bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Choice of Target Populations
Authors: Ingram Helen , Schneider Anne
Published: March 2007

Public policy almost always seeks to change the behavior of one or more target populations who are ostensibly linked to the problems the policy is seeking to address. This paper argues that statutory designers and agency officials almost always have a choice from among several potential target groups, and that institutional factors often influence them to make inappropriate choices. Statutory designers, who it is assumed are sensitive to electoral conditions, will tend to oversubscribe some policies by identifying too many targets, including some who are not linked to policy objectives at all. Under other conditions, they will under subscribe, excluding some target groups who would contribute considerably to achievement of policy goals. The institutional conditions and incentives faced by agencies differ from those of elected officials. Therefore, they tend to target policies differently. Under some conditions, agencies will attempt to correct problems introduced by statutory designers, but in other situations, the institutional incentives faced by agencies will only exacerbate the problems. Agencies are most likely to correct problems introduced by statutory designers when agencies have a high degree of professionalism and receive budgets and other rewards on the basis of "value added" evaluations.
Crisis Decision Making
Authors: 't Hart Paul , Rosenthal Uriel , Kouzmin Alexander
Published: March 2007

This essay reconsiders the well-known thesis that, under conditions of crisis, administrative decision making becomes centralized. It discusses the theoretical and administrative underpinnings of this thesis and focuses on the role of small groups in crisis decision making, central government intervention in crisis situations, and crisis government doctrines. Using findings from recent comparative case research in crisis management, alternative patterns of governmental response to crises are outlined. These include formal and informal decentralization, non-decision making, and paralysis. This article concludes with a set of hypotheses that outline the conditions for the emergence of alternative structural patterns in coping with crises and a call for more contingent and reflective thinking about crisis management issues.
The Propensity for Participative Decision Making Scale
Authors: Parnell John A. , Bell Edward D.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a 10-item scale to measure the propensity for participative decision making (PPDM)—the proclivity of present and prospective managers for participative decision making. The scale development procedure employed suggests that PPDM is composed of two key dimensions: organizational effectiveness and managerial perceptions concerning power.
Competing Contexts
Authors: Stone Melissa Middleton
Published: March 2007

Using a historical case study, this article presents an analysis of the evolution of a nonprofit organization and its governance structure as it was transformed from a grassroots and advocacy agency into a multimillion dollar contractor with the state. The case illustrates how boardfunctions, composition, and board management relations significandy changed in response to an environment increasingly organized around government's contracting out for services. The article argues that these changes can be understood as responses to contradictory logics embedded in the nonprofit's environment whereby competing beliefs and ideologies eventually ledto the creation of two distinct butloosely coupled organizations.
Implementing Public Innovations in Network Settings
Authors: O'Toole Laurence J.
Published: March 2007

Practitioners and scholars have devoted considerable attention in recent years to initiating public innovations-to the relative neglect of how to ensure the implementation of such efforts. Executing innovations over the longer term, particularly in complex networksettings, can be expected to be problematic. And yet networks are likely to be crucial institutional settingsfor the implementation ofpublic innovations. The analytic approach of game theory, used heuristically, can identify a set of actions useful to public managers in enhancing prospects that sound innovations will succeed. The implications of this inquiry run counter to some of the themes used as mantras in the recent reinvention discussion andfocus attention on the centrality of institutional infrastructure, trust, and obligation for innovative success into the future.
From Phobias and Ideological Prescription
Authors: Kouzmin Alexander , Korac-Kakabadse Nada
Published: March 2007

The article offers a comparative exploration of the variety and complexity of economic transition strategies. There is also a compelling need to focus on the weaknesses of putative market forces when "designing" appropriate strategies for transition and economic development. Attention is drawn to financial market failures and their impact on economic reconstruction and political liberalization experiences. Particular attention is drawn to the need for a critical assessment of developmental strategies and transition models, and their potential "shelf life, " in the broader spectrum of debate about complex patterns of regulation and deregulation in mixed economies. The Russian experience with economic and political development cannot be lightly dismissed as irrelevant to the management development agenda, especially in the face of the failure by Western social science to fully address the complexities of economic and political transition that need to go beyond much of the ideological, and recently more rhetorical, arguments sofar offered by Western management and economic specialists.
Death Imagery and the Experience of Organizational Downsizing
Authors: Stein Howard F.
Published: March 2007

