bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Green Peach Aphid on Tobacco, 1983
Authors: Moore R.E.B. , Taylor G.S.
Published: March 2022

Thiodan and malathion dusts, standard insecticides for aphid control on tobacco in this region, were compared with three formulations of acephate. Tobacco plants grown from seed in multipot trays, were transplanted on 22 Jun. to a field of Merrimac sandy loam on the Valley Laboratory farm. Cultural practices throughout the growing season were standard for cigar binder tobacco with plants 24 in. apart in rows that were 39 in. apart. Each plot consisted of seven plants in a single row with a border row between each plot. Each randomized treatment was replicated four times. Insecticides were applied 8 Sep. when the aphid population appeared vigorous and more or less uniformly covering the test area. Acephate 75 SP combined with pecanshell meal to make a dust, and the malathion and thiodan dusts were applied with a Chapin handcranked duster. The acephate liquid formulation was applied with a Solo backpack sprayer using a cone nozzle and 20 lb/in2. The acephate mist treatment was applied with a knapsack KWH power-driven mist blower. For the post-treatment count, taken on 14 Sep., all stages of aphids were recorded in three 4.7cm circles (leaf tip, middle and base) on the lower surface of two leaves from each of two plants in every plot.
Flea Beetle Control on Tobacco with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1983
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Koziol F. S.
Published: March 2022

‘Coker 319’ flue-cured was transplanted in 20 (12 plants) by 8 ft (two rows) plots on 25 May. Treatment plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated four times. Transplant water treatments were applied in 200 gal of water/acre using a manual transplanter. On 13 May, Di-Syston was applied broadcast and Temik was applied in a 12-in. band. Both treatments were incorporated with a rotary tiller before bedding. Flea beetles and flea beetle punctures on the most damaged leaves were counted on five plants per plot.
Wireworm and Flea Beetle Control on Floe-Cured Tobacco with Soil-Applied Insecticides, 1982
Authors: Southern P. S.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on commercially grown tobacco in four locations. Plots consisted of 0.020 or 0.025 acre of tobacco in four rows separated laterally by a vacant fifth row and on the ends by a 16 to 20-ft turn alley. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. Broadcast treatments were applied 14 Apr., 19 Apr., 22 Apr. and 3 May in Tests 1 to 4 respectively. Broadcast spray treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer at 35 lb/in2 through 8004 flat fan nozzles delivering ca. 25 gal finished spray per acre. Granular materials were broadcast using two tractor-mounted, electrically driven granular applicators. Broadcast treatments were incorporated by discing twice in opposite directions. Transplant water treatments were applied using the farmers’ tractor-drawn transplanters (225, 175, 320, 200 gal/acre in Tests 1 to 4, respectively). Transplant dates were 21 Apr., 29 Apr., 4 May, and 5 May (Tests 1 to 4, respectively). Twenty additional plants were set in the middle rows of each plot at transplanting using hand setters. These (or adjacent mechanically set plants in the case of transplant water treatments) were removed 15 to 20 days later and evaluated for wireworm damage on the following scale: 0, no damage; 1, external feeding not reaching pith; 2, feeding reaching pith but less than 0.5 in. vertical tunneling; 3, stem tunneled over 0.5 in. In test 2, ten alternate plants (from a random start) in the middle two rows were checked for flea beetles and rated for flea beetle damage (1, light to 3, heavy). After harvest and curing, tobacco from each plot was weighed and given a standard federal grade. Grades were converted to a quality index and weighted averages calculated. Analyses of variance tests were conducted on all variables and means were separated using the Waller-Duncan K ratio t test (K ratio = 100). For analysis, flea beetle numbers were transformed to the square root of N + 0.5; damage ratings were converted to a proportion of the highest possible rating and subjected to an arc sine transformation.
Toxicities of Insecticides to Western Spruce Budworm, 1982
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L.
Published: March 2022

