bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trypsin inhibitor and the nutritional value of soya beans
Authors: Lepkovsky S. , Furuta F. , Dimivk Mildred K.
Published: September 2005

1. One reason, based on indirect evidence, advanced in explanation of the low nutritional value of raw soya bean (RS) is that it stimulates the pancreas to secrete massive amounts of protein which are ultimately lost in the faeces. This theory has been investigated directly.

2. The expected outpouring of pancreatic protein did not occur when the secretion of enzymes and protein in pancreatic juice from chickens and rats given successively heated soya bean (HS) and RS diets was measured directly.

3. It is suggested that RS, acting upon intestinal proteins, forms trypsin inhibitor-protein complexes which, in spite of adequate proteolytic activity, escape digestion and are lost with the faeces, thus decreasing the nutritional value of the diet.
The effect of an oral glucose load on serum free amino acid concentrations in children before and after treatment for kwashiorkor
Authors: Grimble R. F. , Whitehead R. G.
Published: September 2005

1. The mechanisms by which an oral dose of glucose can stimulate the uptake of essential amino acids from serum was found to be operative even in children with severe, untreated kwashiorkor.

2. Although the percentage fall in the concentration of the essential amino acids in response to glucose was the same before and after treatment, the absolute fall was greater on discharge. The results indicated that the magnitude of this fall might depend on the initial fasting concentration of each individual amino acid.

3. These results have been discussed on the basis of possible long-term pathological effects of a distorted serum amino acid pattern typified by low concentrations of valine, leucine and threonine. The protein-sparing action of carbohydrate, achieved by the preferential synthesis of muscle protein in response to insulin secretion, might be less effective because of substrate limitation.

4. Of the non-essential amino acids, the concentrations of alanine and glycine also fell markedly before treatment, but this did not occur on discharge. The significance of this difference is also discussed.

5. The results also indicate that slightly high, spurious amino acid ratios can be obtained if a child is given a drink containing sugar before a blood sample is taken.
The effects of environmental temperature on the growth and metabolism of pigs given different amounts of food
Authors: Fuller M. F. , Boyne A. W.
Published: September 2005

1. Twelve castrated male pigs were kept at each of three temperatures and given food at one of three levels of intake. The temperatures and daily food intakes (expressed as g/kg0.73) were 23° (80, 100, 120), 13° (100, 120, 140), 3–5° (120, 140, 160). Growth and nitrogen metabolism were measured during growth from 20 kglive weight until slaughter at gokg live weight, when the body contents of N and fat were estimated.

2. Growth rate increased with each unit of daily food intake (I g/kg0.73 live weight) by 7.73 ± 0.74 g/d. This value did not vary significantly with temperature. Daily growth rate was depressed by 17.8 ± 2.3 g for each I° fall of temperature.

3. Daily N retention estimated by the balance method exceeded by 2.59 g/d that estimated by the comparative slaughter technique. Both results led to the same conclusion, which echoed that found with growth rate, that there was no significant effect of temperature on the response of N retention to increasing food intake. Taking the mean of the two estimates, N retention at a constant food intake fell by 0.38±0.055 g/d for each I° fall of temperature.

4. The N content of the ingesta-free carcass at slaughter fell with each increase in daily food intake by 0.007±0.002%, and the fat content rose correspondingly by 0.116±0.027%. These regressions did not vary significantly with temperature. When considered at a constant food intake, body composition did not alter significantly with temperature.
Changes in serum creatine kinase and other biological measurements associated with musculature in children recovering from kwashiorkor
Authors: Reindorp S. , Whitehead R. G.
Published: September 2005

1. Changes in serum creatine kinase activity, creatinine excretion, mid-upper arm and thigh muscle circumference and the ‘X-ray muscle shadow weight’ of the upper arm and thigh muscles have been compared in children recovering from kwashiorkor.

2. Creatine kinase activity rose as the health of the child improved but was subject to large fluctuations mainly associated with the Occurrence of infections. For this reason it is unlikely to be of value in assessing nutritional status on the basis of changes in musculature.

3. Creatinine excretion also increased with treatment and was more consistent. This
measurement should be of much greater value than serum creatine kinase.

4. The anthropometric measurements were relatively insensitive to quite large changes in
limb musculature.

5. Assessment of musculature by soft-tissue X-rays of the limbs appeared to be a sensitive method of potential value.
The influence of biliary constituents in an acid medium on the micellar solubilization of unesterified fatty acids of the duodenal digesta of sheep
Authors: Aileen Scott M. , Lough A. K.
Published: September 2005

1. Duodenal contents were collected from cannulated sheep that were fed on dried grass cubes. After high-speed centrifugation, the distribution of long-chain unesterified fatty acids between the aqueous and particulate fractions of the digesta was examined.

2. The unesterified fatty acids of the digesta were found to be predominantly associated with the particulate matter.

3. When gall-bladder bile was added to the digesta at 37° and pH 4.0, in vitro, it was observed that unesterified fatty acids were transferred from the particulate matter to micellar solution. This transfer was due largely to the solubilizing effect of bile salts acting together with biliary phospholipids.

