bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Globalization and Transnational Terrorism
Authors: Li Quan , Schaub Drew
Published: May 2004

The effect of economic globalization on the number of transnational terrorist incidents within countries is analyzed statistically, using a sample of 112 countries from 1975 to 1997. Results show that trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and portfolio investment have no direct positive effect on transnational terrorist incidents within countries and that economic developments of a country and its top trading partners reduce the number of terrorist incidents inside the country. To the extent that trade and FDI promote economic development, they have an indirect negative effect on transnational terrorism.
‘A Unique Fusion of the Natural and the Man-Made’: The Trajectory of Swiss Nationalism, 1933-39
Authors: Zimmer Oliver
Published: May 2004

In 1996, a special commission of Swiss and foreign historians was set up to investigate Switzerland’s economic and business links with nazi Germany during the second world war. Among the few themes of a predominantly non-economic nature investigated by the commission was Switzerland’s refugee policy both before and during the war. While this has undoubtedly resulted in a number of new insights, the ideological climate in which this policy could take shape has received little attention. Above all, no reassessment of Swiss interwar nationalism has been undertaken. This article assumes this task, tracing the formation of the national revival in the period 1933-39 through an exploration of the links between public discourse and state-induced cultural policy. The essence of the cultural nationalism of the era is located in a complex fusion of voluntaristic and organic conceptions of national identity.
Lord Curzon and the Appointment of Lord D’Abernon as Ambassador to Berlin in 1920
Authors: Johnson Gaynor
Published: May 2004

This article examines British policy towards Germany in the period between the end of the first world war and the resumption of full diplomatic relations between the two countries in June 1920. In particular, it concentrates on the relationship between the Foreign Office and the War Office in determining British policy and the pressures that were brought to bear on Lloyd George to comply with a common Allied policy towards the resumption of diplomatic relations with Germany. Far from rejecting the more open methods of conducting diplomacy that were favoured after the war, Lord Curzon was prepared to embrace them on occasion to further his own ends. The article also offers an insight into Foreign Office attitudes towards Lord D’Abernon as ambassador to Berlin. His unconventional background as well as his means of conducting diplomacy resulted in a tense relationship with the Foreign Office, which had a negative as well as a positive effect on British policy towards Germany in the early 1920s.
The Antisemitism of the Eighth Duke of Northumberland’s the Patriot, 1922-1930
Authors: Ruotsila Markku
Published: May 2004

This article explores British antisemitism through an investigation of the journal Patriot, a leading weekly of the interwar British radical right. It provides the first indepth examination of the Patriot’s editorial content for the period it was under the direction of its founder, the leading publicist of the aristocratic Die-hard and protofascist right, the eighth Duke of Northumberland. The roots and trajectories of the Patriot’s antisemitic propaganda are situated within the broader radical right discourse of interwar Britain and the impact of the journal is assessed in the dissemination and popularization of antisemitic thinking. Aspects of antisemitism which receive attention include racialist and conspiracist theory, the religious causes of aversion to Jews, opposition to Zionism and to the League of Nations, and the role of anticommunism in fostering twentieth century antisemitism. Given the Duke of Northumberland’s principled adhesion to the Catholic Apostolic Church, a small premillenarian fundamentalist group, the ambivalent posture to Jews and Judaism of conservative Christianity is also assessed in considerable detail. The article argues that Northumberland and the Patriot were endowed with an attitudinal propensity to conspiracist, antisemitic paradigms by frames of reference born in the imperialist and nationalist debates of the Edwardian period. These frames of reference were refocused and renamed after the Bolshevik revolution so as to constitute the Jew-Bolshevik equation which cohered much of subsequent radical right and fascist antisemitism. The centrality of this renaming is shown to have been crucial as means towards circumventing the theological philo-semitism which was the heritage of Northumberland and his primary audience, making the Patriot an important conduit in permeating traditionalist, religiously-rooted Conservative thinking with antisemitic ways of perception and categories of thinking. Its clothing of these perceptions in anticommunism, imperialism and racialism is seen as having significantly contributed towards making antisemitism appear more respectable, apparently unrelated to Jews as a religious or cultural community, and therefore a much more potent, durable or malleable force than might otherwise have been the case.
Hitler and the Uniqueness of Nazism
Authors: Kershaw Ian
Published: May 2004

Though nazism can be located as a form of fascism or type of totalitarianism, these generic concepts inadequately account for what was singular about a regime which unleashed such devastating inhumanity — a terrible war of annihilation and the worst genocide the world has yet experienced. So this article suggests an answer located in a unique combination of forces embodied in Hitler’s dictatorship: the extraordinary power of ‘charismatic authority’, drawing on distinctive ideological traits in German political culture, coupled with the bureaucratic capacity of a highly modern state system.
National Wealth and Thermal Climate as Predictors of Motives for Volunteer Work
Authors: Van de Vliert Evert , Huang Xu , Levine Robert V.
Published: May 2004

