bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Igneous Rocks
Authors: Doe Bruce R.
Published: October 2011

“Igneous Rocks was written for undergraduate geology majors who have had a year of college‐level chemistry and a course in mineralogy … and for beginning graduate students. Geologists working in industry, government, or academia should find this text useful as a guide to the technical literature up to 1981 and as an overview of topics with which they have not worked but which may have unanticipated pertinence to their own projects.” So starts the preface to this textbook.

As one who works part time in research on igneous rocks, especially as they relate to mineral deposits, I have been looking for such a book with this avowed purpose in a field that has a choking richness of evolving terminology and a bewildering volume of interdisciplinary literature. In addition to the standard topics of igneous petrology, the book contains a chapter on the role of igneous activity in the genesis of mineral deposits, its value to geothermal energy, and the potential of igneous rocks as an environment for nuclear waste disposal. These topics are presented rather apologetically in the preface, but the author is to be applauded for including this chapter. The apology shows just how new these interests are to petrology. Recognition is finally coming that, for example, mineral deposits are not “sports of nature,” a view held even by many economic geologists as recently as the early 1960's; instead they are perfectly ordinary geochemical features formed by perfectly ordinary geologic processes. In fact, the mineral deposits and their attendant alteration zones probably have as much to tell us about igneous rocks as the igneous rocks have to tell us about mineral deposits.
Section candidates
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Eos is carrying biograpnies and photographs of all candidates for President‐elect, General Secretary, and Foreign Secretary of the Union and for President‐elect and Secretary of each Section. In addition, statements by the candidates for Union offices and for Section President‐elect will appear. The sections and the date of the issue in which their material appeared are as follows
Chesapeake Bay under stress
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

According to extensive data obtained over its 13,000 km of shoreline, the Chesapeake Bay has been suffering a major, indeed unprecedented, reduction in submerged vegetation. Chesapeake Bay is alone in experiencing decline in submerged vegetation. Other estuary systems on the east coast of the United States are not so affected. These alarming results were obtained by the synthesis of the findings of numerous individual groups in addition to large consortium projects on the Chesapeake done over the past decade. R. J. Orth and R. A. Moore of the Virginia Institute of Marine Science pointed to the problem of the severe decline of submerged grasses on the Bay and along its tributaries. In a recent report, Orth and Moore note: “The decline, which began in the 1960's and accelerated in the 1970's, has affected all species in all areas. Many major river systems are now totally devoid of any rooted vegetation” (Science, 222, 51–53, 1983).
Offshore oil prospects improve
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The issues, prospects, and environmental concerns about drilling for offshore oil and gas are being seen in a different light than at any other time during the past decade. Exploration drilling on offshore locations is proceeding at a high rate, and environmental concerns, while recognized as real, appear to be a lot less worrisome than might have been predicted a decade ago. Part of the reason for the changes in levels of concern results from the close monitoring programs that have been in effect for the past few years. Paul R. Ryan of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution recently described exploration activities on Georges Bank: “We now have the results of the first year of monitoring, and, although eight wells are considered a minimal observational test, there were no biological changes in the benthic community that could be attributed to drilling activity.” (Oceanus, 26, 2, 1983). The U.S. Geological Survey studied the Georges Bank drilling activities as well. Barium from drilling muds was detected at the sites, but in decreasing concentrations at distances away from drilling rigs. There was no evidence that the discharges caused biological changes. According to Ryan: “Postdrilling concentrates of barium were found to be within the range of predilling concentrations measured at other locations on the Bank. Concentrations of other metals measured were low and characteristic of unpolluted, coarse‐grained sediment in other Continental Shelf areas.”
New mineral physics panels
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The AGU Committee on Mineral Physics has formed itself into six panels. The committee chairman is Orson L. Anderson of the Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles; foreign secretary is Robert Liebermann, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook. The six panels are as follows.
Acid rain: Controllable?
Authors: Machta Lester
Published: October 2011

Acid rain is one of a growing number of environmental issues in which impacts are far removed from the source o f the irritants. Those who suffer may differ in geographical area from those who benefit from the activity which releases pollution to the atmosphere. Like the issue concerning the depletion of ozone by manufactured chemicals, the acid rain issue further emphasizes the need for continuing atmospheric chemistry research, a science whose history dates back but a few decades. Examination of the acid rain issue also calls for intimate collaboration of atmospheric scientists with ecologists, biologists, and other scientists, who must advise the geophysicists regarding what chemicals in the environment produce damage, their mode of entry into an ecosystem, and the need to understand acute or chronic impacts.
Survey of foreign graduate students
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

