bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating Zhe Jiang University Students’ Views on Mind Mapping for EFL Reading Comprehension
Authors: Wang WM , Abdullah M. S. H. B. , Shuhaily M. M. J.
Published: August 2024

The purpose of the study was to explore Zhe Jiang University students’ beliefs and perceptions on the use of mind mapping technique (MMT) in EFL reading comprehension (ERC). The objective of this study was to examine Zhe Jiang University students’ views on the use of mind mapping technique in EFL reading comprehension (ERC). The participants of this study were 144 first-year English major students purposely selected from Zhe Jiang University. The researcher adopted mixed-method. The instruments for data collection used in this study were Five-Likert questionnaires and semi-structured interview. It showed that there is high reliability with the 4 parts of questionnaires, and each part got high Cronbach's Alpha values of 0.802, 0.942, 0.737 and 0.837 respectively. The findings of quantitative survey revealed participants hold the belief that the use of mind mapping technique (MMT) is useful for EFL reading comprehension (ERC). The qualitative interview suggested that students hold positive perception of using mind mapping technique (MMT) in EFL reading comprehension (ERC). As a conclusion, this study suggested that Zhe Jiang University students hold positive beliefs and perceptions on the use of mind mapping technique (MMT) in EFL reading comprehension (ERC). This study provides theoretical basis for subsequent related academic research. It provides empirical evidence on the effectiveness of mind mapping techniques in enhancing EFL (English as a Foreign Language) reading comprehension among university students.The results of this study have the potential to guide educational practices and curriculum design, and may inspire further research into innovative teaching strategies in the EFL context, thereby contributing to the improvement of educational outcomes globally.
Optimizing Formation Processes in Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing: Enhancing Efficiency and Quality for Electric Vehicle Applications
Authors: Song Joonghyun
Published: August 2024

Aim: To examine the optimization of the formation processes in lithium-ion battery manufacturing in order to enhance its efficiency and quality for electric vehicle applications.
Problem Statement: The global concern regarding increase in greenhouse gas emissions which has been a major factor in the climate change has greatly influenced the prevailing of electric vehicles as a sustainable transportation means.
Significance of Study: This technical review is an eye-opener for researchers on the need to optimize the formation process of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) which are being utilized in electric vehicles.
Methodology: Recent literature materials in form of books, journals and relevant published articles in the area of formation processes in lithium-ion battery manufacturing were consulted.
Discussion: In this technical review, consideration is given to the optimization of formation processes in lithium-ion battery manufacturing as a means to improve its efficiency and quality for wide applications in electric vehicle. The sequential steps required for Li-ion battery production are divided into three main stages which are electrode manufacturing, cell assembly and cell finishing. Additionally, the essential steps involved in the formation process are explained. However, the formation process is identified to usually be a production bottleneck due to the relatively low currents used in individual cells. The major influencing factors affecting the Li-ion battery formation process are formation cycling, temperature and pressure.
Conclusion: There is need for Li-ion battery manufacturers to optimize these parameters and consider them during the formation processes to boast the quality and efficiency of the Li-ion battery in electric vehicles.
Precision Water Management for Resource Conservation in India's Dryland Agriculture: Strategies and Technologies
Authors: Roy Sougata , Rathour Sanjay Kumar , Mehta Anjali , Dwivedi Ritu , Surabhi  , Pandey Aastika
Published: August 2024

Water is a critical input for agricultural production systems. Increasing water productivity in field crops through precision water management (PWM) is essential for optimizing resource use. PWM aims to achieve maximum crop yield with optimal water utilization, enhancing productivity and crop quality through judicious irrigation. Proper crop monitoring related to applied irrigation helps growers manage their fields efficiently, saving water, time, and costs while improving yields compared to conventional systems. Analysing crop-water requirements and applying irrigation based on these parameters is crucial. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology integrates spatial and temporal data, aiding practical managerial decisions for irrigation. Proper adoption of precision irrigation can save up to 25% more water than conventional practices. Agriculture, the largest water consumer, uses 70% of global water resources, with drylands producing over half of the world's food. In India, drylands encompass 68% of the net sown area, contributing significantly to crop production but facing freshwater scarcity, global warming, and erratic rainfall, impacting productivity. Despite efforts to improve irrigation efficiency in India, overall efficiency remains between 35% and 40%. Advances in irrigation systems and technologies now enable site-specific application of water within fields, enhancing water use efficiency and reducing overall water usage for sustainable crop production, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This paper explores recent developments in Variable-Rate Irrigation (VRI) technologies, including drip and central pivot irrigation systems. Effective precision water management can significantly boost crop yields, ensuring food security and contributing to sustainable development goals (SDG).
Study of Nature of Chemical Reactions using pH-Meter
Authors: Mallick Abhijit
Published: August 2024

