bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Technology Can Help You
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: October 2022

This chapter concerns setting up a classroom to handle the rehearsal of up to thirty-five musicians in one room, in multiple bands, in a way that makes sense in either a general music setting or an instrumental/choral rehearsal setting. The ideas shared in this chapter could even work in a room in a school that is not typically used for music. The crux of space management is the use of a mixer and headphone hub environment to allow several bands to rehearse without interfering with each other. A typical school classroom can allow for a maximum of six bands to rehearse in the same space. That means that each of the mixers would have to allow approximately six students to input their instrument/voice into the band environment at a time.
Instruments and Effects
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: October 2022

The history of musical instruments is full of innovative musicians and composers working to stretch what is possible in their music. The pursuit of new sounds and the emerging technologies surrounding them tell a story of curiosity, exploration, and discovery. Human beings push their art as far as they can, stretch it to include sounds that were not typical, use scales that were once foreign, and employ techniques for sound enhancement that were once not employed. Instruments are all at some level a form of technology. This chapter considers instruments as tools for creative expression in the classroom. Its focus is on the electric guitar and its associated effects and amplification, but it also considers bass guitars, keyboards and acoustic and digital drum sets. The chapter closes with a short look at custom instrument building.
Setting the Stage for Success
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: October 2022

This chapter covers preparation for acting as a live performance engineer in the context of the very different kind of classroom discussed in the rest of the book. It contains inspirations for the things that are necessary in order to prepare for and be successful in performances in the community and beyond. It covers the qualities and roles of a teacher in this environment, acoustic considerations, and technical concerns before and during the concert, including mixing and lighting.
Making Technology Work for You
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: October 2022

This chapter is about understanding the technologies that are specific to the classroom that functions as a recording studio. The world of the music teacher as music producer is filled with technology, and recording is a hero’s journey into new and interesting worlds. Exploration occurs as a natural extension of knowledge about and understanding of technology. Among the technologies described in depth in this chapter are microphones, digital audio workstations, and studio effects.
International Assistance for Cooperation and Exclusion in Timor-Leste
Authors: Swenson Geoffrey
Published: October 2022

Since its referendum on independence in 1999, Timor-Leste has received extensive international support. This chapter looks at two distinct strands of judicial state-building assistance. First, it examines conventional donor assistance funded by the United Nations, the United States, and Australia. While imperfect, this aid helped promote the rule of law and foster a transition from competitive to cooperative legal pluralism. It then examines foreign aid from Portugal, which sought to build and consolidate a Lusophone legal order. Portuguese bilateral assistance enjoyed exceptionally strong support from high-level state officials but produced mixed results overall. To its credit, Portuguese assistance helped construct a modern justice system in Timor-Leste. This aid, however, emphasized the institutionalization of the Portuguese language within the nascent judicial order, leaving it structurally inaccessible to most ordinary people. Portuguese assistance also failed to engage meaningfully with the non-state justice sector.
International Subsidization of a Rentier State in Afghanistan
Authors: Swenson Geoffrey
Published: October 2022

This chapter analyzes major international rule-of-law promotion efforts in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2014. It illustrates why meaningful progress proved elusive despite billions in aid, the state’s donor dependence, and, after 2009, an increased willingness to engage non-state judicial actors. The first section demonstrates that assistance from the international community, particularly Italy, the United Nations, and the United States, followed a subsidization strategy that largely ignored the non-state justice sector. The second section looks at Afghanistan from 2009 to 2014, when multiple strategies to support the rule of law were tried, including direct engagement with non-state justice. The Obama administration increasingly used rule-of-law assistance to support counterinsurgency goals. Yet, despite these changes, aid remained largely ad hoc and ineffective. It also continued to be predicated on wildly optimistic assumptions and incorrect views of the Taliban justice system and, at worst, helped enable predatory state practices.
Blues, Braille, and the Metanarrative of Blindness
Authors: Fraser Benjamin
Published: October 2022

