bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Politics in Pontiac’s War
Authors: Sturtevant Andrew
Published: May 2018

Although often attributed to the Odawa ogima, or headman, Pontiac, the conflict that bears his name was the work of a large and complicated network of Native people in the Ohio Valley, Great Lakes, and Mississippi Valley. Together Native Americans from this wide swath of North America identified their collective dissatisfaction of British Indian policy and, through careful negotiation and discussion, formulated a religious and political ideology that advocated for the Britons’ removal. In 1763, these diverse peoples carried off a successful military campaign that demonstrated Native sovereignty and power in these areas. Although falling short of its original goal of displacing the British, the coalition compelled the British Empire to change its policies and to show, outwardly at least, respect for Native peoples. Many of the peoples involved in the struggle would wage another such pan-Indian campaign against the United States a generation later.

In many ways, the anti-British campaign of 1761–1766 mirrored another anti-imperial campaign that followed a decade later. Like the American Revolution, the anti-British advocates of Pontiac’s War developed an ideology that specifically critiqued not only British policy but often questioned imperialism altogether, built an unstable and delicate coalition of diverse and sometimes antagonistic peoples, and sought to assert the participants’ independence from the British. However, the participants in Pontiac’s War were sovereign and autonomous indigenous nations, only recently and nominally allied to the British Empire, not British colonists, as in the American Revolution. Together these anti-British activists mounted a serious challenge to the British presence in the trans-Appalachian West and forced the British Empire to accede to many of their demands.
Race and Religion in U.S. Public Life
Authors: Joshi Khyati Y.
Published: May 2018

Religion is front and center in the early 21st century. The United States not only has experienced an explosion of religious diversity on its own shores in the past five decades, but also is functioning in a world where the 20th century’s duel of political theories has given way to political and social movements driven by or making use of expressly religious identities and themes. All the while, the United States is trying the perfect the experiment in religious pluralism started by the framers of the US Constitution more than two centuries ago. Today, most people would say we have “freedom of religion,” guaranteed by the First Amendment. In reality, religious freedom and religious pluralism are something we have been struggling with since the inception of this country for a variety of reasons, including the presence of white and Christian normativity that is enshrined in our laws and policies and extends religious liberties haltingly, belatedly, and incompletely. The experiences of three immigrant cohorts that are both racial and religious minorities in the United States (South Asian American Muslims, Sikhs, and Hindus) illustrate the dynamic nature of religion in public life, and the unfulfilled promise of complete equality. By illustrating the complexities of how racial status and religious background have impacted the perception and reception of these immigrant communities, it offers untold stories and discusses the lessons they offer for those who aspire to a genuinely equal and pluralistic America.
Religious Parades and Processions in America
Authors: Payne Rodger M.
Published: May 2018

Processional performances, including parading activities and the ritual procession of holy objects and images, have long been a part of religious practice. Informed by a cultural prejudice that viewed such public forms of religious display as outdated survivals from archaic religious traditions, early scholarly analysis focused on questions of origin rather than interpretation. Only recently have scholars from a variety of disciplinary perspectives—including religious studies, history, anthropology, and sociology—begun to examine such behaviors as expressions of “lived religion” rather than expressions of a “pagan” past. Only with the rise of the phenomenological method in the mid-twentieth century, best represented in the work of Mircea Eliade and his disciples and critics, did the question of the space in which such activities took place develop as a category for investigation and analysis. Eliade’s concept of “sacred” and “profane space,” while significantly criticized in recent decades, raised important concerns regarding the way in which religions created, recognized, and moved through space as a category of human meaning.

To Eliade’s contrast between the sacred and profane, recent scholars of American religion have added to their examination of space the oppositions of public and private, religious and secular, although understanding these terms (as well as sacred and profane) as dialectical rather than dichotomous. As public events that take place in religiously neutral space (the street), religious parades and processions raise questions about the phenomenological concept of the sacred center, or even the pilgrim’s goal of the “center out there,” because they represent a moving and ephemeral focus of sacred power. Participants may don special clothing, carry flags and banners, utilize sound (especially music), and transport sacred images and objects as they move from place to place. By visually, aurally, and spatially transgressing various boundaries, whether physical or symbolic, these ritual performances can “reterritorialize” social hierarchies and geographical identities. The “spatial turn” in religion combines insights drawn from cultural geography, the anthropology of space, and philosophical concepts in order to suggest new analytical and methodological approaches in the study of American religion generally, and religious parades and processions specifically.
Mexican Culture, 1920–1945
Authors: Delpar Helen , Smith Stephanie J.
Published: May 2018