In general, nature of chemical reactions are studied by separating the products followed by analyzing the products using different methods like spectroscopic method, chromatohgraphic method etc. The objective of the present study is to investigate nature of chemical reactions using pH-meter. Two types of reactions are studied: (a) neutralization of a given NA2CO3 solution by HCl solution and (b) neutralization of a given NaOH solution by oxalic acid solution. In both the cases, one component is acid and the other component is base. So, a salt is produced as the main product but the nature of the reaction, i.e., whether the reaction occurs in single step or multiple steps, cannot be identified by any standard methods.
In the present study the reaction is closely monitored using pH-meter. The detailed investigation clearly indicates that the neutralization reaction of a given Na2CO3 solution HCl by  solution occurs in two steps while neutralization reaction of a given NaOH solution by oxalic acid solution occurs in a single step.
On the basis of experimental studies, the probable steps of each reaction are proposed to explain the above neutralization reactions.
Impact of Leaf-age on Economic Traits of Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)
Authors: S.N Vallapu, , P.K. Nalwandikar, , V.K. Bhamare, , N.S.S.S Darapureddy, , Meena S.K.
Published: August 2024

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the impact of feeding mulberry leaves of different maturity stages—tender, medium, and coarse—on the economic traits of bivoltine silkworms (Bombyx mori L.), with the goal of enhancing sericulture practices by identifying the most beneficial leaf types for feeding.
Study Design: The experiment utilized seven treatments comprising various combinations of mulberry leaf ages: tender (T1), medium (T2), coarse (T3), and their combinations (T4-T7). Each treatment was replicated three times, following a randomized block design.
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted during the monsoon season of 2020-21 at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Latur, under Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra.
Methodology: Disease-free layings of FC2 X FC1 bivoltine double hybrid silkworms were reared on different maturity mulberry leaf combinations (variety V-1), and parameters such as larval weight, cocoon weight, single shell weight, cocoon shell ratio, cocoon yield, filament length, filament weight, denier, disease incidence, and effective rate of rearing were measured.
Results: Feeding silkworms with tender leaves (T1) resulted in the highest values for larval weight (38.82 g), cocoon weight (1.94 g), single shell weight (0.37 g), cocoon shell ratio (19.21%), cocoon yield (18.68 kg per 10,000 larvae), filament length (922.33 m), filament weight (0.28 g), denier (2.76), effective rate of rearing (98.40%), and lower disease incidence (1.30%). Conversely, feeding coarse leaves (T3) led to the lowest values across these parameters.
Conclusion: The study highlights the significance of mulberry leaf quality, particularly tenderness and moisture content, in optimizing economic traits in sericulture. Tender leaves consistently supported superior economic traits compared to medium and coarse leaves. These findings suggest that managing leaf quality can significantly enhance silk production and quality in Bombyx mori L., highlighting the nutritional advantages of tender mulberry leaves. Future research could explore additional factors affecting leaf quality and their specific impacts on silkworm development and silk characteristics.
Exploration of Bioflocculant-Producing Bacteria in Sokoto Metropolis Wastewater: Isolation, Characterization, and Environmental Implications
Authors: Abubakar Aminu Lailaba , Salihu Hussaini Abubakar , Maiyaki Aliyu Zakariya'u , Musa Sirajo Bilal
Published: August 2024

Aim: This study aimed to isolate, identify and characterize bacteria capable of producing bioflocculants from wastewater of three (3) different refuse dump sites at Nagarta College, Gidan-Igwai, and Gidan-Dare Areas of Sokoto Metropolis using microbiological and biochemical techniques.
Study Design: Serial dilution technique was used for the isolation of bacteria from the samples. 1ml of each of the collected wastewater samples was serially diluted from 10-1 to 10-6 into different test tubes to reduce concentration of cells.
Place and Duration of Research: This research was carried out at the laboratory of Department of Microbiology, at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto Nigeria which lasted for three months.
Sample collection: Waste water sample were collected from Nagarta College Area (A), Gidan-Igwai Area (B), and Gidan Dare-Area (C) using a sterilized syringe 10ml capacity each then transported to the Laboratory, Department of Microbiology Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto Nigeria for further analysis.  
Methodology: Bioflocculant-producing bacteria were isolated from wastewater through serial dilutions, inoculation, microbial count, and growth on Yeast Extract Peptone Glycerol(YPG) medium. Bioflocculant activity was assessed spectrophotometrically.
Results: Out of the seven bacteria isolated and screened for bioflocculant production, five demonstrated significant flocculating activity. These strains were further identified as various rod-shaped bacteria species, including Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Notably, Klebsiella sp. exhibited the highest flocculating activity, reaching an impressive rate of 48.55%. It was followed by B. subtilis with a flocculating activity of 25.21%, P. aeruginosa at 24.97%, S. aureus at 15.90%, andBacillus sp. with of 1.06%.
Conclusion: This study highlights the promising potential of these identified rod-shaped bacteria species for bioflocculant production. The significant flocculating activity demonstrated by these bacteria indicates their suitability for application in wastewater treatment. The isolated bacteria could be utilized in wastewater treatment, providing benefits like environmental preservation, enabling water reuse and recycling, protecting public health, and economic advantages, leading to a safer and more sustainable community.
Parsimonious Selection of a Working Correlation Matrix in Generalized Estimating Equations
Authors: Nyabwanga Robert Nyamao , Makambi Kepher , Monari Fred , Keter Lewis
Published: August 2024

