bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B‐IBI) for Rivers of the Tennessee Valley
Authors: Kerans B. L. , Karr James R.
Published: April 2006

Invertebrate data from rivers in the Tennessee Valley were used to: (1) evaluate the utility of 18 characteristics of invertebrate assemblages (attributes) to assess the biological condition of streams and (2) develop a comprehensive benthic invertebrate index that reflects important aspects stream biology and responds to the effects of human society in detectable ways. We used data from the Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) fixed—station monitoring program established in 1986 to evaluate water resources in the Tennessee Valley. The streams covered sites with various types and levels of human disturbance. TVA biologists sampled riffles and pools using quantitative methods. To evaluate attributes we determined (1) the ability of each attribute to distinguish among sites (analyses of variance), (2) the associations among attributes (correlation coefficients), (3) the concordance of assessments of sites using each attribute with two independent site assessments (water quality and analysis of fish assemblages based on the index of biotic integrity), and (4) the variability of each attribute across habitats (riffles and pools) and ecoregions. Thirteen attributes (total taxa richness and taxa richnesses of intolerant snails and mussels, mayflies, caddisflies, and stoneflies; relative abundances of Corbicula, oligochaetes, omnivores, filterers, grazers, and predators; dominance; total abundance) were valuable in discriminating sites, exhibited concordance with other methods of assessment, and were relatively uncorrelated among themselves. Five attributes (sediment—surface taxa richness; relative abundances of shredders, gatherers, detritivores, and chironomids) were not acceptable for inclusion in the index because they either were not in concordance with other methods of assessment or were strongly correlated with other attributes. Based on the results of this evaluation, 13 attributes were included in a benthic index of biotic integrity (B—IBI). The B—IBI was evaluated using a more extensive fixed—station data set and was tested using an independent data set where samples were taken above and below the release of an industrial effluent to the North Fork Holston River. The fixed—station sites were correctly ranked, although rankings were not always consistent for pool and riffle habitats. B—IBI also distinguished the industrial impact. The B—IBI has potential as an assessment tool for streams, although more testing and evaluation of both the attributes and the index are warranted.
Comparisons of Laboratory Bioassays and a Whole‐Lake Experiment: Rotifer Responses to Experimental Acidification
Authors: Gonzalez Maria J. , Frost Thomas M.
Published: April 2006

We test whether data from laboratory bioassays can be used to predict zooplankton responses during a whole—lake experiment using two rotifers, Keratella cochlearis and Keratella taurocephala. The acidification experiment was conducted in Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin, USA, which was divided into a reference basin maintained at a natural pH near 6.1 and a treatment basin which was acidified in 2—yr stages to pH values of 5.6, 5.2, and 4.7. Laboratory assays examined the effect of pH on reproduction under varied food conditions and survivorship without food. In the lake, the two rotifers showed strong and opposite responses to acidification: K. cochlearis decreased in abundance while K. taurocephala increased. In the laboratory bioassays, neither species was sensitive to pH when food conditions yielded high reproductive rates. When food was limited, K. cochlearis exhibited lower survivorship and a trend towards lower reproductive rates at lower pH. With limited food, K. taurocephala survivorship was either unaffected by pH or higher at high pH and its reproduction was slightly higher at intermediate pH. In situ experiments revealed that food conditions in the treatment basin lowered reproduction by K. cochlearis, indicating that a combined effect of food and pH caused its population decline. Neither food nor pH could explain the increase in K. taurocephala, which appeared to be linked to a reduction in its predators at lower pH. Overall, our analyses revealed substantial discrepancies between laboratory bioassays and in—lake responses. This was particularly the case for K. taurocephala, for which assays predicted no changes or a decline in abundance rather than the marked increase that actually occurred. Our results suggest that caution should be used in extending results from laboratory assays to natural ecosystems.
Episodic Acidification of Small Streams in the Northeastern United States: Ionic Controls of Episodes
Authors: Wigington P. J. , DeWalle D. R. , Murdoch P. S. , Kretser W. A. , Simonin H. A. , Van Sickle J. , Baker J. P.
Published: April 2006

As part of the Episodic Response Project (ERP), we intensively monitored discharge and stream chemistry of 13 streams located in the Northern Appalachian region of Pennsylvania and in the Catskill and Adirondack Mountains of New York from fall 1988 to spring 1990. The ERP clearly documented the occurrence of acidic episodes with minimum episodic pH ≤ 5 and inorganic monomeric Al (Alim) concentrations > 150 μg/L in at least two study streams in each region. Several streams consistently experienced episodes with maximum Alim concentrations >350 μg/L. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) depressions resulted from complex interactions of multiple ions. Base cation decreases often made the most important contributions to ANC depressions during episodes. Organic acid pulses were also important contributors to ANC depressions in the Adirondack streams, and to a lesser extent, in the Catskill and Pennsylvania streams. Nitrate concentrations were low in the Pennsylvania streams, whereas the Catskill and Adirondack study streams had high NO3‐ concentrations and large episodic pulses (≤ 54 μ eq/L). Most of the Pennsylvania study streams also frequently experienced episodic pulses of SO42‐ (≤ 78 μ eq/L), whereas the Adirondack and Catskill streams did not. High baseline concentrations of SO42‐ (all three study areas) and NO3‐ (Adirondacks and Catskills) reduced episodic minimum ANC, even when these ions did not change during episodes. The ion changes that controlled the most severe episodes (lowest minimum episodic ANC) differed from the ion changes most important to smaller, more frequent episodes. Pulses of NO3‐ (Catskills and Adirondacks), SO42‐ (Pennsylvania), or organic acids became more important during major episodes. Overall, the behavior of streamwater SO42‐ and NO3‐ is an indicator that acidic deposition has contributed to the severity of episodes in the study streams.
Ecological Properties for the Evaluation, Management, and Restoration of Temperate Deciduous Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Keddy Paul A. , Drummond Chris G.
Published: April 2006

