bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Messungen der Compliance und Bestimmungsfaktoren für einen Therapieerfolg mit herausnehmbaren funktionskieferorthopädischen Apparaturen
Authors: Zinad K. , Schols A. , Schols J.
Published: July 2017

Zielsetzung Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Patientencompliance beim Tragen herausnehmbarer funktionskieferorthopädischer Apparaturen zu bestimmen und Faktoren zu definieren, die den Erfolg einer Behandlung beeinflussen könnten.

Methoden Bei 88 Klasse-II-Patienten, die konsekutiv mit herausnehmbaren funktionskieferorthopädischen Apparaturen behandelt worden waren, wurden die Tragezeiten quantifiziert und mithilfe des TheraMon®-Mikrosensors in Verbindung mit anderen behandlungsbezogenen Faktoren analysiert.

Ergebnisse Die mittlere Tragezeit (±SD) betrug 10,2 (±2,86) Stunden/Tag, die mittlere Overjet-Reduktion 4,7 mm (±2,50) und die mittlere Gesamtbehandlungsdauer 6,9 (±3,0) Monate. Die objektiven und geschätzten Tragezeiten waren signifikant unterschiedlich (p<0,001), und die objektive Tragezeit war positiv mit der Gesamtreduktion des Overjets korreliert (r=0,29, p=0,007). Die mittlere Overjet-Reduktion während der Beobachtungsphase war am niedrigsten bei Patienten mit einer Tragezeit von<8 Stunden/Tag. Der Grad der Schmerzen/Beschwerden und die objektive Tragezeit waren umgekehrt korreliert (r=–0,41, p<0,001). Die Motivation war umgekehrt mit Schmerzen/Beschwerden korreliert (r=–0,23, p=0,03) und positiv mit der Tragezeit assoziiert (r=0,37, p=0,001). Das Ausmaß der Schmerzen/Beschwerden und die Motivation trugen unabhängig voneinander zur täglichen Tragezeit der funktionskieferorthopädischen Apparatur bei.

Schlussfolgerungen Die empfohlene Tragezeit wird nahezu nie erreicht, und die Reduktion des Overjets und die Tragezeit zeigen eine moderate Korrelation. Die Compliance ist unabhängig mit Schmerzen/Beschwerden und Motivation assoziiert, korreliert jedoch nicht mit dem Alter, dem Geschlecht, Mobbing oder der Mundhygiene. Die direkte Quantifizierung der Tragezeit und die klinischen Ergebnisse während der Behandlung ermöglichen es dem Zahnarzt, personalisierte Empfehlungen zur Tragezeit zu geben.
Gingivarezessionen und parodontale plastische Chirurgie
Authors: Quincey Giles , Renkema Anne , Padmos Jens
Published: July 2017

Unter parodontaler plastischer Chirurgie subsummiert man chirurgische Behandlungen, die Entwicklungsstörungen sowie anatomische, traumatische und pathologische Abweichungen der Gingiva, der alveolären Mukosa und des Alveolarknochens verhindern oder korrigieren. Rezessionsdeckungen gehören zu dieser Kategorie und werden inzwischen seit gut 50 Jahren mit wechselndem Erfolg angewandt. Es gibt mehrere Indikationen, Gingivarezessionen zu behandeln. Wenn die bevorzugte Behandlung – eine konservative Herangehensweise – keinen Erfolg (mehr) bietet, können Gingivarezessionen mithilfe der parodontal plastischen Chirurgie behandelt werden. Das Ziel der Chirurgie ist die komplette Wiederherstellung der anatomischen Strukturen im Rezessionsgebiet. Während der letzten Jahrzehnte wurden hierzu verschiedene chirurgische Techniken entwickelt. Die Wahl der entsprechenden Technik hängt von Faktoren wie der Defektanzahl, der Größe und dem Ausmaß der keratinisierten Gingiva im betroffenen Bereich ab.
Transition scenario and transition control of the flow over a semi-infinite square leading-edge plate
Authors: Huang Yadong , Zhou Benmou , Tang Zhaolie , Zhang Fei
Published: July 2017

In recent investigations of the flow over a square leading-edge flat plate, elliptic instability and transient growth of perturbations are proposed to explain the turbulent transition mechanism of the separating and reattaching flow reported in early experimental visualizations. An original transition scenario as well as a transition control method is presented by a detailed numerical study in this paper. The transient growth of perturbations in the separation bubble induces the primary instability that causes the 2D unsteady flow consisting of Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) vortices. The pairing instability of the KH vortices induces the subharmonic secondary instability, and then resonance transition occurs. The streamwise Lorentz force as the control input is applied in the recirculation region where the separation bubble generates. The maximum energy amplification magnitude of perturbations takes a linear attenuation with the interaction number; thus, the primary instability is reduced under control. The interaction number represents the strength of the streamwise Lorentz force relative to the inertial force of the fluid. The reduced primary instability is not strong enough to induce the secondary instability, so the flow is globally stable under control. Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation confirms the results of the linear stability analysis. Although the growth rate of the convectively unstable secondary instability is limited by the flow field scale, the feedback loop of the energy transfer promotes the resonance transition. However, as the separation bubble scale is reduced and the feedback loop is broken by the streamwise Lorentz force, the three-dimensional transition is suppressed and a skin-friction drag reduction is achieved.
Molecular simulation of caloric properties of fluids modelled by force fields with intramolecular contributions: Application to heat capacities
Authors: Smith William R. , Jirsák Jan , Nezbeda Ivo , Qi Weikai
Published: July 2017

