bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pigment identification using x‐ray fluorescence in a polychromated sculpture by Pedro Millán
Authors: Kriznar A. , Muñoz M. V. , de la Paz F. , Respaldiza M. A. , Vega M.
Published: March 2008

Pedro Millán is considered one of the more important Andalusian sculptors from the medieval period. He worked mainly in Seville, where he is documented between 1485 and 1507. Most of his sculptures were made of terracotta and then polychromated and gilded. Some of his works exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts in Seville are characterised by relatively well‐preserved polychromation. His sculpture Christ Man of Sorrows (1485–1503) was selected for the non‐destructive x‐ray fluorescence examination. Using this technique, pigments and support were analysed. The predominant elements, Ca and Fe, and a lesser presence of other elements, such as Mg, Si and Mn, demonstrate that the sculpture is indeed of terracotta. A high presence of Pb was detected in all the selected areas, related in part to the preparation/imprimation layer, and in part to a Pb‐based compound used as a pigment or as a dryer. The analysis shows that the red colour is cinnabar (Hg). The blue pigment is azurite (Cu), possibly mixed with vivianite (Fe). The green colour was made using a copper‐based pigment. The brown colour is an earth pigment, probably toasted umbra (Mn, Fe). In particular parts of the sculpture, gold was confirmed for decorative elements. Traces of silver were found in parts of the sculpture, but we do not have a clear answer to account for its presence yet. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study and analytical investigation of metal threads from Byzantine/Greek ecclesiastical textiles
Authors: Karatzani Anna
Published: March 2008

The study and analytical investigation of metal threads started almost 30 years ago. Several publications exist about the types of threads used for the decoration of textiles as well as about the manufacturing techniques employed for the production of those threads in Western European and Middle Eastern contexts from the medieval period onwards. However, Byzantine/Greek textiles, which are also decorated with metal threads, have mainly been studied from an art historic point of view. Since 2002, a research project about the analytical investigation of Byzantine/Greek metal threads has been conducted at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. This paper discusses and evaluates the methodology followed during the examination of 290 metal thread samples studied in this project. The main concern was to establish an optimal sequence of scientific methods for obtaining maximum information about the materials and the manufacturing techniques of the metal threads by using as small a sample as possible, and with the least possible damage to the sample. The availability and accessibility of equipment were two other very important issues. Three analytical techniques were chosen as the most appropriate: optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x‐ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) and electron probe micro‐analysis using a set of wavelength dispersive spectrometers (EPMA/WDS). The two first techniques have routinely been used for the study of metal threads, while EPMA/WDS has not been used before and was chosen to enhance the quality of the data obtained. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pigment characterization and state of conservation of an 18th century fresco in the Convent of S. António dos Capuchos (Estremoz)
Authors: Gil M. , Carvalho M. L. , Seruya A. , Ribeiro I. , Alves P. , Guilherme A. , Cavaco A. , Mirão J. , Candeias A.
Published: March 2008

This article describes a study carried out on a mural painting in the Convent of Santo António dos Capuchos in the town of Estremoz (southern Portugal). Experimental work was undertaken to identify pigments and to elicit hypothesis about their local origin. Another aim was to ascertain the painting technique (binders, stratigraphy) and to try to investigate the causes that led to the deterioration of the blue and green pigments.

Elemental and mineralogical analyses of the pigments were performed by x‐ray diffraction (µ‐XRD), portable energy dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), complemented by microchemical tests and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These techniques have shown that a variety of pigments were used, namely earth pigments (red and yellow ochres, green earth and probably black earth and umber), copper pigments (azurite, malachite), probably from the Estremoz region, and smalt, used pure or in mixtures. The results also revealed the presence of salt veils, biological colonization and possibly secco applications with lime (lime painting), which may have contributed to the actual state of conservation of fresco. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Das Lanthaniodidethanid o‐La5I9(C2) – Die orthorhombische Hochtemperaturmodifikation
Authors: Mattausch Hansjürgen , Hoch Constantin , Simon Arndt
Published: March 2008

The Lanthanumiodideethanide o‐La5I9(C2) – The Orthorhombic High Temperature Modification

o‐La5I9(C2) is synthesized by reaction of LaI3, La metal and graphite powder in sealed Ta containers at 850 °C < T < 900 °C. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 8.0247(16) Å, b = 16.887(3) Å, c = 35.886(7) Å. o‐Ce5I9(C2) is isotypic with the lattice parameters a = 7.9284(4) Å, b = 16.714(1) Å, c = 35.530(3) Å. o‐La5I9(C2) transforms at 800 °C to the triclinic low temperature modification t‐La5I9(C2). The transformation is reversible. The La atoms form trigonal bipyramids centered by C2 groups. These units are connected by iodine atoms above the faces (f), edges (e) and corners according to La5(C2)I(f)iI(e)i−i2/2I(e)i−a7/2I(e)a−i7/2. The C‐C distance in the C2 unit is 1.45(2) Å. The crystals with greenish luster are moisture sensitive.
The Reactions of Sodium Silanethiolates with Benzoyl Chloride. The Crystal Structures of (O‐silyl)thiobenzoates (tBuO)3SiOC(S)Ph, Ph3SiOC(S)Ph, (2,6‐XyO)3SiOC(S)Ph, and of PhC(O)SSSC(O)Ph
Authors: Wojnowski Wiesław , Wojnowska Maria , Grubba Rafał , Konitz Antoni , Pikies Jerzy
Published: March 2008

