bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Penerapan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah pada Kantor Wilayah Kementerian Hukum dan HAM Sumatera Selatan
Authors: Khosakiyah Eriza , Meiriasari Vhika , Putri Andini Utari
Published: October 2020

This study aims to investigate the influence of the quality of human resources, government accounting system, and political process on the application of government accounting standards at the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of South Sumatra. The population was all 152 employees at the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. Data were collected through questionnaires to 40 respondents and analysed using multiple linear regression on SPSS V25. The results prove that partially the quality of human resources and the government accounting system affects the application of government accounting standards. Conversely, the political process has no effect on the application of government accounting standards. Simultaneously, the quality of human resources, government accounting systems, and political processes have an effect on the application of government accounting standards.
Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. Jico Agung Palembang
Authors: Sari Ria Purnama , Roswaty Roswaty , Kurniawan Kurniawan
Published: October 2020

This study aims to investigate the influence of work environment on the performance of the employees of PT Jico Agung Palembang. Data obtained from 58 respondents consisting of leaders and all employees of PT Jico Agung Palembang. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and questionnaires and analysed using simple linear regression on SPSS. The results reveal that work environment has a positive and significant effect on performance. The relationship between work environment and performance is strong as indicated by the correlation coefficient of 73.5%. The determination test of 0.541 proves that the work environment affects performance by 54.1% and the remaining 45.9% is influenced by other variables outside of this study.
Pengaruh Employee Stock Ownership Program Terhadap Average Abnormal Return Perusahaan Perbankan
Authors: Suprayogi Agung , Basyith Abdul
Published: October 2020

This research was conducted to see the effect of the implementation of the Employee Stock Ownership Program on average abnormal returns of banking companies before and after applying ESOP and trading volume. The aim is to find out the difference in average abnormal return before and after applying the ESOP. The variable used in this study is average abnormal return. The period of this research event is 20 days, 10 days, 5 days and 1 day which are divided before and days after the date of application. This study examines banking companies that apply the Employee Stock Ownership Program listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange so that data is obtained from trading in the company's stock price. The sampling criteria used a purposive sampling method in order to obtain 9 samples. The hypothesis method used in the normally distributed data is Paired Samples T-test. The result is that all average abnormal return periods both on the first and the last date of the ESOP application have a significant value >0.05, which means that the entire event period of the variable is proven to have no significant difference both before and after the banking company applies the Employee Stock Ownership Program.
Outcomes with ureteral access sheath in retrograde intrarenal surgery: a retrospective comparative analysis
Authors: Sari Sercan , Cakici Mehmet Caglar , Aykac Aykut , Baran Ozer , Selmi Volkan , Karakoyunlu Ahmet Nihat
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND:

Retrograde intrarenal surgery is used for treatment of urinary system stones. The ureteral access sheath (UAS) is used to decrease intrapelvic pressure, help with access of multiple instruments, and facilitate drainage and removal of the fragmented stones.

OBJECTIVE:

Assess the effect of the UAS on the outcomes of retrograde intrarenal surgery.

DESIGN:

A retrospective patient data review.

SETTING:

Training and research hospital in Turkey.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

We reviewed the data of patients who had undergone retrograde intrarenal surgery between 2012-2019. Patients who had kidney anomalies, were <18 years old, and who had ureteral and urethral strictures were excluded from the study. The demographic characteristics, stone type, complications, intraoperative and postoperative data of the patients were reviewed. A successful outcome was defined as being stone free or having clinically insignificant residual fragments (<3 mm). The use of the UAS was compared with other procedures in terms of efficiency and safety. Factors determining UAS usage were assessed by multivariate analysis.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

Stone free rate and complication rate in patients who underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery.

SAMPLE SIZE:

1808 patients met inclusion criteria.

RESULTS:

The UAS was used in 1489 procedures, while other methods were used in 319 procedures. Operation time was 46.9 (17.3) minutes and 42.9 (19.0) minutes with other methods. Postoperative double J stent usage rates were 88.2% and 63% in the UAS and other methods, respectively. The rate of successful outcome was 88.2% and 81.2% in the UAS and other methods, respectively (
P
<.001). The rate of complications was similar in both groups (
P
=.543). In a multivariate analysis, UAS usage was directly proportional with stone size and inversely proportional with preoperative JJ stent usage

CONCLUSION:

The UAS can be effectively and successfully used in retrograde intrarenal surgery for treatment of urinary system stones. UAS usage should be considered for the patients who have large stones (2 cm) and do not have a preoperative double J stent.

