bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Recognition of Other Individuals’ Kinship Relationships
Authors: Cheney Dorothy L , Seyfarth Robert M
Published: November 2023

What does it mean to say that someone has knowledge of his or her social companions? At the most basic level it is essential to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar individuals. This relatively simple form of social knowledge has been documented in many species and appears to be controlled by specific genes. Recent research with congenic mice, for example, has demonstrated that a gene controlling the regulation of oxytocin is necessary for forming social memories (Ferguson et al. 2000). Mice lacking this gene are unable to recognize familiar individuals, although the gene has no apparent influence on spatial or other types of memory. Evidently, social memory has a neural basis distinct from other forms of memory.
Prologue
Authors: Bremer Francis J
Published: November 2023

Winter 1606. The winds blow hard over the marshes of south- east Essex at this time of year, bringing the piercing cold from Siberia and Scandinavia across the North Sea. The cold cuts through woolen clothes and cloaks, and its effects are intensified with the damp that is a year-round feature of this bleak landscape. The sun offers little comfort, rising late and setting early. Even today, when piers and beaches might draw crowds in summertime, the winter is a hard season in towns like Southend-on-Sea, Great Stambridge, and Rochford. In the seventeenth century, with no electricity to bring comfort or entertainment, it was an even bleaker place.
Under Attack
Authors: Bremer Francis J
Published: November 2023

May 1645. The heat was oppressive for the crowd gathered in and around the Boston meetinghouse. Men and women who were unable to find places inside were jostling for position by the door and windows in the hope that they would be able to hear the proceedings within. There was a mix of tension and excitement in the crowd, because of the word that charges were to be brought against the colony’s deputy governor, John Winthrop, for abusing his authority and trampling the rights of citizens.
Panderers or Shirkers? Politicians and Public Opinion
Authors: Erikson Robert S , Mackuen, Michael B , Stimson James A
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3 and in an earlier award-winning book (Jacobs and Shapiro 2000 ), Jacobs and Shapiro argue that “politicians don’t pander.” What does this mean? Jacobs and Shapiro make a compelling case that politicians are more complicated than mere machines seeking reelection. Politicians, they say, are also motivated by policy considerations. Politicians try to create public policies that, from their diverse ideological perspectives, they perceive to be in the public interest. Jacobs and Shapiro assert, moreover, that when facing the dilemma of satisfying public opinion to stay elected or making good policy, politicians often try to educate the public. For politicians, the policy decision comes first, then the crafting of a message to sell it to the public. When politicians successfully nudge the public’s policy preferences closer to their own, they improve their chances both for reelection and achieving desirable public policies.
Policy Elites Invoke Public Opinion: Polls, Policy Debates, and the Future of Social Security
Authors: Cook Fay Lomax , Barabas, Jason , Page Benjamin I
Published: November 2023

A central tenet of democratic theory and practice holds that policy elites are responsive to citizens’ preferences. The increasing number of opinion surveys since the 1930s suggests that at least the potential for public opinion to play a major role in political processes has increased dramatically. Thus, one might expect that political leaders, policy experts, and others would draw on data from these polls to learn about public opinion-perhaps to respond faithfully to the public or at least to buttress the claim that their own positions affirm the popular will. And one might expect that their claims about the public’s preferences would be accurate, backed by evidence.
How State-Level Policy Managers “Read” Public Opinion
Authors: Herbst Susan
Published: November 2023

Although all engaged American citizens have an interest in the nature of public opinion on policy matters, our leaders think about public opinion constantly, as an environmental factor that guides all of their work. While this volume focuses primarily on national public opinion and decision making among national leaders, this chapter turns to state policymaking. The relationship between public opinion and the activity of state legislatures is vitally important, yet it has received little attention in the political science literature (cf. Erikson, Wright, and Mclver 1993).
Hope and Hopelessness
Authors: Kristin C R Snyder , Wrobleski Kahle , Parenteau Stacy C , Berg Carla J
Published: November 2023

The primary care psychologist will encounter many patients without hope. The patient who is referred to the primary care psychologist often has difficulty finding the motivation to follow the treatment regimen or cannot find a way to over-come the many obstacles that result from several comorbid conditions. Although hope has not been a clear focus of cognitive–behavioral thera-pists or clinical psychologists in general, the treat-ment approach can be enhanced by including it.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Esler Jeanne L , Weisberg Risa B , Sciamanna Christopher N , Bock Beth C
Published: November 2023

The majority of patients suffering from anxiety and other psychological disorders in primary care settings are not recognized, and even fewer are treated effectively. There are significant numbers of such patients, and their anxiety disorders often have a chronic and persistent course, especially panic disorder with agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety disor-der (Weisberg, Culpepper, & Keller, 2002). Be-cause anxiety disorders are chronic in nature, typ-ically displaying patterns of exacerbation and remission often associated with life stress, these patients form a substantial core of the practices of primary care physicians (PCPs) (Barlow, 2001; Brown & Barlow, 1995).
Infertility
Authors: Weinshel Margot , Meyers Mimi , Scharf Constance N
Published: November 2023

Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve a pregnancy after a year of regular sexual relations without the use of contraception or to carry a pregnancy to live birth (Merck Manual, 1992). For women who are 35 years or older, diagnostic testing may begin after as few as 6 months be-cause this is a group whose fertility rates are steadily decreasing and for whom infertility treat-ments become less effective with age. If a couple has had three or more miscarriages, they are also considered to have infertility problems.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Other Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Authors: Burnett Charles K , Drossman Douglas A
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews the pathophysiology, epide-miology, and treatment of functional gastrointes-tinal disorders (FGIDs). Although a number of FGIDs have been described, the majority of data on the course and treatment of these conditions have focused on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Throughout the chapter, we will focus on IBS as the prototypical FGID, unless specific reference is made to other conditions. Interest in FGIDs in chil-dren is growing, but far less information is avail-able for pediatric populations and FGIDs. Conse-quently, this chapter focuses exclusively on adults.
Sexual Disorders Affecting Men
Authors: LoPiccolo Joseph
Published: November 2023

The male sexual dysfunctions include low sexual desire, premature ejaculation, male orgasmic dis-order, and erectile dysfunction. Although some men may seek treatment of these problems from a “sex therapist” or a mental health practitioner, it is more common for a man with a sexual con-cern to go to his general practitioner or to a urolo-gist. Men generally do not like to think of the cause of their sexual problem as “in their head,” but rather seek a physical cause and a quick, med-ical solution to the problem (Pridal, 2001).
Divine Wind
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

Imagine standing at the center of a Roman coliseum that is 20 miles across, with walls that soar 10 miles into the sky, towering walls with cascades of ice crystals falling along its brilliantly white surface. That's what it's like to stand in the eye of a hurricane. In Divine Wind, Kerry Emanuel, one of the world’s leading authorities on hurricanes, gives us an engaging account of these awe-inspiring meteorological events, revealing how hurricanes and typhoons have literally altered human history, thwarting military incursions and changing the course of explorations. Offering an account of the physics of the tropical atmosphere, the author explains how such benign climates give rise to the most powerful storms in the world and tells what modern science has learned about them. Interwoven with this scientific account are descriptions of some of the most important hurricanes in history and relevant works of art and literature. For instance, he describes the 17th century hurricane that likely inspired Shakespeare’s The Tempest and that led to the British colonization of Bermuda. We also read about the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, by far the worst natural calamity in U.S. history, with a death toll between 8,000 and 12,000 that exceeded the San Francisco earthquake, the Johnstown Flood, and the Okeechobee Hurricane combined. Boasting more than one hundred color illustrations, from ultra-modern Doppler imagery to classic paintings by Winslow Homer, Divine Wind captures the profound effects that hurricanes have had on humanity. Its fascinating blend of history, science, and art will appeal to weather junkies, science buffs, and everyone who read Isaac’s Storm.
Their Eyes Were Watching God: San Felipe and the Okeechobee Disaster of 1928
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

Lake Okeechobee (a Seminole word meaning “Big Water”) covers almost seven hundred square miles of south central Florida, the second-largest body of fresh water that is entirely contained within U.S. borders. Too big to see one end from the other, it is nevertheless remarkably shallow: one can wade through most of it. It is fed from the north by several freshwater streams, most notably the Kissimmee River, and until the early years of the twentieth century, water drained out its south end through the Everglades, an enormous swamp covering most of Florida south of Okeechobee. To recover potentially valuable farmland, the government began an ambitious project to drain the Everglades in 1910. Workers built canals to drain water eastward and southward from Lake Okeechobee, lowering the water level and drying out parts of the Everglades. An earthen dike 5 to 8 ft high was built around the lake’s south end to control the floods that often followed heavy rains. To cultivate the new land, farmers brought in thousands of migrant workers, many from the Bahamas. Several new towns developed on the shores of the lake. Belle Glade, on the southeastern shore, was incorporated in April 1928, and while it was home to thousands of sharecroppers and migrant workers, it had only 209 registered voters.
The Storm Surge
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

