bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood oxygenation level dependent, blood volume, and blood flow responses to carbogen and hypoxic hypoxia in 9L rat gliomas as measured by MRI
Authors: Jerome Neil P. , Hekmatyar S. Khan , Kauppinen Risto A.
Published: July 2014

Purpose

To study vascular responsiveness to hypoxia and hypercarbia together with vessel size index (VSI) in a 9L rat glioma (n = 11) using multimodal MRI.

Materials and Methods

VSI was determined using T2 and MRI following AMI‐227 contrast agent. Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal response was determined using T2 EPI MRI, blood volume changes using AMI‐227 and blood flow by means of continuous arterial spin labeling.

Results

VSI in the cortex, tumor rim, and core of 2.2 ± 1.0, 18.2 ± 5.4, and 23.9 ± 14.7 μm, respectively, showing a larger average vessel size in glioma than in the brain parenchyma. BOLD and blood volume signal changes to hypoxia and hypercapnia were much more profound in the tumor rim than the core. Hypoxia led to rim BOLD signal change that was larger in amplitude and it attained the low value much faster than either core or brain cortex. The vasculature in the rim appears more responsive to respiratory challenges in terms of volume adaptation than the core. Blood flow values within the gliomas were much lower than in the contralateral brain. Neither hypercarbia nor hypoxia had an effect on the tumor blood flow.

Conclusion

Vascular responses of 9L gliomas to respiratory challenge, in particular hypoxia, are heterogeneous between the core and rim zones, potentially offering a means to classify and separate intratumor tissues with differing hemodynamic characteristics. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:110–119. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The differential aeration cell and the corrosion paradox
Authors: Msallamová Š. , Novák P. , Kouřil M. , Stoulil J.
Published: July 2014

Steel with a low volume of both anolyte and catholyte was used for monitoring of steel electrode corrosion rates under conditions in the environment of a differential aeration cell under the conditions of both stagnating and exchanging electrolyte. A 3% NaCl solution was used as the electrolyte. A low content of oxygen near the anode was ensured by purging the solution with nitrogen while a high content of oxygen near the cathode was obtained by saturating the solution with oxygen. All experiments were performed for 72 h. Corrosion rates of steel electrodes were identified by using the weight loss method in comparison with the resistometric method. The corrosion rate of an aerated electrode drops in stagnating electrolyte to a hundredth of millimetre per year (0.01 mm/a) as a result of the catholyte alkalization and subsequent surface passivation, and that it is lower than the corrosion rate of a non‐aerated electrode (0.12 mm/a). In a stagnating solution, the catholyte is alkalized (pH 11) whereas acidification of the anolyte is negligible. In the case of continuous exchange of the aerated catholyte and the oxygen‐depleted anolyte in the environment of a differential aeration cell, the cathode's corrosion rate is up to seven times higher (0.7 mm/a) than the corrosion rate of the anode (0.1 mm/a). The difference between the electrodes' corrosion rates is given by the IR drop in the electrolyte between the cathode and anode. It was experimentally proved that in the case of continuous electrolyte exchange in the differential aeration cell the cathode corrodes faster than the anode and that no corrosion paradox is observed.
Flow Induced Crystallization of Poly(ether‐block‐amide) from the Microinjection Molding Process and its Effect on Mechanical Properties
Authors: Zhang Nan , Choi Seong Ying , Gilchrist Michael D.
Published: July 2014

Crystallization during microinjection molding is investigated relative to process conditions. Modulus and hardness of the skin layer are higher than the core layer, regardless of core structure. Young's modulus, strain at break and yield stress all increase with an increase of skin ratio. The relationship between process, morphology and mechanical properties is studied for micro products. By using in‐line process monitoring, flow induced crystallization is characterized by shear stress and apparent specific work. Shear stress is shown to be a good candidate to characterize the formation of highly oriented structures under actual microinjection molding processes. This may provide a method for in‐line control of morphology development, and then final properties, by controlling the flow conditions.
Mietpreisniveaus verschiedener Eigentümergruppen – Standortspezifische Betrachtungen vor dem Hintergrund der Internationalisierung der Wohnungswirtschaft
Authors: Hennig Anne
Published: July 2014

Do flats owned by financial investors have a level of rents deviating from the mean? On the basis of characteristics and rental prices of flats ascertained by a written survey and on the assignment of local comparative rent levels, the investigation in this paper involved a comparative cross-sectional analysis of the rental price setting by various groups of owners at three selected sites with the presence of new types of investors. These sites are located in Dresden, Lübeck and Wuppertal. For them, it can for the first time be shown that, contrary to widespread assumptions, for the flats owned by financial investors, rental levels are not significantly higher than the average rent price levels. Rather, evidence was found showing that other groups of owners demanded levels of rent which deviated significantly from the grand mean, and thus that there was an influence of certain groups of owners on the rent price level. These general results could be confirmed by the observation of new rental contracts and on-site investigations. In the present analysis, the varying characteristics of particular rental units, which determine the residential value and have a primary effect on the rent level, were taken into account, using the hedonic approach.
Phylogeny and taxonomy ofStaurothele(Verrucariaceae, lichenized ascomycetes) from the karst of northern Vietnam
Authors: GUEIDAN Cécile , VAN DO Truong , LU Ngan Thi
Published: July 2014

