bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversion efficiency of fir roundwood into sawlogs
Authors: Brandstetter Markus , Zeleniuc Octavia , Pei Gheorghe , Campean Mihaela
Published: August 2021

The objective of this research was to quantitate the amount of wood loss that occurs during the processing of freshly harvested fir roundwood into sawlogs. The influence of the felling damages and various growth defects, e.g., curvature, taper, and forked growth, were taken into consideration. The causes of wood loss and wood volume reduction during the three primary operations of this processing chain, under the considered limited conditions, were established. The greatest wood volume reduction recorded was an 11% decrease, which was caused by the crosscutting of the stems into shorter logs. Additional wood volume reductions were due to the selection (grading) of the sawable logs and to debarking (7% and 6%, respectively). Some recommendations, in terms of industrial applicability, i.e., methods to reduce the amount of wood loss, were also formulated.
Fabrication of flexible thin veneer for electromagnetic interference shielding and decoration through simple electroless plating
Authors: Wang Yu , Gala Suri , Huang Jin Tian
Published: August 2021

A widely applicable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and decorative thin veneer containing copper was prepared with simple electroless technology. Copper was used as the structural and EMI reflection component to reinforce the mechanical strength and EMI shielding effectiveness. Both the texture and structural properties of copper deposited on poplar wood were characterized. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the copper deposited on poplar wood had a crystallite size between 7.9 nm and 15.9 nm, and the copper crystallites grew rapidly as the number of electroless runs increased, which was consistent with the resistivity and microscopy analyses. The mechanical and EMI shielding effectiveness results showed that after two electroless runs, the wood veneer surface was completely covered, which improved the EMI shielding effectiveness and mechanical properties of wood veneer. The material could be bent 360° without being damaged and had a good decorative effect.
Smartphone assisted oral health data recording – an android based software application development
Authors: Nagarajappa Sandesh , Vyas Shaleen
Published: August 2021

Background. Smartphone compared to the traditional pen-paper method could enhance oral health data recording procedure by reducing the cost of data collection, risk of data loss, early detection of errors and reducing data entry time. The present research developed a mobile/tablet-based software application to capture oral health data and test its adaptability and operations in oral health surveys.

Methods. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among the general population of Sanwer town, Indore district. The initial testing of the application was done on 120 individuals. A random sampling (lottery method) followed by a systematic sampling strategy was employed to select 120 households. A “one per household” design was implemented for the survey. The initial oral health data collection was done using mobile-assisted software application followed by a second examination scheduled after 15 days on the same participants using the conventional Pen-paper method to collect oral health data. 

Results. Six Investigator Recorder (IR) teams conducted the oral health data collection. Data collection through Smartphone-based application displayed less meantime (3.57 minutes) in comparison to pen-paper method (4.87 minutes) (p≤0.001). Survey team response showed the majority of investigators having strong agreement on user satisfaction and speed of data entry using software application.

Conclusion. The initial testing of mobile-assisted recording system (MARS) efficiently captured oral health data among the general population with wide variations in oral disease level. The application facilitated minimal or no wastage of paper and had a high level of user-satisfaction, accuracy, speed of entry and low potential for any data loss.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection - impact on cardiovascular system
Authors: Ahmed Mariam , Ball Patrick Anthony , Morrissey Hana
Published: August 2021

Aim. This review aimed to explain novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection impact on cardiovascular system and patients management in community and primary care settings.

Method. Literature search and review limited to 2020 of published papers identified dealing with Coronavirus and cardiovascular disease.

Results. Coronavirus is a large family of positive-sense, enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the Nidovirales order. Covid-19 refers to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 variant. Myocardial injury has a considerable association with mortality outcomes for COVID-19 infection. The prognosis of patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases, who had not sustained myocardial injury was relatively favourable. Inflammation may also be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury. So far, current evidence suggests statistically significant associations between cardiac injury and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Whether this is mediated by destruction of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in heart cells or by other mechanisms, is being investigated.

Conclusion. In patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases, aggressive treatment for COVID-19 should be considered and clinicians should be aware of the significantly increased risk of serious infection and worse prognosis in this patient group. New evidence and studies are continually emerging and will confirm or refute our current understanding about COVID-19 impact. Primary care practitioners are urged to continue to monitor the evolving evidence to appropriately manage their patients who are at risk of, or currently diagnosed with cardiovascular conditions.
Evidence based management guidelines in dentistry during COVID-19 pandemic – a review of the literature
Authors: Saikiran Kanamarlapudi Venkata , Sahiti Putta Sai , Mounika Somisetty Venkata Mahalakshmi , Elicherla Sainath Reddy , Hemanth Kumar Raichurkar , Sandeep Gonegandla Giriraj
Published: August 2021

The present COVID-19 pandemic presents a high risk of transmission. Several infection control procedures have been employed to alleviate the further spread of this disease. The dental practice could be a potential risk factor for the transmission of this virus, which has a potential for aerosol generation. For a successful dental practice, effective infection control guidelines have to be established using relevant scientific research. In this perspective, the present article focused on current systematic reviews with evidence based effective treatment protocols during this pandemic.
NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY MEASUREMENT AND KINETIC MODELING FOR PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TABTIM FISH (HYBRID TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS SP.) FILLETS DURING CHILLING STORAGE
Authors: Wangtueai Sutee , Vichasilp Chaluntorn , Pankasemsuk Tanachai , Theanjumpol Parichart , Phimolsiripol Yuthana
Published: August 2021