A voluntary worker may have both self-serving and altruistic motivations for helping, which may be positively or negatively linked together. Multilevel analyses of World Values Survey data, representatively sampled from 13, 584 inhabitants of 33 countries, uncover a pattern of cross-cultural differences in balancing these self-and other-directed helping motivations. A voluntary worker’s self-serving and altruistic motivations tend to be positively linked in higher income countries with uncomfortably cold or hot climates, unrelated in higher and lower income countries with comfortable climates and in lower income countries with uncomfortably hot climates, and negatively linked in lower income countries with uncomfortably cold climates. The findings are integrated into existing demands—resources theories as well as past research of helping and altruism on all six inhabited continents.
Toward a Geography of Personality Traits
Authors: Allik Jüri , McCrae Robert R.
Published: May 2004

It has long been believed that personality traits vary by geographicallocation, but few studies have examined the worldwide distribution of personality profiles. Using the five-factor model of personality—a comprehensive and apparently universal trait structure—we conducted secondary analyses of data from 36 cultures. Distance from the equator and mean temperature were not meaningfully related to personality factors. However, cluster analysis showed that geographically proximatecultures often have similar profiles, and multidimensional scaling showed a clear contrast of European and American cultures with Asian and African cultures. The former were higher in extraversion and openness to experience and lower in agreeableness. A second dimension reflected differences in psychological adjustment. Observed differences between cultures may be the result of differences in gene pools or in features of culture; acculturation studies and the analyses of other natural experiments are needed to understand the origins of geographical differences in personality traits.
The Ecocultural Framework, Ecosocial Indices, and Psychological Variables in Cross-Cultural Research
Authors: Georgas James , van de Vijver Fons J. R. , Berry John W.
Published: May 2004

Relationships between context variables (ecosocial indices) and psychological variables across different nations were investigated, guided by Berry’s Ecocultural Framework. The psychological variables were values (Hofstede; Inglehart; Schwartz; Smith, Dugan, and Trompenaars) and subjective well-being (Diener). The ecosocial indices of religion and affluence had separate and in some ways contrasting relationships with psychological variables. Some religions were related to higher interpersonal power, loyalty, and hierarchy, but lower affluence. Other religions, (particularly Protestantism) and higher affluence were related to intrapersonal aspects, such as individualism, utilitarian commitment, and well-being. The most important result was the finding that scores of psychological variables showed systematic relationships with cluster membership of countries on ecosocial indices. The study proposes a solution to a theoretical and methodological problem of current cross-cultural psychology: the search for cultural (context) variables that would explain similarities and differences in psychological variables in different clusters of countries.
The Inner Self in Three Countries
Authors: Tafarodi Romin W. , Lo Christopher , Yamaguchi Susumu , Lee Wincy W.-S. , Katsura Haruko
Published: May 2004

Personal identity involves continuity of the inner or private self—the intimately familiar me—across time and place. Is this continuity experienced to a similar extent across cultures? East Asian cultures place greater moral emphasis than do Western cultures on the contextual adjustment of personal behavior. This adjustive focus translates into greater variation in the outwardly presented self across contexts, raising the question of whether the inner self is also experienced as less continuous or unchanging by East Asians. To examine this issue and its implications, we asked Canadian, Chinese, and Japanese students to answer a set of questions about the inner self and its behavioral expression. Their responses confirmed a weaker sense of continuity amongthe Chinese and Japanese but also revealed that socially appropriate expression of the innerself is valued and sought in all three countries. In addition, East Asians claimed to experience self-expression in fewer activity domains than did Canadians.
Lack of Knowledge of a Culture’s Social Axioms and Adaptation Difficulties among Immigrants
Authors: Kurman Jenny , Ronen-Eilon Carmel
Published: May 2004

Social axioms are the prevailing common and basic beliefs that supposedly guide behavior in a culture. Lack of accurate knowledge about them may therefore interfere with adaptation to a culture. The present study investigated the implications of in accurate of knowledge regarding the Israeli social axioms upon how immigrants from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union have adapted to the Israeli society. Central findings were that a lack of knowledge of the social axioms is negatively related to the sociocultural adaptation of immigrants, that lack of knowledge regarding social axioms had a unique contribution to prediction of adaptation difficulties over the contribution of lack of knowledge about values, and that knowledge of a culture’s prevailing social axioms contributes more to sociocultural adaptation than does actual proximity of the immigrants’ own social axioms to those of the majority. These findings strongly support the utility of social axioms as cultural descriptors.
Standardization to Account for Cross-Cultural Response Bias
Authors: Fischer Ronald
Published: May 2004