Bioassays were done to determine the toxicities of four insecticides topically applied to sixth-stage western spruce budworm. Insects were selected at random from the 100th generation of a nondiapausing laboratory colony. Each treatment group of 10 insects was held in a 100 by 20-mm petri dish lined with filter paper. The average weight of insects in each group was determined before treatment. After CO2, anesthesia, 1μ 1 of the same concentration was applied to the thoracic dorsum of each insect in a treatment group. Treatment was made with an ISCO model M microapplicator. Six to 8 concentrations of each chemical were serially diluted from a freshly formulated source for each of three replications of experiments with bendiocarb, FCR 1272, and Payoff. All insecticides were formulated in reagent grade acetone on the basis of weight per unit volume of the active ingredient. After treatment, larvae were fed artificial diet. Mortality was tallied after 7 days.
Birch, Fall Webworm Control, Wooster, Oh, 1982
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Birch trees 3 to 4m tall growing in an experimental block under nursery management conditions were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against fall webworm on two separate dates. A Meyers hydraulic sprayer operating at 200 lb/in2 was used to apply ca. 3.8 liters (1 gal) of finished spray per tree. Four, single-tree replicates, each with at least one viable colony of larvae, were used for each treatment. Application dates were 23 Aug. and 10 Sep. when conditions were 24°C (75°F), cloudy, with no wind and 26°C (80°F), partly cloudy with a slight breeze, respectively. Larvae were 10 to 20 mm on the first date and 20 to 35 mm on the second spray date. Sprays were first directed to webs and then to surrounding foliage. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated for each date 7 days after treatment (DAT) by dismantling one web from each tree (rep) and counting live vs. dead larvae.
Control of White Grubs with Homeowner Formulations of Oftanol, 1983
Authors: Baker P. B.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted on a golf course fairway/rough in Syracuse, N.Y., with mixed populations of R. majalis and P. japonica. All materials were applied at 2 lb (AD/acre on 5 May, with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. All treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. No irrigation was applied after treatment, however, soil moisture was above field capacity. All plots were sampled on 6 Jun. and 3 Nov. A 0.18 m2 section of sod, ca. 6.2 cm deep, was removed from the center of each plot, inspected on the spot (June) or returned to the laboratory (Nov.) and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Spring Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway at Hershey, PA, 1983
Authors: Heller P. R. , Harper J. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were applied 13 May for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (70%) and colonial bentgrass (30%). Treatment plots were 10 by 10 ft, arranged in a RGB design and replicated three times. Liquid formulations were applied in 3 gal of water with a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, followed by watering in with 3 gal water. After all treatments were completed, the entire treated area was irrigated for 20 min. At treatment time, the following environmental and soil conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature, 74°F; soil type, loam; soil pH, 6.5; soil condition, wet; percent organic matter, 2.9; amount of thatch, 0.25 to 0.5 in; and clear skies. Posttreatment counts were made 2 8 days later (10 Jun.). Four ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of surviving Japanese beetle grubs were recorded for each ft sample. An average of eight Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 13 May before treatment.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway at University Park, PA, 1983
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Seventeen insecticides were applied 14 Sep. for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (30%) and Kentucky bluegrass (70%). Treatment plots were 10 by 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated three times. Liquid formulations were applied in 3 gal of water with a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, followed by watering in with 3 gal water. After all treatments were completed, the entire treated area was irrigated for 20 min. At treatment time, the following environmental soil conditions existed: air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature, 40°F; soil type, clay-loam; soil pH, 6.4; percent organic matter, 2.0; amount of thatch, 0.25 to 0.5 in.; and partly cloudy skies. Post-treatment counts were made 44 days later (27 Oct.). Four ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from, each replicate, and the total number of surviving Japanese beetle grubs were recorded for each ft2 sample. An average of eight Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 24 Sept. before treatment.
Susceptibility of Giant Silkworm Moth Eggs and Larvae to Malathion Water Emulsions
Authors: Miller T. A. , Cooper W. J. , Highfill J. W.
Published: March 2022

Specimens were from colonies of C. promethea and A. polyphemus reared on wild cherry or various maples for 10 to 12 generations. For larvacide tests, leaves were dipped in emulsions for 30 sec and allowed to air dry. Control leaves were dipped only in water. Unfed, lst-stage larvae (<24 h old) were placed on the treated and control leaves, held in plastic cups, covered with facial tissues for 48 h before recording mortality. For ovicide tests, egg masses (<48 h old) were dipped in test emulsions for 30 sec, then allowed to air dry. Control egg masses were dipped in water only. Mortality of treated eggs was measured as those that failed to hatch after all control eggs hatched. During ovicide test with C. promethea, toxicity to embryos was observed at the higher concentrations used in initial range finding. Embryocidal effects were measured as percent embryos failing to develop and not as percent larvae failing to harch.
Apple, Midsummer Test of Acaricides, 1983
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Hamilton George C. , Pace Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2022

A 12-yr-old orchard located at Cream Ridge, N.J., was used in this test. Acaricides were applied on 7 Jul., 28 Jul., or both. Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. The trees were sprayed to runoff (ca. 7 gal/tree) using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun operated at 250 lb/in2. Mite population estimates were made by randomly picking 15 leaves from each tree, brushing the mites onto glass plates, and counting mobile mites. Data were transformed to log x+1 before analysis of variance and comparison of means.
Japanese Euonymus, Euonymus Scale Control 1983
Authors: Sheffer Barbara J. , Williams Michael L.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-eight, 2-ft-tall Japanese euonymus, heavily infested with euonymus scale, were selected for treatment. Test plants were growing in a landscape hedge spaced at 3 ft intervals. Test materials were applied 27 Jul with hand-pumped, compressed-air sprayers and foliage of all plants was sprayed to runoff. Treatments were replicated four times, one plant constituting a replication. Chevron Spreader Sticker was added to the spray mixture at a rate of 2.4 ml/gal. Efficacy of the treatments was determined 8 Sep by counting 100 individuals per replicate. Mortality counts were made by examining each scale under a stereomicroscope and scoring each as living if normally colored and full bodied or dead if discolored and shriveled or dried. High mortality (42% mean) in the untreated check was difficult to explain. One might speculate that despite the use of plywood baffles to separate the various treatments, high mortality in the check plants located next to the XE-905 plants was due to drift of volatilized XE-905 which provided 100% and 99% control at the 0.5 and 1.0 rates respectively. Cygon 2E also provided excellent control (99% mean). No phytotoxicity was noted in any of the treated plants.
Control of Hackberry Psyllid on Hackberry, 1983
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Bartheld Bill , Price Richard , King Ed
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a fence row of hackberries, approximately 15 to 20 ft tall located 1 mi west of Stillwater, Okla. An early treatment with Mauget Bidrin injectable capsules was made on 9 Mar. before bud break. Other injection treatments were made on 28 Apr., after bud break. Injections were made by inserting feeder tubes of 1 ml capsules at 6-in. intervals at root flares around the base of the tree. Applications of Isotox spray was made on 1 May when the temperature was 85°F and the wind velocity was 10 to 15 mph. Application equipment consisted of a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.6 gal/min at 200 lb/in . Trees were treated to runoff. Treatments were randomized and replicated three times. Control was evaluated by randomly selecting 100 leaves per tree and examining for galls caused by the psyllids. Leaf samples were collected on 11 May, 18 May, 26 May, 22 Jun., and 22 Jul.
Chinese Holly, Tea Scale Control, Ala., 1983
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Stephenson J. C. , Cobb G. S.
Published: March 2022