This research is aimed to investigate the physiochemical properties of Tabtim fish fillets [pH, moisture content, water holding capacity (WHC) and texture profile analysis] during storage at 0, 5, and 10ºC for up to 18 days. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was used as a nondestructive measurement and kinetics was also applied for determining the quality changes. Results showed that the pH value increased with an increase of storage time and storage temperature (P≤0.05) while the hardness and WHC were decreased as a result of increasing time and storage temperature (P≤0.05). Change in pH, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness during storage can be described by zero- or first-order reactions. NIR spectra of fish fillets (180 samples) were collected in the reflectance mode with both the short-wavelength region (700-1000 nm) and long-wavelength region (1000-2500 nm). A partial regression model with cross validation was created. The models for pH, hardness, adhesiveness, and gumminess demonstrated that the value for the determination coefficient of validation ranged from 0.61-0.73 while the standard error of prediction was 0.14 for pH, 2.58 N for hardness, 0.21 N.mm for adhesiveness, and 1.68 N for gumminess. The model developed using NIR could predict pH, hardness, adhesiveness, and gumminess as basic for a screening test.
BIONANOTECHNOLOGIES: SYNTHESIS OF METALS’ NANOPARTICLES WITH USING PLANTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY: A REVIEW
Authors: Tsekhmistrenko Svitlana светлана , Bityutskyy Vladimir , Tsekhmistrenko Oksana , Merzlo Serhii , Tymoshok Natalia , Melnichenko Alexander , Polishcuk Svitlana , Demchenko Alexander , Yakymenko Igor
Published: August 2021

The basic principles of bionanotechnology and modern "green" chemistry are considered. The methods of synthesizing nanoparticles such as "top-down" and "bottom-up" are analyzed. The advantages of "green" synthesis of nanoparticles from plant raw materials with unique properties and a wide range of applications are presented. There are systematized factors that influence the biosynthesis of nanoparticles: the nature of the plant extract, the pH of the reaction mixture, the temperature of the incubation, the reaction time, the concentration and the electrochemical potential of the metal ion. The prospect of using nanotechnological approaches for the whole chain of agricultural production, as well as in the food industry, which will promote the creation of new nanomaterials, is shown. Nanotechnologies are successfully used to ensure the quality of food, enrichment of food products with minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, improvement of organoleptic properties, prolongation of life and antimicrobial packaging of food products. The focus is on the biosafety of nanomaterials whose properties are multifaceted, ambiguous and require a comprehensive, safe, responsible and scientifically sound approach.
MYCOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DRIED FISHES COLLECTED FROM OPEN MARKETS WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON MYCOTOXIN PRODUCTION
Authors: Thiyagarajan Santhanamari , Jamal Alruwaili
Published: August 2021

Dried fishes are salted and sun dried fish products consumed by large population owing to their nutrient richness, flavor and long shelf life properties. Contamination of dried fishes by mycotoxin producing fungi pose serious threat to food safety and public health. A total of 27 samples belonging to three varieties of dried fishes collected in Chennai city, India were screened for the isolation of mycotoxin producing fungal contaminants. Mycological examination of samples revealed the prevalence of six types of fungi viz., A. parasiticus (27.27%), A. niger (22.72%), A. fumigatus (18.18%), Penicillium sp. (18.18%), Cladosporium sp. (9.09%) and Euratium sp. (4.54%). Detection using thin layer chromatography indicated that 18.18% of isolates belonging to A. parasiticus, A. fumigatus, Penicillium sp. were positive, while A. niger, Cladosporium sp., and Euratium sp.  were negative for mycotoxin production. Further to the bioassay with Artemia larvae, substantial lethality was observed with the mycotoxin of A. parasiticus (100%), followed that of by A. fumigatus and Penicillium sp. (each 50%). The HPLC studies indicated that the mycotoxin produced by A. parasiticus was Aflatoxin G2. Need for proper hygienic practices during processing and handling of dried fishes in order to avoid fungal contamination and likelihood mycotoxicosis in consumers has been suggested.
DEVELOPMENT AND PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF SPRAY DRIED POWDER FROM ENZYMATICALLY EXTRACTED RIPE PALM (Borassus flabellifer) JUICE
Authors: Mohanty Soberly , Mishra Sabyasachi , Pradhan Rama Chandra
Published: August 2021

Ripe Palm (Borassus flabellifer) juice contains high sugars that make it difficult to store for a longer period, which limits its use for spray drying. The present work explores the feasibility and optimization of spray drying to make powder from enzymatically extracted ripe palm juice using maltodextrin and gum Arabic as wall materials. Various parameters such as moisture, water activity, solubility, ascorbic acid, colour change, and yield were optimized using response surface method with the central composite design. A mixture of maltodextrin and gum Arabic at a ratio of 3:1(w/w) combined with lactose, and spray drying with an inlet temperature of 140⁰C resulted in the optimum powder quantity and quality. The palm powder yield was maximum (63.5±0.29 %) with acceptable solubility (31.6±0.33 secs), colour change (ΔE= 18.37±0.03), ascorbic acid content (54±0.0003 µg /ml), moisture content (3.3±0.61), and water activity (0.29±0.05). The optimized conditions can be replicated on an industrial scale for the production of palm powder.
REDUCTION OF BIOGENIC AMINES PRODUCTION IN CHILLED MINCED MEAT USING ANTIMICROBIAL SEASONINGS
Authors: Mahmoud Abdallah Fikry A. , Elshopary Nermeen , Hasab El-Naby Gamal , El Bayomi Rasha
Published: August 2021

