bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproductive parameters in Аf mice after chronic low-dose gamma radiation
Authors:   Institute of Biology FRC Komi SC UB RAS, Starobor N.N. , Raskosha O.V.
Published: April 2022

The results of the study of reproductive parameters in Af mice after chronic low-intensity γ-radiation at doses of 10, 20 and 30 cGy are presented. Males and females of the experimental groups were exposed to external γ-radiation (0.474x106 and 0.451x106 kBq226Ra) for 29, 56 and 84 days, at an average dose rate of 150 µSv/h. Immediately after the end of radiation exposure, pairs for animal reproduction were formed in the experimental and control groups. During the next three months, the number of females participating in reproduction, the number of litters and the number of cubs born were recorded in each group, and the early postnatal mortality of cubs (F1) was also estimated. In addition, radiation effects in male germ cells were studied 4 months after the termination of radiation exposure. The obtained results showed an increase in the number of cubs per female (at doses of 10–30 cGy) and the number of cubs in the litter (at doses of 20 and 30 cGy). It should be noted that the number of cubs in litters increased in females fertilized in the first 2-3 days after the end of radiation exposure, while after fertilization of females 40 or more days after irradiation, no statistically significant differences with the control group were found. The effect of stimulation in the germ cells of males was manifested in an increased content of spermatozoa in the epididymis of animals after radiation exposure at a dose of 30 cGy. An increase in the early postnatal mortality of cubs (F1) was detected in parents exposed to doses of 20 and 30 cGy, however, the reproductive index calculated taking into account the surviving cubs for the first month of life confirms the stimulating effect of ionizing radiation in the studied dose range on the fertility of animals.
Soils and soil cover in the zone of influence of airborne industrial emissions from pulp and paper production
Authors:   Institute of Biology FRC Komi SC UB RAS, Lapteva E.M. , Kholopov Yu.V. , Shakhtarova O.V. , Bondarenko N.N. , Kostrova S.N.
Published: April 2022

An assessment of the ecological state of soils of terrestrial ecosystems (lichen pine forests, bilberry pine forests, bilberry spruce forests) located in the gradient of aerotechnogenic impact of JSC «Mondi Syktyvkar Timber Industry Complex» was carried out. The peculiarities of changes in the physical and chemical parameters of soils depending on the soil type and the level of exposure to gas and dust emissions of the enterprise are revealed. It is established that at the present stage, the influence of the JSC «Mondi Syktyvkar Timber Industry Complex» on the soils of terrestrial ecosystems is traced mainly in the impact zone, which is characterized by a complex anthropogenic impact (the presence of settlements, agricultural and industrial enterprises, automobile and railway highways, etc). The transformation of soil properties in the impact zone is manifested in: a) a change in the acid-base state of soils towards alkali-nization; b) an increase in the iron and hydrocarbons concentration compared to the soils of background sites; c) exceeding in individual soil samples of MAC and APC criteria for manganese (1.0 ÷ 5.7 MAC(Mn) and arsenic (1.0 ÷ 1.7 APC(As). The revealed increase in the Zn content (1 ÷ 2 APC(Zn) in selected soil samples is most likely due to natural causes - the entry of Zn into the soil during the decomposition of wood residues. Accumulation of water-soluble components of gas and dust emissions of JSC «Mondi Syktyvkar TIC» in soils has not been revealed. At the bioclimatic conditions of the taiga zone, they are easily washed out of light granulometric soils, occupying automorphic positions of landscapes.
Drosophila body mass on ad libitum medium correlates with lifespan increments observed as the phenotypes of circa-dian rhythm genes overexpression in the fat body
Authors:   Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology FRC Komi SC UB RAS, Solovev I.A. , Shchegoleva E.V. , Shaposhnikov M.V. , Moskalev A.A.
Published: April 2022

The rhythmic functioning of the molecular circadian clock in various tissues and nutrition has a significant impact on the duration and quality of life, as well as the rate of aging of organisms. It is known that body weight correlates with the expression of various genes and the risk of death at different ages. In this study, an attempt was made to identify patterns in realization of genetic information under the influence of various factors, in particular, the ability of ectopic expression of circadian rhythm genes in the fat body and muscles to influence body weight in conditions when media contain different concentrations of protein. We used transgenic Drosophila melanogaster lines carrying UAS sequences in promoters of circadian rhythm genes (cry, per, tim, clk, cyc), that enhance expression, and lines that allow to induce the expression of tissue-specific GSG-311-2 (muscles) and P {Switch1} 106 (fat body). Drosophila body mass was measured on “Mettler Toledo” analytical scales, and a correlation with lifespan increments in response to overexpression of circadian rhythm genes from pre-viously published data was established. A strong correlation was found between the increments of body weight and lifespan in the case of overexpression of circadian rhythm genes in the fat body against the background of a protein-rich diet; according to Spearman, the corre-lation coefficient was 0.955. Based on the results obtained and data on the high evolutionary conservatism of the signaling pathways involved in the process (human signaling pathways are evolutionarily close to Drosophila cascades), generalizations were made regarding the negative consequences of using high-protein diets to reduce the body weight against the background of circadian rhythm disorders that are widespread in megacities.
Yo soy tú. Cuentos para reconocernos = I am you. Stories to recognise ourselves
Authors: Blanco García Amaya , Cranfield McKay Susan
Published: April 2022

