bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Geographical Information System (GIS) Based Traceability System Suggestion for a Pastry Firm Operating Nationwide
Authors: Gölge Evren , Türk Tarık
Published: March 2019

Logistics and traceability are important issues
for big scale firms. Traceability is primarily viewed as a tool for the food
safety by providing a mean for recall as well as proof for the authenticity of
food, but it is also related to food quality. Maintaining the cold chain not
only effecting the customer’s preference and satisfaction but also the
profitability, production and logistic costs for big scale firms especially
producing perishable food products. Recently, the trend of utilizing GIS based
traceability systems is increasing, which facilitates to minimize the
production and distribution of unsafe and low quality food products. This paper
presents a GIS based system enabling network analysis, which might be efficiently
and effectively used in the firms operating in ready-to-eat pastry sector,
intended to be used for full-automation through all the stages from production
to retail was developed and a partial application was performed.
Selecting Smart Strategies Based on Big Data Techniques and SPACE Matrix (FASE model)
Authors: FARAJIAN Mohammad Ali , MOHAMMADI Shahriar , SADEGHI BIGHAM Bahram , SHAMS Farhad
Published: March 2019

One of the most important questions for managers of corporations is how
they select a smart strategy for their corporations. To answer this question,
Managers should consider some dimensions witch impact on the future of the
corporation, and then they select a suitable strategy for their corporations.
This paper presents a novel model (FASE model) for evaluating strategic
position and choosing smart strategy based on Big Data techniques and SPACE
matrix. In order to achieve the best position in the market, FASE model
facilitates selecting the best strategy among: aggressive,
conservative, defensive, and competitive strategies.
FASE model consists of three main processes namely Fuzzy-Cmeans, Apriori
association rule inducer, SPACE matrix. Fuzzy-Cmeans algorithm is used for
clustering customers based on RFM values and behavioral scoring. The results of
the clustering were then profiled on customers’ attributes using Apriori
association rule inducer.  A SPACE matrix
was used to evaluate the strategic position and to choose smart strategy. To
get a better understanding of the FASE model, the banking case has been
selected and FASE model is applied over that.
AES Encryption and A Cryptosystem Obtained with Soft Set II
Authors: AYGÜN Emin
Published: March 2019

In this paper, a new cryptographic algorithm was created with the soft sets, symmetric
groups, soft matrices representing soft sets, and AES. In 1999, by Molodtsov proposed soft set
theory as a new mathematical tool to deal with uncertainties. This theory which
has been applied to many fields which contain uncertainties received much
attention since proposed. The inverse product and characteristic product
defined on soft matrices was used in soft encryption and soft decryption. In
order to make the encryption more secure, symmetric groups included in the
algorithm.
On the Solution of An Ill-Posed Boundary Value Problem for Second-Order Evolution Equations
Authors: GÖLGELEYEN İsmet , YILDIZ Mustafa
Published: March 2019

In
this work, we deal with an ill-posed boundary value problem for
multidimensional second-order evolution equations with variable coefficients.
By using the given data, we reduce the problem to a functional equation and we
obtain a new representation for the solution by means of the Hurwitz formula.
Registro único de proponentes para dummies
Authors: Osorio Gutiérrez Maritza
Published: March 2019

El presente artículo se realiza como una somera explicación del Registro Único de Proponentes y su importancia en la actualidad. Pretende ser una sucinta guía que sirva al lector para la mayor comprensión del Registro Único de proponentes en términos prácticos.
Interpretación constitucional: El cambio de la Doctrina Tradicional de la función jurisdiccional en el Estado Constitucional.
Authors: Guardado Madrigal Genny , Neria Govea Miguel de J.
Published: March 2019

El trabajo aborda la problemática de la interpretación constitucional desde un aspecto de neoconstitucionalismo metodológico, en el que da cuenta de un cambio en la función jurisdiccional, de manera específica, cuando realizan interpretación en materia de Derechos Humanos
Las uniones maritales de hecho o concubinatos en la historia mundial
Authors: VILLA GUARDIOLA VERA JUDITH , HURTADO PEÑA ARTURO
Published: March 2019

El origen de la familia es tan cuestionado y antiguo como el origen mismo de la humanidad, y está tan unido al hombre y a su esencia que no se puede deslindar de su más remota historia, no es vano el decir que es la institución social de mayor trascendencia histórica y jurídica que ha existido a lo largo de las distintas etapas de la civilización. En este artículo se presenta la evolución socio-histórica de esta forma de constitución familiar que ha sido discriminada por su desigual regulación frente a la normatividad que regula otras fuentes originarias de familia en el mundo.
THE FINANCIAL CRISIS OF THE PUBLIC PENSION SYSTEM IN SPAIN
Authors: Nader Orfale Linda Elena , Pérez De La Rosa Saúl Eduardo
Published: March 2019

Both Colombia and Spain are states that face overcrowding of the elderly in their pension system, according to the figures presented at the II World Assembly on Aging in Madrid (UN, 2002), which discussed issues of a considerable increase in the population of older adults, not only in Developed countries, but in all countries of the world. This increase in the elderly population has caused financial problems to the different pension systems in the world with respect to sustainability and the funds available to guarantee the right to a pension for older persons of retirement age. In Spain, especially, it is said that there is an imminent crisis in the Public Pension System. With the following article, it is aim to analyze the Spanish public pension system, describing its components and the incidence of its changes since the 1978 constitution
Limitación de la apertura bucal por hiperplasia de apófisis coronoides: reporte de un caso.
Authors: Sandoval Portilla Fernando , Naranjo Cajamarca. Christopher , Sandoval Vernimmen Fernando
Published: March 2019

