bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The first 2 months of COVID-19 contact tracing in the Northern Territory of Australia, March–April 2020
Authors: Draper Anthony DK , Dempsey Karen E , Boyd Rowena H , Childs Emma M , Black Hayley M , Francis Laura A , Markey Peter G , Krause Vicki L
Published: July 2020

The Northern Territory (NT) Centre for Disease Control (CDC) undertook contact tracing of all notified cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) within the Territory. There were 28 cases of COVID-19 notified in the NT between 1 March and 30 April 2020. In total 527 people were identified as close contacts over the same period; 493 were successfully contacted; 445 were located in the NT and were subsequently quarantined and monitored for disease symptoms daily for 14 days after contact with a confirmed COVID-19 case. Of these 445 close contacts, 4 tested positive for COVID-19 after developing symptoms; 2/46 contacts who were cruise ship passengers (4.3%, 95% CI 0.5–14.8%) and 2/51 household contacts (3.9%, 95% CI 0.5–13.5%). None of the 326 aircraft passengers or 4 healthcare workers who were being monitored in the NT as close contacts became cases.
Pertumbuhan Miselium Pada Bibit F2 Dan F3 Jamur Tiram Putih (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Ex. Fr) kummer) dengan Penambahan Gula (Sukrosa) di Usaha Bersama Budidaya Jamur Tiram Kota Medan
Authors: Fadhila Alfredi Anis , Darwis Welly , Berutu Ali Sadikin
Published: July 2020

White oyster mushrooms is one of the commercial edible mushrooms, high and prospective economy value as a source of the income of farmers. This fungus can also grow on media that is given the addition of sucrose (sand sugar). Sucrose have the ability in increase of conidia germination and fungal growth. The purpose  of this study was to determine the effect of adding the right dose of sucrose sugar to the growth of white oyster mushroom mycelium. This study used the experiment method. The results obtained from this study were effective doses of sugar in the long growth of oyster mushroom mycelium in F2 seedlings were 40 grams from 4% of growing media with an average growth of 0.67 cm per 2 days, while in seed F3 were 40 grams from 4% of growing media with an average growth of 0.36 cm per 2 days.
IDENTIFIKASI JENIS SEMUT FAMILI FORMICIDAE DI KAWASAN TAMAN WISATA ALAM PANTAI PANJANG PULAU BAAI KOTA BENGKULU
Authors: Supriati Rochmah , Sari Winarti Purnama , Dianty Nevee
Published: July 2020

The existence of insects is very abundant and has an important role in the ecosystem. In addition to a very important function in the ecosystem, ants are used as bioindicators in changing the habitat of an area and seeing changes occur in the environment. Ants are commonly found in a variety of habitats, in addition to terrestrial areas ants are found in coastal areas because there are habitats that allow the presence of ants in the form of mangrove vegetation and ecologically, ant nests are scattered from mangrove forests and trees on the coast. This research was conducted on 10 February - 10 March 2016 in the TWA area of Pantai Panjang, Pulau Baai Bengkulu. Use the roaming or xploration method. Each location point to set a trap (pitfall). When installing pitfalls (pitfall) is done at 09.00-11.00 and 14.00-15.00 WIB, by installing ten trap traps (pitfall) for three days. From the results in the field found 10 types of ants from the Order Hymenoptera Family Formicidae. 8 species constitute members of the Subfamily Formicinae including; A.gracilipes, P. longicornis, C. carnelius, Oecophylla sp, P. carbonaria, C. rufipes, Camponotus sp, P. jerdon, two other members of the Dolichoderinae Subfamily; T. melanocephalum, D. thoracicus.
JENIS DAN KELIMPAHAN NYAMUK (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) DI DESA BANJAR SARI KECAMATAN ENGGANO KABUPATEN BENGKULU UTARA
Authors: Helmiyetti Helmiyetti , Kurnia Nuril Septianisa , Yahya Yahya
Published: July 2020

Mosquitoes, one of the insects groups that have a high interaction with humans with a wide spread and cosmopolite. Factors that influence the spread of mosquitoes are the form of topography of an area and environmental factors. The aim of this research was to determine the type and abundance of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Banjarsari Village, Enggano District, North Bengkulu. The research was conducted in December 2018 to March 2019 with the sampling method of purposive sampling and capture of mosquitoes carried out by the Human Landing Collection and Resting Collection methods. The time of catching mosquitoes starts in the morning at 06.00-08.00 WIB, afternoon at 15.00-17.00 WIB and at night 18.00-24.00 WIB. The mosquito was identified in the Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bengkulu University. The results of this research were analyzed in a qualitative frequency distribution with 3 groups of categories: many, medium and few categories. The types of mosquitoes obtained consisted of 5 types including Aedes albopictus, Armigeres subalbatus, Culex bitaeniorhynchus, Culex solitarius and Culex quinquefasciatus. The abundance of mosquitoes with many categories is found in Aedes albopictus and the abundance of categories with few species is found in Culex solitarius mosquitoes.
JENIS-JENIS PARASIT INTERNAL PADA FESES KAMBING (Capra sp.) DI PASAR KAMBING KOTA BENGKULU
Authors: Saputra Hari Marta , Putra Mahesha Rama Dwi
Published: July 2020