Benzoyl chloride reacts with sodium silanothiolates R3SiSNa yielding exclusively silyl derivatives of thionobenzoic acid R3SiOC(S)Ph, R = tBuO (1), R = Ph (2) and R = 2,6‐XyO (3) as orange solids. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 were fully characterized on the basis of X‐ray crystal structure analysis. NMR studies of solutions indicate that the same isomers are present in solutions and in solids.
Variable Bonding Modes of Pyrimidine‐2‐thione in PdII/PtII Complexes [M(η2‐N, S‐pymS)(η1‐S‐pymS)(PPh3)] and [M(η1‐S‐pymS)2(L‐L)] (L‐L = dppm, dppe)
Authors: Lobana Tarlok S. , Kaur Parminderjit , Hundal Geeta , Butcher Ray J. , Castineiras Alfonso
Published: March 2008

Reactions of pyrimidine‐2‐thione (HpymS) with PdII/PtIV salts in the presence of triphenyl phosphine and bis(diphenylphosphino)alkanes, Ph2P‐(CH2)m‐PPh2 (m = 1, 2) have yielded two types of complexes, viz. a) [M(η2‐N, S‐ pymS)(η1‐S‐ pymS)(PPh3)] (M = Pd, 1; Pt, 2), and (b) [M(η1‐S‐pymS)2(L‐L)] {L‐L, M = dppm (m = 1) Pd, 3; Pt, 4; dppe (m = 2), Pd, 5; Pt, 6}. Complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis (C, H, N), NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 31P), and single crystal X‐ray crystallography (1, 2, 4, and 5). Complexes 1 and 2 have terminal η1‐S and chelating η2‐N, S‐modes of pymS−, while other Pd/Pt complexes have only terminal η1‐S modes. The solution state 31P NMR spectral data reveal dynamic equilibrium for the complexes 3, 5 and 6, whereas the complexes 1, 2 and 4 are static in solution state.
Crystal Structure and Characterization of a Double‐helical‐chain Coordination Polymer Zinc Complex Constructed by Flexible Dicarboxylate Ligand 2‐Nitro‐benzene‐1,4‐di(oxyacetate) and Rigid 2,2′‐Bipyridine Ligand
Authors: Yu Wei , Zhang Tong‐Lai , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Yang Li , Wang Shao‐Zong , Wu Rui‐Feng
Published: March 2008

A novel double‐helical‐chain coordination polymer [Zn(nbdoa)(2,2′‐bipy)(H2O)]n constructed by flexible 2‐nitro‐benzene‐1,4‐di(oxyacetate) ligand and rigid 2,2′‐bipyridine ligand was obtained by hydrothermal reaction. The crystal structure demonstrates that there is a double‐helical chain with an inner channel running parallel to the helix axis without any interpenetration, which is connected to network via π‐π stacking and hydrogen bond interactions. The thermal analysis shows that the infinite helical structure is stable up to 536 K. The luminescence property is investigated and the complex shows photoluminescence in the solid state at room temperature.
Ligand Exchange Processes on Solvated Beryllium Cations. II [Be(solvent)(12‐Crown‐4)]2+
Authors: Puchta Ralph , van Eldik Rudi
Published: March 2008

The solvation and solvent exchange mechanism of [Be(12‐crown‐4)]2+ in water and ammonia was studied by DFT calculations (RB3LYP/6‐311+G**). In solution, five‐fold coordinated Be2+ species of quadratic pyramidal [Be(H2O)(12‐crown‐4)]2+ and [Be(NH3)(12‐crown‐4)]2+ exist. The water and ammonia exchange reactions follow an associative interchange mechanism, similar to that found for the pure solvent complexes [Be(H2O)4]2+ and [Be(NH3)4]2+. The activation barriers are clearly smaller than for the pure solvent complexes, viz. [Be(H2O)(12‐crown‐4)]2+: 6.0 kcal/mol and [Be(NH3)(12‐crown‐4)]2+: 15.3 kcal/mol.
Synthesis, Characterization and Explosive Properties of 1,3‐Dimethyl‐5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazolium 5‐Nitrotetrazolate
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Miró Sabaté Carles , Rusan Magdalena
Published: March 2008

1,3‐Dimethyl‐5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazolium 5‐nitrotetrazolate (5b) was synthesized in high yield from 1,4‐dimethyl‐5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazolium iodide (5a) and silver 5‐nitrotetrazolate. Both new compounds (5a and 5b) were characterized using vibrational (IR and Raman) and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C and 15N), elemental analysis and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. 5a crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell: Pbca, a = 11.5016(4), b = 13.7744(5), c = 13.7744(5) Å, V = 1638.2(1) Å3, Z = 8, ρ = 1.955 g cm−3, R1 = 0.0210 (F > 4σ(F)), wR2 (all data) = 0.0542; whereas 5b crystallizes in a monoclinic cell: C1c, a = 14.5228(8), b = 5.0347(2), c = 13.7217(7) Å, β = 112.11(1)°, V = 929.6(2) Å3, Z = 4, ρ = 1.630 g cm−3, R1 = 0.0279 (F > 4σ(F)), wR2 (all data) = 0.0585. The sensitivity of 5b to classical stimuli was determined by using standard BAM tests and its thermal stability was assessed by DSC measurements. In addition, its heat of combustion was determined by bomb calorimetry measurements. The EXPLO5 was used to calculate the detonation pressure (P) and velocity (D) of 5b (P = 13.3 GPa and D = 6379 m s−1), as well as those of its mixtures with ammonium nitrate (P = 23.2 GPa and D = 7862 m s−1) and ammonium dinitramide (P = 29.6 GPa and D = 8594 m s−1). Compound 5b is a hydrolytically stable solid with a high melting point (160 °C) and thermally stable to 190 °C with a very low sensitivity to friction (>360 N) and impact (>30 J) and good performance in combination with an oxidizer making it of interest in new environmentally friendly, insensitive explosive formulations.
Synthese und Metallierung des Diaminosiloxans O(SiiPr2NH2)2
Authors: von Hänisch Carsten
Published: March 2008

