bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatigue strength of partial penetration butt welds of mild steel
Authors: Schiller R. , Oswald M. , Neuhäusler J. , Rother K. , Engelhardt I.
Published: August 2022

This paper presents the influences of the irregularity “insufficient penetration welding” on the fatigue strength based on experimental and numerical investigations. For this purpose, the fatigue strength of partial penetration butt welds of mild steel (S355) with different non-welded gaps were subjected to fatigue loading. Three different planned gap dimensions (h = 4, 6, 8 mm) at one-sided (Y-seam) and two-sided (DY-seam) partial penetration butt welds were analysed. The results were obtained on a small-scale test specimen with a steel plate thickness of t = 20 mm, without axial and angular misalignment. For the numerical effective notch stress approach, regression formula for efficient analysis of stress concentration factors was determined. The results show that butt joints which are not fully penetrated on one or both sides, and which were previously not permissible for welded joints subject to fatigue loading, can be evaluated in the future on the basis of these investigations.
Advanced age portends poorer prognosis after radical prostatectomy: a single center experience
Authors: Porcaro Antonio Benito , Bianchi Alberto , Gallina Sebastian , Serafin Emanuele , Mazzucato Giovanni , Vidiri Stefano , D’Aietti Damiano , Rizzetto Riccardo , Tafuri Alessandro , Cerrato Clara , Panunzio Andrea , Orlando Rossella , Brusa Davide , Brunelli Matteo , Siracusano Salvatore , Cerruto Maria Angela , Antonelli Alessandro
Published: August 2022

Introduction and objective

Although advanced age doesn’t seem to impair oncological outcomes after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), elderly patients have increased rates of prostate cancer (PCa) related deaths due to a higher incidence of high-risk disease. The potential unfavorable impact of advanced age on oncological outcomes following RARP remains an unsettled issue. We aimed to evaluate the oncological outcome of PCa patients > 69 years old in a single tertiary center.

Materials and methods

1143 patients with clinically localized PCa underwent RARP from January 2013 to October 2020. Analysis was performed on 901 patients with available follow-up. Patients ≥ 70 years old were considered elderly. Unfavorable pathology included ISUP grade group > 2, seminal vesicle, and pelvic lymph node invasion. Disease progression was defined as biochemical and/or local recurrence and/or distant metastases.

Results

243 cases (27%) were classified as elderly patients (median age 72 years). Median (IQR) follow-up was 40.4 (38.7–42.2) months. Disease progression occurred in 159 cases (17.6%). Elderly patients were more likely to belong to EAU high-risk class, have unfavorable pathology, and experience disease progression after surgery (HR = 5.300; 95% CI 1.844–15.237; p = 0.002) compared to the younger patients.

Conclusions

Elderly patients eligible for RARP are more likely to belong to the EAU high-risk category and to have unfavorable pathology that are independent predictors of disease progression. Advanced age adversely impacts on oncological outcomes when evaluated inside these unfavorable categories. Accordingly, elderly patients belonging to the EAU high-risk should be counseled about the increased risk of disease progression after surgery.
Magdeburger Arbeitsmedizin feiert 50. Geburtstag
Authors: Thielmann Beatrice
Published: August 2022

Die universitäre Arbeitsmedizin in Magdeburg feiert 50. Jubiläum. Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit den Forschungsaktivitäten des Instituts seit der Übernahme der Leitung durch Prof. Böckelmann und stellt die Tätigkeiten der Mitarbeiter und der Gastwissenschaftler dar.
Luminescent Metal Complexes as Emerging Tools for Lipid Imaging
Authors: Schwehr Bradley J. , Hartnell David , Massi Massimiliano , Hackett Mark J.
Published: August 2022

Fluorescence microscopy is a key tool in the biological sciences, which finds use as a routine laboratory technique (e.g., epifluorescence microscope) or more advanced confocal, two-photon, and super-resolution applications. Through continued developments in microscopy, and other analytical methods, the importance of lipids as constituents of subcellular organelles, signalling or regulating molecules continues to emerge. The increasing recognition of the importance of lipids to fundamental cell biology (in health and disease) has prompted the development of protocols and techniques to image the distribution of lipids in cells and tissues. A diverse suite of spectroscopic and microscopy tools are continuously being developed and explored to add to the “toolbox” to study lipid biology. A relatively recent breakthrough in this field has been the development and subsequent application of metal-based luminescent complexes for imaging lipids in biological systems. These metal-based compounds appear to offer advantages with respect to their tunability of the photophysical properties, in addition to capabilities centred around selectively targeting specific lipid structures or classes of lipids. The presence of the metal centre also opens the path to alternative imaging modalities that might not be applicable to traditional organic fluorophores. This review examines the current progress and developments in metal-based luminescent complexes to study lipids, in addition to exploring potential new avenues and challenges for the field to take.
Policing “Landscapes” for the Rule of Law and Public Protection: the State of Evidence on Organisational Policies, Structures, and Human Resources
Authors: Neyroud Peter
Published: August 2022

Research Question

What evidence is, or is not, available on organisational policies, structures, and practices in national policing institutional landscapes that enable a police service to promote the rule of law and protect the population from crime, disorder, and violations of human rights?

