bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generation of inducible SMARCAL1 knock-down iPSC to model severe Schimke immune-osseous dysplasia reveals a link between replication stress and altered expression of master differentiation genes
Authors: Pugliese Giusj Monia , Salaris Federico , Palermo Valentina , Marabitti Veronica , Morina Nicolò , Rosa Alessandro , Franchitto Annapaola , Pichierri Pietro
Published: February 2019

The Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia is an autosomal recessive genetic osteochondrodysplasia characterized by dysmorphism, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, nephrotic syndrome and frequently T cell immunodeficiency. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain pathophysiology of the disease, however, the mechanism by which SMARCAL1 mutations cause the syndrome is elusive. Indeed, animal models of the disease are absent or useless to provide insight into the disease mechanism, since they do not recapitulate the phenotype. We generated a conditional knockdown model of SMARCAL1 in iPSCs to mimic conditions of cells with severe form the disease. Here, we characterize this model for the presence of phenotype linked to the replication caretaker role of SMARCAL1 using multiple cellular endpoints. Our data show that conditional knockdown of SMARCAL1 in human iPSCs induces replication-dependent and chronic accumulation of DNA damage triggering the DNA damage response. Furthermore, they indicate that accumulation of DNA damage and activation of the DNA damage response correlates with increased levels of R-loops and replication-transcription interference. Finally, we provide data showing that, in SMARCAL1-deficient iPSCs, DNA damage response can be maintained active also after differentiation, possibly contributing to the observed altered expression of a subset of germ layer-specific master genes. In conclusion, our conditional SMARCAL1 iPSCs may represent a powerful model where studying pathogenetic mechanisms of severe Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia, thus overcoming the reported inability of different model systems to recapitulate the disease.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding of pond water as a tool to survey conservation and management priority mammals
Authors: Harper Lynsey R. , Handley Lori Lawson , Carpenter Angus I. , Murray-Dickson Gill , Muri Cristina Di , Macgregor Callum J. , Logan Thomas W. , Law Alan , Breithaupt Thomas , Read Daniel S. , McDevitt Allan D. , Hänfling Bernd
Published: February 2019

Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is largely used to survey aquatic communities, but can also provide data on terrestrial taxa utilising aquatic habitats. However, the entry, dispersal, and detection of terrestrial species’ DNA within waterbodies is understudied.

We evaluated eDNA metabarcoding of pond water for monitoring semi-aquatic, ground-dwelling, and arboreal mammals, and examined spatiotemporal variation in mammal eDNA signals using experiments in captive and wild conditions.

We selected nine focal species of conservation and management concern: European water vole, European otter, Eurasian beaver, European hedgehog, European badger, red deer, Eurasian lynx, red squirrel, and European pine marten. We hypothesised that eDNA signals (i.e. proportional read counts) would be stronger for semi-aquatic than terrestrial species, and at sites where mammals exhibited behaviours (e.g. swimming, urination). We tested this by sampling waterbodies in enclosures of captive focal species at specific sites where behaviours had been observed (‘directed’ sampling) and at equidistant intervals along the shoreline (‘stratified’ sampling). We then surveyed natural ponds (N = 6) where focal species were present using stratified water sampling, camera traps, and field signs. eDNA samples were metabarcoded using vertebrate-specific primers.

All focal species were detected in captivity. eDNA signal strength did not differ between directed and stratified samples across or within species, between species lifestyles (i.e. semi-aquatic, ground-dwelling, arboreal), or according to behaviours. Therefore, eDNA was evenly distributed within artificial waterbodies. Conversely, eDNA was unevenly distributed in natural ponds. eDNA metabarcoding, camera trapping, and field signs detected beaver, red deer, and roe deer. Badger and red fox were recorded with cameras and field signs, but not eDNA metabarcoding. However, eDNA metabarcoding detected small mammals missed by cameras and field signs, e.g. water vole. Terrestrial mammal eDNA signals were weaker and detected in fewer samples than semi-aquatic mammal eDNA signals.

eDNA metabarcoding has potential for inclusion in mammal monitoring schemes by enabling large-scale, multi-species distribution assessment for priority and difficult to survey species, and could provide early indication of range expansions or contractions. However, eDNA surveys need high spatiotemporal resolution and metabarcoding biases require further investigation before this tool is routinely implemented.
Defining mucosal immunity using mass cytometry following experimental human pneumococcal challenge
Authors: Jochems Simon P. , Ruiter Karin de , Solórzano Carla , Voskamp Astrid , Mitsi Elena , Nikolaou Elissavet , Carniel Beatriz F , Pojar Sherin , German Esther L. , Reiné Jesús , Soares-Schanoski Alessandra , Hill Helen , Robinson Rachel , Hyder-Wright Angela D. , Weight Caroline M. , Durrenberger Pascal F. , Heyderman Robert S. , Gordon Stephen B. , Smits Hermelijn H. , Urban Britta C. , Rylance Jamie , Collins Andrea M. , Wilkie Mark D. , Lazarova Lepa , Leong Samuel C. , Yazdanbakhsh Maria , Ferreira Daniela M.
Published: February 2019

