bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Arcobacter and Other Pathogenic Bacteria in River Water in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Rajani Ghaju , Tandukar Sarmila , Bhandari Dinesh , Sherchan Samendra P. , Tanaka Yasuhiro , Sherchand Jeevan B. , Haramoto Eiji
Published: July 2019

This study aims to determine the diversity of pathogenic bacteria in the Bagmati River, Nepal, during a one-year period. A total of 18 river water samples were collected from three sites (n = 6 per site) along the river. Bacterial DNA, which were extracted from the water samples, were analyzed for bacterial 16S rRNA genes by next-generation sequencing for 13 of 18 samples, and by quantitative PCR targeting Arcobacter for all 18 samples. The 16S rRNA sequencing identified an average of 97,412 ± 35,909 sequences/sample, which were then categorized into 28 phyla, 61 classes, and 709 bacterial genera. Eighteen (16%) genera of 111 potential pathogenic bacteria were detected with abundance ratios of >1%; Arcobacter, Acinetobacter, and Prevotella were the dominant genera. The Arcobacter abundance ratios were 28.6% (n = 1), 31.3 ± 15.8% (n = 6), and 31.8 ± 17.2% (n = 6) at the upstream, midstream, and downstream sites, respectively. Arcobacter was detected in 14 (78%) of 18 samples tested, with concentrations ranging from 6.7 to 10.7 log10 copies/100 mL, based on quantitative PCR. Our results demonstrate the poor bacterial quality of the Bagmati River water, suggesting a need for implementing more measures to reduce fecal contamination in the river water.
Scour around Spur Dike in Sand–Gravel Mixture Bed
Authors: Pandey Manish , Lam Wei Haur , Cui Yonggang , Khan Mohammad Amir , Singh Umesh Kumar , Ahmad Z.
Published: July 2019

Scour is the main cause of failure for spur dike. The accurate prediction of scour around spur dike is essential to design a spur dike. The present study focuses on the maximum scour depth in equilibrium condition and parameters, which influence it in a sand–gravel mixture bed. Outcomes of the present experimental study showed that the non-dimensional maximum equilibrium scour depth increases with critical velocity ratio (U/Uca), water depth-armour particle ratio (h/da), Froude number for sediment mixture (Frsm), water depth-spur dike length ratio (h/l), and decreases with increase in armour particle-spur dike length ratio (da/l). The maximum scour depth is proportional to dimensionless parameters of U/Uca, h/da, Frsm, h/l, but the scour depth is inverse proportional to da/l. Scour around spur dike in a sand–gravel mixture is mainly influenced by the property of the sediment mixture. The scour increases with decrease in non-uniformity of the sediment mixture. A non-linear empirical equation is proposed to estimate the maximum scour depth at an upstream nose of rectangular spur dike with a maximum error of 15%. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the maximum non-dimensional equilibrium scour depth depends on Frsm, followed by the secondary sensible parameters da/l, h/l, and h/da.
Flood-Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment under the Background of Urbanization
Authors: Yuan Yu , Fang Guohua , Yan Min , Sui Chunming , Ding Ziyu , Lu Chengxuan
Published: July 2019

The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) and statistical analysis method were used to analyze the relationship between flood eigenvalues (i.e., flood volume and peak flow) and landscape pattern metrics. Then, the flood-landscape ecological risk index (ERI_FL) was proposed and constructed to quantitatively assess the flood-landscape ecological risk (FLER). The semivariogram method was used to spatialize the ERI_FL values. Lastly, this study analyzed the spatial–temporal change of FLER at watershed scale and at sub-basin scale, respectively. Two historical landscape distributions (i.e., 2003 and 2017) of Qinhuai River basin were used to perform this study. The results showed that there were certain relationships between landscape pattern and flood eigenvalues, and for different landscapes, the response metrics and degrees were different. FLER increased as urbanization increased. FLER change magnitude had a positive relationship with urban land percentage change magnitude. The distribution of FLER and the distribution of FLER change both showed spatial differences at watershed scale. The structural features of landscape pattern had significant effects on regional floods. In the urbanization process, avoiding forming large-scale landscape patches, improving landscape abundance, and increasing contact area between different types of landscape patches were helpful to reduce the negative effects caused by the increase of urban landscape area on flood.
Use of Bacteria and Synthetic Zeolites in Remediation of Soil and Water Polluted with Superhigh-Organic-Sulfur Raša Coal (Raša Bay, North Adriatic, Croatia)
Authors: Medunić Gordana , Singh Prakash Kumar , Singh Asha Lata , Rai Ankita , Rai Shweta , Jaiswal Manoj Kumar , Obrenović Zoran , Petković Zoran , Janeš Magdalena
Published: July 2019

