bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Varietal effects of eight paired lines of transgenic Bt maize and near‐isogenic non‐Bt maize on soil microbial and nematode community structure
Authors: Griffiths Bryan S. , Heckmann Lars‐Henrik , Caul Sandra , Thompson Jacqueline , Scrimgeour Charlie , Krogh Paul Henning
Published: October 2006

A glasshouse experiment was undertaken to provide baseline data on the variation between conventional maize (Zea mays L.) varieties and genetically modified maize plants expressing the insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis protein (Bt, Cry1Ab). The objective was to determine whether the variation in soil parameters under a range of conventional maize cultivars exceeded the differences between Bt and non‐Bt maize cultivars. Variations in plant growth parameters (shoot and root biomass, percentage carbon, percentage nitrogen), Bt protein concentration in shoots, roots and soil, soil nematode abundance and soil microbial community structure were determined. Eight paired varieties (i.e. varieties genetically modified to express Bt protein and their near‐isogenic control varieties) were investigated, together with a Bt variety for which no near‐isogenic control was available (NX3622, a combined transformant expressing both Bt and herbicide tolerance) and a conventional barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety which was included as a positive control. The only plant parameter which showed a difference between Bt varieties and near‐isogenic counterparts was the shoot carbon to nitrogen ratio; this was observed for only two of the eight varieties, and so was not attributable to the Bt trait. There were no detectable differences in the concentration of Bt protein in plant or soil with any of the Bt‐expressing varieties. There were significant differences in the abundance of soil nematodes, but this was not related to the Bt trait. Differences in previously published soil nematode studies under Bt maize were smaller than these varietal effects. Soil microbial community structure, as determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, was strongly affected by plant growth stage but not by the Bt trait. The experimental addition of purified Cry1Ab protein to soil confirmed that, at ecologically relevant concentrations, there were no measurable effects on microbial community structure.
Suspension‐cultured BY‐2 tobacco cells produce and mature immunologically active house dust mite allergens
Authors: Lienard David , Dinh Olivia Tran , Van Oort Erika , Van Overtvelt Laurence , Bonneau Caroline , Wambre Eric , Bardor Muriel , Cosette Pascal , Didier‐Laurent Alain , De Borne François Dorlhac , Delon Rene , Van Ree Ronald , Moingeon Philippe , Faye Loïc , Gomord Véronique
Published: October 2006

The replacement of crude allergen extracts by selected allergens currently represents a major goal for the improvement of allergy diagnosis and immunotherapy. Indeed, the development of molecularly defined vaccines would facilitate both standardization and enhance batch‐to‐batch reproducibility as well as treatment specificity. In this study, we have investigated the potential of tobacco plant cells to produce biologically active forms of the two major allergens from the house dust mite. A detailed characterization of these plant‐made allergens has shown similar proteolytic maturation and folding as well as comparable immunoreactivity to their natural counterparts. Altogether, our results exemplify that suspension‐cultured BY‐2 tobacco cells represent a low cost and environmentally safe expression system suitable to produce recombinant allergens from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus under a form appropriate for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
The impact of instructional elements in computer‐based instruction
Authors: Martin Florence , Klein James D. , Sullivan Howard
Published: October 2006

This study investigated the effects of several elements of instruction (objectives, information, practice, examples and review) when they were combined in a systematic manner. College students enrolled in a computer literacy course used one of six different versions of a computer‐based lesson delivered on the web to learn about input, processing, storage and output of a computer. The six versions of the program consisted of (1) a full version that contained information plus objectives, practice with feedback, examples and review, (2) a version without objectives, (3) one without examples, (4) one without practice, (5) one without review and (6) a lean version containing information only. Results indicated participants who used one of the four versions of the computer program that included practice performed significantly better on the posttest and had consistently more positive attitudes than those who did not receive practice. Implications for the development of computer‐based instruction are explored.
Combined longitudinal effects of attitude and subjective norms on student outcomes in a web‐enhanced course: A structural equation modelling approach
Authors: Sivo Stephen A. , Pan Cheng‐Chang ‘Sam’ , Hahs‐Vaughn Debbie L.
Published: October 2006

Factors affecting the student use of a course management system in a web‐enhanced course are investigated using the technology acceptance model. Represented in the present study is the second phase of the analysis, with a focus on the causal relationship of subjective norms to student attitudes towards WebCT and their effect on three dependent variables: (1) end‐of‐course grades; (2) online frequency; and (3) future preference to take a web‐enhanced class over a face‐to‐face course. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the measures of the two independent variables across three time periods. Findings suggest that the proposed model fits the data well and that it is useful to model student attitudes and perceived social pressure to understand certain student outcomes. Further recommendations for researchers and practitioners are addressed.
Educational design as a quest for congruence: The need for alternative learning design tools
Authors: Der‐Thanq Chen , Hung David , Wang Yu‐Mei
Published: October 2006

