bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Four Solvatomorphs of Betulin by TG–DTA–EI/PI–MS System Equipped with the Skimmer-Type Interface
Authors: Yuan Peng-Hui , Bi Yan-Cai , Su Bin , Yang De-Zhi , Gong Ning-Bo , Zhang Li , Lu Yang , Du Guan-Hua
Published: May 2020

Betulin (BE) has exceedingly become a potential natural product, providing multiple pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory benefits. Previous research indicated that the solvatomorphism of BE can easily occur through crystallization with different organic solvents. This property of BE can directly affect its extraction, isolation, and preparation process. In this study, a system of thermogravimetry (TG)–differential thermal analysis (DTA) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) with electron ionization (EI) and photoionization (PI) capability, equipped with the skimmer-type interface (i.e., skimmer-type interfaced TG–DTA–EI/PI–MS system), as a real-time and onsite analysis technique, was employed. Then, four solvatomorphs of BE, namely, with pyridine and water (A), sec-butanol (B), n,n-dimethylformamide (DMF) (C), and isopropanol (V), were analyzed for the first time. Finally, five kinds of the main volatile gaseous species, including H2O, pyridine, sec-butanol, DMF, and isopropanol, were identified clearly. Furthermore, the multi-step desolvation processes of the four solvatomorphs of BE were revealed by this system for the first time. This system showed great potential for the rapid and accurate analysis of various solvatomorphs of natural products.

Graphic Abstract
Methodology of the habitat classification of anthropogenic urban areas in Budapest (Hungary)
Authors: Rigó Attila , Barina Zoltán
Published: May 2020

The vast majority of floristical and coenological studies focus on the natural vegetation and its remnants in urban environments; however, there is an increasing interest in the systematic exploration of built environments. This survey of the inhabited areas of Budapest launched in 2018 applied a new and detailed methodology. The territorial units of the survey were street sections, where the presence of vascular plants was recorded in ecologically different habitats separately. We laid down the foundations to establish new habitat categories for the habitat classification and mapping of urban ecosystems using a different approach than the Hungarian habitat classification system (ÁNÉR). The method enables us to study the flora of urban ecosystems in detail. We established 18 urban habitat categories, surveyed more than 27,000 survey units and registered 647 spontaneously growing plant species in Budapest. Our survey evinced the spontaneous occurrence of 193 alien species in Budapest, 81 of them are data deficient, while 10 of them are new introductions in Hungary. 53.9% of the aliens are cultivated frequently in Hungary.
Genetic analysis of TMPRSS6 gene in Saudi female patients with iron deficiency anemia
Authors: Al-Jamea Lamiaa H. , Woodman Alexander , Heiba Nihal Mohamed , Elshazly Shereen A. , Khalaf Noureddine Ben , Fathallah Dahmani M. , Al-Nashmi Moudi E. , Quiambao Jenifer Vecina , Deifalla Abdel Halim
Published: May 2020

Objective/background:

Mutations in transmembrane protease serine 6 (TMPRSS6) gene induce high hepcidin level, which causes iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) by preventing duodenal iron absorption. This study aims to identify the common genetic variations of the TMPRSS6 gene that affect iron levels among Saudi female patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA).

Methods:

All study participants were Saudi females (12–49 years old): 32 patients with IDA, 32 patients with IRIDA, and 34 healthy individuals comprising the control group. Hematological investigations, iron profile, serum hepcidin level, and TMPRSS6 gene transcription were determined. The TMPRSS6 gene was amplified, sequenced, and analyzed among all study participants.

Results:

The mean hepcidin and TMPRSS6 RNA transcription levels in IDA and IRIDA groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. TMPRSS6 gene sequence analysis detected 41 variants: two in the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), 17 in introns, and 22 in exons. Thirty-three variants were previously reported in the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database, and eight variants were novel; one novel variant was in 5'UTR (g.-2 T > G); five novel variants were detected in exons (p.W73X, p.D479N, p.E523K, p.L674L, and p.I799I). At the time of the sequence analysis of our samples, two variants-p.D479N and p.674L-were novel. However, these variants are present at a very low allele frequency in other populations (L674L, 0.00007761 and D479N, 0.000003980).

Conclusion:

This is the first study to investigate the genetic variants of TMPRSS6 gene in Saudi female patients with IDA. The generated data will serve as a reference for future studies on IDA in the Arab population.
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is an effective treatment for patients with Richter syndrome
Authors: Aulakh Sonikpreet , Reljic Tea , Yassine Farah , Ayala Ernesto , Chavez Julio C. , Chanan-Khan Asher , Pinilla-Ibarz Javier , Kumar Ambuj , Kharfan-Dabaja Mohamed A.
Published: May 2020

