bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Do Socially Distinctive Newcomers Fare? Evidence from a Field Experiment
Authors: Andersen Simon Calmar , Moynihan Donald P.
Published: June 2018

New hires offer a mixed blessing. They can spur teams to reflect on their processes in ways that encourage learning. But organizational newcomers may also struggle to achieve inclusion. This article examines how newcomers' experiences in public organizations depend on their social distinctiveness. While diversity is usually framed in terms of biodemographic factors such as race and gender, educational background is another form of social distinction. Educational differences may trigger psychological responses such as negative social categorization and serve as an observable criterion by which professional status and power are allocated. Using a field experiment, schools were provided two types of new hires: those who shared the educational background of existing teams and more socially distinctive newcomers. Both types of newcomers led to heightened team reflection processes relative to a control group. However, old‐timers were less accepting of educationally distinct newcomers, viewing them as less competent and cooperative.
Postwildfire seeding to restore native vegetation and limit exotic annuals: an evaluation in juniper‐dominated sagebrush steppe
Authors: Davies Kirk W. , Bates Jon D. , Boyd Chad S.
Published: June 2018

Reestablishment of perennial vegetation is often needed after wildfires to limit exotic species and restore ecosystem services. However, there is a growing body of evidence that questions if seeding after wildfires increases perennial vegetation and reduces exotic plants. The concern that seeding may not meet restoration goals is even more prevalent when native perennial vegetation is seeded after fire. We evaluated vegetation cover and density responses to broadcast seeding native perennial grasses and mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. spp. vaseyana [Rydb.] Beetle) after wildfires in the western United States in six juniper (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis Hook)‐dominated mountain big sagebrush communities for 3 years postfire. Seeding native perennial species compared to not seeding increased perennial grass and sagebrush cover and density. Perennial grass cover was 4.3 times greater in seeded compared to nonseeded areas. Sagebrush cover averaged 24 and less than 0.1% in seeded and nonseeded areas at the conclusion of the study, respectively. Seeding perennial species reduced exotic annual grass and annual forb cover and density. Exotic annual grass cover was 8.6 times greater in nonseeded compared to seeded areas 3 years postfire. Exotic annual grass cover increased over time in nonseeded areas but decreased in seeded areas by the third‐year postfire. Seeded areas were perennial‐dominated and nonseeded areas were annual‐dominated at the end of the study. Establishing perennial vegetation may be critical after wildfires in juniper‐dominated sagebrush steppe to prevent the development of annual‐dominated communities. Postwildfire seeding increased perennial vegetation and reduced exotic plants and justifies its use.
Ferredoxin/thioredoxin system plays an important role in the chloroplastic NADP status of Arabidopsis
Authors: Hashida Shin‐nosuke , Miyagi Atsuko , Nishiyama Maho , Yoshida Keisuke , Hisabori Toru , Kawai‐Yamada Maki
Published: June 2018

NADP is a key electron carrier for a broad spectrum of redox reactions, including photosynthesis. Hence, chloroplastic NADP status, as represented by redox status (ratio of NADPH to NADP+) and pool size (sum of NADPH and NADP+), is critical for homeostasis in photosynthetic cells. However, the mechanisms and molecules that regulate NADP status in chloroplasts remain largely unknown. We have now characterized an Arabidopsis mutant with imbalanced NADP status (inap1), which exhibits a high NADPH/NADP+ ratio and large NADP pool size. inap1 is a point mutation in At2g04700, which encodes the catalytic subunit of ferredoxin/thioredoxin reductase. Upon illumination, inap1 demonstrated earlier increases in NADP pool size than the wild type did. The mutated enzyme was also found in vitro to inefficiently reduce m‐type thioredoxin, which activates Calvin cycle enzymes, and NADP‐dependent malate dehydrogenase to export reducing power to the cytosol. Accordingly, Calvin cycle metabolites and amino acids diminished in inap1 plants. In addition, inap1 plants barely activate NADP‐malate dehydrogenase, and have an altered redox balance between the chloroplast and cytosol, resulting in inefficient nitrate reduction. Finally, mutants deficient in m‐type thioredoxin exhibited similar light‐dependent NADP dynamics as inap1. Collectively, the data suggest that defects in ferredoxin/thioredoxin reductase and m‐type thioredoxin decrease the consumption of NADPH, leading to a high NADPH/NADP+ ratio and large NADP pool size. The data also suggest that the fate of NADPH is an important influence on NADP pool size.
Heterogeneous effects of competitiveness shocks on macroeconomic performance across euro area countries
Authors: Staehr Karsten , Vermeulen Robert
Published: June 2018

This paper considers how competitiveness impacts macroeconomic performance in 11 euro area countries. VAR models are estimated for the individual countries using quarterly data from 1995Q4 to 2013Q4. Besides unit labour costs as a competitiveness measure, the models include GDP, the current account balance and domestic credit. The empirical analyses show that changes in unit labour costs help explain GDP dynamics in the short and medium term in most countries, whereas they have little explanatory power for the current account balance or domestic credit for most countries. Overall, the effects of the unit labour costs vary substantially across the countries in the euro area. The heterogeneity suggests that policy measures aiming to improve economic growth, correct current account imbalances and ensure financial stability need to take country‐specific features into account.
Variability of tissue factor‐activated thromboelastography and whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry in healthy dogs
Authors: Shropshire Sarah B. , Olver Christine S. , Lappin Michael R.
Published: June 2018

Objective

To assess interindividual (CVG) and intraindividual (CVI) variability over time for results of thromboelastography (TEG) and whole‐blood impedance platelet aggregometry in healthy dogs.

