bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A mixed motive approach to lobbying: applying game theory to analyse the impact of co‐operation and conflict on perceived lobbying success
Authors: Aitken‐Turff Freya , Jackson Nigel
Published: August 2006

This study was motivated by the apparent discrepancy between guidance for public relations best practice using co‐operation and collaboration to resolve conflict, and the potential to use the positive elements of conflict and competition to lobby more effectively. Game theory matrix was applied to nine lobbying campaigns, and used narrative analysis to identify themes of co‐operation, conflict, and mixed motive lobbying in the transcripts. The primary research identified that:

Conflict, co‐operation and mixed‐motive lobbying were apparent in all the case studies.

Mixed motive lobbying was unattainable between organizations with diametrically opposed interests and this may limit its application.

A further obstacle to mixed motive strategies is the high level of resources it uses.

The numerical game theory matrix used in this study was of limited use, however, the conceptual framework the theory provided was effective at modelling conflict and co‐operation strategies.

Formal co‐operative alliances were common in the sample. Smaller coalitions appeared to be more effective than the larger ones.

Those engaged in high conflict campaigns perceived themselves to be more effective than those engaged in lower conflict campaigns, however, this would need to be examined more exhaustively to establish causality.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communicating corporate social responsibility: an exploratory case study of a major UK retail centre
Authors: Bowd Ryan , Bowd Les , Harris Phil
Published: August 2006

Corporate 'social responsibility [CSR] is neither a fad nor an optional extra. The interest in it is reflective of a deeper change in the relationship between companies and their stakeholders. Healthy business requires a healthy community, and should be contributing to its creation and maintenance. The public increasingly wants to know about companies that stand behind the brands and products presented to them. And use their power to reward ‘good’ companies and punish the ‘bad’ ones. (Lewis, S. 2001).

CSR is becoming ever more important in the modern business environment, as is evident by the fact that most leading public companies include a specific statement on their CSR policy within their annual reports. Indeed, changing societal expectations, increasingly intrusive media reporting, and ever more sophisticated and powerful pressure groups have caused all organizations to consider more carefully their wider social responsibilities not only out of altruistic reasons, but because of the need to consider the potential impact of their policies on their wider stakeholder relationships.

It is argued in academic and professional writing that CSR orientated organizations benefit from a series of tangible and intangible benefits, when stakeholders are informed of their orientation. Corporations have reacted to these calls and this belief in a business case and are implementing CSR programmes or corporate change to bring about new corporate mindsets, and are in‐turn communicating the results of these programmes. However, in order to be able to effectively communicate it is necessary that organizations clearly understand the concept of CSR, both from a managerial perspective and homogeneous and individual stakeholder perspective.

Aiming to help address this lack of understanding, the proposed paper provides a case examination of stakeholder and management perspectives of CSR in the North West of England in a retail setting. The study was conducted in 2003 around a Major UK retail centre using a mix method approach that drew out management cognate viewpoints on CSR and quantitatively tested these findings against stakeholder viewpoints on CSR. The study is served as a pilot for future studies into the area.

It found that within the context of the case that the managers and stakeholders (when taken as one homogeneous group) shared a similar view of the concept of CSR. Additionally, the weaknesses of the research pilot brought to the surface methodological improvements that could impact on future researches into the area.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving outcomes for children with cancer in low‐income countries in Latin America: A report on the recent meetings of the Monza International School of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (MISPHO)‐Part I
Authors: Howard Scott C. , Marinoni Marco , Castillo Luis , Bonilla Miguel , Tognoni Gianni , Luna‐Fineman Sandra , Antillon Federico , Valsecchi Maria Grazia , Pui Ching‐Hon , Ribeiro Raul C. , Sala Alessandra , Barr Ronald D. , Masera Giuseppe ,   The MISPHO Consortium Writing Committee
Published: August 2006

The difference in survival for children diagnosed with cancer between high‐ and low‐income countries (LIC) continues to widen as curative therapies are developed in the former but not implemented in the latter. In 1996, the Monza International School of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (MISPHO) was founded in an attempt to narrow this survival gap. During its sixth and seventh meetings, members recognized the problem of lack of affordability of essential drugs to treat childhood cancer in many LIC, and initiated an advocacy program. In 1998, MISPHO spawned a collaboration of Central American pediatric oncology centers: the Asociación de Hemato‐Oncología Pediátrica Centroamericana (AHOPCA). AHOPCA members reported preliminary findings from several of the 10 cooperative protocols that are currently in progress. In 2003, a second regional collaborative group was formed that includes seven centers in South America. Twinning programs between MISPHO centers and centers in high‐income countries (HIC) have proven invaluable to harness the resources of these centers to improve pediatric oncology care in LIC. MISPHO educational efforts include oncology nursing, supportive care, cancer‐specific updates, epidemiology, and clinical research methods. Educational efforts are facilitated by educational content and online conferencing via www.cure4kids.org. Identifying preventable causes of abandonment of therapy and documenting the nutritional status of patients treated at MISPHO centers are areas of active research. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:364–369. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High resolution Rydberg spectroscopy of ultracold rubidium atoms
Authors: Grabowski A. , Heidemann R. , Löw R. , Stuhler J. , Pfau T.
Published: August 2006

