bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endothelin‐1 Concentrations in Clone Calves, Their Surrogate Dams, and Fetal Fluids at Birth: Association with Oxygen Treatment
Authors: Wilkins Pamela A. , Boston Raymond , Palmer Jonathan E. , Armstead William M.
Published: March 2010

Increased endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) plasma concentration in human infants is associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, a problem also identified in calves derived from somatic cell clone technology. Increased ET‐1 also is present in the amnionic fluid and plasma of the infant and mother in preeclampsia, a condition associated with abnormal placentation. Abnormalities in placentation are identified in clone calves. We measured ET‐1 in fetal fluid, calf plasma, and surrogate dam plasma in 40 clone calves at the time of term delivery. Calves were subsequently identified as being either oxygen treated (O2) or non‐ oxygen treated based on their postpartum clinical course. Fetal fluid ET‐1 concentration greater than 1.4 ng/mL carried a 3‐fold increase in odds of the calf being treated with oxygen. Maternal plasma ET‐1 concentration was greater in the O2 group (13 pg/ mL: [8–23 pg/mL] versus 25 pg/mL [12–40 pg/mL]; median, 25–75 percentile). Plasma ET‐1 concentration in calves was not significantly different between groups. Fetal fluid ET‐1 may serve as a marker for neonatal disorders of oxygenation in clone calves and the source of ET‐1 may be the placenta.
Insulin‐Like Growth Factors and Recurrent Hypoglycemia Associated with Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Horse
Authors: Swain J.M. , Pirie R.S. , Hudson N.P.H. , Else R.W. , Evans H. , McGorum B.C.
Published: March 2010

The case was examined at the Easter Bush Veterinary Hospital, The University of Edinburgh. A 520 kg, 6‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding was referred for evaluation of acute onset profound depression, head pressing, and lack of response to external stimuli. The horse had a history of moderate weight loss over several months despite adequate nutrition and a good appetite. Previous episodes of weakness had been observed following administration of anthelmintics, namely, alternate doses of pyrantel and ivermectin, administered every 8 weeks. In an attempt to eliminate a possible parasitic cause of weight loss, over the 7 days prior to presentation, the referring veterinary surgeon treated the horse with a 5‐day course of fenbendazolea(7.5 mg/kg PO q24h) and moxidectinb(0.4 mg/kg PO), 2 days later. A 5‐day course of prednisolonec(1 mg/kg PO q24h) was initiated on the same day as the fenbendazole. This dose was then tapered to 0.5 mg/kg PO q24h, and was still being administered at the time of presentation.
Antimicrobial Drug Use in Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Morley Paul S. , Apley Michael D. , Besser Thomas E. , Burney Derek P. , Fedorka‐Cray Paula J. , Papich Mark G. , Traub‐Dargatz Josie L. , Weese J. Scott
Published: March 2010

Recognizing the importance of antimicrobial resistance and the need for veterinarians to aid in efforts for maintaining the usefulness of antimicrobial drugs in animals and humans, the Board of Regents of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine charged a special committee with responsibility for drafting this position statement regarding antimicrobial drug use in veterinary medicine. The Committee believes that veterinarians are obligated to balance the well‐being of animals under their care with the protection of other animals and public health. Therefore, if an animal's medical condition can be reasonably expected to improve as a result of treatment with antimicrobial drugs, and the animal is under a veterinarian's care with an appropriate veterinarian‐client‐patient relationship, veterinarians have an obligation to offer antimicrobial treatment as a therapeutic option. Veterinarians also have an obligation to actively promote disease prevention efforts, to treat as conservatively as possible, and to explain the potential consequences associated with antimicrobial treatment to animal owners and managers, including the possibility of promoting selection of resistant bacteria. However, the consequences of losing usefulness of an antimicrobial drug that is used as a last resort in humans or animals with resistant bacterial infections might be unacceptable from a public or population health perspective. Veterinarians could therefore face the difficult choice of treating animals with a drug that is less likely to be successful, possibly resulting in prolonged or exacerbated morbidity, to protect the good of society. The Committee recommends that voluntary actions be taken by the veterinary profession to promote conservative use of antimicrobial drugs to minimize the potential adverse effects on animal or human health. The veterinary profession must work to educate all veterinarians about issues related to conservative antimicrobial drug use and antimicrobial resistance so that each individual is better able to balance ethical obligations regarding the perceived benefit to their patients versus the perceived risk to public health. Specific means by which the veterinary profession can promote stewardship of this valuable resource are presented and discussed in this document.
Tolerability and Efficacy of Benazepril in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: King Jonathan N. , Gunn‐Moore Danielle A. , Tasker Séverine , Gleadhill AIlison , Strehlau Günther
Published: March 2010

