bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of 3-ferrocenyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrole, [Fe(η5-C5H4cC4H3NPh)(η5-C5H5)]. Corrigendum
Authors: Pfaff Ulrike , Korb Marcus , Lang Heinrich
Published: May 2016

In the paper by Pfaffet al.[Acta Cryst.(2016), E72, 92–95], the acknowledgements section is incomplete.
Hydrogen bonding in the crystal structure of the molecular salt of pyrazole–pyrazolium picrate
Authors: Su Ping , Song Xue-gang , Sun Ren-qiang , Xu Xing-man
Published: May 2016

The asymmetric unit of the title organic salt [systematic name: 1H-pyrazol-2-ium 2,4,6-trinitrophenolate–1H-pyrazole (1/1)], H(C3H4N2)2+·C6H2N3O7−, consists of one picrate anion and one hydrogen-bonded dimer of a pyrazolium monocation. The H atom involved in the dimer N—H...N hydrogen bond is disordered over both symmetry-unique pyrazole molecules with occupancies of 0.52 (5) and 0.48 (5). In the crystal, the component ions are linked into chains along [100] by two different bifurcated N—H...(O,O) hydrogen bonds. In addition, weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds link inversion-related chains, forming columns along [100].
A second polymorph of sodium dihydrogen citrate, NaH2C6H5O7: structure solution from powder diffraction data and DFT comparison
Authors: Rammohan Alagappa , Kaduk James A.
Published: May 2016

The crystal structure of a second polymorph of sodium dihydrogen citrate, Na+·H2C6H5O7−, has been solved and refined using laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional techniques. The powder pattern of the commercial sample used in this study did not match that corresponding to the known crystal structure [Gluskeret al.(1965).Acta Cryst.19, 561–572; refcode NAHCIT]. In this polymorph, the [NaO7] coordination polyhedra form edge-sharing chains propagating along theaaxis, while in NAHCIT the octahedral [NaO6] groups form edge-sharing pairs bridged by two hydroxy groups. The most notable difference is that in this polymorph one of the terminal carboxyl groups is deprotonated, while in NAHCIT the central carboxylate group is deprotonated, as is more typical.
Crystal structure of 16-ferrocenylmethyl-3β-hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one: a potential chemotherapeutic drug
Authors: Carmona-Negrón José A. , Flores-Rivera Mariola M. , Díaz-Reyes Zaibeth , Moore Curtis E. , Rheigold Arnold L. , Meléndez Enrique
Published: May 2016

A new ferrocene complex, 16-ferrocenylmethyl-3β-hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate, [Fe(C5H5)(C24H27O2)]·C2H6OS, has been synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The molecule crystallizes in the space groupP21with one molecule of dimethyl sulfoxide. A hydrogen bond links the phenol group and the dimethyl sulfoxide O atom, with an O...O distance of 2.655 (5) Å. The ferrocene group is positioned in the β face of the estrone moiety, with an O—C—C—C torsion angle of 44.1 (5)°, and the carbonyl bond length of the hormone moiety is 1.216 (5) Å, typical of a C=O double bond. The average Fe—C bond length of the substituted Cp ring [Fe—C(Cp*)] is similar to that of the unsubstituted one [Fe—C(Cp)],i.e.2.048 (3)versus2.040 (12) Å. The structure of the complex is compared with those of estrone and ethoxymethylestrone.
A kryptoracemic salt: 2-{[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl](hydroxy)methyl}piperidin-1-ium (+)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-methoxy-2-phenylpropanoate
Authors: Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V. , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: May 2016

The asymmetric unit of the title salt, C17H17F6N2O+·C10H8F3O3−, comprises two piperidin-1-ium cations and two carboxylate anions. The cations, each having an L-shaped conformation owing to the near orthogonal relationship between the quinolinyl and piperidin-1-ium residues, are pseudo-enantiomeric. The anions have the same absolute configuration but differ in the relative orientations of the carboxylate, methoxy and benzene groups. Arguably, the most prominent difference between the anions occurs about the Cq—Ombond as seen in the Cc—Cq—Om—Cmtorsion angles of −176.1 (3) and −67.1 (4)°, respectively (q = quaternary, m = methoxy and c = carboxylate). The presence of Oh—H...Ocand Np—H...Ochydrogen bonds leads to the formation of a supramolecular chain along theaaxis (h = hydroxy and p = piperidin-1-ium); weak intramolecular Np—H...Ohhydrogen bonds are also noted. Chains are connected into a three-dimensional architecture by C—H...F interactions. Based on a literature survey, related molecules/cations adopt a uniform conformation in the solid state based on the letterL.
Calcium octaammine dichloride
Authors: Kishida Yoshihiro , Aoki Masakazu
Published: May 2016

The redetermination of the crystal structure of calcium octaammine chloride, or octaamminecalcium dichloride, [Ca(NH3)8]Cl2, based on synchrotron X-ray diffraction powder data, revealed a more reasonable model in terms of N...N distances in comparison with the previous model [Westmanet al.(1981).Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A,35, 467–472].
An analysis of flowing liquid lithium-lead eutectic corrosion of structural steels in fusion reactors
Authors: Wang Zenghui , Meng Xu , Yu Xingang
Published: May 2016

Purpose

The liquid lithium-lead breeding blanket in the international thermonuclear experimental reactor is one of the major international concerns and one of the potential conceptual designs for the fusion reactor.