Esta colección bilingüe de seis relatos no es solo un conjunto de cuentos, se trata del reflejo de muchas vidas que han sabido rehacerse a sí mismas; migrantes que han comenzado de cero, autistas que salen de su aislamiento, monitores que aprenden más de lo que enseñan o pinos quemados que logran reverdecer. Es un libro pensado para contribuir a la conciencia de que los seres humanos no somos entes independientes, sino que existe una red invisible que nos conecta a todos, como si fuéramos los dedos de una misma mano. Se trata de relatos pensados para compartir, y así, conociendo a los otros, llegar a reconocernos a nosotros mismos. This bilingual collection is not just a book of short stories; it is the reflection of many lives that have been rebuilt – migrants who have started over from scratch, people on the autism spectrum who emerge from their isolation, instructors who learn more than they teach, or scorched pine trees that begin to grow again. It is a book designed to contribute to our awareness that humans are not separate entities, but that we exist in an invisible network that connects us all, as if we were fingers on the same hand. These stories were written to be shared and, through understanding others, to help us to recognise ourselves.
Living Well As A Muslim Through The Era of Pandemic - A Japan Qualitative Study
Authors: Ishtiaq Ahmad , Masuda Gaku , Tomohiko Sugishita , shabbir Chaudhry Ahmed
Published: April 2022

This study explored the living situations, financial conditions, religious obligations, and social distancing of Muslims during the covid 19 pandemic. In total, 20 Muslim community members living in the Kanto region were recruited, 15 of them were included in the in-depth qualitative and five in the focus group interviews. The Snowball method was used, and the questionnaires were designed into four themes. The audio/video interviews were conducted via Zoom and NAVIO was used to analyse the data thematically. The major Muslim events were cancelled, and the recommended physical distancing was maintained during the prayers at home and in the mosques. The Japanese government's financial support to each person was a beneficial step towards social protection, which was highlighted and praised by every single participant. Regardless of religious obligations, the closer of all major mosques in Tokyo demonstrates to the Japanese community how serious they are about adhering to the public health guidelines during the pandemic. This study highlighted that the pandemic has affected the religious patterns and behaviour of Muslims from inclusive to exclusive in a community and narrated the significance of religious commitments.
Novel Mobile Integrons and Strain-Specific Integrase Genes within Shewanella spp. Unveil Multiple Lateral Genetic Transfer Events within the Genus
Authors: Ayala Nuñez Teolincacihuatl , Cerbino Gabriela N. , Rapisardi María Florencia , Quiroga Cecilia , Centrón Daniela
Published: April 2022

Shewanella spp. are gram-negative bacteria that thrive in aquatic niches and also cause infectious diseases as opportunistic pathogens. Chromosomal integrons (CI) and mobile integrons (MI) were previously described in some Shewanella isolates. Here, we evaluated the occurrence of integrase genes, the integron systems and their genetic surroundings in the genus. We identified 22 integrase gene types, 17 of which were newly described, in different Shewanella species, evidencing multiple gain and loss events. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of them were strain-specific, except for Shewanella algae, which seem to have co-evolve within the host as typical CIs. Noteworthy, co-existence of up to 5 different integrase genes, as well as their wide dissemination to Alteromonadales, Vibronales, Chromatiales, Oceanospirillales and Enterobacterales was observed. Identification of novel MIs suggests that lateral genetic transfer may have occurred resembling the behavior of class 1 integrons. The constant emergence of determinants associated to antimicrobial resistance worldwide, concomitantly with novel MIs in strains capable to harbor several types of integrons may be an alarming threat for the recruitment of novel antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes in the genus Shewanella, and its evolution towards the multidrug resistance.
Cylindrical Bending of A Hardcover Book with Internal Friction
Authors: Sun Bohua , Dang Wen , Liu Xuanting , Guo Xiao-Lin
Published: April 2022

To have a better protection, strong toughness and good flexibility, all lives and plants must have skins, similarly, all books should have covers. In this paper, we follow in the footsteps of Poincloux et al. [Phy.Rev.Lett. 126, 218004 (2021)] and extend their centerline-based theory from books without covers to hardcover book with internal friction. Our investigations show that the hardcover are more essential than the core layers in terms of bending response as well as energy absorption. The central goal of studying the covered book is not only to predict the bending deformation of the books, but also as a representative case to help finding some clue on the universal behaviours of multilayered architectures with internal friction.
El monumento natural «Los Barruecos» en Malpartida de Cáceres
Authors: Fernández de la Llave Francisco , Rebollada Casado Eduardo
Published: April 2022

