bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Visualization Framework and User Studies for Overloaded Orthogonal Drawings
Authors: Didimo Walter , Kornaropoulos Evgenios M. , Montecchiani Fabrizio , Tollis Ioannis G.
Published: September 2017

Overloaded orthogonal drawing (OOD) is a recent graph visualization style specifically conceived for directed graphs. It merges the advantages of some popular drawing conventions like layered drawings and orthogonal drawings, and provides additional support for some common analysis tasks. We present a visualization framework called DAGView, which implements algorithms and graphical features for the OOD style. Besides the algorithm for acyclic digraphs, the DAGView framework implements extensions to visualize both digraphs with cycles and undirected graphs, with the additional possibility of taking into account user preferences and constraints. It also supports an interactive visualization of clustered digraphs, based on the use of strongly connected components. Moreover, we describe an experimental user study, aimed to investigate the usability of OOD within the DAGView framework. The results of our study suggest that OOD can be effectively exploited to perform some basic tasks of analysis in a faster and more accurate way when compared to other drawing styles for directed graphs.
Equity trade‐offs in conservation decision making
Authors: Law Elizabeth A. , Bennett Nathan J. , Ives Christopher D. , Friedman Rachel , Davis Katrina J. , Archibald Carla , Wilson Kerrie A.
Published: September 2017

Conservation decisions increasingly involve multiple environmental and social objectives, which result in complex decision contexts with high potential for trade‐offs. Improving social equity is one such objective that is often considered an enabler of successful outcomes and a virtuous ideal in itself. Despite its idealized importance in conservation policy, social equity is often highly simplified or ill‐defined and is applied uncritically. What constitutes equitable outcomes and processes is highly normative and subject to ethical deliberation. Different ethical frameworks may lead to different conceptions of equity through alternative perspectives of what is good or right. This can lead to different and potentially conflicting equity objectives in practice. We promote a more transparent, nuanced, and pluralistic conceptualization of equity in conservation decision making that particularly recognizes where multidimensional equity objectives may conflict. To help identify and mitigate ethical conflicts and avoid cases of good intentions producing bad outcomes, we encourage a more analytical incorporation of equity into conservation decision making particularly during mechanistic integration of equity objectives. We recommend that in conservation planning motivations and objectives for equity be made explicit within the problem context, methods used to incorporate equity objectives be applied with respect to stated objectives, and, should objectives dictate, evaluation of equity outcomes and adaptation of strategies be employed during policy implementation.
A novel application of cultural consensus models to evaluate conservation education programs
Authors: Nekaris K.A.I. , McCabe Sharon , Spaan Denise , Ali Muhammad Imron , Nijman Vincent
Published: September 2017

Conservation professionals recognize the need to evaluate education initiatives with a flexible approach that is culturally appropriate. Cultural‐consensus theory (CCT) provides a framework for measuring the extent to which beliefs are communally held and has long been applied by social scientists. In a conservation‐education context, we applied CCT and used free lists (i.e., a list of items on a topic stated in order of cultural importance) and domain analysis (analysis of how free lists go together within a cultural group) to evaluate a conservation education program in which we used a children's picture book to increase knowledge about and empathy for a critically endangered mammal, the Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus). We extracted free lists of keywords generated by students (n = 580 in 18 schools) from essays they wrote before and after the education program. In 2 classroom sessions conducted approximately 18 weeks apart, we asked students to write an essay about their knowledge of the target species and then presented a book and several activities about slow loris ecology. Prior to the second session, we asked students to write a second essay. We generated free lists from both essays, quantified salience of terms used, and conducted minimal residuals factor analysis to determine presence of cultural domains surrounding slow lorises in each session. Students increased their use of words accurately associated with slow loris ecology and conservation from 43% in initial essays to 76% in final essays. Domain coherence increased from 22% to 47% across schools. Fifteen factors contributed to the domain slow loris. Between the first and second essays, factors that showed the greatest change were feeding ecology and slow loris as a forest protector, which increased 7‐fold, and the humancentric factor, which decreased 5‐fold. As demonstrated by knowledge retention and creation of unique stories and conservation opinions, children achieved all six levels of Bloom's taxonomy of learning domains. Free from the constraints of questionnaires and surveys, CCT methods provide a promising avenue to evaluate conservation education programs.
Divergent Landowners' Expectations May Hinder the Uptake of a Forest Certificate Trading Scheme
Authors: Giannichi Marta Lisli , Dallimer Martin , Baker Timothy R. , Mitchell Gordon , Bernasconi Paula , Ziv Guy
Published: September 2017

