bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modified Antibiotic Adjuvant Ratios Can Slow and Steer the Evolution of Resistance: Co-amoxiclav as a Case Study
Authors: Allen Richard C. , Brown Sam P.
Published: September 2019

As antibiotic resistance spreads, a promising approach is to restore the effectiveness of existing drugs via coadministration with adjuvants that inhibit resistance. However, as for monotherapy, antibiotic-adjuvant therapies can select for a variety of resistance mechanisms, so it is imperative that adjuvants be used in a sustainable manner. We test whether the rate of resistance evolution can be decoupled from treatment efficacy using co-amoxiclav, a clinically important combination of the β-lactam amoxicillin and β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanate. Using experimental evolution and a simple theoretical model, we show that the current co-amoxiclav formulation with a high proportion of amoxicillin rapidly selects for resistance via increased β-lactamase production. On the other hand, formulations with more clavulanate and less amoxicillin have similar efficacies yet prevent the selective benefit of increased β-lactamase. We suggest that by blocking common paths to resistance, treatment combinations with the adjuvant in excess can slow the evolution of resistance.
Structure-Function Studies of the Bacillus subtilis Ric Proteins Identify the Fe-S Cluster-Ligating Residues and Their Roles in Development and RNA Processing
Authors: Adusei-Danso Felix , Khaja Faisal Tarique , DeSantis Micaela , Jeffrey Philip D. , Dubnau Eugenie , Demeler Borries , Neiditch Matthew B. , Dubnau David
Published: September 2019

The RicA, RicF, and RicT proteins are widely conserved among the firmicute bacteria and play multiple roles in
Bacillus subtilis
. Among the phenotypes associated with the inactivation of these proteins are the inability to be genetically transformed or to form biofilms, a decrease in sporulation frequency, and changes in the stability and maturation of multiple RNA species. Despite their importance, the molecular mechanisms of Ric protein activities have not been elucidated and the roles of the two iron-sulfur clusters on the complex of the three proteins are not understood. To unravel the mechanisms of Ric action, molecular characterization of the complex and of its constituent proteins is essential. This report represents a major step toward understanding the structures of the Ric proteins, the arrangement and roles of the Fe-S clusters, and the phenotypes associated with Ric mutations.
Generation of DelNS1 Influenza Viruses: a Strategy for Optimizing Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines
Authors: Wang Pui , Zheng Min , Lau Siu-Ying , Chen Pin , Mok Bobo Wing-Yee , Liu Siwen , Liu Honglian , Huang Xiaofeng , Cremin Conor J. , Song Wenjun , Chen Yixin , Wong Yik-Chun , Huang Haode , To Kelvin Kai-Wong , Chen Zhiwei , Xia Ningshao , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Chen Honglin
Published: September 2019

Current seasonal influenza vaccines are suboptimal and low in immunogenicity and do not provide long-lasting immunity and cross protection against influenza virus strains that have antigenically drifted. More-effective influenza vaccines which can induce both humoral immunity and T cell immunity are needed. The NS1 protein of influenza virus is a virulence element and the critical factor for regulation of the host immune response during virus infection. Deletion of the NS1 protein is a strategy to make an optimal LAIV vaccine. However, DelNS1 viruses are very difficult to grow in regular vaccine-producing systems, hampering the application of DelNS1 LAIV vaccines in humans. We have generated a panel of both influenza A and influenza B DelNS1 LAIVs which are able to grow in regular vaccine-producing cells. These DelNS1 LAIV vaccines are completely nonpathogenic, exhibit potent and long-lasting immunity, and can be used to express extra viral antigen to induce cross protective immunity against seasonal and emerging influenza.
First Draft Genome Sequence of Wheat Spot Blotch Pathogen
Bipolaris sorokiniana
BS_112 from India, Obtained Using Hybrid Assembly
Authors: Aggarwal Rashmi , Sharma Sapna , Singh Kartar , Gurjar Malkhan Singh , Saharan Mahender Singh , Gupta Sangeeta , Bashyal Bishnu Maya , Gaikwad Kishor
Published: September 2019

Bipolaris sorokiniana
is a devastating fungal pathogen causing spot blotch of wheat. We report here the first draft genome of
Bipolaris sorokiniana
strain BS_112 from India using sequence reads from the Ion Torrent, Illumina HiSeq, and Nanopore platforms. The genome size was estimated at 35.64 Mb with an average G+C content of 50.20%.
Bacillus velezensis UTB96 Is an Antifungal Soil Isolate with a Reduced Genome Size Compared to That of Bacillus velezensis FZB42
Authors: Vahidinasab Maliheh , Ahmadzadeh Masoud , Henkel Marius , Hausmann Rudolf , Morabbi Heravi Kambiz
Published: September 2019

Bacillus velezensis
UTB96 was isolated from soil based on its antifungal activity. Whole-genome sequencing of strain UTB96 provided further information about its secondary metabolite gene clusters. Compared to the well-known strain FZB42, UTB96 lacks an IS
3
element and a type I restriction endonuclease.
Prelacteal and early formula feeding increase risk of infant hospitalisation: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Nguyen Phung , Binns Colin W , Ha Anh Vo Van , Chu Tan Khac , Nguyen Luat Cong , Duong Dat Van , Do Dung Van , Lee Andy H
Published: September 2019

Objective

To ascertain the relationship between prelacteal feeding, early formula feeding and adverse health outcomes, especially hospitalisation during the first year of life.

