bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing Vegetation Heterogeneity Trends in an Urban-Agricultural Landscape in Iran Using Continuous Metrics and NDVI
Authors: Rahimi Ehsan , Jung Chuleui
Published: January 2025

Understanding vegetation heterogeneity dynamics is crucial for assessing ecosystem resilience, biodiversity patterns, and the impacts of environmental changes on landscape functions. While previous studies primarily focused on NDVI pixel trends, shifts in landscape heterogeneity have often been overlooked. To address this gap, our study evaluated the effectiveness of continuous metrics in capturing vegetation dynamics over time, emphasizing their utility in short-term trend analysis. The study area, located in Iran, encompasses a mix of urban and agricultural landscapes dominated by farming-related vegetation. Using 11 Landsat 8 OLI images from 2013 to 2023, we calculated NDVI to analyze vegetation trends and heterogeneity dynamics. We applied three categories of continuous metrics: texture-based metrics (dissimilarity, entropy, and homogeneity), spatial autocorrelation indices (Getis and Moran), and surface metrics (Sa, Sku, and Ssk) to assess vegetation heterogeneity. By generating slope maps through linear regression, we identified significant trends in NDVI and correlated them with the slope maps of the continuous metrics to determine their effectiveness in capturing vegetation dynamics. Our findings revealed that Moran’s Index exhibited the highest positive correlation (0.63) with NDVI trends, followed by Getis (0.49), indicating strong spatial clustering in areas with increasing NDVI. Texture-based metrics, particularly dissimilarity (0.45) and entropy (0.28), also correlated positively with NDVI dynamics, reflecting increased variability and heterogeneity in vegetation composition. In contrast, negative correlations were observed with metrics such as homogeneity (−0.41), Sku (−0.12), and Ssk (−0.24), indicating that increasing NDVI trends were associated with reduced uniformity and surface dominance. Our analysis underscores the complementary roles of these metrics, with spatial autocorrelation metrics excelling in capturing clustering patterns and texture-based metrics highlighting value variability within clusters. By demonstrating the utility of spatial autocorrelation and texture-based metrics in capturing heterogeneity trends, our findings offer valuable tools for land management and conservation planning.
Dynamic Simulation and Reduction Path of Carbon Emission in “Three-Zone Space”: A Case Study of a Rapidly Urbanizing City
Authors: Wang Ying , Fan Yiqi , Li Haiyang , Shang Zhiyu
Published: January 2025

Understanding the current and future net carbon emission trajectories in “Three-Zone Space” is crucial for China to promote the formation of a low-carbon development pattern in territorial space and realize carbon neutrality. Taking Wuhan as the study area, we developed carbon emission and sequestration inventories for “Three-Zone Space”. Key driving factors of net carbon emissions were analyzed using the logarithmic mean division index, and future emissions and sequestration under six scenarios were projected with a system dynamics model. The optimal emission reduction pathway was identified through the intelligent decision-making index analysis. Our results show that Wuhan’s net carbon emission increased from 18.589 Mt in 2000 to 42.794 Mt in 2020. The emissions during this period primarily came from urban production space and urban living space. Economic development is the primary factor contributing to the increase in net carbon emissions (36.412 Mt). The efficiency of territorial space utilization is the strongest mitigator of net carbon emissions, reducing net carbon emissions by 74.341 Mt (accounting for 42.06% of total emissions). The comprehensive scenario is the most effective for net carbon emission reduction in urban and ecological spaces, while the technological progress scenario provides the greatest reduction potential in agricultural spaces. These findings provide actionable insights for optimizing spatial planning, enhancing ecological restoration, and adopting low-carbon agricultural technologies to achieve targeted emissions reductions in “Three-Zone Space”. The results of this study can further provide scientific basis for the formulation of targeted emission reduction measures for “Three-Zone Space” and guide the construction of low-carbon territorial space patterns.
Physical Parameterization Sensitivity of Noah-MP for Hydrothermal Simulation Within the Active Layer on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Jiao Yongliang , Li Ren , Wu Tonghua , Wu Xiaodong , Wang Shenning , Yao Jimin , Hu Guojie , Zhu Xiaofan , Shi Jianzong , Xiao Yao , Du Erji , Qiao Yongping
Published: January 2025

The accurate modeling of complex freeze–thaw processes and hydrothermal dynamics within the active layer is challenging. Due to the uncertainty in hydrothermal simulation, it is necessary to thoroughly investigate the parameterization schemes in land surface models. The Noah-MP was utilized in this study to conduct 23,040 ensemble experiments based on 11 physical processes, which were aimed at improving the understanding of parameterization schemes and reducing model uncertainty. Next, the impacts of uncertainty of physical processes on land surface modeling were evaluated via Natural Selection and Tukey’s test. Finally, Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was used to identify the optimal combination of parameterization schemes for improving hydrothermal simulation. The results of Tukey’s test agreed well with those of Natural Selection for most soil layers. More importantly, Tukey’s test identified more parameterization schemes with consistent model performance for both soil temperature and moisture. Results from TOPSIS showed that the determination of optimal schemes was consistent for the simulation of soil temperature and moisture in each physical process except for frozen soil permeability (INF). Further analysis showed that scheme 2 of INF yielded better simulation results than scheme 1. The improvement of the optimal scheme combination during the frozen period was more significant than that during the thawed period.
History, Progress, and Prospects of Urban Fringe Research in China: An Idiosyncratic Synthesis from a Spatial Perspective
Authors: Li Zhi , Zhang Lixin , Hu Tian , Wu Yifei
Published: January 2025

