bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemistry and Biology of a Leucotactic Binary Serum Peptide System Related to Anaphylatoxin
Authors: Wissler J.H. , Stecher V.J. , Sorkin E.
Published: July 2009

The purification and crystallization of the peptide components of a newly detected binary peptide system in mammalian serum (hog, rat and guinea pig) is described. The peptide system consists of two components, classical anaphylatoxin and cocytotaxin. Cocytotaxin represents a hitherto unknown basic peptide of mammalian serum which has been modified by a contact reaction with immune complexes or other hydrophilic, insoluble substances of high molecular weight. The molecular homogeneity of both crystallized peptides has been established. Classical anaphylatoxin has a molecular weight of 9,500, and cocytotaxin, which is highly similar in its physicochemical behaviour to anaphylatoxin, has a molecular weight of 8,500. Products of an enzymatic reaction with anaphylatoxin and cocytotaxin as substrates have been isolated and characterized as three proteins with molecular weights of 28,000, 56,000 and 112,000. The biological activities of both low molecular peptides were investigated. Anaphylatoxin is a well-known histamine liberator in guinea pigs and elicits anaphylactic reactions. Cocytotaxin, although physicochemically similar to anaphylatoxin, produces none of the actions of anaphylatoxin and has no known separate biological activity. Neither anaphylatoxin nor cocytotaxin display significant chemotactic activity for neutrophils. On recombination and depending on their molar ratio and the absolute concentration of each of the peptides, cell-specific chemotactic activity for neutrophil and eosinophil leucocytes is observed. Cell-specific leucotactic and anaphylatoxin activities could be demonstrated to be different activity phases of the binary peptide system with only a partial overlap. The mechanism of action of this peptide system on cells was evaluated. It was found that cocytotaxin can be replaced by nucleotides such as ATP, cyclic AMP etc., suggesting that cocytotaxin acts as regulatory peptide and that the energy metabolism is activated by anaphylatoxin as catalytic peptide. Considering the pharmacological activities of the three metabolites of the peptides, a relationship between chronic inflammation and circulatory disease may be assumed.
Specific Inhibition of Allergic Reactions to Penicillin in Man by a Monovalent Hapten
Authors: de Weck A.L. , Schneider C.H.
Published: July 2009

The principle of specific hapten inhibition is classically used to demonstrate antibody specificity in vitro. The purpose of the reported studies was to investigate whether this principle may also be used to inhibit specifically clinical allergic reactions to penicillin in vivo, in experimental animals and in man. Studies in vitro indicate that a synthetic penicilloyl hapten (benzylpenicil-loylformyllysine, BPO-FLYS) is highly efficient in blocking anti-penicilloyl antibodies, as revealed by inhibition of precipitation, haemagglutination, complement fixation and the Schulz-Dale reaction. BPO-FLYS is also capable of inhibiting in vivo passive cutaneous and systemic anaphylaxis in guinea-pigs and wheal-and-erythema skin reactions to penicilloyl-polylysine in man. Extensive toxicologic studies indicate that BPO-FLYS may be tolerated in large doses in man. Competition experiments in vitro also show that it does not interfere with the antibiotic activity of penicillin.
Factors Influencing the Stimulation of Human Lymphocytes by Antigen during Culture in vitro
Authors: Hinz, jr. C.F. , Chickosky Jane F.
Published: July 2009

Studies were undertaken to determine culture conditions which supported optimal survival of lymphocytes in vitro and maximal response to PPD. Optimal conditions included: (a) lymphocyte preparations not completely devoid of other leukocytes; (b) a final concentration of 1 million lymphocytes/ml; (c) a reaction mixture containing 1 μg PPD/ml and 20% pooled normal human serum; (d) incubation for 5 days at 37°C; (e) an environment of 5% CO2 in air, and (f) incubation at 5°C from the horizontal in sealed round-bottom culture tubes. A satisfactory substitute for whole human serum was not found. Despite control of these conditions considerable variation in response was encountered.
Preparation of Dextran-Protein Conjugates and Studies of their Immunogenicity
Authors: Richter W. , Kågedal L.
Published: July 2009

The preparation of soluble conjugates between dextran Mw 4,400 and several proteins by the cyanogen bromide method is described. Conjugates were purified by ultrafiltration and characterized by gel chromatography; their polysaccharide content varied from 3.5 to 31%. Such dextran-protein conjugates proved strongly immunogenic in rabbits, sheep and guinea pigs, when given repeatedly in complete Freund’s adjuvant in doses of 0.5 mg/animal. Dextran-specific antibodies could be demonstrated by heterologous PCA, passive hemagglutination, reversed single radial immunodiffusion, and quantitative precipitation. In rabbit and sheep antisera, average specific antidextran concentrations of 1–3.6 mg/ml were obtained. On prolonged immunization, the antibody level remained rather constant. The weak immunogenicity of homopolymers is discussed and several procedures allowing to increase their immunogenicity are reviewed. The importance of protein coupling for raising antibodies against oligo- and polysaccharides is stressed.
A Phase II Study of Docetaxel and Oxaliplatin for Second-Line Treatment of Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Srinivas Sandy , Harshman Lauren C.
Published: July 2009