Design

Multicentre prospective cohort study.

Setting

Six hospitals across three cities in Vietnam.

Patients

A total of 2030 pregnant women were recruited at 24–28 weeks of gestation and followed up at hospital discharge, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post partum.

Main outcome measures

Rates of infant hospitalisation, diarrhoea and lower respiratory tract infection during the first 12 months.

Results

For the final complete sample (n=1709, 84%), about one-quarter of the infants experienced diarrhoea (25.5%) or were admitted to hospital with at least one episode (24.8%), and almost half (47.6%) the cohort contracted lower respiratory tract infection by 12 months. The prevalence of prelacteal feeding was high (56.5%) while formula feeding was common (79.5%) before hospital discharge, both of which increased the risks of adverse health outcomes particularly hospitalisation by approximately 1.5-fold, with adjusted OR (95% CI) 1.43 (1.09 to 1.88) and 1.48 (1.07 to 2.05), respectively for these infants by 12 months, when compared with others who were exclusively breast fed.

Conclusions

Prelacteal feeding and early formula feeding before hospital discharge are associated with higher risks of infection and hospital admission in Vietnamese infants. Support for exclusive breast feeding should be provided to mothers to avoid the adverse consequences of giving formula milk and prelateal foods.
Is faster better? A randomised crossover study comparing algorithms for closed-loop automatic oxygen control
Authors: Schwarz Christoph E , Kidszun André , Bieder Nicole S , Franz Axel R , König Jochem , Mildenberger Eva , Poets Christian F , Seyfang Andreas , Urschitz Michael S
Published: September 2019

Objective

Closed-loop automatic control (CLAC) of the fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) improved oxygen administration to preterm infants on respiratory support. We investigated whether a revised CLAC algorithm (CLACfast, ≤2 FiO2adjustments/min), compared with routine manual control (RMConly), increased the proportion of time with arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry within prespecified target ranges (Target%) while not being inferior to the original algorithm (CLACslow: ≤0.3 FiO2adjustments/min).

Design

Unblinded randomised controlled crossover study comparing three modes of FiO2control in random order for 8 hours each: RMC supported by CLACfastwas compared with RMConlyand RMC supported by CLACslow. A computer-generated list of random numbers using a block size of six was used for the allocation sequence.

Setting

Two German tertiary university neonatal intensive care units.

Patients

Of 23 randomised patients, 19 were analysed (mean±SD gestational age 27±2 weeks; age at randomisation 24±10 days) on non-invasive (n=18) or invasive (n=1) respiratory support at FiO2>0.21.

Main outcome measure

Target%.

Results

Mean±SD [95% CI] Target% was 68%±11% [65% to 71%] for CLACfastversus 65%±11% [61% to 68%] for CLACslowversus 58%±11% [55% to 62%] for RMConly. Prespecified hypothesis tests of: (A) superiority of CLACfastversus RMConlyand (B) non-inferiority of CLACfastversus CLACslowwith margin of 5% yielded one-sided p values of <0.001 for both comparisons.

Conclusions

This revised and faster CLAC algorithm was still superior to routine care in infants on respiratory support and not inferior to a previously tested slower algorithm.

Trial registration number

NCT03163108.
Training clinical ethics committee members between 1992 and 2017: systematic scoping review
Authors: Ong Yun Ting , Yoon Nicholas Yue Shuen , Yap Hong Wei , Lim Elijah Gin , Tay Kuang Teck , Toh Ying Pin , Chin Annelissa , Radha Krishna Lalit Kumar
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Clinical ethics committees (CECs) support and enhance communication and complex decision making, educate healthcare professionals and the public on ethical matters and maintain standards of care. However, a consistent approach to training members of CECs is lacking. A systematic scoping review was conducted to evaluate prevailing CEC training curricula to guide the design of an evidence-based approach.

Methods

Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews was used to evaluate prevailing accounts of CEC training published in six databases. Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis approach was adopted to thematically analyse data across different healthcare and educational settings.

Results

7370 abstracts were identified, 92 full-text articles were reviewed and 55 articles were thematically analysed to reveal four themes: the design, pedagogy, content and assessment of CEC curricula.

Conclusion

Few curricula employ consistent approaches to training. Many programmes fail to provide CEC trainees with sufficient knowledge, skills and experience to meet required competencies. Most programmes do not inculcate prevailing sociocultural, research, clinical and educational considerations into training processes nor provide longitudinal support for CEC trainees. Most CEC training programmes are not supported by host institutions threatening the sustainability of the programme and compromising effective assessment and longitudinal support of CEC trainees. While further reviews are required, this review underlines the need for host organisations to support and oversee a socioculturally appropriate ethically sensitive, clinically relevant longitudinal training, assessment and support process for CEC trainees if CECs are to meet their roles effectively.
Survey of regional anesthesiology fellowship directors in the USA on the use of simulation in regional anesthesiology training
Authors: Burnett Garrett W , Shah Anjan S , Katz Daniel J , Jeng Christina L
Published: September 2019

Background

Despite a growing interest in simulated learning, little is known about its use within regional anesthesia training programs. In this study, we aimed to characterise the simulation modalities and limitations of simulation use for US-based resident and fellow training in regional anesthesiology.