A major challenge to reduce forest loss in the tropics is to incentivize conservation on private land in agricultural settings. Engaging private landowners in conservation schemes is particularly important along deforestation frontiers, such as in the southern Brazilian Amazon. While we know much about what motivates landowners to participate as providers, or sellers, of conservation schemes, understanding what motivates landowners who act as buyers, that is, those who require land to meet conservation obligations, remains lacking. Here we identify viewpoints of sellers and buyers of an emerging forest certificate trading scheme in Brazil and quantify the compatibility of their views to examine potential barriers to trade. Sellers and buyers could be divided into three groups, but only one group in each case was positive about participating in the scheme. A key concern of buyers was the desire for establishing contracts with a long duration; in contrast, price was a key issue for sellers. Addressing these concerns by defining minimum contract lengths and restricting the spatial scale of transactions will be essential if this scheme is to realise its potential to reduce rates of deforestation.
Efficacy and safety of a calcium sensitizer, levosimendan, in patients with right heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Jiang Rong , Zhao Qin‐Hua , Wu Wen‐Hui , Zhang Rui , Yuan Ping , Gong Su‐Gang , He Jing , Luo Ci‐Jun , Qiu Hong‐Ling , Wang Lan , Liu Jin‐Ming
Published: September 2017

Background

Despite using vasoactive and pulmonary hypertension (PH) specific therapies, the in‐hospital mortality of severe PH with right heart failure (RHF) is high. We conducted a prospective analysis evaluating the efficacy and safety of levosimendan in PH patients with severe acute RHF.

Methods

Forty‐five PH patients hospitalized between January 2016 and November 2016 were recruited into a single arm, prospective, open‐label study. Levosimendan was administered at the rate of .05–0.1 μg/kg/min, up to a total dose of 12.5 mg. The primary endpoints were changes of World Health Organization Function Class (WHO‐FC) and Borg dyspnoea scores. Secondary endpoints included changes in 6‐min walk distance (6‐MWD), biochemical markers and right heart structure and function together with adverse events on day 7 and incidence of major cardiovascular events (death or readmission due to RHF) on day 30.

Results

Forty‐five PH patients were enrolled. On the 7th day after levosimendan infusion, seven out of 13 PH patients with WHO‐FC IV improved by one class (P = .008). Borg dyspnoea scores, 6‐MWD and NT‐proBNP improved significantly (P < .001). Compared with baseline, the right atrial transverse dimension, end‐systolic eccentricity index and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion improved significantly (58.8 ± 13.1 mm vs 53.7 ± 12.4 mm; 1.50 ± 0.27 vs 1.38 ± 0.23; 15.0 (13.0, 16.0) mm vs 15.8 (14.0, 17.4) mm, P < .005, respectively). One patient occurred sudden death after discharge during follow‐up.

Conclusions

Intravenous levosimendan can effectively improve severe RHF of PH patients in hospital and well tolerated.
Drivers of foot‐and‐mouth disease in cattle at wild/domestic interface: Insights from farmers, buffalo and lions
Authors: Miguel Eve , Grosbois Vladimir , Fritz Hervé , Caron Alexandre , de Garine‐Wichatitsky Michel , Nicod Florian , Loveridge Andrew J , Stapelkamp Brent , Macdonald David W. , Valeix Marion
Published: September 2017

Humans live increasingly in the proximity of natural areas, leading to increased interactions between people, their livestock and wildlife.

Aim

We explored the role of these interactions in the risk of disease transmission (foot‐and‐mouth disease [FMD]) between cattle and the African buffalo (the maintenance host) and how a top predator, the lion, may modulate these interactions.

Location

The interface of Hwange National Park (HNP) and surrounding communal lands, Zimbabwe.

Method

We combined a longitudinal serological cattle survey for FMD, GPS‐collar data and cattle owners’ interviews during four seasons in 2010–2011.

Results

Overall FMD incidence in cattle was low, but showed a peak during the rainy season. The incidence dynamic was significantly explained by cattle incursion into the protected area (i.e., buffer zone of 3 km inside HNP) and not by contacts with buffalo or contacts among cattle. These results suggest that FMD virus either survives in the environment or is transmitted by other ungulate groups or species. The analysis of incursion frequency in the buffer suggests that (1) buffalo and cattle are avoiding each other up to 2 months after one species track and that (2) lions make frequent incursions in the buffer few days to few weeks after buffalo had used it, whereas buffalo did not use areas occupied by lions. Lions could thus reduce the spatio‐temporal overlap between cattle and buffalo in the interface, which could contribute to the low level of FMD incidence.

Main conclusions

During the rainy season, traditional herding practices push cattle away from growing crops near villages into the HNP but not during the dry season, suggesting that cattle owners may decide to rely on lower quality resources in the communal land in the dry season to avoid the risks of infection and/or predation in the HNP.

This study highlights the complex dynamics that operates at human/livestock/wildlife interfaces.
Ecological uniqueness of stream and lake diatom communities shows different macroecological patterns
Authors: Vilmi Annika , Karjalainen Satu Maaria , Heino Jani
Published: September 2017

Aim

To discover whether lake and stream diatom communities show different patterns in species richness and in their local (LCBD) and species (SCBD) contributions to beta diversity in relation to macroscale environmental characteristics.

Location

Finland.

