bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late Cretaceous uplift history of the Cretaceous volcanic arc in Southwest Japan: Provenance analysis of the Yuasa–Aridagawa basin based on U–Pb zircon ages
Authors: Shunori Ryosuke , Takeuchi Makoto , Yamamoto Koshi
Published: April 2018

The Ryoke Metamorphic complex has undergone low‐P/T metamorphism and was intruded by granitic magmas around 100 Ma. Subsequently, the belt was uplifted and exposed by the time deposition of the Izumi Group began. The tectonic history of uplift, such as the timing and processes, are poorly known despite being important for understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of the Ryoke Metamorphic Belt. U–Pb zircon ages from sedimentary rocks in the forearc and backarc basins are useful for constraining uplift and magmatism in the provenance. U–Pb dating of detrital zircons from 12 samples (four sandstones and eight granitic clasts) in the Yuasa–Aridagawa basin, a Cretaceous forearc basin in the Chichibu Belt of Southwest Japan, gave mostly ages of 60–110 Ma. Granitic clasts contained in conglomerate suggest that granitic intrusions predate the formation of Coniacian and Maastrichtian conglomerate. Emplacement ages of granitic bodies originated from granitic clasts in Coniacian conglomerate are (110.2 ±1.3) Ma, (106.1 ±1.8) Ma, (101.8+5.8–3.8) Ma, and (95.3 ±1.4) Ma; for granitic clasts in Maastrichtian conglomerate, (89.6 ±1.8) Ma, (87.3+2.4–1.8) Ma, (85.7 ±1.2) Ma, and (82.7 ±1.2) Ma. The results suggest that detrital zircons in the sandstones were mainly derived from volcanic eruptions contemporaneous with depositional age, and plutonic rocks of the Ryoke Metamorphic Belt. Zircon ages of the granitic clast samples also indicate that uplift in the provenance began after Albian and occurred at least during the Coniacian to Maastrichtian. Our results, together with the difference of provenance between backarc and forearc basins suggest that the southern marginal zone of the Ryoke Metamorphic Belt was uplifted and supplied a large amount of clastic materials to the forearc basins during the Late Cretaceous.
Factors motivating male consumers’ eco‐friendly apparel acquisition in the South African emerging market
Authors: Taljaard Hanri , Sonnenberg Nadine C. , Jacobs Bertha M.
Published: April 2018

The necessity of pro‐environmental apparel behaviour is to date a neglected concept in the local South African apparel industry. This study focuses on male consumers’ underlying motivation and intent to acquire apparel in an eco‐friendly manner. The research hypotheses and framework for this study are based on the Norm‐Activation Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour to clarify underlying motivational factors that contribute to pro‐environmental apparel acquisition. Pro‐environmental approaches were conceptualized as consumers’ purposive reduction of the amount of apparel acquired as well as the evaluation and selection of apparel based on pro‐environmental attributes. A quantitative, cross‐sectional survey approach was used for explanatory research purposes. Male consumers (18 years and older, n = 305) were reached by means of non‐probability, purposive sampling. Respondents completed online and paper‐based questionnaires that included adapted scale items for use in the local context. Results suggest that respondents are aware of the environmental consequences of their apparel behaviour, which then ultimately influences their behavioural intent. In contrast to studies conducted abroad, social and moral norms did not significantly influence their decisions to acquire apparel in a pro‐environmental manner. Respondents’ attitudes and self‐efficacy (i.e. a dimension of perceived behavioural control) contributed to their pro‐environmental intent. Yet, controllability (another dimension of perceived behavioural control) was not a significant predictor of intent and warrants further empirical research. The findings of this study substantiate important recommendations for the development of intervention strategies to promote pro‐environmental apparel behaviour in emerging market contexts such as South Africa.
Delays in lung cancer management pathways between rural and urban patients in North Queensland: a mixed methods study
Authors: Verma Rishabh , Pathmanathan Shivanshan , Otty Zulfiquer A. , Binder John , Vangaveti Venkat N. , Buttner Petra , Sabesan Sabe S.
Published: April 2018

Background

Despite advances in medical therapies, disparity in outcome between rural and urban patients remain in Australia and many Western countries.

Aims

To examine time delays in lung cancer referral pathways in North Queensland (NQ), Australia, and explore patients’ perspective of factors causing these delays.

Methods

Prospective study of patients attending three cancer centres in Townsville, Cairns and Mackay in NQ from 2009 to 2012. Times along referral pathway were divided as follows: Onset of symptoms to treatment (T1), symptoms to general practitioner (GP) (T2), GP to specialist (T3) and Specialist to treatment (T4). Quantitative and qualitative methods were used for analysis.

Results

In total, 252 patients were participated. T1 was influenced by remoteness (125 days in Townsville vs 170 days for remote, P = 0.01), T2 by level of education (91 days for primary education vs 61 days for secondary vs 23 days for tertiary/Technical and Further Education (TAFE), P = 0.006), and age group (14 days for 31–50 years, 61 days for 51–70 years, 45 days for >71 years, P = 0.026), T3 by remoteness (15 days for Townville and 29.5 days for remote, P = 0.02) and T4 by stage of disease (21 days for Stage I, 11 days for Stage II, 34 days for Stage III 18 days for Stage IV, P = 0.041). Competing priorities of family and work and cost and inconvenience of travel were perceived as rural barriers.

