bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Husband and Wife Do It Together": Sex/Gender Allocation of Labor among the Qhawqhat Lahu of Lancang, Southwest China
Authors: Du Shanshan
Published: December 2004

In this article, I explore both the diversity and commonality of human labor organization in response to sex difference through an ethnographic study of the sex/gender allocation of labor among the Qhawqhat Lahu of Lancang, China. I argue that the principle of "unity," rather than the more commonly discussed "division," predominantly governs the gendered allocation of labor in Qhawqhat. I demonstrate that the Lahu ideal of gender unity, combined with their practical pursuit of optimal use of household laborers, foster an extraordinarily high degree of joint gender roles in child rearing, as well as in reproductive and productive activities in general. I also show that such an extreme sociocultural system minimizes (although it does not entirely negate) the impact of sex differences. This study may shed some light on the diversity and commonality of human labor organization in response to sex difference by bringing into dialogue more recent approaches to the issue and earlier studies of the "sexual division of labor." [sex/gender allocation of labor, sexual division of labor, anthropology of work, Lahu, China]
Constructivist Models of Mind, Contemporary Psychoanalysis, and the Development of Culture Theory
Authors: Hollan Douglas
Published: December 2004

Researchers in a number of fields, including contemporary psychoanalysis, are contributing to the development of a dynamic model of mind that acknowledges the contributions of biology and social experience to the construction of human consciousness and subjectivity. In this paper, I examine this emerging model of mind and I discuss its implications for the development of Culture theory. I argue that theories of culture must reflect the fluidity and complexity of the psychological states that underlie the culture process, and I suggest that even highly conventional models of action, thought, and feeling are rarely, if ever, internalized, appropriated, or reproduced without some degree of modification, refashioning, and personalization. I propose person‐centered ethnography as one of the methods by which we can explore the complex relations among culture, mind, and behavior,[constructivist models of mind, contemporary psychoanalysis, culture theory, self and subjectivity, person‐centered ethnography]
Bear's Hiding Place: Ishi's Last Refuge
Authors: Haley Brian D.
Published: December 2004

Bear's Hiding Place: Ishi's Last Refuge. 1998. 18 minutes, color. video by Jed Riffe. For more information, contact University of California Extension, Center for Media and Independent Learning, 2000 Center Street. Fourth Floor, Berkeley. CA 94704.
The Third Eye: Race, Cinema, and Ethnographic Spectacle; Experimental Ethnography: The Work of Film in the Age of Video
Authors: Litzinger Ralph A.
Published: December 2004

The Third Eye: Race, Cinema, and Ethnographic Spectacle. Fatimah Tobing Rony. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996. 300 pp.

Experimental Ethnography: The Work of Film in the Age of Video. Catherine Russell. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999.391 pp.
Stress and Emotional Health: Applications of Clinical Anthropology
Authors: Lumsden David Paul
Published: December 2004

Stress and Emotional Health: Applications of Clinical Anthropology. John A. Rush. Westport, CT: Auburn House, 1999.219 pp.
Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas: Fifty Years since Virú
Authors: Stark Barbara L.
Published: December 2004

Settlement Pattern Studies in the Americas: Fifty Years since Virú. Brian R. Billman and Gary M. Feinman. eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. 246 pp.
Corn in Clay: Maize Paleoethnobotany in Pre‐Columbian Art
Authors: King Frances B.
Published: December 2004

Corn in Clay: Maize Paleoethnobotany in Pre‐Columbian Art. Mary W. Eubanks. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. 249 pp.
The Peoples of the Middle Niger: The Island of Gold
Authors: Kone Kassim
Published: December 2004

The Peoples of the Middle Niger: The Island of Gold. Roderick J. Mclntosh. Williston, VT: Blackwell, 1998. 346 pp.
Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia
Authors: Zilhão Joào
Published: December 2004

Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia. Takeru Akazawa. Kenichi Aoki. and Ofer Bar‐Yosef. eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1998.539 pp.
The Trading Crowd: An Ethnography of the Shanghai Stock Market
Authors: Moore Robert L.
Published: December 2004

The Trading Crowd: An Ethnography of the Shanghai Stock Market. Ellen Hertz. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 238 pp.
The Kalahari Ethnographies (1896–1898) of Siegfried Passarge: Nineteenth Century Khoisan and Bantu‐Speaking Peoples
Authors: Raum Johannes
Published: December 2004

The Kalahari Ethnographies (1896–1898) of Siegfried Passarge: Nineteenth Century Khoisan and Bantu‐Speaking Peoples. Edwin N. Wilmsen. ed. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 1997. 332 pp.
Stratigraphy and Practical Reason
Authors: Walker William H.
Published: December 2004

The organization of human behavior often defies utilitarian or practical reason. Inferences based in practical reason simplify behavioral variability and as a result obscure evidence of ritual organization contained in sequences of archaeological deposits. To expose such sequences, 1 offer a behaviorally based artifact life history approach to the study of prehistoric ritual stratigraphy. I illustrate this approach through a case study of ethnographic and archaeological evidence of ritual and warfare in the American Southwest. [Key words: theory, ritual, war, stratigraphy, Casas Grandes]
Cultural Darwinism and Language
Authors: D'Andrade Roy
Published: December 2004

