bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from the Fresh Fruits of Xylopia Laevigata and its Cytotoxic Evaluation
Authors: Costa Emmanoel Vilaça , Da Silva Thanany Brasil , Costa Cinara Oliveira D'Souza , Soares Milena Botelho Pereira , Bezerra Daniel Pereira
Published: March 2019

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the fresh fruits of Xylopia laevigata was analyzed by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC–FID) coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC–MS). Monoterpenes predominated, forming 95.0% of the total essential oil. The major constituents identified were limonene (56.2%), α-pinene (28.0%), and β-pinene (5.5%). Cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines and non-tumor cells was also investigated; however, neither the essential oil nor its major constituents evaluated presented any cytotoxic activity (IC50 > 25.0 μg mL−1).
Bis-sesquiterpene from the Marine Sponge Dysidea fragilis
Authors: Van Kiem Phan , Nhiem Nguyen Xuan , Tai Bui Huu , Anh Hoang Le Tuan , Hang Dan Thi Thuy , Cuc Nguyen Thi , Huyen Le Thi , Nam Nguyen Hoai , Yen Pham Hai , Thung Do Cong , Van Minh Chau
Published: March 2019

Two new sesquiterpenes and one new bis-sesquiterpene, named dysinidins C-E (1–3) along with three known sterols, dysideasterol F, 9α,11α-epoxycholest-7-en-3β,5α,6α-triol, and 9α,11α-epoxycholest-7-en-3β,5α,6α,19-tetrol 6-acetate (4–6) were isolated from the Vietnamese marine sponge Dysidea fragilis (Montagu, 1814). Their structures were determined by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopies and HR-ESI-MS, as well as by comparison with reported literature data. Compounds 4–6 were found to inhibit eight human cancer cell lines (KB, LU-1, HL-60, LNCaP, SK-Mel-2, HepG-2, MCF-7, and PC-3), with IC50 values ranging from 7.3 to 31.5 μM.
A Norsesterterpene Peroxide from a Marine Sponge Hippospongia sp
Authors: Su Ching-Chyuan , Su Huey-Jen , Liang Kai-Ju , Tsai Su-June , Su Jui-Hsin
Published: March 2019

One new norsesterterpene peroxide, rhopaloic acid H (1), along with two known related metabolites 2 and 3, were isolated from a marine sponge Hippospongia sp. The structures of compounds were elucidated by means of IR, MS, and NMR techniques and comparison of the NMR data with those of known analogues. Evaluation of the cytotoxicities revealed that compound 2 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against DLD-1, Molt 4, T47D and K-562 cell lines, with IC50 values of 3.18, 0.69, 2.22 and 1.06 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, compound 3 also showed significant K562 inhibitory activity, with IC50 value of 3.65 μg/mL.
A New Diketopiperazine, Cyclo(D-trans-Hyp-L-Leu) from a Kenyan Bacterium Bacillus licheniformis LB 8CT
Authors: Lee Seoung Rak , Beemelmanns Christine , Tsuma Leah M. M , Clardy Jon , Cao Shugeng , Kim Ki Hyun
Published: March 2019

Bacterially-produced small molecules demonstrate a wide range of structural and functional diversity. A new diketopiperazine, cyclo(D- trans-Hyp-L-Leu) (1), and five other known diketopiperazines (2–6), were isolated and purified from the fermented broth of a Kenyan bacterium Bacillus licheniformis LB 8CT. The structure of 1 was elucidated by a combination of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR and HR-MS, and the absolute configuration was determined by a combination of NOESY analysis and Marfey's method. The known compounds were identified as cyclo(D- cis-Hyp-L-Leu) (2), cyclo(D- cis-Hyp-L-Phe) (3), cyclo(D-Pro-L-Tyr) (4), cyclo-(D-Trp-L-Leu) (5), and cyclo(L-Tyr-Gly) (6) by comparison of their spectroscopic and physical data with reported values. Compounds 1–6 were tested for antifungal and antimicrobial properties.
Evaluation of Radical Scavenging Activity of Sempervivum tectorum and Corylus avellana Extracts with Different Phenolic Composition
Authors: Alberti Ágnes , Riethmüller Eszter , Béni Szabolcs , Kéry Ágnes
Published: March 2019

