bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sources and types of change: a study with three English teachers
Authors: Pessoa Rosane Rocha , Sebba Maria Aparecida Yasbec
Published: March 2013

Based on the assumption that change is more likely to happen if it is not imposed upon teachers, but rather developed by them, we invited three English teachers to take part in a study in which they would have the opportunity to reflect collaboratively upon their teaching. Based on these reflections, some themes were defined for theoretical readings, which also became objects of reflection. The analysis of the eight reflective sessions and the final interview allowed us to detect eight sources of declared changes. The results showed that experiences which belong to the realm of practice are more relevant than theory to foster teacher change and that changes seem to have happened both cognitively and behaviorally. In addition, the more experienced teachers performed changes that were more "reflective" than "technical", confirming that less experienced teachers are more worried about the technicalities of teaching while more experienced or reflective teachers are more concerned with the consequences of what they do to students.
Língua e efeitos de estranhamento: modos de (vi)ver o outro
Authors: Coracini Maria José R. F.
Published: March 2013

Este texto se baseia na hipótese de que estamos sempre entre línguas-culturas, mesmo quando falamos uma única língua. Tem por objetivo estudar relações interculturais e efeitos de estranhamento em relatos de brasileiros, que participaram desta pesquisa, sobre suas experiências em Portugal. Para este artigo, quatro relatos foram gravados e transcritos. A perspectiva teórica adotada se encontra no espaço - conflituoso e tenso - entre teorias do discurso, psicanálise lacaniana e desconstrução derrideana. Da análise é possível depreender que a suposta língua materna é também uma língua estrangeira, estranha em sua familiaridade, provocando sofrimento e gozo ao mesmo tempo. Refletir sobre isso é muito importante para compreender a si próprio e ao outro, língua e cultura, que constroem nossa subjetividade e, portanto, nossa identidade.
O processo de identificação de uma professora pré-serviço de inglês com a profissão durante o estágio curricular supervisionado
Authors: Ticks Luciane Kirchhof
Published: March 2013

Este artigo discute o processo de identificação de uma professora pré-serviço de inglês com a profissão, durante a realização do estágio curricular obrigatório em uma escola pública, no decorrer de 2007. Os dados foram coletados por meio de sessões de visionamento e escritura de diários reflexivos e os procedimentos de análise são basicamente de Análise Crítica do Discurso (FAIRCLOUGH, 2003). Os resultados indicam que o processo de identificação da professora pré-serviço com a profissão e com o contexto escolar, durante o estágio curricular, constitui-se pelos / nos papéis sociais que ela assume - ou tem permissão de assumir - no decorrer de sua docência.
Língua(gem) e identidade: a estranha-familiar língua da escola
Authors: Stübe Netto Angela Derlise
Published: March 2013

Neste estudo, analisamos narrativas de professores de língua portuguesa (LP) que não possuem exclusivamente essa língua em sua inscrição no campo da linguagem para, com isso, pensar sua relação com a(s) língua(s) da/na escola. Para a constituição de nosso corpus, entrevistamos catorze professores da educação básica da rede pública na região de Concórdia, SC, cuja história sociocultural é marcada pela imigração européia. Nas análises, observamos que a escola assume uma prática de silenciar uma história marcadamente plural, sem torná-la dizível, deixando assim de trabalhar a relação com a alteridade linguística e com as memórias outras que constituem os sujeitos de nossa pesquisa. Essa questão abrange aspectos não só de ordem educacional mas também histórica, social, política e, consequentemente, identitária.
Identidade e discurso em "Avenida Brasil"; "Falar, Ler e Escrever Português" e "Ponto de Encontro"
Authors: Gualda Ricardo
Published: March 2013

Este trabalho analisa três livros-texto de português como segunda língua, empregando métodos da Análise Crítica do Discurso focados no conceito de identidade: Avenida Brasil 1 (1991), Falar, Ler, Escrever Português (1999) e Ponto de Encontro (2007). Discutimos (1) o conceito de linguagem, conhecimento e de aprendizagem de um idioma estrangeiro presentes no texto; (2) as relações de poder entre o emissor-emissário e no próprio texto; e (3) como o texto apresenta os conceitos de identidade, cultura e sociedade, o Brasil e o estrangeiro. Os resultados mostram que os três livros empregam estratégias discursivas diferentes para seduzir o leitor e tratam de temas relacionados à ideologia, linguagem, o processo de aprendizagem linguístico e cultura. Eles mostram, assim, perspectivas muito diferentes das possibilidades discursivas em português como segunda língua.
A variedade de português falada pelos "holandeses" de Carambeí: identidade e r-forte
Authors: Fraga Letícia
Published: March 2013

Este estudo pretende: a) discutir a identidade dos "holandeses" de Carambeí; b) analisar a variedade de português falada pelos "holandeses" de Carambeí no que diz respeito ao uso do r-forte; e c) estabelecer que tipo de relação se dá entre identidade e uso de determinada variante de r-forte no português. No que diz respeito à identidade manifesta pelos "holandeses", percebe-se que se estabelecem dois grupos distintos: o dos "brasileiros" (parte do Grupo 2F e Grupos 3M e 3F) e dos "holandeses" (Grupos 1M, 1F, 2M, e parte do Grupo 2F). No que diz respeito ao uso de r-forte, os grupos 1M e 1F usam vibrante múltipla e tepe; o Grupo 2M também usa a vibrante e o tepe; já o Grupo 2F foi dividido: o Grupo 2Fa usa somente vibrante e tepe e o Grupo 2Fb usa fricativa e vibrante. Os Grupos 3M e 3F usam somente fricativa.
Carrot or stick?: an investigation into motivation orientations in learning English among Hong Kong Chinese students
Authors: Wong Ruth
Published: March 2013