Background: Despite high response rates with front-line platinum-based therapies, 80% of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer progress. Multiple agents and couplets have been investigated, but no standard second-line regimen exists. We conducted a phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of docetaxel and oxaliplatin in metastatic urothelial cancer patients who had received prior platinum therapy. Patients and Methods: Patients with metastatic urothelial cancer, who had disease progression after platinum therapy, were treated with docetaxel 75 mg/m2 and oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 every 3 weeks until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. Results: Between November 2004 and September 2005, 11 patients were enrolled. All patients had low or intermediate Bajorin risk. The median number of cycles administered was 2 (range 2–8). One patient achieved near complete response. Three patients experienced disease stabilization, resulting in a disease-control rate of 36%. Median overall survival was 7 months. The most common toxicities were fatigue and anemia (50%). Conclusion: Second-line docetaxel and oxaliplatin in metastatic urothelial cancer is safe and tolerable but did not achieve an appreciable response rate.
Induction of p14ARF by E2F1 Contributes to 8-Chloro-Adenosine-Induced Apoptosis in Human Lung Cancer H1299 Cells
Authors: Li Wen-Juan , Gu Yan-Yan , Zhang Hai-Jun , Zhou Jing , Jia Hong-Ti
Published: July 2009

Background: 8-Chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado) inhibits tumor cell proliferation by inducing cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. We speculate that upregulation of p14ARF by E2F1 might contribute to 8-Cl-Ado-induced late apoptosis. Methods: Hoechst staining, cell proliferation and TUNEL assays, real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA interference were employed in investigating the role of induction of p14ARF by E2F1 in 8-Cl-Ado-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer H1299 cells. Results: Exposure of H1299 to 8-Cl-Ado led to apoptosis after long exposure (48 h), revealed by the appearance of nucleus fragmentation and apoptotic bodies and the activation of procaspase-3 pathway. Western blotting and RT-PCR showed that the upregulation of p14ARF was in parallel with E2F1 expression during exposure. Furthermore, induction of p14ARF was attributed to increased E2F1 expression, evidenced by E2F1 transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation/real-time quantitative PCR. Knockdown of p14ARF expression in H1299 decreased TUNEL-positive cell numbers and relatively increased survival cell numbers during 8-Cl-Ado exposure, indicating insensitivity of p14ARF-knocked down cells to 8-Cl-Ado. Conclusions: Induction of p14ARF by E2F1 contributes to 8-Cl-Ado-induced late apoptosis.
An Immunochemical Study of Pigeon-Breeder’s Disease
Authors: Berrens L. , Guikers C.L.H.
Published: July 2009

Experimental evidence is provided to show that ‘classical’ C3 in the serum of patients with pigeon-fancier’s lung – in its acute, subacute or chronic form – is rapidly depleted by incubation with antigens from pigeon excreta. The most effective antigens, which are active in the nanogram range, reside among the aspecifically-precipitating ‘A’ heteropolysaccharides. With the aid of an R3 reagent, a simple laboratory test has been developed which is highly significant for pigeon-breeder’s disease (PBL). The results indicate that C3 inactivation in the serum of these patients is mediated by the – unusually labile – bypass mechanism of complement consumption, without participation of the early components. A discussion is given of the possible contributions of the various antigens in pigeon excreta to the mechanisms of pathogenesis of PBL.
In vitro Estimation of Allergens by a Radioimmune Antiglobulin Technique Using Human IgE Antibodies
Authors: Foucard T. , Johansson S.G.O. , Bennich H. , Berg T.
Published: July 2009

A radioimmune method based on detection of IgE antibodies (RAST) has been used for allergen quantitation, both as a direct test and as an inhibition test. Commercially available allergen extracts from birch pollen, timothy pollen and horse dandruff were studied. Variations of the allergen concentration up to a thousandfold were found between some extracts and these differences were confirmed by the results obtained with the chopped human lung test and in provocation tests. The use of RAST for estimation of allergen concentrations seems to be of great value, since the method combines easy performance with high capacity and independence of allergic patients as test objects. The same set of test sera can be used for several years, ensuring standardized conditions.
Characterization of Allergen Extracts by Dose-Response Studies and by Polyacrylamide Gel Isoelectrofocusing Using the Paper Disc Radioallergosorbent Test as the Assay Method
Authors: Ceska M. , Hulten E.
Published: July 2009

The allergen content of cow dandruff extracts was tested by a paper disc radioallergosorbent method. Some of the allergen extracts were further studied by an isoelectrofocusing technique in polyacrylamide gel. The pI ranges of the allergen-active components were established.
Effect of Viable and Non-viable Measles Virus on Proliferating Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Zweiman B.
Published: July 2009

In vitro addition of an autoclaved noninfective measles virus preparation to cultured lymphocytes markedly inhibited the cellular proliferation induced by phytohemagglutinin or tuberculin, as measured by lymphoblastic transformation, and incorporation of tritiated thymidine and uridine. This suppression was greater than that exerted by live virus and was dose-dependent. No gross evidence of cytotoxicity was observed, as measured by changes in cell number or trypan blue exclusion.
Influence of Antigenic Stimulation on Lymphoid Cell Traffic in the Chicken
Authors: Bäck R. , Linna T.J.
Published: July 2009