There is a common predicament faced by educational designers, that is, the lack of learning design tools for nontraditional pedagogies of learning. Because of this lack of alternatives, educational designers often use traditional design tools (such as task analysis) in contexts where nontraditional learning activities (such as collaborative projects) are desired. Because the learning goals of objectivist and alternative epistemologies differ, the designed instructional/learning activities do not match the original goals or desired learning outcomes. It is argued that learning design should be understood of as a quest for congruence between learning epistemologies and designs. This paper proposes an analytical framework to help identify the congruence or lack thereof of a learning design. The framework consists of: (1) the employed epistemology and desired learning outcome, (2) focus of analysis, (3) focus of design and (4) the design process. It is hoped that this framework will provide a lever for developing design tools that are more congruent with alternative pedagogies.
Film: State of Cinema Address: 49th San Francisco International Film Festival, 29 April 2006
Authors: SWINTON TILDA
Published: October 2006

Letter to a boy from his mother

Boy, my darling, You asked me the other day, just as you were dropping off, what people's dreams were like before the cinema was invented. You who talk blabberish and chase rabbits in your sleep, hurrumphing like a dog . . . you who never watch television . . . I've been thinking of your question ever since. I have to talk to some people in America about cinema. I'm going there now on the plane and I can't think of anything but your question...
Technological Upgrading under Tariffs and Equivalent Quotas*
Authors: Chiou Jiunn‐rong , Hwang Hong , Mai Chao‐cheng
Published: October 2006

This paper compares the effect of tariffs and that of equivalent quotas on the domestic firm’s production technology choice when it competes with a foreign firm in the domestic market. It is shown that under Bertrand price competition, the ranking of technology under tariff protection and quota protection is ambiguous, as it depends on the relative strength of the strategic vs output effects. The equivalent quota regime can generate a higher‐technology (implying a lower production cost) choice than the tariff regime if the strategic effect dominates the output effect. In contrast, the technology level is necessarily higher under the tariff regime than under the equivalent quota regime when the firms engage in Cournot quantity competition.
A pediatric twin study of brain morphometry
Authors: Wallace Gregory L. , Eric Schmitt J. , Lenroot Rhoshel , Viding Essi , Ordaz Sarah , Rosenthal Michael A. , Molloy Elizabeth A. , Clasen Liv S. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Neale Michael C. , Giedd Jay N.
Published: October 2006

Background:  Longitudinal pediatric neuroimaging studies have demonstrated increasing volumes of white matter and regionally‐specific inverted U shaped developmental trajectories of gray matter volumes during childhood and adolescence. Studies of monozygotic and dyzygotic twins during this developmental period allow exploration of genetic and non‐genetic influences on these developmental trajectories.

Method:  Magnetic resonance imaging brain scans were acquired on a pediatric sample of 90 monozygotic twin pairs, 38 same‐sex dyzygotic twin pairs, and 158 unrelated typically developing singletons. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the additive genetic, common environment, and unique environment effects, as well as age by heritability interactions, on measures of brain volumes from these images.

Results:  Consistent with previous adult studies, additive genetic effects accounted for a substantial portion of variability in nearly all brain regions with the notable exception of the cerebellum. Significant age by heritability interactions were observed with gray matter volumes showing a reduction in heritability with increasing age, while white matter volume heritability increased with greater age.

Conclusion:  Understanding the relative contributions of genetic and nongenetic factors on developmental brain trajectories may have implications for better understanding brain‐based disorders and typical cognitive development.
An fMRI examination of developmental differences in the neural correlates of uncertainty and decision‐making
Authors: Krain Amy L. , Hefton Sara , Pine Daniel S. , Ernst Monique , Xavier Castellanos F. , Klein Rachel G. , Milham Michael P.
Published: October 2006

Background:  Maturation of prefrontal circuits during adolescence contributes to the development of cognitive processes such as decision‐making. Recent theories suggest that these neural changes also play a role in the shift from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) to depression that often occurs during this developmental period. Cognitive models of the development of GAD highlight the role of intolerance of uncertainty (IU), which can be characterized behaviorally by impairments in decision‐making. The present study examines potential developmental differences in frontal regions associated with uncertain decision‐making, and tests the impact of IU on these circuits.

Methods:  Twelve healthy adults (ages 19–36) and 12 healthy adolescents (ages 13–17) completed a decision‐making task with conditions of varied uncertainty while fMRI scans were acquired. They also completed measures of worry and IU, and a questionnaire about their levels of anxiety and certainty during the task.

Results:  Combined group analyses demonstrated significant linear effects of uncertainty on activity within anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Region of interest (ROI)‐based analysis found a significant interaction of group and IU ratings in ACC. Increased IU was associated with robust linear increases in ACC activity only in adolescents. An ROI analysis of feedback‐related processing found that adolescents demonstrated greater activation during incorrect trials relative to correct trials, while the adults showed no difference in neural activity associated with incorrect and correct feedback.

Conclusions:  This decision‐making task was shown to be effective at eliciting uncertainty‐related ACC activity in adults and adolescents. Further, IU impacts ACC activity in adolescents during uncertain decision‐making, providing preliminary support for a developmental model of GAD.
Deficient orthographic and phonological representations in children with dyslexia revealed by brain activation patterns
Authors: Cao Fan , Bitan Tali , Chou Tai‐Li , Burman Douglas D. , Booth James R.
Published: October 2006

Background:  The current study examined the neuro‐cognitive network of visual word rhyming judgment in 14 children with dyslexia and 14 age‐matched control children (8‐ to 14‐year‐olds) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Methods:  In order to manipulate the difficulty of mapping orthography to phonology, we used conflicting and non‐conflicting trials. The words in conflicting trials either had similar orthography but different phonology (e.g., pint‐mint) or similar phonology but different orthography (e.g., jazz‐has). The words in non‐conflicting trials had similar orthography and phonology (e.g., gate‐hate) or different orthography and phonology (e.g., press‐list).

