bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paperwork and the contradictions of accountability in a South African hospital
Authors: HULL ELIZABETH
Published: June 2013

This article explores the extent and reach of ‘audit culture’ in a rural government hospital in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. I describe the institution's efforts at instilling a new public sector ethos that involves intensifying mechanisms of audit and self‐assessment in the workplace. In a context in which ‘accountability’ has become a key trope of institutional bureaucracy, I explore how employees attempt to conform to the normative moral yardstick imposed by ideas of accountability, whilst also expressing a sense of moral uncertainty and discomfort with these. Drawing on anthropological arguments about the role of documents in mediating social relations, I show that the knowledge collated in document form, rather than corresponding to clinical work carried out in the wards, increasingly is viewed as an end in itself. Global features of audit culture combine with existing workplace hierarchies and nursing practices to produce a locally mediated and meaningful version of accountability.

Le présent article explore la portée et l'étendue de la « culture de l'audit » dans un hôpital rural public du KwaZulu‐Natal, en Afrique du Sud. L'auteure décrit les mesures prises par l'établissement pour insuffler une nouvelle éthique du secteur public, avec une intensification des mécanismes d'audit et de l'autoévaluation au travail. Dans ce contexte, où la « responsabilité » est devenue le mot‐clé de la bureaucratie institutionnelle, nous décrivons la manière dont le personnel tente de se conformer aux critères moraux normatifs imposés par la notion de responsabilité, tout en exprimant les incertitudes morales et la gêne que lui inspirent ceux‐ci. Sur la base d'arguments anthropologiques concernant le rôle des documents dans la médiation des relations sociales, nous montrons que les connaissances recueillies sous forme documentaire sont de plus en plus considérées comme une fin en soi, au lieu des informations correspondant au travail clinique effectué dans les services. Les caractères globaux de la culture de l'audit se combinent aux hiérarchies existantes sur le lieu de travail et aux pratiques de soins pour produire une version de la responsabilité localement médiée et signifiante.
Ambivalent inclusion: anti‐racism and racist gatekeeping in Andalusia's immigrant NGOs
Authors: ROGOZEN‐SOLTAR MIKAELA H.
Published: June 2013

This article explores encounters between Andalusian NGO workers and immigrant clients in southern Spain. It traces how local ambivalence about pluralism, rooted in long‐standing debates about the legacy of Andalusia's medieval Muslim past, produces both inclusion and exclusion of migrants. On the one hand, Andalusian NGO staff have developed a discourse of anti‐racism in which care for immigrants is a means of constructing a modern, progressive identity for a historically marginalized European region. On the other hand, widely circulating racialized and gendered discourses about immigrants also result in the exclusion of those deemed undeserving, particularly Muslim, Moroccan men. The Andalusian case thus highlights the vagaries of social life that complicate implementation of policies and programmes for migrant incorporation. In the process, it demonstrates that modes of immigrant inclusion and exclusion in Europe are deeply intertwined with regionally particular anxieties about social difference.

L'auteure examine ici les rencontres entre les employés d'ONG en Andalousie et les bénéficiaires de leur action, immigrés dans le sud de l'Espagne. Elle montre comment l'ambivalence locale sur le pluralisme, ancrée dans de vieux débats sur l'héritage de l'Andalousie musulmane du Moyen Âge, entraîne à la fois l'inclusion et l'exclusion des migrants. D'un côté, le personnel des ONG andalouses a élaboré un discours d'antiracisme présentant l'accueil des immigrés comme un moyen de construire une identité moderne et progressiste pour une région de l'Europe qui a été de tout temps marginalisée. De l'autre, les discours racialisés et genrés très répandus à propos des immigrés entraînent l'exclusion de ceux qui ne sont pas jugés méritants, en particulier des hommes musulmans marocains. Le cas de l'Andalousie met ainsi en lumière les aléas de la vie sociale qui compliquent l'application des politiques et programmes d'intégration des immigrés. Il montre dans le même temps que les modes d'inclusion et d'exclusion des migrants en Europe sont intimement entremêlés avec des inquiétudes sur la différence sociale qui varient d'une région à l'autre.
Partial‐Thickness Wedge and Advancement Flap for Upper Lip Repair
Authors: SPINOWITZ ALAN L. , STEGMAN SAMUEL J.
Published: June 2013

Reconstruction of upper lip defects demands careful attention in order to reconstitute both normal function and normal appearance. These defects may involve mucosa, orbicularis oris muscle, skin, vermilion, or any combination of these structures. We will describe five cases in which there were defects created by Mohs micrographic surgery and present the concept of partial‐thickness wedge in combination with a flap to repair these wounds.
Extensive Scalp Lifting: Decrease in Complications Utilizing Unilateral Occipital Artery Ligation and Other Modifications
Authors: SWINEHART JAMES M. , GRIFFIN EDMOND I.
Published: June 2013