The crustose genusStaurothele(Verrucariaceae, Ascomycota) is a common component of the lichen flora from subneutral to alkaline silicate rocks in temperate to cold-temperate climates. Our field study in the karst system of northern Vietnam showed that it is also common on dry to humid limestone in the wet tropics. Molecular data revealed that species ofStaurothelefrom Vietnam belong to an unnamed clade sister to the genusEndocarpon, together with the tropical Australian speciesStaurothele pallidoporaandStaurothele diffractella, a North American species recently transferred toEndocarponbased on molecular data. The genusWilleyais here resurrected for this clade of crustose epilithicStaurothelewith pale ascospores. Eight new combinations are proposed and three new species ofWilleyaare described from Vietnam. Sampling tropical members of a lichen family previously mostly known from temperate areas contributed significantly to improving its generic classification.
DECENTRALISED GOVERNANCE AS SITES FOR SELF-FORMATION: A COMPARISON OF PRACTICES OF WELFARE DISTRIBUTION IN TELANGANA, INDIA, AND CENTRAL LOMBOK, INDONESIA
Authors: Jakimow Tanya
Published: July 2014

Studies that examine the effects of decentralisation for social change or stasis have placed necessary attention on its institutional dynamics: the ways social institutions have transformed as a result of new governance regimes, or alternatively, how the existing institutional context and attendant power relations determine its actualisation. The second facet of the structure/agency dialectic is often overlooked however, that is, the actors themselves. This article seeks to overcome this lacuna by exploring the effects of citizens' engagement in practices associated with decentralised governance for individuals' understandings of self, society, and their relationship with the state. A comparison of two villages in Telangana, India, and Central Lombok, Indonesia reveals how differences in the distribution of welfare benefits have implications for the potential of such interactions to be sites of creative self-formation. Differences such as the regularity and ability to demand entitlements, preferential versus equal access to resources, and the levels at which citizens engage with the state, may be crucial for processes of subjectification, and by extension, social transformation.
MAHJONG AND URBAN LIFE: INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, COLLECTIVE INTERESTS, AND CITY IMAGE IN POST-MAO CHINA
Authors: Wang Di
Published: July 2014

Through an examination of issues arising from mahjong playing, this article explores changes in daily life and popular culture at the turn of the twenty-first century and argues that these changes reflect political, economic, social, and cultural transformations, in which conflicts between individual rights and collective interests have become increasingly prominent. This study discusses issues relating to mahjong from stories at four different levels: individual, community, the city, and the nation, which, respectively, look at conflicts among neighbors, examine the role of the Residential Committee in the neighborhood, observe the responses of the municipal government and official media to the city's image, and reveal the dilemma when the socialist state confronts mahjong issues. From the specific issues arising from mahjong, we can see how the new culture of the market economy in today's China coexists with elements from a more traditional lifestyle.
Die Bedeutung von Stressbewältigungsstrategien für die Aufrechterhaltung einer depressiven Störung bei weiblichen Jugendlichen
Authors: Schmidt-Gies Ulrike , Läßle Reinhold
Published: July 2014

Die Studie untersucht, welche Stressverarbeitungsstrategien bei weiblichen Jugendlichen mit einer depressiven Störung vorliegen und welche am meisten zur Aufrechterhaltung der depressiven Störung beitragen. 148 weibliche Jugendliche wurden zu zwei Messzeitpunkten, die 6 Monate auseinander lagen, untersucht. 74 erfüllten zum ersten Messzeitpunkt die DSMIV Kriterien für eine Major Depression. Verwendet wurden das Depressionsinventar und der Stressverarbeitungsfragebogen für Kinder und Jugendliche. Der Querschnittsvergleich zwischen klinischer Gruppe und Kontrollgruppe ohne Depression zeigte, dass Mädchen mit einer depressiven Störung vorwiegend destruktive Verhaltensweisen zur Stressverarbeitung einsetzen. Eine Regressionsanalyse ergab, dass die Stressverarbeitungsstrategie „Situationskontrolle” die Aufrechterhaltung der depressiven Verstimmung zusätzlich vorhersagt, wenn für die Ausgangsdepressivität kontrolliert wird. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Stabilität einer vorhandenen depressiven Störung, deuten aber auch auf ein kleines Vorhersagepotenzial von Stressbewältigungsstrategien hin.
Der Einfluss von situativer Angst auf die soziale Performanz und Selbstbewertung von Kindern mit sozialen Ängsten
Authors: Asbrand Julia , Krämer Martina , Tuschen-Caffier Brunna , Schmitz Julian
Published: July 2014

