bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calcium Scale Inhibition of Stimulated Oilfield Produced Water Using Polyaspartic Acid/Aminomethanesulfonic Acid
Authors: Zhao Lina , Zhou Yuming , Yao Qingzhao , Wang Yanyun , Ge Sujuan , Liu Xiaolin
Published: April 2021

Polyaspartic acid modified by sulfonic acid group (PASP/ASA) was synthesized and characterized, and then its comprehensive scale inhibition performance was tested in the laboratory simulated environment as an oilfield scale inhibitor. By statically experiment the performance of polyaspartic acid/aminomethanesulfonic acid in inhibiting CaSO4and CaCO3scale under different synthesis condition, results present that the maximum scale inhibition efficiency of the prepared PASP/ASA for CaSO4and CaCO3scale is 100 % and 83.36 % at the dosage of 2.5 mg L−1and 10 mg L−1, respectively. However, the average scale inhibition efficiency of PASP/ASA can reach 61.63 % which is higher than 51.21 % of PASP at both dosage of 30 mg L−1. PASP/ASA and unmodified PASP exhibit unequal calcium scale inhibition performance because of the introduction of −SO3H. The scale crystal morphology analyzed by SEM and X‐ray diffraction revealed that the calcium scale crystals were eliminated in the presence of PASP/ASA by chelation, electrostatic dispersion and lattice distortion mechanism.
In‐Situ Activated NiFePBA‐FeOOH Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Zinc‐Air Battery
Authors: Wei Licheng , Zhang Yufei , Yang Yang , Ye Minghui , Li Chengchao
Published: April 2021

Developing low‐price, highly efficient and durable electrocatalysts for sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is still a significant challenge for metal‐air batteries and electrochemical water splitting technology. Here, cost‐effective OER catalyst composing of nickel‐iron Prussian blue analogue and iron oxyhydroxide (NiFePBA‐FeOOH) was successfully prepared by facile hydrothermal method. Designed NiFePBA‐FeOOH catalyst exhibits superior OER performance with low overpotential, small Tafel slope and stable durability. Systematic investigations with in‐situ Raman and Transmission electron microscope reveal that the as‐prepared catalyst has undergone in‐situ electrochemical transformation to generate real catalytic active species of nickel and iron oxyhydroxides. Particularly, the assembled zinc‐air battery with NiFePBA‐FeOOH catalyst also displays a long‐term lifetime of 165 h only presenting a slight increase in voltage gap. Additionally, the successful exploration of cobalt‐iron PBAs with iron oxyhydroxides further demonstrates the universality of PBAs‐oxyhydroxides composites for energy storage and conversion applications.
Surface Removal Enhances the Formation of a Porous Structure in Potato Starch
Authors: Gonzalez Ana , Wang Ya‐Jane
Published: April 2021

Native potato starch exhibits limited susceptibility to enzyme digestion and does not form a porous structure. This study investigates the impact of granule surface on starch susceptibility to amylases. Two levels of surface removal via chemical gelatinization of common corn and potato starches are prepared and subjected to digestion by α‐amylase or glucoamylase. The degree of digestion varies with the surface removal level and starch type. A porous structure is observed in potato starch after combining surface removal and digestion by amylases. However, the pores in the surface‐removed potato starches are not as homogeneous or enlarged compare with corn starch. The removal of dense and tightly packed crystallites on the granule surface is proposed to enhance the degree of binding and hydrolytic activity of both amylases in potato starch. This study provides direct evidence that surface structure hinders amylase digestion and the formation of a porous structure in potato starch.
Reproducing the Gaming Gender Hierarchy
Authors: Buyukozturk Bertan
Published: April 2021

This article draws on in‐depth interviews with 47 male and female gamers to investigate the interactional processes whereby gamers reproduce gender inequality. Women gamers, because they faced harassment from men, traded place for peace, locating themselves at the margins and minimizing their presence within gaming spaces. Men, who faced no harassment on the basis of gender, normalized the seeming absence of women while justifying their dominant position within gaming culture. These processes maintained the overall marginalization of women within gaming culture by reproducing notions of women as outsiders and men as natural gamers.
Transabdominal ultrasonography to reduce the burden of X‐ray imaging in prophylactic pancreatic stent localization after ERCP—A prospective trial
Authors: Michael Florian Alexander , Gerber Ludmilla , Weiler Nina , Hunyady Peter Marton , Abedin Nada , de la Vera Anna‐Lena Laguna , Stoffers Philipp , Filmann Natalie , Zeuzem Stefan , Bojunga Jörg , Friedrich‐Rust Mireen , Dultz Georg
Published: April 2021

Background

Before performing endoscopy to remove prophylactic pancreatic stents placed in patients with high risk of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP), X‐ray imaging is recommended to confirm the stents position in the pancreatic duct.

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of prophylactic pancreatic stent detection by transabdominal ultrasonography, to reduce the burden of X‐ray imaging, which is currently the golden standard.

Methods

All patients who received a pancreatic stent for PEP prophylaxis were included in the present prospective trial. First, stent position was determined by transabdominal ultrasonography. Afterwards, it was verified by X‐ray imaging. Retained stents were removed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Dislocated stents needed no further intervention.