Conclusion

Remoteness, age and level of education were related to delays in various time lines in lung cancer referral pathways in NQ. Provision of specialist services closer to home may decrease delays by alleviating burden of cost and inconvenience of travel.
Development of Infant Pointing from 10 to 12 months: The Role of Relevant Caregiver Responsiveness
Authors: Ger Ebru , Altınok Nazlı , Liszkowski Ulf , Küntay Aylin C.
Published: April 2018

Infants’ pointing frequency is a predictor of their later language abilities. Yet, predictors of pointing frequency in the first year of life are not well understood. Study 1 explored what factors in infants and caregivers at 10 months would predict the pointing frequency of infants at 12 months (N = 35). Infant‐driven predictors were infants’ fine‐motor skills and point‐following abilities. Caregiver‐mediated predictors were caregivers’ pointing frequency and responsiveness toward infants’ pointing. Relevant caregiver responsiveness at 10 months predicted infants’ pointing frequency at 12 months, controlling for the other factors and infants’ prior pointing frequency. Study 2 explored whether child‐level factors influence caregivers’ responsiveness (N = 49). We examined the hand shape of infants’ pointing (whole‐hand versus index‐finger) and the presence of point‐accompanying vocalizations. Infants’ vocalization‐accompanied points were more likely to elicit relevant responses from caregivers, while hand shapes played a less pronounced role. Together, the findings reveal an early emerging mutual relationship between infant pointing and caregiver behavior such that certain characteristics of infant pointing predict caregivers’ responsiveness, and relevant responsiveness toward infants’ pointing predicts the increase in infants’ pointing frequencies.
Exploring the effect of previous inactivated influenza vaccination on seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against medically attended influenza: Results of the European I‐MOVE multicentre test‐negative case‐control study, 2011/2012‐2016/2017
Authors: Valenciano Marta , Kissling Esther , Larrauri Amparo , Nunes Baltazar , Pitigoi Daniela , O'Donnell Joan , Reuss Annicka , Horváth Judit Krisztina , Paradowska‐Stankiewicz Iwona , Rizzo Caterina , Falchi Alessandra , Daviaud Isabelle , Brytting Mia , Meijer Adam , Kaic Bernard , Gherasim Alin , Machado Ausenda , Ivanciuc Alina , Domegan Lisa , Schweiger Brunhilde , Ferenczi Annamária , Korczyńska Monika , Bella Antonino , Vilcu Ana‐Maria , Mosnier Anne , Zakikhany Katherina , de Lange Marit , Kurečić Filipovićović Sanja , Johansen Kari , Moren Alain ,   I‐MOVE primary care multicentre case‐control team
Published: April 2018

Background

Results of previous influenza vaccination effects on current season influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) are inconsistent.

Objectives

To explore previous influenza vaccination effects on current season VE among population targeted for vaccination.

Methods

We used 2011/2012 to 2016/2017 I‐MOVE primary care multicentre test‐negative data. For each season, we compared current season adjusted VE (aVE) between individuals vaccinated and unvaccinated in previous season. Using unvaccinated in both seasons as a reference, we then compared aVE between vaccinated in both seasons, current only, and previous only.

Results

We included 941, 2645 and 959 influenza‐like illness patients positive for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B, respectively, and 5532 controls. In 2011/2012, 2014/2015 and 2016/2017, A(H3N2) aVE point estimates among those vaccinated in previous season were −68%, −21% and −19%, respectively; among unvaccinated in previous season, these were 33%, 48% and 46%, respectively (aVE not computable for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and B). Compared to current season vaccination only, VE for both seasons' vaccination was (i) similar in two of four seasons for A(H3N2) (absolute difference [ad] 6% and 8%); (ii) lower in three of four seasons for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (ad 18%, 26% and 29%), in two seasons for influenza A(H3N2) (ad 27% and 39%) and in two of three seasons for influenza B (ad 26% and 37%); (iii) higher in one season for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (ad 20%) and influenza B (ad 24%).

Conclusions

We did not identify any pattern of previous influenza vaccination effect. Prospective cohort studies documenting influenza infections, vaccinations and vaccine types are needed to understand previous influenza vaccinations' effects.
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back for Stats Independence in Puerto Rico
Authors: Tarran Brian
Published: April 2018

PR Institute of Statistics sees court rule in its favour, but Governor Rosselló wants to press ahead with planned privatisation
Randomising Towns to Fight HIV
Authors: Hayes Richard
Published: April 2018

Experimental design is an often under-appreciated area of statistics, even though leading statisticians have always emphasised its importance. In this case study, Richard Hayes describes features in the design and analysis of a key HIV prevention trial in Africa that uses cluster randomisation
Trigger Warning Disturbing Data Sets in the Classroom
Authors: Zaharatos Brian , Glawson Michael
Published: April 2018

