bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The John Morton years: 1971–1990
Authors: Williamson John , Cloonan Martin
Published: May 2017

The chapter reports on the impact of the election of Joh Morton as General Secretary on the Union and outlines developments during his years in office. Attempts to split the MU and attempts to make the Union more relevant of popular musicians are reported. The advent of commercial radio and the Union’s response to it are outlined. The 1977 Annan Report is outlined and the continuing importance of the Performing Right Tribunal stressed. Trade Unions reforms and a key Monopolies and Mergers Commission report on Collective Licensing are explained. A strike at the BBC is reported.
Disharmony: 1991–2002
Authors: Williamson John , Cloonan Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter covers the period from the election of General Scard as General Secretary through to his replacement by Derek Kay and the internal machinations which ended with John Smith being elected General Secretary in 2002. Reorganisation of the UK’s orchestras is reported. Internal restructuring of the Union is noted and problems around the 2000 election for General Secretary are reported.
Beginning again: the MU in the twenty-first century
Authors: Williamson John , Cloonan Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter covers the modern era of the MU. It begins by noting internal reorganisation with the Union before examining its role in campaigning for reform of the licensing of live music and copyright. The Union’s attitude toward equalities issues is discussed before th chapter concludes by outlining its current role.
David Cameron’s leadership and party renewal
Authors: Peele Gillian
Published: May 2017

The chapter explores the relationship between David Cameron’s leadership and Conservative Party renewal. It argues that both Cameron’s leadership, and the understanding of the process of renewal have evolved since 2005. It explores the analytic problems associated with the concept of leadership and the importance of the role of followers as well as leaders. It discusses Cameron’s leadership style and the skills and personal characteristics he brought to the role, It discusses the key challenges for Cameron’s leadership and suggests that, despite his spectacular successes, Cameron continues to puzzle observers and that his leadership has encountered an unusual and intense degree of internal opposition. His historical legacy as the architect of Conservative renewal remains contested, not least because his ability to manage intra-party divisions over Europe has yet to be proved.
The evolving Conservative Party membership
Authors: Bale Tim , Webb Paul
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, survey data is used to profile the contemporary Conservative Party demographically and ideologically, and to investigate the members’ attitudes towards decision-making in the party. The chapter shows how the party membership has gained considerable ground over the years in terms selecting candidates and party leaders; and while the party essentially maintains its long tradition of leadership autonomy in respect of policy formulation, it is also true that the grassroots are now able and willing to exercise the various opportunities for expression of dissent on questions of strategy, organization and policy afforded by the development of new social media.
Conclusion: pathologising security through Lacanian desire
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter offers a theoretical reading of the drive to secure within the terms of Lacanian desire. It asks whether there is something thrilling and yet masochistic about the Sisyphean pursuit of the unobtainable condition known as security. Given that security pursues an impossible immortality, is it indicative of a fantasy of control and order – rather than a teleological, goal-oriented pursuit? And, as fantasy, is this endeavour structured around an eternal recurrence and repetition, rather than the pursuit and possession of a discrete objective? The chapter suggests that the security edifice is pathology, caused by the Death of God and the resurgent salience of death anxiety in a society bereft of promises to immortality.
Contested framings: democratic conflict and the public university
Authors: Sheldon Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a brief history of the campus politics of Palestine-Israel in Britain alongside a genealogical account of how the stakes, boundaries and grammars of these struggles have been represented in the media, policy interventions and research. Taking up Nancy Fraser’s emphasis on the injustices produced by framings of justice, I show how these public representations have made liberal, secular and nationalist assumptions so that they have been unable to account for the limits of consensus or attend to students’ complex investments in the Palestine-Israel conflict. In the process, I situate these campus struggles in relation to historically evolving relations within British society, the emergent geo-politics of the ‘War on Terror’, and the legacies of the Holocaust and British imperialism. Finally, I consider how public constructions of this as an ‘imported’, ‘ethno-religious’ conflict have failed to address the role played by the British university in shaping these dynamics. I discuss how, in a post-imperial, globalising world, universities in Britain have become conflicted in their public role, creating different challenges for institutions operating in a fragmented higher education field. I conclude by explaining my multi-sited approach in this study, describing my selection of case study institutions and introducing these field-sites.
Finding the words: towards ethical ethnography
Authors: Sheldon Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores ethnography as an ethical process. I begin with the relationship between ethics, epistemology and social theory in approaching questions of justice. Through a detailed account of the development of my fieldwork, I explore the ethical limitations of binary theoretical languages for communicating about the Palestine-Israel conflict and begin to imagine and inhabit alternative vocabularies, which I learnt in my relationships with students. By attending to themes of proximity and distance in fieldwork, I explore how, as ethnographers, we never fully know ourselves but rather engage in a process of learning. This insight is shaped and exemplified through an account of my own ambivalences, exclusions and transformations in the research process; I go through a process of renaming myself as I learn to engage with my research subjects differently. This becomes part of a questioning of moral traditions, embedded in the university itself, that call on people to abstract themselves from everyday relationships so that they can exist as rational, ‘objective’ moral selves. As I introduce alternative resources for approaching questions of ethics and justice, I also build on Judith Butler’s appeal towards post-secular diasporic traditions as offering important ethico-political resources for responding to the Palestine-Israel conflict.
University melodramas: the claim of reason
Authors: Sheldon Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the moral traditions that have shaped the university with its idealised vision of rational debate by offering a detailed account of the sources, dynamics and consequences of a public debate about the academic boycott of Israel. Showing how this university sought to materialise a liberal model of communication governed by rules of neutral, rational debate and secular norms, I highlight the paradox inherent in this attempt to dramatically perform communicative rationality. The discussion then situates this need to display an idealised image of the university committed to free speech within the context of wider pressures associated with neo-liberalism and securitisation. The final section of the chapter then explores the consequences of the academic boycott event, which fixed participants in rigid, partisan positions. I argue that, in the process of affirming this rationalist self-image, the university disavowed its own historical involvements in colonial oppression and ongoing inequalities, so concealing relationships of power. Bringing my analysis of the dramaturgy of this event together with interview material, I show how this polarised debate repressed and shamed aspects of students’ political commitments which could not be voiced in these terms.
Tragic action: ambiguous passions and misrecognition
Authors: Sheldon Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on a campus meeting with a controversial Palestinian journalist at which escalating accusations of anti-Semitism and fascism culminated in physical violence. Drawing on the work of Simon Critchley, I frame this event as a ‘tragic’ conflict, in which the claims of entangled past and present sufferings came to be expressed as a passionate refusal of recognition. Attending closely to the linguistic, somatic and emotional dynamics of this meeting, I show how it culminated in the destabilisation of moral distinctions and the collapsing of spatial and temporal boundaries, including a blurring of distinctions between victims and perpetrators, a making-present of past traumas and of seemingly distant forms of violence. Drawing on interview material to deepen my psychosocial analysis, I explore how repressed feelings of shame and aggressive desires, associated with these entanglements, came to be acted out in the violent culmination of this meeting. The concluding section draws this analysis together with the preceding chapter to develop an explanation for the repetitive, circular quality of melodramatic and tragic campus conflicts over time, including the role of public media and the logics of spectatorship in this process.
Introduction: migrants into minorities
Authors: Sharma Shailja
Published: May 2017

