bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes on the Surface Velocity Profile and Horizontal Shear across the Width of the Gulf Stream
Authors: Von Arx William S.
Published: January 2012

During a cruise across the Gulf Stream in October 1950 measurements of surface velocity were made both with the Loran-space-dead method and the electromagnetic method. A short account of the results is given with special reference to the velocity profile and the horizontal shear across the Gulf Stream.
A Baroclinic Model of the Atmosphere Applicable to the Problem of Numerical Forecasting in Three Dimensions. I
Authors: Árnason G.
Published: January 2012

A three-dimensional baroclinic model of the atmosphere is presented. This model is completely determined by 4 parameters, three of which specify the field of temperature. The main difference between this model and other models so far published is that it allows for a non-uniform temperature lapse-rate in the horizontal. Moreover, it takes into account the observed division of the atmosphere into a troposphere and a stratosphere.

A simplification is introduced by utilizing the synoptic experience that the horizontal temperature gradient is usually reversed when traversing the tropopause. This essentially reduces the number of parameters to three.

This simplified version of the model is used for integrating the vorticity equation along the vertical, and the coefficients of the resulting two-dimensional equation are discussed in some detail. Examination of the coefficients give some valuable information regarding the levels of mean wind and non-divergence.

The main results are that in middle latitudes the level of mean wind may vary from 2.5–6.5 km and that the level of of non-divergence is always higher than the former, the difference amounting to 0.5–3.0 km. On the average, the level of mean wind lies below and the level of non-divergence above the 500 mb surface. One is therefore lead to the conclusion that this surface might be used to approximate each of the two levels mentioned.

The consequence of this for the practical procedures for numerical forecasting is that the height changes at this particular level could alternatively be predicted in the two following ways:

By use of the barotropic vorticity equation, thereby assuming that the level of non-divergence can be replaced by the 500 mb surface.

By use of an integrated vorticity equation applicable to the level of mean wind. In this case one replaces the level of mean wind with the 500 mb surface.
On the Budget of Angular Momentum in the Zone between Equator and 30° N
Authors: Palmén E. , Alaka M. A.
Published: January 2012

A complete budget of angular momentum in the atmosphere is possible only by considering both the eddy transfer of angular momentum and the transport due to “mean meridional circulations”. An attempt has been made in the present paper to achieve such a complete budget for the zone 20–30°N using the data available. The mean mass transport in the tropical circulation cell accumulates high relative momentum (W wind) in the upper atmosphere of this belt, whereas the eddy transport distributes it northwards and downwards from this subtropical jet.
Note on the Classic Stability Problem
Authors: Starr Victor P.
Published: January 2012

It has come to the writer’s attention (private communication) that a question has arisen concerning his comments (STARR 1950) in regard to the stability of zonal flow. In terms of the problem as outlined previously, and in terms of the same symbolism, the question relates to the statement (I) that a monotone distribution of the vorticity 5 with respect to yo implies stability of zonal motion. The point at issue is whether an incipient small disturbance of otherwise arbitrary nature imposed upon such zonal flow can so alter the circumstances of the problem as to render the previous conclusion unjustified. The purpose of this second note is to show that such small arbitrary perturbations cannot lead to instability and hence need not be considered explicitly in the case of a sensibly montone vorticity distribution.
A Further Study on the Relation between the Jet Stream and Cyclone Formation
Authors: Riehl Herbert , Teweles, Jr Sidney
Published: January 2012

Events at sea level and aloft over the United States are related to the approach of a speed maximum in the jet stream. In the left hand portion of the area downstream from the jet maximum where air at the jet level is decelerating, frontogenesis, cyclogenesis, and spread of precipitation occur. Other indications of high level divergence to the left of the advancing jet maximum are given by changes in the structure of a nearby cold dome. Insofar as the changes in the cold dome are precedent, they constitute a means of forecasting cyclogenesis.
Die Rolle der Aerosole und der gasförmigen Beimengungen der Luft im Spurenstoffhaushalt der Troposphäre
Authors: Jacobi W. , Lippert W.
Published: January 2012

Mit einem Beitrag über die stoffliche Zusammensetzung von Aerosolen aufgrund von Elekronenbeugungsaufnahmen.
Zur numerischen Wettervorhersage mittels Relaxationsmethode unter Einbeziehung barokliner Effekte. II
Authors: Hinkelmann K.
Published: January 2012

II. Lösungsmethoden Es sollen 2 Lösungsverfahren kurz behandelt werden, die zur Berechnung der im Abschn. III. gezeigten Lösungen benutzt wurden. Jedoch sind auch andere Lösungsverfahren anwendbar. I.) Relaxationsmethode nach R. Southwell: Zur Lösung des Differenzengleichungssystems (16), in welchem die obere und untere Randbedingung (7, 8) bereits enthalten sind, ist besonders-ür Handberechnungen die Relaxationsmethode von Southwell geeignet.
On the Production of Mean Zonal Currents in the Atmosphere by Large Disturbances
Authors: Kuo Hsiao-Lan
Published: January 2012