The quasi-likelihood information criteria (QIC) developed based on the Kullback-Leibler cross-entropy principles is famously used in generalized estimating equations modelling to select a working correlation structure that is vital in improving efficiency of estimates. However, many studies have shown that its use favors over-parameterized correlation structures. In this paper, we suggest a modification to the penalty term of the original QIC by adding a weighting factor built using the number of correlation and regression parameters as cost components. This is aimed at improving its selection rates of a parsimonious correlation matrix structure. Using a simulation study, the performance of the modified QIC was established to be better than that of the original QIC, EAIC and EBIC. Further, it was found out that as the number of repeated measures and degree of correlation became larger, the proposed method gained more power in choosing the correct matrix. The new method was illustrated using the data for Mother’s Stress and Children’s Morbidity study.
Application of Univariate Time Series Models for Forecasting Area, Production, and Productivity of Aman Rice in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India
Authors: Rai Nishtha Pradarshika , Basak Satyananda
Published: August 2024

Agricultural production is reliant on modern technology and historical information to enhance the present outcomes and ensure future sustainability. In this study, the area, production, and productivity of Aman rice in Jalpaiguri district using data from 1977-2022 is modelled by two popular time series modelling techniques i.e., the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) method and the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) method. A comparison of the models based on the lowest values of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) revealed that ARIMA models performed better in the training period on all three series. However, in the test period, the GARCH models on area and production performed better while the ARIMA model performed better on productivity. The best-fitted models selected were AR (1) - GARCH (1,1) on Aman rice area, AR (1) - GARCH (1,1) on Aman rice production and ARIMA (0,1,1) on Aman rice productivity. Using the chosen models, forecasts are produced for the subsequent ten years.
Hippocratea africana Root Extract and Fractions Attenuated Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Oxidative Stress and Liver Injuries in Rats
Authors: Okokon Jude E. , Anagboso Martin O. , Noah Kufre U.
Published: August 2024

Hippocratea africana root is used locally in ethnomedicine to treat various diseases such as diabetes, malaria and poisoning. This work aimed to investigate the antidotal potential of the root extract and fractions against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury to justify its ethnomedicinal uses and give scientific proof to its claimed antidotal activity in traditional medicine. Therefore, 40 rats were randomly divided into eight (8) groups of 5 rats each and treated as follows: Group 1- (normal control) received oral 10 mL/kg of distilled water, Group 2- served as the organotoxic group, groups 3 - 5 were orally administered with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of root extract respectively, groups 6 and 7 were pretreated with 400 mg/kg of DCM and aqueous fractions respectively, and group 8, the positive control group was given 100 mg/kg of silymarin. All treatment lasted 8 days, and carbon tetrachloride (1.5 mL/kg) was given to all treatment groups. Assay of liver function parameters, antioxidative stress markers as well as the histopathological study of the liver were used to assess the hepatoprotective activity of root extract and fractions. Administration of the root extract (200-600 mg/kg) caused significant (p<0.05-0.001) reductions in the levels of liver biomarker enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), direct and total bilirubin and elevation of serum level of total protein elevated by CCl4 administration. The effects were dose-dependent in most cases. The extract and fraction further caused significant (p<0.05-0.001) and non dose- dependent elevation in the levels of GSH, GPx, CAT, GST, and SOD when compared to the organotoxic group, while MDA level was reduced.The root extract and fractions of H. africana did not affect hematological indices of the treated rats but caused significant (p<0.001) dose-dependent increases of WBC and platelets counts at the highest dose (600 mg/kg) relative to the organotoxic group. Histology of the liver sections of extract, fractions, and silymarin-pretreated animals showed insignificant reductions in the pathological features compared to the organotoxic-treated animals except at the lowest dose (200 mg/kg). The chemical pathological improvements observed were not reflected markedly in histopathological observations, suggesting weak hepatoprotective potentials. The results showed that root extract and fractions of Hippocratea africana have weak hepatoprotective potentials against CCl4-induced liver toxicities, which may be due to the activities of its phytochemical components and short duration of study.
Multivariate Regression Model for Stature Estimation from Arm Span, Horizontal Fingertip Reach and Foot Length of Igbo Ethnic Group of Nigeria
Authors: Oghenemavwe Loveday Ese , Okoh Peter Done , Fawehinmi Hakeem Babatunde , David Lekpa Kingdom , Irozulike Faustina Chiamaka , Amadi Michael Anozie , Oparaocha Chile A. , Ebieto Celestine Ebieto
Published: August 2024