This paper publishes the results of a study of Hong Kong Chinese upper secondary students (Form 4 and Form 6) regarding their motivation orientations for learning English. The study analysed male and females student groups using Gardner and Lambert's (1972) 'extrinsic and intrinsic motivation' theoretical framework in order to elicit the most revealing results from the data. Findings will have meaningful implications for pedagogy, helping educators identify strategies more appropriate to distinct Chinese-speaking second-language student groups.
Instrução-focada-na-forma, lingualização e aprendizagem de ILE por aprendizes brasileiros
Authors: Vidal Rejane Teixeira
Published: March 2013

Este estudo examina o conceito de lingualização (Swain, 2006) em contexto de instrução-focada-na-forma e o seu papel como uma importante ferramenta a ser utilizada por aprendizes de brasileiros de língua estrangeira, sejam avançados ou de nível elementar, se o objetivo é a precisão linguística. Com o apoio da teoria sociocultural da mente de Vygotsky (1978) e com base nos estudo desenvolvidos por Swain no contexto canadense, assim como nos de Vidal (2003) em contexto brasileiro, ambos com alunos avançados, a investigação mostra como aprendizes brasileiros de língua inglesa de diferentes níveis de proficiência e de diferentes realidades instrucionais se beneficiam com a lingualização _ o processo de se construir significado e moldar conhecimento e experiência por meio da própria língua-alvo. Análise qualitativa de diálogo colaborativo e de feedback corretivo fornecem evidências para a reivindicação. Sugere-se que a instrução-focada-na-forma via reflexão consciente sobre uso de língua parece um recurso pedagógico muito atraente para ajudar aprendizes de ILE a aprender a língua-alvo, assim como a desenvolver sua interlíngua.
Problematizando o estágio supervisionado de inglês
Authors: Lima Nilvânia Damas Silva , Pessoa Rosane Rocha
Published: March 2013

Este estudo objetivou problematizar o estágio supervisionado por meio da identificação de teorias pessoais de quatro professores em formação universitária sobre o ensino de inglês na escola pública. Além disso, procurou-se identificar mudanças em suas teorias pessoais após o estágio supervisionado e o que as deflagraram. Para tanto, utilizaram-se duas entrevistas semiestruturadas e um questionário. Os quatro participantes cursavam o quinto e último ano de Letras na Universidade Federal em Goiás e realizaram o estágio supervisionado na escola pública federal CEPAE/UFG. Os resultados apontaram que os participantes acreditam na eficácia do ensino inglês na escola pública e que o estágio supervisionado realizado em um contexto considerado quase ideal influiu no modo como eles perceberam o ensino de inglês na escola pública.
Reconocimiento de diásporas de Malveae (Malvaceae) en muestras de suelos de zonas serranas (Sierras Chicas, Córdoba, Argentina) afectadas por incendios
Authors: Carreras Marta Ester , Fuentes Elsa , Martinat Jimena Elisa , Carbone Lucas Manuel
Published: March 2013

En el marco de un estudio de regeneración post-incendio de la vegetación autóctona en campos de sierra ubicados en proximidades de Falda del Carmen (Sierras Chicas, Córdoba, Argentina), se ha analizado el banco de semillas aéreo para facilitar la identificación de las especies presentes en las muestras de suelo. Entre las familias con mayor diversidad y abundancia en la zona evaluada, las Malvaceae se encuentran representadas por 14 especies pertenecientes a los géneros: Abutilon Mill., Gaya Kunth., Krapovickasia Fryxell, Malvastrum A. Gray, Pavonia Cav., Pseudabutilon R. E. Fr., Sida L. y Sphaeralcea A. St.-Hil.. Se presentan dos claves dicotómicas para diferenciar las especies utilizando caracteres morfológicos de las diásporas, mericarpos y semillas respectivamente, acompañadas por las descripciones y las ilustraciones de las estructuras consideradas. Se tienen en cuenta aspectos morfológicos de los mericarpos (forma, tamaño, superficie de las caras dorsal y laterales, dehiscencia, aristas, pubescencia, divisiones internas, número de semillas por mericarpo) y de las semillas (forma, tamaño, superficie, pubescencia, hilo).
Tillandsia paraibensis, a new species of Bromeliaceae from Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Pontes Ricardo Ambrósio Soares de
Published: March 2013

Tillandsia paraibensis is described and illustrated as a new species known only from the state of Paraíba, Brazil. The affinities of this new species to other species and information on its biology are discussed.
Florística de comunidades arbóreas no Município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Venzke Tiago Schuch
Published: March 2013