The Raša Bay (North Adriatic, Croatia) has been receiving various pollutants by inflowing streams laden with untreated municipal and coalmine effluents for decades. The locality was a regional center of coalmining (Raša coal), coal combustion, and metal processing industries for more than two centuries. As local soil and stream water were found to be contaminated with sulfur and potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) as a consequence of weathering of Raša coal and its waste, some clean-up measures are highly required. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the remediating potential of selected microorganisms and synthetic zeolites in the case of soil and coal-mine water, respectively, for the first time. By employing bacterial cultures of Ralstonia sp., we examined removal of sulfur and selected PTEs (As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, U, V, and Zn) from soil. The removal of sulfur was up to 60%, arsenic up to 80%, while Se, Ba, and V up to 60%, and U up to 20%. By applying synthetic zeolites on water from the Raša coalmine and a local stream, the significant removal values were found for Sr (up to 99.9%) and Ba (up to 99.2%) only. Removal values were quite irregular (insignificant) in the cases of Fe, Ni, Zn, and Se, which were up to 80%, 50%, 30%, and 20%, respectively. Although promising, the results call for further research on this topic.
LIETUVOS RESPUBLIKONŲ SUVAŽIAVIMAI VILNIUJE 1701 M.: BANDYMAI ĮTVIRTINTI ANTISAPIEGINIO JUDĖJIMO IŠKOVOTĄ VALDŽIĄ
Authors: Sliesoriūnas Gintautas
Published: July 2019

The article analyses two conventions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania republicans, aristocracy and nobility that won the power in Lithuania at the end of 1700, which took place in Vilnius in 1701. First of the conventions in Vilnius took place 0n May 2–14, 1701. The second convention in Vilnius started meetings in same year, from July 23 through to August 12, 1701. The article discusses documents that were approved in these conventions, location of the gatherings and their significance in the sequence of republican conventions in 1698–1703. The analysis is focused on the influence of the conventions in establishing a new form of republican confederate governance in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, also assessing the international and military context of the conventions. The conventions of the republicans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, having gathered for two meetings in Vilnius in 1701, were the most important political events in the life of Lithuanian state. In the course of these conventions the supreme Lithuanian state power of the time, the nature of which was quite special – close to confederate, decided on the most important issues, facing the new authority, established after the victory by the republicans against the Sapiehas, the aristocrats of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania who by the end of the seventeenth century had reached the status of hegemons. These conventions at the capital of Lithuania were extraordinary events that attracted key politicians of the time and some active nobility, which would not participate in great numbers but still were more actively than at other forums, such as inaugurations and sessions of the Lithuanian Tribunal. Republican conventions were initiated in 1698 and ended in 1703. Both 1701 conventions held their meetings in Vilnius alongside the Vilnius sessions of the Lithuanian Tribunal. First of the conventions took place at the eve of the Sejm of the Republic, and the second one soon after the Sejm, thus problems discussed in the conventions were closely related to the agenda of the Sejm of the Polish and Lithuanian state. Keywords: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, eighteenth century, Great Northern War, Lithuanian Civil War, the Sapiehas, August II, confederation, republicans, Vilnius.
MODERNIZACJA WYMIARU SPRAWIEDLIWOŚCI. REFORMY SĄDU KOMISJI SKARBU WIELKIEGO KSIĘSTWA LITEWSKIEGO (1765–1791)
Authors: Pilarczyk Piotr
Published: July 2019

1764 m. įsteigta Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės iždo komisija sujungė iki
tol Lietuvos didžiajam iždininkiui priklausiusias administracines funkcijas ir
teismines Iždo tribunolo, veikusio kaip sudėtinė Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės
Vyriausiojo Tribunolo dalis, kompetencijas. Teismines ir administracines
funkcijas buvo siekiama kuo labiau vieną nuo kitos atskirti. Iždo komisija kaip
teisminė valdžia nuosprendžius skelbdavo Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės
iždo komisijos teismo vardu. Šio teismo veiklos pradžia laikytina 1765 m. liepos
1 d., kada teisme buvo nagrinėta pirmoji byla, o pabaiga – 1791 m., kai buvo priimti
paskutinieji nuosprendžiai prieš Lietuvos komisijai susijungiant su Karūnos
komisija į bendrą Abiejų Tautų iždo komisiją.
Teismo galių suteikimas naujai įsteigtai institucijai – Iždo komisijai – buvo
akivaizdus ankstesnėje epochoje subrandintų idėjų įgyvendinimo pavyzdys,
o kartu lūžis teismo sistemoje, ir ne tik organizacine prasme. Reformos metu buvo
išplėstas Iždo komisijos teisme nagrinėjamų bylų laukas, o tai leido šį teismą laikyti
komercinių bylų teismu. Iždo komisijos teismo institucijos atsiradimas laužė luominio
teisingumo įgyvendinimo nuostatas, tačiau net ir įsteigus šį teismą nebuvo
priimti nauji, materialinę teisę reguliuojantys įstatymai, turėję tapti pagrindu teismo
sprendimams priimti. Vis dėlto teisminių funkcijų suteikimas Iždo komisijai
supaprastino patį teismo procesą. Iždo komisijos teismas daugeliu aspektų buvo
panašus į kitas to meto Abiejų Tautų Respublikos teismines institucijas ir perėmė
dalį šių institucijų trūkumų. Vienas tokių trūkumų buvo veiklos kadencijos.
Teismo kadencijos kartu su kitu organizacinio pobūdžio trūkumu – sprendimui
priimti būtino komisarų kvorumo problema – lėmė, kad teismo dekreto (sprendimo)
priėmimo šalims tekdavo laukti pernelyg ilgai.
1765 m. įvestas teismų modelis buvo keletą kartų reformuojamas. Abiejų Tautų
Respublikos seimuose priimti Iždo komisijos veiklą reglamentavę įstatymai, kaip
antai 1784 m. reforma, turėjo įtakos ir teismo veiklos praktikai. Pati Iždo komisija
pagal savo išgales taip pat ėmėsi gerinti teisminę veiklą: buvo priimami papildomi
darbuotojai, siekta disciplinuoti tiek teisme dalyvaujančias šalis, tiek ir visą palestrą.

