bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on the Sternal Apparatus in Iguanodon
Authors: Hulke J. W.
Published: October 2009

One of the few parts in the osteology of
Iguanodon
upon which the rich series of Bernissart fossils preserved in the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle at Brussels, so ably worked out by M. Dollo, and concerning which the numerous remains discovered in our own country have hitherto not afforded any certain information, is the sternal apparatus.

A specimen which I lately had the pleasure of seeing in the rich collection of
Iguanodon
-remains made from the Wealden Beds at Hastings by S. H. Beckles, Esq., F.R.S., a Fellow of this Society, appeared to me to supply the desired knowledge. Mr. Beckles readily acceded to my wish to bring it under the Society's notice; and I tender him my warm thanks for his permission, and also for most courteously placing this and other fossils at my disposal for examination and study.

The piece which I identify as part of the sternal apparatus is an azygos bar, from near one end of which two lesser rods diverge laterally, one from each side (Pl. XIV. fig. 1). Each of these rods (
cl
) has an expanded mesial end, a contracted cylindroid shaft, and a swollen outer extremity. The expanded, mesial ends are applied to that surface of the azygos bar which I regard as ventral, approaching each other here so closely as to leave between them only a very narrow interval in which the bar is visible. Their dimensions are as follows, viz. :—

The identification of these divergent rods with the bone cemented by rock
On the so-called Diorite of Little Knott (Cumberland), with further remarks on the Occurrence of Picrites in Wales
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

In my second note on the hornblende-picrite boulders which are scattered over the neighbourhood of Ty Croes, Anglesey, I briefly noticed a similar rock which occurs
in situ
at Little Knott in the Lake District, and has been described by the late Mr. Clifton Ward as an exceptional variety of diorite. In the spring of last year I was enabled to visit this district, and had the advantage of the company of Mr. J. Postlethwaite of Keswick, whose local knowledge was of great assistance to me. Little Knott is a slight prominence or shoulder on the crest of Long Side, a spur from the main mass of Skiddaw, where the former begins to fall more sharply down to the lowlands on the north. The picrite is represented on the six-inch map of the Geological Survey as an elongated dyke-like mass, running nearly E. and W. for about 650 yards, and generally about 40 yards wide, the outcrop of which extends from Little Knott across a ravine to a point at about the same elevation on the opposite ridge. The boundary, however, is inferential in a part of this area, as the rock is by no means continuously exposed, no small portion being covered with turf.

Long Side consists of Skiddaw Slate ; at one locality on its western slope Graptolites are not rare, and here Mr. Postlethwaite on the occasion of our visit discovered a
Lingula
. At Little Knott itself the picrite mass, being about its usual width, is bounded
The Cretaceous Beds at Black Ven, near Lyme Regis, with some supplementary Remarks on the Blackdown Beds
Authors: Downes W.
Published: October 2009

F
our
visits, each of three or four hours' duration, to the same section and upon almost consecutive days ought to afford the opportunity for recording somewhat, unless the section be either one that is void of interest, or already so worked-out as to leave nothing further to be recorded. In the present case, when among the previous workers are found the names of Etheridge, Meyer, De Rance, Price, and others, it may seem probable that the subject might have been exhausted. As, however, the writer's experiences do not quite agree with all that has before been written, and as he found not a few fossils in a bed hitherto (as he believes) supposed to be non-fossiliferous, a brief memoir may be of service.

The section in question is about halfway between Lyme Regis and Charmouth, in the sea-cliff. Four years ago there had been a landslip there, which necessitated a reconstruction of the high road. According to a local informant this landslip revealed for the first time the presence of a bed of Gault; but this statement was certainly erroneous, for fossils from the Gault bed seem to have been in the Jermyn-Street cases long ere that date. But the landslip seems to have done some service to geology in making the Gault bed in one place more accessible, and in causing a new and clean-cut section of the beds above it to be made in the course of the reconstruction of the road.

The whole cliff-section may be roughly
Note on the Resemblance of the Upper Molar Teeth of an Eocene Mammal (
Neoplagiaulax
, Lemoine) to those of
Tritylodon
Authors: Owen Richard
Published: October 2009

S
hortly
after the communication to the Geological Society of the paper on
Tritylodon
I was favoured by the author, Prof. Lemoine, with a copy of his ‘Mémoire,’ “Etude sur le
Neoplagiaulax
de la Faune Inférieure des Euvirons do Reims”. The chief interest of that ‘Mémoire’ was, to me, the dental characters of the small mammal there discovered, especially those of the upper molar teeth; while the general characters of the dentition, by their resemblance to those of the Mesozoic
Plagiaulax
, are also notably suggestive.

With a premolar, in relative size, shape, and sculpturing of crown, so closely repeating the peculiarities of that tooth in our Oolitic marsupial as to have suggested the generic name of the lower Eocene mammal of Reims (
Neoplagiaulax
), were associated true molars more nearly resembling, in those of the upper jaw, the corresponding teeth of
Tritylodon
than did the teeth of the genera
Microlestes
and
Stereognathus
with which I compared them §.