Urban fringes, as transitional zones between urban and rural systems, have played a pivotal role in China’s rapid urban expansion. Though there have been very rich urban fringe studies in China, little efforts have been made to introduce this research progress to global peers. To fill this gap, this paper presents an idiosyncratic synthesis based on the relevant Chinese literature, from a spatial perspective—with urban fringes as a land system type of its own kind. We first recap the historical trajectory of urban fringe research in China, revealing its progression from early international influences to context-specific investigations shaped by China’s unique governance and socio-economic conditions. We then introduce, in more detail, the main research progresses on revealing the spatial patterns, underlying mechanisms, and governance practices of China’s urban fringe areas. We argue for studying urban fringes as part of and the critical zone for coupling urban–rural systems, and call for a holistic, inclusive approach in future studies. Specifically, we identify three research prospects: (1) understanding the new patterns of social-environmental dynamics in China’s New Era; (2) promoting spatial governance from a coupled urban–rural system perspective; and (3) leveraging artificial intelligence for producing spatially actionable knowledge.
Normative Values of Rhinology Questionnaires in Young Adults: A Tool to Identify Candidates for Rhinoplasty
Authors: Rot Piotr , Grab Paweł Piotr , Kwiatkowska Marta , Skrzypiec Łukasz , Krzywdzińska Sandra , Jurkiewicz Dariusz , Sobol Maria
Published: January 2025

Objective: Normative values of Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) and Functional Rhinoplasty Outcome Inventory 17 (FROI-17) allow the monitoring of surgery outcomes. The objective of our study was to determine the reference norms of these disease-specific questionnaires in the age group that most often seeks rhinoplasty. Methods: The normative values of the ROE and FROI-17 questionnaires were calculated for 570 (459 women and 111 men) young adults at the mean age of 19.3 ± 1.3 years, range 18–25 years. Each participant underwent an ENT examination. All those who obtained a positive result were asked to complete two questionnaires: ROE and FROI-17. Results: The mean total ROE score was 13.4 ± 2.3, with a median of 13 and a range from 7 to 24. The mean overall FROI-17 score was 9.1 ± 13.3, with a median of 4 and a range from 4 to 72. For nasal symptoms, the mean was 4.0 ± 6.0, with a median of 1 and a range from 0 to 29. We observed a statistically significant difference between men and women only for the normative values of nasal symptoms (mean 4.0 ± 5.9 and median 2 (0–27) vs. mean 3.7 ± 6.5 and median 0 (0–29)). Additionally, there was a statistically significant correlation between the normative values of the ROE and FROI-17 scores (ρs = −0.413 for all participants, ρs = −0.314 for women, and ρs = −0.437 for men). Conclusions: The established normative values for the ROE and FROI-17 questionnaires among young, healthy individuals without nasal abnormalities can assist in the initial assessment of individuals seeking rhinoplasty. Deviations from these normative values in the ROE and FROI-17 questionnaires results may serve as indicators of potential concerns, such as body dysmorphic disorder (BDD).
Global DNA Methylation and DNA Methyltransferase Status Among Cigarette Smokers in Saudi
Authors: AlAmeer Areej , Sultan Samar
Published: January 2025

Smoking is a serious public health concern worldwide. It is a common environmental factor causing epigenetic alterations. This study aimed to explore the effect of smoking on DNA methylation by quantifying global DNA methylation, measuring the concentrations of plasma DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) among cigarette smokers in Saudi, and comparing these results with those of nonsmokers. Whole blood specimens were collected from Saudi cigarette smokers (n = 36) and non-smokers as controls (n = 36). Global DNA alteration was determined by a 5-methylation Cytosine (5-mC) colorimetric assay, and the concentration of DNMT proteins was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). DNA hypomethylation was found in smokers compared with controls (p < 0.001). Cigarette smokers showed significantly increased DNMT concentrations (DNM-1, DNMT-3A, and DNMT-3B) (p < 0.005). Global DNA hypomethylation correlated significantly with smoking duration (r = −0.854, p = 0.040) but not with other clinical parameters. In addition, DNMTs also were significantly correlated with smoking duration DNMT1 (r = 0.033, p = 0.002), DNMT3A (r = 0.431, p < 0.001), and DNMT3B (r = 0.553, p = 0.015). Our findings suggest that cigarette smoke induces epigenetic dysregulation, a principal player in cancer and various diseases through global DNA hypomethylation and high concentrations of DNMTs among cigarette smokers compared with nonsmokers.
Hydrogen-Induced Ductility Loss of GH625 Superalloy Under Thermal Hydrogen Charging
Authors: Zhang Jishun , Zhao Jiqing , Liao Zhenyang , Yu Jia , Wang Rui , Sun Yongfu , Yang Gang
Published: January 2025

