bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stages of hyperadrenocorticism: Response of hyperadrenocorticoid dogs to the combined dexamethasone suppression/ ACTH stimulation test
Authors: Eiler H. , Oliver J. W. , Legendre A. M.
Published: February 2025

A study was designed to evaluate the response of blood cortisol content in dogs tentatively diagnosed as having hyperadrenocorticism by using the combined dexamethasone suppression/ACTH stimulation test procedure. Four groups of abnormal responses were identified in 54 dogs. In group I (14.8% of the dogs with abnormal responses), the only abnormality was partial suppression with dexamethasone (clinically normal dogs suppressed to <10 ng/ml). In group II (29.6%), 2 abnormalities were found: partial suppression with dexamethasone and hyperreactivity to the ACTH stimulation test. In group III (typical pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism, 48.1%), 3 abnormalities were found: base-line hypercortisolemia, partial suppression with dexamethasone, and hyperreactivity to the ACTH stimulation test. In group IV (7.4%), 2 abnormalities were found: base-line hypercortisolemia and partial suppression with dexamethasone. Base-line blood cortisol content was normal in 44.4% of the adrenopathic dogs. A normal response to ACTH stimulation was seen in 25.9% of the dogs, and 74.1% of the dogs hyperreacted to the ACTH stimulation test. All of the adrenopathic dogs were found to suppress partially with dexamethasone. Failure to suppress the adrenal gland completely (<10 ng/ml) with dexamethasone was the most consistent finding in adrenopathic dogs when using the combined dexamethasone suppression/ACTH stimulation test procedure. It was concluded that the test procedure is feasible, flexible, and convenient for clinical situations. Also, these results suggested that there may be several stages in the negative feedback failure associated with hyperadrenocorticism in dogs.
A modified method for complete bovine fetotomy
Authors: Mortimer R. G. , Ball L. , Olson J. D.
Published: February 2025

A modification of the “Utrecht technique” for complete bovine fetotomy was developed. In cranial presentation, the first step is decapitation, then oblique indirect section through the neck and thorax to remove 1 forelimb with a small part of the thoracic wall. This is followed by thoracic and abdominal evisceration. The final step is direct oblique section of the fetal pelvis or, alternatively, deep detruncation followed by bisection of the pelvis. In caudal presentation, the first step is removal of a hindlimb, then abdominal and thoracic evisceration, followed by thoracic detruncation and oblique section for removal of 1 forelimb and most of the remaining thorax. The neck and remaining forelimb are removed together to complete the procedure.
Clinical and pathologic features of parvoviral diarrhea in pound-source dogs
Authors: Stann Susan E. , DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Giddens W. Ellis , Evermann James F.
Published: February 2025

From June 1980 through May 1982, 161 poundsource dogs that developed diarrhea while being used in research were evaluated to determine whether canine parvovirus (cpv) type 2 was the etiologic agent. Evaluation included notation of clinical signs, determination of serum cpv-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG titers, virus isolation attempts, and histologic examination of tissues. Criteria for diagnosis of canine parvoviral enteritis were serum cpv-specific IgM antibodies, isolation of cpv from feces, and histologic evidence of intestinal crypt cell necrosis. Upon arrival, 67 clinically normal poundsource dogs were evaluated to determine the prevalence of fecal shedding of cpv and to determine their antibody titers to cpv. Parvovirus was not isolated from any of these dogs, although 76% had IgG antibodies and 3% had IgM antibodies. Of the 161 dogs with diarrhea, 40 (25%) had parvoviral enteritis. Of dogs with parvoviral enteritis, 71% had IgG antibodies and 68% had IgM antibodies. Canine parvovirus was isolated from 18 dogs. Serum IgG antibodies were found in 85% of dogs with diarrhea due to other causes. The geometric mean titer of IgG antibodies to cpv was not significantly different among the 3 groups. Clinical signs that appeared significantly (P<0.05) more often in dogs with parvoviral enteritis included bloody diarrhea, anorexia, fever (≥39.4 C), and leukopenia (wbc<6,000/mm3). Cases occurred throughout the year, without apparent seasonal variation. The duration between arrival and onset of diarrhea was significantly (P<0.05) shorter for dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Crypt cell necrosis, villous atrophy, hematopoietic depletion, and lymphoid necrosis were found with significantly (P<0.05) greater frequency in dogs with diarrhea due to cpv than in dogs with diarrhea resulting from other causes.
Efficacy of primidone in dogs with seizures unresponsive to phenobarbital
Authors: Farnbach George C.
Published: February 2025

Fifteen epileptic dogs had been treated with high dosages of phenobarbital but had not achieved adequate control of their seizures. Their treatment was switched to comparable and higher dosages of primidone. Serum concentrations of phenobarbital were measured in all dogs before and after primidone therapy was initiated, to ensure that the primidone dosage achieved comparable or higher values when derived from primidone. Only one dog experienced improvement in seizure control, indicating that there is no advantage to the use of primidone over the use of phenobarbital for the control of seizures in most dogs.
Clinical evaluation of sodium sulfanilate clearance for the diagnosis of renal disease in dogs
Authors: Maddison Jill E. , Pascoe P. J. , Jansen B. S.
Published: February 2025

Sodium sulfanilate (ss) clearance time was measured in 13 clinically normal dogs and in 24 dogs with suspected renal disease. The results were compared with those from more routine tests of renal function to assess whether measurement of ss clearance provided additional information about the degree of renal dysfunction.