In their working lives, statisticians may be called on to analyse data drawn from the darker side of the human experience – topics like childhood abuse, racism, sexism and homophobia. Statistics instructors should prepare their students to deal with these difficult and distressing subjects, write Brian Zaharatos and Michael Glawson
Discovery and evolution of double P‐E loops in a tetragonal Fe‐doped KTa0.57Nb0.43O3 single crystal
Authors: Cao Xilong , Tian Hao , Hu Chengpeng , Wang Yu , Li Xueyan , Li Li , Sun Xiudong , Zhou Zhongxiang
Published: April 2018

Double polarization‐electric field (P‐E) loops were observed in Fe‐doped KTa0.57Nb0.43O3 (Fe‐KTN) crystals because of the restraining effect of the defect dipoles on domain reorientation. In Fe‐KTN crystals, the positively charged O2− vacancies and negatively charged dopant Fe3+ ions form defect dipoles, providing a restoring force for domain reorientation. Moreover, built‐in macro‐polarization was observed depending on the orientation of the defect dipole polarization. The response of the defect dipoles to an external electric field and the evolution of the double P‐E loops were investigated. The restraining effect of the defect dipoles on domain reorientation was found to affect normal piezoelectric activities. The domains could maintain the state close to the polarization direction, resulting in an extremely high d33 value (287 pC/N).
NaBaY(BO3)2:Ce3+,Tb3+: A novel sharp green‐emitting phosphor used for WLED and FEDs
Authors: Geng Wanying , Zhou Xufeng , Ding Jianyan , Wang Yuhua
Published: April 2018

A new borate phosphor NaBaY(BO3)2: Ce3+, Tb3+ (NBY:Ce3+, Tb3+) was successfully synthesized under low temperature designed to put into application in the fields of ultraviolet (UV)‐excited light emitting diodes (LEDs) and field emission displays (FEDs). The structure distortion between Ce3+, Tb3+ single‐ and co‐doping NBY was discussed by X‐ray powder diffraction Rietveld refinement, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and spectra. NBY: Ce3+, Tb3+ presents a wide absorption band ranging from 310 to 400 nm and efficient green emission (λmax = 542 nm) with a full‐width at half‐maximum of 3.3 nm. The remarkable thermal stability has also been tested, indicating that the intensity at 200°C is still beyond 70% of the original intensity. In addition, a white LED device was manufactured by connecting a 370 nm UV chip with a blend of BaMaAl10O17: Eu2+ (BAM: Eu2+), NBY: Ce3+, Tb3+ and CaAlSiN3: Eu2+. The color coordinate, correlated color temperature and color rendering index of the manufactured LED device were (0.335, 0.347), 5511 K and 80.16, respectively. Meanwhile, the cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra under the various conditions of probe currents and accelerating voltages were also analyzed. Through successive excitation of low‐voltage electron‐beam, the wonderful performances of degradation property and color stability were obtained. These results suggest that the green‐emitting NBY: Ce3+, Tb3+ phosphor has the prospect of becoming applications in white UV LEDs and FEDs.
Mechanistic subtypes of focal right ventricular tachycardia
Authors: Lerman Bruce B. , Cheung Jim W. , Ip James E. , Liu Christopher F. , Thomas George , Markowitz Steven M.
Published: April 2018

Idiopathic sustained focal right ventricular tachycardia (VT) is most frequently due to outflow tract (OT) tachycardia. This arrhythmia is recognized by its characteristic ECG pattern and sensitivity to adenosine. However, there are other forms of idiopathic, focal sustained VT that originate from the right ventricle (RV), which are less well appreciated and easily overlooked. This review will identify the characteristic features and electrophysiologic properties of these forms of RV VT, including those originating from the tricuspid annulus, right ventricular papillary muscles, and moderator band as well as variants of classic RVOT tachycardia and those due to microreentry in the presence of preclinical disease. Recognition of these subtypes of focal RV tachycardia should facilitate targeted therapy.
Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor‐induced changes in body composition and simultaneous changes in metabolic profile: 52‐week prospective LIGHT (Luseogliflozin: the Components of Weight Loss in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) Study
Authors: Sasaki Takashi , Sugawara Masahiro , Fukuda Masahiro
Published: April 2018

Aims/Introduction

It is unclear how changes in body composition induced by sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor treatment correlate with metabolic profile changes. We aimed to clarify how metabolic profile changes correlate with body component changes, and if SGLT2 inhibitor treatment causes sarcopenia and bone mineral content (BMC) loss.

Materials and Methods

Moderately obese Japanese type 2 diabetes patients, treated with luseogliflozin for a year, were observed prospectively and evaluated for body composition changes. We analyzed the changes in the individual body components during treatment, and their correlation with other clinical variables.

Results

The efficacy analysis set comprised 37 of 43 enrolled patients. The total fat mass significantly decreased early in the treatment at and after week 4, with a mean decrease of −1.97 kg (95% confidence interval −2.66 to −1.28) at week 24. The visceral fat area at week 24 showed an average downward trend, although this was not significant. The changes in visceral fat area in individual patients showed a significant negative correlation with the extent of the baseline visceral fat area (r = −0.399, P = 0.023). The skeletal muscle mass index showed a significant but small change at and after week 36. The BMC profile showed a transient significant decrease only at week 12. No significant change in BMC was noted at other time‐points.

