bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnographie d'une rentrée en classe de cours préparatoire : comment s'instaurent les règles de la vie scolaire
Authors: Marchive Alain
Published: January 2010

Cette recherche s'appuie sur une observation ethnographique, menée en début d'année, dans une classe de cours préparatoire en ZEP. Elle analyse les stratégies utilisées par l'enseignant pour instituer les règles de la vie scolaire et les conséquences de son action au plan didactique. Après avoir montré comment l'enseignant définit - ou redéfinit - les formes de l'organisation scolaire, et comment s'instaurent les règles de la vie scolaire, l'auteur étudie les conditions dans lesquelles les élèves opèrent des ajustements et interprètent les règles. L'étude des permanences, des ruptures ou des évolutions dans l'ordre didactique, montre que les cadres de l'expérience scolaire ne sont jamais totalement figés, pas plus que les règles ne sont strictement définies et appliquées. La construction de la réalité scolaire apparaît dès lors comme une « co-construction » dans laquelle maîtres et élèves sont également engagés et dont les multiples formes constituent une dimension importante de l'expérience scolaire.
Des gestes pour lire
Authors: Borowski Patrick
Published: January 2010

L'expérimentation qui est l'objet de cet article s'intéresse à une dimension peu ou pas didactisée de l'enseignement de la lecture. L'apprentissage de la lecture, en s' attachant à l'élaboration de compétences linguistiques, fait l'impasse sur des micro-compétences, du type savoir interrompre puis reprendre une lecture ou savoir annoter un texte, pourtant essentielles à l'interprétation d'un texte long. L'article expose un travail mené dans une classe de CP sur la manière dont les élèves élaborent et s'approprient ces savoir-faire ordinaires et en quoi leur maîtrise progressive assure la compréhension et l'interprétation des textes.
Des enseignantes face à des inspecteurs : une approche mendélienne du rapport d'autorité
Authors: Mosconi Nicole , Heideiger Nicole
Published: January 2010

This article sets out to study the relationship between inspectors and inspectées, in the primary school, from the point of view of female teachers inspected by a corps of mostly male inspectors. Through the analysis of three non-directive interviews, the article makes a point in showing how this position of hierarchy creates psychoemotional phenomenons greatly overflowing its functional boundaries. The female teachers speak of it in an irrational way, connecting it with the feeling they have of a very infantilizing relationship. They call forth the inspector as a phantasmatic, persecuting ana agonizing figure. His sentence, carried out by a grade, appears as an almost divine verdict. In the steps of Gérard Mendel's approach of authority, we hypothesize that this figure of the inspector, all-knowing and all-powerfull, leads back, in the case of these female teachers, to very regressive outlines, and may be seen, in the light of post-freudian works, as the phantasmatic representation of an CEdipian rather, behind which hides a very archaic maternal figure, (itself issued from the oral, and pregenital stage), giver of life and death, and creating a feeling of extreme subjection, agressiveness, guilt and fear of being abandoned.
Des identités professionnelles à l'épreuve du changement : les formateurs de renseignement technique et professionnel en IUFM
Authors: Troger Vincent
Published: January 2010

For two decades National Education has known important transformations of its operating modes and principles which govern them. Created in 1991, the University Institutes for Teachers'Training (Instituts Universitaires de Formation des Maîtres) were one of the laboratories of these evolutions. Therefore, the trainers have had to undergo new constraints, of which some can appear sufficiently contradictory to look like what psychologists called paradoxical injunctions. The trainers of technical and vocational teachers were particularly exposed with these constraints. Heirs to an autonomous system of training, they had to learn how to carry out multiple adjustments to collaborate with colleagues whose cultures are extremely different from theirs. But they also had to make the experiment of the dominated situation which is traditionally the situation of technical teaching in the French education system as soon as it is associated with academic courses. Strongly implicated in their job, they nevertheless express a feeling of suffering during work which reminds of similar observations made in other professional situations.
Pourquoi les jeunes Français ont-ils à quinze ans des compétences inférieures à celles de jeunes d'autres pays ?
Authors: Meuret Denis
Published: January 2010

The scores of French students at the PISA international assessment are disappointing. This article is an attempt to understand why, through a comparison between the French situation and that of those countries which outperform France. This country appears to be in a rather favourable situation regarding the family and students attitude towards schooling and regarding the organisational framework of schooling, while in a rather unfavourable one regarding the teacher's attitudes towards learning and pupils. The article also tries to see if the French system does not compensate by a high degree of equity its disappointing effectiveness. The answer is rather negative.
L'école peut-elle encore former l'esprit ?
Authors: Fabre Michel
Published: January 2010

La crise de l'éducation est référée ici au projet normatif de l'école, tel qu'il se donne dans l'idée éducative, ainsi que la conçoit Durkheim : unité d'influence, idéal encyclopédique et visée de conversion. Une certaine sociologie de la connaissance présente les savoirs post-modernes comme foisonnants et disséminés, extérieurs aux sujets et liés aux pouvoirs, leur déniant ainsi toute valeur formatrice ou émancipatrice. Une critique épistémologique, inspirée de la philosophie de Bachelard et centrée sur l'idée de problème, s'efforcera de dégager les conditions d'une relève didactique de ces savoirs comme d'une réhabilitation du « scolaire » dans son autonomie relative par rapport aux savoirs dits « savants ».
Sens et rationalité à l'école. Quelques réflexions librement inspirées de Wittgenstein
Authors: Pierrot Alain
Published: January 2010

