bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Profiling of Primary Mesothelioma Cultures Defines Subtypes with Different Expression Profiles and Clinical Responses
Authors: Schunselaar Laurel M. , Quispel-Janssen Josine M.M.F. , Kim Yongsoo , Alifrangis Constantine , Zwart Wilbert , Baas Paul , Neefjes Jacques
Published: October 2017

Purpose: Finding new treatment options for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma is challenging due to the rarity and heterogeneity of this cancer type. The absence of druggable targets further complicates the development of new therapies. Current treatment options are therefore limited, and prognosis remains poor.

Experimental Design: We performed drug screening on primary mesothelioma cultures to guide treatment decisions of corresponding patients that were progressive after first- or second-line treatment.

Results: We observed a high concordance between in vitro results and clinical outcomes. We defined three subgroups responding differently to the anticancer drugs tested. In addition, gene expression profiling yielded distinct signatures that segregated the differently responding subgroups. These genes signatures involved various pathways, most prominently the fibroblast growth factor pathway.

Conclusions: Our primary mesothelioma culture system has proved to be suitable to test novel drugs. Chemical profiling of primary mesothelioma cultures allows personalizing treatment for a group of patients with a rare tumor type where clinical trials are notoriously difficult. This personalized treatment strategy is expected to improve the poor prospects of patients with mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res; 24(7); 1761–70. ©2017 AACR.

See related commentary by John and Chia, p. 1513
A Phase I Open-Label Study to Identify a Dosing Regimen of the Pan-AKT Inhibitor AZD5363 for Evaluation in Solid Tumors and in PIK3CA-Mutated Breast and Gynecologic Cancers
Authors: Banerji Udai , Dean Emma J. , Pérez-Fidalgo J. Alejandro , Batist Gerald , Bedard Philippe L. , You Benoit , Westin Shannon N. , Kabos Peter , Garrett Michelle D. , Tall Mathew , Ambrose Helen , Barrett J. Carl , Carr T. Hedley , Cheung S.Y. Amy , Corcoran Claire , Cullberg Marie , Davies Barry R. , de Bruin Elza C. , Elvin Paul , Foxley Andrew , Lawrence Peter , Lindemann Justin P.O. , Maudsley Rhiannon , Pass Martin , Rowlands Vicky , Rugman Paul , Schiavon Gaia , Yates James , Schellens Jan H.M.
Published: October 2017

Purpose: This phase I, open-label study (Study 1, D3610C00001; NCT01226316) was the first-in-human evaluation of oral AZD5363, a selective pan-AKT inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. The objectives were to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of AZD5363, define a recommended dosing schedule, and evaluate preliminary clinical activity.

Experimental Design: Patients were aged ≥18 years with World Health Organization (WHO) performance status of 0 to 1. Dose escalation was conducted within separate continuous and intermittent [4 days/week (4/7) or 2 days/week (2/7)] schedules with safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic analyses. Expansion cohorts of approximately 20 patients each explored AZD5363 activity in PIK3CA-mutant breast and gynecologic cancers.

Results: MTDs were 320, 480, and 640 mg for continuous (n = 47), 4/7 (n = 21), and 2/7 (n = 22) schedules, respectively. Dose-limiting toxicities were rash and diarrhea for continuous, hyperglycemia for 2/7, and none for 4/7. Common adverse events were diarrhea (78%) and nausea (49%) and, for Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade ≥3 events, hyperglycemia (20%). The recommended phase II dose (480 mg bid, 4/7 intermittent) was assessed in PIK3CA-mutant breast and gynecologic expansion cohorts: 46% and 56% of patients, respectively, showed a reduction in tumor size, with RECIST responses of 4% and 8%. These responses were less than the prespecified 20% response rate; therefore, the criteria to stop further recruitment to the PIK3CA-mutant cohort were met.

Conclusions: At the recommended phase II dose, AZD5363 was well tolerated and achieved plasma levels and robust target modulation in tumors. Proof-of-concept responses were observed in patients with PIK3CA-mutant cancers treated with AZD5363. Clin Cancer Res; 24(9); 2050–9. ©2017 AACR.

See related commentary by Costa and Bosch, p. 2029
α-Pinene Inhibits Human Prostate Cancer Growth in a Mouse Xenograft Model
Authors: Zhao Yunqi , Chen Ran , Wang Yun , Yang Yixin
Published: October 2017

Background: α-Pinene is one of the most widely found terpenoids in nature. Substantial evidence shows that α-pinene has cancer prevention properties. In this study, the PC-3 cell line was used to establish subcutaneous xenograft tumors in nude mice. Methods: Cytotoxicity was measured with the MTT assay, and apoptosis and cell cycle analyses were conducted using flow cytometry in vitro. The PC-3 cell line was used to establish subcutaneous xenograft tumors in nude mice. Results: We found that treatment with α-pinene significantly inhibited human prostate cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the cell line-based model. Furthermore, tumor progression was inhibited more in mice treated with α-pinene than in control mice. We detected less Ki67 and proliferation cell nuclear antigen in paraffin sections from xenograft tumor specimens taken from α-pinene-treated mice than in those from the control group. Meanwhile, α-pinene treatment induced apoptosis in xenograft tumors as determined by the TUNEL assay. Conclusions: These data strongly suggest that α-pinene inhibits prostate cancer growth in a xenograft model and may be an effective therapeutic agent for prostate cancer treatment.
Staphylococcus aureus α-Toxin Induces Inflammatory Cytokines via Lysosomal Acid Sphingomyelinase and Ceramides
Authors: Ma Jie , Gulbins Erich , Edwards Michael J. , Caldwell Charles C. , Fraunholz Martin , Becker Katrin Anne
Published: October 2017