Parasitic diseases that are often a problem in livestock but are often ignored by farmers are intestinal worms caused by gastrointestinal worms. This study aims to determine the types of internal parasites in goat feces (Capra sp.). The study was conducted in July- August 2018 at the UPTD Laboratory and Animal Health Clinic in Bengkulu Province. Samples were taken from Bengkulu City Goat Market, then observed using native and sedimentation methods. The results of observing samples from three types of goat feces with negative methods obtained negative results, while observing samples by sedimentation method obtained six genus of worm eggs, specifically Ascaris sp., Ostertagia sp., Oesophagostomum sp., Strongyloides sp., Schistosoma sp., dan Skrjabinema sp.
Spatial differences in prey preference by tigers across the Bangladesh Sundarbans reveal a need for customised strategies to protect prey populations
Authors: Aziz MA , Islam MA , Groombridge J
Published: July 2020

The Sundarbans is the only mangrove habitat in the world to support tigers Panthera tigris, whose persistence there is believed to be dependent on a very limited number of prey species. Conservation managers therefore need to understand how tigers utilise available prey species on a spatial scale in order to formulate a prey-based protection strategy for this global-priority tiger landscape. A total of 512 scat samples were collected during a survey of 1984 km2 of forest across 4 sample blocks in the 6017 km2 of the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Analysis of scat composition and prey remains reliably identified 5 major prey species, of which spotted deer Axis axis and wild pig Sus scrofa contributed a cumulative biomass of 89% to tiger diet. Tiger preference for prey species was highly skewed towards spotted deer and wild pig, but the relative contribution of these 2 species differed significantly across the 4 study areas, which spanned the Sundarbans, demonstrating important spatial patterns of tiger prey preference across the Sundarbans landscape. Given the comparatively limited number of prey species available to support the dwindling tiger population, different strategies are needed in different parts of the Sundarbans to support tiger populations and to protect spotted deer and wild pig populations from unabated poaching.
Vegetatively reproductive red clovers (Trifolium pratense L.): An overview
Authors: Hyslop M.G. , Kemp P.D. , Hodgson J.
Published: July 2020

Although the persistency of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) can be a problem when grazed in mixed and pure stands, it is still regarded as a valuable source of high quality summer feed in some farming systems. Vegetatively reproductive red clover selections offer promise to solve this persistency problem but their growth, perennation, reproductive ability and productivity have not been investigated in New Zealand farming systems. This paper is an overview of a 4 year research programme involving nine experiments investigating these areas. The vegetatively reproductive red clovers evaluated were Astred, F2419 and Gualdo. There was no difference between Astred and Grasslands Pawera, a crown type red clover, in the total herbage accumulated over the first growing season under 4, 6 and 8 week grazing frequencies and lax and hard grazing intensities. After 3 years of grazing, significantly more Astred parent plants were alive compared to Pawera when rooted plantlets were counted as parent plants after one year. Varying numbers (0-66 plantlets/m2/yr) of rooted plantlets were produced by Astred in mixed and pure swards. More rooted plantlets were established per parent plant under wet surface soil conditions. Astred produced 57% of its autumn rooted plantlets on primary stems developed in September, or branches off these stems. Comparisons of the growth and morphology of Astred, F2419 and Gualdo are presented. Red clover selections that are vegetatively reproductive offer benefits to New Zealand farming systems and could solve some of the persistency problems currently experienced with red clover. Keywords: Astred, F2419, Gualdo, rooted plantlet, Trifolium pratense, vegetatively reproductive
The effect of pasture species on lamb performance in dryland systems
Authors: Fraser T.J. , Moss R.A. , Daly M.J. , Knight T.L.
Published: July 2020

The effects of two contrasting forage supply options on forage and sheep production were evaluated on unirrigated farmlet systems at Winchmore, Mid-Canterbury. One option was based on perennial ryegrass pastures (Control), and the other (Improved) on hybrid ryegrass, tall fescue, and chicory pastures. All pasture types grew at similar low rates during winter but chicory grew more rapidly than the grasses during the summer droughts. The Control conserved more but required less conserved feed than the Improved system. Both had a feed deficit which averaged 23 and 42 kg DM/ewe respectively over the 2 years. The lambs on the Improved pastures grew more rapidly than the Controls throughout, exceeding the rate of the Controls by 142 and 165 g/head/day post-weaning in years 1 and 2 respectively. This resulted in considerably more lambs reaching target drafting weights on the Improved system, 92 vs. 53 and 97 vs. 58%, in years 1 and 2 respectively. This increased the income from lambs by $104 and $94/ ha in these years. Ewe liveweights were similar during pregnancy but differed during lactation and post-weaning at the end of which, ewes on Improved pastures were 6 and 4 kg heavier than the Controls in years 1 and 2 respectively. They consequently produced fleeces that were 10 and 12% heavier. The superior animal performance associated with the Improved system reflects higher pasture quality due to less endophyte and dead matter, and an increase in the proportion of the more nutritious components, legumes and chicory. Keywords: dryland, lamb production, pasture production, pasture quality, pasture species
Liver copper concentration in cattle and herbage copper, sulphur, iron and molybdenum concentrations on commercial farms in the Wairoa region
Authors: Litherland A.J. , Korte C.J. , Dowling A. , Smith D. , Moffat C. , Lee J. , Lambert M.G.
Published: July 2020