Since the mid-1980s Europe has seen deep economic and demographic changes that have upset the postwar consensus about a unified national culture and identity. Postwar migration, globalization and the expanding European Union (EU) have all led to a common-sense assumption that national has lost a consensus definition. Academic writing has explored this idea most fully through cultural studies, particularly of film and migration (...
Postcolonial minorities and securitization
Authors: Sharma Shailja
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the security challenges as they have recently been articulated with regard to minorities. The fear of Islam, radicalisation and terrorism from Muslim populations is seen as a religious issue whereas the real issue is their lack of integration. Multi-generational poverty, a lack of education are still not being addressed. The chapter examines specific cases of armed violence and places them in the context of minority socio-economic problems. Secondly the chapter looks at the historical parallels between how native populations were treted under colonialism and how postcolonial minorities are treated now.
Race by any other name: Islam and the contestation of citizenship
Authors: Sharma Shailja
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how a religion like Islam and its rise to prominence has become a covert way to talk about race. This is both historically true and is being practiced in contemporary Europe. Islam has served as a category which combines religious and ethnic otherness. Fictive ethnicity has found a convenient opponent in the fictive otherness Islam represents. Islam has become useful shorthand for conflicting policies and exclusionary rhetoric, challenging the impulse to inclusion and assimilation in these countries.
The nation-state’s wobbly hyphen: the backlash against multiculturalism
Authors: Sharma Shailja
Published: May 2017

This chapter look at the hyphen between nation and state in the term in nation-state. It theorises that the nation is ideologically and culturally constructed as opposed to the state. Minorities have to be integrated in both formations. However while they are legally part of the state and are citizens, they are excluded from the nation at many levels. Thus they live a hyphenated existence, between two formations.
Spatial and architectural memory in oral histories of working life
Authors: Adams Stein Jesse
Published: May 2017

