bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relational time series forecasting
Authors: Rossi Ryan A.
Published: April 2018

Networks encode dependencies between entities (people, computers, proteins) and allow us to study phenomena across social, technological, and biological domains. These networks naturally evolve over time by the addition, deletion, and changing of links, nodes, and attributes. Despite the importance of modeling these dynamics, existing work in relational machine learning has ignored relational time series data. Relational time series learning lies at the intersection of traditional time series analysis and statistical relational learning, and bridges the gap between these two fundamentally important problems. This paper formulates the relational time series learning problem, and a general framework and taxonomy for representation discovery tasks of both nodes and links including predicting their existence, label, and weight (importance), as well as systematically constructing features. We also reinterpret the prediction task leading to the proposal of two important relational time series forecasting tasks consisting of (i) relational time series classification (predicts a future class or label of an entity), and (ii) relational time series regression (predicts a future real-valued attribute or weight). Relational time series models are designed to leverage both relational and temporal dependencies to minimize forecasting error for both relational time series classification and regression. Finally, we discuss challenges and open problems that remain to be addressed.
Self-reported parental vocabulary input frequency for young children
Authors: BLESES Dorthe , VACH Werner , DALE Philip S.
Published: April 2018

Vocabulary input frequency influences age of acquisition, and is also an essential control for investigating the influence of other factors. We propose a new method of frequency estimation, self-report. 918 Danish-speaking parents of 12–36-month-old children estimated their frequency of use of 725 words. Self-report was substantially correlated with both language sample based frequencies (0.67) and frequencies of a large written corpus of Danish (0.58). Correlations within vocabulary categories between frequency and age of acquisition, restricted to words occurring in the language samples, were comparable for the two estimates. Overall, self-report based frequency estimates appear to have a promising degree of validity, which reflects their greatest strength, independence of the situation.
On regularity criteria of a weak solution to the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics equations in Lorentz space
Authors: Kim Jae-Myoung
Published: April 2018

We give a weak-Lp Serrin-type regularity criterion for a weak solution to the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics equations in a bounded domain Ω ⊂ ℝ3.
Nonlinear Dirac equations with Coulomb-type potentials and nonlinearities resonating at essential spectrums
Authors: Chen Shaowei , Jiang Shuai
Published: April 2018

We consider the nonlinear Dirac equation

The potential function V satisfies the conditions that the essential spectrum of the Dirac operator is and this Dirac operator has infinitely many eigenvalues in (−1, 1) accumulating at 1. This potential function V may change sign in ℝ3 and contains the classical Coulomb potential V (x) = −γ/|x| with γ > 0 as a special case. The nonlinearity F satisfies the resonance-type condition lim. Under some additional conditions on V and F, we prove that this equation has infinitely many solutions.
Risk factors for influenza-related complications in children during the 2009/10 pandemic: a UK primary care cohort study using linked routinely collected data
Authors: Lee J. J. , Bankhead C. , Smith M. , Kousoulis A. A. , Butler C. C. , Wang K.
Published: April 2018

Primary care clinicians have a central role in managing influenza/influenza-like illness (ILI) during influenza pandemics. This study identifies risk factors for influenza-related complications in children presenting with influenza/ILI in primary care. We conducted a cohort study using routinely collected linked data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink on children aged 17 years and younger who presented with influenza/ILI during the 2009/10 pandemic. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for potential risk factors in relation to influenza-related complications, complications requiring intervention, pneumonia, all-cause hospitalisation and hospitalisation due to influenza-related complications within 30 days of presentation. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders including age, vaccination and socio-economic deprivation. Asthma was a risk factor for influenza-related complications (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–1.80, P < 0.001), complications requiring intervention (adjusted OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.11–1.88; P = 0.007), pneumonia (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.07–2.51, P = 0.024) and hospitalisation due to influenza-related complications (adjusted OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.09–5.56, P = 0.031). Neurological conditions were risk factors for all-cause hospitalisation (adjusted OR 4.25, 95% CI 1.50–12.07, P = 0.007) but not influenza-related complications (adjusted OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.83–2.56, P = 0.189). Community-based early interventions to prevent influenza-related clinical deterioration should therefore be primarily targeted at children with asthma and neurological conditions.
Pertussis epidemiology in Argentina: TRENDS after the introduction of maternal immunisation
Authors: Fabricius G. , Martin Aispuro P. , Bergero P. , Bottero D. , Gabrielli M. , Hozbor D.
Published: April 2018

