bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic, Version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
Authors: Daly Mary B. , Pal Tuya , Berry Michael P. , Buys Saundra S. , Dickson Patricia , Domchek Susan M. , Elkhanany Ahmed , Friedman Susan , Goggins Michael , Hutton Mollie L. ,   CGC, Karlan Beth Y. , Khan Seema , Klein Catherine , Kohlmann Wendy ,   CGC, Kurian Allison W. , Laronga Christine , Litton Jennifer K. , Mak Julie S. ,   LCGC, Menendez Carolyn S. , Merajver Sofia D. , Norquist Barbara S. , Offit Kenneth , Pederson Holly J. , Reiser Gwen ,   CGC, Senter-Jamieson Leigha ,   CGC, Shannon Kristen Mahoney , Shatsky Rebecca , Visvanathan Kala , Weitzel Jeffrey N. , Wick Myra J. , Wisinski Kari B. , Yurgelun Matthew B. , Darlow Susan D. , Dwyer Mary A.
Published: January 2021

The NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic focus primarily on assessment of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants associated with increased risk of breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer and recommended approaches to genetic testing/counseling and management strategies in individuals with these pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. This manuscript focuses on cancer risk and risk management for BRCA-related breast/ovarian cancer syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Carriers of a BRCA1/2 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant have an excessive risk for both breast and ovarian cancer that warrants consideration of more intensive screening and preventive strategies. There is also evidence that risks of prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer are elevated in these carriers. Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a highly penetrant cancer syndrome associated with a high lifetime risk for cancer, including soft tissue sarcomas, osteosarcomas, premenopausal breast cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, adrenocortical carcinoma, and brain tumors.
Skin directed treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, case report
Authors:   University of Pécs Medical School Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology, Pozsgai Melánia , Gyulai Rolland , Gyömörei Csaba , Lengyel Zsuzsanna
Published: January 2021

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are rare diseases with significant differences in their clinical course and prognosis. The choice of treatment basically depends on the stage, in the early stages of the disease only skin directed treatment is recommended. With most of the treatment modalities, complete cure is not possible, only long-term remission can be achieved. The authors report the case of a 52-year-old female patient who developed extensive annular, erythematous, infiltrated plaques in the spring of 2019. Histological examination confirmed mycosis fungoides, imaging did not show lymph node or other organ involvement. Given the disease (stage IB), PUVA treatment was initiated. After a total of 21 sessions of phototherapy from September 2019, the patient underwent complete remission. The authors provide a detailed review of skin directed treatment options for mycosis fungoides based on current international recommendations.
Assessment and management of pruritus in Sézary-syndrome
Authors:   Borsod Abaúj Zemplén County Central Hospital and University Hospital Dermatology Department Miskolc, Jakab Kinga , Marschalkó Márta , Szakonyi József , Szállási Árpád , Nagy Gabriella
Published: January 2021

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) - particularly in advanced stage, such as Sezary-syndrome (SS) - are often associated with treatment-refractory, intensive, cruciating pruritus, which can severely impact the patients’ quality of life. The exact patomechanism of pruritus associated with CTCL is not clearly understood, therefore no targeted treatment is available yet. The assesment of pruritus intensity with the help of a questionnaire can be a useful method to follow-up the patients complaints and monitor their therapeutic response. The authors present the case of a patient with Sézary syndrome, associated with severe itch, hereby discuss their findings and overview the literature of pruritus in Sézary syndrome and the validated pruritus questionnaires.
New insight into the pathogenesis of Mycosis fungoides and Sérazy syndrome
Authors:   University of Debrecen – Medical Center – Department of Dermatology, Tósaki Ágnes , Remenyik Éva
Published: January 2021

Primary cutaneous lymphomas are tumors that appear primarily in the skin. The subtypes of the second most common form of extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma have different clinical, histological, immunological, and molecular characteristics. The most common type of them is mycosis fungoides (MF) and rare its leukemic variant Sézary syndrome (SS). Both diseases are type Th (CD4 +T helper) cells of origin. The development of immunology and molecular biology techniques have significantly expanded our knowledge of pathogenesis. Today, it is proven that MF and SS are derived from different groups of T cells: SS from central memory T cells and MF from skin-resident effector memory T cells. Th2 differentiation characteristic of tumor cells can also be promoted by the microenvironment of the tumor. The non-malignant cellular infiltrate has a role in the pathomechanism: either in tumor initiation, progression, or in the selection and promotion of malignant cells, as well as in the development of the general immunosuppressive state characteristic of advanced stages. The paper discusses new knowledge on the pathogenesis of MF and SS, demonstrating new therapeutic options.
Relaciones bilaterales China y Colombia: 1990-2010
Authors: Borda Guzmán Sandra , Berger María Paz
Published: January 2021

