bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeding en route: Prey availability and traits influence prey selection by an avian predator on migration
Authors: Bourbour Ryan P. , Aylward Cody M. , Meehan Timothy D. , Martinico Breanna L. , Badger Mary E. , Goodbla Alisha M. , Fish Allen M. , Ely Teresa E. , Briggs Christopher W. , Hull Elisha M.
Published: June 2024

During animal migration, ephemeral communities of taxa at all trophic levels co‐occur over space and time. The interactions between predators and prey along migration corridors are ecologically and evolutionarily significant. However, these interactions remain understudied in terrestrial systems and warrant further investigations using novel approaches.

We investigated the predator–prey interactions between a migrating avivorous predator and ephemeral avian prey community in the fall migration season. We tested for associations between avian traits and prey selection and hypothesized that prey traits (i.e. relative size, flocking behaviour, habitat, migration tendency and availability) would influence prey selection by a sexually dimorphic raptor on migration.

To document prey consumption, we sampled trace prey DNA from beaks and talons of migrating sharp‐shinned hawks Accipiter striatus (n = 588). We determined prey availability in the ephemeral avian community by extracting weekly abundance indices from eBird Status and Trends data. We used discrete choice models to assess prey selection and visualized the frequency of prey in diet and availability on the landscape over the fall migration season.

Using eDNA metabarcoding, we detected prey species on 94.1% of the hawks sampled (n = 525/588) comprising 1396 prey species detections from 65 prey species. Prey frequency in diet and eBird relative abundance of prey species were correlated over the migration season for top‐selected prey species, suggesting prey availability is an important component of raptor‐songbird interactions during fall. Prey size, flocking behaviour and non‐breeding habitat association were prey traits that significantly influenced predator choice. We found differences between female and male hawk prey selection, suggesting that sexual size dimorphism has led to distinct foraging strategies on migration.

This research integrated field data collected by a volunteer‐powered raptor migration monitoring station and public‐generated data from eBird to reveal elusive predator–prey dynamics occurring in an ephemeral raptor‐songbird community during fall migration. Understanding dynamic raptor‐songbird interactions along migration routes remains a relatively unexplored frontier in animal ecology and is necessary for the conservation and management efforts of migratory and resident communities.
Climate interacts with the trait structure of tree communities to influence forest productivity
Authors: Dupont‐Leduc Laurie , Power Hugues , Fortin Mathieu , Schneider Robert
Published: June 2024

Tree functional diversity can increase forest productivity by enhancing species interactions and providing greater growth stability. However, very few studies have examined the influence of tree community trait structure on survivor growth, recruitment and mortality simultaneously, which are the main drivers of forest population dynamics.

Here, we explore the interactions among functional diversity, productivity and climate to investigate the role of the trait structure of communities on forest productivity and to determine under what circumstances functional diversity should be promoted to ensure forest adaptive capacity under future climate.

Using random‐forest modelling and a network of permanent sample plots covering a broad gradient of climatic conditions, we isolated the effects of functional diversity—described as the distribution of trait values in a community—and climate variables on net forest productivity (NFP), survivor growth, recruitment and mortality.

Based on our findings, community‐level trait structure affects forest productivity in different ways. NFP was influenced by three traits from three different plant strategy dimensions, whereas survivor growth and recruitment were strongly correlated with leaf and resource acquisition traits, and tree mortality with a mix of traits reflecting various plant strategies.

We also observed climate interactions with the functional trait structure of tree communities. For instance, we observed an interaction between drought tolerance and mean annual temperature: At low temperatures, NFP biomass accumulation increased with the value of the drought tolerance trait; however, at higher temperatures, the opposite pattern was observed. However, we found contrasting patterns of population response to climate variability, depending on their functional diversity. Greater functional diversity does not necessarily increase biomass accumulation under different climatic conditions.

Synthesis. As all components of forest productivity contribute to NFP, studies on forest productivity should consider not only survivor growth but also recruitment and mortality. Each component responds differently in terms of biomass changes in climatic variation, according to the trait structure of tree communities. This study provides a framework to identify the trait structure that should be targeted under different climate scenarios to anticipate change and help strengthen forest response capacity to climate change.
Mycorrhizal‐herbivore interactions and the competitive release of subdominant tallgrass prairie species
Authors: Duell Eric B. , Todd Timothy C. , Wilson Gail W. T.
Published: June 2024

Plant‐microbial‐herbivore interactions play a crucial role in the structuring and maintenance of plant communities and biodiversity, yet these relationships are complex. In grassland ecosystems, herbivores have the potential to greatly influence the survival, growth and reproduction of plants. However, few studies examine interactions of above‐ and below‐ground grazing and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) mycorrhizal symbiosis on plant community structure.

We established experimental mesocosms containing an assemblage of eight tallgrass prairie grass and forb species in native prairie soil, maintained under mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal conditions, with and without native herbivorous soil nematodes, and with and without grasshopper herbivory. Using factorial analysis of variance and principal component analysis, we examined: (a) the independent and interacting effects of above‐ and below‐ground herbivores on AM symbiosis in tallgrass prairie mesocosms, (b) independent and interacting effects of above‐ and below‐ground herbivores and mycorrhizal fungi on plant community structure and (c) potential influences of mycorrhizal responsiveness of host plants on herbivory tolerance and concomitant shifts in plant community composition.

