bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canine leptospirosis in Canada, test-positive proportion and risk factors (2009 to 2018): A cross-sectional study
Authors: Stull Jason W. , Evason Michelle , Weese J. Scott , Yu Jenny , Szlosek Donald , Smith Amanda M.
Published: June 2022

Over the past decade, there has been an apparent increased frequency and widened distribution of canine leptospirosis in Canada, however, this has been minimally investigated. Availability and clinical uptake of Leptospira polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing of dogs in Canada may provide important insight into the epidemiology of this canine and zoonotic infectious disease. Study objectives were to evaluate clinical canine Leptospira PCR test results from a large commercial laboratory to determine temporal and spatial distribution in Canada and identify dog, geographic and temporal risk factors for test-positive dogs. This cross-sectional study analyzed data obtained from IDEXX Laboratories, Inc. on 10,437 canine Leptospira PCR tests (blood and/or urine) submitted by Canada-based veterinarians (July 2009 to May 2018). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for test-positive dogs. Test-positive proportion varied widely annually (4.8–14.0%) and by location. Provinces with the highest test-positive proportion over the study period were Nova Scotia (18.5%) and Ontario (9.6%), with the prairie provinces (Manitoba and Alberta combined) having the lowest proportion (1.0%); the northern territories could not be evaluated due to limited testing. In the final model, dog age, sex, breed, month, and year test performed, and location (urban/rural, province) of the practice submitting the sample were significant predictors of a positive Leptospira PCR test. Dogs less than one year of age (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.6–2.9), male sex (OR = 1.3; 1.1–1.5), toy breed (OR = 3.3; 2.5–4.4), and samples submitted from an urban practice (OR = 1.3; 1.0–1.8) had the greatest odds of a positive Leptospira PCR test as compared to referent groups. Significant two-way interactions between province-month and year-month highlight the complex spatial and temporal influences on leptospirosis occurrence in this region. Our work suggests a high incidence of canine leptospirosis regionally within Canada. Identifiable dog and location factors may assist in future targeted prevention efforts.
Determination of quality markers for quality control of Zanthoxylum nitidum using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Xinhong , Wu Qingwen , Li Lulu , Wang Peng , Wang Yue , Wei Weifeng , Ma Xiaojun , Shu Jing , Zhang Kai , Ma Dongming
Published: June 2022

With the increasing demand for quality control in the traditional Chinese medicine industry, there is a need for the development of quality markers and a quick, non-destructive technique for the discrimination of related species. In our previous study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used for the simultaneous determination of five compounds, including three alkaloids (nitidine chloride, chelerythrine, and magnoflorine), one flavonoid (aurantiamarin), and one lignan (sesamin). In this study, the simultaneous quantification of the above-mentioned compounds could be used to discriminate the powders of roots from those of stems. To further test the reliability of the five compounds, seventy-two batches of wild and seventy-five batches of cultivated Zanthoxylum nitidum samples collected from Guangdong, Guangxi, and Fujian provinces in China were analyzed by UPLC and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). In general, the quantitative results of UPLC were consistent with those of NIRS, and cultivated Z. nitidum has similar major bioactive compounds as the wild one, as supported by principal component analysis. Consequently, these five major bioactive compounds are suggested as potential quality markers. In addition, the NIRS method with discriminant analysis successfully differentiated Z. nitidum from three related species (Z. avicennae, Z. scandens and Toddalia asiatica) of the Rutaceae family. In summary, this study provides a method for the rapid identification of Z. nitidum and discrimination of root and stem powders, and suggests five compounds as quality markers for the evaluation of Z. nitidum.
Monitoring of wearing and occlusion times with smart shutter glasses—A proof of concept
Authors: Ihmig Frank R. , Januschowski Kai , Koch Timo , Velten Thomas , Rickmann Annekatrin
Published: June 2022

Purpose

To develop and evaluate an electronic glasses frame for smart liquid crystal shutter glasses that monitors wearing and occlusion times to potentially improve therapy adherence in amblyopia therapy of children.

Methods

The first generation of an electronic glasses frame for adults was further developed, miniaturized and functionally tested in a proof of concept study on a small group of healthy children. Seven healthy children (4 females, 3 males, 2–9 years) were enrolled in the study. The subjects were instructed to wear the smart shutter glasses and to record their activities in daily life. Averaged and individual results were calculated for the precision of wearing position detection and activity recognition. Also, the proper execution of the configured occlusion pattern was observed.

Results

The first generation of an electronic glasses frame for smart liquid crystal shutter glasses in a miniaturized form factor for children. A key element is the implementation of the adaptive shutter operation and of smart algorithms for real-time therapy monitoring. In the proof of concept study, these algorithms monitored the state of wearing position, the wearer’s activity and the configured occlusion pattern. The average agreement of the detected states of wearing position was 72.6%. The average activity recognition match was 77.3%. The removal of the glasses was 100% correctly detected and the occlusion was 100% halted when active motion was recognized.

