bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Blumerian Approach to Storytelling
Authors: Cousineau Matthew J.
Published: October 2020

Blumer's work on life histories and symbolic interactionism represents an important contribution in the twenty‐first century. I join his work with research on storytelling to build a Blumerian approach to storytelling. This approach holds that social actors use stories to construct subjective meanings, stories exist in some social context, stories are told or written for some audience, a wide range of social processes produce stories, the temporal sequence of storytelling audiences is important, social actors use interactional techniques of showing story preferences, and symbolic structures and narrative linkages are the resources social actors use to compose stories. Future research can continue to develop this approach.
Harmonic Detection for Harmonic/Inter‐Harmonic Based on Improved Glowworm Swarm Optimization and Neural Network
Authors: Zhao Yuewei , Zhen Zhigang , Cui Jingkai , Wang Yajing
Published: October 2020

The conventional artificial neural network (ANN) model is an effective way to detect harmonic signals. However, the solution of the model cannot converge when the initial value of the excitation function (IVEF) is not suitable, causing a large error in harmonic detection, especially in the case of power system noise. We improve the back propagation (BP) neural network (BNN) model by using an adjustable excitation function and the basic inertial algorithm in this paper. Based on this model and combined with the glowworm swarm optimization (GSO) algorithm, a harmonic/inter‐harmonic detection method is proposed. The network first uses an improved GSO algorithm with an adaptive step to optimize the IVEF of BNN. Then, BNN is trained at this initial value, so that amplitude, phase, and frequency of harmonics/inter‐harmonics can be obtained. The simulation data analyses show that that the method has good stability, convergence, strong anti‐noise ability, and ultrahigh detection accuracy. It can accurately separate the integer and non‐integer harmonics. Compared with the traditional ANN algorithm and Hanning‐FFT, the detection accuracy of this algorithm can be improved by 2–4 orders of magnitude. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Constant On/Off Time Pulse Train Controlled Buck Converter
Authors: Qin Ming , Li Shiwei
Published: October 2020

For pulse train (PT) controlled switching converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM), a problem of low frequency oscillation is existed, which enlarges the output voltage ripple. In order to solve this issue, a constant on/off time pulse train (COOT‐PT) control technique with a buck converter is proposed, and the working principle is introduced in detail. Based on the variation of the output voltage during one control pulse, the pulse train, output voltage ripple and dynamic behaviors of the COOT‐PT controlled buck converter are studied. The experimental results verify the theoretical analysis and indicate that the COOT‐PT controlled buck converter eliminates low frequency oscillation and enjoys smaller output voltage ripple compared with PT control technique. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
The potential for one drug, administered at the earliest preclinical stage, to prevent the subsequent decline of cognition that eventuates in dementia
Authors: Fessel Jeffrey
Published: October 2020

In the process that eventuates in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and ultimately in Alzheimer's dementia, the earliest identifiable change is in the function of synapses. If started at that early point in time, when there is subjective but not objective memory loss plus abnormal brain imaging with fluorodeoxyglucose and Pittsburgh compound B, treatment with a single drug directed at synaptic dysfunction might prevent development of cognitive impairment. Each of four drugs, dantrolene, lithium, minocycline, and piracetam, benefits synaptic impairment. This presentation has two sections. In the first, evidence is discussed at length, for abnormality in the axo‐spinous synapse as being the earliest change before objective cognitive decline. The second section explains the benefits to synapses provided by the four mentioned drugs. Dantrolene and lithium perhaps have the strongest supporting data for use as single agents: their efficacy should be subjected to clinical trial.
Minimally invasive fetoscopic surgery for spina bifida aperta: learning and doing
Authors: Kohl T.
Published: October 2020

Linked article: This Correspondence comments on Joyeux et al. Click here to view the article.
Anti‐migration and Combustion Catalytic Performances of Ferrocenyl Compounds of Anilines and Alkylamines Synthesized by Click Reaction
Authors: Shi Xiaoling , Cheng Wenqian , Jiang Liping , Bi Fuqiang , Li Jizhen , Zhang Guofang
Published: October 2020

To enhance anti‐migratory performance and combustion catalytic activities of neutral ferrocene‐based burning rate catalysts (BRCs), nine ferrocenyl 1,2,3‐triazolyl compounds of anilines and aliphatic amines (Fc‐ATAZs, 1–9) were synthesized by click reaction and characterized by NMR, UV/Vis, FT‐IR, and MS. TG and DSC studies confirmed that the Fc‐ATAZs are highly thermal stable. Cyclic voltammetry results implied that 1 and 6 are reversible redox systems. The anti‐migration and anti‐volatility tests showed that the Fc‐ATAZs are low‐migratory and low‐volatile compounds.Combustion catalytic activity results of the Fc‐ATAZs revealed that they are highly active for promoting thermal disintegration of AP, RDX and HMX. Compounds 3, 2 and 8 can increase released heats of AP, RDX and HMX, respectively, by 132 %, 112 % and 36 %, respectively, being the highest in each case. Most of them are more active than the reported analogs derived from phenols and benzoic acids. They, except 9, are more active than catocene and can be used as potential BRCs in composite solid propellants.
Unimodular quantum gravity: steps beyond perturbation theory
Authors: de Brito Gustavo P. , Pereira Antonio D.
Published: October 2020

