bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plotino y el problema de las estrellas: una solución para los neoplatónicos
Authors: DE VICENTE GARCÍA Luis Miguel
Published: May 2018

The Plotinian way of reading the relationship between stars and human issues as a matter of synchronicity rather than the traditional cause-effect relationship proposed by Astrology was followed by the humanists in general. The symbolic power of signs is based on inspiration more than on rational discourse, and it can be related by wise men to other symbolic languages, including literature, with which it shares many devices. The wise man, according to the Neoplatonic humanists, knows how to interpret the symbols, how to read one thing in another, uncovering the meaning of universal analogy.
Dios y soberano en la teología y en la teoría jurídica
Authors: PÉREZ TRIVIÑO José L.
Published: May 2018

In this paper I analyze the use of the concepts of «God» and «Sovereign» in the Later Middle Age. I try to show the analogies between the properties of both concepts (omnipotence, unity, illimitability and indivisibility). On the other hand I analyze: 1 o the epistemological problems of the relation God-World and State-Law; 2° the analogy between the miracle and the original constitutive power; 3° the resemblance between the pope infallibility and the sentence of a supreme tribunal. At the end I make reference to the legitimatory role of these analogies to enhance the institution of the sovereign in these historical context.
San Agustín: interioridad, reflexividad y certeza
Authors: UÑA JUÁREZ Agustín
Published: May 2018

The present article researches into two main problems in St. Augustine's well known arguments of certainty, against the sceptics. Really, both problems are two different sides or levels of the same "methodological" question: the interiority of the knowledge (and the truth), and the reflection of the mind, as a way of certainty. A main conclusion of the present study is that both sides are correlative: reflection presupposes interiority, and interiority demands reflection, as a way of certainty. But, what is reflection for Augustine? The last part of this paper examines the Augustinian doctrine of reflection, in the context of his «philosophy of the mind». At this point, the present enquiry tries to show that our thinker supposes along his works (specially in De Trinitate and in Cmzfessiones) three main kinds of reflection, according to three different modes of self-knowledge of the human mind: "llotitialis", "cogitativa", and "phenomenological".
Filosofía y teología en Ramón Llull: demostratio per aequiparantiam
Authors: PARDO PASTOR Jordi
Published: May 2018

Fruit of the peculiar methodology of the Llull' system philosophical, and jointly with their evangelising mission, the demonstratio per aequiparantiam is erected as the definitive tool to combine Philosophy and Theology, Reason and Faith, indispensable elements to end up knowing the divine essence. With everything, this knowledge, according to Llull, it cannot only be carried out by means of Faith or Reason for themselves, but, rather, for reason of a comparison of both disciplines. In such a way, by means of a demonstration that is defined in comparative terms, the man can end up understanding superior entities to his intellect -such as the divine one-, because a correspondence settles down among same elements (per aequalia).
Consideraciones sobre el concepto natural en san Pablo
Authors: LÓPEZ BRAVO Carlos
Published: May 2018

In the history of Legal Philosophy, natural law concept, reflected in both two first chapters of the Letter of San Pablo to the Romans, means the birth of a new Iusnaturalism. This concept takes roots in the greco-roman classic thought and is based on the new anthropological dimension that provides Christianity. From the Apostle critical view regarding the mosaic law, we can analyse the idea of a nonwritten law that flows from human nature. This law is born in men's heart and works for grace and true justice, represented by Gospel. In addition this natural law constitutes an unequivocal test of the existence of a natural ethics and a theology based on reason.
A Study of Holiday Ancestral Memorial Rites during the Joseon Dynasty
Authors:   Association for International Tea Culture, Choi Bae young
Published: May 2018

This study aims to examine the cultural characteristics of holiday ancestral memorial rites held by the public during the Joseon Dynasty. Methods will include a literature review that focuses on the fact that holiday ancestral memorial rites, which have continued as a part of Korean living culture, are a combination of a ritual and a seasonal event. For this purpose, eight ritual books written from the 16th to 18th century and seven books of seasonal events written from the 18th to 19th century were reviewed. The main results of this study are as follows: First, Lunar New Year’s Day, which is the first day of the first lunar month of a year and the beginning of a new year; Dongji (winter solstice), which is the day of closing a year; and Chuseok, which is the 15th lunar day of August, were of great importance as rites linking people to their ancestors. Through this, this study was able to affirm the meaning of Chamrye (參禮) as an origin of Charye (茶禮: memorial rite for ancestors). It was a ritual of affection where people visited their ancestors at a shrine and offered them tea early in the morning of holidays. Second, Myoje (墓祭: memorial rite held in front of the grave) was a unique custom, which was a practice of filial piety continued even after the death of one’s ancestors.
However, scholars in the Joseon Dynasty actually regarded it unfilial that sacrificial food loses its original sanctity after being frozen or going bad due to cold or hot weather on holidays, such as Lunar New Year’s Day or Dano, or that descendants suffer poor health caused by their long trip to grave sites. This shows that Joseon scholars acknowledged the necessity of Myoje, yet demonstrated their flexibility in ritual practices depending on circumstances. Third, Sishik (時食: special seasonal food prepared for holiday memorial rites) of Sokjjeol (俗節: ancestor-memorial days) was an expression of affection towards one’s ancestors. People tried to exhibit sincerity
through seasonal food which is special, yet simple, and prepared within their budget. In addition, Sishik, food cooked with good medicinal and nutritional ingredients, was the representation of a wish for the good health of not only one’s ancestors, but also descendants, neighbors, and visitors. In conclusion, holiday ancestral memorial rites held by the public during the Joseon Dynasty were a friendly and simple ritual culture linking descendants to their ancestors, and at the same time, seasonal event culture where filial piety and affection were expressed through special seasonal food filled with sincerity. This finding regarding the meaning of holiday ancestral memorial rites can be used for
future academic research on rituals and seasonal events and the development of cultural contents. It also can be utilized in education to highlight the importance of the psychological value inherent in Korean living culture.
Türkiye’de İlkokul ve Ortaokullarda Yapılan Kaynaştırma Araştırmalarının Gözden Geçirilmesi (2006 - 2016)
Authors: BATU Emine Sema , CÜRE Göksel , NAR Salih , GÖVERCİN Duygu , KESKİN Muhammet
Published: May 2018