Methods

As biological data, we used diatom samples collected from Finnish stream (n = 492) and lake (n = 290) sites. As explanatory variable data, we used information on macroscale environmental and historical aspects, such as bedrock, soil and post‐glacial highest shoreline. We also accounted for catchment areas, different levels of isolation and relative centrality of the study sites. We ran multiple linear models and selected best models based on AICc values.

Results

We found that macroscale factors affecting diatom richness and ecological uniqueness differed clearly between streams and lakes. LCBD and species richness of stream communities were more affected by regional environmental characteristics, whereas LCBD and species richness of lake communities were more often driven by spatial measures. The measures of LCBD and species richness showed a slightly negative relationship in streams, but no such relationship was detected in lakes. Also, we showed that, for both streams and lakes, SCBD was strongly determined by the number of sites occupied by a species and the overall abundance of a species.

Main conclusions

Our findings related to the distinction between the determinants of lake and stream species richness or LCBD may be tied to the different hydrological connectivity levels occurring in freshwater lotic and lentic systems. Also, in streams, sites with exceptional ecological uniqueness seem to have a rather low number of species. Our findings may be applied to biological conservation and monitoring planning, emphasizing that not only species‐rich but also unique low‐richness sites may be valuable conservation goals.
Field‐measured variables outperform derived alternatives in Maryland stream biodiversity models
Authors: Johnston Miriam R. , Elmore Andrew J. , Mokany Karel , Lisk Matthew , Fitzpatrick Matthew C.
Published: September 2017

Aim

In order to map patterns of biodiversity in support of conservation efforts, statistical models require environmental variables with full coverage across the study area, typically in the form of gridded surfaces derived from GIS, remote sensing or via interpolation. However, derived variables may not be as physiologically relevant or as representative of on‐the‐ground conditions as field‐measured variables. Here, we examine differences in the abilities of derived and field‐measured variables to explain and predict biogeographical patterns of freshwater fish and benthic invertebrate communities.

Location

Maryland first‐ through fourth‐order streams, USA.

Methods

We fit generalized dissimilarity models to fish and benthic invertebrate occurrence data (n = 2,165 site‐years sampled over 18 years) using one set of field‐measured predictors collected concurrent and collocated with faunal sampling, two sets of derived predictors (one representing local and one representing upstream conditions) or a combination. We then compared how well models explained and predicted spatial turnover in taxonomic composition (beta diversity).

Results

For all regions (four physiographic regions and the state as a whole) and for both fish and benthic invertebrates, models fit with field‐measured variables were more explanatory and usually more predictive than models fit with derived variables. Within the category of derived predictors, those accounting for upstream conditions were more explanatory and predictive than local‐scale versions.

Main conclusions

Although derived variables are most commonly used to describe and map biodiversity, they may be broadly inferior to field‐measured variables as predictors in low‐order stream biodiversity models. Collection of field‐measured data and development of derived data that consider upstream conditions and capture physiologically relevant environmental characteristics are likely to improve our capability to predict and explain spatial patterns of low‐order stream biodiversity.
Railway lines affect spatial turnover of pollinator communities in an agricultural landscape
Authors: Moroń Dawid , Skórka Piotr , Lenda Magdalena , Celary Waldemar , Tryjanowski Piotr
Published: September 2017

Aim

Landscape composition and spatial configuration of habitat patches are important determinants of biodiversity in fragmented semi‐natural habitats spread across agricultural landscapes. However, little attention has been paid to man‐made structures that can moderate spatial processes affecting pollinator communities. In a large‐scale study, we explored the importance of railway embankments for the turnover of pollinator species in agricultural landscapes. Because species differ in vulnerability to landscape composition and patch configuration, we also accounted for body size as well as food specialization of pollinators.

Location

Kraków area, Poland.

Methods

We sampled pollinating insects (bees, butterflies and hoverflies), at 25 study sites located along railway lines in the region of Kraków, Poland. Control grasslands for the embankments included 19 patches, located among crop fields, in which pollinators were sampled. We assessed the relationships between dissimilarity and distance for bee, butterfly and hoverfly trait groups on embankments and grasslands using Moran's Eigenvector Maps.

Results

The dissimilarity for food‐non‐specialized bees on embankments was spatially structured: sites that were closer together were also less dissimilar in their community composition than more distant ones. Dissimilarity was also spatially aligned for large‐bodied butterflies and hoverflies on embankments. The species dissimilarity of pollinators divided into trait‐based groups was not spatially structured on grasslands.

