC RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR MILITARY AIRFIELDS
Authors: Witczak Matthew W. , Johnson Michael , Uzan Jacob
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the development of a probabilistic based rigid airfield design methodology applicable to current USACE, USAF and FAA airfield design approaches. The analysis is based upon the application of the approximate closed form probabilistic Solution (Taylor Series Expansion) to Westergaard free edge slab theory. The methodology developed was used to formulate reliability based solutions that interrelate either slab thick­ness and the desired traffic coverage levels. Implementability of the approach is illus­ trated by a study involving ranges of in-situ material variability, foundation support and aircraft load ranges. The results clearly demonstrate the major importance of the "design reliability level" upon design thickness.
EVALUATION OF A CONCRETE TEST PAVEMENT USING THE FWD AND WESLIQUID
Authors: Lybas John M. , Tia Mang , Twiddy David A.
Published: January 2025

This study evaluates a concrete test pavement using the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and the WESLIQUID finite element computer program. Researchers from the University of Florida developed a full-scale test pavement incorporating various slab configurations and subgrade voids to explore the effects of dowelled and undowelled joints under different temperature and thermal gradient conditions. The study primarily investigates the FWD's capability to assess crucial pavement properties such as joint efficiency, subgrade stiffness, and thermally-induced curling, while also determining its limitations in detecting subgrade voids. The findings suggest that FWD data, particularly deflection basins and load-deflection relations, effectively indicate variations in subgrade stiffness and can evaluate joint efficiency and the impact of thermal curling. However, the presence of pavement boundaries and joints tends to mask the influence of subgrade voids, limiting the FWD's effectiveness in detecting these features. Additionally, the study uses WESLIQUID to compare empirical data with analytical models, enhancing the understanding of pavement behavior under varied operational conditions. This research contributes to developing more sophisticated tools and methods for concrete pavement analysis, aiding in the maintenance and design of more durable road infrastructures. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RECYCLES CONCRETE FREEWAYS
Authors: McCarthy Gerald J. , MacCreery William J.
Published: January 2025

The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) has demonstrated significant advancements in the recycling of concrete freeways through four major interstate projects completed in 1983 and 1984. These projects, focused on portions of I-94 in Kalamazoo and I-75 south of Detroit, involved the recycling of existing concrete pavement into new roadways and shoulders, covering a total length of approximately 27 miles. The recycling process included breaking down the old concrete, removing reinforcing steel, and crushing the material into aggregates that met the specifications for new concrete. This initiative emerged from earlier successes in asphalt recycling and represents a move towards sustainable construction practices by reusing materials on-site. Special attention was required for the mix design, which was influenced by the characteristics and condition of the original concrete. The results from these projects have been promising, with life cycle cost analyses suggesting about a 15% cost advantage over traditional bituminous alternatives, considering a 35-year lifespan and a 5% discount rate. MDOT's approach also highlighted the need for careful coordination between aggregate processing and pavement production to ensure efficiency and quality. Despite initial challenges in handling and processing the recycled materials, the projects confirmed the feasibility and economic benefits of concrete recycling. This method not only conserves natural resources and reduces waste but also offers a durable solution for long-term infrastructure development, especially in urban areas with constraints like bridge clearances that limit the use of thick overlays. These findings underscore the potential for expanded application of concrete recycling in future road construction and rehabilitation projects. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Eathers Rex C.
Published: January 2025

This paper was presented as the keynote address for the Third International Conference on Con­crete Pavement Design and Rehabilitation. The condition of the United States highway network, funding and informational needs, and current design and rehabilitation practices are sum­marized. Long range efforts to improve overall pavement serviceability and interim measures that can be taken to extend the service life of rigid pavements are discussed from a national perspective.
NDT GUIDELINES FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION OF IN-SERVICE RIGID PAVEMENTS
Authors: Torres-Verdin Victor , Uddin Waheed , McCullough B. Frank
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the derivation of expressions for computing the number of deflection measurements required for materials characterization of in-service rigid pavements. Both a normal and a Student's t distribution are considered in the analysis and comparisons are made between estimates resulting from both approaches. Guidelines are provided for estimating the number of deflection measurements for rigid pavements based on the findings stemming from this study. Likewise, figures are presented as an alternate method for determining deflection sample size. Deflections measured near the pavement edge are influenced by the temperature gradient in a concrete slab. This paper also presents a method that predicts temperatures in the concrete slab in order to apply a suitable temperature correction.
NEW PCA THICKNESS DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR CONCRETE HIGHWAY AND STREET PAVEMENTS
Authors: Packard Robert G. , Tayabji Shiraz D.
Published: January 2025

