bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From o‐Substituted Bromoselenobenzenes to Selenaheterocycles.
Authors: Potaczek P. , Mlochowski J.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two New Diterpenoids from Callicarpa pedunculata
Authors: Liu Hai‐Yang , He Hong‐Ping , Gao Suo , Chen Chang‐Xiang , Shen Yue‐Mao , Hao Xiao‐Jiang
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dimerization of Lithocholate Unsaturated Esters Using the “Second Generation” Grubbs′ Reagent.
Authors: Dallstream Christopher , Dias Jerry Ray
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carbohydrate Triazoles and Isoxazoles as Inhibitors of Galectins‐1 and ‐3.
Authors: Giguere Denis , Patnam Ramesh , Bellefleur Marc‐Andre , St‐Pierre Christian , Sato Sachiko , Roy Rene
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Isolation, Synthesis and Photochemical Properties of Almazolone, a New Indole Alkaloid from a Red Alga of Senegal.
Authors: Guella Graziano , N'Diaye Ibrahima , Fofana Mouhamadou , Mancini Ines
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lipid‐Anchored Oligonucleotides for Stable Double‐Helix Formation in Distinct Membrane Domains
Authors: Liebscher Juergen , et al. et al.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Grifolin Derivatives from Albatrellus caeruleoporus, New Inhibitors of Nitric Oxide Production in RAW 264.7 Cells.
Authors: Quang Dang Ngoc , Hashimoto Toshihiro , Arakawa Yuuki , Kohchi Chie , Nishizawa Takashi , Soma Gen‐Ichiro , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of the Marine Natural Product (‐)‐Clavosolide A.
Authors: Barry Conor S. , Elsworth Jon D. , Seden Peter T. , Bushby Nick , Harding John R. , Alder Roger W. , Willis Christine L.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Prodrug Esters for the Development of Oral Carbapenem, L‐084.
Authors: Isoda Takeshi , et al. et al.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
GLARE: A New Approach for Filtering Large Reagent Lists in Combinatorial Library Design Using Product Properties.
Authors: Truchon Jean‐Francois , Bayly Christopher I.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diversity Space and Its Application to Library Selection and Design.
Authors: Fitzgerald Sara H. , Sabat Michal , Geysen H. Mario
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
SHED: Shannon Entropy Descriptors from Topological Feature Distributions.
Authors: Gregori‐Puigjane Elisabet , Mestres Jordi
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Computational Analysis of Aza Analogues of [2′,5′‐Bis‐O‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐D‐ribofuranose] ‐3′‐spiro‐5′′‐(4′′‐amino‐1′′,2′′‐oxathiole‐2′′,2′′‐dioxide) (TSAO) as HIV ‐1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Relevance of Conformational Properties on the Inhibitory Activity.
Authors: Soriano Elena , Marco‐Contelles Jose , Tomassi Cyrille , Nguyen Van Nhien Albert , Postel Denis
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Coulomb and Overlap Self‐Similarities: A Comparative Selectivity Analysis of Structure—Function Relationships for Auxin‐Like Molecules.
Authors: Ferro Noel , Gallegos Ana , Bultinck Patrick , Jacobsen Hans‐Joerg , Carbo‐Dorca Ramon , Reinard Thomas
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Exploration of a Binding Mode of Benzothiazol‐2‐yl Acetonitrile Pyrimidine Core Based Derivatives as Potent c‐Jun N‐Terminal Kinase‐3 Inhibitors and 3D‐QSAR Analyses.
Authors: Sharma Pooja , Ghoshal Nanda
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in Understanding the Structure and Reactivity of Clays Using Electronic Structure Calculations
Authors: Boulet P. , Greenwell H. C. , Stackhouse S. , Coveney P. V.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Surface Free Energy of Solids: A Comparison of Models
Authors: Etzler Frank M.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oriented Attachment and Mesocrystals: Non‐Classical Crystallization Mechanisms Based on Nanoparticles Assembly
Authors: Niederberger Markus , Coelfen Helmut
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Crystal Chemistry of Oxoruthenates
Authors: Mueller‐Buschbaum Hanskarl
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Principal Trends in the Chemistry of Amidinate Complexes of Main‐Group and Transition Elements
Authors: Kissounko D. A. , Zabalov M. V. , Brusova G. P. , Lemenovskii D. A.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective C‐Alkynylation, Allenylation, and Prop‐2‐ynylation Leading to Sugar Glycosides
Authors: Saeeng Rungnapha , Isobe Minoru
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Chemistry of Anthranilic Acid
Authors: Wiklund Per , Bergman Jan
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mesoporous Titanium Silicates as Catalysts for the Liquid‐Phase Selective Oxidation of Organic Compounds
Authors: Kholdeeva O. A. , Trukhan N. N.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Boron Reagents in Process Chemistry: Excellent Tools for Selective Reductions
Authors: Burkhardt Elizabeth R. , Matos Karl
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selected Patented Cross‐Coupling Reaction Technologies
Authors: Corbet Jean‐Pierre , Mignani Gerard
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Farina Vittorio , Reeves Jonathan T. , Senanayake Chris H. , Song Jinhua J.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
cis‐1‐Amino‐2‐indanol in Drug Design and Applications to Asymmetric Processes
Authors: Gallou Isabelle , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ozonolysis Applications in Drug Synthesis
Authors: Van Ornum Scott G. , Champeau Robin M. , Pariza Richard
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Uniform, Non‐Natural Oligomers
Authors: Franz Nadja , Kreutzer Georg , Klok Harm‐Anton
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Approaches for the Nanoencapsulation of Fullerenes
Authors: Murthy C. N. , Geckeler K. E.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Friction and Lubrication of Hydrogels: Its Richness and Complexity
Authors: Gong Jian Ping
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effects of Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids on Membrane Bioreactor Operation
Authors: Schwarz Alex O. , Rittmann Bruce E. , Crawford George V. , Klein Angela M. , Daigger Glen T.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Waste Stabilization with Cement
Authors: Batchelor B.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Snakes and Ladders. The Sigmatropic Shiftamer Concept
Authors: Tantillo Dean J. , Hoffmann Roald
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Libraries of 16β‐Aminopropyl Estradiol Derivatives for Targeting Two Key Steroidogenic Enzymes
Authors: Ciobanu Liviu C. , Poirier Donald
Published: September 2006