The problem of the production of mean zonal currents by large-scale horizontal disturbances in the atmosphere is attacked by computation of time-tendencies from the vorticity equation. It is shown that the earth's rotation, acting through the variable Coriolis parameter, generally produces a mean northward transport of westerly momentum, with the maximum transport occurring south of the middle of the zonal belt occupied by the disturbances, and therefore creating mean westerly and easterly currents in the central and outer parts respectively. Its effect on the disturbance may either be a damping or an amplification, depending on the asymmetry of the mean flow profile. Six different mean flow profiles have been investigated to determine the nature of the interaction between a disturbance and the mean flow. For three profiles with inflection points, the interaction depends upon the wave length of the disturbance. If the wave length is longer than a critical value, an amplifying effect on the disturbance is produced accompanied by a divergence of westerly momentum in the region of maximum mean flow, and if shorter, a damping effect with a convergence of westerly momentum. On the other hand, the interaction produces only a damping effect for three mean flow profiles without inflection point. Since the zonal currents in the atmosphere are seldom very strong and not far from symmetrical, the total effect of the earth's rotation and of the mean flow leads to horizontal damping, in which the contrast in the mean flow at different latitudes is increased and a mean northward transport of westerly momentum is produced. This is in qualitative agreement with observations, indicating that these factors are of real importance in the development and maintenance of the mean zonal flow.
On the Interpretation of the Diurnal Variation of Cosmic Rays
Authors: Brunberg E. Å. , Dattner A.
Published: January 2012

The recorded data of diurnal variation of the cosmic ray intensity are analysed. By using the known deflection of the cosmic ray particles in the geomagnetic field (BRUNBERG and DATTNER 1953) and under an assumption of an anisotropy in the primary cosmic radiation, it is shown that the momentum of the primary radiation and the direction of the anisotropy can be determined.

The anisotropy is explained as an effect due to the distribution of cosmic ray particles rotating with the solar magnetic field as suggested by H. Alfvén.

The diurnal variation is ascribed to the earth’s rotation in the anisotropic distribution of cosmic ray particles. The theoretical amplitude of this variation is calculated.
Photographic Investigation of the Projection of Droplets by Bubbles Bursting at a Water Surface
Authors: Kientzler C. F. , Arons A. B.
Published: January 2012

Bubbles of air reaching the air-water interface burst and eject liquid droplets into the air to heights large compared to their diameter. Photographic evidence is introduced to prove the existence of a jet of liquid which upon breaking up produces these droplets. The jet is shown to be produced by the collapse of the bubble cavity.
The droplets are found to be of the order of one tenth of the bubble size, for the range investigated (0.2 to 1.8 mm diameter), each bubble producing about 5 droplets. The droplet-producing mechanism is essentially the same for fresh and sea water or sea water with oleic acid surface film. The time required for the bubble to burst and the jet formation to take place is found to be proportional to the bubble size. The sea water droplets produced by this mechanism leave, upon evaporation of the water, salt nuclei having the size range observed by WOODCOCK (1952).
It is suggested that such bursting of bubbles plays an important role in the natural production of air-borne sea-salt nuclei at the sea surface.
On the Origin of Cosmic Radiation
Authors: Alfvén Hannes
Published: January 2012

The “local” theory of the origin of Cosmic Radiation is developed. According to the theory the radiation (possibly with exception of the highest energies) is generated in interplanetary space around the sun and trapped in an interstellar magnetic field. The acceleration takes place in electromagnetic fields in the sun's environment which are produced by the solar activity and especially associated with magnetic storms.

A theory of the origin of Cosmic Radiation should at the same time be a theory of the extra-terrestrial variations in the radiation. The present theory incorporates the magnetic storm variation, the diurnal variation and the long time (solar cycle) variation. The acceleration process of the theory is efficient for protons and especially for for heavy nuclei but is inefficient for electrons. This explains the absence of electrons in the primary Cosmic Radiation. The latitude “knee” is accounted for as a direct effect of the acceleration process.
On the presence of sea water in the Baltic ice-lake
Authors: Kullenberg B.
Published: January 2012

A discussion of the salinity of the interstitial water in five sediment cores from the Baltic containing mainly glacial deposits appears to prove that the Baltic ice-lake contained sea water during the early stage when only the South Baltic was laid free by the retreating ice.
Charge generation in Thunderstorms by collision of ice crystals with graupel, falling through a vertical electric field
Authors: Müller-Hillebrand D.
Published: January 2012

When an ice-crystal impinges on the lower surface of a particle of hail or soft hail part of the charge induced by the electric field is transmitted to the ice-crystal. The relaxation time for the exchange of charge varies from a few milliseconds to about 10–6 seconds and is sufficiently short to enable this gain of charge. In a positive field the soft hail will therefore get a negative and the ice-crystal a positive charge. In an electric field E the final charge of a sphere with a radius R is e1 = –2.12 ER2. At temperatures between –18° and –26° the number of ice crystals is sufficient to allow a time constant of about 5 minutes for the charging process. The charge per droplet and per g of water derived from this process are in good agreement with measurements of Ross Gunn. The growth of precipitate and the formation of strong electric fields can be brought into correspondence with the timing and development of thunderstorms.
The Spectrum of Large-scale Turbulent Transfer of Momentum and Heat
Authors: Estoque Mariano A.
Published: January 2012