Data on the impact of the recently recommended maternal pertussis vaccination are promising, but still insufficient to universalise this approach. We thus compared the epidemiological data prior to the implementation of this vaccination strategy in Argentina (2012) with the figures reported after 2012. During that 2010–2016 period, two outbreaks occurred, one in 2011 and another in 2016. In the former, the incidence was 6.9/100 000 inhabitants and the case-fatality rate 2.6%. Thereafter, a decline in incidence was detected until 2014. During 2015 and 2016 an increase in the incidence transpired, but this rise was fortunately not accompanied by one in the case fatality ratio. Indeed, in 2016 the case fatality ratio was the lowest (0.6%). Moreover, during the 2016 outbreak, the incidence (3.9/100 000 inhabitants) and the case severity detected in the most vulnerable population (infants 0–2 months) were both lower than those in 2011. Consistent with this pattern, in 2016, in the most populated province of Argentina (Buenos Aires), the case percentage with laboratory-positive results indicating a high number of symptoms (59.1% of the total cases) diminished compared with that detected in the 2011 outbreak without maternal immunisation (71.9%). Using the mathematical model of pertussis transmission we previously designed, we assessed the effect of vaccination during pregnancy on infant incidence. From comparisons between the epidemiological data made through calculations, emerged the possibility that vaccinating women during pregnancy would benefit the infants beyond age 2 months, specifically in the 2–12-month cohort.
Incidence and prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review
Authors: Snow Kathryn J. , Nelson Lisa J. , Sismanidis Charalambos , Sawyer Susan M. , Graham Stephen M.
Published: April 2018

The burden of tuberculosis (TB) among adolescents and young adults in endemic settings is poorly characterised. This study aimed to review published and unpublished estimates of the incidence and prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed TB among young people aged 10–24 years. We searched PubMed and World Health Organization archives for publications and unpublished data from population-based epidemiologic studies reporting confirmed pulmonary TB among young people, conducted from January 2000 onwards. We identified 27 publications and unpublished data from two national surveys, representing a total of 26 studies in 19 countries. The prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed TB ranged from 45 to 799 per 100 000 in the Asia-Pacific region and from 160 to 462 per 100 000 in African settings. We did not identify any epidemiologic studies of confirmed TB among adolescents living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many studies were excluded due to absent or inadequately reported age-specific data. Adolescents and young adults living in many endemic settings appear to be at substantial risk of developing active TB. There is a pressing need to improve the routine reporting of age in epidemiologic studies of TB, and to generate high-quality epidemiologic data regarding TB among adolescents living with HIV.
HIV prevention strategies and risk of infection: a model-based analysis
Authors: Hahn A. , Hinz R. , Meyer T. , Loderstädt U. , Herchenröder O. , Meyer C. G. , Schwarz N. G. , Frickmann H.
Published: April 2018

Risk populations for HIV infections tend to neglect condom use, making alternative preventive approaches necessary. Accordingly, we modelled the risk of sexual HIV transmission for condom usevs.use of rapid diagnostic test (RDT) systems with subsequent exclusion of potential sexual partners with a correctly or falsely positive test from unprotected sex with and without the use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in a bio-statistical approach. We combined a previously described model of transmission risk for HIV-exposed individuals with a newly suggested model of risk of HIV exposure for sexually active HIV-negative individuals. The model was adapted for several stages of infection and different strategies of HIV infection prevention.

HIV prevention with RDTs can reduce the transmission risk by up to 97% compared with having sex without any prevention and up to 80% compared with condom use. Nevertheless, RDT-based prevention strategies demonstrate a lack of protection in several stages of infection; in particular, RNA-based RDT systems may fail under treatment. RDT-based pre-screening of potential sex partners prior to unprotected sexual contacts substantially reduces HIV transmission risk. Combination of different prevention strategies is advisable for high-risk groups.
Hospitalisations due to bacterial gastroenteritis: A comparison of surveillance and hospital discharge data
Authors: Scallan E. , Griffin P. M. , McLean H. Q. , Mahon B. E.
Published: April 2018

Studies estimating the human health impact of the foodborne disease often include estimates of the number of gastroenteritis hospitalisations. The aims of this study were to examine the degree to which hospital discharge data underreport hospitalisations due to bacterial gastroenteritis and to estimate the frequency of stool sample submission among patients presenting with gastroenteritis. Using linked laboratory and hospital discharge data from a healthcare organisation and its affiliated hospital, we examined the International Classification of Disease (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis codes assigned to hospitalised adults with culture-confirmedCampylobacter,Salmonella, orEscherichia coliO157 infections and determined the frequency of stool sample submission. Among 138 hospitalised patients with culture-confirmed infections, 43% ofCampylobacterpatients, 56% ofSalmonellapatients and 35% ofE. coliO157 patients had that pathogen-specific code listed on the discharge record. Among patients without their infection listed as a diagnosis, 65% were assigned a nonspecific gastroenteritis code. Submitting a specimen for culture ⩾3 days before discharge was significantly associated with having the pathogen-specific diagnosis listed. Of 6181 patients assigned a nonspecific gastroenteritis code, 69% had submitted a stool sample for bacterial culture. This study can be used to understand differences and adjust for the underreporting and underdiagnosed ofCampylobacter, SalmonellaandE. coliO157 in hospital discharge and surveillance data, respectively.
Weather correlates ofCampylobacterprevalence in broilers at slaughter under tropical conditions in Sri Lanka
Authors: Kalupahana R. S. , Mughini-Gras L. , Kottawatta S. A. , Somarathne S. , Gamage C. , Wagenaar J. A.
Published: April 2018