Reikšminiai žodžiai: justicijos reforma, iždo teismas, Lietuvos Didžiosios
Kunigaikštystės iždo komisija.
TILTAI IR KELTAI KAIP XVIII AMŽIAUS VILNIAUS PAVIETO BAJORŲ TEISINIŲ GINČŲ OBJEKTAI IR NUSIKALTIMŲ ERDVĖS
Authors: Burba Domininkas
Published: July 2019

Bridges and ferries, as objects of dispute and crime locations among the eighteenth century nobles of Vilnius district, is the main topic of research in this article. Case materials and auxiliary documents from the records of Vilnius district castle and land courts reveal how often bridges are mentioned in the court processes in both violent and non-violent crimes. Research explores what types of violent crimes took place on bridges or ferries most often. It also works on questions of geographic localisation and statistics, discussing general situation of bridges in Vilnius and its neighbouring areas in the eighteenth century. Bridges are regularly mentioned in the books of the eighteenth century Vilnius castle and land courts, albeit most references are not related to conflicts and bridges are mentioned as orientation marks or in reference to location of a real estate object. Both non-violent legal disputes, involving bridges as objects, and violent crimes on the bridges were not in multitude, however non-violent crimes were in smaller numbers. There were seven dispute cases about lands, properties and plots of land where bridges and ferries are mentioned. Non-violent conflicts mostly took place in rural areas of the district, four of them, and three such disputes happened in Vilnius (one on the Green Bridge and two on the bridges over the River Vilnia). Most commonly recorded violent crime on a bridge was beating and, since this was the most common type of crime perpetrated by nobles in the eighteenth century Vilnius district, this trend is logical. A bridge is once mentioned in the record about a raid. In terms of location, more crimes on the bridges took place in the rural space, although this particular space wasn’t dominant, since six crimes were reported in the province and five in the city – two in Vilnius on the Green (Stone) Bridge, two on the bridges over the River Vilnia and one on a ferry near Šnipiškės. Trends in crime locations match general crime tendencies in Vilnius district, where more crimes took place in the rural space than in the urban one. One may guess, that the rare mention of bridges partially testifies to the fact that in the eighteenth century Vilnius district level of communication was not high and there were not too many bridges. On the other hand, when assessing trends in violent crimes in Vilnius district it was revealed that bridge based crimes comprised only one percent of all crimes. Having in mind that bridge is a relatively small object, compared to several different or other urban and rural spaces, this number isn’t that small. Keywords: Vilnius district, castle court, land court, crimes, nobles, peasants, bridges, ferries, passings.
ETIKETAS IR BUITIS REFORMUOTOJE XVIII A. ANTROSIOS PUSĖS LIETUVOS DIDŽIOSIOS KUNIGAIKŠTYSTĖS PIJORŲ EDUKACIJOJE: LYGINAMASIS TYRIMAS
Authors: Vaškelienė Asta
Published: July 2019

The Regulation of the Lithuanian Piarists for provincial education Methodus docendi pro Scholis Piis provinciae Litvaniae (Vilnius, 1762) should be considered as the main document showing the changes in education of the Enlightenment era, announced prior to the establishment of the Board of Education, a secular institution of education. That is an important source of the Lithuanian science history of the 18th century, opening a relevant contextual panorama of cultural processes, illustrating the intersection of the values of the Baroque and the Enlightenment. The study Methodus docendi pro Scholis Piis provinciae Litvaniae deals with the specifics of daily routines which shows obvious following of Ordinationes Visitationis Apostolicae (Warsaw, 1753 [1754]–1755) prepared by Stanisław Konarski. As it can be noticed, many of the aspects of the school routine (such as the necessity to start lessons in time and not waste the time for frivolous talking, relationship between the students and teachers, personal hygiene, proper physical condition, behaviour of students at school and outside it) in the Regulations for provinces of Lithuania are defined much more laconically. The attitude to go ad rem was determined by the goal to have a document with the scope and precise presentation of the subject which could be smoothly used in daily practice. On the other hand, the differences, such as elimination of the paragraph on temperance (not mentioning the whole chapter), shows that the Lithuanian adaptation was not word-for-word (or mind) following and that only the issues that were really significant for the developers were taken over. The actualisation of the daily posture shows the efforts of the Piarists monkhood to respond to the changes of the time, to implement the principles of education covering the overall upbringing of a person. Keywords: Piarists, etiquette, household routine, teacher, student, drinking, Enlightenment, Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the 18th century).
„MAGIŠKASIS KAMBARYS“: GYVYBINGA IR PRISITAIKANTI VAISTINĖLĖS TRADICIJA LIETUVOS
BAJORŲ NAMUOSE
Authors: Daraškevičius Marius
Published: July 2019

The article discusses the causes of emergence and spreading of a still room (Lith.
vaistinėlė, Pol. apteczka), the purpose of the room, the location in the house
planning structure, relations to other premises, its equipment, as well as the role
of a still room in everyday culture. An examination of the case of a single room,
the still room, in a noblemen’s home is also aimed at illustrating the changes in
home planning in the late eighteenth – early twentieth century: how they adapted
to the changing hygiene standards, perception of personal space, involvement of
the manor owners in community treatment, and changes in dining and hospitality
culture.