It was concluded that ss clearance is a more sensitive measure of renal dysfunction than is serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen. Sodium sulfanilate half-life was increased before the complete loss of ability to concentrate urine; however, urine concentrating ability was impaired in some dogs with normal ss clearance. In dogs with glomerular disease, proteinuria developed before increased ss clearances. However, ss clearance was a more reliable method of monitoring the degree of renal dysfunction than was protein concentration in single urine samples.
Pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis in pigs from a test station—a follow-up study
Authors: Straw Barbara E. , Leman Allen D. , Robinson Robert A.
Published: February 2025

Pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis were studied for the second consecutive year in pigs at the same test station. Pneumonia was found to reduce mean daily gain by 3.3% for every 10% of the pig's lungs that had lesions. Atrophic rhinitis did not affect mean daily gain. There was no association between the development of atrophic rhinitis and the development of pneumonia. Pigs that were vaccinated with a Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterin did not have turbinate atrophy scores or mean daily gains different from those in pigs that were not vaccinated. Yorkshire and Hampshire pigs had higher prevalences and severity of pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis, compared with pigs of other breeds.
Serologic prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, and elk in Montana
Authors: Dubey J. P.
Published: February 2025

Serum samples from 2,539 cattle, 649 sheep, 123 goats, 413 pigs, 93 bison, and 56 elk from Montana were examined for antibody to Toxoplasma gondii in the Sabin-Feldman dye test or the modified agglutination test (mat). Cattle, bison, and elk serum samples were treated with 0.2 M-mercaptoethanol before examination in mat. In the dye test, 13.2% of sheep, 5.0% of pigs, and 22.7% of goats had antibody at a dilution of ≥1:16. In the mat, 3.2% of cattle, 3.1% of bison, and none of the elk were positive at a dilution of ≥ 1:128.
Bullous emphysema and recurrent pneumothorax in the dog
Authors: Kramek Betty A. , Caywood Dennis D. , O'Brien Timothy D.
Published: February 2025

Six cases of recurrent pneumothorax requiring surgical intervention in the dog were reviewed. Radiography was not useful in identifying the source of air leakage. A median sternotomy approach was useful for identifying and removing involved lung tissue. All 6 dogs had microscopic evidence of bullous emphysema. Bronchiolitis, thickened pleura, and bronchiolar smooth muscle hypertrophy also were noticed. Underlying mild obstructive lung disease alone or in combination with a defect in pulmonary collagen probably predisposed these dogs to bullous emphysema and recurrent pneumothorax. Of the 6 dogs, 3 survived for at least 2 years after surgery.
Osteochondritis dissecans of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones in horses
Authors: Yovich John V. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Stashak Ted S.
Published: February 2025

Osteochondritis dissecans of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones was diagnosed in 8 horses during an 18-month period. Seven of the horses were ≤2½ years old. Synovial distention of the affected fetlock joints and a pain response to fetlock flexion were typical findings. Lameness predominated in 1 limb at a trot, although fetlock flexion frequently elicited lameness in other affected limbs. Radiography revealed bony lesions (flattening, erosion, or fragmentation) of the sagittal ridge in at least 2 fetlock joints in all horses. The onset of signs was not correlated with the severity of radiographic changes in all horses.
Immunodeficiency manifested by oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia in foals
Authors: McClure Jill J. , Addison Jay D. , Miller Richard I.
Published: February 2025

Oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia were diagnosed in 8 foals that had laboratory and/or pathologic evidence of immunodeficiency. Two foals suffered solely from complete failure of passive transfer of colostal immunoglobulins. Six foals had evidence of immune defects but did not meet the criteria for diagnosis of any of the currently recognized primary equine immunodeficiency syndromes. All six of these foals died or were euthanatized due to bacterial infections. One foal with failure of passive transfer recovered and the other died of a mesenteric torsion before the effect of treatment could be evaluated.
Evaluation of a combined dexamethasone suppression/ACTH stimulation test in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Feldman Edward C.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-one dogs with hyperadrenocorticism were studied. Six dogs had functioning adrenocortical tumors and 15 had pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Each dog was evaluated, using endogenous plasma ACTH, ACTH stimulation, dexamethasone screening, dexamethasone suppression, and combined dexamethasone suppression/ACTH stimulation tests. The ACTH stimulation portion of the combined test was less reliable as a screening test in diagnosing hyperadrenocorticism than was the isolated ACTH stimulation test or the dexamethasone screening test. The dexamethasone suppression portion of the combined test was less reliable in distinguishing dogs with adrenocortical tumors from those with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism than was the endogenous ACTH or isolated dexamethasone suppression test. The combined test is not recommended for use. The ACTH stimulation test is the recommended screening test because of its diagnostic reliability and its subsequent importance as a base line in determining success of mitotane therapy.
Periosteal transection and stripping for treatment of angular limb deformities in foals: Radiographic observations
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Park Richard D. , Turner A. Simon
Published: February 2025

Radiographs of 23 foals (35 forelimbs) with carpal region angular limb deformities, which later were corrected by hemicircumferential transection of the periosteum and periosteal stripping, were evaluated as to geometric and morphologic abnormalities. Geometric evaluation included deviation angle and deviation pivot point. Morphologic abnormalities were categorized as: (1) asymmetric width of the distal radial physis; (2) asymmetric width of the distal radial epiphysis; (3) carpal bone collapse or fracture; (4) carpal bone hypoplasia; (5) carpal bone displacement; and (6) metacarpal bone displacement.