Synthesis and Metalation of the Diaminosiloxane O(SiiPr2NH2)2

The 1,3‐diaminoldisiloxane O(SiiPr2NH2)2 (1) was obtained from the reaction of O(SiiPr2Cl)2 with NH3. The reactions of 1 with AlEt3 or GaEt3 produced the compounds [O{SiiPr2N(H)MEt2}{SiiPr2NMEt}]2 (2: M = Al; 3: M = Ga). The crystal structures of 2 and 3 were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, showing a polycyclic M4N4Si4O2 core structure of these molecules.
The Structures of Methylenebis(dichloroarsane) and Methylenebisarsonic Acid – A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study
Authors: Betz Richard , Klüfers Peter , Reichvilser Moritz M. , Roeßner Felix W.
Published: March 2008

Methylenebisarsonic acid (3) was synthesized according to a published procedure. Its molecular structure and its spectroscopic characteristics were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The first intermediate, methylenebis(dichloroarsane) (1), was structurally and spectroscopically characterized as well. Both molecules were investigated on the B3LYP/6‐31+G(2d,p) level of theory and subsequent NBO analysis.
Synthesis, Structure, Magnetic and Optical Properties of Ternary Thio‐germanates: Ln4(GeS4)3 (Ln = Ce, Nd)
Authors: Choudhury Amitava , Dorhout Peter K.
Published: March 2008

Single crystals of two ternary thio‐germanates containing rare‐earth metals, Ln4(GeS4)3 (Ln = Ce (I), Nd (II)), have been isolated from the reaction of anhydrous rare‐earth trichloride (LnCl3) and ternary sodium thio‐germanate (Na2GeS3) in evacuated quartz ampoules. We have determined the crystal structure of the compounds, which are isostructural to La4(GeS4)3 and crystallize in trigonal system in the space group R3c with the cell dimensions: I, a = b = 19.375(3) Å, c = 8.028(2) Å, Z = 6; II, a = b = 19.250(3) Å, c = 7.949(2) Å, Z = 6. The structure is built with the complex network of two independent tricapped trigonal prisms of CeS9, in which Ge atoms occupy tetrahedral holes of sulfur atoms. The bulk synthesis of the two compounds has also been achieved by the stoichiometric combination of the elements. The magnetic and optical properties of the compounds have been investigated. The magnetic moments of 2.32 and 3.49 μB for I and II, respectively, are in good agreement with the theoretical magnetic moments of Ce and Nd in the +3 oxidation state. The optical band gap of I is found to be located around 2.3 eV, while the optical band gap of II lies around 2.62 eV. In addition, Raman spectroscopic characterizations have also been performed for I, II, and La4(GeS4)3.
The Ylide Adduct SOC2(PPh3)2 as Complex Ligand. Reaction with [Mn2(CO)10] and InCl3; Crystal Structures of [(CO)4Mn(SOC2{PPh3}2)2][Mn(CO)5] and (H2C{PPh3}2)[InCl4]2
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Fahlbusch Meike , Gromm Enrico , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: March 2008

The betain‐like SOC2(PPh3)2 (1a) reacts with [Mn2(CO)10] in THF to produce the salt‐like complex [(CO)4Mn(SOC2{PPh3}2)2][Mn(CO)5] (2). 1a is bonded via the sulfur atoms which are arranged in trans position in the octahedral environment of the manganese atom. With InCl3 from CH2Cl2 solution the addition product [Cl3In(SOC2{PPh3}2)] (3) is obtained along with the salt (H2C{PPh3}2)[InCl4]2 (4), which is the result of proton abstraction from the solvent. The crystal structures of 2·0.5THF and 4·CH2Cl2 are reported. The compounds are further characterized by IR and 31P NMR spectroscopy.
Indium(I) Heptachlorodigallate(III), InGa2Cl7
Authors: Timofte Tudor , Mudring Anja‐Verena
Published: March 2008

Indium(I) heptachlorodigallate(III), InGa2Cl7, has been obtained from a mixture of In, Bi and GaCl3 in a melt of [bmim][Al(nftb)4] under argon at 373 K. The crystal structure of InGa2Cl7 [orthorhombic, Pna21 (no.33), a = 1185.7(2), b = 891.4(4), c = 1071.6(2) pm, V = 1132.6(3)·106 pm3, Z = 4, T = 298 K, R1 for 1994 reflections with I0>2σ(I0): 0.0692] contains discrete indium(I) cations and Ga2Cl7 anions. InGa2Cl7 crystallizes isotypic with Ga3Cl7 and KGa2Cl7. InI is coordinated by ten chloride anions in an irregular (4+6) mode. No evidence was found for the stereochemical activity of the In‐5s2 electron pair.
Synthese und Strukturen der ersten mehrkernigen Mangan‐Guanidin‐Komplexe und der ersten Mangan‐Komplexe mit mono‐protonierten Bis‐Guanidinliganden
Authors: Neuba Adam , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja , Flörke Ulrich , Henkel Gerald
Published: March 2008

Syntheses and Structures of the First Polynuclear Manganese Guanidine Complexes and of the First Manganese Complexes Containing Mono‐Protonated Bis‐Guanidine Ligands