Experiential realities of downsizing, reductions in force, restructuring, outsourcing, and cognate terms are often at wide variance with their touted and expectedpromises of increased productivity, profit, rationality, realism, efficiency, teamwork, and role interchangeability. Vignettes cited suggest that downsizing is not primarily about economics or business but, instead, myth and ritual. Downsizing is explored as a symbolicform and action, rationalized and masked by euphemism. Downsizing implements devastating planned social change, one that takes the form of sacrifice to purchase organizational life via symbolic death. Downsizing is experienced as a metaphoric Holocaust, one driven by the need to perform sacrifice (a) to separate bad from good parts of oneself and (b) to secure organizational rebirth through the expulsion of death. The link between the popular 1993 movie Schindler's List and organizational themes in the language of the Holocaust is explored and takes us to the heart of the conscious and unconscious emotional experience and meaning of downsizing.
Global Challenge and Institutional Capacity
Authors: Savitch H. V.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the question of how locally based administration can be refitted for the next millennium. We use global trends to formulate a new ecology based on open markets, increasing intensity of global interaction, and highly decentralized activities. That ecology produces both positive currents and negative countercurrents. These reciprocating dynamics lead to wealth through urbanization but also to imbalances in investment and growth. The dynamics emphasize the leading role of centrally located regions but also beget greater social disruption; they enhance democracy through a global dissemination of information but also produce heightened expectations, increased citizen demand, and inordinate pressures on local institutions. To manage these pressures, local administration will have to be flexible and resilient. We offer an organizational strategy designed to enhance conventional government by building institutional capacity. Networks of interaction with private, public, and nonprofit sectors are able to maximize participation by citizens, small groups, and mass associations.
The Experience and Consequences of Perceived Racial Discrimination: A Study of African Americans
Authors: Broman Clifford L. , Mavaddat Roya , Hsu Shu-Yao
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study investigates the link between the experience of racial discrimination and personal outcomes in a sample of African Americans. Most research on discrimination and its consequences has focused on institutional discrimination. Little attention has been given to “isolate discrimination,” an individual act of discriminatory behavior by one dominant group person directed at a member of a subordinate group. In this exploratory study, with a sample of 312 Blacks, the authors examine the experience and consequences of discrimination among African Americans from Detroit, Michigan. Consistent with prior literature, the authors hypothesize that discrimination affects the sense of mastery and creates psychological distress. The authors find that experiencing discrimination leads to lower levels of mastery and higher levels of psychological distress. These results support the authors’hypotheses. The authors discuss several implications of these results.
An Examination of the Association of African American Mothers’ Perceptions of their Neighborhoods with their Parenting and Adolescent Adjustment
Authors: Taylor Ronald D.
Published: March 2007

This study tested a conceptual model designed to explain the links between mothers’ perceptions of their neighborhood and the adjustment of African American adolescents. The association of mothers’ perceptions of their neighborhoods, parenting practices, and adolescents’ adjustment was examined among 85 African American mothers and adolescents. Findings revealed the more mothers reported that crime and physical deterioration were problems in their neighborhood, the lower was their adolescents’ self-reliance. Mothers’ perceptions of neighborhood physical deterioration were also negatively correlated with self-esteem. The more mothers reported that important social resources were accessible in their neighborhood, the higher were adolescents’ self-esteem and self-reliance and the lower were adolescents’ problem behavior and psychological distress. Also, the more mothers reported that neighborhoods were deteriorated, the more firmly they controlled their adolescents. The more mothers reported that resources were available, the more accepting they were of their adolescents. Mothers’ acceptance was positively associated with self-esteem and self-reliance and negatively related to problem behavior. There was no evidence that the effects of mothers’ perceptions of the neighborhood on adolescent adjustment were mediated by mothers’ parenting. Findings were discussed in light of the need to explore variables in a variety of realms (parents and peers) as possible mediators of the effects of neighborhoods.
A Study of Stereotyping: Testing Three Models With a Sample of Blacks
Authors: Coleman Lerita M. , Jussim Lee , Kelley Susan Hatter
Published: March 2007

Two experiments tested the premise that the underlying stereotyping processes used by Blacks and Whites are similar Experiment I examined the hypothesis that people have more complex views of members of their own in-group than of an out-group. Results showed that Blacks held more complex views of Blacks than of Whites. Experiment 2 examined the hypotheses underlying complexity-extremity theory, assumed-characteristics theory, and expectancy-violation theory. Black perceivers evaluated target job applicants who varied with respect to race, dialect style, and personal appearance. Contrary to the complexity-extremity model, Black judges evaluated Black targets more extremely than White targets. Somewhat consistent with assumed-characteristics theory, Blacks used background information more than race in their evaluations. Partial support for expectancy-violation theory wasfound. Blackjudges evaluated upper class Black and White targets differently than they evaluated lower class targets. These findings suggest that race of perceiver may moderate the predictions of these three models. Modification of stereotyping models by including less powerful or stigmatized in-groups in basic research is discussed.
The Influence of Family Structure Characteristics on the Child-Rearing Behaviors of African American Mothers
Authors: Wilson Melvin N. , Kohn Laura P. , Curry-El Judith , Hinton Ivora D.
Published: March 2007

