bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can case be semantic?
Authors: Kagan Olga
Published: July 2024

This chapter investigates the relation between natural language semantics and case-marking in languages of the world. It brings together a range of phenomena in which case assignment is affected by (or affects) meaning. Topics under discussion include, but are not limited to, case and theta-role assignment, Differential Object Marking and individuation, predicate case and the individual-/stage-level distinction, local cases, and the relation between case and aspect. The chapter considers different ways in which the semantic contribution associated with a case-marker can be made. The question is raised as to whether case can be treated as meaningful or should rather be considered a purely grammatical phenomenon whose relation to truth conditions is always indirect.
Case, function, and prepositional phrase structure in Ancient Greek
Authors: Spyropoulos Vassilios
Published: July 2024

This chapter investigates case assignment in prepositional phrases in Ancient Greek and presents evidence that it is determined by the function of the PP and not by the preposition. It is shown that most of the prepositional lexical items involve a root and a formative with prepositional categorizing function, providing evidence for a decomposition approach which suggests that the prepositional lexical item is a morphosyntactic formation that lexicalizes a functional structure which is responsible for its semantic and syntactic properties, including case assignment. This functional structure contains, among others, a categorizing p head, relevant to the lexicalization of the structure by means of a preposition, and a pcase head, which is responsible for the case-assigning properties of the structure. It is also argued that these two heads are distinct from each other as suggested by the way prepositions behave in terms of case assignment in prepositional prefixation constructions.
The r-pronoun and postposition waar-mee in Dutch
Authors: Bergsma Fenna
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the instrumental r-pronoun plus postposition waar mee ‘with what’ in Dutch. This form appears when features of an instrumental inanimate object form a proper constituent. The form cannot appear, and met wat ‘with what’ surfaces instead, when the relevant features do not form a proper constituent. The chapter argues that r-pronouns are not something special, but a consequence of regular spell out mechanisms. As long as the relevant features of the instrumental form a proper constituent, the spell out algorithm ensures that waar mee takes precedence over met wat. By storing mee and met as two different lexical entries, the analysis also captures the observations that locatives are syncretic with r-pronouns, the fact that mee is a postposition and met is a preposition, and the fact that met and mee differ phonologically.
Italy
Authors: Vaccari Stefano , Berti Nicola , Silvestri Mauro
Published: July 2024

In the Italian legal system, although the ‘due process of law’ is not explicitly guaranteed by constitutional law, it can be considered a general principle. Indeed, the Constitutional Court’s case law recognizes ‘procedural fairness’ as a guiding principle for both the legislature and the judiciary. Moreover, the Italian Administrative Procedure Act of 1990 explicitly acknowledges the principle as a protected right and guarantee. This Act expands the significance of principles within the legal system, stating that the administration ‘pursues purposes determined by law’ and that its actions are guided by fundamental principles of sound administration, as well as ‘the principles underpinning the Community’s legal order’. By incorporating Community principles, Italy has progressively enhanced the procedural safeguards available to its citizens, drawing upon ideas and guarantees from other European legal traditions. The cornerstone of the Italian APA is the ‘right to participate’ in any administrative procedure that may affect an individual.
Benevolent Algorithmic Managers
Authors: Unruh Charlotte
Published: July 2024

Imagine a smart company that aims to align work with worker wellbeing: its recruitment system selects applicants that best fit the company’s values, its task allocation system allocates tasks workers enjoy, and its workplace technology nudges workers to take screen breaks, and helps when they are stuck. By increasing worker satisfaction and motivation, we might imagine, this system also benefits the company’s bottom line. But does this seemingly attractive workplace come at a cost? It may produce benefits for both workers and employers. But this chapter argues that there are fundamental implications for worker autonomy.
What’s Your Price?
Authors: Sterri Aksel
Published: July 2024

Should data be a commodity? The question is contested, given that data tells the story of who we are and what we want, and at the same time is the the fuel on which artificial intelligence runs, and the core source of the tech industry’s massive profits. To take back control and secure people a bigger piece of the economic pie some have argued in favour of ownership and a market in which data can be bought and sold. In this chapter, the author scrutinizes the concept of ‘data’, examines the reasons in favour and against a market in data, and proposes a different way people can take back control over their data, through data co-operatives.
Recommended!
Authors: Milano Silvia
Published: July 2024

We have become used to recommender systems. You like this book, film, or song, so you may also like the following book, film, song … Sounds innocuous enough. What are the ethical challenges of personalised targeting and recommender systems? The author suggests that one problem with them is that they provide suggestions without insight into how or why the recommendations were produced. Their accuracy may make you more predictable to the online platforms that you use, but does not give you power to scrutinise the recommendations.
Islamic Sources Used in This Volume
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina
Published: July 2024

Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (LeT) relies upon three main Islamic sources for the arguments it advances in its literature, namely, the Quran (scripture), Hadees (quotations attributed to Muhammad), and Seerat (the biography of Muhammad). The Quran and the traditional Islamic narratives about Muhammad in the Seerat and Hadees have had a universal and spiritual hold on Muslims through the ages, evidenced by the extent to which they are invoked for political, social, and religious legitimation, no less in jihad narratives. Within these sources, LeT locates the jihad imperative, proselytization as a way to organize one’s personal life, the distinction between asceticism and piety, the rejection of the notion that jihad is an internal struggle against the ego, and the rejection of rebellion and political activism against an Islamic government. Given the cultural valence of these Islamic sources, it is necessary to contextualize them in order to understand the narrative LeT charts for their literary audience. In this chapter, we discuss each of these three sources within its historical context in order to give the reader a clear idea of its content and weight. We conclude with a discussion of how each of these sources is used in one of LeT’s foundational texts, namely, ‘Why Are We Waging Jihad?’.
The Problem with Takfir by Abul Hassan Mubbashir Ahmed
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina
Published: July 2024

This chapter presents translated excerpts from Abul Hassan Mubbashir Ahmed Rabbani’s Masalah-i takfir aur is ke usul o zavabit (The Problem of Takfir and its Principles and Regulations). This is one of the most important expositions of a significant difference between Lashkar-e-Tayyaba and other Salafist organizations and between LeT and the other Deobandi militant groups operating in and from Pakistan. LeT, as this peculiar document illustrates, often conflicts with other Salafi organizations because LeT rejects the widespread practice of takfir and the violence that accompanies such a declaration. The author describes a conflict with a Salafist scholar who is inclined towards Al Qaeda. What is apparent is that the Al Qaeda-inclined scholar holds LeT in little regards because of its demurral to practise takfir. Rabbani repudiates this by mobilizing highly regarded Hadees, commentary, and passages from the Quran to defend LeT’s position.
The Victorians and English Dialect
Authors: Townend Matthew
Published: July 2024

This book tells the story of the Victorians’ discovery of English dialect, and of the revaluation of local language that was brought about by the new, historical philology of the nineteenth century, as a result of which regional dialects came to be seen not as corrupt or pernicious, but rather as venerable and precious. It examines the work of the groundbreaking collectors of the 1840s and 1850s, who first alerted their contemporaries to the importance of local dialect—and also to the perils, they believed, that threatened it with extinction. It traces the connection between dialect and literature, in the flourishing of dialect poetry and the foregrounding of regional voices in Victorian fiction. It explains how the antiquity of regional dialects cast light on the national past—the Celts, Anglo-Saxons, and Vikings—and how dialect study was also at the heart of the discovery of local folklore and oral culture. And it tells the story of the three great monuments of Victorian dialect study that marked the apogee of regional philology: the eighty publications of the English Dialect Society (1873−96), an organization run by a committee of journalists and local historians in Manchester; the nationwide survey of The Existing Phonology of English Dialects (1889), which listened in on local speech in market squares and third-class railway carriages; and the multi-volume English Dialect Dictionary (1898−1905), which collected all the previous labours together, and made an enduring record of Victorian dialect.
Introduction
Authors: Esayas Samson Y.
Published: July 2024

Data privacy law and competition law are frequently perceived as two separate regimes, each pursuing distinct objectives, differing in their material scope, and addressing different types of harm. Thus, the conventional approach has been to treat them separately. However, the increasing commercialization of personal data has sparked a global debate on the need to address the interface between the two legal regimes. This introduction sets the stage for the book’s investigation of this nexus, outlining the key developments that inspired and shaped its journey. The book’s concept originated with Facebook’s acquisition of WhatsApp in 2014 and the European Commission’s merger decision, which epitomized the conventional approach of either data privacy or competition law. This exploration culminates with the 2023 Meta v Bundeskartellamt decision where the Court of Justice of the European Union underscored the vital role of data privacy rules in competition assessment. Adding a new dimension to the interface is the growing tendency of digital incumbents to engage in potentially anticompetitive practices under the guise of enhancing user privacy. Another crucial development is the recognition that the commercialization of personal data creates a complex economic landscape, marked by multiple actors, a web of interactions, and non-linear, emergent outcomes. This awareness enables the examination of the intersection between data privacy and competition law through a fresh analytical lens using insights from complexity science. The use of this analytical framework makes it possible to expose a systemic problem common to both sets of rules and to propose potential solutions.
Data Privacy and Competition Law in the Age of Big Data
Authors: Esayas Samson Y.
Published: July 2024