Six-week-old chickens were either immunized with a single intravenous injection of human serum albumin (HSA) or injected intravenously with physiological saline. 24 h after the HSA or saline administration the chickens were locally labelled in the thymus with 3H-thymidine in vivo. 48 h after the intrathymic labelling the chickens were sacrificed and the influence of the antigenic stimulation on the distribution of label between different lymphoid organs was studied with a radiochemical method based on measurements of tritiated DNA, and with autoradiography. A significantly increased proportion of thymus-derived label was demonstrated with the radiochemical method in the bone marrow of the immunized chickens, as compared to the saline-injected controls. With autoradiography, an increased number of heavily labelled thymus-derived cells were found in the bone marrow of the HSA-immunized chickens. The majority of these cells were small to medium-sized lymphoid cells, but a number of them were large lymphoid cells. None of these cells were plasma cells. There was no apparent increase of thymus-derived label or heavily labelled thymus-derived cells in the spleen or in the cecal tonsils of the immunized chickens. Heavily labelled thymus-derived cells could not be demonstrated in the bursa of Fabricius.
Inconsistency of Experimental Amyloidosis in Mice
Authors: Toivanen A. , Toivanen P. , Yunis E.J. , Rodey G. , Good R.A.
Published: July 2009

Injections of azocasein, complete Freund’s adjuvant, endotoxin or phytohemagglutinin did not result in amyloidosis in experimental mice of many different strains. Casein proved to be quite amyloidogenic even for young mice. Injection of phytohemagglutinin combined with endotoxin or cyclophosphamide induced amyloidosis in aging mice. The results indicate that in the etiology of amyloidosis unknown and at present uncontrollable factors are operative. Because this malady is of great clinical importance it is worthwhile to develop entirely reproducible models. Unfortunately none are as yet available and further studies seem indicated.
The Influence of Antibody on the Induction and Elicitation of Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Roupe G. , Strannegård Ö.
Published: July 2009

The development of contact hypersensitivity after epicutaneous application of dinitrochlorobenzene in guinea pigs was suppressed by antidinitrophenyl γ1 and γ2 antibody which was injected locally at the sensitization sites. Some results suggested that small amounts of antibody may enhance rather than suppress the induction of allergic contact dermatitis. The elicitation of the delayed epidermal reactions was suppressed by antibody. These results indicate that the final outcome of sensitization to a simple chemical is dependent on several possible effects of preexistent or newly formed antibodies. They suggest that a lowered skin reactivity to an allergen in allergic contact dermatitis may be due to antibody-mediated depression of delayed hypersensitivity.
Micromethod for Immunochemical Quantitation of Dextran and Studies on Role of Antigen Size in Single Radial Immunodiffusion
Authors: Richter W.
Published: July 2009

The immunochemical quantitation of dextran by single radial immunodiffusion (SRI) is described. Antidextran antisera were raised in rabbits and sheep immunized with dextran-protein conjugates. To enhance precipitation and minimize antibody consumption, 1 % polyethylene glycol 6,000 was incorporated into the agarose-antidextran gel. Measures shown to increase sensitivity include staining of faint precipitates and repeated application of dextran solution to antigen wells. Reproducibility studies showed that the error of the method is small, the standard deviation of a single determination corresponding to 2.3 % of the mean. Presence of serum does not influence dextran quantitation; presence of urine caused a slight (1–5%) reduction of precipitate size. At high sensitivity levels, the lowest concentration of dextran Mw 71,000 measurable was 2.5 μg/ml or 6 ng, with measuring range up to 40 μg/ml in the direct method (SRI). At lower sensitivity levels, the corresponding figures are 5–10 μg/ml or 12–25 ng, the measuring range extending to 10,000 μg/ml. For correct results, the molecular size distribution of the dextran sample to be quantitated should correspond to that of the reference dextran used as standard. Otherwise, the molecular size distribution of the sample has to be determined by a different method. Isomaltodecaose was the smallest molecular size species of dextran capable of forming precipitates in SRI, requiring large amounts of antidextran in the agarose gel. Studies on the correlations between molecular size of dextran fractions and precipitate area in SRI revealed a linear relationship between the logarithm of ‘relative precipitate forming capacity’ and the logarithm of number average molecular size (Mn).
Antibodies Reactive with Neurons in SLE Patients with Neuropsychiatric Manifestations
Authors: Quismorio F.P. , Friou G.J.
Published: July 2009

Antibodies reactive with the cytoplasm of neurons were found in 41% of SLE patients with active neurologic disease (group I). In contrast, these antibodies were found in 24% of lupus patients with past history of neurologic disease (group II), in 9% in those without a history of neurologic involvement (group III) and 0.9% in non-SLE controls, Although reactive with neurons, these antibodies were non-organ specific since they reacted with cells of non-nervous origin. The incidence and titer of antibodies to DNA and DNA-protein were however the same in the three groups of SLE patients suggesting that the high incidence of anti-cytoplasmic antibodies in group I may be specifically related to neuropsychiatric involvement rather than an expression of increased serologic reactivity of acutely ill lupus patients.
A Micro-Mixed Leukocyte Culture Technique using Whole Blood
Authors: Stockman Gail D. , Mumford D.M. , Wilbur J.R.
Published: July 2009

Micro-mixed leukocyte cultures (MMLC) using whole human peripheral blood were compared with standard macro cultures using separated leukocytes. The MMLC were found to be of comparable sensitivity to the macro test, with the added advantages of requiring less blood and fewer technical manipulations in the performance of the test. One-way MMLC were performed using either X-irradiated whole blood (MMLC-X) or mitomycin C-treated leukocytes (MMLC-MC) as stimulating cells. Both techniques gave similar results. The MMLC system is ideally suited for the testing of immune deficient infants and other pediatric patients and is currently being employed for these purposes.
Cortisone, Age and Antibody-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Glick B.
Published: July 2009