Efficacy of conventional chemoimmunotherapy is limited in patients with Richter syndrome (RS) with anticipated median overall survival (OS) of less than 10 months. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is commonly offered as a consolidative treatment option in RS. To our knowledge, there are no randomized controlled studies that have compared allo-HCT against other therapies in RS; available allo-HCT data are limited to small case series from single-institution or registry studies. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the totality of evidence regarding the efficacy (or lack thereof) of allo-HCT for RS. We extracted data on post-allograft outcomes related to benefits (overall response rate [ORR], complete remission [CR], OS, and progression-free survival [PFS]). For harms, data were extracted on non-relapse mortality (NRM) and relapse post-allografting. Our search strategy identified 240 studies, but only four studies (n = 72 patients) met our inclusion criteria. Pooled ORR, CR, OS, and PFS rates were 79%, 33%, 49%, and 30%, respectively. Pooled NRM and relapse rates were 24% and 28%, respectively. Results of this systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that allo-HCT yields encouraging OS in RS, thus remaining a reasonable treatment option in fit patients whose disease demonstrates a chemosensitive response to pre-transplant salvage therapies. Novel strategies are certainly needed to reduce the risk of relapse to further improve outcomes in these patients.
Effects of Yuan–Dollar Exchange Rate Changes on World Cotton Markets
Authors: Devadoss Stephen , Sabala Ethan
Published: May 2020

From April 2018 to August 2019, the Yuan has declined in value relative to the US dollar by 12.6%, and the effects of this decline have not been studied. This study analyzes the effects of this fall in Yuan value, in isolation of tariffs, on US, Chinese, and world cotton markets. The results show that the adverse effects of the decline in Yuan value reverberate throughout world cotton markets and exacerbate the detrimental effects of the Chinese cotton tariff.
Fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic – should we prepare for a tsunami of post viral depression?
Authors: Lyons D. , Frampton M. , Naqvi S. , Donohoe D. , Adams G. , Glynn K.
Published: May 2020

The current COVID-19 pandemic is not just a medical and social tragedy, but within the threat of the outbreak looms the potential for a significant and persistent negative mental health impact, based on previous experience with other pandemics such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and the earlier H1N1 outbreak of 1918. This piece will highlight the links between depression and viral illnesses and explore important overlaps with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, potentially implicating inflammatory mechanisms in those exposed to a range of viral agents. While containment of psychological distress currently focuses on social anxiety and quarantine measures, a second wave of psychological morbidity due to viral illness may be imminent.
Satunarcus, a new late Cambrian trilobite genus from southernmost Thailand and a reevaluation of the subfamily Mansuyiinae Hupé, 1955
Authors: Wernette Shelly J. , Hughes Nigel C. , Myrow Paul M. , Sardsud Apsorn
Published: May 2020

The Ao Mo Lae Formation of the Tarutao Group crops out on Thailand's Tarutao Island and contains a diverse assemblage of late Furongian trilobite taxa, including several endemic forms. This study presents a new genus and species,Satunarcus molaensis, discovered at two locations on the island. A cladistic analysis of the kaolishaniid subfamily Mansuyiinae in light ofSatunarcusand similar genera known from across upper Cambrian equatorial Gondwanan rocks suggests that the subfamily is polyphyletic in its current definition, and thus is not a natural group. SeparatingMansuyiaSun, 1924 from the other taxa conventionally placed in Mansuyiinae permits recognition of a previously unrecognized monophyletic subfamily Ceronocarinae new subfamily. As established herein, this kaolishaniid subfamily containsSatunarcusn. gen. and all genera previously recognized as Mansuyiinae. with the exception ofMansuyiaitself. Ceronocarinae n. subfam. occur in middle Jiangshanian to middle Cambrian Stage 10 sedimentary rocks from Australia, South China, North China, and Sibumasu, with most genera endemic to Australia.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/618c5136-73f0-4912-a7d3-e56559d2a76c
Pandemic Parliaments: Canadian Legislatures in a Time of Crisis
Authors: Rayment Erica , VandenBeukel Jason
Published: May 2020

Canadian legislatures’ responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have raised questions about whether and how parliaments should continue to meet during the pandemic (Reid, 2020; Thomas, 2020a). The purpose of this research note is twofold: (1) to document how Canadian legislatures have changed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) to assess the effect of these responses on legislatures’ ability to fulfill their core functions. Through an analysis of parliamentary records from all elected federal, provincial and territorial legislatures in Canada, we find that the role of parliaments as sites of citizen representation has suffered the most, whereas the scrutinizing and legislative functions of parliaments have tended to be preserved, albeit in a significantly truncated form. We argue that patterns in legislatures' varied responses to the pandemic reveal which aspects of parliamentary functioning these bodies de facto prioritize and which are at risk of being eroded.
A NOTE ON CHAINS AND BOUNDING PAIRS OF DEHN TWISTS
Authors: ATALAN FERIHE
Published: May 2020

