bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The physics of long- and intermediate-wavelength asymmetries of the hot spot: Compression hydrodynamics and energetics
Authors: Bose A. , Betti R. , Shvarts D. , Woo K. M.
Published: October 2017

The effect of asymmetries on the performance of inertial confinement fusion implosions is investigated. A theoretical model is derived for the compression of distorted hot spots, and quantitative estimates are obtained using hydrodynamic simulations. The asymmetries are divided into low (ℓ<6) and intermediate (6<ℓ<40) modes by comparison of the mode wavelength with the hot-spot radius and the thermal-diffusion scale length. Long-wavelength modes introduce substantial nonradial motion, whereas intermediate-wavelength modes involve more cooling by thermal losses. It is found that for distorted hot spots, the measured neutron-averaged properties can be very different from the real hydrodynamic conditions. This is because mass ablation driven by thermal conduction introduces flows in the Rayleigh–Taylor bubbles that results in pressure variations, in addition to temperature variations between the bubbles and the neutron-producing region. The differences are less pronounced for long-wavelength asymmetries since the bubbles are relatively hot and sustain fusion reactions. The yield degradation—with respect to the symmetric case—results primarily from a reduction in the hot-spot pressure for low modes and from a reduction in burn volume for intermediate modes. A general expression is found relating the pressure degradation to the residual shell energy and the flow within the hot spot (i.e., the total residual energy).
Energetic fluctuations in amorphous semiconducting polymers: Impact on charge-carrier mobility
Authors: Gali Sai Manoj , D’Avino Gabriele , Aurel Philippe , Han Guangchao , Yi Yuanping , Papadopoulos Theodoros A. , Coropceanu Veaceslav , Brédas Jean-Luc , Hadziioannou Georges , Zannoni Claudio , Muccioli Luca
Published: October 2017

We present a computational approach to model hole transport in an amorphous semiconducting fluorene-triphenylamine copolymer (TFB), which is based on the combination of molecular dynamics to predict the morphology of the oligomeric system and Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC), parameterized with quantum chemistry calculations, to simulate hole transport. Carrying out a systematic comparison with available experimental results, we discuss the role that different transport parameters play in the KMC simulation and in particular the dynamic nature of positional and energetic disorder on the temperature and electric field dependence of charge mobility. It emerges that a semi-quantitative agreement with experiments is found only when the dynamic nature of the disorder is taken into account. This study establishes a clear link between microscopic quantities and macroscopic hole mobility for TFB and provides substantial evidence of the importance of incorporating fluctuations, at the molecular level, to obtain results that are in good agreement with temperature and electric field-dependent experimental mobilities. Our work makes a step forward towards the application of nanoscale theoretical schemes as a tool for predictive material screening.
Removing the barrier to the calculation of activation energies: Diffusion coefficients and reorientation times in liquid water
Authors: Piskulich Zeke A. , Mesele Oluwaseun O. , Thompson Ward H.
Published: October 2017

General approaches for directly calculating the temperature dependence of dynamical quantities from simulations at a single temperature are presented. The method is demonstrated for self-diffusion and OH reorientation in liquid water. For quantities which possess an activation energy, e.g., the diffusion coefficient and the reorientation time, the results from the direct calculation are in excellent agreement with those obtained from an Arrhenius plot. However, additional information is obtained, including the decomposition of the contributions to the activation energy. These results are discussed along with prospects for additional applications of the direct approach.
The aug-cc-pVnZ-F12 basis set family: Correlation consistent basis sets for explicitly correlated benchmark calculations on anions and noncovalent complexes
Authors: Sylvetsky Nitai , Kesharwani Manoj K. , Martin Jan M. L.
Published: October 2017

We have developed a new basis set family, denoted as aug-cc-pVnZ-F12 (or aVnZ-F12 for short), for explicitly correlated calculations. The sets included in this family were constructed by supplementing the corresponding cc-pVnZ-F12 sets with additional diffuse functions on the higher angular momenta (i.e., additional d-h functions on non-hydrogen atoms and p-g on hydrogen atoms), optimized for the MP2-F12 energy of the relevant atomic anions. The new basis sets have been benchmarked against electron affinities of the first- and second-row atoms, the W4-17 dataset of total atomization energies, the S66 dataset of noncovalent interactions, the Benchmark Energy and Geometry Data Base water cluster subset, and the WATER23 subset of the GMTKN24 and GMTKN30 benchmark suites. The aVnZ-F12 basis sets displayed excellent performance, not just for electron affinities but also for noncovalent interaction energies of neutral and anionic species. Appropriate CABSs (complementary auxiliary basis sets) were explored for the S66 noncovalent interaction benchmark: between similar-sized basis sets, CABSs were found to be more transferable than generally assumed.
Highly tunable electronic properties in plasma-synthesized B-doped microcrystalline-to-amorphous silicon nanostructure for solar cell applications
Authors: Lim J. W. M. , Ong J. G. D. , Guo Y. , Bazaka K. , Levchenko I. , Xu S.
Published: October 2017