In the opinion of Wittgenstein, romantic, subjective conception of meaning opposed to the "rational" dimension prevents us to acknowledge that reasons are on the "same side" as meaning, as rule and as public discourse, instead of being only seen in the category or "causes", like adepts of scientism and opponents to Wittgenstein think. Thanks to Wittgenstein we also understand that the meaning exists because of the pre-existence of institutionalized language, in the diversity of life aspects initially experienced by children.
L'éducation entre fin, finalité et finalisme. Le sens de la pédagogie : repères philosophiques, résonances pédagogiques
Authors: Soëtard Michel , Hetier Renaud
Published: January 2010

La question du sens de l'éducation renvoie à celle de la finalité. Mais les finalités ne posent pas question en soi : elles sont là de fait, qu'on les veuille ou non, appelées par les mouvements de la nature, modelées par l'histoire, impulsées par les pouvoirs. La nouveauté est que ces finalités, « autrefois » maîtrisées « d'en haut » par une « fin suprême », partent désormais à la dérive du besoin social et qu'elles se dispersent dans la contradiction des intérêts particuliers. Alors renaît, sur la ruine des finalités historiques disloquées, l'aspiration vers une fin qui en finisse absolument : la « question du sens », reprise du vieux rêve métaphysique, mais désormais privée de son support ontologique. Cette fin s'interdit d'être une finalité suprême, qui serait posée quelque part dans le ciel ou sur cette terre : le finalisme est mis hors jeu. Que peut-elle être alors, si l'œuvre d'humanité doit continuer à avoir un sens, sinon forme pure inlassablement visée au travers des finalités qui continuent à être là, ouvertes à tous les sens et les non-sens, dans l'attente que le pédagogue leur donne un sens vrai dans et par son action d'humanisation ?

Dans cette contribution, Michel Soëtard s'efforce de poser des repères philosophiques, puis, s'entretenant avec Renaud Hétier, il sollicite du pédagogue le contrepoint d'une réflexion sur l'action.
Les tribulations du Bien et du Vrai en éducation
Authors: Houssaye Jean
Published: January 2010

Dans cet article, nous voulons souligner ce mouvement inverse en termes de valeurs de référence qui constitue les sciences de l'éducation et la pédagogie. Autant les premières sont fondées sur le Vrai et tendent au Bien à partir du Vrai, autant la seconde est fondée sur le Bien et tend au Vrai à partir du Bien. Mais nous voulons aussi souligner les arabesques dessinées sur ce mouvement de base par des figures constitutives de ce champ. Manière de montrer que si chacun, dans chaque secteur, est bien confronté à la définition et à l'articulation du Vrai et du Bien, les façons de les considérer sont fort disparates et opposées.
Le cheminement des étudiants dans les écoles supérieures d'art
Authors: Galodé Gilles , Michaut Christophe
Published: January 2010

The article reports on the progress of the students of higher schools of art (formerly schools of fine arts). In a first step it describes the peculiarities of the artistic higher education, as opposed to the other sectors of the higher education. In a second step, the inventory of the social and academic recruitment of schools reveals a strong heterogeneity among the establishments. Finally, the longitudinal analysis of the routes of 1 570 students registered in first year shows that the success of artistic studies depends more on the context of study than on cultural inheritance.
Modèles nationaux et dynamiques multiculturelles dans les établissements scolaires en Europe
Authors: Van Zanten Agnès
Published: January 2010

To understand the institutional dynamics and the strategies of the school actors that are put into action in contrasted local and national contexts regarding multi- culturalism you have to resort to a multidimensional analysis structured around at least two major elements : the impact of the national models of integration and the modes of regulation of the educational system. This hypothesis runs through the three parts of the article, which are : 1 - a comparison between the educational policies in England and in the French community of Belgium ; 2 - the analysis of dynamics aiming at coping with students of multicultural origins in secondary schools ; 3 - the identity strategies of these students. The article ends up with a twofold conclusion. On a theoretical level, it is about the respective influence of the school dynamics and of the cultural models on the ways cultural differences are managed with and on identity processes. On a methodological level, it gives an overview of the limits as well as the contributions of a qualitative comparative approach.
Modèles d'intégration nationaux, d'établissements et processus identitaires en contextes multiculturels
Authors: Verhoeven Marie
Published: January 2010

Comprendre les dynamiques institutionnelles et les stratégies des acteurs scolaires qui se déploient dans des contextes nationaux et locaux contrastés face au multiculturalisme, exige de passer par une analyse multidimensionnelle prenant en compte au moins deux axes d'analyse : l'impact des modèles d'intégration nationaux, et celui des modes de régulation des systèmes éducatifs. Cette hypothèse traverse les trois parties de cet article, à savoir : 1) une mise en perspective des politiques éducatives en vigueur en Angleterre et en Communauté française de Belgique, 2) l'analyse des dynamiques observées au niveau d'établissements secondaires pour répondre à la présence d'une population multiculturelle, et 3) les stratégies identitaires des élèves. L'article se clôture sur un double bilan, théorique (portant sur l'influence respective des dynamiques scolaires et des modèles culturels sur les formes de traitement de la différence culturelle et sur les processus identitaires) et méthodologique (revenant sur les apports et limites d'une approche comparative qualitative).
Minorités, ethnicité et citoyenneté : les modèles français et anglais sur les bancs de révole
Authors: Raveaud Maroussia
Published: January 2010