Metallation of two differently alkylated bis‐guanidine ligands containing a central pyridine functionality, namely N2,N6‐bis(1,3‐dimethylimidazolidin‐2‐ylidene)pyridine‐2,6‐diamine (DMEG2py {N7C15H23}, L1) and N2,N6‐bis(1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl‐guanidine)pyridine‐2,6‐diamine (TMG2py {N7C15H27}, L2), with manganese(II) bromide and chloride leads to the formation of the novel complexes [MnBr3(TMG2pyH)] ([MnBr3(N7C15H28)], (1)), [MnBr2(DMEG2pyH)2]2+ ([MnBr2(N7C15H24)2]2+, (2)), and [Mn2X3(DMEG2py)2]+ ([Mn2X3(N7C15H23)2]+; (3a): X = Cl; (3b): X = Br). 2 and 3 have been isolated as tetrahalomanganate salts. Single crystal X‐ray analyses show that all of them contain the manganese atoms in unusual pseudo‐tetrahedral coordination environments. 3a·1/2[MnCl4] and 3b·1/2[MnBr4] are isostructural and crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2c. The complex cations 3 exhibit a binuclear structure with two terminal and one bridging halide ion, respectively. The compounds 1 and 2 are mononuclear species crystallizing in the orthorhombic space group P212121 in the case of 1 and in the triclinic space group $P{\bar 1}$ in the case of 2·[MnBr4]. The ability of L1 and L2 to bind either two manganese ions naked or only one of them in the mono‐protonated stage is the most remarkable property of these ligands. Further striking features are the spatial arrangements of the pyridine‐to‐manganese bonds which deviate significantly from the situation expected for nitrogen donor functions in sp2 hybridized stages. Moreover, regarding each chelating ligand portion as a component which occupies one coordination site of the metal atom, a pseudo‐tetrahedral metal coordination is identified. To our knowledge, 1 and 2 are the first manganese complexes containing mono‐protonated bis‐guanidine ligands, whereas 3a and 3b are the first polynuclear manganese‐guanidine compounds known so far.
Increasing Access to Surgical Services for the Poor in Rural Haiti: Surgery as a Public Good for Public Health
Authors: Ivers Louise C. , Garfein Evan S. , Augustin Josué , Raymonville Maxi , Yang Alice T. , Sugarbaker David S. , Farmer Paul E.
Published: March 2008

Although surgical care has not been seen as a priority in the international public health community, surgical disease constitutes a significant portion of the global burden of disease and must urgently be addressed. The experience of the nongovernmental organizations Partners In Health (PIH) and Zanmi Lasante (ZL) in Haiti demonstrates the potential for success of a surgical program in a rural, resource‐poor area when services are provided through the public sector, integrated with primary health care services, and provided free of charge to patients who cannot pay. Providing surgical care in resource‐constrained settings is an issue of global health equity and must be featured in national and international discussions on the improvement of global health. There are numerous training, funding, and programmatic considerations, several of which are raised by considering the data from Haiti presented here.
At the bottom of the differential diagnosis list: unusual causes of pediatric hypertension
Authors: Grinsell Matthew M. , Norwood Victoria F.
Published: March 2008

Hypertension affects 1–5% of children and adolescents, and the incidence has been increasing in association with obesity. However, secondary causes of hypertension such as renal parenchymal diseases, congenital abnormalities and renovascular disorders still remain the leading cause of pediatric hypertension, particularly in children under 12 years old. Other less common causes of hypertension in children and adolescents, including immobilization, burns, illicit and prescription drugs, dietary supplements, genetic disorders, and tumors will be addressed in this review.
Effects of individual size, local competition and canopy closure on the stem volume growth in a monoclonal Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) plantation
Authors: Inoue Sumihiro , Shirota Tetsuoh , Mitsuda Yasushi , Ishii Hiroaki , Gyokusen Koichiro
Published: March 2008

We studied how the dominant factor affecting stem volume growth changes during stand development in a monoclonal stand of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. Stem analysis was used to compare growth history of trees in an unthinned plot (closed canopy) and a thinned plot (open canopy). In the unthinned plot, the dominant factor affecting stem volume growth was basal area (BA) before canopy closure, whereas neighborhood competition index (CI) was the dominant factor after canopy closure. In contrast, the dominant factor affecting stem volume in the thinned plot was BA throughout stand development. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between BA and CI continued to increase after canopy closure and size rank among individuals became increasingly fixed. Our results indicated that stem volume growth shifts from size‐dependent to competition‐dependent growth at canopy closure. The apparent correlation between tree size and growth rate observed in many previous studies may be the result of competition‐mediated positive feedback between size and growth.
SNPs of the FADS Gene Cluster are Associated with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in a Cohort of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Malerba Giovanni , Schaeffer Linda , Xumerle Luciano , Klopp Norman , Trabetti Elisabetta , Biscuola Michele , Cavallari Ugo , Galavotti Roberta , Martinelli Nicola , Guarini Patrizia , Girelli Domenico , Olivieri Oliviero , Corrocher Roberto , Heinrich Joachim , Pignatti Pier Franco , Illig Thomas
Published: March 2008