The effect of thermal hydrogen charging on the tensile properties of GH625 superalloy was investigated. The results reveal that hydrogen significantly reduces the ductility of the GH625, leading to a shift from microvoid coalescence (MVC)-induced ductile fracture to intergranular (IG) brittle fracture. Random grain boundaries (GBs) are the primary sites for crack initiation. Hydrogen reduces the critical fracture stress of the δ phase at grain boundaries, causing cracking of the δ phase. Under the influence of hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) and hydrogen-enhanced decohesion (HEDE), the δ/γ interface debonds, forming microcracks that propagate along the fractured δ phase, leading to intergranular cracking. Annealing twin boundaries (TBs) serve as secondary sites for crack initiation. Hydrogen-induced local stress concentration promotes twin boundary sliding and hydrogen segregation reduces twin boundary cohesion strength, which is the primary cause of TB crack formation.
Valley-Related Multipiezo Effect in Altermagnet Monolayer V2STeO
Authors: Chang Yufang , Wu Yanzhao , Deng Li , Yin Xiang , Zhang Xianmin
Published: January 2025

The multipiezo effect realizes the coupling of strain with magnetism and electricity, which provides a new way of designing multifunctional devices. In this study, monolayer V2STeO is demonstrated to be an altermagnet semiconductor with a direct band gap of 0.41 eV. The spin splittings of monolayer V2STeO are as high as 1114 and 1257 meV at the valence and conduction bands, respectively. Moreover, a pair of energy degeneracy valleys appears at X and Y points in the first Brillouin zone. The valley polarization and reversion can be achieved by applying uniaxial strains along different directions, indicating a piezovalley effect. In addition, a net magnetization coupled with uniaxial strain and hole doping can be induced in monolayer V2STeO, presenting the piezomagnetic feature. Furthermore, due to the Janus structure, the inversion symmetry of monolayer V2STeO is naturally broken, resulting in the piezoelectric property. The integration of the altermagnet, piezovalley, piezomagnetic, and piezoelectric properties make monolayer V2STeO a promising candidate for multifunctional spintronic and valleytronic devices.
Improvement of the Wear and Corrosion Resistance of CrSiN Films on ZE52 Magnesium Alloy Through the DC Magnetron Sputtering Process
Authors: Wu Hao-Yu , Yang Liang-Jyun , Chen Hou-Jen , Chang Shih-Hsien , Lin Hsin-Chih
Published: January 2025

The utilization of magnesium alloys as lightweight structural materials is becoming increasingly prevalent, particularly within the fields of electronics, automotive engineering, and defense. These alloys display high specific strength and excellent heat dissipation properties. The magnesium–zinc–rare earth alloy ZE52 displays superior formability and strength-ductility when compared to conventional magnesium alloys. A CrSiN film was deposited on the surface using a sputtering technique with the objective of enhancing wear and corrosion resistance for industrial applications. A CrSi buffer layer was deposited onto the ZE52 substrate prior to the deposition of the CrSiN film, with the objective of enhancing the adhesion between the two materials. The sputtering process for CrSiN films entailed the modulation of the substrate bias voltage. The CrSiN films exhibited a nanocomposite structure comprising CrN nanocrystallites embedded within an amorphous Si3N4, which resulted in enhanced hardness. Upon adjusting the bias voltage, improvements in mechanical properties were observed, with the film hardness and Young’s modulus increasing to 16.5 GPa and 187.4 GPa, respectively. Among the various CrSiN coatings under investigation, the ZE52 alloy that was coated with a CrSiN film deposited at a bias voltage of −50 V and a substrate temperature of 250 °C demonstrated the most favorable performance, exhibiting the lowest wear rate and superior corrosion resistance. In the tungsten carbide wear test with a loading of 4 N, the coating exhibited the lowest wear rate, at 2.2 × 10−6 mm3·m−1·N−1. Furthermore, the coating demonstrated remarkable corrosion resistance in a 3.5% NaCl solution, displaying a corrosion current density of 1.23 μA·cm−2 and a polarization resistance of 1271.4 Ω·cm−2.
Impact of the Applied Electrode System on Properties of Electrodeposited Calcium Phosphate Coatings
Authors: Iwaniak Klaudia , Kaczorowski Witold , Burnat Barbara , Grabarczyk Jacek
Published: January 2025

The morphology and physicochemical properties of electrochemically deposited CaP coatings depend on the applied process parameters; however, the influence of different electrode systems has not been studied so far. In this work, the possibility of electrochemical deposition of CaP coatings on Ti6Al7Nb alloy using different electrode systems (two-electrode and three-electrode) and the influence of the electrode system and selected ranges of deposition parameters on the properties of the deposited CaP coatings were investigated. The morphology and physicochemical properties of the CaP coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and corrosion studies. The results confirmed the effective electrodeposition of CaP coatings using both electrode systems. The applied electrode system and deposition parameters cause changes in the morphology of the obtained coatings. Chemical structure analysis confirmed the presence of mainly hydroxyapatite in the deposited CaP coatings. With the change in voltage/potential in a more cathodic direction, in addition to hydroxyapatite, a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) structure appears. The corrosion tests have shown that the applied deposition parameters have an impact on corrosion resistance and the deposited coatings exhibited protective properties against corrosion under physiological conditions. The CaP coatings with optimal properties for biomedical applications were deposited at a voltage of −4 V in the two-electrode system and a potential of −4 VSCE in the three-electrode system.
First- and Second-Order Centrodes of Both Coupler Links of Stephenson III Six-Bar Mechanisms
Authors: Figliolini Giorgio , Lanni Chiara , Tomassi Luciano
Published: January 2025

