bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Radiological Aspects of Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Welin Sölve
Published: July 2009

In Sweden the hypopharynx is a relatively common site for cancer, and since the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm was opened in February 1940, we have had no less than 510 cases of cancer of the hypopharynx. Dr. Hultberg will define hypopharyngeal cancer in his paper which follows.

Of the 510 patients 206 were men and 304 women. Compared with other countries, this is rather a high proportion of women. We have differentiated between carcinoma of the upper and lower ends of the hypopharynx, the borderline between these two groups being formed by the superior border of the cricoid cartilage. Of this material 148 men had a carcinoma localised at the upper and 52 at the lower portion of the hypopharynx. In women the figures are 74 to 212 respectively, but 6 men and 10 women had cancers which were so extensive that they involved the whole hypopharynx. Thus, there is a striking difference in the localisation of this cancer between men and women.

In men, the malignancy is most often localised in the upper portion, while just the opposite is true in women. Statistically the difference is significant and probably connected with the relatively high incidence of the Plummer-Vinson syndrome in women, which we consider to be a precancerous disease. The condition calls for a special technique of X-ray examination.
Reviews
Authors: Jungmann H.
Published: July 2009

This is the last volume of the text-book and contains a great number of items.

Some of them concern radiology of organs or systems which are not usually considered to be of great concern to the radiologist, e.g. liver and spleen.
Reviews
Authors: Blewett J.
Published: July 2009

This is a good example of the many short monographs that were such a feature of German medical literature in prewar days.

The author discusses the value of radioscopy of the urinary tract as a directed examination, the screened abnormalities being recorded by spot or “aimed” films.
Osteopathia Striata Associated with Dyschondroplasia
Authors: Truscott D. E.
Published: July 2009

1. A case showing characteristics of several separately described conditions is illustrated.

2. The relation of osteopathia striata to dyschondroplasia is confirmed.
Pyelo-ureteritis Cystica
Authors: Dawson John
Published: July 2009

A Married woman, aged 53, was admitted for investigation with intermittent painless haematuria. Cystoscopy revealed no abnormality in the bladder and retrograde urography (Fig. 1) demonstrated numerous small filling defects in the right renal pelvis and ureter. Another cystoscopy found blood spurting from the right ureteric orifice and a right nephro-ureterectomy was performed.
A Bremsstrahlung Counter for Measuring Therapy Doses of Phosphorus 32
Authors: Wyard S. J.
Published: July 2009

Measurement of the bremsstrahlung produced by 32P provides a simple and direct method of assaying millicurie amounts of this isotope. The method has already been described by Alper and du Preez (1949) and by Tompkins, Wish and Burnet (1950), but in both cases a high-pressure ionization chamber was used to measure the bremsstrahlung. It may therefore be of interest to give details of the Geiger counter method employed in this Department.

The radioactive phosphorus is obtained from Harwell in about 1 ml of solution contained in a hexagonal glass bottle.
Administration of Rutin as a Protective Agent Against Radiation Injury
Authors: Cohen L.
Published: July 2009

The possible advantage of rutin administration as a protective agent against radiation injury in animals and man is described in a previous paper*, although the method of administration was far from suitable for routine clinical use. The following procedure for parenteral administration of large doses of rutin to radiotherapy patients has since been devised, and may be of interest to clinicians.
Testicular Injury in Rats Irradiated during Infancy
Authors: Léonard A. , Imbaud F. , Maisin J. R.
Published: July 2009

Rats eight or 17 days old were exposed to doses of 50, 150, 300 or 500 R whole body X irradiation. Half of each group of animals received AET intraperitoneally ten minutes before irradiation. The weight of the testes is determined by X-ray dose, by the age at the time of irradiation and by the injection of AET.

The percentage of tubules without germ cells and the average number of spermatocytes per tubule are altered by high doses of X rays, while the average diameter of the tubules is not changed by irradiation.

The histological damage in rats irradiated at 17 days is greater than in those exposed at 8 days. An injection of AET shows no protective effect against the histological injury at the time of analysis and for the X-ray doses used.

Testicular damage in rats irradiated during infancy cannot be evaluated in terms of testes weight only and during a certain time interval there is no correlation between fertility, structural changes and weight.
Radiology in Acute Abdominal Disorders due to Meckel's Diverticulum
Authors: Enge I. , Frimann-Dahl J.
Published: July 2009

Forty-two cases with a Meckel's diverticulum causing acute abdominal symptoms were examined radiologically and are reported. X-ray examination of the abdomen may help to establish the diagnosis by showing peritoneal irritation, pneumoperitoneum, calcification in the diverticulum or oedematous ileal loops. Inflammation in the Meckel's diverticulum, contrary to appendicitis, seems very rarely to produce gas and a fluid level in the caecum. In small children, with a low obstruction, Meckel's diverticulum is in all probability the cause, if intussusception and appendicitis can be excluded by barium enema.
An Evaluation of Tests for Hiatus Hernia
Authors: Sim G. P. G.
Published: July 2009

A further enquiry into the incidence of hiatus hernia and an evaluation of some of the tests in use have been carried out.