Background: Stature estimation is a major factor in biological profiling for identification of persons
Aim: To formulate stature estimation models from arm Span, horizontal fingertip reach, and foot length amongst the Igbo ethnic group of Nigeria.
Method:  A total of 399 subjects, (200 females and 199 males) between the ages of 18-40 years were recruited for the study. Standardized anthropometric techniques were used to measure the standing height, arm span, and foot length. Data analysis was carried out using a statistical package for social sciences version 23 to calculate Pearson’s coefficients of correlation and regression equation to formulate stature model variables.
Result: The correlation coefficients (R) for height against arm span, horizontal fingertip and foot length were 0.84 for all sampled subjects, 0.79 for male subjects, and 0.90 for female subjects. Multivariate regression models for stature estimation were Stature = 56.62 + AS (0.48 – HFTR (0.006)+FL(1.15) for all subjects; Stature = 62.92+AS(0.42)+HFTR(0.15)+FL(0.88) for male subjects; Stature = 47.73 + AS(0.50) - HFT(0.01) + FL(1.32) for female subjects.
Conclusion: This data will be useful to forensic anatomists and anthropologists.
The Bioremediation Process of Liquid Waste from A Fish Auction Place is Based on the Parameters of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Ammonia
Authors: Iworo Slamet , Dewi Novy Cantika
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives: The Bajomulyo fish auction place unit II, Juwana – Pati is experiencing poor sanitation due to inefficient liquid waste processing, which results in high levels of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia. Therefore, it is necessary to apply effective alternative management technology, especially bioremediation technology. The purpose of this study is the Utilization of biological agents in bioremediation technology to overcome Chemical Oxygen Demand and Ammonia. 
Methods: This study used experimental methods and was carried out during August 2023 to October 2023. The best bacteria in degradation studies require a bacterial screening strategy through isolation and selection stages. then identified using molecular genetics.
Results:  The degradation test findings indicated that Isolate 2 had the highest potential level. The effective chemical oxygen demand parameter dropped from 6,666.7 mg/l to 5,566.7 mg/l, whereas ammonia levels fell from 34.2 mg/l to 13.3 mg/l. Bacterial identification isolate 2 has a maximum similarity level of 99%. The identification of isolate 2 bacteria has a maximum similarity level of 99%. Based on the phylogenetic tree study, this isolate has a very close kinship with the Streptomyces heilongjiangensis strain FREP 14. 
Conclusion: Indigenous bacteria may be detected in fish auction wastewater and are capable and effective decomposers of wastewater including chemical oxygen demand and ammonia.
A TREM1 variant alters the accumulation of Alzheimer‐related amyloid pathology
Authors: Replogle Joseph M. , Chan Gail , White Charles C. , Raj Towfique , Winn Phoebe A. , Evans Denis A. , Sperling Reisa A. , Chibnik Lori B. , Bradshaw Elizabeth M. , Schneider Julie A. , Bennett David A. , De Jager Philip L.
Published: December 2014

Objective

Genome‐wide association studies have linked variants in TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) and TREML2 with Alzheimer disease (AD) and AD endophenotypes. Here, we pursue a targeted analysis of the TREM locus in relation to cognitive decline and pathological features of AD.

Methods

Clinical, cognitive, and neuropathological phenotypes were collected in 3 prospective cohorts on aging (n = 3,421 subjects). Our primary analysis was an association with neuritic plaque pathology. To functionally characterize the associated variants, we used flow cytometry to measure TREM1 expression on monocytes.

Results

We provide evidence that an intronic variant, rs6910730G, in TREM1, is associated with an increased burden of neuritic plaques (p = 3.7 × 10−4), diffuse plaques (p = 4.1 × 10−3), and Aβ density (p = 2.6 × 10−3) as well as an increased rate of cognitive decline (p = 5.3 × 10−3). A variant upstream of TREM2, rs7759295C, is independently associated with an increased tau tangle density (p = 4.9 × 10−4), an increased burden of neurofibrillary tangles (p = 9.1 × 10−3), and an increased rate of cognitive decline (p = 2.3 × 10−3). Finally, a cytometric analysis shows that the TREM1 rs6910730G allele is associated with decreased TREM1 expression on the surface of myeloid cells (p = 1.7 × 10−3).

Interpretation

We provide evidence that 2 common variants within the TREM locus are associated with pathological features of AD and aging‐related cognitive decline. Our evidence suggests that these variants are likely to be independent of known AD variants and that they may work through an alteration of myeloid cell function. Ann Neurol 2015;77:469–477
Automated differentiation between epileptic and nonepileptic convulsive seizures
Authors: Beniczky Sándor , Conradsen Isa , Moldovan Mihai , Jennum Poul , Fabricius Martin , Benedek Krisztina , Andersen Noémi , Hjalgrim Helle , Wolf Peter
Published: December 2014

Our objective was the clinical validation of an automated algorithm based on surface electromyography (EMG) for differentiation between convulsive epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs). Forty‐four consecutive episodes with convulsive events were automatically analyzed with the algorithm: 25 generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCSs) from 11 patients, and 19 episodes of convulsive PNES from 13 patients. The gold standard was the interpretation of the video‐electroencephalographic recordings by experts blinded to the EMG results. The algorithm correctly classified 24 GTCSs (96%) and 18 PNESs (95%). The overall diagnostic accuracy was 95%. This algorithm is useful for distinguishing between epileptic and psychogenic convulsive seizures. Ann Neurol 2015;77:348–351.
Switch to natalizumab versus fingolimod in active relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kalincik Tomas , Horakova Dana , Spelman Tim , Jokubaitis Vilija , Trojano Maria , Lugaresi Alessandra , Izquierdo Guillermo , Rozsa Csilla , Grammond Pierre , Alroughani Raed , Duquette Pierre , Girard Marc , Pucci Eugenio , Lechner‐Scott Jeannette , Slee Mark , Fernandez‐Bolanos Ricardo , Grand'Maison Francois , Hupperts Raymond , Verheul Freek , Hodgkinson Suzanne , Oreja‐Guevara Celia , Spitaleri Daniele , Barnett Michael , Terzi Murat , Bergamaschi Roberto , McCombe Pamela , Sanchez‐Menoyo Jose , Simo Magdolna , Csepany Tunde , Rum Gabor , Boz Cavit , Havrdova Eva , Butzkueven Helmut ,   on behalf of the MSBase Study Group
Published: December 2014

