bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intelligence at the Low End of the Curve: Where Are the Racial Differences?
Authors: Grubb Henry Jefferson
Published: March 2007

Countless studies have pointed to the fact that Black- Americans score approximately one standard deviation be low White-Americans, as groups, on standardized tests of intelligence. Certain interpretations of this oft recorded dif ference suggest that the Black race is inherently inferior, genetically, on this dimension of human performance. If this argument were correct, we could expect to see proportion ately more Blacks identified as mentally retarded than Whites (in relation to their total population). This study analyzed data on Black and White population figures for (1) total populations in three Western states and (2) mentally retarded populations in those same states. The results do not uphold the genetic-based assumptions. There was (1) no significant difference between the percentage of Blacks in the total population and the percentage of Blacks in the mentally retarded sample; (2) no difference between the percentage of Whites in the total population and the percen tage of Whites in the mentally retarded sample; and (3) no
The Relationship between Suppressed Anger and Psychosocial Distress in African American Male Adolescents
Authors: Johnson Ernest H. , Greene Anthony
Published: March 2007

The goal of this investigation was to examine the relationship between suppressed anger, somatic symptoms, sleep disturbances, social support, the occurrence of the stressful life events, health risk factors, and the frequent experience of intense feelings of anger among African American male adolescents. The results indicated that African American males who cope with stress and provocations with chronically high levels of suppressed anger have significantly fewer close friends and family members to talk with about their personal problems; their personal problems were also more distressing and related to intense angry reactions. Adolescents who frequently suppress angry feelings reported that their level of comfort and self-esteem was lower while confiding in close friends and family members about their personal problems. Symptoms of cardiovascular arousal, sleep disturbances, and stressful life events were reported more often by adolescents who frequently held in (suppressed) their angry feelings. Similarly, adolescents with high levels of suppressed anger were significantly heavier than African American males with lower levels of suppressed anger. There was also a tendency for other health risk factors (smoking, drinking, blood pressure) to vary as a function of the level of suppressed anger.

It is suggested that psychotherapy with young African American males may be seriously hindered by processes described in this research. However, cognitive-behavioral intervention techniques focusing on lowering the "general" level of anger-hostility and tension while increasing the overt expression of anger and enhancing the development of appropriate strategies for coping with provocations seem useful.
A Preliminary Study of Family Values of the Women of Zimbabwe
Authors: McAdoo Harriette , Rukuni Margaret
Published: March 2007

The values held by women who live in Harare, Zimbabwe were examined as those values were expressed in the proverbs used by the Shona people in Zimbabwe. Proverbs were used earlier with AfricanAmerican women to obtain assessments of values. With the assistance of a panel of experts, 15 proverbs were selected from a book of 1,000 Shona proverbs. The proverbs were found to be equivalent to 15 of the 30 proverbs that had been used in an original list. Women were asked to rate each value according to its importance in their own belief system and as a value to be passed on to their children. They ranked values of caution, hard work perseverance, and delay of gratification as important for them and as important enough to pass on to their children. The use of proverbs was found to be an effective way of getting to the beliefs and values of women from another culture.
Rushton's Defenders and Their Hasty Rejection of the Null Hypothesis
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Z.
Published: March 2007

Rosenthal and Rubin (1985) pointed out that in research on extreme situations (e.g., new treatments for terninally ill patients) any noticeable statistical trend in the desirable direction is valuable. It should be published even if it is of low magnitude and fails to meet our traditional criteria of statistical significance. Their approach is now being misused by those defending Rushton's (1988) "theory" about American Blacks (based on weak trends in excessively suspect data sets). Hasty and eager acceptance of weak, biased, and unrepresentative data as scientific evidence of genetically based and relatively immutable racial differences in human potential amounts to psychological warfare on oppressed racial groups. Similar defamation of vulnerable minorities by Nazi pseudoscientists led to the loss of millions of human lives in the past. Statistical theory classifies similar endeavors as a Type I error (a misleading rejection of the null hypothesis).
Perceptions of Social Networks Among Adolescents From Zimbabwe and the United States
Authors: Harrison Algea O. , Stewart Robert B. , Myambo Kathleen , Teveraishe Clarkston
Published: March 2007

