bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forecast optimal fluoride concentration data in drinking water according to the ambient temperature in Golestan, Iran
Authors: Zazouli Mohammad Ali , Kalankesh Laleh R. , Hasanpour Maryam
Published: March 2019

Controlling fluoride concentrations in drinking water at optimal levels could be effective in preventing certain negative health effects in humans. This study investigated optimal fluoride concentrations in potable water in Golestan province, according the ambient temperatures in the province. The study used data on fluoride concentrations in drinking water supplied by the Water and Wastewater Company of Golestan Province. The annual mean maximum temperatures were extracted from a website that recorded daily ambient temperature. The optimal value of fluoride in drinking water for each county of Golestan province was calculated by the Galgan and Vermillion formula. The results show that all of the counties should contain fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.73 to 0.766 milligrams per liter (mg/L) according to the calculation formula, while fluoride concentrations were instead reported to range between 0.23 and 0.53 mg/L by the Water and Wastewater company. In addition, according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, the concentrations of fluoride in potable in all of the cities in Golestan province fall below the WHO standard. In conclusion, we suggest that the fluoride concentrations in Golestan province's drinking water should be taken into account by the appropriate authorities and that optimal fluoride concentrations in drinking water according to ambient temperatures be set to avoiding negative health impacts.
Holographic viscoelastic hydrodynamics
Authors: Buchel Alex , Baggioli Matteo
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Relativistic fluid hydrodynamics, organized as an effective field theory in the velocity gradients, has zero radius of convergence due to the presence of non-hydrodynamic excitations. Likewise, the theory of elasticity of brittle solids, organized as an effective field theory in the strain gradients, has zero radius of convergence due to the process of the thermal nucleation of cracks. Viscoelastic materials share properties of both fluids and solids. We use holographic gauge theory/gravity correspondence to study all order hydrodynamics of relativistic viscoelastic media.
Rotating black holes in the FI-gauged N = 2, D = 4 $$ {\overline{\mathbb{C}\mathrm{P}}}^{\mathrm{n}} $$ model
Authors: Daniele Nicoletta , Faedo Federico , Klemm Dietmar , Ramírez Pedro F.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We construct supersymmetric black holes with rotation or NUT charge for the$$ {\overline{\mathbb{C}\mathrm{P}}}^n $$ℂP¯n— and the t3model ofN= 2,D= 4 U(1) FI-gauged supergravity. The solutions preserve 2 real supercharges, which are doubled for their near-horizon geometry. For the$$ {\overline{\mathbb{C}\mathrm{P}}}^n $$ℂP¯nmodel we also present a generalization to the nonextremal case, which turns out to be characterized by a Carter-Plebański-type metric, and hasn+ 3 independent parameters, corresponding to mass, angular momentum as well asn+ 1 magnetic charges. We discuss the thermodynamics of these solutions, obtain a Christodoulou-Ruffini mass formula, and shew that they obey a first law of thermodynamics and that the product of horizon areas depends on the angular momentum and the magnetic charges only. At least some of the BPS black holes that we obtain may become instrumental for future microscopic entropy computations involving a supersymmetric index.
Feasibility of τ -lepton electromagnetic dipole moments measurement using bent crystal at the LHC
Authors: Fomin A. S. , Korchin A. Yu. , Stocchi A. , Barsuk S. , Robbe P.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

In this paper we discuss the possibility of measuring the anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moments of the τ lepton. The method consists in studying the spin precession induced by the strong effective magnetic field inside channels of a bent crystal with a dedicated setup at the CERN Large Hadron Collider.
Identifying the narrative used by educators in articulating judgement of performance
Authors: Valentine Nyoli , Schuwirth Lambert
Published: March 2019

Introduction Modern assessment in medical education is increasingly reliant on human judgement, as it is clear that quantitative scales have limitations in fully assessing registrars’ development of competence and providing them with meaningful feedback to assist learning. For this, possession of an expert vocabulary is essential.

Aim This study aims to explore how medical education experts voice their subjective judgements about learners and to what extent they are using clear, information-rich terminology (high-level semantic qualifiers); and to gain a better understanding of the experts’ language used in these subjective judgements.

Methods Six experienced medical educators from urban and rural environments were purposefully selected. Each educator reviewed a registrar clinical case analysis in a think out loud manner. The transcribed data were analyzed, codes were identified and ordered into themes. Analysis continued until saturation was reached.

Results Five themes with subthemes emerged. The main themes were: (1) Demonstration of expertise; (2) Personal credibility; (3) Professional credibility; (4) Using a predefined structure and (5) Relevance.