Animals

Six healthy Beagle dogs.

Measurements and Main Results

Tissue factor (TF)‐activated TEG and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA)‐induced whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry were performed at 3 different time points (days 1, 4, and 6). In addition, platelet count, hematocrit, and plasma fibrinogen concentrations were recorded each study day. Activated partial thromboplastin time, one‐stage prothrombin time, antithrombin activity, and D‐dimer concentrations were measured on the first day of the study. For TEG, the variables reaction time (R), clotting time (K), rate of clot formation (α), and maximum amplitude (MA) were recorded. For platelet aggregometry, the areas under the curve for ADP (AUCADP)‐ and AA (AUCAA)‐induced aggregation were measured. The CVI was lower than the CVG over time for MA, AUCADP, and AUCAA; however, the CVI was higher than the CVG for the TEG variables R, K, and α. There were no statistical differences in the platelet count, hematocrit, and fibrinogen measurements over time.

Conclusions

In healthy dogs, a subject‐based reference interval for ADP‐ and AA‐induced platelet aggregometry and the TEG variable MA provide a more sensitive method to detect changes. However, due to the high CVI, population‐based reference intervals may be more appropriate for interpretation of the TEG variables R, K, and α.
Analysis of Sports and Social Skill Relation in a Non-Sportive Group
Authors: Zekioglu Aylin , Tatar Arkun , Ozdemir Hudanur
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between social skills and sports participation of non-athlete participants. The data of this study were collected by using the Convenience Sampling Method from 197 females (59.3%) and 135 males (40.7%), a total of 332 participants, ranging in age from 17 to 67 years (mean=28.72±9.31 years). When asked about the frequency of engaging in sports, while 43 (13.0%) of the respondents reported regular participation and 117 (53.3%) reported occasional participation, and 112 (33.7%) were non-participants. The participants completed the “A Social Skills Scale” for adults consisting of 80 items, and the Socio-demographic Form. The results showed that the Internal Consistency Coefficient for the scale was 0.93. In order to compare the three groups (regular participants, occasional participants, and non-participants) and other variables in terms of the total score of the scale, the two-way ANOVA test was used. There were significant differences in social skill degrees between three groups which were constituted based on frequency of sports participation, between the genders, and between the two groups that were formed considering where participants spent most of their lives (big cities or small towns). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between participants’ social skills according to age and socioeconomic variables like marital status, education, occupational and financial status. Findings were discussed in the context of the related literature.
The Effects of Different Exercise Types on Hematological Parameters in Sedentary Women
Authors: Çiçek Güner
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic and strength exercises on hematological parameters in sedentary women. To achieve the purpose of this study, a total of 23 volunteers including aerobic exercise group (AE, n: 10), strength exercise group (SE, n:13) were selected as participants. Two different exercises were applied for 4 days a week, throughout 16 weeks, within 60 minutes for each exercise with the intensity of heart rate (HR) 60-70 percent. The HR was measured using a heart rate monitor for each subject.The women's white blood cell (WBC), thrombocyte (PLT), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were measured before and after exercise. For statistical analysis, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for intra-group evaluations, and the Mann Whitney U test was used for inter-group evaluations. After the exercise program, there were a meaningful decrease in the body weight and body mass index (BMI) the women in both intervention groups. In addition, in the hematological results of strength exercise group, some meaningful decreases were determined in the values of RBC, HGB, HCT and MCV (p<0.01). As a results, it was observed that regular aerobic and strength exercises can positively influence the body weight and BMI parameters of sedentary women. Along with this, a meaningful decrease has been found in the values of RBC, HGB, HCT and MCV of strength exercise group compared to aerobic exercise.
The influence of sex and neonatal stress on medullary microglia in rat pups
Authors: Baldy Cécile , Fournier Stéphanie , Boisjoly‐Villeneuve Samuel , Tremblay Marie‐Ève , Kinkead Richard
Published: June 2018

New Findings

What is the central question of the study?

Does neonatal stress, in the form of neonatal maternal separation, influence the maturation of microglial density, morphology and neuronal signalling in medullary regions regulating cardiorespiratory function in rat pups?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Using Iba‐1 immunohistochemistry, we show that neonatal maternal separation augments microglial density and the proportion of cells with an amoeboid morphology in the medulla. Although the current understanding of the effect of early life stress on medullary development is relatively limited, these data show that within this area, microglia are affected by neonatal stress. Microglia could therefore be important effectors in cardiorespiratory disorders resulting from maternal separation.