We present experiments on two‐photon excitation of 87Rb atoms to Rydberg states. For this purpose, two continuous‐wave (cw)‐laser systems for both 780 nm and 480 nm have been set up. These systems are optimized to a small linewidth (well below 1 MHz) to get both an efficient excitation process and good spectroscopic resolution. To test the performance of our laser system, we investigated the Stark splitting of Rydberg states. We were able to see for both of the n = 41D finestructure states the electrical field dependent |mj| splitting. To show the ability of spatially selective excitation to Rydberg states, we excited rubidium atoms in an electrical field gradient and investigated both linewidths and lineshifts. Furthermore we were able to excite the atoms selectively from the two hyperfine ground states to Rydberg states. Finally, we investigated the Autler‐Townes splitting of the 5S1/2(F = 2)→5P3/2(F = 3) transition coupled to the light field via a Rydberg state to determine the Rabi frequency of this excitation step.
Quantum algorithms for number fields
Authors: Haase D. , Maier H.
Published: August 2006

This is a survey of recent results on quantum algorithms for the computation of invariants of number fields, namely the class number and the regulator. Most known classical algorithms for the computation of these values are of subexponential complexity and depend on the truth of a still unproven hypothesis of analytic number theory. We use an important number theoretic concept, Minkowski's Geometry of Numbers, to visualize these invariants, and describe the quantum algorithms developed by Hallgren, Schmidt and Vollmer which compute these invariants using a polynomial number of steps. Computational techniques in number fields, which are necessary to justify the classical part of these quantum algorithms, are the focus of the research of our project group, and are explained in detail.
Factorization of numbers with physical systems
Authors: Merkel W. , Averbukh I.Sh. , Girard B. , Paulus G.G. , Schleich W.P.
Published: August 2006

The periodicity properties of Gauss sums allow us to factor integer numbers. We show that the excitation probability amplitudes of appropriate quantum systems interacting with specific laser fields are determined by Gauss sums. The resulting probabilities are experimentally accessible by measuring the fluorescence from this level. In particular, we discuss a two‐photon transition in a ladder system driven by a chirped laser pulse. In addition, we consider two realizations of laser driven one‐photon transitions. For each quantum system we demonstrate the power of this factorization scheme using numerical examples.
Quantum limit of the Carnot engine
Authors: Tonner F. , Mahler G.
Published: August 2006

To what extent can the design principles of a macroscopic machine be down‐scaled to the nanoscopic level? This question pertains to machine functions as diverse as information processing or energy conversion. Here we will be concerned with the class of Carnot engines. Our minimal model consists of a single spin coupled to an oscillator sandwiched between two thermal baths at different temperatures. Phase sensitive control can be implemented in an autonomous fashion. While this open quantum system still allows for Carnot‐type cycles, decoherence will eventually force the system into a stationary state of heat transport.
Optimization of segmented linear Paul traps and transport of stored particles
Authors: Schulz S. , Poschinger U. , Singer K. , Schmidt‐Kaler F.
Published: August 2006

Single ions held in linear Paul traps are promising candidates for a future quantum computer. Here, we discuss a two‐layer microstructured segmented linear ion trap. The radial and axial potentials are obtained from numeric field simulations and the geometry of the trap is optimized. As the trap electrodes are segmented in the axial direction, the trap allows the transport of ions between different spatial regions. Starting with realistic numerically obtained axial potentials, we optimize the transport of an ion such that the motional degrees of freedom are not excited, even though the transport speed far exceeds the adiabatic regime. In our optimization we achieve a transport within roughly two oscillation periods in the axial trap potential compared to typical adiabatic transports that take of the order 102 oscillations. Furthermore heating due to quantum mechanical effects is estimated and suppression strategies are proposed.
Density functional theory study of tautomerization of 2‐aminothiazole in the gas phase and in solution
Authors: Zeng Yi , Ren Yi
Published: August 2006

The amino/imino tautomeric equilibrium in the isolated, mono‐, di‐, and trihydrate forms and dimer of 2‐aminothiazole, and the effects of hydration or self‐assistance on the transition state structures corresponding to proton transfer from the amino to imino form, have been investigated by the B3LYP method in conjunction with 6‐31+G(d,p) and 6‐311+G(3df,2p) basis sets in the gas phase and in solution. The amino form has been found to be the predominant tautomer. The tautomeric barrier heights for water‐ and self‐assisted tautomerization reactions are significantly lower than that from the amino to imino form by the intramolecular proton transfer, showing the catalytic effect of water molecule(s) and the important role of 2‐aminothiazole itself for intermolecular proton transfer. Comparison between the tautomeric barriers demonstrates that the self‐association tautomerization through the dimerization is the most favorable pathway. Bulk solvent effects have been taken into account using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) of water and CCl4. The polar medium is favorable for the population of the imino form. The amino/imino equilibrium is also analyzed using the aromaticity index nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS); the NICS values for the amino form (about −10 ppm) are more negative than the imino species (about −8 ppm), showing that the amino form is more stable. The time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations of electronic absorption spectra suggest that the λmax of dimer is 255 nm. The oscillator strength of the imino forms is less than the amino form, and increases with the polarity of the solvents. All calculations for the tautomerization of 2‐aminothiazole are in reasonable line with the available experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Efficient evaluation of Coulomb integrals in a mixed Gaussian and plane‐wave basis
Authors: Čársky Petr
Published: August 2006

