bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As Normas Sociais no Imaginário Coletivo
Authors: Laniado Ruthy Nadia
Published: August 2022

As ações coletivas diretas dos movimentos sociais ou protestos contemporâneos trazem mais do que demandas ou contestações por parte dos atores. Estes expõem, também, uma forte individualização voltada para valores e modos de comportamentos diferenciados, que se confrontam com aqueles aceitos pelos sistemas sociais de consenso e de legalidade. Produz-se, assim, padrões de comportamentos que transgridem as regras instituídas, forçando a presença, os valores e as demandas dos participantes nas diferentes esferas de vida em sociedade, assim como o reconhecimento de uma cultura política imbuída de ambiguidade, incerteza e risco, resultando num desempenho mais difuso das regras sociais e das instituições em geral. Social norms in the collective imagery Ruthy Nadia Laniado The direct collective actions of contemporary social movements and protests express more than simple demands or confrontations by the actors. They also expose a strong individualization related to values and modes of alternative behaviours which confront the established social system of consent and legality. Hence, they produce patterns of behaviour that transgress the accepted rules, asserting their presence, values and demands in the different spheres of life, as well as the acknowledgement of a political culture imbued with ambiguity, uncertainity and risk, yielding more dispersed social rules and unpredictable institucional performance at large. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH:http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
NO LIMIAR DE UM NOVO MILÊNIO: POSSIBILIDADES E CENÁRIOS
Authors: Garcia Castro Mary
Published: August 2022

A autora coloca-se em meio ao drama de reconhecer os limites da Razão e do Sujeito, ao tempo em que afirma sua convicção de que é válido manter as utopias de esquerda no bojo desta revisão de tudo. O texto passa em revista a complexidade das equações em que se situa o sujeito na trajetória de construção da liberdade - o binômio movimentos sociais versus classes, o desafio recentemente percebido do pacto de sustentabilidade com a natureza, o estabelecimento de bandeiras sociais e políticas especificas em pleno processo de globalização da economia. Este processo, se agudiza desigualdades, potencializa, por outro lado, a subversão de significados. Enfim, o tempo é novo em termos de desafio e renovado em termos de disposição. On the threshold of a new millennium: The author places herself in the middle of a drama to recognise the limits of Reason and the Subject, while affirming her conviction that the maintaining of leftist Utopias is valid in the centre of this revision. The text surveys the complexity of the equations in which the Subject is situated in the trajectory of the construction of Freedom - the binomial {social movements versus classes}, the recently perceived challenge of the pact of Preservation with Nature, and the establishment of specific social and political flags in the on-going globalization of the economy. This process, if it widens inequalities, on the other hand, empowers the subversion of meanings.  Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
O PROJETO AXÉ: RELATO DE UMA EXPERIÊNCIA
Authors: Almeida Fernanda Gonçalves , De Carvalho Inaiá Moreira
Published: August 2022

Este artigo analisa a experiência do Projeto Axé, que atende a meninos e meninas de rua em Salvador, capital do Estado da Bahia, e que vem se tornando conhecido nacional e internacionalmente. O texto se reporta à trajetória, às orientações e às práticas do projeto, aos seus êxitos, dificuldades e limitações, refletindo, a partir do mesmo, sobre o papel das chamadas organizações não governamentais no enfrentamento das questões sociais no mundo contemporâneo. THE AXÉ PROJECT: an Experimental Report Fernanda Gonçalves Almeida Inaiá Maria Moreira de Carvalho This article analyzes the experience of the Axé‚ Project which takes care of street children in Salvador, capital of the State of Bahia, and that is becoming known nationally and internationally. The text reports the project's trajectory, orientations and practice, its successes, difficulties and limitations, reflecting, starting from these, on the role of the so-called non-governmental organizations in facing social questions in the contemporary world. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
GLOBALIZAÇÃO, REESTRUTURAÇÃO PRODUTIVA E MOVIMENTO SINDICAL
Authors: Druck Graça
Published: August 2022

Este texto discute, na sua primeira parte, o processo de globalização em curso, priorizando sua dimensão sociopolítica; analisa as principais  transformações que constituem a reestruturação produtiva e suas implicações sobre o trabalho e o emprego; e tece algumas considerações sobre os mais significativos resultados das práticas neoliberais, apontando os seus limites e impasses.  Busca compreender como se processa a articulação  entre a globalização, a reestruturação produtiva e o neoliberalismo, a partir da categoria crítica do “trabalho”. Na segunda parte, enuncia os principais impactos desses processos sobre os sindicatos, apresentando a origem, o conteúdo e as principais tendências da crise do movimento sindical no âmbito mais geral e no Brasil.  PALAVRAS-CHAVE: globalização; reestruturação produtiva; trabalho; emprego; sindicalismo; neo-liberalismo. Globalization:  ProductiVE restructurING and trade union movements     In its first part this paper discusses the globalization process in course prioritizing its social and political dimensions, analyzing the main transformations that form the productive restructure and its implications on work and employment. It also makes some considerations on the results of the neo-liberalism practices, pointing out its limits and impasses. It tries to explain how the articulation between globalization, productive restructure and neo-liberalism take place, from the critical category of “work”.In its second part the paper shows the main impacts of these processes on trade unions, presenting the origin, the content and the main trends of the crisis of the trade union movement on a more general scope and in Brazil. KEY WORDS: globalization; productive restructure; work; employment; trade-union; neo-liberalism. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
A MIGRAÇÃO DE RISCOS INDUSTRIAIS
Authors: Castleman Barry I.
Published: August 2022