The calculation of caloric properties such as heat capacity, Joule-Thomson coefficients, and the speed of sound by classical force-field-based molecular simulation methodology has received scant attention in the literature, particularly for systems composed of complex molecules whose force fields (FFs) are characterized by a combination of intramolecular and intermolecular terms. The calculation of a thermodynamic property for a system whose molecules are described by such a FF involves the calculation of the residual property prior to its addition to the corresponding ideal-gas property, the latter of which is separately calculated, either using thermochemical compilations or nowadays accurate quantum mechanical calculations. Although the simulation of a volumetric residual property proceeds by simply replacing the intermolecular FF in the rigid molecule case by the total (intramolecular plus intermolecular) FF, this is not the case for a caloric property. We describe the correct methodology required to perform such calculations and illustrate it in this paper for the case of the internal energy and the enthalpy and their corresponding molar heat capacities. We provide numerical results for cP, one of the most important caloric properties. We also consider approximations to the correct calculation procedure previously used in the literature and illustrate their consequences for the examples of the relatively simple molecule 2-propanol, CH3CH(OH)CH3, and for the more complex molecule monoethanolamine, HO(CH2)2NH2, an important fluid used in carbon capture.
Relaxation dynamics and transformation kinetics of deeply supercooled water: Temperature, pressure, doping, and proton/deuteron isotope effects
Authors: Lemke Sonja , Handle Philip H. , Plaga Lucie J. , Stern Josef N. , Seidl Markus , Fuentes-Landete Violeta , Amann-Winkel Katrin , Köster Karsten W. , Gainaru Catalin , Loerting Thomas , Böhmer Roland
Published: July 2017

Above its glass transition, the equilibrated high-density amorphous ice (HDA) transforms to the low-density pendant (LDA). The temperature dependence of the transformation is monitored at ambient pressure using dielectric spectroscopy and at elevated pressures using dilatometry. It is found that near the glass transition temperature of deuterated samples, the transformation kinetics is 300 times slower than the structural relaxation, while for protonated samples, the time scale separation is at least 30 000 and insensitive to doping. The kinetics of the HDA to LDA transformation lacks a proton/deuteron isotope effect, revealing that this process is dominated by the restructuring of the oxygen network. The x-ray diffraction experiments performed on samples at intermediate transition stages reflect a linear combination of the LDA and HDA patterns implying a macroscopic phase separation, instead of a local intermixing of the two amorphous states.
Quasilinear systems with linearizable characteristic webs
Authors: Agafonov S. I. , Ferapontov E. V. , Novikov V. S.
Published: July 2017

We classify quasilinear systems in Riemann invariants whose characteristic webs are linearizable on every solution. Although the linearizability of an individual web is a rather nontrivial differential constraint, the requirement of linearizability of characteristic webs on all solutions imposes simple second-order constraints for the characteristic speeds of the system. It is demonstrated that every such system with n>3 components can be transformed by a reciprocal transformation to n uncoupled Hopf equations. All our considerations are local.
Experimental investigation of SDBD plasma actuator driven by AC high voltage with a superimposed positive pulse bias voltage
Authors: Qi Xiao-Hua , Yan Hui-Jie , Yang Liang , Hua Yue , Ren Chun-Sheng
Published: July 2017

In this work, a driven voltage consisting of AC high voltage with a superimposed positive pulse bias voltage (“AC+ Positive pulse bias” voltage) is adopted to study the performance of a surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator under atmospheric conditions. To compare the performance of the actuator driven by single-AC voltage and “AC+ Positive pulse bias” voltage, the actuator-induced thrust force and power consumption are measured as a function of the applied AC voltage, and the measured results indicate that the thrust force can be promoted significantly after superimposing the positive pulse bias voltage. The physical mechanism behind the thrust force changes is analyzed by measuring the optical properties, electrical characteristics, and surface potential distribution. Experimental results indicate that the glow-like discharge in the AC voltage half-cycle, next to the cycle where a bias voltage pulse has been applied, is enhanced after applying the positive pulse bias voltage, and this perhaps is the main reason for the thrust force increase. Moreover, surface potential measurement results reveal that the spatial electric field formed by the surface charge accumulation after positive pulse discharge can significantly affect the applied external electric field, and this perhaps can be responsible for the experimental phenomenon that the decrease of thrust force is delayed by pulse bias voltage action after the filament discharge occurs in the glow-like discharge region. The schlieren images further verify that the actuator-induced airflow velocity increases with the positive pulse voltage.
Electrically-driven spectrally-broadened random lasing based on disordered photonic crystal structures
Authors: Guo X. J. , Wang Y. F. , Jia Y. F. , Zheng W. H.
Published: July 2017