4. These findings are discussed in relation to the absorption of unesterified fatty acids by the sheep.
The bromine content of human tissue
Authors: Crampton R. F. , Elias P. S. , Gangolli S. D.
Published: September 2005

1. A comparison of human tissue organo-bromine residues has been made from specimens obtained in the UK, West Germany and Holland.

2. These findings, in conjunction with previous animal studies and with the geographical differences in the use of brominated vegetable oils as food additives, suggest that the high bromine levels found in the fat of tissues from UK children are due to the use of these compounds.
Quantitative intestinal digestion of nitrogen in sheep given formaldehyde-treated and untreated casein supplements
Authors: Macrae J. C. , Ulyatt M. J. , Pearce P. D. , Hendtlass Jane
Published: September 2005

1. In two experiments, sheep prepared with a rumen cannula and with re-entrant cannulas in the duodenum and ileum were continuously fed on diets of dried grass, dried grass plus formalin-treated casein, or dried grass plus untreated casein. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide was given once daily via the rumen fistula.

2. In ten 24 h collections of digesta entering the duodenum and eleven 24 h collections of digesta reaching the ileum of sheep given dried grass, there were highly significant correlations between the 24 h flows of Cr marker and the corresponding flows of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, gross energy, hemicellulose and cellulose (P < 0.01) at both sites.

3. Daily amounts of non-ammonia N and of individual amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine and of total N excreted in faeces and urine are given.

4. Net retention of supplementary N was 36% when the supplement was administered as formalin-treated casein, but only 17% when it was administered as untreated casein.

5. Formalin treatment of casein significantly increased the daily amounts of non-ammonia N entering the small intestine (P < 0.01) and the amounts of non-ammonia N apparently absorbed therein (P < 0.05).

6. Apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was significantly greater (P < 0.05) with treated casein than with untreated casein. There were relative increases in the small amounts of several free amino acids measured, including taurine, in the ileal digesta of sheep receiving the treated casein supplement.
Influence of feeding regimen and protein supplementation on the sites of net absorption of magnesium in sheep
Authors: Grace N. D. , Macrae J. C.
Published: September 2005

1. Sheep prepared with a rumen cannula and with re-entrant cannulas at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were given diets of dried grass, and dried grass supplemented with formalin-treated or untreated casein. They were fed either continuously or once daily. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide was given once daily via the rumen fistula.

2. The observed daily flows of magnesium at the duodenum and ileum were highly correlated with the corresponding flows of Cr.

3. There was a net absorption of Mg from the stomach as well as the intestinal region of all sheep.

4. Protein supplementation had no effect on the extent or sites of Mg absorption, but altering the feeding regimen changed the proportions of the net absorption of Mg occurring in the stomach and intestinal regions.
The influence of activity and size of meals on caloric response in women
Authors: Swindells Yola E.
Published: September 2005

1. The oxygen utilization of ten women was measured after consuming meals supplying 230–1200 kcal (0.96–5.02 MJ) in three experiments.

2. In the first experiment four subjects consumed one-ninth, one-third or one-half of the daily allowance and the oxygen consumption was measured for 3 h after the meal. The response was unrelated to the size of the meal.

3. Resting conditions were rigidly controlled in the second experiment. Each woman reclined on a bed for 5–7 h while the effect of a meal providing 600 or 900 kcal (2.51 or 3.77 MJ) for the two lighter subjects and 800 or 1200 kcal (3.35 or 5.02 MJ) for two heavier subjects was measured. A greater increment in energy expenditure was obtained after the larger meal for each subject. The effect of two 30 min walks before and after the large meal was negligible.

4. In a third experiment the effect of exercise was measured with five women consuming 900 kcal (3.77 MJ) (a) followed by 5 h rest and (b) preceded and followed by exercise (two 30 min walks on a treadmill). The energy increment during 90 min after the meal was equivalent in (a) to 15 kcal (63 kJ) per h and in (b) to 16 kcal (67 kJ) per h, whereas the response following exercise but without food was insignificant.
The influence of the intestinal microflora on disaccharidase activities in the chick
Authors: Siddons R. C. , Coates Marie E.
Published: September 2005

1. Maltase sucrase, palatinase (the enzyme that hydrolyses palatinose, i.e. 6-o-α-D-gluco-pyranosyl-D-fructose) and lactase activities were measured in the small and large intestines of germ-free and conventional chicks given either a diet of purified ingredients or a practical chick mash.

2. With the purified diet there were no differences in body-weight or small intestinal disaccharidase activities between germ-free and conventional chicks. With the chick mash the germ-free birds were heavier and had higher total amounts of maltase, sucrase and palatinase activities in the small intestine than did their conventional controls. When disaccharidase activities were expressed in terms of body-weight there were no differences between birds in the two environments. Enzyme activities were consistently higher in the birds given chick mash.

3. Inclusion of milled fibre in the purified diet did not increase the weight or disaccharidase activities of the small intestine in either environment.

4. Lactase was virtually absent from the small intestine of birds in both environments and from the large intestine of germ-free birds. There was appreciable lactase activity in the large intestinal contents of conventional chicks, and it was increased by inclusion of lactose in the diet.

5. When lactose was the sole source of carbohydrate the birds grew poorly but mortality rate was less among conventional compared with germ-free chicks.