Este artigo analisa o papel peculiar das empresas multinacionais que dominam a produção e comercialização nos ramos com altos riscos para a saúde e o meio ambiente. Historicamente estas têm exercido papel central na migração dos riscos industriais, especialmente para os países com recursos mínimos destinados à proteção ambiental e à saúde do trabalhador. São abordados vários tópicos dentre os quais a importância dos interesses das grandes empresas na determinação dos padrões de exposição às substâncias tóxicas, na exportação do “pensamento perigoso” sobre os riscos e na adoção de tipos de duplo-padrão de gestão nos países de origem e nos países em desenvolvimento. O autor apresenta vários casos ilustrativos que evidenciam questões puramente econômicas, assim como de ética e moralidade na conduta das multinacionais no cenário internacional contemporâneo, cuja redefinição requer a ação dos governos, das organizações sindicais de trabalhadores e das empresas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: riscos industriais; proteção ambiental; gestão industrial; indústrias multinacionais; empresas; organizações sindicais. The Migration of industrial hazards This paper analyses the peculiar role of the multinational corporations that dominate production and marketing in areas of high hazards to health and environment. Historically they have had a central role in the migration of industrial hazards, especially to the countries with minimal resources for environmental protection and worker’s health. Several topics are approached, amongst which the great interest from the major corporations in determining the patterns of exposure to the toxic substances in the export of the “hazardous thinking” regarding risks and in the adoption of determined types of double patterns of management in the country of origin and in the developing countries. The author presents several cases to illustrate merely economical issues, such as ethics and morality in the behavior of the multinational corporations in terms international contemporary scenery, whose definition requires action from the government and from the workers’ unions. KEY WORDS: industrial hazards; environmental protection; environmental management; multinational corporations; corporations; trade unions. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
GLOBALIZAÇÃO, NOVAS REGIÕES DE PRODUÇÃO AGRÍCOLA E DESIGUALDADES SOCIAIS
Authors: Barbosa Josefa Salete
Published: August 2022

Este trabalho objetiva compreender uma das dimensões da relação entre globalização e agricultura, através da análise de processos sociais que surgem  dos novos vínculos entre  produção e circulação  de alimentos frescos  no mercado mundial, tendo como  estudo de caso uma região de produção frutícola, localizada no Vale do São Francisco do Nordeste do Brasil. Neste sentido,  tenta  compreender como as transformações no consumo e nas condições de controle dos mercados interferem  nas estruturas da produção agrícola de regiões particulares,  com impactos sobre as formas de acesso aos meios de produção e de controle sobre o  trabalho, reproduzindo novos padrões de desigualdades sociais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: globalizaão; agricultura; trabalho agrícola; fruticultura; regionaliozação; diferenciação social. Globalization, new regions for agricultural productions and social unevenness     This paper tries to explain one of the dimensions of the relationship between globalization and agriculture, through the analysis of the social processes arising from the new ties between production and the circulation of fresh food in the international market. The case study is a fruit-growing region in the valley of the São Francisco River, in the northeast of Brazil. In this sense, it tries to explain how the transformations on the consumption and on the control of the market conditions interfere in the agricultural production structures of the specific regions, having impacts on the ways of access to the means of production and the work control, reproducing new patterns of social  unevenness. KEY WORDS: globalization; agriculture; agriculture work; fruit growing; specific regions; social difference. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
SAÚDE E TRABALHO: controvérsias teóricas
Authors: Fernandes Sônia Regina
Published: August 2022

Este artigo apresenta as abordagens teóricas do modo de (POSSAS, 1989), do desgaste (LAURELL E NOGUEIRA, 1989), do estresse (GARDELL 1982; GARFIELD, 1982), da ergonomia (WISNER, 1987; FISCHER e PARAGUAY, 1989) da psicopatologia do trabalho (DEJOURS, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1992) que lidam com as questões inerentes a saúde e ao trabalho, salientando as principais tensões existentes no plano teórico-conceitual. A autora conclui, reafirmando a importância de construir-se estratégias coletivas capazes de enfrentar as ameaças do ambiente de trabalho. Aponta também para a necessidade de organizar-se nova agenda de estudos que integre diferentes perspectivas do objeto “saúde e trabalho” e possibilite novas alternativas, tanto no plano da investigação quanto da intervenção. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: saúde e trabalho; saúde do trabalhador; abordagens teóricas sobre saúde e trabalho.Health and Work – theoretical controversies     This paper presents the theoretical approaches of the way of life (POSSAS, 1989), wear-out (LAURELL and NORIEGA), stress (GARDELL, 1982; GARFIELD,1983), ergonomics (WISNER, 1987; FISCHER and PARAGUAY, 1989) and the psychopathology of work (DEJOURS, 1986, 1988, 1089, 1992) dealing with issues inherent to health and work, emphasizing the main tensions at the theoretical conceptual level. The author concludes reassuring the importance of building collective strategies capable of facing the threats to the work environment. She also emphasizes the importance of organizing a new agenda of studies integrating different perspectives of the object “health and work” enabling new alternatives at the survey and intervention levels. KEY WORDS: health, work; social theory; way of life; wear-out; stress; psychopathology of work; ergonomics. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
O CARNAVAL COMO ENGENHO DE REPRESENTAÇÃO CONSENSUAL DA SOCIEDADE BAIANA
Authors: Moura Milton
Published: August 2022

