bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A counterexample to a conjecture of Nollet and Xavier
Authors: Braun Francisco , Dias Luis , Venato-Santos Jean
Published: July 2019

We construct a non-injective analytic local diffeomorphism of

R

3

\mathbb {R}^3

such that the pre-image of every affine hyperplane is connected. This disproves a conjecture proposed by S. Nollet and F. Xavier in 2002.
Mean curvature flow of asymptotically conical Lagrangian submanifolds
Authors: Su Wei-Bo
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we study Lagrangian mean curvature flow (LMCF) of asymptotically conical (AC) Lagrangian submanifolds asymptotic to a union of special Lagrangian cones. Since these submanifolds are non-compact, we establish a short-time existence theorem for AC LMCF first. Then we focus on the equivariant, almost-calibrated case and prove long-time existence and convergence results. In particular, under certain smallness assumptions on the initial data, we show that the equivariant, almost-calibrated AC LMCF converges to a Lagrangian catenoid or an Anciaux’s expander.
On CON(𝔡_{𝜆}> cov_{𝜆}(meagre))
Authors: Shelah Saharon
Published: July 2019

We prove the consistency of: for suitable strongly inaccessible cardinal

λ
\lambda

the dominating number, i.e., the cofinality of

λ

λ

{}^\lambda \lambda

, is strictly bigger than cov

λ

_\lambda

(meagre), i.e., the minimal number of nowhere dense subsets of

λ

2

{}^\lambda 2

needed to cover it. This answers a question of Matet.
Locally constrained inverse curvature flows
Authors: Scheuer Julian , Xia Chao
Published: July 2019

We consider inverse curvature flows in warped product manifolds, which are constrained subject to local terms of lower order—namely, the radial coordinate and the generalized support function. Under various assumptions we prove longtime existence and smooth convergence to a coordinate slice. We apply this result to deduce a new Minkowski-type inequality in the anti–de Sitter Schwarzschild manifolds and a weighted isoperimetric-type inequality in hyperbolic space.
Curvature estimates for steady Ricci solitons
Authors: Chan Pak-Yeung
Published: July 2019

We show that for an

n
n

dimensional complete non-Ricci flat gradient steady Ricci soliton with potential function

f
f

bounded above by a constant and curvature tensor

R
m

Rm

satisfying

lim
¯

r
→
∞

r

|

R
m

|

>

1
5

\overline {\lim }_{r\to \infty } r|Rm|>\frac {1}{5}

,

|

R
m

|

≤
C

e

−
r

|Rm|\leq Ce^{-r}

for some constant

C
>
0

C>0

, improving on a result of Munteanu, Sung, and Wang’s. For any four dimensional complete non-Ricci flat gradient steady Ricci soliton with scalar curvature

S
→
0

S\to 0

as

r
→
∞

r\to \infty

, we prove that

|

R
m

|

≤
c
S

|Rm|\leq cS

for some constant

c
>
0

c>0

, improving on an estimate by Cao and Cui. As an application, we show that for a four dimensional complete non-Ricci flat gradient steady Ricci soliton,

|

R
m

|

|Rm|

decays exponentially provided that

lim
¯

r
→
∞

r
S

\overline {\lim }_{r\to \infty } rS

is sufficiently small and

f
f

is bounded above by a constant.
Classical discrete symplectic ensembles on the linear and exponential lattice: skew orthogonal polynomials and correlation functions
Authors: Forrester Peter , Li Shi-Hao
Published: July 2019

The eigenvalue probability density function for symplectic invariant random matrix ensembles can be generalized to discrete settings involving either a linear or an exponential lattice. The corresponding correlation functions can be expressed in terms of certain discrete and

q
q

skew orthogonal polynomials, respectively. We give a theory of both of these classes of polynomials, and the correlation kernels determining the correlation functions, in the cases in which the weights for the corresponding discrete unitary ensembles are classical. Crucial for this are certain difference operators which relate the relevant symmetric inner products to the skew symmetric ones, and have a tridiagonal action on the corresponding (discrete or

q
q

) orthogonal polynomials.
Islamic finance arbitration: enforceability under the New York Convention 1958 of arbitration awards made following a reference to the Shariah Advisory Council under the Central Bank of Malaysia Act 2009
Authors: Abdul Rahman Abdullah
Published: July 2019

This article analyses the enforceability of arbitration awards, rendered following a reference to the Shariah Advisory Council of the Central Bank of Malaysia under sections 56 and 57 of the Central Bank of Malaysia Act 2009, under the New York Convention 1958 which has been adopted in 159 countries. This article employs the theoretical legal research method and has compared sections 56 and 57 against the requirements of the Convention for enforceability of awards, in particular the fundamental attributes of an arbitration. The conclusion is that such awards would not be enforceable under the Convention as they infringe Article V(1)(d) of the Convention. This would cause such awards to lose the feature of global and convenient enforceability usually attached to arbitration awards. These consequences make it less attractive, where there is an arbitration clause in the Islamic financial transaction documentation, to choose the Malaysian law as the governing law whether with regard to the substantive merits or the arbitration proceedings. This article recommends that amendments be made to sections 56 and 57 to make the reference to the Shariah Advisory Council optional rather than mandatory and its ruling advisory instead of binding, in respect of arbitration only, so that the global enforceability of such arbitration awards under the Convention is not undermined.
Critical evaluation of web-based prediction tools for human protein subcellular localization
Authors: Shen Yinan , Ding Yijie , Tang Jijun , Zou Quan , Guo Fei
Published: July 2019