The superior yield from extensive scalp lifting has been detracted from by complications, including hemorrhage, scalp necrosis, and the need for greater anesthesia. Intraoperative unilateral occipital artery ligation, with extensive undermining to the nape of the neck on only one side, can minimize the risk of postoperative scalp necrosis or telogen effluvium. Careful hemostasis, extensive infusion of dilute anesthetic, and modifications in instrumentation can decrease the morbidity associated with this procedure. The advantages of the operation include removal of the large amounts of bald scalp, excellent intraoperative visualization, and lack of stretchback and asymmetry. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:796–804.
The Purse‐String Suture in Facial Reconstruction
Authors: BRADY J. GREG , GRANDE DONALD J. , KATZ ARNOLD E.
Published: June 2013

Mohs surgical defects in 26 patients were reconstructed utilizing a purse‐string suture and a full‐thickness graft. The placement of the purse‐string suture decreased the surface area of the wound an average of 53%. A full‐thickness graft was then placed in the remaining defect. This technique enabled us to repair large wounds of the facial region with a relatively small full‐thickness graft. There were no complications in our series. The resultant areas were cosmetically acceptable and resistant to trauma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:812–816.
A New Instrument for the Expedient Production of Minigrafts
Authors: BRANDY DOMINIC A.
Published: June 2013

In the past, minigrafts have been made by either quartering 4.5‐mm punchgrafts, halving 4.0‐mm grafts, or a variety of other similar methods. These techniques notoriously require a prodigious amount of time for harvesting and preparation of the minigrafts. This article presents an instrument and technique that significantly cuts down on both harvesting and preparation time. Besides these important factors, the author has found the shape of these minigrafts to be more similar to the shape of an incisional slit. There has also been noted better healing at the donor site, less wasting of viable hair follicles, and improved control over the number of hairs per minigraft.
The Effects of Occlusive Dressings on the Recruitment of Mononuclear Cells by Endothelial Binding into Acute Wounds
Authors: HARRIS BRIAN , CAI JIAN‐PING , FALANGA VINCENT , MERTZ PATRICIA , CHIN YEE‐HON , EAGLSTEIN WILLIAM
Published: June 2013

Mononuclear cell infiltration is a characteristic feature of wounds and may play an important role in the healing process. We have previously shown that the recruitment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells into wounded skin is an active, dynamic, and regulated process mediated at least in part by specific interactions between mononuclear leukocytes and specialized dermal microvascular endothelial cells in the wounded skin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the capacity of dermal microvascular endothelial cells in wounds exposed to air or covered with occlusive dressings to promote the adhesion of monocytes and lymphocytes. The results showed that dermal microvascular endothelial cells in both air‐exposed and occluded wounds were capable of supporting peripheral blood mononuclear cell and monocyte adherence. However, in comparison with air exposed wounds, the level of peripheral blood mononuclear cell binding was significantly higher in occluded biopsies obtained at 0 to 9,12,15, and 21 days after wounding. In addition, monocyte and peripheral blood mononuclear cells binding to occluded wounds peaked earlier than peripheral blood mononuclear cell binding to air exposed wounds. These studies provide evidence that differences in the kinetics and magnitude of mononuclear cell adherence may account at least in part for the beneficial effects of occlusive dressing on wound healing.
PHLEBOLOGY: Do Telangiectases Communicate with the Deep Venous System?
Authors: BÖHLER‐SOMMEREGGER KORNELIA , KARNEL FRANZ , SCHULLER‐PETROVIČ SANJA , SANTLER RUDOLF
Published: June 2013

Telangiectases of the legs occur frequently, with most patients seeking treatment for cosmetic reasons. Sclerotherapy continues to gain popularity as a safe and valuable therapeutic approach; however, deep vein thrombosis as well as pulmonary embolism have been reported even after sclerotherapy of small intradermal venectases. Hoping to uncover anatomic risk factors predisposing a patient to iatrogenic thrombosis, we investigated 15 patients with telangiectases of the legs applying ascending venography concomitantly with direct injection of the telangiectases. A digital radiographic technique was used as an imaging system. In two patients an unrestrained flow of the contrast medium into the venae femorales was noticed. As far as we know this is the first in vivo demonstration of venae communicantes connecting intradermal venectases to the deep veins. That means that particular anatomic conditions favor the spillage of sclerosant into the deep veins, which might contribute to the development of iatrogenic deep vein thromboses in compression sclerotherapy. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992:18;403–406.
Pericapillary Fibrin Cuffs in Venous Ulceration: Persistence with Treatment and During Ulcer Healing
Authors: FALANGA VINCENT , KIRSNER ROBERT , KATZ MATTHEW H. , GOULD EDWARD , EAGLSTEIN WILLIAM H. , McFALLS SUSAN
Published: June 2013