Theoretischer Hintergrund: Studien zu sozialen Fertigkeiten und der Selbstbewertung von Kindern mit sozialen Ängsten zeigen ein heterogenes Bild. Fragestellung: Als ein möglicherweise wichtiger, jedoch bisher unbeachteter Einflussfaktor für die Erklärung dieser inkonsistenten Befunde wird die situative Angst während sozialer Situationen untersucht. Methode: Kinder mit hoher/niedriger sozialer Angst (HSA/NSA, je n=20) absolvierten zwei sozial-evaluative Aufgaben. Soziale Performanz, Selbsteinschätzungen sowie situative Angst wurden erfasst. Ergebnisse: HSA-Kinder zeigten eine verminderte soziale Performanz im Vergleich zur NSA-Gruppe in beiden Aufgaben (ηp2=.234). In beiden Gruppen verringerte sich die situative Angst über die Aufgaben hinweg (ηp2=.143), während sich die Selbstbewertungen parallel verbesserten (ηp2=.376) und einen hohen Zusammenhang zur situativen Angst zeigten. Schlussfolgerungen: Angstexposition und -habituation haben somit möglicherweise einen direkten positiven Einfluss auf die Selbstbewertungen von HSA Kindern. Für den Aufbau sozialer Fertigkeiten bei HSA-Kindern sind wahrscheinlich gezielte Interventionen nötig.
Copper-catalysed direct radical alkenylation of alkyl bromides
Authors: Zhang Xu , Yi Hong , Liao Zhixiong , Zhang Guoting , Fan Chao , Qin Chu , Liu Jie , Lei Aiwen
Published: July 2014

A copper-catalysed direct radical alkenylation of benzyl bromides and α-carbonyl alkyl bromides has been developed. Compared with recent radical alkenylations which mostly focused on secondary or tertiary alkyl halides, this transformation shows good reactivity towards primary alkyl halides and tertiary/secondary alkyl halides are also tolerated.
Photo-responsive [2]catenanes: synthesis and properties
Authors: Li Ziyong , Hu Fang , Liu Guoxing , Xue Wen , Chen Xiaoqiang , Liu Sheng Hua , Yin Jun
Published: July 2014

A series of novel dithienylethene-based macrocycles containing ammonium moieties has been synthesized.
High efficiency non-dopant blue organic light-emitting diodes based on anthracene-based fluorophores with molecular design of charge transport and red-shifted emission proof
Authors: Wu Cheng-Lung , Chang Che-Hong , Chang Yung-Ting , Chen Chin-Ti , Chen Chao-Tsen , Su Chi-Jung
Published: July 2014

Charge transport bearing 9,10-diphenylanthracene derivatives for true blue and efficiency enhancing electroluminance.
Travelling wave dipolophoresis of ideally polarizable nano-particles with overlapping electric double layers in cylindrical pores
Authors: Miloh Touvia , Boymelgreen Alicia
Published: July 2014

We provide a general integral formulation for the dipolophoretic transport of a polarizable colloid in a likewise polarizable nanochannel which takes into account electric double layer (EDL) overlap between the channel walls and resultant background flow as well as the overlap between the wall EDL and that of the particle. The analysis is based on extension of the Lorentz reciprocal theorem for Stokes flows and necessitates the solving of two auxiliary problems; the background induced-charge electroosmotic flow in the channel and the Stokesian motion of a nanoparticle under confinement. To demonstrate our general methodology, we provide a closed form analytical solution for the specific case of a polarizable spherical colloid, located at the axis of a cylindrical nanopore whose walls are subject to a travelling-wave alternating-current electric signal. We quantify the level of EDL overlap via the introduction of a new parameter, ξ which represents the undefined ionic density at the centerline under Boltzmann distribution and depends on the EDL thickness, λ0. Both the background electroosmotic flow and the phoretic velocity of the particle are found to be a function of the frequency of the applied field, while displaying distinct dispersion characteristics. In the thin EDL limit, maximum velocity and mass transport are obtained in the kilo-Hertz range.
Periodic trajectories in aeolian sand transport
Authors: Jenkins J. T. , Valance A.
Published: July 2014

We develop a simple model for steady, uniform transport in aeolian saltation over a horizontal bed that is based on the computation of periodic particle trajectories in a turbulent shearing flow. The wind and the particles interact through drag, and the particles collide with the bed. We consider collisions with both rigid and erodible beds. The impact velocity in a periodic trajectory over a rigid bed is unconstrained, while that over an erodible bed must have a value that produces a single rebounding particle. The difference in the nature of the collisions results in qualitative differences in the nature of the solutions for the periodic trajectories and, in particular, to differences in the dependence of the particle flow rate on the strength of the turbulent shearing.
The operation cutoff frequency of high electron mobility transistor measured by terahertz method
Authors: Zhu Y. M. , Zhuang S. L.
Published: July 2014

Commonly, the cutoff frequency of high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) can be measured by vector network analyzer (VNA), which can only measure the sample exactly in low frequency region. In this paper, we propose a method to evaluate the cutoff frequency of HEMT by terahertz (THz) technique. One example shows the cutoff frequency of our HEMT is measured at ∼95.30 GHz, which is reasonable agreement with that estimated by VNA. It is proved THz technology a potential candidate for the substitution of VNA for the measurement of high-speed devices even up to several THz.
Magnetic domain structure along hysteresis loop of perpendicularly magnetized Co layers
Authors: Belhi R. , Fassatoui A. , Adanlété Adjanoh A. , Abdelmoula K.
Published: July 2014

