bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'Histoire du “Grand Mal”Épileptique
Authors: Ohashi Hiroshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Historical documents on epilepsy, especially on “grand mal” seizure, are mentioned in a chronological order. Among medical writings in the Greco‐Roman antiquity, texts of Hippocrates, Celsus, Aretaeus and Galenus are cited and reviewed critically. Their descriptions of major symptoms are to be highly estimated. In the Middle Ages, Galenic tripartition of epilepsy (Epilepsia, Analepsia, Catalepsia) was popular. Platearius divided epilepsy into two forms: epilepsia maior and minor. Not only medical, but also theological and laic conceptions of this period are described. Paraceleus, a representative figure in the Renaissance, developed a unique epileptology in the light of his “Weltanschauung”: Macrocosmos‐Microcosmos correspondence, Principle of the three Substances (Sulphur, Mercurius, Sal). In the eighteenth century, de Gorter distinguished clearly “tonic” and “clonic” convulsions.
Morphometry of Cytoarchitecture of the Lateral Hypothalamic Area in the Rat
Authors: Shimono Masatake , Tsuji Nobuyuki , Takeichi Masashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The cytoarchitecture of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in rats was studied with cresyl violet‐stained coronal celloidin sections and with sections of the brain impregnated by a Golgi method. Unimodality was established in the frequency distribution histogram of both the somatic cross‐sectional area of the LHA neurons and somatic shape (elongation and circularity). The predominant somatic orientation was in the dorsomedial‐ventrolateral direction:bimodality of the frequency distribution of somatic orientation was denied. These findings suggest that the LHA neurons examined in the present study are not subdivisible on the basis of the somatic area, shape or orientation. Although the neurons were classified into eight types based upon the dendritic pattern, those in the LHA largely consisted of only three of them; Type III (dendrites extending in two directions along the long axis of soma), Type IV (three directions) and Type VIII (four directions) jointly accounted for 97.1 percent of the total neurons examined. This finding suggests that the parameter of dendritic pattern serves an important purpose in the typing of the rat LHA neurons. The orientation of intrinsic dendrites and intrinsic axons in the LHA has also been described.
Sur le Syndrome de Capgras—Observations sur Deux Malades Schizophréniques
Authors: Kimura Sadamu , Koh Tsunenori , Ohya Mutsumi , Yanagi Yuji
Published: March 2008

Abstract:Two additional cases of Capgras syndrome were reported. In these schizophrenic patients, the abrupt hatred against family members seemed to contribute largely to the genesis of the syndrome in addition to delusional background. At the same time, the importance of delusional retrospective interpretation in these patients as well as in the previously reported case was discussed.

Deux cas additionnels du syndrome de Capgras sont rapportés. Chez ces malades schizophréniques, la haine réelle envers les membres de leurs families semble largement contribuer à l'apparition du syndrome. En même temps, l'importance de Interprétation délirante rétrospective observée chez ces malades ainsi que chez une malade déjà rapportée, est discutée.
A Case of Cerebral Infarction Showing Periodic Lateralized Epileptiform Discharges
Authors: Nonaka Kensaku , Kojima Hideki , Ohkawa Toshihiko , Inanaga Kazutoyo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a report about the case of a 37‐year‐old female with left temporal damage due to a cerebral infarction and showing periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs). A hypsarhythmia‐like pattern was observed a week after the onset. A repeat tracing of EEGs taken two weeks after the onset clarified the presence of PLEDs, consisting of a lateralized slow spike discharge in a rhythmic fashion at a frequency of every 1.6 seconds. PLEDs disappeared two months after the onset, and EEG activity normalized three months after the onset. But, her regressive behavior, crying before her doctor, which was considered to be due to a personality change, persisted for some years.
Sleep Characteristics in Twins
Authors: Hori Ariyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Polysomnograms were recorded for three consecutive nights on 14 male students (mean age, 16), comprising 4 identical and 3 fraternal twin pairs. The number of body movements and the measures related to the REM cycle, which correlated among the identical twins without reference to the physical parameters, were considered to be determined by a genetic trait. The sleep spindle density was in almost complete concordance between the identicaltwins and was associated with some physical parameters, which suggests that sleep spindles rather reflect the individual development. %S3, %SREM and the number of SREM showed a relationship to the physical parameters without heritability. Twitch movements during REMsleep correlated not only between the identical twins but also between the fraternal twins.
Life Events Related to the Inception of Anxiety Neurosis
Authors: Takeuchi Tatsuo , Takahashi Tooru , Kotsuki Hideki , Aizawa Shizuo , Maruyama Susumu , Kodama Kazuhiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We collected the data of life events contributing to the onset of anxiety states in our series of 118 patients with anxiety neurosis by using a check list specially designed for the purpose. We found that the most significant events producing anxiety states were those concerning “illness and medical treatment” in both sexes. From these data, a suggestion was made that stressful life events directly menacing “the security of life” played the most important role in the inception of anxiety neurosis.
Mood Alterations and Sleep
Authors: Rimon Ranan , Fujita Masahiko , Takahata Naohiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We have reviewed literatures about neurobiological aspect of mood disorders in the light of abnormalities of REM sleep. A shortened REM latency is a consistent finding in depressed patients and may be considered a biological marker for depression. Most depressed patients with shortened REM latency also show non‐suppression on dexamethasone‐suppression test (DST). The commonly used antidepressant drugs cause a significant reduction in REM sleep. Patients with abnormal DST show a better response to sleep deprivation than those with normal DST. Recent studies indicated that borderline patients, primary dysthymic patients and obsessive‐compulsive patients (OCD) have shortened REM latency. Farthermore, patients with OCD have a fairly good response to antidepressant clomipramine. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies can conceivably be related on the examination of sleep patterns of psychiatric patients.
The Changes of Serotonin (5HT‐1, 5HT‐1A, 5HT‐1B, 5HT‐2) Receptor Densities in Rat Brain Following Chronic Zotepine Treatment
Authors: Harada Toshiki , Fujiwara Yutaka , Otsuki Saburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The changes of serotonin (5HT‐1, 5HT‐1A, 5HT‐1B and 5HT‐2) receptor densities following a chronic zotepine (ZTP) alone or combined lithium (Li)‐ZTP treatment were investigated in several regions of the rat brain. As a result, the densities of the 5HT‐2 receptors in the frontal cortex (FC) decreased remarkably and those of the 5HT‐1 and 5HT‐1A receptors in the striatum (ST) increased in the ZTP alone group and the combined Li‐ZTP group compared with the saline group. None of the serotonin receptors changed in the hippocampus (HIP). Judging from these findings, we suppose that the decreases of the 5HT‐2 receptors in FC may have been induced not only by the chronic antidepressant treatment, but also by the other chronic 5HT‐2 antagonist (ZTP, chlorpromazine, etc.) treatment. In addition, the increases of the 5HT‐1 and 5HT‐1A receptors in ST may not have been associated with ZTP's clinically potent antimanic effect because of a lack of Li's enhancement in the changes of the 5HT‐1 and 5HT‐1A receptors in contrast to its clinical effect and a lack of the changes in the 5HT‐1B receptors where ZTP may have acted potently in vitro.
Functional Partial Epilepsies in Childhood
Authors: Morikawa Tateki , Terauchi Noboru , Shigematsu Hideo , Tsuji Masayasu , Fukai Mitsuhiro , Yagi Kazuichi , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Out of the 314 children with partial epilepsies below the age of 15 who had been followed for more than 5 years, 122 children with functional partial epilepsies (FPE) were the subjects of this study. The specific modality of interictal EEG findings reminiscent of that of the Rolandic spikes (Dalla Bernardina, 1982, 1984) was compared between functional and organic partial epilepsies.