Abstract

Neonatal stress has wide‐ranging consequences for the developing brain, including the medullary cardiorespiratory network. In rat pups, the reflexive cardiorespiratory inhibition triggered by the presence of liquids near the larynx is augmented by neonatal maternal separation (NMS), especially in males. Sex‐specific enhancement of synaptic connectivity by NMS might explain this cardiorespiratory dysfunction. Microglia influence the formation, maturation, activity and elimination of developing synapses, but their role in the wiring of medullary networks is unknown. Owing to their sensitivity to sex hormones and stress hormones, microglial dysfunction could contribute to the abnormal cardiorespiratory phenotype observed in NMS pups. Here, we first used ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule‐1 (Iba‐1) immunolabelling to compare the density and morphology of microglia in the medulla of maleversusfemale rat pups (14–15 days old) that were either undisturbed or subjected to NMS (3 h day−1; postnatal days 3–12). Neonatal maternal separation augmented the density of Iba‐1+cells (caudal region of the NTS), increased the size of the soma and reduced the arborization area (especially in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus). Sex‐based differences were not observed. Given that the actions of microglia are regulated by neuronal fractalkine (CX3CL1), we then used western blot analysis to compare the expression of CX3CL1and its microglial receptor (CX3CR1) in medullary homogenates from control and NMS pups. Although CX3CR1expression was 59% greater in malesversusfemales, NMS had no effect on CX3CL1/CX3CR1signalling. Given that an amoeboid morphology reflects an immature phenotype in developing microglia, NMS could interfere with synaptic pruning via a different mechanism.
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in isolated mouse pulmonary arterial vessels
Authors: Strielkov Ievgen , Krause Nicole Catherine , Sommer Natascha , Schermuly Ralph Theo , Ghofrani Hossein Ardeschir , Grimminger Friedrich , Gudermann Thomas , Dietrich Alexander , Weissmann Norbert
Published: June 2018

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction has never been characterized in isolated mouse pulmonary arteries of different generations in detail.

What is the main finding and its importance?

We found that only small intrapulmonary arteries (80–200 μm in diameter) exhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. The observed response was sustained, significantly potentiated by depolarization‐induced preconstriction and not dependent on the endothelium or TRPC6 channels.

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is a physiological response of pulmonary arteries, which adapts lung perfusion to regional ventilation. The properties of HPV vary significantly between animal species. Despite extensive use of mouse models in studies of HPV, this physiological response has never been characterized in isolated mouse pulmonary arteries in detail. Using wire myography, we investigated the effect of 80 min exposure to hypoxia on the tone in mouse pulmonary arteries of different generations in the presence and absence of preconstriction. Hypoxia induced a sustained relaxation in non‐preconstricted extrapulmonary arteries (500–700 μm in diameter), but not in the presence of KCl‐induced preconstriction. Large intrapulmonary arteries (450–650 μm in diameter) did not exhibit a significant response to the hypoxic challenge. In contrast, in small intrapulmonary arteries (80–200 μm in diameter), hypoxia elicited a slowly developing sustained constriction, which was independent of the endothelium. The response was significantly potentiated in arteries preconstricted with KCl, but not with U46619. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was not altered in pulmonary arteries of TRPC6‐deficient mice, which suggests that this response corresponds to the sustained phase of biphasic HPV observed earlier in isolated, buffer‐perfused and ventilated mouse lungs. In conclusion, we have established a protocol that allows the study of sustained HPV in isolated mouse pulmonary arteries. The data obtained might be useful for future studies of the mechanisms of HPV in mice.
Reduced blood volume decreases cerebral blood flow in preterm piglets
Authors: Eiby Yvonne A. , Shrimpton Nicole Y. , Wright Ian M. R. , Lumbers Eugenie R. , Colditz Paul B. , Duncombe Greg J. , Lingwood Barbara E.
Published: June 2018

Key points

Preterm infants often have poor cardiovascular function that is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Preterm infants may be vulnerable to hypovolaemia due to excessive vasodilatation and leaky capillaries.

Following reduction in blood volume, cardiac output and mean arterial pressure were reduced to the same extent in term and preterm piglets.

Cerebral blood flow was maintained following blood volume reduction in term but not in preterm piglets.

Effective detection and treatment of functional hypovolaemia may reduce the risk of brain injury in preterm infants.

Preterm infants often have impaired cardiovascular function that may contribute to poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. The study aimed to determine the effects of reduced blood volume on cardiovascular function, including cerebral blood flow, in preterm and term piglets. In preterm (97/115 days) and term piglets, up to 10% of the estimated blood volume was removed. Removal of blood was stopped if MAP dropped below 20 mmHg. Heart rate, cardiac contractility and relaxation, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and cerebral blood flow were measured at baseline and again after blood volume reduction. The volume of blood removed was less in preterm piglets than in term piglets (5.1 ± 1.8 vs. 7.7 ± 0.9 mL kg−1, mean ± SD, P < 0.001). Cardiac output and MAP decreased to the same extent in term and preterm piglets. Cerebral blood flow decreased in preterm but not term piglets and cerebral vascular conductance increased in term piglets only. Compensatory responses to maintain cerebral blood flow after blood volume reduction are active in term piglets but not in preterm piglets. As a result, even a small reduction in blood volume, or an increase in the capacity of the circulatory system leading to functional hypovolaemia, may lead to a significant reduction in cerebral blood flow and contribute to brain injury in preterm neonates.
Sodium nitroprusside dilates cerebral vessels and enhances internal carotid artery flow in young men
Authors: Olesen Niels D. , Fischer Mads , Secher Niels H.
Published: June 2018

Key points

Sodium nitroprusside lowers blood pressure by vasodilatation but is reported to reduce cerebral blood flow.