Objective

In patients suffering multiple sclerosis activity despite treatment with interferon β or glatiramer acetate, clinicians often switch therapy to either natalizumab or fingolimod. However, no studies have directly compared the outcomes of switching to either of these agents.

Methods

Using MSBase, a large international, observational, prospectively acquired cohort study, we identified patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis experiencing relapses or disability progression within the 6 months immediately preceding switch to either natalizumab or fingolimod. Quasi‐randomization with propensity score–based matching was used to select subpopulations with comparable baseline characteristics. Relapse and disability outcomes were compared in paired, pairwise‐censored analyses.

Results

Of the 792 included patients, 578 patients were matched (natalizumab, n = 407; fingolimod, n = 171). Mean on‐study follow‐up was 12 months. The annualized relapse rates decreased from 1.5 to 0.2 on natalizumab and from 1.3 to 0.4 on fingolimod, with 50% relative postswitch difference in relapse hazard (p = 0.002). A 2.8 times higher rate of sustained disability regression was observed after the switch to natalizumab in comparison to fingolimod (p < 0.001). No difference in the rate of sustained disability progression events was observed between the groups. The change in overall disability burden (quantified as area under the disability–time curve) differed between natalizumab and fingolimod (−0.12 vs 0.04 per year, respectively, p < 0.001).

Interpretation

This study suggests that in active multiple sclerosis during treatment with injectable disease‐modifying therapies, switching to natalizumab is more effective than switching to fingolimod in reducing relapse rate and short‐term disability burden. Ann Neurol 2015;77:425–435
Magnetic resonance imaging pattern learning in temporal lobe epilepsy: Classification and prognostics
Authors: Bernhardt Boris C. , Hong Seok‐Jun , Bernasconi Andrea , Bernasconi Neda
Published: December 2014

Objective

In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), although hippocampal atrophy lateralizes the focus, the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to predict postsurgical outcome is rather modest. Prediction solely based on the hippocampus may be hampered by widespread mesiotemporal structural damage shown by advanced imaging. Increasingly complex and high‐dimensional representation of MRI metrics motivates a shift to machine learning to establish objective, data‐driven criteria for pathogenic processes and prognosis.

Methods

We applied clustering to 114 consecutive unilateral TLE patients using 1.5T MRI profiles derived from surface morphology of hippocampus, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex. To evaluate the diagnostic validity of the classification, we assessed its yield to predict outcome in 79 surgically treated patients. Reproducibility of outcome prediction was assessed in an independent cohort of 27 patients evaluated on 3.0T MRI.

Results

Four similarly sized classes partitioned our cohort; in all, alterations spanned over the 3 mesiotemporal structures. Compared to 46 controls, TLE‐I showed marked bilateral atrophy; in TLE‐II atrophy was ipsilateral; TLE‐III showed mild bilateral atrophy; whereas TLE‐IV showed hypertrophy. Classes differed with regard to histopathology and freedom from seizures. Classwise surface‐based classifiers accurately predicted outcome in 92 ± 1% of patients, outperforming conventional volumetry. Predictors of relapse were distributed bilaterally across structures. Prediction accuracy was similarly high in the independent cohort (96%), supporting generalizability.

Interpretation

We provide a novel description of individual variability across the TLE spectrum. Class membership was associated with distinct patterns of damage and outcome predictors that did not spatially overlap, emphasizing the ability of machine learning to disentangle the differential contribution of morphology to patient phenotypes, ultimately refining the prognosis of epilepsy surgery. Ann Neurol 2015;77:436–446
Interneuron activity leads to initiation of low‐voltage fast‐onset seizures
Authors: Shiri Zahra , Manseau Frédéric , Lévesque Maxime , Williams Sylvain , Avoli Massimo
Published: December 2014

Seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy can be classified as hypersynchronous and low‐voltage fast according to their onset patterns. Experimental evidence suggests that low‐voltage fast‐onset seizures mainly result from the synchronous activity of γ‐aminobutyric acid–releasing cells. In this study, we tested this hypothesis using the optogenetic control of parvalbumin‐positive interneurons in the entorhinal cortex, in the in vitro 4‐aminopyridine model. We found that both spontaneous and optogenetically induced seizures had similar low‐voltage fast‐onset patterns. In addition, both types of seizures presented with higher ripple than fast ripple rates. Our data demonstrate the involvement of interneuronal networks in the initiation of low‐voltage fast‐onset seizures. Ann Neurol 2015;77:541–546
Extraction protease expressed by Penicillium fellutanum from the Brazilian savanna using poly(ethylene glycol)/sodium polyacrylate/NaCl aqueous two‐phase system
Authors: Barros Kleber V. G. , Souza Paula M. , Cardoso Samuel L. , Borges Leonardo L. , Filho Edivaldo X. F. , Junior Adalberto P. , Magalhães Pérola O.
Published: December 2014