Abstract

The renormalization group flow of unimodular quantum gravity is computed by taking into account the graviton and Faddeev-Popov ghosts anomalous dimensions. In this setting, a ultraviolet attractive fixed point is found. Symmetry-breaking terms induced by the coarse-graining procedure are introduced and their impact on the flow is analyzed. A discussion on the equivalence of unimodular quantum gravity and standard full diffeomorphism invariant theories is provided beyond perturbation theory.
A nonabelian M5 brane Lagrangian in a supergravity background
Authors: Gustavsson Andreas
Published: October 2020

Abstract

We present a nonabelian Lagrangian that appears to have (2,0) superconformal symmetry and that can be coupled to a supergravity background. But for our construction to work, we have to break this superconformal symmetry by imposing as a constraint on top of the Lagrangian that the fields have vanishing Lie derivatives along a Killing direction.
The non-SUSY AdS6 and AdS7 fixed points are brane-jet unstable
Authors: Suh Minwoo
Published: October 2020

Abstract

In six- and seven-dimensional gauged supergravity, each scalar potential has one supersymmetric and one non-supersymmetric fixed points. The non-supersymmetric AdS7 fixed point is perturbatively unstable. On the other hand, the non-supersymmetric AdS6 fixed point is known to be perturbatively stable. In this note we examine the newly proposed non-perturbative decay channel, called brane-jet instabilities of the AdS6 and AdS7 vacua. We find that when they are uplifted to massive type IIA and eleven- dimensional supergravity, respectively, the non-supersymmetric AdS6 and AdS7 vacua are both brane-jet unstable, in fond of the weak gravity conjecture.
Adjuvant hypofractionated radiotherapy with simultaneous integrated boost after breast-conserving surgery: results of a prospective trial
Authors: Krug David , Baumann René , Krockenberger Katja , Vonthein Reinhard , Schreiber Andreas , Boicev Alexander , Würschmidt Florian , Weinstrauch Evelyn , Eilf Kirsten , Andreas Peter , Höller Ulrike , Dinges Stefan , Piefel Karen , Zimmer Jörg , Dellas Kathrin , Dunst Jürgen
Published: October 2020

Purpose

We report results of a multicenter prospective single-arm phase II trial (ARO-2013-04, NCT01948726) of moderately accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy with a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) in patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery.

Methods

The eligibility criteria included unifocal breast cancer with an indication for adjuvant radiotherapy to the whole breast and boost radiotherapy to the tumor bed. The whole breast received a dose of 40 Gy and the tumor bed a total dose of 48 Gy in 16 fractions of 2.5 and 3 Gy, respectively. Radiotherapy could be given either as 3D conformal RT (3D-CRT) or as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). The study was designed as a prospective single-arm trial to evaluate the acute toxicity of the treatment regimen. The study hypothesis was that the frequency of acute skin reaction grade ≥2 would be 20% or less.

Results

From November 2013 through July 2014, 149 patients were recruited from 12 participating centers. Six patients were excluded, leaving 143 patients for analysis. Eighty-four patients (58.7%) were treated with 3D-CRT and 59 (41.3%) with IMRT. Adherence to the treatment protocol was high. The rate of grade ≥2 skin toxicity was 14.7% (95% confidence interval 9.8–21.4%). The most frequent grade 3 toxicity (11%) was hot flashes.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated low toxicity of and high treatment adherence to hypofractionated adjuvant radiotherapy with SIB in a multicenter prospective trial, although the primary hypothesis was not met.
Collaborating AI and human experts in the maintenance domain
Authors: Illankoon Prasanna , Tretten Phillip
Published: October 2020

Maintenance decision errors can result in very costly problems. The 4th industrial revolution has given new opportunities for the development of and use of intelligent decision support systems. With these technological advancements, key concerns focus on gaining a better understanding of the linkage between the technicians’ knowledge and the intelligent decision support systems. The research reported in this study has two primary objectives. (1) To propose a theoretical model that links technicians’ knowledge and intelligent decision support systems, and (2) to present a use case how to apply the theoretical model. The foundation of the new model builds upon two main streams of study in the decision support literature: “distribution” of knowledge among different agents, and “collaboration” of knowledge for reaching a shared goal. This study resulted in the identification of two main gaps: firstly, there must be a greater focus upon the technicians’ knowledge; secondly, technicians need assistance to maintain their focus on the big picture. We used the cognitive fit theory, and the theory of distributed situation awareness to propose the new theoretical model called “distributed collaborative awareness model.” The model considers both explicit and implicit knowledge and accommodates the dynamic challenges involved in operational level maintenance. As an application of this model, we identify and recommend some technological developments required in augmented reality based maintenance decision support.
Peculiarities in Leidenfrost water droplet evaporation
Authors: Orzechowski Tadeusz
Published: October 2020