Forty-four 1-ft-tall Chinese hollies heavily infested with tea scale were selected for treatment. Test plants were growing in 2-gal plastic containers. Treatments were applied 16 Jun. and 29 Jul. Foliar sprays were applied to runoff, using a hand-pumped compressed air sprayer, with care taken to cover the underside of the leaves. Chevron spray-sticker was added to each spray mixture at the rate of 2.4 ml/gal. Granular applications were sprinkled over the soil surface in each container, scratched in and then watered. Treatments were replicated four times, one plant constituting a replication. Efficacy of the treatments was determined 28 Jul. and 27 Sep. by examining 100 adult female scale insects per plant and scoring them dead or alive.
Thrips Control on Torenia, 1982
Authors: Neal J. W. , Semeniuk P. , Gott K. M.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were evaluated for control of a chronic thrips infestation on greenhouse grown Torenia. Plants grown from seed in lO-cm plastic pots were 23 to 38 cm in diam and 14 to 27 cm in height. All plants were mature with most flowers in full bloom. Some flowers were showing senescence and others were in developing bud stage. Infested plants were sprayed outdoors and air dried. The air temperature was 22 to 26°C and the weather condition was very sunny. Plants were returned to the greenhouse and maintained on a bench for the duration of the test. Greenhouse temperature ranged from 10 to 39°C. plants were sampled on 4 to 6 and 18 to 20 DAT (days after treatment). A total of 20 fully opened flowers were selected from each treatment and examined for live and dead thrips.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials on bedding plants, Los Angeles County, Calif., evaluated the effects of IX, 2X, and 4X rates of Mavrik 2F (IX = 0.1 lb (AD/100 gall and Dursban 50WP (IX = 0.5 lb (AD/lOO gal). Two flats, each containing nine pony-paks with six plants per pony-pak, were evaluated per treatment for each species. The materials were applied to runoff with a 2.5 gpm piston pump handsprayer with a 5003 nozzle at 150 lb/in on 21 Jun. and 5 Jul. Phytotoxicity readings were made weekly for 2 weeks after each treatment and compared to a water check.
Phytotoxicity on Poinsettia, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. , Morishita F. S. , Hall J.
Published: March 2022

Three applications of seven insecticides were applied to commercially grown poinsettias in Encinitas, Calif., on 7 Oct. ( = 27.7°C), 27 Oct. ( = 28°C), and 16 Nov. ( = 25°C). Water pH was 7.8 for all treatment dates. Six pots of poinsettias, with three plants per pot, were evaluated per treatment rate. The following materials were evaluated at 0.5X, Ix, and 2X rates: Advantage 2.5E and Dimilin 25WP (IX = 0.5 lb (AI)/100 gal), Mycotal mi (IX = 0.02 lb raaterial/100 gal), Mavrik 2F and Danitol 2. 4E (Ix = 0.1 lb (AD/100 gal), XE-905 50WP (IX = 1.0 lb (AI)/100 gal), and Pounce 3.2EC (IX = 0.2 lb (AI)/100 gal). Materials were applied to runoff with a Hypro 3-gmp piston pump with a Spraying Systems 6502 nozzle, at 150 lb/in . The third application was made to the poinsettias after the bracts were showing color (0.75 ripe). Seven weekly phytotoxicity readings were made, ending 23 Nov.
Laboratory Tests with Encapsulated Diazinon Residual Spray, 1983
Authors: Strong R. G. , Sbur D. E.
Published: March 2022

