bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peanut Yield Potential as Influenced by Cropping System and Plant Density
Authors: Igbokwe P. E. , Nkongolo N. V. K.
Published: April 2010

This study was conducted on a Memphis silt loam at Alcorn State University in 1992 and 1993 and investigated row-intercropping as a low-input alternative to the conventional cropping system for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production in southwestern Mississippi. Extractable P and exchangeable cations were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher for vetiver-peanut row-intercropping in 1992. Extractable S and P were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher for vetiver-peanut row-intercropping and conventional peanut monocropping, respectively, in 1993. Plant height, shoot dry weight, the number of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) per row, insect lesions per leaflet, and rodent diggings per row were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher for conventional peanut monocropping than when peanut was intercropped with vetiver grass [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash]. Peanut pod number, pod weight, seed number, and seed weight also were higher for conventional peanut monocropping. The seed mineral composition generally was not affected by cropping system and plant spacing. Peanut yield was higher for 15.2 cm within-row plant spacing compared to 10.2- and 20.3-cm spacings investigated in this study. Interaction between cropping system and plant spacing was significant for pod number, pod weight, seed number, seed weight, and seed Ca and Fe compositions in 1992, but only significant for seed number, seed weight, and seed Fe and Zn compositions in 1993.
Pod and Seed Size Relation to Maturity and In-Shell Quality Potential in Virginia-Type Peanuts1
Authors: McNeill Kay L. , Sanders Timothy H.
Published: April 2010

In-shell peanut sales provide a consistent market for large-seeded virginia-type peanuts. In this market, maintenance of a high quality product, which includes fresh roasted peanut flavor, is a recurring challenge. A maturity-seed size-quality relationship has been established for shelled peanuts. To determine if this relationship is true for in-shell peanuts, the relationships of maturity, pod size, and seed size were investigated. In two crop years (1992 and 1993) and on four to five harvest dates, virginia-type peanuts (cv. NC 9) were harvested at Lewiston, NC and sorted into hull scrape maturity classes: black, brown, orange B, orange A, and yellow. After pods were dried, they were screened to obtain the pod size distribution. Sized pods were hand-shelled, and the seed were screened to obtain the seed size distribution from each pod size from each maturity class. Hull scrape pod maturity profiles revealed a decrease of ca. 14% in yellow/orange A and an increase of ca. 14% in brown/black over the 4- to 7-d harvest period. Overall, pod size distribution did not change over time although slight differences were noted between years. Pod size distributions within individual maturity classes were more variable. The data indicated that the Jumbo in-shell grade contained higher percentages of brown and black maturity classes than the fancy grade. Fancy grades contained 26-49% immature pods (yellow and orange A maturity classes).
Disease and Yield Responses to Fungicides Among Peanut Cultivars Differing in Reaction to Sclerotinia Blight1
Authors: Damicone J. P. , Jackson K. E.
Published: April 2010

Peanut cultivars with different disease reactions to Sclerotinia blight received a variable number of applications of iprodione at 1.12 kg/ha or fluazinam at 0.56 kg/ha to determine the most efficient management program. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) cultivar x treatment interactions occurred for each fungicide. In two trials with iprodione, two applications reduced disease incidence for the susceptible cultivar Okrun from 62 to 27% as compared to the control, and increased yield from 2034 to 2581 kg/ha. Three applications did not improve disease control or increase yield as compared to two applications. Iprodione did not affect disease incidence or yields of the moderately resistant cultivar Spanco (9%, 2475 kg/ha) or the resistant cultivar Tamspan 90 (3%, 2903 kg/ha). In three other trials, fluazinam reduced disease incidence in one or more trials and increased yields across trials for all cultivars. Two applications provided the best disease control for Okrun as disease incidence was reduced from 77 to 22%. However, the increase in yield for one (1034 kg/ha) and two (1415 kg/ha) applications did not differ. Reductions in disease incidence with fluazinam varied for Spanco and Tamspan 90, and the yield increase was less than for Okrun. Two applications for Spanco reduced disease incidence from 17 to 7% and increased yield from 2900 to 3484 kg/ha. One application to Tamspan 90 reduced disease incidence from 10 to 5% and increased yield from 3348 to 3891 kg/ha. Tamspan 90 had the highest yield in all trials regardless of fungicide treatment.
The Competitive Position of Peanuts: A Comparison Between the U.S. and China1
Authors: Chen Changping , Fletcher Stanley M. , Zhang Ping , Carley Dale H.
Published: April 2010

This study analyzed the competitiveness of peanuts for the U.S. and China over the 1988-93 period. Economic cost, cost components, yield, and net returns were examined using the Mann-Whitney test. Results indicate that net returns to farm management and risk in peanut production were substantially lower in both the domestic and world markets for American peanut producers than for Chinese peanut producers due to higher economic cost in American peanut production. American peanuts were less competitive than Chinese peanuts in terms of costs and net returns. Findings suggest that reducing costs and improving economic efficiency of production should be the most important priority for the U.S. peanut industry as the world moves toward freer trade. The future competitiveness of U.S. peanuts not only depends on its high quality, but also depends on its relative price in the domestic and international markets.
A Risk Index for Determining Insecticide Treatment for Southern Corn Rootworm in Peanut
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Petka W. J. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: April 2010

The southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, is a primary pest of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., in Virginia and North Carolina and an occasional pest in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Texas. Currently, no alternatives involving integrated pest management exist for this pest, and control is based solely on preventive application of soil insecticides. Recent reductions in federal price support for peanut grown in the U.S. have provided incentives for growers to look for ways to reduce production costs. A risk index was developed that integrates factors that influence rootworm abundance and peanut pod damage to estimate levels of risk in individual peanut fields, and thus allows for more prescriptive and economical rootworm management. This index was evaluated using 44 field case studies in Virginia and North Carolina commercial peanut fields over the period 1989 to 1996. In each field case, predicted risk was compared to actual percent pod damage. Results showed that in 29 of 44 cases, the index accurately predicted general levels of risk to pod damage, and insecticide treatment decisions based on the index would have been correct in 32 of 44 cases. This report contains the individual index components, the justification for each, the indexing process, example index scenarios, and results of the process used in field case study evaluation.
Peanut Response to Prohexadione Calcium as Affected by Cultivar and Digging Date
Authors: Culpepper A. S. , Jordan D. L. , Batts R. B. , York A. C.
Published: April 2010

An experiment at two locations in 1995 and two locations in 1996 evaluated virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) response to the growth regulator prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) as affected by cultivars and digging dates. Prohexadione calcium at 140 g ai/ha was applied at row closure and again 3 wk later in 1995 or 140 g/ha at row closure and 70 g/ha 3 and 6 wk later in 1996. The cultivars AgraTech (AT) VC-1, NC 9, NC 10C, NC 12C, NC-V11, and VA-C92R were dug on three separate dates approximately 11d apart. Response to prohexadione calcium was independent of digging dates. Prohexadione calcium altered canopy architecture and increased row visibility at harvest for all cultivars although the response was greatest with NC-V 11 and least with NC 9. Prohexadione calcium hastened pod maturity, increased percentages of extra large kernels, total sound mature kernels, and fancy pods, and increased peanut value/kg irrespective of cultivars and digging dates. Yield response to prohexadione calcium was cultivar dependent. NC 9 was most responsive, with yield increased 7 to 16% at all locations. Yields of ATVC-1, NC 10C, NC 12C, and NC-V 11 were increased 9 to 15% at two locations and unaffected at two locations. VA-C 92R was the least responsive, with yield increased 5% at two locations and decreased 8% at two locations.
Evaluation of Arachis hypogaea × A. cardenasii Interspecific Lines for Resistance to Insect Pests1
Authors: Lynch R. E. , Stalker H. T.
Published: April 2010

Fourteen lines from the interspecific cross Arachis hypogaea X A. cardenasii were evaluated in the field and seven lines from this cross were evaluated in the laboratory for resistance to insect damage. Laboratory evaluation of interspecific lines against major defoliators of peanut showed variable levels of resistance to the corn earworm, no resistance to the fall armyworm, and moderate resistance to the velvetbean caterpillar as noted by a reduced host suitability index in line IC 2–5. Damage ratings to plants in the field indicated no resistance in the interspecific lines to the tobacco thrips. However, a high level of resistance to the southern corn rootworm was observed in most of the lines. Resistance to the potato leafhopper was indicated by reduced damage ratings for all interspecific lines relative to damage on cv. Florunner. Resistance ratings for the potato leafhopper were highest in lines GP-NC WS 7 and IC 1–19 and was evident even under severe potato leafhopper pressure. The levels of resistance to the southern corn rootworm and potato leafhopper should prove useful in a breeding program to introgress resistance to these insects into elite cultivars.
Comparison of Peanut Yield, Quality, and Net Returns Between Nonirrigated and Irrigated Production
Authors: Lamb M. C. , Davidson J. I. , Childre J. W. , Martin N. R.
Published: April 2010

Peanut yield, quality, and net return to irrigation were analyzed from commercial peanut fields in the southeastern U.S. during the 1987 through 1994 crop years. The average amount of irrigation water applied ranged from 2.51 to 28.22 cm/ha. Yields in the irrigated peanut fields averaged 569 kg/ha higher than in the nonirrigated fields. Means for farmer stock grade, jumbo shelling outturn, and seed germination also were significantly higher in the irrigated fields. Conversely, aflatoxin contamination was 140 ppb lower in the nonedible oil stock category from the irrigated fields. Yearly comparisons were made to examine significant differences in irrigation associated peanut yield and quality changes in individual crop years as well as across year comparisons for nonirrigated and irrigated practices. The net return for irrigation was examined at the quota support price, weighted average farmer stock price, and contract additional price. Average net return over total irrigation cost were $236.99, $149.22, and -$22.64 per ha, respectively.
Peanut Response to Ethalfluralin: Rates and Methods of Application1
Authors: Johnson W. C. , Colvin D. L. , Wehtje G. R. , Littlefield T. A. , Mullinix B. G.
Published: April 2010