Design/methodology/approach

Reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steels are being considered for application in future fusion technology as the relevant structural material, which will be in contact with the lithium-lead breeding material.

Findings

According to the test results, comprehensive evaluations of these findings have been performed to determine the wastage rates and mechanisms for the conceptual design of the fusion reactor.

Originality/value

From micro to macro, systematic cross-scale models are needed for the understanding of corrosion/wastage mechanisms in fusion reactor engineering applications.
Value co-creation in e-commerce contexts: does product type matter?
Authors: Barrutia Jose M. , Paredes Mario R. , Echebarria Carmen
Published: May 2016

Purpose

Based on service-dominant logic (SDL) and related perspectives, which suggest that value is co-created through the integration of resources, the purpose of this study is to propose a model which considers two value co-creation sources: firm resources, in the form of process electronic-service quality (ESQ) and outcome ESQ, and consumer resources, as represented by consumer expertise and its antecedents (i.e. social expertise and Internet skills). The effect of product type on the relationship between both co-creation sources, and the value is analyzed.

Design/methodology/approach

This study adopts a post-positivist approach. The study begins with cause and effect thinking to build a literature-driven model. Subsequently, pre-existent measures are adapted to the research context, and a Web-based questionnaire is built. The survey administration process yields 1,024 usable responses from Spanish Internet shoppers. To analyze the validity and reliability of the proposed scales and test the relationships hypothesized, the multivariate statistical techniques confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling are used.

Findings

For low-outlay/high-frequency (LO/HF) products, consumers rely more on their own resources, and expertise is more important than process and outcome quality. For high-outlay/low-frequency (HO/LF) products, however, firm resources have a stronger impact.

Practical implications

The study findings may be useful to design e-commerce strategies combining specific ESQ and expertise-related policies according to the type of product offered by the e-service provider.

Originality/value

The empirical study reported here confers similar salience to both consumer resources and firm resources to explain value perception, which is unusual. This is the first study addressed to explain perceived value in a business-to-consumer e-commerce context by jointly considering firm resources (process ESQ and outcome ESQ), consumer resources (expertise) and product type. The moderating effect of product type is consistent with insights from prior marketing research but counterintuitive. It could be thought that expertise should be more important for HO/LF products, which is contrary to the results of this study.
Why familiar brands are sometimes harder to remember
Authors: Stocchi Lara , Wright Malcolm , Driesener Carl
Published: May 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to show that strength-based theories of memory provide only a partial description of how consumers retrieve brands from memory. Dual-process theories of memory such as the Source of Activation Confusion (SAC) model provide a more robust explanation of brand retrieval by accounting for the separate effects of brand familiarity and category knowledge.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper examines brand image associations for 27 brands in three product categories using marketing field data. The authors apply a quasi-experimental approach to divide respondents into four groups based on their levels of brand familiarity and category knowledge. The authors compare brand retrieval for each group to test whether the SAC model, a dual-process theory of memory, or traditional strength-based theories of memory better explain brand retrieval.

Findings

Familiar brands are harder to remember when consumers know more about the product category. This effect cannot be explained by strength-based theories of memory, but it is a prediction of the SAC model. This outcome is a critical test that discriminates between competing theories of brand retrieval.

Research limitations/implications

Researchers may draw on the SAC model to identify new ways of analysing brand image data to better understand how consumers retrieve brands from memory. This includes, above all, developing methods to separately measure the effects of brand familiarity and category knowledge.

Practical implications

To maximise the chance that consumers will remember brands, managers of highly familiar brands should avoid promoting category knowledge through their branding and communications strategies. By contrast, managers of less familiar brands should promote category knowledge by linking their brand to episodes of category consumption.

Originality/value

This work illustrates that a quasi-experimental approach can be used to extend quantitative psychological models from laboratory experiments to marketing field data. It also illustrates the use of a critical empirical test to discriminate between competing theories in marketing.
The “tug of war” model of foreign product purchases
Authors: Asseraf Yoel , Shoham Aviv
Published: May 2016

Purpose

While globalization has made it easier to consume foreign products, consumption decisions are rarely straightforward. Both love and hate relationships between consumers and countries exist and can even coexist. This paper aims to gain a better understanding of how positive/negative and general/specific consumer attitudes impact foreign product judgment and ownership. An integrative model explores the predictive power of affinity, animosity, cosmopolitanism and ethnocentrism simultaneously. Specifically, the authors investigate a paradoxical “tug of war” which takes place inside consumer minds – the coexistence of affinity and animosity toward the same country.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a quantitative approach, the authors analyze data from 202 consumers and test it in intra-national and international contexts.

