bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Interview and Scale–Prospective (BPSS‐P): description and validation in a psychiatric sample and healthy controls
Authors: Correll Christoph U , Olvet Doreen M , Auther Andrea M , Hauser Marta , Kishimoto Taishiro , Carrión Ricardo E , Snyder Stephanie , Cornblatt Barbara A
Published: May 2014

Objective

The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Interview and Scale–Prospective (BPSS‐P), the first specific interview for emerging bipolar disorder (BD) symptoms.

Methods

A total of 205 youth aged 12–23 years and/or their caregivers underwent BPSS‐P interviews: 129 patients with mood spectrum disorders [depression spectrum disorder (n = 77), mood disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) (n = 27), BD‐NOS (n = 14), bipolar I disorder (BD‐I)/bipolar II disorder (BD‐II)/cyclothymia (n = 11), 34 with non‐mood spectrum disorders, and 42 healthy controls (HCs)]. We used Cronbach's α to assess internal consistency; intra‐class correlation (ICC) for inter‐rater reliability; Spearman's rho for convergent validity with the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), General Behavior Inventory–10‐item Mania Form (GBI‐M‐10), and Cyclothymic–Hypersensitive Temperament (CHT) scale; and analysis of variance for discriminatory power between diagnostic groups.

Results

Internal consistency was good to very good for the BPSS‐P Mania (Cronbach's α = 0.87), Depression (Cronbach's α = 0.89), and General Symptom indices (Cronbach's α = 0.74). Inter‐rater reliability was high for the BPSS‐P Total score (ICC = 0.939), and BPSS‐P Mania (ICC = 0.934), Depression (ICC = 0.985), and General (ICC = 0.981) indices. Convergent validity was large (ρ ≥ 0.50) between the BPSS‐P Mania Index and YMRS, GBI‐M‐10, and CHT; BPSS‐P Depression Index and Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and CHT; and BPSS‐P General Index and GBI‐M‐10 and CHT. Expectedly, convergent validity was small (ρ = 0.10 to < 0.30) between the BPSS‐P Mania Index and MADRS, and BPSS‐P Depression Index and YMRS. Furthermore, the BPSS‐P and its subscales discriminated each patient group from HCs and from non‐mood spectrum patients (except for the BPSS‐P General Index). Moreover, the BPSS‐P Total score discriminated BD‐I/BD‐II/cyclothymia from depression spectrum patients, and the BPSS‐Mania Index differentiated all three bipolar spectrum groups from depression spectrum patients.

Conclusions

The BPSS‐P has good to excellent psychometric properties. Its use across multiple settings and predictive validity requires further investigation.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPORT STATUS AND PRODUCTIVITY IN SERVICES: A FIRM‐LEVEL ANALYSIS FOR SPAIN
Authors: Minondo Asier
Published: May 2014

This paper analyses the relationship between export status and productivity in a major service exporter, Spain, during 2001–07. I find that exporters in the services sector are 45 percent more productive than non‐exporters. This productivity premium is larger for firms that supply non‐internet‐related services than for firms that supply internet‐related services. The results show that exporters were more productive than non‐exporters before beginning to export, and also that exporting increases productivity growth; however, this positive shock vanishes quickly.
WHO WANTS PATERNALISM?
Authors: Pedersen Sofie Kragh , Koch Alexander K. , Nafziger Julia
Published: May 2014

Little is known about the demand side of paternalism. We investigate attitudes towards paternalism among Danish students. The main question is whether demand for paternalism is related to self‐control, either because people with self‐control problems seek commitment devices to overcome these problems, or because people with good self‐control want those who lack it to change their behaviours. We find no evidence linking self‐control to attitudes towards weak forms of paternalism (e.g., nudges or information about health consequences). But respondents with good self‐control are significantly more favourable towards strong paternalism (e.g., restricting choices or sin taxes) than those struggling with self‐control.
Antifungal treatment in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with and without cystic fibrosis: a systematic review
Authors: Moreira A. S. , Silva D. , Ferreira A. Reis , Delgado L.
Published: May 2014

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare disease that affects patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis. Its debilitating course has led to the search for new treatments, including antifungals and monoclonal antibodies. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of antifungal treatments in patients with ABPA and either asthma or cystic fibrosis, we performed a systematic review of the literature on the effects of antifungal agents in ABPA using three biomedical databases. Quality assessment was performed using the GRADE methodology and, where appropriate, studies with comparable outcomes were pooled for meta‐analysis. Thirty‐eight studies – four randomized controlled trials and 34 observational studies – met the eligibility criteria. The antifungal interventions described were itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, ketoconazole, natamycin, nystatin and amphotericin B. An improvement in symptoms, frequency of exacerbations and lung function was reported in most of the studies and was more common with oral azoles. Antifungals also had a positive impact on biomarkers and radiological pulmonary infiltrates, but adverse effects were also common. The quality of the evidence supporting these results was low or very low due to a shortage of controlled studies, heterogeneity between studies and potential bias. Antifungal interventions in ABPA improved patient and disease outcomes in both asthma and cystic fibrosis. However, the recommendation for their use is weak and clinicians should therefore weigh up desirable and undesirable effects on a case‐by‐case basis. More studies with a better methodology are needed, especially in cystic fibrosis, to increase confidence in the effects of antifungal treatments in ABPA.
Maternal body mass index in early pregnancy and offspring asthma, rhinitis and eczema up to 16 years of age
Authors: Ekström S. , Magnusson J. , Kull I. , Lind T. , Almqvist C. , Melén E. , Bergström A.
Published: May 2014

Background

Maternal obesity has been linked to offspring asthma; however, other allergy‐related diseases, as well as the association beyond early school age, are largely unstudied.