In the present study, biogenic amines levels, microorganisms count, and sensory attributes were assessed in seasoned and unseasoned minced beef during chilling storage at 3±1°C over four consecutive days. Seasoning treatments consisted of black pepper, garlic powder, onion powder, soy sauce, lactic acid, and lemon juice. Biogenic amines concentrations in unseasoned and seasoned samples were analyzed by HPLC. Sensory assessment was acceptable with good scores for seasoned meat samples. The total amount of biogenic amines increased significantly as the storage period increased. The most abundant amine was cadaverine followed by putrescine, histamine, and tyramine. However, biogenic amines concentrations increased significantly less in seasoned meat samples compared to unseasoned samples, with the smallest increase observed in mince treated with lemon juice, lactic acid, and garlic powder. Concurrently, the seasoned samples exhibited significantly lower total aerobic bacterial, Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus counts compared to their unseasoned equivalents. These results suggest that the addition of antimicrobial seasonings during minced meat processing could improve quality and provide a safer product.
BEER AS A SOURCE OF HOP PRENYLATED FLAVONOIDS, COMPOUNDS WITH ANTIOXIDANT, CHEMOPROTECTIVE AND PHYTOESTROGEN ACTIVITY
Authors: Urminská Dana , Jedináková Nora
Published: August 2021

Beer is an alcoholic beverage consumed worldwide, which is given its typical taste by the presence of hops. Hops contain an array technologically important substances, which are primarily represented by hop resins (humulones, lupulones, humulinones, hulupones, etc.), essential oils (humulene, myrcene, etc.) and tannins (phenolic compounds quercetin, catechin, etc.). In addition to their sensory properties, these molecules contribute to the biological and colloidal stability of beer with their antiseptic and antioxidant properties. Recently, an increased attention has been given to prenylated hop flavonoids, particularly xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin. Xanthohumol is a prenylated chalcone that exhibit antioxidant, anticancer and chemoprotective effects. Its only source in human nutrition is beer, nevertheless a large part of xanthohumol from hops is isomerized by heat to isoxanthohumol and desmethylxanthohumol, from which a racemic mixture of 6- and 8-prenylnaringenins is formed during the beer production. Xanthohumol is also converted to isoxanthohumol by digestion, leading to the formation of 8-prenylnaringenin that is being catalyzed by the enzymes of the intestinal microorganisms as well as liver enzymes. This substance is currently considered to be the most effective natural phytoestrogen.
THE EFFECT OF NATURAL ZEOLITE DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE EGG QUALITY OF JAPANESE QUAILS (Coturnix japonica) DURING THE LAYING PERIOD
Authors: Hanusova Emilia , Hrnčár C. , Oravcová M. , Chrastinová Ľ. , Rajský M. , Chrenková M. , Hanus A.
Published: August 2021

The effect of supplementing natural zeolite (NZ) on the laying characteristics and on the internal and external egg quality during laying period of Japanese quails was studied. The laying and average eggs per female were lower in control (C) and the Z1 experimental groups (1% NZ) compare with the Z2 experimental group (2% NZ). The significant effect of the NZ addition in comparison with the C was found in the eggshell weight and yolk index. The eggshell weight of C (1.10±0.01 g) was significantly lower than Z1 (1.18±0.01 g). The quails of Z2 had significantly lower egg weight than Z1. The average egg weight was significantly affected by diet (P≤0.05) and also by age of quails (P≤0.001). At the beginning of the laying, the weight of the eggs (age 1) was significantly lower (12.07±0.12 g at the beginning, 12.38±0.12 g in the middle and 13.38±0.12 g in the end) (P≤0.001). The albumen weight and Haugh unit were significantly influenced by the age of the females. The albumen weight increased with female age (from 6.88 to 8.10±0.09 g). The HU was significantly lower (89.52±0.30) at the age 1 than in age 2 (90.50±0.30) and age 3 (90.57±0.30) (P≤0.05). The yolk index was significantly affected by both diet and age of animals. The significant difference was between C and Z1 (P≤0.05). The highest yolk index was found in youngest female (P≤0.01). The egg quality was mainly affected by age of females. Diet affected investigated traits to a smaller extent.
CHARACTERIZATION OF WHITE SESAME SEED OIL AND ITS BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS
Authors: Aslam Farhan , Iqbal Sanaullah , Imran Muhammad , Anjum Aftab Ahmad , Gilani Syed Amir , Farooq Zubair , Tariq Hafiza Bushra , Terentev Sergei , Terekhova Anna , Shariati Mohammad Ali
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of white sesame seed oil (WSSO) (PB-Till 90) along with their bioactive components. Among physicochemical properties; free fatty acids (0.95 ± 0.05 %), peroxide value (0.88 ± 0.03 meq/kg), thiobarbituric acid value (0.045 ± 0.0 mg malonaldehyde/kg-oil), free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) (85.07 ± 0.01 %), and iodine value (113.4 ± 1.46 g/100gm) were observed.  Fatty acid (%) profile, determined by gas chromatography, mostly comprised of unsaturated fatty acids. Bioactive components were determined using HPLC and include tocopherol mg/kg (α 8.12 ± 0.0, δ 23.98 ± 0.02, γ 3.125 ± 0.01), polyphenol mg/kg (Gallic acid 0.985 ± 0.001, protocatechuic acid 0.018 ± 0.001, syringic acid 0.024 ± 0.002, ferulic acid 0.134 ± 0.001), stigmasterol 6689.34 ± 0.02 and lignans mg/kg (sesamin 18340 ± 8.5, sesamolin 28340 ± 13.7 and sesamol 224 ± 2.0) were quantified. The results show that WSSO from variety PB-Till 90 has good physicochemical properties and contain appreciable quantities of bioactive components to make its usage as a functional food ingredient.
SIGHTS TO AUTHENTICATION AND ADULTERATION OF THE COFFEE IN GLOBAL ASPECT
Authors: Čurlej Jozef , Bobková Alica , Zajác Peter , Čapla Jozef , Hleba Lukas
Published: August 2021