The results were: 1) One hundred and twenty‐two patients were found to have FPE out of a total of 314 patients (39%). 2) Fifty‐five patients were diagnosed as typical benign epilepsy of children with centra‐temporal EEG foci (BECCT) of the 122 functional cases (45%). The remaining 67 patients who defied the diagnostic criteria of BECCT were; 9 cases with frontal EEG focus (7%), 11 cases with central and/or mid‐temporal EEG foci (9%), 10 cases with occipital EEG focus (8%) and 14 cases with multiple foci (11%). 3) Unfavorable seizure control was observed in cases with frontal foci (44%) and with multiple EEG foci (64%) compared with those whose EEG focus was located in the centro‐midtemporal area, (including BECCT; 98%) and in the occipital region (80%). 4) It was noteworthy that the recurrent interictal spikes similar to those of the Rolandic spikes (Dalla Bernardina) were found in more than 50% of the patients not only with functional but with organic partial epilepsies. Our results, at least at the present time, appear to indicate that the recurrent spikes never did signify the benignancy of the seizure prognosis. The importance of differential diagnosis of BECCT from FPE was specifically stressed.
Developmental Aspects of Epilepsy with Special Reference to Age‐Dependent Epileptic Encephalopathy
Authors: Ohtsuka Yoko , Ogino Tatsuya , Murakami Nagako , Mimaki Nobuyoshi , Kobayashi Katsuhiro , Ohtahara Shunsuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The specificity of childhood epilepsy was characterized by investigating the evolutional changes with age and prognoses of age‐dependent epileptic encephalopathy from the developmental aspect through a long‐term follow‐up.