La hiperplasia de los procesos coronoideos es una afección muy rara, caracterizada por la elongación de las coronoides en donde se produce un contacto prematuro con la superficie posterior del hueso cigomático. Esto dará como resultado la restricción mecánica de la apertura bucal. El tratamiento de elección es la coronoidectomia intraoral de forma bilateral. En este artículo reportamos el caso de un paciente de 15 años con una marcada limitación de la apertura bucal, donde se le realizó resección bilateral de los procesos coronoideos de forma intra oral.
Obtención de injerto óseo de cresta iliaca anterior bajo sedación intravenosa para reconstrucción de defecto alveolar. Reporte de un caso.
Authors: Salazar Juan Diego , Sandoval Portilla Fernando , Sandoval V Fernando
Published: March 2019

Los injertos de cresta iliaca suelen ser difíciles de obtener en la consulta, debido a su morbilidad y complicaciones por lo que su obtención se puede decir que se encuentra restringido a centros hospitalarios.El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar una nueva opción para la recolección de este injerto mediante sedación intravenosa en el consultorio, sin comprometer los cuidados del paciente. Se presenta en este artículo una paciente de 16 años de edad con antecedente de trauma facial a la cual se le realizo injerto de cresta iliaca para reconstrucción de reborde alveolar anterior maxilar bajo sedación intravenosa, presentado una evolución favorable, controlando de manera adecuada todos los riesgos y comorbilidades, siendo bien aceptado y tolerado por el paciente.
Mental Processes on The Clinical Problem Solving in Family Medicine
Authors: SET Turan , Ates Elif , Tastan Kenan
Published: March 2019

Family physicians deal
mostly undifferentiated patient and unorganized symptoms. Therefore, there are
differences in patient management in primary care. We aimed to provide
information about mental processes that can be used for clinical problem
solving in family medicine.
Birinci Basamak İçin Fiziksel Aktivite Anketinin Türkçe Uyarlamasının Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirliği
Authors: Kaya Noğay Ayşe Emel , Özen Mehmet
Published: March 2019

Amaç: Çalışmada, İngiltere’de Ulusal Sağlık Hizmetleri kapsamında birinci basamaktaerişkinlerin fiziksel aktivite düzeyini değerlendirmek için kullanılan “General PracticePhysical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ)” adlı ölçeğin Türkçeye uyarlanarak geçerlilik vegüvenilirliğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: GPPAQ’in Türkçeye uyarlaması; ileri çeviri, İngilizceye geri çeviri,orijinalle karşılaştırma, uzman görüşü alınması, deneme ve Türkçe anketin son halininhazırlanması aşamaları gerçekleştirilerek yapıldı. GPPAQ’in Türkçesi “Birinci Basamak içinFiziksel Aktivite Anketi (BBFAA)” olarak adlandırıldı. Anket, Temmuz-Eylül 2015 tarihleriarasında Aile Hekimliği Polikliniğine başvuran 16-74 yaş arası gönüllülere uygulandı. Ayrıcademografik bilgi formu dolduruldu ve Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi-Kısa Formu(UFAA-KF) uygulandı. Sonuçlar SPSS 22.0 ile değerlendirildi. Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlikçalışması için Cronbach alfa ve faktör analizi kullanıldı, ayrıca BBFAA’nın UFAA-KF’yegöre duyarlılık ve özgüllük değerleri hesaplandı.Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan 409 kişinin 241’i (%58.9) kadın, 168’i (%41.1) erkek; yaşortalaması 35.1±14.7 idi. BBFAA ile katılımcıların 86’sı (%21.0) hareketli, 81’i (%19.8) ortaderece hareketli, 72’si (%17.6) az hareketli ve 170’i (%41.6) hareketsiz bulundu. UFAA-KFile 87 (%21.3) kişi aktif, 162 (%39.6) kişi minimal aktif ve 160 (%39.1) kişi inaktif bulundu.Güvenilirlik için bakılan alfa katsayısı 0.74; geçerlilik için bakılan faktör analizi sonucundaKaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) değeri 0.72, Bartlett’s X2=1526.42, p=0.001, açıklanan varyansoranı 0.38 bulundu. BBFAA’nın UFAA-KF’ye göre duyarlılığı %86.0 ve özgüllüğü %47.1 idi.Sonuç: BBFAA’nın dil ve yapı geçerliliğinin sağlandığı, güvenilirliğinin yeterli düzeydeolduğu bulunmuştur. UFAA-KF ile karşılaştırılınca BBFAA’nın hareketsizleri bulma oranı%86 iken, hareketlileri saptama oranı %47’dir. BBFAA, birinci basamakta fiziksel aktivitedüzeyinin saptanmasında hızlı ve güvenli olarak kullanılabilecek pratik bir yöntem olarakgörünmektedir
An Evaluation of the Infant Mortality Rate in 2014 and 2015 in Northeastern Anatolia
Authors: KOŞAN Zahide , BEDİR Banu , Yılmaz Sinan , ARAS Aysun , ÇALIKOĞLU Elif Okşan , UÇAR Mahmut
Published: March 2019

Objetive: Infant mortality rates are
one of the principal parameters reflecting countries’ general and mother-baby
health levels. Evaluating and lowering these rates is therefore highly
important. This descriptive study examined the infant mortality rate in
2014-2015, its causes and the factors affecting it, and assessed preventable
causes of infant death.

Methods: Our work was carried out in Erzurum, a province of northeast Anatolia. Erzurum Public Health Directorate Infant Mortality
Commission reports and Provincial Infant Mortality Investigation Committee
study forms concerning infant deaths were examined retrospectively. Causes
listed in the Perinatal and Infant Mortality Information Form prepared by the
Ministry of Health were used to classify causes of infant death as underlying,
intermediate or immediate.

Results:
The infant
mortality rate in the province of Erzurum increased from 9.4 infant deaths per
1,000 live births in 2015 to 10.0 in 2015. Additionally, 27.3% of infant deaths
in 2014 and 34.0% in 2015 occurred in the early neonatal period. The most
common underlying cause of death was congenital anomaly in 2014 and sepsis in
2015. The most common intermediate cause of death in both years was
prematurity.

Conclusion:
Approximately 50%
of mothers of deceased infants received insufficient prenatal care sessions,
and infant mortalities largely derive from congenital anomaly, sepsis and
prematurity.Amaç:
Bebek ölüm hızları ülkelerin genel sağlık ve anne-bebek sağlık düzeyini
yansıtan en önemli parametrelerden birisidir. Bu nedenle bebek ölüm hızlarının
değerlendirilmesi ve azaltılması toplumlar için oldukça önemlidir. Tanımlayıcı
nitelikteki çalışmamızın amacı 2014-2015 yıllarında meydana gelen bebek ölüm
hızı, nedenleri ve bunları etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi, önlenebilir bebek
ölüm nedenlerinin değerlendirilmesidir.Gereç ve yöntem:
Erzurum Halk Sağlığı Müdürlüğü’nün bebek ölümleri ile ilgili İl Bebek Ölüm
Komisyon Raporları ve İl Bebek Ölümlerini İnceleme Kurulu Çalışma Formları
retrospektif olarak incelenmiştir. Bebek ölümleri temel, ara ve son ölüm
nedenlerine göre gruplandırılmasında Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından düzenlenmiş
olan Perinatal ve Bebek Ölümleri Bilgi Formu’ndaki nedenler kullanılmıştır.Bulgular:
Erzurum İli’nde 2014 yılı bebek ölüm hızı binde 9.4, 2015 yılında binde 10.3
dur. 2014 yılında ölen bebeklerin %27.3’ü, 2015 yılında ise %34.0’ı erken
neonatal dönemdedir. 2014 yılında en sık temel ölüm nedeni konjenital anomali
iken 2015 yılında sepsistir. Her iki yılda da en sık ölüme götüren ara neden
prematüritedir.

Sonuç:
Ölen bebeklerin annelerinin yaklaşık %50.0’sinin yeterli sayıda doğum öncesi
bakım hizmeti almadığı, bebek ölümlerinin konjenital anomali, sepsis ve
prematürite nedenli olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.
The Perceived Export Barriers of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises: An Analysis from Lesotho-Based Manufacturing Enterprises
Authors: Mokhethi Motšelisi C. ,   Department of Business Administration, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma, Roma 180, Lesotho
Published: March 2019

Small enterprises represent a large proportion of enterprises in most economies and are a driving force for economic growth. Most small enterprises refrain from exporting due to a number of challenges. The aim of this study was to determine the exporting barriers perceived to constrain exporting from Lesotho-based manufacturing micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive design. Data were collected from 162 Lesotho-based manufacturing enterprises through a self-administered questionnaire. Factor analysis revealed three export barrier groupings, namely international, distribution, and financial constraints. The descriptive statistics showed that Lesotho-based manufacturing MSMEs perceive lack of financial resources for market research, lack of financial resources to finance export sales, and lack of excess capacity for exports, all internal to an enterprise-loading under financial barriers as constraints to exporting. The study added to the literature new classes of export barriers. The findings suggest that the government of Lesotho has to put in place mechanisms that can reduce financial constraints to enable MSMEs to contribute as expected.
Climate Change Perceived-Impact Severity, Its Determinants and Role in the Planning of National Adaptation Policy: The Case of Rice Farming in Indonesia
Authors: Rondhi Mohammad , Fatikhul Khasan Ahmad , Mori Yasuhiro , Kondo Takumi
Published: March 2019

This paper identifies the characteristics of the farmer that affect the degree of farmer’s perceived-impact of climate change (CC). We use data from the Indonesian Rice Farm Household survey consisting of 87,330 farmers. An ordered probit regression model was used to estimate the effect of each variable on the degree of perceived-impact of CC. The results of this study confirm the previous empirical studies. Several variables that have been identified as having a positive effect on farmer adaptation practices such as farmer education, land tenure, irrigation infrastructure, cropping system, chemical fertilizer application, access to extension services and participation in farmer group affect the degree of CC perceived-impact negatively. However, a different result was found in the estimation of the gender variable. We found that female farmer has a higher resilience toward CC than the male farmer does. Furthermore, the female farmer has a more positive perception about future farming conditions than the male does. Finally, we suggest that the implementation of national adaptation policy should prioritize more to the farmer with insecure land tenure and utilize and expand the channel of agricultural extension services to deliver the planned adaptation policy.
Fog Computing Architecture, Applications and Security Issues: A Survey
Authors: Neware Rahul
Published: March 2019

The development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has triggered a virtual wave of interconnection and intercommunication among an enormous number of universal things. This has caused an exceptional surge of colossal heterogeneous information, known as an information explosion. Until now, cloud computing has filled in as a proficient method to process and store these data. Still, it came to light that by utilizing just cloud computing, pesky issues like, the expanding requests of actual-time or speed-sensitive applications and the restrictions on system transfer speed could not be solved. Consequently, another computing platform, called fog computing has been advanced as a supplement to the cloud arrangement. Fog computing spreads the cloud administrations and services to the edge of the system, and brings processing, communications and reserving and storage capacity closer to edge gadgets and end-clients and, in the process, aims at enhancing versatility, low latency, transfer speed and safety and protection. This paper takes an extensive and wide-ranging view of fog computing, covering several aspects. At the outset is outlined the many-layered structural design of fog computing and its attributes. After that, chief advances like communication and inter-exchange, computing, reserving and storage, asset administration, naming, safety and safeguarding of privacy are delineated while showing how this backup and facilitate the installations and various applications. Then, numerous applications like augmented reality (AR), healthcare, gaming and brain-machine interface, vehicular computing, smart scenarios etc. are highlighted to explain the fog computing application milieu. Following that, it is shown that how, despite fog computing being a features-rich platform, it is dogged by its susceptibility to several security, privacy and safety concerns, which stem from the nature of its widely distributed and open architecture. Finally, some suggestions are advanced to address some of the safety challenges discussed so as to propel the further growth of fog computing.
Triterpenoids from The Bark of Garcinia porecta and their Cytotoxic Activity against MCF7 Breast Cancer Lines
Authors: Darwati Darwati , Tsamrotul Alya , Herlina Tati , Mayanti Tri , Nurlelasari Nurlelasari , Haikal Kansy , Supratman Unang
Published: March 2019

The Garcinia genus is a well known tropical plant in the Indo-Malesiana region and mainly distributed in tropical countries including Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. Previous phytochemical studies on Garcinia species have led to the identification and isolation of mainly prenylated xanthones. This research describes the isolation and structure elucidation of isolated triterpenoids compounds from the bark of Garcinia porecta. Dried powder bark of G. porecta was extracted with methanol and then partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The n-hexane extract then was separated and purified with chromatography techniques to obtain isolated compounds 1 and 2. The chemical structure of isolated compounds was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including one and two-dimensional NMR as well as high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis and identified as lanosterol (1) dan arabidiol (2), respectively. These triterpenoids were isolated from this plant for the first time. Compound 1 and 2 showed weak cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC50 values of 60.09 dan 46.17 µM, respectively.
Penentuan Kandungan Fenolik Total Liquid Volatile Matter dari Pirolisis Kulit Buah Kakao dan Uji Aktivitas Antifungi terhadap Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Pallawagau Mashuni , Yanti Nur Arfa , Jahiding M. , Kadidae La Ode , Asis Wahyu Ahwarul , Hamid Fitri Handayani
Published: March 2019

Kulit buah kakao (KBK) adalah limbah organik dari hasil olahan buah kakao yang dapat digunakan sebagai sumber senyawa aktif. Kulit kakao mengandung senyawa selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin yang dapat terdekomposisi menghasilkan senyawa fenolik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kandungan fenolik total atau Total Phenolic Content (TPC) dari liquid volatile matter (LVM) hasil pirolisis KBK dan uji aktivitas antifungi terhadap Fusarium oxysporum. Produksi LVM dihasilkan dari metode pirolisis KBK pada suhu 500 °C. Penentuan TPC dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis menggunakan pereaksi Folin- Ciocalteu (FC) pada panjang gelombang maksimum 765 nm dengan larutan standar asam galat dan diukur setelah dibiarkan selama 60 menit pada suhu kamar. Uji aktivitas antifungi terhadap F. oxysporum dilakukan dengan metode dilusi. LVM dari hasil pirolisis KBK adalah 25,80% (b/b) dengan TPC 100% sebesar 2,28 g/L. Pirolisis KBK menghasilkan LVM yang memperlihatkan aktivitas antifungi dengan konsentrasi hambat minimal (KHM) 1% (v/v) dan konsentrasi bunuh minimal (KBM) 9% (v/v). Oleh karena itu, LVM KBK memiliki potensi untuk diaplikasikan sebagai fungisida alami.

Determination of The Total Phenolic Content of Liquid Volatile Matter from Cocoa Pod Husk Pyrolysis and Antifungal Activity Test Against Fusarium oxysporum. The cocoa pod husk (CPH) is an organic waste from the processed cocoa potentially used as source of active compounds. The CPH contains cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin compounds that can be decomposed into phenolic compounds. The present study investigated the determination of total phenolic content (TPC) of liquid volatile matter (LVM) of CPH followed by the antifungal activity test against Fusarium oxysporum. The LVM production was performed by the pyrolysis method at temperature of 500 °C. The determination of TPC was evaluated by the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method using the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) reagent at maximum wavelength of 765 nm with the standart solution of gallic acid measured after 60 min reaction at room temperature. The antifungal activity test against F. oxysporum was carried out by dilution method. The pyrolysis of CPH produces LVM of 25.80% (b/b) contained TPC 100% of 2.28 g/L. The LVM produced in this study shows antifungal activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 1% (v/v) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) 9% (v/v). Therefore, the LVM CPH produced can be applied as a natural fungicide.
Environmental and Economic Effects of Changing to Shelf-Stable Dairy or Soy Milk for the Breakfast in the Classroom Program
Authors: Beckerman Jacob P. , Blondin Stacy A. , Richardson Scott A. , Rimm Eric B.
Published: March 2019

Objectives. To estimate economic and environmental effects of reducing milk waste from the US Breakfast in the Classroom (BIC) School Breakfast Program by replacing conventional milk with shelf-stable dairy or soy milk.

Methods. We estimated net greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE; kg CO2 equivalents [e]) from replacing conventional milk with shelf-stable dairy or soy milk by adapting existing life cycle assessments and US Environmental Protection Agency Waste Reduction Model estimates to BIC parameters. We estimated net cost with school meal purchasing data.

Results. Replacing conventional dairy milk with shelf-stable dairy or soy milk would reduce milk-associated GHGE by 28.5% (0.133 kg CO2e) or 79.8% (0.372 kg CO2e) per student per meal, respectively. Nationally, this equates to driving 248 million or 693 million fewer miles annually, respectively. This change would increase milk costs 1.9% ($0.005) or 59.4% ($0.163) per student per meal, respectively.

Conclusions. Replacing conventional milk with shelf-stable dairy or soy milk could substantially reduce waste and concomitant GHGE in BIC; switching to shelf-stable dairy has low net costs. Pilot tests of these options are warranted to optimize the nutritional value, cost, and sustainability of BIC.
Recurrence of Maltreatment After Newborn Home Visiting: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Easterbrooks M. Ann , Kotake Chie , Fauth Rebecca
Published: March 2019

Objectives. To investigate whether a newborn home visiting program for primiparous adolescent mothers (aged 16–20 years at childbirth) reduced recurrence of child maltreatment in child protective services (CPS) reports.

Methods. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of Healthy Families Massachusetts, a statewide home visiting program for young parents. A total of 704 first-time young mothers were randomly assigned to a home visiting group, or to a control group who we referred to other services and who received child development and parenting information. The outcome variable was CPS reports (2008–2016) available for 688 families—specifically, rereports following an initial report (up to mean child age of 7 years).

Results. Of the 52% of families who experienced initial CPS reports, 53% experienced additional CPS reports. Children of mothers in the home visiting group were less likely to receive a second report and had a longer period of time between initial and second reports.

Conclusions. The home visiting program reduced the recurrence of CPS maltreatment report by 32% and increased the length of time between initial and additional CPS reports. Home visiting parenting support and prevention programs may reduce the likelihood of recurrent maltreatment following completion of program services.
Planning for Food Access During Emergencies: Missed Meals in Philadelphia
Authors: Kinsey Eliza Whiteman , Hammer Jason , Dupuis Roxanne , Feuerstein-Simon Rachel , Cannuscio Carolyn C.
Published: March 2019

Objectives. To illustrate the effects that minor social or environmental disruptions could have on the food access of low-income households in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and provide suggestions for how cities can better incorporate food into emergency planning.

Methods. Using publicly available data and stakeholder interviews (n = 8) in 2017, we projected the number of meals that would be missed during environmental and social disruptions in Philadelphia, a major US city with a high poverty rate.

Results. As our projections in Philadelphia indicate, even just 3 days of school closures could result in as many as 405 600 missed meals for school-aged children.

Conclusions. These scenarios provide valuable lessons for other cities to proactively plan for food access continuity in times of uncertainty.

Public Health Implications. City planners and other city agencies need to include food as a routine part of emergency planning and redefine the threshold at which emergency response protocols are triggered to better ensure protection of low-income and underserved populations.
Austerity Policies and Mortality Rates in European Countries, 2011–2015
Authors: Rajmil Luis , Fernández de Sanmamed María-José
Published: March 2019

Objectives. To assess time trends in mortality rates in European countries for the period 2011 to 2015 by level of austerity measures imposed by governments in response to the economic and financial crisis.

Methods. We analyzed standardized mortality rates (SMRs) for 2011 through 2015 in 15 European countries based on Eurostat data ( http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database ). We used the Cyclically Adjusted Primary Balance (CAPB) in terciles as an independent variable to represent the level of austerity adopted in each country. We conducted a longitudinal analysis of panel data using generalized estimating equation models of SMR. We included interaction terms to assess the influence of time period and level of austerity.

Results. SMRs generally declined in the study period, except in the last year of the study. In 2015, compared with countries in the low-austerity group, countries with intermediate austerity had excess mortality of 40.2 per 100 000 per year and those with high austerity had excess mortality of 31.22 per 100 000 per year.

Conclusions. The results suggest a negative effect on mortality in those countries that apply a higher level of austerity.
Trends in Yoga, Tai Chi, and Qigong Use Among US Adults, 2002–2017
Authors: Wang Claudia (Chunyun) , Li Kaigang , Choudhury Arkopal , Gaylord Susan
Published: March 2019

Objectives. To examine the characteristics and temporal trends of yoga, tai chi, and qigong (YTQ) use among US adults.

Methods. Using the 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017 National Health Interview Surveys, we examined the prevalence, patterns, and predicting factors of YTQ use by Taylor series linear regression, the Wald F χ2 test, and multivariable logistic regression models (n = 116 404).

Results. YTQ use increased from 5.8% in 2002 to 14.5% in 2017 (P ≤ .001). Only 6.6% of YTQ users were referred by their medical doctors, and approximately one third disclosed their use of YTQ to medical professionals. Reasons for using YTQ included (1) YTQ was beneficial, (2) YTQ focused on the whole person, and (3) YTQ was natural. Acute and chronic pain, arthritis, and depression were the top 3 medical conditions for which people used YTQ the most.

Conclusions. YTQ use is increasing substantially, mainly because of its natural and holistic healing approach toward health and chronic diseases. Future studies aiming to explore how to best integrate YTQ into the current health care system are warranted.
Energy, Environment, and Social Development: Oil and Gas Sustainability in Action
Authors: Alnuaim Sami
Published: March 2019

President's column

Putting SPE’s revised vision into action mandates extensive collaboration and effective engagement with a wide range of internal and external stakeholders. Since I became president-elect in September 2017, I have been visiting with stakeholders around the world, reframing how most view the concept of oil and gas sustainability, which includes economic, social development, and environmental components. I have presented the industry’s commitment toward securing uninterrupted afford-able hydrocarbon energy resources in a safe and environmentally responsible manner despite the downturn, the drop of oil prices, anti-fossil-fuels activists, and pessimistic outlooks. 

I believe that the world cannot address the climate challenge without the collaboration and engagement of the oil and gas industry. The world cannot stop using oil and gas tomorrow, even as some activists call for that action. There will be a lengthy transitional journey that includes a mix of fuels, including oil and gas, renewables, and nuclear. Producing and using oil and gas in cleaner ways are a major component of that transition. 

The world’s population is expected to grow by 3 billion in the next 50 years, mainly in China, South Asia, India, and underdeveloped countries in Africa. In addition, most of the economic outlooks forecast a doubling of the global economy in the next 20 years. Supporting the expected economic growth, the current 1 billion people who have no access to modern energy, and the projected additional 3 billion people who will need jobs, energy, and higher standards of living cannot and will not be met with one source of energy or without the contribution of oil and gas. Many projections show oil and gas will remain more than 50% of the global energy mix for 20 years or more. Hence, our industry has to be a major player, and may have the opportunity to take a leading role, in addressing all of these challenges, including climate concerns.

During the past 18 months, I have seen the concept of sustainability in action, which has become part of the core business of large companies across the industry. This is evident through their annual sustainability reports and CEO-level tracked key performance indices. It is also reflected in operational practices, environmental measures, and research and development investments.

Through my visits to universities around the world, I found that research institutes in major universities are engaged in sustainability initiatives and research studies. During the month of January, I had the honor to be the keynote speaker during the launch of two sustainability initiatives by the Energy Advisory Board of the University of Houston (UH). This event was part of an ongoing collaboration between the UH Energy Advisory Board and the energy industry to integrate sustainability in companies’ strategies and day-to-day operations, a goal that fits perfectly my theme as SPE president.
Permian Operators Squeezed by Growing Water Pressure
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen
Published: March 2019

The rising tide of produced water in the Permian Basin is requiring operators to re-engineer how they manage water.

One big difference in the Permian is that water production from unconventional reservoirs exceeds output from most other plays, particularly in the Delaware Basin. Prolific water production has long been a given in conventional fields there, but most of that could be reinjected to maintain production, which is not an option in the ultratight rock.

Instead, billions of gallons of produced water have been pumped into saltwater disposal wells in shallow formations, such as the San Andres, significantly increasing the pressure drillers encounter, creating a hazard for drillers moving in and out of them from lower-pressure zones.

To isolate the higher-pressure zones passed on the way to the Wolfcamp, operators have increased the number of strings of casing used from three to four. The increase adds about $600,000 to the cost per well, said Andrew Hunter, drilling manager for Guidon Energy, which uses the added string to isolate two underpressure zones.

To maximize produced water use for fracturing, Cimarex has streamlined filtration and chemical treatments of the water in the pipeline system en route to fracture sites, limiting the need for fixed facilities, said Rita Behm, Permian exploration engineering project manager for Cimarex.

Occidental Petroleum is working to manage water production while picking drilling targets. It has developed a detailed evaluation system based on a large company database that predicts production of hydrocarbons and water. High water cuts are a negative in the grading system used to choose where to spend, said John Polasek, vice president of geoscience at Occidental.

All three mentioned the water issue in their presentations at the recent AAPG Global Super Basins conference on the Permian. The comments reflected the importance of dealing with water issues for operators that need to minimize fresh water use and manage injections of produced water.

ExxonMobil’s XTO Energy arm is building a system to “treat produced water and reuse it again and again” to reduce its demand for fresh or brackish water wells, said Staali Gjervik, senior vice president for Permian Integrated Development at XTO.

A Big Shift

Addressing the problem will require an industrywide shift. Even if an operator is reusing all of its water, “they can get hammered” by the injections of a nearby commercial saltwater disposal well by an operator that is not finding other uses, Hunter said. “The only way to deal with this is to work cooperatively with other operators,” he said.

When drilling through higher pressures, Hunter said drillers increase mud weight to counter the higher pore pressure in that layer, and promptly adjust it back when the pressure drops.
Effects of Rate, Temperature, and Solvent Type on Vapor/Oil Gravity Drainage (VOGD) in Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Anand Neha , Tang Brandon , Nguyen Bradley (Duong) , Sie Chao-yu , Verlaan Marco , Castellanos Diaz Orlando , Nguyen Quoc P.
Published: March 2019

Application of thermal and solvent enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) technologies for viscous heavy-oil recovery in naturally fractured reservoirs is generally challenging because of low permeability, unfavorable wettability and mobility, and considerable heat losses. Vapor/oil gravity drainage (VOGD) is a modified solvent-only injection technology, targeted at improving viscous oil recovery in fractured reservoirs. It uses high fluid conductivity in vertical fractures to rapidly establish a large solvent/oil contact area and eliminates the need for massive energy and water inputs, compared with thermal processes, by operating at significantly lower temperatures with no water requirement. An investigation of the effects of solvent-injection rate, temperature, and solvent type [n-butane and dichloromethane (DCM)] on the recovery profile was performed on a single-fracture core model. This work combines the knowledge obtained from experimental investigation and analytical modeling using the Butler correlation (Das and Butler 1999) with validated fluid-property models to understand the relative importance of various recovery mechanisms behind VOGD—namely, molecular diffusion, asphaltene precipitation and deposition, capillarity, and viscosity reduction.

Experimental and analytical model studies indicated that molecular diffusion, convective dispersion, viscosity reduction by means of solvent dissolution, and gravity drainage are dominant phenomena in the recovery process. Material-balance analysis indicated limited asphaltene precipitation. High fluid transmissibility in the fracture along with gravity drainage led to early solvent breakthroughs and oil recoveries as high as 75% of original oil in place (OOIP). Injecting butane at a higher rate and operating temperature enhanced the solvent-vapor rate inside the core, leading to the highest ultimate recovery. Increasing the operating temperature alone did not improve ultimate recovery because of decreased solvent solubility in the oil. Although with DCM, lower asphaltene precipitation should maximize the oil-recovery rate, its higher solvent (vapor)/oil interfacial tension (IFT) resulted in lower ultimate recovery than butane. Ideal density and nonideal double-log viscosity-mixing rules along with molecular diffusivity as a power function of oil viscosity were used to obtain an accurate physical description of the fluids for modeling solvent/oil behavior. With critical phenomena such as capillarity and asphaltene precipitation missing, the Butler analytical model underpredicts recovery rates by as much as 70%.
Irreversible fatal contrast-induced encephalopathy: a case report
Authors: Zhao Wei , Zhang Jinping , Song Yun , Sun Lili , Zheng Meimei , Yin Hao , Zhang Jun , Wang Wei , Han Ju
Published: March 2019

Background: Contrast-induced encephalopathy (CIE) is a well-known complication of iodinated contrast agents during angiography and vascular interventions. It can manifest as hemiparesis, cortical blindness, speech changes, Parkinsonism, confusion, seizure, and coma. Most of the reported CIE cases have been transient and reversible. Irreversible fatal CIE cases have been rarely reported. All the fatal CIE cases reported involved the use of ionic high osmolar contrast agents. Here, we document a heretofore unreported fatal CIE after digital subtraction angiography（DSA）using iopamidol, which is a type of non-ionic monomer low osmolar contrast agent.
Case presentation: A 71-year-old woman was admitted to our Department of Neurology for tinnitus in the head. The cerebral magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) detected atherosclerotic cerebral arteries and bilateral stenosis of the middle cerebral arteries. The patient underwent DSA for further diagnostic work-up. The total amount of iopamidol used during the procedure was 110 ml. The patient experienced headache during the procedure, followed by dizziness with nausea and vomiting. Despite treatment with anti-oedema medications, her clinical status was gradually deteriorating and ended up with deep coma due to irreversible cerebral oedema which was confirmed by cerebral computed tomography (CT). Finally, the patient died 56 days after the procedure due to irreversible fatal cerebral oedema.
Conclusions: This report documents that iopamidol-induced encephalopathy may not always have a benign outcome and can result in irreversible fatal cerebral oedema.
MEDIATING EFFECT OF CORPORATE IMAGE AND STUDENTS’ SATISFACTION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERVICE QUALITY AND STUDENTS’ LOYALTY IN TVET HLIs
Authors: Sallaudin Hassan  , Mohd. Farid Shamsudin  , Muhammad Asyraf Hasim  , Ishamuddin Mustapha  , Jimisiah Jaafar  , Khairul Firdaus Adruthdin  , Athirah Shukri  , Sunitawati Karim  , Rohaizan Ahmad
Published: March 2019

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the mediation effect of corporate image and students’ satisfaction on the relationship between service quality and students’ loyalty in technical vocational and education and training (TVET) of higher learning institutes (HLIs). The respondents of this study were final year students from TVET HLIs in Malaysia. Using proportionate stratified sampling and followed by convenience sampling method, 431 questionnaires were distributed to nine higher TVET institutions. From that, 398 questionnaires were used for data analysis using SPSS version 22 and SmartPLS 3.0. The measurement model showed that the constructs were reliable and valid. Meanwhile, the structural model showed that there is a direct and significance relationship among all constructs. Two mediators were tested in this research which were service quality and corporate image. Bootstrapping procedure indicated that there was a direct and significant effect between latent constructs. The mediating test statistically showed that there was a partial mediation of student satisfaction and corporate image on the relationship between service quality and student loyalty. This research recommended that TVET HLIs should improve the level of service quality, corporate image, and satisfaction to ensure student satisfaction and loyalty.
Economics of the Greenseeder Hand Planter
Authors: Ng'ombe John N. , Brorsen B. Wade , Raun William R. , Dhillon Jagman S.
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas

Break‐even corn yield increase for a US$50 Greenseeder hand planter is 1.12%.

A US$50 Greenseeder hand planter needs to use 12.19% fewer seeds, and reduces labor man‐days by 38.66%.

If used for fertilization, the Greenseeder hand planter could increase corn yields up to 10.82%.

The Greenseeder hand planter would pay for itself if used to apply fertilizer alone.

Corn (Zea mays L.) yields in developing countries are lower than in developed countries, in part due to planting methods that involve hand dropping of multiple seeds per hill. The Greenseeder hand planter (GHP) was developed to reduce seeding rates and long‐term health risks from using bare hands to drop pesticide‐treated seeds. When used to apply fertilizer, it can prevent loss of N from ammonia volatilization. This research determines economic break‐even levels of seed and labor savings, increases in corn yield, and reduced loss of N through reduced ammonia volatilization. A GHP used to plant 3 ha yr–1 that costs US$50 would need to increase corn yields on average by about 1.12%, use 12.19% fewer seeds, or reduce labor man‐days by 38.66% to equal expected net returns from traditional methods. Using the GHP to apply fertilizer would on average increase corn yields up to 10.82% ha–1 due to reduced N loss from ammonia volatilization and thus fertilization alone could be enough to pay for the planter.
Carbon Sequestration in Zoysiagrass Turf under Different Irrigation and Fertilization Management Regimes
Authors: Braun Ross C. , Bremer Dale J.
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas

Further research is required to evaluate and develop management practices that may sequester C in turfgrass soils.

Hidden C costs, which are energy‐based inputs from turf maintenance, should be factored into soil C sequestration calculations.

A higher‐input management regime in turf will not increase net C sequestration compared with a low management input regime.

Zoysiagrass golf course fairway turf had an average gross C sequestration rate of 1.01 Mg C ha–1 yr–1.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG) implicated in climate change. Turfgrass covers an estimated 12.8 to 20 million ha in the United States and has the capacity to sequester or emit significant amounts of CO2 from/into the atmosphere. Our objective was to evaluate irrigation and N fertilization management practices that may increase sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in turf soils. The rate of change in soil organic carbon (SOC) at 0 to 30 cm was investigated under two management regimes in ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.). A high management input (HMI) (urea + medium irrigation) and low management input regime (LMI) (unfertilized [no N fertilizer] + low irrigation) were implemented. Hidden carbon costs (HCC) of maintenance practices and nitrous oxide emissions (another GHG) were estimated to account for energy expended in Mg of carbon equivalents (CE) ha–1 yr–1. Prior to subtracting HCC, average gross C sequestration rates were not statistically different at 1.046 and 0.976 Mg C ha–1 yr–1 in HMI and LMI, respectively. Once total estimated HCC was included, the average net sequestration rate was 0.412 and 0.616 Mg C ha–1 yr–1 in HMI and LMI, respectively, with no statistical differences. Results indicate that under the conditions of this study, a higher‐input management regime will not increase net C sequestration compared with a low management input regime. Further research is required over additional turfgrass species and management regimes to develop management practices that increase C sequestration.
4R practices for fertilizer management in potatoes
Authors: Flis Sally
Published: March 2019

Phosphorus is a key nutrient for the development of the potato plant and tubers. The status of P in the plant, deficient or sufficient, is closely related to yield. With the high value of a potato crop and the influence of proper phosphorus nutrition on plant and tuber development, the 4Rs and especially timing of phosphorus availability are critical to maximizing yield per acre. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/676.
Phosphorus Leaching from Soil Profiles in Agricultural and Forest Lands Measured by a Cascade Extraction Method
Authors: Xie Zijian , Li Songyan , Tang Sichen , Huang Lijuan , Wang Guoxi , Sun Xiaolei , Hu Zhengyi
Published: March 2019

The risk of P leaching from topsoil based on the change‐point estimated via a split‐line model between Olsen P and leachable P extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2 has been reported. However, little information is available for the assessment of P leaching from soil profiles. In this study, samples were collected at three depth profiles (0–20 cm, topsoil; 20–40 cm, subsoil; 40–60 cm, third‐layer soil) at each of 74 sites under agriculture and forest in an agroforestry area. A cascade extraction method was proposed to determine the leachable P in the subsoil, extracted by the topsoil extraction solution; a similar extracted process was followed in the third‐layer soil, and in the topsoil, it was still extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2. A positive linear correlation was found between the subsoil leachable P extracted by the topsoil extraction solution and the accumulated P obtained from the subsoil leached by topsoil leachates, and so on. Therefore, the cascade extraction method for determining leachable P from topsoils and underlying soils could be valuable for predicting the potential of P leaching from soil profiles. Approximately 81, 73, and 73% of the agricultural sampling sites were at or above the change‐points for the soil depths of 0 to 20, 20 to 40, and 40 to 60 cm (30.4, 32.9, and 18.2 mg kg−1 respectively); these values were higher than those for the forest site, implying a high risk of P leaching from agricultural soil profiles in the study area.

Core Ideas

A cascade extraction method for evaluating P leaching from soil profiles was proposed.

The correlation of soil leachable P and accumulated P in soil leachates was confirmed.

The risk of P leaching from soil profiles in an agroforestry area was calculated.