An efficient way of calculation is presented for matrix elements between two plane waves interacting with a molecular Coulombic field. In concurrence with the absolute value of the momentum transfer vector, K = k1 − k2, the most effective method of calculation is selected. The case of K = 0 requires special treatment. For 0 < |K| ≤ 0.3, it is profitable to evaluate the integrals by means of the multipole expansion, and for |K| > 0.3 the density fitting can be applied. For the large |K| the electronic part of the integral is much smaller than the nuclear part and the integral may be approximated by the nuclear contribution only. Some examples for testing the accuracy and time saved are presented. The primary purpose of this paper is to accelerate electron scattering calculations, but it also may be profitable for the electronic structure theory in attempts to use mixed Gaussian and plane‐wave basis sets. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Lie algebraic method applied to a pulsed anharmonic oscillator
Authors: Récamier J. , Gorayeb M. , Mochán W. L. , Paz J. L.
Published: August 2006

Using nonlinear coherent states defined as approximate eigenstates of a deformed annihilation operator, we evaluate the response to a classical pulsed electric field of a system supporting a finite number of bound states. We calculate the temporal evolution of the average value of several observables like the momentum and the diplacement coordinate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
New perspectives on unitary coupled‐cluster theory
Authors: Taube Andrew G. , Bartlett Rodney J.
Published: August 2006

The advantages and possibilities of a unitary coupled‐cluster (CC) theory are examined. It is shown that using a unitary parameterization of the wave function guarantees agreement between a sum‐over‐states polarization propagator and response theory calculation of properties of arbitrary order, as opposed to the case in conventional CC theory. Then, using the Zassenhaus expansion for noncommuting exponential operators, explicit diagrams for an extensive and variational method based on unitary CC theory are derived. Possible extensions to the approximations developed are discussed as well. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Anforderungen für ein Berechnungskonzept für die Bemessung punktgelagerter Verglasungen
Authors: Siebert Barbara
Published: August 2006

In diesem Beitrag werden allgemeine Anforderungen für ein Berechnungskonzept von punktgelagerten Verglasungen formuliert. Aufgrund der komplexen Eigenschaften im Punkthalterbereich ist eine schrittweise Verifizierung von Finite‐Element‐Berechnungen erforderlich, um realitätsnahe Ergebnisse erhalten zu können. Abschließend wird ein Verifizierungsmodell für punktgehaltene Scheiben vorgestellt, die im wesentlichen senkrecht zur Scheibenebene belastet werden.
Doppelverbundbrücken im Bau‐ und Endzustand
Authors: Ndogmo Joseph
Published: August 2006

Doppelverbundbrücken werden aufgrund ihrer Wirtschaftlichkeit gegenüber Einfachverbundbrücken zur Zeit sehr oft bevorzugt gebaut. Anhand von einigen während der Bauausführung durchgeführten Messungen wird das Tragverhalten solcher Verbundbrücken erläutert. Dabei wird besonders auf die Fragen der Mitwirkung des Untergurtbetons im Bereich des Doppelverbundes sowie des Einflusses des Kriechens und des Schwindens auf die Schnittgrößenverteilung und Spannungsumlagerung eingegangen. Ebenso untersucht werden die Kraftüberleitung vom stählernen Kastenträger auf die Betonbodenplatte und die Schubkraftverteilung bei der flächigen Verbundwirkung im Bereich des Untergurtes sowie die Mitwirkung der Betonplatten (Fahrbahntafel und Untergurt) bei der Verteilung der Zustandsgrößen in Tragwerkslängsrichtung.
Reverse optical probing (ROPING) of neocortical circuits
Authors: Aaron Gloster , Yuste Rafael
Published: August 2006

We describe an optical technique to detect circuits of synaptically connected neurons. By combining calcium imaging of the spontaneous activity of neuronal populations with intracellular recordings from a given neuron, we perform a type of reverse correlation analysis to detect neurons that generate action potentials time‐locked to the synaptic currents of the recorded cell. This technique can quickly reveal monosynaptically connected neurons. Synapse 60:437–440, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel processing aid based on modified Silly Putty®
Authors: Kulikov Oleg , Hornung Klaus
Published: August 2006

A viscoelastic material based on low‐molecular‐weight silanols cured by boric acid, i.e., having a composition similar to that of the well‐known Silly Putty®, was used to delay sharkskin and stick–slip instabilities in the extrusion of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE). The use of sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid in the composition helped to improve adhesion of the material to metal and to extend its efficiency above 200°C. Adding powders of metal oxides, e.g., borax, silica, and especially silicates, further helped to delay the flow instabilities. A delay of the sharkskin instability to 25–35 times higher extrusion rates was achieved, and about 45% less pressure was observed in a screw extruder at the same throughput when this material was used as an additive to LLDPE (∼0.1%) or as a coating of the extrusion die. Tentative explanations of the sharkskin origin and for the delay of the instability are proposed. J. VINYL. ADDIT. TECHNOL., 12:131–142, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Suicide attempts among indigenous Sami adolescents and majority peers in Arctic Norway: Prevalence and associated risk factors
Authors: Silviken Anne , Kvernmo Siv
Published: August 2006

