bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Chemistry of Liberty
Authors: Mincyte Diana
Published: July 2007

This essay is an autoethnographic attempt to bring together personal experiences, memories, and historical accounts about the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1944 and the overthrow of the regime by the nationalist movement in 1990. It weaves together visions, recollections, and stories in search for how such abstract notions as freedom, progress, and democracy intersect with "small lives." Its central concern is to understand why social movements, state institutions, and new technologies grow to reproduce social inequalities and, by doing so, fail in their promise to bring freedom to the general population. This essay arrives at the conclusion that there is no universal definition of liberty nor a single institutional means to free the public. It places the agency in the hands of the individual and argues that freedom as such exists only when we negotiate, search, and believe in the possibility for a better world.
Educated Hope in an Age of Privatized Visions
Authors: Giroux Henry A.
Published: July 2007

Questions of agency and hope are inseparable from questions of politics and social struggle. As the vast majority of citizens become detached from public forums that nourish social critique, agency not only becomes a mockery of itself, it is replaced by market-based choices in which private satisfactions replace social responsibilities and biographic solutions become a substitute for systemic change. As the worldly space of criticism is undercut by the absence of public spheres that encourage the exchange of information, opinion, and criticism, the horizons of a substantive democracy disappear against the growing isolation and depoliticization that marks the loss of a politically guaranteed public realm in which autonomy, political participation, and engaged citizenship make their appearance. Drawing on the work of Cornelius Castoriadis, the author attempts to address the current crisis of meaning, political agency, and pedagogy and develop a cultural politics that links the notion of educated hope to the promise of a radical democracy.
Writing Sociology
Authors: Richardson Laurel
Published: July 2007

In this article, the author considers alternative forms for writing sociology and the question of audience(s) for sociological writing. The author briefly discusses a poststructuralist approach to knowledge, acknowledges her own writing history, and then presents a narrative, "Chicago 1940," which situates sociological conceptualization in an autoethnography.
Sociological Writing in the Wake of Postmodernism
Authors: Agger Ben
Published: July 2007

The author argues that sociological writing needs to shift out of the positivist mode of the report of findings and become unashamedly literary. That is, it must confess its "authoriality," the fact that it has been written with perspective, passion, and political standpoint by an author. In this sense, sociology is science fiction-a way of making an argument using data and analysis. Much positivist sociological writing erases the author's fingerprints from the text with methodology, which is seen to end arguments Informed by Derrida and the Frankfurt School, the author contends that nonpositivist sociological writing confesses its animating assumptions and invites others to join an endless argument about the good. Writing models community in this way and helps bring it about. For sociology to be told as a "story" need not delegitimize its findings; objectivity and a literary subjectivity need not clash but can be seen as mutually reinforcing once we abandon the positivist goal of perfect representation.
Michel Foucault as "Thin" Communitarian: Difference, Community, Democracy
Authors: Olssen Mark
Published: July 2007

Rather than advocating a variant of ethical dandyism revolving around individualistic withdrawal and the aesthetic intensification of sexual pleasures, this article argues that Foucault's ethical and political ouvre can best be represented as a form of nonmonistic communitariamsm termed "thin" communitarianism. In this model, difference and unity are paired or balanced. Although difference is given greater scope than in traditional enlightenment philosophical theorizing, the author argues that it must be nevertheless contextualized in relation to a model of community if it is to be coherent. Extending the argument further, he argues that a form of democratic associationism better fits the type of political community he intends. In this sense, Foucault is best represented as a "thin" communitarian, not in the sense of Rawls, Habermas, or the premodern notion of a community as having a substantive common goal or unified bond (communio), but rather as a interactive multiplicity (commercium) not ruled by any organizing or binding law or principle, and as a structure of tacit agreements, understandings, and rules that represent the basis of political reason as a pragmatic code for problem solving rather than a set of universal epistemological principles based on truth.
Tribological properties of atmospheric plasma sprayed Cr2O3 coatings: Effect of NiAl bond coating
Authors: Pantelis D. I. , Sarafoglou C. I. , Petsas N. P. , Economou S. N. , Vardavoulias M. K.
Published: July 2007

The present study has investigated the microstructural, tribological and mechanical properties of three coatings (Cr2O3, NiAl and Cr2O3–bond coating NiAl), obtained by atmospheric plasma spraying on medium carbon steel. More precisely, the effect of the bond coating (NiAl) on the properties of ceramic coating is investigated. The results showed that NiAl bond coating improved Cr2O3 adhesion with the substrate on the order of 25%. Furthermore, the application of NiAl bond coating enhanced the quality of Cr2O3 coating surface morphology (reducing the percentage of pores), increased the microhardness (on the order of ∼ 100 HV300) and improved the wear behaviour.
Effects of different alloying concepts of new hot work tool steels on the hardness profile after nitriding
Authors: Schneider R. , Schweiger H. , Reiter G. , Strobl V.
Published: July 2007

Hot work tool steels contain several strong nitride forming elements such as Cr, V and Si that affect the nitriding of steels for many applications. The present paper presents the effects of different alloy compositions of hot work tool steels, including standard grades, new vacuum remelted high performance grades and some model alloys, on the hardness profile after nitriding. The effect of the content of different elements (Cr, Mo, V, Si and Al) on the maximum hardness level and the nitriding depth were investigated.