Treatment effects were characterized by interactions between AM fungi and both above‐ground and below‐ground herbivores, while herbivore effects were additive. The dominance of mycorrhizal‐dependent C4 grasses in the presence of AM symbiosis was increased (p < 0.0001) by grasshopper herbivory but reduced (p < 0.0001) by nematode herbivory. Cool‐season C3 grasses exhibited a competitive release in the absence of AM symbiosis but this effect was largely reversed in the presence of grasshopper herbivory. Forbs showed species‐specific responses to both AM fungal inoculation and the addition of herbivores. Biomass of the grazing‐avoidant, facultatively mycotrophic forb Brickellia eupatorioides increased (p < 0.0001) in the absence of AM symbiosis and with grasshopper herbivory, while AM‐related increases in the above‐ground biomass of mycorrhizal‐dependent forbs Rudbeckia hirta and Salvia azurea were eradicated (p < 0.0001) by grasshopper herbivory. In contrast, nematode herbivory enhanced (p = 0.001) the contribution of Salvia azurea to total biomass.

Synthesis. Our research indicates that arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is the key driver of dominance of C4 grasses in the tallgrass prairie, with foliar and root herbivory being two mechanisms for maintenance of plant diversity.
Medicaid coverage for gender‐affirming surgery: A state‐by‐state review
Authors: LaGuardia Jonnby S. , Chin Madeline G. , Fadich Sarah , Morgan Katarina B. J. , Ngo Halena H. , Bedar Meiwand , Moghadam Shahrzad , Huang Kelly X. , Mallory Christy , Lee Justine C.
Published: June 2024

Objective

To systematically review Medicaid policies state‐by‐state for gender‐affirming surgery coverage.

Data Sources and Study Setting

Primary data were collected for each US state utilizing the LexisNexis legal database, state legislature publications, and Medicaid manuals.

Study Design

A cross‐sectional study evaluating Medicaid coverage for numerous gender‐affirming surgeries.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

We previously reported on state health policies that protect gender‐affirming care under Medicaid coverage. Building upon our prior work, we systematically assessed the 27 states with protective policies to determine coverage for each type of gender‐affirming surgery. We analyzed Medicaid coverage for gender‐affirming surgeries in four domains: chest, genital, craniofacial and neck reconstruction, and miscellaneous procedures. Medicaid coverage for each type of surgery was categorized as explicitly covered, explicitly noncovered, or not described.

Principal Findings

Among the 27 states with protective Medicaid policies, 17 states (63.0%) provided explicit coverage for at least one gender‐affirming chest procedure and at least one gender‐affirming genital procedure, while only eight states (29.6%) provided explicit coverage for at least one craniofacial and neck procedure (p = 0.04). Coverage for specific surgical procedures within these three anatomical domains varied. The most common explicitly covered procedures were breast reduction/mastectomy and hysterectomy (n = 17, 63.0%). The most common explicitly noncovered surgery was reversal surgery (n = 12, 44.4%). Several states did not describe the specific surgical procedures covered; thus, final coverage rates are indeterminate.

Conclusions

In 2022, 52.9% of states had health policies that protected gender‐affirming care under Medicaid; however, coverage for various gender‐affirming surgical procedures remains both variable and occasionally unspecified. When specified, craniofacial and neck reconstruction is the least covered anatomical area compared with chest and genital reconstruction.
Perinatal care among Hispanic birthing people: Differences by primary language and state policy environment
Authors: Interrante Julia D. , Pando Cynthia , Fritz Alyssa H. , Kozhimannil Katy B.
Published: June 2024

Objective

The study aims to examine maternal care among Hispanic birthing people by primary language and state policy environment.

Data Sources and Study Setting

Pooled data from 2016 to 2020 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System surveys from 44 states and two jurisdictions.

Study Design

Using multivariable logistic regression, we calculated adjusted predicted probabilities of maternal care utilization (visit attendance, timeliness, adequacy) and quality (receipt of guideline‐recommended care components). We examined outcomes by primary language (Spanish, English) and two binary measures of state policy environment: (1) expanded Medicaid eligibility to those <133% Federal Poverty Level, (2) waived five‐year waiting period for pregnant immigrants to access Medicaid.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

Survey responses from 35,779 postpartum individuals with self‐reported Hispanic ethnicity who gave birth during 2016–2020.

Principal Findings

Compared to English‐speaking Hispanic people, Spanish‐speaking individuals reported lower preconception care attendance and worse timeliness and adequacy of prenatal care.

In states without Medicaid expansion and immigrant Medicaid coverage, Hispanic birthing people had, respectively, 2.3 (95% CI:0.6, 3.9) and 3.1 (95% CI:1.6, 4.6) percentage‐point lower postpartum care attendance and 4.2 (95% CI:2.1, 6.3) and 9.2 (95% CI:7.2, 11.2) percentage‐point lower prenatal care quality than people in states with these policies.