A series of tests were conducted in the laboratory to compare the residual effectiveness of encapsulated diazinon with residues remaining from application of diazinon and malathion emulsion sprays. Whatman’s 9-cm No. 1 filter paper was used for a porous substance and glass slides measuring 3.25 by 4 in. provided an impermeable substrate for the tests. Filter paper was contained in lids of 10-cm plastic petri dishes and glass slides were handled directly. Sprays were applied from a 0.5-gal Namco compression sprayer through a fan nozzle (no. 800067). The spray tank was connected by a flexible hose to an air line equipped with a regulator to maintain a constant nozzle pressure of 20 lb/in2. Application rate was calibrated to spray approximately 1 gal/1,0002 when the nozzle was moved systematically over treatment substrates resting in a defined area of our laboratory spray compartment. Four spray replications were made for each concentration used for each test species for aging dates of 1, 7, 14, and 28 days required for spray residues. Appropriate control samples of each species were included in the test design. Twenty-five specimens of each species were contained in 7.5-cm diam fluon-treated glass cylinders to keep insects on treated surfaces of treatments in each replication. A filter paper cover was provided as needed to prevent escape of flying insects. After an exposure of 2 h to treted surfaces, test insects were placed in fresh containers with a small portion of food material. Mortalities were recorded 7 days after initial exposure to treatments. Residues on treated filter paper and glass slides were aged in a test room maintained at 80°F and 50 to 60% RH. Spray was applied and insects were exposed to treatments in rooms kept at 75°F. Test insects reared in the laboratory were mature larvae of the warehouse beetle and young adults of the other species. Percentages given in the tabulation of results were corrected for natural mortality, but few insects died in control samples.
Exploratory Tests with Encapsulated Diazinon for Stored Product Insects, 1982
Authors: Strong R. G. , Sbur D. E.
Published: March 2022

A series of tests were made in the laboratory to compare the activity of encapsulated diazinon with diazinon and malathion emulsion spray. Sprays were applied from a 0.5-gal Namco compression sprayer through a fan nozzle (no.800067). Pressure was maintained at 20 lb/in2 by connecting the spray tank to an air supply equipped with a pressure regulator. Application rate was calibrated to apply approximately 1 gal/1,000 ft2 when the spray nozzle was moved systematically over a defined area in our laboratory spray application compartment. Before spray was applied directly onto insects, test specimens were anesthetized with CO2 and placed on filter paper held in 10-cm diam plastic petri dishes. Immediately after spray was applied, insects were transferred to clean holding jars with fresh food and held in these until mortalities were recorded. Whatman’s 9-cm No.l filter paper in 10-cm plastic petri dishes was sprayed in the same manner as insecticide was applied directly onto insects. Each treated paper was kept in the same dish throughout the test. In one test, insects were placed on wet paper immediately after spraying, in another the filter paper was left undisturbed to dry 3 h before exposing insects to the treatments, and in the last test the paper was dried at room temp for 24 h before placing insects on it. Insects were contained in 7.5-cm diam fluon-treated glass cylinders on treated paper 24 h before they were transferred to holding containers with fresh food. Sprays were applied and insects were exposed to treatments in a laboratory kept at 75°F; the postexposure test room was maintained at 80°F and 50 to 60% RH. Mortalities were recorded 7 days after initial exposure to the insecticide. Five replications of each treatment were made for each insecticide and appropriate controls were included for each test species. Twenty specimens of each species were exposed to treatments in each replication. Large black carpet beetle larvae and mature warehouse beetle larvae were used; the other laboratory-reared tests insects were young adults. Although few insects died in control samples, percentages given in the tabulation of results were corrected for natural mortality.
Slurry Treatments on Grain Seeds, 1982
Authors: Strong R. G. , Sbur D. E.
Published: March 2022

The primary objective of these tests was to evaluate the effectiveness of Lorsban and Reldan in comparison to methoxychlor and malathion treatments for protection of seeds when treated seeds were exposed to insects in (1) single treatment exposures (STE) and in (2) multiple treatment exposures (MTE), with all containers of treated grain seed stored together. Gustafson Captan 30 DD was applied to 10-lb lots of corn, grain sorghum, and wheat seed in a Batch Lab Treater. Insecticides were added to the slurry treatment mixture as needed for calculated rates. Duplicate 10-lb lots of seed were prepared and stored at ambient room temp for 2 wk before use in STE tests. Each 10-lb lot of treated seed was divided into five 2-lb samples, and each of these was put into a plain paper bag. Five 2-lb bags of the same kind of seed and treatment were placed upright in a 10-qt aluminum pail, which served as an infestatiogn chamber for exposure to insects. Twenty-five laboratory-reared adults of each species of beetles and 25 mature moth larvae were placed in the center of the test chamber and allowed to move freely about the chamber to infest seed as they desired. Each aluminum pail was covered with black cloth held in place with two large rubber bands. All prepared test chambers were kept in a room maintained at 80°F and 50 to 60% RH for 2 weeks before seeds were sieved gently to remove insects. Although all live insects present in each bag of seed were counted and the number recorded, infestation data are shown as the average number of insects in 10-lb duplicate lots of seed. After removing insects, five 2-lb samples were put together in large paper bags to reconstitute each duplicate lot of treated seed. The bags of seed were held at ambient room temp to age 3 months before use in MTE tests. In the latter, 10-lb treatment lots of each kind of seed were placed at random in a 128 ft3 wooden storage chamber held outdoors without benefit of temperature or humidity control. Each chamber was infested initially with 50 insects of each test species per duplicate 10-lb lot of seed; the same number of insects were used to reinfest chambers after 30- and 60-day exposures. Seeds were sieved after exposure to insects for 90 days, and the number of live insects in each 10-lb lot of seed were recorded.
Comparison of Malathion and Pirimiphos-Methyl for Control of the Larger Grain Borer, 1982
Authors: White N.D.G.
Published: March 2022