LIMITATIONS:

Retrospective design.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

None.
Daytime aerosol optical depth above low-level clouds is similar to that in adjacent clear skies at the same heights: airborne observation above the southeast Atlantic
Authors: Shinozuka Yohei , Kacenelenbogen Meloë S. , Burton Sharon P. , Howell Steven G. , Zuidema Paquita , Ferrare Richard A. , LeBlanc Samuel E. , Pistone Kristina , Broccardo Stephen , Redemann Jens , Schmidt K. Sebastian , Cochrane Sabrina P. , Fenn Marta , Freitag Steffen , Dobracki Amie , Segal-Rosenheimer Michal , Flynn Connor J.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. To help satellite retrieval of aerosols and studies of their radiative
effects, we demonstrate that daytime aerosol optical depth over low-level
clouds is similar to that in neighboring clear skies at the same heights.
Based on recent airborne lidar and sun photometer observations above the
southeast Atlantic, the mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) difference at 532 nm is between 0 and
−0.01, when comparing the cloudy and clear sides, each up to 20 km wide, of
cloud edges. The difference is not statistically significant according to a
paired t test. Systematic differences in the wavelength dependence of AOD
and in situ single scattering albedo are also minuscule. These results hold
regardless of the vertical distance between cloud top and aerosol layer
bottom. AOD aggregated over ∼2∘ grid boxes for each of
September 2016, August 2017 and October 2018 also shows little correlation
with the presence of low-level clouds. We posit that a satellite retrieval
artifact is entirely responsible for a previous finding of generally smaller
AOD over clouds (Chung et al., 2016), at least for the region and time of
our study. Our results also suggest that the same values can be assumed for
the intensive properties of free-tropospheric biomass-burning aerosol
regardless of whether clouds are present below.
Ice multiplication from ice-ice collisions in the high Arctic: sensitivity to ice habit, rimed fraction and the spectral representation of the colliding particles
Authors: Sotiropoulou Georgia , Ickes Luisa , Nenes Athanasios , Ekman Annica M. L.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Atmospheric models often fail to correctly reproduce the microphysical structure of Arctic mixed-phase clouds and underpredict ice water content, even when simulations are constrained by the observed levels of ice nucleating particles. In this study we investigate whether ice multiplication from ice-ice collisions, a process missing in most models, can account for the observed cloud ice in a stratocumulus cloud observed during the Arctic Summer Cloud Study campaign. Our results indicate that including ice-ice collisions can improve the modeled cloud water properties, but the degree of influence depends on other poorly constrained microphysical aspects that include ice habit, rimed fraction and cloud ice-to-snow autoconversion rate. Simulations with dendrites are less sensitive to variations in the assumed rimed fraction of the particle that undergoes break-up, compared to those with planar ice. Activating cloud ice-to-snow autoconversion decreases the sensitivity of the break-up process to both the assumed ice habit and rimed fraction. Finally, adapting a relatively small value for the threshold diameter at which cloud ice is converted to snow enhances break-up efficiency and improves the macrophysical representation of the cloud.
Interhemispheric transport of metallic ions within ionospheric sporadic E layers by the lower thermospheric meridional circulation
Authors: Yu Bingkun , Xue Xianghui , Scott Christopher J. , Wu Jianfei , Yue Xinan , Feng Wuhu , Chi Yutian , Marsh Daniel R. , Liu Hanli , Dou Xiankang , Plane John M. C.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Long-lived metallic ions in the Earth's atmosphere/ionosphere have been investigated for many decades. Although the seasonal variation in ionospheric sporadic E layers was first observed in the 1960s, the mechanism driving the variation remains a long-standing mystery. Here we report a study of ionospheric irregularities using scintillation data from COSMIC satellites and identify a large-scale horizontal transport of long-lived metallic ions, combined with the simulations of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with the chemistry of metals and ground-based observations from two meridional chains of stations from 1975–2016. We find that the lower thermospheric meridional circulation influences the meridional transport and seasonal variations of metallic ions within sporadic E layers. The winter-to-summer, meridional velocity of ions is estimated to vary between −1.08 and 7.45 m/s at altitudes of 107–118 km between 10°–60° N latitude. Our results not only provide strong support for the lower thermospheric meridional circulation predicted by a whole atmosphere chemistry-climate model, but also emphasise the influences of this winter-to-summer circulation on the large-scale interhemispheric transport of composition in the thermosphere/ionosphere.
Role of atmospheric horizontal resolution in simulating tropical and subtropical South American precipitation in HadGEM3-GC31
Authors: Monerie Paul-Arthur , Chevuturi Amulya , Cook Peter , Klingaman Nicholas P. , Holloway Christopher E.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. We assess the effect of increasing horizontal resolution on simulated
precipitation over South America in a climate model. We use atmosphere-only
simulations, performed with HadGEM3-GC31 at three horizontal resolutions:
N96 (∼130 km; 1.88∘×1.25∘), N216
(∼60 km; 0.83∘×0.56∘), and
N512 (∼25 km; 0.35∘×0.23∘). We show
that all simulations have systematic biases in annual mean and seasonal mean
precipitation over South America (e.g. too wet over the Amazon and too dry
in the northeast). Increasing horizontal resolution improves simulated
precipitation over the Andes and northeast Brazil. Over the Andes,
improvements from horizontal resolution continue to ∼25 km,
while over northeast Brazil, there are no improvements beyond
∼60 km resolution. These changes are primarily related to
changes in atmospheric dynamics and moisture flux convergence. Over the
Amazon Basin, precipitation variability increases at higher resolution. We
show that some spatial and temporal features of daily South American
precipitation are improved at high resolution, including the intensity
spectra of rainfall. Spatial scales of daily precipitation features are also
better simulated, suggesting that higher resolution may improve the
representation of South American mesoscale convective systems.
A baseline Antarctic GIA correction for space gravimetry
Authors: Caron Lambert , Ivins Erik
Published: October 2020