Seasonal changes in herbage elements (Cu, Mo, S, Fe), pasture growth, and soil moisture were measured and their relationships with liver Cu concentration in weaner heifers (n=10-12) and breeding cows (n=10-12) were determined on 7 commercial farms in the Wairoa region. Liver biopsy samples were collected at 2 to 4 monthly intervals and herbage and soil moisture monthly from spring 1996 to spring 1998. Mean Mo concentration of herbage offered to cattle on the 7 farms ranged from 0.7 to 3.2 mg Mo/kgDM and Cu herbage concentrations from 5.7 to 10.5 mg Cu/kgDM. Mean concentrations of Cu in cattle livers ranged from 85 to 204 μmol Cu/kgFW across farms. Herbage Cu, S and Fe concentrations were highly seasonal with low levels in late spring- summer and high levels in autumn and winter. In contrast, herbage Mo was less seasonal. There was a suggestion that variation in liver Cu across seasons was positively affected by increasing herbage Cu concentration and negatively affected by increasing herbage S concentration and unaffected by herbage Mo concentration. Over the two years 46% of non- Cu supplemented cows and 32% of weaners had deficient (
The influence of pre-lamb shearing on lamb birthweight and survival
Authors: Morris S.T. , Kenyon P.R. , Burnham D.L. , Mccutcheon S.N.
Published: July 2020

Shearing ewes in mid pregnancy can provide farmers with management and financial advantages. Six experiments conducted at Massey University have collectively shown that shearing ewes at this time can increase lamb birthweight by up to 1.0 kg. When comparisons were made across studies, there was a strong negative relationship between size of the response and the birthweight of control lambs (those from unshorn ewes). The best time to shear ewes to gain a maximum response is likely to be pregnancy day 50 to 100. In a large field trial involving 1002 twin-born lambs, there was a 3% reduction in mortality rate in lambs born to ewes shorn at pregnancy day 67 compared with those lambs born to unshorn ewes (i.e., mortality rates of 15 vs 18%). Pre-lamb shearing offers real advantages to farmers wishing to increase lamb survival at birth. Keywords: ewes, lamb birthweight, lamb mortality, mid-pregnancy shearing
Effects of binary seed mixtures of ryegrass, cocksfoot and tall fescue on pasture production
Authors: Stevens D.R. , Hickey M.J.
Published: July 2020

This study measured total dry matter production and botanical composition of binary mixtures of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), as a replacement series in proportions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 from June 1987 until May 1993. The binary mixtures were sown in March 1986 with white clover, on an occasionally drought affected Kaweku silt loam, with an average annual rainfall of 750 mm near Riversdale, in Southland. Mixtures with ryegrass were allowed a 6-month establishment period before ryegrass was overdrilled in early October 1986. Total yields of ryegrass/cocksfoot mixtures increased as ryegrass seeding rate increased. Clover yields were generally unaffected. Mixtures of cocksfoot/tall fescue produced more sown grass than either species sown alone. This lowered clover and other grass yields, resulting in no total dry matter yield improvement in mixtures compared to pure sowings. Tall fescue/ ryegrass mixtures were competitive in winter and spring with lower total yields than either species sown alone. This competition also lowered other grass yields. During summer and autumn the total production increased as the amount of ryegrass increased. Seed mixtures with two perennial temperate pasture grasses did not provide any extra pasture production in a cool temperate environment under infrequent hard grazing management. The best choice for the region would be the grass that provided the greatest dry matter yield. Other components such as clover may be reduced when mixing grasses. Keywords: cocksfoot, competition, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, mixtures, pasture yield, replacement series, ryegrass, tall fescue, white clover
Factors influencing the contribution of narrow-leaved plantain to North Island hill country pastures
Authors: Dodd M.B. , Barker D.J. , Dymock N. , Orr S.J.
Published: July 2020

We examined the contribution of narrow-leaved plantain (Plantago lanceolata) to pasture production and composition, as part of a larger experiment evaluating the role of biodiversity in North Island hill country pastures. Plantain was sown at rates between 0 and 13.5 kg/ha (equivalent) into small plots at two sites representative of North Island hill country pastures - Whatawhata and Ballantrae Research Centres. The sites encompassed variation in both slope and soil fertility. We measured the abundance and percent composition of plantain, and the total yield of the herbage growing on the plots in the spring and autumn of the year following establishment. The average abundance of plantain in both spring and autumn was greater on higher fertility plots but was not different between easy and steep slopes. Abundance was also related to sowing rate and the contribution of plantain to harvested DM yield was strongly related to abundance. There was some evidence that the percentage of plantain in spring pastures was positively related to total plot yield. Given that plantain occurs ubiquitously in most pastures, contributing 2-8% of pasture productivity, the data indicated a sowing rate of approximately 1 kg/ha was a minimum to significantly increase the abundance and contribution to productivity of this species. Keywords: biodiversity, hill country, pasture, plaintain
A Vision for Southland
Authors: Catto G.
Published: July 2020

Keywords: animal welfare, dairy farming, deer farming, environment, genetic engineering, horticulture, organic farming, sheep farming I farm two properties with my wife and parents, one at Heddon Bush and the other a run block at Mossburn. Many people in the late 1980s were either exiting farming or expanding while land prices were low. We chose to expand as our area of 137 ha at Heddon Bush of good land was no longer an economic sheep unit, so we purchased 61 ha of hill country at Mossburn. Southland farming has been dominated by sheep farming in the past, and will be in the future. However, with the present decline in sheep and cropping incomes, and the rise in profitability of dairy farming, forestry, deer farming and the expansion in horticulture, we saw a progressive change in land use during the l990s. For example, in 1989 when travelling between farms, we would pass only one dairy farm, now we pass nine, many are on less-than-prime dairy land and they are relatively large. There is still only one cropping farm, but one deer farm has now got three fellows. However, there are still no ostrich farms. I believe this sort of dramatic change is likely to continue, providing a wider and more stable economic base to the Southland economy, and a less volatile income stream to the rural towns, contractor and service industries. Dairy farming's profitability means it will still continue to be the winner in the land grab. The eventual demise of the Dairy Board monopoly will allow for greater foreign investment in the industry so the growth of dairying in Southland will continue, although it will be based more on returns from marketing and distribution. An added bonus is that dairy farming brings young families to the rural communities - good for our schools, clubs and communities. The dairy industry will become a comfortable, second largest industry in the future.
Managing white clover for productive and profitable sheep farming in Southland
Authors: Eerens J.P.J. , Ryan D.L.
Published: July 2020