Findings

The results demonstrate the importance of an integrative model that takes into account opposing impacts on consumer behavior. Additionally, the data reveal that affinity and animosity are not bi-polar endpoints on a continuum. Finally, affinity outweighs animosity with respect to impacting product judgment and ownership.

Research limitations/implications

The study was conducted in Israel. Hence, replications in other multi-cultural countries are needed.

Practical implications

Marketers can use a segmentation matrix to target audiences based on the existing “attitudinal mix” in their focal markets. Marketers can use the affinity drivers identified here to overcome animosity.

Originality/value

The “tug of war” model advances the animosity model, as it implies that to use attitudinal data theoretically and practically, there is a need to account for a full spectrum of general and country-specific attitudes. Affinity was tested for the first time within national borders.
Evaluating the essential barrier to off-shore wind energy – an Indian perspective
Authors: Govindan Kannan , Shankar Madan
Published: May 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the essential barrier and reveal the priority among common barriers to offshore wind energy in an Indian context with the assistance of the proposed framework.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the proposed framework, a five-phase methodology was adapted to explore the essential barrier step by step. The common barriers, which were collected from the existing literatures through a systematic review, were further validated by field experts. The collected common barriers were evaluated with the assistance of the case industry’s field professionals through an analytical hierarchy process, a multi-criteria decision-making tool, to evaluate the barriers to Indian offshore wind energy.

Findings

Among the 12 common barriers to offshore wind energy, it is clear that “high capital cost” is the most essential barrier involved in the implementation of offshore wind energy farms in the Indian context.

Practical implications

This study reveals the importance of offshore wind power as a long-term profitable strategy to the case company within the Indian context. By addressing the essential barriers to the implementation of offshore wind farms, the Indian offshore wind system managers can train their employees to counteract the hindrances through the benchmarking of pioneering global offshore wind power developers such as Denmark and the UK. Further, this study provides useful suggestions to the Indian Government regarding policies for offshore wind energy; it also clearly projects the current status of the Indian offshore wind farm implementation.

Originality/value

This study assists Indian key stakeholders of offshore wind energy by indicating the essential barrier in an Indian context; they can remove the particular barrier instead of focusing on others that previous studies have identified. Further, this study brings out the importance of offshore wind power in an Indian context, which can urge stakeholders to invest more in offshore wind farms.
Reducing asymmetric information in venture capital backed IPOs
Authors: Escobari Diego , Serrano Alejandro
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to model asymmetric information and study the profitability of venture capital (VC) backed initial public offerings (IPOs). The mixtures approach endogenously separates IPOs into differentiated groups based on their returns’ determinants. The authors also analyze the factors that affect the probability that IPOs belong to a specific group.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors propose a new method to model asymmetric information between investors and firms in VC backed IPOs. The approach allows the authors to identify differentiated companies under incomplete information. The authors use a sample of 2,404 US firms from 1980 through 2012 to estimate the mixture model via maximum likelihood.

Findings

– The authors find strong evidence that companies can be separated into two groups based on how IPO returns are determined. For companies in the first group the results are similar to previous studies. For companies in the second group the authors find that profitability is mainly affected by the reputation of the seed VC and capital expenditures. Tangible assets and age help explain group affiliation. The authors also motivate the findings for a continuum of heterogeneous IPO groups.

Practical implications

– The proposed mixture approach helps decrease asymmetric information for investors, regulators, and companies.

Originality/value

– The mixture methods help decrease asymmetric information between investors and firms improving the probability of making profitable investments. Separating between groups of IPOs is crucial because different determinants of an IPO operating performance can potentially have opposite effects for different groups.
The impact of macroeconomic information releases on the smile shape
Authors: Tanha Hassan , Dempsey Michael
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to assign fair values to options reduces to the attempt to attribute correct implied volatilities. Here, the authors extend the study by Tanha et al. (2014) to determine the impact of macro economic announcements on the option smile.

Design/methodology/approach

– First, the authors estimate the implied volatility function in terms of moneyness. The authors next analyse the impact of macroeconomic announcements on the estimated coefficients (b
0, b
1, b
2) by regressing the coefficients on the macroeconomic announcements.

Findings

– The authors find that in-the-money options are sensitive to such announcements, but that out-of-the money options are not. This is consistent with the interpretation of investor behaviour from prospect theory.