Un paisaje espectacular con un extenso catálogo de geoformas, resultado de un intenso modelado sobre rocas graníticas.
CANINE LEPTOSPIROSIS IDENTIFICATION IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE
Authors: Sulistiawati Erni , Putri Zulfitra Utami , Sajuthi Cucu K , Sajuthi Dondin , Oktaviani Nurul
Published: April 2022

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria from the genus Leptospira with various serovars and often presents with a wide range of clinical signs from mild to severe conditions, particularly it presents with a mild fever to asymptomatic infection-causing animal death. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of canine leptospirosis through laboratory examinations supported by medical record data in a small animal practice at the drh Cucu K. Sajuthi Joint Veterinary Practice, in Jakarta. The study was conducted on serum samples of sixteen dogs from drh Cucu K. Sajuthi Joint Veterinary Practice patients, which presented varied clinical signs of leptospirosis, and which had been accompanied by hematological examination, blood biochemistry, and Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) against various serovars such as Bataviae, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Javanica. The collected data was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that canine leptospirosis was more commonly derived from Bataviae serovar and was accompanied by clinical signs such as vomiting, jaundice, anorexia, abdominal pain, lethargy, pale mucosal membrane, diarrhea, dehydration, dyspnea, and polyuria/polydipsia. A predisposition of gender and age was commonly found in male dogs less than 5 years old. Abnormalities found from hematological examination were leukocytosis, granulocytosis (neutrophilia), anemia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia, while blood chemistry showed azotemia, an increase in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP), hyperbilirubinemia, hyponatremia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypoalbuminemia.
Parameterization of Petrophysical and Geomechanical Properties Alteration in Sandstone Formations by Water-Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Civan Faruk
Published: April 2022

The alteration of the petrophysical and geomechanical properties of sandstone formations by exposure to barite-weighted water-based drilling mud is described by a physically based kinetics model satisfying the low-end and high-end limit values. This model leads to a modified power-law equation for variation of various properties of porous rocks as a function of time. The variations of the porosity, permeability, unconfined compressive strength, tensile strength, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, bulk modulus, rigidity or shear modulus, uniaxial compaction or oedometer modulus, and Lamé's parameter of Buff Berea sandstone core samples by exposure time to water-based drilling fluids are described accurately by the modified power-law equation.

The application of the modified power-law equation leads to more accurate and proper correlations of the experimental data of the petrophysical and geomechanical properties alterations of sandstone in a physically meaningful manner. Further, the conditions and limitations of the previous correlations are investigated and compared with the new improved correlations developed using the modified power-law equation. The previous correlations predict unrealistic end-point values, such as plus or minus infinity for the initial and the final long-time limit conditions, and therefore they are valid only for applications in the range of the experimental data. The modified power-law equation circumvents the shortcomings of the previous correlations conveniently.
A Case Study on InSAR as a High Frequency Decision Making Tool for SAGD Operations
Authors: Lucente Courtney D , Koleshwar Ajinkya V , Falorni Giacomo
Published: April 2022

Reservoir surveillance is a key component of SAGD operations. There are several widely used surveillance techniques which vary in spatial and temporal coverage, resolution, and cost. The most common of which include pressure and temperature observation wells and 4D seismic. This study aims to demonstrate the value of InSAR as a decision-making tool over operating SAGD pads when used in a coordinated surveillance program alongside existing techniques.

Results acquired from conventional surveillance techniques such as 4D seismic are often compared to those from InSAR at the scale of one of the data sets. A frequent challenge when making these comparisons is different acquisition frequency and coverage. This study compares the relative results from each data set to determine if the same conclusions could be drawn from InSAR as from seismic at varying scales. To do this, SAGD wells are divided into segments at various scales (half, third and quarter well). Results from InSAR and 4D seismic are extracted for each segment and statistics analyzed to determine if InSAR and 4D seismic lead to the same relative outcome and thus might lead to the same operational decisions.

Results will focus on the ability of InSAR to provide decision making information to SAGD operators like that of other surveillance techniques, but at higher temporal frequency. In particular, the scale at which InSAR provides comparable results to 4D seismic will be investigated and how using InSAR in coordination with seismic may result in more frequent well production optimization.