Background/Aims: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections are a major clinical problem and range from mild skin and soft-tissue infections to severe and even lethal infections such as pneumonia, endocarditis, sepsis, osteomyelitis, and toxic shock syndrome. Toxins that are released from S. aureus mediate many of these effects. Here, we aimed to identify molecular mechanisms how α-toxin, a major S. aureus toxin, induces inflammation. Methods: Macrophages were isolated from the bone marrow of wildtype and acid sphingomyelinase-deficient mice, stimulated with S. aureus α-toxin and activation of the acid sphingomyelinase was quantified. The subcellular formation of ceramides was determined by confocal microscopy. Release of cathepsins from lysosomes, activation of inflammasome proteins and formation of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) were analyzed by western blotting, confocal microscopy and ELISA. Results: We demonstrate that S. aureus α-toxin activates the acid sphingomyelinase in ex vivo macrophages and triggers a release of ceramides. Ceramides induced by S. aureus α-toxin localize to lysosomes and mediate a release of cathepsin B and D from lysosomes into the cytoplasm. Cytosolic cathepsin B forms a complex with Nlrc4. Treatment of macrophages with α-toxin induces the formation of IL-1β and TNF-α. These events are reduced or abrogated, respectively, in cells lacking the acid sphingomyelinase and upon treatment of macrophages with amitriptyline, a functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase. Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin B prevented activation of the inflammasome measured as release of IL-1β, while the formation of TNF-α was independent of cathepsin B. Conclusion: We demonstrate a novel mechanism how bacterial toxins activate the inflammasome and mediate the formation and release of cytokines: S. aureus α-toxin triggers an activation of the acid sphingomyelinase and a release of ceramides resulting in the release of lysosomal cathepsin B and formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
ДОСВІД ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ІНДИВІДУАЛЬНОЇ САМОСТІЙНОЇ РОБОТИ ДЛЯ ІНОЗЕМНИХ СТУДЕНТІВ ЗА УМОВ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОЇ КРЕДИТНОЇ ТРАНСФЕРНО-НАКОПИЧУВАЛЬНОЇ СИСТЕМИ У ЛЬВІВСЬКОМУ НАЦІОНАЛЬ¬НОМУ МЕДИЧНОМУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІ ІМЕНІ ДАНИЛА ГАЛИЦЬКОГО
Authors: Zimenkovskyi B. S. , Hzhehotskyi M. R. , Varyvoda Ye. S. , Solonynko I. I. , Chemerys O. M. , Chukhrai N. L.
Published: October 2017

У статті висвітлено особливості реформування англомовного навчання іноземних студентів, відображено досвід застосування індивідуальної самостійної роботи студентів у контексті європейської кредитної трансферно-накопичувальної системи у Львівському національному медичному університеті імені Данила Галицького.
СУЧАСНЕ ОСВІТНЄ СЕРЕДОВИЩЕ ВИЩОГО МЕДИЧНОГО НАВЧАЛЬНОГО ЗАКЛАДУ ЯК ФАКТОР ЙОГО КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ
Authors: Zhdan V. M. , Bobyrov V. M. , Bilash S. M. , Bieliaieva O. M.
Published: October 2017

Обґрунтовується думка, що реалізація стратегічних цілей національної вищої медичної освіти уможливлюється шляхом створення у вищих медичних навчальних закладах освітнього середовища, яке не лише забезпечує провадження освітньої діяльності на сучасному рівні, але й стимулює усіх учасників навчально-виховного процесу до активності, професійного та особистісного зростання. Схарактеризовано освітнє середовище та викладено результати освітньої діяльності ВДНЗ України «Українська медична стоматологічна академія» за 2016 рік.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Associated With Autophagy and Cardiomyocyte Remodeling in Experimental and Human Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Wiersma Marit , Meijering Roelien A. M. , Qi Xiao‐Yan , Zhang Deli , Liu Tao , Hoogstra‐Berends Femke , Sibon Ody C. M. , Henning Robert H. , Nattel Stanley , Brundel Bianca J. J. M.
Published: October 2017

Background

Derailment of proteostasis, the homeostasis of production, function, and breakdown of proteins, contributes importantly to the self‐perpetuating nature of atrial fibrillation (
AF
), the most common heart rhythm disorder in humans. Autophagy plays an important role in proteostasis by degrading aberrant proteins and organelles. Herein, we investigated the role of autophagy and its activation pathway in experimental and clinical
AF
.