Bu araştırmanın amacı 2006-2016 yılları arasında
ilkokullar ve ortaokullarda yurt içinde yapılan kaynaştırma uygulamaları ile
ilgili araştırmaların tematik olarak gözden geçirilmesidir. Bu amaca uygun
olarak araştırma kapsamına ele alınacak araştırmalar için bir takım kriterler
getirilmiştir. Bu kriterlerde araştırmalar için; (a) ilkokul ve/veya ortaokul
kademelerini ele almış olması, (b) katılımcılarının (aile, eğitimci, öğrenci)
kaynaştırma uygulaması sürecinin içinde yer alıyor olması, (c) doğrudan
kaynaştırma uygulamasını ele alıyor olması, (d) makalelerin hakemli bir dergide
yayımlanmış olması, (e) elektronik veri tabanlarından erişilebiliyor olması
şartı aranmıştır. Bu kriterlere göre araştırmalar değerlendirildiğinde 78
yüksek lisans, 9 doktora tezi ve 55 makale olmak üzere toplam 142 araştırmaya
ulaşılmıştır. Bu araştırmalar nitel veri analizi yöntemlerinden içerik analizi
kullanılarak ele aldıkları konulara göre ana temalara ve alt temalara
ayrılmıştır. Bu temalar altında tüm araştırmalar genel olarak
değerlendirildiğinde var olan durumu belirlemeye yönelik çok sayıda araştırma
yapılmasına rağmen belirlenen sorunları iyileştirmeye yönelik az sayıda
araştırmanın olduğu görülmektedir. Betimsel araştırmalarda kaynaştırma
uygulamalarına ve bu uygulamaları etkileyen bireylere yönelik birçok sorun
belirlenmiştir. İleride, bu sorunların giderilmesine yönelik önceki iyileştirme
araştırmaları da göz önünde bulundurularak yeni araştırmalar planlanması önerilebilir.
The Emerging Roles of the HERC Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer
Authors: Mao Xinliang , Sethi Gautam , Zhang Zubin , Wang Qi
Published: May 2018

Background:

The HERC family contains six members from HERC1 to HERC6 that are featured with
the HECT domains that exerts ubiquitin ligase activity and the RCC1-like domains that are involved in cell cycle
regulation. Although identified as early as 1990s, their biological functions are extensively studied in recent
years. More and more researches have demonstrated that the HERC ubiquitin ligases are widely engaged in carcinogenesis,
however, there lacks a comprehensive and instructive analysis.

Methods:

The PubMed database was searched by keywords of individual HERC proteins (such as HERC4) and
cancer. The emerging roles of HERC proteins in cancer and the specific mechanisms were collectively analyzed
and discussed.

Results:

HERC proteins belong to the HECT domain-containing ubiquitin ligases that can identify and mediate
the ubiquitination of specific substrate proteins. All HERC ubiquitin ligases except HERC6 have been assigned
one or more than one ubiquitination substrates. In all of HERCs, HERC1 and HERC2 have been widely studied,
in contrast, there are no reported studies yet on protein ubiquitination mediated by HERC6. Dependent on the
protein substrates, HERC proteins may act as a tumor suppressor or oncoprotein in specific cancer types. For
example, HERC4 is believed to contribute to carcinogenesis of solid tumors such as lung cancer, but it suppresses
the proliferation of myeloma cells.