One of the most deadly but fascinating phenomena that accompany hurricanes is the storm surge, usually experienced as a sudden rise of sea level near the time of maximum wind speed. This rise of the ocean, which may range from just a few inches to as much as 13 m (42 ft), is historically the most lethal aspect of hurricanes, having killed far more people than wind has. Storm surges are responsible for the horrifying death tolls—in the hundreds of thousands—of hurricanes striking Bangladesh (Chapter 28), and have been the main cause of death in the two worst hurricanes in U.S. history—the Galveston storm of 1900 (Chapter 13) and the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane (Chapter 17). A good if somewhat impersonal description of what it is like to experience a storm surge was provided by Isaac M. Cline, the local forecast official and section director of the Galveston branch of the U.S. Weather Bureau at the time that city was destroyed by a hurricane in 1900 (see Chapter 13).
Bull Halsey’s Typhoons
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

When in 1274 Kublai Khan launched his first great naval invasion of Japan, he had no knowledge of great storms at sea and no means to detect them. By the time Admiral William F. “Bull” Halsey steered the U.S. Third Fleet directly into the cores of two typhoons in December 1944 and June 1945, conflicting objectives and overreliance on sparse, inconsistent data had replaced meteorological ignorance as the main cause of two great maritime disasters. On the evening of December 17, 1944, Halsey was trying desperately to decide what course of action to take, balancing his military objective of supporting General MacArthur’s invasion of the Philippines with conflicting and uncertain reports of a typhoon nearby. Two days earlier, forecasters at Fleet Weather Central in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, examined sparse observations from ships, islands, and aircraft and concluded that a tropical disturbance of some kind was making up in the western Pacific. They located the storm slightly to the south of its likely actual position at the time, but incorrectly believed it was tracking to the north-northwest when, in fact, it was headed only slightly north of west.
The Hunters
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

The idea of flying an airplane into the violence of a hurricane strikes most people as about as rational as going over Niagara Falls in a barrel. But most flights into hurricanes are not very rough. If you are a frequent flyer, chances are you have been in worse turbulence on a commercial airliner than is normally encountered in hurricanes. Of course, there have been exceptions. It must have taken enormous courage to do it the first time. The technical advance that made this breakthrough possible was instrument flying. Up through the early 1940s, pilots relied strictly on visual cues and a compass to fly and navigate their aircraft. Flying into even the most benign cloud without instruments is very hazardous, since pilots lose those visual cues that enable them to keep flying level and straight. In the early days of flight, pilots would often navigate by following highways and railroads. Among the pioneers of instrument flying was Joseph B. Duckworth, an Eastern Airlines pilot who resigned from the airline to join war preparations in 1940, signing on as an Army Air Corps major. Recognizing the enormous advantages of being able to fly in any kind of weather, Duckworth helped establish an instrument flying instructors school, in Bryan, Texas, in February 1943. He rapidly gained a reputation for teaching young pilots to fly by instruments in all kinds of weather.
Cyclone Tracy
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

On early Christmas morning 1974, the city of Darwin in Australia’s Northern Territory was razed by one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded on that continent. The storm killed 65 people and injured another 790 while destroying more than 80 percent of Darwin’s buildings and uprooting every tree in the city. A storm surge of 12 ft inundated the coast and capsized 21 vessels. Tracy caused at least $800 million in damages, making it the most costly tropical cyclone in Australia’s history. Situated in far northwestern Australia, Darwin is highly susceptible to strong cyclones. In 1875 the ship Gothenburg, en route from Darwin to Australia’s east coast, was sunk by a cyclone, killing 102, almost a quarter of Darwin’s fledgling population. Destructive storms struck the city again in 1878, 1881, 1897, 1917, and 1937. (Adding to its misery, Darwin was bombed about 60 times during World War II. The city’s general misfortune was attributed by the region’s Larrakia Aboriginal people to their pagan god Nungalinya, who became enraged by white settlers.)
Prefixes
Authors: Julien Marit
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, the word-forming properties of head movement and phrasal movement have been the topic of discussion. What these movement operations have in common is that as a rule they give rise to suffixes. More precisely, if head movement or phrasal movement creates a complex word out of a lexical element and one or more elements from the functional domain of that lexical element, the functional elements will end up as suffixes on the lexical stem.
The Distribution of Verbal Markers
Authors: Julien Marit
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters I have claimed that postposed grammatical markers result from movement of heads or phrases, while preposed grammatical markers are the consequence of not moving. These claims might have left the impression that there are no limits to the morphological patterns that can be derived in the system I have sketched. If every marker can surface as a prefix or as a suffix if the necessary movement operations are executed, anything seems to be possible.
Complexity, Emergence, and Divine Creativity
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

As my good fortune would have it, when I had completed my doctoral apprenticeship and was for the first time pursuing research entirely of my own devising in my first university post, it was mainly centered on what we now call DNA. In the late 1940s, DNA had been identified as the principal carrier of the genes, but it was still not certain even that it was a large molecule-and although it was known to contain nucleotides linked together in chains of uncertain length, its double-helical structure was unknown. Suffice to say that, after 1952, its discovered structure revolutionized biology and has now become part of general public awareness.
Journalistic Practices and Their Problems
Authors: Gans Herbert J
Published: November 2023