Objective

To examine the associations between maternal body mass index (BMI) in pregnancy and offspring asthma, rhinitis, eczema and sensitization up to 16 years of age.

Methods

A total of 3294 children from the Swedish birth cohort BAMSE were included in the analyses. Maternal BMI was assessed around week 10 in pregnancy. Information on asthma, rhinitis, eczema, lifestyle factors and environmental exposures was obtained by parental questionnaires at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 years. Sensitization was defined from IgE levels of inhalant allergens at 4, 8 and 16 years in a subsample of 2850 children. Generalized estimated equation models were used to analyse the associations between maternal BMI and the outcomes at 1–16 years.

Results

Maternal BMI was positively associated with overall risk of asthma up to age of 16 years (adj OR per 5 kg/m2 increase: 1.23; 95% CI 1.07–1.40 for prevalent asthma) excluding underweight mothers. In contrast, no significant associations were found for rhinitis, eczema or sensitization. The association with asthma was restricted to obese, rather than overweight mothers, but was attenuated when adjusting for overweight in the offspring. A causal inference test at 16 years further indicated that the child's own overweight is a mediator in the suggested association between maternal BMI and offspring asthma at 16 years.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Maternal BMI is associated with an increased risk of asthma, but not rhinitis, eczema or sensitization; however, overweight in the offspring seems to have a mediating role. Prevention strategies of maternal pre‐pregnancy and childhood obesity might be important to reduce the prevalence of childhood asthma.
Institutional Investors on Boards and Audit Committees and Their Effects on Financial Reporting Quality
Authors: Pucheta‐Martínez María Consuelo , García‐Meca Emma
Published: May 2014

Manuscript Type

Empirical

Research Question/Issue

This study examines how the presence of representatives of institutional investors as directors on boards or on audit committees enhances financial reporting quality, reducing the probability that the firm receives qualified audit reports. We focus on directors who maintain business relations with the firm on whose board or committee they sit (pressure‐sensitive directors). We also investigate the specific role of bank directors and examine their effects on financial reporting quality when they act as shareholders and directors.

Research Findings/Insights

Our results suggest that institutional directors are effective monitors, which leads to higher quality financial reporting and, therefore, a lower likelihood that the firm receives a qualified audit report. Consistent with the relevant role of business relations with the firm, we find that directors appointed to both boards and audit committees by pressure‐sensitive investors have a larger effect on financial reporting quality as it is more likely that the auditor issues an unqualified audit opinion. Nevertheless, when analyzed separately, only savings bank representatives on the board increase financial reporting quality.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

The results confirm that board characteristics have an important influence on financial reporting quality, in line with the views that have been expressed by several international bodies. The findings also suggest that both researchers and policy makers should no longer consider institutional investors as a whole, given than directors appointed by different types of institutional investors have various implications on financial reporting quality, measured by the type of audit opinion.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

This study makes its core contribution by empirically showing that directors appointed by different types of institutional investors have diverse implications on financial reporting quality. This evidence can be potentially helpful in providing a basis for regulatory actions, namely those aiming to influence the structure of the board of directors. The results have important implications for supervisors and regulators, who will benefit from an understanding of how the presence of directors on boards of savings and commercial banks in nonfinancial firms affects financial reporting quality in a bank‐based system.
Optimization and validation of immunocytochemical detection of oestrogen receptors on cytospins prepared from fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples of breast cancer
Authors: Srebotnik Kirbiš I. , Us Krašovec M. , Pogačnik A. , Strojan Fležar M.
Published: May 2014

Objective

To optimize and validate immunocytochemical (ICC) assessment of oestrogen receptors (ERs) on cytospins prepared from fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples.

Methods

Optimal conditions and variability in ICC detection of ERs were established on cytospins prepared from the human breast cancer cell line MCF‐7. Protocols that yielded adequate results were further validated on 52 FNA samples of resected breast cancer tumours using analysis of concordance with the ER status, determined by standard immunohistochemistry on corresponding formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue (FFPET). On 37 diagnostic FNA samples, manual immunostaining with antibody 1D5 was compared with automated immunostaining with antibody 6F11.

Results

The highest percentage of ER‐positive MCF‐7 cells with lowest variability was obtained on methanol‐fixed cytospins with or without microwave pre‐treatment: 72 ± 5% and 75 ± 7%, respectively. Microwave pre‐treatment was mandatory for Papanicolaou‐stained cytospins in order to achieve between 63 ± 14% and 67 ± 9% of ER‐positive MCF‐7 cells. The concordance between ICC assessment of ERs on FNA samples and corresponding FFPET sections was complete for methanol‐fixed cytospins (100%, kappa = 1) and adequate for Papanicolaou‐stained cytospins (94%, kappa = 0.84) and Papanicolaou‐stained smears (92%, kappa = 0.75). Complete agreement in ICC detection of ERs was obtained for manual immunostaining with antibody 1D5 and automated immunostaining with antibody 6F11.