The subject of this paper is the formulation of a general algorithm that is aimed to obtain and analyze the first- and second-order centrodes of both coupler links of Stephenson III six-bar mechanisms, along with the corresponding pairs of Bresse’s circles. The position vectors of both pairs of instantaneous centers of rotation and acceleration centers are expressed as vector functions of the driving input angle of the mechanism and apply the fundamental theorems for velocities and accelerations, respectively. Thus, the proposed algorithm has been formulated by using vector algebra and validated through significant numerical and graphical results by devoting particular attention to the cases in which the second coupler link shows an instantaneous stop configuration, along with those where the first four-bar linkage reaches an asymptotic configuration. These results can be useful for designing and analyzing specific mechanisms for practical applications, such as composing the jaw-crusher machine, which has been selected as an example.
Accelerating Consensus Reaching Through Top Persuaders: A Social Persuasion Model in Social Network Group Decision Making
Authors: Pan Bin , Han Jingti , Tian Bo , Liu Yunhan , Liang Shenbao
Published: January 2025

In traditional group decision-making models, it is commonly assumed that all decision makers exert equal influence on one another. However, in real-world social networks, such as Twitter and Facebook, certain individuals—known as top persuaders—hold a disproportionately large influence over others. This study formulates the consensus-reaching problem in social network group decision making by introducing a novel framework for predicting top persuaders. Building on social network theories, we develop a social persuasion model that integrates social influence and social status to quantify individuals’ persuasive power more comprehensively. Subsequently, we propose a new CRP that leverages the influence of top persuaders. Our simulations and comparative analyses demonstrate that: (1) increasing the number of top persuaders substantially reduces the iterations required to achieve consensus; (2) establishing trust relationships between top persuaders and other individuals accelerates the consensus process; and (3) top persuaders retain a high and stable level of influence throughout the entire CRP rounds. Our research provides practical insights into identifying and strategically guiding top persuaders to enhance the efficiency in consensus reaching and reduce social management costs within social networked environments.
Non-Convex Metric Learning-Based Trajectory Clustering Algorithm
Authors: Lei Xiaoyan , Wang Hongyan
Published: January 2025

To address the issue of suboptimal clustering performance arising from the limitations of distance measurement in traditional trajectory clustering methods, this paper presents a novel trajectory clustering strategy that integrates the bag-of-words model with non-convex metric learning. Initially, the strategy extracts motion characteristic parameters from trajectory points. Subsequently, based on the minimum description length criterion, trajectories are segmented into several homogeneous segments, and statistical properties for each segment are computed. A non-convex metric learning mechanism is then introduced to enhance similarity evaluation accuracy. Furthermore, by combining a bag-of-words model with a non-convex metric learning algorithm, segmented trajectory fragments are transformed into fixed-length feature descriptors. Finally, the K-means method and the proposed non-convex metric learning algorithm are utilized to analyze the feature descriptors, and hence, the effective clustering of trajectories can be achieved. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits superior clustering performance compared to the state-of-the-art trajectory clustering approaches.
Generating Ideals of Bloch Mappings via Pietsch’s Quotients
Authors: Gálvez-Rodríguez José F. , Ruiz-Casternado David
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we introduce the notion of the normalized Bloch left-hand quotient ideal A−1∘IB^, where A is an operator ideal and IB^ is a normalized Bloch ideal, as a nonlinear extension of the concept of the left-hand quotient of operator ideals. We show that these quotients constitute a new method for generating normalized Bloch ideals, complementing the existing methods of generation by composition and transposition. In fact, if IB^ has the linearization property in a linear operator ideal J, then A−1∘IB^ is a composition ideal of the form (A−1∘J)∘IB^. We conclude this work by introducing two important subclasses of Bloch maps; these are Bloch maps with the Grothendieck and Rosenthal range. We focus on showing that they form normalized Bloch ideals which can be seen as normalized Bloch left-hand quotients ideals. In addition, we pose an open problem concerning when a Bloch quotient without the linearization property in an operator ideal cannot be related to a normalized Bloch ideal of the composition type, for which we will use the subclass of p-summing Bloch maps.
FldtMatch: Improving Unbalanced Data Classification via Deep Semi-Supervised Learning with Self-Adaptive Dynamic Threshold
Authors: Wu Xin , Xu Jingjing , Li Kuan , Yin Jianping , Xiong Jian
Published: January 2025