Journalists face other obstacles in their efforts to achieve their democratic ideal. Some of these problems originate in the operating structure of the news media, resulting from the need to disseminate the news quickly, regularly, and in a highly competitive industry. Other problems stem from the democratic ideal, the values it espouses, and the disconnects between the ideal and reality. I am sometimes critical of journalism, but first and foremost, my analysis emphasizes the structure within which journalists work. Journalistic work is almost always performed under difficult conditions of one kind or another, and most of the important imperfections—the ones with which I am mainly concerned—reside in the structures of the news media. Of course, not all of these imperfections are to be found in all news media; some apply more to radio and television, others more to newspapers and news magazines. My overall focus is on national news media, and I write more about the more popular news media than the elite ones. Still, many observations that follow apply virtually universally, for they inhere in commercial news media and professional journalism.
The News: What Might Be Done
Authors: Gans Herbert J
Published: November 2023

We have seen that the news has a number of significant effects, beginning with the creation of social continuity, as well as messenger, watchdog, and a number of political effects on and for American democracy. To be sure, the effects of the news are limited; consequently, the extent to which journalists can help strengthen the democratic roles and powers of the citizenry is also limited. If nothing else, journalists may be able to help citizens increase their understanding of the democracy within which they now live, in the world of the twenty-first century. In any case, it is worth asking what journalists could do differently or better; how they might change the news on behalf of the citizenry. The very notion of changing the news may seem like a pipe dream in an era in which the news audience has been shrinking, journalists have often been downsized, and many news firms have cut other costs in order to increase their rates of profit. But challenging times can sometimes spur thinking about change.
Introduction
Authors: Pollak Vivian R
Published: November 2023

Emily Dickinson’s language leads in many different directions. Virtually unpublished during her lifetime and seemingly ambivalent about publication in the future, she emerged dramati-cally in the twentieth century as one of America’s most distin-guished and distinctive poets. But if Dickinson’s originality is universally credited, her generative affiliations—the emotional and intellectual loyalties that made her who she was—are more difficult to discern, and many of the essays in this volume address the question, “For and to whom does Dickinson speak?”
Emily Dickinson: 1830-1886
Authors: Pollak Vivian R , Noble Marianne
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1862, Emily Dickinson read an essay in the Atlantic Monthly that was destined to make a distinct mark on American literary history. “Letter to a Young Contributor” was by the former Unitarian minister Thomas Wentworth Higgin-son, and this compendium of practical and moral advice caught her eye. A few days later, on April 15, Dickinson sent him four poems and a letter of her own. It began: She did not sign her name but included it on a calling card and in-timated that she’d like him to keep it a secret.
Models of Monolingual and Bilingual Language Acquisition
Authors: Murre Jaap M J
Published: November 2023

Children learn language despite the very impoverished nature of the input. Since the 1960s, the symbolic-deductive paradigm has explained this with reference to an innate mental language system. For about two decades, an alternative to symbolic accounts of language and language acquisition has been offered by connectionism, which can be viewed as one of the main sub symbolic-inductive paradigms. The recent models in this paradigm test detailed models against large databases of utterances. A general conclusion from this research is that, despite being very noisy and inconsistent, the nature of language input is nevertheless sufficient to support inductive mechanisms by which seemingly rulelike behavior emerges from a data-driven learning process.
Introduction to Part II: Comprehension
Authors: Perfetti Natasha Tokowicz Charles A
Published: November 2023

The goal for many aspiring bilinguals is suc-cessful communication in their second language (L2), including becoming able to comprehend spoken and written messages. Language compre-hension is complex from a scientific point of view. For a competent speaker, however, comprehension is ‘‘a piece of cake.’’ All the lexical, semantic, syntactic, and textual processes that compete for attention and memory resources (and fill up dia-grams in models of comprehension) are executed with ease and without notice. Such may not be the case for the learner of an L2 or perhaps even for the moderately skilled bilingual.
Consequences of Bilingualism for Cognitive Development
Authors: Bialystok Ellen
Published: November 2023

Research addressing the possible cognitive consequences of bilingualism for children’s development has found mixed results when seeking effects in domains such as language ability and intelligence. The approach in the research reported in this chapter is to investigate the effect that bilingualism might have on specific cognitive processes rather than domains of skill development. Three cognitive domains are examined: concepts of quantity, task switching and concept formation, and theory of mind. The common finding in these disparate domains is that bilingual children are more advanced than monolinguals in solving problems requiring the inhibition of misleading information.
Simultaneous Interpreting: A Cognitive Perspective
Authors: Christoffels Ingrid K , Groot Annette M B de
Published: November 2023

