bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication practices that encourage and constrain shared decision making in health‐care encounters: Systematic review of conversation analytic research
Authors: Land Victoria , Parry Ruth , Seymour Jane
Published: May 2017

Background

Shared decision making (SDM) is generally treated as good practice in health‐care interactions. Conversation analytic research has yielded detailed findings about decision making in health‐care encounters.

Objective

To map decision making communication practices relevant to health‐care outcomes in face‐to‐face interactions yielded by prior conversation analyses, and to examine their function in relation toSDM.

Search strategy

We searched nine electronic databases (last search November 2016) and our own and other academics' collections.

Inclusion criteria

Published conversation analyses (no restriction on publication dates) using recordings of health‐care encounters in English where the patient (and/or companion) was present and where the data and analysis focused on health/illness‐related decision making.

Data extraction and synthesis

We extracted study characteristics, aims, findings relating to communication practices, how these functioned in relation toSDM, and internal/external validity issues. We synthesised findings aggregatively.

Results

Twenty‐eight publications met the inclusion criteria. We sorted findings into 13 types of communication practices and organized these in relation to four elements of decision‐making sequences: (i) broaching decision making; (ii) putting forward a course of action; (iii) committing or not (to the action put forward); and (iv)HCPs' responses to patients' resistance or withholding of commitment. Patients have limited opportunities to influence decision making.HCPs' practices may constrain or encourage this participation.

Conclusions

Patients, companions andHCPs together treat and undertake decision making as shared, though to varying degrees. Even for non‐negotiable treatment trajectories, the spirit ofSDMcan be invoked through practices that encourage participation (eg by bringing the patient towards shared understanding of the decision's rationale).
The Toll‐like receptor 9 signalling pathway regulates MR1‐mediated bacterial antigen presentation in B cells
Authors: Liu Jianyun , Brutkiewicz Randy R.
Published: May 2017

Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are conserved T cells that express a semi‐invariant T‐cell receptor (Vα7.2 in humans and Vα19 in mice). The development of MAIT cells requires the antigen‐presenting MHC‐related protein 1 (MR1), as well as commensal bacteria. The mechanisms that regulate the functional expression of MR1 molecules and their loading with bacterial antigen in antigen‐presenting cells are largely unknown. We have found that treating B cells with the Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG increases MR1 surface expression. Interestingly, activation of TLR9 by CpG‐A (but not CpG‐B) enhances MR1 surface expression. This is limited to B cells and not other types of cells such as monocytes, T or natural killer cells. Knocking‐down TLR9 expression by short hairpin RNA reduces MR1 surface expression and MR1‐mediated bacterial antigen presentation. CpG‐A triggers early endosomal TLR9 activation, whereas CpG‐B is responsible for late endosomal/lysosomal activation of TLR9. Consistently, blocking endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi protein transport, rather than lysosomal acidification, suppressed MR1 antigen presentation. Overall, our results indicate that early endosomal TLR9 activation is important for MR1‐mediated bacterial antigen presentation.
Interphase degradation of three‐dimensional Cf/SiC–ZrC–ZrB2 composites fabricated via reactive melt infiltration
Authors: Chen Xiaowu , Feng Qian , Gao Le , Zhang Xiangyu , Dong Shaoming , Wang Jingxiao , Zhong Qiang , Kan Yanmei , Ni Dewei
Published: May 2017

Layer‐structured interphase, existing between carbon fiber and ultrahigh‐temperature ceramics (UHTCs) matrix, is an indispensable component for carbon fiber reinforced UHTCs matrix composites (Cf/UHTCs). For Cf/UHTCs fabricated by reactive melt infiltration (RMI), the interphase inevitably suffers degradation due to the interaction with the reactive melt. Here, Cf/SiC–ZrC–ZrB2 composite was fabricated by reactive infiltration of ZrSi2 melt into sol‐gel prepared Cf/B4C–C preform. (PyC–SiC)2 interphase was deposited on the fiber to investigate the degradation mechanism under ZrSi2 melt. It was revealed that the degraded interphase exhibited typical features of Zr aggregation and SiC residuals. Moreover, the Zr species diffused across the interphase and formed nanosized ZrC phase inside the fiber. A hybrid mechanisms of chemical reaction and physical melting were proposed to reveal the degradation mechanism according to characterization results and heat conduction calculations. Based on the degradation mechanism, a potential solution to mitigate interphase degradation is also put forward.
The effect of B‐doping on the electrical conductivity of polymer‐derived Si(B)OC ceramics
Authors: Sorarù Gian Domenico , Kacha Getnet , Campostrini Renzo , Ponzoni Andrea , Donarelli Maurizio , Kumar Arun , Mariotto Gino
Published: May 2017