Given that many of the original deciduous forests of North America have disappeared over the last few centuries, our challenge is to preserve remnant forests, restore altered forests, and harvest managed forests in a sustainable manner. To do so, we need to identify macroscale properties that can easily monitor the condition of the eastern deciduous forest as a whole. We offer 10 possible properties: (1) tree size; (2) canopy composition; (3) quantity and quality of coarse woody debris; (4) number of spring ephemeral species in the herbaceous layer; (5) number of typical corticulous bryophyte species; (6) density of wildlife trees; (7) fungi; (8) avian community; (9) number of large carnivores; and (10) forest area. We have assigned to each property a control (or normal) value, an intermediate value, and a heavily altered value. These values are based on the existing literature. These 10 properties would: (1) allow us to recognize, rank, and protect high‐priority forest sites for conservation; (2) tell us whether changes in a forest are in the direction of restoration or toward further alteration; and (3) enable us to evaluate different harvesting methods so we can select those that cause the least alteration to forests.
Winter Habitat Ecology of Sables (Martes Zibellina) in Relation to Forest Management in China
Authors: Buskirk Steven W. , Yiqing Ma , Li Xu , Zhaowen Jiang
Published: April 2006

The stable (Martes zibellina), a little‐known forest carnivore of the Asian taiga, has undergone reductions in distribution and abundance that have been attributed, in part, to habitat changes resulting from forest management. Like its circumboreal sibling species, the boreal forest martens (M. martes, M. melampus, and M. americana), the sable has been hypothesized to select for forest attributes associated with late successional stages, and to respond negatively to reductions in the amount of physical structure near the ground, especially the loss of large tree boles. The sable now is endangered in China. To investigate how forestry practices in northern China, which emphasize extensive selective cutting of large‐diameter larch (Larix gmelini), affect behavioral preferences of sables, and to test for hypothesized ecological similarities among the boreal forest martens, we studied habitat selection by sables in the Daxinganling Mountains, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China, for three winters. We sampled topographic and vegetative features of three study sites by systematically located plots. We studied sable selection of habitats while traveling by following sable trails in snow, and while resting by locating sables with telemetry. Sables selected for (preferred) sites with dense tree canopy, mixed tree species dominants, and high densities and diameters of larch tree boles. Sables were more selective of habitat for resting than for traveling, like other martens (M. americana). Sables were indifferent to attributes of hardwood trees (Betula sp.) in their habitat, but preferred mixed tree species stands to single species stands. The sable responds negatively to the absence of tree canopy, of large live trees, and of coarse woody debris, and resembles other boreal forest martens in its habitat associations. The sable may be a useful model for examining the responses of vertebrates to forestry practices in boreal east Asia. Conserving late successional stands of conifer forest appears crucial to the persistence of the sable in China.
Extensional quotients for type theory and the consistency problem for NF
Authors: Antonelli Gian Aldo
Published: April 2006

Quine's “New Foundations” (NF) was first presented in Quine [10] and later on in Quine [11]. Ernst Specker [15, 13], building upon a previous result of Ehrenfeucht and Mostowski [5], showed that NF is consistent if and only if there is a model of the Theory of Negative (and positive) Types (TNT) with full extensionality that admits of a “shifting automorphism,” but the existence of such a model remains an open problem.

In his [8], Ronald Jensen gave a partial solution to the problem of the consistency of Quine's NF. Jensen considered a version of NF—referred to as NFU—in which the axiom of extensionality is weakened to allow forUrelementeor “atoms.” He showed, modifying Specker's theorem, that the existence of a model of TNT with atoms admitting of a “shifting automorphism” implies the consistency of NFU, proceeding then to exhibit such a model.

This paper presents a reduction of the consistency problem for NF to the existence of a model of TNT with atoms containing certain “large” (unstratified) sets and admitting a shifting automorphism. In particular we show that such a model can be “collapsed” to a model ofpureTNT in such a way as to preserve the shifting automorphism. By the above-mentioned result of Specker's, this implies the consistency of NF.

