bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PET-SAÚDE GESTÃO: um relato de experiência de monitoramento dos indicadores de saúde do Previne Brasil no município de Santa Cruz do Sul - RS
Authors: Raquel da Rosa Djennifer , Matte Amanda Regina , Ramos Azambuja Luma , Madalosso Natália , Belinazo Tatiane , Henriqson Denise , Viccari Eunice Maria , Dubow Camila
Published: January 2025

Introdução: PET-Saúde é uma estratégia de educação pelo trabalho que integra ensino, serviço e comunidade. Em 2022, a 10ª edição abordou o tema “Gestão em Saúde e Assistência à Saúde e suas interfaces”, articulando os Serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde e Instituições de Ensino Superior, para preparar futuros profissionais de saúde para atuação na gestão e assistência à saúde. Objetivo: relatar as ações desenvolvidas pelo PET-Saúde Gestão no monitoramento dos indicadores do Previne Brasil em âmbito municipal. Método: estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, realizado pelo PET-Saúde Gestão, de agosto de 2022 a julho de 2023. As atividades envolveram o monitoramento de sete indicadores do Programa Previne Brasil das unidades de saúde de um município do sul do Brasil e elaboração de materiais explicativos com as temáticas dos indicadores. Resultados: o monitoramento auxiliou 32 unidades de saúde e incluiu a elaboração de 7 cards e uma cartilha que foram repassados para as equipes de saúde. Em relação ao índice sintético final, observou-se uma melhora de 6,62 e 7,03 nos 2º e 3º quadrimestres de 2022, para 8,03 no 1° quadrimestre de 2023, refletindo no aumento dos benefícios financeiros destinados ao município, qualificando os serviços ofertados na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Conclusão: os resultados alcançados refletem a integração entre os bolsistas e profissionais da saúde, mostrando que a atuação conjunta garante uma visão holística e complementar para alcançar um sistema de saúde mais sólido e de qualidade, além de proporcionar uma formação diferenciada aos envolvidos.
Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Jackson County, Kansas
Authors: Walters Kenneth L.
Published: January 2025

This report describes the geography, geology, and ground-water resources of Jackson County in northeastern Kansas. The county has an area of 658 square miles and had a population of 11,087 in 1946. It consists predominantly of rolling bills and has an intricate drainage system. Near the largest streams the surface is deeply dissected and the relief is pronounced. The climate is humid, the average annual precipitation being about 32 inches. General farming and livestock raising are the principal occupations in the county.
The rocks that crop out in this area range in age from Pennsylvanian to Recent. The oldest formation cropping out in the county is the Cedar Vale shale which is exposed in eastern Jackson County. Pleistocene glacial drift comprises the surface material in a large area in central and northern Jackson County and yields moderate quantities of water to wells. The alluvium is the youngest deposit in the county and also yields moderate quantities of water to wells.
This report contains a map showing the areas of outcrop of the rock formations, a map showing the location of test holes and wells for which records are given, and cross sections of the area showing the character and thickness of the formations overlying the Pennsylvanian and Permian bedrock.
The ground-water reservoir is recharged from precipitation that falls within the area, by percolation from streams, and by underflow from adjacent areas. Ground water is discharged from the ground-water reservoir by seepage into streams, by transpiration and evaporation, by movement into adjacent areas, and by wells and springs.
Most of the wells in the county are drilled or dug. No irrigation is practiced in Jackson County.
Ground water in Jackson County is generally hard, but except for individual wells that are contaminated by surface seepage--the water is suitable for most uses.
The field data upon which this report is based are given in tables. They include records of 255 wells, chemical analyses of water from 24 representative wells, and logs of 47 test holes.
Significant New Exposures of Pleistocene Deposits at Kirwin, Phillips County, Kansas
Authors: Frye John C. , Leonard Bryon A.
Published: January 2025

A cut-off trench excavated in 1953 by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation at Kirwin, Phillips County, Kansas, has provided hitherto unavailable data on the Pleistocene deposits of the North Fork Solomon River Valley. The excavations cross approximately 1 mile of high terrace and reveal an abandoned and filled valley cut in Cretaceous chalks and shales. The Pleistocene deposits are classed as Grand Island and Sappa (including the Pearlette volcanic ash bed) members of the Meade formation, of Kansan age, marked in the top by the Yarmouth buried soil; the Crete-Loveland member of the Sanborn formation of Illinoian age, marked in the top by the Sangamon buried soil; and the Peoria silt member of the Sanborn formation of early Wisconsinan age. Molluscan faunas are listed from the Grand Island, Sappa, Crete-Loveland, and Peoria. These exposures show that the bedrock valley had been cut to a level below the present flood plain before deposition of the Kansan sediments.
Stone Corral Structure as Indicator of Pennsylvanian Structure in Central and Western Kansas
Authors: Merriam Daniel F.
Published: January 2025

Structure maps on the Stone Corral formation of Permian age and on the Lansing group of Pennsylvanian age for 10 oil fields in central and western Kansas are compared. All the fields are relatively recent discoveries and are located in different structural provinces. The study shows that the structure on the Stone Corral reflects the Pennsylvanian structure with reasonable accuracy in 9 of the 10 fields. The lack of agreement in the Sunny Slope field may be due to lack of control.
Geology of the Lost Springs Pools Area, Marion and Dickinson Counties, Kansas
Authors: Shenkel JR. Claude W.
Published: January 2025