White clover is often listed as one of the factors contributing to profitable pastoral farming in New Zealand. The positive aspects of white clover have been presented in a balanced manner in publications by scientists, environmentalists and farmers able to exploit these positive aspects. Increasingly, pastures contain sub-optimal levels of clover, as a result of pasture management that is detrimental to clover, including the increasing use of fertiliser nitrogen. In some regions of New Zealand, farmers can legitimately point to pests such as the clover root weevil and factors such as the ryegrass endophyte as causing restrictions in clover production, but this is less the case in Southland. Environmental conditions in Southland are well suited for ryegrass-white clover pastures. Wellmanaged ryegrass-white clover pastures containing the best regional cultivars can achieve high financial returns. A number of trials at the Gore Research Station are reviewed; they demonstrated that on mixed ryegrass-white clover swards farmers can produce nearly 25% more dry matter, 40% more carcass weight and 25% more wool than on pastures with ryegrass alone receiving 270 kg N/ha/year. The yield advantage would have been greater still if they were compared with typical Southland pastures. Not only was 180 kg more carcass and 17 kg more wool produced per hectare on mixed swards, but nitrogen fixation by clover produced more than $300 worth of nitrogen per hectare. The yield advantage achievable from the ryegrass-white clover swards requires specific pasture management, particularly in spring- summer and the use of adapted white clover cultivars. Keywords: cultivars, Lolium perenne, nitrogen, pasture production, perennial ryegrass, set stocking, Trifolium repens, white clover, wool
An Introduction to the Southland region
Authors: Newson J.
Published: July 2020

Keywords: beef, climate, dairy, forestry, land use, sheep, soils, Southland The 22nd and 40th Grassland Association conferences were held in Invercargill in 1960 and 1978, respectively. The 1978 conference was nearly cancelled as it just followed the massive flooding in Southland that October. In a farmer paper presented by Mr G.A. McDonald of Brydone, it is of interest that he was sowing lucerne on 5.5 ha of his property to protect from the summer dry. It makes interesting reading how the climate has changed since 1978. In a recent NIWA publication, this climate shift is described as the Interdecadel Pacific Oscillation. Previous shifts occurred in 1925, 1947 and 1977. Interestingly, NIWA is suggesting this 20-30 year oscillation may be due to switch again. The previous 1977 shift brought wetter and cloudier weather as more anticyclones occurred north of the country. It is interesting to speculate that many areas, previously perceived as dry, may once again become dry. This will have interesting repercussions because of the recent spread of dairying and the increasing land intensification
A summary of research into the use of low rates of glyphosate as a pasture management tool
Authors: Casey M.J. , Brown C. , Stevens D.R.
Published: July 2020

Investigations into the use of low rates of glyphosate as a pasture management tool in New Zealand are summarised. Rates of 250 ml/ha Roundup (360 g/l a.i. glyphosate) increased white clover and decreased dead material contents on sites throughout New Zealand. Results were variable depending on site, weather and application conditions. Variable responses in perennial ryegrass content were noted, with repeated annual applications helping to improve ryegrass content. Lamb growth rates increased by an average of 30 g/d or 20%. Californian thistle numbers were reduced by annual application of low rates of glyphosate. Thistles that were not killed remained vegetative and small. The use of low rates of glyphosate to control late-spring growth improved pasture nutritional characteristics. Pastures must have enough time to recover before the onset of drought to avoid grass death and weed invasion. Careful use of this technique can aid in the management of pastures in late spring to increase pasture quality in summer. More research is needed to define rate-by-environment interactions, effects on pasture growth and feed quality through small well-designed experiments. Keywords: botanical composition, Californian thistles, dead material, drought, glyphosate, lamb growth, pasture management, ryegrass, white clover
A comparison of rearing systems for dairy beef calves
Authors: Muir P.D. , Nieuwenhuis G. , Smith N.B. , Ormond A.W.A.
Published: July 2020

A demonstration of the performance and cost of artificial calf rearing systems was undertaken using 4-day-old Friesian bulls. Three commercial calf rearing systems (recommended by calf feed manufacturers) were compared with a cheaper variation which involved substituting a proportion of meal with pasture. The same calf milk replacer and meal was used in all four systems, so that this was a comparison of rearing systems, not of products. System 1 was a conventional twice-aday milk feeding regime for 6 weeks, with access to pasture from 4 weeks of age and restricted meal fed to 12 weeks. System 2 involved twicea- day milk feeding for 10 days, followed by once-a-day milk feeding for a further 50 days together with restricted meal and access to pasture from 4 weeks. System 3 involved once-a-day milk feeding for 5 weeks and ad libitum meal feeding before being allowed access to pasture at 10 weeks of age. System 4 was similar to System 3 but instead of ad libitum meal, calves were allowed access to pasture from 4 weeks and fed restricted meal. Feed input costs ranged from $83 per calf in System 4 to $127 per calf in Systems 2 and 3. At 12 weeks, average calf liveweights ranged from 98 kg for calves reared using System 1 to 110 kg for calves reared using System 3. There were significant differences in 12-week liveweight (P
A decision tool for calculating herbage mass and metabolisable energy requirements of growing cattle and sheep
Authors: Woodward S.J.R. , Webby R.W. , Johnstone L.J.C.
Published: July 2020