Fifty-seven percent of limbs had radiographic lesions in the carpal joints and 20% had lesions in the metacarpus. Of all the limbs, 48% had carpal or metacarpal bone hypoplasia, 26% had carpal or metacarpal bone displacement, and 12% had carpal bone collapse or fragmentation.

On long-term followup (5 months to 2 years), 83% of the foals were sound and had straight limbs, regardless of the deviation angle, deviation pivot point, or morphologic carpal bone changes. Sixty percent of the foals were in performance training. About 50% of these foals in performance training had carpal bone hypoplasia before correction of the deviation.

It was concluded that geometric and morphologic radiographic interpretation should be performed before surgical correction of carpal angular limb deformities with hemicircumferential transection of the periosteum and periosteal stripping, but that epiphyseal, carpal bone, or metacarpal bone changes, severe deviation angle (20 to 29 degrees) or distal location of the pivot point should not discourage attempted surgical correction.
Circumcostal gastropexy for preventing recurrence of gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog: An evaluation of 30 cases
Authors: Leib Michael S. , Konde Linda J. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Twedt David C.
Published: February 2025

Follow-up evaluation (mean, 13.7 months) was obtained in 30 dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus that were surgically treated with circumcostal gastropexy. Evaluation was performed by questionnaire (29 dogs), radiographic contrast studies (23 dogs), and necropsy (6 dogs). The gastropexy was thought to be intact in all 23 dogs examined radiographically. Necropsy of 6 dogs dying from causes unrelated to gastric dilatation-volvulus (mean of 12.7 months after surgery) revealed an intact gastropexy site in each dog. Only 1 (3.3%) dog had clinical recurrence of gastric dilatation after surgery. Five additional dogs dying postoperatively were necropsied and had intact gastropexy sites.
Clinical response and urethral pressure profile changes after phenylpropanolamine in dogs with primary sphincter incompetence
Authors: Richter Keith P. , Ling Gerald V.
Published: February 2025

Based on clinical response, urethral pressure profile changes, and lack of side effects, phenylpropanolamine was effective and safe in treating dogs with primary sphincter incompetence. Primary sphincter incompetence was diagnosed in 11 female and 8 male dogs with urinary incontinence. Urodynamics of the dogs were assessed, using a combined urethral pressure profile and urethral sphincter electromyography. Male and female dogs had significantly (P<0.05) lower maximal urethral closure pressures, when compared with clinically normal dogs (36.91 ± 8.20 cm of H2O vs 79.72 ± 4.61 cm of H2O for female dogs and 48.63 ± 8.68 cm of H2O vs 99.77 ± 11.71 cm of H2O for male dogs). After treatment with phenylpropanolamine, there was a significant increase in maximal urethral closure pressure in both sexes to within normal range (77.73 ± 8.70 cm of H2O in females and 92.50 ± 14.60 cm of H2O in males). Electromyographic activity was normal before and after treatment. Urinary incontinence resolved clinically in all but 1 male and 1 female dog; however, the condition in these 2 dogs improved considerably. Minimal side effects were seen clinically. Mean arterial blood pressure was not altered by treatment. Plasma estrogen and testosterone concentrations in 8 female dogs were not different from those in continent female dogs. The incontinence in these dogs was considered a sphincter incompetence rather than estrogen responsive.
Echocardiographic detection of ventricular septal defects in large animals
Authors: Pipers F. S. , Reef V. , Wilson J.
Published: February 2025

Ventricular septal defects in a foal, a 2-year-old filly, and 2 calves were demonstrated with M-mode and two-dimensional real-time echocardiography. The studies were performed with the animals unsedated, either standing or in lateral recumbency. Cardiac windows were located between the 4th and 7th intercostal spaces, approximately at the level of the olecranon. In each case, the septal defect was visualized high in the membranous portion of the interventricular septum. Defects were visualized by use of sector scanning or linear-array ultrasonic equipment, with transducer frequencies of 2.25 to 3.5 MHz.
24-Hour urine protein/creatinine ratio in dogs with protein-losing nephropathies
Authors: Center S. A. , Wilkinson E. , Smith C. A. , Erb H. , Lewis R. M.
Published: February 2025

The 24-hour urine protein/creatinine (u[p/c]) ratio was examined in 19 healthy dogs and in 38 dogs with protein-losing nephropathies. A positive correlation existed between the u(p/c) ratio and the 24-hour urine protein output per kilogram of body weight. The u(p/c) ratio in 18 of 19 healthy dogs was <0.2; one dog had a ratio of 0.38. The median u(p/c) ratio in dogs with glomerulonephritis (n = 26) and amyloidosis (n = 6) was 5.73 and 22.50, respectively. The median u(p/c) ratio in dogs with chronic interstitial nephritis (n = 6) was 2.89. In the presence of hypoalbuminemia (albumin ≤1.5 g/dl), a u/(p/c) ratio >1 indicated a nephrotic syndrome. Severe protein-losing nephropathies (ie, severe glomerulonephritis and amyloidosis) were characterized by u(p/c) ratios >10 and urine protein values exceeding 159 mg/kg/day. The 24-hour u/(p/c) may be more sensitive than the 24-hour urine protein output per kilogram of body weight in the detection of mild glomerular disease. Abnormal u(p/c) ratios were present in 5 dogs, 2 with glomerulonephritis and 3 with chronic interstitial nephritis; that had normal or mildly increased 24-hour urine protein output.
Infection rates in clean surgical procedures: A comparison of ampicillin prophylaxis vs a placebo
Authors: Vasseur P. B. , Paul H. A. , Enos L. R. , Hirsh D. C.
Published: February 2025