Among the many methods of deep semi-supervised learning (DSSL), the holistic method combines ideas from other methods, such as consistency regularization and pseudo-labeling, with great success. This method typically introduces a threshold to utilize unlabeled data. If the highest predictive value from unlabeled data exceeds the threshold, the associated class is designated as the data’s pseudo-label. However, current methods utilize fixed or dynamic thresholds, disregarding the varying learning difficulties across categories in unbalanced datasets. To overcome these issues, in this paper, we first designed Cumulative Effective Labeling (CEL) to reflect a particular class’s learning difficulty. This approach differs from previous methods because it uses effective pseudo-labels and ground truth, collectively influencing the model’s capacity to acquire category knowledge. In addition, based on CEL, we propose a simple but effective way to compute the threshold, Self-adaptive Dynamic Threshold (SDT). It requires a single hyperparameter to adjust to various scenarios, eliminating the necessity for a unique threshold modification approach for each case. SDT utilizes a clever mapping function that can solve the problem of differential learning difficulty of various categories in an unbalanced image dataset that adversely affects dynamic thresholding. Finally, we propose a deep semi-supervised method with SDT called FldtMatch. Through theoretical analysis and extensive experiments, we have fully proven that FldtMatch can overcome the negative impact of unbalanced data. Regardless of the choice of the backbone network, our method achieves the best results on multiple datasets. The maximum improvement of the macro F1-Score metric is about 5.6% in DFUC2021 and 2.2% in ISIC2018.
Reduced-Order Model for Cell Volume Homeostasis: Application to Aqueous Humor Production
Authors: Sacco Riccardo , Chiaravalli Greta , Guidoboni Giovanna , Layton Anita , Antman Gal , Shalem Keren Wood , Verticchio Alice , Siesky Brent , Harris Alon
Published: January 2025

The ability of a cell to keep its volume constant irrespective of intra- and extracellular conditions is essential for cellular homeostasis and survival. The purpose of this study is to elaborate a theoretical model of cell volume homeostasis and to apply it to a simulation of human aqueous humor (AH) production. The model assumes a cell with a spherical shape and only radial deformation satisfying the property that the cell volume in rest conditions equals that of the cell couplets constituting the ciliary epithelium of the human eye. The cytoplasm is described as a homogeneous mixture containing fluid, ions, and neutral solutes whose evolution is determined by net production mechanisms occurring in the intracellular volume and by water and solute exchange across the membrane. Averaging the balance equations over the cell volume leads to a coupled system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which are solved using the θ-method and the Matlab function ode15s. Simulation tests are conducted to characterize the set of parameters corresponding to baseline conditions in AH production. The model is subsequently used to investigate the relative importance of (a) impermeant charged proteins; (b) sodium–potassium (Na+/K+) pumps; (c) carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the AH production process; and (d) intraocular pressure. Results suggest that (a) and (b) play a role; (c) lacks significant weight, at least for low carbon dioxide values; and (d) plays a role for the elevated values of intraocular pressure. Model results describe a higher impact from charged proteins and Na+/K+ ATPase than CA on AH production and cellular volume. The computational virtual laboratory provides a method to further test in vivo experiments and machine learning-based data analysis toward the prevention and cure of ocular diseases such as glaucoma.
When Leaders Are Safe Havens: How Secure Base Leadership Buffers the Impact of Emotional Demands on Exhaustion
Authors: Navas-Jiménez María C. , Laguia Ana , Schettini Rocio , Rodríguez-Batalla Fidel , Guillén-Corchado David , Moriano Juan A.
Published: January 2025

Based on attachment theory, this research explores Secure Base Leadership’s (SBL) efficacy in mitigating the negative impact of emotional demands on employee exhaustion, with an aim to reduce burnout rates and improve workplace well-being. A survey sample of 428 Spanish employees from various sectors was collected, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the research model. Emotional demands were found to significantly increase employee exhaustion, whereas SBL reduced and moderated these effects, proving its protective function. Furthermore, increased exhaustion was associated with longer tenure and employment in private organizations. Findings support integrating SBL in leadership development to foster a supportive environment, mitigate burnout, and boost employee well-being. Highlighting the application of attachment theory in organizational settings, this study contributes to understanding SBL’s effectiveness against emotional demands, guiding leadership practices to enhance organizational health.
Near-Infrared Spectral MEMS Gas Sensor for Multi-Component Food Gas Detection
Authors: Yan Xiaojian , Tan Yao , Wang Yi , Chen Gongdai , Xia Weigao , Zhou Gang , Luo Hongliang , Liu Hao , Gong Tianxun , Zhang Xiaosheng
Published: January 2025

The complex application environments of gas detection, such as in industrial process monitoring and control, atmospheric and environmental monitoring, and food safety, require real-time and online high-sensitivity gas detection, as well as the accurate identification and quantitative analysis of gas samples. Despite the progress in gas analysis and detection methods, high-precision and high-sensitivity detection requirements for target gases of multiple components in mixed gases are still challenging. Here, we demonstrate a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) with near-infrared (NIR) spectral gas detection technology and spectral model training, which is used to improve the detection and classification of multi-component gases in food. During blind sample testing, the NIR spectral gas sensor demonstrated over 90% accuracy in identifying mixed gases, as well as achieving the classification of ethanol concentration. We envision that our design strategy of an NIR spectral gas sensor could enhance the gas detection and distinguishing ability under the conditions of background gas interference and cross-interference in multi-component detection.
High-Precision Tunneling Magnetoresistance (TMR) Current Sensor for Weak Current Measurement in Smart Grid Applications
Authors: Xu Yong , Jin Zhenhu , Chen Jiamin
Published: January 2025