Cultural nationalism characterized much of Mexico’s artistic and literary production during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. Much as Mexico City’s centenary festivities in 1921 and the accompanying Exhibition of Popular Art celebrated Mexico’s resurgence from a decade of violent revolutionary struggles, the month-long event also foreshadowed an extraordinary flowering of art, music, and literature that would gain unprecedented international admiration, especially for the murals created by the three masters: Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros. During this vibrant era, contemporary intellectuals, composers, writers, and artists produced art that would serve as a nation-building tool to unite a country fractured by years of regional fighting. To many contemporaries, not only was this cultural renewal an expression of the forces and aspirations unleashed by the revolutionary process, but the various art forms also provided a bright beacon that lit the way for the creation an “authentic” Mexican national identity. In his role as the director of the Ministry of Public Education from 1921 to 1924, José Vasconcelos understood the influence of culture well. Indeed, as the initial sponsor of the mural movement, he first employed the three great muralists, as well as other artists, at the National Preparatory School. The creation of a national culture, though, went well beyond the work of Rivera, Orozco, and Siqueiros, as artists from other countries also participated in Mexico’s blossoming cultural environment. Women, too, played crucial roles in the production of Mexico’s revolutionary culture, and their striking influences continue in the early 21st century.
State-Building and Roads in Postrevolutionary Chiapas and at the Turn of the 21st Century
Authors: Otto Jonathan
Published: May 2018

Throughout the 20th century, the Mexican government used road building to incorporate the country’s disparate regions within the national economy and to enhance the visibility of remote populations. Since Independence, one of Mexico’s most economically and politically marginal states has been Chiapas. Yet, road building and state building efforts here have been inconsistent and contested since the 1920s. As seen in the case of Chiapas, the Mexican government made efforts to use road building as a state building tool and the limits to such work. Road-building efforts in the periods of 1924–1940 and 1990–2015 embodied the specific political, economic, and social elements of the time, and shedding light on the uneven nature of state building during each period. Roads—one promise of the 1910 Revolution—were slow to arrive in Chiapas in the 1920s and 1930s as fighting waned, due to government neglect and to the influence of local elites who were skeptical of integration with the country. It was not until the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–1940) that the Federal Government began to invest in road building in the state. Yet, such efforts were limited, and Chiapas remained economically and politically marginalized until the 1990s. Following the 1994 Zapatista uprising, the Federal Government began to invest in infrastructure development so as to facilitate economic expansion and ensure national security. Government officials felt that, by expanding the state’s agricultural export and tourism industries, they would be able to co-opt Zapatista sympathizers to work in support of the state’s vision for the country. In 2009 and again in 2014, the government began construction on the San Cristobal-Palenque Highway project, which was designed to achieve these goals. Nevertheless, both times the project faced strong opposition leading to its cancellation and demonstrating, again, the limits of state building efforts in Chiapas.
Revolutionary Land Reform and Its End in Mexico
Authors: Lenti Joseph U.
Published: May 2018

For seventy-five years the Mexican government allocated private and public land to people who needed it—and lots of it. An average of 1.3 million hectares were redistributed annually from 1917 to 1992, for a total of nearly 1 million square kilometers, or, almost exactly half of the nation’s arable area. On the other hand, serious flaws in government policy, coupled with macroeconomic, demographic, and environmental phenomena, undermined the program and turned its signature component, the ejido, into a synonym for rural backwardness and poverty. Thus, in spite of the astonishing volume of redistributed land, many assert that revolutionary land reform in Mexico failed: that it did not permanently improve the lives of rural land recipients as much as convert them into clients of the government.
Constantina, daughter of Constantine, wife of Gallus Caesar, and patron of St. Agnes at Rome
Authors: Hillner Julia
Published: May 2018

Constantina, born in c. 320, was the eldest daughter of Constantine I. She was married twice, first in 335 to her cousin Hannibalianus, whose death in 337 left her widowed, and second in 351 to another cousin, Gallus Caesar. Between her marriages, she resided in Rome, founding the church of St. Agnes on the Via Nomentana, where she would be buried in an adjacent mausoleum after her death in 354. Constantina was an active political player in the early 350s. In 350, she intervened against the usurpation of Magnentius through proclaiming the magister militum Vetranio Caesar to her brother Constantius, and she exerted influence on her husband Gallus when the couple resided in Antioch from 351 to 354. Constantina was venerated as a saint in Rome in the 7th century.
An in silico proteomics screen to predict and prioritize protein–protein interactions dependent on post-translationally modified motifs
Authors: Schmoker Anna M , Driscoll Heather E , Geiger Stefanie R , Vincent James J , Ebert Alicia M , Ballif Bryan A
Published: May 2018

Motivation

The development of proteomic methods for the characterization of domain/motif interactions has greatly expanded our understanding of signal transduction. However, proteomics-based binding screens have limitations including that the queried tissue or cell type may not harbor all potential interacting partners or post-translational modifications (PTMs) required for the interaction. Therefore, we sought a generalizable, complementary in silico approach to identify potentially novel motif and PTM-dependent binding partners of high priority.

Results

We used as an initial example the interaction between the Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of the adaptor proteins CT10 regulator of kinase (CRK) and CRK-like (CRKL) and phosphorylated-YXXP motifs. Employing well-curated, publicly-available resources, we scored and prioritized potential CRK/CRKL–SH2 interactors possessing signature characteristics of known interacting partners. Our approach gave high priority scores to 102 of the >9000 YXXP motif-containing proteins. Within this 102 were 21 of the 25 curated CRK/CRKL–SH2-binding partners showing a more than 80-fold enrichment. Several predicted interactors were validated biochemically. To demonstrate generalized applicability, we used our workflow to predict protein–protein interactions dependent upon motif-specific arginine methylation. Our data demonstrate the applicability of our approach to, conceivably, any modular binding domain that recognizes a specific post-translationally modified motif.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Feudal Obligation or Paid Service? The Recruitment of Princely Armies in the Late Medieval Low Countries
Authors: Burgers Jan W J , Damen Mario
Published: May 2018

The fourteenth century was an age of transition in the recruitment of armies in the Low Countries. In the princely host, the traditional feudal ties remained important, but they underwent a process of multiplication and diversification. In this article, we explore the changing nature of these feudal relations and other bonds, and the consequences for the power relationships between princes and their vassals in the later Middle Ages. It discusses the implications of five types of ties between a prince and the men who fought in his army. These five forms of military recruitment were triggered by the increasingly business-like way in which princes raised their armies, and mark the transition from a feudal host to a contract army. For a long time the feudal host remained the core of the army, but the underlying feudal relations became increasingly monetarised through the granting of fief-rentes and fief-rentes de reprise. In this, the feudal ties and military contracts in the Low Countries show striking similarities to bastard feudalism in England, although there are also important differences.
Welfare of aquatic animals: where things are, where they are going, and what it means for research, aquaculture, recreational angling, and commercial fishing
Authors: Browman Howard I , Cooke Steven J , Cowx Ian G , Derbyshire Stuart W G , Kasumyan Alexander , Key Brian , Rose James D , Schwab Alexander , Skiftesvik Anne Berit , Stevens E Don , Watson Craig A , Arlinghaus Robert
Published: May 2018

We revisit the evidence attributing sentience-pain-suffering to aquatic animals. The objective is to inform readers of the current state of affairs, to direct attention to where research is needed, and to identify “wicked” questions that are difficult to resolve unequivocally. By separating the ethical from the scientific debate, applying organized skepticism to the latter, and taking a pragmatic approach that does not depend on resolving the “wicked” questions, we hope to focus and strengthen research on aquatic animal welfare. A second but closely-related objective is to briefly summarize the research used to support the regulations governing the welfare of aquatic animals, particularly its limitations. If you interact with aquatic animals, these regulations already affect you. If the regulatory environment continues on its current trajectory (adding more aquatic animal taxa to those already regulated), activity in some sectors could be severely restricted, even banned. There are surely some lively debates and tough choices ahead. In the end, extending legal protection to aquatic animals is a societal choice, but that choice should not be ascribed to strong support from a body of research that does not yet exist, and may never exist, and the consequences of making that decision must be carefully weighed.
Host HDAC4 regulates the antiviral response by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IRF3
Authors: Yang Qi , Tang Jielin , Pei Rongjuan , Gao XiaoXiao , Guo Jing , Xu Chonghui , Wang Yun , Wang Qian , Wu Chunchen , Zhou Yuan , Hu Xue , Zhao He , Wang Yanyi , Chen Xinwen , Chen Jizheng
Published: May 2018

Class II HDACs, such as HDAC4, are critical regulators of the immune response in various immune cells; however, its role in innate immunity remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the overexpression of HDAC4 suppresses the production of type I interferons triggered by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). HDAC4 repressed the translocation of transcription factor IRF3 to the nucleus, thereby decreasing IRF3-mediated IFN-β expression. In particular, we also determined that HDAC4 can be phosphorylated and simultaneously block the phosphorylation of IRF3 at Ser386 and Ser396 by TBK1 and IKKε, respectively, by interacting with the kinase domain of TBK1 and IKKε. Furthermore, IFN-β may stimulate the expression of HDAC4. Our findings suggest that HDAC4 acts as a regulator of PRR signaling and is a novel mechanism of negative feedback regulation for preventing an over-reactive innate immune response.
Epidemics and Yield Losses due toCorynespora cassiicolaon Cotton
Authors: Bowen Kira L. , Hagan Austin K. , Pegues Malcolm , Jones Jarrod , Miller H. Brad
Published: May 2018

Target spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, has recently emerged as a problematic foliar disease of cotton. This pathogen causes premature defoliation during boll set and maturation that can subsequently impact yield, and on certain cotton cultivars loss can be substantial. This study sought to better understand target spot epidemics and disease-incited yield losses on cotton. In order to establish a range of disease, varying numbers of fungicide applications were made to each of two cotton cultivars in each of four site-years. Target spot intensity was rated over several dates beginning in late July or early August and continuing into September. Yield of seed plus lint (seed cotton) was recorded at harvest. When analyzed across cultivars, a second or third fungicide application increased yield compared with no treatment. Lack of significant yield response with a single fungicide application may have been due to timing of that application which preceded disease onset. The cultivar PhytoGen 499 WRF had consistently greater defoliation than any of the three Deltapine cultivars grown in each site-year. However, yields of both cultivars responded similarly to the fungicide regimes. Yield loss models based on late August defoliation were only predictive at site-years where conditions favored target spot development, i.e., abundant rain and moderate temperatures. Epidemic development fit the Gompertz growth model better than it did a logistic model. Knowledge of the underlying mathematical character of the epidemiology of target spot will prove useful for development of a predictive model for the disease.
Not So Smart: Cell Phone Use Hurts Our Patients and Profession
Authors: Bartholomew Kathleen
Published: May 2018

The clinical setting is no place for divided attention.
Colorado ‘Alternative to Opioids’ Pilot Project Exceeds Goals
Authors: Stockwell Serena
Published: May 2018

The ED pain management program reduced opioid use in populations at high risk for misuse or abuse.
The Safety and Quality of Abortions in the United States
Authors: Zolot Joan
Published: May 2018

A review documents few complications, but location matters.
Unsafe Firearm Storage in Homes with Children
Authors: Mechcatie Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

Only about one-third follow AAP safety guidelines.
Making Hospitals Less Threatening to Patients with Dementia
Authors: Sofer Dalia
Published: May 2018

Measures have been proposed, but how realistic are they?
Trump Administration Opens Division of Conscience and Religious Freedom
Authors: Kritz Fran
Published: May 2018

In controversial move, federal health department signals shift in civil rights focus.
Cardiotocography vs. Intermittent Auscultation in Assessing Fetal Well-Being
Authors: Bayes Sara , Whitehead Lisa
Published: May 2018

Editor's note: This is a summary of a nursing care–related systematic review from the Cochrane Library. For more information, see http://nursingcare.cochrane.org.
FDA to Minimize Abuse Potential of OTC Antidiarrheal
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S.
Published: May 2018

The Food and Drug Administration remains concerned about potential abuse of the over-the-counter antidiarrheal loperamide. The agency is working with manufacturers to create packaging that more clearly shows the dose for consumers and to limit the number of doses in one package.

Intentional abuse or unintentional overdose of loperamide can lead to serious cardiac complications and possibly death.
FDA Approves First Treatment for Nonmetastatic, Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S.
Published: May 2018

Erleada (apalutamide) is the first treatment approved for nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer.

If patients prescribed apalutamide are also taking other drugs metabolized by the same cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme systems, the circulating levels of apalutamide may be altered.
The Benefits of Implementing an Early Mobility Protocol in Postoperative Neurosurgical Spine Patients
Authors: Rupich Kristin , Missimer Emily , O'Brien David , Shafer George , Wilensky Eileen Maloney , Pierce John T. , Kerr Marie , Kallan Michael J. , Dolce Dana , Welch William C.
Published: May 2018

Background: Despite the known benefits of early postsurgical mobility, there are no clear recommendations on early mobility among uncomplicated postoperative neurosurgical spine patients.

Purpose: The purpose of this quality improvement initiative was to establish an NP-led early mobility protocol to reduce uncomplicated postsurgical spine patients' length of stay (LOS) in the hospital and eliminate the variability of postsurgical care. A secondary objective was to educate and empower nursing staff to initiate the early mobility protocol independently and incorporate it in their practice to improve patient care.

Methods: Two neurosurgery NPs led an interprofessional team to develop the early mobility protocol. Team members provided preadmission preoperative education to communicate the necessity for early mobility and provide information about the protocol. New nursing guidelines called for patient mobility on the day of surgery, within six hours of arrival on the medical–surgical unit. Nurses were empowered to get patients out of bed independently, without a physical therapy consultation; they also removed urinary catheters and discontinued IV opioids when patients' status permitted.

Results: Over a one-year period, implementation of the protocol resulted in a nine-hour reduction in LOS per hospitalization in neurosurgical spine patients who underwent lumbar laminectomies. The protocol also allowed nurses more autonomy in patient care and was a catalyst for patient involvement in their postoperative mobility. Given the success of the protocol, it is being replicated by other surgical services throughout the organization.

Conclusions: This low-cost, high-reward initiative aligns with the strategic plan of the organization and ensures that high-quality, patient-centered care remains the priority. NPs in other institutions can modify this protocol to promote postoperative mobility in their organizations.
Getting and Giving Report
Authors: Anderson Amanda
Published: May 2018

This column is designed to help new nurses in their first year at the bedside—a time of insecurity, growth, and constant challenges—and to offer advice as they learn what it means to be a nurse. This article offers strategies new nurses can use and specific steps they can take to help them succeed in both giving and receiving report.
Legal Issues in Dismissing Unvaccinated Patients
Authors: Brous Edie
Published: May 2018

Even small proportions of parents refusing vaccines have important consequences.
Effect of Body Positioning in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: May 2018

According to this study:

The level of backrest elevation among patients receiving mechanical ventilation is not associated with changes in tissue integrity.
Determining Differences Between Physician And Nursing Care
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: May 2018

According to this article:

Quantitative evidence supports the hypothesis that physicians and nurses focus on different aspects of patient care.
Patient Coaching Saves Lives And Money
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: May 2018

According to this study:

By closing treatment gaps, a standardized coaching program can reduce both mortality and health care costs.
Probiotics in the Clinical Management of Lower GI Symptoms
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: May 2018

According to this study:

Specific probiotics can relieve lower gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
The Thin Flat Line Between Life and Death
Authors: August-Marcucio Kassandra
Published: May 2018

In nursing, there's often a delicate balance between worlds.
Innovations and Challenges of Implementing a Glucose Gel Toolkit for Neonatal Hypoglycemia
Authors: Hammer Denise , Pohl Carla , Jacobs Peggy J. , Kaufman Susan , Drury Brenda
Published: May 2018

Background:

Transient neonatal hypoglycemia occurs most commonly in newborns who are small for gestational age, large for gestational age, infants of diabetic mothers, and late preterm infants. An exact blood glucose value has not been determined for neonatal hypoglycemia, and it is important to note that poor neurologic outcomes can occur if hypoglycemia is left untreated. Interventions that separate mothers and newborns, as well as use of formula to treat hypoglycemia, have the potential to disrupt exclusive breastfeeding.

Purpose:

To determine whether implementation of a toolkit designed to support staff in the adaptation of the practice change for management of newborns at risk for hypoglycemia, that includes 40% glucose gel in an obstetric unit with a level 2 nursery will decrease admissions to the Intermediate Care Nursery, and increase exclusive breastfeeding.

Method:

This descriptive study used a retrospective chart review for pre/postimplementation of the Management of Newborns at Risk for Hypoglycemia Toolkit (Toolkit) using a convenience sample of at-risk newborns in the first 2 days of life to evaluate the proposed outcomes.

Results:

Following implementation of the Toolkit, at-risk newborns had a clinically but not statistically significant 6.5% increase in exclusive breastfeeding and a clinically but not statistically significant 5% decrease in admissions to the Intermediate Care Nursery.

Implications for Practice:

The Toolkit was designed for ease of staff use and to improve outcomes for the at-risk newborn.

Implications for Research:

Future research includes replication at other level 2 and level 1 obstetric centers and investigation into the number of 40% glucose gel doses that can safely be administered.
Oral Fluoroquinolone Prescribing to Children in the United States From 2006 to 2015
Authors: Etminan Mahyar , Guo Michael Y. , Carleton Bruce
Published: May 2018

Background:

Fluoroquinolone (FQ) prescription rates have increased over the last 10 years despite recent warnings of serious adverse effects such as peripheral neuropathy and tendinopathy. Currently, there are no published data on the extent or appropriateness of FQ prescribing in children.

Methods:

Drug prescription data from the PharMetrics Plus health claims database (United States) were analyzed to examine dispensing of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, or gemifloxacin to children from 2006 to 2015. Based on American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations, an algorithm was created to quantify inappropriate FQ prescriptions, which was further stratified by age and FQ type.

Results:

Among a cohort of 2,754,431 children, 372,357 prescriptions for an oral FQ were dispensed between 2006 and 2015. An increase was observed in FQ prescriptions from 2006 to 2013, with numbers coming down in 2014 and 2015. Ciprofloxacin was the most frequently prescribed FQ (334,268 prescriptions) followed by levofloxacin (19,386), moxifloxacin (18,434) and combined ofloxacin/gemifloxacin prescriptions (369). Of the FQ prescriptions in children, 48% were prescribed to those 10 years of age or younger, and 22% were deemed inappropriate.

Conclusions:

Our study suggests an increase in the prescribing of FQs, mostly ciprofloxacin, over a 10-year period, although numbers have decreased slightly in 2014 and 2015. At least 1 in 5 prescriptions were deemed unnecessary. In light of recent FQ safety warnings and lack of long-term safety data with FQ use in children and potential risk of increasing antibiotic resistance, clinicians are advised to refrain from using FQs for uncomplicated community-acquired infections.
Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction
Authors: Walley Keith R.
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review

Sepsis leads to a complex intramyocardial inflammatory response that results in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction. Here, recent findings are reviewed in a physiologic context.

Recent findings

Decreased systolic contractility during sepsis limits ventricular ejection and stroke volume. Initially, this effect is compensated for by increased diastolic filling during volume resuscitation. Reduced afterload due to arterial vasodilation also compensates so that cardiac output can be maintained or increased. Recent results recognize the importance of diastolic dysfunction, reduced ventricular diastolic compliance that impedes ventricular filling. Diastolic dysfunction becomes increasingly important as severity of septic shock increases. When impaired ventricular ejection is coupled with limited diastolic filling, stroke volume must decrease. Accordingly, diastolic dysfunction is more closely related to mortality than systolic dysfunction. Recent trials of beta-adrenergic agonists and levosimendan have been disappointing, while approaches to modulating the intramyocardial inflammatory response show promise.

Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a major contributor to outcome of septic shock. Significant strides have been made in understanding the intramyocardial inflammatory response that causes myocardial dysfunction. A number of novel approaches show promise by modulating the intramyocardial inflammatory response.
Blood loss mitigation and replacement in facial surgery: a review
Authors: Herford Alan , Lowe Isaac
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review

To provide a comprehensive overview of the predisposing factors that contribute to a risk of excess bleeding for surgical therapy in the head and neck regions, provide a thorough overview of techniques and tools for managing blood loss complications, and provide intervention algorithms to help guide clinical decision making.

Recent findings

With the current landscape of medications and reversal agents, protocols for intervention in a variety of situations, and new tools for blood loss management all rapidly changing and being developed it is critical to stay up to date to provide patients the best care in the most critical of situations.

With the risk of blood loss complications in head and neck surgery ranging from minimal to extreme surgeons require a comprehensive understanding risk factors, patient evaluation tools, and proper management algorithms. The first opportunity to prevent unnecessary blood loss and blood loss complications is the health history and physical appointment where a clinician can identify any medications, conditions, or other predisposing factors that would elevate a patient's risk of excess bleeding and the necessity for treatment augmentation. Although not all complications can be prevented because of the natural physiological variation that occurs from patient to patient, despite proper and proper diagnostics, a full working knowledge of most likely complications, hemostatic tools, and concise communication with team members can prevent a lot of blood loss and the complications associated.
Reinvention and a Sustained Sense of Purpose
Authors: Powell Suzanne K.
Published: May 2018

Change will occur, in life circumstances, health, success, family, jobs, etc. No one is immune. This Editorial discusses the concept of reinvention and details some preparatory steps you can take.
Role of Academic Self-efficacy and Social Support on Nursing Students' Test Anxiety
Authors: Warshawski Sigalit , Bar-Lev Oshra , Barnoy Sivia
Published: May 2018

Associations between test anxiety, academic self-efficacy (ASE), and social support through social media have not been fully explored. The purposes were to explore associations between test anxiety, ASE, and social support from social media and to examine differences in test anxiety by students' year of studies and cultural background. This study used a cross-sectional, descriptive design. The sample comprised first- and fourth-year nursing students (n = 240) attending a baccalaureate nursing program in Israel. Higher ASE and support through social media were related to lower test anxiety. Fourth-year students and Jewish students had higher ASE than first-year and Arab students, who received more support on social media than Jewish students. Developing learning strategies designed to increase students' ASE and reduce test anxiety is warranted. Social media as an educational tool can be adopted for this purpose.
Is the SMARTLock Hybrid Maxillomandibular Fixation System Comparable to Intermaxillary Fixation Screws in Closed Reduction of Condylar Fractures?
Authors: Roeder Rosiane Alfinito , Guo Lifei , Lim Alan A.
Published: May 2018

Condylar fractures account for one third of all mandibular fractures. Despite being highly prevalent, treatment of these fractures remains controversial because of the sequelae of inadequate closed reduction and the risks associated with open repair. Multiple studies attempt to compare closed reduction with maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), open reduction with internal fixation, and endoscopic reduction with internal fixation. In our practice, we favor closed reduction with MMF except in cases of significantly displaced subcondylar fractures. To decrease operative MMF time, we moved away from traditional arch bars in favor of intermaxillary fixation screws (IMF screws). However, since the advent of the Stryker SMARTLock Hybrid Maxillomandibular Fixation System (Hybrid), we now use this system to maximize the advantages of having an arch bar, with its flexibility of elastic placement and ability to serve as tension band, in addition to the speed and simplicity of application similarly afforded by the IMF screws. The Hybrid system is shown to be cost effective compared with arch bars in a previous study. This is attributed to decreased operating room time. There are no studies comparing its outcomes and cost with IMF screws. In this article, we examine a series of patients treated with closed reduction using either IMF screws or the Stryker SMARTLock Hybrid Maxillomandibular Fixation System. We found similar result in patient outcomes and operative time, but increase cost with the Hybrid system.
Remote Ischemic Conditioning in a Model of Severe Renal Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Behaghel Vianney , Tamareille Sophie , Rabant Marion , Mirebeau-Prunier Delphine , Bière Loïc , Macchi Laurent , Prunier Fabrice
Published: May 2018

Ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is a leading cause of acute renal dysfunction. Remote ischemic conditioning (rIC) is known to protect organs exposed to I/R. We sought to investigate whether rIC would influence renal function recovery in a severe renal I/R injury rat model. Rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups following median laparotomy and right nephrectomy: Sham (n = 6); 30-min left renal ischemia (RI) only (n = 20); RI + rIC (n = 20) (four 5-min cycles of limb ischemia interspersed with 5-min limb reperfusion during RI); and RI + erythropoietin pretreatment (EPO) (n = 20). Renal function was evaluated by assessing blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr) levels before surgery and after 1 day of reperfusion. All animals were monitored for 7 days for survival analysis. BUN and Cr baseline levels did not significantly differ between groups. At day 1, BUN and Cr were significantly higher than baseline values in all groups. BUN and Cr levels did not significantly differ at day 1 between RI and RI + rIC (P = 0.68). Conversely, EPO pretreatment injected 60 min before RI was associated with lower BUN and Cr levels compared with RI (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively) and RI + rIC (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). In addition, 7-day survival rates were significantly higher in the Sham group (100%) compared with RI (50%; P = 0.039 vs. Sham) and RI + rIC (45%; P = 0.026 vs. Sham). Conversely, survival rate did not significantly differ between the Sham and RI + EPO groups (70%, P = 0.15). In conclusion, rIC affected neither acute renal dysfunction nor early mortality in a severe I/R renal injury rat model, contrary to EPO pretreatment.
Analysis of HIV-1 latent reservoir and rebound viruses in a clinical trial of anti-HIV-1 antibody 3BNC117
Authors: Cohen Yehuda Z. , Lorenzi Julio C. C. , Krassnig Lisa , Barton John P. , Burke Leah , Pai Joy , Lu Ching-Lan , Mendoza Pilar , Oliveira Thiago Y. , Sleckman Christopher , Millard Katrina , Butler Allison L. , Dizon Juan P. , Belblidia Shiraz A. , Witmer-Pack Maggi , Shimeliovich Irina , Gulick Roy M. , Seaman Michael S. , Jankovic Mila , Caskey Marina , Nussenzweig Michel C.
Published: May 2018

A clinical trial was performed to evaluate 3BNC117, a potent anti_HIV_1 antibody, in infected individuals during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) and subsequent analytical treatment interruption (ATI). The circulating reservoir was evaluated by quantitative and qualitative outgrowth assay (Q2VOA) at entry and after 6 months, prior to ATI. Although there were no significant quantitative changes in the size of the reservoir, the composition of circulating reservoir clones varied over the 6_month period before treatment interruption in a manner that did not correlate with antibody sensitivity. The neutralization profile obtained from the reservoir by Q2VOA was predictive of time to rebound after ATI, and thus of antibody efficacy. Although 3BNC117 binding site amino acid variants found in rebound viruses pre_existed in the latent reservoir, only 3 of 217 rebound viruses were identical to 868 latent viruses. Instead many of the rebound viruses appeared to be recombinants, even in individuals with resistant reservoir viruses. By incorporating the possibility of recombination, 63% of the rebound viruses could have derived from the observed latent reservoir. In conclusion, viruses emerging during ATI in individuals treated with 3BNC117 are not the dominant species found in the circulating reservoir, but instead appear to represent recombinants.

In the setting of a clinical trial evaluating the anti_HIV_1 antibody 3BNC117, Cohen et al. demonstrate that rebound viruses that emerge following interruption of antiretroviral therapy are distinct from circulating latent viruses. However, rebound viruses often appear to be recombinants between isolated latent viruses.
Spousal Concordance in Telomere Length: New Evidence from Older Adults in the US
Authors: Fletcher Jason M.
Published: May 2018

Telomere length (TL) has been associated with a range of aging outcomes as well as mortality. Recent research has shown both high heritability (∼70 %) of TL as well as moderate spousal similarity (r∼.3) using European datasets. This paper explores the level of spousal concordance in telomere length in the Health and Retirement Study, a national sample of adults in the US. The results both show that the spousal similarity in TL is lower in the US and also varies by the length of time spouses have been married as well as the educational attainments of husbands. These findings suggest the possibility of both assortative mating patterns related to telomere length as well as likelihood of shared environmental factors that cause similarity in TL in people who are socially connected.
Defining p53 pioneering capabilities with competitive nucleosome binding assays
Authors: Yu Xinyang , Buck Michael J.
Published: May 2018

Accurate gene expression requires the targeting of transcription factors (TFs) to regulatory sequences often occluded within nucleosomes. The ability to target a transcription factor binding site (TFBS) within a nucleosome has been the defining characteristic for a special class of TFs known as pioneer factors. Recent studies suggest p53 functions as a pioneer factor that can target its TFBS within nucleosomes, but it remains unclear how p53 binds to nucleosomal DNA. To comprehensively examine p53 nucleosome binding we competitively bound p53 to multiple in vitro formed nucleosomes containing a high or low-affinity p53 TFBS located at differing translational and rotational positions within the nucleosome. Stable p53-nucleosome complexes were isolated and quantified using next generation sequencing. Our results demonstrate p53 binding is limited to nucleosome edges with significant binding inhibition occurring within 50-bp of the nucleosome dyad. Binding site affinity only affects p53 binding for TFBS located outside the nucleosome core at the same nucleosomal positions. Furthermore, p53 has strong non-specific nucleosome binding facilitating its interaction with chromatin. Our in vitro findings were confirmed by examining p53 induced binding in a cell line model, showing induced binding at nucleosome edges flanked by a nucleosome free region. Overall, our results suggest that the pioneering capabilities of p53 are driven by non-specific nucleosome binding with specific binding at nucleosome edges.
Effect of fluoxetine on adult amblyopia: a placebo-controlled study combining neuroplasticity-enhancing pharmacological intervention and perceptual training
Authors: Huttunen Henri J. , Palva J. Matias , Lindberg Laura , Palva Satu , Saarela Ville , Karvonen Elina , Latvala Marja-Leena , Liinamaa Johanna , Booms Sigrid , Castrén Eero , Uusitalo Hannu
Published: May 2018

Amblyopia is a common visual disorder that is treatable in childhood. However, therapies have limited efficacy in adult patients with amblyopia. Fluoxetine can reinstate early-life critical period-like neuronal plasticity and has been used to recover functional vision in adult rats with amblyopia. This phase 2, randomized, double-blind (fluoxetine vs. placebo), multicenter clinical trial examined whether or not fluoxetine can improve visual acuity in amblyopic adults. This interventional trial included 42 participants diagnosed with moderate to severe amblyopia. Subjects were randomized to receive either 20 mg fluoxetine (n=22) or placebo (n=20). During the 10-week treatment period, all subjects performed daily computerized perceptual training and eye patching. There was no significant difference in treatment efficacy between the groups. Visual acuity at the primary endpoint had significantly improved over baseline in both the fluoxetine (−0.167 logMAR) and placebo (−0.194 logMAR) groups (both p < 0.001). Because patching alone is not effective in adults, the visual acuity improvement likely resulted from perceptual training. There was a positive correlation between visual acuity improvement and the perceptual training time. While this study failed to provide evidence that fluoxetine enhances neuroplasticity, our data support the usefulness of perceptual training for vision improvement in adults with amblyopia.
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C among Healthcare Workers in Dutse Metropolis Jigawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Sani N.M. , Bitrus I. , Sarki A.M. , Mujahid N.S.
Published: May 2018

Hepatitis is one of the neglected infectious diseases in sub Saharan Africa and most of the available data is based on blood donors. Health care workers (HCWs) often get infected as a result of their close contact with patients. A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and C among this group of professionals with a view to improving the quality of care to their patients. Hepatitis B and C infections pose a major public health problem worldwide. While infection is highest in the developing world particularly Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, healthcare workers are at higher risk of acquiring blood-borne viral infections, particularly Hepatitis B and C which are mostly asymptomatic. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of Hepatitis B and C infections and associated risk factors among health care workers in Dutse Metropolis, Jigawa State - Nigeria. A standard rapid immuno-chromatographic technique i.e. rapid ELISA was used to screen all sera for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis C viral antibody (HCVAb) respectively. Strips containing coated antibodies and antigens to HBV and HCV respectively were removed from the foil. Strips were labeled according to samples. Using a separate disposable pipette, 2 drops of the sample (plasma) were added into each test strip and allowed to run across the absorbent pad. Results were read after 15 minutes. The prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in 100 healthcare workers was determined by testing the plasma collected from the clients during their normal checkup using HBsAg and HCVAb test strips. Results were subjected to statistical analysis using chi-square test. The prevalence of HBV among HCWs was 19 out of 100 (19.0%) and that of HCV was 5 out of 100 (5.0%) where in both cases, higher prevalence was observed among female nurses. It was also observed that all HCV positive cases were recorded among nurses only. The study revealed that nurses are at greater risk of contracting HBV and HCV due to their frequent contact with patients. It is therefore recommended that effective vaccination and other infection control measures be encouraged among healthcare workers.
Non-coding AUG circRNAs constitute an abundant and conserved subclass of circles
Authors: Stagsted Lotte VW , Nielsen Katrine M , Daugaard Iben , Hansen Thomas B
Published: May 2018

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a subset of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) previously considered as products of missplicing. Now, circRNAs are considered functional molecules, although to date, only few functions have been experimentally validated, and therefore the vast majority of circRNAs are without known relevance. Here, based on RNA sequencing from the ENCODE consortium, we identify and characterize a subset of circRNAs, coined AUG circRNAs, encompassing the annotated translational start codon from the protein-coding host genes. AUG circRNAs are more abundantly expressed and conserved than other groups of circRNAs, and they display anAlu-independent mechanism of biogenesis. The AUG circRNAs contain part of bona fide ORF, and in the recent years, several studies have reported cases of circRNA translation. However, using thorough cross-species analysis, extensive ribosome profiling, proteomics analyses, and experimental data on a selected panel of AUG circRNAs, we observe no indications of translation of AUG circRNAs or any other circRNAs. Our data provide a comprehensive classification of circRNAs and, collectively, the data suggest that the AUG circRNAs constitute an abundant subclass of circRNAs produced independently of primate-specificAluelements. Moreover, AUG circRNAs exhibit high cross-species conservation and are therefore likely to be functionally relevant.