Conclusion

The assembled smart shutter glasses for children are suitable for demonstrating the feasibility of continuous therapy monitoring by calculating wearing and occlusion times due to smart algorithms for wearing position detection, activity recognition, and occlusion monitoring. However, further research and studies are necessary to optimize the individual fit and performance of this wearable therapeutic device.
The patient journey of newly arrived asylum seekers and responsiveness of care: A qualitative study in Germany
Authors: Biddle Louise , Ziegler Sandra , Baron Jenny , Flory Lea , Bozorgmehr Kayvan
Published: June 2022

Background

Research on health and healthcare for asylum seekers and refugees (ASR) has focused strongly on accessibility and legal entitlements, with quality of care receiving little attention. This study aimed to assess responsiveness, as non-medical quality of care, in the narratives of ASR patients recently arrived in Germany.

Methods

31 ASR with existing medical conditions were recruited in six refugee reception centres and three psychosocial centres. Semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted which reconstructed their patient journey after arrival in Germany. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and evaluated using thematic analysis.

Results

The experiences of participants throughout the patient journey provided a rich and varied description of the responsiveness of health services. Some dimensions of responsiveness, including respectful treatment, clear communication and trust, resurfaced throughout the narratives. These factors were prominent reasons for positive evaluations of the health system, and negative experiences were reported in their absence. Other dimensions, including cleanliness of facilities, autonomy of decision-making and choice of provider were raised seldomly. Positive experiences in Germany were often set in contrast to negative experiences in the participants’ countries of origin or during transit. Furthermore, many participants evaluated their experience with healthcare services in terms of the perceived technical quality of medical care rather than with reference to responsiveness.

Conclusion

This qualitative study among ASR analysed patient experiences to better understand responsiveness of care for this population. While our results show high overall satisfaction with health services in Germany, using the lens of responsiveness allowed us to identify particular policy areas where care can be strengthened further. These include in particular the expansion of high-quality interpreting services, provision of professional training to increase the competency of healthcare staff in caring for a diverse patient population, as well as an alignment between healthcare and asylum processes to promote continuity of care.
Pen-grip kinetics in children with and without handwriting difficulties
Authors: Lin Yu-Chen , Hsu Chieh-Hsiang , Lin Cheng-Feng , Hsu Hsiu-Yun , Liu Jin-Wei , Yeh Chien-Hsien , Kuo Li-Chieh
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Handwriting difficulty (HD) is a widely discussed issue. Previous researchers have revealed many valuable kinematics related to the handwriting performance. However, a clear understanding of the kinetics of handwriting performance in children with HD is still lacking. Therefore, this study investigated the writing performance of children with HD via a force acquisition pen (FAP), which detects the force applied from the digits and pen tip.

Methods

Data from 64 school-age children were divided into control (36 children without HD; mean age: 7.97 years) and HD (28 children with HD; mean age: 8.67 years) groups. The participants were asked to perform a tracing task using the FAP at their usual writing pace.

Results

Compared with the control group, the HD group had significantly less pen-tip force, an average amount of force (in-air) from all three digits, higher force variations (whole task) in the index finger, less force fluctuations with the index and middle fingers and a smaller force ratio.

Conclusion

The findings of this study suggest that an understanding of the handwriting kinetics and the role of digits in handwriting may be crucial for further planning strategies for handwriting training for children with HD.
“Everything is revolved around me being heavy … it’s always, always spoken about.” Qualitative experiences of weight management during pregnancy in women with a BMI of 40kg/m2 or above
Authors: Fair Frankie J. , Watson Helen , Marvin-Dowle Katie , Spencer Rachael , Soltani Hora
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Maternal weight management services have been recognised as a good opportunity to influence lifestyle and dietary behaviour of mothers and families. Exploring women’s views of maternal weight management services is paramount to understand what constitutes the most suitable service. This study therefore explored experiences among women with a raised body mass index (BMI) of maternal weight management service provision and the barriers and facilitators to weight management during pregnancy.

Method

Thirteen women with a BMI≥40kg/m² undertook semi-structured interviews around weight management experiences during pregnancy. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Inductive thematic analysis was undertaken.

Results

Four themes emerged. 1). "Understanding where I am at" showed current readiness and motivation of women varied, from being avoidant to being motivated to make changes. 2). "Getting information" revealed inconsistent information provision during pregnancy. Women particularly wanted practical advice. Some attempted to find this for themselves from friends or the internet, however this left some women feeling confused when different sources provided inconsistent advice. 3). "Difficulties I face" identified physical, emotional and financial barriers and the strategies some women used to overcome these. 4). "Encountering professionals–a mixed experience" demonstrated women wanted to be treated with respect and sensitivity and that how weight management information was addressed was more important than who provided it. The fine line professionals tread was demonstrated by women thinking that they had received inadequate information and yet too much focus was placed on their weight and the associated risks during pregnancy without practical solutions to their weight management challenges.