The schooling of ethnic minority children is an issue that relates not only to educational matters but also to national models of integration and identity building. This paper compares the situation in England and in France, two countries characterised respectively by the multicultural and the republican model. A study of official taxonomies used to classify the population, of educational policy and classroom practice reveals the distortions the models are subject to while continuing to be identifiable in practice and shaping pupils' experience of ethnicity at school.
Les dynamiques multi­culturelles dans les écoles néerlandaises
Authors: Maier Robert , De Haan Mariëtte
Published: January 2010

Cet article traite les points suivants : 1. la réalité de la ségrégation ethnique des enfants scolarisés aux Pays- Bas ; 2. il existe une inégalité significative, mais pas stable, concernant les résultats scolaires des enfants des populations migrantes ; 3. les mesures politiques et les interventions qui ont été formulées par rapport à ces populations d'élèves ; 4. les recherches effectuées dans les écoles néerlandaises concernant les interactions entre enseignants et élèves et entre élèves ne permettent pas d'identifier des discriminations évidentes, mais beaucoup de formes de discrimination plus subtiles ; 5. les explications théoriques pertinentes concernant les parcours et les résultats scolaires des enfants des populations migrantes aux Pays-Bas pointent vers des interactions complexes entre le travail des écoles et les efforts spécifiques des populations migrantes.
Scolarisation, immigration et politiques éducatives locales. Le cas de Vie (Catalogne, Espagne)
Authors: Carbonell Jaume , Simó-Gil Núria , Tort Antoni
Published: January 2010

In 1997, the process of merging four primary schools to produce two larger schools started in the city of Vic (Catalonia). This step was taken in order to deal with the increasing concentration of school children from immigrant families in two of the merged schools. It has led to changes in the distribution of the educational centres in the city. At the same time all the city schools, both public and state- maintained private, agreed to accept a similar number of pupils from immigrant families. This situation has implications on : a) Educational policy ; b) The internal organisation of the merged schools ; c) The work of local social agencies.
La formation professionnelle des enseignants en France et au Royaume-Uni : dispositifs d'alternance et modèles de formation
Authors: Brisard Estelle , Malet Régis
Published: January 2010

This article investigates and compares the postgraduate professional preparation of secondary teachers in England, Scotland and France. Teachers in the three countries have inherited specific professional and training cultures and the comparative approach allows for a study of the integration of theory and practice in each course in light of the overall course design and content, of the partnership adopted between the training institution and the schools as well as the mentoring and tutoring schemes in place in each of the three programmes selecteafor this study. Significant differences exist in the way courses are conceptualised in the three countries which have enabled us to outline three models of initial teacher education and allow for a meaningful analysis of key current issues in this field.
Le corps dans l'enseignement scolaire : regard sociologique
Authors: Faure Sylvia , Garcia Marie-Carmen
Published: January 2010

Cet article propose un regard sociologique sur les présupposés concernant la « place du corps » dans les apprentissages scolaires. Il montre que des « politiques du corps » sont parties prenantes de toute relation pédagogique. Aussi s'agit-il de réfléchir aux modèles de comportements, physiques et cognitifs, empreints de stéréotypes sociaux et sexués, que ces dernières véhiculent tacitement. Se recentrant sur les activités physiques, essentiellement sur la danse à l'école, le texte s'attaque aux croyances qui tendent à considérer ces séances comme des moyens éducatifs favorables à la « dépense » d'un « trop plein d'énergie » et à une meilleure compréhension et acceptation des règles scolaires. Sont donc questionnées les thèses implicites de la « transférabilité » de compétences ou de comportements de situations scolaires où le corps est explicitement en jeu (en sport, en danse), aux contextes pédagogiques censés davantage restreindre les corps (les cours de mathématiques, français, etc.).
L'introduction d'une culture technique au collège : une analyse socio-historique
Authors: Harle Isabelle
Published: January 2010

Cet article s'inscrit dans le champ de la sociologie des curricula et s'applique à reconstituer les processus sociaux qui président à la définition des savoirs scolaires. Nous avons mené, à propos de la technologie, une analyse socio-historique qui tente de montrer comment les réalités pédagogiques se constituent sur la longue durée. Nous nous sommes attachée plus précisément à identifier les différentes catégories d'acteurs qui sélectionnent des savoirs et des pratiques et qui se mobilisent pour les inscrire dans l'institution scolaire. Obligatoire dans les collèges depuis 1985, la programmation de la technologie fait suite à plusieurs tentatives avortées dans les années soixante et soixante-dix; ces tentatives ont elles-mêmes été précédées de discussions à l'issue de la seconde guerre mondiale. Quelle conjonction de facteurs favorise l'inscription de la technologie dans les programmes d'enseignement obligatoires en 1985 ? Nous mettons en évidence dans cet article l'importance de la traduction de la demande sociale dans des termes recevables par l'institution scolaire. La programmation de la technologie s'est en effet accompagnée de la constitution d'un corps d'enseignants spécialistes, formés à l'université comme leurs collègues des autres disciplines, dispensant des connaissances formalisées qui s'éloignent de la pratique technique.
Les réformes des services d'inspection. Modèles et idéologies
Authors: De Grauwe Anton
Published: January 2010

