bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Afterword
Authors: Patterson Robert J.
Published: May 2020

This essay examines how the essays in the volume offer a post-soul aesthetic and how the politics of the contemporary moment underscore the progression-regression paradox and the need for pragmatic political imaginative possibility. In other words, it explains what the 1970s cultural productions reveal about not only our understanding of the past, but also how those musings can help us to understand the contemporary moment as well.
Rocking the Closet
Authors: Stephens Vincent L.
Published: May 2020

Rocking the Closet: How Little Richard, Johnnie Ray, Liberace, and Johnny Mathias Queered Pop Music examines the way four popular male musicians who emerged in the 1950s, Johnnie Ray, Little Richard, Johnny Mathis, and Liberace challenged post-World War II masculine conventions. Rocking is a critical close reading that fuses queer literary theory, musicology, and popular music studies frameworks to develop its argument. Recent scholarship in queer theory and literary history constitutes a key strand of the book’s discussion of queer ambivalence regarding identity. Notably, the book explores how the four artists challenged male gender and sexual conventions without overtly identifying their respective sexual orientations or necessarily affiliating with gay activism, identity politics, or community tropes. The book outlines the emergence of postwar social expectations of male figures and employs these expectations to define a unique a set of five “queering” tools the four musicians employed in various combinations, to develop their public personae and build audiences. These tools include self-neutering, self-domesticating, spectacularizing, playing the “freak,” and playing the race card. Despite the prevalence of postwar gender norms, their deft use of these tools enabled each artist to develop sexually ambiguous personae and capitalize on the postwar audiences’ attraction to novelty and difference. These “queering” tools endure among contemporary musicians who challenge masculine conventions in popular music.
Visibly Hidden
Authors: Stephens Vincent L.
Published: May 2020

This chapter illuminates how Johnnie Ray, Little Richard, Johnny Mathis, and Liberace achieved mainstream commercial success by discussing the dynamic gender norms of the postwar era. Drawing on Wini Breines, the chapter frames the era as one of “disorientation”--notably, the outgrowth of gender conformity was pervasive alienation. These tensions generated spaces of gender rebellion that were stigmatized in mainstream media exposés and publicized simultaneously. This visibility reflected a public interest in deviance and helped gay men and lesbians develop an awareness of a community that catalyzed the Homophile and Gay Liberation movements. Parallel to these political movements was a subcultural movement among queer artists in film, literature, and popular music that is discernibly queer yet trafficked in sexual ambiguity at the time.
Conclusion
Authors: Stephens Vincent L.
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that the Queering Toolkit remains relevant for understanding contemporary performers and describes the emergence of new tools. The chapter briefly explores enfreakment and spectacle in the careers of Michael Jackson and Prince and the intentional self-neutering and domestication of Clay Aiken. It also examines the straight-queer gestures of Justin Timberlake’s career. Queer aspects of musical performers’ public personae remain legible to contemporary audiences. Even with the rise of LGBTQ politics and greater acceptance of sexual and gender diversity, elements of shame and ambivalence color the experiences of queer people. Queerness remains a process of becoming. The chapter suggests how the toolkit could affect readings of female-identified and nonbinary performers, as well as other genres such as jazz, in the future.
Eisler in Hollywood
Authors: Bick Sally
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 offers a close political reading of Eisler’s first Hollywood score, for Fritz Lang’s propaganda film Hangmen Also Die!, excerpts of which were discussed in Composing for the Films. The score, nominated for an Academy Award, was made by émigrés, including playwright Bertolt Brecht, Eisler’s close friend and artistic and political collaborator. The score is interpreted within the framework of “doubleness,” an outlook that plagues the dichotomous state in which exiles live. It reveals how the politically leftist Eisler was able not only to adapt but also to resist Hollywood’s expectations and political norms by inserting covert and ironic politically invested musical messages.
Lucrecia Martel
Authors: Gemünden Gerd
Published: May 2020

This book provides an overview of the films of the Argentine filmmaker Lucrecia Martel, who counts as one of the most accomplished filmmakers from Latin America and as a leading female global auteur. It situates Martel’s cinema in the context of a post-dictatorship, neoliberal democracy, as well as within the emergence of a new wave realism (New Argentine Cinema), which profits from and is critical of the privileged role cinema assumes in this new economy. The book argues that Martel’s films challenge the primacy of the visual by emphasizing modes of perception such as hearing, feeling, and smelling to question not only the veracity of what we see but, more fundamentally, the epistemological foundations on which the visual is built. Focusing on her native region of northwestern Argentina, Martel’s Salta trilogy employs a heightened realism, combined with aspects of genre cinema, to articulate a powerful critique of dominant power relations and forms of entitlement. Her radical aesthetics force viewers to rethink privileges of race and class associated with Argentine bourgeois society. Martel’s more recent literary adaptation, Zama, traces the origins of the exploitation of indigenous populations to colonial times and unearths its long-lasting legacies.
Touching Tales: La niña santa
Authors: Gemünden Gerd
Published: May 2020

