bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COLLABORATIVE PROJECT BRIEF SCORECARD METHOD: EVALUATING PRODUCT DESIGN PROJECTS TO AID DESIGN EFFORT ESTIMATION
Authors: Holliman A. , Thomson A. , Hird A.
Published: June 2020

Designers use their tacit knowledge to estimate project design effort needs, which can be enhanced through the understanding of the factors that most influence those needs. Evaluating and assessing project briefs against these factors can assist designers when planning their projects. The Collaborative Project Brief Scorecard (CPDS) Method identifies those factors and produces a scorecard for designers to evaluate project briefs based on these factors and allows for project comparisons, aids in past project recall and provides a focal point for collaborative reflection on design activities.
HOW A BETTER REPRESENTATION OF CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS CAN HELP TO DESIGN BETTER CONTRACTS
Authors: Bolifraud S. , Cryonnet J.-C. , Stal-Le Cardinal J.
Published: June 2020

This paper contributes to the reduction of conflicts arising along the construction process by improving contract management tools and contracts designing tools. We analyse the existing system of representation of relations between Owner and Contractor, the contract and the construction processes. We improve the actual representation of construction processes by creating a link with the contract. Our ambition is to create a representation that will allow organizations and project managers to represent the construction contracts and design better construction contracts.
APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE-BASED ENGINEERING FOR TEACHING DESIGN KNOWLEDGE TO DESIGN STUDENTS
Authors: Plappert S. , Hoppe L. , Gembarski P. C. , Lachmayer R.
Published: June 2020

For an optimal preparation of mechanical engineering students for their future work life, the use of problem-based methods in design teaching is investigated. Therefore an intelligent tutoring system for computer aided design education will be developed, which can automatically evaluate computer aided design models of design students. A knowledge-based engineering system will be used to assistance the design students in the execution of design tasks. Using a practice-oriented example, the application and the advantages for teaching will be verified and discussed.
METHOD FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGNING REFERENCE PROCESSES
Authors: Wilmsen M. , Gericke K. , Jäckle M. , Albers A.
Published: June 2020

A reference process should consider to the needs and behaviours of the process users, as well as all relevant restrictions and boundary conditions within the company and its environment. Therefore, this contribution provides a method to synthesize relevant requirements on reference processes and supports the consideration of these requirements during the design of a new, company-specific reference process based on meta-models. The developed method was used to design a reference process for automotive predevelopment projects and its applicability and usefulness was evaluated successfully.
THE IMPACT OF STATUS ANONYMITY ON TEAM DYNAMICS IN CO-CREATION WORKSHOPS
Authors: Lecuna Aguerrevere A. , Alleblas J. , Mueller R. M. , Graves M. , Thoring K.
Published: June 2020

This paper looks at the positive effects of partial status anonymity in face-to-face co-creation workshops. Results suggest that especially during the early phases of co-creation, i.e. idea generation, participants experience more freedom to express themselves without self-imposed barriers. We observed positive effects in terms of (1) lowering or even suspending the perceived status among team members, (2) increased motivation, (3) freedom to speak and positive disposition to listen, (4) willingness to consider perspectives from other team members.
DESIGNING PRODUCT METAPHOR TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE BEHAVIOUR: A PROPOSED METHOD
Authors: Huang S. , Carulli M. , Hekkert P. , Schifferstein R. N. J. , Bordegoni M.
Published: June 2020

Within the scope of Design for Sustainable Behaviour, the connection between behavioural change strategies and design idea generation has received limited attention. This paper highlights metaphorical thinking in product design to stimulate sustainable behaviour. In particular, the current study proposes a metaphor-based design method to guide designers on how to associate product features with behavioural and experiential cues through metaphors. We next report two design cases to evaluate this method. In the end, the shortcomings of current research and future developments are also discussed.
DESIGN OF A SIMPLIFIED 3D-PRINTED ARTIFICIAL UNDERACTUATED HAND
Authors: Orabona A. , Palazzi A. , Graziosi S. , Ferrise F. , Bordegoni M.
Published: June 2020

The recent interest in human-robot interaction requires the development of new gripping solutions, compared to those already available and widely used. One of the most advanced solutions in nature is that of the human hand, and several research contributions try to replicate its functionality. Technological advances in manufacturing technologies and design tools are opening possibilities in the design of new solutions. The paper reports the results of the design of an underactuated artificial robotic hand, designed by exploiting the benefits offered by additive manufacturing technologies.
VR FOR ASSEMBLY TASKS IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY – INTERACTION AND BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Eriksson Y. , Sjölinder M. , Wallberg A. , Söderberg J.
Published: June 2020

A testbed was developed aiming to contribute to further knowledge on what is required from a VR application in order to be useful for planning of assembly tasks. In a pilot study the testbed was tested on students. The focus of the study was to explore the users’ behaviour, and to gain a better understanding of their experience using VR. The students experienced a gap between the real world and VR, which confirms theories that VR is not a copy or twin of an object or environment.
ABSTRACT PHYSICS REPRESENTATION OF A BALANCED TWO-WHEEL SCOOTER IN GRAPH-BASED DESIGN LANGUAGES
Authors: Ramsaier M. , Stetter R. , Till M. , Rudolph S.
Published: June 2020