A method for obtaining the spectrum of turbulent transfer of a fluid property is presented based on cross-correlations and Fourier transforms. An application to large-scale eddy transfers of momentum and heat at 850 mb over the southeastern part of the United States shows that most of the transfers may be attributed to disturbances of periods from 0 to 10 days, the most important transfers occurring in the neighborhood of 4 days. Some implications of these results on the problem of the general circulation are discussed.
A Study of the Time-Dependent Wind-Driven Circulation in a Homogeneous, Rectangular Ocean
Authors: Veronis G. , Morgan G. W.
Published: January 2012

A theoretical investigation of the ocean circulation induced by zonal winds whose amplitude varies harmonically with time is presented. The analysis is based on a perturbation scheme with respect to a small parameter which is essentially the frequency of the wind variation and the solutions are derived by boundary layer methods. Results are obtained for the variation of the intensity of the currents and their phase lag behind the wind, as well as for the deviation of the free surface from its equilibrium position.
A Case Study of Jet Stream Clouds
Authors: Schaefer Vincent J. , Hubert William E.
Published: January 2012

Certain specific cloud forms are frequently associated with strong winds aloft. Investigation has shown that these clouds are usually observed in regions of strong horizontal and vertical wind shear, and in most cases in or above regions where negative absolute vorticity (dynamic instability) and low Richardson's numbers coincide. The small-scale details in jet stream clouds may be the result of turbulent motion in layers brought to or near saturation by large-scale vertical motions in the atmosphere. This paper contains a detailed study of a typical case.
The 24-Hrs Averages of Cosmic Ray Intensity in Stockholm 1947–48 and 1954
Authors: Sandström Arne Eld
Published: January 2012

Curves are given showing the variation of the 24-hrs averages of the C.R. intensity as measured by means of directional counter telescopes during two registration periods separated by six years. During both periods the maximum deviations were 2–3 per cent. In accordance with the view expressed by SIMPSON (1954) the periods of maximum are to be regarded as recurrent rather than being a harmonic function of time. There are some traces of a 27-day component having an amplitude of ± 0.4 per cent. The C.R. intensity as a function of time is compared to the solar cycles, the relative sun-spot number, the sun-spot area and the Kp-index.
Electron Orbits in Hyperbolic Magnetic Fields
Authors: Åström Ernst
Published: January 2012

Electron motion in the field from cylindrical pole pieces with the section in the shape of a rectangular hyperbola and its conjugate is treated. The accessible region is discussed. For the motion in the asymptote planes to the hyperbola the orbits are characterized by two parameters, e.g. one (k), characterizing the shape, and the other the amplitude. The solution is given in elliptic functions. The orbits may be divided into two groups, one composed of orbits resembling trochoids and the other orbits of a meander type. There exists a periodic orbit similar to the diget 8. The drift is in opposite directions on different sides of this orbit, as characterized by k.

The trochoidal motion is stable if the orbit is not stretched too much. For the meander orbits the criterion used gives a main stability region. This region is bounded by the periodic orbit and the orbit the branches of which just touch each other. For both groups of orbits there exists an infinite number of stable regions.
Cosmic Rays in the Terrestrial Magnetic Dipole Field
Authors: Brunberg E.Å.
Published: January 2012

The results of scale model experiments with electron orbits in a magnetic dipole field are given in the form of diagrams on big globes. By using these globes it is possible to find the asymptotic directions of cosmic ray particle orbits as a function of momentum and direction of incidence at a cosmic ray recording station. Globes, representing 16 stations are depicted.
The Success of 72-hour Barotropic Forecasts in Relation to Mean Flow Patterns
Authors: Namias Jerome
Published: January 2012

In a recent article entitled “Automation of 500 mb Forecasts through Successive Numerical Map Analysis” Bo R. Döös (1956) displayed charts showing the geographical distribution of correlations between observed and barotropically-computed height changes for periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours in advance.
On Quasi-nondivergent Prognostic Equations and their Integration
Authors: Kuo H.-L.
Published: January 2012

A general two-dimensional wind-pressure relationship is obtained as the first integral of the so-called “balance equation” which requires the horizontal divergence to remain small as compared with the vertical component of the relative vorticity for the large-scale motions. This wind-pressure relationship is used in determining the initial conditions and in deriving the governing equations. The use of this general system removes the error introduced by the quasi-geostrophic approximation. An influence function is computed for a normal atmosphere. This function represents the reaction of the atmosphere to a point source perturbation and may be used to integrate the three-dimensional governing equation for arbitrary initial disturbances. A set of such functions may be computed, corresponding to different values of the parameter, to meet different situations.
Some Remarks on the Sudden Cosmic Ray Increase on Februari 23, 1956
Authors: Brunberg E.-Å. , Eckhartt D.
Published: January 2012

The north and south pointing GM-telescopes at Stockholm measured different cosmic ray increases during the solar flare on Feb. 23. It is shown that this difference is due to particles of momenta greater than 10 GeV/c which could not have travelled along straight line paths from the sun.
The Micro-structure of Cumuli in Maritime and Continental Air
Authors: Squires P.
Published: January 2012