Results

Fourty‐one patients were enrolled in this study. All prophylactic pancreatic stents were straight 6 cm long 5 Fr stents with external flap. All stents were removed between day 1 and 10 (median: 3 days) in all cases. In 34 of 41 cases (83.0%), the pancreatic stent was still in place on the day of examination. Twenty‐nine of 34 (85.3%) stents were detected correctly by transabdominal ultrasonography. Overlying gas prevented visualization of the pancreas in 3/41 (7.3%) cases. Sensitivity of sonographic detection of the stent was 93.5% (29/31). Six of seven stents were determined correctly as dislocated by ultrasonography. Here, specificity was 85.7%. A positive predictive value of 96.7% (29/30) was examined. The negative predictive value was 75.0% (6/8).

Conclusion

Transabdominal ultrasonography detects the majority of prophylactic pancreatic stents. Thereby, it helps to identify patients with an indication for endoscopy sufficiently. X‐ray imaging could subsequently be omitted in about 70% of examinations, reducing the radiation exposure for the patient and the endoscopy staff.
Caring for Others, Managing Migrants: Local and Institutional Hospitality in Lampedusa (Italy)
Authors: Quagliariello Chiara
Published: April 2021

In my chapter I analyze, first, the social elements explaining the hospitable, and not hostile, attitude Lampedusa inhabitants have shown over the years toward migrant people. I argue hospitality cannot be understood as a cultural element or an intrinsic characteristic of the Mediterranean identity. This attitude is mostly linked to historical dynamics and structural factors that characterize this Italian borderland. As the concept of reciprocity suggests, the fact that Lampedusa has historically been a place of emigration to Sicily and other Italian or Northern Africa regions led to a sort of identification with migrant people. At the same time, foreign migrants have always been temporary guests on this island. This situation facilitated, I suggest, the perception of migrants as non-dangerous visitors, unable to change the social landscape. Secondly, I explore the negative effects the transition in the perception of migrants from guests to take care to people the Italian state is entitled to manage has produced on the island. The replacement of a local model of hospitality based on informal practices and spontaneous places with an institutional model characterized by bureaucratic procedures and militarized sites led to a forced separation between local and migrant people.
Guests and Hosts in an Athens Public Hospital: Hospitality as Lens for Analyzing Migrants’ Health Care
Authors: Malakasis Cynthia
Published: April 2021

Based on six months of ethnographic research in the maternity clinic of a major Athens public hospital in 2017, this chapter employs the conceptual lens of “hospitality” to analyze relationships that formed around the care of pregnant migrants arriving in Greece since 2015. Permanent health-care personnel, mostly midwives, are the hosts; guests include migrant women, NGO workers that accompany them to the hospital, Greek Roma maternity patients, obstetrics residents, and the native ethnographer herself. The focus is on pregnant migrants; the other guests provide comparative fodder to flesh out the subjectivity of the hosts. Through an ethnographic reconstruction of the microcosm of the clinic as a space of care, sovereignty, and everyday life, the chapter takes on two theoretical issues: the problem of scale and the argument that the hierarchical character of hospitality is incompatible with a rights-based framework. Critiques to the use of the host-guest trope as a frame for the analysis of relations between migrants and receiving states and societies are well heeded. Yet I demonstrate that guest-host dynamics are very much operative in the interaction between state-employed, permanent health-care personnel and migrants. My analysis highlights the limits and capacities of hospitality’s scalar transpositions, as well as the critical potential of hospitality as a lens that elucidates how legally guaranteed migrants’ rights are accessed and granted in practice; hospitality and rights thus emerge as complementary rather than opposing structural and explanatory frameworks.
Conclusions
Authors: Jauhiainen Jussi S. , Tedeschi Miriam
Published: April 2021

Millions of undocumented and irregular migrants live in the EU, and many more live in the countries outside of it. In Finland, the number of undocumented migrants has so far been rather small—up to a few thousand people. There are many kinds of undocumented migrants, but the common factor is that they reside in a country without the proper legal right to do so and their presence is not fully approved by that country’s authorities.

This chapter presents the main findings of the research about the everyday lives of undocumented migrants in Finland, showing how these findings corresponded closely with the international academic literature and brought insight to the current discussion. The results are reflected in the broader EU context and beyond. Additionally, the chapter suggests promising research themes on the topic, as they emerged from the main findings.

Research has already demonstrated that no country can expel all its undocumented migrants. The results of this study and earlier studies have also suggested the revision of immigration and asylum policies in the EU, including Finland, to create win-win situations for both undocumented migrants and the countries in which they reside.
Cushing-Syndrom mit konsekutiver tertiärer Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz nach simultaner multipler intraartikulärer Lokaltherapie mit Glukokortikoiden
Authors: Schramm A. , Windschall D. , Hinze C. , Föll D. , Wittkowski H. , Winowski H. , Oesingmann S.
Published: April 2021

