bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: HAYTHORNTHWAITE CAROLINE
Published: July 2003

The increasing presence of the Internet in our everyday life raises important questions about what it means for access to resources, social interaction, and commitment to local community. This special issue of the American Behavioral Scientist brings together seven U.S., one U.K., one Canadian, and one North American study that examine the way in which the Internet competes with and complements everyday life. These studies show the Internet as a complex landscape of applications, purposes, and users. This introduction summarizes results from studies in this issue and other extant recent surveys, providing an overview of the Internet population and its activities, statistics that help define and articulate the nature of the digital divide. The authors move from there to consideration of the social consequences of adding Internet activity to our daily lives, exploring how use of the Internet affects traditional social and communal behaviors such as communication with local family and commitment to geographical communities. They conclude with a look at how these studies reveal the integration of the Internet into our everyday lives.
Digital Living
Authors: ANDERSON BEN , TRACEY KARINA
Published: July 2003

This article examines the impact of the Internet on the everyday lives of U.K. citizens through the integration of quantitative longitudinal time-use data and qualitative interviews. It shows that there is little significant change in people's time use that can be associated with their acquisition of an Internet connection and demonstrates the oversimplicity of the impact model for understanding the role of the Internet in everyday life. Instead, it suggests that life-style and/or lifestage transitions may trigger adoption of the Internet and, simultaneously, changes in domestic time use. It also demonstrates that Internet usage is too coarse a unit for sensible analysis. Rather, researchers need to consider the patterns of usage of the various applications or services that the Internet delivers.
Extremism and the Constitution
Authors: LEVIN BRIAN
Published: July 2003

The current protections that American law provides for extremist speech and associations are relatively new developments. These legal protections, along with technological innovations, enable modern American hatemongers to promote their agenda efficiently and with minimal governmental interference—up to a point. The courts have balanced the right of free expression and association on one hand with the right of society to protect its citizens from violence and disruption on the other.
The Persecution of Gypsies in Europe
Authors: BREARLEY MARGARET
Published: July 2003

Roma/Gypsies, nomads newly arrived in Europe in the 1400s, endured expulsions, forcible removal of children, servitude in galleys or mines, death sentences for being Gypsy, and absolute slavery in the Balkans from the 16th century onward. Persecution stemmed from highest authorities in State and Church. Following the murder of 200,000 to 500,000 Roma in the Holocaust, persecution persists, especially in Central and Eastern Europe where Roma form up to 10% of population (Bulgaria, Slovakia, Romania). Discriminated against under communism, their plight has dramatically worsened since 1989. Endemic problems (low life expectancy, high illiteracy, dire poverty, poor housing) are now heightened by massive, disproportionate unemployment. Unprecedented persecution has been unleashed by new state nationalism and easing of censorship. Roma are the new scapegoat for post-Communist society's ills. The media commonly stigmatize Roma. Few countries have created laws to protect Roma rights. Some activists fear a potential genocide if conditions worsen.
Aggressive Youth Cultures and Hate Crime
Authors: WATTS MEREDITH W.
Published: July 2003

Contemporary bias crime in Germany increased dramatically after unification and remained at a relatively high, though fluctuating, level for the decade. Right-wing skinheads and neo-Nazis played a significant role in the violence, but at least one third of the violent incidents came from informal groups of young males who were not affiliated. This represents a shift in anti-Semitic and antiforeigner violence from the 1980s and earlier, when the perpetrators were likely to be older and affiliated with identifiable ideological groups. Contemporary xenophobia is not only linked to aggressive elements of youth culture but appears to be increasingly connected to local and international ideological networks. Electronic media such as the Internet have given both the political and commercial entities of skinhead and right-wing culture a means of support and growth.
The International Commission of Inquiry (Rwanda)
Authors: BERMAN ERIC G.
Published: July 2003

The author served as the political affairs officer of the United Nations International Commission of Inquiry (ICOI) during its most recent tour (May through November 1998). (The political affairs officer is not responsible for the investigation's findings, which were the responsibility of the commission's chairman and members.) The author argues that to understand the work and findings of the commission, one must first place it within the broader context of the UN Security Council's failure to respond appropriately to the genocide in Rwanda. He concludes that despite appearances to the contrary, there was little enthusiasm to see ICOI succeed in fulfilling its mandate. The commission is another example of the unwillingness of the United Nations and the international community to take meaningful action toward Rwanda specifically and the Great Lakes region generally.
Renaming Violence
Authors: KAUFMAN DEBRA RENEE
Published: July 2003