Foram realizados levantamentos florísticos para conhecer as espécies arbóreas, arborescentes e arbustivas no Município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. As coletas foram feitas por meio de caminhamentos em 21 fragmentos em diferentes estados de conservação. A vegetação estudada pertence a duas fitofisionomias: matriz de paisagem florestal distribuída sobre a Encosta do Escudo Sul-Riograndense e matriz campestre na Planície Costeira. A riqueza encontrada foi de 148 espécies distribuídas em 101 gêneros e 48 famílias. Myrtaceae, com 24 espécies, foi a família de maior riqueza, mostrando gêneros representativos em espécies: Eugenia (7), Myrcia (4), Myrcianthes e Myrceugenia (3). Outros gêneros apresentaram quatro espécies cada, que foram Schinus (Anacardiaceae), Baccharis (Asteraceae) e Myrsine (Myrsinaceae). Ocorreu baixa contribuição de árvores da família Fabaceae com apenas duas espécies, sendo gênero Inga ausente em matas ciliares. Constatou-se a ocorrência de espécies de distribuição geográfica tipicamente tropical como: Geonoma schottiana Mart (Arecaceae), Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll.Arg (Euphorbiaceae) e Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin (Araliaceae) e táxons de caráter temperado como Azara uruguayensis (Speg.) Sleumer (Salicaceae) e Quillaja brasiliensis Mart. (Quillajaceae). Isso demonstra uma área biogeográfica de ecótono entre a Mata Atlântica stricto sensu e o Bioma Pampa. Desde modo a biodiversidade é considerada elevada em virtude das latitudes e das baixas temperaturas no período de inverno, sendo necessários estudos para desenvolver meios adequados para sua conservação, restauração e manejo florestal.
Diversidade de fungos zoospóricos da Reserva Biológica de Mogi Guaçu, estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Nascimento Cristiane de Almeida , Pires-Zottarelli Carmen Lidia Amorim
Published: March 2013

Realizou-se o levantamento da diversidade de fungos zoospóricos em duas áreas de Cerrado, com estados de preservação distintos, na Reserva Biológica de Mogi Guaçu, estado de São Paulo. Quatro coletas trimestrais de água e solo foram realizadas em seis pontos por área, durante as estações chuvosa (janeiro e outubro de 2008) e seca (abril e julho de 2008). Utilizando a técnica de iscagem múltipla com substratos celulósicos, quitinosos e queratinosos, específica para o isolamento de fungos aeróbicos sapróbios e parasitas, foram obtidos 434 espécimes representados por 38 espécies dos filos Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota e Oomycota, dentre as quais, 31 são primeiras citações para a Reserva. Os resultados encontrados ampliam o conhecimento da ocorrência destes organismos em áreas de Cerrado no estado de São Paulo e no Brasil, complementando estudos realizados anteriormente na Reserva.
Manettia (Rubiaceae) no estado do Paraná, Brasil
Authors: Marinero Felipe Eduardo Cordeiro , Rodrigues William A. , Cervi Armando Carlos
Published: March 2013

O presente trabalho é um estudo taxonômico do gênero Manettia Mutis ex L. (Rubiaceae) no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Chave de identificação, mapas de distribuição geográfica, estado de conservação conforme os critérios da IUCN e ilustrações foram apresentados. Dez espécies foram verificadas para o gênero no estado: M. chrysoderma Sprague, M. congestoides Wernham, M. cordifolia Mart., M. glaziovii Wernham, M. gracilis Cham. & Schltdl., M. paraguariensis Chodat., M. paranensis Standl., M. pubescens Cham. & Schltdl., M. tweedieana K. Schum., M. verticillata Wernham, e dentre essas, M. congestoides é citada pela primeira vez para o estado do Paraná.
Gesneriaceae na Serra Negra, Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Blaser Juliana Gonçalves , Salimena Fátima Regina G. , Chautems Alain
Published: March 2013

A Serra Negra está inserida no complexo da Serra da Mantiqueira, na região sul da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. A vegetação da região é formada por um mosaico de campos rupestres e remanescentes de Floresta Ombrófila Alto-montana, Floresta Ombrófila Baixo-montana e Floresta Ombrófila Aluvial, entre altitudes de 900 a 1698m. A família Gesneriaceae está representada na área por 4 gêneros e 9 espécies: Anetanthus gracilis, Nematanthus crassifolius, N. lanceolatus, N. strigillosus, Sinningia cooperi, S. sceptrum, S. tuberosa, Vanhouttea brueggeri e V. hilariana. São apresentadas chave de identificação, descrições, ilustrações, distribuição geográfica e comentários taxonômicos das espécies.
Primeiro registro de Cololejeunea panamensis (Lejeuneaceae) para a América do Sul
Authors: Brito Eliete da Silva , Ilkiu-Borges Anna Luiza
Published: March 2013

Cololejeunea panamensis G. Dauphin & Pócs, descrita em 2006 foi referida como endêmica para a ilha de Barro Colorado no Panamá, América Central. Durante um estudo sobre a brioflora da ilha do Marajó, uma espécie de Cololejeunea mostrou-se diferente das espécies já registradas no Brasil, provando ser uma nova ocorrência para a América do Sul. O objetivo desse trabalho é divulgar a ocorrência dessa espécie em território brasileiro e ampliar o conhecimento sobre sua distribuição geográfica, morfologia e ecologia. O material estudado foi coletado na ilha do Marajó, município de Soure, estado do Pará, Brasil, no período de 10 a 16 de Janeiro de 2007. As amostras coletadas estão depositadas no Herbário do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MG). Foram coletadas um total de nove amostras contendo Cololejeunea panamensis, sendo esse o segundo registro já feito da espécie além do material tipo e o primeiro registro para a América do Sul. A espécie é descrita taxonomicamente, ilustrada e são feitos comentários sobre a distribuição geográfica, variação morfológica e habitat.
A volta da realidade das margens
Authors: Patrocínio Paulo Roberto Tonani do
Published: March 2013