The discovery well of the Lost Springs Pools Area was drilled in November 1926. By June 1, 1955, a total of 533 wells had been drilled, including 194 dry holes. Of the 339 producing wells, 218 were still producing at that date, and cumulative production exceeded 10,000,000 barrels.
Surface structure was used as a guide to exploration initially, but geologic evidence gained from drilling indicated that accumulation of petroleum was related primarily to stratigraphic factors and secondarily to structure. All wells produce from the Pennsylvanian basal conglomerate (Mississippian "chat").
Accumulation of petroleum in the Lost Springs Pools Area is associated with the following stratigraphic and structural features: (1) a broad anticline plunging gently westward from the west flank of the Nemaha anticline, (2) local closed anticlines and small plunging anticlines superimposed upon the broad fold, (3) gentle structural terraces, (4) a thickness of the combined Pennsylvanian basal conglomerate and Mississippian limestone ranging from 80 to 120 feet, and (5) a thickness of 150 feet, or more, of the Chattanooga shale.
Possibilities for the discovery of additional petroleum reserves in the Lost Springs Pools Area and in the area north of it along the west flank of the Nemaha anticline are excellent.
The Barber County Earthquake of January 6, 1956
Authors: Dellwig Louis F.
Published: January 2025

A few minutes before 6 a.m. on January 6, 1956, south-central Kansas experienced the strongest earthquake to occur in the state since 1929. It was reported felt in south-central Kansas and northcentral Oklahoma; from Dodge City, Kansas, approximately 200 km (125 miles) east to Garden Plain, Kansas, and from Great Bend, Kansas, approximately 230 km (145 miles) south to Longdale, Oklahoma. The maximum effect was felt in the area delimited by Pratt and Coldwater, Kansas, and Alva, Oklahoma.
During this investigation the effects of the earthquake were determined and isoseismal lines were drawn (Fig. 1). The area was visited during the period of January 23 to 25, at which time residents in approximately 50 towns were questioned. The greatest amount of time was spent in the zones of intensity III to V (Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931). The early hour of occurrence hampered the investigation' somewhat, for it was difficult, especially in the zones of lower intensity, to find persons who were awake and who had felt the shock. Sheriff's offices and newspaper offices were visited, for they generally had been notified by anyone who felt the shock. Hospitals proved to be another good source of information.
At the end of January several areas adjacent to the limit of perceptibility, for which sufficient information had not been obtained, were investigated by mail, and at the end of February additional inquiries were sent to 15 towns in Oklahoma in order to define the southern limit of perceptibility.
The cooperation of all who were questioned is very much appreciated. It is the desire of the author to acknowledge in particular the aid of city and county officials and of newspaper publishers.
Relation of an Airborne Magnetic Profile to the Geology Along the Kansas-Nebraska Border
Authors: Merriam Daniel F. , Hambleton William W.
Published: January 2025

An airborne magnetic profile made in 1948 is shown in relation to the stratigraphy and structure along the Kansas-Nebraska state line. Rocks ranging in age from Precambrian to Recent are present, and the magnetic profile crosses several major structural provinces, including the Hugoton embayment, Cambridge arch, Salina basin, Nemaha anticline, and Forest City basin.
Variation in the thickness of post-Precambrian rocks produces regional magnetic values that increase to the east. Near-surface disturbances possibly cause numerous minor magnetic irregularities. In western Kansas, the magnetic data indicate the position and configuration of the Precambrian basement, whereas in eastern Kansas they seemingly reveal the general distribution of the Precambrian rock types.
Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Reno County, Kansas
Authors: Bayne Charles K.
Published: January 2025

This report describes the geography, geology, and ground-water resources of Reno County, Kansas. The hydrologic and geologic information was obtained in the field during the summers of 1949 and 1950. The county has an area of about 1,255 square miles and in 1950 had a population of 54,058. The area lies principally in the Great Bend lowland physiographic division. A small area in the southwestern part of the county is in the High Plains section of the Great Plains province and a small area in the south-central part of the county is in the Red Hills division. The area is drained by the Arkansas River and its tributaries. The normal annual precipitation is 28.53 inches and the mean annual temperature is 56.1°F. Farming is the principal occupation, wheat being the main crop. Petroleum and salt are important mineral products.
All the exposed rocks in Reno County are of sedimentary origin; they range in age from Permian to Quaternary. A map showing the surface geology, and cross sections and maps showing the distribution of the unconsolidated deposits are included in the report. Four major cycles of erosion and deposition are recorded in the Pleistocene rocks.
The unconsolidated sand and gravel deposits of Pleistocene age form the most important aquifer in the area. These deposits reach a maximum thickness of about 300 feet and yield water to wells for all public and industrial and most domestic supplies. The water is hard in most of the area, and water of high chloride content is found in the deep Pleistocene channels.
Hydrologic and geologic data on which this report is based include records of 241 wells, logs of 94 test holes and wells, and analyses of 154 samples of water.
Quaternary Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Kansas River Valley Between Bonner Springs and Lawrence, Kansas
Authors: Dufford Alvin E.
Published: January 2025