The objective of the study was to test the effect of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) benazepril in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A total of 192 cats with CKD with an initial plasma creatinine concentration ≥2 mg/dL (≥177 μmol/L) and urine specific gravity ≤ 1.025 were recruited into a double‐blind, parallel‐group, prospective, randomized clinical trial. Cats received daily (q24h) PO placebo (n = 96) or benazepril‐HCl at a dosage of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg (n = 96) for up to 1,119 days. Most cats were fed exclusively a diet containing low amounts of phosphate, protein, and sodium. Benazepril produced a significant reduction in proteinuria, assessed by the urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio (UPC, P= .005). This effect of benazepril was present in all subgroups tested, including cats with UPC <0.2, although the effect was largest in cats with higher UPCs. Plasma protein was maintained at higher concentrations with benazepril as compared with placebo during treatment in cats with initial UPC <1 (P= .038 versus P= .079 for all cats). There was no difference in renal survival time between the 2 groups when all 192 cats were compared. Mean ± SD renal survival times were 637 ± 480 days with benazepril and 520 ± 323 days with placebo (P= .47). Mean ± SD renal survival times in the 13 cats with initial UPC ≥ 1 were 402 ± 202 days with benazepril and 149 ± 90 days with placebo (P= .27). Cats with initial UPC ≥l treated with benazepril had better appetite (P= .017) as compared with those treated with placebo. Benazepril was well tolerated. In conclusion, benazepril decreased proteinuria in cats with CKD.
Evaluation of the Clinical Efficacy of Benazepril in the Treatment of Chronic Renal Insufficiency in Cats
Authors: Mizutani Hisashi , Koyama Hidekazu , Watanabe Toshifumi , Kitagawa Hitoshi , Nakano Masakazu , Kajiwara Keita , King Jonathan N.
Published: March 2010

Background: Chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) is a common disease in cats. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) have beneficial effects in humans with CRI by reducing the loss of protein in the urine and increasing life expectancy.

Hypothesis: The ACEI benazepril has beneficial effects on survival, clinical variables, or both as compared with placebo in cats with CRI.

Animals: 61 cats with naturally occurring CRI.

Methods: The cats were enrolled into a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Cats received placebo or 0.5–1 mg/kg benazepril once daily for up to 6 months.

Results: Urine protein/urine creatinine ratios were significantly (P< .05) lower with benazepril as compared with placebo at days 120 and 180. Three cats with placebo and 1 cat with benazepril were removed prematurely from the study because of deterioration of CRI or death. Cats were classified into 4 stages of CRI according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) classification scheme. Incidence rates of cats with IRIS classification stage 2 or stage 3 that remained in stage 2 or 3 without progressing to stage 4 were higher with benazepril (93 ± 5%) as compared with placebo (73 ± 13%).

Clinical Importance: These results suggest a potential for benazepril to delay the progression of disease, extend survival time, or both in cats with CRI.
Retrospective Evaluation of Sildenafil Citrate as a Therapy for Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs
Authors: Bach Jonathan F. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , MacGregor John , Betkowski Jean M. , Rush John E.
Published: March 2010

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH) is a pathologic condition in dogs characterized by abnormally high pressures in the pulmonary circulation and has been associated with a poor outcome. Sildenafil is a type V phosphodiesterase inhibitor that produces nitric oxide‐mediated vasodilatation. Sildenafil treatment decreases pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance in people with PH. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of dogs with PH treated with sildenafil. The cardiology database was searched for dogs with PH treated with sildenafil. PH was defined as systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (PAPS) 25 mmHg at rest. Medical records were reviewed for the following information: signalment, duration and type of clinical signs before treatment, underlying disease, estimated or measured PAPS, dosage and dosing interval of sildenafil, and the effect of treatment on clinical signs and pulmonary arterial pressure and survival time. Thirteen affected dogs were identified. Clinical signs included collapse, syncope, respiratory distress, and cough. Duration of clinical signs before presentation ranged from 3 days to 5 months. An underlying cause was identified in 8 dogs. The median sildenafil dosage was 1.9 mg/kg. Ten dogs received concurrent medications. Median PAPS was 90 mmHg; 8 dogs were reevaluated after therapy, and the median decrease in PAPS was 16.5 mmHg. The median survival time of all dogs was 91 days. Sildenafil appeared to be well tolerated in dogs with PH and was associated with decreased PAPS and amelioration of clinical signs in most. Sildenafil represents a reasonable treatment option for dogs with pulmonary hypertension.
Comparison of Canine Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations as Determined by 3 Analyzers
Authors: Adin Darcy B. , Oyama Mark A. , Sleeper Margaret M. , Milner Rowan J.
Published: March 2010

Background:Recent interest in cardiac biomarkers has led to the validation of several commercial analyzers for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) evaluation in dogs; however, these analyzers have not been standardized.

Hypothesis:It was hypothesized that canine plasma cTnI concentrations as determined by 3 different analyzers would be similar.

Animals:Twenty‐three dogs with cardiac disease were studied.

Methods:Reconstituted purified canine free cTnI was diluted with canine plasma to 8 concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 0.78, 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 ng/mL), for analysis by 3 analyzers, the Biosite Triage Meter, the Dade‐Behring Stratus, and the Beckman‐Coulter Access AccuTnI Plasma samples from 23 dogs with cardiac disease were also analyzed for cTnI concentrations on all analyzers.