Highly controllable electronic properties (carrier mobility and conductivity) were obtained in the sophisticatedly devised, structure-controlled, boron-doped microcrystalline silicon structure. Variation of plasma parameters enabled fabrication of films with the structure ranging from a highly crystalline (89.8%) to semi-amorphous (45.4%) phase. Application of the innovative process based on custom-designed, optimized, remote inductively coupled plasma implied all advantages of the plasma-driven technique and simultaneously avoided plasma-intrinsic disadvantages associated with ion bombardment and overheating. The high degree of SiH4, H2 and B2H6 precursor dissociation ensured very high boron incorporation into the structure, thus causing intense carrier scattering. Moreover, the microcrystalline-to-amorphous phase transition triggered by the heavy incorporation of the boron dopant with increasing B2H6 flow was revealed, thus demonstrating a very high level of the structural control intrinsic to the process. Control over the electronic properties through variation of impurity incorporation enabled tailoring the carrier concentrations over two orders of magnitude (1018–1020 cm−3). These results could contribute to boosting the properties of solar cells by paving the way to a cheap and efficient industry-oriented technique, guaranteeing a new application niche for this new generation of nanomaterials.
Magnetic suspension dynamic calibration device of measurement system for dynamic characteristics of sliding bearings
Authors: Ouyang Wu , Zhao Zhiming , Cai Le , Yuan Xiaoyang
Published: October 2017

A measurement system error is a key factor that disturbs the identification precision of sliding bearing’s dynamic characteristic coefficients. The transfer process and influence rule of errors from a measurement system to dynamic characteristic coefficients are analyzed by solving the dynamic characteristic measurement model. In order to ensure that the identification errors are no more than 40%, the amplitude error and phase error of the transfer function of the measurement system should be controlled within 10% and 1°, respectively. A novel magnetic suspension calibration method of the measurement system, which generates a vibration through a noncontact electromagnetic force rather than a traditional contact force, is proposed. A magnetic dynamic calibration device is developed. The experiment results show that the device can make dynamic calibration at different frequencies successfully, which is favorable to improve the controllability of the calibration process and the stability of calibration results.
Density matrix Monte Carlo modeling of quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Jirauschek Christian
Published: October 2017

By including elements of the density matrix formalism, the semiclassical ensemble Monte Carlo method for carrier transport is extended to incorporate incoherent tunneling, known to play an important role in quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). In particular, this effect dominates electron transport across thick injection barriers, which are frequently used in terahertz QCL designs. A self-consistent model for quantum mechanical dephasing is implemented, eliminating the need for empirical simulation parameters. Our modeling approach is validated against available experimental data for different types of terahertz QCL designs.
Magnetic vortex nucleation modes in static magnetic fields
Authors: Vaňatka Marek , Urbánek Michal , Jíra Roman , Flajšman Lukáš , Dhankhar Meena , Im Mi-Young , Michalička Jan , Uhlíř Vojtěch , Šikola Tomáš
Published: October 2017

The magnetic vortex nucleation process in nanometer- and micrometer-sized magnetic disks undergoes several phases with distinct spin configurations called the nucleation states. Before formation of the final vortex state, small submicron disks typically proceed through the so-called C-state while the larger micron-sized disks proceed through the more complicated vortex-pair state or the buckling state. This work classifies the nucleation states using micromagnetic simulations and provides evidence for the stability of vortex-pair and buckling states in static magnetic fields using magnetic imaging techniques and electrical transport measurements. Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy and Magnetic Transmission X-ray Microscopy are employed to reveal the details of spin configuration in each of the nucleation states. We further show that it is possible to unambiguously identify these states by electrical measurements via the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect. Combination of the electrical transport and magnetic imaging techniques confirms stability of a vortex-antivortex-vortex spin configuration which emerges from the buckling state in static magnetic fields.
Prairie strips improve biodiversity and the delivery of multiple ecosystem services from corn–soybean croplands
Authors: Schulte Lisa A. , Niemi Jarad , Helmers Matthew J. , Liebman Matt , Arbuckle J. Gordon , James David E. , Kolka Randall K. , O’Neal Matthew E. , Tomer Mark D. , Tyndall John C. , Asbjornsen Heidi , Drobney Pauline , Neal Jeri , Van Ryswyk Gary , Witte Chris
Published: October 2017

Significance

Prairie strips are a new conservation technology designed to alleviate biodiversity loss and environmental damage associated with row-crop agriculture. Results from a multiyear, catchment-scale experiment comparing corn and soybean fields with and without prairie vegetation indicated prairie strips raised pollinator and bird abundance, decreased water runoff, and increased soil and nutrient retention. These benefits accrued at levels disproportionately greater than the land area occupied by prairie strips. Social surveys revealed demand among both farm and nonfarm populations for the outcomes prairie strips produced. We estimated prairie strips could be used to improve biodiversity and ecosystem services across 3.9 million ha of cropland in Iowa and a large portion of the 69 million ha under similar management in the United States.
Speed regulation of genetic cascades allows for evolvability in the body plan specification of insects
Authors: Zhu Xin , Rudolf Heike , Healey Lucas , François Paul , Brown Susan J. , Klingler Martin , El-Sherif Ezzat
Published: October 2017