Martel’s second feature, La niña santa/The Holy Girl, is an extended meditation on religion and sexuality, as experienced by an adolescent girl. The chapter argues that the film invokes tropes from the horror genre not in order to revel in blood and gore but to question epistemological foundations. Again, Martel insists that cinema is not just a medium of visual representation but a physical and multisensory embodiment of culture. Both thematically and visually, the film emphasizes acts of touching and hearing, often captured through a shallow depth of field that focuses on individual body parts.
On Trend
Authors: Powers Devon
Published: May 2020

What is a trend? What role do trends play in consumer culture? How do trends come into being? And how do trends shape the future? This book explores these and other questions through a focus on the business of trend forecasting, an industry that emerged in the 1970s to anticipate, manage, and influence the future of culture. Galvanized by the rise of futurism and by social scientific research on popular culture and taste, pioneers in trend forecasting turned unease about the future into a business opportunity, using trends to marketize cultural change. Since then, the business of trends has grown into a highly influential (if sometimes overlooked) facet of the wider consulting industry. Trend forecasters advise some of the world’s most prominent companies on how to innovate, disrupt, strategize, and otherwise manage the future. In addition to the early history of trend forecasting, the book examines how current trend professionals do what they do, taking stock of contemporary practices and exposing their built-in assumptions. In sum, On Trend argues that trends have become an important way to sell cultural change, and as such they deeply shape and profoundly limit our ideas about what the future can be.
Thinking in Trends
Authors: Powers Devon
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 tells the story of how the trend forecasting business arose in the United States. The commercial trend business grew in the wake of popular frenzy about “future shock,” a term made famous by Alvin Toffler’s 1970 book of the same name. Toffler’s book also coincided with the birth of futurology--techniques developed among military strategists, long-range planners, and the like to study and better prepare for the future. In the hands of entrepreneurial futurists, futurological and social scientific methods became useful in consulting private enterprises on how to better prepare for the future. The trend business exploded during the 1970s and 1980s, giving rise to famous futurists such as Faith Popcorn, John Naisbitt, and Edie Weiner.
Public Futures
Authors: Powers Devon
Published: May 2020

The conclusion argues that despite the positive and progressive contributions of the trend industry, its current path mostly furthers the inequities of global capitalism and promotes futures that serve only the interests of the powerful. In contrast, the chapter calls for public futures, which include different means of conducting, distributing, and educating others about futures research.
Introduction
Authors: Chalfa Ruyter Nancy Lee
Published: May 2020

As a historical context for La Meri’s work, this is a short discussion of Western cultural borrowings and fusions from the Renaissance to the 20th century. After considering the early developments, this chapter mentions Maud Allan and Loie Fuller—two early 20th century dance artists who presented themes from non-Western cultures in their performances—and the later creations of Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn, who also drew on international sources for their creative choreographies. It then briefly discusses how La Meri’s work gradually came to include the study and performance of authentic dances from various world cultures.
Performance and Choreography in New York and Beyond (1940–1956) and Jacob’s Pillow (1940s–1970s)
Authors: Chalfa Ruyter Nancy Lee
Published: May 2020

Chapter 7 begins with information about La Meri’s performances in New York City and on tours—as a soloist and with company members such as her sister Lilian Newcomer, Peter di Falco, Rebecca Harris, and others. The second section introduces what La Meri termed “ethnic ballets,” new works she choreographed (usually with a story line and characters) that incorporated the technique of one of the international dance languages she had studied. Since most audience members were unfamiliar with what they were viewing, explanations were a useful and appreciated addition. Lilian therefore gave introductions to each dance, and this became a regular feature of La Meri’s concerts. The third section covers her involvement in the Jacob’s Pillow Dance Festival from the 1940s to the 1960s.
Three Migration Case Studies from the Tula Region
Authors: Healan Dan M. , Cobean Robert H.
Published: May 2020

Systematic surveys in the Tula region in southern Hidalgo has revealed a long and diverse history of settlement that included at least three different episodes of migration. Each was quite different in terms of scale and mode of execution, including what appears to have been 1) well-orchestrated mass migrations or colonization of the region by Teotihuacan, 2) small scale migrations involving the appearance of a foreign enclave of possibly mixed Teotihuacan/Zapotec whose members comprised an entire settlement, and 3) uncoordinated multiple migrations of Coyotlatelco traditional peoples, each probably involving small groups from varying areas of origin within a larger region of the same general destination. All three appear to have involved relatively short-distance migration, which we believe was a common practice in Mesoamerica, where knowledge of the destination was a likely "pull" factor that facilitated both multiple and return migration events.
Sea Ice, Seals, and Settlement
Authors: Wolff Christopher B. , Holly Donald H. , Thompson Victor D.
Published: May 2020