This article examines the bilateral relations between the People’s Republic of China and Colombia during the 90s and the 00s. Most academic analyses focused on the commercial and financial relationship between the two countries and this is why we draw attention on the importance of the political dimension of this relationship. This article also describes and analyzes the relationship in terms of human rights, military negotiations and other political aspects such as the recognition of China as a market economy and the role played by the very close and special relationship between Colombia and the United States. This article explains why even if the relationship between the two countries has substantially deepened, it is still a marginal relation due to China’s attraction toward bigger economies in Latin America and the special relationship between the United States and Colombia.
A generalized simplified modeling method for electromagnetic coupling effects of uncertainty strapping cable harness
Authors: Xiao Pei , Li Jia-Wei , He Jia-Gang , Li Jin-Xin , Liu Zhu , Li Gao-Sheng ,   College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China,   College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
Published: January 2021

The cable harness provides a main gateway for electromagnetic interference(EMI) in electromechanical system. The unreasonable electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design of cable harness will produce EMI to other on-board electronic equipment, bringing great safety risks to the system. Theoretical research and engineering practice indicate that most of the electromechanical systems cannot satisfy EMC standards, which can be attributed to the EMI generated by cables. As for the eletromagnetic(EM) illumination analysis, reliably and efficiently generating a full numerical model of cable harness is becoming more prominent for the EMC designers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a more effective method to solve the modeling problem of cable harness.

In the practical application, the cable harness has the characteristics of spatial layout, and its characteristics such as “large number of core wires”, “arbitrary curvature of space” and “randomness of wiring” bring challenges to the modeling of EM coupling to cable harness. The numerical simulation of the whole cable harness model requires severe conditions for computational resource and even makes the EM coupling analysis impossible. Thus, considering the uncertainty of wire position, this paper proposes a generalized simplified modeling method for the EM coupling effect of uncertainty strapping cable harness. Firstly, the Gaussian distribution and spline interpolation are used to determine the location of the core conductors in the random bundling. Then, the distribution parameters of the cable harness at different positions are established by using the transposition relationship between the subsegments of the wires. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by numerical examples of the arc-shaped and sine-shaped harness.

In conclusion, this paper proposes a generalized simplification technique to model the EM illumination on cable harness with uncertainty wiring factors. By grouping the conductors together, the required computation time is markedly reduced and the complexity of modeling the completely cable harness is significantly simplified within a good accuracy. The proposed method provides a way of solving the modeling problem caused by “uncertainty strapping” of the complex wiring harnesses in electromechanical systems.
Research progress of green chemical mechanical polishing slurry
Authors: Gao Pei-Li , Zhang Zhen-Yu , Wang Dong , Zhang Le-Zhen , Xu Guang-Hong , Meng Fan-Ning , Xie Wen-Xiang , Bi Sheng ,   Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of High Performance Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China,   Beijing Spacecrafts, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China,   Weichai Power Co., Ltd., Weifang 261061, China
Published: January 2021

Atomic-scale fabrication is an effective way to realize the ultra-smooth surfaces of semiconductor wafers on an atomic scale. As one of the crucial manufacturing means for atomically precise surface of large-sized functional materials, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has become a key technology for ultra-smooth and non-damage surface planarization of advanced materials and devices by virtue of the synergetic effect of chemical corrosion and mechanical grinding. It has been widely used in aviation, aerospace, microelectronics, and many other fields. However, in order to achieve ultra-smooth surface processing at an atomic level, chemical corrosion and mechanical grinding methods commonly used in CMP process require some highly corrosive and toxic hazardous chemicals, which would cause irreversible damage to the ecosystems. Therefore, the recently reported green chemical additives used in high-performance and environmentally friendly CMP slurry for processing atomically precise surface are summarized here in this paper. Moreover, the mechanism of chemical reagents to the modulation of materials surface properties in the CMP process is also analyzed in detail. This will provide a reference for improving the surface characteristics on an atomic scale. Finally, the challenges that the polishing slurry is facing in the research of atomic-scale processing are put forward, and their future development directions are prospected too, which has profound practical significance for further improving the atomic-scale surface accuracy.
Ral GTPases promote breast cancer metastasis by controlling biogenesis and organ targeting of exosomes
Authors: Ghoroghi Shima , Mary Benjamin , Larnicol Annabel , Asokan Nandini , Klein Annick , Osmani Naël , Busnelli Ignacio , Delalande François , Paul Nicodème , Halary Sébastien , Gros Frédéric , Fouillen Laetitia , Haeberle Anne-Marie , Royer Cathy , Spiegelhalter Coralie , André-Grégoire Gwennan , Mittelheisser Vincent , Detappe Alexandre , Murphy Kendelle , Timpson Paul , Carapito Raphaël , Blot-Chabaud Marcel , Gavard Julie , Carapito Christine , Vitale Nicolas , Lefebvre Olivier , Goetz Jacky G , Hyenne Vincent
Published: January 2021

Cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs) shuttle at distance and fertilize pre-metastatic niches facilitating subsequent seeding by tumor cells. However, the link between EV secretion mechanisms and their capacity to form pre-metastatic niches remains obscure. Using mouse models, we show that GTPases of the Ral family control, through the phospholipase D1, multi-vesicular bodies homeostasis and tune the biogenesis and secretion of pro-metastatic EVs. Importantly, EVs from RalA or RalB depleted cells have limited organotropic capacities in vivoand are less efficient in promoting metastasis. RalA and RalB reduce the EV levels of the adhesion molecule MCAM/CD146, which favors EV-mediated metastasis by allowing EVs targeting to the lungs. Finally, RalA, RalB, and MCAM/CD146, are factors of poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Altogether, our study identifies RalGTPases as central molecules linking the mechanisms of EVs secretion and cargo loading to their capacity to disseminate and induce pre-metastatic niches in a CD146-dependent manner.
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin limits primary and recall CD8+ T-cell anti-viral responses
Authors: Ebina-Shibuya Risa , West Erin E , Spolski Rosanne , Li Peng , Oh Jangsuk , Kazemian Majid , Gromer Daniel , Swanson Phillip , Du Ning , McGavern Dorian B , Leonard Warren J
Published: January 2021