We present an experimental study of the magnetization reversal in Au/Co layers with perpendicular anisotropy versus variable magnetic field. Changes in domain structure were recorded simultaneously with the measurement of the hysteresis loop by a Kerr microscope in polar configuration. The magnetization reversal is performed by domain wall propagation in the two-way up to down and inversely. In addition, it was shown experimentally that the evolution of the domain structure is almost the same along both branches of the hysteresis loop. The magnetization reversal is always triggered at the same places of the sample independently of the applied magnetic field direction.
Plasmonic materials based on ZnO films and their potential for developing broadband middle-infrared absorbers
Authors: Kesim Yunus E. , Battal Enes , Okyay Ali K.
Published: July 2014

Noble metals such as gold and silver have been extensively used for plasmonic applications due to their ability to support plasmons, yet they suffer from high intrinsic losses. Alternative plasmonic materials that offer low loss and tunability are desired for a new generation of efficient and agile devices. In this paper, atomic layer deposition (ALD) grown ZnO is investigated as a candidate material for plasmonic applications. Optical constants of ZnO are investigated along with figures of merit pertaining to plasmonic waveguides. We show that ZnO can alleviate the trade-off between propagation length and mode confinement width owing to tunable dielectric properties. In order to demonstrate plasmonic resonances, we simulate a grating structure and computationally demonstrate an ultra-wide-band (4–15 μm) infrared absorber.
Rhizobial homologs of the fatty acid transporter FadL facilitate perception of long-chain acyl-homoserine lactone signals
Authors: Krol Elizaveta , Becker Anke
Published: July 2014

Significance

Bacterial intercellular communication is crucial for developing population and community structures and for pathogenic and symbiotic interactions with eukaryotic hosts. Many Gram-negative bacteria use N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) in quorum sensing-related signaling. Although it is likely that specific transport mechanisms are required for long-chain AHLs to overcome the outer membrane, mechanisms promoting uptake have not been reported so far. Here we present evidence that homologs of the outer membrane long-chain fatty acid transporter FadL facilitate uptake of long-chain AHLs, which closes an important gap in our understanding of quorum sensing signaling. Our findings suggest that bacteria responding to long-chain AHLs have evolved specificity of FadL toward these signal molecules and have partly lost the ability to transport long-chain fatty acid by this protein.
Ras transformation uncouples the kinesin-coordinated cellular nutrient response
Authors: Zaganjor Elma , Weil Lauren M. , Gonzales Joshua X. , Minna John D. , Cobb Melanie H.
Published: July 2014

Significance

The kinesin family member 2C (KIF2C) that regulates microtubule depolymerization, is up-regulated in a number of human cancer cells in a Ras- and ERK1/2-dependent manner. In this study, we find that KIF2C expression positively regulates signaling pathways downstream of Ras, ERK1/2, and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 in nontransformed cells to coordinate a cellular nutrient response. Transformation by oncogenic Ras overrides the need for this level of organization and repurposes ERK1/2 and KIF2C signaling events. Therefore, this study provides a link for how cytoskeletal transformation may interconnect with cancer metabolism.
Livestock in the Food Debate
Authors: Mehta-Bhatt Purvi , Ficarelli Pier Paolo
Published: July 2014

Livestock is an integral part of agriculture and a prominent source of food. It contributes 40% of the global value of agricultural output and supports the livelihoods and food security of almost a billion people, especially in developing countries. There is nothing new in amalgamation of farm animals in agriculture system, but the debate questioning its existence and relevance is a rather new drift. The politics, the climate debate, the nutrition debate around livestock sector, especially levitating from industrial countries, needs to be sympathetic toward the millions of people, especially in developing countries, that continue to remain dependent on livestock as an important, or often the only, source of livelihood. This chapter looks at the diverse livestock agriculture systems in industrial and less developed countries and it’s policy implications. It re-examines the prevailing debates such as, the heat and meat debate, the zoonotic disease discussions, the debate on ethics around animal-source food and the debate of over- and undernutrition. The authors take a balanced view on the pros and cons of livestock sector, considering the global debates, but at the same time, looking at livestock sector’s socioeconomic and nutrition value for the poor. Take a global view, debate, campaign but don’t forget to also look at the sector from livelihood and food-security angle. The underline message of the chapter is to call for a bounteous outlook, evidence-based debate and equable policies.
Familial Factors Influencing Offspring Substance Use and Dependence
Authors: Chassin Laurie , Haller Moira , Lee Matthew , Handley Elizabeth , Bountress Kaitlin , Beltran Iris
Published: July 2014