In states with these policies, Spanish‐speaking Hispanic people had 3.3 (95% CI:1.3, 5.4) and 3.0 (95% CI:0.9, 5.1) percentage‐point lower prenatal care adequacy, but 1.3 (95% CI:−1.1, 3.6) and 2.7 (95% CI:0.2, 5.1) percentage‐point higher postpartum care quality than English‐speaking Hispanic people. In states without these policies, those same comparisons were 7.3 (95% CI:3.8, 10.8) and 7.9 (95% CI:4.6, 11.1) percentage‐points lower and 9.6 (95% CI:5.5, 13.7) and 5.3 (95% CI:1.8, 8.9) percentage‐points higher.

Conclusions

Perinatal care utilization and quality vary among Hispanic birthing people by primary language and state policy environment. States with Medicaid expansion and immigrant Medicaid coverage had greater equity between Spanish‐speaking and English‐speaking Hispanic people in adequate prenatal care and postpartum care quality among those who gave birth.
Sampling coverage of the Arkansas all‐payer claims database by County's persistent poverty designation
Authors: Li Chenghui , Peng Cheng , DelNero Peter , Saini Mahima , Schootman Mario
Published: June 2024

Objectives

To evaluate the quality of Arkansas All‐Payer Claims Database (APCD) for disparity research in persistent poverty areas by determining (1) its representativeness of Arkansas population, (2) variation by county, and (3) differences in coverage between persistent poverty and other counties.

Data Sources

Cross‐sectional study using 2019 Arkansas APCD member enrollment data and county‐level data from various agencies.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

An alias identifier linked persons across insurance plans. County FIPS codes were used to extract county‐level variables.

Study Design

Cohort 1 included individuals with ≥1 day of medical coverage in 2019. Cohort 2 included individuals with medical coverage in June, 2019. Cohort 3 included individuals with continuous medical coverage in 2019. Sampling proportions of a county's population in the three cohorts were compared between persistent poverty and other counties. Inverse‐variance weighted linear regression was used to identify county‐level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with inclusion in each cohort.

Principal Findings

In 2019, 73.6% of Arkansans had medical coverage for ≥1 day (Cohort 1), 66.3% had coverage in June (Cohort 2), and 58.8% had continuous coverage (Cohort 3) in APCD. Sampling proportions varied by county (median[range]: Cohort 1, 78% [58%–95%]; Cohort 2, 71% [51%–88%]; and Cohort 3, 64% [44%–80%]), and were higher among persistent poverty counties than others for all three cohorts (mean [SD], persistent poverty vs. other: Cohort 1: 80.9% [6.4%] vs. 77.1% [6.3%], p = 0.04; Cohort 2: 74.0% [6.4%] vs. 70.1% [6.2%], p = 0.03; Cohort 3: 66.4% [6.1%] vs. 62.7% [6.0%], p = 0.03). In the 2019 APCD, larger counties and those with higher proportions of females or persons 65+ years had higher coverage, whereas counties with higher per capita household income, median home value, or disproportionately more persons of other races (non‐White and non‐Black) had lower coverage (p < 0.05 for all three cohorts).

Conclusions

The Arkansas APCD had good coverage of Arkansas population. Coverage was higher in persistent poverty counties than others.
Discovery of Eremiobacterota with nifH homologues in tundra soil
Authors: Pessi Igor S. , Delmont Tom O. , Zehr Jonathan P. , Hultman Jenni
Published: June 2024

We describe the genome of an Eremiobacterota population from tundra soil that contains the minimal set of nif genes needed to fix atmospheric N2. This putative diazotroph population, which we name Candidatus Lamibacter sapmiensis, links for the first time Eremiobacterota and N2 fixation. The integrity of the genome and its nif genes are well supported by both environmental and taxonomic signals. Ca. Lamibacter sapmiensis contains three nifH homologues and the complementary set of nifDKENB genes that are needed to assemble a functional nitrogenase. The putative diazotrophic role of Ca. Lamibacter sapmiensis is supported by the presence of genes that regulate N2 fixation and other genes involved in downstream processes such as ammonia assimilation. Similar to other Eremiobacterota, Ca. Lamibacter sapmiensis encodes the potential for atmospheric chemosynthesis via CO2 fixation coupled with H2 and CO oxidation. Interestingly, the presence of a N2O reductase indicates that this population could play a role as a N2O sink in tundra soils. Due to the lack of activity data, it remains uncertain if Ca. Lamibacter sapmiensis is able to assemble a functional nitrogenase and participate in N2 fixation. Confirmation of this ability would be a testament to the great metabolic versatility of Eremiobacterota, which appears to underlie their ecological success in cold and oligotrophic environments.
Age‐specific and compartment‐dependent changes in mitochondrial homeostasis and cytoplasmic viscosity in mouse peripheral neurons
Authors: Sleigh James N. , Mattedi Francesca , Richter Sandy , Annuario Emily , Ng Kristal , Steinmark I. Emilie , Ivanova Iveta , Darabán István L. , Joshi Parth P. , Rhymes Elena R. , Awale Shirwa , Yahioglu Gokhan , Mitchell Jacqueline C. , Suhling Klaus , Schiavo Giampietro , Vagnoni Alessio
Published: June 2024