Simultaneous interpreting (SI) is one of the most complex language tasks imaginable. During SI, one has to listen to and comprehend the input utterance in one language, keep it in working memory until it has been recoded and can be produced in the other language, and produce the translation of an earlier part of the input, all of this at the same time. Thus, language comprehension and production take place simultaneously in different languages. In this chapter, we discuss SI from a cognitive perspective. The unique characteristics of this task and comparisons with other, similar, tasks illustrate the demanding nature of SI.
Insuring Mental Health Care in the Age of Managed Care
Authors: Conti Rena , Frank Richard G , McGuire Thomas G
Published: November 2023

Private health insurance has long served different functions in the financing of mental health care than it has in general health services. It is typically more limited in its level and extent of coverage (Buck, et al, 1997), it covers care used by the less severely ill among people suffering from mental illnesses, and its costs have received disproportionate attention. Public commitment to directly finance and provide mental health care to the most seriously impaired citizens also sets mental health apart (Goldman and Skinner, 1989; Grob, 1994). A fundamental reason why financing and organization are different for mental health care is that the basic economic forces causing market failures in health insurance, moral hazard, and adverse selection have special force in the mental health sector (Frank and McGuire, 2000; Newhouse et al., 1993).
Child Mental Health Policy
Authors: Friedman Robert M , Best Katherine A , Armstrong Mary I , Duchnowski Albert J , Evans Mary E , Hernandez Mario , Hodges Sharon , Kutash Krista B
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews child mental health policy and identifies key policy issues at a time when greater attention is being paid to children’s mental health than ever before. This reflects both an increasing recognition of the severity of the problem of emotional, behavioral, and mental disorders in children and adolescents and the inadequacy of present attempts to address these disorders. Former Surgeon General David Satcher, under whose leadership the first Surgeon General’s report on mental health was published (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999) and the first Surgeon General’s Conference on Children’s Mental Health was conducted, proclaimed that “Growing numbers of children are suffering needlessly because their emotional, behavioral, and developmental needs are not being met by those very institutions which were explicitly created to take care of them” (Satcher, 2000, p. 1).
The Epidemiology of Adult Mental Disorders
Authors: Kessler Ronald C , Koretz Doreen , Merikangas Kathleen R , Wang Philip S
Published: November 2023

The most recent generation of psychiatric epidemiology began in the late 1970s with the development of fully structured research diagnostic interviews. The first instrument of this type was the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS; Robins et al., 1981), which was developed with support from the National Institute of Mental Health for use in the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Study (Robins and Regier, 1991). The ECA studies, which involved general population samples of five U.S. communities, were the first community surveys to estimate the prevalence of DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980) disorders in the United States. A I-year follow up of ECA respondents was also conducted.
of Little Brown Myotis
Authors: Humphries Murray M , Speakman John R , Thomas Donald W
Published: November 2023

Hibernation permits endotherms to survive prolonged periods of cold temperatures and reduced food supply through a combination of energy storage, microhabitat selection, and metabolic reduction. For many mammals, predictable thermal relationships define both the length of the hibernation period and the level of energy expenditure during hibernation, facilitating the ability to make precise predictions about the energetic consequences of microhabitat and latitudinal temperature gradients. Here we develop a quantitative model predicting the effect of ambient temperature on the hibernation energetics of little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) and compare predictions of the model with the observed distribution of bats across thermal gradients within caves and across the North American continent. Our model predicts pronounced effects of ambient temperature on total winter energy requirements and a relatively narrow combination of hibernaculum temperatures and lengths of winter that permit successful hibernation. Empirical distributional patterns of M. lucifugus correspond closely to these predictions, suggesting that temperature effects on hibernation energetics severely constrain the distribution of bats within hibernacula at the northern limit of their range.

INTRODUCTION

Endothermic organisms generally maintain a constant, elevated body temperature (Tb) independent of ambient temperature (Ta), but their activity and energy use remain highly temperature-dependent (Speakman, 2000). Small endotherms in temperate and arctic zones face a dual problem in winter when increased thermoregulatory requirements coincide with reduced food availability. The adaptations that permit persistence during these periods generally involve some form of avoidance of the most extreme energetic stresses (King and Murphy, 1985). Migration (Gwinner, 1990)
Exploring the Evolution of the Basal Metabolic Rate in Bats
Authors: Cruz-Neto Ariovaldo P , Jones Kate E
Published: November 2023

Rates of energy expenditure are thought to play a crucial role in shaping the evolution of the behavior, ecology, and physiology of organisms. The most frequently measured rate of energy expenditure is the basal metabolic rate (BMR). Mammals show an enormous range in BMR, with the variability spanning five orders of magnitude. Here we review current hypotheses proposed to explain this variation and test these hypotheses using data from 95 species of bats from 10 families. Our analysis of the evolution of BMR in bats indicates that there is a significant phylogenetic component to BMR: closely related species have more similar rates of basal metabolism than more distantly related species. After controlling for this effect, the most important determinant of BMR in bats is body size, explaining 84% of the variation. We also found that several other life-history and ecological factors (independent of phylogeny and body size) played an important role in the evolution of BMR in bats, offering mixed support to current hypotheses. We also explore whether variation in BMR has allowed rates of diversification to change over evolutionary time but find no evidence to suggest that this has occurred.