Discussion

Women were empowered when practical advice was provided, not just the continual repetition of the risks of being obese during pregnancy. Antenatal weight management services need to be clear, sensitive and respectful. Services centred on individual women’s needs and on their current and previous experiences are required. The psychological and social contexts of weight management also need to be addressed.
Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing in pre-cellularization Drosophila melanogaster embryos
Authors: Albright Ashley R. , Stadler Michael R. , Eisen Michael B.
Published: June 2022

Our current understanding of the regulation of gene expression in the early Drosophila melanogaster embryo comes from observations of a few genes at a time, as with in situ hybridizations, or observation of gene expression levels without regards to patterning, as with RNA-sequencing. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing however, has the potential to provide new insights into the regulation of gene expression for many genes at once while simultaneously retaining information regarding the position of each nucleus prior to dissociation based on patterned gene expression. In order to establish the use of single-nucleus RNA sequencing in Drosophila embryos prior to cellularization, here we look at gene expression in control and insulator protein, dCTCF, maternal null embryos during zygotic genome activation at nuclear cycle 14. We find that early embryonic nuclei can be grouped into distinct clusters according to gene expression. From both virtual and published in situ hybridizations, we also find that these clusters correspond to spatial regions of the embryo. Lastly, we provide a resource of candidate differentially expressed genes that might show local changes in gene expression between control and maternal dCTCF null nuclei with no detectable differential expression in bulk. These results highlight the potential for single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to reveal new insights into the regulation of gene expression in the early Drosophila melanogaster embryo.
Socioeconomic status and stroke severity: Understanding indirect effects via risk factors and stroke prevention using innovative statistical methods for mediation analysis
Authors: Lindmark Anita , Eriksson Marie , Darehed David
Published: June 2022

Background

Those with low socioeconomic status have an increased risk of stroke, more severe strokes, reduced access to treatment, and more adverse outcomes after stroke. The question is why these differences are present. In this study we investigate to which extent the association between low socioeconomic status and stroke severity can be explained by differences in risk factors and stroke prevention drugs.

Methods

The study included 86 316 patients registered with an ischemic stroke in the Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke) 2012–2016. Data on socioeconomic status was retrieved from the Longitudinal integrated database for health insurance and labour market studies (LISA) by individual linkage. We used education level as proxy for socioeconomic status, with primary school education classified as low education. Stroke severity was measured using the Reaction Level Scale, with values above 1 classified as severe strokes. To investigate the pathways via risk factors and stroke prevention drugs we performed a mediation analysis estimating indirect and direct effects.

Results

Low education was associated with an excess risk of a severe stroke compared to mid/high education (absolute risk difference 1.4%, 95% CI: 1.0%-1.8%), adjusting for confounders. Of this association 28.5% was an indirect effect via risk factors (absolute risk difference 0.4%, 95% CI: 0.3%-0.5%), while the indirect effect via stroke prevention drugs was negligible.

Conclusion

Almost one third of the association between low education and severe stroke was explained by risk factors, and clinical effort should be taken to reduce these risk factors to decrease stroke severity among those with low socioeconomic status.
Personalised pose estimation from single-plane moving fluoroscope images using deep convolutional neural networks
Authors: Vogl Florian , Schütz Pascal , Postolka Barbara , List Renate , Taylor William
Published: June 2022

Measuring joint kinematics is a key requirement for a plethora of biomechanical research and applications. While x-ray based systems avoid the soft-tissue artefacts arising in skin-based measurement systems, extracting the object’s pose (translation and rotation) from the x-ray images is a time-consuming and expensive task. Based on about 106’000 annotated images of knee implants, collected over the last decade with our moving fluoroscope during activities of daily living, we trained a deep-learning model to automatically estimate the 6D poses for the femoral and tibial implant components. By pretraining a single stage of our architecture using renderings of the implant geometries, our approach offers personalised predictions of the implant poses, even for unseen subjects. Our approach predicted the pose of both implant components better than about 0.75 mm (in-plane translation), 25 mm (out-of-plane translation), and 2° (all Euler-angle rotations) over 50% of the test samples. When evaluating over 90% of test samples, which included heavy occlusions and low contrast images, translation performance was better than 1.5 mm (in-plane) and 30 mm (out-of-plane), while rotations were predicted better than 3−4°. Importantly, this approach now allows for pose estimation in a fully automated manner.
Comparison of serum and plasma as a source of blood extracellular vesicles: Increased levels of platelet-derived particles in serum extracellular vesicle fractions alter content profiles from plasma extracellular vesicle fractions
Authors: Zhang Xiaoman , Takeuchi Toshihide , Takeda Akiko , Mochizuki Hideki , Nagai Yoshitaka
Published: June 2022

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted much attention as potential diagnostic biomarkers for human diseases. Although both plasma and serum are utilized as a source of blood EVs, it remains unclear whether, how and to what extent the choice of plasma and serum affects the experimental results. To address this issue, in this study, we performed comprehensive characterization of EV fractions derived from plasma and serum, and investigated the differences between these blood EVs. We demonstrated by nanoparticle tracking analysis that EV fractions derived from serum contain more particles than those from plasma of mice. Proteomic analysis demonstrated that platelet-associated proteins are selectively enriched in serum EV fractions from both mice and humans. A literature review of proteomic data of human blood EVs reported by other groups further confirmed that selective enrichment of platelet-associated proteins is commonly observed in serum EVs, and confers different proteome profiles to plasma EVs. Our data provide experimental evidence that EV fractions derived from serum generally contain additional EVs that are released from platelets, which may qualitatively and quantitatively alter EV profiles when using serum as a source of blood EVs.
Improving stigma and psychosocial outcomes among post-abortion Kenyan women attending private clinics: A randomized controlled trial of a person-centered mobile phone-based intervention
Authors: Sudhinaraset May , Landrian Amanda , Cotter Sun Yu , Golub Ginger , Opot James , Seefeld C. Avery , Phillips Beth , Ikiugu Edward
Published: June 2022

Objectives

The objective of this study was to evaluate a person-centered abortion care mobile-based intervention on perceived social stigma, social support, mental health and post-abortion care experiences among Kenyan women who received abortion services at private clinics.

