bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Mechanism of Base‐Catalyzed Glycerol Polymerization and Copolymerization
Authors: Ionescu Mihail , Petrović Zoran S.
Published: April 2018

Based on the herein experimental results and literature data, this article proposes a general mechanism of self‐condensation of glycerol to polyglycerol in the presence of alkaline catalysts. The mechanism involves the in situ formation of glycidol and oligo‐glycerols with terminal epoxy groups by intramolecular SN2 substitution reactions. We consider that terminal 1,2‐glycol structures of oligo‐glycerols also form terminal epoxy groups. The formation of polyglycerol consists of the addition of epoxy groups of glycidol or oligo‐glycerols formed in situ, to various hydroxyl groups present in the reaction system. The formation of epoxy groups from 1,2‐glycols catalyzed by bases at higher temperatures seems to be a general reaction. The proposed mechanism explains the formation of all the structures found in polyglycerols, such as linear, branched, and cyclic polyglycerol, as well as hybrid cyclic‐linear and hybrid cyclic‐branched polyglycerol. The self‐condensation of glycerol to polyglycerol is in fact a special case of ring opening polymerization.

Practical Application: While glycerol is used as an example, the results show that any compound containing 1,2‐glycol structure in presence of alkaline catalysts forms a transient epoxy group, which can react with any hydroxyl group in the system. This allows generation of a large family of new ethers useful as additives or polyethers for foams, coating, and adhesives. This argument is supported by the examples of copolymers of glycerol, polyglycerols, and 1,2,6‐hexane triol with triethanolamine or timethylolpropane.

Mechanism of self‐condensation of glycerol to PGL in the presence of alkaline catalysts involves “in situ” formed epoxy compounds as reactive intermediates. The formation of epoxy groups from 1,2 glycols catalyzed by bases at higher temperature seems to be a general reaction. The presented mechanism explains the copolymerization of glycerol with other polyols useful for a range of new products.
Chloroperoxidase‐Catalyzed Achmatowicz Rearrangements
Authors: Thiel Daniel , Blume Fabian , Jäger Christina , Deska Jan
Published: April 2018

Chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago catalyzes the selective oxidation of furfuryl alcohols in an Achmatowicz‐type ring expansion. In combination with glucose oxidase as oxygen‐activating biocatalyst, a purely enzymatic, aerobic protocol for the synthesis of 6‐hydroxypyranone building blocks is obtained. Thanks to an only modest stereochemical bias of the oxygenating heme protein, optically active alcohols of either configuration are converted without a significant mismatch opening up opportunities for enantioselective multienzymatic cascades. Balancing the oxidase‐driven aerobic activation, extended enzyme half‐lives and productive conversion of poorly soluble and slowly reacting substrates can be achieved with high yields of the six‐membered O‐heterocycles.
Low Cost and Superior Safety Industrial Grade Lithium Dual‐Ion Batteries with a Second Life
Authors: Liu Qian , Chen Suhua , Yu Xinzhi , Fan Ling , Wang Jue , Wang Tao , Ma Ruifang , Han Xu , Lu Bingan
Published: April 2018

The next generation of electrochemical energy storage devices requires low cost, superior safety, high energy density, and high power density. Here, industrial grade lithium dual‐ion batteries (LDIBs) with low cost, superior safety, and high energy density were reported. The full LDIBs exhibit a high capacity, an outstanding long‐term cycling stability with a capacity retention as high as 93 % after 500 cycles, and a superior self‐discharge performance (the capacity can retain higher than 62 % after 90 days). The LDIBs display an outstanding high and low temperature performance in terms of the capacity, cycle life, and safety. The LDIBs are able to pass the nail test (without producing any smoke), and they can still function properly even after destroying the package with the electrodes exposed in air. Another interesting result is that we can give LDIBs a second life by replace solvent of electrolyte, which represents a critical step forward toward battery recycle.
Continuous real‐time analysis of the isotopic composition of precipitation during tropical rain events: Insights into tropical convection
Authors: He Shaoneng , Goodkin Nathalie F. , Jackisch Dominik , Ong Maria Rosabelle , Samanta Dhrubajyoti
Published: April 2018