The cultural history of Newfoundland and Labrador is linked with the sea. The European occupation of this subarctic region was dependent on the abundance of Atlantic cod and other marine resources, such as seals, walrus, and whales. Precontact indigenous hunter gatherers of the region also relied heavily on marine ecology for their livelihood; yet, at various times in the region’s significant history, dynamic environmental and social conditions acted to change subsistence economies, cultures, and the course of its occupation. In this chapter, we examine archaeological, historical, and paleoecological evidence to assess the relative roles that environmental and social processes played in these critical transformations.
Coastal Adaptations in North and South Carolina
Authors: Dillian Carolyn D. , Thompson Victor D. , Thompson Victor D.
Published: May 2020

Coastal occupation of North and South Carolina from the Late Archaic through Woodland periods demonstrates intensive use of shellfish, including unique patterns of shell ring construction along the southern coast of South Carolina and smaller middens to the north. Shell middens capture the complexity of the interactions between humans and their surroundings in prehistory, revealing how human action affected the environment. For shellfish specifically, harvest pressure was a selective force on coastal hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, and eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, populations, which is just one way in which human–environmental interactions may have permanently altered the ecosystem.
Stirring Northern Initiatives into Florida’s Backwaters, 1922 to 1930
Authors: Ardalan Christine
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 brings new information to Florida’s sparse historical record of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Protection Act, initiated from 1922 to 1929. To provide expert administration of the program, public health nurse Laurie Jean Reid arrived, armed with a reformer’s vision augmented by a large dose of cultural chauvinism. Reid soon declared bringing federal initiatives into the state would be an uphill climb when the intertwining problems of race and poverty mired the state in its backwardness. The task of establishing authority over the predominantly black midwives and bringing health improvements to mothers rested with Reid’s team of public health nurses. They found innovative ways to bridge the communities they served with policies that addressed the threats of infection and the high infant and maternal mortality levels. Meeting these cultural and environmental challenges became not only a test of Reid’s judgment, but also a trial of how well the nurses operating under the Sheppard-Towner Act effectively imposed rules and regulations to a mostly rural population without creating racial and class tension.
Friendship
Authors: Martel Heather
Published: May 2020

The French Protestants defined a diplomatic policy of romantic friendship, which would be earned through what they called “allure,” intended as a means for powerfully befriending Indigenous allies and making them obedient, as well as of gathering information on economically valuable resources. Through this diplomacy of love, the French also sought to create a broad Indigenous and Protestant opposition to the Spanish. However, in their relationships with Indigenous people, the French lied, revealing their sense of political weakness, and ultimately became dependent on the Indigenous King Saturiwa.
Sexuality
Authors: Martel Heather
Published: May 2020

In the early Atlantic Protestant gendered hierarchy of beauty and power, political, social, spiritual, and imperial relationships were eroticized, and desire signaled effeminacy defined by recognition of power, influence, and the more virtuous, masculine body. The French Calvinists had hoped the Indigenous kings Saturiwa, Outina, and Houstaqua would recognize their beauty, fall in love, and so willingly subordinate themselves, coming to emulate Protestantism and French culture in a normative form of homoeroticism. Instead, critics of the French at Fort Caroline implied that the slippages of some Christian travelers (who lost control to their desires, became dependent on Indigenous hospitality, and sometimes assimilated into Indigenous societies) became idolatrous, which was akin to committing sodomy and amounting to sexual slavery.
The Archaeology of Southeastern Native American Landscapes of the Colonial Era
Authors: Cobb Charles R.
Published: May 2020

This book synthesizes the landscape histories of Native Americans in southeastern North America from the arrival of the Spaniards in the sixteenth century to the first decades of the American Republic. Relying on archaeological data and historical sources, the work outlines the ways in which Native populations accommodated and contested the growing encroachments of colonialism and colonial powers. Traditional landscape practices were greatly transformed by epidemic diseases, chronic warfare, and a widespread slave trade in Indian populations. Research demonstrates that populations adapted to these challenges in two major ways. First, they built on traditional histories of mobility to develop new modes of migration and travel to escape regions of conflict and to gain access to important colonial towns and resources. Second, seeking safety in numbers, Native Americans increasingly formed coalescent communities composed of two or more cultural groups. These coalescent communities evolved into the groups known today as Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, Catawbas, and Seminoles. The study further explores how the evolution of these groups was connected to events and processes of the broader political economy in the Atlantic World, including the rise of plantation slavery, the growth of the deerskin trade, the birth of the consumer revolution, and the emergence of capitalism.
Space History Matures—and Reaches a Crossroads
Authors: Weitekamp Margaret A.
Published: May 2020