Two libraries, each consisting of 48 16β‐aminopropyl estradiol derivatives, phenols and sulfamates, respectively, were synthesized by solid‐phase parallel chemistry through a seven‐step reaction sequence. Following the attachment of a C18‐steroid sulfamate precursor on a trityl chloride resin, diversity elements were first introduced on the 16β‐aminopropyl chain of the steroid by acylation reactions with eight Fmoc‐amino acids. After deprotection, the free amine function of the resulting compounds was reacted with six carboxylic acids for the introduction of a second diversity level. The two variants employed for the cleavage of compounds from the solid support, acidic and nucleophilic, allowed the corresponding libraries of sulfamate and phenol derivatives in yields of 8–50 % and 13–58 % to be obtained with an average HPLC purity of 94 % and 91 %, respectively. Potent steroid sulfatase inhibitors and interesting SAR results were generated from the screening of the sulfamate library. Furthermore, moderate inhibitors of type 1 17β‐HSD resulted from the partial screening of phenol library. Thus, these two categories of compounds were synthesized to rapidly identify potential inhibitors of steroid biosynthesis for the hormonal therapy of estrogen‐dependent diseases, and also to demonstrate the versatility and efficiency of the recently developed sulfamate linker.
Voltammetric Sizing of a Sphere
Authors: Fietkau Nicole , Chevallier François G. , Jiang Li , Jones Timothy G. J. , Compton Richard G.
Published: September 2006

The size of a glass sphere positioned in the center of a microdisk electrode is determined by using a simple electrochemical procedure and is confirmed, additionally, by a microscopical measurement of the sphere at the time of the electrochemical measurement. The cyclic voltammetric response of the naked electrode and of the electrode with the sphere positioned in its center is recorded over a wide range of scan rates (0.002–1.5 V s−1). The size of the sphere is then determined by comparison of the experimental voltammogram with simulations for each individual scan rate.
Clock synchronization for packet networks using a weighted least‐squares error filtering technique and enabling circuit emulation service
Authors: Aweya James , Montuno Delfin Y. , Ouellette Michel , Felske Kent
Published: September 2006