This article examines the effect of cultural selection on the development of language in humans. First, it is claimed that directive and expressive types of speech acts are commonly found in many animal species. Representative speech acts, on the other hand, with the exception of animal "calls," are found primarily among humans. !t is argued that a cultural environment is a probable selective factor for the capacity to produce representative speech acts. Second, it is argued that representative speech acts, once they became part of language, acted as a selective factor for increased intelligence and associated greater brain size. And, finally, it is argued that the capacity to create representative speech acts selected for brains that could store great numbers of memory episodes and narratives, as well as plan for the future. [Key words: evolution, language, cultural selection, brain, intelligence, memory]
Locations of Hegemony: The Making of Places in the Toba's Struggle for La Comuna, 1989‐99
Authors: Gordillo Gastón
Published: December 2004

In this article, I examine how hegemonic fields and the forms of contention they generate are active forces in the production of places. I focus my analysis on an indigenousgroupof the Argentinean Chaco, theTobaof the Pilcomayo River, and their recent struggles to gain control over the municipality of the region, locally known as la comuna. I examine how these struggles reproduce and simultaneously contest forms of state hegemony and, in so doing, define the contours of la comuna in tension with another place: the surrounding bush where the Toba focus their hunting and gathering practices. Because of the hegemonic values that inform these struggles, I argue that in this process the bush is being reconfigured in a contradictory way: on the one hand, as a locality gradually undermined by the influence of productivist discourses and, on the other hand, as a place of autonomy from "the government" This tense spatial configuration, in turn, informs Toba political discourses and practices. A central point of this article is that hegemony has spatial dimensions that are crucial in the unfolding of processes of ideological domination, accommodation, and resistance. {Key words: hegemony, place, ethnic politics, Argentina. Gran Chaco, Toba]
Chief Seattle
Authors: Boxberger Daniel L.
Published: December 2004

Chief Seattle. 2000. 57 minutes, color. video by B. J. Bullert. For more information contact Bullfrog Films, Box 149, Oley, PA 19547; 1‐800‐543‐3764; www.bullfrogfilms.com.
Ways of Inhabiting the World: Landscape Archaeology
Authors: Hicks Ronald
Published: December 2004

Landscape Transformation and the Archaeology of Impact: Social Disruption and State Formation in Southern Africa. Warren R. Perry. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999. 182 pp.

Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives. Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp, eds. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999, 303 pp.

The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: Shaping Your Landscape. Peter J. Ucko and Robert Layton. eds. London: Routledge, 1999. 525 pp.
Identity and Ecology in Arctic Siberia: The Number One Reindeer Brigade
Authors: King Alexander
Published: December 2004

Identity and Ecology in Arctic Siberia. The Number One Reindeer Brigade. David G. Anderson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.253 pp.
The Archaeology of Communities: A New World Perspective
Authors: Lekson Stephen H.
Published: December 2004

The Archaeology of Communities:. New World Perspective. Marcello A. Canuto and Jason Yaeger. eds. New York: Routledge, 2000.271 pp.
Language, Charisma, and Creativity: The Ritual Life of a Religious Movement
Authors: Lambek Michael
Published: December 2004

Language, Charisma, and Creativity: The Ritual Life of. Religious Movement. Thomas J. Csordas. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.320 pp.
Technology and Social Agency: Outlining a Practice Theory for Archaeology
Authors: Killick David J.
Published: December 2004

Technology and Social Agency: Outlining. Practice Theory for Archaeology. Marcia‐Anne Dobres. Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2000.300 pp.
Debt and Dispossession: Farm Loss in America's Heartland
Authors: Hatch Elvin
Published: December 2004

Debt and Dispossession: Farm Loss in America's Heartland. Kathryn Marie Dudley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.195 pp.
The Xilixana Yanomami of the Amazon: History, Social Structure, and Population Dynamics
Authors: Ramos Alcida Rita
Published: December 2004

The Xilixana Yanomami of the Amazon: History, Social Structure, and Population Dynamics. John D. Early and John F. Peters. Gainesville: University Press of Florida 2000 323 pp.
Dynamics of Violence: Processes of Escalation and De‐Escalation in Violent Group Conflicts
Authors: Saul Mahir
Published: December 2004

Dynamics of Violence: Processes of Escalation and De‐ Escalation in Violent Group Conflicts. Sociologus, Special Publication 1. Georg Elvert. Stephen Feuchtwang. and Dieter Neubert. eds. Berlin: Duncker and Humblot, 1999 290 pp.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Authors: Linares Olga F.
Published: December 2004

Commodities and Globalization: Anthropological Perspectives. Angelique Haugerud. M. Priscilla Stone. and Peter D. Little. eds. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2000.249 pp.
Global Culture/Individual Identity: Searching for Home in the Cultural Supermarket
Authors: Lemoyne Terri
Published: December 2004

Global Culture/Individual Identity: Searching for Home in the Cultural Supermarket. Gordon Mathews. New York: Routledge, 2000. 228 pp.
Ethnoecology: Situated Knowledge/Located Lives
Authors: Meilleur Brien A.
Published: December 2004