To investigate stable isotopic variability of precipitation in Singapore, we continuously analysed the δ‐value of individual rain events from November 2014 to August 2017 using an online system composed of a diffusion sampler coupled to Cavity Ring‐Down Spectrometer. Over this period, the average value (δ18OAvg), the lowest value (δ18OLow), and the initial value (δ18OInit) varied significantly, ranging from −0.45 to −15.54‰, −0.9 to −17.65‰, and 0 to −13.13‰, respectively. All 3 values share similar variability, and events with low δ18OLow and δ18OAvg values have low δ18OInit value. Individual events have limited intraevent variability in δ‐value (Δδ) with the majority having a Δδ below 4‰. Correlation of δ18OLow and δ18OAvg with δ18OInit is much higher than that with Δδ, suggesting that convective activities prior to events have more control over δ‐value than on‐site convective activities. The d‐excess of events also varies considerably in response to the seasonal variation in moisture sources. A 2‐month running mean analysis of δ18O reveals clear seasonal and interannual variability. Seasonal variability is associated with the meridional movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and evolution of the Asian monsoon. El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a likely driver of interannual variability. During 2015–2016, the strongest El Niño year in recorded history, the majority of events have a δ18O value higher than the weighted average δ18O of daily precipitation. δ18O shows a positive correlation with outgoing longwave radiation in the western Pacific and the Asian monsoon region, and also with Oceanic Niño Index. During El Niño, the convection centre shifts eastward to the central/eastern Pacific, weakening convective activities in Southeast Asia. Our study shows that precipitation δ‐value contains information about El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which has a significant implication for the interpretation of water isotope data and understanding of hydrological processes in tropical regions.
Identification of key aromatic compounds in Congou black tea by partial least‐square regression with variable importance of projection scores and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/gas chromatography–olfactometry
Authors: Mao Shihong , Lu Changqi , Li Meifeng , Ye Yulong , Wei Xu , Tong Huarong
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) is the most frequently used method to estimate the sensory contribution of single odorant, but disregards the interactions between volatiles. In order to select the key volatiles responsible for the aroma attributes of Congou black tea (Camellia sinensis), instrumental, sensory and multivariate statistical approaches were applied.

RESULTS

Using sensory analysis, nine panellists developed eight descriptors: floral, sweet, fruity, green, roasted, oil, spicy, and off‐odour. Linalool, (E)‐furan linalool oxide, (Z)‐pyran linalool oxide, methyl salicylate, β‐myrcene, and phenylethyl alcohol, which were identified from the most representative samples by the GC–O procedure, were the essential aroma‐active compounds in the formation of basic Congou black tea aroma. In addition, 136 volatiles were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), among which 55 compounds were determined as the key factors for six sensory attributes by partial least‐square regression (PLSR) with variable importance of projection scores.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrated that headspace solid‐phase microextraction/GC–MS/GC–O was a fast approach for isolation and quantification aroma‐active compounds. The PLSR method was also considered to be a useful tool in selecting important variables for sensory attributes. These two strategies, which allowed us to comprehensively evaluate the sensorial contribution of a single volatile from different perspectives, can be applied to related products for comprehensive quality control. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Reduction of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural formation by flavan‐3‐ols in Maillard reaction models and fried potato chips
Authors: Qi Yajing , Zhang Hao , Wu Gangcheng , Zhang Hui , Wang Li , Qian Haifeng , Qi Xiguang
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is regarded as a thermal process contaminant in foods. Six flavan‐3‐ol fractions were isolated or semisynthesized from sorghum, cranberry and grape seed. Their unit compositions, interflavan linkages and degree of polymerization were characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of flavan‐3‐ols on the formation of HMF in chemical reaction models and fried potato chips.

RESULTS

Results showed that all flavan‐3‐ols significantly mitigated the HMF formation at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 µg mL−1 in the chemical model system, and the inhibition was positively related to dose. Using the food model, HMF content was reduced by about 50% when potato chips were soaked in an optimal concentration of 0.1 mg mL−1 flavan‐3‐ol solutions before frying. Based on the same mass concentration, B‐type flavan‐3‐ols mitigated more HMF than A‐type, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins had stronger inhibitory activity than polymers. At suitable addition levels (0.01–0.1 mg mL−1), the browning of auto‐oxidized flavan‐3‐ols under high temperature compensated the anti‐browning effect along with the supression of the Maillard reaction; therefore, the color of fried potato chips was not affected.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that flavan‐3‐ols could be effective additives for reducing HMF levels in fried potato chips without changing sensory properties. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Topsoil pollution as ecological footprint of historical mining activities in Greece
Authors: Kalyvas Georgios , Gasparatos Dionisios , Papassiopi Nymphodora , Massas Ioannis
Published: April 2018

From ancient times until recently, mining and metallurgical activities in the greater Lavrion area, Greece, have resulted in the production of large amounts of metal wastes that enrich the surrounding soils with toxic metal(loid)s. Since the area is inhabited, soil dust inhalation, consumption of vegetables grown on the contaminated soils, and of dairy products from small ruminants grazing in the area, may impose a real threat for the health of the local residents. After more than 3,000 years of mining history, this study is the first report on the chemical partitioning and behavior of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, and As in the topsoils (0–15 cm) of Lavrion. Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction was applied to 29 topsoil samples and 4 chemical fractions of the studied elements were defined (a) exchangeable/acid soluble (F1), (b) reducible (F2), (c) oxidisable (F3), and (d) residual (RF). Total concentrations of all elements were above the geochemical background. Zinc, Pb, Cd, and As median total concentration values were 4, 9, 1.4, and 17 times higher than the respective intervention thresholds, indicating severe soil pollution. Most of Cd (78.2%), Pb (69.7%), and Zn (53.3%) were found in F1 + F2 sum, suggesting high availability under modified conditions that periodically can occur in soils. Copper, Ni, As, and Cr were mainly associated with the residual fraction. Principal component analysis results showed that F2 fraction of all studied elements was associated to Fe oxides, confirming the crucial role of Fe oxides in metal(loid)s sequestration in the soil matrix.
Changes in the Biological Characteristics of Walleye Pollock Related to Demographic Changes in the East Sea During the Late 20th Century
Authors: Bang Minkyoung , Kang Sukyung , Kim Suam , Jang Chan Joo
Published: April 2018

Walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus (hereafter, pollock) was one of the predominant fish species in Korean waters during the 1970s and 1980s, but catches decreased rapidly beginning in the late 1980s and the fishery collapsed in the 2000s. The biological characteristics of fish species tend to depend on their biomass and environmental conditions. To investigate the changes in the biological characteristics of pollock (such as their size frequency, condition factor, and maturation) associated with biomass levels as well as the possible causes of the stock collapse as a result of environmental changes, we used data collected by the Korean National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS) during high (1976–1985) and low (1991–2000) periods of pollock biomass. Density-dependent effects on the pollock population were evident in Korean waters: pollock were larger and heavier at length during the low-biomass period. The gonadosomatic index also indicated that the peak spawning season was broad (from October to February) during the high-biomass period and narrower (December and January) during the low-biomass period. The population abundance and recruitment success of Korean pollock appear to have been affected by the warming of the ocean surface from the early 1990s. Thus, we suggest that the biomass fluctuations associated with environmental changes during their early life stages were responsible for the observed changes in the biological properties of pollock.
Start‐up financing: How founders finance their ventures' early stage
Authors: Waleczek Peter , Zehren Thomas , Flatten Tessa Christina
Published: April 2018

Although the entrepreneurship literature has advanced our understanding of start‐up financing, little is known about the mechanisms founders use to finance the beginning of a venture. Drawing upon resource‐based view, this study relocates bootstrapping is a strategic choice rather than a necessity. By analysing the financial behaviour of 3,017 new business owners, we reveal owner‐financed bootstrapping is a strategic choice rather than a necessity. We also demonstrate related techniques that are used independent of industry, initial capital, financing difficulties, and impeded revenues.
Intake of Fatty Fish Alters the Size and the Concentration of Lipid Components of HDL Particles and Camelina Sativa Oil Decreases IDL Particle Concentration in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Manninen Suvi M. , Lankinen Maria A. , de Mello Vanessa D. , Laaksonen David E. , Schwab Ursula S. , Erkkilä Arja T.
Published: April 2018

Scope

Intake of long‐chain n‐3 PUFAs affects the lipoprotein subclass profile, whereas the effect of shorter chain n‐3 PUFAs remains unclear. We investigated the effect of fish and camelina sativa oil (CSO) intakes on lipoprotein subclasses.

Methods and results

Altogether, 79 volunteers with impaired glucose metabolism were randomly assigned to CSO, fatty fish (FF), lean fish (LF), or control group for 12 weeks. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine lipoprotein subclasses and their lipid components. The average HDL particle size increased in the FF group (overall p = 0.032) as compared with the control group. Serum concentrations of cholesterol in HDL and HDL2 (overall p = 0.024 and p = 0.021, respectively) and total lipids and phospholipids in large HDL particles (overall p = 0.012 and p = 0.019, respectively) increased in the FF group, differing significantly from the LF group. The concentration of intermediate‐density lipoprotein (IDL) particles decreased in the CSO group (overall p = 0.033) as compared with the LF group.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that FF intake causes a shift toward larger HDL particles and increases the concentration of lipid components in HDL, which may be associated with the antiatherogenic properties of HDL. Furthermore, CSO intake decreases IDL particle concentration. These changes may favorably affect cardiovascular risk.
Stabilized low‐order finite elements for strongly coupled poromechanical problems
Authors: Li Wentao , Wei Changfu
Published: April 2018

Finite element solutions of poromechanical problems often exhibit oscillating pore pressures in the limits of low permeability, fast loading rates, coarse meshes, and/or small time step sizes. To suppress completely the pore pressure oscillations, a stabilized finite element scheme with a better performance on monotonicity is proposed for modeling compressible fluid‐saturated porous media. This method, based on the polynomial pressure projection technique, allows the use of linear equal‐order interpolation for both displacement and pore pressure fields, which is more straightforward for both code development and maintenance compared to others. By employing the discrete maximum principle, a proper stabilization parameter is deduced, which is efficient to guarantee the monotonicity and optimal in theory in the 1‐dimensional case. An appealing feature of the method is that the stabilization parameter is evaluated in terms of the properties of porous material only, while no mesh or time step size is involved. Through comparing the numerical simulations with the analytical benchmarks, the efficiency of the proposed stabilization scheme is confirmed.
Animal husbandry strategies in Eastern Zhou China: An isotopic study on faunal remains from the Central Plains
Authors: Zhou L. , Hou Y. , Wang J. , Han Z. , Garvie‐Lok S.J.
Published: April 2018