Previous attempts to correlate InSAR to existing SAGD surveillance techniques have shown mixed, though often promising results. Difficulties have arisen from attempts to directly compare discrete InSAR values to those of other techniques, often resulting in poor regression coefficients and a lack of confidence. Qualitative comparisons of gridded surfaces provide little insight on how to utilize the InSAR data. This study will demonstrate the scale at which InSAR can provide information to make operational SAGD decisions.
Repurposing Idle Oil and Gas Wells for Large-Scale Subsurface Energy Storage in Saline Aquifers
Authors: Krishna Ashok , Shenoy Ram , Jha Birendra , Liu Zhongqi , Paul Donald L. , Ershaghi Iraj
Published: April 2022

The continued adoption of intermittent renewable power generation sources, such as wind or solar requires large-scale, long-duration energy storage to buffer the intermittency of renewable power sources so as to supply 100% dispatchable power whenever it is demanded. When required for durations greater than 24 hours and at large (500+ MW) scale, current energy storage solutions offer only 4-10 hours storage, becoming prohibitively expensive, as in the case of batteries, or very site-constrained and environmentally challenged Pumped Hydro systems (PHS). A Hyper-Scale Energy Storage (HSES) solution using repurposed idle oil & gas wells to store energy in subsurface saline aquifers is presented here. The screening criteria for the selection of suitable subsurface saline aquifers that can be accessed via idle oil and gas wells is discussed. Repurposing idle wells or subsurface energy storage could provide an alternative to costs associated with traditional well abandonment and remediation. Repurposing idle wells could also provide a means for reducing current methane emission profiles. The proposed zero-carbon storage solution offers energy storage durations much longer than available alternatives, making possible a national grid with 100% variable renewable generation from solar and wind, and the retirement of many fossil generating plants.

Conventional Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) plants operate with low efficiency and use salt caverns. Scaling up for a longer duration becomes expensive and site-constrained as it is contingent on the availability of large volume salt caverns. They use natural gas fuel to heat expanding air through gas turbines for power generation and thus are not a zero-carbon operation. While the current focus is on the approximately 38000 idle wells in California oil and gas fields, the proposed process and associated storage system could well apply broadly to the many US and global petroleum operations with large inventories of aging and idle oil and gas wells.
Real Time Mud Flow Rate Calibration to Mitigate Wellbore Instability Challenges in Shale Formations
Authors: Alsubaih Ahmed Ali , Robello Samuel
Published: April 2022

Cutting transportation is one of the most crucial drilling problems during penetrating shale formations juxtapose well stability events. It is equally important the drilling team should consider real time monitoring to the flow rate based on hole problem in the shale formation being drilled. Several authors have conducted extensive analysis to optimize the optimum flow rate in real time bases but the problem has not been fully understood especially when it comes for hole enlargement. Due to its simplicity, drilling engineers usually use deterministic method to control cutting transportation. The method adjusts drilling parameters such as pump flow rate (FR), plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), Rate of penetration (ROP), revolution per minute (RPM), and mud weight (MW). The past practices of this method did not show significant improvements in well stability's events. This paper will introduce a numerical model to quantify the most sensitive hole cleaning parameters. For that purpose, the research will examine the real time modification of the drilling parameters based on rock fragments for sufficient hole cleaning. A tornado chart has been constructed based on hole enlargement considering hole cleaning, mud weight, elastic viscosity, yield point, ROP, RPM, and well angle. A Monte Carlo simulator has been utilized to reduce the uncertainty in hole enlargement during calculating the optimum parameters. 1000 trials have been fitted to the model based on the range of 0.5 to three times of hole enlargement. This method can articulate a huge impact on selecting drilling parameter based on the probabilistic evaluation. Drilling data from sixty wells in Southern Iraq have been investigated and they revealed a significant augment in none productive time because of the inappropriate selection of drilling parameters deteriorates well stability. This paper develops an engineering method to ensure sufficient lifting capacity to the rock cuttings while drilling an instable formations and it offer acceptable range of flow rate, yield point and elastic viscosity based on the severity of wellbore instability. The traditional wellbore stability is not panacea to wellbore problems without considering wellbore condition. Thus, a combination of all the interstice and extrinsic factors can be crucial in order to drill a well safely and cost effectively.
Direct Contact Steam Generation Reduces Carbon Intensity
Authors: Kay Brian , Hartley Thomas , Zhang Stella , Doig Lisa
Published: April 2022

Steam for enhanced oil recovery is typically generated using Once-Through-Steam-Generators (OTSG) produced at large central facilities with the steam then pipelined to each injection well. As much as 50% of the energy can be lost before it reaches the well bore with the combustion emissions vented to atmosphere.

Direct Contact Steam Generation (DCSG) injects both steam and hot combustion flue gases into the reservoir. Oil production is increased by reducing oil viscosity through heat while repressuring the reservoir with flue gases and improving miscibility with the CO2 that remains in the reservoir. This combination greatly improves the Steam-Oil-Ratio (SOR) for increased oil recovery as well as delivering environmental benefits related to reduced water requirements and lower emissions resulting in a much lower carbon intensity. DCSG water requirements are 11% less than OTSG methods as water is created by the combustion process, this water is then injected into the reservoir rather than lost to the atmosphere. As most of the DCSG process emissions are indirect, emissions can be further reduced by as much as 30% with the use of low carbon intensity grid electricity for compression.

