bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population dynamics of the ectomycorrhizal fungal speciesTricholoma populinumandTricholoma scalpturatumassociated with black poplar under differing environmental conditions
Authors: Gryta Hervé , Carriconde Fabian , Charcosset Jean‐Yves , Jargeat Patricia , Gardes Monique
Published: November 2005

Fungi combine sexual reproduction and clonal propagation. The balance between these two reproductive modes affects establishment dynamics, and ultimately the evolutionary potential of populations. The pattern of colonization was studied in two species of ectomycorrhizal fungi:Tricholoma populinumandTricholoma scalpturatum. The former is considered to be a host specialist whereasT. scalpturatumis a generalist taxon. Fruit bodies of both basidiomycete species were mapped and collected over several years from a black poplar (Populus nigra) stand, at two different sites. Multilocus genotypes (= genets) were identified based on the analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns, inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) patterns and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer (rDNA IGS). The genetic analyses revealed differences in local population dynamics between the two species.Tricholoma scalpturatumtended to capture new space through sexual spores whereasT. populinumdid this by clonal growth, suggesting trade‐offs in allocation of resources at the genet level. Genet numbers and sizes strongly differ between the two study sites, perhaps as a result of abiotic disturbance on mycelial establishment and genet behaviour.
Understanding genetic disease in a socio‐historical context: a case study of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Kerr Anne
Published: November 2005

In this article I present a socio‐historical analysis of the definition and diagnosis of one particular genetic disease – cystic fibrosis (CF) – in an effort the better to understand its social context both before and after the advent of molecular genetics. I begin my analysis with some background on the history of CF, before moving on to consider the emergence of the notion of classic CF, the development of the sweat test, early approaches to mild or variant forms of CF, the concept of CF as a genetic disease, the concept of CF as a collection of related disorders, and developments in the understanding and diagnosis of CF which came about in the wake of molecular genetics. I highlight a range of technological, professional and patient developments and how these stimulated new research, typologies and clinical tools. I also consider how different notions of CF were mobilised, either to support or undermine a particular approach to diagnosis or treatment, and consider how the dynamic and contextual characteristics of CF were accounted for by scientists and clinicians with an interest in CF. I end by discussing the implications of my analysis for the contemporary sociology of genetics, and related studies in the sociology of medicine more generally.
Dynamic professional boundaries in the healthcare workforce
Authors: Nancarrow Susan A , Borthwick Alan M.
Published: November 2005

The healthcare professions have never been static in terms of their own disciplinary boundaries, nor in their role or status in society. Healthcare provision has been defined by changing societal expectations and beliefs, new ways of perceiving health and illness, the introduction of a range of technologies and, more recently, the formal recognition of particular groups through the introduction of education and regulation. It has also been shaped by both inter‐professional and profession‐state relationships forged over time. A number of factors have converged that place new pressures on workforce boundaries, including an unmet demand for some healthcare services; neo‐liberal management philosophies and a greater emphasis on consumer preferences than professional‐led services. To date, however, there has been little analysis of the evolution of the workforce as a whole. The discussion of workforce change that has taken place has largely been from the perspective of individual disciplines. Yet the dynamic boundaries of each discipline mean that there is an interrelationship between the components of the workforce that cannot be ignored. The purpose of this paper is to describe four directions in which the existing workforce can change: diversification; specialisation and vertical and horizontal substitution, and to discuss the implications of these changes for the workforce.
Social capital and social support on the web: the case of an internet mother site
Authors: Drentea Patricia , Moren‐Cross Jennifer L.
Published: November 2005

Do virtual communities in cyberspace foster social capital and social support? Using participant observation and discourse analysis, we examine a mothering board on a parent's website and investigate whether social capital was present, and if so, how it was developed and used. We find three main types of communication emerge from our analysis: emotional support, instrumental support – both formal and informal, and community building/protection, all of which contribute to the creation and maintenance of social capital. Additionally, using sampling with replacement, we created a final data set of 180 mothers and report descriptive statistics to identify characteristics of those on the board.
Death brokering: constructing culturally appropriate deaths
Authors: Timmermans Stefan
Published: November 2005

Death brokering refers to the activities of medical authorities to render individual deaths culturally meaningful. Social scientists and others agree that mortality provokes existential ambiguity in modern life requiring cultural coping mechanisms. In contemporary Western societies, medical professionals have sequestered the dying in institutions, and have classified the causes of death to explain suspicious death. Over the last decades, the institutionalisation of the dying process has been challenged by social movements and the sudden onset of some deaths while forensic medicine has struggled for professional legitimacy in the borderland between mainstream medicine and the legal system. I argue that medical death brokering persists in spite of challenges because medical experts offer increasingly flexible cultural scripts to render the end‐of‐life socially meaningful while accentuating death's existential ambiguity. Medical professionals help create the ambiguity they promise to resolve, reinforcing the cultural need for more expert death brokering.
Does Surface Tension Stabilize Liquid Films Inside a Rotating Horizontal Cylinder? Part 2: Multidimensional Disturbances
Authors: Benilov E. S.
Published: November 2005