This chapter recovers the architectural and spatial qualities of so-called ‘ordinary’ factory buildings. Focusing on the modern building that housed the Gov, it explores spatial and architectural memory through an integration of archival research, oral testimony and photographs. This examination is informed by an awareness of how the oral history process contributes to a co-construction of spatial memory, developing between the interviewee and interviewer. Focusing on the built heritage of an industrial site can tell us only limited things about labour, technology and working life, and without oral history narratives, archives and photographs, the remnant built heritage can be historically misleading. Given this book’s broad argument that one can do both – that is, explore material and embodied histories and human stories of working life – it is necessary to consider closely the physical and spatial environment in which the print-workers laboured. This chapter is about those matters of place, space, architecture and embodied experience.
Making things on the side: creativity at a time of institutional decline
Authors: Adams Stein Jesse
Published: May 2017

A ‘foreign order’ is an industrial colloquialism referring to a practice whereby workers produce objects at work – using factory materials and work time – without authorisation. This is an under-explored but global phenomenon that many names, including homers, side productions, government jobs, and la perruque. There are silences about these clandestine acts of creative production in English-language studies. This chapter considers this practice from the interdisciplinary perspective of labour history and material culture studies. Using oral and archival sources, the chapter traces the ancestry of foreign orders to seventeenth century English customary practices of the Commons. It provides an account of a playful and creative culture of pranks and making in a printing factory, and identifies the workers’ motivations for creating foreign orders. Finally, the chapter explains how the making of foreign orders became more overt and politicised over time, as workers sensed their insecurity. This practice of making ‘on the side’ enabled print-workers a degree of agency and the ability to narrativise their own plight.
Introduction
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Blandy Sarah
Published: May 2017

Introduces the argument that in the early twenty first century the private home has become a key battleground in a social politics focused on fear, pre-emptive action and architectural fortification. Films, books, fairytales and myths are explored to underline the central importance of the home. Layers of complex and contested meanings have accreted over the basic need for shelter. The role of the home in providing haven, status and privacy, boosted today by celebrity culture, has longstanding philosophical and legal justifications. These have become embedded in everyday life, and their importance is shown through the use of metaphors emphasising the home as a kind of fortress space. We outline the idea that growing rates of homeownership in the UK, the US and Australia, encouraged by neoliberal governments, have led to a perception of housing as wealth rather than as ‘home’. At the same time the concept of a risk society has led to a widespread culture of fear, provoking a withdrawal into the home and an emphasis on control as the primary attribute of legal ownership.
Fear, crime and the home
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Blandy Sarah
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on fear of crime, and particularly on the fear of home invasion (burglary). It links back to the ways in which we are taught to fear in our childhood homes, and the contemporary forces which continue to boost the perceived need for home defence. Data on burglary rates and fear of crime are deconstructed, and the interconnected roles of the media and of government in feeding fear are analysed. We suggest that the news media's singular focus on rare and horrific events have a cumulative and traumatic effect on our perceptions of the relative safety of the home. The chapter also looks at the treatment of the home, crime and fear in popular culture, through fiction, films and videogames which highlight terrorised occupants and invaded homes.
Withdraw, defend or destroy
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Blandy Sarah
Published: May 2017

Here we discuss the balance of responsibility between the state and the individual homeowner to protect the home, against the background of a lack of confidence in governments' ability to prevent crime and the rising sense of victimhood in popular culture and criminal justice systems. The focus of this chapter is on the legal position of the homeowner who uses lethal force in defence of their home. Illustrated by high-profile cases, developments in the law on defence and revenge are analysed and comparisons are made between the US, the UK and Australia.
Industry and Intelligence
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

The history of modern art is often told through aesthetic breakthroughs that sync well with cultural and political change. From Courbet to Picasso, from Malevich to Warhol, it is accepted that art tracks the disruptions of industrialization, fascism, revolution, and war. Yet filtering the history of modern art only through catastrophic events cannot account for the subtle developments that lead to the profound confusion at the heart of contemporary art.
In Industry and Intelligence, the artist Liam Gillick writes a nuanced genealogy to help us appreciate contemporary art’s engagement with history even when it seems apathetic or blind to current events. Taking a broad view of artistic creation from 1820 to today, Gillick follows the response of artists to incremental developments in science, politics, and technology. The great innovations and dislocations of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have their place in this timeline, but their traces are alternately amplified and diminished as Gillick moves through artistic reactions to liberalism, mass manufacturing, psychology, nuclear physics, automobiles, and a host of other advances. He intimately ties the origins of contemporary art to the social and technological adjustments of modern life, which artists struggled to incorporate truthfully into their works.
ASAP Futures, Not Infinite Future
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