Polymorphisms of the human Δ‐5 (FADS1) and Δ‐6 (FADS2) desaturase genes have been recently described to be associated with the level of several long‐chain n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in serum phospholipids. We have genotyped 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located on the FADS1–FADS2–FADS3 gene cluster (chromosome 11q12–13.1) in 658 Italian adults (78% males; mean age 59.7 ± 11.1 years) participating in the Verona Heart Project. Polymorphisms and statistically inferred haplotypes showed a strong association with arachidonic acid (C20:4n‐6) levels in serum phospholipids and in erythrocyte cell membranes (rs174545 adjusted P value for multiple tests, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Other significant associations were observed for linoleic (C18:2n‐6), alpha‐linolenic (C18:3n‐3) and eicosadienoic (C20:2n‐6) acids. Minor allele homozygotes and heterozygotes were associated to higher levels of linoleic, alpha‐linolenic, eicosadienoic and lower levels of arachidonic acid. No significant association was observed for stearidonic (C18:4n‐3), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6n‐3) acids levels. The observed strong association of FADS gene polymorphisms with the levels of arachidonic acid, which is a precursor of molecules involved in inflammation and immunity processes, suggests that SNPs of the FADS1 and FADS2 gene region are worth studying in diseases related to inflammatory conditions or alterations in the concentration of PUFAs.
Delayed Metabolism of Postprandial Triglyceride‐Rich Lipoproteins in Subjects with Echolucent Carotid Plaques
Authors: Notø Ann‐Trude With , Mathiesen Ellisiv Bøgeberg , Brox Jan , Björkegren Johan , Hansen John‐Bjarne
Published: March 2008

Subjects with echolucent carotid plaques have an increased risk of ischemic cerebrovascular events independent of degree of stenosis. Low plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity promotes a proatherogenic lipid profile, and delayed chylomicron clearance is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. This study was conducted to determine plasma LPL activity and postprandial metabolism of triglycerides in relation to carotid plaque morphology. Plaque echogenicity was assessed by B‐mode ultrasound and analysis of the grey scale median (GSM). Echolucent plaques were defined as GSM ≤ 63 (the median) and echogenic plaques as GSM > 63, and 57 subjects with carotid plaques and 38 subjects without carotid plaques were recruited. Blood samples were collected before and at 2‐h interval for 8 h after a standard high fat meal. LPL activity and mass was determined before and after heparin administration. Postheparin LPL activity was decreased in subjects with echolucent plaques compared to subjects with echogenic plaques (P = 0.06) and to controls (P = 0.04). Plaque echogenicity increased linearly with increasing levels of postheparin LPL activity (P = 0.02) and mass (P = 0.03). Subjects with echolucent plaques had delayed postprandial clearance of chylomicron triglycerides compared to controls (P = 0.04). Low postheparin LPL activity due to attenuated mobilization of LPL from capillary endothelium may play an important role in the formation of echolucent plaques by modulation of postprandial lipids and subsequent fat accumulation in the arterial wall.
Low trans‐Fat Spreads and Shortenings from a Catalyst‐Switching Strategy
Authors: Jackson Michael A. , List Gary R. , Palmquist Debra
Published: March 2008

Low trans fatty acid basestocks suitable for blending with liquid oils to make spreads and shortenings are prepared by using a two‐step hydrogenation process. The first step uses a nickel catalyst to hydrogenate soybean, canola, high‐oleic sunflower, and high‐oleic safflower oils to a predetermined iodine value. At this point in the reaction, the second step commenced. Addition of a platinum catalyst at 80 °C and 73 psi hydrogen pressure allowed for hydrogenation to proceed to iodine values of 40–50. These products had 11–18% trans fatty acid content. These were then blended with soybean oil (5–50% basestock) to give products with bulk properties similar to commercial spreads and shortenings but with about one third the levels of trans fat.
Fibrosarcoma adjacent to the site of microchip implantation in a cat
Authors: Daly Meighan K. , Saba Corey F. , Crochik Sonia S. , Howerth Elizabeth W. , Kosarek Carrie E. , Cornell Karen K. , Roberts Royce E. , Northrup Nicole C.
Published: March 2008

A 14-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat presented with an interscapular mass. A computed tomography scan, biopsy, and histological examination revealed a fibrosarcoma adjacent to a pet identification microchip. Because the cat was previously vaccinated at this site, it is not possible to establish definitive causation of the fibrosarcoma, but this is the first report of a tumor in the vicinity of a microchip in a cat. Microchip-associated tumors have been reported in rodents and dogs. Veterinarians should be aware that because inflammation may predispose felines to tumor formation, separation and observation of vaccination and implantation sites are indicated. Adherence to American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP) vaccination guidelines and monitoring of microchip implantation sites are recommended.
Use of real-time PCR to detect Mycoplasma haemofelis and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ in the saliva and salivary glands of haemoplasma-infected cats
Authors: Dean Rachel S. , Helps Chris R. , Jones Timothy J. Gruffydd , Tasker Séverine
Published: March 2008

Feline haemoplasma infection can cause haemolytic anaemia. The natural method of transmission of haemoplasmas between cats is currently unknown but the nature of some of the risk factors for infection suggests that saliva may act as a mode of transmission. The aim of this study was to determine if Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) and ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ (CMhm) DNAs could be amplified from saliva and salivary gland samples collected from haemoplasma-infected cats.
Geometry of Reidemeister classes and twisted Burnside theorem
Authors: Fel'shtyn Alexander , Troitsky Evgenij
Published: March 2008

The purpose of the present mostly expository paper (based mainly on [17, 18, 40, 16, 11]) is to present the current state of the following conjecture of A. Fel'shtyn and R. Hill [13], which is a generalization of the classical Burnside theorem.

Let G be a countable discrete group, φ one of its automorphisms, R(φ) the number of φ-conjugacy (or twisted conjugacy) classes, and S(φ) = #Fix the number of φ-invariant equivalence classes of irreducible unitary representations. If one of R(φ) and S(φ) is finite, then it is equal to the other.

This conjecture plays a important role in the theory of twisted conjugacy classes (see [26], [10]) and has very important consequences in Dynamics, while its proof needs rather sophisticated results from Functional and Noncommutative Harmonic Analysis.

First we prove this conjecture for finitely generated groups of type I and discuss its applications.

After that we discuss an important example of an automorphism of a type II1 group which disproves the original formulation of the conjecture.