Reducing the silicon content enhances the nitriding performance, resulting in a higher nitriding depth or shorter nitriding duration. Aluminium reduces the nitriding depth slightly but leads to a strong increase in the surface hardness. Furthermore, aluminium significantly improves the thermal stability of the nitrided layer under operating conditions. The results can be used to aid the selection of hot work tool steels and appropriate nitriding parameters.
Intensive chemotherapy regimen (LMB86) for St Jude stage IV AIDS-related Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia: a prospective study
Authors: Galicier Lionel , Fieschi Claire , Borie Raphael , Meignin Véronique , Daniel Marie-Thérèse , Gérard Laurence , Oksenhendler Eric
Published: July 2007

Prognosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)–related non-Hodgkin lymphoma has improved since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Burkitt lymphomas (BLs) still have poor outcome in patients with bone marrow (BM) or central nervous system (CNS) involvement when treated with standard-dose chemotherapy. We have prospectively evaluated the LMB86 regimen in 63 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients with stage IV (BM and/or CNS involvement) BL consecutively recruited between November 1992 and January 2006. At BL diagnosis, the median CD4 cell count was 239 × 106/L (range, 16-1188 × 106/L). BM and CNS involvement were present in 55 (80%) and 48 (76%) patients, respectively. Forty-four patients (70%) achieved complete response. Seven treatment-related deaths occurred and all patients experienced severe BM toxicity. With a median follow-up of 66 months (range, 6-165 months), 11 patients relapsed. The estimate 2-year overall survival and disease-free survival were 47.1% (95% CI, 34-59.1) and 67.8% (95% CI, 51-80), respectively. We identified 2 poor prognosis factors: low CD4 count and ECOG more than 2. Patients with 0 or 1 factor had good outcome (2-year survival: 60%) contrasting with patients with 2 factors (2-year survival: 12%). We conclude that LMB86 regimen is highly effective in advanced HIV-related BL and should be proposed for patients with CD4 count higher than 200 × 106/L or ECOG of 2 or less.
Mapping phosphoproteins in Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Su Hsun-Cheng , Hutchison Clyde A , Giddings Morgan C
Published: July 2007

Background

Little is known regarding the extent or targets of phosphorylation in mycoplasmas, yet in many other bacterial species phosphorylation is known to play an important role in signaling and regulation of cellular processes. To determine the prevalence of phosphorylation in mycoplasmas, we examined the CHAPS-soluble protein fractions of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), using a combination of Pro-Q Diamond phosphoprotein stain and 33P labeling. Protein spots that were positive for phosphorylation were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry.

Results

We identified a total of 24 distinct phosphoproteins, about 3% and 5% of the total protein complement in M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium, respectively, indicating that phosphorylation occurs with prevalence similar to many other bacterial species. Identified phosphoproteins include pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha and beta subunits, enolase, heat shock proteins DnaK and GroEL, elongation factor Tu, cytadherence accessory protein HMW3, P65, and several hypothetical proteins. These proteins are involved in energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, translation/transcription and cytadherence. Interestingly, fourteen of the 24 phosphoproteins we identified (58%) were previously reported as putatively associated with a cytoskeleton-like structure that is present in the mycoplasmas, indicating a potential regulatory role for phosphorylation in this structure.

Conclusion

This study has shown that phosphorylation in mycoplasmas is comparable to that of other bacterial species. Our evidence supports a link between phosphorylation and cytadherence and/or a cytoskeleton-like structure, since over half of the proteins identified as phosphorylated have been previously associated with these functions. This opens the door to further research into the purposes and mechanisms of phosphorylation for mycoplasmas.
Professional quality of life and organizational changes: a five-year observational study in Primary Care
Authors: Martin-Fernandez Jesus , Gomez-Gascon Tomas , Beamud-Lagos Milagros , Cortes-Rubio Jose Alfonso , Alberquilla-Menendez-Asenjo Angel
Published: July 2007

Background

The satisfaction and the quality of life perceived by professionals have implications for the performance of health organizations. We have assessed the variations in professional quality of life (PQL) and their explanatory factors during a services management decentralization process.

Methods

It was designed as a longitudinal analytical observational study in a Health Area in Madrid, Spain. Three surveys were sent out during an ongoing management decentralization process between 2001 and 2005. The professionals surveyed were divided into three groups: Group I (97.3% physicians), group II (92.5% nurses) and group III (auxiliary personnel). Analysis of the tendency and elaboration of an explanatory multivariate model was made. The PQL -35 questionnaire, based on Karasek's demand-control theory, was used to measure PQL. This questionnaire recognizes three PQL dimensions: management support (MS), workload (WL) and intrinsic motivation (IM).