This report describes the Quaternary geology and ground-water resources of a portion of Kansas River valley between Bonner Springs and Lawrence, Kansas. Unconsolidated Pleistocene sediments are widely distributed over Pennsylvanian bedrock in this part of northeastern Kansas. Glacial till and outwash of Kansan age are found as a discontinuous till sheet mantling the uplands and as an old dissected terrace bordering the larger valleys, but neither deposit is a good aquifer. Fine-grained fluvial deposits of Illinoian age have been destroyed almost completely along the Kansas River valley, but are preserved as isolated terrace remnants lying at intermediate positions along larger tributary valleys and yield a small amount of ground water. Wisconsinan and Recent stream-laid deposits constitute alluvial fills in the Kansas River valley and most tributary valleys, and average approximately 55 feet in thickness in the main valley. Kansas River valley alluvium is the only source of abundant ground-water supplies in this area. In 1953, more than 2,650,000 gallons per day of ground water was pumped from valley alluvium for domestic, stock, municipal, and industrial use, and adequate ground water is available for future industrial and irrigational expansion. The quality of the water is fair, and standard methods of water treatment easily remove carbonate hardness and excessive iron, the most objectionable features.
A map shows the distribution of Pleistocene deposits. Geologic cross sections, maps illustrating the configuration of the water table, a detailed contour map of the bedrock floor of a portion of the valley, and profiles showing the relationship of river terraces are included in the report. General effects of the 1951 flood are discussed, and a detailed map of flood deposits and channel changes has been compiled. Tables include records of typical wells and chemical analyses of water samples. Logs of test holes and water wells are given.
Petrology of the Pliocene Pisolitic Limestone of the Great Plains
Authors: Swineford Ada , Leonard Bryon A. , Frye John C.
Published: January 2025

Petrographic study of 34 oriented samples of pisolitic ("algal") limestone from the upper part of the late Tertiary Ogallala Formation in Kansas, Oklahoma, and west Texas indicates that the rock sampled was developed by predominantly soil-forming processes acting upon sands and silts of the uppermost Ogallala. The absence of fossils, replacement of sand grains by calcite, anomalous distribution of detrital grains with respect to oölites and bulbous structures, and the inverted orientation of the bulbous structures themselves, all argue against algal origin of the rock.
The origin of the limestone is similar to that of the well-developed caliche in southeastern New Mexico described by Bretz and Horberg, except that limestone gravels were not required for formation of the Kansas rock. The concretionary structures are analogous to those formed in bauxites. Conditions favoring development of pisolitic limestone were (1) presence of rocks containing easily soluble minerals yielding residues rich in Ca2+ ion; (2) effective rock permeability; (3) deficient rainfall and long dry periods; (4) low topographic relief; and (5) time.
Geology and Ground-water Hydrology of the Ingalls Area, Kansas
Authors: Stramel C. J. , Lane Charles W. , Hodson Warren C.
Published: January 2025

This report describes the geology and ground-water hydrology of a 540-square-mile area in Finney and Gray Counties, Kansas. The city of Ingalls is approximately in the center of the area, which is in the Finney lowland and High Plains physiographic provinces and is crossed by Arkansas River. The normal annual precipitation is 19.93 inches, and the mean annual temperature is 55° F.
The rocks exposed in the Ingalls area are sedimentary and range in age from Tertiary to Recent. The geology of the area is described, and cross sections show the extent of the unconsolidated deposits in the subsurface. These unconsolidated deposits are about 140 to 300 feet thick and yield water to wells for all public, domestic, stock, and most irrigation supplies in the area. The quantity of water in storage in that part of the area that is 10 miles wide and 24 miles long and lies adjacent to Arkansas River between Pierceville and Cimarron amounts to about 130,000 acre-feet in the alluvium of Arkansas River and about 2,700,000 acre-feet in the Ogallala formation beneath and adjacent to the alluvium. The ground water in most of the area is moderately hard, and the water of Arkansas River and the alluvium north of the river is very hard.
Data collected from seven aquifer tests and analyses of the data are included in this report. Three aquifer tests were made of the alluvium of Arkansas River and four of the Ogallala formation. The coefficient of transmissibility of the alluvium computed from the test data ranged from 97,000 to 180,000 gpd per foot and of the Ogallala formation from 12,000 to 61,000 gpd per foot. The storage coefficient of the Ogallala formation is about 2.5 x 10-4.
The hydrologic and geologic data on which this report is based include records of 231 wells and test holes, logs of 89 wells and test holes, and analyses of 14 samples of water.
Cement Raw Materials in Kansas
Authors: Runnels Russell T.
Published: January 2025

The supply and utilization of Kansas mineral resources for cement raw materials are discussed. Specifications of the types of portland cement are briefly described. A brief summary of fuel, transportation, power, and market factors is included.
All of the eastern one-third and much of central Kansas has abundant rock suitable for manufacture of portland cement. A diversified market for portland cement presently exists. Bulk transportation by truck in a north-south direction has not been fully utilized in Kansas. The recent development of a small vertical-kiln type of cement plant, which requires only about a twentieth of the investment needed for a conventional plant, could facilitate additional cement production in Kansas.
Cross-Stratification, Dakota Sandstone (Cretaceous), Ottawa County, Kansas
Authors: Franks Paul C. , Coleman George L. , Plummer Norman D. , Hamblin Kenneth W.
Published: January 2025