We examine the stability of a thin film of viscous fluid on the inside surface of a cylinder with horizontal axis, rotating about this axis. Depending on the parameters involved, the dynamics of the film can be described by several asymptotic models, one of which was examined by Benilov [J. Fluid Mech. 501:105–124 (2004)]. It turned out that the linearized stability problem for this model admits infinitely many neutrally stable eigenmodes, which form a complete set. Despite that, the film is unstable with respect to exploding disturbances, which grow infinitely in a finite time. The present paper examines the effect of surface tension on the stability of the film. Two cases are considered: short‐scale disturbances (such that the axial wavelength λ is much smaller than the radius R of the cylinder) and long‐scale disturbances (for which λ≳R). In the former case, surface tension is a stabilizing influence, because it regularizes the exploding solutions and makes all eigenmodes asymptotically (not just neutrally) stable. The latter case was previously examined by Acrivos and Jin [J. Eng. Math. 50:99–120 (2004)], who showed that surface tension destabilizes some of the eigenmodes. We argue, however, that the corresponding growth rate is much smaller than that of the so‐called inertial instability.
Microsatellite markers for the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus
Authors: HARPER G. L. , CESARINI S. , CASEY S. P. , MORGAN A. J. , KILLE P. , BRUFORD M. W.
Published: November 2005

We describe eight microsatellite markers for the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, a commonly used ‘biological sentinel’ species in ecotoxicology studies. Thirty‐four individuals from a single population were tested for polymorphism. Markers possessed between two and 15 alleles per locus, and expected heterozygosity ranged between 0.06 and 0.92 (observed heterozygosity 0.03–0.92). Unfortunately, no consistent cross‐species amplification was observed in the related congeners Lumbricus castaneus and Lumbricus terrestris.
Contented Workers in Inferior Jobs? Re-Assessing Casual Employment in Australia
Authors: Watson Ian
Published: November 2005

The increased number of casuals in the Australian workforce has generated considerable concern about a proliferation of inferior jobs in the labour market. Critics of casualisation have pointed to poor outcomes associated with casual work: job insecurity, lack of training and career paths, marginalisation in the workplace and so forth. Thosewho defend casualisation argue that non-standard employment provides greater choice within the labour market, and that casual employees are no less dissatisfied with their jobs than permanent employees. In this paper, I re-assess this debate by examining a recent analysis of job satisfaction among casual employees by Wooden andWarren in 2004. I argue that findings of contentment among casual employees are subject to both methodological and philosophical weaknesses. In place of subjectivemeasures of job satisfaction, I argue that the quality of jobs should be directly assessed by objective criteria like remuneration. Following this, I fit earnings equations to the HILDA data and find that part-time casual employees earn only a modest premium over permanent full-time employees. When the loadings, which casuals are paid, are taken into account, I find that part-time casual employees are actually penalised by virtue of working as casuals. I conclude that casual jobs are inferior jobs, irrespective of the satisfaction levels of their incumbents.
What's Going on with the ‘No Disadvantage Test’? An Analysis of Outcomes and Processes Under the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (CWLTH)
Authors: Mitchell Richard , Campbell Rebecca , Barnes Andrew , Bicknell Emma , Creighton Kate , Fetter Joel , Korman Samantha
Published: November 2005

This article examines the operation of the ‘no disadvantage test’ (NDT) as it applies to the approval or certification of certain forms of agreements under the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Cwlth). The purpose is to make an assessment of the effectiveness of the test in meeting the supposed statutory intention that workers would not be made worse-off as a result of entering into agreements which derogated from award and other legally prescribed conditions of employment. The article reports on research which applied the NDT in detail to 36 agreements, and, more partially, to a further 48 agreements. The general conclusion arrived at, though heavily qualified, was that in certain defined respects, the NDT, as presently constructed and applied, is failing adequately to protect employees from a deterioration in their terms and conditions of employment.
British Industrial Relations Paradigm: A Critical Outline History and Prognosis
Authors: Ackers Peter , Wilkinson Adrian
Published: November 2005

This article reflects critically on the history of the British pluralist industrial relations (IR) paradigm, from its foundation by Flanders and Clegg at Oxford in the 1950s, through its development and consolidation in both public policy and academic circles. No sooner was the paradigm firmly established with the 1968 Donovan Report and 1970 foundation of the Industrial Relations Research Unit at Warwick University (among other markers), than it faced new challenges and, arguably breakdown. These challenges came, first, from 1970s New Left Marxism, riding on a tide of industrial and student unrest, and then from 1980s Thatcherism and the destruction of workplace industrial relations. The article concludes by outlining six main strengths of the British IR paradigm and looking forward to how IR can regain its relevance in the very different world of work that lies ahead.
Consultation in a British Utilities Company: Reinforcing the Hierarchy?
Authors: Croucher Richard , Singe Ingo
Published: November 2005

This research note examines consultation in a British utilities company since privatisation in 1990, raising the general issue of how changing workplace requirements for representation can be met with varying degrees of success by different groups of workers and their unions. This can mean that existing hierarchies within workforces and between unions are strengthened.
Pain management in horses and farm animals
Authors: Valverde Alexander , Gunkel Cornelia I.
Published: November 2005

Objective:This review discusses the different analgesic drugs and routes of administration used in large animals for acute pain management. General guidelines and doses are given to assist in choosing techniques that provide effective analgesia.

Etiology:Noxious stimuli are perceived, recognized, and localized by specialized sensory systems located at spinal and supraspinal levels.