Results:Troponin I concentrations in sick dogs were <0.05–5.72 ng/mL (Biosite), 0.02–11.1 ng/mL (Access), and 0.02–9.73 ng/mL (Stratus). Analyzer results were highly correlated with each other (r= 0.97 to 1.0 for purified dilutions, r= 0.61 to 0.89 for samples from dogs); however, the limits of agreement were wide for both purified dilutions and clinical samples. Recovery was highest for the Access (334–1467%) and lowest for the Biosite (38–60%); Stratus 52–233%. Analyzer variability was lowest for the Access (1.2–10.4%) and highest for the Stratus (4.8–33.6%); Biosite 2.8–16.5%.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Results from this study suggest that although canine cTnI values obtained from the Biosite, Stratus, and Access analyzers are closely correlated, they cannot be directly compared with each other. In the absence of a gold standard none of the analyzers can be considered more correct than the others.
Characterization of the Anemia of Inflammatory Disease in Cats with Abscesses, Pyothorax, or Fat Necrosis
Authors: Ottenjann Mareike , Weingart Christiane , Arndt Gisela , Kohn Barbara
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to describe the anemia of inflammatory disease (AID) in cats with naturally‐occurring inflammatory diseases, such as abscesses (n = 12), pyothorax (n = 6), and fat necrosis (n = 3). Exclusion criteria were positive FeLV/FIV tests, neoplasia, nephro‐, hepato‐or endocrinopathies, and blood loss anemia. CBC, clinical biochemistry, measurements of serum erythropoietin, iron, total iron‐binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin, acute phase proteins, erythrocytic osmotic fragility (OF), and Coombs' tests were performed. A decrease in hematocrit of 1–28% (median, 10%) occurred within 3–16 days (median, 8 days). The anemia was mild (n = 11), moderate (n = 8), or severe (n = 2). In most cases it was normocytic normochromic, non‐regenerative (n = 18), or mildly regenerative (n = 3). Sixteen cats had leukocytosis and 5 mild hyperbilirubinemia. The Coombs' test results were negative for 8 cats and positive for 1 cat. OF was increased in 2 out of 14 cats. Hypoalbuminemia (n = 18) and hyperglobulinemia (n = 16) resulted in a lowered albumin/globulin‐ratio in 19 cats. Iron and TIBC were low in 2/19 and 6/19 cats, respectively. The ferritin concentrations were normal in 7 cats and increased in 12 cats. The acute phase proteins α1‐acid‐glycoprotein and haptoglobin were increased in 14/14 and 13/14 cats, respectively. Erythropoietin was normal (n = 4), mildly increased (n = 7) or severely increased (1). Two cats were euthanized due to their underlying disease, 3 cats needed blood transfusions. AID in cats is usually mild to moderate, non‐regenerative, and normocytic normochromic. It can be clinically relevant causing severe and transfusion‐dependent anemia. AID seems to be multifactorial with evidence of iron sequestration, decreased RBC survival, and insufficient erythropoietin production and bone marrow response. Specific and supportive therapy, including transfusions, can reverse these processes.
Outcomes of Pituitary Tumor Irradiation in Cats
Authors: Mayer Monique N. , Greco Deborah S. , LaRue Susan M.
Published: March 2010

Background:Information on tumor control and normal tissue effects of radiotherapy to treat pituitary tumors in cats is limited.

Hypothesis:Radiation therapy is effective in controlling the clinical signs associated with pituitary tumors in cats, with a low incidence of adverse effects.

Animals:Eight cats were irradiated at Colorado State University between 1991 and 2002 for spontaneous pituitary tumors.

Methods:A retrospective review of records was made to assess tumor control and incidence of radiation‐induced adverse effects.

Results:Pituitary carcinoma was diagnosed in 2 cats and pituitary adenoma in 6 cats. Total radiation dosage ranged from 4,500 to 5,400 cGy administered Monday through Friday in 270 or 300 cGy fractions. Acute effects were limited to epilation and mild otitis externa. Focal brain necrosis adjacent to regrowth of a pituitary carcinoma and a second tumor in the radiation field were reported as possible late effects. Median survival, regardless of cause of death of the 8 cats, was 17.4 months (range, 8.4 to 63.1 months). Median survival could not be determined if cats were censored for non‐tumor‐related causes of death. Six cats were alive at 1 year, and 3 cats were alive at 2 years after treatment. Tumor recurrence was seen in 1 cat with a pituitary carcinoma. Neurologic signs improved within 2 months in all 5 cats that presented with abnormal neurologic signs. Clinical signs caused by a concurrent endocrine disorder began to improve within 1–5 months in the 7 cats with hyperadrenocorticism or acromegaly.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Radiation therapy is an effective primary treatment modality for cats presenting with neurologic signs associated with a pituitary mass and can improve clinical signs associated with concurrent hyperadrenocorticism or acromegaly in cats with no neurologic abnormalities.
Postoperative Adjuvant Treatment of Invasive Malignant Mammary Gland Tumors in Dogs with Doxorubicin and Docetaxel
Authors: Simon Daniela , Schoenrock Dorina , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Nolte Ingo
Published: March 2010

Background:Treatment outcome after surgery alone is unsatisfactory in dogs with invasive malignant mammary gland tumors.

Hypothesis:Adjuvant doxorubicin or docetaxel will improve the treatment outcome in dogs with high‐risk malignant mammary gland tumors, and the use of docetaxel will be feasible in affected dogs.

Animals:Thirty‐one dogs with malignant mammary gland tumors of histologic stages II and III (vascular or lymphatic invasion, regional lymph node metastasis, or distant metastasis) were used.

Methods:A prospective clinical trial in which dogs were treated with surgery alone (n = 19) or also received adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 12) with doxorubicin or docetaxel was conducted. Docetaxel was given as an IV infusion at a dose of 30 mg/m2preceded by dexamethasone and diphenhydramine administration.