This scientific article outlines the new PCA Thickness Design Procedure for Concrete Highway and Street Pavements. Authored by Robert G. Packard and Shiraz D. Tayabji from the Portland Cement Association, the paper presents a revised design method that integrates new practices and understandings gained since the original 1966 publication. Key updates include addressing undoweled joints, lean concrete subbases, and erosion criteria due to foundation issues affecting pavement performance. The revision incorporates sophisticated theoretical methods for modeling stresses, deflections, and pressures in pavements, ensuring designs reflect a broader range of variable combinations and practical performance data. The article details the application of the design procedure across various pavement types, including plain, plain doweled, reinforced, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. Each type is evaluated based on factors like flexural strength, subgrade support, axle load types, and expected service periods, using both detailed and simplified approaches depending on available data. In-depth theoretical and practical analyses, including finite element modeling and performance-based criteria, establish a robust framework for pavement design. The procedure accounts for traditional fatigue and new erosion damage considerations, offering enhanced reliability and predictive capabilities for pavement performance. The design implications of various construction details such as joint types, shoulder integration, and subbase qualities are also explored to optimize pavement thickness and durability under varying traffic and environmental conditions. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGT 4)
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF RIGID PAVEMENTS USING ROAD RATER DEFLECTIONS
Authors: Sharpe Gary W. , Anderson Mark , Deen Robert C. , Southgate Herbert F.
Published: January 2025

Road Rater deflections have been used to determine in-place structural conditions of rigid and composite pavements, based on modifications of principles and experience with the structural evaluation of flexible pavements. Details of the use of elastic layer theory to simulate deflection measurements associated with loadings for ,the Kentucky Road Rater are presented. Included is an illustration of the use of field deflection measurements to "back calculate" in-place moduli. The procedures are generally iterative and involve matching measured deflections with theoretical deflections. Elastic layer principles have been used to simulate deflections only at the midslab position. Relationships regarding deflections at other locations on the slab currently involve empirical analyses. Evaluations involving the effects of pavement temperature, time of day, season, etc. are still empirical. In summary, major aspects of this paper will be twofold. One will be related to procedures and principles applied to the use of deflections and layer elastic theory to estimate effective parameters representative of existing in-place pavement conditions. The second will be related to the application of deflection measurements and evaluation methodologies to determine appropriate recommendations of rehabilitation strategies and scheduling for rigid pavements.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN FRENCH CONCRETE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT
Authors: Bordonado Gerard , Colombier Georges , Ponchon Daniel , Verhee Francois
Published: January 2025

Concrete pavement structural design and construc­tion techniques have undergone significant and sometimes innovative developments since 1975. Conventional structures with undowelled slabs over a lean concrete subbase have demonstrated their good performance. The structure consisting of thick slabs placed over an untreated porous subbase does not entail any application problems; its performance has formed the subject of many investigations. The gritting of fresh concrete combined with partial surface baring on projects in 1984 may be regarded as an operational technique. Concrete compacting is carried out effectively. Completed pavements are checked regularly to evaluate their performance.
REPAIR OF JOINT RELATED DISTRESS IN PCC PAVEMENTS
Authors: Darter Michael I. , Daleiden Jerome F. , Yrjanson William A.
Published: January 2025

A comprehensive study on the repair of joint and crack related distress in Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements is presented. Procedures for project evaluation and selection of cost-effective repair and preventative techniques were developed. Detailed "Design And Construction Guidelines" and "Guide Specifications" were developed and field tested for seven different techniques for repairing and preventing the deterioration of joints and cracks including void detection.
STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY AND AIRFIELD PCC PAVEMENTS USING THE FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER
Authors: Ullidtz Per , Stubstad R.N.
Published: January 2025