Decisions about feeding livestock on pasture are complicated because of the large number of ingestive and digestive factors affecting pasture intake. As a result, pasture allowance, because of its simplicity, has evolved as a commonly used basis for feeding rules by scientists. This method has not been widely adopted by farmers, however, because it is not able to account for the effects of either pasture quality or herbage mass, both of which are frequently limiting to animal performance. A computer model, "QuickFeed", was therefore constructed, in association with the West Waikato Feed Quality Study Group, to predict intake and performance of growing cattle and sheep on pasture. QuickFeed encapsulates a large amount of scientific information to give instant predictions of the outcomes of grazing duration and supplementation decisions on livestock performance, thereby assisting precise decision making for everyday grazing management. Keywords: allowance, computer model, decision support, herbage mass, livestock feeding, ME, pasture intake, pasture quality
Pasture uptake from solid and liquid applications of cobalt and copper sulphate
Authors: Morton J.D. , Smith L.C.
Published: July 2020

Uptake of cobalt (Co) and copper (Cu) by ryegrass- white clover based pasture was measured from December 1999 to March 2000 at Woodlands Research Station in Southland. Treatments were control, cobalt sulphate (CoSO4) at 120 and 240 g/ha initially and 60 g/ha monthly, and copper sulphate (CuSO4) at 5 and 10 kg/ha initially and 1.25 kg/ha monthly, applied in either solid or liquid forms. At 120 g CoSO4/ha applied as solid and liquid, pasture Co content was significantly (P
Caucasian clover/ryegrass produced more legume than white clover/ryegrass pastures in a grazed comparison
Authors: Black A.D. , Pollock K.M. , Lucas R.J. , Amyes J.M. , Pownall D.B. , Sedcole J.R.
Published: July 2020

The potential of caucasian clover to improve the legume content of lowland New Zealand pastures should result in enhanced animal performance. Liveweight gains from eight flocks of ewe lambs rotationally grazing irrigated ryegrass pasture with caucasian or white clover at two levels of soil fertility (Olsen P values 10 or 22) were compared during years 2 (1998/1999) and 3 (1999/2000) of an ongoing grazing experiment in a lowland environment. Clovers were sown in December 1996 and ryegrass in March 1997 into the pure clover swards. Lamb liveweight gains were similar in year 2 (1130 kg/ha/yr), but in year 3, gains were greater on pastures sown with caucasian than on those sown with white clover (1290 vs. 1110 kg/ ha/yr). Spring liveweight gains per head per day averaged 170 g/hd/d in year 2, and in year 3 were greater from caucasian than white clover pasture (180 vs. 160 g/hd/d). Caucasian clover pastures had more legume on offer than pastures sown with white clover in year 2 (26% vs. 17%) and year 3 (19% vs. 12%). In year 3, 39% of the total legume on offer in caucasian clover pastures was volunteer white clover. Soil fertility had little influence on results. Early years of this grazing experiment showed that caucasian clover can establish as well as white clover if sown alone, and that sowing caucasian clover can result in lowland pastures with an increased total legume content which may improve liveweight gains. Keywords: legume content, Lolium perenne, pasture production, sheep liveweight gain, Trifolium ambiguum, T. repens
Maximising lamb growth rates
Authors: Muir P.D. , Smith N.B. , Wallace G.J. , Fugle C.J. , Bown M.D.
Published: July 2020

A study was undertaken to evaluate the relative importance of milk and pasture to lamb growth during lactation under a high performance lamb production system. A total of 285 East Friesian x Romney (EFxR), Finn x Romney (FxR) and Romney (R) maiden 2-tooth ewes lambed following insemination with semen from six high growth rate Poll Dorset and composite rams. Mean lambing date was 16 July 1998. Breed groups were run together in either single or twin mobs and fed at high levels of nutrition (pasture covers were maintained at 1400 kg DM/ha or greater throughout lactation). Average lamb growth rates from birth to 15 weeks of age were 343 g/d and 292 g/d for single and twin lambs, respectively. Single and twin lambs reared by EFxR ewes grew significantly faster than lambs reared by the other ewe breeds. Ewes were milked at 3-weekly intervals using oxytocin with EFxR ewes producing significantly more milk than the other breeds throughout lactation. Milk composition varied significantly between ewe breeds with FxR ewes producing significantly higher fat % and total milk solids (P
Effects of pasture species and irrigation on milk production over four summers in the Waikato
Authors: Thom E.R. , Burggraaf V.T. , Waugh C.D. , Clark D.A.
Published: July 2020