In the 1983 American Institute of Physics (AIP) Graduate Student Survey, the issue of foreign versus national students in U.S. graduate programs was explored. In the past decade, the number of entering graduate students from foreign nations in American universities has risen from about 600 to about 1100, an increase from 23% in 1973 to 40% in 1983 of all entering physics graduate students in the United States. There are more than 10,000 graduate students in physics in the United States

The benefits, or lack thereof, of having foreign graduate students raises a number of philosophical points. Like all students, foreign students learn from academic programs; but at high competitive levels, they contribute as well. The essence of growth in any academic program is described by the creativity supplied by ever incoming students. In an academically competitive system the question of foreign students displacing U.S. students in graduate programs has no definition. On the other hand, what about the graduate job market after graduation? Some would point to the return of foreign graduates to their homeland as an example of U.S. education efforts not benefitting U.S. society, at least directly. Others worry about foreign graduates flooding the U.S. job market.
Our Modern Stone Age
Authors: Lowry W. D.
Published: October 2011

Unlike most books dealing with industrial minerals and rocks, Our Modern Stone Age is a pleasure to read. Within a matter of several hours, one can get an excellent introduction to nonmetallic mineral resources and industries exclusive o f the mineral fuels. The book is very well written and well illustrated with photographs and drawings; although pitched for the intelligent layman, it is in no way dull reading for even a well‐versed economic geologist. Nearly every geologist, mining engineer, mineral economist, planner, and politician will find points of interest in this book.
Irrigation Economics in Poor Countries, Illustrated by the Usangu Plains of Tanzania
Authors: Harkin Duncan A.
Published: October 2011

This little book of 144 pages could not possibly touch on all of the economic issues concerning irrigation, but the few it does develop make Irrigation Economics in Poor Countries worthwhile reading for even those long immersed in the subject as well as for newcomers. It is particularly good in developing the distinctions among run‐of‐the‐river irrigation, storage to even‐out seasonal variations in flow, and storage to even‐out annual variations. This subject is seldom explored in recent literature on irrigation economics. The authors conclude for their specific study area that storage from year to year is much too costly relative to its benefits to be worthwhile. This conclusion leads one to question whether the same would hold true in many other areas.
Computer proposals
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

To expand the research community's access to supercomputers, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has begun a program to match researchers who require the capabilities of a supercomputer with those facilities that have such computer resources available.

Recent studies on computer needs in scientific and engineering research underscore the need for greater access to supercomputers (Eos, July 6, 1982, p. 562), especially those categorized as “Class VI” machines. Complex computer models for research on astronomy, the oceans, and the atmosphere often require such capabilities. In addition, similar needs are emerging in the earth sciences: A Union session at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco this week will focus on the research computing needs of the geosciences. A Class VI supercomputer has a memory capacity of at least 1 megaword, a speed of upwards of 100 MFLOPS (million floating point operations per second), and both scalar and vector registers in the CPU (central processing unit). Examples of Class VI machines are the CRAY‐1 and the CYBER 205. The high costs o f these machines, the most powerful ones available, preclude most research facilities from owning one.
AGU Legislative Guide available
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

A guide to help AGU members communicate with legislators and government agency officials is available free of charge from AGU headquarters. The guide is based on the premise that input from the scientific community assists government to make decisions based on the latest factual information available.

AGU's Guide to Legislative Information and Contacts was developed by AGU's Committee on Public Affairs and is based largely on a publication of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. The guide briefly outlines the key steps in the legislative process and lists sources of information on legislation. The booklet also provides guidelines for corresponding with legislators a n d for providing scientific testimony to Congress. It also delineates some o f the constraints under which AGU must operate when undertaking legislative activities.
Ground‐based optical aeronomy
Authors: Broadfoot A. Lyle
Published: October 2011

The direction of scientific research in ground‐based optical aeronomy in the 1980's was the subject of an August 1–4, 1983, workshop under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. Held at Utah State University with 60 scientists, the workshop reviewed the scientific problems and discussed the ground‐based optical facilities required to attain the scientific objectives over the next solar cycle. The need for a coordinated research program for future progress was identified.

The first 2 days of the workshop provided a review of ongoing individual research projects and gave the attendees a good idea of the overall scope of the North American optical aeronomy research program. These reviews demonstrated that the research efforts could be separated into three main scientific topics: airglow and auroral physics, atmospheric dynamics, and space plasma physics. Each of these research areas uses, as a primary research tool, a different observational technique, such as spectrometers, interferometers, and monochromatic images.
Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants
Authors: Malet L. M.
Published: October 2011

Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants, containing the proceedings of a colloquium held at Oberursel/Taunus, FRG, November 9–11, 1981, is divided into three main parts: dry deposition; wet deposition; and deposition on plants and vegetation.