The investigations involved a large water droplet deposited on the heating surface, the temperature of which was higher than the Leidenfrost point. The main element of the experimental setup was the heating cylinder with K-type shielded thermocouple located in its centre just below the surface. The measuring system was located on highly sensitive scales. The analysis of the droplet behaviour in time was conducted based on measured droplet mass changes over time and also photographic data recorded with high resolution digital camera. The energy balance equation is given for the assumption that evaporation from the droplet upper surface is small compared with the amount of heat dissipated from the bottom surface. The formula for the heat transfer coefficient depends on two slope values and an orthogonal projection of the drop onto the heating surface. The slopes are estimated based on the droplet diameter linear time dependence and mass versus the contact zone relationship. The solution provides a good representation of droplet evaporation under Leidenfrost conditions. The investigations, reported in the study, which concern water droplet at atmospheric pressure deposited on a hot surface with the temperature higher than the Leidenfrost point, indicate the following regularities: droplet orthogonal projection onto the heating surface changes linearly with the droplet mass, evaporation of the same amount of mass decreases linearly with an increase in the heating surface temperature, slope of the graph showing mass loss versus the heating surface temperature successively decreases.
Improving the quality of life of patients with rheumatoid arthritis after rehabilitation irrespective of the level of disease activity
Authors: Szewczyk Daniel , Sadura-Sieklucka Teresa , Sokołowska Beata , Księżopolska-Orłowska Krystyna
Published: October 2020

Due to the exacerbation of the disease, the rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is often limited. The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of a comprehensive rehabilitation on a subjective perception of pain and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis depending on the level of disease activity. The study involved 58 women with rheumatoid arthritis aged 18–60, who underwent a 4-weeks comprehensive rehabilitation program. The assessment included the disease activity level on the DAS28 scale, pain intensity on the 10-point pain scale (VAS) and the value of the CRP protein. The HAQ-DI and KALU questionnaire were used to assess the quality of life. In both groups (group A—DAS28 < 4.2, group B—DAS28 ≥ 4.2) the statistically significant effects in decreasing the level of pain and improvement of quality of life were observed. This indicates the need and effectiveness of rehabilitation regardless of the level of activity of rheumatoid arthritis according to the DAS28 scale. There were no significant changes in the CRP protein level. In conclusion, the rehabilitation of patients with moderate to high disease activity is effective and the success of comprehensive rehabilitation is demonstrated by the decrease of the DAS28 score and the pain level reported by patients, as well as improving self-assessment of health and quality of life.
Radiological review of prior screening mammograms of screen-detected breast cancer
Authors: Hovda Tone , Tsuruda Kaitlyn , Hoff Solveig Roth , Sahlberg Kristine Kleivi , Hofvind Solveig
Published: October 2020

Objective

To perform a radiological review of mammograms from prior screening and diagnosis of screen-detected breast cancer in BreastScreen Norway, a population-based screening program.

Methods

We performed a consensus-based informed review of mammograms from prior screening and diagnosis for screen-detected breast cancers. Mammographic density and findings on screening and diagnostic mammograms were classified according to the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System®. Cases were classified based on visible findings on prior screening mammograms as true (no findings), missed (obvious findings), minimal signs (minor/non-specific findings), or occult (no findings at diagnosis). Histopathologic tumor characteristics were extracted from the Cancer Registry of Norway. The Bonferroni correction was used to adjust for multiple testing; p < 0.001 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The study included mammograms for 1225 women with screen-detected breast cancer. Mean age was 62 years ± 5 (SD); 46% (567/1225) were classified as true, 22% (266/1225) as missed, and 32% (392/1225) as minimal signs. No difference in mammographic density was observed between the classification categories. At diagnosis, 59% (336/567) of true and 70% (185/266) of missed cancers were classified as masses (p = 0.004). The percentage of histological grade 3 cancers was higher for true (30% (138/469)) than for missed (14% (33/234)) cancers (p < 0.001). Estrogen receptor positivity was observed in 86% (387/469) of true and 95% (215/234) of missed (p < 0.001) cancers.

Conclusions

We classified 22% of the screen-detected cancers as missed based on a review of prior screening mammograms with diagnostic images available. One main goal of the study was quality improvement of radiologists’ performance and the program. Visible findings on prior screening mammograms were not necessarily indicative of screening failure.

Key Points

• After a consensus-based informed review, 46% of screen-detected breast cancers were classified as true, 22% as missed, and 32% as minimal signs.

• Less favorable prognostic and predictive tumor characteristics were observed in true screen-detected breast cancer compared with missed.