This chapter lays the groundwork for analysing the challenges to and the interface between data privacy law and competition law resulting from the commercialization of personal data. It starts by identifying three key socio-economic and technological shifts associated with the commercialization of personal data and big data, which are crucial for understanding the regulatory challenges at the intersection between data privacy law and competition law. These shifts include the increased significance of data as a key resource, a paradigm shift in how information is understood and used, and changes in the organization of markets. The chapter subsequently examines how these socio-economic and technological changes underscore the need to address the interface between data privacy law and competition law. Additionally, the chapter presents the book’s contribution and situates the argument in relation to prevailing perspectives. The chapter concludes by discussing methodological considerations.
Privacy Fixing and Other Forms of Anticompetitive Cooperation on Privacy
Authors: Esayas Samson Y.
Published: July 2024

This chapter probes a new ground, critically examining the existence and potential of collaborative efforts that could restrict competition in data privacy, in violation of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union'. While the legal precedents and enforcement actions under Article 101 typically focus on price fixing, collaborative efforts can be equally harmful if applied to non-price parameters such as quality, choice, or innovation. As data privacy gains increasing recognition as a non-price competition parameter, it is attracting scrutiny as a potential arena for collusive practices. In an antitrust lawsuit led by Texas, Google stands accused of ‘privacy fixing’ or coordinating with rivals to harm user privacy in violation of competition laws. Similar concerns have been raised by some EU member states regarding an agreement between Google and Eyeo, the owner of anti-tracking and ad-blocking software Adblock Plus. Using these examples, the chapter seeks to shed light on the emerging concept of privacy fixing and its place in antitrust, including why digital companies may find it worthwhile to fix the level of privacy, how this may harm consumers, and the extent to which competition law can tackle such harms. The chapter further investigates some of the ways in which standard setting on Internet communications and privacy conditions can negatively impact competition on data privacy. Specifically, it explores how such standards might supress information competition and impose a ceiling on the level of data privacy protection offered.
National Security, Intelligence, and the Law
Authors: Ward Robert
Published: July 2024

Chapter 1 opens Part I of the book, which provides an overview of the topic. This chapter provides an introduction to the book as whole. It introduces the main sources of national security law (statute, the common law, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), international law and, in so far as it still remains relevant after the departure of the UK from the EU, EU law). It then explains the development of national security law before examining the different meanings given to ‘national security’, covering academic approaches, the Integrated Review and broader national security strategy, statute, the common law, and the ECHR. It concludes by reviewing the use of intelligence in legal proceedings, including the relationship between intelligence and evidence as well as wider issues in the public interest.
The Security and Intelligence Agencies
Authors: Ward Robert
Published: July 2024

Chapter 3 examines the law relating to the security and intelligence agencies. In particular, it considers the background to the enactment of the Security Services Act 1989 and the Intelligence Services Act 1994. The chapter examines the functions and work of each of the agencies, MI5, the Secret Intelligence Service, and Government Communications Headquarters. It then examines particular legal aspects arising from their legislative frameworks. In particular, Chapter 3 considers the role of MI5 in countering subversion and the principal statutory controls, common to all the agencies, on the ways in which they perform their functions, especially the restrictions on their obtaining and disclosure of information. Finally, Chapter 3 considers two key principles which are central to the work of the agencies: the neither-confirm-nor-deny principle and the control principle (or third-party rule).
Closed Proceedings
Authors: McCullough Angus , Watson Ben
Published: July 2024

Chapter 6 examines one of the most important elements of the national security legal framework: closed material proceedings (‘CMPs’). The authors explain the objective of CMPs (to allow the government to rely on sensitive material in civil proceedings) and the ways they differ from ordinary proceedings. They note the controversial nature of such proceedings owing to their departure from open justice and natural justice. They examine the two key ways in which sensitive national security material has been protected in the litigation process: through public interest immunity (‘PII’) and the development of CMPs. As regards PII, the authors explain how the common law developed this concept in order to protect sensitive material. However, they proceed to explain how it was the limitations of the PII process that the development of CMPs was designed to meet (PII certificate usually results in the material being entirely excluded from the proceedings). They then examine the development of CMPs, through the establishment of the Special Immigration Appeals Commission (‘SIAC’), the limitations on the use of CMPs at common law, and the enactment of the Justice and Security Act 2013. They review the nature and key features of CMPs. They consider the role of special advocates, before analysing how CMPs work in practice, especially through the specialised disclosure process. After considering issues of fairness under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, they examine the nature of the disclosure process in practice, especially though the use of exculpatory searches and gisting.
Judicial Review
Authors: Blundell David
Published: July 2024