Human protein subcellular localization has an important research value in biological processes, also in elucidating protein functions and identifying drug targets. Over the past decade, a number of protein subcellular localization prediction tools have been designed and made freely available online. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the progress of research on the subcellular localization of human proteins in recent years, including commonly used data sets proposed by the predecessors and the performance of all selected prediction tools against the same benchmark data set. We carry out a systematic evaluation of several publicly available subcellular localization prediction methods on various benchmark data sets. Among them, we find that mLASSO-Hum and pLoc-mHum provide a statistically significant improvement in performance, as measured by the value of accuracy, relative to the other methods. Meanwhile, we build a new data set using the latest version of Uniprot database and construct a new GO-based prediction method HumLoc-LBCI in this paper. Then, we test all selected prediction tools on the new data set. Finally, we discuss the possible development directions of human protein subcellular localization. Availability: The codes and data are available from http://www.lbci.cn/syn/.
A Key Role for Prefrontocortical Small Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels in Stress Adaptation and Rapid Antidepressant Response
Authors: Bambico Francis Rodriguez , Li Zhuoliang , Creed Meaghan , De Gregorio Danilo , Diwan Mustansir , Li Jessica , McNeill Sean , Gobbi Gabriella , Raymond Roger , Nobrega José N
Published: July 2019

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist scopolamine elicits rapid antidepressant activity, but its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In a chronic stress model, a single low-dose administration of scopolamine reversed depressive-like reactivity. This antidepressant-like effect was mediated via a muscarinic M1 receptor–SKC pathway because it was mimicked by intra-medial prefrontal cortex (intra-mPFC) infusions of scopolamine, of the M1 antagonist pirenzepine or of the SKC antagonist apamin, but not by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant fluoxetine. Extracellular and whole-cell recordings revealed that scopolamine and ketamine attenuate the SKC-mediated action potential hyperpolarization current and rapidly enhance mPFC neuronal excitability within the therapeutically relevant time window. The SKC agonist 1-EBIO abrogated scopolamine-induced antidepressant activity at a dose that completely suppressed burst firing activity. Scopolamine also induced a slow-onset activation of raphe serotonergic neurons, which in turn was dependent on mPFC-induced neuroplasticity or excitatory input, since mPFC transection abolished this effect. These early behavioral and mPFC activational effects of scopolamine did not appear to depend on prefrontocortical brain-derived neurotrophic factor and serotonin-1A activity, classically linked to SSRIs, and suggest a novel mechanism associated with antidepressant response onset through SKC-mediated regulation of activity-dependent plasticity.
In Situ Imaging of Fluorescent Nipah Virus Respiratory and Neurological Tissue Tropism in the Syrian Hamster Model
Authors: Welch Stephen R , Scholte Florine E M , Harmon Jessica R , Coleman-McCray JoAnn D , Lo Michael K , Montgomery Joel M , Nichol Stuart T , Spiropoulou Christina F , Spengler Jessica R
Published: July 2019

Using a recombinant Nipah virus expressing a fluorescent protein (ZsG), we visualized virus tropism in the Syrian hamster model. We found that anatomical localization of fluorescence correlated to clinical signs; signal was primarily visualized in the respiratory tract in animals with acute-onset terminal disease, whereas central nervous system localization was seen in animals that succumbed with delayed disease onset. While polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection corresponded well to ZsG signal, virus was only isolated from some lung, brain, liver, and kidney samples that were ZsG and/or PCR positive, and only from animals euthanized on or before 15 days post infection.
Malignant triton tumor of the left thoracic cavity: a case report
Authors: Ishikawa Masashi , Chou Hiroyuki , Imamura Naoto , Shimazu Yumeta , Ono Kazuo
Published: July 2019

Malignant triton tumor (MTT) is a rare subtype of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Although the condition may manifest sporadically, it typically affects adult patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. In this article, an extremely rare case of MTT with chest wall origin, which expanded into the left thoracic cavity, is reported. A 64-year-old male was admitted to the institution with sudden shortness of breath. Radiological examination revealed a large mass with massive pleural effusion occupying the patient’s left hemithorax. A percutaneous needle biopsy was performed and the patient underwent subtotal tumor resection with left pleuropneumonectomy. Immunohistochemical study of postsurgical pathologic specimens confirmed the diagnosis of MTT. Despite extensive surgical removal, tumor recurrence was reported soon after resection, leading to patient’s death 20 days after surgery due to acute respiratory failure. Investigation of rare MTT cases is necessary for understanding this condition.
The Cost of Pre-Analytical Errors in INR Testing at a Tertiary-Care Hospital Laboratory: Potential for Significant Cost Savings
Authors: Kulkarni Sumedha , Piraino Dina , Strauss Rachel , Proctor Eva , Waldman Suzanne , King Jacqueline , Selby Rita
Published: July 2019

Background

Preanalytical errors account for most laboratory errors. Although the frequencies of preanalytical errors are well characterized in the literature, little is known regarding the costs of these errors to the laboratory.