Recognition of the diversity of African American families increases our understanding of the socialization within these families. Family characteristics that influence socialization includefamily structure variables such as number of adult and child family members and amount offamily income. More likely than not, because the earliest primary caretaker of a child is the mother, socialization begins through maternal caretaking. Mothers'perceived performance of childrearing behaviors are thus dependent upon the support of other adults in the household. Using a probability survey sample of African American households, this study examined the relative influence of number of adults, number of children, mother's education, andfamily income on a mother's perceptions ofperformance of her child-rearing behaviors. As expected, results indicate thatfamily structure variables were related to mothers'performance of child-rearing behaviors.
Weliness and Coping Activities of African American Counselors
Authors: Evans Kathy M.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the physical, emotional, occupational, and spiritual wellness activities of African American counselors and the behaviors they use to cope with racism The author developed a demographic questionnaire and a wellness survey that included an open-ended question on coping with racism These instruments were completed by 91 professional counselors who were certified by the National Board of Certified Counselors. The scores for spiritual and emotional wellness were significantly higher than the scores for physical and occupational wellness. Multiple regression analyses indicated that counselors in school settings (K-12) were less likely to engage in occupational wellness activities than counselors employed elsewhere. There was some indication that gender was related to spiritual wellness and that counselor position was related to emotional and physical wellness. The most used coping behavior against racism was confrontation.
Racism 102: The Classroom
Authors: Richman Charles L. , Bovelsky Scott , Kroovand Natalie , Vacca Jamie , West Tara
Published: March 2007

Within our educational institutions today, supremism (racial superior attitudes) are a function of how schools enforce discipline, use standardized tests, select curriculum and texts, and of teacher attitudes. To illustrate the expression of supremism in American schools today, in Study 1, the authors instructed European American 4th-year teachers-in-training to estimate the grade point average (GPA) and IQ of four African American or four European American children. The GPAs and IQs of the African American children were estimated to be significantly lower than those of the EuropeanAmerican children. Study 2 showed that the racial attitudes of European American student teachers predicted their evaluation of and the pleasure they derivedfrom reading a short story or a poem supposedly written by an African American author It was concluded that old-fashioned racism remains afundamental problem at all grade levels in American schools today.
An African-Centered, Black Feminist Approach to Understanding Attitudes That Counter Social Dominance
Authors: White Aaronette M. , Potgieter Cheryl A. , Strube Michael J. , Fisher Sherri , Umana Etefia
Published: March 2007

We used an African-centered model of male-female equality, Black feminist theory, racial identity theory, and findings from the rape myth acceptance literature to explore male dominant and White racial dominant attitudes among antirape activists and a comparison group of nonactivists. As predicted, activists and sexually nonaggressive men rejected rape myths and possessed more egalitarian attitudes toward women than did nonactivists and sexually aggressive men. Activists also rejected White racial dominance more than nonactivists at the internalization-stage leveL Attitudes related to White racial dominance did not predict rape myth acceptance. However, preencounter racial attitudes and internalization of racial attitudes are significantly associated with rape myth acceptance and attitudes toward women. Implications are discussed and recommendations put forward to include educational materials in manhood training programs that counter White supremacist and male supremacist ideologies.
Psychosocial Interventions for Children and Adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
Authors: Collins Marietta , Kaslow Nadine , Doepke Karla , Eckman James , Johnson Marjorie
Published: March 2007

Sickle cell disease (SCD), a chronic, hereditary, and congenital blood disorder, affects I in every 400 to 500 African American babies. In addition to experiencing myriad medical problems, children and adolescents in whom SCD has been diagnosed often manifest neurocognitive impairments and learning problems, internalizing and externalizing of behavior problems, problematic interpersonal relationships, low self-esteem, and maladaptive coping patterns. Despite the proliferation of research on medical interventions for SCD, there is a paucity of data on effective psychosocial interventions. This article reviews both the existing psychosocial interventions and related empirical literature for SCD youth. As many psychosocial treatment options were initially designed for SCD adults, developmentally appropriate modifications for children and adolescents will be offered. Particular attention is paid to nonpharmocologic pain management strategies (i.e., biofeedback and relaxation training, self-hypnosis, behavioral contracting, coping skills training, patient-controlled analgesic medications); educational programs, self-help and support groups; andfamily counseling and therapy.
The Problem of the Culturally Deprived Child
Authors: Zaki Moshe
Published: March 2007