Results:  There were no differences in brain activation between the controls and children with dyslexia in the easier non‐conflicting trials. However, the children with dyslexia showed less activation than the controls in left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45/44/47/9), left inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), left inferior temporal gyrus/fusiform gyrus (BA 20/37) and left middle temporal gyrus (BA 21) for the more difficult conflicting trials. For the direct comparison of conflicting minus non‐conflicting trials, controls showed greater activation than children with dyslexia in left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 9/45/46) and medial frontal gyrus (BA 8). Children with dyslexia did not show greater activation than controls for any comparison.

Conclusions:  Reduced activation in these regions suggests that children with dyslexia have deficient orthographic representations in ventral temporal cortex as well as deficits in mapping between orthographic and phonological representations in inferior parietal cortex. The greater activation for the controls in inferior frontal gyrus could reflect more effective top‐down modulation of posterior representations.
A primer on brain imaging in developmental psychopathology: What is it good for?
Authors: Pine Daniel S.
Published: October 2006

This primer introduces a Special Section on brain imaging, which includes a commentary and 10 data papers presenting applications of brain imaging to questions on developmental psychopathology. This primer serves two purposes. First, the article summarizes the strength and weaknesses of various brain‐imaging techniques typically employed in research on developmental psychopathology. Second, the article places research on brain imaging in a broader context by discussing particular limitations and utilities of imaging. Specifically, while brain imaging is currently of limited clinical utility, work in this area is beginning to shape clinical thinking. Brain‐imaging research offers a unique opportunity to constrain theories of pathophysiology based on understandings of brain function. This effect promises to open avenues for novel treatments.
Precancerous changes in the cervix and risk of subsequent preterm birth
Authors: Bruinsma F , Lumley J , Tan J , Quinn M
Published: October 2006

Objective The aims of this study were (i) to examine whether women referred for assessment of precancerous changes in the cervix had higher rates of preterm birth compared with those in the general population and (ii) to compare preterm birth rates for treated and untreated women adjusting for possible confounding factors.

Design Retrospective cohort design.

Setting Teaching hospital.

Population All women referred to the Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne (1982–2000), who subsequently had a birth recorded on the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection system (n= 5548).

Methods Record linkage of hospital dysplasia clinic records and population‐based birth records.

Main outcome measures Total preterm delivery (<37 weeks of gestation) and subtypes.

Results Both treated and untreated women were at a significantly increased risk for preterm birth compared with those in the general population: treated—standardised prevalence ratio (SPR) 2.0, 95% CI 1.8–2.3 and untreated—SPR 1.5, 95% CI 1.4–1.7. Within the cohort, the treated women were significantly more likely to give birth preterm (adjusted OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01–1.51). An increased risk of preterm birth was also associated with a history of induced or spontaneous abortions, illicit drug use during pregnancy or a major maternal medical condition. Cone biopsy, loop electrosurgical excision procedure and diathermy were associated with preterm birth. After adjusting for possible confounding factors, only diathermy remained significant (adjusted OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.36–2.17). Women treated using laser ablation were not at an increased risk for preterm birth (adjusted OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.8–1.4).

Conclusions Diagnosis of precancerous changes in the cervix (regardless of the treatment) was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. Consideration should be given to the preferential use of ablative treatments.
Serotonin 5‐HT2A receptor activation induces 2‐arachidonoylglycerol release through a phospholipase c‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Parrish Jason C. , Nichols David E.
Published: October 2006

To date, several studies have demonstrated that phospholipase C‐coupled receptors stimulate the production of endocannabinoids, particularly 2‐arachidonoylglycerol. There is now evidence that endocannabinoids are involved in phospholipase C‐coupled serotonin 5‐HT2A receptor‐mediated behavioral effects in both rats and mice. The main objective of this study was to determine whether activation of the 5‐HT2A receptor leads to the production and release of the endocannabinoid 2‐arachidonoylglycerol. NIH3T3 cells stably expressing the rat 5‐HT2A receptor were first incubated with [3H]‐arachidonic acid for 24 h. Following stimulation with 10 μm serotonin, lipids were extracted from the assay medium, separated by thin layer chromatography, and analyzed by liquid scintillation counting. Our results indicate that 5‐HT2A receptor activation stimulates the formation and release of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol. The 5‐HT2A receptor‐dependent release of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol was partially dependent on phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase C activation. Diacylglycerol produced downstream of 5‐HT2A receptor‐mediated phospholipase D or phosphatidylcholine‐specific phospholipase C activation did not appear to contribute to 2‐arachidonoylglycerol formation in NIH3T3–5HT2A cells. In conclusion, our results support a functional model where neuromodulatory neurotransmitters such as serotonin may act as regulators of endocannabinoid tone at excitatory synapses through the activation of phospholipase C‐coupled G‐protein coupled receptors.
Pharmacokinetic Interaction Study between the New Antiepileptic and CNS Drug RWJ‐333369 and Carbamazepine in Healthy Adults
Authors: Chien Suchean , Bialer Meir , Solanki Bhavna , Verhaeghe Tom , Doose Dennis R. , Novak Gerald , Yao Caiping
Published: October 2006

Summary:  Purpose: To characterize the possible pharmacokinetic interaction between the new antiepileptic and CNS drug RWJ‐333369 and carbamazepine (CBZ) following multiple dosing in healthy subjects.