Mitochondria are dynamic bioenergetic hubs that become compromised with age. In neurons, declining mitochondrial axonal transport has been associated with reduced cellular health. However, it is still unclear to what extent the decline of mitochondrial transport and function observed during ageing are coupled, and if somal and axonal mitochondria display compartment‐specific features that make them more susceptible to the ageing process. It is also not known whether the biophysical state of the cytoplasm, thought to affect many cellular functions, changes with age to impact mitochondrial trafficking and homeostasis. Focusing on the mouse peripheral nervous system, we show that age‐dependent decline in mitochondrial trafficking is accompanied by reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and intramitochondrial viscosity, but not calcium buffering, in both somal and axonal mitochondria. Intriguingly, we observe a specific increase in cytoplasmic viscosity in the neuronal cell body, where mitochondria are most polarised, which correlates with decreased cytoplasmic diffusiveness. Increasing cytoplasmic crowding in the somatic compartment of DRG neurons grown in microfluidic chambers reduces mitochondrial axonal trafficking, suggesting a mechanistic link between the regulation of cytoplasmic viscosity and mitochondrial dynamics. Our work provides a reference for studying the relationship between neuronal mitochondrial homeostasis and the viscoelasticity of the cytoplasm in a compartment‐dependent manner during ageing.
Casual associations between brain structure and sarcopenia: A large‐scale genetic correlation and mendelian randomization study
Authors: Yang Guang , Xie Wenqing , Li Bin , Zhao Guihu , Li Jinchen , Xiao Wenfeng , Li Yusheng
Published: June 2024

Sarcopenia presenting a critical challenge in population‐aging healthcare. The elucidation of the interplay between brain structure and sarcopenia necessitates further research. The aim of this study is to explore the casual association between brain structure and sarcopenia. Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) was conducted to estimate the genetic correlations; MR was then performed to explore the causal relationship between Brain imaging‐derived phenotypes (BIDPs) and three sarcopenia‐related traits: handgrip strength, walking pace, and appendicular lean mass (ALM). The main analyses were conducted using the inverse‐variance weighted method. Moreover, weighted median and MR–Egger were conducted as sensitivity analyses. Genetic association between 6.41% of BIDPs and ALM was observed, and 4.68% of BIDPs exhibited causal MR association with handgrip strength, 2.11% of BIDPs were causally associated with walking pace, and 2.04% of BIDPs showed causal association with ALM. Volume of ventromedial hypothalamus was associated with increased odds of handgrip strength (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.37) and ALM (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.09). Mean thickness of G‐pariet‐inf‐Angular was associated with decreased odds of handgrip strength (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.70 to 0.97) and walking pace (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.93 to 0.99). As part of the brain structure forward causally influences sarcopenia, which may provide new perspectives for the prevention of sarcopenia and offer valuable insights for further research on the brain‐muscle axis.
Dissecting loci that underpin the genetic correlations between production, fertility, and urea traits in Australian Holstein cattle
Authors: Olasege Babatunde S. , van den Berg Irene , Haile‐Mariam Mekonnen , Ho Phuong N. , Yin Oh Zhen , Porto‐Neto Laercio R. , Hayes Ben J. , Pryce Jennie E. , Fortes Marina R. S.
Published: June 2024

Unfavorable genetic correlations between milk production, fertility, and urea traits have been reported. However, knowledge of the genomic regions associated with these unfavorable correlations is limited. Here, we used the correlation scan method to identify and investigate the regions driving or antagonizing the genetic correlations between production vs. fertility, urea vs. fertility, and urea vs. production traits. Driving regions produce an estimate of correlation that is in the same direction as the global correlation. Antagonizing regions produce an estimate in the opposite direction of the global estimates. Our dataset comprised 6567, 4700, and 12,658 Holstein cattle with records of production traits (milk yield, fat yield, and protein yield), fertility (calving interval) and urea traits (milk urea nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen predicted using milk‐mid‐infrared spectroscopy), respectively. Several regions across the genome drive the correlations between production, fertility, and urea traits. Antagonizing regions were confined to certain parts of the genome and the genes within these regions were mostly involved in preventing metabolic dysregulation, liver reprogramming, metabolism remodeling, and lipid homeostasis. The driving regions were enriched for QTL related to puberty, milk, and health‐related traits. Antagonizing regions were mostly related to muscle development, metabolic body weight, and milk traits. In conclusion, we have identified genomic regions of potential importance for dairy cattle breeding. Future studies could investigate the antagonizing regions as potential genomic regions to break the unfavorable correlations and improve milk production as well as fertility and urea traits.
Beyond the median: Estimating survival times for patients starting endocrine therapy for estrogen receptor‐positive, metastatic breast cancer from recent randomized trials
Authors: Parsonson Andrew O. , Sarkar Sunit , Brown Lauren , Low Gary K. K. , Kiely Belinda E. , Vasista Anuradha
Published: June 2024

Aim

To estimate scenarios for survival for patients with estrogen receptor (ER) positive, metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and to help communicate prognosis to patients starting endocrine therapy (ET)

Methods

We searched for randomized trials of ET for ER‐positive MBC and extracted the following percentiles (representative survival scenarios) from each overall survival (OS) curve: 90th (worst‐case), 75th (lower‐typical), 50th (median), 25th (upper‐typical), and 10th (best‐case). We then assessed the accuracy of estimating these percentiles for each OS curve by multiplying the median OS by four simple multiples: 0.25 (to estimate the 90th percentile), 0.5 (75th), 2 (25th), and 3 (10th). Estimates were deemed accurate if it fell within 0.75–1.33 times the actual value.