O artigo passa em revista as transformações por que tem passado o Carnaval de Salvador nas últimas décadas. Enfatiza a reestruturação contínua do processo de integração desigual que se observa em torno e no centro da festa e a homogeneização tendencial dos padrões estéticos, com a generalização do trio elétrico como recurso para alcançar as multidões. No complexo sistema de práticas musicais que se desenvolve hoje na cidade do Salvador, as quais constituem-se em elemento importante da reafirmação de seu arranjo político, combinam-se domesticamente o tradicional e o moderno e reproduz-se a primazia das elites, com ampla margem de aprovação popular, enquanto os signos associados à negritude passam a integrar o panteão da beleza oficial e continuam constituindo o eixo principal da propaganda turística. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: carnaval; mudança social; cultura popular; negritude; integração social; representação social; consenso. Carnival as a drive for the consensual representation of the Bahian society     This article reviews the changes that Carnival in Salvador has gone through in the last decades. It emphasizes the continuous restructuring of the social uneven integration observed around and in the festival, as well as the homogeneous esthetic patterns with the widespread presence of the trio elétricos (trucks with high-powered sound equipment on which bands roll through the streets) as a resource to attract  the crowds. In the complex system of musical practices taking place at present in Salvador, which are an important element for reassuring its political pattern, the traditional and the modern are combined and the supremacy of the elite is largely approved by the population, whereas the signs associated to being black become part of the pantheon of official beauty and continue being the main axis for tourist attraction. KEY WORDS: carnival; social change; popular culture; being black; social integration; consensus Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
OS NOVOS INSTRUMENTOS DA CARTOGRAFIA AUTOMATIZADA
Authors: Droulers Martine
Published: August 2022

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O NOVO "SOCIAL": PROCESSO DE GLOBALIZAÇÃO E CRISE DO TRABALHO
Authors: Ivo Anete Brito Leal
Published: August 2022

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Evaluation Approaches and Reflections in Postgraduate Education during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: ŞAHİN SARKIN D. Bahar
Published: August 2022

This research examines the measurement and evaluation practices in postgraduate education in the emergency distance education process that came with the Covid-19 pandemic. A case study design in line with qualitative research approaches has been used in the study. The study group consisted of 27 students enrolled in a postgraduate education institute and receiving education in different programs. It was found in the study that performance-based evaluations that are required to be delivered within a certain deadline are the most preferred evaluation approaches in postgraduate classes and that time limitations are implemented in each online exam. Reiteration, responsibility, cooperation, saving time, space independence, not experiencing exam anxiety, fast communication, and providing feedback were positive aspects of distance evaluation practices. While technical problems, content and evaluation incompatibility, difficulty in accessing e-resources, subjective grading, decrease in motivation, excessive assignments and task descriptions, cheating behavior, and digital literacy insufficiency were found as the negative aspects. The current study suggests that when performing the distance evaluation, students and teachers should have digital skills and adopt not result but the process and product-oriented evaluation approaches to keep up with this process.
An excess of glycolytic enzymes under glucose‐limited conditions may enable Saccharomyces cerevisiae to adapt to nutrient availability
Authors: Grigaitis Pranas , Teusink Bas
Published: August 2022

Microorganisms, including the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, express glycolytic proteins to a maximal capacity that (largely) exceeds the actual flux through the enzymes, especially at low growth rates. An open question is if this apparent expression level is really an overcapacity, or maintains the (optimal) enzyme capacity needed to carry flux at (very) low substrate availability. Here, we use computational modelling to suggest that yeast maintains a genuine excess of glycolytic enzymes at low specific growth rates. During fast fermentative growth at high glucose levels, the observed expression of the glycolytic enzymes matched the predicted optimal levels. We suggest that the excess glycolytic capacity at low glucose levels is a preparatory strategy in the adaptation to sugar fluctuations in the environment.
Protein palmitoylation in cancer: molecular functions and therapeutic potential
Authors: Zhou Binhui , Hao Qianyun , Liang Yinming , Kong Eryan
Published: August 2022

Protein S‐palmitoylation (hereinafter referred to as protein palmitoylation) is a reversible lipid posttranslational modification catalyzed by the zinc finger DHHC‐type containing (ZDHHC) protein family. The reverse reaction, depalmitoylation, is catalyzed by palmitoyl‐protein thioesterases (PPTs), including acyl‐protein thioesterases (APT1/2), palmitoyl protein thioesterases (PPT1/2), or alpha/beta hydrolase domain‐containing protein 17A/B/C (ABHD17A/B/C). Proteins encoded by several oncogenes and tumor suppressors are modified by palmitoylation, which enhances the hydrophobicity of specific protein subdomains, and can confer changes in protein stability, membrane localization, protein–protein interaction, and signal transduction. The importance for protein palmitoylation in tumorigenesis has just started to be elucidated in the past decade; palmitoylation appears to affect key aspects of cancer, including cancer cell proliferation and survival, cell invasion and metastasis, and antitumor immunity. Here we review the current literature on protein palmitoylation in the various cancer types, and discuss the potential of targeting of palmitoylation enzymes or palmitoylated proteins for tumor treatment.
Resilience evaluation of elastic‐plastic high‐rise buildings under resonant long‐duration ground motion
Authors: Akehashi Hiroki , Takewaki Izuru
Published: August 2022