One hundred hiatus hernias were demonstrated in 909 meals using a standardised sequence of procedures, an incidence of 10·9 per cent. This was approximately three times the frequency of gastric ulcer. The greatest number was found in the 6th decade. Of the lesser numbers of barium meals made in the 8th and 9th decades about one quarter showed herniation.

All but one of the hernias in this series were demonstrated with the patient prone over a folded pillow. It is considered that tests other than those carried out with the patient prone need not be used as a routine.
Reviews
Authors: Steiner R. E.
Published: July 2009

This is a most timely book; authors and publishers are to be congratulated on the excellence of its production.

As mentioned in the preface more and more special procedures are carried out in diagnostic X-ray departments, some simple, some complex and radiologists are often called upon to carry out these examinations. Although most radiologists trained today have had some experience in some special procedures, few will be conversant with most.
Reviews
Authors: Campbell William
Published: July 2009

This book follows the pattern set out in a well-established predecessor Dental Roentgenology, by LeRoy M. Ennis. It brings this into a more modern concept, reviewing the basic designs of apparatus, old and new.
Traumatic Arterio-venous Aneurysm of the Middle Meningeal Artery
Authors: Jackson D. C. , du Boulay G. H.
Published: July 2009

No similar case of traumatic arterio-venous aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery could be found in the literature.

The patient, Mrs. M. H., aged 56, was found unconscious in the street by a policeman. There was a history that she had fallen and struck her head.

past history. Nothing of note.
Compensation for Tissue Inhomogeneity in Cobalt 60 Therapy
Authors: Ellis F. , Feldman A. , Oliver R.
Published: July 2009

For several years, stepped aluminium compensators have been in routine clinical use in this department to correct for irregularity of tissue surface, so that standard isodose distributions measured in a water phantom may be applied directly in treatment planning for therapy with a 60Co unit (Ellis, Hall and Oliver, 1959; Hall and Oliver, 1961).

It was suggested (Ellis, 1960) that, since information on the distribution of lung tissue and bone in the treatment field could be obtained by transverse axial tomography, the compensator technique might be extended to correct for tissue inhomogeneity in the path of the beam. Dose to a tumour beyond the inhomogeneity could then still be derived from the standard isodose curves. The principle and feasibility of such compensation for variation in density of the medium has been demonstrated by measurement in a water phantom containing an air-filled Perspex box to represent lung (Hall and Oliver, 1962), and the method is now being applied clinically in this department.

For the treatment of an oesophagus, for instance, a plaster jacket is constructed, carrying for each of the three fields slotted jigs into which the two blades of the 60Co unit applicator fit to provide beam localisation and alignment (Ellis, Lewis, Oliver and Hall, 1959). Correction for irregularity of the tissue surface in the treatment fields by means of a stepped compensator of aluminium blocks is determined in the usual way (Ellis, et. al., 1959).
Subarachnoid Injection of Contrast Medium A Complication of Vertebral Angiography
Authors: McCleery W. N. C. , Lewtas N. A.
Published: July 2009

The inadvertent injection of water-soluble contrast medium into the subarachnoid space is a rare but dangerous complication of vertebral arteriography. This hazard is increased following subarachnoid haemorrhage when blood-stained cerebrospinal fluid may be mistaken for arterial backflow. A highly dangerous reaction may follow this occurrence. The symptoms are described, and a regime of management suggested.
Computation of X-ray Diagnostic Exposure Tables
Authors: Dawson J. , Phillips G. M. , Willcox B. A. M.
Published: July 2009

A method is described of compiling X-ray diagnostic exposure tables which give exposure factors for a given patient physique. The necessary calculations are based on the method of least squares and have been programmed for an I.C.T. Pegasus digital computer.
Review
Authors: Lederman M.
Published: July 2009

This volume is the outcome of a series of lectures delivered at the Léon Berard Centre at Lyons in 1963. The lectures, numbering some 14 altogether, were given mainly by the staff of this centre, associated with which is a chair of clinical “cancérology” of the Faculty of Medicine of Lyons. The incumbent of this chair and the director of the Léon Berard Institute is the well-known surgeon Dr. Marcel Dargent, who has been responsible for editing this volume and has himself contributed approximately half the published papers.
Review
Authors: Mayneord W. V.
Published: July 2009

The Science of Ionising Radiation derives from a volume, The Science of Radiology, published by the First American Congress of Radiology in Chicago in 1933. The present volume is a kind of overall handbook of Medical Radiology and contains sections on History, Equipment, Radiation Physics, Recording Media and Screens, Chemistry, Radiobiology, Human Applications of Ionising Radiation, Applications in Industry, Crystallography, Paleontology- Archaeology, Anthropoligical Applications, Radiography of Graphic Art, Applications in Agriculture, Protection.
Review
Authors: Cehsney M. O.
Published: July 2009