The figures 17
u
, 17
l
, 17
e
, pl. vi, of M. Lemoine's ‘Mémoire’ appended to the present note, will enable the resemblance of the upper molars of
Neoplagiaulax
eocaœnus to those of
Tritylodon
to be appreciated. In size the difference is almost as great as that shown by the molars of
Microlestes
. And here I may observe that, as the lower molars of
Neoplagiaulax
have only two longitudinal series of tubercles, it suggests a surmise that the lower molars of
Tritylodon
may be found to present the same less complex character as compared
On the Stratigraphical Positions of the
Trigoniæ
of the Lower and Middle Jurassic Beds of North Oxfordshire and adjacent Districts
Authors: Walford Edwin A.
Published: October 2009

A well-defined family of the Mollusca making its appearance and attaining its maximum development within a limited geologic period must necessarily be of exceptional interest to the palæontologist. Such a family, the Trigoniæ, though from their irregular dispersion and less vagrant habit inferior to the Ammonites as stratigraphical guides, supply nevertheless no unimportant evidence thereon, finding, as they do, a birthplace in the lower beds of the Lias, and in the Inferior Oolite leaping into such numerical luxuriance that Dr. Lycett has well described it as “a very metropolis of the Trigoniæ.” Though fairly represented in the higher Jurassic series, yet with gradually diminishing importance notwithstanding a brief Neocomian revival, they range through the Mesozoic period, and now in Australasian seas linger as the remnant of a once dominant race.

In wealth of individual forms as well as in number of species the narrow Jurassic area of North Oxfordshire stands prominent. As elsewhere, the Lias species are few.

Liassic Species.

T
rigonia Lingonensis
, D
umort
.—In the zone of
Ammonites Henleyi
of the Middle Lias of Banbury a doubtful cast of this species has been found. I have recorded it also from the zone of
Ammonites spinatus
at Kings Sutton and Aston-le-Wall, localities on the borders of Northamptonshire. At Preston Capes, in Northamptonshire also, it has been collected by Miss Baker.

T
rigonia Northamptonensis
, nov. sp. (Pl. I. figs. 4–7.)

The few immature forms of this species which had come under my notice until quite recently caused me to refer them with some degree
Description of the Cranium of a new Species of
Erinaceus
from the Upper Miocene of Œningen
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

Among the collection of fossil remains purchased in 1871 by the British Museum from the executors of the late Professor van Breda, of Haarlem, was a small slab of limestone from the Upper Miocene of Œningen, Switzerland, containing the ventral half of a small mammalian cranium; of which only the dorsal aspect was exposed. At the time of writing part i. of the ‘Catalogue of fossil Mammalia in the British Museum’ (1885), I was unable to come to any conclusion as to the affinity of the specimen in its then condition, and it was therefore not entered. Shortly afterwards, however, Mr. W. Davies, F.G.S., of the British Museum, thought that the specimen might be “developed”; and by careful chiselling under his direction the palatal surface was cleared, and revealed the whole of the dentition of a species of
Erinaceus
in a most perfect state of preservation.

Before discussing the affinities of the fossil form, it may be as well to give a brief notice
of the extent and distribution of the genus. The dental formula is
Old Sea-Beaches at Teignmouth, Devon
Authors: Ormerod G. Wareing
Published: October 2009

Teignmouth, consisting of East and West Teignmouth, is built partly on the outcrop of the Triassic beds, and partly on a sandy level that lies between them and the sea. The Trias can be traced from near East Teignmouth Church, along the railway-cuttings, by Orchard Gardens, to the bank of the Teign at the Old Quay. A level gravelly district forms a triangle from near East Teignmouth Church to the “Point” at the estuary of the Teign, thence to the Old Quay, and thence to East Teignmouth Church. In carrying out a scheme of drainage in 1885, the cuttings showed that at least two series of beaches exist; and documentary and other evidence prove that, except as to the surface, no change has taken place in recent times. In 1044 Edward tho Confessor granted Dawlish, which included East Teignmouth, to his chaplain Leofrick. The part referred to in this paper reached from the Point to the estuary, by the coast of the harbour to the mouth of a rivulet called the Tame, then known as “Crampan steoart,” but now as “Gale's Hill”; the boundary then followed tho stream by the “Salterns,” showing that the sea then ebbed and flowed in that stream as it does now, occasionally, at spring-tides, rising up into the streets, and also that the stream of the Teign then passed on the south side of the valley. After passing the “Salterns,” the boundary left the rivulet and crossed to the west of the church east of Teignmouth.
On the
Astrocœniæ
of the Sutton Stone and other Deposits of the Infra-Lias of South Wales
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

A very well-preserved specimen of
Astrocoenia gibbosa
, nobis, has lately eometo handwhich was collected bythe lateE. B. Tawney, Esq., F.G.S., and as it illustrates many interesting points in regard to the morphology of the Species, I have thought that a description of it would be interesting to those Fellows of the Society who take an interest in the Madreporaria of the Jurassic strata.

