bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of cinnamon essential oil and grape seed extract as functional‐natural additives in the production of cooked sausage‐impact on microbiological, physicochemical, lipid oxidation and sensory aspects, and fate of inoculated Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Aminzare Majid , Tajik Hossein , Aliakbarlu Javad , Hashemi Mohammad , Raeisi Mojtaba
Published: March 2018

The present study was conducted to extend the shelf life of Lyoner‐type sausages during 40 days of storage at 4 °C with individual and combinational use of natural preservatives including cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and grape seed extract (GSE). The samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties (pH, aw, and color changes), lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]), microbial quality (Lactic acid bacteria count, total viable count, psychrotrophic count, mold and yeast count, and fate of inoculated Clostridium perfringens), and sensorial characteristics (taste, odor, color, texture, and overall acceptability) at 10‐day intervals. Results indicated that using GSE and CEO had higher ΔE (.55–1.56), a* (13.03–13.91), and lower L* (65.10–66.82), b* (15.40–16.65), whiteness index (59.45–60.60), TBARS values (2.91–3.28), and microbial counts than control at the end of storage time. Samples containing CEO .04%+ GSE .16% showed the best antimicrobial activity against C. perfringens (reduction of 1.72 log10 CFU/g at the end of storage time). Results also indicated that CEO addition and GSE addition improved odor and color scores of the samples, respectively. Therefore, use of CEO and GSE, especially in combination, is recommended to be applied in meat products.

Practical applications

Nowadays, because of the adverse effects of chemical preservatives, application of multipurpose natural preservatives in small quantities is a more preferred approach. Therefore, to increase the shelf‐life and quality characteristics of meat products, new ingredient systems that are associated with natural and organic foods, are applied. The results of the present study showed the synergistic effects of combined use of CEO and GSE in maintaining the quality of fresh meat products as well as preventing their undesirable impacts on sensory attributes and physicochemical properties. Thus, combinational use of CEO and GSE due to extending the shelf life and safety of meat products can practically profit both producers and consumers.
Food Insecurity in Older Adults in an Integrated Health Care System
Authors: Steiner John F. , Stenmark Sandra H. , Sterrett Andrew T. , Paolino Andrea R. , Stiefel Matthew , Gozansky Wendolyn S. , Zeng Chan
Published: March 2018

Objectives

To estimate food insecurity prevalence and develop a statistical prediction model for food insecurity.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Kaiser Permanente Colorado.

Participants

Adult members who completed a pre‐Medicare Annual Wellness Visit survey.

Measurements

Food insecurity was assessed using a single screening question. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics from electronic health records and self‐reported characteristics from the survey were used to develop the prediction model.

Results

Of 130,208 older adult members between January 2012 and December 2015, 50,097 (38.5%) completed food insecurity screening, 2,859 of whom (5.7% of respondents) reported food insecurity. The prevalence of food insecurity was 10.0% or greater among individuals who were black or Hispanic, had less than high school education, had Medicaid insurance, were extremely obese, had poor health status or quality of life, had depression or anxiety, had impairments in specific activities of daily living, had other nutritional risk factors, or were socially isolated (all p<.001). A multivariable model based on these and other characteristics showed moderate discrimination (c‐statistic = 0.74) between individuals with food insecurity and those without and 14.3% of individuals in the highest quintile of risk reported food insecurity.

Conclusion

Food insecurity is prevalent even in older adults with private‐sector healthcare coverage. Specific individual characteristics, and a model based on those characteristics, can identify older adults at higher risk of food insecurity. System‐level interventions will be necessary to connect older adults with community‐based food resources.
Effect of multicomponent interventions on competence of family caregivers of people with dementia: A systematic review
Authors: Ying Jie , Wang Yonghong , Zhang Meiling , Wang Shouqi , Shi Ying , Li Huanhuan , Li Yuan , Xing Zhuangjie , Sun Jiao
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectives

This review aims to summarise and evaluate multicomponent interventions focused on improving the competence of family members of people with dementia (PwD) who undertake the caregiving tasks.

Background

Caregiver competence is essential for family members of PwD acting as caregivers. Competence affects the physical and mental health of both PwD and caregivers. Many kinds of multicomponent interventions are used to improve caregiver competence.

Design

A systematic review.

Methods

A literature search from six databases was conducted. Articles published until January 2017 were screened. Intervention studies that measured caregiver competence of family members of PwD as an outcome were included. The Oxford Center Evidence‐based Medicine criteria and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions were used for quality assessment.

Results

Fifteen studies were included, and number of participants was 1096. The characteristics of the included studies and key findings were analysed. Multicomponent interventions may improve the family caregivers’ competence. Caregivers in the intervention group were confident and skilful in managing their role.

Conclusion

The intervention design, treatment content and length and intensity of the intervention varied in the included studies. Given that heterogeneity was high, combining these results via narrative synthesis is more appropriate than a meta‐analysis. The current study provides recommendations regarding the formulation and implementation of interventions based on relevant literature. In view of existing research, researchers should conduct an in‐depth study in this area and provide evidence‐based interventions to support family members caring for PwD.