Chicks were injected intramuscularly with 7.5 mg cortisone acetate (CA) twice a day at hatch, from hatch to 2 days, from hatch to 4 days and from 7–10 days of age. Cortisone acetate administered between 7 and 10 days of age failed to significantly influence precipitin production in 2 of 3 trials while treatment with CA from hatch to 2 days and from hatch to 4 days significantly suppressed precipitin production in all trials. Bursa histology was similar in all CA groups 12 h after the last injection of CA. With the exception of one trial where birds were injected between 7 and 10 days with CA, all birds experienced bursa regeneration upon withdrawal of CA treatment. The results suggest that neonatal injection of CA influences not only bursa development but also may act directly upon the spleen.
Localization of a Uveitogenic Soluble Retinal Antigen in the Normal Guinea Pig Eye by an Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Authors: Kalsow Carolyn M. , Wacker W.B.
Published: July 2009

Since immunization of guinea pigs with homologous retina can elicit experimental allergic uveitis concomitant with development of tissue specific antibodies, an attempt was made to localize a uveitogenic soluble retinal antigen in the normal guinea pig eye by an indirect fluorescent antibody method. Specific green fluorescence was seen in the outer portions of the retina, surrounding the nuclei of the outer nuclear layer and extending in both directions outward to the outer limbs of the photoreceptor cells and inward to the outer plexiform layer. This specific fluorescence was not detectable in other ocular structures, notably the uvea. Use of a homologous system in an indirect fluorescent antibody technique also resulted in a demonstration, by FA anti-GP, of distribution of γ-globulins in the normal guinea pig eye. Green fluorescence due to γ-globulins was seen brightly in the corneal stroma and in the connective tissue external to the sclera, less brightly and diffusely throughout the uvea, very faintly in the vitreous, and not at all in the retina. The demonstration of normal γ-globulins by this procedure did not interfere with the detection of tissue specific antigen. The relationship of antigen in the retina to possible mechanisms of autoimmune uveal disease is discussed.
The Cardiac Auto-Immune System
Authors: Lin Tsue-Ming , Halbert S.P. , Bruderer Ruth
Published: July 2009

Using rabbit anti-rabbit heart auto-antibodies, cultures of dissociated beating rat heart cells were examined for the presence of heart auto-antigens by immunofluorescence. Several patterns of staining of myocardial cells were observed. One type of auto-antibody revealed crisp myofibrillar cross-striations, consisting of wide bright segments often split by a thin dark band. Auto-antibody producing this pattern was potent for auto-antigen B. Rabbit anti-rabbit heart auto-antibodies rich in the auto-antigen D systems produced a granular staining in the myocardial cells, while an auto-antibody reactive with all five of the cardiac auto-antigens showed both granular and myofibrillar cross-striations. All the heart auto-antibody preparations reacted with cultured neonatal rat skeletal muscle cells to show diffuse cytoplasmic fluorescence and fine myofibrils. In all cases, rabbit anti-rabbit heart auto-antibodies failed to stain significantly the non-contractile cells present in the tissue cultures (‘endotheliod’, fibroblast, etc.). Sarcolemmal staining was not a prominent feature of these reactions. When the rabbit anti-rabbit heart auto-antibodies were exposed to living beating rat heart cells, no staining was observed, indicating the absence of these antigens on the cell surface.
A New Coupling Procedure for the Red Cell-Linked Antigen-Antiglobulin Reaction
Authors: Wilson D.V. , Devey Madeleine
Published: July 2009

An aminoimidazolyl derivative of rabbit anti-human group·erythrocyte IgG has been synthesised by treatment of the partially purified antiserum with ethyl N-(carbamoylcyanomethyl)acetimidate. The derivative was diazotised and then coupled with a wide range of different protein antigens to give a series of ‘antibody-coupled antigen reagents’ for the red cell-linked antigen-antiglobulin reaction. This new chemical reaction sequence has important advantages over those used hitherto. Examples are given of the preparation and use for the measurement of antibodies in human serum of antibody-coupled antigen reagents derived from α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin and casein.
An Attempt to Demonstrate Cell-Mediated Reactivity to Penicillin
Authors: Glauser M.P. , Perruisseau Geneviève , Frei P.C.
Published: July 2009

Using a direct heterologous modification of the macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test, the postulated cell-mediated immune mechanism in patients with certain types of delayed penicillin G or ampicillin-allergic reactions was investigated. With human peripheral lymphocytes and guinea pig macrophages and with a tuberculin-purified protein derivative (PPD) and penicilloylpolylysine (PPL) as antigens, a good correlation between the MMI test and the positive delayed skin tests was confirmed. With PPL as antigen, delayed skin tests and MMI tests were found positive in only 2 out of 17 patients with ‘delayed’ penicillin or ampicillin allergy. Among 13 patients with ‘delayed’ ampicillin hypersensitivity, the MMI test was performed in 6 and found negative in all of them. It is concluded that, despite the claim of cell-mediated mechanism involved in ‘delayed’ penicillin or ampicillin hypersensitivity reactions, the macrophage migration inhibition techniques used do not permit, in the majority of cases, the demonstration of such a mechanism to the antigens studied.
Evidence for a Nonprecipitating Antibody in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Rosenthal A.S. , Johnson J.S. , Rosenstreich D.L. , Blake J.T.
Published: July 2009