Malathion, 86.3% EC, and pirimiphos-methyl, 84.0% were used. The insecticides were diluted with water to 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0% solutions and applied to plywood panels to give intended deposits of 0.125, 0.250, 0.375, and 0.500 g (AI)/m2. The plywood panels were 13 by 13 by 0.6 cm, and 216 panels were sprayed using a Paasche air brush with a No. 5 nozzle at 69 kPa pressure. Malathion was applied at each of the four doses to 24 panels (96 panels), pirimiphos-methyl was applied at each of the four doses to 24 panels (96 panels), and 24 panels were treated with water (controls). The panels were stored at 21 ± 2°C and 30 ± 5% RH, in the dark. After 1 day, 1, 4, 8, and 16 weeks in storage, four panels from each insecticide-dose combination and the controls were bioassayed at the storage temperature and relative humidity with adult P. truncatus which had been reared at 30 ± 1°C, 70% RH on whole corn. The insects were confined for 24 h on the treated surface inside copper cylinders, 5.0 cm diam and 2.1 cm high, which had been coated with Fluon (polytetrafuorethylene) to prevent insects from crawling out. A fine screen cover was placed over each cylinder to prevent escape by flying. There were two copper cylinders per panel, eight replicates per treatment, and each cylinder contained 20 insects. A total of 1,440 insects were used on each bioassay date. Following the exposure period the number of beetles knocked down, or unable to walk, was counted. The insects from each cylinder were then placed in plastic vials, 1.25 cm diam and 3.0 cm high, containing about 3 g of ground field corn, cv. Pioneer 3993. Following a 3 to 5 day recovery period at + 1°C and 70% RH the number of living and dead insects was determined by removing the insects from the corn and prodding with a fine sable-hair brush. Fourteen concrete blocks, 40 by 20 by 3 cm, were divided in half with a piece of masking tape. The surface of 0.5 of each block, 20 by 20 cm, was covered with corn dust which would pass through a 20 mesh screen. The dust was ground into the surface for 1 min with a small square of plywood. Loose dust was then shaken off the block. This procedure was repeated three times. Two blocks were then sprayed with each of the following doses of malathion or pirimiphos-methyl as previously outlined: 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g (AI)/m2. Controls consisted of two blocks sprayed with water. Following treatment the blocks were stored at 21 ± 2°C, 30 ± 5% RH for 1 day, 1, 4, and 8 weeks and bioassayed with adult P. truncatus. Two copper cylinders, previously described, were placed on both the concrete and concrete covered with corn dust halves of each block. Twenty adult insects were placed in each cylinder at the storage temperature and relative humidity for 24 h. Knockdown was then determined followed by a recovery period of 3 to 5 days on crushed corn in plastic vials at 30 ± 1°C, 70% RH.
Performance of Dursban Formulations for German Cockroach Control, 1982
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Runstrom E. S.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of three Dursban formulations compared to standard materials currently in use for cockroach control. The tests were conducted in low income housing units located in Indianapolis, Ind. Evaluations of insecticide efficacy and residual life were accomplished by comparing the percent reduction in cockroach populations over time. Pretreatment visual counts were made, an insecticidal treatment was applied, and posttreatment counts were taken at intervals of 24 h, 2 weeks, 1 month, and at monthly intervals thereafter until ineffective or project termination.
Apple, San Jose Scale Crawler Control, 1983
Authors: Townsend H. G. , Millington W. M.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticide treatments for crawler control were applied to heavily infested trees. Applications were made with a handgun to the point of runoff on 8 Jun. and 10 Aug. when crawlers were starting to hatch. Single-tree treatments were replicated five times in a randomized complete block design. Control was determined at harvest (10 Oct.) by rating 100 fruit from each tree. Test trees received a regular fungicide program but no other insecticides during the season.
Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate, and Permethrin Devices for Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle, 1983
Authors: Quisenberry Shan
Published: March 2022

Eight separately pastured, mixed-breed cattle groups ranging from 40 to 82 cows were treated in East Baton Rouge Parish, La., with the following insecticides: Atroban permethrin 10% (AI) ear tag, cypermethrin 8% (AI) ear tag, Ectrin fenvalerate 8% (AI) ear tag, Ectiban permethrin 1.2 g(AI) ear tag tape, Ectiban permethrin 1.2g (AI) tail tape, Permectrin permethrin 10% (AI) ear tag, and Permectrin permethrin 10% (ear strip. Devices were applied at a rate of one device per cow. A herd of 45 cows and 45 calves served as an untreated control. Fly counts were taken on 15 randomly selected cattle on one side of the animal between 6:00 a.m. and 9:30 a.m. Percent reduction from control was determined by dividing the difference between the untreated and treated counts by the untreated count and multiplying by 100%.
Control of House Flies in Cage-Layer Manure with Larvadex, 1982
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