Relevance to clinical practice

The competence of family caregivers is essential for the life quality of PwD. To promote the health of the family caregiver and PwD, multicomponent interventions may be appropriate for nurses to practice.
The impact of successful revascularization of coronary chronic total occlusions on long‐term clinical outcomes in patients with non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Teng Hsin‐I , Sung Shih‐Hsien , Huang Shao‐Sung , Pan Ju‐Pin , Lin Shing‐Jong , Chan Wan‐Leong , Lee Wen‐Lieng , Lu Tse‐Min , Wu Cheng‐Hsueh
Published: March 2018

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess the long‐term clinical impact of revascularization of coronary concomitant coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) in patients with Non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).

Background

CTO is associated with poorer prognosis in patients with NSTEMI. The evidence of revascularization of CTO in patients with NSTEMI is still conflicting.

Methods

Consecutive patients with NSTEMI and CTO who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 72 h of admission from 2006 to 2015 were retrospectively recruited and analyzed. A total of 967 patients underwent PCI for NSTEMI. Among them, 106 (11%) patients had concomitant CTO and were recruited for analysis. CTO lesions were revascularized successfully in 67 (63.2%) patients (successful CTO PCI group), while the CTO in the remaining 39 patients were either not attempted or failed (No/failed CTO PCI group).

Results

The 30‐day cardiac death and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were significantly lower in the successful CTO PCI group (both cardiac death and MACE were 3% vs 30%, P < 0.001, respectively). A landmark analysis set at 30th day for 30‐day survivals was performed. After a mean of 2.5‐year follow‐up, the long‐term cardiac death was still significantly lower (16.9% vs 42.3%, P < 0.001), whereas the MACE showed a trend toward lower incidence (26.2% vs 40.7%, P = 0.051) in the successful CTO PCI group. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, successful revascularization of CTO is an independent protective predictor for long‐term cardiac death (HR 0.310, 95% CI, 0.109‐0.881, P = 0.028) in all population and in propensity‐score matched cohort (P = 0.007).

Conclusions

Successful revascularization of CTO was associated with reduced risk of long‐term cardiac death in patients with NSTEMI and concomitant CTO.
We Are “Both in Charge, the Academics and Self‐Advocates”: Empowerment in Community‐Based Participatory Research
Authors: Stack Erin E. , McDonald Katherine
Published: March 2018

Background: Community‐based participatory research (CBPR) brings academics and community members into research partnerships. Although power is central to CBPR, little is known about community partners' experience with empowerment in CBPR with people with developmental disabilities. We interviewed 15 community partners with and without developmental disabilities about empowerment in CBPR. Community partners identified empowered mindsets and behaviors and CBPR factors that facilitated or hindered their empowerment. Our findings indicate CBPR provides opportunities for people with developmental disabilities to gain and develop important qualities, such as empowerment. However, CBPR partnerships need to be carefully constructed and monitored to fully realize positive outcomes.
Reproducibility of European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria and modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors in patients treated with sorafenib
Authors: Jeon Mi Young , Lee Hye Won , Kim Beom Kyung , Park Jun Yong , Kim Do Young , Ahn Sang Hoon , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Baek Song‐Ee , Kim Hye Soo , Kim Seung Up , Park Mi Suk
Published: March 2018

Background & Aims

The European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria and the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors are used for assessing the treatment outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma. We investigated the inter‐ and intra‐observer reproducibility of the European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria and modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib.

Methods

A total of 99 patients with treatment‐naive advanced hepatocellular carcinoma receiving sorafenib were included. The κ‐values for the inter‐ and intra‐observer agreement of the treatment response were calculated.

Results

Inter‐observer agreement for baseline tumour number was excellent, as reflected by the high κ‐value. The κ‐statistics showed “excellent” concordance between the 2 sets of measurements by observer A regarding the overall responses using the European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria (κ = .948, agreement rate = 84.8%) and modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (κ = .944, agreement rate = 83.8%; all P < .001). In addition, high κ‐values indicated concordance between the first sets of measurements by observers A and B (κ = .991 by the European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria and .988 by modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, all P < .001). When agreements in radiological overall responses between the 2 sets of measurements by observer B and between the second sets of measurements by observers A and B were calculated, similar results regarding high κ‐values (>.8) were obtained.

Conclusions

The reproducibility of the European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria and modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors in assessing treatment outcomes was high in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib.
Validation of the Baveno VI and the expanded Baveno VI criteria to identify patients who could avoid screening endoscopy
Authors: Bae Joohwan , Sinn Dong Hyun , Kang Wonseok , Gwak Geum‐Youn , Choi Moon Seok , Paik Yong‐Han , Lee Joon Hyeok , Koh Kwang Cheol , Paik Seung Woon
Published: March 2018

Background & Aims

The Baveno VI and the expanded Baveno VI criteria were proposed to help identify patients who could safely avoid screening endoscopies for clinically significant varices among patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease. However, these criteria require cross‐validation, especially in Asian populations where the aetiologies of liver disease are different.

Methods

A total of 1035 patients, including 282 patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease of different aetiology, were analysed. The compensated advanced chronic liver disease was defined by liver stiffness measurement ≥10 kPa, Child‐Pugh class A and absence of prior liver decompensation. High‐risk varix was defined as a grade ≥2 oesophageal varix, any varix with a red colour sign or gastric varices.