Then we prove a version of the conjecture for a wide class of groups, including almost polycyclic groups (in particular, finitely generated groups of polynomial growth). In this formulation the role of an appropriate dual object plays the finite-dimensional part of the unitary dual. Some counter-examples are discussed.

Then we begin a discussion of the general case (which also needs new definition of the dual object) and prove the weak twisted Burnside theorem for general countable discrete groups. For this purpose we prove a noncommutative version of Riesz-Markov-Kakutani representation theorem.

Finally we explain why the Reidemeister numbers are always infinite for Baumslag-Solitar groups.
Noncommutative geometry of foliations
Authors: Kordyukov Yuri A.
Published: March 2008

We review basic notions and methods of noncommutative geometry and their applications to analysis and geometry on foliated manifolds.
Characterizing C*-algebras of compact operators by generic categorical properties of Hilbert C*-modules
Authors: Frank Michael
Published: March 2008

C*-algebrasAof compact operators are characterized as those C*-algebras of coefficients of Hilbert C*-modules for which (i) every boundedA-linear operator between two HilbertA-modules possesses an adjoint operator, (ii) the kernels of all bounded A-linear operators between HilbertA-modules are orthogonal summands, (iii) the images of all boundedA-linear operators with closed range between HilbertA-modules are orthogonal summands, and (iv) for every HilbertA-module every HilbertA-submodule is a topological summand. Thus, the theory of Hilbert C*-modules over C*-algebras of compact operators has similarities with the theory of Hilbert spaces. In passing, we obtain a general closed graph theorem for bounded module operators on arbitrary Hilbert C*-modules.
Absence of contralateral suppression of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions in fibromyalgia syndrome
Authors: Gunduz B , Bayazit Y A , Celenk F , Sarıdoğan C , Guclu A G , Orcan E , Meray J
Published: March 2008

Objective:

To assess contralateral suppression of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome and normal hearing.

Methods:

Twenty-four female patients with fibromyalgia syndrome and 24 healthy female controls with normal hearing were assessed using pure tone audiometry and transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions.

Results:

All patients with fibromyalgia syndrome and all controls had normal hearing on pure tone audiometry. In the patients with fibromyalgia syndrome, the mean transiently evoked otoacoustic emission amplitude was 15.5 ± 4.8 dB. The mean transiently evoked otoacoustic emission amplitudes after contralateral suppression was 15.5 ± 4.9 dB. There was no statistically significant difference between the transiently evoked otoacoustic emission amplitudes measured before and after contralateral suppression (p > 0.05). In the controls, the mean transiently evoked otoacoustic emission amplitude was 12 ± 5 dB. The mean transiently evoked otoacoustic emission amplitudes after contralateral suppression was 11 ± 4.7 dB. There was a statistically significant decrease in transiently evoked otoacoustic emission amplitudes after contralateral suppression (p < 0.01).

Conclusion:

The mechanisms related to contralateral suppression of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions seem dysfunctional in fibromyalgia syndrome. This dysfunction may be at the brain stem level, where the medial superior olivary complex is located, or at the synapses of medial superior olivary complex fibres with the outer hair cells in the cochlea. Demonstration of lack of contralateral suppression of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions can be used as a diagnostic tool in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.
Medikamentös-toxische Hepatitis
Authors: Kummer O. , Hammann F. , Bodmer M. , Novakova K. , Haschke M.
Published: March 2008

Ein 55-jähriger, männlicher Patient wurde mit starker Übelkeit, Erbrechen und Ikterus hospitalisiert. Laborchemisch zeigte sich ein hepatozellulärer Leberschaden. Nach umfangreichen Abklärungen wurde die Ausschlussdiagnose einer medikamentös-toxischen Hepatitis gestellt. Eine enge zeitliche Korrelation fand sich insbesondere für die Einnahme eines komplementärmedizinischen Präparates aus der traditionellen chinesischen Medizin (TCM) namens Hong Hua 29. Dies wurde zwölf Tage vor dem Auftreten der Symptomatik neu begonnen. Vorbestehend stand der Patient unter einer Therapie mit Gabapentin (Neurontin®), Esomeprazol (Nexium®) und Prednison (Prednison Streuli®) im Rahmen einer akuten sensomotorischen Polyneuropathie unklarer Ätiologie. Nach Absetzen des Hong Hua 29, Gabapentin und Esomeprazol kam es zu einer Regredienz der Transaminasen. Bis zur vollständigen Normalisierung des Bilirubins dauerte es drei Monate. Entsprechend den Imputabilitätskriterien der Swissmedic ist ein kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen der Symptomatik und der Hong Hua 29 Einnahme möglich.
Ernährungsverhalten bei Ultraläufern - Deutschlandlauf 2006
Authors: Knechtle B. , Schulze I.
Published: March 2008