The specimen is gibbous and worn on the free surface, and it has been carefully cut transversely and polished at the distance of an inch from the top. The form has grown vigorously in some parts and more slowly in others, and there are quite young as well as old corallites to be observed in the colony. Except in one or two places, fossilization has not interfered with the perfect preservation of the structural details, and the originally hard parts of the coral are represented by dense white mineral, while the interspaces are filled with more or less transparent, dark, carbonate of lime.

On one side of the specimen and on the upper surface close by, are some corallites, which, as they are characteristically Astroccenian, may be noticed first of all. On the side of the colony the corallites have been worn so as to show longitudinal views of their walls and septa (P1. VIII. fig. 1). The walls of adjacent eorallites are united, and it is only in one or two places that a very thin line of semitransparent calcite denotes that the fusion has been incomplete.
On the Structure and Classificatory Position of some Madreporaria from the Secondary Strata of England and South Wales
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

The Madreporaria of the Secondary strata of England were first described in the volumes of the Palmontographical Society by MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, and some supplementary monographs were written by the author of this communication and published by the same Society during 1866–1872

Ten years after the appearance of the last of the monographs a series of papers was communicated to this Society by Mr. R. F. Tomes, F.G.S., and these contained descriptions of new species and genera, besides numerous criticisms of the work of the great French authors and of my own labours. The criticisms occupy considerable space in the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society.’ Many of them have been answered in a “Revision of the Families and Genera of the Sclerodermic Zoantharia”†; but the time has now come when a reply should be placed before this Society

As there was no particular order in Mr. Tomes's communications, it is proposed to consider them in geological order, and the first to be noticed is entitled “A Critical and Comparative Revision of the Madreporaria of the White Lias of the Middle and Western Counties of England and of those of the Conglomerate at the Base of the Welsh Lias” (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. eel. xl. 1884, p. 353)

In this communication a number of genera and species were passed in review, and amongst them the species of the genus
Astrocænia
, which were described by me in the ‘Monograph of the British Fossil Corals,’ 2nd series, Pal. Soc. Lend.,
Appendix. On the Sponge-spicules from the Deposits of the St. Erth
Authors: Hinde G. J.
Published: October 2009

The spicules occurring in the material are exclusively those of Calcisponges, and they are completely detached from each other and dispersed amongst the débris. They are all more or less imperfect, having portions of one or more of the rays broken or worn away; and their surfaces in some cases show marks of erosion, but in other instances they are as smooth as in recent spicules, and present an equally glistening aspect under the microscope. Between crossed nicols they exhibit the same chromatic effects as the spicules of recent Calcisponges. In a few instances also axial canals of very slender proportions can be detected. The spicules consist of slightly curved acerates and three-rayed forms; the rays of these latter are straight or slightly curved, either subequal, or with two rays equal and the third longer or shorter than the others (sagittate, Hackel). There are also four-rayed spicules, the fourth, or apical ray as it is termed, being apparently shorter than the others. On account of their fragmentary condition, it is somewhat difficult to determine their original dimensions with any exactness and, consequently, to refer them to known species. The acerate spicules are portions of large forms; the longest fragment is 1·13 millim. in length by ·066 millim. in thickness. In the smallest three-rayed spicules met with the rays are ·12 by ·02 millim.; but the rays of the majority of the three- and four-rayed forms vary from ·3 to ·5 millim. in length and from ·016 to ·083 millim. in thickness.
On the Beds between the Upper and Lower Chalk of Dover, and their comparison with the Middle Chalk of Cambridgeshire
Authors: Hill William
Published: October 2009

Introductory
. I
propose
in the following paper to give a description of certain beds lying between the Upper and Lower Chalk of Dover, and to compare them with those described as “Middle Chalk” by Messrs. Penning and Jukes-Browne in the “Geology of the Neighbourhood of Cambridge,” a memoir of the Geological Survey.

The chalk of the area described in this memoir is divided into Lower, Middle, and Upper, and the authors say (on p. 20) that these divisions are founded on the combined evidence of the lithelogical and palæntological characters of the strata. They describe the divisions as separated by bands of chalk having marked lithelogical characters: that separating the Lower from the Middle Chalk is a hard nodular rock, spoken of as coinciding with a palmontological break, and is called
Melbourn Rock
: that separating the Middle from the Upper Chalk is the band of crystalline chalk, long ago brought to the notice of geologists by Mr. Whitaker, F.G.S., and known as the
Chalk Rock
.