We present the effect of radius randomness on the resonant spectrum and modal characteristics of a photonic crystal. With the introduction of randomness, different localizations were analyzed. The random pattern was then fabricated onto our lateral cavity surface emitting laser. Electrically driven random lasing was obtained with the localization and broadened spectrum, and the decrease of threshold and the increase of output power were also observed. The decreased threshold was due to the appearance of additional modes and the degree of localization. The output power reached a maximum with a random variance of 20 nm. It meant that there was a transition case in a regime ranging from Anderson localization to the local band edge resonance, and a balance between the Fabry-Perot-like effect and the random modulation effect. When the random variance reached 50 nm, the transition case in a regime ranging from localized to diffusive became remarkable. The experimental results are consistent with our theoretical analysis. One of the properties that make a random laser special with respect to regular lasers is its complex features in emission spectra, which means low spectral coherence. Our investigation on this kind of laser has referential and instructional significances for full-field imaging at visible wavelengths and other wavelengths.
Solitary kinetic Alfvén wave in a bi-ion plasma with superthermal electrons
Authors: Liu Y. , Chen L.
Published: July 2017

The dispersion relation and the nonlinear solitary structure of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) have been investigated in bi-ion plasma with superthermal electrons modeled by kappa (κ) distribution. A detailed analysis of the existence condition and the structure of solitary KAW (SKAW) is present. Numerical results indicate there is only the sub-Alfvénic hump type SKAW. For the same parallel phase velocity, the amplitude of SKAW will increase with the increase in the charge number of heavy ion, and with the decrease in the suprathermal index κ and the heavy ion number density. Moreover, the width of SKAW will increase with the decrease in the charge number of heavy ion, and with the increase in the super-thermal index κ and the heavy ion number density. The findings of the present study can be applied to low beta space plasma composed of multi-ion components and suprathermal electrons.
Calculation of point defect concentration in Cu2ZnSnS4: Insights into the high-temperature equilibrium and quenching
Authors: Kosyak V. , Postnikov A. V. , Scragg J. , Scarpulla M. A. , Platzer-Björkman C.
Published: July 2017

Herein, we study the native point defect equilibrium in Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) by applying a statistical thermodynamic model. The stable chemical-potential space (SCPS) of CZTS at an elevated temperature was estimated directly, on the basis of deviations from stoichiometry calculated for the different combinations of chemical potential of the components. We show that the SCPS is narrow due to high concentration of VCu−−ZnCu+ complex which is dominant over other complexes and isolated defects. The CZTS was found to have p-type conductivity for both stoichiometric and Cu-poor/Zn-rich composition. It is established that the reason for this is that the majority of donor-like ZnCu+ antisites are involved in the formation of VCu−−ZnCu+ complex making CuZn− dominant and providing p-type conductivity even for Cu-poor/Zn-rich composition. However, our calculation reveals that the hole concentration is almost insensitive to the variation of the chemical composition within the composition region of the single-phase CZTS due to nearly constant concentration of dominant charged defects. The calculations for the full equilibrium and quenching indicate that hole concentration is strongly dependent on the annealing temperature and decreases substantially after the drastic cooling. This means that the precise control of annealing temperature and post-annealing cooling rate are critical for tuning the electrical properties of CZTS.
Increased fluorescence of PbS quantum dots in photonic crystals by excitation enhancement
Authors: Barth Carlo , Roder Sebastian , Brodoceanu Daniel , Kraus Tobias , Hammerschmidt Martin , Burger Sven , Becker Christiane
Published: July 2017

We report on the enhanced fluorescence of lead sulfide quantum dots interacting with leaky modes of slab-type silicon photonic crystals. The photonic crystal slabs were fabricated, supporting leaky modes in the near infrared wavelength range. Lead sulfite quantum dots which are resonant in the same spectral range were prepared in a thin layer above the slab. We selectively excited the leaky modes by tuning the wavelength and angle of incidence of the laser source and measured distinct resonances of enhanced fluorescence. By an appropriate experiment design, we ruled out directional light extraction effects and determined the impact of enhanced excitation. Three-dimensional numerical simulations consistently explain the experimental findings by strong near-field enhancements in the vicinity of the photonic crystal surface. Our study provides a basis for systematic tailoring of photonic crystals used in biological applications such as biosensing and single molecule detection, as well as quantum dot solar cells and spectral conversion applications.
An open-pattern droplet-in-oil planar array for single cell analysis based on sequential inkjet printing technology
Authors: Wang Chenyu , Liu Wenwen , Tan Manqing , Sun Hongbo , Yu Yude
Published: July 2017