Wir haben am Deutschlandlauf 2006 – der vom Norden Deutschlands (Kap Arkona auf der Insel Rügen) über 1200 km in 17 Tagesetappen in den Süden (Lörrach) führte – das Ernährungsverhalten von erfolgreichen Finishern untersucht. 20 erfolgreiche männliche Ultraläufer haben ihre Ernährung vor, während und nach dem Lauf bezüglich Einnahme von festen Nahrungsmitteln, Getränken sowie Ergänzungsprodukten protokolliert. Es fiel auf, dass 70% der erfolgreichen Finisher in den vier Wochen vor dem Lauf keine spezielle Diät befolgten. Vor einer Tagesetappe nahmen sie jeweils ein übliches Frühstück ein. Unter Belastung bevorzugten sie Brot, Bananen sowie Schokolade und tranken meist reines Wasser vor Apfelschorle und Coca Cola®. Am Abend nach einer Etappe nahmen sie vornehmlich Fleisch und Nudeln ein und tranken dazu reines Wasser und Bier. Multivitamin- sowie Multimineralprodukte und Magnesium waren die am meisten verwendeten Nahrungsergänzungsprodukte, wobei andere ergogene Supplemente praktisch nicht verwendet wurden.Zusammenfassend zeigte sich, dass erfolgreiche Ultraläufer am längsten Ultralauf Europas keine speziellen Ernährungsgewohnheiten aufwiesen, sondern konventionelle Nahrungsmittel vor, während und nach der Belastung bevorzugten. Der Einsatz von zusätzlichen Nahrungsergänzungsprodukten wie Vitaminen und Mineralstoffen scheint eher der Deckung eines allfälligen Defizits zu entsprechen als eine mögliche Leistungsverbesserung zu bezwecken.
Plaies douloureuses: un défi quotidien, non une fatalité
Authors: Mazzocato C, , Anwar D.
Published: March 2008

Lange vernachlässigt, wird der Wundschmerz heute als wichtiges Problem anerkannt. Dieses Mini-Review gibt einen Überblick über die Pathophysiologie und die verschiedenen Arten des durch Wunden verursachten Schmerzes. Weiter wird auf die Schmerzdiagnostik und die pharmakologischen und nicht-pharmakologischen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten eingegangen.
Standing waves in the Gulf of Finland and their relationship to the basin‐wide Baltic seiches
Authors: Jönsson Bror , Döös Kristofer , Nycander Jonas , Lundberg Peter
Published: March 2008

A linear shallow water model was used to study different harmonic oscillations in the Baltic Sea. The model was initialized using a linear sea surface slope from east to west and was hereafter run without forcing. In our results we could identify three different local oscillatory modes: one in the Gulf of Finland with the two distinct periods 23 and 27 h, one in the Danish Belt Sea with a less distinct period in the range 23–27 h, and one in the Gulf of Riga with the period 17 h. The most pronounced mode is that in the Gulf of Finland. No clear indications of basin‐wide seiches in the Baltic could be found from our simulations. These results were further corroborated by a frequency analysis of sea level observations from the Baltic. This shows an amplification of the K1 and O1 tidal modes in the Gulf of Finland but not of the M2 and S2 modes. No such amplification was seen in the rest of the Baltic Sea. On the basis of our model simulations we propose that the sea level oscillations of the Baltic be regarded as an ensemble of weakly coupled local oscillations. Each oscillator corresponds to a “gulf mode” or “harbor mode” in a particular bay or subbasin. These are not proper eigenmodes since their energy gradually leaks out to the rest of the Baltic Sea, resulting in radiation damping. Nevertheless, their resonance may in fact be sharper than that of the proper basin‐wide eigenmodes.
Contribution of increasing CO2 and climate change to the carbon cycle in China's ecosystems
Authors: Mu Qiaozhen , Zhao Maosheng , Running Steven W. , Liu Mingliang , Tian Hanqin
Published: March 2008

Atmospheric CO2 and China's climate have changed greatly during 1961–2000. The influence of increased CO2 and changing climate on the carbon cycle of the terrestrial ecosystems in China is still unclear. In this article we used a process‐based ecosystem model, Biome‐BGC, to assess the effects of changing climate and elevated atmospheric CO2 on terrestrial China's carbon cycle during two time periods: (1) the present (1961–2000) and (2) a future with projected climate change under doubled CO2 (2071–2110). The effects of climate change alone were estimated by driving Biome‐BGC with a fixed CO2 concentration and changing climate, while the CO2 fertilization effects were calculated as the difference between the results driven by both increasing CO2 and changing climate and those of variable climate alone. Model simulations indicate that during 1961–2000 at the national scale, changes in climate reduced carbon storage in China's ecosystems, but increasing CO2 compensated for these adverse effects of climate change, resulting in an overall increase in the carbon storage of China's ecosystems despite decreases in soil carbon. The interannual variability of the carbon cycle was associated with climate variations. Regional differences in climate change produced differing regional carbon uptake responses. Spatially, reductions in carbon in vegetation and soils and increases in litter carbon were primarily caused by climate change in most parts of east China, while carbon in vegetation, soils, and litter increased for much of west China. Under the future scenario (2071–2110), with a doubling CO2, China will experience higher precipitation and temperature as predicted by the Hadley Centre HadCM3 for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment. The concomitant doubling of CO2 will continue to counteract the negative effects of climate change on carbon uptake in the future, leading to an increase in carbon storage relative to current levels. This study highlights the role of CO2 fertilization in the carbon budget of China's ecosystems, although future studies should include other important processes such as land use change, human management (e.g., fertilization and irrigation), environmental pollution, etc.
Semidiurnal internal tides off the east coast of Korea inferred from synthetic aperture radar images
Authors: Nam SungHyun , Park Jae‐Hun
Published: March 2008

Semidiurnal internal tides propagating toward and along the east coast of Korea are elucidated from the surface manifestation of non‐linear internal wave (NLIW) packets in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images taken on September 2, 1996. The SAR images reveal two pairs of NLIW packets, one on the northern side of the southwestern East (Japan) Sea and the other on the western side. The NLIW packets appear to be generated by the semidiurnal internal tide and influenced by a temperature front and bottom topography during their propagation. A geometric optics model simulates westward refraction of semidiurnal internal tides under the influence of a mesoscale circulation pattern during August 1996 and bottom shoaling. This westward refraction contrasts with the eastward refraction of two‐year‐mean vertical displacements and is consistent with the distribution of NLIWs seen in the SAR images.
Estimating nanoparticle growth rates from size‐dependent charged fractions: Analysis of new particle formation events in Mexico City
Authors: Iida Kenjiro , Stolzenburg Mark R. , McMurry Peter H. , Smith James N.
Published: March 2008