Conclusion:

HERC proteins as ubiquitin ligases are widely involved in various cancers. Targeting at specific
HERC proteins could be a strategy for the treatment of certain cancers.
Emerging Virulence, Drug Resistance and Future Anti-fungal Drugs for Candida Pathogens
Authors: Srivastava Vartika , Singla Rajeev Kumar , Dubey Ashok Kumar
Published: May 2018

Increased incidences of Candida infection have augmented morbidity and mortality in human
population, particularly among severely immunocompromised patients and those having a long stay in
hospitals (nosocomial infections). Many virulence factors and fitness attributes are reported to be associated
with the pathogenicity of Candida sp. It can cause infections ranging from easily treatable superficial
type to life-threatening invasive infections. Additionally, it has the capability to infect humans of all
age groups. Indeed, overutilization of broad-spectrum antibiotics has further complicated the scenario by
leading the emergence of less sensitive Candida strains especially non-albicans. Despite our developed
armamentarium, the diagnosis and treatment of human fungal infections remain a challenge.

This review focuses on the prevalence of Candida spp. as human pathogens with emerging resistance to
existing anti-fungal drugs. Furthermore, factors and mechanisms contributing to the pathogenicity of
Candida spp. and the challenges being faced in combating the devastating infections associated with
these pathogens have been discussed. Moreover, pros and cons of the current and future anti-mycotic
drugs have been analyzed.
Multi-Target Antitubercular Drugs
Authors: de Oliveira Viana Jessika , Ishiki Hamilton Mitsugu , Scotti Marcus Tullius , Scotti Luciana
Published: May 2018

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has high
levels of mortality worldwide and has already gained resistance to first- and second-line drugs. The
study by new chemical entities with promising activities becomes paramount to broaden the therapeutic
strategies in the cure of the patients affected with this disease. In this context, in this review we report
the discovery of 3 classes of compounds that can simultaneously interact with more than one target of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Effect of Steel Fiber Ratios on Behavior of High Strength Hybrid Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams under Repeated Loading
Authors: Hassan Sawsan Akram , Mhebs Ansam Hassan
Published: May 2018

Introduction:

The present work presents experimental and analytical investigation of the effect of steel fiber ratio of behavior of high strength hybrid reinforced concrete deep beams under monotonic and repeated two point load.

Methods:

The experimental work included casting and testing of six deep beams, three of which were tested under monotonic loading (control beams) and other beams were tested under repeated loading at level of 75% of ultimate load of control beams. The effect of different SF ratios (0%,1% and 2%) with constant amount of web reinforcement (pw) were studied in terms of crack patterns, ultimate load and load versus mid span deflection.

Results and Conclusion:

From the experimental test results, it was observed the percentage increase ultimate load for hybrid beam cast with SF ratio 1% is 9.62% as compared with hybrid beam with SF ratio 0%. Also, the ultimate load for hybrid beam cast with SF ratio 2% is 28.85% as compared with hybrid beam with SF ratio 0% and 17.54% as compared with hybrid beam with SF ratio 1% under monotonic loading. Strut and Tie Model (STM) procedures were used to analyze the experimentally tested hybrid deep beams under monotonic loading of the present investigation.
Perceived Attitudes About Substance Use in Anonymous Social Media Posts Near College Campuses: Observational Study
Authors: Hammond Alexis S , Paul Michael J , Hobelmann Joseph , Koratana Animesh R , Dredze Mark , Chisolm Margaret S
Published: May 2018

Background

Substance use is a major issue for adolescents and young adults, particularly college students. With the importance of peer influence and the ubiquitous use of social media among these age groups, it is important to assess what is discussed on various social media sites regarding substance use. One particular mobile app (Yik Yak) allowed users to post any message anonymously to nearby persons, often in areas with close proximity to major colleges and universities.

Objective

This study describes the content, including attitude toward substances, of social media discussions that occurred near college campuses and involved substances.

Methods

A total of 493 posts about drugs and alcohol on Yik Yak were reviewed and coded for their content, as well as the poster’s attitude toward the substance(s) mentioned.

Results

Alcohol (226/493, 45.8%), marijuana (206/493, 41.8%), and tobacco (67/493, 13%) were the most frequently mentioned substances. Posts about use (442/493) were generally positive toward the substance mentioned (262/442, 59.3%), unless the post was about abstinence from the substance. Additionally, posts that commented on the substance use of others tended to be less positive (18/92, 19.6% positive) compared to posts about one’s own use (132/202, 65.3% positive).

Conclusions

This study provides a description of anonymous discussions on or near college campuses about drugs and alcohol, which serves as an example of data that can be examined from social media sites for further research and prevention campaigns.
Patient Engagement as Measured by Inpatient Portal Use: Methodology for Log File Analysis (Preprint)
Authors: Huerta Timothy , Fareed Naleef , Hefner Jennifer L. , Sieck Cynthia J , Swoboda Christine , Taylor Robert , McAlearney Ann Scheck
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Inpatient portals (IPPs) have the potential to increase patient engagement and satisfaction with their health care. An IPP provides a hospitalized patient with similar functions to those found in outpatient portals, including the ability to view vital signs, laboratory results, and medication information; schedule appointments; and communicate with their providers. However, IPPs may offer additional functions such as meal planning, real-time messaging with the inpatient care team, daily schedules, and access to educational materials relevant to their specific condition. In practice, IPPs have been developed as websites and tablet apps, with hospitals providing the required technology as a component of care during the patient’s stay.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to describe how inpatients are using IPPs at the first academic medical center to implement a system-wide IPP and document the challenges and choices associated with this analytic process.