Circuit emulation service (CES) allows time‐division multiplexing (TDM) services (T1/E1 and T3/E3 circuits) to be transparently extended across a packet network. With circuit emulation over IP, for instance, TDM data received from an external device at the edge of an IP network is converted to IP packets, sent through the IP network, passed out of the IP network to its destination, and reassembled into TDM bit stream. Clock synchronization is very important for CES. This paper presents a clock synchronization scheme based on a double exponential filtering technique and a linear process model. The linear process model is used to describe the behaviour of clock synchronization errors between a transmitter and a receiver. In the clock synchronization scheme, the transmitter periodically sends explicit time indications or timestamps to a receiver to enable the receiver to synchronize its local clock to the transmitter's clock. A phase‐locked loop (PLL) at the receiver processes the transmitted timestamps to generate timing signal for the receiver. The PLL has a simple implementation and provides both fast responsiveness (i.e. fast acquisition of transmitter frequency at a receiver) and significant jitter reduction in the locked state. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multichannel speech separation and localization by frequency assignment
Authors: Ihara Takehiro , Handa Masaki , Nagai Takayuki , Kurematsu Akira
Published: September 2006

In this paper, we propose frequency assignment as a method for multichannel speech separation. In this method, the magnitudes of the absolute values of each component in the frequency domain are compared, then based on this comparison result determines to which channel a frequency component originally belongs. The speech is separated by assigning the frequency to the determined channel. Therefore, it becomes possible to separate multichannel speech with a low computational load. However, it has the restriction that each speaker must speak close to his microphone. For situations in which this premise does not hold, we present a solution that uses beam‐forming toward the sound sources. We also show the application of the frequency assignment to sound source localization. In this paper, we demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method through simulation tests and tests in a realistic environment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(1): 59–70, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10165
A design of array‐microphone system using directional microphones and two‐dimensional FIR filters
Authors: Naono Hiroyuki , Nishikawa Kiyoshi
Published: September 2006

Delay‐and‐sum array microphones consisting of a linear array of microphones can achieve a sharp directivity at high frequencies. A disadvantage is that the directivity depends on the frequency. In order to resolve this problem, an array microphone using a fan filter has been proposed. However, in order to form a sharp beam at a low frequency, it is necessary to increase the filter order and the array length. In this paper, we report improvement of the directivity of an array microphone realizing a narrow beam with a relatively low order of the filter by means of a two‐dimensional frequency domain design. Employing two microphones, a first‐order pressure‐gradient microphone is formed. The spacing of the microphones is set for high sensitivity and broad bandwidth in the operating frequency range. The amplitude characteristics are obtained in the two‐dimensional frequency domain. These microphone units are placed along a line and are cascaded to a two‐dimensional fan filter so that the load is distributed. In the proposed configuration, a cardioid microphone is cascaded with an axially symmetric fan filter in a configuration that forms a single broadside beam. Another configuration forms a single beam in the endfire direction by cascading the bidirectional microphone to a diagonally symmetric fan filter. Deterioration of the pressure‐gradient microphone is compensated for by the two‐dimensional FIR filter. As a result, the directional characteristics of the pressure‐gradient microphone are reflected in the array microphone and a sharp directivity not dependent on the frequency is obtained over a wide frequency range. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(1): 46–58, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20233
A reaction‐diffusion model performing stripe‐ and spot‐image restoration and its LSI implementation
Authors: Suzuki Yohei , Takayama Takahiro , Motoike Ikuko N. , Asai Tetsuya
Published: September 2006

This paper is intended to develop an LSI that restores in real time an image pattern with defects and contamination. To this end, based on the principle of shape formation in biological bodies, a reaction‐diffusion model that can generate and repair Turing patterns, such as stripes and spots seen in fingerprint and body marks, is proposed. A parallel architecture of the reaction‐diffusion chips incorporating this model is presented. By means of circuit simulation, it is shown that this LSI can restore stripe (spot) patterns. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(1): 20–29, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20243
Range measurement in ultrasound FMCW system
Authors: Kunita Masanori
Published: September 2006

The low peak power of FMCW radar is attractive for application to various fields, such as vehicle collision warning systems and airborne radio altimeters. This paper describes a sonar system to provide ultrasound cross‐sectional images for diagnosis based on the same principle as the FMCW radar. Adoption of the sawtooth waveform is proposed for FM modulation to attain sufficient range resolution. The baseband received signal is analytically estimated to calculate the spectrum and range resolution. The calculation results suggest that the sonar system has similar range resolution to conventional pulse sonars, whose instantaneous power has a very high peak.

The theoretically estimated spectrum also suggests that the FMCW sonar system operates well in the case of simultaneous acceptance of reflected signals from multiple points because its excellent range resolution enables distinguishing the contributions from different reflection points.