The 20 articles in the volume permit a fair survey of present‐day knowledge and will be a useful tool to all working on the topic. Pollution by deposition of either the dry or wet sort is very insidious; its importance only appears in the long range, when its effects are or are almost irreversible. That is why concern was so long in emerging from decision makers.
Actions at Hamburg
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Officers

President: W. Krauss (FRG); Vice Presidents: J. J. O'Brien (USA), T. Teramoto (Japan); Secretary General: Eugene C. LaFond (USA); Deputy Secretary General: J. Gieskes (USA); Members: G. B. Kullenberg (Denmark), A. Morel (France), S. Krishnaswami (India), A. S. Sarkisyan (USSR).
Academic science and NASA
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The fiscal 1984 budget of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) contains some pleasant surprises. The new budget reflects, in some areas, a welcome change from the recent emphasis toward earth‐orbiting of space missions of limited scientific content. (For the overall fiscal 1984 NASA budget, see Eos, October 4, 1983, p. 577.)

The July 1983 NASA in‐house study‐group report titled “The Universities and NASA Space Sciences” emphasizes that the past decade's decreasing budgets have resulted in a severe lessening of university capabilities in space science. Smaller budgets have meant significantly fewer start‐ups of space missions with scientific emphasis. Meanwhile, data analysis from continuing and completed missions has not been well funded.
Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application
Authors: Malet M. L.
Published: October 2011

Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application contains 52 articles dealing with six main topics: Lagrangian modeling; modeling cooling tower and power plant plumes; modeling the dispersion of heavy gases; remote sensing as a tool for air pollution modeling; dispersion modeling including photochemistry; and evaluation of model performances in practical applications. One paper, Lagrangian modeling by A. Eliassen of Norway, gives the state of the art in a main subject. This article will be a very useful tool for new research workers and also for specialists who could not be sufficiently aware of the limitations and of the approximations of the different methods they use to approach their problems and their applications in the field.
Remote sensing in hydrology
Authors: Johnson A. Ivan
Published: October 2011

A 6‐day symposium on Hydrological Applications of Remote Sensing and Remote Data Transmission was held August 18–25 at the General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in Hamburg. Authors from 22 countries were represented by the program, which covered descriptions of instrumentation and applications of remote data transmission and applications of many different remote sensing techniques, with sessions on precipitation, snow and ice, surface water, water planning/management, and soil moisture/ground water/wet lands. The symposium was cosponsored by WMO, UNESCO, IAH, and ISPRS.

The opening day covered existing and future satellite systems in order to identify the basic facilities which will be available in the next decade or two for hydrological purposes. It covered both the space and ground segments of the satellite systems.
Geosat survey
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Geosat Committee, a nonprofit, educational organization dedicated to improving satellite remote sensing for geological applications, is surveying the international geological community to determine the most important areas of the world for the exploration of nonrenewable resources. The results of this survey, whose sources will be kept confidential, will be given as recommendations for early satellite‐scene selection to the the U.S. government (via the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and to other countries with satellites or ground receiving stations.
Venus
Authors: Lanzerotti Louis J.
Published: October 2011

It was a scant few decades ago that Venus was commonly thought to be a companion planet to the earth, probably capable of supporting life in a rainy, carboniferous, swampy environment. While numerous speculations of the possible existence of various life forms were rife, the obscuration of the planet's surface by its cloud layers prevented more “detailed” interpretations of Venus such as those Lowell and others were able to make for Mars, where surface markings were easily distinguishable by telescope.

Venus is now known to have as diverse a set of characteristics and to be as unique in its own right as any of the nine known planets in the solar system. Although scientists search for underlying principles by which to describe and ultimately to understand nature, it is abundantly clear now that each of the solar system planets, including Venus, has a significant number of unique characteristics which distinguish one from the other. Some of these characteristics may be only incidental to planetary evolution, but we are not absolutely confident as yet which are central to fundamental understanding and which can be ignored (is the unique existence of life on earth central or only incidental to this planet's evolution?).
Top sponsors
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

One thousand, nine hundred, and two new AGU members were elected in 1983. The top sponsors—AGU members sponsoring three or more new members—are listed below.
USGS budget set
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

In fiscal 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is budgeted for a 2.3% increase in funding over fiscal 1983. Although the fiscal year began on October 1, the Department of Interior appropriations bill, which includes the USGS budget, was not signed into law until nearly a month later. Here is a summary of the program‐level funding for the USGS. The program level represents the actual money—including money from the federal treasury, residual funds, transfers, etc.—available.
Welcome to WaterWatch
Authors: Eagleson Peter S.
Published: October 2011