Margaret Weitekamp explores the state of the “New Aerospace History” field. Weitekamp re-evaluates the state of the field in space history, looking especially at the influence of race, gender, and regional history. Weitekamp suggests that attention be paid to three major areas of growth in the field: individual and collective biography (historiography), fresh takes on technologies and cultural contexts, and international/global history.
Bringing the Moon to Mankind
Authors: Molina David Miguel , Blount P. J.
Published: May 2020

In chapter 3, Molina and Blount offer a contextualization of NASA’s interlocutory role throughout the long civil rights movement by mobilizing these three themes to analyze a series of archival and cultural artifacts. The authors first analyze the rhetoric deployed by the Poor People Campaign’s various mobilizations to show that the American space program was viewed with deep skepticism by the African American community and particularly within the context of ongoing struggles for black freedom. Second, they discuss the “distance” between the tropes of spatial disenfranchisement represented in the civil rights movement and the Moon missions to show how space exploration was portrayed as an acceleration of the marginalization of black spaces.
The Gates of Opportunity
Authors: Fenrich Eric
Published: May 2020

Eric Fenrich studies the efforts of Black activists and NASA to increase minority educational access that would lead to greater participation in the space program. According to Fenrich, the concurrence of the civil rights movement and the American space program reveal the two primary methods by which the advocates in the modern era have sought to advance the interests of African Americans. First, a negative project: the removal of formal barriers to the exercise of rights, more specifically, ending discriminatory practices in Equal Employment Opportunity and education. Second, more positive efforts, such as equal employment opportunities or affirmative action, that place opportunities within the reach of historically disadvantaged people. Fenrich also examines the fallout over James C. Fletcher’s firing of Ruth Bates Harris.
The Cuban-American Exile Vanguardia
Authors: Bosch Lynette M. F.
Published: May 2020

Art historian Lynette M. F. Bosch concentrates on the first generation of postrevolutionary exile artists, which she calls the “Cuban-American Exile Vanguardia,” who arrived in the United States between 1959 and 1980. Bosch emphasizes that many members of this diasporic generation explore “identity, hybridity, transnationalism, and the emotional and experiential territory of exile.” She also argues that these artists recast traditional notions of lo cubano (Cubanness) as lo cubanoamericano (Cuban-Americanness) through visual representations of “life on the hyphen,” that is, the blending of Cuban and American cultural practices. Examples of these hybrid exile artists include Humberto Calzada, Jake Fernandez, and Arturo Rodríguez.
Cuban Art in the Diaspora
Authors: Herrera Andrea O’Reilly
Published: May 2020

Literary and art critic Andrea O’Reilly Herrera analyzes an itinerant art exhibition known as CAFÉ (Cuban American Foremost Exhibitions), curated by Leandro Soto (b. 1956) since 2001. O’Reilly Herrera argues that the artists participating in this exhibition raise many of the same issues as earlier vanguardia artists in Cuba, including the significance of the island’s African and Indigenous roots, landscape, and architecture, although they do not claim to represent the entire Cuban diaspora. Still, O’Reilly Herrera’s analysis of the artworks of several cafeteros, such as Soto, José Bedia, and Raúl Villarreal, identifies recurrent themes and common concerns, especially with displacement and transculturation that, in the end, “allude to the all-embracing nature of Cuban culture itself.”
Wild Capital
Authors: Jones Barbara K.
Published: May 2020

How we determine what is nature, what is wild, or even what in nature is worth protecting occurs through our human perspective. Whether it is a charismatic manatee or a majestic redwood, we care about and protect the things we love because they offer us something we value. To make this value relevant in the economic marketplace of competing choices, Wild Capital: Nature’s Economic and Ecological Wealth relies on the ecosystem services model, where nature’s value is determined through the services intact ecosystems provide to our well-being. As one of the recreation components of this model, this book uses ecotourism and the changing tourist dynamic, as well as our evolving relationship with nature, to demonstrate how we can assign a measurable worth to natural resources. If a developer or a policy maker can more equitably compare the capital asset value of development with that of wild nature, better decisions regarding economic and ecological trade-offs can be made. Wild Capital then incorporates the cultural bias we have for charismatic megafauna to link policy decisions regarding biodiversity and habitat conservation to those charismatic animals we care about so intensely. The five megafauna case studies provide solid evidence of the role charismatic species can play in protecting our planet’s biodiversity and ensuring our well-being long into the future.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Barbara K.
Published: May 2020

