bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Bullets in Textual Web Content
Authors: Riley Shannon , Chaparro Barbara S.
Published: January 2012

This study examined the use of bullets in textual web content. Thirty-six undergraduate and graduate college-age participants completed nine information search tasks in one of three text formats (standard paragraph form, bulleted sentences, or bulleted phrases). Overall, participants were able to find information significantly more quickly in the true bulleted format; otherwise, there were no statistical differences found between conditions for measures of success, difficulty or satisfaction.
Using the Tactile Modality as a Communication Medium for Dismounted Soldiers
Authors: Krausman Andrea S. , White Timothy L.
Published: January 2012

This study examined the issues related to the detection and identification of tactile patterns as combat assault maneuvers were being performed. Three obstacles were used in this study: tires, windows, and high crawl. A baseline condition, in which participants received tactile patterns while standing, was also included in the analysis. In the baseline condition, participants detected and identified 100% of the tactile patterns. Analysis of the obstacle data showed that the obstacles had a significant effect on the detection and identification of the tactile signals. Participants detected 62.5% of the tactile patterns during the high crawl, which was significantly lower than for the tires and windows, with 92% and 88% of signals detected, respectively. With regard to the correct identification of tactile patterns, participants correctly identified 51% of the patterns during the high crawl, as compared to 88.5% for the tires and 77% for the windows.
Assessment of a Novel Chat Messaging Interface for Rapid Communication in Tactical Command and Control
Authors: Knott Benjamin A. , Nelson W. Todd , Brown Rebecca D. , Dukes Allen W. , Bolia Robert S.
Published: January 2012

Two experiments explored speed of communication when transmitting and receiving chat messages in different formats for a military command and control (C2) task. In Experiment 1, participants were prompted with a tactical display and responded by composing chat messages with an appropriate command. Speed, accuracy, and subjective workload were compared for three chat messaging formats: 1) full-text; 2) abbreviated text; or 3) click-chat. Writing full-text messages took longer, resulted in more typing errors and higher workload ratings than abbreviated text or click-chat. Although there was no difference in response times between abbreviated and click-chat messaging, the abbreviated chat yielded higher error rates. A translation delay was evidenced by slower initial response times for abbreviations and click-chat compared to full-text. However, faster message completion, once initiated, compensated for this delay resulting in faster communication overall. Experiment 2 demonstrated that there was no difference in the speed, accuracy, or workload for completing commanded actions when receiving abbreviated compared to full-text chat messages
Effect of Audio-Visual Alerts on Situation Awareness and Workload in a Net-Centric Warfare Scenario
Authors: Ross Jennifer M. , Barnett John S. , Meliza Larry L.
Published: January 2012

The goal of net-centric warfare (NCW) is to give soldiers an information advantage that leads to a war-fighting advantage. However, the inherent nature of NCW systems is often quite complex and dynamic, which leads to impaired situation awareness (SA) and heightened levels of mental workload for the human operator. The following study investigated the moderating effects of automated audio-visual alerts on user SA and perceived workload while using a net-centric warfare system. Twenty-six participants observed battlefield scenarios on a simulation of the common NCW system, Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below (FBCB2), and were required to pay attention and remember critical events (e.g., the appearance of an enemy unit). The system was presented with or without an automated alerting aid that provided combined auditory and visual alerts when certain critical events occurred (i.e., System to Help Implement and Empower Leader Decisions; SHIELD). Results revealed that contrary to current assumptions the use of an automated alerting aid did not impact user SA; however, perceived workload was significantly lower with the addition of the alerting aid. This work demonstrates that the automated alerts used in this NCW experiment do not affect SA (either positively or negatively) and decreased perceived workload.
Evaluation of a Software Implementation of the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM)
Authors: Serwy Roger D. , Rantanen Esa M.
Published: January 2012

The Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM) represents a second-generation approach to human reliability analysis (HRA). The method, however, is very tedious to apply manually and not yet in widespread use and therefore largely untested. To allow for rapid and systematic evaluation of the CREAM method, a software tool for its application was developed. Results from several analyses undertaken to evaluate the method and the tool are also presented. The simplicity of our CREAM software allowed novices to analyze events in much detail but also revealed some critical shortcomings in both the method and the software tool. Several conclusions could be drawn from this allow for drafting of specific design guidelines for future upgrades of the CREAM software. These conclusions and recommendations can be further generalized to all software applications of HRA methods
Effect of Cost Value Structure Associated with Uncertainty on Human Inspection Performance
Authors: Chand Gulshan Ramesh , Desai Ishita , Dharwada Pallavi , Bosman Lisa , Gramopadhye Anand
Published: January 2012