Three types of age‐dependent epileptic encephalopathy showed mutual evolutional changes at certain ages. This indicated an important role of the brain development in the clinicoelectroencephalographical manifestations of age‐dependent epileptic encephalopathy. Furthermore, the evolutional changes demonstrated an association with organic brain damage and etiology in addition to the age factors. The evolutional changes occurred more frequently in the cases with overt organic brain pathology. The prognosis was poorer in cases which underwent an evolutional change.
Sequence Complexity of Polyadenylate Ribonucleic Acid in El Mouse Brain
Authors: Hirayama Eiichi , Yamagami Sakae , Onishi Hiroshi , Chikami Takashi , Mori Koichi , Kawakita Yukio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: To elucidate the sequence complexity of polyadenylate messenger RNA [poly(A+)mRNA] regarding the seizure‐susceptible E1 mouse brain, the proportion of complexity was measured by saturation hybridization using a single‐copy DNA (scDNA) with excess RNA. At saturation, 3.81, 3.85 and 4.00% of scDNA hybridized with polysomal poly (A)mRNAs of El(+), EI(O) which had not been convulsed, and ddY (nonsusceptible) mice, respectively. The additive hybridization of a mixture of El(+) and ddY mouse mRNAs was 4.04%. The results suggest that there are considerable overlapping sets within the poly(A)mRNA sequences between the ddY and El mice, but the complexity of ddY mice mRNA is slightly larger than that of the El mice, whereas poly(A) heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) hybridized with about 18% of scDNA in three strains of mice.
Affective Disorders in Mentally Retarded Adolescents —Report of Two Cases with Lithium Treatment—
Authors: Fukuda Kazuhiko , Etoh Toshikuni , Okuma Teruo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Two cases of moderately retarded adolescents with affective disorders have been treated for nine and five years, respectively. Rapid cycling episodes were seen in early adolescence and a long duration of episodes appeared in late adolescence. A two‐year lithium therapy was able to control them fairly well but did not work as a prophylaxis. Lithium carbonate induced polydipsia or personality change.
Chromosome Examination of Patients under Lithium Therapy
Authors: Matsushima Yoshihiko , Hazama Hidebumi , Kishimoto Akira
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The chromosomal aberrations of 13 patients who had received continuous lithium therapy for affective disorders were examined. Healthy college women were used as controls. There was a high frequency in gaps among the patients compared with the controls, but there was no significant difference between them. Although there was a significant relationship between the age of patients and the incidence of abnormal cells, there was no relationship between the duration of lithium therapy and the incidence of abnormal cells. These results suggest that lithium carbonate has neither the suppression effect of chromosomal repair mechanisms nor mutagenic activity. In order to discuss the teratogenicity of lithium salts on human beings, it seems necessary to conduct chromosome examinations of babies born to lithium‐treated women.
Effects of Bromocriptine on Neuroleptic‐Induced Amenorrhea, Galactorrhea and Impotence
Authors: Matsuoka Izuru , Nakai Takashi , Miyake Masakazu , Hirai Motoharu , Ikawa Genro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effects of bromocriptine on neuroleptic‐induced endocrinological disturbances (amenorrhea, galactorrhea and impotence) were investigated. Bromocriptine (5.0‐7.5 mg/day) was administered to psychiatric patients receiving neuroleptics and developing hyperprolactinemia. The following results were obtained.

1. Menses recurred in 7 of 10 patients with amenorrhea.

2. A decrease in lactation appeared in 5 of 6 patients with galactorrhea.

3. A significant increase in the serum levels of testosterone was observed after 8 weeks of the treatment in male patients. (N = 6)

4. There was no remarkable deterioration in regard to the psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients. (N = 7)

5. In non‐schizophrenic patients (N = 9), a significant improvement was observed in regard to “somatic concern” (in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale).
Blood Ammonia Level during Valproic Acid Therapy
Authors: Kugoh Toshiaki , Yamamoto Mitsutoshi , Hosokawa Kiyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We determined the blood ammonia level of epileptic patients in relation to valproic acid (VPA) therapy. A total determination of 256 specimens obtained from 174 cases were analyzed. The materials were assigned to the following three treatment groups: (a) VPA‐monotherapy, (b) VPA‐polytherapy and (c) non‐administration of VPA. The distribution ranges of the blood ammonia level (μg/dl) were 40.5, 56.6 and 40.7 in mean, respectively. The VPA‐polytherapy group showed a significantly higher level compared with the other two groups. On the other hand, the latter two groups showed no difference. There was a positive relationship between the blood ammonia and VPA serum levels with statistical significance. In conclusion, a critical factor causing hyperammonemia seemed to be the multiple use of antiepileptic drugs including VPA.
A Combination of Alzheimer's and Binswanger's Diseases —A Clinicopathological Study of Four Cases—
Authors: Kosaka Kenji , Ikeda Kenji , Matsushita Masaaki , Iizuka Reiji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Four autopsied cases with a combination of Alzheimer's and Binswanger's diseases have been clinicopathologically studied. We suggest that this combination is not as rare as was reported in the previous literature and that it can be clinically diagnosed on the basis of characteristic clinical features and CT findings.
An Autopsy Case of Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
Authors: Yazaki Mitsuyasu , Totsuka Shiro , Akikusa Bunshiro , Nagao Koichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a report of an autopsy case (45‐year‐old woman) of adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis with a long‐lasting course of 25 years. In the course of her illness, gait disturbance, bulbar palsy and dementia were observed.

Pathologically severe neuronal loss and hemosiderin‐like granules were found in the cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus and others. The residual cells of these tissues were swollen with lipofuscin‐like pigments. The extremely swollen nerve cells were found in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

Electron microscopically, numerous curvilinear bodies, myelin figures and fingerprint profiles were seen in those cytoplasms.