INTRODUCTION

It is widely assumed that energy plays a pivotal role in shaping the behavior, ecology, and physiology of organisms. In fact, much of contemporary ecological theory attempts to understand the link between energetics and factors such as patterns of species richness, reproductive effort, distribution, activity patterns, and other life-history traits (e.g., Alexander, 1999; McNab, 1992a; Thompson, 1992). Among the several energetic parameters used to investigate such links, basal metabolic rate (BMR) stands as one of the most important. Originally defined as a way to index the minimum rate of energy necessary to maintain homeostasis, BMR is by far the most widely measured energetic parameter. In mammals, BMR accounts for more than 50% of the total free-ranging energy expenditure (Nagy et al., 1999; Speakman, 2000) and consequently may have overt ecological and evolutionary significance. Operationally, BMR is defined as occurring in postabsorptive animals within.
Population Genetic Structure of Very Large Populations: The Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat, Tadarida brasiliensis
Authors: Russell Amy L , McCracken Gary F
Published: November 2023

Species with restricted distributions or low potential for movement often are distinguished by population structures that can be readily defined by geographical distribution. By contrast, highly vagile or migratory species such as many birds, bats, insects, and marine organisms, are often characterized by population structures that are much harder to predict. Using published data from allozymes and from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, we present an analysis of genetic structuring in the Brazilian free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis, a highly vagile mammal that is characterized by extremely large population sizes. We compare molecular genetic analyses between and within subspecies with structure that has been inferred from morphological, behavioral, and ecological data. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data indicate that significant differences exist between populations in North America and those in South America. A cladistic analysis of gene flow suggests genetic structuring among females in North America that is not consistent with the current subspecific taxonomy. Neither allozyme nor mtDNA data support distinction between the North American subspecies, nor do they support the genetic uniqueness of Cockrum’s (1969) hypothesized migratory groups of T. b. mexicana. Data indicate that this subspecies has evolved as a single genetic unit, with an extremely large effective population size. Effective population sizes of the magnitude suspected for these bats are extremely rare for mammalian species.
Conflicts and Strategies in theHarem-Polygynous Mating System of the Sac-Winged Bat, Saccopteryx bilineata
Authors: Voigt Christian C , Heckel Gerald , Helversen Otto von
Published: November 2023

Daytime roosts of the neotropical sac-winged bat Saccopteryx bilineata (Emballonuridae) include up to 60 individuals and are located in buttress cavities of trees or in well-illuminated sections of caves or abandoned houses. Colonies are structured into harem groups, each of which includes a single male and a varying number of females. In daytime roosts, sac-winged bats do not aggregate into clusters; instead individuals are spaced at least 10 cm apart. Agonistic interactions among colony members are frequent. Males in general almost never win encounters with females, and harem males in particular cannot prevent females from switching between harems. Paternity studies confirmed that harem males are more successful in fathering offspring than nonharem males. Although harem males do not monopolize reproduction within their harem, reproductive success of males increases with harem size. Removal experiments with harem males show that nonharem males are probably queuing for access to harem territories. The importance of joining a queue as soon as possible in a male’s life may have led to male philopatry in S. bilineata. We conclude that the mating pattern of S. bilineata does not resemble a classical harem system because female choice is probably more important than male competition. This has probably led to the evolution of elaborate acoustic and scent courtship displays by male sac-winged bats.
Guiding Principles of Healthy Anger
Authors: Golden Bernard
Published: November 2023

Every adult was once a child who received various messages about anger. These messages, communicated both directly and indirectly, came from parents, teachers, clergy, relatives, and peers. Television, radio, books, magazines, movies, and newspapers also bombarded us with examples of anger and messages about how to manage it. In recent years, video games have added to this barrage of communications regarding anger. Some of these messages are in direct conflict with each other. Some have told us that we should make every effort to control all anger. In contrast, others have emphasized that anger needs to be expressed, but they offer conflicting guidelines for how it should be managed. It’s no wonder we have been confused about how anger should be handled, and even more bafiled when trying to help children and teens manage theirs.
Larval Biology of Checkerspots
Authors: Kuussaari Mikko , Nouhuys Saskya van , Hellmann Jessica J , Singer Michael C
Published: November 2023