METHODS

We analyzed the audit log files of IPP users hospitalized between January 2014 and January 2016. Data regarding the date/time and duration of interactions with each of the MyChart Bedside modules (eg, view lab results or medications and patient schedule) and activities (eg, messaging the provider and viewing educational videos) were captured as part of the system audit logs. The development of a construct to describe the length of time associated with a single coherent use of the tool—which we call a session—provides a foundational unit of analysis. We defined frequency as the number of sessions a patient has during a given provision day. We defined comprehensiveness in terms of the percentage of functions that an individual uses during a given provision day.

RESULTS

The analytic process presented data challenges such as length of stay and tablet-provisioning factors. This study presents data visualizations to illustrate a series of data-cleaning issues. In the presence of these robust approaches to data cleaning, we present the baseline usage patterns associated with our patient panel. In addition to frequency and comprehensiveness, we present considerations of median data to mitigate the effect of outliers.

CONCLUSIONS

Although other studies have published usage data associated with IPPs, most have not explicated the challenges and choices associated with the analytic approach deployed within each study. Our intent in this study was to be somewhat exhaustive in this area, in part, because replicability requires common metrics. Our hope is that future researchers in this area will avail themselves of these perspectives to engage in critical assessment moving forward.
Examining the Effects of Mindful Eating Training on Adherence to a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (the DELISH Study): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)
Authors: Mason Ashley E , Saslow Laura , Moran Patricia J , Kim Sarah , Abousleiman Hiba , Hartman Alison , Richler Robert , Schleicher Samantha , Hartogensis Wendy , Epel Elissa S , Hecht Frederick
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Diet patterns have a profound influence on glycemic control for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and craving-related eating is an important obstacle to dietary adherence. A growing body of research suggests that carbohydrate-restricted (CR) diets can improve glycemic control and reduce medication dependence in T2DM. However, limited data speak to the effects of long-term adherence to CR diets. Mindful eating training has been shown to reduce craving-related eating in overweight populations but has yet to be examined as a behavioral support for dietary adherence in T2DM. This trial examines behavioral mechanisms, particularly craving-related eating, through which mindful eating training might improve adherence to CR dietary recommendations in T2DM. This will clarify the importance of focusing on craving-related eating in the optimization of dietary adherence interventions.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this trial is to determine whether providing training in mindful eating increases adherence to a CR dietary recommendation in T2DM.

METHODS

We are randomizing 60 participants to receive a CR diet with or without mindful eating training (12-week group intervention) and are following participants for 12 weeks after intervention completion. We hypothesize that participants who receive mindful eating training (relative to those who do not) will demonstrate greater adherence to the CR diet.

RESULTS

Our primary outcome is change in craving-related eating, as assessed using an ecological momentary assessment mobile phone–based platform. Secondary behavioral pathway outcomes include changes in stress-related eating, impulsivity, glycemic control, weight change, dietary adherence, and resumption of dietary adherence after dietary nonadherence.

CONCLUSIONS

This theory-driven trial will shed light on the impact of mindfulness training on mechanisms that may impact dietary adherence in T2DM.

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03207711; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03207711 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/73pXscwaU) 

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR

DERR1-10.2196/11002
Simulation Modeling for Psychiatric Service Planning: Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Study (Preprint)
Authors: Long Katrina M , Meadows Graham N
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Mental health service managers must take into account multiple factors when making decisions about the best way to deliver care to clients across increasingly larger service areas. This task is made more difficult by the lack of evidence and tools historically available to inform these decisions. In recent decades, the increasing availability of epidemiological and service use data for mental illness has solved the problem of evidence, but there still exists a challenge to make these data easily accessible and understandable for managers.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to develop a simulation modeling tool to allow managers to explore various service configurations in virtual reality, enabling predictions to be made about the cost and quality of care.

METHODS

This is a longitudinal, mixed-methods case study, comprising overlapping intervention and evaluation phases. In partnership with senior managers of a mental health program, the researchers will develop a series of simulation models in Arena to address key strategic issues facing the service. Thematic and content analyses of semistructured interviews, meeting observations, and document analysis will be used to evaluate the process of model implementation and the outcomes for both researchers and managers. The study is being conducted in Australia.