To a British radiographer this is an unexpected book, for the foreword states that the author wrote the book “to benefit those in situations where there are not proper facilities for technician training but there is need for X-ray examinations, as in remote non-urban communities”. The book provides basic information to help those training by means of “informal technician training programmes” in local hospitals. It clearly has been written to meet a need, and from its admirable opening sentence onwards it serves the requirements for which it has been written.
Radium Implant Dosimetry with a Small Digital Computer
Authors: Schlessinger J. E. , Porter E. H.
Published: July 2009

A system for using a small computer for radium implant dosimetry is described, and compared with that in current use at the M.D. Anderson Hospital. Our system accepts implants of any geometry, however irregular, and gives results which are accurate enough to be clinically useful. It has been made compatible with the Parker-Paterson tables.
An Occlusal X-ray Film Holder for Infants with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Robertson N. R. E.
Published: July 2009

In addition to lateral and antero-posterior films of the head of children with cleft lip and palate small occlusal-type films of the area of the cleft are of value in that they show the extent to which the segments of the maxilla are displaced both before and after early orthodontic treatment (pre-surgical dental orthopaedics). They can also be used in the study of the fate of the bone graft if the films are taken before and at intervals of time after the insertion of a bone graft in a cleft palate child.
Correspondence
Authors: Barendsen G. W.
Published: July 2009

In a recent paper in this journal, Porter (1965) describes a theoretical model concerning the interpretation of dosesurvival curves for mammalian cells irradiated with X or γ rays, and discusses its application to effects of dose-rate variations. This model is based on the assumption that cell reproductive death may be initiated either by a “singleevent” mechanism or by a “multi-event” mechanism. According to Porter, “single events” produced by “heavy hits” might be thought to result from the passage of a high-LET particle, e.g. the terminal portion of an electron track, through a sensitive target in a cell, while “light hits” may be caused by fast electrons with a low LET.
Radiology of Foetal Blood Transfusion
Authors: Campbell B. L. , Stewart J. H.
Published: July 2009

The radiographic control of an intra-uterine foetal blood transfusion has been described. A preliminary amniogram is performed followed by the introduction of a catheter into the foetal peritoneum. The recognition of an incorrectly placed catheter has been described.
The Role of Lymphography in the Diagnosis and Management of Malignant Reticuloses
Authors: Cook P. L. , Jelliffe A. M. , Kendall B. , McLoughlin M. J.
Published: July 2009

Lymphograms performed on 131 patients with malignant reticuloses have been analysed and the results assessed by correlation with other radiological, clinical and histological findings and subsequent course.

Lymphography is shown to be of value in diagnosing abnormality of retroperitoneal nodes and thus in planning therapy and assessing response to it in patients with an established histological diagnosis of a malignent reticulosis. Where histology has not yet been obtained it may be of value in showing a suitable site for biopsy, but the appearances are not specific enough to allow therapy without histological diagnosis.

The value of inferior venacavography and pyelography as complementary procedures is described and the present policy of investigation of reticuloses and P.U.O. is outlined.
Radiological Findings in Globus Hystericus
Authors: Malcomson Kenneth G.
Published: July 2009

1. Patients previously diagnosed as globus hystericus do not have a hysterical personality.

2. There is no loss of weight and no dysphagia. The lump is more definite between meals.

3. 3 per cent of patients attending the laryngologist are complaining of a sensation of a lump in the throat.

4. Clinical and radiological examination has revealed organic lesions in 80 per cent of patients.

5. In the positive group, miscellaneous local lesions are found in 37 per cent, but in 63 per cent there were distal lesions.

6. A hiatus hernia is the commonest distal lesion (66 percent).

7. The sensation of a lump in the throat is a real symptom related to an irritative lesion in the foregut in the majority of patients.

8. Relief of the symptom occurs when the primary condition is amenable and responds to treatment.

9. Full investigation, particularly a barium swallow and meal, is mandatory in all patients with this complaint.
Cineradiology with Image Intensification: an Analysis of the Effects of Camera and Projector Shutter Design and Related Technical Aspects
Authors: Hood J. H.
Published: July 2009

Some details are given of cinecamera and cineprojector design and the effects of shutter characteristics on picture quality in cineradiology are discussed. The advantage and disadvantage of cinepulsing techniques are outlined and suggestions are made as to the optimum relationship between frame frequency and the duration of the X-ray emission.
Review
Authors: Freundlich H. F.
Published: July 2009

This book is a greatly expanded new edition of a monograph Röntgen und Radiumphysik für Mediziner which was published by Prof. Glocker in 1949. As the title of both old and new editions indicates, this book is mainly written for radiologists, radiotherapists and other clinicians who are anxious to acquire an adequate knowledge of radiation physics in order to be able to carry out their work efficiently. Bearing in mind that throughout Central Europe no medical physics departments have been established yet and therefore clinicians cannot rely on the co-operation of physicists, the clinicians themselves have to learn enough physics to deal with all the physical problems they might encounter in the course of their work.
Reviews
Authors: Campbell W.
Published: July 2009