Results

1444 responses were analyzed. PQL increased 0.16 (CI 95% 0.04 – 0.28) points in each survey. Group II presents over time a higher PQL score than group I of 0.38 (IC 95% 0.18 – 0.59) points. There is no difference between groups I and III.

For each point that MS increases, PQL increases between 0.44 and 0.59 points. PQL decreases an average of between 0.35 and 0.49 point, for each point that WL increases.

Age appears to have a marginal association with PQL (CI 95% 0.00 – 0.02), as it occurs with being single or not having a stable relationship (CI 95% 0.01 – 0.41). Performing management tasks currently or in the past is related to poorer PQL perception (CI 95% -0.45 – -0.06), and the same occurs with working other than morning shifts (CI 95% -0.03 – -0.40 points).

PQL is not related to sex, location of the centre (rural/urban), time spent working in the organization or contractual situation.

Conclusion

With the improvement in work control and avoiding increases in workloads, PQL perception can be maintained despite deep organizational changes at the macro-management level. Different professional groups experience different perceptions depending on how the changes impact their position in the organization.
Laboratory methods to improve SELDI peak detection and quantitation
Authors: Rollin Dominique , Whistler Toni , Vernon Suzanne D
Published: July 2007

Background

Protein profiling with surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) is a promising approach for biomarker discovery. Some candidate biomarkers have been identified using SELDI-TOF, but validation of these can be challenging because of technical parameters that effect reproducibility. Here we describe steps to improve the reproducibility of peak detection.

Methods

SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry was performed using a system manufactured by Ciphergen Biosystems along with their ProteinChip System. Serum from 10 donors was pooled and used for all experiments. Serum was fractionated with Expression Difference Mapping kit-Serum Fractionation from the same company and applied to three different ProteinChips. The fractionations were run over a one month period to examine the contribution of sample batch and time to peak detection variability. Spectra were processed and peaks detected using the Ciphergen Express software and variance measured.

Results

Experimental parameters specific to the serum fraction and ProteinChip, including spot protocols (laser intensity and detector sensitivity) were optimized to decrease peak detection variance. Optimal instrument settings, regular calibration along with controlled sample handling and processing nearly doubled the number of peaks detected and decreased intensity variance.

Conclusion

This report assesses the variation across fractionated sera processed over a one-month period. The optimizations reported decreased the variance and increased the number of peaks detected.
Endocytosis, recycling, and degradation of unoccupied FcεRI in human basophils
Authors: MacGlashan Donald W
Published: July 2007

Previous studies about basophils and mast cells identified the ability of IgE to up-regulate FcεRI expression by a process that depends on stabilization of the surface receptor by IgE. However, the mechanism of loss from the cell surface, when unoccupied, is not known. The current studies have examined whether unoccupied FcεRI on basophils is lost by shedding or endocytosis. IgE was dissociated partially from purified human basophils to augment loss of the unoccupied receptor, and comparisons were made between basophils ± IgE resensitization prior to 1-day culture. Incubation did not result in a detectable receptor in culture supernatants. However, in the presence of IL-3, although total cell surface expression decreased by 30% (relative to resensitized cells), FcεRI from whole cell lysates was not statistically different between the two conditions. Incubation for 18 h without IL-3 resulted in the same loss from the cell surface but equivalent loss in whole cell lysates. This degradation process was reversible with Bafilomycin A. There was also evidence that the internalized receptor could be recycled. After the initial 18-h down-regulation, the receptor could be found partially restored to the cell surface if IgE were added back to the culture ± cycloheximide. Loss of the unoccupied receptor, as well as accumulation of the receptor under the influence of IgE, was found to be insensitive to the presence of a src-family kinase inhibitor, PP1. These studies establish that the unoccupied receptor is lost by a process of endocytosis, partially recycled to the cell surface, and ultimately degraded by a lysosomal mechanism.
Mesenchymal stem cells fail to trigger effector functions of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Rasmusson Ida , Uhlin Michael , Le Blanc Katarina , Levitsky Victor
Published: July 2007

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), isolated from adult human bone marrow, have immunomodulatory properties. The functional outcomes of MSCs–CTL interactions remain poorly characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that MSCs remain resistant to CTL lysis, even after pulsing with the specific synthetic peptide at high concentrations, in spite of surface expression of the relevant MHC class I allele. MSCs were also much less sensitive to lysis by an allo-specific CTL clone as compared with HLA-matched lymphoblastoid cell lines. MSCs induced CD25 up-regulation, albeit at relatively low levels, and were unable to induce CD3 or CD8 down-regulation at the surface of CTLs. MSCs also failed to induce IFN-γ and TNF-α production by the CTLs. Furthermore, peptide-pulsed MSCs were inefficient in stimulating tyrosine phosphorylation in specific CTLs. Our results demonstrate that MSCs induce only an abortive activation program in fully differentiated, effector CTLs, which does not involve activation of major CTL effector functions. These data may have important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies based on administration of in vitro-expanded MSCs.
MD-2 as the target of curcumin in the inhibition of response to LPS
Authors: Gradišar Helena , Keber Mateja Manček , Pristovšek Primož , Jerala Roman
Published: July 2007

