bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies to minimise anthelmintic resistance in large animal practice
Authors: Coles Gerald
Published: October 2010

AS veterinary surgeons are all too aware, infection with nematodes can cause serious welfare problems in both sheep and cattle, as well as costly production losses. Farmers have become accustomed to being able to control worms with anthelmintics, so the true significance of these parasites may have been largely forgotten. With increased stocking densities and intensive grassland management, nematodes potentially represent a more serious threat than they did before the introduction of broad‐spectrum anthelmintics. It is unlikely that any new anthelmintics will be introduced onto the market in the near future, so loss of efficacy of existing products could pose severe problems for large animal practitioners and their clients. Anthelmintic resistance is already a serious problem in some parts of the world, not just in sheep and goats but also in cattle. A similar situation will develop in the UK unless steps are taken to prevent it. For sheep farmers, it will be, at best, like 'the good old days' when it was unusual to have lowland lambs ready for market before October; at worst, sheep stocking densities will have to be substantially lowered to reduce the risk of animal deaths. This article examines the current extent of the problem of anthelmintic resistance and discusses how it might be avoided.
On becoming a vet. . . part 2
Authors: Hoad Julian
Published: October 2010

IN the second part of this series, which catches up with past winners of the Vet Drug/Genusxpress 'student of the year' award, Julian Hoad, one of the winners in 1996, describes how his early years in practice proved to be a mixed experience, both professionally and personally. Meanwhile, on page 48, Wendy Harrison, a prize winner in 1997, describes how, from the word go, she set off to pursue some of the various options ‐ in research as well as in practice ‐ that a veterinary degree has to offer.
Management of Equine hyperlipaemia
Authors: Hammond Anna
Published: October 2010

EQUINE hyperlipaemia is characterised by abnormalities in lipid metabolism and primarily affects ponies and donkeys. The condition has a high mortality rate of between 60 and 100 per cent, and a reported prevalence of between 5 and 11 per cent in ponies and 18 per cent in donkeys in referral hospital populations. Early recognition of the disease and prompt intervention are vital to mprove an animal's chance of survival. This article discusses risk factors and reviews current treatment options for this challenging condition. In view of the poor prognosis, it highlights the importance of client education in disease prevention.
Breaking bad news
Authors: Jackson Cathy , Gray Carol
Published: October 2010

A COMMON challenge facing veterinary surgeons and their counterparts in human medicine is the need to communicate effectively with clients and patients, respectively. The challenge is all the more acute when there is bad news to impart. In this article, Cathy Jackson, a GP who provides consultation skills training to the medical profession, gives some advice for making these difficult consultations as pain‐free as possible; in doing so, she draws on her own experiences as a veterinary client. In the box on page 104, veterinary surgeon Carol Gray, a lecturer in veterinary communication skills, describes steps being taken to introduce communication skills training into the veterinary curriculum, and discusses some factors specific to veterinary consultations that have a bearing on this area of communication.
Orthopaedic conditions of the shoulder in the dog
Authors: McKee Malcolm , Macias Carlos
Published: October 2010

CONDITIONS affecting the shoulder are common causes of thoracic limb lameness in the dog. Some diseases such as osteochondritis dissecans have been well documented, while many tendon and ligament injuries have received relatively little attention. Diagnosis of the latter is difficult and their management remains a challenge. Many soft tissue disorders are associated with non‐specific, if indeed any, abnormalities on clinical examination. The problem is compounded by the fact that many changes detected on radiography or arthroscopy are asymptomatic and not of clinical significance. This article reviews the more common conditions of the canine shoulder with particular emphasis on their diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis of oral lesions and FMD in sheep
Authors: Watson Phil
Published: October 2010

THE clinical examination of sheep was among the many practical problems encountered during the 2001 pan‐Asiatic type O foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in the UK and was a cause for concern for many veterinary surgeons. The difficulty in diagnosing FMD arises from the fact that, often, only mild disease is seen in sheep and also because lesions associated with some of the common endemic diseases of sheep, such as interdigital dermatitis and orf (parapoxvirus infection), are similar in appearance. Oral lesions due to FMD are most likely to develop at sites vulnerable to trauma (eg, the dental pad, upper and lower gums, and the tongue). However, it became apparent during the 2001 outbreak that the differential diagnosis of FMD was further complicated by the presence of oral lesions of unknown cause (colloquially known as OMAGOD). These lesions can be quite common and subsequent studies have confirmed that trauma alone is the primary cause. This article discusses the causes of oral ulceration and how these lesions might be differentiated from those due to FMD. The differential diagnosis of endemic foot diseases, which can appear very similar to FMD, is not covered. Other oral abnormalities, such as dental disease or neoplasia, are not relevant to the differential diagnosis of FMD and, hence, are also not considered here.
Clinical assessment of the dog with suspected cardiac disease
Authors: Ristic Jelena
Published: October 2010