This is an excellent book. It is divided into two parts. In Part I the X-ray shadows cast by healthy tissues in the mouth and their normal range of variations are described, and in Part II the changes in these tissues with disease (the more common lesions first and the rarer ones in the later chapters) are shown.
The Effect of X-ray Quality and Ovarian Location on Genetic exposure in Gynaecological Examinations
Authors: Nikl I.
Published: July 2009

Dosimetric measurements are carried out on an inhomogeneous anatomical phantom of definite size to assess both incident skin and ovary doses resulting from certain routine pelvic radiographs and fluoroscopic examinations, as a function of X-ray quality and ovarian position.
Acute Renal Failure in Leukaemia and Malignant Lymphoma
Authors: Howard N.
Published: July 2009

The literature recording the increased excretion of uric acid in leukaemia and lymphoma is briefly reviewed. The added risks of cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy are noted. The case history of a patient with a radiosensitive solid tumour is described. After only 700 rads (tumour dose) his blood urea rose to 130 mg per cent and blood uric acid to 46 mg per cent and he excreted over 2 g of uric acid in 24 hours. Acute renal failure was averted by conservative measures—increasing his fluid intake and making his urine alkaline.

The risks of radiotherapy causing uricaemia are discussed, and more frequent blood uric acid estimations suggested.
Retroperitoneal Chemodectoma
Authors: Gaylis H. , Isaacson C. , Sneider P.
Published: July 2009

Tumours arising from chemoreceptor tissue, designated chemodectomas by Mulligan (1950), although uncommon, have been known for a long time. During the last decade they have been reported with increasing frequency largely because of the wider use of arteriography.

Chemoreceptor bodies, which are sensitive to changes in the pH and carbon dioxide tension of blood, are widely dispersed throughout the body. The best known is the carotid body situated at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. Chemodectomas of the carotid body (carotid body tumours, non-chromaffinomas and potato tumours) have been known since Von Haller described the first case in 1743. Since then over 400 have been reported. Similar tumours have also been reported arising from chemoreceptor tissue elsewhere such as the glomus jugulare, the glomus intra-vagale, the aortic pulmonary body in the mediastinum and in the retroperitoneal tissues. Smetana and Scott (1951) reported a chemodectoma associated with the femoral artery.

Retroperitoneal chemodectomas are distinctly rare, only four having been reported up to 1598 (Byrne 1958). Marshall and Horne (1961) were able to collect six previously published cases. Gough (1963) described the first case of retroperitoneal chemodectoma in which arteriography had been of assistance in reaching a diagnosis. Harber (1964) reported a chemodectoma of multicentric origin arising both retroperitoneally and in the mediastinum. The mediastinal lesion was shown on thoracic aortography.
Modification of a Baldwin Radiological Densitometer to Measure Densities up to 7·5
Authors: Hill M. J. , Pownall D. R.
Published: July 2009

Most of the C.E.G.B. film laboratories which have been approved by the Ministry of Power use the Baldwin radiological densitometer for the determination of the densities of personnel monitoring films. Although the legal requirements for the wearing of film badges are strict and the design of film and holder has to be approved together with their manufacturers, there are no minimum specifications laid down for the performance of the density measuring equipment.

The need to measure films whose densities were higher than those capable of being measured with the Baldwin instrument could not be disregarded. This led to a study of the instrument with a view to extending its range. Some experimental work was carried out, described later in this article, and forms the basis of this report.

The manufacturer's handbook on the radiological densitometer states that the British Standard diffuse density (1947) is measured by the instrument. The definition of diffuse density states that for the geometrical conditions the “incident radiant flux shall be normal to the plane of the sample and all of the transmitted radiant flux shall be collected and equally evaluated: or (in accordance with the optical reversibility principle) the incident radiant flux shall be perfectly diffuse and only the normally transmitted component shall be collected and evaluated”.

An examination of the system used in the Baldwin instrument shows that the incident light is not normal to the film under measurement but comes to a focus at a position about 1 cm beyond the film.
Linear Accelerator Simulator
Authors: Green Miles F.
Published: July 2009

The machine shown (Fig. 1), which was manufactured by S. Van Dal & Co., of Perth, Western Australia, has a table which can only be moved through an arc of 60 deg., instead of 360 deg. as in the Christie Hospital unit (Greene, Nelson and Gibb, 1964); a later model by the same firm has overcome this limitation which in practice proves to be only a very slight disadvantage. The table is also completely radiotranslucent in all directions. A big advantage of the Perth model, however, is that the cassette carrier remains not only in line with, but normal to the primary beam irrespective of the angulation of the tube. It may also be moved to a predetermined focus-film distance which is within the limits of 100–160 cm from the target; thus it is possible not only to view the resulting films without geometric distortion but also to calculate the exposure factor and the enlargement factor with the patient and the tube in the exact treatment position. This carrier also serves as a mounting platform for the magnetically locked back pointer.
All Our Tomorrows?
Authors: Snelling Margaret D.
Published: July 2009

The Presidential year is a year of very varied interests and I have appreciated it especially for the opportunity of seeing something of what is going on in our different sections. It has confirmed me in my feeling that the Institute has a great deal to offer to modern radiology as in its different branches members can meet and learn of each other's special interests.