This scientific article presents an in-depth evaluation of the structural properties of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavements, utilizing the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) for non-destructive, in-situ testing. The methodology involves measuring the elastic moduli of both the concrete and underlying foundation, crucial for assessing the pavement's load-bearing capacity and integrity at various points, including joints and corners. This is achieved by analyzing deflection basins with the aid of computer software designed to back-calculate these properties considering the non-linear behavior of the foundation support. The paper outlines the FWD testing procedure and the theoretical frameworks used, including Westergaard's equations for joint and corner analysis and the Method of Equivalent Thicknesses for layer analysis. The importance of accurately determining the foundation support quality at joints and corners and the effectiveness of load transfer across them is emphasized, as these factors significantly influence the pavement's performance and durability. Practical examples and empirical relationships are discussed, linking mechanistic material properties with actual pavement performance to aid in maintenance and rehabilitation decisions. The study underscores the value of FWD data in predicting future pavement conditions, thereby facilitating more informed and cost-effective infrastructure management practices. Overall, this research contributes to the advancement of pavement evaluation techniques, offering valuable insights into the fundamental structural properties of PCC pavements and their practical implications for pavement management systems. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE BLOCK ROADS
Authors: Knapton J.
Published: January 2025

For both lightly trafficked and heavy duty pavements, the paper describes design methods which are being used regularly in the U.K. It is shown that most U.K. pavements are on low CBR subgrades and that relatively few designs can be used for the great majority of projects. It is shown that the design method developed by the Cement & Concrete Association is a good working method for lightly trafficked pavements and produces cost effective pavements. The British Ports Association design method for heavy duty paving is described, for both new pavement design and for strengthening existing pavements. Various civil engineering materials are described and a technique for assessing the suitability of granular subbase materials is suggested. The use of Geoweb materials is discussed and general conclusions are drawn which show that U.K. concrete block paving design methods are now well established and that concrete block paving is being regarded as an orthodox solution for many categories of pavement.
USE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE ACCELERATED HIGH EARLY STRENGTH CONCRETE FOR SLAB REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT
Authors: Bugler John W.
Published: January 2025

A rapid strength developing, full depth patch­ing system, utilizing type III Portland Cement concrete and using calcium chloride as an accelerator is described. Compressive strengths of 3000 psi are achieved in approxi­mately four hours. The temperature of the concrete at the time of placement is 90°F± 5°F. Procedures used to achieve these temperatures are described. Moisture barrier and insulation boards are used to enhance rapid strength development. An explanation of the kinetics of calcium chloride accelerated concrete hydration is presented. Various methods of re-establishing load transfer and cost comparisons between them are discussed.
USE OF THE FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER FOR THE NON-DESTRUCTIVE DEFLECTION TESTING OF JOINTED CONCRETE AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS
Authors: Shahin M. Y.
Published: January 2025

A large portion of airfield pavements is constructed of concrete. Field surveys have shown that the majority of concrete failures occur at or near the joints and corners. This is primarily due to the loss of load transfer across the joints/cracks and loss of foundation support due to pumping. Overlaying a distressed concrete pavement is not always the best solution especially if the cause of distress is not corrected prior to the overlay. This paper presents procedures for evaluating jointed concrete airfield pavements using nondestructive deflection testing (NDT).
VALID RIDE QUALITY EVALUATION OF RIGID PAVEMENTS - CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: Hudson W.R. , Zaniewski J.P. , Halbach D. S.
Published: January 2025

The evaluation of ride quality and/or the measurement of roughness for rigid pavements bas become increasingly important in recent years due to the development of organized pavement management programs; and, currently, due to attempts to establish acceptance standards for ride quality of new concrete pavements in state DOT's. Attention is also given to construction controls of final roughness or ride quality of pavements. The results of this study are applicable to new construction as well as to long­ term monitoring. Considerable effort has been expended in the recent past to improve ride quality evaluation, particularly for rigid pavements. This paper summarizes these efforts and evaluates the specific details of rigid pavements which affect ride quality, particularly joints and joint faulting. The problem is analyzed and the paper outlines the results of major research efforts in Texas since 1975. The results show that root-mean-squared­ vertical-acceleration (RMSVA) can give an effective summary of rigid pavement roughness for use in evaluation.
A COMPUTER PACKAGE FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Huang Yang H.
Published: January 2025