Originality/value

– The systematic pricing errors that have been documented using the Black-Scholes model have stimulated attempts to improve the model predictions. The approach uses DVF model to improve the B-S model.
Gross National Happiness: lessons for sustainability leadership
Authors: Tideman Sander G.
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to look behind the veil of the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH), which has been initiated by the fourth King of Bhutan as an alternative to the traditional development concept of gross national product, by analyzing it as an expression of a particular view of leadership originated in the philosophical tradition of Mahayana Buddhism and exploring its relevance for leadership of sustainable development and sustainable (business) organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

– Review of literature on GNH in a historical and current context, linking it to trends and concepts in sustainability and leadership. Complemented by author’s observations on regular visits to Bhutan since 2003.

Findings

– The GNH leadership view consists of a set of principles: first, interrelatedness of economy, society and eco-systems; second, the economy, society and eco-systems can flourish if their needs are served; third, governance is the agent for serving these needs by the creation of societal happiness; and fourth, societal happiness should include the enhancement of subjective happiness and well-being of people. By tracing these principles to the philosophy of Mahayana Buddhism, especially the Bodhisattva ideal, and comparing them to the principles driving sustainability, the paper argues that GNH leadership signifies an innovation in leadership for sustainability.

Practical implications

– This paper examines how GNH leadership can be applied to organizational and business sustainability, and how it contributes to the emerging theory and practice of sustainability leadership.

Social implications

– The social relevance of the paper lies in the examination of how GNH leadership can be applied to organizational and business sustainability, and how it contributes to the emerging theory and practice of sustainability leadership.

Originality/value

– The paper concludes that GNH leadership – as it corresponds to the principles driving sustainability – represents a new model for sustainability leadership.
Linking internal and external bacterial community control gives mechanistic framework for pelagic virus‐to‐bacteria ratios
Authors: Våge Selina , Pree Bernadette , Thingstad T. Frede
Published: May 2016

For more than 25 years, virus‐to‐bacteria ratios (VBR) have been measured and interpreted as indicators of the importance of viruses in aquatic ecosystems, yet a generally accepted theory for understanding mechanisms controlling VBR is still lacking. Assuming that the denominator (total bacterial abundance) is primarily predator controlled, while viral lysis compensates for host growth rates exceeding this grazing loss, the numerator (viral abundance) reflects activity differences between prokaryotic hosts. VBR is then a ratio between mechanisms generating structure within the bacterial community and interactions between different plankton functional types controlling bacterial community size. We here show how these arguments can be formalized by combining a recently published model for co‐evolutionary host‐virus interactions, with a previously published “minimum” model for the microbial food web. The result is a framework where viral lysis links bacterial diversity to microbial food web structure and function, creating relationships between different levels of organization that are strongly modified by organism‐level properties such as cost of resistance.
Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin/metformin fixed‐dose combination compared with glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes: A multicenter randomized double‐blind study
Authors: Kim Sang Soo , Kim In Joo , Lee Kwang Jae , Park Jeong Hyun , Kim Young Il , Lee Young Sil , Chung Sung Chang , Lee Sang Jin
Published: May 2016

Background

Early initiation of combination therapy using antihyperglycemic agents is recommended for treating type 2 diabetes (T2D). The present multicenter double‐blind randomized parallel‐group study examined the efficacy and safety of a sitagliptin and metformin fixed‐dose combination (Sita/Met) compared with glimepiride in T2D patients as initial treatment.

Methods

Type 2 diabetes patients (aged ≥18 years) were randomized to Sita/Met or glimepiride for 30 weeks after a wash‐off run‐in period. The primary endpoint was change from baseline (CFB) in HbA1c. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of patients achieving target goal (HbA1c < 7.0 % [53 mmol/mol]) and CFB in fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Safety assessments comprised weight gain from baseline and the incidence of adverse events (AEs).

Results

In total, 292 patients were randomized to Sita/Met (n = 147) or glimepiride (n = 145). After 30 weeks, Sita/Met demonstrated superiority over glimepiride in reducing HbA1c (−1.49 % vs −0.71 %, respectively; between‐group difference − 0.78 %; P < 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of patients achieved the target goal with Sita/Met (81.2 %) than with glimepiride (40.1 %; P < 0.001). Greater reduction in FPG occurred with Sita/Met than with glimepiride (least‐squares mean difference − 23.5 mg/dL; P < 0.001). Both drugs were generally well tolerated. Hypoglycemia events and weight gain were significantly lower in patients with Sita/Met than with glimepiride (5.5 % vs 20.1 % and −0.83 vs +0.90 kg, respectively; both P < 0.001). No serious drug‐related AEs or deaths were reported.

Conclusions

Compared with glimepiride, Sita/Met as an initial treatment led to significantly greater improvements in glycemic control and body weight changes, with a lower incidence of hypoglycemia, over 30 weeks.
rotl: an R package to interact with the Open Tree of Life data
Authors: Michonneau François , Brown Joseph W. , Winter David J.
Published: May 2016

While phylogenies have been getting easier to build, it has been difficult to reuse, combine and synthesize the information they provide because published trees are often only available as image files, and taxonomic information is not standardized across studies.