Coffee presents a valuable food product for several reasons, covering areas like a source of health benefits substances for the human body, brain energizing/stimulating product and its social aspect raising from coffee consumption. This study aims to summarise the most common practices used in coffee adulteration and the methods focused to confirm the authenticity of the coffee, the quality, and price determinants according to a place of origin and/or selection between Robusta versus Arabica coffee beans. Nowadays, several scientific approaches are used for this purpose, based on chemical or molecular analysis. Literature and the data presented in this article were collected from studies published in scientific journals. On the other hand, the article introduces how to protect customer\s rights in the global coffee trade.
Patient Risk Factors for Violent Restraint Use in a Children’s Hospital Medical Unit
Authors: Noah Akaninyene , Andrade Gabriela , DeBrocco Dawn , Dunn Michelle , Herz Katherine , Worsley Diana , Camacho Pete , Doupnik Stephanie K.
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

To inform efforts to reduce violent restraint use, we examined risk factors for restraint use among hospitalized children with known behavior concerns.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of restraint events in all hospitalizations from 2017 to 2019 on a 10-bed medical-surgical unit with dedicated mental health clinician support. We examined characteristics of restraint events, used adjusted logistic regression models to identify independent risk factors for restraint use, and used an adjusted Poisson regression model to determine the adjusted rate of restraint events per hospital day.

RESULTS

The sample included 1507 hospitalizations representing 1235 patients. Among included hospitalizations, 48% were for a psychiatric indication awaiting transfer to an inpatient psychiatric unit, and 52% were for a primary medical or surgical problem. Sixteen percent had a restraint event. Patient demographic characteristics were not associated with risk of a restraint event. Having a psychiatric indication for hospitalization was an independent risk factor for restraint use (odds ratio: 2.85; 95% confidence interval: 2.06–3.94). Rate of restraint use per day decreased as length of stay increased; hospitalizations lasting 9 days or longer had a 58% lower rate of restraint use per day than 1- to 2-day hospitalizations (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Interventions to reduce restraint use may benefit from incorporating information about a patient’s psychiatric risk factors, including type and number of diagnoses and reason for hospitalization. Future efforts could investigate whether providing enhanced behavior supports during the first several days of a patient’s hospitalization reduces violent restraint use.
Influenza-Related Knowledge, Beliefs, and Experiences Among Caregivers of Hospitalized Children
Authors: Hofstetter Annika M. , Opel Douglas J. , Stockwell Melissa S. , Hsu Clarissa , deHart M. Patricia , Zhou Chuan , Mangione-Smith Rita M. , Englund Janet A.
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE

Caregivers frequently decline influenza vaccine for their hospitalized child. In this study, we aimed to examine factors impacting their influenza vaccine decision-making.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional survey study of English- and Spanish-speaking caregivers of children hospitalized at a tertiary care pediatric hospital between November 2017 and April 2018. The survey assessed influenza-related knowledge, beliefs, experiences, and vaccine hesitancy. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between survey responses and child influenza vaccination status at admission (already vaccinated versus not yet vaccinated this season) and, among caregivers with vaccine-eligible children, influenza vaccine acceptance (versus declination) for their child during hospitalization.

RESULTS

Caregivers (N =522; 88.9% response rate) were mostly non-Hispanic white (66.9%) and English-speaking (97.7%). At admission, 63.2% of children were already vaccinated this season. The caregiver view that influenza vaccination is important for their child’s health was the strongest positive predictor of having an already vaccinated child (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.46–4.05); vaccine hesitancy was the strongest negative predictor (aOR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.50–0.75). Among caregivers with vaccine-eligible children, 30.3% accepted influenza vaccine for their hospitalized child. Their belief regarding the child health benefits of influenza vaccination was associated with vaccine acceptance during hospitalization (aOR: 6.87; 95% CI: 3.38–13.96). Caregiver vaccine hesitancy and agreement that children with mild illness should delay vaccination negatively impacted vaccine acceptance (aOR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.25–0.62; aOR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.20–0.56, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

We identified key factors impacting influenza vaccine decision-making among caregivers of hospitalized children, a critical step to improving uptake in this population.
Within-Hospital Concordance of Opioid Exposure Diagnosis Coding in Mothers and Newborns
Authors: Clark Rebecca R.S. , French Rachel , Lorch Scott , O’Rourke Kathleen , Rosenbaum Kathleen E. Fitzpatrick , Lake Eileen T.
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

We measured within-hospital concordance of mothers with opioid use disorder (OUD) and newborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) or opioid exposure (OE). Secondarily, we described the demographics of mothers and newborns with and without opioid-related diagnoses.