A computer package based on the finite element method was developed for the structural analysis of concrete pavements. The package can be applied to multiple jointed slabs on a liquid, solid or layer foundation. The procedures for developing the package are presented and its capabilities and limitations described. Salient features of the package include the development of an iterative method to reduce the computer storage, the analysis of partial contact by a method of successive approximation, and the consideration of shear and moment transfer across the joints and the looseness of dowel support. Examples are given to illustrate the application of the package to the analysis of concrete pavements.
A MECHANICAL MODEL FOR THE RATIONAL DESIGN OF CRCP
Authors: Nishizawa Tatsuo , Matsuno Saburo , Fukuda Tadashi
Published: January 2025

The design of CRCP can be roughly divided into the two parts. One is the design of steel reinforcement and the other the design of thickness of the concrete slab. The former is related to the transverse cracks due to temperature change and drying shrinkage. The latter is related to the structural response of CRCP to traffic loads. These two parts are interrelated with each other. This paper focuses on the structural response of CRCP to traffic loads. A mechanical model of CRCP by the use of finite element method will be described. In the model, a CRCP plate is divided into rectangular elements which consist of the strips of concrete plate between transverse cracks and the crack elements representing the transverse cracks. A CRCP constructed in Japan is analyzed by the model to verify the applicability of the model.
A TEN YEAR PERFORMANCE SUMMARY OF PC CONCRETE & CONCRETE OVERLAY RESEARCH IN GREEN COUNTY, IOWA
Authors: Knutson M. J.
Published: January 2025

This study provides a comprehensive performance summary of a concrete overlay project conducted in Greene County, Iowa, over a decade, analyzing various types of concrete overlays in terms of durability and effectiveness. Initiated in October 1973, the project evaluated 33 fibrous concrete sections, along with continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP), mesh-reinforced, and plain concrete sections with doweled reinforcement. After ten years, these sections were assessed for deterioration, and their performance was rated by a panel from the original Project Planning Committee, Iowa Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, and others. The evaluation revealed that non-fibrous mesh reinforced and bar reinforced concrete overlays exhibited superior durability and performance compared to fibrous reinforced sections. The study specifically noted that sections with 160 pounds of fiber per cubic yard showed the best performance among fibrous overlays, while increasing cement content from 600 to 750 pounds per cubic yard did not yield significant benefits. Furthermore, it was observed that the 3-inch thick fibrous concrete overlays performed better than 2-inch ones. Despite various efforts, substantial bonding was not achieved in fibrous concrete sections, leading to indeterminate conclusions about the effectiveness of different bonding techniques. Overall, the additional costs of fibrous concrete could not be justified by their performance, making thicker, non-fibrous overlays a more viable option based on this ten-year evaluation. Future studies are planned to continue monitoring these sections to further understand long-term durability and performance. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
COMPUTER MODEL FOR ANALYSIS OF RIGID PAVEMENTS WITH FATIGUE
Authors: Larralde J. , Chen W.F.
Published: January 2025

In this paper, a nonlinear finite element method for analysis of rigid pavements with fatigue is presented. Fatigue damage caused by load repetitions due to traffic deteriorates pavement components so that their stiffness properties decay with time. The modulus of elasticity and strength of concrete decrease as traffic imposes load repetitions stressing and straining the concrete, Microcracking takes place reducing the strength and modulus of elasticity of the concrete slab. The method of analysis proposed herein, takes into account the damaging effect caused on the slab by the repetitive load. The da age is quantified as decay in the stiffness of concrete, amount of cracking, and decay in load transfer efficiency. The computer implementation is based on the computer method ILLISLAB previously developed at the University of Illinois (l). In the method presented herein, the pavement components are assumed to have a stress- or strain-dependent behavior, and the concrete slab is considered as an orthotropic plate.
COMPUTER SIMULATION AND FIELD EVALUATION OF TRANSVERSE JOINTS IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
Authors: Ozbeki M.A. , Kilareski W. P. , Anderson D. A.
Published: January 2025