Diagnosis:Localizing the source of the noxious stimulus as well as understanding the behavioral aspects and physiological changes that result from such insult is important to adequately diagnose and treat pain. Pain assessment is far from being definite and objective; not only are there species differences, but also individual variation. In addition, the behavioral and physiological manifestations vary with the acute or chronic nature of pain.

Therapy:Pain management should include (1) selecting drugs that better control the type of pain elicited by the insult; (2) selecting techniques of analgesic drug administration that act on pathways or anatomical locations where the nociceptive information is being processed or originating from; (3) combining analgesic drugs that act on different pain pathways; and (4) provide the best possible comfort for the animal.

Prognosis:Providing pain relief improves the animal's well being and outcome; however, interpreting and diagnosing pain remains difficult. Continuing research in pain management will contribute to the evaluation of the pathophysiology of pain, pain assessment, and newer analgesic drugs and techniques.
Analgesia for the pregnant, lactating and neonatal to pediatric cat and dog
Authors: Mathews Karol A.
Published: November 2005

Objective:Very little information on the approach to analgesia in pregnant, nursing or very young animals is available in the veterinary literature. A review of the human and veterinary literature on the various analgesics available for use in this group of patients is presented. The unique physiological characteristics that must be considered when selecting analgesics is discussed.

Etiology:As with mature cats and dogs, the origin and severity of pain in this group of animals may be similar; however, differences do exist.

Diagnosis:The diagnosis and assessment of pain in pregnant and nursing animals is based on the problem at hand and is similar to other mature animals. The diagnosis in the very young, however, may be more challenging, but should be suspected based on history and clinical signs. Response to analgesic therapy is advised in all animals to confirm the presence and degree of pain.

Therapy:Various analgesics and analgesic modalities are discussed with emphasis placed on preference and caution for each group.

Prognosis:Management of pain is extremely important in all animals, but especially the very young, where a permanent hyperalgesic response to pain may exist with inadequate therapy. Inappropriate analgesic selection in pregnant and nursing bitches or queens may result in congenital abnormalities of the fetus or neonate. Inadequate analgesia in nursing bitches or queens may cause aggressive behavior toward the young.
Painless control of controlled substances
Authors: Davidson Gigi S.
Published: November 2005

Objective: To explain the regulations regarding controlled substance use, and present the veterinary practitioner with simple systems for ensuring complete regulatory compliance.

Data source: United States Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Agency.

Conclusions: All practitioners using controlled substances should perform mental audits and ask the following questions of their practice: can I trace the ultimate disposition of every dosing unit of controlled substances used in my hospital from purchase to patient? Are all controlled substances stored in an adequately secure location such as a locking cabinet or safe? Have I performed an actual count inventory of all controlled substances in my practice within the last 2 years? Do I have a system that will alert me to any controlled substances that have been diverted or are unaccounted for? Are all of my controlled substance invoices and order forms in an easily retrievable yet secure storage area? Do I have documented policy and procedure indicating my practice standards for compliant use of controlled substances?
Evaluation Using Hoof Wall Strain Gauges of a Therapeutic Shoe and a Hoof Cast with a Heel Wedge as Potential Supportive Therapy for Horses with Laminitis
Authors: HANSEN NICOLAS , BUCHNER HH, FLORIAN , HALLER JÜRGEN , WINDISCHBAUER GERHARD
Published: November 2005

Objective—To evaluate using strain gauges, a hoof cast with heel wedge, and a therapeutic shoe with unsupported toe for their effectiveness in redistribution of load from the dorsal hoof wall.

Study Design—In vitro biomechanical study.

Sample Population—Twenty forelimb specimens.

Methods—Rosette strain gauges were placed on the dorsal and lateral hoof wall of 20 normal shaped hooves. Limbs were loaded vertically using a tensile testing machine with a 1 Hz sinusoidally cycling load up to 3000 N during 15 seconds. Mean values of principal strain and direction at 2500 N load were calculated for 3 experimental conditions (unshod, therapeutic shoe with unsupported toe, and hoof cast with heel elevation) and tested by ANOVA (P<.05).

Results—Vertical limb loading in an unshod hoof leads to a biaxial compression of the dorsal wall with high longitudinal compression (ɛ2=−1515 μm/m). Principal strain at the dorsal wall (ɛ2) was decreased by 23% with the therapeutic shoe and by 59% with the hoof cast. On the lateral hoof wall principal strain was unchanged with the shoe, but increased by 34% with the cast.

Conclusions—Strain measurements indicate unloading of the dorsal hoof wall by both methods with the cast being more effective than the shoe.

Clinical Relevance—The hoof cast with wedge offers substantial unloading of the dorsal wall, but increases load on the quarter. Therefore a hoof cast would likely be most helpful in acute laminitis when palmar structures can still bear load. The therapeutic shoe offers rehabilitation and regrowth of the dorsal wall without increased load on the quarter wall.
A New Approach for Perineural Injection of the Lateral Palmar Nerve in the Horse
Authors: CASTRO FERNANDO A. , SCHUMACHER JAMES S. , PAUWELS FREDERIK , BLACKFORD JAMES T.
Published: November 2005

Objective— To evaluate the accuracy of a new technique for perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve and to determine frequency of inadvertent injection into the carpal synovial sheath with this technique.