Significance

How a homogeneous group of cells is partitioned into domains of different identities is a common problem in embryogenesis. Partitioning, in some cases, takes places within a static tissue field and, in other cases, in a progressively growing tissue. A curious case is the partitioning of insect bodies into a head, thorax, and abdomen, which may take place in an elongating or in a nonelongating embryo (short- vs. long-germ insects). Through evolution, the first type of segmentation can easily evolve into the second. In our studies of
Tribolium
segmentation, we elucidated a patterning mechanism based on speed regulation of genetic cascades. The mechanism functions in both elongating and nonelongating tissues, and could potentially have parallels in other tissues and organisms.
Stress attenuates the flexible updating of aversive value
Authors: Raio Candace M. , Hartley Catherine A. , Orederu Temidayo A. , Li Jian , Phelps Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2017

Significance

A primary goal of translational affective science is to gain a more mechanistic understanding of how stress renders individuals vulnerable to maladaptive threat responses that lead to affective psychopathology. Here, we examined how exposure to acute stress influences the flexible modulation of threat response using reversal learning, a canonical assay of behavioral flexibility. We found that stress exposure led to marked deficits in updating affective responses to shifting sources of threat and that this deficit emerged from a failure to adjust learning rates to accurately reflect new patterns of aversive reinforcement. Our findings point to stress exposure as playing a causal role in reducing affective flexibility through selective learning mechanisms and have implications for healthy and clinical populations alike.
CTCF prevents genomic instability by promoting homologous recombination-directed DNA double-strand break repair
Authors: Lang Fengchao , Li Xin , Zheng Wenhai , Li Zhuoran , Lu Danfeng , Chen Guijun , Gong Daohua , Yang Liping , Fu Jinlin , Shi Peng , Zhou Jumin
Published: October 2017

Significance

CTCF interacts with the genome through thousands of sites and organizes the genome into topological domains, but whether CTCF has direct functions in the maintenance of genome stability is not known. Here, we report that CTCF depletion increases chromosomal instability and activates the DNA damage response. We show that CTCF is recruited to sites of DNA lesions in a process that depends on DNA damage signaling and the DNA-binding domain of CTCF, and that CTCF participates in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks by interacting with Rad51 and promoting Rad51 repair foci formation. Thus, CTCF maintains genome stability by participating in DNA repair, highlighting a potential link between genome organization and genome stability.
Li-rich antiperovskite superionic conductors based on cluster ions
Authors: Fang Hong , Jena Puru
Published: October 2017

Significance

Lithium superionic conductors with Li
+
conductivity that is comparable with that of the organic liquid electrolytes are critical for the development of practically useful all-solid-state batteries. Here, we show that cluster-based lithium superionic conductors can have very high conductivities of 10
−2
to over 10
−1
S/cm at room temperature, low activation energy under 0.210 eV, a giant band gap of 8.5 eV, and desired mechanical properties that entail great flexibility and can inhibit the dendric growth of Li metal. The high Li
+
conductivity of the materials results from the thermal excitation of quasirigid unit modes of the cluster ions and the exceptionally large channel size created by mixing large cluster ions together with the elementary ions.
Drk-mediated signaling to Rho kinase is required for anesthesia-resistant memory in
Drosophila
Authors: Kotoula Vasileia , Moressis Anastasios , Semelidou Ourania , Skoulakis Efthimios M. C.
Published: October 2017

Significance

Anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) has been puzzling because unlike long-term memory (LTM), it is translation independent in
Drosophila
. Although the two forms of consolidated memory are housed within the mushroom body neurons, they seem to employ distinct molecular pathways, with those that underlie ARM largely unknown. Elucidation of these pathways is essential to understanding ARM, how it differs from LTM, and what underlies their apparent inverse relationship. We reveal a signaling pathway that underlies ARM. Collectively, our results and already published results lead us to propose that a molecular hallmark of ARM formation is activity-dependent localized structural and functional changes in the neuronal actin cytoskeleton that alter synaptic strength or properties stable enough to last at least 24 h.
CRISPR-Cas9–based treatment of myocilin-associated glaucoma
Authors: Jain Ankur , Zode Gulab , Kasetti Ramesh B. , Ran Fei A. , Yan Winston , Sharma Tasneem P. , Bugge Kevin , Searby Charles C. , Fingert John H. , Zhang Feng , Clark Abbot F. , Sheffield Val C.
Published: October 2017