In healthy young men sodium nitroprusside reduced blood pressure, total peripheral resistance, and arterial CO2 tension and yet cerebral blood flow was maintained, with an increase in internal carotid artery blood flow and cerebrovascular conductance.

Sodium nitroprusside induces both systemic and cerebral vasodilatation affecting internal carotid artery more than vertebral artery flow.

Cerebral autoregulation maintains cerebral blood flow (CBF) despite marked changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) reduces blood pressure by vasodilatation but is reported to lower CBF, probably by a reduction in its perfusion pressure. We evaluated the influence of SNP on CBF and aimed for a 20% and then 40% reduction in MAP, while keeping MAP ≥ 50 mmHg, to challenge cerebral autoregulation. In 19 healthy men (age 24 ± 4 years; mean ± SD) duplex ultrasound determined right internal carotid (ICA) and vertebral artery (VA) blood flow. The SNP reduced MAP (from 83 ± 8 to 69 ± 8 and 58 ± 4 mmHg; both P < 0.0001), total peripheral resistance, and arterial CO2 tension (; 41 ± 3 vs. 39 ± 3 and 37 ± 4 mmHg; both P < 0.01). Yet ICA flow increased with the moderate reduction in MAP but returned to the baseline value with the large reduction in MAP (336 ± 66 vs. 365 ± 69; P = 0.013 and 349 ± 82 ml min–1; n.s.), while VA flow (114 ± 34 vs. 112 ± 38 and 110 ± 42 ml min–1; both n.s.) and CBF ((ICA + VA flow) × 2; 899 ± 135 vs. 962 ± 127 and 918 ± 197 ml min–1; both n.s.) were maintained with increased cerebrovascular conductance. In conclusion, CBF is maintained during SNP‐induced reduction in MAP despite reduced and the results indicate that SNP dilates cerebral vessels and increases ICA flow.
Classification of GABAergic neuron subtypes from the globus pallidus using wild‐type and transgenic mice
Authors: Abrahao Karina P. , Lovinger David M.
Published: June 2018

Key points

Classifying different subtypes of neurons in deep brain structures is a challenge and is crucial to better understand brain function.

Understanding the diversity of neurons in the globus pallidus (GP), a brain region positioned to influence afferent and efferent information processing within basal ganglia, could help to explain a variety of brain functions.

We present a classification of neurons from the GP using electrophysiological data from wild‐type mice and confirmation using transgenic mice.

This work will help researchers to identify specific neuronal subsets in the GP of wild‐type mice when transgenic mice with labelled neurons are lacking.

Classification of the extensive neuronal diversity in the brain is fundamental for neuroscience. The globus pallidus external segment (GPe), also referred to as the globus pallidus in rodents, is a large nucleus located in the core of the basal ganglia whose circuitry is implicated in action control, decision‐making and reward. Although considerable progress has been made in characterizing different GPe neuronal subtypes, no work has directly attempted to characterize these neurons in non‐transgenic mice. Here, we provide data showing the degree of overlap in expression of neuronal PAS domain protein (Npas1), LIM homeobox 6 (Lhx6), parvalbumin (PV) and transcription factor FoxP2 biomarkers in mouse GPe neurons. We used an unbiased statistical method to classify neurons based on electrophysiological properties from nearly 200 neurons from C57BL/6J mice. In addition, we examined the subregion distribution of the neuronal subtypes. Cluster analysis using firing rate and hyperpolarization‐induced membrane potential sag variables revealed three distinct neuronal clusters: type 1, characterized by low firing rate and small sag potential; type 2, with low firing rate and larger sag potential; and type 3, with high firing rate and small sag potential. We used other electrophysiological variables and data from marker‐expressing neurons to evaluate the clusters. We propose that the GPe GABAergic neurons should be classified into three subgroups: arkypallidal, low‐firing prototypical and high‐firing prototypical neurons. This work will help researchers identify GPe neuron subtypes when transgenic mice with labelled neurons cannot be used.
Improved microparticle electrodynamic ion traps for physics teaching
Authors: Libbrecht Kenneth G. , Black Eric D.
Published: June 2018

We review the essential physics of microparticle electrodynamic ion traps (MEITs) and suggest several improvements in the design, construction, and application of MEITs in undergraduate physics teaching. Pulling together insights gleaned from a number of disparate sources, we have developed MEITs with better overall performance and reliability in comparison to previous publications. This work builds upon a long history of MEIT advancement over many decades, further lowering the barriers to using these fascinating devices in physics teaching labs and demonstrations.
Blackbody radiation in classical physics: A historical perspective
Authors: Boyer Timothy H.
Published: June 2018