A gender analysis forces us to measure and define our sociological inquiries in ways that broaden categories of human experiences. In so doing, we are often forced to rename those experiences. In this analysis of violence, gender, and the Holocaust, we will look to the extra burden, in addition to race, that gender forced on women: rape, abortion, sexual victimization, pregnancy, childbirth, the killing of newborns, and decisions about separation from children. In this analysis, we will look to the ways in which gender forces us to revisit the meaning of violence through the sins of omission as well as commission, through a deepening of the understanding of public and private spheres of life, and to expand what we mean by victims, survivors, and resisters.
The Birth and Maturation of Hate Crime Policy in the United States
Authors: GRATTET RYKEN , JENNESS VALERIE
Published: July 2003

To comprehend the contemporary significance of hate crime, it is necessary to understand how the concept emerged and gained acceptance, as well as how its meaning has been transformed over time and across the institutional spheres of the American policy-making process—from social movements to legislatures to appellate courts and, finally, to law enforcement. As the concept traversed these spheres, its definition and the scope of its application have been substantially clarified. In the process, each institutional sphere placed new constraints on the concept, which restricted its scope in some ways and expanded it in others. The contemporary understanding of hate crime, legally, politically, and culturally, reflects the cumulative efforts of situated actors within and across these spheres. The authors consider how awareness of these general patterns is helpful for evaluating the recent criticisms of hate crime policies.
Network Cities and the Global Structure of the Internet
Authors: TOWNSEND ANTHONY M.
Published: July 2003

Cities have played an important role in the process of globalization as centers for information exchange. Urban scholars note that a handful of dominant financial services centers—so-called global cities—has dominated international telecommunications networks. Yet, these and others have failed to understand how new telecommunications technologies, particularly the Internet, are enabling a far broader diffusion of international interurban connectivity, a far more complex global web than in earlier eras. This article presents evidence on the Internet backbone in which traditionally dominant urban hubs for international communications—London, New York, and Tokyo—are increasingly being supplemented by other hubs within their regions. The global structure of the Internet reflects a shift in the geography of telecommunications networks and the emergence of a network of network cities. To cope with this challenge, urban planners are urged to address three issues: dependency on other cities and urban areas, accessibility to global Internet backbone networks, and proficiency with communications technology.
Global Webs of Knowledge
Authors: SCHOTT THOMAS
Published: July 2003

Knowledge is globally institutionalized as three differentiated and interpenetrating social institutions: education as a social institution for transmitting humankind's existing knowledge, science as a social institution for creating new knowledge that becomes a global public good, and technology as a social institution for creating new knowledge that becomes privately appropriated. These three social institutions are governed by a global regime that is anchored in a web of organizations that through an epistemic community of analysts of knowledge, formulates and promulgates policies for knowledge. In education, the regime promotes transmission of existing knowledge to youth through schooling and also through the movement of students around the world. In science, the regime supports creation and diffusion of new knowledge around the world through open publication. In technology, the regime promotes private appropriation of new knowledge through property rights in the form of patenting, which is increasingly global.
Netting Scholars
Authors: KOKU EMMANUEL , NAZER NANCY , WELLMAN BARRY
Published: July 2003

Has the Internet affected the ways in which people communicate by lessening the effects of distance? To examine this question, the authors study scholarly and interpersonal relationships—in person and by e-mail—in two scholarly networks, one in a large university and one dispersed across North America. These scholarly networks are harbingers of the turn toward network and virtual organizations. Although the Internet helps scholars to maintain ties over great distances, physical proximity still matters. Those scholars who see each other often or work near each other e-mail each other more often. Frequent contact on the Internet is a complement to frequent face-to-face contact, not a substitute for it. The more scholarly relations network members have, the more frequently they communicate and the more media they use to communicate. Although e-mail helps scholars without strong ties to stay in contact, it is used most by scholars who are collaborators or friends.
World-System Structure and Change
Authors: KICK EDWARD L. , DAVIS BYRON L.
Published: July 2003

The authors establish in an empirical way structure and change in world-system structure in two periods, 1960 to 1965 and 1970 to 1975, as that structure is operationalized by key international networks. The interplay between global and national domains of analyses is examined with respect to the national-level consequences of strong, weak, and intermediate ties for the noncore countries of the world. When taken together, the dynamics studied permit an examination of the central themes of world-system theory and network approaches in general, while identifying future agendas for sociological theorizing and research.
Global Institutions and Networks
Authors: SACKS MICHAEL ALAN , VENTRESCA MARC J. , UZZI BRIAN
Published: July 2003