Main conclusion

Our study highlights the potential function of railway embankments as corridors for at least some pollinator populations. Landscape managers should include railways in green networks to improve spatial processes linked with the distribution and turnover of pollinator species in agricultural landscapes. Thus, railway embankments and their correct management may be a good example of man‐made alterations in the environment that meet the demands of both civilization and biodiversity conservation.
Import Tariff Reductions and Adjustment of Plant's Product Portfolio in the Domestic and Export Market in Korea
Authors: Choi Yong‐Seok , Hahn Chin Hee
Published: September 2017

Using a plant‐product‐matched dataset for Korean manufacturing, this paper examines the effect of import tariff reductions on plants' product portfolios in domestic and export markets. We find that the responses of innovators are quite different from those of non‐innovators, particularly in the domestic market. When import tariffs are reduced, innovators reduce their product scope but increase their average scale of production in the domestic market. By contrast, non‐innovators do not change their domestic product scope significantly, but they experience a decrease in the average scale of production, leading to a significant reduction in domestic shipments. We do not find significantly different responses between innovators and non‐innovators in the export market.
Outcome of conservative and surgical treatment for luxations of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon from the calcaneal tuber
Authors: Federici M. , Fürst A. E. , Hoey S. , Bischofberger A. S.
Published: September 2017

The objective of this study was to report the outcome of horses treated either conservatively or surgically for luxation of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) from the calcaneal tuber. Medical records of horses with diagnosed SDFT luxations from the calcaneal tuber were reviewed (1993–2015) and long‐term follow‐up examinations and owner questionnaires performed. Survival to hospital discharge, complications, final SDFT position, soundness and return to intended use were compared between conservatively or surgically treated horses. Following conservative treatment all horses (n = 8) survived to hospital discharge. At long‐term follow‐up 71.4% (5/7) had returned to intended use. The SDFT was unstable in all of them resulting in a mild mechanical lameness. Nine horses underwent surgical treatment. The SDFT was reduced and maintained in position with a synthetic mesh and sutures (n = 2), with a synthetic mesh, sutures and suture screws (n = 6) or with sutures and suture screws (n = 1). Only 66.7% (6/9) of the horses survived to hospital discharge. Fatal complications including support limb laminitis (1/9), implant infection (1/9), and support limb laminitis plus infection (1/9) occurred. All horses available for long‐term follow‐up (n = 5) were clinically sound and 80% (4/5) had returned to intended use. Following conservative treatment, a mild mechanical lameness will persist but will not prevent the horses from returning to their intended use. Surgical repair can result in a stable fixation of the SDFT with long‐term soundness and return to intended use; however, fatal complications (support limb laminitis, infection) can occur leading to the euthanasia of the horse in the immediate post‐operative period.
Mycorrhizal fungi enhance plant nutrient acquisition and modulate nitrogen loss with variable water regimes
Authors: Bowles Timothy M. , Jackson Louise E. , Cavagnaro Timothy R.
Published: September 2017

Climate change will alter both the amount and pattern of precipitation and soil water availability, which will directly affect plant growth and nutrient acquisition, and potentially, ecosystem functions like nutrient cycling and losses as well. Given their role in facilitating plant nutrient acquisition and water stress resistance, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may modulate the effects of changing water availability on plants and ecosystem functions. The well‐characterized mycorrhizal tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotype 76R (referred to as MYC+) and the mutant mycorrhiza‐defective tomato genotype rmc were grown in microcosms in a glasshouse experiment manipulating both the pattern and amount of water supply in unsterilized field soil. Following 4 weeks of differing water regimes, we tested how AM fungi affected plant productivity and nutrient acquisition, short‐term interception of a pulse, and inorganic nitrogen (N) leaching from microcosms. AM fungi enhanced plant nutrient acquisition with both lower and more variable water availability, for instance increasing plant P uptake more with a pulsed water supply compared to a regular supply and increasing shoot N concentration more when lower water amounts were applied. Although uptake of the short‐term pulse was higher in rmc plants, possibly due to higher N demand, AM fungi subtly modulated leaching, decreasing losses by 54% at low and high water levels in the regular water regime, with small absolute amounts of leached (<1 kg N/ha). Since this study shows that AM fungi will likely be an important moderator of plant and ecosystem responses to adverse effects of more variable precipitation, management strategies that bolster AM fungal communities may in turn create systems that are more resilient to these changes.
Use of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kambara Takahiro , Shibata Rei , Osanai Hiroyuki , Nakashima Yoshihito , Asano Hiroshi , Sakai Kazuyoshi , Murohara Toyoaki , Ajioka Masayoshi
Published: September 2017

Aim

Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are antidiabetic agents that act on the proximal renal tubules to lower blood glucose levels by inhibiting glucose reabsorption and promoting urinary glucose excretion. The present study assessed the long‐term use of SGLT2 inhibitors in older patients with diabetes.

Methods

A total of 117 older patients with type 2 diabetes who were given SGLT2 inhibitors were enrolled from April 2014 to March 2016.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 73.7 ± 10.0 years. During the follow‐up period (mean 289.3 days), there was no event associated with oral administration of SGLT2 inhibitors. These drugs significantly lowered fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels at 6 months, and did not affect the creatinine level, blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio or estimated glomerular filtration rate during treatment. Although the treatment significantly increased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, it did not affect the ultrasonographically determined diameter of the inferior vena cava, and no signs of intravascular collapse were observed. Changes in brain natriuretic peptide levels during the follow‐up period were assessed in 78 patients with a brain natriuretic peptide level exceeding the normal upper limit before treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors. The brain natriuretic peptide levels significantly decreased after 6 months of treatment.