Guinea pigs immunized with horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) in complete Freund’s adjuvant develop significant delayed hypersensitivity as measured in vivo and in vitro, while sera from these same guinea pigs do not contain detectable amounts of precipitating antibody. Sera from HRPO-immunized guinea pigs will, however, inhibit the precipitation of HRPO and agglutination of sheep erythrocyte HRPO conjugates by specifically purified rabbit IgG anti-HRPO. Initial characterization suggests that these immune sera contain a nonprecipitating antibody.
Studies on Antibody Response and Tolerance to E. coli K Antigens in Immunized Rabbits and in Children with Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Kaijser B. , Jodal U. , Hanson L.Å.
Published: July 2009

The K antibody response was studied in immunized rabbits and in children with urinary tract infection. Hyperimmunization of rabbits with K antigen-containing bacteria gave a relatively marked and regular antibody response with both β-mercaptoethanol sensitive and resistant antibodies. Purified K antigen only in a few animals gave very low K antibody titres. Tolerance induction in rabbits was possible using purified K antigen. In patients, K antibodies were very seldom demonstrated. Five occasions of pyelonephritis out of 9 in 8 patients with acute pyelonephritis caused by E. coli O6:K2a,2c or O6:K13 and only 2 patients out of 17 having K1-containing strains gave an antibody response to the K antigen although they all formed antibodies to the·antigen of the infecting bacteria. No K antibodies were found in patients with cystitis.
Reaginic Response in Rats to Alum Precipitated Antigens
Authors: Petillo J. , Smith S.R.
Published: July 2009

High titers of reagins against egg albumin were obtained in rats using an alum precipitated preparation of the antigen. These titers could be further enhanced by subsequently infecting the rats with the nematode N. brasiliensis. The reaginic response to alum precipitated egg albumin in both infected and noninfected rats appeared to be wholly an IgE response.
Reaginic Response in Rats to Alum Precipitated Antigens
Authors: Smith S.R. , Hwang A. , Eichelberger J. , Randell P.
Published: July 2009

Both IgGa and IgE type reagins were produced in rats following immunization with alum precipitated DNP-BGG. Serum titers of both antibodies were enhanced following an infection with N. brasiliensis. The reaginic response to DNP-BGG was primarily an anti-hapten response but low titers of anti-carrier reagins were also detected in the serum of some rats.
Mixed Tumor Challenge of Strain Specific and Nonspecific TA3 Mouse Ascites Mammary Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Nowotny A. , Grohsman J.
Published: July 2009

The results indicate that in mixed inocula both the specific TA3-St and the nonspecific TA3-Ha cells eventually influence each other’s growth characteristics. Large proportions of TA3-Ha cells seem to provide some protection against immune recognition of the specific TA3-St cells. If the ratio favors the TA3-St cells, in mixed inocula, tumorgenic doses of TA3-Ha cells will be recognized and rejected together with the specific TA3-St cells in allogeneic hosts.
Opsonic Adherence of Sensitized Ox Red Cells to Human Lymphocytes as Measured by Rosette Formation
Authors: Hallberg T. , Gurner B.W. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: July 2009

Ox red blood cells sensitized with rabbit anti-ox red cell antibody adhered opsonically to freshly prepared human peripheral blood lymphocytes. When tested by a centrifugation technique 24–59% of live lymphocytes in normal individuals formed rosettes with the indicator red cells while 41–87% of the lymphocytes in chronic lymphatic leukaemia reacted. After storage at + 4 °C the lymphocytes gradually lost the operative receptor; killing the cells by freezing and thawing, by sodium azide or by fixation in formaldehyde also resulted in loss of capacity to bind the indicator cells. Pretreatment of the lymphocytes with high doses of anti-human IgM in diluted serum resulted in a definite, although incomplete, inhibition. Also, soluble antigen-antibody complexes were inhibitory, although strong inhibition was difficult to show. Undiluted, heated normal human or rabbit serum was highly inhibitory. The high incidence of lymphocytes showing antibody opsonic adherence in patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia, together with the finding that most lymphocytes binding sensitized ox red cells did not bind unsensitized sheep red cells (a possible T-cell marker) suggests that lymphocytes showing antibody opsonic adherence represent a subpopulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. This subpopulation might be an analogue of the B-cell population in mice.
Antigen-Binding Cells in Spleen Sections from Mice Immunized with Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Thunold S.
Published: July 2009

Spleen sections of mice injected intraperitoneally with sheep red cells (SRBC) were investigated for their ability to haemadsorb. It was found that SRBC adhered to the lymphoid follicles, including the periarteriolar area and the germinal centres, as well as to the red pulp. The degree of haemadsorption could be directly related to tissue pyroninophilia and serum antibody titres. Haemadsorption was inhibited by treatment of tissue sections with anti-IgM and anti-IgG sera and it was demonstrated that the specificity of tissue anti-SRBC activity closely paralleled the class of serum antibody in the course of the primary and the secondary immune response. Treatment of tissue sections with buffered saline (pH 7.2) at 56 °C or with acid buffers resulted in complete elution of haemadsorbing properties from the red pulp, while at the same time lymphoid follicles remained strongly active. The possibility of elution of the antibody-like activity from the red pulp may indicate that this is not produced locally but accumulates at the cell surfaces. The haemadsorption technique made it possible to localize and characterize anti-SRBC activity directly in tissue sections.
Mortality and Five Classes of Mouse Immunoglobulins in Early Splenectomy
Authors: Kalpaktsoglou P.K. , Good R.A.
Published: July 2009