IN recent years, there have been a number of articles in In Practice addressing the investigation, diagnosis and treatment of specific aspects of cardiac disease. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the approach to the dog with suspected cardiac disease and highlight the usefulness of the various tests available.
Hydrotherapy pool ‐ toy or tool?
Authors: Molyneux Jacqui
Published: October 2010

PHYSIOTHERAPY is receiving increasing attention in the small animal field. Hydrotherapy is one of the modalities that come under this umbrella, and has been shown to be of value for a range of orthopaedic and neurological conditions in dogs, as well as for improving an animal's fitness. But is it worthwhile for a practice to invest in the facilities and expertise needed to offer hydrotherapy services to its clients? Here, Jacqui Molyneux discusses the use of this treatment and provides some costings in an attempt to assess how economically viable a hydrotherapy pool can be for a practice.
Diseases of dairy goats
Authors: Harwood David
Published: October 2010

GOATS occupy a unique position in the UK livestock industry due to the fact that they are kept for a wide range of uses. Traditionally, particularly before the 1980s, goats were kept as individuals or in small groups primarily to produce milk for their owners. Since that time, unit size has gradually increased and, nowadays, a single herd can comprise in excess of 2000 milking goats. Diseases of dairy goats show many similarities to those of high‐yielding dairy cows and also sheep. There are, however, a number of important differences between these species that need to be borne in mind, including specific goat diseases. This article discusses these differences with reference to common infectious diseases, other clinical conditions, endoparasites and breeding/fertility problems.
Isolation in the workplace: taking control, finding a way forward
Authors: Stobbs Christine
Published: October 2010

ISOLATION and loneliness are often related, but not always synonymous. Often, a period of isolation can be a useful time to reflect and recharge one's batteries. However, if a feeling of isolation becomes overwhelming, it can impact on mental and physical health and become a real problem. There are a number of reasons why a person might feel isolated in the workplace ‐ such as relocation, unsupportive colleagues or employers, shyness or simply the constraints of a demanding on‐call rota. In this article, Christine Stobbs suggests some ways of handling the situation.
Rewards of practice involvement in the local community
Authors: Bower John
Published: October 2010

ULTIMATELY, it is the quality of the service provided to animals and their owners that will determine the success of a practice. Word‐of‐mouth recommendations from satisfied clients are the single most important factor contributing to practice growth, but active involvement in the local community can pay dividends too. Over the past 35 years, the proactive approach to community activities adopted by John Bower and his colleagues has enhanced the growth and reputation of his practice. As he explains, with some effort and a little imagination, the possibilities are virtually endless.
Practice microscope ‐ toy or tool?
Authors: Mactaggart Donald
Published: October 2010

IN this article, Donald Mactaggart argues that the microscope is possibly the most important tool in a veterinary practice. If used to its full potential it is also one of the most cost‐efficient. Treat it with the respect that it deserves and the practice will be amply repaid.
Peritoneal fluid analysis for the differentiation of medical and surgical colic in horses
Authors: Milne Elspeth
Published: October 2010

WHEN presented with a case of acute colic, it may be difficult to determine whether immediate surgical intervention is required (for example, to correct an intestinal strangulation), or whether a medical condition, such as acute grass sickness, is present. Clearly, a decision must be made quickly as any delay may have a serious detrimental effect on the outcome. The analysis of peritoneal fluid has been used for many years in the investigation of diseases of the abdominal cavity and, in many acute colic patients, can be helpful in deciding whether an animal has a surgical or medical problem. However, it is important that any findings are considered in the context of the history, clinical examination and results of other ancillary diagnostic procedures. It is vital that other indicators for surgery (eg, unrelenting pain, small intestinal distension, deteriorating cardiovascular function) are appreciated, as these signs often become apparent before changes in the peritoneal fluid are observed. In such cases, there is no need to wait for the results of peritoneal fluid analysis and surgery should be undertaken as a matter of urgency. This article describes how to collect and analyse peritoneal fluid, and highlights some of the changes which may be seen in specific conditions.
Electrolyte analyser ‐ toy or tool?
Authors: Dobromylskyj Peter
Published: October 2010

IN this article, Peter Dobromylskyj asserts that an electrolyte analyser is undoubtedly a tool and not a toy. He provides examples of a range of clinical situations in which electrolyte measurement allows the vet to make informed decisions about therapy. In many cases, these decisions must be made urgently and may markedly influence the outcome for the patient. Moreover, there are a number of less urgent conditions in which the use of an analyser is helpful ‐ allowing the equipment to earn its keep between critical patients.
Differential diagnosis of diseases causing oral lesions in cattle
Authors: Holliman Andrew
Published: October 2010