Methods

An 18-question survey was distributed to regional anesthesiology fellowship program directors in the USA. The survey aimed to describe residency and fellowship program demographics, modalities of simulation used, use of simulation for assessment, and limitations to simulation use.

Results

Forty-two of 77 (54.5%) fellowship directors responded to the survey. Eighty per cent of respondents with residency training programs utilized simulation for regional anesthesiology education, while simulation was used for 66.7% of fellowship programs. The most common modalities of simulation were gel phantom models (residency: 80.0%, fellowship: 52.4%) and live model scanning (residency: 50.0%, fellowship: 42.9%). Only 12.5% of residency programs and 7.1% of fellowship programs utilized simulation for assessment of skills. The most common greatest limitation to simulation use was simulator availability (28.6%) and funding (21.4%).

Conclusions

Simulation use for education is common within regional anesthesiology training programs, but rarely used for assessment. Funding and simulator availability are the most common limitations to simulation use.
Risk factors for new-onset depression or anxiety following total joint arthroplasty: the role of chronic opioid use
Authors: Wilson Lauren , Bekeris Janis , Fiasconaro Megan , Liu Jiabin , Poeran Jashvant , Kim David H , Gonzalez Della Valle Alejandro , Memtsoudis Stavros G
Published: September 2019

Background

Several studies have evaluated the impact of preoperative depression on outcomes following total joint arthroplasty (TJA), however few have studied new-onset depression or anxiety after TJA. We aimed to identify the incidence of and risk factors for new-onset depression/anxiety after TJA, specifically focusing on the role of chronic opioid use.

Methods

Patients who underwent total hip (THA) or total knee (TKA) arthroplasty from 2012 to 2015 were identified from the Truven MarketScan database. The main outcomes were new-onset depression or anxiety. The main risk factor of interest was chronic opioid use as a proxy for chronic pain; this was classified into three groups: isolated preoperative use, isolated postoperative use, and preoperative use that continued postoperatively. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to obtain ORs and 95% CIs.

Results

Overall, 106 260 TJA procedures were included (34.3% THA/65.7% TKA); new-onset depression and anxiety were observed in 3.6% and 4.8% of patients, respectively. Preoperative chronic opioid use (6.3%; OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.47 to 2.40), isolated postoperative use (10%; OR 2.61, 95% CI 2.08 to 3.28), and continued postoperative use (7.8%; OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.74 to 2.49) were all associated with significantly increased odds of new-onset depression. Additional risk factors included female gender, younger age, comorbid psychological conditions, and hospital readmission within 6 months of surgery. Similar patterns were seen for new-onset anxiety.

Discussion

Given the observed relationship between chronic opioid use and adverse psychological outcomes following TJA, the relationship between these two entities requires further evaluation, specifically to identify if there is a causal relationship.
Nephrosplenic space closure significantly decreases recurrent colic in horses: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Arévalo Rodríguez José Manuel , Grulke Sigrid , Salciccia Alexandra , de la Rebière de Pouyade Geoffroy
Published: September 2019

Background

Nephrosplenic space closure is commonly used to reduce relapse of nephrosplenic space entrapment in cases of left dorsal displacement of the left colon (LDDLC). Nevertheless, studies documenting the effectiveness of this surgery are sparse in the literature. The aim of this study was to analyse clinical data of horses presented for LDDLC and evaluate the effect of nephrosplenic space closure on the incidence of colic recurrence.

Methods

Medical records of 156 horses diagnosed with LDDLC at the Equine Clinic of the University of Liège between 2004 and 2016 were retrieved for analysis. Extracted data included horse breed, sex, age and weight, initial treatment, and if a subsequent preventive surgical closure of the nephrosplenic space was carried out or not. Follow‐up information was obtained by telephone interview. Statistical analyses were performed using a chi‐squared test with significance set at P<0.05.

Results

Follow‐up data were available for 65 per cent of horses. The mean follow‐up was 35 months. There was a significant decrease in the total incidence of colic after closure surgery compared with non‐operated horses. No horse was diagnosed with LDDLC after closure of the nephrosplenic space.

Conclusion

Closure of the nephrosplenic space significantly decreases recurrent colic in horses compared with non‐operated horses.
Study of the solid-state effect on L3 subshell fluorescence yield for high Z targets using Indus-2 synchrotron radiation
Authors: Hiremath Gangadharayya B. , Bennal A.S. , Mirji Santosh , Hosamani M.M. , Badiger N.M. , Tiwari M.K.
Published: September 2019

L3 subshell fluorescence yields (ω3) have been determined experimentally for the compounds of Hg, Pb, and Bi and Pb element using Indus-2 synchrotron radiation available at RRCAT, India. Compounds with the same chemical bonding and oxidation state but different crystal structure have been selected in the present investigation to understand the effect of solid-state environment on ω3. The characteristic L X-ray spectra of the element and compounds were generated by synchrotron radiation and then recorded with a Vortex-90EX silicon drift detector. By measuring intensities of the characteristic Lα X-ray photons, the ω3 have been determined and compared with theoretical values and other available experimental values. Comparison between the experimental and the theoretical values indicates that the solid-state environment plays a significant role on the ω3 for the selected compounds.
The evolutionary pictures for phantom field in loop quantum cosmology
Authors: Xiao Kui
Published: September 2019