This paper presents a novel approach to include a holistic description of abstract physics in a digital engineering framework. Physical phenomena realize the numerous functions of technical systems and are an important link between rather abstract product functions and the concrete product geometry and material. Until now, a possibility to integrate the analysis and synthesis on this level of abstraction into a holistic engineering frameworks is not existing. The novel approach employs graph-based design languages using UML for this endeavour; the product example is a two-wheel scooter.
TOWARDS A DESIGN OBSERVATORY: THE CASE OF SCHOLARLY DESIGN RESEARCH IN PORTUGAL
Authors: Costa N. , Branco V. , Costa R. , Borges A. , Modesto A. , Silva C. , Cunca R.
Published: June 2020

The DesignOBS project was created to collect, map and interpret data about the Portuguese Design Ecosystem, providing supportive information for decision making. This study takes advantage of a participative Design perspective to define and test an observation process via a case based on Design doctorates undertaken in Portugal. It emphasises the need for additional participatory analysis and curation by experts to evaluate and develop more reliable information about the discipline. Moreover, it develops recommendations that can enhance the communicability of Design doctorates.
ON THE HIERARCHICAL LEVELS OF DESIGN KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Kolarić S. , Beck J. , Stolterman E.
Published: June 2020

Hierarchies of knowledge represent a popular formalism for conceptualizing beliefs, justifications, and truth statements. To capitalize on the opportunity for formulating effective maps of design knowledge, this article introduces the hierarchical context–design development–high-level (CDH) model that stratifies different bodies of design-specific knowledge into ranked levels. We compare it with existing hierarchical models of knowledge, and describe its unique uses and benefits for both design research and design practice.
DESIGN MEETINGS: TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE STAGES AND ACTIVITIES THAT INFLUENCE SUCCESS
Authors: Bedingfield C. S. , Clarkson P. J.
Published: June 2020

A central part of the design process is collaboration, harnessing specialist expertise often in meetings. We understand relatively little about how meetings serve teams of designers and their work and this study uses soft systems methodology to attempt to create structures that describe and explain meetings. The results suggest extension of the boundary of interest and suggest a conceptual framework which reveals some under-addressed stages and activities which may help designers improve their meetings.
DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN SOURCE HARDWARE IN ONLINE COMMUNITIES: INVESTIGATING REQUIREMENTS FOR GROUPWARE
Authors: Mies R. , Bonvoisin J. , Stark R.
Published: June 2020

Open source hardware is hardware whose design is shared online so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, and sell it. In spite of the increasing popularity of this alternative IP management approach, the field of OSH remains fragmented of diverse practices seeking for settlement. This challenges providers of groupware solutions to capture the specific needs of open source product development practitioners. This contribution therefore delivers a list of basic requirements and verifies them by comparing offered functions of existing groupware solutions.
DATA-DRIVEN DESIGN IN CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND MISSED OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Bertoni A.
Published: June 2020

The paper presents a systematic literature review investigating definitions, uses, and application of data-driven design in the concept development process. The analysis shows a predominance of the use of text mining techniques on social media and online reviews to identify customers’ needs, not exploiting the opportunity granted by the increased accessibility of IoT in cyber-physical systems. The paper argues that such a gap limits the potential of capturing tacit customers’ needs and highlights the need to proactively plan and design for a transition toward data-driven design.
MODELING A STRATEGIC HUMAN ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS: HUMAN-INSPIRED HEURISTIC GUIDANCE THROUGH LEARNED VISUAL DESIGN AGENTS
Authors: Puentes L. , Raina A. , Cagan J. , McComb C.
Published: June 2020

Human designers often work in a visual design space, projecting step-by-step design progression through evolving mental images. The strategic evolution of that design leverages heuristics based on experience and domain knowledge. The methodology presented in this paper brings together the visual nature of design problem solving and design heuristics in a deep learning computational agent framework that emulates and enables human-mirrored design. When applied to a truss design task, results demonstrate superior results to those of human designers who provided the initial data.
OPTIMISATION OF WELDED BEAMS: HOW COST FUNCTIONS AFFECT THE RESULTS
Authors: Miler D. , Hoić M. , Žeželj D.
Published: June 2020

The increasing market competitiveness and CAE availability require the products to be optimised. This practice is exceedingly present when producing semi-standard parts like structural elements. Several cost calculation methods are developed, bringing up the question - which one to use? In this article, we compared three methods; a welded I-section beam was used as an example. The optimisation was carried out using two objectives (mass and cost) and was submitted to Eurocode boundary conditions. The results have shown that the cost calculation method has a negligible influence on the results.
PARTICIPATORY INVOLVEMENT AND MULTITHEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN VISUAL MANAGEMENT DESIGN
Authors: Söderlund C. , Florin U. , Lundin J. , Uggla K.
Published: June 2020