We studied the effect of early splenectomy on the mortality and on the serum levels of the five classes of immunoglobulins during the first months of life in C3H mice. The mortality observed in newborn splenectomized mice was statistically higher than that observed in normal sham-splenectomized mice. Splenectomy at birth inhibited the normal development of the serum levels of IgM and affected the levels of IgG1; IgG2a, IgG2b and IgA either slightly or not at all.
Changes in Guinea-Pig Liver Heparin and Histamine during Anaphylaxis
Authors: Hahn F. , Jobke A. , Liebig R. , Zahradnik H.-P.
Published: July 2009

The heparin content of the guinea-pig liver and its change in anaphylactic shock 5 min after injection of antigen under mepyramine cover was estimated by four methods. In sensitized nonchallenged animals, the following values were obtained: 12.32 ± 2.04 U/g by metachromasia; 9.22 ± 0.14 U/g by ribonuclease inhibition; 4.62 ± 0.24 U/g by histaminase release in guinea pigs; 1.64 ± 0.45 U/g by anticoagulant action. Similar values were given by livers of normal animals injected with either NaCl solution or ovalbumin. After challenging the sensitized animals with 10 mg ovalbumin/kg, a significant decrease of the heparin values by 25–50% occurred. The results were analyzed on the basis of our earlier observation that 50 U bovine heparin/kg produces in normal guinea pigs about the same histaminase release from the liver into the blood as does 10 mg ovalbumin/kg in sensitized animals, whereas 500 U heparin/kg is necessary to exhaust the histaminase store in the liver. It follows that the loss of heparin from the liver in shock is high enough to account for the anaphylactic histaminase release. In contrast to heparin, the histamine content of the liver (perfused with aminoguanidine after removal from the body) was significantly increased in shock 5 min after antigen by a factor of 2 or more. After depletion of the liver histaminase by pretreatment of the animals with heparin, the increase of the histamine content was still higher.
Effect of Splenectomy and Endotoxin-Mediated Modification of Host Resistance to Infection
Authors: Agarwal M.K.
Published: July 2009

The cellular site(s) and the mechanism(s) of endotoxin-mediated modification of the infectious process in the host were explored by the use of a virulent K. pneumoniae (KPC) infection in mice. The mean survival time of mice increased severalfold after as little as 0.01 μg endotoxin (S. enteritidis LT2), reached a maximum with 1 μg, and actually decreased when 10 μg endotoxin was given intravenously 24 h prior to challenge with KPC. Following 1 μgendotoxin, resistance to infection was quickly established ( < 6 h), reached a maximum between 12–24 h, and was back to normal by 3 days. Albeit less effectively than in intact animals, endotoxin (1 μgi.v. 24 h before challenge) produced a severalfold increase in the survival time after KPC infection in splenectomized mice. At the time of challenge with KPC, there was no hepatomegaly; but the carbon clearance rates (K values) were increased. Administration of thorotrast 2 h prior to infectious challenge completely abolished the antiinfectious effect of the toxin. Under similar conditions, zymosan did not decrease the effect of pretreatment with endotoxin and, if used preventively, actually protracted the survival time of KPC-infected mice. Although repeated intraperitoneal injections of endotoxin increased the liver mass in all cases, they effected only limited increase in resistance to KPC infection in intact, sham-operated, or splenectomized mice. These various properties of endotoxin could be dissociated by the use of actinomycin-D, which completely abolished the development of tolerance to endotoxin, and the activation of the reticuloendothelial system (hepatosplenomegaly, K values) associated with it; but the antibiotic influenced only minimally the endotoxin-mediated increase in resistance to infection with KPC. These studies are discussed with respect to the whole array of host responses elicited by endotoxin.
Immunoglobulin Determinants on the Surface of Chicken Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Albini B. , Wick G.
Published: July 2009

The percentage of lymphoid cells carrying immunoglobulin surface determinants was examined for the yolk sac, bursa of Fabricius, thymus, bone marrow, blood lymphocytes, spleen, cecal tonsils and Harder’s glands in normal White Leghorn chickens from the 11th day of incubation until the 26th week after hatching, using direct immunofluorescent staining with a fluoresceinated rabbit anti-chicken immunoglobulin serum. The results clearly show that under the test conditions employed surface immunoglobulins are markers of a bursa cell population or of bursa-derived cells, whereas thymus cells react only minimally with anti-immunoglobulin conjugates in young chickens. The migration pattern and maturation of bursa cells were studied chronologically as reflected in appearance, quantity and morphology of immunoglobulin surface determinant bearing cells in different organs.
Human Leukocyte Migration Inhibition as an Indicator of Cellular Hypersensitivity to Soluble Antigens
Authors: Rauch H.C. , King K.
Published: July 2009

We evaluated delayed hypersensitivity in humans to three soluble an < tigens (tuberculoprotein, coccidioidin, and Candida extract) with the leukocyte migration inhibition test. Skin reactivity and migration inhibition correlated to a high degree with all the antigens. Cell migration was not inhibited in subjects without a positive skin test or clinical history. Sensitivity to tuberculin measured in vitro after vaccination with Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin correlated well with 25 tuberculin PPD skin test units, and indicates that the LMI test is more sensitive in detecting cellular hypersensitivity than skin tests with intermediate strength tuberculin PPD.
Neuro-Endocrine Correlates of Immune Response
Authors: Isaković Katarina , Janković B.D.
Published: July 2009