6. It was concluded that the presence of micro-organisms has no direct effect on disaccharidase production in the small intestine of the chick. Microbial lactase is present in the large intestine, and at least some of the products of its action can be utilized by the bird.
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatase activities in the zinc-deficient rat
Authors: Williams R. B.
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of zinc deficiency on the activities of rat duodenal alkaline phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatase has been investigated.

2. Zn deficiency adversely affected the activity of these enzymes before growth rate and food intake were reduced.

3. The level of food intake was without effect on the activity of alkaline phosphatase but markedly influenced that of inorganic pyrophosphatase.

4. The relevance of changes in the activities of Zn-dependent intestinal enzymes to the food intake of Zn-deficient rats is discussed.
Production within the rumen and removal from the blood-stream of volatile fatty acids in sheep given a diet deficient in cobalt
Authors: Marston Hedeey R. , Allex Shirley H. , SMITH R. M.
Published: September 2005

1. The production and metabolism of volatile fatty acids were studied in sheep offered a cobalt-deficient diet.

2. The molar proportions of acetic (60%), propionic (26%) and butyric (14%) acids in the rumen fluids of sheep given the Co-deficient diet, but whose stores of vitamin B12were adequate, were similar before and after administration of an oral supplement of Co.

3. In pair-fed sheep, one member of which was vitamin B12-deficient and the other (control) treated with vitamin B12parenterally, the concentrations after feeding of both total and individual volatile fatty acids in the blood tended to be higher in deficient than in control sheep.

4. Following injection of the respective salts of individual volatile fatty acids into the blood-stream, formate clearance was apparently not affected, whereas that of acetate was slightly, and that of propionate very significantly, delayed in vitamin B12-deficient sheep compared with pair-fed control animals.

5. Acetate metabolism was retarded in the presence of propionate; the effect was greater in deficient than in pair-fed control sheep.

6. The hypothesis is advanced that it is the failure to metabolize propionate at the normal rate that leads to the progressive loss of appetite in vitamin B12-deficient sheep.
The replacement of protein concentrates by synthetic lysine in the diet of growing pigs
Authors: Braude R. , Mitchell K. G. , Myres A. W. , Newport M. J. , Cuthbertson A.
Published: September 2005

1. Pigs from 20 to 60 kg live weight were fed on cereal diets, supplemented only with vitamins and minerals, with and without supplementary lysine.

2. Growth rate, feed:gain ratio and carcass quality of pigs given a high-barley diet (75% barley meal, 23% wheat offal) were inferior to those of pigs given a high-wheat offal diet (75% wheat offal, 23% barley meal).

3. On both diets, but particularly on the high-barley diet, performance was improved by the addition of L-lysine (to give a total lysine content of 5.2 g/16 g nitrogen, approximating to that present in a standard barley meal–wheat offal diet supplemented with 7% white fish meal).

4. Percentage N retention was improved on both diets by supplementation with lysine.

5. Results for carcass composition showed that the carcasses of pigs fed on the unsupplemented high-wheat offal diet contained more lean tissue than those of pigs given the unsupplemented high-barley diet. Lysine supplementation resulted in an increased content of lean tissue on both diets, the percentage increase due to lysine being greater (but not significantly so) on the high-barley diet. The increased lean content was reflected in the carcass measurements but not in the total N retention values, which did not differ significantly between treatments.

6. The results are discussed in relation to the shortage and high cost of animal protein concentrates and the possible replacement of these concentrates with synthetic amino acids.
Dynamic aspects of ammonia and urea metabolism in sheep
Authors: Nolan J. V. , Leng R. A.
Published: September 2005

1. To obtain a quantitative model for nitrogen pathways in sheep, a study of ammonia and urea metabolism was made by using isotope dilution techniques with [15N]ammonium sulphate and [15N]urea and [14C]urea.

2. Single injection and continuous infusion techniques of isotope dilution were used for measuring ammonia and urea entry rates.

3. Sheep were given 33 g of chaffed lucerne hay every hour; the mean dietary N intake was 23.4 g/d.

4. It was estimated that 59% of the dietary N was digested in the reticulo-rumen; 29% of the digested N was utilized as amino acids by the micro-organisms, and 71% was degraded to ammonia.

5. Of the 14.2 g N/d entering the ruminal ammonia pool, 9.9 g N/d left and did not return to the pool, the difference of 4.3 g N/d represented recycling, largely within the rumen itself (through the pathways: ruminal ammonia → microbial protein → amino acids → ammonia).

6. Urea was synthesized in the body at a rate of 18.4 g N/d from 2.0 g N/d of ammonia absorbed through the rumen wall and 16.4 g N/d apparently arising from deamination of amino acids and ammonia absorbed from the lower digestive tract.

7. In the 24 h after intraruminal injection of [15N]ammonium salt, 40–50% of the N entering the plasma urea pool arose from ruminal ammonia; 26% of the15N injected was excreted in urinary N.

8. Although 5.1g N/d as urea was degraded apparently in the digestive tract, only 1.2g N/d appeared in ruminal ammonia; it is suggested that the remainder may have been degraded in the lower digestive tract.