Objective

To analyze costs associated with preanalytical errors associated with the international normalized ratio (INR) test.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of INR requests associated with preanalytical error codes from January 2009 through September 2013. Preanalytical error types were those related to order entry (no specimen collected) and those unrelated to order entry (insufficient specimen quantity or specimen-integrity concerns). We calculated the cost of analysis of a specimen and the cost of investigating errors.

Results

During the study period, there were 557,411 INR requests, 13.1% of which were associated with a preanalytical error code. The total annual cost of INR testing was USD $379,222.50. Investigation and reporting of preanalytical errors not related to order entry represented 10.5% of our annual INR testing budget (USD $39,939.00).

Conclusions

Minimizing preanalytical errors has the potential to result in significant cost savings.
Jet-driven bubbles in Fanaroff–Riley type-I sources
Authors: Irwin Christopher M , Tang Xiaping , Piran Tsvi , Nakar Ehud
Published: July 2019

Observations of several Fanaroff–Riley (FR) type-I sources reveal outflowing bipolar bubbles of hot gas surrounded by a weak forward shock. We consider the possibility that these bubbles were driven by choked relativistic jets that failed to penetrate the ambient intracluster medium. Using new results on choked jets linking the geometry of the forward shock to the jet properties, we infer robust limits on the radius Rch at which the jet was quenched in five well-studied FR type-I sources, finding typically Rch ∼ 10 kpc. We further show that, in order to reach this radius in less than the current age of the system, the jet must have been tightly collimated, with the jet head subtending an angle of $\theta _{\rm h}\lesssim 2^{\circ }$. The ambient pressure is not high enough to explain this collimation, suggesting that the jet was collimated by interaction with its own cocoon. Although the choking radius is well-constrained, we find a degeneracy between the initial jet opening angle before collimation, θ0, and the duration of jet activity, tb, with $(t_{\rm b}/1\rm Myr)(\theta _0/5^{\circ })^{-2}\sim 0.1$. We speculate that the working time and/or opening angle of the jet may be important factors contributing to the FR type-I/type- II morphology in galaxy clusters, with short-lived or wide jets being choked to form bipolar bubbles filled with diffuse radio emission, and longer-lived or narrow jets successfully escaping the cluster core to produce cocoons with radio hotspots.
Drivers of disc tilting I: correlations and possible drivers for Milky Way analogues
Authors: Earp Samuel W F , Debattista Victor P , Macciò Andrea V , Wang Liang , Buck Tobias , Khachaturyants Tigran
Published: July 2019

The direction of the spin vectors of disc galaxies change over time. We present the tilting rate of a sample of galaxies in the NIHAO suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. Galaxies in our sample have been selected to be isolated and to have well-determined spins. We compare the tilting rates to the predicted observing limit of Gaia, finding that our entire sample lies above the limit, in agreement with previous work. To test the role of dark matter and of gas, we compare the weighted Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the tilting rates and various properties. We find no correlation between the dark halo’s tilting rate, shape, or misalignment with respect to the disc, and the tilting rate of the stellar disc. Therefore, we argue that, in the presence of gas, the dark halo plays a negligible role in the tilting of the stellar disc. On the other hand, we find a strong correlation between the tilting rate of the stellar disc and the misalignment of the cold gas warp. Adding the stellar mass fraction improves the correlation, while none of the dark matter’s properties together with the cold gas misalignment improves the correlation to any significant extent. This implies that the gas cooling on to the disc is the principal driver of disc tilting.
SIRT6 transcriptionally regulates global protein synthesis through transcription factor Sp1 independent of its deacetylase activity
Authors: Ravi Venkatraman , Jain Aditi , Khan Danish , Ahamed Faiz , Mishra Sneha , Giri Malyasree , Inbaraj Meena , Krishna Swati , Sarikhani Mohsen , Maity Sangeeta , Kumar Shweta , Shah Riyaz Ahmad , Dave Pratik , Pandit Anwit S , Rajendran Rajprabu , Desingu Perumal A , Varshney Umesh , Das Saumitra , Kolthur-Seetharam Ullas , Rajakumari Sona , Singh Mahavir , Sundaresan Nagalingam R
Published: July 2019