THE differential diagnosis of diseases causing oral lesions in cattle can pose problems both clinically and at necropsy. Several diseases can be associated with crusting of the muzzle, and erosion, ulceration, necrosis and, occasionally, vesiculation of the oral mucosa. Few signs or lesions associated with oral infection are pathognomonic and an aetiological diagnosis based solely on clinical observation is often not possible. An accurate diagnosis is essential so that any potentially devastating disease is recognised at an early stage. In the UK, the most crucial diagnostic differentiation is foot‐and‐mouth disease, the clinical signs and lesions of which may initially be confused with a number of other viral diseases, including vesicular stomatitis, bovine papular stomatitis, bovine virus diarrhoea/mucosal disease, malignant catarrhal fever, rinderpest and bluetongue. Competent regulatory authorities must therefore be involved where any diagnostic doubt exists. In such cases, a specific diagnosis must be based on laboratory tests, including virus isolation and serology. This article discusses the differential diagnosis of these conditions, with particular emphasis on the recognition of exotic viral diseases. In addition, it reviews some other infectious and non‐infectious causes of oral lesions, such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, which may give rise to diagnostic uncertainty.
Evaluation and treatment of the head trauma patient
Authors: Platt Simon
Published: October 2010

SEVERE head trauma is associated with high mortality, with death often resulting from progressive increases in intracranial pressure. Brain injury in dogs and cats is most frequently caused by road traffic accidents, but can also be due to falls, kicks, gunshot wounds and animal bites. Appropriate management of patients with head trauma remains a controversial area in veterinary medicine because of a lack of retrospective studies evaluating treatment approaches for dogs and cats with similar injuries. Notwithstanding, management of affected cases must be immediate if the animal is to recover to a level that is both functional and acceptable to the owner. The first veterinary surgeon to deal with an animal suffering from brain injuries following an inciting traumatic event will dictate that patient's fate! It is important to be aware of the optimal way to assess head trauma cases before making treatment decisions. Many dogs and cats can indeed recover from severe brain injuries if treatable systemic and neurological abnormalities are identified promptly. This article discusses current recommendations for optimising the chances of success for such patients.
Site unseen? Getting to grips with a practice website
Authors: Bamber Stephen
Published: October 2010

FOR many organisations, having a website is seen as a necessity for establishing their presence in the marketplace. As Stephen Bamber explains, there are many ways in which the Internet can be an effective resource for veterinary practices and their clients beyond simply providing a means for the practice to say ‘here I am’.
A question of sales
Authors: Tiffin Ross
Published: October 2010

SOME practices have embraced the concept of non‐veterinary sales more enthusiastically than others. In the last issue, Ross Tiffin posed 10 questions aimed at encouraging practitioners to consider the relative importance of geared or ‘leveraged’ sales to their business (In Practice, January 2005, pp 54–55). Here, he argues that veterinary practices are reaching a crossroads and have some fundamental decisions to make. Whether they choose to eschew or develop this route, he suggests that leveraged sales represent a vital component of future practice for many.
Practical guide to linear external skeletal fixation in small animals
Authors: Corr Sandra
Published: October 2010

EXTERNAL skeletal fixation is a very adaptable technique that can be used to stabilise a wide variety of fractures. A basic frame can be applied using relatively inexpensive equipment, and confidence in the procedure can be quickly gained by starting with ‘simple’ fractures and applying straightforward principles. As familiarity with the technique increases, frames can be used to manage more complex fractures and angular limb deformities, or for temporary transarticular fixation to protect ligament repairs or manage severe soft tissue shearing injuries. This article discusses a step‐by‐step approach to external skeletal fixation and unravels some of the associated terminology.
Strategies for the control of milk fever
Authors: Husband James
Published: October 2010

IN the past 25 years, average milk yields in the UK national herd have increased by 30 per cent and it is expected that they will continue to rise. The lactational demands on the dairy cow make it almost unique in its inability to maintain calcium homeostasis at parturition. Hence, milk fever or clinical periparturient hypocalcaemia is an important production disease in dairy animals, with an estimated annual incidence of 4 to 9 per cent in the UK. Milk fever depresses rumen contractility and is associated with other periparturient disorders such as retained placenta, dystocia, displaced abomasum, mastitis, lameness and ketosis. Periparturient disease and impaired rumen function can cause a drop in feed intake and worsen the precarious postpartum energy status of a cow. Ketosis and negative energy balance in the postpartum period, in turn, exert a strong influence on fertility. By offering the correct advice, it is often fairly easy to reduce the incidence of clinical and subclinical periparturient hypocalcaemia on farm. This article highlights the importance of a proactive, preventive approach, especially bearing in mind the cost of the disease and its association with several other periparturient disorders. This can provide a valuable opportunity for the practitioner to become more involved in herd nutrition.
Clinical examination of the pig
Authors: Jackson Peter , Cockcroft Peter
Published: October 2010