The evolutionary pictures for phantom field in loop quantum cosmology are discussed in this paper. Comparing the dynamical behaviors of the phantom field with one of the canonical scalar fields in loop quantum cosmology scenario, we found that the [Formula: see text] phase trajectories are the same, but the [Formula: see text] phase-spaces are very different, and the phantom field with considering potentials can drive neither super inflation nor slow-roll inflation in loop quantum cosmology (LQC) scenario. While the universe is filled with multiple dark fluids, to ensure that the condition [Formula: see text] does not violate, the energy density of dark matter [Formula: see text] and the equation-of-state of phantom field [Formula: see text] should satisfy the condition [Formula: see text] at the bounce point. If this constraint condition holds, the universe can enter an inflationary stage, and it is possible to unify the description of phantom field, dark matter and inflation. We introduced a toy model which has the same form of the general Chaplygin gas to unify the dark energy, dark matter and slow-roll inflation, and the slow-roll inflation of the toy model has also been discussed.
Effect of nuclear deformation on electron capture cross-section on chromium isotopes
Authors: Ullah Asim , Nabi Jameel-Un , Riaz Muhammad
Published: September 2019

The electron capture plays significant role in the presupernova and supernova evolutions of massive stars which in turn are of great importance in synthesizing heavy elements beyond iron. In this paper, we study the effect of nuclear deformation on the computed electron capture cross-section on selected even–even chromium isotopes ([Formula: see text]Cr). The nuclear deformation parameters were computed using two different theoretical models: Interacting Boson Model (IBM-1) and Macroscopic (Yukawa-plus-exponential)–microscopic (Folded–Yukawa) model (Mac–mic model). A third value of deformation parameter was adopted from experimental data. We chose the pn-QRPA model to perform our calculations. The predictive power of the chosen model was first tested by calculating Gamow–Teller (GT) strength distributions of selected [Formula: see text]-shell nuclei where measured GT data was available. The calculated GT strength distributions were well-fragmented over the energy range 0–12[Formula: see text]MeV and were noted to be in decent agreement with experimental data. The total GT strength was found to increase (decrease) with decrease (increase) in the value of deformation parameter for the three chromium isotopes. The computed GT strength distributions satisfied the model-independent Ikeda sum rule. The ECC were calculated as a function of the deformation parameter at core temperature 1.0[Formula: see text]MeV. Our results show that the calculated ECC increased with increasing value of nuclear deformation.
Effect of charge and deformation parameter on energy extraction in charged non-Kerr black holes
Authors: Rahim Rehana , Saifullah Khalid
Published: September 2019

We analyze the charged Johannsen–Psaltis black hole for energy extraction via the Penrose process. Efficiency of the Penrose process is found to be dependent on the deformation parameter of the metric and charge. Doing the calculations numerically, we find that, in the nonextremal limit, presence of charge leads to lesser efficiency than the Kerr. In the extremal cases with negative deformation parameter, charge leads to a very high efficiency, higher than that of the Kerr and Johannsen–Psaltis black holes.
Gravitational lensing by a magnetized compact object in the presence of plasma
Authors: Turimov Bobur , Ahmedov Bobomurat , Abdujabbarov Ahmadjon , Bambi Cosimo
Published: September 2019

In the weak field approximation, we study the gravitational lensing by spherical symmetric compact object immersed in magnetic field in the presence of magnetized plasma. The external magnetic field causes the split of the deflection angle of the photon, Einstein ring and Einstein cross as the counterpart of the Zeeman effect. In particular, the magnetic field affects the magnification of images, creating additional components. We also study the time delay of an electromagnetic signal due to the geometry and the gravitational field around the lensing source. We show that the time delay of the electromagnetic signal strongly depends on the plasma parameters, and it slightly decreases in the plasma in comparison with that in vacuum.
Experiments and Analysis on Stability of the Sandwich Structures with Soft Core
Authors: Zhang Dongjian , Zheng Xitao , Wang Chongzhe , Wu Zhen
Published: September 2019

In this paper, first a complete buckling experiment of the sandwich beams with the foam core is carried out, which includes the manufacturing of specimens and their experimental verification. Second, a refined sinusoidal zig-zag theory (RSZT) is established, which can describe the zig-zag effect during the in-plane compression of sandwich beam and accommodate the transverse shear free surface boundary conditions. Based on the established model combined with Hu–Washizu variational principle, a two-node beam element has been developed to address the buckling problem of the sandwich beams. Thus, the established beam element is able to accommodate interlaminar continuous conditions of transverse shear stress. Several examples have been investigated to validate the accuracy of the established method. The comparative analysis of the results including experimental data, the results acquired from three-dimensional finite element (3D-FEM) and diverse models has been made. Comparative analysis shows that the accurate buckling loads can be acquired from the established model. Nevertheless, other models discarding the continuous conditions of transverse stresses among the adjacent layers largely overestimate the critical loads.
Solvent Effect on Structure, Morphology and Catalytic Activity on Ammonium Perchlorate of Nano-MgWO4
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wang Jingjing , Wang Weimin , Zhao Fengqi , Xu Kangzhen
Published: September 2019

