bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Chronic Posttraumatic Leg Injury Using Autologous Fat Graft
Authors: Caviggioli Fabio , Klinger Francesco Maria , Vinci Valeriano , Cornegliani Guido , Klinger Marco
Published: December 2012

We present the results obtained in a case of a 20-year-old Caucasian woman with a posttraumatic injury “hard-to-heal” of the left leg treated using autologous fat graft. Considering our experience in treatment of chronic posttraumatic ulcers by autologous fat graft, we decided to use this surgical technique to induce a regenerative effect in this young patient. We have had complete wound closure with only a single surgical procedure after 1 month; after the second intervention of autologous fat graft we observed an improvement in the quality of the scar tissue. The patient satisfaction was excellent. The results were long lasting and remained virtually unchanged after 1 year.
Complete Remission of Methotrexate-Related Epstein-Barr-Virus-Associated Hodgkin-Like Lymphoma following Withdrawal of MTX Coupled with Clarithromycin Administration
Authors: Takemori Nobuo , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Nakamura Masaya , Kojima Masaru
Published: December 2012

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are known to develop lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) during the course of illness, particularly in cases treated with methotrexate (MTX) for long periods. We describe a case of MTX-related Epstein-Barr-virus-(EBV-) associated LPD resembling Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), in which a dramatic complete remission was achieved after withdrawal of MTX coupled with clarithromycin (CAM) administration. Withdrawal of MTX coupled with CAM administration seemed to be effective for treating MTX-related EBV-associated LPDs. In particular, an immunomodulative effect of CAM might have been involved in achieving complete remission.
In Silico Docking of HNF-1a Receptor Ligands
Authors: Sridhar Gumpeny Ramachandra , Nageswara Rao Padmanabhuni Venkata , Kaladhar Dowluru SVGK , Devi Tatavarthi Uma , Kumar Sali Veeresh
Published: December 2012

Background. HNF-1a is a transcription factor that regulates glucose metabolism by expression in various tissues. Aim. To dock potential ligands of HNF-1a using docking software in silico. Methods. We performed in silico studies using HNF-1a protein 2GYP·pdb and the following softwares: ISIS/Draw 2.5SP4, ARGUSLAB 4.0.1, and HEX5.1. Observations. The docking distances (in angstrom units: 1 angstrom unit (Å) = 0.1 nanometer or  metres) with ligands in decreasing order are as follows: resveratrol (3.8 Å), aspirin (4.5 Å), stearic acid (4.9 Å), retinol (6.0 Å), nitrazepam (6.8 Å), ibuprofen (7.9 Å), azulfidine (9.0 Å), simvastatin (9.0 Å), elaidic acid (10.1 Å), and oleic acid (11.6 Å). Conclusion. HNF-1a domain interacted most closely with resveratrol and aspirin
Postangioplasty Restenosis Followed with Magnetic Resonance Imaging in an Atherosclerotic Rabbit Model
Authors: Hänni Mari , Leppänen Olli , Smedby Örjan
Published: December 2012

Rationale and Objectives. Testing a quantitative, noninvasive method to assess postangioplasty vessel wall changes in an animal model.Material and Methods. Six New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to atherosclerotic injury, including cholesterol-enriched diet, deendothelialization, and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in the distal part of abdominal aorta (four weeks after deendothelialization). The animals were examined with a 1.5T MRI scanner at three times as follows: baseline (six weeks after diet start and two days after PTA) and four weeks and 10 weeks after-PTA. Inflow angiosequence (M2DI) and proton-density-weighted sequence (PDW) were performed to examine the aorta with axial slices. To identify the inner and outer vessel wall boundaries, a dynamic contour algorithm (Gradient Vector Flow Snakes) was applied to the images, followed by calculation of the vessel wall dimensions. The results were compared with histopathological analysis.Results. The wall thickness in the lesion was significantly higher than in the control region at 4 and 10 weeks, reflecting induction of experimentally created after-angioplasty lesion. At baseline, no significant difference between the two regions was present.Conclusions. It is possible to follow the development of vessel wall changes after-PTA with MRI in this rabbit model.
Prevalence of Metabolic Abnormalities and Association with Obesity among Saudi College Students
Authors: Abolfotouh Mostafa A. , Al-Alwan Ibrahim A. , Al-Rowaily Mohammed A.
Published: December 2012

Aim. (i) To estimate the prevalence of the metabolic abnormalities among Saudi college students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and (ii) to investigate the association between different indicators of body composition and these abnormalities.Methods. A total of 501 college students participated in a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric assessments, BP measurements, and biochemical assessment were done. Metabolic abnormalities were identified.Results. Applying BMI, 21.9 % and 20.6% of students were classified as overweight and obese, respectively. Central obesity was prevalent in 26.9% and 42.2% of students based on WC and WHtR, respectively. Other metabolic abnormalities were hypertension (23.6%) and abnormal FPG level (22.6%). Three or more abnormalities were prevalent in 7.8% of students and increased significantly to 26.4%, 20%, and 17.6 in obese subjects based on BMI, WC, and WHtR, respectively. With the exception of abnormal FPG, prevalence of individual metabolic abnormalities as well as the number of these abnormalities significantly increased with increasing BMI, WC, and WHtR (P<0.001each).Conclusion. Our findings provide evidence for the presence of MS in Saudi college students. Central adiposity contributes to the high incidence of individual MS components. College health programs that promote healthful lifestyle and avoidance of adult weight gain are recommended.
Spectrum of the Anomalous Microwave Emission in the North Celestial Pole withWMAP7-Year Data
Authors: Bonaldi Anna , Ricciardi Sara
Published: December 2012