9. A large proportion of the urea N entering the digestive tract is apparently degraded and absorbed and the ammonia incorporated in the pools of nitrogenous compounds that turn over only slowly. This may be a mechanism for the continuous supply to the liver of ammonia for these syntheses.

10. There was incorporation of15N into bacterial fractions isolated from rumen contents after intraruminal and intravenous administration of [15N]ammonium salts and [15N]urea respectively.

11. A model for N pathways in sheep is proposed and, for this diet, many of the pool sizes and turn-over rates have been either deduced or estimated directly.
The effect of ammonium chloride on calcium metabolism in sheep
Authors: Braithwaite G. D.
Published: September 2005

1. A combination of balance and isotope techniques has been used to study the effects of dietary supplements of NH4Cl, given for 1 and 10 weeks, on calcium metabolism in 1- and 2-year-old wethers.

2. The main effects of the NH4C1 supplements were to decrease urinary pH, increase urinary Ca excretion and to increase Ca absorption and the percentage of dietary Ca absorbed.

3. The results were different from those obtained by other workers in man and rat, and possible explanations of this difference are discussed.

4. A difference was also found between 1- and 2-year-old animals in their long-term response to the NH4Cl supplement. This difference may have been due to a lack of available Ca in the diet of the younger animals, and prolonged ingestion of NH4C1 may increase the amounts of Ca absorbed and retained.
Dietary intake of manganese by New Zealand infants during the first six months of life
Authors: McLeod Barbara E. , Robinson Marion F.
Published: September 2005

The manganese concentrations of breast-milk, liquid and dried cow's milk, and foods widely used in mixed feeding of infants in New Zealand, were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

The dietary supply of Mn to infants during the first 6 months was calculated. This varied from 2.5 to 75 μg/d per kg body-weight depending upon the age of the infant, the type of milk and the quantity of solid foods consumed. Young infants in New Zealand received about as much Mn as has been reported for infants elsewhere.
The digestion of heather (Calluna vulgaris) by red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus)
Authors: Moss Robert , Parkinson J. A.
Published: September 2005

1. In the wild, red grouse live largely on heather, a high-fibre (25%), low-protein (7%) food. Digestibility trials were carried out under semi-natural conditions, with magnesium as a digestibility marker. Two trials were done, one in autumn and one in spring.

2. Digestibility of the dry matter varied from 21 to 30% and metabolizable energy from 1.1 to 1.6 kcal/g. These variations were inversely related to intake and could partly be accounted for by facultative variations in holocellulose and lignin digestion.

3. Digestion of soluble carbohydrates, protein (measured as α-amino-nitrogen) and holocellulose varied between trials according to the initial concentration in the food. The digestibility of soluble carbohydrate was high (78–83%) in autumn (16% in food) and low (61–66%) in spring (11% in food) and that of protein was relatively low (24–31%) in autumn (6% in food) and high (42–48%) in spring (7% in food). Digestibility of crude fat was 30–33% for four birds and 20% for one bird.

4. By comparison with poultry, voluntary intake of dry matter was very high relative to body-weight and intake of energy appeared to be adequate. None the less, all birds lost weight during the trials, presumably for reasons other than energy shortage.

5. Urate excretion increased in parallel with body-weight losses, but formed only 2% of the total N output at low weight losses, in which event the main nitrogenous compounds in the droppings were α-amino N (presumably largely from undigested protein), ammonium salts and ornithuric acid.

6. The ornithuric acid was presumably a detoxication product of prolignins and possibly tannins and other polyphenols. Its excretion by grouse corresponds to the excretion of hippuric acid by ruminants.
Nutrient stores in human foetal livers
Authors: Iyengar Leela , Apte Sharad V.
Published: September 2005

1. Liver composition and hepatic nutrient stores in foetuses born to mothers belonging to a low socio-economic group of the population were determined.

2. The contribution by the liver to body-weight and the concentration of water and nitrogen in liver at different gestational ages were relatively constant.

3. Total iron and copper contents of the liver were in the normal reported range but the ferritin content was considerably lower in the present investigation.

4. Hepatic stores of vitamin A, vitamin B12and folate were lower than the values that have been reported elsewhere.

5. It is suggested that inadequate stores of iron, vitamin A, vitamin B12and folate in these infants may predispose them to the early development of some deficiency diesease.
The effects of dietary protein and non-protein nitrogen on liver glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the chick
Authors: Davis K. H. , Martindale C. H.
Published: September 2005

1. Diets containing varying levels of crude protein (CP) in the range 9.5–18.5% with and without supplements of diammonium citrate (DAC) as a source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) were given to 160 growing chicks from 2 to 4 weeks of age, and their livers were assayed for glumate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity.

2. Growth rate and total liver protein were increased by raising the protein level from 9.5 to 18.5% CP. Chicks receiving 9.5 or 12.5% CP were heavier when they had also received 1.94% DAC. At 18.5% CP the addition of 3.88% DAC depressed growth.

3. GDH activity per unit liver weight and total GDH activity increased with dietary protein level but there were no consistent responses to DAC supplements. It was concluded that liver GDH activity did not provide a useful index of the utilization of NPN.
The influence of maize oil on the fatty acid composition of tissues of calves with and without vitamin E
Authors: Poukka Ritva , Oksanen Aili
Published: September 2005

1. Fatty acid levels were studied in the tissues of 1-week-old calves receiving maize oil (in filled milk) with and without supplementary α-tocopherol. The calves that were not given vitamin E developed muscular dystrophy.