METHODS

We used hospital discharge abstracts from California, Florida, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania in 2016. Descriptive statistics were used to compare newborns and mothers with and without opioid-related diagnoses. Within-hospital frequencies of mothers with OUD and newborns with NAS and OE were compared. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated.

RESULTS

In 474 hospitals, we found 896 702 mothers (0.6% with OUD) and 910 867 newborns (0.47% with NAS, 0.85% with OE, and 0.07% with both). Although the frequency of mothers and newborns with opioid-related diagnoses in a hospital was strongly correlated (r = 0.81), more infants were identified than mothers in most hospitals (68.3%). Mothers with OUD were more likely to be white (79% vs 40.9%), on Medicaid (75.4% vs 44.0%), and receive care in rural hospitals (20.6% vs 17.6%), compared with mothers without OUD. Newborns with NAS had demographics similar to women with OUD. Newborns with OE were disproportionately Black (22% vs 7%) or Hispanic (22% vs 9%).

CONCLUSIONS

More newborns are diagnosed with opioid-related disorders than mothers are. Although infants diagnosed with NAS had demographics similar to mothers with OUD, infants with OE were more likely to be Black or Hispanic. The lack of diagnostic coding of maternal OUD and the racial differences in diagnoses warrant attention.
Diversity, Inclusion and Cultural Competency in Pediatric Hospital Medicine Fellowship Programs
Authors: Dixon Gabrina , Barqadle Fatuma , Gill Edward , Okoroafor Whitney , Fromme Barrett , Ganem Jorge
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVES

The objectives with this study were to describe the current state of Pediatric Hospital Medicine (PHM) fellowship programs with regards to (1) diversity of fellows and programs’ leadership, (2) current diversity and inclusion (D&I) programs and measures of their success, and (3) the state of cultural competency training.

METHODS

In 2018, fellowship directors of the 35 active PHM fellowship programs were invited to participate in a survey of diversity, inclusion, and cultural competency at PHM fellowship programs. Participants were invited via in-person invitations at the annual PHM fellowship directors meeting and through e-mail invitations from July to September to complete an online survey.

RESULTS

There was an 89% response rate of the survey. Most fellows, faculty, and program directors in PHM were female (74%, 70%, and 70%, respectively) and white (53%, 67%, and 60%, respectively). There were no African American, American Indian or Alaskan Native, or Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander program directors. Forty-five percent of programs reported that neither the fellowship program nor their hospital had a strategic plan that addresses D&I. Approximately 61% of programs had cultural competency training for fellows.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first survey to report on the state of D&I in PHM fellowship programs. There is lack of racial and ethnic diversity in programs fellows, faculty, and directors. Although most programs have cultural competency training, strategic planning to promote D&I is not widely implemented among PHM fellowship programs.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Pediatric Rapid Response With a Respiratory Trigger
Authors: Meulmester Kristen M. , Coss-Bu Jorge A. , Meskill Sarah D. , Wakefield Bryan M. , Moore Robert H. , Vachani Joyee G. , Bavare Aarti C.
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Authors of adult rapid response (RRT) studies have established that RRT triggers play an important role in outcomes, but this association is not studied in pediatrics. In this study, we explore the characteristics and outcomes of pediatric rapid response with a respiratory trigger (Resp-RRT). We hypothesize that outcomes differ on the basis of patients’ primary diagnoses at the time of Resp-RRT.

METHODS

We conducted a 2-year retrospective observational study at an academic tertiary care pediatric hospital.

RESULTS

Among the 1287 Resp-RRTs in 1060 patients, those with a respiratory diagnosis (N = 686) were younger, less likely to have complex chronic conditions, and less likely to have concurrent triggers (P < .01) than those with a nonrespiratory diagnosis (N = 601). Patients with a respiratory diagnosis were more likely to receive noninvasive ventilation, less likely to receive vasoactive support, and had lower 30-day mortality (P < .01). Among those with a respiratory diagnosis, the 541 patients with acute illness were younger, less likely to have complex chronic conditions, and less likely to receive vasoactive support than those with acute on chronic illness (N = 100) (P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

Among pediatric respiratory-triggered RRT events, patients with a respiratory diagnosis were more likely to receive acute respiratory support in ICU but have better long-term outcomes. Presence of complex chronic conditions increases risk of acute respiratory support and mortality. The interplay of primary diagnosis with RRT trigger can potentially inform resource needs and outcomes for pediatric Resp-RRTs.
Validation of an Automated System for Identifying Complications of Serious Pediatric Emergencies
Authors: Michelson Kenneth A. , Dart Arianna H. , Finkelstein Jonathan A. , Bachur Richard G.
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

Illness complications are condition-specific adverse outcomes. Detecting complications of pediatric illness in administrative data would facilitate widespread quality measurement, however the accuracy of such detection is unclear.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients visiting a large pediatric emergency department. We analyzed those <22 years old from 2012 to 2019 with 1 of 14 serious conditions: appendicitis, bacterial meningitis, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), empyema, encephalitis, intussusception, mastoiditis, myocarditis, orbital cellulitis, ovarian torsion, sepsis, septic arthritis, stroke, and testicular torsion. We applied a method using disposition, diagnosis codes, and procedure codes to identify complications. The automated determination was compared with the criterion standard of manual health record review by using positive predictive values (PPVs) and negative predictive values (NPVs). Interrater reliability of manual reviews used a κ.