A methodology for evaluating the condition of portland cement concrete pavement joints by nondestructive deflection testing is presented. A finite element program, JSLAB, was used to conduct a parametric study of the pavement properties that affect deflections and stresses. The modulus of subgrade reaction, K, and the modulus of dowel/concrete interaction, G, were identified as variables that signifi­ cantly affect joint behavior. A chart was developed which can be used to predict the effective K and G for a joint. The absolute deflection of the slab corner, and the effi­ciency of the joint are needed for the evalua­tion. Field measurements made at eight in­ service pavements are presented to illustrate the use of the methodology. An analysis also shows that the modulus of dowel/concrete interaction can have a significant effect on transverse cracking.
CONCRETE BLOCK PAVING IN THE NETHERLANDS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Heijden J.H.A. , Houben L.J.M.
Published: January 2025

Concrete block paving has become a dominant method for constructing flexible pavements in the Netherlands, especially in built-up areas with frequent repaving needs due to underground infrastructure maintenance. Traditionally, these pavements were based on a sand sub-base. However, recent advancements in pavement design have led to the adoption of a combined granular material and sand sub-base, catering to areas with heavy traffic and aiming for enhanced durability. This article explores the evolution of concrete block paving in the Netherlands, highlighting the transition from hand-paving methods to mechanical installation to improve labor conditions and reduce costs. It delves into the development of a new design method that calculates the expected lifespan of a pavement based on permissible rut depth, incorporating the effects of traffic loading and progressive stiffening of the pavement layers. A significant part of the article discusses the introduction and benefits of mechanical paving machines, which have revolutionized the paving process, making it faster and more cost-effective. These machines have also facilitated better working conditions for paviors, a necessity given the physically demanding nature of their work. Additionally, the article covers the establishment of a pavement management system designed to optimize maintenance schedules based on visual inspections and lifespan calculations. This system is crucial for efficient resource allocation and prolonging the service life of pavements. The findings and methodologies presented here are essential for future research and application in the field of pavement engineering, particularly in regions facing similar challenges as the Netherlands in terms of traffic conditions and maintenance needs. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT)
CONCRETE OVERLAY DESIGNS FOR AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS
Authors: Chou Y. T.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the concrete overlay design procedures now used by the US Army Corps of Engineers. Methodologies developed at the US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station to evaluate the load-carrying capability of existing pavements and to design the overlay using nondestructive testing techniques are also presented.
CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Ames Wallace H.
Published: January 2025

This paper is a discussion of the design, performance, and rehabilitation of concrete pavement on the California State Highway System. Current design standards for both new pavement construction and rehabilitation are included. A discussion of the latest design standards for structure approach pave­ment is also included. Specific design guidelines, standards, and specifications for the design of new pavement, structure approach pavement, and pavement rehabilitation are available from the author.
CONCRETE PAVEMENT EVALUATION SYSTEM (COPES)-­ NATIONWIDE PREDICTION MODEL DEMONSTRATION
Authors: Darter Michael I. , Becker John M. , Snyder Mark B.
Published: January 2025

Predictive models were developed for pumping, faulting, cracking, joint deterioration and present serviceability rating (PSR) using data collected in six states on 418 individual pavement sections representing 1305 miles of jointed concrete pavement in a wide variety of climates and designs. Results showed that it is possible to develop fairly comprehensive life prediction models using data from inservice concrete pavements. These models provide valuable insight to improve concrete pavement design, construction, maintenance and rehabilitation.
A MECHANISTIC BASED DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Zollinger Dan G. , Barenberg E. J.
Published: January 2025