Global protein synthesis is emerging as an important player in the context of aging and age-related diseases. However, the intricate molecular networks that regulate protein synthesis are poorly understood. Here, we report that SIRT6, a nuclear-localized histone deacetylase represses global protein synthesis by transcriptionally regulating mTOR signalling via the transcription factor Sp1, independent of its deacetylase activity. Our results suggest that SIRT6 deficiency increases protein synthesis in mice. Further, multiple lines of in vitro evidence suggest that SIRT6 negatively regulates protein synthesis in a cell-autonomous fashion and independent of its catalytic activity. Mechanistically, SIRT6 binds to the zinc finger DNA binding domain of Sp1 and represses its activity. SIRT6 deficiency increased the occupancy of Sp1 at key mTOR signalling gene promoters resulting in enhanced expression of these genes and activation of the mTOR signalling pathway. Interestingly, inhibition of either mTOR or Sp1 abrogated the increased protein synthesis observed under SIRT6 deficient conditions. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of mTOR restored cardiac function in muscle-specific SIRT6 knockout mice, which spontaneously develop cardiac hypertrophy. Overall, these findings have unravelled a new layer of regulation of global protein synthesis by SIRT6, which can be potentially targeted to combat aging-associated diseases like cardiac hypertrophy.
Enhancement of LacI binding in vivo
Authors: Du Manyu , Kodner Seth , Bai Lu
Published: July 2019

Transcription factors (TFs) bind to specific sequences in DNA to regulate transcription. Despite extensive measurements of TFs’ dissociation constant (Kd) in vitro, their apparent Kdin vivo are usually unknown. LacI, a bacterial TF, is often used to artificially recruit proteins onto eukaryotic genomes. As LacI binds tightly to its recognition site (LacO) in vitro with a Kd about 10 picomolar (pM), it is often assumed that LacI also has high affinity to LacO in vivo. In this work, we measured LacI binding in living yeast cells using a fluorescent repressor operator system and found an apparent Kd of ∼0.6 μM, four orders of magnitude higher than that in vitro. By genetically altering (i) GFP-LacI structure, (ii) GFP-LacI stability, (iii) chromosome accessibility and (iv) LacO sequence, we reduced the apparent Kd to <10 nM. It turns out that the GFP tagging location and the fusion protein stability have a large effect on LacI binding, but surprisingly, chromosome accessibility only plays a mild role. These findings contribute to our quantitative understanding of the features that affect the apparent Kd of TF in cells. They also provide guidance for future design of more specific chromosomal recruitment through high-affinity TFs.
Synovial Sarcoma of the Nerve—Clinical and Pathological Features: Case Series and Systematic Review
Authors: Burks Stephen Shelby , Puffer Ross C , Cajigas Iahn , Valdivia David , Rosenberg Andrew E , Spinner Robert J , Levi Allan D
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Synovial sarcoma of the nerve is a rare entity with several cases and case series reported in the literature. Despite an improved understanding of the biology, the clinical course is difficult to predict.

OBJECTIVE

To compile a series of patients with synovial sarcoma of the peripheral nerve (SSPN) and assess clinical and pathological factors and their contribution to survival and recurrence.

METHODS

Cases from 2 institutions collected in patients undergoing surgical intervention for SSPN. Systematic review including PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for related articles published from 1970 to December 2018. Eligibility criteria: (1) case reports or case series reporting on SSPN, (2) clinical course and/or pathological features of the tumor reported, and (3) articles published in English.

RESULTS

From patients treated at our institutions (13) the average follow-up period was 3.2 yr. Tumor recurrence was seen in 4 cases and death in 3. Systematic review of the literature yielded 44 additional cases with an average follow-up period of 3.6 yr. From pooled data, there were 10 recurrences and 7 deaths (20% and 14%, respectively). Adjuvant treatment used in 62.5% of cases. Immunohistochemical markers used in diagnosis varied widely; the most common are the following: Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin, vimentin, cluster of differentiation (CD34), and transducin-like enhancer of split 1 (TLE1). Statistical analysis illustrated tumor size and use of chemotherapy to be negative predictors of survival. No other factors, clinically or from pathologist review, were correlated with recurrence or survival.

CONCLUSION

By combining cases from our institution with historical data and performing statistical analysis we show correlation between tumor size and death.
African American Doctors
Authors: McBride David
Published: July 2019

Throughout history African American doctors have been held in high esteem in the culture and political affairs of Black America. Reflecting the major phases of black American history, the literature on black doctors reveals black medical leaders are seen as an elite because they have promoted simultaneously improving their professional status and the plight of the black race pursuing national equality. The first body of writings covers the slavery era, Civil War and Reconstruction, and the so-called Nadir through the early 20th century. This literature asserts folk medicine practitioners, along with indigenous midwives helped to hold slave and free black communities together. As proprietary medical schools sprouted up throughout the antebellum North, a few blacks managed to gain apprenticeships or attend medical schools and then finally became practicing doctors. Like other trained physicians of this era, black doctors promoted their practices and medicines as entrepreneurs throughout the free black communities. Early black physicians were also abolitionists and enthusiastically supported the health-care efforts of the federal government during the Civil War and Reconstruction. A second body of writings focuses on the black doctor from the start of the 20th century through World War II. They cover leading black physicians who, with the support of white professional and philanthropic allies, struggled to accommodate the segregated or, that is, “Jim Crow” health-care institutions. In the South, segregation laws and customs barred blacks from treatment in mainstream hospitals as well as black physicians from using these hospitals. In health-care facilities Jim Crow practices included separate, less-equipped wards for black patients and few privileges for black doctors and nurses to serve in these facilities. Nonetheless, black medical professionals and civic activists built independent hospitals, medical schools, and public health campaigns. Black physicians, surgeons, and nurse leaders inspired the black community’s collective esteem, public health initiatives, and political elevation. A third stream of publications emerged concerning black medical students and doctors involved in the civil rights movement. These black doctors played major roles locally and nationally to integrate medical schools, hospitals, and health agencies. A fourth body of writings developed in the last two decades of the 20th century and early 21st century. These published works center on the struggle by blacks to overcome personal handicaps and become exemplary professionals. These writings also focus on black doctors and the urban black health crisis, as well as black medical life in a new highly technological medical system The final stream of contemporary books on black doctors involve those who became national figures in the nation’s attempt to reform medical education and policies. These doctors became prominent in the face of persistent racial health disparities as well as other national health problems such as inadequate family health care and mass disasters like Hurricane Katrina.
Photojournalism
Authors: Staton David , Newton Julianne H.
Published: July 2019