L'inspection scolaire est un outil privilégié de l'État pour évaluer les écoles et les enseignants. Cet article, par un examen de différents systèmes d'inspection, démontre que les opinions des décideurs sur le rôle de l'État influent fortement sur l'organisation de l'inspection. Une distinction est faite entre quatre modèles d'inspection, qui offrent des réponses différentes à trois questions stratégiques : quel est le rôle principal des services d'inspection (appui, contrôle) : quel est le poids respectif des outils principaux de pilotage et d'évaluation (examens, auto-évaluation, inspection) ; envers qui, prioritairement, l'école et les enseignants sont-ils tenus responsables (le ministère, leurs collègues, le public).
Les référentiels des diplômes professionnels confrontés à leurs critiques: une mise en valeur de leurs enjeux sociaux
Authors: Maillard Fabienne
Published: January 2010

The referentials of vocational diplomas, which detail both the vocational activity the diploma prepares to and the body of knowledge as well as the skills necessary to perform this activity and also to get the diploma, are the object of recurrent criticisms ; the main objections concern their standardisation, their exshaustivity and the fact that they are too school centered.

The referentials give an idealised vision of the diploma, of its content and of its possible uses. This article deals mainly with the ambivalence of the criticisms adressed by the researchers and by the actors of the vocational trainings, as some of the features of the referentials and of the diplomas will be brought under attack or on the contrary will be considered as necessary. The analysis of the referentials and of the criticisms attached to them shades light on the coexistence of various conceptions (to which the various partners refer) regarding the vocational diplomas. It underlines the fact that vocational diplomas are individualised in the present realm of government certification.
Performances scolaires des élèves et appartenance ethnique (majoritaire vs minoritaire) de leurs modèles professionnels
Authors: Martinot Delphine , Toczek Marie-Christine , Brunot Sophie
Published: January 2010

Dans cette étude portant sur la relation entre la performance scolaire des élèves et leurs modèles professionnels, l'originalité est d'étudier le rôle joué par l'appartenance ethnique des modèles. Nous suggérons que, quelle que soit l'appartenance ethnique des élèves, ceux qui ont pour modèle un membre d'un groupe ethnique associé à une mauvaise réputation intellectuelle (groupe minoritaire) auront des performances scolaires plus faibles que les élèves dont le modèle est membre d'un groupe ethnique épargné par cette mauvaise réputation (groupe majoritaire). Cette hypothèse a été testée sur des élèves de CM2 dont 26 étaient membres d'un groupe ethnique minoritaire (enfants issus d'une immigration récente) et 30 membres du groupe ethnique majoritaire (enfants non-migrants). Ces élèves remplissaient un questionnaire permettant de connaître leur modèle professionnel et son origine ethnique, puis leurs notes en mathématiques et en français étaient recueillies en fin d'année scolaire. Les résultats, conformes à l'hypothèse, sont discutés en termes de processus d'identification au groupe ethnique.
Induction of Interferon-γ-Inducible Protein 10 by SARS-CoV Infection, Interferon Alfacon 1 and Interferon Inducer in Human Bronchial Epithelial Calu-3 Cells and BALB/c Mice
Authors: Kumaki Yohichi , Day Craig W , Bailey Kevin W , Wandersee Miles K , Wong Min-Hui , Madsen Jason R , Madsen Justin S , Nelson Nathan M , Hoopes Justin D , Woolcott John D , McLean Tyler Z , Blatt Lawrence M , Salazar Andres M , Smee Donald F , Barnard Dale L
Published: January 2010

Background:

The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is poorly understood. Several mechanisms involving both direct effects on target cells and indirect effects via the immune system might exist. SARS-CoV has been shown in vitro to induce changes of cytokines and chemokines in various human and animal cells. We previously reported that interferon (IFN) alfacon-1 was more active against SARS-CoV infection in human bronchial epithelial Calu-3 cells than in African green monkey kidney epithelial cells on day 3 post-infection.

Methods:

In the current study, we first evaluated the efficacy of IFN-alfacon 1 in Calu-3 cells during the first 7 days of virus infection. We then used the two-antibody sandwich ELISA method to detect IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10). We further evaluated the efficacy of antivirals directed against SARS-CoV infection in BALB/c mice.

Results:

A potent, prolonged inhibition of SARS-CoV replication in Calu-3 cells with IFN-alfacon 1 was observed. Furthermore, IP-10, an IFN-inducible leukocyte chemoattractant, was detected in Calu-3 cells after SARS-CoV infection. Interestingly, IP-10 expression was shown to be significantly increased when SARS-CoV-infected Calu-3 cells were treated with IFN alfacon-1. IP-10 expression was detected in the lungs of SARS-CoV-infected BALB/c mice. Significantly high levels of mouse IP-10 in BALB/c mice was also detected when SARS-CoV-infected mice were treated with the interferon inducer, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid stabilized with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethyl cellulose (poly IC:LC). Treatment with poly IC:LC by intranasal route were effective in protecting mice against a lethal infection with mouse-adapted SARS-CoV and reduced the viral lung titres.