• The most frequent mammographic finding for all classification categories at the time of diagnosis was mass, while the most frequent mammographic finding on prior screening mammograms was a mass for missed cancers and asymmetry for minimal signs.
On the feasibility of selective spatial correlation to accelerate convergence of PIV image analysis based on confidence statistics
Authors: Edwards M. , Theunissen R. , Allen C. B. , Poole D. J.
Published: October 2020

This paper presents a method which allows for a reduced portion of a particle image velocimetry (PIV) image to be analysed, without introducing numerical artefacts near the edges of the reduced region. Based on confidence intervals of statistics of interest, such a region can be determined automatically depending on user-imposed confidence requirements, allowing for already satisfactorily converged regions of the field of view to be neglected in further analysis, offering significant computational benefits. Temporal fluctuations of the flow are unavoidable even for very steady flows, and the magnitude of such fluctuations will naturally vary over the domain. Moreover, the non-linear modulation effects of the cross-correlation operator exacerbate the perceived temporal fluctuations in regions of strong spatial displacement gradients. It follows, therefore, that steady, uniform, flow regions will require fewer contributing images than their less steady, spatially fluctuating, counterparts within the same field of view, and hence the further analysis of image pairs may be solely driven by small, isolated, non-converged regions. In this paper, a methodology is presented which allows these non-converged regions to be identified and subsequently analysed in isolation from the rest of the image, while ensuring that such localised analysis is not adversely affected by the reduced analysis region, i.e. does not introduce boundary effects, thus accelerating the analysis procedure considerably. Via experimental analysis, it is shown that under typical conditions a 44% reduction in the required number of correlations for an ensemble solution is achieved, compared to conventional image processing routines while maintaining a specified level of confidence over the domain.

Graphic abstract
Development of a plain-language guide for discussing breast cancer genetic counseling and testing with patients with limited health literacy
Authors: van der Giessen J. A. M , Ausems M. G. E. M. , van Riel E. , de Jong A. , Fransen M. P. , van Dulmen S.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Due to limited health literacy and resulting ineffective communication between healthcare professionals and patients, not all eligible patients are offered breast cancer genetic counseling and testing. We aimed to develop a plain-language guide to increase effective communication about genetic counseling and testing with breast cancer patients with limited health literacy.

Methods

Together with oncological healthcare professionals, we drafted a list of jargon words frequently used during (breast) cancer genetic counseling. In a focus group interview with breast cancer counselees with limited health literacy, who had received genetic counseling before, we reformulated these words in plain language. Low-literate individuals, who are not familiar with breast cancer care or genetic counseling, reflected on the draft of the guide. Completeness, acceptability, and perceived usability were tested in an online questionnaire among healthcare professionals.

Results

The result is a plain-language guide for genetic counseling and testing with 33 frequently used jargon words and a reformulation of these words in plain language. Acceptability and perceived usefulness of the guide among healthcare professionals (n = 58) were high.

Conclusion

The plain-language guide provides opportunities to facilitate communication about genetic counseling and testing with patients with limited health literacy and could enhance opportunities for patients to make informed decisions to participate in genetic testing. As the intention from healthcare professionals to use the plain-language guide is high, implementation of the guide in a real-life setting seems promising.
Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows over an urban building array with the ABLE-LBM and comparison with 3D MRI observed data sets
Authors: Wang Yansen , Benson Michael J.
Published: October 2020

In this article we describe the details of an ABLE-LBM (Atmospheric Boundary Layer Environment-Lattice Boltzmann Model) validation study for urban building array turbulent flow simulations. The ABLE-LBM large-eddy simulation results were compared with a set of 3D magnetic resonance image (MRI) velocimetry data. The ABLE-LBM simulations used the same building layout and Reynolds numbers operated in the laboratory water channel. The building set-up was an evenly spaced orthogonal array of cubic buildings (height = H) with a central tall building (height = 3H) in the second row. Two building orientations, angled with 0°and 45° wind directions, were simulated with ABLE-LBM. The model produced horizontal and vertical fields of time-averaged velocity fields and compared well with the experimental results. The model also produced urban canyon flows and vortices at front and lee sides and over building tops that were similar in strength and location to the laboratory studies. The turbulent kinetic energy associated with these two wind directions were also presented in this simulation study. It is shown that the building array arrangement, especially the tall building, has a great effect on turbulent wind fields. There is a Karman vortex street on the lee side of the tall building. High turbulent intensity areas are associated with the vortex shedding motions at building edges. In addition, the wind direction is a very important factor for turbulent wind and kinetic energy distribution. This validation study indicated that ABLE-LBM is a viable simulation model for turbulent atmospheric boundary layer flows in the urban building array. The computational speed of ABLE-LBM using the GPU has shown that real-time LES simulation is realizable for a computational domain with several millions grid points.
SES inequalities in cause-specific adult mortality: a study of the long-term trends using longitudinal individual data for Sweden (1813–2014)
Authors: Debiasi Enrico , Dribe Martin
Published: October 2020