A total of 122 dogs and 7 cats were included in a prospective, randomized, blind trial to determine the frequency of wound infection after clean surgical procedures and to compare the infection rates in dogs and cats given ampicillin (group 1) with those given a placebo (group 2). The 2 groups were similar in terms of mean age, sex ratio, duration of hospital stay, and types of surgical procedures. A wound infection developed in one of the dogs given ampicillin; there were no wound infections in the animals given the placebo. The infection rates in the 2 groups were not significantly different.
A field trial to assess the therapeutic and prophylactic effect of a foot rot vaccine in sheep
Authors: Glenn J. , Carpenter T. E. , Hird D. W.
Published: February 2025

An 18-week field trial was conducted on a sheep ranch to evaluate the therapeutic and prophylactic effect of a commercial foot rot vaccine. Two hundred sheep were included in the study, 100 with detectable foot rot lesions and 100 without. Approximately 50 sheep from each group were selected randomly and vaccinated twice against foot rot at a 6-week interval in the late spring 1984; the remaining sheep acted as nonvaccinated controls. Therapeutic effect of the vaccine was demonstrated by a cure rate of 53% in vaccinated, foot rot-affected sheep vs a cure rate of 19% in nonvaccinated, foot rot-affected sheep. Prophylactic effect of the vaccine was demonstrated by a foot rot prevalence at the end of the 18-week period of 9% for vaccinated sheep vs 53% for nonvaccinated sheep. Associations of foot rot lesions and vaccination with body condition were found to be significant, as was the association between foot rot lesions and mortality.
Cardiomyopathy in stranded pygmy and dwarf sperm whales
Authors: Bossart Gregory D. , Odell Daniel K. , Altman Norman H.
Published: February 2025

Necropsy and histologic examinations were performed in 23 pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) and 6 dwarf sperm whales (Kogia simus) that had been stranded singly or in cow-calf pairs along the southeastern coastline of the United States. At necropsy, the gross findings in the adult whales included pale, flabby right ventricles. Microscopically, lesions in the hearts of the whales were characterized by moderate to extensive myocellular degeneration, atrophy, and fibrosis. Similar changes were not seen in 5 of 6 sexually immature whales or in the whale calves. Hepatic changes were consistent with heart failure. The cause of the myocardial lesions was not determined. The systemic effects of failing myocardium probably were a major reason for the stranding of the adult whales.
Effects of yohimbine on combined xylazine-ketamine-induced sedation and immobilization in juvenile African elephants
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R. , Allen Jack , Martin Howard , Kollias George V.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-two juvenile African elephants were given a combination of xylazine (mean ± sd = 0.14 ± 0.03 mg/kg of body weight) and ketamine (1.14 ± 0.21 mg/kg) as a single im injection; one elephant was immobilized twice, 77 days apart. After injection, 14 elephants were immobilized, 4 were sedated deeply, 2 were sedated moderately, and 2 were sedated minimally. Immobilized elephants had a mean immobilization time of 11.6 ± 6.9 minutes. At the conclusion of a variety of clinical procedures, 12 of the 14 elephants immobilized with a single dose combination of xylazine and ketamine were given yohimbine (0.13 ± 0.03 mg/kg) iv, and the remaining 2 elephants were allowed to recover spontaneously; the elephants given yohimbine had a mean standing time of 2.4 ± 1.1 minutes. Of the 8 sedated elephants, 5 were given an additional dose of combined xylazine (0.08 ± 0.03 mg/kg), and ketamine (0.61 ± 0.19 mg/kg) im, and 1 elephant was given ketamine (0.47 mg/kg) iv. After injection, 4 of the 8 elephants were recumbent laterally within 17 minutes and 2 remained standing, under deep sedation. Seven of the 8 elephants were given yohimbine (0.13 ± 0.03 mg/kg) iv; all were ambulatory in 2 minutes.

Results indicated that yohimbine may be useful in controlling duration of xylazine-ketamine sedation and immobilization in juvenile African elephants.
Evaluation of cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in differentiating chylous and nonchylous pleural effusions in dogs and cats
Authors: Fossum Theresa W. , Jacobs Robert M. , Birchard Stephen J.
Published: February 2025

Serum and pleural fluid cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and cholesterol/triglyceride ratios were determined in 9 dogs and 9 cats with pleural effusion (8 nonchylous, 10 chylous). The pleural fluid triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) and the pleural cholesterol/triglyceride ratios were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in chylous effusions than in nonchylous effusions in all animals. There were no differences in serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and serum cholesterol/triglyceride ratios for chylous and nonchylous effusions in either species. There also were no differences in pleural fluid cholesterol concentrations between the 2 groups in the dog or cat. It was concluded that determinations of cholesterol/triglyceride ratios may be an accurate method for helping distinguish chylous from nonchylous effusions in dogs and cats.
Technique for arthroscopic repair of third carpal bone slab fractures in horses
Authors: Richardson Dean W.
Published: February 2025

A technique involving internal fixation guided by arthroscopy was used to repair third carpal slab fractures in 23 horses. The technique allowed good reduction and compression of the fractures, with minimal surgical trauma. Ten of 17 horses with a 6-month or longer follow-up have returned to race successfully.
Evaluation of commercial oral replacement formulas in healthy neonatal calves
Authors: Fettman Martin J. , Brooks Patricia A. , Burrows Karen P. , Phillips Robert W.
Published: February 2025