The calculation results are verified by an experiment in which an electric delay line is used instead of human tissue to avoid ambiguity caused by unexpected reflection points in the measuring setup. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(1): 9–19, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20244
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Series of Carboxylic Acid Modified Cerium(III) Alkoxides
Authors: Boyle Timothy J. , Tribby Louis J. , Bunge Scott D.
Published: September 2006

A series of cerium alkoxides were synthesized from the reaction of Ce{N[Si(CH3)3]2}3 and the appropriate alcohol: neopentyl alcohol [H–OCH2C(CH3)3 = H‐ONep], tert‐butyl alcohol [H–OC(CH3)3 = H‐OtBu], o‐(tert‐butyl)phenol {H–OC6H4[C(CH3)3]‐2 = H‐oBP}, 2,6‐dimethylphenol [H–OC6H3(CH3)2‐2,6 = H‐DMP], 2,6‐diisopropylphenol {H–OC6H3[CH(CH3)2]2‐2,6 = H‐DIP}, 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol {H–OC6H3[C(CH3)3]2‐2,6 = H‐DBP}, or 2,6‐diphenylphenol [H–OC6H3(C6H5)2‐2,6 = H‐DPP] using toluene (tol), tetrahydrofuran (THF) or pyridine (py). The precursors were characterized as [Ce(μ‐ONep)2(ONep)]4 (1), Ce4(μ3‐OtBu)3(μ‐OtBu)4(OtBu)5 (2), Ce3(μ3‐OtBu)3(μ‐OtBu)3(OtBu)3(H‐OtBu)2 (2a), Ce(oBP)3(THF)3 (3), [Ce(μ‐DMP)(DMP)2(solv)2]2 [solv = THF (4) and py (4a)], Ce(DIP)3(THF)3 (5), Ce(DPP)3(THF)2 (6). Once isolated, several of these species were further reacted with a series of sterically varied carboxylic acid modifiers including isobutyric acid [H–O2CCH(CH3)2 = H‐OPc] and trimethylacetic acid [H–O2CC(CH3)3 = H‐OBc]. The products were isolated as [Ce(OR)(μ‐ORc)(μc‐ORc)(py)]2 [OR = oBP, OBc: 7; DMP, OPc: 8; DMP, OBc: 9; DIP, OPc: 10]. These compounds were identified by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and powder XRD analyses. Several novel structure types are added to the cerium alkoxide family of compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
New Polar Pyrazolylborate Ligands and Their Basic Zinc Complex Chemistry (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 19/2006)
Authors: Pérez Olmo Cristina , Böhmerle Karin , Steinfeld Gunther , Vahrenkamp Heinrich
Published: September 2006

The cover picture shows the Alhambra in Granada, the home town of the Spanish author of this paper. The Moors in their desert dreamt of palaces abundant with water, and that is why they built the Alhambra. Likewise, the water‐soluble encapsulating pyrazolylborate ligand, shown as an (aqua)zinc complex set in one of Alhambra's gardens, is the realization of a long‐standing dream of the Freiburg group, whose biomimetic zinc complex chemistry was previously confined by the hydrophobicity of the model complexes, typically the zinc hydroxide complex shown in the background. The abundance of red (carbonyl oxygen) and green (amide nitrogen) atoms in the foreground complex visualizes its hydrophilicity due to the carboxamide substituents on the tripod ligand. Details are discussed in the article by H. Vahrenkamp et al. on p. 3869 ff.
Stereodivergent Diversity Oriented Synthesis of Piperidine Alkaloids
Authors: Adriaenssens Louis V. , Austin Carolyn A. , Gibson Mairi , Smith David , Hartley Richard C.
Published: September 2006

Alkylidenetitanium reagents enable the reagent‐controlled high throughput asymmetric synthesis of 2‐substituted piperidines and rapid access to multiple cyclic imines using solid phase synthesis (SPS). The Schrock carbenes, generated by reduction of thioacetals, convert resin‐bound esters into enol ethers. Treatment with acid releases amino ketones that are cyclized with TMSCl to give iminium salts. Reduction introduces a chiral centre at C‐2, whose absolute stereochemistry is determined by a phenethylamine (PEA) chiral auxiliary. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Cover Picture: Unexpected Highly Chemoselective Anodic ortho‐Coupling Reaction of 2,4‐Dimethylphenol on Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 20/2006)
Authors: Malkowsky Itamar M. , Griesbach Ulrich , Pütter Hermann , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: September 2006