The focus of this project was a cross-cultural examination of adolescents' perceptions of their social support networks. Adolescents between the ages of 13 and 15 in Zimbabwe (n = 132) and the United States (n = 97) completed the Network of Relationships Inventory. Data indicated that in Zimbabwe, adolescents perceived social support as being supplied by a variety of persons from their social network. In contrast, in the United States, adolescents perceived parents and best friends as providers of most social support. In Zimbabwe, adolescents perceived their network members as providing them with a higher degree of intimacy than was perceived by adolescents from the United States, who perceived their network members as providing them with a higher degree of affection. Bestfriends had a more significant role in the lives of adolescentsfrom the United States than in the lives of their counterparts in Zimbabwe. Gender differences were more pronounced among adolescents from the United States as compared to Zimbabwe. Differences were discussed within the framework of social networks functioning to promote competency within one's culture.
Group Differences in African American Adolescents' Achievement-Related Beliefs About Math and Science: An Initial Study
Authors: McClendon Crystal , Wigfield Allan
Published: March 2007

This study examined group differences in the academic achievement beliefs of African American adolescents. The participants (N = 102) were involved in an academic enrichment program. Analyses of variance assessed gender and achievement level differences in the early adolescents' achievement beliefs regarding math and science. Results showed that boys had more positive beliefs about their abilities and expectancies for success in math and science than did girls, and boys valued science more than did the girls. In math, lower achieving females stated that they tried harder than did lower achieving males, and higher achieving males believed they tried harder than did higher achieving females. Higher achieving students valued math and science more than did the lower achieving students. For science, higher achievers believed they tried harder and held more positive beliefs about their science abilities. Students earning higher grades in science were more likely to attribute it to their efforts.
The Ability to Decode Nonverbal Information in African American, African and Afro-Caribbean, and European American Adults
Authors: Bailey Wendy , Nowicki Stephen , Cole Stephen P.
Published: March 2007

To examine the ability of participants from different ethnic backgrounds to accurately interpret the nonverbal behavior of European American adults, African American (n = 39), African and Afro-Caribbean (referred to as international) (n = 17), and European American (n = 38) undergraduate students completed the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy Scale (DANVA). European American participants were found to be more accurate than international and African American participants in identifying emotion in tones of voice and more accurate than international participants in identifying emotion in postures. However, the mean differences became nonsignificant when the effects of acculturation were removed. The results are discussed within the context of the convergence theory of interethnic communication described by Kincaid.
The Persistence of Banditry
Authors: Tiedemann R.G.
Published: March 2007

The bandit appeared both as the enemy of all the people and the helper of the oppressed. He was described as cruel and bloodthirsty, as helpful and noble, as brutal, brave, tender, cowardly, extravagant, immoral, depraved, generous and free [Küther, 1976: 7].
Aggressive Behaviour as Social Interaction
Authors: Bornewasser M. , Mummendey A. , Linneweber V. , Loschper G.
Published: March 2007

This paper on aggressive behaviour as social interaction does not report a complete investigation but presents preliminary ideas concerning the conceptualization of aggressive behaviour.
Teaching Interpersonal Skills
Authors: La Greca Annette M.
Published: March 2007

Peer relationships contribute in an important manner to a child's social-emotional development. The present paper describes a training programme that was designed to improve children's interpersonal functioning with peers. This social skills training programme covers eight skill areas found to be important for successful peer relationships. The training procedures and content of the sessions are delineated, and suggestions for implementing the programme in a school setting are offered.
Editorial: Learning Problems with Old and Not-So-New Innovations
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: March 2007

Despite economic recessions throughout the world, the needs of learning disabled or learning handicapped children are of primary consideration to educationists and in particular to psychologists working in schools.
Planning for the Future-or Drifting into It?
Authors: Solheim Ragnar
Published: March 2007

How will the practice of school psychology look two decades from now? With what degree of probability is it possible to give a valid description of typical practice in school psychology in the year 2000? What premises do these predictions depend on? One purpose of raising global, complex questions like these would be to initiate processes of inquiry and reflection on the future aims and developments of school psychology. Where do we want professional practice to move? What aspects of professional role functions do we want to be strengthened and which ones weakened?
Investigating Ethnic Prejudices among Boys and Girls in a Therapeutic Community for Maladjusted Children and Modifying Some Prejudices
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: March 2007

The present study replicates that carried out at the Children's Village at Dobbs Ferry, New York. Here ethnic prejudices are studied between black, white and hispanic boys aged 8 to 13, using the Comfortable Inter-Personal Distance Scale (CID). A similar but shorter scale, the Lowenstein Inter-Personal Tolerance Inventory (LITI), is constructed from 10 items. The scale measures racial and other tolerance levels. The test was administered four times to 40 children (20 boys and 20 girls), aged 9 to 16, to discover whether inter-personal tolerance increases, decreases or remains stable following a period of inter-racial contact in a paternalistic but quasi-democratic regime based on a high degree of individual justice and racial tolerance. The experimental group increased in racial/ personal tolerance in general, and this was maintained and increased as the period of assessment continued. It was also indicated by the small number of children leaving the community and returning for assessment. Strong leadership, staff backing and warm but firm treatment of the children, while modifying prejudices and including the children in regular formal and informal discussions, were seen as the primary reasons for greater changes in the experimental than in the control groups.
Training Parents of Disabled Children to Be Educational Partners
Authors: Leach D. J. , Swerissen H.
Published: March 2007