Campylobacteris the primary agent of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In contrast to temperate zones, weather effects onCampylobacterprevalence in broilers under tropical conditions are under-researched. We examined the association between weather andCampylobacterprevalence in slaughtered broilers in Sri Lanka, a tropical country with weather variations led by monsoons. Each month (October 2009–July 2011), 20–30 broiler batches referring to two semi-automated slaughterhouses from five Sri Lankan provinces were tested forCampylobactercontamination and analysed in relation to temperature, humidity and rainfall. Overall prevalence was 63.8% (95% CI 59.6–67.9%,n= 542), peaking in September–November. Each 1 °C increase in monthly mean temperature up to 26 °C increasedCampylobacter-positive batches by 16.4% (95% CI 0.4–35.1%). For each 10 mm increase in monthly total rainfall up to 300 mm,Campylobacter-positive batches increased significantly by 0.8% (0.1–1.5%) at 1-month lag. For each 1% increase in relative humidity up to 80% at 1- and 2-month lags,Campylobacter-positive batches increased of respectively 4.2% (1.9–6.7%) and 4.0% (1.5–6.5), and decreased by 3.6% (2.6–4.6%) and 4.0% (2.6–5.4%) for unit increases above 80%. These results suggest that even in tropical countries without marked seasons, there are weather effects possibly reflectingCampylobacterpotential to colonise its preferred host and/or survive in the environment.
Long-term epidemiological dynamics of dengue in Barbados – one of the English-speaking Caribbean countries
Authors: Kumar A. , Gittens-St Hilaire M. , Nielsen A. L.
Published: April 2018

Using the dengue surveillance program, we prospectively collected data on all the suspected and confirmed cases of dengue in Barbados from 2006 to 2015. Data were analysed for demographic, seasonal and temporal dynamics of this disease in this country. The overall mean annual incidence rate of suspected and confirmed dengue over the study period was 0.49% (range 0.15%–0.99%) and 0.16% (range 0.05%−0.48%), respectively. There was a significant correlation between the mean monthly number of confirmed cases, the mean monthly rainfall and the mean monthly relative humidity percentage. Dengue in this population is predominantly an infection affecting children and young adults. The median age of the patients with both, suspected and confirmed dengue was 25 years and the highest proportion of cases was seen in the age group 0–15 years. The annual incidence rates of both the suspected and the confirmed cases showed an upward trend during the study period and this upward trend was more pronounced among children.
Shigella infection in children under 5 years old in western French Guiana
Authors: Parisot M. , Parez N. , Boukhari R. , Breurec S. , Jolivet A.
Published: April 2018

French Guiana, a tropical country, is characterised by a young and multi-ethnic population. Difficulties in accessing safe water sources lead to outbreaks of gastroenteritis. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the microbiological profile of shigella strains isolated in western French Guiana, including antimicrobial susceptibility and the distribution of strains in terms of species and serotypes and (2) to estimate the incidence of shigellosis in children under 5 years old. A retrospective observational study was conducted of 213 cases of shigellosis diagnosed in the biology department of the hospital centre for western French Guiana between 2000 and 2012 in children under 5 years old. The serogroups (formerly known as species) that predominates in French Guiana wasShigella flexneri. No resistance was observed to fluoroquinolones or to third-generation cephalosporins. The average incidence of shigellosis in children under 5 years old in western French Guiana was estimated at 189.6 cases per 100 000 inhabitants per year. Shigellosis is a public health problem in western French Guiana. These infections suggest the difficulties in accessing safe water sources and the lack of public sanitation. A quadrivalent vaccine containingShigella sonneiand three serotypes ofS. flexneri(S. flexneri2a, 3a and 6) could provide broad coverage against shigella infections.
Effect of storage temperature on dormancy release of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) achenes
Authors: Rodríguez María Verónica , Bodrone María Paula , Castellari María Paula , Batlla Diego
Published: April 2018

Published information regarding the effect of storage temperature on dormancy alleviation of sunflower achenes is contradictory and ambiguous. In the present study we explored the effect of temperature during dry storage on dormancy release in two sunflower genotypes, including a commercial hybrid and an inbred line. Dry storage at 25°C consistently accelerated dormancy release of achenes compared with 5°C. This response fits the general pattern reported for dry after-ripening in seeds of many other species. Depending on the genotype and the dormancy factor prevailing, higher temperature alleviated embryo dormancy and coat-imposed dormancy. Hormonal pathways involved in these changes were investigated at the physiological level. In both genotypes, sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) was reduced by storage at 25°C. Also, but only in one genotype, storage at 25°C reduced ABA levels upon imbibition and increased the response to a gibberellin (GA) synthesis inhibitor and to applied GA3, compared with storage at 5°C; these results support the idea that temperature affects both ABA and GA metabolism and signalling pathways during after-ripening. This information will be useful to define storage conditions for commercial sunflower achenes, and will also help focus future research on the underlying mechanisms of dormancy release during dry after-ripening in sunflower.
Artists and the city: mapping the art worlds of eighteenth-century Paris
Authors: WILLIAMS HANNAH
Published: April 2018