We point out that current textbooks of modern physics are a century out-of-date in their treatment of blackbody radiation within classical physics. Relativistic classical electrodynamics including classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation gives the Planck spectrum with zero-point radiation as the blackbody radiation spectrum. In contrast, nonrelativistic mechanics cannot support the idea of zero-point energy; therefore, if nonrelativistic classical statistical mechanics or nonrelativistic mechanical scatterers are invoked for radiation equilibrium, one arrives at only the low-frequency Rayleigh-Jeans part of the spectrum, which involves no zero-point energy, and does not include the high-frequency part of the spectrum involving relativistically invariant classical zero-point radiation. Here, we first discuss the correct understanding of blackbody radiation within relativistic classical physics, and then we review the historical treatment. Finally, we point out how the presence of Lorentz-invariant classical zero-point radiation and the use of relativistic particle interactions transform the previous historical arguments, so as now to give the Planck spectrum including classical zero-point radiation. Within relativistic classical electromagnetic theory, Planck's constant ℏ appears as the scale of source-free zero-point radiation.
A simple game simulating quantum measurements of qubits
Authors: Corcovilos Theodore A.
Published: June 2018

Games are useful tools for introducing new concepts to students. This paper describes a competitive two-player game for sophomore students in a modern physics survey course or junior/senior students in an introductory quantum mechanics course to build intuition and quantitative understanding of the probabilistic nature of quantum measurements in two-level systems such as qubits or the Stern–Gerlach experiment. The goal of the game is to guess a quantum state secretly chosen from a given set in the fewest number of measurements. It uses 20-sided dice or other classical random number generators to simulate quantum measurements. The Bloch vector formalism is introduced to give a geometric description of the quantum states and measurement outcomes. Several ready-to-use sets of quantum states are given, so readers can jump right in and try the game themselves without any prior knowledge of quantum mechanics. More advanced students can also use the game in suggested follow-up exercises to deepen students' understanding of quantum measurements and their statistical description.
An asymmetric isochronous pendulum
Authors: Randazzo Juan M. , Ibáñez S. A. , Rosselló J. M.
Published: June 2018

In this work, we propose a novel asymmetric isochronous pendulum, where half of the trajectory corresponds to that of the (non-isochronous) simple pendulum, while the remaining part corresponds to a specific trajectory. The pendulum's complete swing is isochronous—i.e., its period is not dependent on the oscillation amplitude. This new design is inspired by the symmetric isochronous Huygens pendulum, in which the trajectory is modified by cycloidal guides. In our case, only one guide is needed, for which analytical expressions are given for the first time. The objective of the paper is to add a new pedagogical tool in the undergraduate-level physics courses for understanding the isochronism concept, specifically the time delay for large amplitudes in the simple pendulum must be compensated by accelerating it along the new trajectory. We also introduce a novel numerical method to find the trajectory, based on the convergent superposition of straight trajectories (inclined-plane type) to approximate the curve. The procedure is not only accurate, but it is also appropriate for introducing the concepts of differential calculus and inclined-plane mechanics.
An experimental demonstration of avoided crossings with masses on springs
Authors: Lockhart Andrew B. , Skinner Alexandria , Newman William , Steinwachs Daniel B. , Hilbert Shawn A.
Published: June 2018

We experimentally demonstrate an avoided crossing by coupling two harmonic oscillators. Each harmonic oscillator consists of a mass connected to a stationary wall by a spring. The two harmonic oscillators are coupled by a spring connecting the two masses. An avoided crossing is experimentally demonstrated in two ways: first, by adjusting the spring constant of one oscillator, and then by separately adjusting the mass of the oscillator. In both cases, the adjusted parameter is held constant for the second oscillator. Additionally, we examine the effects from altering the coupling between the two oscillators. These experimental results are shown to be consistent with theoretical predictions.
A Legendre-Galerkin spectral method for constructing atmospheric acoustic normal modes
Authors: Evans Richard B. , Di Xiao , Gilbert Kenneth E.
Published: June 2018

A Legendre-Galerkin spectral method is applied to the construction of atmospheric acoustic normal modes above level ground, represented by a complex impedance. A search in the complex plane for modal eigenvalues is replaced by a complex symmetric matrix eigenvalue problem. The Legendre-Galerkin spectral method projects the acoustic normal modes onto an orthogonal basis of Legendre polynomials. The matrix eigenvalue problem can be solved by readily available, public domain, software. Prior knowledge of the location of a set of nearby real eigenvalues is unnecessary since the complex symmetric matrix formulation embodies an approximation of all of the physical constraints of the problem. The normal modes are used to compute the acoustic field, due to a harmonic point source in the atmosphere, including a group of discrete modes radiating into the upper atmosphere, usually associated with the continuous spectrum. The validity of the acoustic field calculation is tested in a comparison with the fast field program and interpreted, with aid of the normal modes, in a downward-refracting atmosphere.
Deep learning models to remix music for cochlear implant users
Authors: Gajęcki Tom , Nogueira Waldo
Published: June 2018