Discussion Analogous to what experienced clinicians do in clinical reasoning, experienced medical educators verbalize their judgements using high-level semantic qualifiers. In this study, we were able to unpack these. Although there may be individual variability in the exact words used, clear themes emerged. These findings can be used to develop a helpful shared narrative for educators in observation-based assessment. The provision of a rich, detailed narrative will also assist in providing clarity to registrar feedback with areas of weakness clearly articulated to improve learning and remediation.
A review of pebble flow study for pebble bed high temperature gas-cooled reactor
Authors: Jiang Shengyao , Tu Jiyuan , Yang Xingtuan , Gui Nan
Published: March 2019

The pebble bed high temperature gas-cooled reactor is a promising generation-IV reactor, which uses large fuel pebbles and helium gas as coolant. The pebble bed flow is a fundamental issue for both academic investigation and engineering application, e.g., reactor core design and safety analysis. This work performed a review of recent progress on pebble flow study, focusing on the important issues like pebble flow, gas phase hydrodynamics, and inter-phase heat transfer (thermal hydraulics). Our group’s researches on pebble flow have also been reviewed through the aspects of phenomenological observation and measurement, voidage distribution, geometric and parameter optimization, pebble flow mechanisms, flow regime categorization, and fundamentals of modelings of pebble flow and radiation. Finally, the major problems or possible directions of research are concluded which would be some of our focuses on the pebble bed flow study.
The “Dunkelfeld” Project for Self-Identified Pedophiles: A Reappraisal of its Effectiveness
Authors: Mokros Andreas , Banse Rainer
Published: March 2019

Introduction

The “Dunkelfeld” project offers pharmacologic treatment and psychotherapy to self-referred pedophilic patients in an anonymous way.

Aim

To provide a re-assessment focusing on the crucial time × group interaction (ie, the treatment effect).

Methods

A recent study reported on the effectiveness of the “Dunkelfeld” program based on intermediate data of a treatment group (TG; n = 53) and a waiting-list control group (CG; n = 22). With psychological indicators, it was concluded that the therapy program changed dynamic risk factors that are associated with sexually offending against children. Although based on an independent groups pre-post design, the original report includes within-group pre- and post-comparisons only, as well as between-group comparisons at the pre- and post-treatment stages. In the current study, an effect size index was computed that compares the change occurring in both groups (TG and CG) with each other (Morris d). Moreover, 95% CI of d were calculated.

Main Outcome Measures

The analyses were limited to 12 dynamic risk factors pertaining to emotional dysfunction, offense-supportive attitudes, sexual dysregulation, impression management, and 2 types of delinquent behavior, including recent behavior related to sexual offenses against children and recent use of child sexual abuse images.

Results

All 14 indicators showed weak treatment effects at most, with a median d of 0.30. None of the effect sizes was statistically significant (ie, in every case the 95% CI included 0). Further methodologic concerns include a familywise error rate close to 1 and too little statistical power to identify potential effects.

Clinical Implications

As far as dynamic risk factors are concerned, the data do not show that treatment within the “Dunkelfeld” program leads to any reduction of the proneness to commit sexual offenses against children.

Strengths & Limitations

The current study adds crucial information lacking in the original analysis. Because the re-appraisal has the same limited statistical power as the original study, the current results are tentative in the sense that the possibility of the program being effective cannot be ruled out. A further limitation is that not all of the dynamic risk factors chosen as indicators of possible treatment success have been established as relevant for sexual (re-)offending in prior empirical studies.

Conclusions

The outcome emphasizes the notion that independent groups pretest-posttest designs should be analyzed based on the treatment × time interaction.
Meta-Analytic Evidence for Neural Dysactivity Underlying Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Poeppl Timm B. , Langguth Berthold , Laird Angela R. , Eickhoff Simon B.
Published: March 2019

Introduction

About 30–40% of the population report sexual dysfunction. Although it is well known that the brain controls sexual behavior, little is known about the neural basis of sexual dysfunction.

Aim

To assess convergence of altered brain activity associated with sexual dysfunction across available functional imaging studies.

Methods

We used activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis to quantify interstudy concordance across 14 functional imaging studies reporting 179 foci from 40 individual analyses involving 191 subjects with sexual dysfunction and 123 controls.

Main Outcome Measure

Activation likelihood estimation scores were used to assess convergence of findings.

Results

Consistently decreased brain activity associated with sexual dysfunction was identified in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, ventral striatum, dorsal midbrain, anterior midcingulate cortex, and lateral orbitofrontal cortex.

Clinical Implication

These findings can serve as a basis for further studies on the pathophysiology of this highly common disorder with the view to development of more-specific treatment strategies.

Strength & Limitations

Findings are based on an observer-independent meta-analysis that provides robust evidence for and anatomic localization of altered brain activity related to sexual dysfunction. Our analysis cannot distinguish between the putative sources of sexual dysfunction, but it provides a more ubiquitous and general pattern of related altered neural activity.