The article reviews standardization methods commonly employed to adjust for response bias in cross-cultural research. First, different standardization procedures are reviewed and a classification scheme is provided. Standardization procedures are classified according to the statistical information used (means, standard deviation) and the source of this information (individual, group, or culture). Second, empirical research in JCCP between 1970 and 2002 is reviewed. Standardization has become more common in the 1990s, and there is a trend to rely more on standardized data. Most studies used standardization prior to analysis of variance and factor analytical techniques. However, an analysis of statistical properties of standardized measures indicates that results based on standardization are ambiguous. The use of statistical techniques and the interpretation of results based on standardized data are discussed.
The Influence of Social Identity and Personality on Outcomes of Cultural Diversity in Teams
Authors: Van Der Zee Karen , Atsma Nelleke , Brodbeck Felix
Published: May 2004

The present study examined the influence of social identity and personality on work outcomes among business students who worked together in culturally diverse teams. As predicted, a negative effect of identification with one’s cultural background and a positive effect of identification with the team on well-being were found under conditions of high diversity. For commitment, the same pattern of findings was obtained, but now the impact of identification with the team was found regardless of the level of diversity. No support was found for strong positive outcomes associated with the case in which individuals identify with the team and with their cultural background.With respect to personality, the intercultural traits of Emotional Stability and Flexibility were found to have a positive effect on work outcomes under conditions of high diversity. Interestingly, whereas Flexibility had a positive effect on exam grades under conditions of high diversity, a negative effect of this trait was found under conditions of low diversity.
Emotions Across Cultures and Methods
Authors: Scollon Christie N. , Diener Ed , Oishi Shigehiro , Biswas-Diener Robert
Published: May 2004

Participants included 46 European American, 33 Asian American, 91 Japanese, 160 Indian, and 80 Hispanic students ( N = 416). Discrete emotions, as well as pleasant and unpleasant emotions, were assessed: (a) with global self-report measures, (b) using an experience-sampling method for 1 week, and (c) by asking participants to recall their emotions from the experience sampling week. Cultural differences emerged for nearly all measures. The inclusion of indigenous emotions in India and Japan did not alter the conclusions substantially, although pride showed a pattern across cultures that differed from the other positive emotions. In all five culturalgroupsandforbothpleasantandunpleasantemotions,globalreportsof emotionpredictedretrospective recall even after controllingforreportsmadeduringthe experiencesamplingperiod,suggestingthat individuals’ general conceptions of their emotional lives influenced their memories of emotions. Cultural differences emerged in the degree to which recall of frequency of emotion was related to experience sampling reports of intensity of emotions. Despite the memory bias, the three methods led to similar conclusions about the relative position of the groups.
Response Styles in Rating Scales
Authors: van Herk Hester , Poortinga Ype H. , Verhallen Theo M. M.
Published: May 2004

In cross-cultural studies with social variables such as values or attitudes, it is often assumed that differences in scores can be compared at face value. However, response styles like acquiescence and extreme response style may affect answers, particularly on rating scales. In three sets of data from marketing studies, each with representative samples fromat least threeoutofsix countries(Greece,Italy, Spain,France,Germany, andthe United Kingdom), these two response styles were found to be more present in the Mediterranean than in Northwestern Europe. Evidence for response style effects was not only found in response distributions on rating scales, but also in discrepancies of these distributions with national consumer statistics and self-reported actual behavior.
Gains in Well-Being Achieved Through Retrospective-Proactive Life Review By Independent Older Women
Authors: Arkoff Abe , Meredith Gerald M. , Dubanoski Joan Pabst
Published: May 2004

This study investigated gains in psychological well-being achievedby nonclinical, community-dwelling older women through a retrospectiveproactive life review program. The procedure was astructured group experience of 14 weekly 2-hour sessions. The workshopgroup, 18 women aged 56 to 80, completed the program at anacademy for lifelong learning. A comparison group, 18 women aged 61 to88, were also academy students but not in the workshop program.No significant difference in mean scale scores was found on the Scales of Psychological Well-Being between the two groups atpretest, and no significant change in scores was found between pretestand posttest in the comparison group. In contrast, statisticallysignificant pretest-posttest increases in mean scores were found in the workshop group for all six of the scales (autonomy, environmentalmastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose inlife, self-acceptance), and 16 of the 18 participants anonymouslygave the program the top rating of “very helpful.”
Progressive Psychotherapists and the Psychiatric Survivor Movement
Authors: Burstow Bonnie
Published: May 2004