Studies were conducted in 1994 and 1995 at Headland, AL, Gainesville, FL, and Tifton, GA to quantify peanut injury by ethalfluralin applied preplant incorporated (PPI) or preemergence (PRE) at 0.0, 0.6, 1.1, 2.2, and 4.5 kg ai/ha. Parameters most sensitive to ethalfluralin injury were pod biomass and yield, while time of emergence, stand, canopy width, and foliar biomass were less sensitive. Ethalfluralin was generally more injurious when applied PPI than PRE, especially when rates were ≥ 2.2 kg/ha. At these rates, pod formation was inhibited and yields were reduced with little corresponding effect on vegetative growth. These data show ethalfluralin can be safely applied either PPI or PRE to peanut at rates ≤ 1.1 kg/ha.
Effects of Various Timings of 2,4-DB on Runner-Type Peanut Development and Yield
Authors: Grichar W. J. , Sestak D. C. , Besler B. A.
Published: April 2010

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-DB at 0.45 kg ae/ha applied at various times during the growing season on runner peanut growth, development, and pod yield. The herbicide was applied once at 30, 45, 60, 90, or 120 d after planting. Additional treatments included 2,4-DB at 0.45 kg/ha applied twice beginning at 30, 60, or 90 d after planting or applied three times beginning at 30, 45, or 60 d after planting. The dates of application were selected to expose plants to the herbicide during all stages of development from prebloom through early pod development. Peanut yield and grade were not affected by 2,4-DB regardless of application timing or numbers of applications.
Direct visualization of deep brain stimulation targets in Parkinson disease with the use of 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Cho Zang-Hee , Min Hoon-Ki , Oh Se-Hong , Han Jae-Yong , Park Chan-Woong , Chi Je-Geun , Kim Young-Bo , Paek Sun Ha , Lozano Andres M. , Lee Kendall H.
Published: April 2010

Object

A challenge associated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) in treating advanced Parkinson disease (PD) is the direct visualization of brain nuclei, which often involves indirect approximations of stereotactic targets. In the present study, the authors compared T2*-weighted images obtained using 7-T MR imaging with those obtained using 1.5- and 3-T MR imaging to ascertain whether 7-T imaging enables better visualization of targets for DBS in PD.

Methods

The authors compared 1.5-, 3-, and 7-T MR images obtained in 11 healthy volunteers and 1 patient with PD.

Results

With 7-T imaging, distinct images of the brain were obtained, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and internal globus pallidus (GPi). Compared with the 1.5- and 3-T MR images of the STN and GPi, the 7-T MR images showed marked improvements in spatial resolution, tissue contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio.

Conclusions

Data in this study reveal the superiority of 7-T MR imaging for visualizing structures targeted for DBS in the management of PD. This finding suggests that by enabling the direct visualization of neural structures of interest, 7-T MR imaging could be a valuable aid in neurosurgical procedures.
Restoration of erect posture in idiopathic camptocormia by electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus internus
Authors: Sakas Damianos E. , Panourias Ioannis G. , Stavrinou Lampis C. , Boviatsis Efstathios J. , Themistocleous Marios , Stathis Pantelis , Tagaris George , Angelopoulos Elias , Gatzonis Stylianos
Published: April 2010

The authors report on 2 young patients who developed drug-resistant idiopathic dystonic camptocormia (bent spine) and were treated successfully by deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi). The first patient, a 26-year-old woman, suffered for 3 years from such severe camptocormia that she became unable to walk and was confined to bed or a wheelchair. The second patient, a 21-year-old man, suffered for 6 months from less severe camptocormia; he was able to walk but only for short distances with a very bent spine, the arms in a parallel position to the legs, and the hands almost approaching the floor to potentially support him in case of a forward fall. Within a few days following DBS, both patients experienced marked clinical improvement. At most recent follow-up (44 months in one case and 42 in the other), the patients' ability to walk upright remained normal. Similar findings have only been reported recently in a few cases of camptocormia secondary to Parkinson disease or tardive dyskinesia. On the basis of the experience of these 2 idiopathic cases and the previously reported cases of secondary camptocormia with a favorable response to GPi DBS, the authors postulate that specific patterns of oscillatory activity in the GPi are vital for the maintenance of erect posture and the adoption of bipedal walking by humans.
Academic impact and rankings of American and Canadian neurosurgical departments as assessed using the h index
Authors: Ponce Francisco A. , Lozano Andres M.
Published: April 2010

Object

The authors undertook a study to estimate the relative academic impact of neurosurgical departments in Canada and the US using the h index, a measure of the number of citations received by a collection of work.

Methods

The study included 99 departments of neurosurgery with residency programs participating in the US National Residency Matching Program, and the 14 analogous Canadian programs. Three types of h indices were determined—one reflecting the cumulative work attributed to a neurosurgical department, h(c); one restricted to the cumulative work published over the past 10 years, h(10); and one limited to work published in 2 major North American neurosurgical journals, hNS(10). For an article to be included, attribution to a neurosurgical department had to appear in the address field in the database Thomson's ISI Web of Science. The three h indices were compared with each other, and their relation to other measures such as size of the department, degrees held by the faculty, and research funding was examined.

Results

Significant correlations were found between the citation indices and faculty size, number of publications and the types of degrees held by the faculty, and funding by the US NIH. Three types of authorship were identified: neurosurgeon, nonclinician researcher, and nonneurosurgeon clinical affiliate. The degree to which the latter 2 nonneurosurgeon categories contributed to the departmental h index varied among departments and can confound interdepartmental comparison. Limiting articles to those published in neurosurgical journals appeared to correct for the influence of nonneurosurgeons in departmental impact and reflect neurosurgeon-driven scholarship.