Within the past decade, newly collected GPS data and geochronological constraints have resulted in refinement of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models for Antarctica. These are critical to understanding ice mass changes at present-day. A correction needs to be made when using space gravity for ice mass balance assessments as any vertical movements of the solid Earth masquerade as changes in ice mass, and must be carefully removed. The main upshot of the new Antarctic GIA models is a downward revision of negative ice mass trends deduced from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), resulting from a reduced GIA correction. This revision places GRACE inferred trend in mass balance within the 1-σ uncertainty of mass balance deduced by altimetry. Because uncertainties in Holocene ice history and the low viscosity rheology beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) continue to vex further improvement in predictions of present-day GIA gravity rate, more emphasis has been given to regional-scale GIA models. Here we use a Bayesian method to explore the gravimetric GIA trend over Antarctica, both with and without the impact of a late Pleistocene Antarctic ice loads, along with the contribution of oceanic loads. We call this model without loads associated with Antarctica a baseline for regional GIA models to build upon. We consider variations of the radial mantle viscosity profile and the volume of continental-scale ice sheets during the last glacial cycle. The modeled baseline GIA is mainly controlled by the lower mantle viscosity and continental levering caused by ocean loading. We find that the predicted baseline GIA correction weakly depends on the ice history. This correction averages to +28.4 [16.5–41.9, 95% confidence] Gt/yr. In contrast, with Pleistocene Antarctic-proximal ice included, the total modeled mass trend due to GIA is +73.7 [30.1–114.7] Gt/yr. A baseline GIA correction of 28.4 Gt/yr is of order 50% of the mean net mass trend measured during the period 1992-2017. The statistical analysis provides tools for synthesizing any regional Antarctic GIA model with a self-consistent far-field component. This may prove important for accounting for both global and regional 3-D variations in mantle viscosity.

© 2020 California Institute of Technology.
Government sponsorship acknowledged. This work was performed at the California Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cryosphere Science Program.
Uncertainties of Terrestrial Water Storage Anomalies for Global Basins – A Comparison Between Modelled and Formal Covariances
Authors: Boergens Eva , Kvas Andreas , Dobslaw Henryk , Eicker Annette , Dahle Christoph , Flechtner Frank
Published: October 2020

The application of GRACE and GRACE-FO observed gridded terrestrial water storage data (TWS) often requires realistic assumptions of the data variances and covariances. Such covariances are, e.g., needed for data assimilation in various models or combinations with other data sets. The formal variance-covariance matrices now provided with the Stokes coefficients can yield such spatial variances and covariances after variance propagating them through the various post-processing steps, including the filtering, and spherical harmonic synthesis. However, a rigorous variance propagation to the TWS grids is beyond the capabilities of most non-geodetic users.

That is why we developed a new spatial covariance model for global TWS grids. This covariance model is non-stationary (time-depending), non-homogeneous (location-depending), and anisotropic (direction-depending). Additionally, it allows latitudinal wave-like correlations caused by residual striping errors. The model is tested for both GFZ RL06 Level-3 TWS data as provided via the GravIS portal (gravis.gfz-potsdam.de) and ITSG-Grace2018 GravIS-like processed Level-3 TWS data. The model parameters are fitted to empirical correlations derived from both TWS fields. Both data sets yield the same model parameters within the uncertainty of the parameter estimation.

Now, the covariance model derived thereof can be used to estimate uncertainties of mean TWS time series of arbitrary regions such as river basins. Here, we use a global basin segmentation covering all continents. At the same time, such regional uncertainties can be derived from formal variance-covariance matrices as well. To this end, the formal ITSG-Grace2018 variance-covariance matrices of the spherical harmonic coefficients are used. Thus, the modelled and formal basin uncertainties can be compared against each other globally, both spatially and temporally. Further, external validation investigates the usefulness of the basin uncertainties for applications such as data assimilation into hydrological models. Our results show a high agreement between the modelled and the formal basin uncertainties proving our approach of modelled covariance to be a suitable surrogate for the formal variance-covariance matrices.
An alternative derivation of the GRACE Follow-On LRI1B product: current status
Authors: Müller Laura , Müller Vitali , Misfeldt Malte , Wegener Henry , Heinzel Gerhard
Published: October 2020