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a common cause of respiratory infection, but also frequently colonises the nasopharynx in the absence of disease. We used mass cytometry to study immune cells from nasal biopsy samples, collected following experimental human pneumococcal challenge, in order to identify immunological changes that follow and control spn colonisation. Using 37 markers, we characterized 293 nasal immune cell clusters, of which 7 were associated with Spn colonisation. B cell and CD8+CD161+ T cell clusters were significantly higher in non-colonised than in colonised subjects. Spn colonization led to recirculation of not only Spn-specific but also aspecific nasal B cells. This associated with increased numbers of circulating plasmablasts and increased antibody levels against the unrelated bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. In addition, we demonstrated that baseline functionality of blood mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells associated with protection against Spn. These results identify new host-pathogen interactions at the mucosa upon Spn colonisation.
Does competitiveness moderate inclusive growth: a panel study of low-income countries
Authors: Kalim Rukhsana , Arshed Noman , Shaheen Sadaf
Published: February 2019

Purpose

In the past few years, the concept of competitiveness developed by the World Economic Forum has become the focal point. Global competitiveness index (GCI) presents the constructs which are possible means of productivity of the country. The purpose of this study is to explore whether boosting the productivity of agriculture, services and industry sector is the possible channel of competitiveness leading to growth.

Design/methodology/approach

For this, panel GMM moderator model has been used for 16 low-income countries.

Findings

The results indicate that competitiveness helps agriculture and industry sector to become more growth productive, while it reduces the productivity of services sector.

Originality/value

This study urges that the gains from following the competition promotion policies overweigh the costs. Hence, low-income countries can break the low productivity trap.
Developing a benchmarking system for architecture design firms
Authors: Salvatierra José Luis , Gálvez Miguel Ángel , Bastías Freddy , Castillo Tito , Herrera Rodrigo Fernando , Alarcón Luis Fernando
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The construction industry’s business model is mainly based on the interaction among the architecture office, the engineering office and the construction company. The performance and practices of architects’ offices, unlike those of the other actors, are difficult to characterize and there have been few studies on these issues. To better understand architects’ performance, the purpose of this paper is to develop a benchmarking tool based on real practices identified by managers of Chilean architecture offices.

Design/methodology/approach

The research method includes a complete literature review, followed by a study of a sample of nine Chilean architecture offices, with whom a series of four workshops was developed, to establish both performance indicators and relevant management practices. Finally, these metrics were applied in an architectural office as a pilot case.

Findings

Four management dimensions were defined: client management, external coordination, internal organization and human resources. Key performance indicators were divided into process, financial and quality indicators. The workshops carried out with the architectural offices demonstrated the relevance of benchmarking tools such as the one developed, which enables the systematic measurement of both management practices and performance indicators.

Originality/value

Although there have been several efforts to create benchmarking tools for the construction industry, few efforts have focused on architecture offices. Therefore, this research aims to explicitly identify management practices that can be used for this type of organization and to coordinate among multiple actors to find the best way to measure their performance, other than the fulfilment of schedules and budgets.
Client and contractor roles in schedule incentive/disincentive projects
Authors: Hasan Abid , Jha Kumar Neeraj
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Delays in construction projects can be very expensive due to their adverse effects on project cost and profit margin. To overcome this problem, clients in the construction industry sometimes use schedule incentive/disincentive (I/D) contracting strategy. However, previous studies have shown that inadequate understanding and wrong implementation of schedule I/D provisions could result in unintended results. Moreover, the use of the I/D contracting method is in its initial stages in many countries such as India. The purpose of this paper is to identify various factors that are essential for schedule I/D success in construction projects.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire survey was conducted among experienced professionals (clients, contractors and consultants) from across the Indian construction industry.

Findings

Top success factors related to clients in the descending order of their importance are: realistic targets; detailed guidelines for I/D implementation; close coordination with other stakeholders; correct estimation of I/D duration and amount; and imposing disincentives after due consideration. Meanwhile, factors related to contractor organisations are: continuous monitoring and control; thorough understanding of schedule I/D targets; specific considerations in appointing senior project personnel; effective communication; and proper labour management.

Research limitations/implications

This empirical research was conducted in the Indian construction industry. Similar studies from developed construction markets may provide more insights into the successful use of schedule I/D provisions in construction projects.

Practical implications

The uptake of these recommendations is likely to increase the success of schedule I/D provisions in construction projects, especially in developing countries where the use of I/D contracting strategy is not very popular.