Paris is renowned for artistic neighbourhoods like Montmartre and Montparnasse in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. But for earlier periods, the art-historical picture is much vaguer. Where did artists live and work in the eighteenth century? Which neighbourhoods formed the cultural geography of the early modern art world? Drawing on data from a large-scale digital mapping project locating the addresses of hundreds of eighteenth-century artists, this article answers these crucial questions of urban art history. Following an overview of the digital project, the article explores three different mappings of the city's art worlds: a century long survey of the neighbourhoods inhabited by the Academy's artists; a comparison of where the Guild's artists were living in a single year and a wider world view of Parisian artists abroad. Through its new cartographic models of Paris's art worlds, this article brings the city to the foreground of eighteenth-century French art.
Cryoprotectant agents and cooling effect on embryos of Macrobrachium amazonicum
Authors: Lucas Caroline Costa , Melo Luana Rolim , de Sousa Míriam Luzia Nogueira Martins , de Morais Glayciane Bezerra , Martins Moisés Fernandes , Xavier Francisco Antônio Félix , Evangelista Janaina Serra Azul Monteiro , de Souza Sampaio Célia Maria
Published: April 2018

There are few reports of cryopreservation and injuries in Macrobrachium amazonicum embryos. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of cryoprotectants agents and cooling on stage VIII of this species. Fertilized eggs from ovigerous females were removed from the incubation chamber, then placed in 10 ml Falcon tubes with a cryoprotectant solution and saline-free calcium solution. Thus, the embryos underwent a cooling curve of 1°C per min until reaching 5°C, and then were stored for 2 h. The tubes containing the embryos were washed to remove the cryoprotectant, acclimated for 5 min and then transferred to 50 ml incubators. At the end of the 24-h period, living embryos from each tube were counted and tabulated. A pool of embryos was fixed with 4% formaldehyde and then subjected to histology using 3-mm thick sections and stained with haematoxylin/eosin. Another pool was used for biometric analysis in which length, width and volume were analyzed. The cryoprotectants agents used were: dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), methyl alcohol, ethylene glycol at 1, 5 and 10% and sucrose (0.5 M). Variance analysis was performed followed by Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) test at 5% significance level. DMSO cryoprotectant affected embryo survival the least with rates of 71.8, 36.2 and 0% for concentrations of 1, 5 and 10%, respectively. Ethylene glycol caused 100% mortality at all the concentrations used. It was not possible to observe the interference of cooling and cryoprotectants on embryonic structures in this study.
Seasonal influenza among children diagnosed by their guardians: a small pilot study in Japan
Authors: Maita Hiroki , Kobayashi Tadashi , Osawa Hiroshi , Kato Hiroyuki
Published: April 2018

Aim

We aimed to elucidate the accuracy and optimal cut-off point of the self-diagnosis of influenza and the associated clinical symptoms of children by their guardians, compared with those of the rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT).

Background

Seasonal influenza is a common outpatient problem during the winter season. A paediatric influenza epidemic has socio-economic impacts like temporary school closure, school event cancellations, and unscheduled work absences among parents. Hence, early identification and assessment of influenza to prevent its spread is important from a societal perspective.

Method

We performed a cross-sectional observational study in a rural clinic in Japan every winter season from December 2013 to March 2016. We retrospectively extracted information from the medical records and pre-examination checklists of 24 patients aged <12 years (mean age, 5.4 years; men, 54.2%). The data extracted from the medical records and pre-examination checklist included the baseline characteristics (age, sex and past medical history of influenza), clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis by guardians (%) and RIDT results.

Findings

The optimal cut-off point of the self-diagnosis of influenza by guardians was 80%, with a sensitivity and specificity of 63.6% (95% confidence interval: 30.8–89.1) and 92.3% (64.0–99.8). At a 50% cut-off point, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.9% (58.7–99.8) and 53.8% (25.1−80.8). The accuracy of feeling severely sick, as estimated by the guardians showed a sensitivity and specificity of 90.9% (58.7–99.8) and 69.2% (38.6–90.9). Our study indicates that the diagnosis of seasonal influenza by guardians to their children would be useful in the establishment of both confirmatory diagnoses when it has high probability above the optimal cut-off point (80%), and exclusion diagnosis when it has low probability (50%). Not feeling severely sick, estimated by the guardians might be a useful indicator for the exclusion of paediatric influenza.
Team composition and chronic disease management within primary healthcare practices in eastern Ontario: an application of the Measuring Organizational Attributes of Primary Health Care Survey
Authors: Lukewich Julia , Edge Dana S. , VanDenKerkhof Elizabeth , Williamson Tyler , Tranmer Joan
Published: April 2018

Background

Various organizational-level attributes are being implemented in primary healthcare to improve healthcare delivery. There is a need to describe the distribution and nature of these attributes and explore differences across practices.

Aim

The aim of this study was to better understand organizational attributes of primary care teams, focusing specifically on team composition, nursing roles, and strategies that support chronic disease management.

Methods

We employed a cross-sectional survey design. Team composition, nursing roles, availability of health services, and chronic disease management activities were described using the ‘Measuring Organizational Attributes of Primary Health Care Survey.’

