bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening for Anxiety in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Viswanathan Meera , Wallace Ina F. , Cook Middleton Jennifer , Kennedy Sara M. , McKeeman Joni , Hudson Kesha , Rains Caroline , Vander Schaaf Emily B. , Kahwati Leila
Published: October 2022

Importance

Anxiety in children and adolescents is associated with impaired functioning, educational underachievement, and future mental health conditions.

Objective

To review the evidence on screening for anxiety in children and adolescents to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Data Sources

PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and trial registries through July 19, 2021; references, experts, and surveillance through June 1, 2022.

Study Selection

English-language, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of screening; diagnostic test accuracy studies; RCTs of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or US Food and Drug Administration–approved pharmacotherapy; RCTs, observational studies, and systematic reviews reporting harms.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Two reviewers assessed titles/abstracts, full-text articles, and study quality and extracted data; when at least 3 similar studies were available, meta-analyses were conducted.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Test accuracy, symptoms, response, remission, loss of diagnosis, all-cause mortality, functioning, suicide-related symptoms or events, adverse events.

Results

Thirty-nine studies (N = 6065) were included. No study reported on the direct benefits or harms of screening on health outcomes. Ten studies (n = 3260) reported the sensitivity of screening instruments, ranging from 0.34 to 1.00, with specificity ranging from 0.47 to 0.99. Twenty-nine RCTs (n = 2805) reported on treatment: 22 on CBT, 6 on pharmacotherapy, and 1 on CBT, sertraline, and CBT plus sertraline. CBT was associated with gains on several pooled measures of symptom improvement (magnitude of change varied by outcome measure), response (pooled relative risk [RR], 1.89 [95% CI, 1.17 to 3.05]; n = 606; 6 studies), remission (RR, 2.68 [95% CI, 1.48 to 4.88]; n = 321; 4 studies), and loss of diagnosis (RR range, 3.02-3.09) when compared with usual care or wait-list controls. The evidence on functioning for CBT was mixed. Pharmacotherapy, when compared with placebo, was associated with gains on 2 pooled measures of symptom improvement—mean difference (Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale mean difference, −4.0 [95% CI, −5.5 to −2.5]; n = 726; 5 studies; and Clinical Global Impression–Severity scale mean difference, −0.84 [95% CI, −1.13 to −0.55]; n = 550; 4 studies) and response (RR, 2.11 [95% CI, 1.58 to 2.98]; n = 370; 5 studies)—but was mixed on measures of functioning. Eleven RCTs (n = 1293) reported harms of anxiety treatments. Suicide-related harms were rare, and the differences were not statistically significantly different.

Conclusions and Relevance

Indirect evidence suggested that some screening instruments were reasonably accurate. CBT and pharmacotherapy were associated with benefits; no statistically significant association with harms was reported.
Screening for Anxiety in Children and Adolescents
Authors:   US Preventive Services Task Force, Mangione Carol M. , Barry Michael J. , Nicholson Wanda K. , Cabana Michael , Coker Tumaini Rucker , Davidson Karina W. , Davis Esa M. , Donahue Katrina E. , Jaén Carlos Roberto , Kubik Martha , Li Li , Ogedegbe Gbenga , Pbert Lori , Ruiz John M. , Silverstein Michael , Stevermer James , Wong John B.
Published: October 2022

Importance

Anxiety disorder, a common mental health condition in the US, comprises a group of related conditions characterized by excessive fear or worry that present as emotional and physical symptoms. The 2018-2019 National Survey of Children’s Health found that 7.8% of children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years had a current anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence are associated with an increased likelihood of a future anxiety disorder or depression.

Objective

The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) commissioned a systematic review to evaluate the benefits and harms of screening for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. This is a new recommendation.

Population

Children and adolescents 18 years or younger who do not have a diagnosed anxiety disorder or are not showing recognized signs or symptoms of anxiety.

Evidence Assessment

The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for anxiety in children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years has a moderate net benefit. The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient on screening for anxiety in children 7 years or younger.

Recommendation

The USPSTF recommends screening for anxiety in children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years. (B recommendation) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for anxiety in children 7 years or younger. (I statement)
Association of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors With Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zhuo Min , D’Andrea Elvira , Paik Julie M. , Wexler Deborah J. , Everett Brendan M. , Glynn Robert J. , Kim Seoyoung C. , Patorno Elisabetta
Published: October 2022

Importance

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) have demonstrated many cardiovascular and kidney function benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the results of SGLT-2i use in primary prevention of atrial fibrillation (AF) were inconsistent in clinical trials, and incident AF was not a prespecified end point.

Objective

To examine incident AF with initiation of an SGLT-2i compared with initiation of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) or a glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) among older adults (aged ≥66 years) with T2D in routine clinical practice.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A population-based new-user cohort study included older adults with T2D who had no history of AF and were enrolled in Medicare fee-for-service from April 1, 2013, to December 31, 2018. Data analysis was performed from June 28 to December 1, 2021.

Exposures

To control for potential confounding, new users of SGLT-2i were 1:1 propensity score (PS)–matched to new users of DPP-4is or GLP-1RAs in 2 pairwise comparisons based on 138 baseline covariates.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was incident AF, defined as an inpatient diagnosis code for AF. Hazard ratios (HRs) and rate differences (RDs) per 1000 person-years, with their 95% CIs, were estimated in the PS-matched groups.