Methods and Results

Tachypacing of
HL
‐1 atrial cardiomyocytes causes a gradual and significant activation of autophagy, as evidenced by enhanced
LC
3B‐
II
expression, autophagic flux and autophagosome formation, and degradation of p62, resulting in reduction of Ca
2+
amplitude. Autophagy is activated downstream of endoplasmic reticulum (
ER
) stress: blocking
ER
stress by the chemical chaperone 4‐phenyl butyrate, overexpression of the
ER
chaperone‐protein heat shock protein
A
5, or overexpression of a phosphorylation‐blocked mutant of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (
eIF
2α) prevents autophagy activation and Ca
2+
‐transient loss in tachypaced
HL
‐1 cardiomyocytes. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of
ER
stress in tachypaced
Drosophila
confirms its role in derailing cardiomyocyte function. In vivo treatment with sodium salt of phenyl butyrate protected atrial‐tachypaced dog cardiomyocytes from electrical remodeling (action potential duration shortening, L‐type Ca
2+
‐current reduction), cellular Ca
2+
‐handling/contractile dysfunction, and ER stress and autophagy; it also attenuated
AF
progression. Finally, atrial tissue from patients with persistent
AF
reveals activation of autophagy and induction of
ER
stress, which correlates with markers of cardiomyocyte damage.

Conclusions

These results identify
ER
stress–associated autophagy as an important pathway in
AF
progression and demonstrate the potential therapeutic action of the
ER
‐stress inhibitor 4‐phenyl butyrate.
Advanced Age and Post–Acute Care Outcomes After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Fehnel Corey R. , Gormley William B. , Dasenbrock Hormuzdiyar , Lee Yoojin , Robertson Faith , Ellis Alexandra G. , Mor Vincent , Mitchell Susan L.
Published: October 2017

Background

Older patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (
aSAH
) are unique, and determinants of post–acute care outcomes are not well elucidated. The primary objective was to identify hospital characteristics associated with 30‐day readmission and mortality rates after hospital discharge among older patients with
aSAH
.

Methods and Results

This cohort study used Medicare patients ≥65 years discharged from
US
hospitals from January 1, 2008, to November 30, 2010, after
aSAH
. Medicare data were linked to American Hospital Association data to describe characteristics of hospitals treating these patients. Using multivariable logistic regression to adjust for patient characteristics, hospital factors associated with (1) hospital readmission and (2) mortality within 30 days after discharge were identified. A total of 5515 patients ≥65 years underwent surgical repair for
aSAH
in 431 hospitals. Readmission rate was 17%, and 8.5% of patients died within 30 days of discharge. In multivariable analyses, patients treated in hospitals with lower annualized
aSAH
volumes were more likely to be readmitted 30 days after discharge (lowest versus highest quintile, 1–2 versus 16–30 cases; adjusted odds ratio, 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.56–2.84). Patients treated in hospitals with lower annualized
aSAH
volumes (lowest versus highest quintile: adjusted odds ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–2.19) had a greater likelihood of dying 30 days after discharge.

Conclusions

Older patients with
aSAH
discharged from hospitals treating lower volumes of such cases are at greater risk of readmission and dying within 30 days. These findings may guide clinician referrals, practice guidelines, and regulatory policies influencing which hospitals should care for older patients with
aSAH
.
Nationalist Patriarchy, Clan Democracy: How the Political Trajectories of Palestinians in Israel and the Occupied Territories Have Been Reversed
Authors: Tuastad Dag H.
Published: October 2017

This article discusses how the historical trajectory of patriarchal norms in the political domain among the Palestinians inside Israel differs from that of the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, emphasizing the role of regular political elections in reducing the prevalence of patriarchal-based politics. After 1948, the power of old clan leaders increased among the Palestinians inside, whereas within the Palestinian national movement founded in the exiled refugee communities, traditional and patriarchal clan-based political organization was shunned. Today, clans are still important in local politics among the Palestinians inside. But rather than being controlled by old, patriarchal leaders, a young, democratically minded generation have found their way into local and national politics through the clans. Within the secular Palestinian national movement, on the other hand, an opposite development has been observed, of an increasingly gerontocratic and autocratic leadership.
Reluctant Feminists? Islamist MP s and the Representation of Women in Kuwait after 2005
Authors: Maktabi Rania
Published: October 2017

Drawing on theories of representation in general, and “the politics of presence” perspective in particular, this article explores whether and how female parliamentarians in Kuwait influenced male MP s to support female civil and economic rights after women’s enfranchisement in 2005. 

A review of parliamentary documents between 2006 and 2016 reveals that a sharp rise in the number of law proposals occurred in the parliamentary Family and Woman Affairs Committee (FWAC) after the four first-ever female legislators were elected in 2009. Roughly half of all issues regarding women’s interests – 45 per cent – over the past decade were raised during the two years when women were present in the Kuwaiti parliament. 