Dip bearings of water-deposited cross-strata in sandstone of the Dakota Formation (Cretaceous) of central Kansas were measured at 79 localities in Ottawa County. Vector-resultant (average) dip bearings lie in nearly all compass directions, but average S 57° W, showing that transportation of Dakota sediments in Ottawa County was mainly from northeast to southwest and that the source, therefore, seemingly lay to the northeast. Computation of a regression line of standard deviation on consistency ratio indicates that, in Dakota sandstone, consistency ratio is a good predictor of standard deviation for ratio values between 0.65 and 0.95.
Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Kansas River Valley Between Wamego and Topeka Vicinity
Authors: Beck Henry V.
Published: January 2025

The geography, geology, and ground-water resources of Kansas River valley from Kiro in Shawnee County to the west boundary of Range 10 East in Pottawatomie County are described in this report. The area comprises about 280 square miles, including parts of Shawnee, Wabaunsee, and Pottawatomie Counties. It is a major agricultural area and a potential industrial area.
The valley is asymmetrical, having steep bluffs on the south and gentle slopes on the north. The indurated rocks, limestone, shale, and sandstone of Pennsylvanian and Permian age, dip gently westward to the Nemaha Anticline, where the dip reverses. These rocks are the source of construction materials and small but important quantities of ground water.
Unconsolidated Pleistocene sediments blanket much of the area north of the river, and sediments representing all subdivisions of the Pleistocene Series are present. The principal deposits are till of Kansan age, terrace deposits formed during the Kansan, Illinoian, and Wisconsinan stages, loesses of Illinoian and Wisconsinan age, alluvium of Wisconsinan and Recent age, and dune sand of Recent age. The interglacial stages are represented by soils formed during times of ice retreat.
The Illinoian and Wisconsinan terrace deposits and Wisconsinan and Recent alluvium are the most prolific sources of ground water, yielding large supplies for irrigation and municipal wells. The till of Kansan age, found chiefly on divides, yields little water. The Kansan terrace deposits, which rest on bedrock that lies above the present valley surface, have been dissected by erosion; hence much of the water drains from them. The principal use of ground water is for irrigation, and the data indicate that the supply of ground water is sufficient for additional development of irrigation and industrial supplies.
Maps, cross sections, plates, and figures are used to present geologic and ground-water data. Well logs, water-level measurements, aquifer-test data, and chemical analyses are given.
Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Cloud County, Kansas / with a section on Ceramic Materials
Authors: Bayne Charles K. , Walters Kenneth L. , Plummer Norman D.
Published: January 2025

This report describing the geography, geology, and ground-water resources of Cloud County, Kansas, is based on hydrologic and geologic information obtained in the field during the fall of 1953 and the summer of 1954. The field data are given in tables; they include records of 170 wells, chemical analyses of water from 57 representative wells, and logs of 76 test holes. In addition, 100 holes were augered to determine the depth to water.
Cloud County has an area of about 711 square miles and in 1950 bad a population of 16,104. The county lies in the Dissected High Plains section of the Great Plains physiographic province. Most of it is drained by Republican and Solomon Rivers. A small part is drained by Chapman Creek. The normal annual precipitation at Concordia is 25.24 inches, and the mean annual temperature is 53.8° F. Agriculture is the principal occupation in the county.
The rocks that crop out in Cloud County are sedimentary and range in age from Cretaceous to Recent. The oldest formation exposed in the county is the Dakota Formation. The youngest Cretaceous formation exposed in the county is the Carlile Shale. The Ogallala Formation, of Tertiary age, is present as small remnants in a few places. The Cretaceous rocks are mantled in many places by unconsolidated continental deposits of fluviatile and eolian origin representing four stages of the Pleistocene Epoch.
The unconsolidated sand and gravel deposits of Pleistocene age form the principal aquifers in the county. These deposits are best developed in the valley of Republican River. The Dakota Formation yields moderate quantities of water, but Cretaceous rocks overlying the Dakota Formation yield very little water in the county. Where it is deeply buried the Dakota Formation contains salty water, which is being discharged into the valley fill of Republican River near Concordia.
Ground water in the area is recharged principally from local precipitation; underflow from adjacent areas contributes significantly, however. Ground water is discharged mainly by seepage into streams and by transpiration by plants; there is some discharge by underflow across the eastern boundary of the county. All municipal and industrial water supplies and most domestic and stock supplies are obtained from wells. Irrigation from wells is practiced extensively in the valley of Republican River, and to a lesser extent in the Solomon River valley.
Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Stanton County, Kansas
Authors: Hodson Warren G.
Published: January 2025