The Open Tree of Life (OTL) project addresses these issues by providing a digital tree that encompasses all organisms, built by combining taxonomic information and published phylogenies. The project also provides tools and services to query and download parts of this synthetic tree, as well as the source data used to build it. Here, we present rotl, an R package to search and download data from the Open Tree of Life directly in R.

rotl uses common data structures allowing researchers to take advantage of the rich set of tools and methods that are available in R to manipulate, analyse and visualize phylogenies. Here, and in the vignettes accompanying the package, we demonstrate how rotl can be used with other R packages to analyse biodiversity data.

As phylogenies are being used in a growing number of applications, rotl facilitates access to phylogenetic data and allows their integration with statistical methods and data sources available in R.
Economic valuation of climate‐change‐induced vinery landscape impacts on tourism flows in Tuscany
Authors: Nunes Paulo A.L.D. , Loureiro Maria L.
Published: May 2016

It is widely acknowledged that landscape features can play a major role in determining tourism demand. The present article assesses the impact of vinery landscape and high‐quality wine production on regional tourism flows in Tuscany, an important tourist region in Italy and renowned for its enchanting countryside. Thus, vinery landscape and high‐quality wine production have been included as explanatory variables in our model for tourism flows. This model has been estimated for both international and domestic markets for the whole region of Tuscany. Estimation results confirm that land areas devoted to the production of these superb Tuscan wines, in the particular case of Siena including the Brunello di Montalcino, play an important role in explaining international tourism flows. In this context, we estimate climate‐change‐induced impacts on vinery landscape and quality wines in the tourism sector. These are estimated to cause a loss in the tourism revenues of nearly 15 and 20 million Euros a year, respectively, for 2020 and 2050, for the Tuscany region. Such losses are quite significant, and reiterate the urgency to identify and implement adequate policy options so as to moderate such land use changes, and respective negative welfare impacts.
Dialysis and Patient Factors Which Determine Convective Volume Exchange in Patients Treated by Postdilution Online Hemodiafiltration
Authors: Davenport Andrew
Published: May 2016

Recent reports suggest a survival advantage for dialysis patients treated by postdilutional online hemodiafiltration (OL‐HDF) who achieve higher volume convective exchanges. As such, the factors associated with achieving higher convective volume exchange were determined. The convective exchange volumes during the midweek OL‐HDF session in a cohort of 653 patients with corresponding bio‐impedance measurements of volume status and sessional electronic records were audited. Mean patient age was 64.9 ± 14.9 years, 65.3% male, 47.7% diabetes, with 81.6% dialyzing using fistula access. Sessional substitution volume exchanged was 17.0 ± 3.5 L (83.8 ± 13.9 mL/min), with a filtration fraction of 23.3 ± 4.6%, sessional time of 3.8 ± 0.5 h, and blood flow 321 ± 28 mL/min. As expected, convection exchange volume achieved was associated with sessional time (β 3.24, P < 0.001), blood flow (β 0.03, P < 0.001), dialysate flow (β 0.03, P < 0.001), but also patient factors: postsessional intracellular water (ICW) (β 0.07, P = 0.002), and serum albumin (β 0.71, P = 0.011). In addition convective exchange was lower for diabetics (16.6 ± 3.0 vs. 17.3 ± 3.8 L, P < 0.01), and for patients with higher Davies co‐morbidity grades (16.6 ± 2.8 vs. 17.0 ± 3.6 vs. 17.9 ± 4.0 L), P = 0.01 respectively. As expected the convective volume exchanged with OL‐HDF was associated with sessional time and blood and dialysate flows. However, the convective volume exchange achieved was also associated with patient factors, including ICW, which is related to body cell mass and also co‐morbidity. Although some center practices can be modified to increase convective exchange, patient factors are not so readily remediable. As such, highly comorbid patients may not be able to achieve the higher volume convective exchanges reported to be associated with improved patient survival.
Initial somatic symptoms are associated with prolonged symptom duration following concussion in adolescents
Authors: Howell David R. , O'Brien Michael J. , Beasley Michael A. , Mannix Rebekah C. , Meehan William P.
Published: May 2016

Aim

To determine which initial postinjury symptom domains are independently associated with symptoms lasting >28 days in youth athletes who sustained sport‐related concussions.

Methods

Patients who presented for care at a sport concussion clinic completed the postconcussion symptom scale. They were classified into two groups: those who reported symptom resolution within 28 days of injury and those who did not. Logistic regression models were constructed for children and adolescents to determine the independent association between symptom recovery and potential predictor variables: initial symptom scores in 5 postconcussion symptom scale domains (somatic, vestibular–ocular, cognitive, sleep and emotional), sex, loss of consciousness or amnesia at the time of injury, history of prior concussion, prior treatment for headaches or migraines, or family history of concussion.