To meet the demand for high-precision, high-resolution measurement of weak currents in smart grids, this article presents the design of a current sensor based on the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) effect. To improve the detection accuracy of the sensor, this design adopts a low-noise, high-sensitivity TMR chip as its chip selection; in the sensor circuit, a high-linearity interface circuit is used to eliminate fixed bias; and a magnetic flux concentrator is used to improve sensitivity and anti-interference capability. Experimental results indicate that the sensor achieves a sensitivity of 29.4 mV/V/mA, a linearity of 0.19%, and an accuracy of 0.045% within a ±100 mA range, supporting current measurement from DC up to 10.5 kHz. The proposed sensor demonstrates several advantages, including a wide measurement range, high accuracy, high resolution, and non-invasive measurement capability, making it well suited for weak current detection in smart grid applications.
SARS-CoV-2 XEC: A Genome-Based Survey
Authors: Scarpa Fabio , Branda Francesco , Ceccarelli Giancarlo , Romano Chiara , Locci Chiara , Pascale Noemi , Azzena Ilenia , Fiori Pier Luigi , Casu Marco , Pascarella Stefano , Quaranta Miriana , Benvenuto Domenico , Cauda Roberto , Ciccozzi Massimo , Sanna Daria
Published: January 2025

Recombination, a process of genetic exchange between distinct organisms, has played a critical role in the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the XEC recombinant. This study provides a detailed genomic and structural characterization of XEC, derived from the recombination of lineages KP.3.3 (donor) and KS.1.1 (acceptor). Phylogenomic analyses reveal that XEC and its descendant XEC.1 form a monophyletic clade with close evolutionary ties to KP.3.3. The genomic breakpoint, spanning nucleotide positions 22,363–22,463, marks the shift from KS.1.1 to KP.3.3 within the spike protein gene. Mutational analysis highlights shared traits with its parental lineages, including mutations associated with immune evasion, receptor affinity, and fusogenicity. Notable changes, such as Q493E and L455S, may confer unique immunogenic properties, though XEC’s overall immune escape potential is limited by the absence of new mutations in conserved epitopes. Despite these mutations, XEC demonstrates restricted geographical spread, low genetic variability, and an evolutionary trajectory indicative of an evolutionary dead-end. Bayesian Skyline Plot analysis corroborates this, showing stable but declining population size. These findings underscore the need for ongoing genomic surveillance to monitor recombinant variants’ characteristics and public health impact. This study contributes to understanding viral evolution and highlights the importance of distinguishing variants of concern from those with minimal epidemiological significance.
Identification, Genome Characterization, and Growth Optimization of Paenibacillus peoriae MHJL1 for Biocontrol and Growth Promotion of Cotton Seedlings
Authors: Zheng Tongtong , Li Min , Kong Zhengnan , Ji Lei , Fu Xiaowen , Dai Li , Kan Jizhen , Men Qingyong , Wang Hailong , Du Binghai , Liu Kai , Mei Xiangui , Wang Chengqiang
Published: January 2025

Fusarium and verticillium wilt are the primary diseases affecting cotton plants, significantly reducing both the yield and quality of cotton. Paenibacillus spp. are crucial biocontrol strains for controlling plant diseases. In this study, Paenibacillus peoriae MHJL1, which could prevent the pathogenic fungi of fusarium and verticillium wilt and promote cotton growth, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of cotton plants. Whole-genome analysis of strain MHJL1 identified 16 gene clusters for secondary metabolite synthesis, including fusaricidins with potent antifungal properties. By optimizing the fermentation process, the cell and spore numbers of MHJL1 were increased to 2.14 × 108 CFU/mL and 8.66 × 108 CFU/mL, respectively. Moreover, the antifungal ability of MHJL1 was also increased by 31.48%. In pot experiments conducted with healthy soil, the control rates for MHJL1 against fusarium and verticillium wilt were found to be 44.83% and 58.27%, respectively; in experiments using continuously cropped soil, the control rates were 55.22% against fusarium wilt and 48.46% against verticillium wilt. Our findings provide valuable insights for the biocontrol application and fermentation of P. peoriae MHJL1, while also contributing a new resource for the development of microbial agents.
The Transport of Sediments from the Cartagena-La Unión Mining District Leads to the Incorporation of Metal(loid)s into the Marine Environment
Authors: Faz Ángel , Martínez-Carlos Jacinto , Martínez-Martínez Silvia , Zornoza Raúl , Gabarrón María , Soriano Disla José M. , Gómez-López María D. , Acosta Jose A.
Published: January 2025

Extraction activities can have a significant impact on the environment due to the mobilization of trace elements. These elements can pose a risk to soils, biota, water, and human health when incorporated into nearby ecosystems. To evaluate the transfer of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn from mine areas to the marine environment, a study was conducted in the Cartagena-La Union mining district (SE Spain). The study area included the mouth of a stream affected by waste materials from tailing ponds. In addition, a maritime area without mining influence was selected as a control site. Sediment samples were collected (three transects with nine sampling points and three depths) at the El Gorguel shoreline, and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total metal(loid)s content, water-soluble anions, and metal(loid)s in chemical fraction distribution. Water and biota samples (Paracentrotus lividus, Patella vulgata, Hexaplex trunculus, Anemonia viridis, and Trachinotus ovatus) were also collected for metal(loid) content analysis. The results showed that the metal(loid)s concentration in the sediment increased compared to the control site, which was not influenced by mining activities. The chemical composition of metal(loid)s in the sediments revealed that Cd is the most hazardous element due to its high concentration in the labile fractions (20%), suggesting easy transfer to the marine environment. However, transfer mechanisms should be studied in various scenarios with different climatic, wave, and tidal conditions. Marine biota metal(loid)s concentrations showed an increase in specimens collected under the influence of mining activities but without exceeding limits that would affect incorporation into the trophic chain. Consequently, bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes must be considered in a future biomonitoring program.
Advancing Continuous and Refined Lithology Identification: A Similarity Image Recognition Approach for Enhanced Accuracy and Efficiency
Authors: Sun Zhengxin , Jin Yan , Pang Huiwen , Liang Yu , Guo Xuyang
Published: January 2025