Results

New users of SGLT-2is were 1:1 PS-matched to new users of a DPP-4i (n = 74 868) or GLP-1RA (n = 80 475). Overall, the mean (SD) age of study participants was 72 (5) years, and 165 984 were women (53.4%). The risk of incident AF was lower in the SGLT-2i group than the matched DPP-4i group (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.89; RD, –3.7; 95% CI, –5.2 to –2.2 per 1000 person-years) or the matched GLP-1RA group (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.98; RD, –1.8; 95% CI, –3.2 to –0.3 per 1000 person-years). Results were consistent across several sensitivity and subgroup analyses.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this study suggest that the initiation of an SGLT-2i was associated with a reduced risk of incident AF compared with a DPP-4i or GLP-1RA. The results may be helpful when weighing the potential risks and benefits of various glucose level–lowering agents in older adults with T2D.
Rapid fractionation of mitochondria from mouse liver and heart reveals in vivo metabolite compartmentation
Authors: Allen Fay M. , Costa Ana S. H. , Gruszczyk Anja V. , Bates Georgina R. , Prag Hiran A. , Nikitopoulou Efterpi , Viscomi Carlo , Frezza Christian , James Andrew M. , Murphy Michael P.
Published: October 2022

The compartmentation and distribution of metabolites between mitochondria and the rest of the cell is a key parameter of cell signalling and pathology. Here, we have developed a rapid fractionation procedure that enables us to take mouse heart and liver from in vivo and within ~ 30 s stabilise the distribution of metabolites between mitochondria and the cytosol by rapid cooling, homogenisation and dilution. This is followed by centrifugation of mitochondria through an oil layer to separate mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions for subsequent metabolic analysis. Using this procedure revealed the in vivo compartmentation of mitochondrial metabolites and will enable the assessment of the distribution of metabolites between the cytosol and mitochondria during a range of situations in vivo.
Knockdown of TMEM160 leads to an increase in reactive oxygen species generation and the induction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response
Authors: Yamashita Kosei , Haraguchi Misa , Yano Masato
Published: October 2022

Transmembrane protein 160 (TMEM160) was recently reported to be localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane, but mitochondrial function was noted to be unaffected by loss of TMEM160. In contrast to these previously published findings, we report here that the absence of TMEM160 influences intracellular responses. After confirming that TMEM160 is localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane, we knocked down TMEM160 in human cultured cells and analyzed the changes in cellular responses. TMEM160 depletion led to an upregulation of the mitochondrial chaperone HSPD1, suggesting that depletion induced the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Indeed, the expression of key transcription factors that induce the UPRmt (ATF4, ATF5, and DDIT3) was increased following TMEM160 depletion. Expression of the mitochondrial protein import‐receptors TOMM22 and TOMM20 was also enhanced. In addition, we observed a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation following TMEM160 depletion. Glutathione S‐transferases, which detoxify the products of oxidative stress, were also upregulated in TMEM160‐depleted cells. Immunoblot analysis was performed to detect proteins modified by 4‐hydroxynonenal (which is released after the peroxidation of lipids by ROS): the expression patterns of 4‐hydroxynonenal‐modified proteins were altered after TMEM160 depletion, suggesting that depletion enhanced degradation of these proteins. HSPD1, TOMM22, ATF4, ATF5, and DDIT3 remained upregulated after ROS was scavenged by N‐acetylcysteine, suggesting that once the UPRmt is induced by TMEM160 depletion, it is not suppressed by the subsequent detoxification of ROS. These findings suggest that TMEM160 may suppress ROS generation and stabilize mitochondrial protein(s).
Predicting the disease severity in male individuals with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Authors: Scharre Svenja , Posset Roland , Garbade Sven F. , Gleich Florian , Seidl Marie J. , Druck Ann‐Catrin , Okun Jürgen G. , Gropman Andrea L. , Nagamani Sandesh C. S. , Hoffmann Georg F. , Kölker Stefan , Zielonka Matthias ,   for the Urea Cycle Disorders Consortium (UCDC) and the European registry and network for Intoxication type Metabolic Diseases (E‐IMD) Consortia Study Group
Published: October 2022

Objective

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC‐D) is an X‐linked metabolic disease and the most common urea cycle disorder. Due to high phenotypic heterogeneity, ranging from lethal neonatal hyperammonemic events to moderate symptoms and even asymptomatic individuals, the prediction of the disease course at an early disease stage is very important to individually adjust therapies such as medical treatment or liver transplantation. In this translational study, we developed a severity‐adjusted classification system based on in vitro residual enzymatic OTC activity.

Methods

Applying a cell‐based expression system, residual enzymatic OTC activities of 71 pathogenic OTC variants were spectrophotometrically determined and subsequently correlated with clinical and biochemical outcome parameters of 119 male individuals with OTC‐D (mOTC‐D) as reported in the UCDC and E‐IMD registries.

Results

Integration of multiple data sources enabled the establishment of a robust disease prediction model for mOTC‐D. Residual enzymatic OTC activity not only correlates with age at first symptoms, initial peak plasma ammonium concentration and frequency of metabolic decompensations but also predicts mortality. The critical threshold of 4.3% residual enzymatic activity distinguishes a severe from an attenuated phenotype.