In explaining this fact, the paper argues that male Islamist MP s acted as reluctant feminists and diligent opportunists by responding to new opportunities and expectations created by the presence of female MP s. Islamist MP s reformulated demands pertaining to poverty alleviation and social assistance by focusing on women as mothers, widows, and caregivers. They emphasized gender relations in ways where Kuwaiti women, particularly those married to non-Kuwaitis and stateless bidun, were seen as capacitated citizens. Kuwaiti women, some Islamist MP s argued, should be able to act as legal guardians (kafīl) of their husbands and children, be brokers of material welfare services such as free education and health services, and get access to public housing. After the exit of female MP s from parliament in 2011, Islamist MP s stopped arguing along these lines, and their demands on behalf of women through the FWAC dropped sharply.1
Brain size in Hylarana guentheri seems unaffected by variation in temperature and growth season
Authors: Gu Jun , Li Da Yong , Luo Yi , Ying Song Bei , Zhang Lan Ya , Shi Qing Mao , Chen Jian , Zhang Shi Peng , Zhou Zhao Min , Liao Wen Bo
Published: October 2017

Brain size varies dramatically between vertebrate species. Two prominent adaptive hypotheses – the Cognitive Buffer Hypothesis (CBH) and the Expensive Brain Hypothesis (EBH) – have been proposed to explain brain size evolution. The CBH assumes that brain size should increase with seasonality, as the cognitive benefits of a larger brain should help overcoming periods of food scarcity via, for example, increased behavioral flexibility. Alternatively, the EBH states that brain size should decrease with seasonality because a smaller brain confers energetic benefits in periods of food scarcity. Here, to test the two adaptive hypotheses by studying the effects of variation in temperature and growth season on variations in overall brain size and the size of specific brain regions (viz. olfactory nerves, olfactory bulbs, telencephalon, optic tectum and cerebellum) among Hylarana guentheri populations. Inconsistent with the predictions of both the EBH and the CBH, variation in temperature and growth season did not exhibit correlations with overall brain size and the size of brain regions across populations. Hence, our data do not provide support for either the EBH or the CBH to explain brain size variation in H. guentheri. Furthermore, brain size variation did not differ between males and females in this species. Our findings suggest that both the variation in temperature and growth season did not shape the variation in brain size in H. guentheri.
Digestive tract length is positively correlated with altitude across Fejervarya limnocharis populations
Authors: Wang Wei Yu , Zhang Rong , Yin Qing Xiao , Zhang Shi Peng , Li Wen Qin , Li Da Yong , Mi Zhi Ping
Published: October 2017

In animals, the amount of nutrients acquired through foraging and the proportion of metabolisable energy gained is reflected in the digestive tract length. This digestion theory predicts that the consumption of food with high content of indigestible material will lead to increased gut dimensions. Here, we analyzed geographic variation in digestive tract length related to diet among 14 Fejervarya limnocharis populations to test the digestion theory. Relative digestive tract length significantly differed between males and females and among populations. The relative length of the digestive tract increased with altitude. We also found a positive correlation between the proportion of plant material and digestive tract length for both sexes, which is consistent with the prediction of the digestion theory. Our findings suggest that variation in temperature associated with altitude affects food composition, and, thereby ultimately gut morphology of individuals.
Manifestations of Religion or Belief in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Martínez-Torrón Javier
Published: October 2017

This article analyses the case law of the European Courts of Human Rights on manifestation of religion or belief under Article 9 echr, excluding particular types of manifestation that are covered in other articles in this special issue. It provides an overview of the main holdings of the Court in this area, together with some critical comments about aspects of the Court’s case law that, in the author’s view, should be improved.
Kokkinakis at the Grassroots Level
Authors: Fokas Effie
Published: October 2017

This contribution considers the impact of Kokkinakis at the grassroots level: to what extent do grassroots level actors know about the case of Kokkinakis and see in it an opportunity to further their own religion-related rights claims? To what extent has the case inspired social actors such as rights activists, cause lawyers or faith group members to mobilise for their own religion-related rights, whether in court, in the halls of government, or in the streets? Has Kokkinakis left a mark on the individual citizen with concerns to do with religious freedoms? These questions are addressed through empirical research conducted on the indirect effects of ECtHR religion-related case law, including Kokkinakis, at the grassroots level in Greece.
ʿAjamī Annotations in Multilingual Manuscripts from Mande Speaking Areas: Visual and Linguistic Features
Authors: Ogorodnikova Darya
Published: October 2017

The article describes and analyse the paratextual elements (annotations) in Soninke and Manding languages in the manuscripts from modern-day Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali and Burkina Faso. It focuses on specific layout of the annotations in relation to the main text, the linking and tagging/labelling techniques applied to connect them to the source text, their linguistic features and other peculiarities.
“Corners Conceal Treasures”: Arabic Manuscripts’ Marginalia in Fuuta Jaloo and Fuuta Toro in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Lélouma Alfa Mamadou Diallo , Salvaing Bernard
Published: October 2017

So far, studies of West African Arabic manuscripts have paid limited attention to scribes and their social environment. Fuuta Jaloo’s Islamic confederation emerged in the early 1700s as the brainchild of a group of scholars. Thanks to public policies and cultural innovations, its intellectual output and regional diffusion left indelible marks on manuscripts. The article illustrates how much information can be obtained from colophons, marginal notes, and other material elements. Analyzing several versions of a nineteenth-century treatise on astronomy, comments will be made on the diffusion and rendition of manuscripts in Fuuta Jaloo, Fuuta Toro and Maasina.