Effects of 5 commercial oral replacement formulas on hematologic and plasma biochemical values, body weight, and prevalence of diarrhea were studied in healthy neonatal calves. Products were fed according to manufacturers' recommendations beginning at 3 to 7 days of age for 3 days. Whole milk, diluted 1:1 with commercial formulas, was fed for 3 days thereafter. There were no consistently significant (P > 0.05) effects of commercial product feeding with time or by treatment, as compared with those in whole milk-fed controls, on the hematologic or biochemical values of pcv, leukocyte count, platelet count, or plasma K, Cl, glucose, and lactic acid concentrations. Plasma Na concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with age in all groups.

After 2 weeks, milk-fed calves had gained 2.09 ± 0.96 kg, and calves fed all but 2 hypertonic energy-dense products 1 and 5 had significant (P < 0.05) weight losses (up to 2.95 ± 1.34 kg). Transition to a diet of whole milk and commercial product at one half each of their standard doses resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) occurrence of diarrhea. Seemingly, such formulas should not be fed to healthy calves on a long term basis. The product with the lowest osmolal and caloric content was associated with the greatest weight loss.
Serum thyroxine concentrations after radioactive iodine therapy in cats with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Meric Susan Μ. , Hawkins Eleanor C. , Washabau Robert J. , Turrel Jane Μ. , Feldman Edward C.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-one cats with hyperthyroidism were given one dose of radioactive iodine (131I) iv. Serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured before treatment in all cats, at 12-hour intervals after treatment in 10 cats, and at 48-hour intervals after treatment in 21 cats. Serum T4 concentrations also were measured one month after 131I therapy in 29 cats. Activity of 131I administered was 1.5 to 6.13 mCi, resulting in a dose of 20,000 rads to the thyroid.

Serum T4 concentrations before 131I administration were 5.3 to 51.0 μg/dl, with a median T4 concentration of 11.0 μg/dl. Serum T4 decreased most rapidly during the first 3 to 6 days after treatment. Sixteen cats (55%) had normal serum thyroxine concentrations by day 4 after 131I administration, and 23 cats (74%) were euthyroxinemic by day 8 after treatment.

One month after administration of 131I, the 29 cats evaluated were clinically improved, and 24 (83%) of the 29 cats evaluated had normal serum T4 concentrations, 3 cats (10%) remained hyperthyroxinemic, and 2 cats (7%) were hypothyroxinemic. Therefore, administration of 131I was a safe and effective method to quickly decrease serum T4 concentrations in hyperthyroid cats.
New plate for acetabular fractures: Technique of application and long-term follow-Up evaluation
Authors: Braden T. D. , Prieur W. D.
Published: February 2025

A stainless steel plate was designed for use on the dorsal rim of the acetabulum of the dog. The surgical procedure, using this plate, is easier and less time consuming than previous techniques, because the plate is easier to contour to the dorsal rim of the acetabulum. The use of this plate, compared with other types of plates, has resulted in more accurate anatomic reduction after fixation. No long-term complications caused by the plate or screws have been identified. Follow-up examinations have revealed that the functional use of the limb is as good as with other types of plates.
Comparison of palpable corpora lutea with serum progesterone concentrations in cows
Authors: Ott R. S. , Bretzlaff K. N. , Hixon J. E.
Published: February 2025

Serum progesterone concentrations were used to evaluate rectal palpation of corpora lutea as a method for assignment of postpartum beef cows to prostaglandin treatment and nontreatment groups. On the basis of 124 evaluations, 18% of the cows were assigned incorrectly to the treatment group and 37% of the cows were assigned incorrectly to the nontreatment group. The inability of palpators to accurately select cows with a mature corpus luteum may diminish the success of estrus synchronization regimens that use rectal palpation of corpora lutea for selection of cows for prostaglandin therapy.
Survey of the prevalence and types of infertility in beef cows and heifers
Authors: Mickelsen W. D. , Paisley L. G. , Anderson P. B.
Published: February 2025

Thirty to 180 days after natural mating to bulls, 8,184 beef cows and heifers were palpated rectally for pregnancy determination. Of these, 7,396 (90%) were pregnant and 815 (10%) were not pregnant. Regarding the nonpregnant cattle, 315 (38.7%) had a normal uterus and a functional corpus luteum, suggesting that they were cycling; the rest had palpable pathologic findings: 455 (55.8%) had ovarian inactivity and uterine atrophy; 16 (2%) had pyometra; 12 (1.5%) had a mummified fetus; 7 (0.9%) had chronic metritis; 6 (0.8%) had an involuting uterus; and 4 (0.5%) had adhesions of the uterus, ovaries, or a combination of both.