Study Design— Prospective experimental study.

Animals— Thirty equine cadaver forelimbs.

Methods— Each of 3 clinicians injected 0.5 mL of a 1% aqueous solution of new methylene blue as a marker at the medial aspect of the accessory carpal bone of 10 limbs. Immediately after each injection, the lateral palmar nerve was identified by dissection of and inspected for proximity of dye, and the carpal synovial sheath was inspected for the presence of dye.

Results— New methylene blue solution was observed to surround the nerve (29 limbs) or to lie within 2 mm of it (1 limb). Dye was not found in the carpal synovial sheath of any specimen.

Conclusions— Using this technique, perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve can be consistently achieved, and the carpal synovial sheath is unlikely to be penetrated by the needle during the procedure.

Clinical Relevance— The technique described provides an accurate and simple method for perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve proximal to the origin of its deep branch. This technique can be used to anesthetize the lateral palmar nerve for diagnosis of pain originating in the palmaroproximal aspect of the metacarpus without risk of inadvertently desensitizing structures within the carpal synovial sheath.
Evaluation of a Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair System®for Use in Equine Laryngoplasty
Authors: SCHERZER SABINE , HAINISCH EDMUND K.
Published: November 2005

ObjectiveTo report the use of a nylon suture system (Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair System®; Securos Inc Veterinary Orthopedics) as a prosthesis for equine laryngoplasty.

Study DesignExperimental and prospective clinical study.

AnimalsCadaver specimens (n=5) and 7 horses with left laryngeal hemiplegia.

MethodsA commercially available monofilament nylon suture system was implanted as a laryngeal prosthesis. Arytenoid cartilage abduction was achieved with a tensioning device applied to the suture prosthesis during transnasal endoscopic observation. Suture fixation was achieved with crimping clamps and a crimping device.

ResultsThe nylon suture system was suitable as a laryngeal prosthesis for arytenoid cartilage abduction. The ratchet mechanism of the tensioning device facilitated abduction of the arytenoid cartilage and suture fixation was achieved by the crimped clamp without any loss of tension. Postoperatively, there was a slight loss of tension in 4 horses and complete loss of tension in 1 horse because of cartilage failure. After convalescence, none of the horses had abnormal respiratory noise, exercise intolerance or cough.

ConclusionsA nylon suture system designed for canine cranial cruciate ligament repair was used successfully as a laryngeal prosthesis and facilitated control of the degree of arytenoid cartilage abduction during laryngoplasty.

Clinical RelevanceFor improved control of the degree of arytenoid cartilage abduction during laryngoplasty, use of a nylon suture system with metal crimps should be considered.
Investigation of the Immediate Analgesic Effects of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Treatment of Navicular Disease in Horses
Authors: BROWN KEITH E. , NICKELS FRANK A. , CARON JOHN P. , MULLINEAUX DAVID R. , CLAYTON HILARY M.
Published: November 2005

Objectives— To measure the acute analgesic properties of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in horses with navicular disease using objective ground reaction forces (GRF).

Study Design— Prospective study.

Animals— Nine client‐owned horses with unilateral forelimb lameness caused by navicular disease.

Methods— Horses were trotted at 3 m/s over a force plate to record pre‐treatment GRF of the lame and contra‐lateral forelimbs. After ESWT of the lame limb, applied with a radial unit to each of the frog and heel bulb areas with 1500 pulses at 4 bar and 10 Hz, GRF measurements were repeated at 15 minutes and 24‐hour intervals for 7 days. From the 5 trials recorded at each time, peak vertical force (PVF) was calculated and averaged. Data were compared between limbs and over time using a 2‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA.

Results— Mean (±SD) PVF was significantly different between lame (day 1; 4339±626 N) and contra‐lateral (day 1; 5236±515 N) limbs pre‐treatment (P<.05). After ESWT treatment, this difference remained unchanged at 15 minutes and from days 1 to 7. To confirm navicular disease, palmar digital analgesia significantly reduced the lameness (lame 5144±430 N; contralateral 5082±586 N; P>.05).

Conclusions— Single ESWT treatment applied in this manner does not influence lameness in horses with navicular disease.

Clinical Relevance— Although many equine regulatory commissions currently ban the use of ESWT before competition, our results suggest that such regulations may be unfounded. Further research is required to determine the long‐term analgesic properties of this frequently used treatment modality in equine athletes.
Use of the Anderson Sling Suspension System for Recovery of Horses from General Anesthesia
Authors: TAYLOR ERIN L. , GALUPPO LARRY D. , STEFFEY EUGENE P. , SCARLETT CHRISTINE C. , MADIGAN JOHN E.
Published: November 2005

Objective— To describe a sling recovery system (Anderson Sling) for horses and to evaluate outcome of high‐risk horses recovered from general anesthesia by a sling.

Study Design— Retrospective study.

Sample Population— Horses (n=24) recovered from general anesthesia.

Methods— Complete medical and anesthetic records (1996–2003) for horses recovered from general anesthesia using the Anderson Sling system were evaluated retrospectively. Information retrieved included anesthetic protocol, surgical procedure, recovery protocol, recovery time, and quality of the recovery. Horses were recovered from anesthesia supported by the Anderson Sling in a standing position within a traditional padded equine recovery stall.