My title, as I hope you will have realised, implies that I am more optimistic than Macbeth (Shakespeare, 1606); I believe that our tomorrows may be much better than his yesterdays. The question mark indicates my doubts of my ability to show this. The Institute's activities go on throughout the year and I thought I could not do better than start where my predecessor ended (Fig. 1). I do not think Dr. Reid quite realised what he was showing; he called it, I think, the crime of the missing canary. In fact, the passage of the canary represents the Presidential year and you can see that having got through the hazards of the Conversazione, the Children's Party and the Congress one is almost home; there are just a few rocks ahead before emerging. However, before retiring I want to speak about some of the things which have impressed me especially in this year in the hope that they may interest you.
Reviews
Authors: Manning C. W.
Published: July 2009

This 96-paged paperback is published by the National Fund for Research into Poliomyelitis and other crippling diseases.
Apparatus for Serial Angiotomography
Authors: Fredzell Georg , Greitz Torgny
Published: July 2009

An apparatus for serial multilayer tomography is described and examples of its use in angiotomography are given.
Correspondence
Authors: Vickers Anthony A.
Published: July 2009

Recent enthusiasm for drip infusion urography, or high dose urography, has been marred by confused thinking about the chemical and physiological factors involved. The “Comparative Trial”, by Duré-Smith (1966), attempts to compare the results of two series, to which two quite different, and in no way comparable, methods of dose assessment were applied. The Routine Intravenous Urogram was based on use of a fixed volume of solvent, containing a fixed percentage of the solute, regardless of the size of the patient, with no direct indication of the amount of opaque elemental iodine injected: the Drip Infusion Urogram on the other hand was based on a variable volume of solvent, in direct proportion to the body weight of the patient, again using a fixed percentage of the crystalline solute.
Renal Fibrolipomatosis
Authors: Kreel L. , Melmed R. N. , Bouchier I. A. D.
Published: July 2009

Four patients with renal fibrolipomatosis are presented. The clinical and radiological features are discussed, attention being drawn to the diagnostic appearances seen on the excretion pyelogram.

It is suggested that the condition be classed into primary and secondary varieties. A relationship between infection, hilar lymphatic obstruction and fibro-fatty overgrowth is postulated.
Recovery from X-ray Damage to the Lens. The Effects of Fractionated X-ray Doses Observed in Rabbit Lens Epithelium Irradiated in vivo
Authors: Ramsell T. G. , Berry R. J.
Published: July 2009

In conclusion we suggest the lens of the eye as a new system for short-term fractionation effects. Recovery has been seen between two X-ray doses, using the number of “broken” cells per half lens fixed and stained 14 days after the first X-ray dose as the biological criterion of damage. A peak-and-trough recovery pattern similar to that seen in single-cell systems was apparent, but no recovery was observed between two 500-rad X-ray doses until they were spaced more than six hours apart; the maximum first “peak” of the recovery curve was seen at eight hours' separation between doses.

The D2-D1 value approximated 200 rads; a total of 1,200 rads in two fractions eight hours apart produced virtually the same number of “broken” cells as a single dose of 1,000 rads.
Bone Scanning with 85Sr, 87mSr and 18F. Physical and Radiopharmaceutical Considerations and Clinical Experience in 50 Cases
Authors: Spencer R. , Herbert R. , Rish M. W. , Little W. A.
Published: July 2009

Physical and radiopharmaceutical considerations have shown the advantages of short-lived isotopes in enabling us to scan with reduced radiation dose. Simple methods of producing 87mSr and 18F in a nuclear reactor, and of preparing them for injection are described. There is little to choose between these two isotopes. 87mSr, however, has certain physiological advantages especially when scanning the pelvis. The choice of time interval has been discussed. With 87mSr the best scans were obtained approximately one hour after administration.

Clinically, our cases fall into three groups. First, primary neoplasms; there are eight of these. Demonstrable adjacent bony involvement in connection with a soft tissue malignant tumour (e.g. Pancoast's tumour) will affect the approach to treatment.

Secondly, 38 cases of metastic bone lesions are analysed in relation to radiographic changes. Positive scans influence the decision concerning treatment of the primary lesion if not already initiated. Scanning gives a more accurate and earlier assessment of radiotherapy field size than does the radiograph in both primary and secondary bony lesions. Negative scans give reassurance to patient and clinician.

The third group consists of bony dystrophies and infective lesions. One case in which a sarcoma had developed is common to the first group. We hope that we may eventually distinguish stages in bone dystrophies.
Review
Authors: Whittle R. J. M.
Published: July 2009

The occurrence of multiple primary malignant neoplasms no longer attracts the quizzical interest accorded to rare events for the clinician can usually find cases amongst his current practice. Nevertheless, radiotherapists will welcome this review of the subject.