Chapter 8 deals with national security matters arising in judicial review proceedings. After an introduction to the development of the judicial review jurisdiction, it examines particular issues arising in judicial review proceedings in the national security field. These include the Special Immigration Appeal Commission’s (SIAC’s) application of judicial review principles, AHK disclosure, irrationality as a ground of review (and its relationship with the developing proportionality principle), natural justice, and judicial deference. Particular consideration is then given to issues that have arisen in three areas: decisions to grant or to refuse to grant (or cancel or revoke) passports under the royal prerogative (and its interaction with the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011); decisions to impose a temporary exclusion order (TEO); and challenges on non-human rights grounds to immigration decisions, bail decisions, and decisions of the Investigatory Powers Tribunal.
SIAC Individual Measures (1)
Authors: Tam Robin , Hays William
Published: July 2024

Chapter 10 is the first of two chapters examining particular aspects of the Special Immigration Appeal Commission’s (SIAC’s) jurisdiction. Chapter 10 examines the jurisdiction of SIAC to hear appeals against deportation decisions. It begins with an examination of the history of the difficulties faced by the UK in deporting those who pose a threat to national security because of the legal barrier created by Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It examines the approach in the early ECHR cases of Soering v UK and Chahal v UK. It then reviews the various legislative responses to 9/11 and the July 2005 terror attacks in London, which led, ultimately, to the development of the ‘deportation-with-assurances’ (DWA) programme. The aim was to create a mechanism for deporting terror suspects to their countries of origin with a negotiated guarantee of fair treatment, respecting the ECHR guarantees, once they arrived. Chapter 10 then examines in more detail the deportation power and rights of appeal before examining the ‘conducive to the public good’ test in particular. Safety on return grounds are considered more generally before the authors focus on the nature of the assurances that must be sought in order to guarantee Article 3 compliant treatment. The chapter concludes by reviewing the nature of assurances required in respect of other ECHR articles.
Proscription
Authors: Ward Robert
Published: July 2024

Chapter 12 explains the legal framework for proscribing terrorist organisations and the procedure for challenging such decisions before the Proscribed Organisation Appeals Commission (POAC). It begins with an introduction to the proscription power, originally confined to organisations concerned in terrorism related to Northern Ireland affairs. It then examines the expansion of the power to its contemporary source in s. 3 of the Terrorism Act 2000, which extends to all organisations concerned in domestic or international terrorism. The author considers the legal framework in detail before considering the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights and the continuing duty of review. Next, the chapter examines the consequences of proscription in terms of the associated criminal offences. The chapter continues by examining how applications for deproscription may be made and considered and the grounds for such applications. The author sets out the mechanism for appeals to POAC and, finally, the route for onward appeals.
Terrorism and State Threats Prevention and Investigation Measures
Authors: Deakin Andrew , Thompstone Helen
Published: July 2024

Chapter 13 covers two of the principal executive measures used to deal with individuals whose activities pose a risk to national security: terrorism prevention and investigation measures (TPIMs) and the new state threats prevention and investigation measures (STPIMs). The chapter begins with an introduction to the enactment of the TPIM regime in the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011 (TPIM Act). The authors describe how TPIMs were introduced as a successor to the former control order regime to protect the public from a risk of terrorism by imposing restrictive measures on individuals to control potentially harmful activities. TPIMs are, in practice, reserved for the small number of people who pose a security threat and cannot be successfully prosecuted or deported from the UK. The authors proceed to describe the conditions for the imposition of a TPIM and the wide range of measures which may be imposed. They examine the related police powers, the duration and extension of TPIMs, the court’s review function under s. 9 of the TPIM Act, variation of TPIMs, and the nature of appeals that may be brought. They consider reconsiderations, additional obligations, and offences related to TPIMs. Finally, they explain the new STPIM regime introduced by the National Security Act 2023, which is modelled on the regime for TPIMs.
Political Blame and Praise
Authors: Guglielmo Steve , Lavery Lesley
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines how politicians’ electoral incentives are intertwined with ordinary people’s moral judgements of blame and praise. It reviews the psychological literature on blame and praise to highlight the psychological factors and processes that shape such judgements. In doing so, it reveals key considerations and circumstances in which constituents hold leaders morally accountable. More specifically, it reviews the psychological processes that explain why blame is more dominant and powerful than praise, why praise is especially elusive for leaders, and why receiving blame may sometimes be useful rather than detrimental. The analysis sheds light on how politicians may anticipate and negotiate constituents’ moral evaluations to minimize the blame (and maximize the praise) they receive.
Credit-Claiming
Authors: König Pascal , Siewert Markus
Published: July 2024