The severe hearing loss problems that some people suffer can be treated by providing them with a surgically implanted electrical device called cochlear implant (CI). CI users struggle to perceive complex audio signals such as music; however, previous studies show that CI recipients find music more enjoyable when the vocals are enhanced with respect to the background music. In this manuscript source separation (SS) algorithms are used to remix pop songs by applying gain to the lead singing voice. This work uses deep convolutional auto-encoders, a deep recurrent neural network, a multilayer perceptron (MLP), and non-negative matrix factorization to be evaluated objectively and subjectively through two different perceptual experiments which involve normal hearing subjects and CI recipients. The evaluation assesses the relevance of the artifacts introduced by the SS algorithms considering their computation time, as this study aims at proposing one of the algorithms for real-time implementation. Results show that the MLP performs in a robust way throughout the tested data while providing levels of distortions and artifacts which are not perceived by CI users. Thus, an MLP is proposed to be implemented for real-time monaural audio SS to remix music for CI users.
Differences in Employee Perceptions of Entry-Level Competencies of NIRSA Campus Recreation Professionals
Authors: Beggs Brent , Butts Olivia , Hurd Amy , Elkins Daniel
Published: June 2018

Core competencies are defined as skills, knowledge, and abilities that an employee needs to be successful in a job. There has been research examining competencies in a variety of professional recreation settings, including campus recreation. Research in campus recreation has confirmed the understanding of the NIRSA Core Competencies: program delivery; philosophy and theory; personal and professional qualities; legal liabilities and risk management; human resources management; facility planning, management, and design; business management; and research and evaluation. The purpose of this study was to examine competencies of entry-level employees in campus recreation departments. More specifically, this study investigated differences in perceptions of entry-level competencies between entry-level employees, mid-level, and upper-level employees in campus recreation departments. There were 466 campus recreation professionals that participated in the survey research and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests indicated that entry-level employees assign greater importance to specific competencies than employees higher up in the organization.
The Impact of New or Renovated Collegiate Recreation Centers on Recruitment and Retention
Authors: Kampf Stephen , Haines Scott G. , Gambino Stephen
Published: June 2018

Colleges and Universities have invested a great deal of resources in constructing and renovating recreational facilities over the course of time. These facilities serve as a location for health, fitness, and socialization, and provide many other wellness benefits. This study examines the impact of new/renovated collegiate recreational facilities on three different campuses and the return on investment (ROI). The ROI is measured through student participation, impact on recruitment, and retention. Additionally, this study intends to provide other institutions with examples on how they can provide data to reflect the collegiate recreation facility ROI.
Oligomerization of MrgC11 and μ-opioid receptors in sensory neurons enhances morphine analgesia
Authors: He Shao-Qiu , Xu Qian , Tiwari Vinod , Yang Fei , Anderson Michael , Chen Zhiyong , Grenald Shaness A. , Raja Srinivasa N. , Dong Xinzhong , Guan Yun
Published: June 2018

Activating the peripheral sensory receptor MrgC11 may improve opioid use for pain management.
Neisseria meningitidis Antimicrobial Resistance in Italy, 2006 to 2016
Authors: Vacca Paola , Fazio Cecilia , Neri Arianna , Ambrosio Luigina , Palmieri Annapina , Stefanelli Paola
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 866
Neisseria meningitidis
invasive strains during 11 years of surveillance in Italy. Two and six strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin and rifampin, respectively.
A Linear Plasmid-Like Prophage of Actinomyces odontolyticus Promotes Biofilm Assembly
Authors: Shen Mengyu , Yang Yuhui , Shen Wei , Cen Lujia , McLean Jeffrey S. , Shi Wenyuan , Le Shuai , He Xuesong
Published: June 2018

The biology of phages as members of the human oral microbiome is understudied. Here, we report the characterization of xhp1, a novel linear plasmid-like prophage identified from a human oral isolate,
Actinomyces odontolyticus
subsp.
actinosynbacter
strain XH001. xhp1 can be induced and reinfect xhp1-cured XH001. The spontaneous induction of xhp1 leads to the lysis of a subpopulation of bacterial hosts and the release of eDNA that promotes biofilm assembly, thus potentially contributing to the persistence of
A. odontolyticus
within the oral cavity.
Invadosome-Mediated Human Extracellular Matrix Degradation by Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: Hasan Muhammad M. , Teixeira Jose E. , Huston Christopher D.
Published: June 2018

Entamoeba histolytica
is a protozoan parasite that causes invasive amoebiasis when it invades the human colon. Tissue invasion requires a shift from an adhesive lifestyle in the colonic lumen to a motile and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradative lifestyle in the colonic tissue layers.
The OmpR Regulator of Burkholderia multivorans Controls Mucoid-to-Nonmucoid Transition and Other Cell Envelope Properties Associated with Persistence in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung
Authors: Silva Inês N. , Pessoa Filipa D. , Ramires Marcelo J. , Santos Mário R. , Becker Jörg D. , Cooper Vaughn S. , Moreira Leonilde M.
Published: June 2018