Ceroid and lipofuscin were proven by a histochemical examination.
Morbidity Risk of Schizophrenia to Parents and Siblings of Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Shimizu Akinori , Kurachi Masayoshi , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi , Torii Hosaku , Isaki Kiminori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to estimate the familial morbidity risk of schizophrenia, parents and siblings of 1,691 inpatients meeting the DSM‐III criteria for schizophrenia were investigated on the basis of a review of medical records, family history data and/or personal interviews. The morbidity risks of schizophrenia to parents and siblings of the schizophrenic probands were 4.0% and 4.1%, respectively, which were greater than the morbidity risk in the general population. Siblings of 118 probands whose parents suffered from schizophrenia were at a significantly greater risk of schizophrenia than siblings of 1,493 probands whose parents did not have schizophrenic illness. These findings support thenotion of familial transmission of schizophrenia. A total of 16.4% of the schizophrenic probands had at least one first‐degree relative with schizophrenia. This is significantly greater in the female probands than in the male probands.
Ultrastructural Changes of Blood Vessels in the Cerebral Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Higuchi Yasushi , Miyakawa Taihei , Shimoji Akitomo , Katsuragi Shoichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Several parts of the cerebral cortices in five brains from patientswith Alzheimer's disease were examined by light and electron microscopes. The results obtained are as follows:

The initial change of the cerebral cortex in the brain occurred in the small blood vessel and capillary. The endothelial cell of the blood vessel fell into a degenerated state with swelling of the vascular feet and astroglial cells. The change in a great number of nerve cells and their processes diffusely observed in the cortices were nonspecific andcould be due to primary vascular degeneration.

Severe dementia in Alzheimer's disease seemed to be well explained by the histo‐pathological findings of diffusely destroyed nerve cells and their processes.

From this, Alzheimer's disease can be speculated to be a disease caused by progressive capillary degeneration.
A Simultaneous Analytical Method for Catecholamines, Indoleamines, and Related Compounds in 11 Rat Brain Regions
Authors: Kurata Kouichi , Kurachi Masayoshi , Hasegawa Mitsuru , Kido Hideki , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A simple high‐performance liquid chromatographic method that allowsthe determination of 10 biogenic amines and related compounds for crude brain extracts has been developed. The compounds that can be quantified comprise norepinephrine, epinephrine, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol, dopamine, 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid, homovanillic acid, 3‐methoxytyramine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and tryptophan. The detection system involves a three electrode‐coulometric determination followed by fluorometric determination. This method is highly selective and sensitive, and in the present study, the usefulness of this methodology was confirmed by applying it to the determination of the levels of these various substances in 11 rat brain regions.
Blood Groups Affective Disorders
Authors: Takazawa Noboru , Kimura Taketo , Nanko Shinichiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Distributions of seven blood groups (ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Duffy, Kidd and Xg) were studied in a total of 118 Japanese patients with affective disorders. The patients were diagnosed according to the DSM‐III (1) Major Depression (= Unipolar Disorder, UP) (2) Bipolar Disorder (BP) (3) Other Affective Disorders.

The following results were found (1) a high frequency of the B blood group in all patients with affective disorders compared with controls; (2) a high frequency of the Fy(a + b +) a low frequency of the Fy(a + b −) in all patients with affective disorders, UP BP compared with controls; (3) a low frequency of the Jk(a + b +) a high frequency of the Jk(a + b −) in BP compared with controls with UP.
Positron Emission Tomography in Three Cases of Lennox‐Gastaut Syndrome
Authors: Miyauchi Toshiro , Nomura Yuuji , Ohno Shiro , Kishimoto Hideji , Matsushita Masaaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The true responsible lesion of Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome was not adequately elucidated. Three cases of this syndrome were investigated by using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). PET revealed the differences in the left right sides, especially the hypometabolism from the frontal to temporal regions.

With this finding we supposed that the L‐G syndrome implies one type of partial epilepsy caused by damage in parts of the temporal or frontal lobe.
Diffuse White Matter Involvement Seen in Patients in Longstanding Bedridden State from Cerebrovascular Dementia
Authors: Mitsuyama Yoshio , Sumiyoshi Akinobu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We report here two autopsied cases of patients who had been in a longstanding bedridden state from cerebrovascular dementia. They showed a clinical history of persistent hypertension, a history of acute strokes, a lengthy clinical course with long plateau periods a gradual accumulation of focal neurological symptoms signs, including dementia prominent motor disturbances pseudobulbar palsy. They had been in a bedridden state for the last several years had to be fed. The pathology seemed to predominently affect the perforating vessels to the subcortical gray white matter. Demyelination, loss of axons, patehygliosis infiltration by macrophages were noted in the involved regions. The long penetrating vessels of the white matter showed advanced arteriosclerotic changes. There was a relative sparing of the cortex. The low attenuation of the white matter with moderate to severe atrophy, an infarction might well be significant features on a CT‐scan of these conditions. One of the possible mechanisms on the pathogenesis of chronic vascular disease includes diffuse ischemia related to hypertensive vasculopathy.
Lennox‐Gastaut SyndTome Considerations in Its Concept and Categorization
Authors: Ohtahara Shunsuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome is the biggest target of current epilepsy research, and it contains almost all the fundamental problems in epilepsy.

Highly different terms were given to the relatively broad area of the Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome by many schools hitherto. But gradually a general outline of this syndrome has been defined and the name Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome has been internationally fixed, leading to the holding of the International Symposium at Bad Kreuznach in 1987.

Although the Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome is a clinico‐electrical entity which is clearly defined both clinically and electroencephalographically, diagnostic boundaries are not always precise in individual cases.