Chapter 4 uses disability studies methods to explore Tete Montoliu’s jazz biography and navigation of sighted culture as a person who experienced congenital visual impairment. It draws from the work of Neil Lerner, Joseph Straus, Rod Michalko, Roberto Garvía, and particularly David Bolt to establish the significance of ocularnormativism and the metanarratives of blindness. It discusses Tete’s musical education and explores his musical production with reference to Terry Rowden’s book The Souls of Blind Folk, about blues musicians. The chapter makes the argument that jazz album covers are a visual practice carried out in a sighted culture, constructed around an aural event and mediated by a tactile experience, and it closes with close readings of Montoliu’s album covers.
Saints, Heretics, and Atheists
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This book offers a historical introduction to fundamental questions in the philosophy of religion. It is divided into twenty-five chapters. The first chapter discusses the nature of piety drawing on Plato’s Euthyphro. The next three chapters discuss the nature of evil, free will, foreknowledge, and sin in the context of Augustine’s On Free Choice of Will. Chapter 5 discusses Anslem’s “ontological” argument for the existence of God. Chapter 6 explores Ibn Sina’s account of the nature of the soul and immortality. The next two chapters explore the foundations of religious belief and mysticism in the company of al-Ghazali’s The Rescuer from Error. Chapters 9 through 11 discuss Aquinas’s arguments for the existence of God as well as his account of God’s impersonal and personal attributes. The twelfth chapter explores Marguerite Porete’s account of mystical ascent as well as the doctrines of heaven and hell. Chapter 13 discusses Pascal’s pragmatic argument for belief in the existence of God. Chapters 14 through 16 address Spinoza’s understanding of God, our relationship to God, and the foundations of morality. Chapters 17 through 19 explore the argument from design, the existence of God, deism, and the problem of evil. In chapter 20 Mary Shepherd’s defense of belief in miracles is investigated, while chapter 21 explores Mill’s views on the utility of religion. Finally, chapters 23 through 25 explore the origins of modern morality and the relationship between religion and nihilism in the company of Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality.
Ibn Sina’s The Book of Salvation
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses Ibn Sina’s (Avicenna’s) account of the nature of the soul as it treated in his The Book of Salvation. The first section introduces Ibn Sina’s life and works. The second section explicates Ibn Sina’s Aristotelian account of the function of the intellect. The third section sets out two arguments made by Ibn Sina for the conclusion that the (theoretical) intellect is immaterial. The fourth section looks at Ibn Sina’s argument for the immortality of the soul. Finally, the fifth section discusses three views on the nature of personal identity: that personal immortality is tied to the persistence of an immaterial soul, that it is dependent upon the persistence of a soul-body union, that it is constituted by psychological continuity.
Porete’s The Mirror of Simple Souls
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter uses Marguerite Porete’s The Mirror of Simple Souls as a springboard for a discussion of the nature of spiritual ascent and the doctrines of heaven and hell. The first section introduces Porete’s The Mirror of Simple Souls and places it in its historical context. The second section explicates the seven stages of spiritual progress described by Porete. The third section explores the philosophical implications of the doctrine of heaven focusing in particular on the question of whether or not the doctrine of heaven is fair. The fourth section does the same for the doctrine of hell but considers also raises the question: what might be the point of hell? Two broad responses to that question are explicated.
Shepherd’s The Credibility of Miracles
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter looks at Mary Shepherd’s critique of Hume’s argument against believing in miracles. The first section briefly introduces Mary Shepherd’s life and works, including her Essays on the Perception of an External Universe. The second section explicates Hume’s argument against believing in miracles. Hume argues that since a miracle must involve a violation of the laws of nature, we will never have sufficient evidence to believe a report of a miracle. The third section explores Shepherd’s charge that Hume has mischaracterized the nature of miracles. For Shepherd a miracle is simply something wonderous. The fourth section explores Shepherd’s charge that Hume is wrong to suppose that we could not have sufficient evidence for believing in miracles.
Prediction
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Predictions about the future are essential to making informed decisions today, but predictions are difficult, and some have been spectacularly wrong in the past. Outcomes are uncertain because of the many factors involved, some of which are impossible to measure accurately and others of which cannot be measured at all, and because changes in several factors together lead to qualitatively different outcomes than each would produce individually. These issues are illustrated with reference to the spread of a disease, which is attributed to the confluence of three different factors, and also in relation to climate change. We can place a probability on an outcome, provided clearly stated assumptions are met. We discuss reasons why predicted outcomes have not been fulfilled, and we show that even with low probabilities that a certain event will happen, it is often worthwhile to lower that probability further.
Borderland
Authors: Giotis Chrisanthi
Published: October 2022

This book tackles the sociohistorical, political, and practical aspects of one of journalism’s hardest and most necessary tasks: communicating the reality of today’s borderlands. In an era marked by an unprecedented refugee crisis and ongoing, seemingly unending, borderland conflicts, foreign correspondents could play a pivotal role in helping create a global public sphere that incorporates the perspectives of those who are most effected by ongoing resource-fueled wars—and least powerful. However, aspects of the historical development of foreign correspondence, as well as contemporary practices, do not allow the profession to reach this potential. Borderland takes insights from postcolonial studies, international relations, development studies, and philosophy and uses the site of the world’s largest UN peacekeeping presence, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, as its case study. It examines the specific narrative styles, and news-gathering habits in these complex spaces and discovers neocolonial practices stymying ethical praxis. Brought to life through the autoethnographic descriptions and analysis of ‘behind the scenes’ events, Borderland seeks to introduce new, decolonized reporting techniques. And it argues for reporting that explores how local realities are impacted by global discourses. In a digital world where people access news direct from conflict zones, the role and value of foreign correspondents must be questioned. Borderland answers that question by proposing decolonized foundations from which foreign correspondents can be the storytellers needed in today’s global polity.
Introduction
Authors: Giotis Chrisanthi
Published: October 2022