Results

We identified 25 trials with 10,566 patients. The median OS (interquartile range) was: 61.3 months (53.4–64.8) for first‐line ET with cyclin‐dependant kinase 4/6 inhibitors (four treatment groups); 42.6 months (40.9–50.4) for first‐line ET alone (21 treatment groups) and 29.2 months (24.8–33.4) for subsequent line ET (19 treatment groups). Simple multiples of the median OS accurately estimated the 90th percentile in 80%; 75th percentile in 93%; and 25th percentile in 76% of curves. The 10th percentile was only available for four OS curves and could not be evaluated.

Conclusion

Simple multiples of the median OS are a helpful and accurate method to assist in estimating and discussing scenarios for survival for MBC patients starting ET. Longer follow‐up of trials is required to help clinicians estimate the best‐case scenario.
Manikin study showed that neonates are exposed to high sound and vibration levels during helicopter incubator transports
Authors: Solvik‐Olsen Tone , Kåsin Jan Ivar , Hagemo Jostein , Heyerdahl Fridtjof
Published: June 2024

Aim

This initial Norwegian study aimed to quantify the vibrations and sounds experienced by neonates when they were transported by helicopter in an incubator.

Methods

Two neonatal manikins weighing 500 and 2000 g were placed in a transport incubator and transported in an Airbus H145 D3 helicopter during standard flight profiles. The vibrations were measured on the mattress inside the incubator and the sound levels were measured inside and outside the incubator.

Results

The highest vibration levels were recorded during standard flight profiles when the lighter manikin was used. These ranged 0.27–0.94 m/s2, compared to 0.27–0.76 m/s2 for the heavier manikin. The measurements exceeded the action levels set by the European Union Vibration Directive for adult work environments. The sound levels inside the incubator ranged 84.6–86.3 A‐weighted decibels, with a C‐weighted peak level of 122 decibels. The sound levels inside the incubator were approximately 10 decibels lower than outside, but amplification was observed in the incubator at frequencies below 160 Hz.

Conclusion

Vibrations were highest for the lighter manikin. The sound levels during helicopter transport were higher than recommended for neonatal environments and sounds were amplified within the incubator at lower frequencies.
Immunosuppression with cyclosporine versus tacrolimus shows distinctive nephrotoxicity profiles within renal compartments
Authors: Demirci Hasan , Popovic Suncica , Dittmayer Carsten , Yilmaz Duygu Elif , El‐Shimy Ismail Amr , Mülleder Michael , Hinze Christian , Su Mingzhen , Mertins Philipp , Kirchner Marieluise , Osmanodja Bilgin , Paliege Alexander , Budde Klemens , Amann Kerstin , Persson Pontus B. , Mutig Kerim , Bachmann Sebastian
Published: June 2024

Aim

Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are the backbone for immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation. Although successful in preventing kidney transplant rejection, their nephrotoxic side effects contribute to allograft injury. Renal parenchymal lesions occur for cyclosporine A (CsA) as well as for the currently favored tacrolimus (Tac). We aimed to study whether chronic CsA and Tac exposures, before reaching irreversible nephrotoxic damage, affect renal compartments differentially and whether related pathogenic mechanisms can be identified.

Methods

CsA and Tac were administered chronically in wild type Wistar rats using osmotic minipumps over 4 weeks. Functional parameters were controlled. Electron microscopy, confocal, and 3D‐structured illumination microscopy were used for histopathology. Clinical translatability was tested in human renal biopsies. Standard biochemical, RNA‐seq, and proteomic technologies were applied to identify implicated molecular pathways.

Results

Both drugs caused significant albeit differential damage in vasculature and nephron. The glomerular filtration barrier was more affected by Tac than by CsA, showing prominent deteriorations in endothelium and podocytes along with impaired VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling and podocyte‐specific gene expression. By contrast, proximal tubule epithelia were more severely affected by CsA than by Tac, revealing lysosomal dysfunction, enhanced apoptosis, impaired proteostasis and oxidative stress. Lesion characteristics were confirmed in human renal biopsies.