Abstarct

Let $N_g^k$ be a nonorientable surface of genus g with k punctures. In the first part of this note, after introducing preliminary materials, we will give criteria for a chain of Dehn twists to bound a disc. Then, we will show that automorphisms of the mapping class groups map disc bounding chains of Dehn twists to such chains. In the second part of the note, we will introduce bounding pairs of Dehn twists and give an algebraic characterization for such pairs.
Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Approaches Needed to Determine Impact of COVID-19 on Older Adults and Aging: CAG/ACG andCJA/RCVJoint Statement
Authors: Meisner Brad A. , Boscart Veronique , Gaudreau Pierrette , Stolee Paul , Ebert Patricia , Heyer Michelle , Kadowaki Laura , Kelly Christine , Levasseur Mélanie , Massie Ariane S. , Menec Verena , Middleton Laura , Sheiban Taucar Linda , Thornton Wendy Loken , Tong Catherine , van den Hoonaard Deborah K. , Wilson Kimberley
Published: May 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent state of public emergency have significantly affected older adults in Canada and worldwide. It is imperative that the gerontological response be efficient and effective. In this statement, the board members of the Canadian Association on Gerontology/L’Association canadienne de gérontologie (CAG/ACG) and theCanadian Journal on Aging/La revue canadienne du vieillissement(CJA/RCV) acknowledge the contributions of CAG/ACG members andCJA/RCVreaders. We also profile the complex ways that COVID-19 is affecting older adults, from individual to population levels, and advocate for the adoption of multidisciplinary collaborative teams to bring together different perspectives, areas of expertise, and methods of evaluation in the COVID-19 response.
Sociodemographic factors associated with food insecurity: data from the 2003–2014 New South Wales Population Health Survey
Authors: Drakoulidou Paraskevi , Drayton Bradley , Shepherd Leah , Mihrshahi Seema
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To determine the prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with food insecurity in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia.

Design:

Cross-sectional analysis of food insecurity data collected by the NSW Population Health Survey between 2003 and 2014. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine associations with key sociodemographic variables.

Setting:

NSW, Australia.

Participants:

212 608 survey participants responded to the food insecurity survey question between 2003 and 2014. 150 767 of them were aged ≥16 years. The survey sample was randomly selected and weighted to be representative of the NSW population.

Results:

On average 6 % of adults aged ≥16 years experienced food insecurity in NSW. The odds of food insecurity appeared to increase from one survey year to the next by a factor of 1·05. Food insecurity was found to be independently associated with age, sex, marital status, household size, education, employment status, household income, smoking status, alcohol intake and self-rated health. The association with income, smoking status and self-rated health appeared to be the strongest among all covariates and showed a gradient effect. Food insecurity appeared to increase significantly between the age of 16 and 19 years.

Conclusions:

The prevalence of food insecurity appears to be rising over time. Given the negative health consequences of food insecurity, more rigorous measurement and monitoring of food insecurity in NSW and nationally is strongly recommended. The findings provide support for interventions targeting low-income and younger population groups.
Protein intake pattern over the day and its association with low total protein intake in Dutch community-dwelling older adults
Authors: Rooijackers Teuni H , Ocké Marga C , Hengeveld Linda M , Visser Marjolein , Boer Jolanda MA
Published: May 2020

Objective:

Investigate protein intake patterns over the day and their association with total protein intake in older adults.

Design:

Cross-sectional study utilising the dietary data collected through two non-consecutive, dietary record-assisted 24-h recalls. Days with low protein intake (n 290) were defined using the RDA (<0·8 g protein/kg adjusted BW/d). For each day, the amount and proportion of protein ingested at every hour of the day and during morning, mid-day and evening hours was calculated. Amounts and proportions were compared between low and high protein intake days and related to total protein intake and risk of low protein intake.

Setting:

Community.

Participants:

739 Dutch community-dwelling adults ≥70 years.

Results:

The mean protein intake was 76·3 (sd 0·7) g/d. At each hour of the day, the amount of protein ingested was higher on days with a high protein intake than on days with a low protein intake and associated with a higher total protein intake. The proportion of protein ingested during morning hours was higher (22 v. 17 %, P < 0·0001) on days with a low protein intake, and a higher proportion of protein ingested during morning hours was associated with a lower total protein intake (P < 0·0001) and a higher odds of low protein intake (OR 1·04, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·06). For the proportion of protein intake during mid-day or evening hours, opposite but weaker associations were found.

Conclusions:

In this sample, timing of protein intake was associated with total protein intake. Additional studies need to clarify the importance of these findings to optimise protein intake.
Associations between major dietary patterns and anxiety in middle-aged adults in eastern China
Authors: Xu Feng , Chong Bao-Qiang , Cai Tong , Zhang Jin-Ling , Lv Jing
Published: May 2020

Objective:

The current study aimed to evaluate the association of major dietary patterns with anxiety in middle-aged adults in eastern China.

Design:

Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative FFQ. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to estimate OR and 95 % CI for anxiety according to quartiles of each dietary pattern score.

Setting:

Evidence regarding the relationship between dietary patterns and anxiety in the Chinese population is scarce.

Participants:

The study participants were 1360 Chinese adults aged 45–59 years, who participated in a health survey at the time of periodic check-up in the city of Linyi, Shandong Province, China.

Results:

Four major dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis: traditional Chinese, western, grains–vegetables and high-salt diets. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of the western pattern had greater odds for anxiety, compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR 1·35, 95 % CI 1·000, 3·086, P < 0·05). In contrast, participants in the highest quartile of the grains–vegetables pattern had lower odds for anxiety than did those in the lowest quartile (OR 0·78, 95 % CI 0·574, 1·000, P < 0·05). Moreover, no significant associations were observed between the traditional Chinese and high-salt patterns and the risk of anxiety.