Butterflies have achieved prominent status in population and meta population biology. Accordingly, butterfly biologists should distinguish between events that influence internal dynamics of populations and those that influence interactions among populations. Interactions among populations are driven principally by decisions made by adult insects and by the consequences of those decisions, though highly mobile parasitoids can also be important (van Nouhuys and Hanski 20026; chapter 8). Within-population dynamics could in theory be driven principally by variation in fecundity of adults or in mortality of any of the four life-history stages: eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. In practice, as we show here, patterns of larval mortality are often of paramount importance in population dynamics. Negative effects on larvae are often related to spatial and temporal variation in the quality and availability of host plants. The numbers and proportions of individuals attacked by generalist and specialist predators and parasitoids vary greatly. When survival is exceptionally high, butterfly populations may exhibit explosive growth, whereas high larval mortality can lead to population extinctions. To understand the dynamics of a butterfly population, one needs to know the causes of variation in larval survival (Singer 1972, Dempster 1983; chapters 3, 4, and 8).
Genetics of Checkers pot Populations
Authors: Saccheri Ilik J , Boggs Carol L , hanski Ilkka , Ehrlich Paul R
Published: November 2023

The integration of ecological and evolutionary processes into a common framework has been a long-standing goal in population biology, to which E. B. Ford’s pioneering studies on the European checkerspot Euphydryas aurinia made distinct contributions (Ford and Ford 1930, Ford 1975). Subsequently, Sheppard and Ford’s work (Sheppard 1953, 1956, Ford and Sheppard 1969) on the factors controlling the medionigra wing pattern polymorphism in the scarlet tiger moth, Panaxia dominula, was central to the development of ecological genetics, in which theory, field observations, and experimentation were combined to analyze the genetics of natural populations. This integration has also been one of the key themes in our own research on Euphydryas editha and Melitaea cinxia. Merging ecological and evolutionary studies with their dissimilar perspectives and techniques is necessary for several reasons. In the first place, the key demographic parameters, including variation in reproductive success and migration, are studied much more effectively through a combination of direct observation and genetic marker analysis than with just one approach alone (Avise 1994). Additionally, a mechanistic understanding of variation in individual behavior and fitness that underlies population-level phenomena must include the interaction of ecological and genetic factors.
Bay Checkerspot and Glanville Fritillary Compared with Other Species
Authors: Wahlberg Niklas , Ehrlich Paul R , Boggs Carol L , Hanski Ilkka
Published: November 2023

The long-term intensive studies on Euphydryas editha and Melitaea cinxia have produced substantial knowledge about their population biology. It is important to ask how much of this knowledge can be applied to other checkerspots, to other butterflies, and, indeed, to other taxa apart from butterflies. To answer these questions requires judicious comparisons among species, following in the steps of hundreds of population biologists who have used the “comparative approach” since Darwin (1859) formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Checkerspots and Conservation Biology
Authors: Hanski Ilkka , Ehrlich Paul R , Nieminen Marko , Murphy Dennis D , Hellmann Jessica J , Boggs Carol L , McLaughlin John F
Published: November 2023

The days are long gone when we could be happy in simply satisfying our curiosity about the ecology, evolution, and behavior of butterflies. In our view, biologists today have an obligation to determine how their work can contribute to solving the human predicament of declining environmental quality and increasing economic inequity. This obligation is strongest for population biologists. Populations are the basis for species diversity (Ehrlich and Daily 1993), and they provide the ecosystem goods and services that support our civilization (Daily 1997, Hughes et al. 1997). The role of most butterflies in the ecosystems that support them is not such that their extinction would lead to immediate and obvious repercussions. Nonetheless, butterflies do matter because occasionally they may play important roles, for example, as pollinators, and the disruption of those roles might cause long-term cascading effects. Equally important is that many people consider butterflies symbolic of healthy landscapes, and thus the disappearance of butterflies can be readily understood by the public as a signal of more serious environmental degradation.
How Science Works
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H
Published: November 2023

One week, red wine is good for the heart. The next week, new reports say it’s bad for the health. So which is true? Anyone who’s ever read science news with fascination, or who’s ever been confounded by conflicting stories will appreciate this book. Taking a look at some true to life contemporary news stories, the author assesses recent studies on topics ranging from vitamin C and caffeine to pollution and cancer. With straight talk and a passion for the whole project of science, he demysifies the cult of the expert and sheds light on the nitty-gritty details of scientific processes. Any scientist loves a challenge, but the biggest challenge of all, observes Jenkins, is shared by scientists and nonscientitsts alike: how to make practical decisions in light of ambiguous evidence. Promising no simple answers, this book does offer excellent food for thought for people pondering that next glass of wine.
Sustainability in HIV Prevention Research
Authors: Schensul Jean J
Published: November 2023