Methods: In an 8‐week, open‐label, sequential design study, 24 healthy adults received multiple‐dose RWJ‐333369 alone (5 days 250 mg q12h; 5 days 500 mg q12h), then after a 4‐day washout, multiple‐dose CBZ alone (3 days 100 mg q12h; 3 days 200 mg q12h; 22 days 300 mg q12h), and then combination of CBZ (300 mg q12h), and RWJ‐333369 (5 days 250 mg q12h; 5 days 500 mg q12h).

Results: At steady‐state following multiple dosing, RWJ‐333369 peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration‐time‐curve within the dosing interval (AUCss) increased in proportion to dose. The Cmax and AUCss of CBZ were similar when given alone or concomitantly with RWJ‐333369. The 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of CBZ Cmax and AUCss with/without RWJ‐333369 were: 94–104% and 95–104%, respectively (well within the equivalence range of 80–125%). When RWJ‐333369 was administered with CBZ, its mean (SD) oral clearance increased from 3.2 L/h to 4.9 L/h and consequently its mean half‐life was shortened from 10.4 (1.9) h to 7.4 (1.2) h, and mean AUCss and Cmax were reduced by 37% and 30%, respectively.

Conclusions: There was no effect of multiple‐dose RWJ‐333369 on CBZ pharmacokinetics. CBZ induced RWJ‐333369 clearance, resulting in shortened half‐life and decreased exposure (AUCss) and Cmax. Concomitant administration of RWJ‐333369 with CBZ was generally safe and tolerated.
Differential Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Neuroactive Steroids in Men with Epilepsy
Authors: Herzog Andrew G. , Drislane Frank W. , Schomer Donald L. , Pennell Page B. , Bromfield Edward B. , Dworetzky Barbara A. , Farina Erin L. , Frye Cheryl A.
Published: October 2006

Summary:  Purpose: To compare serum levels of neuroactive steroids among men with epilepsy who take various antiepileptic drugs, untreated men with epilepsy and normal controls (NC).

Methods: Subjects were 85 men with localization‐related epilepsy [unmedicated >6 months (No Rx)‐10, carbamazepine (CBZ)‐25, phenytoin (PHT)‐25, lamotrigine (LTG)‐25] and 25 NC. Sexual function scores (S‐Score), hormone levels [dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), bioactive (BA) testosterone (T), estradiol (BAE), and androstanediol (BAL)] and the ratios of inhibitory to excitatory neuroactive metabolites of T, i.e., BAL/BAE, were compared among groups.

Results: S‐scores, DHEAS, and bioactive testosterone (BAT) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower and BAL and BAL/BAE were significantly higher among CBZ and PHT groups than among NC and LTG groups. LTG did not differ from NC in any of these measures. BAT correlated significantly with BAL/BAE for PHT (r = 0.44, p = 0.02) and CBZ (r = 0.42, p = 0.03) but not for NC (r = 0.03, p = NS) and LTG (r = 0.06, p = NS) groups.

Conclusions: In comparison to LTG, enzyme inducing AEDs (CBZ, PHT) are associated with a more favorable neuroactive steroid balance (lower DHEAS and higher BAL/BAE) for seizure management, but at the expense of reduced serum bioavailable testosterone levels and sexual function.
Predictors of Neuropsychological Impairment in Seizure‐free Epilepsy Patients
Authors: Hessen Erik , Lossius Morten I. , Reinvang Ivar , Gjerstad Leif
Published: October 2006

Summary:  Persons with epilepsy are at increased risk of cognitive deficits as a result of various factors like etiology, structural brain lesions, seizure frequency, seizure type, age at onset of epilepsy, hereditary factors, psychosocial factors, and possible adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Despite the fact that the majority of epilepsy patients are seizure‐free, previous studies on the relationship between epilepsy‐related variables and cognitive function have mainly been conducted on patients with persisting seizures. In this study 158 adults with epilepsy on AED monotherapy and without epileptic seizures for at least 2 years were investigated with a neuropsychological test battery in addition to a neurological examination, MRI and EEG. The major findings were that the group had education and employment status similar to the population mean and neuropsychological function in the normal range. In the patient group without idiopathic generalized epilepsy known cerebral etiology was found to be a highly significant predictor of neuropsychological deficit. For patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy, early seizure debut at ≤18 years was a powerful predictor of neuropsychological impairment.
Effectiveness of Structured Questionnaires for Screening Heavy Drinking in Middle‐Aged Women
Authors: Aalto Mauri , Tuunanen Mervi , Sillanaukee Pekka , Seppä Kaija
Published: October 2006

Background: There is a need for an effective and feasible alcohol screening instrument. The aim of the study was to evaluate how the abbreviated versions of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire perform in comparison with the original AUDIT and what the optimal cutoffs are when screening for heavy drinking among women.