This report describes the geography, geology, and ground-water resources of Mitchell County, north-central Kansas. The county has an area of about 720 square miles and a population of about 10,000. Mitchell County lies within the Smoky Hills physiographic province of Kansas.
The rocks that crop out in Mitchell County are sedimentary and range in age from Cretaceous to Recent. The oldest rocks exposed are sandstone, clay, and shale beds of the Dakota Formation. They are overlain by a conformable sequence of Cretaceous marine rocks classified, in ascending order, as the Graneros Shale, Greenhorn Limestone, Carlile Shale, and Fort Hays Limestone member of the Niobrara Formation. Unconsolidated continental deposits of fluviatile and eolian origin represent three stages of the Pleistocene Epoch. Pleistocene deposits include the Crete Formation and Loveland Formation of Illinoian age, Peoria Formation of Wisconsinan age, and alluvial deposits of Wisconsinan and Recent ages. The surface geology is shown by a map, and cross sections illustrate the stratigraphic relations of the geologic formations.
Ground water in Mitchell County is recharged mainly by local precipitation; ground water is discharged mainly by effluent seepage to streams and by transpiration. Most municipal, industrial, domestic, and stock water supplies are obtained from wells. Moderate supplies of ground water are available from the alluvium and terrace deposits of Solomon Valley, but ground-water supplies in the upland areas are small. A map shows the direction of movement of ground water in Solomon Valley and the location of test holes and wells inventoried in Mitchell County.
In general, ground water in Mitchell County is hard but otherwise suitable for most uses. Waters from some wells, however, contained excessive amounts of certain constituents. The Dakota Formation provides potable ground water only in the eastern part of the county; ground water from the Dakota in the western part is too mineralized for most uses.
The field data upon which this report is based are given in tables. They include records of 310 wells, logs of 60 test holes, and chemical analyses of waters from 53 representative wells.
Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Kingman County, Kansas
Authors: Lane Charles W.
Published: January 2025

Kingman County, which covers about 864 square miles in the south-central part of Kansas, lies in the High Plains and Red Hills sections of the Great Plains physiographic province. The population of the county in 1955 was 10,857, of which 69 percent was rural. Small-grain farming and livestock raising are the principal occupations. The climate of the county is subhumid, the normal annual rainfall being 29.28 inches and the annual mean temperature 57.9° F.
The rocks that crop out in the county are sedimentary and range in age from Permian to Recent. The Ninnescah Shale of Permian age is the oldest rock cropping out in the county. Most of the county is underlain by unconsolidated deposits of silt, sand, and gravel of Pleistocene age, which were deposited by southeastward-flowing streams. Deposits of the four major stages of the Pleistocene are present in the county. A list of early Pleistocene fossil mollusks collected at two localities in the county is given.
Ground water is one of the most important natural resources of Kingman County. All domestic, municipal, industrial, and most stock and irrigation water supplies in the county are derived from ground water. Withdrawal of ground water for all uses in the county is estimated to be about 5,600 acre-feet per year. The principal aquifer in the county is the Holdrege Formation of late Nebraskan age. The Grand Island Formation of late Kansan age is capable of yielding large water supplies in the western part of the county and is utilized in that area. In the eastern part of the county, where Permian rocks are near the surface, small water supplies for stock and domestic use are generally available from the weathered zone in these rocks. The ground water in the county is moderately hard but satisfactory for most uses, except where water containing excessive sodium chloride infiltrates the aquifer from South Fork of Ninnescah River and where, in the extreme southeastern corner of the county, water from the Permian rocks contains much chloride and sulfate.
The ground-water reservoir in the county is recharged by precipitation within the county and by subsurface inflow along the western and northwestern borders of the county. The general direction of ground-water movement is eastward but toward the major streams. Ground water is discharged principally by evaporation and transpiration in the stream valleys and by seepage into the streams. Discharge by wells and subsurface outflow account for only a small part of the ground-water discharge.
The field data upon which this report is based include records of 79 wells, chemical analyses of water from 21 wells, 2 springs, and 2 rivers, and logs of 247 test holes, 7 wells, and 30 oil-well tests.
Factors Influencing the Precipitation of Dolomitic Carbonates
Authors: Siegel Frederic R.
Published: January 2025

Dolomitic carbonates having d-spacing values of disordered dolomite or protodolomite, but lacking major super-reflections, have been precipitated from solutions in the laboratory. Conditions of temperature, pressure, and concentration employed were far less extreme than has previously been reported in the literature. Reagents used were Ca(NO3)2, MgSO4, and Na2CO3; activated charcoal was mixed with reacting solutions to reduce reaction rate so that effect of rate on the final product could be observed.
Experimental results indicate that the pH of the precipitating medium, as controlled by the amount of carbonate ion present, is the most important factor affecting the precipitation of dolomite. Better products were obtained from 1.0M solutions mixed in a Ca++: Mg++: CO3= ration of 1:1:2 where the pH of the precipitating medium ranged from 9.7 at 25°C to 9.1 at 100°C; when the ratio was changed to 1:1:1, other conditions remaining the same, proto-dolomite was the carbonate formed. Increase in temperature of reaction from 25°C to 100°C and in concentration of reagents from 0.1M to 1.0M abet the ordering and crystallinity of the dolomitic precipitate. Reduction in the rate of reaction allowed larger crystals to form; crystal size ranged from about 0.5 to 30 microns.
That the presence of sulfate may be essential to the precipitation of some dolomites was indicated when other salts of magnesium were substituted for the sulfate and the resulting products included no dolomitic carbonate. The genesis of some dolomites, especially those associated with evaporites or evaporative conditions, might require the presence of a natural suspension or gel-like phase.
Progress Report of the Kansas Basement Rocks Committee and Additional Precambrian Wells
Authors: Cole Virgil B. , Merriam Daniel F.
Published: January 2025