O presente artigo busca discutir a permanência de formas de representação da periferia urbana que se baseiam no Realismo. É com esta orientação que proponho tecer comentários acerca de parte da produção literária contemporânea, sobretudo da prosa que narra as situações de marginalização nas grandes metrópoles do Brasil. O caminho a ser explorado alcança como ponto de ancoragem uma leitura dos textos contemporâneos que possibilite colocar em destaque os aspectos que evidenciam o retorno de um projeto literário que possui como principal eixo a busca por um exame da realidade brasileira no âmbito da ficção.
Realismo afetivo: evocar realismo além da representação
Authors: Schøllhammer Karl Erik
Published: March 2013

O ensaio discute formas de expressão literária que procuram estabelecer vias de "realismo" sem propriamente dar continuidade às formas diversas de Realismo histórico e representativo que se desenvolvem nos séculos XIX e XX. Tratam-se de experiências literárias no limite da representação e que lançam mão de estratégias de performance e agenciamento à procura de efeitos e afetos no seu processo integral de realização. Aqui o Realismo representativo é questionado pelo compromisso com a realidade social do objeto, por um lado, e, por outro, pela necessidade de encontrar estratégias criativas que se relacionem com a realidade ao valorizar a atividade literária e artística. Assim, ambiciona-se desenvolver a discussão estética das estratégias de expressão de uma realidade que desafia a representação e problematiza a criatividade literária e sua possibilidade de criar impactos afetivos e assim acentuar sua potência transformativa na realidade brasileira contemporânea.
Chaves para ler as Memórias inventadas, de Manoel de Barros
Authors: Souza Raquel R.
Published: March 2013

Elegendo o livro Memórias inventadas: a infância, do poeta goiano Manoel de Barros, o artigo pretende se deter na memória e observar os mecanismos por meio dos quais ela atua. A partir do pressuposto básico de que a memória é imaginação, busca-se o apoio teórico da fenomenologia de Gaston Bachelard, relevantemente em um de seus últimos textos no qual se dedica ao exame do devaneio e do devaneio sobre a infância. Ao mesmo tempo, ressaltar-se-á a face referencial da metapoesia como foco irradiador dessas memórias.
Ruínas de mundos perdidos: a estética residual de Brennand
Authors: Andrade Ana Luiza
Published: March 2013

O estudo busca compreender a ruína moderna de uma leitura benjaminiana. Além de analisar as cabeças de Brennand como vestígios de mundos perdidos nas catástrofes, relaciona as esculturas de Francisco Brennand às ruínas presentes em textos de diversos escritores e poetas como Osman Lins, Antonio José Ponte, João Cabral de Melo Neto e Jorge Luis Borges.
Cidade de Deus: entre o testemunho e a ficção
Authors: Barros Sandro R.
Published: March 2013

O presente artigo discute a problemática em torno da separação epistemológica entre o romance Cidade de Deus e seu autor, Paulo Lins, bem como as conotações referentes a possíveis leituras da obra no tangente ao seu "valor-verdade". O estudo busca ainda analisar a recepção do texto de Lins no que convencionalmente veio chamar-se, dentro do contexto latino-americano, de testimonio. A análise da obra de Lins sob a rubrica testemunhal nos permitirá meditar sobre problemáticas questões relacionadas a qualquer texto fictício cujo conteúdo se faz demasiadamente próximo a eventos reconhecidamente fatuais, o que leva a obra literária e seus possíveis rótulos a uma crise ontológica cuja repercussão problematiza a literatura como um veículo de denúncia social e o autor como o mediador de tal processo.
À terceira margem, a terceira imagem: os afetos triangulares nas narrativas de Carola Saavedra
Authors: Aragão Maria Fernanda Garbero de
Published: March 2013

O presente artigo é uma proposta de leitura das relações afetivas, a partir da análise dos três romances publicados pela escritora Carola Saavedra, Toda terça (2007), Flores azuis (2008) e Paisagem com dromedário (2010), ora compreendidos como um projeto de trilogia dos afetos. Protagonista dessas narrativas, o objeto amoroso recria-se na porosidade viável à sua emergência numa perspectiva de "terceira margem", à qual o lugar imaginado empresta suas imagens às projeções experienciadas pelas personagens. Com efeito, uma nova dimensão espaço-afetiva é inscrita na planta-baixa sobre a qual são edificados os relatos sobre o afeto, que, assim como o lugar, também desvela uma instabilidade constitutiva, o seu "não-lugar".
Gênero e ambivalência sexual na ficção de Caio Fernando Abreu: um olhar oblíquo sobre Onde andará Dulce Veiga?
Authors: Alós Anselmo Peres
Published: March 2013