The proposed model in this paper approaches the phenomenon of cultural deprivation of children in all its aspects: social, psychological and educational. Following a macroscopic perspective, the model suggests an applied intervention for coping with the phenomenon in its holistic structure.
The Place of School Psychology in Sudan at the Turn of the Century
Authors: Ahmed Ramadan A.
Published: March 2007

Sudan lies between 4 and 22 degrees latitude North and 22 and 34 degrees longitude East. It has an area of 2.5 million square kilometres, and the estimated population, in 1980, was 20 million with an annual growth rate of 2.5 per cent. The climate varies between the dry, hot, desert climate in the north and the continuously rainy, very hot equatorial climate in the south.
School as Agent for Mental Health Socialization of the Individual
Authors: Zaki Moshe , Partok-Engel Ruth
Published: March 2007

The school's function has been perceived by people in the field of education as a means of imparting information, socially useful skills and values to children. This article proposes an additional view of school as an agent for mental health socialization of the individual and suggests various programmes for preventive intervention.
Expensive Homes Clever Children?
Authors: Rost Detlef H. , Albrecht Helfried T.
Published: March 2007

The starting point of this study is the often-voiced opinion that gifted children and adolescents would 'make their way' independently from socio-economic or socio-cultural disadvantages. In order to discuss this prejudice, a social area analysis of San Diego, CA, USA, is conducted: the percentage of identified/treated gifted children and adolescents in all state schools of each zip-(postal) code area and county area is determined. The rank correlation with the corresponding average housing price shows a very high relationship. The discussion comments on deviations from the observed tendency. Further considerations stress the need for identification and promotion of gifted children from lowstimulating disadvantaged homes and minority groups. In respect of future similar studies, it is proposed to look for (more adequately operationalized) specified social area types as units of analysis in addition to the frequently used individual indicators (e.g., occupation of the bread-winner).
Japanese Special Education
Authors: Kawano-Jones Akiko , Jones Eric D.
Published: March 2007

The quality of Japan's educational system has contributed to increasingly successful bids for dominance in international business and industry. Although the quality of Japanese education for average and above average students has received considerable international attention, there has been little discussion of programmes for handicapped children. This paper reviews the development of Japanese policies and services for the handicapped, and considers the importance of the differences in cultural contexts that would account for the differences between special education policies and practices in Japan and the United States. Although western countries have often stimulated and influenced Japanese policies and practices, substantial differences exist. It may be more accurate to consider that instead of lagging behind the West, Japanese special education is following a course of development that is adapted to the society it serves.
Hypnosis as a Therapeutic Technique for Use by School Psychologists
Authors: Benson Gwyneth
Published: March 2007

Hypnotherapy is now an acceptable technique used by school psychologists in the UK. This paper looks at the rapid growth of interest over the last decade and offers a working definition of hypnosis avoiding the theoretical controversies. An overview of hypnosis with children is provided together with a description of a structured treatment approach using guided imagery which can be used with more resistant children to deal with a wide range of problems. Case studies are discussed.
Special Educational Provision the Classroom as a Unit for Analysis
Authors: Szaday C. , Pickering D. , Duerdoth P.
Published: March 2007

School psychological and special educational practices in Australia, in common with other elements of its culture (Graubard, 1985; Terrill, 1987), have been strongly influenced by those of Britain and America. The most widely read professional journals, the most commonly used psychological and educational tests, the most popular intervention strategies, and the structure of suipport services and facilities are those originating from British and American sources. Australian school psychologists and special educators are more likely to be familiar with the recommendations and provisions of the Warnock Report and Public Law 94-142 than they are with the various government reports and research studies conducted in states of Australia other than their own.
Students' Stereotypic Expectancies of Scholastic Ability for Ethnic Majority vs. Minority Group Students
Authors: Zeidner Moshe
Published: March 2007

This study examines the effect of varying sociocultural cues (ethnic majority vs. minority group) on students' expectancies with respect to scholastic ability. It was hypothesized that students' expectancies would mirror common cultural stereotypes based on actual observed differences among sociocultural groups. The study was based on two independent samples of 223 and 259 Israeli elementary and junior high school students, respectively. Subjects were presented with sociocultural profiles of two hypothetical students (Western majority vs. Eastern minority group) immediately following standardized group scholastic ability testing procedures and were asked to rate the expected level of performance of the students on the ability test administered, along a five-point scale. Mean ratings of the two stimuli with respect to ability test performance were significantly discernible in both studies, with the Eastern minority group student stimulus expected to perform signficantly lower than the Western majority student counterpart. Overall, the autostereotypes and heterostereo-types of varying sociocultural groups were highly similar.
Formulating Priorities for International School Psychology toward the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Oakland Thomas D.
Published: March 2007