The new Laser Ranging Interferometer (LRI) on GRACE Follow-On is measuring, just like the microwave instrument (MWI), the distance variations between the two satellites, but with a significantly higher precision. The Albert Einstein Institute (AEI) in Hannover was involved in the development of the LRI and is currently concerned with instrument operation and data analysis.  In order to verify and validate the correctness of the Science Data System (SDS) derived LRI1B data product, currently available as release 04, we started to implement an own processing chain to convert data from raw level0 or level 1A to level1B, where the latter is usually employed in gravity field recovery. Besides the validation, we are interested in testing alternative processing strategies, which could improve the data quality and that might get adopted by official processing centers at some point.
We will provide an overview on our processing strategy, which includes five major steps 1) Deglitching of the piston phase in order to remove phase jumps that occur when the attitude control thrusters are activated. 2) Conversion of time-tags from LRI time to GPS time and forming the phase difference of master and transponder measurements.  This removes the common 10 MHz ramp in the measurements. 3) Conversion of the phase to a physical length, the non-instantaneous biased range 4) Filtering and down-sampling of the data to the LRI1B rate of 0.5 Hz.  5) Finally, the light time correction (LTC) is calculated and allows to transform the non-instantaneous biased range and its derivatives to the instantaneous or corrected biased range. We will highlight the main differences in our processing to the RL04 processing, as far as known to us.
In the end, we compare the RL04 and our data set at the 1B level, which shows a slightly lower noise and uses less empirical parameters.
Towards AOD1B RL07
Authors: Shihora Linus , Dobslaw Henryk
Published: October 2020

The Atmosphere and Ocean De-Aliasing Level-1B (AOD1B) product provides a priori information about temporal variations in the Earth's gravity field caused by global mass variability in the atmosphere and ocean and is routinely used as background model in satellite gravimetry. The current version 06 provides Stokes coefficients expanded up to d/o 180 every 3 hours. It is based on ERA-Interim and the ECMWF operational model for the atmosphere, and simulations with the global ocean general circulation model MPIOM consistently forced with the fields from the same atmospheric data-set.

We here present preliminary numerical experiments in the development towards a new release 07 of AOD1B. The experiments are performed with the TP10 configuration of MPIOM and include (I) new hourly atmospheric forcing based on the new ERA-5 reanalysis from ECMWF; (II) an improved bathymetry around Antarctica including cavities under the ice shelves; and (III) an explicit implementation of the feedback effects of self-attraction and loading to ocean dynamics. The simulated ocean bottom pressure variability is discussed with respect to AOD1B version 6 as well as in situ ocean observations. A preliminary timeseries of hourly AOD1B-like coefficients for the year 2019 that incorporate the above mentioned improvements will be made available for testing purposes.
Processing of GRACE FO satellite to satellite tracking data using the GRACE SIGMA software
Authors: Duwe Mathias , Koch Igor , Flury Jakob , Shabanloui Akbar
Published: October 2020

At our Institute we compute monthly gravity potential solutions from GRACE/GRACE-FO level 1B data by using the variational equations approach. The gravity field is recovered with our own MATLAB software "GRACE-SIGMA" that was recently updated in order to reduce the calculation time with parallel computing approach by approx. 80%. Also the processing chain has changed to update the background modeling and we made tests with different orbit types and different parametrizations. We discuss progress to include laser ranging interferometer data in gravity field solutions. We present validation results and analyze the properties of postfit range-rate residuals.
Sensitivity of Global Ocean Mass Calculations to Different Methods and Models
Authors: Chambers Don , Bonin Jennifer , Tamisiea Mark
Published: October 2020

Global ocean mass (or barystatic sea level) is an important component of the sea level budget. It can be computed directly from the GRACE and GRACE-FO data, or it can be computed by summing contributions from the cryosphere and hydrosphere. Here, we present a sensitivity analysis of the direct computation, using both averaging of mascon solutions as well as avering kernel methods applied to the spherical harmonics. We will discuss sensitivity to various geocenter models and GIA models, as well as discuss whether scaling is required for the averaging kernel method. For the scaling tests, we will utilize a simulation that includes trend fingerprints from icesheets and glaciers. We also discuss the effect of using different averaging areas (global oceans, global oceans excluding Hudson Bay, oceans with a 300km mask).

We find consisent results between the spherical harmonic and mascon calculations within the estimated uncertainy of fits based on the residuals to the linear trend + annual sinuspid model. Trends will change by up to 0.2 mm/year if geocenter models based on GRACE and ocean moddel data are used, or up to 0.4 mm/year if SLR-based geocenter is used. Different versions of glacial isostatic models introduce trend differences of order 0.1-0.2 mm/year. These systematic errors should be considered in addition to uncertainty from least squares fits when assesing closure to the sea level budget.
Applications of Data‐Driven Techniques in Filling Temporal Gaps Within and Between GRACE and GRACE-FO Records
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed , Gyawali Bimal , Wiese David
Published: October 2020