Pilot results show that DCSG used less water, with 70% of the CO2 retained in the formation. Lower SOR and CO2 retained in the reservoir demonstrates lower carbon intensity relative to OTSG.

DCSG offers heavy oil operators a novel, viable, method to economically extract currently uncoverable reservoirs at a lower carbon intensity than traditional methods.
Evaluating the Pressure-Dependent Equivalent Permeability Evolutions for Shale Matrix: Experiments and Modeling
Authors: Yang Yun , Liu Shimin , Liu Ang
Published: April 2022

The ability to model and predict matrix permeability changes during reservoir depletion is critical for accurate analysis of long-term production performance in unconventional gas reservoirs (UGRs), including shale gas and coalbed methane reservoirs. Yet, flow quantification in the nanoporous matrix is still challenging due to the complex pore structure and morphology. To understand the pressure-dependent matrix permeability evolution, this study conducted laboratory permeability measurements using pulverized samples. Equivalent permeability was estimated from the pressure decay profile for the Devonian shale sample. A novel experimental system, a differential volumetric unit, has been established and applied to capture the accurate transient gas flows for the shale sample. The measured permeability of shale exhibited overall decreasing trends with pressure depletion. Due to the presence of slip flow and Knudsen diffusion, low-pore-pressure data did not follow the same decline trend fitted by high-pore-pressure data as observed in the shale sample. This study also utilized methane as the invasion fluid to examine the adsorption effect on matrix permeability, whose value could be up to 40% lower than permeability without correction for adsorption because of the condensation of adsorbed phase at pore surface occupying available pore space. Since these tight rock matrixes are composed of micro- and nanopores, matrix permeability is primarily related to pore structure (e.g., the pore size distribution, porosity and tortuosity). Low-pressure N2 adsorption was conducted to characterize the complex pore structure of the Marcellus shale sample. A multimechanic model was proposed to predict the pressure-dependent matrix permeability based on pore structure information and investigate the effect of gas adsorption on apparent permeability. This model has successfully linked the realistic, complex pore structure with the pressure-dependent matrix permeability of shale and coal. The proposed model could be coupled into the commercially available simulator to forecast long-term production profiles for UGRs wells.
A Novel Environmentally Friendly, Cost Effective Method for Hydraulic Fracture Geometry Evaluation: Cased Hole Cross-Dipole Data
Authors: Al Isaee Omar Mohammed , Smirnov Dmitrii , Al Hadhrami Abdullah , Mahrooqi Alkhattab , Shabibi Hilal , Sayapov Ernest , Moiseenkov Alexey , Kaabi Saqer
Published: April 2022

Cased hole cross-dipole acoustic acquisition is a novel environmentally friendly and cost-effective method for hydraulic fracture geometry evaluation. This method eliminates the environment contamination by the radioactive tracers and replaces the costly micro-seismic monitoring system.

Radioactive tracer usage has a risk of pollution associated with improper storage, transportation and use of low dose, short half-life radioactive materials. The new technology eliminates the risk of having radioactive contamination during hydraulic fracturing operations. The sonic anisotropy measurements comparison taken before and after the hydraulic fracturing job allows estimating differential acoustic anisotropy and enables hydraulic fracture geometry evaluation. The method replaces radioactive (R/A) tracers and eliminates any risk of radioactive contamination, high cost, and complex hydraulic fracturing microseismic monitoring (HFM) operation which requires well monitoring. The method was successfully implemented in Greater Birba Cluster in the Sultanate of Oman, during hydraulic fracturing operations in 2020. Results were compared and validated with radioactive tracers, spectral noise log and microseismic monitoring data. This was a first use of sonic anisotropy measurements for fracture geometry evaluation in Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region.

In terms of Zero radiation Risk: The common R/A Tracers Antymoniy-124, Iridium-192 and Scandium-46 have a half-life from 60 to 83 days. One curie of these tracers will give a dose rate of 480 -1090 mR per hour at a meter. Tracers are compounds with both internal and external exposure hazards to humans; they emit highly energetic gamma/beta radiation which can cause localized damage if ingested, inhaled or absorbed by the skin. Externally, both beta and gamma radiation can cause localized damage to exposed areas. Eliminating operations with these materials reduces risk of exposure hazard for field personnel to zero.
Efficient and Consistent Sidetracking Operations Lower Production Costs While Minimizing Footprint in Shallow Re-Entry Wells
Authors: Emelander Tom
Published: April 2022

In California, re-entry projects to sidetrack existing wells are a common method of accessing reserves while avoiding the process of obtaining permits for drilling new wells. Utilizing existing assets reduces the cost associated with surface footprints and partial well construction and lowers environmental impact. Recent improvements in consistency and efficiency during casing exit operations have enabled operators to minimize spend and well construction time, which makes these sidetracks more economical.