Conclusion:

Our data might provide an important insight into the mechanism of pathogenesis of SARS-CoV and these properties might be therapeutically advantageous.
El contexto de la salud malaya: sistema humoral, medicina tradicional, reproducción y ritos de paso
Authors: Valenzuela García Hugo
Published: January 2010

El autor presenta algunos de los fundamentos de la cultura malaya en relación con la salud y la enfermedad en el ámbito rural. La cosmología malaya se basa en un corpus sincrético integrado por creencias animistas e Islam. El contenido cognitivo y simbólico de este corpus heterogéneo resulta particularmente ejemplar para revelar tanto aspectos generales de la cultura malaya (cosmología, estructura social, relaciones de género, hechicería) como aspectos singulares relacionados con la salud y la enfermedad (comprensión del cuerpo, reproducción, enfermedad). La descripción etnográfica de este sistema permite un doble ejercicio metodológico: abordar el contexto social y cultural en el que se concibe localmente la enfermedad entre los malayos y dilucidar vínculos de comparación con otras sociedades musulmanas en el contexto del sistema biomédico contemporáneo.
Lower Limb Joint Kinetics During Moderately Sloped Running
Authors: Telhan Gaurav , Franz Jason R. , Dicharry Jay , Wilder Robert P. , Riley Patrick O. , Kerrigan D. Casey
Published: January 2010

Context:

Knowledge of the kinetic changes that occur during sloped running is important in understanding the adaptive gait-control mechanisms at work and can provide additional information about the poorly understood relationship between injury and changes in kinetic forces in the lower extremity. A study of these potential kinetic changes merits consideration, because training and return-to-activity programs are potentially modifiable factors for tissue stress and injury risk.

Objective:

To contribute further to the understanding of hill running by quantifying the 3-dimensional alterations in joint kinetics during moderately sloped decline, level, and incline running in a group of healthy runners.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

Three-dimensional motion analysis laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Nineteen healthy young runners/joggers (age  =  25.3 ± 2.5 years).

Intervention(s):

Participants ran at 3.13 m/s on a treadmill under the following 3 different running-surface slope conditions: 4° decline, level, and 4° incline.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Lower extremity joint moments and powers and the 3 components of the ground reaction force.

Results:

Moderate changes in running-surface slope had a minimal effect on ankle, knee, and hip joint kinetics when velocity was held constant. Only changes in knee power absorption (increased with decline-slope running) and hip power (increased generation on incline-slope running and increased absorption on decline-slope running in early stance) were noted. We observed an increase only in the impact peak of the vertical ground reaction force component during decline-slope running, whereas the nonvertical components displayed no differences.

Conclusions:

Running style modifications associated with running on moderate slopes did not manifest as changes in 3-dimensional joint moments or in the active peaks of the ground reaction force. Our data indicate that running on level and moderately inclined slopes appears to be a safe component of training regimens and return-to-run protocols after injury.
Sex, Collagen Expression, and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strength in Rats
Authors: Romani William A. , Langenberg Patricia , Belkoff Stephen M.
Published: January 2010

Context:

Sex-specific responses to steroid sex hormones have been suggested as a potential cause for the disparate anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates between male and female athletes. Type 1 collagen (T1C) and type 3 collagen (T3C) are crucial structural components that define the ligament's ability to withstand tensile loads. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is an important mediator of downstream collagen synthesis and remodeling, but the sex-specific mechanisms of collagen mRNA expression and ACL strength are unknown.

Objective:

To examine the influence of sex on T1C and T3C mRNA expression and mass-normalized stiffness and peak failure load in the ACLs of skeletally mature rats.

Design:

Observational study.

Setting:

Basic sciences and biomechanical testing laboratories.

Patients or Other Participants:

Nineteen 12-week-old male (n  =  9) and female (n  =  10) Sprague Dawley rats.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

We used real-time polymerase chain reaction to determine T1C and T3C mRNA expression and a hydraulic materials testing device to measure ACL stiffness and failure load. Nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare the groups.

Results:

Female rats had lower amounts of T3C mRNA expression and higher normalized ACL tangent stiffness and failure load than male rats.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that sex-specific differences in T1C and T3C mRNA expression may play an important role in the downstream mechanical properties of the ACL.
The Interaction of Trunk-Load and Trunk-Position Adaptations on Knee Anterior Shear and Hamstrings Muscle Forces During Landing
Authors: Kulas Anthony S. , Hortobágyi Tibor , DeVita Paul
Published: January 2010

Context:

Because anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries can occur during deceleration maneuvers, biomechanics research has been focused on the lower extremity kinetic chain. Trunk mass and changes in trunk position affect lower extremity joint torques and work during gait and landing, but how the trunk affects knee joint and muscle forces is not well understood.