This study presents a novel lithological analysis method that combines optical thin-section analysis with intelligent algorithms. The method utilizes mineral composition data and two-dimensional rock properties to improve the accuracy and efficiency of lithological identification. By integrating high-resolution optical imaging to precisely capture microscopic rock textures with automated mineral composition analysis systems, this method ensures the rapid and accurate identification of major mineral components without sample damage. Furthermore, advanced image processing and similarity analysis algorithms effectively classify and automatically identify distinct rock layers, enabling a continuous and precise lithological identification process. This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional methods, including subjectivity and inefficiency, and provides robust technical support for geological exploration and mineral resource evaluation. The study shows that this method markedly improves the efficiency of petrological analysis compared to traditional logging techniques. The spatial resolution for mineral composition and lithological identification improved from 12.5 cm to 7 cm per point, maintaining an accuracy of 83%. These results underscore the method’s potential to advance technologies in geoscience and related fields.
Assessment of the Microbiological Potential and Spectroscopic Properties of New Imino-1,3,4-Thiadiazoles Showing the ESIPT Effect Strongly Enhanced by Aggregation
Authors: Chruściel Edyta , Ślusarczyk Lidia , Gładyszewska Bożena , Karcz Dariusz , Luchowski Rafał , Nucia Aleksandra , Ociepa Tomasz , Nowak Michał , Kowalczyk Krzysztof , Włodarczyk Adam , Gagoś Mariusz , Okoń Sylwia , Matwijczuk Arkadiusz
Published: January 2025

There is currently a growing interest in imino derivatives of compounds such as thiadiazoles and other groups of compounds whose extended π-electron systems enhance their photophysical properties. These compounds also show low toxicity and strong antifungal activity, making them effective against fungal pathogens in crops. For the above reasons, in the first part of the paper, the structure of the selected analogs was considered, and detailed spectroscopic analyses were conducted focusing on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process taking place in the same. Measurements were taken in terms of absorption spectroscopy and electron fluorescence, synchronous spectra, and fluorescence lifetimes, as well as calculations of fluorescence quantum efficiency in selected solvents and concentrations. In the spectral observations, the ESIPT process was manifested in several solvents as very distinct dual fluorescence. Moreover, in selected molecules, this phenomenon was strongly related to molecular aggregation, which was associated with not very efficient but nonetheless visible fluorescence of the AIE (Aggregation-Induced Emission) type. In the second part of the paper, a detailed preliminary study is presented exploring the microbiological properties of selected imino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives in the context of their potential applicability as inhibitors affecting the development and growth of some of the most important fungal pathogens attacking cereal crops and posing an increasing threat to modern agriculture. Overall, the research presented in this article provides a detailed, experimental analysis of the spectroscopic properties of selected imino-thiadiazoles and points to their potential use as novel and effective solutions capable of limiting the growth and development of fungal pathogens in cereals.
Sustainable Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Value-Added Lignan from Sesame Meal: Achieving Green Neuroprotection and Waste Valorization by Optimizing Temperature, Solvent, and Pressure
Authors: Jan Kuo-Ching , Gavahian Mohsen
Published: January 2025

In pursuing sustainable health solutions and growing demand for neuroprotective interventions, the industry demands alternative green extraction technologies to valorize agri-food by-products. This study aimed to develop an optimized supercritical carbon dioxide extraction to isolate sesame meal’s functional compound (lignans) and assess their neuroprotective effects. Extraction was performed at various pressures (2–4 kpsi), temperatures (40–60 °C), co-solvent concentrations (2–25 mol% ethanol), and CO2 collection segments (0–100 NL) to systematically analyze extraction parameters. Extracts were analyzed quantitatively using high-performance liquid chromatography followed by neuroprotective mechanisms analysis through PC12 neural cell and ischemic stroke models. The results showed that adding ethanol enhanced the polarity and density of supercritical CO2, improving the extraction efficiency of polar lignans. Optimal extraction conditions (4 kpsi, 50 °C, 10 mol% ethanol) yielded the highest sesamol, sesamin, and sesamolin. Extracts showed remarkable protective capabilities when subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions simulating ischemic stress, preventing the enhancement of lactate dehydrogenase activity. Relatively low extract concentrations (25–100 μg/mL) significantly mitigated cellular damage induced by short and extended OGD conditions. The findings revealed green extraction methodologies’ capability to transform sesame meal, a food processing waste, into value-added compounds, in line with sustainable development goals for responsible and sustainable food production, particularly SDGs 3, 9, 12, and 13.
A Multi-Method Approach to Analyzing MOFs for Chemical Warfare Simulant Capture: Molecular Simulation, Machine Learning, and Molecular Fingerprints
Authors: Ming Zhongyuan , Zhang Min , Zhang Shouxin , Li Xiaopeng , Yan Xiaoshan , Guan Kexin , Li Yu , Peng Yufeng , Li Jinfeng , Li Heguo , Zhao Yue , Qiao Zhiwei
Published: January 2025

