bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Luck-Reducing Features of Lexical Innovation
Authors: Hesni Samia
Published: June 2023

Donald Davidson challenges David Lewis’s view of conventionalized language by appealing to lexical innovation. According to the Davidsonian critique, we can and do often use completely novel and made-up expressions to communicate successfully. For example, when Busta Rhymes (2001) says “I’m about to Picasso a new picture for you,” we understand that he is promising to do something interesting and unusual. So, according to Davidson, linguistic communication can’t be fully or fundamentally conventional. This chapter explores the difference between two kinds of lexical innovation: (i) lexical innovation as it pertains to lexical items that are already in use in a given linguistic community (for example, the evolution of the term “unicorn” to indicate a special person or thing; or using “Picasso” as a verb); and (ii) lexical innovation that involves the creation of new linguistic items (like ‘mansplain’ and ‘bromance’). I evaluate whether there is a tension between treating the two the same way. My view leaves open the possibility that lexical innovation itself is not entirely conventionalized. The chapter ends by considering the question: if lexical innovation is not conventional, then can it avoid being entirely luck-dependent? And if so, how?
We Forge the Conditions of Love
Authors: Gardiner Georgi
Published: June 2023

This essay is not about what love is. It is about what self-ascriptions of love do. People typically self-ascribe romantic love when a nexus of feelings, beliefs, attitudes, values, commitments, experiences, and personal histories matches their conception of romantic love. But what shapes this conception? And (how) can we adjudicate amongst conflicting conceptions? Self-ascriptions of love do not merely describe the underlying nexus of attitudes and beliefs. They also change it. This essay describes how conceptions of love affect romantic experience. It limns distinctions between love and obsessive infatuation and explore ways language can cultivate queer romantic preferences. Since conceptions of love are shaped, often implicitly, by terms available in one’s linguistic community, the resulting nexus of concepts and conceptions manifests linguistic luck. This chapter suggests ways we might sculpt the language of love to better understand—and change—ourselves. Love can help us flourish and so can our “love” language.
The Politics of Evaluation in International Organizations
Authors: Jankauskas Vytautas , Eckhard Steffen
Published: June 2023

Evaluation is a key tool for assessing the performance of international organizations (IOs) to foster learning and to demonstrate accountability. Within the United Nations (UN) system, hundreds of evaluators and consultants produce evaluation reports every year. But does evaluation deliver on its promise of objective evidence and functional use? By unravelling the internal machinery of evaluation systems, this book challenges the understanding of evaluation as a value-free activity. It shows how a seemingly neutral technocratic tool can serve as an instrument for power in global governance and explains how deeply politics are entrenched in the interests of evaluation stakeholders, the design of IO evaluation systems, and the content of evaluation reports. It draws on 120 research interviews with evaluators, member state representatives, and secretariat officials, as well as on analysis of reports themselves. Twenty-one UN system organizations are investigated, including the International Labour Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Women, the International Organization for Migration, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Health Organization, and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Shedding light on the (in-)effectiveness of evidence-based policymaking, the authors propose options how to better reconcile the observed evaluation politics with the need to gather reliable evidence to improve the functioning of the UN. The key to evaluation politics is not to abandon evaluation or to isolate it from the stakeholders but to acknowledge surrounding political interests and design evaluation systems accordingly.
Just Wars, Just Combatants, Just Killings?
Authors: Rudolphy Marcela Prieto
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines the revisionist morality of war and argues that revisionism cannot provide a complete account of killing in war without abandoning its methodological commitments or becoming an implausible theory of killing in war. In its most plausible version, revisionism fails to make many unjust combatants liable to lethal or substantial harm. The chapter begins by explaining revisionism, both in its substantive and methodological versions. It then argues that a self-defence view committed to reductivist individualism fails to account for most killing in war by focusing on (1) the differences between combatants and the paradigmatic case of self-defence known as the ‘villainous aggressor’, and (2) the problem that the number of aggressors poses for the theory.
“Galaxies of Women”
Authors: Greaves Margaret
Published: June 2023

Chapter 2 considers the impact of space exploration on mid-century lyric poetry, drawing connections between space science and the confessional movement. Two poets on the outskirts of confessional verse—Elizabeth Bishop and Adrienne Rich—turn to extraterrestrial vistas to develop queer lyric voices, challenging tenets of confessionalism in the process. Both Bishop and Rich use astronomy to subvert Cold War surveillance as they wrote in a period that equated homosexuality with treason. Attending to how the foreign policy of containment impacted American domestic life reveals how Cold War culture operated through a central paradox of “containing” and “expanding,” with far-flung extraterrestrial exploration at once the antithesis of and the fullest realization of containment. Containment also spoke to formal debates in mid-century poetry about “breaking out” of restrictive poetic forms to embrace the authentic self in the confessional mode. Bishop’s and Rich’s astronomical lyrics, which abound with optical metaphors and techniques, channel Cold War surveillance into strategies of opacity as they develop queer poetics in a cultural moment that actively dehumanized queer people in the service of American foreign interests.
“The Moon’s Corpse Rising”
Authors: Greaves Margaret
Published: June 2023