Curcumin is the main constituent of the spice turmeric, used in diet and in traditional medicine, particularly across the Indian subcontinent. Anti-inflammatory activity and inhibition of LPS signaling are some of its many activities. We show that curcumin binds at submicromolar affinity to the myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2), which is the LPS-binding component of the endotoxin surface receptor complex MD-2/TLR4. Fluorescence emission of curcumin increases with an absorbance maximum shift toward the blue upon the addition of MD-2, indicating the transfer of curcumin into the hydrophobic environment. Curcumin does not form a covalent bond to the free thiol group of MD-2, and C133F mutant retains the binding and inhibition by curcumin. The binding site for curcumin overlaps with the binding site for LPS. This results in the inhibition of MyD88-dependent and -independent signaling pathways of LPS signaling through TLR4, indicating that MD-2 is one of the important targets of curcumin in its suppression of the innate immune response to bacterial infection. This finding, in addition to the correlation between the dietary use of curcumin and low incidence of gastric cancer in India, may have important implications for treatment and epidemiology of chronic inflammatory diseases caused by bacterial infection.
Carcinogenic Hypergastrinemia: Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma in a Patient with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 with Zollinger-Ellison’s Syndrome
Authors: Schott Matthias , Sagert Cornelia , Willenberg Holger S. , Schinner Sven , Ramp Uwe , Varro Andrea , Raffel Andreas , Eisenberger Claus , Zacharowski Kai , Perren Aurel , Scherbaum Werner A.
Published: July 2007

Context: Gastric neuroendocrine tumors are rare neoplasms that originate from gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the oxyntic mucosa. Gastrin and its derivates have been reported to regulate epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Mutations in the epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) gene have been shown to be associated with the occurrence of diffuse gastric carcinomas in affected families.

Objective: In this study we investigated the histopathological and molecular findings in the gastrointestinal wall of a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with malignant duodenal gastrinoma and multiple gastric ECL cell tumors, who additionally developed a signet-ring cell carcinoma of the stomach.

Design and Patient: Biopsies from the gastrointestinal tract of a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 were immunostained for vesicular monoamine transporter-2 and E-cadherin. Nonamidated gastrin products were measured in the serum of the patient using antibodies that react with progastrin, Gly-extended, and amidated gastrins. Genetic analyses were performed to exclude germ-line mutations within the E-cadherin gene.

Results: Immunohistochemical studies of gastric ECL cell tumors showed a largely diminished E-cadherin expression in comparison to gastric surface mucosa cells and a loss of E-cadherin expression in the cells of the signet-ring carcinoma. Detailed biochemical measurements revealed progastrin concentrations that were approximately 20%, and Gly-gastrin concentrations that were approximately 10% the amidated gastrin concentrations in plasma. Molecular analyses revealed no E-cadherin germ-line mutation.

Conclusion: Our immunohistochemical studies might suggest that the gastrinoma-associated excessive progastrin tissue concentrations led to diminished expression of E-cadherin within the gastric mucosa and promoted tumor development of a signet-ring cell carcinoma.
Stresses in asymmetric discs
Authors: Thurgood D A
Published: July 2007

The surface stresses in rotating discs of asymmetric profile and the effects of axial deflection, as determined theoretically, are compared with measurements made on photoelastic models by the ‘frozen-stress’ technique.
Stress-strain analysis of singularly loaded rectangular plates sealing a pool of liquid
Authors: El-Bayoumy L E , Pan H H
Published: July 2007

The bending problem of a concentratedly loaded rectangular plate sealing a pool of liquid is investigated. Both cases, the submerged plate and the unsubmerged plate, are considered in detail. It is found that the compressibility of the sealed liquid has great influence on the deflections and the bending moments of the plates. Examples of various cases are given and illustrated by a number of graphs.
Steam-turbine casing flanges: A three-dimensional photoelastic study
Authors: McKenzie H W , White D J , Snell S
Published: July 2007

Photoelastic tests have been made on simplified three-dimensional models of a steam-turbine casing subjected to bolt preload and internal pressure. An examination was made of the flange interface-pressure distribution between adjacent bolt holes for two different values of bolt pitch.

The results revealed that for both bolt pitches investigated in these tests, the minimum interface pressure at the inner edge occurred at a position corresponding to the bolt centre-line. The maximum interface pressure occurred on the inner edge at the mid-pitch position for the small pitch and on the inner edge at a distance of approximately one-quarter of the pitch from the bolt centre-line for the large pitch.

The overall flange interface-pressure distribution had a minimum at a position approximately mid-way between two adjacent bolts and one-third of the flange width from the inner edge.