Cost-value structures associated with different defects play a prominent role in improving the human inspection performance. Equally, uncertainties also influence human decision making in the inspection domain and show significant effect on the operator's performance. Not much research has been done on the effect of the cost-value structure on human performance combined with the different levels of uncertainty present in the system. It is worth understanding and exploring the importance of the relationship between the cost value structure, uncertainty and human performance in the inspection domain. The research results reveal that the performance of human inspectors improves when they are enticed with economic benefits. Furthermore, feedback on economic gains along with performance feedback aids in the improvement of human inspection performance.
Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Prescription Drug Advertising on Television and Online Purchases of Medications
Authors: Vigilante William J. , Mayhorn Christopher , Wogalter Michael S.
Published: January 2012

The present research explored several aspects concerning hazard/risk communication in direct-to-consumer (DTC) television advertising. Results indicated that participants frequently encounter DTC ads and some report information seeking as a result. Participants reported that their physicians will fill their requests for DTC advertised drugs. They report infrequently making online (Internet) purchases of prescription drugs possibly due to safety and legal concerns. Implications of the findings for factors/ergonomics (HF/E) professionals are discussed.
Use of Continuous Zoom on Electro-Optical Imaging Systems: Comparisons between Automatic and Manual Target Tracking
Authors: Crebolder Jacquelyn M. , Penney Tarra L.
Published: January 2012

The use of continuous zoom in an electro-optical sensor system was investigated with respect to target tracking. Using a simulation of an operator-machine interface in an airborne multi-sensor surveillance system, targets were tracked by manually directing the sensor or by an automated tracker. It was hypothesized that frequency of using the continuous zoom would be higher in the manual tracking mode than in auto-tracking, and negatively correlated with tracking error. Sensor, and targets to be tracked, were either moving or stationary in three types of tracking scenarios. Results showed that the zoom function was used more often when tracking manually, although the way continuous zoom was used differed between the two tracking modes. Also, tracking error was lower when the zoom function was used in manual mode. Tracking error was additionally affected by whether or not the target and/or the sensor were moving or stationary. Results improve our understanding of the way complex sensor systems are used, and will assist in ascertaining whether providing a continuous zoom into optical imaging systems is of benefit to operators.
A Comparison of Soldier Performance on a Target Detection and Identification Task Using Fused Sensor Technology and Current Night Vision Technology
Authors: LaFiandra M. , Harper W.
Published: January 2012

Soldiers rely on night vision devices to enhance their ability to detect and identify objects of interest in environments of reduced luminosity. The night vision device that is currently being used by United States Army Soldiers deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan is based on Image Intensifying (I2) technology. An alternative technology for night vision devices is to use a fused sensor that combines I2 technology and a thermal sensor. The purpose of this study is to compare Soldier performance on detecting and identifying human targets while using a night vision device with I2 technology to their performance while using prototype fused sensors in a field setting. Five retired Special Forces Soldiers, all of which had experience with using night vision devices which employed I2 technology and with thermal imaging technology participated in the study. Participants were asked to detect targets at ranges varying from 50–250 meters and to identify targets as military or civilian at ranges of 25–150 meters. Significant main effects of type of night vision device type (p < 0.0093) and range (p < 0.0003) were found on the ability of the participants to both detect and identify targets. In addition, a significant interaction was determined (p < 0.0219) on the ability of participants to detect targets. Focused analysis revealed participants were more able to correctly detect targets with the I2 technology than with fused sensors at targets ranging from 200–250 meters, and were more able to correctly identify targets with I2 than with fused sensors. The results from this study clearly indicate the prototype fused sensor tested here did not outperform a night vision device based solely on I2 technology, and in several cases demonstrated poorer performance.
In-Flight Navigation Using Head-Coupled and Aircraft-Coupled Spatial Audio Cues
Authors: Simpson Brian D. , Brungart Douglas S. , Dallman Ronald C. , Yasky Richard J. , Romigh Griffin D. , Raquet John F.
Published: January 2012

A flight test was conducted to evaluate how effectively spatialized audio cues could be used to maneuver a general aviation aircraft through a complex navigation course. Two conditions were tested: a head-coupled condition, where audio cues were updated in response to changes in the orientation of the pilot's head, and an aircraft-coupled condition, where audio cues were updated in response to changes in the direction of the aircraft. Both cueing conditions resulted in excellent performance, with the pilots on average passing within 0.25 nm of the waypoints on the navigation course. However, overall performance was better in the aircraft-coupled condition than in the head-coupled condition. This result is discussed in terms of an alignment mismatch between the pilot's frame of reference and that of the aircraft, which is critical when using spatial audio to cue the desired orientation of the vehicle rather than the location of an object in space.
Perceived Effectiveness of Warning Messages for Use as Vocal Warnings in Residential Fire Alarms
Authors: Smith Jeffrey J. , Wogalter Michael S.
Published: January 2012