Keywords: still room, household medicine cabinet, manor house, interior, sczlachta
culture, education, dining culture, modernisation, Lithuania.
Spielraum. O jogo e a aposta da “segunda técnica” em Walter Benjamin
Authors: Wohlfarth Irving
Published: July 2019

O artigo aborda a concepção de materialismo antropológico, desenvolvida por Walter Benjamin sobretudo em seus escritos tardios, por meio do conceito de técnica. Segundo a hipótese de leitura, a técnica moderna, se libertada do processo de dominação capitalista, poderia abrir um espaço de jogo (Spielraum) em que adominação da natureza pelo homem seria superada em prol de uma relação harmoniosa entre ambos.
Walter Benjamin e o Surrealismo. As núpcias químicas de dois materialismos
Authors: Löwy Michael
Published: July 2019

O presente artigo busca mostrar como o peculiar materialismo de Walter Benjamin se constitui por meio da articulação que estabelece entre o materialismo dialético e o antropológico. Este, compreendido como uma manifestação de caráter romântico-anticapitalista que visa um re-encantamento do mundo, operaria como que uma correção daquele. Essa posição de Benjamin é particularmente manifesta em sua recepção do surrealismo.
O Nietzsche aristofanesco de O nascimento da tragédia
Authors: De Paula Wander
Published: July 2019

O presente artigo analisa aspectos essenciais da influência exercida pela leitura de Aristófanes, especialmente as obras As rãs e As nuvens, na elaboração de O nascimento da tragédia, primeira obra publicada por Friedrich Nietzsche. A partir disso, pretende-se demarcar em que medida Nietzsche adota a postura crítica do comediógrafo grego na sua interpretação dos antigos, especialmente Eurípides e Sócrates, e em que medida o filósofo traz novos elementos para a sua abordagem, tornando-a original não apenas em relação ao autor grego em questão, mas também aos seus contemporâneos.
Pentingnya Komunikasi dalam Penafsiran Alkitab
Authors: Mantiri Lyly Grace
Published: July 2019

This article will discuss a theological correlation between communication and biblical interpretation. After having established that coherence, it will show that the Reader-Response Criticism, one of the most attractive approach in Biblical interpretation among the postmodern scholars, is not only irrational but also dangerous to some degree even inapplicable and without spiritual value. Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas hubungan teologis antara komunikasi dan penafsiran Alkitab. Setelah menemukan hubungan antara kedua hal tesebut, artikel ini akan menelaah secara khusus mengenai Kritik Respons-pembaca, salah satu pendekatan paling menarik dalam penafsiran Alkitab di antara para sarjana postmodern, Artikel ini akan memperlihatkan bahwa metode ini tidak hanya irasional tetapi juga berbahaya sampai taraf tertentu, bahkan tidak dapat diterap-kan dan tanpa nilai spiritual.
Efficiency Wages in Pakistan's Small Scale Manufacturing
Authors: A. Burki Abid
Published: July 2019

This paper investigates wage differentials between workers in
subcontracting and non-subcontracting firms, using data from a recent
survey of small manufacturing firms in Gujranwala, Pakistan. The paper finds
that subcontracting workers receive a high wage premium and invokes
efficiency wage arguments to explain this differential. The paper argues that
due to a client/vendor monitoring problem it is optimal for subcontracting
firms to pay higher than the market clearing wages. The use of Heckman's
two stage procedure to test for sample selection bias fails to give such
evidence. A decomposition of the wage differentials indicates that
endowment differentials partly explain higher wages for subcontracting
workers while the bulk of this wage gap is explained by differential returns
to workers' attributes.
Link between Higher Education and the
Community − a Model
Authors: Zia Rukhsana
Published: July 2019

Higher Education (HE) in Pakistan presents a case of the "inverted
pyramid". The need of the country is to eradicate illiteracy and yet on the
eve of the new millenium it stands at a humble 45 per cent. Poverty in the
country is on the rise. Given the constraint of the financial resources the
downward spiral is evident and yet the masses at the grassroots level could
greatly benefit from increased literacy skills. Equipping them with functional
literacy skills would clearly improve their quality of life. Given the two
opposing trends whereby the country needs to provide massive literacy skills
to its populace and the infrastructure of education heavily biased in favour
of HE, an innovative approach within the education system and its mode of
delivery is needed. This paper focuses on one such possibility and proposes a
model to develop a link between the two to place the benefits of HE at the
doorstep of the populace where it is desperately needed.
Pakistan’s Quest for a New Growth Vent: Lessons from History
Authors: Nabi Ijaz
Published: July 2019

This article argues that a new growth vent in Pakistan requires tapping into external lucrative markets in a manner that will create multiple entre-ports for growth. Such a growth vent will enable the country to achieve a sustained growth path that is not as susceptible to the political vicissitudes of one mega-growth node. This will be good for regional equity within the country and will also bring new energy to the Indus Basin market. Sustained welfare improvements in this type of regional hub can occur when it transitions from being a transportation hub for goods and energy into a manufacturing hub that creates high-productivity, high-wage jobs in multiple regional growth nodes.
The Opportunities and Pitfalls of Pakistan’s Trade with China and Other Neighbors
Authors: Hamid Naved , Hayat Sarah
Published: July 2019