Cellular heterogeneity represents a fundamental principle of cell biology for which a readily available single-cell research tool is urgently required. Here, we present a novel method combining cell-sized well arrays with sequential inkjet printing. Briefly, K562 cells with phosphate buffer saline buffer were captured at high efficiency (74.5%) in a cell-sized well as a “primary droplet” and sealed using fluorinated oil. Then, piezoelectric inkjet printing technology was adapted to precisely inject the cell lysis buffer and the fluorogenic substrate, fluorescein-di-β-D-galactopyranoside, as a “secondary droplet” to penetrate the sealing oil and fuse with the “primary droplet.” We thereby successfully measured the intracellular β-galactosidase activity of K562 cells at the single-cell level. Our method allows, for the first time, the ability to simultaneously accommodate the high occupancy rate of single cells and sequential addition of reagents while retaining an open structure. We believe that the feasibility and flexibility of our method will enhance its use as a universal single-cell research tool as well as accelerate the adoption of inkjet printing in the study of cellular heterogeneity.
A comparison of xylem vessel metrics between tropical and temperate Rhododendron species across elevation ranges
Authors: Tulyananda Tatpong , Nilsen Erik T.
Published: July 2017

Research on tree vascular traits has demonstrated an important trade-off between safety and efficiency of wood, such that tropical trees have more efficient xylem than temperate trees. However, this trade-off is equivocal for plants with non-tree architecture. So as to test the trade-off between safety and efficiency in evergreen shrubs, xylem traits of temperate and tropical Rhododendrons were compared. Rhododendron diversified from the temperate zone of Asia into the Malesian tropical zone, which makes this monophyletic group an excellent subject for testing the trade-off in vessel structure in evergreen shrubs. We hypothesised that twig wood of temperate Rhododendron species would have safe twig xylem, whereas that of tropical Rhododendron species would be more efficient. In the present study, safety refers to protection against freeze–thaw-induced embolism. Twig wood anatomy of accessions representing 60 species of Rhododendron was assayed. Most vessel traits of temperate species were significantly safer than those of tropical species, supporting the trade-off in this group. Some safety metrics of the twig xylem increased with an increase in native-range elevation. The adaptive changes in twig wood metrics were small, which means that stomatal conductance is constrained by limited hydraulic conductance in both temperate and tropical species of Rhododendron. This constraint has significant implications to the ecology of Rhododendron.
Electrochemical Oxidation of W(CO)4(LL): Generation, Characterization, and Reactivity of [W(CO)4(LL)]+ (LL=α-diimine ligands)
Authors: Bullock John P. , Lee Chong-Yong , Hagan Brian , Madhani Humair , Ulrich John
Published: July 2017

The electrochemistry of a series of W(CO)4(LL) complexes, where LL is an aromatic α-diimine ligand, was examined in coordinating and weakly coordinating media using several techniques. These compounds undergo metal-centred one-electron oxidations and the electrogenerated radical cations undergo a range of subsequent chemical steps, the nature of which depends on the substituents of the α-diimine ligand and the presence of coordinating species. In CH2Cl2/TBAPF6, where TBAPF6 is n-tetrabutylammonium hexaflurophosphate, the bulk oxidations are partially reversible at scan rates of 0.25 V s−1; the resulting tungsten(i) radicals react via disproportionation and loss of carbonyl, the rate constants for which were measured by double-potential step chronocoulometry. Large-amplitude a.c. voltammetry experiments suggest that the one-electron oxidized species are in equilibrium with the corresponding disproportionation products. Steric crowding of the metal centre prolongs the lifetime of the radical cations, allowing the infrared spectroelectrochemical characterization of two [W(CO)4(LL)]+ species. Electrogenerated [W(CO)4(LL)]+ cations are highly susceptible to attack by potential ligands; oxidations performed in CH3CN/TBAPF6, for example, were chemically irreversible. Kinetic studies in weakly coordinating media show that near-stoichiometric amounts of added pyridine and acetonitrile are enough to greatly diminish the reversibility of the bulk oxidations; the dominant path of the coupled chemistry depends on the ligand strength, with substitution being the major reaction with added pyridine, whereas disproportionation is favoured by the presence of acetonitrile. A reaction scheme that provides an overall framework of the reactions followed by the radical cations is presented and discussed in the context of the previously observed chemistry of the molybdenum analogues.
Baxter and the Rise of Mechanical Philosophy
Authors: Sytsma David S.
Published: July 2017

This chapter sets Baxter’s involvement with mechanical philosophy against the backdrop of the growth of mechanical philosophy, with particular attention to the growing interest in Epicurean ideas and the work of Pierre Gassendi. Baxter’s engagement with mechanical philosophy is traced in chronological sequence from the 1650s until his death in 1691. In the course of this narrative, Baxter’s personal relationships to Joseph Glanvill, Robert Boyle, Matthew Hale, and Henry More are surveyed. The context of Baxter’s manuscript and published works relating to mechanical philosophy are also discussed. Matthew Hale appears as a significant figure in the development of Baxter’s philosophical thought, as well as the production of his published works and the suppression from publication of an important manuscript on the nature and immortality of the soul.
Reason and Philosophy
Authors: Sytsma David S.
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses Baxter’s approach to the nature of reason and its relation to the will, the noetic effects of sin, the relation between reason and revelation, and the use of philosophy. Baxter drew eclectically on the views of Duns Scotus on the will and Thomas Aquinas on the relation of reason and revelation. His understanding of the faculty of reason gave priority to sense perception, was generally unsympathetic to Cartesian skepticism of the senses, and contrasted with Herbert of Cherbury’s theory of common notions. His approach to philosophy was cautious and eclectic, gave greater preference to Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy over Epicurean and mechanical philosophy, and recognized the need for philosophical reform.
The Incipient Materialism of Mechanical Philosophy
Authors: Sytsma David S.
Published: July 2017