Conclusions:

Our findings indicate that the western pattern is associated with an increased risk, and the grains–vegetables pattern is associated with a decreased risk of anxiety.
On the biodeterministic imagination
Authors: Blakey Michael L.
Published: May 2020

Biological determinism continues to rest on belief rather than evidence. The racial genetics of David Reich and his immediate predecessors exemplify science applied as racist ideology which obscures evidence for social criticism and moral accountability for inequity.
Unfinished narratives. Some remarks on the archaeology of the contemporary past in Iran
Authors: Dezhamkhooy Maryam , Papoli-Yazdi Leila
Published: May 2020

This paper discusses the emergence of an archaeology of the contemporary era in a Middle Eastern country, Iran. Far from North America and Europe, where the subfield was introduced, appreciated and developed by academic archaeologists, this archaeology is now also becoming established in Iran in spite of academic reluctance and (indirect) political pressure. The most encouraged form of archaeology in Iran remains nationalist and conservative, supported by the current political structures. However, the archaeology of the contemporary past is increasingly practised on a limited scale and has gradually extended its scope and subjects. Highly dependent on context, it has enriched the ways and methods of archaeological practice under dictatorship. The archaeology of the contemporary past is still in its infancy in the Middle East, but the pioneers of the subfield try to take up the challenges of smoothing the way for the future of this interdisciplinary archaeology in Iran and the Middle East. Iranian contemporary archaeology not only aims to investigate conflict, tensions and political (and armed) opposition, but also studies everyday life and disastrous contexts.
The relationship between caregivers’ perceptions of end-of-life care in long-term care and a good resident death
Authors: Lee Eunyoung , Sussman Tamara , Kaasalainen Sharon , Durepos Pamela , McCleary Lynn , Wickson-Griffiths Abigail , Bimman Rennie
Published: May 2020

Objective

Quality end-of-life (EOL) care is critical for dying residents and their family/friend caregivers. While best practices to support resident comfort at EOL in long-term care (LTC) homes are emerging, research rarely explores if and how the type of care received at EOL may contribute to caregivers’ perceptions of a good death. To address this gap, this study explored how care practices at EOL contributed to caregivers’ perceptions of a good resident death.

Method

This study used a retrospective cross-sectional survey design. Seventy-eight participants whose relative or friend died in one of five LTC homes in Canada completed self-administered questionnaires on their perceptions of EOL care and perceptions of a good resident death.

Results

Overall, caregivers reported positive experiences with EOL care and perceived residents to have died a good death. However, communication regarding what to expect in the final days of life and attention to spiritual issues were often missing components of care. Further, when explored alongside direct resident care, family support, and rooming conditions, staff communication was the only aspect of EOL care significantly associated with caregivers’ perceptions of a good resident death.

Significance of results

The findings of this study suggest that the critical role staff in LTC play in supporting caregivers’ perceptions of a good resident death. By keeping caregivers informed about expectations at the very end of life, staff can enhance caregivers’ perceptions of a good resident death. Further, by addressing spiritual issues staff may improve caregivers’ perceptions that residents were at peace when they died.
Comparative clinical trials in psychotherapy: Have large effects been replicated?
Authors: Frost Nickolas D. , Baskin Thomas W. , Wampold Bruce E.
Published: May 2020

Aims

The purpose of this review is to examine the replication attempts of psychotherapy clinical trials for depression and anxiety. We focus specifically on replications of trials that exhibit large differences between psychotherapies. The replicability of these trials is especially important for meta-analysis, where the inclusion of false-positive trials can lead to erroneous conclusions about treatment efficacy.

Methods

Standard replication criteria were developed to distinguish direct from conceptual replication methodologies. Next, an exhaustive literature search was conducted for published meta-analyses of psychotherapy comparisons. Trials that exhibited large effects (d > 0.8) were culled from these meta-analyses. For each trial, a cited replication was conducted to determine if the trial had been subsequently replicated by either ‘direct’ or ‘conceptual’ methods. Finally, a broader search was conducted to examine the extent of replication efforts in the psychotherapy literature overall.

Results

In the meta-analytic search, a total of N = 10 meta-analyses met the inclusion criteria. From these meta-analyses, N = 12 distinct trials exhibited large effect sizes. The meta-analyses containing more than two large effect trials reported evidence for treatment superiority. A cited replication search yielded no direct replication attempts (N = 0) for the trials with large effects, and N = 4 conceptual replication attempts of average or above average quality. However, of these four attempts, only two partially corroborated the results from their original trial.

Conclusion

Meta-analytic reviews are influenced by trials with large effects, and it is not uncommon for these reviews to contain several such trials. Since we find no evidence that trials with such large effects are directly replicable, treatment superiority conclusions from these reviews are highly questionable. To enhance the quality of clinical science, the development of authoritative replication criteria for clinical trials is needed. Moreover, quality benchmarks should be considered before trials are included in a meta-analysis, or replications are attempted.
The Social and Legal Reception of Illegitimate Births in the Gurk Valley, Austria, 1868–1945
Authors: Sumnall Catherine
Published: May 2020