For exploring the interesting solvent effect on structure and morphology, a variety of MgWO4 nanoparticles were prepared by a one-pot solvothermal method with different proportional solvents of water and ethylene glycol. The results showed that monoclinic wolframite crystalline structure of MgWO4 was successfully synthesized, corresponding to two standard cards of MgWO4 (JCPDS No. 27-0789) and MgWO4 (JCPDS No. 19-0776), respectively. The morphology of MgWO4 nanoparticles presents eight different shapes and orderly transforms from one shape to another with increasing water content in mixed EG-water solvents, and a possible mechanism was proposed. The catalytic activities of these MgWO4 nanoparticles on the thermal decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) were compared using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method, and found to present good change rule with particle size.
Fractal dimension and synchronization of the controlled Julia sets of the SIRS model
Authors: Ouyang Miao , Zhang Yongping , Liu Jian
Published: September 2019

It is of crucial significance to study the infectious disease phenomenon by using the SIRS model and thoughts of Julia set. In this paper, Julia set of the discrete version of the SIRS model is established to analyze the fractal dynamics of this model. Then, controller is designed to change the Julia set. Furthermore, the box-counting dimensions of the controlled Julia sets by selecting different appropriate parameters are computed to show the complexity of the model. Finally, a nonlinear coupling method is introduced to synchronize the Julia sets with different parameters of the same system. Simulation results show the efficacy of these methods.
The Genetics and Epigenetics of Sex Change in Fish
Authors: Ortega-Recalde Oscar , Goikoetxea Alexander , Hore Timothy A. , Todd Erica V. , Gemmell Neil J.
Published: September 2019

Fish show extraordinary sexual plasticity, changing sex naturally as part of their life cycle or reversing sex because of environmental stressors. This plasticity shows that sexual fate is not an irreversible process but the result of an ongoing tug-of-war for supremacy between male and female signaling networks. The behavioral, gonadal, and morphological changes involved in this process are well described, yet the molecular events that underpin those changes remain poorly understood. Epigenetic modifications emerge as a critical link between environmental stimuli, the onset of sex change, and subsequent maintenance of sexual phenotype. Here we synthesize current knowledge of sex change, focusing on the genetic and epigenetic processes that are likely involved in the initiation and regulation of sex change. We anticipate that better understanding of sex change in fish will shed new light on sex determination and development in vertebrates and on how environmental perturbations affect sexual fate.
Biology of Inherited Cataracts and Opportunities for Treatment
Authors: Shiels Alan , Hejtmancik J. Fielding
Published: September 2019

Cataract, the clinical correlate of opacity or light scattering in the eye lens, is usually caused by the presence of high-molecular-weight (HMW) protein aggregates or disruption of the lens microarchitecture. In general, genes involved in inherited cataracts reflect important processes and pathways in the lens including lens crystallins, connexins, growth factors, membrane proteins, intermediate filament proteins, and chaperones. Usually, mutations causing severe damage to proteins cause congenital cataracts, while milder variants increasing susceptibility to environmental insults are associated with age-related cataracts. These may have different pathogenic mechanisms: Congenital cataracts induce the unfolded protein response and apoptosis. By contrast, denatured crystallins in age-related cataracts are bound by α-crystallin and form light-scattering HMW aggregates. New therapeutic approaches to age-related cataracts use chemical chaperones to solubilize HMW aggregates, while attempts are being made to regenerate lenses using endogenous stem cells to treat congenital cataracts.
The Visual Cortex in Context
Authors: Froudarakis Emmanouil , Fahey Paul G. , Reimer Jacob , Smirnakis Stelios M. , Tehovnik Edward J. , Tolias Andreas S.
Published: September 2019

In this article, we review the anatomical inputs and outputs to the mouse primary visual cortex, area V1. Our survey of data from the Allen Institute Mouse Connectivity project indicates that mouse V1 is highly interconnected with both cortical and subcortical brain areas. This pattern of innervation allows for computations that depend on the state of the animal and on behavioral goals, which contrasts with simple feedforward, hierarchical models of visual processing. Thus, to have an accurate description of the function of V1 during mouse behavior, its involvement with the rest of the brain circuitry has to be considered. Finally, it remains an open question whether the primary visual cortex of higher mammals displays the same degree of sensorimotor integration in the early visual system.
Synthesis of High-Quality Carboxyl End-Functionalized Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/CdSe Nanocomposites
Authors: Shi He-Ping , Lin Da-Wei , Wu Rui-feng
Published: September 2019