Conclusions

Methanol‐fixed cytospins prepared from FNA samples ensure highly reliable ICC assessment of ERs, whereas Papanicolaou‐stained cytospins or smears are conditionally suitable because of the small risk of false negative results.
Can't stop believing: inhibitory control and resistance to misleading testimony
Authors: Jaswal Vikram K. , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly , Kondrad Robyn L. , Palmquist Carolyn M. , Cole Caitlin A. , Cole Claire E.
Published: May 2014

Why are some young children consistently willing to believe what they are told even when it conflicts with first‐hand experience? In this study, we investigated the possibility that this deference reflects an inability to inhibit a prepotent response. Over the course of several trials, 2.5‐ to 3.5‐year‐olds (N= 58) heard an adult contradict their report of a simple event they had both witnessed, and children were asked to resolve this discrepancy. Those who repeatedly deferred to the adult's misleading testimony had more difficulty on an inhibitory control task involving spatial conflict than those who responded more skeptically. These results suggest that responding skeptically to testimony that conflicts with first‐hand experience may be challenging for some young children because it requires inhibiting a normally appropriate bias to believe testimony.
Functions of gamma‐band synchronization in cognition: from single circuits to functional diversity across cortical and subcortical systems
Authors: Bosman Conrado A. , Lansink Carien S. , Pennartz Cyriel M. A.
Published: May 2014

Gamma‐band activity (30–90 Hz) and the synchronization of neural activity in the gamma‐frequency range have been observed in different cortical and subcortical structures and have been associated with different cognitive functions. However, it is still unknown whether gamma‐band synchronization subserves a single universal function or a diversity of functions across the full spectrum of cognitive processes. Here, we address this question reviewing the mechanisms of gamma‐band oscillation generation and the functions associated with gamma‐band activity across several cortical and subcortical structures. Additionally, we raise a plausible explanation of why gamma rhythms are found so ubiquitously across brain structures. Gamma band activity originates from the interplay between inhibition and excitation. We stress that gamma oscillations, associated with this interplay, originate from basic functional motifs that conferred advantages for low‐level system processing and multiple cognitive functions throughout evolution. We illustrate the multifunctionality of gamma‐band activity by considering its role in neural systems for perception, selective attention, memory, motivation and behavioral control. We conclude that gamma‐band oscillations support multiple cognitive processes, rather than a single one, which, however, can be traced back to a limited set of circuit motifs which are found universally across species and brain structures.
How Does the European Court of Justice Reason? A Review Essay on the Legal Reasoning of the European Court of Justice
Authors: Dawson Mark
Published: May 2014

This review essay analyses two significant recent contributions to the debate over the reasoning of the Court of Justice (CJ). These contributions highlight the impossibility of a wholly scientific and deductive approach to attributing ‘correct’ outcomes to the Court's case‐law. At the same time, their analysis adds significant findings for the debate over the Court's possible ‘activist’ or political role. Following from these contributions, this essay makes two arguments: firstly, that the inability of the Court to anchor its reasoning solely in a deductive form of legal reasoning should encourage the CJ to engage in a more advanced ‘constitutional dialogue’ with the EU's political institutions; and secondly, that truly understanding the Court's reasoning involves a closer analysis of the institutional and personal dynamics influencing Court decisions. Understanding European judicial reasoning may require a closer look at the social and political—as well as doctrinal—context within which European judges act.
Oceanic and atmospheric extremes motivate a new hypothesis for variable marine survival of Fraser River sockeye salmon
Authors: McKinnell Skip , Curchitser Enrique , Groot Kees , Kaeriyama Masahide , Trudel Marc
Published: May 2014

In spite of a relatively optimistic pre‐season forecast, the total return of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to the Fraser River (British Columbia, Canada) in 2009 was the lowest recorded since quantitative records began in the late 1940s. A plausible mechanism is proposed that links a sequence of extreme oceanic and climatic events to poor marine survival. It began with record‐setting snow packs in the coastal mountain range during the winter of 2007 that led to the development of unprecedented oceanographic conditions in the spring of 2007 from Queen Charlotte Strait in central British Columbia to Southeast Alaska. When combined with equally extreme atmospheric anomalies in the region in the spring of 2007, with a winter wind regime persisting through July, a coastal surface ocean with characteristics that are known to be associated with lower marine survival was established. Most of the sockeye salmon that were expected to return to the Fraser River as adults in 2009 passed through this atypical ocean as juveniles on their migration to the open ocean in 2007. A trophic gauntlet hypothesis is proposed as a new paradigm to describe the oceanic environment faced by sockeye salmon after they emigrate northward from the Strait of Georgia. The hypothesis identifies a new type of high nutrient low chlorophyll region that can explain how oceanographic extremes at critical locations along the migration route beyond the Strait of Georgia can reduce marine survival in some years.
Clinal variation in the morph ratio of Black Sparrowhawks Accipiter melanoleucus in South Africa and its correlation with environmental variables
Authors: Amar Arjun , Koeslag Ann , Malan Gerard , Brown Mark , Wreford Erin
Published: May 2014