Conclusions

The h index may be useful in evaluating output across neurosurgery departments.
Development of Monogenic and Digenic Rice Lines for Blast Resistance Genes Pi‐ta, Pi‐kh/Pi‐ks
Authors: Jia Yulin , Moldenhauer Karen
Published: April 2010

The major blast resistance (R) genes Pi‐ta, Pi‐ks, Pi‐kh have been effectively deployed in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the southern USA for preventing disease caused by the predominant U.S. races of Magnaporthe oryzae Cav. [=Magnaporthe grisea (Herbert) Barr.]. In the present study, the codominant single nucleotide length polymorphism DNA marker for the Pi‐ta gene, and the simple sequence repeat markers, RM144 and RM224, that cosegregate with two alleles of the Pi‐k gene, Pi‐ks and Pi‐kh, were used for R identification in a F10 recombinant inbred line population. This population (Reg. no. MP‐3, NSL 452303) was derived from the cross RU9101001/‘Katy’. This population composed of 235 individual lines was jointly released on 24 Apr. 2009 by the USDA–ARS and the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Arkansas Agriculture Experiment Station. R gene containing RIL lines were verified with standard pathogenicity assays by means of a set of differential races of M. oryzae in the USA. One hundred eighty‐two pure lines were identified from the population with the Pi‐ta, Pi‐ks, and Pi‐kh genes. A total of 56 had Pi‐ta and Pi‐ks, 51 lines had Pi‐ks, 27 had Pi‐kh, and 48 lines had Pi‐kh and Pi‐ta. These monogenic and digenic rice lines with the major blast R genes are expected to be useful for studying effects of each R gene singly and in combination for their epistatic interaction with yield and for introducing blast resistance with marker assisted selection.
Registration of ‘Xerpha’ Wheat
Authors: Jones S. S. , Lyon S. R. , Balow K. A. , Gollnick M. A. , Murphy K. M. , Kuehner J. S. , Murray T. D. , Chen X. M. , Engle D. A. , Campbell K. G.
Published: April 2010

Many of the current soft white winter (SWW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars produced in Washington are adapted to specific environments. The objective of this research was to develop a high yielding, disease resistant SWW cultivar with competitive yield potential for all Washington winter wheat production environments. ‘Xerpha’ (Reg. No. CV‐1045, PI 645605) SWW wheat was developed by the Agricultural Research Center of Washington State University (WSU) and released in 2008. It was selected from an ‘Eltan’/‘Estica’ cross made in 1999 and advanced to the F5 in the greenhouse by a modified single seed descent breeding strategy. Successive progeny were advanced under field conditions by a modified pedigree‐bulk breeding method under the experimental designations SSD01061 and eventually WA007973. Xerpha was the highest, or among the highest, yielding SWW cultivars in every precipitation zone in the WSU Extension Uniform Cereal Variety Testing Program (EUCVTP) trials in 2006, 2007, and 2008. It was released as a replacement for ‘Madsen’ and Eltan on the basis of its superior grain yield in Washington's low [<400 mm average annual precipitation (AAP)], intermediate (400–500 mm AAP), and high (> 500 mm AAP) precipitation zones; excellent grain volume weight; strong cold tolerance, and high‐temperature, adult‐plant (HTAP) resistance to stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici).
‘Rondo’, a Long‐Grain Indica Rice with Resistances to Multiple Diseases
Authors: Yan WenGui , McClung Anna M.
Published: April 2010

Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) is needed to increase the genetic diversity in future U.S. cultivars. Furthermore, resistant germplasm is needed to control newly occurring races of blast disease [Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr]. ‘Rondo’ rice (Reg. No. CV‐131, PI 657830) is a long‐grain cultivar meeting these needs and was developed by the USDA‐ARS through mutation breeding from a Chinese indica germplasm ‘4484’ (PI 615022). Rondo's indica origin is genetically distant from U.S. cultivars. Rondo is resistant to all major races of blast disease currently identified in the USA, including two newly reported races, TM2 and IB33, and five other rice diseases. Among seven known resistance genes for blast, only Pi‐b has been identified in Rondo, indicating that it may possess novel blast resistance genes. The Uniform Regional Rice Nursery (URRN) conducted jointly in five southern rice‐producing states demonstrated that Rondo yields similarly to ‘Francis’, ‘Wells’, and ‘Cocodrie’, high yielding cultivars in the mid‐south USA. Cereal quality analyses indicated that Rondo has the same parboiling, processing, and canning qualities as ‘Dixiebelle’ and ‘Sabine’, which have been accepted by the processing industry. Additionally, it can be used as conventional long‐grain rice. Although the head rice yield appears at times to be lower than other long‐grain cultivars, this should be less of a concern when it is parboiled. In conclusion, Rondo is a long‐gain indica cultivar with high yield potential, an excellent disease resistance package, and premium processing quality. Rondo has been entered in the U.S. germplasm collection and is available for commercial purposes through the Texas Research Improvement Association.
‘Rio Rojo’ Smooth‐Seeded Wild Bean, a Native Annual Forage Legume
Authors: Butler Twain J. , Muir James P.
Published: April 2010