Milk production by Jersey cows grazing a common allowance of irrigated or non-irrigated pastures over four summers (1997-2000) is described. The pastures were: (1) high-endophyte perennial ryegrass-white clover (2) tall fescue, phalaris, cocksfoot, white clover, red clover (3) same as (2) plus paspalum (4) endophyte-free ryegrass, timothy, white clover, red clover and (5) existing high-endophyte ryegrass-white clover. Irrigation improved milksolids yield by 5% over 4 years, with inconsistent effects on milk composition, no effects on pasture in vitro digestibility and nitrogen content, and usually no effect on pasture botanical composition. In 1997, cows on (1) produced the lowest milksolid (MS) yields. Cows grazing ryegrass-white clover (1 and 5) produced less than those on tall fescue-based pastures (2 and 3) (0.74 vs 0.86 kg MS/cow/day) in 1998, and the yields of cows on ryegrass/timothy-based pastures (4) were best (0.96 kg MS/cow/day). The same trends in milksolids yield occurred in 1999, except for cows on (1) which were similar to (4). Cows on existing pasture often produced the lowest milksolid yields. Trends in milksolids production over the 4 years reflected trends in total clover (red + white) contents. Keywords: cocksfoot, dairy cows, grazing, pasture quality, perennial ryegrass, persistence, phalaris, red clover, tall fescue, timothy, triple mix, volunteer ryegrass, white clover
A three-year investigation of the performance of spring-calving dairy cows grazing ryegrass-based pastures of high or low endophyte toxin status in Northland
Authors: Keogh R.G. , Blackwell M.B.
Published: July 2020

On-farm milk production and ancillary information was monitored for spring-calving cows grazing high (HT) and low toxin (LT) pastures in Northland over three seasons from spring 1997 to autumn 2000. Two groups of 16 second-calving Holstein-Friesian cows, balanced for calving date and production worth, grazed HT or LT ryegrass pastures from October 1997 to May 1998. Milk production was monitored for 10 consecutive days each month culminating with a herd test. The LT group out-produced the HT group for each measurement period from December, and over the whole season, produced 20% more milk solids. The HT group had significantly higher serum lysergol levels and correspondingly lower prolactin levels than the LT group. As pasture quality was similar it was suggested that the differences in milk production were most likely due to differences in intake. At the start of the 1998-1999 season 25% of the farm was in low endophyte ryegrass or in ryegrass with the AR1 endophyte. The farm and herd were split so that milk production from HT and LT farmlets could be monitored. Milk from each group was collected into separate tanks and all cows were 'herd-tested' 4-weekly. Despite twothirds of the LT farmlet being conserved for silage, which resulted in a severe feed shortage that necessitated supplements being fed-out on this farmlet from January, the LT group out-produced the HT group by 5% per cow and by 10% per hectare for the season from October to late May. In the 1999-2000 season, the farm and herd split was 29% LT and 71% HT. The objective was changed to one of maximising production from each system and this required changes in management. The LT system was managed to encourage clover-dominance from mid-spring and this was achieved by lengthening the rotation out to 6 weeks and then reducing it back to 3.5 weeks by leaving higher residuals and conserving
Maize silage for dairy cows
Authors: Kolver E.S. , Roche J.R. , Miller D. , Densley R.
Published: July 2020

This paper reviews the use of maize silage in pastoral dairying systems in New Zealand. The evolution of dairying systems to make profitable use of maize silage and other supplementary feeds has occurred during the last decade in conjunction with an increased use of maize silage. When used within recommended levels of feeding, maize silage provides a low cost source of starch and fibre which complements pasture well for much of the year. Balancing dietary deficiencies in protein, minerals, and in some cases fibre, will optimise milksolids production at high levels of maize silage supplementation. Targets for good quality maize silage include a dry matter content of 28-35%, an energy content of 10.8 MJME/ kgDM, a protein content of 7-8%, and a pH of 3.8 to 4.5. Opportunities for further productivity gains exist through further intensification of dairying systems using high-yielding crops. Keywords: dairy cow, feed quality, maize silage, nutrition
Perennial ryegrass cultivars: herbage yield in multi-site plot trials
Authors: Easton H.S. , Baird D.B. , Cameron N.E. , Kerr G.A. , Norriss M. , Stewart A.V.
Published: July 2020

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cultivars adapted to New Zealand conditions are bred by several scientifically equipped New Zealand interests. New cultivars are evaluated in a network of trials organised by the New Zealand Plant Breeding and Research Association. This paper presents data from 17 trials completed throughout New Zealand since 1991. Data were analysed for each trial and then in a multi-site analysis enabling comparison of estimated cultivar means, over all New Zealand trials, North Island trials and Canterbury trials. New cultivars released to the market yielded on average 6% more herbage annually, and 9% in summer, than cultivars available before 1991. Other cultivars were evaluated but showed no yield advantage and have not been commercially released. Point analysis of plots in the final season of trials indicated that recently released cultivars maintain ground cover at least as well as the older ones. Limited data for rust infection indicated that the oldest cultivars are the most severely affected. Keywords: cultivar evaluation, endophyte, NZPBRA, pasture plant breeding, perennial ryegrass
Moving towards low-chemical and caring farming systems
Authors: Mackay A.D. , Harrison T. , Moss R.A. , Fraser T.J. , Rhodes A.P. , Cadwallader D. , Fisher M.W. , Webby R.
Published: July 2020

There is awareness and a growing interest amongst sheep and beef farmers towards the potential opportunity that low-chemical and organic markets offer. However, the ability to supply to these specifications is seriously constrained by a general lack of information among livestock producers of the practicalities of conversion to a low-chemical or organic supply system. This paper reports on a recently completed study that examined the knowledge gaps among livestock producers with an interest in further investigating low-chemical or organic production. The challenges confronting the producer are substantial if the opportunities that low-chemical natural and organic markets offer to the sector is to be realised. It is not a get-rich-quick option, and will require a medium to long-term planning and investment horizon. There is considerable ignorance, and hence confusion about the challenges and the conversion process. The study emphasised the importance of conversion planning, including the need for a pre-conversion period on most properties. Developing decision rules for managing at-risk livestock forms an integral part of the conversion plan as they ensure preservation of the production base, maintenance of high animal health and welfare standards, and management of risk. Contrary to popular belief, conversion to organic supply does not have to result in a cessation in the expansion of the production base or a loss in the performance of the current production base. An integral part of the conversion planning process is the continued development of the farm operation's production base. Keywords: conversion planning, decision rules, livestock farming, low-chemical, organic
Nitrogen fixation by caucasian clover and white clover in irrigated ryegrass pastures
Authors: Widdup K.H. , Purves R.G. , Black A.D. , Jarvis P. , Lucas R.J.
Published: July 2020