A recent hypothesis suggests that venous hypertension leads to ulceration through the formation of pericapillary fibrin cuffs, which are presumed to impede the exchange of oxygen and other nutrients. In this report, we evaluated by direct immunofluorescence the presence of pericapillary fibrin at the edge of venous ulcers during the course of treatment with elastic compression. In an initial group of 23 patients studied at baseline, pericapillary fibrin cuffs were detected in 20 (91%) of 22 patients. The intensity of fibrin staining, rated blindly on a scale of 0 to 3, could not be correlated with several baseline parameters, including the clinical presence and extent of lipodermatosclerosis, ulcer size, venous recovery time, and transcutaneous oxygen measurements (TcPO2) taken next to the ulcer. Eleven of this initial group of 23 patients were randomly selected to receive elastic compression treatment, and were evaluated for the persistence of pericapillary fibrin at 60 and 120 days. Although a reduction (mean × SD = 50.2%× 25.7) in ulcer size occurred in 10 of the 11 patients, pericapillary fibrin was still present at the ulcer edge and with undiminished intensity. We conclude that pericapillary fibrin cuffs in venous ulcers persist with compression treatment and in spite of healing, and are unlikely to be directly related to the development of ulceration.
Intracutaneous Butterfly Suture with Absorbable Synthetic Suture Material
Authors: BREUNINGER HELMUT , KEILBACH JAKOB , HAAF ULRICH
Published: June 2013

background. Tension on surgical wound edges is often an obstacle to proper closure and good cosmetic results in dermatologic surgery.

objective. A buried, butterfly‐shaped, interrupted suture has been developed to remedy this. The suture is anchored very broadly in the corium, the knot is below the corium. The butterfly suture can be supplemented by a temporary running suture or by close‐set, superficially placed interrupted sutures.

methods. This technique was studied in a follow‐up of 876 operations, with histologic study of 60 scars resulting from the suture. In particular, the specific advantages and disadvantages of two synthetic suture materials were compared: monofilament (polydioxanon) and polyfilament (polyglactin 910).

results. Polydioxanon sutures were found to be clinically superior. It was important, however, that the suture knot be deeply anchored and that the surgeon be experienced.

conclusion. Cosmetic results of 18,000 procedures with this suture over a period of 6 years were found to be clearly better than those of surgery with conventional sutures.
Postsclerotherapy Hyperpigmentations
Authors: GEORGIEV MIHAEL
Published: June 2013

background. Chromated glycerin reportedly causes less post‐sclerotherapy hyperpigmentations than polidocanol.

objective. To investigate whether replacing polidocanol with chromated glycerin lowers the incidence of postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation.

methods. Retrospective study of 134 records of patients treated for leg telangiectasia. At the first session only chromated glycerin was injected. From the second session on treatment was continued—according to the response—either with chromated glycerin or with the stronger polidocanol.

results. Chromated glycerin caused strong sclero‐inflammatory reaction in 27% of patients, who were therefore treated with chromated glycerin only; in the remaining 73%, chromated glycerin was replaced with polidocanol, because of mild (or absent) reaction. Postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation developed in three patients, all treated with chromated glycerin, while no postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation developed in the patients treated with polidocanol.

conclusions. Single “trial” session with chromated glycerin permits to select patients at risk of developing postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation, and treat these with a milder sclerosant. This approach also reduced the incidence of early postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation compared with similar series treated with polidocanol alone.
Intralesional Cryosurgery A New Technique Using Cryoneedles
Authors: WESHAHY AHMED HANY
Published: June 2013

A new method for applying cryosurgery in depth has been performed in a trial in order to achieve more effectiveness and avoid many of the disadvantages of conventional techniques. A needle is introduced into the skin from one point and runs through the deeper tissues of the lesion, appearing at the surface on the opposite border. A cryogen is then passed through one end of the needle and vents to the atmosphere from the opposite end. An ice cylinder is formed around the embedded part of the needle within the deeper tissues. The distance of extension of freezing can be estimated by insertion of thermocouple needles as well as by the degree of extension of the whitish ice balls formed around the points of contact between the skin surface and the visible portions of the needle. New varieties of needles have been developed to facilitate improved efficacy in achieving better depth of freeze. The needles are angled, curved, and hook‐shaped. Some are partially insulated to better localize the direction of freezing. The process was very practical, and effectively eradicated 85% of epidermal lesions after one freeze; 15% needed additional sessions as did deeper dermal lesions.
Basal Cell Carcinoma Arising in Venous Ulcers and Mimicking Granulation Tissue
Authors: HARRIS BRIAN , EAGLSTEIN WILLIAM H. , FALANGA VINCENT
Published: June 2013

background. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) arising in venous ulcers is rare, and its appearance in this setting is not fully recognized.

objective. The purpose of this report is to alert the clinician to the subtle clinical appearance of this tumor and to prompt a more rapid recognition.

methods. We report five cases of BCC arising in venous ulcers of the lower extremity that we have observed over a period of 6 years. In all cases the tumor was diagnosed histologically.

results. In all five cases the tumor had the appearance of seemingly healthy granulation tissue, which was often exuberant and translucent. The border of this apparent “granulation tissue” was rolled over the margins of the ulcer.

conclusion. Basal cell carcinoma arising in venous ulcers often has the appearance of translucent granulation tissue that extends beyond the ulcer's margins. These clinical characteristics should alert the clinician to the need for obtaining a biopsy of the ulcer bed.
Cutting and Skin‐Ablative Properties of Pulsed Mid‐Infrared Laser Surgery
Authors: Kaufmann Roland , Hartmann Anke , Hibst Raimund
Published: June 2013

background. Pulsed mid‐infrared lasers allow a precise removal of soft tissues with only minimal thermal damage.