1
Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from China, with comments on some ultrastructural characters of the new species
Authors: LIANG AI-PING
Published: October 2017

Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae: Zanninae: Zannini), representing the third species of the planthopper genus Zanna Kirkaldy, 1902 from China, is described and illustrated from Yunnan in southwestern China. Scanning electron micrographs of the antennal sensilla, rostral apex, hind tarsal segments, gonoplac and wax glands of the new species are provided. The generic diagnostic characters of Zanna are redefined and the autapomorphies are proposed to support the monophyly of the genus. A check-list of the Oriental Zanna species is included.
Two new species of the family Noctuidae from China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
Authors: HAN H.L. , KONONENKO V.S.
Published: October 2017

Two new species of the subfamilies Bryophilinae (Victrix acronictoides sp. n.) and Noctuinae, tribe Hadenini (Lacanobia chayu sp. n.) are described from China. Adults and male genitalia are illustrated. The checklists of the genera Victrix Staudinger, 1879 in China and Lacanobia Billberg, 1820 are presented.
Designation of a neotype for Parastacus nicoleti (Philippi, 1882) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae)
Authors: RIBEIRO FELIPE BEZERRA , ARAUJO PAULA BEATRIZ
Published: October 2017

The type specimen of Parastacus nicoleti (Philippi, 1882) was not designated and the material used for the description has never been found. We designate herein the neotype of P. nicoleti based on the examination of specimens from the type locality deposited in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural of Chile previously analyzed by Bahamonde (1958), who confirmed the identity and validated the species. To improve the species description we included new drawings and provide additional morphological characters. A synonym list and updated distribution map of this species are also provided.
The Elachistidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) of Caucasus, with description of three new species
Authors: SRUOGA VIRGINIJUS , SINEV SERGEY YU. , ROCIENĖ AGNĖ
Published: October 2017

The Elachistidae fauna of the Caucasus is outlined. A total of 47 species are listed, three of which remain unidentified to species level. Three species are described as new: Perittia prolixa sp. nov., Elachista candidella sp. nov. and E. suffusca sp. nov. The new species are diagnosed and illustrated with photographs of the adults and genitalia. Twenty-seven species and the genus Perittia Stainton are reported for the first time from Caucasus.
Katabatically Driven Cold Air Intrusions into a Basin Atmosphere
Authors: Whiteman C. David , Lehner Manuela , Hoch Sebastian W. , Adler Bianca , Kalthoff Norbert , Haiden Thomas
Published: October 2017

The interactions between a katabatic flow on a plain and a circular basin cut into the plain and surrounded by an elevated rim were examined during a 5-h steady-state period during the Second Meteor Crater Experiment (METCRAX II) to explain observed disturbances to the nocturnal basin atmosphere. The approaching katabatic flow split horizontally around Arizona’s Meteor Crater below a dividing streamline while, above the dividing streamline, an ~50-m-deep stable layer on the plain was carried over the 30–50-m rim of the basin. A flow bifurcation occurred over or just upwind of the rim, with the lowest portion of the stable layer having negative buoyancy relative to the air within the crater pouring continuously over the crater’s upwind rim and accelerating down the inner sidewall. The cold air intrusion was deepest and coldest over the direct upwind crater rim. Cold air penetration depths varied around the inner sidewall depending on the temperature deficit of the inflow relative to the ambient environment inside the crater. A shallow but extremely stable cold pool on the crater floor could not generally be penetrated by the inflow and a hydraulic jump–like feature formed on the lower sidewall as the flow approached the cold pool. The upper nonnegatively buoyant portion of the stable layer was carried horizontally over the crater, forming a neutrally stratified, low–wind speed cavity or wake in the lee of the upwind rim that extended downward into the crater over the upwind sidewall.
Toward Improving Ice Water Content and Snow-Rate Retrievals from Radars. Part II: Results from Three Wavelength Radar–Collocated In Situ Measurements and CloudSat–GPM–TRMM Radar Data
Authors: Heymsfield Andrew , Bansemer Aaron , Wood Norman B. , Liu Guosheng , Tanelli Simone , Sy Ousmane O. , Poellot Michael , Liu Chuntao
Published: October 2017

Two methods for deriving relationships between the equivalent radar reflectivity factor Ze and the snowfall rate S at three radar wavelengths are described. The first method uses collocations of in situ aircraft (microphysical observations) and overflying aircraft (radar observations) from two field programs to develop Ze–S relationships. In the second method, measurements of Ze at the top of the melting layer (ML), from radars on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), and CloudSat satellites, are related to the retrieved rainfall rate R at the base of the ML, assuming that the mass flux through the ML is constant. Retrievals of R are likely to be more reliable than S because far fewer assumptions are involved in the retrieval and because supporting ground-based validation data are available. The Ze–S relationships developed here for the collocations and the mass-flux technique are compared with those derived from level 2 retrievals from the standard satellite products and with a number of relationships developed and reported by others. It is shown that there are substantial differences among them. The relationships developed here promise improvements in snowfall-rate retrievals from satellite-based radar measurements.
A Real-Time Evaporation Correction Scheme for Radar-Derived Mosaicked Precipitation Estimations
Authors: Martinaitis Steven M. , Grams Heather M. , Langston Carrie , Zhang Jian , Howard Kenneth
Published: October 2017

