bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Income Determination and Income Discrimination in Shenzhen
Authors: Gravemeyer Stefan , Gries Thomas , Xue Jinjun
Published: September 2010

Shenzhen is not only one of the fastest-growing urban agglomerations in mainland China, Shenzhen also stands for a unique, most rapid and successful transformation into an urban market economy. How important are personal characteristics, social norms and policy-related discriminatory factors for income determination in such an extraordinary city? This paper estimates the income effect of non-productivity-related discriminatory factors (like personal characteristics, social norms and policies), compared with productivity-related returns on human capital. The design of the Shenzhen Household Survey 2005 enables the inclusion of a large set of discriminating factors in a Mincer Becker type of income model, together with a unique look at the migrant population in this urban centre. The results show that the human capital approach holds. Strong evidence is also found of a significant influence of social norms and policies, which is particularly relevant in a developing and transitional economy, even in such an exceptional city. The most important discriminating factor appears to be the hukou registration system. The on-going existence of these non-productivity-related discriminating factors can be regarded as indicative of an on-going process of transition towards a fully functioning market economy.
Shelter Finance in the Age of Neo-liberalism
Authors: Mitlin Diana
Published: September 2010

This paper introduces innovations in shelter programmes currently emerging in the global South. The paper discusses the evolution of a new approach aimed at reaching some of the lowest-income groups. This approach is placed within its historical and ideological context through a review of previous efforts and an analysis of present shelter programmes. While the new approach has aspects that appear to be consistent with neo-liberal economic policy, in practice there is a significant role for the state to enable greater inclusion through the provision of subsidies and greater affordability within an appropriate regulatory framework.
Blog-supported scientific communication: An exploratory analysis based on social hyperlinks in a Chinese blog community
Authors: Xiaoguang Wang  , Tingting Jiang  , Feicheng Ma
Published: September 2010

As a new-style computer-mediated communication system, the blog has been gaining popularity among various Web users. Blog communities come into being in the process of self-organized communication between bloggers and the community structures are reflected by the embedded social networks. This study research the communication patterns of scientist bloggers with the data from the largest Chinese-language scientific blog community specializing in computer and information sciences and technologies, i.e. the Csdn blog. The social network analysis of its blogroll link data suggests that the Csdn blog community is a small-world network. Many sub-communities exist in the blog community. The communication between the central and ordinary bloggers within the same sub-community is usually one-way and dense. The structure of the Csdn blog community indicates that distributed central actors are still important in the diffusion and communication of scientific knowledge.
Effect of increased pump flow on hepatic blood flow and systemic inflammatory response following on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Adluri Rajeshwara Krishna Prasad , Singh Arvind V , Skoyles Julian , Hitch Tony , Robins Adrian , Baker Mya , Mitchell Ian M
Published: September 2010

Reduced organ perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is responsible for morbidity associated with cardiac surgery. Non-pulsatile flow and hypothermia during CPB have been shown to cause reduced perfusion. During CPB, cardiac output is directly proportional to the pump flow rate. Therefore, we hypothesised that increasing pump flow during hypothermic CPB would improve organ perfusion and reduce the inflammatory response in the post-operative period.

Methods: Ethics committee approval was obtained. Twelve consecutive patients with good or moderate left ventricular function undergoing elective or inpatient coronary artery bypass grafting were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. Patients were randomised to receive either normal flow or higher pump flow (20% more than the usual flow during hypothermia). Hepatic blood flow, cytokines such as interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10 and 12, tumour necrosis factor-α and complements C3a, C4a and C5a were measured during the peri-operative period. Data were analysed using SPSS (ver.15). Categorical data were compared using the chi-square test and trends in cytokines were compared using a repeated measures ANOVA test.

Results: Both the groups were similar in pre- and peri-operative variables. Hepatic blood flow almost doubled in the high-pump-flow group following an increase in the flow rate during hypothermia(p=0.026). The release of serum complement IL-6 and 8 appeared to be reduced in the high-flow group; however, the difference did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions: Higher pump flows during hypothermic CPB increase hepatic blood flow. There was a trend towards attenuation of post-operative inflammatory response; however, larger studies will be needed to confirm these findings.
Planning and control for cooperative manipulation and transportation with aerial robots
Authors: Fink Jonathan , Michael Nathan , Kim Soonkyum , Kumar Vijay
Published: September 2010

We consider the planning and control of multiple aerial robots manipulating and transporting a payload in three dimensions via cables. Individual robot control laws and motion plans enable the control of the payload (position and orientation) along a desired trajectory. We address the fact that robot configurations may admit multiple payload equilibrium solutions by developing constraints for the robot configuration that guarantee the existence of a unique payload pose. Further, we formulate individual robot control laws that enforce these constraints and enable the design of non-trivial payload motion plans. Finally, we propose two quality measures for motion plan design that minimize individual robot motion and maximize payload stability along the trajectory. The methods proposed in the work are evaluated through simulation and experimentation with a team of three quadrotors.
Lesion Development and Replication Kinetics During Early Infection in Cattle Inoculated With Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Virus Via Scarification and Black Fly (Simulium vittatum) Bite
Authors: Reis J. L. , Rodriguez L. L. , Mead D. G. , Smoliga G. , Brown C. C.
Published: September 2010