Originality/value

This research highlights the specific roles of both clients and contractors in the success of schedule I/D projects in developing countries such as India.
Facilities management in the NHS: overlapping authority and demarcation disputes
Authors: May Daryl
Published: February 2019

Purpose

This research aims to investigate the implementation of the new ward housekeeper role in a hospital setting. The purpose is to propose a model to demonstrate how facilities management (FM) departments and clinical ward teams work together effectively to deliver catering and cleaning services.

Design/methodology/approach

The context of the implementation of the role was deemed a necessary feature, particularly to understand the organisational structures. In this case, the context was a hospital, and the underlying mechanisms that were in place included local recruitment and retention issues. Therefore, an interpretive approach was taken, and a series of semi-structured interviews was the primary method to collect data, supplemented by some non-participant observation and document analysis.

Findings

The findings from the two themes enable the development of a model to illustrate the working relationships between FM departments and clinical ward teams.

Practical implications

The findings from the study are of significance for hospital facilities and estates departments and clinical stakeholders who have the responsibility of ward catering, cleaning and the environment.

Originality/value

The significance of this study emerges through the advancement of methodology within the context of facilities in health care and through the contribution to knowledge and practice as a result of the proposed mode. This was the first type of study to look in detail at ward housekeeping models, using an interpretive approach over a relatively long period of time.
Long-term trajectories of human civilization
Authors: Baum Seth D. , Armstrong Stuart , Ekenstedt Timoteus , Häggström Olle , Hanson Robin , Kuhlemann Karin , Maas Matthijs M. , Miller James D. , Salmela Markus , Sandberg Anders , Sotala Kaj , Torres Phil , Turchin Alexey , Yampolskiy Roman V.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to formalize long-term trajectories of human civilization as a scientific and ethical field of study. The long-term trajectory of human civilization can be defined as the path that human civilization takes during the entire future time period in which human civilization could continue to exist.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper focuses on four types of trajectories: status quo trajectories, in which human civilization persists in a state broadly similar to its current state into the distant future; catastrophe trajectories, in which one or more events cause significant harm to human civilization; technological transformation trajectories, in which radical technological breakthroughs put human civilization on a fundamentally different course; and astronomical trajectories, in which human civilization expands beyond its home planet and into the accessible portions of the cosmos.

Findings

Status quo trajectories appear unlikely to persist into the distant future, especially in light of long-term astronomical processes. Several catastrophe, technological transformation and astronomical trajectories appear possible.

Originality/value

Some current actions may be able to affect the long-term trajectory. Whether these actions should be pursued depends on a mix of empirical and ethical factors. For some ethical frameworks, these actions may be especially important to pursue.
Customer data security and theft: a Malaysian organization’s experience
Authors: Abidin Mohd Aizuddin Zainal , Nawawi Anuar , Salin Ahmad Saiful Azlin Puteh
Published: February 2019

Purpose

This study aims to identify weaknesses in current internal control systems in protecting customer data and the drivers that motivate employees to steal customer data and the impact of customer data theft on the organization.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study approach was taken to investigate and analyze internal control system weaknesses. One organization that involved investor and treasury services was selected as a case study in this research. A mixed method of data collection, specifically survey questionnaires and observations, was used.

Findings

This study revealed that employees are aware of the policy to protect customer data in their organization. Ironically, customer data theft still occurred despite the company having an internal control system. The main concern was the attitude of the employees to adhere to the policies in place, which becomes the major cause of internal control violation. Employees tend to ignore policies and standard operating procedures, providing opportunities for data theft and fraud to occur, although they realize this will result in a severe impact on the reputation of a company.

Research limitations/implications

The results provide further confirmation of the fraud triangle theory, i.e. opportunity on the possible causes of the data theft and fraud, supporting prior empirical research and surveys conducted by researchers and global professional firms on fraud. This study, however, was conducted on only one organization with limited participation from employees because of the sensitivity of the nature of the topic.

Practical implications

This study provided recommendations that can be a reference for companies and regulatory bodies in preventing customer data theft cases, such as regular training and awareness campaigns to the staff, stringent recruitment policies, close monitoring on the accessibility of customer data and continuous use of advanced technology to prevent a data breach.

Originality/value

This study is original, as it focuses on an organization that operates in the financial services industry, which is one of the most attacked sectors for data theft and cybercrime activity globally. Furthermore, this kind of research is rare in fraud literature, particularly in developing markets such as Malaysia. The findings of this study are inferred from the direct observation of the organizational and employee work environments, activities and behaviors, which are private and confidential and difficult to access by researchers for publication in academic journals.
Actionable threat intelligence for digital forensics readiness
Authors: Serketzis Nikolaos , Katos Vasilios , Ilioudis Christos , Baltatzis Dimitrios , Pangalos George J.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to formulate a novel model for enhancing the effectiveness of existing digital forensic readiness (DFR) schemes by leveraging the capabilities of cyber threat information sharing.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses a quantitative methodology to identify the most popular cyber threat intelligence (CTI) elements and introduces a lightweight approach to correlate those with potential forensic value, resulting in the quick and accurate triaging and identification of patterns of malicious activities.