Mustard gas (HD) is a well-known chemical warfare agent, recognized for its extreme toxicity and severe hazards. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), with their unique structural properties, show significant potential for HD adsorption applications. Due to the extreme hazards of HD, most experimental studies focus on its simulants, but molecular simulation research on these simulants remains limited. Simulation analyses of simulants can uncover structure–performance relationships and enable experimental validation, optimizing methods, and improving material design and performance predictions. This study integrates molecular simulations, machine learning (ML), and molecular fingerprinting (MFs) to identify MOFs with high adsorption performance for the HD simulant diethyl sulfide (DES), followed by in-depth structural analysis and comparison. First, MOFs are categorized into Top, Middle, and Bottom materials based on their adsorption efficiency. Univariate analysis, machine learning, and molecular fingerprinting are then used to identify and compare the distinguishing features and fingerprints of each category. Univariate analysis helps identify the optimal structural ranges of Top and Bottom materials, providing a reference for initial material screening. Machine learning feature importance analysis, combined with SHAP methods, identifies the key features that most significantly influence model predictions across categories, offering valuable insights for future material design. Molecular fingerprint analysis reveals critical fingerprint combinations, showing that adsorption performance is optimized when features such as metal oxides, nitrogen-containing heterocycles, six-membered rings, and C=C double bonds co-exist. The integrated analysis using HTCS, ML, and MFs provides new perspectives for designing high-performance MOFs and demonstrates significant potential for developing materials for the adsorption of CWAs and their simulants.
Investigation on the Interaction of Dendritic Core Multi-Shell Nanoparticles with Human Red Blood Cells
Authors: Krauß Jakob , Georgieva Radostina , Karabaliev Miroslav , Hackmann Moritz , Rerkshanandana Pichayut , Chaiwaree Saranya , Kalus Ulrich , Pruß Axel , Xiong Yu , Bäumler Hans
Published: January 2025

The use of nanoparticles is becoming increasingly apparent in a growing number of medical fields. To exploit the full potential of these particles, it is essential to examine their behavior in the blood and their possible interactions with blood cells. Dendritic core multi-shell DendroSol™ nanoparticles (DS-NPs) are able to penetrate into viable layers of human skin, but nothing is known about their interaction with blood cells. In the present study, we analyze the effect of DS-NPs on red blood cells (RBCs) using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), flow cytometry, sedimentation rate analysis, spectrophotometry, and hemolysis assays. DS-NPs labeled with Nile red (NR) were added to RBC suspensions and their accumulation in the area of the RBC membranes was demonstrated by CLSM as well as by flow cytometry. In the presence of DS-NPs, the RBCs show an increased sedimentation rate, which also confirms the binding of the NPs to the cells. Interestingly, in the presence of DS-NPs, the RBCs are stabilized against hypotonic hemolysis as well as against the hemolytic action of Triton X-100. This proven anti-hemolytic effect could be utilized to enhance the circulation time of RBCs loaded with drugs for prolonged sustained release and drug delivery with enhanced bioavailability.
Enteral Tube Nutrition in Anorexia Nervosa and Atypical Anorexia Nervosa and Outcomes: A Systematic Scoping Review
Authors: Dhopatkar Namrata , Keeler Johanna L. , Gravina Davide , Gower Jacinda , Mutwalli Hiba , Bektas Sevgi , Fuller Sarah J. , Himmerich Hubertus , Treasure Janet
Published: January 2025

Background: Anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa require refeeding as a core part of their treatment, and enteral tube nutrition (ETN) may be needed in some individuals either to supplement or replace oral nutrition. This scoping review aimed to explore outcomes associated with phases of ETN, including initial nutrition, transition from enteral nutrition to oral intake, and to overall nutrition; Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews checklist was used. A systematic search was performed using the Ovid and the Web of Science databases, using relevant search terms identifying 37 studies to be included in the review. Quantitative and qualitative data were synthesised and presented; Results: ETN resulted in similar or higher weight gain than oral nutrition. Refeeding syndrome parameters were comparable between ETN and oral nutrition with some indication that prophylactic phosphate supported mitigation of hypophosphataemia. Global psychological parameters related to the eating disorder improved with nutrition; however, there was an indication that weight and shape concerns did not improve during this period. There was a lack of evidence related to transition from ETN to oral intake. Qualitative data indicated meanings attached to the tube, suggesting that additional support may be needed for the transition away from the tube. Furthermore, consideration may be required to support individuals in mitigating trauma related to ETN under restraint; Conclusions: ETN, when required, is a viable alternative to oral intake. Results indicated the need for further research, especially in the transition from ETN to oral intake with regard to strategies of transition and support, and outcomes related to these strategies.