Methods: All the 40‐year‐old women in the city of Tampere, Finland, are invited yearly for a health screening. From 1 year, data from 894 women (response rate 68.2%) invited for a health screening were utilized in the study. The original 10‐item AUDIT, AUDIT‐C, Five Shot, AUDIT‐PC, AUDIT‐3, AUDIT‐QF, and CAGE were evaluated against the Timeline Followback. Consumption of at least 140 g of absolute ethanol per week on average during the past month was considered heavy drinking.

Results: In the Timeline Followback, the mean±SD weekly reported alcohol consumption was 45±67 g (range 0–936 g) of absolute ethanol. Of the women, 6.2% (55/894) were heavy drinkers. The optimal combination of sensitivity and specificity was reached for the AUDIT with cutoff ≥6, for the AUDIT‐C with cutoff ≥5, for the Five Shot with cutoff ≥2.0, for the AUDIT‐PC with cutoff ≥4, and for the AUDIT‐QF with cutoff ≥4. When choosing the optimal cutoffs, the AUDIT‐C, the Five Shot, the AUDIT‐PC, and the AUDIT‐QF performed as well as the 10‐item AUDIT. With these cutoffs, sensitivities were 0.84 to 0.93 and specificities were 0.83 to 0.90. The AUDIT‐3 and the CAGE did not perform as well as the other questionnaires.

Conclusions: The 10‐item AUDIT, AUDIT‐C, Five Shot, AUDIT‐PC, and AUDIT‐QF seem to be equally effective tools in screening for heavy drinking among middle‐aged women. However, their applicability is achieved only if the cutoffs are tailored according to gender.
Effects of Mineralocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Receptor Blockade on Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Function in Female Rats Prenatally Exposed to Ethanol
Authors: Glavas Maria M. , Yu Wayne K. , Weinberg Joanne
Published: October 2006

Background: Rats prenatally exposed to ethanol (E) exhibit hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) hyperresponsiveness, demonstrated by increased and/or prolonged elevations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and/or corticosterone (CORT) in response to stressors. The present study examined the possible role of CORT feedback deficits in mediating this hyperresponsiveness by examining HPA function following mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptor blockade.

Methods: Adult female Sprague–Dawley offspring from E, pair‐fed (PF), and control (C) groups were injected subcutaneously with the MR antagonist spironolactone (SPIRO; 30 mg/kg bw), the GR antagonist RU38486 (120 mg/kg bw), or vehicle. One hour postinjection, blood samples (0 minutes) were taken via jugular cannulae to obtain a measure of prestress ACTH and CORT levels. Rats were then loosely restrained for 1 hour, and samples were taken during (15, 30, and 60 minutes) and then 1 hour following stress, for determination of plasma ACTH and CORT levels.

Results: Both SPIRO and RU38486 significantly increased prestress ACTH levels in E compared with both PF and C females. In contrast, RU38486 significantly increased ACTH levels in C compared with PF females during stress and in C compared with E females during recovery. CORT levels were increased during stress in E females in response to SPIRO, and RU38486 increased the CORT response during stress in PF and during recovery in E and PF females compared with vehicle.

Conclusions: E females showed enhanced HPA responses to both MR and GR blockade compared with PF and C before restraint as well as a different pattern of responsivity during and following restraint. While receptor blockade had some effect on CORT responses in PF females, changes in ACTH appear specific to ethanol. These findings suggest that the balance between HPA drive and feedback may be altered in E compared with C females.
Relationship Between Ghrelin Levels, Alcohol Craving, and Nutritional Status in Current Alcoholic Patients
Authors: Addolorato Giovanni , Capristo Esmeralda , Leggio Lorenzo , Ferrulli Anna , Abenavoli Ludovico , Malandrino Noemi , Farnetti Sara , Domenicali Marco , D'Angelo Cristina , Vonghia Luisa , Mirijello Antonio , Cardone Silvia , Gasbarrini Giovanni
Published: October 2006

Background: Ghrelin is a peptide produced mainly by the gut and hypothalamus. Ghrelin is able to stimulate food‐seeking behavior. Alcohol‐craving and food‐seeking behavior could share common neural circuits. Ghrelin is related to nutritional status, but few data are available in alcoholic patients on the relationship between ghrelin and nutritional disorders.

Methods: Plasma ghrelin was evaluated in 15 current alcoholic male patients compared with 15 healthy male volunteers. Craving was evaluated by the Obsessive–Compulsive Drinking Scale. Body composition was assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Energy substrate utilization was evaluated by indirect calorimetry.

Results: Ghrelin was significantly reduced in alcohol‐dependent patients with respect to healthy subjects (p=0.0278). A significant positive correlation was found between ghrelin and craving (r=0.55; p=0.034). A preferential utilization of lipids as an energy substrate with a reduction of the fat mass (p=0.01) and an increase of the free fat mass (p=0.0091) was found in alcoholic patients.