Since 1950 a number of measurements have been made of the droplet spectra in clouds, chiefly cumuli, using the sampler described by SQUIRES and GILLESPIE (1952). This device takes ten sampling rods at each loading, and these can be exposed at intervals of about three seconds, taking some thirty seconds in all. In sampling cumuli, the general practice has been to make horizontal runs at various levels, to obtain representative data for the whole cloud.
Shower Formation in Large Cumulus
Authors: Ludlam F. H. , Saunders P. M.
Published: January 2012

A distinction is drawn between the appearance of evanescent fibrous streaks in decaying cumulus towers (fibrillation), and the glaciation of cumulus. A technique of measuring cumulus is described, and used to show that fibrillation, which marks the onset of shower formation, occurs when cumulus towers reach a fibrillation zone or a fibrillation level; towers which rise appreciably above this zone glaciate if supercooled. The fibrillation level varies from occasion to occasion, apparently according to the strength of the cloud updraughts, and in a manner which indicates the coalescence process to be the general shower-forming agency in clouds observed in Sweden, although the temperatures at the summit-level of incipient showers may be as low as — 20° C.
On Stratified Flows in a Gravitational Field
Authors: Yih Chia-Shun
Published: January 2012

This paper, which is restricted to the flow of inviscid fluids, is divided into three parts. In the first part existing formulas by A. R. Richardson, Hans Lewy, and K. N. Tong for constructing free-surface flows are identified with one another so that potential flows of one fluid in contact with a stagnant layer of another fluid can be constructed exclusively from one general formula, with proper modification of the gravitational acceleration. Further, a method for constructing potential flows of two fluids having a common interface (which may or may not be prescribed) is devised. It is hoped that this method will be of some use in the investigation of internal gravity waves. In the second part, it is shown that, for flows of a fluid system of discrete layers, Long’s equation of motion for two-dimensional flow of an inhomogeneous fluid reduces to the Laplace equation for each layer (if the flow is irrotational) and the usual boundary conditions at the interfaces, so that flows with discontinuous density variations can be properly considered as limiting cases of flows with continuous ones. For the sake of completeness, equations of motion of an inhomogeneous fluid in axisymmetric motion in cylindrical and spherical coordinates are also given. In the third part the stability of a periodic disturbance present in a parallel flow with continuous density variation is discussed. Sufficient conditions for stability are found, and an upper bound for the amplification factor is given (if instability occurs) for a general class of flows.
On the Diffusion of Heated Jets
Authors: Schmidt F. H.
Published: January 2012

A general expression is obtained for the propagation of a heated jet in a stagnant environment. It is shown that W. Schmidt’s and Tollmien’s solutions are contained in the general one.

A new cross-sectional velocity distribution is proposed which seems to be preferable above the generally accepted Gaussian distribution.
Some Measurements in the Orographic Cloud of the Island of Hawaii and in Trade Wind Cumuli
Authors: Squires P. , Warner J.
Published: January 2012

Aircraft observations were made of the liquid water content and droplet spectra in the orographic cloud of the windward (eastern) side of the Island of Hawaii and in trade wind cumuli offshore. The orographic cloud showed a number of remarkable features, some of which can be related to its mode of formation and to its general behaviour.
Nurse Educators and the Future of Nursing
Authors: Ashton Kathleen S.
Published: January 2012

Calls for transformation in nursing education and practice abound. Nurses are part of a trusted profession, but they have been under-represented in conversations about health care compared with other, more vocal professionals. Nurses may not consider that they already have many leadership skills, and nurse educators in staff development roles are positioned to foster growth in other nurses. The relationship between nurse educators and their constituents provides the context for support that can motivate staff nurses to move beyond their concerns and accept challenges that may cause them some discomfort, such as writing for publication or public speaking. The leadership of nurse educators is essential to support colleagues who will shape the future of nursing.
Moving Forward With a Clear Definition of Continuing Competence
Authors: Case Di Leonardi Bette , Biel Melissa
Published: January 2012

How to Obtain Contact Hours by Reading This Issue

Instructions: 2.3
contact hours will be awarded for this activity. A contact hour is 60 minutes of instruction. This is a Learner-paced Program. Vindico Medical Education does not require submission of the quiz answers. A contact hour certificate will be awarded 4–6 weeks following receipt of your completed Registration Form, including the Evaluation portion. To obtain contact hours:

1.

Read the article: “Moving Forward With a Clear Definition of Continuing Competence,” on pages 346–351, carefully noting the tables and other illustrative materials that are provided to enhance your knowledge and understanding of the content.

2.

Read each question and record your answers. After completing all questions, compare your answers to those provided within this issue.

3.

Type or print your full name and address and your Social Security number in the spaces provided on the Registration Form. Indicate the total time spent on the activity (reading article and completing quiz). Forms and quizzes cannot be processed if this section is incomplete. All participants are required by the accreditation agency to attest to the time spent completing the activity.

4.

Forward the completed Registration Form with your check or money order for $20 made payable to
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. Payment must be in U.S. dollars drawn on a U.S. bank. This activity is valid from August 1, 2012, to July 31, 2014.