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar como Caio Fernando Abreu simultaneamente constrói, representa e esfacela a ideia de identidades sexuais monolíticas em seu romance Onde andará Dulce Veiga? (1990). Usando ferramentas analíticas advindas da narratologia e dos estudos de gênero, esta leitura do romance de Abreu tenta compreender o papel dos entrecruzamentos culturais no que diz respeito aos modos de narração disruptivos no que tange às noções preconcebidas de identidade nacional/sexual brasileira.
Thinking Outside the Asclepias Box: Oleander Aphids and Honeyvine Milkweed
Authors: Colvin Sarah M , Snyder John C , Thacker Richard , Yeargan Kenneth V
Published: March 2013

The oleander aphid, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, feeds on milkweeds in the Apocynaceae family. In Kentucky, A.nerii colonizes several common Asclepias species and honeyvine milkweed, Cynanchum laeve (Michaux). Previous studies investigating whether and how host plant characteristics influence A.nerii fitness have produced conflicting results. Our observations suggested that A.nerii more readily colonized C.laeve than Asclepias species. We hypothesized that aphid fitness differed among host plant species having different characteristics, and specifically, that A.nerii performance would be greatest on host plants having low cardenolide concentrations and few physical defenses. Physical and chemical characteristics were measured on C.laeve and three Asclepias species. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to compare A.nerii performance among these four milkweed species in the absence of natural enemies. Changes in aphid densities over time were examined in the presence of natural enemies. Plant characteristics and aphid performance were found to differ among milkweed species. In the absence of natural enemies, A.nerii performance was best on C.laeve. When exposed to natural enemies, A.nerii densities remained higher on A.incarnata and C. laeve than on A.syriaca and A.tuberosa. Physical differences between C.laeve, a vining milkweed, and tested Asclepias species may increase suitability of honeyvine milkweed for A.nerii colonization. Our results suggest that C.laeve may rely more on tolerance and less on nonpreference or antibiosis resistance to herbivores.
Salivary Gland Histology of the Predator Supputius cincticeps (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Castro Ancidériton A De , Canevari Glauco Da Cruz , Pikart Tiago G , Ribeiro Rafael C , Serrão José E , Zanuncio Teresinha V , Zanuncio José C
Published: March 2013

Feeding behavior can explain how predaceous Pentatomidae use different food sources as a result of ecological and evolutionary changes. This study describes the salivary glands of adults of the predator Supputius cincticeps (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) to assist in understand the feeding habits of this natural enemy. A pair of principal and accessory glands in the prothorax form the salivary system of S. cincticeps. The principal glands are bilobed with a spherical anterior lobe and are smaller than the posterior lobe, which has a prolonged sack form. The accessory glands are present in a long and tubular form that arises from the terminal portion of the curved accessory duct. The salivary system of S. cincticeps presents the same morphological pattern of other Asopinae predators.
Seasonal Abundance and Synchrony between Laricobius osakensis (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) and its Prey, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in Japan
Authors: Vieira L C , Lamb A B , Shiyake S , Salom S M , Kok L T
Published: March 2013

Laricobius osakensis Montgomery & Shiyake, native to Japan, is being measured as a potential biological control agent of the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, in the eastern United States. Adelges tsugae, a destructive pest threatening the hemlock ecosystems in the eastern United States, was introduced from Japan. This is the first detailed study of the life history of L. osakensis, A. tsugae, and their interaction in Japan. The seasonal abundance of L. osakensis and A. tsugae was assessed in a field study conducted from December of 2007 to November of 2008 in Hyogo, Nara, and Osaka Prefectures (Japan). The sistentes generation of A. tsugae in Japan matured 2 mo later than that reported in British Columbia, Canada, but 1 and 2 mo earlier than in Virginia and in Connecticut, respectively. Timing of the sexuparae generation occurrence in Japan was similar to that observed in Connecticut and Virginia, but this generation has not been observed in British Columbia. Phenological differences among the various A. tsugae population in the eastern U.S. states and Japan can be explained by temperature differences at the locations. Aestival diapause of the predator L. osakensis coincided with diapausing first-instar A. tsugae sistentes. The start of L. osakensis adult activity, oviposition, and larval development was synchronized closely with sistentes development resumption, sistentes adults close to oviposition, and sistentes adults with eggs, respectively. These results indicate good synchrony between L. osakensis and suitable prey stages of A. tsugae in the native habitat of both species.
Sexual Differences in Life History Traits ofPhilornis seguyi(Diptera: Muscidae) Parasitizing House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon)
Authors: Quiroga M A , Reboreda J C
Published: March 2013

We studied life history traits of Philornis seguyi García, 1952 (Diptera: Muscidae) parasitizing house wrens, Troglodytes aedon (Vieillot) (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae), and analyzed sexual differences in the size of larvae, pupae, and adults, as well as in the length of larval and pupal stages and in adult survival. Males were larger than females at the larval, pupal, and adult stages, but there were no sexual differences in the length of larval and pupal stages, or in the time adults survived. Larvae developed in 5–6 d and started the larval-pupal molt within 24 h after abandoning the host. Pupal stage lasted for 9 d and its length was positively associated with size of the pupa. The size of the pupa was positively associated with that of the larva and the size of the adult with that of the pupa. In laboratory conditions, 86% of the larvae pupated and 75% of the pupae emerged as adults. In natural conditions, the proportion of unsuccessful pupae increased by the end of host's breeding season. The proportion of males and females that survived until the adult stage did not differ from random. Our results show that P. seguyi has a relatively short generation time, which would allow it a rapid population growth during the host breeding season, and indicate that intrasexual selection may have selected for large body size in P. seguyi males.
Aspects of the Biology of the Lady Beetle Diomus seminulus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): A Potential Biocontrol Agent Against the Yellow Sugarcane Aphid in Brazil
Authors: Auad A M , Fonseca M G , Monteiro P H , Resende T T , Santos D R
Published: March 2013