The cover picture shows the highly chemoselective conversion of 2,4‐dimethylphenol to the corresponding biphenol on diamond as electrode. Under controlled electrolysis conditions on boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes the most efficient electrochemical synthesis for this technically relevant biphenol was created. Details and an electrolysis cell for BDD electrodes are discussed in the article by S. R. Waldvogel et al. on p. 4569 ff. (Artwork support by C. Siering is highly appreciated.)
Seismic safety evaluation of electric power supply at urban level
Authors: Nuti Camillo , Rasulo Alessandro , Vanzi Ivo
Published: September 2006

In past works the authors set up a refined model for electric power networks under earthquake action. The procedure models the fragility of components with respect to earthquake action, the complex behaviour of the stations and the network, the power flow, the network capability to feed the nodes in a damaged condition, the earthquake damage on the territory, the need to deliver electric power to the municipalities where most damage has occurred. In later works the method was improved towards design goals: nonetheless complexity of the network seismic behaviour, a procedure to maximize safety of selected nodes and minimize economic expenses was constructed, allowing identification of which components, within each station, had to be upgraded to obtain the maximum economic convenience. The procedure was programmed within the ASK4ELP computer code (National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A., 1999) using late 1990s state‐of‐the‐art knowledge for both the earthquake and the structural behaviour models.

Recently the method has gone through a thorough updating, partially still in progress. Among the results, it is now more clear how important is a correct soil geotechnical model to predict the system response and safety. This paper presents, together with a short summary of the ASK4ELP procedure, these latest advancements and results and shows, through a real example, the sensitivity of the predicted safety to soil modelling. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality or pathology?: Obsessive–compulsive symptoms in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Serpell Lucy , Hirani Varsha , Willoughby Kate , Neiderman Marc , Lask Bryan
Published: September 2006

Background

Numerous studies have addressed obsessive– compulsive features in adults with anorexia nervosa (AN), but few have been conducted with younger patients. The aim of this study was to describe the frequency and severity of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms and obsessive–compulsive personality (OCP) traits, and to explore the relationships between AN, OCD symptoms and OCP traits in young people.

Method

Forty‐nine children and adolescents with AN completed measures assessing eating disorder psychopathology, OCD symptoms, OCP traits and perfectionism.

Results

Fifty‐one per cent displayed clinically significant levels of OCD symptoms and 16% clinically significant OCP traits. Statistically significant positive relationships were found between AN and OCD symptoms and between OCD symptoms and OCP traits. However, no relationships were found between AN and OCP traits.

Conclusion

This study suggests approximately half of young people with AN may have clinically significant OCD symptoms. Such findings indicate careful assessment for OCD is important in this group. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Applying reliability analysis in evaluation of life‐cycle costs of alternative network solutions
Authors: Verho P. , Järventausta P. , Kivikko K. , Pylvänäinen J. , Partanen J. , Lassila J. , Honkapuro S. , Kaipia T.
Published: September 2006

Electric utilities are enforced to control trustworthily total lifetime costs caused by their network components without jeopardizing the reliability and security of the network. New distribution planning methods and procedures are needed in order to meet the expectations and performance targets of regulators, company owners, and customers in the re‐regulated environment. One of the most challenging tasks for electrical utilities is the consideration of reliability as a part of long term planning of the network. In order to respond to these requirements, an advanced IT‐solution has been created, which provides reliability analysis as a part of the network planning process. The software implementation and the developed models for reliability analysis are presented briefly in the paper. The focus of the proposed paper deals with studies in which alternative network solutions are evaluated using the developed application. For each alternative the total lifetime costs are calculated, including reliability costs. The optimal plan depends on the selection of reliability optimization criteria: the reliability costs may consist only of direct utility costs, but they can also include customer interruption costs and even the costs of voltage dips. The paper presents and evaluates results of example studies and discusses the correlation between the utility strategy and optimal network structure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐agent application of substation protection coordination with distributed generators
Authors: Wan H. , Li K. K. , Wong K. P.
Published: September 2006

This paper presents new explorations into the use of agent technology applied to substation protection coordination of power systems. The impact of distributed generators (DG) on protection coordination in substation with different locations is discussed first. Then a coordination multi‐agent system is proposed with the functions of the agents described. In the proposed system, communication will play an important role to provide more information for the relay coordination besides the relay settings. Relay coordination strategy is also discussed and communication simulation has been carried out on the Java agent development framework (JADE) platform. The simulation results shows that proper protection coordination can be achieved by the proposed coordination strategy and information communication. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Valuation of dynamic reactive power support in multitransaction power systems
Authors: Pirayesh Abolfazl , Vakilian Mehdi , Feuillet Rene , Hadj‐Said Nouredine
Published: September 2006