A training course (PEPs) is described, which is designed to teach parents how to be effective direct instructors of, and advocates for, their developmentally disabled children. Long-term maintenance of post-course parent involvement suggests that the programme-centred and ecological nature of the course overcomes many problems associated with parental training. Successful application of effective instructional programmes also leads to longterm acceleration of children's gains in basic academic and language skills. Results from a group using a direct-instruction language programme are presented, plus some results of advocacy training. Parent training such as PEPs is seen as a means of redressing the current imbalance between consumers and service-deliverers in their influence on the quality and type of programmes offered for developmentally disabled children.
School Psychology in Hong Kong
Authors: Hu Sherman , Oakland Thomas , Salili Farideh
Published: March 2007

This review examines the current status and future directions of educational psychology in Hong Kong. General and special education, the development of the educational psychology programme and the training, regulation and continuing education of educational psychologists are described. Typical services and research performed by these psychologists are also presented. Problems encountered by this profession are raised and future directions are predicted. Finally, possible future changes in educational psychology resulting from the return of Hong Kong from Britain to the People's Republic of China in 1997 are discussed briefly.
Development of an Effective Role for Educational Psychologists in Helping Teachers Reduce Disruption
Authors: Kearney David , Chisholm Barry , Knight Grenville , Little Howard , Morris Susan
Published: March 2007

This article describes how an in-service course for educational psychologists led to the development of a package of flexible materials designed to help teachers reduce disruptive behaviour. The history of the package, known as Preventive Approaches to Disruption (PAD), is outlined within the context of a particular form of advanced professional training. The underlying assumptions of PAD are made clear and its contents described together with some suggested ways in which the package may be used. The article ends with a discussion of the value of this kind of approach to the work of educational psychologists with schools.
The Effect of Teachers Self-concept on the Accuracy of Their Ratings of Pupils'Self-concepts
Authors: Itskowitz Rivka , Navon Rachel , Strauss Helen
Published: March 2007

The aim of the present study is to investigate the relation between teachers' self-concept and their ability to evaluate accurately the self-concepts of pupils toward whom they feel attachment, indifference or rejection. The sample consisted of 20 teaclhers who assigned students from their classes into three closeness groups - 'attached', 'indifference', and 'rejection'. These students completed a self-concept measure and their teacher completed these measures as they thought their students would. The teachers also completed the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. Analysis revealed that, on the whole, accuracy in evaluation of students' self-concept was positively correlated with measures of teachers' self-concept for the attached and indifference groups, particularly in the areas of students' self-concept dealing with home. For the areas of study, most of the correlations were non-significant, especially those of the indifference and rejection groups. Some explanations concerning teachers' defences were suggested.
An Advocacy Model for the School Psychologist
Authors: Svec Henry J.
Published: March 2007

School dropouts, when compared to attending students, display similar levels of academic achievement and school performance, and differing patterns of social ability, family stressors and attitudes toward injustice in the classroom. The literature also suggests that schools may discriminate against the disadvantaged dropout, that programs designed to address individual differences between dropouts and attenders are inadequate, and that government employment programs are shortterm solutions to long-term problems. Utilizing an advocacy-based approach may be effective in the prevention of high school dropout. A model of advocacy for the school psychologist is presented which attempts to minimize conflicts with school administration, yet serves the best interests of the child.
The Crisis Moment
Authors: Catone William V. , Schatz Mary T.
Published: March 2007

The following paper describes the implementation of a school postvention suicide policy after the self-inflicted deaths of four adolescents in less than two months. The authors discuss the realities of implementing a crisis response program, including verification of death, mobilization of a crises team, notification of staff and students and identification of those highly at risk. Emphasis is then placed upon the formation and maintenance of natural groups to facilitate student involvement during the crisis. The authors view this intervention process by interfacing a model of the group life cycle with a description of the grief process.
Autism
Authors: Phelps Leadelle , Grabowski Jo-ANNE
Published: March 2007