Eine 4‑jährige Patientin mit neu diagnostizierter polyartikulärer juveniler idiopathischer Arthritis (JIA) entwickelte nach simultaner multipler Lokaltherapie mit Glukokortikoiden an 46 Stellen zunächst ein Cushing-Syndrom, gefolgt von einer schleichenden Zustandsverschlechterung und schließlich einem akuten hochfieberhaften Harnwegsinfekt. Dabei wurde eine iatrogene Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz nach der multiplen intraartikulären Glukokortikoidgabe diagnostiziert. Die Möglichkeit schwerer systemischer Glukokortikoidnebenwirkungen nach ausgedehnten Lokaltherapien sollte in das reguläre Management der JIA-Patienten einbezogen werden.
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for inflammatory bowel disease 2020
Authors: Nakase Hiroshi , Uchino Motoi , Shinzaki Shinichiro , Matsuura Minoru , Matsuoka Katsuyoshi , Kobayashi Taku , Saruta Masayuki , Hirai Fumihito , Hata Keisuke , Hiraoka Sakiko , Esaki Motohiro , Sugimoto Ken , Fuji Toshimitsu , Watanabe Kenji , Nakamura Shiro , Inoue Nagamu , Itoh Toshiyuki , Naganuma Makoto , Hisamatsu Tadakazu , Watanabe Mamoru , Miwa Hiroto , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Shimosegawa Tooru , Koike Kazuhiko
Published: April 2021

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a general term for chronic or remitting/relapsing inflammatory diseases of the intestinal tract and generally refers to ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Since 1950, the number of patients with IBD in Japan has been increasing. The etiology of IBD remains unclear; however, recent research data indicate that the pathophysiology of IBD involves abnormalities in disease susceptibility genes, environmental factors and intestinal bacteria. The elucidation of the mechanism of IBD has facilitated therapeutic development. UC and CD display heterogeneity in inflammatory and symptomatic burden between patients and within individuals over time. Optimal management depends on the understanding and tailoring of evidence-based interventions by physicians. In 2020, seventeen IBD experts of the Japanese Society of Gastroenterology revised the previous guidelines for IBD management published in 2016. This English version was produced and modified based on the existing updated guidelines in Japanese. The Clinical Questions (CQs) of the previous guidelines were completely revised and categorized as follows: Background Questions (BQs), CQs, and Future Research Questions (FRQs). The guideline was composed of a total of 69 questions: 39 BQs, 15 CQs, and 15 FRQs. The overall quality of the evidence for each CQ was determined by assessing it with reference to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach, and the strength of the recommendation was determined by the Delphi consensus process. Comprehensive up-to-date guidance for on-site physicians is provided regarding indications for proceeding with the diagnosis and treatment.
The development of students’ achievement emotions after transition to secondary school: a multilevel growth curve modelling approach
Authors: Meyer Simon , Schlesier Juliane
Published: April 2021

This empirical study focuses on students’ development of positive and negative achievement emotions during the first year and the beginning of the second year of secondary school. Using multilevel growth curve modelling, the development of the achievement emotions enjoyment, pride, anxiety, hopelessness and boredom during class in general was investigated. Data from 584 students (taken at three different time points during the first year and the beginning of the second year of secondary school in Germany) was analysed by controlling for gender and the type of school. The results confirm the main assumption: positive achievement emotions decline, whereas negative achievement emotions increase after transition to secondary school. The assumption regarding the effects of type of school was also confirmed: students entering a higher track school (German Gymnasium) experience more positive achievement emotions than students in middle track schools (German Realschule) do. However, the decline in these achievement emotions in higher track schools is comparatively worse than for students in middle track schools. The results are discussed with regard to students’ further studies, as well as the wider educational implications.
Nuclear m6A reader YTHDC1 regulates the scaffold function of LINE1 RNA in mouse ESCs and early embryos
Authors: Chen Chuan , Liu Wenqiang , Guo Jiayin , Liu Yuanyuan , Liu Xuelian , Liu Jun , Dou Xiaoyang , Le Rongrong , Huang Yixin , Li Chong , Yang Lingyue , Kou Xiaochen , Zhao Yanhong , Wu You , Chen Jiayu , Wang Hong , Shen Bin , Gao Yawei , Gao Shaorong
Published: April 2021

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) on chromosome-associated regulatory RNAs (carRNAs), including repeat RNAs, plays important roles in tuning the chromatin state and transcription, but the intrinsic mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report that YTHDC1 plays indispensable roles in the self-renewal and differentiation potency of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which highly depends on the m6A-binding ability. Ythdc1 is required for sufficient rRNA synthesis and repression of the 2-cell (2C) transcriptional program in ESCs, which recapitulates the transcriptome regulation by the LINE1 scaffold. Detailed analyses revealed that YTHDC1 recognizes m6A on LINE1 RNAs in the nucleus and regulates the formation of the LINE1-NCL partnership and the chromatin recruitment of KAP1. Moreover, the establishment of H3K9me3 on 2C-related retrotransposons is interrupted in Ythdc1-depleted ESCs and inner cell mass (ICM) cells, which consequently increases the transcriptional activities. Our study reveals a role of m6A in regulating the RNA scaffold, providing a new model for the RNA-chromatin cross-talk.
Novità nella diagnosi genetica di iperplasia surrenale congenita da deficit di 21-idrossilasi
Authors: Menabò Soara
Published: April 2021

Sommario

La ricerca di varianti patogenetiche del gene CYP21A2, responsabili del 90–95% dei casi di iperplasia surrenale congenita, è resa altamente complessa dall’omologia di sequenza con lo pseudogene, dall’elevata frequenza di ricombinazione del locus e dal numero variabile di moduli ripetuti. Tuttavia, grazie alle recenti conoscenze e alle nuove metodiche si sono raggiunti ottimi livelli diagnostici importanti per una corretta diagnosi e una consulenza genetica affidabile, nonché per individuare patologie associate.
Grassmannians and Cluster Structures
Authors: Baur Karin
Published: April 2021

Cluster structures have been established on numerous algebraic varieties. These lectures focus on the Grassmannian variety and explain the cluster structures on it. The tools include dimer models on surfaces, associated algebras, and the study of associated module categories.
Early Maize in Northeastern North America: A Comment on Emerson and Colleagues
Authors: Hart John P. , Lovis William A. , Katzenberg M. Anne
Published: April 2021

Emerson and colleagues (2020) provide new isotopic evidence on directly dated human bone from the Greater Cahokia region. They conclude that maize was not adopted in the region prior to AD 900. Placing this result within the larger context of maize histories in northeastern North America, they suggest that evidence from the lower Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River valley for earlier maize is “enigmatic” and “perplexing.” Here, we review that evidence, accumulated over the course of several decades, and question why Emerson and colleagues felt the need to offer opinions on that evidence without providing any new contradictory empirical evidence for the region.
LIBER Digital Humanities and Digital Cultural Heritage Working Group: a case study of international collaboration and network building
Authors: Wilms Lotte , Derven Caleb , Martinez Merisa
Published: April 2021

How can European library staff working in digital humanities connect with peers in the library sector, determine where to find relevant information about digital scholarship, provide their collections as data and to be an equal partner in digital humanities research? The LIBER Digital Humanities Working Group was created as a participatory knowledge network in 2017 to address these questions. Through a series of workshops, knowledge sharing activities, and a Europe-wide survey and resulting report, the Working Group engaged with the international LIBER DH community. Useful reflections are provided on organising an open, voluntary DH community and planning for inclusive activities that benefit digital scholarship in European research libraries.
Created goodness and the goodness of God: divine ideas and the possibility of creaturely value
Authors: Kemp Dan
Published: April 2021

Traditional theism says that the goodness of everything comes from God. Moreover, the goodness of something intrinsically valuable can only come from what has it. Many conclude from these two claims that no creatures have intrinsic value if traditional theism is true. I argue that the exemplarist theory of the divine ideas gives the theist a way out. According to exemplarism, God creates everything according to ideas that are about himself, and so everything resembles God. Since God is wholly good in every way, and since ethical supervenience is true, it follows that creatures have intrinsic value.
Islam and Mass Preferences Toward Foreign Direct Investment in Tunisia
Authors: Jamal Amaney A. , Milner Helen V.
Published: April 2021

Are FDI and Islam in conflict with one another in the eyes of Tunisians?  Does support for globalization fall or increase when it embraces or challenges Islamic dress, prayer, and other practices? We examine through different experimental tests how Tunisians react to foreign direct investment when it accommodates or conflicts with Islamic norms. Using three original sources of data, including a large representative survey (N = 4,986), a conjoint survey experiment (N = 1,502), and an original survey experiment with experimental social vignettes (N = 504), we examine how threats (and non-threats) from FDI to Islamic norms affect support for FDI. We find strong support for FDI, but these levels of support are not stable. We find the support for FDI falls by almost 32% if it is seen to clash with female Islamic dress. Support is highest when it accommodates Islamic practices, especially the female hijab and lowest when it is perceived to disregard these practices.
A Social Learning Perspective on the Trickle-Down of Psychological Empowerment from Supervisor to Subordinate
Authors: Grützmacher Lisa S. , Schermuly Carsten C.
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Because of its relevance for organizations and their employees, psychological empowerment (PE) has received a great deal of attention in research and practice. Supervisors play an important role in the promotion of subordinates’ PE. In the present article, and on the basis of social learning theory, we examine how the supervisor’s perceived and self-reported PE influence the subordinate’s PE. The results of two multi-wave studies involving more than 1,000 participants suggest that the supervisor’s perceived PE can predict the subordinate’s PE. The supervisor’s self-reported PE did not affect the subordinate’s PE: PE does not seem to trickle down from supervisor to subordinate. The relationship between the supervisor’s perceived PE and the subordinate’s PE was stronger when trust in the supervisor was higher. Supervisors who want to promote subordinates’ PE through modeling should therefore ensure that they are perceived as psychologically empowered and invest in relationships of trust with their subordinates.
Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Benign and Malicious Envy Scale	(BeMaS) Across Serbian and US Samples and Further Validation
Authors: Dinić Bojana M. , Branković Marija
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The aim of this research was to validate the dual conception of envy in Serbian culture, measured by the Benign and Malicious Envy Scale (BeMaS). In Study 1 ( N = 404), the results confirmed cross-cultural invariance of the Malicious Envy scale across Serbian and US samples, with the US sample obtaining higher scores. However, two items in the Benign Envy scale showed significant differential item functioning across samples. Nonetheless, both scales in Serbian showed adequate measurement precision (information) and the expected distinction in relations with narcissistic admiration, narcissistic rivalry, and self-esteem, with more aversive characteristics associated with Malicious Envy. In Study 2 ( N = 404), Malicious Envy showed a negative relation with Conscientiousness and Openness, as well as higher negative correlations with Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, psychopathy, and sadism compared to Benign Envy. Furthermore, Malicious Envy showed higher positive correlations with psychological distress, while Benign Envy showed negative correlations with some aspects of distress. The results support good psychometric properties of BeMaS scores of the Serbian adaptation and add to the cross-cultural validity of the dual conception of envy.
Appraisal of Tectonic‐Geomorphic Features in the Hindu Kush‐ Himalayas
Authors: Pei Yanqian , Qiu Haijun , Hu Sheng , Yang Dongdong , Zhang Yan , Ma Shuyue , Cao Mingming
Published: April 2021

