bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The End of the Regional Experiment? Some Implications of Scottish Local Government Reorganisation for English Regions
Authors: McAteer Mark
Published: October 2007

The rise of regional government in Scotland can be linked to the wider growth of regionalism throughout Western Europe in which the positive role of government in managing the regional economy was stressed. However, almost since their inception the Scottish Regional Councils were undermined from the centre until their abolition in 1996. The new system of Scottish local government has been shorn of key strategic functions and subjected to a plethora of reforms which question its ability to adopt a regional overview of issues. However, with the prospect of major constitutional reform if Labour win the next general election, the possibility remains that some form of regional government may reemerge throughout Britain in the near future.
Networks, Partnerships and European Union Regional Economic Development Initiatives in the West Midlands
Authors: Jacobs Brian
Published: October 2007

The paper concerns the emergence of complex networks and public/private partnerships in EU regional economic development initiatives in the English West Midlands. The implications of the partnership model for the governance of the West Midlands are examined with reference to the role of the Government Office for the West Midlands and the involvement of Birmingham City Council in multi-agency policy initiatives. Despite their importance, the networking arrangements that exist do not signify the establishment of a democratically accountable regional government. What they do indicate is the partial re-engineering and rationalisation of the administrative process and the quest by central government to control policies concerning regional economic competitiveness
The Janus-Faced Periphery: Cornwall & Devon in the twentieth century
Authors: Stanyer Jeffrey
Published: October 2007

This paper offers a distinctive perspective on English regionalism based on a study ‘from below’ (of Cornwall & Devon) and on an analysis of the ‘logical demons’ contained in the concepts used to discuss the subject. Local and regional sources of evidence lead to the picture of rational analysis and argument presented by regionalists of all types - academics, politicians, administrators - dissolving into contradiction, moralising and pious moralising. The concept of peripherality is essentially contested and the concept of region both systematically misleading and insidiously ambiguous. Both words are therefore ideally suited to political argument and at the same time very dangerous for the ambitious researcher.

Ignorance, ambiguity and confusion create a licence to make claims for a wide range of alternative policies, but in the circumstances of the Far South West only certain sub-regional ‘solutions’ are likely to be beneficial to the area and popular with its leaders.
The Rise and Fall of the Polytechnics: explaining change in british higher education policy making
Authors: Carr Frank
Published: October 2007

English

The decision of the Labour government in the mid-1960s to adopt a binary policy for British higher education and the Conservative government’s initiative in 1991 to abandon the binary divide are compared in terms off our factors drawn from public policy literature: the role of environmental factors; the emergence and impact of competing ideological perspectives; the constraints of limited funds; and the agendas and power of the policy actors. In this case study it is concluded that systems or deterministic models are of limited value in explaining change. An alternative approach is developed, drawing on the strategic choice decision-making perspective in organisation theory, which explains the rise and fall of the binary policy in terms of how the actors in the higher education policy coalition perceive and react to environmental factors and use power resources either to initiate or to block change.
Principles and Pragmatism in the ‘Privatisation’ of British Higher Education
Authors: Stone Diane
Published: October 2007

English

The British higher education system has been a site of privatisation for nearly two decades. While this has not been officially acknowledged, an incremental and uneven process of privatisation has occurred in the context of managerial and administrative reform. Although the impetus for privatisation was initiated by Conservative governments concerned to reduce higher education funding dependence on the state, increasingly privatisation measures are being considered more widely within the higher education sector as a pragmatic response to the current funding crisis. Yet, the ground work for privatisation – the ideas, plans and proposals as well as the advocacy and agenda-shaping activities to soften public opinion in favour of fees, loans and private capital – occurred many years in advance. Accordingly, this paper provides a study of agenda setting and the gradual acceptance of privatisation ideas in higher education prior to the 1997 general election.
The Recruitment of Representatives in British Local Government: pathways and barriers
Authors: Rao Nirmala
Published: October 2007

English

The classical model of political recruitment formulated in the United States is re-examined in the light of British evidence on the recruitment of local elected representatives. Drawing together survey evidence from the last 30 years, this article reviews the key components of motivations, resources and opportunities. A complementary focus on pathways and barriers to office highlights the importance of political party politics in the British context. Examination of the evidence shows that while parties provide an important pathway to political participation, they also act as a barrier to recruitment to council services.
The Regulation of Food in Britain in the 1990s
Authors: Flynn Andrew , Marsden Terry , Harrison Michelle
Published: October 2007

English

Food policy and regulation in Britain in the 1980s and 1990s has been dogged by a series of controversies. For the most part these have concerned issues of safety and have raised searching questions about the way in which food is regulated and who undertakes that regulation. In this paper, we explore the changing patterns of food regulation in Britain. In particular, we draw attention to the emergence during the 1990s of a private interest style of regulation in the food system that contrasts with the traditional regulatory style based upon notions of the public interest. Such changes to the regulation of food have important implications for the work of the proposed Food Standards Agency.
Intellectual Mercenaries and the Public Interest: Management consultancies and the NHS
Authors: Leys Colin
Published: October 2007