The partitioning of protease expressed by Penicillium fellutanum from the Brazilian savanna in a novel inexpensive and stable aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and sodium polyacrylate (NaPA) was studied in this work using factorial design. The ATPS is formed by mixing both polymers with a salt (NaCl) and fermented broth of P. fellutanum. The effects of molar mass (2,000, 4,000, and 6,000 g⋅mol−1) and concentration (6, 8, and 10 wt%) of PEG and that of NaPA concentration (6, 8, and 10 wt%) on protease partitioning (K) at 25 °C were studied. A two‐level factorial design (23) was implemented. The effect of Na2SO4 concentration (5, 10, and 15 wt%) on the reextraction of the enzyme was also analyzed. The partition coefficient K ranged from 77.51 to 1.21, indicating the versatility of the method. The reextraction was achieved with the addition of 5% Na2SO4, allowing the partitioning of the protease to the upper phase, whereas total proteins were directed to the bottom phase. The results of partitioning using the PEG/NaPA/NaCl system and that of the subsequent reextraction with Na2SO4 suggest that this method can be used to purify proteases from fermented broth of P. fellutanum.
Review toward all RNA structures, concisely
Authors: Weeks Kevin M.
Published: December 2014

Profound insights regarding nucleic acid structure and function can be gleaned from very simple, direct, and chemistry‐based strategies. Our approach strives to incorporate the elegant physical insights that Don Crothers instilled in those who trained in his laboratory. Don emphasized the advantages of focusing on direct and concise experiments even when the final objective was to understand something complex—potentially including the large‐scale architectures of the genomes of RNA viruses and the transcriptomes of cells. Here, the author reviews the intellectual path, and a few detours, that led to the development of the SHAPE‐MaP and RING‐MaP technologies for interrogating RNA structure and function at large scales. The author also argues that greater attention to creating direct, less inferential experiments will convert “omics” investigations into lasting and definitive contributions to our understanding of biological function. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 438–448, 2015.
Meeting report: SMART timing—principles of single molecule techniques course at the University of Michigan 2014
Authors: Bartke Rebecca M. , Cameron Elizabeth L. , Cristie‐David Ajitha S. , Custer Thomas C. , Denies Maxwell S. , Daher May , Dhakal Soma , Ghosh Soumi , Heinicke Laurie A. , Hoff J. Damon , Hou Qian , Kahlscheuer Matthew L. , Karslake Joshua , Krieger Adam G. , Li Jieming , Li Xiang , Lund Paul E. , Vo Nguyen N. , Park Jun , Pitchiaya Sethuramasundaram , Rai Victoria , Smith David J. , Suddala Krishna C. , Wang Jiarui , Widom Julia R. , Walter Nils G.
Published: December 2014

Four days after the announcement of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for “the development of super‐resolved fluorescence microscopy” based on single molecule detection, the Single Molecule Analysis in Real‐Time (SMART) Center at the University of Michigan hosted a “Principles of Single Molecule Techniques 2014” course. Through a combination of plenary lectures and an Open House at the SMART Center, the course took a snapshot of a technology with an especially broad and rapidly expanding range of applications in the biomedical and materials sciences. Highlighting the continued rapid emergence of technical and scientific advances, the course underscored just how brightly the future of the single molecule field shines. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 296–302, 2015.
Review fifteen years of search for strong nucleosomes
Authors: Trifonov Edward N. , Nibhani Reshma
Published: December 2014

Don Crothers, Mikael Kubista, Jon Widom, and their teams have been first to look for strong nucleosomes, in a bid to reveal the nucleosome positioning pattern(s) carried by the nucleosome DNA sequences. They were first to demonstrate that the nucleosome stability correlates with 10–11 base sequence periodicity, and that the strong nucleosomes localize preferentially in centromeres. This review describes these findings and their connection to recent discovery of the strong nucleosomes (SNs) with visibly periodic nucleosome DNA sequences. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 432–437, 2015.
Simultaneous determination of ten flavonoids of crude and wine‐processed Radix Scutellariae aqueous extracts in rat plasma by UPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Cui Xiao‐Bing , Qian Xiao‐Cui , Huang Ping , Zhang Yong‐Xin , Li Jun‐Song , Yang Guang‐Ming , Cai Bao‐Chang
Published: December 2014