Conclusions

Luseogliflozin treatment brought about favorable changes in body composition and metabolism of moderately obese Japanese type 2 diabetes patients, accompanied by body fat reduction, and minimal muscle and BMC reduction.
Rhizarian ‘Novel Clade 10’ Revealed as Abundant and Diverse Planktonic and Terrestrial Flagellates, including Aquavolon n. gen.
Authors: Bass David , Tikhonenkov Denis Victorovich , Foster Rachel , Dyal Patricia , Janouškovec Jan , Keeling Patrick J. , Gardner Michelle , Neuhauser Sigrid , Hartikainen Hanna , Mylnikov Alexandre P. , Berney Cédric
Published: April 2018

Rhizarian ‘Novel Clade 10’ (NC10) is frequently detected by 18S rRNA gene sequencing studies in freshwater planktonic samples. We describe a new genus and two species of eukaryovorous biflagellate protists, Aquavolon hoantrani n. gen. n. sp. and A. dientrani n. gen. n. sp., which represent the first morphologically characterized members of NC10, here named Aquavolonida ord. nov. The slightly metabolic cells possess naked heterodynamic flagella, whose kinetosomes lie at a right angle to each other and are connected by at least one fibril. Unlike their closest known relative Tremula longifila, they rotate around their longitudinal axis when swimming and only very rarely glide on surfaces. Screening of a wide range of environmental DNA extractions with lineage‐specific PCR primers reveals that Aquavolonida consists of a large radiation of protists, which are most diversified in freshwater planktonic habitats and as yet undetected in marine environments. Earlier‐branching lineages in Aquavolonida include less frequently detected organisms from soils and freshwater sediments. The 18S rRNA gene phylogeny suggests that Aquavolonida forms a common evolutionary lineage with tremulids and uncharacterized ‘Novel Clade 12’, which likely represents one of the deepest lineages in the Rhizaria, separate from Cercozoa (Filosa), Endomyxa, and Retaria.
Age and growth of the endemic Xingu River stingray Potamotrygon leopoldi validated using fluorescent dyes
Authors: Charvet P. , Santana F. M. , De Lima K. L. , Lessa R.
Published: April 2018

Between 2003 and 2005, vertebrae of 151 Xingu River Potamotrygon leopoldi (Potamotrygonidae) (75 males and 76 females) were analysed to derive a growth curve for this species. The disc width (WD) was significantly different between sexes, with females measuring 149–700 mm WD and males 109–500 mm WD. The average percentage error for vertebrae readings of the whole sample was 2·7%. The marginal increment ratio (RMI) showed an increasing trend with the highest value in November, decreasing from December on. The majority of vertebrae displaying RMI zero, occurred in September, but the annual periodicity of ring deposition throughout the year was not conclusive. Tetracycline (TCN) injected specimens were held in captivity for 13 months and displayed a fluorescent mark in vertebrae confirming a yearly periodicity of band pair formation with the translucent ring deposited in September–October. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) showed that, among the seven models considered, the best fit was obtained for the von Bertalanffy modified with W0 (where W0 = WD at birth) for both sexes. Growth parameters for females were: W0 = 149 mm; W∞ = 763·06 mm; k = 0·12 year– 1, whereas for males: W0 = 109 mm; W∞ = 536·4 and k = 0·22 year−1. Maximal ages were 7·2 years in males and 14·3 years in females. The species shows sexual dimorphism expressed in the growth pattern, size at maturity, longevity and asymptotic sizes. Concern for sustainability is raised due to the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant (2015 and 2016) in the State of Pará causing changes to the habitat of this species, which is endemic to the Xingu River and two of its tributaries.
State of the Science: Interprofessional Approaches to Aging, Dementia, and Mental Health
Authors: Farrell Timothy W. , Luptak Marilyn K. , Supiano Katherine P. , Pacala James T. , De Lisser Rosalind
Published: April 2018

Interprofessional education (IPE) is essential to develop the healthcare workforce of the future. Geriatrics healthcare professionals have long championed innovations in IPE and patient care, but there is increased urgency to address challenges in aging, dementia, and geriatric mental health in America. In 2010, the Partnership for Health in Aging multidisciplinary competencies and a related position statement in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society addressed interdisciplinary team (IDT) training in geriatrics. The position statement reported that training in higher education, academic, and continuing education settings has not been sufficiently responsive to workforce needs. In recent years, health professions educators and health systems leaders have increasingly recognized that IPE should be integrally linked with, and performed within, emerging models of team‐based, value‐driven health care. In this way, IPE will align with learning healthcare systems' pursuit of the Quadruple Aim: improving patient experience, provider experience, and the health of populations, and reducing per capita health care costs. Backed by decades of developing effective team care models and the skill set needed to care for older adults with complex needs, geriatrics healthcare providers from multiple disciplines are uniquely positioned to lead learning healthcare systems in a new effort to develop, implement, and sustain IPE and practice models congruent with these Aims. We provide recommendations for health professions educators, healthcare systems leaders, and policymakers to realize the potential of IPE and interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP) to improve the health of all Americans in aging, dementia, and mental health.
State of the Science of Neural Systems in Late‐Life Depression: Impact on Clinical Presentation and Treatment Outcome
Authors: Manning Kevin J. , Steffens David C.
Published: April 2018