An important element of political accountability lies in elected governments delivering on their policy promises and realizing policy outcomes in the interest of large parts of the electorate. A government can then hope to get credit for its policy performance. Yet, this is not a guaranteed outcome, even with responsive policy action. An important question is thus under which conditions government’s policy actions evoke perceptions of policy responsiveness and positive government evaluations. This chapter argues that answering that question requires a broader perspective on credit-claiming. It provides a heuristic framework that helps to gain a comprehensive understanding of the success factors and barriers regarding credit-claiming. It furthermore employs this framework to structure and map existing evidence regarding crucial mechanisms that determine the outcome of credit-claiming. Based on this stock-taking, the chapter points to blind spots in the literature and important research topics for future studies.
Blame Shields, Deals, and Frames
Authors: Flinders Matthew , Hood Christopher
Published: July 2024

This capstone chapter pulls together the contributions in this collection by offering a fifty-year perspective that seeks to unify the existing seam of scholarship through a focus on three dominant themes in the socio-political analysis of blame: distancing, bargaining, and contestation. This thematic approach allows the chapter to not only look back through fifty years of writing and research but also to look ahead to how blame is likely to be conceptualized and studied in the future. Although future blame scholarship will no doubt develop new methods and terminology, find new sources of data, and take place against a changing political backdrop, the central argument of this concluding chapter is that an emphasis on ‘shields, deals, and frames’ is likely to remain of central significance to the field.
On Thinking Movement
Authors: Hultin Lotta , Introna Lucas D. , Mähring Magnus
Published: July 2024

In this chapter we address some of the challenges associated with thinking and researching movement, or temporal flow. We take the position that we as scholars, even as we pursue research adopting an ontology of ‘becoming’, tend to be trapped within a vocabulary developed and/or appropriated within an actor-centric ontology. This vocabulary tends to performatively enact the world as consisting of boundaries, entities, actors, and categories, risking that we lose sight of the temporal flow of material-discursive practices that we might have set out looking for. To address this, we identify some of the ways in which this slippage from the temporal back to the spatial can occur and provide an overview of concepts—building blocks of a vocabulary—that can help us remain focused on the temporality and flow of becoming. We also provide two illustrations of how these concepts can be used in ethnographic field research and what the performative consequences of the use of these concepts can be. Finally, we discuss how experimenting with vocabulary can help us decentre actors and follow the agentic flow of practices, attend to temporal conditionalities and contingencies, and ask different questions in order to find new answers. That is, to think movement.
Computer Workarounds or Expediting Work?
Authors: Azad Bijan , King Nelson
Published: July 2024

Research on computer workarounds in an organizational context often focuses narrowly on user intent towards IT use rather than a more holistic view of user behaviour in response to anomalies. Drawing on a framework that links pragmatism, interactionism, phenomenology, and ecological psychology our case study involving a medication-dispensing system shows why computer workarounds can emerge endogenously when anomalous work situations arise and how the resultant compensatory actions attempt to restore the original workflow. Our findings reveal that these compensatory actions are characterized by the logics of expedience and satisficing. Further, we uncover three distinctive types of compensatory actions: performative procedures, ad hoc role crafting, and gaming the system. We refer to the ensemble of compensatory actions and their logics collectively as expediting work. Our research contributes to the literature on organizational information technology (IT) workarounds by proposing expediting work as an alternative explanation for the emergence of workarounds.
Introduction
Authors: Green Duncan
Published: July 2024

This introductory chapter recounts personal experiences as an individual ‘change agent’, which have shaped the making of this book. It laments the fact that many theories of change used by different academic disciplines each operate with separate and often conflicting ideas, without any ‘department of change studies’ that can reconcile them. Hence the chapter lays down some preliminary insights that inform the rest of this book, by expanding the definition of ‘activists’ to include a variety of actors and factors that drive change. In addition, the chapter lays out the framework of study to be undertaken in the book, particularly by using Amartya Sen’s definition of development as the progressive expansion of the freedoms to be and to do. Finally, the chapter outlines in brief the three individual sections of this book. A fourth new section for this second edition summarizes some of the major global shifts (especially the rise of populism) since the book was first published in 2016.
Parties and Third Parties in Armed Conflict
Authors: Wentker Alexander
Published: July 2024