Significance

A mutation in myocilin is the most common known genetic cause of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). These mutations, which are dominant in nature, affect trabecular meshwork (TM) health and/or function and cause elevated intraocular pressure. Using in vitro human trabecular meshwork cells, an in vivo mouse model, and ex vivo human eyes, our study demonstrates the potential of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-mediated genome editing in human myocilin-associated POAG. By disrupting the mutant myocilin gene and its function using CRISPR-Cas9, we were able to reduce associated endoplasmic reticulum stress, lower intraocular pressure, and prevent further glaucomatous damage in mouse eyes. We also show the feasibility of using the CRISPR-Cas9 system in cultured human eyes.
Principles for computational design of binding antibodies
Authors: Baran Dror , Pszolla M. Gabriele , Lapidoth Gideon D. , Norn Christoffer , Dym Orly , Unger Tamar , Albeck Shira , Tyka Michael D. , Fleishman Sarel J.
Published: October 2017

Significance

Antibodies are the most versatile class of binding molecule known, and have numerous applications in biomedicine. Computational design of antibodies, however, poses unusual difficulties relative to previously designed proteins, as antibodies comprise multiple nonideal features, such as long and unstructured loops and buried charges and polar interaction networks. We developed an algorithm that uses information on backbone conformations and sequence-conservation patterns observed in natural antibodies to design new antibody binders. Designed antibodies were very different in sequence from natural ones, but had similarly desirable properties of affinity and stability, and molecular structures showed high accuracy relative to the design models. The design principles we implemented can be used to design other functional folds, including many enzyme classes.
Framework for gradual progression of cell ontogeny in the
Arabidopsis
root meristem
Authors: Wendrich Jos R. , Möller Barbara K. , Li Song , Saiga Shunsuke , Sozzani Rosangela , Benfey Philip N. , De Rybel Bert , Weijers Dolf
Published: October 2017

Significance

Plants have the ability to live and grow for many thousands of years due to the activity of groups of cells called meristems. Meristems contain stem cells that can survive the entire life of the plant and ensure the continuous supply of new cells. Stem cells are thought to be qualitatively different compared with their neighboring daughter cells. Here we show that in the case of the proximal root meristem, there does not seem to be such an on-off type of organization. We show that the majority of transcripts, together with other cellular properties, gradually transition from stem cell activity to differentiation, by opposing gradients. This impacts our understanding of meristem organization and will determine the direction of future research.
Katabatic winds diminish precipitation contribution to the Antarctic ice mass balance
Authors: Grazioli Jacopo , Madeleine Jean-Baptiste , Gallée Hubert , Forbes Richard M. , Genthon Christophe , Krinner Gerhard , Berne Alexis
Published: October 2017

Significance

Precipitation over Antarctica remains largely unknown, despite its crucial role in the surface mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet. Using unprecedented observations covering an entire year, this work describes a previously unknown mechanism that leads to the sublimation of a large fraction of snowfall in the lower atmosphere, resulting from the interaction of precipitation and katabatic winds. Snowfall sublimation in the atmosphere, caused by katabatic winds, is in the order of 35% in the margins of East Antarctica. This process critically affects the interpretation of satellite-based remote sensing observations close to the ground and suggests that snowfall sublimation in a warming climate may counterbalance the expected increase of precipitation.
Universal poroelastic mechanism for hydraulic signals in biomimetic and natural branches
Authors: Louf J.-F. , Guéna G. , Badel E. , Forterre Y.
Published: October 2017

Significance

Plants are sessile organisms without nerves. As such, they have developed specific mechanisms to carry information rapidly throughout their body in response to mechanical stimuli. Recently, it has been suggested that the first stage of this long-distance signaling could be the propagation of hydraulic signals induced by the mechanical deformation of the plant tissue (bending), but the physical origin of this hydromechanical coupling remains a conundrum. Here, we address this issue by combining experiments on natural tree branches and soft biomimetic beams with modeling. We reveal a generic nonlinear mechanism responsible for the generation of hydraulic pulses induced by bending in poroelastic branches. Our study gives a physical basis for long-distance communication in plants based on fast hydraulic signals.
Heterochronic truncation of odontogenesis in theropod dinosaurs provides insight into the macroevolution of avian beaks
Authors: Wang Shuo , Stiegler Josef , Wu Ping , Chuong Cheng-Ming , Hu Dongyu , Balanoff Amy , Zhou Yachun , Xu Xing
Published: October 2017

Significance

We identified truncation of tooth development during postnatal ontogeny in two theropod dinosaurs, a caenagnathid oviraptorosaur and the Early Cretaceous bird
Sapeornis
. Developmental and paleontological evidence each suggests dental reduction and beak evolution are coupled, and a sequence of common morphologies is identified that characterizes the multiple transitions to toothless beaks in theropod dinosaurs and birds. Shifts toward earlier cessation of postnatal tooth development can be identified in fish, amphibians, and mammals that are edentulous as adults; therefore the identification of similar transitions in multiple Mesozoic theropod dinosaur lineages strongly implies that heterochronic truncation of odontogenesis played an important role in the macroevolution of beaks in modern birds.
A protean clamp guides membrane targeting of tail-anchored proteins
Authors: Chio Un Seng , Chung SangYoon , Weiss Shimon , Shan Shu-ou
Published: October 2017