The majority of offshore and onshore re-entry wells in California require that casing exit operations be performed at shallow depths of less than 2,500 ft. Installations closer to the surface can be challenging with regard to weight limitations and an increased likelihood of a poor cement bond on the backside of casing in soft formations. Smaller workover rigs with limited torque output on land operations can also add a layer of complexity. Through collaboration during the planning process, modifications to off-the-shelf technology, and application-specific procedure adjustments, single-trip success rates and milling times have dramatically improved in the past few years.

An analysis of data from one hundred consecutive shallow casing exits from 2016 and 2017 in California shows that single trip performance was lower there compared to the average in other areas of the US and world. After an in-depth look at the installs, it was determined that a change in mill dressing and slight increase in torque output on some of the rigs could make operations more consistent and efficient. One hundred consecutive exits from 2018 to 2021 in the same geography and depths prove the implementations to have a notable improvement. In fact, the single-trip success rate improved from 84 percent to 100 percent and average mill times decreased by 35 percent.

This paper shows that reliable and efficient casing exit installations are ongoing in challenging shallow re-entry applications. This discovery provides the industry an opportunity to replicate these successes in similar assets where new drills are either uneconomical or undesirable.
A Comprehensive Review of RTA/DCA Methods in Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Aydin Hakki , Boppano Narendra , Yurukcu Mesut , Liu Shuhao , Yegin Cengiz , Temizel Cenk
Published: April 2022

Rate Transient Analysis (RTA) and Decline Curve Analysis (DCA) have been utilized as critical tools in calculation of oil production for unconventional reservoirs. Due to the ultra-low permeability of these wells, time scales of flow regimes are different than those of conventional reservoirs, where transient regimes last longer, and the decline behaviors change, factors that make forecasts more challenging. There are several RTA/DCA methods for originally developed conventional and unconventional reservoirs including recent techniques. However, petroleum engineers require a single comprehensive reference where RTA/DCA methods are covered with detailed explanations, as well as an outline of their assumptions, limitations, strengths, and appropriate applications. This study tackles the lack of such a resource, delivering a comparative work that includes theory, practice, and examples.

A comprehensive literature review has been carried out to investigate the RTA/DCA methods for unconventional reservoirs in detail, explore the newest techniques and the different methods repurposed from existing conventional approaches with a longer history of use, robustness, and applicability. We also provide a detailed account of the limitations and the advantages of different methods when applied to different types of fields. We achieve this by developing real field applications in different parts of the world and discussing the challenges and opportunities of each RTA/DCA method for a particular type of well.

RTA/DCA methods have shown to be a practical tool for both conventional and unconventional reservoirs, and can be applied across many types of oil and gas wells throughout the world. This work shows the parameters best suited for a successful application of these recovery methods in unconventional sites. Moreover, the evidence collected here will serve as a resource for engineers looking for a summary of the most important criteria to be followed in order to apply oil recovery methods in new wells. We expect that future oil production in unconventional reservoirs can be boosted by the results provided in this work.

The novelty of this study centers on the lessons drawn from the real-world applications of RTA/DCA methods like Duong's, or stretched exponential decline, to recover oil from unconventional reservoirs. We expect these lessons to define the proper utilization of distinct methods for different reservoirs in future studies and the field.
Efficient Reservoir Management with a Reservoir Graph Network Model
Authors: Guo Zhenyu , Sun Wenyue , Sankaran Sathish
Published: April 2022

Efficient reservoir models are more desirable for fast-paced reservoir management. Moreover, due to the complexity of flow underground, it is also essential to capture the most fundamental physics for model reliability. Though running fast, pure data-driven models often suffer from the issues associated with interpretability, physical consistency, and ability to forecast. On the other hand, we have used full-physics simulation models to mimic and investigate hydrocarbon systems for over several decades. However, considering its infrequent model updates related to high model complexity, it is a big challenge to manage reservoirs using full-physics models in short cycles. The objective here is to propose an approach that blends reservoir physics with data-driven models to fit in the framework of dynamic reservoir management.

We propose to use a reservoir graph network (RGNet) modeling approach based on diffusive time-offlight (DTOF) concept to simulate reservoir behaviors. By assimilating field observation data (such as pressure and rates), an RGNet model can be used for future predictions, scenario studies and well-control optimizations. By discretizing DTOF of a three-dimensional system with multiple wells, RGNet simplifies the system into a graph network represented by a set of one-dimensional grid blocks that significantly reduces the system complexity and run time. RGNet can also handle multiple flow problems with various types of physics. In this work, we investigate multiple grid connectivity methods to develop reliable and parsimonious models for large scale systems. In addition, we propose a more robust method to assimilate static pressure data, when available.

We applied the proposed approach to a synthetic example. Two different history matching algorithms, the ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation (ES-MDA) and an adjoint-based method, are compared. While ES-MDA provides the capability for uncertainty analysis, an adjoint-based method generally requires fewer simulation runs to generate a posterior model. With the proposed gridding methods, RGNet model calibration can be achieved without system redundancy and spurious longdistance well-connectivity. Also, by using a more stable pressure matching technique, we show that pressure data are better matched and reservoir volume is accurately characterized.