Precipitation values estimated by radar are assumed to be the amount of precipitation that occurred at the surface, yet this notion is inaccurate. Numerous atmospheric and microphysical processes can alter the precipitation rate between the radar beam elevation and the surface. One such process is evaporation. This study determines the applicability of integrating an evaporation correction scheme for real-time radar-derived mosaicked precipitation rates to reduce quantitative precipitation estimate (QPE) overestimation and to reduce the coverage of false surface precipitation. An evaporation technique previously developed for large-scale numerical modeling is applied to Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) precipitation rates through the use of 2D and 3D numerical weather prediction (NWP) atmospheric parameters as well as basic radar properties. Hourly accumulated QPE with evaporation adjustment compared against gauge observations saw an average reduction of the overestimation bias by 57%–76% for rain events and 42%–49% for primarily snow events. The removal of false surface precipitation also reduced the number of hourly gauge observations that were considered as “false zero” observations by 52.1% for rain and 38.2% for snow. Optimum computational efficiency was achieved through the use of simplified equations and hourly 10-km horizontal resolution NWP data. The run time for the evaporation correction algorithm is 6–7 s.
The Courts’ Consensus: Money Does Matter for Educational Opportunity
Authors: Rebell Michael A.
Published: October 2017

Over the half century since the Coleman Report was issued, there has been an extensive debate among scholars, policy-makers, and the courts about the extent to which “money matters” in education. This article briefly reviews the relevant academic literature and then analyzes the forty state court education funding litigations that have considered whether there is a correlation between educational expenditures and improved student outcomes. I find that that there is now an overwhelming consensus that, of course, money matters—when it is used well. This result indicates that policy-makers and judges should shift from continuing a fruitless abstract discussion of whether money matters and concentrate instead on the significant accountability questions of what resources are needed to provide all students a meaningful educational opportunity and how these resources can best be used to maximize student success, especially for students from poverty backgrounds and students of color.
Equalizers or Enablers of Inequality? A Counterfactual Analysis of Racial and Residential Test Score Gaps in Year-Round and Nine-Month Schools
Authors: Johnson Odis , Wagner Michael
Published: October 2017

Persistent racial/ethnic and residential disparities in test scores suggest schools fail to serve as society’s great equalizers. Yet few studies have explored whether policies that adjust children’s time in school are effective in reducing test-score inequality. We use ECLS-K data to compare children who attend year-round schools to those in nine-month schools, exploring (1) whether there were mean differences in the reading and math performance among first graders attending year-round and nine-month schools, (2) if racial and residential differences in children’s test scores existed between the schooling types, and (3) if neighborhood effects related to academic performance strengthened or weakened as the children’s exposure to schooling increased. Contrary to previous claims that schooling increases test-score inequality, we found no significant test-score differences among race-based groups of children according to neighborhood conditions in year-round schools. In contrast, we found prominent neighborhood effects and social class differences among children attending nine-month schools. We conclude with a discussion of the policy implications.
Sub-Nationalism
Authors: Sybblis Martin , Centeno Miguel
Published: October 2017

The global move toward decentralization and the seeming retreat of social groups to their distinct corners imply that subunits (both states and local governments), sectors, and regions may have more explanatory value in our current world than previously. In this special issue, we embrace both large and small “N” sub-national analysis—as a means of understanding the uneven nature of specific transformations within and across countries. While sub-national analyses have often been used to understand economic and political conditions, we take a broader and more inclusive approach—which embraces all types of social transformations and encourages attention to a variety of phenomena in the interest of gaining better descriptive accuracy, and in order to bolster and enrich theory construction.
Photothermal Determination of Absorption and Scattering Spectra of Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Marcano Olaizola Aristides
Published: October 2017

This work reports on photothermal lens spectra of silver nanoparticles of different dimensions in the spectral region of 370–730 nm performed using an arc-lamp-based photothermal spectrophotometer. We show that the photothermal and extinction cross-section spectra of the samples are similar for nanoparticles of reduced dimensions where scattering effects are small. The results differ substantially for nanoparticles of a diameter larger than 30 nm for which scattering becomes relevant. We demonstrate that the photothermal spectrum corresponds to the absorption component of the particle’s extinction. Photothermal spectra show a clear picture of the plasmonic peaks of the nanoparticle even in the presence of high scattering. By subtracting the photothermal component from the total extinction, we extract the scattering cross-section spectra of the nanoparticles. The technique allows determination of the absorption and scattering components of the extinction providing a better understanding of the particle’s optical properties. The results agree well with the Mie approximation, which is valid for a single spherical nanoparticle. We discuss and demonstrate the application of the method to characterize particles of arbitrary shape and dimensions.
Planners’ role in accommodating citizen disagreement: The case of Dutch urban planning
Authors: Özdemir Esin , Tasan-Kok Tuna
Published: October 2017

Citizen disagreement on urban policies and planning decisions is both ubiquitous and fundamental to democracy. Post-political debates debunk the ‘consensus approach’, which is grounded in Habermasian communication theory, for circumventing disagreement. This article presents a counter argument. Our analysis of the highly institutionalised and consensus-oriented Dutch planning framework shows that this system does not necessarily prevent effective voicing of disagreement. The empirical material demonstrates that consensus is not a pre-defined and static outcome but a dynamic and sensitive process in which urban planning is an instrument. We conclude that planners could facilitate consensus through accommodative roles that address disagreement by taking an adaptive, proactive and more human stance.
Effects of bus transit-oriented development (BTOD) on single-family property value in Seattle metropolitan area
Authors: Shen Qing , Xu Simin , Lin Jiang
Published: October 2017