Is there a space for urgency in the projected and parallel structure of contemporary art?
1948: B. F. Skinner and Counter-Revolution
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

Nationalization and the rise of the Corporation. The individual and the group. The application of advanced modernism and the emergence of containers for identity. The expression of dystopia and material facts in the face of arts deployment by capital and social.
1963: Herman Kahn and Projection
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

The rise of specific production in the face of new political unions. Clones and transplantation. New strategies of the body in time. The use of new technologies to describe the artist’s presence. The consciousness of production sites.
The Complete Curator
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

The ethical demands of the new curator push ahead of contemporary art.
Maybe It Would Be Better If We Worked in Groups of Three?
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

The discursive as a way out.
The Return of the Border
Authors: Gillick Liam
Published: May 2017

The edge has become an infinite border.
Epilogue
Authors: Dean Carolyn J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. This book has focused on critics' effort to return to an empirical history of injury deemed overwhelmed by memory, itself related to the iconic and thus ahistorical status granted Auschwitz and, by proxy, Jewish memory. The status of Auschwitz as an icon of evil in our time has generated the evacuation of historical in favor of the moral content of suffering that leads to the peculiar concept of “too much” memory. This pervasive reference to “excessive” or “surfeit” memory is the most problematic figuration of victims' demands for recognition. The concept of surfeit memory should be recast and envisioned properly as a transformation of victims into aggressors who threaten the tranquility of those whose memories are acknowledged.
Lost in the Paradigm of World History
Authors: Sasaki Motoe
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the eventual repatriation of American New Women missionaries. After they returned to the United States, many of them felt lost in their own country. There was also a profound difference between the views of returning American New Women missionaries and the general American public about the United States' role in world history. The chapter also raises the important question of how and why the experiences of New Women in both the United States and China fell into oblivion in the post-World War II era. The erasure of their experiences from public memory suggests that the politics of world history has not relaxed its grip on shaping global relations in a unipolar, bipolar, or even multipolar world.
Intimacy in Language
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, the author considers poetry in family expressions, which, along with in-jokes and associations, are packed with alliteration, rhythm, and hyperbole. The author recalls how he was drawn to folklore because, even at an early age, he was aware of the beauty and power of folklore in his own life. The author grew up as an American expat in São Paulo, Brazil. His parents, Shirley and Irv, belonged to that notable group called sojourners—those who immigrate but never fully assimilate. He shares his experience with a song called “Red River Valley,” which he says inspired his love of folk music and also played a part in his becoming a folklorist and meeting his future wife, Amanda, a fellow folklorist. Besides the song, a few other incidents contributed to the serendipity of meeting Amanda. The author remembers a time when a conversation between him and Amanda shifts from prose toward poetry, a moment that highlights the importance of intimacy in language.
Days of Chess and Backgammon
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

The author here considers the games of chess and backgammon. The author shares how he became fascinated by chess, intrigued by its philosophical side. He was twelve years old in 1959, when Bobby Fischer won the United States Chess Championship. As a folklorist, he did field research on chess havens in New York's West Village, interviewing the players in Washington Square Park and at the two warring chess clubs on Thompson Street, Chess Forum and the Village Chess Shop. He talks about the Capablanca table; José Raúl Capablanca, world chess champion from 1921 to 1927, is said to have won the World Chess Championship on that table. Fischer also played on that table, in New York in 1965. Chess, the author observes, seems to lend itself to grandiose metaphors. Metaphors abound in the down-and-dirty trash talk exchanged by the chess players in New York City parks. The author concludes by recalling how he and his father would engage in a gentle competition playing online backgammon games.
Free Market Flavor
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

This chapter reflects on the poetry of the palate, which it says is part of our palette of personal and cultural expressions. Tasting your favorite dish and hearing your favorite poem both have aesthetic qualities that make part of the poetry of everyday life. A language of tastes from immigrants' home countries is a marketable currency—and it adds not only flavors but also delicious words to our English vocabulary. Two books by Mark Kurlansky, Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World and Salt: A World History, make the case that the entire history of the world can be told through a single food. Foodways can provide a lens through which to explore geography and cultural history. In New York, world history, immigrant history, and shifting demographics create an ever-changing range of eateries and restaurants offering a panoply of tastes, often concocting new flavors by mixing ingredients.
The Poetry in Science
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