Interpretation

Residual enzymatic OTC activity reliably predicts the disease severity in mOTC‐D and could thus serve as a tool for severity‐adjusted evaluation of therapeutic strategies and counselling patients and parents.
Assessment of the Systemic Sclerosis–Associated Raynaud's Phenomenon Questionnaire: Item Bank and Short‐Form Development
Authors: Yu Lan , Domsic Robyn T. , Saketkoo Lesley‐Ann , Withey Jane , Frech Tracy M. , Herrick Ariane L. , Hummers Laura K. , Shah Ami A. , Denton Christopher P. , Khanna Dinesh , Pauling John D.
Published: October 2022

Objective

To develop, refine, and score a novel patient‐reported outcome instrument to assess the severity and impact of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) in systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Methods

The Assessment of Systemic Sclerosis–Associated Raynaud's Phenomenon (ASRAP) questionnaire items were developed with patient insight partner support and grounded in the lived patient experience of SSc‐RP. ASRAP items underwent formal qualitative assessment and linguistic testing. An international multicenter study was undertaken to field test the preliminary ASRAP questionnaire.

Results

A preliminary 37‐item ASRAP questionnaire was supplemented with 2 additional items following expert review to enhance content coverage before undergoing formal linguistic testing to optimize readability. Patient cognitive debriefing interviews were undertaken to enhance comprehension, ambiguity, cognitive difficulty, relevance, and content coverage of both the ASRAP items and instructions. We enrolled 420 SSc patients from scleroderma centers in the UK and US over 2 consecutive winters. Factor analysis with item response theory was undertaken to remove redundant and poorly fitting items. The retained 27‐item long‐form ASRAP questionnaire was calibrated and scored using the graded response model. A fixed 10‐item short‐form ASRAP questionnaire was developed using computerized adaptive testing simulations.

Conclusion

The ASRAP questionnaire has been developed with extensive SSc patient input, with items grounded in the lived experience of SSc‐RP to ensure strong content validity, with a focus on how patients feel and function. An advanced psychometric approach with expert input has removed redundant and/or poorly fitting items without eroding content validity. Long‐ and short‐form ASRAP questionnaires have been calibrated and scored to permit formal validation.
Targeted Self‐assembly of Renal Clearable Cu2‐xSe to Induce Lysosome Swelling for Multimodal Imaging Guided Photothermal/Chemodynamic Synergistic Therapy
Authors: Luan Xiaowei , Pan Yongchun , Zhou Yuyu , Zhou Dongtao , Zhao Wenjian , Zeng Fei , Zhu Zhenxing , Lu Qiangbing , Lu Qianglan , Gao Yanfeng , He Guanzhong , Lu Minghui , Song Yujun
Published: October 2022

Renal clearance is critical for nanodrug to avoid the long‐term body retention‐related side effects, while it is difficult to achieve efficient tumor accumulation and retention. The over‐developed lysosomes in cancer cells have become an emerging target for more precise and effective cancer therapy. Herein, a pH‐responsive reversible self‐assembled Cu2‐xSe‐BSA, which can be renal cleared under neutral or basic conditions, is developed for selectively targeted aggregation in cancer lysosomes with enhanced tumor accumulation and retention. Moreover, the aggregation of Cu2‐xSe‐BSA can enhance the photoacoustic imaging signal, photothermal therapy, and chemodynamic therapy capability. Cu2‐xSe‐BSA accumulated in lysosomes cannot only induce lysosomes swelling, but also generate reactive oxygen species in situ, causing lysosomal membrane permeabilization and finally lysosomal cell death. Notably, the assembled Cu2‐xSe‐BSA can dissociate to be renal clearable after the treatments are completed and left the acid tumor microenvironment, being of great significance both in scientific research and clinical trial.
Binary Metal Single Atom Electrocatalysts with Synergistic Catalytic Activity toward High‐Rate and High Areal‐Capacity Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Ma Lianbo , Qian Ji , Li Yongtao , Cheng Yuwen , Wang Shanying , Wang Ziwei , Peng Cheng , Wu Konglin , Xu Jie , Manke Ingo , Yang Chao , Adelhelm Philipp , Chen Renjie
Published: October 2022

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with high theoretical energy density have been long considered as an alternative energy storage device to lithium‐ion batteries. Nevertheless, the polysulfide shuttle effects trigger fast capacity decay and short battery lifespan, severely hampering their practical utilizations. Herein, an efficient electrocatalyst comprising of nitrogen (N)‐coordinated binary metal single atoms (SAs) implanted within a hierarchical porous carbon skeleton (Fe/CoNHPC) is constructed to trap and catalyze polysulfides conversion through a separator coating strategy. It is demonstrated that the introduction of Co atom can enrich the electron number of Fe active center, thereby realizing the distinct synergistic catalytic effect of binary metal SAs and improving the bidirectional catalysis of Li–S redox reaction. As a result, Li–S batteries with the Fe/CoNHPC‐modified separator exhibit outstanding rate capability (740 mAh g−1 at 5.0 C), and superior long‐term cyclic stability (694 mAh g−1 after 600 cycles at 1.0 C). Increasing the sulfur loading to 4.8 mg cm−2, a remarkable areal capacity of 6.13 mAh cm−2 is achieved. Furthermore, in situ X‐ray diffraction and theoretical simulation results verify the catalysis mechanism of binary metal SAs by changing the rate‐determining steps, providing new directions for constructing high‐performance Li–S batteries.
Bush‐Shaped Vertical Graphene/Nichrome Wire for Blackbody‐Like Radiative Heating
Authors: Wang Kun , Cheng Shuting , Yang Jiawei , Cheng Yi , Ci Qing , Yuan Hao , Huang Kewen , Liu Ruojuan , Li Wenjuan , Li Junliang , Tu Ce , Liang Fushun , Yang Yuyao , Sun Jianbo , Hu Qingmei , Yin Jianbo , Guan Baolu , Ren Xingang , Qi Yue , Liu Zhongfan
Published: October 2022

