bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Item selection methods with exposure and time control for computerized classification test
Authors: Huang Yingshi , Ren He , Chen Ping
Published: July 2022

Computerized classification testing (CCT) commonly chooses items maximizing information at the cut score, which yields the most information for decision‐making. However, a corollary problem is that all examinees will be given the same set of items, resulting in high test overlap rate and unbalanced item bank usage, which threatens test security. Moreover, another pivotal issue for CCT is time control. Since both the extremely long response time (RT) and large RT variability across examinees intensify time‐induced anxiety, it is crucial to reduce the number of examinees exceeding the time limitation and the differences between examinees' test‐taking times. To satisfy these practical needs, this paper proposes the novel idea of stage adaptiveness to tailor the item selection process to the decision‐making requirement in each step and generate fresh insight into the existing response time selection method. Results indicate that a balanced item usage as well as short and stable test times across examinees can be achieved via the new methods.
Endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1‐alpha deficiency and activation of protein translation synergistically impair breast tumour resilience
Authors: Varone Ersilia , Decio Alessandra , Barbera Maria Chiara , Bolis Marco , Di Rito Laura , Pisati Federica , Giavazzi Raffaella , Zito Ester
Published: July 2022

Background and Purpose

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers an adaptive response in tumours which fosters cell survival and resilience to stress. Activation of the ER stress response, through its PERK branch, promotes phosphorylation of the α‐subunit of the translation initiation factor eIF2, thereby repressing general protein translation and augmenting the translation of ATF4 with the downstream CHOP transcription factor and the protein disulfide oxidase, ERO1‐alpha

Experimental Approach

Here, we show that ISRIB, a small molecule that inhibits the action of phosphorylated eIF2alpha, activating protein translation, synergistically interacts with the genetic deficiency of protein disulfide oxidase ERO1‐alpha, enfeebling breast tumour growth and spread.

Key Results

ISRIB represses the CHOP signal, but does not inhibit ERO1. Mechanistically, ISRIB increases the ER protein load with a marked perturbing effect on ERO1‐deficient triple‐negative breast cancer cells, which display impaired proteostasis and have adapted to a low client protein load in hypoxia, and ERO1 deficiency impairs VEGF‐dependent angiogenesis. ERO1‐deficient triple‐negative breast cancer xenografts have an augmented ER stress response and its PERK branch. ISRIB acts synergistically with ERO1 deficiency, inhibiting the growth of triple‐negative breast cancer xenografts by impairing proliferation and angiogenesis.

Conclusion and Implications

These results demonstrate that ISRIB together with ERO1 deficiency synergistically shatter the PERK‐dependent adaptive ER stress response, by restarting protein synthesis in the setting of impaired proteostasis, finally promoting tumour cytotoxicity. Our findings suggest two surprising features in breast tumours: ERO1 is not regulated via CHOP under hypoxic conditions, and ISRIB offers a therapeutic option to efficiently inhibit tumour progression in conditions of impaired proteostasis.
Evolutionary origin of pathogenic GJB2 alleles in China
Authors: Jiang Yi , Huang Shasha , Zhang Yi , Fang Nan , Liu Qian , Liu Yunchao , Bai Ling , Han Dongyi , Dai Pu
Published: July 2022

The frequency of the pathogenic allele of the autosomal recessive deafness gene GJB2 varies among different populations in the world, and accumulates to a sufficiently high frequency in certain population. The purpose of this study is to investigate the origin and evolution of GJB2 pathogenic alleles in Chinese deaf patients. Children with non‐syndromic hearing loss, and their parents, from 295 families were recruited. Customized capture probes targeted at 943 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to GJB2 gene were designed for sequencing of genomic DNA in blood samples. Haplotypes carrying pathogenic allele were analyzed through linkage disequilibrium block building, ancestry tracing, and extended haplotype heterozygosity calculation. Two pathogenic GJB2 alleles, c.235delC (18.41%) and c.109G > A (15.57%), were observed in 867 donors. For c.235delC allele, three different core haplotypes with one major haplotype (97.32%) were found, and their core SNPs were 100% conserved. For c.109G > A allele, six different haplotypes with one major haplotype (93.28%) were found and the major c.109G > A allele evolved from a specific ancestral haplotype. Geographical origins of donors carrying GJB2 c.109G > A and c.235delC core haplotypes centered between Qinghai and Neimenggu. GJB2 c.235delC has long‐range linkage disequilibrium. No positive selection signature was found for GJB2 c.235delC or c.109G > A in the studied population. In conclusion, we discovered a single origin of GJB2 c.235delC allele and multiple independent origins of GJB2 c.109G > A allele. Alternative to positive selection or multiple independent recurrent mutation event, population bottleneck effect might account for the observed high population frequency of these pathogenic alleles.
Accuracy of a chairside, fused deposition modeling three‐dimensional‐printed, single tooth surgical guide for implant placement: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Sun Yao , Ding Qian , Yuan Fusong , Zhang Lei , Sun Yuchun , Xie Qiufei
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To compare the accuracy of chairside, fused deposition modeling (FDM) three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed surgical guides with that of stereolithographic guides for implant placement in single edentulous sites within a clinical setting.