Vesicular stomatitis viruses are the causative agents of vesicular stomatitis, an economically important contagious disease of livestock that occurs in North, Central, and South America. Little is known regarding the early stages of infection in natural hosts. Twelve adult Holstein steers were inoculated with Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) on the coronary bands (CB) of the feet via scarification (SC) or by VSNJV-infected black fly (Simulium vittatum) bite (FB). Three additional animals were inoculated on the neck skin using FB. Clinical disease and lesion development were assessed daily, and animals were euthanatized from 12 hours post inoculation (HPI) through 120 HPI. The animals inoculated in the neck failed to develop any clinical signs or gross lesions, and VSNJV was detected neither by in situ hybridization (ISH) nor by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Lesions on the CB were more severe in the animals infected by FB than by SC. In both groups, peak VSNJV replication occurred between 24 and 48 HPI in keratinocytes of the CB, as evidenced by ISH and IHC. There was evidence of viral replication limited to the first 24 HPI in the local draining lymph nodes, as seen through ISH. Successful infection via FB required logarithmically less virus than with the SC technique, suggesting that components in black fly saliva may facilitate VSNJV transmission and infection in cattle. The lack of lesion development in the neck with the same method of inoculation used in the CB suggests that specific characteristics of the CB epithelium may facilitate VSNJV infection.
Proliferative Peritonitis With Larval and Cystic Parasitic Stages in a Dog
Authors: Stief B. , Enge A.
Published: September 2010

A six year old Labrador mix dog, born in Spain, was imported to Germany in young age. After a period of vague abdominal pain and negative laboratory results, the dog was referred to a local veterinary clinic for laparotomy, where the tentative diagnosis of echinococcus alveolaris was made and the dog was euthanized. At necropsy, many cystic structures and a massive proliferative peritonitis were visible. Furthermore a few solid larval cestodal stages were found in the peritoneal and chest cavity. Histological the cysts contained a small eosinophillic tegument, a cell poor stroma, basophilic somatic nuclei and a variable amount of amorphous bodies. The solid cestodes exhibited a quite similar composition with neither scolices nor any head structures. Histological features of the parasitic stages resembled cysts and asexual stages of Sparganum proliferum. Distinctions to other larval cestode infestations in body cavities were discussed.
Regional landfills methane emission inventory in Malaysia
Authors: Abushammala Mohammed F.M. , Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri  , Basri Hassan , Ahmed Hussein El-Shafie  , Kadhum Abdul Amir H.
Published: September 2010

The decomposition of municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills under anaerobic conditions produces landfill gas (LFG) containing approximately 50—60% methane (CH4) and 30—40% carbon dioxide (CO2) by volume. CH4 has a global warming potential 21 times greater than CO2; thus, it poses a serious environmental problem. As landfills are the main method for waste disposal in Malaysia, the major aim of this study was to estimate the total CH4 emissions from landfills in all Malaysian regions and states for the year 2009 using the IPCC, 1996 first-order decay (FOD) model focusing on clean development mechanism (CDM) project applications to initiate emission reductions. Furthermore, the authors attempted to assess, in quantitative terms, the amount of CH4 that would be emitted from landfills in the period from 1981—2024 using the IPCC 2006 FOD model. The total CH4 emission using the IPCC 1996 model was estimated to be 318.8 Gg in 2009. The Northern region had the highest CH4 emission inventory, with 128.8 Gg, whereas the Borneo region had the lowest, with 24.2 Gg. It was estimated that Pulau Penang state produced the highest CH4 emission, 77.6 Gg, followed by the remaining states with emission values ranging from 38.5 to 1.5 Gg. Based on the IPCC 1996 FOD model, the total Malaysian CH 4 emission was forecast to be 397.7 Gg by 2020. The IPCC 2006 FOD model estimated a 201 Gg CH4 emission in 2009, and estimates ranged from 98 Gg in 1981 to 263 Gg in 2024.
Towards zero waste: a case study in the City of Tshwane
Authors: Snyman Jacques , Vorster Kobus
Published: September 2010