Results

High‐risk varixs were present in 19.5% (55/282 patients) with compensated advanced chronic liver disease. Among compensated advanced chronic liver disease patients, the expanded criteria could spare more endoscopies (51.7%) than the original criteria (27.6%). However, the expanded criteria missed a greater number of high‐risk varixs (6.8%) than the original criteria (3.8%). When stratified according to liver disease aetiology, the negative predictive values for the original Baveno VI criteria were 0.92, 1.00, 1.00 and 1.00, and the negative predictive values for the expanded criteria were 0.92, 0.96, 0.92 and 0.93 for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcohol and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, respectively. High‐risk varixs were rarely detected in patients without compensated advanced chronic liver disease (1.1%, 8/753 patients).

Conclusions

In this Asian cohort study, the Baveno VI criteria were able to identify who could safely avoid screening endoscopy. The expanded Baveno VI criteria could spare more endoscopies but also could increase the odds of missing a high‐risk varix.
Ethiopian women's perspectives on antenatal care and iron‐folic acid supplementation: Insights for translating global antenatal calcium guidelines into practice
Authors: Birhanu Zewdie , Chapleau Gina M. , Ortolano Stephanie E. , Mamo Girma , Martin Stephanie L. , Dickin Katherine L.
Published: March 2018

After decades of global response to iron‐deficiency anemia, lessons learned from antenatal iron‐folic acid (IFA) supplementation can inform new micronutrient supplementation efforts. The World Health Organization recommends calcium supplementation for the prevention of preeclampsia; however, little is documented on how to design programs to integrate calcium into the standard of care. Twenty interviews with pregnant women and 22 interviews with health providers and volunteers in two districts in Ethiopia were conducted to examine how barriers and facilitators to antenatal care, IFA supplementation, and initial reactions to calcium supplements and regimen might influence adherence and inform future programs. Women viewed supplementation positively but cited lack of information on benefits and risks, forgetfulness, and inconsistent IFA supply as challenges. Though knowledge and awareness of anemia and IFA supplements were widespread, preeclampsia was mostly unknown. Some symptoms of preeclampsia were viewed as normal in pregnancy, making it difficult to convey risk to motivate supplement use. Some women viewed co‐consumption of IFA and calcium as potentially harmful and were confused regarding the simultaneous risks of anemia and hypertension, understood as “low” and “high” blood levels in pregnancy. However, most said they would take both IFA and calcium supplements if provided with supplements and counseling on purpose and benefits. Strategies such as social support from families, stronger community‐based counseling, and increased health care provider and community awareness of preeclampsia are critical for women to understand the benefits of supplementation and resolve confusion caused by current descriptors used for anemia and hypertension.
Measuring movement towards improved emergency obstetric care in rural Kenya with implementation of the PRONTO simulation and team training program
Authors: Dettinger Julia C. , Kamau Stephen , Calkins Kimberly , Cohen Susanna R. , Cranmer John , Kibore Minnie , Gachuno Onesmus , Walker Dilys
Published: March 2018

As the proportion of facility‐based births increases, so does the need to ensure that mothers and their newborns receive quality care. Developing facility‐oriented obstetric and neonatal training programs grounded in principles of teamwork utilizing simulation‐based training for emergency response is an important strategy for improving the quality care. This study uses 3 dimensions of the Kirkpatrick Model to measure the impact of PRONTO International (PRONTO) simulation‐based training as part of the Linda Afya ya Mama na Mtoto (LAMMP, Protect the Health of mother and child) in Kenya. Changes in knowledge of obstetric and neonatal emergency response, self‐efficacy, and teamwork were analyzed using longitudinal, fixed‐effects, linear regression models. Participants from 26 facilities participated in the training between 2013 and 2014. The results demonstrate improvements in knowledge, self‐efficacy, and teamwork self‐assessment. When comparing pre‐Module I scores with post‐training scores, improvements range from 9 to 24 percentage points (p values < .0001 to .026). Compared to baseline, post‐Module I and post‐Module II (3 months later) scores in these domains were similar. The intervention not only improved participant teamwork skills, obstetric and neonatal knowledge, and self‐efficacy but also fostered sustained changes at 3 months. The proportion of facilities achieving self‐defined strategic goals was high: 95.8% of the 192 strategic goals. Participants rated the PRONTO intervention as extremely useful, with an overall score of 1.4 out of 5 (1, extremely useful; 5, not at all useful). Evaluation of how these improvements affect maternal and perinatal clinical outcomes is forthcoming.
Integrating nutrition into health systems at community level: Impact evaluation of the community‐based maternal and neonatal health and nutrition projects in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Senegal
Authors: Kung'u Jacqueline K. , Pendame Richard , Ndiaye Mame Bineta , Gerbaba Mulusew , Ochola Sophie , Faye Adama , Basnet Sulochana , Frongillo Edward A. , Wuehler Sara , De‐Regil Luz Maria
Published: March 2018