If existing prevention strategies were “brought to scale” we could prevent as many as 29 million of the 45 million new infections that have been projected to occur by 2010. But resource sufficiency is not the only condition required for successful HIV prevention. It is also crucial to support various prevention approaches, to integrate HIV prevention into treatment and care, to recognize and address the social factors that facilitate HIV transmission, and to provide strong, continuous leadership in support of HIV prevention efforts.
Evolvability, Stabilizing Selection, and the Problem of Stasis
Authors: Hansen Thomas F , Houle David
Published: November 2023

Evolutionary stasis has a paradoxical position in current evolutionary thinking. Williams (1992) argued convincingly that stasis is one of the most important unsolved problems of evolutionary biology (see also Bradshaw 1991). Stasis is arguably the predominant mode of evolution (Gould and Eldredge 1993); the cry “stasis is data” (Gould and Eldredge 1977) echoes faintly in most neontologists’ ears. Despite this, stasis is one of the most neglected theoretical problems in evolutionary biology. When population geneticists think of stasis at all, they usually regard it as an almost trivial consequence of stabilizing selection (e.g., Charlesworth et al. 1982; Maynard Smith 1983; Lande 1985, 1986). The fundamental problem of what may cause persistent stabilizing selection in changing environments is rarely addressed at length. It has been largely left to macroevolutionists to speculate on the microevolutionary underpinnings of stasis (e.g., Van Valen 1982; Wake et al. 1983; Williamson 1987; Hoffman 1989; Lieberman and Dudgeon 1996; Sheldon 1996; Eldredge 1999; Gould 2002).
The Evolution of Genetic Architecture
Authors: Roff Derek
Published: November 2023

What one means by “genetic architecture” depends to some extent upon one’s perspective. At one level we might view it as the DNA coding, while at a more abstract level we can view it as the statistical structure arising from interactions within the DNA code. It is the latter sense that I adopt here, regarding the DNA as the “bricks” from which the genotype and phenotype are constructed. This statistical approach, sometimes known as biometrical genetics, has a long history stretching back to before the discovery of DNA or chromosomes or even Mendelian genetics (e.g., Galton’s biometrical analysis of quantitative trait variation preceded the rediscovery of Mendel’s work). The unification of biometrical genetics with Mendelian genetics to create the modern field of quantitative genet¬ ics was one of the great intellectual achievements of the past century.
Multivariate Phenotypic Evolution in Developmental Hyperspace
Authors: Wolf Jason B , Allen Cerisse E , Franking W Anthony
Published: November 2023

Complex phenotypes are constructed during development by interactions among an intricate array of factors including genes, gene products, developmental units, and environmental influences. Although patterns of genetic variation and covariation play a clear role in determining patterns of phenotypic evolution (Lande 1979), it can be difficult to understand how various patterns of developmental interactions affect the evolutionary process, due to the complexity of developmental systems. However, recent advances in theory (e.g., Cowley and Atchley 1992; Atchley et al. 1994; Rice 1998, 2002; Gilchrist and Nijhout 2001; Wolf et al. 2001), and an explosion of interest in evolution and development, make it clear that a consideration of developmental interactions provides major insights into character evolution, including the evolution of phenomena such as canalization (Rice 1998), phenotypic integration (Cheverud 1996; Rice 2000), and genetic variance-covariance structure (Atchley 1984; Atchley and Hall 1991; Atchley et al. 1994; Atchley and Zhu 1997). These insights might allow one to predict (Rice 2002) or reconstruct (Lande 1979; Schluter 1996) evolutionary trajectories, and to identify the proximate basis of differentiation within or among species (e.g., Stem 1998; Kopp et al. 2000; Sucena and Stern 2000).
The Second Wave: Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Sawyer R Keith
Published: November 2023

Guilford’s 1950 APA address jump-started the modern era of creativity research. But soon after 1970, government funding dried up and studies of the creative personality slowly came to an end (Feist & Runco, 1993, p. 280). By 1980, it seemed clear that the first wave of creativity research—the 20 years of study into personality traits and creative potential in childhood—had failed to achieve its goals (cf. Feldman, Csikszentmihalyi, & Gardner, 1994). But fortunately, in the 1970s a new group of psychologists began to study creativity in a new way, using a different approach that had even more potential to explain creativity. Research psychology was changing dramatically during the 1960s and 1970s. Cognitive psychology began to replace both the behaviorism and the personality psychology that had been dominant in American psychology after World War II. Instead of studying traits and personality differences, cognitive psychologists analyze mental processes that are shared by all individuals. Cognitive psychologists examine the representational structures of the mind, their interconnections, and the mental processes that transform them. Instead of studying the creative personality, cognitive psychologists shifted the focus to creative mental processes. They tried to explain creativity by showing how it emerged from ordinary, everyday mental processes—cognitive abilities that everyone has, the same ones that are used in noncreative activities.