Ethnoecology: Situated Knowledge/Located Lives. Virginia D. Nazarea. ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999.299 pp.
Trade and Trade‐Offs: Using Resources, Making Choices, and Taking Risks
Authors: Chibnik Michael
Published: December 2004

Trade and Trade‐Offs: Using Resources, Making Choices, and Taking Risks. M. Estellie Smith. Prospect Heights, 1L: Waveland Press, 2000.250 pp.
The Limits of Coexistence: Identity Politics in Israel
Authors: Avruch Kevin
Published: December 2004

The Limits of Coexistence: Identity Politics in Israel. Rebecca L. Torstrick. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. 284 pp.
Anthropology in the 20th Century and Beyond
Authors: Goodenough Ward H.
Published: December 2004

This article reviews the growth of knowledge in the four fields of anthropology. It is not an intellectual history but, rather, focuses on what I consider to have been the important developments in substantive knowledge. [Keywords: U.S. anthropology, four fields, 20th century, substantive knowledge]
Missing Links: A Commentary on Ward H. Goodenough's Moving Article "Anthropology in the 20th Century and Beyond"
Authors: Nader Laura
Published: December 2004

Ward H. Goodenough's optimistic summary of anthropological knowledge during the 20th century leaves missing links around the inevitable political and processual nature of the discipline. Conflict within the discipline and response to public events also are part of the story. Effects of the Cold War highlight the relations of knowledge and power in anthropological practice. Common humanity remains the focal point of anthropology. [Keywords: U.S. anthropology, 20th century, complexity, world events, reflexivity]
"Mrs. Landes Meet Mrs. Benedict": Culture Pattern and Individual Agency in the 1930s
Authors: Cole Sally
Published: December 2004

This article presents Ruth Landes as a transitional figure in 20th‐century anthropology between the culture and personality studies of the interwar years and the study of power and structural dynamics so important in the discipline by the end of the century. Expanding on Benedict's theory of culture pattern and employing the life history method, Landes highlights in her work relations of power in the structural dynamics of culture as she explores: the experience of social marginality; the making of the public symbolic order; the plurality of local knowledge systems; the role of the individual; what she called "the moot problem of women and men"; and the relationship of researcher and researched. [Keywords: Ruth Landes, Ruth Benedict, culture, gender, power]
Lessons from Appalachia in the 20th Century: Poverty, Power, and the "Grassroots"
Authors: Anglin Mary K.
Published: December 2004

Through an exploration of settings in eastern Kentucky, southwest Virginia, and western North Carolina, this article explores lessons that poor and working class people have to offer about grassroots activism in response to processes of economic restructuring and political disenf ranchisement. In addition to displacing simplistic perspectives on Appalachia, the purpose of this discussion is to consider how anthropologists might more effectively convey the insights of—not simply about—the peoples we study into public policy and debates on "the poor. [Keywords: Appalachia, activism, poverty, economic restructuring]
Remembering Our Indian School Days: The Boarding School Experience
Authors: Hoerig Karl A.
Published: December 2004

Remembering Our Indian School Days: The Boarding School Experience. Heard Museum, Phoenix. November 2000‐05
Fredrik Barth: From Fieldwork to Theory
Authors: Benson Janet E.
Published: December 2004

Fredrik Barth: From Fieldwork to Theory. 1999. 56 minutes, color. video by Werner Sperschneider. Coproduced by the Institut für den Wissenschaftlichen Film (IWF) and the Danish Film Institute Workshop. For more information, contact the IWF‐Knowledge and Media, Nonnenstieg 72, 37075, Göttingen, Germany; www.iwf.de.
High Noon in the Rain Forest
Authors: Krebs Edgardo
Published: December 2004

Guido Boggiani. Fotograf. Fotografo. Fotografo. Photographer. Pavel Fric and Yvonna Fricova. eds. Nakladatelsvi Titanic, Praha, 1997. 82 photographs. 137 pp. Text and captions are in Czech, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and English.
The Ethnographer's Eye: Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology: Visual Methods in Social Research
Authors: Taylor Lucien
Published: December 2004

The Ethnographer's Eye: Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology. Anna Grimshaw. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 2001. 222 pp.

Visual Methods in Social Research. Marcus Banks. New York City: Sage Publications, 2001. 201 pp.
Remaking a World: Violence, Social Suffering, and Recovery
Authors: Christopherkovats‐Bernat J.
Published: December 2004

Remaking. World: Violence, Social Suffering, and Recovery. Veena Das. Arthur Kleinman. Margaret Lock. Mamphele Ramphele. and Pamela Reynolds. eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. 294 pp.
The Maya Diaspora: Guatemalan Roots, New American Lives
Authors: Duvall Tracy
Published: December 2004

The Maya Diaspora: Guatemalan Roots, New American Lives. James Loucky and Marilyn M. Moors. eds. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000. 263 pp.
Taking a Stand in a Postfeminist World: Toward an Engaged Cultural Criticism
Authors: Dussart Françise
Published: December 2004

Taking. Stand in. Postfeminist World: Toward an Engaged Cultural Criticism. Frances E. Mascia‐Lees and Patricia Sharpe. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. 241 pp.
Audit Society: Rituals of Verification: Audit Cultures: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics and the Academy
Authors: Lempert David
Published: December 2004

Audit Society: Rituals of Verification. Michael Power. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.183 pp.