Findings

A total of 76% (n=26 out of 34) of practice locations completed the survey, including family health teams (FHT; n=21) and community health centers (CHC; n=4). Nurse practitioners (NPs) and registered nurses (RNs) were the most common non-physician providers, and CHCs had a greater proportion of non-physician providers than FHTs. There was overlap in roles performed by NPs and RNs, and registered practical nurses engaged in fewer roles compared with NPs and RNs. A greater proportion of FHTs had systematic chronic disease management services for hypertension, depression and Alzheimer’s disease compared with CHC practices. The ‘Measuring Organizational Attributes of Primary Health Care Survey’ was a useful tool to highlight variability in organizational attributes across PHC practices. Nurses are prominent within PHC practices, engaging in a wide range of roles related to chronic disease management, suggesting a need to better understand their contributions to patient care to optimize their roles.
Work incentives in the Social Security Disability benefit formula
Authors: GODA GOPI SHAH , SHOVEN JOHN B. , SLAVOV SITA NATARAJ
Published: April 2018

We examine the connection between taxes paid and benefits accrued under the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program on both the intensive and extensive margins. We perform these calculations for stylized workers given the existing benefit structure and disability hazard rates. On the intensive margin, we examine the effect of an additional dollar of earnings on the marginal payroll taxes contributed and future benefits earned. We find that the present discounted value of disability benefits received from an additional dollar of earnings, net of the SSDI payroll tax, generally declines with age, becoming negative around age 40 and reaching almost zero at age 63. On the extensive margin, we determine the effect of working an additional year on the additional payroll taxes and future benefits as a percentage of income. The return to working an additional year at an income level just large enough to earn Social Security credits for the year is large and positive through age 60. However, the return to working an additional full year is substantially smaller and becomes negative at approximately age 57. Thus, older workers face strong incentives to earn enough to obtain creditable coverage through age 60, but they face disincentives for additional earnings. In addition, workers aged 61 and older face work disincentives at any level of earnings. We repeat this analysis for stylized workers at different levels of earnings and find that, while the program transfers resources from high earners to low earners, the workers experience similar patterns in the returns to working.
Genetic diversity analysis of the Greek lentil (Lens culinaris) landrace ‘Eglouvis’ using morphological and molecular markers
Authors: Tsanakas Georgios F. , Mylona Photini V. , Koura Katerina , Gleridou Anthoula , Polidoros Alexios N.
Published: April 2018

The Greek lentil landrace ‘Eglouvis’ is cultivated continuously at the Lefkada island for more than 400 years. It has great taste, high nutritional value and high market price. In the present study, we used morphological and molecular markers to estimate genetic diversity within the landrace. Morphological analysis was based on characteristics of the seed. Molecular analysis was performed using simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers in a high-resolution melting (HRM) approach. ‘Samos’ and ‘Demetra’, two of the most widely cultivated commercial lentil varieties in Greece, were used for comparisons. Morphological analysis was performed with 584 seeds randomly selected from a lot. Analysis of seed dimensions and colour distributed the samples in different categories and highlighted the phenotypic variability in ‘Eglouvis’ lentil seeds. Genetic variability was estimated from 91 individual DNA samples with 11 SSR markers using HRM analysis. Genotyping was based upon the shape of the melting curves and the difference plots; all polymerase chain reaction products were also run on agarose gels. Genetic distances of individuals and principal coordinates analysis suggested that ‘Eglouvis’ landrace has a unique genetic background that significantly differs from ‘Samos’ and ‘Demetra’ and no overlapping could be detected. Genetic variability within the ‘Eglouvis’ landrace can be considered in targeted breeding programs as a significant phytogenetic resource of lentils in Greece.
Seventy years of the British National Health Service: problem, politics and policy streams
Authors: Powell Martin
Published: April 2018

The British National Health Service (NHS) celebrates its 70th birthday on 5 July 2018. This paper examines this anniversary through the lens of previous anniversaries, exploring two strands of political debates and NHS documents. It draws on the basic ‘multiple streams model’ of Kingdon that argues that an issue reaches the agenda when the policy window opens to allow the coupling of three independent streams – policy, problem and politics. It is found that there appears to be some discontinuity in the problem stream; some periods of relative consensus and sharp political differences in the politics stream; and sharp variations over time in the policy stream. While it is clear that there have been both continuities and discontinuities in the problem, politics and policy streams over the past 70 years, they have rarely come together to result in a policy that has taken it off the agenda.
The punitive consequences of organizational structures in England, France and the United States
Authors: D'AMICO DANIEL J. , WILLIAMSON CLAUDIA
Published: April 2018

We develop a framework for understanding how legal structures relate to imprisonment. We hypothesize that relatively more hierarchy within criminal justice institutions, compared to commercial law, fosters higher rates of incarceration. Our framework predicts that incarceration reflects asymmetric opportunities for rent seeking across differently organized legal institutions. Instead of comparing criminal justice institutions across nations in absolute terms, we investigate the relative degrees of institutional centralization across legal spheres. To provide support, we document the separate historical experiences that shaped divergent organizations across England and France. Within each country, criminal legal institutions developed inverse organizational traits from commercial legal processes. As a result, the contrasting organizations created asymmetric opportunities for rent seeking. Divergent contemporary outcomes can be understood by recognizing these initial organizational choices, the relative opportunities they created, and their subsequent path dependencies. We document contemporary England, France, and the United States’ incarceration trends and penal outcomes to provide empirical support.
The Politics of Queer Religion
Authors: Cravens Royal G.
Published: April 2018