This paper presents a reactive power valuation method with regard to its effect on realization of MW transactions. The security constraint optimization model in which the objective function is maximization of transactions is solved by the genetic algorithm approach. The proposed scheme allocates a specific amount of MW transactions to each dynamic reactive power source. An index is introduced to derive VAr value from the calculated optimal parameters of power network. This index represents the system‐wide effect of MVAr sources on MW transactions implementations. Application of proposed method has been illustrated using IEEE 30 and 14 bus test systems. Results are discussed and compared in different conditions of the system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid finite compact‐WENO schemes for shock calculation
Authors: Shen Yiqing , Yang Guowei
Published: September 2006

Hybrid finite compact (FC)‐WENO schemes are proposed for shock calculations. The two sub‐schemes (finite compact difference scheme and WENO scheme) are hybridized by means of the similar treatment as in ENO schemes. The hybrid schemes have the advantages of FC and WENO schemes. One is that they possess the merit of the finite compact difference scheme, which requires only bi‐diagonal matrix inversion and can apply the known high‐resolution flux to obtain high‐performance numerical flux function; another is that they have the high‐resolution property of WENO scheme for shock capturing. The numerical results show that FC‐WENO schemes have better resolution properties than both FC‐ENO schemes and WENO schemes. In addition, some comparisons of FC‐ENO and artificial compression method (ACM) filter scheme of Yee et al. are also given. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of well‐balanced bore‐capturing schemes for 2D wetting and drying processes
Authors: Marche F. , Bonneton P. , Fabrie P. , Seguin N.
Published: September 2006

We consider numerical solutions of the two‐dimensional non‐linear shallow water equations with a bed slope source term. These equations are well‐suited for the study of many geophysical phenomena, including coastal engineering where wetting and drying processes are commonly observed. To accurately describe the evolution of moving shorelines over strongly varying topography, we first investigate two well‐balanced methods of Godunov‐type, relying on the resolution of non‐homogeneous Riemann problems. But even if these schemes were previously proved to be efficient in many simulations involving occurrences of dry zones, they fail to compute accurately moving shorelines. From this, we investigate a new model, calledSURF_WB, especially designed for the simulation of wave transformations over strongly varying topography. This model relies on a recent reconstruction method for the treatment of the bed‐slope source term and is able to handle strong variations of topography and to preserve the steady states at rest. In addition, the use of the recent VFRoe‐ncv Riemann solver leads to a robust treatment of wetting and drying phenomena. An adapted ‘second order’ reconstruction generates accurate bore‐capturing abilities.This scheme is validated against several analytical solutions, involving varying topography, time dependent moving shorelines and convergences toward steady states. This model should have an impact in the prediction of 2D moving shorelines over strongly irregular topography. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depressive symptoms among older adults in urban and rural areas
Authors: St John Philip D. , Blandford Audrey A. , Strain Laurel A.
Published: September 2006

Objectives

To determine if there are differences in depressive symptoms between residents of urban areas, small town zones, and predominantly rural regions and to determine factors associated with depressive symptoms among these groups of residents.

Method

The study was set in the Canadian province of Manitoba amongst a community‐dwelling population of older adults who were cognitively intact. The design of the study was a cross‐sectional survey and measures included age, gender, education, living arrangements, number of persons providing companionship, perceived adequacy of income, functional impairment, self‐rated health and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression (CES‐D) scale. Urban/rural residence was measured by grouping Census sub‐divisions according to 1991 Census population: urban (>19,999); small town (2500 to 19,999); or predominantly rural (<2500).