International school psychologists play an important professional role in providing early diagnostic, consultative and treatment-planning services for autistic children and their families. Recent advances in our understanding of this complex disorder necessitates updating professionals in the etiology and treatment of autism. The article describes components of making a differential diagnosis of autism from developmental language/speech disorders, mental retardation and schizophrenia. Etiological theories based on recent neurobiological data are outlined and the psychometric properties of cognitive ability and behavioral rating instruments frequently used with this population are delineated. Specific innovative educational and pharmacological treatment approaches are reviewed.
Development of an Adolescent Stress Scale for Use by School Counsellors
Authors: Bagley Christopher
Published: March 2007

The development of a measure of adolescent stress is described and data on the scale from a study of 369 students aged 14-16 attending two junior high schools in western Canada are provided. The component of the scale measuring physical and sexual abuse, and abuse of alcohol and drugs in self and others had high and significant correlations with measures of depression, impaired selfesteem and suicidal ideas and behaviour. The use of the adolescent stress measure for screening secondary school populations is advocated.
Teacher-Student Discordance
Authors: Johnson Genevieve Marie , Johnson Julia Ann
Published: March 2007

While most school systems engage in some type of kindergarten screening in order to identify students at risk ofearly school and learning problems, the predictive accuracy ofsuch screening programs has been inadequate. Many young students designated at risk of encountering school difficulties, for example, actually go on to realize satisfactory school achievement. The variables that interact with risk status to result in satisfactory versus unsatisfactory student achievement, consequently, require exploration. A sample of at-risk kindergarten students was identified and profiled in terms of a wide range of descriptive characteristics. The following September, the receiving first-grade teachers of these at-risk students were identified and profiled in terms of their interpretation ofthe educational relevance of the same descriptive items. Arithmetic comparison ofteacher-student profile dyads resulted in measures ofTeacher-Student (T-S) Discordance, conceptualized as the incompatibility between teacher and student. It was found that at-risk students who received negative teacher recommendations were characterized by more T-S Discordance than at-risk students who received neutral or positive teacher recommendations.
Theories of Autism
Authors: Jordan Rita , Libby Sarah , Powell Stuart
Published: March 2007

This paper describes three theoretical positions relating to the difficulty in understanding the minds of others which is typically experienced by individuals with autism. Each ofthe competing theories is examined in terms of its implications for classroom practice rather than its veracity. Arguments for an approach to teaching that involves diagnosis and recognition of difficulties at a psychological rather than a merely behavioural level are revisited and extended in the light of the earlier discussions.
Profile Analysis with the Wechsler Scales
Authors: Bray Melissa A. , Kehle Thomas J. , Hintze John M.
Published: March 2007

Despite the overwhelming evidence that mitigates against the use of profile analysis, the practice of diagnosing specific cognitive or processing disabilities continues. The reason that profile analysis remains popular is probably because school psychologists are simply unfamiliar with the literature. They have a difficult time understanding the notion of g, along with its implications. Generally, the users of profile analysis assume that because the IQ tests, particularly the WISC scales, generate scores from subtests that differ in content, they must be measuring different types of cognitive abilities, and therefore the profile of these cognitive abilities should be diagnostically important. Finally, they find profile analysis more socially acceptable in that it implies the existence of multiple intelligences. The notion that a single IQ score captures all that is meaningful and practical about the IQ test is simply not acceptable, regardless of evidence to the contrary.
Supervision and Mentoring for Professional Employment
Authors: Crespi Tony D. , Fischetti Barbara A. , Lopez Paula Gill
Published: March 2007

This article is intended to provide the internship supervisor and advanced graduate student in school psychology with a resource and guide for preparing for professional employment. While the preparation for employment occurs throughout graduate education, final preparatory steps are critical to employment: (1) preparing a portfolio, (2) developing a resume, (3) providing sample psychological reports, (4) interviewing, (5) securing references, and (6) making application for certification. Information is provided on each area, with a sample cover letter and resume included for the emerging school psychologist.
Bullying among Italian Middle School Students
Authors: Baldry Anna Costanza
Published: March 2007