Data

Qualitative and quantitative research on police organisational policies, structures, and practices in areas such as human resources and recruiting, legal authorities, and reporting lines to governance.

Methods

A review of the evidence in landscapes associated with higher or lower levels of indications of a rule of law and protection from harm across a range of high-, medium-, and low-income countries and across different regions. The paper seeks to assess the strengths, limitations, and gaps in the evidence and data for understanding this association.

Findings

The evidence for institutions promoting better policing at the level of nation-states is largely qualitative or historical. Useful frameworks for different models of police landscapes have been developed, with some tentative conclusions observed from within-country studies. These include the negative impact on the rule of law of “militarizing” civilian police forces, the positive impact of checks and balances of external auditing by independent agencies, and the promising effects of well-implemented policies for community policing and body-worn video cameras. Yet all institutional landscapes are embedded in unique cultural traditions, and no one framework for police institutions is likely to work in most countries.

Conclusion

Research advances over the past half-century have substantially improved scientific understanding of police institutions. Nations investing in those institutions have a direct stake in advancing that knowledge as part and parcel of an effective strategy for promoting police protection of the public, as well as its rule of law.
A Bioinspired Adhesive Sucker with Both Suction and Adhesion Mechanisms for Three-Dimensional Surfaces
Authors: Li Jing , Song Zhenzhen , Ma Chuandong , Sui Tonghang , Yi Peng , Liu Jianlin
Published: August 2022

There are significant advantages to investigate underwater attachments, which would be valuable in providing inspirations and design strategies for multi-functional surfaces and underwater robots. Here, an abalone-inspired sucker integrating an elastic body and a membrane structure is proposed and fabricated filled with rigid quartz particles to adjust the backing stiffness of the contact like abalone. The membrane is used to conform and contact surfaces well, the center area of which can be pulled in exposed to a negative pressure differential, to create a suction cavity. The pulling experiments indicate that the sucker can adhere to three-dimensional surfaces with both suction and adhesion mechanisms in both dry and liquid environments. The switching between soft/hard contact states leads to the change of adhesive strength over 30 times. Furthermore, we provide theoretical analysis on how the sucker work well in both dry and liquid environments. Finally, the developed sucker can easily lift up smooth planar objects and 3D objects, and can grip objects both smaller and larger than the size of the sucker, which have a difficulty for conventional suckers or friction-based grippers. The potential application of the sucker in flexible transfer robot is demonstrated on various surfaces and environments, paving the way for further bio-inspired adhesive designs for both dry and wet scenarios.
Eckhaus instability of stationary patterns in hyperbolic reaction–diffusion models on large finite domains
Authors: Consolo Giancarlo , Grifó Gabriele
Published: August 2022

We have theoretically investigated the phenomenon of Eckhaus instability of stationary patterns arising in hyperbolic reaction–diffusion models on large finite domains, in both supercritical and subcritical regime. Adopting multiple-scale weakly-nonlinear analysis, we have deduced the cubic and cubic–quintic real Ginzburg–Landau equations ruling the evolution of pattern amplitude close to criticality. Starting from these envelope equations, we have provided the explicit expressions of the most relevant dynamical features characterizing primary and secondary quantized branches of any order: stationary amplitude, existence and stability thresholds and linear growth rate. Particular emphasis is given on the subcritical regime, where cubic and cubic–quintic Ginzburg–Landau equations predict qualitatively different dynamical pictures. As an illustrative example, we have compared the above-mentioned analytical predictions to numerical simulations carried out on the hyperbolic modified Klausmeier model, a conceptual tool used to describe the generation of stationary vegetation stripes over flat arid environments. Our analysis has also allowed to elucidate the role played by inertia during the transient regime, where an unstable patterned state evolves towards a more favorable stable configuration through sequences of phase-slips. In particular, we have inspected the functional dependence of time and location at which wavelength adjustment takes place as well as the possibility to control these quantities, independently of each other.
Impact of government interventions on the stock market during COVID-19: a case study in Indonesia
Authors: Sinaga Josua , Wu Ting , Chen Yu-wang
Published: August 2022