Maternal undernutrition and mortality remain high in several African countries. Key nutrition and health interventions improve maternal and birth outcomes. Evidence is scarce on how to strengthen health systems to ensure pregnant women and newborns are reached with these interventions. We conducted three quasi‐experimental nonrandomized Community Based Maternal and Neonatal Health and Nutrition projects in regions of Ethiopia, Senegal, and Kenya to demonstrate how proven nutrition interventions could be integrated into health programs to improve knowledge and practices during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum. We evaluated impact on knowledge and practices related to maternal and neonatal care using logistic regression and repeated‐measures models with districts as a fixed variable and adjusted for covariates. Combined country analyses show significant positive effects of the intervention on women receiving first antenatal care visit (ANC) during first trimester (OR = 1.44; p < .001), those consuming any iron and folic acid supplement during their latest pregnancy (OR = 1.60; p = .005), those whose <6 months infants were exclusively breastfed (OR = 2.01; p=.003), those whose delivery was facility based (OR = 1.48; p=.031), and those whose postnatal care was facility based (OR = 2.15; p<.001). There was no significant differences between intervention and control groups regarding one or more and four or more ANC visits, women consuming iron and folic acid for ≥90 days, and early initiation of breastfeeding. We conclude that integrating proven nutrition interventions into health programs at community level improved components of access to and use of ANC, delivery services, and postnatal care by women in three African countries.
Comparison of cause of death between Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry and the Australian National Death Index
Authors: Sypek Matthew P , Dansie Kathryn B , Clayton Phil , Webster Angela C , Mcdonald Stephen
Published: March 2018

Aim

The aim of the present study was to understand the differences in how cause of death for patients receiving renal replacement therapy in Australia is recorded in The Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) compared to the National Death Index (NDI).

Methods

Data linkage was performed between ANZDATA and NDI for all deaths in the period 1980–2013. Cause of death was classified according to ICD‐10 chapter. Overall and chapter specific agreement were assessed using the Kappa statistic. Descriptive analysis was used to explore differences where there was disagreement on primary cause of death.

Results

The analysis cohort included 28 675 patients. Ninety five percent of ANZDATA reported deaths fell within +/− 3 days of the date recorded by NDI. Circulatory death was the most common cause of death in both databases (ANZDATA 48%, NDI 32%). Overall agreement at ICD chapter level of primary cause was poor (36%, kappa 0.22). Agreement was best for malignancy (kappa 0.71). When there was disagreement on primary cause of death these were most commonly coded as genitourinary (35%) and endocrine (25.0%) in NDI, and circulatory (39%) and withdrawal (24%) in ANZDATA. Sixty‐nine percent of patients had a renal related cause documented as either primary or a contributing cause of death in the NDI.

Conclusion

There is poor agreement in primary cause of death between ANZDATA and NDI which is in part explained by the absence of diabetes and renal failure as causes of death in ANZDATA and the absence of ‘withdrawal’ in NDI. These differences should be appreciated when interpreting epidemiological data on cause of death in the Australian end stage kidney disease population.
Group 2 innate lymphocytes at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity
Authors: Schuijs Martijn J. , Halim Timotheus Y.F.
Published: March 2018

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are innate immune cells that respond rapidly to their environment through soluble inflammatory mediators and cell‐to‐cell interactions. As tissue‐resident sentinels, ILC2 help orchestrate localized type 2 immune responses. These ILC2‐driven type 2 responses are now recognized in diverse immune processes, different anatomical locations, and homeostatic or pathological settings. ILC2‐derived cytokines and cell surface signaling molecules function as key regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. Conversely, ILC2 are governed by their environment. As such, ILC2 form an important nexus of the immune system and may present an attractive target for immune modulation in disease.
Security First?: The Traveling U.S. Secretary of State in a Second Presidential Term
Authors: Lebovic James H.
Published: March 2018

With the aid of a new data set, this study tracks the travels of the U.S. secretary of state in the Cold War and post–Cold War periods. Drawing from realist arguments, it maintains that U.S. diplomacy eventually bows to U.S. strategic interests, whatever the aspirations and beliefs that U.S. presidents bring to office. The findings, which show a second‐term shift in the secretarial travel schedule favoring countries of security importance to the United States, lend support to realist arguments that states prioritize interests. They also reveal, however, that administrations have acted with significant latitude, especially in a presidential first term.
Evaluating smallholder farmers' preferences for climate smart agricultural practices in Tehuledere District, northeastern Ethiopia
Authors: Wassie Adera , Pauline Noah
Published: March 2018

This study was conducted in Tehuledere district, northeastern Ethiopia. The objective was to find out farmers' preferences for, and barriers to, adopting climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices. Both primary and secondary sources of data were collected using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Conjoint experiment method was employed to identify the most preferred attributes of CSA practices. We found that high and moderate climate resilience and high crop yield agricultural practices had a positive utility, implying that these were the most preferred combination of CSA when responding to climate change. Contrary to this, high greenhouse gas emissions, low climate resilience and low crop yield had a negative utility, implying that these were the least preferred combination of CSA when responding to climate change. The study found that crop yield and resilience are the most important factors influencing farmers' preferences for CSA practices. The main barriers limiting wide adoption and practicing of CSA include inadequate law enforcement, lack of incentives, inadequate and unreliable extension and weather information. The study established that CSA practices were viable and effective response measures, hence increased support through adoption of innovative technologies, policies and strategies to address the barriers and widen the adoption scope of CSA is recommended.
Riparian reforestation with a single exotic species restores soil aggregation and porosity but not humic substances
Authors: Santos H. V. , Scotti M. R.
Published: March 2018