This paper deals with the development of participatory methods in visual management (VM) when investigating parts and system/s related to VM devices in organisational contexts. Four theoretical perspectives – sociocultural theory, boundary objects, diagrams, maps and models, and visual rhetoric – have been applied to gain an overall understanding of the participants’ collective investigation of the system/s. Managers and co-workers in five Lean-inspired organisations have used the method Multimodal Origami (MO) to design their VM devices, in this case the VM boards and associated meetings.
FROM CAD TO PHYSICS-BASED DIGITAL TWIN: FRAMEWORK FOR REAL-TIME SIMULATION OF VIRTUAL PROTOTYPES
Authors: Pereira J. G. , Ellman A.
Published: June 2020

Engineering work is mostly done in 3D CAD software throughout the engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products. Physics-Based Virtual Prototypes are very valuable addition on Computer Aided Engineering enabling product development simulators, training simulators and digital twin concept in product lift-cycle process. In this work, we present a framework, how such virtual prototypes can be developed from 3D CAD models with meaningful effort.
A META-MODEL FOR PRODUCT SERVICE SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS
Authors: Fakhfakh S. , Hein A. M. , Jankovic M. , Chazal Y.
Published: June 2020

A Product Service System of Systems (PSSoS) is a set of products, services, infrastructure, and a network where its constituent elements exhibit operational and managerial independence. As such, a PSSoS shows PSS characteristics of heterogeneity and evolvability and SoS characteristics of emergence and diversity. Neither existing PSS nor SoS development approaches fully address these characteristics. Thus, PSSoS development raises new challenges. In this paper, we propose a PSSoS meta-model that integrates PSS and SoS key concepts, to provide a basis for future PSSoS development methods.
GROUP MODEL BUILDING WITH CAUSAL LOOP DIAGRAMS TO FOSTER CAPABILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Watz M. , Hallstedt S. I.
Published: June 2020

This research proposes a group model building workshop method that uses causal loop diagrams to foster capabilities for sustainable product development based on feedback and observations from several cases. The method's potential to enhance sustainability system thinking skills and to identify relationships between sustainability criteria and traditionally identified requirements is evaluated. The method can trigger discussion, visualize complexity and dependencies of sustainable design problems. Other application areas are e.g., sustainability training for practicing engineers and students.
CHOOSING THE RIGHT MEASURES TO IMPROVE COLLABORATION BETWEEN DESIGN AND SIMULATION DEPARTMENTS
Authors: Schweigert-Recksiek S. , Lindemann U.
Published: June 2020

Increasing complexity of products and design processes leads to intensive collaboration of different stakeholders in technical product development. This causes a demand for suitable methods of collaboration across department interfaces, as between design and simulation. The paper investigates typical barriers of collaboration at this interface and measures to overcome them. Methods of complexity management form links based on literature and empirical data from online surveys and interview studies. The framework uses a set of structural metrics to analyse collaboration networks systematically.
TOWARD HYBRID TEAMS: A PLATFORM TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN-COMPUTER COLLABORATION DURING THE DESIGN OF COMPLEX ENGINEERED SYSTEMS
Authors: Song B. , Soria Zurita N. F. , Zhang G. , Stump G. , Balon C. , Miller S. W. , Yukish M. , Cagan J. , McComb C.
Published: June 2020

Human-computer hybrid teams can meet challenges in designing complex engineered systems. However, the understanding of interaction in the hybrid teams is lacking. We review the literature and identify four key attributes to construct design research platforms that support multi-phase design, hybrid teams, multiple design scenarios, and data logging. Then, we introduce a platform for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) design embodying these attributes. With the platform, experiments can be conducted to study how designers and intelligent computational agents interact, support, and impact each other.
ENTREPRENEURIAL MINDSET DEVELOPMENT IN BUSINESS AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION – AN EXPERIMENT
Authors: Fain N. , Vukašinović N.
Published: June 2020

This paper presents an experimental comparative study into the entrepreneurial mindset of engineering and business students at a Canadian University. The study wants to test if the discipline has an effect on students perceptions of their entrepreneurial mindsets, when engaged in a similar educational approach. Key findings show that entrepreneurship can be taught and that there are differences in mindset change related to the discipline.
MEASURING THE VALUE OF SYSTEMS THINKING FOR DESIGN-CENTRIC ENGINEERING EDUCATION
Authors: Varadarajan S.
Published: June 2020

Systems thinking, design thinking and strategic thinking have been identified as important competencies for future engineers. Many institutions have introduced these subjects into their engineering courses. However, there is need for a deeper appreciation of the underlying assumptions behind these strands of thinking and ways to measure their impact. This paper draws on a four-year experience in implementing systems thinking in a design-centric engineering program in India. It presents the approach adopted and a complexity-based measure to track development in systems thinking competence.
FUNDING DESIGN AND INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: A REVIEW OF SOURCES
Authors: Mitropoulos S.-A. , Sicko A. , Frilingos S. , Aroh N. , Papalambros P. Y.
Published: June 2020