Results

Sixty‐eight child (8–12 years of age) and 250 adolescent (13–18 years of age) athletes were included. For adolescents, initial somatic symptom severity was independently associated with prolonged symptom duration (adjusted odds ratio = 1.162; 95% CI: 1.060, 1.275) and no other predictor variables were. No potential predictor variables were independently associated with prolonged symptom duration for children.

Conclusion

Among adolescent athletes, a high initial somatic symptom burden (e.g. headache, nausea, vomiting, etc.) is associated with increased odds of symptoms beyond 28 days postinjury.
Length of winter coat in horses depending on husbandry conditions
Authors: Bocian Krzysztof , Strzelec Katarzyna , Janczarek Iwona , Jabłecki Zygmunt , Kolstrung Ryszard
Published: May 2016

This paper analyzes changes in the length of coat on selected body areas in horses and ponies kept under different husbandry (stable) conditions during the winter‐spring period. The study included 12 Małpolski geldings and 12 geldings of Felin ponies aged 10–15 years. Horses were kept in two stables (six horses and six ponies in each stable). The type of performance, husbandry conditions and feeding of the studied animals were comparable. As of December 1, samples of hair coat from the scapula, sternum, back and abdomen areas of both body sides were collected seven times. The lengths of 20 randomly selected hair fibers were measured. Daily measurements of air temperature in the stables were also taken. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the following factors: the body part from where the coat was sampled, the subsequent examination and the stable as well as the interaction between these factors. The significance of differences between means was determined with at‐Tukey test. The relations between air temperature in the stable and hair length were calculated using Pearson's correlation. It was found that air temperature in the stable impacts the length of winter coat in horses and ponies. The effect of this factor is more pronounced in ponies; as in the stables with lower temperatures it produces a longer hair coat which is more evenly distributed over the body in comparison with horses. Keeping horses and ponies in stables with a low air temperature accelerates coat shedding by approximately 25 days. Coat shedding begins from the scapula area.
Automatic Portrait Segmentation for Image Stylization
Authors: Shen Xiaoyong , Hertzmann Aaron , Jia Jiaya , Paris Sylvain , Price Brian , Shechtman Eli , Sachs Ian
Published: May 2016

Portraiture is a major art form in both photography and painting. In most instances, artists seek to make the subject stand out from its surrounding, for instance, by making it brighter or sharper. In the digital world, similar effects can be achieved by processing a portrait image with photographic or painterly filters that adapt to the semantics of the image. While many successful user‐guided methods exist to delineate the subject, fully automatic techniques are lacking and yield unsatisfactory results. Our paper first addresses this problem by introducing a new automatic segmentation algorithm dedicated to portraits. We then build upon this result and describe several portrait filters that exploit our automatic segmentation algorithm to generate high‐quality portraits.
A Practical Method for High‐Resolution Embedded Liquid Surfaces
Authors: Goldade Ryan , Batty Christopher , Wojtan Chris
Published: May 2016

Combining high‐resolution level set surface tracking with lower resolution physics is an inexpensive method for achieving highly detailed liquid animations. Unfortunately, the inherent resolution mismatch introduces several types of disturbing visual artifacts. We identify the primary sources of these artifacts and present simple, efficient, and practical solutions to address them. First, we propose an unconditionally stable filtering method that selectively removes sub‐grid surface artifacts not seen by the fluid physics, while preserving fine detail in dynamic splashing regions. It provides comparable results to recent error‐correction techniques at lower cost, without substepping, and with better scaling behavior. Second, we show how a modified narrow‐band scheme can ensure accurate free surface boundary conditions in the presence of large resolution mismatches. Our scheme preserves the efficiency of the narrow‐band methodology, while eliminating objectionable stairstep artifacts observed in prior work. Third, we demonstrate that the use of linear interpolation of velocity during advection of the high‐resolution level set surface is responsible for visible grid‐aligned kinks; we therefore advocate higher‐order velocity interpolation, and show that it dramatically reduces this artifact. While these three contributions are orthogonal, our results demonstrate that taken together they efficiently address the dominant sources of visual artifacts arising with high‐resolution embedded liquid surfaces; the proposed approach offers improved visual quality, a straightforward implementation, and substantially greater scalability than competing methods.
Multi‐Resolution Meshes for Feature‐Aware Hardware Tessellation
Authors: Lambert Thibaud , Bénard Pierre , Guennebaud Gaël
Published: May 2016