A method to estimate nanoparticle diameter growth rates (GR) during new particle formation (NPF) events from the measured dependence of charged fraction, f, on size, Dp, is introduced. The method is especially useful for observations during intense particle production rates, when the mode in the distribution of newly formed particles does not grow monotonically with time. This method assumes that the observed profile of f versus Dp during the nucleation and growth period is controlled by condensational growth, ion‐particle combination/recombination, scavenging by preexisting particles, and coagulation among growing nanoparticles. Values of growth rates obtained by this method (GRf) agree well with independently obtained particle growth rates due to gas‐to‐particle conversion processes (GRPSD) during regional NPF events. The method was then applied to characterize the NPF events observed at Tecamac, Mexico. These growth rates were found to range from 15–40 nm/h, which is significantly higher than values reported for other urban areas. The production rates for 1 nm particles calculated from the estimated growth rates and measured Fuchs surface area (J1nm = 1900–3000 particles/cm3 s) are comparable to those recently observed in New Delhi. Because critical nuclei are likely close to 1 nm in size, J1nm should provide a reasonable estimate for nucleation rates.
Uncertainties in the climate mean state of global observations, reanalyses, and the GFDL climate model
Authors: Reichler Thomas , Kim Junsu
Published: March 2008

Climate research relies on realistic atmospheric data over long periods of time. Global reanalyses or observations are commonly used for this type of work. However, the many problems associated with both the reanalyses and observations cast doubts on the reliability of such data for climate applications, and users often need to know how large the errors and uncertainties associated with the different data sets are. This paper is a systematic assessment of the errors and uncertainties contained in the time mean (1979–1999) of many different climate quantities taken from a variety of global data sets, including four popular reanalyses, the output of the climate model developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), and a wide range of observations. We find that the ability of reanalyses to reproduce the observed climate mean state varies widely, with radiative quantities exhibiting the largest discrepancies. The different reanalysis products share many common errors, but overall the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts 40‐year reanalysis (ERA‐40) matches best the observations. Interestingly, the climate model reproduces the observed climate mean state of certain quantities more faithfully than the reanalyses. This indicates that modern models have reached a high level of realism in their mean state and that care must be taken when reanalyses are used to validate models. A particular concern of this paper is the time mean uncertainty associated with specific observation‐based atmospheric quantities. Observational uncertainties are estimated from the difference amongst alternative data sets for the same quantity. We show that for most quantities the observational uncertainty is smaller than the error of the reanalyses or the model. However, there are some notable exceptions. In particular, for the surface fluxes of heat, momentum, and radiation the observational uncertainties can be as large as the errors seen in the reanalyses or the model. The investigation of uncertainties in upper atmospheric quantities is restricted to reanalysis and model data, since no appropriate observations are available. In this case, the reanalyses uncertainties are generally smaller than the model errors, except for quantities which describe the meridional component of the atmospheric circulation.
The What, Why and How of openness in science
Authors: Foerstner Konrad , Jensen Lars
Published: March 2008

We give a short introduction to open science followed by an overview of Creative Commons and open source licenses.
The Value of Patent Term Extensions to the Pharmaceutical Industry in the USA
Authors: Clift Charles
Published: March 2008

In the last 20 or so years various kinds of exclusivity have been introduced in the US, which go beyond the basic patent protection. The most important of these is patent term restoration, but other new incentives introduced include the paediatric extension, exclusivity for drugs with limited patient populations (orphan drugs) and data exclusivity. Since 1988 over 500 products have benefited from patent term restoration and over 130 from the paediatric extension. Of the 40 best selling products in the US in 2006, 26 benefited from patent term restoration and 19 from the paediatric extension, with 29 products benefiting from one or both. The overall impact on these 29 was to increase average effective patent life from 9.2 to 12.8 years, an increase of over three and a half years. About 39 per cent of the top 40 sales of over US$100bn were contributed by patent extensions. It is estimated that patent extensions could account for about 20 per cent of total US pharmaceutical sales in 2006. Although patent term extensions are currently a sizeable contributor to the gross sales revenues of pharmaceutical companies, the evidence suggests that this contribution will fall significantly in the future, principally as a result of the decline in the number of new chemical entities receiving marketing authorisation. The evidence suggests that the US legislation has been more successful in incentivising the generic market, and that while research-based manufacturers have benefited from patent term extensions, these have not prevented the difficulties they now face which derive from more fundamental economic and technological challenges.
Pharmacists' Views on Generic Medicines: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Al-Gedadi Nabil Abdo , Hassali Mohamed Azmi
Published: March 2008

The aims of this paper were to identify and review the literature on pharmacists' views and practices on the use of generic medicines. Using appropriate keywords pertaining to the subject matter, an extensive literature search was undertaken using indexing services available in the authors' institution library. These electronic databases were searched for full-text papers written in the English language during the period from 1980 until September 2007. Based on this search, 13 studies were identified. The majority of studies are from the United States, with few from Europe and Asia. All retrieved studies, except one, used quantitative methodology. Most of the studies showed that pharmacists' views and behaviours towards generic medicine utilisation were affected by economic considerations, quality and bioequivalency of generic medications, drug therapeutic class, and other actors (the physicians, the patients, and public health officials). This review suggests that although in general pharmacists were positively inclined towards generic medication use, they have some considerations that determine to what extent they will support generic medicine use. These are economic, scientific, and policy-related considerations that are likely to remain matters for discussion in the future among pharmacists and their professional organisations.