Smooth‐seeded wild bean (Strophostyles leiosperma Torr. & A. Gray) is an herbaceous annual legume native to North America from Canada to Mexico. ‘Rio Rojo’ (Reg. No. CV‐295, PI 658217) was selected by Texas AgriLife Research and The Noble Foundation to fill the need for easily propagated, nutritious forage, and high seed producing native annual legumes in subhumid climates of the southern Great Plains. It was selected from germplasm collected in the wild for its vigor and forage and seed characteristics. Depending on climate and soil conditions, it can produce up to 3.9 Mg forage DM yr−1 ha−1 and over 800 kg seed ha−1 yr−1. Rio Rojo will be ideal for those seeking native annual legume germplasm for wildlife plantings or in native grassland restoration efforts.
Registration of Four Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Genetic Stock Mutants with Tolerance to Imazamox
Authors: Bechere Efrem , Auld Dick L. , Dotray Peter , Kebede Hirut
Published: April 2010

Few mutants conferring herbicide tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) have been developed. Imazamox {2‐[(RS)‐4‐isopropyl‐4‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐2‐imidazolin‐2‐yl]‐5‐methoxymethylnicotinic acid} is a broad spectrum imidazolinone herbicide that could give growers a new tool to control many troublesome annual broadleaf and grass weeds. Our objective was to identify imazamox tolerance in chemical mutation derived cotton lines. Four imazamox tolerant mutant cotton (G. hirsutum) genetic stocks, SCM3‐4‐3 (Reg. No. GS‐3, PI 657941), SCM3‐7‐3 (Reg. No. GS‐4, PI 657942), RM3‐8‐1 (Reg. No. GS‐5, PI 657943), and EM4‐3‐1 (Reg. No. GS‐6, PI 657944) were developed and jointly released by Texas Tech University, Department of Plant and Soil Science, and USDA‐ARS Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, in July, 2009. These genetic stocks were obtained through ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of seeds of three High Plains cotton cultivars (SC 9023, Rocket, and Explorer) and selection with imazamox herbicide. Application of five rates of imazamox (0, 88, 175, 350, and 700 g a.i. ha−1) has shown that these mutants have elevated levels of tolerance to imazamox. These genetic stocks are available for use by the cotton industry and public researchers to create hybrids, parental lines, or germplasm lines with resistance to the imazamox herbicide. The identification of these mutants is expected to increase weed management options available to conventional growers who have become heavily dependent on glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine] based crop production systems.
Registration of LD00‐2817P Soybean Germplasm Line with Resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode from PI 437654
Authors: Diers Brian W. , Cary Troy , Thomas Dennis , Colgrove Alison , Niblack Terry
Published: April 2010

The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm line LD00‐2817P (Reg. No. GP‐367, PI 658519) was developed at the University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station at Urbana, IL. The objective of the breeding effort that resulted in this release was the combining of high yield with soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) resistance from underutilized resistance sources. LD00‐2817P was selected from the cross ‘Ina’ × ‘Dwight’ as a F4:5 line. The line was tested for yield and other agronomic traits in 56 field environments and for resistance to 14 SCN populations in inoculated greenhouse tests. The line was released because it combines high yield performance with SCN resistance originating from plant introduction (PI) 437654. This PI 437654 source confers resistance to many SCN HG Types, especially HG Type 2.5.7 (equivalent to Races 1 and 5), which is becoming more common in the midwestern USA. LD00‐2817P has a relative maturity of 4.5 and is being released as a germplasm line because of its usefulness as a parent for soybean breeders developing new cultivars with HG Type 2.5.7 resistance.
Registration of ‘Warrior’, ‘Scout’, and ‘Chief’ Indiangrass
Authors: Vogel K. P. , Mitchell R. B. , Gorz H. J. , Haskins F. A. , Newell L. C. , Klopfenstein T. J. , Erickson G. , Anderson B. E.
Published: April 2010

‘Warrior’ (Reg. No. CV‐252, PI 655523), ‘Scout’ (Reg. No. CV‐253, PI 655524), and ‘Chief’ (Reg. No. CV‐254, PI 655525) indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.)] Nash were developed for improved yield and forage digestibility by USDA‐ARS and the University of Nebraska for use in the central Great Plains and the Midwest USA. Warrior was tested as Oto C3 and was developed by means of both half‐sib family selection and restricted, recurrent phenotypic selection (RRPS). Scout and Chief which were tested as NE54 C2 and Holt × Oto Early C2, respectively, were developed by RRPS. Warrior is adapted to USDA Plant Hardiness Zone (HZ) 5 and the upper part of HZ 6 in the Great Plains and Midwest. It produces forage with high in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) that results in improved animal gains when utilized by beef cattle in well managed grazing systems in regions where it is adapted. Scout is adapted to HZ 5 in the Great Plains and Midwest, USA. It produces significantly greater forage yields than other adapted indiangrass cultivars when grown for hay in the western part of its adaptation region. Chief is adapted to HZ 4 and the upper half of HZ 5. It produces significantly greater forage yields than the other available HZ 4 cultivars. Warrior, Scout, and Chief represent the second generation of indiangrass cultivars developed for use in production agriculture. In the regions where they are adapted, these cultivars can be used in pure stands or in multispecies mixtures with other grasses.
Registration of ‘Homestead’ Canada Wildrye
Authors: Vogel K. P. , Mitchell R. B. , Baltensperger D. D. , Johnson K. D. , Carlson I. T.
Published: April 2010