This article argues for and focuses on the importance of humanistic,radical, and other progressive psychotherapists finding ways of relating to the psychiatric survivormovement. Progressive cliniciansand survivor groups, it is suggested, have overlaps in values, a sharedobjection to institutional psychiatry, complementary strengths, andto varying extents, common cause. So there are strong reasons forconnection. Drawing on the survivor movement as a resource andreference point for psychiatrized clients and helping them connectwith the movement are identified as particularly importantdirections for practitioners to take. Recommended examples of moredirect involvement with the movement are supporting andendorsing statements made by movement groups, cowritingarticles, making room for movement involvement in clinicians’initiatives, contributing to movement initiatives, and mounting jointeducational programs and joint campaigns. All such actions areconditional on practitioners respecting survivor groups,acknowledging their expertise, not violating their trust, and supportingtheir struggle for self-determination.
Cross-Cultural Encounter as an Opportunity for Personal Growth
Authors: Montuori Alfonso , Fahim Urusa
Published: May 2004

Cross-cultural encounters can provide an excellent opportunity forpersonal growth by placing us in situations where ourunderstanding of self and world, and of how we believe things “are” or “shouldbe,” is severely challenged. In this article, the authors argue that inthe United States, the cultural dimension is often overlooked in ourunderstanding of personal growth because U.S. individualismobscures the role of culture in the constitution of the self and thatunderstanding this dimension makes a vital contribution toselfunderstanding. They also view cross-cultural encounters aspotentially creative and draw on the psychology of creativity to explorethe implications of this view. The authors conclude by arguing thatto have the greatest effect, humanistic psychology must both returnto its roots in existential-phenomenological psychology andphilosophy and tackle its own understanding of the self as a culturallysituated phenomenon.
Introduction to Sexuality in Late Life
Authors: Sharpe Thomasina H.
Published: May 2004

Sexuality is an aspect of human development often ignored at various stages of life, especially late life. With the aging of society, increased longevity, improved health, and rising affluence, the understanding of normal sexual development in aging humans becomes progressively more important. Normal sexuality among those in late life may relate more to societal views based in part on ageist myths and misconceptions and an overemphasis on disease processes. It is important for both health and mental health professionals to educate themselves about the specific challenges and rewards of sexuality in late life.
Structure, Politics, and Ethnonationalist Contention in Post-Franco Spain: An Integrated Model
Authors: Saxton Gregory D.
Published: May 2004

Previous models of nationalism have been unable to adequately account for variation in forms or levels of contentious nationalist activity. Building on the most important theoretical tools from the literatures on social movements and nationalism, an alternative model is proposed in which structure, politics, and action assume equal roles in an interdependent causal system. It is further proposed that violent and nonviolent contention, though conceptually distinct phenomena, are the products of a fundamentally similar set of factors. The model posits that sociostructural ‘root causes’ are vital to the development of ethnonationalist contentious politics, but indirectly via mobilization. The direct determinants of protest and rebellion are a conjunction of organizational mobilization and political opportunity structures. In particular, a shared identity gives groups of people the basis for organizational mobilization; mobilizational resources provide the means for such mobilization; grievances lend the reason; and a series of political factors structure the opportunities of mobilized groups to contend in a conventional, violent or nonviolent manner. The opportunity structures are then themselves transformed by the nature of the contention that takes place. Using a 3SLS structural equation model and original data from the 17 autonomous communities of Spain between 1977 and 1996, the results show that structure, politics, and action are, as predicted, three fundamental components of an interdependent causal system. The vital, yet indirect role of grievances and group identity in the generation of ethnonationalist conflict is confirmed, and a number of powerful relationships obtain with the individual elements of the political opportunity structure. Higher levels of democracy are related to increased protest, more intense repression is associated with lower levels of contentious activity, and the level of regional autonomy has no apparent impact on conflict. In the short term, moreover, Spain’s major democratic transition is shown to exacerbate existing conflict propensities.
Endogenizing Conflict Initiation: Flinching and Fighting at Global High Noon
Authors: Butler Christopher K.
Published: May 2004