According to the clinico‐electroencephalographic investigation on typical and atypical cases, diagnostic guidelines of the Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome were presented in this paper. Etiology and classification of the Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome were also mentioned referring to the significance of idiopathic Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome.
The Epidemiological Study of Physical Morbidity in Schizophrenics —2. Association between Schizophrenia and Incidence of Tuberculosis—
Authors: Ohta Yasuyuki , Nakane Yoshibumi , Mine Mariko , Nakama Ichiro , Michitsuji Shunichiro , Araki Kenichi , Tominaga Yasunori , Uchino Jun
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The incidence of tuberculosis was investigated among 3,251 patients residing in Nagasaki city and diagnosed as schizophrenia between 1960 and 1978. Eighty‐two of the patients had tuberculosis. The expected number of schizophrenic patients with tuberculosis was calculated using the annual incidence rate of tuberculosis in the general population, and the difference between the observed number and the expected number was examined. The incidence rate of tuberculosis was significantly higher than that of the general population for both male and female schizophrenic patients. Similarly, the incidence rates of tuberculosis among schizophrenic patients born before 1925 and those born after that year were significantly higher than those of the corresponding age groups in the general population. In this paper we discuss these findings with reference to the literature on similar epidemiological studies.
Duration of Delirium Shortened by the Correction of Electrolyte Imbalance
Authors: Koizumi Junzo , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Ofuku Kojiro , Suzuki Toshihito
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Among 53 delirious patients with an electrolyte imbalance in the serum, the duration of delirium in 18 cases was significantly shortened by the correction of electrolyte imbalance, compared with that of 35 cases of delirium without an electrolyte correction. The mean duration of delirium (mean value ± SE) corrected by electrolyte was 9.4 ± 1.9 days, whereas the mean duration of delirium without the electrolyte correction was 25.7 ± 4.6 days. The mean duration of delirium in 13 cases without the electrolyte imbalance was 25.0 ± 6.6 days. From these results, the electrolyte correction should be done systematically for the delirious patients as a treatment for the disorder.
Schizophrenic Psychosis with a Tendency of Systemic Ossification
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Hosokawa Kiyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We report here a case of schizophrenic psychosis with a tendency of systemic ossification. Upon further examinations, she exhibited ossification of the spinal ligament (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, DISH) resulting from a coappearance of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL), ossification of the yellow ligament (OYL) and ankylosing spinal hyperostosis (ASH). There have been a very few reports where a tendency of hyperostosis was observed for ossification of the spinal ligaments such as OPLL, OYL and ASH. In addition, she exhibited hyperostosis frontalis interne (HFI). It appears in this case that both DISH and HFI resulted from similar ossification and exhibited respective clinical symptoms. Although it is thought that these diseases resulted from some metabolic abnormality, no abnormality was detected.
A New Screening Test for Dementia
Authors: Otsuka Toshio , Shimonaka Yoshiko , Maruyama Susumu , Nakazato Katsuharu , Kitamura Toshinori , Yaguchi Koichi , Sato Shinichi , Ikeda Hiroshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to develop a new screening test for detecting the demented elderly in the early stage in communities. The test is easy to apply for consultation, guidance and care and is capable of administering differential diagnoses. Based on the 9 dementia rating scales used in Japan, Europe and the US., a new test was completed after investigating and modifying the design 5 times. The test consists of 20 items. This test was given to 203 subjects (59 males and 144 females) including normal elderly as well as those suspected of suffering from dementia. The internal consistency, reliability and validity were studied using clinical diagnoses (diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition (DSM‐III) and Karasawa's Criteria for Judging Senility), Hasegawa's Dementia Rating Scale and Mental Status Questionnaire (MSQ) as external criteria. The present test was confirmed to have sufficient effectiveness as the screening test for dementia.
Clinical and Neuropathological Study of a Familial Case of Juvenile Parkinsonism
Authors: Inose Tadashi , Miyakawa Mimpei , Miyakawa Kohei , Mizushima Setsuo , Oyanagi Shinsaku , Ando Susumu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a detailed autopsy case of rare juvenile parkinsonism with dominant heredity. The patient displayed parkinsonian symptoms which began at the age of 24, and expired in a state of quadriplegia‐in‐flexion at 35. In the later stage, myoclonic jerks, epileptiform convulsions and dementia appeared. L‐dopa was effective only in the early stages. The autopsy revealed severe degeneration and the formation of atypical Lewy bodies in the cerebral cortex, as well as typical lesions of idiopathic parkinsonism with a Lewy body formation in the brain stem. This case was considered to belong essentially to idiopathic parkinsonism. The pathology of juvenile parkinsonism is reviewed briefly.
Fictionality of Schizophrenic Delusions
Authors: Komiyama Minoru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A state in which the phenomena of the surrounding world are transformed into a set of symbols that transmit indefinite meanings is thought to provide the circumstances under which delusions arise. The surrounding world is interpreted as a written text, and when the schizophrenic reads this and attempts to construct a coherent fictional account of it, a process of delusion formation takes place, and this process corresponds symptomatologically to a delusional system. If delusions are considered in comparison with fictions, in particular fantastic fictions, areas are found in the paranoid patient's mental processes where contingency is left out, and for that reason it is not possible for the delusional account to be satisfactorily completed.
A Treatment Trial of Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome with Triazolam
Authors: Ozaki Norio , Iwata Tokihisa , Itoh Akinori , Ohta Tatsuro , Okada Tamotsu , Kasahara Yomishi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Triazolam causes a phase‐shift of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in golden hamsters. We attempted to treat two patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) with triazolam. In one male patient we administered triazolam when the sleep phase began to delay afkr chronotherapy. Triazolam combined with chronotherapy enabled him to normalize and stabilize his sleep‐wake cycle. But in the other female patient despite normalization of her sleep‐wake cycle, she became depressive and did not Continue taking the drug. In some cases triazalam is useful for the treatment of DSPS, but in others, triazolam induces a depressive state.
A Case of Anorexia Nervosa Associated with Epileptic Seizures Showing Favorable Responses to Sodium Valproate and Clonazepam
Authors: Tachibana Naoko , Sugita Yoshiro , Teshima Yoshio , Hishikawa Yasuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We reported the case of a 13‐year‐old anorectic girl with epileptic seizures who showed marked favorable responses to sodium valproate and clonazepam. These two anticonvulsants were effective not only for controlling her epileptic seizures, but also against anorexia nervosa itself. The mechanism of their action to anorexia nervosa is unknown, but Fepeated EBGs and a trial of sodium valproate with or without clonazepam may be useful in evaluating the diverse pathologies of anorexia nervosa which seems to be a heterogeneous clinical entity.
A Study of Depression in Two Cultures: A Transcultural Study with Japanese and Australian Clinically Depressed Patients
Authors: Radford Mark , Nakane Yoshibumi , Ohta Yasuyuki , Mann Leon , Kalucy Ross
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Recently there has emerged a growing interest in transcultural aspects of depressive disorders. Unlike earlier studies, recent research has concentrated on using standardized assessment and evaluation procedures in an effort to reduce “differences” associated with research techniques. The following paper reports a study which, using the WHO developed Standardized Assessment of Depressive Disorders (WHO/SADD) schedule, examines the nature of depressive symptomatology in Australian and Japanese clinically depressed patients. While results supported the presence of a “symptom core” common to both cultures, some unexpected findings in relation to “feelings of guilt” and “severity of depression” were noted.
Panic Anxiety after Abrupt Discontinuation of Mianserin
Authors: Kuniyoshi Masahiro , Arikawa Katsuyoshi , Miura Chishin , Inanaga Kazutoyo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We observed a case of withdrawal after abrupt discontinuation of mianserin. A 41‐year‐old woman was treated according to a diagnosis of depression, which was her 6th episode. Mianserin 30 mg/day, etizolam 1 mg/day and flunitrazepam 1 mg/day were administered. When the patient discontinued taking the drugs by herself because of subsiding of these symptoms, severe panic anxiety appeared. This panic anxiety was not relieved by taking etizolam and flunitrazepam again, but subsided rapidly by the re‐administration of mianserin 30 mg/day, and because of that the depressive symptom also disappeared.