Carboxyl end-functionalized poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT-COOH) was grafted chemically with CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) by a phosphine-free method. The particle quality of P3HT-COOH/CdSe nanocomposites was better than that of P3HT/CdSe nanocomposites, which were synthesized using the same method. Nanocrystals with controllable particle size exhibited a wurtzite crystalline structure and showed excellent nanocrystal dispersion in the P3HT-COOH matrix. Photoluminescence (PL) characterization performed on nanocomposites suggested the efficient charge transfer at the P3HT-COOH/CdSe interface. This approach based on the phosphine-free method is not only environmentally friendly but also highly efficient.
N-Acetyl Cysteine as a Novel Polymethyl Methacrylate Resin Component: Protection against Cell Apoptosis and Genotoxicity
Authors: Zhang Yu , Xiao Jian-feng , Yang He-feng , Jiao Yang , Cao Wei-wei , Shi Huan-min , Cun Jing-fen , Tay Franklin R. , Ping Jie , Xiao Yu-hong
Published: September 2019

The present study investigated the antiapoptotic and antigenotoxic capabilities of N-acetyl cysteine- (NAC-) containing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin. An in vitro Transwell insert model was used to mimic the clinical provisional restorations placed on vital teeth. Various parameters associated with cell apoptosis and genotoxicity were investigated to obtain a deeper insight into the underlying mechanisms. The exposure of human dental pulp cell (hDPC) cultures to the PMMA resin (Unifast Trad™) resulted in a rapid increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level beginning at 1 h, which was followed by time-dependent cell detachment and overt death. The formation of γ-H2AX and cell cycle G1 phase arrest indicated that oxidative DNA damage occurred as a result of the interactions between DNA bases and ROS, beyond the capacities of cellular redox regulation. Such oxidative DNA damage triggers the activation of p53 via the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling pathway and the induction of intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis. Oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and DNA damage induced by the PMMA resin were recovered to almost the level of untreated controls by the incorporation of NAC. The results indicate that the PMMA resin induced the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis as a consequence of p53 activation via the ATM pathway in response to oxidative DNA damage. More importantly, the incorporation of NAC as a novel component into the Unifast Trad™ PMMA resin offers protective effects against cell apoptosis and genotoxicity. This procedure represents a beneficial strategy for developing more biocompatible PMMA-based resin materials.
The Prevalence of Asthma and Respiratory Symptoms among Cross-Country Skiers in Early Adolescence
Authors: Lennelöv E. , Irewall T. , Naumburg E. , Lindberg A. , Stenfors N.
Published: September 2019

Objective. To determine the prevalence of asthma and respiratory symptoms among Swedish cross-country skiers in early adolescence in comparison to a population-based reference group of similar ages. Methods. A postal questionnaire on asthma, asthma medication, allergy, respiratory symptoms, and physical activity was distributed to Swedish competitive cross-country skiers aged 12–15 years (n = 331) and a population-based reference group (n = 1000). The level of asthma control was measured by the Asthma Control Test. Results. The response rate was 27% (n = 87) among skiers and 29% (n = 292) in the reference group. The prevalence of self-reported asthma (physician-diagnosed asthma and use of asthma medication in the last 12 months) and the prevalence of reported wheezing during the last 12 months were 23% and 25%, respectively, among skiers, which were significantly higher than the values reported in the reference group (12% and 14%). Skiers exercised more hours/week than the reference group. Among adolescents with self-reported asthma, neither the usage of asthma medications nor the level of asthma control according to the Asthma Control Test differed between skiers and the reference group. Conclusions. Adolescent competitive cross-country skiers have an increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma compared to nonskiers.
Effect of N(Epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine on Laboratory Parameters and Its Association withβSHaplotype in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Ndidi Uche Samuel , Adanho Corynne Stephanie Ahouefa , Santiago Rayra Pereira , Yahouédéhou Sètondji Cocou Modeste Alexandre , Santana Sânzio Silva , Mafili Vitor Valério , Pitanga Thassila Nogueira , Fonseca Cleverson Alves , Ferreira Junia Raquel Dutra , Adorno Elisângela Vitoria , Lyra Isa Menezes , Adekile Adekunle D. , Barbosa Cynara Gomes , Goncalves Marilda Souza
Published: September 2019

The present study aimed to investigate the association of Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) with laboratory parameters andβShaplotypes in pediatric sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients with or without hydroxyurea (HU) therapy. We included 55 children with SCA (SCAtotal), where 27 were on HU treatment (SCA-HU+) and 28 without HU treatment (SCA-HU-). Laboratory characteristics were determined using electronic methods while CML was measured using competitive ELISA.βShaplotypes were determined by RFLP-PCR. Significant increases in MCV and MCH and significant decreases in leukocytes, eosinophils, basophils, atypical lymphocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes were found in SCA-HU+compared to SCA-HU-. SCA-HU+presented significant reduction in aspartate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase and increase in creatinine levels compared to SCA-HU-. CML levels were significantly higher in both SCA-HU+and SCA-HU-compared to the healthy control. In addition, a negative correlation was found between CML and alanine transaminase in SCA-HU+and SCAtotal(p<0.01). A significant association was found between CML levels andβShaplotypes. The results suggest that CML has a role to play in SCA complications, independent of HU therapy.
Correlation of Blood FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells and Disease Activity of Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Li Yan , Xu Wei , Yao Jingyi , Cheng Haiyan , Sun Xiaoli , Li Linfeng
Published: September 2019