The effectiveness of the insect growth regulator Larvadex was evaluated utilizing four cage-layer poultry houses located at Jaskolka’s Egg Farm, Inc., in Auburn, NH. Houses 1 and 2 were each 10,200 sq feet and contained 20,000 birds; house 3 was 10,200 sq feet and contained 29,000 birds; house 4 was 12,000 sq feet and contained 30,000 birds. Larvadex 0.3% Premix was blended with layer diet at a rate of 1 lb per ton of feed. In each house, Larvadex was introduced into the diet of the chickens when adult house fly populations began to build up. Feeding of the Larvadex-treated diet was continuous until the adult fly population reached a low level or was completely absent. The birds then received untreated diet until the adult house fly populations started to build up again. Evaluations were made by using 3 by 5-in. cards fastened to the walls and posts about 5 ft above the floor in the manure pits. Twenty cards, spaced 24 ft apart, were used in each house. The cards were replaced weekly for a period of 15 wk beginning 19 Apr. and ending 28 Jul. The number of fly specks found on the cards was used to measure the adult population levels before and after feeding the treated diet. Observations on the relative adult population level in each house were also recorded throughout the study.
Evaluation of Closantel as a Feed Additive for Control of Northern Fowl Mites, 1983
Authors: DeVaney Joyce A. , Ivie G. Wayne
Published: March 2022

White Leghorn hens, 27 weeks old, which had an ascending moderate or heavier population of northern fowl mites were divided into five groups of six hens each and individually caged. Hens were fed diets containing 0, 1, 4, 16, or 64 ppm Closantel. After 18 days, hens fed the diet of 1 ppm Closantel were transferred to a diet containing 256 ppm Closantel. Diets were prepared by mixing Closantel (96.8% AI) with a commercial laying hen ration (16% protein) in sufficient quantities for an 18-day feeding period. Each diet was then divided into six equal portions and stored at -20°C. Feed weighed back and discarded every third day when fresh feed was provided to these hens. Hens were weighed twice during each 18-day interval of the study. Weekly mite ratings were visually estimated by the same observer using the following index: 0, no mites; 1, very light (1-10 mites/hen); 2, light (11-100 mites/hen); 3, moderate (101-1000 mites/hen); 4, heavy (1001-10,000 mites/hen); and 5, extra heavy (<10,000 mites/hen).
Evaluation of Ectiban Pour-On and Horse Fly Spray and Rub-On II Against Face Flies on Horses, 1983
Authors: Hollis J.H. , Knapp F.W.
Published: March 2022

Ectiban Pour-on with 1.0% permethrin (ICI) and Horse Spray and Rub-on II with 1.0% permethrin, 0.5% piperonyl butoxide and 0.05% pyrethrin (Philips Roxane) were tested for efficacy of face fly control on horses. Wipes were applied at 4 oz per horse with particular attention paid to wiping the face and neck. Control treatments consisted of untreated horses on the same farm as the treated animals. Horses treated with a commercial standard, Farnam’s Wipe V, were also used for comparisons. Flies were counted on the faces of five horses from each treatment group. Counts were done at 1, 3, and 24-hr posttreatment, daily for the first wk and biweekly thereafter until effective control ceased.
Imported Fire Ant Control-Season Variation with Drench Treatments, 1980
Authors: Burne Jeffrey C. , Hays S.B.
Published: March 2022

The optimum time for application of drench treatments for imported fire ant (IFA) control is important in developing a management program for this insect. This research was designed to determine if there was a best season for treatment of IFA colonies with toxicants that had been proven in previous research to be effective as drench treatments. Our research had indicated that Knox-Out and Sevin were effective toxicants when employed as drenchs.
Acaricide Screening for Control of Psoroptic Mites, 1983
Authors: Wright F. C.
Published: March 2022

Ear canker mites, Psoroptescuniculi (Delafond), taken from the ears of domestic rabbits were used for these tests. About 20 to 25 mites (adults and nymphs) were put in “tea bags” (6.3 cm ) made from heat-sealable rice paper. The acaricides were tested as technical materials dissolved in water or formulated as emulsifiable concentrates (EC) containing 25% (AI), 65% xylene, and 10% Tritox X-100, or as a company-supplied emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder. Because of solubility problems, BASF Wyandotte BAS-2631 was formulated as an EC in a mixture of xylene, Triton X-100, butyrolactone, and acetone, and Duphar PH 60-44 was formulated in a mixture of corn oil, xylene, and Triton X-100. Three bags containing mites were submerged in each concentration of the acaricides for 30 sec and allowed to dry at room temperature and ambient humidity. Mites that served as controls were dipped in dilute solvent and emulsifier at concentrations equivalent to those used in the acaricide emulsions. The bags were opened at 24-h posttreatment; mites were observed with the aid of a dissecting microscope and scored as dead or alive. Mites scored as dead were immobile or had only feeble leg movement; mites scored as alive were able to travel normally. The highest concentration of acaricide tested was 0.1%. If 100% kill was obtained at 0.1%, more dilute concentratins (0.01%, 0.001%, 0.0001% …) were tested until mortality was less than 100%. Compounds were rated on the basis of the scoring as: Class I, < 100% kill at 0.1%; Class II, 100% kill at 0.1%; Class III, 100% kill at 0.01%; Class IV, 100% kill at 0.001%; Class V, 100% kill at 0.0001%.
Pear, Grape Mealybug Control, 1983
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Twenty-five-year-old Bartlett pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 lb/in2 to evaluate pesticides for control of grape mealybug. Plots consisted of 4 single-tree replications assigned at random to trees preselected for heavy infestation of the pest. Pesticides were applied when crawlers were active, 1 Apr. and 3 May, corresponding to cluster bud and petal fall stages of tree growth. Mealybug density was estimated by counts of nymphs on five-spur samples per rep three times during the test period. All tissues on spurs were examined using a dissecting microscope. Russet on fruit caused by mealybug honeydew was checked by examining two 10-fruit samples per rep at harvest time. Fruit firmness, soluble solid content and size were also measured on the harvest samples.
Apple, Mite Control, 1983
Authors: Forsythe H.Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 18-yr-old apple trees.at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 100 lbs/in2 and at 350 to 400 gal/acre. Spray dates were 14 May (pink), 7 June (petal fall), from 16 to 24 June (first cover), and 30 June (second cover). The standard pesticide program consisted of Captan 80W on three dates, Imidan 50W on 14 June, and Sevin 80W on 29 June, 12 July, and 19 July. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were four single-tree replications. A randomized complete block design was used, with four ‘Red Delicious’ cultivars in Test 1, and two ‘Cortland’ and two ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivars in Test 2. From each tree 25 leaves were collected at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20/alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day.
Peach, Insecticide Tests, 1983
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes Ralph L.
Published: March 2022