From these experiences panic anxiety seemed to be a withdrawal symptom, and involvement of the noradrenergic system in panic anxiety as well as serotonergic system was suggested.
Transient Global Amnesia and Falcotentorial Meningioma: —A Case Report—
Authors: Araga Shigeru , Fukada Masuyuki , Kagimoto Hiroshi , Inagawa Tetsuya , Takahashi Kazuro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 59‐year‐old woman suffered from a single episode of transient global amnesia (TGA). A computerized tomographic scan and angiographic examinations revealed a falcotentorial meningioma, supplied by the posterior cerebral arteries. We suggest that TGA can be attributed to the vascular insufficiency in this case.
Juvenile Parkinsonism with Marked Diurnal Fluctuation
Authors: Yamada Tatsuo , Koguchi Yorio , Hirayama Keizo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We presented a report on four cases of juvenile parkinsonism with a marked diurnal fluctuation of symptoms and dystonia. Among parkinsonian signs, rigidity fluctuated the most and increasing rigidity by passive or active movements or emotional stress was observed. When we analyzed patients previously reported, in addition to bur own new patients, apart fnom the diurnal fluctuation and predominant occurrence in females, many similarities to Yokochi's third group of juvenile parkinsonism were found. In the previous reports, the patients with the marked fluctuation, of parkinsonian symptoms have not always shown dystonia. The changes of symptoms in relation to menstruation and pregnancy were other characteristic features in our three female patients. Here we proposed that for the present, it is preferable to call this disorder “juvenile parkinsonism with a marked diurnal fluctuation.”
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Complex Partial Seizures
Authors: Furune Sunao , Negoro Tamiko , Maehara Mitsuo , Nomura Kazushi , Miura Kiyokuni , Takahashi Izumi , Watanabe Kazuyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) were performed on 45 patients with intractable complex partial seizures. MRI was performed with a super conducting whole‐body scanner operating at 0.5 tesla (T) and 1.5 T. In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, 8 of 24 patients had abnormal CT, but 16 of 24 patients showed abnormal MRI. 1.5 T MRI detected more abnormality than 0.5 T MRI when CT was normal. In patients with frontal lobe epilepsy, 5 of 7 patients had normal CT and MRI. In 2 other patients, MRI demonstrated an arachnoid cyst and increased signal intensity area on the T2‐weighted images, which were not detected by CT. In patients with occipital lobe epilepsy, 5 of 6 patients show abnormal CT and MRI. In patients with tuberous sclerosis, MRI revealed some increased signal intensity areas on the T2‐weighted images in the occipital and temporal lobe, which were not detected by CT. Most surface EEG foci corresponded with the side of MRI abnormality. These data indicate that MRI is more informative than CT in complex partial seizures. MRI is the imaging technique of choice in the diagnosis of complex partial seizures.
Reexamination of 123 I‐IMP‐SPECT at Interictal Stages in Adult Partial Epilepsy
Authors: Jibiki Itsuki , Kubota Takashi , Fujimoto Kimio , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi , Matsuda Hiroshi , Tsuji Shiro , Hisada Kinichi
Published: March 2008