A simple evaluation method of building resilience is proposed, and the resilience of elastic‐plastic high‐rise buildings is evaluated under resonant long‐duration ground motions. The concept of availability is incorporated into the evaluation model of the building resilience, which was proposed in the previous paper. Not only in‐building components but also external factors such as lifelines and redundancy of facility systems are considered in the evaluation model. Based on the evaluation model, the following probabilistic indices are formulated: (1) the expected value of the total recovery time, (2) the expected values of the availability of the structural frame, facilities, and non‐structural components just after an earthquake event, and (3) the maximum likelihood recovery curves (MLRCs) of the structural frame, facilities, and non‐structural components. Numerical examples are presented for evaluating the resilience of elastic‐plastic high‐rise building models under a pseudo‐multi impulse (PMI), which substitutes for resonant long‐duration ground motions. Finally, the influences of the passive viscous dampers, the redundancy of facility systems, and the uncertainty of manpower to repair the components on the building resilience are clarified through the results of numerical examples.
Self‐Assembled LuFeO3/LuFe2O4 Heterostructure with Emergent Ferroic Orderings
Authors: Deng Shiqing , Xu Changsong , Cheng Shaobo , Wang Wenbin , Zhu Jing , Zhu Yimei , Chen Jun
Published: August 2022

Achieving self‐assembling structures that exhibit emergent properties and functionalities is one of the holy grails in nanotechnology and holds great promise for a wide range of potential applications. Herein, a self‐assembled LuFeO3–(1/3)LuFe2O4–LuFeO3 heterostructure that consists of two model multiferroics, i.e., hexagonal LuFeO3 and rhombohedral LuFe2O4, is reported in single‐layer epitaxial LuFeO3 thin films. Atomic‐scale electron microscopy investigations reveal the spontaneous organization of ferroelectric polarization in each building block, which forms a series of polar configurations. Specifically, the charge and lattice of neighboring LuFeO3 and LuFe2O4 blocks are closely coupled with competing degrees of freedom. A combination of the quantitative analysis of atomically resolved images and spectroscopy with theoretical calculations determines how charge‐ordering‐induced polarization accommodates charge naturality across the interfaces to reduce the system energy and unravels the formation mechanism of this heterostructure. The results point to the possibilities of generation and control of multiferroic self‐assembled systems, which may provide a basis for engineering novel materials with emergent properties.
High‐Resolution Imaging of the Ocular Vasculature of Conjunctivitis in Mice Using Highly Bright Polymer Dots
Authors: Li Yuqiao , Lu Shuting , Zhang Yufan , Li Jingru , Xiong Liqin
Published: August 2022

Ocular diseases are mainly caused by vascular aberrations in the eye, and accurate imaging and analysis of the ocular vascular structure is crucial. In this study, poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) (PFBT) polymer dots (Pdots), with the advantages of easy synthesis, high brightness, and low toxicity, are used as nanoprobes to perform high‐resolution imaging of the vasculature of the eyeball and optic nerve. Moreover, rapid imaging of the choroidal microvessels is carried out by stereoscopic fluorescence microscopy with a resolution of up to 1.6 µm. The comprehensive 3D vascular information of retinal aorta and optic nerve microvessels is obtained by combining tissue clearing and multiphoton microscopy. In addition, the vascular density of Schlemm's canal and iris blood vessels is compared between the conjunctivitis mice and the normal mice. These results suggest that PFBT Pdots have great application potential in the fast and accurate imaging of ocular diseases.
Modular Nanostructures Facilitate Low Thermal Conductivity and Ultra‐High Thermoelectric Performance in n‐Type SnSe
Authors: Chandra Sushmita , Bhat Usha , Dutta Prabir , Bhardwaj Aditya , Datta Ranjan , Biswas Kanishka
Published: August 2022

Single crystals of SnSe have gained considerable attention in thermoelectrics due to their unprecedented thermoelectric performance. However, polycrystalline SnSe is more favorable for practical applications due to its facile chemical synthesis procedure, processability, and scalability. Though the thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) of p‐type bulk SnSe polycrystals has reached >2.5, zT of n‐type counterpart is still lower and lies around ≈1.5. Herein, record high zT of 2.0 in n‐type polycrystalline SnSe0.92 + x mol% MoCl5 (x = 0–3) samples is reported, when measured parallel to the spark plasma sintering pressing direction due to the simultaneous optimization of n‐type carrier concentration and enhanced phonon scattering by incorporating modular nano‐heterostructures in SnSe matrix. Modular nanostructures of layered intergrowth [(SnSe)1.05]m(MoSe2)n like compounds embedded in SnSe matrix scatters the phonons significantly leading to an ultra‐low lattice thermal conductivity (κlat) of ≈0.26 W m−1 K−1 at 798 K in SnSe0.92 + 3 mol% MoCl5. The 2D layered modular intergrowth compound resembles the nano‐heterostructure and their periodicity of 1.2–2.6 nm in the SnSe matrix matches the phonon mean free path of SnSe, thereby blocking the heat carrying phonons, which result in low κlat and ultra‐high thermoelectric performance in n‐type SnSe.
Intrinsic (Trap‐Free) Transistors Based on Epitaxial Single‐Crystal Perovskites
Authors: Bruevich Vladimir , Kasaei Leila , Rangan Sylvie , Hijazi Hussein , Zhang Zhenyuan , Emge Thomas , Andrei Eva Y. , Bartynski Robert A. , Feldman Leonard C. , Podzorov Vitaly
Published: August 2022