This chapter reviews evidence concerning familial influences on the development of offspring substance use disorders (SUDs). Familial influences are diverse and operate on multiple levels, including heritable individual differences, parent–child relationships, parenting practices (both general and substance use-specific), sibling influences, and the effects of the broader family environment. Moreover, familial factors both influence and interact with other social contextual influences on offspring substance use outcomes, including peer groups, schools, and neighborhoods. Thus, familial influences operate across development, on multiple levels, and within complex, multivariate, mediated, and moderated pathways to influence offspring substance use outcomes from initial substance use onset to the remediation of clinical SUDs.
Using Learning Path Research to Balance Mathematics Education
Authors: Fuson Karen C. , Murata Aki , Abrahamson Dor
Published: July 2014

This chapter is an overview of central research-based perspectives that support teaching-learning for understanding and for fluency. We summarize the Class Learning Path Model that integrates two theoretical foci – a Piagetian focus on learning and a Vygotskiian focus on teaching – and specifies phases in learning that reflect Vygotsky’s assertion about the move from spontaneous to scientific concepts. Major aspects of the model were drawn from national research-based reports. This model connects understanding and fluency with a focus on mathematically important but also accessible methods in the middle and on maths drawings and other supports for understanding these methods. Such methods can be generated by students and can bridge from less-advanced student methods to formal methods that are unnecessarily complex. For three maths domains in Grades Kindergarten through Grade 6, we illustrate and discuss methods in the middle and drawings (diagrams) that support these methods: problem solving and especially the full range of word problem situations with each quantity the unknown; multidigit addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; and ratio and proportion. Central features of the Common Core State Standards Mathematical Practices (CCSSO/NGA 2010) in these domains are identified, and how these can support understanding and fluency are briefly discussed. Further aspects of how the pedagogical supports help students move through the Class Learning Path in their own individual ways, and implications for research and for designing maths programmes are then discussed.
Monkey Mathematical Abilities
Authors: Beran Michael J. , Perdue Bonnie M. , Evans Theodore A.
Published: July 2014

Monkeys are mathematicians, albeit imprecise ones. Comparative research has illustrated that monkeys use quantitative and numerical information, and this chapter outlines many of those findings. We begin with an historical summary of work with primates in assessing the role that number plays in these animals’ lives. We then focus on the question of whether primates can count and can use symbols to represent numerical information. Evidence for counting is limited, but they can make judgments of ordered magnitudes, and they can learn to associate symbols with various quantities and numbers of items. They do this through a form of analogue magnitude estimation in which increasingly larger numbers of items are represented less and less precisely. They do this using many of the same neural structures that underlie varying types of numerical competence in humans, thereby illustrating an evolutionary progression of mathematical skills in the order Primates.
Genetic Developmental Disorders and Numerical Competence across the Lifespan
Authors: Van Herwegen Jo , Karmiloff-Smith Annette
Published: July 2014

Due to their frequent uneven cognitive profiles, genetic developmental disorders allow researchers to investigate which numerical sub-system of those present in typically developing infants best predicts subsequent numerical abilities. More importantly, they can provide evidence of which other cognitive abilities outside number are necessary for the successful development of these numerical sub-systems. We discuss evidence from cross-syndrome comparisons of adults, adolescents, children, and infants with Williams syndrome and those with Down syndrome to show that the approximate magnitude sub-system is crucial for later number development. In addition, we show that specific problems outside the number domain, and within basic-level visual and attention systems contribute to an explanation of the difficulties and proficiencies observed within each genetic disorder. Finally, we argue that a truly developmental approach is critical when using the cross-syndrome design in order to reveal subtle differences that impact over time on the development of cognitive abilities.
Behavioural Genomics of Mathematics
Authors: Tosto Maria G. , Haworth Claire M.A. , Kovas Yulia
Published: July 2014

This chapter evaluates the contribution of behavioral genetics to the understanding of mathematical development. Quantitative genetic methods are introduced first and are followed by a review of the existing literature on the relative contribution of genes and environments to variation in mathematical ability at different ages and in different populations. The etiology of any observed sex differences in mathematics is also discussed. The chapter reviews literature on multivariate twin research into the etiological links between mathematics and other areas of cognition and achievement; between mathematical ability and disability; and between mathematical achievement and mathematical motivation. In the molecular genetic section, the few molecular genetic studies that have specifically explored mathematical abilities are presented. The chapter concludes by outlining future directions of behavioral genetic research into mathematical learning and potential implications of this research.
Systematic Development of Vocal Technique
Authors: Nix John
Published: July 2014

The acquisition of singing technique and the development of artistry are methodical processes. Teachers of singing must respect a hierarchy in developing a singer’s voice, as each aspect of technique builds upon and interacts with previous ones. Optimal technique is built through efficient use of the body, the careful design and usage of vocalises, the selection of appropriate repertoire, and the optimal structuring of practice sessions. Teaching technique is facilitated by employing knowledge drawn from voice physiology, voice acoustics, voice development/maturation, exercise physiology, and motor learning, all of which are used in combination with an experienced, discerning ear. Teachers must individualize training for each singer based on the strengths and weaknesses of the student and upon his or her learning style. This chapter describes the integration of these elements into an effective, evidence-based singing pedagogy.
The Impact of Location on the Singing Voice
Authors: Jers Harald
Published: July 2014