123I‐ZMP‐SPECT scans at the interictal stages in 13 epileptic patients with normal X‐ray CT findings were reexamined at intervals of 1.9 ± 0.8 years. Interictal scalp EEGs were recorded a few hours after each SPECT scan. All of the SPECT abnormalities indicated focal hypo fixation images of 123I‐IMP, i.e. zones of a decreased rCBF reflecting a functional inactivation. Among 11 patients with the SPECT abnormalities in the first SPECTs, eight cases had the complete or partial regional reproduction of the abnormalities in the second SPECTs. As changes in the SPECT findings, an alteration from the abnormal SPECT images to
Emotional Facial Expressions at the Onset of Temporal Lobe Seizures: Observations on Scalp and Intracranial EEG Recordings
Authors: Hiyoshi Toshio , Seino Masakazu , Mihara Tadahiro , Matsuda Kazumi , Tottori Takayasu , Yagi Kazuichi , Wada Juhn A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The initial facial expressions of 195 complex partial seizures of 98 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy were reviewed in relation to the laterality and focality of electroencephalographic (EEG) seizure origin. A neutral expression was observed most often (71) followed in frequency by expressions of disgust (13), happiness (7) and sadness (7). There was no expression of anger, surprise and fear.

No correlation was found between the type of facial expression and the side of seizure origin. However, among 27 patients examined by means of intracranial EEG recordings, it was evident that a disgust expression occurred with oro‐alimentary automatisms at the beginning of mesial temporal lobe seizures, whereas a happy one occurred without oro‐alimentary automatisms at the beginning of lateral temporal lobe seizures. Although the facial expressions were not always related to the concurrent ictal emotion, it appeared that the majority of the patients with the disgust expression had autonomic features, while those of the happy/sad expression had psychic/sensory ones.

It was concluded that (1) a disgust expression occurs as an indirect consequence of “crude sensation,” while a happy/sad expression occurs as a direct consequence of “elaborate mental state” (Jackson)6 and (2) facial expressions must be reviewed in relation to focality rather than laterality in temporal lobe seizures.
The Localization‐Related Epilepsies: Some Problems with Subclassification
Authors: Watanabe Kazuyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: One of the nosological problems of childhood epilepsies is the evolutionary change of foci with age. Benign childhood epilepsy with centro‐temporal spike may evolve to show EEG features of childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms and vice versa. West syndrome is generally accepted as generalized epilepsy but is often preceded or followed by partial seizures and may have both partial seizures and tonic spasms in a single attack. Among epilepsies with both generalized and focal seizures, severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy is more linked to generalized epilepsy whereas epilepsy with continuous spike‐waves during slow wave sleep is more linked to localization‐related epilepsy. Any type of partial epilepsy may develop nonconvulsive generalized seizures transiently with generalization of paroxysmal discharges during the clinical course. Moreover, nonconvulsive generalized seizures may occur even in localization‐related epilepsy with spike‐wave index during NREM sleep in less than 85%.
A Correlative Study between Hippocampal Atrophy Quantified by Tomo‐Pneumoencephalography and Epileptogenic Focus in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Tottori Takayasu , Mihara Tadahiro , Matsuda Kazumi , Watanabe Yutaka , Yagi Kazuichi , Seino Masakazu , Asakura Tetsuhiko
Published: March 2008

It appeared certain that we can quantify the rate of hippocampal atrophy by utilizing the sagittal cuts in tomo‐pneumoencephalog‐raphy. This is a reliable method to infer the side of the epileptogenic focus in temporal lobe epilepsy since a close correlation was disclosed between the side with more atrophic features of the hippocampus and that of the epileptogenic focus explored by depth EEG, in particular, in the mesial temporal focus group. On the other hand, it seems to be plausible that the hippocampal atrophy could be secondarily induced by epileptic discharges in the lateral temporal group. Namely, controversies dealing with the casual relationship of hippocampal atrophy should be discussed based on the epileptogenic focus localization in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Meige's Syndrome during Long‐Term Neuroleptic Treatment
Authors: Kurata Kouichi , Yuasa Satoru , Kazukawa Satoru , Kurachi Masayoshi , Fukuda Tsutomu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Two patients developed difficulties in eyelid opening following long‐term neuroleptic treatment of more than 6–8 years. Tardive dyskinesia and dystonia apart from the face were not found in either case. The symptoms fluctuated in their severities on a daily basis and were easily aggravated by various stimuli, e.g., stress, walking, reading and watching television. Electromyographic studies of their faces clearly indicated that the symptoms resulted from spontaneous blepharospasm and were analogous to idiopathic Meige's syndrome. Therefore, the patients’ difficulties in opening their eyes were considered to be the so‐called drug‐induced Meige's syndrome and/or facial tardive dystonia. It must be stressed that this syndrome is extremely distressing to patients and is a severe complication accompanying a long‐term neuroleptic treatment.
Determination of Pharmacodynamics of Diazepam by Quantitative Pharmaco‐EEG
Authors: Iwaya Nobuaki , Morita Yoshio , Miyoshi Koho
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The relationship between the quantitative EEG variables and plasma levels after the administration of diazepam (DZ) or N‐desmethyldiazepam (synthesized NDDZ) was evaluated by simultaneously measuring the power spectra for EEG with two biological markers and plasma concentrations. After a single DZ administration, the EEG change corresponding to sedation appeared rapidly and showed a short duration. A close relationship was found between these effects and changes in the DZ plasma concentrations. DZ and synthesized NDDZ had the same pharmacodynamic characteristics, but the main metabolic product of DZ (metabolite NDDZ) showed a different pharmacokinetic profile. A multiple administration of DZ or synthesized NDDZ caused some reduction in sedation at the steady‐state. These results led to the conclusions that a single administration of DZ causes sedation of a short duration, and the main metabolic product of DZ (metabolite NDDZ) does not seem to contribute to sedation. In addition, the reduction in the pharmacological effect after continuous treatment with DZ depends not on autoinduction or interference, but on acute tolerance or adaptation.
Developments in the Care of ‘New’ Long‐Stay Inpatients in the United Kingdom–Implications for Japanese Psychiatry
Authors: Iseda Takashi , Kaneko Sunao , Singh Krishna , Shepherd Geoff
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The English “ward‐in‐a‐house” for new long‐stay patients (NLS) is described. NLS are usually defined as (a) aged between 18 and 65, (b) continuously in hospital for between 1 and 5 years, and (c) individuals for whom it has not been possible to find alternative accommodation outside hospital, despite repeated attempts to do so. The “ward‐in‐a‐house” combines the best features of high quality hospital care with the best features of community‐based residential units.