Approximately half of all deaths associated with residential fires occur while individuals are sleeping. Voice technology added to fire alarms may provide better warnings than traditional, nonverbal alarms. This study examined several verbal messages presented to participants in written form. Forty-four university students and 12 firefighters rated the appropriateness, attention-getting qualities, and content of 6 prototype messages. Data indicate similarities and differences between the two participant groups. Firefighters provided recommendations on improving the messages with respect to safe egress for children during residential fires. Areas for further research are discussed.
From Latent Failure to Active Failure: The Investigation of Human Errors in Aviation Operation
Authors: Li Wen-Chin , Harris Don
Published: January 2012

The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS, Wiegmann & Shappell, 2003) was developed as an analytical framework for the investigation of the role of human factors in aviation accidents. HFACS is based upon Reason's model (1990) of human error in which active failures are associated with the performance of front -line operators in complex systems and latent failures are characterized as inadequacies which lie dormant within a system for a long time, and are only trigge red when combined with other factors to breach the system's defenses. In this research HFACS was used to analyze accidents occurring in civil aviation aircraft in the Republic of China (ROC). Forty-one accident reports from the Aviation Safety Council (A SC) were analyzed. Relationships in the HFACS framework were identified linking fallible decisions at higher (organizational) levels with supervisory practices, thereby creating the preconditions for unsafe acts and hence indirectly impairing the performance of pilots.
Human Factors Analysis of the BP Texas City Refinery Explosion
Authors: MacKenzie Cheryl , Holmstrom Donald , Kaszniak Mark
Published: January 2012

On March 23, 2005, the BP Texas City Refinery suffered one of the worst industrial disasters in recent U.S. history. An explosion and fire occurred during the startup of a process unit. Fifteen workers were killed and 180 others were injured when a distillation tower was overfilled and liquid and vapor hydrocarbons were released into the atmosphere. A vapor cloud formed, found an ignition source, and exploded. The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) deployed a team to Texas City to conduct a root cause investigation. The authors of this paper, working as investigators for the agency, found several pre-existing latent conditions and safety system deficiencies that affected unit operators' decisions and actions on the day of the incident. This submission presents a summary of those deficiencies and the primary human factors issues of the case.
Effects of Mental Model Quality on Collaborative System Performance
Authors: Wilkison Bart D. , Fisk Arthur D. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: January 2012

This ongoing study is exploring how varying levels of user mental model quality influence performance with an imperfect automated system (navigational aid). The number and types of errors produced by participants is of particular interest along with how mental models influence user trust and reliance with automation. The design attempts to manipulate the acquisition of mental models by varying exposure to the task environment between groups. A high acquisition group, low acquisition group, and no acquisition group navigated the confines of a simulated city with the help of an automated aid performing at two levels of reliability. Implications of this study could influence the design of automated systems and their associated user training programs. Additionally, this study could spur additional research into the effects of mental model quality on automated system performance.
Detecting the Deceleration of a Lead Car during Active Control of Virtual Self Motion
Authors: Tharanathan Anand , DeLucia Patricia R.
Published: January 2012

Twenty-five percent of traffic accidents involve rear-end collisions. One important factor that may contribute to such collisions is a driver's ability to detect the deceleration of a lead car. Prior studies of deceleration judgments involved passive viewing rather than active control of self motion. The primary purpose of this study was to measure effects of headway and deceleration rate on the detection of deceleration during (simulated) active control. We investigated whether the pattern of such effects was similar to those we reported previously for passive viewing. Consistent with our previous study, the current results indicated that, during active control, mean response time to detect deceleration was longer when headway was relatively far or when deceleration rate was relatively slow. The implication is that collision-avoidance warning systems may have to utilize different criteria for providing warnings under different traffic conditions.
Adapting Alarm Threshold to Driver's Brake Timing: Is it More Effective and/or Acceptable than Stopping Distance Algorithm?
Authors: Itoh Makoto , Inagaki Toshiyuki
Published: January 2012

In order to develop a useful forward collision warning system, it is important to determine the alarm timing appropriately. This study examined whether or not adapting alarm timing to driver's brake timing is more effective and/or acceptable by drivers than conventional Stopping Distance Algorithm (SDA). The results suggest that the proposed method can contribute to prevent rear-end collisions, and is as acceptable as SDA. Also, the driver adaptive alarm system may not suffer from driver's over-reliance.
A Measurement Systems Analysis of Total Shutter Open Time (TSOT) as a Distraction Metric for Visual-Manual Tasks
Authors: Tijerina Louis , Kochhar Dev
Published: January 2012

The Total Shutter Open Time (TSOT) metric was examined for estimating the visual-manual distraction potential of in-vehicle devices. A measurement systems analysis was carried out on TSOT using data on thirteen visual-manual tasks from the CAMP Driver Workload Metrics Project. TSOT showed low test-retest reliability but high repeatability when data were averaged across persons by task. TSOT predicted task completion time, lane keeping, speed variation, total glance time, and number of glances away from the road while driving. Tasks were classified into higher and lower workload categories based on literature, analytical modeling, and engineering judgment. TSOT showed a high percentage of statistically significant pairwise differences between higher vs. lower workload tasks. Different classification rules were also applied to TSOT. The best rule to classify tasks as higher or lower workload consistent with prior prediction was one in which a mean TSOT > 7.5 seconds implied the task was of higher workload. These results illustrate a general procedure to assess driver workload measures in general and the usefulness of TSOT in particular.
Accelerated Training with Microworlds for Command Decision Making
Authors: Jarmasz Jerzy
Published: January 2012

Microworlds, simple simulations that strip away tactical details, have been proposed as tools for training strategic-level command decision making. In microworlds, scenarios lasting days or weeks play out in a matter of hours. Though time acceleration has been studied in other training areas, little is known about its effects on decision making, especially regarding transfer of training. In the current study, participants were asked to perform a simple decision task modeled on peace support operations. Before performing the task, they received training on the task at a time compression ratio of either 15:1 or 5:1. While both groups achieved similar performance in training, the performance of the 15:1 training group improved when transitioning to the target task, whereas the 5:1 training group saw its performance decrease. The results suggest that time acceleration can benefit training for decision making, but more study is needed to determine optimal acceleration ratios.
Don't Go There: Using Runway Intersection Lights to Prevent Runway Incursions
Authors: McGarry Kathleen
Published: January 2012

This paper describes the results of a Human-in-the-Loop simulation, conducted at MITRE/CAASD's Integrated Air Traffic Management Laboratory for the FAA, evaluating the effectiveness of integrated ground-based warning systems for improved runway safety. The evaluated warning systems contained technologies to enhance pilot awareness, as well as warn pilots about runway safety risks. Pilots experienced simulation scenarios with a warning system that provided visual warnings about surface traffic. In addition, pilots experienced simulation scenarios in a baseline condition, with no warnings. The ground-based warnings consisted of Runway Intersection Lights (RILs). Results indicate significant safety benefits of these direct pilot warnings by reducing the likelihood of runway safety incidents. The study did find shortcomings with some aspects of the warnings; mitigations are suggested.
The Role of Human Engineering in the Design of the Orion Spacecraft
Authors: Wise John , Morin Lee , Whitmore Mihriban , Laux Lila , Hamblin Chris , Stephens John-Paul , Rajulu Sudhakar , Holden Kritina , Baggerman Susan , Fairey Lisa
Published: January 2012

The panel will discuss NASA's Crew Exploration Vehicle, Orion, which is being designed to take four humans back to the moon, and lay the groundwork for future manned missions to Mars. Given that the last design work for such a vehicle was performed over 30 years ago, a lot has changed. Since the contract was only recently awarded (2007), there is much work to be done: finalize requirements, mature the technology, design the systems and modules, produce the hardware and software, test the systems, and prepare for first flight operations planned for 2014. The panel, consisting of customer and contractor human engineering professionals, as well as an astronaut who is actively participating in the design process, will discuss current design issues, human factors approaches that are being applied, and current technical and cultural challenges. Audience insights and recommendations for addressing these challenges will form the interactive portion of the panel session.
An Updating of Data Regarding the Forces Pilots can Apply in the Cockpit, Part II: Yoke, Rudder, Stick, and Seatbelt-Release Forces
Authors: Beringer Dennis B.
Published: January 2012

Tabled force values in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) have been used to specify the maximum control forces that an aircraft can exhibit during certification testing, and consequently what forces pilots may be expected to exert on flight controls. The source of these values and the length of time since they were generated suggested an updating of these values to current populations. Data were collected for male and female pilots engaged in Part 121 operations and for nonpilots to supplement data previously collected for these populations and for female pilots engaged in Part 91 activities. Performance data are presented and compared with the tabled values. A strategy is suggested for the use of these data with other civilian-population data to provide a basis for determining what samples can be used to set acceptable force levels.
Nuisance Alerts in Operational ATC Environments: Classification and Frequencies
Authors: Friedman-Berg Ferne , Allendoerfer Kenneth , Pai Shantanu
Published: January 2012

Nuisance alerts can cause many problems in operational settings. They are distracting and can lead to desensitization. In Air Traffic Control (ATC), there has been much anecdotal evidence regarding the high rate of nuisance alerts in facilities, but there have been few formal studies to evaluate this problem. In this study, we measured the rate of nuisance alerts in en route and terminal ATC facilities. After calculating the average duration of alerts, the percentage of alerts that receive a controller response, and the timing of responses to these alerts, we estimate that 62% of Conflict Alerts (CAs) and 91% of Minimum Safe Altitude Warnings (MSAWs) in en route, and 44% of CAs and 61% of MSAWs in terminal are unnecessary. Using human factors principles, we make recommendations for improving the accuracy and utility of ATC alerts.
Investigation of Input Devices for the Age-differentiated Design of Human-Computer Interaction
Authors: Schneider Nicole , Wilkes Janet , Grandt Morten , Schlick Christopher M.
Published: January 2012

Demographic change demands new concepts for the support of computer work by aging employees. In particular, computer interaction presents a barrier due to a lack of experience and age-specific changes in performance. This article presents a study in which different input devices (mouse, touch screen and eye-gaze input) were analyzed regarding their usability and according to age diversity. Furthermore, different Hybrid Interfaces that combine eye-gaze input with additional input devices were investigated.
Assessing Student's Mental Representations of Complex Problem Spaces with EEG Technologies
Authors: Stevens Ronald H. , Galloway Trysha L , Berka Chris , Johnson Robin , Sprang Marcia
Published: January 2012

We have developed a neurophysiologic-based assessment of student's understanding of complex problem spaces that blends the population-based advantages of probabilistic performance modeling with the detection of neurophysiologic signals. It is designed to be rapid and effective in complex environments where assessment is often imprecise. Cohorts of novices, and experts encoded chemistry problem spaces by performing a series of online problem solving simulations. The stable memory encoding was verified by comparing their strategies with established probabilistic models of strategic performance. Then, we probed the neural correlates of the encoded problem space by measuring differential EEG signatures that were recorded in response to rapidly presented sequences of chemical reactions that represented different valid or invalid approaches for solving the chemistry problems. We found that experts completed performances in stacks more rapidly than did novices and they also correctly identified a higher percentage of reactions. Event related potentials revealed showed increased positivities in the 100–400 ms following presentation of the image preceding the decision when compared with the other stack images. This neural activity was used to explore reasons why students missed performances in the stack. One situation occurred when students appeared to have a lapse of attention. This was characterized by increased power in the 12–15 Hz range, a decrease in the ERP positivities at 100–400 ms after the final image presentation, and a slower reaction time. A second situation occurred when the students' decisions were almost entirely the reverse of what were expected. These responses were characterized by ERP morphologies similar to those of correct decisions suggesting the student had mistaken one set of chemical reactions for another.
The Effects of Highlighting and Pop-up Interruptions on Task Performance
Authors: Quinones Pablo-Alejandro , Vora Jigar , Steinfeld Aaron , Smailagic Asim , Hansen Jeffery , Siewiorek Dan P. , Phadhana-Anake Pete , Shah Abhishek
Published: January 2012

Prior research suggests that interruptions by software components are undesirable and detrimental in many work scenarios. However, there are clear instances where interruptions can conceivably provide a net benefit. For example, interruption is appropriate when reminding a user to accomplish an important task instead of working on lower value activities. This paper examines the pros and cons of interruption and how interruption should occur in the context of an integrated intelligent assistant system. Results from a study and future directions are discussed.
Improving Tele-robotic Landmine Detection through Augmented Reality Devices
Authors: Stone Richard T. , Bisantz Ann , Llinas James , Paquet Victor
Published: January 2012

Tele-robotic landmine/UXO (unexploded ordinance) detection and disposal is a real world example of a complex human robot interaction task. This study demonstrates that the use of augmented reality interfaces, designed based on a theoretically driven framework, can significantly improve performance, and that these same devices can be used as effective training technologies. Participants in this study were assigned to one of four experimental conditions (two uni-sensory and one multisensory augmented reality interface, and a control group). All participants were trained in tele-robotic landmine detection and the groups performed these tasks first with augmentation (session one) and then without (session two/transfer task). The results show that participants in the augmented groups significantly outperformed the control group in terms of the numbers of landmines correctly identified (in both sessions). The multisensory condition was found to result in both significantly increased landmine detection and significantly decreased task time (in both sessions).
Designing an Adaptive Automation System for Human Supervision of Unmanned Vehicles: A Bridge from Theory to Practice
Authors: de Visser Ewart J. , LeGoullon Melanie , Freedy Amos , Freedy Elan , Weltman Gershon , Parasuraman Raja
Published: January 2012

Careful consideration must be given to the implementation of automation into complex systems. Much research in adaptive automation has identified challenges for system implementation. A key focus of this research has surrounded the methods of automation invocation including critical events, measurement, and modeling techniques. However, little consideration has been given to selecting and implementing appropriate techniques for a given system as a guide to designers of adaptive automation. This paper proposes such a methodology. We demonstrate the use of this methodology by describing a case study about a system designed to support effective communication and collaboration between the commander and vehicle operator in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system.
Structured Information for Support of Knowledge-Based Reasoning
Authors: Lintern Gavan
Published: January 2012

The human process of knowledge-based reasoning is aided by ready access to information that is current, comprehensive and meaningful. Information archives are not, however, structured on a functional architecture that facilitates the natural information seeking and reasoning strategies used in human reasoning. In this paper I outline the fundamentals of a hierarchical structure that encourages a natural, opportunistic reasoning trajectory through a knowledge intensive domain and thereby enhances effectiveness of cognitive reasoning activities such as problem solving, analysis, planning, critical evaluation and understanding.
The Effects of Automated Decision Algorithm Modality and Transparency on Reported Trust and Task Performance
Authors: Oduor Kenya Freeman , Wiebe Eric N.
Published: January 2012

Research has shown that trust and perceived reliability are key factors in whether a relationship will develop between humans and automation. Presenting automation reliability and automation algorithms are ways to potentially improve this relationship. To explore this question, an experiment was conducted in which an automated decision aid presented suggestions to participants while they managed a simulated city. Based on condition, the decision aid's algorithm was presented to participants in a textual or graphical (diagrammatic) format or not shown at all. Results showed that presenting the decision aid's algorithm, regardless of modality (i.e., textual or graphical) had a direct impact on reported trust and usage. Algorithm presentation also had an effect on both perception of the automation and on human performance. Additional results and implications are discussed.
An Evaluation of Perceptual Depth to Enhance Change Detection
Authors: Mancero Gabriela , Wong William
Published: January 2012

Two experiments investigated the effect of perceptual depth as a cue to highlight unexpected or changing stimuli. We used a new display technology known as a Multi-Layered Display (MLD). The results of the first experiment showed a significant effect of depth on the detection of an unexpected event when it is located in the front layer regardless of the depth plane in which the distracters were located. Detection was three times higher when the unexpected event was located less than 20 degrees of visual angle from the focus of attention. The second experiment indicated that the depth cue, although slower than the colour transient, presented the highest accuracy. The results suggested that depth may not always be the best transient to highlight changes, however, in cases where colour and flashing are no longer appropriate, the use of depth is a viable alternative.
Effects of Presentation Modality on Team Awareness and Choice Accuracy in a Simulated Police Team Task
Authors: Streefkerk Jan Willem , Wiering Caro , van Esch-Bussemakers Myra , Neerincx Mark
Published: January 2012

Team awareness is important when asking team members for assistance, for example in the police domain. This paper investigates how presentation modality (visual or auditory) of relevant team information and communication influences team awareness and choice accuracy in a collaborative team task. An experimental prototype was created and implemented, which provided a visual overview of location, availability, means of transportation and expertise of team members as well as ongoing team communication. In a simulated police task in a virtual environment, this prototype was compared to current auditory support, common in police practice. Results show that a visual overview of team information improves choice accuracy, while auditory information presentation improves team awareness. In designing support systems for the professional domain, this trade-off should be carefully considered.
Cue Generation amongst Firefighters: Competent vs. Expert Differences
Authors: Perry Nathan C. , Wiggins Mark W.
Published: January 2012

Empirical investigations of cognitive skill acquisition have generally focused on differences between novice and expert operators. The result is a neglect of the intermediate stage of skill acquisition in which operators progress through competence towards expert performance. This study investigated the qualitative and quantitative differences in the cognitive cues generated by competent and expert firefighters. Participants first read a written, firefighting-related decision scenario before listing the cues that they considered relevant in formulating a decision. The results revealed that experts generated significantly more cues than competent operators. Further, the types of cues generated by competent and expert operators differed, with experts reporting significantly more safety-related cues than competent operators. These outcomes suggest that differences exist between the cues that are employed by expert and competent operators during decision-making, and that these differences reflect a qualitative change in information processing that occurs during the transition from competence to expertise.
Enhancing Operator Task Performance during Monitoring for Unanticipated Events through Ecological Interface Design
Authors: Lau Nathan , Skraaning Gyrd , Jamieson Greg A. , Burns Catherine M.
Published: January 2012

A full scope simulator study with licensed Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) operators was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of ecological displays in supporting operators with different types of tasks. The results suggest that ecological displays have a advantage in supporting operator performance during monitoring for unanticipated events as compared to mimic-based displays. Furthermore, ecological displays seem to achieve this performance advantage without imposing workload increases. This study provides supporting evidence that EID is effective at a scale and level of complexity representative of NPP operations.
Analysing Care Home Medication Errors: A Comparison of the London Protocol and Work Domain Analysis
Authors: Lim Rosemary , Anderson Janet , Buckle Peter
Published: January 2012

Although methods for investigating safety in complex systems have been widely applied, few studies have made explicit comparisons of two or more methods used to study one system problem. This paper presents a comparison of two methods that were used to analyse medication errors identified in UK care homes namely, The London Protocol and Work Domain Analysis (WDA). The London Protocol is based on an organisational accident causation model and WDA is the first phase of analysis in Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) that models work domain constraints. Nine medication administration errors identified in seven care homes involving thirty-one residents were analysed. The analyses resulted in the identification of contributory factors to medication errors and changes that would improve system safety. The London Protocol was comparatively easier to use and required less time than the WDA. In The London Protocol, contributory factors were identified from a context-free list of error contributory conditions. From the identified error contributory factors, recommendations to improve system safety were made. However, it was difficult to relate these recommendations to the wider context of the system being studied. The WDA used a contextual model of the care home medication system in the form of an abstraction hierarchy (AH) to analyse errors. Factors contributing to medication errors were specific to the work domain and the resultant recommendations had broad applications, extending beyond the context of the specific errors analysed and were relevant to the whole system. The London Protocol would be a suitable analysis tool if the aim of the analysis was to generate short-term solutions in a short time and with limited financial resources. To make a long-term impact on system safety, the WDA is a useful tool. The AH can be used to analyse the current system, evaluate recommendations for system improvement, design interventions, implement strategies and used throughout the system's life cycle.
Self-Synchronization in Networked Teams: Initializing and Monitoring Interteam Collaborations
Authors: van Bezooijen B. J. A. , Essens P. J. M. D.
Published: January 2012

Networked teams do not only have to make decisions that are in line with the overall goal, but face additional problems because teams have to synchronize decisions and actions with other teams in the network. Experiments have demonstrated that training teams for collaborating with other teams improves team performance. This study aims to explore how existing teams synchronize decisions and actions in networks. Four air defence teams with different levels of experience to work in a networked environment completed two scenarios, in which teams had the authority to engage in collaborations with another team in the network. Results indicate that experience is an important factor for initialising and monitoring interteam collaborations. The naturalistic character of the study prevents direct generalization, but the detailed and systematic data collection provides more insight in the critical elements of networked collaboration in complex operations.
Conformance in Software Ergonomic Standards
Authors: Williams James R. , Geis Thomas
Published: January 2012

This paper describes the evolution of the conformance approach used in the currently published software ergonomic standards. Essentially, the conformance approach is based on a “pragmatic” two-step process. First determining the applicability of a requirement/recommendation and then determining whether the requirement/recommendation has been met. This paper also describes experience with the approach in different contexts, discussion of the use of the approach, problems encountered and suggestions for improvements.
Failure to Recognize Fake Internet Popup Warning Messages
Authors: Sharek David , Swofford Cameron , Wogalter Michael
Published: January 2012

“Warning, your computer is infected with spyware. Windows needs to download and install the anti-spyware updates to remedy this issue. Click OK to begin.” This is just one example of many popup warnings that spyware and malware creators use to try to mislead unsuspecting Internet users into downloading potentially harmful software. Falling prey to an illegitimate message could produce negative consequences that vary from bothersome computer performance to complete system failure. The purpose of this study was to determine which visual design cues, if any, would alert people to the illegitimacy of fake popup warning windows while browsing the Internet. Results indicated that most people did not behave in a cautious manner upon presentation of three different fake popup warning windows. Implications of the research are discussed.
A First Step towards a Generalized Physiological Measurement Framework
Authors: Kemper Don , Davis Larry , Fidopiastis Cali , Nicholson Denise
Published: January 2012

Physiological measures are often used to infer the cognitive state of a user in a training or experimental environment. The use of multiple devices can provide increased insight to the user's state. Two key issues when using multiple sensing devices are the need for low-level knowledge of the sensors for interfacing and software design for reuse. In this paper, an integration of real-time eye tracking and arousal measurement within a simulated environment is presented. The system is a preliminary realization of a general framework for integrating physiological measurement devices with live, virtual, and constructive environments and extends previous work integrating arousal and eye tracking. The data are time-stamped in the context of the simulation and can be “replayed” in the simulation for post-hoc analysis.
Making Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwiches: Do Students from Different Disciplines Approach This Exercise Differently?
Authors: Coyle Cheryl L. , Vaughn Heather
Published: January 2012

In this practice-oriented paper for human factors education, we describe our experiences piloting a variation of a classroom activity reported elsewhere. We conducted the activity with two different groups of students: psychology majors and software engineering majors. Focusing students on the simplest of algorithms is a fruitful activity to introduce them to biases and variations that occur in practical field studies. Students enjoyed the activity, and we took away learning for our industrial research context.
US-France Exchange Programs for Undergraduate and Graduate Engineers: 10 Years of Lessons Learned
Authors: Kleiner Brian M.
Published: January 2012

In the context of a capstone engineering design experience, American and French students collaborate on ergonomics and multidisciplinary design projects for industrial sponsors. Grown out of this U.S.-French relationship, a dual-degree graduate program was developed and was the first of its kind at Virginia Tech. Discussion focuses on the methods employed in both programs, results achieved and lessons learned during this 10 year international experiment.
The Cognitive and Physiological Effects of Heating the Torso of a Submerged Diver
Authors: O'Connor Paul , Hyde Dale , Clarke John
Published: January 2012

Seven U.S. Navy divers were submerged in 7.2 °C water for a maximum of two hours wearing a semidry suit. In one of the conditions they were provided with external heating, and in the other they were unheated. In the heated condition, a total of 35 W was delivered to each of four heating pad (total area 2,477 cm2) placed on the torso of the divers. Statistical analysis demonstrated that providing heating to the divers afforded no benefits in reducing the effects of cold water exposure on the skin temperature of the body extremities (fingers and toes) or in enhancing manual dexterity, grip strength, or cognitive performance when the effects of such heating were compared to those of the unheated condition. However, the participants reported that they would rather dive with the heating system than without it.
Shared Interests in Solving Common Problems: How Sport Psychology Might Inform Human Factors and Ergonomics
Authors: Eccles David W. , Ward Paul , Janelle Christopher M. , Woodman Tim , Le Scanff Christine
Published: January 2012

In line with the proposed themes of this conference and cognizant that gains in understanding are often enhanced notably by a consideration of findings from outside of a particular field (Dunbar, 1995), we demonstrate here how the burgeoning field of sport psychology might inform views of the future of the human factors and ergonomics profession. Four areas of sport psychology are discussed is this regard. The first concerns research on the self-regulatory strategies of athletes operating in stressful competitive environments; the second recent developments in risk taking research; the third research on perceptual-cognitive skills training for performance in dynamic, open sports; and the final area the link between emotion and motor behavior. We appeal to human factors and ergonomics professionals to consider how the two fields could be mutually informative in solving problems common to both fields.
Identification of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) System Integration Conflicts: Evaluation of Two Mock-up Rooms Using Patient Simulation
Authors: Chisholm Susan , Shultz Jonas , Caird Jeff , Lord Jason , Boiteau Paul , Davies Jan
Published: January 2012

To address increasing patient demands and acuity, the Calgary Health Region is renovating the intensive care units (ICU) at three of their adult acute care sites. Before finalizing the design plans, mock-up rooms were created at two of the sites according to several proposed room designs in order to identify potential issues during the design phase of the project. All necessary equipment was included within each of the two mock-up rooms so as to nearly replicate a functioning ICU. Evaluations of equipment, room layout and conflicts were accomplished using patient simulation of a cardiac arrest, an acutely ill patient, a palliative care patient and the admission of a new patient. Digital videos, think aloud audio tracks and extensive debriefing sessions were combined and analyzed. Specific category issues were identified including the articulating arms, visibility of the patient monitors, equipment usability, collisions with equipment, and communication issues. Elaboration of each issue and presentation of design recommendations is given.
Human Factors and Ergonomic Concerns and Future Considerations for Consumer Health Information Technology in Home Nursing Care
Authors: Or Calvin K.L. , Valdez Rupa S. , Casper Gail R. , Carayon Pascale , Burke Laura J. , Brennan Patricia Flatley , Karsh Ben-Tzion
Published: January 2012

Sicker patients with greater care needs are being discharged to their homes to assume responsibility for their own care with fewer nurses available to aid them. This situation brings with it a host of human factors and ergonomic (HFE) concerns, both for the home care nurse and the home care patient, which can affect quality of care and patient safety. Many of these concerns are related to the critical home care tasks of information access, communication, and patient self-management. Currently, a variety of consumer health information technologies (CHITs) are being promoted as possible solutions to those problems, but those same technologies bring with them a new set of HFE concerns. This article reviews the HFE considerations for information access, communication, and patient self-management, discusses how CHIT can potentially mitigate current problems, and explains how the design and implementation of CHIT itself requires careful HFE attention.