In this work the room temperature electrical conductivity of Si(B)OC glasses made via polymer pyrolysis at 1200°C and 1400°C (maximum temperature) and having different amount of boron was measured. When B content is increased from zero (pure SiOC glass) up to B/Si=0.5 the electrical conductivity increases in 2 orders of magnitude from 4.09±0.64×10−5 up to 2.93±1.91×10−3 with a corresponding decrease in the activation energy from about 1.08 to 0.51 eV. This results shows for the first time that the electrical conductivity of Si‐based polymer‐derived ceramics can be controlled by the amount of the doping element. The structure of the Si(B)OC glasses has been studied with different techniques including FT‐IR, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The Raman study indicates that B partially substitutes C into the sp2 C planes of the free carbon phase forming trigonal BC3 units. Accordingly, the evolution of the electrical properties with the B content has been correlated with the corresponding structural evolution and a hypothesis is presented to rationalize the role of boron on the electrical conductivity of SiOBC glasses.
Doxycycline as an anti‐inflammatory agent: updates in dermatology
Authors: Henehan M. , Montuno M. , De Benedetto A.
Published: May 2017

Doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, is widely used in the field of dermatology for its antibiotic properties, anti‐inflammatory properties and good safety profile. Over the past decades, numerous studies have clarified some of the anti‐inflammatory mechanisms of doxycycline. In this review article, we aimed to provide an update on recent data on the anti‐inflammatory properties of doxycycline and its potential role in cutaneous inflammatory diseases. Better understanding of these mechanisms might offer the practicing clinicians a better use of this therapeutic tool. In addition, research in this field could help clarify pathogenic aspects of inflammatory dermatologic diseases responsive to this medication. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the potential of doxycycline as an anti‐inflammatory agent, and the development of new topical vehicles could open ways to new therapeutic possibilities for dermatologists.
Asian Long‐horned Beetle dispersal potential estimated in computer‐linked flight mills
Authors: Javal M. , Roux G. , Roques A. , Sauvard D.
Published: May 2017

The Asian Long‐horned Beetle (ALB) is a highly polyphagous species invasive in North America and Europe. This species has been reported to have low dispersing potential, but long‐distance dispersal could occasionally happen. We conducted a preliminary study on laboratory‐reared adults from invasive populations to measure the flying potential of beetles using computer‐linked flight mills. Under standardized conditions, ALB was capable of flying over longer distances than previously described. The highest distance recorded over an adult lifespan outreached 14 km. Flight mill method is therefore useful to estimate the maximum physiological flight abilities of the species that should be taken into account to improve management of invasive populations.
Assessment of oxidative stress markers in cord blood of newborns to patients with oxytocin‐induced labor
Authors: Karaçor Talip , Sak Sibel , Başaranoğlu Serdar , Peker Nurullah , Ağaçayak Elif , Sak Muhammet Erdal , Turgut Abdulkadir , Evsen Mehmet Sıddık , Evliyaoğlu Osman , Gül Talip
Published: May 2017

Aim

We aimed to measure the extent of oxidative stress experienced during labor by the neonates of pregnant women undergoing induced or spontaneous birth and to compare the effects of induced labor on fetal well‐being.

Methods

Sixty‐four healthy pregnant women referring to the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dicle University Medical Faculty between October 2010 and May 2011 were included in this comparative study. Pregnant women undergoing induced labor by oxytocin were group 1 and those without labor induction were group 2. Post‐partum Apgar score was calculated at 1 and 5 min and measurements of weight and height of the neonates were carried out. After the fetal cord was clamped, 5 cm3 blood was drawn into a plain tube without anticoagulant. The samples were centrifuged at 5000 r.p.m. for 5 min. Separated sera were transferred to Eppendorf tubes and were stored at −80 C° until the analysis time.

Results

The complete blood counts and biochemistry results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in regards to diseases between the two groups. Nitric oxide and asymmetrical dimethylarginine values of the two groups were not significantly different; however, there were statistically significant differences in the malondialdehyde, paraoxonase, total antioxidative status, and total oxidative status values of the two groups (respectively, P = 0.005, P = 0.006, P = 0.008, and P = 0.007).

Conclusion

We observed that oxytocin‐induced labor increases stress markers but does not affect Apgar scores. Oxidative stress in pregnant women may trigger antioxidative mechanisms. Prospective studies in larger cohorts are needed to better understand the impact of oxytocin‐induced labor on pregnant women and neonates.
Clathrin‐mediated endocytosis is required for ANE 30‐100K‐induced autophagy
Authors: Lin Mei‐Huei , Liu Young‐Chau , Liu Shyun‐Yeu , Chen Fang‐Chi , Yang Pei‐Jung , Li Guan‐Hua , Liu Pang‐Yen , Yen Ching‐Yu
Published: May 2017

Background

We identified an autophagy‐inducing areca nut (AN) ingredient (AIAI) in the 30‐100 kDa fraction of AN extract (ANE 30‐100K). This study was to analyze the role of endocytosis in ANE 30‐100K‐induced autophagy.

Methods

We used benzyl alcohol, dynasore, and shRNA of clathrin and dynamin to assess whether ANE 30‐100K‐induced cytotoxicity and accumulation of microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)‐II were affected in oral (OECM‐1) and esophageal (CE81T/VGH) carcinoma cells.