This article uses a combination of sources, ranging from statistical material calculated from parish records, through oral history interviews and autobiographies, to letters sent by parish priests to their bishop, to illuminate the spaces between law, marriage and the church in the Gurk valley of southern Austria. It argues that local patterns and trends of illegitimacy were tolerated by the Catholic clergy, and that the relationships concerned were understood both as marriage without ceremonialization, and as stable unions where marriage was impeded by poverty. These attitudes hardened in the state legal practices that formed part of Nazi family policy and reduced rural illegitimacy.
Keeping up with the Chinese: Constituting and Reconstituting the Anglican Church in South China, 1897–1951
Authors: Yung Tim
Published: May 2020

When Anglican missionaries helped to constitute the Chinese Anglican Church (Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui) in 1912, they had a particular expectation of how the church would one day become self-supporting, self-governing and self-propagating. The first constitution crafted by missionary bishops presupposed an infant church that would require the step-by-step guidance of its parent association. However, the intended trajectory was superseded by the zeal of Chinese Christians and drastic changes in the national government of China. The constitutional basis of the Chinese Anglican Church had to be restructured fundamentally again and again due to political upheaval in republican China, the Japanese occupation and the Communist revolution. This article explores the difficulties of crafting and implementing church constitutions in China in the first half of the turbulent twentieth century. Focusing on the South China diocese, wider questions are posed about the formation of canon law in an age of extremes.
The Church of England and the Legislative Reforms of 1828–32: Revolution or Adjustment?
Authors: Dixon Nicholas
Published: May 2020

Since the 1950s, historians of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Church of England have generally maintained that the Sacramental Test Act (1828), the Roman Catholic Relief Act (1829) and the Reform Act (1832) amounted to a ‘constitutional revolution’, in which Anglican political hegemony was decisively displaced. This theory remains the dominant framework for understanding the effect of legislation on the relationship between church and state in pre-Victorian England. This article probes the validity of the theory. It is argued that the legislative reforms of 1828–32 did not drastically alter the religious composition of parliament, which was already multi-denominational, and that they incorporated clauses which preserved the political dominance of the Church of England. Additionally, it is suggested that Anglican apprehensions concerning the reforming measures of those years were derived from an unfounded belief that these reforms would ultimately result in changes to the Church of England's formularies or in disestablishment, rather than from the actual laws enacted. Accordingly, the post-1832 British parliamentary system did not in the short term militate against Anglican interests. In light of this reappraisal, these legislative reforms may be better understood as an exercise in ‘constitutional adjustment’ as opposed to a ‘constitutional revolution’.
The Decline of the Clerical Magistracy in the Nineteenth-Century English Midlands
Authors: Tomlinson John W. B.
Published: May 2020

A significant proportion of Church of England clergy in the early nineteenth century took up the role of magistrate to help enforce the law in local communities, partly in consequence of the growth of clerical wealth and status which had begun in the previous century. This legal role was perceived by some as contradictory to clerical pastoral duties, and as such detrimental to the church. Some would view it as contributing to a decline of the Church of England, which was seen as too much associated with the established powers in an era of social change. After the peak of the 1830s, the number of clerical magistrates began to fall dramatically, marking the emergence of a more exclusively religious clerical profession uneasy with the antagonisms associated with local law enforcement. This study, focusing on the diverse county of Staffordshire, presents the case that the decline of the clerical magistracy is an early indicator of the withdrawal of the clergy from involvement in secular concerns, and as such provides important evidence for the growth of secularization in British society.
The Chancellors’ Dilemma: The Impact of the First World War on Faculty Jurisdiction
Authors: Brook Anne C.
Published: May 2020

The Church of England successfully resisted proposals to bring decisions about alterations to its churches within the provisions of the Ancient Monuments Act (1913). However, the quid pro quo for the continuation of that ecclesiastical exemption was a strengthening of the operation of the faculty jurisdiction of diocesan chancellors. The First World War brought more urgent concerns for dioceses, but what no-one had foreseen was the huge death toll that war would bring, and the consequent pressure for communal and individual memorials to be created in churches and churchyards. In addition to the greatly increased volume of faculty applications, and the problem of some churches going ahead with commemorative projects without seeking the necessary faculties, some war memorial plans involving crucifixes began to raise the spectre of Ritualistic illegality.
The Procedure and Practice of Witness Testimony in English Ecclesiastical Courts, c.1193–1300
Authors: White Sarah B.
Published: May 2020

In the twelfth century, the English church courts made considerable use of compurgation and of sworn members of the community to aid in the resolution of disputes, but by the end of the thirteenth century, academic canon law depended almost entirely on witness testimony. Romano-canonical proceduralists established rules for examining witnesses, rejecting testimonies and resolving conflicts. However, these academic ideals were not always possible or even desirable in practice. Although Roman procedure required witnesses to be eyewitnesses, English ecclesiastical practice allowed witnesses to testify to public knowledge. Furthermore, individuals who were not qualified to testify did so regardless, and their testimonies were not excluded even following exceptions. This is not to say that standard procedure was not followed; more often than not, it was. However, these differences between theory and practice indicate that practitioners (and perhaps judges) in the English ecclesiastical courts were experimenting with ways to use witness testimony beyond the confines of the academic law.
Querschnittstudie zu Skin Tears in fragiler Altershaut
Authors: Scheele Christa M. , Göhner Wiebke , Schumann Hauke
Published: May 2020