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This activity is co-provided by Vindico Medical Education and T
he
J
ournal of
C
ontinuing
E
ducation in
N
ursing
.

Objectives:
After studying the article, “Moving Forward With a Clear Definition of Continuing Competence,” in this issue, the participant will:

1.

Describe the developments that have crystallized the need for a definition of continuing competence.

2.

Define continuing competence.

3.

Distinguish between competence and competency.

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The authors disclose that they have no significant financial interests in any product or class of products discussed directly or indirectly in this activity, including research support.

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There is no commercial company support for this activity. There is no noncommercial support for this activity.
Using Pedometers
to Document Physical Activity in Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Beebe Lora H. , Harris Robin Faust
Published: January 2012

Identification of procedures to document physical activity is critical to developing interventions to improve physical health. The purpose of this pilot study was to describe the feasibility and acceptability of pedometers to document physical activity in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). Twenty-four outpatients were provided with extended-wear pedometers and instructed to wear them daily for 1 week without altering their usual activities. All participants completed the 1-week data collection period. Twenty-one (87.5%) participants wore their pedometer at least 6 of the 7 days. Difficulties with the pedometers were few and minor. These preliminary findings indicate that a majority of individuals with SSDs are willing to wear pedometers for activity monitoring and can do so with few problems. Possible barriers to the use of extended-wear pedometers in this group include cognitive and memory deficits. Future investigations should test concurrent validity by examining the correlations between pedometer data and self-reported activity level.
Comparison of the Visual and Intraocular Optical Performance of a Refractive Multifocal IOL With Rotational Asymmetry and an Apodized Diffractive Multifocal IOL
Authors: Alió Jorge L. , Plaza-Puche Ana B. , Javaloy Jaime , Ayala María José
Published: January 2012

PURPOSE:

To compare the visual outcomes and intraocular optical quality observed postoperatively in patients implanted with a rotationally asymmetric multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) and an apodized diffractive multifocal IOL.

METHODS:

Seventy-four consecutive eyes of 40 cataract patients (age range: 36 to 79 years) were divided into two groups: zonal refractive group, 39 eyes implanted with a rotationally asymmetric multifocal IOL (Lentis Mplus LS-312 IOL, Oculentis GmbH); and diffractive group, 35 eyes implanted with an apodized diffractive multifocal IOL (ReSTOR SN6AD3, Alcon Laboratories Inc). Distance and near visual acuity outcomes, contrast sensitivity, intraocular optical quality, and defocus curves were evaluated during 3-month follow-up. Calculation of the intraocular aberrations was performed by subtracting corneal aberrations from total ocular aberrations.

RESULTS:

Uncorrected near visual acuity and distance-corrected near visual acuity were better in the diffractive group than in the zonal refractive group (
P
=.01), whereas intermediate visual acuity (defocus +1.00 and +1.50 diopters) was better in the zonal refractive group. Photopic contrast sensitivity was significantly better in the zonal refractive group (
P
=.04). Wavefront aberrations (total, higher order, tilt, primary coma) were significantly higher in the zonal refractive group than in the diffractive group (
P
=.02).

CONCLUSIONS:

Both multifocal IOLs are able to successfully restore visual function after cataract surgery. The zonal refractive multifocal IOL provides better results in contrast sensitivity and intermediate vision, whereas the diffractive multifocal IOL provides better near vision at a closer distance.
The annual cycle of oogenesis in the shanny, Lipophrys pholis (Pisces: Blenniidae)
Authors: Ferreira Filipa , Santos Miguel M. , Reis-Henriques Maria Armanda , Vieira Natividade M. , Monteiro Nuno M.
Published: January 2012

Lipophrys pholis has been shown to be responsive to a variety of environmental contaminants, some of them able to impair reproduction. Description of the normal cycle of oogenesis of this newly proposed sentinel species is important since this data may function as a baseline for comparison in ecotoxicological studies, among other applications. Based on histological observations, L. pholis ovarian development in adult is asynchronous, and 7 ovarian germ cells can be described (oogonia, early and late perinuclear oocytes, cortical-alveolar oocytes, early vitellogenic oocytes, vitellogenic oocytes and spawning oocytes). Using a stereological approach together with the morphologic characteristics of ovarian cells, the ovarian cycle of L. pholis was divided into 3 maturation stages: early oogenesis (May); mid-oogenesis (September), and spawning (November to January). Ovarian cell proportions and gonadosomatic index confirmed that the reproductive period of L. pholis near the southern limit of distribution of the species occurs during cold-water periods, between November and May. The collected data will help to fill some of the gaps in information that still exist on L. pholis oogenesis, thus allowing a better integration of this species as a sentinel for the detection of contaminants in European coastal waters.
Semi-Riemannian manifolds with a doubly warped structure
Authors: Gutiérrez Manuel , Olea Benjamín
Published: January 2012

We investigate manifolds obtained as a quotient of a doubly warped product. We show that they are always covered by the product of two suitable leaves. This allows us to prove, under regularity hypothesis, that these manifolds are a doubly warped product up to a zero measure subset formed by an union of leaves. We also obtain a necessary and sufficient condition which ensures the decomposition of the whole manifold and use it to give sufficient conditions of geometrical nature. Finally, we study the uniqueness of direct product decomposition in the nonsimply connected case.
A multilinear generalisation of the Hilbert transform and fractional integration
Authors: Valdimarsson Stefán Ingi
Published: January 2012

We study a multilinear analogue of the Hilbert transform. As can be expected, the finiteness of the form depends on cancellation properties in the kernel and care must be taken in the definition of the form. We show how to define the form in terms of distributions and prove

L^p

bounds for that form.