THE nature of the pig, which characteristically will squeal and run away if frightened, may suggest that an effective clinical examination is difficult, if not impossible. However, a patient and calm approach, and use of appropriate restraint techniques, will usually overcome these defence mechanisms and allow a meaningful clinical examination to be carried out. This article describes the observations and physical examination that may be performed as part of the clinical assessment of an individual sick or injured pig. Illustrations and notes of specific conditions, abnormalities and findings that may be encountered are included, with the intention of providing a clinical checklist for the inexperienced practitioner. A previous In Practice article described other elements of the investigation of clinical problems on pig farms (Green 1999).
Helicobacter infection in dogs and cats: to treat or not to treat?
Authors: Simpson James
Published: October 2010

CHRONIC vomiting is very common in both dogs and cats, with ever‐increasing numbers of patients undergoing endoscopic examination and biopsy collection to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Histopathological examination of biopsy samples frequently confirms the presence of inflammation, which is categorised by the types of inflammatory cell infiltrating the mucosa. However, the underlying aetiology of this inflammation is rarely determined. Therefore, when a pathologist also reports the presence of gastric Helicobacter‐like organisms (GHLOs) in the biopsy samples, it is tempting to diagnose bacterial infection as the cause of the inflammation. Although GHLOs are recognised as causing gastritis in humans, their clinical significance in the dog and cat remains controversial. This article reviews the current understanding of GHLOs and provides guidance on when and what treatment is indicated.
Diagnosis and treatment of equine osteochondrosis
Authors: Wright Ian , Minshall Gaynor
Published: October 2010

IN veterinary medicine, osteochondrosis is generally considered to be due to delayed or defective endochondral ossification. However, defining cellular or biochemical lesions have not been recognised or agreed and there is still much debate regarding the range of lesions that may be manifestations of osteochondrosis. As there is no aetiological or pathogenetic consensus, it is suggested that, for the time being, osteochondrosis should be considered as a syndrome that includes all non‐external trauma‐related aseptic lesions occurring at sites of, and during the process of, endochondral ossification. The principal sites of endochondral ossification are the metaphyseal growth plates and epiphyses of long bones and within the cuboidal bones. This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of osteochondrosis affecting long bone epiphyses (ie, articular osteochondrosis), which, clinically, are the most important sites of osteochondrosis in horses.
Use and interpretation of somatic cell count data in dairy cows
Authors: Bradley Andrew , Green Martin
Published: October 2010

THE presence of cells in bovine milk, so‐called ‘somatic cells’, has been recognised and studied for many years. More than 95 per cent of somatic cells are leucocytes, including neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes. The somatic cell count (SCC) – that is, the number of somatic cells per millilitre of milk – is therefore a useful proxy for the concentration of leucocytes in milk. SCCs in milk are used as indicators of mammary health on the basis that they reflect an immune response and thus the presence of infection. An SCC of >100,000 cells/ml is often considered to be ‘normal’, reflecting a healthy mammary gland, whereas an SCC of >200,000 cells/ml is suggestive of bacterial infection. Although a raised SCC is an accepted indicator of an existing bacterial infection, a very low SCC has been associated with an increased subsequent susceptibility to clinical mastitis. This suggests that somatic cells may provide protection from bacterial colonisation as well as being a marker of infection. This article focuses on how SCCs may be used as a management tool for gauging current infection status – both at the individual cow and herd level.
Making a match: the US system of residencies and internships
Authors: Marshall John
Published: October 2010

AS postgraduate education becomes an increasingly important focus within the veterinary profession, interest in the opportunities provided by veterinary schools and other institutions in the USA is growing. However, graduates of veterinary schools in the UK and Europe are at a relative disadvantage because of a lack of experience of the American system for placing suitable candidates in internship and residency positions. John Marshall has experienced the US's Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program as both a student in the UK and as an intern in the USA. Here he describes the intricacies of an application system which is quite different from that in the UK.
Pheromonatherapy: theory and applications
Authors: Mills Daniel
Published: October 2010

PHEROMONATHERAPY — that is, the use of chemicals that have pheromonal properties — offers a safe, scientific and effective extension to the range of agents that can be employed in the treatment of a number of behavioural problems. While they are not a panacea for such cases, they can be helpful if used selectively together with other interventions. Although there are reports of clinical efficacy of pheromones in non‐companion animal species, including pigs and poultry, the use of pheromone products has been studied most extensively in dogs and cats, and it is on these species that this article focuses.
Management of infectious disease in the multi‐cat environment
Authors: Speakman Alison
Published: October 2010