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Skin Tears werden international als ein häufiges Phänomen bei älteren Menschen eingestuft. Die Prävention, frühe Erkennung, Klassifikation, sowie die spezifische Behandlung von Skin Tears sind international etabliert. In Deutschland finden Skin Tears bisher kaum Beachtung, die Studienlage ist unzureichend. Ziel: Die vorliegende Studie sollte erstmals die aktuelle Situation zu Skin Tears aus Sicht der Pflegefachpersonen in Deutschland erfassen. Methode: Mittels Querschnittdesign erfolgte eine bundesweite Online-Befragung von Pflegefachpersonen zu Häufigkeit, Klassifikationssystemen, Begrifflichkeiten, Risikofaktoren, Präventionsmaßnahmen und Behandlung bei Skin Tears. Ergebnisse: Im Rücklauf von 137 Fragebögen sind Personen aus verschiedensten pflegerischen Bereichen und Regionen abgebildet. Das Auftreten von Skin Tears wurde mit 83,2 % als häufig bzw. sehr häufig eingeschätzt, dabei wurden 37 verschiedene Begrifflichkeiten für Skin Tears genannt. Es wurden zahlreiche Risikofaktoren und Präventionsmaßnahmen benannt, Klassifikationssysteme sind nur wenig bekannt. Kenntnisse über Verbandmittel sind inadäquat. Schlussfolgerungen: Eine eindeutige und einheitliche Terminologie für das Phänomen „Skin Tears“ als auch die Anwendung internationaler Klassifikationssysteme sind in Deutschland dringend notwendig. Präventionsmaßnahmen sowie eine evidenzbasierte Behandlung sollten zum Standard werden. Spezifische Schulungsmaßnahmen und Beratung, beginnend in Ausbildung bzw. Studium für Pflegefachpersonen, und von Betroffenen und Angehörigen sind dringend indiziert.
The Effects of Visual Displays in Attenuating Discrepancies Between	Self-Reported and Physiological Indexes of Stress
Authors: Liu Jenny J. W. , Gervasio Julia , Fung Kenneth , Vickers Kristin
Published: May 2020

Abstract. This study examined whether the relationship between subjective and physiological outcomes of stress, and the responsivity to stressors, are affected by whether participants can see a visual display of their physiological output. Participants were randomly assigned to have a visible view of their physiological output readings, or to a condition in which physiological output readings were out of view. Participants individually completed a 30-min laboratory study including the modified Trier Social Stress Task. Both physiological markers of stress (heart rate and blood pressure) and subjective evaluations of stress (visual analog scale) were measured. Results found little congruency across subjective and physiological measures of stress. The visible visual display condition had elevated physiological arousal, while no group differences were observed in self-reported stress. Findings from the study provide insight into the use of visual physiological displays and hold practical implications for both the measurement of stress in research, and the development of wearable technologies without accompanying response strategies.
A Study of a Magnetic Cloud Propagating Through Large‐Amplitude Alfvén Waves
Authors: Farrugia C. J. , Lugaz N. , Vasquez B. J. , Wilson L. B. , Yu W. , Paulson K. , Torbert R. B. , Gratton F. T.
Published: May 2020

We discuss Wind observations of a long and slow magnetic cloud (MC) propagating through large‐amplitude Alfvén waves (LAAWs). The MC axis has a strong component along GSE X, as also confirmed by a Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction. It is overtaking the solar wind at a speed roughly equal to the upstream Alfvén speed, leading to a weak shock wave 17 hr ahead. We give evidence to show that the nominal sheath region is populated by LAAWs: (i) a well‐defined de Hoffmann‐Teller frame in which there is excellent correlation between the field and flow vectors, (ii) constant field and total pressure, and (iii) an Alfvén ratio (i.e., ratio of kinetic‐to‐magnetic energy of the fluctuations) near unity at frequencies much lower than the ion cyclotron frequency in the spacecraft frame. In the region where the LAAWs approach the MC's front boundary there are field and flow discontinuities. At the first, magnetic reconnection is taking place, as deduced from a stress balance test (Walén test). This severs connection of some field lines to the Sun and the solar wind strahl disappears. There follows a 2‐hr interval where the magnetic field strength is diminished while pressure balance is maintained. Here the bidirectionality of the suprathermal electron flows is intermittently disrupted. This interval ends with a slow expansion fan downstream of which there is a dropout of halo electrons just inside the front boundary of the MC. This study illustrates an untypical case of a slow MC interacting with LAAWs in the slow solar wind.
mGlu5 receptor availability in youth at risk for addictions: effects of vulnerability traits and cannabis use
Authors: Cox Sylvia M. L. , Tippler Maria , Jaworska Natalia , Smart Kelly , Castellanos-Ryan Natalie , Durand France , Allard Dominique , Benkelfat Chawki , Parent Sophie , Dagher Alain , Vitaro Frank , Boivin Michel , Pihl Robert O. , Côté Sylvana , Tremblay Richard E. , Séguin Jean R. , Leyton Marco
Published: May 2020