Materials and Methods

A total of 28 participants with 30 single posterior edentulous sites were included. The sites were randomized into a FDM 3D‐printed surgical guide group (test) or stereolithographic guide group (control) of equal size (n = 15). In both groups, digital implant planning was performed using data from cone beam‐computed tomography and intraoral scans. The test group's surgical guides were fabricated using a chairside, FDM 3D‐printer; those in the control group were fabricated using a light‐curing 3D‐printer. Postoperative intraoral scans were used to obtain the 3D position of the implants. Compared to preoperative design, the angular, 3D, mesiodistal, buccolingual and apicocoronal deviations at the implant shoulder and apex were recorded.

Results

The workflow for the design and chairside fabrication of implant guides was established. The mean angular deviations of the test and control group were (4.23 ± 2.38) ° and (4.13 ± 2.42) ° (p > .05), respectively. The respective 3D deviations at the implant shoulder were (0.70 ± 0.44) mm and (0.55 ± 0.27) mm (p > .05); those at the implant apex were (1.25 ± 0.61) mm and (1.11 ± 0.54) mm (p > .05). The mesiodistal, buccolingual, and apicocoronal deviations at the implant shoulder and apex did not significantly differ between the groups (p > .05).

Conclusions

Implants for single posterior edentulous spaces were placed as accurately with the test guide as with the control. Further research under more complex situations involving multiple missing teeth is needed.
Re‐evaluation of a method used to study nutritional effects on bumble bees
Authors: Wynants Enya , Wäckers Felix , Van Oystaeyen Annette
Published: July 2022

Bee declines are an increasingly recognised problem globally. Nutritional stress due to agricultural intensification is one of the drivers of bee declines. Therefore, understanding the nutritional requirements of bees is crucial to mitigate the effects of food scarcity on bee populations.

Laboratory studies evaluating nutritional effects on bumble bees often use microcolonies as a model system for effects on queenright colonies. Microcolonies consist of workers, whereby one worker will lay male‐destined unfertilized eggs. Consequently, microcolonies exclusively produce males, while queenright colonies produce (female) workers and reproductives (males and queens).

A comparison between Bombus terrestris (L.) microcolonies and queenright colonies was made by feeding three diets of varying nutritional quality.

The experimental diets affected most fitness parameters of microcolonies differently than those of queenright colonies. Low‐protein, largely monofloral, pollen affected queenright colony fitness by reducing colony size and increasing larval mortality, while these fitness parameters were not affected in microcolonies. High‐protein polyfloral pollen reduced larval mortality in queenright colonies but did not affect larval mortality in microcolonies. For both colony types, a similar result was obtained when assessing offspring body mass, which was reduced by the low‐quality diet and increased by the high‐quality diet.

In conclusion, our results demonstrate that microcolonies are inaccurate model systems and their use can lead to erroneous conclusions in terms of effects of nutritional stress or pollen quality on bumble bees. Our results further highlight the importance of high‐quality (here high‐protein polyfloral) pollen for sustaining colony development of bumble bees.
Circadian rhythms in psoriasis and the potential of chronotherapy in psoriasis management
Authors: Luengas‐Martinez Andrea , Paus Ralf , Iqbal Mudassar , Bailey Laura , Ray David W. , Young Helen S.
Published: July 2022

The physiology and pathology of the skin are influenced by daily oscillations driven by a master clock located in the brain, and peripheral clocks in individual cells. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is circadian‐rhythmic, with flares of disease and symptoms such as itch typically being worse in the evening/night‐time. Patients with psoriasis have changes in circadian oscillations of blood pressure and heart rate, supporting wider circadian disruption. In addition, shift work, a circadian misalignment challenge, is associated with psoriasis. These features may be due to underlying circadian control of key effector elements known to be relevant in psoriasis such as cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation. Indeed, peripheral clock pathology may lead to hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in the basal layers, insufficient apoptosis of differentiating keratinocytes in psoriatic epidermis, dysregulation of skin‐resident and migratory immune cells and modulation of angiogenesis through circadian oscillation of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A) in epidermal keratinocytes. Chronotherapeutic effects of topical steroids and topical vitamin D analogues have been reported, suggesting that knowledge of circadian phase may improve the efficacy, and therapeutic index of treatments for psoriasis. In this viewpoint essay, we review the current literature on circadian disruption in psoriasis. We explore the hypothesis that psoriasis is circadian‐driven. We also suggest that investigation of the circadian components specific to psoriasis and that the in vitro investigation of circadian regulation of psoriasis will contribute to the development of a novel chronotherapeutic treatment strategy for personalised psoriasis management. We also propose that circadian oscillations of VEGF‐A offer an opportunity to enhance the efficacy and tolerability of a novel anti‐VEGF‐A therapeutic approach, through the timed delivery of anti‐VEGF‐A drugs.
Polygamy and mental health among Saudi middle schoolers: The role of family cohesion and father involvement
Authors: Merdad Nisma , Elbedour Salman , Lau Jennifer , Barker Edward
Published: July 2022

Objective

This paper assesses the role of family cohesion in the relationship between polygamy and mental health and whether this varies as a function of the father's involvement.