2. Decreased amounts of linoleic acid and increased amounts of arachidonic acid were found in nearly all the lipid fractions of skeletal muscles, hearts, livers and kidneys of vitamin E-deficient calves. The concentration of the polyunsaturated fatty acids beyond arachidonic acid remained about the same in both groups. There was a significant decrease of 20:2Ω6 fatty acid in the phosphatidy1 choline, phosphatidy1 ethanolamine and free fatty acid fractions in the livers and kidneys of vitamin E-deficient calves.

3. It is suggested that vitamin E has an inhibitory effect on the desaturating but not on the chain-elongation enzymes of microsomes in the liver and kidney.

4. Maize-oil feeding had only a slight effect on erythrocyte fatty acid composition, and the erythrocyte haemolysis test was negative even in the vitamin E-deficient animals.
Effect of diet on disaccharidase activity in the chick
Authors: Siddons R. C.
Published: September 2005

1. The influence of diets, particularly dietary carbohydrate, on the development of the intestinal disaccharidases of the chick was studied.

2. The maltase activity in the small intestine was similar in groups of 25-d-old chicks that had been fed, from hatching, on diets containing either starch, glucose, maltose, sucrose, or a mixture of 50% glucose + 50% lactose, as the source of carbohydrate. The sucrase activity in the small intestine was also similar in the different groups, as was the palatinase (the enzyme that hydrolyses palatinose, i.e. 6-o-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose) activity. The maltase activity in the large intestine of the group receiving the starch-containing diet was significantly increased. The lactase activity in the large intestine was significantly higher in the group receiving the 50% glucose + 50% lactose and in the group receiving glucose than in the other groups. Body- weights were similar with all the diets.

3. The fasting of chicks for a period of 3 d caused a marked decrease in the activity of the disaccharidases and in the protein content of the homogenates of the small intestine.

4. The maltase activity was similar in the small intestine of chicks that had been fasted for 3 d and subsequently given diets containing either starch, glucose, maltose, sucrose or fructose for 5 d. The sucrase activity, the isomaltase activity and the palatinase activity were also similar in the small intestine of the chicks given the different diets. Feeding with a fat-free or protein-free diet did not affect the development of disaccharidases in the small intestine, but feeding with a carbohydrate-free diet resulted in reduced disaccharidase activity.

5. The results suggest that, in the chick, dietary carbohydrate is necessary for the development of the disaccharidases but the form of the carbohydrate is not important. None of the sugars tested had a specific effect on a particular disaccharidase.
Effects of cyclamate and food restriction on various metabolites in the rat
Authors: Prosky L. , O'Dell R. G.
Published: September 2005

1. Rats were given stock chow diets containing several levels of calcium cyclamate to study the effects on growth and on some metabolites in liver and blood.

2. Levels up to 1% in the diet produced diarrhoea without affecting body-weight. At a level of 3% in the diet, body-weight was decreased by 12% in 8 weeks.

3. No changes were noted in liver protein, lipid and RNA-P and serum protein and lipid.14CO2excretion during the 1st hour after [14C]glucose administration also remained unchanged.

4. Adult rats weighing 500 g were given, at a restricted intake, a diet with variations in its fat and cyclamate contents.

5. During 15 weeks, the animals given the fat-supplemented diet plus cyclamate lost twice as much weight as controls without cyclamate and also excreted 20% more14CO2. When the food intake was further restricted for 15 weeks weight losses in all groups were the same.

6. Serum lipid and free cholesterol concentrations were lowered in the cyclamate group.14CO2excretion for this group was 35% higher than for controls, indicating increased metabolic activity.

7. Concentrations of aspartate, glutamate, lactate, succinate, malate and glycerol-I-phosphate in liver were within normal limits. There were indications of decreased levels of lactate and succinate in cyclamate-fed rats which could be associated with aerobiosis and increased metabolic activity.
Energy expenditure of soldiers in a warm humid climate
Authors: Haisman M. F.
Published: September 2005

1. Energy expenditure determinations have been made on thirty-two soldiers newly arrived in the warm humid climate of southern Malaya. Ergometer cycling was investigated as well as everyday activities such as lying, sitting, riding in a trunck, abultions, buildings a jungle camp and walking with loads over four different routes.

2. The inter-individual variation in the gross energy expenditure (kcal/min and kJ/min) of each activity has been compared with the variation in energy expenditure standardized for body-weight, surface area and lean body mass. Standardization for body size did not consistently or effectively reduce the coefficients of variation of energy expenditure.

3. The gross energy expenditure of most activities was significantly correlated with bodyweight, surface area or lean body mass but the correlation coefficients were not of a high order, suggesting that less than 41% of the inter-individual variation in energy expenditure was accounted for by variation in body size.