In many political processes, the order of actions often has as much impact on the final outcome as do the actions themselves. Problems of actor order are neither clearly visible nor well understood in international conflict, but they do exist and are important. A new model is presented, based on Bueno de Mesquita & Lalman’s ‘international interaction game’, that allows the actors to choose strategically who will initiate demands and, subsequently, who will initiate conflict. Adopting the same preference restrictions as were employed for the international interaction game, the equilibrium conditions for status quo and for negotiation are found to be the same for the new game as for the old. The equilibrium conditions for war and for acquiescence by an actor (i.e. giving in to the other’s demands) are found to be different between games; propositions for these equilibrium conditions are given. Concerning war, for all cases of war predicted by the original model, reversing the actor order produces a quizzical prediction in which the previous war initiator now acquiesces. For empirical cases of directed dyads, this produces two rather different predictions. Given a random pairing of states in an undirected dyad, the new model produces a single prediction of either war or acquiescence. In addition, some cases that were predicted to lead to an actor’s acquiescence under the original model are now cases predicted to lead to war, given endogenous demand initiation.
A Reply to Rummel
Authors: Dulić Tomislav
Published: May 2004

Dulić lists some of the most important points in Rummel’s critique. He argues that the objections are misplaced since he is quoting Rummel or using his data. Moreover, Rummel could have shown why he feels that Dulić is wrong by giving his own estimates to be compared with Dulić’s extrapolations. Most importantly, Dulić argues that Rummel has avoided the central point of his critique, namely, that of source criticism. Contrary to Rummel, Dulić argues that the case study on Tito’s Yugoslavia might well have wider implications, since it focuses on Rummel’s method. The methodological problems need to be addressed before Rummel’s data and conclusions can be considered reliable. Whether such a revision would yield significantly new results remains undecided.
Measuring Alliances: the Correlates of War Formal Interstate Alliance Dataset, 1816–2000
Authors: Gibler Douglas M. , Sarkees Meredith Reid
Published: May 2004

This article serves as a companion to the release of Version 3.0 of the Correlates of War Formal Interstate Alliance Dataset, 1816–2000. First released in 1966, the Correlates of War alliance data have greatly influenced quantitative studies of conflict, providing an important variable in the study of international conflict and cooperation. The article begins by describing the historical development and the major characteristics of the alliance dataset. The second section then discusses the procedures used to both identify and code each alliance in this revised and extended version of the data, and this is followed by a description of several important changes made to the original coding rules in order to develop this dataset, with the most notable of these changes being a more determined reliance on treaty texts rather than historical accounts for identification of alliances and alliance types. To show the effects of the revised coding decisions and the enlarged temporal domain, the final section of the article presents summary statistics for the new data and then uses the dataset to revisit two existing studies on democracy and alliance behavior. The findings indicate that jointly democratic dyads are likely to be allied only after 1945; joint democracy is negatively related to alliance formation during the 1816–1944 time period.
Determinants of Post-Conflict Economic Assistance
Authors: Kang Seonjou , Meernik James
Published: May 2004

Given the importance of violent conflicts and their consequences in global politics, the increasing attention paid to rebuilding conflict-stricken nations by the major powers, and the growing interest in scholarship on these phenomena, theory-building and empirical analysis of post-conflict economic assistance are essential. This article analyzes the determinants of foreign economic assistance given by nations of the OECD, in aggregate, to nations that were involved in international and internal conflicts. The model is designed to address three specific questions. First, in the aftermath of conflict does foreign economic assistance by the OECD increase to conflict-affected nations, or does aid allocation continue as before? Second, does the allocation of foreign economic assistance to conflict actors continue to be influenced by those same factors that determine aid during normal times? Third, to what extent do factors relevant to the conflict itself influence the amount of foreign economic assistance provided by OECD nations? The article contends that both the national attributes of the conflict nations and the characteristics of the conflicts from which they have emerged explain the amount of economic assistance OECD states provide. The findings reveal that such national attributes as humanitarian need, economic openness, and regime transition, as well as conflict characteristics such as military intervention and conflict issues affect aid levels. Aid levels also tend to increase after conflicts, but then begin to level off after several years.
Ethics and Intervention: the ‘Humanitarian Exception’ and the Problem of Abuse in the Case of Iraq
Authors: Bellamy Alex J.
Published: May 2004

This article investigates the ethics of intervention and explores the decision to invade Iraq. It begins by arguing that while positive international law provides an important framework for understanding and debating the legitimacy of war, it does not cover the full spectrum of moral reasoning on issues of war and peace. To that end, after briefly discussing the two primary legal justifications for war (implied UN authorization and pre-emptive self-defence), and finding them wanting, it asks whether there is a moral ‘humanitarian exception’ to this rule grounded in the ‘just war’ tradition. The article argues that two aspects of the broad tradition could be used to make a humanitarian case for war: the ‘holy war’ tradition and classical just war thinking based on natural law. The former it finds problematic, while the latter it argues provides a moral space to justify the use of force to halt gross breaches of natural law. Although such an approach may provide a moral justification for war, it also opens the door to abuse. It was this very problem that legal positivism from Vattel onwards was designed to address. As a result, the article argues that natural law and legal positivist arguments should be understood as complementary sets of ideas whose sometimes competing claims must be balanced in relation to particular cases. Therefore, although natural law may open a space for justifying the invasion of Iraq on humanitarian terms, legal positivism strictly limits that right. Ignoring this latter fact, as happened in the Iraq case, opens the door to abuse.
The Duration and Termination of Civil War
Authors: Hegre Håvard
Published: May 2004