Results

Both benzyl alcohol and dynasore effectively reduced ANE 30‐100K‐induced cytotoxicity and LC3‐II accumulation in OECM‐1 and CE81T/VGH cells. Downregulated protein expression of both clathrin and dynamin by their shRNA also significantly attenuated ANE 30‐100K‐induced elevation of LC3‐II levels in CE81T/VGH cells.

Conclusions

These results indicate that AIAI may be engulfed by cells through clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, which promotes the execution of the following autophagy program.
Quantification of yield losses caused by leaf anthracnose on sorghum in Brazil
Authors: Cota Luciano Viana , Souza André Gomes Coelho , Costa Rodrigo Veras , Silva Dagma Dionísia , Lanza Fabrício Eustáquio , Aguiar Frederick Mendes , Figueiredo José Edson Fontes
Published: May 2017

The leaf anthracnose disease in sorghum, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum (Henn. ex Sacc. & Trotter), is widely distributed throughout its Brazilian cultivation areas. The disease can cause significant losses in grain yield and quality. This study aimed to quantify the effects of leaf anthracnose on grain yield of different sorghum genotypes. Two elite inbred lines of sorghum, BR009 (susceptible) and BR008 (moderately resistant), and the hybrids, BR304 and MR43 (susceptible), BRS310 and DKB599 (moderately resistant) and BRS308 and AG1060 (resistant), were planted in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. The disease severity (DS) was evaluated weekly, starting from the onset of the first foliar symptoms, and yield losses were estimated using linear regression analysis. Leaf anthracnose significantly reduced sorghum yields in the susceptible genotypes. The highest yield loss of 86% was observed in the inbred line BR009, when the disease severity reached 100%. For the hybrids, the grain yield loss varied from 35% (BRS310) to 72% (BRS308). According to the adjusted model, a grain yield reduction of 23.48 kg/ha for BR304, 14.57 kg/ha for BRS310 and 15.91 kg/ha for DKB599 was observed for every 1% increase in disease severity. We demonstrate for the first time the effect of leaf anthracnose disease on grain sorghum yields under Brazilian conditions. The results from this study provide a starting point for developing new strategies for the integrated disease management of sorghum anthracnose.
Immune Response and Disease Resistance of Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), Offered Diets Supplemented with Replete Levels of Tryptophan or Whey
Authors: Chi Chia‐Chun , Shiu Ya‐Li , Lin Hsueh‐Li , Liu Chun‐Hung
Published: May 2017

A basal diet containing 45% protein, 10% lipid, and 1.95% tryptophan (Trp) was formulated, and then supplemented with crystalline Trp (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1% of the diet) or whey (16.9%) to evaluate the physiological effects of juvenile (initial weight: 0.57 ± 0.15 g) barramundi over a 58‐d rearing period. Significant reductions in growth and feed intake were observed in fish offered diets supplemented with Trp as compared to those offered the basal diet or the whey diet. Brain serotonin increased in fish fed the 1% Trp and whey diets albeit a decrease in cannibalism was not observed. Phagocytic activity, and Mx gene expression in spleens were not significantly changed among all groups. There were significant increases in lysozyme activity in the 1% Trp and whey groups, respiratory burst in the whey group, and Mx gene expression in head kidneys in the 1% Trp group 12 h after nerve necrosis virus (NNV) injection and in the whey 12 group and 24 h after NNV injection. Cumulative mortalities of fish fed the whey diet were significantly lower than those of fish fed the basal diet after Aeromonas hydrophila infection, but not Trp groups. Based on these results, diets supplemented with whey had reduced mortality when challenged with A. hydrophila and consequently function as an immunostimulant.
Open source—Is it an alternative to intellectual property?
Authors: Thiruthy Narendran
Published: May 2017

The open source production model is being articulated as an alternative to the contemporary intellectual property model, which uses property rights as instruments of exclusion and, consequently, guarantees a market monopoly. The open source movement initially originated as a creators’ response to the extensive use of intellectual property law to protect the source code of computer programs. Even though the movement began modestly, open source has now become a practicing business model. The efficiency of the open source production model in coordinating collaborative creativity and in providing concrete results is a proven fact in the software industry. The uniqueness of this model lies in its facilitation of a distinctive use of property to build an environment, that is more conducive to collaborative production. Many theorists argue that open source has now emerged as a workable alternative to current intellectual property law, and that it resolves the many challenges intellectual property law has posed in terms of access and creativity management. This note attempts to explore the property jurisprudence and social relationships in open source and critically examines how successful the open source model is in emerging as an alternative to intellectual property.
Breast cancer awareness among Indonesian women at moderate‐to‐high risk
Authors: Mardela Aira Putri , Maneewat Khomapak , Sangchan Hathairat
Published: May 2017

In this descriptive cross‐sectional study, we examined awareness of breast cancer among Indonesian women at moderate‐to high‐risk of developing breast cancer. Data were obtained from 87 eligible participants using the Modified Breast Cancer Awareness Measure. The International Breast Cancer Intervention Study model was used to identify women at moderate‐to‐high risk of developing breast cancer. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that none of the participants had knowledge of age‐related risk (0%). Other domains that indicated low awareness were knowledge of lifetime risk (31%), followed by knowledge of risk factors, in particular the item regarding menstruation at an early age (12.6%). These results indicated that increasing awareness of breast cancer risks is highly needed, in particular among women at moderate‐to‐high risk of developing breast cancer in Indonesia.
Genetics of mycorrhizal symbiosis in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Lehnert Heike , Serfling Albrecht , Enders Matthias , Friedt Wolfgang , Ordon Frank
Published: May 2017

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major staple food and therefore of prime importance for feeding the Earth's growing population. Mycorrhiza is known to improve plant growth, but although extensive knowledge concerning the interaction between mycorrhizal fungi and plants is available, genotypic differences concerning the ability of wheat to form mycorrhizal symbiosis and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in mycorrhization are largely unknown.