A 4-year-old block of Red Haven was used in the test. Nine trees arranged in a randomized block design were used for each treatment. Sprays were applied 4 and 17 May, to the foliage with 5-horsepower hydraulic sprayer set at 300 lb/in2 A tree gun with a No. 4 disc was used to apply 1 gal per tree. The spray was timed with the aid of oriental fruit moth (OFM) pheromone traps. All twig terminals per tree were inspected for wilting, due to OFM larval tunneling, on 4, 17, and 31 May. The OFM population was low.
Apple, Insect and Mite Control, 1983
Authors: Forsythe H.Y.
Published: March 2022

Test pesticides were applied to 17-to 27-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun with a hydraulic sprayer operating at 100 lbs/in2 at 300 to 350 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 14 May (pre-pink), from 5 to 13 June (petal fall), from 16 to 23 June (first cover), from 29 June to 6 July (second cover), from 12 to 19 July (third cover), from 26 July to 8 Aug. (fourth cover), and from 9 to 17 Aug. (fifth cover). Materials were applied on dates as noted in table. The fungicide program before blooming consisted of Captan 80W (1 lb) on 6 May, Polyram 80W (0.6 lb) on two dates, Manzate 200 80W (1.5 lb) on 30 Apr. in Test 3, and Cyprex 65W (1 lb) sprayed after blooming 14 June in Tests 1 and 2. In addition, Polyram 80W (2 lb) was mixed with each insecticide treatment at each spray. There were four single-tree replications. A randomized complete block design was used, with two ‘McIntosh’ and two ‘Cortland’ cultivars in Test 1; two ‘Red Delicious,’ one ‘Cortland,’ and one ‘Mcintosh’ cultivar per treatment in Test 2; and three ‘Mcintosh’ and one ‘Spartan’ cultivar per treatment in Test 3. Except for test trees, orchards were unsprayed. On 24 and 25 Aug. 0.5 box of apples was picked from each tree, and about 360 to 450 apples were examined per treatment on 10 to 17 Sept. for external egg punctures (apple maggot), egg-laying scars (plum curculio), and typical feeding injuries (codling moth and lesser appleworm). European red mites were counted on three dates from 13 July to 22 Aug. on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20/alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day.
Miticidal Properties of Fenpropathrin, 1983
Authors: Kasamatsu K. , Fujita Y.
Published: March 2022

Four laboratory experiments were conducted to assess miticidal properties that fenpropathrin would effect upon adults and one-day-old eggs of carmine mites vCM) and citrus red mites (CRM). Treatments were applied by spraying 3 ml of the chemical solution to kidney bean and the mandarin orange leaves on which mites were released. After 48 h, the mortality counts of adults, the number of fecal pellets and eggs deposited were recorded. Ovicidal tests were assessed 7 days posttreatment. CM repellent tests were made on three leaves of potted kidney beans. After agglutinant was painted on the stem, 30 CM adults were released on the apical leaf surface. The mite-infested apical leaf and the primordial leaves were dipped into the chemical solution for 5 sec, in order to obtain partially and totally treated plants. The number of mites that had dropped from the three leaves, by spinning down, or moved from the apical leaf to the primordial ones after 48 h were recorded. All of the test was conducted at 26 ± 1°C, and repeated three times.
Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Efficacy Tests in Riverside, 1983
Authors: Morse J.G. , Nishio-Wong J.Y.
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were tested for control of citrus red mite populations in 2 tests in Riverside, Calif. A randomized block design was used with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. Materials were applied using a Hardie hand-gun (single nozzle, no. 8 disk) at 450 lb/in2, (ca. 1200 gal/acre; 12 gal per tree) using a John Bean sprayer. Naked-eye counts of adult female mites on 32 leaves per tree (two four-leaf terminals per quadrant, top surface only) were made.
Armored Scale and Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1983
Authors: French J. Victor
Published: March 2022