Methods

This randomized controlled study enrolled women who obtained an abortion from private clinics in Nairobi county, Kenya and randomized them into one of three study arms: 1) standard of care (follow-up by service provider call center); 2) post-abortion phone follow-up by a peer counselor (a woman who has had an abortion herself and is trained in person-centered abortion care); or 3) post-abortion phone follow-up by a nurse (a nurse who is trained in person-centered abortion care). All participants were followed-up at two- and four-weeks post-abortion to evaluate intervention effects on mental health, social support, and abortion-related stigma scores. A Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test was used to assess the effect of each intervention compared to the control group. In total, 371 women participated at baseline and were each randomized to the study arms.

Results

Using Kruskal-Wallis tests, the nurse arm improved mental health scores from baseline to week two; however this was only marginally significant (p = 0.059). The nurse arm also lowered stigma scores from baseline to week four, and this was marginally significant (p = 0.099). No other differences were found between the study arms. This person-centered mobile phone-based intervention may improve mental health and decrease perceived stigma among Kenyan women who received abortion services in private clinics.

Conclusions

Nurses trained in person-centered abortion care, in particular, may improve women’s experiences post-abortion and potentially reduce feelings of shame and stigma and improve mental health in this context.
Evaluating the impact of sample storage, handling, and technical ability on the decay and recovery of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater
Authors: Beattie Rachelle E. , Blackwood A. Denene , Clerkin Thomas , Dinga Carly , Noble Rachel T.
Published: June 2022

Wastewater based epidemiology (WBE) is useful for tracking and monitoring the level of disease prevalence in a community and has been used extensively to complement clinical testing during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the numerous benefits, sources of variability in sample storage, handling, and processing methods can make WBE data difficult to generalize. We performed an experiment to determine sources of variability in WBE data including the impact of storage time, handling, and processing techniques on the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater influent from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in North Carolina over 19 days. The SARS-CoV-2 concentration in influent samples held at 4°C did not degrade significantly over the 19-day experiment. Heat pasteurization did not significantly impact the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 at two of the three WWTP but did reduce viral recovery at the WWTP with the smallest population size served. On each processing date, one filter from each sample was processed immediately while a replicate filter was frozen at -80°C. Once processed, filters previously frozen were found to contain slightly higher concentrations (<0.2 log copies/L) than their immediately processed counterparts, indicating freezing filters is a viable method for delayed quantification and may even improve recovery at WWTP with low viral concentrations. Investigation of factors contributing to variability during sample processing indicated that analyst experience level contributed significantly (p<0.001) to accepted droplet generation while extraction efficiency and reverse transcription efficiency contributed significantly (p<0.05) to day-to-day SARS-CoV-2 variability. This study provides valuable practical information for minimizing decay and/or loss of SARS CoV-2 in wastewater influent while adhering to safety procedures, promoting efficient laboratory workflows, and accounting for sources of variability.
Reduction of the nematode egg reappearance period in horses after anthelmintic therapy
Authors: Baranova Maria V. , Panova Olga A. , Polukhina Daria N. , Panova Daria S.
Published: June 2022

Background and Aim: Anthelmintics are used to control equine nematodes. However, helminth resistance to regularly used drugs is a well-known challenge. Among tests to assess effective control and monitor resistance, the most common is the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). In the absence of reliable FECRT results, the nematode egg reappearance period (ERP) is taken into account. This study aimed to examine horses from farms around the Moscow Region to assess nematode resistance through ERP after therapy.

Materials and Methods: In the first stage, fecal samples from 280 horses were examined by the flotation method with a sodium nitrate solution. The eggs per gram (EPG) in feces were counted using the modified McMaster technique. One hundred and forty out of 280 horses were selected for further work. Five groups were formed: Two groups of horses infected with strongyles (n = 50) and three groups with Parascaris equorum (n = 90). Therapy against strongyles was performed with albendazole and ivermectin. Therapy for parascaridosis was performed with fenbendazole, ivermectin, and aversectin C. Samples from the horses in each group were taken on the 14th day (2 weeks), 28th day (4 weeks), 42nd day (6 weeks), 56th day (8 weeks), and 84th day (12 weeks) after treatment, and the amount of EPG in each sample was determined.

Results: Overall, nematodes were found in 65% of the horses examined. P. equorum was most frequently recorded (42.1%) followed by Strongylidae gen. spp. (27.9%). The strongyles ERP after therapy with albendazole and ivermectin was estimated on 42 days (6 weeks). The growth of P. equorum eggs in the feces was observed from the 56th day (8 weeks) after therapy with fenbendazole, from the 42nd day (6 weeks) after therapy with ivermectin, and was observed from the 84th day (12 weeks) after the use of aversectin.