We estimate the frequency spectrum of the diffuse anomalous microwave emission (AME) on the North Celestial Pole (NCP) region of the sky with the Correlated Component Analysis (CCA) component separation method applied toWMAP7-yr data. The NCP is a suitable region for this analysis because the AME is weakly contaminated by synchrotron and free-free emission. By modeling the AME component as a peaked spectrum we estimate the peak frequency to be21.7±0.8 GHz, in agreement with previous analyses which favoredνp< 23 GHz. The ability of our method to correctly recover the position of the peak is verified through simulations. We compare the estimated AME spectrum with theoretical spinning dust models to constrain the hydrogen densitynH. The best results are obtained with densities around 0.2–0.3 cm−3, typical of warm ionised medium (WIM) to warm neutral medium (WNM) conditions. The degeneracy with the gas temperature prevents an accurate determination ofnH, especially for low hydrogen ionization fractions, where densities of a few cm−3are also allowed.
Etiology and Management of Hemorrhagic Complications of Portal Hypertension in Children
Authors: Costaguta Alejandro , Alvarez Fernando
Published: December 2012

Portal hypertension in children represents a particular diagnostic and management challenge for several reasons: (1) treatment outcomes should be evaluated in relationship with a long-life expectancy, (2) pediatric patients with portal hypertension constitute an heterogeneous population, both in terms of individual characteristics and diversity of liver diseases; making comparison between treatment outcomes very difficult, (3) application of techniques and procedures developed in adult patients (v.gr. TIPS) face size limitations in small children, and (4) absence of data from well-controlled trials in children forces pediatric specialists to adapt results obtained from adult cohorts suffering from diseases such as HCV and alcoholic cirrhosis. Despite those limitations, substantial progress in the treatment of children with portal hypertension has been achieved in recent years, with better outcomes and survival. Two main factors influence our therapeutic decision: age of the patient and etiology of the liver disease. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of complications of portal hypertension in children need to be described taking such factors into consideration. This paper summarizes current knowledge and expert opinion.
Chemical Modifications of PhTX-I Myotoxin fromPorthidium hyoproraSnake Venom: Effects on Structural, Enzymatic, and Pharmacological Properties
Authors: Huancahuire-Vega Salomón , Corrêa Daniel H. A. , Hollanda Luciana M. , Lancellotti Marcelo , Ramos Carlos H. I. , Ponce-Soto Luis Alberto , Marangoni Sergio
Published: December 2012

We recently described the isolation of a basic PLA2(PhTX-I) fromPorthidium hyoprorasnake venom. This toxin exhibits high catalytic activity, inducesin vivomyotoxicity, moderates footpad edema, and causesin vitroneuromuscular blockade. Here, we describe the chemical modifications of specific amino acid residues (His, Tyr, Lys, and Trp), performed in PhTX-I, to study their effects on the structural, enzymatic, and pharmacological properties of this myotoxin. After chemical treatment, a single His, 4 Tyr, 7 Lys, and one Trp residues were modified. The secondary structure of the protein remained unchanged as measured by circular dichroism; however other results indicated the critical role played by Lys and Tyr residues in myotoxic, neurotoxic activities and mainly in the cytotoxicity displayed by PhTX-I. His residue and therefore catalytic activity of PhTX-I are relevant for edematogenic, neurotoxic, and myotoxic effects, but not for its cytotoxic activity. This dissociation observed between enzymatic activity and some pharmacological effects suggests that other molecular regions distinct from the catalytic site may also play a role in the toxic activities exerted by this myotoxin. Our observations supported the hypothesis that both the catalytic sites as the hypothetical pharmacological sites are relevant to the pharmacological profile of PhTX-I.
The -Version of Binary Search Trees: An Average Case Analysis
Authors: Prodinger Helmut
Published: December 2012

Following a suggestion of Cichoń and Macyna, binary search trees are
generalized by keeping (classical) binary search trees and distributing incoming data at random to the individual trees. Costs for unsuccessful and successful search are analyzed, as well as the internal path length.
Seasonal Monitoring of Cardiovascular and Antiulcer Agents’ Concentrations in Stream Waters Encompassing a Capital City
Authors: Varga Renáta , Somogyvári Iván , Eke Zsuzsanna , Torkos Kornél
Published: December 2012