Significance

To maintain cellular organization, many chaperones and targeting factors escort nascent proteins to membrane destinations. It was generally thought that substrate proteins preferably bind conformationally closed chaperones. Here, we used single-molecule spectroscopy to study the conformation and dynamics of the ATPase guided entry of tail-anchored protein 3 (Get3), which delivers an essential class of tail-anchored proteins (TAs) to the endoplasmic reticulum. Contrary to previous models, TA-bound Get3 rapidly fluctuates between open and closed conformations, forming a “protean clamp” that stably traps substrates. Biochemical data showed that this dynamic opening primes Get3 for targeting of TAs to membrane receptor sites. Analogous protean traps may operate in other chaperones, targeting factors, and transporters, providing a dual mechanism to both stably retain substrates and vectorially drive cellular processes.
De novo design of covalently constrained mesosize protein scaffolds with unique tertiary structures
Authors: Dang Bobo , Wu Haifan , Mulligan Vikram Khipple , Mravic Marco , Wu Yibing , Lemmin Thomas , Ford Alexander , Silva Daniel-Adriano , Baker David , DeGrado William F.
Published: October 2017

Significance

The incorporation of a small organic molecule into a protein core opens the door to create previously inaccessible three-dimensional structures. When combined with modern computational methods, we show that CovCore proteins can be designed with predictable folds. The small organic molecule is incorporated as an intrinsic part of the protein core, forming both covalent and noncovalent interactions, which help define the unique tertiary structures. The design methodology and experimental strategies are compatible with combinatorial library screening methods and hence hold promise for a variety of applications including inhibitors of protein–protein interactions.
Mediator subunit MED25 links the jasmonate receptor to transcriptionally active chromatin
Authors: An Chunpeng , Li Lin , Zhai Qingzhe , You Yanrong , Deng Lei , Wu Fangming , Chen Rong , Jiang Hongling , Wang Hang , Chen Qian , Li Chuanyou
Published: October 2017

Significance

Sensing of the plant hormone jasmonate (JA) by the F-box protein CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1) triggers profound transcriptional changes that are regulated by the master regulator MYC2. However, it remains unclear how COI1 communicates with the general transcription machinery and chromatin. Here, we show that MED25, a subunit of the Mediator coactivator complex, physically and functionally interacts with COI1 on the promoters of MYC2 targets. MED25 also physically and functionally interacts with HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE1 (HAC1), which selectively regulates histone (H) 3 lysine (K) 9 acetylation of MYC2 targets. Therefore, MED25 integrates regulatory signals that converge on the promoters of MYC2 targets. Our results reveal a fundamental mechanism by which Mediator coordinates the actions of both genetic and epigenetic regulators into a concerted transcriptional program.
Echolocating bats rely on audiovocal feedback to adapt sonar signal design
Authors: Luo Jinhong , Moss Cynthia F.
Published: October 2017

Significance

Echolocating animals are well known for their capability to extract rich information about the environment from echo returns. However, past research has not determined whether audiovocal feedback contributes to sonar call design. Audiovocal feedback is the process whereby an animal listens to the sounds it is producing and is used by both nonecholocating animals and humans to control their ongoing vocalizations. Here, we show that echolocating bats rely on audiovocal feedback, instead of echo feedback, to adapt their sonar call design in response to acoustic jamming signals. Our findings demonstrate that bats, like birds and humans, not only use audiovocal feedback to fine-tune the features of their calls, but also do so on a rapid timescale.
Fluctuation-enhanced electric conductivity in electrolyte solutions
Authors: Péraud Jean-Philippe , Nonaka Andrew J. , Bell John B. , Donev Aleksandar , Garcia Alejandro L.
Published: October 2017

Significance

Using fluctuating hydrodynamics, we demonstrate that thermal fluctuations contribute to charge transport in binary electrolyte solutions. We show the existence of an enhancement, or renormalization, of the electric conductivity due to the coupling between fluctuations of charge and fluid velocity. This coupling results in nontrivial corrections to the classical Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations, which are of the order of the square root of the salt concentration and therefore significant even for dilute solutions. Our calculations predict a cation–anion cross-diffusion coefficient that is in quantitative agreement with experimental measurements. Our findings have important implications for the fields of both mesoscale hydrodynamics and electrolyte transport.
Mapping allele with resolved carrier status of Robertsonian and reciprocal translocation in human preimplantation embryos
Authors: Xu Jiawei , Zhang Zhen , Niu Wenbin , Yang Qingling , Yao Guidong , Shi Senlin , Jin Haixia , Song Wenyan , Chen Lei , Zhang Xiangyang , Guo Yihong , Su Yingchun , Hu Linli , Zhai Jun , Zhang Yile , Dong Fangli , Gao Yumei , Li Wenhui , Bo Shiping , Hu Mintao , Ren Jun , Huang Lei , Lu Sijia , Xie X. Sunney , Sun Yingpu
Published: October 2017