These two bands, the authors continue, form such marked breaks that the chalk falls naturally into the divisions of Lower, Middle, and Upper; and these exactly correspond with the palæontologicalzones,
Cenomanian, Turonian
, and
Senonian
, established by Dr. Barrois and Prof. Hdbert in the north of France

Still referring to the Survey memoir, the Middle Chalk is (at p. 21) divided into four zones, viz.:―
Melbourn Rock
, as its base; zone of
Rhynchonella Cuvieri
, 60 feet ; zone of
Terebratulina gracilis
, in two divisions, upper and lower, 150 feet;
On the Basement-beds of the Inferior Oolite of Gloucestershire
Authors: Witchell E.
Published: October 2009

During the last twenty years very little has appeared in the Journal of the Geological Society upon the Inferior Oolite of Gloucestershire. Prior to that period the Journal contains several valuable papers on that formation by able geologists, among whom I may mention the names of the Rev. P. B. Brodie, Dr. T. Wright, Professor J. Buckman, Professor E. Hull, and Dr. Holl. In addition to these papers we have the Memoir of the Geological Survey by Professor E. Hull, ‘The Geology of Cheltenham,’ and Dr. Lycett's ‘Geology of the Cotteswold Hills,’—works which have served as guides to the Cotteswold geologist to the present time. Indeed the work done between the years 1847 and 1860 was of such great extent and excellent character that it seemed as if there was nothing more to do in the Cotteswolds except, perhaps, to make from time to time some addition to the lists of fossils of the district; but after working over the Inferior Oolite of the Cotteswolds nearly a quarter of a century, and going carefully over the work of my predecessors, I am of opinion that another paper at least is required upon the lower beds of that formation before they can be thoroughly understood.

My reasons for this opinion are :―(1) That the beds called “Pea Grit” in the Leckhampton section by Hugh Strickland, which name was adopted by Dr. Wright and the Geological surveyors, include in that term―erroneously, as I think―all the beds occurring betwwen the Pea Grit proper
On Glacial Shell-beds in British Columbia
Authors: Lamplugh G. W.
Published: October 2009

Part I.
Vancouver Island
.
Introductlon
.―Having occasion to remain for nearly a month in the ‘city’ of Victoria, Vancouver Island, in the autumn of 1884, I had an opportunity of examining the glacial phenomena so finely developed in the vicinity, l~ot having foreseen that I should visit this place, I had not acquainted myself with the geology of the neighbourhood, so that it was not until after I had left the island that I became aware of the researches of previous observers; and, lacking this knowledge, I spent the greater part of my time in working out for myself what I might very quickly have learned from others. while studying the magnificently glaciated rock-surfaces near the city, I found it necessary to follow the highly indented coast-line of this part of the island, and, in doing so, found in two places marine shells in the Boulder-clay.

The occurrence of shells in these glacial beds has been previously recorded by Mr. H. Bauerman (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 198) and by Dr. G. M. Dawson (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiv, p. 89). The first-named gentleman merely mentions the presence of “casts of shells (
Cardium and Mya
) in a yellowish sandy clay” at :Esquimault Harbour. Dr. Dawson, in his excellent memoir, has a fuller, though still brief account, which I will give in its integrity as I believe that it includes all that is at present known of the subject. I will afterwards add my own observations, which I hope
Account of a Well-sinking made by the Great Western Railway Company at Swindon; with Lists of Fossils
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: October 2009

1. The Great Western Railway Company being desirous of obtaining good supply of water for use in their locomotive and stationary engines at Swindon, determined, in 1883, to sink a well. The spot chosen for this undertaking is on the northern side of the railway, and at the western end of the Company's works.

Two shafts have been sunk, very close together―one known as the South Well, to a depth of 246 feet, and the other as the North Well, to a depth of 736 feet 2 inches. The details of the strata passed through in the two sinkings, to the depth of 246 feet, are practically the same, the shafts being 8 feet in diameter and sunk the entire depth. The object of the additional shaft was for convenience in pumping and in carrying away the material excavated. The surface of the ground is 329 feet above the Ordnance datum.

From a practical point of view this well has not been altogether successful; for, although the promoters did not actually get into hot water, they tapped a supply of luke-warm and very saline water.

The Corallian beds, which occur between the depths of 72 and 112 feet, yielded the first supply of water, which issued at the rate of about 1000 gallons per hour; but neither in quality nor in quantity was it deemed satisfactory. It contained 144 grains of saline matter per imperial gallon.

Water again was met with at the depth of 730 to 736 feet, rising
Notes on the Fossils obtained from the Well-sinking at Swindon
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: October 2009

Kimerdge Clay
. From 8 feet to 72 feet, Kimeridge Clay was passed through, but only a few fossils were collected: thus between 10 feet and 16 feet
Rhynchonella inconstans
, Shy.,
Ammonites cordatus
, Sby., and
Ostrea deltoidea
, Sby., were noticed; at 45 feet
Astarte and Thracia depressa
, Sby., and from 45 feet to 52 feet
Belemnites
were met with.

The earthy Limestone-bed with iron-shot grains, between 50 feet and 50½ feet, yielded:―

Coral Rag
The series of alternating beds, from 72 feet to 112 feet, probably represent the “Coral Rag,” but no determinable fossils were obtained from them, although there axe indications of shells and possibly Echinoderm spines.

Oxford Clay
. The beds from 119, feet to 685 feet are, no doubt, correctly referred to the Oxford Clay; but the occurrence in the lower parts of
Ammonites Kvenigi
, and of an Ammonite which cannot be distinguished from some forms of
Am. calloviensis
, would seem to indicato that these lower beds may be the equivalents of the Kellaways Rock. For convenience of comparison, the fossils have been divided inta groups corresponding to changes in the nature of the strata.