Conclusion: Our study shows widespread reductions in nematode ERPs across the Moscow Region after ivermectin therapy in horses, suggesting that additional monitoring of these farms is needed for effective control of anthelmintic resistance.
A Clinico - Ultrasonological Study on Preoperative Evaluation of Right Iliac Fossa Mass
Authors: Grey Bernard Francis  , Karthikeyan Somasundaran  , Ashmitha Charithra
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND

Right iliac fossa mass, a common condition, needs accurate arrival of diagnosis since management of each condition differs. Ultrasound is a quick, non-invasive test that has bridged the gap between palpation and direct visualization. The role of ultrasound in preoperative evaluation proves to be essential as it enables the surgeon to diagnose and treat the pathology with accuracy thereby obviating the need for further investigations. We wanted to evaluate the role of ultrasound in preoperative evaluation of right iliac fossa mass.

METHODS

A prospective study of 60 patients with clinically diagnosed RIF mass was done. Ultrasound examination by 5 and 7.5 MHz transducers was done and the clinical, radiological findings and final diagnosis were compared.

RESULTS

In our study, vast majority of the cases (50 %) presented with appendicular mass, 24 % presented with appendicular abscess, ileocaecal tuberculosis 17 %, carcinoma caecum 7%, psoas abscess 1 % and ileal lymphadenopathy 1 %. The appendicular abscess was common in 15-20 years, appendicular mass in 21-40 years, ileocaecal tuberculosis in 41-50 years, carcinoma caecum was in > 50 years, psoas abscess in 21-30 years, and ileal lymphadenopathy in 20-34 years of age. Ultrasound was able to find out the bowel thickening with target sign and pseudo kidney sign in ileo-caecal tuberculosis and carcinoma caecum with moderate specificity. Psoas abscesses were confirmed with ultrasound.

CONCLUSIONS

Appendicular pathology constituted a majority of cases. The ultrasound was able to detect appendicular abscesses with high sensitivity and specificity. It is an adjuvant diagnostic tool in cases of ileocaecal tuberculosis and carcinoma caecum. Ultrasound helped in the early assessment of the patient, enhanced the treatment effectiveness thereby reducing the morbidity and enabled early surgical intervention whenever necessary. Ultrasound, a non-invasive radiological imaging without any exposure to radiation with excellent results is an ideal first-line imaging modality in the preoperative evaluation of RIF mass.
Vedolizumab-Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis in Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Subhaharan Deloshaan , Ramaswamy Pradeep K. , Francisco Sewwandi , Ishaq Naveed
Published: June 2022

Vedolizumab is used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and is generally well tolerated. We report a 20-year-old man who presented with right flank pain on a background of ulcerative colitis. He was on vedolizumab with his last dose 1 week before the onset of symptoms. Kidney function tests revealed a serum creatinine of 171 μmoL/L and a C-reactive protein of 74 mg/L. Kidney biopsy demonstrated focal acute interstitial nephritis. He was prescribed oral prednisolone and achieved complete recovery of renal function within 3 weeks. At the follow-up after 4 months, his renal function remains normal.
Hubungan Dukungan Suami dengan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif
Authors: Silaen Ribka Septiana , Novayelinda Riri , Zukhra Ririn Muthia
Published: June 2022

Introduction: Husband support is an important factor that influences a mother's decision to give exclusive breastfeeding to their baby. Previous studies refer to the dimensions of husband's support, while research related to the relationship between husband's support and exclusive breastfeeding based on the husband's support component is still a little done and requires further research. The study aimed to examine the relationship of husband support needed by mothers with exclusive breastfeeding practice in the Simpang Tiga Health Care working area.Methods: The design of this study is a descriptive correlation with a cross-sectional study approach. The samples in this study were 89 participants taken using the purposive sampling technique with the inclusion criteria are mothers who are willing to be respondents, mothers who have babies aged 6 to 12 months, and mothers who have been given breast milk. Data analysis was performed by Chi-square test.Results: Main results distinguished that there is a relationship of husband support needed by mothers with exclusive breastfeeding practice p-value (0.015) < alpha (0.05). This is indicative that there is a significant relationship between husband support needed by mothers with exclusive breastfeeding practice.Conclusion: The husband's support needed by mothers has a relationship with exclusive breastfeeding practice. Husbands need to provide support to mothers during breastfeeding period because it can affect the amount of milk produced by mothers, affect the duration of exclusive breast feeding and affect the mother's choice of breastfeeding.
Effects of experimental hypovolemia and pain on pre‐ejection period and pulse transit time in healthy volunteers
Authors: Djupedal Håvard , Nøstdahl Torkjell , Hisdal Jonny , Landsverk Svein Aslak , Høiseth Lars Øivind
Published: June 2022