4. The energy expenditure of walking at various speeds over both firm and uneven terrain was related to the square of the walking speed and the total weight of the man and his equipment (correlation coefficients 0.89–0.92, P < 0.001).
Changes in serum β-lipoprotein concentration during the development of kwashiorkor and in recovery
Authors: Coward W. A. , Whitehead R. G
Published: September 2005

1. Serum β-lipoprotein and cholesterol have been measured in children ‘at risk’ to severe protein-calorie malnutrition and in others with kwashiorkor or marasmus. β-Lipoprotein was estimated by an immunological technique. In children recovering from kwashiorkor, serum triglyceride estimations and lipoprotein electrophoretic separations were also carried out.

2. β-Lipoprotein concentrations did not fall significantly until serum albumin concentration was less than 2.5 g/100 ml; cholesterol concentration fell before β-lipoprotein.

3. In frank kwashiorkor, serum β-lipoprotein concentration was reduced by about 30%, whereas cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were reduced by about 50% in comparison with apparently normal children. Electrophoretic evidence showed that serum α-lipoprotein concentration was also reduced or absent altogether. Marasmic children had normal serum concentrations of β-lipoprotein and the other lipid components measured.

4. The metabolic significance of this degree of reduction in serum β-lipoprotein concentration in the pathogenesis of the fatty liver of kwashiorkor has been discussed. It was concluded that, in Ugandan children with serum albumin concentrations below 2.50 g/100 ml, the β-lipoprotein concentration was probably insufficient for normal mobilization of fat from the liver and the children could therefore be considered susceptible to the development of a fatty liver.

5. The recovery from kwashiorkor was marked by a rapid rise in serum β-lipoprotein concentration and hypertriglyceridaemia but a slower rise in cholesterol concentration. This confirmed the results of previous investigations.
Effects of isocaloric exchange of dietary sucrose and starch on fasting serum lipids, postprandial insulin secretion and alimentary lipaemia in human subjects
Authors: Mann J. I. , Truswell A. S.
Published: September 2005

1. Fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride, and post prandial insulin secretion and lipaemia were measured in human subjects in a metabolic ward, who were given an ordinary diet (diet 1) in which the sucrose was isocalorically replaced by starch (diet 2) or vice versa. The subjects were nine healthy normolipaemic adult males. In eight of these subjects the effect of sucrose calorie reduction (diet 3) on fasting serum lipids was also studied.

2. When starch replaced sucrose, there were no singnificant differences in fasting serum lipid concentrations or immunoreactive insulin or in the insulin response and alimentary lipaemia after a standard mixed breakfast.

3. Serum triglyceride concentration fell and cholesterol concentration rose during the period of sucrose (and calorie) restriction.

4. After lunch and supper on the first two diets (when different carbohydrates were given) the lipaemic response was larger and the insulin response smaller after meals containing sucrose.

5. Thus, there was no difference between concentrations of fasting serum lipids when starch replaced sucrose at 23% total calories, but the concentrations of serum triglycerides were higher after individual mixed meals containing sucrose.

6. There were no significant differences in the fatty acid patterns of serum lipids on the different diets.
The influence of malnutrition on the postprandial metabolic rate and respiratory quotient
Authors: Brooke O. G. , Ashworth Ann
Published: September 2005

1. Pre- and post-prandial metabolic rates were measured in twelve malnourished Jamaican infants.

2. On admission to hospital, minimal increase in postprandial metabolic rate were found, whereas during the recovery phase when growth was rapid, inreases in postprandial metabolic rate of up to 38% occurred.

3. After recovery only the five children who were still gaining weight at a rate of more than 4 g/kg body-weigh. d continued to show a substantial increase in postprandial metabolism.

4. A highly significant correlation was found between growth rate and the increase in postprandial metabolic rate.

5. Marked differences existed in the respiratory quotient measured 4 h after the last meal, the values being low on admission and high during the phase of rapid growth.

6. After a test meal, the respiratory quotient rose sharply both innewly admitted and in recovered children, but fell slightly when the children were studied during the phase of rapid growth.
Studies on the transfer of calcium across the ovine placenta and incorporation into the foetal skeleton
Authors: Braithwaite G. D. , Glascock R. F. , Riazuddin Sh.
Published: September 2005

1. Radioactive calcium has been used to study the placental transfer of Ca in ewes at three stages of gestation.

2. At each stage virtually all the radioactive Ca injected into a foetus was still present 5–6 h later and little or none was found in the mother or in a twin foetus if present.

3. It was concluded that there is neither exchange of Ca between foetal and maternal pools nor transfer from foetus to mother. Passage of Ca across the placenta of the ewe is therefore a one-way process.

4. The rapidly exchangeable Ca pool of the foetus tended to increase in size with the stage of gestation and was found to contain only about half of the total Ca of the foetal soft tissues.

5. Two methods for calculating the rate of accretion of Ca into the foetal skeleton have been applied. The results obtained from these calculations suggested that rates of foetal bone accretion also increased with the stage of gestation. Accretion per unit foetal weight, however, remained fairly constant irrespective of age or number of foetuses present.

6. Bone accretion rates calculated from the results of the present work were very similar to the rates obtained previously for transfer of Ca across the sheep placenta, indicating that resorption of Ca from bone is negligible in the foetus.
Evaluation of meals cooked by large-scale methods: a comparison of chemical analysis and calculation from food tables
Authors: Stock Anne L. , Wheeler Erica F.
Published: September 2005

1. Energy, protein, fat and iron have been determined by chemical analysis in a number of meals and whole days' diets prepared by large-scale catering methods. The results have been compared with the results of calculation from food composition tables.