The Kansas Basement Rocks Committee is actively collecting data pertaining to Precambrian rocks of Kansas. An additional 84 wells known to encounter the Precambrian bring the total number of known Precambrian tests in Kansas to about 2,200 as of December 31, 1961. A generalized configuration map of the surface of Precambrian rocks shows major post-Mississippian structural features in the state. Potassium-argon age dates for five samples range from 1165 to 1460 million years.
Rates of Solution of Limestone Using the Chelating Properties of Versene (EDTA) Compounds
Authors: Hill Walter E.
Published: January 2025

Versene (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) solutions with five different alkali metals or radicals substituted on the basic reagent were compounded for a study in which a range of concentration, temperature, and pH value were variables used in a series of solution rate tests on limestone blocks. These solution rates compared favorably with those of weak acids. Qualitative spectrographic analyses were used to ascertain the metals chelated by the versenate solutions.
New Serial Micropeel Technique
Authors: Honjo Susumu
Published: January 2025

A new serial section method combining etching by inorganic salt solution and Bioden peel technique has been developed to study the microstructure of calcified fossils and the micro-texture of limestones. Advantages of this method are improved resolution power of the peel as well as increased ease of handling and speed of production. A plastic embedding technique for small objects has been utilized to produce peels from sections of fragile or hard specimens. Using a precision micrometer, it is possible to obtain exact intervals of less than 5 microns between sections.
Mathematical Conversion of Section, Township, and Range Notation to Cartesian Coordinates
Authors: Good Donald I.
Published: January 2025

Section, township, and range notation provides sufficient information for accurate calculation of the coordinates of any location in an arbitrarily defined Cartesian coordinate system. First, such a set of calculations is derived; then, the results of these calculations are tested at 126 locations in Kansas. The mean absolute discrepancy for the x-coordinates (in Kansas) was found to be 0.447 mile and for the y-coordinates, 0.168 mile. Because of the complexity of the calculations involved and the number of figures that must be carried, the entire conversion from land grid notation to Cartesian coordinates was programmed in Fortran II for use on an IBM 1620 computer. A description of this program is also included.
Solubility of Twenty Minerals in Selected Versene (EDTA) Solutions
Authors: Hill Walter E., Jr. , Evans David R.
Published: January 2025

Solubility experiments were conducted on twenty carbonate and non-carbonate minerals using selected Versene solutions and acids. Two sets of experiments were run simultaneously. The first set contained only the mineral fragment and Versene solution; the second set contained another fragment of the same mineral and a block of limestone. For comparison, experiments were carried out with 10- and 25-percent solutions of hydrochloric and acetic acids.
The results of the solubility tests using Versene were found to be similar to the mineral solution results obtained with 10-percent acetic acid. Five of the twenty minerals, gypsum, anhydrite, calcite, aragonite, and witherite, were consistently affected by the Versene solutions. However, in the presence of a reacting block of limestone the rates of solution of these five minerals were altered. The gypsum was dissolved more rapidly in the presence of a limestone block and the other four minerals were dissolved more slowly. Techniques using Versene solution show little advantage over acetic acid techniques in the extraction from limestones of the twenty accessory minerals which were used in these experiments. However, a better recovery of carbonate minerals other than calcite and aragonite can be expected with Versene residue methods.
Recovery of Phosphate from the Cabaniss and Pleasanton Shales of Kansas
Authors: Rose Kenneth E.
Published: January 2025

Increased demands for phosphate plant nutrients gives impetus to studying the feasibility of extracting the phosphate-bearing nodules from Kansas shales. Preliminary tests on Cabaniss and Pleasanton shales include crushing and screening, weathering, calcining and screening, froth flotation and heavy media separation. Results of tests suggest that roasting plus heavy media separation would be a practical method for separating phosphate rock from the shale. U.S. consumption of phosphate rock is mostly in fertilizers with use in the West North-Central States having a growth rate of over 41 percent per year since 1945.
Ground Water in the Republican River Area, Cloud, Jewell, and Republic Counties, Kansas
Authors: Fader Stuart W.
Published: January 2025

Both surface and ground water are used for irrigation in parts of Cloud, Jewell, and Republic counties in north-central Kansas. The combination of surface-water irrigation and recharge from precipitation has caused some high ground-water levels in some of the upland areas.
In the lowland areas, alluvial deposits yield as much as 1,400 gallons a minute to wells, and about 12,300 acre-feet of ground water is pumped annually for irrigation and other uses. It is estimated that 710 acre-feet of this quantity was removed from the Republican River in 1963 by the pumping of ground water. Coefficients of transmissibility from 61 well sites were used in making the above estimate.
Ground-water recharge from precipitation in the area was estimated to be 0.6 inch and ground-water losses to evapotranspiration to be less than 0.2 inch.
Chlorides in ground water in northern Cloud County are tabulated and the areas mapped where the ground water might be unfit for use in irrigation.
A Study of the Joint Patterns in Gently Dipping Sedimentary Rocks of South-Central Kansas
Authors: Ward John R.
Published: January 2025