Various points identified in this Special Issue by Nixon, Wechsler and Guzzo, Xie, Guillemard, Ezeilo and Dubrovina in their response to our survey data are summarized. The major themes discussed in this article include the need to strike a balance between professional uniformity and diversity, to maintain a strong research commitment, to develop and maintain strong professional associations at national and international levels, to create an international institute on school psychology, to conduct subsequent international studies on school psychology and to design them so as to overcome possible limitations in the current study.
An Investigation of Intervention Assistance Teams at a Preservice Level
Authors: Ward Sandra B. , Korinek Lori , McLaughlin Virginia
Published: March 2007

The inclusion of special education students in the general education mainstream has created a need for consultation services to meet their educational needs. The intervention assistance team (IAT) provides assistance to students within the general education classroom through collaborative efforts among school personnel from various disciplines. The purpose of this article is to present a methodology for investigating the effectiveness of various aspects of multidisciplinary IATs that was developed as part of a larger interdisciplinary preservice training project. The application of this methodology provided information on the participation and influence across members of preservice intervention assistance teams. The benefits of this methodology are discussed.
Marijuana Use among Youth
Authors: Kingery Paul M. , Alford Aaron A. , Coggeshall Mark B.
Published: March 2007

Recent reports of marijuana use throughout the world indicate that the drug is widely used. Slight variations occur in the order of preference of various drugs used from one region or nation to another, but internationally marijuana is generally the most widely used illicit drug. This article presents examples of the types of analyses that would be useful in cross-national comparisons, using examples from US data. In doing so, it illustrates some of the more basic trends in marijuana use over time and differences between demographic groups in the US. The authors urge uniform data collection methods throughout the world and a move toward examining marijuana use as a world-wide problem.
Perceived Risk of Harm from Marijuana Use among Youth in the USA
Authors: Danseco Evangeline R. , Kingery Paul M. , Coggeshall Mark B.
Published: March 2007

Perceived risk or beliefs about the harmful effects of drugs is strongly associated with marijuana use, based on nationally representative surveys and several cross-sectional studies in the United States. A review of studies that have examined perceived risk showed that perceived risk can be construed as consisting of at least four areas (physical harm, parental disapproval, peer disapproval and fear of arrest) and having several characteristics (e.g. locus of harm, level of use). Perceptions of risk vary with gender, age and other factors. Secondary data analysis based on the Monitoring the Future surveys and theNational Household Survey ofDrugAbuse were consistent with these findings from the review. Specific recommendations for prevention practitioners and researchers are presented.
Small School Classes, Small Problems?
Authors: Boyesen Marit , Bru Edvin
Published: March 2007

In accordance with social group theory on primary and secondary groups (Parsons, 1951) and conflict theory (Coser, 1956), relations among class size, social support, harassment of others and emotional problems were explored in a sample of 1071 Norwegian 8th graders. Results showed stronger associations between perceived teacher support and peer relations, as well as between peer relations and emotional problems in small classes than in large classes. In contrast there was a tendency for stronger associations between peer relations and peer harassment in large classes than in small classes. Results indicated no difference between small and large classes in the actual prevalence of peer harassment and emotional problems, whereas students reported better teacher support in small classes.
Teamwork: Fashion or Institution?
Authors: Hamde Kiflemariam
Published: March 2007

The phenomenon of fashion may have better potential to explain organizational change than existing theories of adaptation or selection. Fashion highlights new ideas of organizing while it degrades the existing ones as outdated. The present study illustrates the concept of fashion by the process through which traditional supervisory roles have been deinstituionalized and defined as outdted, while different forms of teamwork were endorsed as new, albeit temporary practices. The context is a series of reform programmes in Swedish working life for a three-decade period when different ideas of teamwork were discussed, tried or modified in relation to the existing ideas of organizing, such as supervisory roles. The article concludes that the fashion process needs to be taken seriously, especially when the process of change involves challenge to existing ideas and practices of organizing.
Managing the Democratization Process in Work Cooperatives
Authors: Sandkull Bengt
Published: March 2007