The author reflects here on the poetry of science and the ways scientists use homespun metaphors to make the mysteries of the universe as comfortable to lay audiences as a well-worn coat. The author marvels at the enormity of what was accomplished by men such as Thales, Democritus, Euclid, Archimedes, Galileo, Isaac Newton, and Albert Einstein, as well as the many scientists who collectively devised quantum theory. He says human beings used to look up into the sky and imagine stories about the gods written in the constellations; science and storytelling were one and the same. In modern times, storytelling and science appear to be different realms entirely. Nonetheless, scientists still turn to storytelling in order to explain the mysteries of the universe. Beyond their discoveries, scientists share an evolving body of stories—a kind of folklore of science—that conveys their ideas in lay terms.
Navigating Transitions
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the poetry underlying rites of passage. Throughout the life cycle, the complex cycling and recycling of customs and rites of passage is reminiscent of the classic children's toy the Slinky. Along with the rites of passage that mark linear time, seasonal customs and holidays shape a sense of cyclical, recurrent time. Rites of passage are the mileposts that guide travelers through the life cycle. In 1909, ethnographer Arnold van Gennep compared tribal rituals in different parts of the world and noted the similarities “among ceremonies of birth, childhood, social puberty, betrothal, marriage, pregnancy, fatherhood, initiation into religious societies and funerals.” All these rites of passage, he observed, consist of three distinct phases: separation, transition, and incorporation.
The Human Unit of Time
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the human unit for marking time. In her memoir Blackberry Winter, Margaret Mead devotes a chapter to the joys of becoming a grandparent. Grandparenthood inspired Mead to consider the need for a human unit of time, the span of which cannot be as short as a human lifetime, and yet cannot rely on the scientist's notion of time stretching back millions of years to the Big Bang. This human time span, based on experiential reckoning rather than scientific exactitude, stretches from our memories of ourselves as children to our grandparents' memories of their own childhoods, ultimately encompassing five generations. Folklorists echo Mead's notion when they speak of “a living cultural heritage,” because we are often referring to traditions and histories passed on through living memory. This chapter considers the space between memory and legacy and suggests that generational time is an aspect of the poetry of everyday life.
Intimations of Immortality
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

This chapter reflects on how memory provides “intimations of immortality” for loved ones still alive to remember and suggests that the artist's secular sphere of spirituality occurs at the intersection of time and timelessness. Henry Scott Holland (1847–1918), who was Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford, believes that the power of memory is so strong that friends and family, though separated by the wall of death, continue to communicate with one another unchanged. In The Broken Connection: On Death and the Continuity of Life, the psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton describes five ways in which we seek out continuity as mortal beings: through our children and family, cycles of nature, theology, ecstasy and transcendence, and creative works. Although many believe in heaven and hell as part of a divinely created universe, this chapter suggests that they are among those structures of meaning that humans themselves conceived: grand religious ideas with endless artistic elaborations that enable those who believe in God—and those who don't—to imagine eternity.
God Is in the Details
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at what it calls ur-poem and place moments. For the author's course called Writing New York Stories, which he taught for more than ten years at Cooper Union University, the author developed an approach to remembering his students' names: he had everyone write, in class, a “list poem” in which each line began “I am from…” The poem that spawned this assignment is by Kentucky-born poet and children's book writer George Ella Lyon. He says “I am from…” poems are ur-poems: everyone has one in them. He also talks about the concept of “place moments” as well as the layers of history and lore and perceptions that make up what philosopher Edward Casey refers to as “place memory.” The author argues that personal experiences transform space into place and that the value of places should be measured by the sum total of the place moments that take place within them and are committed to memory.
Breath on the Mirror
Authors: Zeitlin Steve
Published: May 2017

The author explains here bhow holding your breath on the mirror lets you express and discern your own distinctive voice and know who you really are. He talks about his creative writing class, in which students experiment with fiction and nonfiction, poetry and prose. The students learn that even if they are writing about something far outside themselves, it is still a reflection of who they are and how they interpret what they see. As his students endeavor to find their own voice, the author often shares the work of famous writers whose voice is embedded in their sentence structure and is immediately recognizable; for example, Joan Didion, Edith Wharton, and Jamaica Kincaid. He also encourages his students to look for moments when their own life stories intersect with a larger history.
Functional Mobility
Authors: Allum Felia
Published: May 2017