Drawing on previously unexamined manuscript evidence, this chapter addresses Baxter’s response to two issues concerning the soul. First, the application of mechanical philosophy to proofs for the immortality of the soul resulted in a modification of the argument from the soul’s immateriality, with a new contrast between mechanical bodies and incorporeal substance. Baxter preferred an alternative mode of argumentation, and regarded proofs put forward by Henry More and Pierre Gassendi as either weak or a temptation to materialism. Second, Thomas Willis’s De anima brutorum (1672) made use of Gassendi’s theory of a material soul, which provoked a reply from Baxter. In a neglected manuscript, Baxter set forth various objections to chapters from Willis’s book, and contented that that Willis’s theory could be logically extended into an argument for the complete materialism of the human soul.
From Natural Character to Moral Virtue in Aristotle
Authors: Leunissen Mariska
Published: July 2017

This book discusses Aristotle’s biological views about character and the importance of what he calls “natural character traits” for the development of moral virtue as presented in his ethical treatises. It provides a new, comprehensive account of the physiological underpinnings of moral development and thereby shows, first, that Aristotle’s ethical theories do not exhaust his views about character, as has traditionally been assumed, and, second, that his treatment of natural character in the biological treatises provides the conceptual and ideological foundation for his views about habituation as developed in his ethics. This manuscript thus takes seriously Aristotle’s claim—often ignored—that nature is one of the factors through which men become “good and capable of fine deeds.” Part I (“The Physiology and Science of Natural Character”) analyzes, in three chapters, Aristotle’s notion of natural character as it is developed in the biological treatises and its role in moral development, especially as it affects women and certain “barbarians”—groups who are typically left out of accounts of Aristotle’s ethics. I also discuss its relevance for our understanding of physiognomical ideas in Aristotle. Part II (“The Physiology of Moral Development”) explores the psychophysical changes in body and soul that one is required to undergo in the process of acquiring moral virtues. It includes a discussion of Aristotle’s eugenic views, his identification of habituation as a form of human perfection, and his claims about the moral deficiencies of women that link them to his beliefs about their biological imperfections.
Haunting Hands
Authors: Cumiskey Kathleen M. , Hjorth Larissa
Published: July 2017

From natural disasters to private funerals, digital media are playing a central role in the documentation and commemoration of shared significant events and individual loss experiences. Yet few studies have fully engaged with the increasing role mobile media play in making meanings related to traumatic events across different individual and collective contexts. Haunting Hands provides the first in-depth study into understanding the role of mobile media in memorialization and bereavement as a cultural and social practice. Throughout the chapters in this book, we explore how mobile devices are both expanding upon older forms of memory-making and creating new channels for affective cultures whereby the visual, textual, oral, and haptic manifest in new ways. Encompassing everything from phones to tablets, mobile media are not only playing a key role in how we represent and remember life, but also in how we negotiate the increasingly integral role of the digital within rituals in and around death. Haunting Hands posits how, during times of distress, mobile media can assist, accompany, and at times augment the disruptive terrain of loss. The book expands upon debates in the area of online memorialization in that the mobile device itself takes prominence, not only for its communicative or social function, but also for the ways in which it can contain as well as generate an intimate space within it. In this way, the device becomes an important companion for mobile-emotive grief as the bereaved engage with emotionally charged digital content in solitary, sometimes secretive, and sometimes shared ways.
Neoliberalism, New Labour, and the Welfare State
Authors: Beech Matt
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues that the New Labour governments (1997–2010) were not a political project wholly based on neoliberal assumptions, as the “majority view” in the scholarship asserts. In the area of welfare policy New Labour adopted a modified social democratic approach that can be seen clearly through a variety of data points. The “minority view” posited in this chapter suggests that the governments of Blair and Brown can be seen as a hybrid of neoliberal and social democratic ideas and policies. This is a more accurate explanation of the ideational influence of neoliberalism on the Labour Party in office.
Neoliberal Think Tanks and the Crisis
Authors: Plehwe Dieter
Published: July 2017

The global financial and economic crisis is widely considered a fundamental crisis of neoliberalism. But the contribution of neoliberals to the ongoing debate on causes and consequences of the crisis has been a substantial, if belittled or even ignored, factor of influence. A review of postcrisis activities of organized neoliberal networks directs attention to their continuing influence in shaping the interpretation of the crisis and preference formation processes with regard to proposed solutions. An agenda of minimal welfare state solutions that are compatible with the market systems has been reconfirmed; it both accepts temporary increases of welfare budgets and aims at constitutionalizing the long-term decrease of welfare budgets through austerity regimes at the same time. Different reservoirs of neoliberal thinking, like the distinct Austrian school and German-Swiss ordoliberal traditions, play an important role in the contemporary controversies on economics and welfare.
Exile, Imprisonment, or Death
Authors: Swann Julian
Published: July 2017