This study describes the effects of electrolytic lesions of different brain structures on the lymphatic tissue of the rat. Significant involution of the thymus occurred in all rats 32 days after electrolytic damage of the hypothalamus, reticular formation, thalamus, superior colliculus, caudate nucleus and amygdaloid complex. However, only the thymus of hypothalamus-lesioned, reticular formation-lesioned and superior colliculus-lesioned animals exhibited drastic changes in terms of a depletion of lymphocytes, reduction of the cortex and disappearance of the cortical-medullar junction. Plasmacytic reaction was regularly observed in thymuses of all immunized and nonimmunized brain-lesioned rats. The cellular architecture of the spleen and lymph nodes was affected only in hypothalamus-lesioned animals. The principal findings were a decrease in the number of lymphocytes and plasma cells, and absence of germinal centers. The results are discussed in the light of the interconnections between the nervous, endocrine and lymphatic system.
Histamine Release from Peritoneal Mast Cells of Tumor Susceptible Rats following Periods of Tumor Growth and Sensitization with Tumor Antigen and B. pertussis
Authors: Sweeney Timothy , Seibel Hugo R.
Published: July 2009

Fischer-344 inbred rats and fibrosarcoma BP1, which grows in this strain, were used to evaluate in vivo histamine release from peritoneal mast cells upon challenge with antigen prepared from this tumor. Rats were sensitized 7 days prior to challenge with either intramuscular tumor homogenate and B. pertussis or by subcutaneous tumor transplant. Percent histamine release was found to be significantly greater in both groups than in untreated and adjuvant controls. Rats that received transplants released half as much of the histamine as those given tumor antigen and B. pertussis (3.05 vs. 6.15%).
Ultracentrifugation Patterns of Allergens in Sucrose Gradients and Assessment of Their Activities by the Paper Disc Radioallergosorbent Method
Authors: Ceska M. , Brandt R.
Published: July 2009

Birch pollen and dog epithelium allergen extracts were studied by ultracentrifugation in linear sucrose gradients. The various sucrose-gradient fractions were then tested for allergenic activity by the paper disc radioallergosorbent test, using sera from allergen sensitive patients.
Immuno- and Physicochemical Studies of an IgA-IgG Mixed Cryoglobulin
Authors: Takeda K. , Okumura H. , Hirose S. , Muranaka M.
Published: July 2009

An IgA-IgG mixed cryoglobulin was investigated. The IgA, which had ‘cryoprecipitating’ activity, was a monoclonal protein possessing light chains λ and heavy chains α2, and existed either in monomeric (6.6S) or polymeric (9.4S) form. Treatment of the cryoglobulin with 0.1 m 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 7.4 resulted in about 50% decrease in amount. Rheumatoid factor activity was not detected in serum or in cryoglobulin. But, after the separation of each constituent, latex fixation tests were positive with both components. Tanned cell haemagglutination tests revealed that the IgG component was reactive to urea-denatured IgGs of polymer type and polymerized γ-chain. The IgA component showed a positive haemagglutination only with polymerized γ-chain. Cryoglobulin-depleted serum yielded further cryoprecipitate when the pH value was reduced to 6.2.
Antibody Production in Chickens Thymectomized as Embryos and Pigeons Thymectomized at Hatching
Authors: Van Alten Pierson J. , Good Robert A. , Meuwissen Hilaire J.
Published: July 2009

Studies of the influence of thymectomy 2–3 days prior to hatching in chickens and of thymectomy at hatching in pigeons on antibody formation to sheep red blood cells and BSA have been carried out. Although in prior studies complete or incomplete thymectomy at hatching in chickens failed to influence antibody-forming capacity or the development of antibody-forming cells, thymectomy 2–3 days prior to hatching in chickens significantly depressed development of antibody-forming cells and the production of antibodies. Similarly, thymectomy at hatching in pigeons whose lymphoid system is less mature than that of chickens also depresses antibody-forming cells and antibody responses in the primary but not the secondary response in this species.
The Secretory Immunologic System of Fowl
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Martin Louis N.
Published: July 2009

Pilocarpine-induced oral secretions from normal chickens contained IgA, IgY, and usually some IgM. IgA was usually the predominant immunoglobulin. Approximately 50% of neonatally bursectomized birds lacked IgA in this secretion, and these birds did not compensate with increased IgY or IgM secretion. Chicks receiving anti-μ or Ε(ab′)2 anti-μ prior to hatch and which were bursectomized at hatch had a total lack of secretory IgA in the oral secretions. These results demonstrate the B-cell dependence of secretory IgA synthesis in the chicken and furthermore support the contention that cells supplying IgA to the secretions are derived from IgM-forming precursor cells.
Expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the Intestine of Rats: Attempts to Initiate Worm Expulsion by Cell Transfer in an Immunologically Inert Allogeneic Environment
Authors: Kelly J.D. , Love R.J. , Dineen J.K.
Published: July 2009