Results— Twenty‐four horses had 32 assisted recoveries; 31 events were successful. No complications associated with the sling or recovery system protocol occurred. One horse was intolerant of the sling's support and was reanesthetized and recovered successfully using head and tail ropes.

Conclusion— The Anderson Sling recovery system is an effective and safe way to recover horses that are at increased risk for injury associated with adverse events during recovery from general anesthesia.

Clinical Relevance— The Anderson Sling system should be considered for assisted recovery of equine patients from general anesthesia.
Ex Vivo Strength Comparison of Bioabsorbable Tendon Plates and Bioabsorbable Suture in a 3‐Loop Pulley Pattern for Repair of Transected Flexor Tendons from Horse Cadavers
Authors: JENSON PAUL W. , LILLICH JAMES D. , ROUSH JAMES K. , GAUGHAN EARL M.
Published: November 2005

Objective— To test the failure strength and energy of 2 bioabsorbable implants applied to transected deep digital flexor tendons (DDFT) from adult horses.

Study Design— Ex vivo biomechanical experiment.

Sample Population— Twelve pairs of deep digital flexor tendons harvested from the forelimbs of fresh equine cadavers.

Methods— Poly‐l‐lactic acid tendon plates were custom manufactured for application to the cylindrical surface of an adult equine deep digital flexor tendon. Twelve pairs of DDFTs were transected 2 cm distal to the insertion of the distal check ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon. One tendon of each pair was randomly selected for repair with a biodegradable plate or a 3‐loop pulley method. Size 2 polydioxanone suture was used in both repairs. Repairs were tested in tension to failure, with peak force (PF) and total energy (TE) at repair failure recorded in Newtons (N) and Joules (J), respectively. A paired t‐test was used for statistical evaluation with a significant level set at P≤.05.

Results— Mean±SD PF for failure of plated tendons (1507.08±184.34 N) was significantly greater than for sutured tendons (460.86±60.93 N). TE was also significantly greater for failure of plated tendons versus sutured tendons.

Conclusions— Plate fixation of transected cadaver DDFTs appear to have superior immediate failure strength than 3‐loop pulley repairs.

Clinical Relevance— Whereas in vivo testing is required, a bioabsorbable tendon plate may provide initial increased strength to support tendon healing and decrease external coaptation requirements.
Measurement of Articular Cartilage Stiffness of the Femoropatellar, Tarsocrural, and Metatarsophalangeal Joints in Horses and Comparison with Biochemical Data
Authors: GARCIA‐SECO ELENA , WILSON DAVID A. , COOK JAMES L. , KUROKI KEIICHI , KREEGER JOHN M. , KEEGAN KEVIN G.
Published: November 2005

Objective— To determine normal cartilage stiffness values in different weight‐bearing and non‐weight‐bearing areas of 3 different equine joints, and to evaluate the relationship between cartilage stiffness and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content.

Study Design— Compressive stiffness of the articular cartilage was measured in 8 horse cadaver femoropatellar (FP), tarsocrural (TC), and metatarsophalangeal (MT) joints. Gross evaluation, collagen content, GAG content, and histologic appearance were assessed for each measurement location.

Animals— Eight equine cadavers (4 intact females, 4 castrated males; 7 Quarter Horse or Quarter Horse type, 1 Arabian; aged 4–12 years, weighing 400–550 kg)

Methods— The articular surfaces of 8 equine cadaver FP, TC, and MT joints were grossly evaluated for signs of articular cartilage pathology. Stiffness at preselected sites (FP joint—6 sites; TC joint—3 sites; MT joint—4 sites) was determined using an arthroscopic indentation instrument. Biochemical composition (collagen, GAG content) and histologic evaluation (modified Mankin score) were assessed for each measurement site.

Results— All cartilage from all sites evaluated was determined to be normal based on macroscopic and histologic assessments. No significant correlation between Mankin scores and cartilage stiffness values was observed. Site differences in cartilage stiffness were measured in all 3 joints (P<.001). GAG or collagen content had a significant positive correlation with stiffness values in 6 of 13 sites (P<.05, r>0.622, r2>0.387).

Conclusion— Relative cartilage stiffness values measured in healthy equine joints are site dependent and can be measured using an indentation device intended for arthroscopic application.

Clinical Relevance— An indentation instrument provided an objective means of determining relative compressive stiffness of articular cartilage. Further research needs to be performed to confirm the site and joint differences observed in this study in clinically normal horses and to determine if the tester can be used clinically to predict articular cartilage pathology.
An In Vitro Evaluation of Plate Luting Using Osteotomized Equine Third Metacarpal Bones with a Limited Contact‐Dynamic Compression Plate
Authors: SOD GARY A. , HUBERT JEREMY D. , MARTIN GEORGE S. , GILL MARJORIE S.
Published: November 2005

Objectives—To evaluate the effects of plate luting on the biomechanical properties of a broad limited contact‐dynamic compression plate (LC‐DCP) fixation to repair osteotomized equine 3rd metacarpal (MC3) bones.

Study Design—In vitro biomechanical testing of paired cadaveric equine MC3 with a mid‐diaphyseal osteotomy, stabilized by LC‐DCP fixation, with 1 of the pair luted with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).

Animal PopulationTen pairs of adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones.