Let us take the time to explain the main ideas behind the construction. Suppose we have a certain universeUof sets, built up from certain individuals or “atoms.” In such a universe we have only a weak version of the axiom of extensionality: two objects are the same if and only if they are both sets having the same members. We would like to obtain a universeU′that is as close toUas possible, but in which there are no atoms (i.e., the only memberless object is the empty set). One way of doing this is to assign to each atom ξ, aset a(perhaps the empty set), inductively identifying sets that have members that we are already committed to considering “the same.” In doing this we obtain an equivalence relation ≃ overUthat interacts nicely with the membership relation (provided we have accounted for multiplicity of members, i.e., we have allowed sets to contain “multiple copies” of the same object). Then we can takeU′=U/≃, the quotient ofUwith respect to ≃. It is then possible to define a “membership” relation overU′in such a way as to have full extensionality. Relations such as ≃ are referred to as “contractions” by Hinnion and “bisimulations” by Aczel.
The algebraic sum of sets of real numbers with strong measure zero sets
Authors: Nowik Andrej , Scheepers Marion , Weiss Tomasz
Published: April 2006

We prove the following theorems:

(1) IfXhas strong measure zero and ifYhas strong first category, then their algebraic sum has property S0.

(2) IfXhas Hurewicz's covering property, then it has strong measure zero if, and only if, its algebraic sum with any first category set is a first category set.

(3) IfXhas strong measure zero and Hurewicz's covering property then its algebraic sum with any set inis a set in. (is included in the class of sets always of first category, and includes the class of strong first category sets.)

These results extend: Fremlin and Miller's theorem that strong measure zero sets having Hurewicz's property have Rothberger's property, Galvin and Miller's theorem that the algebraic sum of a set with the γ-property and of a first category set is a first category set, and Bartoszyfński and Judah's characterization of-sets. They also characterize the property (*) introduced by Gerlits and Nagy in terms of older concepts.
State Formation, Ideological Competition, and the Ecology of Israeli Workers' Cooperatives, 1920–1992
Authors: Ingram Paul , Simons Tal
Published: April 2006

We investigate the effect of community-wide political and ideological interests on the failure rate of Israeli workers' cooperatives. Political order may be provided by the state or through membership in a federation. Independently, both conditions should reduce organizational failure, but when they coexist, the influence of the state should dominate due to its comparative advantages as a supplier of order. Organizations that represent rival ideologies cause ideological competition, which should increase failure, while organizations that represent shared ideologies cause ideological mutualism, which should decrease failure. The context of Israeli workers' cooperatives provides a natural laboratory for testing these ideas, as it spans the formation of the Israeli state. It also includes a powerful federation, the Histadrut, to which many cooperatives belonged, as well as significant populations of organizations representing both capitalist and socialist ideologies. The analysis supports all of the above arguments, indicating the relevance of interdependence, broadly defined, for the evolution of organizational populations.
An Inaccurate Description of Midwestern Taxonomy
Authors: McKern W. C.
Published: April 2006

For reasons best known to him, McGregor has included in his recent book on Southwestern archaeology a brief statement regarding the midwestern taxonomic method, although this method is not used in the Southwest. The statement is in error on several fundamental points, and it seems important to publish a correction just to keep the record straight.

First: the interpretation of “diagnostic culture traits” as traits which are standard for a culture complex in all cultural comparisons (p. 61) is not in accord with the usual concept as employed in midwestern terminology. As originally proposed by Ritchie, and as previously pointed out in my review of Cole's and Deuel's Rediscovering Illinois, the diagnostic trait is determined by a specific comparison of two culture complexes, and applies only to a culture in that comparison. A trait which is diagnostic in one comparison may appear as a link trait in another, and so can not be generally diagnostic for a given culture complex in all comparisons.
The Teotihuacan Owl-and-Weapon Symbol and its Association with “Serpent Head X” at Kaminaljuyu
Authors: Winning Hasso Von
Published: April 2006

The excellent and exhaustive study by Drs. Kidder, Jennings, and Shook of the ceramics excavated at Kaminaljuyu contributes considerably to the understanding and interpretation of Teotihuacan symbolism. A group of stuccoed and painted tripods, excavated at Kaminaljuyu, includes seven vessels whose decorative style is Teotihuacanoid, whereas the other four are Mayoid in style. All these tripods are considered to have been made and decorated at the site mentioned.
A Cache of Wooden Bows from the Mogollon Mountains
Authors: Hibben Frank C.
Published: April 2006

Inquiry concerning the matter of prehistoric wooden bows of all varieties, from various institutions of the Southwest, has revealed an outstanding dearth of such articles from this section. Most museums of the country are blessed with only a fragment or two, or at best a few specimens of such bows. It may be, then, that the collection herein described is unique both as to numbers and variety of bows represented.
An Interpretation of Siouan Archaeology in the Piedmont of North Carolina and Virginia
Authors: Griffin James B.
Published: April 2006

This paper is a brief statement of my interpretation of the cultural relationships of Siouan archaeological material recently excavated in North Carolina. It was written in December, 1940. Some of the pottery is now in the Ceramic Repository, but the great majority is in the Laboratory of Anthropology and Archaeology at the University of North Carolina. A short visit to Chapel Hill during the first week in November, 1940, enabled me to obtain a bird’s-eye view of North Carolina archaeology. This was possible because of Mr. Coe's familiarity with the area and because there is sufficient material at Chapel Hill to provide a sample of the diverse archaeological units found in the state. While Mr. Coe supplied me with much of the information contained herein, he is not responsible for any errors of commission or sins of omission.
A Unique Specimen of Pressure-Flaked Pyrite from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska
Authors: Norman  , Potosky Romayne L.
Published: April 2006

Attention is invited to a unique flaked pyrite object from the ancient village of Miyowaghameet, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. While specimens of unworked pyrite and certain pyrite-studded artifacts1 have been found at this and other Arctic sites, the specimen illustrated (Fig. 40) is, to the best of our knowledge, the only object of pressure-flaked iron pyrite reported from St. Lawrence Island and possibly from the Arctic coastal sites.