The morph ratio distribution in polymorphic species often varies clinally, with a gradual change in morph ratios across the distributional range of the species. In polymorphic bird populations, clinal variation is rarely quantified. We describe a cline in the morph ratios of Black Sparrowhawks across South Africa, which is principally driven by a higher ratio of dark morph birds in the newly colonized southwest of the country. Across the 1400 km of our cline, the probability of a bird being a dark morph declined from over 80% close to the Cape Peninsula to under 20% in the northeast. Higher frequencies of dark morphs were associated with a higher proportion of rainfall falling during the winter breeding months. Further investigation revealed relationships between the proportion of dark morphs and altitude, amount of rainfall during the breeding months, and an interaction between this variable and temperature. These results provide some support for the suggestion that the higher frequency of dark morphs in the southwest is an adaptive response, rather than the result of a founder effect or genetic drift. These findings also suggest that, in theory, polymorphic species may be better adapted to cope with the challenges of climate change or may be able to expand their ranges more quickly into novel climatic areas, since selection pressure can act on a pre‐existing trait that may be beneficial in new conditions.
Experimental pyrethroid treatment underestimates the effects of ectoparasites in cavity‐nesting birds due to toxicity
Authors: López‐Arrabé Jimena , Cantarero Alejandro , Pérez‐Rodríguez Lorenzo , Palma Antonio , Moreno Juan
Published: May 2014

Nest‐dwelling ectoparasites may result in costs for nestlings of cavity nesters in terms of compromised growth and condition before fledging. The reduction or elimination of nest ectoparasites to study their effects on avian hosts can be conducted through physical methods such as heat‐treatment or through chemical methods using insecticides. Pyrethroids are the most frequently used of the latter, although some studies have shown that they may compromise the development and future survival of birds. In this study conducted in central Spain we analysed the differences between a group of fumigated Pied FlycatcherFicedula hypoleucanests and a heat‐treated group, both rendered ectoparasite‐free by these treatments. We also compared these ectoparasite‐free nests with a control group with natural ectoparasite loads. Our aim was to test the possible effects of a pyrethroid‐based insecticide on reproductive success, parental care behaviours and body condition of adult females and nestlings. We also determined the effects of treatment on a biochemical biomarker, the total glutathione (tGSH) level, involved in detoxification of xenobiotics and considered the most important intracellular antioxidant. Although behavioural variables were not affected by treatment, results showed lighter 3‐day‐old chicks and shorter tarsi and wings in nestlings shortly before fledging in fumigated nests, together with depletion of tGSHlevels in both females and nestlings. Fumigation with pyrethroids in ectoparasite load reduction experiments may introduce undesired systematic variability associated with toxicity, leading to underestimation of the effects of ectoparasites on avian hosts.
Wood resource and not fungi attract early‐successional saproxylic species of Heteroptera – an experimental approach
Authors: Seibold Sebastian , Bässler Claus , Baldrian Petr , Thorn Simon , Müller Jörg , Gossner Martin M.
Published: May 2014

The availability of dead wood and ability to colonise these ephemeral structures are crucial for sustaining vital populations of saproxylic insects. These insects locate suitable resources mostly visually and via olfactory cues emitted by dead wood and/or wood‐decaying fungi.

For the conservation of saproxylic species of Heteroptera, a poorly studied group with a high proportion of threatened species, it is crucial to know which dead‐wood structures are needed and how they are detected and colonised.

In a field experiment, we exposed different amounts of dead‐wood logs and branches of the main tree species of montane beech forests (Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica) on sunny and shady forest plots. We sampled saproxylic heteropterans and sporocarps of wood‐decaying fungi in two consecutive years to test the hypothesis that early‐successional saproxylic heteropterans are more attracted to wood‐decaying fungi than to wood itself.

The activity densities of saproxylic heteropterans measured with flight‐interception traps increased with increasing surface of coarse woody debris and was higher under sunny conditions. Tree species, fine woody debris and abundance of sporocarps had no significant effect.

Our results suggest that during the early‐successional forest stage, dead wood provides more important cues than fungi in the search of saproxylic heteropterans for suitable hosts despite assumed close associations of the insects and certain fungal species. To improve habitats for saproxylic heteropterans, we recommend increasing the supply of dead wood of large diameter (>30 cm) in montane beech forests, particularly in sunny gaps. This can easily be realised during logging operations by gap felling.
Effect of the lentil flour and hydrocolloids on baking characteristics of wholemeal durum wheat bread
Authors: Previtali Maria Assunta , Mastromatteo Marcella , De Vita Pasquale , Ficco Donatella Bianca Maria , Conte Amalia , Del Nobile Matteo Alessandro
Published: May 2014