A degraded riparian area in the Uberaba River basin (Brazil) was restored by local landowners using a monoculture of the exotic species Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels over 15 years. To assess this riparian restoration, we compared this experimental site (ES) with a disturbed site (DS) and a preserved site (PS) with regard to soil organic matter, humic and fulvic acids (HA and FA), glomalin, soil aggregation and porosity. The results did not show significant differences between ES and PS with regard to soil aggregation and porosity. The cation exchange capacity and the HA and FA contents of ES were significantly different from those in PS and DS. Whereas the HA content of ES was less than that in PS, FA was significantly increased. The order of aromatic composition of humic substances by site was PS > ES > DS and contrasted with the aliphatic composition, which was DS > ES > PS. A principal component analysis based on all variables demonstrated that ES was closer to PS than to DS but that there was no overlap among sites, as PS was driven by humic aromatic substances and the experimental site by fulvic and aliphatic compounds. We concluded that there was a functional recovery of ecosystem services related to soil aggregation and porosity, but the qualitative differences in organic matter formation between the restored and preserved sites were not consistent with ES being fully restored.
Natural variation in the promoter of rice calcineurin B‐like protein10 (OsCBL10) affects flooding tolerance during seed germination among rice subspecies
Authors: Ye Neng‐Hui , Wang Feng‐Zhu , Shi Lu , Chen Mo‐Xian , Cao Yun‐Ying , Zhu Fu‐Yuan , Wu Yi‐Zhen , Xie Li‐Juan , Liu Tie‐Yuan , Su Ze‐Zhuo , Xiao Shi , Zhang Hao , Yang Jianchang , Gu Hai‐Yong , Hou Xuan‐Xuan , Hu Qi‐Juan , Yi Hui‐Juan , Zhu Chang‐Xiang , Zhang Jianhua , Liu Ying‐Gao
Published: March 2018

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has two ecotypes, upland and lowland rice, that have been observed to show different tolerance levels under flooding stress. In this study, two rice cultivars, upland (Up221, flooding‐intolerant) and lowland (Low88, flooding‐tolerant), were initially used to study their molecular mechanisms in response to flooding germination. We observed that variations in the OsCBL10 promoter sequences in these two cultivars might contribute to this divergence in flooding tolerance. Further analysis using another eight rice cultivars revealed that the OsCBL10 promoter could be classified as either a flooding‐tolerant type (T‐type) or a flooding‐intolerant type (I‐type). The OsCBL10 T‐type promoter only existed in japonica lowland cultivars, whereas the OsCBL10 I‐type promoter existed in japonica upland, indica upland and indica lowland cultivars. Flooding‐tolerant rice cultivars containing the OsCBL10 T‐type promoter have shown lower Ca2+ flow and higher α‐amylase activities in comparison to those in flooding‐intolerant cultivars. Furthermore, the OsCBL10 overexpression lines were sensitive to both flooding and hypoxic treatments during rice germination with enhanced Ca2+ flow in comparison to wild‐type. Subsequent findings also indicate that OsCBL10 may affect OsCIPK15 protein abundance and its downstream pathways. In summary, our results suggest that the adaptation to flooding stress during rice germination is associated with two different OsCBL10 promoters, which in turn affect OsCBL10 expression in different cultivars and negatively affect OsCIPK15 protein accumulation and its downstream cascade.
ABO and D typing and alloantibody screening in marrow samples: relevance to intraosseous blood transfusion
Authors: Bäckman Sari , Ångerman‐Haasmaa Susanne , Jousi Milla , Siitonen Sanna , Salmela Katja
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND

Blood transfusion through the intraosseous route is gaining popularity in emergency medicine. Pretransfusion peripheral blood (PB) samples are usually not available in these patients, leading to discrepancies in blood group typing and a possible delay in transferring to group‐specific blood products. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of ABO and D typing and red blood cell alloantibody screening in marrow (BM) samples.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Direct and reverse ABO typing, D typing, and a two‐cell alloantibody screen were performed in EDTA‐anticoagulated BM samples with standard manual column agglutination techniques. EDTA‐anticoagulated PB samples were used as controls.

RESULTS

The mean age of the study subjects (n = 71) was 47 years (range, 1‐82 years). All ABO groups and both D+ and D– types were represented. In all subjects, concordant results were observed for all analyses in BM and PB samples. In 15 (21%) of the samples, a discrepancy of one reaction strength step (1+) was observed in at least one of the analyses (Cohen's weighted κ = 0.993); this did not affect interpretation of the results.

CONCLUSION

Blood group typing and alloantibody screening are feasible in BM samples, providing proof‐of‐concept that intraosseous samples for blood group serologic analyses can be collected from emergency patients before intraosseous blood transfusion. This will enable a timely transfer to group‐specific blood products and enable conservation of the valuable universal‐donor blood products.
Undermining subsistence: Barren-ground caribou in a “tragedy of open access”
Authors: Parlee Brenda L. , Sandlos John , Natcher David C.
Published: March 2018

Mineral resource development in the Canadian north has tragic consequences for both caribou and Indigenous people.
Variant ribosomal RNA alleles are conserved and exhibit tissue-specific expression
Authors: Parks Matthew M. , Kurylo Chad M. , Dass Randall A. , Bojmar Linda , Lyden David , Vincent C. Theresa , Blanchard Scott C.
Published: March 2018