Every solo or choral singer has experienced differences between various performance venues that strongly depend on the acoustics of the spaces themselves. This has a direct influence both on the musical performance on stage and its perception by the audience. Singers often report that the interactions between performing musicians and their ability to hear each other change when they move from the rehearsal room to the concert venue. The acoustic influence of the room might provide inspiration for changing details of the music interpretation; but it might also damage the communication between musicians during the performance. This chapter focuses on the acoustic impact of being in a room on the singing voice during a rehearsal or concert.
Ethics in Relation to Economics, Ecology, and Eschatology
Authors: Daly Herman
Published: July 2014

Ethics is putting first things first and then acting accordingly in concrete situations. It presupposes both the efficacy of purpose and knowing good from bad purposes. It also presupposes knowledge of how the world works in specific areas, in order to achieve good purposes and avoid perverse unintended consequences. The specific areas considered are economics and ecology. Enlightenment regarding first things is sought partly in the theological doctrine of last things, eschatology.
Conducting Ethical Economic Research
Authors: Alderman Harold , Das Jishnu , Rao Vijayendra
Published: July 2014

This chapter discusses practical issues confronted when conducting surveys as well as designing appropriate field trials. First, we look at the challenge of ensuring transparency while maintaining confidentiality. Second, we explore the role of trust in light of asymmetric information held by the surveyor and by the respondents as well as the latter’s expectations as to what their participation will set in motion. We present case studies relevant to both of these issues. Finally, we discuss the role of ethical review from the perspective of research conducted through the World Bank.
Neoclassical Economics as the New Social Engineering
Authors: Ellerman David
Published: July 2014

This chapter compares the role of neoclassical economics in trying to socially engineer the shock therapy post-socialist transition in the former Soviet Union with the robust pragmatism and incrementalism of the Chinese transition to a market economy. The Chinese transition was a success and the Russian transition a debacle—in both cases, of historic proportions. The problem lies not only in the lack of accountability of the elite Western advisors and advisory institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, but in the whole orientation of neoclassical economics as the new “scientific” basis for social engineering on a vast scale.
How Can We Better Address the Gaps in our Knowledge about Development Effectiveness?
Authors: Ravallion Martin
Published: July 2014

Significant gaps remain between what we know about development effectiveness and what we want to know. The chapter first tries to understand these persistent knowledge gaps in terms of distorted incentives, inadequate funding of evaluative research, and ethical objections to evaluations. The chapter then discusses how evaluations might become more relevant to the knowledge needs of practitioners and civil society. It is argued that (1) more attention needs to be given to identifying policy-relevant questions (including the case for intervention) and redressing publication biases in reporting the answers obtained; (2) a broader approach should be taken to the problems of internal validity (including heterogeneity, portfolio effects, and spillover effects); (3) the problems of external validity (including scaling up) merit more attention.
Exposure and Dialogue Programs in the Training of Development Analysts and Practitioners
Authors: Kanbur Ravi
Published: July 2014

It is inherent in the nature of the beast that there will be a progressive disconnect between the working lives of development professionals and the lives of those their work is meant to help. This is bad purely from a technical point of view. But it is a gross moral disconnect, too. Exposure and Dialogue Programs (EDPs), or Immersions as they are also known, are a way of addressing this disconnect between development professionals and development reality. They involve exposure to the realities of the lives of the poor through staying with them and experiencing their lives for a period of time, however short. Some general design principles have emerged from experience. Clarity of objectives, prior preparation and facilitation, and ex post evaluation are all important. Immersions must be done well. The point, however, is that they must be done.
Creating Humble Economists
Authors: Colander David
Published: July 2014

From the movie Inside Job, one gets the sense that economists are ethically challenged because they take payments for writing papers that say what the funders of their research want them to say. This chapter takes issue with that view and suggests that the more serious ethical problem of economics has little to do with the funding of economic research. It has to do with lack of humility. It argues that economists have a tendency to convey more scientific certainty in their policy positions than the theory and evidence objectively would allow. Too many economists are willing to make seemingly definitive scientific statements about policy based on models, that they know, or should know, are highly imperfect. To deal with that problem, this chapter suggests that applied economists should see themselves as engineers, not as applied scientists. It argues that doing so is important because engineering has a broader and more humble methodology than does science. Because applied economists are essentially engineers, the chapter argues that an Economist’s Code of Ethics can be closely based on the National Society of Professional Engineer’s Code of Ethics.
Codes of Ethics for Economists, Pluralism, and the Nature of Economic Knowledge
Authors: Dow Sheila C.
Published: July 2014

This chapter adopts a pluralist approach to addressing issues raised by the idea of a code of ethics for economists. Though it might be possible for economists to agree on some abstract standards of ethics, it is argued that the implementation of such standards would founder on the different views held about the nature of economic knowledge, stemming partly from different views of the subject matter. These differences color what may be identified as competence, what may be identified as personal rather than social interest, and what may be identified as the consequences of economic advice. Recognition of such differences of view is at the heart of a pluralist approach to economics. The chapter concludes with alternative, rather demanding, suggestions for a pluralist approach to ethics for economists.
Wolf Hunting and the Ethics of Predator Control
Authors: Vucetich John , Nelson Michael P.
Published: July 2014