Conclusions: Within our sample showing low ghrelin levels probably related to the impaired nutritional status; patients with higher levels of ghrelin showed higher levels of alcohol craving. These preliminary data indicate that ghrelin could be implicated in the neurobiological mechanisms of alcohol craving, other than a hormone influenced by the nutritional status.
Interim Information in Long‐Term Contracts
Authors: Strausz Roland
Published: October 2006

We study how long‐term contracts condition on a natural flow of information that reduces asymmetric information over time. If such interim information is verifiable, optimal contracts achieve the first best. Under nonverifiability, the optimal contract depends on the signal's accuracy and timing. Introducing signal manipulation as a parameterization of verifiability reveals a trade‐off between accuracy and manipulability. Signals that are accurate, received early, or hard to manipulate enable the principal to extract all rents and adjust allocations closer to the first best. Imprecise, late, and manipulable signals affect only future allocations and leave rents to efficient types.
The rationale for a standardized approach to assessment of platelet kinetics
Authors: AuBuchon James P. , Snyder Edward L.
Published: October 2006

The evaluation of platelet (PLT) components subjected to a new collection method, treatment, procedure, or prolonged storage requires that there be a means to assay the radiolabeled recovery and survival of the new, treated PLTs as well as that of a control PLT unit. The concern over “platelet inferiority creep,” the persistent lack of significance despite declining efficiency seen when repetitive statistical comparisons are made between the newest PLT system and the penultimate one, has led to a call for a revised method for assessing treated or stored PLT components. The concurrent use of normal autologous PLTs as a reference standard for these dual‐isotope radiolabeled studies permits each donor to act as his or her own control with the test radiolabeled PLT products (first isotope) being compared to the same autologous donor’s fresh radiolabeled PLTs (second isotope). Results for in vivo recovery and survival of the test or stored PLTs are expressed as a percentage of the donor’s fresh radiolabeled PLT values. This supplement will address the standard operating procedure (SOP) for performing such studies and, in addition, the basis and method for the computerized statistical analysis of the derived data. This SOP is recommended as the new standard technique for performing in vivo radiolabeled recovery and survival on PLT units that are subjected to novel treatment or prolonged storage.
A historical perspective on platelet radiolabeling techniques
Authors: Taylor Harry L. , Whitley Pamela , Heaton Andrew
Published: October 2006

Procedures to evaluate platelet (PLT) recovery and survival have continued to evolve through the years. In the early 1960s, PLT labeling with 51Cr required a large volume of PLTs and labeling in a bag with low efficiency. In 1977, the ICSH recommended standardization of PLT survival determination with 51Cr and labeling the PLT‐rich plasma in a bag; however, issues of poor 51Cr uptake and label manipulation in a large bag still existed. In the mid 1970s, a new radiolabel with 111In was established. Similar recovery and survival results to 51Cr were reported, with the benefits of less blood required and the ability to perform external imaging. A symposium in 1984 detailed recommendations of protocols for radiolabeling of stored PLT concentrates with either 111In or 51Cr and for statistical analysis. Although label preparations did not become standardized, agreement was reached that the best method to determine survival was the gamma nonlinear multiple‐hit model. In 1992, Heaton and Holme showed that concurrent double PLT labels showed a much higher correlation than those separated chronologically and that radiolabel corrections for elution and cell contamination and similar 111In and 51Cr labeling procedures were necessary. The 2004 NIH symposium proposed standardization of the PLT‐labeling method with a control of fresh PLTs compared to the stored PLT product, both from the same donor and with the double‐label 111In‐51Cr method. The procedure included in this supplement represents the evolutionary distillation of numerous approaches and provides a well‐researched, standardized, and dependable means of radiolabeling PLTs.
Papillary Fibroelastoma of the Pulmonary Valve: Assessment by Live/Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography
Authors: Singh Anurag , Miller Andrew P. , Nanda Navin C. , Rajdev Sanjay , Mehmood Farhat , Duncan Kurt
Published: October 2006

The differential diagnosis of a cardiac valve mass includes fibroelastoma, myxoma, lipoma, Lambl's excrescences, thrombus, and vegetation. Fibroelastomas are extremely rare primary cardiac tumors. Their incidence is 0.00017–0.033% in autopsy series and 0.019% in clinical series identified on echocardiography. Although rare, fibroelastomas are the most common tumors affecting the cardiac valves with aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves being involved in this order. In the current report we describe a case of pulmonary valve mass in which a confident prospective diagnosis of fibroelastoma could be made utilizing the technique of three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography.
Interrelationship Between Noninvasive Predictors of Atherosclerosis: Transthoracic Coronary Flow Reserve, Flow‐Mediated Dilation, Carotid Intima‐Media Thickness, Aortic Stiffness, Aortic Distensibility, Elastic Modulus, and Brachial Artery Diameter
Authors: Gullu Hakan , Erdogan Dogan , Caliskan Mustafa , Tok Derya , Yildirim Erkan , Ulus Taner , Turan Sezgin Alpay , Muderrisoglu Haldun
Published: October 2006