While Pakistani trade with India could give a boost to Pakistan’s economy, there are other neighbors with whom trade could be equally important. We look at this aspect of regional trade and show that promoting trade with the rest of Pakistan’s neighbors could have a significant positive impact on the country’s growth. We show that Pakistan’s trade with these neighbors has grown rapidly over the last 10 years and at present they constitute the largest market for Pakistani exports. We also explain how these exports are not only important in terms of absolute value, they have also contributed to the development of new export products. The overall impact on Pakistan’s economy could well be to raise the trend growth rate for the next decade or so by 2 to 3 percentage points above the historical trend growth rate of 5 percent per annum
The Prospects for Indo-Pakistan Trade
Authors: A. Pasha Hafiz , Imran Muhammad
Published: July 2019

This article analyzes the volume and pattern of India–Pakistan trade given the extent of trade complementarity between the two countries and, in the presence of a restricted positive list of imports from India, the tariff regime and nontariff barriers in the two countries. The study also assesses the impact on bilateral trade of granting most-favored nation status to India, the removal of some of the impediments to trade, and the implementation of the final phase of import tariff reduction under the South Asian Free Trade Agreement. Finally, the article highlights emerging opportunities and possible threats to the process of trade normalization between the two countries.
Sri Lanka’s Free Trade Agreements with India and Pakistan: Are They Leading Bilateral Trade Beyond Normalcy?
Authors: Abeyratne Sirimal
Published: July 2019

Bilateralism arises as a “second-best” option when countries seek benefits beyond those of regional approaches to free trade and those of unilateral liberalization. In spite of the regional initiatives for free trade in South Asia along with policy reforms in individual countries, Sri Lanka entered into bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) with India (2000) and Pakistan (2005). In a situation where trade within the South Asian region has been sluggish despite higher economic growth, trade liberalization, and regional initiatives for integration and cooperation, this article examines from the Sri Lankan point of view whether the bilateral FTAs have resulted in above-normal trade performance. The analysis suggests that better performance in bilateral trade cannot be attributed exclusively to the success of the FTAs any more than weak performance can be attributed to their shortcomings. Apart from this, merchandise trade does not appear to have performed in isolation as the extent of overall bilateral connectivity set the groundwork for greater integration. The article confirms that bilateral FTAs that seek reciprocity in integration and cooperation are indeed a “second-best” option, compared to the potential trade performance associated with unilateral liberalization in trading partner countries.
Adapting Public Sector Services to Local Delivery
Authors: Husain Ishrat
Published: July 2019

This article describes the local government system established in the 2001 Devolution Plan and its evolution over the period 2002-07, with a focus on two essential public services, education and health. We believe that the devolution of service delivery functions, delegation of financial powers, decentralization of authority, and deconcentration of executive powers, can, together, lead to better accountability of results and, hence, to improved public service delivery to the poor and marginalized. The Devolution Plan made inroads toward these goals, particularly in education, but their achievement was incomplete due to a number of factors, among those incomplete fiscal decentralization, limited targeting of backward areas, and centralizing tendencies of the provincial departments and civil service. Recommendations are offered on how to further develop the local government system more generally, with an eye towards increasing accountability and improving coordination both across local governments and between tiers. For this, complementary reforms to simplify business processes and revamp human resource management policies are needed; introducing a district level civil service is among the suggested changes. The article concludes with detailed recommendations on improving the decentralized delivery of education and health services.
The 18th Constitutional Amendment: Glue or Solvent for Nation Building and Citizenship in Pakistan?
Authors: Shah Anwar
Published: July 2019

The almost unanimous passage of a landmark consensus constitutional amendment—the 18th Constitutional Amendment—restored Pakistan’s constitution to its original intent of a decentralized federation of provinces as envisaged in the 1956 (two provinces) and 1973 (four provinces) constitutions. This article takes a closer look at the provisions of this amendment and highlights both the potentials and pitfalls of the new constitutional order for good governance in Pakistan. It argues that the amendment represents a step forward but encompasses several missteps in creating a harmonious political and economic union. The 18th Amendment has reinforced an outmoded “pot-belly” model (federalism of provinces) whereas an “hourglass” (federalism of local governments) model is more suited to Pakistan‘s circumstances. Major fundamental reforms are needed that right-size the federal and provincial governments, strengthen local governance, enforce fiscal discipline and citizen-based accountability for service delivery performance on all orders of government, dismantle provincial barriers to factor mobility and internal trade, and restrain beggar-thy-neighbor policies and unaccountable governance by “empowered provinces” to mitigate the unintended adverse consequences of the 18th amendment for nation building and citizenship in Pakistan.
Pakistan’s Power Crisis: How Did We Get Here?
Authors: A. Munir Kamal , Khalid Salman
Published: July 2019

This article has a rather modest aim. In contrast to most analyses that abound, it submits that Pakistan’s energy crisis stems primarily from a suboptimal policy and only secondarily from governance issues. This does not mean that governance is not an important issue. With around 20 different organizations involved in the power sector—e.g., WAPDA, PEPCO, PPIB, AEDB, GENCOs, and IPPs—there is much scope for governance failures. In addition, there is much malfeasance perpetrated by political and other interests. Still, since governance mechanisms are significantly shaped by incentive systems and operating policy regimes, we will argue that the problem lies primarily in policy choices made earlier, and focus in particular on two elements of the policy that need to be revisited.
Industrialization by Fitting in: Acquiring Technology through Collaboration and Subcontracting
Authors: Rahim Sikander
Published: July 2019