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine that acts directly on CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells to promote progression of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic inflammation. However, a direct role for TSLP in CD8+ T-cell primary responses remains controversial and its role in memory CD8+ T cell responses to secondary viral infection is unknown. Here, we investigate the role of TSLP in both primary and recall responses in mice using two different viral systems. Interestingly, TSLP limited the primary CD8+ T-cell response to influenza but did not affect T cell function nor significantly alter the number of memory CD8+ T cells generated after influenza infection. However, TSLP inhibited memory CD8+ T-cell responses to secondary viral infection with influenza or acute systemic LCMV infection. These data reveal a previously unappreciated role for TSLP on recall CD8+ T-cell responses in response to viral infection, findings with potential translational implications.
A digital 3D reference atlas reveals cellular growth patterns shaping the Arabidopsis ovule
Authors: Vijayan Athul , Tofanelli Rachele , Strauss Sören , Cerrone Lorenzo , Wolny Adrian , Strohmeier Joanna , Kreshuk Anna , Hamprecht Fred A , Smith Richard S , Schneitz Kay
Published: January 2021

A fundamental question in biology is how morphogenesis integrates the multitude of processes that act at different scales, ranging from the molecular control of gene expression to cellular coordination in a tissue. Using machine-learning-based digital image analysis, we generated a three-dimensional atlas of ovule development inArabidopsis thaliana, enabling the quantitative spatio-temporal analysis of cellular and gene expression patterns with cell and tissue resolution. We discovered novel morphological manifestations of ovule polarity, a new mode of cell layer formation, and previously unrecognized subepidermal cell populations that initiate ovule curvature. The data suggest an irregular cellular build-up ofWUSCHELexpression in the primordium and new functions forINNER NO OUTERin restricting nucellar cell proliferation and the organization of the interior chalaza. Our work demonstrates the analytical power of a three-dimensional digital representation when studying the morphogenesis of an organ of complex architecture that eventually consists of 1900 cells.
Genomic diversity of Escherichia coli from healthy children in rural Gambia
Authors: Foster-Nyarko Ebenezer , Alikhan Nabil-Fareed , Ikumapayi Usman N. , Sarwar Golam , Okoi Catherine , Tientcheu Peggy-Estelle Maguiagueu , Defernez Marianne , O’Grady Justin , Antonio Martin , Pallen Mark J.
Published: January 2021

Little is known about the genomic diversity of Escherichia coli in healthy children from sub-Saharan Africa, even though this is pertinent to understanding bacterial evolution and ecology and their role in infection. We isolated and whole-genome sequenced up to five colonies of faecal E. coli from 66 asymptomatic children aged three-to-five years in rural Gambia (n = 88 isolates from 21 positive stools). We identified 56 genotypes, with an average of 2.7 genotypes per host. These were spread over 37 seven-allele sequence types and the E. coli phylogroups A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F and Escherichia cryptic clade I. Immigration events accounted for three-quarters of the diversity within our study population, while one-quarter of variants appeared to have arisen from within-host evolution. Several isolates encode putative virulence factors commonly found in Enteropathogenic and Enteroaggregative E. coli, and 53% of the isolates encode resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobials. Thus, resident E. coli in these children may constitute reservoirs of virulence- and resistance-associated genes. Moreover, several study strains were closely related to isolates that caused disease in humans or originated from livestock. Our results suggest that within-host evolution plays a minor role in the generation of diversity compared to independent immigration and the establishment of strains among our study population. Also, this study adds significantly to the number of commensal E. coli genomes, a group that has been traditionally underrepresented in the sequencing of this species.
Big Data Processing for Generic Clarification of Heterogeneous Images
Authors: Abikoye Olanrewaju E. , Olaboye Y. O. , Alabi Abdullateef O.
Published: January 2021

Most industries around the globe make use of image processing to improve their productions. On the other hand Big Data Processing is a big dataset; this required fast method to processing irrespective of Generic nature, therefore Clarification of heterogeneous images can improve the integrity of any system design. To avoid waste of time and energy, it is necessary to classify images. Big Data Processing for Generic Clarification of heterogeneous images provides fast, accurate and objectives results. In this study, the researchers classified into three category using resnet50 techniques for training dataset images. The outcome of the research is analyzing these techniques and comparison analysis on different existing image data sets as pre-trained data and test data as sample images for decision making based on their limitations and strengths.
Heavy Metal and Microbial Contaminants of Some Vegetables Irrigated With Goo Reservoir Water, Navrongo, Ghana
Authors: Abalori Theophilus Atio, , Weobong Conrad Atogi-Akwoa,
Published: January 2021