Objective:

To evaluate the effects of added trunk load and adaptations to trunk position on knee anterior shear and knee muscle forces in landing.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

Controlled laboratory environment.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty-one participants (10 men: age  =  20.3 ± 1.15 years, height  =  1.82 ± 0.04 m, mass  =  78.2 ± 7.3 kg; 11 women: age  =  20.0 ± 1.10 years, height  =  1.72 ± 0.06 m, mass  =  62.3 ± 6.4 kg).

Intervention(s):

Participants performed 2 sets of 8 double-leg landings under 2 conditions: no load and trunk load (10% body mass). Participants were categorized into one of 2 groups based on the kinematic trunk adaptation to the load: trunk flexor or trunk extensor.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

We estimated peak and average knee anterior shear, quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius forces with a biomechanical model.

Results:

We found condition-by-group interactions showing that adding a trunk load increased peak (17%) and average (35%) knee anterior shear forces in the trunk-extensor group but did not increase them in the trunk-flexor group (peak: F1,19  =  10.56, P  =  .004; average: F1,19  =  9.56, P  =  .006). We also found a main effect for condition for quadriceps and gastrocnemius forces. When trunk load was added, peak (6%; F1,19  =  5.52, P  =  .030) and average (8%; F1,19  =  8.83, P  =  .008) quadriceps forces increased and average (4%; F1,19  =  4.94, P  =  .039) gastrocnemius forces increased, regardless of group. We found a condition-by-group interaction for peak (F1,19  =  5.16, P  =  .035) and average (F1,19  =  12.35, P  =  .002) hamstrings forces. When trunk load was added, average hamstrings forces decreased by 16% in the trunk-extensor group but increased by 13% in the trunk-flexor group.

Conclusions:

Added trunk loads increased knee anterior shear and knee muscle forces, depending on trunk adaptation strategy. The trunk-extensor adaptation to the load resulted in a quadriceps-dominant strategy that increased knee anterior shear forces. Trunk-flexor adaptations may serve as a protective strategy against the added load. These findings should be interpreted with caution, as only the face validity of the biomechanical model was assessed.
Low Back Pain in Adolescents: A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes in Sports Participants and Nonparticipants
Authors: Fritz Julie M. , Clifford Shannon N.
Published: January 2010

Context:

Back pain is common in adolescents. Participation in sports has been identified as a risk factor for the development of back pain in adolescents, but the influence of sports participation on treatment outcomes in adolescents has not been adequately examined.

Objective:

To examine the clinical outcomes of rehabilitation for adolescents with low back pain (LBP) and to evaluate the influence of sports participation on outcomes.

Design:

Observational study.

Setting:

Outpatient physical therapy clinics.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fifty-eight adolescents (age  =  15.40 ± 1.44 years; 56.90% female) with LBP referred for treatment. Twenty-three patients (39.66%) had developed back pain from sports participation.

Intervention(s):

Patients completed the Modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire and numeric pain rating before and after treatment. Treatment duration and content were at the clinician's discretion. Adolescents were categorized as sports participants if the onset of back pain was linked to organized sports. Additional data collected included diagnostic imaging before referral, clinical characteristics, and medical diagnosis.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Baseline characteristics were compared based on sports participation. The influence of sports participation on outcomes was examined using a repeated-measures analysis of covariance with the Oswestry and pain scores as dependent variables. The number of sessions and duration of care were compared using t tests.

Results:

Many adolescents with LBP receiving outpatient physical therapy treatment were involved in sports and cited sports participation as a causative factor for their LBP. Some differences in baseline characteristics and clinical treatment outcomes were noted between sports participants and nonparticipants. Sports participants were more likely to undergo magnetic resonance imaging before referral (P  =  .013), attended more sessions (mean difference  =  1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]  =  0.21, 2.59, P  =  .022) over a longer duration (mean difference  =  12.44 days, 95% CI  =  1.28, 23.10, P  =  .024), and experienced less improvement in disability (mean Oswestry difference  =  6.66, 95% CI  =  0.53, 12.78, P  =  .048) than nonparticipants. Overall, the pattern of clinical outcomes in this sample of adolescents with LBP was similar to that of adults with LBP.

Conclusions:

Adolescents with LBP due to sports participation received more treatment but experienced less improvement in disability than nonparticipants. This may indicate a worse prognosis for sports participants. Further research is required.
Identification, sequencing and characterization of a stress induced homologue of fructose bisphosphate aldolase from cotton
Authors: Qaisar U , Irfan M , Meqbool A , Zahoor M , Khan M Y , Rashid B , Riazuddin S , Husnain T
Published: January 2010

A drought-induced homologue of fructose-1, 6 bisphosphate aldolase full length cDNA (GaAldp) was isolated and sequenced by gene homology and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) from cotton variety FDH-786 (Gossypium arboretum). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that drought stress, salinity and exogenous treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) enhanced the accumulation of GaAldp transcripts in the leaf and stem tissues of the plant. An alignment of the 1413 bp cDNA and 1937 bp genomic DNA sequences revealed that GaAldp has an open reading frame (ORF) encoding 394 amino acids and contains five introns. The predicted amino acid sequence is homologous to a heat-induced isoform of oat chlorplastic fructose bisphosphate aldolase (FBP) (AF216582) and NPALDP1 from Nicotiana paniculata. The GaAldp sequence includes a novel stroma targeting N-terminal transit peptide (TP) of 45 amino acids, which is 63-76% similar to other chloroplastic TPs.Key words: Fructose-1, 6 bisphosphate aldolase, Gossypium arboreum, drought, abscisic acid, transit peptide, salt stress
Unity hard red spring wheat
Authors: Fox S L , McKenzie R I.H. , Lamb R J , Wise I L , Smith M A.H. , Humphreys D G , Brown P D , Townley-Smith T F , McCallum B D , Fetch T G , Menzies J G , Gilbert J A , Fernandez M R , Despins T , Lukow O , Niziol D
Published: January 2010