Findings

While threat intelligence exchange steadily becomes a common practice for the prevention or detection of security incidents, the proposed approach highlights its usefulness for the digital forensics (DF) domain.

Originality/value

The proposed model can help organizations to improve their DFR posture, and thus minimize the time and cost of cybercrime incidents.
Gamble more than you want?
Authors: Ho Ying , Lam Long W. , Lam Desmond
Published: February 2019

Purpose

This study aims to explore the influence of casino servicescape on unplanned gaming behaviors by examining the mediating role of casino customers’ perceived behavioral control (i.e. perceived internal and external control).

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 475 casino customers using street intercept survey. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the mediating role of perceived behavioral control.

Findings

Results show a negative indirect effect of casino servicescape evaluation on customers’ unplanned gaming behaviors through perceived internal control. Moreover, casino customers’ perceived external control does not mediate the relationship between casino servicescape evaluation and unplanned gaming behaviors.

Research limitations/implications

Findings suggest that a favorable casino servicescape may enhance customers’ perception of control over their personal resources (e.g. skills and knowledge), which in turn facilitate self-regulation of their unplanned gaming behaviors. The findings are limited to Chinese casino customers, and researchers should further validate the results for non-Chinese casino patrons.

Practical implications

To casino operators, results suggest that the Friedman-style casino design (i.e. compact gambling areas and low ceilings) potentially encourages unplanned gaming behaviors of casino customers. From social-policy perspective, governments can create effective responsible gaming programs by enhancing casino customers’ perceived internal control.

Originality/value

This study illuminates the process that connects casino servicescape with unplanned gaming behavior by explicitly testing the mediating role of customers’ perceived behavioral control. Moreover, it examines unplanned gaming behaviors of leisure gamblers who represent the mass gaming population.
The effects of elastane and finishing processes on the performance properties of denim fabrics
Authors: Eryuruk Selin Hanife
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The main factors affecting consumers when selecting denim garments are aesthetic, appearance and fashion. Besides these factors, comfort and performance properties of the denim garments during usage are very important. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of different finishing processes on the performance properties of 100 percent cotton and 98 percent cotton+2 percent elastane denim fabrics.

Design/methodology/approach

The research design for this study consists of experimental study. In order to evaluate the effects of finishing on the performance properties of fabrics, eight types of fabrics were selected for evaluation. Rigid, resin, bleaching and softening type fabrics with and without elastane were analyzed statistically.

Findings

The results obtained in the study clearly showed that the types of finishing and elastane fiber in the fabric structure had a significant influence on mechanical and comfort properties of denim fabrics.

Originality/value

As a result of the literature review, it was seen that there were limited studies concerning mechanical, functional and comfort properties of denim fabrics together. In this study, the effects of finishing processes on the tear strength, stiffness, drape, mechanical and thermal comfort characteristics were deeply evaluated.
Improved binomial and Poisson approximations to the Type-A operating characteristic function
Authors: Chukhrova Nataliya , Johannssen Arne
Published: February 2019

Purpose

In acceptance sampling, the hypergeometric operating characteristic (OC) function (so called type-A OC) is used to be approximated by the binomial or Poisson OC function, which actually reduce computational effort, but do not provide suffcient approximation results. The purpose of this paper is to examine binomial- and Poisson-type approximations to the hypergeometric distribution, in order to find a simple but accurate approximation that can be successfully applied in acceptance sampling.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors present a new binomial-type approximation for the type-A OC function, and derive its properties. Further, the authors compare this approximation via an extensive numerical study with other common approximations in terms of variation distance and relative efficiency under various conditions on the parameters including limiting cases.

Findings

The introduced approximation generates best numerical results over a wide range of parameter values, and ensures arithmetic simplicity of the binomial distribution and high accuracy to meet requirements regarding acceptance sampling problems. Additionally, it can considerably reduce the computational effort in relation to the type-A OC function and therefore is strongly recommended for calculating sampling plans.

Originality/value

The newly presented approximation provides a remarkably close fit to the type-A OC function, is discrete and needs no correction for continuity, and is skewed in the same direction by roughly the same amount as the exact OC. Due to less factorials, this OC in general involves lower powers than the type-A OC function. Moreover, the binomial-type approximation is easy to fit to the conventional statistical computing packages.
Responsible innovation and social innovation: toward an integrative research framework
Authors: Bolz Karsten , de Bruin Anne
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Responsible innovation (RI) and social innovation (SI) are two fields of innovation study experiencing burgeoning policy, practice and research interest. Despite this rapid rise in popularity, the scholarly literature in these two related areas of innovation study remains quite separate, stymieing the growth of shared research insights. The purpose of this paper is to propose a pragmatic, process-based framework that lends itself to advancing systematic research in both fields while retaining their distinct identities.