Trauma patients may suffer significant blood loss, and noninvasive methods to diagnose hypovolemia in these patients are needed. Physiologic effects of hypovolemia, aiming to maintain blood pressure, are largely mediated by increased sympathetic nervous activity. Trauma patients may however experience pain, which also increases sympathetic nervous activity, potentially confounding measures of hypovolemia. Elucidating the common and separate effects of the two stimuli on diagnostic methods is therefore important. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and cold pressor test (CPT) are experimental models of central hypovolemia and pain, respectively. In the present analysis, we explored the effects of LBNP and CPT on pre‐ejection period and pulse transit time, aiming to further elucidate the potential use of these variables in diagnosing hypovolemia in trauma patients. We exposed healthy volunteers to four experimental sequences with hypovolemia (LBNP 60 mmHg) or normovolemia (LBNP 0 mmHg) and pain (CPT) or no pain (sham) in a 2 × 2 fashion. We calculated pre‐ejection period and pulse transit time from ECG and ascending aortic blood velocity (suprasternal Doppler) and continuous noninvasive arterial pressure waveform (volume‐clamp method). Fourteen subjects were available for the current analyses. This experimental study found that pre‐ejection period increased with hypovolemia and remained unaltered with pain. Pulse transit time was reduced by pain and increased with hypovolemia. Thus, the direction of change in pulse transit time has the potential to distinguish hypovolemia and pain.
The impact of daytime transoral neuromuscular stimulation on upper airway physiology – A mechanistic clinical investigation
Authors: Nokes Brandon , Schmickl Christopher N. , Brena Rebbecca , Bosompra Nana Naa‐Oye , Gilbertson Dillon , Sands Scott A. , Bhattacharjee Rakesh , Mann Dwayne L. , Owens Robert L. , Malhotra Atul , Orr Jeremy E.
Published: June 2022

There is a need for alternatives to positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. Improving upper airway dilator function might alleviate upper airway obstruction. We hypothesized that transoral neuromuscular stimulation would reduce upper airway collapse in concert with improvement in genioglossal muscle function. Subjects with simple snoring and mild OSA (AHI < 15/h on screening) underwent in‐laboratory polysomnography with concurrent genioglossal electromyography (EMGgg) before and after 4–6 weeks of twice‐daily transoral neuromuscular stimulation. Twenty patients completed the study: Sixteen males, mean ± SD age 40 ± 13 years, and BMI 26.3 ± 3.8 kg/m2. Although there was no change in non‐rapid eye movement EMGgg phasic (p = 0.66) or tonic activity (p = 0.83), and no decrease in snoring or flow limitation, treatment was associated with improvements in tongue endurance, sleep quality, and sleep efficiency. In this protocol, transoral neurostimulation did not result in changes in genioglossal activity or upper airway collapse, but other beneficial effects were noted suggesting a need for additional mechanistic investigation.
The m-step solvable anabelian geometry of number fields
Authors: Saïdi Mohamed , Tamagawa Akio
Published: June 2022

Given a number field K and an integer

m
≥
0

{m\geq 0}

, let

K
m

{K_{m}}

denote the maximal m-step
solvable Galois extension of K and write

G
K
m

{G_{K}^{m}}

for the maximal m-step solvable Galois group

Gal
⁡

(

K
m

/
K

)

{\operatorname{Gal}(K_{m}/K)}

of K.
In this paper,
we prove that the isomorphy type of K is determined by the isomorphy type of

G
K
3

{G_{K}^{3}}

.
Further, we prove that

K
m

/
K

{K_{m}/K}

is determined
functorially
by

G
K

m
+
3

{G_{K}^{m+3}}

(resp.

G
K

m
+
4

{G_{K}^{m+4}}

) for

m
≥
2

{m\geq 2}

(resp.

m
≤
1

{m\leq 1}

).
This is a substantial sharpening of a famous theorem of Neukirch and Uchida.
A key step in our proof is the establishment of the so-called local theory,
which in our context characterises group-theoretically the set of decomposition groups
(at nonarchimedean primes) in

G
K
m

{G_{K}^{m}}

, starting from

G
K

m
+
2

{G_{K}^{m+2}}

.
Two-sample t

α
-test for testing hypotheses in small-sample experiments
Authors: Tan Yuan-De
Published: June 2022

It has been reported that about half of biological discoveries are irreproducible. These irreproducible discoveries were partially attributed to poor statistical power. The poor powers are majorly owned to small sample sizes. However, in molecular biology and medicine, due to the limit of biological resources and budget, most molecular biological experiments have been conducted with small samples. Two-sample t-test controls bias by using a degree of freedom. However, this also implicates that t-test has low power in small samples. A discovery found with low statistical power suggests that it has a poor reproducibility. So, promotion of statistical power is not a feasible way to enhance reproducibility in small-sample experiments. An alternative way is to reduce type I error rate. For doing so, a so-called t

α
-test was developed. Both theoretical analysis and simulation study demonstrate that t

α
-test much outperforms t-test. However, t

α
-test is reduced to t-test when sample sizes are over 15. Large-scale simulation studies and real experiment data show that t

α
-test significantly reduced type I error rate compared to t-test and Wilcoxon test in small-sample experiments. t

α
-test had almost the same empirical power with t-test. Null p-value density distribution explains why t

α
-test had so lower type I error rate than t-test. One real experimental dataset provides a typical example to show that t

α
-test outperforms t-test and a microarray dataset showed that t

α
-test had the best performance among five statistical methods. In addition, the density distribution and probability cumulative function of t

α
-statistic were given in mathematics and the theoretical and observed distributions are well matched.
Integrative illustration of a JCVI-syn3A minimal cell
Authors: Goodsell David S.
Published: June 2022