Background

Studies show that polygamy has a detrimental effect on children's mental health, yet familial variables that may account for this relationship have rarely been explored. Family cohesion is crucial for the relationship between a range of familial risk factors and mental health.

Method

Data about family structure, family cohesion, mental health, father involvement, and other related sociodemographic variables were collected from students from randomly selected middle schools (students N = 758) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Results

Polygamous marital structure predicted more psychosocial problems and higher internalizing symptoms, but not externalizing problems. Polygamy had an indirect association with psychosocial problems through family cohesion, and father involvement moderated the relationship between polygamy and family cohesion.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that living in polygamous families may impair the mental health of middle school–aged children, in part by diminishing family cohesion. Additionally, low father involvement may exaggerate threats to family cohesion resulting from polygamy and subsequent child mental health consequences. However, contrary to previous research, children's externalizing behavior did not vary by polygamous marital structure.

Implications

Family‐focused therapies, which include the fathers, may be of particular use to support this at‐risk group.
Agroforestry perennials reduce nitrous oxide emissions and their live and dead trees increase ecosystem carbon storage
Authors: Gross Cole D. , Bork Edward W. , Carlyle Cameron N. , Chang Scott X.
Published: July 2022

Agroforestry systems (AFS) contribute to carbon (C) sequestration and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural lands. However, previously understudied differences among AFS may underestimate their climate change mitigation potential. In this 3‐year field study, we assessed various C stocks and greenhouse gas emissions across two common AFS (hedgerows and shelterbelts) and their component land uses: perennial vegetated areas with and without trees (woodland and grassland, respectively), newly planted saplings in grassland, and adjacent annual cropland in central Alberta, Canada. Between 2018 and 2020 (~April–October), nitrous oxide emissions were 89% lower under perennial vegetation relative to the cropland (0.02 and 0.18 g N m−2 year−1, respectively). In 2020, heterotrophic respiration in the woodland was 53% lower in shelterbelts relative to hedgerows (279 and 600 g C m−2 year−1, respectively). Within the woodland, deadwood C stock was particularly important in hedgerows (35 Mg C ha−1or 7% of ecosystem C) relative to shelterbelts (2 Mg C ha−1or <1% of ecosystem C), and likely affected C cycling differences between the woodland types by enhancing soil labile C and microbial biomass in hedgerows. Deadwood C stock was positively correlated with annual heterotrophic respiration and total (to ~100 cm depth) soil organic C, water‐soluble organic C, and microbial biomass C. Total ecosystem C was 1.90–2.55 times greater within the woodland than all other land uses, with 176, 234, 237, and 449 Mg C ha−1found in the cropland, grassland, planted saplings treatment, and woodland, respectively. Shelterbelt and hedgerow woodlands contained 2.09 and 3.03 times more C, respectively, than adjacent cropland. Our findings emphasize the importance of AFS for fostering C sequestration and reducing greenhouse gas emissions and, in particular, retaining hedgerows (legacy woodland) and their associated deadwood across temperate agroecosystems will help mitigate climate change.
Global warming generates predictable extinctions of warm‐ and cold‐water marine benthic invertebrates via thermal habitat loss
Authors: Reddin Carl J. , Aberhan Martin , Raja Nussaïbah B. , Kocsis Ádám T.
Published: July 2022

Anthropogenic global warming is redistributing marine life and may threaten tropical benthic invertebrates with several potential extinction mechanisms. The net impact of climate change on geographical extinction risk nevertheless remains uncertain. Evidence of widespread climate‐driven extinctions and of potentially unidentified mechanisms exists in the fossil record. We quantify organism extinction risk across thermal habitats, estimated by paleoclimate reconstructions, over the past 300 million years. Extinction patterns at seven known events of rapid global warming (hyperthermals) differ significantly from typical patterns, resembling those driven by global geometry under simulated global warming. As isotherms move poleward with warming, the interaction between the geometry of the globe and the temperature‐latitude relationship causes an uneven loss of thermal habitat and a bimodal latitudinal distribution of extinctions. Genera with thermal optima warmer than ~21°C show raised extinction odds, while extinction odds continually increase for genera with optima below ~11°C. Genera preferring intermediate temperatures generally have no additional extinction risk during hyperthermals, except under extreme conditions as the end‐Permian mass extinction. Widespread present‐day climate‐driven range shifts indicate that occupancy loss is already underway. Given the most‐likely projections of modern warming, our model, validated by seven past hyperthermal events, indicates that sustained warming has the potential to annihilate cold‐water habitat and its endemic species completely within centuries.
Effects of hemodialysis with cooled dialysate on high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide
Authors: Bathish Younes , Beiruti Karine , Safadi Hussein , Nov Adi Sharabi , Bukovetzky Elena , Edelstein Michael , Halabi Majdi , Israeli Zeev
Published: July 2022

Background

Hemodialysis (HD) triggers recurrent and cumulative ischemic insults to the brain and the heart. Cooled dialysate may have a protective effect on major organs and improve hemodynamic tolerability of dialysis. The aim of the study was to compare HD with cooled dialysate with routine dialysis in terms of hemodynamic stability and levels of high‐sensitivity Troponin I (hs‐TnI) and N‐terminal pro b‐type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) pre and postdialysis.