This article illustrates the relevance of combining methods to understand bullying. The aim of the study was twofold. First, to measure the prevalence of bullying in a middle school in Rome by administering a self-report questionnaire. Second, to understand and interpret the results of the questionnaire by adopting a qualitative method. Combining methods can be a useful research method to validate quantitative results and further investigate complex social problems such as bullying in school. Results from the structured questionnaire revealed that a high proportion of students reported being victims, bullies or both. To disclose some of the causes and possible explanations of the onset and persistence of these behaviours, a focus group discussion with students was then conducted. According to the students, the bully harasses others to gain a social status and affiliation to a group and to dominate the weaker members. Some victims, in order to defend themselves, start picking on weaker peers, thereby reinforcing the cycle of violence. Bullying should be stopped, but punishing the perpetrator is unlikely to solve the problem. Victims should be helped to find someone they trust to talk to without fear of being threatened or blamed.
Psychology in School-Based Prevention, Early Intervention, Treatment and Abstinence Maintenance
Authors: Sharp Robbie N. , McLaughlin Robert J. , McClanahan Kimberly K.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines factors to consider when planning prevention, treatment or abstinence maintenance interventions for drug abuse, especially marijuana abuse, in the schools. It discusses the literature on the effectiveness of anti-drug campaigns on drug use, reviews the spectrum of mental health interventions, discusses the ramifications for their use in schools' work to intervene in drug use, provides examples of programming and examines roles that utilize psychologists to impact marijuana use in schools through prevention, early intervention, treatment and abstinence maintenance. Much of the school-based prevention and intervention literature is generic on the subject of 'drugs'. We have tried to be specific to marijuana use when possible; however, few programs targeted only marijuana, many targeted alcohol and other drug use.
Codetermination in Sweden: Myth and Reality
Authors: Levinson Klas
Published: March 2007

There has been a shift in Swedish labour relations in favour of more bipartite decision-making at the workplace level. Drawing mainly on primary sources (especially survey studies from 1998, 1996 and 1984), this article examines two aspects of codetermination: the effects on the management of corporations, and employees' position and their degree of influence. Data from the surveys indicate that codetermination on the whole has been well received and handled by both managers and unionists and local actors show a high level of 'participative skill'.
Developing an Explanatory Framework for the Demise of a Women's Committee
Authors: Foley Janice
Published: March 2007

This article describes the rise and fall over a 25-year period ending in 1998 of a women's committee. It was situated within a provincial teaching federation in Canada that sought to improve the status of women within the federation and the educational system. Using qualitative research methods, a tentative model of direct and indirect influences on committee outcomes was developed. Findings suggest that the committee's demise resulted from action taken by the leadership with the approval of the membership, to contain a perceived threat to federation solidarity. The perceptual processes underlying assessments of threat require further study.
Participation in Enterprise Management: Bogged Down Concepts
Authors: Roca Santiaao , Retour Didier
Published: March 2007

On the basis of the definitions of 30 theorists and researchers in the field of social sciences, the principal aspects of participation in enterprise management are examined. The numerous divergences and contradictions existing between the authors as well as the inflexibility of certain currents of thought are exposed. The foundations for an alternative approach to participation in enterprise management based on the concept of 'affectation' are presented in the last part of the paper.
Papers
Authors: Figa Jozef
Published: March 2007

The article analyses the social forces and processes which have led to recent developments in Poland, i.e. social crisis and the emergence of Solidarity. Arguments focus on responses to the cycles of economic failure and political repression. These failures led to the loss of legitimacy of consecutive ruling groups. However, the forms of protest which took place prior to 1976 were rooted in the lack of experience of the Polish working class, its social characteristics, and its isolation from other social strata that were involved in separate protests of another sort. The appearance on the scene of the first generation of Poles brought up in the industrialized country, the past experiences of all Poles, and the emergence of the Committee for Workers' Defence (KOR) as a bridge between various strata and segments of the society were the crucial forces facilitating the organization of Polish society following the 1976 strikes.
Who are the Health Workers? Patients and Other Unpaid Workers in Health Care
Authors: Stacey Margaret
Published: March 2007

Conventional theories of the division of labour and of the professions have failed adequately to deal with two important facets: namely, the work done by the client in service industries and that service work is done in both public and domestic domains. This article, using empirical evidence, argues that the patient should be included as a health worker if analyses are to transcend the views, time and culture of dominant participants. To include the unpaid as well as the paid workers involves analyses of the gender order, for the majority of unpaid workers are doing health work in the domestic domain and are women, while the majority of prestigious professionals are men. Concurrently issues of stratification among the paid workers have to be remembered including issues of race.
The Rationality of Caring
Authors: Waerness Kari
Published: March 2007

In order to find better models for caregiving work, an analysis of the concept of caring is developed in this article. The focus is on caring for dependents and it is argued that this kind of caring, typically a responsibility for women, is based on a specific kind of rationality. 'Rationality of caring' is different from scientific rationality which is aimed at controlling the environment. It also transcends the categories of rationality and instrumentality as opposed to emotions and expressiveness. It is suggested that the search for new models of organizing the public care system must pay attention to the specific qualities inherent in caregiving work.
Systems Analysis and Industrial Relations: Double Paradox in the Development of American and British Industrial Relations Theory
Authors: Roche William K.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the emergence of a distinct theoretical tradition in Industrial Relations, as represented by John T. Dunlop's theory of industrial relations systems. The author critically appraises the debate engendered by Dunlop's theory and argues that the theory's many 'rehabilitators' have failed to provide a cogent reformulation. The author concludes that Dunlop's 'industrial relations system' is of little theoretical utility. However, he also suggests that what he calls the 'forgotten theory' in Dunlop's Industrial Relations Systemns may well turn out to be of greater significance than that part of his thought which has received major attention.
Public Ownership: Economizing Democracy or Democratizing Economy?
Authors: Kenis Patrick
Published: March 2007