Major depression in older adults, or late‐life depression (LLD), is a common and debilitating psychiatric disorder that increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Although the effects of LLD make it important to achieve a diagnosis and start treatment quickly, individuals with LLD are often inadequately or unsuccessfully treated. The latest treatment developments suggest that interventions targeting executive dysfunction and neuroticism, constructs associated with poor response to antidepressants in older adults, are successful in treating LLD. Specific behavioral interventions (computerized cognitive training, mindfulness meditation, aerobic exercise) appear to decrease depressive symptoms and ameliorate executive dysfunction and neuroticism, but we do not fully understand the mechanisms by which these treatments work. We review recent research on neural network changes underlying executive dysfunction and neuroticism in LLD and their association with clinical outcomes (e.g., treatment response, cognitive functioning).
The impact of litigation risk on the association between audit quality and auditor size: Evidence from China
Authors: Wong Raymond M. K. , Firth Michael A. , Lo Agnes W. Y.
Published: April 2018

We examine whether audit quality varies across different sizes of CPA firms under high or low auditor‐specific litigation risk exposure. We measure audit quality by the issuance of modified audit opinions and the audit fees charged to clients, and we use the organizational form of CPA firms as the proxy for auditors’ litigation risk exposure, where a partnership (limited liability) CPA firm represents a high (low) litigation risk exposure. Built on Choi, Kim, Liu, and Simunic's (2008) theoretical framework, we hypothesize that the litigation risk exposure of CPA firm moderates the association between auditor size and audit quality. Our results show that when the auditor's liability is capped (i.e., registered as a limited liability form of CPA firm), larger size CPA firms are associated with higher audit quality when compared to smaller size CPA firms. However, this positive association between auditor size and audit quality disappears for audit firms that are subject to high litigation risk exposures (i.e., registered as a partnership form of CPA firm). Our research provides new insights on the impact of auditor‐specific litigation risks on the relation between audit quality and auditor size. In particular, we show that only when auditor‐specific litigation risk is limited, do large CPA firms appear to perform higher quality audits than small CPA firms.
A Tough Act to Follow: Contrast Effects in Financial Markets
Authors: HARTZMARK SAMUEL M. , SHUE KELLY
Published: April 2018

A contrast effect occurs when the value of a previously observed signal inversely biases perception of the next signal. We present the first evidence that contrast effects can distort prices in sophisticated and liquid markets. Investors mistakenly perceive earnings news today as more impressive if yesterday's earnings surprise was bad and less impressive if yesterday's surprise was good. A unique advantage of our financial setting is that we can identify contrast effects as an error in perceptions rather than expectations. Finally, we show that our results cannot be explained by an alternative explanation involving information transmission from previous earnings announcements.
Vitamin D and bone health: key involvement of physical activity
Authors: Sugiyama T.
Published: April 2018

Click here to view the Original Article by I. R. Reid et al.
Food advertising on Australian television: Frequency, duration and monthly pattern of advertising from a commercial network (four channels) for the entire 2016
Authors: Smithers Lisa G , Haag Dandara G , Agnew Benjamin , Lynch John , Sorell Matthew
Published: April 2018

Aim

To estimate the frequency, duration and monthly pattern of discretionary food advertising on Australian free‐to‐air television.

Methods

We logged 30 000 h of television collected in Adelaide during 2016 from one network that has four channels. The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating was used to identify discretionary foods. Data were examined according to all times, to children's peak viewing times (PVTs) and to when C‐(children's) rated programmes may be broadcast.

Results

Of the >800 000 advertisements logged during 2016, 11% were for foods (n = 97 837). The most frequently advertised products were: snack foods (e.g. crisps), crumbed/battered meats, fast foods/take away meals and sweetened beverages. The frequency and duration of discretionary food advertising was 1.7 times/h and 0.5 min/h respectively at all times. During children's PVTs, the frequency and duration of discretionary food advertising was 2.3 times/h and 0.7 min/h, respectively. When C‐rated programmes can be broadcast, the frequency and duration of discretionary food advertising was 1.8 times/h and 0.6 min/h, respectively. Across the year, discretionary foods ranged between 41% (August) and 71% (January) of all food advertising.

Conclusions

Discretionary foods dominate food advertising. On average, discretionary food advertising was higher during PVTs for children and during the summer school holidays (January).
Effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of interventions targeting harm reduction and chronic hepatitis C cascade of care in people who inject drugs: The case of France
Authors: Cousien A. , Tran V. C. , Deuffic‐Burban S. , Jauffret‐Roustide M. , Mabileau G. , Dhersin J.‐S. , Yazdanpanah Y.
Published: April 2018

Direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) represent an opportunity to improve hepatitis C virus (HCV) care cascade. This combined with improved harm reduction interventions may lead to HCV elimination especially in people who inject drugs (PWID). We assessed the effectiveness/cost‐effectiveness of improvements in harm reduction and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) care cascade in PWID in France. We used a dynamic model of HCV transmission and CHC natural history and evaluated the following: improved needle/syringe programmes‐opioid substitution therapies, faster diagnosis/linkage to care, earlier treatment initiation, alone and in combination among active PWID (mean age = 36). Outcomes were as follows: life expectancy in discounted quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs); direct lifetime discounted costs; incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER); number of infections/reinfections. Under the current practice, life expectancy was 15.846 QALYs, for a mean lifetime cost of €20 762. Treatment initiation at F0 fibrosis stage alone was less effective and more costly than faster diagnosis/linkage to care combined with treatment initiation at F0, which increased life expectancy to 16.694 QALYs, decreased new infections by 37%, with a ICER = €5300/QALY. Combining these interventions with harm reduction improvements was the most effective scenario (life expectancy = 16.701 QALYs, 41% decrease in new infections) but was not cost‐effective (ICER = €105 600/QALY); it became cost‐effective with higher initial HCV incidence rates and lower harm reduction coverage than in our base‐case scenario. This study illustrated the high effectiveness, and cost‐effectiveness, of a faster diagnosis/linkage to care together with treatment from F0 with DAAs. This “Test and treat” strategy should play a central role both in improving the life expectancies of HCV‐infected patients, and in reducing HCV transmission.
Edible Corn‐zein‐based Coating Incorporated with Nisin or Lemongrass Essential Oil Inhibits Listeria monocytogenes on Cultured Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis, Fillets During Refrigerated and Frozen Storage
Authors: Hager Janelle V. , Rawles Steven D. , Xiong Youling L. , Newman Melissa C. , Webster Carl D.
Published: April 2018

Listeria monocytogenes presents a serious threat to consumer safety because it is resistant to various food storage techniques, including reduced or modified atmosphere packaging, refrigerated storage, and increased salt concentration. Edible coatings incorporated with natural antimicrobials have been suggested to control pathogenic and spoilage bacteria on a variety of meat products. In this study, edible zein‐based coatings incorporated with nisin and lemongrass essential oil (LGEO; 8%) were evaluated for antibacterial action against L. monocytogenes and spoilage organisms on fresh, cultured hybrid striped bass, Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops, under two storage conditions (refrigerated or frozen) and two packaging types (polyvinyl chloride [PVC] and vacuum packing) over time. Corn‐zein‐based edible coatings were found to be an effective carrier for nisin and LGEO. Fillets coated with nisin showed the largest decrease in L. monocytogenes cell counts in both PVC and vacuum‐packaged samples in both refrigerated and frozen product, while fillets coated with LGEO showed intermediate inhibition of L. monocytogenes cell counts, with the strongest LGEO antibacterial effect being found in frozen product regardless of packaging. Both nisin and LGEO treatments were most effective in PVC‐packaged fillets compared to vacuum‐packaged fillets, but the difference in bacterial loads between packaging methods was minor. Bacterial loads on refrigerated product tended to increase slightly after 5‐d storage regardless of coating treatment or packaging, whereas bacterial loads on frozen product remained stable or decreased with time up to 60 d regardless of coating treatment or packaging. Data from the present study indicate that application of edible coatings incorporated with essential oils not only promotes food product safety but also may satisfy the preferences of consumers.
Deep Transfer Learning for Image‐Based Structural Damage Recognition
Authors: Gao Yuqing , Mosalam Khalid M.
Published: April 2018

This article implements the state‐of‐the‐art deep learning technologies for a civil engineering application, namely recognition of structural damage from images. Inspired by ImageNet Challenge and the development of computer hardware, the concept of Structural ImageNet is proposed herein with four naïve baseline recognition tasks: component type identification, spalling condition check, damage level evaluation, and damage type determination. A relatively small number of images (2,000) are selected from the Structural ImageNet and manually labeled according to the four recognition tasks. In order to avoid overfitting, Transfer Learning (TL) based on VGGNet (Visual Geometry Group) is introduced and applied using two different strategies, namely feature extractor and fine‐tuning. Two experiments are designed based on properties of these two strategies to find the relative optimal model parameters and scope of application. Models obtained by both strategies indicate the promising recognition results and different application potentials where feature extractor and fine‐tuning can be respectively used for preliminary analysis and for further improvement. These results also reveal the potential uses of deep TL in image‐based structural damage recognition.
“One God Father Almighty”
Authors: Behr John
Published: April 2018

“One God Father Almighty” is among the most basic Christian confessions. In this article, John Behr argues that the precise order of these four words is not random. In his works, Origen reflects on the scriptural titles for God and Christ, and concludes that “Almighty” does not precede the title “Father,” since the Father is Almighty through the Son, in whom all things were made. Building on Origen's scriptural exegesis, Gregory of Nyssa interprets the word “God” as designating specifically the Father, whereas the Son and the Spirit receive their (eternal) identity only in relation to “God the Father.” For Origen, Jesus is the Son of God, rather than God the Son. The one “God over all” is the Father, made known through the Son and the Spirit.
Thyroid hormones and diabetic nephropathy: An essential relationship to recognize
Authors: Han Qianqian , Zhang Junlin , Wang Yiting , Li Hanyu , Zhang Rui , Guo Ruikun , Li Li , Teng Geer , Wang Jiali , Wang Tingli , Liu Fang
Published: April 2018

Aims

Although abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism is common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN), the relationship between thyroid hormones and DN is unclear and has been ignored during clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between thyroid hormones and clinicopathologic changes in biopsy‐proven DN patients.