In the second part, we study an analogous form on the level of fractional integration. This has been studied in one form by Drury. We note the

L^p

bounds for it and find the optimal constant for this bound in the case with the most symmetries. We also determine all functions which are optimisers for this inequality.

Finally, we consider analogues of the fractional integration form in directions similar to those of Beckner’s approach for multilinear Hardy– Littlewood–Sobolev inequalities
On the set of fixed points of automorphisms of bordered Klein surfaces
Authors: Gamboa José Manuel , Gromadzki Grzegorz
Published: January 2012

The nature of the set of points fixed by automorphisms of Riemann or unbordered nonorientable Klein surfaces as well as quantitative formulae for them were found by Macbeath, Izquierdo, Singerman and Gromadzki in a series of papers. The possible set of points fixed by involutions of bordered Klein surfaces has been found by Bujalance, Costa, Natanzon and Singerman who showed that it consists of isolated fixed points, ovals and chains of arcs. They classified involutions of such surfaces, up to topological conjugacy in these terms. Here we give formulae for the number of elements of each type, also for non-involutory automorphisms, in terms of the topological type of the action of the group of dianalytic automorphisms. Finally we give some illustrative examples concerning bordered Klein surfaces with large groups of automorphisms already considered by May and Bujalance.
Invertibility of convolution operators on homogeneous groups groups
Authors: Głowacki Paweł
Published: January 2012

We say that a tempered distribution

A

belongs to the class

S^m(\mathfrak{g})

on a homogeneous Lie algebra

\mathfrak{g}

if its Abelian Fourier transform

a=\hat{A}

is a smooth function on the dual

\mathfrak{g}^{\star}

and satisfies the estimates

|D^{\alpha}a(\xi)|\le C_{\alpha}(1+|\xi|)^{m-|\alpha|}.

Let

A\in S^0(\mathfrak{g})

. Then the operator

f\mapsto f\star\tilde{A}(x)

is bounded on

L^2(\mathfrak{g})

. Suppose that the operator is invertible and denote by

B

the convolution kernel of its inverse. We show that

B

belongs to the class

S^0(\mathfrak{g})

as well. As a corollary we generalize Melin’s theorem on the parametrix construction for Rockland operators.
Composition operators on Besov algebras
Authors: Moussai Madani
Published: January 2012

We study the composition operator

T_f(g):= f\circ g

on Besov spaces

B_{p,q}^{s}(\mathbb{R})

. In the case

1 < p< +\infty

,

p\le q \le +\infty

and

s>1+ (1/p)

we will prove that the operator

T_f

takes

B_{p,q}^{s}(\mathbb{R})

into itself if and only if

f(0)=0

and

f

belongs locally to

B_{p,q}^{s}(\mathbb{R})

.
A non-computational approach to the gradings on $\mathfrak{f}_4$
Authors: Draper Fontanals Cristina
Published: January 2012

The fine group gradings on the exceptional Lie algebra

\mathfrak{f}_4

have previously been determined by means of computational methods. A new argument is given to prove that there are just four fine gradings on

\mathfrak{f}_4

.
Some examples of $C^\infty$ extension by linear operators
Authors: Fefferman Charles , Ricci Fulvio
Published: January 2012

For two kinds of sets

X

in

\mathbb{R}^n

, we prove the existence of linear continuous operators extending

C^\infty

functions on

X

to

C^\infty

functions on

\mathbb{R}^n

. The sets we consider are: (a) sequences of points in the real line converging to 0 at a polynomial rate, (b) flag-shaped sets in the plane, which are unions of half-lines with slopes as in (a).
Flowing with the changing needs of hydrogeology instruction
Authors: Gleeson T. , Allen D. M. , Ferguson G.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Hydrogeology is now taught in a broad spectrum of departments and institutions to students with diverse backgrounds. Successful instruction in hydrogeology thus requires a variety of pedagogical approaches depending on desired learning outcomes and the diverse background of students. We review the pedagogical literature in hydrogeology to highlight recent advances and analyze a 2005 survey of 68 hydrogeology instructors. The literature and survey results suggest there are ~15 topics that are considered crucial by most hydrogeologists and >100 other topics that are considered crucial by some hydrogeologists. The crucial topics focus on properties of aquifers and fundamentals of groundwater flow, and should likely be part of all undergraduate hydrogeology courses. Other topics can supplement and support these crucial topics, depending on desired learning outcomes. Classroom settings continue to provide a venue for emphasizing fundamental knowledge. However, recent pedagogical advances are biased towards field and laboratory instruction with a goal of bolstering experiential learning. Field methods build on the fundamentals taught in the classroom and emphasize the collection of data, data uncertainty, and the development of vocational skills. Laboratory and computer-based exercises similarly build on theory, and offer an opportunity for data analysis and integration. The literature suggests curricula at all levels should ideally balance field, laboratory, and classroom pedagogy into an iterative and integrative whole. An integrated approach leads to greater student motivation and advancement of theoretical and vocational knowledge.
Pharyngeal Pouch and Cleft Remnants in the Dog and Cat: A Case Series and Review
Authors: Nelson Laura L. , Coelho Joana C. , Mietelka Kristy , Langohr Ingeborg M.
Published: January 2012