Globally, the safety of vegetables for consumption is becoming an increasing concern to consumers because of the risk associated with eating of vegetables contaminated with heavy metals and microbial organisms. An assessment of the extent of microbial contamination and also levels of heavy metals and the risk associated with the consumption of the vegetables irrigated with polluted Goo reservoir water in the Navrongo municipality was carried out. Site A used the channel flooding irrigation method whilst site B used watering cans for watering during the latter part of the dry season when the pressure of the water is low. A total of 128 vegetables samples were taken for microbial and heavy metals determination each. Samples of leafy vegetable and fruit vegetables were randomly taken from the two sites for microbial and heavy metal analysis. The reservoir was divided to North, South, East and West and water samples taken from each location. The concentrations of heavy metals in the reservoir exceeded the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) recommended levels of metals in water for irrigation. Site B recorded the highest microbial counts likewise heavy metal contaminants in the sampled vegetables. Levels of cadmium in the vegetables exceeded the World Health Organization/FAO permissible levels. Copper (Cu) had the highest concentration in both sites. Faecal Coliform (FC) levels in the vegetables were above the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF) allowable limits. The high quantities of Total Coliform, Faecal Coliform, E. coli, helminthes eggs and salmonella contamination of the vegetables indicate high risk of getting diseases through the consumption of these vegetables. The hazard quotient of all the metals exceeded one in both sites except Zinc (Zn). The hazard index (HI) of heavy metals studied was above one in both sites, indicating they could have adverse health effect to human life. The analysis showed there was significant difference in microbial counts and levels of heavy metals in the vegetables in the two different sites. The consumers of these vegetables were at risk of contracting water-borne diseases like typhoid fever, cholera among others and also a high risk of heavy metal poisoning especially from cadmium.
Diversity of Endophytic Fungi of Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) and Their Antagonistic Activity against Two Banana Pathogens
Authors: Tchamgoue Eric Ngalani , Fanche Sandrine Aimée Youte , Ndjakou Bruno Lenta , Matei Florentina , Nyegue Maximilienne Ascension
Published: January 2021

Aims: The present study was carried out to determine the diversity of endophytic fungi that colonize the leaves of Psidium guajava, and to evaluate their antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense and Mycosphaerella fijiensis which are the two main phytopathogens of banana plants.

Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out at Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I and Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, between April 2018 and February 2020.

Methodology: Fragments of surface sterilized leaves of Psidium guajava were inoculated on Potato Dextrose Agar supplemented with chloramphenicol. The isolated and purified endophytic fungi were identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic characters using a mycological atlas as guide. The non-sporulating isolates were identified by comparing the ITS regions of their DNA to those of known fungi registered in the GenBank database. The antagonistic activity of the endophytic fungi isolated against Fusarium oxysporum and Mycosphaerella fijiensis was screened using dual culture method.

Results: A total of 28 endophytic fungal were isolated from the leaves of Psidium guajava corresponding to a colonization frequency of 33.33%. These isolates were identified as: Aspergillus sp., Botryosphaeria sp., Fusarium sp., Neoscytalidium sp., Xylaria sp., Phyllosticta capitalensis, Cercospora apii, Xylaria longipes, Phomopsis sp., Phomopsis asparagi, Aspergillus versicolor, Pallidocercospora thailandica, and Xylaria grammica that belonged to the Deuteromycota and Ascomycota divisions. These endophytic fungi inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense and Mycosphaerella fijiensis with the percentage inhibition varying respectively from 23.25% to 73.52% and from 21.36% to 100%. The species Botryosphaeria sp., Phomopsis sp., Phomopsis asparagi, and Xylaria longipes exhibited the greatest activity.

Conclusion: The leaves of Psidium guajava have a fairly varied diversity of endophytic fungi. These endophytic fungi can serve as potential biological control agents against Panama and Sigatoka diseases of banana and also would produce secondary metabolites with antifungal properties.
Structural Evolution upon Delithiation/Lithiation in Prelithiated Foil Anodes: A Case Study of AgLi Alloys with High Li Utilization and Marginal Volume Variation
Authors: Wu Xuan , Zhang Wei , Wu Naiqi , Pang Su‐Seng , Ding Yi , He Guang
Published: January 2021

Dealloying is a powerful technology to fabricate nanoporous materials with tunable structures and compositions for battery applications. Meanwhile, electrochemical dealloying is an intrinsic process for metal anodes that exhibits fundamental correlations with electrode morphologies and structures. In this work, Li‐Ag composites are fabricated as a case study to understand the spontaneous structural evolution and the in situ formation of nanoporosity during a reversible lithiation/delithiation process. The rationally designed nanoporous AgLi (NPAgLi) framework with limited Li capacity (10 mAh cm−2) enables a dendrite‐free anode with marginal volume variation upon long‐term cycling, which can be attributed to the spatially confined reaction pattern along with efficient Li alloying/dealloying. Furthermore, full cell tests reveal the NPAgLi anode remains stable under practical conditions such as lean electrolyte (15 µL), large areal capacity (1.6 mAh cm−2), and high‐loading cathode (12 mg cm−2). This work provides new perspectives on the in situ structural evolution of Li‐rich alloy electrodes and the results are expected to contribute to the development of alkali metal anodes.
Interfacial‐Potential‐Gradient Induced a Significant Enhancement of Photoelectric Conversion: Thiophene Polyelectrolyte (PTE‐BS) and Bipyridine Ruthenium (N3) Cooperative Regulated Biomimetic Nanochannels
Authors: Ren Yan , Liu You , Zhang Liangqian , Fan Xia , Zhai Jin , Jiang Lei
Published: January 2021