Terrestrial water storage (TWS) data derived from past Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE; April 2002–June 2017) and current GRACE-Follow On (GRACE-FO; June 2018–present) missions provide insights into mass transport within, and between, different Earth’s systems (e.g., atmosphere, oceans, groundwater, and ice sheets). However, there are currently temporal gaps within GRACE-derived TWS record (20 months) and between GRACE and GRACE-FO missions (11 months), within GRACE-FO-derived TWS record (2 months), and similar gaps could be experienced between GRACE-FO and GRACE-II missions. In this study, we compare the performance of different data-driven techniques in filling TWS gaps for 62 global watersheds. Additionally, these techniques are being applied to reconstruct TWS globally on a grid scale (1° × 1°). We used artificial neural networks (ANNs), support vector machines (SVMs), and multiple linear regression (MLR) models to predict TWS data (04/2002 – 03/2020) based on the knowledge of relevant climatic datasets such as rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration, vegetation indices, climate indices. The performance of the developed models was evaluated using several standard measures such as the root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (R), and Nash-Sutcliff efficiency coefficient (NSE). Our preliminary results indicate: (1) ANN models show higher performance over the examined watersheds compared to the other models (RMSE: 5.20; R: 0.93; NSE: 0.88), (2) the performances of ANN, MLR, and SVM models depend mainly on the nature of factors that control TWS in each of the examined hydrologic systems, and (3) higher model performance is achieved when the model input data were further spectrally decomposed. Results of our research could be used to validate GRACE-FO datasets. Our research will promote additional and improved use of GRACE products by the scientific community, end-users, and decision makers by providing a continuous uninterrupted TWS record from GRACE and GRACE-FO missions.
Tidal geopotential dependence on Earth ellipticity and seawater density and its detection with the GRACE Follow-On laser ranging interferometer
Authors: Han Shin-Chan , Ghobadi-Far Khosro , Ray Richard , Papanikolaou Thomas
Published: October 2020

Ocean tides produce significant gravitational perturbations that affect near-Earth orbiting spacecraft.  The gravitational potential induced by tidal mass redistribution is routinely modelled for global gravity analysis and orbit determination, although generally by assuming a spherical Earth and a uniform seawater density.  The inadequacy of these simplifications is here addressed.  We have developed an accurate yet efficient algorithm to compute the ocean tidal geopotential, allowing for Earth’s elliptical shape and variable seawater density.  Using this new computation, we find that (1) the effect of ellipticity is several percent of the tide signal over mid to high latitude regions, which is comparable to elevation error in the state-of-the-art ocean tide models; (2) the effect of seawater density variations on the potential is as large as 2-3 cm in water-height equivalent, primarily in deep water where density increases 2-3% from compressibility.  Our analysis of new GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) laser ranging interferometer measurements reveals evident errors when ellipticity and density variations are ignored.  When accounted for, the GRACE-FO residual tidal gravity perturbations are reduced by half, depending on the adopted tide model; only the remaining half likely represents actual model elevation error.  The use of a spherical surface and a uniform seawater density is no longer tenable given the precision of gravity measurements from GRACE and GRACE-FO satellites.
Accumulation and Dissipation of Water Associated with Flooding in the Missouri River Basin
Authors: Anderson Mackenzie , Argus Donald
Published: October 2020

Increased water storage in the Missouri River basin as inferred from GRACE gravity [Reager et al. 2014] preceded the May–June 2011 catastrophic floods. In this study, we analyze the evolution and lateral distribution of water components in the four years before and two years after the 2011 floods (believed to occur once every 500 years). We integrate GPS measurements of solid Earth's elastic response to water change and GRACE gravity data to infer change in total water storage as a function of time in the Missouri River basin. We furthermore evaluate relative water storage and discharge in 6 major sub-basins as measured by gauging stations along the Kansas, Platte, Yellowstone, and Missouri Rivers. We aim to understand how water changes between different components (snow, soil moisture, groundwater, surface water) and how the spatial distribution of water changes in the Missouri River basin.
The research unit NEROGRAV: first results on stochastic modeling for gravity field determination with real GRACE and GRACE-FO data
Authors: Panafidina Natalia , Murböck Michael , Dahle Christoph , Neumayer Karl Hans , Flechtner Frank , Koenig Rolf
Published: October 2020

The central hypothesis of the Research Unit (RU) NEROGRAV reads: only by concurrently improving and better understanding of sensor data, background models, and processing strategies of satellite gravimetry, the resolution, accuracy, and long-term consistency of mass transport series from satellite gravimetry can be significantly increased; and only in that case the potential of future technological sensor developments can be fully exploited. Two of the individual projects (IPs) within the RU work on stochastic modeling for GRACE and GRACE-FO gravity field determination. TU München and TU Berlin are responsible for IP4 (OSTPAG: optimized space-time parameterization for GRACE and GRACE-FO data analysis), where besides optimal parameterization the focus is on the stochastic modeling of the key observations, i.e. GRACE and GRACE-FO inter-satellite ranging and accelerometer observations, in a simulation (TU München) and real data (TU Berlin) environment. IP5 (ISTORE: improved stochastic modeling in GRACE/GRACE-FO real data processing), which GFZ is responsible for, works on the optimal utilization of the stochastic properties of the main GRACE and GRACE-FO observation types and the main background models.