Miyowaghameet lies in a gravelly plain at the foot of Cape Chibukak, approximately one mile east of the Eskimo village of Gambell. Collins gives the average diameter for the site as one hundred yards; however the long axis runs roughly NE/SW, and the specimen herein described, while located within the eastern half of the midden, was found approximately sixty-five yards from the eastern edge.
The Serrated Points of Central California
Authors: Johnson Ernest N.
Published: April 2006

Serrated edges, and wonderful chipping techniques, are commonly displayed on chipped stone objects of the Pacific Coast region from California to British Columbia, but the greatest ultimate perfection of serration obtains in the so-called Stockton type points, peculiar to the delta and flood plain region near the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. The distribution of these specialized forms seems to approximately conform with this great flood plain, which is, generally speaking, not much above sea-level. This area was called by the early Spaniards the “Tulares,” because a great part of it was an impenetrable swamp, covered by a rank growth of tule reeds.
An Early Industry on a Raised Beach near Killarney, Ontario
Authors: Greenman E. F.
Published: April 2006

In the summer of 1940, a site with an industry new to the region of the western Great Lakes was discovered near Killarney, Ontario, in the course of a survey of the Manitoulin District by the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. Brief notices of this work have appeared in the press and in professional publications, and some of the readers of this paper have already seen the material. A mpre complete report than is possible in the present paper is in press.
Guess Dating for Jarmo
Authors: Braidwood Robert J.
Published: April 2006

The original guess dates for Jarmo were about 6000 B.C. (and thus close to the recent Washington and Heidelberg radiocarbon dates of 6750 B.C.) rather than about 4750 B.C. (the date derived from Libby's original radiocarbon determinations) as suggested in the papers on obsidian dating in American Antiquity, Volume 25, Number 1.
The Ware Site, Salem County, New Jersey
Authors: McCann Catherine
Published: April 2006

The Ware site is located in the northern part of Salem County, southwestern New Jersey, on the farm of Mr. Lee Ware. It is on the south bank of Salem Creek, extending to within about 100 feet from the creek, a location which would be flooded only in times of especially high water. The total extent of the site is not known, but it occupies an area of at least 400 feet by 150 feet. It is rather thickly wooded in places, with a mixed growth of cedars, hickory, dogwood, several species of oaks, and a variety of other trees, The soil is, in general, light and sandy.

Excavation was begun in the autumn of 1947 and continued in the summer of 1948.
The Archaeology of the Slick Rock Village, Tulare County, California
Authors: Fenenga Franklin
Published: April 2006

Slick rock village (4Tul 10) was excavated by a Smithsonian Institution River Basin Surveys field party under the direction of the writer between June 20 and July 30, 1950. It is one of nine very similar sites which will be covered by the reservoir pool to be created by the construction of the Terminus Dam on the Kaweah River. This particular site was chosen for excavation because it showed less evidence of modification by recent cultural activity than any other of the threatened sites. Intensive excavation at a single site (rather than test excavation at several) was chosen as the preferable approach to the archaeology of the Terminus Reservoir area because we had hoped that concentrated excavation at a single site would yield an integrated account of at least one ancient community in this region. Such an account would be particularly interesting in the light of the extraordinarily full ethnographic literature on this area (Gayton, A. H., 1948 a, b; Latta, F. F., 1949).
An American Eolithic?
Authors: Greenman E. F.
Published: April 2006

In Notes and News in 1953 in American Antiquity (Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 100–1) there is the following statement: “If interglacial artifacts are present in America, they will of necessity be of very crude nature.” This follows a discussion of the specimens found and described by George F. Carter in California, Carmen Baggerly in Michigan, and others in California and Texas. Amos Green of Eau Claire, Michigan, has recently collected and submitted to us at the University of Michigan a number of specimens equally as crude as those from the West and Southwest.
A Pit House of the Gallina Phase
Authors: Green Roger C.
Published: April 2006

As part of the Gallina project in north central New Mexico, which has been carried on by the University of New Mexico since 1934 under the direction of Frank C. Hibben, a pit house site was excavated in the summer of 1950. Excavations were accomplished with the able assistance of Emily Gray and 4 local workmen. The author was in charge of the field work. This site was selected because the pit house had been the least investigated of Gallina architectural types, and also because it was in the as yet unworked southwestern periphery of the Gallina complex. Furthermore, surface indications showed this particular site to be a Gallina pit house of unusual size.
A New-Found Votive Ax from Mexico
Authors: Judd Neil M.
Published: April 2006