This introduction argues that foreign correspondents have an important role to play in explaining the social and political geographies being created in the borderlands of new wars. However, the profession will need to confront its own decolonization to meet this task. It introduces the methodology and structure of the book as well as three foundational arguments: the borderland concept is defined; the issue of structure and agency is discussed; and the concept of a cosmopolitan global public sphere is developed. In this reading cosmopolitanism is not only the domain of the elite but rather the condition of all humanity in our globalized world. Moreover, it is particularly experienced by those whom the unequal currents of globalization impact most forcefully. The introduction argues that an understanding of borderlands is crucial to developing a true global polity.
The Space-Time behind the Storylines
Authors: Giotis Chrisanthi
Published: October 2022

Journalism is by nature an interdisciplinary and social practice. This chapter explores analytical frameworks that can help unpack the effects of the social world we occupy on the words we write. Social geographer David Harvey’s concept of a matrix of spatialities is combined with my autoethnographic data in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo, to present novel arguments about the politics of reporting space. Field notes are complimented by literature from international and development studies regarding the existence and impact of Aidlands (Mosse 2011a) and Peacelands (Autesserre 2014). Bourdieu’s theory of doxa is then incorporated to consider how foreign correspondence takes place within the structures of a dominant globalizing class and how this impacts our frameworks of understanding. In knowing these structures better, journalists can consider how they impact reportage and what strategies can be put in place to decolonize reportage within these overarching neocolonial structures.
When We Forget
Authors: Talbott Strobe
Published: October 2022

Most countries have an origin story built on a blurred mix of myth, memory, and dreams. The American case differs in that it is an open book based on records from the American Revolution and early years of the republic. The individuals and events included in these records are grounded in Enlightenment ideas, and this gives civic virtue a starring role in the story. George Washington, for example, serves as an index of larger and more abstract virtues, a vision that has underpinned America’s national memory for the past two centuries. In an extraordinary break with tradition, Donald Trump went out of his way to sully the moral framework of this vision, including its commitment to the peaceful transfer of power. The norms that grew out of the Enlightenment ideals of the Revolution proved sufficiently robust to survive this episode of populist demagoguery, but it provided a warning about the importance of national memory that calls for constant attention in the future.
City on a Hill
Authors: Van Engen Abram
Published: October 2022

What is at stake in the creation, retelling, and remembering of a national origin story? And how has the United States in particular crafted origin stories to serve its needs? This chapter answers such questions by focusing on the myth of the Pilgrims. Beginning with Daniel Webster’s 1820 speech on the bicentennial of Pilgrim Landing, stretching through the 19th century with the spread of the Pilgrim origins story through schoolbooks, and ending in the Cold War with Perry Miller and Ronald Reagan both centering the United States on a Puritan sermon declaring America the “City on a Hill,” this chapter tells the story of how and why the Pilgrims and Puritans have so often served as an origin story for America. By tracing the way this story has developed, the chapter offers insights into the processes of national memory through the telling of a particular tale.
Europe in 1989, America in 2020, and the Death of the Lost Cause
Authors: Blight David W.
Published: October 2022

Just as the fall of the Berlin Wall seemed to mark the end of Soviet communism in Europe, the removal of Confederate statues might seem to signal the end a toxic legacy of memory in America. The Lost Cause narrative, however, remains a deeply ingrained part of collective memory in the United States and breeds twisted versions of history. The epic loss experienced by the Confederacy in the Civil War may have spawned great literature, but when allowed to freely commemorate itself in stone and in sentimentalism across the cultural landscape, it can poison today’s civil society and encourage oppression. It was learned from the fall of the Berlin Wall that the move from communism to democracy is not easy. In America, the statues are being toppled, but the story that built them remains, leaving the task of uprooting the Lost Cause narrative a task that still needs to be finished.
Psychological Aspects of National Memory
Authors: Yamashiro Jeremy K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses two related lines of empirical research on Americans’ mental representations of their nation’s past and future. First, it discusses how retrieval biases for negative and positive events in collective memory and collective future thought reveal an implicit trajectory of decline in Americans’ representation of their nation across time. Second, Americans across the left–right political spectrum show systematically different moral intuitions about what sorts of events ought normatively to be remembered. However, the two dimensions on which partisans showed the most divergence—social justice values and binding values—can intersect, and events moralized on both dimensions are overrepresented in collective memory. The chapter discusses the relevance of these psychological factors for controversies surrounding public symbols of memory, such as Confederate statues and the 1619 Project.
United States’s and Germany’s Collective Memories of Pride and Shame for American and German History
Authors: Umanath Sharda , Abel Magdalena
Published: October 2022