The article addresses the question of possibilities of democratizing institutional decision-making units which are characterized by autonomy from traditional political organs, and strong inner coordination. After having illustrated that in some cases public ownership takes such an institutional form, the article tries to answer the question of its democratic character through a review of several traditional theories of democracy. The conclusion of this review is that public enterprise institutions are undemocratic; this is not due to their public character but to their institutional structure. Consequently, it is argued that the democratic quality of institutional structures should not be judged by standards developed at other levels of analysis, i.e. the organizational or societal one. Therefore, an alternative approach to develop standards for the democratic character of the institutional or meso-level is presented.
Changing the Workplace to Fit Human Needs: The Norwegian Work Environment Act
Authors: Often Mike
Published: March 2007

In the late 1970s, Norway established the Work Environment Act which was aimed towards overall improvement of the workplace as well as traditional health and safety issues. The law, which probably remains the most ambitious in the world, is part of a more general movement to empower workers. It broadly defines health to include mental well-being. The scope of the law and its decentralized implementation stands in sharp contrast to its American counterpart, the Occupational Safety and Health Act. So far the law has met with moderate, measurable success, but its long-range implications may be even more important. It could be an organizational 'revolution in slow motion'.
Leaving Lean? Recent Changes in the Production Organization of some Japanese Car Plants
Authors: Benders Jos
Published: March 2007

Labour market shortages in Japan have reportedly led car manufacturers to change the well-known lean production system into a more 'worker-friendly' system. Based on empirical material and secondary sources, an overview of measures taken by Toyota, Nissan, Honda and Mazda is presented. Among other things, it is concluded that Toyota seems to have adopted some significant and enduring changes in its production policy. The measures, the likelihood that they will be continued and the influence of Western production concepts on them are discussed.
Women and the Cooperative Provision of Care: The Example of the 'Fukushi Club' in Japan
Authors: Lord Anita , Mellor Mary
Published: March 2007

The provision of personal care has become a critical problem for industrial countries. The care crisis particularly affects women as the main providers of care and the main receivers of care among the elderly. This paper looks at a model of cooperative care provided by the Fukushi Club, set up by the Seikatsu Club Consumers' Cooperative in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It asks whether the Fukushi Club is successful in its aims of empowering both care receiver and care provider; recognizing the 'shadow work' of women in the provision of care; and establishing a sustainable model of cooperative care.
From a Logic Perspective to a Paradox Perspective in the Analysis of an EmployeeOwned Company
Authors: Westenholz Ann
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the methodological question of how the researcher tackles the problem of only having access to empirical data through social interpretation processes (a second order social constructivism). It is argued that researchers can learn new aspects about an organization by replacing a logic perspective, predominant within western research, with a paradox perspective on the analysis of the organization. A paradox perspective rests on the assumption that mutually exclusive phenomena exist in the organization. This article describes the four phases of analysis which were developed when a paradox perspective was applied to analyse development at an employee-owned Danish newspaper.
Fear of Intimacy among Dating Couples
Authors: Thelen Mark H. , Vander Wal Jillon S. , Thomas Ann Muir , Harmon Robert
Published: March 2007

Fear of intimacy among heterosexual dating couples was examined with the Fear-of-Intimacy Scale (FIS) and the Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships (PAIR). Following a 6-month interval, couples were again contacted to determine whether they continued to date. Males reported higher FIS scores than females, and FIS scores were positively correlated within couples. Also, FIS scores of males and females were significantly correlated with indices of actual and desired intimacy; however, for females, correlations of FIS scores with desired intimacy were significantly lower than correlations with actual intimacy. Females who were no longer in the dating relationship at the 6-month follow-up had higher FIS scores than those who were continuing in their dating relationship. These findings increase our understanding of fear of intimacy, especially gender differences in dating couples.
Respiratory Psychophysiology in Hypertension Research
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: March 2007