Cornbrash
. The fossils named in the list below were obtained from depths between 685 feet and 703 feet. Some of them were from the marly beds, but the exact position of the greater number is uncertain:―

3. Few fossils have been obtained from the Kimeridge Clay, but they include one Ammonite (
A. cordatus
), au Oxfordian form, which is known, however, from
Further Proofs of the Pre-Cambrian Age of certain Granitoid, Felsitic, and other Rocks in N.W. Pembrokeshire
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: October 2009

Introduction
. During a recent visit to Pembrokeshire I further examined some of the sections referred to in my paper communicated to the Geological Society in 1884 as well as others not there mentioned. The additional facts thus obtained are so important and so thoroughly confirm the views expressed in that paper, that I have felt it my duty to lay them before the Society. I referred so fully in my former paper to the rocks in the immediate neighbourhood of St. David's, and gave such ample evidence in support of my views, that it will be unnecessary to add much to it. Still as it is most important that some of the questions discussed in that paper should be settled beyond the possibility of doubt, I purpose giving such facts as are necessary to complete the evidence. Prof. Bonney has kindly undertaken to furnish notes on some of the rock specimens collected, and I am indebted to him for much valuable information concerning the conclusions at which he has arrived.

St
.
David's
.Undoubtedly the point of greatest importance with which we have to deal, especially in its bearing on the controversy which has taken place in reference to the age of these rocks, is that relating to the Granitoid (Dimetian) rocks. The Director-General of the Geological Survey (Dr. Geikie) has definitely laid this down as the main question in the discussion. We maintain that the Granitoid rocks of this area, whatever their origin may have been, are of Pre-Cambrian age.
On some Rock-specimens collected by Dr. Hicks in N.W. Pembrokeshire
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

The specimens collected by Dr. Hicks during his late visit to Pembrokeshire have a most important bearing on the question of the existence or non-existence in that region of a considerable group of Pre-Cambrian rocks. In addition to these, the slides described by Mr. T. Davies in the ‘Quarterly Journal’ for 1884 were placed in my hands for purposes of comparison. I also possess a small series cut from specimens either collected by myself on occasion of a short visit in 1882 or given to me by Dr. Hicks.

The main points at issue in regard to the geology of the district are these: Do we find here an important group of rocks anterior to a well-defined base of the Cambrian series? or are certain granitoid and felsitic rocks (the so-called Dimetian and Arvonian)only intrusive masses of later date than the lower Cambrian? and is the socalled Pebidian merely a record of volcanic eruptions which occurred in the earliest days of the Cambrian period, no more deserving of separation from it than are the volcanic rocks of the Arcnig or Bala from the other members of those formations? Subordinate and highly interesting questions are: What is the true nature of the granitoid (Dimetian) and of the felsitie (Arvonian) rocks? Are they metamorphic rocks in the ordinary sense, or are they igneous? If the former view can be established, the controversy is practically at an end ; but if the matter must remain in uncertainty, or even if the rocks be
Note on some Vertebrata from the Red Crag
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

The examination of certain specimens from the Red Crag in the collection of the British Museum, which have been already described by other writers, and the recent acquisition by the same collection of casts of a small series of remains from these deposits, which were collected by the Rev. Mr. Canham and are now in the Ipswich Museum, have enabled me to make some additions and emendations to our knowledge of the vertebrate fauna of the Red Crag which it appears desirable to notice collectively.

Hyæna
.—The remains of
Hyæna
from the Red Crag hitherto described comprise two upper and one lower third premolars, all of which are referred by Lankester to his
H. antiqua
, which was founded on the specimen first obtained. This so-called species was regarded as closely allied to the existing
H. striata
, but the specimens are really insufficient for specific diagnosis ; and it may be remarked that it is,
primâ facie
, exceedingly improbable that the Crag Hyæna should be distinct from all continental forms. The occurrence of
H. striata
in the caverns of France has been determined by Gervais, while Gaudry § remarks that the so-called
H. arvernensis
, Cr. & Job., from the Upper Pliocene of the Auvergne and the Val d'Arno appears undistinguishable from the existing species, although the name is still retained by Forsyth-Major∥. In recording a specimen of the maxilla of a
Hyæna
from the Val d'Arno in the ‘British Museum Catalogue of Fossil Mammalia’¶,I referred it unhesitatingly to
H. striata
; but being
On some Eruptive Rocks from the Neighbourhood of St. Minver, Cornwall
Authors: Rutley Frank
Published: October 2009

Among the numerous exposures of eruptive rock occurring in the vicinity of St. Minver, near Padstow, those at Cant Hill and Carlion are conspicuously represented on Sheet 30 of the Geological Survey map.

In both cases these rocks occupy high ground, and in both they are mapped as “greenstone;” but a casual glance suffices to show that they are very different from one another, although at their nearest points they are little more than half a mile apart.

The surface of the ground is undulating, and the hills are, as a rule, smooth and under cultivation, so that it seems probable that the boundary lines of these eruptive rocks have been partly mapped from superficial features, the exposures being neither large nor numerous. If it were not for two or three small quarries which have been opened, there would be very little eruptive rock visible, and in no case did I see any contact with the adjacent slates. I am therefore unable to state what is the relation which the former bears to the latter, although, from an inspection of the Survey map, I hoped that it would have been possible to gain some information upon this point at the base of Cant Hill, on the eastern side.