A basic tool of scholarly ethics is argument analysis—the process of evaluating the soundness of the premises and the validity of arguments that underlie a particular ethical claim. We apply that technique to the controversial concern about the appropriateness of hunting wolves. Advocates of wolf hunting offer a variety of reasons that it is appropriate. We inspect the quality of these reasons using the principles of argument analysis. Our application of this technique indicates that wolf hunting in the coterminous United States is inappropriate. A value of argument analysis for public discourse is its transparency. If we have misapplied the principles of argument analysis, critics will readily be able to identify our error. While this particular application of argument analysis is contingent on details particular to wolves and the desire to hunt them, this essay has the addition value of illustrating one of the basic tools used in scholarly ethics.
Sequence adaptations affecting cleavage of the VP1/2A junction by the 3C protease in foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cells
Authors: Gullberg Maria , Polacek Charlotta , Belsham Graham J.
Published: July 2014

The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid protein precursor P1-2A is cleaved by the virus-encoded 3C protease to VP0, VP3, VP1 and 2A. It was shown previously that modification of a single amino acid residue (K210E) within the VP1 protein and close to the VP1/2A cleavage site, inhibited cleavage of this junction and produced ‘self-tagged’ virus particles. A second site substitution (E83K) within VP1 was also observed within the rescued virus [Gullberg et al. (2013). J Virol
87, 11591–11603]. It was shown here that introduction of this E83K change alone into a serotype O virus resulted in the rapid accumulation of a second site substitution within the 2A sequence (L2P), which also blocked VP1/2A cleavage. This suggests a linkage between the E83K change in VP1 and cleavage of the VP1/2A junction. Cells infected with viruses containing the VP1 K210E or the 2A L2P substitutions contained the uncleaved VP1-2A protein. The 2A L2P substitution resulted in the VP1/2A junction being highly resistant to cleavage by the 3C protease, hence it may be a preferred route for ‘tagging’ virus particles.
Administrative violence, prison geographies and the photographs of Tuol Sleng Security Center, Cambodia
Authors: Tyner James A , Devadoss Christabel
Published: July 2014

During the Cambodian genocide, between 1975 and 1979, approximately 200 security centres were established by the Khmer Rouge. One of these prisons, designated by the code‐name S‐21, was responsible primarily for the punishment of individuals ‘guilty’ of committing state crimes. During their detainment at S‐21 prisoners were documented, photographed, interrogated and tortured before ultimately being executed. Following the downfall of the Khmer Rouge, the photographs of S‐21 have received considerable attention, notably as evidence of crimes against humanity and as a means of discussing the ethics of post‐mortem photographs. Less attention has considered the photographs as a means of furthering our understanding of the administrative violence of the genocide itself. Through a case study of the material practice of photography at S‐21 we examine the inner logics of administrative violence. Specifically, we detail how photographs literally and symbolically expose law‐making and law‐preserving violence. The first part of our paper provides an overview of post‐conflict administrative violence; this is followed with a discussion of security systems under the Khmer Rouge and an examination of the violence of photography. In so doing we contribute to the literatures on prison geographies and geographies of violence.
Acute myeloid leukaemia with myelodysplastic features in children: a report of Japanese Paediatric Leukaemia/Lymphoma Study Group
Authors: Kinoshita Akitoshi , Miyachi Hayato , Matsushita Hiromichi , Yabe Miharu , Taki Tomohiko , Watanabe Tomoyuki , Saito Akiko M. , Tomizawa Daisuke , Taga Takashi , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Matsuo Hidemasa , Kodama Kumi , Ohki Kentaro , Hayashi Yasuhide , Tawa Akio , Horibe Keizo , Adachi Souichi
Published: July 2014

The clinical characteristics and prognostic relevance of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with myelodysplastic features remains to be clarified in children. We prospectively examined 443 newly diagnosed patients in a multicentre clinical trial for paediatric de novo AML, and found ‘AML with myelodysplasia‐related changes’ (AML‐MRC) according to the 2008 World Health Organization classification in 93 (21·0%), in whom 59 were diagnosed from myelodysplasia‐related cytogenetics alone, 28 from multilineage dysplasia alone and six from a combination of both. Compared with 111 patients with ‘AML, not otherwise specified’ (AML‐NOS), patients with ‘AML‐MRC’ presented at a younger age, with a lower white blood cell count, higher incidence of 20–30% bone marrow blasts, unfavourable cytogenetics and a lower frequency of Fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3‐ITD), NPM1 and CEBPA mutations. Complete remission rate and 3‐year probability of event‐free survival were significantly worse in ‘AML‐MRC’ patients (67·7 vs. 85·6%, P < 0·01, 37·1% vs. 53·8%, P = 0·02, respectively), but 3‐year overall survival and relapse‐free survival were comparable with ‘AML‐NOS’ patients. By multivariate analysis, FLT3‐ITD was solely associated with worse overall survival. These results support the distinctive features of the category ‘AML‐MRC’ even in children.
Developmental integration in a functional unit: deciphering processes from adult dental morphology
Authors: Labonne Gaëlle , Navarro Nicolas , Laffont Rémi , Chateau‐Smith Carmela , Montuire Sophie
Published: July 2014