Funding for design impacts the practical ability to address relevant problems. Using public sources, we explore funding aimed at design and business innovations for sustainable development in Africa provided by NGOs, governments, and multinational organizations. We focus on agriculture, energy, sanitation, and urban development, with successful or promising project examples. We conclude that country location, population or economic size do not drive government R&D spending; agricultural R&D funding is below targets; and NGOs combine funding with education and skill-building opportunities.
PRODUCT CIRCULARITY INDICATORS: WHAT CONTRIBUTIONS IN DESIGNING FOR A CIRCULAR ECONOMY?
Authors: Saidani M. , Kim H. , Cluzel F. , Leroy Y. , Yannou B.
Published: June 2020

This paper investigates and questions the relevance of product-centric circularity indicators in a product design context. To do so, reviews of eco-design tools and critical analyses of circularity indicators at the micro level of circular economy implementation are combined with a new workshop experimenting four of these indicators with the aim to improve the circularity performance of an industrial product. On this basis, the four tool-based circularity indicators tested are mapped on the engineering design and development process, and are positioned among the pool of main eco-design tools.
IMPRO: IMMERSIVE PROTOTYPING IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGNERS
Authors: Stadler S. , Cornet H. , Mazeas D. , Chardonnet J.-R. , Frenkler F.
Published: June 2020

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) constitutes an important tool for industrial designers. Similarly, Virtual Reality (VR) has the capability to revolutionize how designers work with its increased sense of scale and perspective. However, existing VR CAD applications are limited in terms of functionality and intuitive control. Based on a comparison of VR CAD applications, ImPro, a new application for immersive prototyping for industrial designers was developed. The user evaluations and comparisons show that ImPro offers increased usability, functionality, and suitability for industrial designers.
RAISING VALUE AND SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS FOR CRITICAL MATERIALS: A SERIOUS GAME FOR THE AEROSPACE SECTOR
Authors: Scurati G. W. , Nylander J. W. , Hallstedt S. I. , Ferrise F. , Bertoni M.
Published: June 2020

Aviation strives today to include environmental and social considerations as drivers for decision making in design. This paper proposes a serious game to raise awareness of the value and cost implications of being ‘sustainability compliant’ when developing aerospace sub-systems and components. After describing the development of the game, from needfinding to prototyping and testing, the paper discusses the results from verification activities with practitioners, revealing the ability of the game to raise sustainability awareness and support negotiation across disciplinary boundaries in design.
A SCRUM AGILE INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK
Authors: Thiele H. , Weber S. , Reichwein J. , Bartolo J. A. , Tchana Y. , Jimenez L. , Borg J. C.
Published: June 2020

With design methodologies, as Integrated Product Development, industry is continuously looking to improve their product development processes. Staying ahead concurrence forces them to deliver new and more complex products in shorter time. When it comes to fast delivery and requirement changes, product development can be inspired by agile methods. Although the application is difficult, the idea to implement these methods for development of products other than software comes out. To ease its implementation, this paper proposes to use IPD as a framework for agile product development.
DEMOCRATISING DESIGN THROUGH SURROGATE MODEL CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS OF COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN REPOSITORIES
Authors: Gopsill J. , Jennings S.
Published: June 2020

The capability to manufacture at home is continually increasing with technologies, such as 3D printing. However, the ability to design products suitable for manufacture and use remains a highly-skilled and knowledge intensive activity. This has led to ‘content creators’ providing vast repositories of manufacturable products for society, however challenges remain in the search & retrieval of models. This paper presents the surrogate model convolutional neural networks approach to search and retrieve CAD models by mapping them directly to their real-world photographed counterparts.
RECAP – A FRAMEWORK TO SUPPORT STRUCTURED REFLECTION IN ENGINEERING PROJECTS
Authors: Inkermann D. , Gürtler M. , Seegrün A.
Published: June 2020

Reflection is understood as an integral part of designing and design processes. Despite the high relevance and an ongoing discussion about agile engineering, we found that reflection is rarley established in industrial practice. There is a need for an approach structuring the wide range of levels, stakeholders, objects and timing of reflections. The introduced RECAP framework is an important step towards a guideline (heuristic) for reflection in engineering projects. Based on the four dimensions objectives, stakeholders, objects, and processes it supports structured planning of reflection.
Asteroids (Echinodermata) from the Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of the Agadir Basin, west Morocco
Authors: Ewin Timothy A. M. , Gale Andrew S.
Published: June 2020

Abundant new material of articulated asteroids from the Taba Starfish Bed (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Agadir Basin, western Morocco, allows reappraisal of this important fauna, and the recognition, to date, of five taxa belonging to the Astropectinidae, Odontasteridae, Goniasterididae, Terminasteridae, and Asteriidae.Betelgeusia orientalisBlake and Reboul, 2011 is shown to be a junior synonym ofCoulonia platyspinaHess and Blake, 1995, andDipsacaster africanusBlake and Reboul, 2011 comprises material ofC.platyspinaand a new odontasterid, here described asOdontaster tabaensisn. sp.Alkaidia megaungulan. sp. is described and its ontogeny and affinities discussed. From this, it is concluded that the Terminasteridae, revised to include the generaTerminasterandAlkaidia, is sister taxon to the extant family Zoroasteridae, and both are placed in the suborder Zorocallina of the Forcipulatida. The Taba fauna is a representative of a distinctive Lower Cretaceous asteroid assemblage that existed in northern Tethys from the Barremian to the Cenomanian and is also well known from the Albian and lower Cenomanian of Texas.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/b2ecdd06-685d-4242-9e49-985f9d7a3cc1
Self-similar structure of resistive ADAFs with outflow and large-scale magnetic field
Authors: Ghoreyshi S. M.
Published: June 2020

The observations and simulations have revealed that large-scale magnetic field and outflows can exist in the inner regions of an advection-dominated accretion disc where the resistive diffusion may also be important. In the present paper, the roles of large-scale magnetic field and outflows in the structure of resistive advection-dominated accretion discs are explored by assuming that the accretion flow is radially self-similar. In the non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) approximation, the results show that the angular velocity is always sub-Keplerian when both the outflow and the large-scale magnetic field are taken into account. A stronger toroidal field component leads to faster rotation, while the disc rotates with faster rate if the vertical field component is weaker. The increase of magnetic diffusivity causes the infall velocity to be close to Keplerian velocity. Although the previous studies in the ideal MHD approximation have shown that the disc temperature decreases due to the vertical field component, we find that the effect of vertical field component on the temperature of a resistive disc depends on the magnetic diffusivity. When the magnetic diffusivity is high, the more efficient mechanism for decreasing the disc temperature can be the outflows, and not the large-scale magnetic field. In such a limit of the magnetic diffusivity, the components of the large-scale magnetic field enhance the gas temperature. The increase of temperature can lead to heating and acceleration of the electrons and help us to explain the origin of phenomena such as the flares in Sgr A*. On the other hand, the infall velocity in such a limit rises as the temperature increases, and therefore the surface density falls to too low values. Any change in the density profile can alter the structure and the emitted spectrum of disc.
“The Ruhr Remains our Nightmare”: The International Metalworkers’ Federation and European Integration in the Early Cold War
Authors: Svanberg Johan
Published: June 2020

The aim of this article is to study discussions within the International Metalworkers’ Federation (IMF) about the early postwar process of European integration at the intersection of international cooperation and nationally defined interests. The central question is the future of the Ruhr. This article argues that the developing Cold War, and the conflict between social democrats and communists, limited the reach of international trade-union cooperation but simultaneously strengthened the perceived need among social-democratic trade unionists in Western Europe to coordinate their policies in relation to supposed enemies. European integration in combination with the Cold War also highlighted a need to coordinate the resources of European and anti-communist trade unions in North America. The article shows that the IMF generally supported European integration as a defence against the hypothetical threat from the East, but made attempts to sway the process to include a pronounced social dimension.
Mourning across Borders: Multidirectional Memory in Tim Z. Hernandez'sAll They Will Call You: The Telling of the Plane Wreck at Los Gatos Canyon
Authors: OLIVER-ROTGER MARIA ANTÒNIA
Published: June 2020

In the documentary novelAll They Will Call You(2017) Tim Z. Hernandez brings to light the life stories of the Mexican migrant workers who fatally died in a plane accident as they were being deported from California to Mexico in 1948. Inspired by Woody Guthrie's song “Plane Wreck at Los Gatos Canyon” (1961), the novel interweaves testimony, documentation, historical contextualization, and fictional mechanisms to involve the reader ethically in the pursuit of an alternative truth – one that underscores the dialectical relationship between the migrants’ lives, their communities, and neocolonial US–Mexico relations. The author entwines the lives and deaths of US and Mexican citizens and gives them historical and affective significance within the “multidirectional memory” (Rothberg) of a community of mourning enacted within and beyond his narrative. His “mestizxconsciousness” (Anzaldúa), a lived awareness of the power imbalances that silence the subaltern across the US–Mexico border, manifests itself through the phenomenological leitmotif ofla huesera. This southwestern tale and feminine archetype explains the impulse to bring into being a “new memory” (Irizarry) of a reconstructed community around the plane wreck and to challenge the “hierarchy of grief” (Butler) that silenced the migrants’ life stories.
Comparison of patulous Eustachian tube patients with and without a concave defect in the anterolateral wall of the tubal valve
Authors: Choi S-W , Park J-H , Lee S , Oh S-J , Kong S-K
Published: June 2020

Objective

Patulous Eustachian tube appears to be caused by a concave defect in the anterolateral wall of the tubal valve of the Eustachian tube. This study aimed to compare the clinical features of patulous Eustachian tube patients with or without a defect in the anterolateral wall of the tubal valve.

Methods

Sixty-six patients with a patulous Eustachian tube completed a questionnaire, which was evaluated alongside endoscopic findings of the tympanic membrane, nasal cavity and Eustachian tube orifice.

Results

Females were more frequently diagnosed with a patulous Eustachian tube, but the valve defect was more common in males (p = 0.007). The ratio of patulous Eustachian tube patients with or without defects in the anterolateral wall of the tubal valve was 1.6:1. Weight loss in the previous six months and being refractory to conservative management were significantly associated with the defect (p = 0.035 and 0.037, respectively). Symptom severity was significantly higher in patients with the defect.

Conclusion

Patulous Eustachian tube patients without a defect in the anterolateral wall of the tubal valve can be non-surgically treated more often than those with the defect. Identification of the defect could assist in making treatment decisions for patulous Eustachian tube patients.
Ion kinetic effects on linear pressure driven magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in helical plasmas
Authors: Sato M. , Todo Y.
Published: June 2020

The linear MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) stability for high beta plasmas in the inward shifted Large Helical Device (LHD) configurations has been investigated for a wide range of magnetic Reynolds numbers

$S$

using numerical simulations based on the kinetic MHD model with kinetic thermal ions where the beta is the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure. It is found that the dependence of the linear growth rate of the resistive ballooning modes on the

$S$

number changes from

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\propto S^{-1/3}$

to

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\propto S^{-1}$

by the kinetic thermal ion effects so that the resistive ballooning modes are significantly suppressed as the

$S$

number increases. For a high

$S$

number comparable to experimental values, the most unstable modes are interchange modes. The kinetic thermal ion effects change the most unstable interchange mode from the ideal mode to the resistive mode. This transition of the interchange modes by kinetic thermal ion effects is consistent with the shift of the marginal stability boundary for the ideal interchange modes observed in the LHD experiments.
Suppression of turbulence in the drift-resistive plasma where zonal flow changes direction
Authors: Kim Chang-Bae
Published: June 2020

The edge region of quasi-adiabatic plasma is pedagogically simulated by the dynamics between the electric potential

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$

and the electron density

$n$

whose equilibrium density gradient is negative and held fixed. The zonal flow (ZF)

$V$

is either enforced sinusoidally or generated self-consistently from the turbulence. Cross-phase

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$

between

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$

and

$n$

, which is important in the determination of the turbulence level and the transport, is strongly influenced by the ZF. In the region near

$V=0$

,

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$

becomes negative due to the large gradient of the ZF. It is found that the instabilities are quenched there, and the fluctuations decay. The ZF thus works as a transport barrier in the region where the ZF changes direction with large gradient.
A Diplomatic Counter-revolution: Indonesian diplomacy and the invasion of East Timor
Authors: FIBIGER MATTIAS
Published: June 2020

This article reinterprets the Indonesian invasion of East Timor as a ‘diplomatic counter-revolution’. Using the central archival records of the Suharto regime for the first time in English-language scholarship, it unearths a diplomatic campaign undertaken by agents of the New Order to secure international support for an Indonesian invasion of East Timor. This diplomatic offensive spanned Southeast Asia, non-aligned and Afro-Asian networks, Western capitals, international institutions and media circuits, and global capital markets. Its success tipped the balance of power in Jakarta away from advocates of restraint like Adam Malik and towards advocates of annexation like Ali Murtopo. The diplomacy behind Indonesia's invasion of East Timor reveals that the architecture of globalization, lauded by some scholars as inherently liberatory, was in fact agnostic, capable of being turned to counter-revolutionary purposes in addition to revolutionary ones. And it suggests that diplomacy itself had been counter-revolutionized, as geopolitical and geoeconomic change combined to make the international system, particularly the states of the Global South, far more hostile to state-making claims and transformative world-making projects.
THE EARLY AND MIDDLE BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT AT KOIMISIS, THERASIA: PERIODS OF HABITATION AND ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Sbonias Kostas , Tzachili Iris , Efstathiou Maya , Palyvou Clairy , Athanasiou Costas , Farinetti Emeri , Moullou Dorina
Published: June 2020

The study of the history of the first excavations on prehistoric Therasia in the nineteenth century, which were carried out in the context of contemporary scientific interest in the volcanic eruptions of Santorini, has led to the systematic archaeological investigation of the island from 2007 onwards. The intensive archaeological surface survey, the geological survey of the geological structure and palaeotopography of Therasia, and geophysical investigations, undertaken in conjunction with the ongoing excavation of the prehistoric settlement at the site of Panaghia Koimisis at the southern end of modern Therasia, have created the conditions for a more comprehensive approach to the archaeological landscape of the island. Based on the results from the excavation trenches in the south and south-east terraces of the Koimisis hill, which have been excavated down to the virgin soil, we present findings on the organisation, architecture and habitation phases of the Koimisis settlement. The site emerges as an important settlement located on the imposing hilltop rising on the west side of the pre-eruption Santorini caldera in the Early Bronze Age, with a long period of habitation to the end of the Middle Cycladic period, when it was definitively abandoned. The excavation of the settlement provides new information on its architecture and spatial organisation during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, completing the picture from Akrotiri, whose early phases are preserved in a piecemeal fashion under the buildings of the Late Cycladic town.
Emerging evolution trends of studies on age-friendly cities and communities: a scientometric review
Authors: Xiang Liqun , Shen Geoffrey Q. P. , Tan Yongtao , Liu Xuan
Published: June 2020