The authors motivate social capital arguments at the world-system level through the analysis of world-trade flows and nation status, 1965 to 1980, with specific attention to contextual changes in global trade and stratified effects on participation in trade within it. They generate measures of structural autonomy based on world-trade data from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Index and incorporate these measures into robust regression models of the determinants of nation status. The authors find support for the overall positive effects of structural autonomy on nation status in 1965 and 1970 but find that these effects dissipate by 1980. They then use quantile regressions to find that only high-status countries experience significant returns on structural autonomy in any of the 3 observation years. The authors combine network and institutional perspectives on trade to argue that changes in the context of world trade between 1965 and 1980 affect the benefits that social capital can reap and for whom.
The Global 500
Authors: BERGESEN ALBERT J. , SONNETT JOHN
Published: July 2003

Fortune magazine's listing of the largest corporations in the global economy, the Global 500, is used to inquire into the industrial structure of the world economy and to speculate about the rise and fall of hegemonic states. The authors' data show that about half the firms are involved in basic production and the rest split between finance and service industries, with Asia, Europe, and the United States each accounting for one third of the firms. The authors begin with an overview of the global economy's industrial and regional structure, trace the development of the tripolar world economy since the 1950s, then examine the overall structure of the world economy in the 1990s. They end with speculation about whether the current financial expansion might provide the staging for a financial crash, leading to a Schumpeterian moment of creative destruction, which could help move the center of productive advantage from North America to Asia in the 21st century.
Shifting Governance Structures in Global Commodity Chains, With Special Reference to the Internet
Authors: GEREFFI GARY
Published: July 2003

There are three main drivers of economic globalization in the latter half of the 20th century: investment by transnational corporations, international trade, and the Internet. Whereas producer-driven and buyer-driven commodity chains characterize the phases of investment-based and trade-based globalization, respectively, the emergence of the Internet in the mid-1990s heralds a new age of digital globalization. The explosion in connectivity that is enabled by the Internet has launched an e-commerce revolution that is beginning to transform the structure of business-to-business (B2B) as well as business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions in global industries. New infomediaries that navigate access to rich information and greater reach by businesses and consumers are prominent in B2C digital networks. The Internet's most significant impact to date, however, has been in B2B markets, where e-commerce is reshaping the competitive dynamics and power alignments in traditional producer-driven and buyer-driven commodity chains such as automobiles and apparel.
World City Networks and Hierarchies, 1977-1997
Authors: SMITH DAVID A. , TIMBERLAKE MICHAEL F.
Published: July 2003

The world's great cities are important nodes in the world economy. Major theorists (Friedman, Sassen, Castells) conceptualize global cities as the command and control centers for contemporary global capitalism. The authors' research offers a view of the global system based on a careful examination of the relations and connections between world cities and how those patterns change over time. Formal network analysis allows the authors to interpret data on flows of airline passengers between the world's great cities for six time points between 1977 and 1997, focusing on the changes in network characteristics (especially centrality hierarchies and clique membership) for the entire global city system. Although New York, Paris, London, Tokyo, and a few other major European and North American metropolises dominate this urban hierarchy throughout the two decades, the network roles and positions of other places shift considerably. The article concludes that research on world city networks once again demonstrates that global urbanization patterns are characterized by the uneven development dynamic anticipated by world-system analysis.
Old Hierarchies or New Networks of Centrality?
Authors: ZOOK MATTHEW A.
Published: July 2003

Using a combination of domain names and user counts, this article provides an assessment of the global distribution of Internet content creation at the national and urban levels and the structure of the supply and demand for this content at the national level. Theories of export-based development are used to assess the strengths and weaknesses of countries' Internet presence and the ramifications of this for future development.
Adolescents' Individuation in East and West Germany
Authors: WALPER SABINE , SCHWARZ BEATE
Published: July 2003

This study investigates whether parental separation and living with a stepfather affects children's and adolescents' individuation in relation to their mothers differently in East and West Germany. Effects of family type are assumed to be mediated through financial hardship and impaired family dynamics. A comparison of path models for youth (ages 9 to 19) from East ( n = 220) and West Germany ( n = 273) evidences only a few differences between both regions. Impaired parenting and mothers' demands on the child to join a coalition against the father link family type to adolescents' individuation, mediating the negative impact of interparental conflict.
Parents and Teachers of Young Children Under Conditions of Sociopolitical Change
Authors: DOERFEL-BAASEN DOROTHEE , RAUH HELLGARD
Published: July 2003

Socialization settings before and after the unification of Berlin were investigated in two cohorts for young children who entered the newly united elementary school system in 1992 or 1995 and/or 1996. Differences in East and West child-rearing and educational values in preschool, family, and school were partly compatible with hypotheses about individualistic and collectivist societies. The adults in all three settings were apprehensive of the rapid societal changes in the East more than in the West. Cohort changes, however, were more pronounced in the children's behavior than in that of the adults, were gender specific, and were more marked in the West rather than in the East Berlin children.
The East German Child Care System
Authors: AHNERT LIESELOTTE , LAMB MICHAEL E.
Published: July 2003