RGNet provides a novel hybrid physics and data-driven reservoir modeling method to fit in closed-loop reservoir management. As RGNet models are combined with fundamental flowing physics, the calibrated model parameters are easy to interpret and understand. An RGNet model runs with far less computational cost than required by a full-physics model, which allows it to be a more practical solution to history match, predict and optimize real assets.
Chemical Flood with a Single Surfactant
Authors: Panthi Krishna , Mohanty Kishore K.
Published: April 2022

The goal of this work is to develop alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) formulations for a shallow, clayey sandstone reservoir. Commercially available surfactants were used in the phase behavior study. The gas-oil-ratio (GOR) was low; the phase behavior and coreflood study was conducted with the dead oil. The surfactant formulation systems were tested in tertiary ASP core floods in reservoir rocks. Many surfactant formulations were identified which gave ultralow IFT, but the formulation with only one surfactant (at 0.5 wt% concentration) in presence of one co-solvent was selected for corefloods. The cumulative oil recovery was in the range of 94-96% original oil in place (OOIP) in the corefloods. The surfactant retention was low (0.15 mg/gm of rock) in spite of the high clay content. The study showed that 0.5 PV of ASP slug and 2700 ppm of the polymer were required to make the flood effective. The use of alkali and preflush of the soft brine helped minimize surfactant retention.
Whole Cell of Pure Clostridium Butyricum CBT-1 from Anaerobic Bioreactor Effectively Hydrolyze Agro-Food Waste into Biohydrogen
Authors: SHAH TAWAF ALI , Zhihe Li , Zhiyu Li , Zhang Andong , Lu Di , Fang Wang , Xuan Han
Published: April 2022

Recycling organic waste and converting them into renewable energy is a promising route for cleaning environment and effective industrial reactions. This study targeted to isolate a pure anaerobic culture with potential to hydrolyze different biomass and bio-H2 production. For this, a sample of full-scale anaerobic digester, fed with a mixture of biomass was inoculated on Reinforced Clostridial Medium (RCM) in strict anaerobic conditions. An anaerobic Clostridium Butyricum CBT-1 strain was isolated, identified from morphological and 16S rRNA sequence. The strain expressed amylase, cellulase and peroxidases activities. CBT-1 efficiently showed fast growth rate of 3.10 OD/600nm after 72 hours incubation time on Azure B and crystal violet dyes. The strain exhibited 82.4% and 78.5% decolorization of Azure B and crystal violet dyes respectively. In batch fermentation experiment, the CBT-1 produced highest of 3.06, 2.67 and 2.46 mol/mole H2 yield from glucose, starch and cellulose respectively. Whereas, the CBT-1 showed low 0.43 mol/mole from untreated rice straw, and comparatively high H2 yield of 1.91 and 2.01 mol/mole rice straw hydrolysate and kitchen waste respectively. The cumulative volumetric yield of H2 was 358.15, 300.8 and 294.5NmL/gSub from glucose, starch and cellulose respectively. Similarly, the cumulative H2 volume was 76.7, 184.4, 237.2 NmL/gVS from untreated rice straw, rice straw hydrolysate and kitchen food waste. This study emphasizes the prospects to find similar robust anaerobic culture for hydrolyzing complex biomass. Such strains could be used as standard co-inoculum for bio-H2 and biocatalyst for commercial scale applications.
Characterization of sub-cycle Electromagnetic pulse by long-life traces of wavefronts sampled in attosecond-level step
Authors: Lin Hai , Liu Chengpu
Published: April 2022

Current methods of characterizing electromagnetic(EM)-pulse can be divided into two classes,one is based on photons replica of the EM-pulse under test and the other on electrons replica.Methods in first class, such as interferometry and spectrography, are difficult to be competentfor characterization of EM-pulse with attosecond(AS)-level duration due to too short duration ortoo broad bandwidth. Methods in second class, such as streak camera method, is competent butdemands the pulse to have a peak strength high enough for efficiently producing X-ray photons.We propose a simple, universal method without special demand on the peak strength. It usesconventional optics method to sample, in AS-level step, wavefronts of the EM-pulse under test.Phase information carried by each sampled wavefront is fixed into, as a long-life trace, solid-statecircuit and hence allow recording raw measurement data to be conducted over a feasible longer timescale.
Physical and chemical characteristics of suspended sediment in plain river network
Authors: Tian Xueqi , Wang Hua , Shen Zilin , Yuan Weihao , Zeng Yichuan , Li Yuanyuan
Published: April 2022