objective. To study the potential dermatosurgical usefulness of currently available systems at different wavelengths (2010‐nm Thulium: YAG laser, 2100‐nm Holmium: YAG laser, 2790‐nm Erbium:YSGG laser, and 2940‐nm Erbium: YAG laser) in vivo on pig skin.

methods. Immediate effects and wound healing of superficial laser‐abrasions and incisions were compared with those of identical control lesions produced by dermabrasion, scalpel incisions, or laser surgery performed by a 1060‐nm Nd: YAG and a 1060‐nm CO2 laser (continuous and super‐pulsed mode).

results. Best efficiency and least thermal injury was found for the pulsed Erbium: YAG laser, leading to ablative and incisional lesions comparable to those obtained by dermabrasion or superficial scalpel incisions, respectively.

conclusion. In contrast to other mid‐infrared lasers tested, the 2940‐nm Erbium: YAG laser thus provides a potential instrument for future applications in skin surgery, especially when aiming at a careful ablative removal of delicate superficial lesions with maximum sparing of adjacent tissue structures. However, in the purely incisional application mode pulsed mid‐infrared lasers, though of potential usefulness in microsurgical indications (eg, surgery of the cornea), do not offer a suggestive alternative to simple scalpel surgery of the skin.
Double Z‐Plasty to Enhance Rhombic Flap Mobility
Authors: Johnson Sylvia C. , Bennett Richard G.
Published: June 2013

background. Occasionally after a rhombic flap has been designed, cut, and undermined, it fails to transpose into the recipient wound as easily as had been anticipated. This problem may have occurred because of unexpected skin tension due to previous surgery near the operative site or improper orientation of the rhombic flap.

objective. The purpose of this work is to show how unexpected restriction in rhombic flap movement can be overcome by using a double Z‐plasty to increase tissue length.

methods. A double Z‐plasty was incorporated into the rhombic flap design in one patient. The biomechanics of the flap were analyzed, and the modified flap was used in three other patients.

results. The addition of a double Z‐plasty increased the movement of the rhombic flap in a predictable fashion in four patients.

conclusion. A double Z‐plasty is useful to enhance rhombic flap mobility in certain uncommon situations.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Authors: TOPE WHITNEY D. , SANGÜEZA OMAR P.
Published: June 2013

background. Merkel cell Carcinoma (MCC) is a cutaneous neoplasm, histopathologically difficult to differentiate from other small blue cell neoplasms. Immunohistochemical and ultra‐structural analyses are usually helpful in differentiating these neoplasms. Recently, cytogenetic analysis has emerged as a potential tool in the diagnosis of solid neoplasms, including MCC.

objective. To describe the immunohistochemical and cytogenetic features of a case of primary MCC and to review the cytogenetics literature on MCC.

methods. Formalin‐fixed tissue was processed routinely and labeled with a battery of antibodies. Metaphase cells from fresh tissue were prepared by Giemsa banding.

results. Histopathologically, there were irregular aggregates of pyknotic cells with little cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells stained positive for neurofilament, cytokeratin, neuron‐specific enolase, and epithelial membrane antigen. Leucocyte common antigen, S‐100, 013, and chromogranin were negative. Karyotyping of neoplastic cells showed loss of chromosome Y(—Y).

conclusions. Coexpression of cytokeratin and neurofilament is characteristic of MCC and allows it to be differentiated from similar neoplasms. The significance of Y chromosome loss is unclear. Further cytogenetic analyses are warranted to identify genetic mutations significant to the pathogenesis of MCC.
Treatment of Common Warts Using the Infrared Coagulator
Authors: HALASZ CHARLES L. G.
Published: June 2013

background. The infrared coagulator (IRC) is an instrument that delivers a narrow beam of noncoherent infrared light to the skin surface.

objective. The purpose of the study was to determine the utility of the infrared coagulator in treating common warts of the hands and feet.

METHODS. Forty‐four warts in 21 patients were treated with 1.25‐second pulse durations. Thirty‐one of the warts were recurrent after previous electrosurgery or cryosurgery. Average follow‐up time was 11 months.

results. Overall, 25 warts (57%) resolved after one treatment, 6 warts (14%) regressed and cleared with additional treatment, and 13 warts (30%) recurred, giving an overall cure rate of 70%. Eleven of the 21 patients (52%) were cleared of all their treated warts.

conclusion. The IRC is a useful therapeutic modality for common warts.
Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma
Authors: BURNS MICHAEL K. , CHEN SOO PEEN , GOLDBERG LEONARD H.
Published: June 2013

background. Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is a slow‐growing, nondescript, locally aggressive, deeply infiltrating neoplasm histologically characterized by an infiltrative pattern of basaloid or squamous cells, a desmoplastic stromal reaction, keratin‐filled cysts, and glandular structures.

objective. Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is uncommon and may be mistaken microscopically for other benign and malignant entities. Perineural or intraneural involvement by tumor cells is characteristic and extension into underlying structures including muscle, fat, and bone are frequently encountered. Although local recurrences are common after standard surgical excision, metastases have not been reported. Extensive resections of lesions may be necessary to extirpate widespread tumor, particularly those that are long standing or recurrent. Because significantly increased morbidity is associated with recurrent disease, surgical and histopathologic techniques that stress examination of all margins are advantageous.