The ecosystem services model plays a critical role in explaining how natural resources can be turned into wild or natural capital. The logic of economics relies on weighing the measurable values of competing choices when making decisions. Through that process, if we value the functions and products of ecosystems that benefit humans or yield welfare to society, we become better stewards of the natural world. For this book’s purposes, ecotourism as a cultural service clearly demonstrates how consumers of outdoor recreation see value in activities like wildlife viewing or hiking in nature. For wild nature to persist, however, it must be part of a larger system that is bound not only by biological ties, but by economic and cultural incentives as well. Since the boundaries that determine human and wild nature’s space are rather fluid and rarely entirely isolated from the other, using ecotourism to help assign nature value is logical. By offering individuals the opportunity to see nature through a variety of lenses, nature can be protected and preserved in different degrees. If nature and wildlife remain outside our human experience, however, inspiring the love and concern necessary for its survival becomes more and more difficult.
Only in America
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter is set during the August 11, 1993, White House Rose Garden nomination ceremony, with President William J. Clinton nominating General John Shalikashvili to replace General Colin Powell as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the highest-ranking US military officer. The chapter shows how far Shalikashvili has come, how close he now was to fully achieving the American dream, that he has aristocratic blood, and his stellar reputation among policy leaders. It hints at his abilities and personality, suggests the important role that four key ancestors have played in determining his career success, and foreshadows the problem that one of them will bring to his confirmation process.
Missy and Wartime Warsaw
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

This chapter is a flashback to a refugee camp on the German-Polish border in October 1944, just after the end of the Warsaw Uprising. Told through the eyes of John Shalikashvili’s mother, Countess Marie “Missy” Shalikashvili, the chapter continues discussion of nature vs. nurture by overviewing the family’s difficult and dangerous life in German-occupied Poland since Hitler invaded in 1939. It demonstrates Missy’s resilience, diplomatic skills, bravery, and commitment to family—all qualities her son will later exhibit in service to the US military.
A Strategic Yes
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

Returning to the eve of the first day of Field Artillery Officer Candidate School (FA-OCS) at Fort Sill, Oklahoma on January 1958, the chapter explains how John Shalikashvili, strategic by nature and aware of his poor academic and civilian job performances (Bradley University and Hyster Lift Company, respectively), decides to stick it out at OCS. It also overviews the impact that Donna Bechtold’s betrayal—leaving Peoria without a word—had on him, as well as the blow struck by another woman, someone back in Germany he’d turned to courting after Bechtold left.
The Crucible of OCS
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter is set at Field Artillery Officer Candidate School (FA-OCS) at Fort Sill, Oklahoma in July 1958, shortly after John Shalikashvili graduated with distinction. Told through the eyes of Roger O’Dwyer, an OCS classmate in the cycle after Shalikashvili, the chapter reveals how the school at this time was home to the worst institutionalized hazing in army history (including rigorous Jark Marches), and traces how Shalikashvili went against the grain of OCS norms to quietly help others graduate from the program. It both signals the first turning point in Shalikashvili’s transition from struggling refugee boy to serious adult as well as marks his officially becoming an officer in the US Army—the first major step down the path to the chairmanship.
Getting to Yes
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

Set at the White House on August 11, 1993, the chapter reviews the Clinton administration and Pentagon’s decision-making in the days leading up to the August 11 Rose Garden ceremony to nominate General John Shalikashvili, the current Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It provides an overview of the candidate pool, explains why Shalikashvili was the preferred candidate, and provides an insider’s account of how Shalikashvili repeatedly told Chairman Colin Powell, Secretary of Defense Les Aspin, and even President William J. Clinton that he didn’t want the job because he’d serve the country better by remaining at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The chapter also highlights some of Shalikashvili’s leadership successes as SACEUR, including establishing NATO’s Allied Rapid Reaction Corps and getting NATO to approve airstrikes in Bosnia.
Blondi and the Boy on the Bridge
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter opens with Donna Bechtold watching Larry King’s September 22, 1995, interview on CNN with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General John Shalikashvili. Through her musings, readers learn she fled Peoria in 1954 in order to not jeopardize his future, raising the theme of how the actions of others influence our lives and help determine our success. She also reveals that Shalikashvili’s statement to Congress that he didn’t know about his father’s Waffen-SS association was a lie, and that his struggles with knowing that his beloved father had “made a deal with the devil” in hopes of freeing his native Georgia was the wellspring, later in life, for much of Shalikashvili’s striving during his military career to always do the right thing and for the right reasons.
Retirement Day
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter is set at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 30, 1997, the day General John Shalikashvili retired from the US military. The chapter overviews the retirement ceremony from Shalikashvili’s perspective as he reviews the honor guard with President William J. Clinton and Secretary of Defense William Cohen and thinks back to that night when he first laid eyes on US soldiers in Pappenheim and the role that luck has played in his attaining the American dream. The chapter also thumbnails his accomplishments as chairman: (1) confronting historic change, especially by realizing Partnership for Peace and NATO expansion, (2) was more supportive of non-traditional military missions (military operations other than war, MOOTW), (3) prepared the US military for the challenges of the twenty-first century, particularly by downsizing the military yet upgrading their capability and readiness, including by emphasizing joint education, joint planning, and joint training, and (4) rebalanced civil-military relations. The chapter ends with Shalikashvili’s closing remarks, emphasizing his love for soldiers and their families.
The Final Inheritance
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter explores General John Shalikashvili’s retirement. After overviewing his continued efforts to help maintain military readiness, care for servicemembers and their families, and improve international security policy, particularly through work with William Perry’s Preventive Defense Project, the chapter highlights how the opportunity to give a speech in support of Senator John Kerry’s nomination as the Democratic presidential candidate was an opportunity to thrust Shalikashvili back onto the national stage. The chapter also details a series of heart-related problems that plagued him in retirement, including one stroke that crippled him in 2004 and the final one that eventually took his life in 2011. The chapter explains the family legacy of heart issues that troubled both sides of his family tree, and details how this “last inheritance” did much to strip away the aspects of family inheritance—self control, diplomacy, and intellect—that helped him achieve his American dream.
Epilogue
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

Drawing on the themes of nature vs. nurture and the role of luck, this closing chapter presents the author’s perspective on what John Shalikashvili’s life tells us about the determinants and meaning of success. It holds that Shalikashvili’s American dream came about because of his belief in “seeing the world as it is, imagining it as it should be, and working to make it better,” a philosophy formed by Shalikashvili’s wartime upbringing, aristocratic background, parental influence, betrayals by loved ones, and immigrant experience.
Chewing the Scenery
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

The popularity of early movies and the need for innovation fosters the growth of the Vitagraph Company, founded by partners J. Stuart Blackton and Albert E. Smith. Maurice formally enters the movie business in 1907,whenVitagraph offers him five dollars a day to come work at their Flatbush studio. Maurice’s popularity soars, but he remains known only as “Dimples” until the industry begins naming its actors in 1910.
Going South
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Jack and Dolores are married, finally, but have to wait until they finish their respective pictures before taking off on their planned honeymoon trip to the Galapagos. The couple keep a pair of diaries, quoted liberally in the chapter, which together follow their idyllic voyage every step of the way. Tragedy awaits their return, when Mae suffers a fatal heart attack as Helene lies sleeping in the next room. Dolores’s devastation is complete. Jack suffers too—without Mae’s governing presence, he begins to drink heavily, vastly increasing Dolores’s anguish.
Here Lies the Mick
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Maurice retires to the Motion Picture Country Home, where he will spend the rest of his life. After her father is awarded custody, Deirdre is shuffled around before being reunited with her mother at the Wolff Sanitarium. In October 1950, Maurice suffers a massive heart attack, from which he never entirely regains consciousness. He dies in the hospital the morning of the 29th. Vruwink is fed up with Dolores’s drinking and moves out. After a brief reconciliation he leaves again and she files for divorce. Following a short-lived attempt at stage acting, she retreats to an empty house and the relative solace of her drinking.
A Minor Kidnapping
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Dolores goes berserk and is placed under arrest at Dede’s apartment. In her desperation following a suicide attempt, she takes Dede’s son Tony and refuses to give him back. Fearing Dolores will try to commit suicide again, Dede lets her keep him. John Blyth’s aberrant behavior threatens an otherwise promising acting career.
The Myth of Triumphalism
Authors: Fischer Beth A.
Published: May 2020

Virtually no one anticipated the ending of the Cold War. Understanding how this long-standing conflict was peacefully resolved can give us insight into how to conclude other seemingly intractable conflicts.
Triumphalists believe that President Ronald Reagan “won” the Cold War by building up US military power and threatening the USSR. His hard-line policies forced Moscow to reduce its arsenal, adopt democratic reforms, withdraw from its war in Afghanistan, and ultimately collapse. Triumphalists assert that contemporary leaders should follow Reagan’s example bycompelling adversaries into submission.
However, triumphalism is a myth, a series of falsehoods about Reagan’s intentions, his policies, and the impact his administration had on the USSR.Drawing upon American and Soviet sources,this book demonstrates that Reagan’s initial hard-line policies brought the superpowers to the brink of war and made it more difficult for Moscow to disarm and reform. Compellence failed miserably.
The Cold War was resolved through diplomacy, not threats. President Reagan eventually engaged in dialogue so as to ease Moscow’s security concerns, build trust, and focus on the superpowers’ mutual interest in eliminating nuclear arms. For his part, Mikhail Gorbachev sought to end the arms race so as to divert resources to democratization. He too sought dialogue and trust.
The ending of the Cold War demonstrates the importance of moral leadership. Reagan and Gorbachev both rose above their differences and introduced radical new ideas about nuclear disarmament. Consequently, both encountered domestic opposition. Each persevered, however, leading their nations toward a safer, more humane future.
The Triumph of Diplomacy and Leadership
Authors: Fischer Beth A.
Published: May 2020