Conclusion

The identified regions have previously been shown to be critically involved in mediating sexual arousal and to be part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. This suggests that the disturbance of brain activity associated with sexual dysfunction primarily affects sexual arousal already at early stages that are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
3361 Feasibility, Acceptability, and Appropriateness of an Insertable Vaginal Cup to Manage Urinary Incontinence Among Women with Obstetric Fistula in Ghana: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Ryan Nessa E
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: 1. To assess feasibility (efficacy, safety, acceptability) of the menstrual cup for managing urinary incontinence among women with obstetric fistula 2. To examine pre-implementation facilitators and barriers (including appropriateness) among additional stakeholders METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Sequential explanatory mixed methods study whereby repeated measures clinical trial results are explained by subsequent interviews with additional women with OF on coping and stigma and other stakeholders on perceptions of fistula self-management. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 32 patients screened, 11 were eligible (100% consent rate). At baseline, mean (±SD) leakage in ml was 63.2 (±49.2) (95% CI: 30.2-96.3) over two hours, while the mean leakage over two hours of use of the cup was 16.8 (±16.5) (95% CI: 5.7-27.9). The mean difference of 46.4 (±52.1) ml with use of the cup (95% CI: 11.4-81.4) was statistically significant (p = 0.02). With the cup, women experienced an average 61.0% (±37.4) (95% CI: 35.9-86.2) leakage reduction, a difference 10/11 users (91.0%) perceived in reduced leakage. One participant, reporting four previous surgical attempts, experienced a 78.7% leakage reduction. Acceptability was high–women could easily insert (8/11), remove (8/11), and comfortably wear (11/11) the cup and most (10/11) would recommend it. No adverse effects attributable to the intervention were observed on exam, although some women perceived difficulties with insertion and removal. Data collection tools were appropriate with slight modification advised. Interviews highlighted that women were already using various active coping and resistance strategies but lacked access to tools to support coping. Additional stakeholders reported the innovation was a simple, low-cost device that is an appropriate fit with ongoing fistula programming. Pre-implementation facilitators include the clear relative advantage to existing self-management strategies, the potential to build upon existing partnerships to implement, and a tension for change to address surgical gaps. Barriers included additional stakeholder’s perceptions of low user acceptability and appropriateness in some cases and the need for additional study data to inform decision making for practice and policy. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The innovation is efficacious, acceptable, adds to current coping strategies, and fits within existing fistula programs. Stakeholders’ pre-implementation perceptions highlight the importance of partnerships and the need for an evidence base related to effectiveness, acceptability, and cost. Challenges to address include access to resources within these contexts (water, soap, and safe space to empty cup) and development of a culturally appropriate counseling message. Future research warranted.
3426 Increased Monounsaturated Fat Consumption is Associated with Improved Body Composition in Subjects with Obesity and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Billingsley Hayley , Carbone Salvatore , Rotelli Brando , Kadariya Dinesh , Canada Justin M. , Markley Roshanak , Abbate Antonio
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: We hypothesized that increasing percent calories from MUFA (%MUFA) would be associated an increased FFM/FM index. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Nine consecutive HFpEF patients with obesity participated in a 12-week pilot feasibility trial of UFA supplementation (NCT03310099). Subjects were educated at baseline by a dietitian on UFA rich foods including high MUFA choices such as extra-virgin olive oil, canola oil and avocados. Participants were given a list of items, corresponding serving sizes and asked to eat at least one serving of these UFA rich foods per day for 12 weeks. Adherence was encouraged through weekly phone calls by the dietitian. Standardized 5-pass 24-hour dietary recall was performed by a dietitian at baseline and 12 weeks. The recalls were analyzed to establish intake of MUFA in percent calories (%kcals) with Nutrition Data Systems for Research software (NDSR). Body composition including FM%, fat free mass percent of body weight (FFM%) and ratio of FFM to FM (FFM/FM Index) was measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis (RJL systems) at baseline and 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS (24.0). Spearman rank test was used for correlations. Values are expressed as numbers and percentages or as median and interquartile range (IQR). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Subjects were mostly female (56%) with a median age 56 (IQR 50-59). Baseline median body mass index (kg/m2) was 36.7 (36.2-48.0), median FM% was 44.5 (IQR 32.5-53.4), median FFM% was 55.5 (IQR 46.7-67.5) and median FFM/FM Index was 1.25 (IQR 0.88-2.1).The only significant change was an increase in %MUFA from baseline 12.4% (IQR 6.9-14.3) to 12 weeks 21.8% (17.6-36.9) (p = 0.008). Increased %MUFA was highly associated with increased FFM% (r = 0.783, p = 0.013) (Figure 1A), decreased FM%(r = −0.783, p = 0.013)(Figure 1B) and increased FFM/FM index (r = 0.800, p = 0.010) (Figure 1C). All correlations remained statistically significant after adjustment for changes in energy intake. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Increasing dietary %MUFA is protective against negative changes in body composition in patients with obesity and HFpEF, independent of changes in caloric intake. Future work should focus on whether the correlation found in this pilot study translate in improved body composition and finally, exercise tolerance and clinical outcomes.