The first experimental realization of the intrinsic (not dominated by defects) charge conduction regime in lead‐halide perovskite field‐effect transistors (FETs) is reported. The advance is enabled by: i) a new vapor‐phase epitaxy technique that results in large‐area single‐crystalline cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) films with excellent structural and surface properties, including atomically flat surface morphology, essentially free from defects and traps at the level relevant to device operation; ii) an extensive materials analysis of these films using a variety of thin‐film and surface probes certifying the chemical and structural quality of the material; and iii) the fabrication of nearly ideal (trap‐free) FETs with characteristics superior to any reported to date. These devices allow the investigation of the intrinsic FET and (gated) Hall‐effect carrier mobilities as functions of temperature. The intrinsic mobility is found to increase on cooling from ≈30 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature to ≈250 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 50 K, revealing a band transport limited by phonon scattering. Establishing the intrinsic (phonon‐limited) mobility provides a solid test for theoretical descriptions of carrier transport in perovskites, reveals basic limits to the technology, and points to a path for future high‐performance perovskite electronic devices.
Tumor Selective Metabolic Reprogramming as a Prospective PD‐L1 Depression Strategy to Reactivate Immunotherapy
Authors: Liu Yu , Zhou Zaigang , Hou Jiting , Xiong Wei , Kim Heejeong , Chen Jiashe , Zheng Chunjuan , Jiang Xin , Yoon Juyoung , Shen Jianliang
Published: August 2022

Currently, the role of the lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, or dictyosome in the transcription and translation of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) is well revealed, but the role and function of mitochondria in the PD‐L1 expression in tumors is still not fully researched, making it hard to offer a novel PD‐L1 regulation strategy. In this research, it is newly revealed that mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) depression can be used as an effective PD‐L1 down‐regulation method. To offer an ideal and high‐effective tumor mitochondria‐targeted OXPHOS depression nanosystem, IR‐LND is prepared by conjugating mitochondria‐targeted heptamethine cyanine dye IR‐68 with mitochondrial complexes I and II depression agent lonidamine (LND), which then further self‐assembled with albumin (Alb) to form IR‐LND@Alb nanoparticles. By doing this, PD‐L1 expression in tumors is selectively and effectively depressed by IR‐LND@Alb nanoparticles. As expected, the anti‐tumor efficacy of such a PD‐L1 depression strategy is superior to conventional anti‐PD‐L1 monoclonal antibodies. Interestingly, IR‐LND can also be served as a novel ideal promising photodynamic therapy (PDT) drug with self‐oxygen and self‐PD‐L1 regulation capacity. All in all, this tumor‐selective metabolic reprogramming platform to reactivate immunotherapy and sensitize for PDT effect, would open a new window for mitochondrial immunotherapy for cancer patients.
Formation and Growth Mechanism of Laminar Cu6Sn5 with Ultrafine Grains on Nanocrystalline Cu by Interfacial Reaction with Sn
Authors: Chen Shi , Ren Xiaolei , Qiao Yuanyuan , Du Yanfeng , Lai Yanqing , Zhao Ning
Published: August 2022

Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound (IMC) formed at Sn/polycrystalline Cu interface after liquid–solid reaction generally presents scallop‐like morphology and tends to ripen into large‐sized grains with texture feature. In this paper, the formation of laminar Cu6Sn5 on nanocrystalline (NC) Cu by interfacial reaction with liquid Sn is reported. The laminar Cu6Sn5 consists of stacked ultrafine grains, thickened in the manner of “nibbling” the NC Cu and shows randomly distributed orientations. With extended reaction time, the top Cu6Sn5 grains that are exposed to the liquid Sn transform into long‐rod‐like grains all along their <0001> direction, while the bottom Cu6Sn5 grains remain laminar and ultrafine. The formation and growth mechanism of the novel laminar Cu6Sn5 at the Sn/NC Cu interface as well as that of the rod‐like Cu6Sn5 are revealed from the aspects of atomic diffusion, nucleation, and grain merging. It is also found that the Cu3Sn IMC generated at the laminar Cu6Sn5/NC Cu interface is much thinner than that at the classic scallop‐like Cu6Sn5/polycrystalline Cu interface, showing no obvious formation of Kirkendall voids.
Conflicting Requirements for Transparency and Mechanical Stability in the Compound Eyes of Desert Locusts
Authors: Li Chuchu , Rajabi Hamed , Gorb Stanislav N.
Published: August 2022