English

Throughout the 1990s developments in the NHS have been largely driven by the efforts of hospital trusts and health authorities to find ways of surviving in the face of constant financial shortfalls. Because NHS regional offices no longer provide them with planning expertise, they rely instead on private sector management consultants. This article describes the NHS market for advice and the predominantly market-orientated attitudes that many management consultants bring to their NHS work, and analyses the problem presented by the fact that their main clients, the trusts, are not responsible for the public interest. A significant function of management consultancies appears to have been to provide legitimation for a largely unacknowledged Treasury-inspired drive to ‘downsize’ the acute care sector.
The Theory of Environmental Impact Assessment: Implicit models of policy making
Authors: Bartlett Robert V. , Kurian Priya A.
Published: October 2007

English

In spite of its manifest policy importance, environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been the focus of very few explicit attempts at theoretical understanding. Writing about EIA has been guided by assumptions and models that have been implicitly assumed rather than explicitly and systematically explored, formulated, or articulated. How EIA is understood to work, how much policy significance is attributed to it, and the meaning it has in the politics of the environment is determined largely by which of these implicit models constitutes a frame of reference. As a first step in developing a theory of EIA, we identify six categories of implicit models based on our survey of scholarly and practitioner literature. We locate and specify each of these models in terms of debates over EIA, analysing implications for a theory of EIA, both operational and normative.
On-Line Analysis of a Continuous-Flow Ozonolysis Reaction Using Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Pelletier M. J. , Fabiilli M. L. , Moon Brian
Published: October 2007

We describe the use of an on-line Raman analyzer to quantitatively track the levels of trans-stilbene, benzaldehyde, and α-methoxybenzyl hydroperoxide in a continuous flow ozonolysis reactor. Quantitative analysis is carried out using spectral stripping in order to overcome baseline artifacts inherent in simple peak area determinations and to incorporate prior knowledge into the analytical model. The performance of spectral stripping is compared to partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The effect of two process variables, feed flow rate and ozone concentration, are also explored. Finally, the benefit of utilizing an on-line technique is illustrated by demonstrating the bias introduced by sampling for off-line analysis.
Remote Monitoring of a Multi-Component Liquid-Phase Organic Synthesis by Infrared Emission Spectroscopy: The Recovery of Pure Component Emissivities by Band-Target Entropy Minimization
Authors: Cheng Shuying , Tjahjono Martin , Rajarathnam D. , Chuanzhao Li , Lyapkalo Ilya , Chen David , Garland Marc
Published: October 2007

A liquid-phase cycloaddition reaction near ambient temperature involving dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) and cyclopentadiene (CP) as reactants was measured using a conventional Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with an emission accessory. Two semi-batch experiments were performed and a total of 55 spectra were collected using a DTGS detector. Band-target entropy minimization (BTEM), a pure component spectral reconstruction technique, was applied to analyze the data set to retrieve the pure component emission spectrum from the reaction system. The estimated emission spectra of the solvent chloroform, DMAD, CP, and product, namely dimethyl bicyclo[2.2.1]-2,5-heptadiene-2,3-dicarboxylate, were all reconstructed with rather good quality. The estimated emission spectra are similar to independent FT-IR spectra of the same cycloaddition reaction. Using a least squares fit, the relative concentration profiles of the species are obtained. Because this appears to be the first time that a liquid-phase reaction has been monitored by infrared emission spectroscopy, further improvements and opportunities for general multi-phase liquid reaction monitoring are discussed.
Characterization of Soils Using Photoacoustic Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Changwen Du , Linker Raphael , Shaviv Avi
Published: October 2007

This study investigates the use of photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) for rapid soil analysis. Photoacoustic spectroscopy requires very minimal sample preparation (air-drying), which is a major advantage compared to the more traditional transmittance technique, which requires time-consuming preparation of pellets. The amount of information contained in the PAS spectra appears to be similar to that contained in transmittance spectra, and the PAS spectra exhibit a large number of bands that can be associated with various soil constituents such as quartz, calcium carbonate, and various types of clay. Comparison with attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectra of saturated soil pastes shows that the PAS spectra provide much more information than the ATR spectra due to the strong water bands present in the latter. PAS quantitative analysis of clay, calcium carbonate, and organic matter is presented, with respective determination errors of ∼12% clay, ∼5% CaCO3, and ∼0.2% organic matter.
Raman Spectroscopy of n-Type and p-Type GaSb with Multiple Excitation Wavelengths
Authors: Maslar James , Hurst Wilbur , Wang Christine A.
Published: October 2007