Within the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung, bacteria experience high-osmolarity conditions due to an ion unbalance resulting from defects in CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein activity in epithelial cells. Understanding how bacterial CF pathogens thrive in this environment might help the development of new therapeutic interventions to prevent chronic respiratory infections. Here, we show that the OmpR response regulator of one of the species found in CF respiratory infections,
Burkholderia multivorans
, is involved in the emergence of nonmucoid colony variants and is important for osmoadaptation by regulating several cell envelope components. Specifically, genetic, phenotypic, genomic, and transcriptomic approaches uncover OmpR as a regulator of cell wall remodeling under stress conditions, with implications in several phenotypes such as exopolysaccharide production, motility, antibiotic resistance, adhesion, and virulence.
σ
I
from Bacillus subtilis: Impact on Gene Expression and Characterization of σ
I
-Dependent Transcription That Requires New Types of Promoters with Extended −35 and −10 Elements
Authors: Ramaniuk Olga , Převorovský Martin , Pospíšil Jiří , Vítovská Dragana , Kofroňová Olga , Benada Oldřich , Schwarz Marek , Šanderová Hana , Hnilicová Jarmila , Krásný Libor
Published: June 2018

In bacteria, σ factors are essential for transcription initiation. Knowledge about their regulons (i.e., genes transcribed from promoters dependent on these σ factors) is the key for understanding how bacteria cope with the changing environment and could be instrumental for biotechnologically motivated rewiring of gene expression. Here, we characterize the σ
I
regulon from the industrially important model Gram-positive bacterium
Bacillus subtilis
. We reveal that σ
I
affects expression of ∼130 genes, of which 16 are directly regulated by σ
I
, including genes encoding proteins involved in iron homeostasis. Detailed analysis of promoter elements then identifies unique sequences important for σ
I
-dependent transcription. This study thus provides a comprehensive view on this underexplored component of the
B. subtilis
transcription machinery.
A Flowthrough Assay for Rapid Bedside Stratification of Bloodstream Bacterial Infection in Critically Ill Patients: a Pilot Study
Authors: Jagtap Pramod , Singh Rohini , Deepika Karuna , Sritharan Venkataraman , Gupta Shalini
Published: June 2018

Bacterial infections affect more than 2 million people annually. Of these, systemic infections caused by bacteria in critically ill patients may lead to life-threatening conditions such as sepsis.
Real-Time Visualization and Quantification of Human Cytomegalovirus Replication in Living Cells Using the ANCHOR DNA Labeling Technology
Authors: Mariamé Bernard , Kappler-Gratias Sandrine , Kappler Martin , Balor Stéphanie , Gallardo Franck , Bystricky Kerstin
Published: June 2018

The ANCHOR technology is currently the most powerful tool to follow and quantify the replication of HCMV in living cells and to gain new insights into its biology. The technology is applicable to virtually any DNA virus or viruses presenting a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) phase, paving the way to imaging infection in various cell lines, or even in animal models, and opening fascinating fundamental and applied prospects. Associated with high-content automated microscopy, the technology permitted rapid, robust, and precise determination of ganciclovir 50% and 90% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
and IC
90
) on HCMV replication, with minimal hands-on time investment. To search for new antiviral activities, the experiment is easy to upgrade toward efficient and cost-effective screening of large chemical libraries. Simple infection of permissive cells with ANCHOR viruses in the presence of a compound of interest even provides a first estimation of the stage of the viral cycle the molecule is acting upon.
Antimicrobial Resistance inPasteurellaceaeof Veterinary Origin
Authors: Michael Geovana B. , Bossé Janine T. , Schwarz Stefan
Published: June 2018

Members of the highly heterogeneous familyPasteurellaceaecause a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals. Antimicrobial agents are the most powerful tools to control such infections. However, the acquisition of resistance genes, as well as the development of resistance-mediating mutations, significantly reduces the efficacy of the antimicrobial agents. This article gives a brief description of the role of selected members of the familyPasteurellaceaein animal infections and of the most recent data on the susceptibility status of such members. Moreover, a review of the current knowledge of the genetic basis of resistance to antimicrobial agents is included, with particular reference to resistance to tetracyclines, β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides/aminocyclitols, folate pathway inhibitors, macrolides, lincosamides, phenicols, and quinolones. This article focusses on the genera of veterinary importance for which sufficient data on antimicrobial susceptibility and the detection of resistance genes are currently available (Pasteurella,Mannheimia,Actinobacillus,Haemophilus, andHistophilus). Additionally, the role of plasmids, transposons, and integrative and conjugative elements in the spread of the resistance genes within and beyond the aforementioned genera is highlighted to provide insight into horizontal dissemination, coselection, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance genes. The article discusses the acquisition of diverse resistance genes by the selectedPasteurellaceaemembers from other Gram-negative or maybe even Gram-positive bacteria. Although the susceptibility status of these members still looks rather favorable, monitoring of their antimicrobial susceptibility is required for early detection of changes in the susceptibility status and the newly acquired/developed resistance mechanisms.
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Lloyd David H. , Page Stephen W.
Published: June 2018