Compound eyes of insects should be both thin and transparent to allow light to pass through, and at the same time mechanically stable to serve as exoskeleton. These conflicting requirements make the corneal cuticle an interesting example for studying cuticle biomechanics as well as for designing composite materials that seek similar properties. Here, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and nanoindentation are combined to investigate the microstructure, material composition, and material properties of the corneal cuticle of desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. The results suggest that a fully helicoidal architecture and large proportion of resilin in the corneal cuticle are likely to be adaptations for light transmission. Even though the corneal cuticle is resilin‐rich, its elastic modulus is at least three times higher than that previously reported for other resilin‐rich cuticles. This is likely due to the specific microstructure of the corneal cuticle with densely packed layers. This study presents one of a series of studies, in which multidisciplinary approaches are used to understand the link between the structure, material, property, and function in insect cuticle.
A Deep Neural Network Interface Potential for Li‐Cu Systems
Authors: Lai Genming , Jiao Junyu , Fang Chi , Zhang Ruiqi , Xu Xianqi , Sheng Liyuan , Jiang Yao , Ouyang Chuying , Zheng Jiaxin
Published: August 2022

Copper foil is one of the most commonly used current collector materials in Li metal batteries. However, many problems on the Li–Cu interface have not been effectively solved due to the lack of a fundamental understanding of Li–Cu interaction at the atomic scale. In this work, a deep neural network interface potential for Li‐Cu systems using neural networks combined with active learning strategies is developed. The potential shows excellent performances on the energy and force calculations, physical properties predictions, and structure explorations. Moreover, the study of the Li adsorption behaviors on the Cu surface demonstrates the accuracy of this potential in the investigation of the Li–Cu interface. This potential for the Li‐Cu systems provides an important opportunity to advance the understanding of interface problems in Li metal batteries.
Micromanufacturing of Geometrically and Dimensionally Precise Molecular Single‐Crystal Photonic Microresonators via Focused Ion Beam Milling
Authors: Pradeep Vuppu Vinay , Chandrasekar Rajadurai
Published: August 2022

Highly reproducible manufacturing of organic optical crystals with well‐defined geometry and dimension is important to realize industrially relevant all‐organic microelectronic and nanophotonic components and photonic integrated circuits. Here, programmed shape and size alteration of square‐shaped perylene crystal resonators into circular disk and rectangular geometries is demonstrated using the focused‐ion‐beam milling technique. The fabricated smaller sized circular disk and rectangular crystal resonators display shape‐ and size‐dependent optical modes. Due to generality and high reproducibility, this processing technique can be also extended to other organic crystals to create optical components suitable for commercial nanophotonic device applications.
Antihypertension Nanoblockers Increase Intratumoral Perfusion of Sequential Cytotoxic Nanoparticles to Enhance Chemotherapy Efficacy against Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Bian Suchen , Dong Haijiang , Zhao Long , Li Zequn , Chen Jian , Zhu Xingxin , Qiu Nasha , Jia Xing , Song Wenfeng , Li Zekuan , Zheng Shusen , Wang Hangxiang , Song Penghong
Published: August 2022

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the worst prognosis types of tumors, is characterized by dense extracellular matrix, which compresses tumor vessels and forms a physical barrier to inhibit therapeutic drug penetration and efficacy. Herein, losartan, an antihypertension agent, is applied as a tumor stroma modulator and developed into a nanosystem. A series of lipophilic losartan prodrugs are constructed by esterification of the hydroxyl group on losartan to fatty acids. Based on the self‐assembly ability and hydrodynamic diameter, the losartan‐linoleic acid conjugate is selected for further investigation. To improve the stability in vivo, nanoassemblies are refined with PEGylation to form losartan nanoblocker (Los NB), and administered via intravenous injection for experiments. On murine models of pancreatic cancer, Los NB shows a greater ability to remodel the tumor microenvironment than free losartan, including stromal depletion, vessel perfusion increase, and hypoxia relief. Furthermore, Los NB pretreatment remarkably enhances the accumulation and penetration of 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin (SN38)‐loaded nanodrugs (SN38 NPs) in tumor tissues. Expectedly, overall therapeutic efficacy of SN38 NPs is significantly enhanced after Los NB pretreatment. Since losartan is one of the most commonly used antihypertension agents, this study may provide a potential for clinical transformation in stroma‐rich PDAC treatment.
Blood‐Lymphatic Integrated System with Heterogeneous Melanoma Spheroids via In‐Bath Three‐Dimensional Bioprinting for Modelling of Combinational Targeted Therapy
Authors: Cho Won‐Woo , Ahn Minjun , Kim Byoung Soo , Cho Dong‐Woo
Published: August 2022

Although metastatic melanoma can be managed with chemotherapy, its heterogeneity and resistance to therapy remain poorly understood. In addition to the spread of melanoma in the bloodstream, melanoma‐stroma interaction and the lymphatic system play active roles in said heterogeneity and resistance, leading to its progression and metastasis. Reproducing the complexities of the melanoma microenvironment in vitro will help understanding its progression and enhance the translatability of potential cancer therapeutics. A blood‐lymphatic integrated system with heterogeneous melanoma spheroids (BLISH) using the in‐bath bioprinting process is developed. The process uniformly prints size‐controllable metastatic melanoma spheroids along with biomimetic blood and lymphatic vessels (LVs). The system reproduces hallmark events of metastatic melanoma, such as tumor stroma interaction, melanoma invasion, and intravasation. The application of the system to investigate the anticancer effect of combinational targeted therapy suggests that it can be used to study the pathophysiology of melanoma and improve the accuracy of drug response monitoring in skin cancer.
Machine Learning Reveals a General Understanding of Printability in Formulations Based on Rheology Additives
Authors: Nadernezhad Ali , Groll Jürgen
Published: August 2022