Unity is a hard red spring wheat that meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring class. Unity is the first spring wheat cultivar registered in Canada that contains the antibiosis resistance gene Sm1, which produces a product that reduces the palatability of developing seeds to wheat midge larvae (Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin). Unity is a partial backcross derivative of McKenzie, using Clark as the donor of the Sm1 gene for midge resistance. Unity was found to be adapted to the eastern wheat growing regions of the Canadian prairies as represented in the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative Registration Test in 2004, 2005 and 2006. For registration testing, the performance of Unity was estimated using the varietal blend Unity VB, which consisted of 90% Unity and 10% Waskada. In comparison to the check cultivars (Katepwa, McKenzie, CDC Teal, AC Barrie, and Superb), Unity was the highest yielding cultivar overall; although not significant, Unity was 5% higher yielding than McKenzie. Unity matured significantly later than Katepwa and significantly earlier than Superb. Unity had significantly shorter plant stature than Katepwa and significantly taller stature than Superb. Unity had significantly greater lodging scores than AC Barrie and Superb. The test weight of Unity was significantly higher than the best check: 0.9 kg hL-1 higher than McKenzie. Unity expressed resistance to leaf rust, stem rust and common bunt, intermediate resistance to loose smut, and susceptibility to fusarium head blight. Unity had preharvest sprouting resistance with an overall sprouting score similar to the best checks McKenzie and Superb. Unity also maintained its falling numbers following natural or artificial weathering of spikes. The end-use suitability attributes of Unity were similar to the recurrent parent McKenzie for all traits except amylograph viscosity which was significantly higher than all checks except Superb. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, red spring wheat, test weight, preharvest sprouting, wheat midge antibiosis
Nitrogen and water requirements of fertigated cabbage in Ontario
Authors: McKeown A W , Westerveld S M , Bakker C J
Published: January 2010

Increasing nutrient and water regulations have necessitated development of best management practices for application of nitrogen (N) and water. This study was conducted to determine if there was an optimal balance of N and water applied for late storage cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). Five rates of N and five irrigation rates arranged in a response surface design replicated three times were supplied to Huron cabbage grown on sandy loam soil to study the interaction of N and water applied. Plots were located at the University of Guelph, Simcoe Research Station, Ontario, Canada from 2003 to 2005. Total and marketable yields were maximized from a low of 278 kg ha-1 N in 2005 to above the highest rate tested (400 kg ha-1 N) in the other 2 yr. In 2005, there were 29 d above 30 °C and marketable yield was 49% lower than 2004, which had only 1 d above 30 °C. A target soil water value of 100% of field capacity was required to maximize yield in all 3 yr. More N is required as the water supply increases. The main influence of irrigation and N application was on head volume. Head density based on fresh weight was not influenced by irrigation or N application, but head density based on dry weight decreased with increased N application. Irrigation and N application should be managed concurrently to maximize yield and quality and N and irrigation efficiency for late storage cabbage. However, N and water will not prevent lost yield due to hot days, which suggests that late-cabbage yields are very sensitive to high air temperatures. Key words: Brassica oleracea var. capitata, cabbage, irrigation, fertigation, quality, nutrient management, air temperature
Discovery of an antifreeze protein in the leaves of Ammopiptanthus nanus
Authors: Yu S. , Yin L. , Mu S.
Published: January 2010

Overwintering plants produce antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that allow plants to survive under freezing or sub-freezing conditions. Ammopiptanthus nanus (M. Pop.) Cheng f. grows in the desert of Xinjiang, P.R. China, and our objective was to determine if its survival was dependent on AFP and to identify the protein. Using anion exchange and gel filtration, the AFP was extracted, isolated and purified from cold-acclimated A. nanus leaves. The thermal hysteresis activity (THA) of the antifreeze proteins was measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The THA of the AFP was 0.46°C when the concentration of the protein was 20 mg mL-1. The molecular weight of a band was about 119.24 kDa in SDS-PAGE gel. We detected (P < 0.05) the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit by analyzing the 119.24 kDa protein using the Waters SYNAPT™ high definition mass spectrometry (HDMS™) System. Our results indicate that there is an AFP in A. nanus leaves, and that it may play a vital role as a defence against the cold climate, thus increasing the chances for survival of A. nanus in its desert habitat.Key words: Thermal hysteresis activity, differential scanning calorimetry, extraction, purification, cold climate, desert habitat
Variation in chickpea germplasm for tolerance to imazethapyr and imazamox herbicides
Authors: Taran B. , Warkentin T D , Vandenberg A , Holm F A
Published: January 2010