3411 Maximizing the Value of Your Trial Innovation Network Hub Liaison Team
Authors: Gregor Charlie , Melvin Ann , Goss Christopher
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The University of Washington (UW) CTSA Hub Liaison Team has directed and facilitated work required to bring TIN multisite trials to the CTSA hub and its affiliates by: (1) Connecting hub and affiliate investigators with the services offered by the Trial and Recruitment Innovation Centers, (2) identifying investigators at academic and non-academic institutions to act as co-investigators on multisite trials, (3) supporting the local and affiliate human research protection programs and investigators throughout the life-cycle of the study, (4) maximizing CTSA and local study team resources to develop and monitor study-specific volunteer recruitment and retention plans. The UW CTSA TIN Hub Liaison Team has worked to achieve these objectives via the following methods designed for generalization and dissemination. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: (1) Providing consultations to investigators interested in the services offered by the Trial and Recruitment Innovation Centers. (2) Hub and affiliate investigators at academic and non-academic institutions are identified by a variety of approaches, including the engagement of existing CTSA hub regional collaboration networks, utilizing EHR data from CTSA developed phenotypes and targeted “Investigator Engagement Packets”. (3) Ensuring regulatory oversight and compliance is challenging in the new age of single IRB review. Establishing a flexible reliance office, engaging with the central TIN IRBs and providing guidance and resources to local study teams ensures investigator confidence in the integrity of the protocol approval and study activity processes. (4) The CTSA Hub Liaison team has developed a Recruitment and Retention Plan template and holds recruitment and retention planning meetings with the CTSA study teams engaging in TIN studies. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: It is anticipated that The Hub Liaison Team: (1) Will contribute to the TIN’s process improvement to bring regionally appropriate studies to the CTSA hub and affiliates. (2) Identify ideal investigators to engage both in proposal submission and co-investigating multisite trials. (3) Collect, compare and improve regulatory and contract approval cycle times. (4) Monitor and support screening, accrual and retention of study volunteers. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Due to low prevalence of disease, challenges related to identifying and randomizing study volunteers and urgency to address clinical and public health issues, multisite study design is an essential option for NCATS. The Trial Innovation Network is an exciting approach to leverage local and national resources to provide infrastructure to improve multisite clinical and observational trial conduct. The University of Washington CTSA hub has developed and piloted methods to achieve the mission of the TIN, by recruiting investigators and realizing trial objectives, with the hope that these methods could be utilized by other CTSA TIN Hub Liaison Teams.
3316 Mycoplasma Induced Rash and Mucositis: How Affected Are the Eyes?
Authors: Rashad Ramy , Shanbhag Swapna S. , Chodosh James , Saeed Hajirah N.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To demonstrate the prevalence of ocular complications in patients suffering with Mycoplasma Induced Rash and Mucositis (MIRM). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In this retrospective observational study, we identified all patients in our hospital database who were diagnosed with MIRM. Diagnosis was confirmed by clinical information and positive Mycoplasma pneumoniae serology. Only patients with available records with formal ophthalmology consults were included. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from our electronic medical record system to capture key components of their clinical course. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 12 patients satisfied all inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in our study. The average age of our included patients was 21.2 ± 14.7 years, and the majority were male vs. female (66.7% vs. 33.3%). In all 24 eyes, the only acute ocular findings included conjunctival hyperemia (n=20, 83.3%), meibomitis (n=4, 16.7%), and conjunctival epithelial defects (n=1, 4.2%). None of the patients required or were recommended to receive an amniotic membrane transplantation in the acute phase. Only 2 patients were followed in the chronic phase, one of whom showed evidence of meibomitis in both eyes. Otherwise, no other chronic complications were seen in either patient with chronic follow-up. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Ocular complications from MIRM may be much milder in comparison to ocular complications found in other bullous and inflammatory conditions such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome or Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. Understanding MIRM’s specific sequelae is important in understanding disease manifestation and prognosis in order to better inform acute and chronic management.
3046 Reduced structural and functional connectivity in infants with prenatal opioid exposure
Authors: Merhar Stephanie , Braimah Adebayo , Beiersdorfer Traci , Poindexter Brenda , Parikh Nehal