Data from genomics, proteomics, structural biology and cryo-electron microscopy are integrated into a structural illustration of a cross section through an entire JCVI-syn3.0 minimal cell. The illustration is designed with several goals: to inspire excitement in science, to depict the underlying scientific results accurately, and to be feasible in traditional media. Design choices to achieve these goals include reduction of visual complexity with simplified representations, use of orthographic projection to retain scale relationships, and an approach to color that highlights functional compartments of the cell. Given that this simple cell provides an attractive laboratory for exploring the central processes needed for life, several functional narratives are included in the illustration, including division of the cell and the first depiction of an entire cellular proteome. The illustration lays the foundation for 3D molecular modeling of this cell.
Data smoothing with applications to edge detection
Authors: Al-Jamal Mohammad F. , Baniabedalruhman Ahmad , Alomari Abedel-Karrem
Published: June 2022

The aim of this paper is to present a new stable method for smoothing and differentiating noisy data defined on a bounded domain

Ω
⊂

R

N

\Omega \subset {{\mathbb{R}}}^{N}

with

N
≥
1

N\ge 1

. The proposed method stems from the smoothing properties of the classical diffusion equation; the smoothed data are obtained by solving a diffusion equation with the noisy data imposed as the initial condition. We analyze the stability and convergence of the proposed method and we give optimal convergence rates. One of the main advantages of this method lies in multivariable problems, where some of the other approaches are not easily generalized. Moreover, this approach does not require strong smoothness assumptions on the underlying data, which makes it appealing for detecting data corners or edges. Numerical examples demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of the method even with the presence of a large amounts of noise.
Experimental testing of tannic acid target delivery system for correcting periodontal microcirculation
Authors: Savkina Angelina A. , Lengert Ekaterina V. , Ermakov Aleksey V. , Popykhova Era B. , Stepanova Tatiana V. , Ivanov Aleksey N.
Published: June 2022

Objective: to study the effect of the targeted delivery system of tannic acid (TA) in silver alginate microcapsules on the state of gum microvasculature in rats with intact periodontium vs. experimental periodontitis.
Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on 90 white rats, distributed among six groups: the control group, two groups with intact periodontium and single application of gel with microcapsules loaded/not loaded with TA, experimental periodontitis group, and two groups of animals with periodontitis and repeated application of gel with microcapsules loaded/not loaded with TA. We assessed gingival perfusion and blood flow modulation mechanisms in rats via laser Doppler flowmetry.
Results. Applying gel with silver microcapsules to an intact gum in rats caused 7.5% transient increase in perfusion and activation of microcirculation modulation. Loading microcapsules with TA reduced the severity of transient microcirculatory changes. Using gel with TA-loaded capsules in rats with periodontitis allowed achieving a more pronounced normalization of perfusion and mechanisms of microcirculation modulation vs. using gel containing microcapsules without active components.
Conclusion. Loading alginate microcapsules with silver ions and TA yielded reduction of the irritating effect on gingival mucosa accompanied by an increase in the effectiveness of correcting microcirculatory disorders in periodontitis.
ELEMEN-ELEMEN KEBERKESANAN PROGRAM PENGIMARAHAN MASJID ERA KONTEMPORARI: KAJIAN ANALISIS KEPERLUAN
Authors: Mat Jusoh Mohd Suhardi , Abdul Kamil Jamaludin  , Mohd. Nordin Samah
Published: June 2022

Abstract - In today's contemporary era, the function of the mosque should not be limited as a worship institution. In fact, the role of the mosque should be beyond the boundaries, which is the mosque should be an effective center for the development of muslim community. In this regard, a lot of efforts to strengthen the mosque programmes should be implemented consistently in order to meet the goals of the development for muslim community contemporary. In this aspect, this study seeks to identify the main elements of the effectiveness for the mosque programmes to be in line with the framework of muslim community development in the contemporary era. The methodology of this study is a content analysis through qualitative method by reviewing of previous and current studies in the same and similar study to the title of this study. Based on the findings of document analysis, researchers can identify five main elements of the effectiveness for current mosque programmes that need to be strengthened namely professional management of mosque programmes, data profiling of mosque visitors, mosque networking with government and private agencies, empowerment of non-formal education programmes, application of technology in mosque current programmes. These five elements are expected to strengthen the current programmes with high competent today.
 
Abstract - Di era kontemporari kini, fungsi institusi sesebuah masjid seharusnya tidak terhad sebagai tempat ibadat semata-mata, malah peranan masjid seharusnya melangkaui sempadan iaitu masjid seharusnya berperanan sebagai pusat pembangunan masyarakat Islam yang berdaya saing. Sehubungan itu, usaha-usaha pemerkasaan program pengimarahan masjid seharusnya dilaksanakan secara konsisten agar dapat memenuhi matlamat pembangunan masyarakat Islam kontemporari. Dalam aspek ini, kajian ini berusaha untuk mengenalpasti elemen-elemen keberkesanan utama program pengimarahan masjid bagi membangunkan model konseptual kajian. Metodologi kajian ini berbentuk analisis kandungan secara kualitatif terhadap penulisan kajian-kajian terdahulu dan semasa dalam skop kajian yang hampir sama dengan tajuk kajian ini. Berdasarkan dapatan analisis dokumen yang telah dijalankan, penyelidik dapat mengenalpasti lima elemen utama keberkesanan program pengimarahan masjid masa kini yang perlu diperkasakan iaitu pengurusan profesional program pengimarahan masjid, profiling data ahli kariah masjid, jaringan masjid dengan agensi kerajaan dan swasta, pemerkasaan program pendidikan non-formal masjid dan aplikasi teknologi dalam program pengimarahan masjid. Kelima-lima elemen ini diharapkan dapat memperkasakan program pengimarahan masjid masa kini dengan kompetensi tinggi.
Nilai Ketakteraturan Sisi Total pada Graf Rantai Nonagon dan Graf Rantai Nonagon dengan Sisi Pendan
Authors: Fauziah Melita Nurul , Rosyida Isnanini
Published: June 2022