With this issue we inaugurate WaterWatch, which is intended to bring news of water and of AGU's Hydrology Section to all readers of Eos at least every 3 months. One member of each of the Hydrology Section's technical committees is serving as a topical reporter, feeding information to Mary Anderson, editor of Eos for hydrology, but that is not enough. Quarterly publication of a substantial feature will require the active participation of many more. I appeal to all members of the Hydrology Section to provide Man Anderson with newsworthy items.
History and Heritage Committee
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The past few years have seen a burst of interest in discipline‐specific history within the scientific community. Within the Hydrology Section during the past year such interest has resulted in the formation of a History and Heritage Committee. This committee will function as a subgroup of AGU's Committee on the History of Geophysics, which was established in 1981. The History and Heritage Committee is still in the embryonic stage, and all members of AGU with interests in this area are invited to participate in the shaping of its philosophy and activities.
Dispersion in groundwater
Authors: Molz Fred L.
Published: October 2011

On June 1, 1983, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Auburn University agreed on a joint project to study how pollutants spread in groundwater. This project is part of a large, ongoing, groundwater research program administered by EPA's Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory located in Ada, Oklahoma. At Auburn University the contract is administered by the Water Resources Institute.

The research is entitled “Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Contaminant Dispersion in Groundwater.” Much of the planned work will center around the performance of a large field experiment at Auburn University's Mobile Field Test Facility. This facility was established over the past decade and now contains 40 water supply, injection, and observation wells. The Mobile site has been in operation since 1975 and the work performed there, related to thermal energy storage in aquifers, is well known.
Sedimentation‐related meetings
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The sedimentation committee would like to provide information on several meetings that took place in October 1983.

The second annual meeting of the American Geomorphological Field Group was organized by S. Wells and T. Gardner and held in Chaco Canyon, N. Mex., October 7–10. Field excursions included visits to instrumented watersheds in badland areas, examination of the Quaternary history of Chaco Canyon, and investigation of fluvial problems associated with uranium mine tailings disposal and coal reclamation.
In Congress NOAA budget set
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

In late November, President Ronald Reagan signed into law the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) budget, which is part of the appropriations bill for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, State, the Judiciary, and related agencies; at the same time, he also signed into law an amendment attached to that bill that prohibits the sale of the weather satellites (Eos, May 17, 1983, p. 377, and March 22, 1983, p. 113). Commercialization of the land remote sensing satellite system is still being considered, however.

As a result of the conference between the House of Representatives and the Senate appropriations committees, the appropriation for NOAA totals $1020.6 million, with a program level of $1073.1 million. The appropriation is the money that comes from the federal treasury; the program level represents all of the funds—including treasury funds, transfers, residuals, etc.—actually available for the program. Strictly in terms of dollars, the total fiscal 1984 NOAA appropriation is almost level with the fiscal 1983 appropriation of $1000.9 million. In fiscal 1984, NOAA's research core, called Operations, Research, and Facilities (ORF), receives an appropriation of $988.2 million, with a program level of $1014.8 million
December streamflow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The high streamflows of recent months in the West eased somewhat during December, but streamflows increased in much of the eastern United States, setting many record or near record high flows in several states, according to the monthly check on national water resources conditions by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

USGS hydrologists said that record or near record high average streamflows for the month were set at 36 stations in 24 states from Georgia to Alaska. In contrast to the many historic high flows, reports of low streamflows were isolated and unusual, with most low flows occurring between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and in the Pacific Northwest (see map, courtesy USGS).
Coastal mining
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) declared by President Reagan in March 1983 has met with a mixed response from those who would benefit from a guaranteed, 200‐nautical‐mile (370‐km) protected underwater mining zone off the coasts of the United States and its possessions. On the one hand, the U.S. Department of the Interior is looking ahead and has been very successful in safeguarding important natural resources that will be needed in the coming decades. On the other hand, the mining industry is faced with a depressed metals and mining market.

A report of the Exclusive Economic Zone Symposium held in November 1983 by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Mineral Management Service, and the Bureau of Mines described the mixed response as: “ … The Department of Interior … raring to go into promotion of deep‐seal mining but industrial consortia being very pessimistic about the program, at least for the next 30 or so years.” (Chemical & Engineering News, February 5, 1983).
A relation among geomagnetic reversals, seafloor spreading rate, paleoclimate, and black shales
Authors: Force Eric R.
Published: October 2011