RESULTS

We analyzed 1534 encounters. PPVs and NPVs for complications were >80% for 8 of 14 conditions: appendicitis, bacterial meningitis, intussusception, mastoiditis, myocarditis, orbital cellulitis, sepsis, and testicular torsion. Lower PPVs for complications were observed for DKA (57%), empyema (53%), encephalitis (78%), ovarian torsion (21%), and septic arthritis (64%). A lower NPV was observed in stroke (68%). The κ between reviewers was 0.88.

CONCLUSIONS

An automated method to measure complications by using administrative data can detect complications in appendicitis, bacterial meningitis, intussusception, mastoiditis, myocarditis, orbital cellulitis, sepsis, and testicular torsion. For DKA, empyema, encephalitis, ovarian torsion, septic arthritis, and stroke, the tool may be used to screen for complicated cases that may subsequently undergo manual review.
“For COVID” or “With COVID”: Classification of SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalizations in Children
Authors: Kushner Lauren E. , Schroeder Alan R. , Kim Joseph , Mathew Roshni
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVES

Pediatric hospitalization rates are used as a marker of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease severity in children but may be inflated by the detection of mild or asymptomatic infection via universal screening. We aimed to classify COVID-19 hospitalizations using an existing and novel approach and to assess the interrater reliability of both approaches.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study characterized severity of illness and likelihood of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection as the cause of hospitalization in pediatric patients <18 years of age. Subjects had positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal testing or were diagnosed with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and were hospitalized between May 10, 2020 (when universal screening of all admissions began) and February 10, 2021, at a university-based, quaternary care children’s hospital in Northern California. Hospitalizations were categorized as either likely or unlikely to be caused by SARS-CoV-2 (novel approach), and disease severity was categorized according to previously published classification of disease severity.

RESULTS

Of 117 hospitalizations, 46 (39.3%) were asymptomatic, 33 (28.2%) had mild to moderate disease, 9 (7.7%) had severe illness, and 15 (12.8%) had critical illness (weighted κ: 0.82). A total of 14 (12%) patients had multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. A total of 53 (45%) admissions were categorized as unlikely to be caused by SARS-CoV-2 (κ: 0.78).

CONCLUSIONS

Although COVID-19 has considerable associated morbidity and mortality in children, reported hospitalization rates likely lead to overestimation of the true disease burden.
Parental Stress and Mental Health Symptoms in the NICU: Recognition and Interventions
Authors: Bernardo Janine , Rent Sharla , Arias-Shah AnnaMarie , Hoge Margaret K. , Shaw Richard J.
Published: August 2021

Parental experiences in the NICU are often characterized by psychological stress and anxiety following the birth of a critically ill or premature infant. Such stress can have a negative impact on parents and their vulnerable infants during NICU hospitalization as well as after discharge. These infants are also at increased risk for adverse developmental, cognitive, academic, and mental health outcomes. Identifying parents at risk for psychological distress is important and feasible with the use of well-validated screening instruments. Screening for psychological distress is essential for identifying families in need of referral for psychological support and resources. Numerous interventions have been implemented in the NICU to support parents. These include staff-based support such as wellness rounds and education in developmental care as well as parental-based support that includes cognitive behavioral therapy and home visitation programs. Comprehensive interventions should use a multidisciplinary approach that involves not only NICU staff but also key stakeholders such as social workers, spiritual/religious representatives, specialists in developmental care, and psychiatrists/psychologists to help support families and facilitate the transition to the home. Future efforts should include raising awareness of the psychological stresses of NICU parents and encouraging the development of programs to provide parents with psychological support.
Nephrotoxicity in Neonates
Authors: Soares Henrique , Moita Rita , Maneira Pedro , Gonçalves Américo , Gomes Ana , Flor-de-Lima Filipa , Costa Sandra , Soares Paulo , Pissarra Susana , Rocha Gustavo , Silva Jorge , Clemente Fátima , Pinto Helena , Guimarães Hercília
Published: August 2021