The story of photojournalism is inextricably linked with humankind’s desire to understand the meaning of life itself. Photojournalism means visual reporting. At first read, that definition seems clear. When coined in the mid-20th century, photojournalism referred primarily to news photography: still photographs of significant or interesting events and people published in newspapers and magazines along with verbal reports or brief explanatory captions. As journalistic media expanded to include video and audio, first in analog form and then in digital form, such word combinations as visual journalism, visual reportage, and multimedia journalism gained popularity as inclusive concepts to describe the different forms visual reporting might take. Further complicating the challenge to photojournalism researchers is the need to explore literature related to visual evidence; such complex epistemological and methodological issues as representation and reality; and the impact of media on culture and society. Scholarship across the disciplines sometimes addresses photojournalism directly and almost always can inform the study of photojournalism: in art the History and criticism of photography and film in all their forms, both realistic and expressionistic; in English and comparative literature images as texts; in philosophy theories of Aesthetics, ways of knowing, and perception; and in social and natural sciences psychology of perception, eye and brain, behavior, anthropology, folklore, popular culture, and environmental science. Scholarship exploring photojournalism specifically often focuses on one or more parts of the dynamic of visual communication: the image maker (photographer, videographer, graphic novelist, editor, designer); who or what is imaged (person, moment, event, place, era, social issue); how the image is managed and distributed (editing, design, platform, marketing, archiving); or how the image is viewed and remembered (viewer, audience, receiver, eye, brain). Ranging from such practical concerns as tracking the movement of a viewer’s eyes across the elements of a newspaper page to such complex issues as the nature of reality or how memory alters what we perceive and believe, a growing body of literature has enhanced knowledge of the role of visual reportage in mediating, influencing, or even creating public perception of and response to people, events, and issues near and far. Although this annotated bibliography seeks to cover the range of work significant to the study of photojournalism, by definition as a selection of work it cannot be comprehensive.
Frank Herbert’s Dune and the Dune Series
Authors: Riggs Don
Published: July 2019

Frank Herbert was born on 8 October 1920 in Tacoma, Washington, to Frank Patrick Herbert Sr. and Eileen (McCarthy) Herbert. In 1938 he graduated from high school and moved to Southern California, where he lied about his age to work for the Glendale Star, the first of many newspaper jobs. He married Flora Parkinson in 1940 and they had one daughter, Penny, but they divorced in 1945. He enlisted in the United States Navy in 1941, joining the Seabees, but was given a medical discharge six months later. In 1946 he entered the University of Washington. He met Beverly Ann Stuart in a creative writing class, and they married in June that year. They had two sons, Brian Patrick (1947) and Bruce Calvin (1951). Brian would himself become a writer, continuing his father’s Dune series with sequels and prequels, as well as a 2003 biography, Dreamer of Dune. Bruce would become a photographer and LGBT activist, and died of AIDS in 1993. Herbert published his first story, “Survival of the Cunning,” which was not science fiction, in Esquire in 1945; his first science fiction story, “Looking for Something,” appeared in 1952 in Startling Stories. He published his first science fiction novel in 1956: based on a story titled “Under Pressure,” the 1956 novel was titled The Dragon of the Sea, and was reprinted with the title 21st-Century Sub. Many of the themes from this work would appear in the later Dune novels. During these years, Herbert wrote for various newspapers, but took time off to work on his fiction; his wife Beverly worked as an advertising copywriter. A newspaper assignment to cover the USDA’s effort to reclaim dune lands inspired much background research—over 200 books, according to Brian Herbert’s biography—and resulted in the novel Dune, which was initially published in editor John W. Campbell’s magazine Analog in 1963 and 1964; after twenty rejections, Chilton Books, an auto-repair manual publisher, offered to publish it, which it did in 1965. Dune won the Hugo Award that year, and tied for the Nebula Award in 1966. It became an underground cult classic and ultimately the greatest-selling science fiction novel of all time. Herbert wrote the novel with his wife Beverly’s constant response and comments, and he modeled the Lady Jessica on her. Herbert wrote five sequels, generally regarded as being of lesser quality than Dune itself. However, much of the scholarship analyzes the original novel in the “universe” established within the series of sequels, so Dune appears in relation to the novels from Dune Messiah, Children of Dune, and God Emperor of Dune in particular.
Team Mental Models
Authors: Hamilton Katherine
Published: July 2019