Religious affiliation and participation are thought to work as mobilizing structures through which religious participants accrue organizational and psychological resources, which augment political participation. Given the rejection of homosexuality by many denominations, do religious LGBT people actually accrue more positive psychological resources, and are the positive effects of religiosity on political participation mitigated when belief conflicts with identity? Informed by resource mobilization theory, the identity-threat model of stigmatization, and an intersectional approach, I conduct secondary analyses of two survey data sets of LGBT people. The results suggest that religiosity is associated with increased political participation among LGBT people; however, religious LGBT people exhibit weaker psychological association with the LGBT community and are “out” to fewer people. Furthermore, political participation is less likely among those who experience conflict between their religion and sexuality and among Evangelical Christians.
Classic, Provocative and/or Influential: A Twin Study Sampler/Twin Research Reviews: Twin Pregnancies With and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Ectopic Twin Pregnancy; Sex Differences in Cognition; Maternal Cardiac Hemodynamics/Newsworthy: President Obama's Portrait Artist; Winkelvoss Twins Update; Triplet Models; ‘Meet Your Twin’
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: April 2018

Selected twin research papers that are classic, provocative, and/or influential are surveyed. Many papers meet these criteria, so those chosen reflect the opinion of the author. Reviews of recent research on twin pregnancies with and without polycystic ovary syndrome, ectopic pregnancy, sex differences in cognition and maternal cardiac hemodynamics follow. Newsworthy twin-based items, including President Obama's portrait artist, the financial activities of the Winkelvoss twins, a set of triplet fashion models and the experience of seeing oneself in a painting, are summarized.
Adult Empathy: Possible Gender Differences in Gene-Environment Architecture for Cognitive and Emotional Components in a Large Italian Twin Sample
Authors: Toccaceli Virgilia , Fagnani Corrado , Eisenberg Nancy , Alessandri Guido , Vitale Augusto , Stazi Maria Antonietta
Published: April 2018

Empathy plays a central role in prosocial behavior and human cooperation. Very few twin researchers have investigated innate and environmental effects in adult empathy, and twin research on gender differences in these effects is sparse. The goal of this study was to examine innate and environmental influences on three components of an empathy scale frequently used with adults — the expression of cognitive (CE), emotional (EE), and social skills (SS) empathy — and to explore gender differences in the influences. Study participants were ~1,700 twins (18–65 years) enrolled in the Italian Twin Registry. Empathy was assessed with the Italian version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ), for which the three-factor structure (i.e., CE, EE, and SS) was confirmed. Twin correlations in monozygotic and dizygotic pairs, and males and females were estimated for the total EQ and subscale scores, and univariate genetic model fitting was carried out. Women's empathy (i.e., total EQ as well as CE and EE subdimensions) was predominantly driven by genetic factors and individual experiences, whereas for males, no genetic contribution or important shared and individual environmental effects emerged. Although of large magnitude, the gender differences did not reach statistical significance. Age did not moderate empathy heritability in adulthood. Only for the SS subscale were genetic and environmental proportions of variance similar for men and women. This study suggests possible gender-specific innate and environmental influences on empathy and its cognitive and emotional components that need to be confirmed in future studies.
Seed Germination and Seedling Recruitment Behavior of Winged Sea Lavender (Limonium lobatum) in Southern Australia
Authors: Kleemann Samuel G. L. , Gill Gurjeet
Published: April 2018

Winged sea lavender [Limonium lobatum(L.f. Chaz)] is emerging as a significant weed of field crops in southern Australia. Several environmental factors affecting germination and seedling recruitment were examined to provide a better understanding of the behavior of its seedbank. At maturity, weed seeds were dormant for a period of around 2 mo, but dormancy was easily broken with scarification or by pretreatment with 564 mM NaOCL for 30 min, which confirms the role of the seed coat in regulating seed germination. Exposure to light significantly increased germination. Seeds were able to germinate over a broad range of temperatures (5 to 30 C), with maximum germination (~92%) at temperatures between 10 and 30 C. At 20 to 25 C, 50% germination was reached within 1.3 to 2 d, and the predicted base temperature for germination of the two populations ranged from 1.4 to 3.9 C. The NaCl concentration required to inhibit germination by 50% was 230 mM, with some seeds capable of germination at salinity levels as high as 480 mM. These results indicated greater tolerance to salinity inL. lobatumthan many other Australian agricultural weed species previously investigated. Seedling emergence was the highest (51% to 57%) for seeds present on the soil surface and was significantly reduced by burial at 1 cm (≤11%) and 2 cm (≤2%), with no emergence at 5 cm. Under field conditions, seedling recruitment varied considerably among the three experimental sites. The level of seedling recruitment was negatively associated with rainfall received at the site, organic carbon (OC) level, and microbial biomass of the soil. Rapid decay of weed seeds in high-OC soils appears to be an important determinant of seedling recruitment in this species and could explain greater occurrence ofL. lobatumon soils with low OC and low microbial activity in low-rainfall areas of southern Australia. Furthermore, many such soils in southern Australia are affected by salinity, which would enableL. lobatumto be more competitive with crops and other weeds present at a site.
Spatio‐Temporal Convergence of Maximum Daily Light‐Use Efficiency Based on Radiation Absorption by Canopy Chlorophyll
Authors: Zhang Yao , Xiao Xiangming , Wolf Sebastian , Wu Jin , Wu Xiaocui , Gioli Beniamino , Wohlfahrt Georg , Cescatti Alessandro , van der Tol Christiaan , Zhou Sha , Gough Christopher M. , Gentine Pierre , Zhang Yongguang , Steinbrecher Rainer , Ardö Jonas
Published: April 2018