This chapter details how the Camorra connect their territories, move between them, and make them highly interdependent. Mobility is based on locating resources and markets in order to help the clan survive, thrive, and prosper at home. This movement is called “functional mobility” because camorristi, once forced abroad, travel constantly between their different territories in pursuit of a commercial project, for which their foreign territories become paramount. They and their associates interlink local districts with new territories in a continuous two-way exchange, with people, resources, and money moving in both directions. This movement is mainly based on the identity, needs, and activities of the clan in Naples, but also on what camorristi can actually do. They use their existing skill sets, markets, and contacts to continue their criminal activities in local and global contexts; in sum, they adopt a functional approach.
Camorra Clans in Germany and the Netherlands
Authors: Allum Felia
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the Camorra's presence in Germany and the Netherlands. Between 1980 and 2015, Camorra clans were active in acquisitive crime, drug trafficking, and the counterfeit market. Indeed, some pentiti (a camorrista who becomes a state witness), have mentioned that former camorristi or their associates have undertaken acquisitive crimes in Germany and the Netherlands. Three forms of acquisitive crimes were identified. First, there was some evidence of former camorristi permanently moving to Germany and being involved in acquisitive crime. Second, there was evidence of camorristi who travel abroad and, unrelated to their clan's criminal agenda, undertook acquisitive crime—mostly robberies and bag snatchings. Third, the functional mobility of petty criminals was detected. Ultimately, criminal tourism is a type of Camorra presence in Europe, even if it is not in a traditional form.
Camorra Clans in Spain
Authors: Allum Felia
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the Camorra's presence in Spain. Since its transition to democracy in the late 1970s and its entrance into the European Union in 1986, Spain has been considered by many camorristi as an El Dorado, an accessible paradise in which to conduct criminal activities undisturbed and strike gold. This may explain why, over the last thirty years, many camorristi have made it their second home. However, there is another reason: its place in the European drugs market. From the existing evidence, it could be suggested that of the Camorra clans with links to Europe, around seventy percent have connections to Spain, where they seek to profit from its structural conditions, particularly from Spanish institutions, its legal system, and economic opportunities, especially its wholesale drugs market.
Camorra Clans in the United Kingdom
Authors: Allum Felia
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the Camorra's presence in the United Kingdom. Mafia and Camorra members and their associates have been present and active in the United Kingdom for some time. However, their specific organizational structures, activities, and accomplices remain unknown. This is often because British police have not investigated mafia members, since they have not officially broken English or Scottish law, and thus the police profile is minimal. Clan members may be involved in illegal activities, but they remain below the radar of local police. For example, in 2013, a local police force identified six criminal groups made up of Italian nationals engaging in money laundering, economic and web-based fraud, violent criminal activity, organized theft, and drug-related activities, but only one was identified as having possible links to an Italian mafia group, whereas the others were not systematically investigated.
Introduction
Authors: Larsen Kristin E.
Published: May 2017