Audit Cultures: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics and the Academy. Marilyn Strathern. ed. New York: Routledge, 2000. 310 pp.
War, Factionalism, and the State in Afghanistan
Authors: Shahrani Nazif M.
Published: December 2004

Since September 11, 2001, the explanations offered to account for the rise of a foreign‐led terrorist network on Afghan soil have variously focused on the political vacuum opened up by the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in February 1989, interference by foreign powers in Afghanistan's internal affairs, the failure of Afghanistan to produce a "strong state" because of ethnic factionalism, and an internal moral incoherence inherent to Afghan culture. I argue that none of these explanations is entirely satisfactory in itself. To understand the situation in Afghanistan, we must recognize that its political and military chaos is not an isolated or unique phenomenon, and at the same time acknowledge the particular social and political dynamics of Afghanistan's history that have set the parameters for current events. I show that communal conflicts in Afghanistan are part of a much wider affliction common to many postcolonial states and multinational societies, and that Afghanistan's current situation can only be understood by focusing on its failed attempts at nation‐state building within the broader geopolitical circumstance of foreign manipulation and proxy wars that have given rise to particular forms of ethnic division. [Keywords: Afghanistan, nation‐building, ethnic factionalism, warfare, the State]
Murder by Suicide: Episodes from Muslim History
Authors: Andriolo Karin
Published: December 2004

Suicide terrorism and other operations that consume the killer's life employ beliefs and practices intended to reconcile the killer with his or her own death. This article reviews three episodes from Muslim history: the Assassins of Syria and Persia, juramentado in the Philippines, and Husayn's martyrdom at Karbala. Each of these episodes manifests a different symbolic stratagem: the neutralization of transition anxiety, the sacrificial fusion of murder and suicide, and the justifying projection of the past onto the present. [Keywords: suicide terrorism, Islam, Middle East, Iran, Philippines]
Global Violence and Indonesian Muslim Politics
Authors: Hefner Robert W.
Published: December 2004

The attacks of September 11, 2001, in the United States and the U.S.‐led campaign in Afghanistan provoked fierce threats of violence in Indonesia, the world's largest majority‐Muslim country. Western journalists portrayed these reactions as among the most destabilizing in the Muslim world. Less widely reported, however, was the intensification of a struggle between Muslim proponents of democracy and neof undamentalist conservatives, sparked by the same incidents. This article explores the varied reactions of Muslims to the violence of September 11 and its aftermath in light of this contest between rival Muslim groupings. It examines their competing visions of Islam and nation, as well as their supporting alliances in state and society. The example highlights the pluralism of Muslim politics and the special challenges of democratic transitions. Emphasizing the plurality and permeability of civilizations, the example also suggests that there is no "clash of civilizations" between Islam and the West but, rather, a more open process of globalization, localization, and exchange. [Keywords: Islam, Indonesia, violence, democratization, civilization]
Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others
Authors: Abu‐Lughod Lila
Published: December 2004

This article explores the ethics of the current "War on Terrorism, asking whether anthropology, the discipline devoted to understanding and dealing with cultural difference, can provide us with critical purchase on the justifications made for American intervention in Afghanistan in terms of liberating, or saving, Afghan women. I look first at the dangers of reifying culture, apparent in the tendencies to plaster neat cultural icons like the Muslim woman over messy historical and political dynamics. Then, calling attention to the resonances of contemporary discourses on equality, freedom, and rights with earlier colonial and missionary rhetoric on Muslim women, I argue that we need to develop, instead, a serious appreciation of differences among women in the world—as products of different histories, expressions of different circumstances, and manifestations of differently structured desires. Further, I argue that rather than seeking to "save" others (with the superiority it implies and the violences it would entail) we might better think in terms of (1) working with them in situations that we recognize as always subject to historical transformation and (2) considering our own larger responsibilities to address the forms of global injustice that are powerful shapers of the worlds in which they find themselves. I develop many of these arguments about the limits of "cultural relativism" through a consideration of the burqa and the many meanings of veiling in the Muslim world. [Keywords: cultural relativism, Muslim women, Afghanistan war, freedom, global injustice, colonialism]
The Collapse of the Classic Maya: A Case for the Role of Water Control
Authors: Lucero Lisa J.
Published: December 2004

This article focuses on the role of water control in the emergence and demise of Classic Maya political power (c. C.E. 250‐950), one that scholars have long underestimated. The scale of water control correlates with the degree of political power, reflected in three levels of Maya civic‐ceremonial centers—regional, secondary, and minor. Such power derives from a complex relationship among center location, seasonal water supply, amount of agricultural land, and settlement density. Maya kings monopolized artificial reservoirs and other water sources during annual drought, providing the means to exact tribute from subjects. Climate change undermined the institution of rulership when existing ceremonies and technology failed to provide sufficient water. The collapse of rulers' power at regional centers in the Terminal Classic (c. C.E. 850‐950) had differing impacts on smaller centers. Secondary and minor centers not heavily dependent on water control survived the drought and the collapse of regional centers. [Keywords: political power, water control, Classic Maya collapse]
Anthropological Genetics in the Genomic Era: A Look Back and Ahead
Authors: O′Rourke Dennis H.
Published: December 2004