Tshwane is presently landfilling all of its municipal solid waste (MSW) with no pre-processing or minimization efforts. This is a result of the available capacity of its existing landfills, thought to be able to satisfy the city’s needs for, at most, the next 10 years. It is possible that the authorities will not wake up to the problem before it is too late. This study addresses these challenges. This study first identified and evaluated technologies available in developed countries for processing the various components of the MSW stream, appropriate to local conditions, as an alternative to landfilling, to ensure that these components will be either reused, recycled or rendered harmless to the environment before disposal. Then most appropriate technologies for Tshwane were selected and assembled into an optimal configuration to achieve a zero waste situation in Tshwane within a decade or two. This represents a significant change in MSW management in Tshwane, from total landfill to zero waste to landfill. Although the study focused on Tshwane, it can be argued that the findings can be implemented in any other South African municipality, and even implemented in other emerging countries.
Effects of light smoking on extra-high-frequency auditory thresholds in young adults
Authors: Ohgami Nobutaka , Kondo Takaaki , Kato Masashi
Published: September 2010

There have been few reports showing a correlation between hearing levels and life style in young people. In this study, we succeeded in sensitively evaluating hearing levels in 51 young male adults of 21-23 years in age by 12 k Hz extra-high-frequency auditory thresholds, which cannot be measured by usual audiometry devices for clinical use. Noise exposure, alcohol consumption and sleeping time did not affect hearing levels in young adults. Auditory thresholds of 12 kHz frequency in smokers were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in non-smokers, while there were no differences in 1 kHz, 4 kHz and 8 kHz frequencies of hearing levels between smokers and non-smokers. Since the Brinkman Index (BI; cigarettes/day multiplied by number of years) of smokers in this study was from 12 to 60, our results suggest that even light smoking of less than 20 cigarettes/day for 3 years can result in the development of hearing loss of 12 kHz frequency in young adults. Binary logistic regression analysis again showed a correlation between hearing loss (≥40 dB of auditory thresholds in 12 kHz frequency) and light smoking (12 ≤ BI ≤ 60). Thus, this study showed that auditory threshold at 12 kHz frequency could be a sensitive marker for hearing in young adults. More importantly, we for the first time provided epidemiological evidence that light smoking might affect hearing level at 12 kHz frequency and revealed a new risk of light smoking.
Oxidative stress response in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to textile mill effluent
Authors: Zagal Abuzer , Mazmanci Birgül
Published: September 2010

Textile mill effluent is an important pollution factor because of its organic and inorganic substances content. In this study, toxic effects of textile mill effluent on fish Oreochromis niloticus were investigated by using antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation (LPO) responses. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation by means of thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) level were measured in liver and gill tissues of fish. The fish were exposed to non-lethal concentrations (0.1%, 1% and 10%) of textile mill effluent for 15, 30 and 45 days. In control group, fish were left in aquariums containing tap water without chlorine. As a result, the activities of SOD, CAT enzymes and level of TBARS in the liver and gill increased in 15, 30 and 45 days after 1% and 10% doses application.
Effects of Melissa officinalis L. on oxidative status and DNA damage in subjects exposed to long-term low-dose ionizing radiation
Authors: Zeraatpishe Akbar , Oryan Shahrbano , Mohammad Hadi Bagheri  , Ali Asghar Pilevarian  , Ali Akbar Malekirad  , Baeeri Maryam , Abdollahi Mohammad
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to determine the capability of Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon balm) infusion on improvement of oxidative stress status in radiology staff that were exposed to persistent low-dose radiation during work. The study was a before-after clinical trial performed on 55 radiology staff. They were asked to drink Lemon balm infusion which was prepared like a tea bag twice daily (1.5 g/100 mL) for 30 days. In the plasma, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, catalase, superoxide dismutase, myeloperoxidase, and glutathione peroxidase activity were measured before and after using Lemon balm infusion.Use of Lemon balm infusion in radiology unit workers resulted in a significant improvement in plasma levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase and a marked reduction in plasma DNA damage, myeloperoxidase, and lipid peroxidation. It is concluded that infusion of Lemon balm markedly improve oxidative stress condition and DNA damage in radiology staff when used as a dietary supplement for radiation protection.
Cultural Factors and Social Support Related to Breastfeeding Among Immigrant Mothers in Taipei City, Taiwan
Authors: Chen Tzu-Ling , Tai Chen-Jei , Chu Yu-Roo , Han Kuo-Chiang , Lin Kuan-Chia , Chien Li-Yin
Published: September 2010

The objectives of this study were to identify cultural factors (including acculturation and breastfeeding cultures in subjects’ native countries and those in mainstream Taiwanese society) and social support related to breastfeeding among immigrant mothers in Taiwan. This study was a cross-sectional survey performed from October 2007 through January 2008. The study participants were 210 immigrant mothers living in Taipei City. The prevalence of exclusive and partial breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum was 59.0% and 14.3%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that breastfeeding experience among mothers-in-law and the perceived level of acceptance of breastfeeding in Taiwan were positively associated with breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum. Immigrant women with a higher level of household activity support were less likely to breastfeed. Immigrant mothers in Taiwan usually come from cultures with a higher acceptance level for breastfeeding; however, their breastfeeding practices are more likely to be influenced by the mainstream culture in Taiwan. J Hum Lact . 27(1):41-48.
Mapping Political Connections in Japan: The Functions of Hyperlinks on Japanese Diet Member Websites
Authors: Tkach-Kawasaki Leslie
Published: September 2010