Ribosomal RNA sequence variants are conserved, exhibit tissue-specific expression, and are found in actively translating ribosomes.
Mapping a functional cancer genome atlas of tumor suppressors in mouse liver using AAV-CRISPR–mediated direct in vivo screening
Authors: Wang Guangchuan , Chow Ryan D. , Ye Lupeng , Guzman Christopher D. , Dai Xiaoyun , Dong Matthew B. , Zhang Feng , Sharp Phillip A. , Platt Randall J. , Chen Sidi
Published: March 2018

AAV-mediated CRISPR screens empower autochthonous functional cancer genomics in the mouse liver.
Einstein@Home discovers a radio-quiet gamma-ray millisecond pulsar
Authors: Clark Colin J. , Pletsch Holger J. , Wu Jason , Guillemot Lucas , Kerr Matthew , Johnson Tyrel J. , Camilo Fernando , Salvetti David , Allen Bruce , Anderson David , Aulbert Carsten , Beer Christian , Bock Oliver , Cuéllar Andres , Eggenstein Heinz-Bernd , Fehrmann Henning , Kramer Michael , Kwang Shawn A. , Machenschalk Bernd , Nieder Lars , Ackermann Markus , Ajello Marco , Baldini Luca , Ballet Jean , Barbiellini Guido , Bastieri Denis , Bellazzini Ronaldo , Bissaldi Elisabetta , Blandford Roger D. , Bloom Elliott D. , Bonino Raffaella , Bottacini Eugenio , Brandt Terri J. , Bregeon Johan , Bruel Philippe , Buehler Rolf , Burnett Toby H. , Buson Sara , Cameron Rob A. , Caputo Regina , Caraveo Patrizia A. , Cavazzuti Elisabetta , Cecchi Claudia , Charles Eric , Chekhtman Alexandre , Ciprini Stefano , Cominsky Lynn R. , Costantin Denise , Cutini Sara , D’Ammando Filippo , De Luca Andrea , Desiante Rachele , Di Venere Leonardo , Di Mauro Mattia , Di Lalla Niccolò , Digel Seth W. , Favuzzi Cecilia , Ferrara Elizabeth C. , Franckowiak Anna , Fukazawa Yasushi , Funk Stefan , Fusco Piergiorgio , Gargano Fabio , Gasparrini Dario , Giglietto Nico , Giordano Francesco , Giroletti Marcello , Gomez-Vargas Germán A. , Green David , Grenier Isabelle A. , Guiriec Sylvain , Harding Alice K. , Hewitt John W. , Horan Deirdre , Jóhannesson Guðlaugur , Kensei Shiki , Kuss Michael , La Mura Giovanni , Larsson Stefan , Latronico Luca , Li Jian , Longo Francesco , Loparco Francesco , Lovellette Michael N. , Lubrano Pasquale , Magill Jeffrey D. , Maldera Simone , Manfreda Alberto , Mazziotta Mario N. , McEnery Julie E. , Michelson Peter F. , Mirabal Nestor , Mitthumsiri Warit , Mizuno Tsunefumi , Monzani Maria Elena , Morselli Aldo , Moskalenko Igor V. , Nuss Eric , Ohsugi Takashi , Omodei Nicola , Orienti Monica , Orlando Elena , Palatiello Michele , Paliya Vaidehi S. , de Palma Francesco , Paneque David , Perkins Jeremy S. , Persic Massimo , Pesce-Rollins Melissa , Porter Troy A. , Principe Giacomo , Rainò Silvia , Rando Riccardo , Ray Paul S. , Razzano Massimiliano , Reimer Anita , Reimer Olaf , Romani Roger W. , Saz Parkinson Pablo M. , Sgrò Carmelo , Siskind Eric J. , Smith David A. , Spada Francesca , Spandre Gloria , Spinelli Paolo , Thayer Jana B. , Thompson David J. , Torres Diego F. , Troja Eleonora , Vianello Giacomo , Wood Kent , Wood Matthew
Published: March 2018

A citizen science project discovers a new type of gamma-ray millisecond pulsar with no detectable radio pulsations.
TADs are 3D structural units of higher-order chromosome organization in
Drosophila
Authors: Szabo Quentin , Jost Daniel , Chang Jia-Ming , Cattoni Diego I. , Papadopoulos Giorgio L. , Bonev Boyan , Sexton Tom , Gurgo Julian , Jacquier Caroline , Nollmann Marcelo , Bantignies Frédéric , Cavalli Giacomo
Published: March 2018

Drosophila
chromosomes are organized in a series of nanocompartments that correspond to topologically associating domains.
Genome editor gets more versatile and precise
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: March 2018

Modifying enzyme used by CRISPR brings four times more DNA within reach of its molecular scissors.
The roots of resilience
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: March 2018

Finding hope and new strategies in adapting to challenging times.
Quantitative analysis of population-scale family trees with millions of relatives
Authors: Kaplanis Joanna , Gordon Assaf , Shor Tal , Weissbrod Omer , Geiger Dan , Wahl Mary , Gershovits Michael , Markus Barak , Sheikh Mona , Gymrek Melissa , Bhatia Gaurav , MacArthur Daniel G. , Price Alkes L. , Erlich Yaniv
Published: March 2018

Quantitative analysis of millions of relatives

Human relationships, as documented by family trees, can elucidate the heritability of a host of medical and biological parameters. Kaplanis
et al.
collected 86 million publicly available profiles from a crowd-sourced genealogy website and used them to examine the genetic architecture of human longevity and migration patterns (see the Perspective by Lussier and Keinan). Various models of inheritance suggested that life span is predominantly attributable to additive genetic effects, with a smaller component from dominant genetic inheritance. The data also suggested that relatedness between individuals is less attributable to advances in human transportation than to cultural changes.