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is considered to be a powerful model intended to achieve sustainable urban development. A well-designed TOD enhances the accessibility of different kinds of activities, reduces transportation costs and improves the comfort and safety of travel for the neighbourhood as whole, thereby increasing the willingness to pay for real estate properties located nearby. This study examines the housing price premiums of bus transit-oriented development (BTOD), a particular type of TOD that has become quite common in practice, especially in cities where public transportation is provided primarily through a bus system instead of a metro or light rail system. BTOD projects are built at major nodes of a bus network and typically include housing units and commercial services. Our research focuses on four completed BTODs in the Seattle metropolitan area, and employs data on sales prices, physical attributes, neighbourhood characteristics and location features for almost 7000 single-family homes located within a 1.5-mile radius. Using Hedonic price analysis, we find that these BTODs have generated significant positive effects on the values of adjacent homes, especially those located within 0.5 miles. Results from a more sophisticated longitudinal analysis using the data for Renton, one of the BTODs, confirm the price premiums while gaining additional insights about the temporal variations. These findings have an important policy implication, which is especially relevant for cities with an extensive bus transit system: local governments can generate additional tax revenues while advancing sustainability through bus transit-oriented developments.
How attitudes towards immigrants are shaped by residential context: The role of ethnic diversity dynamics and immigrant visibility
Authors: van Heerden Sjoerdje , Ruedin Didier
Published: October 2017

We examine how proportional changes in residential context are associated with changes in attitudes towards immigrants. We specifically examine ethnic diversity dynamics and immigrant visibility at the level of the neighbourhood. Following the ‘defended neighbourhood’ hypothesis, we focus on proportional change, not absolute numbers. Data from the Dutch LISS panel are analysed using fixed-effect models, measuring the composition of neighbourhoods at the level of four-digit postcodes. Our findings show that a larger change in the proportion of immigrant residents is associated with more positive views on immigrants among natives. It is particularly a change in the proportion of visible non-Western immigrants that appears to be relevant for changes in attitudes. Contrary to theoretic expectations, we find little evidence for ‘defended neighbourhoods’ in the Netherlands in the years under consideration.
Enter as an outsider: Teaching organizational humility
Authors: Clabby John F
Published: October 2017

The concept of cultural humility acknowledges the enormous task of becoming culturally competent by encouraging curiosity about the context within which others live. For physicians, this includes curiosity about the organizations in which they work as Outsiders in settings such as a new hospital or patients’ homes. However, efforts to train healthcare professionals in cultural competence are often de-emphasized due to the pressure learners feel to acquire Medical Knowledge and clinical skills. Little time is devoted to address the significance of cultural humility for fully appreciating the experiences of others. Efforts to educate physicians-in-training about the cultural aspects of care require innovative approaches that help them recognize bias without provoking defensiveness. Enter as an Outsider is a highly focused activity which fosters a culturally humble approach to an often neglected problem, organizational bias. This article describes how cultural humility is explained to learners and small group activities are used to explore the thoughts and feelings of an organization’s Insiders and Outsiders. This program relies on instructor self-disclosure to facilitate learning and on a video vignette from popular-culture media to illustrate being an Outsider in a healthcare setting. Participants in this training have improved their ability to recognize when they are Outsiders where they provide care. They have developed a better understanding that cultural humility in organizations is a gateway to providing quality care. They have begun the process of committing to respectfully learn from the organization’s Insiders.
Teaching resident physicians to work with the previously incarcerated patient
Authors: Hofmeister Sabrina , Soprych Andrya
Published: October 2017

Over 2 million adults in the United States are incarcerated and over 650,000 return to the community each year. This disparate population is known to have an elevated burden of chronic disease and lower socioeconomic status. Medical residency training about care for incarcerated or previously incarcerated patients is significantly lacking in the United States. Curriculum can be developed and implemented in residency programs to help physicians learn how to work with this population, be sensitive to their unique needs, and achieve positive health outcomes. This article describes a method for “educating the educators” based on a workshop presented at a peer-reviewed national conference during the fall of 2016. Attendees participated in exercises addressing assumptions, expectations, bias, and worldview and increased their ability for self-reflection when interacting with patients who are or have experienced incarceration. In this session, strategies were identified that engaged the patient with the goal to aid in patient retention and compliance. Future steps include development of a formal curriculum for training in this area, incorporation into existing community medicine rotations or electives, and establishment of structured transition clinics where residents can be exposed to this population on a more regular basis and improve their overall health outcomes.
Comments on ‘An LMI approach to non-fragile robust optimal guaranteed cost control of uncertain 2-D discrete systems with both state and input delays’
Authors: Agarwal Neha , Kar Haranath
Published: October 2017

This paper points out some technical errors in a recent paper that appeared in Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control entitled ‘An LMI approach to non-fragile robust optimal guaranteed cost control of uncertain 2-D discrete systems with both state and input delays’ by Akshata Tandon and Amit Dhawan ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331216667476 ). We reveal that the upper bound of the closed-loop cost function provided by their Lemma 4 is erroneous. Some critical issues associated with the system initial conditions assumed in their paper are highlighted. The closed-loop cost bound claimed by their Theorem 1 is found to be incorrect. The optimization problem formulated in their Theorem 2 for the selection of an optimal guaranteed cost controller is erroneous. Finally, the corrections over their results are made available.
Open surgery for iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis with temporary arteriovenous fistula remains valuable
Authors: Wagenhäuser Markus U , Sadat Hellai , Dueppers Philip , Meyer-Janiszewski Yvonne K , Spin Joshua M , Schelzig Hubert , Duran Mansur
Published: October 2017

Objective

We assessed outcomes of open surgical venous thrombectomy with temporary arteriovenous fistula, and the procedure’s effect on health-related quality of life.