‘Homestead’ (Reg. No. CV‐255, PI 655522) Canada wildrye (Elymus canadensis L.) was developed cooperatively by USDA‐ARS and the University of Nebraska and was released in 2008 for use in the Great Plains and the Midwest USA, a region for which no adapted cultivars were previously available. It was developed by means of the Ecotype Selection Breeding System from a collection made in a remnant prairie in Eastern Nebraska USA. Homestead, which was tested as NE3, is adapted to Plant Adaptation Region (PAR) 251‐5 (Temperate Prairie Parkland–Plant Hardiness Zone 5), which is its origin, and in which it has been evaluated in both space‐transplanted and sward trials. This region is equivalent to USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 5 of the tallgrass‐prairie ecoregion of the Midwest, USA. When grown in its area of adaptation, it produces more forage than the previously available, unadapted cultivar of the species and its forage has higher in vitro dry matter digestibility than another adapted experimental strain to which it was compared in sward forage yield trials. Its primary use will be as a native cool‐season grass component of conservation, roadside, and grassland seeding mixtures.
Registration of ‘TCLF‐AN‐105’ Triticale
Authors: Lozano-del Río A. J. , Lozano-Cavazos C. J. , Ibarra-Jiménez L. , de la Cruz-Lázaro E. , Colín-Rico M. , Zamora-Villa V. M. , Mergoum M. , Pfeiffer W. H. , Ammar K.
Published: April 2010

‘TCLF‐AN‐105’ (Reg. No.TCL‐009–251104, México; Reg. no. CV‐31, PI 658496) intermediate triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) was developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), México, and reselected and released as a forage cultivar in Mexico by the Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (UAAAN). TCLF‐AN‐105 was selected from the progeny of the cross CT776.81//TESM01/MUSK603 produced in the Yaqui Valley, México, in 1989. CT776.81 and TESM01/MUSK603 are two parental lines (winter and spring triticale, respectively) developed by CIMMYT. TCLF‐AN‐105 was released because of its biomass production, cycle duration and nutritive value. The selection was based primarily on forage and agronomic characteristics and resistance to stem and leaf rust. ‘TCLF‐AN‐31’ winter triticale (Reg. no. CV‐25, PI 620762), released as a forage cultivar by the UAAAN in 1992 (México Reg. No. TCL‐07–080592) was used as reference cultivar.
Impact of the Bag Exchange Procedure on Risk of Peritonitis
Authors: Dong Jie , Chen Yuan
Published: April 2010

Objective

We studied whether improper bag exchange predicts the first peritonitis episode in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients.

Patients and Methods

Our single-center prospective observational study of 130 incident urban CAPD patients who started peritoneal dialysis (PD) between March 2005 and August 2008 aimed to determine the relationship between bag exchange procedures examined at the 6th month of PD and risk for a first peritonitis episode. All patients were followed until a first peritonitis episode, censoring, or the end of the study.

Results

These 130 patients experienced 22 first peritonitis episodes during the 14-month follow-up. During bag exchange evaluation, 51.5% of patients washed their hands improperly, 46.2% failed to check expiration date or bag leakage, and 11.5% forgot to wear a face mask and cap. Patients experiencing peritonitis were more likely to forget to wear a face mask and cap. In multivariate Cox regression model, not wearing a face mask and cap [hazard ratio (HR): 7.26; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.6 to 20.1; p < 0.001] and having anemia (HR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94 to 0.99; p = 0.005) were independent risk factors for a first episode of peritonitis.

Conclusions

Not wearing a face mask and cap and having anemia were independent risk factors for peritonitis. A further randomized control study needs to verify the correlation between improper bag exchange technique and peritonitis in PD patients.
Unexplained Exudative Pleural Effusion in Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Kwan Bonnie Ching-Ha , Chow Kai-Ming , Pang Wing-Fai , Leung Chi-Bon , Li Philip Kam-Tao , Szeto Cheuk-Chun
Published: April 2010

Background

Although the clinico-pathological entity of uremic pleuritis has long been recognized, its clinical significance remains poorly defined.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 82 chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients that had pleural effusion. The pattern of diagnosis and clinical outcome were reviewed.

Results

10 patients had overt fluid overload and thoracocentesis was not performed, 23 had other specific diagnoses, 15 had transudative effusion due to fluid overload, 12 had unexplained transudative effusion, and 22 patients had unexplained exudative effusion. The 3-year actuarial survival was 40.9% and 83.3% for patients with unexplained exudative and transudative effusion respectively ( p = 0.012); technique survival was 74.2% and 90.9% respectively ( p = 0.006). For patients with unexplained exudative effusion, 11 patients had their PD regimen intensified: they had a higher 3-year actuarial survival than those with their dialysis regimen unchanged (100.0% vs 52.6%, p = 0.04).

Conclusion

Unexplained exudative pleural effusion is not uncommon in chronic PD patients. These patients have a high mortality; an intensive dialysis regimen may be considered.
Tenckhoff Catheter Insertion by Nephrologists: Open Dissection Technique
Authors: Chow Kai Ming , Szeto Cheuk Chun , Leung Chi Bon , Kwan Bonnie Ching Ha , Pang Wing Fai , Li Philip Kam-tao
Published: April 2010

Background

The practice of Tenckhoff catheter insertion by nephrologists remains uncommon in most countries.