This paper aims to examine the short-term impact of government interventions on 11 industrial sectors in the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Whereas earlier studies have widely investigated the impact of government interventions on the financial markets during the pandemic, there is lack of research on analysing the financial impacts of various interventions in different industrial sectors, particularly in Indonesia. In this research, five key types of government interventions are selected amid the pandemic from March 2020 to July 2021, including economic stimulus packages, jobs creation law, Jakarta lockdowns, Ramadan travel restrictions, and free vaccination campaign. Based on an event study methodology, the research reveals that the first economic stimulus package was critical in reviving most sectors following the announcement of the first COVID-19 case in Indonesia. Jakarta lockdowns impacted stock returns negatively in most sectors, but the impacts were relatively insignificant in comparison to other countries in the region. The recurrence of lockdowns in Jakarta had a minor detrimental impact, showing that the market had acclimated to the new normal caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, Ramadan travel restrictions caused minor negative impacts on the stock market. Furthermore, the second Ramadan travel restrictions generated a significant reaction from the technology sector. Finally, while free vaccination campaign and job creation law did not significantly boost the stock market, both are believed to result in a positive long-term effect on the country’s economy if appropriately executed. The findings are critical for investors, private companies, and governments to build on recovery action plans for major industrial sectors, allowing the stock market to bounce back quickly and efficiently. As this study limits its analysis to the short-term impact of individual interventions, future studies can examine long-term and combined effects of interventions which could also help policy makers to form effective portfolios of interventions in the event of a pandemic.
Investigating key factors influencing decision-making in the design of buildings and places: A survey of stakeholders’ perception
Authors: Stanitsa Avgousta , Hallett Stephen H. , Jude Simon
Published: August 2022

Despite the impact of decision-making in the design of buildings and places, there is limited understanding concerning how decisions are best made, or how these should be evaluated and optimised. Additionally, technological advancements have increased human-to-machine interactions, altering existing decision-making processes. By understanding how novel technologies affect decisions, it motivates the development of the process, tools, and metrics. The aim of this paper is to investigate, quantify, and rank the relative importance of the decision-making factors contributing to the design of building and urban projects. A survey was conducted to gain an insight of stakeholders’ perceptions as to which are the influencing factors affecting decision-making processes in the design of buildings and places. Ten distinct factors were generated , of which, four were ranked as highly important for all stakeholder types, namely: Potential for Dynamic Operation, Thoroughness, Recency of Tools and Control. This study provides a new means to evaluate performance of decision-making processes, when these are undertaken, by developing and applying a quantitative data-driven, evidence-based methodological framework. The recipients of the findings will be the urban planners, designers, and academics who are interested in improving existing approaches in design and final decision outcomes utilising novel technologies.
Development and evaluation of a bovine lung-on-chip (bLOC) to study bovine respiratory diseases
Authors: Lee Diane F. , Thompson Clare L. , Baynes Ronald E. , Enomoto Hiroko , Smith Geof W. , Chambers Mark A.
Published: August 2022

Purpose

Current air-liquid interface (ALI) models of bovine proximal airways have their limitations. They do not simulate blood flow necessary to mimic systemic drug administration, and repeated sampling requires multiple, independent cultures. A bovine lung-on-chip (bLOC) would overcome these limitations, providing a convenient and cost-effective model for pharmacokinetic or pathogenicity studies.

Methods

Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells seeded into the endothelial channel of an Emulate Lung-Chip were interfaced with bovine bronchial epithelial cells in the epithelial channel. Cells were cultured at ALI for up to 21 days. Differentiation was assessed by mucin quantification, phase-contrast light microscopy and immunofluorescence of cell-specific markers in fixed cultures. Barrier integrity was determined by FITC-labelled dextran 3–5 kDa permeability. To evaluate the model, endothelial-epithelial transport of the antibiotic drug, danofloxacin, was followed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, with the aim of replicating data previously determined in vivo.

Results

bLOC cultures secreted quantifiable mucins, whilst cilia formation was evident in the epithelial channel. Barrier integrity of the model was demonstrated by resistance to FITC-Dextran 3–5 kDa permeation. Bronchial epithelial and endothelial cell-specific markers were observed. Close to plasma, representative PK data for danofloxacin was observed in the endothelial channel; however, danofloxacin in the epithelial channel was mostly below the limit of quantification.

Conclusion

A co-culture model of the bovine proximal airway was successfully generated, with potential to replace in vivo experimentation. With further optimisation and characterisation, the bLOC may be suitable to perform drug pharmacokinetic studies for bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and other applications.
Traditional community-led seed system for maintaining crop vigour, diversity and socio-cultural network in view of the changing climate: a case study from western Himalaya, India
Authors: Mudigere Sannegowda Umesh Babu , Garkoti Satish Chandra
Published: August 2022

This study describes the traditional seed system for maintaining crop vigour through seed selection, storage and exchange practices by the local farmers inhabiting the Shivalik-Bhabar tracts of western Himalaya in Una district of Himachal Pradesh state, India. The study area falls in sub-tropical zone where the arable land is heavily laden with cobbles and pebbles. Three villages, namely, Baliwal, Pubowal and Janani, were selected for documenting the traditional seed system. Chain referral method was used for identifying the Key Knowledge Holders and households (N=136) from the selected villages. Along with the documentation, a participatory experiment on traditional seed storage of indigenous and high-yielding varieties of wheat and maize was conducted during two cropping seasons, i.e. Rabi (Nov–Mar) and Kharif (Jun–Oct), respectively, to validate the traditional knowledge of local farmers. The results of the experiment showed that traditional treatments of seeds using dry neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves, safety match sticks and a combination of both acted as disinfectants during storage with slightly differing levels of effectiveness. It has been observed that the traditional seed system is playing a crucial role in maintaining the crop vigour and diversity and also strengthening the socio-cultural relationship among the local farming communities.