Radix Scutellariae (RS) is a herbal medicine with various pharmacological activities to treat inflammation, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, etc. In this study, a rapid, sensitive and selective UPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous determination of 10 flavonoids – scutellarin, scutellarein, chrysin, wogonin, baicalein, apigenin, wogonoside, oroxylin A‐7‐O‐glucuronide, oroxylin A and baicalin – from RS aqueous extracts in rat plasma with propyl paraben as internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using gradient elution with the mobile phase consisting of methanol and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode using electrospray ionization in negative mode. The validated method showed good linearity over a wide concentration range (r >0.9935). The intra‐ and interday assay variabilities were <9.5% and <12.4% for all analytes, respectively. The extraction recovery ranged from 71.2 to 89.7% for each analyte and IS. This method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic comparision after oral administration of crude and wine‐processed RS aqueous extracts. There were significant differences in some pharmacokinetic parameters of most analytes between crude and wine‐processed RS. This suggested that wine‐processing exerted effects absorption of most flavonoids. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation and identification of multiple constituents in Xiao Chai Hu Decoction (Sho‐saiko‐to) by bioactivity‐guided fractionation combined with LC‐ESI‐QTOFMS/MS
Authors: Wu Yingying , Peng Ying , Song Cui , Li Lingzhi , Ma Hui , Li Danqi , Wang Fang , Yang Jingyu , Song Shaojiang , Wu Chunfu
Published: December 2014

Xiao Chai Hu Decoction (XCHD), named Sho‐saiko‐to in Japanese, is a well‐known traditional Chinese medicine formula used in Asia. However, the characterization methods used in the past have lacked sensitivity and the nature of the active constituents of XCHD remains unclear. This study was carried out to establish the hyphenated method of bioactivity‐guided fractionation and liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐QTOFMS/MS) in order to identify the major bioactive constituents of XCHD. D101 macroporous resin was used to separate and enrich the material base into four fractions, XCHD‐1, XCHD‐2, XCHD‐3 and XCHD‐4. Each fraction was then evaluated for its antidepressant effect using depression‐related parameters. An LC‐ESI‐QTOFMS/MS method in both positive and negative ion mode was also applied for separation and identification of the biological active fractions of XCHD. As a result, 79 compounds including polysaccharides, flavonoids, saikosaponins, ginsenosides, licoricesaponins and gingerols were detected, 69 of them were identified or tentatively characterized. Based on our preliminary characterization investigations, polysaccharides, gingerols and flavonoids in XCHD may contribute to the antidepressant effect of XCHD. In conclusion, the hyphenated method of bioactivity‐guided fractionation and LC‐ESI‐QTOFMS/MS was meaningful for the isolation and preliminary identification of the biological active components in complex matrices of traditional Chinese medicine. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shotgun metabolomic profiles in maternal urine identify potential mass spectral markers of abnormal fetal biochemistry – dihydrouracil and progesterone in the metabolism of Down syndrome
Authors: Trivedi Drupad K. , Iles Ray K.
Published: December 2014

In Down syndrome (DS) in particular, the precise cellular mechanisms linking genotype to phenotype is not straightforward despite a clear mapping of the genetic cause. Metabolomic profiling might be more revealing in understanding molecular–cellular mechanisms of inborn errors of metabolism/syndromes than genomics alone and also result in new prenatal screening approaches. The urinary metabolome of 122 maternal urine from women with and without an aneuploid pregnancy (predominantly Down syndrome) were compared by both zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ZIC‐HILIC) and reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled to hybrid ion trap time of flight mass spectral analysis. ZIC‐HILIC mass spectrometry resolved 10‐fold more unique molecular ions than RPLC mass spectrometry, of which molecules corresponding to ions of m/z 114.07 and m/z 314.20 showed maternal urinary level changes that significantly coincided with the presence of a DS fetus. The ion of m/z 314.20 was identified as progesterone and m/z 114.07 as dihydrouracil. A metabolomics profiling‐based maternal urinary screening test modelled from this separation data would detect approximately 87 and 60.87% (using HILIC‐MS and RPLC‐MS, respectively) of all DS pregnancies between 9 and 23 weeks of gestation with no false positives. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tropomyosin isoforms support actomyosin biogenesis to generate contractile tension at the epithelial zonula adherens
Authors: Caldwell Benjamin J. , Lucas Christine , Kee Anthony J. , Gaus Katharina , Gunning Peter W. , Hardeman Edna C. , Yap Alpha S. , Gomez Guillermo A.
Published: December 2014

Epithelial cells generate contractile forces at their cell–cell contacts. These are concentrated at the specialized apical junction of the zonula adherens (ZA), where a ring of stabilized E‐cadherin lies adjacent to prominent actomyosin bundles. Coupling of adhesion and actomyosin contractility yields tension in the junction. The biogenesis of junctional contractility requires actin assembly at the ZA as well as the recruitment of nonmuscle myosin II, but the molecular regulators of these processes are not yet fully understood. We now report a role for tropomyosins 5NM1 (Tm5NM1) and 5NM2 (Tm5NM2) in their generation. Both these tropomyosin isoforms were found at the ZA and their depletion by RNAi or pharmacological inhibition reduced both F‐actin and myosin II content at the junction. Photoactivation analysis revealed that the loss of F‐actin was attributable to a decrease in filament stability. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in E‐cadherin content at junctions. Ultimately, both long‐term depletion of Tm5NM1/2 and acute inhibition with drugs caused junctional tension to be reduced. Thus these tropomyosin isoforms are novel contributors to junctional contractility and integrity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Further results on the impulsive synchronization of uncertain complex‐variable chaotic delayed systems
Authors: Zheng Song
Published: December 2014