INFECTIOUS disease can be potentially devastating within a multi‐cat environment if not treated and managed effectively. It is essential that housing facilities are constructed and managed well to minimise both the acquisition and spread of infection. A rapid and accurate assessment needs to be made of cats with, or potentially incubating, disease as well as the number of cats at risk. Following this, a plan to treat and limit the further spread of disease can be instituted. This article describes prevention and management strategies for the most frequently encountered feline infectious diseases within a variety of multi‐cat environments, including veterinary practices, households, rescue shelters and catteries. Further information on antiviral therapies is provided in an accompanying article on pages 454 to 457 of this issue.
Practical contrast radiography 3. Urogenital studies
Authors: Baines Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

WHILE survey radiographs can show gross abnormalities of the urogenital tract, the information obtained is often limited. In such cases, contrast radiography can help in the further investigation of this region. This article describes how to conduct and interpret contrast radiographic studies of the kidneys and ureters, bladder and urethra. Most of these techniques are simple and readily performed in practice.
Looking for a senior position
Authors: Stanford Chris
Published: October 2010

CHRIS Stanford is a headhunter with personal experience of launching a successful second career. Having reached the position of Rear Admiral in the Royal Navy, he then moved into the very different world of executive recruitment, where he helps vets ‐ among others ‐ find the second career of their choice. Here, he outlines the best way to approach a change of career, how to get the job you want, and why vets ‐ in particular ‐ should feel confident about their abilities to do so.
Keeping contented clients
Authors: Tiffin Ross
Published: October 2010

WITH the number of pet owners in decline, it is increasingly important for veterinary practices to retain existing clients, as well as to attract new ones. Here, Ross Tiffin discusses the findings of two marketing surveys looking at customer service, carried out within and beyond the veterinary world, which provide some food for thought. He also puts forward a practical plan of action to help practices improve communication with clients and build a solid foundation for the future.
Decision making in the management of hip luxations in dogs and cats
Authors: Moores Andy
Published: October 2010

HIP luxations are the most common traumatic luxations seen in small animal practice, but they can be difficult to manage successfully. The high risk of recurrence following closed reduction means that surgery is often indicated, although it is frequently not clear which of the large number of surgical procedures described is most appropriate. This article presents a logical guide to decision making in the management of hip luxation cases, from diagnosis through to surgical treatment, with those surgical procedures of most value being described in detail.
Regional control of sheep scab in UK flocks
Authors: Sargison Neil , Taylor David , Dun Kath
Published: October 2010

BEFORE the deregulation of sheep scab control measures (Sheep Scab [National Dip] Order 1990) in July 1992, the combination of summer and autumn plunge dipping of all sheep for one minute in propetamphos, diazinon or flumethrin solutions, the licensing of markets, and the statutory restriction of movement of sheep out of infected areas maintained the annual incidence of sheep scab in the UK at less than 100 outbreaks per year. Plunge dipping may involve considerable animal handling and can prove expensive; it also raises concerns about operator safety and environmental contamination. Many shepherds and farmers, therefore, no longer annually plunge dip their sheep. Some rely on systemic endectocides for sheep scab control, but nowadays many do not actively prevent the disease in their flocks. The result is that, in areas with dense sheep populations, large numbers of animals are at risk of potentially severe disease. This article argues that the way forward for controlling sheep scab is to adopt a collaborative approach, rather than rely on the efforts of individual farms, which are all too often unsuccessful.
Management of feline miliary dermatitis: a clinical update
Authors: Jackson Anna , Foster Aiden
Published: October 2010

THE prevalence of miliary dermatitis ‐ variably called feline allergic miliary dermatitis, miliary eczema, eosinophilic dermatitis and papulocrusting dermatitis ‐ is unknown, although many authors suggest that the condition is common. Lesions may be due to a number of underlying causes, particularly flea bite hypersensitivity, but also food hypersensitivity, ectoparasites and microbial infections including dermatophytes and bacteria. This article provides a clinical update on feline miliary dermatitis, highlighting the therapeutic options available to the practitioner.
Everyday ethics
Authors: Haslam Sue
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to the discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled ‘In the owner's interests?’, has been submitted by a reader; names have been changed to protect the identity of the parties involved. Anyone who wishes to contribute to the discussion of the dilemma should send their comments as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. A response to the case of the ‘coughing Cavalier’, which was published last month, appears on page 160. The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped that it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas. This month's dilemma is discussed by Sue Haslam.
Clinically significant developmental radiological changes in the skeletally immature dog: 1. Long bones
Authors: Baines Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