Objectives. To investigate CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the peripheral blood of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and its correlation with disease severity. Methods. Blood samples from 79 AD patients before and after four-week conventional treatment were collected. Cell counts of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Tregs, CD4+CD25+FoxP3-T effector cells (Teffs), and CD4+IL-10+Tregs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-γ, and TGF-β were measured by ELISA. Results. The pretreatment cell count of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Tregs positively correlated with disease severity in all patients (P<0.0001). However, when that correlation was rechecked based on the treatment response, a much stronger correlation of that was found in those patients with remission after treatment, while no correlation of that was found in patients without remission. Both the cell count and proportions of peripheral CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Tregs and CD4+CD25+FoxP3-Teffs reduced significantly after treatment in patients with remission, but remained unchanged in patients without remission. The cell count and proportion of CD4+IL-10+Tregs did not change after treatment in both groups. In patients with remission, serum levels of IL-4 and IL-13 significantly reduced (all P<0.05); IL-12 and IFN-γ levels increased significantly (all P<0.05); IL-10 and TGF-β levels remained unchanged after treatment. None of those cytokine levels changed in patients without remission. Conclusions. CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Tregs is associated with AD development and severity in some patients but not in others. AD maybe divided into CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg-associated subtype, which CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg is parallel to the activity of AD, and nonassociated subtype, which CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg is not related. This subgroup difference may contribute partly to the nonidentical markers that have been found in AD and should be studied further.
Spontaneous 180-Degree Rotatory Dislocation of Rotating-Platform Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Sierra Stephen , Akalonu Chibuzo , West Kevin , Blue Matthew , Brindley George
Published: September 2019

Rotating-bearing total knee arthroplasty has been theorized to have some advantages in the kinematics and wear characteristics of total knee arthroplasty. A rare complication of rotating-bearing total knee arthroplasty is rotary dislocation, spinout, of the polyethylene component. When these dislocations occur, they typically result in a 90-degree dislocation in respect to the axial axis of the knee. This case is unique in that it presents a complete 180-degree polyethylene dislocation without trauma.
TAM Receptor Pathways at the Crossroads of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration
Authors: Tondo Giacomo , Perani Daniela , Comi Cristoforo
Published: September 2019

Increasing evidence suggests that pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are strongly linked with neuroinflammatory responses. Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM receptors) constitute a subgroup of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, cell surface receptors which transmit signals from the extracellular space to the cytoplasm and nucleus. TAM receptors and the corresponding ligands, Growth Arrest Specific 6 and Protein S, are expressed in different tissues, including the nervous system, playing complex roles in tissue repair, inflammation and cell survival, proliferation, and migration. In the nervous system, TAM receptor signalling modulates neurogenesis and neuronal migration, synaptic plasticity, microglial activation, phagocytosis, myelination, and peripheral nerve repair, resulting in potential interest in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. In Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, a role of TAM receptors in neuronal survival and pathological protein aggregate clearance has been suggested, while in Multiple Sclerosis TAM receptors are involved in myelination and demyelination processes. To better clarify roles and pathways involving TAM receptors may have important therapeutic implications, given the fine modulation of multiple molecular processes which could be reached. In this review, we summarise the roles of TAM receptors in the central nervous system, focusing on the regulation of immune responses and microglial activities and analysing in vitro and in vivo studies regarding TAM signalling involvement in neurodegeneration.
A Comprehensive Survey on VANET Security Services in Traffic Management System
Authors: Sheikh Muhammad Sameer , Liang Jun
Published: September 2019

Recently, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) embark a great deal of attention in the area of wireless and communication technology and are becoming one of the prominent research areas in the intelligent transportation system (ITS) because they provide safety and precautionary measures to the drivers and passengers, respectively. VANETs are quite different from the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in terms of characteristics, challenges, system architecture, and their application. In this paper, we summarize the recent state-of-the-art methods of VANETs by discussing their architecture, security, and challenges. Secondly, we discuss the detailed analysis of security schemes and the possible measures to provide secure communication in VANETs. Then, we comprehensively cover the authentication schemes, which is able to protect the vehicular network from malicious nodes and fake messages. Thus, it provides security in VANETs. Thirdly, we cover the mobility and network simulators, as well as other simulation tools, followed by the performance of authentication schemes. Finally, we discuss the comfort and safety applications of VANETs. In sum, this paper comprehensively covers the entire VANET system and its applications by filling the gaps of existing surveys and incorporating the latest trends in VANETs.
Computational Study of Gas‐Solid Flow in a Horizontal Stepped Pipeline
Authors: Li Zhengquan , Chu Kaiwei , Pan Renhu , Yu Aibing , Yang Jiaqi
Published: September 2019

In this paper, the mechanism governing the particle‐fluid flow characters in the stepped pipeline is studied by the combined discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model (CFD‐DEM) and the two fluid model (TFM). The mechanisms governing the gas‐solid flow in the horizontal stepped pipeline are investigated in terms of solid and gas velocity distributions, pressure drop, process performance, the gas‐solid interaction forces, solid‐solid interaction forces, and the solid‐wall interaction forces. The two models successfully capture the key flow features in the stepped pipeline, such as the decrease of gas velocity, solid velocity, and pressure drop, during and after the passage of gas‐solid flow through the stepped section. What is more important, the reason of the appearance of large size solid dune and pressure surge phenomena suffered in the stepped pipeline is investigated macroscopically and microscopically. The section in which the blockage problem most likely occurs in the stepped pipeline is confirmed. The pipe wall wearing problem, which is one of the most common and critical problems in pneumatic conveying system, is analysed and investigated in terms of interaction forces. It is shown that the most serious pipe wall wearing problem happened in the section which is just behind the stepped part.
Preparation of Nano-SiO2/Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Its Influence on the Performance of Oil Well Cement
Authors: Li Yanming , Guo Xiaoyang , Yang Junlan , Li Ming
Published: September 2019