The predator Diomus seminulus (Mulsant) has been found frequently on forage grasses feeding of Sipha flava (Forbes), suggesting that it is a natural predator of this aphid and has potential as a biological control agent for this pest in Brazil. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of temperature on biological aspects of D. seminulus and to determine whether odor is used by this predator to locate prey on forage grass infested with S. flava. We performed daily evaluations of the viability and duration of each instar of the larval and pupal stages at 16, 20, 24, and 28°C. The reproductive capacity and longevity of adults were estimated at 24°C. The use of odor by D. seminulus to search for aphids was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. The average duration of the embryonic period, each instar, larval, and pupal stages decreased significantly with increasing temperatures from 16 to 24°C. Eggs were blackened and parched, leading to low viability at 16 and 28°C. However, viability of the instars and larvae were not significantly affected by temperature. Adults of D. seminulus survived for >135 d; however, peak oviposition occurred 20–50 d after emergence, suggesting that this is the ideal duration of adult maintenance in laboratory culture. The predator D. seminulus used the odors from aphid prey or volatile compounds released from attacked plants to locate their prey. These results provide support for the use of D. seminulus as a successful biological control for aphids.
Short-Term Effects of Prescribed Burning on Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Assemblages in Ozark Forests
Authors: Verble Robin M , Yanoviak Stephen P
Published: March 2013

Prescribed fire is a valuable and effective tool in forest management, and understanding the effects of fire on animal communities is increasingly important for monitoring and conservation. We quantified the short-term responses of leaf litter ants to fire in Ozark oak-dominated forests of Arkansas. We repeatedly surveyed litter ants in replicate burned and unburned sites via Berlese extraction, baiting, and hand collecting 30–170 d postfire. We collected 6,301 ants representing 59 species. Cumulative ant species richness was lower in burned forests than in unburned forests. However, differences in average richness and abundance between treatments were inconsistent overtime; lower ant abundance and species richness in burned sites occurred only during the first few months postburn. Ant species composition was very similar between treatments, although some species typically associated within mesic and lowland habitats were found only in unburned forests. We conclude that litter ant communities in Ozark forests, as in other regions, are relatively resilient to the effects of prescribed burning.
Agrilus auroguttatus(Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Seasonal Development withinQuercus agrifolia(Fagales: Fagaceae) in Southern California
Authors: Haavik L J , Coleman T W , Flint M L , Venette R C , Seybold S J
Published: March 2013

We investigated seasonal development of the goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), and physical conditions of the phloem within a preferred host species, coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia Née. We sampled infested trees on a monthly basis at two sites in southern California throughout 2011. Measurements of an exposed portion of the head capsule, the peristoma, indicated that there were four larval instars. Pupae and teneral or mature adults were found within trees from April through August. Adults were captured in flight between May and mid-October, with peak flight from July through August. Within-tree A. auroguttatus prepupal mortality did not differ between sites and increased significantly from 3 ± 3% in January to 36 ± 9% in March (mean ± SE). Prepupae were present in trees throughout most of the year, which made it difficult to determine generation time; it was likely 1 yr for the majority of individuals, and possibly longer or shorter than 1 yr for others. Seasonal A. auroguttatus development, according to within-tree development and adult trap catch, was apparently 2 mo ahead at one site, which had a greater past and current level of A. auroguttatus infestation compared with the other. There was also evidence at the more severely infested site that within-tree A. auroguttatus population densities were positively related to proportion of dying phloem tissue. This suggested that the level of current infestation affected host tree condition, or that dying tissue was more suitable for larval development.
Analysis of Early Hypertension and Clinical Outcome With Bevacizumab: Results From Seven Phase III Studies
Authors: Hurwitz Herbert I. , Douglas Pamela S. , Middleton John P. , Sledge George W. , Johnson David H. , Reardon David A. , Chen Dafeng , Rosen Oliver
Published: March 2013

Background.

Hypertension is associated with antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment, but the clinical implications of hypertension are uncertain. To assess the prognostic and predictive value of bevacizumab-related hypertension, a comprehensive analysis of whether hypertension and efficacy outcomes are associated was conducted on seven company-sponsored placebo-controlled phase III studies of bevacizumab.

Methods.

Patient-specific data were available from 6,486 patients with metastatic colorectal, breast, non-small cell lung, pancreatic, and renal cell cancers. Primary hypertension endpoint was a blood pressure (BP) increase of >20 mmHg systolic or >10 mmHg diastolic within the first 60 days of treatment. Additional endpoints included other predefined thresholds of change in BP and severity of hypertension graded using the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. To analyze the general prognostic importance of an early BP increase, multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess the correlation between BP changes and progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) outcomes in the control groups. To analyze whether early BP increases could predict for benefit from bevacizumab, similar analyses were conducted in the bevacizumab-treated and control groups.

Results.