Methods

The 45 patients were randomized into two groups. The first group received a 35.5°C dialysate first (hypothermic dialysis) and the second group a 36.5°C dialysate first (routine dialysis). Then groups crossed over, so each group received the alternate dialysate (self‐controls) For each patient, the first sample was collected at the beginning of dialysis, and a second sample was taken at the end of dialysis.

Results and conclusion

hs‐TnI and NTproBNP increased after routine HD by 10.7 ng\ml (p < 0.001) and (12.0 pg/μl) (p < 0.001), respectively, and by −3.1 ng\ml (p = 0.25) and (4.3 pg/μl) (p < 0.001), respectively after hypothermic HD. Our study results showed a tendency towards less rise in hsTnI and NTproBNP during hypothermic HD (35.5°C) as compared to routine HD (36.5°C). Neither arm experienced statistically significant changes in blood pressure. Further studies in larger cohorts and long follow up are warranted in order to confirm that lower rise in (hs‐TnI) and NTproBNP actually translate into lower clinical risk for cardiovascular events.
Primary headache disorders and body mass index categories: A systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis
Authors: Martami Fahimeh , Jayedi Ahmad , Shab‐Bidar Sakineh
Published: July 2022

Objective

We conducted a systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and primary headache disorder subtypes and to clarify the shape of this relationship.

Methods

PubMed and Scopus were searched from inception to September 2020. Observational studies reporting the risk estimates of primary headache disorders across categories of BMI were included. We restricted our systematic search to articles published in English. Meta‐analyses, reviews, letters to editor, case reports/case series, and abstracts with inadequate data were excluded. We used the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of the studies included in the meta‐analyses. One author extracted data from each study by using prespecified data extraction forms.

Results

In total, 41 observational studies investigating the association between BMI and different primary headache disorders with 154,044 cases and 792,500 participants were included. Among subtypes of headache disorders, the risk of migraine significantly increased in subjects who were either underweight or had obesity compared to those with normal BMI (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09–1.34, I2 = 6.2%; OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.15–1.43, I2 = 89.7%, respectively). However, there was limited evidence to support the association between BMI and the risk of other subtypes of primary headache disorders. A nonlinear association was found between BMI and migraine (p nonlinearity <0.0001), and the lowest risk was observed in BMI around 20 and increased at BMI values >29.

Conclusion

This meta‐analysis suggests through a nonlinear association an increased risk of migraine among individuals who are either underweight or obese. These results support the recommendation that headache disorders' prevention will benefit from weight control.
Combining ethnography and conversation analysis to explore interaction in dementia care settings
Authors: Chatwin John , Ludwin Katherine , Latham Isabelle
Published: July 2022

Background

It is well established that the actions and behaviour of care home workers are fundamental to the well‐being of the people they care for. They not only deliver basic care but through their day‐to‐day presence provide an underlying continuity for residents, many of whom will have dementia or other cognitive problems. This can have many positive psychological and social benefits. A variety of ethnographic approaches have been used to explore the broader social and cultural dimensions of dementia care work. Similarly, there is a growing body of work applying micro‐level approaches such as conversation analysis (CA) to describe the interactional mechanics of specific care skills.

Strategy

We outline what ethnography and CA are, how they work as stand‐alone methodologies and how they have been used in care work and dementia care settings. A working illustration is given of how the two approaches may be integrated.

Discussion

Dementia care workers occupy a uniquely tenuous sociopolitical and professional position within healthcare. If they are to progress to a more professional status there is a pressing need for standardized systems of training to be developed. As has been common practice in most other fully professionalized sectors of healthcare, this training needs to be backed up by an understanding of how effective care work is undertaken at the micro‐level. For it to be practically relevant to care workers it also needs to have been informed by the wider social context in which it occurs.

Conclusion

We argue that elements of ethnography and CA can be usefully combined to provide the fully contextualized micro‐level descriptions of care work practice that will be needed if current moves towards the greater professionalization of care work are to continue.

Patient or Public Contribution

The authors undertake a significant amount of Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement and study codesign with members of the public, care workers and people living with dementia. Our engagement work with care staff and family carers undertaken as part of a current National Institute for Health Research study exploring naturalistic care worker skills (see acknowledgements) has been particularly relevant in shaping this article.
Uterine tumours with myogenic differentiation harbouring SRF::RELA fusions
Authors: Li Yimin , Huang Dan , Bi Rui , Yao Qianlan , Ge Ling , Yu Lin , Zhou Xiaoyan , Yang Wentao
Published: July 2022

Aims

In 2017, a subset of cellular variants of myofibroma and myopericytoma with a smooth muscle‐like immunophenotype and harbouring recurrent SRF::RELA gene fusions was reported. Although the anatomical distribution was found to be quite broad, no tumours with these gene fusions in the female reproductive system have been illustrated to date.