Design/methodology/approach

This conceptual paper outlines an analogy-inspired framework that builds on the logical thinking put forward by Philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine in 1962. It focusses on key processes that cross-cut both fields.

Findings

Reflexivity, collaboration and design are identified as three broad core processes that span both the RI and SI fields and form the basis of an integrative framework that highlights the scope for cross-field research pollination.

Originality/value

The literature that draws these two fields together is virtually non-existent. The paper uses analogy to facilitate awareness of the parallels between these two areas of innovation study. The integrative framework put forward in the paper is of value for advancing cumulative research in innovation fields of critical importance to the society.
Evaluating the labour productivity of social enterprises in comparison to SMEs in Australia
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Barraket Jo , Castellas Erin I-Ping , Hiruy Kiros , Suchowerska Roksolana , Ward-Christie Libby
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The social economy – including not-for-profits, cooperatives, mutual organisations and social enterprises – is playing a stronger role than ever in the delivery of public policy. Yet, these organisations are often anecdotally viewed as relatively inefficient providers. The purpose of this paper is to compare the profitability and labour productivity of social enterprises in the State of Victoria in Australia with that of small- and medium-sized business enterprises (SMEs) in the same state. This paper found that, although social enterprises generally generated smaller profits and, therefore, could be less profitable, their relative level of labour productivity (value added and income to labour employed) was comparable or higher than that of SMEs. This paper responds to the need for comparative insights about social enterprise performance and considers the implications of these findings for new public governance.

Design/methodology/approach

The social economy – including not-for-profits, cooperatives, mutual organisations and social enterprises – is playing a stronger role than ever in the delivery of public policy. Yet these organisations are often anecdotally viewed as relatively inefficient providers.

Findings

This paper found that, although social enterprises generally generated smaller profits and, therefore, could be less profitable, their relative level of labour productivity (value added and income to labour employed) was comparable or higher than that of SMEs. This paper responds to the need for comparative insights about social enterprise performance and considers the implications of these findings for new public governance.

Originality/value

This is the first work that has been done of this sort that has looked specifically at Australia circumstances.
Pre‐discharge home visits: A qualitative exploration of the experience of occupational therapists and multidisciplinary stakeholders
Authors: Godfrey Maureen , Cornwell Petrea , Eames Sally , Hodson Tenelle , Thomas Tara , Gillen Ailsa
Published: February 2019

Introduction

The evidence base surrounding occupational therapy pre‐discharge home visits discusses current practices, potential beneficial outcomes and limitations. However, research is limited, regarding how clinical teams determine which patients receive this service. This study aims to explore perceptions of occupational therapists and multidisciplinary stakeholders concerning pre‐discharge home visits through their experiences and current practice in the Australian context.

Method

A qualitative descriptive approach, using thematic analysis, was employed. Four focus groups were included, comprising 27 health professionals: novice occupational therapists (n = 6), experienced occupational therapists (n = 8), occupational therapy managers (n = 5), and multidisciplinary team members (n = 8).

Results

Three key themes relating to pre‐discharge home visits in clinical practice emerged. The first theme of ‘Recognition of Clinical Factors’ reflected that aspects of the person's occupational performance, environmental and care needs, were prime indicators considered for a pre‐discharge home visit. Secondly, ‘Contextual and Pragmatic Influences’, described clinical setting realities as being significant considerations and strongly mediating practice. A third theme of ‘Perceptions of Value’ showed awareness of the utility of pre‐discharge home visits, while also recognising need to enhance ongoing practice.

Conclusion

This qualitative study provides information on factors influencing decision‐making regarding pre‐discharge home visits from the hospital setting. Clinical factors were presented as key considerations, but clinicians’ experiences and perceptions of contextual influences suggest an explanatory factor for practice variation. While multidisciplinary stakeholders’ broadly demonstrated similar rationales for pre‐discharge home visits as those of occupational therapists, therapists’ decision‐making processes for pre‐discharge home visits were shaped by their experience level. Clinicians’ experience finds pre‐discharge home visits to have value and in the absence of clear evidence‐based criteria for whom this element of practice should be provided, participants supported the development of a decision‐making support tool to assist in decision‐making.
Capturing and Explaining Sensory Differences among Organically Grown Vegetable‐Soybean Varieties Grown in Northern California
Authors: Flores David , Giovanni Maria , Kirk Larry , Liles Garret
Published: February 2019

Vegetable soybean (VS), known as edamame, is appreciated for its robust flavor and exceptional nutrient content. Although the United States is one of the world's leading producers of soy, only a fraction is harvested as edamame. Research involving varietal differences is very limited, particularly among U.S. consumers.