Background: In this study, we searched for a correlation between transthoracic coronary flow reserve (CFR) and well‐established surrogates of coronary atherosclerosis. Methods: The study was conducted on 136 healthy subjects (mean age: 39.9 ± 7.3 years) who were free of coronary risk factors. Transthoracic echocardiography was used to measure the aortic stiffness index (AoSI), aortic distensibility (AoD), and aortic elastic modulus (AoEM). High‐resolution ultrasound was used to measure brachial artery endothelium‐dependent and independent vasomotion and carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT). In addition, transthoracic second harmonic Doppler echocardiography was used to measure CFR. Results: All of the parameters significantly correlated with each other except brachial endothelium‐independent dilation. CFR correlated significantly with brachial endothelium‐dependent dilation (EDD) (r = 0.302, P < 0.01), carotid IMT (r =−0.388, P < 0.01), brachial artery diameter (r = 0.340, P < 0.01), AoD (r = 0.275, P < 0.01), AoS (r =−0.299, P < 0.01), and AoEM (r =−0.30,7 P < 0.01). Carotid IMT correlated significantly with brachial EDD and modestly with brachial artery diameter, AoD, AoS, and AoEM.
In multivariate analysis, carotid IMT (β=−0.323, P < 0.0001) and brachial artery diameter (β=−0.259, P = 0.001) were significant independent predictors of CFR. The left ventricular mass index (β= 0.371, P < 0.0001), brachial EDD (β=−0.232, P = 0.002), and CFR (β=−0.228, P = 0.003) were significant predictors for IMT. Conclusion: Transthoracic CFR correlated significantly with well‐established noninvasive predictors of atherosclerosis, and we suggest that it can be used as a surrogate for coronary atherosclerosis.
Nonanoic acid, other alkanoic acids, and related compounds as antifeedants in Hylobius abietis pine weevils
Authors: Månsson Per E. , Schlyter Fredrik , Eriksson Carina , Sjödin Kristina
Published: October 2006

A medium‐length, straight‐chain alkanoic acid, nonanoic acid, is known from laboratory microassays to be an antifeedant in adults of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Our hypothesis was that we could find new, less volatile alkanoic acids or related compounds suitable for field application and with improved long‐term duration. Alkanoic acids of varying chain lengths (C6–C13) were tested for antifeedant activity in H. abietis adults. Microassay choice tests showed that straight‐chain (C6–C11) alkanoic acids were active. However, high activities were restricted to the (C6–C10) acids, with the C9 (nonanoic acid) at 4 µmol cm−2 being the most active one. In a no‐choice test on pine twigs, the antifeedant effect of C10 acid was lower than that of the C8 and C9 acids. In microassays, less volatile methyl‐branched alkanoic acids exhibited lower antifeedant activities than did the corresponding straight‐chain ones. However, the most active of the methyl‐branched acids, 2‐methyldecanoic acid, had an activity similar to that of nonanoic acid. Compounds related to nonanoic acid were either active (1‐nonanol), weakly active (nonanoic anhydride), or inactive (nonanal, sodium nonanoate). The anhydride was highly active in the microassay, but less active on twigs. The antifeedant effects of the straight chain (C8–C10) alkanoic acids against pine weevil feeding were tested in the field. In contrast to the results from the twig tests, the less volatile C10 acid was more active in the field for the protection of transplants on fresh clear cuts over a 3‐month period than both the C8 and C9 acids. Phytotoxic effects of the alkanoic acids were observed both in the field and in laboratory studies. If a protective layer of paraffin was applied to the stem prior to application of the alkanoic acids, these undesired side effects were reduced.
The infrabony defect and its determinants
Authors: Kim C. ‐K. , Choi S. ‐H. , Kim T. ‐S. , Kaltschmitt J. , Eickholz P.
Published: October 2006

Background and Objective:  The purpose of this study was to assess the defect width of infrabony defects in a cross‐sectional study and to evaluate whether the defect width is a function of defect depth.

Material and Methods:  Complete sets of intra‐oral radiographs of patients with severe periodontitis, which exhibited at least one infrabony defect, were digitised and evaluated. The following parameters were measured: depth and width of the infrabony defect, defect angle, and width of the interdental spaces.

Results:  Fifty‐one patients (26 women), ranging from 21 to 73 yr of age (48.5 ± 13.4 yr), contributed a total of 1272 teeth with 135 infrabony defects (10.6%). Seventeen infrabony defects were located at sites without a neighboring tooth. Infrabony defects were statistically more prevalent in the mandible (n = 82) than in the maxilla (p = 0.013), and more prevalent at mesial sites (n = 92) than at distal sites (p < 0.001). At infrabony defects, the width of interdental spaces at the most coronal extension of the alveolar crest could be measured only at sites with neigboring teeth 2.67 ± 0.78 mm (range: 1.19–5.70 mm). Analysis failed to reveal a statistically significant difference between defect width at sites with (2.64 ± 0.82 mm) and sites without (2.76 ± 0.70 mm) a neighboring tooth. Multilevel regression analysis revealed narrow defect angles to be related to deep infrabony defects, whereas width of the interdental space and distal location were related to wide defects.

Conclusion:  Defect angle depended on defect depth and defect width was not different at sites with or without a neighboring tooth. Even in severe periodontitis, infrabony defects are found only at a minority of teeth.
Genital Sensation and Sexual Function in Women Bicyclists and Runners: Are Your Feet Safer Than Your Seat?
Authors: Guess Marsha K. , Connell Kathleen , Schrader Steven , Reutman Susan , Wang Andrea , LaCombe Julie , Toennis Christine , Lowe Brian , Melman Arnold , Mikhail Magdy
Published: October 2006

Introduction

Bicycling is associated with neurological impairment and impotence in men. Similar deficits have not been confirmed in women.

Aim

To evaluate the effects of bicycling on genital sensation and sexual function in women.

Methods

Healthy, premenopausal, competitive women bicyclists and runners (controls) were compared.

Main Outcome Measures

(1) Genital vibratory thresholds (VTs) were determined using the Medoc Vibratory Sensation Analyzer 3000. (2) Sexual function and sexually related distress were assessed by the Dennerstein Personal Experience Questionnaire (SPEQ) and the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS).