To complete the analysis of the parties’ legal position, Chapter 2 considers how this position relates to that of those that do not qualify as parties (referred to as third parties in this book). The chapter argues that identifying and distinguishing parties and third parties still matters in a legal order that regulates war as a concern not only to parties but to all States. Party status is relevant both in contradistinction from and in relation to third-party status. First, the obligations imposed on parties and third parties structurally differ both in kind and extent. Secondly, and relatedly, party status gives rise to obligations and rights specifically in the relationship between parties and third parties. The different layers of rules regarding third parties thus complement party status as a central regulatory reference point. In particular, these rules do not challenge the primary role of parties to ensure that armed conflicts are conducted in accordance with the protective purposes of international humanitarian law.
Criteria for Establishing Co-Party Status
Authors: Wentker Alexander
Published: July 2024

Chapter 4 responds to the often overlooked need to discern legal concepts to understand the identification of co-parties as a distinct legal question. Building on the parameters set out in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 develops an account of the legal criteria for establishing co-party status. The account proposes a common framework for analysing all conflict settings where co-parties need to be identified. This framework is rooted in the general structure of the legal system regulating armed conflict. It is informed by international practice and draws, in part, on concepts advanced by approaches to identifying co-parties in specific conflict settings. On this account, a co-party must knowingly perform acts with a direct connection to military operations or hostilities and thus to harm to the adversary. The acts must be coordinated with fellow co-parties in such a way that each co-party is involved in the decision-making processes on the coordinated military operations.
Objections to the BSA
Authors: Loewer Barry
Published: July 2024

Is the BSA adequate? Non-Humeans are incredulous that mere descriptions, no matter how simple, informative, and unifying, can do the work of laws. They think that the laws add “oomph” to the universe. The main objections to Humean account of laws is BSA laws is that the violate intuitions and that they cannot do the work of laws. Non-Humean think that genuine laws add “oomph” to the universe that Humean laws lack. This chapter discusses a variety of objections based on this including that BSA laws are incapable of explaining, cannot support inductive inference, and make regularities “flukes.” It is then shown why these objections are mistaken and are mostly question begging.
The PDA
Authors: Loewer Barry
Published: July 2024

This chapter introduces and develops the Package Deal Account” (PDA) of laws, space-time, and fundamental ontology/properties. The PDA doesn’t assume a metaphysically given fundamental ontology and space-time but leaves the ontology, properties, and space-time up to physics. However, it accepts super-Humeanism’s claim that the first job of physics is to account for the positions and motions of material bodies and how these positions record the measurements of other quantities. It bases a metaphysical account of laws on Quine’s holistic epistemology of science as “beginning in the middle.” The PDA says that candidate systems for the world systematize truths about the motions of macroscopic bodies with which science begins and whatever other ontology, properties, space-time is introduced to advance that systematization. In this way, the PDA rejects metaphysically prior fundamental ontologies of perfectly natural properties as the basis for an account of laws and moves in the direction of naturalizing metaphysics. It provides an account of fundamental properties, space-time, and laws from inside the perspective of science, in contrast to Lewis’s and Esfeld’s more a priori “God’s eye,” and metaphysics-first perspective.
Introduction
Authors: Ostacchini Luisa
Published: July 2024

This Introduction offers an overview of the literary importance, cultural background, and manuscript contexts of Ælfric of Eynsham’s Lives of Saints, one of the most important vernacular prose works of the early middle ages. Based on Ælfric’s own framing of the work and the extratextual apparatus found in the main manuscript witness, Julius E. vii., the Lives was conceived as a single, coherent collection rather than as thirty discrete vitae. As such, the present study approaches the Lives using a holistic methodology which seeks to highlight the ways that Ælfric built meaning cumulatively across the collection. This introduction then addresses ‘translation’, broadly defined, as a methodological and organisational principle for this book, and surveys the terminology which Ælfric used to describe his own translation work. It also surveys the use of the term ‘Europe’ (Europa) in early medieval English sources, and establishes how Ælfric’s use of this term differed from that of his contemporaries. Finally, this introduction presents the overall argument and structure of this book.
Translating the Saintly Body
Authors: Ostacchini Luisa
Published: July 2024

This chapter turns to the translation of saints, arguing that Ælfric adapted the accounts of saintly burial found in his sources in order to minimize the differences between geographic locations and to present an idealized vision of a homogeneous universal church, within which diverse European communities might be united. While Ælfric’s Latin sources consistently emphasize localized aspects of the saintly burial, Ælfric adapts these accounts to highlight the communion of saints, the universal church, and the single community of praxis in which all the Christian faithful share. In depictions of saintly burial across the collection, Ælfric minimizes local detail, inserts formulaic phraseology, and foregrounds references to community. In so doing, he at once looks outwards to an international Christian community and inwards to the heterogenous monastic landscape of late tenth-century England, to suggest that ideological unity might overcome the reality of difference.
Literature, Gaps, and Historicity
Authors: Khair Tabish
Published: July 2024