The author has succinctly divided his book into three parts. The introduction summarises the criteria for diagnosis, the selection of material for study and concludes with a tabulation of all the cases and the many permutations which result. The subject is then divided into multiplicity of tumours of different tissues or organs, and finally tumours which are of multicentric origin.
Relationship of Cytological Screening Facilities and Cure Rate in Cancer of the Cervix
Authors: Constable William C. , Truskett Ian D.
Published: July 2009

A correlation exists between the efficiency of cytological screening programmes in the United States and improvement in survival rates for cancer of the cervix. Well-screened areas report better results overall and by stage than the poorly screened areas. This is attributable to the increase in early stages that are detected by the screening programme.

The results from British centres and stage distribution are similar to those of the poorly screened areas ot the United States, indicating the need for these facilities if British results are to approach the excellence of certain American centres.
A Radiosensitive Insect. Median Lethal Dose for Whole-body Irradiation with Cobalt 60 Gamma Rays ofLocusta migratoria migratorioides R. et F.
Authors: Austin Shirley A.
Published: July 2009

Whole-body irradiation of locusts showed the median lethal dose for these insects to be 1024 (±13) rads, comparable to that for mammals.
Two Windowless Chambers for the Measurement of Grenz Rays
Authors: Tranter F. W.
Published: July 2009

The large amounts of soft radiation in the spectrum of a beryllium window X-ray tube operated in the grenz-ray region, and the high exposure rates used, necessitate a measuring chamber of special design. Two chambers of unusual design (described at an I.A.E.A. Symposium in 1960) have now been in use for seven years for this purpose. This paper describes them briefly, their subsequent performance, and the modifications made to one of them.

Chamber 1 is of robust construction, its two electrode supports being half-cylinders of Perspex with the flat faces opposing each other at a separation of 6 mm. One face is graphited completely and is connected to a voltage of 300 V; the other face has a central region roughly 1 cm in diameter forming the collecting electrode and is surrounded by a guard ring at zero potential covering the remainder of the face, each electrode being formed by graphite on the Perspex surface. The chamber is shown in Fig. 1. It is a free-air chamber, readily portable and used in conjunction with an E.I.L. (E.F.37A) electrometer.
Demonstration of the normal adrenal gland by venography and gas insufflation
Authors: McLachlan M. S. F. , Roberts E. E.
Published: July 2009

The venous anatomy, size and shape of the normal adrenal gland have been studied by venography in 32 post-mortem specimens. Differences between the two sides have been emphasized and discussed. A single adrenal vein, which was fairly constant in position, was present on each side. Anatomical variations occurred infrequently. Accessory hepatic veins commonly joined the inferior vena cava near the right adrenal vein. Major communications between intraglandular and other retroperitoneal veins were common. In 27 specimens demonstration of the gland by venography and air insufflation was compared. Air failed to delineate 44 per cent of glands. It frequently outlined pads of fat which conformed to the conventional appearance of the adrenal glands at retroperitoneal pneumography. Estimates of gland size based on appearances at air insufflation were very inaccurate.
Book review
Authors: Trott N. G.
Published: July 2009

As the author notes in his introduction it is desirable that some instruction concerning the use of radioactive materials should be included in the curricula of the present generation of “trainee hospital physicists, medical students, student nurses and medical technicians”.
Angiografin in cerebral angiography
Authors: Thomson J. L. G.
Published: July 2009

Angiografin is a 65 per cent aqueous solution of methylglucamine diatrizoate, containing 305 mg iodine per ml., and it has been available generally since 1968. Experimentally it is less harmful locally and generally than other comparable media. Satisfactory results of its use centrally and peripherally in the human have also been published. In Bristol we have examined more than 1,000 consecutive cases for cerebral angiography, and the results are reported. Local warmth in the face occurred as with other media. Three patients felt nauseated, and eight others actually vomited, but some of these were shown to have gliomata. One wished to defaecate. Another developed general aches and a pyrexia for four days. Two patients developed a fit during the course of the examination, and one of these died from a recurrent cerebral haemorrhage. It was felt that this was part of the risk of cerebral angiography, and could not be linked with the use of a particular contrast medium. In the other 985 patients the examination was carried out without significant side-effect. In general, the contrast and definition of the cerebral vessels on the X-ray films were very good, and probably better than with other media used previously. It is considered therefore that Angiografin is a very suitable agent for cerebral angiography.
Book reviews
Authors: Hale B. T.
Published: July 2009

This is the publication of the proceedings of a Workshop Meeting held in the University of Surrey at Guildford in May, 1970 and organized by the Marie Curie Memorial Foundation.