The use of genetic methods and data has a long history in anthropology. Following dramatic growth in anthropological genetic field studies in the 1960s and 1970s, the revolution in molecular genetic methods during the 1980s spurred another period of growth and expansion. The earlier emphasis on examination of the role of alternative evolutionary mechanisms in structuring allele frequency variation within and between populations is reflected today in a renewed focus on unraveling demographic history using highly informative molecular markers. The existence of large, publicly available molecular genetic databases, coupled with advances in analytical methods, makes it possible to tackle a wide variety of problems in human evolution not possible with classical markers and traditional analytical methods, These recent advances will help frame the nature of research in the discipline in the near term. [Keywords; human evolutionary genetics, phylogenetics, molecular markers, genetic variation, population structure]
Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past
Authors: Rothschild Nan A.
Published: December 2004

Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past. Victor Buchli and Gavin Lucas. eds. New York: Routledge, 2001. 208 pp.
Latinos, Inc.: The Marketing and Making of a People
Authors: Reyes‐Ruiz Rafael
Published: December 2004

Latinos, Inc.: The Marketing and Making of. People. Arlene Davila. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. 287 pp.
Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis
Authors: Castro A. Peter
Published: December 2004

Indians, Markets, and Rainforests: Theory, Methods, and Analysis. Ricardo A. Godoy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 274 pp.
Money in an Unequal World: Keith Hart and His Memory Bank
Authors: Halperin Rhoda
Published: December 2004

Money in an Unequal World: Keith Hart and His Memory Bank. Keith Hart. New York: Texere, 2001. 341 pp.
Women and Migration: Anthropological Perspectives
Authors: Benson Janet E.
Published: December 2004

Women and Migration: Anthropological Perspectives. Jacqueline Knorr and Barbara Meier. eds. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2000. 268 pp.
Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest
Authors: Kowalewski Stephen A.
Published: December 2004

Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest. Barbara J. Mills. ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2000. 320 pp.
Handbook of Rock Art Research
Authors: Deboer Warren
Published: December 2004

Handbook of Rock Art Research. David S. Whitley. ed. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2001. 864 pp.
Sounding the Center: History and Aesthetics in Thai Buddhist Performance
Authors: Shannan Jonathan H.
Published: December 2004

Sounding the Center: History and Aesthetics in Thai Buddhist Performance. Deborah Wong. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. 336 pp.
Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology in the American Anthropologist Rare but Exquisite Gems
Authors: Buikstra Jane E. , King Jason L. , Nystrom Kenneth C.
Published: December 2004

This article explores forensic anthropological and bioarchaeological publishing patterns in the American Anthropologist (n.s.). Early contributions by Harris Hawthorne Wilder on both subjects are considered in detail, including previously unrecognized discussions of taphonomic variables. Articles on forensic anthropology in the American Anthropologist appear only during the first four decades of publication. While relatively well represented in early issues, bioarchaeological articles decrease in number over time. Comparative data from six other journals suggest that their presence has had a profound effect on the American Anthropologist. The impact of the "new" physical anthropology on publishing patterns in bioarchaeology is also assessed. [Keywords: forensic anthropology, funerary archaeology, paleodemography, paleopathology, taphonomy]
From Types to Populations: A Century of Race, Physical Anthropology, and the American Anthropological Association
Authors: Caspari Rachel
Published: December 2004

In the 1960s, U.S. physical anthropology underwent a period of introspection that marked a change from the old physical anthropology that was largely race based to the new physical anthropology, espoused by Washburn and others for over a decade, which incorporated the evolutionary biology of the modern synthesis. What actually changed? What elements of the race concept have been rejected, and what elements have persisted, influencing physical anthropology today? In this article, I examine both the scientific and social influences on physical anthropology that caused changes in the race concept, in particular the influence of the American Anthropological Association. The race concept is complicated but entails three attributes: essentialism, cladistic thinking, and biological determinism. These attributes have not all been discarded; while biological determinism and its social implications have been questioned since the inception of the field, essentialism and the concomitant rendering of populations as clades persists as a legacy of the race concept. [Keywords: race, essentialism, physical anthropology]
The Evolution of Human Origins
Authors: Ward Carol
Published: December 2004