It has been verified from these tests that the determination of flange parameters using the two-dimensional design curves described in an earlier paper is valid for practical designs of flange.
The Landscape of Memories in the Films of the Kaurismki Bros.
Authors: Soila Tytti
Published: July 2007

Biographical legend, national history and art cinema aesthetics make up the films of the Kaurismki Bros. Tytti Soila portraits the two filmmakers and explores the cultural context of their work.
Beyond the banal surface of reality: Terry Gilliam interview
Authors: Tapper Michael
Published: July 2007

This interview was made in mid-September 2005 during Lund International Fantastic Film Festival in Sweden. Terry Gilliam arrived the day before to receive a lifetime achievement award at a prize ceremony held in the twelfth century crypt of the town's cathedral followed by a preview
screening of The Brothers Grimm. Tideland was not part of the programme. It would be screened a week later in San Sebastin and I had only seen bits and pieces of the film. Consequently, this interview, geared in constant overdrive within a half-an-hour time frame, is mostly about The
Brothers Grimm. Then again, as Terry Gilliam is a man with a distinct personal vision, a series of abandoned projects but still on the constant lookout for money in order to continue to make films his way, the interview continuously took off into various directions.
Internal Screening: the new independent cinema between Hollywood and China
Authors: Fitzhenry Michael , Zhang Xuelian
Published: July 2007

Film has entered a media environment, and is not simply coexisting with other media forms as it has in the past. Film-makers are finding expression across a gamut of media, to form one experience.
The Work-Life Balance I New gendered relationships in Spain: the other in the care triangle
Authors: Tobo Constanza , Gorfinkiel Magdalena Daz
Published: July 2007

Spanish couples have found new ways of organising their productive and reproductive lives within the domestic sphere. The increasing role of women in the labour market provides the basis for these new domestic structures, yet few social policies have been advanced to create greater compatibility between the worlds of work and home. Mothers of the new generation have to think of strategies to reconcile their labour and family life, with the employment of domestic service emerging as one of the most significant alternatives in recent years. On the other hand, immigration has suffered many changes, the most important being its increase and its feminisation. This is the result of the transformations experienced by the countries of origin of the migrants, including free-movers from the European Union, as well as the consequence of the creation of a new demand for workers in the receiver countries. Female employers and domestic employees meet each other in one home that of the working Spanish mother now characterised by ethnic or cultural diversity and the permanent negotiation of individual, familial and group identities. The article analyses the discourse of working mothers who employ domestic service to care for their children, as well as the discourse of female migrant/immigrant domestic workers from Eastern Europe, North Africa and Latin America.
Adoption of New and Really New Products: The Effects of Self-Regulation Systems and Risk Salience
Authors: Herzenstein Michal , Posavac Steven S. , Brakus J. Joško
Published: July 2007

This article explores how consumers' self-regulation affects the likelihood of purchase of new and really new products. A mall-intercept field study shows that consumers with a chronic disposition to be promotion focused own more new high-technology goods and newly launched repeat-purchase items than prevention-focused consumers. There is no difference in ownership of products that have been available for many years. Two laboratory experiments further investigate these findings. In Study 2, the authors manipulate regulatory focus and find that when risks associated with a really new product are not specified to consumers, promotion-focused consumers state higher purchase intentions than prevention-focused consumers. However, when the judgmental context makes the risks salient, prevention- and promotion-focused participants are equally unlikely to purchase the product. Study 3 demonstrates that consumers' self-regulation is unrelated to purchase intentions for products that are not portrayed as new. Mediation analyses in both laboratory studies show that the effect of regulatory focus on purchase intentions for new products is due to concerns about the performance of the new technology, which are more pronounced among prevention-focused consumers. Finally, the authors discuss managerial implications.
Product Contagion: Changing Consumer Evaluations through Physical Contact with “Disgusting” Products
Authors: Morales Andrea C. , Fitzsimons Gavan J.
Published: July 2007

This research demonstrates the strong influence of disgust in a consumer context. Specifically, it shows how consumer evaluations may change in response to physical contact with products that elicit only moderate levels of disgust. Using evidence from six studies, the authors develop a theory of product contagion, in which disgusting products are believed to transfer offensive properties through physical contact to other products they touch, thus influencing evaluations.
Social Context and Advertising Memory
Authors: Puntoni Stefano , Tavassoli Nader T.
Published: July 2007

This article examines the influence of the presence of others on advertising memory. The authors take an intrapsychic perspective on social desirability and propose that the presence of others––in the absence of direct interaction––leads to the automatic activation of a concern with the impression others are forming. They find that words applicable to social desirability are accessed faster when respondents are in the presence of another person than when they are alone. Across three experiments, semantic (but not perceptual) memory for words and advertisements applicable to social desirability is greater than that for neutral cues after respondents are exposed to these in the actual or imagined presence of others than when they are alone. Respondents' chronic impression management tendencies (self-monitoring) moderate the effects, suggesting that the effects are, at least in part, determined by motivational factors. This novel theoretical framework provides direct implications for advertisers and marketing researchers who rely on recall memory as one of the most common measures of advertising effectiveness.
A Comment on Selected Wilkie and Moore–Inspired Commentaries in “The Sages Speak”
Authors: Gaski John F.
Published: July 2007