As an information provision and communications medium, websites offer networking opportunities for politicians, particularly in terms of hyperlinking capabilities. Hyperlinks are unique in that they can be used to actually connect the website viewer with other politicians, interest/support groups, government institutions, political parties, local communities, and individual users. Furthermore, as noted by Park and Jankowski (2008), ‘‘a hyperlink is not a monolithic construct and can entail several activities with important implications for communications.’’ Although politicians’ hyperlinked relationships have been analyzed with reference to South Korean politicians (Park and Thelwall, 2008), to date, no studies are available that focus on the networks revealed through hyperlinks on Japanese Diet member websites. The within article analyzes hyperlinks found on a sample of 100 Japanese politician websites in 2010 and demonstrates that hyperlinks may serve as prominent displays of position, interest, authority, affiliation, and power-base relations.
Mapping the Norwegian Blogosphere: Methodological Challenges in Internationalizing Internet Research
Authors: Moe Hallvard
Published: September 2010

Even as the blog has become an established genre of computer-mediated communication, questions remain about how different blogs are from mass media, and what the transformative potential of blogging is. This article argues for the need for further explorations, especially outside the Anglo-American blogosphere. The article discusses key challenges in light of an ongoing research project aiming to gain insight into how blogging in Norway—a small democratic nation state with a correspondingly small language area—compares to other cases and to assess how online media participation matters for the structure of the public sphere. On this basis, the article presents preliminary findings from a mapping of the Norwegian blogosphere.
A Random Digit Search (RDS) Method for Sampling of Blogs and Other User-Generated Content
Authors: Zhu Jonathan J. H. , Qian Mo  , Fang Wang  , Heng Lu
Published: September 2010

Blogs are arguably the most popular genre of user-generated content (UGC), which make blogs a gold mine for social science research. However, existing research on blogs has suffered from nonprobability samples collected either manually or by computerized crawling based on random walks method. The current article presents a probability sampling method for blogs, called random digit search (RDS), that is modified from the popular ‘‘random digit dialing’’ (RDD) method used in telephone surveys. The RDS method was tested in a study of Sina Blog, a popular blog service provider (BSP) in China. The results show that, while ‘‘random walks’’ sampling tends to oversample popular/active blogs, probability samples generated by RDS yield consistent and precise estimates of population parameters. Although the RDS takes advantage of the numeric identification (ID) system used on Sina Blog, the general principles may be applicable to other BSPs and many other genres of UGC.
Challenges of Tracking Topical Discussion Networks Online
Authors: Highfield Tim , Kirchhoff Lars , Nicolai Thomas
Published: September 2010

Attempts to map online networks, representing relationships between people and sites, have covered sites including Facebook, Twitter, and blogs. However, the predominant approach of static network visualization, treating months of data as a single case rather than depicting changes over time or between topics, remains a flawed process. As different events and themes provoke varying interactions and conversations, it is proposed that case-by-case analysis would aid studies of online social networks by further examining the dynamics of links and information flows. This study uses hyperlink analysis of a population of French political blogs to compare connections between sites from January to August 2009. Themes discussed in this period were identified for subsequent analysis of topic-oriented networks. By comparing static blogrolls with topical citations within posts, this research addresses challenges and methods in mapping online networks, providing new information on temporal aspects of linking behaviors and information flows within these systems.
Uncovering Transnational Hyperlink Patterns and Web-Mediated Contents: A New Approach Based on Cracking.com Domain
Authors: Barnett George A. , Chung Joo Chung  , Han Woo Park
Published: September 2010

One unresolved issue in international telecommunications research is the examination of the international hyperlink network that includes the ubiquitous .com domain. Based on the assumption that decomposing or ‘‘cracking’’ .com leads to a more accurate description of the international hyperlink network, this research proposes a method for decomposing .com, applies the proposed procedure, and investigates the differences between two international hyperlink networks—one including .com data and the other excluding .com. The adjusted international hyperlink network showed substantial differences in the centrality of several countries that make extensive use of .com. For example, in contrast to the hyperlink network excluding .com, the network including .com showed a thirtyfold increase in the out-degree centrality of the U.S. and a change in the country’s eigenvector centrality that was greater than that of any other country. In addition, the centrality of China, Japan, and India increased. By contrast, the centrality of countries that do not rely heavily on .com, mainly E.U. members, decreased. The results obtained with the cracked .com data have several implications that are consistent with world-systems theory for the study of international telecommunications and globalization.
Laboratory markers of cardiovascular risk in pediatric SLE: the APPLE baseline cohort
Authors: Ardoin SP , Schanberg LE , Sandborg C. , Yow E. , Barnhart HX , Mieszkalski KL , Ilowite NT , von Scheven E. , Eberhard A. , Levy DM , Kimura Y. , Silverman E. , Bowyer SL , Punaro L. , Singer NG , Sherry DD , McCurdy D. , Klein-Gitelman M. , Wallace C. , Silver R. , Wagner-Weiner L. , Higgins GC , Brunner HI , Jung LK , Imundo L. , Soep JB , Reed AM ,   APPLE investigators
Published: September 2010