Because humans are the product of our evolutionary past, learning how we evolved is fundamental to all anthropological investigations. We now realize that reconstructing why unique human attributes evolved requires an understanding of our starting point, but this is a relatively recent perspective. One hundred years ago, the question of human origins was identical to that of hominin origins. Accepting Australopithecus into human ancestry, coupled with the modern synthesis of evolution, led anthropologists to consider humans as products of natural selection. They realized that increased intelligence did not initially distinguish our lineage, and that early hominins were apelike in many ways. Australopithecus brought bipedalityr and brain expansion came with Homo. Because the human mind and behavior are products of evolution, we must reconstruct the selective pressures that shaped our lineage in order to understand ourselves today. Paleoanthropology, as with all anthropology, is becoming ever more question oriented, drawing on many areas of inquiry. [Keywords: human origins, human evolution, history, data, theory]
Oxidation Protective Glass‐Ceramic Coating for SiC Fibre Reinforced Glass Matrix Composites
Authors: Ferraris M. , Salvo M. , Matekovits I. , Boccaccini A.R.
Published: December 2004

A protective coating for SiC fiber reinforced borosilicate glass‐matrix composites based on zinc borosilicate (ZBS) glass‐ceramic was developed. The coating was deposited on the composite surfaces by a simple and cost‐effective method, based on slurry dipping followed by a densification and crystallisation stage carried out at optimised temperature and holding time. The coatings were shown to be able to withstand temperatures of up to 700 °C without softening and without exhibiting microcracking.
Oligothia Dendrimers for the Formation of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: D'Aléo A. , Williams R. M. , Osswald F. , Edamana P. , Hahn U. , van Heyst J. , Tichelaar F. D. , Vögtle F. , De Cola L.
Published: December 2004

The synthesis and characterization of oligothia dendrimers and their use for the formation of gold nanoparticles is described. The role played by these dendrimers in controlling the stability and size of the particles is discussed. It is shown that the generation of the dendrimers, as well as the position of the sulfur atoms in the dendritic structure (S6G1 and S9G1), influence the formation and reactivity of the nanoparticles. UV‐visible spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy have been employed for the characterization of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, purification by Soxhlet extraction has been performed.
Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Peptide‐Coated Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Dalton A. B. , Ortiz‐Acevedo A. , Zorbas V. , Brunner E. , Sampson W. M. , Collins S. , Razal J. M. , Miki Yoshida M. , Baughman R. H. , Draper R. K. , Musselman I. H. , Jose‐Yacaman M. , Dieckmann G. R.
Published: December 2004

Numerous applications, from molecular electronics to super‐strong composites, have been suggested for carbon nanotubes. Despite this promise, difficulty in assembling raw carbon nanotubes into functional structures is a deterrent for applications. In contrast, biological materials have evolved to self‐assemble, and the lessons of their self‐assembly can be applied to synthetic materials such as carbon nanotubes. Here we show that single‐walled carbon nanotubes, coated with a designed amphiphilic peptide, can be assembled into ordered hierarchical structures. This novel methodology offers a new route for controlling the physical properties of nanotube systems at all length scales from the nano‐ to the macroscale. Moreover, this technique is not limited to assembling carbon nanotubes, and could be modified to serve as a general procedure for controllably assembling other nanostructures into functional materials.
Nanoporous Alumina Membranes as Diffusion Controlling Systems
Authors: Kipke S. , Schmid G.
Published: December 2004

This work describes the use of nanoporous alumina membranes for the diffusion of crystal violet molecules, encapsulated in the micelles of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), through pores ranging between 20 and 200 nm in diameter. The encapsulation of the crystal violet in SDS micelles is necessary in order to enlarge the size of the molecules to such an extent that the pore size becomes a speed‐controlling function. Superior results were obtained when the membrane‐containing capsule is placed into a water‐filled beaker, and carefully moved by means of a “tipping bridge” in order to prevent diffusion problems in the capsule. Free crystal violet was liberated following diffusion due to the low SDS concentration in the aqueous solution, which was far below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Micelle formation and encapsulation of crystal violet is shown by UV‐visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. The experiments described herein serve as an exploratory test for developing novel drug delivery systems.
Numerical investigation of blade shape in static mixing
Authors: Heniche M. , Tanguy P. A. , Reeder M. F. , Fasano J. B.
Published: December 2004

The mixing performance of the KMX and SMX static mixers have been compared using 3D high‐resolution computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Although these mixers have a similar design composed of layers of blades, their blade shape is different: curved for the KMX and flat for the SMX. The flow of a Newtonian fluid in steady laminar regime has been considered as the benchmark of the study. The simulation was first validated by assessing the pressure drop vs. the number of mixer elements and the results were found to be in good agreement with experimental data. To evaluate the mixing quality, cross‐section stream function, extensional efficiency, mean shear rate, residence time, intensity of segregation, stretching, and Lyapunov exponent have been selected. Analysis of the flow pattern and mixing parameters shows differences between the mixers and it appears that the curved blade is more efficient than the flat blade design at the expense of a slightly higher pressure drop. In practice, the KMX mixer should provide a higher mixing rate at high viscosity ratio than the SMX mixer. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 44–58, 2005
Spectroscopic Properties and Electronic Structure of Pentammineruthenium(II) Dinitrogen Oxide and Corresponding Nitrosyl Complexes: Binding Mode of N2O and Reactivity.
Authors: Paulat Florian , Kuschel Torben , Naether Christian , Praneeth V. K. K. , Sander Ole , Lehnert Nicolai
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phase Relations in the Bi2O3—Fe2O3—MnOy System at Room Temperature.
Authors: Huo Guoyan , Gu Zhijun , Qiu Mande
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Route to 4‐Mercapto‐1,2‐dithiole‐3‐thiones from Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Adams Harry , Chung Lai‐Ming , Morris Michael J. , Wright Penelope J.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Be‐Ba and Zn‐Hg
Authors: Wright Dominic S.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Organosilicon Reagents of Vinylsilicon Functionality via Cross‐Metathesis and Silylation of Alkenes
Authors: Marciniec Bogdan
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Alkene Diboration: Novel Routes to Chiral Compounds
Authors: Morken James P.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multiparametric characterization by flow cytometry of flow‐sorted subpopulations of a human hepatoma cell line useful for drug research
Authors: O'Connor José‐Enrique , Martínez Alicia , Castell José V. , Gómez‐Lechón María‐José
Published: December 2004