In this study, the characterisation of functional bread based on wholemeal durum wheat flour enriched with lentil flour was investigated to find a good balance between the nutritional and organoleptic properties of the final product. In particular, the effect of different percentage of lentil flour (10%, 20% and 25%) and the type and amount of structuring agents (carboxymethyl cellulose, guar seed flour, pectin and tapioca starch) were studied by assessing the sensorial, textural and nutritional properties of the functional bread. Results showed that the increase in the lentil flour at 20% and 25% negatively affected the dough texture and the sensorial quality of the bread. The screening of different hydrocolloids on the bread sample enriched with 25% of legume flour highlighted that the guar seed flour at concentration of 2% allowed obtaining the best results in terms of sensory properties. The nutritional analysis of the optimised functional bread showed an increase in proteins and dietary fibre (total, soluble and insoluble), suggesting its high functional value and the possibility to propose it on a market that is constantly changing and attentive to health benefit of foods.
Do immature platelet levels in chest pain patients presenting to the emergency department aid in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome?
Authors: Berny‐Lang M. A. , Darling C. E. , Frelinger A. L. , Barnard M. R. , Smith C. S. , Michelson A. D.
Published: May 2014

Introduction

Early and accurate identification of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) vs. noncardiac chest pain in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) is problematic and new diagnostic markers are needed. Previous studies reported that elevated mean platelet volume (MPV) is associated with ACS and predictive of cardiovascular risk. MPV is closely related to the immature platelet fraction (IPF), and recent studies have suggested that IPF may be a more sensitive marker of ACS than MPV. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the measurement of IPF assists in the diagnosis of ACS in patients presenting to the ED with chest pain.

Methods

In this single‐center, prospective, cross‐sectional study, adult patients presenting to the ED with chest pain and/or suspected ACS were considered for enrollment. Blood samples from 236 ACS‐negative and 44 ACS‐positive patients were analyzed in a Sysmex XE‐2100 for platelet count, MPV, IPF, and the absolute count of immature platelets (IPC).

Results

Total platelet counts, MPV, IPF, and IPC were not statistically different between ACS‐negative and ACS‐positive patients. The IPF was 4.6 ± 2.7% and 5.0 ± 2.8% (mean ± SD, P = 0.24), and the IPC was 10.0 ± 4.6 and 11.5 ± 7.5 × 103/μL (P = 0.27) for ACS‐negative and ACS‐positive patients, respectively.

Conclusion

In 280 patients presenting to the ED with chest pain and/or suspected ACS, no differences in IPF, IPC or MPV were observed in ACS‐negative vs. ACS‐positive patients, suggesting that these parameters do not assist in the diagnosis of ACS.
Factors influencing decision‐making role preferences: A qualitative study of Malaysian patients with type 2 diabetes during insulin initiation
Authors: Lee Yew Kong , Low Wah Yun , Lee Ping Yein , Ng Chirk Jenn
Published: May 2014

Patient decision‐making role preference (DMRP) is a patient's preferred degree of control when making medical decisions. This descriptive qualitative study aimed to explore Malaysian patients' views on their DMRP. Between January 2011 and March 2012, 22 individual face‐to‐face in‐depth interviews were conducted with patients with type 2 diabetes who were deciding about insulin initiation. The interviews were audio‐recorded and analysed using a thematic approach. The age range of participants was 28–67 years old with 11 men. Ten patients preferred to make the decision themselves, six patients indicated that the clinician should make the decision and only one patient expressed a preference for a collaborative role. The following factors influenced DMRP: trust in clinicians, responsibility for diabetes care, level of knowledge and awareness, involvement of family and personal characteristics. In conclusion, the concept of shared decision‐making is still alien, and a more participative communication style might help to facilitate patients' expression of DMRP.
Bladder afferent hyperexcitability in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis
Authors: Yoshimura Naoki , Oguchi Tomohiko , Yokoyama Hitoshi , Funahashi Yasuhito , Yoshikawa Satoru , Sugino Yoshio , Kawamorita Naoki , Kashyap Mahendra P , Chancellor Michael B , Tyagi Pradeep , Ogawa Teruyuki
Published: May 2014

Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis is a disease with lower urinary tract symptoms, such as bladder pain and urinary frequency, which results in seriously impaired quality of life of patients. The extreme pain and urinary frequency are often difficult to treat. Although the etiology of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis is still not known, there is increasing evidence showing that afferent hyperexcitability as a result of neurogenic bladder inflammation and urothelial dysfunction is important to the pathophysiological basis of symptom development. Further investigation of the pathophysiology will lead to the effective treatment of patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis.
Potential therapeutic effect of intravesical botulinum toxin type A on bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis
Authors: Jhang Jia‐Fong , Jiang Yuan‐Hong , Kuo Hann‐Chorng
Published: May 2014

Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis is characterized by bladder pain associated with urgency, frequency, nocturia, dysuria and sterile urine. Recent studies have shown that these bladder dysfunctions could originate from chronic inflammation or urothelial insult and proceed to a cascade of tissue reactions, which finally ascends to the central nervous system. Pilot studies of intravesical injection of botulinum toxin type A for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis had been introduced since 2005 with a promising result. Recent evidence suggests that botulinum toxin type A could significantly improve symptoms such as daytime frequency, nocturia, pain, quality of life and bladder capacity in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis patients. Single injection of botulinum toxin could not achieve long‐term successful therapeutic result, and repeat injections could provide a better long‐term success rate. However, patients with ulcer type bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis might not gain a benefit from botulinum toxin type A injection. Laboratory evidence showed that botulinum toxin type A for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis injection could induce peripheral desensitization, reduces bladder chronic inflammation and decreases apoptotic signal molecules in the urothelium. The present article reviewed the recent advances of botulinum toxin type A on bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis.
Interstitial cystitis is bladder pain syndrome with Hunner's lesion
Authors: Fall Magnus , Logadottir Yr , Peeker Ralph
Published: May 2014