The prevalence of suicide attempts and associated risk factors such as sociodemographic conditions, emotional/behavioural problems and parent–child relationships were examined among 591 indigenous Sami and 2100 majority adolescents in Arctic Norway. There were no significant ethnic differences in prevalence of suicide attempts. In both ethnic groups, suicidal ideation, anxious/depressed problems and eating behaviour problems were associated with suicide attempts. Cross‐cultural differences in risk factors associated with suicide attempts existed. For Sami adolescents, factors diverging from the traditional cultural norms were associated with suicide attempts, such as alcohol intoxication, single‐parent home and paternal overprotection (p⩽.05). Vocational studies, not living together with parents, current smoking and experienced sexual intercourse were ethnic specific risk factors associated with suicide attempts among majority peers (p⩽.05). Clinicians should take into account that risk factors can differ between ethnic groups and should be sensitive to culturally divergent behaviour.
Sleep disturbances independently predict heart failure in overweight middle‐aged men
Authors: Ingelsson Erik , Lind Lars , Ärnlöv Johan , Sundström Johan
Published: August 2006

Background

Sleep disturbances are associated with manifest heart failure (HF). However, the relationship between sleep disturbances and incident HF has been less studied.

Aims

To investigate self‐reported sleep disturbances as predictors of HF in a longitudinal, community‐based cohort of 2314 middle‐aged men.

Methods and results

Data on self‐reported sleep disturbances, as well as established risk factors for HF were collected and analyzed using Cox proportional hazards analyses. In multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for established risk factors for HF, the presence at baseline of sleep disturbances (hazard ratio [HR], 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16–1.99; p=0.002) was an independent risk factor for HF. There was evidence of effect modification between BMI and sleep disturbances. In multivariable‐adjusted models, sleep disturbance (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.13–2.21; p=0.008) was an independent risk factor for HF in overweight participants (BMI>25), but not in normal‐weight participants (BMI≤25). All results remained similar in a sub‐sample excluding all participants suffering from a myocardial infarction during follow‐up.

Conclusions

Self‐reported sleep disturbances imply an increased risk of subsequent HF in overweight middle‐aged men, via mechanisms largely independent of established risk factors for HF, including an interim myocardial infarction.
Identification of mobile cholesterol compounds in experimental gliomas by 1H MRS in vivo: Effects of ganciclovir‐induced apoptosis on lipids
Authors: Liimatainen Timo , Lehtimäki Kimmo , Ala-Korpela Mika , Hakumäki Juhana
Published: August 2006

This letter presents a novel identification and analysis of mobile cholesterol compounds in an experimental glioma model by 1H MRS in vivo. The cholesterol compounds turned out to comprise as much as 17 mol% of MRS visible total lipids. The results also imply partly associated accumulation of 1H MRS detectable cholesterol compounds and unsaturated lipids during gene therapy‐induced apoptosis, and indicate that the contribution of cholesterol compounds cannot be bypassed in spectral lipid analysis. The introduced 1H MRS approach facilitates a non‐invasive follow‐up of mobile cholesterol compounds, paving way for studies of tumour cholesterol metabolism in vivo.
Explaining the success and failure of post-communist revolutions
Authors: D’Anieri Paul
Published: August 2006

Since 1999, the post-Communist states have seen a series of attempts to overthrow semiauthoritarian governments, with the successful attempts known as the “colored revolutions.” However, not all such attempts have succeeded. This paper seeks to explain the variation in outcomes. Most accounts have focused on the development of grass-roots activist movements. The central argument here is that elites, and in particular security services, play a much more significant role in these revolutions than has generally been appreciated. This hypothesis is elaborated through a threshold model of protest, in which the central question is whether protests achieve a “tipping point” that makes them continue to grow larger until success is inevitable. The actions of elites, it is argued, play a decisive role in whether mass protests reach a tipping point. The argument is examined through a paired comparison of two failed attempts to overthrow governments through street protests (Serbia 1996e1997 and Ukraine 2001) with two successful cases (Serbia 1999 and Ukraine 2004). By studying cases with variation on the dependent variable, this paper seeks to improve the empirical and methodological basis of research on post-communist revolutions.
Holocene Climate Variability in Sicily from a Discontinuous Stalagmite Record and the Mesolithic to Neolithic Transition
Authors: Frisia Silvia , Borsato Andrea , Mangini Augusto , Spötl Christoph , Madonia Giuliana , Sauro Ugo
Published: August 2006

Fabric and stable isotopic composition of a Holocene stalagmite (CR1) from a cave in northern Sicily record changes in paleorainfall in the early Holocene. High δ13C stable isotope values in the calcite deposited from ca. 8500 to ca. 7500 yr ago are interpreted as reflecting periods of high rainfall. The wet phase was interrupted by two periods of multi-century duration characterized by relatively cool and dry winters centered at ca. 8200 and ca. 7500 yr ago, highlighted by low δ13C and δ18O values. A high variability of δ13C values is recorded from ca. 7500 to ca. 6500 yr ago and indicates that the transition from a pluvial early Holocene to the present-day climate conditions was punctuated by decadal-scale periods of relatively dry winters. In northern Sicily, the traditional elements of the Neolithic appear at ca. 7700 yr ago. It is possible that changes in rainfall influenced the passage from hunter-gathering to farming and sheep-herding economies.
Evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor gene and chromosome 7 alterations in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, using chromogenic in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays
Authors: Tsiambas E , Stavrakis I , Lazaris A C , Karameris A , Patsouris E
Published: August 2006

Aims: To identify subgroups of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx, characterized by the specific deregulation mechanism of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, and to evaluate EGFR protein expression levels and correlate these with biological and clinicopathological parameters.