While recognizing the role and validity of theory, this chapter explains why readings of literature in this book seek to avoid the disciplinary jargon of academia. This it justifies in many ways, including this book’s central approach to literature as standing outside the disciplinary demands of other fields and, hence, attempting to talk in language about what cannot be exhausted by language and what also shapes language. The mutual relationship of ‘language’ and ‘reality’ is stressed. It is argued that literature, as a distinctive space of reading, is informed by this relationship, both its possibilities and pitfalls. The chapter illustrates aspects of this in the possibilities of a historical reading with a reading of Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn—particularly the controversy over the N-word in the novel.
The Setting
Authors: Das Acevedo Deepa
Published: July 2024

This chapter establishes three contexts for the dispute over women’s entry. First, it provides a brief introduction to the primary geographic setting of the book: the south-western state of Kerala and, especially, the former princely state of Travancore. Second, it introduces key topical concerns through a discussion of temple-state relations, both within Kerala and across India. Third, the chapter introduces the legal setting for the dispute by providing a quick overview of the Indian Constitution, paying special attention to the Constitution’s protections for religious freedom and the jurisprudence generated by these provisions. The chapter further shows how the Keralite experience is both unique and representative of Indian experiences writ large, thereby establishing a sociopolitical and legal background for the broader dispute over Sabarimala.
The Rule
Authors: Das Acevedo Deepa
Published: July 2024

This chapter revisits the Kerala High Court’s 1991 opinion in S. Mahendran v. Travancore Devaswom Board, which held that Sabarimala’s ban was an essential practice of Ayyappan worship that ought to be enforced year-round. The chapter examines Mahendran from various angles, including discussions of the reform-oriented judge who was largely responsible for the opinion’s outcome, the essential practices jurisprudence that Mahendran relied on, the Keralite statutory law that the High Court interpreted, the sacred texts that the High Court did not cite, and the temple priest whose word ultimately convinced the court. The chapter also provides a more detailed introduction to the governance structure responsible for Sabarimala, and, in particular, it sketches the structure and function of the Travancore Devaswom Board (TDB) that administers the temple.
Perceptual Attributes in Memory Research
Authors: Sekuler Robert , Sekuler Allison B.
Published: July 2024

The close linkage between perception and memory allows them to influence one another in numerous ways. Improved understanding of this linkage will enhance the reach and quality of research in both fields. This chapter emphasizes short-term memory, the form of memory for which perception’s influence is clearest. The chapter begins with a brief overview of key perceptual attributes that enable memory to impact perceptual judgment, offering examples of perceptual phenomena that clearly bear memory’s stamp. It then discusses four ways in which memory research benefits when researchers design memoranda with perceptual factors firmly in mind. First, the chapter considers stimulus similarity because it impacts memory in multiple ways, including its usefulness for framing and testing theoretical insights. Second, it examines how connections between perception and memory make it difficult to evaluate memory without some confound from one or more perceptual influences. These include individual or group differences in perception that can masquerade as differences in memory. Third, the chapter considers how verbal representations can distort or support memory for what was seen, and it summarizes research in which both visual and auditory memory have been probed with random or quasi-random stimuli. Finally, the chapter briefly describes how careful stimulus choice can aid modeling and understanding of memorial processes.
Encoding and the Medial Temporal Lobe
Authors: Fernandez Corey , Madore Kevin P. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: July 2024

Episodic memory is a core cognitive ability that allows humans to remember past events, act in the present, and create predictive models to inform future behaviors. The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is a critical part of the neural machinery that makes possible the ability to acquire and express memories for features of experiences, memories for the conjunctions of event features, and memories that integrate information across events. This chapter reviews the gross anatomy, functional differentiation, and computations and dynamics that underlie memory formation in the MTL network, with an emphasis on episodic encoding. It focuses on inputs, outputs, and circuitry of MTL cortical structures and hippocampal substructures that enable sensory input to be converted into durable content-based and representation-based mnemonic codes. Emphasis is placed on computations that subserve the differentiation of experienced events, on the one hand, and across-event integration, on the other, as well as on encoding dynamics supported by neuromodulators and electrophysiological processes that lead to memory persistence and generalization. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of open questions and directions for future work.
Free Recall and Memory Search
Authors: Lohnas Lynn J.
Published: July 2024