Methods—Ten pairs of equine MC3 were divided into 2 test groups (5 pairs each) for (1) palmarodorsal 4‐point bending single cycle to failure testing and (2) palmarodorsal 4‐point bending cyclic fatigue testing. The LC‐DCP (8 hole, 4.5 mm) was applied to the dorsal surface of each pair of MC3 bones. All plates and screws were applied using standard AO/ASIF techniques. All MC3 bones had mid‐diaphyseal osteotomies. One of the matched pairs of LC‐DCP‐MC3 constructs were randomly chosen to be luted with PMMA. Mean test variable values for each method were compared using a paired t‐test within each group; significance was set atP<.05.

Results—Mean palmarodorsal 4‐point bending yield bending moment, failure bending moment of the LC‐DCP fixation with luting was not significantly different (P>.05) than those of the LC‐DCP fixation without luting. Mean cycles to failure for palmarodorsal 4‐point bending was significantly (P<.0003) greater, with a 7.2‐fold increase, for the LC‐DCP fixation with luting compared with the LC‐DCP fixation without luting.

Conclusion—Luting the broad LC‐DCP with PMMA in the fixation osteotomized equine MC3 bones increases the fatigue life of cyclic loading for palmarodorsal 4‐point bending under the in vitro conditions studied.

Clinical Relevance—The cyclic fatigue data supports the conclusion that luted broad LC‐DCP fixation is biomechanically superior to the non‐luted broad LC‐DCP fixation in osteotomized equine MC3 bones.
An In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of a Limited‐Contact Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation with a Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation of Osteotomized Equine Third Metacarpal Bones
Authors: SOD GARY A. , HUBERT JEREMY D. , MARTIN GEORGE S. , GILL MARJORIE S.
Published: November 2005

Objectives—To compare the monotonic biomechanical properties and fatigue life of a broad, limited contact, dynamic compression plate (LC‐DCP) fixation with a broad, dynamic compression plate (DCP) fixation to repair osteotomized equine 3rd metacarpal (MC3) bones.

Study Design—In vitro biomechanical testing of paired cadaveric equine MC3 with a mid‐diaphyseal osteotomy, stabilized by 1 of 2 methods for fracture fixation.

Animal Population—Twelve pairs of adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones.

Methods—Twelve pairs of equine MC3 were divided into 3 test groups (4 pairs each) for (1) 4‐point bending single cycle to failure testing, (2) 4‐point bending cyclic fatigue testing, and (3) torsional single cycle to failure testing. An LC‐DCP (8‐hole, 4.5 mm) was applied to the dorsal surface of 1 randomly selected bone from each pair. One DCP (8‐hole, 4.5 mm broad) was applied dorsally to the contralateral bone from each pair. All plates and screws were applied using standard AO/ASIF techniques to MC3 bones that had mid‐diaphyseal osteotomies. Mean test variable values for each method were compared using a paired t‐test within each group. Significance was set atP<.05.

Results—The mean 4‐point bending yield load, yield bending moment, composite rigidity, failure load, and failure bending moment of LC‐DCP fixation were significantly greater (P<.01) than those of broad DCP fixation. Mean cycles to failure for 4‐point bending was significantly (P<.001) greater for broad DCP fixation compared with broad LC‐DCP fixation. Mean yield load, mean composite rigidity, and mean failure load in torsion was significantly (P<.02) greater for broad LC‐DCP fixation compared with broad DCP fixation.

Conclusion—Broad LC‐DCP offers increased stability in static overload testing, however, it offers significantly less stability in cyclic fatigue testing.

Clinical Relevance—The clinical relevance of the cyclic fatigue data supports the conclusion that the broad DCP fixation is biomechanically superior to the broad LC‐DCP fixation in osteotomized equine MC3 bones despite the results of the static overload testing.
Effects of Topical Nitroglycerine Patches and Ointment on Digital Venous Plasma Nitric Oxide Concentrations and Digital Blood Flow in Healthy Conscious Horses
Authors: GILHOOLY MEAGHAN H. , EADES SUSAN C. , STOKES ASHLEY M. , MOORE RUSTIN M.
Published: November 2005

Objective—To measure and compare palmar digital venous plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentrations and digital arterial blood flow after application of topical nitroglycerine (NTG).

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Healthy adult horses (n=8).

Methods—Digital blood flow was measured by an ultrasonic Doppler flow probe surgically implanted around the medial palmar digital artery. Blood was collected from a catheter placed in the medial palmar digital vein for quantification of NO. NTG patches, NTG ointment or control patches were placed over the palmar digital vessels at the level of the fetlock. Two horses had an intra‐arterial infusion of an NTG solution into the medial palmar digital artery in a pilot study.

Results—Digital arterial blood flow did not change significantly with application of the NTG patches, NTG ointment, or control patches. There were no statistically significant or biologically important changes in digital venous NO concentrations across time or between treated and control horses. In the pilot study, digital arterial blood flow and palmar digital venous NO concentrations increased with intra‐arterial infusion of NTG.

Conclusions—In clinically healthy horses, digital arterial blood flow and digital venous plasma NO concentrations did not change significantly with application of the NTG patches/ointment. These treatments are unlikely to have an effect on the digital vasculature of laminitic horses, however, further investigation is warranted.