Methods and results

Herein, we report the histological and immunophenotypical features of three uterine tumours with SRF::RELA gene fusions. Microscopically, all three tumours were composed of cellular oval to spindle cells arranged in intersecting fascicles with variable amounts of collagen and a rich capillary network. Mitotic figures were scant. Regarding immunohistochemistry, diffuse staining for desmin, oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor was observed in all three cases. The first case exhibited focal staining for h‐caldesmon, whereas the latter two cases had diffuse staining. Furthermore, SRF::RELA rearrangement was observed in all three cases by using next‐generation sequencing (NGS). Follow‐up, ranging from 11 to 15 months, was available for these three patients, all of whom were well without evidence of disease.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we reported a special group of uterine neoplasms with myogenic differentiation harbouring SRF::RELA rearrangement. Although the follow‐up time was limited, morphological characteristics and other studies with follow‐up data supported that this type of uterine neoplasm appeared to behave in a benign manner. Further studies with longer follow‐up are needed to clarify the biological nature of this particular type of uterine tumour.
Response to a crisis and applicant attraction: Signaling employer brand personality and organizational trust through warm and competent COVID‐19 responses
Authors: Kanwal Hira , Van Hoye Greet , Schollaert Eveline
Published: July 2022

This paper investigates how organizations' response to a crisis such as the COVID‐19 pandemic affects their employer attractiveness. Based on signaling theory, we argue that a COVID‐19 response can signal an organization's employer brand personality, positively affecting applicant attraction. We conducted two experimental studies with employed and unemployed UK participants through Prolific Academic. Both studies indicate that a warm COVID‐19 response leads to the highest employer attractiveness and job pursuit intentions, although a competent response was still more attractive than no response. Moreover, applicants use the warm and competent responses as signals of organizational warmth and competence respectively, building higher organizational trust. Limited support for the moderating role of applicants' personality was found. Implications during and beyond COVID‐19 are discussed.
Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Oral Health Literacy Assessment Task: Pathways between parental oral health literacy and oral health consequences in children
Authors: Buldur Burak , Oguz Esra
Published: July 2022

Background

Parental oral health literacy (OHL) is a determinant of oral health behavior and oral health status of children.

Aim

To delineate the pathways between parental OHL and oral health consequences in children and to validate the Turkish version of the Oral Health Literacy Assessment Task (TOHLAT‐P).

Design

This cross‐sectional study was conducted with 315 parent–child dyads. The TOHLAT‐P was psychometrically evaluated. Item analysis was performed to determine the reliability of the TOHLAT‐P. Construct validity was tested by comparing a commonly used instrument using Pearson's product–moment correlation coefficients. A path model was developed to evaluate associations between parental OHL and oral health consequences in children. The model consisted of five endogenous variables (parental oral health behaviors, children's oral health behaviors, children's dental anxiety, dental caries, and oral health‐related quality of life [OHRQoL]) and one exogenous variable (parental OHL). A path analysis was used to test the compatibility of the conceptual model, with a statistical significance of p < .001.

Results

There was a statistically significant association between parental oral health behaviors and children's oral health behaviors, and between dental caries and OHRQoL. The variable most directly affected by parental OHL was parental oral health behaviors, whereas the variable most indirectly affected by parental OHL was children's oral health behaviors.

Conclusions

The path analysis revealed significant associations between parental and children's oral health behaviors, and between dental caries and OHRQoL. Understanding these pathways is necessary to establish strategies to improve children's oral health. The TOHLAT‐P will be useful for future assessments of Turkish children.
Subtypes of work engagement in frontline supporting nurses during COVID‐19 pandemic: A latent profile analysis
Authors: Yin Yizhen , Lyu Mengmeng , Zuo Man , Yao Shuyu , Li Hui , Li Juan , Zhang Jie , Zhang Jingping
Published: July 2022

Aim

The aim was to examine the subgroups of work engagement in frontline nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Background

The pandemic may affect the work engagement of nurses who have direct contact with infected patients and lead to a poor quality of care. Identifying classification features of work engagement and tailoring interventions to support frontline nurses is imperative.

Design

This study utilized a cross‐sectional study design.

Methods

Three hundred fifty‐five nurses were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study from 14 February to 15 April 2020. A latent profile analysis was performed to identify classification features of work engagement. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine predictors of profile membership.

Results

A four‐profile model provided the best fit. The four profiles were titled ‘low work engagement’ (n = 99), ‘high vigour‐low dedication and absorption’ (n = 58), ‘moderate work engagement’ (n = 63) and ‘high work engagement’ (n = 135). A regression analysis suggested that young nurses and nurses who were the only children of their family were more likely to be in the ‘low work engagement’ and ‘high vigour‐low dedication and absorption’ groups.

Conclusion

This study highlights the importance of tailoring interventions for frontline supporting nurses by considering their distinct work engagement patterns, especially during the COVID‐19 pandemic, to improve the promotion of work satisfaction and quality of care.