Results:The recurrence‐free interval ranged from 13 to 2,585 days (median not reached); the median metastasis‐free interval and overall survival were 294 days and 370 days, respectively. Dogs treated with chemotherapy had a tendency toward higher long‐term local control and survival rates, but there was no significant difference in the recurrence‐free interval (P= .17), time to metastasis (P= .71), and overall survival (P= .12). Factors found to influence the time to metastasis and overall survival included lymph node metastasis (P= .009) and tumor fixation to underlying structures (P= .043, time to metastasis), as well as age (P= .018) and histologic stage (P< .001, survival). Mild allergic skin reactions were the most frequently observed complications of docetaxel treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Chemotherapy did not lead to an improved outcome in this population. Docetaxel treatment was well tolerated. Additional investigations of adjuvant chemotherapy in dogs with high‐risk mammary cancer are warranted.
Cyclooxygenase Expression in the Early Stages of Equine Laminitis: A Cytologic Study
Authors: Blikslager Anthony T. , Yin Cailing , Cochran Anna M. , Wooten Jenna G. , Pettigrew Amanda , Belknap James K.
Published: March 2010

Background:Recent reports indicate increased amounts of mRNA from inflammation‐related genes in the prodromal stage of laminitis.

Hypothesis:Cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) undergo distinct patterns of expression in equine laminae in the developmental stage (DEV) and acute clinical stage (LAM) of laminitis.

Animals:Horses selected from an outbred population were placed into 1 of 4 groups: DEV (n = 5), CON‐3h (control group for DEV, n = 5), LAM (n = 5) and CON‐10h (control group for LAM, n = 5).

Methods:Laminar and skin samples were obtained from (1) animals either undergoing leukopenia (DEV) or the onset of clinical signs of laminitis (LAM) after black walnut extract (BWE) administration and (2) animals either 3 (CON‐3h) or 10 (CON‐10h) hours after administration of water. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed for COX‐1 and COX‐2.

Results:Upon immunohistochemical analysis of all 4 groups, COX‐2 was expressed by most viable epithelial cells in both laminae and skin. COX‐1 exhibited similar epithelial expression to COX‐2 in skin epidermis, but was expressed exclusively in the basal layer of laminar epidermis. COX‐1 protein was not detectable in dermal vasculature of equine skin or laminae, whereas COX‐2 was present in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells of dermal vasculature in both skin and laminae in all groups. A marked increase in laminar COX‐2 protein concentrations was detected on immunoblotting in the DEV group, although a lesser increase was observed in the LAM group.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: COX‐2 protein expression is markedly increased in the resident laminar cell types in the developmental stage of BWE‐induced laminitis.
Allele Frequency and Likely Impact of the Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency Gene in Quarter Horse and Paint Horse Populations
Authors: Wagner M.L. , Valberg S.J. , Ames E.G. , Bauer M.M. , Wiseman J.A. , Penedo M.C.T. , Kinde H. , Abbitt B. , Mickelson J.R.
Published: March 2010

Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED), a fatal condition recently identified in fetuses and neonatal foals of the Quarter Horse and Paint Horse lineages, is caused by a nonsense mutation in codon 34 of the GBE1 gene, which prevents the synthesis of a functional GBE protein and severely disrupts glycogen metabolism. The aims of this project were to determine the mutant GBE1 allele frequency in random samples from the major relevant horse breeds, as well as the frequency with which GBED is associated with abortion and early neonatal death using the tissue archives from veterinary diagnostic laboratories. The mutant GBE1 allele frequency in registered Quarter Horse, Paint Horse, and Thoroughbred populations was 0.041, 0.036, and 0.000, respectively. Approximately 2.5% of fetal and early neonatal deaths in Quarter Horse‐related breeds submitted to 2 different US diagnostic laboratories were homozygous for the mutant GBE1 allele, with the majority of these being abortions. Retrospective histopathology of the homozygotes detected periodic acid Schiff's (PAS)‐positive inclusions in the cardiac or skeletal muscle, which is characteristic of GBED, in 8 out of the 9 cases. Pedigree and genotype analyses supported the hypothesis that GBED is inherited as a simple recessive trait from a single founder. The frequency with which GBED is associated with abortion and neonatal mortality in Quarter Horse‐related breeds makes the DNA‐based test valuable in determining specific diagnoses and designing matings that avoid conception of a GBED foal.
Successful Treatment and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Confirmation of Tyzzer's Disease in a Foal and Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of 6 Additional Foals (1986–2005)
Authors: Borchers Angela , Magdesian K. Gary , Halland Spring , Pusterla Nicola , Wilson W. David
Published: March 2010

Background:Tyzzer's disease is a rapidly progressive and highly fatal hepatitis of foals caused byClostridium piliforme.Survival of a confirmed case has not been reported previously.

Hypothesis:Successful therapy ofC piliformeinfection in foals is possible. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to diagnose Tyzzer's disease antemortem or postmortem.

Animals:Seven foals were included in the study.

Methods:Retrospective study was made to evaluate the clinical and pathologic characteristics of foals with Tyzzer's disease. Medical records of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at University of California Davis were reviewed. Foals <3 months old were included in the study if typical clinical signs were present and histologic examination identified multifocal coagulative necrosis and hepatitis with intracytoplasmic filamentous bacilli, consistent withC piliforme.A real‐time TaqMan assay was developed to detectC piliformegene sequences in liver tissue from affected foals.