Clinical Relevance—Although NTG patches have been used as a method of decreasing vasomotor tone and improving digital blood flow in horses with laminitis, this study provides evidence in healthy conscious horses that this treatment is not effective in altering digital blood flow.
Synovial Fluid and Plasma Concentrations of Ceftiofur After Regional Intravenous Perfusion in the Horse
Authors: PILLE FREDERIK , DE BAERE SIEGRID , CEELEN LIESBETH , DEWULF JEROEN , CROUBELS SISKA , GASTHUYS FRANK , DE BACKER PATRICK , MARTENS ANN
Published: November 2005

Objective—To determine radiocarpal (RC) joint synovial fluid and plasma ceftiofur concentrations after regional intravenous perfusion (RIP) and systemic intravenous (IV) administration.

Study Design—Experimental cross‐over study.

Animals—Five normal adult horses.

Methods—One RC joint was randomly selected for RIP and the contralateral RC joint was sampled to determine intrasynovial ceftiofur concentrations after IV administration. Wash‐out between IV and RIP was ≥14 days. After surgical introduction of an intraarticular catheter, ceftiofur (2 g) was administered under general anesthesia either IV or by RIP after tourniquet application. Plasma and synovial fluid were collected over 24 hours. Samples were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and the results were statistically analyzed using a linear mixed effect model.

Results—Mean synovial fluid ceftiofur concentrations were consistently higher after RIP than after IV administration and were > 1 μg/mL (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] for common pathogens) for >24 hours. Mean synovial fluid peak concentration of ceftiofur after RIP and IV administration was 392.7±103.29 μg/mL at 0.5 hours postinjection (HPI) and 2.72±0.31 μg/mL at 1 HPI, respectively. Large variations in synovial fluid and plasma ceftiofur concentrations were observed between horses regardless of administration technique. RIP did not cause adverse effects.

Conclusions—Under the present experimental conditions RIP with ceftiofur (2 g) induced significantly higher intraarticular antibiotic concentrations in the RC joint in comparison with IV administration. Moreover, after RIP, synovial fluid ceftiofur concentrations remain above the MIC for common pathogens (1 μg/mL) for > 24 hours. No adverse effects from the technique or the antibiotic were observed.

Clinical relevance—RIP with high doses of ceftiofur may be a beneficial adjunctive therapy when treating equine synovial infections which are caused by cephalosporin susceptible microorganisms.
Medullary Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin After Intravenous and Intraosseous Perfusion of the Proximal Phalanx in Horses
Authors: RUBIO‐MARTÍNEZ LUIS , LÓPEZ‐SANROMÁN JAVIER , CRUZ ANTONIO M. , SANTOS MARTÍN , SAN ROMÁN FIDEL
Published: November 2005

Objective—To study the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in plasma obtained from the medullary sinusoids of the proximal phalanx (P1) after intravenous (IV) and intraosseous (IO) regional limb perfusion (RLP).

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Twelve horses.

Methods—IV and IO RLP were performed in 2 groups (n=6) of horses. Vancomycin hydrochloride (300 mg in 60 mL 0.9% NaCl) was randomly infused in 1 front limb, with the contralateral limb as control (60 mL 0.9% NaCl). A hole was drilled in the lateral cortex of P1, and blood samples from the medullary sinusoids of P1 were collected before infusion, and 15, 30, 45, 65, and 90 minutes after beginning infusion. Samples were centrifuged and plasma vancomycin concentrations determined. Vancomycin concentrations were compared over time and between routes using a 2‐way repeated measures ANOVA. Pharmacokinetic variables were compared with a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Significance was set atP<.05.

Results—No vancomycin‐induced clinical side effects such as lameness or swelling were observed. Both techniques, IV and IO, produced high vancomycin concentrations in the sinusoidal plasma of the P1, which remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration value for methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) during the 90 minutes study. Concentrations and pharmacokinetic variables were not significantly different comparing both routes.

Conclusions—IV and IO routes produced similar antimicrobial perfusion of the medullary cavity of P1.

Clinical Relevance—Either IV or IO routes for perfusion are likely to be equally selected when planning RLP with vancomycin.
Indications, Surgical Technique, and Long‐term Experience with Laparoscopic Closure of the Nephrosplenic Space in Standing Horses
Authors: RÖCKEN MICHAEL , SCHUBERT CHRISTINE , MOSEL GESINE , LITZKE LUTZ F.
Published: November 2005

Objective—To describe surgical technique and outcome after laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space for treatment of recurrent left dorsal displacement of the left colon (LDDLC) in standing horses.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Forty‐four horses with LDDLC.

Methods—Laparoscopic portals were located in the left flank region. After administration of etilefrin intravenously to contract the spleen, the dorsal splenic margin was sutured to the nephrosplenic ligament to obliterate the nephrosplenic space. Horses were re‐examined (≤3 years) for history of recurrence. In addition, medical records of 4,852 horses treated for colic over 16 years were evaluated to establish incidence of LDDLC and recurrence after treatment.

Results—Splenic contraction facilitated suture placement and closure of the nephrosplenic space was achieved without complications. LDDLC recurrence did not occur although 5 horses had subsequent episodes of colic; 4 horses had displacement of the ascending colon between the spleen and body wall. Review of medical records revealed an incidence of LDDLC of 6% and recurrence of 21% in a population of horses with signs of colic.