In December, 1948, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., discontinued its collection of curios and presented the lot to the United States National Museum. Among other treasures was a votive ax depicting the “tiger” or “jaguar” god of tropical America in the style peculiar to the Olmec, or La Venta, culture. There are no accompanying data; even the name of the donor has been lost. In want of data and in other respects the ax is reminiscent of the half dozen like specimens preserved in public museums.
A New Earth-Shaking Machine
Authors: Bird Junius B. , Ford James A.
Published: April 2006

In the fall of 1954 the undersigned had occasion to investigate the discovery of an eastern fluted projectile point in an excavation being made for the erection of a flagpole memorial to the man who originated the Tadpole Club. In preparation for this expedition to a Boy Scout camp near the Delaware Water Gap we decided to build a motor-driven sifter. This machine has operated so well on this and succeeding trips that it seems to warrant a brief description.

The accompaning sketch (Fig. 128) shows the basic principles. The screen, mounted at a slant on 1/4-inch thick plywood legs, is free to move back and forth due to the flexibility of the plywood. A little experimentation demonstrated that about 150 strokes was right for most sifting operations.
A Mathematical Rationale for Graphical Seriation
Authors: Ascher Marcia
Published: April 2006

An algebraic explanation is offered for the graphical method of sedation proposed by Meighan. A suggested simplification of the graphing technique makes it possible to plot the seriation on ordinary graph paper rather than on three-pole graph paper.
The Exhibition of Chancery Italic Manuscripts
Authors: Nash Ray
Published: April 2006

Oregon was put prominently on the calligraphy map last autumn with the premier showing at the Portland Art Museum of an ambitious exhibition: ‘Calligraphy: The Golden Age and its Modern Revival’. It reopened, with a number of additions and subtractions, at the Grolier Club of New York City in mid-December to a large and appreciative audience. Never before, in this country anyway, has the art of the writing master been seen in so many fine examples written viva mano. It was done to the taste of a Montefeltro duke—not a page of paper or vellum in the whole show had passed through printing press or camera.

The Portland Art Association confessed to an ulterior motive.
The Lost History of Wyatt's Rebellion
Authors: Wiatt William H.
Published: April 2006

MY interest in Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger, who rebelled against Queen Mary in January-February 1554, led me to The historie of Wyates rebellion (December 1554) by John Proctor, a Kentish schoolmaster who was an eyewitness of many of the events he describes. But Proctor himself admitted that his Historie was not the first printed account of Wyatt's rebellion. In his dedicatory epistle to Queen Mary he refers to ‘a printed book late[ly] set forth at Canterbury', from Which either of haste or of purpose [important matters] were omitted'. Proctor's modern editor, unable to identify the earlier book, gave to the page bearing Proctor's epistle the running title ‘The Lost History of Wyatt's Rebellion'. It was from this point that I began my search for the lost history.
Nicholas Breton and Two Songs by Dowland
Authors: Doughtie Edward
Published: April 2006

In the process of editing the poems from the songbooks of the lutenist and composer, John Dowland, I have found that Nicholas Breton is the author of at least one of these poems and may have written another. Both songs were printed in A Pilgrimes Solace (1612). ‘From silent night’ (No. 10) is dedicated ‘To my louing Country-man Mr. John Forster the younger, Merchant of Dublin in Ireland.’ ‘Thou mighty God’ is a single poem divided into three parts (Nos. 14-16). Both are among Dowland's finest songs, remarkable for their emotional intensity and melodic and harmonic boldness. E. H. Fellowes, editor of English Madrigal Verse, lists no author for either poem.
The Sacred Music of Vincenzo Ruffo
Authors: Lockwood Lewis
Published: April 2006

The range of the practical and esthetic reform of sacred music in the second half of the sixteenth century can no longer be equated solely with the achievement of Palestrina. Musical scholarship, in quest of a truer picture of the musical aspects of the Counter-Reformation, has revealed other factors and other figures, intrinsically as well as historically interesting. Among these is the Italian composer Vincenzo Ruffo (ca. 1520-87).

Ruffo's most important post, after leaving his native Verona, was as chapelmaster at the Duomo in Milan (1563-72), where he worked under the direct supervision of one of the most powerful leaders of the Counter-Reformation, Cardinal Carlo Borromco. The Cardinal had played an important role in the final sessions of the Council of Trent and in the Commission of Cardinals for the study of sacred music (1564) before assuming active control of liturgical affairs at Milan in 1565.
Jodelle's ‘Eugène, ou La Rencontre’ Again
Authors: Graham Victor E.
Published: April 2006

A most intriguing problem in the history of the French theatre of the sixteenth century concerns Jodelle's lost comedy La Rencontre. In the eighteenth-century Histoire du théâtre français by Claude and François Parfaict, Jodelle's one extant comedy is listed as Eugène, ou La Rencontre. This double title, accepted also by the Chevalier de Mouhy and some later literary historians, does not square with a very explicit paragraph in Estienne Pasquier's Recherches de la France VII, vi:

Il [Jodelle] fit deux Tragedies… et deux comedies, la Rencontre et l'Eugene. La Rencontre ainsi appellée, parce qu'au gros de la meslange, tous les personnages s'estoient trouvez pesle-mesle casuellement dedans une maison; fuzeau qui fut fort bien par luy demeslé par la closture du jeu. Ceste Comedie, et la Cleopatre furent representées devant le Roy Henry à Paris en l'Hostel de Reims, avec un grand applaudissement de toute la compagnie: Et depuis encores au College de Boncourt, où toutes les fenestres estoient tapissées d'une infinité de personnages d'honneur, et la Cour si pleine d'escoliers que les portes du College en regorgeoeint. Je le dis comme celuy qui y estois present, avec le grand Tornebus en une mesme chambre.
Firenzuola, Surrey, and Watson
Authors: Thomson Patricia
Published: April 2006

Deh le mie belle donne & amorose,Datemi il uer per uostra cortesia,Non è chiara tra uoi la donna mia,Come è '1 Sol chiar tra tutte 1' altre cose?5 Mirate il uolto, & uedrete le rose,In bianca neue rider tutta uia:Et per le perle e i rubini aprir la uia,A i bei pensier, che in lei bontate pose.
‘The Soul in Paraphrase’: George Herbert's ‘Library’
Authors: Endicott Annabel M.
Published: April 2006

A Priest to the Temple, Herbert's handbook of practical wisdom for the country parson, is justly praised for directness and common sense. But there is one chapter in it which seems to belong to another kind of discourse–to belong to the hterature not of wisdom but of wit. This chapter, ‘The Parson's Library,’ has provoked the editorial comment that the contents ‘correspond so little with the title, except for elaborating a paradox, that the chapter is possibly misnamed.’ The paradox, however, is not restricted to the title, but is elaborated in the chapter itself:

The Countrey Parson's Library is a holy Life: … For the temptations with which a good man is beset, and the ways which he used to overcome them, being told to another, whether in private conference, or in the Church, are a Sermon. Hee that hath considered how to carry himself at table about his appetite, if he tell this to another, preacheth; and much more feelingly, and judiciously, then he writes his rules of temperance out of bookes. So that the Parson having studied, and mastered all his lusts and affections within, and the whole Army of Temptations without, hath ever so many sermons ready penn'd, as he hath victories.
Queen Elizabeth, Spenser's Mercilla, and a Rusty Sword
Authors: Nelson William
Published: April 2006

When Sir John Harington visited court in 1601, some time after the aborted putsch of the Earl of Essex, he found the Queen still terribly disturbed. She ate little, dressed carelessly, and frowned on all the ladies. Harington wrote to his friend Sir John Portman, ‘I must not say much, even by this trustie and sure messenger; but the many evil plots and designs have overcome all her Highness’ sweet temper. She walks much in her privy chamber, and stamps with her feet at ill news, and thrusts her rusty sword at times into the arras in great rage…. the dangers are over, and yet she always keeps a sword by her table.
A Cambridge Prevarication in the Earlier Seventeenth Century
Authors: Costello William T.
Published: April 2006

The Odd corners of scholarship, so very often dusty and unrewarding to the researcher, occasionally provide a forgotten knickknack which completes the décor of a period room. Seventeenth-century scholasticism is for most of us a period room, whose pieces such as triposes, disputations, declamations, quadragesimals, clerums, and so on, we find too uncomfortable for our twentieth-century use and perhaps a bit too ugly for our ranch-style academic taste. To brighten the room a bit, even for themselves, the seventeenth-century Cambridge scholastics made use of a harmless piece of bric-a-brac called the prevarication or varier's speech. It is a tragedy that most of these are now lost, for with proper evaluation a history of seventeenth-century thought might almost be written from them alone.
Willem Bosman's New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea: How Accurate is It?
Authors: van Dantzig Albert
Published: April 2006

When Willem Bosman wrote his Naauwkeurige Beschryving van de Guinese- Goud-Tand- en Slavekust in 1702 the Guinea coast was perhaps enjoying more public interest in Europe than ever before. The Gold Coast and its interior had long appealed to the imagination of the western world, because it was one of the few gold-producing areas open to traders of all nations. But around 1700 interest in the whole coast of west Africa, particularly the east-west stretch or ‘Lower Guinea,’ further increased because of the rapidly increasing demand in the West Indies and Latin America for slaves from that area. As a matter of fact the “Asiento question” was one of the major issues at stake at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession. Bosman, late Chief Merchant on behalf of the Dutch West India Company on the coast of Guinea, was in an excellent position to satisfy public curiosity.