The pathogenesis of hypertension results from an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Behavioral factors might participate in sodium sensitive forms of hypertension via a cascade of physiological responses triggered by conditioned inhibition of breathing. When an individual decreases ventilation sufficient to increase pCO2 but not sufficient to activate chemoreceptor reflexes, plasma pH decreases transiently to stimulate a renal mechanism that can expand plasma volume via sodium retention. The combination of high resting pCO2 and high sodium intake elevates resting blood pressure in laboratory animals and healthy human participants. In the natural environment, this mechanism seems to be more important for the development of hypertension in women than in men, perhaps due to differential expression of anger and aggression. Studies are needed to clarify the role of breathing pattern in individual differences in resting pCO2 and the effects of breathing interventions on salt sensitivity and sodium sensitive forms of hypertension.
Promoting Gasoline Conservation
Authors: Hake Don F. , Foxx Richard M.
Published: March 2007

This research systematically replicated a previous procedure for reducing driving and extended it in ways intended to increase its potential for wide use. Two groups, Reinforcement and Self-Recording, received a month-long experimental condition counterbalanced by two month-long baselines. As in the previous study, Reinforcement group subjects received individual monetary prizes scaled in terms of percent reduction in miles driven. The systematic replication confirmed the previous result (20% reduction) and provided a more stringent test than previously. The subjects (college students) were more representative of the general population and there were more checks on possible rule violations. The use of a weekly fixed-interval reinforcement schedule contingency, as well as reinforcement per se, the first extension, increased short-term control. A second extension was the sizable effect of a leader. Half of the Reinforcement group was from the second author's class and half was from a nonparticipating instructor's class. When the leader variable was combined with self-recording of driving mileage, the third extension, the Self-Recording group averaged a 10% reduction even though the monetary prizes were solely for record keeping. All components of the present study could be combined and implemented in an industrial or institutional setting where the leader exists naturally.
Retarded Children as Observers, Mediators, and Generalization Programmers Using an Icing Procedure
Authors: Drabman Ronald S. , Ross James M. , Lynd R. Sterling , Cordua Glen D.
Published: March 2007

A profoundly retarded blind child, engaging in mild forms of self-injurious behavior, was treated using other retarded children as mediators and generalization programmers. In the first phase, three retarded children served as observers and mediators in an icing (placing an ice cube in the target child's mouth and simultaneously holding his hands down while counting to three) procedure designed to decrease the shirt and/or finger sucking-chewing behavior of a retarded schoolmate. Results indicated that the procedure was effective but did not generalize outside of a 30-minute treatment session. In a second generalization programming phase, observations were taken every 71/2 minutes through the entire day. After baseline, the retarded peers were brought in for five 10-minute periods spaced throughout the day. During these periods they delivered icing contingent upon their schoolmate's shirt and/or finger sucking-chewing behavior. Results demonstrated that 50 minutes of icing led to generalization throughout the entire 8-hour day.
Feedback Influenced EMG Changes in Stroke Patients
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. , Malone Daniel R. , Cunningham Jerry
Published: March 2007

Two single case studies are presented to analyze the relationship between feedback and upper extremity muscle change in poststroke paretic patients. In Study I a patient was provided feedback for increasing extensor digitorium (hand) activity in an ABABAB design. Results indicated reliable increases in muscle activity when feedback was available, and decreases when feedback was removed. The effects of instructions to tense the bicep muscle and feedback for biceps activity were compared each session for a second patient in Study II. In addition, two sessions were used to analyze the effects of cross conduction, or the opposite bicep contracting, and volume conduction, the adjacent tricep contracting, as factors in increasing biceps activity in the paretic arm. Results showed reliably better performance during feedback than during instructions, and performance during the control conditions was sufficient to rule out cross or volume conduction as contributing factors in paretic bicep activity.
Adolescent Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Elder John P. , Edelstein Barry A. , Narick Marianne M.
Published: March 2007

Socially appropriate means of interrupting, requesting behavior change, and responding to negative communication were trained within a multiple baseline design to modify the aggressive behavior of four adolescent psychiatric patients. Dependent measures included qualitative ratings of responses in these three behavior classes. Such training resulted in increased social appropriateness of responses to role played treated scenes and generalization scenes. Generalization of treatment effects to behavior in extra-treatment settings was demonstrated. Finally, reductions in the number of token economy fines and times in seclusion, and more than six months of successful community tenure were noted for the majority of subjects. The expedience of replacing aggressive behavior with socially appropriate alternative operants rather than merely punishing aggressive responses is discussed.
Use of Behavioral Therapy and Imipramine
Authors: Foa Edna B. , Steketee Gail , Groves Gerald
Published: March 2007

A case of obsessive-compulsive neurosis with severe depression was treated by the combined use of (1) exposure and response prevention and (2) imipramine. While compulsive rituals disappeared after three weeks of behavioral treatment, obsessions and depression diminished only after the introduction of imipramine. The patient remained asymptomatic at a follow-up of six months. The relationship between depression and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, as well as the optimal order in which behavioral and pharmacological interventions are introduced, is discussed.
Training Mentally Retarded Adults to Make Emergency Telephone Calls
Authors: Risley Ritamarie , Cuvo Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