Radiative thermal management has attracted increasing attention for the advantages of energy saving and carbon emission reduction. Infrared radiation coatings are widely adopted to alleviate the low infrared emissivity of commonly used metal alloy electrothermal materials. However, traditional infrared radiation coatings are faced with the issues of the unsteady waveband emissivity, low interfacial adhesion to substrates, and poor long‐term thermal stability. Herein, a bush‐shaped vertical graphene (BVG) grown on nichrome (Ni–Cr) wire is demonstrated, relying on which BVG/Ni–Cr wire presents a high blackbody‐like emissivity of ≈0.96 across a wide wavelength range (2.5–18 µm). When used for radiative heating, BVG/Ni–Cr wire achieves a high thermal radiation efficiency with an order of magnitude improvement compared with bare Ni–Cr wire, as well as the superior deformation and thermal stabilities. These findings reveal the impressive potentials of BVG as an excellent infrared radiation material for the energy‐efficient radiative thermal management.
Fine‐Tuning Cu (II)‐Induced Self‐Assembly of Hydrophilic Cyanine Dyes for Enhanced Tumor Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Feng Erting , Liu Yuhan , Lv Shibo , Liu Dapeng , Huang Shuheng , Li Zhiliang , Song Fengling
Published: October 2022

Supramolecular self‐assembly of near‐infrared (NIR) dyes are believed to be a promising strategy to design effective photothermal agents for tumor photothermal therapy (PTT). However, due to the uncontrollable intermolecular interactions, accurately fine‐tuning the aggregated morphology of NIR dyes through adjusting their supramolecular self‐assembly is challenging. Here, based on organic–metal coordination interaction, a facile self‐assembly fine‐tuning strategy is proposed to adjust the aggregated morphology of heptamethine cyanine (Cy7) dyes, the well‐known NIR dyes. Three hydrophilic Cy7 derivatives Cy‐nCOOH (n = 1, 2, and 3) are synthesized, and then are coordinated with Cu2+to obtain different aggregates. Cy‐1COOH/Cu aggregates form partial J‐aggregates. Cy‐2COOH/Cu aggregates are amorphous. Noteworthily, Cy‐3COOH/Cu aggregates exhibit significant H‐type aggregation. Moreover, Cy‐3COOH/Cu aggregates show about threefold higher photothermal conversion efficiency and obviously enhanced photostability than Cy‐1COOH/Cu and Cy‐2COOH/Cu aggregates. It is demonstrated that H‐aggregates with face‐to‐face π–π stacking greatly quench fluorescence and inhibit singlet oxygen (1O2) production, which lead to the improved photothermal performances. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate the remarkable tumor PTT efficiency of Cy‐3COOH/Cu H‐aggregates. This study provides a new insight into how to precisely control molecular aggregation of organic dyes in supramolecular self‐assembly for enhanced tumor phototherapy.
Revealing the Mechanism of sp‐N Doping in Graphdiyne for Developing Site‐Defined Metal‐Free Catalysts
Authors: Liu Baokun , Zhan Shuhui , Du Jiang , Yang Xin , Zhao Yasong , Li Lulu , Wan Jiawei , Zhao Zhi‐Jian , Gong Jinlong , Yang Nailiang , Yu Ranbo , Wang Dan
Published: October 2022

Due to the limited reserves of metals, scientists are devoted to exploring high‐performance metal‐free catalysts based on carbon materials to solve environment‐related issues. Doping would build up inhomogeneous charge distribution on surface, which is an efficient approach for boosting the catalytic performance. However, doping sites are difficult to control in traditional carbon materials, thus hindering their development. Taking the advantage of unique sp‐C in graphdiyne (GDY), a new N doping configuration of sp‐hybridized nitrogen (sp‐N), bringing a Pt‐comparable catalytic activity in oxygen reduction reaction is site‐defined introduced. However, the reaction intermediate of this process is never captured, hindering the understanding of the mechanism and the precise synthesis of metal‐free catalysts. After the four‐year study, the fabrication of intermediate‐like molecule is realized, and finally sp‐N doped GDY via the pericyclic reaction is obtained. Compared with GDY doped with other N configurations, the designed sp‐N GDY shows much higher catalytic activity in electroreduction of CO2 toward CH4 production, owing to the unique electronic structure introduced by sp‐N, which is more favorable in stabilizing the intermediate. Thus, besides opening the black‐box for the site‐defined doping, this work reveals the relationship between doping configuration and products of CO2 reduction.
Activating C–H Bonds by Tuning Fe Sites and an Interfacial Effect for Enhanced Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Huang Sheng , Feng Feng , Huang Rong‐Ting , Ouyang Ting , Liu Jinlong , Liu Zhao‐Qing
Published: October 2022