This article describes the origins of the child care system in East Germany. Exploring the changes that followed German reunification and democracy, the authors specifically focus on the political interactions between the East and West and the unique child care situation in the reunified city of Berlin. Drawing on studies conducted before and after reunification, the authors examine the early care practices and caretaking beliefs in Eastern and Western families and in public child care, reviewing research on children's early attachment and adjustment. Two questions are particularly important: (a) whether patterns of early care in socialist East Germany adversely affected development and (b) whether the process of sociopolitical change itself introduced levels of stress that affected child rearing and child adjustment. Data from numerous studies suggest that the sociopolitical changes contributed to behavior problems and insecure attachments when parents had difficulty adapting, suggesting that preoccupation with their own problems, rather than the political system itself, was responsible for adverse effects on children.
Did Societal Transformation Destroy the Social Networks of Families in East Germany?
Authors: NAUCK BERNHARD , SCHWENK OTTO G.
Published: July 2003

Two sets of survey data from East and West Germany in 1988 to 1990 and in 1996, containing information about the structure of ego-centered networks of parents living together with at least one child, are used to test empirically whether the structure of the social networks have changed during the transformation period. Contrary to what is commonly believed by the East German population and what is a main theme in the public discourse, where both a feeling of network erosion and of collapsing social relationships prevails, the empirical findings show (a) only slight differences between East and West Germany and (b) a simultaneous change in the network structure in both parts of Germany, which can thus not be attributed to the political transformation process. The results demonstrate the need for a comparative approach in transformation research and support previous findings from family research on the disintegration of family microstructures from political systems.
Family Transitions for Young Adult Women in the Context of a Changed Germany
Authors: JUANG LINDA P. , SILBEREISEN RAINER K.
Published: July 2003

The authors examined the patterning of marriage and childbearing for female German young adults by comparing data independently collected in 1991 and 1996. The sample consisted of 20- to 29-year-old women from former East and West Germany. Results suggest that the timing of marriage and childbearing, but not the sequencing and duration between these two transitions, was altered after unification, particularly for Eastern females. Furthermore, personal experience variables predicted the particular sequencing of family transitions, however, only for Western females. The discussion focuses on the role of unification in shaping family transition patterns and considers reasons behind regional differences.
Disadvantage Al Gore in Election 2000
Authors: KERN MONTAGUE
Published: July 2003

Content analysis examines network television as well as national, regional, and chain newspaper internet news during the 2000 U.S. presidential “e-conventions” and finds a focus on candidate attributes including those related to the campaign. At his Republican convention, George Bush received positive coverage on character attributes as well as foreign and domestic policy issues, including those relating to race, which exemplified compassion or “heart” as some coverage gushed. He was also credited with running a positive campaign despite weekly press releases suggesting that Al Gore was a synthetic candidate. Negative coverage of Gore that occurred in television news during the preseason and primary election continued in online news during both conventions, as Gore and vice presidential candidate Joe Lieberman's speeches received positive coverage. Procedural issues, which are important for governance, along with Gore's environmental record were ignored.
Running in the Shadows in Campaign 2000
Authors: EDWARDS JANIS L.
Published: July 2003

Editorial cartoons contribute to candidate image development by offering condensed and simplified metaphoric portrayals. This study identifies the rhetorical fantasia advanced by cartoonists in their metaphors about Al Gore and George Bush through five themes of leadership during the early months of Campaign 2000: character, competence, viability, independence, and charisma. The cartoons reflected overall campaign strategies by attaching character issues to Gore and competence issues to Bush. However, the campaign was over-shadowed by the outside influence of preceding presidents, calling into question the independence of the candidates, which may have fueled the ambivalent results of the election.
Campaigning Alone
Authors: JARVIS SHARON E.
Published: July 2003

The trend of candidate-centered campaigning has been well-documented in political science, yet communication scholars have largely ignored the sounds of this phenomenon. This study places the rhetoric of the 2000 convention acceptance addresses in perspective by examining the presence and absence of partisan and personal language in convention speeches over the past 50 years (1948 to 2000). Key findings suggest that (a) partisan terms have decreased and personal appeals have increased (somewhat) over time; (b) within these general trends, losing candidates are more likely to employ partisan and personal language than victorious candidates; and (c) although partisan terms were used divisively by Republicans during the 1980s, they have been used to unite in the 2000 campaign. A discussion of these findings submits that the rhetoric of candidate-centered campaigning is not automatic and calls for a more textured model of the rhetoric of candidate-centered campaigns than has been posited previously.
The Influence of Format and Questions on Candidates' Strategic Argument Choices in the 2000 Presidential Debates
Authors: CARLIN DIANA B. , MORRIS ERIC , SMITH SHAWNA
Published: July 2003