Dutch contacts with the lower Guinea coast dated from 1595 when the then newly-emerging Republic of the Northern Netherlands or the United Provinces was badly in need of a regular supply of gold in order to finance its war efforts against the Spanish crown. Dutch trade expanded quickly in west Africa, at the expense of the Portuguese, who pretended to have a trade monopoly in the area. On the Gold Coast in particular the Portuguese were in a strong position, with fixed bases in the form of their castle at Sao Jorge da Mina (later Elmina) and supporting forts at Shama and Axim. But Portugal had been under the Spanish crown since 1580 and the Dutch considered their overseas possessions as legal prey and the undermining of their trade as a valid political aim. The Dutch were able to bring cheaper and better trade goods to the coast, and this prompted the ruler of the small state of Asebu near Elmina to defy openly the supposedly exclusive rights of the Portuguese, and, in 1612, to invite the Dutch to build a fort of their own at Mori. A Dutch attack in 1625 on the great castle of Elmina failed, but in 1637 they were successful and by 1641 they had expelled the Portuguese from their last possessions on the Guinea coast. But the Dutch were never able to enjoy the kind of monopolistic position the Portuguese had had; in 1631 the English built their first Gold Coast fort at Cormantin and other nations soon joined the rush to the profitable gold trade. By the end of the century no fewer than twenty-six fortified trade posts, belonging to the chartered companies of five nations, littered the coastline.
Language, Literature, and Culture
Authors: Hopgood C. R.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

This article discusses the place of the vernacular and of vernacular literature in African education. It is written from the standpoint of Northern Rhodesia, and the Ila-Tonga group of peoples known to the writer have been particularly in mind. Many of the general principles enunciated, however, will be found to apply over a much wider area.
XX. Mεnde, Sierra Leone
Authors: Curley M. K.
Published: April 2006

All Mεnde people believe that a witch is not bom a witch, but becomes one during the course of his earthly life by something being put inside him. When this happens the person who has been turned into a witch begins to buy leaves with which all witchery is worked. Witchery is very bad that people do to each other cruelly during the night time, such things as will make them ill, or kills them, or makes women barren, or wounds them. And this comes from the inside of a person.
Some Problems of Theory and Method in the Study of Musical Change
Authors: Blacking John
Published: April 2006

The main purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the need for a comprehensive theory of music and music-making, and for studies that seek to distinguish musical change analytically from other kinds of change, and radical change from variation and innovation within a flexible system.
Music in Western Rajasthan: Stability and Change
Authors: Jairazbhoy Nazir A.
Published: April 2006

Ethnologists now generally accept the idea that all cultures are dynamic and ever changing (Berreman, 1968:338). It is clear, however, that the rate of change varies not only from one culture to the next, but also with respect to the different elements within that culture. In some ways, a society is rather like an octopus with its tentacles periodically stretching in different directions—each motion causing at least a slight change in the alignment of forces within it. For analytical purposes, this continuous juggling of forces and pressures can often be comprehended more readily in a series of stop-action vignettes, exactly comparable to the individual frames of a motion picture film. With this technique, it becomes possible to predict that, for instance, a jumper in mid-air will return to earth and, if one knew his velocity and trajectory, just where he would land. However, the forces operating on and within a society are not nearly as well understood as is the force of gravity and thus predictions of change in society are generally much less reliable. Nevertheless, such an examination of the operative forces and their alignments in this kind of stop-action view will undoubtedly add to our understanding of the processes of change in society.
The New Edition of Danmarks Gamle Folkviser
Authors: Armistead Samuel G. , Katz Israel J.
Published: April 2006

With the appearance of Vols. XI and XII, Svend Grundtvig's monumental collection of Medieval Danish ballads has now, after over a century of sustained collaborative effort, been brought to completion. Its publication constitutes a major achievement of Scandinavian scholarship and signifies, as well, a crucially important contribution to comparative ballad research. First issued between 1853 and 1965, DgF was rarely to be found complete, in its original edition, even on the shelves of major university libraries. The new edition of Vols. I-X, including important supplementary material and brief English prefaces (by Erik Dal) explaining the history and composition of each volume, was published in 1966 and 1967. In 1976, this vast project was brought to a fruitful conclusion with the printing of the newly edited Vols. XI and XII, which had never before been published.
The Study Group on Folk Musical Instruments: Its Achievements in Fifteen Years of Activity
Authors: Stockmann Erich
Published: April 2006

The scholarly investigation of the folk music of every people and every land is one of the important tasks of the International Folk Music Council, perhaps its central task. This charge, which is laid down in the rules of the Council and thus carries the weight of an obligation, we tried to fulfill by holding scholarly conferences and publishing their papers in a journal. Thus, the work of scholars from all parts of the world was made known and had a stimulating effect.
Text-Tune Relationships in the Hora Lunga Versions Collected by Bartók
Authors: Rahn Jay
Published: April 2006

The enigmatic union of a lyrical text with an improvisatory melody has earned for the hora lunga (or long song) a special place in the history of Rumanian folksong research. Béla Bartók first discovered this exceptional genre in the northern counties of Maramureş and Satu-Mare in the years 1912-13, and later remarked that this discovery had been the highlight of his career in Rumanian ethnomusicology (1967:24 and 1923:ii). Constantin Brailoiu (1970:405) noted the occurrence of similar improvisatory genres in other regions of Rumania, and suggested that the broader term doina be used for all such vocal improvisations, irrespective of region. In the last two decades, systematic investigations of this larger category, the doina, have been carried out by such scholars as Emilia Comişel (1959:147-74) and Mariana Kahane (1963:99-116). To facilitate a comparative study of the doina as a whole, Comişel proposed a broad classificatory scheme based on text content and social use. She also proposed an analytical framework for the study of those musical aspects which she felt were common to all doine. Kahane investigated the tonal aspects of the regional subtype found in Oltenia, and compared this specific genre with examples from Moldavia and Maramureş.
On the Theory and Definition of Melodic Type
Authors: Czekanowska Anna
Published: April 2006