LAMENESS is a common presenting problem in the skeletally immature dog and radiography is frequently used as a diagnostic tool in the investigation of these cases. This is the first of two articles discussing diseases that manifest during the growing period ‐ that is, the time between birth and skeletal maturity (as defined by radiographic evidence of physeal closure). These include congenital, hereditary, developmental, metabolic, nutritional and endocrine diseases, as well as conditions of unknown aetiology or idiopathic origin. Clinically significant changes affecting the long bones of the appendicular skeleton will be described here, while an article in the next issue will focus on diseases affecting specific joints.
Local analgesic techniques in small animals
Authors: Borer Kate
Published: October 2010

WHILE systemic administration of analgesic agents, such as opioids and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), is the mainstay approach for the treatment of pain, many of these drugs have unwanted side effects when administered systemically or cannot be used for long periods of time to manage postoperative pain. This article discusses some simple local analgesic techniques that can be used alongside these methods of pain control to provide local analgesia to dogs and cats in practice. These are not intended to replace the systemic administration of opioids or NSAIDs, but can help reduce the postoperative requirement for systemic drugs and, thus, their side effects. Irrespective of which methods are used to manage pain in individual patients, it is important to frequently assess the effectiveness of the pain control provided.
Skin neoplasia in small animals 1. Principles of diagnosis and management
Authors: Murphy Sue
Published: October 2010

SKIN cancers are very common in cats and dogs. The fact that skin cancer is often reported is not too surprising as lesions are often readily visible to the owner. The skin is a large, complex organ, the barrier between the body and its environment, and is continuously being bombarded by carcinogens. It is an area of rapid cell turnover, increasing the chance of DNA mutations and allowing cancer to arise. This article, the first in a series of three, discusses the general approach to the diagnosis and management of a suspected neoplastic mass in the skin or subcutis of dogs and cats. Articles in the June and July/August issues of In Practice will concentrate on feline and canine cutaneous neoplasms, respectively.
A practical guide to capnography
Authors: Bilbrough Graham
Published: October 2010

CAPNOGRAPHY is considered to be ‘an essential part of routine monitoring during anaesthesia’ by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland as it results in improved patient safety. The technology, which has numerous clinical applications, is equally applicable for use during veterinary anaesthesia and provides extremely pertinent information without the need for invasive techniques or a significant investment in time. Unlike other types of anaesthetic monitoring, it also offers the opportunity to reduce expenditure on medical gases and inhaled anaesthetic agents. This article discusses the principles and benefits of capnography, and provides some pointers on what to look for when purchasing a capnograph, either new or second‐hand.
Investigation of false colic in the horse
Authors: Hewetson Michael
Published: October 2010

COLIC refers to a syndrome of abdominal pain that encompasses a wide range of disorders, which can be gastrointestinal or non‐gastrointestinal in nature. The clinical manifestations of the latter are often referred to as ‘false colic’ and can pose a considerable diagnostic challenge for the veterinary surgeon. Of particular relevance are non‐gastrointestinal causes of colic that present with clinical signs suggestive of a strangulating obstruction of the intestine. An accurate diagnosis in such cases is essential and hinges on the objective assessment of historical information and on the results of a systematic physical examination, clinical laboratory tests and appropriate diagnostic imaging. This article reviews the diagnosis of disorders in the horse that do not originate from the gastrointestinal tract, but which elicit real or apparent abdominal pain.
Getting results in clinical pathology 5. Influence of medications on haematological parameters
Authors: Pinches Mark
Published: October 2010

AS discussed in an article in the last issue (In Practice, May 2006, pp 274–278), medications can induce a variety of alterations in biochemical parameters. The same is true for haematological parameters and this article describes how various drugs can cause leucogram and haemogram changes.
Disease risks for the travelling pet: Babesiosis
Authors: Schoeman Johan , Leisewitz Andrew
Published: October 2010

BABESIOSIS is a tickborne disease affecting humans and many domestic and wild animals. Domestic species showing appreciable morbidity and mortality include dogs, cats, cattle and horses. Both canine and feline babesiosis are diseases characterised by haemolytic anaemia, icterus and haemoglobinuria. Canine babesiosis can range from chronic or subclinical to peracute and fatal, depending on the virulence of the Babesia species present and the susceptibility of the host. Feline babesiosis has a more insidious onset, but can be equally fatal due to the late presentation of many feline patients. This article discusses the epidemiology and clinical presentation of the disease and reviews current knowledge regarding its diagnosis and treatment.
Skin neoplasia in small animals 3. Common canine tumours
Authors: Murphy Sue
Published: October 2010