When trying to remember a specific event or autobiographical memory, it can often feel like one is searching through one’s vast store of memories to find the relevant memory. Arguably no experimental task evokes this process more than the free recall paradigm. In this paradigm, a participant is presented with a list of items and then must recall as many items as possible in any order. As such, the participant is constrained to recalling information from a specific list, not unlike searching through one’s memory of a specific time and place. This chapter introduces the experimental setup and then overviews some of the major theoretical approaches to understanding memory search. Details of dynamics in free recall responses are then discussed in light of these theories. How participants initiate recall, transition between items, and terminate recall provides insight into memory search, organization, representation, and association. Insights from other memory paradigms are then described, and the chapter ends with a discussion of the ecological validity for characterizing memory search in experimental settings.
Global Matching Models of Recognition Memory
Authors: Osth Adam F. , Dennis Simon
Published: July 2024

How does retrieval take place in recognition memory? A number of computational models have been developed that posit that recognition operates by a process of global matching, wherein the cue is compared to each stored memory. These cue-to-memory similarities are then aggregated to produce an index of the global similarity between the cue and the contents of memory which can then be subjected to a decision process. This chapter describes (a) the theoretical rationale and successes of such models, such as their accounts of similarity and list-length effects and generalization to multiple memory tasks; (b) challenges and hurdles they have experienced, including the null list-strength effect, the mirror effect, and the extralist feature effect; and (c) recent developments, such as extensions to predictions about response latency, sources of interference outside of the study list, and integration of more realistic representations.
Sleep and Memory
Authors: Schechtman Eitan , Stickgold Robert , Paller Ken A.
Published: July 2024

Sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation. Benefits for various types of memory stem from the sleep-based reactivation of previously acquired memories. These alterations in memory storage involve temporally synchronized brain waves: hippocampal sharp-wave ripple complexes, thalamocortical sleep spindles, and cortical slow waves. The unique contributions made during different sleep stages are not fully understood, although slow-wave sleep is particularly critical for declarative memories, facilitating the recall and recognition of facts and events. During sleep, a dynamic interaction between hippocampus and neocortex serves to gradually reinforce and transform cortical memory traces. Sleep thus contributes to memory stabilization, integration of new knowledge with existing knowledge, selective strengthening of some memory components, and extraction of gist or discovery of rules within collections of memories. This chapter surveys sleep’s role in memory and considers sleep-based approaches to treating neurological and psychiatric disorders and to enhancing memory generally.
Methods to Study Human Memory
Authors: Helfrich Randolph F. , Knight Robert T. , D’Esposito Mark
Published: July 2024

A wide range of methods have advanced understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying human memory function. For decades, the lesion approach served as the gold standard in localizing function and establishing causal relationships between anatomy and behavior. Since the 1990s, a wealth of evidence from neuroimaging (positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging) and neurophysiological studies (magnetoelectroencephalography, scalp electroencephalography [EEG], intracranial EEG, and single-unit recordings) has provided more detailed insights into the functional mechanisms of large-scale neuronal networks that enable memory formation. In addition, methodological advances in the ability to alter brain activity through electrical or magnetic stimulation have offered new insights into the role of such activity in causally modulating memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. This chapter reviews these methodological approaches and their strengths and weaknesses in addressing theoretical issues in memory research.
Semantic Dementia
Authors: Patterson Karalyn , Lambon Ralph Matthew A.
Published: July 2024

This chapter focusses on the cognitive and behavioral aspects of semantic dementia (SD). Extensive neuropsychological studies of SD have made considerable and defining contributions to our understanding of the cognitive and neural bases of semantic memory, as well as the nature of its gradual degradation in this neurodegenerative disorder. We discuss the neuropsychological findings alongside the epidemiology, pathology, and neuroanatomy of SD. In considering the implications of a cognitive disorder, conclusions rely on the aspects of performance that are spared as well as those that are impaired; accordingly, in addition to describing the striking impairments in SD, this chapter considers the cognitive functions that people with SD still do well. SD is a devastating disease, but the selectivity of its deficits provides unique and powerful theoretical insights about semantic memory.
Memory and Metacognitive Processes Recruited During Educational Assessment
Authors: Finn Bridgid , Arslan Burcu
Published: July 2024

Educational assessments are undertaken by millions of students in public school classrooms each year in the United States, starting in the elementary years. These assessments target a wide range of student knowledge and skill across a variety of academic domains. This chapter provides a cross-disciplinary review of research on memory, learning, and metacognitive processes recruited during educational assessment. The chapter covers the relevant psychological and educational literature on assessment and highlights some of the memory and metacognitive processes that are implicated in answering complex assessment questions. The review primarily covers research related to the cognitive processes involved in the assessment practices undertaken in kindergarten through grade 12 and in preparation for placement into higher education programs, and it chiefly discusses tests of verbal and quantitative reasoning.