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS:. This study aims to understand the effects of prenatal opioid exposure on structural and functional connectivity in the neonatal brain. Our central hypothesis is that infants with prenatal opioid exposure will have decreased structural and functional connectivity as compared to non-exposed controls. Our overarching goal is to improve neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes in infants with prenatal opioid exposure. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION:. Infants with prenatal opioid exposure were recruited from 2 birth hospitals in our area. Control infants were recruited from the larger community. Infants underwent MRI between 4-6 weeks of age in the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Imaging Research Center. MRI sequences included 3D structural T1 and T2-weighted imaging, resting state functional connectivity MRI, and multi-shell DTI (36 directions at b=800 and 68 directions at b=2000). Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used to identify differences in fractional anisotropy (a measure of white matter integrity) between groups. Group independent component analysis was used to identify differences in resting-state networks between groups RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS:. There were 5 subjects enrolled in the study with evaluable imaging, 3 infants with prenatal opioid exposure and 2 unexposed controls. Structural MRI was normal in all cases. Infants with prenatal opioid exposure had reduced structural connectivity as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA) in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum as compared with controls. The orange/red color represents areas in which the FA of the opioid-exposed group was lower than controls and green represents the white matter skeleton common to both groups. Infants with prenatal opioid exposure also had significantly reduced within-network functional connectivity strength (z-transformed partial correlation coefficient 0.358 vs 0.199, p = 0.03) in the sensorimotor network as compared with controls. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT:. In this small pilot study, both structural and functional connectivity were reduced in opioid-exposed infants compared with controls. This data suggests that differences in structural and functional connectivity may underlie the later developmental and behavioral problems seen in opioid-exposed children. These findings must be validated in a larger population with correction for confounding factors such as maternal education
3466 Innovative 3D Printed Intravaginal Rings: Developing AnelleO PRO, the First Intravaginal Ring for Infertility
Authors: Janusziewicz Rima , Rahima Benhabbour Janus S.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The study aims to develop and test a biocompatible 3D-printed IVRs for the mechanical and release properties of a model drug, β-estradiol, then translate these methods to the target drug, progesterone. The goals include demonstrating decoupling of mechanical and release properties of the rings, release profiles driven by geometry and efficacy in sheep animal models to evaluate device safety. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A novel 3D-printing platform, continuous liquid interface production (CLIP), pioneered by Carbon, enables the fabrication of complex designs on a timescale that is amenable to manufacturing. The process utilizes computational-aided design (CAD), specifying shape and geometry, which is recreated via a photopolymerization process. IVRs are fabricated with CLIP using a biocompatible resin at a rate of approximately 15 min. per ring. Rings were fabricated and assessed for the release of a model drug, β-estradiol. The process was then translated to the target drug, progesterone. Rings were evaluated for radial compression and in vitro release in simulated vaginal fluid (SVF). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Intravaginal rings (IVRs) were designed and fabricated to be geometrically complex in an effort to control release. Ring geometry and subsequent pore size was achieved through the use of unit cells. Several design parameters were explored including unit cell type, size, and band presence in two resins of differing mechanical properties. Through design, a wide range of radial compressive properties were achieved which spanned values covered by commercially available rings. The release of β-estradiol in SVF was found to span 57 – 115 days and resulted in near or complete release of the total loaded drug. Changing the internal geometric design of the ring was found to have minimal influence on the compression properties, thus the mechanical and release characteristics of the rings were largely decoupled. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This is a novel approach to the design and fabrication of intravaginal rings for the treatment of infertility. The use of CAD and the decoupling of release from mechanical properties allows for us to move away from the one-size one-dose fits all approach to IVRs.
3375 Chronic inflammation promotes intestinal macrophages to become modulators of the Notch pathway
Authors: Castillo Eliseo
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The purpose of this research was to investigate how chronic inflammation promotes the generation of proinflammatory intestinal macrophages and if macrophages contribute to intestinal inflammation through Notch activation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We utilized two animal models of chronic colitis, the chronic DSS-induced colitis mouse model and the spontaneous enterocolitis development in IL-10-deficient mice to investigate the role of chronic inflammation in the generation of proinflammatory intestinal macrophages and its influence in notch signaling. Bone marrow-derived monocytes were collected from each group and differentiated into macrophages (BMM) for gene and protein analysis. Ex vivo phenotypical and functional analysis of colonic macrophages was assessed as was the presence of goblet cells and mucosal T cells. In addition, we analyzed the development of goblet cell differentiation in colonoids in a co-culture system with proinflammatory macrophages. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our chronic inflammation models revealed an increase in proinflammatory macrophages present in the lamina propria and that these cells expressed significantly higher levels of notch ligand, Jagged1. Jagged 1 has been shown to enhance TH1 differentiation and T cells isolated from the mucosa of both chronic colitis models display strong TH1 skewing compared to controls. Chronic inflammation also contributes to intestinal barrier defects, enhanced permeability and bacterial translocation. We believe this enhanced intestinal permeability and subsequent bacterial translocation promote Jagged1 expression in intestinal macrophages. To support this concept, we show TLR stimulation induces the upregulation of Jagged1 in BMM. Additionally, the generation of BMM from our chronic DSS-induced colitis mice or age matched controls, revealed BMM derived from a host of chronic inflammation were skewed to a proinflammatory state prior to stimulation showing increased gene expression of several proinflammatory molecules including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12 and TNF-α. This would suggest monocytes migrating to the intestinal mucosa have more potential to become proinflammatory instead of traditional anti-inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, proinflammatory notch ligand-positive macrophages co-cultured with colonoids, derived from unperturbed mice, significantly decreased the number of mucus producing goblet cells. In support of this observation, notch activation in intestinal stem cells promote absorptive (i.e. colonocytes) cell differentiation and prevents secretory cell (i.e. goblet cells) differentiation. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Taken together, our results strongly suggest chronic inflammation modulates macrophages role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis through possible notch activation in both T cells and the intestinal epithelial barrier.
3568 Education
Authors: Devi Gayathri , McMains Jennifer , Crabtree Donna , Freel Stephanie , Sudan Rajan
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The Duke Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Translational Science (MERITS) program was introduced with the goal of providing education and resources to faculty and trainees who are involved in translational research. However, the definition of what translational science is and entails can be widely variable, even within a single institution or department, which creates difficulties in appropriate dissemination of information regarding translational resources and assistance. This objective of this study was thus to obtain baseline information and views of translational science from a pilot population of Duke faculty. Based on data collected in a previous focus group, we expected to observe a lack of consensus regarding the definition and inclusion principles of translational science. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A digital survey was distributed to Duke Department of Surgery faculty regarding translational science, including opinions on definition, impacts, experienced barriers, known resources, and future training preferences. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Ninety-five total responses were obtained, with 79.3% of respondents identifying their work as translational. There was no consensus on the precise definition of translational science, although the majority of respondents reported similar essential elements including multidisciplinary science and transitioning between investigative stages. Respondents noted that translational science increased their job satisfaction and recognition in their field, but also stated that they had experienced barriers to translational science. These barriers were primarily funding (56.4%) or lack of training (38.2%) related. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The results of our pilot survey suggest that the MERITS program should focus on training investigators on the resources available for translational investigations and expound upon how it fits into and enhances their current and future research endeavors.
3457 Engaging American Indian Students in Oncology Research and Health Professions Education: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Jackson Ellen , Anderson Amber , Campbell Janis E. , Moore Kathleen , Stoner Julie A.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The primary goal of the project was to conduct a narrative review of the published literature to identify and summarize best practices for developing oncology-focused research and training experiences for AI/AN undergraduate, graduate and professional students. A secondary goal was to identify methodological limitations and areas for future research related to rigorous educational program evaluation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION:. Published literature was searched using databases relevant to oncology (PubMed, Web of Science) and sociology (PsychINFO, SocIndex). The bibliographies of identified relevant papers were searched for additional references by title. Search terms included synonyms and commonly used terms for three general areas: (1) target population (e.g., American Indian), (2) training area (e.g., oncology), and (3) educational program (e.g., undergraduate). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS:. A current total of 107 original publications and 33 review papers that are relevant to the project goals have been identified. Key areas of program development and implementation relate to advertising and recruitment; didactic curriculum in research methods, cancer health disparities, and professional development and career planning; research immersion experiences through shadowing, networking, application of research skills, and opportunities to develop oral and written communication skills; ongoing career development support; mentoring by faculty, advanced trainees, and peers; and culture-specific enrichment. Important areas for program evaluation relate to measures of reaction, knowledge, practice and long-term outcomes. Evaluation design approaches include observational and experimental designs with recommendations for identifying relevant control groups. Strategies to ensure complete long-term follow-up are also summarized. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT:.Successful programs address barriers related to perceived lack of abilities, lack of AI role models, limited culture-specific enrichment, and limited mentoring and ongoing career development support. Program directors should work with local tribal and community leaders when creating a new program. A high degree of coordination is needed to create a bicultural program to interest students in a research career and avoid the creation of barriers hidden to the program director. There are opportunities to improve the rigor of educational program evaluation in this setting by including measures beyond self-reported reaction and knowledge to focus on educational program enrollment and completion and long-term career outcomes. Methodologic challenges include identification of relevant control groups for comparison and the use of experimental designs.