methods. We review the course of 10 patients with microcystic adnexal carcinoma of the face (six primary and four recurrent lesions) and their treatment by Mohs micrographic surgery.
Clinical Advantage of the CO2Laser Superpulsed Mode
Authors: FITZPATRICK RICHARD E. , GOLDMAN MITCHEL P. , RUIZ‐ESPARZA JAVIER
Published: June 2013

background.Unintended thermal damage occurring during surgery with the CO2laser limits its usefulness because of slow healing and increased scarring. The superpulsed mode was developed to address this problem, but little clinical data exist to evaluate its effectiveness.

objective.Patients having warts of the hands and feet, seborrheic keratoses, lentigines, and actinic cheilitis were treated by three experienced laser surgeons using both the conventional continuous mode CO2laser and a superpulsed CO2laser. Effectiveness of therapy, healing time, and rates of scarring were compared for the two groups of patients.

methods.Charts of patients treated in 1988 and 1989 were reviewed and data recorded regarding surgical parameters, healing time, scarring, and effectiveness of therapy. Patients were placed in a diagnosis category with each laser only if there was a corresponding patient treated by the same physician using the other laser.

conclusion.The superpulsed mode was found to convey only a slight advantage. The use of a 50‐millisecond pulse was even more advantageous. The superpulse parameters are analyzed and ideal parameters to prevent unwanted thermal damage are suggested.
Microcirculatory Aspects of Venous Ulceration
Authors: BUTLER C.M. , SMITH P.D. COLERIDGE
Published: June 2013

background. Articles were identified from a literature search based on Index Medicus from 1983 onwards with additional, as yet, unpublished data obtained directly from ongoing research at The Middlesex Hospital Vascular Laboratory. Original scientific articles were selected if they addressed the mechanisms causing venous ulceration in relation to the events in the microcirculation.

objective. To review the mechanisms proposed recently to explain the pathogenesis of venous ulceration.

results. Recent data suggest that there is a systemic inflammatory response associated with the presence of venous disease in the lower limb, as indicated by measuring plasma neutrophil elastase and lactoferrin. In volunteers without venous disease white cell activation may be produced by experimental venous hypertension lasting 30 minutes, produced by applying a venous tourniquet to the lower limb or by standing without moving for 30 minutes.

conclusion. Inflammatory mechanisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of venous disease but the exact mechanisms producing venous ulceration remain to be elucidated.
Verruca Vulgaris and Radiation Exposure Are Associated with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Finger
Authors: KOPELSON PETER L. , NGUYEN QUAN H. , MOY RONALD L.
Published: June 2013

background. Factors associated with the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the finger are verruca vulgaris, radiation exposure, burns, and arsenic ingestion,

objectives. We wish to further document the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and roentgen exposure to squamous cell carcinoma of the finger.

methods. A retrospective study of 32 cases of digital squamous cell carcinoma seen at UCLA Medical Center was performed.

results. Ten patients (31%) had histories ofverrucae at the site of the carcinoma. Eight patients (25%) had histories of x‐ray therapy to the hand.

conclusion. Our study further supports the association of verruca vulgaris and radiation exposure in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the finger.
Ars Conjectandi Three Hundred Years On
Authors: Edwards Anthony
Published: June 2013

This year sees the 300th anniversary of Bernoulli's Ars conjectandi–The Art of Conjecturing. It transformed gamblers' “expectations” into modern mathematical probabilities. More importantly, it sets forth what Bernoulli called his “golden theorem”– the law of large numbers – which underpins the whole of statistical inference. Professor Anthony Edwards digs deep.
Time and the Entrepreneurial Journey: The Problems and Promise of Studying Entrepreneurship as a Process
Authors: McMullen Jeffery S. , Dimov Dimo
Published: June 2013

We examine the growing disconnect between the process‐oriented conception of entrepreneurship taught in the classroom and theorized about in premier journals and the variance‐oriented conception of entrepreneurship that characterizes empirical studies of the phenomenon. We propose that a shift in inquiry from entrepreneurship as an act to entrepreneurship as a journey could facilitate process‐oriented research by initiating a dialogue about the nature of the entrepreneurial journey, when it has begun and ended, whether it might be productively subdivided into variables or events, and what if anything remains constant throughout the process. Finally, we propose that a clearer understanding of the entrepreneurial journey is necessary to distinguish the field horizontally from research on creativity and strategy, and vertically from research on more practical business functions or more abstract systems‐level concepts.
Macroalgal associations of motile epifaunal invertebrate communities on coral reefs
Authors: Roff George , Wabnitz Colette C. C. , Harborne Alastair R. , Mumby Peter J.
Published: June 2013