The author addresses the concerns expressed by some scholars in “The Sages Speak” special section of the Spring 2005 issue of Journal of Public Policy & Marketing—prominently, those of McAlister and, especially, Morris Holbrook—in response to Wilkie and Moore's (2003) “4 Eras” article. The author also offers a resolution to some earnest but possibly overdrawn differences within the marketing academic profession. Although the junction between these issues and the public policy domain may initially seem tenuous, it is brought out in this essay.
Five Phases in a Personal Journey through the Troubled Waters of Academic Values in a World of Business: Where's the Beef?
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: July 2007

The author's major disagreement with Gaski's commentary hinges on its tendency to ignore the broader context of the debate about managerial relevance. The author reviews this larger set of issues, with admittedly self-reflective attention to his own participation in this debate over the past quarter century.
Further Movement toward Insight and Relevance
Authors: McAlister Leigh
Published: July 2007

The positioning of McAlister's (2005) arguments (“Toward Insight and Relevance”) in Gaski's comment as being the polar opposite of those proposed by Holbrook (2005) misses McAlister's point. Rather than proposing that all research and teaching should be managerially relevant, McAlister argued that managerial relevance should not be viewed as an impediment to a successful research career in consumer behavior.
Risk, Trade, Recovery, and the Consideration of Real Options: The Imperative Coordination of Policy, Marketing, and Finance in the Wake of Catastrophe
Authors: Manfredo Mark R. , Shultz Clifford J.
Published: July 2007

Recovery from societal and market catastrophe is a daunting process that requires multifunctional, systemic, and long-term efforts. Humanitarian aid and donor assistance are rarely sufficient. Trade and other forms of direct investment in devastated markets offer another kind of recovery assistance. However, risks encountered in recovering economies can deter firms from investing. The authors apply a real-options framework to examine the financial feasibility of trading with recovering economies; they apply the framework to the countries of the war-disintegrated former Yugoslavia. The real-options framework considers the value of managerial flexibility in the presence of risks. The authors discuss implications for policy, marketing management, export development, and economic and societal recovery in several contexts.
No Pet Left Behind: Accommodating Pets in Emergency Planning
Authors: Leonard Hillary A. , Scammon Debra L.
Published: July 2007

New federal legislation requiring accommodation of pets and service animals in emergency planning has garnered broad, bipartisan support. The authors review changes in societal views of pets that may have contributed to the recent passage of the Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act. The authors identify some areas in which interpretation of the provisions of the act will require further debate and definition. Finally, they offer suggestions on how marketing skills can be employed to make emergency planning more effective.
Effects of Changing Public Policies of Cultural Protectionism on Sources of Cultural Identity and Consumer Information
Authors: Huhmann Bruce A. , Saqib Najam U.
Published: July 2007

Advertiser-supported cultural industries provide (1) advertisers with vehicles to reach consumers, (2) consumers with information about products that suit their needs and local sources of availability, and (3) countries with tools for maintaining cultural identity. The impact of abolishing cultural protectionism is examined through the analysis of Canadian magazine industry data and advertising content. Three studies reveal the adverse effects of ending protectionist policies on market share/circulation of leading domestic magazines. In addition, new magazine growth was stagnant for leading domestic magazines but robust for smaller niche magazines. Imported U.S. magazines maintained market share, thus weakening domestic magazine advertising as a marketing communication channel between Canadian advertisers and consumers.
Evaluating Design Proposals for Complex Systems with Work Domain Analysis
Authors: Naikar Neelam , Sanderson Penelope M.
Published: July 2007

In this paper we propose a new framework for evaluating designs based on work domain analysis, the first phase of cognitive work analysis. We develop a rationale for a new approach to evaluation by describing the unique characteristics of complex systems and by showing that systems engineering techniques only partially accommodate these characteristics. We then present work domain analysis as a complementary framework for evaluation. We explain this technique by example by showing how the Australian Defence Force used work domain analysis to evaluate design proposals for a new system called Airborne Early Warning and Control. This case study also demonstrates that work domain analysis is a useful and feasible approach that complements standard techniques for evaluation and that promotes a central role for human factors professionals early in the system design and development process. Actual or potential applications of this research include the evaluation of designs for complex systems.
The Role of the Air Traffic Controller in Future Air Traffic Management: An Empirical Study of Active Control versus Passive Monitoring
Authors: Metzger Ulla , Parasuraman Raja
Published: July 2007