Nowadays monitoring pharmaceutical residues from surface waters is a widespread analytical task. Most of the studies are conducted from river waters or sewage treatment plants and mainly in Western Europe or North America. Such studies are seldom published from Eastern Europe, especially from stream waters, even though the prescription and consumption patterns of drugs as well as wastewater treatment procedures are very dissimilar. In Hungary the active substance of the most often prescribed drugs are cardiovascular and antiulcer agents. Hence in our study compounds belonging to these two groups were seasonally monitored in two main streams encompassing the Buda side of the Hungarian capital city and flowing into the Danube. To obtain data on the occurrence, fate, and seasonal variation of the compounds, samples were taken from altogether eleven points located near wastewater treatment plants and confluences. The results gave no identifiable pattern in the seasonal variation of concentrations but the contribution of the tributaries and wastewater treatment plants could be followed as expected. From the runoff corrected estuary concentrations the annual contribution of these streams to pharmaceutical pollution of the Danube could be estimated to be in excess of 1 kilogram for atenolol, famotidine, metoprolol, ranitidine, and sotalol.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of New Binuclear Niobium(V) Tartrate Complexes with Biologically Important Drugs
Authors: Revanasiddappa H. D. , Vijaya B. , Shivakumar L. , Shiva Prasad K.
Published: December 2012

The new binuclear niobium(V) complexes of the type [[NbO(L)C4H4O6]2C4H4O6] (where L = DMH, IMH, IPH, FPH, TMT) were prepared with biologically important drugs and characterized by using elemental analysis; IR, 1H-NMR, and UV-Vis spectral studies, and thermogravimetric analysis. The molar conductance measurement of all the complexes in DMF solution corresponds to 1 : 1 electrolytic nature. All complexes were of the pure diamagnetic character and were found to have six-coordinate octahedral geometry. The antimicrobial activity of these complexes has been screened against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. Antifungal activity against two different fungi has been evaluated and compared with controls. All the complexes inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to a competent level.
Impairment of Glioma Stem Cell Survival and Growth by a Novel Inhibitor for Survivin–Ran Protein Complex
Authors: Guvenc Hacer , Pavlyukov Marat S. , Joshi Kaushal , Kurt Habibe , Banasavadi-Siddegowda Yeshavanth K. , Mao Ping , Hong Christopher , Yamada Ryosuke , Kwon Chang-Hyuk , Bhasin Deepak , Chettiar Somsundaram , Kitange Gaspar , Park In-Hee , Sarkaria Jann N. , Li Chenglong , Shakhparonov Mihail I. , Nakano Ichiro
Published: December 2012

Purpose: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a devastating disease. Recent studies suggest that the stem cell properties of GBM contribute to the development of therapy resistance.

Experimental Design: The expression of Survivin and Ran was evaluated by immunohistochemistry with GBM tissues, and quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR and immunocytochemistry with patient-derived GBM sphere cultures. With a computational structure-based drug design, 11 small-molecule compounds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as inhibitor candidates for the molecular interaction of Survivin protein. The molecular mechanism of the lead compound, LLP-3, was determined by Western blot, ELISA, in situ proximity ligation assay, and immunocytochemistry. The effects of LLP-3 treatment on GSCs were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Quantitative immunohistochemistry was carried out to compare Survivin expression in tissues from 44 newly diagnosed and 31 recurrent post-chemoradiation GBM patients. Lastly, the sensitivities of temozolomide-resistant GBM spheres to LLP-3 were evaluated in vitro.

Results: Survivin and Ran were strongly expressed in GBM tissues, particularly in the perivasculature, and also in patient-derived GSC cultures. LLP-3 treatment disrupted the Survivin–Ran protein complex in cancer cells and abolished the growth of patient-derived GBM spheres in vitro and in vivo. This inhibition was dependent on caspase activity and associated with p53 status of cells. Immunohistochemistry showed that Survivin expression is significantly increased in recurrent GBM compared with newly diagnosed tumors, and temozolomide-resistant GBM spheres exhibited high sensitivities to LLP-3 treatment.

Conclusions: Disruption of the Survivin–Ran complex by LLP-3 abolishes survival and growth of GSCs both in vitro and in vivo, indicating an attractive novel therapeutic approach for GBM. Clin Cancer Res; 19(3); 631–42. ©2012 AACR.
Writing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: van Emmerik Arnold A.P. , Reijntjes Albert , Kamphuis Jan H.
Published: December 2012

Background: Face-to-face psychological treatments have difficulty meeting today’s growing mental health needs. For the highly prevalent posttraumatic stress (PTS) conditions, accumulating evidence suggests that writing therapy may constitute an efficient treatment modality, especially when administered through the Internet. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy of writing therapies for PTS and comorbid depressive symptoms. Methods: The literature was searched using several structured and unstructured strategies, including key word searches of the PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and PILOTS databases. Six studies met eligibility criteria and were included in the analyses. These studies included a total of 633 participants, of which 304 were assigned to writing therapy. Results: Across 5 direct comparisons of writing therapy to waiting-list control, writing therapy resulted in significant and substantial short-term reductions in PTS and comorbid depressive symptoms. There was no difference in efficacy between writing therapy and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, but we caution that this finding was based on only 2 direct comparisons. Conclusions: Writing therapy is an evidence-based treatment for PTS, and constitutes a useful treatment alternative for patients who do not respond to other evidence-based treatments. Internet adaptations of writing therapy for PTS may be especially useful for reaching trauma survivors in need of evidence-based mental health care who live in remote areas or who prefer to retain their anonymity.
Lunch Habits of German Children and Adolescents: Composition and Dietary Quality
Authors: Alexy U. , Freese J. , Kersting M. , Clausen K.
Published: December 2012