RESULTS

Data collection has been ongoing since late 2013. To date, 3 prototype simulation models have been developed and presented to senior managers, and 18 evaluation interviews have been conducted. The project is expected to conclude in late 2018.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings of this study have the potential to shape decision making in mental health service delivery, by providing key examples of how to integrate patient data using simulation modeling. In addition, the results will provide key insights into how researchers and consultants can effectively implement simulation modeling in real-world health care organizations.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR

PRR1-10.2196/11119
Blending Gagne’s Instructional Model with Peyton’s Approach to Design an Introductory Bioinformatics Lesson Plan for Medical Students: Proof-of-Concept Study (Preprint)
Authors: Tambi Richa , Bayoumi Riad , Lansberg Peter , Banerjee Yajnavalka
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

With the rapid integration of genetics into medicine, it has become evident that practicing physicians as well as medical students and clinical researchers need to be updated on the fundamentals of bioinformatics. To achieve this, the following gaps need to be addressed: a lack of defined learning objectives for “Bioinformatics for Medical Practitioner” courses, an absence of a structured lesson plan to disseminate the learning objectives, and no defined step-by-step strategy to teach the essentials of bioinformatics in the medical curriculum.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to address these gaps to design a streamlined pedagogical strategy for teaching basics of bioinformatics in the undergraduate medical curriculum.

METHODS

The established instructional design strategies employed in medical education—Gagne’s 9 events of instruction—were followed with further contributions from Peyton’s four-step approach to design a structured lesson plan in bioinformatics.

RESULTS

First, we defined the specifics of bioinformatics that a medical student or health care professional should be introduced to use this knowledge in a clinical context. Second, we designed a structured lesson plan using a blended approach from both Gagne’s and Peyton’s instructional models. Lastly, we delineated a step-by-step strategy employing free Web-based bioinformatics module, combining it with a clinical scenario of familial hypercholesterolemia to disseminate the defined specifics of bioinformatics. Implementation of Schon’s reflective practice model indicated that the activity was stimulating for the students with favorable outcomes regarding their basic training in bioinformatics.

CONCLUSIONS

To the best of our knowledge, the present lesson plan is the first that outlines an effective dissemination strategy for integrating introductory bioinformatics into a medical curriculum. Further, the lesson plan blueprint can be used to develop similar skills in workshops, continuing professional development, or continuing medical education events to introduce bioinformatics to practicing physicians.
Effect of frailty on resource use and cost for Medicare patients
Authors: Simpson Kit N , Seamon Bryant A , Hand Brittany N , Roldan Courtney O , Taber David J , Moran William P , Simpson Annie N
Published: May 2018

Aim:
The effects of frailty and multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) on cost of care are rarely disentangled in archival data studies. We identify the marginal contribution of frailty to medical care cost estimates using Medicare data.
Materials & methods:
Use of the Faurot frailty score to identify differences in acute medical events and cost of care for patients, controlling for MCCs and medication use.
Results:
Estimated marginal cost of frailty was US$10,690 after controlling for demographics, comorbid conditions, polypharmacy and use of potentially inappropriate medications.
Conclusion:
Frailty contributes greatly to cost of care, but while often correlated, is not synonymous with MCCs. Thus, it is important to control separately for frailty in studies that compare medical care use and cost.
Alcaldes y subdelegados de la Intendencia de Ciudad Real de Chiapa: autoridades enfrentadas en vísperas de la Independencia
Authors: Gutiérrez Cruz Sergio Nicolás , Parrilla Albuerne Ana María
Published: May 2018

Poco se sabe sobre cómo se crearon los ayuntamientos constitucionales en el caso de la Intendencia de Ciudad Real de Chiapas y cómo y cuándo comenzó a aplicarse la Constitución de Cádiz (1812) en este territorio. Para indagarlo hemos tomado en cuenta el papel jugado por los subdelegados como representantes de la autoridad monárquica a nivel local, y los diferentes actores de los pueblos en el momento mismo de la elección de los ayuntamientos, así como las estrategias y los conflictos surgidos entre ellos para designar a los miembros de dichas corporaciones. Luego de esta primera aproximación al tema nos percatamos de que, a diferencia de otros territorios, en el caso de la Intendencia de Chiapas el impacto del primer momento gaditano fue bastante limitado: únicamente se formó el ayuntamiento constitucional de Ciudad Real, que duró unos cuantos meses en operación. Hubo que esperar hasta 1821 para la creación de los ayuntamientos constitucionales. Una vez implantados estos, el papel de los subdelegados como representantes de la monarquía y garantes de la aplicación de la constitución gaditana fue muy desigual y conflictivo.
El carácter instrumental de la metría de la información y del conocimiento científico en la prospectiva tecnológica
Authors: Herrera Vallejera Darlenis
Published: May 2018

Desde la antigüedad la sociedad ha realizado disímiles esfuerzos por pronosticar el desarrollo de nuevo conocimiento sobre fenómenos y comportamientos que le permitan anticiparse a éstos y prepararse para su advenimiento.
Saturated Fat Is More Metabolically Harmful for the Human Liver Than Unsaturated Fat or Simple Sugars
Authors: Luukkonen Panu K. , Sädevirta Sanja , Zhou You , Kayser Brandon , Ali Ashfaq , Ahonen Linda , Lallukka Susanna , Pelloux Véronique , Gaggini Melania , Jian Ching , Hakkarainen Antti , Lundbom Nina , Gylling Helena , Salonen Anne , Orešič Matej , Hyötyläinen Tuulia , Orho-Melander Marju , Rissanen Aila , Gastaldelli Amalia , Clément Karine , Hodson Leanne , Yki-Järvinen Hannele
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVE

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (i.e., increased intrahepatic triglyceride [IHTG] content), predisposes to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue lipolysis and hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) are the main pathways contributing to IHTG. We hypothesized that dietary macronutrient composition influences the pathways, mediators, and magnitude of weight gain-induced changes in IHTG.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We overfed 38 overweight subjects (age 48 ± 2 years, BMI 31 ± 1 kg/m2, liver fat 4.7 ± 0.9%) 1,000 extra kcal/day of saturated (SAT) or unsaturated (UNSAT) fat or simple sugars (CARB) for 3 weeks. We measured IHTG (1H-MRS), pathways contributing to IHTG (lipolysis ([2H5]glycerol) and DNL (2H2O) basally and during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia), insulin resistance, endotoxemia, plasma ceramides, and adipose tissue gene expression at 0 and 3 weeks.

RESULTS

Overfeeding SAT increased IHTG more (+55%) than UNSAT (+15%, P < 0.05). CARB increased IHTG (+33%) by stimulating DNL (+98%). SAT significantly increased while UNSAT decreased lipolysis. SAT induced insulin resistance and endotoxemia and significantly increased multiple plasma ceramides. The diets had distinct effects on adipose tissue gene expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Macronutrient composition of excess energy influences pathways of IHTG: CARB increases DNL, while SAT increases and UNSAT decreases lipolysis. SAT induced the greatest increase in IHTG, insulin resistance, and harmful ceramides. Decreased intakes of SAT could be beneficial in reducing IHTG and the associated risk of diabetes.
Ecological Opportunities, Communities, and Evolution
Authors: McPeek Mark A.
Published: May 2018