The two most prominent joint sets in Butler and Cowley counties and in parts of Greenwood, Chase and Marion counties, Kans., have consistent regional orientation regardless of the age of the rocks containing them. Set I strikes northeast, whereas Set II strikes northwest. The angle between the sets averages 93°. Both sets occur either as single or compound groups. Set III joints cluster around the two major sets and are subordinate in number with less consistent orientation. Most of the joints studied are vertical. On the basis of physical characteristics, joints of Sets I and II are shear joints, whereas Set III joints are tension joints. The joints are believed to have formed after the major development of the anticlinal folds in the region but may have developed simultaneously with later readjustments of the folds. The joints show no relation to subsurface faults but are closely aligned with the "en echelon" belt of faults of Oklahoma. Because most joints are vertical to the bedding, the jointing and regional tilting may be contemporaneous products of the same deformational period. The age of the joints is determined to be between post-lower Permian and pre-lower Cretaceous time. The joints may have formed as a result of north-West, horizontal, compressive forces generated by wrench-fault tectonics during initial Ouachita Mountain uplift. These forces were coupled with an opposite force, possibly from the Rocky Mountain region. Evidence shows that at least two separate but inter-related joint systems may exist in the midcontinent region.
The utility of single-point seismic data
Authors: McGuire Donn , Miller Bill
Published: January 2025

A massive amount of information is available to the explorationist in the form of correlation-point seismic data recorded over the past 40 years, yet the archaic nature of the data inhibits its use. To the geophysicist trained in the modem technology of digital recording, computer processing, modeling, and seismic stratigraphy, these analog records are readily dismissed as being hopelessly outdated and incapable of containing any reliable information. To the geologist, they are just so many wiggles. An analysis of exploration targets and economics, however, reveals that these single-point records are the most cost-effective means of acquiring seismic information about the subsurface and when used within their limitations, correlation-point records can improve drilling success rates. Because of this, thousands of records are still being shot and recorded every year. In fact, this method of seismic exploration is the dominant method used today in Kansas. It is important then for the geologist and geophysicist to be able to recognize the utility and limitations of the tool and its role in prospect evaluation. This paper is intended to give the explorationist an exposure to the field-recording techniques, the data-reduction methods, and the mapping of shot-hole seismic records.
Seismic-reflection surveys at sinkholes in central Kansas
Authors: Knapp Ralph W. , Steeples Don W. , Miller Richard D. , McElwee Carl D.
Published: January 2025

Salt-dissolution sinkholes have developed at many localities in Kansas during the past 25 years. Most of the sinkholes subside gradually over a period of years, although catastrophic collapse has occurred in some cases. We have performed high-resolution seismic-reflection surveys across more than a half dozen of these sinkholes. It is possible to discern considerable geologic detail at depths of 50 to 1,000 m (160-3,300 ft) within the sinkholes by seismic-reflection methods. At one site astride I-70, we obtained acoustic images of grabens within the sinkhole that showed approximately 40 to 50 m (130-160 ft) of vertical downdrop at a depth of 400 m (1,300 ft) in an area where surface displacement was less than 5 m (16 ft). At another site we detected two paleosinkholes adjacent to a presently active sink. The paleosinks are filled with alluvial material probably of Pleistocene age; one of them shows indications of two different geologic ages of active sinking. While many of the new sinkholes that have formed appear to be related to oil-field brine disposal or salt-solution mining activities, the detection of the paleosinks by seismic-reflection methods reconfirms the natural occurrence of some salt-dissolution sinkholes in Kansas prior to the encroachment of civilization.
Kansas refraction profiles
Authors: Steeples Don W. , Miller Richard D.
Published: January 2025

Historically, refraction surveys have been conducted in hopes of mapping distinct layers within the earth. Refraction is a useful tool provided its limitations and the assumption that layers increase in seismic velocity with increasing depth are kept in mind. A traditional reversed-refraction profile was conducted along a 500-km (300-mi)-long east-west line extending from Concordia, Kansas, to Agate, Colorado. Analysis of the data showed an average crustal velocity of 6.1 km/sec (3.7 mi/sec) and an average upper-mantle Pn phase velocity of 8.29 km/sec (4.97 mi/sec) with a Moho depth calculated to be 36 km (23 mi) on the eastern end and 46 km (29 mi) on the western end. Some evidence suggests velocities as high as 7.2 km/sec (4.3 mi/sec) in the crust at various locations along the survey line. The strong east-west regional gravity gradient of -0.275 mgal/km supports the seismically drawn conclusion of a thinning of crust in north-central Kansas. In order to supplement the data from this refraction survey, we took advantage of the Kansas earthquake seismograph network. A crustal study using earthquakes as energy sources and a regional earthquake network as seismometer locations resulted in a crustal-velocity model that will improve determination of local earthquake locations. A large anomalous body in the upper mantle/lower crust, assumed to be related to the Precambrian-aged Midcontinent Geophysical Anomaly (MGA), resulted in early P-wave arrivals from refracted energy from the Moho recorded at Concordia, Salina, Tuttle Creek, and Milford. An omnidirectional positive Pn residual zone near El Dorado may be related to the Wichita geomagnetic low. Some evidence suggests the presence of a lower velocity material on the western and eastern flanks of the MGA, possibly representing the Rice Formation. A Pn velocity of 8.25 km/sec±0.15 km/sec (4.95 mi/sec±0.09 mi/sec) with the crust thinning from west to east and an apparent thinning from the north and from the south was determined from the 16 regional earthquakes studied. Crustal thickness from central Kansas through western Missouri seems to be relatively consistent.
Subsurface lithofacies mapping from geophysical logs in Kansas
Authors: Doveton John H.
Published: January 2025