Results

In the total sample (n = 1382), 11.5% exhibited depressive symptoms: 11.6% in urban areas (n = 844); 14.0% in small town zones (n = 250); 9.0% in predominantly rural regions (n = 288) (p > 0.05, chi‐square test). No rural‐urban differences were seen in multivariate models. In predominantly rural regions, living alone, perceiving one's income as inadequate, and having functional impairment were associated with depressive symptoms. The only significant factor in small town zones was poorer self‐rated health whereas in urban areas, poorer self‐rated health, functional impairment, and fewer persons providing companionship were significantly related to depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

We did not observe rural‐urban differences. However, the factors associated with depressive symptoms varied among older adults living in predominantly rural regions, in small towns, and in urban areas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring minimal residual disease and controlling drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients in treatment with imatinib as a guide to clinical management
Authors: Martinelli Giovanni , Iacobucci Ilaria , Soverini Simona , Cilloni Daniela , Saglio Giuseppe , Pane Fabrizio , Baccarani Michele
Published: September 2006

Imatinib mesylate, binding to the inactive conformation of Bcr‐Abl tyrosine kinase and suppressing the Ph chromosome positive clone, has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients. Given the high rates of clinical and cytogenetic remission achieved, the molecular monitoring of BCR‐ABL transcript levels by RT‐qPCR has become always more important to assess minimal residual disease. Recently, recommendations for harmonizing current methodologies for detecting and measuring BCR‐ABL transcripts in CML patients have been suggested. Studies of imatinib‐treated patients have determined that the BCR‐ABL levels measured early in therapy may predict durable cytogenetic remission and in turn prolonged progression free‐survival or acquisition of resistance. The major mechanism of imatinib resistance is clonal expansion of leukaemia cells with mutations in the Bcr‐Abl fusion tyrosine kinase. The early reduction of such mutations may allow timely treatment intervention to prevent or overcome resistance. We review current trends in the management of chronic myeloid leukaemia patients undergoing treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein kinase B modulates the sensitivity of human neuroblastoma cells to insulin‐like growth factor receptor inhibition
Authors: Guerreiro Ana S. , Boller Danielle , Shalaby Tarek , Grotzer Michael A. , Arcaro Alexandre
Published: September 2006

The potential of the novel insulin‐like growth factor receptor (IGF‐IR) inhibitor NVP‐AEW541 as an antiproliferative agent in human neuroblastoma was investigated. Proliferation of a panel of neuroblastoma cell lines was inhibited by NVP‐AEW541 with IC50 values ranging from 0.15 to 5 μM. Experiments using an IGF‐IR neutralizing antibody confirmed that the IGF‐IR was essential to support growth of neuroblastoma cell lines. The expression levels of the IGF‐IR in individual neuroblastoma cell lines did not correlate with the sensitivities to NVP‐AEW541, while coexpression of the IGF‐IR and the insulin receptor (IR) correlated with lower sensitivity to the inhibitor in some cell lines. Intriguingly, high levels of activation of Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) and phosphorylation of the ribosomal S6 protein were observed in neuroblastoma cell lines with decreased sensitivities to NVP‐AEW541. Inhibition of Akt/PKB activity restored the sensitivity of neuroblastoma cells to the IGF‐IR inhibitor. Transfection of neuroblastoma cells with activated Akt or ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) decreased the sensitivity of the cells to NVP‐AEW541. IGF‐I‐stimulated proliferation of neuroblastoma cell lines was completely blocked by NVP‐AEW541, or by a combination of an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase and rapamycin. In addition to its antiproliferative effects, NVP‐AEW541 sensitized neuroblastoma cells to cisplatin‐induced apoptosis. Together, our data demonstrate that NVP‐AEW541 in combination with Akt/PKB inhibitors or chemotherapeutic agents may represent a novel approach to target human neuroblastoma cell proliferation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flat penile lesions: The infectious “invisible” link in the transmission of human papillomavirus
Authors: Bleeker Maaike C.G. , Snijders Peter F.J. , Voorhorst Feja J. , Meijer Chris J.L.M.
Published: September 2006