The N2 fixation ability of caucasian clover was compared with that of white clover in irrigated ryegrass pastures over years 2 and 3 of a grazing experiment, using the 15N enrichment technique. 'Endura' caucasian clover was inoculated with the specific Rhizobium strain ICC148. The N concentration in clover herbage and the proportion of clover N derived from N2 fixation (PN) were similar for both clovers at averages of 4.6%N and 50-60% respectively over the 2 years. The amount of N2 fixed per hectare was directly related to the amount of clover dry matter (DM) produced by the two clover species. Caucasian clover produced four times the DM yield of white clover in year 2 (5400 cf. 1450 kg DM/ha) and four times the amount of N2 fixed in herbage (136 cf. 36 kg N/ ha). In year 3, caucasian clover produced 50% more clover DM (3450 cf. 2370 kg DM/ha) and N2 fixed (98 cf. 66 kg N/ha) than white clover. The increased N input from caucasian clover increased grass %N and N uptake from soil in caucasian clover pastures resulting in higher total pasture production compared with white clover pastures (15.7 cf. 14.2 t DM/ha) by year 3. In this study, caucasian clover demonstrated greater potential than white clover to meet the N demands of high-yielding perennial ryegrass in an intensive pastoral system. Keywords: clover content, Lolium perenne, nitrogen fixation, pasture production, Trifolium ambiguum, T. repens
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SABUN WAJAH EKSTRAK DAUN BELUNTAS (Pluchea indica L.) TERHADAP Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: Komala Oom , Andini Septia , Zahra Fatimah
Published: July 2020

Propionibacterium acnes merupakan bakteri gram-positif berbentuk batang dan merupakan flora normal kulit yang ikut berperan dalam pembentukan jerawat. Sabun wajah lebih sering digunakan sebagai alternatif antijerawat karena telah dikenal masyarakat luas dan lebih praktis penggunaannya dan ekonomis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan mengetahui sabun pembersih wajah antijerawat yang mengandung ekstrak daun beluntas yang paling efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri P. acne. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penentuan nilai Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) ekstrak daun beluntas terhadap bakteri P. acne selanjutnya dan formulasi sediaan sabun wajah ekstrak daun beluntas. Sediaan sabun wajah ini dilakukan uji mutu dan uji Lebar Daya Hambat (LDH). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KHM ekstrak daun beluntas terdapat pada konsentrasi 5%. Sediaan sabun wajah ekstrak daun beluntas memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap P. acne danyang paling efektif menghambat bakteri P. acne adalah formula 3 dengan konsentrasi 15% dengan rata-rata LDH sebesar 13,5 mm. Hasil dari uji hedonik menunjukan formula 1 lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan formula lainnya.
PENGETAHUAN PENGGUNAAN OBAT ANTIBIOTIK PADA MASYARAKAT YANG TINGGAL DI KELURAHAN BABAKAN MADANG
Authors: Nurmala Sara , Gunawan Dewi Oktavia
Published: July 2020

Penyakit infeksi masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat Indonesia yang sering terjadi terutama di Negara berkembang. Antibiotik merupakan obat yang digunakan untuk mengatasi penyakit infeksi. Tingginya insiden penyakit infeksi mengakibatkan tingginya penggunaan antibiotik. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat akan menyebabkan timbulnya resistensi antibiotik. Saat ini banyak Masyarakat yang mendapatkan Anttibiotik tanpa resep Dokter dan tidak mendapatkan informasi yang cukup mengenai cara penggunaan Antibiotik yang tepat untuk pengobatan, sehingga menyebabkan tingginya kejadian resistensi Antibiotik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan penggunaan obat antibiotik pada Masyarakat yang tinggal di daerah suburban. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode penelitian cross sectional study analytic dengan subjek 50 orang yang diambil secara simple random sampling di Puskesmas Babakan Madang Kabupaten Bogor. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis univariat dan bivariat dengan menggunakan chi square. Kuesioner yang digunakan telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Kuesioner terdiri dari pertanyaan terkait dengan penggunaan obat antibiotik. Hasil uji statistik chi square menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara pekerjaan dan jenis kelamin dengan pengetahuan penggunaan antibiotik  (p < 0,05) dan tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara usia dan Pendidikan dengan pengetahuan penggunaan antibiotik  (p > 0,05).
SKRINING TOKSISITAS AKUT BEBERAPA FRAKSI BUAH KARONDA (Carissa carandas L.) PADA EMBRIO ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio)
Authors: Rusli Zaldy , Sari Bina Lohita , Wardatun Sri , Aristyo Wildan
Published: July 2020