Graphical Abstract
The New Versions of Hermite–Hadamard Inequalities for Pre-invex Fuzzy-Interval-Valued Mappings via Fuzzy Riemann Integrals
Authors: Khan Muhammad Bilal , Noor Muhammad Aslam , Zaini Hatim Ghazi , Santos-García Gustavo , Soliman Mohamed S.
Published: August 2022

In this study, we use the fuzzy order relation to show some novel variants of Hermite–Hadamard inequalities for pre-invex fuzzy-interval-valued mappings (F-I∙V-Ms), which we term fuzzy-interval Hermite–Hadamard inequalities and fuzzy-interval Hermite–Hadamard–Fejér inequalities. This fuzzy order relation is defined as the level of the fuzzy-interval space by the Kulisch–Miranker order relation. There are also some new exceptional instances mentioned. The theory proposed in this research is shown with practical examples that demonstrate its usefulness. This paper's approaches and methodologies might serve as a springboard for future study in this field.
The Positive Deviance Approach
Authors: Baxter Ruth , Lawton Rebecca
Published: August 2022

Positive deviance is an asset-based improvement approach. At its core is the belief that solutions to problems already exist within communities, and that identifying, understanding, and sharing these solutions enables improvements at scale. Originating in the field of international public health in the 1960s, positive deviance is now, with some adaptations, seeing growing application in healthcare. We present examples of how positive deviance has been used to support healthcare improvement. We draw on an emerging view of safety, known as Safety II, to explain why positive deviance has drawn the interest of researchers and improvers alike. In doing so, we identify a set of fundamental values associated with the positive deviance approach and consider how far they align with current use. Throughout, we consider the untapped potential of the approach, reflect on its limitations, and offer insights into the possible challenges of using it in practice. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Why Double-Check?
Authors: Woodard Elise
Published: August 2022

Can you rationally double-check what you already know? In this paper, I argue that you can. Agents can know that something is true and rationally double-check it at the very same time. I defend my position by considering a wide variety of cases where agents double-check their beliefs to gain epistemic improvements beyond knowledge. These include certainty, epistemic resilience, and sensitivity to error. Although this phenomenon is widespread, my proposal faces two types of challenges. First, some have defended ignorance norms, on which agents are only allowed to inquire about things they don't already know. Second – motivated by strong conceptions of belief or pragmatic encroachment – some have argued that double-checking destroys knowledge. I argue that these competing views fail to capture both the epistemic value of double-checking and the many reasons why agents might double-check. Moreover, they rely on overly strong assumptions about what inquiry, knowledge, or belief requires. Finally, I marshal linguistic data in favor of the compatibility of knowledge and double-checking.
Effects of basal topography and ice-sheet surface slope in a subglacial glaciofluvial deposition model
Authors: Stevens David , Ely Jeremy C. , Livingstone Stephen J. , Clark Chris D. , Butcher Frances E. G. , Hewitt Ian
Published: August 2022

We use a mathematical model to investigate the effect of basal topography and ice surface slope on transport and deposition of sediment within a water-filled subglacial channel. In our model, three zones of different behaviour occur. In the zone furthest upstream, variations in basal topography lead to sediment deposition under a wide range of conditions. In this first zone, even very small and gradually varying basal undulations (~5 m amplitude) can lead to the deposition of sediment within a modelled channel. Deposition is concentrated on the downstream gradient of subglacial ridges, and on the upstream gradient of subglacial troughs. The thickness and steepness of the ice sheet has a substantial impact on deposition rates, with shallow ice profiles strongly promoting both the magnitude and extent of sediment deposition. In a second zone, all sediment is transported downstream. Finally, a third zone close to the ice margin is characterised by high rates of sediment deposition. The existence of these zones has implications for esker formation and the dynamics of the subglacial environment.
Capturing spatial variability in the regional Ground Motion Model of Groningen, the Netherlands
Authors: Kruiver Pauline P. , Pefkos Manos , Rodriguez-Marek Adrian , Campman Xander , Ooms-Asshoff Kira , Chmiel Małgorzata , Lavoué Anaïs , Stafford Peter J. , van Elk Jan
Published: August 2022