Higher socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with lower mortality, and this correlation has been confirmed using different indicators across several geographical settings. Nevertheless, the timing of the emergence of the SES gradient remains unclear. We used individual-level longitudinal data for a regional population in southern Sweden covering the period between 1813 and 2014, and we applied a cause-specific proportional hazard model. We estimated SES differences in all-cause, nonpreventable, preventable, and cause-specific adult mortality in four subperiods (1813–1921, 1922–1967, 1968–1989, 1990–2014) by gender adjusting for birth year, place of residence, marital status, and migration status. The SES gradient in mortality present today for both genders emerged only around 1970, and with few exceptions, it emerged at approximately the same time for all causes of death. It emerged earlier for women than for men, particularly in infectious diseases. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, we found a positive association between SES and mortality from circulatory diseases for men. SES has not always been a fundamental cause of mortality; it only emerged as such in the second half of the twentieth century. We argue that habits and behaviors embedded in the different social strata played a major role in the emergence of the SES gradient.
Three-dimensional dynamics of nitrogen from banded enhanced efficiency fertilizers
Authors: Janke Chelsea K. , Moody Philip , Bell Michael J.
Published: October 2020

A range of enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) have been developed in response to widespread recognition of poor nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) in agriculture; however, their effective utilization is not properly understood when applied in sub-surface bands. This study quantified soil chemical changes and the distribution of N species that arose from sub-surface banding of urea, a controlled release polymer-coated urea (PCU) and urea coated with either nitrification inhibitors (NIs) or a urease inhibitor (UI), over 71 days in a field trial. Banding NIs extended the duration of nitrification inhibition for up to 50 days longer than banded urea, although the duration of NI-conferred inhibition was dependant on the rate of NI-urea application. The UI preserved urea-N at a concentration which was 16-fold higher cf. standard urea over 7 days, but no urea-N was detected after 21 days. This suggests that the NUE benefits of UIs are transient when applied in sub-surface bands. Slow release of urea-N from banded PCU resulted in lower concentrations of N in the soil solution. This reduced N dispersal by ca. 50 mm cf. urea, resulting in a N-enriched zone which was considerably smaller. Relatively benign chemical conditions around PCU bands enabled rates of nitrification (NH4–N:NO3–N ratio of 46%) which were similar to urea. Collectively, these results demonstrate the relative efficacy and risks of the different EEF technologies, when applied in fertilizer bands. This knowledge supports the effective utilization of band-applied EEFs for improved NUE in agricultural systems.
Stickiness in academic career (im)mobilities of STEM early career researchers: an insight from Greece
Authors: Tzanakou Charikleia
Published: October 2020

Academic and policy discourse has idealised academic mobility despite studies showing that it can have adverse effects on individuals’ experiences and contribute towards exacerbating existing inequalities. This article focuses on career (im)mobility stories of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) early career researchers that are variously sticky with emotion and affect. It places emphasis on the challenges, frictions and emotional tensions for early career researchers as part of this decision-making, irrespective of whether they decide to move or not. To do this, it deploys the concept of stickiness, which allows investigating the intersection and co-construction of embodied experiences of early career academics with the internationalisation discourse of academic excellence which are not often brought together. Focused on a largely under-examined population and context, it is based on a qualitative analysis of 15 in-depth interviews with a subsample of survey respondents, as part of a mixed methods study of Greek researchers in STEM. This article compares two groups of early career researchers who are seemingly at odds but have a lot in common: those with a highly international outlook moving to build an international profile and those who decide to stay and pursue research aspirations within a national context. Stickiness is demonstrated in two ways: stickiness to establishing an international profile and an academic career dictated by the internationalisation discourse; stickiness to affective considerations which are temporal, fluid and often understated. The main difference is how early career researchers address this stickiness: through the normative international mobility or participation in collaborative funding programmes. This article shows academic mobility is not only associated with benefits but can entail negative implications for individuals. It also provides empirical insights into hidden STEM early career researchers and elaborates a concept of stickiness in academic (im)mobility with discursive and affective layers, highlighting the importance of considering affect in career development scholarship.
A Prospective Study of Rumination and Irritability in Youth
Authors: Leigh Eleanor , Lee Ailsa , Brown Hannah M. , Pisano Simone , Stringaris Argyris
Published: October 2020

Although youth irritability is linked with substantial psychiatric morbidity and impairment, little is known about how personal characteristics influence its course. In this study we examined the prospective associations between angry and depressive rumination and irritability. A sample of 165 school pupils aged 12–14 years were assessed at two time points six months apart. They completed measures of irritability at Times 1 and 2 and depressive and angry rumination at Time 1. In line with our hypotheses, we found that angry rumination is significantly associated with irritability six months later, over and above baseline irritability and depressive rumination. The present findings suggest angry rumination is relevant to the genesis of irritability in adolescents, and point to possible routes for prevention and early intervention.
The Predictive Value of the AQ and the SRS-A in the Diagnosis of ASD in Adults in Clinical Practice
Authors: Bezemer M. L. , Blijd-Hoogewys E. M. A. , Meek-Heekelaar M.
Published: October 2020