Materials and methods: Using tissue microarray technology, 50 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary laryngeal SCCs were cored and re-embedded into one block. Immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridization were performed.

Results: Epidermal growth factor receptor protein over-expression was observed in 27/50 (54 per cent) cases and was statistically associated with tumour grade (p=0.028). Epidermal growth factor receptor gene alterations were identified in 5/50 (10 per cent) cases, which demonstrated amplification (n=4) and deletion (n=1). Chromosome 7 instability was detected in 8/50 (16 per cent) cases.

Conclusions: Epidermal growth factor receptor over-expression is a frequent event in SCCs, but it does not predict a specific molecular mechanism of gene deregulation for targeted therapeutic strategies via monoclonal antibodies.
Locating the scala media in the fixed human temporal bone for therapeutic access: a preliminary study
Authors: Pau H , Fagan P , Oleskevich S
Published: August 2006

Objective: To investigate the location of the scala media in relation to the round window niche in human temporal bones.

Design: Ten human temporal bones were investigated by radical mastoidectomy and promontory drill-out.

Setting: Temporal bone laboratory.

Outcome measures: The distance from the scala media to the anterior edge of the round window niche, measured by Fisch's stapedectomy measuring cylinders.

Results: The scala media was identified at the transection point of a vertical line 1.6 to 2.2 mm (mean=1.8 mm; standard deviation=0.2) anterior to the anterior edge of the round window niche and a horizontal line 0.2 mm inferior to the lower border of the oval window.

Conclusion: This report demonstrates the point of entry into the scala media via the promontory in fixed temporal bone models, which may provide a site of entry for stem cells and gene therapy insertion.
The bringer of light: the raven in Inuit tradition
Authors: Oosten Jarich , Laugrand Frédéric
Published: August 2006

In the western Arctic and in the northwest coast and Alaska, the significance of the raven as a creator and trickster is generally acknowledged. In the eastern Arctic there are no such elaborate mythical cycles concerning the bird. But the raven still plays an important role in myths and rituals. In this paper, some features of the Alaskan complex and the position of the raven in the eastern Arctic are discussed. The basic features of the Alaskan raven complex are used as heuristic principles guiding research into the situation in the eastern Arctic region. It is argued that in many respects the raven is responsible for society but without being part of it. As a predator and a scavenger it is often associated with eating dirt, excrement and human flesh, and yet it created light, enabling people to see and invented tattooing, enabling women to marry.
The support of parents in old age by those born during 1945–1954: a European perspective
Authors: OGG JIM , RENAUT SYLVIE
Published: August 2006

In 2004 in Europe, more than two-thirds of those born during 1945–54 had a parent or parent-in-law alive, and the rates of co-residence with their ascendants ranged from less than four per cent in Sweden, Denmark and The Netherlands, to between 17 and 24 per cent in Italy, Spain and Greece. The proportions that had provided practical help to their parents during the previous 12 months had a north-south gradient, from approximately one-in-three in the northern countries to 15 per cent or less in the southern countries. In contrast, the proportions of the helpers that provided regular and almost daily help had an inverse pattern, being low in Sweden and Denmark and much higher in the south. Some of these differences may be attributable to variations among the countries in the interpretation of ‘help’. Help to elderly parents tends to be most associated with the gender of givers and receivers, the living arrangements, geographical proximity and needs of the parents, and the availability of adult children who can help. There is little evidence of a specific ‘baby-boomer generation’ effect on the probability of giving help.
Socio-economic status differences in older people's use of informal and formal help: a comparison of four European countries
Authors: BROESE van GROENOU MARJOLEIN , GLASER KAREN , TOMASSINI CECILIA , JACOBS THÉRÈSE
Published: August 2006

This study investigates the variations by older people's socio-economic status (SES) (i.e. educational level and social class) in the use of informal and formal help from outside the household in Great Britain, Italy, Belgium and The Netherlands. In all these countries, it was older people in low SES groups who mostly used such help. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that, in each country and for both types of help, there were SES gradients in the utilisation of both formal and informal care, and that differences in age, health and marital status largely accounted for the former but not the latter. Cross-national differences in the use of both informal and formal help remained when variations in sex, age, SES, health, marital status, home ownership and the use of privately-paid help were taken into account. Significant interaction effects were found, which indicated that older people in low SES groups in Great Britain and The Netherlands had higher odds of using informal help from outside the household than their counterparts in Italy, and similarly that those in The Netherlands were more likely to use formal help than their Italian peers. The results are discussed in relation to the cultural differences and variations in the availability of formal services among the countries.
Planning with preferences using logic programming
Authors: SON TRAN CAO , PONTELLI ENRICO
Published: August 2006

We present a declarative language, ${\cal PP}$, for the high-level specification of preferences between possible solutions (or trajectories) of a planning problem. This novel language allows users to elegantly express non-trivial, multi-dimensional preferences and priorities over such preferences. The semantics of ${\cal PP}$ allows the identification of most preferred trajectories for a given goal. We also provide an answer set programming implementation of planning problems with ${\cal PP}$ preferences.
Temporal phylogenetic networks and logic programming
Authors: ERDEM ESRA , LIFSCHITZ VLADIMIR , RINGE DON
Published: August 2006