This study introduces a mechanistic-based design procedure tailored for jointed concrete pavements, encompassing both jointed plain (JPCP) and jointed reinforced (JRCP) types, primarily developed for Illinois' pavements but adaptable to various regions. The design methodology focuses on preventing transverse cracking through fatigue analysis, which takes into account stresses induced by traffic loads and temperature gradients. Utilizing equivalent damage ratios and considering various environmental factors, material properties, and shoulder types, the procedure calculates fatigue damage to determine pavement longevity. Moreover, the document discusses the influence of joint spacing, reinforced with the goal of mitigating slab cracking by optimizing joint layout, thereby enhancing pavement performance. The procedure is validated through finite element model ILLI-SIAB, allowing for nuanced analysis of pavements under different conditions, including the effect of stabilized subbases on stress and deflection. This comprehensive approach to pavement design is showcased through example calculations, demonstrating its potential to guide the development of more durable concrete pavements with tailored thickness and joint configurations to accommodate specific traffic and environmental conditions. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
A True Dynamic Method for Nondestructive Testing of Rigid Pavements with Overlays
Authors: Anderson Mark , Drnevich Vincent P.
Published: January 2025

This study presents a new method for dynamically evaluating rigid pavements with overlays, utilizing a vibratory nondestructive testing device, a dynamic signal analyzer, and a microcomputer. The method employs a FORTRAN program, GREEN-MA, which calculates dynamic structural responses of layered systems to harmonic loads using Green's functions. A modified backcalculation algorithm, COMDEF, incorporates dynamic deflections to quickly and accurately perform true dynamic backcalculations. Dynamic theory enhances data utilization from a single test, expanding the dataset to include phase shifts between sensors. This allows for the creation of a "real time" deflection basin, offering a snapshot of the pavement's deflection at a specific moment. The method addresses the challenges posed by evaluating pavements overlain with asphaltic concrete, for which traditional evaluation methods may lead to underdesign or overdesign due to the invisibility of the underlying rigid layer condition. The proposed dynamic evaluation method significantly improves the assessment of pavement structural condition, providing more reliable data for estimating remaining life and allowable loads. It demonstrates the importance of true dynamic analysis over traditional quasi-static approaches, particularly in handling the complexities of pavements with overlays. The study underscores the benefits of incorporating phase data and advances in signal analysis technology to enhance the accuracy and utility of nondestructive pavement testing. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
AN ELEVEN-YEAR EVALUATION OF ARIZONA'S PRESTRESSED PAVEMENT
Authors: Peshkin David G. , Mueller Amy L. , Smith Kurt D. , Darter Michael I.
Published: January 2025

This study evaluates the performance of a post-tensioned prestressed concrete pavement (PCCP) section on the Superstition Freeway in Phoenix, Arizona, eleven years post-construction. Originally designed to address joint-related distresses common in jointed concrete pavements, the prestressed pavement concept applies continuous compressive stress to counteract flexural stresses, theoretically improving durability and smoothness. The Arizona Department of Transportation's experiment involved various secondary factors, including polyethylene sheet layers between the base and slab and varied slab lengths. Through extensive evaluation, including visual distress surveys, deflection testing, and roughness measurements, the study provides insights into the performance and durability of the prestressed pavement compared to conventional concrete pavements. Findings indicate that while prestressed pavements hold promise for enhanced performance through reduced joint-related distresses, practical challenges in construction and maintenance have impacted their overall effectiveness. The experimental section exhibited significant distress, particularly at gap slabs and joints, alongside a high degree of roughness and longitudinal cracking. These issues were compounded by extreme traffic loads far exceeding design expectations, leading to accelerated deterioration. The evaluation underscores the necessity for improved construction practices, design modifications, particularly around gap slabs and joints, and further research to harness the full potential of prestressed concrete pavements. Despite the high initial costs and maintenance challenges, the study acknowledges the potential for cost savings and performance benefits in specific applications, suggesting a continued role for prestressed pavements in future infrastructure projects. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
AN EVALUATION PROCEDURE FOR RIGID AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS
Authors: Bush Albert J. , Brown Randall W. , Bailey Charles E.
Published: January 2025