The “Koike‐dormitory” which was set up more than 20 years ago in Maebashi city had many of the characteristics of the English “ward‐in‐a‐house” and this is also described.

The possibility of developing a “ward‐in‐a‐house” in Japan is then discussed.
Biological Study of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome with Reference to Ethnic Difference: Report of a WHO Collaborative Study
Authors: Yamashita Itaru , Ohmori Tetsuro , Koyama Tsukasa , Mori Hideki , Boyadjive Sergey , Kielholz Paul , Gastpar Markus , Moussaoui Dris , Bouzekraoui M. , Sethi Brij B. , Reyes Baltazar V. , Vartanian Marat E. , de la Fuente Juan R. , German G. Allen , Bohacek Nenad , Sartorius Norman , Morozov Peter , Prilipko Leonid L.
Published: March 2008

Summary: Inherited deficiency of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase type I (ALDH‐I) was found in 43% (50/117) of normals, 33% (27/82) of schizophrenics, but only 4% (5/113) of alcoholics among Japanese. The ALDH‐I deficiency was never found, however, in 146 mostly schizophrenic subjects from Europe (Basel, Moscow, Zagreb), Australia (Nedlands), India (Lucknow), Morocco (Casablanca) and Mexico (Mexico City). It was demonstrated that ALDH‐I deficiency produces the flushing syndrome which inhibits the development of drinking habit and alcohol dependence syndrome.
Two Kinds of Spatiotemporal EEG Changes after Discontinuation of Benzodiazepine, Medazepam
Authors: Manmaru Shozo , Matsuura Masato
Published: March 2008

Abstract: EEGs were recorded for Fpl, C3 and O1 once a week for 4 weeks after the withdrawal of medazepam, a benzodiazepine with a long half‐life, from 7 normal males. Quantified analyses of them showed 2 types of change: A maximum change during the administration of medazepam that later tapered off. It consisted mainly of an increase in fast wave, and was uniform across areas though most significant in C3. A rebound phenomenon that reversed the change produced by the drug, the decrease in fast wave being significant in C3 during week 2. These results suggest that fast wave is the most sensitive EEG element and these 2 types of change must be investigated hereafter in terms of significant changes after the discontinuation of medazepam.
Pharmacological Studies on Lithium: Its Effect on Serotonergic Function
Authors: Yamawaki Shigeto
Published: March 2008

The summary of the above results is demonstrated in Fig. 1. Li enhanced 5‐HT synthesis and 5‐HT release via its inhibitory effect on presynaptic 5‐HT autoreceptors. The increased 5‐HT level in synaptic cleft down‐regulated 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT., receptors. The 5‐HT1A‐me‐diated AC activity and behaviors were enhanced, but the 5‐HT2‐mediated PI turnover and behaviors were suppressed. These effects of Li on 5‐HT neurones might be involved in the mechanism of action of affective disorders.
Seizure Generation Mechanisms in Reflex Epilepsy
Authors: Matsuoka Hiroo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: To know the seizure generation mechanisms in reflex epilepsy, we performed red flicker and flickering geometric pattern stimulations for photosensitive epilepsy, and neuropsychological EEG activation for graphogenic epilepsy. These activations were effective to provoke seizure discharges. The EEG discharges of absence seizure in photosensitive epilepsy started mainly from the posterior regions, which became evident by the reduction of stimulus intensity. Mental activity performed with the hands provoked the central‐dominant discharges with unilateral myoclonic seizure as well as generalized discharges with bilateral myoclonic seizure in graphogenic epilepsy. These findings suggest that the initiation of these seizures may relate to the hyperexcitability of the focal cortical areas, which correspond to those activated by the special EEG activation.