Dalam pengembangan obat baru, perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk menentukan keamanan dan efek dari suatu tanaman obat. Buah karonda (Carissa carandas L.) adalah tanaman yang memiliki potensi sebagai obat anti-inflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan toksisitas akut fraksi n-heksana, etil asetat, dan air buah karonda menggunakan model hewan uji embrio ikan zebra (Danio rerio). Pengujian toksisitas akut mengacu pada protokol OECD No. 236 tahun 2012 dan dilakukan pengamatan perubahan morfologi embrio ikan zebra yaitu tulang ekor, yolk sac dan pericardium.  Hasil toksisitas fraksi n-heksana, etil asetat, dan air masing-masing menunjukkan nilai LC50 adalah 608,26 μg/mL; 571,78 μg/mL; dan 546,69 μg/mL. Hasil pengamatan perubahan morfologi pada usia 96 hours post fertilization (hpf) pada ketiga fraksi menunjukkan kelainan perubahan pada tulang ekor, edema yolk sac dan pericardium. Kategori ketoksikan bahan uji termasuk kategori tidak toksik.
FORMULASI DAN UJI ANTI BAKTERI SEDIAAN GEL EKSTRAK DAUN MANGGA ARUMANIS (Mangifera indica L.) SEBAGAI ANTI BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus DAN Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: D Prasetyorini , Diana Isna , Indriati Dwi
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh masalah kelainan kulit berupa jerawat yang salah satu penyebabnya adalah bakteri S. aureus dan P. acnes. Beberapa hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa daun mangga mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang potensial sebagai antibakteri seperti  flavanoid, saponin, dan mangiferan. Perlu diteliti potensi ekstrak daun mangga dalam sediaan gel sebagai obat antijerawat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat formula sediaan gel ekstrak daun mangga arumanis berpotensi sebagai antibakteri S. aureus dan P. acnes dan memenuhi syarat farmaseutika. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70%. Pengujian KHM dilakukan dengan metode dilusi agar , pengujian LDH menggunakan metode difusi sumuran. Sediaan gel dibuat dengan tiga konsentrasi penambahan ekstrak daun mangga arumanis yaitu formula F1 (20%), F2 (25%) dan F3 (30%). Basis gel digunakan sebagai kontrol negatif  dan acnol gel sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil penelitiaan menunjukkan ekstrak etanol 70% daun mangga memiliki nilai KHM sama untuk bakteri S. aureus maupun P. acnes yaitu pada konsentrasi 20%. Gel Formula 1 memiliki LDH terhadap  bakteri S. aureus dan P. acnes masing-masing 3,83±0,76 mm  dan  1,83±0,28 mm;   Formula 2 memiliki LDH terhadap  S. aureus dan P. acnes sebesar 6,83±0,28 mm dan 2,83±0,57 mm; Formula 3 memiliki LDH terhadap S. aureus dan P. acnes masing-masing sebesar 9,33±0,57 mm dan  3,00±0,5 mm. Dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa gel Formula 3 yang mengandung 30% ekstrak daun mangga adalah formula yang paling efektif terhadap S. aureus dengan Zona Penghambatan tertinggi 9,33 mm
(Cover; from the editor; Editorial Team; Table of Contents)
Authors: Editorial Team; Table of Contents) (Cover; from the editor;
Published: July 2020

1. Cover2. from the editor3. Editorial Team4. Table of Contents
Current Status of Low Dose Overnight Dexamethasone Supression Test (LODST)
Authors: Ahmed Tofail , Mahtab Hajera , Tofail Tania , Morshed AHG , Rahman Fatema B , Khan Shahidul A
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Low Dose Overnight Dexamethasone Supression Test (LODST) is a diagnostic tool for spontaneous Cushing’s Syndrome (CS). A LODST negative excludes CS. But there are 2 exceptions - testing during silent period of Cyclic Cushing’s Disease (CD) or a false negativity by one mg dexamethasone in mild CD. Method: We analyzed age and sex data of 154 LOSDT to see their risk association for CS.
Result: The detection rate of CS by LOSDT is 26% and with Cortisol (211.27 to 373.69 nmol/L as 95% CI). Among the cases, 29.2% are pediatric and 70.8% are female. CS group do not differ from rest in sex and age group distributions (sig.> 136) but CS is older group with a mean difference of 2.46 - 13.31 years (sig 005). Logistic equation documented CS is a different population (sig 000) and which is influence by their age (sig 021) but not by sex or age group (sig > 743). Therefore, age is an independent risk factor for CS. Conclusion: We opine to use LODST as the first tool for CS. And LODST negative cases to be evaluated by newer imaging and biochemical tests. Only in imaging positive are to be managed as per guideline(s) for incidentaloma. Both negative cases are to be enrolled in follow up if age > 30 years or symptoms score suggest CD and rest are to be excluded. Cumulative diagnostic and outcome data will then may be used to formulate cost-effective management policy for CS.
Effectiveness of Performance Based Contracts in Managing Road Maintenance
Authors: Syarifuddin Mochamad Faisal Syarifuddin Faisal , - Sutarsono, - , - Sriyono - , - Berghans -
Published: July 2020

Budget limitations require the need for a special strategy in maintaining national roads. The main problem with Indonesia’s road maintenance is the fact that the functional and structural conditions of the roads are damaged before their design life. The damage is caused by several factors, including (1) inadequate planning and design, (2) errors during construction, (3) lack of supervision of vehicle loads during road operations and (4) inaccurate road maintenance strategies. This study uses the Qualitative Analysis method. This study outlines the benefits of implementing a Performance Based Contract (PBC) in handling road maintenance. The data used are primary data obtained from interviews and direct observations. The secondary data obtained by literacy studies from the literature, planning documents and budgeting. Data analysis was performed by comparing the implementation of a performance-based contract system (PBC) with a conventional system. The results of the study concluded that the PBC pilot project in handling road maintenance was far more efficient and effective. If PBC is to be implemented broadly, it is recommended to prepare regulations that can reduce obstacles in its implementation.