The concept of a temporal phylogenetic network is a mathematical model of evolution of a family of natural languages. It takes into account the fact that languages can trade their characteristics with each other when linguistic communities are in contact, and also that a contact is only possible when the languages are spoken at the same time. We show how computational methods of answer set programming and constraint logic programming can be used to generate plausible conjectures about contacts between prehistoric linguistic communities, and illustrate our approach by applying it to the evolutionary history of Indo-European languages.
A three-valued semantics for logic programmers
Authors: NAISH LEE
Published: August 2006

This paper describes a simpler way for programmers to reason about the correctness of their code. The study of semantics of logic programs has shown strong links between the model theoretic semantics (truth and falsity of atoms in the programmer's interpretation of a program), procedural semantics (for example, SLD resolution) and fixpoint semantics (which is useful for program analysis and alternative execution mechanisms). Most of this work assumes that intended interpretations are two-valued: a ground atom is true (and should succeed according to the procedural semantics) or false (and should not succeed). In reality, intended interpretations are less precise. Programmers consider that some atoms “should not occur” or are “ill-typed” or “inadmissible”. Programmers don't know and don't care whether such atoms succeed. In this paper we propose a three-valued semantics for (essentially) pure Prolog programs with (ground) negation as failure which reflects this. The semantics of Fitting is similar but only associates the third truth value with non-termination. We provide tools to reason about correctness of programs without the need for unnatural precision or undue restrictions on programming style. As well as theoretical results, we provide a programmer-oriented synopsis. This work has come out of work on declarative debugging, where it has been recognised that inadmissible calls are important.
WHAT IS “NATIONAL IDENTITY”? DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS IN MODERN BRITISH HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: MANDLER PETER
Published: August 2006

“National identity” is one of those concepts, like “political culture”, which historians have somewhat casually borrowed from the social sciences and then used promiscuously for their own purposes. Over twenty years ago Philip Gleason wrote a wise and prescient (yet sadly underappreciated) essay on the origins of the concept of “identity” in the 1950s, warning historians that already then it had two quite distinct—psychological and sociological—meanings that needed to be distinguished to retain any conceptual clarity. Since then our own use of it has proliferated uncontrollably, and the original confusion identified by Gleason has been compounded by many others. The chain of communication between the concept's progenitors and its present-day users is now so long and so fragmentary that our usage may bear little or no relation to the discourse that Gleason described. There may be nothing wrong with this state of affairs; historians may have found their own value in the term, which need not necessarily be validated by social science. Yet social scientists have continued to work with “identity”, and have puzzled much further over its possible meaning and utility with a degree of conceptual rigour that historians do not usually share. And we continue to validate our own use of the term by reference to an increasingly shadowy and distant social science whence it came. Accordingly it may be useful to look more closely at what social scientists think “national identity” is, and how it operates in human minds and societies. This essay attempts a brief exploration of that kind and then applies its findings to the recent historiography of “national identity” in modern Britain.
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY IN VICTORIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT: T. H. GREEN, HERBERT SPENCER, AND HENRY SIDGWICK
Authors: BELL DUNCAN , SYLVEST CASPER
Published: August 2006