An important key to reducing the suffering due to civil war is to shorten conflicts. The marked decrease in the incidence of conflicts in the 1990s was mostly due to a high number of conflict terminations, not to a decrease in the number of new wars. The articles in this special issue treat theoretically and empirically the determinants of civil war onset, duration, and termination, with particular emphasis on duration and termination. This introduction gives an overview of the articles in the special issue and discusses a few central topics covered by the different contributions: rebel group motivations, the importance of financing, military factors, misperception, and commitment problems. Finally, the article sums up some policy recommendations that may be derived from the articles in the issue.
On the Duration of Civil War
Authors: Collier Paul , Hoeffler Anke , Söderbom Måns
Published: May 2004

This article explores empirically the duration of civil war. It relates the duration of civil war to two alternative models of conflict and culls testable hypotheses from the case study literature on civil war. Using a comprehensive dataset on large-scale violent civil conflicts covering the 1960-2000 period, a wide range of hypotheses are tested by means of hazard function regressions. The results show that the duration of conflict is systematically related both to structural conditions prevailing prior to conflict and to circumstances during conflict. The key structural characteristics that lengthen conflict are low per capita income, high inequality and a moderate degree of ethnic division. The key variable characteristics that shorten conflict are a decline in the prices of the primary commodities that the country exports and external military intervention on the side of the rebels. Furthermore, the results indicate that the chances of peace were much lower in the 1980s and 1990s than they had been previously. Three empirical explanations are suggested as different approaches to civil war: rebellion-as-investment, in which the critical incentive is the post-conflict payoff; rebellion-as-business, in which the critical incentive is the payoff during conflict; and rebellion-as-mistake, in which military optimism prevents the recognition of any mutually advantageous settlement. The article concludes that the empirical evidence is incompatible with the first of these approaches but consistent with the others.
Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer than Others?
Authors: Fearon James D.
Published: May 2004

Five factors are shown to be strongly related to civil war duration. Civil wars emerging from coups or revolutions tend to be short. Civil wars in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have also tended to be relatively brief, as have anti-colonial wars. By contrast, ‘sons of the soil’ wars that typically involve land conflict between a peripheral ethnic minority and state-supported migrants of a dominant ethnic group are on average quite long-lived. So are conflicts in which a rebel group derives major funding from contraband such as opium, diamonds, or coca. The article seeks to explain these regularities, developing a game model focused on the puzzle of what prevents negotiated settlements to long-running, destructive civil wars for which conflicting military expectations are an implausible explanation. In the model, regional autonomy deals may be unreachable when fluctuations in state strength undermine the government’s ability to commit. The commitment problem binds harder when the center has an enduring political or economic interest in expansion into the periphery, as in ‘sons of the soil’ wars, and when either government or rebels are able to earn some income during a conflict despite the costs of fighting, as in the case of contraband funding.
The Dynamics of Civil War Duration and Outcome
Authors: de Rouen Karl R. , Sobek David
Published: May 2004

Civil wars have several outcomes: government victory, rebel victory, truce, or treaty. This analysis models state capacity as a theoretical starting point to underpin hypotheses on duration and outcome. To test these hypotheses, multinomial logit and competing risk survival analysis are utilized. These methods allow for the examination of each outcome and its respective duration dynamics. Logit tells us what shapes the probability of each outcome, and hazard analysis identifies the factors that determine the time to each outcome. The models examine the years 1944 to 1997 and find that state capacity is involved in outcome and duration in at least two important ways. An effective state bureaucracy undermines the rebels, but a strong government army does not necessarily enhance the government cause. UN intervention decreases the probability of both government and rebel victory, while increasing the likelihood of a treaty or truce. In addition, rebels have a decreased probability of winning ethnic wars. Forest cover hinders rebels and treaties, while mountain cover tends to help rebels. African wars are harder for governments to win. African wars and ethnic wars are longer.
Studying the Characteristics of Arrest Frequency among Paroled Youthful Offenders
Authors: Lattimore Pamela K. , MacDonald John M. , Piquero Alex R. , Linster Richard L. , Visher Christy A.
Published: May 2004