Light‐use efficiency (LUE), which quantifies the plants' efficiency in utilizing solar radiation for photosynthetic carbon fixation, is an important factor for gross primary production estimation. Here we use satellite‐based solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence as a proxy for photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by chlorophyll (APARchl) and derive an estimation of the fraction of APARchl (fPARchl) from four remotely sensed vegetation indicators. By comparing maximum LUE estimated at different scales from 127 eddy flux sites, we found that the maximum daily LUE based on PAR absorption by canopy chlorophyll (
), unlike other expressions of LUE, tends to converge across biome types. The photosynthetic seasonality in tropical forests can also be tracked by the change of fPARchl, suggesting the corresponding
to have less seasonal variation. This spatio‐temporal convergence of LUE derived from fPARchl can be used to build simple but robust gross primary production models and to better constrain process‐based models.
Mechanisms of Wave‐Driven Water Level Variability on Reef‐Fringed Coastlines
Authors: Buckley M. L. , Lowe R. J. , Hansen J. E. , van Dongeren A. R. , Storlazzi C. D.
Published: April 2018

Wave‐driven water level variability (and runup at the shoreline) is a significant cause of coastal flooding induced by storms. Wave runup is challenging to predict, particularly along tropical coral reef‐fringed coastlines due to the steep bathymetric profiles and large bottom roughness generated by reef organisms, which can violate assumptions in conventional models applied to open sandy coastlines. To investigate the mechanisms of wave‐driven water level variability on a reef‐fringed coastline, we performed a set of laboratory flume experiments on an alongshore uniform bathymetric profile with and without bottom roughness. Wave setup and waves at frequencies lower than the incident sea‐swell forcing (infragravity waves) were found to be the dominant components of runup. These infragravity waves were positively correlated with offshore wave groups, signifying they were generated in the surf zone by the oscillation of the breakpoint. On the reef flat and at the shoreline, the low‐frequency waves formed a standing wave pattern with energy concentrated at the natural frequencies of the reef flat, indicating resonant amplification. Roughness elements used in the flume to mimic large reef bottom roughness reduced low‐frequency motions on the reef flat and reduced wave runup by 30% on average, compared to the runs over a smooth bed. These results provide insight into sea‐swell and infragravity wave transformation and wave setup dynamics on steep‐sloped coastlines, and the effect that future losses of reef bottom roughness may have on coastal flooding along reef‐fringed coasts.
Dual Doppler Effect in Wedge-Type Photonic Crystals
Authors: Jiang Qiang , Chen Jiabi , Cao Liangcai , Zhuang Songlin , Jin Guofan
Published: April 2018

The dual Doppler effect, in the simultaneous occurrence of both normal and inverse Doppler effect in one moving two-dimensional wedge-type photonic crystal, is proposed. An improved finite-different time-domain algorithm is used to verify this phenomenon. The spatial Fourier Transformation has been applied to complex electrical field data to reveal the mechanism. The harmonics with negative spatial frequencies show a lagging phase evolution, while those with positive spatial frequencies show a front phase evolution. Different wedge-type photonic crystals are designed to filter out the required harmonics based on the systematic study of spatial Fourier Transformation and wave vector diagram. Our work paves a new way for Doppler cooling of atomic gases, radar deception, invisibility cloaks, microstructure dual frequency interferometer and so on.
Dacarbazine depletes the ovarian reserve in mice and depletion is enhanced with age
Authors: Winship Amy L. , Bakai Monika , Sarma Urooza , Liew Seng H. , Hutt Karla J.
Published: April 2018

Dacarbazine is commonly administered for the treatment of cancers prevalent in reproductive age females. However, investigations of off-target effects of dacarbazine on the ovary are limited. We assessed the impact of dacarbazine on the ovarian reserve of primordial follicles, essential for fertility. Eight week and 6 month old C57BL/6 J mice were administered with dacarbazine or saline on day (d)0 and d7, then sacrificed after 12 hours (h), or 14d (n = 4–5/group). Follicle numbers, follicle density, serum AMH and corpora lutea were quantified and estrous cyclicity monitored. In reproductively young mice, dacarbazine did not affect primordial follicle numbers at 12 h, but resulted in a 36% reduction at 14d (p < 0.05). Dacarbazine-mediated primordial follicle depletion was accelerated with age, with a 24% (p < 0.05) and 36% (p < 0.01) reduction at 12 h and 14d. Follicle density remained unchanged between treatment groups at either age. Dacarbazine depleted antral follicles at 14d (p < 0.05), at both ages. Despite partial reduction of antral follicles, serum AMH, estrous cyclicity and corpora lutea (indicative of ovulation) remained unchanged between treatment groups, at both ages. Importantly, diminished ovarian reserve can result in premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility, thus, fertility preservation options should be considered for young female patients prior to dacarbazine treatment.
Iron catalyzed oxidation of benzylic alcohols to benzoic acids
Authors: Stanje B. , Traar P. , Schachner J. A. , Belaj F. , Mösch-Zanetti N. C.
Published: April 2018

Direct, one-pot oxidation of benzyl alcohols to benzoic acid with H2O2catalyzed by Fe(iii) complexes.
Is Putting SUGAR (Sampling Utterances of Grammatical Analysis Revised) Into Language Sample Analysis a Good Thing? A Response to Pavelko and Owens (2017)
Authors: Guo Ling-Yu , Eisenberg Sarita , Ratner Nan Bernstein , MacWhinney Brian
Published: April 2018

Purpose

In this letter, the authors respond to Pavelko and Owens' (2017) newly advanced set of procedures for language sample analysis: Sampling Utterances and Grammatical Analysis Revised (SUGAR).