Impact

This was the first study to explore the latent profiles of work engagement in frontline nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Over 40% of nurses were in the ‘low work engagement’ and ‘high vigour‐low dedication and absorption’ groups and reported low levels of work engagement. Understanding different patterns of work engagement in frontline nurses can help nursing managers provide emotional, material and organizational support based on the features of each latent profile, which may improve the quality of care and patient safety.
Assessment of melanoma thickness based on dermoscopy images: an open, web‐based, international, diagnostic study
Authors: Polesie S. , Gillstedt M. , Kittler H. , Rinner C. , Tschandl P. , Paoli J.
Published: July 2022

Background

Preoperative assessment of whether a melanoma is invasive or in situ (MIS) is a common task that might have important implications for triage, prognosis and the selection of surgical margins. Several dermoscopic features suggestive of melanoma have been described, but only a few of these are useful in differentiating MIS from invasive melanoma.

Objective

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate how accurately a large number of international readers, individually as well as collectively, were able to discriminate between MIS and invasive melanomas as well as estimate the Breslow thickness of invasive melanomas based on dermoscopy images. The secondary aim was to compare the accuracy of two machine learning convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and the collective reader response.

Methods

We conducted an open, web‐based, international, diagnostic reader study using an online platform. The online challenge opened on 10 May 2021 and closed on 19 July 2021 (71 days) and was advertised through several social media channels. The investigation included, 1456 dermoscopy images of melanomas (788 MIS; 474 melanomas ≤1.0 mm and 194 >1.0 mm). A test set comprising 277 MIS and 246 invasive melanomas was used to compare readers and CNNs.

Results

We analysed 22 314 readings by 438 international readers. The overall accuracy (95% confidence interval) for melanoma thickness was 56.4% (55.7%–57.0%), 63.4% (62.5%–64.2%) for MIS and 71.0% (70.3%–72.1%) for invasive melanoma. Readers accurately predicted the thickness in 85.9% (85.4%–86.4%) of melanomas ≤1.0 mm (including MIS) and in 70.8% (69.2%–72.5%) of melanomas >1.0 mm. The reader collective outperformed a de novo CNN but not a pretrained CNN in differentiating MIS from invasive melanoma.

Conclusions

Using dermoscopy images, readers and CNNs predict melanoma thickness with fair to moderate accuracy. Readers most accurately discriminated between thin (≤1.0 mm including MIS) and thick melanomas (>1.0 mm).
Multiple magnet ingestion in children: A problem on the rise
Authors: Seguier‐Lipszyc Emmanuelle , Samuk Inbal , Almog Anastasia , Silbermintz Ari , Kravarusic Dragan
Published: July 2022

Aim

Ingestion of multiple magnets is increasing these last 15 years in children. They have resulted in numerous reports of serious gastrointestinal complications such as bowel obstruction, ischaemia, necrosis, perforation and fistula formation and even led to death. The increasing number of world‐wide reports of complications secondary to magnet ingestion and a frequently delayed diagnosis point to a lack of awareness about these risks among medical care‐givers in our country and parents in general.

Methods

We reviewed retrospectively all cases of multiple magnet ingestion that required a gastro‐intestinal or surgical procedure for removal from 2009 to 2020.

Results

Five children underwent gastroscopy removal and three colonoscopy removal of the magnets. Five patients required surgical (laparotomy or laparoscopy) removal of multiple magnets with intestinal perforations.

Conclusions

We propose an updated management algorithm for multiple magnet ingestion to highlight awareness among primary physicians and parents of the presenting circumstances and symptoms as well as the potential complications associated with multiple magnet ingestion.
Proposal for the Sungminiaceae fam. nov. (Ralfsiales, Phaeophyceae) for Sungminia gen. nov. with three new species based on molecular and morphological analyses
Authors: Oteng'o Antony O. , Won Boo Y. , Cho Tae O.
Published: July 2022

Based on morphological and molecular analyses, five families have been recognized within the crustose brown algal order Ralfsiales. Our morphological and molecular sequence data were used to assess the establishment and phylogenetic relationship of Sungminia gen. nov. Phylogenies based on rbcL and concatenated rbcL and COI‐5P genes support the recognition of Sungminia composed of three distinct lineages, Sungminia gladiata sp. nov., S. pyriformis sp. nov., and S. asiatica sp. nov. We consider that the Sungminia group is clearly distinct at the family level and propose to place Sungminia in a new family, the Sungminiaceae fam. Nov. Our phylogenetic analyses show that the Sungminiaceae forms a strongly supported monophyletic clade with probable sister relationship to the Mesosporaceae. The Sungminiaceae is characterized by perithallial erect filaments moderately adhered, the rod‐shaped perithallial erect filaments, plurangia terminated with single sterile cell, and unangia terminally inserted on 1–2 celled stalk that is lateral‐basal or sessile to a paraphysis.
Quality assurance in health professions education: Role of accreditation and licensure
Authors: Amaral Eliana , Norcini John
Published: July 2022

Objective

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the major quality assurance strategies, accreditation and licensure, in health professions education. It explores the nature of these regulatory processes using Brazil and the United States as examples because these large systems are at different ends of the developmental continuum. For each, it describes the tensions that arise, offers a critical synthesis of the evidence and maps out future directions.