THE skin is the most common site for canine tumours. Unlike cats, skin tumours in the dog are more likely to be benign than malignant. About two‐thirds of all lesions are benign in dogs, while the converse is true for cats. The broad principles of the diagnosis and management of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumours were discussed in a previous article (In Practice, May 2006, pp 266–271). This article describes the key clinical features of, and current treatment approaches for, the most common skin tumours seen in dogs.
Making welfare part of the furniture
Authors: Bower Caroline
Published: October 2010

GOOD welfare in general practice is not just about being kind to animals ‐ it also embraces clients, staff and ultimately the practice itself. Endeavours to create a favourable environment within the waiting area and consulting rooms, with consideration of the needs of a variety of species and owners, will almost certainly pay off. By minimising stress in patients and owners, and making the visit as pleasant an experience as possible from start to finish, the practice not only improves the chances of achieving a successful clinical outcome but, hopefully, also ends up with a client and patient who are happy to return.
Management of dystocia in cattle
Authors: Frame Neil
Published: October 2010

THE majority of new graduates usually want to start their professional life in mixed practice. With the diminishing proportion of farm animal work in many mixed practices, it now often takes longer for the recent graduate to build up sufficient expertise and confidence to deal with cases of bovine dystocia. Yet, after a few months in practice, there is an expectation by many clients and employers that the young vet should be able to cope unaided with all obstetrical eventualities. This article advises on obstetrical decision making and describes how to institute corrective manoeuvres. It also discusses how to recognise and treat some of the more common complications that might arise.
Everyday ethics
Authors: Butterworth Andy , Mullan Siobhan
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to the discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. Readers who wish to contribute to the discussion of this month's dilemma ‐ ‘Cetacean stranding’ ‐ are invited to do so and should send their comments as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Some responses to the dilemma, ‘Homeopathy ‐ a moral stress?’, which was published in the last issue, appear on pages 500 to 501. This series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped that it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas. This month's dilemma is discussed jointly by Andy Butterworth and Siobhan Mullan.
Practical sedation and anaesthesia in pigs
Authors: Hodgkinson Oliver
Published: October 2010

WHEN it comes to anaesthesia, pigs are one of the most difficult animals to deal with, owing in particular to the huge variation in bodyweight among individuals and breeds, their reluctance to being handled and complications in drug administration. This article provides practical pointers on how to sedate and anaesthetise pigs to allow minor surgical procedures to be carried out, and describes the options available, in terms of drugs and techniques. Monitoring of animals is important in all cases.
Abortion in sheep 1. Investigation and principal causes
Authors: Mearns Rebecca
Published: October 2010

ABORTION in sheep flocks is estimated to have a national annual incidence of 2 to 3 per cent, although some flocks may experience abortion storms involving large numbers of ewes. This article, the first of two on ovine abortion, discusses the priorities in the event of an outbreak, and reviews the diagnosis, and available options for control and prevention, of the most common infectious causes of abortion in the UK: namely, Chlamydophila abortus (the agent of enzootic abortion of ewes), Toxoplasma gondii and Campylobacter species. Together, these make up over 70 per cent of diagnoses based on submissions of abortion material at veterinary disease surveillance centres throughout England, Scotland and Wales. Part 2, to be published in the next issue, will discuss other common infectious causes, as well as some exotic diseases that pose an abortion risk to UK flocks.
Can't pay? Won't pay? Managing debt in practice
Authors: McNeill Ewan , Blayney Nick
Published: October 2010

BAD debts are one of the principal causes of high blood pressure in the offices of many veterinary practices, while slow payers are a hindrance to good cash flow and a more comfortable bank balance. Debt mountains are also a major problem for many clients. As part of a culture of care, practitioners should ensure that the debt in their practices is minimised and that their clients understand that, while veterinary care is neither cheap nor free, there are ways to help them manage animal treatment costs. In this article Ewan McNeill and Nick Blayney explain some of the issues surrounding fee payment and examine strategies that may minimise debt, while, on page 50, Jeremy Collyer shares his experiences of pursuing a debt through the small claims court, as a last resort.
Surgical muscle relaxation and neuromuscular blockade
Authors: Clutton Eddie
Published: October 2010

NEUROMUSCULAR blocking agents or ‘muscle relaxants’ predictably provide profound relaxation during anaesthesia and are the most effective way of achieving surgical relaxation. Their use is complicated and currently they are not extensively employed in general veterinary practice. This article reviews the anatomy and physiology of neuromuscular transmission, which is a prerequisite to understanding the underlying action of neuromuscular blocking agents, and discusses how these drugs may be effectively employed to achieve adequate relaxation during surgery.
Practice radiography: time to go digital?
Authors: Barrett Esther
Published: October 2010