Recent public interest in employee-owned enterprises does not see them as exemplars of economic and industrial democracy, but more as a special type of partnership that can take over in the wake of the flight of capital. Their democratization is not encouraged, nor is the establishment of work cooperatives with articulated non-economic goals. A county-wide survey of work cooperatives in Lane county, Oregon, demonstrates some of the problems and some of the potentials in managing the democratization process. Their counterculture values tend to keep them in a precarious existence which agrees with the flndings of Joyce Rothschild-Whitt. In some, a learning process can be discovered, which hints at a development that portrays many of the features of the model suggested by Paul Bernstein.
Oscillating Between Autonomy and Control: The Polish Economy 1946-1981
Authors: Czarniawska Barbara
Published: March 2007

A model of control built as a result of a comparative study of management in Polish and American corporations is used to analyse the changes in control characterizing the Polish economy in the years 1946-81. The enterprise was undertaken on the assumptions that (1) the developed model illustrates general issues concerning control in economic organizations, and not only corporate control, and (2) the socialist economy, with its central planning, can be treated as a large economic organization.
Legal and Trade Union Limitations Upon Hours of Work: The Problem of Overtime
Authors: Steele G. R.
Published: March 2007

Proposals to limit the number of overtime hours are held to be in the tradition of social reform of factory conditions. In a modern industrial context, overtime is defined to be those hours over which employees may exercise discretion. The impact of legislation and trade unions upon hours of work in the UK and the USA is examined and found generally to be secondary to that of market pressures. In pressing for limitations upon hours of work, trade unions have insisted upon maintaining the level of real earnings. In part, this is explained by the recognition that, without the opportunity or the ability to acquire saleable skills, low-paid employees have only long hours to offer as a means of achieving 'adequate wages'. Earnings are two-dimensional, the product of wage rates and hours of work. In its impact upon earnings, the imposition of greater uniformity upon the latter would create problems akin to those raised by the attempt to reduce wage differentials. This assertion is backed by evidence from the UK on the distribution of overtime by age, sex and occupation. The argument that a cut in overtime hours would provide the basis for job creation during a period of chronic unemployment is undermined by the necessity to reduce labour costs per unit of output.
Worker-owners as an Emergent Class: Effects of Cooperative Work on Job Satisfaction, Alienation and Stress
Authors: Rothschild-Whitt Joyce , Whitt J. Allen
Published: March 2007

In light of the recent proliferation of several types of cooperatives in the US and Western Europe, this paper argues that the worker-owners, or cooperators, in these organizations occupy an emergent class position which is structurally different from that of conventional workers or of the petty bourgeoisie, their two nearest class equivalents. We argue that this new class position has implications for the job satisfaction, expectations, alienation and stress associated with work. We bring together empirical findings from our own studies and from other researchers' studies of cooperatives in order to develop some original hypotheses and to provide suggestive evidence concerning the effects of worker-ownership and control on the individual worker-owners. In the end, we argue that although workplace democracy may bring more meaning and sense of community to work, certain structural features of cooperatives also give rise to high levels of personal stress.
Democracy and Unions: towards a Critical Appraisal
Authors: Regalia Ida
Published: March 2007

This essay explores the meaning of democracy in unions and the adequacy of indicators of democracy borrowed from the analysis of political systems. Its primary reference point is Italy, where unions are voluntary organizations and multiple confederations have developed along distinct ideological lines. Systems of union representation, unlike systems of political representation, lack clearly defined boundaries and speak for inherently subordinate interests. Voluntary unions, moreover, are by nature both organizations and movements, and depend on consent as political systems do not. In such a context, assessments of democracy must consider both the selection of representatives within each organization (or internal democracy) and the procedures for decision-making among all organizations (or systemic democracy). The essay helps to account for several features of Italian unionism: avoidance of majority rule, leaders' difficulties in controlling the rank-and-file, and cycles of competition among organizations. The essay also hopes to contribute more broadly to a theory of union democracy.
Technical Change and Industrial Relations: Theoretical Reflections on Changes in the Automobile Industry
Authors: Dankbaar Ben
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a theoretical framework for the analysis of changing industrial relations using concepts mainly from the systems tradition in this field. It distinguishes between regimes of job regulation and the industrial relations system, which produces such regimes. The role of management in the industrial relations system is discussed in relation to questions of consensus, stability and change. Some conditions for structural change in the industrial relations system are identified. It is shown that technical change is a potential, but not a necessary, cause of structural change. The framework is then used for a brief discussion of the relations between technical change and changes in the industrial relations of the automobile industry in three countries.
Technical Training and EnterpRse: Mondragon's Educational System and its Implications for other Cooperatives
Authors: Meek Chnstopher B. , Woodworth Warner P.
Published: March 2007