This presentation gives first insights into the TU Berlin and GFZ results of these two IPs which are both related on stochastic modeling for real data processing based on GFZ GRACE and GRACE-FO RL06 processing. We present analysis of ranging observations and corresponding residuals of three test years of GRACE and GRACE-FO real data in the time and frequency domain. Based on the residual analysis we show results of the effects of different filter matrices, which take into account the stochastic properties of the ranging observations in order to decorrelate them. The stochastic modeling of the background models in IP5 starts with Monte-Carlo simulations on background model errors of atmospheric and oceanic mass variations. Different representations of variance-covariance matrices of this model information are tested as input for real GRACE data processing and their effect on gravity field determination are analyzed.
Evidence of a fluctuation theorem for the input of mechanical power
to the ocean at the air-sea interface from satellite data
Authors: Wirth Achim , Chapron Bertrand
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The ocean dynamics is predominantly driven by the shear between the atmospheric winds and ocean currents. The ocean mostly receives energy, but it can also lose energy. Building on 24-years of global satellite observations, the input of mechanical power to the ocean is analysed. A Fluctuation Theorem (FT) holds when the logarithm of the ratio between the occurrence of positive and negative events, of a certain magnitude of the power input, is a linear function of this magnitude and the averaging period. The input of mechanical power into the ocean shows evidence of a FT, for regions within the recirculation area of the subtropical gyre, but not over extensions of Western Boundary Currents. A FT puts a strong constraint on the temporal distribution of fluctuations of power input, connects variables obtained with different length of temporal averaging and guides the temporal down- and up-scaling and constrains the occurrence of extreme events.
The diurnal Energy Balance Model (dEBM): A convenient surface mass balance solution for ice sheets in Earth System modeling
Authors: Krebs-Kanzow Uta , Gierz Paul , Rodehacke Christian B. , Xu Shan , Yang Hu , Lohmann Gerrit
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The surface mass balance scheme dEBM (diurnal Energy Balance Model) provides a novel interface between the atmosphere and land ice for Earth System modeling, which is based on the energy balance of glaciated surfaces. In contrast to empirical schemes, dEBM accounts for changes in the Earth's orbit and atmospheric composition. The scheme only requires monthly atmospheric forcing (precipitation, temperature, shortwave and longwave radiation, and cloud cover). It is also computationally inexpensive, which makes it particularly suitable to investigate the ice sheets' response to long-term climate change. After calibration and validation, we analyze the surface mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) based on climate simulations representing two warm climate states: a simulation of the Mid Holocene (approximately 6000 years before present) and a climate projection based on an extreme emission scenario which extends to the year 2100. The former period features an intensified summer insolation while the 21st century is characterized by reduced outgoing long wave radiation. Specifically, we investigate whether the temperature-melt relationship, as used in empirical temperature-index methods, remains stable under changing insolation and atmospheric composition. Our results indicate that the temperature-melt relation is sensitive to changes in insolation on orbital time scales but remains mostly invariant under the projected warming climate of the 21st century.
A process-based anatomy of Mediterranean cyclones: From baroclinic lows to tropical-like systems
Authors: Flaounas Emmanouil , Gray Suzanne L. , Teubler Franziska
Published: October 2020

Abstract. In this study, we address the question of the atmospheric processes that turn Mediterranean cyclones into severe storms. Our approach applies on-line potential vorticity (PV) budget diagnostics and piecewise PV inversion to WRF model simulations of the mature stage of 100 intense Mediterranean cyclones. We quantify the relative contributions of different processes to cyclone development and therefore deliver, for the first time, a comprehensive insight into the variety of cyclonic systems that develop in the Mediterranean from the perspective of cyclone dynamics. In particular, we show that all 100 cyclones are systematically influenced by two main PV anomalies: a major anomaly in the upper troposphere, related to the baroclinic forcing of cyclone development, and a minor anomaly in the lower troposphere, related to diabatic processes and momentum forcing of wind. Among the diabatic processes, latent heat is shown to act as the main PV source (reinforcing cyclones), being partly balanced by PV sinks of temperature diffusion and radiative cooling (weakening cyclones). Momentum forcing is shown to have an ambiguous feedback, able to reinforce and weaken cyclones while in certain cases playing an important role in cyclone development. Piecewise PV inversion shows that most cyclones develop due to the combined effect of both baroclinic and diabatic forcing, i.e. due to both PV anomalies. However, the stronger the baroclinic forcing, the less a cyclone is found to develop due to diabatic processes. Several pairs of exemplary cases are used to illustrate the variety of contributions of atmospheric processes to the development of Mediterranean cyclones: (i) cases where both baroclinic and diabatic processes contribute to cyclone development; (ii) cases that mainly developed due to latent-heat release; (iii) cases developing in the wake of the Alps; and (iv) two unusual cases, one where momentum forcing dominates cyclone development and the other presenting a dual surface pressure centre. Finally, we focus on ten medicane cases (i.e. tropical-like cyclones). In contrast to their tropical counterparts – but in accordance with most intense Mediterranean cyclones – most medicanes are shown to develop under the influence of both baroclinic and diabatic processes. In discussion of medicane driving processes, we highlight the need for a physical definition of these systems.
Feeding strategies differentiate four detritivorous curimatids in the Amazon
Authors: Farago Thatyla , Borba Gabriel , Amadio Sidineia , Oliveira Joicyeny , Santos Geraldo , Val Adalberto , Ferreira Efrem
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Differences in food intake and morphological attributes may facilitate the coexistence of detritivorous fish. The present study investigated the possible differences in the feeding strategies of four species of curimatids that inhabit the floodplain of the central Amazon. For this, we determined the diet, daily food cycle, and whether characteristics of the intestine were related to the length of the fish and the amount of detritus consumed. The detritivory was confirmed, and we observed a difference in the foraging time between species. We found differences in the length and weight of the intestine and the relationship of these variables with the length of the fish and the amount of detritus consumed. Our study suggests that despite belonging to the same family and food group, curimatids have characteristics that allow them to consume the detritus in different ways.
Sensory active substances causing off-odour in liquid whey during storage
Authors: Hanková Mariana , Čížková Helena
Published: October 2020