The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate has been implicated in experience-dependent neuroplasticity and drug-seeking behaviors. Type 5 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu5) receptors might be particularly important. They are critically involved in synaptic plasticity and their availability has been reported to be lower in people with alcohol, tobacco, and cocaine use disorders. Since these reductions could reflect effects of drug use or pre-existing traits, we used positron emission tomography to measure mGlu5 receptor availability in young adults at elevated risk for addictions. Fifty-nine participants (age 18.5 ± 0.6) were recruited from a longitudinal study that has followed them since birth. Based on externalizing traits that predict future substance use problems, half were at low risk, half were at high risk. Cannabis use histories varied markedly and participants were divided into three subgroups: zero, low, and high use. Compared to low risk volunteers, those at elevated risk had lower [11C]ABP688 binding potential (BPND) values in the striatum, amygdala, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Cannabis use by risk group interactions were observed in the striatum and OFC. In these regions, low [11C]ABP688 BPND values were only seen in the high risk group that used high quantities of cannabis. When these high risk, high cannabis use individuals were compared to all other participants, [11C]ABP688 BPND values were lower in the striatum, OFC, and insula. Together, these results provide evidence that mGlu5 receptor availability is low in youth at elevated risk for addictions, particularly those who frequently use cannabis.
Suppressed expression of LDHB promotes age-related hearing loss via aerobic glycolysis
Authors: Tian Chunjie , Kim Yeon Ju , Hali Sai , Choo Oak-Sung , Lee Jin-Sol , Jung Seo-Kyung , Choi Youn-Uk , Park Chan Bae , Choung Yun-Hoon
Published: May 2020

Age-dependent decrease of mitochondrial energy production and cellular redox imbalance play significant roles in age-related hearing loss (ARHL). Lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) is a key glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate. LDH activity and isoenzyme patterns are known to be changed with aging, but the role of LDHB in ARHL has not been studied yet. Here, we found that LDHB knockout mice showed hearing loss at high frequencies, which is the typical feature of ARHL. LDHB knockdown caused downregulation of mitochondrial functions in auditory cell line, University of Bristol/organ of Corti 1 (UB/OC1) with decreased NAD+ and increased hypoxia inducing factor-1α. LDHB knockdown also enhanced the death of UB/OC1 cells with ototoxic gentamicin treatment. On the contrary, the induction of LDHB expression caused enhanced mitochondrial functions, including changes in mitochondrial respiratory subunits, mitochondrial membrane potentials, ATP, and the NAD+/NADH ratio. Thus, we concluded that suppression of LDHB activity may be closely related with the early onset or progression of ARHL.
BIG1 controls macrophage pro-inflammatory responses through ARF3-mediated PI(4,5)P2 synthesis
Authors: Liu Lixin , Zhang Sulin , Wang Yirui , Bao Weilian , Zhou Yile , Dang Wenzhen , Wang Xu , Li Haidong , Cao Xinyue , You Yan , Fang Hao , Shen Xiaoyan
Published: May 2020

Sepsis is caused by a dysregulated host inflammatory response to serious infections resulting in life-threatening organ dysfunction. The high morbidity and mortality make sepsis still a major clinical problem. Here, we investigated the roles of Brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange factor 1 (BIG1) in the pathogenesis process of sepsis and the underlying mechanisms. We found myeloid cell-specific BIG1 knockout (BIG1 cKO) significantly reduced the mortality and organ damage in LPS-induced and CLP-induced polymicrobial sepsis mouse model. The serum concentration and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-12 were obviously decreased in BIG1 cKO mice. In bone marrow-derived macrophages or THP-1 cells, BIG1 deficiency caused an inhibited ARF3 activation, which reduced PI(4,5)P2 synthesis and the recruitment of TIRAP to the plasma membrane through inhibiting the activation of PIP5K induced by LPS, and eventually resulted in the inhibitory activity of TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway. These results reveal a crucial new role of BIG1 in regulating macrophage inflammation responses, and provide evidence for BIG1 as a potential promising therapeutic target in sepsis.
Distributed acoustic sensing of microseismic sources and wave propagation in glaciated terrain
Authors: Walter F. , Gräff D. , Lindner F. , Paitz P. , Köpfli M. , Chmiel M. , Fichtner A.
Published: May 2020

Records of Alpine microseismicity are a powerful tool to study landscape-shaping processes and warn against hazardous mass movements. Unfortunately, seismic sensor coverage in Alpine regions is typically insufficient. Here we show that distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) bridges critical observational gaps of seismogenic processes in Alpine terrain. Dynamic strain measurements in a 1 km long fiber optic cable on a glacier surface produce high-quality seismograms related to glacier flow and nearby rock falls. The nearly 500 cable channels precisely locate a series of glacier stick-slip events (within 20–40 m) and reveal seismic phases from which thickness and material properties of the glacier and its bed can be derived. As seismic measurements can be acquired with fiber optic cables that are easy to transport, install and couple to the ground, our study demonstrates the potential of DAS technology for seismic monitoring of glacier dynamics and natural hazards.
Exposure to UV radiance predicts repeated evolution of concealed black skin in birds
Authors: Nicolaï Michaël P. J. , Shawkey Matthew D. , Porchetta Sara , Claus Ruben , D’Alba Liliana
Published: May 2020