Background/Aims: Data from the ongoing, open-cohort Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study were used to describe warm family lunch meals and the association of the lunch composition with total diet quality. Methods: 2,095 three-day weighed dietary records, collected between 2004 and 2009, from a 4- to 18-year-old DONALD study subgroup were used. Results: Warm lunch (eating occasions between 11.30 a.m. and 2.29 p.m. including at least one course that is typically consumed warm) was eaten on 68.8% of all record days. Meat lunch (>50%) was predominant, followed by vegetarian (25%), fish (13%) and sweet lunch meals (3%). The prevalence of desserts at lunch was high and beverages were drunk at 80% of lunch meals. A meat lunch was associated with a higher protein (+1.4% energy intake, %E) and fat intake (+1.7%E) than a sweet lunch; also densities of vitamin A, folate and iron were higher. A dessert at lunch decreased protein intake slightly (–0.2%E), but increased carbohydrate (+0.7%E) and added sugar intake (+1.4%E) as well as density of calcium (+18 mg/MJ). Conclusion: Our study proves the impact of lunch on daily dietary quality and yields valuable insights on the development of food and meal-based dietary guidelines.
Management of Fetal Hydrops due to Maternal Antibodies against a Low Incidence Paternal Red Cell Antigen: A Novel Insight from Clinical Practice
Authors: Hills Alison , Massey Edwin , Search Sue , Poole Joyce , Jones Stephen W. , Moppett John , Overton Timothy
Published: December 2012

A rare case of a low incidence red cell antigen causing severe fetal allo-immune red cell disease is presented. Discussion of how this can be diagnosed and successfully managed antenatally using middle cerebral artery Doppler ultrasound and maternal antibody titre levels for fetal surveillance and timing of intervention with intrauterine transfusion.
Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Merla Giuseppe , Brunetti-Pierri Nicola , Piccolo Pasquale , Micale Lucia , Loviglio Maria Nicla
Published: December 2012

Supravalvular aortic stenosis is a systemic elastin (ELN) arteriopathy that disproportionately affects the supravalvular aorta. ELN arteriopathy may be present in a nonsyndromic condition or in syndromic conditions such as Williams–Beuren syndrome. The anatomic findings include congenital narrowing of the lumen of the aorta and other arteries, such as branches of pulmonary or coronary arteries. Given the systemic nature of the disease, accurate evaluation is recommended to establish the degree and extent of vascular involvement and to plan appropriate interventions, which are indicated whenever hemodynamically significant stenoses occur. ELN arteriopathy is genetically heterogeneous and occurs as a consequence of haploinsufficiency of the
ELN
gene on chromosome 7q11.23, owing to either microdeletion of the entire chromosomal region or ELN point mutations. Interestingly, there is a prevalence of premature termination mutations resulting in null alleles among ELN point mutations. The identification of the genetic defect in patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis is essential for a definitive diagnosis, prognosis, and genetic counseling.
Global Remodeling of the Vascular Stem Cell Niche in Bone Marrow of Diabetic Patients
Authors: Spinetti Gaia , Cordella Daniela , Fortunato Orazio , Sangalli Elena , Losa Sergio , Gotti Ambra , Carnelli Franco , Rosa Francesco , Riboldi Stefano , Sessa Fausto , Avolio Elisa , Beltrami Antonio Paolo , Emanueli Constanza , Madeddu Paolo
Published: December 2012

Rationale:

The impact of diabetes mellitus on bone marrow (BM) structure is incompletely understood.

Objective:

Investigate the effect of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on BM microvascular and hematopoietic cell composition in patients without vascular complications.

Methods and Results:

Bone samples were obtained from T2DM patients and nondiabetic controls (C) during hip replacement surgery and from T2DM patients undergoing amputation for critical limb ischemia. BM composition was assessed by histomorphometry, immunostaining, and flow cytometry. Expressional studies were performed on CD34
pos
immunosorted BM progenitor cells (PCs). Diabetes mellitus causes a reduction of hematopoietic tissue, fat deposition, and microvascular rarefaction, especially when associated with critical limb ischemia. Immunohistochemistry documented increased apoptosis and reduced abundance of CD34
pos
-PCs in diabetic groups. Likewise, flow cytometry showed scarcity of BM PCs in T2DM and T2DM+critical limb ischemia compared with C, but similar levels of mature hematopoietic cells. Activation of apoptosis in CD34
pos
-PCs was associated with upregulation and nuclear localization of the proapoptotic factor FOXO3a and induction of FOXO3a targets, p21 and p27
kip1
. Moreover, microRNA-155, which regulates cell survival through inhibition of FOXO3a, was downregulated in diabetic CD34
pos
-PCs and inversely correlated with FOXO3a levels. The effect of diabetes mellitus on anatomic and molecular end points was confirmed when considering background covariates. Furthermore, exposure of healthy CD34
pos
-PCs to high glucose reproduced the transcriptional changes induced by diabetes mellitus, with this effect being reversed by forced expression of microRNA-155.