For the purpose of comparison, the cattle were grouped according to age: group 1—1,035 nulliparous heifers 18 to 24 months of age; group 2—1,137 primiparous heifers 30 to 36 months of age; group 3 —5,548 multiparous cows between 4 and 9 years of age; and group 4—464 cows 9 years of age or older. The pregnancy rates were 79.1, 72.2, 96.8, and 78.2, respectively, for these groups. The pregnancy rate for 4- to 9-year-old cows was significantly greater (P<0.05) than that for the other age groups.
Portosystemic shunts in cats: Seven cases (1976–1984)
Authors: Scavelli Thomas D. , Hornbuckle William E. , Roth Lois , Rendano Victor T. , de Lahunta Alexander , Center Sharon A. , French Tracy W. , Zimmer James F.
Published: February 2025

Congenital portosystemic venous shunt causing signs of hepatic encephalopathy was diagnosed in 7 cats. The left gastric vein served as the shunt in four of these. Increases in blood ammonia and postprandial serum bile acids were the most consistent serum biochemical abnormalities. Excessive variation in red blood cell shape was a common but nonspecific hematologic finding. The jejunal-mesenteric venous injection of contrast material was the preferred method of portography to diagnose portosystemic shunts. Two cats were treated successfully by partial surgical occlusion of their shunts.
Brucellosis in heifers weaned from seropositive dams
Authors: Crawford R. P. , Huber J. D. , Sanders R. B.
Published: February 2025

Fifty-six heifers were weaned from dams that were card-test positive for brucellosis. Forty-four dams were positive by rivanol and complement-fixation tests and Brucella abortus field strain was isolated from 14. Numbers of expected pregnancies following natural breeding and numbers of viable calves produced were not reduced in the heifers. Persistent B abortus infection was documented in 2 of 37 parturient heifers from reactor dams. The frequency of infection was 1 of 10 in strain 19-vaccinated heifers, and 1 of 27 in nonvaccinated heifers. The 2 persistently infected heifers had atypical serologic reaction patterns before normal parturitions.
Use of pulmonary hydrogen gas excretion to detect carbohydrate malabsorption in dogs
Authors: Washabau Robert J. , Strombeck Donald R. , Buffington Charles A. , Harrold Doris
Published: February 2025

Pulmonary H2 excretion was measured in 10 healthy dogs, in 6 dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, and in 6 dogs with chronic small intestinal disease. Concentration of expired H2 in fasted healthy dogs was 0.9 ± 0.1 ppm (mean ± sem) and peak H2 concentration of 1.4 ± 0.2 ppm was detected up to 8 hours after feeding. Dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency had fasting expired H2 concentrations of 3.3 ± 0.9 ppm, which increased to a mean peak H2 concentration of 28.8 ± 2.0 ppm 6.5 hours after feeding. Following xylose administration, expired H2 concentrations increased from fasting concentrations of 3.6 ± 0.9 ppm to peak at 19.0 ± 2.0 ppm in 1.5 hours. Blood xylose concentrations were diagnostic for carbohydrate malabsorption in 4 of 6 dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Plasma p-aminobenzoic acid concentration identified bentiromide maldigestion in all dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. In 3 pancreatic exocrine insufficient dogs tested, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy partially corrected carbohydrate malabsorption.

Fasting expired H2 concentration was 5.3 ± 1.3 ppm in dogs with chronic small intestinal disease and increased to a peak H2 of 72.2 ± 18.0 ppm 7 hours after feeding. Following administration of xylose to dogs with chronic small intestinal disease, fasting expired H2 concentration increased from 3.0 ± 1.0 ppm to a peak of 35.5 ± 7.2 ppm at 2 hours. Blood xylose concentration was abnormal in only 2 of 6 dogs with chronic small intestinal disease.

Results of these studies indicate that expired H2 analysis can identify carbohydrate malabsorption in dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency or chronic small intestinal disease, and that pulmonary H2 testing is more sensitive than xylose absorption testing for the identification of carbohydrate malabsorption.
Clinicopathologic, renal immunofluorescent, and light microscopic features of glomerulonephritis in the dog: 41 cases (1975-1985)
Authors: Center S. A. , Smith C. A. , Wilkinson E. , Erb H. N. , Lewis R. M.
Published: February 2025

In a 10-year retrospective study, we evaluated the clinicopathologic features and renal immunofluorescence patterns of glomerulonephritis in 41 dogs. On the basis of results of histologic examinations, the dogs were segregated into 3 groups, including membranous (n = 12), mesangioproliferative (n = 15), or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 14). No significant differences existed among groups in regard to age or duration of illness. Most dogs had been ill for one month or longer. The proportion of dogs with azotemia, anemia, and hyperphosphatemia were not different among the disease groups. Proportion of dogs with hypoalbuminemia and the severity of hypoalbuminemia were not different among groups. Highest urine protein losses and 24-hour urine protein/creatinine ratios developed in dogs with membranous glomerulonephritis. Although hypoalbuminemia and hypercholesterolemia were common (49%), the formation of edema or ascites was not (15%) and, therefore, few dogs had all of the classic features of the nephrotic syndrome. Few dogs suffered thromboembolic complications. Antinuclear antibody titers developed in 11 dogs, the highest titers developing in dogs with polyarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosis. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis detected α2 and β1 globulin spikes in most dogs (87%).

Results of renal immunofluorescence testing were positive in 36 dogs, using polyvalent antisera for immunoglobulins (Ig)G, IgA, IgM, and/or antisera for complement factor C3. When monovalent antisera for IgG, IgA, and IgM, and fibrinogen were used, immunofluorescence was not observed as often. The major fluorescent pattern was discrete multifocal segmental granular glomerular fluorescence, consistent with immune-complex deposition. Two dogs had linear glomerular staining patterns; however, antibodies directed against normal glomerular basement membrane were not found via elution studies.

A high prevalence of glucocorticoid excess (treatment with glucocorticoids and spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism) (34%), chronic inflammatory skin disease (27%), neoplasia (17%), polyarthritis (12%), and systemic lupus erythematosis (7%) were observed as clinical problems concurrent with glomerulonephritis.