Significance

In in vitro fertilization, it is difficult, if not impossible, with current methods to determine whether an embryo carries a chromosomal translocation. We have established a method for diagnosing chromosome abnormality named “Mapping Allele with Resolved Carrier Status” (MaReCs), which enables simultaneous screening of chromosomal ploidy and translocation in an embryo by next-generation sequencing. We demonstrate and validate that MaReCs allows accurate selection of translocation-free embryos, preventing the transmission of chromosomal translocations to future generations.
Introduction
Authors: Alvstad Cecilia , Greenall Annjo K. , Jansen Hanne , Taivalkoski-Shilov Kristiina
Published: October 2017

Voices – marks of the tangle of subjectivities involved in textual processes – constitute the very fabric of texts in general and translations in particular. The title of this book, Textual and Contextual Voices of Translation, refers both to textual voices, that is, the voices found within the translated texts, and to contextual voices, that is, the voices of those involved in shaping, commenting on, or otherwise influencing the textual voices. The latter appear in prefaces, reviews, and other texts that surround the translated texts and provide them with a context. Our main claim is that studying both the textual and contextual voices helps us better understand and explain the complexity of both the translation process and the translation product. The dovetailed approach to translation research that is advocated in this book aims at highlighting the diversity of participants, power positions, tensions, conflicts, and debates and how they both textually and contextually materialize as voices before, during, and after the translation process.
The Scandinavian singer-translator’s multisemiotic voice as performance
Authors: Greenall Annjo K.
Published: October 2017

Most current research on translator’s voice within Translation Studies focuses on voice in written communication. The present chapter seeks to expand the concept to include multisemiotic voice – ways of expressing (inter)subjectivity/agency/identity across several channels, including the visual and auditory. The notion of multisemiotic voice is illustrated through the case of the Scandinavian song translator, more specifically the singer-translator, that is, song translators who translate songs as well as perform them. The chapter also discusses the relationship between the translators’ textual and contextual displays of voice, arguing that they converge on the notion of performativity: they are social rituals whereby (singer-)translators build their identities as performers, in a literal or non-literal sense.
Contextual factors when reading a translated academic text
Authors: Taivalkoski-Shilov Kristiina , Koponen Maarit
Published: October 2017

This study builds on Taivalkoski-Shilov’s (2015b) work on the reception of Foucault’s Histoire de la sexualité in Finland, as translated by Kaisa Sivenius in 1998. It examines how two non-interdependent factors that proved central to the reception of Sivenius’s translation in Taivalkoski-Shilov’s study – paratexts and readers’ academic background – affect how readers react to a translated academic text. Our empirical study on Finnish university students reading Sivenius’s translation consisted of two parts: an eye-tracking study followed by short interviews and a reading task given to some participants with a request to write a narrative report. The participants were divided into five different groups with six to eight participants. We studied the effect of paratexts on three groups in an eye-tracking study, prior to which each group read a different paratext. The effect of academic background was studied by an analysis of narrative reports that two groups with different academic backgrounds (translator students and non-translator students) wrote about their reading experience. The analysis of the eye-tracking data gives some evidence that the paratexts read prior to reading the text sample influenced the participants’ perspective in regard to the translation. The narrative reports indicate that the participants’ academic background affected the way they reacted to Sivenius’s translation. Consequently, this study suggests that voices that surround both texts and their readers influence how these readers respond to translated academic texts.
When poets translate poetry
Authors: Refsum Christian
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses the interplay between translation and writing in the work of poets who also translate poetry. First, I present the Scandinavian term gjendiktning for the creative rewriting of poetry. I then discuss the role of the author and translator with reference to Michel Foucault’s essay“What Is an Author?”and the task of the poet-translator in relation to theories by Antoine Berman and Barbara Folkart. I then outline four areas of investigation relevant for examining the work of the poet-translator: (1) inclusion, (2) experimentation and renewal, (3) contextualization and positioning, and (4) friendship and community. Finally, I discuss the poet-translators Robert Bly, Tomas Tranströmer, and especially Jan Erik Vold to demonstrate the relevance of this approach.
Translators in search of originals
Authors: Bassnett Susan
Published: October 2017

This chapter looks at the problems of translating ancient texts that have undergone centuries of textual intervention and manipulation by many different hands. Changing perceptions of the canonical status of ancient works, combined with the textual instability of such “originals,” means that translators can engage with ancient texts in a new spirit of respectful appropriation. Illustrative examples include the work of contemporary translators from Ancient Greek, Latin, Old Welsh, and Old Irish.
Unraveling multiple translatorship through an e-mail correspondence
Authors: Jansen Hanne
Published: October 2017

The aim of this study is to shed light on questions of “multiple translatorship” and particularly on translation collaboration processes. The empirical material consists of more than three hundred e-mails exchanged between two co-translators who translated Claudio Magris’s novel Alla cieca (2005) into Danish. The theoretical framework presents a double perspective through which the e-mail correspondence is studied: on the one hand, as an ethnographic “thick description” (focusing on translation as an event), with the aim of uncovering who the agents involved are, how they interact, and what their impact is on the final product; and on the other, as a “think-aloud correspondence” (focusing on translation as a cognitive act), with the aim of shedding light on the two translators’ strategies of problem solving and decision-making.
The voices of Cieza de León in English
Authors: Valdeón Roberto A.
Published: October 2017