Conclusions:

We provide new anatomic and molecular evidence for the damaging effect of diabetes mellitus on human BM, comprising microvascular rarefaction and shortage of PCs attributable to activation of proapoptotic pathway.
AKT2 Confers Protection Against Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections
Authors: Shen Ying H. , Zhang Lin , Ren Pingping , Nguyen Mary T. , Zou Sili , Wu Darrell , Wang Xing Li , Coselli Joseph S. , LeMaire Scott A.
Published: December 2012

Rationale:

Aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD) are major diseases of the adult aorta caused by progressive medial degeneration of the aortic wall. Although the overproduction of destructive factors promotes tissue damage and disease progression, the role of protective pathways is unknown.

Objective:

In this study, we examined the role of AKT2 in protecting the aorta from developing AAD.

Methods and Results:

AKT2 and phospho-AKT levels were significantly downregulated in human thoracic AAD tissues, especially within the degenerative medial layer.
Akt2-
deficient mice showed abnormal elastic fibers and reduced medial thickness in the aortic wall. When challenged with angiotensin II, these mice developed aortic aneurysm, dissection, and rupture with features similar to those in humans, in both thoracic and abdominal segments. Aortas from
Akt2
-deficient mice displayed profound tissue destruction, apoptotic cell death, and inflammatory cell infiltration that were not observed in aortas from wild-type mice. In addition, angiotensin II–infused
Akt2-
deficient mice showed significantly elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and reduced expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). In cultured human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, AKT2 inhibited the expression of MMP-9 and stimulated the expression of TIMP-1 by preventing the binding of transcription factor forkhead box protein O1 to the
MMP-9
and
TIMP-1
promoters.

Conclusions:

Impaired AKT2 signaling may contribute to increased susceptibility to the development of AAD. Our findings provide evidence of a mechanism that underlies the protective effects of AKT2 on the aortic wall and that may serve as a therapeutic target in the prevention of AAD.
Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: de Rooij Nicolien K. , Rinkel Gabriel J.E. , Dankbaar Jan Willem , Frijns Catharina J.M.
Published: December 2012

Background and Purpose—

Established predictors of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage are large amounts of extravasated blood and poor clinical condition on admission. The predictive value of other factors is uncertain.

Methods—

We searched MEDLINE (1960–2012) for clinical, laboratory, and radiological predictors routinely available within 72 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The studies were categorized according to methodological quality. Crude data and effect estimates (odds ratio [OR], hazard ratios, and risk ratio) with 95% CI were extracted, (re-)calculated and pooled if possible. For every potential predictor we assessed all effect estimates on consistency (point estimates in equal direction) and clinical relevance (size and 95% CI).

Results—

Fifty-two studies on 33 potential predictors were included. There was strong evidence (≥3 high-quality studies) for a higher risk of delayed cerebral ischemia in smokers (pooled OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1–1.4), and moderate evidence (2 high-quality studies) for an increased risk in patients with hyperglycemia (OR, 3.2; 1.8–5.8 and hazard ratios, 1.7; 1.1–2.5), hydrocephalus (OR, 1.3; 1.1–1.5 and OR, 2.6; 1.2–5.5), history of diabetes mellitus (pooled OR, 6.7; 1.7–26), and early systemic inflammatory response syndrome (pooled OR, 2.1; 1.4–3.3). Evidence was limited for increased risk in women (pooled OR, 1.3; 1.1–1.6) and in patients with history of hypertension (pooled OR, 1.5; 1.3–1.7). The evidence on initial loss of consciousness, history of migraine, previous use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, hypomagnesemia, low hemoglobin, or high blood flow on early transcranial Doppler was also limited.

Conclusions—

There is strong evidence that smoking is a predictor of delayed cerebral ischemia. For several other potential predictions the evidence is moderate, limited, or inconsistent.
The Mean and the Time Variability of the Shallow Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Tropical South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Zilberman N. V. , Roemmich D. H. , Gille S. T.
Published: December 2012

The meridional transport in the Pacific Ocean subtropical cell is studied for the period from 2004 to 2011 using gridded Argo temperature and salinity profiles and atmospheric reanalysis surface winds. The poleward Ekman and equatorward geostrophic branches of the subtropical cell exhibit an El Niño–Southern Oscillation signature with strong meridional transport occurring during La Niña and weak meridional transport during El Niño. At 7.5°S, mean basinwide geostrophic transport above 1000 dbar is 48.5 ± 2.5 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) of which 30.3–38.4 Sv return to the subtropics in the surface Ekman layer, whereas 10.2–18.3 Sv flow northward, feeding the Indonesian Throughflow. Geostrophic transport within the subtropical cell is stronger in the ocean interior and weaker in the western boundary during La Niña, with changes in the interior dominating basinwide transport. Using atmospheric reanalyses, only half of the mean heat gain by the Pacific north of 7.5°S is compensated by oceanic heat transport out of the region. The National Oceanography Centre at Southampton air–sea flux climatology is more consistent for closing the oceanic heat budget. In summary, the use of Argo data for studying the Pacific subtropical cell provides an improved estimate of basinwide mean geostrophic transport, includes both interior and western boundary contributions, quantifies El Niño/La Niña transport variability, and illustrates how the meridional overturning cell dominates ocean heat transport at 7.5°S.
Mining FDI and urban economies in sub-Saharan Africa: Exploring the possible linkages
Authors: Robbins Glen
Published: December 2012