As part of the Atherosclerosis Prevention in Pediatric Lupus Erythematosus (APPLE) Trial, a prospective multicenter cohort of 221 children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (mean age 15.7 years, 83% female) underwent baseline measurement of markers of cardiovascular risk, including fasting levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), lipoprotein A (Lpa), homocysteine and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). A cross-sectional analysis of the baseline laboratory values and clinical characteristics of this cohort was performed. Univariable relationships between the cardiovascular markers of interest and clinical variables were assessed, followed by multivariable linear regression modeling. Mean levels of LDL, HDL, Lpa, TG, hs-CRP and homocysteine were in the normal or borderline ranges. In multivariable analysis, increased Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), prednisone dose, and hypertension (HTN) were independently associated with higher LDL levels. Higher hs-CRP and creatinine clearance were independently related to lower HDL levels. Higher body mass index (BMI), prednisone dose, and homocysteine levels were independently associated with higher TG levels. Only Hispanic or non-White status predicted higher Lpa levels. Proteinuria, higher TG and lower creatinine clearance were independently associated with higher homocysteine levels, while use of multivitamin with folate predicted lower homocysteine levels. Higher BMI, lower HDL, and longer SLE disease duration, but not SLEDAI, were independently associated with higher hs-CRP levels. The R2 for these models ranged from 7% to 23%. SLE disease activity as measured by the SLEDAI was associated only with higher LDL levels and not with hs-CRP. Markers of renal injury (HTN, proteinuria, and creatinine clearance) were independently associated with levels of LDL, HDL, and homocysteine, highlighting the importance of renal status in the cardiovascular health of children and adolescents with SLE. Future longitudinal analysis of the APPLE cohort is needed to further examine these relationships.
Dimensions of Taiwanese Entrepreneurship
Authors: Chen Simon Chien-Yuan
Published: September 2010

As a nation, Taiwan has a strong competitive advantage from its industrial clusters and small and medium enterprises (SMEs). However, the behaviour of entrepreneurs within these SMEs are yet to be studied extensively. This case study of the Paiho company, the world’s number one producer of touch fasteners, is used to explore Taiwan’s entrepreneurship in SMEs. Paiho surpassed its Western rivals by improving imported production equipment in order to develop technical innovations very cheaply. Moreover, the founder develops effective strategy combining his good record of cooperation and sharing and reduces transaction costs between Paiho and its supply network. These two factors have made Paiho the world’s number one producer of touch fasteners. More research is needed to understand the key factors of Taiwan’s economic growth power.
A Structural Equation Analysis of the Animosity Model of Foreign Product Purchase in Egypt
Authors: Mostafa Mohamed M.
Published: September 2010

At times, imported brands have become linked with animosity and cultural clashes. This study investigates the influence of consumer animosity on the purchase behaviour of Egyptian consumers regarding Israeli products. Using a large sample of 776 consumers, the animosity model of foreign product purchase has been tested in an Arab non-Western context. The survey results provide reasonable support for the validity of the proposed model. Specifically, the findings from the structural equation model confirm the influence of consumers’ ethnocentrism and consumer animosity on their product judgements and actual purchase behaviour via the mediator role of willingness to purchase. This study contributes to the literature of consumer animosity by examining the animosity model of foreign product purchase in Egypt where virtually no studies have been conducted. The study helps marketers and policy makers to fine-tune their marketing programmes in the Arab world.
Discounted Cash Flow and Its Implication on Intangible Valuation
Authors: Uzma Shigufta Hena , Singh J.P. , Kumar Naveen
Published: September 2010

Discounted cash flows (DCF) have been a traditional method in business valuation. This method is most useful in judging the risk and uncertainty of a project. Since few years, companies like Infosys have used this approach to value their brands and represent the same in their balance sheet. The US GAAP FASB 142 outlines the fair value measurement of intangibles and goodwill impairment by using the discounted approach. This has further been described in the provisions of the Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7. The concepts provide guidelines for analyzing new or up-and-coming problems of financial accounting and reporting.