Cieza de León’s Crónica del Perú, a chronicle of his travels through the Andean region in the sixteenth century, was translated into English by John Stevens in 1709 and by Clements Markham in 1864, and then again in the twentieth century by Harriet de Onís and Alexandra and Noble Cook. This chapter explores how the voice of Cieza de León has been changed in the translations and their paratexts, and in the recent appropriation of parts of his work by some US scholars, who have used the topic of sodomy for their representations of colonial sexual habits in the Andean world. My analysis shows that by doing so, these scholars misrepresent the polyphonic nature of Cieza de León’s work.
Anchoring dialogue interpreting in principles of teaching and learning
Authors: Angelelli Claudia V.
Published: October 2017

In today’s multilingual societies cross-linguistic communication is increasingly frequent, especially when it relates to accessing services. When providers and clients do not share a language, an interpreter, either face-to-face or remotely, steps in to enable communication. This generally occurs in the form of a dialogue in which at least three interlocutors participate. The need for learning and teaching dialogue interpreting (DI) has increased exponentially in the last decades, given the current mobility of individual providers and users as well as social phenomena such as geographic displacement of large linguistic groups. In this chapter, we build on the basic principles of teaching and learning from education and applied linguistics (specifically language pedagogy) to discuss the curriculum design of DI. Grounded on principles of student-centeredness, interpreting pedagogy and Vygotskian views on education, this chapter is a space to explore some critical areas in DI programme design such as content, staff and assessment.
It’s not about the interpreter
Authors: Ozolins Uldis
Published: October 2017

While a central objective of any interpreter training is to develop professional language transfer skills, dialogue interpreting sets additional challenges in coping with the interpersonal dynamics and often significantly divergent institutional status, discourse styles and communicative intent of participants. An interpreted encounter exists not for the interpreter, but for these other two or more parties, and the interpreter must perform an often complex act of transferring meaning between two parties with perhaps quite varying dispositions and expectations. Achieving this synthesis of translation competence, interpersonal performance and contextual knowledge describes the objectives of dialogue interpreting education. Such preparation differs in degree and in kind from preparation in other interpreting fields, demanding focus on social and interactional as much as on linguistic features of encounters.
Sign language interpreting education
Authors: Hammer Annemiek , van den Bogaerde Beppie
Published: October 2017

We present a description of our didactic approach to train undergraduate sign language interpreters on their interpersonal and reflective skills. Based predominantly on the theory of role-space by Llewellyn-Jones and Lee (2014), we argue that dialogue settings require a dynamic role of the interpreter in which s/he constantly makes choices based on contextual, interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. Reflection on the interpreter’s interpersonal skills (IPS) is essential to improve the interpreter’s behaviour. We developed several courses of Interpreting Skills (INS) offered during a four-year tertiary education programme, based on the concepts of competency-based learning and teaching. We provide a short description of one course in particular, INS7, and give some examples of practice (role-play) and (self)assessment.
Teaching interpreters and translators to work in educational settings
Authors: Valero-Garcés Carmen , Tan Yanping
Published: October 2017

This chapter deals with educating dialogue interpreters working between languages/cultures that are linguistically and culturally distant to successfully deal with cultural issues when mediating in educational settings. The specific focus is on the Chinese community in Spanish schools. The objective of the article is twofold: firstly, to highlight the particular challenges of working as a linguistic and cultural intermediary in such settings, and secondly, to propose resources and activities that can serve as teaching tools. In order to achieve this goal, some key principles in designing a context-sensitive educational curriculum for dialogue interpreters are presented, followed by a description of the main characteristics of the Chinese population in the Spanish education system and of how Chinese students appear to experience Spanish classrooms. We finally illustrate a series of activities and materials that have been successfully utilised in teaching dialogue interpreters to work with the Chinese community in educational settings.1
Non-verbals in dialogue interpreter education
Authors: Krystallidou Demi
Published: October 2017

Dialogue interpreter education has paid little attention to the importance of non-verbal clues in interaction. This paper reports on an experiment at Ghent University where student interpreters were asked to perform a set of activities aiming at raising awareness of the importance of non-verbal behaviour for the co-construction of meaning in interpreter-mediated interaction. At the end of the experiment the students reported that they had become more aware of the impact of their own and others’ non-verbal clues in the co-construction of meaning during interaction.
Make it different! Teaching interpreting with theatre techniques
Authors: Kadrić Mira
Published: October 2017

Dialogue Interpreting (DI) involves the human being as a whole, with both her/his body and mind as well as social and communicative needs. It is a combination of intellect and feeling, which requires the rational mind to operate in an emotional setting. This concept is illustrated in detail in the present paper using methods taken from theatre pedagogy and applied to interpreter education. The method of performing scenes focuses on the way language, action and awareness influence each other. The goal of this didactic approach is to identify habitual behaviours, analyse and deconstruct societal structures of power, and promote independent interpreting work – trying out new possibilities helps adjust and alter discourses and demonstrates that for every decision there is an alternative.
“That we all behave like professionals”
Authors: Skaaden Hanne
Published: October 2017