Methods

Clinical and pathological data for 146 biopsy‐proven DN patients were collected. The patients were divided into four groups: euthyroid group, high‐thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) group (SCH), low‐free triiodothyronine (FT3) group (with normal levels of TSH and FT4), and high‐TSH + low‐FT3 group (with normal levels of FT4). The clinicopathologic features among the four groups were investigated. We evaluated the risks of abnormal thyroid hormone levels on DN by logistic regression with multivariable adjustments for other risk factors. We also performed quarterback and eight‐point analyses of TSH and FT3 levels to determine their influences on DN.

Results

The overt proteinuria (>5 g/24 h) (P = 0.008) and severity of glomerular lesions (P = 0.011) differed between euthyroid group and high‐TSH group significantly. Moreover, the levels of estimated glomerular filtration rate (P =0.019), serum creatinine (P =0.014), and severity of glomerular lesions (P =0.003) differed between the euthyroid group and low‐FT3 group significantly. There were also significant differences between high‐TSH, low‐FT3 and high‐TSH + low‐FT3 patients, respectively. Respective correlations between high‐TSH, low‐FT3 and renal clinicopathologic changes were found to be significant according to logistic regression analyses. Quarterback and eight‐point analyses indicated that patients with TSH levels of 4.54–5.67 mU/L had the most severe renal clinicopathologic changes, and the severity of renal changes decreased with increased FT3 levels.

Conclusions

Diabetic nephropathy patients with high‐TSH and/or low‐FT3 had more severe proteinuria, renal insufficiency, and glomerular lesions, suggesting that regulating thyroid hormones might have a renoprotective effect.
The impact of domestication and crop improvement on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in cereals: insights from genetics and genomics
Authors: Sawers Ruairidh J. H. , Ramírez‐Flores M. Rosario , Olalde‐Portugal Víctor , Paszkowski Uta
Published: April 2018

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
1135

II.
Recruitment of plant metabolites and hormones as signals in AM symbiosis
1136

III.
Phytohormones are regulators of AM symbiosis and targets of plant breeding
1137

IV.
Variation in host response to AM symbiosis
1137

V.
Outlook
1137

Acknowledgements
1139

References
1139

Cereals (rice, maize, wheat, sorghum and the millets) provide over 50% of the world's caloric intake, a value that rises to > 80% in developing countries. Since domestication, cereals have been under artificial selection, largely directed towards higher yield. Throughout this process, cereals have maintained their capacity to interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, beneficial symbionts that associate with the roots of most terrestrial plants. It has been hypothesized that the shift from the wild to cultivation, and above all the last c. 50 years of intensive breeding for high‐input farming systems, has reduced the capacity of the major cereal crops to gain full benefit from AM interactions. Recent studies have shed further light on the molecular basis of establishment and functioning of AM symbiosis in cereals, providing insight into where the breeding process might have had an impact. Classic phytohormones, targets of artificial selection during the generation of Green Revolution semi‐dwarf varieties, have emerged as important regulators of AM symbiosis. Although there is still much to be learnt about the mechanistic basis of variation in symbiotic outcome, these advances are providing an insight into the role of arbuscular mycorrhiza in agronomic systems.
Mobility of Highly Skilled Retirees from Japan to Korea and Taiwan
Authors: Kang Byeongwoo , Sato Yukihito , Ueki Yashushi
Published: April 2018

Attracting highly skilled workers (HSWs) is a major element for the economic development of many countries, especially developing countries. However, the general international mobility of workers is from developing countries to developed ones. Historical evidence has indicated that Korean and Taiwanese firms scout for highly skilled Japanese workers (either retired or soon‐to‐retire) to accrue knowledge and achieve catch‐up. Therefore, this article investigates how highly skilled Japanese workers have been scouted by firms in Korea and Taiwan. Aimed at producing evidence rather than testing hypotheses, the findings of this article provide practical information for firms in developing countries on attracting HSWs for their growth. In addition, this article provides insights into the international mobility of HSWs from a developed country to developing countries, which has not been examined in the previous literature.
Time course of the photochemical reflectance index during photosynthetic induction: its relationship with the photochemical yield of photosystem II
Authors: Murakami Keach , Ibaraki Yasuomi
Published: April 2018

Time courses of photochemical reflectance index (PRI) of an attached cucumber leaf during a dark–light transition were compared with those of photochemical yields of photosystem II (YII) to discuss the feasibility of PRI imaging for estimating the efficiency of photosynthetic light use.YIIand PRI were simultaneously evaluated with a pulse‐amplitude modulation chlorophyll fluorometer and a low‐cost imaging system consisting of digital cameras and band‐pass filters, respectively.YIIdecreased immediately after the transition and then increased under various photon flux densities. Although PRI exhibited delayed time courses with respect toYIIunder low light conditions, PRI decreased monotonically under high light conditions. There was no correlation betweenYIIand the changes in PRI (ΔPRI) immediately after the transition butYIIwas correlated with ΔPRI under the steady‐state photosynthesis. These results indicate that the use of PRI to estimateYIIunder fluctuating light based on the regression obtained at steady state can overestimateYII. The imaging system was also applied to evaluate the spatial PRI distribution within a leaf. While PRI of leaf areas that remained untreated, or had been treated with H2O again, first dropped and then rose under low light and monotonically decreased under high light conditions, leaf areas treated with inhibitor (dichlorophenyl dimethylurea) did not exhibit any changes. It is likely that the inhibitor suppressed lumen acidification, which triggers a decrease in PRI. It was suggested thatYIIof leaves with malfunctions in the photosynthetic electron transport can be overestimated by the PRI‐based estimation.
Testing for Pathway (in)Activation by Using Gaussian Graphical Models
Authors: Wieringen Wessel N. , Peeters Carel F. W. , Menezes Renee X. , Wiel Mark A.
Published: April 2018