Liquid whey is a nutritious product with high water activity and neutral pH. Therefore, it is very susceptible to microbiological spoilage that results in undesirable off-odors. Additionally, minimally processed foods are the recent trend so setting an appropriate shelf life is essential. The commonly used microbiological methods are lengthy and time-demanding, so a quick and early identification of microbial degradation would be a significant benefit. Here we tested a solid-phase microextraction, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry coupled with olfactometry analysis (SPME-GC-MS/O) on samples of sweet unpasteurized liquid whey stored at 6 °C, 12 °C and 25 °C for a week. We compared the common methods – plate methods, measurement of pH, and dry matter determination with our proposed SPME-GC-MS/O. We have identified seven sensory active compounds while octanoic acid and a compound not reliably identified by the MS detector (with main m/z observed 133 (100), 151 (65), and 135 (26)) being the most prominent. Microbiological methods proved irreplaceable for proper setting of storage conditions (with the growth of coliforms being significant (p <0.001) at 25 °C). However, SPME-GC-MS/O was able to identify volatile substances responsible for off-odors and can be used as a powerful tool to detect the cause of undesirable chemical and microbial changes in whey beverages.
Reviewer acknowledgements for Business and Management Research, Vol. 9, No. 3
Authors: Lee Simon
Published: October 2020

Reviewer acknowledgements for Business and Management Research, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2020.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 12, No. 11
Authors: Grey Erica
Published: October 2020

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 12, No. 11, 2020.
Eichmann, moreel oordelen en strafuitsluitingsgronden
Authors: Bijlsma J. (Johannes)
Published: October 2020

Eichmann, moreel oordelen en strafuitsluitingsgronden. De gedeelde verantwoordelijkheid voor verantwoordelijkheid

Tegenwoordig bestaat meer aandacht voor burgers die om uiteenlopende redenen niet goed in staat zijn om zich aan juridische normen te houden, in het bijzonder ook aan strafrechtelijke normen. Het gaat om mensen wier cognitieve vermogens tekortschieten en/of die een onderontwikkeld vermogen van zelfcontrole hebben. Deze ontwikkeling kan worden beschouwd als een zekere mate van erkenning dat de maatschappij – en de overheid in het bijzonder – medeverantwoordelijk is voor het scheppen van de bestaansvoorwaarden waaronder mensen zich kunnen ontplooien tot verantwoordelijke burgers. In dit artikel betoog ik dat deze gedeelde verantwoordelijkheid niet alleen geldt voor de ontwikkeling van de mentale capaciteiten die nodig zijn om de normen van het recht te kunnen volgen, maar ook voor het bieden van toegang aan burgers tot de materiële normen zelf.
Grondslag en grenzen van noodweer(exces)
Authors: ter Haar R. (Rob)
Published: October 2020

Grondslag en grenzen van noodweer(exces)

Noodweer berust op een dubbele grondslag: zelfverdediging en rechtsordeverdediging. In de praktijk bestaat onduidelijkheid over de precieze verhouding tussen beide pijlers. In dit artikel wordt een aanzet gegeven die verhouding te verduidelijken, om vervolgens enkele recente moeilijke noodweerzaken te bezien in het licht van die verhouding. Tevens is getracht de grondslag van noodweerexces bloot te leggen.
Systemic Approach to Cooperation in the Sphere of Public Security – Outline of Problem
Authors: Lubiewski Paweł
Published: October 2020