Between the assassination of Henri IV in 1610 and the French Revolution of 1789, thousands of French nobles, including members of the royal family, courtiers, bishops, generals, and judges suffered internal exile, imprisonment, or even death for having displeased their sovereign. For most that punishment was independent of the legal system and was the result of a simple royal command or a written order, known as a lettre de cachet. Yet rather than protest, the victims were willing to obey, spending months, even years in disgrace without any knowledge of when, or even if, their ordeal would end. Their punishment was for many a terrible personal blow, striking at the heart of their own identity and relationship to the king, and it threatened the future of their families, friends, and political allies. This book is the first in-depth study of political disgrace, which was intrinsic to the exercise of royal power, drawing on the mystique of monarchy and the ideologies of divine right, patriarchy, and justice that underpinned royal authority. It explores the rise and consolidation of a new model of disgrace amongst the nobility for which obedience to the king gradually replaced the rebellious attitudes fostered during the years of religious and civil strife. Yet for all the power of royal disgrace, it was always open to challenge and in the course of the eighteenth century it would come under a sustained attack that tells us much about the political and cultural origins of the French Revolution.
Medical Technologies and EU Law: The Evolution of Regulatory Approaches and Governance
Authors: Tallacchini Mariachiara
Published: July 2017

The regulatory evolution of medical technologies in the EU offers a unique perspective with regard to highlighting significant elements of both European science policy and the development of European institutions, especially with regard to the passage from their (primarily) economic to their political phases. Since the early 1990s, while establishing a market for biotechnology, the European Communities have been developing some policy-related visions of technoscience and its potential risks, while at the same time framing the concept of European citizenship through European values and rights. The emerging and re-emerging medical technology of xenotransplantation, namely the clinical use of cells, tissues, and organs between species, while having evolved from its primary focus on organs to so-called advanced therapies (cell therapy, gene therapy, and tissue-engineered products), also provided an opportunity to test and implement different science policy models in dealing with risks and uncertainties in the European knowledge-based and innovation-oriented society.
Towards dynamic genome-scale models
Authors: Gilbert David , Heiner Monika , Jayaweera Yasoda , Rohr Christian
Published: July 2017

The analysis of the dynamic behaviour of genome-scale models of metabolism (GEMs) currently presents considerable challenges because of the difficulties of simulating such large and complex networks. Bacterial GEMs can comprise about 5000 reactions and metabolites, and encode a huge variety of growth conditions; such models cannot be used without sophisticated tool support. This article is intended to aid modellers, both specialist and non-specialist in computerized methods, to identify and apply a suitable combination of tools for the dynamic behaviour analysis of large-scale metabolic designs. We describe a methodology and related workflow based on publicly available tools to profile and analyse whole-genome-scale biochemical models. We use an efficient approximative stochastic simulation method to overcome problems associated with the dynamic simulation of GEMs. In addition, we apply simulative model checking using temporal logic property libraries, clustering and data analysis, over time series of reaction rates and metabolite concentrations. We extend this to consider the evolution of reaction-oriented properties of subnets over time, including dead subnets and functional subsystems. This enables the generation of abstract views of the behaviour of these models, which can be large—up to whole genome in size—and therefore impractical to analyse informally by eye. We demonstrate our methodology by applying it to a reduced model of the whole-genome metabolism of Escherichia coli K-12 under different growth conditions. The overall context of our work is in the area of model-based design methods for metabolic engineering and synthetic biology.
Cosmic evolution of stellar quenching by AGN feedback: clues from the Horizon-AGN simulation
Authors: Beckmann R. S. , Devriendt J. , Slyz A. , Peirani S. , Richardson M. L. A. , Dubois Y. , Pichon C. , Chisari N. E. , Kaviraj S. , Laigle C. , Volonteri M.
Published: July 2017

The observed massive end of the galaxy stellar mass function is steeper than its predicted dark matter halo counterpart in the standard Λ cold dark matter paradigm. In this paper, we investigate the impact of active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback on star formation in massive galaxies. We isolate the impact of AGN by comparing two simulations from the HORIZON suite, which are identical except that one also includes supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and related feedback models. This allows us to cross-identify individual galaxies between simulations and quantify the effect of AGN feedback on their properties, including stellar mass and gas outflows. We find that massive galaxies (M* ≥ 1011 M⊙) are quenched by AGN feedback to the extent that their stellar masses decrease by up to 80 per cent at z = 0. SMBHs affect their host halo through a combination of outflows that reduce their baryonic mass, particularly for galaxies in the mass range 109 M⊙ ≤ M* ≤ 1011 M⊙, and a disruption of central gas inflows, which limits in situ star formation. As a result, net gas inflows on to massive galaxies, M* ≥ 1011 M⊙, drop by up to 70 per cent. We measure a redshift evolution in the stellar mass ratio of twin galaxies with and without AGN feedback, with galaxies of a given stellar mass showing stronger signs of quenching earlier on. This evolution is driven by a progressive flattening of the MSMBH–M* relation with redshift, particularly for galaxies with M* ≤ 1010 M⊙. MSMBH/M* ratios decrease over time, as falling average gas densities in galaxies curb SMBH growth.
Radio mode feedback: Does relativity matter?
Authors: Perucho Manel , Martí José-María , Quilis Vicent , Borja-Lloret Marina
Published: July 2017