Since the 1950s, Pakistan has been trying to industrialize by investing in industries that have low value-added, notably cotton textiles. Here, low value-added means that the export value of the cotton textiles less the value of the raw cotton used to make them was low relative to the cost of the investment needed to make the textiles, i.e., contrary to the usual assumption, cotton textile manufacture was capital-intensive. The cause was the protection of the importing countries. But goods with high value-added in this sense required advanced technical knowledge, which is mostly the proprietary knowledge of the firms whose research and development (R&D) has generated it. Over time, all the production of goods that do not require such technical knowledge has passed to low-wage countries whose mutual competition keeps the value-added low. Since Pakistan cannot compete in high-value-added goods, it must emulate the East Asian economies by collaborating with firms in high-wage countries—i.e., subcontracting them to make simple components—and progress through such collaboration to receiving the knowledge and training to making components with higher value-added.
Competitiveness and Pakistan: A Dangerous, Distorting, and Dead-End Obsession?
Authors: McCartney Matthew
Published: July 2019

Competitiveness has become a mantra and organizing framework for much government policymaking in Pakistan and beyond. Rarely does anyone question the concept and use of the competitiveness paradigm itself. Krugman (1994) argues that this ”obsession with competitiveness is both wrong and dangerous.” This article draws from Krugman’s work and examines the use (or abuse) of the concept of competitiveness in the context of contemporary Pakistan. We focus on three recent and influential reports on competitiveness in Pakistan by the Asian Development Bank, World Bank, and Competitiveness Support Fund, and agree with Krugman’s negative view.
Actions for Increasing the Credibility of Educational Research
Authors: Carvalho Paulo F. , Cook Bryan G. , de Leeuw Joshua R , Fyfe Emily , Gehlbach Hunter , Goldstone Robert , Makel Matthew C. , Mellor David Thomas , Montoya Amanda Kay , Motz Benjamin , Peters Scott J. , Polikoff Morgan S. , Robinson Carly D , Sherman Janelle , Smith Kendal N.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of education research is to better understand educational phenomena to inform policy and improve practice. Forward progress within any field is based on the validity and credibility of that field’s research base - educators cannot make informed decisions based on anecdotal evidence, opaque research practices, or on studies that cannot be replicated. Educational research is plagued by the same challenges as a number of fields - publication bias, barriers to research access, and seminal theories that have failed to replicate. This symposium will share four research practices that can increase the replicability and credibility of educational science. Each will be presented in terms of benefits and challenges for the researcher, the journal editor, and the educational knowledge base in general.
GAMBARAN GINGIVITIS PADA IBU HAMIL DI PUSKESMAS TUMINTING KECAMATAN TUMINTING KOTA MANADO
Authors: Yoto Hendro
Published: July 2019

Gingivitis during pregnancy due to increased concentrations of the hormones estrogen and progesterone . This situation is characterized by the interdental papillae are red, swollen , easily bleeding accompanied by pain causes gingival be particularly sensitive to the toxin and irritants such as plaque and calculus that resulted in inflamed gingiva . This study aims to describe gingivitis in pregnant women in health centers Tuminting based on age , gestational age , educational level , and income level.Type of research is descriptive research by sampling the sampling Accident pregnant women who come checkups at health centers and pregnant women who are subject to the criteria that are in trimester II and III trimester .The results showed the distribution by age 21-30 years ( 51 % ) , gingival status based on gestational age at second and third trimester with mild inflammation ( 60 % ) , gingival status by finishing primary education level inflamsi mild ( 62.5 % ) and in graduated from college reached ( 100 % ) , gingival status by income level > 1 million per month ( 65.78 % ) and income pernulan 1-5 million ( 47.05 % ) . Conclusion gingival status by measuring gingival index , gingival normal 14 ( 25.4 % ) , 33 mild inflammation ( 60 % ) , moderate inflammation 6 ( 11 % ) , and 2 severe inflammation ( 3.6 % ) . Need for cooperation between gynecologists and dentists in dealing with oral and dental problems in pregnant women.Keywords : Pregnancy , GingivitisAbstrakGingivitis pada saat kehamilan disebabkan oleh peningkatan konsentrasi hormon estrogen dan progesteron. Keadaan ini ditandai dengan papila interdental yang memerah, bengkak, mudah berdarah disertai rasa sakit menyebabkan gingiva menjadi sensitif khususnya terhadap toksin maupun iritan seperti plak dan kalkulus yang mengakibatkan gingiva mengalami peradangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran gingivitis pada ibu hamil di Puskesmas Tuminting berdasarkan usia, usia kehamilan, tingkat pendidikan, dan tingkat penghasilan.Jenis penelitian yaitu penelitian deskriptif dengan cara pengambilan sampel Accident sampling yaitu ibu hamil yang datang memeriksakan kehamilannya di Puskesmas dan ibu hamil yang menjadi subjek dengan kriteria berada pada trimester II dan trimester III.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan distribusi berdasarkan usia 21-30 tahun (51%), status gingiva berdasarkan usia kehamilan pada trimester II dan III dengan inflamasi ringan (60%), status gingiva berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan tamat SD inflamsi ringan (62,5%) dan pada tamat perguruan tinggi mencapai (100%), status gingiva berdasarkan tingkat penghasilan >1 juta perbulan (65,78%) dan penghasilan 1-5 juta pernulan (47,05%). Kesimpulan status gingiva berdasarkan indeks pengukuran gingiva, 14 orang gingiva normal (25,4%), 33 orang inflamasi ringan (60%), 6 orang inflamasi sedang (11%), dan 2 orang inflamasi berat (3,6%). Perlu adanya kerja sama antara dokter ahli kandungan dan dokter gigi dalam menangani masalah gigi dan mulut pada ibu hamil.Kata kunci: Kehamilan, Gingivitis
GAMBARAN PENCABUTAN GIGI MOLAR SATU MANDIBULA BERDASARKAN UMUR DAN JENIS KELAMIN DI BALAI PENGOBATAN RUMAH SAKIT GIGI DAN MULUT MANADO TAHUN 2012
Authors: Poha Devid G.
Published: July 2019