Proposals for air traffic management such as Free Flight call for a transfer of responsibility for separation between aircraft from air traffic controllers (ATCos) to pilots. Under many proposals, the role of the ATCo will change from one of active control to passive monitoring. The present study directly compared these types of control with respect to ATCo mental workload, conflict detection, and memory. Eighteen ATCos participated in an air traffic control simulation of Free Flight procedures under moderate and high traffic load. Dependent variables included accuracy and timeliness in detecting potential conflicts, accepting and handing off aircraft, mental workload (as assessed by a secondary task, heart rate variability, and subjective ratings), and memory for aircraft location. High traffic density and passive control both degraded conflict detection performance. Actual or potential applications of this research include the recommendation that designs for future air traffic management keep authority for separation of aircraft with the controller.
Methylphenidate Administration to Juvenile Rats Alters Brain Areas Involved in Cognition, Motivated Behaviors, Appetite, and Stress
Authors: Gray Jason D. , Punsoni Michael , Tabori Nora E. , Melton Jay T. , Fanslow Victoria , Ward Mary J. , Zupan Bojana , Menzer David , Rice Jackson , Drake Carrie T. , Romeo Russell D. , Brake Wayne G. , Torres-Reveron Annelyn , Milner Teresa A.
Published: July 2007

Thousands of children receive methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin) for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet the long-term neurochemical consequences of MPH treatment are unknown. To mimic clinical Ritalin treatment in children, male rats were injected with MPH (5 mg/kg) or vehicle twice daily from postnatal day 7 (PND7)–PND35. At the end of administration (PND35) or in adulthood (PND135), brain sections from littermate pairs were immunocytochemically labeled for neurotransmitters and cytological markers in 16 regions implicated in MPH effects and/or ADHD etiology. At PND35, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats given MPH showed 55% greater immunoreactivity (-ir) for the catecholamine marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 60% more Nissl-stained cells, and 40% less norepinephrine transporter (NET)-ir density. In hippocampal dentate gyrus, MPH-receiving rats showed a 51% decrease in NET-ir density and a 61% expanded distribution of the new-cell marker PSA-NCAM (polysialylated form of neural cell adhesion molecule). In medial striatum, TH-ir decreased by 21%, and in hypothalamus neuropeptide Y-ir increased by 10% in MPH-exposed rats. At PND135, MPH-exposed rats exhibited decreased anxiety in the elevated plus-maze and a trend for decreased TH-ir in the mPFC. Neither PND35 nor PND135 rats showed major structural differences with MPH exposure. These findings suggest that developmental exposure to high therapeutic doses of MPH has short-term effects on select neurotransmitters in brain regions involved in motivated behaviors, cognition, appetite, and stress. Although the observed neuroanatomical changes largely resolve with time, chronic modulation of young brains with MPH may exert effects on brain neurochemistry that modify some behaviors even in adulthood.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and TrkB Modulate Visual Experience-Dependent Refinement of Neuronal Pathways in Retina
Authors: Liu Xiaorong , Grishanin Ruslan N. , Tolwani Ravi J. , Rentería René C. , Xu Baoji , Reichardt Louis F. , Copenhagen David R.
Published: July 2007

Sensory experience refines neuronal structure and functionality. The visual system has proved to be a productive model system to study this plasticity. In the neonatal retina, the dendritic arbors of a large proportion of ganglion cells are diffuse in the inner plexiform layer. With maturation, many of these arbors become monolaminated. Visual deprivation suppresses this remodeling. Little is known of the molecular mechanisms controlling maturational and experience-dependent refinement. Here, we tested the hypothesis that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is known to regulate dendritic branching and synaptic function in the brain, modulates the developmental and visual experience-dependent refinement of retinal ganglion cells. We used a transgenic mouse line, in which a small number of ganglion cells were labeled with yellow fluorescence protein, to delineate their dendritic structurein vivo. We found that transgenic overexpression of BDNF accelerated the laminar refinement of ganglion cell dendrites, whereas decreased TrkB expression or retina-specific deletion of TrkB, the cognate receptor for BDNF, retarded it. BDNF–TrkB signaling regulated the maturational formation of new branches in ON but not the bilaminated ON–OFF ganglion cells. Furthermore, BDNF overexpression overrides the requirement for visual inputs to stimulate laminar refinement and dendritic branching of ganglion cells. These experiments reveal a previously unrecognized action of BDNF and TrkB in controlling cell-specific, experience-dependent remodeling of neuronal structures in the visual system.
Synapse Loss in Cortex of Agrin-Deficient Mice after Genetic Rescue of Perinatal Death
Authors: Ksiazek Iwona , Burkhardt Constanze , Lin Shuo , Seddik Riad , Maj Marcin , Bezakova Gabriela , Jucker Mathias , Arber Silvia , Caroni Pico , Sanes Joshua R. , Bettler Bernhard , Ruegg Markus A.
Published: July 2007