Building on past content analyses of presidential debates to determine how format affects the levels of clash and candidates' strategies, this study answers three questions about the 2000 presidential debates: (a) Do candidates differ in their use of clash and nonclash argument strategies? (b) Does format affect candidates' strategic choices? and (c) Does the structure of questions explain strategic choices? Results of the content analysis suggest that format and question content affect candidates' strategic choices; however, other factors including the larger campaign strategy, polling data, and performance in previous debates also influence strategies.
Election 2000, the Presidential Debates, and Nader
Authors: LEVINE KENNETH J.
Published: July 2003

The impact of the vote for Ralph Nader in the 2000 U.S. presidential election will be debated for years. Nader garnered enough votes to affect the outcome of the election even though he was not able to participate in any of the televised presidential debates. With this article, the author hopes to bring the issue of participation in the presidential debates into any election reform discussion. Who really is permitted to speak in a candidate debate? The Commission on Presidential Debates has enacted a “realistic chance criteria” standard to assist in the decision making process. This article examines the creation of the Commission on Presidential Debates and the fairness of the Commission's criteria. Furthermore, this manuscript discusses whether these criteria may be a violation of the free expression rights of all third parties and their candidates. The effect of debate participation will be discussed and analyzed with respect to the 2000 election.
The Front-Runner, Contenders, and Also-Rans
Authors: McKINNEY MITCHELL S. , KAID LYNDA LEE , ROBERTSON TERRY A.
Published: July 2003

This study reports the effects of viewing a Republican primary debate that took place December 2, 1999, in Manchester, New Hampshire, and includes six candidates: Gary Bauer, George Bush, Steve Forbes, Orrin Hatch, John McCain, and Alan Keyes. After viewing the debate, respondents' perceptions of candidate image changed, and candidate vote preferences also changed. Our results suggest that primary debate participation may have negative consequences for a campaign front-runner. This study also measures reactions to candidates' specific issue appeals and finds that appeals made by the large field of primary candidates vying for public attention—whom we label also-rans—tend to be evaluated more negatively by debate viewers than those appeals made by the better-known candidates. Finally, candidates who adopt the often employed debate strategy of attacking the front-runner might find that such a strategy is more successful if employed in moderation.
Disputed Ballots, Partisan Conflict, and Constitutional Uncertainty
Authors: GOLDEN ALAN L.
Published: July 2003

For more than 5 weeks after the ballots were cast, the presidential election of 2000 continued. During that period, the extensive national, and even worldwide, focus on disputed Florida ballots elicited a wide variety of reactions, ranging from keen interest to apathy, from disgust and anger to confusion and bewilderment. This article addresses from a historical perspective several of the key issues that emerged during this ordeal. After providing broader historical context by summarizing both the constitutional framework for presidential voting and selected past presidential election disputes, this article focuses on the most significant political, legal, and constitutional aspects of the postelection campaign of 2000.
Preference Poll Stories in the Last 2 Weeks of Campaign 2000
Authors: ALSINA CRISTINA , DAVIES PHILIP JOHN , GRONBECK BRUCE E.
Published: July 2003

If campaigns are times for political representatives to consult or negotiate with a citizenry, then the ways that a public conversation is conducted matters. In this study, all campaign stories in two national newspapers over the last 2 weeks of Campaign 2000 were sorted by dominant issues and examined for public commentary on those issues. About 60% of the stories featured discussion of candidate images (within narratives of campaigning depicted as races, military campaigns, or dramatic performances), with the remaining stories featuring 1 of 18 other issues. Issues as such all but disappeared. The candidate image stories were dominated by statistical representations of binary—yes-no, good-bad—opinions. The study concludes that the public had no real voice in the electoral conversation at the end of Campaign 2000, only serving to indicate who was ahead or behind. A citizenry can have little effect on political agenda if depicted only as a numerical mass.
The Voter News Service and the 2000 Election Night Calls
Authors: WARDLE CLAIRE , KENSKI KATE , ORR DAN , JAMIESON KATHLEEN HALL
Published: July 2003

After examining the rhetoric of the network broadcast coverage on election night 2000, it is concluded that although individual “decision desk” call times were not identical across networks, there was a consistent pattern of correct and incorrect calls. The language of the election night broadcasts undercut network credibility on two counts. First, the networks largely failed to acknowledge their common reliance on the Voter News Service for their information, creating the impression that independent research by the five different networks was producing identical calls. Second, the networks failed to adequately describe how the calls were being made and the limitations of predictive models in a close election.
Celebrity, Spectacle, and the Conspiracy Culture of Election 2000
Authors: BARNEY TIM
Published: July 2003

This article explores the prevalence of celebrity and spectacle as a major component of the conspiracy culture that permeates much of today's media, and it explores how the penchant for the media for such sensational stories as the death of Princess Diana and the JFK Jr. tragedy was reflected in the postelection spectacle of the 2000 presidential election.
The Effects of Party- and PAC-Sponsored Issue Advertising and the Potential of Inoculation to Combat its Impact on the Democratic Process
Authors: PFAU MICHAEL , PARK DAVID , HOLBERT R. LANCE , CHO JAEHO
Published: July 2003

This study examined the effects of issue advertising on candidate preferences and the democratic process, comparing the impact of party-and PAC-sponsored advertising against candidate-sponsored positive and contrast ads. Results revealed that the influence of political advertising varies depending on party affiliation. For Republicans, candidate-sponsored contrast and party-sponsored ads are most influential, but with unaffiliated viewers, candidate-sponsored positive ads are most effective whereas party-sponsored ads are the least persuasive. Effects of political advertising on the democratic system were especially revealing. Results revealed that candidate advertising enhances viewer interest in campaigns and knowledge of candidates and their positions, but that other effects vary based on party affiliation. Finally, the study tested inoculation as an antidote to system-based consequences of issue advertising. Results revealed that inoculation was able to protect viewers against the consequences of party-sponsored ads. However, with PAC-sponsored ads, efficacy was restricted to Republican viewers.
The 2000 U.S. Presidential Debate Versus the 2000 Greek Prime Minister Debate
Authors: MATSAGANIS MATTHEW , WEINGARTEN CRAIG
Published: July 2003

The prevalence of televised debates is growing in popularity among democracies. This study examines the similarities and differences in format, style, journalistic involvement, and issues covered in the first presidential debate of the 2000 U.S. election campaign in October in Boston and the Greek Prime Minister debate of March 2000 held in Athens. A major theme is the dynamics of establishing the rules governing the debate in Greece and the role of the Presidential Commission in the United States as a prototype for such structure.
Issues, Images, and Strategies in 2000 International Elections
Authors: GROSS ALEXANDRA L. , GALLO TERESA , PAYNE J. GREGORY , TSAI TING-I , WANG YI CHEN , CHANG CHIA CHI , HSIEH WEN HSIEN
Published: July 2003

In the 1st year of the second millennium, the world paid witness to presidential election campaigns in numerous countries worldwide. For the first time ever in Spain's democratic history, a center right party, the Popular Party, won the election by an absolute majority. During the presidential campaign in 2000, the People's Republic of China also celebrated a first: the first time an opposition party beat the Kuo Ming Tang, the incumbent political party. In Russia, the people voted in their second ever democratic election and proved that expenditures for political advertising were not a popular trend during this important transition period. This article will examine major trends in each of the aforementioned countries; all of these trends were noted by individuals who personally witnessed these historic elections and who are intrigued by the political communication dynamic. The goal is to better understand the distinct strategies, venues, and techniques evident in the global presidential campaigns under study.
The Web and U.S. Senatorial Campaigns 2000
Authors: PUOPOLO SONIA “TITA”
Published: July 2003

Political communication tools are an inextricable part of the political campaign process. As time and technology advance, the way political information is disseminated and received is altered. This article focuses on the use of the Internet in the U.S. senatorial campaigns of 2000. It looks at how the Web affects the process of political campaigning. The relationship between democracy and the Internet is complex, and the opportunity to make good decisions about the architecture and design of the 21st century digital democratic process is here. It is, therefore, imperative to look at issues and scrutinize how the Internet can be used. Through an in-depth cross-sectional analysis of Web site usage among Democratic and Republican candidates and women and men, the author shows how U.S. senatorial candidates used the Internet in the 2000 campaign. The author's study shows that 88% of the 68 U.S. senatorial candidates had Web sites for the 2000 elections.
Issue and Strategy Agenda-Setting in the 2000 Presidential Primaries
Authors: TEDESCO JOHN C.
Published: July 2003

This article builds on the previous research that focused more specifically on the candidate-media dynamic within the agenda-setting process and extends the research in the direction of strategy framing. Using VBPro, a computer program for content analysis, 1,479 candidate press releases and 756 network news stories were content-analyzed using key words in context frames. Results show significant positive correlation between candidate and media issue agendas, which were particularly strong for the Republican candidates. Appeals to audience frames were highly correlated between Republican candidates and the media. Autocorrelations used to measure the direction of influence suggest that the relationship between candidates and media is reciprocal. However, the process frames were significantly correlated only for McCain and the networks, which may offer support for the appearance that McCain and the media had a “love-affair” during the 2000 presidential primary.
Value/Ethical Issues in the 2000 Election
Authors: ANDERSEN KENNETH E.
Published: July 2003

Elections offer significant insight into ethical and value issues related to candidates and political parties and changes in the electorate including the non-voters. This election brought numerous value issues to the fore that will continue to be relevant to political activity. The winner of the popular vote lost in the Electoral College after a contentious vote count in Florida. The election brought into focus issues of direct popular election with a loss of power to less populated states and reform of ballot/election procedures and campaign financing. Overall, the Supreme Court and Ralph Nader lost credibility; John McCain, Hillary Clinton and Joe Lieberman gained. The belief that every vote counted was shown to be false in this as in other elections. The press gave life to the issue of capital punishment even though the issue did not separate the two major presidential candidates. The election revealed significant geographical differences in voting patterns and minority vote choices with significant implications for the future.
The Role of Significant Policy Issues in the 2000 Presidential Primaries
Authors: HANSEN GLENN J. , BENOIT WILLIAM L.
Published: July 2003

This study examines candidate discourse across four media types: television spots, radio spots, debates, and Web sites in the 2000 presidential primaries. The purpose of the analysis was to determine whether there is a relationship between candidate discourse on certain issues and the level of importance assigned to those issues by voters. The analysis indicates that some candidates are more effective than are others at addressing the issues most important to voters. The analysis also indicates that two message forms—debates and television spots—were modestly successful at adapting to audience preferences and two forms—radio spots and Web sites—were somewhat less successful at adapting to audience preferences.
The Influence of Cultural Diversity on End-of-life Care and Decisions
Authors: WERTH JAMES L. , BLEVINS DEAN , TOUSSAINT KARINE L. , DURHAM MARTHA R.
Published: July 2003

The heath care system in the United States is based on specific cultural beliefs that are sometimes inappropriate with groups that have different belief systems. These cultural differences can be seen in various end-of-life situations. To familiarize providers with some of the ways that culture can influence end-of-life care and decisions, the authors focus on the following three individual characteristics shown to be important in the literature: age, ethnicity, and gender. The article contains a broad overview of the (a) documented differences in the cultural interpretations of the ethical meta principles (e.g., autonomy and respect), (b) provision of medical service in general and pain management in particular to different groups, and (c) attitudes toward various end-of-life interventions and the use of advance directives. Finally, the authors summarize guidelines for making end-of-life care more culturally sensitive, which emphasize that each person must be interacted with as a unique individual.
Religion, Spirituality, and Existentialism Near the End of Life
Authors: KAUT KEVIN P.
Published: July 2003

Persons facing death due to terminal illness experience diverse physical, emotional, and relationship challenges. Dying persons have more than just physical needs, and spiritual issues may feature prominently as sources of intense struggle and comfort as people prepare to die. The spiritual health of the dying may be as important as their biological condition when facing death. Nevertheless, the present health care environment, with its emphasis on diagnostics and curative treatment, may allocate minimal attention and resources to the spiritual needs of the dying and their families. The neglect of spiritual issues may contribute to emotional, cognitive, and physical difficulties experienced at the end of life. Therefore, recognizing spirituality within the biomedical context of dying is essential. This requires an appreciation for the multifaceted nature of spirituality, coupled with an openness to individual theology, and an ability to integrate the spiritual dimension within a “bio-psychosocial” framework of assessment.
Mourning and Meaning
Authors: NEIMEYER ROBERT A. , PRIGERSON HOLLY G. , DAVIES BETTY
Published: July 2003

Viewed in an expanded frame, the phenomena of grief and bereavement call for analysis in sociological, psychological, and psychiatric terms. In this article, the authors argue that a common theme in these accounts is that of the meaning of loss as expressed in both individual and collective attempts at adaptation. At a societal level, communal rituals, discursive practices, and local cultures provide resources for integrating the significance of loss for survivors and regulating the emotional chaos of bereavement. At an individual and interpersonal level, survivors struggle to assimilate the loss into their existing self-narratives, which are sometimes profoundly challenged by traumatic bereavement. Complicated grief can therefore be viewed as the inability to reconstruct a meaningful personal reality, an outcome to which individuals with insecure working models of self and relationships are especially vulnerable. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that grief can prompt personal growth as well as despair, augmenting rather than only reducing the survivor's sense of meaning.
Improving Communication Near the End of Life
Authors: HICKMAN SUSAN E.
Published: July 2003