Method

The authors contrast some of the new guidelines for transcription, morpheme segmentation, and language sample elicitation in SUGAR with traditional conventions for language sample analysis (LSA). They address the potential impact of the new guidelines on some of the target measures in SUGAR—mean length of utterances in morphemes (MLUm), words per sentence (WPS), and clauses per sentence (CPS)—and provide their suggestions.

Results

Inclusion of partially intelligible utterances in SUGAR may over- or underestimate children's MLUmand reduce the reliability of computing WPS. Counting derivational morphemes and the component morphemes of catenatives (e.g.,gonna) may result in overestimation of children's morphosyntactic skills.

Conclusion

Further data are needed to determine whether MLUmincluding derivational morphemes and the component morphemes of catenatives is a better measure of children's morphosyntactic skills than MLUmexcluding those morphemes. Pending such data, the authors recommend maintaining traditional LSA conventions and measures. Furthermore, free, fast automated utilities already exist that reduce barriers for clinicians to conduct informative, in-depth LSA.
Auswirkung der Kodierung der Mangelernährung im SwissDRG-System
Authors: Aeberhard Carla , Abt Mirjam , Endrich Olga , Aubry Emilie , Leuenberger Michèle , Schütz Philipp , Sterchi Anna-Barbara , Stanga Zeno
Published: April 2018

Hintergrund Die krankheitsassoziierte Mangelernährung (KAM) ist in Krankenhäusern ein häufiges Problem mit medizinischen und ökonomischen Folgen. Die vorliegende Vier-Jahres-Analyse soll zeigen, ob die Aufwände für die Ernährungstherapien der mangelernährten Patienten durch den Mehrertrag, der durch die Kodierung der KAM im SwissDRG-System erreicht wird, gedeckt werden.

Material und Methodik In dieser Datenerhebung (2013 – 2016) wurden alle stationären Patienten mit einer E4-Diagnose im Universitätsspital Bern analysiert. Betrachtet wurden die E-Diagnose, Hauptdiagnose, Spitalaufenthaltsdauer, Alter, Art der Ernährungstherapie, Mehrertrag und Kosten, welche durch die ernährungstherapeutischen Behandlungen generiert wurden. Der Aufwand für die Ernährungsberatung, daas Pflegefachpersonal und die Ernährungstherapien wurde hochgerechnet. Zudem wurden die Patienten aufgrund ihrer Hauptdiagnose in 12 Gruppen eingeteilt (beruhend auf der WHO ICD-10-Klassifikation).

Ergebnisse Von den stationären Patienten (n = 169 515) wurden insgesamt 5442 Fälle (3,2 %) in den betrachteten 4 Jahren mit einer KAM kodiert. Davon waren 462 Fälle (8,5 %) erlösrelevant. Von den 5442 Patienten erhielten 3211 (59 %) orale Trinknahrungen, 1578 (29 %) eine enterale Ernährung per Sonde und 653 (12 %) eine parenterale Ernährung. Die Kodierung der KAM ergab einen Mehrertrag von insgesamt CHF 3 494 081 und einen Aufwand von hochgerechnet CHF 2 803 432. Am häufigsten wurden onkologische Patienten mit einer KAM kodiert (n = 1708; 31,4 %), gefolgt von Patienten mit Krankheiten des Verdauungssystems (n = 671; 12,3 %) und des Kreislaufsystems (n = 609; 11,2 %).

Schlussfolgerung Diese Analyse zeigt, dass der Mehrertrag durch die Kodierung der KAM im SwissDRG-System den finanziellen Aufwand für die Ernährungstherapien deckt. Die konsequente und frühzeitige Erfassung, Behandlung und Kodierung der KAM führt zu einer hohen Behandlungsqualität und -sicherheit für die Patienten und ist kostendeckend für das Krankenhaus.
Aestivation dynamics of bogong moths (Agrotis infusa) in the Australian Alps and predation by wild pigs (Sus scrofa)
Authors: Caley Peter , Welvaert Marijke
Published: April 2018

We document predation of aestivating bogong moths (Agrotis infusa) by wild pigs (Sus scrofa) at a location in the Australian Alps. This is the first known record of pigs preying on bogong moths. Wild pigs are recent colonisers of the region, though already the population appears seasonally habituated to foraging on aestivating moths. This is indicative of adaptation of a feral animal undertaking dietary resource switching within what is now a modified ecosystem and food web. The significance of this predation on moth abundance is unclear. Long-term monitoring to compare numbers of moths with historical surveys undertaken before the colonisation by wild pigs will require that they are excluded from aestivation sites. Our surveys in 2014–15 observed bogong moths to arrive about one month earlier compared with a similar survey in 1951–52, though to also depart earlier.