How may interpreting students acquire professional identity and knowledge online? The chapter explores knowledge building through the discourse analysis of students’ and facilitators’ interactions in real-time, text-only chats in a blended course. The university level course (30 ECTS) applies an experiential-dialogic approach to learning that sees the teacher as a facilitator. In the chat logs, the students discuss dilemmas of practice, while the facilitators reflect on the students’ ability to articulate knowledge through action in role-played exercises. The qualitative analysis shows how the didactic approach allows for professional identity and knowledge to develop. The data are derived from multiple year classes, each with up to eighty students from eight to ten working languages (WLs). To enter the course, students pass an admittance test that evaluates their listening and speaking skills in both WLs, one of which is always Norwegian. An exam testing practical interpreting skills completes the course.
Nice as a cultural keyword
Authors: Waters Sophia
Published: October 2017

This chapter investigates the English word nice as a cultural keyword, around which sociality discourses revolve. Focusing on its semantic scope in Australian discourse, the keyword nice has an important story to tell about socially accepted and approved ways of thinking, communicating and behaving. Oftentimes nice has been trivialised, or even ridiculed as an “empty word”, but closer scrutiny reveals that nice has all the characteristics of a cultural keyword. It is frequent and foundational in Australian discourse, and it reflects cultural logics, values and orientations. Also, as is common with cultural keywords, nice lacks translational equivalents, even in closely related languages. A comparison with French gentil demonstrates how nice is distinctive in the way it organises and maintains specific discursive orders.
Cantonese ‘mong4’
Authors: Leung Helen Hue Lam
Published: October 2017

This chapter investigates the Hong Kong Cantonese cultural keyword ‘mong4’.1

Mong is usually translated into English as busy and into Mandarin as máng, but though their meanings overlap, many examples of busy and máng cannot be translated directly into Cantonese using mong. This is because mong has a culturally significant meaning and usage, and is linked to a specific value system supported by Hong Kong discourse. This chapter examines some differences between mong, busy and máng, explores Hong Kong discourses of work and life, and the meta-discourse surrounding mong in the speech community. A Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) explication for mong is proposed in English and Cantonese.
Pluralities of events
Authors: Donazzan Marta , Tovena Lucia M.
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we tackle the issue of the semantics of semelfactive predicates by looking at ata-nominalisations built on instrument semelfactive verbs in Italian. Being nomen vicis forms, these nominalisations denote singular instances of events. The comparison allows us to cast new light on the issue of what counts as a unit in the domain of semelfactive verbs. We then apply this line of exploration to the issue of the double reading of semelfactives – semel and processive, and show that the two readings of their ata-nominalisations correspond to predicates belonging to distinct aspectual types.
Partial subject paradigms and feature geometry in Northern Occitan dialects
Authors: Oliviéri Michèle , Lai Jean-Pierre , Heap David
Published: October 2017

In between the minority of Romance languages that have full paradigms of subject clitics (e.g. Standard French) and the unmarked null subject grammars (e.g. Spanish, Italian and most Occitan dialects), a continuum of transitional varieties shows between one and five nominative clitics. Unlike the better documented Northern Italian Dialects, Northern Occitan Dialects have nominative clitics paradigms which typically begin with distinct meteorological subjects. The shape and sequence of the partial nominative clitic paradigms maps the progressive diachronic introduction of contrasts using underspecified monovalent features organized hierarchically to reflect implicational dependencies, following Harley & Ritter’s (2002) Feature Geometry. Meteorological subject pronouns play a crucial role in this diachronic progression precisely because they lack morphological features and therefore can map onto non-referential subjects.
Modality, presupposition and discourse
Authors: Amaral Patrícia , Del Prete Fabio
Published: October 2017

This paper provides a semantic analysis of the particles afinal (European Portuguese) and alla fine (Italian) in terms of the notion of truth unpersistence, which can be situated at the intersection of epistemic modality and discourse structure. In the analysis proposed, the particles are propositional operators and require that the truth of a proposition p* fail to persist through a temporal succession of epistemic states, this proposition being incompatible with the prejacent, and that the interlocutors share knowledge of a previous epistemic attitude toward p*. We analyze two main cases (plan-related and non plan-related propositions) and also show that these particles are indexical to one (or more) epistemic agent(s) and allow for shifts in perspective.
Locality constraints on θ-theory
Authors: Kaminszczik Sonia , Saab Andrés
Published: October 2017

We focus on a pattern of Spanish se-reflexivization in ditransitive contexts that has not received due attention in the previous literature, namely, the impossibility of reflexivizing the direct object in presence of a dative clitic. In doing so, we will argue in favor of a particular long-distance approach to θ-assignment and against attract-based models. We will also defend the view of se as an edge marker (i.e., a v expletive) and argue against the hypothesis of se as residue of A-movement.