3388 Evaluation of Mentor Academy using self-assessed research mentoring competencies
Authors: Patel Tanha , Davis Whitney , Easterling Doug
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The goal of the Wake Forest Clinical and Translational Science Institute (WF CTSI) Mentor Academy is to contribute to increasing the next generation of faculty with competencies specific to research mentoring. The curriculum of the Mentor Academy is adapted from an evidence-based national curriculum developed by the National Research Mentoring Network and includes 20 contact hours of didactic and experiential training, complemented with outside readings and assignments. A pre-post-follow-up competency assessment is built in as part of the curriculum for both participants and their current mentees. The purpose of this study was to assess self-rated research mentoring competencies among the Mentor Academy participants to better understand the effectiveness of the Mentor Academy. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A total of 37 mid-level or early senior faculty members from WF have participated in the 3 Mentor Academy cohorts that have completed so far. All of the participants receive 5% salary support and are expected to regularly participate in Mentor Academy sessions; complete a pre, post, and 6-month follow-up self-assessments; and provide a list of their active mentees. The identified mentees are also asked to assess the participating mentors’ research mentoring competencies before the start and 6-months after the end of the Mentor Academy. The same list of 26 mentoring competencies are included in the self-assessments for both mentors and mentees. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The initial results of the self-assessments suggest that mentors are coming into the academy with a rather high self-assessed competency ratings. The change in competency ratings pre/post is not as significant. On average the change in self-assessed competency ratings increases by 1.0 on a 7-point scale. Interestingly enough, for 2 of the cohorts were mentees were also asked to assess their mentors’ competencies, the mentees rated their mentors as having a higher competency (for all 26 items) than what the mentor rated themselves, at both pre and 6-month follow-up assessments. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: After compiling data for 3 different cohorts, we are consistently seeing similar patterns in self-assessed competency ratings; participants are coming in with a high level of competency and an increased level of competency rating by mentees. These findings need to be further considered. For example, the program administrators need to discuss how participants are recruited, if we are recruiting the intended users, and what should we be expecting as an outcome(s) of the program. We also need to further explore different perceptions of mentor-mentee relationships and expectations to see how reliable are the data from mentees. A collaboration with the National Research Mentoring Network is also needed to see how the self-assessed competencies compare to those utilizing their curriculum outside of WF.
3219 Integration of Undergraduate (US) and Graduate (GS) Students and Faculty (F) in Clinical and Translational Research (CTR) in Puerto Rico: The University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus (UPR-MSC) and Universidad Central del Caribe (UCC) Experience
Authors: García Rubén García , González Méndez Maria E , Moscoso-Álvarez José R. , Rivera Vázquez Mildred I , Flores-Rivera Efraín , Soto Santiago Juan Carlos , Rosado Santiago Edgardo L. , De Jesuús-Ojeda Lizbelle , Irizarry-Ramírez Margarita
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The Title V Cooperative Project of the UPR-MSC and UCC has demonstrated that educational interventions in CTR are very effective in fulfilling the objective of promoting awareness, stimulate interest and increase the knowledge, skills and opportunities, to US, GS and F (participants) in CTR. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The training sessions (TS) offered through the Title V initiative have become an engine for the involvement in CTR for participants from higher education institutions island-wide. TS consisted of cycles –level 1 and 2–: Research Education Towards Opportunities (RETO,I,II) and Mentorship Offering Training Opportunities for Research (MOTOR,I,II), ending in the formation of the Clinical and Translational Mentoring Teams (CTMT)s, in which participants, paired by their research interests, were mentored by a well-established CT researchers in their research project, to be developed in the Intensive Development and Experiences in Advancement of Research and Increased Opportunities (IDEARIO). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Up to date, 4 TS-level 1 and 2 TS-level 2 were offered. Eighty (80) participants completed level 1, distributed: 42 (52.5%) US in RETO, 21 (26.25%) GS and 17 (21.25%) F in MOTOR and 17 participants completed level 2, distributed: 4 (23.52%) US in RETO, 6 (25.29%) GS and 7 (41.17%) F in MOTOR. From which, 15, with 8 CT researchers, formed 5 CTMTs in different research areas – cardio, neuro, liver, renal, Zika–. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: US, GS and F were integrated in the active process throughout educational levels for their development in CTR.
3298 Diabetes Prevalence in Rural and Urban Patients Seeking Care from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA): 2007-2012