Therefore, a diverse set of 94 bread wheat genotypes was evaluated with regard to root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In order to identify genomic regions involved in mycorrhization, these genotypes were analyzed using the wheat 90k iSelect chip, resulting in 17 823 polymorphic mapped markers, which were used in a genome‐wide association study.

Significant genotypic differences (P < 0.0001) were detected in the ability to form symbiosis and 30 significant markers associated with root colonization, representing six QTL regions, were detected on chromosomes 3A, 4A and 7A, and candidate genes located in these QTL regions were proposed.

The results reported here provide key insights into the genetics of root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi in wheat.
The Optimal Approach for a Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block
Authors: Choi Ji Won , Kim Won Ho , Lee Chul Joong , Sim Woo Seog , Park Sukhee , Chae Hyun Byung
Published: May 2017

Introduction

Superior hypogastric plexus block (SHGPB) is technically difficult, and an accurate procedure is required to avoid potential complications. We attempted to determine the reference angles for fluoroscopy‐assisted SHGPB and to establish a predictor as a guide to select the optimal approach between the classic posterior approach and transdiscal approach.

Methods

Abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) scans from 268 patients diagnosed with pelvic malignancies were examined. The oblique and axial angles needed for the fluoroscope were measured both for posterior and transdiscal approaches by simulating the needle trajectory on CT imaging. We developed an SHGPB index defined by the ratio (%) of the interposterior iliac border distance to the L5 body transverse diameter, which represents the relative transverse diameter of the bony pelvis. We evaluated whether it can help select the optimal approach for the SHGPB between the posterior and transdiscal approaches.

Results

Males had a significantly smaller angle than females (right oblique angle for posterior approach, males 14 [range 12 to 17] degrees vs. females 19 [range 16 to 23] degrees; P < 0.001). An SHGPB index of < 150 was an independent predictor for failure of the classic posterior approach (odds ratio 31.3, 95% confidence interval 5.1 to 104.7).

Conclusions

The optimal right oblique angle of fluoroscopy for the posterior approach is 13° to 15° in males and 19° to 20° in females. The transdiscal approach may be favored over the posterior approach when the bony pelvis is narrow relative to the target vertebral body, which can be measured by the SHGPB index being < 150.
Lipid bodies accumulation in Leishmania infantum‐infected C57BL/6 macrophages
Authors: Rodríguez N. E. , Lockard R. D. , Turcotte E. A. , Araújo‐Santos T. , Bozza P. T. , Borges V. M. , Wilson M. E.
Published: May 2017

Lipid bodies (LBs) are intracellular accumulations of neutral lipids surrounded by a single membrane. These organelles are involved in the production of eicosanoids, which modulate immunity by either promoting or dampening inflammatory responses. Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil, is an intracellular parasite that causes disease by suppressing macrophage microbicidal responses. C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages infected with L. infantum strain LcJ had higher numbers of LB+ cells (P<.0001) and total LBs than noninfected cultures. Large (>3 μm) LBs were present inside parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs). These results contrast with those of L. infantum‐infected BALB/c macrophages, in which the only LBs are derived from parasite, not macrophage origin. Increased LBs in C57BL/6 macrophages in close association with parasites would position host LBs where they could modulate L. infantum infection. These results imply a potential influence of the host genetics on the role of LBs in host‐pathogen interactions. Overall, our data support a model in which the expression, and the role of LBs upon infection, ultimately depends on the specific combination of host‐pathogen interactions.
Increased heterogeneity of airway calibre in adult rats after hypoxia‐induced intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Wang Kimberley C.W. , Morton Jude S. , Davidge Sandra T. , Larcombe Alexander N. , James Alan L. , Donovan Graham M. , Noble Peter B.
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with asthma development. We hypothesized that IUGR disrupts airway development leading to postnatal structural abnormalities of the airway that predispose to disease. This study therefore examined structural changes to the airway and lung in a rat model of maternal hypoxia‐induced IUGR.

Methods

Pregnant rats were housed under hypoxic conditions (11.5% O2
) from gestational days (GDs) 13 to 20 (pseudoglandular–canalicular stages, i.e. period of airway development) and then returned to normoxic conditions (21% O2
). A control group of pregnant rats was housed under normoxic conditions throughout pregnancy. Weights of male offspring were recorded at birth and 7 weeks of age (adulthood), at which point lungs were fixed for morphometry and stereology (n = 6/group), or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for cell counts (n = 6/group).