The DCF methodology is not without its drawbacks, yet it makes a popular tool for measurement of projects under capital budgeting and in large-scale business valuation. Lately, for the measurement of intangibles and goodwill impairment, DCF approach has been used. Intangible assets are recognized according to the statement FAS 142 as over the period which an asset is expected to contribute directly or indirectly to future cash flows. Therefore, it makes it more challenging to understand the scope of the accounting standards and the cash flow implication on intangible assets valuation.
Need for Growth, Achievement, Power and Affiliation
Authors: Jha Sumi
Published: September 2010

Empowerment is giving frontline employee discretion to take decisions instantly, keeping in mind the organizational consequences. In service organizations attracting and retaining customer is a daunting task. Empowering employees psychologically will help them in taking proactive actions to serve customers better.

The objective of the present article is to study the influence of motivational needs on psychological empowerment. The independent variable is motivational needs (need for growth, achievement, power and affiliation). Psychological empowerment, a dependent variable, in the present study, has been studied by intrinsic task motivation (which is measured by meaning, competence, self-determination and impact). It is hypothesized that the four motivational needs that is, need for achievement, power, affiliation and growth will positively influence psychological empowerment.

Standard instruments are administered to measure different variables and to investigate the influence of chosen variables on psychological empowerment. Several statistical techniques like correlation, multiple regression and canonical correlation are used to measure the significance and strength of relationship between identified independent and dependent variables.

The main conclusion is that all motivational needs, other than the need for affiliation, are significantly and positively related to psychological empowerment (intrinsic task motivation). The positive relationship between psychological empowerment and need for affiliation was hypothesized thinking five star hotels as the source of sample where employees are required to demonstrate high degree of need for affiliation.
Separation of Brand Equity and Brand Value
Authors: Tiwari Munish Kumar
Published: September 2010

Brand value and brand equity represent two different, yet intricately linked, concepts. Brand value is the net present value of future cash flows from a branded product minus the net present value of future cash flows from a similar unbranded product—or, in simpler terms, what the brand is worth to management and shareholders. Brand equity is a set of perceptions, knowledge and behaviour on the part of customers that creates demand and/or a price premium for a branded product—in other words, what the brand is worth to a customer. Brand equity may also be defined as a set of elements such as brand associations, market fundamentals and marketing assets that help distinguish one brand from another. While measuring brand value has its usefulness, the act of measurement by itself will not make a brand more valuable or less risky. Quantifying and managing brand equity, however, using a customized measurement model, is critical to transferring value to the corporation’s shareholders.

During the past 15 years, brand equity has been a priority topic for both practitioners and academics. In this article, I propose a new framework for conceptualizing brand equity that distinguishes between brand equity, conceived of as an intrapersonal construct that moderates the impact of marketing activities, and brand value, which is the sale or replacement value of a brand. Such a distinction is important because, from a managerial perspective, the ultimate goal of brand management and brand equity research should be to understand how to leverage equity to create value.
Factors Affecting Choice of First Employer
Authors: Dutta Andrew , Punnose Eldos M.
Published: September 2010

Earlier studies from other countries identified factors which influence the final year management graduates’ choice for their first employer. But there is lack of systematic study done with respect to the Indian management graduates aspiring for their first job. This article systematically studied how different educational and social variables influence the expectations of management graduates seeking their first job. Based on literature review and focus group interview, a questionnaire was developed and used for collecting responses from 196 management students of one of the leading business schools in India. The respondents were in their graduating year getting ready for campus placements. Factor analysis results identified latency among diversity in job expectations and different educational and social variables. Results revealed that Indian management graduates stressed more on the long-term growth factors of the job than short-term benefits and salary. Differences on account of gender, region, educational and parental backgrounds influenced the choice of first job.
Use of a Piezocomposite Generating Element in Energy Harvesting
Authors: Tien Cam Minh Tri , Goo Nam Seo
Published: September 2010

In this work, we propose a high performance piezocomposite generating element (PCGE), which can be used in energy harvesting applications and evaluate its electricity generating performance. The effectiveness of the PCGE is verified with numerical and experimental data. The PCGE is composed of layers of carbon/epoxy, piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic, and glass/epoxy cured at an elevated temperature. The results of this study reveal that the output voltage of the PCGE under vibration is affected considerably by variations in the layup configurations of the PCGEs and residual stress after the curing process. In particular, each laminated structure has a distinctive moment arm and bending stiffness, both of which affect the generating performance of the PCGE. Besides the effect of the layup configuration, the curing process causes the PCGE to have residual stress in the PZT layer because of a mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the constituent layers. This residual stress generally causes a change in the voltage coefficient, g31, of the PZT layer. The ANSYSTM program was used to conduct a finite element analysis of the stress distribution in the PCGE. For the experimental tests, three kinds of PCGE layup configuration are subjected to vibration in order to validate theoretical predictions and verify the PCGEs’ capability of converting oscillatory mechanical energy into electrical energy. The experimental results confirm that the electricity generating performance can be enhanced by a proper design of the PCGE.
Design of a Flexible Skin for a Shear Morphing Wing
Authors: Olympio Kingnide Raymond , Gandhi Farhan , Asheghian Laila , Kudva Jay
Published: September 2010