Although it has been widely accepted that high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is sexually transmitted, limited insight is available about the clinical manifestations of hrHPV infection in men and their contribution in the viral spread. Here, we reviewed the literature on the relationship between hrHPV and the presence of penile lesions. Flat penile lesions have similar predilection sites as HPV, often contain hrHPV as identified by DNA in situ hybridization in biopsy specimens, show a high association with hrHPV as identified by PCR in penile scrapes of lesional sites and are associated with high viral copy numbers. Absence of flat lesions is generally associated with very low HPV copy numbers or absence of HPV. Therefore, we argue that these lesions form the reservoir of hrHPV in men and contribute to the viral spread. Their bare visibility with the naked eye and their high degree of spontaneous healing explain why flat penile lesions have slipped the attention of the clinician. Combining an HPV DNA test with a visual inspection after acetic acid application offers a more reliable interpretation of a positive HPV test in men, as it helps to distinguish positivity that is very likely to reflect a productive HPV infection from potentially HPV infections with very low copy numbers or HPV contamination by the sex partner. Future trials of HPV vaccines in men should take into account not only the presence of penile HPV but also the presence of flat penile lesions as an outcome measure for the efficacy of a vaccine. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MC1R common variants, CDKN2A and their association with melanoma and breast cancer risk
Authors: Dȩbniak Tadeusz , Scott Rodney , Masojc Bartłomiej , Serrano‐Fernández Pablo , Huzarski Tomasz , Byrski Tomasz , Dȩbniak Bogusław , Górski Bohdan , Cybulski Cezary , Mȩdrek Krzysztof , Kurzawski Grzegorz , van de Wetering Thierry , Maleszka Romuald , Kładny Józef , Lubinski Jan
Published: September 2006

We sought to examine the association between MC1R variants and the risk of melanoma and breast cancer in Polish population. We also determined the prevalence of compound heterozygous carriers of MC1R and CDKN2A (A148T) variants. We examined 500 unselected melanoma cases, 511 consecutive invasive breast cancer patients, 800 newborns, 421 healthy adults matched for sex and age with the melanoma cases and 511 healthy women matched for sex and age with the breast cancer cases. A statistically significant association of all 4 MC1R variants with the melanoma risk was found. For the R151C variant p value was 0.000008 and odds ratio 2.9; for the V60L variant p value was 0.007 and OR 1.78; for the R160C p was 0.006 and OR 1.76; for the R163Q p was 0.015 and odds ratio 2.1. None of the compound heterozygotes were significantly over‐represented among any of the melanoma cases, the highest OR (4.2) observed in patients harbouring the A148T variant in CDKN2A and the R151C variant in MC1R. Positive association was found between carrying any of the MC1R variants and (i) increased occurrence of melanoma among I degree relatives of the carriers; (ii) increased occurrence of melanoma on UV‐non‐exposed skin areas. We also observed a tendency of increased risk of multiple melanomas among carriers of MC1R variants. The haplotype analysis demonstrates that MC1R variants do not co‐occur in cis, compound carriers have both alleles affected. We found no association with the MC1R variants and breast cancer risk. In conclusion, the results of this population‐based study show herein that MC1R variants are associated with increased melanoma risk in the Polish population. The risk of disease seems to be increased additively for patients harbouring also the CDKN2A common variant A148T. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of IGF‐1R/EGFR cross‐talks on hepatoma cell sensitivity to gefitinib
Authors: Desbois‐Mouthon Christèle , Cacheux Wulfran , Blivet‐Van Eggelpoël Marie‐José , Barbu Véronique , Fartoux Laetitia , Poupon Raoul , Housset Chantal , Rosmorduc Olivier
Published: September 2006

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐ and type 1 insulin‐like growth factor receptor (IGF‐1R)‐dependent pathways are up‐regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and cross‐talks between both pathways have been described in other systems. Gefitinib, a specific EGFR inhibitor, has shown to reduce significantly, although not completely, HCC formation in rat cirrhotic liver. Here, we investigated whether IGF‐1R‐dependent pathways may interfere with EGFR signalling in hepatoma cells and, if so, whether such cross‐talks may affect the antitumoral effect of gefitinib in these cells. We show that the proliferative action of IGF2 in HepG2 and Hep3B cells requires EGFR activation through the autocrine/paracrine release of amphiregulin. Thus, IGF2‐induced extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activity and DNA synthesis were inhibited by neutralizing antibodies against either EGFR or amphiregulin and by TAPI‐1, a pharmalogical inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor‐α converting enzyme, a sheddase of amphiregulin. Accordingly, IGF2 and EGF stimulating effects on cell proliferation were both strongly repressed by gefitinib. However, while gefitinib blocked Akt activation by EGF, it had no effect on Akt activation by IGF2 and did not cause apoptosis by its own. AG1024, a selective IGF‐1R inhibitor, induced apoptosis and this effect was potentiated by gefitinib. In conclusion, we show that in HCC cells IGF2/IGF‐1R activation triggers proliferative and survival signals through EGFR‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms, respectively. The IGF2/IGF‐1R survival pathway may contribute to gefitinib resistance in these cells. Therefore, the inhibition of IGF2/IGF‐1R signalling could potentiate the anti‐tumoral effect of gefinitib in HCC. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.