Conclusion—Laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space, facilitated by etilefrin‐induced splenic contraction can be efficiently performed in standing horses.

Clinical Relevance—Laparoscopic ablation of the nephrosplenic space should be considered in horses that are predisposed to recurrent LDDLC.
Laparoscopic Closure of the Nephrosplenic Space for Prevention of Recurrent Nephrosplenic Entrapment of the Ascending Colon
Authors: FARSTVEDT ELLIS , HENDRICKSON DEAN
Published: November 2005

ObjectiveTo evaluate outcome after laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space in horses that had previous nephrosplenic entrapment of ascending colon (left dorsal displacement of the left colon; LDDLC).

Study DesignRetrospective study.

Sample PopulationHorses that had previous LDDLC.

MethodsMedical records of horses that had LDDLC and subsequent laparoscopic nephrosplenic space closure between 2002 and 2004 were retrieved. Follow‐up information was obtained by telephone interview of owners. Preoperative versus postoperative comparisons were: incidence of LDDLC, incidence of colic signs, and incidence of ventral celiotomy. Data were analyzed using a χ2‐square test with significance set atP<.05.

ResultsTen horses met the inclusion criteria. Mean follow‐up was 22 months. No horses had recurrence of LDDLC; however, 3 horses had colic signs subsequently that required surgical intervention. Over the follow‐up period there was a significant decrease in the total incidence of colic and ventral celiotomy. Technique modifications included use of different cannula site locations, use of polyglyconate suture material for nephrosplenic space closure, and development of a custom cannula.

ConclusionsLaparoscopic nephrosplenic space closure prevented recurrence of LDDLC, and significantly lowered the overall incidence of colic and ventral celiotomy. The custom‐designed cannula provided good access to the operative site and no complications were encountered with use of polyglyconate suture material for nephrosplenic space closure.

Clinical RelevanceClosure of the nephrosplenic space will prevent LDDLC; however, other surgical lesions can occur.
Laparoscopic Ovariectomy Using the Endo‐GIA Stapling Device and Endo‐Catch Pouches and Evaluation of Analgesic Efficacy of Epidural Morphine Sulfate in 10 Mares
Authors: VAN HOOGMOED LİNDA M. , GALUPPO LARRY D.
Published: November 2005

Objective—To evaluate use of ENDO‐GIA staples and ENDO‐Catch pouches for ovariectomy in mares and to evaluate the efficacy of epidural morphine analgesia.

Study Design—Randomized clinical trial.

Animals—Mares (n=10) with normal ovaries.

Methods—An Endo‐GIA II stapler (United States Surgical Corp., Norwalk, CT) was used to amputate the ovaries bilaterally, in standing mares, and Endo‐Catch II pouches (United States Surgical Corp.) were used for retrieval. Epidural morphine was used in 5 mares, and procedure duration, volume of lidocaine required to desensitize the ovarian pedicle, and sedation were compared with horses not administered epidural morphine.

Results—Use of the Endo‐GIA II stapling device was an easy and an efficient method of ovariectomy, which was facilitated by use of epidural morphine. For the epidural group, the mean (±SD) surgical time was 69.2±10.2 minutes compared with 124.4±21.2 minutes for mares not administered morphine. Less systemic sedation was required for mares administered epidural morphine.

Conclusions—Minimal ovarian manipulation was required to apply the stapler, hemorrhage was slight, and none of the mares had complications. Epidural morphine provided effective analgesia, improving patient comfort, and reduced the sedation needed to perform ovariectomy.

Clinical Relevance—Endo‐GIA II staples are an efficient method for ovariectomy in normal mares. Epidural morphine should be considered to facilitate ovariectomy because less sedation and local anesthetic administration is required.
Laparoscopic Ovariectomy in Mares Using a Polyamide Tie‐Rap
Authors: COKELAERE STEFAN M. , MARTENS ANN M. J.G. , WIEMER PETER
Published: November 2005

Objective—To describe use of a polyamide tie‐rap to ligate the mesovarium during standing laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares.

Study Design—Prospective study.

Animals—Ten mares.

Methods—Bilateral ovariectomy was performed in 10 mares. Standing laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed using 3 portals in the paralumbar fossa. A commercial polyamide tie‐rap was prepared as a loop and marked with 4 colored lines close to the buckle, to enable us to check whether the loop was tightened securely. The ovary was grasped with forceps and after the mesovarium was minimally transected cranially and caudally, the loop of the tie‐rap was inserted in the abdomen and placed around the mesovarium. It was firmly tightened, until at least 3 of the 4 marks were visible, then the end of the tie‐rap was cut. The ovary was transected and removed through an enlarged 3rd portal. The contralateral ovary was removed similarly through the opposite paralumbar fossa. Repeat laparoscopy was performed in 8 mares, 2, 3, 4, and 12 weeks later.

Results—None of the mares had postoperative discomfort. On repeat laparoscopy, there was complete encapsulation of the stump and tie‐rap after 3–4 weeks. In 2 mares, an adhesion between the left stump and the mesentery of the descending colon was observed.

Conclusion—Ligation of the mesovarium can be easily and safely performed using a polyamide tie‐rap during standing laparoscopic ovariectomy in mares.

Clinical Relevance—Standing laparoscopic ovariectomy using a polyamide tie‐rap is a safe, technically easy and reliable surgical procedure in the mare.