The Mesozoic‐Cenozoic histories of reversals in the earth's magnetic field and of periods of widespread anoxia in the ocean basins show a remarkable correlation (Figure 1); periods of black‐shale deposition (“anoxic events”) occur during lengthy periods without magnetic reversals (“quiet” periods). My assembly of published work indicates a remote connection between quiet periods and anoxic events and suggests its form: Magnetic quiet periods coincide with fast seafloor spreading. During these periods, buoyant spreading ridges displace seawater onto broad shelves, thus decreasing earth's albedo and causing global warming. Temperature gradients, and thus density gradients, from pole to equator decrease in surface waters, and the deep ocean currents of oxygenated polar waters wane. Oxygen minimum zones intensify and widen; anoxic conditions throughout entire basins are indicated by black shales deposited in the deep sea. These relations thus suggest that the earth's interior processes and its climate are related and their status recorded by both magnetic polarity and anoxic event chronologies of the earth. A test of the model for the Palezoic is proposed and some implications for mineral resources noted.
John M. Wilcox 1925”1983
Authors: Roberts Walter Orr , Schatten Kenneth Howard
Published: October 2011

John Marsh Wilcox, Director of the Stanford Solar Observatory, died while swimming in surf in the Sea of Cortez near Puerto Penasco, Mexico, on October 14, 1983. He was 58 years old.

A solar physicist specializing in the study of magnetic fields at the solar surface and in the interplanetary medium, Wilcox authored or coauthored over 100 scientific publications. Over the past decade, working with various associates, Wilcox found that there is a yet unexplained connection between the sector boundaries of the interplanetary magnetic field and the areas of strong vorticity in the circulation of the earth's atmosphere at the lower boundary of the stratosphere. The effect, though small and of changeable magnitude, is of great theoretical interest.
IRAS: Taking inventory
Authors: Reichhardt Tony
Published: October 2011

Even though its active life has ended, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) continues to make new discoveries as scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., pore over data from the orbiting satellite's year‐long survey of the infrared universe. IRAS ran out of the cryogenic fluid that kept its telescope and detectors cold enough for sensitive, infrared observations last November, thus ending the survey phase of the international project. Now begins the detailed study of IRAS data and the preparation of maps and catalogues of all infrared sources found by the satellite for distribution to the scientific community.

Among the discoveries already credited to IRAS are a ring of solid particles, possibly an evolving solar system, around the bright star Vega; six previously unknown comets; three narrow rings of dust lying within the plane of the solar system that may be the remains of asteroid or comet collisions; a small body designated 1983 TB that appears to be the burned‐out cometary source of the annual Geminid meteor shower, and which passes closer to the sun at its perihelion than any planet or known asteroid; and many new and fascinating stellar and galactic sources.
Congress reconvenes
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Bills on geophysics‐related topics are among the items facing legislators as they reconvene this week for the second session of the 98th Congress. A status report on some of those bills appears in this issue in the new “Legislative Update” column, which will be published regularly in Eos to keep readers abreast of pending legislation relevant to geophysics.

Pertinent issues for the coming session include education, trade, and some environmental laws. Education, which promises to be a campaign issue in this election year, most recently became a topic of national attention in late spring 1982 (Eos, June 15, 1982, p. 538). Since then, numerous bills have been introduced in Congress to allocate more funds to precollege science and mathematics education. One such bill is the Emergency Mathematics and Science Education Act(H.R. 1310).
Krakatau 1883: The Volcanic Eruption and Its Effects
Authors: Varekamp Johan C.
Published: October 2011

During the last couple of years, scientific and general interest in volcanos has surged as a result of the lively performance of Mt. St. Helens, and that's why Krakatau 1883 promises to become a good seller. What does it offer? The writers begin the volume with a detailed chronology of the eruptions, eyewitness accounts, and media coverage that cover local and regional effects, the tsunamis and their catastrophic results, and the sonic effects. Next is a section with translated parts of Verbeek's monumental monograph on the 1883 eruptions, followed by reprints of other scientific papers, and summaries of recent work on the event. For those deficient in French or Dutch, the translation of Verbeek's work will be especially welcome, because this civic engineer described and interpreted a colossal amount of data.
The Ocean Floor
Authors: Fox Paul J.
Published: October 2011

Over a relatively short period of time Bruce Heezen made significant, imaginative and timely contributions to our understanding of the processes that govern the origin and evolution of oceanic crust in space and time. It is certainly fitting that someone of Heezen's stature be honored by a memorial volume and the collection of papers in The Ocean Floor were gathered together for this purpose. Bruce was a gifted scientist with a wide‐ranging appetite for all facets of earth science, and in this respect he would have appreciated the pot pourri of marine geological topics covered in the book (e.g., continental margin investigations, sedimentological processes, plate tectonic models). Unfortunately, the book does not have an overall impact that measures up to the man that it commemorates. Too many of the papers read as if the authors, after having agreed to contribute to the volume, reached deep into their files to dredge up a neglected manuscript on one subject or another. As a consequence, many of the papers lack zest and fail to stimulate interest beyond their narrowly focused themes.
Actions at Hamburg: International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Reproduced below is a resolution adopted by IAMAP during the 18th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) in Hamburg, August 15–27, 1983. Other resolutions adopted by IAMAP at Hamburg were adopted by IUGG and reproduced in Eos, October 4, 1983.