The interaction mechanism between the reacting species and the active site of α‐Fe2O3‐based photoanodes in photoelectrochemical methanol conversion reaction is still ambiguous. Herein, a simple two‐step strategy is demonstrated to fabricate a porous α‐Fe2O3/CoFe2O4 heterojunction for the methanol conversion reaction. The influence of the electronic structure of active site and interfacial effect on the reaction are investigated by constructing two different FeO6 octahedral configurations and heterogeneous structures. The optimal sample ZnFeCo‐2 affords high photocurrent density of 1.17 mA cm−2 at 0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl, which is 3.2 times than that of ZnFe (0.37 mA cm−2). Meanwhile, the ZnFeCo‐2 also exhibits 97.8% Faraday efficiency of CH3OH to HCHO, and long‐term stability over 40 h. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations reveal that the heterostructured α‐Fe2O3/CoFe2O4 with favorable electron transfer effectively lowers methanol adsorption, C–H bond activation, and HCHO desorption energy relative to the pristine α‐Fe2O3, resulting in excellent methanol conversion efficiency.
Fusing ToF‐SIMS Images for Spatial‐Spectral Resolution Enhancement using a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Gardner Wil , Winkler David A. , Maliki Ruqaya , Cutts Suzanne M. , Ellis Sarah , Anderson Robin L. , Muir Benjamin W. , Pigram Paul J.
Published: October 2022

Hyperspectral data sets generated by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) contain valuable spatial‐spectral information characterizing the distribution of atomic and molecular species across a sample surface. Modern ToF‐SIMS instruments have high spatial resolution (in the order of tens of nanometers) relative to most other mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) techniques. However, there is generally a trade‐off between spatial and mass resolution when using different instrument modes. In this study, a convolutional neural network (CNN) fusion method is used to fuse correlated high spatial and high mass resolution ToF‐SIMS hyperspectral data sets. This process generates resolution‐enhanced data, which exhibit both high spatial and mass resolution. The CNN fusion method is applied to ToF‐SIMS images of a simple, well‐characterized gold mesh sample and a significantly more complex biological (tumor) tissue section. The method is compared to another linear fusion method used in the broader MSI community and a substantial improvement is found. This comparison focuses on both visual quality observations as well as statistical similarity measures. This work demonstrates the utility of the CNN fusion method for ToF‐SIMS data, enabling investigation of the atomic and molecular characteristics of surfaces at high spatial and mass spectral resolution.
Material‐Independent 3D Patterning Via Two‐Photon Lithography and Discontinuous Wetting
Authors: Dong Zheqin , Monti Joël , Cui Haijun , Welle Alexander , Singaraju Surya A. , Blasco Eva , Levkin Pavel. A.
Published: October 2022

The fabrication of complex 3D structures composed of micrometer‐sized features made of different functional materials is an immensely important and yet highly challenging task. Here, a method is developed to fabricate multimaterial 3D structures with micrometer precision by combining macroscopic 3D printing (digital light processing), with two‐photon lithography (2PL) and material‐independent discontinuous dewetting. Specifically, 3D inherently superhydrophobic objects are first printed by DLP, followed by creating hydrophilic micropatterns on their surface using 2PL. By exploiting the effect of discontinuous wetting, the selective deposition of solutions of functional materials into microscopic hydrophilic regions on the surface of 3D structures, with high resolution and great design flexibility is demonstrated. Importantly, the method is material‐independent and enables the micropatterning of a variety of functional materials dispersed in aqueous solutions including polydopamine, silica, or Ag nanoparticles. As an exemplary application, it is shown that conductive Ag electrodes can be created on the curved surface of 3D‐printed objects to construct structural electronics. The flexibility, high resolution, and material diversity in designing multimaterial 3D structures open exciting new functionalities and possibilities in a variety of applications including advanced electronics, soft robotics, and chemical or bioengineering.
Novel Tetradentate Platinum(II) Complexes and Their Use in Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ryu Chan Hee , Kim Seung Chan , Kim Mingi , Yi Sanghee , Lee Jun Yeob , Lee Kang Mun
Published: October 2022

Although the remarkable growth of the organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) industry has occurred via continuous, extensive efforts toward the utilization of various organometallic luminophores as phosphorescent emitters, the development of blue phosphorescent emitters with improved efficiencies and high electrochemical stabilities is essential. To this end, herein the preparation of two novel tetradentate Pt(II) complexes, Pt1 and Pt2, and their application as blue phosphorescent emitters in OLED devices is described. Both complexes exhibit intense bluish emission in the solution and solid states. In addition, these complexes display very high phosphorescent quantum efficiencies (>89%) with host materials and thermal stabilities (>390 °C). Multilayer phosphorescent OLEDs containing Pt1 or Pt2 as emitters with mCBP/CNmCBP‐CN mixed‐host systems are fabricated. The devices exhibit outstanding performances, including high current, power, external efficiencies, and potential device lifetime in addition to sky‐blue (Pt1) or blue (Pt2) electroluminescence. These results clearly suggest that these tetradentate Pt(II) dopants are promising candidates as highly efficient, stable blue phosphorescent emitters in OLEDs.
NIR‐II Excitation Phototheranostic Platform for Synergistic Photothermal Therapy/Chemotherapy/Chemodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer Bone Metastases
Authors: Sun Pengfei , Qu Fan , Zhang Chi , Cheng Pengfei , Li Xiangyu , Shen Qingming , Li Daifeng , Fan Quli
Published: October 2022

To improve bone metastases treatment efficacy, current strategies are focused on the integration of chemotherapy with phototheranostic. However, the success of phototheranostic approaches is hampered by the limited tissue penetration depth of near‐infrared‐I (NIR‐I) light (700–900 nm). In this study, a NIR‐II (1000–1700 nm) excitation phototheranostic (BTZ/Fe2+@BTF/ALD) is presented for NIR‐II fluorescence imaging and NIR‐II photoacoustic imaging‐guided NIR‐II photothermal therapy (PTT), chemotherapy, and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) of breast cancer bone metastases. This phototheranostic is developed by integrating a dopamine‐modified NIR‐II absorbing donor–acceptor–donor small molecule (BBT‐FT‐DA), the boronate anticancer drug bortezomib (BTZ), and Fe2+ ions, as CDT catalysts, into an amphiphilic PEGylated phospholipid modified with the bone‐targeting ligand alendronate. In acidic and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) over expression tumor microenvironment, the boronate–catechol linkage is cleaved and BTZ and Fe2+ ions are released to initiate the Fenton reaction, that is, chemotherapy and CDT, respectively, are initialized. It is confirmed using the murine 4T1 bone metastasis model that BTZ/Fe2+@BTF/ALD significantly suppresses the progression of tumor cells in the bone tissue via a synergistic NIR‐II PTT/chemotherapy/CDT effect. Overall, this work provides fresh insights to guide the development of NIR‐II phototheranostics for breast cancer bone metastases.
An exploration into the conversion of dominance to additive genetic variance in contrasting environments
Authors: So Cameron P. , Sibolibane Mia M. , Weis Arthur E.
Published: October 2022

Premise

The evolutionary response of a trait to environmental change depends upon the level of additive genetic variance. It has been long argued that sustained selection will tend to deplete additive genetic variance as favored alleles approach fixation. Non‐additive genetic variance, due to interactions among alleles within and between loci, does not immediately contribute to an evolutionary response. However, shifts in the allele frequencies within and between interacting loci may convert non‐additive variance into additive variance. Here we consider the possibility that an environmental shift may alter allelic interactions in ways that convert dominance into additive genetic variance.

Methods

We grew a pedigreed population of Brassica rapa in greenhouse and field conditions. The field conditions mimicked agricultural conditions from which the base population was drawn, while the greenhouse featured benign conditions. We used Bayesian models to estimate the additive, dominance, and maternal components of quantitative genetic variance. We also estimated genetic correlations across environments using parental breeding values.

Results

Although the additive genetic variance was elevated in the greenhouse condition, no consistent pattens emerged that would indicate a conversion of dominance variance. The unusually low genetic variance and broad confidence intervals for the variance estimates obtained through this analysis preclude definitive interpretations.

Conclusions

Further studies are needed to determine whether between‐environment changes in additive genetic variance can be traced to conversion of dominance variance.
The challenges of growing orchids from seeds for conservation: An assessment of asymbiotic techniques
Authors: Jolman Devani , Batalla Martín I. , Hungerford Alexis , Norwood Pryce , Tait Noah , Wallace Lisa E.
Published: October 2022

Lewis Knudson first successfully germinated orchid seeds asymbiotically on artificial medium in 1922. While many orchid species have since been grown asymbiotically, the tremendous variation in how species respond to artificial medium and growth conditions ex situ has also become apparent in the past century. In this study, we reviewed published journal articles on asymbiotic orchid seed germination to provide a summary of techniques used and to evaluate if these differ between terrestrial and epiphytic species, to identify areas where additional research is needed, and to evaluate whether asymbiotic germination could be used more often in ex situ conservation. We found articles reporting successful asymbiotic germination of 270 species and 20 cultivars across Orchidaceae. Researchers often used different techniques with epiphytic versus terrestrial species, but species‐specific responses to growth media and conditions were common, indicating that individualized protocols will be necessary for most species. The widespread success in generating seedlings on artificial media suggests that asymbiotic techniques should be another tool for the conservation of rare orchid species. Further advances are needed in understanding how to introduce mycorrhizae to axenically grown orchids and to maximize the viability of seedlings reintroduced into natural habitats to fully utilize these methods for conservation.
Iron Catalysis: A New Horizon Towards Organoboron‐mediated C−C Cross‐coupling
Authors: Mondal Suparna , Kanti Das Kanak , Panda Santanu
Published: October 2022

Transition metal‐catalyzed cross‐couplings have had a profound impact on chemical synthesis. Among the various transition metals, iron has drawn huge attention due to its cost effectiveness, range of stable oxidation states, Lewis acidic property and releatively less toxicity. Iron complexes have exhibited an efficient catalytic activity towards the cross‐coupling reaction using organomagnesium, organolithium and organozinc reagent. Organoboron compounds are also engaged as a coupling partner for Fe catalysed C−C bond forming reactions. Over the last two decades’ various iron catalysed C−C bond forming reactions have been developed. This review will summarize the chronological development in this research area along with challenges appearing especially in the past decade.
Analysis of Selenoprotein F Binding to UDP‐Glucose:Glycoprotein Glucosyltransferase (UGGT) by a Photoreactive Crosslinker
Authors: Higashi Sayaka , Imamura Yuki , Kikuma Takashi , Matoba Takahiro , Orita Saya , Yamaguchi Yoshiki , Ito Yukishige , Takeda Yoichi
Published: October 2022