The appraisal of tectonic‐geomorphic features is the basis for the development and management of land, the selection of road routes, and the site selection and construction process of hydropower projects. However, properly evaluating tectonic‐geomorphic features and revealing the relationships among geomorphic evolution, landslides, and tectonic activity remain major challenges in geography and geomorphology. We take the core area of the planned Diamer‐Bhasha Dam as a study area. On the strength of digital elevation models (DEMs), geomorphic indices are extracted to evaluate the tectonic activity and geomorphic evolution. Landslide cataloging by field investigation is used to reveal the relationships between geomorphic evolution, landslides, and tectonic activity. We found that the tectonic activity and geomorphic evolution of the sub‐basin where the Diamer‐Bhasha Dam is planned and the sub‐basin along the Indus are in the stable and old stage, respectively. In contrast, the tectonic‐geomorphic features in the marginal sub‐basins far from the Indus are still active. The correlations among lithology, AF, Vf, HI, SL, and landslide indicate that tectonic activity can influence geomorphic evolution and induce landslides, whereas changes in lithology do not. In addition, landslides can exacerbate geomorphic evolution.
Simultaneous Observation of Sporadic Potassium and Sodium Layers Over São José dos Campos, Brazil (23.1°S, 45.9°W)
Authors: Andrioli V. F. , Xu J. , Batista P. P. , Pimenta A. A. , Martins M. P. P. , Savio S. , Targon C. G. , Yang G. , Jiao J. , Wang C. , Liu Z.
Published: April 2021

Sporadic potassium (Ks) and sodium (Nas) layers were investigated using more than 1,500 h of simultaneous Na/K LIDAR data at São José dos Campos, Brazil (23.1°S, 45.9°W). These events were observed on more than 88% of the analyzed nights. Although Na and K are both alkali metals, their sporadic layers show different behaviors. The Nas layers were in general 0.7 km wider and occurred ∼2 km higher than Ks layers. Moreover, the Nas layers progression is faster than that of Ks layers not only in the process of reaching their maximum amplitude but also in terms of dissipation. Our study showed that most Ns events (80% of Ks layers and 90% of Nas layers) have a strength factor of upto 5. Moreover, on average, Ks presented a strength factor ∼1.3 times stronger than that of Nas. The relative frequency of occurrence for both Ks and Nas layers exhibits an almost semiannual variation, with maxima in January/October and February/September, respectively. On the other hand, no similar variation was observed in the peak density or in the peak height. The peak density shows an annual variation, with a maximum occurring during winter for Ks events and a semiannual variation with a maxima occurring at the equinoxes for Nas. Different seasonal behaviors were also seen in the peak height of the identified layers, with Ks presenting a semiannual variation with maxima around January/October, while an annual variation occurred in Nas with lower layers occurring around winter.
The 2018 Mount Etna Earthquake (Mw 4.9): Depicting a Natural Model of a Composite Fault System From Coseismic Surface Breaks
Authors: Romagnoli G. , Pavano F. , Tortorici G. , Catalano S.
Published: April 2021

During the Mw 4.9 earthquake of December 26, 2018, an 8 km long arc‐shaped coseismic fracture belt formed along the southeastern flank of Etna Volcano (Sicily, Italy). We performed prompt field mapping of the 2018 coseismic fracture field, integrated with structural measurements in about 600 sites. The fracture belt comprises a northern, 3‐km‐long N130° striking segment, and a southern, 5‐km‐long N150°–170° portion. Along the former segment our data document a dextral shear zone, geometrically and kinematically coherent with the focal mechanism of the earthquake and indicating N170‐oriented compression. This shear zone shows a distinctive ground signature affecting lava flows of different ages, suggesting progressive growth of the structure through repeated coseismic cycles. The coseismic strain migrated to the NNW‐oriented segment, along which the strike‐slip deformation changed into N100–120°‐trending extension. The deformation along this segment is derived from the reactivation of a Late Quaternary tectonic boundary separating two adjacent compressional and extensional domains. The overall coseismic deformation is the result of these two different kinematics, consistent with the long‐term dynamics of both adjacent domains. The growth rate of recent cumulative morphotectonic features along the remobilized NNW‐striking fault demonstrates that the structure is still deforming at a rate comparable to the long‐period estimate. Our study points out that the 2018 seismic event, even if triggered by volcano‐tectonic processes, represents the expression of the composite regional dynamics, which are well constrained by large scale geodetic data.
Foreshock Cavities: Direct Transmission Through the Bow Shock
Authors: Sibeck D. G. , Lee S.‐H. , Omidi N. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: April 2021