Long-term exploration of the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands led to induced seismicity. Over the past nine years, an increasingly sophisticated Ground Motion Model (GMM) has been developed to assess the site response and the related seismic hazard. The GMM output strongly depends on the shear-wave velocity (V
S
), among other input parameters. To date, V
S
model data from soil profiles (Kruiver et al., Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 15(9): 3555–3580, 2017; Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 96(5): s215–s233, 2017) have been used in the GMM. Recently, new V
S
profiles above the Groningen gas field were constructed using ambient noise surface wave tomography. These so-called field V
S
data, even though spatially limited, provide an independent source of V
S
to check whether the level of spatial variability in the GMM is sufficient. Here, we compared amplification factors (AF) for two sites (Borgsweer and Loppersum) calculated with the model V
S
and the field V
S
(Chmiel et al., Geophysical Journal International, 218(3), 1781–1795, 2019 and new data). Our AF results over periods relevant for seismic risk (0.01–1.0 s) show that model and field V
S
profiles agree within the uncertainty range generally accepted in geo-engineering. In addition, we compared modelled spectral accelerations using either field V
S
or model V
S
in Loppersum to the recordings of an earthquake that occurred during the monitoring period (ML 3.4 Zeerijp on 8 January 2018). The modelled spectral accelerations at the surface for both field V
S
and model V
S
are coherent with the earthquake data for the resonance periods representative of most buildings in Groningen (T = 0.2 and 0.3 s). These results confirm that the currently used V
S
model in the GMM captures spatial variability in the site response and represents reliable input for the site response calculations.
Voting Behaviour in Canada: The State of the Discipline
Authors: Gidengil Elisabeth
Published: August 2022

This review surveys the literature on vote choice in Canada. It highlights key findings regarding a variety of factors that influence Canadians’ vote choice, while also suggesting future avenues of research. The focus is on studies conducted on vote choice at the federal level, with an emphasis on studies that have been published since 2000.
Memory, Institutions, and the Domestic Politics of South Korean–Japanese Relations
Authors: Jo Eun A
Published: August 2022

How does collective memory shape politics in the domestic and international spheres? I argue that collective memory—an intersubjective understanding of the past—has no inherent meaning and its salience is entirely contextual. What it means politically depends on the historical trajectory through which it came to form and the political exigency for which it is mobilized in the present. I propose three strategies by which social actors mobilize collective memory: framing—negotiating how the past can be interpreted; accrediting—redefining which narrators are authorized to speak; and binding—enforcing the narrative bounds to which narrators must conform. Using this framework, I reassess the failure of South Korea–Japan reconciliation and find that it has as much to do with the mobilization of collective colonial memory in South Korea over the course of its democratization as with Japanese impenitence. Anti-Japanese memory reflects continued domestic political contestation about how South Korea remembers and identifies itself.
Demographic Shocks and Women’s Labor Market Participation: Evidence from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in India
Authors: Fenske James , Gupta Bishnupriya , Yuan Song
Published: August 2022

How did the 1918 influenza pandemic affect female labor force participation in India over the short run and the medium run? We use an event-study approach at the district level and four waves of decadal census data in order to answer this question. We find that districts most adversely affected by influenza mortality saw a temporary increase in female labor force participation in 1921, an increase that was concentrated in the service sector. We find suggestive evidence that distress labor supply by widows and rising wages help account for this result.
Trust and psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Prasannakumar Akash , Kumar Vijay , Rao Naren P.
Published: August 2022

Background

Impaired trust in other humans is commonly seen in psychosis and it leads to poor societal functioning. However, examining trust behavior in an experimental setting is challenging. Investigators have used the trust game, a neuro-economic game to assess trust behavior in psychosis. However, the findings are inconsistent. Hence, we systematically reviewed the existing literature and conducted a meta-analysis to examine trust behavior in patients with psychosis, their relatives, and those at high risk for psychosis.

Methods

We searched electronic databases for studies that have examined trust game in patients with psychosis, published up to November 2021. The primary outcome measure was the baseline trust in a trust game by patients and controls. The meta-analysis was performed if at least three data sets of control and patient groups were available for that measure/design. We conducted meta-analyses with a random-effects model. The results were described narratively wherever meta-analysis was not possible due to paucity of studies.

Results

The searches across the databases including cross-references yielded 465 publications of which 10 studies were included in the final analysis. Baseline trust in the trust game was significantly lower in patients with psychosis compared to controls (SMD 0.39, 95% CI −0.14 to 0.64, p −0.002). However, a similar decrease in baseline trust was not present in relatives of patients (SMD 0.08, 95% CI −0.20 to 0.36, p −0.58).

Conclusions

The current meta-analysis suggests significant trust deficits in patients with psychosis. Future studies with a bigger sample size are required to understand the nature of trust deficits and factors affecting this impairment.
Emotion response disconcordance among trauma-exposed adults: the impact of alexithymia
Authors: Putica Andrea , O'Donnell Meaghan L. , Felmingham Kim L. , Van Dam Nicholas T.
Published: August 2022

Background

Emotion processing deficits have been identified as a critical transdiagnostic factor that facilitates distress after trauma exposure. Limited skills in identifying and labelling emotional states (i.e. alexithymia) may present on the more automated (less conscious) end of the spectrum of emotional awareness and clarity. Individuals with alexithymia tend to exhibit a disconcordance between subjective experience and autonomic activity (e.g. where high levels of subjective emotional intensity are associated with low physiological arousal), which may exacerbate distress. Although there is a robust link between alexithymia and trauma exposure, no work to date has explored whether alexithymia is associated with emotional response disconcordance among trauma-exposed adults.