Synchronization and control of nonlinear dynamical systems with complex variables has attracted much more attention in various fields of science and engineering. In this article, we investigate the problem of impulsive synchronization for the complex‐variable delayed chaotic systems with parameters perturbation and unknown parameters in which the time delay is also included in the impulsive moment. Based on the theories of adaptive control and impulsive control, synchronization schemes are designed to make a class of complex‐variable chaotic delayed systems asymptotically synchronized, and unknown parameters are identified simultaneously in the process of synchronization. Sufficient conditions are derived to synchronize the complex‐variable chaotic systems include delayed impulses. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes, several numerical examples are given. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 131–142, 2016
Intracellular ESAT‐6: A new biomarker for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Poulakis Nikolaos , Gritzapis Angelos D. , Ploussi Maria , Leventopoulos Michail , Papageorgiou Chrysovalantis V. , Anastasopoulos Andreas , Constantoulakis Pantelis , Karabela Simona , Vogiatzakis Evangelos , Tsilivakos Vassilis
Published: December 2014

Background

Early secreted antigenic target 6 (ESAT‐6) is a virulent factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The identification of intracellular (i/c) ESAT‐6 in host cells would be a direct marker of MTB infection. We developed a method to detect i/cESAT‐6 by flow cytometry. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of i/cESAT‐6 in the host cells of individuals with MTB infection.

Methods

The expression of i/cESAT‐6 was examined in the blood of 58 active TB patients, in 10 naïve to TB infection controls, in 17 patients who completed anti‐TB treatment, and in 56 close contacts with an index TB case. Additionally, it was examined in the sputum of 12 active TB patients.

Results

The i/cESAT‐6 was positively detected in the blood of 52 out of 58 (90%) active TB patients. All naïve to TB infection controls were negative. Three out of 17 (18%) patients at the end of anti‐TB treatment were positive. Twenty‐six out of 56 (46%) close contacts tested positive. The i/cESAT‐6 was detected in all culture positive TB sputum specimens.

Conclusions

The i/cESAT‐6 is a promising biomarker of MTB infection that could be used in the evaluation of active TB patients and in the diagnosis of latent TB infection. Further studies are needed to validate its potential diagnostic role. © 2014 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Sensitivity of high‐risk HPVHybrid Capture II (hrHPV HC2) test using SurePathTM specimens in the prediction of cervical high‐grade squamous lesions
Authors: Zhou Fang , Pulinthanathu Rajiv , Elgert Paul , Cangiarella Joan , Simsir Aylin
Published: December 2014

Introduction

High‐risk HPV (hrHPV) testing is now considered standard of care in the detection and management of cervical high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL/CIN 2–3) and their precursors. Recently, there has been concern in the scientific literature and lay media about the lack of data regarding the false‐negative rate (FNR) of HPV testing on SurePathTM cytology specimens. This is a critical issue, since guidelines on the management of Pap test abnormalities rely heavily on HPV status. We undertook this study to determine whether HPV testing on SurePathTM specimens is less sensitive compared to reports in the literature for ThinPrep®.

Methods

We identified women with new diagnoses of CIN 2, CIN 3, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on biopsy or excision in 2009–2013. For each patient, we recorded all SurePathTM cytology and hrHPV HC2 (high‐risk HPV Hybrid Capture 2) test results from within 5 years prior to histologic diagnosis. Using the histologic diagnosis as the gold standard, we calculated the sensitivities of cytology and hrHPV HC2 tests for the detection of CIN 2, 3, and SCC. Our findings are based only on women who underwent biopsy or excision after having an abnormal cytology and/or positive HPV result.

Results

In our cohort, the sensitivity of testing in the 5 years prior to histologic diagnosis of CIN 2, 3, and SCC (combined as a single group) is 98.4% for SurePathTM cytology, 95.3% for hrHPV HC2, and 100% if both tests are used together. No conclusion can be drawn regarding testing for SCC alone, because there was only one case of SCC.

Conclusion

Our results show that the false‐negative rate of hrHPV HC2 testing on SurePathTM specimens for the detection of CIN 2 and CIN 3 is low and comparable to that of ThinPrep® specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:381–387. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Annual banned‐substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing
Authors: Thevis Mario , Kuuranne Tiia , Geyer Hans , Schänzer Wilhelm
Published: December 2014

Within the mosaic display of international anti‐doping efforts, analytical strategies based on up‐to‐date instrumentation as well as most recent information about physiology, pharmacology, metabolism, etc., of prohibited substances and methods of doping are indispensable. The continuous emergence of new chemical entities and the identification of arguably beneficial effects of established or even obsolete drugs on endurance, strength, and regeneration, necessitate frequent and adequate adaptations of sports drug testing procedures. These largely rely on exploiting new technologies, extending the substance coverage of existing test protocols, and generating new insights into metabolism, distribution, and elimination of compounds prohibited by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). In reference of the content of the 2014 Prohibited List, literature concerning human sports drug testing that was published between October 2013 and September 2014 is summarized and reviewed in this annual banned‐substance review, with particular emphasis on analytical approaches and their contribution to enhanced doping controls. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.