With this object in view I examined the foot of the hill, passing from St. Michael along the bank of the estuary to the small cove near Cant Farm, but, at the spot where, judging from the map, the eruptive rock might
The Pleistocene Succession in the Trent Basin
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: October 2009

Though the glacial deposits of some portions of the Trent basin have received a considerable degree of attention, no really systematic attempt has yet been made to ascertain their succession, or even to trace the horizontal extension of the more important members of the series. Mr. D. Mackintosh has certainly stated his opinion concerning the westerly extension of the Great Chalky Boulder-clay, and Mr. Searles V. Wood, Junior, has also dealt more or less theoretically with the whole subject; but before anything like certainty on these points can be arrived at, the succession over the whole area must be ascertained, and the horizontal extension of each member of the series traced.

Sections have also been described by the Rev. Dr. Crosskey, Mr. W. J. Harrison, Mr. James Shipman, Mr. Molyneux, the officers of the Geological Survey, &c. &c. Many of these exposures, however, are now obscured by talus or overgrown with vegetation, while others I have not been able to visit. Indeed the following paper must be regarded as an endeavour to ascertain the succession obtaining in the Pleistocene deposits of the Trent basin, as shown by sections which I have myself examined, rather than as a detailed account of their distribution.

For assistance in much of the field-work, especially that portion relating to Nottinghamshire, I am indebted to Mr. J. Shipman. My thanks are also due to Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne, for his advice, and to Mr. J. J. Harris Teall, for the use of his notes.

The observations
On some Cupriferous Shales in the Province of Hon-peh, China
Authors: Becher H. M.
Published: October 2009

In the month of July 1885, the writer was asked to accompany a Chinese gentleman, proceeding from Shanghai, to visit certain deposits of copper-ore reported to be very rich and extensive, and occurring on some property up the Yangtse river. Specimens of the ore had been sent to Shanghai and were given to the writer for inspection. These consisted of mixed ore of copper of dark brown colour, being mostly impure oxides with a little unchanged sulphide permeated by streaks of carbonate. The mineral was very heavy, and showed by a rough test about 70 per cent. of metallic copper. The most interesting feature, however, was the external appearance of the pieces, one of which was intact as taken from the earth near the surface, showing a striking resemblance to the well-known form of petrified wood, and suggesting the possible association of organic agency in its origin. This peculiarity of course dispelled the first assumption of large veins, though adding to the interest of investigating the mineral source, which proved to be near the open Port of I-Chang, on the Yang-tse-Kiang, about 1000 miles from the sea.

The country surrounding I-Chang, on the western border of the province of Hon-peh, is very mountainous, being on the confines of the extensive ranges through which the river Yang-tse-Kiang here emerges from its eastward course through the province of Setchuan. The low hills in the immediate vicinity of I-Chang are composed of reddish sandstone and conglomerate beds dipping very slightly to S.E.; but
The Geology of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
Authors: Gilpin Edwin
Published: October 2009

In the following notes the writer has tried to give a brief account of the geology of this island from notes of his professional work as Inspector of Mines and from other available sources. Mr. R. Brown, of the Sydney mines, lived for many years on the island when it was, geologically speaking, an unexplored region. The Transactions of the Society contain several valuable papers of his, giving many details of the Carboniferous system. Sir J. W. Dawson, in his ‘Acadian Geology,’ indicated the outlines of the principal geological divisions, and devoted much attention to the Carboniferous flora. During the past fifteen years Mr. H. Fletcher, of the Canadian Geological Survey, has explored and mapped the island, and the map accompanying these notes has been reduced from the large scale-plans accompanying his annual reports, from which I have taken several sections. Valuable reports were made by Professor Lesley, Mr. Lyman, and others on several districts considered of economic importance; but the list of writers is a scanty one.

The geology of Cape Breton is notable on account of the development of two great rock series—the Carboniferous and the Pre-Cambrian. There are no measures known later than the upper portion of the productive Coal-Measures, and between the basal conglomerate of this period and the Pre-Cambrian there intervene only a few areas referred to the Devonian and the Lower Silurian.

The following formations have been recognized in Cape Breton by the officers of the Geological Survey:—

Pre-Cambrian, Felsite Series
.