In the endoplasmic reticulum glycoprotein quality control system, UDP‐glucose : glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT) functions as a folding sensor. Although it is known to form a heterodimer with selenoprotein F (SelenoF), the details of the complex formation remain obscure. A pulldown assay using co‐transfected SelenoF and truncated mutants of human UGGT1 (HUGT1) revealed that SelenoF binds to the TRXL2 domain of HUGT1. Additionally, a newly developed photoaffinity crosslinker was selectively introduced into cysteine residues of recombinant SelenoF to determine the spatial orientation of SelenoF to HUGT1. The crosslinking experiments showed that SelenoF formed a covalent bond with amino acids in the TRXL3 region and the interdomain between βS2 and GT24 of HUGT1 via the synthetic crosslinker. SelenoF might play a role in assessing and refining the disulfide bonds of misfolded glycoproteins in the hydrophobic cavity of HUGT1 as it binds to the highly flexible region of HUGT1 to reach its long hydrophobic cavity. Clarification of the SelenoF‐binding domain of UGGT and its relative position will help predict and reveal the function of SelenoF from a structural perspective.
Altering the Regiospecificity of a CatecholO‐methyltransferase through Rational Design: Vanilloid vs. Isovanilloid Motifs in the B‐ring of Flavonoids
Authors: Dippe Martin , Davari Mehdi D. , Weigel Benjamin , Heinke Ramona , Vogt Thomas , Wessjohann Ludger A.
Published: October 2022

Rational re‐design of the substrate pocket of phenylpropanoid‐flavonoidO‐methyltransferase (PFOMT) fromMesembryanthemum crystallinum, an enzyme that selectively methylates the 3′‐position (=meta‐position) in catechol‐moieties of flavonoids to guiacol‐moieties, provided the basis for the generation of variants with opposite, i. e. 4′‐ (para‐) regioselectivity and enhanced catalytic efficiency. A double variant (Y51R/N202W) identified through a newly developed colorimetric assay efficiently modified thepara‐position in flavanone and flavanonol substrates, providing access to the sweetener molecule hesperetin and other rare plant flavonoids having an isovanilloid motif.
Neutral Boryl Radicals in Mixed‐Valent B(III)Br‐B(II) Adducts
Authors: Liu Tong‐Tong , Chen Jiaxin , Chen Xin‐Lei , Ma Li , Guan Bing‐Tao , Lin Zhenyang , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: October 2022

The general strategies to stabilize a boryl radical involve single electron delocalization by π‐system and the steric hinderance from bulky groups. Herein, a new class of boryl radicals is reported, with intramolecular mixed‐valent B(III)Br‐B(II) adducts ligated by a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC). The radicals feature a large spin density on the boron center, which is ascertained by EPR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Structural and computational analyses revealed that the stability of radical species was assisted by the CAAC ligand and a weak but significant B(III)Br‐B(II) interaction, suggesting a cooperative avenue for stabilization of boryl radicals. Two‐electron reduction of these new boryl radicals provides C−H insertion products via a borylene intermediate.
In Situ Synthesis of Cu3P/P‐Doped g‐C3N4 Tight 2D/2D Heterojunction Boosting Photocatalytic H2 Evolution†
Authors: Hou Fangyong , Liu Feng , Wu Haochen , Qasim Muhammad , Chen Yi , Duan Yang , Feng Zhibo , Liu Maochang
Published: October 2022

Comprehensive Summary

Heterojunction design in a two‐dimensional (2D) fashion has been deemed beneficial for improving the photocatalytic activity of g‐C3N4 because of the promoted interfacial charge transfer, yet still facing challenges. Herein, we construct a novel 2D/2D Cu3P nanosheet/P‐doped g‐C3N4 (PCN) nanosheet heterojunction photocatalyst (PCN/Cu3P) through a simple in‐situ phosphorization treatment of 2D/2D CuS/g‐C3N4 composite for photocatalytic H2 evolution. We demonstrate that the 2D lamellar structure of both CuS and g‐C3N4 could be well reserved in the phosphorization process, while CuS and g‐C3N4 in‐situ transformed into Cu3P and PCN, respectively, leading to the formation of PCN/Cu3P tight 2D/2D heterojunction. Owing to the large contact area provided by intimate face‐to‐face 2D/2D structure, the PCN/Cu3P photocatalyst exhibits significantly enhanced charge separation efficiency, thus achieving a boosted visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic behavior. The highest rate for H2 evolution reaches 5.12 μmol·h–1, nearly 24 times and 368 times higher than that of pristine PCN and g‐C3N4, respectively. This work represents an excellent example in elaborately constructing g‐C3N4‐based 2D/2D heterostructure and could be extended to other photocatalyst/co‐catalyst system.
Vegetation complexity and nesting resource availability predict bee diversity and functional traits in community gardens
Authors: Felderhoff Julia , Gathof Anika K. , Buchholz Sascha , Egerer Monika
Published: October 2022