Sensory attributes of three VS varieties grown in Northern California (with organic methods) were assessed: Giant Midori (GM), ButterBean (BB), and Kuroshinja (KU). Participants (n = 74) rated four characteristics: flavor, texture, appearance, and overall liking on unlabeled, 11‐point hedonic scales and were asked if they would purchase the variety. A small portion of these participants would again evaluate the varieties, using free choice profiling (FCP) methodology. After these evaluations, texture analyzer, colorimeter, and high‐performance liquid chromatography (free amino acids, sugars, and isoflavones) testing were performed.

Among tested varieties, distinct differences in quality were found, with GM preferred first, followed by KU, and BB. GM was significantly harder, a more intense green, had more free sugars and isoflavones and fewer free amino acids, whereas KU and BB trended to be the opposite. Analyzing FCP data with a General Procrustes Analysis, varieties were separated in different factors for flavor and texture, but not appearance.

Although repeated, and larger trials are needed, our study signifies that consumers are able to detect differences among VS varieties. Further research may influence producers to grow the variety likely to be most profitable and marketable.
New Estimates of the Mean Ethanol Content of Beer, Wine, and Spirits Sold in the United States Show a Greater Increase in Per Capita Alcohol Consumption than Previous Estimates
Authors: Martinez Priscilla , Kerr William C. , Subbaraman Meenakshi S. , Roberts Sarah C. M.
Published: February 2019

Background

Recent increases in alcohol‐related morbidity and mortality have not occurred alongside notable increases in per capita alcohol consumption (PCC). This discrepancy may be partially due to U.S. PCC estimates not including annual estimates of the percentage of alcohol by volume (%ABV) of beer, wine, and spirits, but rather relying on time‐invariant %ABV values.

Methods

Building on a prior study covering 1950 to 2002, estimates of the annual mean %ABV of beer, wine, and spirits sold in the United States were calculated using the %ABV of major brands and sales of each beverage type for each state and nationally for the period 2003 to 2016. We applied these estimates to the calculation of annual beverage‐specific and total PCC, and made descriptive comparisons between our PCC estimates and those estimates using invariant %ABV values.

Results

For all beverage types, our mean %ABV estimates increased nationally and for all but 5 states. The PCC estimates from wine and spirits utilizing variable %ABV values were lower than estimates using invariant %ABV, and consumption from beer was higher. Our total PCC estimates were also lower than %ABV‐invariant estimates; however, the percent change for %ABV‐invariant estimates was 5.8% compared to a 7.9% change in our %ABV‐variant estimates over the 2003 to 2016 period.

Conclusions

Given the application of PCC estimates to understand changes in alcohol‐related morbidity and mortality, the inclusion of annual estimates of the %ABV of alcoholic beverages sold in the United States is necessary to ensure the precision of PCC measures such that the conclusions drawn from these applications are accurate and valid.
Shifts in population size structure for a drying‐tolerant fish in response to extreme drought
Authors: Meijer Christopher G. , Warburton Helen J. , Harding Jon S. , McIntosh Angus R.
Published: February 2019

For freshwater systems, climate change‐induced alterations to drought regimes are a considerable threat to already threatened species. This is particularly poignant for kōwaro (or Canterbury mudfish, Neochanna burrowsius), a critically endangered fish largely restricted to drying‐prone waterways on the Canterbury Plains, New Zealand. By comparing three catchment‐wide surveys (2007, 2010, 2015) within the Waianiwaniwa Valley, we assessed the scale and magnitude of population change induced by 2 years of consecutive drought (2014–15), when compared to surveys during wetter conditions (2007, 2010). The droughts triggered a catchment‐wide switch from adult‐dominated populations to populations comprised of juveniles indicated by a significant reduction in median size (~95 mm during the wet to ~60 mm after drought). In comparison, population abundances were highly variable, indicated by no significant change in catch‐per‐unit‐effort. The large variation in catch rates and connection of median size to reproductive potential mean median size will be useful to measure in monitoring to infer potential changes to population resilience, particularly during extreme events. Furthermore, because N. burrowsius could be regarded as extremophile fish, already restricted to harsh habitats, they are likely to become increasingly threatened by climate change. Thus, tools that allow for insightful comparisons between populations, such as a population resilience framework based on both abundance and body size distribution, will be increasingly important for pragmatic decision‐making for targeted conservation measures.
Population structure and natural history of the South American fruit‐feeding butterflyTaygetis ypthima(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Schaeffer Pedrotti Vanessa , Oliveira Mega Nicolás , Piccoli Romanowski Helena
Published: February 2019