In the second half of the nineteenth century, British liberal ideology contained an open-ended vision of international order. The vision usually included a notion of an incipient or immanent international society composed of civilized nations. The fundamental distinction between civilized and barbarian nations meant that while this perceived society was international, in no sense was it global. In this essay we outline some of the broader characteristics of the internationalist outlook that many liberals shared and specifically discuss the claims about international society that they articulated. Liberal internationalism was a broad church and many (but not all) of its fundamental assumptions about the nature and direction of international progress and the importance of civilization were shared by large swathes of the intellectual elite. These assumptions are analysed by exploring the conceptions of international society found in three of the most influential thinkers of the time, T. H. Green, Herbert Spencer and Henry Sidgwick. Finally, the essay turns to the limitations of this vision of international society, especially in the context of the role of empire.
Die handlungstheoretische Perspektive: ein Rahmenkonzept für die sportpsychologische Forschung und Intervention
Authors: Nitsch Jürgen R.
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Mit diesem Beitrag wird, ausgehend von einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit den Unzulänglichkeiten traditioneller psychologischer Grundauffassungen und Schulen, ein integratives theoretisches Rahmenkonzept für sportpsychologische Forschung und Praxis vorgestellt. Das Kernstück bildet dabei die Handlung als intentionale Verhaltensorganisation im situativen Kontext. Demgemäß sind alle psychischen Zustände und Prozesse in ihrem funktionalen Bezug zum Handeln zu betrachten. Die Grundannahmen der handlungstheoretischen Perspektive werden erläutert, insbesondere das System-, Situations- und Intentionspostulat. Abschließend wird auf die Funktionsstruktur von Handlungen mit Bezug auf Handlungsphasen (Antizipation, Realisation und Interpretation) sowie handlungsregulierende Systeme (Automatisches, Emotionales und Kognitives Regulationssystem) näher eingegangen. Damit werden allgemeine theoretische Koordinaten für spezifische psychologische Theorien, für die Entwicklung von Forschungsstrategien sowie eine theoriebasierte Intervention bereitgestellt. Methodisch wird die Handlung im Schnittpunkt von Situations-, Intentions-, Struktur- und handlungsbiographischer Analyse verortet.
Aufmerksamkeitsbasiertes Wahrnehmungstraining zur taktischen Entscheidungsschulung im Fußball
Authors: Cañal-Bruland Rouwen , Hagemann Norbert , Strauß Bernd
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. In dieser Studie wurde der Einfluss eines videobasierten Trainings von Wahrnehmung und Aufmerksamkeit auf taktische Entscheidungsprozesse im Fußball überprüft. Der Versuchsplan folgte einem varianzanalytischen Messwiederholungsdesign mit vier Gruppen (drei unterschiedliche Trainingsprogramme und eine Kontrollgruppe) und drei Messzeitpunkten (Prä-, Post- und Retentionstest). An der Studie nahmen 62 Jugendspieler (C- und B-Jugend) im Alter von 14.32 (SD = 1.10) Jahren teil. Das Testprogramm bestand für alle vier Gruppen aus 51 Videosequenzen, die ebenso wie die Trainingsvideos mit der temporal occlusion Technik bearbeitet wurden und “3 gegen 2” Situationen abbildeten. Zwei Trainingsgruppen absolvierten jeweils ein videobasiertes Trainingsprogramm, das insgesamt 210 Videosequenzen sowie 210 Feedbackvideos beinhaltete. Der Unterschied zwischen diesen beiden Gruppen bestand darin, dass eine Gruppe innerhalb des gleichen Programms mit in die Sequenzen implementierten Aufmerksamkeitslenkern visuell manipuliert wurde. Die dritte Trainingsgruppe trainierte praktisch auf dem Feld. Die Kontrollgruppe erhielt kein Treatment. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass videobasiertes Wahrnehmungstraining im Rahmen taktischer Entscheidungsprozesse zu signifikanten Verbesserungen in den Reaktionszeiten führt. Bezüglich der Manipulation der Aufmerksamkeitsausrichtung in den Videotrainingsprogrammen konnte kein signifikanter Einfluss auf die abhängigen Variablen nachgewiesen werden.
Zur Reliabilität und Validität der Achievement Motives Scale-Sport
Authors: Elbe Anne-Marie , Wenhold Franziska , Müller Dana
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag wird die Achievement Motives Scale-Sport (AMS-Sport) von Elbe (2002 ), ein adaptiertes Instrument zur Bestimmung des sportspezifischen Leistungsmotivs, auf seine Testgütekriterien hin überprüft. Des Weiteren wird untersucht, ob das sportspezifische Instrument AMS-Sport das tatsächliche Sportverhalten besser bestimmen kann als das allgemeine Instrument AMS ( Göttert & Kuhl, 1980 ). Die Faktorenanalyse mit zusätzlicher Parallelanalyse ergab eine Zweifaktorenstruktur, welche der klassischen Unterscheidung von Hoffnung auf Erfolg und Furcht vor Misserfolg entspricht. Die interne Konsistenz erwies sich als sehr gut und auch die Analyse der Retestreliabilität zeigte akzeptable Werte. Die Validität konnte mittels zweier Verhaltensaußenkriterien (Handballwurfspiel und Golfspiel) entsprechend dem Risikowahl-Modell ( Atkinson, 1957 ) durch Korrelationen mit dem deutschen Sport Orientation Questionnaire ( Elbe, 2001 , 2003 ) und dem deutschen Task und Ego Orientation Questionnaire ( Rethorst & Wehrmann, 1998 ) entsprechend dem hierarchischen Modell zur Annähernden und Vermeidenden Leistungsmotivation ( Elliot & Church, 1997 ) bestimmt werden. Des Weiteren konnte eine inkrementelle Validität von 21 % für die AMS-Sport zufriedenstellend nachgewiesen werden. Für die Bestimmung des leistungsmotivierten Sportverhaltens eignet sich der AMS-Sport besser als der allgemeine AMS. Darüber hinaus ist der AMS-Sport in der Lage zwischen LeistungssportlerInnen und Nicht-LeistungssportlerInnen zu unterscheiden.
Sport und Selbstkonzeptentwicklung
Authors: Conzelmann Achim , Müller Mario