Treatments were randomized and replicated twice on four-tree plots in a 9-year-old ‘Valencia’ orange orchard (24 by 24 ft spacing). Applications were made on 7 July, using a commercial air blast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply 250 gal/acre. Six fruit (48 per treatment) randomly selected at arms length inside the canopy of each tree were tagged and all CRS developing on this fruit counted. TCM populations were monitored at each count date by randomly collecting 24 leaves per treatment replicate and processing them through a mite-brushing machine. All TCM motiles were counted undder a binocular microscope.
Apple, Mite Control, 1983
Authors: Hall F.R. , Aim S.R.
Published: March 2022

Test pesticides were applied to 5-year-old ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Jonathan’ apple trees, planted 10 ft by 40 ft apart, as dilute sprays (ca. 1 gal per tree). A randomized complete block design was used, with four replications per treatment for each cultivar. Applications were made with a handgun at 450 lb/in2 to all plots on 8 July, and again on 20 July, to trees in the Plictran 50 WP (2 oz) and Kelthane 4F (0.5 pt) treatment plots. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, and brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Tween 20 in the laboratory.
Evaluation of Unregistered Materials for Control of Citrus Thrips in California, 1983
Authors: Morse J. G. , Elmer H. S. , Brawner O. L.
Published: March 2022

Materials were tested for control of citrus thrips populations in Field 12 (13-year old Navel oranges) of the Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Treatments were applied at petal fall (18 and 19 May), 1 week after petal fall (25 May), or two weeks after petal fall (1 June), using a Hardie handgun at 500 lb/in2 outside coverage and approximately 200 gal/acre. Four-tree plots were used with the number of single-tree replicates listed in the following table. Fruit scarring counts, for scars caused by citrus thrips, were taken approximately 1 month before harvest on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level (scarring is more severe on outside fruit). Scars were rated as slight (incomplete ring scar) or severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring; severe scarring equivalent to level causing fruit downgrading in a normal year). Economic scarring levels are approximately 5% severe scars.
Evaluation OP Alternative Treatment Dates for Citrus Thrips Control, 1983
Authors: Morse J. G. , Elmer H. S. , Brawner O. L.
Published: March 2022

Orthene 75SP was applied at a rate of 1.1 lb (AI)/acre on alternative dates in the Hewitt block of the Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. Applications were to 75-tree plots using an FMC CP267 speed sprayer at 200 gal/acre. Treatment dates were as follows: prebloom, 5 Apr.; petal fall, 23 May; 1 week after petal fall, 31 May; 2 weeks after petal fall, 6 June. Fruit scarring counts, for scars caused by citrus thrips, were taken approx 1 month before harvest on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level (scarring is more severe on outside fruit). Scars were rated as slight (incomplete ring scar) or severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring; severe scarring equivalent to level causing fruit downgrading in a normal year). Economic scarring levels are approximately 5% severe scars.
Control OP Codling Moth and Navel Orangeworm in Walnuts, 1982
Authors: McNally P. S.
Published: March 2022

Pydrin and Bactospeine were applied on 25 June by a hand-gun from a Bean orchard sprayer at 200 lb/in2 at Lockeford, Calif. Trees were sprayed until run off, which resulted in ca. 8 gal of spray per tree or approximately 320 gal/acre. The design was a randomized block with five replications per treatment. Approximately 200 nuts were sampled per replication at harvest on 24 Sept.
Cutworm Control in Asparagus, 1983
Authors: Grafius E. , Morrow E. , Love A. P. , May A.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in a grower’s field in Oceana Courty, MI, one of the major asparagus growing regions of the state. The light, sandy soil in this field had supported heavy cutworm infestations in the past. Cutworm counts were taken in Oct. 1982 by scraping 2 inches of top soil around 30 crowns. An average of six cutworms per crown was recorded. On 27 Apr., cutworm counts were done as before and an average of only one cutworm per crown was found. Apparently the overwintering mortality was quite high. Plots were established in a heavily infested portion of the same field and were 6 rows wide by 60 ft. long. Treatments were arranged in a complete randomized design with three replications per treatment. Sampling in the plots just before treatment on 16 May yielded an average of two cutworms per crown. The following day, counts of dead larvae per 40 row-ft from the two center rows (80 total row ft per plot) and number of crowns in each plot was recorded. One week later (23 May), damaged spears and number of live larvae were counted on three per plot.
The economic system question revisited
Authors: Nelson Richard R
Published: March 2022

The core argument of this paper is that thinking of modern economies, like that of the United States, the UK, Germany, and Japan, as “market” economies—a view presented in most of the standard economic texts that provide populations with their economic education—greatly oversimplifies the complex and varied ways that these economies actually use to organize and govern provision of the great variety of goods and services that serve their multiple needs and wants. These economies certainly do make extensive use of for-profit firms selling their wares on markets. However, even in sectors where market mechanisms are central, there almost always are important non-market mechanisms involved as well. And for many of the most important goods and services these economies provide and use, non-market institutions are central and market mechanisms secondary. It is important to recognize the oversimplification. It makes dealing with the problems in sectors whose performance is widely judged to be unsatisfactory much more difficult to resolve adequately.