Small grazing motile epifaunal invertebrates play an important ecosystem role on coral reefs, influencing both the abundance and composition of macroalgal communities and acting as a key food source for a range of predatory fishes. The first aim of this study was to investigate the associations between motile epifaunal communities and four common macroalgal species (Lobophora variegata,Dictyota divaricata,Microdictyon marinumandHalimeda opuntia) on fore‐reef environments in the Exuma Cays (Bahamas, wider Caribbean). Secondly, we investigated the implications of the well documented rise of Caribbean macroalgal cover on invertebrate densities by surveying sites inside and outside the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park (ECLSP), where increases in parrotfish grazing intensity inside the marine reserves have led to reductions in macroalgal cover. Therefore, surveys compared similar reefs with significantly different macrolagal cover. Comparisons between macroalgal species revealed a four to fivefold difference in motile epifaunal densities per unit volume of macroalgae.Post‐hoctests revealed that this difference was significant only forLobophora, with no difference observed among the other species. As macroalgae provide both a refuge from predation and a food source for grazing epifauna, the higher densities of epifauna observed inLobophoramay be attributed to either refuge from visual predators through morphological features (high cover of overlapping blades close to the substrate) or lack of palatability for parrotfish grazing, providing a more stable refuge. Our results revealed no significant differences in diversity, density or community structure of motile epifauna per unit volume of macroalgae between sites inside and outside theECLSP. Since canopy height and invertivore biomass did not vary systematically across reserve boundaries, this suggests that algal cover does not affect the density of epifaunal invertebrates. However, areal cover was consistently higher for all macroalgal species at sites outside theECLSPthan those inside the reserve. Therefore, when scaled by aerial cover of macroalgae, total abundance of epifauna was twofold higher outside theECLSP. We suggest that the increasing abundance of macroalgae on Caribbean reefs may be having dramatic effects on epifaunal invertebrate populations and potentially their ecological functions.
Local adaptation of sex induction in a facultative sexual crustacean: insights from QTL mapping and natural populations of Daphnia magna
Authors: Roulin Anne C. , Routtu Jarkko , Hall Matthew D. , Janicke Tim , Colson Isabelle , Haag Christoph R. , Ebert Dieter
Published: June 2013

Dormancy is a common adaptation in invertebrates to survive harsh conditions. Triggered by environmental cues, populations produce resting eggs that allow them to survive temporally unsuitable conditions. Daphnia magna is a crustacean that reproduces by cyclical parthenogenesis, alternating between the production of asexual offspring and the sexual reproduction of diapausing eggs (ephippia). Prior to ephippia production, males (necessary to ensure ephippia fertilization) are produced parthenogenetically. Both the production of ephippia and the parthenogenetic production of males are induced by environmental factors. Here, we test the hypothesis that the induction of D. magna resting egg production shows a signature of local adaptation. We postulated that Daphnia from permanent ponds would produce fewer ephippia and males than Daphnia from intermittent ponds and that the frequency and season of habitat deterioration would correlate with the timing and amount of male and ephippia production. To test this, we quantified the production of males and ephippia in clonal D. magna populations in several different controlled environments. We found that the production of both ephippia and males varies strongly among populations in a way that suggests local adaptation. By performing quantitative trait locus mapping with parent clones from contrasting pond environments, we identified nonoverlapping genomic regions associated with male and ephippia production. As the traits are influenced by two different genomic regions, and both are necessary for successful resting egg production, we suggest that the genes for their induction co‐evolve.
Multilocus tests of Pleistocene refugia and ancient divergence in a pair of Atlantic Forest antbirds (Myrmeciza)
Authors: Raposo do Amaral Fábio , Albers Patrick K. , Edwards Scott V. , Miyaki Cristina Y.
Published: June 2013

The Atlantic Forest (AF) harbours one of the most diverse vertebrate faunas of the world, including 199 endemic species of birds. Understanding the evolutionary processes behind such diversity has become the focus of many recent, primarily single locus, phylogeographic studies. These studies suggest that isolation in forest refugia may have been a major mechanism promoting diversification, although there is also support for a role of riverine and geotectonic barriers, two sets of hypotheses that can best be tested with multilocus data. Here we combined multilocus data (one mtDNA marker and eight anonymous nuclear loci) from two species of parapatric antbirds, Myrmeciza loricata and M. squamosa, and Approximate Bayesian Computation to determine whether isolation in refugia explains current patterns of genetic variation and their status as independent evolutionary units. Patterns of population structure, differences in intraspecific levels of divergence and coalescent estimates of historical demography fit the predictions of a recently proposed model of refuge isolation in which climatic stability in the northern AF sustains higher diversity and demographic stability than in the southern AF. However, a pre‐Pleistocene divergence associated with their abutting range limits in a region of past tectonic activity also suggests a role for rivers or geotectonic barriers. Little or no gene flow between these species suggests the development of reproductive barriers or competitive exclusion. Our results suggests that limited marker sampling in recent AF studies may compromise estimates of divergence times and historical demography, and we discuss the effects of such sampling on this and other studies.
Regular or covert sex defines two lineages and worldwide superclones within the leaf‐curl plum aphid (Brachycaudus helichrysi, Kaltenbach)
Authors: Piffaretti J. , Clamens A.‐L. , Vanlerberghe‐masutti F. , Gupta R.K. , Call E. , Halbert S. , Jousselin E.
Published: June 2013