Abstract: The first molars of mandibulae are the first permanent teeth which erupt around 6-7 years old; therefore, they have the highest risk of dental caries. When the dental caries occurs in a tooth, it can lead to tooth extraction which results in new problems such as changing of teeth position, influence on occlusion, jaw joints, and mastication process. This study aimed to describe the extraction profile of the first mandibular molar based on age and gender at Balai Pengobatan Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Manado in 2012. This was a descriptive retrospective study. Samples were obtained by using total sampling method. In 2012, there were 765 patients with extracted teeth. Of the 1130 permanent teeth extracted, the highest number belonged to the first mandibular molar which was 167 teeth out of 164 patients. Extraction of the first mandibular molars among adults (19-55 years old) was 73%; teenagers (13-18 years old) 21%; children (6-12 years old) 4%; and elderies (>56 years) %. Of the 164 patients, there were 99 females and 65 males. Conclusion: Adults were the most frequent age group with extracted first mandibular molar, followed by teenagers, children, and elderly. Female cases were more frequent than male cases.Keywords: tooth extraction, mandibular first molarAbstrak: Gigi molar satu mandibula merupakan gigi tetap yang pertama erupsi pada umur sekitar 6-7 tahun, sehingga menjadi gigi yang paling berisiko terkena karies. Bila gigi tersebut terkena karies, dapat berakibat pencabutan, yang menimbulkan resiko baru seperti perubahan posisi gigi, memengaruhi oklusi, sendi rahang, dan proses mastikasi yang berdampak pada penyerapan nutrisi makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pencabutan gigi molar satu mandibula di Balai Pengobatan Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Manado berdasarkan umur dan jenis kelamin tahun 2012. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan jenis penelitian retrospektif. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik total sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2012 dari 765 pasien yang melakukan pencabutan gigi, sebanyak 1130 gigi dewasa yang dicabut dan gigi molar satu mandibula yang tersering (167 gigi pada 164 pasien). Kasus pencabutan gigi molar satu mandibula pada kelompok usia dewasa dengan rentang umur 19-55 tahun sebesar 73%; pasien remaja (13-18 tahun) 21%; pasien anak-anak (6-12 tahun) 4%; dan pasien lansia dengan rentang umur mulai dari 56 tahun ke atas 2%. Dari 164 pasien yang dilakukan pencabutan gigi molar satu mandibula, jenis kelamin perempuan sebanyak 99 pasien sedangkan laki-laki 65 pasien. Simpulan: Pasien dewasa merupakan kategori umur yang tersering dilakukan pencabutan gigi molar satu mandibula, diikuti oleh pasien remaja, anak, dan lansia. Kasus pencabutan gigi molar satu mandibula berdasarkan jenis kelamin lebih sering terjadi pada perempuan dibandingkan laki-laki.Kata kunci: pencabutan gigi, molar satu mandibula
STATUS KARIES DAN KADAR FLUOR YANG DIKONSUMSI PENDUDUK USIA 12 – 14 TAHUN DI DESA WIAU LAPI BARAT
Authors: Leondra Agie
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Dental caries is microbiological disease on dental hard tissue which caused localized demineralization from inorganic structure and destruction of organic substantive part of dental. Fluor protects teeth from caries, by deliberating metabolism of plaque bacteria which could make carbohydrate fermentation through hydroxide-apatite transform into fluor-apatite which more stabilize and acid resistant. The aim of this research is to identify the rate of caries grade among adolescent aged 12 – 14 years and the amount of fluor proportion by consumed in the daily consumed West Wiau Lapi village. This research is descriptive cross-sectional research. Respondent amount is 59 and this research using total sampling method. The result of caries degree is calculated by DMF-T index and fluor analyzing using Spectrofotometer and the length of wave is 525 nm. This research concluded that the caries grade arrange in intermediate degree, and the fluor amount posture is  very low. Keyword: caries grade, fluor amount     Abstrak: Karies gigi adalah penyakit mikrobiologis struktur keras gigi yang menyebabkan demineralisasi terlokalisasi dari bagian inorganik dan kerusakan dari substansi organik yang berawal dari permukaan eksternal dari gigi. Fluor berfungsi melindungi gigi dari karies, dengan cara menghambat metabolisme bakteri plak yang dapat memfermentasi karbohidrat melalui perubahan hidroksi-apatit pada enamel menjadi flour-apatit yang lebih stabil dan lebih tahan terhadap pelarutan asam. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran derajat karies anak-anak usia 12-14 tahun dan kadar fluor dalam air minum yang dikonsumsi di desa Wiau Lapi Barat.  Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif potong lintang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode total sampling dan mempunyai responden penelitian berjumlah 59 orang. Hasil perhitungan derajat karies dihitung dengan indeks DMF-T dan uji fluor digunakan alat spektrofotometer dengan panjang gelombang 525 nm, dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa derajat karies di desa Wiau Lapi Barat dalam status menengah dan kandungan fluor sangat rendah. Kata kunci: status karies, kadar fluor
UJI EFEK ANTI BAKTERI EKSTRAK BUNGA CENGKEH TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans SECARA IN VITRO
Authors: Andries Juvensius R. , Gunawan Paulina N. , Supit Aurelia
Published: July 2019

Abstrak: Minyak cengkeh berguna sebagai antibakteri alami. Minyak esensial dari cengkeh mempunyai fungsi anestetik dan antimikrobial. Zat yang terkandung dalam cengkeh yang bernama eugenol dapat membunuh bakteri termasuk bakteri yang resisten terhadap antibiotika, salah satunya adalah bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Bakteri ini merupakan mikroorganisme penyebab utama terjadinya karies. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak cengkeh terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans secara in vitro. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental menggunakan post test only control group design. Penelitian ini menggunakan bahan coba ekstrak cengkeh dengan konsentrasi 40%, 60%, dan 80%, Ciprofloxacin, aquades dengan pengulangan sebanyak lima kali. Data dikumpulkan dan dianalisis dengan one-way ANOVA dan post-hoc uji LSD ( = 0,05). Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik penelitian uji efek antibakteri ekstrak cengkeh terhadap bakteri streptococcus mutans secara in vitro, dapat disimpulkaan bahwa ekstrak cengkeh memiliki efek antibakteri dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans secara in vitro. Hasil uji lanjut post-hoc uji LSD menunjukan daya hambat ekstrak cengkeh 40%, 60%, 80%, lebih kecil (p<0,05) dalam menghambat Streptococcus mutans secara in vitro dibandingkan Ciprofloxacin. Kata Kunci: Ekstrak cengkeh, Streptococcus mutans.   Abstract: Clove oil is useful as a natural antibacterial agent, essential oil of clove has anesthetic and antimicrobial effect. Substances contained in clove called eugenol can kill bacteria including antibiotic resistant bacteria, one of which is the bacteria Streptococcus mutans. This bacteria is a major cause for caries. The purpose of this study was to mengetahui clove extrack antibacterial effects againts Streptococcus mutans bacteria in vitro. This study is an experimental study using a post test only control group design. This research try using clove extract with a concentration of 40%, 60%, and 80%, Ciprofloxacin, aquades repetition five times. Data collected and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc LSD test (α = 0.05). Based on the results of the statistical test to test the effects of anti-bacterial research clove extracts against Streptococcus mutans bacteria in vitro, can disimpulkaan that clove extracts have antibacterial effects in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria in vitro.further test result post-hoc LSD test shoved its inhibitory clove extract 40%, 60%, 80% smaller (p<0,05)in hibiting Streptococcus mutans in vitro compared Ciprofloxacin. Keywords: clove extract, Streptococcus mutans
PENDUGAAN DEFISIT DAN SURPLUS AIR UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN TANAMAN JAGUNG (ZEA MAYS L.) DI KABUPATEN GORONTALO DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL SIMULASI NERACA AIR
Authors: Rahim Yunnita , Rogi Johannes E. X. , Runtunuwu Samuel D.
Published: July 2019

This study aims to apply the water balance simulation model developed by Handoko (1992) for estimating the deficit and surp4lus water for the development of corn plants in the province of Gorontalo. This study was implemented from April to August 2014 in the District of Gorontalo. The study metods included field studies and modeling of water balance using a simulation model by Handoko (1992). The results showed that the period of water deficit was found in August and September where rainfall (Ch) is smaller than potential evapotranspiration (ETP) whereas periods of surplus water in the district of Gorontalo found in January to July and October to December where rainfall (Ch) exceeds potential evepotranspiration (ETP).
EFISIENSI TEKNIS USAHATANI JAGUNG DI KECAMATAN REMBOKEN KABUPATEN MINAHASA
Authors: Mandei Juliana Ruth
Published: July 2019

The study was conducted in order to determine the efficiency of maize farming techniques in District Remboken and analyze the determinants of the level of technical efficiency of maize farming in the district Remboken. Sampling was done by using the method of Sampling Cluster, specifically three farmers groups program participant Integrated Crop Management Field School (SLPTT)  and three farmers group who are not participants SLPTT. The variables measured in this study is the production (kg / season), land planted with maize (ha), amount of labor used (HOK), Total Urea is used (kg), amount of fertilizer used Phonska (kg ), amount of seed used (kg) and the amount of pesticides used (ltr). The variables used to see the factors affecting technical efficiency is age measured in years farmers, farmer education levels measured by using dummy variables, and the number of dependents of farmers. To see the technical efficiency of maize farming using frontier production function and to analyze the factors affecting technical efficiency of farming corn used multiple regression analysis with OLS. The results showed that maize production was significantly affected by labor, seeds and herbicides, Most cultivated maize farming has been technically efficient farmers and the level of technical efficiency of farmers follow SLPTT lower than farmers who do not follow SLPTT. The number of dependents and education levels significantly affect the level of technical efficiency of maize farming in the district Remboken. Necessary to reformulate the model of Integrated Crop Management Field School is more effective to improve the ability of farmers to manage their farming.