Textual records and archaeological evidence reflect prosperous animal farming in the Eastern Zhou of ancient China (770–220 BC), but knowledge of how these animals were fed is limited. Here, we present the first stable isotopic study investigating animal husbandry strategies of this period. Isotopic features of faunal remains of 5 species discovered in Songzhuang cemetery suggest that pigs and dogs were fed on mixed diets with substantial internal variation, and cattle were fed mainly on a C4‐based diet. This is similar to the situation found in another Eastern Zhou cemetery, Tianli. Evidence from the 2 sites demonstrates that domesticated omnivores were raised in quite flexible ways, but cattle raising practices show consistency in different areas of China's Central Plains. Inter‐burial analysis of isotopic data suggests a very small scale of cattle farming during this period. Temporal comparison reveals that early Bronze Age people on the Plains had already established practices of provisioning cattle with C4 plants, and that these practices were inherited by Eastern Zhou people without significant change. However, manuring practices of the historical period likely elevated stable nitrogen isotope values of cattle slightly relative to Bronze Age values. This study sheds light on animal management practices on the plains during early historical times, and also provides faunal isotopic values for reference in studies of contemporary human diets.
Dyke–Davidoff–Masson syndrome in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages Armenia—a cause of trepanation?
Authors: Khudaverdyan A.Y. , Hovhanesyan А.А. , Engibaryan A.A. , Hobosyan S.G.
Published: April 2018

Intentionally opened skulls are considered to be the most fascinating of palaeopathological findings. This paper regards the discovery of a new trepanated skull dating from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages (1500–1400 BC) found at a burial site of Bardzryal, Armenia. Attention was first paid to trepanation technique, second—the description of methods of trepanations, third—to surgical procedures, and finally, to the cause of trepanation. The remains were examined by standard macromorphological and X‐ray methods of bioarchaeology. Bone nodules resulting from Dyke–Davidoff–Masson syndrome (DDMS) were observed on the endocranial surface of the frontal bone of a female. Regardless of provenance DDMS, which seems to be a possible cause of trepanation in women, is rarely seen in historic populations. Along with DDMS, porotic hyperostosis and osteomas were also observed. This observation constituted the first evidence of DDMS in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Armenia.
Defining Cell Identity with Single‐Cell Omics
Authors: Mincarelli Laura , Lister Ashleigh , Lipscombe James , Macaulay Iain C.
Published: April 2018

Cells are a fundamental unit of life, and the ability to study the phenotypes and behaviors of individual cells is crucial to understanding the workings of complex biological systems. Cell phenotypes (epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic) exhibit dramatic heterogeneity between and within the different cell types and states underlying cellular functional diversity. Cell genotypes can also display heterogeneity throughout an organism, in the form of somatic genetic variation—most notably in the emergence and evolution of tumors. Recent technical advances in single‐cell isolation and the development of omics approaches sensitive enough to reveal these aspects of cell identity have enabled a revolution in the study of multicellular systems. In this review, we discuss the technologies available to resolve the genomes, epigenomes, transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolomes of single cells from a wide variety of living systems.
A Proteomics Approach to Identify Candidate Proteins Secreted by Müller Glia that Protect Ganglion Cells in the Retina
Authors: Ruzafa Noelia , Pereiro Xandra , Lepper Marlen F. , Hauck Stefanie M. , Vecino Elena
Published: April 2018

The retinal Müller glial cells, can enhance the survival and activity of neurons, especially of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which are the neurons affected in diseases such as glaucoma, diabetes, and retinal ischemia. It has been demonstrated that Müller glia release neurotrophic factors that support RGC survival, yet many of these factors remain to be elucidated. To define these neurotrophic factors, a quantitative proteomic approach was adopted aiming at identifying neuroprotective proteins. First, the conditioned medium from porcine Müller cells cultured in vitro under three different conditions were isolated and these conditioned media were tested for their capacity to promote survival of primary adult RGCs in culture. Mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify proteins in the conditioned medium, and osteopontin (SPP1), clusterin (CLU), and basigin (BSG) were selected as candidate neuroprotective factors. SPP1 and BSG significantly enhance RGC survival in vitro, indicating that the survival‐promoting activity of the Müller cell secretome is multifactorial, and that SPP1 and BSG contribute to this activity. Thus, the quantitative proteomics strategy identify proteins secreted by Müller glia that are potentially novel neuroprotectants, and it may also serve to identify other bioactive proteins or molecular markers.
MINDY1 Is a Downstream Target of the Polyamines and Promotes Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal
Authors: James Christina , Zhao Tian Yun , Rahim Anisa , Saxena Parul , Muthalif Nazreen Abdul , Uemura Takeshi , Tsuneyoshi Norihiro , Ong Sheena , Igarashi Kazuei , Lim Chin Yan , Dunn Norris Ray , Vardy Leah A.
Published: April 2018

Embryonic stem cells have the ability to self-renew or differentiate and these processes are under tight control. We previously reported that the polyamine regulator AMD1 is critical for embryonic stem cell self-renewal. The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are essential organic cations that play a role in a wide array of cellular processes. Here, we explore the essential role of the polyamines in the promotion of self-renewal and identify a new stem cell regulator that acts downstream of the polyamines: MINDY1. MINDY1 protein levels are high in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and are dependent on high polyamine levels. Overexpression of MINDY1 can promote ESC self-renewal in the absence of the usually essential cytokine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF). MINDY1 protein is prenylated and this modification is required for its ability to promote self-renewal. We go on to show that Mindy1 RNA is targeted for repression by mir-710 during Neural Precursor cell differentiation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that high polyamine levels are required for ESC self-renewal and that they function, in part, through promotion of high MINDY1 levels.
Gauged supergravities from M-theory reductions
Authors: Katmadas Stefanos , Tomasiello Alessandro
Published: April 2018