Asexual reproduction occurs widely in plants and animals, particularly in insects. Aphid species usually reproduce by cyclic parthenogenesis, but many species include obligate asexual lineages. We recently showed that the leaf‐curl plum aphid, Brachycaudus helichrysi, actually encompasses two lineages, B. helichrysi H1 and H2. Ecological data suggest that these lineages have different life cycles. We conducted a large population genetics study, based on 14 microsatellite loci, to infer their respective life cycles and investigate their population structure and geographical distribution. Brachycaudus helichrysi H1 displayed the genetic signature of cyclical parthenogenesis, using plum trees as primary hosts for sexual reproduction, as classically described for B. helichrysi. This global survey showed that the Central Asian population of H1 was clearly differentiated from American–European populations. By contrast, B. helichrysi H2 displayed the typical signature of obligate asexual reproduction. H2 encompassed at least eight highly successful genotypes or superclones. This lack of ability to undergo sexual reproduction was confirmed for one of the superclones by sex induction experiments. We found only one B. helichrysi H2 population that underwent sexual reproduction, which was collected from peach trees, in Northern India. Our results confirm that H1 and H2 have different life cycles. Brachycaudus helichrysi H1 is clearly heteroecious using plum trees as primary hosts, while B. helichrysi H2 encompasses several anholocyclic lineages, and some heteroecious populations that until now have only been found associated with peach trees as primary hosts. We discuss implications of these findings for the pest status of B. helichrysi lineages.
Introgression and the fate of domesticated genes in a wild mammal population
Authors: Feulner Philine G. D. , Gratten Jacob , Kijas James W. , Visscher Peter M. , Pemberton Josephine M. , Slate Jon.
Published: June 2013

When domesticated species are not reproductively isolated from their wild relatives, the opportunity arises for artificially selected variants to be re‐introduced into the wild. However, the evolutionary consequences of introgression of domesticated genes back into the wild are poorly understood. By combining high‐throughput genotyping with 25 years of long‐term ecological field data, we describe the occurrence and consequences of admixture between a primitive sheep breed, the free‐living Soay sheep of St Kilda, and more modern breeds. Utilizing data from a 50 K ovine SNP chip, together with forward simulations of demographic scenarios, we show that admixture occurred between Soay sheep and a more modern breed, consistent with historical accounts, approximately 150 years ago. Haplotype‐sharing analyses with other breeds revealed that polymorphisms in coat colour and pattern in Soay sheep arose as a result of introgression of genetic variants favoured by artificial selection. Because the haplotypes carrying the causative mutations are known to be under natural selection in free‐living Soay sheep, the admixture event created an opportunity to observe the outcome of a ‘natural laboratory’ experiment where ancestral and domesticated genes competed with each other. The haplotype carrying the domesticated light coat colour allele was favoured by natural selection, while the haplotype associated with the domesticated self coat pattern allele was associated with decreased survival. Therefore, we demonstrate that introgression of domesticated alleles into wild populations can provide a novel source of variation capable of generating rapid evolutionary changes.
The functional vanGCd cluster of Clostridium difficile does not confer vancomycin resistance
Authors: Ammam Fariza , Meziane‐cherif Djalal , Mengin‐Lecreulx Dominique , Blanot Didier , Patin Delphine , Boneca Ivo G. , Courvalin Patrice , Lambert Thierry , Candela Thomas
Published: June 2013

vanGCd, a cryptic gene cluster highly homologous to the vanG gene cluster of Enterococcus faecalis is largely spread in Clostridium difficile. Since emergence of vancomycin resistance would have dramatic clinical consequences, we have evaluated the capacity of the vanGCd cluster to confer resistance. We showed that expression of vanGCd is inducible by vancomycin and that VanGCd, VanXYCd and VanTCd are functional, exhibiting D‐Ala : D‐Ser ligase, D,D‐dipeptidase and D‐Ser racemase activities respectively. In other bacteria, these enzymes are sufficient to promote vancomycin resistance. Trans‐complementation of C. difficile with the vanC resistance operon of Enterococcus gallinarum faintly impacted the MIC of vancomycin, but did not promote vancomycin resistance in C. difficile. Sublethal concentration of vancomycin led to production of UDP‐MurNAc‐pentapeptide[D‐Ser], suggesting that the vanGCd gene cluster is able to modify the peptidoglycan precursors. Our results indicated amidation of UDP‐MurNAc‐tetrapeptide, UDP‐MurNAc‐pentapeptide[D‐Ala] and UDP‐MurNAc‐pentapeptide[D‐Ser]. This modification is passed on the mature peptidoglycan where a muropeptide Tetra‐Tetra is amidated on the meso‐diaminopimelic acid. Taken together, our results suggest that the vanGCd gene cluster is functional and is prevented from promoting vancomycin resistance in C. difficile.
Advance care planning for institutionalised older people: an integrative review of the literature
Authors: Séchaud Laurence , Goulet Céline , Morin Diane , Mazzocato Claudia
Published: June 2013

Background

This integrative review of the literature describes the evolution in knowledge and the paradigm shift that is necessary to switch from advance directives to advance care planning.

Aims and objectives

It presents an analysis of concepts, trends, models and experiments that enables identification of the best treatment strategies, particularly for older people living in nursing homes.

Design

Based on 23 articles published between 1999 and 2012, this review distinguishes theoretical from empirical research and presents a classification of studies based on their methodological robustness (descriptive, qualitative, associative or experimental).