Method

Using a validated trauma script paradigm, the present study explored the impact of alexithymia on emotion response concordance [skin conductance (Galvanic Skin Response, GSR) and Total Mood Disturbance (TMD)] among 74 trauma-exposed adults recruited via a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment clinic and student research programme.

Results

Unlike posttraumatic symptom severity, age, sex, participant type and mood (which showed no effect on emotion response concordance), alexithymia was associated with heightened emotion response disconcordance between GSR and TMD [F(1, 37) = 8.93, p = 0.006], with low GSR being associated with high TMD. Observed effects of the trauma script were entirely accounted for by the interaction with alexithymia, such that those with alexithymia showed a negligible association between subjective and physiological states.

Conclusion

This finding is paramount as it shows that a large proportion of trauma-exposed adults have a divergent emotion engagement profile.
Potters or Cooks? Changes in the Later Iron Age/Early Romano-British Ceramic Industry at Silchester
Authors: Evans Edith
Published: August 2022

A recent paper inBritanniaexplored some of the potential factors which might have led to potters in the Silchester area continuing the production of flint-tempered pottery, already established in the Iron Age, into the start of the Roman period. This paper attempts to expand the discussion by considering the viewpoint of the potters’ customers and what they might have been looking for when purchasing their pots, with particular emphasis on the characteristics required of cookwares.
Unearthing China's Informal Musicians: An Archaeological and Textual Study of the Shang to Tang Periods
Authors: Furniss Ingrid
Published: August 2022

In the past three decades, the study of music in ancient China has expanded significantly with the discovery of numerous tombs containing musical instruments. These finds have revealed substantial information about ancient music theory and organology. One issue that has remained on the periphery, however, is the study of the musicians themselves. From the Eastern Zhou (770–221 BCE) to Tang (618–907 CE) periods, musicians fell broadly into three groups: (1) formal musicians who performed for important ritual occasions and state sacrifices; (2) informal musicians who provided entertainment for banquets and other less formal occasions; and (3) military musicians who performed in processions. Formal musicians generally specialized in yayue (refined music), the official music of the royal Zhou court. Yayue continued to be played in formal ritual settings at court long after the Zhou period. Informal and military musicians specialized in less traditional forms of music, such as suyue (“popular” or “folk” music) and foreign music. Formal and informal musicians appear in the archaeological record as early as Eastern Zhou, while military musicians appear slightly later in the Han. Of these three groups, informal musicians appear to have been most popular among elite audiences, especially between the Han (206 BCE–229 CE) and Tang periods. These musicians were often paired with lively dancers, acrobats, sword-swallowers, and jesters, indicating the entertainment—rather than formal—nature of the music they performed. As demonstrated by sculptural works and mural paintings excavated from Han through Tang tombs, the most common types of musicians outside the more formal music sectors at court were foreigners, dwarfs, idealized women, and scholarly recluses. This paper will focus on archaeological and textual evidence for the existence of these informal musicians as early as Shang (c. 1570–1070 BCE) and Eastern Zhou, and the rising popularity of such performers in the period from Han to Tang. I hope to show that the very social marginality of informal musicians is exactly what enhanced their exoticism and popular appeal among their elite audiences.
Comparative symptomatology of infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants Omicron (B.1.1.529) and Delta (B.1.617.2) from routine contact tracing data in England
Authors: Ekroth Alice K. E. , Patrzylas Piotr , Turner Charlie , Hughes Gareth J. , Anderson Charlotte
Published: August 2022

Symptoms are currently used as testing indicators for SARS-CoV-2 in England. In this study, we analysed national contact tracing data for England (NHS Test and Trace) for the period 1 December to 28 December 2021 to explore symptom differences between the variants, Delta and Omicron. We found that at least one of the symptoms currently used as indicators (fever, cough and loss of smell and taste) were reported in 61.5% of Omicron cases and 72.2% in Delta cases, suggesting that these symptoms are less predictive of Omicron infections. Nearly 40% of Omicron infections did not report any of the three key indicative symptoms, reinforcing the importance of the entire spectrum of symptoms for targeted testing. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, fever and cough were more commonly associated with Omicron infections compared to Delta, showing the importance of considering age and vaccination status when assessing symptom profiles. Sore throat was also more commonly reported in Omicron infections, and loss of smell and taste more commonly reported in Delta infections. Our study shows the value of continued monitoring of symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2, as changes may influence the effectiveness of testing policy and case ascertainment approaches.
EXERCISING IMPARTIALITY TO FAVOR ARISTOTLE: AVICENNA AND “THE ACCOMPLISHED ANATOMISTS” (AṢḤĀB AL-TAŠRĪḤ AL-MUḤAṢṢILŪNA)
Authors: Alpina Tommaso
Published: August 2022