The interpretation of Raman spectra of GaSb can be complicated by the presence of a so-called surface space-charge region (SSCR), resulting in an inhomogeneous near-surface Raman scattering environment. To fully interpret Raman spectra, it is important to have an understanding of the SSCR profile relative to the Raman probe depth. However, a priori determination of even the actual SSCR width is not always possible for GaSb under a wide range of doping levels. The primary objective of this report is to provide a convenient reference to aid in the determination of relative contributions to an observed GaSb Raman spectrum of SSCR scattering and bulk scattering for a range of excitation wavelengths, doping levels, and SSCR widths and types. Raman spectra of both n-type and p-type doped GaSb epilayers were obtained using 488 nm, 514.5 nm, 647.1 nm, and 752.55 nm excitation radiation. Both n-type and p-type doped GaSb epilayers were selected for investigation because these layers exhibit the two different SSCR types that are typically encountered with as-grown GaSb and related materials. A range of doping levels were examined for each doping type so as to examine the effects of a varying SSCR width on the observed spectra. A secondary objective of this report is to demonstrate the performance of a spectroscopic system based on 752.55 nm excitation that is sensitive to bulk carrier properties in n-type and p-type doped GaSb epilayers over a wide doping range, unlike visible-wavelength-based optical systems.
An a Posteriori Method Based on Photo-Acoustic Cell Information to Correct for Lidar Transmitter Spectral Shift: Application to Atmospheric CO2 Differential Absorption Lidar Measurements
Authors: Gibert Fabien , Marnas Fabien , Edouart Dimitri , Flamant Pierre H.
Published: October 2007

An a posteriori corrective method based on photo-acoustic cell (PAC) information is proposed to correct for laser transmitter spectral shift during atmospheric CO2 measurements by 2 μm heterodyne differential absorption lidar (HDIAL) technique. The method for using the PAC signal to retrieve the actual atmospheric CO2 absorption is presented in detail. This issue is tackled using a weighting function. The performance of the proposed corrective method is discussed and the various sources of error associated with the PAC signal are investigated. For 300 shots averaged and a frequency shift (from the CO2 absorption line center) lower than the CO2 absorption line half-width, the relative error on HDIAL CO2 mixing ratio measurements is lower than 1.3%. The corrective method is validated in absolute value by comparison between HDIAL and in situ sensor measurements of CO2.
Early and Rapid Detection of Potato's Fungal Infection by Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy
Authors: Erukhimovitch Vitaly , (LAHKIM) Leah Tsror , Hazanovsky Marina , Talyshinsky Marina , Souprun Yelena , Huleihel Mahmoud
Published: October 2007

Fungi are considered serious pathogens to many plants and can cause severe economic damage. Early detection of these pathogens is very important and might be critical for their control. The available methods for detection of fungi are time consuming and not always very specific. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy has proved to be a reliable and sensitive method for detection of molecular changes in cells. Fungi pathogens display typical infrared spectra that differ from the spectra of substrate material such as potato. In the present study we used FT-IR microscopy for early and rapid detection of the potato fungal pathogen Colletotrichum coccodes on the surface of potato tubers. Infected potatoes with this fungal pathogen and uninfected potatoes were examined and correctly classified as infected or not infected by FT-IR microscopy at very early stages of infection when no morphological signs of infection could be seen. Unique spectral biomarkers were found in naturally infected potatoes compared to disease-free control potatoes.
Sulphate complexation of protactinium(V) at 25 °C
Authors: Di Giandomenico M. V. , Trubert D. , Le Naour Claire
Published: October 2007

Protactinium complexation with sulphate anions was investigated with the element at tracer scale (ca. 10-12 M) using the solvent extraction method. Extraction experiments were conducted using the chelating agent thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) in toluene. The temperature was maintained constant at 25 °C, while the ionic strength was varying. Numerical treatment of the experimental data allowed the determination of complexation constants. Extrapolated constants to zero ionic strength, as well as interaction coefficients of the involved species were derived using SIT modelling.
Separation of actinides from fission products by extraction chromatography prior to X-ray fluorescence measurement for analytical control of a PUREX test
Authors: Crozet Marielle , Guigue Mireille
Published: October 2007

Five separation methods by Eichrom column extraction chromatography were developed and implemented for performance control of a PUREX (Plutonium, Uranium Refining by EXtraction) test. One of them concerning the separation of actinides from fission products in the main PUREX raffinate is the subject of this work. The others, concerning separation between actinides, are described in another article submitted to the same journal.

Analytical control of a PUREX process test implies measuring the neptunium, plutonium and uranium concentrations in the main extraction raffinate. The fission products are the major constituents of the raffinate, and thus prevent the use of direct L-line X-ray fluorescence (LXF) for these determinations. An actinide separation process by extraction chromatography with quantitative efficiency was therefore developed.

This separation method necessary upstream from the LXF measurement was applied during the PUREX test in 2005 in ATALANTE (French acronym for “Alpha facilities and analysis laboratories, transuranics and reprocessing research”).
Standardized high current solid tellurium-124 target for cyclotron production of the radionuclides iodine-123,124
Authors: Al-Yanbawi S. , Al Jammaz I.
Published: October 2007

The production yield of iodine radionuclides (123/124I) by solid target irradiation strongly depends on the quality of the tellurium (Te) target. To avoid poor quality 124Te targets frequently obtained using the classical method, a new technology for high quality electroplated elemental 124Te was developed. In this method, simultaneous preparation of four smooth, dense and homogeneous 124Te targets was achieved within 1 h period. The prepared targets were capable of withstanding high beam currents without burning or losing the enriched material during bombardment. As a result, in comparison to the classical method, the overall yield of 123I increased by nearly 25%.
Lead (Pb) column for concentration of 99mTc-pertechnetate
Authors: Bukhari Tanveer Hussain , Mushtaq A. , Khan Islam Ullah
Published: October 2007