The exact age
On the Decapod Crustaceans of the Oxford Clay
Authors: Carter James
Published: October 2009

The communication which I have the honour to offer to the Society relates to the Decapod Crustaceans of the Oxford Clay. It would appear that the investigation of this class of fossils, as represented in the British Middle Jurassic rocks, has been very incompletely carried out. The number of species which have been recorded as occurring in this country is very small, and scarcely any of those which are known to occur have been figured or described in sufficient detail for specific determination. Moreover, the bibliography of the subject is extremely limited. As regards the Oxford Clay in particular, the only species mentioned in the ‘Catalogue of British Fossils,’ published by the late Professor Morris in 1854, as belonging to that formation is
Mecochirus Pearcei
, and the same species is the sole representative contained in the very valuable special ‘Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea,’ published in 1877 by Dr. Woodward, to whose persistent researches and numerous publications so large a portion of all that is known on the subject is justly attributable. Since the publication of his Catalogue, Dr. Woodward has described and figured two new species,
Mecochirus Peytoni and Callianassa isochela
, both from the KimmeridgeClay; but I am not aware that either of these forms has hitherto been found in the Oxford Clay. In the recent most valuable edition of Phillips's ‘Geology,’ Mr. Etheridge states that
Glyphea leptomana
,
G. Stricklandi
, and
Mecochirus Pearcei
constitute the Macrurous Crustacean fauna of the Oxford Clay; and this statement is repeated and confirmed
The Cascade Anthracitic Coal-field of the Rocky Mountains, Canada
Authors: Merritt Wm. Hamilton
Published: October 2009

This Coal-field occurs in the moat eastern valley of the Rocky Mountains, the Bow-River valley.

The Cretaceous rocks, which underlie a large area of foot-hills and prairie to the east, have here been caught up and crop out in the bottom of a trough between two parallel rows of mountains, composed of Palæozoic rocks, which rise to a height of about 3000 feet above the river on either side, or some 7000 feet above the sea. The softer shales and sandstones of the Cretaceous rocks have been worn away and form the valley-bottom, and are for the most part covered with gravel from 100 to 200 feet in thickness. The height of the valley above the sea is some 4300 feet.

Both the rocks of the mountains on either side and those of the valley are tilted up and show a dip of between 30° and 40° to the west of south (magnetic) and a strike of from 25° to 30° north of west (magnetic).

Though there are minor local disturbances of the rocks, this dip and strike may be said to be constant throughout the Coal-field.

From palæontological evidence, the age of the Palæozoic rocks is thought by Mr. Whiteaves, Palæontologist to the Geological Survey of Canada, to be of Lower or Sub-Carboniferous, or possibly Devonian age, though probably the former.

The fossils which I collected from these rocks were chiefly Crinoids,
Zaphrentis
,
Spirifera
, and long-winged
Spirifera
.

The rocks are massive Limestones and Dolomites.

The Cretaceous rocks consist of
The Cetacea of the Suffolk Crag
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

The fossil Cetacea of the Suffolk Crag have already formed the subject of several memoirs and papers, although no complete treatise has as yet appeared on the whole group. Of the more important memoirs the earliest is one by the late Prof. Henslow, which appeared in the Society's ‘Proceedings’ for 1843, and contains a description by Prof. Sir R. Owen of four specimens of the tympanics of the
Balænidæ
. In Sir R. Owen's ‘History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds’ (1846) these specimens are again described, and the genus
Balænodon
is founded on the evidence of an imperfect tooth. In 1864 Prof. E. Ray Lankester published a paper on Crag fossils containing a notice of some delphinoid remains; while in another memoir, which appeared during the same year in the Society's ‘Journal’, Prof. Huxley described the rostrum of one of the Ziphioids under the new generic title of
Belemnoziphius
. In 1870, Sir R. Owen contributed a monograph of the Ziphioids to the Palæontographical Society; and in the latter part of the same year Prof. Lankester published the description of a rostrum belonging to the same group. Finally, in 1884, Prof. Flower, in part 2 of the ‘Catalogue of the Vertebrata in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,’ provisionally referred a considerable number of tympanics of
Balænidæ
to the four species determined by Sir R. Owen, without entering into the question of the correctness of the generic determination. Two specimens were, however, regarded as distinct from all these four
The Terraces of Rotomahana
Authors: Martin Josiah
Published: October 2009

The destruction, by explosion connected with the eruption of Tarawera, 10th June, 1886, of the world-renowned Terraces of Rotomahana invests with a melancholy interest the subject of this paper. A calamity so complete and overwhelming that not a vestige of these magnificent monuments of Nature's architecture remains to mark their site, has called forth expressions of sincere regret, not merely from the inhabitants of New Zealand, but also from every student of Nature's phenomena, every lover of the picturesque and beautiful, as well as from every casual visitor to this wonderful district.

As the chief centre of attraction to tourists through the Hot-Lake district, the Terraces of Rotomahana have been frequently described. Poets, men of science, and historians have endeavoured to express in varied language the impressions which these unique structures have produced upon them, while painting and photography have made known to some extent their delicacy of colour and variety of form. Most of the writers have, however, admitted their inability to give, from a rapid survey of the whole, more than a brief and incomplete description. In fact nothing beyond a generalized or vague idea could be acquired, except by a prolonged residence on the spot, a close familiarity with the place in all its varying aspects, a continuous study of the marvellous range of phenomena, and an intimate acquaintance with and patient observation of their periodicity and more salient characteristics.