The resolutions passed at each quadrennial general assembly of IUGG and o f its member associations are an important barometer of current opinion in the geophysics community and can be a powerful tool in the development of the scientific programs to which they are addressed. The resolutions will help advance programs, however, only if they are used. Carried back home by the national committees which make up the IUGG, the resolutions can spread information worldwide on programs that promise to most effectively advance geophysical knowledge. IUGG and its member associations intend that member groups will present the resolutions before deliberative bodies and otherwise use them to make decision makers aware of international scientific thought.
NASA data systems users
Authors: Baker D. N. , Zwickl R. D. , Green J. L.
Published: October 2011

A considerable evolution has occurred in the past two decades in the disciplines of solar‐terrestrial and interplanetary physics. Early research was centered around exploratory missions in which measurements from individual scientific instruments could be meaningfully employed to advance our state of knowledge. As these scientific disciplines have advanced, a much more profound, and interrelated, set of questions is being posed by researchers. The result is that present‐day investigations are generally much more complex; large volumes of data are acquired from multiple sensors on individual spacecraft or from ground‐based systems and, quite often, data are needed from multiple sources in order to address particular physical problems.
Geophysics and overall science strong in FY 1985 budget
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

A Mars mission, a new research thrust on the continental lithosphere, increased efforts in digital cartography, and construction of a Very Long Baseline Array radio telescope top the list of highlights for geophysics‐related research in the proposed fiscal 1985 federal budget that President Ronald Reagan sent to Congress earlier this month.

Science in general fared well in this fourth Reagan budget. Research and development support would grow 14% to $53 billion ($51.8 billion would go to conduct of R&D, while $1.3 billion would be allocated to R&D facilities). With a projected inflation rate of about 4%, this increase would provide real growth of 10% over fiscal 1984 levels. The largest increase for R&D, 22%, would support defense modernization. Figure 1 compares nondefense federal R&D obligations since 1978 in constant 1983 dollars, while Table 1 compares conduct of R&D by major departments and agencies.
Gravity theory test planned
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has decided to proceed with one of the most sophisticated attempts yet to test Einstein's gravitational theory. The proposed Gravity Probe B instrumented spacecraft program has been included in the agency's Fiscal Year 1985 budget request, but only after considerable in‐depth evaluation, both scientific and financial. Budgeted at $1.8 million for study in fiscal year 1984, it has been proposed at $ 3–5 million in fiscal year 1985 under the Physics and Astronomy Research and Analysis section of NASA's budget.

The idea of Gravity Probe B is to test the general theory of relativity by examining in fine detail changes of the precision parameters of an earth orbiting gyroscope (Science, 223, 30, 1984). The gyroscope will be a cryogenically cooled, highly sensitive instrument specifically designed for the measurements. The engineering concepts have been under development for decades, and although the effects being sought are subtle, the experiment is considered to be within the realm of feasibility.
Active faulting near Taupo
Authors: Hull Alan G. , Grindley George W.
Published: October 2011

The only confirmed fault displacement in New Zealand since that accompanying the 1968 Inangahua Earthquake was observed on June 23 and 24, 1983, 4 km west of Taupo in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, central North Island (Figure 1). Normal displacement occurred on the late Quaternary Kaiapo fault, previously active in 1922, when almost 1 m of normal fault displacement was observed [Grange, 1932], The Kaiapo Fault is one of a number of north‐east trending normal faults that constitute the active Taupo Fault Belt [Grindley, 1961], Current extension rates up to 7 mm per year have been calculated from geodetic observations [Sissons, 1979] across the northern part of the Taupo Volcanic Zone.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Eos periodically lists information on recently accepted doctoral dissertations in the disciplines of geophysics. Faculty members are invited to submit the following information, on institution letter head, above the signature of the faculty advisor or departmentchairman
Recent Ph.D.'s
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Eos periodically lists information on recently accepted doctoral dissertations in the disciplines of geophysics. Faculty members are invited to submit the following information, on institution letter head, above the signature of the faculty advisor or departmentchairman
Elastic lenses in the Earth
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Seismic waves in the earth's crust and mantle are known to be sensitive to density contrasts over large volumes of rock, which contrasts tend to cause focusing effects. The end results of such effects observed at seismograph stations are hard to detect unless sufficient arrivals are sampled. It is a common fault to confuse such effects with those of local structures and properties. In a study of teleseismic, short‐period (1 s) P‐wave travel‐time residuals and variations of amplitudes in western North America. R. Butler of the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics has found a high level of correlation to which he attributes qualitatively the focusing and defocusing of seismic waves (Nature, December 15, 1983). The correlation indicating that slow travel times relate to higher, and fast travel times to lower, amplitudes of seismic waves measured in western North America. Conversely, faster travel times and higher amplitudes are generally observed in eastern North America (defined as stations located east of the Rocky Mountain front). Although there may be less attenuation of seismic waves in the upper mantle beneath eastern North America, indications are that the degree of attenuation is highly variable. According to Butler, “On the large scale, the variations between western and eastern North America are probably rooted in lateral differences in temperature. Higher temperatures beneath the tectonically active west produce higher attentuation of P‐waves, lower velocities in the upper mantle, and high surface heat flow.” The focusing and defocusing effects of low and high velocity lenses, respectively, may be most effecitive if such lensese are located close to a seismic station. Butler noted that lenses, or anomalous regions, must have dimensions of one or more wavelengths of a P‐wave, which translates to a minimum dimension in the earth of 6–8 km (for 1‐s period waves). Positive correlations have been observed characteristically over large seismic arrays, suggeting the existence of lenses of several tens of square kilometers in cross section.
Horton: Award, medal, and grant
Authors: Eagleson Peter S.
Published: October 2011