Fruit‐feeding butterflies occur in tropical and subtropical forests; however, knowledge of the variations in abundance and structure at the population level under seasonal cycles in temperature is still lacking. Understanding how populations are organised is essential to unveiling the ecological factors that can influence their dynamics. We studied the population biology and natural history of the satyrineTaygetis ypthimaHübner, [1821], which occurs in the Atlantic Rainforest, using capture‐mark‐recapture and behavioural methods. From August 2014 to August 2015, 262 captures (131 males and 131 females) were recorded on 22 sampling occasions, with a sampling effort of 7620 trap‐days and 309 net‐hours. Adults were found year round. The numbers were lowest in summer and peaked in winter, which is unusual for subtropical regions. Females were larger, moved more and exhibited longer residence times compared with males; these patterns were possibly related to behavioural differences between sexes. Territory disputes between males were observed frequently in July–August. The longest‐lived butterfly was 247 days old when the study was terminated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the longest documented longevity for a butterfly in the Neotropics. The age structure of the population varied throughout the year. In winter, when the study started, the whole population was middle‐aged, and by late spring, all butterflies were old. Young individuals appeared beginning in early summer, and then, by early autumn, all were middle‐aged again, suggesting that the population has periods of higher recruitment of butterflies from pupae that came from the same generation. The data obtained here are a basis for future investigations to determine the environmental factors affecting the population dynamics ofT. ypthimaand to understand the role landscape heterogeneity plays in the maintenance of viable populations.
Significance of methylation status of MASPIN gene and its protein expression in prognosis of gallbladder cancer
Authors: Baghel Kavita , Kazmi Hasan Raza , Chandra Abhijit , Raj Saloni , Srivastava Rajeshwar Nath
Published: February 2019

Aim

We investigated prognostic significance of methylation status of MASPIN gene and its protein expression in normal subjects, cholelithiasis and gallbladder cancer (GBC) patients.

Methods

MASPIN protein expression and its promoter methylation in gallbladder tissue of cholelithiasis (n = 36), GBC (n = 46) and controls (n = 25) were investigated. Clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of patients with GBC were correlated with protein expression of MASPIN. Survival analysis of GBC patients was performed using Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

Significant increased (P < 0.0001) protein expression of MASPIN was observed in GBC as compared to cholelithiasis, whereas negligible expression was found in normal tissues. Methylation‐specific PCR revealed statistical significant (P = 0.005) difference in methylation status of MASPIN promoter between gallstone and GBC patients. Significant association was observed between methylation profile with protein expression of MASPIN (P = 0.004), stage (P = 0.011) and cellular differentiation (P = 0.012) for GBC. Also, significant (P = 0.004) difference in survival was observed for malignant patients having demethylated MASPIN promoter. Further significant negative correlation (Pearson's coefficient [r] = −0.617; P < 0.0001) was observed between MASPIN expression and survival of cancer patients after surgery. Overall survival was significantly shorter (P ≤ 0.0001; hazard ratio [HR] for death = 2.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09865–0.3683) in patients of GBC with MASPIN expression ≥169.56 pg/mg (median survival; 10 months) with compared to those with expression <169.56 pg/mg (median survival; 16 months).

Conclusion

Overexpression of MASPIN protein may play an important role in malignant progression and is correlated with a poor prognosis. Also MASPIN DNA methylation can be used as a novel therapeutic target for treating GBC.
Exposure to indoor endocrine‐disrupting chemicals and childhood asthma and obesity
Authors: Paciência Inês , Cavaleiro Rufo João , Silva Diana , Martins Carla , Mendes Francisca , Farraia Mariana , Delgado Luís , de Oliveira Fernandes Eduardo , Padrão Patrícia , Moreira Pedro , Severo Milton , Barros Henrique , Moreira André
Published: February 2019

Background

Indoor air contaminants may act as endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, to what extent these contaminants affect health is poorly known. We aimed to assess the association between EDCs exposure and asthma, respiratory symptoms and obesity in schoolchildren.

Methods

Data from a cross‐sectional analysis of 815 participants from 20 schools in Porto, Portugal, were analysed. Symptoms were assessed, asthma was defined on lung function, and airway reversibility and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. The concentrations of 13 volatile organic compounds and 2 aldehydes identified as EDCs were measured in 71 classrooms throughout 1 week. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess the effect of co‐exposure. Associations were estimated by regression coefficients using linear and logistic regression models.

Results

Increased individual and combined EDCs levels were found in classrooms having more children with asthma and obesity. Higher levels of hexane, styrene, cyclohexanone, butylated hydroxytoluene and 2‐butoxyethanol were associated with obesity, and higher levels of cyclohexanone were associated with increased child BMI. Toluene, o‐xylene, m/p‐xylene and ethylbenzene were significantly associated with nasal obstruction. A positive association was found between PC1 and the risk of obese asthma (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.01, 1.98) and between PC2 and overweight (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.28, 1.79). PC1 and PC2 were also associated with nasal obstruction, and PC2 was associated with breathing difficulties and lean body mass, although EDCs concentrations were low.