The contents and understanding of the term, interstitial cystitis, have undergone major changes during the past 100 years, moving from a chronic, true inflammatory bladder disorder to an extensive syndrome with lower urinary tract pain. Comments on this development are presented. From examples in the literature, some important features of classic interstitial cystitis are outlined. The more inclusive attitude of later decades has drawn desirable attention to the entire spectrum of disorders resulting in bladder pain. The wish to include all of them into one handy entity has unfortunately resulted in much scientific and clinical confusion, though. It is noted that originally interstitial cystitis represented the Hunner type of disease. Today, there is agreement that the classic type of interstitial cystitis with Hunner's lesions, bladder pain syndrome type 3C according to current terminology, stands out as a well‐defined phenotype; it has to evaluated separately in clinical studies and practice, as treatment requirements differ importantly between this and other phenotypes
Therapeutic efficacy of narrow band imaging‐assisted transurethral electrocoagulation for ulcer‐type interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome
Authors: Kajiwara Mitsuru , Inoue Shougo , Kobayashi Kanao , Ohara Shinya , Teishima Jun , Matsubara Akio
Published: May 2014

Objectives

Narrow band imaging cystoscopy can increase the visualization and detection of Hunner's lesions. A single‐center, prospective clinical trial was carried out aiming to show the effectiveness of narrow band imaging‐assisted transurethral electrocoagulation for ulcer‐type interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome.

Methods

A total of 23 patients (19 women and 4 men) diagnosed as having ulcer‐type interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome were included. All typical Hunner's lesions and suspected areas identified by narrow band imaging were electrocoagulated endoscopically after the biopsy of those lesions. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed prospectively by using visual analog scale score of pain, O'Leary–Sant's symptom index, O'Leary–Sant's problem index and overactive bladder symptom score.

Results

The mean follow‐up period was 22 months. All patients (100%) experienced a substantial improvement in pain. The average visual analog scale pain scores significantly decreased from 7.3 preoperatively to 1.2 1 month postoperatively. A total of 21 patients (91.3%) who reported improvement had at least a 50% reduction in bladder pain, and five reported complete resolution. Daytime frequency was significantly decreased postoperatively. O'Leary–Sant's symptom index, O'Leary–Sant's problem index and overactive bladder symptom score were significantly decreased postoperatively. However, during the follow‐up period, a total of six patients had recurrence, and repeat narrow band imaging‐assisted transurethral electrocoagulation of the recurrent lesions was carried out for five of the six patients, with good response in relieving bladder pain.

Conclusions

Our results showed that narrow band imaging‐assisted transurethral electrocoagulation could be a valuable therapeutic alternative in patients with ulcer‐type interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome, with good efficacy and reduction of recurrence rate.
Inflammation characteristics in bladder pain syndrome ESSIC type 3C/classic interstitial cystitis
Authors: Logadottir Yr , Delbro Dick , Lindholm Catharina , Fall Magnus , Peeker Ralph
Published: May 2014

Objectives

Interstitial cystitis is regarded as a heterogenous syndrome with two distinguishable forms: the non‐ulcer and the classic form of interstitial cystitis, the latter with Hunner's lesions; or bladder pain syndrome type 3C and non‐Hunner bladder pain syndrome, respectively.

Methods

A cohort of 379 patients diagnosed with interstitial cystitis was studied. Nitric oxide release from the bladder was measured using a chemiluminescence nitric oxide analyzer. Bladder biopsies from the patients and healthy controls were analyzed by routine histopathological examination. Biopsies from a subset of patients and controls were also analyzed by immunohistochemistry and cytokine gene expression by real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Patients with bladder pain syndrome type 3C/classic interstitial cystitis had considerably higher levels of nitric oxide as compared with non‐Hunner bladder pain syndrome/non‐ulcer interstitial cystitis patients and healthy individuals, and showed histologically a chronic inflammation in the bladder mucosa, with abundant mast cell infiltration in all layers of the bladder wall. No inflammation was noted in non‐Hunner bladder pain syndrome/non‐ulcer interstitial cystitis patients. The isoenzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase, the catalyst in the nitric oxide production, was strongly expressed in the inflammatory cells in the bladder mucosa of bladder pain syndrome type 3C/classic interstitial cystitis patients. In addition, the expression of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐17A messenger ribonucleic acid, and of anti‐inflammatory interleukin‐10 messenger ribonucleic acid showed significantly increased levels in bladder pain syndrome type 3C/classic interstitial cystitis compared with healthy controls.

Conclusion

Bladder pain syndrome type 3C/classic interstitial cystitis is a distinct inflammatory disease and in many aspects shares features of inflammatory autoimmune diseases. These findings could open up novel research avenues with expectations for new targets for pharmacological treatment.
Muscarinic receptors mediate cold stress‐induced detrusor overactivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats
Authors: Imamura Tetsuya , Ishizuka Osamu , Ogawa Teruyuki , Yamagishi Takahiro , Yokoyama Hitoshi , Minagawa Tomonori , Nakazawa Masaki , Gautam Sudha Silwal , Nishizawa Osamu
Published: May 2014

Objectives

This study determined if muscarinic receptors could mediate the cold stress‐induced detrusor overactivity induced in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.