Because of the high content of inactive molybdenum in neutron irradiated MoO3, large columns containing alumina or gel are needed to produce chromatographic 99Mo→99mTc generator. This results in large elution volumes containing relatively high 99Mo breakthrough and low concentrations of 99mTcO4
-. The decrease in specific volume of 99mTc places a limitation on reconstitution of some kits for 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals applied in diagnostic nuclear medicine. Hence concentration technique is mandatory for effective utilization of (n,γ) produced 99Mo/99mTc generators at the start of its life whereas in case of fission 99Mo/99mTc generator the technique may be quite useful at the end of first week of its life. We report post elution concentration of 99mTc using in house prepared Pb column. The high bolus volumes (10–60 ml saline) can conveniently be concentrated in ∼1 ml of saline.
America's Policy toward East Asia: How It Looks from Japan
Authors: Rosenbluth Frances , Saito Jun , Zinn Annalisa
Published: October 2007

Despite the unpopularity in Japan of American military unilateralism, Japan has continued to support U.S. actions abroad in order to bolster the bilateral security alliance. Public support in Japan for an active foreign policy reflects realist thinking there about new international threats, as well as changes in domestic politics that shape the public's response to those threats.
U.S. Policy in Southeast Asia: Limited Re-engagement after Years of Benign Neglect
Authors: Mauzy Diane K. , Job Brian L.
Published: October 2007

American foreign policy in Southeast Asia from 1975 to the present can be characterized as exhibiting varying degrees of benign neglect, with episodic attention to perceived security threats. Current policies are narrowly focused on anti-terrorism; their perceived anti-Muslim overtones, while engendering instrumental cooperation, have tended to alienate Southeast Asian publics. U.S. influence in Southeast Asia appears to be waning, with China capitalizing on opportunities to expand its influence.
The Transformation of U.S.-India Relations: An Explanation for the Rapprochement and Prospects for the Future
Authors: Kapur S. Paul , Ganguly Sumit
Published: October 2007

The United States and India are enjoying increasingly close relations. This represents a transformation of the two countries' past relationship, which was characterized by suspicion and distrust. This change, which began with the end of the Cold War, has resulted from a convergence of structural, domestic, and individual leadership factors.
U.S. Policy and Energy Security in South Asia: Economic Prospects and Strategic Implications
Authors: Sáez Lawrence
Published: October 2007

South Asia's future energy consumption will be driven by continuing economic growth and demographic trends. The likely inability of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh to meet burgeoning energy demands poses a threat to their energy security. U.S. policy in Asia constrains the ability of South Asian countries to enhance their energy security, either indigenously or through imports. This may have unintended consequences for U.S. strategic interests in South Asia in particular, and in Asia in general.
Diversity Management in Corporate America
Authors: Dobbin Frank , Kalev Alexandra , Kelly Erin
Published: October 2007

Do America's costly diversity-management programs work? Some do and some don't. The best idea is to assign clear responsibility for change.
On history in formal conceptualizations of translation
Authors: Pym Anthony
Published: October 2007

The methodological task of defining “translation” across languages forms an apparent aporia, since there is no guarantee that the different terms that might express “translation” are in fact translations of each other. One solution is to propose a formal conceptualization of “translation”, in practice a set of criteria, a research filter, that the scholar imposes on the prior multilingual data. However, this act of imposition may neutralize the dynamic variability and historicity of the many culturally different ways of thinking about translation. Here the extent of that imposition is guaged by taking three examples of formal conceptualizations, from Toury, Gutt and Pym, and testing them on three cases of potentially borderline translational practices. It is found that the formal conceptualizations are not simple cultural impositions and can in fact allow considerable space for the historical study of textuality, receptive positions, and the semi-concealed subjectivities of translators.
Newly introduced word-types and lemmas in dan brown’s The Da Vinci Code and its translations
Authors: Csernoch Mária
Published: October 2007

This paper reports on a project aimed to explore how the proportion of newly introduced word-types and lemmas varies in different adaptations of the same text. The term ‘adaptation’ is used here to include both intralingual and interlingual adaptation, whether involving reduction in text size or not, as well as what we usually class as (interlingual) translation. The first part of the study looks at the way lemmatization affects the appearance of new words in a text. It was found that there are only minor differences between the appearance of word-types and lemmas, which means that lemmatization is not absolutely necessary in an analysis of the introduction of new words. In the next part of the study another type of adaptation, i.e. translations into foreign languages are analyzed. It was found that changes on the discourse level are independent of the language. This is equivalent to saying that if there are differences between the translations they must be due to inadequate translation. The third type of adaptation examined was two condensed versions of the original text. In this case the question was the extent of vocabulary changes affected. It was found that the condensed versions eliminated exactly those text-slices of the original text which made it unique. As a result, there are only minor differences between the condensed versions and a statistical model that assumes a hypergeometrical distribution of words. The method used made it possible to determine the source of the second order adaptation.
The role of ethics in translation and in Translation Studies research
Authors: Hekkanen Raila
Published: October 2007