Results

Given wide variability among operating medical schools in curricular design, length of study, resources and facilities for clinical training and supervision, the nature of regulatory bodies varies considerably. Nonetheless, they share tensions related purpose and process including quality assurance versus quality improvement, outcomes versus process and continuous versus episodic evaluations and assessments. Clear evidence of effectiveness, especially for accreditation, is scarce and difficult to obtain, particularly as it relates to health outcomes.

Conclusions

Regulatory processes need to be built around clear definitions of the goals for each stage of professional development, the current movement towards competency‐based education and the variable durations of medical education. These changes must motivate revisions in the content and process of programmes for accreditation and licensure, complimentary efforts towards quality of care, and stimulate a significant research effort.
Transcriptome analyses unveiled differential regulation of AGO and DCL genes by pepino mosaic virus strains
Authors: Alcaide Cristina , Donaire Livia , Aranda Miguel A.
Published: July 2022

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is a single‐stranded (ss), positive‐sense (+) RNA potexvirus that affects tomato crops worldwide. We have described an in planta antagonistic interaction between PepMV isolates of two strains in which the EU isolate represses the accumulation of the CH2 isolate during mixed infections. Reports describing transcriptomic responses to mixed infections are scant. We carried out transcriptomic analyses of tomato plants singly and mixed‐infected with two PepMV isolates of both strains. Comparison of the transcriptomes of singly infected plants showed that deeper transcriptomic alterations occurred at early infection times, and also that each of the viral strains modulated the host transcriptome differentially. Mixed infections caused transcriptomic alterations similar to those for the sum of single infections at early infection times, but clearly differing at later times postinfection. We next tested the hypothesis that PepMV‐EU, in either single or mixed infections, deregulates host gene expression differentially so that virus accumulation of both strains gets repressed. That seemed to be the case for the genes AGO1a, DCL2d, AGO2a, and DCL2b, which are involved in the antiviral silencing pathway and were upregulated by PepMV‐EU but not by PepMV‐CH2 at early times postinfection. The pattern of AGO2a expression was validated by reverse transcription‐quantitative PCR in tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Using an N. benthamiana ago2 mutant line, we showed that AGO2 indeed plays an important role in the antiviral defence against PepMV, but it is not the primary determinant of the outcome of the antagonistic interaction between the two PepMV strains.
Declining global leaf nitrogen content: smart resource use by flexible plants?
Authors: Smith Benjamin
Published: July 2022

This article is a Commentary on Dong et al. (2022), 235: 1692–1700.
Spinal disorders and mastication: The potential relationship between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and alterations of the chewing patterns
Authors: Piancino Maria Grazia , Tortarolo Alessandro , Macdonald Francesco , Garagiola Umberto , Nucci Ludovica , Brayda‐Bruno Marco
Published: July 2022

Objective

To evaluate mastication in a group of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with a control group, by means of the prevalence of reverse chewing cycles (RCCs).

Material and Methods

This study included a group of patients (N = 32; F = 24; M = 8; mean age ± SD = 14 ± 3 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of AIS and a group of control subjects (N = 32; F = 24; M = 8; mean age ± SD = 13 ± 6 years) without spinal disorders. Mastication was recorded with both a hard and a soft bolus, following a standardized protocol, and the prevalence of RCCs was compared between the groups.

Results

The prevalence of RCCs was significantly higher in the AIS group, with both a soft and a hard bolus, compared to the control group (P < .001).

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that the presence of AIS influences mastication, one of the main functions of the stomatognathic system. A multidisciplinary approach to these patients may be relevant in providing the best possible treatment outcomes.
La syntopie
Authors: Jakubczuk Renata , Wołowski Witold
Published: July 2022

Le présent article – focalisé sur l’écriture théâtrale de deux auteurs belges (Paul Willems et Paul Emond) – se compose de deux volets. D’abord, il propose la notion de syntopie, terme désignant une sélection (synthèse spatiale) de lieux, d’objets, de personnes et de processus pour/dans la composition d’une œuvre fictionnelle, opération qui peut correspondre, dans certains cas, à la cartographie cognitive d’un auteur déterminé. Dans un second temps, l’article analyse les deux pièces choisies (Il pleut dans ma maison et Il y a des anges qui dansent sur le lac), en mettant en évidence les analogies frappantes qu’elles présentent au niveau de l’arrangement spatial.
Experience of ethical dilemmas among professionals working in pediatric transplantation: An international survey
Authors: Arslan Zainab , Hennessy Jack , McCulloch Mignon I. , Dipchand Anne I. , Lefkowitz Debra S. , Marks Stephen D.
Published: July 2022

Background

Professionals working in pediatric transplantation commonly encounter complex ethical dilemmas. Most ethical research in transplantation is related to adult practice. We aimed to gain insight into ethical issues faced by transplant professionals when dealing with pediatric transplant recipients.