Population ageing, together with urbanisation, has become one of the greatest challenges throughout the world in the 21st century. Approximately one million people turn 60 each month worldwide. By 2050, more than 20 per cent of the global population is predicted to be 60 years old or above. Thus, an increasing need is evident for age-friendly communities, services and structures. Numerous studies on age-friendly cities and communities (AFCCs) have been conducted over the past decade. The large volume literature makes it necessary to figure out key areas and the evolution trends of studies on AFCCs. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of existing literature pertaining to AFCCs. A total of 231 collected publications are analysed and visualised by CiteSpace. According to the keywords and document co-citation networks that are generated, the foundation, hot topics and domains of AFCC research are grouped. Three major themes, namely the characteristics of AFCCs, the application of the World Health Organization's framework in urban and rural areas worldwide, and the measurement of cities’ and communities’ age-friendliness, are identified. In addition, a roadmap of AFCC research is developed. The results of this research will therefore benefit researchers and practitioners.
Denaturalizing the Monroe Doctrine: The rise of Latin American legal anti-imperialism in the face of the modern US and hemispheric redefinition of the Monroe Doctrine
Authors: Scarfi Juan Pablo
Published: June 2020

The Monroe Doctrine was originally formulated as a US foreign policy principle, but in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it began to be redefined in relation to both the hemispheric policy of Pan-Americanism and the interventionist policies of the US in Central America and the Caribbean. Although historians and social scientists have devoted a great deal of attention to Latin American anti-imperialist ideologies, there was a distinct legal tradition within the broader Latin American anti-imperialist traditions especially concerned with the nature and application of the Monroe Doctrine, which has been overlooked by international law scholars and the scholarship focusing on Latin America. In recent years, a new revisionist body of research has emerged exploring the complicity between the history of modern international law and imperialism, as well as Third World perspectives on international law, but this scholarship has begun only recently to explore legal anti-imperialist contributions and their legacy. The purpose of this article is to trace the rise of this Latin American anti-imperialist legal tradition, assessing its legal critique of the Monroe Doctrine and its implications for current debates about US exceptionalism and elastic behaviour in international law and organizations, especially since 2001.
Literature review of international mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor use in the non-surgical management of haemodynamically significant cardiac rhabdomyomas
Authors: Cleary Aoife , McMahon Colin J.
Published: June 2020

Cardiac rhabdomyomas represent the most common primary paediatric cardiac tumour and typically regresses over time in the majority of patients. Among those who are symptomatic, surgical resection or catheterisation procedures have traditionally proven effective. More recently, those invasive or challenging tumours have been successfully treated with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, typically everolimus and sirolimus. This review outlines the current medical literature of the state-of-the-art medical treatment of these tumours. We specifically focus on dosing regimens, duration of therapy, and side-effect profiles of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors among this population. Although the majority of cases responded to mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition, standardised guidelines for dosing and duration of treatment remain to be defined.
Examining child intake frequency, mothers’ own liking and child early exposure as potential predictors of child liking for restricted foods and drinks at 5 years old
Authors: Jackson Kim , Jansen Elena , Mallan Kimberley M
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To examine longitudinal patterns of child introduction to foods and drinks targeted for restriction by parents and associations between child intake frequency, mother’s own liking, child early exposure and child liking for restricted foods and drinks at 5 years old.

Design:

The study involved secondary analyses of longitudinal data from mothers and children participating in the NOURISH randomised controlled trial. Patterns of descriptive data were examined, and a binary logistic regression model tested for prediction of child liking of a selection of restricted foods and drinks.

Setting:

Brisbane and Adelaide, Australia.

Participants:

Two hundred and eleven mothers and their first born 5-year-old children.

Results:

The proportion of children who had tried the selected restricted foods and drinks progressively increased from 14 months to 5 years old. Mothers’ own high liking for both sweet and savoury restricted foods and drinks predicted child high liking for the same items at 5 years old. Child high intake frequency at 5 years old also predicted child high liking for sweet foods and drinks, but child early exposure did not predict child liking for the restricted items examined.