Methods

Ten‐week‐old female Goto‐Kakizaki diabetic rats (n = 12) and Wister Kyoto non‐diabetic rats (n = 12) were maintained on a high‐fat diet for 4 weeks. Cystometric investigations of the unanesthetized rats were carried out at room temperature (27 ± 2°C) for 20 min. They were intravenously administered imidafenacin (0.3 mg/kg, n = 6) or vehicle (n = 6). After 5 min, the rats were transferred to a low temperature (4 ± 2°C) for 40 min where the cystometry was continued. The rats were then returned to room temperature for the final cystometric measurements. Afterwards, expressions of bladder muscarinic receptor M3 and M2 messenger ribonucleic acids and proteins were assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.

Results

In non‐diabetic Wister Kyoto rats, imidafenacin did not reduce cold stress‐induced detrusor overactivity. In diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats, just after transfer to a low temperature, the cold stress‐induced detrusor overactivity in imidafenacin‐treated rats was reduced compared with vehicle‐treated rats. Within the urinary bladders, the ratio of M3 to M2 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats was significantly higher than that of the non‐diabetic Wister Kyoto rats. The proportion of muscarinic M3 receptor‐positive area within the detrusor in diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats was also significantly higher than that in non‐diabetic Wister Kyoto rats.

Conclusions

Imidafenacin partially inhibits cold stress‐induced detrusor overactivity in diabetic Goto‐Kakizaki rats. In this animal model, muscarinic M3 receptors partially mediate cold stress‐induced detrusor overactivity.
History of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Wood‐Smith Donald
Published: May 2014

This is a brief history of the progress that has been accomplished in reconstructive and plastic surgery that has presently opened a whole vista of newer possibilities in this field.
Biopsy Technique for Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Harris Matthew N. , Gumport Stephen L.
Published: May 2014

A properly performed and informative biopsy is necessary for planning the definitive surgical treatment of melanoma. If possible, the diagnosis of melanoma should be established by a total excisional biopsy. On occasion the lesion may be so large, or so anatomically situated, that a biopsy in part is indicated. The techniques for both methods of biopsy are described in detail. The importance of the classification of melanoma as determined by biopsy is emphasized.
Giant Keratoacanthoma: A Problem In Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Bart Robert S. , Popkin George L. , Kopf Alfred W. , Gumport Stephen L.
Published: May 2014

A case of giant keratoacanthoma of the nose and paranasal areas is presented. Following a prolonged and stormy course, the tumor eventually involuted spontaneously, leaving in its wake significant destruction of an ala nasi. This report illustrates the problems of attempting to predict the natural history of a particular keratoacanthoma and the difficulties in managing an agressive‐type tumor of this type.
Cryosurgery of Skin Cancer—In Proper Perspective
Authors: Zacarian Setrag A.
Published: May 2014

A brief review of cryosurgical instrumentation and methodology in cryogenic surgery for skin cancers is reviewed. The main object of this review is not only to discuss the indications for cryosurgery of malignant tumors of the skin, but to emphasize the author's experience as to the contraindications. There is no single universal therapeutic regimen that is effective and practical for all malignant tumors of the skin. Cryosurgery is but an added and a highly effective method for the destruction of skin cancer.
Effects Of Electrosurgery On Cardiac Pacemakers
Authors: Krull Edward A. , Pickard Sol D. , Hall John C.
Published: May 2014

This paper discusses the various types of pacemakers available, the possible effects of electrosurgery on the pacemaker patient and suggestions to prevent mishap.
Contact Dermatitis in Surgeons
Authors: Fisher Alexander A.
Published: May 2014

This article discusses the most common causes of contact dermatitis in dermatologists and surgeons with some practical hints on preventive methods for sensitized physicians.
The Practical Use of Z‐Plasty
Authors: Mandy Stephen H.
Published: May 2014

When properly employed, Z‐plasty (as a primary procedure or as a corrective procedure) is a helpful technique in avoiding hypertrophic scar formation. As a technique which lengthens incision lines it can be employed primarily when closure by direct ellipse is not possible.
The Current Status of Silicone Fluid in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Rees Thomas D.
Published: May 2014

Sufficient experimental data have been accumulated to demonstrate that medical‐grade liquid silicone in recommended doses, using proper techniques, is both safe and effective. The problem becomes one of developing a rational and safe set of treatment guidelines.
Present Status of Surgical Management of Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Harris Matthew N. , Gumport Stephen L.
Published: May 2014

Malignant melanoma has a distinctive appearance and has been clinically and histologically classified by Clark and Mihm. Using this classification a rationale for the surgical treatment of melanoma has been developed at the New York University Medical Center. The choice and extent of surgery is described. Early detection of melanoma and prompt surgical attention can significantly reduce the mortality from this neoplasm.
Basal‐Cell Epithelioma Occurring in a Smallpox Vaccination Scar
Authors: Castrow Fred F. , Williams Terry E.
Published: May 2014