Results

IUGR offspring were lighter at birth compared with control, but not at 7 weeks. While there was no difference in mean airway dimensions or lung volume, there was greater anatomical variation in airway lumen area in the IUGR group. A mathematical model of the human lung was used to show that greater heterogeneity in lumen area in IUGR‐affected individuals increases bronchoconstriction during simulated bronchial challenge. More macrophages were identified in the BALF of IUGR offspring.

Conclusion

The rat model demonstrates that IUGR leads to a more heterogeneous distribution of airway lumen calibre in adulthood with potential implications for bronchoconstriction in human subjects. Together with increased lung macrophages, these findings support a phenotypic shift after IUGR that may impact disease susceptibility.
Sedimentary processes controlling ultralong cells of littoral transport: Placer formation and termination of the Orange sand highway in southern Angola
Authors: Garzanti Eduardo , Dinis Pedro , Vermeesch Pieter , Andò Sergio , Hahn Annette , Huvi João , Limonta Mara , Padoan Marta , Resentini Alberto , Rittner Martin , Vezzoli Giovanni
Published: May 2017

This study focuses on the causes, modalities and obstacles of sediment transfer in the longest cell of littoral sand drift documented on Earth so far. Sand derived from the Orange River is dragged by swell waves and persistent southerly winds to accumulate in four successive dunefields in coastal Namibia to Angola. All four dunefields are terminated by river valleys, where aeolian sand is flushed back to the ocean; and yet sediment transport continues at sea, tracing an 1800 km long submarine sand highway. Sand drift would extend northward to beyond the Congo if the shelf did not become progressively narrower in southern Angola, where drifting sand is funnelled towards oceanic depths via canyon heads connected to river mouths. Garnet–magnetite placers are widespread along this coastal stretch, indicating systematic loss of the low‐density feldspatho‐quartzose fraction to the deep ocean. More than half of Moçamedes Desert sand is derived from the Orange River, and the rest in similar proportions from the Cunene River and from the Swakop and other rivers draining the Damara Orogen in Namibia. The Orange fingerprint, characterized by basaltic rock fragments, clinopyroxene grains and bimodal zircon‐age spectra with peaks at ca 0·5 Ga and ca 1·0 Ga, is lost abruptly at Namibe, and beach sands further north have abundant feldspar, amphibole‐epidote suites and unimodal zircon‐age spectra with a peak at ca 2·0 Ga, documenting local provenance from Palaeoproterozoic basement. Along with this oblique‐rifted continental margin, beach placers are dominated by Fe–Ti–Cr oxides with more monazite than garnet and thus have a geochemical signature sharply different from beach placers found all the way along the Orange littoral cell. High‐resolution mineralogical studies allow us to trace sediment dispersal over distances of thousands of kilometres, providing essential information for the correct reconstruction of ‘source to sink’ relationships in hydrocarbon exploration and to predict the long‐term impact of man‐made infrastructures on coastal sediment budgets.
Comparison of the measuring efficacy of transepidermal water loss of a reasonably priced, portable closed‐chamber system device H4500 with that of rather expensive, conventional devices such as Tewameter®and Vapometer®
Authors: Kikuchi K. , Asano M. , Tagami H. , Kato M. , Aiba S.
Published: May 2017

Background/Purpose

Although measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is important to assess the barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC), the commercially available instruments are rather expensive. Recently launched Model H4500 employs a closed‐chamber system to measureTEWLand is more reasonably priced compared to devices currently in general use.

Methods

To check the reproducibility of the obtained data with H4500, we conducted measurements on the volar forearms of healthy volunteers and compared these data with those measured with Vapometer®and Tewameter®. Then, we checked the correlations between theTEWLdata obtained with these different devices on the same volar forearms of 15 healthy volunteers before and after the artificial production of barrier damage of theSCby tape stripping or by 0.5% aqueous solution of sodium lauryl sulfate.

Results

The obtained intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC, [1, 1]) with 95%CIof H4500 was 0.927 (0.835‐0.978). Namely, an excellent correlation could be found in the values ofTEWLmeasured with these three different instruments not only on healthy skin but also on the artificially barrier‐damaged skin.

Conclusions

H4500 is considered to be practical for daily use because of its performance as well as its reasonable price as compared with conventional devices.
Diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats.
Authors: Moriello Karen A. , Coyner Kimberly , Paterson Susan , Mignon Bernard
Published: May 2017

Background

Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal skin disease of cats and dogs. The most common pathogens of small animals belong to the generaMicrosporumandTrichophyton. It is an important skin disease because it is contagious, infectious and can be transmitted to people.

Objectives

The objective of this document is to review the existing literature and provide consensus recommendations for veterinary clinicians and lay people on the diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis in cats and dogs.

Methods

The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to September 2016. TheGPprepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) provided guidance and oversight for this process. A draft of the document was presented at the 8th World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology (May 2016) and was then made available via the World Wide Web to the member organizations of theWAVDfor a period of three months. Comments were solicited and posted to theGPelectronically. Responses were incorporated by theGPinto the final document.