This paper explores the ethical issues encountered in Translation Studies research, with special reference to literary translation from Finnish into English. The underlying general principles can be found in various publications on research ethics, academic and institutional ethical guidelines and translator ethics. I seek to show that research in Translation Studies may have a strong practical impact on the translators whose work is used as research data, yet research methodologies currently in use in Translation Studies do not take the implications of this impact into account. I also claim that, to date, the specific issues arising in TS research have not been adequately discussed in guidelines on general research ethics and/or on translator ethics.
Translation — Transcript — Interpretation. Notes on the European Parliament verbatim report of proceedings
Authors: Marzocchi Carlo
Published: October 2007

This short research/policy note raises theoretical issues linked with the way multilingual proceedings of the European Parliament are to be recorded, especially in view of proposals to move from translated transcripts to web-published unrevised simultaneous interpretations, and possibly to transcribe them. A more active role of language professions in setting out the practical and theoretical pro’s and con’s of different options is called for.
Sons de Korotkoff: desenvolvimento da pesquisa em esfigmomanometria na Escola de Enfermagem da USP
Authors: Arcuri Edna Apparecida Moura , Araújo Thelma Leite de , Veiga Eugênia Veludo , Oliveira Sonia Maria Junqueira Vasconcellos de , Lamas José Luiz Tatagiba , Santos Jair Lício Ferreira
Published: October 2007

Este artigo tem como objetivos reverenciar Sergei Nicolai Korotkoff por ocasião do centenário da descoberta do método auscultatório de medida da pressão arterial na Rússia, em 1905; relatar os fatos que culminaram no desenvolvimento da esfigmomanometria no Brasil; historiar a valiosa contribuição da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo (EEUSP) no desenvolvimento da pesquisa, na área da medida da pressão e analisar o produto da linha de pesquisa "Influência da Largura do Manguito na Medida da Pressão Arterial", gerada na EEUSP a partir de 1974. O artigo relata a consolidação dos achados iniciais pelos estudos que permitiram a formação dos primeiros doutores na área, que sugere a confirmação de hipóteses em estudos longitudinais.
A biodiversidade e o desenvolvimento sustentável nas escolas do ensino médio de Belém (PA), Brasil
Authors: Fonseca Maria de Jesus da Conceição Ferreira
Published: October 2007

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de verificar se os conhecimentos sobre biodiversidade e desenvolvimento sustentável são socializados nas escolas da principal cidade da Amazônia brasileira e se alcançam função de destaque na formação escolar básica, de modo a auxiliar na formulação de uma consciência pública de valorização dos bens biológicos da região, levando-se em consideração que, nessa região, a biodiversidade é uma das maiores riquezas e o desenvolvimento sustentável, o maior alvo das políticas públicas. O trabalho foi realizado no Ensino Médio e analisou dez livros didáticos e oito propostas curriculares referentes à disciplina Biologia; ouviu ainda 24 professores e 719 alunos do 3º ano de escola públicas e particulares do município de Belém (PA), Brasil. Os resultados mostraram que os conteúdos apresentados nos livros didáticos e recomendados nas propostas curriculares possuem características universais, desvinculadas das questões regionais, e que os conhecimentos de estudantes e professores sobre biodiversidade geral, amazônica e desenvolvimento sustentável carecem de fundamentação cientifica atualizada; portanto, não alcançam significação na formulação de uma postura voltada à conservação ambiental. Como propostas, são sugeridas: a) aproximação mais significativa da escola com os conhecimentos científicos produzidos sobre questões ambientais regionais; e b) o estabelecimento de políticas públicas, em nível educacional, na região, que priorizem essas discussões na formação dos professores.
Vãs querelas e verdadeiros objetivos do ensino da literatura na França
Authors: Verrier Jean
Published: October 2007

Discutem-se aqui as questões envolvidas na polêmica que agitou a França em 2000, quando professores, alunos, governo e sociedade em geral se juntaram em dois campos adversários sobre o ensino de literatura: ensino novo x cursus clássico. Neste ensaio, procura-se situar a questão de uma perspectiva histórica e identificar desafios que sejam fundamentais para a literatura e o ensino, tentando ver em que medida ambos os campos adversários contribuem para uma discussão que é hoje premente em todo o mundo ocidental. A propalada crise do ensino de francês é discutida a partir da argumentação de que a crise está como sempre esteve e como ainda estará, uma vez que as mentalidades não evoluem no mesmo ritmo que as reformas institucionais, as leis, os programas, as instruções oficiais que pretendem regê-las. Para argumentar em prol dessa posição, investigam-se na história do ensino francês os momentos de crise, suas razões e suas soluções. Enfocando sempre a literatura, discutem-se por fim as mudanças do ensino nos anos 1970 do século findo, as quais deram origem às alterações propostas pelos novos documentos oficiais, alvo da polêmica que ainda hoje reverbera fortemente entre a intelectualidade. O texto termina propondo uma tomada de consciência das tensões existentes, visando a um entendimento e não ao apego a posições extremadas, as quais não são capazes de trazer solução para o problema.
Briefing: Eurocodes set for global exploitation by UK designers
Authors: Gulvanessian Haig
Published: October 2007