Prior work suggests collective memories of one’s nation’s past are skewed such that national identities are shaped mostly by pride. This chapter discusses collective memories of participants’ own nation versus another nation. Americans generated events they are proud and ashamed of from U.S. history and such events they thought Germans would generate from their respective history. Germans did the same. Interestingly, within and across countries, participants agreed more on events that nations should be ashamed rather than proud of. When asked for events that shape national identity, participants categorized a few of the most nominated events as primarily proud, whereas the rest were mixed in tone or primarily considered with shame or neutrality. Thus, it seems that like individual identities, national identities are composed of more than proud memories. In addition, events nominated from “self” and “other” perspectives often overlapped, suggesting that collective memories can be perceived vicariously from the outside.
Using a Golden Age
Authors: Batiashvili Nutsa
Published: October 2022

This chapter focuses on the memory symbolism used by radically opposed “counterpublics” in Georgia. It approaches national memory as an affectively charged symbolic idiom of political expression whereby the same symbols can be used to articulate two very different conceptions of nation and peoplehood. Both appeal to a common memory of Georgia’s Golden Age, with the protean nature of memory symbols making it possible for the same narratives and historical figures to serve as a base. The resulting contradictory national stances yield a “bivocal” memory project, which, however, is limited in how far the meaning of any symbol can be stretched. Also examined are implications of the use of memory in the political domain for the definitions of “the people” and thus for the enactments of national sovereignty.
Toward a Dynamical—in the Field—Approach to Collective Memory
Authors: Coman Alin
Published: October 2022

The study of collective memories—as shared individual memories that bear on people’s identities—has experienced a resurgence during the past decade. This interest has proliferated because scholars from diverse disciplines have increasingly recognized that communities base their collective identities and collective actions, to an important extent, on these shared memories. Memory, identity, and action are closely intertwined. Given that this interdependence occurs at both an individual and a group level, social scientists have advocated for a programmatic effort to understand why a memory—be it individual or collective—takes the form that it does. This chapter describes the fundamental characteristics of collective memory, illustrating its relation to nationalism and pointing to generative research trajectories that are aimed at understanding the formation of collective memories in real-world contexts.
Everyday Opportunities for Advocacy
Authors: Rees Keely S. , Thompson Amy J. , Whitney Emily
Published: October 2022

Every day, there are advocacy efforts underway and leaders engaged in advocacy locally and nationally. Advocacy works in tandem with policy development and implementation. This chapter allows the reader to fully understand the ways informal advocacy is needed and the various settings where public health educators are involved. While informal advocacy is often the first step where a new professional practices their skills, they are then equipped to fully engage in advocacy endeavors at a more formal level. Everyday advocates are empowering others to speak to injustices in healthcare, shed light on health equity, or provide valid and reliable resources to individuals or organizations.
The Role of Policy in Studying the Commercial Determinants of Health
Authors: Hawkins Benjamin
Published: October 2022

In health research, evidence is often assumed to inform policy when, in reality, policies are subject to a variety of competing forces and influences, particularly from the private sector. These may present alternative policy options, make ideological or economic arguments against existing policies, seek to undermine the legitimacy of certain policy actors, or otherwise mobilize opposition to certain policies. Such efforts may also contribute to broader movements toward deregulation in ways that adapt and change as commercial priorities and broader regulatory environments and norms shift. Positive effects of public–private partnerships may be overshadowed by these cumulative effects and their implications for social goods. This chapter describes the role of the commercial determinants of health in influencing regulation and policy.
Learning from 70 Years of Tobacco Control
Authors: Gilmore Anna B. , Dance Sarah
Published: October 2022

The tobacco industry is perhaps the sector for which the conflicts of interest with population health are most widely understood; the industry on which the most research has been conducted; and from which the most internal documentation has been made available. Based on this, key lessons on commercial pressures, priorities, strategies, and tactics have emerged. Yet after decades of research, advocacy, and policy changes, including the groundbreaking Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the tobacco industry remains extremely profitable and active globally, and cigarettes remain a leading cause of preventable death. This chapter describes the nature and activities of the tobacco industry, its evolution in response to attempts to regulate and denormalize it. Above all, it draw attentions to the lessons that must be learned from tobacco if we are to effectively address other commercial drivers of ill health in a reasonable timeframe. These include the need to address industry’s long-term and upstream influence strategies, not just its short-term, downstream influence; to establish the right structures that enable the public health community to counter global industries; and rather than repeatedly identifying the problems, to seek out more radical, sustainable solutions.
Marketing
Authors: Pettigrew Simone , Jones Alexandra
Published: October 2022

Marketing, particularly in the era of social media and targeted advertising, is becoming increasingly multifaceted and ubiquitous. While public health practitioners focus on collecting evidence and designing, conducting, and evaluating public health campaigns, marketing, including of harmful products, occurs in parallel at a scale order of magnitude greater. The entire biannual budget of the World Health Organization would be subsumed within the marketing budget of a single sugar-sweetened beverage company. Viewed through a complex systems lens, marketing constitutes a vast, multilevel intervention that has direct effects on consumptions patterns but also distal effects on social norms and public discourse. As marketing becomes increasingly interlinked with both traditional and social media, and companies seek new sources of growth, public health research and practice must adapt to reflect these new realities.
Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Paichadze Nino , Ilakkuvan Vinu , Gizaw Muluken , Hyder Adnan A.
Published: October 2022

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to the voluntary efforts of companies to address social and environmental concerns and can be used to strengthen consumers’ perceptions of a company. Although such activities often appear to have societal benefit, by utilizing CSR tactics, industries may aim to influence the consumption of their products, often unhealthy commodities, in order to increase their growth and profitability. Industries may also use CSR to distract from the negative health, environmental, and other social consequences of their core business. This chapter provides an overview of existing definitions of CSR and how these concepts have evolved over time; discusses the impact of CSR tactics, analyzing existing evidence on their effectiveness at influencing consumers and their association with health outcomes; examines existing regulations and controls related to CSR strategies; and, finally, notes key considerations and recommendations for addressing CSR from a public health perspective.
Rethinking Conflict of Interest
Authors: Collin Jeff , Ralston Rob , Hill Sarah
Published: October 2022

Across global and national levels, it seems clear there is a movement toward a greater focus on public–private partnerships. However, there is abundant evidence that commercial actors are driven by profit motives, be they in opposition or alignment to population health. It seems therefore of particular importance to advance a research and translational agenda surrounding the assessment of institutional conflicts of interest in order to best discern suitable partners and the best parameters for engagement in ways that do not jeopardize population health or shift harm from one population to another. This chapter examines different conceptions of conflict of interest and how such conceptions can inform different approaches to health governance. The chapter presents a threefold typology encompassing individual, institutional, and structural understandings.
Prioritizing Research on the Foundational Drivers of Corporate Policy Influence
Authors: Wiist William H.
Published: October 2022

This chapter “nudges” commercial and corporate determinants of health (CDOH) researchers to metaphorically look “below the surface” to the “root causes” and to move further “upstream” to the “cause of causes” of CDOH. The chapter proposes that CDOH research prioritize three corporate political tactics used in democracies, amounting to legal corruption, that provide the foundation of laws, policies, and regulations that enable all other CDOH strategies and tactics. The chapter provides guidance for making such research theory-based, using tried and tested social science methods and data sources. The United States is presented as a case study to stimulate CDOH researchers of other countries or different political systems to likewise seek out foundational tactics of corporate influence on policy and identify or develop research data sources. Acknowledging that some corporations provide beneficial products or operate with little detrimental effect, the chapter’s perspective is polemically oppositional to the pervasive influence and dominating power of for-profit corporations.
The Question of Industry Partnerships
Authors: Adams Peter J.
Published: October 2022

Health is largely shaped by upstream forces, such as the distribution of power and wealth. Approaches such as Health in All Policies and New Zealand’s “Wellbeing Budget” reflect this reality, building on decades of research regarding the “social determinants of health.” Often, these frameworks mention the “macroeconomic” environment, working conditions, and social and physical environments; the commercial determinants of health rarely feature in such frameworks, despite having large cumulative impacts on each of these areas. However, the evidence to date on public–private partnerships suggests that voluntary action often tends to focus on “downstream” drivers of health, and by its nature tends to focus on those activities that do not harm revenue, even if the generation of such revenue results in significantly more harm. This chapter examines the current scholarship on partnerships with the private sector from a conceptual and empirical lens and identifies the most important predictors of success and failure, perhaps chief among which is the ability to accurately assess and respond to conflicts of interest.
Understanding and Managing Corporate Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Cullerton Katherine , White Martin
Published: October 2022

As global and public health actors seek to engage increasingly in public–private partnerships, a more complete understanding of the full range of health impacts of such actors, and their reliance on revenue arising from activity that harms or benefits health, becomes an essential prerequisite. In addition, the cumulative effects of such actors on governance and regulation, science and discourse, should influence the regulatory structures put in place to ensure such partnerships are transparent, equitable, effective, and sustainable. In this way, an individual engagement or partnership may seem beneficial, but as part of a wider commercial strategy, it becomes a facilitator of greater harm. This chapter describes the current literature on identifying and managing conflicts of interest in research and governance.
Bach in the World
Authors: Rathey Markus
Published: October 2022

Johann Sebastian Bach’s works are often classified along the lines of “sacred” versus “secular.” While this distinction is fraught with problems, it seems to provide a useful way to distinguish between Bach’s vocal works for the liturgy and those that were written to honor courts and members of the nobility. But even within this second group, the lines cannot be drawn that clearly. The political and social systems of Bach’s time relied on religion as an ideological foundation, and public displays of political power almost always included religious rituals and thus required some form of sacred music. Social constructs, such as class and gender, were also embedded in religious frameworks. The book analyzes public manifestations of the social order during Bach’s time in large-scale celebrations, processions, public performances, and visual displays. By analyzing selected cantatas, the book explores how Bach’s music functioned as an agent of affective communication within rituals, such as the installation of the town council, and as a place where sociopolitical norms were perpetuated and—in a few cases—even challenged.
Music as Spiritual Practice and Political Message
Authors: Rathey Markus
Published: October 2022

Bach’s years at the court in Cöthen (1717–1723) are often viewed as a time during which the composer worked in a secular environment. While most of Bach’s other positions were indeed tied to Lutheran churches, the court in Cöthen was not a secular environment at all. Adhering to the doctrines of Calvinism, the court followed devotional practices that did not require elaborate music for the liturgy; however, Bach’s few secular cantatas for Cöthen reflect several of the central ideas of Calvinist theology, such as the reliance on the Psalter and the Calvinist concept of government. Calvinist theologians supported music when it served a spiritual purpose outside the liturgy, and Bach’s Cöthen cantatas conformed to this ideal in several ways.
Defeminizing Virtue
Authors: Rathey Markus
Published: October 2022

Eighteenth-century Leipzig was one of the centers of the conversation about the participation of women in public life and especially in literature and the arts. Gender typologies are reflected in numerous works by Bach and especially in the cantatas written for secular occasions, such as celebrations in honor of the Electoral court in Dresden. The complex gender norms and typologies come into sharp relief in the cantata Laßt uns sorgen, laßt uns wachen BWV 213, which recounts the story of Hercules at the Crossroads. The way Bach and his librettist Picander tell the story is clearly gendered, locating Hercules’ desire for virtue in masculinity while depicting vice as a seductive woman. The gender relationship becomes more complex in the cantata Tönet, ihr Pauken! Erschallet, Trompeten! BWV 214, honoring the Queen of Poland. The analysis of the cantata shows that it differentiates between the queen’s biological sex on the one hand and her political function on the other.
Technology
Authors: Coogan Jeremiah
Published: October 2022

Eusebius employed innovative technologies—the prefatory textual map and the columnar table—to afford new possibilities for reading a fourfold Gospel. He adapted the table of contents, an emerging device used to structure miscellanies and reference texts. The apparatus maps the text as a structured whole and facilitates navigation. Drawing on predecessors like Ptolemy and Origen, Eusebius employed the column-and-row table to facilitate complex textual access and analysis. Eusebius did not invent the columnar table or the table of contents; prefatory lists of contents, astronomical tables, and multilingual columnar tools already existed. They appear in a wide range of sources, from medical anthologies and agricultural handbooks to text-critical databases, schoolroom glossaries, and astronomical charts. Eusebius assembled a new text from the conceptual resources at hand. By combining two emergent textual technologies, his apparatus invites new textual practices and new modes of Gospel reading. While the tools of knowledge production have often escaped sustained attention, centering the technological conditions of reading and knowledge advances historical inquiry. The insights offered by the Eusebian apparatus enrich other recent developments in the study of material texts and late ancient textuality—especially attention to the work of editors, the possibilities of paratexts, and the organization of knowledge.
Gospel Writing
Authors: Coogan Jeremiah
Published: October 2022

This chapter traces a complex history of Gospel writing from Mark to Eusebius. Eusebius continued dynamics of self-conscious, expansive Gospel rewriting that are visible in earlier configurations of Gospel text (including Luke, the author of the Longer Ending of Mark, Tatian, and Ammonius of Alexandria). Eusebius was not the first reader to notice the problems and possibilities created by a pluriform Gospel, nor was he the first to rearrange Gospel texts in creative spatial ways—but his technological innovations enabled him to diverge in crucial ways from previous projects of Gospel writing. Using the textual map and the columnar table, Eusebius both preserves four individual Gospel narratives and creates new possibilities for reading the fourfold Gospel as a unity. Eusebius rewrote the Gospels by creating new meaningful sequences of readable text, a distinct fourfold Gospel. Technology here intersects with literary innovation. Because his canons facilitate creative juxtapositions and even afford juxtaposing a single section with multiple parallels, Eusebius was able both to preserve Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John in order also to interweave them in a dense new web of possibilities. Eusebius’ fourfold Gospel effervesces with manifold contexts and readerly trajectories.
Race (Jesus and the white faciality machine)
Authors: Moore Stephen D.
Published: October 2022

Deleuzoguattarian theory provides a particularly potent resource for peeling back and scrutinizing the layers of whiteness that the ancient Mediterranean Jew, Jesus of Nazareth, has accrued since the dawn of European colonial modernity, and for opening up the “abstract machine of faciality” (as Deleuze and Guattari style it) that produced, and still produces, whiteness as such. Indeed, the “Year Zero: Faciality” chapter/plateau of A Thousand Plateaus assigns pivotal significance to Jesus as the retroactive linchpin of the faciality machine that fabricates white masculinity as Christian universalism. Bringing Deleuze and Guattari into dialogue with seminal Black thinkers on race, notably, W. E. B. Du Bois, Frantz Fanon, Stuart Hall, and James Cone, this chapter attempts to ponder anew the intersections of Christianity, empire, and whiteness, together with certain of the New Testament texts that white Christendom claims as its own.
“I Will Be the Śaṅkarācāryā for Women!”
Authors: DeNapoli Antoinette Elizabeth
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the path and strategies of a female religious leader, Trikal Bhavanta Saraswati, to acquire a space for a women’s ascetic group among the publicly exposed Akharas during the Kumbh Mela festival. By deliberately and carefully claiming both the title and authority connected to a Śaṅkarācārya for herself, Trikal Bhavanta Saraswati (called Mataji) demands gender equality and the fair inclusion of women in a religious institution that has traditionally excluded women and low castes from leadership roles. She strategically calls herself svayambhū śaṅkarācāryā, “self-made female Śaṅkarācāryā,” in contrast to an appointed position. Importantly, her teaching women to live as they see fit is not advocacy for them to do as they please, particularly as it concerns their sexual autonomy. Combining the frameworks of religion and rights, Mataji’s leadership promotes the empowering vision of the rights-bearing female ascetic.
Introduction: Buddhist Relic Veneration, Buddhist Sites and Translocations, and the Transformation of the Hangzhou/Jiangnan Region into an Indian Buddhist Homeland
Authors: Welter Albert
Published: October 2022

The spread of Buddhism in Asia may be viewed as a protracted and complex process in which numerous sacred sites were created and re-created in different cultural settings. Buddhist sites and other translocations from India played a vital role in the reimagining of Hangzhou as the center of a Buddhist region, a new Buddhist homeland that replicated and rivaled similar regions in India itself. Two theoretical models, “borderland complex” and “translocation,” explain how the Hangzhou region (Jiangnan) became a new Buddhist homeland in East Asia. As a hub for the wider dissemination of Buddhism, Hangzhou was greatly aided by a vibrant maritime trade throughout the region, most notable at the seaport at Mingzhou (Ningbo), through which frequent contacts were maintained with Japan and Korea.
Hicksville, Ohio
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

The first chapter presents family history and nearly the first five years of the life of James Purdy, focusing on the years leading up to and following his birth. The Native presence in northwestern Ohio prior to white settlement is outlined, linked to the maternal family line’s claim that James’s great-grandmother was one-eighth Ojibwe. The lives and struggles of Purdy’s great-grandparents, grandparents, and parents are narrated, especially the successes and disappointments of various business exploits of his father, William, who went from banking in Hicksville to rural real estate, which regularly carried him away from home on business. This chapter notes the differences in temperament between serious and formal William and his free-spirited younger bride, Vera Otis. Hicksville, where Richard and James Purdy were born, is an idyllic backdrop that Purdy drew from in his work.
The Professor
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

Trading in a somewhat itinerant career for a stable position, in 1946 Purdy accepted a job teaching Spanish and Freshman Studies at Lawrence College. The enrollment of Lawrence, in downtown Appleton, Wisconsin, jumped at the close of World War II. He kept writing and took on a literary agent, founding a little success in placing his work in magazines in 1939, 1949 and 1955, though he enjoyed the support of college president Nathan Pusey. He met new friends like the psychologist John Bucklew. Jorma Sjoblom, a Finnish-American professor of chemistry, became his lover and closest lifetime friend. In the environment of the hometown of Senator Joseph McCarthy, their affection had to be surreptitious. During summers, he traveled in Spain, France, and Italy and also to Chicago, where he reconnected with Gertrude Abercrombie’s salon. Meanwhile, in New York, his brother Richard had become a star of the stage and the screen of a new medium, television.
Elijah Thrush
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