Most of the literature on the Mondragon cooperative system has largely ignored the significant role of education which gave impetus to the whole idea at the outset. Over time technical training, business skills and cooperative principles have fused together to become the engine driving Mondragon's organizations through decades of remarkable success. This paper provides a systematic analysis of these Basque developments, suggesting critical lessons and implications for cooperative development generally.
Democracy as 'Organizational Divorce' and How the Postmodern Democracy is Stifled by Unity and Majority
Authors: Westenholz Ann
Published: March 2007

Workplace democracy is brought up for discussion by the modern project and the postmodern condition. The modern project is represented by three fictitious eye-witnesses, who all seem to have succumbed to a modern repressive tolerance. Only one 'postmodern eye-witness' protests against the description of the democratic condition and challenges the three modernists by emphasizing the necessity of paradoxes and ruptures to acquire liberty. One facet of the liberating dialogue suggested by the postmodernist is to deconstruct the social system through divorce.
Post-Planning Socialism and Markets: The Economic Conflicts
Authors: Warskelt George
Published: March 2007

Communism in the East has collapsed. Is socialism fated then to be stillborn and without a future? With the failure of the planned economy, socialist economists have widely argued in favour of employing markets to decentralize and democratize the public ownership economy. However, projects that include market controls imply restriction of technological change. In the final analysis it would be better to forget grand, all-encompassing socialist schemes and work on building up socialism piece by piece.
Unions and US Labor Policy: Responding to the Low-wage Strategy
Authors: Hallock Margaret
Published: March 2007

Labor policy in the United States has not been a central part of the overall economic strategy. Human resource and labor policy has been more a passive social policy rather than an active economic policy designed to facilitate economic change. Recent economic problems such as declining real incomes of workers and increasing inequality have led to proposals for a more coherent labor policy and a shift from the low-wage strategy for global competitiveness to a high-skill, high-wage strategy. Unions support policies to upgrade skills of the workforce and are active in creating new education and training policies as well as new arrangements to enhance worker participation in the workplace.
Wage-Earners and/or Co-Workers? Contested Identities
Authors: Mahon Rianne
Published: March 2007

When it came to the accumulation of working-class powera resources in the Fordist era, the Swedish labour movement was rightly considered the paradigm exemplar. With the adoption of its new strategy, 'solidaristic work for solidaristic wages', Swedish labour also seemed to have developed its own preferred vision of a post-Fordist future. Whether it will actually have the strength required to shape the terms of restructuring, however, is very much dependent on the outcome of a current struggle over the meaning of a new identity, 'co-worker' (medarbetare). Medarbetare traditionally functioned as a synonym for 'colleague' and thus was used to refer to those with high-status jobs who enjoyed a peer relationship with their co-workers and immediate boss. The term has now become an important element in the struggle over the core identity of the social figures who will shape the parameters of post-Fordist Sweden. Are the new medarbetare to be individuated members of the corporate team, as the leading firms in SAF would have it, or will they be the counterpart in production of the old alliance of lontagare (wage-earners) constituted in the sphere of distribution? That is the question to be explored in this article.
Dual Commitment to Company and Union in Sweden: An Examination of Predictors and Taxonomic Split Methods
Authors: Sverke Magnus , Sjoberg Anders
Published: March 2007

Using data from 257 members of a Swedish public sector whitecollar local union, a first purpose of this study was to examine whether North American results concerning predictors of company and union commitment generalize to the Swedish industrial relations setting. Results of multiple regression analyses support the application of divergent models in predicting company and union commitment. A second purpose was to compare different methods of scale bifurcation that have been applied under a taxonomic approach to dual commitment. Similarities and differences in results produced by three sample-dependent (mean, median and cluster analysis) and one sample-independent (scale midpoint) split methods are examined. Implications of the findings are discussed.
The Rise and Demise of Participative Management in Algeria
Authors: Branine Mohamed
Published: March 2007

This paper evaluates the development and subsequent outcome of the Algerian experience of participative management. In Algeria, participation was seen as an important determinant in the country's socioeconomic development and was constituted under conditions of hope to blend the ideology of the state with the existing social structure through centralized and bureaucratic planning. However, the outcome was not as expected, either by the state, workers or managers. It has been a disappointing experience for all. It is argued here that the failure of participative management in Algeria is the result of introducing views and ideologies alien to the predominant norms and cultural values. Some of the studies that have attempted to explain the outcome of the Algerian experience are presented and criticized, and an alternative explanation is offered.
The Limits of Fishery Cooperatives? Community Development and Rural Depopulation in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Barret Gene , Okudaira Tadashi
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the interrelationships between rural out-migration, long-term resource decline and cooperative organization in the case of one fishing community in Hokkaido, Japan. Contrary to the experience of many other Japanese fishing communities, the three cooperatives in the community under study have not been able to develop a coherent response to crisis and decline. A combination of fishing group protectionism and organizational rigidity has limited the ability of fishing cooperatives to respond in a consensual, collective fashion to the needs of the community. It is argued that the single stakeholder nature of the cooperative and the entrenchment of inequitable resource allocation around contemporary developments in seaweed mariculture, have generated intracommunity divisions. These difficulties present obstacles to a community-focused reconstruction strategy both within and outside the fishery.
The Politics of Difference and Inclusiveness within the Canadian Labour Movement
Authors: Warskelt Rosemary
Published: March 2007