Parental-strain immune mesenteric lymph node cells (IMLNC) did not cause the rejection of damaged Nippostrongylus brasiliensis worms when transferred to non-irradiated F1-hybrid rats, even though these cells rejected damaged worms in non-irradiated, parental-strain recipients. Reconstitution of heavily irradiated rats (750 rad) with IMLNC and bone marrow cells (BMC), which were syngeneic with respect to each other but which were allogeneic with respect to the irradiated recipient, did not cause the expulsion of transplanted damaged worms. In a collateral histological study, it was shown that the irradiation dose (750 rad) was sufficient to abolish the intrinsic immunological reactivity of recipient rats as transferred IMLNC and BMC successfully repopulated the spleens of irradiated allogeneic recipients. These results show that heavily irradiated rats still exert an active allogeneic effect on adoptively transferred IMLNC and BMC. This indicates that it will not be possible to investigate the role of cell-mediated immune reactions by cellular transfer of resistance to infection with helminth parasites across major and perhaps even minor histo-incompatibility barriers.
Cellular Immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the Rat
Authors: Blundell-Hasell Sally K.
Published: July 2009

Groups of rats were infected with 10, 100, 1,000, 2,500, 5,000 or 10,000 larvae of N. brasiliensis. 2 weeks later, cell suspensions were prepared from the mesenteric lymph nodes of these animals and cultured with or without live third-stage larvae. The culture supernatants were examined for migration inhibitory factor (MIF) content using a rat spleen cell migration technique. Rats infected with 100, 1,000 or 2,500 larvae provided cell culture supernatants producing significant cell migration inhibition. At low infection doses (10 larvae) and at high doses (5,000 and 10,000 larvae), the percent migration inhibition was only just above or below significant values. Optimal MIF production was found with cultures from rats infected with 1,000 larvae. Cells from rats infected with 10,000 larvae did not produce MIF if harvested earlier than 14 days after infection of the donors. These cells could, however, inhibit MIF production when added to cells which, when cultured alone, produced active supernatants.
Effect of Disodium Cromoglycate on Lymphocyte Response to Antigen and Mitogen
Authors: Walker D.M. , Dolby A.E.
Published: July 2009

The effect of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on the three following in vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity has been studied: (1) Transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes after stimulation by an antigen, purified protein derivative and a mitogen, phytohaemagglutinin; (2) release of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and (3) cytotoxic factor production, from these stimulated lymphocytes. At two non-toxic concentrations DSCG did not inhibit these three lymphocyte functions. These results suggest that DSCG’s clinical effectiveness does not depend upon modulating cell-mediated immune response. The implications of these findings in relation to present concepts of the cellular action of DSCG and the intracellular control of the initiation of lymphocyte transformation are discussed.
Comparison of Lymphocyte Populations Bearing Surface Immunoglobulins in Avian Bone Marrow, Bursa, Spleen and Thymus
Authors: Glick Bruce , Perkins William D. , Rosse Cornelius , Schwarz Roy
Published: July 2009

Rabbit anti-chicken γ-globulin was labeled with 125I and then incubated with cells from the bursa, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow of 4- and 8-week old birds. The same procedure was carried out on 11-week-old agammaglobu-linemic chickens. Autoradiography revealed that the majority of large, medium, and small bursal lymphocytes bind the antibodies while labeled lymphocytes of each type in the spleen and thymus never exceeded 11 or 4%, respectively. Labeled medium and small lymphocytes in the bone marrow increased from 4.2 and 1.7%, respectively, at 4 weeks of age, to 9.5 and 8.8%, respectively, at 8 weeks of age. Labeled lymphocytes of all sizes were completely absent in all tissues of agammaglobulinemic chicks, including the marrow. Therefore, the increase in frequency of labeled lymphocytes in the bone marrow with age may be a result of recruitment of cells from the bursa of Fabricius. The majority of lymphocytes in the bone marrow do not label. Therefore, lymphocytes from the bone marrow may be T cells, subsets of B cells, or neither T or B cells.
Studies on an Immunologic Method for the Diagnosis of Varicose Veins
Authors: Buchala J. , Laszt L.
Published: July 2009

A glycoprotein fraction was isolated from varicose veins by a successive extraction procedure. Antibodies to this fraction were shown to exist in the serum of persons suffering from varicose veins. The pathology of this illness is discussed in relation to the autoimmune reaction, and the basis for a method for the early diagnosis of varicose veins is proposed.
Experimental Pulmonary Fibrosis Induced by Soluble Immune Complex and 60% Oxygen Atmosphere
Authors: Yamaguchi Hisao , Takeuchi Hiroshi , Torikata Chikao , Kageyama Keizo
Published: July 2009

In our previous papers we reported characteristic morphological changes of the capillary endothelium in the lung and of the arterial endothelium. These changes were induced by administration of various soluble immune complexes. In this paper we have induced pulmonary fibrosis in guinea pigs under allergic procedures. Administration of soluble immune complexes alone produces interstitial pneumonia. However, these changes would not normally result in diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. The administration of soluble immune complexes to guinea pigs plus exposure to a 60% oxygen-rich atmosphere yielded diffuse pulmonary fibrosis.
Evidence of Fibrinogen Degradation in Rat Anaphylaxis
Authors: Fésüs László , Muszbek László , Csaba Béla
Published: July 2009

In active anaphylactic shock of rats pretreated with Bordetella pertussis vaccine, both plasma thrombin clotting time and the amount of antigenically active fibrinogen degradation products in the serum were increased. The formation of clottable fibrinogen fragments was shown by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of thrombin-induced clots. When plasma of rats pretreated with 125I rat fibrinogen and then subjected to anaphylaxis was submitted to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fibrinogen-split products were also detected. Fibrinogen degradation results from the proteolytic effect of an activated fibrinolytic enzyme.