Remnants of the pharyngeal apparatus can (rarely) form cysts. This retrospective case series describes clinical and histologic findings of such lesions. Clinical and histology databases were searched for cases of pharyngeal remnants. Eight patients were diagnosed with cysts located subcutaneously in the head and neck, adjacent to the submandibular salivary gland, near the thyroid, and in the mediastinum. Cyst linings included ciliated epithelium, and surgical excision was curative. Knowledge of pharyngeal development is useful for their characterization. Clinicians should consider pharyngeal remnants as differentials for cystic lesions in small animals.
Transfer of Skills in the Context of Non‐Suggestive Investigative Interviews: Impact of Structured Interview Protocol and Feedback
Authors: Cyr Mireille , Dion Jacinthe , McDuff Pierre , Trotier‐Sylvain Karine
Published: January 2012

Two groups of police investigators were trained in the use of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) interview protocol. After the training, one group (n = 8) received written feedback on each interview they conducted, whereas the other group (n = 11) did not. The objective of the study was, first, to evaluate the effect of NICHD protocol implementation on the types of questions and details provided by children and, second, to evaluate the impact of post‐training feedback. Interviewees were alleged sexual abuse victims between the ages of 3 and 14 years. Application of the NICHD protocol allowed interviewers to use more open‐ended questions and to obtain more details. The results show that providing feedback significantly increased the quality of the interviews. It is recommended that the NICHD protocol be used to interview child victims and witnesses and that feedback sessions be held with interviewers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
White City: The Art of Erasure and Forgetting the Olympic Games
Authors: Littlefield David
Published: January 2012

As London prepares to host the Olympic Games for the third time, David Littlefield reflects on the fortunes of White City, the West London site that hosted the event a little over a century ago. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective α‐Arylation of Cyclic Ketones Catalyzed by a Combination of an Unmodified Cinchona Alkaloid and a Palladium Complex
Authors: Richter Christian , Ranganath Kalluri V. S. , Glorius Frank
Published: January 2012

A palladium/Cinchona alkaloid‐catalyzed α‐arylation between cyclic ketones and aryl halides under phosphine‐free conditions is presented. The use of a simple, unmodified Cinchona alkaloid results in high levels of activity and selectivity with up to 93% ee. These enantioinduction levels are comparable or even higher than the ones reported using palladium/BINAP complexes. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first use of unmodified Cinchona alkaloids as ligands/catalysts in asymmetric transition metal complex‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions.
Natural rubber latex LbL films: Characterization and growth of fibroblasts
Authors: Davi Christiane P. , Galdino Luiz F. M. D. , Borelli Primavera , Oliveira Osvaldo N. , Ferreira Mariselma
Published: January 2012

The recent biomedical applications of natural rubber (NR) latex, mostly in dry membranes, have motivated research into novel, more noble uses of this low‐cost biomaterial. In this article, we provide the first report on the fabrication of layer‐by‐layer (LbL) films of NR alternated with the polyelectrolytes polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH). Stable (PAH/NR)n and (PEI/NR)n LbL films displayed similar physicochemical properties, but differed in terms of film morphology according to atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data. Most significantly, (PEI/NR)5 LbL films were made of smaller and flattened particles, which were not efficient for the growth and proliferation of normal human fibroblasts (NHF). In contrast, efficient NHF proliferation could be obtained with (PAH/NR)n LbL films, with the fibroblasts exhibiting the expected elongated morphology. Furthermore, cell growth did not occur for cast films of NR, thus demonstrating the suitability of the LbL method for this biologically related application. The differences between the two polyelectrolytes illustrate the importance of the film architecture and morphology, which open the way for exploiting the molecular control inherent in the LbL technique for further applications of NR‐containing films. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Correlations of in vitro and in vivo degradation tests on electrospun poly‐DL‐lactide‐poly(ethylene glycol) fibers
Authors: He Shuhui , Li Xiaohong , Yang Ye , Jia Guoqing , Zou Jie
Published: January 2012