Hydrogel ink formulations based on rheology additives are becoming increasingly popular as they enable 3‐dimensional (3D) printing of non‐printable but biologically relevant materials. Despite the widespread use, a generalized understanding of how these hydrogel formulations become printable is still missing, mainly due to their variety and diversity. Employing an interpretable machine learning approach allows the authors to explain the process of rendering printability through bulk rheological indices, with no bias toward the composition of formulations and the type of rheology additives. Based on an extensive library of rheological data and printability scores for 180 different formulations, 13 critical rheological measures that describe the printability of hydrogel formulations, are identified. Using advanced statistical methods, it is demonstrated that even though unique criteria to predict printability on a global scale are highly unlikely, the accretive and collaborative nature of rheological measures provides a qualitative and physically interpretable guideline for designing new printable materials.
Potential‐Mediated Recycling of Copper From Brackish Water by an Electrochemical Copper Pump
Authors: Deng Hai , Wei Wenfei , Yao Lei , Zheng Zijian , Li Bei , Abdelkader Amr , Deng Libo
Published: August 2022

Copper ions (Cu2+) disposed to the environment at massive scale pose severe threat to human health and waste of resource. Electrochemical deionization (EDI) which captures ions by electrical field is a promising technique for water purification. However, the removal capacity and selectivity toward Cu2+ are unsatisfying, yet the recycling of the captured copper in EDI systems is yet to be explored. Herein, an efficient electrochemical copper pump (ECP) that can deliver Cu2+ from dilute brackish water into much more concentrated solutions is constructed using carbon nanosheets for the first time, which works based on reversible electrosorption and electrodeposition. The trade‐off between the removal capacity and reversibility is mediated by the operation voltage. The ECP exhibits a removal capacity of 702.5 mg g−1 toward Cu2+ and a high selectivity coefficient of 64 for Cu2+/Na+ in the presence of multiple cations; both are the highest reported to date. The energy consumption of 1.79 Wh g–1 is among the lowest for EDI of copper. More importantly, the Cu species captured can be released into a 20‐fold higher concentrated solution. Such a high performance is attributed to the optimal potential distribution between the two electrodes that allows reversible electrodeposition and efficient electrosorption.
High Entropy van der Waals Materials
Authors: Ying Tianping , Yu Tongxu , Qi Yanpeng , Chen Xiaolong , Hosono Hideo
Published: August 2022

By breaking the restrictions on traditional alloying strategy, the high entropy concept has promoted the exploration of the central area of phase space, thus broadening the horizon of alloy exploitation. This review highlights the marriage of the high entropy concept and van der Waals systems to form a new family of materials category, namely the high entropy van der Waals materials (HEX, HE = high entropy, X = anion clusters) and describes the current issues and next challenges. The design strategy for HEX has integrated the local feature (e.g., composition, spin, and valence states) of structural units in high entropy materials and the holistic degrees of freedom (e.g., stacking, twisting, and intercalating species) in van der Waals materials, and is successfully used for the discovery of high entropy dichalcogenides, phosphorus tri‐chalcogenides, halogens, and MXene. The rich combination and random distribution of the multiple metallic constituents on the nearly regular 2D lattice give rise to a flexible platform to study the correlation features behind a range of selected physical properties, e.g., superconductivity, magnetism, and metal–insulator transition. The deliberate design of structural units and their stacking configuration can also create novel catalysts to enhance their performance in a bunch of chemical reactions.
Gas‐Sensitive Cellulosic Triboelectric Materials for Self‐Powered Ammonia Sensing
Authors: Zhang Wanglin , Zhao Jiamin , Cai Chenchen , Qin Ying , Meng Xiangjiang , Liu Yanhua , Nie Shuangxi
Published: August 2022

Gas‐sensitive materials are capable of dynamic identification and content monitoring of specific gases in the environment, and their applications in the field of gas sensing are promising. However, weak adsorption properties are the main challenge limiting the application of gas‐sensitive materials. A highly adsorbent gas‐sensitive cellulose nanofibril (CNF)‐based triboelectric material with a layered structure is prepared here and it is applied to self‐powered gas sensing. The layered structure of the triethoxy‐1H,1H,2H,2H‐tridecafluoro‐n‐octylsilane cellulose nanofiber (PFOTES‐CNF)‐based gas‐sensitive material further enhances the adsorption of the material due to electrostatic adsorption in the electrostatic field induced by triboelectricity. It is found that the ammonia‐sensitive material obtained by loading Ti3C2Tx in PFOTES‐CNF has a fast response/recovery (12/14 s), high sensitivity response (Vair/Vgas = 2.1), high selectivity response (37.6%), and low detection limit (10 ppm) for 100 ppm of ammonia gas. In addition, the ammonia‐sensitive CNF‐based triboelectric material can accurately identify NH3 concentration changes in the range of 10–120 ppm and transmit the signal wirelessly to the user interface, facilitating real‐time online monitoring of NH3 in the environment. A novel strategy is provided here for designing and preparing high‐performance gas‐sensitive composites and the analysis of self‐powered gas sensing is guided.
Advances in Biomimetic Photoelectrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Xu Shaohan , Shen Qi , Zheng Jingui , Wang Zhiming , Pan Xun , Yang Nianjun , Zhao Guohua
Published: August 2022