This book documents the life and work of Clarence Samuel Stein, an environmental designer, humanist, houser, policymaker, town planner, and regionalist whose influential career stretched from the Progressive era of urban reform through the post–World War II era of postcolonial international planning. Looking through the lens of Stein's lifework, the book explores emerging concepts in site design, housing finance and management, town building, regional development, and community planning. It considers four critical themes that informed Stein's career and legacy: his collaborative approach, promotion and implementation of “investment housing,” distinctive interrelated community design epitomized as the Radburn Idea, and his advocacy of communitarian regionalism. These themes are tied together by the concept of the Garden City as introduced by Ebenezer Howard and implemented first most notably by architects Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker. This introduction provides an overview of Stein's projects and initiatives as well as the chapters that follow.
The Garden City Idea
Authors: Larsen Kristin E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides context for Clarence Samuel Stein's engagement with and translation of Ebenezer Howard's proposed Garden City and for his advocacy of these ideas in his projects, service, writings, lectures, and consulting activities throughout his career. Stein promoted Garden City as an “ideal system” for neighborhood preservation, housing reform, traffic congestion mitigation, and park design. What struck Stein about the Garden City—rechristened Regional City—was its spirit of cooperation and community, the balance between open spaces and development, and the notion that distinctive planned new towns served as the building blocks of the region. This chapter reviews the Garden City concept with a focus on its adoption and evolution in the United States during the first half of the twentieth century. It also considers the initiatives of the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA), where Stein served as founder and informal sponsor, including the Radburn Idea.
The Radburn Idea
Authors: Larsen Kristin E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Clarence Samuel Stein's interrelated community design, with particular emphasis on his Radburn Idea. It first takes a look at Stein's early large-scale unbuilt projects that demonstrate his emerging talent in site design, such as Sunnyside Park in Shelton, Connecticut, with Kohn in 1920; Fort Sheridan Gardens with Ernest Gruensfeldt; and the Spuyten Duyvil Housing Development in the northwest Bronx in 1923. It then considers Stein's development of Radburn to illustrate the benefits of communitarian regionalism: Radburn was conceived as a “complete town” for twenty-five thousand that would include “all the other facilities and conveniences which go to make for comfortable, pleasant living.” The chapter also discusses Stein's innovations in site design at Chatham Village in Pennsylvania; his design of Phipps Garden Apartments in New York City and the Wichita Art Institute; and his partnership with John W. Harris for the new town of Maplewood near Lake Charles, Louisiana.
Sepulchral Jews and Stony Christians
Authors: Lavezzo Kathy
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the unstable geography of Christian and Jew during the Anglo-Saxon period through an analysis of Bede's Latin exegetical work On the Temple (ca. 729–731) and in Cynewulf's Old English poem Elene. It takes as its starting point how Bede and Cynewulf tackle a material long associated with Jewish materialism, stone, in comparison with Christian materialism and descibes their accounts of the sepulchral Jew as well as the stony nature of Jews. It also considers how Bede and Cynewulf construct Christianity by asserting its alterity and opposition to an idea of Jewish carnality that draws on and modifies Pauline supersession. The chapter concludes with an assessment of how Bede's and Cynewulf's charged engagements with supersession and “Jewish” places contribute both to our understanding of Anglo-Saxon material culture and to the important role that ideas of the Jew played in such materialisms.
The Minster and the Privy
Authors: Lavezzo Kathy
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the mapping of Anglo-Jewish residences placed Jews in intimate relation to the new urban geography that arose in tandem with commerce. Through an analysis of Geoffrey Chaucer's Prioress's Tale, which features Jews whose danger is as economic as it is religious, the chapter considers the notion of Jewish carnality that challenges received ideas of periodization. Chaucer contrasts the Christian minster where a boy martyr rests to arguably the most debased built environment imaginable, the abject space of a privy used by Jews. The latrine partly speaks to the tale's unique focus on moneylending as a specifically Jewish and allegedly filthy practice. By contextualizing the Prioress's Tale in terms of the cultures of sanitation, building, and lending with which Chaucer was closely associated, the chapter reads the latrine as a symptom of infrastructural flows that undermined any effort to conceive of a coherent Christian subject.
Failures of Fortification and the Counting Houses of The Jew of Malta
Authors: Lavezzo Kathy
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Christopher Marlowe's early modern remapping of the Jew and urban space in The Jew of Malta, arguing that the 1952 play enacts a spatial contradiction. Even before the play proper begins, The Jew of Malta foregrounds the ostensible powers of fortification. And just 100 lines into the play, Barabas soliloquizes about Jewish wealth, highlighting the singularly rich Jews inhabiting various lands. A comparison of the space of the Jew to the space of the island reveals that their geographic disparity threatens to render the phrase “The Jew of Malta” something of a non sequitur. This chapter explores Marlowe's staging of how Christian locations in Malta act as doubles of Barabas's counting house. It suggests that Barabas is a canny destabilizer of even Maltese hyperfortified space and that the counting house is a porous site that informs virtually every built environment in The Jew of Malta.
Introduction
Authors: Sandler Daniela
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter summarizes this volume's arguments, as well as the particular case studies which will be the subject of each individual chapter. It also details the scope of the study, which encompasses a large number of case studies in order to demonstrate the reach of counterpreservation beyond a few anecdotal or exceptional examples and leave room for examination in diverse spatial, programmatic, and urban conditions. The chapter also discusses the scholarly approach this book tackles as a whole, in order to give insight into a spatial practice that pops up across the city and even beyond it. In doing so the chapter raises the question which forms the heart of this book—why people in Berlin want to live, work, perform, and play in decrepit buildings when they could either renovate their buildings with their own hands, or, in some cases, afford to live in renovated ones.
Decrepitude and Memory in the Landscape
Authors: Sandler Daniela
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns to Daniel Libeskind's unbuilt proposal for the site of former SS barracks next to the Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp Memorial. This plan was commissioned by the local city government in the early 1990s. Unlike the piecemeal and localized character of the first two types of counterpreservation, the scale of this plan was very large both in size and in its potential socioeconomic impact. Moreover, the Oranienburg plan was designed by an architect who was, by then, already a rising star. On the one hand, this means that the open-ended and participatory nature of Hausprojekte and alternative cultural centers is missing. On the other hand, the poetics of counterpreservation was articulated more sharply through the architect's authorial presence. The political commitments so visible in the Hausprojekte and cultural centers were thus also present in Libeskind's socially minded program.
Counterpreservation in Reverse
Authors: Sandler Daniela
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the Topography of Terror, an open-air exhibition and documentation center at the heart of Berlin where archaeological excavations of Gestapo structures once mingled with postwar ruins and debris. The site began as a temporary, guerrilla exhibition, and its helter-skelter quality earned it the nickname “open wound.” It proved to be charismatic enough for the temporary, grassroots exhibition to be made permanent and official; and it also inspired a trove of academic publications. Initially an exemplary of counterpreservation, the Topography of Terror was eventually redesigned in 2005 according to a more definitive and all-encompassing plan. This chapter looks at the new configuration of the site, and probes whether it might be considered an example of counterpreservation—and conversely, whether counterpreservation is the most appropriate response for the site.
Destruction and Disappearance
Authors: Sandler Daniela
Published: May 2017