This chapter concerns the publication and reception of Purdy’s high-camp allegorical novel, I Am Elijah Thrush (1972). It was partly inspired by Paul Swan and the black poet and painter John Carlis. With this Firbankian novel, Purdy regretted leaving FSG because Doubleday did not seem to know how to handle it. Gordon Lish, fiction editor at Esquire, was persuaded to publish nearly the entire novel. While Paul Bowles and Virgil Thomson loved it, the New York Times gave a negative review. Purdy became closer to composer Richard Hundley, his companion who spurred him to write more poetry, leading to the book The Running Sun. In 1972, Purdy was interviewed for Andy Warhol’s Interview magazine by the queer street artist and designer Stephen Varble, who became a friend and played a role in a radio performance of the novel, in which his friend Hermione Gingold played a starring role.
Color of Darkness
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

Advancing in age, Purdy in the 1990s published fewer new books than in previous decades, but still profusely created fiction, poetry, drama, letters, and drawings. Short plays and two full-length plays were performed in New York, usually involving John Uecker and Victoria Linchong. His plays and his poetry were collected in two volumes by his Dutch publisher; he traveled to Holland to publicize Collected Poems. He found recognition among the gay literary community, winning an award from the Publishing Triangle in 1991, and in 1993, he won the Morten Dauwen Zabel Fiction Award from the Academy of Arts and Letters. Purdy’s Firbankian Out with the Stars (1993), published by City Lights, was inspired by Virgil Thomson, Carl Van Vechten, and Richard Hundley. Gertrude Abercrombie stayed on his mind, and with Uecker’s editorial assistance, he completed and published Gertrude of Stony Island Avenue (1998).
“Like Dewdrops in the Waving Grass”
Authors: Snyder Saskia Coenen
Published: October 2022

Chapter 1 describes the role of Jewish traders, merchants, and companies in the unfolding of the South African mining industry, their motivations, and the importance of kinship branches in Europe to Jewish commercial connections. Jews in the Northern Cape, already proficient in local and long-distance trade, performed in contact zones, i.e., in spaces of colonial encounters between native Africans, migrant communities, Boer farmers, and immigrants from a host of different countries. They thrived in this commercial milieu and carved out a niche in buying, selling, and shipping rough stones to colonial markets. The chapter also analyzes the process of company amalgamation and centralization. A number of structural factors came together: access to investment capital, Jewish family connections in Europe, and the global increase in demand for luxury goods.
“Luxuries Have Now Become Necessities”
Authors: Snyder Saskia Coenen
Published: October 2022

Chapter 4 turns to the United States, where an insatiable appetite kept demand for gemstones high. It focuses particularly on efforts to establish a polishing industry on American soil, a process that proved quite contentious as it relied almost exclusively on immigrant labor. A crisis in the Dutch diamond industry, combined with international trade pressures, incentivized the relocation of manufacturing to American shores. Hundreds of Jewish lapidaries, specialized in diamond cutting and polishing, arrived in New York in the 1890s, forming the basis of a new industry. This chapter also analyses the success of advertising and financial credit systems, encouraging middle-class consumers to purchase gemstones in ever larger numbers. The United States became the largest consumer of finished stones by the late 1800s—a position it still holds—with its primary diamond district on 47th Street in New York City.
Introduction
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: October 2022

The Introduction presents the purpose of the book, explains its transdisciplinary focus, and describes how it can be used to teach public health law to students in law schools, public health programs, social work programs, and other graduate and advanced undergraduate programs. It then provides an overview of the book’s chapters, which follow the general outline of the 5 Essential Public Health Law Services. Finally, it provides some commentary, continued in the book’s Afterword, on the impact of COVID-19 on the field of public health law. Although the second edition of the book integrates lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic and describes changes in the law that were influenced by COVID-19, the book also keeps its focus on basic skills and enduring legal principles of public health law.
Public Health and Law
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces and defines basic concepts used throughout the book and within the fields of public health and law. The chapter explores the focus on population-level data, rather than individual-level information, as public health’s primary lens. It defines health disparities, the social determinants of health, and the three levels of prevention to exemplify public health’s broad perspective, which looks beyond healthcare to more systemic causes of illness and disease. It also defines law and its role in shaping behaviors and environments at all levels—federal, state, local, tribal, and international—and introduces examples of how law may be used to impact the public’s health.