The completed set of Eurocodes is on course to become the world's leading suite of structural design standards by 2010. Haig Gulvanessian, chairman of the ICE/IStructE Eurocodes Expert initiative, says design engineers in the UK are better placed than most to exploit them.
Briefing: New rules demand more care of protected species and habitats
Authors: Abbatt Jon
Published: October 2007

New rules have recently come into force in the UK which oblige civil engineers to take even more care of protected species and habitats during construction works. Jon Abbatt of environmental consultancy ADAS explains the ever-tightening legislation and what it means for the profession.
Briefing: Atlantis: a new joined-up world for flood and water engineers
Authors: Brayshaw James , Murray Keith
Published: October 2007

Civil engineers designing flood-defence and water-quality schemes in Britain could soon benefit significantly from a nationwide data-interoperability initiative called Atlantis. James Brayshaw and Keith Murray of Ordnance Survey report on progress to date.
How Roman engineers could have flooded the Colosseum
Authors: Crapper Martin
Published: October 2007

It is known that the Romans staged mock sea battles as well as gladiator contests in some of its numerous amphitheatres. However, there is much speculation as to whether it would have been technically possible to flood the Empire's largest and best-known amphitheatre—the Colosseum in Rome itself—even though contemporary reports suggest it did happen. Using a modern engineering analysis, this paper concludes that while there are a considerable number of missing links in the archaeological evidence, the central 80 m long arena could have been filled in a time of 2–5 h and drained again in a similar timescale.
Cerebral Blastomyces dermatitidis infection in a cat
Authors: Smith Jo R. , Legendre Alfred M. , Thomas William B. , LeBlanc Casey J. , Lamkin Cathy , Avenell James S. , Wall Jonathan S. , Hecht Silke
Published: October 2007

Case Description—An 8-year-old domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of signs of depression, circling, and visual deficits.

Clinical Findings—The cat had no cutaneous lesions, and results of an ophthalmologic examination and thoracic radiography were within reference limits. Computed tomography of the brain revealed a mass lesion involving the right parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes; the mass was in broad-based contact with the skull and smoothly marginated and had strong homogenous enhancement after contrast agent administration. During craniectomy, samples of the mass were collected for cytologic and histopathologic evaluations and microbial culture. A diagnosis of Blastomyces dermatitidis—associated meningoencephalitis with secondary pyogranulomatous inflammation was made.

Treatment and Outcome—Amphotericin B (0.25 mg/kg [0.11 mg/lb], IV) was administered on alternate days (cumulative dose, 1.75 mg/kg [0.8 mg/lb]). To minimize the risk of nephrotoxicosis, assessments of serum biochemical variables (urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations) and urinalyses were performed at intervals. The third dose of amphotericin B was postponed 48 hours because the cat became azotemic. The cat subsequently received fluconazole (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) for 5.5 months. Six months after discontinuation of that treatment, the cat appeared healthy and had no signs of relapse.

Clinical Relevance—Brain infection with B dermatitidis is typically associated with widespread disseminated disease. The cat of this report had no evidence of systemic disease. Blastomycosis of the CNS should be considered as a differential diagnosis for brain lesions in cats from areas in which B dermatitidis is endemic.
Causes for discharge of military working dogs from service: 268 cases (2000–2004)
Authors: Evans Rebecca I. , Herbold John R. , Bradshaw Benjamin S. , Moore George E.
Published: October 2007

Objective—To determine causes for discharge of military working dogs (MWDs) from service.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—268 MWDs.

Procedures—Records of all MWDs approved for discharge from December 2000 through November 2004 were evaluated for cause of discharge.

Results—23 dogs had been obtained through the Department of Defense breeding program but had failed to meet prepurchase or certification standards. The remaining 245 (120 German Shepherd Dogs, 100 Belgian Malinois, and 25 dogs of other breeds) had been purchased as adults or obtained through the breeding program and had passed prepurchase and certification standards. Eighty-five of the 245 (34.7%) adult dogs were 1 to < 5 years old at discharge, and 160 (65.3%) were ≥ 5 years old at discharge. The proportion of adult dogs < 5 years old at discharge that were German Shepherd Dogs (69.4%) was significantly greater than the proportion of adult dogs ≥ 5 years old at discharge that were German Shepherd Dogs (38.1%). Within the subgroup of dogs ≥ 5 years old at discharge, median age at discharge for the German Shepherd Dogs (8.59 years) was significantly less than median age at discharge for the Belgian Malinois (10.61 years). For adult dogs < 5 years old at discharge, the most common cause for discharge was behavioral problems (82.3%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that longevity of service for MWDs may be influenced by breed differences and that selection criteria should be evaluated to reduce behavior-related discharge from service.
Surgical management of small intestinal incarceration through the gastrosplenic ligament: 14 cases (1994–2006)
Authors: Jenei Thomas M. , García-López José M. , Provost Patricia J. , Kirker-Head Carl A.
Published: October 2007

Objective—To determine prevalence, clinical findings, and long-term survival rate after surgery associated with incarceration of the small intestine through the gastrosplenic ligament (ISIGL) in horses.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—14 horses with ISIGL.