Global hybrid code simulations predict enhanced densities and magnetic field strengths not only in foreshock compressional boundaries on the flanks of the steady‐state dayside foreshock under near‐radial IMF conditions but also on the edges of the traveling foreshock cavities formed when slabs of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lines connect to the bow shock. The simulations predict only modest velocity or temperature perturbations attending the foreshock compressional/cavity boundaries. However, they predict pronounced flow enhancements and depressed temperatures accompanying the enhanced densities and magnetic field strengths on foreshock compressional/cavity boundaries transmitted into the magnetosheath. Many of these properties are similar to those of magnetosheath jets, previously attributed to processes occurring at locations where the solar wind flow makes a grazing encounter with a locally oblique bow shock. Simultaneous THEMIS observations upstream and downstream from the Earth’s bow shock from 1430 to 1630 UT on June 14, 2007 confirm simulation predictions for the direct transmission of foreshock cavities into the magnetosheath. Foreshock cavity density and magnetic field strength perturbations diminish very rapidly with distance upstream from the bow shock.
Promoting a Holistic Family Care Model: Ethical and Practical Considerations for Treating Adult Caregivers in Integrated Pediatric Settings
Authors: Maragakis Alexandros , Ham Hannah , Bruni Teryn P. , Byrd Michelle R. , LaLonde Leah , Neenan Alexandra , Caserta Abigail , Turnier Luke
Published: April 2021

Objective: As pediatric behavioral health concerns are increasingly identified and addressed within pediatric primary care and family medicine practices, behavioral health providers (BHPs) in integrated primary care (IPC) are often faced with not only addressing the psychosocial needs of their child patients, but also confronting the needs of those patients’ caregivers. Given the extensive body of evidence demonstrating that child mental health is associated with caregiver mental health, continued discussions of addressing caregiver mental health within the integrated care context are warranted. Method: The current paper will discuss obstacles to establishing family-centered comprehensive behavioral care including ethical concerns around informed consent, scope of practice, and dual relations, and various practice considerations. Results: The obstacles are greater for establishing family-centered comprehensive behavioral care within pediatric settings compared to family practice settings due to the additional practice considerations. The potential benefit to children and the broader family system may warrant the effort. Conclusions: By identifying and discussing these issues, BHPs working within pediatric and family medicine settings are encouraged to engage in active dialogue with hospital and clinic administrators to overcome systemic barriers and to think flexibly about how BHPs might expand upon existing approaches in order to utilize the IPC opportunity to address parent mental health concerns that may otherwise impede a child’s treatment progress.

Implications for Impact Statement

Treating adult caregivers within pediatric primary or family care settings has the potential of vastly improving the mental health of the entire family. Integrated pediatric primary care provides an ideal setting for behavioral health providers to provide holistic family care. To do this effectively, ethical and practical barriers must be discussed and dismantled.
Resting-state dopaminergic cell firing in the ventral tegmental area negatively regulates affiliative social interactions in a developmental animal model of schizophrenia
Authors: Sotoyama Hidekazu , Namba Hisaaki , Kobayashi Yutaro , Hasegawa Taku , Watanabe Dai , Nakatsukasa Ena , Sakimura Kenji , Furuyashiki Tomoyuki , Nawa Hiroyuki
Published: April 2021

Hyperdopaminergic activities are often linked to positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but their neuropathological implications on negative symptoms are rather controversial among reports. Here, we explored the regulatory role of the resting state-neural activity of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) on social interaction using a developmental rat model for schizophrenia. We prepared the model by administering an ammonitic cytokine, epidermal growth factor (EGF), to rat pups, which later exhibit the deficits of social interaction as monitored with same-gender affiliative sniffing. In vivo single-unit recording and microdialysis revealed that the baseline firing frequency of and dopamine release from VTA dopaminergic neurons were chronically increased in EGF model rats, and their social interaction was concomitantly reduced. Subchronic treatment with risperidone ameliorated both the social interaction deficits and higher frequency of dopaminergic cell firing in this model. Sustained suppression of hyperdopaminergic cell firing in EGF model rats by DREADD chemogenetic intervention restored the event-triggered dopamine release and their social behaviors. These observations suggest that the higher resting-state activity of VTA dopaminergic neurons is responsible for the reduced social interaction of this schizophrenia model.
Disrupting quorum sensing alters social interactions in Chromobacterium violaceum
Authors: Mion Sonia , Carriot Nathan , Lopez Julien , Plener Laure , Ortalo-Magné Annick , Chabrière Eric , Culioli Gérald , Daudé David
Published: April 2021

Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication system used by bacteria to coordinate a wide panel of biological functions in a cell density-dependent manner. The Gram-negativeChromobacterium violaceumhas previously been shown to use an acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-based QS to regulate various behaviors, including the production of proteases, hydrogen cyanide, or antimicrobial compounds such as violacein. By using combined metabolomic and proteomic approaches, we demonstrated that QS modulates the production of antimicrobial and toxic compounds inC. violaceumATCC 12472. We provided the first evidence of anisomycin antibiotic production by this strain as well as evidence of its regulation by QS and identified new AHLs produced byC. violaceumATCC 12472. Furthermore, we demonstrated that targeting AHLs with lactonase leads to major QS disruption yielding significant molecular and phenotypic changes. These modifications resulted in drastic changes in social interactions betweenC. violaceumand a Gram-positive bacterium (Bacillus cereus), a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), immune cells (murine macrophages), and an animal model (planarianSchmidtea mediterranea). These results underscored that AHL-based QS plays a key role in the capacity ofC. violaceumto interact with micro- and macroorganisms and that quorum quenching can affect microbial population dynamics beyond AHL-producing bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria.
COCO-Search18 fixation dataset for predicting goal-directed attention control
Authors: Chen Yupei , Yang Zhibo , Ahn Seoyoung , Samaras Dimitris , Hoai Minh , Zelinsky Gregory
Published: April 2021