Hardware tessellation is de facto the preferred mechanism to adaptively control mesh resolution with maximal performances. However, owing to its fixed and uniform pattern, leveraging tessellation for feature‐aware LOD rendering remains a challenging problem. We relax this fundamental constraint by introducing a new spatial and temporal blending mechanism of tessellation levels, which is built on top of a novel hierarchical representation of multi‐resolution meshes. This mechanism allows to finely control topological changes so that vertices can be removed or added at the most appropriate location to preserve geometric features in a continuous and artifact‐free manner. We then show how to extend edge‐collapse based decimation methods to build feature‐aware multi‐resolution meshes that match the tessellation patterns. Our approach is fully compatible with current hardware tessellators and only adds a small overhead on memory consumption and tessellation cost.
A Practical and Controllable Hair and Fur Model for Production Path Tracing
Authors: Chiang Matt Jen‐Yuan , Bitterli Benedikt , Tappan Chuck , Burley Brent
Published: May 2016

We present an energy‐conserving fiber shading model for hair and fur that is efficient enough for path tracing. Our model adopts a near‐field formulation to avoid the expensive integral across the fiber, accounts for all high order internal reflection events with a single lobe, and proposes a novel, closed‐form distribution for azimuthal roughness based on the logistic distribution. Additionally, we derive, through simulation, a parameterization that relates intuitive user controls such as multiple‐scattering albedo and isotropic cylinder roughness to the underlying physical parameters.
Anisotropic Diffusion Descriptors
Authors: Boscaini D. , Masci J. , Rodolà E. , Bronstein M. M. , Cremers D.
Published: May 2016

Spectral methods have recently gained popularity in many domains of computer graphics and geometry processing, especially shape processing, computation of shape descriptors, distances, and correspondence. Spectral geometric structures are intrinsic and thus invariant to isometric deformations, are efficiently computed, and can be constructed on shapes in different representations. A notable drawback of these constructions, however, is that they areisotropic, i.e., insensitive to direction. In this paper, we show how to construct direction‐sensitive spectral feature descriptors usinganisotropic diffusionon meshes and point clouds. The core of our construction are directed local kernels acting similarly to steerable filters, which are learned in a task‐specific manner. Remarkably, while being intrinsic, our descriptors allow to disambiguate reflection symmetries. We show the application of anisotropic descriptors for problems of shape correspondence on meshes and point clouds, achieving results significantly better than state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Single Image Weathering via Exemplar Propagation
Authors: Iizuka Satoshi , Endo Yuki , Kanamori Yoshihiro , Mitani Jun
Published: May 2016

This paper presents an efficient approach for generating weathering effects with detailed appearance variations in a single image. Previous approaches merely change chroma or reflectance of weathered objects, which is not sufficient for materials with detailed shading and texture variations, such as growing moss and peeling plaster. Our method propagates such detailed features via seamless patch‐based synthesis driven by weathering degree distribution. Unlike previous methods, the weathering degrees are calculated efficiently using Radial Basis Functions even for materials with wide color variations. We use graph cut‐based optimization to identify the most weathered region as a “weathering exemplar”, from which we sample weathering patches. We demonstrate our method enables us to generate various types of detailed weathering effects interactively.
BRDF Representation and Acquisition
Authors: Guarnera D. , Guarnera G.C. , Ghosh A. , Denk C. , Glencross M.
Published: May 2016

Photorealistic rendering of real world environments is important in a range of different areas; including Visual Special effects, Interior/Exterior Modelling, Architectural Modelling, Cultural Heritage, Computer Games and Automotive Design.

Currently, rendering systems are able to produce photorealistic simulations of the appearance of many real‐world materials. In the real world, viewer perception of objects depends on the lighting and object/material/surface characteristics, the way a surface interacts with the light and on how the light is reflected, scattered, absorbed by the surface and the impact these characteristics have on material appearance. In order to re‐produce this, it is necessary to understand how materials interact with light. Thus the representation and acquisition of material models has become such an active research area.

This survey of the state‐of‐the‐art of BRDF Representation and Acquisition presents an overview of BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) models used to represent surface/material reflection characteristics, and describes current acquisition methods for the capture and rendering of photorealistic materials.
Several cases of undesirable effects caused by methacrylate ultraviolet‐curing nail polish for non‐professional use
Authors: Dahlin Jakob , Berne Berit , Dunér Kari , Hosseiny Sara , Matura Mihály , Nyman Gunnar , Tammela Monica , Isaksson Marléne
Published: May 2016

Background

Ultraviolet (UV)‐curing nail polishes based on acrylates or methacrylates are currently also available for non‐professional use. The Swedish Medical Products Agency recently prohibited one brand of UV‐curing polish, because several consumers reported undesirable effects after using it.

Objectives

To investigate whether consumers with undesirable effects after using the UV‐curing nail polish that was later prohibited were contact allergic to the polish and its individual ingredients.