THREE years ago, an article in In Practice asked whether digital x‐ray was a toy or tool (Baxter 2004). For that particular author, who specialised in dental and oral surgery, the conclusion was that it was very much a tool. Now, as many veterinary practices are thinking about replacing their conventional x‐ray systems with digital systems, Esther Barrett looks in more detail at the principal advantages and disadvantages of going digital.
RAO and IAD: respiratory disease in horses revisited
Authors: Allen Kate , Franklin Samantha
Published: October 2010

RESPIRATORY disease continues to be a major problem for horse owners and trainers worldwide. Lower airway inflammation is now recognised in a range of animals, from aged ponies to young racehorses. This article discusses recent developments in the definitions and understanding of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and inflammatory airway disease (IAD). For both conditions, it describes the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment. A more comprehensive discussion of therapeutic options was provided in an earlier article in In Practice (Durham 2001).
Avoidance of medicines residues in milk: an update
Authors: Edmondson Peter
Published: October 2010

MEDICINES residues in milk continue to remain a problem for the dairy industry, with failures running at a fairly constant level of 0·2 per cent of bulk supply despite a reducing number of producers. Residues in milk pose a potential human health hazard for a variety of reasons, including hypersensitivity reactions, and can interfere with manufacturing by inhibiting yoghurt and cheese starter cultures. This article provides an update to an earlier In Practice article on residue avoidance in milk (Edmondson 2003) and highlights key points to assist in further reducing the level of incidents.
Collection and interpretation of clinical samples for dermatological analysis
Authors: Forsythe Peter
Published: October 2010

UNLESS the aetiology is immediately obvious, many dermatology cases in veterinary medicine present a diagnostic challenge. Signalment, history and physical examination allow a differential diagnosis to be formulated, and various tests and therapeutic trials may be employed to reach a definitive diagnosis. This article describes how to collect samples and interpret the results of a variety of diagnostic tests that, for the most part, may be performed within the practice laboratory.
The ins and outs of ventilation 1. Basic principles
Authors: Dugdale Alex
Published: October 2010

ALTHOUGH the rhythmic squeezing of a bag is still the basic method of providing controlled ventilation in veterinary patients, there are many automatic mechanical ventilators now available, each boasting some advantage over another. This article discusses important physiological aspects of controlled ventilation and, in particular, their bearing on ventilator requirements for anaesthesia and intensive care. An article in the next issue will describe how some of the available machines can be used for the ventilatory support of anaesthetised animals.
Canine acral lick dermatitis
Authors: Paterson Sue , Midgley Duncan , Barclay Ian
Published: October 2010

ACRAL lick dermatitis in dogs is one of the most common and frustrating dermatological problems encountered in general practice. The condition is now accepted as being a multifactorial disease, and attempts to manage it with a single treatment modality are usually doomed to failure. This article discusses various contributory factors, or triggers, that have been recognised, and sets out a logical approach to the investigation of cases. Ultimately, the aim is to identify the underlying cause and provide targeted therapy for any infection, and behaviour modification to break the obsessive— compulsive cycle.
Feline pancreatitis: current concepts and treatment guidelines
Authors: Warman Sheena , Harvey Andrea
Published: October 2010

PANCREATITIS is becoming increasingly recognised as a clinical entity in cats. It has always been notoriously difficult to diagnose. Recently, diagnosis has been aided by newer, more sensitive diagnostic tools; however, no test is 100 per cent sensitive or specific, and pancreatitis therefore remains a diagnostic challenge. This article provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the pancreas, the pathophysiology involved in pancreatitis and the associated risk factors and clinical signs. It also presents practical guidance on the diagnosis and management of both mild and severe disease in cats.
Use of pacemakers in dogs
Authors: James Rachel
Published: October 2010

the implantation of pacemakers is becoming a more widely available therapy in dogs, with approximately 50 such procedures performed annually in the uk. this article provides the general practitioner with an overview of pacemakers and their indications in veterinary practice, emphasising the clinical conditions that require pacemaker implantation and the diagnostic procedures needed in these cases.
Clinical approach to castration in the donkey
Authors: Sprayson Tess , Thiemann Alex
Published: October 2010

DONKEYS maintain a special status in the minds of the UK animal‐owning population in that, although they are physically large animals, they are usually regarded by their owners as companion animals in the same vein as dogs and cats. This dichotomy can bring about clinical challenges rarely seen with other species. Although most conditions affecting donkeys are similar to those occurring in horses, donkeys by their very nature can behave differently in the face of disease. Hence, some clinical presentations that would ordinarily be dismissed in other equids must be considered as medical/surgical emergencies in the donkey. This article, the first in an occasional series discussing the clinical approach to problems in the donkey, describes the options for castration, and offers practical advice on how to avoid some common pitfalls and potentially fatal complications that are specific to this species.