Times have changed for Canadian unions in a number of important ways. Economic restructuring has wrought fundamental transformations in workplaces, labour processes and hence in unions themselves. The union movement is now largely made up of Canadian unions rather than American/international unions. The feminization of the labour market over the last 20 years has also changed the membership of unions and their organizations. Yet there are important ways in which the union movement as a whole has not responded to these challenges. The problems derive in part from the fragmented structure of the Canadian labour movement. Yet the strategies adopted by liberal and union feminists, with their emphasis on legislative solutions, have also contributed to the marginalization of women from the unions' main business, collective bargaining.
The Swedish Model in an Era of Mass Unemployment
Authors: Meidner Rudolf
Published: March 2007

This article can be seen as an introduction to Richard Layard's contribution in this issue and presents the essential features of the Swedish model for full employment and economic stability. It discusses the role of labour market policy for the model and argues that this policy alone is incapable of eliminating mass unemployment.
Globalization and Labour: A Case Study of EPZ Workers in Malaysia
Authors: Caspersz Donella
Published: March 2007

Like many Asian states, Malaysia has used export processing zones (EPZs) as a strategy to promote economic development. It has been found that the role of the state in labour-management relations and the type of worker employed in EPZs are critical variables which affect the state's capability to maximize the economic potential of EPZs. This article analyses the impact that these variables have also had on the ability of EPZ workers to organize freely and bargain collectively. As a result it is proposed that the theoretical framework contextualizing this analysis has to extend beyond class and include a perspective which assesses how the private interests of workers as well as class affect EPZ labour. The private interests referred to here are ethnicity, gender and nationalism.
Changes in Levels of Dental Anxiety as a Function of Dental Experience
Authors: Liddell AndrÉe , Locker David
Published: March 2007

From the literature, it is increasingly apparent that dentally anxious individuals are not a homogeneous group and that the development and maintenance of dental anxiety are complex phenomena. In this study, individuals who had avoided dental treatment in the past due to fear but were no longer fearful were compared with others who had avoided and were still fearful on a number of demographic, experiential, and attitudinal variables under the assumption that avoidance is likely to prevent the emotional processing of dental anxiety. The groups differed markedly in their experience of dentistry; anxious avoiders were more likely to have experienced more invasive and less noninvasive dental treatment; they feared pain more and were more negative about dentistry than those whose anxiety had remitted. In addition, the remitted avoiders were less likely to claim frightening or embarrassing dental experiences as well as being less reactive to these experiences than the others.
Child Sociometric Status and Parent Behaviors
Authors: Franz Diane Z. , Gross Alan M.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between parent-child interaction and child sociometric status was examined. Third- and fourth-grade children rated as socially neglected, rejected, or average by both peer and teacher nomination were videotapedworking on a task with their parents. Parents of children identified as neglected engaged in fewer overall interactions with their children than parents of both rejected and average children. Mothers of neglected and rejected boys issued more commands than mothers of average children. Fathers of neglected boys issued more negative statements than fathers of either rejected or average children. Moreover, mothers and fathers of neglected and rejected children exhibited greater differences between one another in their use of commands than parents of average children. Mothers and fathers of rejected children exhibited greater differences between parents in their use of questions than parents of neglected or average children. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Intervention in Compulsive Hoarding
Authors: Cermele Jill A. , Melendez-Pallitto Laura , Pandina Gahan J.
Published: March 2007

Historically, the compulsive hoarding of possessions has been examined in the context of other obsessive-compulsive disorders. More recently, researchers have begun to explore compulsive hoarding as a separate and distinct syndrome. The cognitive behavioral model proposed by Frost and Hartl suggests that deficits in information processing, emotional attachment problems, behavioral avoidance, and beliefs about the nature of possessions are important components in understanding compulsive hoarding. This article presents a case study of a successful intervention with a compulsive hoarder that addresses each of the components proposed in the model. Implications for future interventions are discussed.