The authors state their aim was to consider some of the implications of steroid hormones in relation to cancer in general. Certainly a wide field has been covered by the speakers at the meeting.
Neck phantoms for thyroid uptake measurements
Authors: Sear R.
Published: July 2009

In their Instrumental and Technical Note entitled “An improved I.A.E.A. neck phantom for thyroid uptake series' (Gillespie and Keyes, 1971) the authors show that considerable differences result when a neck phantom of 10 cm diameter is used rather than the I.A.E.A. recommended diameter of 15 cm.
Time-dose relationships and the ret concept
Authors: Porter E. H.
Published: July 2009

Fowler (1971) now thinks that “Common usage of one rule of thumb instead of many is preferable. We shall not forget that it is a rule of thumb, if it is in a really simple form, such as the ret formula”.
Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the kidney
Authors: Chambers Alan , Carson Robert
Published: July 2009

Although the precise mechanism is not known, primary mesenchymal tumours may originate in the renal cortex. Mesenchymal cells from the developing renal blastema probably maintain their multipotential capabilities, and provide the basis for mesenchymal tumours of the adult kidney (Culp and Hartman, 1948).

Extra-skeletal osteosarcomas may arise in many soft tissues. Osteogenic sarcoma arising in the kidney is rare (Soto et al., 1965).
Transfer and combination of digital image data
Authors: Pitcher E. M. , Stevens P. H. , Davies E. R. , Goddard P. R. , Jackson P. C.
Published: July 2009

Digital images are produced by many medical imaging modalities. In general, imaging techniques have tended to compare rather than combine image information. Video and photographic methods have, however, been used to transfer image features from one modality to another (Higa et al, 1983; Morin & Sirr, 1984) and it has become practicable to transfer digital image data between devices. Hence it is now feasible to investigate the digital combination of images which display data in the same plane of interest. This should be particularly worthwhile if one modality provides complementary information, either by providing features which the other modality lacks or by confirming image features derived from a different physiological measurement.

Transmission computed tomography (CT) and emission computed tomography (ECT) images are particularly suited for combination as the former provides anatomical detail whilst the latter provides functional information. The good edge features of the CT images should allow the correlation of images and improve the quantitation of the ECT studies. This paper describes the methods used and the problems found both in transferring digital image data between systems and in presenting the combined information on a single image data processor.
Book reviews
Authors: Dick R.
Published: July 2009

Here is a real pocket-book, soft-covered, weighing only 110 g, and with fewer words of text than this review. The American authors have compiled 86 CT images of normal patients, extending from the hyoid bone to pubic symphysis, and with line drawings facing each CT image. Both a female and male pelvis are included, head CT being excluded.
Book review
Authors: Jenkins J. P. R. , Waterton J. C.
Published: July 2009

The book is an introductory text intended primarily for the medical profession, and describes the principles of the NMR technique. It has been written by an NMR spectroscopist and is divided into two main sections dealing with NMR spectroscopy and tomography (imaging). There is a useful and well-selected bibliography with mainly 1983 references, which is followed by a glossary of NMR terms frequently encountered, together with an exhaustive index.
Physical characteristics of the Selectron high dose rate intracavitary afterloader
Authors: Chenery S. G. A. , Pla M. , Podgorsak E. B.
Published: July 2009

The physics measurements on a Selectron high dose-rate afterloading cobalt-60 unit are reported. The installation was found to be acceptable from the standpoint of radiation safety and cost effectiveness; hospital bed space was saved as treatment could be on an outpatient basis. A source calibration 4% higher than the value stated by the manufacturer was obtained. Measurement of the ratio of exposure rate in water to that in air confirmed the calibration and the applicability of correction factors for routine clinical dosimetry recommended in the literature.
Book review
Authors: Moores B. M.
Published: July 2009

This report presents the proceedings of a meeting that was held in Bilthoven in October, 1982 concerning a radiation protection dosimeter intercomparison programme, initiated in 1979 and completed in 1982. There were 48 participants in attendance at the meeting, originating from 9 European states. The largest contingents came from Germany, Holland and the United Kingdom but the proceedings do provide an overall perspective of European scientific involvement in personal dosimetry.
Book reviews
Authors: Dubbins P. A.
Published: July 2009

The book is divided into three parts. Part One is a consideration of the basic physics of diagnostic ultrasound relevant to tumour diagnosis. This concentrates on tissue response to ultrasound, and signal processing. There is little consideration of the basic physics of sound production and propagation.

Chapter 3, particularly, is very readable simple presentation of the techniques of tissue characterisation. In Chapter 4, however, there seems a disproportionate time spent on pre-and post-processing compared with other methods of tissue characterisation.
Book reviews
Authors: Shaw Donald
Published: July 2009

A thorough knowledge of pathology forms the basis of all good clinical practice, not least radiology.
Use of short-tapered catheters in combination with a balloon catheter for markedly stenotic renal and brachiocephalic arteries
Authors: Takahashi Mutsumasa , Miyawaki Masayuki , Bussaka Hiromasa , Saito Rvuichi
Published: July 2009

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) has become a routine therapeutic technique for steno-occlusive arterial diseases. In the renal and brachiocephalic arteries, stenosis is frequently severe and a dilatation balloon catheter cannot be advanced through the stenosis, although a small catheter or a guide wire can be passed. Under such circumstances a small balloon catheter, as used for coronary artery angioplasty, has been applied with some success, (Korogi et al, 1985). However, there have been some cases in which this was not possible.