Conclusion

We conclude that pathogenetic alterations in the renal compartments are specific for either treatment. Considering translation to the clinical setting, CNI choice should reflect individual risk factors for renal vasculature and tubular epithelia. As a step in this direction, we share protein signatures identified from multiomics with potential pathognomonic relevance.
Using carbohydrate‐based polymers to facilitate testicular regeneration
Authors: Majeed Aneeqa , Afzal Hanan , Maqsood Kaleem , Noureen Amara , Gul Zaman , Imran Muhammad , Afzal Ali , Khawar Muhammad Babar
Published: June 2024

Male infertility is a significant global issue affecting 60–80 million people, with 40%–50% of cases linked to male issues. Exposure to radiation, drugs, sickness, the environment, and oxidative stress may result in testicular degeneration. Carbohydrate‐based polymers (CBPs) restore testis differentiation and downregulate apoptosis genes. CBP has biodegradability, low cost, and wide availability, but is at risk of contamination and variations. CBP shows promise in wound healing, but more research is required before implementation in healthcare. Herein, we discuss the recent advances in engineering applications of CBP employed as scaffolds, drug delivery systems, immunomodulation, and stem cell therapy for testicular regeneration. Moreover, we emphasize the promising challenges warranted for future perspectives.
EZH2‐associated tumor malignancy: A prominent target for cancer treatment
Authors: Sabour‐Takanlou Maryam , Sabour‐Takanlou Leila , Biray‐Avci Cigir
Published: June 2024

The discussion in this review centers around the significant relationships between EZH2 and the initiation, progression, metastasis, metabolism, drug resistance, and immune regulation of cancer. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, which encompass two primary Polycomb repressor complexes (PRC1 and PRC2), have been categorized. PRC2 consists mainly of four subunits, namely EZH2, EED, SUZ12, and RbAp46/48. As the crucial catalytic component within the PRC2 complex, EZH2 plays a pivotal role in controlling a wide range of biological processes. Overexpression/mutations of EZH2 have been detected in a wide variety of tumors. Several mechanisms of EZH regulation have been identified, including regulation EZH2 mRNA by miRNAs, LncRNAs, accessibility to DNA via DNA‐binding proteins, post‐translational modifications, and transcriptional regulation. EZH2 signaling triggers cancer progression and may intervene with anti‐tumor immunity; therefore it has charmed attention as an effective therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Numerous nucleic acid‐based therapies have been used in the modification of EZH2. In addition to gene therapy approaches, pharmaceutical compounds can be used to target the EZH2 signaling pathway in the treatment of cancer. EZH2‐associated tumor cells and immune cells enhance the effects of the immune response in a variety of human malignancies. The combination of epigenetic modifying agents, such as anti‐EZH2 compounds with immunotherapy, could potentially be efficacious even in the context of immunosuppressive tumors. Summary, understanding the mechanisms underlying resistance to EZH2 inhibitors may facilitate the development of novel drugs to prevent or treat relapse in treated patients.
Comparative in vitro evaluation of microgap in titanium stock versus cobalt–chrome custom abutments on a conical connection implant: Effect of crown cementation and ceramic veneering
Authors: Herrero‐Climent Federico , Martínez‐Rus Francisco , Salido María Paz , Roldán David , Pradíes Guillermo
Published: June 2024

Objective

To compare the implant–abutment connection microgap between computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) milled or laser‐sintered cobalt–chrome custom abutments with or without ceramic veneering and titanium stock abutments with or without crown cementation.

Material and Methods

Six groups of six abutments each were prepared: (1) CAD/CAM cobalt–chrome custom abutments: milled, milled with ceramic veneering, laser‐sintered, and laser‐sintered with ceramic veneering (four groups: MIL, MIL‐C, SIN, and SIN‐C, respectively) and (2) titanium stock abutments with or without zirconia crown cementation (two groups: STK and STK‐Z, respectively). Abutments were screwed to the implants by applying 30 Ncm torque. All 36 samples were sectioned along their long axes. The implant–abutment connection microgap was measured using scanning electron microscopy on the right and left sides of the connection at the upper, middle, and lower levels. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test (p < .05).

Results

Mean values (μm) of the microgap were 0.54 ± 0.44 (STK), 0.55 ± 0.48 (STK‐Z), 1.53 ± 1.30 (MIL), 2.30 ± 2.2 (MIL‐C), 1.53 ± 1.37 (SIN), and 1.87 ± 1.8 (SIN‐C). Although significant differences were observed between the STK and STK‐Z groups and the other groups (p < .05), none were observed between the milled and laser‐sintered groups before or after ceramic veneering. The largest microgap was observed at the upper level in all groups.

Conclusions

Titanium stock abutments provided a closer fit than cobalt–chrome custom abutments. Neither crown cementation nor ceramic veneering resulted in significant changes in the implant–abutment connection microgap.
Persistence of the African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) in a system experiencing chronic utilization by elephants
Authors: Foster Jarryd , O'Connor Timothy , Visser Vernon , Hoffman Timm
Published: June 2024