Results:Median survival time from onset of disease in nonsurviving foals was 30 hours (mean 34.5 ± 20.1; range, 16–62 hours). Common clinical findings included lethargy, recumbency, seizures, and fever. Laboratory findings included metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia and increased activity of hepatobiliary enzymes. Treatment consisted of IV fluids, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory drugs, and parenteral nutrition. One filly survived, whereas 6 died. Postmortem examination of the 6 foals that died disclosed hepatomegaly with multifocal necrosis. Liver tissue from 4 foals was positive forC piliformegene sequences using PCR.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Although the mortality rate of Tyzzer's disease is high, successful outcome is possible if intensive care is initiated promptly. PCR can be used for early and specific diagnosis.
Comparison of Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Indices of Efficacy for 5 Fluoroquinolones toward Pathogens of Dogs and Cats
Authors: Boothe Dawn Merton , Boeckh AIbert , Simpson R. Bruce , Dubose Kirn
Published: March 2010

Background:Fluoroquinolones are often used interchangeably in dogs and cats.

Hypothesis:Predicted therapeutic efficacy differs among fluoroquinolones.

Animals:Bacterial pathogens isolated from dogs and cats.

Methods:Using microtube‐dilution procedures, percent resistance and 2 pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic indices (maximum concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration [Cmax/MIC] [target 0.10] and area under curve/minimum inhibitory concentration [AUC/MIC] [target 0.125]) were compared prospectively at low and high doses (mg/kg) for ciprofloxacin (5 and 20), difloxacin (5 and 10), enrofloxacin (including enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin) (5 and 20), marbofloxacin (2.5 and 5), and orbifloxacin (2.5 and 7.5). Indices were calculated for organisms represented by 15 isolates.

Results:Percent resistance for all Gram‐negative (n = 180; 20 ± 3%; 39 ± 5% forEscherichia coli) and Gram‐positive isolates (n = 66; 18 ± 3%) did not differ among drugs or organisms. The pattern of Cmax/MIC was generally enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin ≥ enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin ≥ marbofloxacin ≥ orbifloxacin ≥ difloxacin; and forAVICIMIC, enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin ≥ marbofloxacin ≥ ciprofloxacin ≥ enrofloxacin > difloxacin > orbifloxacin. Among susceptible Gram‐negative isolates studied (n = 117), targeted Cmax/MIC or AUC/MIC were achieved in 88% ofE. coli, 53% ofProteus mirabilis, and 35% ofPseudomonas aeruginosa; and for susceptible Gram‐positive isolates studied (n = 49), 53% ofStreptotoccusspp. andStaphylococcus intermediusand 27% ofStaphylococcusspp. At the high dose, the proportion of isolates for which a target was reached was: ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin+ciprofloaxin, and marbofloxacin (77%), enrofloxacin (73%), orbifloxacin (51%), and difloxacin (40%); and at the low dose, enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin (43%), ciprofloxacin (40%), marbofloxacin (39%), orbifloxacin (29%), and difloxacin (28%).

Conclusions:E. coliresistance to fluoroquinolones approximated 40%. For susceptible isolates, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin more consistently reached indices associated with predicted efficacy, but only at the high dose.
Comparison of the Effects of Daily and Intermittent‐Dose Calcitriol on Serum Parathyroid Hormone and Ionized Calcium Concentrations in Normal Cats and Cats with Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Hostutler Roger A. , DiBartola Stephen P. , Chew Dennis J. , Nagode Larry A. , Schenck Patricia A. , Rajala‐Schultz Päivi J. , Drost W. Tod
Published: March 2010

Background:Chronic renal failure is complicated by secondary hyperparathyroidism, which traditionally has been controlled by dietary restriction of phosphorus and administration of phosphorus binders. Early treatment of patients with chronic renal failure with calcitriol may be indicated because once established, parathyroid gland hyperplasia does not readily resolve with therapy.

Hypothesis:Daily and intermittent dosing of calcitriol will decrease plasma parathyroid hormone concentration in normal cats and cats with chronic renal failure without causing ionized hypercalcemia.

Animals:Ten normal cats; 10 cats with chronic renal failure.

Methods:Phase 1 was daily calcitriol administration (2.5 ng/kg PO q24h) for 14 days. Phase 2 was intermittent calcitriol administration (8.75 ng/kg PO q84h) for 14 days. A 7‐day washout period separated phases 1 and 2. Before each phase, calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and ionized calcium concentrations were measured. On days 1, 2, and 3 of both phases, serum ionized calcium concentrations were measured. On the last day of both phases, calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and ionized calcium concentrations were measured 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours after calcitriol administration.

Results:Overall, serum parathyroid hormone concentrations were significantly higher in cats with chronic renal failure than in normal cats (P= .022), but serum parathyroid hormone concentrations for both normal cats and cats with chronic renal failure were not significantly different before and after 14 days of treatment with calcitriol, regardless of whether calcitriol was administered daily or intermittently. Adverse effects of calcitriol administration (specifically ionized hypercalcemia) were not seen in either feline group during either phase of the study over the 3‐day evaluation after calcitriol administration was initiated.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: At the dosages used, calcitriol treatment did not result in significant differences in serum parathyroid hormone concentrations before and after treatment in both normal cats and cats with chronic renal failure. With these dosages, adverse affects of calcitriol administration were not seen. Potential reasons for lack of apparent effect include small sample size, insufficient duration of study, insufficient dosage of calcitriol, problems with formulation or administration of calcitriol, and variable gastrointestinal absorption of calcitriol.
Coagulation Profiles in Dogs with Congenital Portosystemic Shunts before and after Surgical Attenuation
Authors: Kummeling Anne , Teske Erik , Rothuizen Jan , van Sluijs Frederik J.
Published: March 2010

Background:Serious postoperative hemorrhage has been reported in dogs after closure of congenital portosystemic shunts (CPS).