Background

Primary cultured hepatocytes are the closest model to the liver for drug research. However, to overcome its limited availability, the search for hepatic cell lines as an alternative to primary cultures is a matter of current interest. In particular, highly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas have been proposed as in vitro tools for routine experiments in hepatotoxicity and drug metabolism.

Methods

Cell populations were selected by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting based on low and high relative expressions of P‐glycoprotein. These cell lines were characterized after 21 days in culture by multiparametric analysis with flow cytometry providing direct information on key cellular functions (stability in culture, intracellular ionic homeostasis, plasmatic and mitochondrial membrane‐related parameters, red‐ox status, drug transport, and metabolism).

Results

Two subpopulations (ADV‐1 and ADV‐2) from the differentiated and well‐characterized human hepatoma BC2 cell line showed increased activity of drug transport and drug biotransformation capability (cytochrome P450 [CYP] 1A2, CYP2B6, CYP3A4, and CYP2Cs). These subpopulations were characterized extensively by multiparametric flow cytometric analysis.

Conclusion

ADV‐1 subpopulation showed greater stability in culture, better efficiency regarding intracellular pH maintenance through the operation of Na+/H+ exchange antiporter, and significantly greater CYP‐dependent biotransformation activity than the BC2 parental cells and ADV‐2 cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two‐phase production of cyclohexene and cyclooctene oxides in water as an approach to pollution prevention
Authors: Shu Hung‐Yee
Published: December 2004

Liquid–liquid two‐phase epoxidation from cyclohexene and cyclooctene in aqueous potassium peroxymonosulfate (commercially available as Oxone®) solution was studied as an application in pollution prevention. To avoid potential emissions of volatile organic compounds an aqueous solution was employed to replace the usual chlorinated solvents used in epoxide production. A droplet column reactor and stirred tank reactor were used to investigate two‐phase synthesis of epoxide. An aqueous Oxone® solution was used to oxidize a dispersion of alkene droplets and form epoxide. The study of aqueous epoxidation in both reactors showed that the epoxidation of alkenes can be represented as a first order reaction with respect to alkene. The salting out effect of Oxone® concentration was studied in both reactors and found to be very similar at optimal conditions. In comparing the two reactors, it was found that the droplet column reactor produces larger quantities of product per unit reactor volume for the same reaction time. The objective of this study is to provide an alternative reactor design and synthesis route that can meet pollution prevention goals. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Photocatalytic degradation of gaseous trichloroethene using immobilized ZnO/SnO2 coupled oxide in a flow‐through photocatalytic reactor
Authors: An Taicheng , Zhang Maolin , Wang Xinming , Sheng Guoying , Fu Jiamo
Published: December 2004

The photocatalytic degradation of gaseous trichloroethene (TCE) was investigated on immobilized ZnO/SnO2 coupled oxide in a flow‐through photocatalytic reactor. It was found that gaseous photocatalysis is an efficient method for volatile organic compounds' abatement and air purification. Degradation of ∼100% was found for TCE at the concentrations examined, up to 400 ppmv, in a flow‐through dry synthetic gas stream. In our tested conditions, the flow rate had little influence on the photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of TCE, while the relative humidity had a significant influence on the photocatalytic degradation of TCE. The photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of TCE increased slowly below 20% relative humidity and then decreased as the relative humidity increased further. The deactivation of used immobilized photocatalyst was not observed within the 200 h testing period in the present experiment, although the surface of the photocatalyst changed greatly during the use of the photocatalyst. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Knowledge management strategy and organization: a perspective of analysis
Authors: Garavelli Claudio , Gorgoglione Michele , Scozzi Barbara
Published: December 2004

Several approaches, processes and organizational forms to develop and properly manage knowledge in a company have been proposed in the literature. However, there is a lack of methodologies aimed at supporting the analysis and implementation of a knowledge management (KM) strategy, the organizational approach to manage and leverage the company's knowledge. In this paper, two main and opposite KM strategies are pointed out: theknowledge marketand theknowledge community. A model is then proposed to assess the current KM strategy adopted by a company and its distance from the two extreme KM strategies. The model can support companies in the identification of suitable actions to better implement their KM strategy and to foster KM practices in the organization. The effectiveness of the model is also tested on a real case of application. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon sequestration in soils of central Asia
Authors: Lal R.
Published: December 2004