Questionnaires are widely used in autism assessment. However, their psychometric properties are generally not evaluated in clinical practice, and the comparability and applicability of such research is limited because questionnaires are often not simultaneously evaluated. This certainly pertains to predictive values which are highly population and setting specific. This study evaluated the power of AQ and SRS-A in predicting an ASD diagnosis within the same clinical population. The patient records of 92 adults, referred for autism assessment, were analyzed. The AQ proved somewhat better than the SRS-A at discriminating and predicting autism. The predictive values of both questionnaires were lower than reported in general population studies. Psychometric results in core publications appear less representative for clinical practice.
Enhancing properties and water resistance of PEO-based electrospun nanofibrous membranes by photo-crosslinking
Authors: Kianfar Parnian , Vitale Alessandra , Dalle Vacche Sara , Bongiovanni Roberta
Published: October 2020

In this study, modified fibrous mats of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were fabricated through the versatile technique of electrospinning. Acrylic monomers were added to PEO with different composition ratios, and the mats were irradiated. The kinetics of photo-cross-linking reaction in the presence of the acrylic cross-linkers, as well as the structural, thermal and mechanical properties of the nanofibers, were studied. The morphology of the fibrous membranes before and after water treatment was monitored, and the insoluble fraction of the fibers was measured. As a result, by tuning the photo-cross-linking reaction, the control over fibers properties was feasible. The photo-cured PEO-based nanofibrous mats showed the solubility resistance needed to use them as membranes and to apply them in aqueous environments, as in water treatment processes and biomedical applications.

Graphical Abstract
Artificial Intelligence, Values, and Alignment
Authors: Gabriel Iason
Published: October 2020

This paper looks at philosophical questions that arise in the context of AI alignment. It defends three propositions. First, normative and technical aspects of the AI alignment problem are interrelated, creating space for productive engagement between people working in both domains. Second, it is important to be clear about the goal of alignment. There are significant differences between AI that aligns with instructions, intentions, revealed preferences, ideal preferences, interests and values. A principle-based approach to AI alignment, which combines these elements in a systematic way, has considerable advantages in this context. Third, the central challenge for theorists is not to identify ‘true’ moral principles for AI; rather, it is to identify fair principles for alignment that receive reflective endorsement despite widespread variation in people’s moral beliefs. The final part of the paper explores three ways in which fair principles for AI alignment could potentially be identified.
[18F]-JK-PSMA-7 PET/CT Under Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Dietlein Felix , Mueller Peter , Kobe Carsten , Endepols Heike , Hohberg Melanie , Zlatopolskiy Boris D. , Krapf Philipp , Heidenreich Axel , Neumaier Bernd , Drzezga Alexander , Dietlein Markus
Published: October 2020

Purpose

PSMA imaging is frequently used for monitoring of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in prostate cancer. In a previous study, [18F]-JK-PSMA-7 exhibited favorable properties for tumor localization after biochemical recurrence. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the performance of [18F]-JK-PSMA-7 under ADT.

Procedures

We examined the performance of [18F]-JK-PSMA-7 in 70 patients (first cohort) with increasing or detectable PSA values under ADT (PSA < 2 ng/ml for 21/70 patients). We further analyzed 58 independent patients with PSA levels < 2 ng/ml under ADT, who were imaged with [68Ga]PSMA-11 or [18F]DCFPyL (second cohort). Finally, we compared detection rates between [18F]-JK-PSMA-7, [68Ga]PSMA-11, and [18F]DCFPyL.

Results

In the first cohort, we detected [18F]-JK-PSMA-7-positive lesions in 63/70 patients. In patients with PSA levels ≥ 2 ng/ml, the detection rate was 100 % (49/49). In patients with PSA < 2 ng/ml, the detection rate was significantly lower (66.7 %, 14/21, p = 9.7 × 10−5) and dropped from 85.7 % (12/14, PSA levels between 0.3 and 2.0 ng/ml) to 28.6 % (2/7) for PSA levels < 0.3 ng/ml (p = 1.73 × 10−2). In the second cohort (PSA < 2 ng/ml), the detection rate was 79.3 % (46/58) for [68Ga]PSMA-11 or [18F]DCFPyL. Again, the detection rate was significantly higher (p = 1.1 × 10−2) for patients with PSA levels between 0.3 and 2.0 ng/ml (87.0 %, 40/46) relative to those with PSA levels < 0.3 ng/ml (50 %, 6/12). No significant difference was found between [18F]-JK-PSMA-7 and [68Ga]PSMA-11 or [18F]DCFPyL in patients with PSA levels < 2 ng/ml (p = 0.4295).