The suspended clay in plain river network is the main part of river transport. The suspended clay particles also affect the relevant movement of water pollutants. Taking the lakeside river network in Wuxi as an example, through the correlation division of velocity zone, comparing particle characteristics (geometric mean particle size GD, roundness RO and roughness FD) in different flow zones. On this basis, the influence of the flow characteristics of the river network on the physical properties and enrichment capacity of suspended clay particles was assessed; the differences in elemental species and content between waters with different flow velocities were analysed; and the influence of physical and chemical properties on the sorption capacity of particulate heavy metals was assessed. The results show that (1) the particle GD (5.77), roundness (1.32) and roughness (1.080) are the largest in the waters of the strong flow zone, and the particle roughness does not vary significantly between the different zones. (2) The average percentage content of the characteristic elements in the different flow velocity regions is in the same order from highest to lowest, with Mg being the characteristic element with the highest average percentage content in each region. (3) The GD, FD and RO of suspended clay particles are independent of TN, TP, V and SSC and are positively correlated with flow rate, with larger particle size and more spherical shape at higher flow rates. (4) The use of the defined enrichment factor AE=aF1(GD, RO, FD) is a better representation of the sorption capacity of suspended clay particles for heavy metals than considering only the GD factor.
High-throughput aequencing reveals the expression pattern of microRNA and xeno microRNA in alfalfa to daily cow serum
Authors: Cai Xiaoyan , Jia Jingying , Duan Hongjuan , Fu Bingzhe , Ma Yun
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this study was to tendency the expression of microRNA and xenomiR in hay of two alfalfa varieties (cv.Zhongmu No.1, cv.Xinyan No.52), and analyze the expression level of miR-168c, miR-156a and miR-166e of alfalfa in cow serum, milk and colostrum. The miRs in fresh and dry samples of two alfalfa varieties were sequenced by high-throughput RNA sequencing technology, RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression levels of miR-156a, miR-166e and miR-168c. In addition, the target gene of miR168c in dairy cows was verified by Double-Luciferase Report.The results showed that: (1) 771 miRs were detected, 113 and 84 miRs expression levels in dry samples were up- and down-regulated, 8855 target genes were predicted. (2) miR-156a, miR-166e and miR-168c expression levels in dry samples of two alfalfa varieties were opposite, which were down-regulated in cv.Zhongmu 1 and up-regulated in cv.Xinyan 52. (3) The expression levels of miR-168c, miR-156a and miR-166e in high producing dairy cow serum were significantly higher than low producing dairy cow (p < 0.05), the expression levels of miR-168c in milk were higher than those in colostrum. (4)Alfalfa derived miR168c can target mRNA STARD7 in cattle. Our results prove that the miRs in alfalfa can enter into dairy cows and related to the production of dairy cows. These results lay the foundation for further exploration of the cross-kingdom effects of alfalfa xenomiRs on dairy cows.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria modulates the antioxidant defense and the expression of stress responsive genes providing Pb accumulation and tolerance of grass pea
Authors: Abdelkrim Souhir , Abid Ghassen , Chaieb Oumaima , Taamalli Wael , Mannai Khediri , Louati Faten , Jebara Moez , Jebara Salwa Harzalli
Published: April 2022

To ensure the success of phytoremediation, it is important to consider the appropriate combination of plants and microorganisms. This study was conducted to get a better insight into the underlying molecular and biochemical mechanism of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) induced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), when exposed for 3, 6, 9 and 14 days to 1 mM Pb in a hydroponic system. The significant positive effect of bacterial inoculation was reproduced in various parameters. Results indicated that inoculation of PGPR significantly increased the concentration of Pb by 20%, 66%, 43% and 36%, in roots and by 46%, 55%, 37%, 46% in shoots, respectively after 3, 6, 9 and 14 days of metal exposure as compared to the uninoculated plants. The metal accumulation in grass pea plants triggered a significant elevation in the synthesis of non-protein thiols (NPT), particularly in inoculated plant leaves where it was about 3 and 2-fold higher than the uninoculated set at 6 and 9 d. Nevertheless, Pb treatment significantly increased oxidative stress and membrane damage in leaves with the highest hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration recorded in uninoculated plants. Further, the inoculation alleviated the oxidative stress, improved plant tolerance and modulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX, GR, DHAR and MDHAR). Similary, the expression patterns of LsPCS, LsGCN, LsCNGC, LsGR and LsGST through qRT-PCR demonstrated that bacterial inoculation significantly induced gene expression levels in leaves 6 d after Pb treatment, indicating that PGPR act as regulators of stress responsive genes. The findings suggest the key role of PGPR (R. leguminosarum (M5) + Pseudomonas fluorescens (K23) + Luteibacter sp. + Variovorax sp.) in enhancing Pb accumulation, reducing metal toxicity, strengthening of the antioxidant system and conferring higher Pb tolerance to grass pea plants. Hence, the association Lathyrus sativus- PGPR is an effective tool to achieve the goal of remediation of Pb contaminated sites.