Diketahui sebuah graf G dengan himpunan titik V(G) tak kosong dan himpunan sisi E(G). Suatu pelabelan dikatakan pelabelan-  total tak teratur sisi, jika setiap dua sisi berbeda  dan  di E(G) memenuhi bobot sisi  tidak sama dengan bobot sisi . Bobot dari sisi uv pada pelabelan total  adalah jumlah label sisi uv ditambah jumlah label titik yang terkait. Nilai ketakteraturan sisi total (total edge irregularity strength) graf G, yang dinotasikan dengan tes(G) adalah label terbesar minimum yang digunakan untuk melabeli graf G dengan pelabelan total tak teratur sisi. Pada artikel ini, penulis menyelidiki nilai ketakteraturan sisi total pada graf rantai nonagon, graf rantai nonagon dengan tiga sisi pendan, dan graf rantai nonagon dengan enam sisi pendan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah  nilai ketakteraturan sisi total graf rantai nonagon adalah batas atas 9r ditambah 2 kemudian dibagi 3, nilai ketakteraturan sisi total graf rantai nonagon dengan tiga sisi pendan adalah batas atas 12r ditambah 2 kemudian dibagi 3, dan nilai ketakteraturan sisi total graf rantai nonagon dengan enam sisi pendan adalah batas atas 15r ditambah 2 kemudian dibagi 3.
Estilos de aprendizaje de productores cacaoteros en escenarios de capacitación en Colombia
Authors: Hincapié Echeverri Oscar Darío
Published: June 2022

Este análisis surgió de un estudio realizado por la Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA) y la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), quienes viendo la necesidad de identificar los estilos de aprendizaje en la población adulta y en especial en comunidades rurales, diseñaron una Metodología de identificación de estilos de aprendizaje aplicable al sector agropecuario (Mideas). Esta metodología cuenta con una caja de herramientas que le provee al facilitador diversas alternativas en sus procesos de transferencia. Para continuar este aporte, se identificaron estilos de aprendizaje con productores de cacao que asisten a capacitaciones en Antioquia, Cauca, Caquetá, y Santander en Colombia. En este análisis se utilizó una encuesta física que fue diligenciada por 183 productores, en la que se abordan cuatro dimensiones socio-cognitivas (Motivacional, Social, Perceptiva y Estratégica). Los resultados en la dimensión motivacional fueron con un 61,2% innovadores; en la dimensión social el 66,7% se identificó como participativos; la dimensión perceptiva fue la  más equitativa de las cuatro en sus variables, ya que los porcentajes entre auditivos (27,9%), visuales (21,9%) y lecto-escritores (20,2%); y, en la dimensión estratégica el gran porcentaje, con un 61,2%, identificó a los productores como prácticos. Se concluyó que en Antioquia y Santander, tradicionalmente cacaoteros, los productores prefieren ampliar sus conocimientos, mientras que en Cauca y Caquetá, considerados neo-cacaoteros, los productores prefieren adquirir nuevos conocimientos.
Caracterización de los sistemas de producción caprinos en la Región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica mediante la utilización de técnicas estadísticas multivariables
Authors: Barboza Mora Mauricio Alberto , Jiménez Castro José Pablo , Porras Solís Ángel Jesús , Miranda Bonilla Omar , Camacho Cascante María Isabel
Published: June 2022

El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar y clasificar los sistemas de producción caprinos de la región Huetar Norte de Costa Rica. La información utilizada provino del VI Censo Nacional Agropecuario 2014 y se seleccionaron datos de 469 sistemas de producción caprina. Los sistemas productivos se caracterizaron y clasificaron utilizando análisis estadísticos multivariados, a partir de variables productivas, sociales y económicas. Se determinaron dos clústers o conglomerados en la región. El conglomerado I está conformado por fincas en pastoreo extensivas de subsistencia y representan el 94% de las fincas. Poseen menos de 20 animales y utilizan el pastoreo como su principal sistema de producción, alimentándose a base de pasturas naturales, heno y melaza; y comercializan sus productos principalmente en la finca. Las fincas del conglomerado II, corresponden a sistemas estabulados intensivos con más de 20 animales por finca. Los animales son alimentados a base de pastos y forrajes de corte y acarreo, aunque con presencia en menor grado de pasto natural; además, de heno y melaza. La venta de los productos ocurre también en la finca, aunque una mayor proporción de productos se comercializan en la agroindustria, en comparación con el conglomerado I.