In six of seven studies, early BP increase was neither predictive of clinical benefit from bevacizumab nor prognostic for the course of the disease. For study AVF2107g, early increased BP was associated with longer PFS and OS times in the bevacizumab group but shorter OS time in the control group.

Conclusions.

Early treatment-related BP increases do not predict clinical benefit from bevacizumab based on PFS or OS outcomes. BP increases do not appear to have general prognostic importance for patients with advanced cancer.
More Sound Cancer Therapy Biomarker Development With Active Noise Control
Authors: Maitland Michael L.
Published: March 2013

This commentary discusses the use of blood pressure (BP) as a biomarker. It is argued that typical office BP measurements are not qualified as predictive markers for bevacizumab therapy because they were never validated. Better validated biomarkers for qualification testing in phase III trials are needed.
Negative and matrix‐dependent effects of dispersal corridors in an experimental metacommunity
Authors: Åström Jens , Pärt Tomas
Published: March 2013

Negative effects of habitat fragmentation are well‐known phenomena in ecology, and the use of corridors is one suggested remedy to ameliorate community disassembly. Most experiments of landscape structure, however, do not consider matrix quality and environmental conditions, despite their potential to affect both landscape permeability and population densities. For the first time in fragmented landscapes, we simultaneously investigated the effects of local disturbance, dispersal corridors, matrix quality, and environmental stress, as well as their interactions, on species richness and abundance. We used a natural micro‐ecosystem of bryophyte patches with microarthropods as a model system. Contrary to expectations, there were no negative responses to fragmentation of large continuous habitats. Surprisingly, connecting fragmented patches with dispersal corridors had negative effects on the abundance and species richness of the most species‐rich group, oribatid mites. It had also negative effects on the abundance of collembolans and predatory mites in landscapes with complex matrix, which was also generally detrimental. Environmental stress was detrimental for all taxa but interacted with matrix type for oribatid species richness and juvenile oribatid abundance. Our results indicate that interactions can strongly alter community responses to common explanatory factors such as fragmentation, disturbance, connectivity, and environmental quality. Future studies of metacommunity dynamics need to consider the potential for such interactions in order to produce robust predictions of spatially structured landscapes.
Ecosystem attributes related to tidal wetland effects on water quality
Authors: Findlay S. , Fischer D.
Published: March 2013

Biogeochemical functioning of ecosystems is central to nutrient cycling, carbon balance, and several ecosystem services, yet it is not always clear why levels of function might vary among systems. Wetlands are widely recognized for their ability to alter concentrations of solutes and particles as water moves through them, but we have only general expectations for what attributes of wetlands are linked to variability in these processes. We examined changes in several water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic carbon, nutrients, and suspended particles) to ascertain which constituents are influenced during tidal exchange with a range of 17 tidal freshwater wetlands along the Hudson River, New York, USA. Many of the constituents showed significant differences among wetlands or between flooding and ebbing tidal concentrations, indicating wetland‐mediated effects. For dissolved oxygen, the presence of even small proportional cover by submerged aquatic vegetation increased the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water returned to the main channel following a daytime tidal exchange. Nitrate concentrations showed consistent declines during ebbing tides, but the magnitude of decline varied greatly among sites. The proportional cover by graminoid‐dominated high intertidal vegetation accounted for over 40% of the variation in nitrate decline. Knowing which water‐quality alterations are associated with which attributes helps suggest underlying mechanisms and identifies what functions might be susceptible to change as sea level rise or salinity intrusion drives shifts in wetland vegetation cover.
Breeding together: modeling synchrony in productivity in a seabird community
Authors: Lahoz-Monfort José J. , Morgan Byron J. T. , Harris Michael P. , Daunt Francis , Wanless Sarah , Freeman Stephen N.
Published: March 2013

With environmental conditions changing rapidly, there is a need to move beyond single‐species models and consider how communities respond to environmental drivers. We present a modeling approach that allows estimation of multispecies synchrony in productivity, or its components, and the contribution of environmental covariates as synchronizing and desynchronizing agents. We apply the model to long‐term breeding success data for five seabird species at a North Atlantic colony. Our Bayesian analysis reveals varying degrees of synchrony in overall productivity, with a common signal indicating a significant decline in productivity between 1986 and 2009. Productivity in seabirds reflects conditions in the marine ecosystem so the estimated synchronous component is a useful indicator of local marine environment health. For the two species for which we have most data, the environmental contribution to overall productivity synchrony is driven principally by effects operating at the chick stage rather than during incubation. Our results emphasize the importance of studying together species that coexist in a community. The framework, which accommodates interspecific clutch‐size variation, is readily applicable to any species assemblage in any ecosystem where long‐term productivity data are available.
Species invasion alters local adaptation to soil communities in a native plant
Authors: Lankau Richard A.
Published: March 2013

Plant populations are often adapted to their local conditions, including abiotic factors as well as the biotic communities with which they interact. Soil communities, in particular, have strong effects on both the ecology and evolution of plant populations. Many invasive plant species alter the ecological relationships between native plants and soil communities; however, whether invaders also alter the evolutionary dynamics between native plants and soils is less well known. Here I show that populations of a native annual, Pilea pumila, shift from being maladapted to adapted to their local soil community with increasing history of invasion by Alliaria petiolata, an invader known to alter microbial communities. Additionally, native populations showed a signal of adaptation to soils of particular invasion stages, independent of local coevolutionary dynamics. These results suggest that invasive species affect not only the ecological, but also the evolutionary relationships of native species.
Food‐web dynamics in a large river discontinuum
Authors: Cross Wyatt F. , Baxter Colden V. , Rosi-Marshall Emma J. , Hall Robert O. , Kennedy Theodore A. , Donner Kevin C. , Wellard Kelly Holly A. , Seegert Sarah E. Z. , Behn Kathrine E. , Yard Michael D.
Published: March 2013