While antimicrobial resistance is already a public health crisis in human medicine, therapeutic failure in veterinary medicine due to antimicrobial resistance remains relatively uncommon. However, there are many pathways by which antimicrobial resistance determinants can travel between animals and humans: by close contact, through the food chain, or indirectly via the environment. Antimicrobial stewardship describes measures that can help mitigate the public health crisis and preserve the effectiveness of available antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial stewardship programs have been principally developed, implemented, and studied in human hospitals but are beginning to be adapted for other applications in human medicine. Key learning from the experiences of antimicrobial stewardship programs in human medicine are summarized in this article—guiding the development of a stewardship framework suitable for adaptation and use in both companion animal and livestock practice. The antimicrobial stewardship program for veterinary use integrates infection prevention and control together with approaches emphasizing avoidance of antimicrobial agents. The 5R framework of continuous improvement that is described recognizes the importance of executive support; highly motivated organizations and teams (responsibility); the need to review the starting position, set objectives, and determine means of measuring progress and success; and a critical focus on reducing, replacing, and refining the use of antimicrobial agents. Significant issues that are currently the focus of intensive research include improved detection and diagnosis of infections, refined dosing regimens that are simultaneously effective while not selecting resistance, searches for alternatives to antimicrobial agents, and development of improved vaccines to enhance immunity and reduce disease.
Source Attribution and Risk Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Pires Sara M. , Duarte Ana Sofia , Hald Tine
Published: June 2018

Source attribution and microbial risk assessment methods have been widely applied for the control of several foodborne pathogens worldwide by identifying (i) the most important pathogen sources and (ii) the risk represented by specific foods and the critical points in these foods’ production chains for microbial control. Such evidence has proved crucial for risk managers to identify and prioritize effective food safety and public health strategies. In the context of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from livestock and pets, the utility of these methods is recognized, but a number of challenges have largely prevented their application and routine use. One key challenge has been to define the hazard in question: Is it the antimicrobial drug use in animals, the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in animals and foods, or the antimicrobial resistance genes that can be transferred between commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the animal or human gut or in the environment? Other important limitations include the lack of occurrence and transmission data and the lack of evidence to inform dose-response relationships. We present the main principles, available methods, strengths, and weaknesses of source attribution and risk assessment methods, discuss their utility to identify sources and estimate risks of AMR from livestock and pets, and provide an overview of conducted studies. In addition, we discuss remaining challenges and current and future opportunities to improve methods and knowledge of the sources and transmission routes of AMR from animals through food, direct contact, or the environment, including improvements in surveillance and developments in genotypic typing methods.
Epitranscriptomics: RNA Modifications in Bacteria and Archaea
Authors: Höfer Katharina , Jäschke Andres
Published: June 2018

The increasingly complex functionality of RNA is contrasted by its simple chemical composition. RNA is generally built from only four different nucleotides (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil). To date, >160 chemical modifications are known to decorate RNA molecules and thereby alter their function or stability. Many RNA modifications are conserved throughout bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, while some are unique to each branch of life. Most known modifications occur at internal positions, while there is limited diversity at the termini. The dynamic nature of RNA modifications and newly discovered regulatory functions of some of these RNA modifications gave birth to a new field, now often referred to as “epitranscriptomics.” This review highlights the major developments in this field and summarizes detection principles for internal as well as 5′-terminal mRNA modifications in prokaryotes and archaea to investigate their biological significance.
Muscular weakness in adolescence is associated with disability 30 years later: a population-based cohort study of 1.2 million men
Authors: Henriksson Hanna , Henriksson Pontus , Tynelius Per , Ortega Francisco B
Published: June 2018

Objective

To investigate the associations of muscular strength in adolescence with later disability pension (DP), across different body mass index (BMI) categories and in combination with aerobic fitness.

Method

This prospective cohort study consisted of males aged 16–19 years, recruited from the Swedish military conscription register between 1969 and 1994. A total of 1 212 503 adolescents met all the inclusion criteria and were therefore included in the analyses. Knee extension, handgrip and elbow flexion strength and aerobic fitness (bicycle ergometer test) were measured during conscription. Causes of DP were retrieved from the Social Insurance Office between years 1971 and 2012 (average follow-up time: 29.6 years).

Results

Knee extension strength in adolescence was inversely associated with men’s risk of obtaining DP due to all causes (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.36 to 1.44 for lowest vs highest strength quintile). Thus, muscular weakness was associated with DP. The risk associated with low muscular strength differed between specific causes of DP and the strongest associations were found for psychiatric, nervous system and other causes (HRs between 1.47 and 1.90 for lowest vs highest quintile). Being strong was associated with lower DP risk across BMI categories and being unfit, weak and obese was associated with the highest DP risk (HR 3.70, 95% CI 2.99 to 4.58).

Conclusion

There was a strong association between muscular weakness and disability. A combination of muscular weakness and low aerobic fitness was an especially important risk factor for disability. This adds weight to call for muscular strength and fitness enhancing exercise for adolescents in all BMI categories.