Results

It thus provides nursing professionals with evidence‐based information in the form of a synthetic vision and conceptual framework to support the development of innovative care practices in the end‐of‐life context. While theoretical work places particular emphasis on the impact of changes in practice on the quality of care received by residents, empirical research highlights the importance of communication between the different persons involved about care preferences at the end of life and the need for agreement between them.

Conclusions

The concept of quality of life and the dimensions and factors that compose it form the basis of Advance care planning (ACP) and enable the identification of the similarities and differences between various actors. They inform professionals of the need to ease off the biomedical approach to consider the attributes prioritised by those concerned, whether patients or families, so as to improve the quality of care at the end of life.

Implications for practice

It is particularly recommended that all professionals involved take into account key stakeholders' expectations concerning what is essential at the end of life, to enable enhanced communication and decision‐making when faced with this difficult subject.
The Differing Values of Multigeneration and First‐Generation Farmers: Their Influence on the Structure of Agriculture at the Rural‐Urban Interface
Authors: Inwood Shoshanah , Clark Jill K. , Bean Molly
Published: June 2013

Recognizing the inherent pressures on farm families and farmland, USDA has been developing policies and programs that simultaneously attempt to retain existing farm families on the landscape, recruit new farmers, and create lasting economic opportunities rooted in agriculture. In this article we argue that to date there has been an overemphasis on economic and structural approaches and a systematic discounting of the way individual farmer and farm household motivations can differ as they relate to the farm household life cycle, enterprise growth, adaptation, and reproduction. We use a sociological lens to qualitatively and quantitatively examine the social differences between multigeneration and first‐generation farmers at the rural‐urban interface by exploring how economic and noneconomic values influence succession plans and enterprise structure. We find that the answers to these questions are complex, layered, and not static, as farm households cycle through the life course. We describe how the differences between young and old multigeneration and first‐generation farmers can influence the structure of agriculture at the rural‐urban interface, and conclude with some practical policy recommendations.
The Consistency of Merger Decisions at the South African Competition Commission
Authors: Grimbeek Sunel , Koch Steve , Grimbeek Richard
Published: June 2013

The South African Competition Commission's merger decisions for fiscal year (FY) 2002 through FY2009 are analysed to empirically identify the factors historically influencing prohibition, conditional approval and unconditional approval, as well as the factors historically influencing whether merger applications are deemed non‐complex, complex or very complex. The focus of the analysis is on whether or not the historical process has remained consistent through time, and whether or not that process can be obviously linked to the provisions of the 1998 Competition Act. Initial results point to behaviour that is not consistent over the time period considered; however, those inconsistencies are removed, once additional measures of market contestibility, associated with the 1998 Competition Act are included in the analysis. The final results suggest that the commission is less likely to approve mergers that they link to markets that are less contestable. In addition to protecting competition, the commission is simultaneously protecting other public interests. Therefore, our research supports the hypothesis that the commission consistently applies its legislative remit.
Internal Migration of Blacks in South Africa: An Application of the Roy Model
Authors: Choe Chung , Chrite E. LaBrent
Published: June 2013

This study investigates the internal migration of black males in South Africa over the period after the formal end of Apartheid using the 1996 census data. The two issues of our primary interests are the following: (i) whether migration patterns of black individuals are consistent with the income‐maximising hypothesis as related to the destination choice; and (ii) whether the redistribution of human capital is detected in internal migration. The results from conditional logit regressions on choices among individuals in 318 districts show that individuals prefer districts with higher expected wages, conditional on other regional characteristics. In addition, there exist differing preferences on the share of population with post‐secondary education by individuals with commensurate educational attainments. Black individuals with post‐secondary education tend to migrate into areas with a higher share of population with post‐secondary education and vice versa, which confirms the divergence of human capital levels across districts.
Leucogranite intruding the South Tibetan Detachment in western Nepal: implications for exhumation models in the Himalayas
Authors: Carosi Rodolfo , Montomoli Chiara , Rubatto Daniela , Visonà Dario
Published: June 2013

The most popular models regarding the exhumation of the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS), such as extrusion, channel flow, critical taper and wedge extrusion, require prolonged activity of the two bounding shear zones and faults, the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and the South Tibetan Detachment (STD). We present the crystallization age of an undeformed leucogranite that intrudes both the GHS and the Tethyan Himalaya Sequence (THS). Zircon and monazite U‐Pb ages in the leucogranite give ages between 23 and 25 Ma constraining, at that time, the end of shearing along the STD. Our results limit the contemporaneous activity of the MCT and STD to a short period of time (~1–2 Ma) and thus argue against exhumation models requiring prolonged contemporaneous activity of the MCT and STD.
Rational points on singular intersections of quadrics
Authors: Browning T. D. , Munshi R.
Published: June 2013

Given an intersection of two quadrics $X\subset { \mathbb{P} }^{m- 1} $, with $m\geq 9$, the quantitative arithmetic of the set $X( \mathbb{Q} )$ is investigated under the assumption that the singular locus of $X$ consists of a pair of conjugate singular points defined over $ \mathbb{Q} (i)$.