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is classified based on prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal causes. In the newborn, AKI can occur after an insult during the prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal period. AKI is usually an underrecognized condition and its true incidence is unknown. AKI may result from the administration of a number of different nephrotoxic medications, which are often used concurrently in critically ill neonates, exponentially increasing the risk of renal injury. Drug toxicity may also compromise the formation and development of nephrons, and this is particularly important in preterm infants, who have incomplete nephrogenesis. Little is known about the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different medications used in neonates, especially for the most immature infant, and the use of most medications in this population is off label. Strategies to prevent AKI include the avoidance of hypotension, hypovolemia, fluid imbalances, hypoxia, and sepsis as well as judicious use of nephrotoxic medications. Treatment strategies aim to maintain fluids and electrolytic and acid-base homeostasis, along with an adequate nutritional status. Neonates are especially prone to long-term sequelae of AKI and benefit from long-term follow-up. This review summarizes the most relevant aspects of nephrotoxicity in neonates and describes the prevention, treatment, and follow-up of AKI in neonates.
Neurologic and Cognitive Outcomes in Sickle Cell Disease from Infancy through Adolescence
Authors: Mayer Sarah L. , Fields Melanie E. , Hulbert Monica L.
Published: August 2021

Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at risk for neurologic and cognitive complications beginning in early childhood. Current treatment for SCD focuses on primary prevention of complications, such as hydroxyurea for prevention of pain and acute chest syndrome, and chronic transfusion therapy for children who are at high risk for strokes. In this article, the prevalence, pathophysiology, and available interventions to prevent and treat neurologic and cognitive complications of SCD will be reviewed.
Apreciaciones geotécnicas sobre el deslizamiento en la bocatoma Proyecto Guavio
Authors: Ulloa M. Carlos , Caro P. Pablo , Molano Carlos E. , Montero O. Juan , González G. Álvaro J. , Villarraga H. Roberto
Published: August 2021

Dentro de los proyectos de aprovechamiento hidroeléctrico que se construyen en el centro del país a cargo de la Empresa de Energía Eléctrica de Bogotá, el Proyecto Guavio constituye uno de los más ambiciosos por su magnitud e inversión. En el sector de bocatoma, cuyas obras de explanación se iniciaron en marzo de 1982, se presentaron deslizamientos de magnitud y gravedad creciente entre el mes de julio de 1982 y el mes de julio de 1983; lo ocurrido el 28 de julio de este último año segó la vida a numerosas personas. En el sitio de presa y sectores aledaños afloran rocas de edad Paleozoico Superior constituidas por mármoles y filitas; rocas de edad Cretáceo Inferior conformadas por areniscas, lutitas y calizas; depósitos cuaternarios constituidos por derrubios de pendiente y aluviones recientes. La relación estratigráfica entre rocas paleozoicas y cretáceas es discordante y está marcada por un paleosuelo. La presencia del paleosuelo, el estado de fracturación de las rocas y demás rasgos estructurales de éstas, el grado de meteorización, el régimen de precipitación y el condicionamiento del flujo de agua a través de fracturas, se analizan en el presente trabajo para establecer los posibles mecanismos de falla y las causas de los movimientos. Se destacan las experiencias y enseñanzas prácticas de este caso y la necesidad de asimilarlas, para reducir el riesgo de eventos similares en otros proyectos.
Floculación en lecho poroso (Continuación)
Authors: Ortiz Arce Mario , González Quintero Velmar Jesús , Ortiz Romero Waldo Jesús
Published: August 2021

El presente trabajo trata sobre algunos aspectos relacionados con la floculación en un lecho poroso, estudiados con base en la experimentación, en un modelo, del comportamiento de la floculación de un tipo específico de agua. La floculación en lechos porosos consiste en un lecho de grava, a través del cual se hace circular un determinado caudal del agua a tratar, mezclada íntimamente con el coagulante, para lograr la formación de los flocs, que en una posterior sedimentación, produzca la clarificación del agua. Se ensayaron tres diferentes lechos de grava, con el interés de determinar la granulometría adecuada que optimice el funcionamiento del sistema, teniendo en cuenta que el porcentaje de remoción de turbiedad y de color (objetivo de la floculación) sea el máximo, y estudiando el comportamiento de cada lecho en lo referente a la pérdida de carga, tiempo de retención, rata de flujo y gradiente de velocidad; parámetros éstos que permiten llegar a establecer la eficiencia y funcionalidad de este sistema de floculación.
 
La fuente de agua cruda para la realización de los ensayos proviene del río Bogotá, afluente a la planta de tratamiento del municipio de Mosquera, Cundinamarca, en donde se desarrolló el estudio. Los resultados derivados de este trabajo, permiten llegar a la conclusión de que este sistema funciona eficientemente como floculador en tratamiento de aguas; siendo viable su implementación desde varios puntos de vista:
 
— Se logran reducir los costos de construcción, operación y mantenimiento de floculadores.
 
— El tiempo de retención y la pérdida de carga en este sistema son considerablemente menores que el de los sistemas convencionales.
 