Nearly all ecosystems have been altered by human activities, and most communities are now composed of interacting species that have not co‐evolved. These changes may modify species interactions, energy and material flows, and food‐web stability. Although structural changes to ecosystems have been widely reported, few studies have linked such changes to dynamic food‐web attributes and patterns of energy flow. Moreover, there have been few tests of food‐web stability theory in highly disturbed and intensely managed freshwater ecosystems. Such synthetic approaches are needed for predicting the future trajectory of ecosystems, including how they may respond to natural or anthropogenic perturbations.

We constructed flow food webs at six locations along a 386‐km segment of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon (Arizona, USA) for three years. We characterized food‐web structure and production, trophic basis of production, energy efficiencies, and interaction‐strength distributions across a spatial gradient of perturbation (i.e., distance from Glen Canyon Dam), as well as before and after an experimental flood. We found strong longitudinal patterns in food‐web characteristics that strongly correlated with the spatial position of large tributaries. Above tributaries, food webs were dominated by nonnative New Zealand mudsnails (62% of production) and nonnative rainbow trout (100% of fish production). The simple structure of these food webs led to few dominant energy pathways (diatoms to few invertebrate taxa to rainbow trout), large energy inefficiencies (i.e., <20% of invertebrate production consumed by fishes), and right‐skewed interaction‐strength distributions, consistent with theoretical instability.

Below large tributaries, invertebrate production declined ∼18‐fold, while fish production remained similar to upstream sites and comprised predominately native taxa (80–100% of production). Sites below large tributaries had increasingly reticulate and detritus‐based food webs with a higher prevalence of omnivory, as well as interaction strength distributions more typical of theoretically stable food webs (i.e., nearly twofold higher proportion of weak interactions). Consistent with theory, downstream food webs were less responsive to the experimental flood than sites closest to the dam. We show how human‐induced shifts to food‐web structure can affect energy flow and interaction strengths, and we show that these changes have consequences for food‐web function and response to perturbations.
Effects of Disease Misclassification on Exposure–Disease Association
Authors: Chen Qixuan , Galfalvy Hanga , Duan Naihua
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We explore how misclassification in disease status can distort the exposure–disease association in a study with dichotomous disease and exposure status.

Methods. We define the difference in population odds ratios between populations with and without disease misclassification as population-level bias and derive the bias as a function of sensitivity and specificity for observed disease status. The magnitude and direction of bias can be elucidated through analytic derivations, as illustrated with numerical examples.

Results. Patterns of bias exist not only for nondifferential misclassification but also for some differential misclassification scenarios. We have provided conditions defined in terms of sensitivity and specificity that correspond to each pattern of bias.

Conclusions. Caution is needed in interpreting results when misclassification is present. Our findings can be used to assess the effects of disease misclassification in a population when sensitivity and specificity are known or can be estimated.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Patterns of Sexual Risk Behavior and Rates of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Female Young Adults
Authors: Pflieger Jacqueline C. , Cook Emily C. , Niccolai Linda M. , Connell Christian M.
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We examined patterns of sexual behavior and risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in young adulthood for Black, Hispanic, and White females.

Methods. We used a nationally representative sample of 7015 female young adults from wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sexual risk items assessed behaviors occurring in the previous 6 years and past year to determine classes of sexual risk and links to STIs in young adulthood.

Results. Latent class analysis revealed 3 sexual risk classes for Black and Hispanic youths and 4 sexual risk classes for White youths. The moderate and high risk classes had the highest probabilities of risky sexual partners, inconsistent condom use, and early age of sexual initiation, which significantly increased odds for STIs compared with recent abstainers.

Conclusions. We found different classes of sexual behavior by race/ethnicity, with Black and Hispanic young women most at risk for STIs in young adulthood. Preventive efforts should target younger adolescents and focus on sexual partner behavior.
The Association Between Racial Disparity in Income and Reported Sexually Transmitted Infections
Authors: Owusu-Edusei Kwame , Chesson Harrell W. , Leichliter Jami S. , Kent Charlotte K. , Aral Sevgi O.
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We examined the association between racial disparity in income and reported race-specific county-level bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States focusing on disparities between Blacks and Whites.

Methods. Data are from the US 2000 decennial census. We defined 2 race–income county groups (high and low race–income disparity) on the basis of the difference between Black and White median household incomes. We used 2 approaches to examine disparities in STI rates across the groups. In the first approach, we computed and compared race-specific STI rates for the groups. In the second approach, we used spatial regression analyses to control for potential confounders.

Results. Consistent with the STI literature, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis rates for Blacks were substantially higher than were those for Whites. We also found that racial disparities in income were associated with racial disparities in chlamydia and gonorrhea rates and, to a lesser degree, syphilis rates.

Conclusions. Racial disparities in household income may be a more important determinant of racial disparities in reported STI morbidity than are absolute levels of household income.