In the January 17, 1984, issue of Eos (p. 22), you will find the citation and acceptance of the 1983 winner of the Robert E. Horton Award, David A. Woolhiser. This edition of WaterWatch contains a listing of past winners of both the Horton Award and the Horton Medal. In addition there is a call for proposals for the 1984 Horton Research Grant. That's a lot of Horton, and experience has shown it to generate considerable confusion. Here I hope to clarify matters by drawing upon the historical research of our past president, James R. Wallis.
Horton Research Grant posposals sought
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The American Geophysical Union is requesting proposals for the award of the Horton Research Grant. The proposal deadline is March 15, 1984. The grant will be in support of research projects in hydrology and water resources by Ph.D. candidates of American institutions of higher education and is awarded annually to a single proponent. Its objective is to foster graduate student research leading to the completion of doctoral dissertations. Proposals may be in hydrology (including its physical, chemical, or biological aspects) or in the water resource policy sciences (including economics, systems analysis, sociology, and law).
Data harmonization and model performance
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Joint Committee on Urban Storm Drainage of the International Association for Hydraulic Research (IAHR) and International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control (IAWPRC) was formed in 1982. The current committee members are (no more than two from a country): B. C. Yen, Chairman (USA); P. Harremoes, Vice Chairman (Denmark); R. K. Price, Secretary (UK); P. J. Colyer (UK), M. Desbordes (France), W. C. Huber (USA), K. Krauth (FRG), A. Sjoberg (Sweden), and T. Sueishi (Japan).

The IAHR/IAWPRC Joint Committee is forming a Task Group on Data Harmonization and Model Performance. One objective is to promote international urban drainage data harmonization for easy data and information exchange. Another objective is to publicize available models and data internationally. Comments and suggestions concerning the formation and charge of the Task Group are welcome and should be sent to: B. C. Yen, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Illinois, 208 N. Romine St., Urbana, IL 61801.
Transport processes of excessive sediment
Authors: Prestegaard Karen L.
Published: October 2011

The session on Transport Processes of Excessive Sediment Loads at the 1983 AGU Fall Meeting featured an excellent summary by H.W. Shen of the general points of the prevailing theories of transport mechanisms of high sediment loads, including both U.S. and Chinese work on the topic. The session attracted interesting papers and a good audience. The panel discussion after the papers was quite lively and contributed to the general understanding of the topic. Ray Krone gave a status report on the work of the American Society of Civil Engineers on excessive sediment loads, and guidelines for flood insurance for mud‐flood events was discussed.
Orinoco and Amazon
Authors: Prestegaard Karen L.
Published: October 2011

Although much of the research being done on these rivers is still in its early stages, the misprint in the 1983 AGU Fall Meeting abstracts issue of Eos (November 8, 1983, p. 697) appears to be correct: These rivers are topical as well as tropical. The series of papers by Meade, Nordin, Dunne, and Mertes provided some interesting observations (for example, the rivers exhibited complicated longitudinal variations in sediment storage).