Plumage is among the most well-studied components of integumentary colouration. However, plumage conceals most skin in birds, and as a result the presence, evolution and function of skin colour remains unexplored. Here we show, using a database of 2259 species encompassing >99% of bird genera, that melanin-rich, black skin is found in a small but sizeable percentage (~5%) of birds, and that it evolved over 100 times. The spatial distribution of black skin follows Gloger’s rule, which states that pigmentation of endothermic animals increases towards the equator. Furthermore, most black-skinned birds inhabit high irradiation regions, and tend to be bald and/or have white feathers. Thus, taken together, our results suggest that melanin-rich, black skin helps to protect birds against ultraviolet irradiation. More generally, our results illustrate that feathered skin colour varies taxonomically, ontogenetically and temporally, providing an additional dimension for avian colour research.
A role for actin flexibility in thin filament-mediated contractile regulation and myopathy
Authors: Viswanathan Meera C. , Schmidt William , Franz Peter , Rynkiewicz Michael J. , Newhard Christopher S. , Madan Aditi , Lehman William , Swank Douglas M. , Preller Matthias , Cammarato Anthony
Published: May 2020

Striated muscle contraction is regulated by the translocation of troponin-tropomyosin strands over the thin filament surface. Relaxation relies partly on highly-favorable, conformation-dependent electrostatic contacts between actin and tropomyosin, which position tropomyosin such that it impedes actomyosin associations. Impaired relaxation and hypercontractile properties are hallmarks of various muscle disorders. The α-cardiac actin M305L hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-causing mutation lies near residues that help confine tropomyosin to an inhibitory position along thin filaments. Here, we investigate M305L actin in vivo, in vitro, and in silico to resolve emergent pathological properties and disease mechanisms. Our data suggest the mutation reduces actin flexibility and distorts the actin-tropomyosin electrostatic energy landscape that, in muscle, result in aberrant contractile inhibition and excessive force. Thus, actin flexibility may be required to establish and maintain interfacial contacts with tropomyosin as well as facilitate its movement over distinct actin surface features and is, therefore, likely necessary for proper regulation of contraction.
Hydrodynamic slip can align thin nanoplatelets in shear flow
Authors: Kamal Catherine , Gravelle Simon , Botto Lorenzo
Published: May 2020

The large-scale processing of nanomaterials such as graphene and MoS2 relies on understanding the flow behaviour of nanometrically-thin platelets suspended in liquids. Here we show, by combining non-equilibrium molecular dynamics and continuum simulations, that rigid nanoplatelets can attain a stable orientation for sufficiently strong flows. Such a stable orientation is in contradiction with the rotational motion predicted by classical colloidal hydrodynamics. This surprising effect is due to hydrodynamic slip at the liquid-solid interface and occurs when the slip length is larger than the platelet thickness; a slip length of a few nanometers may be sufficient to observe alignment. The predictions we developed by examining pure and surface-modified graphene is applicable to different solvent/2D material combinations. The emergence of a fixed orientation in a direction nearly parallel to the flow implies a slip-dependent change in several macroscopic transport properties, with potential impact on applications ranging from functional inks to nanocomposites.
Antigenic assessment of the H3N2 component of the 2019-2020 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine
Authors: Gouma Sigrid , Weirick Madison , Hensley Scott E.
Published: May 2020

The 2019–2020 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine includes antigens from 3c3.A H3N2 viruses; however, over half of circulating H3N2 viruses belong to subclade 3c2.A1b. Here, we analyze antibody responses elicited by the egg-adapted 3c3.A H3N2 vaccine strain in ferrets and humans. We find that this vaccine strain elicits antibodies that have reduced reactivity to a wild-type 3c3.A strain and very limited reactivity to 3c2.A strains, including the currently circulating 3c2.A1b strain.
Unique properties of a subset of human pluripotent stem cells with high capacity for self-renewal
Authors: Lau Kevin X. , Mason Elizabeth A. , Kie Joshua , De Souza David P. , Kloehn Joachim , Tull Dedreia , McConville Malcolm J. , Keniry Andrew , Beck Tamara , Blewitt Marnie E. , Ritchie Matthew E. , Naik Shalin H. , Zalcenstein Daniela , Korn Othmar , Su Shian , Romero Irene Gallego , Spruce Catrina , Baker Christopher L. , McGarr Tracy C. , Wells Christine A. , Pera Martin F.
Published: May 2020

Archetypal human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) are widely considered to be equivalent in developmental status to mouse epiblast stem cells, which correspond to pluripotent cells at a late post-implantation stage of embryogenesis. Heterogeneity within hPSC cultures complicates this interspecies comparison. Here we show that a subpopulation of archetypal hPSC enriched for high self-renewal capacity (ESR) has distinct properties relative to the bulk of the population, including a cell cycle with a very low G1 fraction and a metabolomic profile that reflects a combination of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. ESR cells are pluripotent and capable of differentiation into primordial germ cell-like cells. Global DNA methylation levels in the ESR subpopulation are lower than those in mouse epiblast stem cells. Chromatin accessibility analysis revealed a unique set of open chromatin sites in ESR cells. RNA-seq at the subpopulation and single cell levels shows that, unlike mouse epiblast stem cells, the ESR subset of hPSC displays no lineage priming, and that it can be clearly distinguished from gastrulating and extraembryonic cell populations in the primate embryo. ESR hPSC correspond to an earlier stage of post-implantation development than mouse epiblast stem cells.