Given the importance of public security for the society both in the collective and individual dimensions, the issue of interplay as an element required to streamline the security system appears to be of incomparable importance. The state security system as a construct created to assure the optimum security level (i.e. one that is socially desirable) may not be perceived as a static value, because neither the security environment nor the public security entity are made that way. Systemic interaction is one of the elements that make the public security system gain flexibility features, and makes it adapt to variable conditions of its functioning, which is a direct result of the need of effective implementation of its functions. In this respect it is vital that it is created within the systemic dimension so that it has a direct impact on fulfilment of the function assigned to the public security system, and not merely on the apparently effective involvement of the potential ascribed to it.
A Universal Methodology for Generating Elevator Passenger Origin-Destination Pairs for Calculation and Simulation
Authors: Al-Sharif Lutfi
Published: October 2020

The origin-destination matrix is a two-dimensional matrix that describes the probability of a passenger travelling from one floor in the building to another. It is a two-dimensional square matrix. The row index denotes the origin floor and the row index denotes the destination floor for the passenger journey. A previous chapter described the methodology for constructing the origin-destination matrix (OD matrix) from the user requirements. However, that chapter placed the restriction that any floor must either be assigned as an entrance floor or an occupant floor, but not both. This chapter relaxes this restriction and shows a method for developing the origin-destination matrix that allows any floor to either be an entrance floor; an occupant floor; or both. The origin destination matrix can be compiled using three sets of parameters: the mix of traffic (incoming traffic, outgoing traffic, inter-floor traffic; and inter-entrance traffic); the floor populations; and the entrance percentage bias (i.e., the relative strength of the arrivals at the entrance floors). The origin-destination matrix can be used for the generation of random passenger origin-destination pairs (which is necessary when using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method to calculate the round-trip time or in elevator traffic software).
Palliative Care in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Caponero Ricardo
Published: October 2020

Approximately 25% of patients present with liver metastases at the time of the first diagnosis and up to 50% will further develop recurrence in the liver during their disease course. Traditionally approached surgically, by resection of the primitive tumor or stoma, the management to incurable stage IV colorectal cancer patients has significantly changed over the last three decades and is nowadays multidisciplinary, with a pivotal role played by chemotherapy. Most patients with stage IV colorectal cancer have a poor prognosis, but numerous palliative modalities are available today. When a cure is no longer possible, treatment is directed toward providing symptomatic relief. Good symptom management in oncology is associated with improved patient and family quality of life, greater treatment compliance, and may even offer survival advantages.
The Theoretical Overview of the Selected Optimization and Prediction Models Useful in the Design of Aluminum Alloys and Aluminum Matrix Composites
Authors: Ibrahim Kurt Halil , Ergul Engin , Fazil Yilmaz Necip , Oduncuoglu Murat
Published: October 2020

The growing attention regarding aluminum alloy matrix composites within the aerospace, automotive, defense, and transportation industries make the development of new engineering materials with the improved mechanical properties. Currently, materials are selected because of their abilities to satisfy engineering demands high for strength-to-weight ratio, tensile strength, corrosion resistance, and workability. These properties make aluminum alloys and aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) an excellent option for various industrial applications. Soft computing methods such as the artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive-neuro fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), and Taguchi with ANOVA are the most important approaches to solve the details of the mechanism and structure of materials. The optimal selection of variables has important effects on the final properties of the alloys and composites. The chapter presents original research papers from our works and taken from literature studies dealing with the theory of ANN, ANFIS, and Taguchi, and their applications in engineering design and manufacturing of aluminum alloys and AMCs. Also, the chapter identifies the strengths and limitations of the techniques. The ANFIS and ANN approaches stand out with wide properties, optimization, and prediction, and to solving the complex problems while the Taguchi experimental design technique provides the optimum results with fewer experiments.
Self-Government in Yugoslavia: The Path to Capitalism?
Authors: Losoncz Alpar , Ivanišević Andrea , Losoncz Mark
Published: October 2020

This chapter analyzes self-governing Yugoslavia in the context of capitalism. Regarding the problem of capitalism in socialist world, the practice of the former Yugoslavia cannot be ignored. The socialist Yugoslavia was predetermined to be qualified as capitalist. The Yugoslav leadership developed: (a) self-government, (b) elements of market-biased socialism, and (c) openness to the international economy or the integration in the world market. Its economy achieved remarkable results by the mid-1960s. Some notable economists compliment the results and suggest that the model is sustainable. However, since the mid-1960s, regressive tendencies have emerged that perpetuate significant social dissatisfaction. In 1968, students protested against the state of Yugoslav socialism, believing that it had absorbed capitalism. Others felt that Yugoslav socialism had not sufficiently developed market-based socialism. There were authors that argued that Yugoslav socialism had become capitalist but without capitalist rationality. In the 1970s, the de iure existing federation became a de facto confederation with closed national economies. The chapter discusses the presence of elements of capitalism in this form of socialism based on (a) dependence on the world market, (b) banks as the institutionalization of “financial mode of capital,” and (c) the existence of perpetuated unemployment.