Since the mid-1990s many African countries have experienced rapid and sustained growth in foreign direct investment associated with the exploitation of oil and mineral resources. This has seen economic growth in some countries rising to levels more generally associated with fast-growth Asian nations. Previous bouts of mining-related commodity booms in parts of the continent were often described as doing little more than mimicking the patterns of colonial-extractive development, thus leading to little in the way of sustained and more widely felt economic transformations. However, in a context where African cities are continuing to grow, it is important to explore the relationships, if any, between this increasingly dominant contributor to GDP and investment in urban centres. This article explores some recent research in an effort to consider what the possible connections between mineral and urban economic trajectories might be with reference to a few selected countries. These include economic opportunities arising from urbanisation itself and those related to backward and forward linkages of both formal and informal mining processes.
Global environmental change III
Authors: O’Brien Karen
Published: December 2012

There are increasing calls from the global environmental change research community for new strategies for translating knowledge into action. Such calls are not new, yet they are often based on the assumption that more solutions-oriented knowledge about environmental problems will lead to desired outcomes. In this progress report, I argue that it is time to shift attention to the issue of change itself, and to question some of the assumptions that reproduce certain types of knowledge and certain types of action over alternatives. I discuss an approach for challenging big assumptions, which draws greater attention to a broad body of social science research that renders many of the paradigmatic assumptions ambiguous or problematic. Finally, I consider the implications for human geography, including whether some of our own disciplinary assumptions are complicit in perpetuating paradigms that contribute to continued global environmental change.
Hemlock Legacy Project (HeLP)
Authors: Hessl Amy , Pederson Neil
Published: December 2012

Eastern North American forests have effectively lost two major tree species (American chestnut and American elm) in the last 100 years and two more, eastern and Carolina hemlock, will be functionally extinct over much of their ranges within a couple of decades. The loss of eastern hemlock is of particular concern because hemlock is: (1) a foundation species; (2) one of the longest-lived tree species over much of temperate eastern North America; and (3) sensitive to climatic variation and ecosystem disturbance, making it an ideal species for the reconstruction of environmental history. Unlike American chestnut, we have a small window of opportunity to salvage environmental histories from hemlock before they are lost. In this progress report, we review the extensive body of science derived from this paleoenvironmental archive and urge scientists from eastern North America to sample and archive old-growth hemlock while living and dead material remain. Here we describe a community-based approach to salvaging paleoenvironmental archives that could serve as a model for collections from other foundation species currently threatened by exotic forests pests and pathogens (e.g. whitebark pine, ash). The approach supports Schlesinger’s (2010) call for ‘translational ecology’ by building connections between scientists, students, environmental NGOs, and land managers focused on old-growth forests.
Review of past research and proposed action plan for landfill gas-to-energy applications in India
Authors: Siddiqui Faisal Zia , Zaidi Sadaf , Pandey Suneel , Khan Mohd Emran
Published: December 2012

Open dumps employed for disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) are generally referred to as landfills and have been traditionally used as the ultimate disposal method in India. The deposition of MSW in open dumps eventually leads to uncontrolled emission of landfill gas (LFG). This article reviews the MSW disposal practices and LFG emissions from landfills in India during the period 1994 to 2011. The worldwide trend of feasibility of LFG to energy recovery projects and recent studies in India indicate a changed perception of landfills as a source of energy. However, facilitating the implementation of LFG to energy involves a number of challenges in terms of technology, developing a standardized framework and availability of financial incentives. The legislative framework for promotion of LFG to energy projects in India has been reviewed and a comprehensive strategy and action plan for gainful LFG recovery is suggested. It is concluded that the market for LFG to energy projects is not mature in India. There are no on-ground case studies to demonstrate the feasibility of LFG to energy applications. Future research therefore should aim at LFG emission modeling studies at regional level and based on the results, pilot studies may be conducted for the potential sites in the country to establish LFG to energy recovery potential from these landfills.
Envisioning the Clothing and Textile-Related Discipline for the 21st Century Its Scientific Nature and Domain From the Global Supply Chain Perspective
Authors: Ha-Brookshire Jung E. , Hawley Jana M.
Published: December 2012