Conclusions

In older Japanese patients with diabetes, treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors for 6 months exerted a favorable hypoglycemic effect, while no sign of dehydration was observed. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 108–114.
THE INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SCRUB TYPHUS IN NORTH QUEENSLAND
Authors: DERRICK E. H.
Published: September 2017

In the four years 1951–1955, 199 cases or probable cases of scrub typhus were recognized in North Queensland. The geographical distribution was discontinuous along the Pacific Coast from near Thursday Island (10.6° S.), where cases have not previously been reported, to Mackay (21.1° S.). All but four occurred between Cooktown (15.5° S.) and Ingham (18.7° S.). Most cases arose in a narrow belt close to the sea, and all within 40 miles of it. Some arose on the Atherton Tableland at an elevation of 2000 to 3000 feet.

The scrub typhus region has an abundant rainfall and high humidity. Like the potential rain forest region, it is approximately bounded by the 60‐inch isohyet. The mean annual temperature in the scrub typhus region ranges from 80.7° F. at Thursday Island to 68.1° F. at Atherton. The boundary of the region is not related to any isotherm.

The existence of foci of high and persisting endemicity, noted in other countries, is evident also in North Queensland. They offer opportunities for intensive ecological studies and for evaluation of preventive measures.

The highest monthly incidence was from March to July. The seasonal variation appears to be determined primarily by the rainfall—the wet season is from January to April—but modified by the occupational or recreational activities that take people into endemic foci.

Infection was associated with occupation in about 65 %—mainly timber‐cutting, scrub‐clearing and fruit‐farming—and in 18% with recreation. In 17% the significant activity was not defined.
FELTY'S SYNDROME
Authors: DE GRUCHY G. C. , LANGLEY G. R.
Published: September 2017

The clinical and hæmatological features of eight cases of Felty's syndrome are described, and are compared with those of other cases reported in the English literature.

The three principal features are chronic rheumatoid arthritis, splenomegaly and neutropenia ; other less common features include hepatomegaly, pigmentation, lymph‐node enlargement and chronic leg ulceration. Infections are common, and are often recurrent and prolonged.

The neutropenia is marked, counts of less than 1000 per cubic millimetre being the rule ; it is usually unaffected by infection. A mild anæmia is common, and occasionally an autoimmune acquired hæmolytic anæmia is associated. Symptomless thrombocytopenia may occur. The marrow is usually hyperplastic, but “maturation arrest” of the granulocytic series is not common.

The administration of adrenocortical steroids in general causes either no increase in white cells, or a temporary increase which is not sustained despite continued treatment. It is concluded that the administration of steroids is not a satisfactory treatment for the neutropenia of Felty's syndrome.

Splenectomy usually results in permanent increase in neutrophils. The importance of distinguishing between short‐term and long‐term response is stressed. In the great majority of cases there is an immediate increase in neutrophils to normal or above normal counts, the maximum count occurring within two to seven days. Subsequently the count falls; usually it remains within normal limits, but in some cases it falls to presplenectomy or lower‐than‐normal levels after weeks or months. Thus splenectomy cannot be said to be successful until the patient has been followed for at least many months.
Competing forces maintain the Hydra metaorganism
Authors: Deines Peter , Lachnit Tim , Bosch Thomas C. G.
Published: September 2017

Our conventional view of multicellular organisms often overlooks the fact that they are metaorganisms. They consist of a host, which is comprised of both a community of self‐replicating cells that can compete as well as cooperate and a community of associated microorganisms. This newly discovered complexity raises a profound challenge: How to maintain such a multicellular association that includes independently replicating units and even different genotypes? Here, we identify competing forces acting at the host tissue level, the host‐microbe interface, and within the microbial community as key factors to maintain the metaorganism Hydra. Maintenance of host tissue integrity, as well as proper regulation and management of the multiorganismic interactions are fundamental to organismal survival and health. Findings derived from the in vivo context of the Hydra model may provide one of the simplest possible systems to address questions on how a metaorganism is established and remains in balance over time.
Gut microbiota: Role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease
Authors: Pickard Joseph M. , Zeng Melody Y. , Caruso Roberta , Núñez Gabriel
Published: September 2017

The intestinal tract of mammals is colonized by a large number of microorganisms including trillions of bacteria that are referred to collectively as the gut microbiota. These indigenous microorganisms have co‐evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship. In addition to metabolic benefits, symbiotic bacteria provide the host with several functions that promote immune homeostasis, immune responses, and protection against pathogen colonization. The ability of symbiotic bacteria to inhibit pathogen colonization is mediated via several mechanisms including direct killing, competition for limited nutrients, and enhancement of immune responses. Pathogens have evolved strategies to promote their replication in the presence of the gut microbiota. Perturbation of the gut microbiota structure by environmental and genetic factors increases the risk of pathogen infection, promotes the overgrowth of harmful pathobionts, and the development of inflammatory disease. Understanding the interaction of the microbiota with pathogens and the immune system will provide critical insight into the pathogenesis of disease and the development of strategies to prevent and treat inflammatory disease.
Building conventions for unconventional lymphocytes
Authors: Pasman Lesley , Kasper Dennis L.
Published: September 2017