Chronic utilization of woody vegetation by African savanna elephants may transform woodland vegetation to open savanna and threaten the extirpation of targeted species. This situation has arisen in Gonarezhou National Park (GNP), Zimbabwe, where a large elephant population (>2 km−2) threatens the persistence of the long‐lived baobab (Adansonia digitata) tree, through elevated mortality levels. This study investigated whether complete or partial refugia from elephant utilization existed for baobabs, and whether protection of trees by management, using wire netting or log‐ or rock‐packs around a tree base, had been effective. A total of 563 baobabs were sampled across northern GNP. Elephants had debarked 99% of trees to some degree, and gouged holes in the stem of 22% of trees. The probability, and severity, of debarking and gouging decreased with increasing distance to permanent water, increasing slope, and the amount of boulder cover. Slope gradient had the greatest effect on elephant impact, with trees located on steep slopes being less affected by elephants than those on flat ground. Distance to water had an effect despite the farthest tree, at 9 km from water, being within the 15 km foraging range of bull elephants. Large boulders partly protected trees even on gentle terrain. None of these factors provided a complete refuge from elephant impact within GNP, but, individually and collectively, provided a partial refuge at current elephant densities. Protection measures doubled tree survival over approximately 5 years, with fencing wire wrapped around baobab stems proving to be the most effective method. Assessment of the future security of baobabs in GNP requires knowledge of their distribution and that of the refugia provided by distance from permanent water, slope, and boulder cover.
Setting conservation objectives with value‐focused thinking
Authors: Martin David M. , Goldstein Joshua H. , Smith David R. , Galgamuwa G. A. Pabodha , Craig Aileen , Dietz Michelle , Kerr Caitlin
Published: June 2024

The approach common to well‐known conservation planning frameworks is rooted in values, like species persistence and quality habitat, and expectations resulting from conservation actions, like restoration and protection. We evaluated value‐focused thinking (VFT) as a framework for setting objectives based on personal or group values. Our approach included five steps: eliciting individual participant values, specifying objectives, organizing objectives, structuring multiple objectives, and a quality check. We implemented these steps with 12 conservation planning teams at a global conservation organization. We performed descriptive analyses based on comparisons between final group objectives and initial individual objectives as well as the quality check. We found that participants could only self‐identify a proportion of the team's objectives, which VFT strengthened. Participants were equally challenged with identifying means and ends objectives, contrasting with general VFT theory. Both experienced and newly formed teams effectively applied VFT. Our study formalizes a common‐sense approach to evaluating the underlying drivers of conservation planning so that its resulting outcomes can be most impactful.
Effects of experimental modification of temperature and humidity on abundance of dermestid beetles in nests of blue tits
Authors: García‐Velasco Javier , Háva Jiří , García‐del Río Marina , Cantarero Alejandro , Castaño‐Vázquez Francisco , Merino Yago , Selfa Jesús , Merino Santiago
Published: June 2024

Many factors may affect the diversity and abundance of arthropods in their natural habitats including changes in temperature and humidity. Sometimes, large arthropods remain undetected in unsuspected habitats such as bird nests. Here, we explore the effects of an experiment modifying temperature and relative humidity inside the nest of a troglodyte bird species, the blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus (L.) (Passeriformes: Paridae), on the abundance of dermestid beetles (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) inhabiting the nests. Ten taxa were identified, six at the species level and four—based on larval stages—at the genus level. Most of the dermestids found in the larval stage were nidicolous dermestids of the genus Anthrenus. Specimens of necrobiont dermestids (those that feed on carcasses in both the larval and adult stages) were found in lower numbers, and almost always in adult stages. The abundance of dermestid larvae found in blue tit nests where the temperature or the humidity were experimentally increased was significantly higher than in the control nests. In addition, adult necrobiont dermestids of genus Dermestes appeared more frequently in those nests where corpses of blue tit nestlings were found.
Aging suppresses subthalamic neuronal activity in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Alzate Sanchez Ana M. , Janssen Marcus L. F. , Temel Yasin , Roberts Mark J.
Published: June 2024

Age is a primary risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the effects of aging on the Parkinsonian brain remain poorly understood, particularly for deep brain structures. We investigated intraoperative micro‐electrode recordings from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of PD patients aged between 42 and 76 years. Age was associated with decreased oscillatory beta power and non‐oscillatory high‐frequency power, independent of PD‐related variables. Single unit firing and burst rates were also reduced, whereas the coefficient of variation and the structure of burst activity were unchanged. Phase synchronization (debiased weighed phase lag index [dWPLI]) between sites was pronounced in the beta band between electrodes in the superficial STN but was unaffected by age. Our results show that aging is associated with reduced neuronal activity without changes to its temporal structure. We speculate that the loss of activity in the STN may mediate the relationship between PD and age.
Possible role of β‐hydroxybutyrate in inducing inflammation in alopecia areata
Authors: Shin Jung‐Min , Son Seungjin , Jung Kyung Eun , Kim Chang Deok , Lee Young
Published: June 2024

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by non‐scarring hair loss due to an immune response that targets hair follicles. The current treatment approach for AA involves the use of immunosuppressants and immunomodulators to reduce cytokine levels around affected hair follicles. Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have emerged as potential anti‐inflammatory agents with diverse beneficial effects in various medical conditions. This study investigates the role of beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB), a ketone body produced during SGLT2 inhibition, in the pathogenesis of AA. Serum BHB levels were found to be significantly elevated in patients with AA compared with healthy controls, with higher levels correlating with severity of hair loss. BHB treatment increased inflammatory cytokine production in outer root sheath (ORS) cells, mimicking the inflammatory conditions seen in AA. The results suggest that elevated BHB levels may exacerbate the inflammatory immune response in AA patients and may be associated with chronic hair loss and resistance to treatment. Serum BHB levels may serve as a potential marker of poor prognosis in patients with severe AA. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise role of BHB in the pathogenesis of AA and its implications for disease management.
The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor family and CD74 in the pathogenesis of melanoma
Authors: Tanese Keiji , Ogata Dai
Published: June 2024

Melanoma is an aggressive tumour with poor prognosis that arises from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Over the past few decades, intense research into the pathogenesis of melanoma has led to the development of BRAF and immune checkpoint inhibitors, including antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 (CTLA‐4), which have shown clinically significant efficacy. However, some tumours do not respond to these therapies initially or become treatment resistant. Most melanoma tissues appear to possess biological characteristics that allow them to evade these treatments, and identifying these characteristics is one of the major challenges facing cancer researchers. One such characteristic that has recently gained attention is the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its receptor CD74. This review outlines the cellular and molecular functions of CD74, MIF and their family of proteins. We then review their roles in tumours based on previous reports, highlight their pathological significance in melanoma and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets.
Long‐term climatic means affect the magnitude of short‐term variability in population growth rates
Authors: Bistritz Liraz , Kadmon Ronen , Flather Curtis H. , Kalyuzhny Michael
Published: June 2024

Aim

Temporal variability in population growth rates is a fundamental property of natural populations with implications for almost any facet in ecology and evolution. Using the framework of nonlinear averaging, we test the hypothesis that the magnitude of short‐term variability in population growth rates is influenced by the long‐term means of climatic conditions.

Location

The contiguous United States.

Time period

1970–2019.

Major taxa studied

Birds.

Methods

Our study encompassed 3941 populations of resident birds in 1335 localities across the contiguous United States. For each population, we quantified the standard deviation of annual growth rates over the relevant period and the corresponding long‐term mean values of annual temperature and precipitation. We further considered the effects of covariates known to influence temporal variability in population growth, namely the standard deviations of climatic variables, the lifespan and the preferred habitat (forest vs. non‐forest) of each species. The effects of climate and species traits on the variability in population growth rates were analysed using linear mixed‐effects models.

Results

The magnitude of variability in population growth rate decreased with increasing the long‐term mean of annual precipitation and had a U‐shaped dependence on mean annual temperature. Variability in climatic conditions increased population growth variability, but this effect was weaker than the effect of the corresponding long‐term means. A long lifespan reduced the impact of climatic variability on the variability in population growth rates.

Main conclusions

Our finding that the magnitude of variability in population growth rates is influenced by the long‐term characteristics of climatic conditions and species traits extends our perspective on the relationship between climate and population dynamics and should be taken into account in future assessments of spatial and temporal population responses to climate change.
Pivot to the South: Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals through China's Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: McNicol Hannah
Published: June 2024

Whilst China's aid and development model has been traditionally understood as divergent from the dominant post‐1945 liberal development model, scholars are also increasingly exploring convergence between features of the two development models. Recently, scholars from a range of disciplines including development studies, development geography and international (business, environment and legal) studies have explored a process whereby China's Belt and Road Initiative and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals converge (‘BRI‐SDG integration’). This paper brings these multidisciplinary strands of scholarship together and places them in dialogue with social sciences convergence theory to understand how BRI‐SDG integration aligns with or challenges previous conceptualisations of Chinese‐dominant development convergence. The paper first demonstrates that BRI‐SDG integration proposes a novel and deliberate convergence process ‐ which the paper names ‘complementary convergence’. However, BRI‐SDG integration also underscores the need for more multidirectional frameworks that reject Eurocentricity for evaluating the contemporary Chinese‐dominant relationship, and an enhanced focus on how China is influencing dominant development institutions. Finally, BRI‐SDG integration reiterates the methodological difficulties of delineating between ‘development models’ in an increasingly interrelated global governance of development.
Association between nonalcholic fatty liver disease and pancreatic cancer: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and antidiabetic medication
Authors: Sakaue Takahiko , Terabe Hiroya , Takedatsu Hidetoshi , Kawaguchi Takumi
Published: June 2024

Extrahepatic malignancies are the leading cause of death in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Of these cancers, pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal; however, the link between NAFLD and pancreatic cancer remains unclear. Recently, various research results have been reported on the association between NAFLD and pancreatic cancer, and the results of compiling this information revealed the following. First, the prevalence of pancreatic cancer in patients with NAFLD is at 0.26%. Second, the currently evident pathogenesis includes intrapancreatic risk factors, such as: (1) non‐alcoholic fatty pancreas disease, and (2) intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; and extrapancreatic risk factors, such as: (1) insulin resistance and adipocytokines, (2) proinflammatory cytokines, and (3) dysbiosis. Finally, metformin and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors may reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer in diabetes patients with NAFLD. In this review, we summarize the recent evidence on the epidemiology and mechanisms for NAFLD‐related pancreatic cancer. We further discuss the impact of anti‐diabetic medication on pancreatic cancer.