Results

Forty-eight bicyclists and 22 controls were enrolled. The median age was 33 years. The bicyclists were older, had higher body mass indices (BMIs), were more diverse in their sexual orientation, and were more likely to have a current partner. Bicyclists rode an average of 28.3 ± 19.7 miles/day (range 4–100), 3.8 ± 1.5 days/week, for an average of 2.1 ± 1.8 hours/ride. The mean number of years riding was 7.9 ± 7.1 years (range 0.5–30). Controls ran an average of 4.65 ± 2.1 miles/day (range 1.5–8) and 5.0 ± 1.2 days/week. On bivariate analysis, bicyclists had significantly higher VTs than runners, indicating worse neurological function at all sites (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis found significant correlations between higher VTs and bicycling at the left and right perineum, posterior vagina, left and right labia. Increasing VTs at the clitoris, anterior vagina, and urethra were associated with age. In bicyclists, there were no correlations between VTs and miles biked per week, duration of riding, or BMI. Composite SPEQ scores indicated normal sexual function in all sexually active subjects. Neither group suffered from sexually related distress.

Conclusion

There is an association between bicycling and decreased genital sensation in competitive women bicyclists. Negative effects on sexual function and quality of life were not apparent in our young, healthy premenopausal cohort.
Coalition for the Advancement of Prosthetic Urology: History, Accomplishments, and Continuing Mission
Authors: Daubert Gail
Published: October 2006

The Coalition for the Advancement of Prosthetic Urology (CAPU) is the leading policy advocacy group representing the prosthetic urology community and has been very effective in educating federal health care policy-makers..
A Prospective Study Examining the Anatomic Distribution of Nerve Density in the Human Vagina
Authors: Pauls Rachel , Mutema George , Segal Jeffrey , Silva W. Andre , Kleeman Steven , Dryfhout Vicki , Karram Mickey
Published: October 2006

Introduction

Women possess sufficient vaginal innervation such that tactile stimulation of the vagina can lead to orgasm. However, there are few anatomic studies that have characterized the distribution of nerves throughout the human vagina.

Aim

The aim of this prospective study was to better characterize the anatomic distribution of nerves in the adult human vagina. A secondary aim was to assess whether vaginal innervation correlates with the subject’s demographic information and sexual function.

Methods

Full-thickness biopsies of anterior and posterior vagina (proximal and distal), cuff, and cervix were taken during surgery in a standardized manner. Specimens were prepared with hematoxylin and eosin, and S100 protein immunoperoxidase. The total number of nerves in each specimen was quantified. Enrolled patients completed a validated sexual function questionnaire (Female Sexual Function Index, FSFI) preoperatively.

Main Outcome Measures

A description of vaginal innervation by location and an assessment of vaginal innervation in association with the subject’s demographic information and sexual function.

Results

Twenty-one patients completed this study, yielding 110 biopsy specimens. Vaginal innervation was somewhat regular, with no site consistently demonstrating the highest nerve density. Nerves were located throughout the vagina, including apex and cervix. No significant differences were noted in vaginal innervation based on various demographic factors, including age, vaginal maturation index, stage of prolapse, number of vaginal deliveries, or previous hysterectomy. There were no correlations between vaginal nerve quantity and FSFI domain and overall scores. Fifty-seven percent of the subjects had female sexual dysfunction; when compared to those without dysfunction, there were no significant differences in total or site-specific nerves.

Conclusions

In a prospective study, vaginal nerves were located regularly throughout the anterior and posterior vagina, proximally and distally, including apex and cervix. There was no vaginal location with increased nerve density. Vaginal innervation was not associated with demographic information or sexual function.
Clinical and Psychosocial Characteristics of Men with Erectile Dysfunction: Baseline Data from ExCEED™
Authors: Latini David M. , Penson David F. , Wallace Katrine L. , Lubeck Deborah P. , Lue Tom F.
Published: October 2006

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with psychological impairment, and further research is required to understand their relationship.

Aim

We present descriptive baseline results from a longitudinal observational study of North American men seeking treatment for ED.

Methods

Patients completed clinical and health-related quality-of-life information at baseline and three follow-up points over 12 months; 162 patients had usable baseline data, including clinical history and current status, sociodemographic information, and standard paper-and-pencil scales of psychosocial characteristics. Scores on the International Index of Erectile Functioning erectile functioning subscale were collapsed into mild (N = 27), moderate (N = 41), or severe (N = 94) categories. Using chi-square, anova, and logistic regression, we identified baseline characteristics associated with ED severity.

Main Outcome Measure

The main outcome measure was the degree of psychosocial impairment associated with mild, moderate, and severe ED.

Results

Severe ED was significantly associated with not having a regular sex partner; a history of prostate cancer; and worse scores on measures of positive affect, belonging/loneliness, sexual self-efficacy-strength, psychological adjustment, marital happiness, anxiety at last intercourse, and depression. In a multivariate logistic regression model, poorer sexual self-efficacy was most closely associated with severe ED. The model rescaled R2 was 0.63 (area-under-the-curve, 0.91).

Conclusions

Severe ED is related to impairment across a broad range of psychosocial domains, and clinicians should consider offering patients assistance in dealing with its psychosocial impact.