Abstract

In supergravity compactifications, there is in general no clear prescription on how to select a finite-dimensional family of metrics on the internal space, and a family of forms on which to expand the various potentials, such that the lower-dimensional effective theory is supersymmetric. We propose a finite-dimensional family of deformations for regular Sasaki-Einstein seven-manifolds M
7, relevant for M-theory compactifications down to four dimensions. It consists of integrable Cauchy-Riemann structures, corresponding to complex deformations of the Calabi-Yau cone M
8 over M
7. The non-harmonic forms we propose are the ones contained in one of the Kohn-Rossi cohomology groups, which is finite-dimensional and naturally controls the deformations of Cauchy-Riemann structures. The same family of deformations can be also described in terms of twisted cohomology of the base M
6, or in terms of Milnor cycles arising in deformations of M
8. Using existing results on SU(3) structure compactifications, we briefly discuss the reduction of M-theory on our class of deformed Sasaki-Einstein manifolds to four-dimensional gauged supergravity.
The conformal characters
Authors: Bourget Antoine , Troost Jan
Published: April 2018

Abstract

We revisit the study of the multiplets of the conformal algebra in any dimension. The theory of highest weight representations is reviewed in the context of the Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand category of modules. The Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials code the relation between the Verma modules and the irreducible modules in the category and are the key to the characters of the conformal multiplets (whether finite dimensional, infinite dimensional, unitary or non-unitary). We discuss the representation theory and review in full generality which representations are unitarizable. The mathematical theory that allows for both the general treatment of characters and the full analysis of unitarity is made accessible. A good understanding of the mathematics of conformal multiplets renders the treatment of all highest weight representations in any dimension uniform, and provides an overarching comprehension of case-by-case results. Unitary highest weight representations and their characters are classified and computed in terms of data associated to cosets of the Weyl group of the conformal algebra. An executive summary is provided, as well as look-up tables up to and including rank four.
Medium‐chain triglycerides supplement therapy with a low‐carbohydrate formula can supply energy and enhance ammonia detoxification in the hepatocytes of patients with adult–onset type II citrullinemia
Authors: Hayasaka Kiyoshi , Numakura Chikahiko , Yamakawa Mitsunori , Mitsui Tetsuo , Watanabe Hisayoshi , Haga Hiroaki , Yazaki Masahide , Ohira Hiromasa , Ochiai Yasuo , Tahara Toshiyuki , Nakahara Tamio , Yamashiki Noriyo , Nakayama Takahiro , Kon Takashi , Mitsubuchi Hiroshi , Yoshida Hiroshi
Published: April 2018

Citrin, encoded by SLC25A13, constitutes the malate‐aspartate shuttle, the main NADH‐shuttle in the liver. Citrin deficiency causes neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis (NICCD) and adult–onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2). Citrin deficiency is predicted to impair hepatic glycolysis and de novo lipogenesis, resulting in hepatic energy deficit. Secondary decrease in hepatic argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1) expression has been considered a cause of hyperammonemia in CTLN2. We previously reported that medium–chain triglyceride (MCT) supplement therapy with a low–carbohydrate formula was effective in CTLN2 to prevent a relapse of hyperammonemic encephalopathy. We present the therapy for six CTLN2 patients. All the patients’ general condition steadily improved and five patients with hyperammonemic encephalopathy recovered from unconsciousness in a few days. Before the treatment, plasma glutamine levels did not increase over the normal range and rather decreased to lower than the normal range in some patients. The treatment promptly decreased the blood ammonia level, which was accompanied by a decrease in plasma citrulline levels and an increase in plasma glutamine levels. These findings indicated that hyperammonemia was not only caused by the impairment of ureagenesis at ASS1 step, but was also associated with an impairment of glutamine synthetase (GS) ammonia‐detoxification system in the hepatocytes. There was no decrease in the GS expressing hepatocytes. MCT supplement with a low–carbohydrate formula can supply the energy and/or substrates for ASS1 and GS, and enhance ammonia detoxification in hepatocytes. Histological improvement in the hepatic steatosis and ASS1‐expression was also observed in a patient after long‐term treatment.
Herbert Alexander Simon: 15th June, 1916–9th February, 2001 A Life
Authors: Velupillai K. Vela , Venkatachalam Ragupathy
Published: April 2018

We present a concise summary of the personal and professional life of Herbert Alexander Simon.
On Fair Person Classification Based on Efficient Factor Score Estimates in the Multidimensional Factor Analysis Model
Authors: Jordan Pascal , Spiess Martin
Published: April 2018

Since Hooker, Finkelman and Schwartzman (Psychometrika 74(3): 419–442, 2009) it is known that person parameter estimates from multidimensional latent variable models can induce unfair classifications via paradoxical scoring effects. The open question as to whether there is a fair and at the same time multidimensional scoring scheme with adequate statistical properties is addressed in this paper. We develop a theorem on the existence of a fair, multidimensional classification scheme in the context of the classical linear factor analysis model and show how the computation of the scoring scheme can be embedded in the context of linear programming. The procedure is illustrated in the framework of scoring the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV).
Clinicopathological analysis of 232 radicular cysts of the jawbone in a population of southern Taiwanese patients
Authors: Chen Jeng‐Huey , Tseng Chih‐Huang , Wang Wen‐Chen , Chen Ching‐Yi , Chuang Fu‐Hsiung , Chen Yuk‐Kwan
Published: April 2018