This book investigates how local and regional patterns of community structure develop across space and through time by focusing on the theoretical interrelationships among community ecology, evolutionary adaptation, dispersal, and speciation and extinction. It discusses the purely ecological dynamics of interacting species in different community modules, how species in simple community modules evolve to adapt to one another, and how speciation and biogeographic mixing of taxa influence local community structure. It also examines community mixing due to climate change and how regional community structure is shaped by the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of species across a metacommunity. This introduction provides an overview of the evolutionary trajectories of various species in the context of ecological opportunity and community ecology, aggregated taxa in the trophic web, types of species found in a community, sources of biodiversity in a community, and the dynamics of natural selection, coevolution, and community structure.
Differentiating in the Community
Authors: McPeek Mark A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the evolutionary dynamics that arise when different types of species mix together in a community either by invasion or by perturbation, as well as community mixing caused by climate change. In particular, it considers the features that promote or retard ecological differentiation of species. The chapter first describes a general model of evolutionary and ecological dynamics in a community before discussing adaptive differentiation at multiple trophic levels. It then examines differentiation of species with identical underlying parameters vs. different underlying parameters, along with intraguild predation and how ecological opportunity evolves within biological communities. It also investigates when neutral species will initially differentiate from one another to convert them into a set of coexisting species, and when differentiated species will initially converge to become ecologically more similar. The chapter shows that, when differentiation occurs, the type of traits underlying species interactions determine the ecological structure of the resulting community.
Which Ways Forward?
Authors: McPeek Mark A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the important insights that can be gained from the synthetic analysis of evolution in communities. First, fitness, despite being commonly associated only with evolution by natural selection, also plays a key role in both population and community ecology. Second, the same processes jointly drive the dynamics of species abundances and traits, and these dynamics can only be understood in the context of a community of interacting species. All combinations of abiotic factors and other species' abundances and traits that would permit a species to invade the community without any evolution are contained in the so-called ecological volume of invasibility, in contrast to an evolutionary volume of invasibility that defines the conditions for invasion or adaptation to occur. This chapter also considers speciation, disaggregation and recombination, the traits that influence species interactions, ecological differentiation of species, and the use of phylogeny to elucidate community assembly and structure.
The Spell of Greek
Authors: Prins Yopie
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes Virginia Woolf's 1925 essay “On Not Knowing Greek” as part of the longer Victorian legacy of Ladies' Greek and places it within the context of Woolf's earlier Greek studies. Focusing on Woolf's Agamemnon notebook, the chapter examines how the strange utterance of Cassandra (otototoi, a series of stuttering syllables that sounds foreign to the ear) appears in Greek letters on the page and also how it was made to appear in two dramatic productions staged in ancient Greek at Cambridge University in 1900 and in 1921. In the process of transcribing and translating Cassandra's utterance, the chapter shows that Woolf confronts the mad literality of dead Greek letters: a scene of reading that is repeated again and again in translations of Greek tragedy by other women, both before and after Woolf.
The Education of Electra
Authors: Prins Yopie
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the spectacle of female classical literacy by focusing on two historic productions of Sophocles's tragedy Electra, staged in ancient Greek by the first generation of women students at Girton College in 1883 and at Smith College in 1889. It analyzes these women's performance of ancient Greek in relation to nineteenth-century debates about the higher education of women, and how they drew on a tradition of classical posing, to “transpose” the text into the visual and auditory languages associated with Delsartean performance practices. Their dramatic presentation depended on these alternative modes of translation as well as the subsequent re-presentation of the spectacle in various written accounts. The chapter considers how the cast of Electra was trained for a highly stylized performance, embodying the Sophoclean text in and for a collective student body that sought to commemorate itself through the ritual of mourning.
Hippolytus in Ladies’ Greek (with the Accents)
Authors: Prins Yopie
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how women contributed to a major shift in the reception of Euripides by focusing on his tragedy Hippolytus. There was growing interest toward the end of the nineteenth century in the female tragic heroines of Euripidean tragedy and in its “feminine” lyricism. Hippolytus's highly eroticized, lyricized language appealed to British aesthetes such as John Addington Symonds, who engaged in an elaborate literary correspondence with the young Agnes Mary Francis Robinson and encouraged her to translate Hippolytus. The chapter begins with a reading of the letters of Symonds and Robinson (and Greek letters in their letters) and goes on to analyze Robinson's 1881 translation of Euripides in The Crowned Hippolytus. It shows how the metrical virtuosity of Robinson's translation made it possible to read Ladies' Greek “with” the accents and argues that the early work of Hilda Doolittle owes much to this late Victorian vision of Euripidean tragedy.
Introduction to the “Physics” of Rays
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the physics of rays. In optics, a ray is a mathematical idealization of an infinitesimally narrow beam of light. Rays therefore exist only in a mathematical world and not in the physical realm. They are geometrical objects as opposed to physical ones, and may (usually) be regarded as normals to wavefronts (or to surfaces of constant phase). As real physical entities, rays have positions, directions, and speeds. They “carry” energy, and their “density” is a measure of power per unit area. After providing a background on rays, the chapter considers some mathematical definitions, geometric wavefronts, Fermat's principle, the intensity law, and heuristic derivation of Snell's laws. It also examines geometric and other proofs of Snell's laws of reflection and refraction.
The S-Matrix and Its Analysis
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the scattering matrix, or S-matrix, an infinite-dimensional matrix or operator that expresses the state of a scattering system consisting of waves or particles or both in the far future in terms of its state in the remote past. In the case of electromagnetic (or acoustic) waves, the S-matrix connects the intensity, phase, and polarization of the outgoing waves in the far field at various angles to the direction and polarization of the beam pointed toward an obstacle. The chapter first considers the problem of scattering by a square well, located symmetrically with respect to the origin, before discussing bound states and a heuristic derivation of the Breit-Wigner formula. It als describes the Watson transform and Regge poles before concluding with an analysis of the time-independent radial Schrödinger equation and Levinson's theorem.
Back Where We Started
Authors: Adam John A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter returns to the subject of rainbows, offering some reflections based on the author's review of the book The Rainbow Bridge: Rainbows in Art, Myth, and Science by Raymond L. Lee, Jr. and Alistair B. Frase. In particular, it discusses various topics related to the rainbow, including historical descriptions of the rainbow, some common misperceptions about rainbows, theories of the rainbow, angular momentum, rainbow ray, and Airy functions. The chapter also considers ray optics, with emphasis on Luneberg inversion and gravitational lensing, Abel's integral equation, and the Luneberg lens. Finally, it explains the rainbow's connection with classical scattering and gravitational lensing, focusing on weak gravitational fields and the black hole lens.
Mutual Mate Choice
Authors: Rosenthal Gil G.
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces another important constraint on mate choice; namely, that choosers are the object of choice themselves. It focuses on the mechanisms underlying mutual mate choice, notably how preferences are dynamically adjusted in light of the chooser being the chosen. It begins with the simplest form of mutual mate choice, when individuals reciprocally prefer each other's phenotypes. It then turns to the widespread phenomenon of mutual mate choice in systems that are socially promiscuous: both males and females mate multiple times, but both males and females express preferences for particular phenotypes in the opposite sex. Mutual mate choice becomes more constrained in social monogamy, where one can only be paired with a single partner at a given time. The chapter discusses how partners reach pairing decisions and how pair bonds are maintained and transgressed in both hetero-and homosexual couples. Finally, it briefly covers the interesting case of mate choice in hermaphroditic species.
Variation III: Social Environment and Epigenetics
Authors: Rosenthal Gil G.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on social interactions, in the broadest sense, as sources of variation in mate choice and mating preferences. These interactions can be divided into three categories corresponding to when they are specified and which individuals are involved. The first includes effects that are determined before birth and transmitted vertically from parents: epigenetic modifications to the genome and the fetal or embryonic environment. The second includes influences between birth and sexual maturity, when the phenotypes of parents and/or other sexually mature, older individuals (oblique transmission) direct the development of preferences in choosers. Experience with courters and choosers after sexual maturity, or experience with other juveniles that shapes subsequent preferences, constitutes peer (horizontal) transmission.
and Spaces
Authors: Clay Matt , Margalit Dan
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the notion of space, first by explaining what it means for a group to be a group of symmetries of a geometric object. This is the idea of group action, and some examples are given. The chapter proceeds by defining, for any group G, the Cayley graph of G and shows that the symmetric group of of this graph is precisely the group G. It then introduces metric spaces, which formalize the notion of a geometric object, and highlights numerous metric spaces that groups can act on. It also demonstrates that groups themselves are metric spaces; in other words, groups themselves can be thought of as geometric objects. The chapter concludes by using these ideas to frame the motivating questions of geometric group theory. Exercises relevant to each idea are included.
Dehn Functions
Authors: Riley Timothy
Published: May 2018

