bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIFFUSE PULMONARY INJURY ASSOCIATED WITH GOLD TREATMENT
Authors: Nickels J. , Van Assendelft A. H. W. , Tukiainen P.
Published: August 2010

A patient showing a gold‐induced diffuse pulmonary reaction is described. An open lung biopsy specimen showed thickening of alveolar septa due to inflammation. The alveolar walls were lined by cuboidal epithelium. On electron microscope examination electron‐dense structures were observed within lysosomes of endothelial cells of the alveolar capillaries and interstitial macrophages. Electron probe microcanalysis showed that these structures contained gold. The accumulation of gold in endothelial cells and macrophages and a direct toxic effect might be an important feature in the pathogenesis of gold‐induced pulmonary reactions. On the other hand the accumulation of gold may reflect exposure rather than disease.
THE CARDIAC ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION SYSTEM IN FAMILIAL AMYLOIDOSIS WITH POLYNEUROPATHY
Authors: Eriksson Anders , Eriksson Peter , Olofsson Bert‐Ove , Thornell Lars‐Eric
Published: August 2010

Cardiac conduction disturbances are frequent in amyloidosis with cardiac involvement, but the pathogenesis of these electrocardiographic abnormalities is not clear. In the present study, the conduction systems in six patients with the Swedish variety of familial amyloidosis with polyneuropathy (FAP), have been analyzed. The results suggest that in FAP, direct amyloid infiltration of the atrioventricular conduction system accounts for the majority of the electrocardiographic disturbances.
INTERNALIZATION IN VIVO OF CHOLERA TOXIN IN THE SMALL INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM OF THE RAT
Authors: HANSSON HANS‐ARNE , LANGE STEFAN , LONNROTH IVAR
Published: August 2010

The binding and internalization of cholera toxin (CT) into the intestinal epithelium were studied in vivo in rats. The distribution of CT was ascertained using immunofluorescence and by immunoenzyme‐electron microscopy, with horse‐radish peroxidase anti‐CT antibodies as the conjugate. The toxin was rapidly bound and internalized into both epithelial and goblet cells; CT was evenly distributed on the microvilli at the bases of which it appeared in invaginations (coated pits). Though not found in nuclei, CT appeared intracellularly in coated vesicles, and dissolved in the cytoplasm where it was enriched at the terminal web. The basolateral membrane, except for the tight junctions, was outlined with CT; some staining also appeared in the basement membrane, in fibroblasts, macrophages and in the blood‐vessel walls in the submucosa. The lysosomatotrophic agent chloroquine simultaneously inhibited CT‐induced fluid secretion and intracellular distribution of CT in the cytoplasmic matrix, but not in the vesicles. The inhibitor of CT‐action on adenylate cyclase, chlorpromazine, did not affect the cellular distribution of CT. Our results suggest that CT mainly is internalized by endocytosis into the intestinal epithelium. The toxin is probably released from vesicles into the cytoplasm via secondary lysosomes.
IS THE ILEO‐CAECAL PEYER'S PATCH IN RUMINANTS A MAMMALIAN «BURSA — EQUIVALENT»?
Authors: Landsverk Thor
Published: August 2010

The ileo‐caecal Peyer's patch (IPP) in young ruminants shows prenatal maturation and involution in young age, mainly like the thymus (1, 7, 8). In an examination of three‐week‐old calves IPP had features compatible with an essentially thymus‐independent, primary function, different from that of jejunal patches. Features of IPP included very high lymphoblastic activity despite scarcity of coronal cells and few high endothelial venules in the interfollicular tissue.
PULMONARY BONE‐MARROW EMBOLISATION AFTER UNFILTRATED AUTOLOGOUS BONE‐MARROW TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Alvegård T. A. , Berg N. O. , Willén H.
Published: August 2010

A 15‐year‐old girl had Ewing's sarcoma of the right scapula 1978 and was treated with local radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. She remained in complete remission until September 1982 when she developed a single pulmonary metastasis in the right lower lobe. She received a high dose of Melphalan twice, always followed by autologous bone‐marrow transplantation. A segmental right underlobectomy revealed haematopoietic bone‐marrow tissue emboli within the alveolar capillaries and foreign body granulomatous lesions in the whole surgical specimen. No residual Ewing's sarcoma growth was seen.
QUANTITATIVE PARATHYROID MORPHOLOGY IS UNALTERED IN PROLONGED HYPOCALCEMIA
Authors: LORENTZON RONNY , LARSSON HANS‐OLOF , BOQUIST LENNART
Published: August 2010

Hypocalcemia was induced in adult Mongolian gerbils by a combination of a calcium deficient diet and repeated injections of ethylene‐diamine‐tetra‐acetate (EDTA). This treatment caused tetany and death in some of the animals. Laboratory analyses on the eighth experimental day disclosed significantly decreased concentrations of serum calcium and significantly increased concentrations of serum phosphate. Stereological methods and semi‐automatic image analysis were used for ultrastructural study of the parathyroid glands with the aim of disclosing if any quantitative alterations occur in prolonged hypocalcemia. Compared with normocalcemic animals no significant change was observed in the hypocalcemic gerbils with regard to the nuclear profile area, the volume densities of nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, secretory granules and storage granules, or the surface density of the cell membrane. The only significant change in the hypocalcemic animals was a slight increase in the volume density of lipoid bodies and a similarly slight decrease in the surface density of the endoplasmic reticulum, changes which at present are difficult to explain. The data demonstrate that hypocalcemic stimulation in vivo does not give rise to quantitative morphological changes in parathyroid chief cells, and thus do not support the idea of a functional adaptation of the chief cells to variations in the ambient calcium concentration.
ANTISERUM AGAINST FORMALIN‐FIXED HUMAN MILK FAT GLOBULE GLYCOPROTEIN FOR IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY OF NORMAL AND MALIGNANT APOCRINE EPITHELIUM
Authors: FORSMAN LISBETH M. , KARHI KIMMO K. , AUTERO MATTI , GAHMBERG CARL G. , ANDERSSON LEIF C.
Published: August 2010

A rabbit antiserum was raised against formalin‐fixed glycoprotein isolated by lectin affinity chromatography from human milk fat globules. After adsorption witherythrocytesand normal blood leukocytes the antiserum detected in immunoblotting of fresh mammary carcinoma tissue a major component of 75 000 dalton apparent molecular weight. The antiserum specifically decorated normal and malignant apocrine epithelium in sections of formalin‐fixed tissues. The usefulness of such antisera for routine immunohistochemical diagnosis of metastatic carcinomas is demonstrated.
DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT COLLAGEN TYPES AND FIBRONECTIN IN NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TUMOURS
Authors: PELTONEN JUHA , AHO HEIKKI , HALME TAPIO , NÄNTÖ‐SALONEN KIRSTI , LEHTO MATTI , FOIDART JEAN‐MICHEL , DUANCE VICTOR , VAHERI ANTTI , PENTTINEN RISTO
Published: August 2010

Collagen types I, III, IV and V and fibronectin were localized in neurofibromas from six patients with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis (NF) using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and peroxidase anti‐peroxidase (PAP) techniques. Type I and III collagens were abundantly and rather evenly present in the tumours and formed a continuous network, but were absent from the capillary endothelial walls and were sparce in the perineurium of the occasional nerve fascicles. The type III/type I + type III collagen ratio in neurofibromas varied from 17.4% to 37.3% when estimated with cyanogen bromide peptide analysis. Fibronectin was detected in areas where type I and III collagens were present but was most intensively stained in the vascular walls and perineurium. Type IV collagen was detected at the dermo‐epidermal junction of the skin overlying the tumours, in the endothelial cells of the capillaries, the perineurium and endoneurium. Furthermore, in the tumourous stroma there was plenty of type IV collagen appearing as a discontinuous patchy pattern suggesting abundant basement membrane material associated with cells forming the tumours. Type V collagen distribution was very similar to that of type IV collagen.
TIME‐COURSE AND RATE OF HEALING AFTER WOUNDING THE AVASCULAR MESENTERY IN DIABETIC RATS
Authors: NORRBY K. , FRANZÉN L.
Published: August 2010

The effects of inflicting trauma on the mesentery of diabetic and control rats by perforation with a scalpel were studied with regard to time‐course of healing and rate of healing by closure. In this tissue, which is virtually free from blood vessels and nerves, healing precedes vascularization of the wound area. Insulin‐deficient rats with streptozotocin diabetes of 4 weeks' duration were used. Non‐specific histamine release and cell proliferation (expressed as specific DNA acitivity) lasting 30 h took place after opening the abdomen and handling the mesentery. Wounding caused further histamine release and cell proliferation. These variables were the same in diabetic and control rats. The time‐course of healing was significantly delayed in diabetes, whereas the rale of healing (number of wound closures per day) during the phase of rapid healing was not. Because the rate of healing was normal in diabetic rats the impairment of healing in diabetes can be ascribed to pre‐healing reparative events unrelated not only to vascular and neural factors but apparently also to the amount of histamine released and to the cell proliferation elicited by wounding. The delayed healing thus seems to be related to some cellular or metabolic feature of diabetes as yet unknown.
HUMAN HEART MUSCLE CONTAINS KERATIN‐LIKE MATERIAL IN INTERCALATED DISCS
Authors: Huitfeldt H. , Brandtzaeg P.
Published: August 2010

Two different rabbit antisera to human epidermal keratins produced immunohistochemical staining of intercalated discs in myocardial fibres. This finding indicated that tonofilaments of the keratin‐type may be associated with the transverse segments of these functional specializations.
IMMUNIZATION OF MICE WITH THE FIBRONECTIN‐BINDING PROTEIN AND CLUMPING FACTOR FROM STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS: ANTIBODY RESPONSE AND RESISTANCE AGAINST INTRAPERITONEAL INFECTION
Authors: ESPERSEN F. , CLEMMENSEN I.
Published: August 2010

The antibody response against Staphylococcus aureus antigens was quantitated in mice immunized with live staphylococci, the fibronectin‐binding protein, clumping factor, or saline by means of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Immunization with purified clumping factor induced a significant increase in antibody levels, while the fibronectin‐binding protein gave a poor response. All mice immunized with live S. aureus developed a high antibody level. The immunization of mice with live S. aureus or clumping factor resulted in an increased resistance towards staphylococcal intraperitoneal infection.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS IN A PATIENT WITH C4 DEFICIENCY: FUNCTIONAL IMMATURITY OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: SJöHOLM A.G. , HAMMARSTRöM L. , SMITH C. I. E. , KJELLMAN N.‐I. M.
Published: August 2010

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a systemic lupus erythematosus patient with homozygous C4 deficiency were stimulated in vitro. Although T cell independent stimulation (Epstein‐Barr virus) induced normal proportions of IgM secreting cells. IgG and IgA secreting cells were almost absent. Virtually no immunoglobulin secretion was obtained after T cell dependent stimulation (pokeweeed mitogen). Cell fractionation experiments indicated that the low pokeweed mitogen response, at least with regard to IgG and IgA production, was mainly due to impaired B‐lymphocyte function. The serum IgG subclass distribution pattern of specific antibodies against certain carbohydrate antigens demonstrated a relative lack of IgG2 antibodies. The findings were consistent with functional immaturity of B lymphocytes in the patient.
ANTIBODIES AGAINST CHLAMYDIA MEASURED BY AN ELISA METHOD
Authors: JENUM PÅL A.
Published: August 2010

An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of serum IgG and IgM antibodies against chlamydia group antigen is presented. 187 selected sera were tested both in the ELISA and in the complement‐fixation test (CFT). Of 71 sera with negative results in the CFT, 19 (26.8%) were positive in the ELISA. Of 116 CFT positive sera, ten (8,6%) were ELISA negative. In 35 of 72 sera (48.6%) with CFT titre <40 chlamydial IgM was demonstrated, while 11 of 115 sera (9.5%) with CFT titre <40, were IgM positive. IgM may inhibit binding of IgG to the antigen by competition. The ELISA showed a greater discrimination between titre‐values compared to the CFT. The results are presented as “estimated titers”. This method is based on linear logarithmic dose‐response curves. The method gives a continuous titre scale, is easily understood, is reproducible and may be used in seroepidemiology. One single serum dilution is required except for sera with high titre which have to be retested at a higher dilution.
ANALYSIS OF RHEUMATOID FACTORS BY A BIOTIN‐AVIDIN BASED ISOTYPE‐SPECIFIC ELISA
Authors: KEMP M. , HUSBY S. , JENSENIUS J. C. , RASMUSSEN G. G. , SVEHAG S.‐E.
Published: August 2010

A one day enzyme immunoassay for the detection of rheumatoid factors of the IgG, IgM, and IgA class is described. The assay utilizes rabbit IgG as solid‐phase reactant and the biotin‐avidin interaction for the coupling of enzyme to indicator antibody. Three different indicator antibodies discriminated effectively between rheumatoid arthritis patients and normal subjects. F(ab')2 fragments of goat antibodies were found best suited for the test. Rheumatoid factor activity was expressed in U/ml by comparing samples to an internal standard, which was related to the WHO international reference serum for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid factor activity (U/ml) in the IgM‐specific assay showed a close correlation to the latex agglutination titer. Avidity indices estimated from the slopes of the dose response curves of test sera were significantly higher for rheumatoid arthritis patients than for a group of healthy persons, indicating a higher avidity of the rheumatoid factors in the patients' sera.
A NECROPSY STUDY OF PI PHENOTYPES, EMPHYSEMA, AND SMOKING
Authors: SUTINEN SEPPO , KOISTINEN JUKKA , PÄÄKKÖ PAAVO
Published: August 2010

Pi phenotypes, determinedpost mortemby isoelectric focusing and immunofixation, emphysema, assessed from inflation fixed specimens and smoking history were correlated in 186 hospital necropsies. It was possible to determine Pi phenotype in 98.4% of the specimens. Phenotype M occurred in 87.5%, MZ in a 8.1%, MS in 2.1% and FM in 0.5%. An expected association was found between smoking and emphysema but not between the Pi phenotypes and emphysema. Thus, while smoking is a major aetiological factor, the Pi MZ heterozygous state does not seem to predispose to structural emphysema. However, the small number of cases did not allow an estimation of the risk of smoking in Pi MZ heterozygous persons compared to those with the normal Pi phenotype.
DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY POST‐ISCHEMIC INJURY IN THE LIVER AS EVALUATED BY A DOUBLE STAINING METHOD COMBINING AN INTRAVITAL DYE EXCLUSION TEST AND ALIZARIN RED S
Authors: JENNISCHE EVA
Published: August 2010

The early development of post‐ischemic cell injury was investigated in rat livers. Rats were subjected to 90 minutes of liver ischemia, followed by periods of re‐perfusion from 10 minutes to 3 hours. The ischemia‐induced injury was quantified by using a double staining method. An intravital dye exclusion test with Evans blue was combined with a histochemical stain for calcium, Alizarin red S (ARS). It was found that the markers identified two populations of injured cells, positive for Evans blue (EBA) and ARS respectively. The number of injured cells increased successively during the re‐perfusion period. The overlapping between the two populations was small during the early post‐ischemic phase but increased with increasing re‐perfusion time. Treatment with ruthenium red, a blocker of mitochondrial calcium uptake, during the re‐perfusion period significantly reduced the number of ARS‐positive cells, while the number of EBA‐positive cells was not affected. It is suggested that the two markers used identify cell populations, which are injured by different mechanisms operating in the post‐ischemic phase. These mechanisms may or may not be dependent on calcium.
AUTOREACTIVE LYMPHOCYTES IN THYROID DISORDERS
Authors: Petersen JØRGEN , Feldt‐Rasmussen ULLA , HØIer‐Madsen MIMI , Larsen FLEMMING , Husby STEFFEN , SiersbæK‐Nielsen KAI
Published: August 2010

Blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from 9 randomly selected patients with autoimmune thyroiditis were stimulated in vitro with pokeweed mitogen (PWM), a polyclonal B lymphocyte activator. The secretion of immunoglobulins (Ig) and anti‐thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) was assayed by means of haemolytic plaque‐forming cell (PFC) assays, radio‐immune assay (RIA) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Total Ig and TgAb production was maximal using MNC cultured at 1.0 times 106/ml as estimated by PFC, RIA and ELISA. The Ig and TgAb production as measured by RIA and ELISA was 1.5 — 3 times higher after 12 days' culture compared to 6 days' culture. Ig and TgAb production measured by PFC‐assays at day 6 correlated positively to the results obtained by RIA and ELISA at day 12. PWM‐induced TgAb secretion correlated positively to TgAb titres in serum. As judged by PFC, TgAb production was found in 8/9 patients; about 5% (range 0 — 7.9%) of the total PWM‐stimulated IgG‐secreting cells were involved in TgAb secretion. TgAb production as measured by ELISA and RIA was found in 6/9 patients. By reference to an affinity‐purified human TgAb preparation, the TgAb secretion was about 0.7% (range 0 — 21.3%) of the total PWM‐induced IgG secretion.
DURATION OF DELAYED‐TYPE AUTOIMMUNITY AGAINST ARTERIAL VESSEL‐WALL ANTIGENS FOLLOWING ACUTE HYPERTENSIVE DAMAGE TO ARTERIAL VESSELS IN RATS
Authors: Laybourn CARSTEN , Drivsholm LARS , Olsen FINN
Published: August 2010

Acute hypertensive damage to small arteries and arterioles in rats was induced by intravenous injections of Hypertensin. The in vitro immunological method of the agarose migration technique was used to demonstrate delayed‐type autoimmunity against arterial vessel‐wall antigens. By this technique the autoimmunity could be demonstrated for about 16 weeks after the acute hypertensive damage to the arterial vessels. The results of the autoimmunity were given as migration indices. These were lowest during the first 4–5 weeks after the damage to the vessels whereupon they showed higher and higher values, and finally the migration indices were identical with those of the control rats after about 16 weeks.
EFFECT OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA PROTEASES ON HUMAN LEUKOCYTE PHAGOCYTOSIS AND BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Kharazmi A. , Eriksen H. O. , DÖRing G. , Goldstein W. , HØIby N.
Published: August 2010

The effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alkaline protease (AP) and elastase (Ela) on neutrophil phagocytosis and bactericidal activity was examined. It was found that both proteases reduced the phagocytic activity of the leukocytes against P. aeruginosa, whereas they had little effect on the phagocytosis of S. aureus. AP and Ela at concentration of up to 250 μg per ml (much higher than the levels detectable under in vivo conditions) did not interfere with the bactericidal activity of the leukocytes against both test organisms. Inhibition of phagocytosis by AP and Ela without effect on the bactericidal acitivity suggests that the P. aeruginosa proteases most probably exert their effect on the cell surface perhaps by proteolytic cleavage of the cell receptors which are necessary for phagocytosis.
THE ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY IN CHICKENS
Authors: Koch CLAUS
Published: August 2010

Restoring the haemolytic activity of heat‐treated chicken serum was used to monitor an initial purification of chicken complement component factor B of the alternative complement pathway. The partially purified factor B was used to prepare a monospecific rabbit antiserum against factor B, and this antiserum was now used to monitor and establish a purification scheme for chicken factor B which could be used for large‐scale purifications. The final purification involved precipitation with polyetyleneglycol, ion exchange chromatography on CM 52‐cellulose, gelfiltration on Sephadex G 200, elution from a Con A‐Sepharose column, and finally ion exchange chromatography on a DE 52‐cellulose column. 2.8 mg of factor B was purified from 100 ml of chicken plasma with a yield of 28%. Purity was high as judged from crossed immunoelectropheresis, SDS‐PAGE, and from immunizations of rabbits with the factor B preparation. The purification gave preliminary indications that chicken factor B is a glycoprotein with ß‐mobility and with a molecular weight around 95 Kd.
CYSTOSARCOMA PHYLLODES
Authors: Christensen LISE , Nielsen MAJA , Madsen PER MILTON
Published: August 2010

The clinico‐pathological aspects of 19 cases of cystosarcoma phyllodes (CP) were reviewed with special attention to the occurrence of associated breast carcinoma (BC). Twelve women had histologically benign, 4 had borderline and 3 malignant CP. Recurrent CP was diagnosed in 9 women within 1 to 15 years after initial treatment. Of the 19 women, 5 had associated in situ or invasive BC, 2 with the primary CP and 3 with its recurrences. In 1 case the BC was located within the confines of the CP, whereas in 4 women the CP and BC were separate lesions. The frequency of incidentally found BC in this group of women with CP does not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of BC development in women with CP.
METASTASIZING MYXOPAPILLARY EPENDYMOMA OF THE SACROCOCCYGEAL REGION
Authors: Kindblom LARS‐GUNNAR , Lodding PÄR , Hagmar BJÖRN , Stenman GÖRAN
Published: August 2010

A case of recurrent and metastasizing subcutaneous myxopapillary ependymoma of the sacrococcygeal region in a 44‐year‐old man is reported. The tumor was characterized light microscopically by numerous papillary projections, lined by epithelium‐like cells, with a variable degree of polymorphism. Histochemical analysis relating to glucosaminoglycans indicated the presence of hyaluronic acid and chondroi‐tin‐4‐and/or 6‐sulfate. Using immunoperoxidase techniques, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S‐100 protein were demonstrated within the tumor cells. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were characterized by an abundance of intermediate cytoplasmic filaments, prominent interdigitating cytoplasmic projections, the formation of desmosomes and external lamina‐like material. The growth pattern in the tissue culture of this tumor is described, and the ultrastructural appearance of the cultured cells revealed features similar to the primary and recurrent tumor. Chromosome analyses by the G‐banding technique of early generations of cultured tumor cells revealed a normal diploid stemline without gross chromosomal deviations. Among the different variant cells and clones recorded, those with X chromosome deviations were of special interest since gonosomal deviations have previously been observed in other types of glioma. The differential diagnosis against adenopapillary carcinoma, chordoma and malignant teratoma is briefly discussed.
TETRACYCLINE‐INDUCED CHANGES IN HEPATOCYTES OF MINI‐PIGS AND MINI‐PIG FOETUSES AS REVEALED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: RØMert PAUL , Matthiessen MARTIN E.
Published: August 2010

The effect of chlortetracycline on hepatocytes from pregnant mini‐pigs and their half‐term foetuses was studied after oral administration of 1–3 g daily for 6 days. Liver tissue from tetracycline‐treated mini‐pigs and their foetuses was immersion fixed, and hepatocytes were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy and compared to hepatocytes of untreated controls. After exposure to tetracycline the hepatocytes of the pregnant mini‐pig showed a significant increase in the volume density of mitochondria and autophagic vacuoles. Also a significant decrease in the volume density of glycogen was observed. The hepatocytes of the tetracycline‐exposed half‐term foetuses showed profound morphological changes of mitochondria. Many mitochondria were of an abnormal shape and an increased size. In most mitochondria the matrix contained a paracrystalline material which had a characteristic prismatic shape with a regular internal lattice structure. Many mitochondria also exhibited numerous short stacked cristae or long longitudinally oriented cristae. No significant change in the volume density of mitochondria was demonstrated. Also no significant change in the volume density of glycogen was observed. In conclusion it can be stated that small doses of chlortetracycline administered orally for a few days provoke morphological changes in both maternal and foetal hepatocytes. While the changes in maternal hepatocytes may reflect metabolic changes, the distinct morphological changes of mitochondria in foetal hepatocytes probably indicate cellular injury.
RELATION BETWEEN ALLOXAN‐INDUCED PLASMA MEMBRANE DYSFUNCTION AND INHIBITION OF INSULIN SECRETION IN PANCREATIC B‐CELLS IN VIVO
Authors: Jennische EVA , Hansson HANS‐ARNE
Published: August 2010

The acute effects of alloxan on plasma membrane function and insulin content of pancreatic B‐cells were investigated in vivo. Rats received a single injection of alloxan, 75 mg/kg b.w. intravenously. The animals were sacrificed up to 24 h after treatment. The membrane damage was evaluated by a dye‐exclusion test, demonstrating cells unable to exclude Evans blue/albumin (EBA) complexes. The insulin content was demonstrated by immunofluorescence. The alloxan injection resulted in a transient decrease in insulin content, later followed by a sustained increase, indicating inhibition of secretion. Increased levels of insulin were evident 50 min after alloxan treatment, and concomitantly an increasing number of injured, i.e. EBA‐positive, cells could be demonstrated in the islets. Inhibition of insulin secretion appeared to precede inhibition of insulin synthesis as well as development of membrane dysfunction. It is suggested that the early inhibition of insulin secretion, induced by alloxan, is due to interference with cytoplasmic sulfhydryl and disulfide containing proteins.
REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE CHANGES IN THE DOG HEART DURING ACUTE LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE DUE TO EXPERIMENTAL MULTIFOCAL ISCHAEMIA
Authors: Lindal S. , Smiseth O. A. , MjØS O. D. , Myklebust R. , JØRgensen L.
Published: August 2010

Acute left ventricular (LV) failure was induced in closed‐chest pentobarbital anaesthetized dogs (n=15), by injection of 50 μm plastic microspheres into the main left coronary artery. There were marked reductions of cardiac output and peak LV dp/dt after the embolization, while LV end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP) increased markedly. Biopsies were taken 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 36, 48 hours, 7 and 14 days after injection of microspheres. Histological examination of the left ventricle revealed multiple ischaemic lesions distributed throughout the are supplied by the left main coronary artery. Oilred O staining revealed deposition of fine lipid droplets in the ischaemic cardiac muscle cells bordering on the necrotic areas. Ultrastructurally the lipid‐containing cells showed numerous vacuoles localized in association with the mitochondria. The vacuoles could be observed already 1 hour after embolization and increased in number up to 48 hours. At the end of the observation period at two weeks, the number of lipid droplets was markedly reduced and the heart regained its functional activity. It is concluded that the myocardial lesions induced by coronary embolization of plastic microspheres were associated with acute left ventricular pump failure and consist of multiple foci of damaged myocardium with a central core of necrotic tissue. In the periphery of these lesions there were myocytes with lipids and other signs of light and moderate ischaemic injury. Our suggestion is that these cells represent a region of intermediate injury of “border zone” cells that are a potentially salvageable myocardium.
LIVER PHAGOCYTOSIS IN LATE STAGES OF LETHAL CANINE ENDOTOXIN SHOCK
Authors: Nordstoga KNUT , Aasen ANSGAR O.
Published: August 2010

Liver phagocytosis was studied by means of electron microscopy in late stages of lethal canine endotoxin shock. A massive phagocytic activity was found within hepatic macrophages. The phagocytosed material found within Kupffer cells consisted of red cells, red‐cell fragments, platelets, a fibrin‐like material and damaged polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Red cells and red‐cell fragments seemed to constitute the major part of the material involved.
ON THE ROLE OF PLATELETS AND LEUCOCYTE IN RENAL XENOPERFUSION
Authors: JØRgensen KAJ ANKER , Kemp EJVIND , Barfort PER , Starklint HENRIK , Larsen SVEND , Munk‐Andersen GEORG
Published: August 2010

Five rabbit kidneys were perfused with heparinized human blood, five with platelet‐rich, leucocyte‐poor blood, five with platelet‐poor, leucocyte‐rich blood, and five with platelet‐poor, leucocyte‐poor, heparinized human blood. The kidneys were perfused at a constant pressure of 80 mm Hg and the time until the flow decreased to 2 ml/min was determined. Removal of platelets from the blood significantly delayed rejection. The effect of removing leucocytes was insignificant. Morphologically all groups revealed platelet aggregates, endothelial damage and ischemic changes of distal tubular epithelium.
ALTERATION IN DENSITY, MORPHOLOGY AND PARATHYROID HORMONE RELEASE OF DISPERSED PARATHYROID CELLS FROM PATIENTS WITH HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: Rudberg CLAES , Grimelius LARS , Johansson HENRY , Ljunghall SVERKER , Odselius ROLF , Pertoft HÅKAN , Rastad JONAS , Wide LEIF , ÅKerstrÖM GÖRAN
Published: August 2010

Dispersed parathyroid cells from normal human and bovine glands and from 10 patients with primary (7 adenomas, 3 hyperplasias) and 4 patients with uraemic hyperparathyroidism (HPT) have been investigated with respect to density, morphology and parathyroid hormone (PTH) release. Percoll density gradients enabled an efficient isolation of viable parathyroid cells which generally banded between 1.035‐1.090 g/ml. The average density was significantly higher in cells from the normal than the abnormal glands. The pathological glands contained large chief cells, oxyphil and transitional oxyphil cells and, in one case, water‐clear cells which were enriched in fractions with densities below 1.055 g/ml. Measurements of cell diameters revealed an increased proportion of enlarged cells in the preparation of abnormal glands. Nuclear diameters were similar in the normal human glands, adenomas and hyperplasias, but the variability was greater among the adenomas. In comparison to normal bovine parathyroid cells, PTH release of cells from the pathological human glands was reduced and abnormally insensitive to extracellular calcium. The oxyphil and water‐clear cells secreted similar amounts of PTH as the chief cells of the abnormal glands. The disturbed PTH release in secondary HPT seemed to be confined mainly to cells within nodules of the hyperplastic glands. The results show that the disturbed hormone regulation in HPT is related to morphological changes of the cells and that buoyant density gradients can be used to accumulate the abnormal cells.
ADULT RHABDOMYOMA OF THE OROPHARYNX RECURRING THREE TIMES WITHIN THIRTY‐FIVE YEARS
Authors: Andersen CLAUS B. , Elling FOLMER
Published: August 2010

A case of recurrent rhabdomyoma in the oropharynx of a 72‐year‐old man is presented. Diagnosis was based on routine histology, and in the third and last recurrence it was further established by electron microscopy, immune peroxidase staining for myoglobin, actin and fibronectin, and special strains. All recurrences were histologically identical and metastases were never observed. The adult rhabdomyoma is almost exclusively located in the head/neck region, often adjacent to vital organs, complicating radical surgery. The present case indicates that recurrences can be expected often at extraordinarily long intervals.
THE PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY III D 5 TO HUMAN MILK FAT GLOBULE ANTIGEN IN BREAST CANCER
Authors: Helle MARKKU
Published: August 2010

The monoclonal antibody III D 5 identifies an antigen in human milk fat globule membrane, found also on breast epithelial cells. Immunohistochemistry with the antibody was used in the staining of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections of 80 breast carcinomas. The duration of follow‐up of patients was from seven to twelve years. The presence or absence of metastases in regional lymph nodes at the time of primary operation, histological grade and necrosis of tumours correlated highly significantly to the survival of patients. The patients whose tumours exhibited positive staining with the antibody III D 5 had an improved survival‐rate compared with those with III D 5 negative tumours. In the patients without metastases at the time of primary operation, the histological grade of primary tumour had only a weak correlation with survival, while the same patients with III D 5 positive tumours had significantly better prognosis compared to the III D 5 negative cases. Inclusion of the III D 5 immunoreactivity with other factors in a prognostic index could permit a more accurate estimation of prognosis in patients with mammary carcinoma.
INTERSTITIAL FOCAL FIBROSIS AND REDUCTION IN PROXIMAL TUBULAR LENGTH IN ADULT RATS AFTER LITHIUM TREATMENT
Authors: Ottosen Peter D. , NyengÅRd Jens R. , Olsen T. Steen , Christensen Sten
Published: August 2010

Seven adult male and eight adult female rats were treated with lithium for 16 weeks. The kidneys were fixed by vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde and investigated by morphometric methods. Plasma lithium was in the therapeutic range. All treated animals showed a significant increase in interstitial volume as a result of focal interstitial fibrosis (from 6.6% to 9.8% in males and from 5.2% to 8.4% in females) and a significant reduction in proximal tubular length in male rats (from 292 to 181 m/kidney). Two rats had elevated plasma urea at the end of the experiment. A few animals that were treated for 8 months showed even more significant structural changes. The findings in the present study demonstrate that lithium treatment also in the adult rat leads to focal interstitial fibrosis in the renal cortex.
ANTI‐LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE ANTIBODIES MEASURED BY ENZYME‐IMMUNOASSAY IN DANISH BLOOD DONORS
Authors: Fomsgaard Anders , Dinesen Bo , Bæk Leif
Published: August 2010

To explore whether the intravenous administration of naturally occurring high‐titer human anti‐lipopolysaccharide IgG (anti‐LPS) is beneficial in the treatment of human septic shock, it is necessary to select blood donors according to anti‐LPS concentrations. The present paper describes an enzyme‐linked immuno‐adsorbent assay (ELISA) for the screening of blood donors to obtain such antibodies. Human specific IgG antibodies directed against smooth LPS from eleven different bacterial strains and species were quantitated. The ELISA is simple and uses only commercially available reagents. By optimizing assay conditions, a low unspecific background activity (OD below 0.010) was obtained, together with a large specific reading interval. 2021 human plasma samples from volunteer blood donors at six different blood‐banks in Denmark were screened by the ELISA. The median anti‐LPS antibody concentration was 9 mg/l. Five per cent of the donors had anti‐LPS concentrations above 40 mg/l (expected to be therapeutically useful). The age‐ and sex‐related distributions indicated that the highest prevalence of high anti‐LPS concentration was in males aged 40–49 years. It is concluded that specific anti‐LPS gammaglobulin based on naturally occurring anti‐LPS antibodies can be obtained in Denmark following the screening of blood‐donors, using the assay developed.
TUMOURS IN ICELAND 8. Hodgkin's Disease and non‐Hodgkin's Malignant Lymphomas. A histological Classification and Epidemiological Considerations
Authors: AGNARSSON BJARNI A. , ÓLAFSDÓTTIR KRISTRÚN , BENEDIKTSSON HALLGRÍMUR
Published: August 2010

All cases of biopsy‐proven Hodgkin's disease and non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas submitted for histological diagnosis in Iceland during 1955–1982 and available for review were typed histologically, using the World Health Organization Classification for cases of Hodgkin's disease and the “International Working Formulation” for cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. A total of 92 cases of Hodgkin's disease were classified with a male‐to‐female ratio of 1.96. The largest subgroups were those of nodular sclerosis (42%) and mixed cellularity (32%). A prominent peak in the incidence was found in the 21–30 years age group. The incidence and subtypes of Hodgkin's disease in Iceland appears similar to those found in other Western countries. A total of 90 cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas were classified with a male‐to‐female ratio of 1.5. A high incidence of large cell lymphomas was found, especially of the immunoblastic type (35%), while in other respects the distribution of subtypes appeared similar to what has been found in studies from other Western countries. The incidence of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas in Iceland is low during childhood and young adulthood but rises sharply after age 50 and the overall incidence is similar to that found in other European countries.
IgG SUBCLASS DISTRIBUTION OF SERUM ANTIBODIES AGAINST LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE FROM BACTEROIDES GINGIVALIS IN PERIODONTAL HEALTH AND DISEASE
Authors: Schenck Karl , Michaelsen Terje E.
Published: August 2010

Serum IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 antibody levels directed against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Bacteroides gingivalis were measured in the sera from systemically healthy subjects with and without periodontitis. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used that included coating of microtiter plates with LPS, and subsequent incubation with patient sera followed by mouse monoclonal subclass‐specific antibodies, biotinylated sheep anti‐mouse IgG and alkaline phosphatase conjugated to streptavidin. Anti‐LPS IgG antibodies were dominated by IgG2, and moderate amounts only of IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 were found. The periodontitis patients had significantly higher anti‐LPS IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 levels when compared to the subjects with healthy periodontium (p < 0.05, Mann‐Whitney test).
HUMAN MONOCYTE AND POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC AND CHEMOKINETIC RESPONSES TO LEUKOTRIENE B4 AND FMLP
Authors: Ternowitz Thomas , Herlin Troels , Fogh Karsten
Published: August 2010

Comparable investigations of the chemotactic and chemokinetic responses of purified monocytes (MO) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (FMLP) were made in this study. Using a sensitive and objective 51Cr‐chemotactic assay, it was shown that both MO and PMN showed a bell‐shaped response to LTB4 and FMLP, with a maximum response at 10‐8M for both drugs. For PMN, the maximal response elicited by LTB4 was similar in magnitude to that produced by FMLP, whereas the MO chemotaxis induced by 10‐8M FMLP was significantly higher than the response evoked by 10‐8M LTB4. For both cell types, LTB4 at low concentrations (< 10‐9M) gave rise to higher chemotactic responses than FMLP. Chemokinesis was differentiated from chemotaxis, using a checkerboard system. At concentrations < 10‐9M the LTB4‐evoked contribution of chemokinesis to the total migrational response was significantly higher than the chemokinetic contribution of FMLP. Preincubation with LTB4 produced only homologous chemotactic deactivation to subsequent LTB4 stimulation, whereas preincubation with FMLP resulted in diminished secondary response to both FMLP and LTB4. The degree of deactivation was dependent upon the dose of attractant used, with a LTB4 concentration of 10‐7M leading to about 40% and 25% deactivation of PMN and MO, respectively. Preincubation with 10‐7M FMLP led to about 50% and 32% suppression of the subsequent chemotactic response of PMN and MO, respectively.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF TIME‐COURSE AND CELLULAR SPECIFICITY OF INTERLEUKIN‐1 MEDIATED ISLET CYTOTOXICITY
Authors: Mandrup‐Poulsen T. , Egeberg J. , Nerup J. , Bendtzen K. , Nielsen J. H. , Dinarello C. A.
Published: August 2010

Previous electron‐microscopic studies of isolated islets of Langerhans exposed to the monokine interleukin‐1 for 7 days have indicated that interleukin‐1 is cytotoxic to all islet cells. To study the time‐course and possible cellular specificity of interleukin‐1 cytotoxicity to islets exposed to interleukin‐1 for short time periods, isolated rat or human islets were incubated with or without 25 U/ml highly purified human interleukin‐1 for 24 h. Samples of rat islets were taken after 5 min, 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h and samples of human islets after 5 min, 30 min and 24 h of incubation and examined by electron microscopy in a blinded fashion. Already after 30 min, accumulation of opaque intracytoplasmic bodies without apparent surrounding membranes, and autophagic vacuoles were seen in about 20% of the beta cells examined in rat islets exposed to interleukin‐1. After 16 h of incubation with interleukin‐1, more than 80% of rat beta cells showed signs of degeneration. Beta cell specific changes similar to those observed in rat islets exposed to IL‐1 for 30 min were seen in human islets exposed to IL‐1 for 24 h. The described changes were not observed in alpha cells in interleukin‐1‐treated rat or human islets, or in alpha and beta cells in control islets. Passing interleukin‐1 over columns containing Sepharose‐coupled anti‐interleukin‐1 antibody completely removed the beta cell cytotoxic action on rat islets. Thus, within minutes following exposure to interleukin‐1, beta cell specific ultrastructural changes were observed in isolated rat islets, whereas human islets required longer exposure to IL‐1 to display equivalent morphological abnormalities.
EFFECTS OF ENDOTOXINS FROM BACTEROIDES INTERMEDIUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI ON CYTOTOXIC AND LYSOSOMAL ACTIVITY IN PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES FROM ENDOTOXIN RESPONDER AND LOW RESPONDER MOUSE STRAINS
Authors: Johne Berit , Myhrvold VeslemøY , MøRland Berit
Published: August 2010

Peritoneal macrophages from normal mice strains (C3H/Tif and C57BL/6J) and from the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) low responder strain C3H/Hej were exposed to two structurally different endotoxins from Bacteroides intermedius and Escherichia coli in vitro. Intracellular activity of a lysosomal enzyme (acid phosphatase) and macrophage mediated cytotoxic activity against a tumor cell line (L929) were tested. Both endotoxins caused increased levels of acid phosphatase activity in normal mice macrophages. No change was obtained in the C3H/Hej macrophages exposed to E. coli LPS; however, the B. intermedius LPS was able to strongly elevate intracellular enzyme level in the C3H/Hej low responder macrophages. Cytotoxic activities were investigated in macrophage supernatants and in co‐cultures of stimulated macrophages and target cells. Cytotoxic activity evaluated by measuring release of radioactivity from 14C‐thymidine labelled tumor cells was increased with both endotoxins in normal mouse macrophages, but not in non‐responder macrophages. When macrophage‐mediated effects on tumor cells were tested by counting target cells left per culture, a reduction in target cell number was observed in endotoxin‐treated low responder macrophage as well as in normal strain macrophage cultures more pronounced, however, in the normal strain. Cell contact between cytotoxic macrophages and target cells was verified by scanning electron microscopy. The results suggest that LPS effects on macrophages are dependent upon the functional parameters studied, and that the chemical composition of a particular LPS is important for its selective effects on macrophage functions.
MONONUCLEAR CELLS IN SYNOVIAL FLUID OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS UNDERGOING JOINT SURGERY
Authors: Lautenschlager Irmeli , Kankaanpä,ä Uolevi , Kontiainen Sirkka
Published: August 2010

Analysis of synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a long history of RA, who were undergoing synovectomy and joint surgery, revealed that 71 ± 15% of the mononuclear cells in the synovial fluid were lymphocytes. 3 ± 2% lymphoid blast cells, and 26 ± 15% were monocytes/macrophages. The lymphocyte population consisted mainly of T cells, and 72 ± 15% of lymphocytes were OKT11‐positive. OKT8‐positive cells (48 ± 9%) dominated over OKT4‐positive (32 ± 8%) cells with a mean OKT4/OKT8 ratio of 0.69. On the basis of la‐and Tac‐markers, very few of the lymphocytes were activated. Few B cells (12 ± 7%) and no plasma cells were seen. The results are discussed in relation to previous reports.
SALIVARY GLANDS IN LONG‐TERM ALLOXAN‐DIABETIC RATS. A QUANTITATIVE LIGHT AND ELECTRON‐MICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: REUTERVING C.‐O. , HÄGG E. , HENRIKSSON R. , HOLM J.
Published: August 2010

Fifty untreated diabetic animals were compared with 58 age‐matched non‐diabetic controls. Reduced salivary gland weight was evident after one month's diabetes and this was unchanged after 12 months of diabetes. Submandibular/sublingual gland weight was proportional to the reduced body weight in the diabetic rats. Parotid gland weight, however, was proportionally more reduced. Only diabetic rats had lipid inclusions in the acinar cells of their submandibular glands and the morphometrically estimated amount of inclusions was positively correlated to the blood glucose level. Acinar cell size was significantly increased in long‐term diabetic rats as compared with short‐term diabetic rats and controls. Capillary basement membrane width was significantly increased in long‐term diabetic rats compared with age‐matched controls and with short‐term diabetic rats. Thus, both the degree and duration of diabetes have a major effect on salivary gland morphology in alloxan diabetic rats.
CEREBELLAR FOLIATION IN RATS 3. Mid‐line Distortion of the Primary Fissure in Normal Foetal Rats
Authors: CONRADI NILS G.
Published: August 2010

Identation of the surface during the formation of cerebellar fissures in the rat is preceded by a local thickening of the external granular layer (EGL) and an indentation of the Purkinje cell layer (Conradi 1985). The local thickening of the EGL is due to an increase in premigratory granule cells. In the present study, two types of mid‐line distortion of the primary fissure are described. These distortions were seen in the cerebella of most foetuses examined, whereas other fissures were distorted very rarely. The indentation of the surface was delayed or it lay asymmetrically in relation to the thickening of the EGL and indentation of the Purkinje cell layer. The distortions were accompanied by a local increase in the proliferative zone of the EGL, which in the case of delayed indentation of the surface replaced the deeper portion of the fissure. The findings show that foliation may proceed independently of fissuration and have implications for the understanding of pathological foliation in the brain. Angio‐architectonic studies on distorted regions suggest that the increase of vessels in fissuric regions (Conradi et al. 1980) begins prior to the indentation of the surface.