In recent years, much attention has been devoted to developing appropriate analytical methods to model criminal careers. Largely ignored in this methodological debate is the study of how the criminal behavior patterns of active offenders are related to individual characteristics. This article presents an analysis of the postrelease offending patterns of two cohorts of male youth released by the California Youth Authority in 1981 to 1982 and 1986 to 1987. The focus of the analysis is the frequency of arrest during the first three years following release. Negative binomial models are used to examine the relationship between a variety of factors that have been linked theoretically and empirically to the frequency of offending. Results suggest that measures of individual and geographic characteristics can be used to predict the average arrest frequencies and their variation among paroled youthful offenders. These findings suggest that there may be useful distinctions to be made among offending populations.
Measures of Gun Ownership Levels for Macro-Level Crime and Violence Research
Authors: Kleck Gary
Published: May 2004

Valid measures of macro-level gun levels are essential to assessing the impact of gun levels on crime and violence rates, yet almost all prior research on this topic uses proxies that are either invalid or whose validity has been assumed rather than demonstrated. The present study uses city, state, cross-national, and time series data to assess the criterion validity of over two dozen gun indicators. The criterion measures used are primarily direct survey measures of household gun prevalence. The results indicate that (1) most measures used in past research have poor validity, making past findings uninterpretable, (2) the best measure for cross-sectional research is the percentage of suicides committed with guns, and (3) there are no known measures that are valid indicators of trends in gun levels, making credible longitudinal research on the subject impossible at present.
“Getting High and Getting By”: Dimensions of Drug Selling Behaviors among American Mexican Gang Members in South Texas
Authors: Valdez Avelardo , Sifaneck Stephen J.
Published: May 2004

This article discerns the role that Mexican American gang members play in drug markets, and the relationship between gang members’drug use and drug selling in South Texas. A four-part typology based on the two dimensions of gang type and gang member emerged from this qualitative analysis of 160 male gang members: Homeboys, Hustlers, Slangers, and Ballers. Major findings include the following: (1) many gang members are user/sellers and are not profit-oriented dealers, (2) gangs commonly do extend “protection” to drug-selling members, and (3) proximity to Mexican drug markets, adult prison gangs, and criminal family members may play important roles in whether these gang members have access and the profit potential to actually deal drugs. This research contributes to our complex intersections between gangs, drug using, and drug selling.
Toward a Conception of Culturally Responsive Classroom Management
Authors: Weinstein Carol S. , Tomlinson-Clarke Saundra , Curran Mary
Published: May 2004

Given the increasing diversity of our classrooms, a lack of multicultural competence can exacerbate the difficulties that novice teachers have with classroom management. Definitions and expectations of appropriate behavior are culturally influenced, and conflicts are likely to occur when teachers and students come from different cultural backgrounds. The purpose of this article is to stimulate discussion of culturally responsive classroom management (CRCM). We propose a conception of CRCM that includes five essential components: (a) recognition of one’s own ethnocentrism; (b) knowledge of students’ cultural backgrounds; (c) understanding of the broader social, economic, and political context; (d) ability and willingness to use culturally appropriate management strategies; and (e) commitment to building caring classrooms. In the final section of the article, we suggest questions and issues for future research.
Preservice Teachers’ Interpretations of a Field-Based Reading Block
Authors: Fang Zhihui , Ashley Carmen
Published: May 2004

This study examined 28 preservice teachers’ interpretations of a 9-hour, field-based reading block. Qualitative analyses of varied data sources, including surveys, journals, and interviews, revealed that during the block experience the students (a) became more prepared and confident to teach children who experience reading difficulties, (b) developed new conceptions of teaching and learning processes, and (c) gained a more positive attitude toward and respect for the teaching profession. We argue that these preservice teachers’ professional growth was facilitated by an integrated block of courses that affords time, intensity, and richness of experience, and by a learning context consistent with the social constructivist principles. We further suggest that it is possible to design and implement a coherent curriculum that is at once “intensely academic” and “intensely practical,” one that emphasizes the cultivation of professional knowledge and wisdom without losing sight of the need for skills development.
A Bucket of EELS
Authors: Eifler Karen E. , Potthoff Dennis , Dinsmore Julie
Published: May 2004

This article describes a systematic overhaul of a teacher preparation program and presents outcomes based on studies of the program’s effectiveness in improving the knowledge and skills of teacher educators—university and PK-12 based—related to technology, diversity, and democratic education. The renewal program was peer designed and implemented over a 5-year cycle of 3 intact cohorts composed of education and arts & sciences university faculty and PK-12 colleagues simultaneously engaged in revising the scope, sequence, and content of a teacher education program. Presurveys and postsurveys indicate that nearly all of the instructional objectives were met and that participants made significant gains in their knowledge and skills related to the 3 target areas. Lessons learned in the process and implications for similar renewal efforts are offered.
Reflecting on Elementary Children’s Understanding of History and Social Studies
Authors: Barton Keith C. , McCully Alan W. , Marks Melissa J.
Published: May 2004