This chapter is concerned with Dehn functions. It begins by presenting jigsaw puzzles that are somewhat different from the conventional kind and explains how to solve them. It then considers a complexity measure for the word problem and shows that, for a word w, the problem of finding a sequence of free reductions, free expansions, and applications of defining relators that carries it to the empty word is equivalent to solving the puzzle where, starting from some vertex υ‎, one reads w around the initial circle of rods. The chapter also explains how the Dehn function corresponds to an isoperimetric problem in a combinatorial space, the Cayley 2-complex, and describes a continuous version of this, via group actions, along with the isoperimetry in Riemannian manifolds. Finally, it defines the Dehn function as a quasi-isometry invariant. The discussion includes exercises and research projects.
Hyperbolic Groups
Authors: Duchin Moon
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with hyperbolic groups. It begins with an overview of curvature, a fundamental way of understanding the intrinsic geometry of manifolds, and its three regimes—positive, zero, and negative. In terms of surfaces, each regime corresponds to the sphere, the plane, and the saddle, respectively. The chapter proceeds by considering the definition of hyperbolicity in terms of triangles in trees, thin triangles, insize, the four-point condition, and invariance. It then looks at some examples of groups and spaces that are δ‎–hyperbolic and some obstructions to δ‎–hyperbolicity. It also explores surface groups and some qualitative geometric properties of hyperbolic spaces before concluding with an analysis of a property of hyperbolic groups that seems combinatorial: every hyperbolic group possesses an algorithm to solve the word problem. The discussion includes exercises and research projects.
Right-Angled Artin Groups
Authors: Bell Robert W. , Clay Matt
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with right-angled Artin groups, a broad spectrum of groups that includes free groups on one end, free abelian groups on the other end, and many other interesting groups in between. A right-angled Artin group is a group G(Γ‎) defined in terms of a graph Γ‎. Right-angled Artin groups have taken a central role in geometric group theory, mainly due to their involvement in the solution to one of the main open questions in the topology of 3-manifolds. The chapter first considers right-angled Artin groups as subgroups and how they relate to other classes of groups before exploring subgroups of right-angled Artin groups and the word problem for right-angled Artin groups. The discussion includes exercises and research projects.
Literary Agents and Double Duties
Authors: Childress Clayton
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines why Cornelia Nixon fired her literary agent after the success of her novel Now You See It. It first provides an overview of literary magazines, which provided a contact point between unknown authors and literary agents who might read their works and help them in the field of production, before explaining how the role of literary agents has developed over time, and how they go about their work of constructing bridges across the divide between the fields of creation and production. Although Nixon's agent had successfully placed Now You See It, the chapter shows that Nixon increasingly worried that there were other meaningful things the agent did not see or do. Nixon decided to look for another agent and found Wendy Weil, who had spent twenty-five years in book publishing before founding her own literary agency in 1986.
Decision Making, Taste, and Financial Commitment to Culture
Authors: Childress Clayton
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines why Counterpoint Press eventually accepted the manuscript for Jarrettsville after initially rejecting it. As a precondition for representing Cornelia Nixon, Wendy Weil asked her to write and send one chapter per month of the novel that would eventually become Jarrettsville. Weil thought she could place Nixon's novel Angels Go Naked, but Jarrettsville was the novel she wanted to represent. As Nixon worked on Martha's Version, Weil worked on placing Angels Go Naked until it was released by Counterpoint on April 1, 2000. Martha's Version was sent to five editors in 2002, and then reworked, before being sent out to another sixteen editors from 2003 to 2005. Those sixteen editors all also rejected Martha's Version. The chapter first considers the interdependencies of literary agents and editors and how editors make and legitimize decisions before discussing why Jarrettsville was rejected and later accepted by Counterpoint.
Theoretical Underpinnings: Modeling Stars
Authors: Basu Sarbani , Chaplin William J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter provides a brief description of the process of constructing models for the interpretation of stellar oscillation data. The equations of stellar structure are basically statements of conservation—of mass, momentum, and energy—along with the conditions required for thermal equilibrium. The equations of stellar structure are written with mass as the independent variable. Here, a star is divided into many mass shells, from the center at m = 0 to the surface at m = M, where M is the total mass of the star, and a model is obtained by solving the set of equations at each mass shell in a self-consistent manner. In addition, the chapter considers energy generation and how energy is transported from the core to the surface, as well as how elemental abundances change as a function of time.