Procedures—Medical records of horses with ISIGL examined between January 1994 and December 2006 were reviewed. Signalment, initial physical examination findings, results of abdominal fluid analysis, and clinical laboratory values were recorded, along with surgical findings, including segment of incarcerated intestine and surgical procedures performed. Long-term survival data were obtained through client interviews.

Results—Clinical findings included small intestinal distention identified via rectal palpation (10/14 horses) or transabdominal ultrasonography (8/11), nasogastric reflux (4/14), and abnormal abdominal fluid (9/9). All horses required intestinal resection and anastomosis. Postoperative complications included adynamic ileus (5/14 horses), incisional infection (4/14), diarrhea (3/14), and laminitis (1/14). No breed or age predilection was detected, although geldings were at increased risk for ISIGL. Long-term survival rate was 79% (11/14 horses).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—ISIGL was an uncommon cause of colicin this hospital population. With appropriate surgical intervention and postoperative management, the long-term prognosis for surgically treated horses was fair to good.
Serologic and reproductive findings after a herpesvirus-1 abortion storm in goats
Authors: McCoy Morgan H. , Montgomery Donald L. , Bratanich Ana C. , Cavender Jacque , Scharko Patricia B. , Vickers Mary Lynne
Published: October 2007

Case Description—An abortion storm occurred in a goat herd, resulting in 75 aborted kids and 1 neonatal death from December 2004 to February 2005.

Clinical Findings—Aborted fetuses ranged from being premature to past term. Laboratory findings in 4 of 5 aborted fetuses were consistent with herpesvirus abortion. A virus that yielded positive results with a fluorescent antibody test for bovine herpesvirus-1 was iso-lated and identified as caprine herpesvirus-1 (CpHV-1) via DNA sequence analysis.

Treatment and Outcome—Many does that aborted were rebred for kidding in late sum-mer. Most of the young wethers born in 2005 were sold; however, all of the young does were kept for breeding in fall. In November 2005, all 241 goats in the herd were tested for antibodies against CpHV-1 to identify goats that had seroconverted during the outbreak. No complications attributable to CpHV-1 were identified during kidding in 2006.

Clinical Relevance—On the basis of serologic findings, infection with CpHV-1 was not as-sociated with reduced reproductive success in the subsequent breeding.
Ophthalmologic and oculopathologic findings in red-tailed hawks and Cooper's hawks with naturally acquired West Nile virus infection
Authors: Pauli Amy M. , Cruz-Martinez Luis A. , Ponder Julia B. , Redig Patrick T. , Glaser Amy L. , Klauss Gia , Schoster James V. , Wünschmann Arno
Published: October 2007

Objective—To assess ophthalmologic features and ocular lesions in red-tailed hawks and Cooper's hawks naturally infected with West Nile virus (WNV).

Design—Original study.

Animals—13 hawks.

Procedures—All hawks underwent complete ophthalmic examinations including slit lamp biomicroscopy and binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Eleven hawks were euthanized because of a grave prognosis; complete necropsies were performed. Eyes, brain, heart, and kidneys were processed for histologic and immunohistochemical examinations. Pooled tissue homogenates and aqueous humor samples were assessed for WNV nucleic acid via PCR assay, and anti-WNV antibody titers in aqueous humor and plasma were determined.

Results—All birds had similar funduscopic abnormalities including exudative chorioretinal lesions and chorioretinal scarring in a geographic or linear pattern. Eleven birds were euthanized, and 2 birds were released. Plasma from both released hawks and plasma and aqueous humor of all euthanized hawks that were evaluated contained anti-WNV antibodies. Except for 1 hawk, all euthanized hawks had WNV-associated disease (determined via detection of WNV antigen or nucleic acid in at least 1 organ). Histopathologic ocular abnormalities, most commonly pectenitis, were detected in all euthanized birds; several birds had segmental choroiditis, often with corresponding segmental retinal atrophy. West Nile virus antigen was detected in the retinas of 9 of the euthanized birds. In 2 hawks, WNV antigen was detected in the retina only.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that funduscopically detectable chorioretinal lesions appear to be associated with WNV disease in hawks. Detection of ocular lesions may aid in antemortem or postmortem diagnosis of this condition.
Vacuum-assisted closure for treatment of a deep shell abscess and osteomyelitis in a tortoise
Authors: Adkesson Michael J. , Travis Erika K. , Weber Martha A. , Kirby John P. , Junge Randall E.
Published: October 2007

Case Description—A female Aldabra tortoise (Geochelone gigantea) was evaluated because of focal necrosis of the carapace.

Clinical Findings—Debridement revealed a 14.5 × 11.5-cm area of shell necrosis, deep abscess formation, and osteomyelitis involving bacterial (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas spp) and fungal pathogens.

Treatment and Outcome—Following extensive debridement, vacuum-assisted closure incorporating silver-impregnated bandaging materials was used. The wound was considered healed after 55 days, at which time a layer of epidermal tissue with progressing keratinization was present, with smooth underlying ossification. Keratinization with normal pigmentation continued over the next 67 days.

Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that vacuum-assisted closure with silver-impreg-nated bandaging materials may provide advantages over traditional methods in the treatment of shell lesions in chelonians, including faster wound healing, improved cosmetic appearance of the healed wound, superior control of microbial contamination, and lower overall treatment costs.
Lyapunov‐based training algorithm applied to a continually on line‐trained ANN used in the current‐loop control of a single‐phase switched rectifier
Authors: Viola J. C. , Restrepo J. A.
Published: October 2007

This paper presents an implementation of a PWM single‐phase switched rectifier controlled by a continually online‐trained artificial neural network (COT‐ANN). The stability of the COT‐ANN training is ensured by using a suitable description of the switched rectifier and a Lyapunov‐based training algorithm. The stability of the neural network is verified using a norm metric of the ANN matrix weights. The proposed switched rectifier can reverse the power flow direction while attaining power factor regulation. Simulations are used to test the validity of the proposed algorithm and the results are finally verified by a practical implementation of this system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computational model for temperature and sterility distributions in a pilot‐scale high‐pressure high‐temperature process
Authors: Knoerzer Kai , Juliano Pablo , Gladman Simon , Versteeg Cornelis , Fryer Peter J.
Published: October 2007

High pressure high temperature processing is a candidate food sterilization process in which heat is generated volumetrically within the food as a result of rapid pressurization to 600 MPa or higher. For commercial viability the temperature profile in the process should be as uniform as possible. A model has been developed to predict the flow and temperature fields inside a pilot scale (35 L) vessel during the pressure heating, holding and cooling stages of the process. Simulations on the empty vessel show that thermal conduction causes excessive cooling. The model agrees well with experimental results in which thermocouples are used to measure temperature throughout a metallic composite carrier inserted into the vessel. The model is used to design a Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) carrier which produces thermal uniformity within the carrier. Predicted variations of sterility resulting from a process are produced using the F0‐value distribution. No significant reduction of spores was seen in the empty vessel, while more than 94.6% of the PTFE carrier volume achieved a reduction greater than 1012. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
M34T and V37I mutations in GJB2 associated hearing impairment: Evidence for pathogenicity and reduced penetrance
Authors: Pollak Agnieszka , Skórka Agata , Mueller‐Malesińska Małgorzata , Kostrzewa Grażyna , Kisiel Bartłomiej , Waligóra Jarosław , Krajewski Paweł , Ołdak Monika , Korniszewski Lech , Skarżyński Henryk , Ploski Rafal
Published: October 2007

Despite research the role of the M34T and V37I variants of GJB2 in causing hearing impairment (HI) remains controversial. Our purpose was to test a hypothesis that M34T and V37I are pathogenic but have distinct features resulting in a reduced penetrance. We screened for known GJB2/GJB6 mutations 233 Polish consecutive unrelated subjects with non‐syndromic, sensorineural HI who were previously found to carry 35delG mutation on one chromosome. The most frequent mutations were also analyzed in ∼1,000 controls. We found that M34T and V37I were significantly (P ≪ 10−6) overrepresented among patients, but their penetrance was estimated as 1/10 relative to mutations of undisputed pathogenicity. This finding apparently could not be explained by low degree of HI associated with M34T and V37I since another mutation causing comparably mild HI (L90P) did not have reduced penetrance. Subsequent analyses showed that the patients with M34T/35delG and V37I/35delG had significantly later onset of HI than patients with other genotypes (P < 10−6) including the L90P/35delG (P = 0.006). Also, among these patients (but not others) a strong correlation between the degree of HI and its duration was found (r = 0.79, P < 10−5). We tentatively suggest that M34T and V37I might cause mild HI characterized by relatively late onset and progression. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mandibuloacral dysplasia and a novel LMNA mutation in a woman with severe progressive skeletal changes
Authors: Kosho Tomoki , Takahashi Jun , Momose Takashige , Nakamura Akinori , Sakurai Akihiro , Wada Takahito , Yoshida Kunihiro , Wakui Keiko , Suzuki Takefumi , Kasuga Kazuo , Nishimura Gen , Kato Hiroyuki , Fukushima Yoshimitsu
Published: October 2007

A 56‐year‐old Japanese woman with mandibuloacral dysplasia and type A lipodystrophy is described. Mutation analysis identified a homozygous missense mutation (1585G > A) in exon 9 of the LMNA gene that replaces well‐conserved residue alanine at position 529 to threonine (A529T). The woman showed, in addition to the usual clinical manifestations of the disorder, severe progressive skeletal changes: osteoporotic changes with multiple fractures; osteolysis of the right radius; and destructive changes of the vertebrae, leading to compression of the cervical spinal cord and paraplegia. Laboratory findings included markedly reduced bone mineral density; significantly increased urine N‐telopeptide of collagen type I, an osteoclast marker; and normal serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase, an osteoblast marker. Regular follow up of adult patients with the disorder is desirable, including skeletal radiography, estimates of bone mineral density, and biochemical markers of bone turnover. Treatment with bisphosphonates to inhibit osteoclast activity is likely to be beneficial. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.