The evolution of mammalian dentition is constrained by functional necessity and by the non‐independence of morphological structures. Efficient chewing implies coherent tooth coordination from development to motion, involving covariation patterns (integration) within dental parts. Using geometric morphometrics, we investigate the modular organization of the highly derived vole dentition. Integration patterns between and within the upper and lower molar rows are analyzed to identify potential modules and their origins (functional and developmental). Results support an integrated adult dentition pattern for both developmental and functional aspects. The integration patterns between opposing molar pairs suggest a transient role for the second upper and lower molars during the chewing motion. Upper and lower molar rows form coherent units but the relative integration of molar pairs is in contradiction with existing developmental models. Emphasis on the first three cusps to grow leads to a very different integration pattern, which would be congruent with developmental models. The early developmental architecture of traits is masked by later stages of growth, but may still be deciphered from the adult phenotype, if careful attention is paid to relevant features.
Cross‐cultural adaptability and development of speech act production in study abroad
Authors: Taguchi Naoko
Published: July 2014

This study investigated a relationship between cross‐cultural adaptability and development of speech act production during a semester study abroad. Participants were 22 learners of Japanese at a Japanese university. Cross‐cultural adaptability subsuming four dimensions (emotional resilience, flexibility/openness, perceptual acuity, and personal autonomy) was measured using a 50‐item survey (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88). Speech act production was measured with a speaking test involving 10 scenarios eliciting speech acts with different formality levels. The test was given at the beginning and end of the semester. Native Japanese speakers evaluated speech samples on appropriateness of speech style (polite and plain forms) and appropriateness of speech act. A significant relationship was found between cross‐cultural adaptability and gains in the appropriateness of speech act but not speech style.
Growth factor therapy in patients with partial‐thickness burns: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wang Tao , He Jinguang , Dong Jiasheng
Published: July 2014

Growth factor (GF) therapy has shown promise in treating a variety of refractory wounds. However, evidence supporting its routine use in burn injury remains uncertain. We performed this systematic review and meta‐analysis assessing randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to investigate efficacy and safety of GFs in the management of partial‐thickness burns. Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed and the Cochrane databases. Endpoint results analysed included wound healing and scar formation. Thirteen studies comprising a total of 1924 participants with 2130 wounds (1131 GF receiving patients versus 999 controls) were identified and included, evaluating the effect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) on partial‐thickness burns. Topical application of these agents significantly reduced healing time by 5·02 (95% confidence interval, 2·62 to 7·42), 3·12 (95% CI, 1·11 to 5·13) and 5·1 (95% CI, 4·02 to 6·18) days, respectively, compared with standard wound care alone. In addition, scar improvement following therapy with FGF and EGF was evident in terms of pigmentation, pliability, height and vascularity. No significant increase in adverse events was observed in patients receiving GFs. These results suggested that GF therapy could be an effective and safe add‐on to standard wound care for partial‐thickness burns. High‐quality, adequately powered trials are needed to further confirm the conclusion.
Piezoelectric Ceramics for Use in Multilayer Actuators and Energy Harvesters
Authors: Hur Joon , Seo In‐Tae , Kim Dae‐Hyeon , Nahm Sahn , Ryu Jungho , Han Seung Ho , Kang Chong‐Yun , Yoon Seok‐Jin
Published: July 2014

Microstructural and piezoelectric properties of 0.72Pb(Zr1−xTix)–0.28Pb(Zn0.4Ni0.6)1/3Nb2/3O3 (PZ1−xTx‐PZNN) ceramics with 0.50 ≤  x ≤ 0.55 were investigated for evaluating the possibility of their use in multilayer actuators and energy harvesters, which demand a large piezoelectric strain constant (d33) and a small dielectric constant (εT33/εo). The PZ0.47T0.53‐PZNN ceramic with a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition showed large d33 and εT33/εo values, making it unsuitable for use in multilayer actuators and energy harvesters. However, the PZ0.48T0.52‐PZNN ceramic with a rhombohedral structure showed a small εT33/εo value of 1605, yet maintained a large d33 of 550 pC/N. Thermal stimulation did not have any significant effect on the piezoelectric properties of this specimen, except for a slight increase in the εT33/εo value upon heating the specimen at 150°C for 4 h. In an effort to reduce the sintering temperature, CuO was used as an additive for the ceramic. As a result, the CuO‐added PZ0.48T0.52‐PZNN ceramic was well sintered at 900°C. In particular, the 1.0 mol% CuO‐added PZ0.48T0.52‐PZNN ceramic exhibited a large d33 value of 554 pC/N and a small εT33/εo value of 1620, making it highly suitable for use in multilayer actuators and energy harvesters.