Conclusion

[18F]-JK-PSMA-7 PET showed a high detection rate in patients with PSA levels ≥ 0.3 ng/ml under ADT. The lower PSA threshold of 0.3 ng/ml for high detection rates was consistent across the three PSMA ligands. Thus, PSMA imaging is suitable for clinical follow-up of patients with increasing PSA levels under ADT.
Disruptive Innovation and Moral Uncertainty
Authors: Nickel Philip J.
Published: October 2020

This paper develops a philosophical account of moral disruption. According to Robert Baker, moral disruption is a process in which technological innovations undermine established moral norms without clearly leading to a new set of norms. Here I analyze this process in terms of moral uncertainty, formulating a philosophical account with two variants. On the harm account, such uncertainty is always harmful because it blocks our knowledge of our own and others’ moral obligations. On the qualified harm account, there is no harm in cases where moral uncertainty is related to innovation that is “for the best” in historical perspective or where uncertainty is the expression of a deliberative virtue. The two accounts are compared by applying them to Baker’s historical case of the introduction of mechanical ventilation and organ transplantation technologies, as well as the present-day case of mass data practices in the health domain.
Estimation of Selected Minerals in Aortic Aneurysms—Impaired Ratio of Zinc to Lead May Predispose?
Authors: Socha Katarzyna , Karwowska Alicja , Kurianiuk Adam , Markiewicz-Żukowska Renata , Guzowski Andrzej , Gacko Marek , Hirnle Tomasz , Borawska Maria H.
Published: October 2020

The objective of this study was to estimate the content of copper, zinc, selenium, cadmium, and lead in the tissue of patients with aortic aneurysms. Molar ratio of Cu/Zn and antioxidant micronutrients to toxic elements was also calculated. A total of 108 patients: 47 with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), 61 patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA), and a control group of 20 abdominal aortic (AA) and 20 thoracic aortic (TA) wall samples from the deceased were studied. The concentrations of mineral components in the tissue samples were determined by the AAS method. The average concentration of Cu in the aortic wall of patients with TAA was significantly lower than in the aortic wall samples of healthy people. The mean concentration of Zn in the aortic wall of patients with AAA and TAA was significantly lower than in the control group samples. Cu/Zn ratio was significantly higher in AAA patients than in control group which indicates a greater role of oxidative stress and inflammatory process in this type of aneurysm. The concentration of Se was significantly decreased in TAA patients compared with the control group; in turn, the concentration of Pb was increased in this group of patients. We observed significantly lower Cu/Pb ratio in TAA patients than in control group, whereas Zn/Pb ratio was significantly lower comparing with control samples in both types of aneurysms. In the examined aneurysms, we have shown the differences in concentrations of mineral components compared with the control tissues. The Zn concentration was decreased in both AAA and TAA samples. Impaired ratio of Zn to Pb may predispose to aortic aneurysms.
Distinct Effects of Social Stress on Working Memory in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Li Qianqian , Yan Jun , Liao Jinmin , Zhang Xiao , Liu Lijun , Fu Xiaoyu , Tan Hao Yang , Zhang Dai , Yan Hao
Published: October 2020

Stress might exaggerate the compulsion and impair the working memory of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study evaluated the effect of stress on the cognitive neural processing of working memory in OCD and its clinical significance using a “number calculation working memory” task. Thirty-eight patients and 55 gender- and education-matched healthy controls were examined. Stress impaired the performance of the manipulation task in patients. Healthy controls showed less engagement of the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum during the task under stress versus less stress, which was absent in the patients with OCD. The diagnosis × stress interaction effect was significant in the right fusiform, supplementary motor area, precentral cortex and caudate. The failure of suppression of the medial prefrontal cortex and striatum and stress-related hyperactivation in the right fusiform, supplementary motor area, precentral cortex, and caudate might be an OCD-related psychopathological and neural response to stress.
The Glycocalyx and Pressure-Dependent Transcellular Albumin Transport
Authors: Dull Randal O. , Chignalia Andreia Z.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Acute increases in hydrostatic pressure activate endothelial signaling pathways that modulate barrier function and vascular permeability. We investigated the role the glycocalyx and established mechanotransduction pathways in pressure-induced albumin transport across rat lung microvascular endothelial cells.

Methods

Rat lung microvascular endothelial cells (RLMEC) were cultured on Costar Snapwell chambers. Cell morphology was assessed using silver nitrate staining. RLMEC were exposed to zero pressure (Control) or 30 cmH2O (Pressure) for 30 or 60 min. Intracellular albumin uptake and transcellular albumin transport was quantified. Transcellular transport was reported as solute flux (Js) and an effective permeability coefficient (Pe). The removal of cell surface heparan sulfates (heparinase), inhibition of NOS (L-NAME) and reactive oxygen species (apocynin, Apo) was investigated.