In 5 dogs, treatment of glomerulonephritis with prednisolone (0.5 to 1.1mg/kg) did not result in beneficial effects and in fact appeared to be detrimental, leading to azotemia and worsening proteinuria and physical condition in some of the dogs. The high prevalence of glucocorticoid excess in the studied population and the poor response to glucocorticoid treatment in 5 dogs supported the contention that treatment with glucocorticoids is inappropriate for glomerulonephritis in the dog.
Hemorrhagic fibrinonecrotic duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses: 20 cases (1977–1984)
Authors: White N. A. , Tyler D. E. , Blackwell R. B. , Allen D.
Published: February 2025

Records of 20 horses with small intestinal disease causing acute colic and affecting the proximal portion of the small intestine were examined retrospectively. The disease was characterized by severe to moderate pain, which was replaced by depression, fever, gastric reflux, slight distention of the affected small intestine, leukocytosis, and high concentrations of total protein in the peritoneal fluid.

Grossly, the affected intestines were hemorrhagic and had yellow discoloration. Histopathologic findings included submucosal edema, neutrophilic infiltration of the submucosal and laminal propria, and mucosal slough at the villous tips. Advanced lesions were characterized by mucosal sloughing with transmural edema, hemorrhage, fibrin deposition, and necrosis. No cause was determined. In 6 horses, bypass of most of the affected small intestine was helpful by alleviating the severe gastric reflux.
Umbilical cord remnant infections in foals: 16 cases (1975-1985)
Authors: Adams Stephen B. , Fessler John F.
Published: February 2025

Infection of the umbilical cord remnants was diagnosed in 16 foals. The infection was found in the urachus alone in 3 foals, the umbilical arteries in 2 foals, the urachus and umbilical arteries in 3 foals, the urachus and umbilical vein in 2 foals, and the urachus, umbilical vein, and umbilical arteries in 2 foals. The specific location of the infection was not determined in 4 foals. Eleven foals developed an acquired patent urachus between 4 and 16 days of age. Seven foals had one or more joints infected. All foals with umbilical cord remnant infections were treated with orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously administered antibiotics and 9 foals had the umbilical cord remnants excised. Nine foals survived, 6 of which had had excision of the infected remnants. Only 2 foals with joint infections survived.
New perspectives in cardiovascular medicine: The calcium channel blocking drugs
Authors: Allert J. Alan , Adams H. Richard
Published: February 2025

Calcium channel blocking drugs reduce the influx of calcium (Ca++) through cell membrane passageways in excitable tissues. This unique pharmacodynamic action represents an important new addition to cardiovascular therapeutics. Clinically available members of this diverse group of compounds are verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem. Beneficial responses to these drugs can be explained by vasodilatation and resulting hemodynamic improvement in tissue perfusion-oxygen demand relationships, by suppression of Ca++-dependent arrhythmogenic mechanisms, by direct reduction of pathologic Ca++ overload in ischemic injured cells, or by a combination of these effects. Calcium channel blockade already has become a therapeutic mainstay in human medicine for management of ischemic heart disease and some forms of cardiac dysrhythmias. Relative to veterinary medicine, Ca++ channel blocking drugs may provide a clinical option for controlling supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Other indications might include obstructive cardiomyopathies, shock-trauma, and congestive heart failure. Importantly, however, essential issues about adverse cardiovascular side effects of Ca++ channel blocking drugs remain unresolved and controversial. Recent studies especially have raised questions about the tendency for Ca++ channel blockade to exacerbate preexisting or occult myocardial contractile failure. Such pharmacodynamic complexities should be assessed judiciously as the Ca++ channel blocking drugs are appraised for entry into veterinary internal medicine.
A technique for estimating progression of chronic renal failure in the dog
Authors: Allen Timothy A. , Jaenke Roger S. , Fettman Martin J.
Published: February 2025

A simple method for estimating the rate of progression of chronic renal failure was evaluated in 11 dogs. The plot of the reciprocal of the serum creatinine concentration vs age declined linearly, and projection of the regression line to the abscissa accurately predicted each dog's age at the time of death attributable to renal failure. The linear decline of the reciprocal of the serum creatinine concentration vs age indicated that nephrons may be lost at a constant rate in dogs with chronic renal failure. Changes in the slope of this line may provide a means of evaluating response to treatment.
Canine prostatic disease—comparison of ultrasonographic appearance with morphologic and microbiologic findings: 30 cases (1981-1985)
Authors: Feeney D. A. , Johnston G. R. , Klausner J. S. , Perman V. , Leininger J. R. , Tomlinson M. J.
Published: February 2025

A retrospective analysis was made of 30 cases of canine prostatic disease, with the objective of identifying (via a prepubic approach) the 2-dimensional, gray-scale ultrasonographic appearance most often associated with the various spontaneous prostatic diseases. Ultrasonography was of value in characterizing the parenchymal architecture as normal vs focally hyperechoic and diffusely hyperechoic (associated with chronic inflammation and neoplasia) or focally hypoechoic or anechoic (either accompanied by distant enhancement), which was associated with retention cyst or abscess. Further specificity based only on abnormal echotexture was not possible. Ultrasonography facilitated the differentiation of radiographically identifiable prostatomegaly attributable to abscess or neoplasia from apparent prostatomegaly attributable to paraprostatic cyst.