The Clothing and Textiles (C&T) discipline was established over a century ago within the Home Economics discipline. During the early 1960s, a major shift occurred within C&T, from domestic science to one focused on industry. This conceptual paper takes an updated approach to discuss the relevance and uniqueness of C&T at a time when universities face reorganization or adaptation. After reviewing the scientific nature of C&T, the authors defined C&T as the science of investigating the satisfaction processes of humans' clothing needs and wants. These satisfaction processes are described and classified by hypotheses, theories, generalizations, and/or laws, through scientific methods built from both logics of discovery and justification. Therefore, the authors argue that C&T are closely linked with human science units because of its ultimate goal --human satisfaction of clothing needs and wants. More importantly, the authors argue the clothing satisfaction processes occur through supply chain management, from history and forecasting to retailing and distribution, in the global marketplace. The global supply chain management framework of C&T offers homes to all types of research, creative, and educational activities that C&T scholars conduct every day, and demonstrates how each component is inter-linked with other components. Finally, visions for the future of C&T are offered if the model is adopted, and the authors suggest further conversations about the nature and domain of C&T.
Unions, learning, migrant workers and union revitalization in Britain
Authors: Mustchin Stephen
Published: December 2012

This article focuses on strategies adopted by British trade unions to promote education to their members and their impact on attempts to organize among migrant workers. The relationship between this activity and broader debates around union revitalization is analysed, particularly in terms of how union involvement in learning intersects with broader organizing and community focused union activity. A diverse range of approaches to education provision for migrant workers can be identified from this research. The influence of internal union politics on attempts to organize migrant workers, work in conjunction with state policy and improve access to education among their members is also analysed. The study highlights a diverse range of outcomes, raising important issues regarding union organizing strategies and their relationship to union provision of education for their memberships.
Working in the other Square Mile: performing and placing sexualized labour in Soho’s sex shops
Authors: Tyler Melissa
Published: December 2012

Drawing on an ethnographic study of an empirically neglected sector and setting of employment, namely sales-service work in sex shops located in London’s Soho, this article develops the sociological analysis of sales-service work in two ways. First, it emphasizes the inter-relationship between emotion, aesthetics and sexuality underpinning the performance of sexualized labour, shaping the way in which the latter is enacted and embodied. Second, it highlights the importance of locating, or placing sexualized labour, teasing out the ways in which it is encoded and embedded in the particular place in which it is performed, a theme that remains under-developed in the study of sales-service work to date.
Not all that it might seem: why job satisfaction is worth studying despite it being a poor summary measure of job quality
Authors: Brown Andrew , Charlwood Andy , Spencer David A
Published: December 2012

Interest in data on job satisfaction is increasing in both academic and policy circles. One common way of interpreting these data is to see a positive association between job satisfaction and job quality. Another view is to dismiss the usefulness of job satisfaction data, because workers can often express satisfaction with work where job quality is poor. It is argued that this second view has some validity, but that survey data on job satisfaction and subjective well-being at work are informative if interpreted carefully. If researchers are to come to sensible conclusions about the meaning behind job satisfaction data, information about why workers report job satisfaction is needed. It is in the understanding of why workers report feeling satisfied (or dissatisfied) with their jobs that sociology can make a positive contribution.
Political dimensions of ‘the psychosocial’
Authors: Toms Jonathan
Published: December 2012

The Foucaultian sociologist Nikolas Rose has influentially argued that psychosocial technologies have offered means through which the ideals of democracy can be made congruent with the management of social life and the government of citizens in modern western liberal democracies. This interpretation is contested here through an examination of the 1948 International Congress on Mental Health held in London and the mental hygiene movement that organized it. It is argued that, in Britain, this movement’s theory and practice represents an uneasy and ambiguous attempt to reconcile visions of ‘the modern’ with ‘the traditional’. The mental hygienist emphasis on the family is central. Here it appears as a forcing-house of the modern self-sustaining individual. Mental hygienists cast the social organization of ‘traditional’ communities as static, with rigid authority frustrating both social progress and the full emergence of individual personality. Yet mental hygienists were also concerned about threats to social cohesion and secure personhood under modernity. If the social organization of ‘traditional’ communities was patterned by the archetype of the family, with its personal relations of authority, mental hygienists compressed these relations into the ‘private’ family. Situated here they became part of a developmental process of mental adjustment through which ‘mature’, responsible citizens emerged. This reformulation of the family’s centrality for the social order informed mental hygienist critiques of the growth of state power under existing forms of democracy, as well as suspicion of popular political participation or protest, and of movements towards greater egalitarianism.
War on fear
Authors: Burney Ian
Published: December 2012

This article examines the processes through which civilian fear was turned into a practicable investigative object in the inter-war period and the opening stages of the Second World War, and how it was invested with significance at the level of science and of public policy. Its focus is on a single historical actor, Solly Zuckerman, and on his early war work for the Ministry of Home Security-funded Extra Mural Unit based in Oxford’s Department of Anatomy (OEMU). It examines the process by which Zuckerman forged a working relationship with fear in the 1930s, and how he translated this work to questions of home front anxiety in his role as an operational research officer. In doing so it demonstrates the persistent work applied to the problem: by highlighting it as an ongoing research project, and suggesting links between seemingly disparate research objects (e.g. the phenomenon of ‘blast’ exposure as physical and physiological trauma), the article aims to show how civilian ‘nerve’ emerged from within a highly specific analytical and operational matrix which itself had complex foundations.
All the lonely papers, where do they all belong?
Authors: Prichard Craig
Published: December 2012