Urban gardens can support diverse bee communities through resource provision in resource poor environments. Yet the effects of local habitat and landscape factors on wild bee communities in cities is still insufficiently understood, nor is how this information could be applied to urban wildlife conservation. Here we investigate how taxonomic and functional diversity of wild bees and their traits in urban community gardens are related to garden factors and surrounding landscape factors (e.g., plant diversity, amount of bare ground, amount of nesting resources, amount of landscape imperviousness). Using active and passive methods in 18 community gardens in Berlin, Germany, we documented 26 genera and 102 species of bees. We found that higher plant species richness and plant diversity as well as higher amounts of deadwood in gardens leads to higher numbers of wild bee species and bee (functional) diversity. Furthermore, higher landscape imperviousness surrounding gardens correlates with more cavity nesting bees, whereas a higher amount of bare ground correlates with more ground‐nesting bees. Pollen specialization was positively associated with plant diversity, but no factors strongly predicted the proportion of endangered bees. Our results suggest that, aside from foraging resources, nesting resources should be implemented in management for more pollinator‐friendly gardens. If designed and managed using such evidence‐based strategies, urban gardens can create valuable foraging and nesting habitats for taxonomically and functionally diverse bee communities in cities.
Phylogenetic risk assessment is robust for forecasting the impact ofEuropean insects onNorthAmerican conifers
Authors: Uden Daniel R. , Mech Angela M. , Havill Nathan P. , Schulz Ashley N. , Ayres Matthew P. , Herms Daniel A. , Hoover Angela M. , Gandhi Kamal J. K. , Hufbauer Ruth A. , Liebhold Andrew M. , Marsico Travis D. , Raffa Kenneth F. , Thomas Kathryn A. , Tobin Patrick C. , Allen Craig R.
Published: October 2022

Some introduced species cause severe damage, although the majority have little impact. Robust predictions of which species are most likely to cause substantial impacts could focus efforts to mitigate those impacts or prevent certain invasions entirely. Introduced herbivorous insects can reduce crop yield, fundamentally alter natural and managed forest ecosystems, and are unique among invasive species in that they require certain host plants to succeed. Recent studies have demonstrated that understanding the evolutionary history of introduced herbivores and their host plants can provide robust predictions of impact. Specifically, divergence times between hosts in the native and introduced ranges of a nonnative insect can be used to predict the potential impact of the insect should it establish in a novel ecosystem. However, divergence time estimates vary among published phylogenetic datasets, making it crucial to understand if and how the choice of phylogeny affects prediction of impact. Here, we tested the robustness of impact prediction to variation in host phylogeny by using insects that feed on conifers and predicting the likelihood of high impact using four different published phylogenies. Our analyses ranked 62 insects that are not established in North America and 47 North American conifer species according to overall risk and vulnerability, respectively. We found that results were robust to the choice of phylogeny. Although published vascular plant phylogenies continue to be refined, our analysis indicates that those differences are not substantial enough to alter the predictions of invader impact. Our results can assist in focusing biosecurity programs for conifer pests and can be more generally applied to nonnative insects and their potential hosts by prioritizing surveillance for those insects most likely to be damaging invaders.
Dear old love: Effects of reflecting on nostalgic memories about ex‐partners on current romantic relationship
Authors: Ai Ting , Gillath Omri , Landau Mark
Published: October 2022

Research on the impact of ex‐romantic partners on current romantic relationships is mainly focused on negative aspects. Here instead we focus on the potential positive influence of reflecting on nostalgic memories of one's ex‐partner. In three studies, we found that reflecting on nostalgic memories of one's ex‐partner increased the perception of current relationship quality (Studies 1– 3) and approach motivation towards the current relationship (Study 3), compared to a control condition. We also tested a potential underlying mechanism—perception of self‐growth. We found that perception of self‐growth mediated the positive effects of reflecting on nostalgic memories about an ex‐partner on perceived current relationship quality (Studies 2 and 3) and approach motivation in the current relationship (Study 3). Implications for research and therapy are discussed.
Noninvasive predictors of clinically significant portal hypertension in NASH cirrhosis: Validation of ANTICIPATE models and development of a lab‐based model
Authors: Rabiee Anahita , Deng Yanhong , Ciarleglio Maria , Chan Jean L. , Pons Monica , Genesca Joan , Garcia‐Tsao Guadalupe
Published: October 2022

Clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH), defined as hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) ≥ 10 mm Hg, identifies patients with compensated cirrhosis at a high risk of decompensation. However, HVPG is an invasive and nuanced method. The ANTICIPATE models, which include liver stiffness measurements by transient elastography (TE) and platelet count ± body mass index, are robust noninvasive surrogates of CSPH but required external validation in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cirrhosis. Additionally, TE is not widely available worldwide. The aims of the study were: (1) to externally validate the ANTICIPATE models using baseline data from patients with compensated NASH cirrhosis screened/enrolled in a multicenter international randomized controlled trial; and (2) to develop and externally validate a model using only laboratory values. Regarding aim 1, both ANTICIPATE models showed good calibration and discrimination (area under the curve [AUC] > 0.8) in our cohort (n = 222). Regarding aim 2, a new lab‐based model using the Fibrosis‐4 index (FIB‐4 [age, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, platelet count]) plus serum albumin was developed. The discrimination in the training cohort (n = 309) was good (AUC of 0.78 [95% confidence interval [CI]:0.72–0.83]). It was then externally validated in a separate cohort of 245 patients with compensated NASH cirrhosis (AUC of 0.8 [95% CI: 0.75–0.86]). Given the difference in the prevalence of CSPH between training (74%) and validation (39%) cohorts, the model required an update of the baseline risk to achieve a good calibration. The updated model was named FIB4+. In conclusion, both ANTICIPATE models performed well in predicting the presence of CSPH in NASH cirrhosis. A model using FIB‐4 plus albumin (FIB4+) can be used to predict CSPH where TE is not available.