Emerging photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) systems synergize the advantages of electrocatalysis (EC) and photocatalysis (PC) and are considered a green and efficient approach to CO2 conversion. However, improving the selectivity and conversion rate remains a major challenge. Strategies mimicking natural photosynthesis provide a prospective way to convert CO2 with high efficiency. Herein, several typical strategies are described for constructing biomimetic photoelectric functional interfaces; such interfaces include metal cocatalysts/semiconductors, small molecules/semiconductors, molecular catalysts/semiconductors, MOFs/semiconductors, and microorganisms/semiconductors. The biomimetic PEC interface must have enhanced CO2 adsorption capacity, preferentially activate CO2, and have an efficient conversion ability; with these properties, it can activate CO bonds effectively and promote electron transfer and CC coupling to convert CO2 to single‐carbon or multicarbon products. Interfacial electron transfer and proton coupling on the biomimetic PEC interface are also discussed to clarify the mechanism of CO2 reduction. Finally, the existing challenges and perspectives for biomimetic photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction are presented.
Reconfigurable Complementary and Combinational Logic Based on Monolithic and Single‐Crystalline Al‐Si Heterostructures
Authors: Böckle Raphael , Sistani Masiar , Bažíková Martina , Wind Lukas , Sadre‐Momtaz Zahra , den Hertog Martien I. , Murphey Corban G. E. , Cahoon James F. , Weber Walter M.
Published: August 2022

Metal‐semiconductor heterostructures providing geometrically reproducible and abrupt Schottky nanojunctions are highly anticipated for the realization of emerging electronic technologies. This specifically holds for reconfigurable field‐effect transistors, capable of dynamically altering the operation mode between n‐ or p‐type even during run‐time. Targeting the enhancement of fabrication reproducibility and electrical balancing between operation modes, here a nanoscale Al‐Si‐Al nanowire heterostructure with single elementary, monocrystalline Al leads and sharp Schottky junctions is implemented. Utilizing a three top‐gate architecture, reconfiguration on transistor level is enabled. Having devised symmetric on‐currents as well as threshold voltages for n‐ and p‐type operation as a necessary requirement to exploit complementary reconfigurable circuits, selected implementations of logic gates such as inverters and combinational wired‐AND gates are reported. In this respect, exploiting the advantages of the proposed multi‐gate transistor architecture and offering additional logical inputs, the device functionality can be expanded by transforming a single transistor into a logic gate. Importantly, the demonstrated Al‐Si material system and thereof shown logic gates show high compatibility with state‐of‐the‐art complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor technology. Additionally, exploiting reconfiguration at the device level, this platform may pave the way for future adaptive computing systems with low‐power consumption and reduced footprint, enabling novel circuit paradigms.
Revealing the Role, Mechanism, and Impact of AlF3 Coatings on the Interphase of Silicon Thin Film Anodes
Authors: Adhitama Egy , van Wickeren Stefan , Neuhaus Kerstin , Frankenstein Lars , Demelash Feleke , Javed Atif , Haneke Lukas , Nowak Sascha , Winter Martin , Gomez‐Martin Aurora , Placke Tobias
Published: August 2022

Silicon (Si) holds great promise as an anode material for high energy density lithium ion batteries owing to its theoretical capacity of up to 3579 mAh g−1. However, this potential comes at the expense of major challenges, because the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at Si anodes hardly provides long‐term protection due to severe volume expansion. Yet, when it comes to the SEI, the formation mechanism is not thoroughly understood. Here, thin AlF3 coatings are deposited on Si thin film to stabilize the SEI. To evaluate the SEI, systematic observation utilizing X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy is performed at different (de‐)lithiation states, allowing stage‐by‐stage analysis to reveal the role, mechanism, and impact of AlF3 coating. Results show that the capacity retention is significantly improved for 90% after 100 cycles. The transformation of AlF3 into Li‐Al‐F compounds, as confirmed by ion chromatography, is responsible for an enhanced performance due to its high ionic conductivity. Moreover, the SEI of coated Si thin films is rich in inorganic species (i.e., LiF) which is beneficial to prevent electrons to pass through. This work will deepen the understanding of SEI on Si anodes with respect to the coating approach, suggesting future directions to improve coating layers on Si.
Advances on Defect Engineering of Vanadium‐Based Compounds for High‐Energy Aqueous Zinc–Ion Batteries
Authors: Guo Cong , Yi Shanjun , Si Rui , Xi Baojuan , An Xuguang , Liu Jie , Li Jingfa , Xiong Shenglin
Published: August 2022

Aqueous zinc–ion batteries (ZIBs) have been promptly developed as a competitive and promising system for future large‐scale energy storage. In recent years, vanadium (V)‐based compounds, with diversity of valences and high electrochemical‐activity, have been widely studied as cathodes for aqueous ZIBs because of their rich reserves and high theoretical capacity. However, the stubborn issues including low conductivity and sluggish kinetics, plague their smooth application in aqueous ZIBs. Among various countermeasures, defect engineering is believed as an effective method to alleviate the above limitations. This review highlights the challenges of different V‐based cathode materials (e.g., vanadium oxides and vanadates) and summarizes the advances in defect engineering strategies including types and effects of the defects, designed strategies, and characterization techniques for high‐energy ZIBs. Finally, several sound prospects in this fervent field are also rationally proposed for fundamental research and practical application.