In marked stenosis of the iliac and femoro-popliteal arteries, advancement of a guide wire is usually initiated with subsequent introduction of a long tapered Teflon catheter, which prepares the pass for a dilatation balloon catheter (Van Andel, 1976; Rosen et al, 1981).

To avoid this, Barth (1983) devised a tapered balloon catheter but because of technical difficulties encountered with this method (see discussion) we have designed short-tapered catheters of varying size to prepare for the passage of the balloon catheter.
Book reviews
Authors: Mantell B. S.
Published: July 2009

A visitor to the Christie Hospital may well find the answer to any question begins: “We believe …”. And this book, as the editors declare, is their “Testament of Faith”, describing “how it is done” there.

The first four chapters deal with physics, applied radiobiology, chemotherapy and mould room work. There is much on radioactive moulds, a technique preserved in Manchester like that of gold coinage at the Mint. There follows a chapter by the late Eric Easson on general principles of radiotherapy, which, by virtue of the wisdom and experience distilled into it, merits study by all oncologists.
Book reviews
Authors: Plowman P. N.
Published: July 2009

On opening this book for the first time, the table of contents and first 14 pages of text fell out from their binding. Following this inauspicious start, I found the book was divided into a first half of soft tissue sarcomas whilst the second half reviews bone tumours. Acknowledged paediatric oncology authorities contribute the chapters which comprise general reviews on aetiology, pathology and treatment. In this reviewer's opinion, it was a mistake to try to encompass adult soft tissue sarcomas in this book as they are particularly badly presented and virtually ignored in the chemotherapy chapter. The handling of the paediatric tumours is very much better and gives a broad grounding for students of paediatric oncology.
Spondyloschisis of the anterior arch of the atlas
Authors: Chalmers A. G. , Gallegos N. C.
Published: July 2009

The pitfalls of radiological interpretation in the region of the atlanto-axial junction are well known to radiologists and casualty officers. The commonest of these is the superimposition of the incisor teeth or the posterior arch of the atlas over the odontoid process leading to pseudo-vertical and pseudo-transverse fractures. We report a case of a rare congenital anomaly of the atlas which must be distinguished from a fracture of the atlas or odontoid peg.

A 20-year-old man was admitted to hospital after falling from his motorcycle while travelling at speed over rough ground. He had not been wearing a crash helmet. When first seen, he complained of pain in his neck and was reluctant to move his head. On examination there was tenderness over the cervical spine posteriorly. No abnormal neurological signs were present. Movements of the cervical spine were not formally tested and he was placed in a collar to await radiological examination.

The lateral cervical and antero-posterior radiographs showed no bony abnormality. There was no evidence of a prevertebral soft tissue mass. The open mouth view revealed a sharply denned vertical translucency projected over the centre of the odontoid process of the axis (Fig. 1) which was interpreted by the casualty officer as a fracture. Subsequent oblique views indicated that the defect lay outside the peg. Initial linear tomography showed the defect to have sclerotic margins and to be clearly of long standing (Fig. 2).
Occult hydatid disease presenting as a spontaneous pneumothorax
Authors: Hadley M. D. M.
Published: July 2009

Pneumothorax is a rare complication of pulmonary hydatid disease and has been reported only once in Britain (Connellan et al, 1979), although it has been described in areas where the disease is endemic (Waddle, 1950; Tomalino, 1959; Bakir & Al-Omeri, 1969; Xanthakis et al, 1972). A case is described in which a patient with hydatid disease presented with a spontaneous pneumothorax. The diagnosis was not made until he underwent thoracotomy and lung biopsy following the development of secondary lung parenchymal and pleurai cysts a year later.

A previously fit 22-year-old non-smoking mechanic from the Isle of Skye presented with a history of mild pleuritic left-sided chest pain associated with an incessant cough and slight effort dyspnoea. His symptoms were not alleviated by antibiotic therapy. A chest radiograph taken two months later showed a left-sided tension pneumothorax.

After transfer to the regional hospital he was treated with an intercostal suction drain for two weeks. The pneumothorax resolved slowly and the patient was sent home well. The chest radiograph at this time showed fully expanded lungs but also a minimal opacity projected over the left hilum. On the three month follow-up, the radiographic appearances were unchanged. After six months had elapsed the final check radiograph revealed, in addition, a discrete, well-defined opacity 1.0 cm in diameter in the left mid-zone anteriorly (Fig. 1), although the patient now felt fit and was working normally.
Occult central pneumothorax
Authors: Nashef S. A. M. , Ferguson A. D.
Published: July 2009

The diagnosis of a large pneumothorax in adults does not normally present any difficulty. We describe a case in which a large, life-threatening pneumothorax was not readily visible on plain, erect postero-anterior and lateral chest radiographs.

A 33-year-old woman with diffuse interstitial lung disease was admitted in March 1984 as an emergency with a four-day history of a non-productive cough and rapidly increasing dyspnoea. She had been admitted twice within the preceding three months with left-sided pneumothoraces treated by tube drainage.