Chapter 3 explores the cultural role of lyric poetry in the race to the moon alongside poets’ disillusioned responses to the moon landing. Poetry’s abiding associations with the moon made it rife for nationalist exploitation as the U.S. and USSR battled for control of Earth in space. Responding to the nationalist destruction of the old moon of poetry, poets from the 1960s to the present have written lunar poetry to examine their relationships with national and transnational belonging. Kashmiri American poet Agha Shahid Ali, for example, uses the moon as a figure of national yearning, postcolonial resistance, and transnational mediation. His career documents the Anglo-American imperial processes it was swept up in, as Kashmir’s fight for self-determination was influenced first by the British Empire and then by American Cold War geopolitics. Ali’s longing for the lost moon of Urdu and anglophone poetry gives way not to a fantasy of national progress but, rather, to elegy for what empire destroys.
“Out of This World”
Authors: Greaves Margaret
Published: June 2023

Chapter 4 examines how poets have imagined utopian cosmopolitan worlds through astronomical language from the 1960s to the early 2000s. Astrophysical propositions, spacecraft, moon landings, and interstellar chill populate the poems of Cold War-era émigrés as analogues for displacement and the longing for a more equitable world. In the absence of a singular, desirable, or even extant national homeland, poets including Joseph Brodsky, Seamus Heaney, Czesław Miłosz, and Derek Walcott turn to the lyric as an alternate and preferable world of its own, employing lyric tools to create speculative otherworlds designed to capture the intractable problems of the world we inhabit.
“Vast and Unreadable”
Authors: Greaves Margaret
Published: June 2023

Chapter 5 charts a tradition of African American astronomical poetry from the early twentieth century to the present, focusing on Tracy K. Smith’s Life on Mars (2011). The volume teems with collectives marked by the pronoun “we”—a species “we” held together on a vanishingly tiny planet, a dystopian American “we,” a collective black “we” that never quite emerges—but Life on Mars ultimately explores collective relations through the small-scale, irreducible lyric “I.” By creating effects of opacity through pronouns, visual idioms, and the cosmic sublime, Smith channels Hubble Space Telescope images into strategies of “lyric opacity” to develop an anti-racist planetary ethics that does not lose sight of the personal.
Introduction
Authors: Vanashree
Published: June 2023

This study reads short stories in Hindi as the repository of rural indigenous experiences of the Hindi belt carrying orally transmitted cultures and their crisis. This field however remained academically under-represented, since the changing ways of life distanced the urban-educated class from farming and harvesting cultures, and a much larger area of human experience remained obscure for not being written in the language of the western world. The chapter tracks the tough economic condition of rural peasantry in the era of Premchand, when the Kisan movement was merging in the freedom movement. It proceeds to analyse the post-independence rural India as a society untouched by the state-espoused programmes and highlights the subsequent contents, ending on a note on the translation of excerpts from Hindi and its variant idiolects as the experience of transmission of Indian spirit of the text into English.
Village India: Difficult Stories
Authors: Vanashree
Published: June 2023

The discussion of opening two stories lets us into the murky realities of post-independence rural India: water-logged muddy tracks, damaged agrarian facilities, dysfunctional medical care, ignorance, intermittent criminal disputes, and unending litigations, that debunk the romantic notions of ‘beauty, vitality and simplicity of the idyllic country life’. The subsequent analysis of ‘Hori aur 1984’ (Hori and 1984) subsumes how the reminiscences of Premchand’s Hori (Godan, 1930s) impinge on the consciousness of Shukla’s Hori reminding him of the bruised, insulted psyche of the rural poor in the colonial times, unashamedly exploited by the colonial laws, moneylenders, and the rural elite. The Hori of our times cannot forget the times of 1970s (Emergency) when he and his brethren were subjected to a new form of torture—forced vasectomy—under the state-sponsored biopower. Nor can he forget how the programmes of smarter post-independence financial schemes ensnared him in the Orwellian 1984 world of ‘double-speak’, immense mess, and chaos. Only arrack and the prolefeed (TV) give him moments of solace.
Counterfactuality as pragmatic inference in perspectival readings of Past Conditional utterances with modal verbs
Authors: de Saussure Louis
Published: June 2023

The chapter addresses the issue of counterfactual readings of utterances containing modal verbs in the Past Conditional tense. The notion that the eventuality didn’t occur is not a straightforward consequence of these two semantic components; this chapter claims that the explanation is pragmatic, inferential, rather than semantic-compositional. French is taken as an enlightening case for the reason that Romance languages license all conjugations with modal verbs. It is suggested that the counterfactual reading emerges as an inference deemed to provide relevance to the utterance in the sense of an explanative motivation for the speech act. The inference is invited by the specific combination of an evidential (the Conditional) and the modal, bearing a sense of prediction, and the past, imposing perspective-taking on the eventuality that was expected to happen.
On modelling the future
Authors: Mozersky M. Joshua
Published: June 2023

A model of time is complete only if it has something to say about the ontological status of the future. This raises a difficulty, because the future is outside of experience, so the project threatens to become troublingly speculative. This chapter examines three principles that are, it is argued, sufficiently compelling to act as constraints on any temporal model. These principles allow temporal modelling to move beyond speculation concerning the structure of the future because they demonstrate the internal instability or incoherence of one well-known, intuitive, and appealing ontology of time: the branching future model. The upshot is that the ontology defended by the tenseless, B-theory of time is comparatively strong.
In Our Experience
Authors: Blount-Hill Kwan-Lamar , Ajil Ahmed
Published: June 2023

If colonization is taking possession of land, often through dispossessing others, and coloniality is the nature and likeness of colonial systems and their residual influence, how shall we describe the hegemonic underpinnings justifying either? This chapter posits cognitive imperialism, documents its operation in the professional lives of five early career academics, bolsters their stories with support from other narrative works, and specifies an ideology that clashes with non-archetypal individuals at the level of identity, perception, experience, and connection. For these early career academics, understanding cognitive imperialism at work arises through a process of recognition, reorientation, response, and recovery through seeking reform.
The Second Generation
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter cites E.O. Wilson’s extremely influential and controversial book from the 1980s, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. It talks about the inclusive fitness theory, which explained many aspects of animal and human behavior as strategies designed by evolution to maximize an individual organism’s genes in future generations. It also points out how Jane Goodall’s findings were not inconsistent with the emerging field of sociobiology, as she found it pointless to deny that humans harbor innate aggressive and violent tendencies. The chapter highlights the spread of the perspective on the evolutionary rationale behind “demonic males,” explaining how it plumbed the roots of social structure by seeking to explain it as a result of adaptations to maximize the reproductive success of the social individual. It reviews the main theory of chimpanzee violence and methodology that focused on formulating and testing narrow hypotheses.
Later Gombe
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter takes the Gombe story up to the most recent reports, or from around 1984 to 2013. It begins with the many faces of impactful human disturbance, which partly map onto each other over time and then eventually accumulate and compound each other. It reviews the periodization of the increasing but less critical disruption from the mid-1980s up to the late 1990s and the cascading disruption to a chaotic peak around 2004. The chapter discusses how periodization frames the description of deadly violence among chimpanzees, which also gets much worse going into and through the 2000s. It mentions the hypothesis about status-related violence among chimpanzees, which provides insight on the timing of killings in both periods.
Mahale History
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter covers all of Mahale chimpanzee history, showing why M- and K-groups had territorial issues in the 1970s and examines a series of infanticidal attacks across the 1980s. Different modalities of disruption increased from the 1990s onward, with diverse consequences for M-group living and fighting. It highlights how provisioning was central to Mahale research. The chapter suggests that the infant killings of 1974 and 1976 could be aimed at rival reduction, emphasizing how intergroup infanticide might result in improving reproductive success by eliminating a future competitor. It looks at an empirical record that addresses infant killings, particularly the comprehensive lists of suspected to certain intraspecific killings at Mahale.
Budongo, Early Research and Human Impact
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses Uganda’s Budongo Forest Reserve, a medium-altitude, moist semideciduous forest that breaks the Gombe mold in many ways. It introduces the phases of research in the Budongo Forest Reserve, including the early findings on intergroup relations at Busingiro that flatly contradict the demonic view of natural lethality. It also describes how human impact worsened for chimpanzees through the research hiatus, and during the second project at Sonso. The chapter explores how the record of human impact contextualizes developments within the Sonso community. It highlights early regulated logging in Budongo that unintentionally promoted chimpanzee food sources as it succeeded in increasing a variety of species of fruiting trees.
Western Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter covers two populations in Senegal, Niokolo Koba and Fongoli and the long-term research site of Bossou, in the Republic of Guinea, Conakry. It talks about Mt. Assirik, Senegal’s Niokolo Koba National Park, which is considered the hottest, driest, and most open environment inhabited by chimpanzees today. Assirik offers the major territorial variation of occasional bivouacs and mass migrations from one part of the home range to another, especially in the dry season. The chapter highlights how Mt. Assirik chimpanzees had more physical marks of violence than at Toro-Semliki, noting patterns of aggression that appear to differ across habitats. Assirik chimpanzees show damaged ears and fingers attributable to fighting, while Semliki chimpanzees are largely unscarred.
The Demonic Perspective Meets Human Warfare
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines how the perspective on the claimed applicability of the Gombe paradigm to human warfare proceeds when actually applied to people. It talks about engagement with human practice that leads to major definitional restrictions, analogies contradicted by evidence, and internal inconsistencies. It also considers one of the broadest claimed parallels, which is that chimpanzees and humans share a proclivity for hostile territorial exclusivity. The chapter highlights the gulf separating chimpanzees and human territoriality and intergroup relations that goes into the realm of true culture. It stresses how understanding the evolved predispositions of chimpanzees is necessary to understand the problem of war today.
Posthuman as Genre
Authors: Duncan Pansy , Henry Claire , Molloy Missy
Published: June 2023

This chapter considers the posthuman on-screen as a distinct genre of screen media, tracing the shared thematic, narrative, and formal elements of films that seek to confront the posthuman as figure, event, or phenomenon. In identifying ingredients common to films within the genre, it does not aim to offer a full taxonomy of the genre. Instead, the chapter presents a series of close analyses of conventions that crystallize around three crucial zones of human/nonhuman interchange: relationships, the body, and affect. As the first section details, these films propose new ways of understanding the self and relating with others in a more-than-human world. As the second section shows, they push the physical boundaries of the human to explore how technologies reveal and overcome human limitation. And as the third and final section explains, they are characterized by an affective oscillation between threat and hope in our entwined past, present, and future with technology. While many of the films analyzed in the chapter are more routinely bundled into other genre categories (namely horror, romance, melodrama, neo-neorealism, and science fiction), this chapter demonstrates that orthodox genre divisions cannot adequately account for the overlaps between films that grapple with the posthuman.
Introduction
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer
Published: June 2023

The introduction articulates the book’s main theme: the way medieval individuals used song to formulate group identities that were tied to specific landscapes. It defines key terms, differentiating land from landscape (which is framed by a viewer). It examines biblical influence on medieval conceptions of land, the environment, and plant-life, and explores the ways in which relationships between nature and culture were interactive. It introduces the book’s primary song corpus (that of the trouvères), positioning this corpus as a significant body of nature poetry. It addresses issues of authorship, anonymity, autobiography, gender, and subjectivity in this song corpus and posits group identity as the book’s operative interpretive framework. It provides an overview of the book’s chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Rinke Stefan
Published: June 2023

This introductory chapter looks at different perspectives on the violent destruction and redefinition of social and ethnic spaces following the conquistadors’ bloody encounters with foreigners. It looks at Hernán Cortés’s letters, which included mention of Mexica and its social hierarchy while leading the Spanish conquistador. Witnesses of the Fall of Tenochtitlan created their respective worlds by translating the chaos of the event into reports and images. The chapter considers differing narrative history markups many of which claim the victory of the Spanish people and the failure of indigenous peoples. According to cultural studies scholar Tzvetan Todorov, cultural determinism is the cause of the inferiority of the indigenous peoples. The chapter also notes Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s attempt to get apologies from the Spanish monarch and the pope for the atrocities committed during the Conquest of Mexico five hundred years ago.
Setting Off for the New World
Authors: Rinke Stefan
Published: June 2023

This chapter narrates the early life and journey of Hernán Cortés. It recognizes disillusionment about newly discovered territories following the death of Christopher Columbus. From the time Cortés was nineteen years old, he travelled through the Caribbean, Cuba, and the Yucatán peninsula. The chapter notes that Spaniards had been surprised by the amount of gold and economic activity of the Maya living in Yucatán. It also explores the journeys of Juan de Grijalva and Francisco Hernández de Córdoba. Moreover, the Europeans perceived foreign culture as conforming to their traditional patterns, similar to priest Juan Díaz’s description of the population as allegedly worshipping a cross.
Tlaxcala
Authors: Rinke Stefan
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses the central role the Tlaxcala played in the fall of Tenochtitlan. The Spaniards believed that alliances were vital since they did not have enough troops or attendants to make large inland marches, while the Totonacs thought the alliance represented an opportunity to challenge the dominance of the Mexica. The chapter explains the entrada to the town of Tlaxcala, which had been a dangerous enemy of the Mexica. It discusses the alliance between Tlaxcalans, Spaniards, and Totonacs. Following a series of clashes between the Tlaxcalans and the Spaniards, the Tlaxcalans suddenly gave in, as they were unaware of the Spaniards’ dwindling supplies and men. According to Spanish narratives, Hernán Cortés attempted to persuade Tlaxcalans to renounce their faith in human sacrifice and ritual cannibalism before turning to accept Christianity. The chapter then details the Cholula massacre that served the interests of the Tlaxcalans.
War and Destruction
Authors: Rinke Stefan
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores the aftermath of the Battle of Toltec Canal. It highlights the Spaniards’ loss of manpower, resources, and morale. Hernán Cortés had been forced to return to Tlaxcala and to depend upon the support of that city-state. After recovery, however, the allied troops returned to the battlefields conquering large parts of the valley of Mexico. The chapter also looks at how Cortés took advantage of a smallpox epidemic. It then details the battle and the resultant losses of the attackers and the Mexica people as a result of the Fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521.
The Legacy of the Conquest
Authors: Rinke Stefan
Published: June 2023

This chapter focuses on the legacy of the Conquest. It describes the Conquest transforming into a process of colonization. The marqués played only a minor significant role in this process. The reconstruction of Mexico proved to be an enormous challenge due to the extensive devastation the war had brought to the land. Indigenous people played a significant role in the design of the new city, and they had to adapt to European construction and agricultural techniques and equipment. The chapter also discusses the daily colonial life, which was overshadowed by the mass deaths of the indigenous population. Despite the processes of adaptation and hybridization, indigenous identities remained largely local. They had been influenced by immigrants from Europe and Africa and by progressive mestizization.
Education, Citizenship, and Contesting the Future, 1800–1860
Authors: Miller Nicola
Published: June 2023

This chapter argues that debates about gaps between what new states and many of their citizens aspired to in terms of educational provision and what was achieved show values and priorities under pressure, and accordingly reveal conflicts around these values. The founders of new states in this region assigned to education a major role in fitting inhabitants for citizenship, often giving provision and results a place in constitutions; there was also real interest from below. The chapter surveys tensions around who should control provision (notably whether this should be state or church); whether education was a precondition for citizenship, and if so, what that entailed; and what forms of authority were properly exercised in educational settings—a debate to which women teachers made a distinctive contribution. It concludes that education had the potential to sustain ideals of equality, social justice and self-government even under authoritarian regimes.
Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Schulz Carsten-Andreas , Petersen Mark
Published: June 2023

Latin America and the Caribbean (chiefly Haiti) figured among reference points in this period for debates in Europe and the United States about the virtues and vices of popular government, being seen by some to exemplify its virtues and by others, its vices. Commentary was often not very well informed, and reflected arguments commentators wanted to make for their own home audiences more than deep engagement with developments in the region. People in the region had their own motivations for trying to shape external opinion. The chapter charts varied and changing views, first from several European states, then from the United States. Although positive as well as negative judgments were made, most commonly the example of Latin America and the Caribbean was employed to show what could go wrong with popular government. The mixture of races among its inhabitants was often suggested to limit the region’s prospects.
Articulating Democracy in Hispaniola
Authors: Lachaud Emmanuel
Published: June 2023

This chapter charts talk about “democracy” in Saint Domingue/Haiti, and Santo Domingo/the Dominican Republic. There is no evidence of talk about “democracy” in Haiti in the era of the French and Haitian revolutions. It did however feature in political discourse from the 1820s, especially under republican rule. It could be used positively of participatory systems, limiting the power of the executive, but also retained connotations of mob rule and was associated with the French, and tainted by their inconsistent opposition to slavery. In the 1830s it is visible in the new newspaper press, entering the normal lexicon of opposition politics; Tocqueville’s Democracy in America was serialized. In the 1840s, French socialist discourse encouraged its use to criticize the subjection of rural laborers. But it persisted chiefly as a name for certain kinds of political arrangements, remaining more popular in republican settings than in periods of monarchical paternalism.
An Empire among Republics
Authors: Slemian Andréa
Published: June 2023

This chapter charts talk about “democracy” in Brazil, where it seems to have been less current than elsewhere in the region, probably because Brazil’s monarchical and slaveholding state and society were relatively inhospitable to its use. Defenders of Brazil’s monarchical but constitutional regime did however claim that the prevailing system avoided the perils of democracy but embodied its virtues. The term was used about provincial insurgents, but also sometimes by them. It was more used from the 1860s, but chiefly by critics of the royalist regime, and even they were keen to stress that they favored only the most moderate forms of democracy.
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Authors: Higgins Michael Denis
Published: June 2023

The monumental tomb of King Mausolus, renowned for its size and sculptures, was the focal point of Halicarnassus (Bodrum), the newly constructed capital of Caria. The tomb had a solid core of volcanic rock that was completely concealed beneath sculptures and friezes of marble. Decorative elements of the building were painted in bright colours, as was common in antiquity. Marble was transported from quarries all around the Aegean, and shipwrecks show us how this was done. The Mausoleum was brought down by an earthquake in the Middle Ages that also damaged the nearby fort of the Crusaders, who then plundered the site for blocks to rebuild their fort. However, some of the ruins were buried fortuitously under deep soil eroded from the hill to the north and preserved until excavated in the 19th century.
The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
Authors: Higgins Michael Denis
Published: June 2023

The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was renowned as one of the largest and most magnificent in antiquity, and many people considered it the most impressive of the Wonders. It stood on the shores of a deep gulf formed by flooding of a glacial-age valley as sea level rose following the last Ice Age. The protected harbour and access to the hinterland up the Cayster (Küçük Menderes) valley made Ephesus an ideal cult centre and contributed to its vast wealth. However, erosion of the hills far to the east filled the river with muddy sediments, building a delta in the bay, and eventually cutting the harbour off from the sea. The enigmatic cult statue of Artemis figures briefly in the Christian Bible: “Fellow Ephesians, doesn’t all the world know that the city of Ephesus is the guardian of the temple of the great Artemis and of her image, which fell from heaven?” This phrase suggests that a meteorite was connected to the cult, as elsewhere in antiquity.
The Pharos at Alexandria
Authors: Higgins Michael Denis
Published: June 2023

The Pharos was a beacon, later a lighthouse, built to guide boats into the new harbour of Alexandria along this low and treacherous coast, and was, from the start, a symbol of the power of the Ptolemy dynasty and its successor regimes. The rapid growth of Alexander the Great’s city was partly a result of its topography: the ridge that made Pharos Island protected the harbour from storms and ridges further inland gave a dry place to construct the city. These ridges formed in response to large-scale events during the last million years: glacial climate cycles and tectonic earth movements. The Pharos changed many times during its 1,500-year life: the initial wonder may have had a single story resembling the monumental gateways of Egyptian temples; by Roman times the wonder had two stories and the Islamic structure, most commonly used for reconstructions, had three levels topped by a mosque. The Pharos was damaged many times by storms and earthquakes, their effect compounded by local land subsidence, which ultimately led to undermining of the foundations and collapse of the monument in the 14th century. Because of the plague pandemic that swept through the Mediterranean region at that time, it was never rebuilt.
They’re Creepy and They’re Campy
Authors: Hook Jamie
Published: June 2023

The Addams Family (1964–66, ABC) and The Munsters (1964–66, CBS) were iconic television texts of the 1960s that united family-centered narratives with horror through the representation of family units composed of literal monsters. While both are situation comedies, they are further unified by sensibilities that intentionally camped American middle-class mores and the generic tropes of the sitcom itself. Through analyzing these camp horror texts, this chapter argues that they contributed to the more liminal, tentative, and ambiguous representational practices of a decade that has since become shorthand for sweeping cultural change. Sitting at the crossroads between the mainstream and the subcultural, comedy and horror, and competing modes and meanings of camp, these shows constructed an image of the American family as simultaneously monstrous and endearing during a cultural maelstrom in which the institutional politics of the family were being reconsidered and renegotiated more broadly at the domestic and national level.
“Holy Fruit Salad, Batman!”
Authors: Kruger-Robbins Benjamin
Published: June 2023

This chapter considers how Batman (1966–68) functioned as a part of the American Broadcasting Company’s (ABC) competitive drive against the other two major networks, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), to push boundaries of acceptable denotative and connotative queer visibility in prime-time television. While academics and popular critics frequently cite William Dozier’s TV adaptation of Bob Kane’s comic series as a canonically camp, gay-inflected text, this chapter analyzes reception, production, and distribution artifacts surrounding Batman in conjunction with those relating to explicitly gay-themed episodes of the short-lived detective procedural N.Y.P.D. (1967–69). Such comparison reveals a dual branding strategy that positioned ABC as an emerging venue for “quality” adult gay content while tightening the network’s grip on queer-tinged “adolescent” entertainment. Ultimately, ABC’s camp stylization across its programming formed part of a complex and occasionally affirmative, if also socially problematic, overture to “new” audience demographics.
Backdoor Lawmaking
Authors: Ritchie Melinda N.
Published: June 2023

Backdoor Lawmaking reveals how members of the US Congress use the federal bureaucracy as a backdoor for policymaking. Lawmakers pressure agencies to make policy changes in order to avoid obstacles in the legislative process. The book uses records obtained under the Freedom of Information Act in qualitative and quantitative analyses to show how members of Congress are incorporating agency regulations into a broader strategy of policymaking that spans branches of government and which lawmakers are most effective at using this approach. Lawmakers use agency regulations as a substitute for legislative action, pressure agencies to delay and block the implementation of law until new legislation is passed, and work with agencies to draft legislation. The bureaucracy also offers lawmakers a discreet way to represent controversial interests outside of the formal constraints of Congress. The book considers the implications of its findings for democratic accountability and representation and assesses the normative tradeoffs: Inter-branch policymaking allows members of Congress to evade accountability and to bypass the lawmaking process established in the US Constitution. Yet, it may be critical for preserving democratic norms given the growth of administrative lawmaking.
Israel and the Cyber Threat
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