2. There were wide differences between calculated and analytical values for all the constituents, especially for fat and iron. For energy and fat, calculation from food tables gave constantly higher results than did analysis.

3. Large differences in calculated and analysed fat and energy intakes occurred especially when there was frequent use of certain foods that are generally prepared in a non-standard way.

4. The range of differences between average calculated and analytical results depended on the duration of surveys. We have estimated that in a 7 d survey, calculated 7 d protein and energy intakes would fall within ± 20% of the analytical value in 90% of individuals; for iron and probably for other minerals, the range would be ± 50% of the analytical value.
The metabolism of linoleic acid by the young lamb
Authors: Noble R. C. , Steele W. , Moore J. H.
Published: September 2005

1. Groups of lambs were killed immediately after birth; others were reared on a diet of cow's milk and were killed at 10, 20 and 30 d after birth. The concentrations of 18: 2ω6 (linoleic acid) were determined in cow's milk and the concentrations of 18:2ω6, 20:4ω6 (arachidonic acid) and 20: 3ω9 (Δ5, 8, 11eicosatrienoic acid) were determined in the whole carcasses of the lambs.

2. The carcass of the newborn lamb contained only about 300 mg 18: 2ω6. During the first 20 d after birth, there were large increases in the 18: 2ω6 contents of the carcasses, and on the 10th and 20th days, their contents of 18: 2ω6 were similar to the dietary intakes of 18: 2ω6 at the corresponding time-intervals after birth.

3. The 20: 3ω9 to 20:4ω6 ratio in the carcass of the newborn lamb was about 1.6, but after 10 d the ratio had decreased to 0.38 in spite of the fact that 18:2ω6 contributed only about 1% of the total calories in the diet.

4. The minimum dietary requirements for essential fatty acids for young ruminants and for non-ruminent animals are compared.
Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins
Authors: Waibel P. E. , Carpenter K. J.
Published: September 2005

1. ε-(γ-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine was found to have a growth-promoting activity that was approximately equal to the equivalent quantity of L-lysine for both young rats and chicks receiving a lysine-deficient diet.

2. Small quantities of the compound were found in the plasma of the chicks and rats receiving it at the level of 0.4–0.5% on the diet, but none was detected in the rat urine and only a trace in the separated chick urine.

3. Direct intravenous infusion of glutamyl-lysine into rats resulted in higher plasma concentrations; it is suggested that hydrolysis of the ingested peptides may occur largely in the intestinal wall.

4. The findings are discussed in relation to the earlier hypothesis that the formation of glutamyl-lysine cross-linkages in severely heated protein provides an explanation of their reduced nutritional value.
A comparison of feeding reconstituted and dried milk upon the growth and carcass composition of calves
Authors: Pryor W. J. , Ternouth J. H.
Published: September 2005

1. The live-weight gain, carcass weight, edible carcass composition, efficiency of food conversion, and roughage intake were measured in three groups of calves fed for 87 d. After a 3-week feeding period on a common regimen, one group of calves was weaned on to a diet of dry whole-milk powder and chopped lucerne, the second group received a similar diet except that the whole-milk powder was reconstituted to a liquid milk, containing 12–15% dry matter. The third group was given the diet in the same manner as the second group except that the chopped lucerne was availablead lib.

2. The mean live-weight gains for the three groups were 37.7, 47.6 and 52.7 kg respectively, the differences between the dry-fed and the liquid-fed groups being highly significant.

3. Energy and nitrogen accretion in the edible carcass and efficiency of food conversion were superior in the second and third groups.

4. The third group ate larger quantities of roughage, though the difference did not reach significance.

5. The reasons for the superiority of the liquid milk diet are discussed in relation to the avoidance of ruminal fermentation of the milk.
The growth and development of rats given a low-protein diet
Authors: Dickerson J. W. T. , Hughes P. C. R. , McAnulty P. A.
Published: September 2005

1. Weanling (24-d-old) rats of a black and white hooded strain were allowed free access for 28 d to a diet containing 5% casein supplemented with methionine, and sucrose as the carbohydrate. Controls were fed on a 25% casein diet with a corresponding reduction in sucrose. Animals given the deficient diet were killed either at 52 d of age or after subsequent rehabilitation on the 25% casein diet when aged 140 d. These animals were compared with controls killed at these two ages and at the start of the experiment.

2. The skeletons were X-rayed, skeletal maturity was determined according to a scoring system, and various bones were measured. The forebrain and cerebellum were analysed for cholesterol and DNA and the brain stem for cholesterol only. The DNA content of the paired quadriceps muscles and the livers was also determined.

3. On the low-protein diet the body-weight rose by 7 g compared with the control value of 115 g. On rehabilitation, the body-weight of the previously malnourished group showed the expected growth spurt, but failed to attain that of the controls at 140 d.

4. With the exception of the pelvis width, all the bones grew a little during the period on the low-protein diet. After rehabilitation, the hind limb, pelvis, iliac and spine lengths and the bi-iliac width remained smaller than these measurements in the corresponding controls, whereas there was no difference in the length of the fore limb, width of the pelvis or in the bone maturity score.