This article focuses on flexskins comprising of a cellular substructure and pretensioned facesheet for shear morphing applications. The unit cell of the substructure is a strand with some strain-relief feature, and it supports a segment of pretensioned facesheet. The function of the strain-relief feature is to reduce the peak strains in the strand and consequently the actuation work during shear morphing. Central hexagonal cells, elliptical cells, and half elliptical cells in the strand provided the sought strain relief at the edges of the strand, but the sharp corners and the proximity of these central features to those from adjacent strands during shear morphing led to a tendency for the facesheet to wrinkle. Alleviating wrinkling by increasing facesheet pretension increases the morphing actuation work requirement. Facesheet wrinkling can also be reduced by increasing strand separation, but this too requires higher prestrain in the facesheet to limit out-of-plane displacement under aerodynamic loads. The best solution was found to be the use of Gaussian- or Cosine-shaped curved strands which reduced morphing actuation force requirements by around 30% compared to straight strands used on a previous demonstration aircraft, and the peak strain levels to about 1.2% (down from 3.3% for straight strands), while avoiding facesheet wrinkling. Going from a unit cell to a finite strip accounting for boundary effects it was observed that the curved strands near the rigid boundaries of the skin panel come very close to the boundaries at high morphing angles, promoting wrinkling in the facesheet. A gradient reduction in the amplitude of the curved section along the length of a strip of flexskin approaching the problematic boundary alleviates this situation. Other approaches examined prior to the adoption of the smooth curved strands, such as selective bonding of facesheet to the strands, varying the strand thickness, or offsetting the central strain relieving feature between successive strands, were unable to eliminate facesheet wrinkling at shear morphing angles.
Adaptive Compensation of Hysteretic and Creep Non-linearities in Solid-state Actuators
Authors: Pesotski Dennis , Janocha Hartmut , Kuhnen Klaus
Published: September 2010

Solid-state actuators based on active materials allow high operating frequencies with nearly unlimited displacement resolution. Their hysteretic characteristics cause a non-linear and ambivalent relationship between the electrical control quantity and the mechanical output quantity during large-signal operation. This behavior can highly restrict the usability of solid-state actuators and is therefore not wanted. In the following, a novel method based on the so-called Prandtl—Ishlinskii approach is presented, which allows extensive compensation of the hysteretic and creep non-linearities during actuator operation. With continuously measured control and output quantities it is possible to compensate not only the non-linearities but also the influence of slowly changing external disturbances such as temperature, mechanical pre-stress, aging, and fatigue of the material. The fast variations due to the force response of the surrounded mechanical structure cannot be considered here. This influence has to be directly introduced into the transducer model. Finally, the capability of this adaptive compensation method is shown in an example involving a two-axis piezoelectric positioning system.
Akara Ogbomoso: Microbiological Examination and Identification of Hazards and Critical Control Points
Authors: Lateef A. , Davies T.E. , Adelekan A. , Adelere I.A. , Adedeji A.A. , Fadahunsi A.H.
Published: September 2010

Akara Ogbomoso was examined toward the establishment of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP). The akara was produced in residential buildings with the attendant consequence of contamination. There was ample growth of aerobes, coliforms, staphylococci, Shigella and yeast/mold from the samples, water and cowpea pastes. Microbial contaminations occur through the processing, which can be corrected through education by adopting good hygienic and manufacturing practices. The critical control points were identified as frying, storage and refrying. It may be heated in the microwave for 10 s before consumption. Akara, prepared in the laboratory through the implementation of HACCP was not contaminated. Several bacterial isolates, namely; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus sp. and Shigella sp., showed multiple resistance to antibiotics ranging from two to nine. Seven strains were not resistant to the antibiotics, while five were resistant to one type of antibiotic.
Executive Dysfunction in School-Age Children With ADHD
Authors: Lambek Rikke , Tannock Rosemary , Dalsgaard Soeren , Trillingsgaard Anegen , Damm Dorte , Thomsen Per Hove
Published: September 2010

Objective: The study examined executive function deficits (EFD) in school-age children (7 to 14 years) with ADHD. Method: A clinical sample of children diagnosed with ADHD ( n = 49) was compared to a population sample ( n = 196) on eight executive function (EF) measures. Then, the prevalence of EFD in clinical and non-clinical children was examined at the individual level according to three methods previously applied to define EFD, and a fourth method was included to control for the effect of age on performance. Results: Children with ADHD were significantly more impaired on measures of EF than children without ADHD at the group level. However, only about 50% of children with ADHD were found to have EFD at the individual level, and results appeared relatively robust across methods applied to define EFD. Conclusion: As a group, children with ADHD displayed more problems on neuropsychological measures of EF than non-clinical children; at the individual level, there appeared to be heterogeneity in EF impairment.
A 12-Month Prospective, Observational Study of Treatment Regimen and Quality of Life Associated With ADHD in Central and Eastern Europe and Eastern Asia
Authors: Goetz Michal , Yeh Chin-Bin , Ondrejka Igor , Akay Aynur , Herczeg Ilona , Dobrescu Iuliana , Kim Boong Nyun , Jin Xingming , Riley Anne W. , Martényi Ferenc , Harrison Gavan , Treuer Tamás
Published: September 2010