This book offers the first comprehensive examination of Israeli policies and practice in both the civil and military cyber realms as well as insights into what other countries can learn from its experience. The book is designed for cyber theorists and practitioners, people interested in the Middle East, and general audiences. It explores how and why Israel has become a global cyber power, despite its small size, arguing that a combination of strategic and economic necessity, along with an innovative culture, has driven Israel’s success. The Israeli cyber experience is studied through the lens of realist and constructivist international relations theories and many of the major quandaries facing cyber theorists and practitioners alike are analyzed. The book focuses on Israel’s civil and military cyber strategies, including the organizational structures and policies it has put in place; national capacity building, including the unique contribution of the IDF and defense establishment to Israel’s cyber ecosystem; and international cyber cooperation. It presents comprehensive pictures of all significant cyber attacks conducted against Israel as well as Iran’s cyber policies, institutions, and capabilities. Particular attention is devoted to Israel’s military cyber response, including the cyber attacks it is known to have conducted. Each chapter takes an in-depth look at the major actions Israel has taken in a different dimension of the cyber realm, placing them in a broader context to help readers understand state behavior in the cyber realm generally. The book concludes with the first proposal for a comprehensive Israeli national cyber strategy.
The Civil Cyber Strategy
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides the most detailed and comprehensive treatment to date of Israel’s civil cyber strategy and of the role of the INCD (Israel National Cyber Directorate). The chapter traces Israel’s actions and strategies to deal with security threats by examining cabinet and institutional decisions beginning in 2000. It further argues that domestic and bureaucratic politics played an important role in shaping such decisions. The chapter proceeds to examine the role of the INCD, including its responsibilities, and the National Cyber Security Strategy it issued in 2017, which consisted of four primary components: a concept of operations, defensive strategy, national cyber capacity building, and international cooperation. The chapter concludes by looking at the criticisms and successes of the INCD. The chapter argues that while imperfect, the INCD has achieved important successes and Israel is better defended now than in the past.
The Military Cyber Strategy
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines Israel’s military cyber strategy, and how it has worked to turn the cyber realm into an advantage over its adversaries. While Israel does not have a formal military cyber strategy, the chapter looks at what can be determined regarding Israel’s existing offensive and defensive strategies from the publicly available information. This includes a detailed presentation of the primary cyber units in the Israel Defense Force, Israel Security Agency (Shin Bet), and other relevant agencies and an in-depth discussion of how the cyber realm fits into Israel’s broader national security strategy, including its purported nuclear capabilities. The chapter concludes with a detailed look at some of the major offensive cyber attacks that have been attributed to Israel, including its role in Olympic Games and Stuxnet, Operation Orchard, and numerous attacks in Iran, including against its largest port and nuclear facilities.
A Precarious Life
Authors: Willis Roxana
Published: June 2023

A Precarious Life offers an internal view of conflict among one of the most socio-economically disadvantaged communities in Britain. The long-term ‘ethnography at home’ is narrated through the life and death of the author’s father, Paul, who worked in the coke ovens of the Corby steelworks until its closure in 1980. After closure, Paul ran a mobile grocery shop on his council estate and surrounding areas, which suffered an assortment of injuries in the post-industrial decades that followed. By engaging closely with the social practices of Paul and members of his relational community, this book provides a rare emic account of the classed and racialized tensions that occur within a precariously situated subsection of society. Through this process, layers of meaning are noticed, articulated, and deployed to make intelligible communal tensions. As the chapters progress, a complex ethical terrain is brought into view, where moral conflicts and dilemmas are rife. From this new perspective, a disjuncture becomes apparent between top-down theories that guide the criminal law, on the one hand, and norms that make better sense of the social world navigated by residents on an over-criminalized estate, on the other. A Precarious Life calls on legal scholars to understand better and engage with this alternative normative order, which embraces an ethics of honesty, relationality, solidarity, and care—captured by the central notion of mutuality.
From Schoolyards to Factory Floors
Authors: Willis Roxana
Published: June 2023