Attention control is a basic behavioral process that has been studied for decades. The currently best models of attention control are deep networks trained on free-viewing behavior to predict bottom-up attention control – saliency. We introduce COCO-Search18, the first dataset of laboratory-qualitygoal-directed behaviorlarge enough to train deep-network models. We collected eye-movement behavior from 10 people searching for each of 18 target-object categories in 6202 natural-scene images, yielding$$\sim$$∼300,000 search fixations. We thoroughly characterize COCO-Search18, and benchmark it using three machine-learning methods: a ResNet50 object detector, a ResNet50 trained on fixation-density maps, and an inverse-reinforcement-learning model trained on behavioral search scanpaths. Models were also trained/tested on images transformed to approximate a foveated retina, a fundamental biological constraint. These models, each having a different reliance on behavioral training, collectively comprise the new state-of-the-art in predicting goal-directed search fixations. Our expectation is that future work using COCO-Search18 will far surpass these initial efforts, finding applications in domains ranging from human-computer interactive systems that can anticipate a person’s intent and render assistance to the potentially early identification of attention-related clinical disorders (ADHD, PTSD, phobia) based on deviation from neurotypical fixation behavior.
Penta band single negative meta-atom absorber designed on square enclosed star-shaped modified split ring resonator for S-, C-, X- and Ku- bands microwave applications
Authors: Islam Md. Rashedul , Islam Mohammad Tariqul , Moniruzzaman Md. , Samsuzzaman Md. , Arshad Haslina
Published: April 2021

This paper represents a penta band square enclosed star-shaped modified split ring resonator (SRR) based single negative meta-atom absorber (MAA) for multi-band microwave regime applications. FR-4 low-cost material has been used as a substrate to make the MAA unit cell with 0.101λ0 × 0.101λ0 of electrical size, where λ0 is the wavelength calculated at the lower resonance frequency of 3.80 GHz. There are two outer square split ring and one inner star ring shape resonator of 0.035 mm thickness of copper placed on the one side, and another side of the substrate has full copper to construct the desired unit cell. The MAA unit cell provides five absorption peaks of 97.87%, 93.65%, 92.66%, 99.95%, and 99.86% at the frequencies of 3.80, 5.65, 8.45, 10.82, and 15.92 GHz, respectively, which covers S-, C-, X-, and Ku- bands. The properties of MAA have been investigated and analyzed in the E-, H-fields and surface current. The EMR and highest Q factor of the designed MAA is 9.87 and 30.41, respectively, and it shows a single negative (SNG) property. Different types of parametric analysis have been done to show the better performance of absorption. Advanced Designed System (ADS) software has been used for equivalent circuit to verify the simulated S11 result obtained from the CST-2019 software. Experimental outcomes of the MAA unit cell have a good deal with the simulated result and measured result of the 24 × 20 array of unit cells also shown. Since the unit cell provides superior EMR, excellent Q-factor, and highest absorption so the recommended MAA can be effectively used as a penta band absorber in microwave applications, like notch filtering, sensing, reducing the unintended noise generated with the copper component of the satellite and radar antennas.
Transcriptional profile of AvrRpt2EA-mediated resistance and susceptibility response to Erwinia amylovora in apple
Authors: Schröpfer Susan , Vogt Isabelle , Broggini Giovanni Antonio Lodovico , Dahl Andreas , Richter Klaus , Hanke Magda-Viola , Flachowsky Henryk , Peil Andreas
Published: April 2021

Most of the commercial apple cultivars are highly susceptible to fire blight, which is the most devastating bacterial disease affecting pome fruits. Resistance to fire blight is described especially in wild Malus accessions such as M. × robusta 5 (Mr5), but the molecular basis of host resistance response to the pathogen Erwinia amylovora is still largely unknown. The bacterial effector protein AvrRpt2EA was found to be the key determinant of resistance response in Mr5. A wild type E. amylovora strain and the corresponding avrRpt2EA deletion mutant were used for inoculation of Mr5 to induce resistance or susceptible response, respectively. By comparison of the transcriptome of both responses, 211 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. We found that heat-shock response including heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs) are activated in apple specifically in the susceptible response, independent of AvrRpt2EA. Further analysis on the expression progress of 81 DEGs by high-throughput real-time qPCR resulted in the identification of genes that were activated after inoculation with E. amylovora. Hence, a potential role of these genes in the resistance to the pathogen is postulated, including genes coding for enzymes involved in formation of flavonoids and terpenoids, ribosome-inactivating enzymes (RIPs) and a squamosa promoter binding-like (SPL) transcription factor.
On the orientation of the chains in the mercerized cellulose
Authors: Zlenko Dmitry V. , Vtyurina Daria N. , Usachev Sergey V. , Skoblin Aleksey A. , Mikhaleva Mariya G. , Politenkova Galina G. , Nikolsky Sergey N. , Stovbun Sergey V.
Published: April 2021