This chapter tests the concept of counterpreservation against two ruins of a more recent past: structures built by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and called into question after unification. One of them, the now-demolished Palace of the Republic, exemplifies counterpreservation in a different form—not as the display of picturesquely crumbling façades, but as new interventions and installations set into the gutted shell of a former Socialist civic center. The second structure is the Berlin Wall as it is preserved and memorialized in the Berlin Wall Memorial Grounds on Bernauer Straẞe, built between 2007 and 2014. The centerpiece of the memorial grounds (and the reason for their being there) is a long, decaying section of the Wall, complemented by a constellation of remains and archaeological findings related to the border fortifications.
Conclusion
Authors: Sandler Daniela
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter considers whether counterpreservation was first and foremost a socio-architectural phenomenon specific to Berlin during the Wende, even if it could be applied to other places. In doing so the chapter also considers whether there can be “an architecture of change,” of transience, alongside the impulse to build stable and enduring cities and buildings. Counterpreservation is a step toward a conceptual exploration in this direction, even if it cannot account for all of the aspects of an architecture of change, which would involve issues that go beyond historic structures. Here, the chapter sketches what such a broader investigation might look like, providing preliminary explorations that point to a direction where the present study might unfold.
The Rise of System-Cybernetic Governmentality
Authors: Rindzevičiūtė Eglė
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of system-cybernetic governance. Cybernetics and the systems approach—which includes but is not limited to operations research (OR), systems theory, systems analysis, and, at a later stage, policy analysis—constitute a hybrid field of science and technology that emerged from innovations in mathematics and electronic engineering during World War II, to become part of the academic establishment during the late 1940s. However, the field of system-cybernetic, computer-based science originated as a resource for both formulating and solving governmental problems. As such, system-cybernetic sciences were part and parcel of the late modern worldview, according to which societies, economies, and nature were so highly complex that neither common sense nor sector-specific knowledge was sufficient to govern them.
Gray Eminences of the Scientific-Technical Revolution
Authors: Rindzevičiūtė Eglė
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that a new, post-Stalinist governmentality emerged in the Soviet Union as a result of several postwar developments. Innovations in computer, information, and control technologies that emerged during the war informed a new developmental theory of the scientific-technical revolution that appealed to both East and West scientists and policy makers. The gospel of the STR, as well as the commitment of Soviet planning to new large infrastructure projects propelled computer technology and systems analysis into the avant-garde of Soviet governmental thought. If in postrevolutionary Russia the first attempts to develop methods for large-scale scientific management followed the GOELRO electrification plan of the 1920s, the post-Stalinist projects involved the extraction of Siberian oil and gas, building large transport systems, and managing growing metropolitan areas, all of which required computerization.
Shaping a Transnational Systems Community (1)
Authors: Rindzevičiūtė Eglė
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the importance of shifting forms of association in the development of East-West systems analysis. Several formations played different roles at different times. The first was a strategic coalition, which gathered to forge a new transnational field of systems analysis. This strategic coalition was active mostly in the early stages of the organization of the East-West Institute, from 1966 to the early 1970s. The second formation was the internal informal organization within IIASA, which enabled the institute to perform its diplomatic role as a Cold War bridge from 1972 to 1990. A third formation was again a strategic coalition, activated at the moment of crisis in 1981 when the Reagan administration discontinued paying US membership fees, threatening IIASA's survival. All these informal associations were shaped with an aim to ease Cold War tension and socialize actors from the opposing regimes into a new fraternity of world system governance.