Training mentally retarded persons to make emergency telephone calls is an important community survival skill. A task analysis for making telephone calls to three emergency parties (fire, police, and doctor) was performed and its content validity established. A series of four antecedent conditions, ordered from less to more direct assistance, was used to teach all component responses to three retarded adults. A multiple baseline across subjects was used to demonstrate experimental control. Additionally, the multiple baseline across responses strategy was incorporated to examine for generalization across the three response types. During training, subjects' skill acquisition was gradual but positively accelerated. When the training criterion was met for the first emergency party called, stimulus generalization occurred to the other emergency persons not yet trained. A one-to two-week postcheck showed excellent maintenance of the skill.
Treatment of Unipolar Depression with Social Skills Training
Authors: Hersen Michel , Bellack Alan S. , Himmelhoch Jonathan M.
Published: March 2007

Five unipolar nonpsychotic female depressives were treated with social skills training consisting of instructions, role-playing, feedback, modeling, positive reinforcement, social perception instruction, correct self-evaluation, and home-work assignments. Each of the five patients received 12 one-hour sessions during the initial treatment phase. Three of the patients were then given maintenance treatment once a month for six months; one patient received maintenance treatment once a month for three months. Self-report scales, psychiatric rating scales, and behavioral measures for depression and assertiveness indicated marked improvements in each of the patients. Data adduced suggest that this social skills treatment package appears to be effective in ameliorating both the interpersonal and vegetative signs of unipolar nonpsychotic depression.
A Cognitive Social Skills Training Program
Authors: Combs Melinda L. , Lahey Benjamin B.
Published: March 2007

The generalized effects of a social skills training package based on self-instruction and on the social deficits of isolated children were evaluated in a multiple baseline design across subjects. Three preschool children were recommended by teachers as having extreme social withdrawal and were observed during free play in their classrooms. Daily ten-minute classroom free-play observations of four social behaviors in the experimenter's absence were conducted through all phases of the study. Two hour-long social skills training sessions were conducted with each child, practicing a series of graduated social encounters. Expectancy control sessions were conducted with the children not receiving training at that time. Follow-up observations were conducted with two of the children. The results indicated little generalized effect on any of the social behaviors for any subject. These data call into question the clinical utility of cognitive social skills training procedures as they are currently practiced.
An Evaluation of Major Components in a Self-Control Therapy Program for Depression
Authors: Rehm Lynn P. , Kornblith Sander J. , O'Hara Michael W. , Lamparski Danuta M. , Romano Joan. M. , Volkin Janice I.
Published: March 2007

Five conditions were compared in a study attempting to disassemble a behavioral self-control program previously shown to be effective in the treatment of moderate depression. Conditions were: (1) Self-Monitoring only; (2) Self-Monitoring plus Self-Evaluation; (3) Self-Monitoring plus Self-Reinforcement; (4) the full Self-Control package including Self-Monitoring, Self-Evaluation, and Self-Reinforcement; and (5) a Waiting List Control. Fifty-six volunteer female subjects from the community were screened on MMPI and Research Diagnostic Criteria for moderate, nonpsychotic, nonbipolar depression. Therapy was conducted in seven highly structured weekly 11/2 hour group sessions. Results indicated that all treatment conditions did better than the Waiting List controls on self-report and interviewer rating measures of depression. Only minor differences were found on behavioral observation measures taken in interview and group settings. No consistent effects were found for separate components, with the possible exception of a negative effect for the Self-Evaluation component on some measures. Results are discussed in terms of research strategies for assessing therapy programs.
Blacks' Perceptions of Assertive Behavior
Authors: Keane Terence M. , St. Lawrence Janet S. , Himadi William G. , Graves Kenneth A. , Kelly Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to obtain black subjects' subjective evaluations of videotapes which depicted assertive and unassertive behavior. Three hundred fifty-four black males and females viewed a professionally developed videotape of a black male or a black female who behaved assertively or passively across four common interpersonal situations. Subjects completed a 26-item interpersonal attraction inventory after viewing a single videotape, thus creating a completely crossed factorial design. Factor analyses and multivariate statistical procedures demonstrated that the black subjects perceived assertive behavior as more competent than passive behavior; however, assertive behavior was perceived as less likeable than passive behavior. Sex differences for the models' behavior and the subjects' sex were minimal. Issues of social validation, interpersonal effectiveness, and the generalization of assertion components across cultures are discussed.