Beginning teachers in Northern Ireland and the United States conducted structured inquiry projects in which they investigated elementary children’s understanding of history and social studies. Interviews with the teachers and analysis of their written assignments indicate that these investigations challenged their beliefs about children’s prior knowledge and their own instructional techniques. Teachers initially believed that inadequate cognitive development and lack of background knowledge limited children’s ability to understand history and social studies; however, after taking part in these projects, they developed a new appreciation for children’s prior ideas and a clearer commitment to their own role in building on that knowledge. These findings suggest that structured investigations, focused on specific disciplinary content, have the potential to encourage beginning teachers’ reflection on their students’ cognition and to enhance their own sense of professional responsibility.
Encountering New Spaces
Authors: Yendol-Silva Diane , Dana Nancy Fichtman
Published: May 2004

This 18-month ethnographic study provides a snapshot of teachers’ use of space and voice as they work in a newly formed Professional Development School (PDS) committed to shared responsibility for teacher education and developing a culture of simultaneous renewal through inquiry. The study identified the tensions produced when a PDS functions within a hierarchically organized district where teachers do not feel empowered to participate in decisions beyond their classroom and where mandates and standardization drive teachers’ work. This work informs those new to PDS work of ways teachers may first occupy the new spaces PDS work creates for teachers to be decision makers and teacher educators. Implications for the future of teachers’ work within partnerships focused on reform are discussed.
Separating Rhetoric from Reality
Authors: Long Susi
Published: May 2004

Across the country, new and experienced teachers find themselves losing the confidence and energy it takes to challenge an unacceptable status quo. Too often, dynamic educators disappear within systems that are antithetical to what they envisioned when they entered the profession or they leave the profession altogether. This article describes the experiences of teachers from two 3-year studies: a study of the early years of teaching and a study of experienced teachers involved in a long-term professional development experience. Grounded in sociocultural and critical perspectives, data from both studies illuminate barriers teachers find to negotiating beyond the status quo and ask teacher educators to examine realities behind the rhetoric—to take an honest look at how they might work with teachers, administrators, and districtpersonnel to effect significant change.
The Reflective Cultural Portfolio
Authors: Lea Virginia
Published: May 2004

The main objective of this article is to describe and evaluate one of the activities, the‘cultural portfolio,’ that I use in my teacher education classroom to help my disproportionately White student teachers reflect on the public cultural scripts—ways of thinking, feeling, believing, and acting—that shape their practices. First, I frame the issue in terms of the powerful set of cultural scripts that may be called cultural ‘whiteness.’ Next, I look at the current political and economic climate that affects current teacher education and reflective practice. Following this, I look at my own cultural whiteness. Then, before I illustrate the cultural portfolio process with two case studies, I describe some of the work in reflective teacher education that has helped me develop ways of enabling student teachers to recognize and, if necessary, transform the public cultural scripts in their private voices. I suggest that some student teachers may benefit from the cultural portfolio process well after the class is over.
Cultural Construction Zones
Authors: Allen JoBeth , Hermann-Wilmarth Jill
Published: May 2004

In working with preparatory teachers, we have tried to “place diversity front and center” to help students “see culture” as a prerequisite for culturally responsive teaching. The language arts methods-course students who, like the authors, are White women from middle-or upper-income families, participated in learning opportunities that included writing cultural memoirs, field experiences in diverse settings, and written reflection on the relation between their cultural constructions and those of the students they were teaching. In this article, we turn around the culture question we’ve pushed the students to consider to ourselves: What are we learning about our students as cultural beings that is helping us prepare them more effectively to be culturally responsive teachers? We identified three areas of growth: We reconstructed our understanding of students as complex cultural beings, of ourselves as privileged teachers of the privileged, and of the nature and relationship of resistance and risk.
The Influence of Cultural Synchronization on a Teacher’s Perceptions of Disruption
Authors: Monroe Carla R. , Obidah Jennifer E.
Published: May 2004

Although a significant body of research addresses teachers’ perceptions of student disruption, the views of African American teachers remain underrepresented. In particular, little is known about African American teachers’ disciplinary practices with students of the same race. The purpose of the current study was to examine if and how the concept of cultural synchronization relates to an African American middle-school teacher’s responses to student disruption. Qualitative data were gathered from an eighth-grade classroom in a public, urban middle school. The findings suggest that cultural synchronization between the teacher and her students contributed to an effective style of classroom management that differs from traditional models. The discussion highlights the importance of cultural issues as related to effective disciplinary tactics for urban African American students.