Inspired by photosynthesis, the ion transport‐based artificial light harvesting system shows unprecedented superiority in photoelectric conversion. However, how to high‐efficiently utilize solar energy, just like photosystem I and photosystem II working together in the thylakoid membrane, remains a great challenge. Here, a facile strategy for patterning two photosensitive molecules is demonstrated, that is, thiophene polyelectrolyte (PTE‐BS) and bipyridine ruthenium (N3), onto the two segments of symmetric/asymmetric hourglass‐shaped alumina nanochannels. Owing to the different energy levels, an interfacial‐potential‐gradient is established in the tip junction of the nanochannels, wherein photoinduced excited electrons transfer from PTE‐BS to N3, resulting in the efficient separation of electron–holes. Simultaneously, the increasing surface‐charge‐density enhances transmembrane ion transport performance. Thus, the photo‐induced ionic current change ratio increases up to 100% to realize a significant photoelectric conversion, which is superior to all of the N3 or PTE‐BS individually modified nanochannel systems. By changing the channel geometry from symmetric to asymmetric, the biomimetic nanochannels also exhibit a diode‐like ion transport behavior. This work may provide guidance for the development of high‐performance photoelectric conversion nanochannel systems.
Porphyrin Conjugated Polymer Grafted onto BiVO4 Nanosheets for Efficient Z‐Scheme Overall Water Splitting via Cascade Charge Transfer and Single‐Atom Catalytic Sites
Authors: Wang Jinming , Xu Lei , Wang Tingxia , Li Renjie , Zhang Yuexing , Zhang Jing , Peng Tianyou
Published: January 2021

This work shows a novel artificial Z‐scheme photosystem based on a heterometallic Zn‐/Pt‐porphyrin conjugated polymer (ZnPtP‐CP) grafted onto ultrathin BiVO4 nanosheets via Zn–O–V bridging bonds for high‐efficiency overall water photosplitting. An impressive apparent quantum yield of 9.85% at λ = 400 nm is achieved over the resulting ZnPtP–CP/BiVO4 composite, in which BiVO4 nanosheets are in close contact with ZnPtP‐CP nanosheets via Zn–O–V bridging bonds to promote a Z‐scheme charge transfer mechanism with ZnPtP‐CP serving as electron‐rich unit and BiVO4 as hole‐rich one. The photoexcited electrons of BiVO4 transfer to the interface and recombine with the photogenerated holes of ZnPtP‐CP through the Zn–O–V bonds, and thus the strong reducibility of the photoinduced electrons in ZnPtP‐CP and the strong oxidation ability of the photogenerated holes in BiVO4 are maintained. Moreover, the highly dispersed Pt centers (PtN4) in Pt‐porphyrin bridging units act as single‐atom catalytic sites to facilitate a cascade charge transfer by fast migration of the photogenerated electrons from Zn‐porphyrin to Pt‐porphyrin units for the water reduction reaction. This Z‐scheme mechanism with two‐step excitation and cascade charge transfer pathway makes the composite acting as Z‐scheme dual‐function photocatalyst responsible for the efficient solar‐driven overall water photosplitting without the aid of a sacrificial reagent or external bias.
Developing a post‐season tissue test for rice nitrogen management
Authors: Hoegenauer Kyle A. , Roberts Trenton L. , Hardke Jarrod T. , Ortel Carrie C. , Slaton Nathan A.
Published: January 2021

No post‐season analysis method currently exists for rice (Oryza sativa L.) to determine whether N was managed properly during the growing season. Our primary research objective was to determine whether post‐season, rice stem N concentrations can be used to predict if sufficient or excessive N was available. Aboveground biomass samples were taken from N response trials at harvest. Stalks were separated into 5‐cm segments starting at the soil surface and extending upward to 45 cm. One‐half of the samples had all of the leaf material (leaves and leaf sheaths) removed, whereas the other half remained intact. All samples were analyzed for N concentration in the form of amino acids (AA‐N), ammonium (NH4+–N), and nitrate (NO3––N). Samples analyzed with leaf material were found to be statistically different from samples analyzed without leaf material for all three forms of N (P < .0001). Due to significant variability in response, AA‐N and NH4+–N were discovered to be incompatible for a post‐season tissue test in rice. However, NO3––N concentrations showed strong consistency in response to N fertilization rates. Upon further analysis, NO3––N concentrations in the lower portion of the rice stem were found to be more responsive to excessive N fertilization than the upper sections of the rice stem (P < .0001). These results suggest that rice stalks sampled from the lower portion of the plant near maturity and analyzed for NO3––N could be used to predict over‐fertilization and should be investigated further.
Institutional entrepreneurship and permaculture: A practice theory perspective
Authors: Genus Audley , Iskandarova Marfuga , Warburton Brown Chris
Published: January 2021