Radio mode feedback, associated with the propagation of powerful outflows in active galaxies, is a crucial ingredient in galaxy evolution. Extragalactic jets are well collimated and relativistic, both in terms of thermodynamics and kinematics. They generate strong shocks in the ambient medium, associated with observed hotspots, and carve cavities that are filled with the shocked jet flow. In this Letter, we compare the pressure evolution in the hotspot and the cavity generated by relativistic and classical jets. Our results show that the classical approach underestimates the cavity pressure by a factor ≥2 for a given shocked volume during the whole active phase. The tension between both approaches can only be alleviated by unrealistic jet flow densities or gigantic jet areas in the classical case. As a consequence, the efficiency of a relativistic jet heating the ambient is typically ∼20 per cent larger compared with a classical jet, and the heated volume is 2 to 10 times larger during the time evolution. This conflict translates into two substantially disparate manners, both spatially and temporal, of heating the ambient medium. These differences are expected to have relevant implications on the star formation rates of the host galaxies and their evolution.
Knowledge Under Ontological Uncertainty
Authors: Chakravartty Anjan
Published: July 2017

The first of two forms of ontological uncertainty arising in previous chapters is examined in detail. This first form stems from situations in which our best scientific theorizing or modeling with respect to one and the same target system or phenomenon in the world generates what appear to be mutually inconsistent descriptions. A recent, popular response to the challenge this represents—for anyone hoping for a coherent conception of scientific ontology—is to invoke a form of “perspectivism” regarding these descriptions. However, while certain forms of pluralism may be apt in such cases, perspectivism is not one of them. It is argued that perspectival accounts of ontology are subject to a fatal trilemma. Two forms of non-perspectival pluralism are described, supporting the introduction of a novel, contrastive theory of ontological explanation.
Interlude: Some Alternative Interpretations
Authors: Healey Richard
Published: July 2017

An understanding of quantum theory is manifested by the ability successfully and unproblematically to use it to further the scientific goals of prediction, explanation, and control of natural phenomena. An Interpretation seeks further to formulate or reformulate it as a fundamental theory that provides a self-contained description of the world. I critically review three prominent but radically different Interpretations of quantum theory (Bohmian mechanics, non-linear theories, Everettian quantum mechanics) and give my reasons for rejecting each as a way of understanding quantum theory. These include problems associated with non-locality, failure of relativistic invariance, empirical inaccessibility, and decision-making. We can achieve a satisfactory understanding of quantum theory and how it successfully advances the goals of science without providing an Interpretation of the theory.
Meaning
Authors: Healey Richard
Published: July 2017

Novel quantum concepts acquire content not by representing new beables but through material-inferential relations between claims about them and other claims. Acceptance of quantum theory modifies other concepts in accordance with a pragmatist inferentialist account of how claims acquire content. Quantum theory itself introduces no new beables, but accepting it affects the content of claims about classical magnitudes and other beables unknown to classical physics: the content of a magnitude claim about a physical object is a function of its physical context in a way that eludes standard pragmatics but may be modeled by decoherence. Leggett’s proposed test of macro-realism illustrates this mutation of conceptual content. Quantum fields are not beables but assumables of a quantum theory we use to make claims about particles and non-quantum fields whose denotational content may also be certified by models of decoherence.
Partisanship and Political Liberalism in Diverse Societies
Authors: Bonotti Matteo
Published: July 2017

Since its publication in 1993, John Rawls’s Political Liberalism has been central to debates concerning political legitimacy, democratic theory, toleration, and multiculturalism in contemporary political theory. Yet, despite the immense body of literature which has been produced since Rawls’s work was published, very little has been said or written regarding the place of political parties and partisanship within political liberalism. This book aims to fill this gap in the literature. Its central argument is that political liberalism needs and nourishes political parties, and that political parties are therefore not hostile but vital to it. First, partisanship generates its own distinctive kind of political obligations, additional to any political obligations people may have qua ordinary citizens. Second, contrary to what many critics argue, and despite its admittedly restrictive features, Rawls’s conception of public reason allows significant scope for partisan advocacy and partisan pluralism, and in fact the very normative demands of partisanship are in syntony with those of public reason. Third, parties contribute to the overlapping consensus that for Rawls guarantees stability in diverse societies. Fourth, political liberalism nourishes political parties, by leaving many issues, including religious and socio-economic ones, open to democratic contestation. In summary, parties contribute both to the legitimacy and to the stability of political liberalism.
The Problem of Counterfactual Isomorphs
Authors: Menzies Peter
Published: July 2017