Methods

We report our single-center experience of Tenckhoff catheter insertion by nephrologists using the open dissection surgical technique in a dedicated ward-based procedure room.

Results

Between November 2005 and September 2008, 250 peritoneal catheters were inserted by 6 nephrologists with varying levels of experience. Surgical dissection followed by exposure of the peritoneum under direct vision was performed under local anesthesia. Primary catheter failure, as defined by catheters that failed to function within 1 month after insertion, occurred in 2.8% of cases. Within 1 month of catheter insertion, 20 patients developed infectious complications: 9 (3.6%) peritonitis, and 11 (4.4%) exit-site infections; none of these complications led to catheter removal. Mean technique survival for the catheters was 41.2 months (95% confidence interval: 39.5 months to 42.9 months). Catheter survival rates at 1 and 2 years were 92.7% and 87.2% respectively.

Conclusions

We reported an encouraging outcome for Tenckhoff catheters inserted by nephrologists in an open surgical manner, with a 2-year catheter survival of 87.2% and a good safety profile.
Effects of Soy Consumption on Serum Lipids and Apoproteins in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tabibi Hadi , Imani Hossein , Hedayati Mehdi , Atabak Shahnaz , Rahmani Leila
Published: April 2010

Background

Lipid abnormalities, particularly high serum concentration of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], are one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of soy consumption on serum lipids and apoproteins, especially Lp(a), in PD patients.

Methods

This study was a randomized clinical trial in which 40 PD patients (20 males, 20 females) were randomly assigned to either the soy or the control group. Patients in the soy group received 28 g/day textured soy flour (containing 14 g of soy protein) for 8 weeks, whereas patients in the control group received their usual diet, without any soy. At baseline and the end of week 8 of the study, 5 mL of blood was collected from each patient after a 12- to 14-hour fast and serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprote-incholesterol (HDL-C), apoprotein B100 (apo B100), apoprotein AI (apo AI), and Lp(a) were measured.

Results

In the present study, serum Lp(a) concentrations were above the normal range in 86% of the PD patients. Mean serum Lp(a) concentration was reduced significantly, by 41%, in the soy group at the end of week 8 compared to baseline ( p < 0.01); the reduction was also significant compared to the control group ( p < 0.05). During the study, mean serum Lp(a) concentration did not change significantly in the control group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean changes in serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, apo B100, or apoAI.

Conclusion

The results of our study indicate that soy consumption reduces serum Lp(a) concentration, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Comparison of rhizosphere impacts of two wheat genotypes differing in phosphorus utilization efficiency
Authors: Yan H , Liu W , Liu X , Li G , Zhang S
Published: April 2010

Exploitation of high phosphorus (P) use efficiency genotypes of crops and understanding their rhizosphere P activation mechanisms is essential to development of beneficial management practices for sustainable agricultural production. A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the differences in changes of pH, phosphatase activity, and water-soluble P in the rhizosphere soil and crop growth and P content of two constrasting wheat genotypes (P-efficient, Xiaoyan54, and P-inefficient, Jing411) in a calcareous soil supplied with three rates (0, 50, and 100 mg kg-1 soil, which are coded as P0, P50 and P100, respectively) of fertilizer P. Results showed that root biomass, root/shoot ratio and efficiency index of Xiaoyan54 were significantly higher than those of Jing411 at the same P level. In addition, the roots of Xiaoyan 54 absorbed significantly more P than the roots of Jing 411, except for the P50. The dry weight of shoot biomass was similar between the two wheat genotypes. Wheat biomass and P content in shoot, root and the total for both genotypes increased for P supplied treatments, compared with those without P supply. The rhizosphere acidification capacity of Xiaoyan54 was greater than Jing411 without P addition. However, Xiaoyan54 acidified rhizosphere soil at a larger distance than Jing411 at high P fertilization. The phosphatase activity did not differ between the two genotypes, regardless of the location in the rhizosphere. Soil applied with high P decreased the phosphatase activity for the root surface soil only. Water-soluble P concentration in rhizosphere and the bulk soil were similar for Xiaoyan54 and Jing411, and increased as increasing P levels. Xiaoyan54’s large root biomass and strong acidification ability might be the main mechanisms contributing to high P uptake under P-deficient conditions. Key words: Phosphatase activity, acidification, wheat, genotype, root biomass
Fertilizer response for hybrid and open-pollinated canola and economic optimal nutrient levels
Authors: Smith E G , Upadhyay B M , Favret M L , Karamanos R E
Published: April 2010

Hybrid (HY) canola (Brassica napus L.) produces a higher seed yield than open-pollinated (OP) canola. While it is expected higher-yielding HY canola may require higher total available nutrients, especially nitrogen (N), the evidence is not conclusive. This study used canola yield data from several site-years and fertility experiments to determine whether HY and OP canola types require different rates of total available N (TAN) and total available phosphorus (TAP). The yield response of the two canola genotypes to TAP was the same, but for TAN the yield response was greater for HY canola. The quadratic yield response results were confirmed using three plateau equations. Optimal TAN for HY canola was higher than for OP canola. Soil test laboratories and producers growing HY canola need to modify N fertility for HY canola, compared with OP canola for which most of the current N fertilizer recommendations were developed. Key words: Economics, fertilizer, yield response, canola, hybrid, open-pollinated
Grafting as a tool in common bean breeding
Authors: Gurusamy V , Bett K E , Vandenberg A
Published: April 2010