5. The forebrains and cerebellums of the malnourished rats did not increase in weight, whereas some increase occurred in the brain stem. The concentration of cholesterol in the forebrains of the deficient animals was the same as that in controls of the same age, but on rehabilitation the concentration did not rise to the control value. The concentration of cholesterol in the cerebellum and brain stem of the deficient rats was lower than in controls of the same age but, whereas that in the cerebellum attained an almost normal level on rehabilitation, that in the brain stem remained significantly lower. The low-protein diet prevented the normal increase in cerebellum DNA and the amount remained low in the rehabilitated animals.

6. The experimental diet caused a complete cessation of growth of the quadriceps muscles, and even after rehabilitation they weighed less than their controls. The DNA content, however, was not significantly lower.

7. The low-protein diet did not permanently affect either the weight or DNA content of the liver.
A study of the relationship between Hess tests and leucocyte ascorbic acid in a clinical trial
Authors: Eddy T. P.
Published: September 2005

1. The results of a previously reported controlled trial of vitamin supplementation of elderly hospital patients, in which capillary resistance was measured by the Hess test, were examined and analysed statistically.

2. Capillary resistance was reduced during successive 3-monthly tests over a period of 12 months and the reduction was related to leucocyte ascorbic acid concentration.

3. It is postulated that the rate of recovery from capillary trauma inflicted by the test was dependent upon the function of ascorbic acid in the hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline during collagen synthesis.
The effect of work level and dietary intake on sweat nitrogen losses in a hot climate
Authors: Weiner J. S. , Willson J. O. C. , El-Neil Hamad , Wheeler Erica F.
Published: September 2005

1. Nitrogen intakes, and N output in urine, faeces and sweat have been measured in six young Tanzanian men who were accustomed to a hot climate. The measurements were done while the subjects were receiving first a normal and then a low-N diet; and when they were performing moderate physical work, and had undergone a period of acclimatization.

2. When the subject were acclimatized and working on a normal diet, their sweat output increased, with a fall in its N concentration. Total sweat N loss increased from an average of 0.10 to 0.71 g/d.

3. The effect of the low-N diet was to decrease both the sweat N concentration, and the rate of increase of total N loss in sweat, as sweat volume increased.

4. It is estimated that maximum sweat N losses would not exceed 1 g/d on an adequate diet, or 0.5 g/d on a low-protein diet. Our results provide no basis for recommending extra protein allowances to cover sweat N losses for workers in tropical climates.
Metabolism of propane-1:2-diol infused into the rumen of sheep
Authors: Clapperton J. L. , Czerkawski J. W.
Published: September 2005

1. Propane-1:2-diol (loog/d) was infused through a cannula into the rumen of sheep receiving a ration of hay and dried grass. The concentration of volatile fatty acids, propanediol, lactic acid and of added polyethylene glycol, and the pH of the rumen contents were measured. The energy metabolism of the sheep was also determined.

2. Most of the propanediol disappeared from the rumen within 4 h of its infusion. The infusion of propanediol resulted in a 10% decrease in the concentration of total volatile acids; the concentration of acetic acid decreased by about 30%, that of propionic acid increased by up to 60% and there was no change in the concentration of butyric acid.

3. The methane production of the sheep decreased by about 9% after the infusion of propanediol and there were increases in the oxgyen consumption, carbon dioxide production and heat production of the animals; each of these increases was equivalent to about 40% of the theoretical value for the complete metabolism of 100 g propanediol.

4. It is concluded that, when propanediol is introduced into the rumen, a proportion is metabolized in the rumen and a large proportion is absorbed directly. Our thanks are due to Dr J. H. Moore for helpful discussions, to Mr D. R. Paterson, Mr J. R. McDill and Mr C. E. Park for looking after the animals and to Miss K. M. Graham, Miss A. T. McKay and Mrs C. E. Ramage for performing the analyses.
Folate nutrition in the kid
Authors: Ford J. E. , Knaggs G. S. , Salter D. N. , Scott K. J.
Published: September 2005

1. A study was made on the folate content of goat's milk in relation to stage of lactation, and on the interrelationship between blood and milk folate concentrations in the dam and in the kid.

2. In seven goats the folate concentration in the colostrum at parturition ranged from 136 to 300 ng/ml, and averaged 205 ng/ml. The concentration fell sharply during the early days of lactation and by day 14 it averaged only 9.5 ng/ml. This pattern of rapid decline in milk folate concentration with advancing lactation was little affected by daily provision of folic acid parenterally in relatively large amounts.

3. The colostrum and milk contained a minor whey protein that combined strongly with folate, and presumably acts as a trapping mechanism to accumulate the vitamin from the plasma into the milk. The milk folate concentration determined by the rate of milk secretion in relation to the availability of free folate in the blood plasma.

4. At parturition the plasma folate concentration in the kids was very low – about 1 ng/ml – but by day 2 it had increased to about 28 ng/ml. This folate was protein-bound and accompanied by an excess of free binder protein. It appeared that the folate-protein complex from the colostrums was transmitted intact into the kids' blood circulation.

5. The possible importance of the folate-binding protein in regulation of folate metabolism is discussed.