A patient with basal‐cell epithelioma occurring in a smallpox vaccination site is reported. The association is probably not a chance occurrence.
Conditions that Mimic Skin Cancer
Authors: Jones Daniel L. , Jones Helena S.
Published: May 2014

There are several conditions that may clinically and microscopically mimic skin cancer. Some of the more serious and unusual differential problems are infections, neoplasms, non‐infectious granulomas, and ulcers. Particular attention is given to giant keratoacanthoma and the Buschke‐Lowenstein wart.
Treatment of Portwine Marks by an Argon Laser
Authors: Goldman Leon , Dreffer Ronald , Rockwell R.J. , Perry Edward
Published: May 2014

Although the treatment of the ordinarily incurable portwine birthmark by lasers has been practiced for more than 10 years, recent therapeutic investigations have been carried out particularly with the argon laser. Argon lasers now available for medical purposes produce treatment spots that are small. For certain practical reasons, at present, only relatively small portwine marks can be treated effectively. With trained personnel and proper safety measures, the treatment is safe for the patient and the operator. The treatment as yet is not proved to be better with the argon laser because the ruby laser and even an incoherent infrared thermal coagulator can produce similar and often larger cleared areas. It is recommended for the present that treatment of portwine marks by argon lasers be restricted to investigation in medical centers where critical evaluations, control studies, and more powerful laser systems can be developed.
M‐Plasty Techniques
Authors: Webster Richard C. , Davidson Terence M. , Smith Richard C. , Kitchens George G. , Clairmont Albert A. , Schwartzenfeld Ted H. , Smith Randolph R. , White Boyce J. , Bush James , Cook Ted A. , Johnson Calvin M. , White Malvin F.
Published: May 2014

Conventional closure of surgical defects in skin may cause unsightly protrusions (dog ears). Fusiform excisions with angles of 30° or less reduce protrusion but may require excisions of larger volumes and lengths of healthy skin and subcutaneous tissue than may be desirable. M‐plasties reduce these requirements while still allowing use of 30° angles at maximum. Applications and technical details are described and illustrated.
Cosmetic Surgery of the Neck as an Office Procedure
Authors: Lake Douglas
Published: May 2014

A simple office procedure to eliminate permanently double chin deformity and senile neck cords and with nearly invisible scars is described. Postoperative complications are mitigated by the use of autogenous fat grafts and constant aspiration of the wound cavity both during and after surgery. Most patients are able to resume their normal activities in several days.
Medicine and History: “Cutaneous Surgery Made Easy” (1887) Henry G. Piffard's Original Contribution
Authors: Marmelzat Willard L.
Published: May 2014

This paper is dedicated to the memory of Paul Bechet, M.D. (1881–1962), gentleman and gentle man, lover of history, medical and general, and my friend for too short a time.
Medicine and History: The Contributions to Dermatologic Surgery of Aulus Cornelius Celsus (Circa 30 b.c.–a.d. 50)
Authors: Marmelzat Willard L.
Published: May 2014

I dedicate this historical item to the memory of Dr. Martha Teach Gnudi (1908–1976), medical historian, classicist, long‐time friend and bibliographer of Gaspare Tagliacozzi, who always found time to help me interpret an obscure Latin passage and make clear an ambiguity that hinged upon the meaning of a single word.
Cryo Corner: The Observation of Freeze‐Thaw Cycles Upon Cancer‐Cell Suspensions
Authors: Zacarian Setrag A.
Published: May 2014

Cryo Corner is a new feature we have instituted that will present original observations and clinical applications of cryosurgical techniques of interest to the dermatologist. We welcome submission of such material for possible publication. All correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Zacarian, the feature editor, 50 Maple Street, Springfield, Ma. 01103.
The Dogear: Causes, Prevention and Correction
Authors: Gormley Daniel E.
Published: May 2014

An analysis of the geometric and mechanical factors leading to the formation of dogears at the ends of surgical wounds in the skin is presented. Corrective measures are discussed.
The Biologic Actions of Solar Radiation on Skin with a Note on Sunscreens
Authors: Poh‐Fitzpatrick Maureen B.
Published: May 2014

Adverse effects of excessive cutaneous exposure to solar radiation are hazards of considerable importance. As public health measures, new attitudes about sunbathing and new practices to counteract those adverse effects, especially for high‐risk individuals, appear warranted.
Surgery on Patients Receiving Anticoagulants
Authors: Fisher Hyman W.
Published: May 2014

Patients on anticoagulants may undergo surgery if the anticoagulants are carefully controlled and if contraindications are respected. Patients being treated for thromboembolism should have their clotting times maintained at close to two times normal levels if they are on heparin, or their prothrombin times similarly maintained if they are on oral anticoagulants.
Cryotherapy with Solid Carbon Dioxide in the Treatment of Nevus Flammeus
Authors: Hidano Akira , Ogihara Yôko
Published: May 2014

Thirty‐five infants with nevus flammeus were treated with carbon dioxide snow at intervals of two weeks. The treatment was initiated between the first and eleventh week, and improvement was found to be best when started between the age of 3 and 6 weeks. The result was excellent is 8 cases, good in 11, fair in 12, and poor in 4.