Counterfactual isomorphs are pairs of systems where: (1) the pattern of counterfactual dependence among the variables is isomorphic; but (2) the relations of actual causation need not be. Counterfactual isomorphs present a prima facie challenge to any theory of actual causation that is framed in terms of counterfactuals. Menzies responds to this problem by proposing that actual causation be defined in terms of counterfactual dependence under ideal coonditions. Determination of what constitute ideal conditions is motivated by the intuition that actual causation should depend only on the intrinsic process consisting of the events connecting the cause and the effect. Since counterfactual isomorphs need not have isomorphic ideal conditions, they can differ with respect to relations of actual causation.
Remarks on Monotheism in Ancient South Arabia
Authors: Gajda Iwona
Published: July 2017

Since the fourth century CE, some Jews and Christians were present in South Arabia. The Ḥimyarite kings adopted monotheism in the second half of the fourth century. The cult of one God venerated by the whole population might have been seen as a unifying factor. The temples of ancient gods were abandoned and from this time on, all inscriptions with few exceptions addressed the one God named Raḥmanān or Ilān/Ilahān. The nature of the South Arabian monotheism has been subject to discussion since the discovery of the first inscriptions. Could it be qualified as Judaism? Yet no rabbinic source has reported existence of a Jewish kingdom in South Arabia. Or would it be a free interpretation of Judaism, keeping some of the religious laws and ignoring others? This would explain the silence of the rabbinic sources. Some new documents allow us to give a nuanced picture of those monotheists.
Varieties of Intra-Party Democracy
Authors: Berge Benjamin von dem , Poguntke Thomas
Published: July 2017

This chapter introduces a new, two-dimensional way of measuring intra-party democracy (IPD). It is argued that assembly-based IPD and plebiscitary IPD are two theoretically different modes of intra-party decision-making. Assembly-based IPD means that discussion and decision over a certain topic takes place at the same time. Plebiscitary IPD disconnects the act of voting from the discussion over the alternatives that are put to a vote. In addition, some parties have opened up plebiscitary decision-making to non-members which is captured by the concept of open plebiscitary IPD. Based on the Political Party Database Project (PPDB) dataset, indices are developed for the three variants of IPD. The empirical analyses here show that assembly-based and plebiscitary IPD are combined by political parties in different ways while open party plebiscites are currently a rare exception.
Reform Capacity
Authors: Lindvall Johannes
Published: July 2017

Reform capacity—the ability of political decision-makers to adopt and implement policy changes that benefit society as a whole—can be achieved in two different ways. One method is to build institutions that concentrate power, enabling governments to ignore losers from reform. The other method, which governments rely more on in systems where power is shared, is to build institutions that enable governments to compensate losers from reform. The book discusses numerous empirical examples of how governments have built support for reforms by compensating losers. These examples are drawn from several different policy areas, including trade and labor market policy, fiscal policy, social policy, and tax and economic policy. If political decision-makers in power-sharing democracies are able to solve the bargaining problems that can sometimes complicate negotiations between winners and losers, power-sharing systems have certain advantages over power-concentration systems. Power sharing can lead to high reform capacity in societies where interest groups are powerful enough to block reforms. Power sharing can also lead to high reform capacity when reforms have short-term costs and long-term benefits, since it helps to correct some of the short-sightedness inherent in democratic policymaking.
Rebellion
Authors: Staunton Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter looks at literary responses to the Great Revolt of 1173–4 and the subsequent rebellions against King Henry II by his sons. These events attracted a great deal of attention from contemporary writers, but, as is shown here, their concerns were quite different to those of modern commentators. Contemporaries looked primarily to long-established ideas about rebellion based on the Bible and classical and early medieval histories. Henry II’s initial successes against the rebels were seen as a sign of God’s favour and a portent of national reconciliation, but the later disasters that befell both the king and his sons came to be imputed to deeper flaws and failures at the heart of the royal dynasty.
The Loss of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade
Authors: Staunton Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter addresses English historians’ response to the capture of the Cross and the sack of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187, and the launch of the Third Crusade. As is shown here, English writers engaged with and borrowed from recent literary responses to events from the Latin East and from Western Europe, and also drew on a tradition of crusade historiography, and Cistercian commentary on the Second Crusade. This chapter also examines English historians’ discussions of Henry II as a crusader and sees their position on his failure to go East as less critical than it has sometimes been regarded.
Putting up barriers
Authors: Lobina David J.
Published: July 2017

The study of cognitive phenomena is best approached in an orderly manner. It must begin with an analysis of the function in intension at the heart of any cognitive domain (its knowledge base), then proceed to the manner in which such knowledge is put into use in real-time processing, concluding with a domain’s neural underpinnings, its development in ontogeny, etc. Such an approach to the study of cognition involves the adoption of different levels of explanation/description, as prescribed by David Marr and many others, each level requiring its own methodology and supplying its own data to be accounted for. The study of recursion in cognition is badly in need of a systematic and well-ordered approach, and this chapter lays out the blueprint to be followed in the book by focusing on a strict separation between how this notion applies in linguistic knowledge and how it manifests itself in language processing.