— Dados los problemas de funcionamiento de floculadores en las plantas de tratamiento de las poblaciones pequeñas, en nuestro medio, los lechos de grava ofrecen una alternativa para lograr mejores resultados a un menor costo.
Un punto de vista sobre la formación del ingeniero químico colombiano
Authors: Bogoya Maldonado Daniel
Published: August 2021

El presente trabajo, que fue presentado ante el XIV Congreso Colombiano de Ingeniería Química, dentro del Simposio de Docencia e Investigación, pretende caracterizar los elementos inherentes al proceso de formación llevado a cabo convencionalmente en las diversas facultades de Ingeniería Química; invitar a la reflexión, el análisis y la discusión sobre el tema; cuestionar la metodología tradicional de las clases; y plantear una propuesta global para su evaluación, corrección y enriquecimiento.
Estudio del comportamiento de dos filtros anaeróbicos a nivel de laboratorio durante la etapa de arranque
Authors: Díaz Báez María Consuelo , Guevara R. Jairo , Mayorga Humberto
Published: August 2021

El presente artículo corresponde al estudio a nivel de laboratorio en el cual se evaluó el comportamiento de dos filtros anaeróbicos como método de tratamiento de aguas residuales de origen industrial. En el trabajo se evaluaron dos medios soportes y la puesta en marcha se realizó mediante el incremento porcentual de carga orgánica. Cada incremento se hizo una vez se consiguieron en el sistema condiciones de estado estable. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la adherencia de los microorganismos al soporte es una variable importante, de la cual dependerá de la selección del medio soporte. Este trabajo es el resumen del Proyecto de Grado de los estudiantes Jairo Guevara y Humberto Mayorga.
STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR EVALUATION OF THE UNIFORMITY OF DIFFERENT DRIP FERTIGATION SOLUTIONS
Authors: Nunes Cosmo Bruno Marcos , Andrade Mauricio Guy de , Galeriani Tatiani Mayara , Hermes Eliane , Vilas Boas Márcio Antônio , Gava Glauber José de Castro
Published: August 2021

Population growth has led to an intensified search for ways to increase the efficiency of agricultural production, including improvements of irrigation systems. The aim of this work was to evaluate the uniformity of different drip fertigation techniques, as well as their monitoring using electrical conductivity measurements and statistical quality control charts. For this, an experiment was performed according to a fully randomized design, with six treatments: T1) water (control); T2) Forth Frutas fertilizer; T3) Fortgreen fertilizer; T4) water (control); T5) Bio Bokashi liquid fertilizer; and T6) swine production wastewater. Each treatment consisted of 25 assays (replications). For the assays, 16 collection points were selected for measurements of volume, pH, and electrical conductivity. The data were analyzed using the Christiansen uniformity coefficient, the distribution uniformity coefficient, and the coefficient of variation of the total flow, employing Tukey’s test (5% level), together with statistical quality control charts. The results revealed uniformity above 90% for irrigation and fertigation, while statistically better control was obtained for irrigation. It could be concluded that irrigation and fertigation were similar in terms of uniformity, demonstrating the feasibility of using different fertigation solutions, while the control charts enabled efficient monitoring of the uniformity of the systems.
Ecophysiology, quality, and mycorrhizal dependency in Musa spp. (cv. Grand naine) seedlings
Authors: Rui Ricardo Fernando da , Santos Silvia Correa , Lourente Elaine Reis Pinheiro , Scalon Silvana de Paula Quintão , Schiavo Jolimar Antonio , Valim Wander Cardoso
Published: August 2021

Abstract The use of alternative technologies involving biological processes, with economic and ecological gains, is desirable for both the expansion of Musa spp. farming and the renovation of areas with low yields. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can stimulate plant growth, especially by increasing the absorption of phosphorus (P) and other nutrients. This study analyzes the influence of AMF on the growth and physiology of micropropagated Musaspp. plants submitted to doses of P. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 5 x 5 factorial arrangement, in which the factors were inoculation with AMF (Glomus clarum, Gigaspora margarita, , Gigaspora albida,Clareoideoglomus etunicatum, and the control without AMF) and five doses of P (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg kg-1), with four replicates. The application of P doses increased growth in micropropagated Musaspp. seedlings, regardless of mycorrhizal inoculation. The highest rates of mycorrhizal colonization occurred at the lowest P doses, and the dose of 50 mg kg-1 P provided better conditions for mycorrhizal formation in all AMF species under study. The symbioses with AMF, as well as the use of P, increased photosynthesis rate, thus favoring the growth, development, and quality of Musa spp. seedlings. Species G. clarum, C. etunicatum, and G. margarita were the most promising for plant growth.
Gestão participativa na Estratégia Saúde da Família: reorientação da demanda à luz do Método Paideia
Authors: Clemente Mykaelly Pereira , Pinto Antonio Germane Alves , Martins Alissan Karine Lima
Published: August 2021

RESUMO Objetivou-se descrever a construção de um plano de ação de corresponsabilização entre gestores, profissionais e usuários, para a reorientação da demanda espontânea em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família, por meio de ferramentas de gestão participativa. Tratou-se de um estudo intervencionista do tipo pesquisa-ação, realizado com uma equipe de Estratégia Saúde da Família do município de Petrolina (PE). Participaram do estudo 11 sujeitos, selecionados pela técnica de amostragem da representatividade qualitativa, sendo 3 gestores da atenção básica do município, 4 profissionais de saúde da Estratégia Saúde da Família envolvida no estudo e 4 líderes comunitários, representantes dos usuários. O referencial teórico adotado para a análise da intervenção foi o método de análise e cogestão de coletivos, o Método Paideia. O estudo evidenciou o despreparo dos coletivos para atuarem na gestão participativa, ao tempo que revelou que as possibilidades de reestruturação dos serviços são otimizadas quando pensadas de maneira democrática e corresponsável. Considerou-se que as principais contribuições deste estudo foram a sensibilização e a mobilização dos sujeitos para atuarem de maneira participante no planejamento e na gestão dos problemas de saúde.