Objectives: This prospective, observational, non-randomized study aimed to describe the relationship between treatment regimen prescribed and the quality of life (QoL) of ADHD patients in countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Eastern Asia over 12 months. Methods: 977 Male and female patients aged 6-17 years seeking treatment for symptoms of ADHD were assessed using the Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-4 Parent Checklists, and the Clinical Global Impressions-ADHD-Severity scale. QoL was assessed using the Child Health and Illness Profile-Child Edition parent report form. Patients were grouped according to whether they were prescribed psycho- and/or pharmacotherapy (treatment) or not (no/‘other’ treatment). Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between cohorts (treatment vs. no/‘other’ treatment) in terms of change in QoL, although there was improvement over 12 months, with a greater improvement experienced by patients in the treatment cohort in both study regions (CEE and Eastern Asia). Psychoeducation/counselling and methylphenidate were the predominant ADHD treatments prescribed. Conclusions: Although both treatment and no/‘other’ treatment cohorts showed improvements in mean QoL over 12 months, the difference was small and not statistically significant. A major limitation was the higher than anticipated number of patients switching treatments, predominantly from the no/‘other’ treatment cohort.
High-performance Computing in China: Research and Applications
Authors: Sun Ninghui , Kahaner David , Chen Debbie
Published: September 2010

In this report we review the history of high-performance computing (HPC) system development and applications in China and describe the current status of major government programs, HPC centers and facilities, major research institutions, important HPC application fields, and domestic vendor activities. A comparison between China and developed nations, such as the United States, European countries, and Japan, in terms of system development level, application level, and long-term planning, is also briefly provided. In addition, the authors also include a few predictions about future directions for China’s HPC technology and applications.
Diversity in the lean automobile factory: doing class through gender, disability and age
Authors: Zanoni Patrizia
Published: September 2010

This study advances a critical re-conceptualization of ‘diversity’ through class. Drawing on the case of CarCo, the Belgian branch of a North American automobile company, I show how the discursive constructions of various socio-demographic identities reflect underlying class relations between labour and capital and are, in turn, implicated in their reproduction. Reflecting the instrumental conceptualization of labour as the source of economic value in the capitalist mode of production, female, older and disabled workers were discursively constructed as unable or unwilling to perform as expected within the factory lean production system. These negative identities in turn legitimized the elimination of ‘different’ workers in the company restructuring and the outsourcing of the phases of the production process that could be carried out by them, materially reproducing class relations. The analysis unveils the ‘dark’ business case against diversity at CarCo, a company which was renowned as a ‘best’ case for diversity in Belgium. I argue that the re-conceptualization of diversity through class offers a powerful analytical tool to better understand how unequal power relations are played out in contemporary organizations.
Relapsing demyelinating CNS disease in a Korean pediatric population: Multiple sclerosis versus neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Lim Byung Chan , Hwang Hee , Kim Ki Joong , Hwang Yong Seung , Cheon Jung-Eun , Kim In-One , Kim Ho Jin , Chae Jong-Hee
Published: September 2010

Background and Objective:Our objective was to characterize the clinical and radiologic features of Korean pediatric patients with relapsing central nervous system (CNS) demyelination disease.

Methods:Twenty-one patients with relapsing CNS demyelinating events were classified as having multiple sclerosis (MS, 18 patients) or neuromyelitis optica (NMO, three patients) according to the international consensus definitions. Retrospective analysis of clinical and radiologic features was conducted. Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4 Ab) test was performed in six patients (including three NMO patients) who showed selective involvement of optic nerve and spinal cord.

Results: Median age at the initial episode in patients with MS was 7.0 years (range, 4.4–13.6 years). Three of 18 MS patients (3/18, 17%) showed selective involvement of the optic nerve and spinal cord during the clinical course. Five patients (31%) at the initial episode and nine patients (50%) at relapse met the McDonald magnetic resonance imaging criteria for dissemination in space. Oligoclonal bands detected with a silver staining method were positive in only one patient of 16 patients tested. Two NMO patients positive for AQP4 Ab showed frequent relapses and early disabilities that were unresponsive to interferon treatment.

Conclusions:We conclude that Korean pediatric patients with relapsing CNS demyelination disease were characterized by preferential involvement of the optic nerve or spinal cord. The AQP4 Ab test seems to be useful for predicting clinical courses in the setting of heterogeneous opticospinal presentations.