R. F. Stollard presented an excellent paper on mixing in large tropical rivers. The Orinoco and Amazon Rivers have fairly low sinuosities, and high width/depth ratios. These characteristics might be responsible for the observations made by Hilerio and Stallard that the tributary water chemistry is not mixed across the main channel for distances of several hundred kilometers.
Edward C. Bullard 1907”1980
Authors: Shor Elizabeth N.
Published: October 2011

Professor Sir Edward Bullard was honored by his Queen in 1975 as a “world leader in geophysics.” Each of those words is apt: “world”—because indeed the earth was his domain, in theory and field work, in civilized and remote regions, and at sea; “leader”—because after listening to and conversing with students and colleagues he edged them toward carrying out large ideas from half‐formed thoughts; “geophysics”—a field between precise physics and imprecise geology that came into being only because a few outstanding and versatile scientists like Bullard could span the breadth. “Chance led me into geophysics at a wonderful time,” he said, “and it has been among the most rewarding experiences of my life to have played a part in the transformation of a backwater into a bandwagon” [Bullard, 1975b].
Cretaceous boundary
Authors: Reichhardt Tony
Published: October 2011

Four years after it was first proposed, the theory that a colossal meteorite struck the earth 65 million years ago continues to build toward a consensus—this despite recent findings that volcanic eruptions might also have caused the “iridium anomaly” that is the impact theory's best evidence (Eos, February 7, 1984, p. 41).

High concentrations of iridium at the Cretaceous‐tertiary boundary were first noticed in sediments from Italy, Denmark, Spain, and other locations around the world by Walter Alvarez, his father Luis, and their Berkeley colleagues. They concluded that the source of the extra iridium must have been extra‐terrestrial because the element shows up in crustal rocks only in very small amounts and no one could think of a mechanism that would distribute iridium from the mantle so widely around the surface of the globe. The Alvarez group postulated that a meteorite about 10‐km wide had collided with the earth, throwing up a planet‐encircling cloud that blocked out sunlight, ended photosynthesis, and snuffed out many of the land and sea creatures of the Mesozoic, including the dinosaurs.
Titan ocean: Ethane, methane, nitrogen
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Detection of the atmosphere of Saturn's satellite Titan by the Voyager I spacecraft indicated an abundance of only 3 mol % methane (CH4). Recently J.I. Lunine, D.J. Stevenson, and Y.L. Yung calculated that 3 mol % methane is sufficiently low to preclude the stable coexistence of liquid methane on Titan's surface, which has a temperature of 94 K (Science, 222, 1229, 1983). Instead, Lunine et al. suggest that Titan's atmospheric methane may have broken down by a catalyzed photochemical reaction to ethane (C2H6). The resulting ocean would consist of a mixture of C2H6 and CH4 in the proportion of 3 to 1.
The Boundary Integral Equation Method for Porous Media Flow
Authors: Anderson Mary P.
Published: October 2011

Just as groundwater hydrologists are breathing sighs of relief after the exertions of learning the finite element method, a new technique has reared its nodes—the boundary integral equation method (BIEM) or the boundary equation method (BEM), as it is sometimes called. As Liggett and Liu put it in the preface to The Boundary Integral Equation Method for Porous Media Flow, “Lately, the Boundary Integral Equation Method (BIEM) has emerged as a contender in the computation Derby.” In fact, in July 1984, the 6th International Conference on Boundary Element Methods in Engineering will be held aboard the Queen Elizabeth II, en route from Southampton to New York. These conferences are sponsored by the Department of Civil Engineering at Southampton College (UK), whose members are proponents of BIEM. The conferences have featured papers on applications of BIEM to all aspects of engineering, including flow through porous media. Published proceedings are available, as are textbooks on application of BIEM to engineering problems. There is even a 10‐minute film on the subject.
AGU membership applications
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Applications for membership have been received from the following individuals. The letter after the name denotes the proposed primary section affiliation.

Raffi Aroian (P), David Baker (P), D. Craig Barilotti (O), Stephen J. Barnes (V), Thomas O. Barnwell (H), Robert P. Bessette (G), Brian Bicknell (H), William Blumberg (A), Michele A. Boccadoro (G), Richard Boylan (T), Robert C. Bucknam (T), Roman J. Budzianowski (H), Bruce M. Crowe (V), Charles G. Cunningham (V).
Correction [to “Other awards”]
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

On p. 66 of the Feb. 21, 1984 issue of Eos, the paragraph in column 2 under Other Awards headed "Robert E. Horton Medal" should have appeared at the bottom of column 1, just before the section headed "Robert E. Horton Research Grant."
Changes in Earth programs at NSF
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Three programs within the Earth Sciences Division of the National Science Foundation (NSF) have changed names to more accurately reflect the programs supported by them, according to James F. Hays, division director. In addition, the division has two new programs: continental lithosphere and instrumentation and facilities.

The seismology and deep earth structure program is now the seismology program; the environmental geosciences program will now be called the surficial processes program. The scope of these two programs has not been changed.