The cold alkaline treatment or mercerization of cellulose is widely used in industry to enrich the cellulose raw with high-molecular-weight $$\alpha$$
α
-cellulose. Washing out of hemicelluloses by alkalies is accompanied by the rearrangement of the cellulose chains’ packing, well known as a transition between cellulose I and cellulose II.
Cellulose II can also be produced by the precipitation of the cellulose solutions (regeneration). The currently accepted theory implies that in cellulose II, both mercerized and regenerated, the macromolecules are arranged antiparallelly. However, forming such a structure in the course of the mercerization seems to be significantly hindered, while it seems to be quite possible in the regeneration process. In this work, we discuss the sticking points in the theory on the antiparallel structure of mercerized cellulose from a theoretical point of view summarizing all of the available experimental data in the field.
Association and interaction effect of UCP2 gene polymorphisms and dietary factors with congenital heart diseases in Chinese Han population
Authors: Zhang Senmao , Liu Xiaoying , Wang Tingting , Chen Lizhang , Yang Tubao , Huang Peng , Qin Jiabi
Published: April 2021

Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most common birth defects and the leading cause of non-infectious deaths in infants, with an unknown etiology. We aimed to assess the association of genetic variations in UCP2 gene, dietary factors, and their interactions with the risk of CHDs in offspring. The hospital-based case–control study included 464 mothers of children with CHDs and 504 mothers of healthy children. The exposures of interest were maternal dietary factors in early pregnancy and UCP2 genetic variants. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association and interaction of UCP2 gene and dietary factors with CHDs. Our results found that the polymorphisms of UCP2 gene at rs659366 and rs660339, together with maternal dietary factors including excessive intake of pickled vegetables and smoked foods were associated with increased risks of CHDs in offspring. Regular intake of fresh meat, fish and shrimp, and milk products were associated with lower risks of CHDs in offspring. Besides, positive interaction between the dominant model of rs659366 and excessive intake of pickled vegetables was found in the additive interaction model (RERI = 1.19,P = 0.044). These findings provide the theoretical basis for gene screening and a new clue for the prevention of CHDs in offspring.
Effects of strontium ions with potential antibacterial activity on in vivo bone regeneration
Authors: Baheiraei Nafiseh , Eyni Hossein , Bakhshi Bita , Najafloo Raziyeh , Rabiee Navid
Published: April 2021

Bioactive glasses (BGs) have attracted added attention in the structure of the scaffolds for bone repair applications. Different metal ions could be doped in BGs to induce specific biological responses. Among these ions, strontium (Sr) is considered as an effective and safe doping element with promising effects on bone formation and regeneration. In this experiment, we evaluated the antibacterial activities of the gelatin-BG (Gel-BG) and Gel-BG/Sr scaffolds in vitro. The osteogenic properties of the prepared scaffolds were also assessed in rabbit calvarial bone defects for 12 weeks. Both scaffolds showed in vivo bone formation during 12 weeks with the newly formed bone area in Gel-BG/Sr scaffold was higher than that in Gel-BG scaffolds after the whole period. Based on the histological results, Gel-BG/Sr exhibited acceleration of early-stage bone formation in vivo. The results of antibacterial investigation for both scaffolds showed complete growth inhibition against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Although Gel-BG revealed no antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the Gel-BG/Sr was able to partially inhibit the growth of S. aureus, as detected by threefold reduction in growth index. Our results confirmed that Sr doped BG is a favorable candidate for bone tissue engineering with superior antibacterial activity and bone regeneration capacity compared with similar counterparts having no Sr ion.
Theoretical insight on the treatment of β-hexachlorocyclohexane waste through alkaline dehydrochlorination
Authors: Bescós Alicia , Herrerías Clara I. , Hormigón Zoel , Mayoral José Antonio , Salvatella Luis
Published: April 2021

The occurrence of 4.8–7.2 million tons of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers stocked in dumpsites around the world constitutes a huge environmental and economical challenge because of their toxicity and persistence. Alkaline treatment of an HCH mixture in a dehydrochlorination reaction is hampered by the low reactivity of the β-HCH isomer (HCl elimination unavoidably occurring through syn H–C–C–Cl arrangements). More intriguingly, the preferential formation of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in the β-HCH dehydrochlorination reaction (despite the larger thermodynamical stability of the 1,3,5-isomer) has remained unexplained up to now, though several kinetic studies had been reported. In this paper, we firstly show a detailed Density Functional study on all paths for the hydroxide anion-induced elimination of β-HCH through a three-stage reaction mechanism (involving two types of reaction intermediates). We have now demonstrated that the first reaction intermediate can follow several alternative paths, the preferred route involving abstraction of the most acidic allylic hydrogen which leads to a second reaction intermediate yielding only 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the final reaction product. Our theoretical results allow explaining the available experimental data on the β-HCH dehydrochlorination reaction (rate-determining step, regioselectivity, instability of some reaction intermediates).