Method

We retrospectively analyzed 48 (26 at long-term) patient medical records. Mortality rates, patency, and risk of post-thrombotic syndrome were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier estimation. The association between risk factors/coagulation disorders and patency/post-thrombotic syndrome along with patient health-related quality of life at long-term was analyzed employing various statistical methods.

Results

Patient one-year survival rate was 93 ± 4% and primary one-year patency rate was 89 ± 5% (secondary one-year patency rate 97 ± 3%). Freedom from post-thrombotic syndrome after eight years was 80 ± 12% (post-thrombotic syndrome rate 20 ± 12%). Health-related quality of life was impaired vs. normative data in the physical and social subscales, and in the mental component score ( p < .05).

Conclusions

Open surgical venous thrombectomy appears safe compared with literature-reported outcomes in similar patients using alternative approaches. Iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis impairs physical, social, and mental health-related quality of life.
Effects of a cafeteria diet on delay discounting in adolescent and adult rats: Alterations on dopaminergic sensitivity
Authors: Robertson Stephen H , Rasmussen Erin B
Published: October 2017

Diet-induced obesity is a laboratory procedure in which nonhuman animals are chronically exposed to a high-fat, high-sugar diet (i.e. cafeteria diet), which results in weight gain, altered sensitivity to reward, and alterations in the dopamine D2 system. To date, few (if any) studies have examined age-related diet-induced obesity effects in a rat model or have used an impulsive choice task to characterize diet-induced behavioral alterations in reward processes. We exposed rats to a cafeteria-style diet for eight weeks starting at age 21 or 70 days. Following the diet exposures, the rats were tested on a delay discounting task – a measure of impulsive choice in which preference for smaller, immediate vs larger, delayed food reinforcers was assessed. Acute injections of haloperidol (0.03–0.3 mg/kg) were administered to assess the extent to which diet-induced changes in dopamine D2 influence impulsive food choice. Across both age groups, rats fed a cafeteria diet gained the most weight and consumed more calories than rats fed a standard diet, with rats exposed during development showing the highest weight gain. No age- or diet-related baseline differences in delay discounting were revealed, however, haloperidol unmasked subtle diet-related differences by dose-dependently reducing choice for the larger, later reinforcer. Rats fed a cafeteria diet showed a leftward shift in the dose-response curve, suggesting heightened sensitivity to haloperidol, regardless of age, compared to rats fed a standard diet. Results indicate that chronic exposure to a cafeteria diet resulted in changes in underlying dopamine D2 that manifested as greater impulsivity independent of age at diet exposure.
A Shrine of Pepi I in South Abydos
Authors: Kraemer Bryan
Published: October 2017

As part of the 2010 season of the Ahmose and Tetisheri Project in South Abydos, the author led a brief archaeological survey in the low desert south as far as Sinki. Among other archaeological sites found during this survey, the most interesting discoveries included two rock-cut chambers on the limestone escarpment. Two repeating inscriptions were found in the northernmost chamber. An ỉr.n=f m mnw=f formula and a label identify all or part of this site as a ‘shrine’ ( zḥ) built by Pepi I for the local god Khentiamentiu. The inscriptions use Pepi’s ‘Son of Hathor of Dendera’ name, which may help to date the shrine’s construction to the early part of his reign. The article describes this archaeological site, discusses the inscriptions and offers some interpretation for their historical and archaeological context as part of the activities of the Sixth Dynasty in Abydos.
Coregency in the Reign of Ptolemy II: Findings from the Mendes Stela
Authors: Skuse Matthew L.
Published: October 2017

Coregencies are a familiar feature of Hellenistic dynastic strategy, which can usually be explained as a means of avoiding crises of succession or internal conflict, and of strengthening dynastic identity and ideology. However, precisely what relationship we intend to express with the conventional term ‘coregency’ is often left undetermined. This paper explores the validity of the term ‘coregency’ in describing the relationship between the authority and ideological role of Ptolemy II, king of the Ptolemaic Empire, and an enigmatic prince, known only as Ptolemy the Son, who appears alongside Ptolemy II in the dating formula between 268/7 and 259/8 BC. Through a consideration of the Mendes Stela and other sources, Ptolemy the Son is identified and the nature of his role in Ptolemy II’s dynastic strategy is clarified. The discussion concludes that the term ‘coregency’ does not reflect the nuances of power conveyed by the source material, and masks a deliberate differentiation of Ptolemy II’s ruling authority and pharaonic identity and Ptolemy the Son’s inferior, non-ruling status.