Research suggests that communication near the end of life is problematic. A literature review was conducted to identify barriers to optimal communication near the end of life and strategies to overcome them. Barriers include clinician beliefs, patient characteristics, American popular and medical cultures, and the health care system. Clinician and patient barriers can be addressed through education, advance planning, the inclusion of patients' family members, and individualizing care. Cultural and systems problems can be addressed through public as well as professional education, alternative models of care, and coalition building. Combined, these approaches can help improve communication near the end of life and ultimately improve care for the dying.
The Use of Advance Directives in End-of-life Decision Making
Authors: FAGERLIN ANGELA , DITTO PETER H. , HAWKINS NIKKI AYERS , SCHNEIDER CARL E. , SMUCKER WILLIAM D.
Published: July 2003

Instructional advance directives (i.e., living wills) have been endorsed widely as a crucial method for maintaining seriously ill patients' autonomy at the end of life. Theoretically, living wills maintain the patient's voice in treatment decisions by enhancing the ability of surrogate decision makers to make the treatment choices that patients would make for themselves if competent. For living wills to achieve their goal, the following three assumptions must be met: (a) People must complete living wills, (b) treatment preferences recorded in living wills must be authentic, and (c) surrogate decision makers must be able to interpret living wills and use them to make accurate treatment predictions. The authors review the medical and psychological literatures bearing on these assumptions and find that the available empirical evidence challenges the validity of each assumption. The authors conclude by discussing the potential benefits of advance directive use and directions for future research.
Interdisciplinary Approaches to Assisting with End-of-life Care and Decision Making
Authors: CONNOR STEPHEN R. , EGAN KATHLEEN A. , KWILOSZ DONNA M. , LARSON DALE G. , REESE DONA J.
Published: July 2003

The importance of interdisciplinary care for patients and families facing the end of life is examined. Descriptions of varying forms of team functioning are provided with an emphasis on the characteristics of high-functioning interdisciplinary teams. The value of empowering the patient and family to direct the care they receive from their team is emphasized. Interdisciplinary team interventions in end-of-life care focus on the biopsychosocial and spiritual dimensions of human experience and facilitate growth and development in the last phase of life. Despite its great promise for improving patient care, the interdisciplinary model is not—with the exception of hospice care—widely implemented in today's health care system. The contributions of interdisciplinary teams to end-of-life care can be enhanced through the development of interdisciplinary team training programs, the creation of payment structures that support the interdisciplinary team model, and continuing research assessing the dynamics of team functioning and the benefits that interdisciplinary team care provides to patients and families near the end of life.
Assessing Psychological Distress Near the End of Life
Authors: PESSIN HAYLEY , ROSENFELD BARRY , BREITBART WILLIAM
Published: July 2003

Psychological suffering is one of the most significant and potentially remediable impediments to the dying process for terminally ill patients and their families. This article reviews several of the most common psychological disorders that arise in the context of terminal illness, including depression, anxiety, delirium, and suicidal ideation. Issues related to assessment, measurement, and differential diagnosis are reviewed.
Case Transcript
Authors: WERTH JAMES L. , BLEVINS DEAN
Published: July 2003

This article contains the full transcript of an interview with a woman shortly before her death. Although details (e.g., where her children reside) have been altered to protect the identity of the interviewee, the main points in her responses have not been changed. The authors hope that the transcript will be used by others in educational efforts, to develop other research projects, and to improve the care provided to people who are dying and their loved ones.
Public Policy and End-of-life Care
Authors: WERTH JAMES L. , BLEVINS DEAN
Published: July 2003

End-of-life public policy has the potential to affect everyone. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of recent significant policy activity. The authors begin by reviewing the Medicare and Medicaid hospice benefit and the Patient Self-Determination Act, highlighting state-level developments, and noting significant court cases. They then discuss common concerns with Medicare, advance directives, hospice, and pain management and provide proposed remedies for the concerns. The article ends with recommendations for advocacy by behavioral and social science professionals.
Persuasive Storytelling by Hate Groups Online
Authors: LEE ELISSA , LEETS LAURA
Published: July 2003

Increasingly, hate groups have used the Internet to express their viewpoints, sell their paraphernalia, and recruit new members. This study explored the effectiveness of persuasive storytelling found on White supremacist Web pages. One hundred eight adolescents participated in a longitudinal study (pretest, Time 1, Time 2) conducted online. A 3 (receptivity: negatively inclined, neutral, predisposed) × 2 (narrative: high vs. low perceived) × 2 (message explicitness: implicit vs. explicit) factorial design found that immediately following exposure, high-narrative and implicit messages were more persuasive than low-narrative and explicit messages. Interestingly, high-narrative and implicit effects decayed, whereas low-narrative and explicit message effects endured or increased slightly over time. In addition, people's receptivity interacted with the message factors to further mediate persuasion. For example, disagreeing individuals resisted low-narrative, explicit messages significantly more than any other condition. The article concludes with a discussion of the social implications of these findings.