Permaculture is a growing but little researched phenomenon emphasising care for the environment, equity, fair treatment of people and working with—and not against—nature. It thus represents a potential alternative to business as usual, capable of addressing fundamental challenges posed by human‐made climate change. The paper examines a previously ignored site of entrepreneurship by taking a practice perspective, exploring connections between the practice and growth of permaculture and institutional entrepreneurship. It assesses practice‐related and institutional factors affecting the start‐up and operation of permaculture enterprises in the United Kingdom. The study maps and surveys UK Permaculture Association members who have started up their own business and reports on qualitative data from personal interviews with twenty of them. Data analysis employs NVivo software and involves thematic analysis pertaining to the practice, institutional biographies and institutional portfolios of permaculture entrepreneurs. The findings show the importance of permaculture activists' institutional biographies and institutional portfolios to the start‐up and operation of permaculture enterprises and for shaping permaculture‐related practice. The contribution of the paper lies in how it balances attention to individual agency with subfield‐specific, organisational field and macrosocial factors in understanding ‘beyond profit’ entrepreneurship.
Wiedemann‐Steiner syndrome: A case report
Authors: Hirst Lorna , Evans Robert
Published: January 2021

Wiedemann‐Steiner syndrome (WDSTS) is an exceptionally rare autosomal dominant syndrome with considerable phenotypical variation. Clinical features include dysmorphic facial and skeletal features, growth deficiency, developmental delay, hypertrichosis cubiti and various dental features. We present a 7‐year‐old female with premature exfoliation of primary teeth and premature eruption of permanent teeth.
Heterogeneous Formic Acid Production by Hydrogenation of CO2 Catalyzed by Ir‐bpy Embedded in Polyphenylene Porous Organic Polymers
Authors: Bennedsen Niklas R. , Christensen David B. , Mortensen Rasmus L. , Wang Bolun , Wang Ryan , Kramer Søren , Kegnæs Søren
Published: January 2021

Heterogeneous immobilized molecular catalysis has gained significant attention as a platform for creating more efficient and selective catalysts. A promising type of immobilized molecular catalysts are made from porous organic polymers (POPs) due to their high stability, porosity, and ability to mimic the catalytic activity and selectivity of homogeneous organometallic catalysts. These properties of the POP‐based systems make them very attractive as heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation of CO2 to formate, where predominately homogeneous systems have been applied. In this study, five POPs were synthesized and assessed in the hydrogenation of CO2 where the active catalysts were made in‐situ by mixing IrCl3 and the POPs. One of the Ir/POP catalysts provided a turn‐over number (TON) >20,000, which is among the highest for POP‐based systems. Thorough characterization (CO2‐ and N2‐physisorption, TGA, CHN‐analysis, XRD, XPS, SEM, STEM and TEM) was performed. Notably, the developed Ir/POP system also showed catalytic activity for the decomposition of formic acid into H2 enabling the use of formic acid as a renewable energy carrier.
Farbe ist Lebensfreude: Beim Holi‐Fest in Kathmandu
Authors: Sicker Dieter
Published: January 2021

Reisen Sie gern? Oft hat man dabei unerwartete Erlebnisse, die irgendwie mit Chemie zu tun haben und chemisches Lehrbuchwissen wird ungeahnt erweitert. Es verknüpft sich mit Geschichte und Geschichten, unbekannten Anwendungen, praktischen Handgriffen und dem realen Leben anderer Menschen. Man staunt über etwas, in dem man gar nichts Staunenswertes vermutete. Über solche kleinen Wunder soll diese Serie berichten. Mehr als sonst wollen wir dazu Fotos benutzen. Diesmal besuchen wir das Holi‐Fest in Kathmandu, der Hauptstadt von Nepal – das nächste findet dort am 29. März 2021 statt.
Guajamers A—I, Rearranged Polycyclic Phloroglucinol Meroterpenoids from Psidium guajava Leaves and Their Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Huang Ji‐Wu , Li Chuang‐Jun , Yang Jing‐Zhi , Li Chuan , Zhang Yu , Liu Ke , Yu Yue , Jiang Jian‐Dong , Zhang Dong‐Ming
Published: January 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Eight new polycyclic phloroglucinol meroterpenoids guajamers A—H (1—8), a methylated benzoylphloroglucinol meroterpenoid guajamer I (9) representing a new skeleton, and two known analogues (10 and 11) were isolated from the leaves of Psidium guajava. The structures of new molecules were elucidated by detailed analysis of spectroscopic data, and those of 1, 2, 8, and 9 were unambiguously confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study. Structurally, compounds 1—8 were sesquiterpene and monoterpene‐ based meroterpenoids with rearranged skeletons, while compound 9 was the first case of 3‐alkyl‐5‐formyl‐benzoylphloroglucinol‐ coupled sesquiterpene containing an unusual C‐1‐spiro‐fused 6/6/9/4 polycyclic skeleton. In addition, all the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains, and most of them (compounds 2—7, 10, and 11) showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis with MIC values of 8—32 μmol/L. These findings suggested that meroterpenoids isolated from Psidium guajava can be considered as potential antibacterial leading compounds for pharmaceutical industry.
Chiral Benzo[b]silole‐Fused 9,9′‐Spirobi[fluorene]: Synthesis, Chiroptical Properties, and Transformation to π‐Extended Polycyclic Arene
Authors: Kubo Masahiro , Noguchi Keiichi , Nakano Koji
Published: January 2021