Science
, this issue p.
171
; see also p.
153
Selective formation of γ-lactams via C–H amidation enabled by tailored iridium catalysts
Authors: Hong Seung Youn , Park Yoonsu , Hwang Yeongyu , Kim Yeong Bum , Baik Mu-Hyun , Chang Sukbok
Published: March 2018

Guiding nitrenes away from a migration

Nitrogen conventionally shares its electrons in three bonds with one or more partners. A singly bonded nitrogen, or nitrene, is exceptionally reactive and can insert itself into normally inert C–H bonds. If the nitrene forms next to a carbonyl center, though, it tends to react with the C–C bond on the other side instead. Hong
et al.
used theory to guide the design of an iridium catalyst that inhibits this rearrangement, steering the nitrene toward C–H insertion to form a variety of useful lactam rings.

Science
, this issue p.
1016
Looking home from the heavens
The Earth Gazers: On Seeing Ourselves
Christopher Potter
Pegasus Books, 2018. 470 pp.
Authors: Shindell Matthew
Published: March 2018

An ode to early spaceflight celebrates the transformative effect of viewing Earth from above
Early plants and the rise of mud
Authors: Fischer Woodward W.
Published: March 2018

Mudrock deposition in rivers increased by an order of magnitude after plants first evolved
Transparent author credit
Authors: Berg Jeremy
Published: March 2018

Authorship on papers is one of the major currencies of the scientific enterprise.
Nevertheless, the contributions of different authors to a given paper have
remained relatively opaque. Contributions are generally inferred from the order
of authors, and implications of position on the authorship list vary between
different investigators and scientific fields. A year ago, a group of editors
and publishers across a wide range of disciplines met to discuss how to provide
a more systemic solution to make author contributions more transparent. This
week, their recommendations have been released (
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1715374115
), and I applaud
this effort and urge the wide adoption of this system.
Elevated MIC Values of Imidazole Drugs against Aspergillus fumigatus Isolates with TR
34
/L98H/S297T/F495I Mutation
Authors: Chen Yong , Li Zongwei , Han Xuelin , Tian Shuguang , Zhao Jingya , Chen Fangyan , Su Xueting , Zhao Jingjun , Zou Ziying , Gong Yanwen , Qu Fen , Qiu Guangbin , Wang Siyao , Jia Xiaodong , Lu Zhongyi , Hu Mandong , Huang Liuyu , Verweij Paul E. , Han Li
Published: March 2018

The use of azole fungicides in agriculture is believed to be one of the main reasons for the emergence of azole resistance in
Aspergillus fumigatus
. Though widely used in agriculture, imidazole fungicides have not been linked to resistance in
A. fumigatus
. This study showed that elevated MIC values of imidazole drugs were observed against
A. fumigatus
isolates with TR
34
/L98H/S297T/F495I mutation, but not among isolates with TR
34
/L98H mutation. Short-tandem-repeat (STR) typing analysis of 580
A. fumigatus
isolates from 20 countries suggested that the majority of TR
34
/L98H/S297T/F495I strains from China were genetically different from the predominant major clade comprising most of the azole-resistant strains and the strains with the same mutation from the Netherlands and Denmark. Alignments of sterol 14α-demethylase sequences suggested that F495I in
A. fumigatus
was orthologous to F506I in
Penicillium digitatum
and F489L in
Pyrenophora teres
, which have been reported to be associated with imidazole resistance.
In vitro
antifungal susceptibility testing of different recombinants with
cyp51A
mutations further confirmed the association of the F495I mutation with imidazole resistance. In conclusion, this study suggested that environmental use of imidazole fungicides might confer selection pressure for the emergence of azole resistance in
A. fumigatus
.
Pneumonia and Renal Replacement Therapy Are Risk Factors for Ceftazidime-Avibactam Treatment Failures and Resistance among Patients with Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Authors: Shields Ryan K. , Nguyen M. Hong , Chen Liang , Press Ellen G. , Kreiswirth Barry N. , Clancy Cornelius J.
Published: March 2018