Tolerance to the imidazolinone class of herbicides would be a desirable agronomic trait for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown in western Canada. Identification of germplasm tolerant to imidazolinones and incorporation of this tolerance into future varieties will allow an integrated weed management strategy in chickpea. The current study evaluated the variation of diverse chickpea germplasm and cultivars available in Canada for tolerance to the imidazolinone class of herbicides under greenhouse conditions. Large differences among the genotypes in response to a mixture of imazethapyr and imazamox were observed. Several accessions were identified with tolerance to a mixture of imazethapyr and imazamox. Conventional breeding for imazethapyr/imazamox tolerance in chickpea is feasible. The simple screening used in the current study allows for rapid progress towards the development of herbicide-tolerant cultivars.Key words: Chickpea, germplasm, imazethapyr, imazamox, tolerance
Weed control, environmental impact and profitability with glyphosate tank mixes in glyphosate-tolerant corn
Authors: Soltani N. , Van Eerd L L , Vyn R J , Shropshire C. , Sikkema P H
Published: January 2010

Eight field trials were conducted over a 3-yr period at Exeter (one site in 2005 and 2006) and Ridgetown (three sites in 2005, two sites in 2006 and one site in 2007), Ontario, to evaluate different postemergence glyphosate tank mixes for weed management in glyphosate-tolerant corn. Treatments included a weedy check, a single application of glyphosate, a sequential application of glyphosate and tank mixes of glyphosate plus either atrazine, dicamba/atrazine, mesotrione, s-metolachlor plus atrazine, s-metolachlor/atrazine, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dimethenamid plus atrazine. A single application of glyphosate, the sequential application of glyphosate and tank mixes of glyphosate plus either atrazine, dicamba/atrazine, mesotrione, s-metolachlor plus atrazine, s-metolachlor/atrazine, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dimethenamid plus atrazine provided 92-100% control of redroot pigweed, 87-100% control of common ragweed, 74-100% control of common lambsquarters, and 43-100% control of green foxtail. All herbicide treatments had a higher yield than the weedy check. There were no differences in corn yield among the herbicide treatments evaluated. The glyphosate alone or in tank mix combination with mesotrione or dicamba/diflufenzopyr programs had the lowest environmental impact. Glyphosate plus atrazine and dicamba/diflufenzopyr were the most profitable weed management programs in glyphosate-tolerant corn.Key words: Atrazine, dicamba, diflufenzopyr, dimethenamid, glyphosate, mesotrione, pendimethalin, rimsulfuron, s-metolachlor, Zea mays L.
Genetic diversity and selection of genotypes to enhance Zn and Fe content in common bean
Authors: Talukder Z I , Anderson E , Miklas P N , Blair M W , Osorno J , Dilawari M , Hossain K G
Published: January 2010

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important source of dietary protein and minerals worldwide. Genes conditioning variability for mineral contents are not clearly understood. Our ultimate goal is to identify genes conditioning genetic variation for Zn and Fe content. To establish mapping populations for this objective, we tested mineral content of 29 common bean genotypes. Chemical analyses revealed significant genetic variability for seed Zn and Fe contents among the genotypes. Genetic diversity was evaluated with 49 primer pairs, of which 23 were simple sequence repeats (SSR), 16 were developed from tentative consensus (TC) sequences, and 10 were generated from common bean NBS-LRR gene sequences. The discriminatory ability of molecular markers for identifying allelic variation among genotypes was estimated by polymorphism information content (PIC) and the genetic diversity was measured from genetic similarities between genotypes. Primers developed from NBS-LRR gene sequences were highly polymorphic in both PIC values and number of alleles (0.82 and 5.3), followed by SSRs (0.56 and 3.0), and markers developed from TC (0.39 and 2.0). genetic similarity values between genotypes ranged from 14.0 (JaloEEP558 and DOR364) to 91.4 (MIB152 and MIB465). Cluster analysis clearly discriminated the genotypes into Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools. Common bean genotypes were selected to include in crossing to enhance seed Zn and Fe content based on genetic diversity and seed mineral contents of the genotypes. Key words: Common bean, genetic diversity, mineral nutrients, breeding
Burnside extra strong hard red spring wheat
Authors: Humphreys D G , Townley-Smith T F , Lukow O , McCallum B , Gaudet D , Gilbert J , Fetch T , Menzies J , Brown D , Czarnecki E
Published: January 2010

Burnside is a hard, red, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Extra Strong wheat class. Burnside was evaluated in the Canada Western Extra Strong Wheat Cooperative Test in 2000, 2001, and 2002. In comparison with CWES cultivars Glenlea, Bluesky, AC Corinne, and CDC Walrus, Burnside had higher grain yields than Bluesky and AC Corinne, was similar to Glenlea and lower yielding than CDC Walrus. Burnside had maturity similar to Bluesky and was earlier maturing than Glenlea, AC Corinne, and CDC Walrus. Burnside is resistant to moderately resistant to prevalent races of leaf and stem rust and resistant to loose smut. End-use quality tests showed that Burnside had significantly higher grain protein content than the check cultivars.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., Canada Western Extra Strong, hard red extra strong spring wheat, cultivar description, yield, disease resistance