Agrin-deficient mice die at birth because of aberrant development of the neuromuscular junctions. Here, we examined the role of agrin at brain synapses. We show that agrin is associated with excitatory but not inhibitory synapses in the cerebral cortex. Most importantly, we examined the brains of agrin-deficient mice whose perinatal death was prevented by the selective expression of agrin in motor neurons. We find that the number of presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations is strongly reduced in the cortex of 5- to 7-week-old mice. Consistent with a reduction in the number of synapses, the frequency of miniature postsynaptic currents was greatly decreased. In accordance with the synaptic localization of agrin to excitatory synapses, changes in the frequency were only detected for excitatory but not inhibitory synapses. Moreover, we find that the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK, which is known to be an essential component of agrin-induced signaling at the neuromuscular junction, is also localized to a subset of excitatory synapses. Finally, some components of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, which has been shown to be activated by agrin in cultured neurons, are deregulated in agrin-deficient mice. In summary, our results provide strong evidence that agrin plays an important role in the formation and/or the maintenance of excitatory synapses in the brain, and we provide evidence that this function involves MAP kinase signaling.
Pursuit Eye Movements Involve a Covert Motor Plan for Manual Tracking
Authors: Maioli Claudio , Falciati Luca , Gianesini Tiziana
Published: July 2007

When we make an aiming movement toward a moving visual object, eye–hand coupling is of paramount importance for accurate motor performance. Some studies have suggested that both gaze and manual tracking control systems are driven by a common command signal. However, it has never been demonstrated that a motor plan for the arm is produced even when the object is tracked by the eyes alone. By applying transcranial magnetic stimulation to the motor cortex, we show for the first time that ocular tracking is linked to an overall decrease in the excitability of the motor control system of the relaxed upper limb, as estimated from the amplitude of the motor evoked potentials recorded in contralateral hand and wrist muscles. Furthermore, this reduced excitability is modulated in a manner compatible with a subthreshold neural activation encoding a manual tracking response to the same target pursued by the eyes. In addition, excitability changes are contingent on upper-limb posture, because they are present only with a pronated forearm and not with a supinated hand position. We provide direct evidence that, if the arm is held in a congruent postural configuration, tracking a moving object always entails a coordinated motor plan, which involves both gaze and hand movements. Active inhibitory mechanisms are activated to prevent an overt arm movement, whenever a manual tracking is not requested. Our data provide strong evidence in favor of the existence of a common drive to both eye and hand tracking systems.
A Local Reduction in Cortical GABAergic Synapses after a Loss of Endogenous Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, as Revealed by Single-Cell Gene Knock-Out Method
Authors: Kohara Keigo , Yasuda Hiroki , Huang Yan , Adachi Naoki , Sohya Kazuhiro , Tsumoto Tadaharu
Published: July 2007

To address questions of whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) released from active excitatory neurons acts locally only on GABAergic presynaptic terminals contacting these neurons or generally also on GABAergic terminals contacting other inactive neurons, we developed a single-cell gene knock-out method in organotypic slice culture of visual cortex of floxedBDNFtransgenic mice. A biolistic transfection of Cre recombinase with green fluorescence protein (GFP) plasmids to layer II/III of the cortex resulted in loss of BDNF in a single neuron or a small number of neurons, which expressed GFP at 13–14 din vitro. Analysis within situhybridization and immunohistochemistry confirmed that neurons expressing GFP lacked BDNF mRNA and protein, respectively. Analysis with immunohistochemistry using antibody against GABA synthesizing enzyme showed that the number of GABAergic terminals on the soma of BDNF knock-out neurons was smaller than that of neighboring control neurons. Morphological analysis indicated that there was no significant difference in the soma size and branch points and length of dendrites between the BDNF knock-out and control neurons. Recordings of miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) showed that the frequency of mIPSCs of BDNF knock-out neurons was lower than that of control neurons, although the amplitude was not significantly different, suggesting the smaller number of functional GABAergic synapses on whole the BDNF knock-out neuron. The present results suggest that BDNF released from postsynaptic target neurons promotes the formation or proliferation of GABAergic synapses through its local actions in layer II/III of visual cortex.
The Apocalyptic Other: On Fundamentalism and Violence
Authors: Strozier Charles B.
Published: July 2007

The article begins by noting that the idea of a "fundamentalist mindset" is implicit in the scholarship on fundamentalism, especially in the project led by Martin Marty some years ago. One important aspect of that mindset is the paranoia that lies imbedded within it. Paranoia is explored in some depth, including clinically, in order to clarify its general meanings and most of all its relation to violence. The article argues further that the very notion of the other in paranoid ideation is apocalyptic in form, which leads to a final section on the nature, history, and psychology of the apocalyptic.
Developments in civil engineering management and practice on British Rail
Authors: Reynolds M. G.
Published: July 2007

Civil engineering on British Rail is a major enterprise and has to evolve to meet changing customer needs. During the past decade major changes in management of safety, quality and productivity have been addressed, against a background of the creation of independent business units within the organization. The future for British Rail civil engineers lies in the identification of options for the resolution of business-specific railway problems.
Light rail - technology or way of life
Authors: Ridley T. M.
Published: July 2007

An abridged version of the Sir Dugald Clerk Lecture, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, January 1991