Ceftazidime-avibactam was used to treat 77 patients with carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
(CRE) infections at our center. Thirty- and 90-day survival rates were 81% and 69%, respectively; these rates were higher than those predicted by SAPS II and SOFA scores at the onset of infection. Clinical success was achieved for 55% of patients but differed by the site of infection. Success rates were lowest for pneumonia (36%) and higher for bacteremia (75%) and urinary tract infections (88%). By multivariate analysis, pneumonia (
P
= 0.045) and receipt of renal replacement therapy (RRT) (
P
= 0.046) were associated with clinical failure. Microbiologic failures occurred in 32% of patients and occurred more commonly among patients infected with KPC-3-producing CRE than among those infected with KPC-2-producing CRE (
P
= 0.002). Pneumonia was an independent predictor of microbiologic failure (
P
= 0.007). Ceftazidime-avibactam resistance emerged in 10% of patients, including 14% of those infected with
Klebsiella pneumoniae
and 32% of those with microbiologic failure. RRT was an independent predictor of the development of resistance (
P
= 0.009). Resistance was identified exclusively among
K. pneumoniae
bacteria harboring variant KPC-3 enzymes. Upon phylogenetic analysis of whole-genome sequences, resistant isolates from 87.5% (7/8) of patients clustered within a previously defined sequence type 258 (ST258) clade II sublineage; resistant isolates from one patient clustered independently from other ST258 clade II isolates. In conclusion, our report offers new insights into the utility and limitations of ceftazidime-avibactam across CRE infection types. Immediate priorities are to identify ceftazidime-avibactam dosing and therapeutic regimens that improve on the poor outcomes among patients with pneumonia and those receiving RRT.
Efficacy of a Sonicating Swab for Removal and Capture of Microorganisms from Experimental and Natural Contaminated Surfaces
Authors: Ahnrud Gianna P. , Mendoza Alma J. , Hurley Matthew J. , Marek Patrick J.
Published: March 2018

Enhancements in swabbing technology to increase sample collection efficacy would benefit the food industry. Specifically, these enhancements would assist the food industry in implementing the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) requirements by improving environmental monitoring effectiveness. A sonicating swab device, an example of an enhanced swabbing technology, was demonstrated previously to remove biofilm from stainless steel more efficiently than a standard cotton swab. Within this study, the performance of the sonicating swab was compared to that of the standard cotton swab for the recovery of
Listeria monocytogenes
from inoculated surfaces (plastic cutting board, wood cutting board, vinyl floor tile, and quarry clay floor tile). Additionally, we demonstrate the sonicating swab performance for collection of a microbiological sample from used commercial plastic cutting boards (noninoculated) in comparison to cotton swabs, foam swabs, and sponges. The sonicating swab captured significantly (
P
≤ 0.05) more
L. monocytogenes
than the cotton swab for both the quarry tile and wood cutting board, while no significant differences were observed for the plastic cutting board or the vinyl floor tile. The sonicating swab consistently recovered significantly (
P
≤ 0.05) more bacteria from the used cutting boards than did the standard cotton swab or the 3M Enviro swab, and it recovered significantly (
P
≤ 0.05) more bacteria than the sponge swab for a majority of the time (4 of 6 trials). The results of this study indicate that swab technology can still be improved and that the sonicating swab is a viable technological enhancement which aids microbiological sample collection.

IMPORTANCE
Swabbing of surface areas for microbial contamination has been the standard for the detection and enumeration of microorganisms for many years. Inadequate surface sampling can result in foodborne illness outbreaks due to biotransfer of harmful microorganisms from food contact surfaces to foods. Swab material type, surface characteristics, and swabbing method used are a few of the factors associated with swabbing that can result in the variability of bacterial cell recovery for detection and enumeration. A previous study highlighted a sonicating swab prototype and its ability to recover cells from a stainless steel surface more efficiently and reliably than a standard swab method (T. A. Branck, M. J. Hurley, G. N. Prata, C. A. Crivello, and P. J. Marek, Appl Environ Microbiol 83:e00109-17, 2017,
https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00109-17
). This study expands upon the capabilities of the sonicating swab technology to recover cells from multiple surface types with increased performance over traditional swabbing methods as a tool to further assist in the prevention of foodborne illness outbreaks.
Is healthy children surveillance being duplicated by family physicians and paediatricians? A cross-sectional study in Portugal
Authors: Rebelo Susana , Velho Rua Sofia , d’Orey Leça Joana , Couto Ana , Teixeira Rute , Firmino-Machado João
Published: March 2018

Objectives

To determine if children attend the family physician (FP) or the FP/paediatrician for their surveillance medical appointments, as well as analyse the variables associated with the parents’ choice between the two physicians.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Public, semiprivate and private kindergartens in the city of Vila Nova de Famalicão (Portugal).

Participants

Parents of children aged 6 years or less without chronic diseases, enrolled in the selected kindergartens.

Main outcome measures

Proportion of children attending the FP or FP/paediatrician for their surveillance appointments; association between the chosen physician and sociodemographic and household variables (parents’ age, educational level, professional situation and marital status; household net income; number of children; the child’s age; presence of private health insurance), assessment of the parents’ perception of clinical knowledge and accessibility regarding the FP and the paediatrician.

Results

A total of 697 children were included in the analysis: 30.6% attended only the FP and 69.4% attended both the FP and the paediatrician. Using a Poisson regression, the mother’s age (PR=1.02, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.03), higher educational level (prevalence ratio (PR=1.15, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.33), private health insurance (PR=1.30, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.46), number of children (PR=0.86, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.94) and the child’s age (PR=0.95, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.98) were statistically associated with attending both the FP and the paediatrician; parents of children who attended only FP rated the FP with a higher accessibility and knowledge mean score than those who consulted both physicians (2.91vs2.38, P<0.001, and 4.11vs3.85, P<0.001).

Conclusions

Our data show that 70% of our sample simultaneously attended an FP and a paediatrician. FPs are equally qualified to provide medical care to healthy children but this information is not properly transmitted to the general population.