In my studies of Slavic folk melodies I have adopted the following definition of ‘type': “…a body of material is said to be typical when there is a common, or nearly common set of features in terms of which the material can be characterized…” From the mathematical point of view it can be defined as a state of relative equilibrium. From a statistical point of view the term ‘typical’ can be used particularly when a large part of the analysed material is represented by a certain type.
Research on Folk Music in Austria Since 1800
Authors: Suppan Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

During recent years there have been two major attempts to take stock of folk music research in Austria. Walther Wünsch, former head of the Institute for Ethnomusicology at the University of Music and Theatre Arts in Graz, has reported on the history of ethnomusicology in Austria, and Walter Graf, who once held the chair of comparative musicology at Vienna University, has published an essay on comparative musicology in Austria since 1896. Neither of them, it seems to me, does complete justice to his subject, in that he limits himself to the work of those Austrian collectors, editors, and researchers who have dealt with fields other than Austria itself. Of course, there is as little agreement on the question of what really constitutes comparative musicology as there is on the definition of ethnomusicology. But for that very reason we should be careful not to ignore either the new field of “European ethnomusicology” or, in particular, those comparative studies that have dealt with the researches of Béla Bartók, Werner Danckert, Constantin Brâiloiu, Walter Wiora, and with the results of their collecting activities.
Gypsy Musicians and Hungarian Peasant Music
Authors: Sárosi Bálint
Published: April 2006

To this day Liszt's Des Bohémiens et de leur Musique en Hongrie first published in 1859 remains the only attempt to deal with the music of the Hungarian gypsies in a comprehensive manner. Despite its factual errors and romantic exaggeration, this enthusiastically and powerfully written study created a tradition that continues to exert a strong influence both in Hungary and abroad, often obscuring the results of a century of research in Hungarian music generally and that of the gypsies in particular. Only a few of the many papers written since Liszt's are thorough in their treatment of details. Hungarian musicohistorical works and publications on peasant music, especially those of Bartók, Kodály, Ervin Major, and B. Szabolcsi, however, provide some additional information. The modern point of view has been stated most clearly and categorically by Bartók, who in 1931 examined the question: Gypsy Music? Hungarian Music?
Le Recherche Ethnomusicologique et la Musique du Vingtième Siècle
Authors: Carpitella Diego
Published: April 2006

Dans la musique moderne, de Debussy à Boulez et Stockhausen, le “mythe du primitif,” en touchant l'oeuvre de Strawinski, Bartók, Milhaud, Vogel, Varèse, Chavez, Messiaen, et beaucoup d'autres, a fonctionné comme stimulant de l'imagination musicale non seulement sub specie mythica mais aussi par l'approche philologique du matériau historique. Certes, l'orientalisme et le pentatonisme de Debussy se sont produits à un moment “centrifuge” de l'imagination européenne; mais il est également vrai que Debussy a eu une connaissance historique et philologique de la musique orientale, du pentatonisme, et des gammes à tons entiers. Strawinski a toujours recusé l'étiquette de “folkloriste” dont certains ont voulu l'affubler, mais il n'y a pas de doute qu'on trouve dans la technique du Sacre et des Noces des concordances qu'il est possible de relever au niveau de documents ethno-musicaux. Nous savons par ailleurs a quel point Strawinski se montre réticent et réservé quand il s'agit de citer ses sources, y compris celles de sa période “russe.” D'autre part son fauvisme est inconcevable sans le Musée de l'Homme et la culture parisienne au début de notre siècle. Milhaud parle plus librement de ses sources “ethniques,” qu'il s'agisse de la musique sarde, brésilienne, provençale, ou afro-américaine.
Some Aspects of Formal Expression in Serbian Folk Songs
Authors: Petrović Radmila
Published: April 2006

In serbian folklore, poetry and music are inseparable. The very term poem refers in popular speech to the combination of text and melody. There is no recitative “as if from the book.” Vuk Karadžić, in the preface to his first publication of songs, remarked on the difficulties he experienced in his attempts to write down spoken texts: “for many singers sing without thought; they can only sing the text but cannot recite it.”
A Formal Model of Syncretism in Scales
Authors: Kitahara Michio
Published: April 2006

The concept of syncretism in music has gained fairly wide acceptance. Even so, due to the lack of sufficient empirical data, there have been very few relevant theoretical studies. We do have some pertinent overall ideas, however, and it should be possible to build a tentative model of syncretism on the basis of what we do know about the process. This paper makes such an attempt.
Kinetic Language and Vocabulary
Authors: Proca-Ciortea Vera
Published: April 2006

Structuralist methods have been successfully used for some time in such diverse fields as linguistics, ethnology, psychoanalysis, history of religion, literature, and literary criticism. But at least one domain in which the science of signs could be of optimal use, communication by motion, has been unaccountably neglected. This paper represents a first attempt to deal with gestural movement as a system based on a code comparable to spoken language.