Chiral spiro π‐conjugated compounds have emerged as a new class of circularly polarized luminescent organic materials. Here we report the synthesis and (chir)optical properties of a chiral benzo[b]silole‐fused 9,9′‐spirobi[fluorene] (SBF) and π‐extended spiro polycyclic arene. The benzo[b]silole‐fused SBF was successfully synthesized by a rhodium‐catalyzed intramolecular silylative cyclization. It was further transformed to the chiral π‐extended spiro polycyclic arene by an annulative π‐extension reaction. Less effective spiroconjugation was observed for these spiro compounds through UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. They exhibit circularly polarized luminescence with the dissymmetry factors of up to 0.76×10−3. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that emission of the benzo[b]silole‐fused SBF occurs from one subunit, the structure of which is slightly different from that in the Frank‐Condon state.
Mathematical framework for 5G‐UAV relay
Authors: Khan Shah Khalid
Published: January 2021

Unmanned aerial vehicle's (UAVs) small size, long‐lasting battery, and flexible trajectory have produced widespread applications in radio communication systems, especially its usage as a cellular tower (gNB) for 5G services. At the same time, the mmWave's enormous available bandwidth makes it the primary contender for next‐generation communication networks. This article aims to synthesize and assess the usage of mmWave concurrently in backhaul and access links for amplify‐and‐forward (AF) relay installed on the UAV. A mathematical framework is developed for the received power of the user equipment (UE) obtained in relay path (gNB‐UAV‐UE) and direct path (gNB‐UE) via; (i) free space, and (ii) log‐distance path loss model. The International Telecommunication Union recommended city model is used to assess the likelihood for LoS and NLoS paths in four urban environments; (i) high‐rise urban, (ii) dense urban, (iii) urban, and (iv) suburban. Furthermore, various parameters, that is, UAV's position and amplification factor are stipulated to optimize the efficiency of a UAV‐based AF relay for enhanced users coverage.
Unknown network attack detection based on open‐set recognition and active learning in drone network
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Zhang Yong , Niu Jie , Guo Da
Published: January 2021

With the technical support of 5G, the drone network plays a critical role in the autonomous and digital era. However, due to wireless and autonomy characteristics, the drone network is prone to diverse malicious attacks, so it's vital to deploy network intrusion detection system to detect network attacks. For a real open drone network environment, unknown attacks will occur constantly, but the existing intrusion detection methods are usually designed for a static and closed‐set scenario and will fail to recognize the unknown attacks correctly, threatening the security of drone network. Therefore, we design an intrusion detection system to detect unknown network attacks in the drone network. Based on open‐set recognition, we propose the Open‐CNN model to implement intrusion detection and detect unknown attacks. Further to detect unknown attacks, we also propose an active learning (AL) approach for unknown attacks based on the least confidence query strategy, allowing the intrusion detection model to learn efficiently from the unknown attack instances detected by Open‐CNN at small labeling budgets. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of Open‐CNN in detecting unknown attacks, with the accuracy improvement of 9% to 30% over the compared methods, and the proposed AL approach achieves good performance when retraining with only 1% of labeled unknown attack samples.
Initial experience with high‐volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure
Authors: Kim Ji Eun , Chun Sejong , Sinn Dong Hyun , Kim Nam Joong , Kim Semi , Kang Wonseok , Kim Jong Man , Choi Gyu‐Seong , Joh Jae‐Won , Cho Duck
Published: January 2021

Background/Aims

High‐volume plasma exchange (HVPE), defined as an exchange of 8 to 12 L per day per procedure or 15% of the ideal body weight with fresh frozen plasma, has shown promising results in improving the survival of patients with acute liver failure (ALF). However, clinical evidence is limited. The aim of this study was to report our initial experience using HVPE as a bridge treatment in patients with ALF.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 32 consecutive patients awaiting liver transplantation (LT) due to ALF between 2013 and 2020 at Samsung Medical Center in Korea. HVPE has been used for patients with ALF since May 2016 at our institution.

Results

During the study period, 16 patients received HVPE. After HVPE, coagulopathies (INR, 4.46 [2.32‐6.02] vs 1.48 [1.33‐1.76], P < .05), total bilirubin (22.6 [9.1‐26.4] vs 8.9 [5.6‐11.3], P < .05), alanine aminotransferase (506 [341‐1963] vs 120 [88‐315], P < .05), and ammonia levels (130.6 [123.7‐143.8] vs 98.2 [84.2‐116.5], P < .05) were improved. Improvement in the hepatic encephalopathy grade was observed in four patients. Among 16 patients who received HVPE, 12 patients were bridged to LT, and three patients recovered spontaneously. The overall survival was 94% and 69%, respectively at 30 days in patients who received and did not receive HVPE (P = .068). Among 18 patients with high chronic liver failure‐sequential organ failure assessment scores (≥13), the overall survival was significantly better for those who received HVPE than for those who did not (91% vs 29%, respectively, at 30 days, P < .05).