Falling between the classical characteristics of innate immune cells and adaptive T and B cells are a group of lymphocytes termed “unconventional.” These cells express antigen‐specific T or B cell receptors, but behave with innate characteristics. Well‐known members of this group include the gamma‐delta T cell and the Natural Killer T cell. Recent literature has greatly expanded scientific knowledge of unconventional lymphocytes, but key questions remain unresolved in the field, including why these cells have been maintained concurrently with conventional innate and adaptive immune cells. Here, we summarize current literature that suggests what their unique purposes may be, including specialized functions with the microbiota and in early development. From the consensus literature, we discuss where we see unconventional lymphocytes fit into the logical organization of the complete immune system.
Deciphering interactions between the gut microbiota and the immune system via microbial cultivation and minimal microbiomes
Authors: Clavel Thomas , Gomes‐Neto João Carlos , Lagkouvardos Ilias , Ramer‐Tait Amanda E.
Published: September 2017

The community of microorganisms in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, referred to as the gut microbiota, influences host physiology and immunity. The last decade of microbiome research has provided significant advancements for the field and highlighted the importance of gut microbes to states of both health and disease. Novel molecular techniques have unraveled the tremendous diversity of intestinal symbionts that potentially influence the host, many proof‐of‐concept studies have demonstrated causative roles of gut microbial communities in various pathologies, and microbiome‐based approaches are beginning to be implemented in the clinic for diagnostic purposes or for personalized treatments. However, several challenges for the field remain: purely descriptive reports outnumbering mechanistic studies and slow translation of experimental results obtained in animal models into the clinics. Moreover, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding how gut microbes, including novel species that have yet to be identified, impact host immune responses. The sheer complexity of the gut microbial ecosystem makes it difficult, in part, to fully understand the microbiota‐host networks that regulate immunity. In the present manuscript, we review key findings on the interactions between gut microbiota members and the immune system. Because culturing microbes allows performing functional studies, we have emphasized the impact of specific taxa or communities thereof. We also highlight underlying molecular mechanisms and discuss opportunities to implement minimal microbiome‐based strategies.
Panoramic atrial mapping with basket catheters: A quantitative analysis to optimize practice, patient selection, and catheter choice
Authors: Honarbakhsh Shohreh , Schilling Richard J. , Providência Rui , Dhillon Gurpreet , Sawhney Vinit , Martin Claire A. , Keating Emily , Finlay Malcolm , Ahsan Syed , Chow Anthony , Earley Mark J. , Hunter Ross J.
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Panoramic mapping with basket catheters has been used to map atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the limited tissue contact and coverage achieved has raised concerns.

Methods and Results

Patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial tachycardia (AT) and persistent AF were recruited. Unipolar signals were recorded with the Constellation or FIRMap catheters. The proportion and distribution of anatomical coverage by the catheters was determined and tissue contact achieved measured. The impact of catheter position, left atrium (LA) size, and bipolar voltage were evaluated. Forty patients were recruited (20 Constellation and 20 FIRMap). The LA coverage achieved with the FIRMap catheter compared to the Constellation catheter was greater (76.9 ± 12.9% vs. 50.8 ± 10.3%; P < 0.001), with better septal coverage (66.8 ± 20.9% vs. 15.5 ± 12.0%; P < 0.001). A greater number of electrodes recorded peak‐to‐peak electrogram amplitude of ≥0.5 mV (84.2% vs. 62.8%; P < 0.001). Positioning the catheter tip at or posterior to LA appendage ridge gave better coverage than a more anterior position (P = 0.001). Increasing LA area correlated inversely with coverage (P < 0.001) and contact (P = 0.002) despite patient‐specific basket catheter sizing. An LA area of >30 cm2 and mean bipolar voltage of <0.3 mV was associated with reduction in coverage and contact (both P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in AT/AF freedom during follow‐up in the FIRMap versus Constellation group (13/13 vs. 8/12; P = 0.04).

Conclusions

The FIRMap is superior to the Constellation catheter in terms of LA coverage and contact. Optimizing catheter position and appropriate patient selection based on no more than moderately dilated or scarred atria will also facilitate mapping with basket catheters.
Initial experience of a novel mapping system combined with remote magnetic navigation in the catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Lin Changjian , Pehrson Steen , Jacobsen Peter Karl , Chen Xu
Published: September 2017

Background

There have been advancements of sophisticated mapping systems used for ablation procedures over the last decade. Utilization of these novel mapping systems in combination with remote magnetic navigation (RMN) needs to be established. We investigated the new EnSite Precision mapping system (St. Jude Medical, Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA), which collects magnetic data for checking navigation field stability and is built on an open platform, allowing physicians to choose diagnostic and ablation catheters. We address its compatibility with RMN.

Objective

To assess the clinical utility of a novel 3D mapping system (EnSite Precision mapping system) combined with RMN (Niobe ES, Stereotaxis, Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation.

Methods

In this prospective nonrandomized study, two groups of patients were treated in our center for drug refractory AF. Patients were consecutively enrolled in each group. Group A (n = 35, 14 persistent AF [PsAF]) was treated using the novel 3D mapping system combined with RMN. Group B (n = 38, 16 PsAF) was treated using Carto®3 (Biosense Webster, Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, USA) combined with RMN. In Group A, the left atrium (LA) was mapped with a circular magnetic catheter manually and was then replaced by a RMN ablation catheter. At the end of the procedures in Group A, the circular catheter was used for confirming field stability. In Group B, an ablation catheter was controlled by RMN to perform both LA mapping and ablation. All patients underwent pulmonary vein antrum isolation. Additional complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) ablation was performed for PsAF. Procedural, ablation, and fluoroscopy times were recorded and complications were assessed.

Results

Electrophysiological end points were achieved in all patients. Using the novel mapping system, LA mapping time was fast (308 ± 60 seconds) with detailed anatomy points (178,831 ± 70,897) collected and magnetic points throughout LA. At the end of the procedures in Group A, the LA model was confirmed to be stable and its location was within the distance threshold (1 mm). Procedure time (117.9 ± 29.6 minutes vs. 119.2 ± 29.7 minutes, P = 0.89), fluoroscopy time (6.1 ± 2.4 minutes vs. 4.8 ± 2.2 minutes, P = 0.07), and ablation time (28.0 ± 12.9 minutes vs. 27.9 ± 15.8 minutes, P = 0.98) were similar in Group A versus Group B, respectively. No complications occurred in either group.

Conclusions

LA mapped by the novel system is stable and reliable. Combined with RMN, it could be effectively used for AF ablation without impacting overall procedural times.
Prevalence of lipohypertrophy in insulin‐treated diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Deng Nan , Zhang Xiaoyi , Zhao Fangfang , Wang Ya , He Hong
Published: September 2017

Aims/Introduction

Insulin‐treated diabetes patients are at high risk for lipohypertrophy (LH), but this clinical problem has been overlooked by some medical professionals. In addition, studies differed from each other significantly in regard to the prevalence of LH. The present systematic review aimed to determine pooled prevalence levels of LH among insulin‐injecting diabetes patients.

Materials and Methods

Four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and Scopus) were searched for eligible studies from their inception until April 2017, and reference lists were searched manually to identify additional studies. Studies containing data on LH in patients with diabetes mellitus were included. Meta‐analysis was carried out with a random effects model.

Results

A total of 26 studies with a total of 12,493 participants met the inclusion criteria. Meta‐analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of LH was 38% (95% confidence interval [CI] 29–46%, I2 = 99.1%). The main influence on LH was the type of diabetes mellitus. The pooled prevalence of LH among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was higher than patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (49%, 95% CI 23–74% vs 34%, 95% CI 19–49%). The pooled prevalence of LH of studies involving a mixed type of diabetes mellitus was 37% (95% CI 25–48%, I2 = 98.3%).

Conclusion

The prevalence of LH was high in insulin‐treated diabetes patients. It showed that diabetes nurses should screen for LH regularly in their patients, and teach them how to prevent LH in their daily management of diabetes mellitus.
Gray literature: An important resource in systematic reviews
Authors: Paez Arsenio
Published: September 2017

Systematic reviews aide the analysis and dissemination of evidence, using rigorous and transparent methods to generate empirically attained answers to focused research questions. Identifying all evidence relevant to the research questions is an essential component, and challenge, of systematic reviews. Gray literature, or evidence not published in commercial publications, can make important contributions to a systematic review. Gray literature can include academic papers, including theses and dissertations, research and committee reports, government reports, conference papers, and ongoing research, among others. It may provide data not found within commercially published literature, providing an important forum for disseminating studies with null or negative results that might not otherwise be disseminated. Gray literature may thusly reduce publication bias, increase reviews’ comprehensiveness and timeliness, and foster a balanced picture of available evidence.