Conclusions

Our findings further support the role of EDCs in asthma and obesity development. Moreover, even low levels of indoor exposure may influence the risk of asthma, respiratory symptoms and obesity.
A brief history of oocyte cryopreservation: Arguments and facts
Authors: Iussig Benedetta , Maggiulli Roberta , Fabozzi Gemma , Bertelle Sara , Vaiarelli Alberto , Cimadomo Danilo , Ubaldi Filippo M. , Rienzi Laura
Published: February 2019

The term “cryopreservation” refers to the process of cooling cells and tissues and storing them at subzero temperatures in order to stop all biological activity and preserve their viability and physiological competences for future use. Cooling to subzero temperatures is not a physiological condition for human cells; this is probably due to the high content of water in the living matter, whose conversion to ice crystals may be associated with severe and irreversible damage. Among reproductive cells and tissues, metaphase II oocytes are notably vulnerable to cryopreservation, mainly because of their large size, low surface area to volume ratio, relatively high water content and presence of the meiotic spindle. As human biological systems lack efficient internal defense mechanisms against chilling injuries, it is of the utmost importance to supply adequate external support, in terms of cryoprotectant additives, appropriate cooling/warming rates, and suitable long‐term storage. Over the years, scientists have proposed different cryopreservation strategies in the effort to achieve an optimized recipe ensuring cell survival and, at the same time, maintenance of the physiological functions and abilities necessary to continue life. However, despite the first success obtained in the 1980s with frozen oocytes, it was not until recently that notable improvements in the cryopreservation technique, thanks to the advent of vitrification, allowed a breakthrough of this fine procedure.
The controversial role of the ductus venosus in hypoxic human fetuses
Authors: Ferrazzi Enrico , Lees Christoph , Acharya Ganesh
Published: February 2019

The ductus venosus plays a critical role in circulatory adaptation to hypoxia in fetal growth restriction but the mechanisms still remain controversial. Increased shunting of blood through the ductus venosus under hypoxic conditions has been shown in animal and human studies. The hemodynamic laws governing the accelerated flow in this vessel suggest that any dilation at its isthmus, which increases the blood flow shunting to the heart, is associated with a low, absent or reversed a‐wave and a high pulsatility index. Cardiac dysfunction associated with increased atrial pressure as well as reduced ventricular compliance might be predominant mechanisms determining the profile of ductus venosus velocity waveforms in severe fetal growth restriction with signs of hypoxic compromise. Understanding the pathophysiology of the ductus venosus will underpin translation of the hypotheses developed through biostatistics toward explaining with more confidence Doppler changes in the fetal circulation in predicting clinical outcomes.
Cabozantinib‐related cardiotoxicity: a prospective analysis in a real‐world cohort of metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Iacovelli Roberto , Ciccarese Chiara , Fornarini Giuseppe , Massari Francesco , Bimbatti Davide , Mosillo Claudia , Rebuzzi Sara Elena , Di Nunno Vincenzo , Grassi Massimiliano , Fantinel Emanuela , Ardizzoni Andrea , Tortora Giampaolo
Published: February 2019

Aims

Data regarding the cardiac toxicity of cabozantinib lacks. The aim of our study was to assess the risk of cabozantinib‐related cardiotoxicity in mRCC patients.

Methods

We performed a multicentre prospective study on mRCC patients treated with cabozantinib between October 2016 and November 2017. Transthoracic echocardiogram and plasma biomarkers assay were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months after cabozantinib initiation.

Results

The study population included 22 mRCC patients. At baseline, 9.1% had a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), but none had a left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Patients with baseline reduced LVEF did not show further significant LVEF modification after 3 months. After 6 months, only 1 had an LVEF decline >10% compared to baseline, resulting in LV systolic dysfunction. At baseline, 64.7% and 27.3% of patients had elevated precursor brain natriuretic peptide (proBNP) and high‐sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI), respectively. Among patients with basal normal proBNP and hsTnI, none had elevated values at 3 and 6 months. No correlation was found between basal elevated proBNP and basal reduced LVEF (P = .29), and between elevated proBNP and reduced LVEF after 6 months (P = .37). Similarly, we found no correlations between elevated hsTnI and reduced LVEF or elevated proBNP at baseline (P = .47; P = .38), at 3 (P = .059; P = .45) and after 6 months (P = .72; P = 1.0).

Conclusions

This prospective study revealed a modest risk of developing left ventricular systolic dysfunction related to cabozantinib. A lack of correlation between elevated cardiac biomarkers and reduced LVEF at different time‐points was detected. Assessments of the cardiac function should be reserved at the occurrence of clinical symptoms.