This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological features of 232 cases of radicular cyst (January 2001–December 2016) submitted for histopathological examination to Department of Oral Pathology by endodontists in our institution. Demographic data including age, gender, affected site, involved tooth, and histopathological features, were reviewed. The study population comprised 133 females (57.3%) and 99 males (42.7%), with a mean age of 40.5 years and an age range of 13–78 years. Two‐hundred and one cysts occurred in the maxilla (86.7%) and 31 in the mandible (13.3%). Most cases involved the anterior teeth of the maxilla (67.2%). The most frequently‐involved tooth was the maxillary lateral incisor (50.5%). In most cases (228 cases; 98.3%), the cyst was lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, with two cases containing epithelial lining of the mucoepidermoid epithelium (0.9%) and respiratory epithelium (0.9%), respectively. One case (0.4%) revealed epithelial dysplasia of the epithelial lining. Hyaline body was seen in two cases (0.9%), and Rushton body was noted in seven cases (3.0%). Odontogenic epithelial rest was noted in one case (0.4%). Cholesterol clefts (54 cases; 23.3%), foamy histiocytes (72 cases; 31.0%), hemosiderins (57 cases; 24.6%), dystrophic calcifications (94 cases; 40.5%), foreign bodies (44 cases; 19.0%), and bacterial colonies (22 cases; 9.5%) were also observed. Fifty‐three cases (22.8%) showed a mixed acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrate, whereas chronic inflammatory infiltrate only was noted in 179 cases (77.2%). In summary, the current findings provide a valuable source for clinicopathological reference concerning radicular cysts of the jawbone.
The Incidence, Risk Factors, and Chronobiology of Acute Myocardial Infarction Ten Years After Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Moscona John C. , Peters Matthew N. , Maini Rohit , Katigbak Paul , Deere Bradley , Gonzales Holly , Westley Christopher , Baydoun Hassan , Yadav Kapil , Ters Patrick , Jabbar Ahmad , Boulad Alaa , Mahata Indrajeet , Gadiraju Taraka V. , Nelson Ryan , Srivastav Sudesh , Irimpen Anand
Published: April 2018

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the 10-year impact of Hurricane Katrina on the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) along with contributing risk factors and any alteration in chronobiology of AMI.

Methods

A single-center, retrospective, comparison study of AMI incidence was performed at Tulane University Health Sciences Center from 2 years before Hurricane Katrina to 10 years after Hurricane Katrina. A 6-year, pre-Katrina and 10-year, post-Katrina cohort were also compared according to pre-specified demographic, clinical, and chronobiological data.

Results

AMI incidence increased from 0.7% (150/21,079) to 2.8% (2,341/84,751) post-Katrina (P<0.001). The post-Katrina cohort had higher rates of coronary artery disease (36.4% vs. 47.9%,P=0.01), diabetes mellitus (31.3% vs. 39.9%,P=0.04), hyperlipidemia (45.4% vs. 59.3%,P=0.005), smoking (34.4% vs. 53.8%,P<0.001), drug abuse (10.2% vs. 15.4%,P=0.02), psychiatric illness (6.7% vs. 14.9%,P<0.001), medication non-adherence (7.3% vs. 15.3%,P<0.001), and lack of employment (7.2% vs. 16.4%,P<0.001). The post-Katrina group had increased rates of AMI during nights (29.8% vs. 47.8%,P<0.001) and weekends (16.1% vs. 29.1%,P<0.001).

Conclusions

Even 10 years after the storm, Hurricane Katrina continues to be associated with increased incidence of AMI, higher prevalence of traditional cardiovascular and psychosocial risk factors, and an altered chronobiology of AMI toward nights and weekends. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:217–222)
Patterns of intimate partner violence among perinatal women with depression symptoms in Khayelitsha, South Africa: a longitudinal analysis
Authors: Schneider M. , Baron E. , Davies T. , Munodawafa M. , Lund C.
Published: April 2018

Background.

A combination of intimate partner violence (IPV) and depression is a common feature of the perinatal period globally. Understanding this association can provide indications of how IPV can be addressed or prevented during pregnancy. This paper aims to determine the prevalence and correlates of IPV among pregnant low-income women with depressive symptoms in Khayelitsha, South Africa, and changes in IPV reports during the course of the perinatal period.

Methods.

This study is a secondary analysis of data collected as part of a randomised controlled trial testing a psychosocial intervention for antenatal depression. IPV, socio-demographic measures, depression and other mental health measures were collected at recruitment (first antenatal visit), 8 months gestation, and 3 and 12 months postpartum. IPV was defined as a sexual or physical violence perpetrated by the participant's partner in the past 3 months. Descriptive statistics are reported.

Results.

Of 425 recruited depressed participants, 59 (13.9%) reported IPV at baseline, with physical IPV being the most frequently reported (69.5%). Reported IPV was associated with greater emotional distress, potentially higher food insecurity and higher rates of alcohol abuse. There were clear longitudinal trends in reported IPV with the majority of women no longer reporting IPV postpartum. However, some women reported IPV at later assessment points after not reporting IPV at baseline.

Conclusions.