Triumphalism not only claims to explain the surprising end of the Cold War, it also stipulates how to cope with current conflicts. But triumphalism is a series of myths. President Reagan did not seek to destroy the USSR; rather, he sought to improve superpower relations so as to eliminate nuclear arsenals. Moreover, his initial hard-line policies did not compel the USSR to disarm, reform, and collapse. They strengthened the position of Soviet hard-liners who opposed disarmament, made it more difficult for Gorbachev to implement New Thinking, and brought the superpowers to the brink of war. In short, compellence failed miserably.
The Cold War was resolved through diplomacy, not threats. President Reagan eventually engaged in meaningful dialogue so as to ease Moscow’s security concerns, build trust, and focus on the superpowers’ mutual interest in eliminating nuclear arms. For his part, Gorbachev sought to end the arms race so as to divert resources to democratization. He too sought dialogue and trust.
The ending of the Cold War demonstrates the importance of moral leadership. Reagan and Gorbachev both rose above their differences and introduced new ideas about nuclear security. Consequently, both encountered serious domestic opposition. Each persevered, however, leading their nations toward a safer, more humane future.
John Hervey Wheeler, Black Banking, and the Economic Struggle for Civil Rights
Authors: Winford Brandon K.
Published: May 2020

This work combines black business and civil rights history to explain how economic concerns shaped the goals and objectives of the black freedom struggle. Brandon K. Winford examines the “black business activism” of banker and civil rights lawyer John Hervey Wheeler (1908–1978). Born on the campus of Kittrell College in Vance County, North Carolina, he came of age in Jim Crow Atlanta, Georgia, where his father became an executive with the world-renowned North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company (NC Mutual). As president of Mechanics and Farmers Bank (M&F Bank), located on Durham’s “Black Wall Street,” Wheeler became the Tar Heel State’s most influential black power broker and among the top civil rights figures in the South.
Winford places Wheeler at the center of his narrative to understand how black business leaders tackled civil rights while continuously pointing to the economy’s larger significance for the success and advancement of the postwar New South. In this way, Wheeler articulated a bold vision of regional prosperity, grounded in full citizenship and economic power for black people. He reminded the white South that its future was inextricably linked to the plight of black southerners. He spent his entire career trying to fulfill these ideals through his institutional and organizational affiliations, as part and parcel of his civil rights agenda.
Winford draws on previously unexamined primary and secondary sources, including newspapers, business records, FBI reports, personal papers, financial statements, presidential files, legal documents, oral histories, and organizational and institutional records.
Black Business Activism in the Great Depression
Authors: Winford Brandon K.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 pivots away from NC Mutual by more closely examining M&F Bank after its establishment and its survival amid the catastrophic collapse that precipitated the Great Depression decade. The chapter argues that because M&F Bank followed an ethos that engendered a deep commitment to the overall prosperity of the black community, it was in a much better position than most black-owned banks to advocate a return to political participation for the black community. In this way, Durham’s black businesspeople served as stalwart community leaders, which provided a training ground for a younger cadre of well-educated and ready activists. Moreover, they embraced a multidimensional strategy of reciprocity—complicated by gender, class, and intergenerational tensions.
Urban Renewal and the Prospects of a Free and Open Society
Authors: Winford Brandon K.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 6 demonstrates the limitations of “black business activism” during the 1960s while focusing on urban renewal in Durham, North Carolina. Durham’s urban renewal program began in 1958, as a consequence of the Housing Act of 1954 and the state’s fledgling Research Triangle Park (RTP) initiative. The urban renewal program paved the way for an infrastructure that ultimately provided linkages in the physical landscape between RTP, the University of North Carolina, Duke University, North Carolina Central University, and North Carolina State University. Wheeler became the lone black member on the Durham Redevelopment Commission, the group responsible for administering the Bull City’s urban renewal program. I argue that, in part, Wheeler’s support for the federally funded urban redevelopment program fit within his own framework of how best to implement the gains already being won by the civil rights movement. The chapter also examines the “War on Poverty” in North Carolina in the context of Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society. It does so through trying to better understand Wheeler’s involvement with the North Carolina Fund (NC Fund), an antipoverty agency created by Governor Terry Sanford in 1963. The Fund became the model for President Johnson’s national reform agenda.
Conclusion
Authors: Winford Brandon K.
Published: May 2020

The conclusion seeks to understand the last decade of John Hervey Wheeler’s life through a discussion about his lasting legacy as a banker and civil rights lawyer. It explains that Wheeler received a number of accolades ranging from honorary doctorates to a building named in his honor on the campus of his alma mater, Morehouse College, in 1976. Wheeler’s children, Julia Wheeler Taylor and Warren Hervey Wheeler, became the ultimate beneficiaries of their father’s “black business activism,” and they went on to have pioneering careers in banking and aviation. The conclusion identifies some of the black leaders that Wheeler mentored who went on to have successful careers in politics, business, and law in the decades that followed, taking up the mantle of leadership from Wheeler. Moreover, North Carolina congressman G. K. Butterfield from the state’s First District, which includes Durham, pushed through Congress H.R. 3460 to name the federal courthouse in Durham the John Hervey Wheeler United States Courthouse.
King of the Set
Authors: Robinson Harlow
Published: May 2020