Materials/Methods

Eight patients who had reported severe skin reactions after the use of the UV‐curing polish were patch tested with two coatings of the nail polish and its ingredients at five dermatology departments in Sweden.

Results

All patients tested except one showed contact allergic reactions to one or several of the acrylate‐based or methacrylate‐based ingredients in the nail polish.

Conclusions

The non‐professional use of UV‐curing nail polishes poses a risk of sensitization from acrylates and methacrylates.
Dingo Howls: The Content and Efficacy of a Long‐Range Vocal Signal
Authors: Déaux Eloïse C. , Clarke Jennifer A. , Charrier Isabelle
Published: May 2016

Signals are shaped through selective pressures impacting their information content (i.e. ‘what’ is conveyed) and their efficacy (i.e. ‘how’ is it conveyed). In the case of long‐range communication, a signal's structure should both convey information and allow for detection and discrimination despite the effects of environmental variability during propagation. Canid howls are an ideal example of a long‐range communication signal, although research has mostly focused on the relationships between howls’ acoustic characteristics and their potential information content in wolves, Canis lupus spp., and coyotes, Canis latrans. In this study, we quantified these relationships in another canid, the dingo, Canis familiaris dingo, to determine how their howls compare to that of other wild canids. We found that dingoes’ howls are individually distinctive and may convey gender cues. Playback experiments indicate that dingoes can perform class‐level recognition of familiar and unfamiliar individuals on the basis of vocalizations alone. These results mirror findings for other wild canids such as wolves and coyotes. Lastly, propagation experiments demonstrate that this signal's structure can permit long‐distance detectability and discriminability. We discuss our results in relation to the putative functions of canid howls and propose avenues for future research.
Equivocal Responses of Feeding Parents to Experimental Brood Sizes in a Hawk–Cuckoo Host: Brood Size as a Reference for Parental Provisioning Decisions?
Authors: Tanaka Keita D. , Morimoto Gen , Ueda Keisuke
Published: May 2016

The number of offspring surviving until independence is the fundamental drive in the evolution of parental care. Because of the related costs, parental investment must be balanced with essential resources for parents themselves, among the resources available in the environment under the current parental condition. It is advantageous for parents to adjust their level of investment to the number of offspring; however, there is little evidence that parents employ numerical competence in adjusting their investment level. We investigated how parents respond to experimentally manipulated brood sizes in a passerine species, known as a host of a brood parasitic cuckoo whose chicks presumably deceive their hosts numerically. Parents reduced their provisioning to broods of reduced sizes, whereas parents did not increase provisioning to enlarged broods compared to that in the control condition. These parental responses can be attributed to the response of chicks to the experimental treatments compared to that in the control: chicks lowered begging intensity in the reduced condition, while they did not intensify being in the enlarged condition. Further analyses revealed that eagerness of parents to respond to chick begging intensity differed between the experimental treatments: strong parental response was detected toward begging chicks only in the reduced condition. We propose that the detected equivocality of parental responses might be related to the difference in the number of chicks between the unmanipulated and experimentally manipulated broods, the former reflecting the initial parental decision on the amount of resources to allocate to the brood.
Spatial pattern of invasion and the evolutionary responses of native plant species
Authors: Stotz Gisela C. , Gianoli Ernesto , Cahill James F.
Published: May 2016

Invasive plant species can have a strong negative impact on the resident native species, likely imposing new selective pressures on them. Altered selective pressures may result in evolutionary changes in some native species, reducing competitive exclusion and allowing for coexistence with the invader. Native genotypes that are able to coexist with strong invaders may represent a valuable resource for management efforts. A better understanding of the conditions under which native species are more, or less, likely to adapt to an invader is necessary to incorporate these eco‐evolutionary dynamics into management strategies. We propose that the spatial structure of invasion, in particular the size and isolation of invaded patches, is one factor which can influence the evolutionary responses of native species through modifying gene flow and the strength of selection. We present a conceptual model in which large, dense, and well‐connected patches result in a greater likelihood of native species adaptation. We also identify characteristics of the interacting species that may influence the evolutionary response of native species to invasion and outline potential management implications. Identifying areas of rapid evolutionary change may offer one additional tool to managers in their effort to conserve biodiversity in the face of invasion.
Health care privatization processes in Europe: Theoretical justifications and empirical classification
Authors: André Christine , Batifoulier Philippe , Jansen‐Ferreira Mariana
Published: May 2016

This article analyses the health care system reform process in Europe based on the concept of privatization. This notion is understood from two perspectives. First, privatization may concern the health care financing or the provision of health services. Second, privatization can be “imposed” on individuals or be “internalized” and then introduced by individuals (patients and doctors). So we emphasize the diversity that privatization can assume. We classify privatization mechanisms used by different countries and identify which of the perspectives presented are more common in 14 European Union countries since the 1980s. The article shows that even if privatization processes are widespread, they assume different patterns in each country.