Team mental models have been referred to as one of the most well-developed team-level cognitive constructs studied in applied psychology and organizational behavior. They represent the organization of shared knowledge among team members. Empirical results on team mental models have varied on the basis of the content and property of the mental model examined. Content has typically focused on taskwork and teamwork mental models in which taskwork mental models represent shared knowledge on procedures, strategies, the environment, and team equipment, whereas teamwork mental models represent shared knowledge on the coordination of team responsibilities and team members’ knowledge, skills, and abilities. More-specific forms of content are often discussed in the literature; these have included temporal, situational, strategic, team goal, and team membership mental models. Examining team mental models at a higher level of granularity has often uncovered significant effects that are masked when simply focusing on taskwork or teamwork content. The property of team mental models varies on the basis of its focus on similarity or accuracy. Similarity represents the degree of overlap in knowledge among team members, whereas accuracy represents the overlap between each team member and an expert. Results have shown that oftentimes the effect of team mental model similarity on team effectiveness is moderated by its accuracy. Empirical results also vary on the basis of how the construct is measured and indexed. The most popular measurement technique is paired comparison ratings due to its ability to evaluate both content and structure. Other measurement types include concept maps, card-sorting tasks, questionnaires, text analysis, and interviews. Indexing refers to the method used to aggregate ratings from the individual to the team. These methods can be classified as capturing either consistency (e.g., the closeness index used in Pathfinder) or agreement (e.g., Euclidean distances). Consistency metrics have been shown to more consistently predict team effectiveness but researchers should match their research question to their indexing approach. A variety of variables have been shown to predict team mental models, such as team-training interventions, team member characteristics, attributes of the work environment, and other team emergent states. Team mental models have also been linked to a host of outcomes, including increased team performance, innovation, collective efficacy, decision quality, and team learning. Key research needs for the field include the examination of the construct over time and the differentiation of the construct from other forms of team cognition.
Team Learning
Authors: Amber Brittney , Porter Christopher O.L.H.
Published: July 2019

As organizations increasingly utilize teams to accomplish organizational goals, understanding why and how teams learn and how they use what they learn is of growing interest to scholars and practitioners. Team learning is defined as activities that teams engage in to acquire, share, and combine knowledge. This is typically an ongoing process for teams that includes reflection and action. Common team learning behaviors include sharing information, asking questions, seeking and giving feedback, reflecting on performance, and discussing errors. Team learning is seen as a process that facilitates meaningful team outcomes such as effectiveness, performance, innovation, and creativity. The most commonly studied antecedents of team learning include team psychological safety, team composition, team training, and leadership. Team learning can also be viewed through an emergent state lens, commonly known as team cognition, which captures how individual knowledge emerges to become shared or utilized effectively by teams. As many scholars use the terms team and group interchangeably, we generally include work on both team learning and group learning in this bibliography. However, we do focus on teams and groups specifically within organizations. While some empirical work may use samples that include students, this review largely excludes work from educational research on how student groups learn, how teachers teach groups, and how individual students learn in a group or team context.
Information advantages of training employers despite credible training certificates
Authors: Mohrenweiser Jens , Wydra-Somaggio Gabriele , Zwick Thomas
Published: July 2019

Employers sponsor general training if they can get an information advantage about the skills of trainees. This advantage might vanish if credible external institutions grade successful training completion. We argue that despite a certificate, training firms can retain an information advantage and can positively select training completers because the training certificate does not capture all relevant skill dimensions. Training firms can get an information advantage on the non-certified skills such as soft skills. We show that the information advantage about non-certified skills can explain why training firms pay higher wages for training completers than outside firms and why employers are able to keep a positive selection of training participants.
QoI Resistance in Sugar Beet Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe betae) in Scandinavia
Authors: Heick Thies Marten , Hansen Anne Lisbet , Justesen Annemarie Fejer , Jørgensen Lise Nistrup
Published: July 2019

Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe betae is one of the major fungal diseases in sugar beet in Denmark and Sweden. Frequent applications of fungicides mitigate the risk of powdery mildew epidemics and, consequently, reduce yield losses conferred by the disease. So far, mixtures of quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) and triazoles have provided good efficacy against E. betae in field trials and common farming practice. However, development of fungicide resistance is a real risk, because only a limited number of active ingredients are available for the control of powdery mildew in sugar beet, and several other active ingredients are expected to be banned following reevaluation when the most recent European Union legislation is implemented. The G143A mutation associated with QoI resistance has been previously found in the United States. In this brief, its presence in Europe is reported for the first time. The current finding strongly encourages the adoption of anti-resistance strategies that minimize the spread of QoI resistance in sugar beet powdery mildew. Those strategies should be based on integrated pest management measures, including disease monitoring, the use of resistant cultivars, and the use of biological products. A sole reliance on QoI fungicides for sugar beet powdery mildew control should be avoided.
Can Professionalism Mini-Evaluation Exercise Scores Predict Medical Residency Performance? Validity Evidence Across Five Longitudinal Cohorts
Authors: Bajwa Nadia M. , Nendaz Mathieu R. , Galetto-Lacour Annick , Posfay-Barbe Klara , Yudkowsky Rachel , Park Yoon Soo
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The residency admissions process is a high-stakes assessment system with the purpose of identifying applicants who best meet standards of the residency program and the medical specialty. Prior studies have found that professionalism issues contribute significantly to residents in difficulty during training. This study examines the reliability (internal structure) and predictive (relations to other variables) validity evidence for a standardized patient (SP)-based Professionalism Mini-Evaluation Exercise (P-MEX) using longitudinal data from pediatrics candidates from admission to the end of the first year of postgraduate training.

Method

Data from 5 cohorts from 2012 to 2016 (195 invited applicants) were analyzed from the University of Geneva (Switzerland) Pediatrics Residency Program. Generalizability theory was used to examine the reliability and variance components of the P-MEX scores, gathered across 3 cases. Correlations and mixed-effects regression analyses were used to examine the predictive utility of SP-based P-MEX scores (gathered as part of the admissions process) with rotation evaluation scores (obtained during the first year of residency).

Results

Generalizability was moderate (G coefficient = 0.52). Regression analyses predicting P-MEX scores to first-year rotation evaluations indicated significant standardized effect sizes for attitude and personality (β = 0.36, P = .02), global evaluation (β = 0.27, P = .048), and total evaluation scores (β = 0.34, P = .04).

Conclusions

Validity evidence supports the use of P-MEX scores as part of the admissions process to assess professionalism. P-MEX scores provide a snapshot of an applicant’s level of professionalism and may predict performance during the first year of residency.
The Patient Experience Debrief Interview: How Conversations With Hospitalized Families Influence Medical Student Learning and Reflection
Authors: Chua Ian S. , Bogetz Alyssa L. , Bhansali Priti , Long Michele , Holbreich Rachael , Kind Terry , Ottolini Mary , Park Yoon Soo , Lineberry Matthew , Hirshfield Laura E.
Published: July 2019

Purpose

To determine the effect of patient debrief interviews on pediatric clerkship student depth of reflection and learning.

Method

The authors conducted a multi-institutional, mixed-methods, cluster randomized trial among pediatric clerkship students from May 2016 to February 2017. Intervention students completed a debrief interview with a patient–caregiver, followed by a written reflection on the experience. Control students completed a written reflection on a memorable patient encounter. Three blinded authors scored written reflections according to the 4-level REFLECT rubric to determine depth of reflection. Interrater reliability was examined using kappa. REFLECT scores were analyzed using a chi-square test; essays were analyzed using content analysis.

Results

Eighty percent of eligible students participated. One hundred eighty-nine essays (89 control, 100 intervention) were scored. Thirty-seven percent of the control group attained reflection and critical reflection, the 2 highest levels of reflection, compared with 71% of the intervention group; 2% of the control group attained critical reflection, the highest level, compared with 31% of the intervention group (χ2
(3, N = 189) = 33.9, P < .001). Seven themes were seen across both groups, 3 focused on physician practice and 4 focused on patients. Patient-centered themes were more common in the intervention group, whereas physician-focused themes were more common in the control group.

Conclusions

Patient debrief interviews offer a unique approach to deepen self-reflection through direct dialogue and exploration of patient–caregiver experiences during hospitalization.
A Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence and Factors Associated With Tinnitus and/or Hyperacusis in Children
Authors: Nemholt Susanne , Schmidt Jesper Hvass , Wedderkopp Niels , Baguley David M.
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of tinnitus and/or hyperacusis in Danish children aged 10 to 16 years, and to assess associations between tinnitus or hyperacusis and other relevant factors.

Design:

A cross-sectional study based on a previously established child cohort. A total of 501 children were enrolled in the project. The study was performed in eight mainstream schools and data were collected during an 8-week period from October 27, 2014 to December 16, 2014.

Results:

Using broad tinnitus research questions, the prevalence of any tinnitus was 66.9%; of noise-induced tinnitus (NIT) was 35.7%; and of spontaneous tinnitus (ST) was 53.7%. Bothersome tinnitus was reported by 34.6% of the children with any tinnitus, 23.2% of the whole population. Few children were severely bothered (2.4%, 1.6%, respectively). It was significantly more common for children with NIT to report tinnitus episodes lasting for minutes or longer than for children with ST (p = 0.01). Girls were more likely than boys to be bothered by tinnitus [Odds ratio (OR) = 2.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34 to 6.51; p = 0.01]. 14.6% of the children reported hyperacusis, and 72.6% of those reporting hyperacusis were bothered by it, 10.6% of the whole population. The odds of having hyperacusis were 4.73 (1.57, 14.21) times higher among those with ST compared with those without ST. Furthermore, hyperacusis was associated with sound avoidance behaviors such as experience of sound-induced pain in the ear (OR = 2.95, 95% CI 1.65 to 5.27; p < 0.001), withdrawal from places or activities (OR = 3.33; 95% CI 1.44 to 7.69; p = 0.01), or concerns about sound could damage the hearing (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.31; p = 0.03).