Hypothesis:In dogs with portosystemic shunting, low coagulation factor activity is responsible for coagulopathy, which can cause complications after surgery.

Animals:Thirty‐four dogs with CPS and 39 healthy dogs.

Methods:In a prospective study, coagulation times, platelet count, and the activity of 8 coagulation factors were measured in dogs before and after surgical shunt attenuation and in 31 healthy dogs. The effect of abdominal surgery on hemostasis was determined at ovariectomy in 8 healthy dogs.

Results:Dogs with CPS had lower platelet counts, lower activity of factors II, V, VII, and X, and increased factor VIII and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) compared to healthy dogs. After surgical attenuation, dogs with CPS had decreased platelet counts and activity of factors I, II, V, VII, IX, X, and XI and a prolonged prothrombin time (PT). Ovariectomy resulted in decreased activity of factors VII and X. Six weeks after surgery, portosystemic shunting persisted in 9 of 30 dogs, with no improvement of hemostatic values. CPS dogs without shunting had improved coagulation times and increased activity of factors II, V, VII, and X.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Dogs with CPS have lower activity of clotting factors compared to healthy dogs, resulting in a prolonged APTT. Surgical attenuation of the shunt results in increased abnormalities in coagulation times and factors immediately after surgery. Hemostasis is normalized after complete recovery of shunting after attenuation, in contrast to dogs with persistent shunting.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Cats
Authors: Estrin Michael A. , Wehausen Conni E. , Lessen Carl R. , Lee Justine A.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of cats with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), including associated diseases and hemostatic abnormalities, and to identify risk factors for death and treatments that potentially altered outcome. Medical records for cats with DIC from 1990–2004 were evaluated retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were the presence of an underlying disorder associated with DIC and either postmortem examination findings of intravascular fibrin deposition or thrombosis, or both of 2 or more organs or coagulation profiles that meet 3 of 5 criteria: prolonged prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), presence of fibrin degradation products (FDP), low plasma fibrinogen (FIB) concentration, and thrombocytopenia (< 160,000 platelets/μL). Signalment, historical data, clinical findings, clinicopathologic data, underlying disorders, management, and outcome were recorded. Forty‐six cats fulfilled the criteria for DIC. Cats ranged in age from 7 weeks to 17 years (median, 9 years). Hemorrhage was noted in 7 of 46 cats (15%). Three of 46 cats (7%) survived, whereas 43 of 46 (93%) died or were euthanized. The most common underlying disorders were lymphoma, other forms of neoplasia, pancreatitis, and sepsis. There was no association detected between outcome and signalment; underlying disease; hemorrhage; abnormalities in aPTT, FIB, FDPs, platelet count; transfusion of blood products; and heparin therapy. However, the median PT of nonsurvivors was more prolonged than in survivors (P< .005). DIC in cats can result from a variety of neoplastic, infectious, and inflammatory disorders, and is associated with a high case fatality rate.
Investigation of Physiologic Leukopenia in Belgian Tervuren Dogs
Authors: Gommeren K. , Duchateau L. , Paepe D. , Vanholen L. , Vandenberghe A. , Daminet S.
Published: March 2010

Background:Physiologic leukopenia in Tervuren dogs was reported in North America with a higher frequency in aged Tervurens. If not recognized, physiologic leukopenia can provoke unnecessary clinical investigations.

Hypothesis:The primary objective was to compare Tervurens and control dogs in Belgium with respect to the numbers of dogs with physiologic leukopenia. The secondary objectives were to compare Tervurens with control dogs and age classes within Tervurens and controls for parameters related to physiologic leukopenia.

Animals:Tervurens (n = 94) and control dogs (n = 48, maximum of 5 dogs per breed and 5 mixed breed dogs) were entered into the study. Dogs were 1–11 years old and healthy on routine physical examination. Dogs had no history of disease or drug administration in the previous 2 months.

Methods:Hematologic analyses were performed by an automated device within 30 hours of sampling. Blood smears were evaluated for cellular morphologic anomalies.

Results:Only 1 of the 94 Tervuren dogs had physiologic leukopenia (1.06%; 95% confidence interval, 0.05–5.22). Furthermore, the white blood cell (WBC) count in Tervuren dogs (median, 10.00 × 109/L; range, 5.90–20.80) was not significantly different (P= .55) from that of control dogs (median, 9.75 × 109/L; range, 5.20–20.90). The WBC count decreased significantly (P< .001) with age in Tervuren dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Physiologic leukopenia is uncommon in the Belgian Tervuren dog. Differences with earlier data published in North America might be due to genetic or environmental differences.
Clinical and Echocardiographic Features of Primary Infundibular Stenosis with Intact Ventricular Septum in Dogs
Authors: Minors Sandra L. , O'Grady Michael R. , Williams Regan M. , O'Sullivan M. Lynne
Published: March 2010

Background:Primary infundibular stenosis is a rare congenital defect in which the right ventricle is divided into a proximal “high‐pressure” chamber and a distal “low‐pressure” chamber. The condition can be misdiagnosed as ventricular septal defect or valvular pulmonic stenosis and the disease severity underestimated. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed clinical and echocardiographic description of this anomaly in a series of dogs.

Hypothesis:Several anatomic forms of infundibular stenosis exist. High resolution two‐dimensional echocardiography could differentiate 3 gross anatomic substrates. Knowledge of the anatomy of the obstructing lesion could influence options for corrective interventions.

Animals:Thirteen dogs examined at the Ontario Veterinary College teaching hospital from 1994 to 2005 with an ultrasound diagnosis of subpulmonic stenasis.

Methods:A retrospective review was made of case records from 1994 to 2005.

Results:Thirteen dogs were identified as having primary infundibular stenosis, with apparent increased prevalence in Golden Retrievers (8/13, 62%) and Siberian Huskies (3/13, 23%). Three types of infundibular lesions were identified by ultrasound in 11/13 dogs: a fibrous diaphragm (6), fibromuscular (4), and muscular obstruction (1). Two dogs with a fibrous diaphragm underwent direct surgical dilation without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass or inflow occlusion, resulting in substantial reduction of the severity of stenosis.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Accurate determination of the severity of the stenosis and the anatomy of the obstructing lesion are important in devising a treatment strategy. Recognition of the fibrous diaphragm by echocardiography identifies a subset of dogs potentially amenable to surgical dilation without the need for cardiopulmonary bypass.
Prevalence of Unilateral and Bilateral Deafness in Border Collies and Association with Phenotype
Authors: Platt Simon , Freeman Julia , di Stefani AIberta , Wieczorek Lara , Henley William
Published: March 2010

Background:Congenital sensorineural deafness (CSD) occurs in Border Collies, but its prevalence and inheritance are unknown. This study estimated the prevalence of CSD in Border Collies and investigated its association with phenotypic attributes linked to the merle gene, including coat pigmentation and iris color.

Hypothesis:Deafness in Border Collies is associated with pigmentation patterns linked to the merle gene.

Animals:A total of 2597 Border Collies from the United Kingdom.

Methods:A retrospective study of Border Collies tested, during 1994–2002, by using brainstem auditory evoked responses. Associations between deafness and phenotypic attributes were assessed by using generalized logistic regression.

Results:The prevalence of CSD in puppies was estimated as 2.8%. The corresponding rates of unilateral and bilateral CSD were 2.3 and 0.5%, respectively. Adjustment for clustering of hearing status by litter reduced the overall prevalence estimate to 1.6%. There was no association between CSD and sex (P= .2). Deaf Border Collies had higher rates of merle coat pigmentation, blue iris pigment, and excess white on the head than normal hearing Border Collies (allP< .001). The odds of deafness were increased by a factor of 14 for Border Collies with deaf dams, relative to the odds for dogs with normal dams (P= .007), after adjustment for phenotypic attributes.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Associations between CSD and pigmentation patterns linked to the merle gene were demonstrated for Border Collies. Evidence for an inherited component to CSD in Border Collies supports selective breeding from only tested and normal parents to reduce the prevalence of this disease.
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of the Combination of Orally Administered Docetaxel and Cyclosporin A in Tumor‐Bearing Cats
Authors: McEntee M.C. , Rassnick K.M. , Bailey D.B. , Balkman C.E. , Flanagan J.L. , Beaulieu B.B. , Zgola M.M. , Lewis L.D. , Page R.L.
Published: March 2010

Intravenously administered docetaxel (DT) is problematic in cats because of the requirement for premedication to ameliorate acute vehicle‐induced hypersensitivity reactions. Previously we have revealed that therapeutic plasma concentrations of DT can be achieved in normal and tumor‐bearing dogs when DT is administered PO in combination with oral cyclosporin A (CSA). The purpose of this study was to identify the maximally tolerated dosage and characterize the pharmacokinetic disposition of oral DT combined with CSA in cats with tumors. Eighteen tumor‐bearing cats were enrolled in this phase I dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study. DT was administered by gavage with CSA (5 mg/kg) twice over a 3‐week period. The starting dose of DT was 1.0 mg/kg. Based on the clinical toxicity profile, with gastrointestinal adverse effects and hematologic toxicity the maximal tolerated dose of oral DT was 1.75 mg/kg in combination with 5 mg/kg CSA. Additional studies are necessary to determine the efficacy of DT/CSA in cats with epithelial tumors.
Hematologic Changes Associated with Half‐Body Irradiation in Dogs with Lymphoma
Authors: Axiak Sandra M. , Carreras Janet K. , Hahn Kevin A. , Endicott Melissa M. , Parshley Dorothy E. , King Glen K.
Published: March 2010

Background:Reports describe the technique and efficacy of half‐body irradiation (HBI) of dogs with lymphoma, but few describe the distinctive toxicoses associated with the combination of HBI and chemotherapy.

Hypothesis:HBI would transiently affect myelocytic and erythroid variables as assessed by serial analysis of complete blood counts.

Animals:Twenty‐nine dogs with lymphoma treated with HBI during 2002 and 2003.