Conclusions:

These results challenge the belief that limiting children’s intake of foods high in sugar, fat and/or salt will increase their liking for them. Findings instead suggest that restricting children’s access to such foods may be beneficial. While further research is required, mothers should be made aware that their own food preferences may inadvertently influence their child’s liking for the very foods they are trying to restrict.
Fault Geometry and Slip Distribution of the 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan Earthquake From Inversions of SAR and Optical Data
Authors: Lauer B. , Grandin R. , Klinger Y.
Published: June 2020

The 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan earthquake ruptured the Hoshab fault (Pakistan) over 200 km. It was dominated by left‐lateral slip, with a secondary reverse component. By combining optical (SPOT 5 and Landsat 8) and radar satellite data (RADARSAT‐2 and TerraSAR‐X ScanSAR), we derive the 3‐D coseismic displacement field and the slip distribution. Our modeling strategy involves two successive inversions allowing to explore first the fault geometry and then slip distribution. Following a statistical analysis of the coseismic surface trace, the fault is discretized into 16 segments. To determine the dip angle and down‐dip width of the segments, we then perform a non‐linear elastic inversion of the geodetic data set. Using output of this model, we prescribe the fault geometry and linearly invert for slip at depth with refined discretization. Results show a decrease of the fault dip, reaching 50° in the central part of the fault that structurally connects the two sub‐vertical terminations dipping at >70°. The distribution of strike‐slip forms a shallow continuous patch (0–8 km) that peaks at 12.7 m of slip near the epicenter. Reverse slip is distributed on several patches and becomes shallower near the southern termination, where it peaks at 5.7 m. Our model shows an absence of shallow slip deficit (SSD), as for other Mw 7.5 + strike‐slip earthquakes elsewhere, hence suggesting that SSD is only found for lesser magnitude earthquakes. We speculate that moment magnitude is a key element in the occurrence of SSD.
Orbital Forcing of Late Miocene–Early Pleistocene Environmental Change in the Zhada Basin, SW Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Saadeh C. M. , Saylor J. E. , Nie J. , Shanahan T. M.
Published: June 2020

Mechanisms controlling the long‐ and short‐term variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and high‐elevation environmental change have largely been examined using low‐elevation or marine records with less emphasis on high‐elevation non‐marine records. We address this using a high‐resolution, long‐term record from upper Miocene–lower Pleistocene (~9.0–2.2 Ma) fluvio‐lacustrine strata in the Zhada Basin, southwestern Tibetan Plateau. Long‐term changes include the onset of lacustrine deposition, a decrease in mean grain size, and an increase in δ18Ocarb and δ13Ccarb values at ~6.0 Ma in response to basin closure following regional extension. This was followed by a return to palustrine/fluvial deposition, an increase in mean grain size, and a decrease in δ18Ocarb and δ13Ccarb values at ~3.5 Ma in response to tectonically driven long‐term ISM weakening. Spectral analysis reveals that high‐frequency variations in the δ18Ocarb record are dominated by 100 and ~20 kyr cycles from ~6.0–2.2 Ma. Wavelet and spectral analysis of the most densely sampled interval (4.23–3.55 Ma), tuned to the record of daily insolation (21 June at 35°N) confirms and highlights 100 and 20 kyr cycles. The tuned Pliocene δ18Ocarb record is coherent with the record of Northern Hemisphere insolation at precession periods but not at obliquity or eccentricity periods. Additionally, the tuned δ18Ocarb record is anticorrelated to the insolation record, indicating that stronger Northern Hemisphere insolation correlates with a stronger ISM. These results suggest that variations in daily insolation drove late Miocene–early Pleistocene high‐frequency ISM variability and environmental changes in the high‐elevation southwestern Tibetan Plateau.
A Simple Elemental Sulfur Reduction Method for Isotopic Analysis and Pilot Experimental Tests of Symmetry‐Dependent Sulfur Isotope Effects in Planetary Processes
Authors: Lin Mang , Thiemens Mark H.
Published: June 2020

Recent insights into fundamental mechanisms underlying quadruple stable sulfur isotope (32S, 33S, 34S, and 36S) mass‐independent fractionation (S‐MIF) chemistry and potential implications for planetary processes highlight the urgent need of conducting laboratory experiments to delineate the chemical physics of S‐MIF. Elemental sulfur (S0), a ubiquitous component in the atmospheres of early Earth and Mars, is a major product or reactant in most experiments. Developing different chemical protocols for isotopic analysis is consequently of utility. The reduction of S0 to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the first step of the fluorination method for isotopic analysis, but existing S0 reduction methods require relatively long chemical reagent preparation time. Here we present an operationally simple and rapid method for reducing S0 to H2S directly by “Thode solution.” External uncertainties of our method for δ34S, Δ33S, and Δ36S measurements (associated with reduction, fluorination, purification, and mass spectrometer analysis) are 0.3‰, 0.01‰, and 0.2‰, respectively, comparable with traditional methods. This new technique was used to determine quadruple stable sulfur isotope compositions of product S0 in a set of pilot experiments designed to investigate possible symmetry‐dependent isotope effects in planetary‐relevant elemental sulfur recombination reactions. Differences in Δ33S and Δ36S between initial and produced S0 are slightly larger than analytical errors, shedding new light into the role of sulfur recombination reactions in S‐MIF. Our study offers a practical approach for measuring multiple isotopic compositions of S0 in laboratory and natural samples and creates new opportunities for deepening understanding of S‐MIF signatures in Archean rocks and Martian meteorites.