Criminal law scholarship often begins with the presupposition that individuals are autonomous. However, philosophers and legal scholars have compellingly shown that the autonomous individual does not exist in a metaphorical state of nature; instead, autonomy is a moral ideal in liberal societies, which certain people can attain if the socio-economic conditions are conducive for them to do so. This chapter argues that structural inequality in Britain prohibits the least advantaged from becoming autonomous. Ethnographic analysis—including working-class biography and ethnographic portraiture—shines a light on how precariously situated participants must navigate a challenging trajectory from punitive schooling into precarious forms of deregulated and insecure work. Rather than regarding structural conditions in England as apt for all to attain autonomy, this chapter indicates that the autonomous individual would struggle to flourish in such coercive conditions, where workers describe themselves as ‘scared to fart without a good excuse’. Importantly, if class inequality in Britain thwarts the possibility of universal autonomy, then the presupposition of the autonomous individual in criminal law requires imminent revision.
A Violence Continuum
Authors: Willis Roxana
Published: June 2023

Chapter 6 revisits the topic of violence. It challenges the modern criminal law’s focus on interpersonal forms of violence, which fails to adequately address the violence of states, corporate actors, and other groups. The theoretical device of the ‘continuum of violence’ developed by Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Philippe Bourgois is employed to widen conceptions of violence beyond the individual. From this theoretical viewpoint, two additional forms of violence come into view: structural violence and symbolic violence. Structural violence is explored in three ways: first, in relation to the workplace injuries of former steelworkers who suffered lifelong and fatal conditions due to the failure of employers to provide adequate health and safety equipment; second, in relation to residents’ exposure to toxic air following the failure of the local state to safely dispose of toxic waste after the closure of the steelworks, leading to multiple birth defects; and third, injuries related to the state-led demolition of parts of the Lincoln council estate. Symbolic violence is explored as part of the historical process outlined in the Introduction, in which poverty is reconceptualized as a marker of immorality. A tendency emerges, which is core to the criminal law, which relegates structural factors to the background and places responsibility on those harmed by structural and symbolic violence. The final section considers the reality of unemployment and challenges the propensity to blame individuals for the wider injuries they must endure.
THE DOMESTIC CLOCK IN EUROPE
Authors: Matthes Dietrich
Published: June 2023

The two sections of this chapter describe the development of weight and spring-driven clocks for domestic use from the late thirteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century. The chapter includes information on specific countries and how technology changed through the years. Section One covers the period from the thirteenth century to the invention of the pendulum. Section Two covers the time from Huygens to the end of the eighteenth century. Both sections describe the technical aspects of the mechanisms and changing forms and styles for the cases that contained them. Finally, due attention paid to regional and national variations.
Introduction
Authors: Labuda Patryk I.
Published: June 2023

This chapter sets out the research question, the research design, and the book’s main arguments. Situating the book’s objectives within ongoing discussions about the International Criminal Court’s problems, it explains why greater attention to questions of institutional design in international criminal law is needed. Then, against the backdrop of the complementarity turn, which is defined as a shift towards the domestic enforcement of international criminal law, the chapter explains why growing support for criminal law-oriented capacity building and increasingly cooperative relations with incumbent governments may inadvertently rehabilitate the state as a solution to, rather than a cause of, impunity for international crimes.
International Intervention and Domestic Prosecutions
Authors: Labuda Patryk I.
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines to what extent the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, and the International Criminal Court encouraged domestic prosecutions of serious crimes in Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Focusing on areas of synergy, antagonism, and indifference, it assesses how international civil servants influence domestic prosecutorial policy, and, in turn, how state-based actors shape international prosecutorial strategy and case selection. It argues that, despite the divergent elements of institutional design, international investigative practices are generally similar and that divisions of labour, if any, depend less on mandates and more on incumbent governments’ willingness to cooperate with international prosecutors. While evidence of international criminal tribunals positively influencing domestic prosecutorial policy is uncommon and there is a risk of states free-riding on international trials, primacy may provide stronger incentives than complementarity for international civil servants to challenge states over crimes committed by suspects affiliated with incumbent governments.
The Constitutional Basis for Trademark Parodies in India and South Africa
Authors: Banerjee Arpan
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses two noteworthy cases involving trademark parodies—the decision of the South African Constitutional Court in the Laugh It Off case and an order of the Delhi High Court in Tata v. Greenpeace, which relied on the former. Both cases are good examples of a “constitutionalization” approach toward IP rights. In Laugh It Off, the court disagreed with the decisions of the Supreme Court of Appeal and the Cape High Court, and permitted the sale of a t-shirt ridiculing a famous beer brand. In Greenpeace, the court refused to prevent Greenpeace from using an online game to highlight alleged environmental violations of Tata, one of India’s best-known corporations. In both cases, the courts placed primacy on free speech principles. However, Greenpeace stands out for not merely involving a trademark infringement claim but also a defamation claim, and further concerning noncommercial use. The chapter accordingly considers the relevance of Greenpeace, in which a final order is still pending, in today’s context of “meme warfare.”