Methods:A retrospective study of medical records of 29 dogs was performed. Two HBI protocols were used, resulting in delivery of either 6 Gy or 8 Gy to each half of the body, 1 month apart. Dogs received chemotherapy before, during, or after irradiation, or at multiple times. Serial hematology was available for all dogs. Data were analyzed between collection periods by analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Results:The mean granulocyte count significantly (P < .01) decreased from 10,017 cells/μL (data range 3,001–20,170 cells/μL) before the first radiation treatment to 3,250 cells/μL (820–4,400 cells/μL) at week 5 (P < .01). Three weeks after this nadir, the mean increased to 10,150 cells/μL (900–26,700 cells/μL). The hematocrit did not change (36–38%). Thrombocytopenia (< 100,000/μL) occurred in 10 dogs. Two dogs died because of complications associated with thrombocytopenia. No significant difference in toxicity was found between the 6 Gy and 8 Gy group.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: HBI was myelosuppressive but effects were short term and resolved in 22 of 24 dogs. Further studies are needed to elucidate the safety and role of HBI in the treatment of dogs with lymphoma.
Lung Surfactant Function and Composition in Neonatal Foals and Adult Horses
Authors: Christmann Undine , Livesey Leanda C. , Taintor Jennifer S. , Waldridge Bryan M. , Schumacher John , Grier Bonnie L. , Hite R. Duncan
Published: March 2010

Background:Lung surfactant function and composition are varied and adapted to the specific respiratory physiology of all mammalian species.

Hypothesis:Lung surfactant function and composition are different in neonatal foals as compared to adult horses.

Animals:Six adult horses, 7 term foals (<24 hours old), and 4 premature foals were used. Animals were part of the Auburn University teaching herd except for 3 client‐owned premature foals.

Methods:Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained from all animals. Ultracentrifugation of cell‐free BALF separated surfactant into crude surfactant pellets (CSP) and supernatant. Both fractions were analyzed for phospholipid and protein content with the Bartlett and bicinchoninic acid method, respectively. Phospholipid composition of the CSP was determined by using high‐performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light scatter detector. Surface tension of the CSP was measured with a pulsating bubble surfactometer. Results from term foals (<24 hours old) were compared statistically to those from adult horses. Values ofP< .05 were considered significant.

Results:BALF phospholipid content was similar between adult horses and term foals, but BALF protein content was significantly decreased in term foals. Phosphatidylglycerol was significantly decreased, phosphatidylinositol was significantly increased, and the minimum surface tension was significantly increased in the CSP from term foals compared to adult horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Surface tension and phospholipid composition of surfactant in neonatal foals are significantly different compared to adult horses. These changes may influence biophysical and immunologic functions of surfactant.
Effects of Norepinephrine and a Combined Norepinephrine and Dobutamine Infusion on Systemic Hemodynamics and Indices of Renal Function in Normotensive Neonatal Thoroughbred Foals
Authors: Hollis A.R. , Ousey J.C. , Palmer L. , Stoneham S.J. , Corley K.T.T.
Published: March 2010

Background:Norepinephrine is a potent vasopressor that increases arterial blood pressure but may have adverse effects on renal blood flow. The combination of norepinephrine and dobutamine may lead to improved renal perfusion compared to an infusion of norepinephrine alone. The effects of these drugs in the normotensive neonatal foal have not been reported.

Hypothesis:Norepinephrine increases arterial blood pressure. Adding dobutamine to a norepinephrine infusion will change the renal profile during the infusions without changing the arterial blood pressure.

Animals:Eight conscious Thoroughbred foals were used in this study.

Methods:Each foal received norepinephrine (0.1 μg/kg/min), combined norepinephrine (0.1 μg/kg/min) and dobutamine (5 μg/kg/min), and a control dose of saline in a masked, placebo‐controlled study. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure (direct), and cardiac output (lithium dilution) were measured, and systemic vascular resistance, stroke volume, cardiac index, and stroke volume index were calculated. Urine output, creatinine clearance, and fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride were measured.

Results:Norepinephrine and a combined norepinephrine and dobutamine infusion increased arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance and decreased heart rate and cardiac index as compared to saline. The combination resulted in higher arterial pressure than norepinephrine alone. There was no significant difference in urine output, creatinine clearance, or fractional excretion of electrolytes with either infusion as compared to saline.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These data suggest that norepinephrine and a combined norepinephrine and dobutamine infusion cause unique hemodynamic effects without affecting indices of renal function, and this effect warrants further investigation.
Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy in Egyptian Arabian Foals: 22 Cases (1985–2005)
Authors: Aleman Monica , Gray Leah C. , Williams D. Colette , Holliday Terrell A. , Madigan John E. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Magdesian K. Gary
Published: March 2010

Background:Epilepsy is relatively uncommon in horses compared with other species and limited information is available.

Hypothesis:The objectives of the study were to describe the age of onset, clinical signs, clinicopathologic data, electroencephalographic findings, treatment, and outcome, including long‐term prognosis in Arabian foals with idiopathic epilepsy.

Animals:Twenty‐two foals were included in the study.

Materials and Methods: Medical records from 1985 to 2005 were reviewed.

Results:The age of onset of affected foals ranged from 2 days to 6 months. Seizures were characterized by generalized tonic and clonic motor activity, staring, and loss of consciousness. The most common postictal signs were transient blindness and abnormal mental status. The interictal neurologic examination was otherwise normal. Clinicopathologic data and imaging diagnostics were normal except in 4 foals that developed complications. Electroencephalography revealed epileptiform activity in 9 of 13 foals. Foals were treated with benzodiazepines for the short‐term; whereas phenobarbital was used over the long‐term. Potassium bromide was added in 3 foals in which seizures were multiple, frequent, and difficult to control. The long‐term prognosis was favorable with cessation of seizures by 1 year of age. The most common complication was head trauma. The most common concurrent disease was pneumonia.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Juvenile idiopathic epilepsy of Egyptian Arabian foals has an early clinical onset but appears to be self‐limiting. Information obtained from this study strongly suggests a heritable condition that merits further investigation.