Gray literature's diverse formats and audiences can present a significant challenge in a systematic search for evidence. However, the benefits of including gray literature may far outweigh the cost in time and resource needed to search for it, and it is important for it to be included in a systematic review or review of evidence. A carefully thought out gray literature search strategy may be an invaluable component of a systematic review. This narrative review provides guidance about the benefits of including gray literature in a systematic review, and sources for searching through gray literature. An illustrative example of a search for evidence within gray literature sources is presented to highlight the potential contributions of such a search to a systematic review. Benefits and challenges of gray literature search methods are discussed, and recommendations made.
AN OPTION VALUATION FRAMEWORK BASED ON ARITHMETIC BROWNIAN MOTION: JUSTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES
Authors: Brooks Robert , Brooks Joshua A.
Published: September 2017

We examine arithmetic Brownian motion as an alternative framework for option valuation and related tasks. After reexamining empirical evidence, we compare and contrast option valuation based on one of the simplest forms of geometric Brownian motion with arithmetic Brownian motion. We identify an enhanced way to handle negative stock prices within arithmetic Brownian motion that is consistent with empirical observation. We review numerous strengths and weaknesses of both approaches. The arithmetic Brownian motion framework allows for the aggregation of any number of correlated factors for risk analysis.
An Adlerian Family Therapist Reflects on Family Therapy Theories and Mentors
Authors: La Guardia Amanda , Nelson Judith A.
Published: September 2017

James Robert Bitter has more than 38 years of teaching experience and has authored numerous publications focused on marriage and family therapy. Bitter credits Adlerian therapy and the early pioneers of marriage and family therapy for his professional development in the field. Mentored and heavily influenced through his training with master therapists, Virginia Satir and Michael White, Bitter reflects on the history of family therapy, its theories and practices, and his anticipation of future developments.
Developmental Pedagogy in Marriage and Family Therapy Education: Preparing Students to Work Across Epistemologies
Authors: Hoff Chris , Distelberg Brian
Published: September 2017

As new practice domains open up for practitioners of family therapy in the medical, organizational, and human relations fields, family therapy educators and supervisors are required to cross the epistemological spaces of scientist‐practitioner, postmodernism, and critical theory. These new possibilities challenge family therapy educators to become comfortable moving between multiple epistemologies and require a hybridization of knowledge and pedagogical approaches. This article identifies multiple conceptual frameworks for teaching graduate students theories of family therapy and introduces a meta‐pedagogical framework for a developmental pedagogy that supports integration of seemingly differing epistemologies.
Critique of the Religion and Spirituality Discourse in Family Articles
Authors: Zaloudek Julie A. , Ruder‐Vásconez Chris , Doll Kevin C.
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this article is to critically examine the emerging discourse of religion and spirituality in family research to clarify how each construct is defined and to make visible hidden ontological, epistemological, and culturally situated assumptions. The use of the term spirituality has increased dramatically in published articles and has undergone a distancing from religion. This separation creates a dichotomy that associates religion with conservative traditions and spirituality with liberalism and individualism, thus aligning the emergent spirituality discourse with dominant Western values.
Dental extractions for preradiation dental clearance and incidence of osteoradionecrosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy
Authors: See Toh Yoong L. , Soong Yoke L. , Chim Yi X. , Tan Li T. , Lye Weng K. , Teoh Khim H.
Published: September 2017

Aim

The aims of the present retrospective study were to evaluate the outcomes of dental extractions in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients who had undergone dental clearance pre‐ and post‐radiotherapy (RT) with intensity‐modulated RT, and to report on the incidence and timing of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) in these patients.

Methods

A total of 231 patients were seen pre‐, mid‐, and postradiation therapy. Information on patient demographics, smoking history, staging, treatment modalities, dental extraction indications, and number and site of dental extractions was gathered. Wilcoxon two‐sample tests and Fisher's exact test were used to test the association between groups for patient variables.

Results

The mean number of teeth removed was 4.1 teeth per patient. A total of 334 (35.2%) teeth were removed for periodontal reasons, 322 (34.03%) were removed prophylactically, and the remaining teeth were removed because of deep caries, retained roots, partial impaction, endodontic lesions, and prosthodontic reasons. Patients had an average of 19.6 teeth remaining after dental clearance, and only 97 (42%) required prosthetic intervention. The statistical analysis showed that there was no correlation between dental extractions pre‐ or post‐RT and the development of ORN.

Conclusions

No specific parameter was directly associated with dental extractions, although smoking and increased number of teeth removed preradiation seemed to be prevalent in patients who developed ORN.
Surface relaxation of strained Ga(P,As)/GaP heterostructures investigated by HAADF STEM
Authors: BEYER ANDREAS , DUSCHEK LENNART , BELZ JÜRGEN , OELERICH JAN OLIVER , JANDIERI KAKHABER , VOLZ KERSTIN
Published: September 2017

The surfaces of thin transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens of strained heterostructures can relax. The resulting bending of the lattice planes significantly influences high‐angle annular dark field (HAADF) measurements. We investigate the impact by evaluating the intensities measured at the atomic columns as well as their positions in high‐resolution HAADF images. In addition, the consequences in the diffraction plane will be addressed by simulated position averaged convergent beam electron diffraction (PACBED) patterns.

The experimental column intensities and positions acquired from a strained Ga(P,As) quantum well (QW) embedded in a in a GaP matrix agree very well with frozen phonon contrast simulations, if the surface relaxation is taken into account by finite element relaxation. Neglecting the surface relaxation the As content of the QW can be significantly underestimated. Taking the effects into account correctly, we find that the lower interface of the investigated Ga(P,As) QW is atomically abrupt whereas the upper one is smeared out.