There is a strong association between IPV and depression in pregnancy. IPV reports remit over time for the women in this study, although the reason for this reduction is not clear and requires further investigation.
Experimental exploration of fluid-driven cracks in brittle hydrogels
Authors: O’Keeffe Niall J. , Huppert Herbert E. , Linden P. F.
Published: April 2018

Hydraulic fracturing is a procedure by which a fracture is initiated and propagates due to pressure (hydraulic loading) applied by a fluid introduced inside the fracture. In this study, we focus on a crack driven by an incompressible Newtonian fluid, injected at a constant rate into an elastic matrix. The injected fluid creates a radial fracture that propagates along a plane. We investigate this type of fracture both theoretically and experimentally. Our experimental apparatus uses a brittle and transparent polyacrylamide hydrogel matrix. Using this medium, we examine the rate of radial crack growth, fracture aperture, shape of the crack tip and internal fluid flow field. Our range of experimental parameters allows us to exhibit two distinct fracturing regimes, and the transition between these, in which the rate of radial crack propagation is dominated by either viscous flow within the fracture or the material toughness. Measurements of the profiles near the crack tip provide additional evidence of the viscosity-dominated and toughness-dominated regimes, and allow us to observe the transition from the viscous to the toughness regime as the crack propagates. Particle image velocimetry measurements show that the flow in the crack is radial, as expected in the viscous regime and in the early stages of the toughness regime. However, at later times in the toughness regime, circulation cells are observed in the flow within the crack that destroy the radial symmetry of the flow field.
Training for Life and Healing: The Systemic Empowerment of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Men and Women Through Vocational Education and Training
Authors: Stephens Anne , Monro Davena
Published: April 2018

This paper integrates the findings of two evaluations into the effectiveness of human health workforce training delivery and outcomes. In the period 2012–2015, Wontulp-Bi-Buya College ran the Certificate III in Addictions Management and Community Development and the Certificate IV in Indigenous Mental Health: Suicide Prevention. The key findings are presented under three thematic areas: personal to community wellbeing, enrolment and completion and withdrawal and employment and voluntary sector engagement. The outcomes of both evaluations are combined to build a picture of successful course delivery, satisfaction and completion rates that well exceed the national average. The significant contribution the authors draw from these is the problematisation and theorising of the concept of ‘empowerment’. A term claimed by the College in its mission statement, the term ‘systemic empowerment’ has been co-developed with the College to both reclaim the concept of empowerment and to make sense of the personal and collective empowerment approach that serves as a framework for the trainer's pedagogy and course structures. Systemic empowerment contributes to the Colleges’ theory of change to tackle very important contemporary social and political issues holistically and at their root and serves as an important model of adult vocational education and training for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
THE RIGHT TO RITUAL SLAUGHTER IN AFRICA: A COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Nwauche Enyinna S.
Published: April 2018

Using examples of ritual slaughter recognized by different religions in Africa, this paper examines the regulated and unregulated exercise of the right to ritual slaughter as a manifestation of the right to freedom of religion in three constitutional traditions in Africa.

This article commences with an evaluation of the existence of the right to ritual slaughter either as a freestanding right or a derivative right from the right to freedom of religion in the bills of rights of African constitutions. The article argues that the ritual slaughter at this stage of constitutional development in Africa is at best a derivative right partly anchored on the communal dimensions of the right to freedom of religion. The article closely examines the bearers and content of the right to ritual slaughter through a brief overview of the practices of ritual slaughter recognized by African traditional religion and Islam. In addition, the syncretic nature of religious practice in Africa identified as the multiple or concurrent witness to different faiths is also considered to provide a realistic account of ritual slaughter in Africa.

Since the right to ritual slaughter is identified as a derivative right from the right to freedom of religion, the article examines different constitutional traditions in Africa to determine how religion is conceived in constitutional governance that in turn affects the feasibility of the right to ritual slaughter within constitutional designs and capacity of other public interests such as animal welfare to limit the exercise of the right to ritual slaughter.

Three constitutional designs of the role of religion in constitutional governance are identified in this regard. The article concludes on a number of points, including the recognition of the importance of the articulation of the human rights that underpin animal welfare concerns and the fact that a regulated right to ritual slaughter appears feasible in a number of African countries.
A remarkable new genus and species of the planktonic shrimp family Luciferidae (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Cretaceous (Aptian/Albian) of the Araripe Sedimentary Basin, Brazil
Authors: Saraiva Antônio Álamo Feitosa , Pinheiro Allysson Pontes , Santana William
Published: April 2018

A new genus and species of the planktonic shrimp family Luciferidae,Sume marcosin. gen. n. sp., is described and illustrated from material collected in calcareous shale of the late Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) Romualdo Formation, Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. The material is very well preserved, including the antennae, stalked eyes, second and third maxillipeds, pleopods, and uropods, and represents the first described fossil of the family Luciferidae.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/fdf825b8-6fe9-42ae-8fc7-73c220eec03a
‘When you put the Group and the Running Together. . .’: A Qualitative Examination of Participant Experiences of the Canadian Run to Quit program
Authors: Glowacki K. , O'Neill M. , Priebe C.S. , Faulkner G.
Published: April 2018

Introduction: Run to Quit is a national community-based program that combines smoking cessation support with physical activity through learn to run group-based curriculum, self-help and smoking cessation materials. The program is currently in a three-year scaling up phase.