Authors: Medunjanin Danira , Davis Melanie L. , Wojciechowski Barbara , Lynch Cheryl P. , Dismuke Clara E. , Neelon Brian , Axon Neal , Hunt Kelly J.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To examine rural-urban disparities in prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in veterans receiving care at the VA and to determine the extent to which demographic factors and obesity levels contribute to identified disparities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A retrospective serial cross-sectional analysis was employed. A stratified weighted random sample of veterans who received care at a VA facility was selected each year for 2007 through 2012. Rural Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes were based on resident zip code. Diabetes was defined by two or more primary or secondary ICD-9 codes for diabetes (250.xx) within a 12 month period. Data were analyzed using complex survey-specific procedures. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Diabetes prevalence 2007-2012 was lowest in urban (20.5%-21.0%), followed by highly rural (21.1%-22.1%) and rural (22.3%-23.0%) areas with the prevalence being significantly higher on the insular islands (31.0%-32.4%). In 2012, 41% of urban, 43% of rural and highly rural and 30% of insular island veterans were obese. Relative to urban areas, the odds ratio for prevalent diabetes was 1.10 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.12) for rural veterans, 1.19 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.23) for insular island veterans, and 1.00 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.02) for highly rural veterans. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes is high in veterans residing in rural, highly rural and urban areas, but markedly higher on the insular islands. Understanding the burden of disease and factors driving disparities provides information required to develop targeted interventions.
3484 Examining the Use of Mobile Technology Among Low-Income African Americans and Hispanics with Hypertension
Authors: Kostek Emily , Cuffee Yendelela
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The primary objective of this study was to assess the interest in using mobile technology to manage hypertension and assessing medication adherence among African Americans and Hispanics living in a low-income urban community in Central PA. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This qualitative research study was designed using structured interviews with 30 African American participants with hypertension. The study survey consisted of 43 questions which included demographics, use of technology, technology literacy, health literacy, and medication adherence. Participants self-reported their responses about use of technology, literacy, and adherence. The data was examined using summary statistics. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Out of 30 participants, 61% identified as African American and 30% identified as Hispanic. Overall, participants reported high use of technology; with 63.3% using the internet occasionally, 73.3% having a cell phone, and 66.7% accessing the internet using a mobile handheld device. Participants expressed an interest in measuring blood pressure, accessing health information, and managing medication on their cellphone or tablet. Twenty-five percent of participants self-reported not being confident at all in managing their medication without help and remembering to take their medication as prescribed. Fewer participants (54.2%) were very confident with using technology to help manage medication and treatment. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study provides important insights on the use of technology for managing hypertension in an urban low-income community. Results suggest that medication adherence, the use of technology, and the willingness to use mobile applications for hypertension management is high within this low-income community. This study gives future researchers a framework on how to assess these specific areas in their own population.
3533 Delayed Administration Of Angiotensin Receptor (AT2R) Agonist C21 Downregulates Diabetes Induced Pro-Inflammatory Microglia Activation To Improve Cognitive & Functional Recovery Post Stroke: Therapeutic Indications For The Treatment Of Vascular Cognitive
Authors: Jackson Ladonya , Dong Guangkuo , Fagan Susan , Ergul Adviye
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The study aim was to 1) elucidate mechanisms contributing to the evolution of PSCI using a clinically relevant model of diabetes, a major risk factor for stroke and cognitive impairment, and 2) develop angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) agonism as a therapeutic target. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a HFD & low dose streptozotocin combination. At 12-14 weeks of age a total of 69 control & diabetic rats were subjected to 1 hr middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or Sham surgery. 3 days post-MCAO, rats that met the pre-set inclusion criteria were administered C21 or saline in drinking water at a dose of 0.12 mg/kg/day Adhesive removal task (ART) & 2-trial Ymaze were utilized to test sensorimotor & cognitive function at baseline as well as 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks post-stroke. At week 8 post-stroke cell suspensions from freshly harvested brains were analyzed by flow cytometry utilizing antibodies against cell surface markers for M1 (CD11b+/CD45 low/ CD86+/TNFa+), M2 (CD11b+/CD45 low/ CD206+/IL-10+), and residential microglia (CD11b+/CD45+/ TMEM119+). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Control rats progressively recovered from stroke-induced functional deficits by week 8, while diabetics still remained impaired (P< 0.05). 8 weeks post-MCAO only diabetic rats exhibited a decline in sensorimotor (P< 0.05) and cognitive function (P< 0.05) compared to Shams. Delayed administration of C21 on D2 post-stroke halted the decline and improved sensorimotor (P< 0.05) and cognitive function (P< 0.01). Flow cytometric analyses indicate that 8 post-stroke vehicle diabetics had an elevated M1/M2 ratio within the ipsilateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (P< 0.01, 0.01). They also had a larger percentage of non-residential microglia/macrophages, indicative of compromised blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Treatment with C21 significantly lowered the M1/M2 ratio (P< 0.05) and improved the BBB integrity. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Taken together this study suggests that the use of comorbid disease models such as diabetes, may allow for more translational evaluations of PSCI. Higher translational relevance may also lead to a higher number of successful clinical trials and more FDA approved stroke therapies. It also suggests that C21 may serve as a potential therapeutic to modulate the development of PSCI.