This article analyses Avicenna's Ḥayawān III, 1, which deals with the well-known disagreement between physicians and philosophers on the origination of blood vessels (arteries and veins) and nerves. However, the proposed analysis is not limited to this chapter and its main topic. The more general purpose of this article is to reconstruct the psycho-medical context in which Avicenna's exposition lies, that is, the soul's oneness and the consequent conditions for body ensoulment (i. e. the soul's need for a primary, unitary attachment to the body through the heart and the cardiac pneuma). The article then outlines the strategy through which Avicenna presents medical positions (heart, brain, and liver are all on an equal footing) that challenge his (and Aristotle's) anatomical model, which is coherent with his theory of the soul. In this connection, firstly, the article shows how Avicenna takes physicians’ arguments apart in a philosophical context (he usually points at their logical shortcomings). Then, it clarifies the contribution of anatomy to determine the conditions of body ensoulment and, ultimately, how to reconcile medical practice with philosophical truths, if need be.
From Necessity to Flexibility: A Reflection on the Negotiations for a TRIPS Waiver for Covid-19 Vaccines and Treatments
Authors: Mercurio Bryan , Upreti Pratyush Nath
Published: August 2022

This article critically examines the proposed waiver of intellectual property (IP) rights for COVID-19 vaccines under the World Trade Organization Agreement's Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which was initiated in October 2020 when the pandemic raged and vaccines were unavailable. However, the landscape has now changed and the waiver may no longer be necessary. The Outcome Document, introduced in the TRIPS Council in May 2022, along with Ministerial Decision of June 2022 recognizes this by focusing on easing the requirements to use TRIPS-flexibilities to accomplish wider and cheaper access. In so doing, the Ministerial Decision reinforces the notion that TRIPS flexibilities can be a useful part of the policy toolkit, even in times of crisis. After providing an overview of the context and outlining justifications for the waiver proposal, the article analyses and identifies key implications and possible effects of the Ministerial Decision. The article concludes that while the Document may not be a perfect solution to the issue of access to vaccines, flexible application of TRIPS-flexibilities is a better resolution in the current environment, especially given the need for further innovation to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics.
Drivers of Future Physical Water Scarcity and Its Economic Impacts in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Birnbaum Abigail , Lamontagne Jonathan , Wild Thomas , Dolan Flannery , Yarlagadda Brinda
Published: August 2022

Future water scarcity is a global concern with impacts across the energy, water, and land (EWL) sectors. Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are significant producers of agricultural goods, so disruptions resulting from water scarcity in LAC have global importance. Understanding where water scarcity in LAC could occur and what could exacerbate it is critical for strategic resource management and planning, both regionally and globally. Assessing future water scarcity in LAC is challenging given the complex interactions among the EWL sectors and the multiple uncertainties acting across spatial scales. To illuminate these dynamics, we use scenario discovery on a large ensemble representing diverse futures simulated using an integrated human‐environmental systems model. We quantify future water scarcity and its economic impacts across several physical and economic metrics. We find that future levels of reservoir storage expansion could be a significant driver of physical and economic water scarcity, highlighting the importance of strategic water infrastructure development in maintaining future water availability. Changes in crop profit are driven by both water supply and demand, emphasizing the complexity of EWL multisector dynamics. While most of LAC is poised to have abundant land and water resources available for future development, basins in Mexico and along the Pacific coast of South America experience high exposure to severe outcomes and uncertainty across outcomes for at least one metric. We find that drivers of severe scarcity vary spatially and across metrics, highlighting the region's heterogeneity and the importance of considering multiple metrics to assess water scarcity.
A Statistical Study of Modulation of Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves Observed on Ground
Authors: Upadhyay Aditi , Kakad Bharati , Kakad Amar , Rawat Rahul
Published: August 2022

The modulation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves by different geomagnetic pulsations is known to us from both ground and satellite observations. However, their dependence on the EMIC wave characteristics is not well explored. We report a statistical analysis of modulation of EMIC waves by short and long periodicities at the Indian Antarctic station, Maitri (L ≈ 5). We have analyzed the induction coil magnetometer data for the period of 2011–2017 and identified 6,845 EMIC wave events, out of which 5,502 events (80%) clearly showed the presence of short period modulation. These short period modulations are associated with repetitive rising tone EMIC wave emissions. Among these 5,502 EMIC wave events only 2,413 events showed presence of long period modulation, in addition to the short period modulation. Next we have examined the characteristics like start time, end time, peak frequency, frequency extent, maximum power, and dominant short and long periodicities present in each EMIC wave event. Based on the statistical analysis, we found that the dominant short and long periodicities in the EMIC waves are in the range of 1.5–3 min and 10–60 min, respectively. These short period decreases with an increase in the peak frequency of the EMIC wave. It is attributed to the decrease in magnetic field line oscillation period at lower L‐shells. Additionally, we noticed that the stronger EMIC wave events are likely to have a higher peak frequency. All these observed tendencies are examined in light of nonlinear theory, and they are found to be in good agreement.
Dynamic Evolution of Back‐Arc Basins Affected by Double Subduction
Authors: Shen Yongqiang , Liao Jie , Zhang Kuidi
Published: August 2022