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Die letzte Dekade hat in der deutschsprachigen sportpsychologischen Persönlichkeitsforschung Fortschritte in der Bearbeitung der Thematik “Sport und Persönlichkeitsentwicklung” gebracht. Die Abkehr von (zeitlich relativ überdauernden) Traits und die Beschäftigung mit kognitiven Ansätzen (z. B. Selbstkonzept-Ansätze) sind zu begrüßen und haben zu konsistenteren Befunden geführt. Ebenso positiv zu bewerten ist die Beachtung dynamischer Aspekte der menschlichen Persönlichkeit und hierbei insbesondere aktueller entwicklungspsychologischer Ansätze, die sich dem in der allgemeinen entwicklungspsychologischen Forschung derzeit favorisierten dynamisch-interaktionistischen Paradigma zuordnen lassen. Allerdings sind, wie die theoretisch-methodische Analyse aktueller Studien zur Thematik “Sport und Selbstkonzeptentwicklung” im Rahmen des Beitrags zeigt, bei der Umsetzung dieser Ansätze noch Forschungsdefizite erkennbar. Diese zeigen sich insbesondere bei der methodischen Umsetzung des dynamischen Interaktionismus, bei der nach wie vor personzentrierte Ansätze zu kurz kommen und deshalb der Komplexität der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung nicht genügend Rechnung getragen wird.
Vorhersagen im Fußball
Authors: Gröschner Christian , Raab Markus
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Bisherige Studien zum Vergleich von modellbasierten und realen Vorhersagen im Bereich des Sports zeigten, dass menschliches Vorhersageverhalten durch heuristische Modelle sehr gut abgebildet wird. In Studie I wurden erstmals drei heuristische und ein normatives Modell hinsichtlich ihrer Informationsnutzung bei Vorhersagen von Spielergebnissen zweier Vorhersagejahre der 1. Fußball-Bundesliga miteinander verglichen. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass die heuristischen Modelle dem Bayes-Modell bezüglich der Vorhersagegenauigkeit ebenbürtig bzw. überlegen waren, wobei sie bis zu 50 % weniger Informationen nutzten. Als wichtige Informationen im Fußball wurden das Halbzeitergebnis und der Heimvorteil identifiziert. In einer Folgestudie II zeigten Vorhersagen einer Stichprobe (N = 208) zur Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2002, dass Laien Experten hinsichtlich ihrer Vorhersagegenauigkeit überlegen waren.
Sportpsychologische Diagnostik im Leistungssport
Authors: Kellmann Michael , Beckmann Jürgen , Kopczynski Sascha
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Für gezielte sportpsychologische Interventionen im Leistungssport ist die Identifikation und Beurteilung psychologisch relevanter Zustände, Bedingungen und Merkmale mit Hilfe diagnostischer Verfahren eine elementare Voraussetzung. Die Diagnostik stellt die Verbindung zwischen psychologischer Theorie und sportpsychologischer Anwendung dar. Die Auswahl des geeigneten Instruments aus den zur Verfügung stehenden Erfassungsmethoden orientiert sich an einer Reihe von Kriterien. Im Vordergrund sollte hierbei die konkrete Problemstellung stehen. Ferner spielen aber auch Erhebungsbedingungen sowie die psychometrischen Eigenschaften der Messinstrumente eine entscheidende Rolle. Der folgende Beitrag vermittelt einen Überblick über die vielfältigen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten sportpsychologischer Diagnoseverfahren und zeigt Möglichkeiten auf, ihren Einsatz in die leistungssportliche Trainings- und Wettkampfpraxis zu integrieren.
Selbstkonzepte und Bezugsgruppeneffekte
Authors: Gerlach Erin
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit Selbstkonzepten von Kindern in Abhängigkeit vom sozialen Bezugsrahmen. Anhand einer längsschnittlichen Untersuchung über drei Messzeitpunkte mit etwa 1000 Heranwachsenden, die den Wechsel von der Primar- zur Sekundarschule im Untersuchungsdesign enthält, wird zum ersten der Einfluss dieses ökologischen Übergangs untersucht und zum zweiten die Abhängigkeit des sportbezogenen Selbstkonzepts vom Leistungsniveau der unmittelbaren Bezugsgruppe analysiert. Während sich das schulische und tendenziell das soziale Selbstkonzept beim Übergang verändern, ist das sportbezogene Selbstkonzept wenig beeinflusst. Darüber hinaus konnte der so genannte “Fischteicheffekt” auch in der physischen Domäne repliziert werden. Je höher das Leistungsniveau einer Schulklasse im motorischen Bereich ist, desto stärker leidet darunter das sportbezogene Selbstkonzept.
Contribution of slab melting and slab dehydration to magmatism in the NE Japan arc for the last 25 Myr: Constraints from geochemistry
Authors: Hanyu Takeshi , Tatsumi Yoshiyuki , Nakai Shun'ichi , Chang Qing , Miyazaki Takashi , Sato Keiko , Tani Kenichiro , Shibata Tomoyuki , Yoshida Takeyoshi
Published: August 2006

Hf isotope compositions, coupled with Pb‐Sr‐Nd isotopes and trace element compositions, for the Miocene to the Quaternary volcanic rocks from the NE Japan arc have documented the geochemical evolution in the magma source compositions in association with back‐arc opening (23–14 Ma). Clear temporal variation in Hf isotope ratios is demonstrated, from the lowest ɛHf (+9) in the early Miocene to the highest ɛHf (+14) in the late Miocene and the Quaternary, whereas there are little changes in Sr and Nd isotope composition. Hf isotope ratios are clearly correlated with some trace elemental ratios. The observed temporal variation is attributed to a change in metasomatic agents derived from the subducted slab, which could have been caused by cooling of the mantle wedge during the syn and post stages of the back‐arc opening. In the early stage of the back‐arc opening, when injection of hot asthenospheric mantle induced high‐temperature conditions in the mantle wedge, slab melting contributed to low ɛHf coupled with low ɛNd, relatively low La/Nb, and high Th/Yb in volcanic rocks. On the other hand, the later stage volcanism, characterized by high ɛHf, decoupling of ɛHf and ɛNd, high and variable La/Nb and Ba/La, is best explained by addition of fluids from subducted sediments and oceanic crust to the mantle wedge.