The largest and most important structure, but lately so well known as the White Terrace, was of
The Eruption of Mount Tarawera
Authors: Hutton F. W.
Published: October 2009

The eruption of Mt. Tarawera, in the North Island of New Zealand, took place on the 10th of June, 1886. I was not able to leave Christchurch at once, but arrived at Rotorua on the 26th of June. During my stay in the district, which lasted till 14th of July, I examined Rotomahana and Okaro, and went across the Kaingaroa plains to Galatea. Subsequently, with Prof. F. D. Brown and Prof. A. P. Thomas, I visited Lakes Rotoiti and Rotoehu.

Description of the District. About 25 miles south-west of Lake Taupe is Ruapehu (fig. 1), a truncated cone 9195 feet high, covered with perpetual snow. Until lately it was thought to be extinct, and is so described by Dr. yon Hoehstetter ; but for several months past steam has occasionally been noticed issuing from the summit, and on the 16th of April last, Mr. L. Cutten, Surveyor, ascended the mountain and found the crater on the top to be 300 feet deep, with hot, eddying, and steaming water at the bottom, which had melted the snow all round for 40 feet, although about 100 feet above the water there was a fringe of ice.

The next day a large column of steam, 100 feet high, ascended fromthe crater. No earthquakes are recorded in the neighbourhoodduring" the whole of this time. Between Ruapehu and Taupe liesTongariro, the principal cone of which, Ngauruhoö, as well as twoother smaller cones to the north, constantly emit steam. Ngauruhoöwas in active eruption on July 6,
On
Patricosaurus merocratus
, Seeley, a Lizard from the Cambridge Greensand, preserved in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: October 2009

No lacertilian has hitherto been recorded from the Cambridge Greensand. The comparative rarity of this group of animals in the deposit is evidenced by the fact that only two fragments of lizard-bones are known to me to have been found during the whole period in which its fossils have been collected. One of these is a sacral vertebra with the transverse processes broken away, which was, I believe, collected by the Rev. H. G. Day prior to 1859. The other is the proximal end of a femur obtained recently by Mr. A. F. Griffith. Slight as is the material, it is worth recording as evidence of a terrestrial animal of a relatively large size, and more nearly allied to existing lizards than are the other Cretaceous representatives of this order of animals.

R
ight
F
emur
(P1. XII. figs. 9, 10).

The proximal end of the right femur now described is larger than the corresponding bone in the largest existing Monitor. It was unfortunately fractured, subsequently to being mineralized, at a point below the articular head, just where the shaft becomes triangular, so that the length of the bone and its distal characters are entirely conjectural. The shaft consists of dense bony tissue, as in existing lizards, with a small medullary cavity. The fragment is about 3 centim. long. It has the characteristic vertical compression and forward curvature of the convex articular head, and the usual front-to-back compression of the inferior trochanter, which, however, extends further proximally than in existing lizards. The
On the Correlation of the Upper Jurassic Rocks of the Swiss Jura with those of England
Authors: Roberts Thomas
Published: October 2009

In the summer of 1884 the author was sent out by the University of Cambridge, with a grant from the Worts Fund, to study the Jurassic rocks of the Jura. He was accompanied by Mr. E. W. Small, M.A., Christ's College. Some of the results then obtained are given in the present paper.

The Jura range of mountains is formed in great part of rocks of Jurassic age, which have been thrown into a series of folds running more or less parallel to each other in a north-east and south-west direction. These folds are usually quite simple, and it only rarely occurs that the foldings have gone on to such an extent that the beds are inverted.

If one examines a geological map of the district, it will be seen that the surface of the ground is occupied principally by Upper Jurassic Rocks; indeed all the higher ground is so formed, and it is only in the valleys and gorges which run transversely across the folds, or in the centre of the folds where the upper portion has been removed by denudation, that older beds are seen.

In this paper it is proposed to deal only with the Upper Jurassic Rocks. In this term are included all the beds which lie between the base of the Callovian and the summit of the Purbeckian, and as such it is generally understood by English geologists. This classification, however, differs from that given by many foreign authors, since what is here included in
On the Rocks of the Essex Drift
Authors: Rowe A. W.
Published: October 2009

The rocks of the drift in Essex are of such great variety that it is very difficult to get a really representative collection; but I have selected some two hundred specimens out of a much larger number, and these, I think, may fairly be called representative, at any rate of the rocks in the western and north-western parts of Essex. Some of these are chips from large boulders, others are rolled pebbles. I have gathered them from the surface of the land within a radius of about four miles from Felstead, taking them chiefly from the open fields, the lanes, ditches, and bye-roads, and avoiding the main roads for obvious reasons, although no imported road-metal is used in the immediate neighbourhood. A considerable number have been taken out of the Boulder-clay, and some few from the gravel-beds which underlie it. The village of Felstead stands upon high ground overlooking the valley of the Chelmer, about six miles to the north-west of Braintree and just off the highroad between Braintree and Dunmow. The general appearance of this part of Essex is that of a tableland which has been carved out into valleys, with gently sloping rounded hills. On the slopes of these hills there are at all levels, even to the very tops, beds of loamy gravel, alternating with a considerable thickness of stiff yellow loam in some parts, and in others with chalky Boulderclay, patches of which lie on the tops of the hills and along the upper slopes, sometimes