The evaluation of rigid airfield pavements is essential for ensuring their structural integrity under the heavy loads imposed by aircraft. Traditional methods, which often involve destructive testing, can cause significant operational disruptions. This paper presents a nondestructive testing (NDT) approach utilizing the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) to assess pavement conditions rapidly and effectively without compromising airfield operations. Developed by the U.S. Air Force Engineering and Services Center (AFESC) and the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, this methodology leverages wave propagation and surface deflection techniques to evaluate pavement structural health. The FWD method has proven superior in terms of speed, data quality, and operational efficiency. It enables the rapid collection of data points with high repeatability, reducing manpower requirements and enhancing the identification of potential failure points within the pavement structure. Additionally, the FWD's ability to measure load transfer across jointed concrete slabs offers a significant advantage in assessing pavement performance under aircraft loads. This paper outlines the development of the evaluation procedure, including the selection of the FWD system, the theoretical basis of the method rooted in multi-layered linear elastic theory, and the practical application of this approach in field conditions. A case study at Grissom Air Force Base, Indiana, illustrates the procedure's application, demonstrating its effectiveness in determining the structural capacity of heavily loaded airfield pavements and guiding maintenance and repair decisions. This innovative NDT approach marks a significant advancement in airfield pavement evaluation, offering a more efficient and less intrusive method for maintaining the structural integrity of critical aviation infrastructure. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
AN EXPANDED EVALUATION OF ARIZONA'S TEN MILE CONCRETE TEST ROADWAY
Authors: Mueller Paul E. , Scofield Larry A.
Published: January 2025

This paper describes the performance of the Superstition Freeway (State Route 360) located near Phoenix, Arizona,U.S.A .. The construction of this Freeway marked the beginning of a new era in the design philosophies of the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) with regard to portland cement concrete pavements. It was the start of what became a ten-mile corridor of experimental test sections. The corridor consisted of seven sections constructed in one and two mile projects as part of the development of the Superstition Freeway. The experimental sections consist of: - Full-Depth Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP) - JPCP Over Cement Treated Base (CTB) - JPCP Over Lean Concrete Base (LCB) - Prestressed Concrete Pavement over LCB These pavements have sustained 35% - 50% of their design loadings to date. Performance evaluations based primarily on roughness and skid characteristics are presented along with fault, deflection, and maintenance data. Limited comparisons are made between these sections and the earlier I-17/I-10 JPCP designs. A statistical analysis of ADOT's pavement management inventory data was performed to develop linear models for both roughness and skid properties. The roughness models represent the expected roughness over the twenty year design life. The models representing skid properties could only be developed for the years in which field data was collected.
AN EXPERIMENT WITH POROUS CONCRETE TOP LAYER ON J.C.P.
Authors: Kellersmann G.H. , Smits F.
Published: January 2025

The application of porous asphalt is getting very popular in the Netherlands as it contributes substantially to road-safety and noise-reduction. After laboratory tests and two small-scale experiments in the Netherlands it can be concluded that the results give support to the statement that porous concrete toplayers are a realistic concept.
CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR CONTAINER TERMINALS
Authors: Shi Xiaoping , Yao Zukang
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the development of a con­crete pavement design procedure for container terminals under an overall consideration of the operational conditions and the functional requirements of container handling areas. Two different design criteria are adopted for areas with different usage or loading conditions. Stress analysis was based upon a solution for a free-edged rectangular thick plate on a Wink­ler foundation, taking into account the trans­verse shear deformation and the edge effect, and a comprehensive computer program was deve­loped to produce simplified design charts and tables for stress calculations.
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS RIGID AIRFIELD DESIGN PROCEDURES
Authors: Rollings Raymond S.
Published: January 2025

In 1979 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers introduced an airfield design manual that included design procedures for plain, reinforced, continuously reinforced, steel fiber reinforced, and pre­ stressed concrete airfield pavements. In the intervening ten years additional work has led to changes in some of these procedures and to preparation of two updated design manuals published in 1988. This paper reviews the basis for these changes. Some of the topics covered include revised fatigue relationships for plain and steel fiber reinforced concrete pavements, acceptance of layered elastic design procedures as an alternative to Westergaard procedures, changes to thick ness design for continuously reinforced concrete pavements, and revisions to the jointing criteria for steel fiber reinforced concrete pavements. Some work has not progressed to the point to allow its inclusion in the 1988 manuals and the current status of changes to prestressed and overlay pavement design are presented.