Methods

A two‐stage study was designed; the first part was a questionnaire completed by 190 (80%) members of the International Pediatric Transplant Association (IPTA) from over 30 different countries. This was followed by a multidisciplinary focus group that explored the preliminary data of the survey.

Results

A total of 38% (56 of 149) respondents of the questionnaire had experienced an ethical issue between 2016 and 2018. Surgeons were more likely to have encountered an ethical issue as compared with physicians (60% vs. 35.7%, p = .035). Clinicians from Europe were more likely to have experienced an ethical issue in living organ donation compared with those from North America (78.9% vs. 52.5%, p = .005), with common ethical concerns being psychosocial evaluation and follow‐up care of donors. The focus group highlighted the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to ethical issues.

Conclusion

The results of this study can direct future research into pediatric transplantation ethics with the aim of producing educational resources, policies, and ethical guidelines.
Aid worker adaptability in humanitarian operations: Interplay of prosocial motivation and authoritarian leadership
Authors: Salem Mojtaba , Van Quaquebeke Niels , Besiou Maria
Published: July 2022

Many field office leaders contend that authoritarian leadership improves the performance of humanitarian operations. The common narrative is that authoritarian leadership helps aid workers more quickly adapt to changes and thus deliver better job performance (e.g., by improving operations in their field office). However, given that field reports often highlight extant leadership as the source of serious operational failures, could leaders with an authoritarian style be part of the problem? We draw on psychological theorizing on the nature of human motivation to address this question. Specifically, we note that many aid workers primarily join humanitarian operations with the prosocial motive to help beneficiaries. While proactive adaptability is inherent to prosocial motivation, we hypothesize that authoritarian leadership may curtail the relationship by impeding aid workers’ autonomy. We find support for our theorizing in a sample of 299 humanitarian aid workers from the field. Additionally, we conducted 31 expert interviews to contextualize and validate our empirical findings. The paper concludes by discussing the findings’ theoretical and managerial implications for humanitarian operations.
Probabilistic selling in vertically differentiated markets: The role of substitution
Authors: He Ying , Rui Huaxia
Published: July 2022

This paper studies two fundamental questions regarding probabilistic selling in vertically differentiated markets: When is it profitable and how does one design it optimally? For the first question, we identify an important but overlooked economic mechanism driving probabilistic selling in vertically differentiated markets: the convexity of consumer preferences. In stark contrast to the literature finding that probabilistic selling is never profitable except in the presence of certain capacity constraint or consumer bounded rationality, we find that with many alternative utility functions capable of representing convex preference, probabilistic selling is always profitable. For the second question, we study the optimal strategy of probabilistic selling, including the design and price of the probabilistic good and the prices of the component goods. We show that under some technical conditions, the optimal price of the high‐quality component good increases while the optimal price of the low‐quality component good decreases upon the introduction of probabilistic selling, thereby increasing the market coverage and the economic efficiency without launching an actual new product line. To further illustrate the design of probabilistic selling, we use an example based on the canonical utility function, which is widely used in the economics literature on vertical product differentiation. We derive a closed‐form solution to the problem of optimal probabilistic selling. We also take advantage of the analytical tractability of the canonical utility to further explore the design of multiple probabilistic goods.
Retrospective evaluation of jugular venous blood variables and mortality in critically ill hospitalized cats
Authors: Donati Pablo A. , Rabelo Rodrigo Cardoso , Araos Joaquin , Tunesi Marcela , Mouly Javier , Londoño Leonel , Jensen Mario , Dubin Arnaldo
Published: July 2022

Objective

To evaluate clinicopathological variables associated with hospital mortality in critically ill cats with compromised hemodynamics and tissue hypoperfusion.

Design

Retrospective observational study.

Setting

Private referral center.

Animals

Fifty‐seven critically ill cats with compromised hemodynamics or tissue hypoperfusion.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

The electronic medical records were searched for all cats admitted from June 2014 to November 2020. Cats were included in the study if the medical records clearly identified the presence of compromised hemodynamics and tissue hypoperfusion. Blood samples were obtained by percutaneous puncture of the external jugular vein, and blood gases, electrolytes, L‐lactate concentration, and glucose were measured by a point‐of‐care analyzer. A predictive logistic regression model for mortality was performed. A total of 57 cats were ultimately included in the study. Thirty‐five cats died. Eighteen of them were euthanized because of the severity of illness, and 17 died naturally. Twenty‐two cats were discharged alive from the hospital. After adjusting for the Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLE) fast score and disease category, jugular venous partial pressure of oxygen (Pvjo2) and HCT at admission were independent predictors of hospital mortality (HCT: odds ratio [OR], 0.763, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.625–0.930; P = 0.008; Pjvo2: OR, 0.858; 95% CI: 0.749–0.984; P = 0.029). The association of these variables with mortality was maintained after conducting a sensitivity analysis and excluding cats that died by euthanasia.

Conclusions

In cats with hemodynamic instability and tissue hypoperfusion, HCT and Pvjo2 behaved as independent predictors of mortality. Both variables seem to reflect the magnitude of oxygen debt and tissue hypoperfusion.