The chapter surveys films of the mid-1940s: The Purple Heart (a melodrama about American airmen held captive in Japan), A Walk in the Sun (an acclaimed documentary-style feature exploring the psychological aspects of an American platoon’s attack on an enemy-held farmhouse in Italy, with innovative musical treatment) and The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (an underrated film noir starring Barbara Stanwyck, Kirk Douglas and Judith Anderson dealing with corruption and family secrets in a small Pennsylvania city). Also discussed: Milestone’s work with actors Dana Andrews and Norman Lloyd; screenwriter Robert Rossen; Milestone’s involvement in political activity in Hollywood during studio strikes of 1945-46.
Prologue
Authors: Nash Philip
Published: May 2020

Who should represent the United States overseas? Especially day after day, on the ground, where the crucial but seldom-noticed routine business of foreign relations is conducted? Should our diplomats more or less reflect the diversity of the American people? That is, should our representatives be ...
The Patriarchs
Authors: Nash Philip
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the male-dominated US diplomatic world in the early twentieth century. US diplomats and ambassadors formed an exclusive and insular elite, sticklers for protocol and sensitive to the stereotype of the delicate, effeminate, even gay “striped-pants boys.” They excluded women from their world for a variety of reasons; only secretaries and diplomatic spouses, who played vital if unsung roles, were admitted. The first female ambassadors are introduced (appointed by Hungary and the USSR), as is the first female US Foreign Service Officer, Lucile Atcherson, appointed in 1922. She and her tiny cohort of female diplomats faced discrimination and limited opportunity. In 1933, male diplomats had no reason to expect the appointment of a female ambassador.
Complementary Industries
Authors: Raitz Karl
Published: May 2020

Kentucky distillers bought white oak barrels from local coopers or established dedicated cooperages near their works. Coopers worked in independent shops as owners or employees, in larger urban commercial shops with a dozen or more employees, or in dedicated shops owned by distilleries. Stills were initially made by self-taught coppersmiths, but skilled professionals dominated the industrial manufacture of high-capacity copper distilling equipment. Copper was comparatively rare and expensive and was often recycled from naval and maritime shipping or vessel and machinery manufacturers.
The Inner Bluegrass Region
Authors: Raitz Karl
Published: May 2020

By 1830, craft distilling was transitioning into industrial distilling, and works were increasingly focused in the high-quality lands of the Greater Bluegrass region, especially the Inner and Outer Bluegrass. There, distillers could take advantage of springs, perennial streams, fertile soils, and productive farms. These areas also had quality turnpikes and river transport and, eventually, a railroad network. Regional farms supplied grains for distilling, and banks and private investors provided financing. Case studies demonstrate this development in Bourbon, Harrison, Fayette, Franklin, Woodford, and Anderson Counties. Within these areas, large industrial distilleries located along trunk streams, such as the South Fork of the Licking River and the Kentucky River, or their tributary streams. Distillers drew their labor force from county seats, farming neighborhoods, and villages such as Tyrone and Peanickle in Anderson County. Several distillers built large homes in Lawrenceburg,constituting a “Distillers’ Row.”
My Early Influences and Role Models
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the coaches Joe B. had in high school and what positive role models they were. Joe loves football but realizes his skills and size are better suited to basketball.
Wildcat Lodge
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. discusses the inception, construction, and obstacles of building his Wildcat Lodge. He also takes a brief tangent to explain the origins of a fan group called the Alley Cats, who helped inspire the vision for Rupp Arena.
My Thank-You Note
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. thanks the many people in his life who have been influential in his growth and success, including his family and his assistant coaches.
George Rogers Clark and William Croghan
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

This is a story of greed, adventure and settlement; of causes won and lost. The book’s theme is eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century conflict and settlement in the Ohio River valley, told within the context of the national and international events that led to the American Revolution and guided Kentucky’s postwar future.“Colonel” George Croghan serves as the exemplar of Britain’s trans-Appalachian experience.
The Revolution was fought in three theaters; the northern belonged to George Washington, and among his officers was Croghan’s nephew, Major William Croghan. The major joined the southern theater at the moment the Continental Army surrendered to Britain in Charleston. The third theater was the Revolution in the West, and its leader was Virginia colonel, later general, George Rogers Clark, whose vision secured the old Northwest Territory for the new nation. Taken together, the war adventures of Clark and Croghan epitomize the American course of the Revolution.
Croghan and Clark arrived at the Falls of the Ohio River after the Revolutionto survey the land that served as payment for Virginia’s soldiers. Clark, however, regularly was called by Virginia and the federal government to secure peace in the Ohio River valley, leading to his financial ruin and emotional decline. Croghan, his partner and brother-in-law, remained at Clark’s side throughout it all, even as he prospered in the new world they had fought to create, while Clark languished.