Back‐arc basins are essential geological units, formation and development of which are controlled by subduction dynamics. In the previous modeling studies, evolution of back‐arc basins was widely investigated under single subduction scenarios, suggesting that development of a back‐arc basin is only influenced by the adjacent single subduction zone. However, natural observations show that in the case of face‐to‐face double subduction, such as the New Hebrides and Tonga subduction systems in the Southwest (SW) Pacific region, evolution of back‐arc basins is likely affected by double subduction. How double subduction affects back‐arc basin evolution remains enigmatic. Here, we use 2D thermomechanical numerical modeling to investigate the dynamic evolution of back‐arc basins affected by double subduction. Our results suggest that episodic back‐arc spreading could be induced by double subduction, i.e., back‐arc spreading is first retarded by the development of a second subduction and then promoted by its slab break‐off. The double subduction further enhances upwelling of the deep mantle, facilitating the material circulation between the shallow and deep mantle. The major parameters influencing double subduction and back‐arc spreading are the distance between the two subduction zones and slab ages. Our results provide a new perspective for interpreting the episodic back‐arc spreading and the enriched back‐arc basalts in the SW Pacific region, and suggest the importance of double subduction in the geodynamic evolution of this region.
The Role of Background Stress State in Fluid‐Induced Aseismic Slip and Dynamic Rupture on a 3‐m Laboratory Fault
Authors: Cebry S. B. L. , Ke C.‐Y. , McLaskey G. C.
Published: August 2022

Fluid injection stimulates seismicity far from active tectonic regions. However, the details of how fluids modify on‐fault stresses and initiate seismic events remain poorly understood. We conducted laboratory experiments using a biaxial loading apparatus with a 3 m saw‐cut granite fault and compared events induced at different levels of background shear stress. Water was injected at 10 mL/min and normal stress was constant at 4 MPa. In all experiments, aseismic slip initiated on the fault near the location of fluid injection and dynamic rupture eventually initiated from within the aseismic slipping patch. When the fault was near critically stressed, seismic slip initiated only seconds after MPa‐level injection pressures were reached and the dynamic rupture propagated beyond the fluid pressure perturbed region. At lower stress levels, dynamic rupture initiated hundreds of seconds later and was limited to regions where aseismic slip had significantly redistributed stress from within the pressurized region to neighboring locked patches. We found that the initiation of slow slip was broadly consistent with a Coulomb failure stress, but that initiation of dynamic rupture required additional criteria to be met. Even high background stress levels required aseismic slip to modify on‐fault stress to meet initiation criteria. We also observed slow slip events prior to dynamic rupture. Overall, our experiments suggest that initial fault stress, relative to fault strength, is a critical factor in determining whether a fluid‐induced rupture will “runaway” or whether a fluid‐induced rupture will remain localized to the fluid pressurized region.
Quantifying the Global Power Needed for Sap Ascent in Plants
Authors: Quetin Gregory R. , Anderegg Leander D. L. , Konings Alexandra G. , Trugman Anna T.
Published: August 2022

Terrestrial photosynthesis requires the evaporation of water (transpiration) in exchange for CO2 needed to form sugars. The water for transpiration is drawn up through plant roots, stem, and branches via a water potential gradient. However, this flow of water—or sap ascent—requires energy to lift the water to the canopy and to overcome the resistance of the plant’s water transporting xylem. Here, we use a combination of field measurements of plant physiology (hydraulic conductivity) and state‐of‐the‐science global estimates of transpiration to calculate how much energy is passively harvested by plants to power the sap ascent pump across the world’s terrestrial vegetation. Globally, we find that 0.06 W/m2 is consumed in sap ascent over forest dominated ecosystems or 9.4 PWh/yr (equal to global hydropower energy production). Though small in comparison to other components of the Earth’s surface energy budget, sap ascent work in forests represents 14.2% of the energy compared to the energy consumed to create sugars through photosynthesis, with values up to 18% in temperate rainforests. The power needed for sap ascent generally increases with photosynthesis, but is moderated by both climate and plant physiology, as the most work is consumed in regions with large transpiration fluxes (such as the moist tropics) and in areas where vegetation has low conductivity (such as temperate rainforests dominated by conifer trees). Here, we present a bottom‐up analysis of sap ascent work that demonstrates its significant role in plant function across the globe.