An imaging protocol consisting of distention retrograde urethrocystography and prepubic ultrasonography was recommended, as a distended bladder aided ultrasonographic identification of the prostate gland. In addition, the combination of urethral morphologic features and urethroprostatic reflux appearance complemented the ultrasonographic appearance for differentiation of prostatic abscess from prostatic carcinoma. A classification scheme for spontaneous canine prostatic disease combining germane imaging morphologic features with microscopic and microbiologic findings was proposed.
A urethral extension technique to correct urine pooling (vesicovaginal reflux) in mares
Authors: McKinnon A. O. , Beiden J. O.
Published: February 2025

A surgical technique involving reconstruction of the caudal vaginal vault was used to correct vesicovaginal reflux in 32 of 34 mares. After surgery, 22 of 24 mares became pregnant, and embryos were harvested for transfer from 6 of the other 10 mares. It was concluded that the procedure was safe and efficacious.
A survey on the question of how well veterinarians are prepared to predict their client's human-animal bond
Authors: Catanzaro Thomas E.
Published: February 2025

In a survey of 63 military veterinary facilities, actual responses from 961 clients were compared with 86 servicing US Army Veterinary Corps practitioners' predictions of the clients' responses. The survey questions were designed to evaluate the degree of human-animal bonding of the military clients. The survey revealed that the effects of human-animal interaction on community, family, and animal health have extensive impact on the military member, the military installation, and the military health care delivery system. Results revealed sociologic and psychologic factors that influenced the quality of life of mobile military members and their families. The survey also revealed that although the newly graduated veterinarians understood (he professional and scientific values of their clients, they often underestimated the social interdependence between client and pet. The military veterinarians in this survey were considered to be representative of the new graduate, and the results are relevant to any civilian practitioner concerned with client relations or hiring new graduates.
Preputial injuries in beef bulls: 172 cases (1980–1985)
Authors: Memon Mushtaq A. , Dawson Lionel J. , Usenik Edward A. , Rice Lawrence E.
Published: February 2025

One hundred seventy-two bulls with preputial injuries were treated from 1980 through 1985. Most of the injuries developed during the breeding season (April through August), with a peak during June. The number (111) of bulls represented by 3 beef breeds (Brangus, Brahman, Beefmaster) was greater than the number (61) of the other 9 breeds included in the survey. Preputial prolapse (pp) and posthitis without obvious laceration was diagnosed in 82 of 172 bulls. Preputial laceration, abscessation, stricture with phimosis, and pp with penile hematoma were diagnosed in 46, 22, 15, and 9 bulls, respectively. These abnormalities were treated medically and/or surgically. Questionnaires (n = 145) were mailed, and 83 (57.4%) replies were received. Owners (80/83) of affected bulls responded to questions regarding the future use of their bulls for breeding. Of the bulls with pp and posthitis (n = 34), laceration (n = 17), abscessation (n = 15), stricture with phimosis (n = 8) and pp with penile hematoma (n = 6) and treated medically and/or surgically, 30, 11, 7, 7, and 4 bulls, respectively, (74% overall) were returned to breeding use successjully.
Keratomas in horses: Seven cases (1975–1986)
Authors: Lloyd K. C. Kent , Peterson P. Robin , Wheat John D. , Ryan Ann E. , Clark James H.
Published: February 2025

The diagnosis of keratoma in 7 horses and their treatment and outcome were evaluated. Horses were 2 to 20 years old, of various breeds, and were intact or castrated males. All were lame, and 6 horses had had previous injuries of the affected hoof that had not responded to prior treatments. Only 1 hoof was affected in each horse. Keratomas were beneath the hoof wall (6 horses) or sole (1 horse). Radiographically, a circular or semicircular defect with a discrete margin was present in the distal portion of the third phalanx in 3 horses. Grossly, keratomas were firm solitary masses (1.5 to 5 cm diameter); gray, tan, or yellow; and oval or conical. Keratomas were excised from beneath the hoof wall by removing a section of hoof wall (5 horses) or by undermining the wall beginning at its junction with the sole (1 horse). A keratoma beneath the sole in 1 horse was excised by excavating the sole to the level of the palmar surface of the third phalanx. Keratoma was verified microscopically by the presence of characteristic rings of squamous epithelial cells with abundant keratin. Purulent exudate and inflammatory infiltrate often were present concurrently, reflecting an associated localized infection. Aftercare included daily application of an antiseptic iodine solution and foot bandages, and shoeing with a treatment plate several weeks after surgery. Hoof and sole defects healed completely between 6 months and 1 year. By 1 year after surgery, 6 horses were sound, and keratoma had not recurred.
Inheritance of associated ocular and skeletal dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Carrig C. B. , Sponenberg D. P. , Schmidt G. M. , Tvedten H. W.
Published: February 2025

A breeding colony was established to investigate the inheritance of associated ocular and skeletal dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers; 124 pups were produced. These pups were evaluated for the presence of ocular lesions, including cataracts, vitreous strands, persistent hyaloid remnants, retinal folds, retinal dysplasia, peripapillary hyperreflectivity, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, and skeletal abnormality, which was recognized by shorter than normal forelimbs and an abnormal morphologic appearance of the radius and ulna.

Analysis of the distribution of lesions in pups indicated that the syndrome is caused by one abnormal gene, which has recessive effects on the skeleton and incompletely dominant effects on the eye. This would suggest that suspect carrier dogs could be identified by test matings with a known homozygote.