Organization has published 569 papers in its 20 years. Of these 44% have been cited less than four times, and just on 9%, or 48 papers, have never been cited at all—not even by their own authors. What might we make of these lonely and seemingly neglected papers? Are they the Eleanor Rigbys and the Father McKenzies of the academic world? As a contribution to the Journal’s 20th Anniversary issue this paper offers a discussion of Organization’s uncited 48.
Computer games supporting cognitive behaviour therapy in children
Authors: Brezinka Veronika
Published: December 2012

Therapeutic computer games might enhance children’s motivation for psychotherapy, facilitate their understanding of important therapeutic concepts, structure therapy sessions, enhance treatment of migrant children and disseminate evidence-based treatment approaches. The game Treasure Hunt was developed to support cognitive behaviour therapy with children who come into treatment for various mental health problems. To evaluate the applicability and appropriateness of the game, 124 therapists answered a questionnaire on their impression of Treasure Hunt three months after download. Of these, 42 consented to participate in the further evaluation and sent questionnaires of 218 children in whose therapy Treasure Hunt had been used. A limitation of these data is an eventual positive bias, as therapists with a positive attitude towards therapeutic computer games may have been more likely to participate. Data show that the vast majority of children were satisfied their therapist had used the game during treatment. Therapists used Treasure Hunt for a broad range of diagnoses. They judged the game as helpful in the explanation of cognitive-behavioural concepts, used it as reinforcement and reported it enhanced child motivation for psychotherapy and strengthened the therapeutic relationship with the child.
From sex shacks to mega-brothels
Authors: Isgro Kirsten L , Stehle Maria , Weber Beverly M
Published: December 2012

This article examines the discourses of forced prostitution that circulated in the US and European media and government publications in the context of the soccer World Cup in 2006. This analysis of the public discourse around prostitution reveals two themes: concerns about immigration and border security, and representations of gender binaries that serve to relegate migrant women to the status of victim. The fears of increased sex trafficking and the condemnation of so-called ‘sex shacks’ and ‘mega-brothels’ for the World Cup 2006 served as foils for other perceived crises produced by globalisation. The debates struggle with a marked ‘other’ that reveals new forms of racialised ‘othering’: dangerously white, understood as both of Europe and a threat to it. The 2006 World Cup historical moment has implications for how international sports, consumer culture and feminist activism inform and conceal human agency.
Parental expectations relating to children’s higher education in urban China: Cultural capital and social class
Authors: Sheng Xiaoming
Published: December 2012

This article employs Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital to examine the social class differences in the expectations relating to higher education among parents and students in urban China. This study fills a gap in understanding the complex factors that underpin parental expectations regarding children’s higher education. This study has been conducted using mixed methods, comprising a large-scale questionnaire with semi-structured interviews. The data have revealed that parental expectations of their children’s higher education are classed. There is a significant difference between middle-class and working-class parental expectations regarding children’s higher education due to difference in the volumes of cultural capital. It is clear that some of the middle-class parents have a particular concern as to whether the campus culture matches their children’s personality.
The career of a suspect’s statement: Talk, text, context
Authors: Komter Martha
Published: December 2012

The aim of this article is to show how a suspect’s statement travels through two stages of the criminal law process: the police interrogation and the trial, exhibited by two modes of production: talk and writing. I first discuss how the suspect’s statement is elicited and written down by the police in the police report; next I consider how the police report is made to form part of a legally adequate case-file; and finally I investigate the ways in which the judge quotes and refers to the police report in his questioning of the suspect during the trial. This step-by-step inspection of the trajectory of the suspect’s statement shows processes of de- and recontextualization. The suspect’s statement is written down so as to enable it to be taken out of one context (the police interrogation) and inserted into another (the trial). This means that old meanings are removed from the suspect’s statement and new meanings are added. In the courtroom, however, the judge treats the suspect’s written statement as his own individual production, irrespective of the interactional environment in which it was elicited. The suspect’s statement is taken out of one context, inserted into another context and treated as independent of context.
In video war games, are military personnel’s fixation patterns different compared with those of civilians?
Authors: Söderberg Håkan , Khalid Junaid , Rayees Mohammed , Dahlman Joakim , Falkmer Torbjörn
Published: December 2012

For combat personnel in urban operations, situational awareness is critical and of major importance for a safe and efficient performance. One way to train situational awareness is to adopt video games. Twenty military and 20 civilian subjects played the game “ Close Combat: First to Fight” on two different platforms, Xbox and PC, wearing an eye tracker. The purpose was to investigate if the visual search strategies used in a game correspond to live training, and how military-trained personnel search for visual information in a game environment. A total of 27,081 fixations were generated through a centroid mode algorithm and analyzed frame-by-frame, 48% of them from military personnel. Military personnel’s visual search strategies were different from those of civilians. Fixation durations were, however, equally short, that is, about 170 ms, for both groups. Surprisingly, the military-trained personnel’s fixation patterns were less orientated towards tactical objects and areas of interest than the civilians’; the underlying mechanisms remaining unclear. Military training was apparently not advantageous with respect to playing “ Close Combat: First to Fight”. Further research within the area of gaming, military training and visual search strategies is warranted.