Stratigraphic tops picked from geophysical logs are basic data in the preparation of regional subsurface maps of structure and thickness. These maps are topological-they are restricted to the display of the shape and size of stratigraphic units. However, the quantitative variation of logs with depth can be analyzed in terms of mineralogy and porosity which express the internal composition of these units. Use of computer-mapping packages in a novel way allows this information to be interpolated from available well control in the generation of lithofacies maps. As a practical example, the composition of the Viola Limestone was mapped in a four-county area in southern Kansas through transformation of data from neutron, density, and sonic logs into estimations of calcite, dolomite, chert, and pore volume. Available cuttings and core information were used both to monitor the result and to provide detailed meaning to observed variation. The map shows facies patterns which are readily related to depositional, diagenetic, and erosional trends. In a second example, the statistical moments of the gamma-ray log were used by a computer program to generate three-dimensional trend maps and cross section slices of shale-sand variation in the Simpson Group of the same area. The results give an immediate picture of the shapes and dispositions of major sandstone and sandy carbonate bodies, as well as outlining the areal pattern of a basal transgressive sand.
State gravity map of Kansas
Authors: Lam Chi-Kin , Yarger Harold L.
Published: January 2025

A gravity survey of the state of Kansas has been completed with compilation of 31,000 gravity data points covering the entire state. Repeat measurements at overlap stations indicate that the data are reliable to 0.1 mgal. A steep west-dipping gravity gradient in western Kansas corresponds to thickening of the crust to the west as evidenced by seismic-refraction results. Numerous residual anomalies remain after removal of the regional trend: a northeast-trending +60 mgal high with -30 mgal flanking lows in central Kansas, which is the southern end of the Midcontinent Geophysical Anomaly (MGA) and which reflects an aborted Precambrian rift; a +5 to + 15-mgal southwest-trending high which appears to extend the MGA to the Kansas-Oklahoma border; a +30-mgal high in Montgomery, Labette, and Cherokee counties, which coincides with rhyolitic basement; a northeast-trending +15-mgal high coincident with the Nemaha Ridge in southern Kansas; a triangular shaped -20-mgal low in Greenwood County, which overlaps part of the "Wichita magnetic low," which has been previously observed; +20 and +15-mgal highs over the northwest and southeast end of the Central Kansas uplift; and a +15-mgal high in the Salina basin west of the MGA. A seventh-order residual map enhances features such as the MGA, the anomaly over the Nemaha Ridge, a possible northwest-trending cross-state fault zone, and a northwest-trending fault zone near the southeast end of the Central Kansas uplift. Oblique illumination of the gravity map in eastern Kansas shows two sets of orthogonal lineaments, corresponding to the pre-rift northwest-trending fractures in the granitic basement and the northeast-trending lineaments associated with late Precambrian rifting. A difference in reflectance patterns seems to identify the east-west boundary between the two granitic basement terranes of different Precambrian age.
Paleomagnetism of granitic intrusives from the basement under eastern Kansas
Authors: Kodama Kenneth P.
Published: January 2025

The Precambrian basement under east-central Kansas was drilled at two circular aeromagnetic positives, one at Osawatomie and one at Big Springs. The core retrieved from these sites is a coarse- to medium-grained granite which has been dated by U-Pb to be 1,350 m.y. old. The paleomagnetism of these azimuthally unoriented cores was studied to see if a technique which uses low-coercivity, low-temperature magnetization components to orient the cores would allow an independent confirmation of the core's mid-Proterozoic age. Orthogonal-projection plots of the alternating field (at) and thermal-demagnetization data show that the magnetization of these cores is relatively simple. Both cores have a low-temperature/low-coercivity magnetization with steep positive inclinations. The Osawatomie core's characteristic magnetization has a shallow, negative inclination, and the Big Springs core has a positive, moderate-inclination characteristic magnetization. If the declination of the low-temperature/low-coercivity component is aligned parallel to the present field declination, the characteristic directions may be azimuthally oriented. This allows the calculation of paleomagnetic poles for the Big Springs core (lat. = 4.5°S, long. = 29.9°E) and the Osawatomie core (lat. = 20.2°N, long. = 39.3 °E), which are consistent with Irving's (1979) apparent polar-wander path for Laurentia at about 1,300-1,400 m.y.