Conclusions

Our initial clinical experience with HVPE suggests that HVPE can be a viable option in improving the outcomes of patients presenting with ALF.
A comparison of surgical resection and liver transplantation in the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the era of modern chemotherapy: An analysis of the National Cancer Database
Authors: Hue Jonathan J. , Rocha Flavio G. , Ammori John B. , Hardacre Jeffrey M. , Rothermel Luke D. , Chavin Kenneth D. , Winter Jordan M. , Ocuin Lee M.
Published: January 2021

Background

The main surgical approach to patients with localized intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is hepatectomy, but transplantation has been described. A comparison of outcomes between these surgical approaches is necessary to determine if one is preferable.

Methods

Patients with ICC were identified using the National Cancer Database (2010–2016). Patients were grouped based on operation and matched 1:1 by propensity score. Pathologic and postoperative outcomes, as well as overall survival were analyzed.

Results

There were 1879 hepatectomy and 74 liver transplantation patients. Before matching, transplantation patients were younger and more often treated at academic centers. More patients who underwent a transplantation received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (70.3% vs. 12.8%). Patients who underwent transplantation had more pathologic T0 (7.7% vs. 0.4%) and T1 (47.7% vs. 42.1%) tumors (p < .001). There were no differences in length of stay, unplanned readmissions, 30/90‐day mortality, or median survival between groups (36.1 vs. 36.1 months, p = .34). After matching (n = 57/group), there were no differences in postoperative outcomes or survival between transplantation or hepatectomy (36.1 vs. 33.6 months, p = .57).

Conclusion

Among patients with ICC, hepatectomy and liver transplantation were associated with similar postoperative outcomes and survival. In light of the resources and chronic immunosuppression required for transplantation, hepatectomy seems preferable for localized ICC.
Investigating new positive, bounded, and convergent numerical solution for the nonlinear time‐dependent breast cancer dynamic competition model
Authors: Goyal Manish , Bhardwaj Vinod Kumar , Prakash Amit
Published: January 2021

Breast cancer is a big health problem in females all over the world. It is termed as the deadliest disease in women, and the reasons of its occurrence in a human body are still unknown. In this paper, an analysis of dynamic nonlinear time‐dependent breast cancer competition model is carried out, and its numerical solution is investigated using the reliable FVIM scheme. The convergence of the solution is shown, and the results are further discussed using figures. The variation of cancer stem cell, tumor cell, healthy cell, immune cell population, and excess estrogen in females with time is also depicted through figures. The effects of parameters on the cell population is also shown with time. The results clearly indicate that FVIM is very systematic, efficient, and easy to use in finding a solution to this nonlinear fractional model.
Economic integration of first‐ and second‐generation immigrants in the Swiss labour market: Does the reason for immigration make a difference?
Authors: Maskileyson Dina , Semyonov Moshe , Davidov Eldad
Published: January 2021

The paper focuses on economic disadvantage (loss) or economic advantage (gain) among first‐ and second‐generation immigrants in Switzerland in comparison to the Swiss majority group. We distinguish between economic and noneconomic (political, family reunion, and educational pursuit) immigrants. Utilising data from the 2007 Swiss Health Survey, we found that economic immigrant males are able to attain higher income than the comparable majority group already in the first generation, whereas female economic immigrants manage to do so only in the second generation. Educational male immigrants are doing almost as well in Switzerland as male economic immigrants. In the second generation, female noneconomic immigrants are economically better integrated than their male counterparts when compared to a similar Swiss majority group. Female immigrants are able to close the pay gap with the Swiss majority group. The meaning and implications of the findings are discussed in light of immigration theory in general and the Swiss immigration policy in particular.
Persimmon leaf extract protects mice from atopic dermatitis by inhibiting T cell activation via regulation of the JNK pathway
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Su , Kim Eun‐Nam , Kim Ga‐Ram , Jeong Gil‐Saeng
Published: January 2021

Persimmon leaf extracts (PLE) have been widely used as a traditional medicine in East Asian countries. The effects of persimmon leaves, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hypotensive, and anti‐allergy effects, have been investigated; however, there is little evidence on the inhibition of T cell activation in vitro and effects on T cell‐related diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD), in vivo by persimmon leaves. PLE (50 μg/mL) effectively attenuated the mRNA levels of IL‐2 in Jurkat T cells stimulated with PMA/A23187 and Staphylococcus enterotoxin E‐loaded Raji B cells without causing cytotoxicity. In Jurkat T cells stimulated with PMA/A23187, treatment with 50 μg/mL PLE blocked the translocation of p65 and IκBα degradation. Moreover, the JNK signaling pathway in Jurkat T cells stimulated with PMA/A23187 was affected by treatment with PLE. The oral administration of PLE markedly attenuated AD manifestations in mice, including ear thickness, IgE levels, and lymph node sizes. These results indicate PLE significantly blocked T cell activation via NF‐κB signaling and the JNK pathway. This suggests underlying mechanisms of PLE involving the control of effector cytokines produced by activated T cells in ear tissue and lymph nodes, as well as the infiltration of mast cells and the therapeutic potential of AD.