Compatibility of rootstock for grafting was investigated in four species of Phaseolus to study the use of grafting as a tool in bean breeding programs. Four genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris and one genotype of P. coccineus were used as rootstocks. Two genotypes of P. vulgaris, and one each of P. acutifolius and P. angustissimus, and an interspecific hybrid of P. acutifolius × P. angustissiumus were used as scions. The common bean genotype ICA Pijao, a widely used female parent in bean interspecific hybridization, was the most compatible rootstock among the five genotypes tested, with high mean percent survival for scions across all four Phaseolus species. Grafting was an efficient technique compared with rooted cuttings for seed increase in determinate type bean plants, where obtaining the maximum number of clones before the reproductive phase is critical. Grafting resulted in 91 and 66% higher mean seed yield per plant compared with ungrafted control and rooted cutting treatments, respectively. This grafting technique using compatible rootstocks such as P. vulgaris ICA Pijao has potential to improve early generation seed increase ratio, multiplication of clones for screening, and perpetuation of sterile or recalcitrant interspecific hybrids for various breeding strategies. Key words: Grafting, Phaseolus sp., interspecific hybrids, compatible rootstocks, clonal propagation, seed multiplication, breeding efficiency
Differing responses to carbon dioxide enrichment by a dwarf and a normal-sized soybean cultivar may depend on sink capacity
Authors: Sicher R , Bunce J , Matthews B
Published: April 2010

Responses to CO2 enrichment were determined for a dwarf (MiniMax) and a normal-sized (Fiskeby) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Plants were grown in growth chambers with ambient (36 Pa) or elevated (98 Pa) CO2 using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Harvests for MiniMax and Fiskeby were increased 6 and 26 d, respectively, by CO2 enrichment. At final maturity, mean biomass for MiniMax and Fiskeby was 53 and 197 g, respectively, in the ambient CO2 treatment and these values were 48 and 199% greater, respectively, in response to CO2 enrichment. Root development was constrained in MiniMax and, unlike Fiskeby, all of the biomass attributed to CO2 enrichment was in the shoot. Cultivar differences were not detected for CO2 assimilation rates, stomatal conductance or substomatal CO2 concentrations. Foliar sucrose was 43% greater (P < 0.05) in MiniMax than in Fiskeby. Pods per plant, total seed mass per plant, seed number per plant and seed oil content were greater for Fiskeby than MiniMax. Seeds of Fiskeby were 75% greater by mass than those of MiniMax. Seed mass of Fiskeby increased about 50% in response to CO2 enrichment, whereas MiniMax was unchanged. Root growth, seed size, seeds per pod and starch accumulation rates for MiniMax were unaffected by CO2 enrichment. The above findings suggested that growth of the dwarf genotype under elevated CO2 was sink limited.Key words: Elevated CO2, atmospheric change, photosynthate partitioning, harvest index, soybean genotypes
Re-visiting use of Penicillium bilaii with phosphorus fertilization of hard red spring wheat
Authors: Karamanos R E , Flore N A , Harapiak J T
Published: April 2010

Penicillium bilaii is a fungus that lives in association with plant roots and has been shown to increase phosphorus (P) solubility and uptake by some crops. A series of 47 experiments with hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that were carried out in the three prairie provinces between 1989 and 1995 and included treatment with P. bilaii as a main plot (with or without) and four rates of fertilizer P (0, 4.4, 8.7 and 13.1 kg P ha-1) as subplots were statistically analyzed to ascertain whether use of P. bilaii resulted in increases in both yield and P uptake by wheat. Of the 47 experiments, response to fertilizer P was obtained in 33 experiments and to P. bilaii in 14, in five of which the response was positive and nine resulted in yield decreases. These responses could not be attributed either to extractable P soil concentration, soil organic matter (SOM) or texture, or weather conditions and are considered random events. Overall, P uptake was a function of fertilizer P rate only.Key words: Seed-treatment, seed yield, P uptake, P use efficiency
Organic and conventional field crop soil and land management practices in Canada
Authors: Nelson A G , Froese J C , Entz M H
Published: April 2010

Land management practices affecting soil erosion risk on organic and conventional farms were described using a mail-out survey. Organic farmers had more forages and green manures in rotation than conventional farmers (66 vs. 46% and 84 vs. 6%, respectively). Organic farmers used more tilled summerfallow (52%) than conventional farmers (6%). Tilled summerfallow represents a risk to soil sustainability on organic farms; however, the net effect of common organic management practices (e.g., green manuring, composting and tillage) on soil erodibility is not known. Determing the combined effect of management practices as well as finding alternatives to tilled summerfallow should be research priorities.Key words: Soil erosion risk, tillage, crop rotation, summerfallow
Enterprise durum wheat
Authors: Singh A K , Clarke J M , DePauw R M , Knox R E , Clarke F R , Fernandez M R , McCaig T N
Published: April 2010

Enterprise durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines high grain yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, yellow grain pigment, and low grain cadmium concentration. Enterprise has slightly weaker straw strength, similar days to maturity, and improved fusarium head blight resistance compared with strongfield. Key words: Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn., durum wheat, cultivar description, grain yield, yellow pigment, cadmium