Conclusions:

Tinnitus and hyperacusis are common in children but prevalence is dependent on tinnitus definitions. Only a few children are severely bothered by tinnitus. In the case of hyperacusis, children may exhibit sound avoidance behavior.
Personal and Societal Impact of Low Back Pain
Authors: Dutmer Alisa L. , Schiphorst Preuper Henrica R. , Soer Remko , Brouwer Sandra , Bültmann Ute , Dijkstra Pieter U. , Coppes Maarten H. , Stegeman Patrick , Buskens Erik , van Asselt Antoinette D.I. , Wolff André P. , Reneman Michiel F.
Published: July 2019

Study Design.

Cross-sectional study.

Objective.

The aim of this study was to study the personal and societal impact of low back pain (LBP) in patients admitted to a multidisciplinary spine center.

Summary of Background Data.

The socioeconomic burden of LBP is very high. A minority of patients visit secondary or tertiary care because of severe and long-lasting complaints. This subgroup may account for a major part of disability and costs, yet could potentially gain most from treatment. Currently, little is known about the personal and societal burden in patients with chronic complex LBP visiting secondary/tertiary care.

Methods.

Baseline data were acquired through patient-reported questionnaires and health insurance claims. Primary outcomes were LBP impact (Impact Stratification, range 8–50), functioning (Pain Disability Index, PDI; 0–70), quality of life (EuroQol-5D, EQ5D; −0.33 to 1.00), work ability (Work Ability Score, WAS; 0–10), work participation, productivity costs (Productivity Cost Questionnaire), and healthcare costs 1 year before baseline. Healthcare costs were compared with matched primary and secondary care LBP samples. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied.

Results.

In total, 1502 patients (age 46.3 ± 12.8 years, 57% female) were included. Impact Stratification was 35.2 ± 7.5 with severe impact (≥35) for 58% of patients. PDI was 38.2 ± 14.1, EQ5D 0.39 (interquartile range, IQR: 0.17–0.72); WAS 4.0 (IQR: 1.0–6.0) and 17% were permanently work-disabled. Mean total health care costs (€4875, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4309–5498) were higher compared to the matched primary care sample (n = 4995) (€2365, 95% CI: 2219–2526, P < 0.001), and similar to the matched secondary care sample (n = 4993) (€4379, 95% CI: 4180–4590). Productivity loss was estimated at €4315 per patient (95% CI: 3898–4688) during 6 months.

Conclusion.

In patients seeking multidisciplinary spine care, the personal and societal impact of LBP is very high. Specifically, quality of life and work ability are poor and health care costs are twice as high compared to patients seeking primary LBP care.

Level of Evidence: 3
Orbital Neuromas Associated With Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
Authors: Hodson Trevor , Cho Raymond I.
Published: July 2019

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy is known to cause enlargement of the cranial nerves, particularly the trigeminal nerve. Several cases of orbital neuromas associated with this condition have been published, but surgical treatment has not been reported. The authors present a case of bilateral supraorbital neuromas associated with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy that underwent surgical excision and histopathologic examination.
Nerve growth factor–mediated photoablation of nociceptors reduces pain behavior in mice
Authors: Nocchi Linda , Portulano Carla , Franciosa Federica , Doleschall Balint , Panea Mirela , Roy Nainika , Maffei Mariano , Gargano Alessandra , Perlas Emerald , Heppenstall Paul A.
Published: July 2019

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors TrkA and p75 play a key role in the development and function of peripheral nociceptive neurons. Here, we describe novel technology to selectively photoablate TrkA-positive nociceptors through delivery of a phototoxic agent coupled to an engineered NGF ligand and subsequent near-infrared illumination. We demonstrate that this approach allows for on demand and localized reversal of pain behaviors in mouse models of acute, inflammatory, neuropathic, and joint pain. To target peripheral nociceptors, we generated a SNAP-tagged NGF derivative NGFR121W that binds to TrkA/p75 receptors but does not provoke signaling in TrkA-positive cells or elicit pain behaviors in mice. NGFR121W-SNAP was coupled to the photosensitizer IRDye700DX phthalocyanine (IR700) and injected subcutaneously. After near-infrared illumination of the injected area, behavioral responses to nociceptive mechanical and sustained thermal stimuli, but not innocuous stimuli, were substantially reduced. Similarly, in models of inflammatory, osteoarthritic, and neuropathic pain, mechanical hypersensitivity was abolished for 3 weeks after a single treatment regime. We demonstrate that this loss of pain behavior coincides with the retraction of neurons from the skin which then reinnervate the epidermis after 3 weeks corresponding with the return of mechanical hypersensitivity. Thus NGFR121W-SNAP-mediated photoablation is a minimally invasive approach to reversibly silence nociceptor input from the periphery, and control pain and hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli.