bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partisan Governments, the International Economy, and Macroeconomic Policies in Advanced Nations, 1960–93
Authors: Boix Carles
Published: June 2011

This article examines the impact of parties, domestic institutions, and the international economy on the conduct of monetary and fiscal policies using time-series cross-section data from nineteen OECD countries for the years between 1960 and the mid-1990s. The results are as follows. Partisan governments have affected, alone and in interaction with the organization of labor markets, the pattern of macroeconomic management. Still, their impact has varied over time, partly as a function of economic conditions but fundamentally as a function of the degree of financial liberalization and the exchange-rate system in place. After following broadly similar macroeconomic policies in the 1960s, OECD governments pursued divergent monetary and fiscal policies in response to the economic slowdown of the 1970s. Even when they initially adopted countercyclical measures, conservative governments quickly favored tight monetary policies and strove to achieve fiscal discipline. By contrast, taking advantage of generalized capital controls and floating exchange rates, socialist cabinets embraced demand management policies in a systematic fashion—mostly through budget deficits in corporatist countries and through both loose monetary and loose fiscal measures in noncorporatist settings. As financial liberalization progressed in the early 1980s, partisan- and institution-led differences in macroeconomic policies waned across countries.
The Evolving Arms Control Agenda: Implications of the Role of NGOS in Banning Antipersonnel Landmines
Authors: Rutherford Kenneth R.
Published: June 2011

This article examines the role NGOs have played in placing and controlling the landmineban issue on the international arms control agenda, which eventually changed state behavior toward landmines. It develops a framework for agenda setting to examine how and why NGOs were successful in this role. More importantly, the article also examines how NGOs were able to generate state action toward the support of the Ottawa Treaty banning antipersonnel landmines, which marked the first time a weapon in widespread use has been banned. The article makes two interrelated arguments. First, NGOs initiated the landmine ban by placing it on the international arms control agenda, which gained intense media and public attention for the cause. The NGOs accomplished their goal by utilizing cognitive attribution strategies to educate the public about the minimal military utility of landmines and the humanitarian problems they pose. Second, NGOs changed states’ perception toward the legality and use of landmines once the issue was on the agenda by highlighting the horrible effects and disproportionate consequences of landmine use, playing leadership games with influential individuals and states, and claiming that antiban states were using incoherent arguments. In comparison, NGOs have not been included in the agenda-setting processes of most other major arms control and disarmament treaties, which typically are negotiated at the behest of major powers. These arguments address the broader question of agency in world politics by showing potential conditions of how NGOs can instigate governments to address issues in a way that may culminate in international law.
Democracy and Dictatorship in Interwar Western Europe Revisited
Authors: Ertman Thomas
Published: June 2011

Almost none of the conditions that, according to the latest research, favor democratic durability were present in Western Europe between the world wars. Yet only four Western European states became dictatorships during this period, whereas the others remained democratic despite economic crisis, an unhelpful international system, and the lure of nondemocratic alternatives. Several recent works offer new explanations for this pattern of interwar outcomes. Insofar as these works analyze the entire universe of Western European cases, they represent an important methodological advance. However, they remain too wedded to a class-coalitional framework to provide both a parsimonious and a historically accurate account of why democracy collapsed in some states but not in others. This article proposes an alternative explanatory framework that focuses on how political parties can shape association life in such a way as to support or undermine democracy.
Should Strategic Studies Survive?
Authors: Betts Richard K.
Published: June 2011

Political science attends to causes and consequences of war but only fitfully welcomes study of its conduct, because few grasp how much the dynamics of combat shape politics. Bernard Brodie called for development of strategic studies on the model of the discipline of economics, because neither the military nor academia treated the subject rigorously. His call was answered in the early cold war, with mixed results. Theories about nuclear deterrence burgeoned while empirical studies of war lagged. The late—cold war impasse in nuclear strategy, rooted in NATO doctrine, shifted attention to conventional military operations and empirically grounded theory. Since the cold war, research on general theoretical questions about war and peace has been prospering, but education in military matters has been eroding. Interdisciplinary strategic studies integrate political and military elements of international conflict, but there is no recognized discipline of military science; military analysis is smuggled into political science and history departments, where it is resisted by calls to conceptualize security broadly or focus on purely theoretical work. If serious military studies are squeezed out of universities, there will be no qualified civilian analysts to provide independent expertise in policy and budget debates, and decisions on war and peace will be made irresponsibly by uninformed civilians or by the professional military alone.
The Eclipse of the State? Reflections on Stateness in an Era of Globalization
Authors: Evans Peter
Published: June 2011

The economic logic of the current international economy does not predict the “eclipse of the state”. Economic globalization does restrict state power, but transnational capital needs capable states as much or more than does domestically oriented business. National success in the current global political economy has been associated not with minimal states but with states that are capable, active, and engaged. Pressure for eclipse flows from the conjunction between transnational economic forces and the political hegemony of an Anglo-American ideology that, in J. P. Nettl's words, “simply leaves no room for any valid notion of the state”. Even this combination of economic and political pressure is unlikely to eclipse the state, but it is likely to put public institutions on the defensive, eclipsing any possibility of the “embedded liberalism” described by John Ruggie. A “leaner, meaner” state is the likely outcome. The possibility of a more progressive alternative outcome would depend in part on whether current zero-sum visions of the relation between the state and civil society can be replaced by a more synergistic view.
Problematic Lucidity: Stephen Krasner's “State Power and the Structure of International Trade”
Authors: Keohane Robert O.
Published: June 2011

Stephen D. Krasner's article in this journal in 1976, “State Power and the Structure of International Trade,” defined the agenda for years of scholarship by being both lucid and problematic. Krasner presented a clear puzzle but manifestly failed adequately to answer the questions that he raised. His key proposition, that strong international economic regimes depend on hegemonic power, was supported by only half of the six cases that he discussed. Yet the cogency of Krasner's formulation of the argument, and the pungency of his rhetoric, led “State Power” to serve as a focal point in a coordination game among three major constituencies in the international political economy field. Liberal transnationalists, statist realists, and their audiences all benefited from Krasner's lucid specification of the issues. As a result of research prompted by Krasner's article, we understand the relationship between international political structure and economic openness much better than we did before it appeared.
The Security Dilemma Revisited
Authors: Glaser Charles L.
Published: June 2011

Robert Jervis's article “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma” is among the most important works in international relations of the past few decades. In it, Jervis develops two essential arguments. First, he explains that the security dilemma is the key to understanding how in an anarchic international system states with fundamentally compatible goals still end up in competition and at war. The security dilemma exists when “many of the means by which a state tries1to increase its security decrease the security of others.” It provides the rational foundation for what Jervis termed the “spiral model,” which describes how the interaction between states that are seeking only security can fuel competition and strain political relations.2Second, Jervis explains that the magnitude and nature of the security dilemma depend on two variables: the offense-defense balance and offense-defense differentiation.3As a result, the security dilemma can vary across space and time. Although states exist in a condition of international anarchy that does not vary, there can be significant variation in the attractiveness of cooperative or competitive means, the prospects for achieving a high level of security, and the probability of war.
Social Rights Advocacy and State Building: T. H. Marshall in the Hands of Social Reformers
Authors: Klausen Jytte
Published: June 2011

This article argues that it is a fallacy to regard “social citizenship” as granting social rights equivalent to civil rights and suffrage. The argument is based partly upon a textual analysis showing that in formulating his influential “trinity” of citizenship, T. H. Marshall obfuscated differences between the distributional logic of redistributive policy and political and civil rights. The second part of the argument is based upon an empirical discussion of how social citizenship arguments have been applied to create comprehensive social reform.

The Scandinavian welfare states play a central role in the discussion as examples of the inclu-sionary benefits of social citizenship. Three instances of welfare state expansion are discussed: the passage of legislation establishing flat-rate retirement benefits, the institution of supplementary earnings-related retirement benefits, and feminist mobilization in the 1980s for a “woman-friendly” welfare state. It is shown that claims to social citizenship are used by out-groups to demand inclusion in electoral coalitions aiming at welfare state expansion.

The article concludes that social citizenship is inextricably linked to redistributive political conflict between in-groups and out-groups and depends upon state capacity to raise revenues and to police entitlement. A key difference between social rights and political and civil rights is that consumption of the former hinges on both the consent of the community and the willingness of others to pay for such consumption, while consumption of the latter does not impose direct costs upon others.
The Causes of Welfare State Expansion: Deindustrialization or Globalization?
Authors: Iversen Torben , Cusack Thomas R.
Published: June 2011

An influential line of argument holds that globalization causes economic uncertainty and spurs popular demands for compensatory welfare state spending. This article argues that the relationship between globalization and welfare state expansion is spurious and that the engine of welfare state expansion since the 1960s has been deindustrialization. Based on cross-sectional-time-series data for fifteen OECD countries, the authors show that there is no relationship between globalization and the level of labor-market risks (in terms of employment and wages), whereas the uncertainty and dislocations caused by deindustrialization have spurred electoral demands for welfare state compensation and risk sharing. Yet, while differential rates of deindustri-alization explain differences in the overall size of the welfare state, its particular character—in terms of the share of direct government provision and the equality of transfer payments—is shaped by government partisanship. The argument has implications for the study and the future of the welfare state that are very different from those suggested in the globalization literature.
The Ideological Determinants of Liberal Economic Reform: The Case of Privatization
Authors: Appel Hilary
Published: June 2011

The empirical literature on mass privatization in the postcommunist context emphasizes the preferences and power of interest groups in order to account for the design of privatization. This approach has been consistent with mainstream theories of property rights formation that focus on the self-interested, rationally calculated pursuit of wealth and/or power as the motivation behind the development of new ownership arrangements. Absent from these theories, however, are the ideological and cognitive components in the creation of property rights systems. This lacuna is extremely problematic when considering the postcommunist privatization experience in which specific ideologies—such as anticommunism, liberalism, pro- or anti-Westernism, and nationalism—have profoundly influenced the particular form that new property institutions have taken. This article explores how ideology interacts with the distribution of power and the formation of material interests in society. After considering the shortcomings of strictly material-based theories of property regime change, the article suggests four mechanisms by which ideology determines the design and implementation of privatization programs in postcommunist countries.
What's So Different about a Counterfactual?
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned
Published: June 2011

The author contends that the difference between so-called factual and counterfactual arguments is greatly exaggerated; it is one of degree, not of kind. Both arguments ultimately rest on the quality of their assumptions, the chain of logic linking causes to outcomes, and their consistency with available evidence. He critiques two recent historical works that make extensive use of counterfactuals and finds them seriously deficient in method and argument. He then reviews the criteria for counterfactual experimentation proposed by social scientists who have addressed this problem and finds many of their criteria unrealistic and overly restrictive. The methods of counterfactual experimentation need to be commensurate with the purposes for which it is used. The author discusses three uses for counterfactual arguments and thought experiments and proposes eight criteria appropriate to plausible-world counterfactuals.
Understanding China's Reform Looking beyond Neoclassical Explanations
Authors: Ma Shu-Yun
Published: June 2011

The relative success of post-Mao reform in China has raised a number of questions regarding the neoclassical perspective: How could China have achieved rapid economic growth without privatization? Why have Chinese officials not been resistant to market reform? What makes the Chinese state developmental rather than predatory? The four recent works reviewed in this article attempt to answer these questions by moving away from the neoclassical approach, yet none offers a better alternative. The search for the secret of China's economic “miracle” must be continued.
Second-Generation Comparative Research on Genocide
Authors: Straus Scott
Published: June 2011

Comparative research on the determinants of genocide has surged in recent years, as reflected in the six books under review. The new research makes genocide studies more systematic and theoretical; integrates the topic into mainstream social science disciplines; points to three emerging explanatory paradigms; and yields some surprising cumulative findings. However, the works also reveal significant conceptual, empirical, and methodological problems that limit the comparative enterprise and the search for a general theory. The article argues for an alternative, disaggregated approach that situates genocide within a spectrum of organized violence against civilians and links genocide studies to studies of violence in war.
A Garden of Eden theorem for linear subshifts
Authors: CECCHERINI-SILBERSTEIN TULLIO , COORNAERT MICHEL
Published: June 2011

Let G be an amenable group and let V be a finite-dimensional vector space over an arbitrary field 𝕂. We prove that if X⊂VG is a strongly irreducible linear subshift of finite type and τ:X→X is a linear cellular automaton, then τ is surjective if and only if it is pre-injective. We also prove that if G is countable and X⊂VG is a strongly irreducible linear subshift, then every injective linear cellular automaton τ:X→X is surjective.
Sofic entropy and amenable groups
Authors: BOWEN LEWIS
Published: June 2011

In previous work, the author introduced a measure-conjugacy invariant for sofic group actions called sofic entropy. Here, it is proven that the sofic entropy of an amenable group action equals its classical entropy. The proof uses a new measure-conjugacy invariant called upper-sofic entropy and a theorem of Rudolph and Weiss for the entropy of orbit-equivalent actions relative to the orbit changeσ-algebra.
Alexandrov-embedded closed magnetic geodesics on S2
Authors: SCHNEIDER MATTHIAS
Published: June 2011

We prove the existence of two Alexandrov-embedded closed magnetic geodesics on any two-dimensional sphere with non-negative Gauß curvature.
Decadal variability of winter temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula region
Authors: Kravchenko V.O. , Evtushevsky O.M. , Grytsai A.V. , Milinevsky G.P.
Published: June 2011

Rapid climate warming has been observed in the region of the Antarctic Peninsula since the middle of the last century with the largest warming rate in the winter. Decadal variability of winter temperature on the regional scale was analysed using eight station datasets of the Antarctic Peninsula region. The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research Reference Antarctic Data for Environmental Research from the period 1950–2009 were used. Fourier and wavelet transforms of the averaged temperature anomaly time series reveal a clear separation between the oscillations with three to eight year periods and a decadal oscillation with a period of around 16 years. On the Antarctic Peninsula region scale, 16 year periodicity in the winter temperature variability has not been described before. Both spectral components show similar spectral power and statistical significance (5–10%). This is evidence of their comparable importance for winter temperature changes in the Antarctic Peninsula region. The three to eight year periods are most probably related to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Antarctic Circumpolar Wave signals, but the 16 year oscillation has not been identified within the scope of this analysis. The possible effect of the decadal oscillation in the winter temperature trend estimate is discussed.
Implementation of REDD+ in sub-Saharan Africa: state of knowledge, challenges and opportunities
Authors: HENRY MATIEU , MANIATIS DANAE , GITZ VINCENT , HUBERMAN DAVID , VALENTINI RICCARDO
Published: June 2011

Deforestation and forest degradation represent an important part of global CO2emissions. The identification of the multiple drivers of land-use change, past and present forest cover change and associated carbon budget, and the presence of locally adapted systems to allow for proper monitoring are particularly lacking in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Any incentive system to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) will have to overcome those limits. This paper reviews the main challenges to implementing effective REDD+ mitigation activities in SSA. We estimate that SSA is currently a net carbon sink of approximately 319 TgCO2yr−1. Forest degradation and deforestation put the forest carbon stock at risk (mean forest carbon stock is 57,679 TgC). Our results highlight the importance of looking beyond the forest sector to ensure that REDD+ efforts are aligned with agricultural and land-use policies.
Sociodemographic, health and lifestyle predictors of poor diets
Authors: Harrington Janas , Fitzgerald Anthony P , Layte Richard , Lutomski Jennifer , Molcho Michal , Perry Ivan J
Published: June 2011

Objective

Poor-quality diet, regarded as an important contributor to health inequalities, is linked to adverse health outcomes. We investigated sociodemographic and lifestyle predictors of poor-quality diet in a population sample.

Design

A cross-sectional analysis of the Survey of Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition (SLÁN). Diet was assessed using an FFQ (n9223, response rate = 89 %), from which a dietary score (the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) score) was constructed.

Setting

General population of the Republic of Ireland.

Subjects

The SLÁN survey is a two-stage clustered sample of 10 364 individuals aged 18 years.

Results

Adjusting for age and gender, a number of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health-related variables were associated with poor-quality diet: social class, education, marital status, social support, food poverty (FP), smoking status, alcohol consumption, underweight and self-perceived general health. These associations persisted when adjusted for age, gender and social class. They were not significantly altered in the multivariate analysis, although the association with social support was attenuated and that with FP was borderline significant (OR = 1·2, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·45). A classical U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and dietary quality was observed. Dietary quality was associated with social class, educational attainment, FP and related core determinants of health.

Conclusions

The extent to which social inequalities in health can be explained by socially determined differences in dietary intake is probably underestimated. The use of composite dietary quality scores such as the DASH score to address the issue of confounding by diet in the relationship between alcohol consumption and health merits further study.
Role of LRRK2 kinase dysfunction in Parkinson disease
Authors: Kumar Azad , Cookson Mark R.
Published: June 2011

Parkinson disease is a common and usually sporadic neurodegenerative disorder. However, a subset of cases are inherited and, of these, mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most frequent genetic cause of disease. Here, we will discuss recent progress in understanding howLRRK2mutations lead to disease and how this might have therapeutic implications. The effect of mutations on LRRK2 enzyme function provides clues as to which functions of the protein are important to disease. Recent work has focused on the kinase and GTP-binding domains of LRRK2, and it is assumed that these will be therapeutically important, although there is a substantial amount of work to be done to address this hypothesis.
The hybrid military establishment of the East India Company in South Asia: 1750–1849
Authors: Roy Kaushik
Published: June 2011

During the seventeenth century, the East India Company (EIC) was a minor power in South Asia, repeatedly defeated in battle. However, this changed rapidly, beginning in the 1750s, as the EIC started projecting power from its coastal enclaves into the interior. One after other, the indigenous powers were defeated and destroyed. This article argues that the EIC’s military success was not merely the result of importing the military institutions that emerged in western Europe: there was no military revolution in early modern South Asia. Rather, the EIC blended imported British military institutions and techniques with South Asia’s indigenous military traditions, creating a hybrid military establishment in which South Asian manpower, animals, and economic resources were crucial. The article focuses on the construction of the EIC’s military establishment by concentrating on three spheres: military technology, manpower management, and logistics.
NASA selects asteroid mission for New Frontiers Program
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2011

NASA has selected an unmanned mission to study and return samples from a carbonaceous asteroid as the third mission in its New Frontiers Program, the agency announced on 25 May. The Origins‐Spectral Interpretation‐Resource Identification‐Security‐Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS‐REx) is scheduled for a 2016 launch from Cape Canaveral, Fla., and a 2023 return to Utah's Test and Training Range. It will be the first U.S. mission to return samples from an asteroid to Earth and the first to return asteroid samples that could help scientists understand organics on Earth. The mission aims to sample the approximately 1900‐foot‐diameter asteroid, 1999 RQ36, which is named for the year it was discovered. This asteroid is “kind of a time capsule from 4.5 billion years ago, when the solar system formed,” according to OSIRIS‐REx principal investigator Michael Drake, director of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona, Tucson, which NASA selected to lead the mission. The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., is managing the mission, and Lockheed Martin will build the spacecraft. The mission is expected to cost $800 million, excluding the $1 billion launch vehicle.
Kreemer Receives 2010 Geodesy Section Award
Authors: Blewitt Geoffrey , Holt William , Kreemer Corné
Published: June 2011

Corné Kreemer received the 2010 Geodesy Section Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award is given in recognition of major advances in geodesy. It is a great pleasure for us to cite Corné Kreemer for the 2010 Geodesy Section Award, which is awarded to early‐to middle‐career scientists to recognize major advances in geodesy. Both of us have been very fortunate to have worked with Corné during this first phase of his career, starting with Bill Holt at State University of New York at Stony Brook and now with Geoff Blewitt at University of Nevada, Reno.
Atmospheric aerosols and climate over East Asia
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: June 2011

As the most heavily populated and fastest developing region of the world, East Asia is a major source of anthropogenic aerosols, which can affect air quality and climate. In addition, the arid regions of its interior are a significant source of dust in the atmosphere over East Asia. Aerosol emissions could have noticeable effects on weather and climate in the region. To unravel the complex relationships between the environment and climate changes, extensive studies were conducted in China to understand the sources, distribution, transportation, transformation, and climatic effects of the Asian aerosols. In an introduction to a Journal of Geophysical Research special section,Li et al. provide an overview of 30 investigations conducted as part of the East Asian Studies of Tropospheric Aerosols and their Impact on Regional Climate (EAST‐AIRC) program. (Journal of Geophysical Research‐Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2010JD015257, 2011)
Fjords help to melt calving fronts on tidal glaciers
Authors: Kumar Mohi
Published: June 2011

The Greenland ice sheet is connected to the ocean through outlet glaciers that are in direct contact with the ocean. As global temperatures increase, many of these glaciers—particularly on Greenland's west coast—are melting at rates higher than those at which ice accumulates. This melting is typically attributed to rising temperatures of the West Greenland Current, which bathes the continental shelf. However, this assertion is based mostly on inference; remote conditions in Greenland, coupled with a lack of direct records of glacial behavior or seawater properties where the glacier meets the ocean, hinder studies that could pinpoint exactly how the glaciers are losing ice.
Inherited mutations impair responses to environmental carcinogens: Cancer prevention in mutation carriers
Authors: Friedenson Bernard
Published: June 2011

Some environmental carcinogens may be responsible for a modest increase in the numbers of cancers after years of exposure. Economic or political factors weigh against widespread bans of carcinogens. However, lists of chemicals and agents that cause cancer assume that everyone is equally susceptible to their carcinogenic effects.Hereditary cancer gene mutations can target specific tissues if they are exposed to a carcinogen and the hereditary deficit impairs normal protective responses. Mutation carriers should then have higher risks for specific cancers caused by specific carcinogens.For example, it can be predicted that BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers should be highly susceptible to the carcinogen formaldehyde. High formaldehyde levels can overwhelm normal enzyme detoxification systems or detoxification genes may be inadequate or missing. Formaldehyde that is not detoxified causes strands of DNA to cross-link to each other and to nearby proteins. Carriers of mutations in BRCA1/2 dependent pathways are deficient in the ability to undo these cross-links.Human myeloid leukemias are linked to formaldehyde. Inherited biallelic BRCA2 gene defects and other defects in BRCA1/2 mediated pathways dramatically increase risks for myeloid leukemia, even among infants. In 12 of 15 studies, heterozygous BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations increase risks for myeloid leukemias. Moreover, chromosome arms lost in hereditary breast cancers encode enzymes essential for formaldehyde metabolism. BRCA1/2 mutation carriers may reduce their very high cancer risks by lowering their exposure to formaldehyde.Cancers associated with many other hereditary gene deficits can also be stimulated by distinct environmental hazards. Widespread education could prevent or delay some cancers in mutation carriers.
A counterexample against the Lesche stability of a generic entropy functional
Authors: Kaabouchi A. El , Ou C. J. , Chen J. C. , Su G. Z. , Wang Q. A.
Published: June 2011

We provide a counterexample to show that the generic form of entropy \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$S(p)\break=\sum \limits _i g(p_i),$\end{document}S(p)=∑ig(pi), is not always stable against small variation of probability distribution (Lesche stability) even if g is concave function on [0, 1] and of class \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\mathcal C}^2$\end{document}C2 on ]0, 1]. Our conclusion is that the stability of such a generic functional needs more hypotheses on the property of the function g, or in other words, the stability of entropy cannot be discussed at this formal stage.
Relativistic quantum mechanics and relativistic entanglement in the rest-frame instant form of dynamics
Authors: Alba David , Crater Horace W. , Lusanna Luca
Published: June 2011

A new formulation of relativistic quantum mechanics is proposed in the framework of the rest-frame instant form of dynamics, where the world-lines of the particles are parametrized in terms of the Fokker-Pryce center of inertia and of Wigner-covariant relative 3-coordinates inside the instantaneous Wigner 3-spaces, and where there is a decoupled (non-covariant and non-local) canonical relativistic center of mass. This approach: (a) allows us to make a consistent quantization in every inertial frame; (b) leads to a description of both bound and scattering states; (c) offers new insights on the relativistic localization problem; (d) leads to a non-relativistic limit with a Hamilton-Jacobi treatment of the Newton center of mass; (e) clarifies non-local aspects (spatial non-separability) of relativistic entanglement connected with Lorentz signature and not present in its non-relativistic treatment.
Computational insight into the effect of monovalent cations on the electronic, optical, and lattice dynamic properties of XInSe2 (X = Cu, Ag, Li)
Authors: Li Yanlu , Fan Weiliu , Sun Honggang , Cheng Xiufeng , Li Pan , Zhao Xian
Published: June 2011

Interactions between monovalent cations and anions are common in ternary AIBIIIC2VI chalcopyrite crystals, and are known to significantly influence their electronic behaviors. Density functional theory was used to investigate the effect of monovalent cations on the electronic, optical, and lattice dynamic properties of XInSe2 (X = Cu, Ag, Li) compounds. It follows that the electronic configurations of X ions, as well as the interactions between X ions and InSe4 groups, are responsible for the different electronic and optical properties of XInSe2. The special lattice dynamic properties of LiInSe2 are mainly related to the smaller cationic masses of Li cations, whereas the high ionicity of Li–Se bonds leads to the anomalistic declines of the A1 and A2 modes and the greater LO/TO splitting of the upper phonon polar modes.
Bounded stochastic shell mixing model for turbulent mixing of multiple scalars with arbitrary diffusivities
Authors: Xia Yanjun , Collins Lance R.
Published: June 2011

In the paper by Xia et al. [Flow, Turbul. Combust. 85, 689 (2010)], we derived a stochastic shell mixing model (SSMM) for turbulent mixing of multiple scalars with arbitrary diffusivities. The framework uses a Monte Carlo scheme to advance notional particles that move with the fluid and has scalar concentrations that are subdivided into “shells” that loosely represent a spectral decomposition of the scalar fluctuations. The variance within each shell is equivalent to the scalar spectrum evaluated at the corresponding wavenumber. Small-scale phenomena such as differential diffusion and the dependence of mixing on the scalar length scale are captured by the inherently spectral nature of the model. Furthermore, the sum of the scalar over shells for each notional particle simultaneously provides a fine-grained representation of the joint scalar probability density function (PDF). This aspect of the model was introduced, but not fully explored in the earlier paper, which focused on scalar fluctuations arising from a uniform mean gradient. At the level of this model, the scalar PDF reduces to a joint Gaussian. In this study, we explore more complex mixing scenarios, including the initial double delta function, which arises when two streams are brought into sudden contact. This introduces two important complexities that are the focus of this paper. The first is the shape changes to the PDF that result as the scalar PDF relaxes into a Gaussian form. The second is due to the bounds that the scalar must satisfy. Monte Carlo schemes inherently violate bounds; we have modified the model so as to ensure the bounds are satisfied by nearly all of the particles (bounded SSMM or BSSMM). Extensive comparisons between the BSSMM predictions and direct numerical simulations (DNS) are made for two decaying scalars (with different diffusivities) in forced, isotropic turbulence. Overall the agreement is very good. Additionally, we test a conjecture made in deriving the BSSMM model, namely the rate of mixing of a scalar is assumed to be a function of its spectrum, but not its PDF. Using DNS, we contrast the mixing rate of two scalars with identical PDFs, but different spectra against two scalars with identical spectra, but different PDFs. We conclude from this comparison that the mixing rate is much more sensitive to the scalar spectrum than to its PDF, in support of the assumption used to derive the new mixing model.
Usage of antimony segregation for selective doping of Si in molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Yurasov D. V. , Drozdov M. N. , Murel A. V. , Shaleev M. V. , Zakharov N. D. , Novikov A. V.
Published: June 2011

An original approach to selective doping of Si by antimony (Sb) in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is proposed and verified experimentally. This approach is based on controllable utilization of the effect of Sb segregation. In particular, the sharp dependence of Sb segregation on growth temperature in the range of 300–550 °C is exploited. The growth temperature variations between the kinetically limited and maximum segregation regimes are suggested to be utilized in order to obtain selectively doped structures with abrupt doping profiles. It is demonstrated that the proposed technique allows formation of selectively doped Si:Sb layers, including delta (δ-)doped layers in which Sb concentrations can be varied from 5 × 1015 to 1020 cm−3. The obtained doped structures are shown to have a high crystalline quality and the short-term growth interruptions, which are needed to change the substrate temperature, do not lead to any significant accumulation of background impurities in grown samples. Realization of the proposed approach requires neither too low (<300 °C), nor too high (>600 °C) growth temperatures or any special equipment for the MBE machines.
Nonthermal effects on the resonant instability of the dust-acoustic wave in a semi-bounded Lorentzian dusty plasma
Authors: Ki Dae-Han , Jung Young-Dae
Published: June 2011

The nonthermal effects on the resonant instability of the surface dust-acoustic wave are investigated in a semi-bounded Lorentzian dusty plasma containing elongated rotating dust grains. It is found that the nonthermal effects reduce the frequency domain and enhance the growth rate of the resonant instability for the case of positively charged dust grains. For negatively charged dust grains, however, the nonthermal effects on the frequency domain and the growth rate are found to be negligible. It is also found that the growth rates of the resonant instabilities in nonthermal plasmas would be greater than those in thermal plasmas.
Studies of temperature dependent ac impedance of a negative temperature coefficient Mn-Co-Ni-O thin film thermistor
Authors: He Lin , Ling Zhiyuan
Published: June 2011

Mn 1.85 Co 0.3 Ni 0.85 O 4 thin films with single cubic spinel phase and compact surface were prepared by chemical solution deposition method on Al2O3 substrates. Temperature dependent ac impedance spectroscopy was employed to analyze the contributions of grain boundary (GB) and grain to the conduction mechanism. The major characteristics (hopping type, resistance versus temperature behavior, and characteristic temperature T0) of the GB and grain were obtained. The hopping type of GB is nearest-neighbor-hopping (NNH), and that of grain might be a transition from variable-range-hopping to NNH. The GB shows dominating resistance while the grain shows stronger temperature dependence.
Effect of doping of 8-hydroxyquinolinatolithium on electron transport in tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum
Authors: Kumar Arunandan , Srivastava Ritu , Tyagi Priyanka , Mehta D. S. , Kamalasanan M. N.
Published: June 2011

Effect of doping of 8-hydroxyquinolinatolithium (Liq) on the electron transport properties of tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3) has been investigated as a function of temperature and doping concentration by fabricating electron only devices. It has been observed that current density in the devices increases with the doping of Liq up to a doping concentration of 33 wt. % and then decreases. Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of 0, 15, and 33 wt. % Liq doped Alq3 devices were found to be bulk limited and analyzed on the basis of trap charge limited conduction model. The J-V characteristics of 50 and 100 wt. % Liq doped Alq3 devices were found to be injection limited and were analyzed using the Fowler-Nordheim model. The increase in current density with doping up to 33 wt. % was found to be due to an increase in electron mobility upon doping, whereas the decrease in current density above 33 wt. % was due to the switching of transport mechanism from bulk limited to injection limited type due to an increase in barrier height. Electron mobility and variance of energy distribution have been measured by using transient electroluminescence technique to support our analysis. Electron mobility for pure Alq3 was found to be 1 × 10−6 cm2/V s, which increased to 3 × 10−5 cm2/V s upon doping with 33 wt. % Liq. The measured values of variance were 95, 87.5, 80, 72, and 65 meV for 0, 15, 33, 50, and 100 wt. % Liq doped Alq3 respectively. The increase in electron mobility upon doping has been attributed to a decrease in energetic disorder upon doping as evidenced by the decrease in variance. The increase in barrier height for the higher doping concentration was due to the disorder related correction σ2/2kT in the barrier height, which decreases with the increase in doping concentration.
Electronic structure of indium tin oxide/nanocrystalline TiO2 interfaces as used in dye-sensitized solar cell devices
Authors: Gutmann Sebastian , Wolak Matthäus A. , Conrad Matthew , Beerbom Martin M. , Schlaf Rudy
Published: June 2011

Dye-sensitized solar cells are typically prepared under ambient conditions and contamination is inevitably introduced during the fabrication process. Hence, the electronic structure and charge injection properties of the indium tin oxide (ITO)/nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) interface was studied by photoemission spectroscopy (PES) in the presence of environmental contaminants. The interface was formed by in situ multi-step electrospray thin film deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles onto ITO substrates cleaned prior in solvent under ambient conditions. In between deposition steps, the samples were characterized with PES yielding the band line-up at the ITO/TiO2 interface. In addition, the band line-up before and after annealing of the TiO2 layer was determined. The results of these measurements have in common that there are only small charge injection barriers between the valence bands of the oxides (∼0–0.2 eV), but more significant barriers for electron injection from TiO2 to ITO (∼0.3–0.5 eV), which has the potential to affect the performance of solar cell device structures. Another focus of the experiments was to investigate whether an earlier reported work function lowering measurement artifact occurring during ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) measurements on environmentally contaminated metal oxide surfaces would affect the characterization of ITO/TiO2 interfaces. For this purpose additional band line-up measurements using low intensity x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (LIXPS) were performed. LIXPS has been demonstrated to not cause the artifact, i.e., can be used to detect its occurrence. The results of these experiments show that the UV-induced work function reduction is not observed on the annealed interface, but that at contaminated interfaces care must be taken during data evaluation to take the artifact into account.
Modulation of near-field heat transfer between two gratings
Authors: Biehs S.-A. , Rosa F. S. S. , Ben-Abdallah P.
Published: June 2011

We present a theoretical study of near-field heat transfer between two uniaxial anisotropic planar structures. We investigate how the distance and relative orientation (with respect to their optical axes) between the objects affect the heat flux. In particular, we show that by changing the angle between the optical axes it is possible in certain cases to modulate the net heat flux up to 90% at room temperature, and discuss possible applications of such a strong effect.
Intramolecular proton transfer in malonaldehyde: Accurate multilayer multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree calculations
Authors: Hammer Thorsten , Manthe Uwe
Published: June 2011

Full-dimensional (multilayer) multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree calculations studying the intramolecular proton transfer in malonaldehyde based on a recent potential energy surface (PES) [Wang et al., J. Chem. Phys. 128, 224314 (2008)10.1063/1.2937732] are presented. The most accurate calculations yield a ground state tunneling splitting of 23.8 cm−1 and a zero point energy of 14 678 cm−1. Extensive convergence tests indicate an error margin of the quantum dynamics calculations for the tunneling splitting of about 0.2 cm−1. These results are to be compared with the experimental value of the tunneling splitting of 21.58 cm−1 and results of Monte Carlo calculations of Wang et al. on the same PES which yielded a zero point energy of 14 677.9 cm−1 with statistical errors of 2 − 3 cm−1 and a tunneling splitting of 21.6 cm−1. The present data includes contributions resulting from the vibrational angular momenta to the tunneling splitting and the zero point energy of 0.2 cm−1 and 2.4 cm−1, respectively, which have been computed using a perturbative approach.
Reflection-type single long-pulse solar simulator for high-efficiency crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules
Authors: Hu Binxin , Li Buyin , Zhao Rixin , Yang Tiechen
Published: June 2011

Photovoltaic module measurements are predominantly taken by using pulsed solar simulators. However, significant errors can be generated when the existing simulators are applied to current high-efficiency crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules. This paper presents the design and implementation of a novel solar simulator featuring reflection-type light source and single long-pulse flash. The analysis and experimental study of the capacitance effect and the technical details of the simulator including reflection-type lamp house, xenon flash lamp power supply, and source-measure unit are introduced. The results show that the complete system achieves Class AAA performance in accordance with the international standard. The proposed simulator outperforms other similar products on the market and has been adopted by some well-known photovoltaic module manufacturers. The practical application demonstrates that this high-performance and cost-effective simulator is quite suitable for photovoltaic module production line.
A method of suppressing mode competition in a coaxial localized-defect Bragg resonator operating in a higher-order mode
Authors: Lai Ying-Xin , Zhang Shi-Chang , Yang Lei
Published: June 2011

A coaxial localized-defect Bragg resonator has potential applications in high-power CARM oscillators. When it operates at sub-terahertz and terahertz frequencies, a higher-order mode is always required so as to get enough large geometry size. Analysis shows that higher-order mode operation may cause undesired mode competition due to the localized defect coupling the operating mode with its neighboring modes. A simple but efficient method is presented to solve the mode competition problem, where Hamming windowing-function distribution is separately applied to both sides of the localized defect.
Direct measurement of the charge distribution along a biased carbon nanotube bundle using electron holography
Authors: Beleggia M. , Kasama T. , Dunin-Borkowski R. E. , Hofmann S. , Pozzi G.
Published: June 2011

Nanowires and nanotubes can be examined in the transmission electron microscope under an applied bias. Here we introduce a model-independent method, which allows the charge distribution along a nanowire or nanotube to be measured directly from the Laplacian of an electron holographic phase image. We present results from a biased bundle of carbon nanotubes, in which we show that the charge density increases linearly with distance from its base, reaching a value of ∼0.8 electrons/nm near its tip.
Molecular theory on dielectric constant at interfaces: A molecular dynamics study of the water/vapor interface
Authors: Shiratori Kazuya , Morita Akihiro
Published: June 2011

Though the local dielectric constant at interfaces is an important phenomenological parameter in the analysis of surface spectroscopy, its microscopic definition has been uncertain. Here, we present a full molecular theory on the local field at interfaces with the help of molecular dynamics simulation, and thereby provide microscopic basis for the local dielectric constant so as to be consistent to the phenomenological three-layer model of interface systems. To demonstrate its performance, we applied the theory to the water/vapor interface, and obtained the local field properties near the interface where the simple dielectric model breaks down. Some computational issues pertinent to Ewald calculations of the dielectric properties are also discussed.