Although electrospun fibrous scaffolds have shown promise in biomedical applications, the degradation behaviors after in vitro and in vivo incubations and their correlations have not been clarified till now. The present study aims to comprehensively investigate the effects that in vitro cell inoculation and in vivo implantation have on the degradation, when compared with commonly processed degradation in buffer solutions. During the investigational time period, there was no significant difference in the degradation behaviors after incubation of fibrous mats into phosphate buffer saline, simulated body fluid and cell culture media. After cell inoculation into the degradation system, significantly higher mass loss, lower molecular weight reduction, and less significant increase in the molecular weight polydispersity were detected. The tight attachment of cells on fibers further enhanced the degradation process after cell seeding on the fibrous mats. When compared with in vitro cell‐free degradation, the subcutaneous implantation of fibrous mats led to a significantly higher degradation rate at the initial stage, but slower degradation at the later stage. It was indicated that the degradation behaviors after in vivo implantation were close to those after cell culture on fibrous mats, thus providing an effective in vitro tool to predict in vivo degradation profiles of electrospun fibers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Downregulation of ER60 Protease Inhibits Cellular Proliferation by Inducing G1/S Arrest in Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro
Authors: Lwin Zin‐Mar , Yip George Wai‐Cheong , Chew Fook‐Tim , Bay Boon‐Huat
Published: January 2012

ER60 protease, a 58‐kDa molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum, is involved in glycoprotein synthesis. ER60 protease has been reported to be differentially expressed in various cancers including breast carcinoma. This study explored the relationship of ER60 protease with cell proliferation in breast cancer in vitro. ER60 protease expression was first determined in a panel of breast cell lines by real‐time RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis and found to be most abundantly expressed in T47D breast cancer cells. The ER60 protease gene was then successfully knocked down in T47D breast cancer cells using two different sequences of small‐interfering RNA. The silencing efficiencies of siER‐1 and siER‐2 at 48‐hr post‐transfection were found to be >80% at the mRNA level with concomitant downregulation of the ER60 protease protein by >60% when compared with control T47D breast cancer cells. Downregulation of ER60 protease was also associated with inhibition of cell proliferation when assessed by the AlamarBlue assay. Cell cycle analysis performed on the siER‐1‐ and siER‐2‐transfected cells, revealed an increase in G1 phase population and a decrease in the S and G2/M phase populations compared with control cells, implicating G1/S cell cycle arrest. It would appear that ER60 protease is involved in breast tumorigenesis and could therefore be a prospective target for cancer therapeutics. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological and Morphometric Study of the Pecten Oculi in the Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)
Authors: Micali Antonio , Pisani Antonina , Ventrici Claudia , Puzzolo Domenico , Roszkowska Anna Maria , Spinella Rosaria , Aragona Pasquale
Published: January 2012

The pecten oculi is a highly vascular and pigmented organ placed in the vitreous body of the avian eye. As no data are currently available on the morphological organization of the pecten in the Psittaciformes, the pecten oculi of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) was studied. The eyes from adult male budgerigars were examined by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy and a morphometric study on both light and transmission electron microscopy specimens was also performed in the different parts of the organ. In the budgerigar, the type of the pecten oculi was pleated. Its basal part had a cranio‐caudal and postero‐anterior course; its body consisted of 10–12‐folds joined apically by a densely pigmented bridge. The pecten showed many capillaries, whose wall was thick and formed by pericytes and endothelial cells. These latter had a large number of microfolds, rectilinear on their luminal surface and tortuous on their abluminal surface. Interstitial pigment cells were placed among the capillaries, filled with melanin granules and showed many cytoplasmic processes. The morphometric analysis demonstrated significant differences among the three parts of the organ relative to the length of the endothelial processes and to the number and size of the pigment granules. The morphological and morphometric analysis showed that the bridge of the budgerigar, different from the other birds, had a large number of capillaries, so that this part of the organ could also play a trophic role for the retina in addition to the choriocapillaris. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Structure and Biological Evaluation of Novel Bicyclic Nitroimidazole Derivatives
Authors: Zaprutko Lucjusz , Żwawiak Justyna , Augustynowicz‐Kopeć Ewa , Zwolska Zofia , Bartoszak‐Adamska Elżbieta , Nowicki Waldemar
Published: January 2012

A new series of 3‐hydroxy‐8‐nitroimidazo[5,1‐b]‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidine systems, being potential tuberculostatic agents, were synthesized. These products are close structural analogs of the basic structure of the known antitubercular bicyclic nitroimidazooxazine PA‐824. The structures of the products obtained were confirmed by X‐ray methods on the example of 3‐hydroxy‐8‐nitro‐1‐phenylaminoimidazo[5,1‐b]‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidine. Evaluation of these products for their anti‐tuberculosis effects revealed interesting structure–activity relationships.
Nitrogen‐Rich Energetic Monoanionic Salts of 3,4‐Bis(1 H‐5‐tetrazolyl)furoxan
Authors: Huang Haifeng , Zhou Zhiming , Liang Lixuan , Song Jinhong , Wang Kai , Cao Dan , Sun Wenwen , Bian Chengming , Xue Min
Published: January 2012

3,4‐Bis(1H‐5‐tetrazolyl)furoxan (H2BTF, 2) and its monoanionic salts that contain nitrogen‐rich cations were readily synthesized and fully characterized by multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C) and IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and elemental analyses. Hydrazinium (3) and 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazolium (7) salts crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n and have calculated densities of 1.820 and 1.764 g cm−3, respectively. The densities of the energetic salts range between 1.63 and 1.79 g cm−3, as measured by a gas pycnometer. Detonation pressures and detonation velocities were calculated to be 23.1–32.5 GPa and 7740–8790 m s−1, respectively.