Results

Acute increase in hydrostatic pressure augmented albumin uptake by 30–40% at 60 min and Js and Pe both increased significantly. Heparinase increased albumin uptake but attenuated transcellular transport while L-NAME attenuated both pressure-dependent albumin uptake and transport. Apo interrupted albumin uptake under both control and pressure conditions, leading to a near total lack of transcellular transport, suggesting a different mechanism and/or site of action.

Conclusion

Pressure-dependent albumin uptake and transcellular transport is another component of endothelial mechanotransduction and associated regulation of solute flux. This novel albumin uptake and transport pathway is regulated by heparan sulfates and eNOS. Albumin uptake is sensitive to ROS. The physiological and clinical implications of this albumin transport are discussed.
First results of the “Lean European Open Survey on SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients (LEOSS)”
Authors: Jakob Carolin E. M. , Borgmann Stefan , Duygu Fazilet , Behrends Uta , Hower Martin , Merle Uta , Friedrichs Anette , Tometten Lukas , Hanses Frank , Jung Norma , Rieg Siegbert , Wille Kai , Grüner Beate , Klinker Hartwig , Gersbacher-Runge Nicole , Hellwig Kerstin , Eberwein Lukas , Dolff Sebastian , Rauschning Dominic , von Bergwelt-Baildon Michael , Lanznaster Julia , Strauß Richard , Trauth Janina , de With Katja , Ruethrich Maria , Lueck Catherina , Nattermann Jacob , Tscharntke Lene , Pilgram Lisa , Fuhrmann Sandra , Classen Annika , Stecher Melanie , Schons Maximilian , Spinner Christoph , Vehreschild Jörg Janne
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Knowledge regarding patients’ clinical condition at severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection is sparse. Data in the international, multicenter Lean European Open Survey on SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients (LEOSS) cohort study may enhance the understanding of COVID-19.

Methods

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, enrolled in the LEOSS cohort study between March 16, 2020, and May 14, 2020, were analyzed. Associations between baseline characteristics and clinical stages at diagnosis (uncomplicated vs. complicated) were assessed using logistic regression models.

Results

We included 2155 patients, 59.7% (1,287/2,155) were male; the most common age category was 66–85 years (39.6%; 500/2,155). The primary COVID-19 diagnosis was made in 35.0% (755/2,155) during complicated clinical stages. A significant univariate association between age; sex; body mass index; smoking; diabetes; cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological, and kidney diseases; ACE inhibitor therapy; statin intake and an increased risk for complicated clinical stages of COVID-19 at diagnosis was found. Multivariable analysis revealed that advanced age [46–65 years: adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.73, 95% CI 1.25–2.42, p = 0.001; 66–85 years: aOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.36–2.74, p < 0.001; > 85 years: aOR 2.38, 95% CI 1.49–3.81, p < 0.001 vs. individuals aged 26–45 years], male sex (aOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.01–1.50, p = 0.040), cardiovascular disease (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.09–1.72, p = 0.007), and diabetes (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.04–1.69, p = 0.023) were associated with complicated stages of COVID-19 at diagnosis.

Conclusion

The LEOSS cohort identified age, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and male sex as risk factors for complicated disease stages at SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, thus confirming previous data. Further data regarding outcomes of the natural course of COVID-19 and the influence of treatment are required.
Coronavirus disease 2019 and sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Lang B , Hintze J , Conlon B
Published: October 2020

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and was declared a global health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization on 30th January 2020. It has resulted in almost 600 000 deaths to date worldwide. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is a known complication of a number of viral infections, but there is little in the literature to date on its association with coronavirus disease 2019.

Case report

This paper presents the case of a 30-year-old female staff nurse who contracted coronavirus disease 2019 and presented to our department with a significant unilateral sensorineural hearing loss confirmed on audiogram. She was treated with a course of oral steroids, but unfortunately there was no improvement in her hearing.

Conclusion

This case report is important as it highlights the importance of having a low index of suspicion when patients present with a variety of symptoms not previously associated with coronavirus disease 2019. The paper also discusses the controversy surrounding the use of steroids in the management of this disease.
Human Rights in the Seventy-Fifth Year of the UN
Authors: Ramcharan Bertrand
Published: October 2020

As part of the special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay looks at the UN's human rights efforts through the lens of the ethics of survival, normative ethics, the ethics of protection, institutional ethics, and the ethics of the human predicament in the face of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The essay finds that while the consecration of the right to life has made a contribution to the ethics of human survival, the overall impact of the human rights program has been marginal. Normative ethics shows the UN performing magisterially in drafting and adopting a body of international norms for the universal protection of human rights. However, when it comes to the ethics of protection, the UN performs poorly because of the numerous oppressive governments that control the world body. On the ethics of the human predicament, this essay finds that SDG 16, which is devoted to development, peace, justice, and strong institutions, has so far had little practical impact. Gross violations of human rights continue to take place in numerous parts of the world.