In view of the oilfield well thin oil layer, small gap, and side drilling cementing after perforating and subsequent stimulation caused by the cement ring embrittlement (i.e., secondary channeling), the preparation of nano-SiO2/carbon fiber-reinforced body and its influence on the performance of oil well cement were studied to improve the cement stone and enhance its adaptability to oil well pressure in this study. Carbon fibers were treated by liquid phase oxidation and a coupling agent, and the “grafting to” was used to bond nano-SiO2 and carbon fibers. It was found that the mechanical properties of the enhanced cement stone are far better than those of the blank cement stone. The compressive strength and tensile strength of the enhanced oil well cement stone were increased by 25% and 26%, respectively, compared with those of the blank oil well cement sample; the modulus of elasticity was reduced by 29%. Finally, the enhancement mechanism of SiO2/carbon fiber reinforcement on cement stone was explored by infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and XRD patterns. The deflection effect, pull-out effect, and bridging effect of crack were obtained.
Peroxiredoxin III Protects Tumor Suppressor PTEN from Oxidation by 15-Hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic Acid
Authors: Zhang Ying , Park Jiyoung , Han Seong-Jeong , Lim Yongwoon , Park Iha , Kim Jong-Suk , Woo Hyun Ae , Lee Seung-Rock
Published: September 2019

Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a lipid and protein phosphatase that coordinates various cellular processes. Its activity is regulated by the reversible oxidation of an active-site cysteine residue by H2O2and thioredoxin. However, the potential role of lipid peroxides in the redox regulation of PTEN remains obscure. To evaluate this, 15-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15s-HpETE), a lipid peroxide, was employed to investigate its effect on PTEN using molecular and cellular-based assays. Exposure to 15s-HpETE resulted in the oxidation of recombinant PTEN. Reversible oxidation of PTEN was also observed in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells treated with a 15s-HpETE and Lipofectamine mixture. The oxidative dimerization of thioredoxin was found simultaneously. In addition, the absence of peroxiredoxin III aggravated 15s-HpETE-induced PTEN oxidation in MEF cells. Our study provides novel insight into the mechanism linking lipid peroxidation to the etiology of tumorigenesis.
Exploring Antimalarial Herbal Plants across Communities in Uganda Based on Electronic Data
Authors: Okello Denis , Kang Youngmin
Published: September 2019

Malaria is one of the most rampant diseases today not only in Uganda but also throughout Africa. Hence, it needs very close attention as it can be severe, causing many deaths, especially due to the rising prevalence of pathogenic resistance to current antimalarial drugs. The majority of the Ugandan population relies on traditional herbal medicines for various health issues. Thus, herein, we review various plant resources used to treat malaria across communities in Uganda so as to provide comprehensive and valuable ethnobotanical data about these plants. Approximately 182 plant species from 63 different plant families are used for malaria treatment across several communities in Uganda, of which 112 plant species have been investigated for antimalarial activities and 96% of the plant species showing positive results. Some plants showed very strong antimalarial activities and could be investigated further for the identification and validation of potentially therapeutic antimalarial compounds. There is no record of an investigation of antimalarial activity for approximately 39% of the plant species used for malaria treatment, yet these plants could be potential sources for potent antimalarial remedies. Thus, the review provides guidance for areas of further research on potential plant resources that could be sources of compounds with therapeutic properties for the treatment of malaria. Some of the plants were investigated for antimalarial activities, and their efficacy, toxicity, and safety aspects still need to be studied.
A Db-Scan Binarization Algorithm Applied to Matrix Covering Problems
Authors: García José , Moraga Paola , Valenzuela Matias , Crawford Broderick , Soto Ricardo , Pinto Hernan , Peña Alvaro , Altimiras Francisco , Astorga Gino
Published: September 2019

The integration of machine learning techniques and metaheuristic algorithms is an area of interest due to the great potential for applications. In particular, using these hybrid techniques to solve combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) to improve the quality of the solutions and convergence times is of great interest in operations research. In this article, the db-scan unsupervised learning technique is explored with the goal of using it in the binarization process of continuous swarm intelligence metaheuristic algorithms. The contribution of the db-scan operator to the binarization process is analyzed systematically through the design of random operators. Additionally, the behavior of this algorithm is studied and compared with other binarization methods based on clusters and transfer functions (TFs). To verify the results, the well-known set covering problem is addressed, and a real-world problem is solved. The results show that the integration of the db-scan technique produces consistently better results in terms of computation time and quality of the solutions when compared with TFs and random operators. Furthermore, when it is compared with other clustering techniques, we see that it achieves significantly improved convergence times.