Problems of frequent drought stress, low soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration, low aggregation, susceptibility to compaction, salinization and accelerated soil erosion in dry regions are accentuated by removal of crop residues, mechanical methods of seedbed preparation, summer clean fallowing and overgrazing, and excessive irrigation. The attendant soil degradation and desertification lead to depletion of SOC, decline in biomass production, eutrophication/pollution of waters and emission of greenhouse gases. Adoption of conservation agriculture, based on the use of crop residue mulch and no till farming, can conserve water, reduce soil erosion, improve soil structure, enhance SOC concentration, and reduce the rate of enrichment of atmospheric CO2. The rate of SOC sequestration with conversion to conservation agriculture, elimination of summer fallowing and growing forages/cover crops may be 100 to 200 kg ha−1 y−1 in coarse‐textured soils of semiarid regions and 150 to 300 kg ha−1 y−1 in heavy‐textured soils of the subhumid regions. The potential of soil C sequestration in central Asia is 10 to 22 Tg C y−1 (16±8 Tg C y−1) for about 50 years, and it represents 20 per cent of the CO2 emissions by fossil fuel combustion. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell wall proteins in apoplastic fluids of Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes: Identification by mass spectrometry and bioinformatics
Authors: Boudart Georges , Jamet Elisabeth , Rossignol Michel , Lafitte Claude , Borderies Gisèle , Jauneau Alain , Esquerré‐Tugayé Marie‐Thérèse , Pont‐Lezica Rafael
Published: December 2004

Weakly bound cell wall proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana were identified using a proteomic and bioinformatic approach. An efficient protocol of extraction based on vacuum‐infiltration of the tissues was developed. Several salts and a chelating agent were compared for their ability to extract cell wall proteins without releasing cytoplasmic contaminants. Of the 93 proteins that were identified, a large proportion (60%) was released by calcium chloride. From bioinformatics analysis, it may be predicted that most of them (87 out of 93) had a signal peptide, whereas only six originated from the cytoplasm. Among the putative apoplastic proteins, a high proportion (67 out of 87) had a basic pI. Numerous glycoside hydrolases and proteins with interacting domains were identified, in agreement with the expected role of the extracellular matrix in polysaccharide metabolism and recognition phenomena. Ten proteinases were also found as well as six proteins with unknown functions. Comparison of the cell wall proteome of rosettes with the previously published cell wall proteome of cell suspension cultures showed a high level of cell specificity, especially for the different members of several large multigenic families.
Effect of Acetylation on Some Properties of Corn and Potato Starches
Authors: Singh Jaspreet , Kaur Lovedeep , Singh Narpinder
Published: December 2004

Corn starch and starches separated from different potato cultivars were acetylated to evaluate the effect of plant source on the physicochemical, morphological, thermal, rheological, textural and retrogradation properties of the starches. Corn starch showed a lower degree of acetylation than potato starches under similar experimental conditions. The degree of acetylation for different potato starches also differed significantly. Morphological examination revealed that the granules of acetylated Kufri Chandermukhi and Kufri Sindhuri starches tended to appear as fused and less smooth than native starch granules. Acetylation of corn and potato starches decreased the transition temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization and increased swelling power and light transmittance. However, the change in these was greater in the potato starches with higher percentage of small sized granules. Acetylated starches showed higher peak G', G'' and lower tan δ than their counterpart native starches during heating. Among the starches from different cultivars, the change in the rheological parameters after acetylation differed to a significant extent. The retrogradation was observed to be negligible in the acetylated cooked starch pastes. Results implied that the change in functional properties of starches with acetylation depends on source and granule morphology of native starch.
Vicryl Rapide® Versus Vicryl® Suture in Skin Closure of the Hand in Children: A Randomized Prospective Study
Authors: AL-QATTAN M. M.
Published: December 2004

This randomized prospective clinical study compared the use of two absorbable sutures, Vicryl Rapide® versus Vicryl®, in elective paediatric hand surgery. Sixty children were randomly allocated into two groups (30 in each group) and all were seen and assessed at 3 and 6 weeks for wound complications and suture reactions. Five problems occurred in the Vicryl® treatment group and none in the Vicryl Rapide® group ( P = 0.03). All the problems were related to the delayed absorption of the Vicryl® suture material and hence the prolonged presence of the suture in the hands of these children. It is concluded that Vicryl Rapide® sutures are more suitable than Vicryl® ones in paediatric hand surgery.
Results of Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy for Ulnocarpal Impaction Syndrome in Wrists with Neutral or Negative Ulnar Variance
Authors: TATEBE M. , NAKAMURA R. , HORII E. , NAKAO E.
Published: December 2004

Ulnocarpal impaction syndrome was diagnosed in six wrists of five patients with neutral or negative ulnar variance. All underwent ulnar shortening with satisfactory results. The average grip strength increased from 53% to 78% and the range of flexion–extension increased from 82% to 93%, the mean Cooney’s score improved from 25 to 83. These cases show that ulnocarpal impaction syndrome can occur in wrists with zero or negative ulnar variance, and that ulnar shortening is an effective treatment for such wrists.