Conclusions

No one diagnostic test was identified as the gold standard. Successful treatment requires concurrent use of systemic oral antifungals and topical disinfection of the hair coat. Wood's lamp and direct examinations have good positive and negative predictability, systemic antifungal drugs have a wide margin of safety and physical cleaning is most important for decontamination of the exposed environments. Finally, serious complications of animal–human transmission are exceedingly rare.
Avena sterilis and Lolium rigidum infestations hamper the recovery of diverse arable weed communities
Authors: Armengot L , José‐María L , Chamorro L , Sans F X
Published: May 2017

Intensification of agricultural practices has severely reduced weed diversity in arable fields, which affects the delivery of ecosystem services. However, in parallel, some species have benefited from intensive farming and have vastly increased their abundance, as is the case for Lolium rigidum and Avena sterilis in cereal fields. These highly competitive species severely reduce yields but can also compete with other weed species, and, when less intensive practices are applied, they might limit the recovery of weed diversity and the success of arable species reintroductions. A gradient of infestation was established in a winter wheat field in Catalonia (north‐eastern Spain) by sowing seeds of both species at three different densities to test their effects on the abundance, diversity and composition of the natural weed community. The emergence of seeds and the survival and biomass of transplanted seedlings of two rare species, Agrostemma githago and Vaccaria hispanica, were also evaluated. Avena sterilis and L. rigidum infestations reduced the diversity, abundance and biomass and changed the composition of the natural weed community, even at low infestation densities. Moreover, infestations of both species affected the overall performance of A. githago and V. hispanica. This study reveals that A. sterilis and L. rigidum are highly competitive and that their infestations might hamper the recovery of diverse weed communities. Their densities should be considered when selecting suitable sites for promoting diversity and reintroducing rare species.
Diversity of North American map and sawback turtles (Testudines: Emydidae: Graptemys)
Authors: Praschag Peter , Ihlow Flora , Flecks Morris , Vamberger Melita , Fritz Uwe
Published: May 2017

Map turtles of the genus Graptemys are native to North America, where a high degree of drainage endemism is believed to have shaped current diversity. With 14 species and one additional subspecies, Graptemys represents the most diverse genus in the family Emydidae. While some Graptemys species are characterized by pronounced morphological differences, previous phylogenetic analyses have failed yet to confirm significant levels of genetic divergence for many taxa. As a consequence, it has been debated whether Graptemys is taxonomically inflated or whether the low genetic divergence observed reflects recent radiations or ancient hybridization. In this study, we analysed three mtDNA blocks (3228 bp) as well as 12 nuclear loci (7844 bp) of 89 specimens covering all species and subspecies of Graptemys. Our analyses of the concatenated mtDNA sequences reveal that the widespread G. geographica constitutes the sister taxon of all other Graptemys species. These correspond to two clades, one comprised of all broad‐headed Graptemys species and another clade containing the narrow‐headed species. Most species of the broad‐headed clade are reciprocally monophyletic, except for G. gibbonsi and G. pearlensis, which are not differentiated. By contrast, in the narrow‐headed clade, many currently recognized species are not monophyletic and divergence is significantly less pronounced. Haplotype networks of phased nuclear loci show low genetic divergence among taxa and many shared haplotypes. Principal component analyses using coded phased nuclear DNA sequences revealed eight distinct clusters within Graptemys that partially conflict with the terminal mtDNA clades. This might be explained by male‐mediated gene flow across drainage basins and female philopatry within drainage basins. Our results support that Graptemys is taxonomically oversplit and needs to be revised.
A multiscale computational modelling approach predicts mechanisms of female sex risk in the setting of arousal‐induced arrhythmias
Authors: Yang Pei‐Chi , Perissinotti Laura L. , López‐Redondo Fernando , Wang Yibo , DeMarco Kevin R. , Jeng Mao‐Tsuen , Vorobyov Igor , Harvey Robert D. , Kurokawa Junko , Noskov Sergei Y. , Clancy Colleen E.
Published: May 2017

Key points

This study represents a first step toward predicting mechanisms of sex‐based arrhythmias that may lead to important developments in risk stratification and may inform future drug design and screening.

We undertook simulations to reveal the conditions (i.e. pacing, drugs, sympathetic stimulation) required for triggering and sustaining reentrant arrhythmias.

Using the recently solved cryo‐EM structure for the Eag‐family channel as a template, we revealed potential interactions of oestrogen with the pore loop hERG mutation (G604S).

Molecular models suggest that oestrogen and dofetilide blockade can concur simultaneously in the hERG channel pore.

Female sex is a risk factor for inherited and acquired long‐QT associated torsade de pointes (TdP) arrhythmias, and sympathetic discharge is a major factor in triggering TdP in female long‐QT syndrome patients. We used a combined experimental and computational approach to predict ‘the perfect storm’ of hormone concentration, IKr block and sympathetic stimulation that induces arrhythmia in females with inherited and acquired long‐QT. More specifically, we developed mathematical models of acquired and inherited long‐QT syndrome in male and female ventricular human myocytes by combining effects of a hormone and a hERG blocker, dofetilide, or hERG mutations. These ‘male’ and ‘female’ model myocytes and tissues then were used to predict how various sex‐based differences underlie arrhythmia risk in the setting of acute sympathetic nervous system discharge. The model predicted increased risk for arrhythmia in females when acute sympathetic nervous system discharge was applied in the settings of both inherited and acquired long‐QT syndrome. Females were predicted to have protection from arrhythmia induction when progesterone is high. Males were protected by the presence of testosterone. Structural modelling points towards two plausible and distinct mechanisms of oestrogen action enhancing torsadogenic effects: oestradiol interaction with hERG mutations in the pore loop containing G604 or with common TdP‐related blockers in the intra‐cavity binding site. Our study presents findings that constitute the first evidence linking structure to function mechanisms underlying female dominance of arousal‐induced arrhythmias.
Acoustic force measurements on polymer-coated microbubbles in a microfluidic device
Authors: Memoli Gianluca , Fury Christopher R. , Baxter Kate O. , Gélat Pierre N. , Jones Philip H.
Published: May 2017

This work presents an acoustofluidic device for manipulating coated microbubbles, designed for the simultaneous use of optical and acoustical tweezers. A comprehensive characterization of the acoustic pressure in the device is presented, obtained by the synergic use of different techniques in the range of acoustic frequencies where visual observations showed aggregation of polymer-coated microbubbles. In absence of bubbles, the combined use of laser vibrometry and finite element modelling supported a non-invasive measurement of the acoustic pressure and an enhanced understanding of the system resonances. Calibrated holographic optical tweezers were used for direct measurements of the acoustic forces acting on an isolated microbubble, at low driving pressures, and to confirm the spatial distribution of the acoustic field. This allowed quantitative acoustic pressure measurements by particle tracking, using polystyrene beads, and an evaluation of the related uncertainties. This process facilitated the extension of tracking to microbubbles, which have a negative acoustophoretic contrast factor, allowing acoustic force measurements on bubbles at higher pressures than optical tweezers, highlighting four peaks in the acoustic response of the device. Results and methodologies are relevant to acoustofluidic applications requiring a precise characterization of the acoustic field and, in general, to biomedical applications with microbubbles or deformable particles.
Multichannel myopic deconvolution in underwater acoustic channels via low-rank recovery
Authors: Tian Ning , Byun Sung-Hoon , Sabra Karim , Romberg Justin
Published: May 2017

This paper presents a technique for solving the multichannel blind deconvolution problem. The authors observe the convolution of a single (unknown) source with K different (unknown) channel responses; from these channel outputs, the authors want to estimate both the source and the channel responses. The authors show how this classical signal processing problem can be viewed as solving a system of bilinear equations, and in turn can be recast as recovering a rank-1 matrix from a set of linear observations. Results of prior studies in the area of low-rank matrix recovery have identified effective convex relaxations for problems of this type and efficient, scalable heuristic solvers that enable these techniques to work with thousands of unknown variables. The authors show how a priori information about the channels can be used to build a linear model for the channels, which in turn makes solving these systems of equations well-posed. This study demonstrates the robustness of this methodology to measurement noises and parametrization errors of the channel impulse responses with several stylized and shallow water acoustic channel simulations. The performance of this methodology is also verified experimentally using shipping noise recorded on short bottom-mounted vertical line arrays.
Cyclical nursing patterns in wild orangutans
Authors: Smith Tanya M. , Austin Christine , Hinde Katie , Vogel Erin R. , Arora Manish
Published: May 2017

Immature wild orangutans cyclically vary mothers’ milk consumption over 8 or more years, weaning later than other mammals.
Divergence of species responses to climate change
Authors: Fei Songlin , Desprez Johanna M. , Potter Kevin M. , Jo Insu , Knott Jonathan A. , Oswalt Christopher M.
Published: May 2017

Traits determine species responses to climate change, as most eastern U.S. trees shift westward following moisture change.
Sea trash traps face doubts
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: May 2017

The Ocean Cleanup envisions launching a fleet of drifting garbage collectors into the North Pacific Gyre.
Battling bias
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: May 2017

How can we blunt prejudice against immigrants?
Restless minds
Authors: Bohannon John
Published: May 2017

Analysis of a vast set of public CVs reveals the world's most migratory scientists
Mining microbes: Creating genomic tools to fight disease
Authors: Dance Amber
Published: May 2017

With DNA sequencing becoming ever cheaper, genomics has become a popular tool to investigate individual microorganisms or microbiome communities. A variety of sequencing technologies are now available to assist researchers with everything from sample collection to analysis.

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ATP as a biological hydrotrope
Authors: Patel Avinash , Malinovska Liliana , Saha Shambaditya , Wang Jie , Alberti Simon , Krishnan Yamuna , Hyman Anthony A.
Published: May 2017

ATP boosts protein solubility

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has well-characterized roles in providing energy for biochemical reactions within cells. Patel
et al.
find that ATP may also enhance protein solubility, which could help explain why such high concentrations of ATP are maintained in cells (see the Perspective by Rice and Rosen). Protein concentrations in cells can exceed 100 mg/ml. The authors found that ATP at concentrations found in cells could act as a hydrotrope to help solubilize hydrophobic proteins. The results raise the possibility that ATP concentrations could influence processes such as protein aggregation that occur in disease or liquid-liquid phase separations that occur within cells.

Science
, this issue p.
753
; see also p.
701
Lineage-dependent spatial and functional organization of the mammalian enteric nervous system
Authors: Lasrado Reena , Boesmans Werend , Kleinjung Jens , Pin Carmen , Bell Donald , Bhaw Leena , McCallum Sarah , Zong Hui , Luo Liqun , Clevers Hans , Vanden Berghe Pieter , Pachnis Vassilis
Published: May 2017

Neural crest rules the gut

The neurons and glial cells that regulate gut function derive from neural crest cells that emerge from the developing neural tube. Lasrado
et al.
used single-cell transcriptomics and mosaic mutagenesis to follow how the enteric nervous system is built in mice. Overlapping expression of regulatory programs supports dynamic determination of cell fates, with the developing neurons organized by clonal lineages. The clonal build model may explain how gut motility is coordinated in sequential segments and gut secretion is coordinated with motility.

Science
, this issue p.
722
Nitrogen pollution knows no bounds
Authors: Boyle Edward
Published: May 2017

Coral nitrogen isotope data reveal increasing anthropogenic nitrogen fluxes to the ocean
Assessment of the Cavidi ExaVir Load Assay for Monitoring Plasma Viral Load in HIV-2-Infected Patients
Authors: Borrego Pedro , Gonçalves Maria Fátima , Gomes Perpétua , Araújo Lavínia , Moranguinho Inês , Figueiredo Inês Brito , Barahona Isabel , Rocha José , Mendonça Claudino , Cruz Maria Cesarina , Barreto Jorge , Taveira Nuno
Published: May 2017

HIV plasma viral load is an established marker of disease progression and of response to antiretroviral therapy, but currently there is no commercial assay validated for the quantification of viral load in HIV-2-infected individuals. We sought to make the first clinical evaluation of Cavidi ExaVir Load (version 3) in HIV-2-infected patients. Samples were collected from a total of 102 individuals living in Cape Verde, and the HIV-2 viral load was quantified by both ExaVir Load and a reference in-house real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) used in Portugal in 91 samples. The associations between viral load and clinical prognostic variables (CD4
+
T cell counts and antiretroviral therapy status) were similar for measurements obtained using ExaVir Load and qPCR. There was no difference between the two methods in the capacity to discriminate between nonquantifiable and quantifiable HIV-2 in the plasma. In samples with an HIV-2 viral load quantifiable by both methods (
n
= 27), the measurements were highly correlated (Pearson
r
= 0.908), but the ExaVir Load values were systematically higher relative to those determined by qPCR (median difference, 0.942 log
10
copies/ml). A regression model was derived that enables the conversion of ExaVir Load results to those that would have been obtained by the reference qPCR. In conclusion, ExaVir Load version 3 is a reliable commercial assay to measure viral load in HIV-2-infected patients and therefore a valuable alternative to the in-house assays in current use.
Group B Streptococcus among Pregnant Women and Newborns in Mirzapur, Bangladesh: Colonization, Vertical Transmission, and Serotype Distribution
Authors: Saha Samir K. , Ahmed Zabed B. , Modak Joyanta K. , Naziat Hakka , Saha Shampa , Uddin Mohammad A. , Islam Maksuda , Baqui Abdullah H. , Darmstadt Gary L. , Schrag Stephanie J.
Published: May 2017

Group B streptococcus (GBS) infection is a leading cause of death among newborns in developed countries. Data on the burden of GBS in Asian countries are lacking. This study aimed to understand (i) the rate of maternal rectovaginal GBS carriage, (ii) the rate of vertical transmission of GBS, as determined by culturing ear, umbilicus, and nasal swabs, and (iii) the distribution of GBS serotypes. This prospective observational study was conducted between September 2012 and November 2013 at Kumudini Women's Medical College Hospital, a secondary-level hospital in Mirzapur, Bangladesh. The study enrolled pregnant women who visited the outpatient clinic for antenatal care (ANC) and/or delivered a child in the inpatient department of Kumudini Women's Medical College Hospital and the babies born to those mothers. Among 1,151 enrolled pregnant women, 172 (15% [95% confidence interval [CI], 13 to 17%]) carried GBS; among 68 babies born to mothers with carriage, 26 (38% [95% CI, 27 to 51%]) had GBS on their body surfaces, indicating vertical transmission. Typing of the isolates (
n
= 172) identified all 10 GBS serotypes, most commonly types Ia (40% [69/172 isolates]), V (23% [40/172 isolates]), II (14% [24/172 isolates]), and III (12% [20/172 isolates]). This study shows that Bangladesh has all of the ingredients for invasive GBS disease, including colonization of mothers by invasive serotypes and vertical transmission to babies.