Genes work together in sets known as pathways to contribute to cellular processes, such as apoptosis and cell proliferation. Pathway activation, or inactivation, may be reflected in varying partial correlations between the levels of expression of the genes that constitute the pathway. Here we present a method to identify pathway activation status from two-sample studies. By modelling the levels of expression in each group by using a Gaussian graphical model, their partial correlations are proportional, differing by a common multiplier that reflects the activation status. We estimate model parameters by means of penalized maximum likelihood and evaluate the estimation procedure performance in a simulation study. A permutation scheme to test for pathway activation status is proposed. A reanalysis of publicly available data on the hedgehog pathway in normal and cancer prostate tissue shows its activation in the disease group: an indication that this pathway is involved in oncogenesis. Extensive diagnostics employed in the reanalysis complete the methodology proposed.
Scaling down of a deworming programme among school‐age children after a thirty‐year successful intervention in the Bolivian Chaco
Authors: Spinicci Michele , Macchioni Fabio , Rojo David , Gamboa Herlan , Villagrán Ana Liz , Vallejos Yolanda , Strohmeyer Marianne , Roselli Mimmo , Gabrielli Simona , Cancrini Gabriella , Monasterio Joaquín , Castellanos Paul , Paredes Grover Adolfo , Maury Sdenka , Zárate Adolfo , Rocabado Rodolfo , Olliaro Piero , Montresor Antonio , Bartoloni Alessandro
Published: April 2018

Objective

Preventive chemotherapy is the WHO‐recommended control method for soil‐transmitted helminthiases. In the Bolivian Chaco, 6‐monthly single‐dose mebendazole delivery to school‐age children achieved a dramatic decrease in soil‐transmitted helminthiases prevalence between 1987 and 2013. Consequently, in September 2016, preventive chemotherapy delivery was interrupted in nine rural communities. In compliance with WHO recommendations, we intensified surveillance to monitor soil‐transmitted helminthiases prevalence and detect potential changes that would require interventions.

Methods

We conducted two cross‐sectional parasitology surveys 12 months apart (September 2016–2017) among school‐age children living in the communities where preventive chemotherapy delivery had been halted. Study design, methods of sampling and sample analysis technique (direct microscopy, Kato‐Katz technique) followed WHO recommendations, aiming to obtain data representative of the Bolivian Chaco ecological zone.

Results

We collected 426 samples in 2016 and 520 in 2017. Soil‐transmitted helminthiasis prevalence was unremarkable: 0.7% (95% CI 0–1.5%) in 2016 and 0.8% (0–1.5%) in 2017. Conversely, the prevalence of tapeworms (13% in 2016, 12% in 2017) and intestinal protozoan infections (81% in 2016 and 75% in 2017) continued to be high.

Conclusions

Our findings support the role of preventive chemotherapy in reducing soil‐transmitted helminthiases transmission, as otherwise poor hygienic and health conditions persist in the Bolivian Chaco. A national survey, involving areas from all the ecological zones of Bolivia, is now warranted.
A chromatin loop represses WUSCHEL expression in Arabidopsis
Authors: Guo Lin , Cao Xiuwei , Liu Yuhao , Li Jun , Li Yongpeng , Li Dongming , Zhang Ke , Gao Caixia , Dong Aiwu , Liu Xigang
Published: April 2018

WUSCHEL (WUS) is critical for plant meristem maintenance and determinacy in Arabidopsis, and the regulation of its spatiotemporal expression patterns is complex. We previously found that AGAMOUS (AG), a key MADS‐domain transcription factor in floral organ identity and floral meristem determinacy, can directly suppress WUS expression through the recruitment of the Polycomb group (PcG) protein TERMINAL FLOWER 2 (TFL2, also known as LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1, LHP1) at the WUS locus; however, the mechanism by which WUS is repressed remains unclear. Here, using chromosome conformation capture (3C) and chromatin immunoprecipitation 3C, we found that two specific regions flanking the WUS gene body bound by AG and TFL2 form a chromatin loop that is directly promoted by AG during flower development in a manner independent of the physical distance and sequence content of the intervening region. Moreover, AG physically interacts with TFL2, and TFL2 binding to the chromatin loop is dependent on AG. Transgenic and CRISPR/Cas9‐edited lines showed that the WUS chromatin loop represses gene expression by blocking the recruitment of RNA polymerase II at the locus. The findings uncover the WUS chromatin loop as another regulatory mechanism controlling WUS expression, and also shed light on the factors required for chromatin conformation change and their recruitment.