Aims: The aim of the current study is to explore participant experiences of the Run to Quit program after its first year, and identify potential areas of improvement for future iterations of the program.

Methods: Participants (n = 55) were interviewed over the phone at the end of the 10-week program. Participant interviews were recorded and transcribed. A thematic analysis was conducted.

Results/Findings: Participants were satisfied with the program. Strengths of the program were the group aspect, supervised participation and the running. Weaknesses were seen as the variability in walking and running abilities and inadequate engagement by the Smokers Helpline. Many people who successfully quit smoking reported using additional quit aids. Non-completers of the program gave mostly logistical and personal reasons for dropout.

Conclusions: Overall, Run to Quit was well received by participants. Multiple health behaviour interventions at a scalable level appear feasible. Based on participant feedback, key recommendations to improve the program in the future include greater tailoring to walking or running preference, and increasing engagement with the Smokers Helpline.
The Planning and Orientation of the Rego da Murta Dolmens (Alvaiázere, Portugal)
Authors: Figueiredo Alexandra , Vilas-Estévez Benito , Silva Fabio
Published: April 2018

During the excavation of Rego da Murta Dolmen I, a structure belonging to a megalithic cluster in central Portugal, a number of small sub-quadrangular quartzite stones were found embedded within a layer below that of the deepest orthostat. In this paper, we report on these findings and highlight three key features of these small stones, namely their location relative to the dolmen’s plan, the distances between them, and their orientations. We suggest the quartzite stones could have been markers used in the planning of this megalithic structure. In addition, we analyse the orientations of the two main structures of the cluster (Dolmen I & Dolmen II), which are reflected by the orientation of the quartzite stones. We tentatively suggest potential landscape and skyscape alignments for their orientations, including three hypotheses for the observed differences in orientation between the two.
The Marine Reservoir Effect on the Coast of Rio de Janeiro: Deriving ∆R Values from Fish Otoliths and Mollusk Shells
Authors: Macario Kita D , Alves Eduardo Q , Belém André Luiz , Aguilera Orangel , Bertucci Thayse , Tenório Maria Cristina , Oliveira Fabiana M , Chanca Ingrid S , Carvalho Carla , Souza Rosa , Scheel-Ybert Rita , Nascimento Gabriela S , Dias Fabio , Caon Julia
Published: April 2018

Considering the impact of coastal dynamics on the radiocarbon (14C) marine reservoir effect (MRE), upwelling has the potential of enhancing marine influence, usually14C depleted. Freshwater input can contribute either to increased reservoir offsets, when dead carbon from rock weathering is available, but also towards an atmospheric14C signal, when the presence of terrestrial organic matter from catchment prevails. An overview of the MRE studies based on shellmounds on the coast of Rio de Janeiro reveals a pattern of negative local corrections for Saquarema and Rio das Ostras but positive values for Cabo Frio island, suggesting the presence of cold upwelling waters in Cabo Frio at 1.6–1.2 cal kBP. New results for a shellmound on the Ilha Grande island, in the western portion of the Rio de Janeiro coast, revealed a negative value at about 3 ka. We discuss distribution of MRE values and temporal variability in the region and their relation to ocean dynamics, continental input and the choice of marine organisms used for ∆R determination. A comparison of local reservoir offsets for the Saquarema region obtained from fish otolith and mollusk shells revealed similar ΔR distributions, showing that both materials can be equally used.
Carbohydrate, dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load, and colorectal cancer risk: a case–control study in China
Authors: Huang Jing , Fang Yu-Jing , Xu Ming , Luo Hong , Zhang Nai-Qi , Huang Wu-Qing , Pan Zhi-Zhong , Chen Yu-Ming , Zhang Cai-Xia
Published: April 2018

A carbohydrate-rich diet results in hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia; it may further induce the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer. However, epidemiological evidence among Chinese population is quite limited. The aim of this study was to investigate total carbohydrate, non-fibre carbohydrate, total fibre, starch, dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) in relation to colorectal cancer risk in Chinese population. A case–control study was conducted from July 2010 to April 2017, recruiting 1944 eligible colorectal cancer cases and 2027 age (5-year interval) and sex frequency-matched controls. Dietary information was collected by using a validated FFQ. The OR and 95 % CI of colorectal cancer risk were assessed by multivariable logistic regression models. There was no clear association between total carbohydrate intake and colorectal cancer risk. The adjusted OR was 0·85 (95 % CI 0·70, 1·03,Ptrend=0·08) comparing the highest with the lowest quartile. Total fibre was related to a 53 % reduction in colorectal cancer risk (adjusted ORquartile 4v.10·47; 95 % CI 0·39, 0·58). However, dietary GI was positively associated with colorectal cancer risk, with an adjusted ORquartile 4v.1of 3·10 (95 % CI 2·51, 3·85). No significant association was found between the intakes of non-fibre carbohydrate, starch and dietary GL and colorectal cancer risk. This study indicated that dietary GI was positively associated with colorectal cancer risk, but no evidence supported that total carbohydrate, non-fibre carbohydrate, starch or high dietary GL intake were related to an increased risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population.