Sempervivum tectorum L. and Corylus avellana L. are traditional herbal remedies exhibiting antioxidant activity and representing diverse phenolic composition. The aim of this study was to reveal the contribution of certain compounds to total radical scavenging activity by studying S. tectorum and C. avellana extracts prepared with solvents of different selectivity for diverse classes of phenolics. Antioxidant activity of S. tectorum and C. avellana samples was determined in the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays, and phenolic composition was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Correlations between antioxidant activity and phenolic content of houseleek extracts have been revealed. Significant differences regarding antioxidant activity have been shown between S. tectorum 80% (v/v) methanol extract and its fractions. Additionally, synergism among the constituents present together in the whole extract was assumed. Significantly higher radical scavenging activity of hazel extracts has been attributed to the differences in phenolic composition compared with houseleek extracts.
Chemical Constituents from the Roots, Stems and Leaves of Diplomorpha sikokiana
Authors: Devkota Hari Prasad , Joshi Khem Raj , Watanabe Takashi , Yahara Shoji
Published: March 2019

Four diarylpentanoids (1–4), two phenylpropanoids (5–6), three biflavonoids (7–9), two lignans (10–11) and a coumarin (12) were isolated from the roots of Diplomorpha sikokiana (Franchet & Savatier) Honda (Family: Thymelaeaceae). Similarly, two phenylpropanoids (5–6), five biflavonoids (7–9, 13, 14), three lignans (11, 15, 16), a flavonoid (17) and two coumarins (12, 18) were isolated from the stems, and five flavonoids (17, 19–22) from the leaves. Among them, 1,5-diphenyl-1-pentanone (1), 1,5-diphenyl-2-penten-1-one (2), 3( S)-hydroxy-1,5-diphenylpentane (3), stelleranol (8), (-)-syringaresinol (10), (-)-pinoresinol 4,4′-di- O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), apiosylskimmin (12), syringaresinol 4- O-β-D-glucopyranoside (16), quercetin 3- O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (19), kaempferol 3- O-α- L-rhamnopyranoside (20) and tiliroside (21) were isolated for the first time from D. sikokiana.
Two New Phenanthrene Glucosides from Cremastra appendiculata and their Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Liu Xin-Qiao , Li Xiao-Ping , Yuan Wen-Ke , Yuan Qiao-Yu , Qin Bin-Hua
Published: March 2019

Two new phenanthrene glucosides, named 2′-hydroxy-4,4′,7′-trimethoxy-1,1′-biphenanthrene-2,7-di- O-β-D-glucoside (1) and 1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methoxy-2,7-dihydroxy-phenanthrene-8- O-β-D-glucoside (2), together with three known compounds were isolated from the tubers of Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data. Compounds 1–4 showed moderate cytotoxic activity and compound 5 showed weak cytotoxic activity against the two cell lines tested. This is the first reported occurrence of an unusual biphenanthrene glucoside in this plant.
Antiproliferative Properties of Oleuropein in Human Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Moran Jose M. , Leal-Hernandez Olga , Canal-Macías Maria L. , Roncero-Martin Raul , Guerrero-Bonmatty Rafael , Aliaga Ignacio , Zamorano Juan D. Pedrera
Published: March 2019

In this study, we evaluated the antiproliferative activity on two human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63 and Saos2) of oleuropein, an olive oil compound traditionally found in the Mediterranean diet. Oleuropein exhibited obvious cytotoxic effects on human osteosarcoma cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Statistical analysis of IC50 by the Probit regression method suggested that oleuropein had similar toxic effects on both cell lines tested (IC50 range from 247.4–475.0 μM for MG63 cells and from 798.7–359.9 μM for Saos2 cells).
Activity of the Lichen Usnea steineri and its Major Metabolites against Gram–positive, Multidrug–resistant Bacteria
Authors: Tozatti Marcos G. , Ferreira Daniele S. , Flauzino Lúzio G. Bocalon , da Silva Moraes Thaís , Martins Carlos H. G. , Groppo Milton , Silva Márcio L. Andrade e , Januário Ana H. , Pauletti Patricia M. , Cunha Wilson R.
Published: March 2019

The antimicrobial activity and possible synergistic effects of extracts and compounds isolated from Usnea steineri were evaluated against four resistant bacterial species. A phytochemical study of the acetone extract of U. steineri resulted in the isolation and characterization of difractaic acid and (+)–usnic acid as the main compounds. The acetone extract showed strong activity (less than 10 μg/mL) against resistant strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis, and (+)–usnic acid exhibited strong activity against S. epidermidis (MIC 3.12 μg/mL), S. aureus and S. haemolyticus (MIC 12.5 μg/mL). Combinations of penicillin and tetracycline with (+)–usnic acid did not show any synergistic antimicrobial effects. Difractaic acid was inactive. Our results showed that the acetone extract of U. steineri possesses significant in vitro antimicrobial activity, which is likely related to the presence of (+)–usnic acid.
Search for β-Secretase Inhibitors from Natural Spices
Authors: Matsumura Shinichi , Murata Kazuya , Yoshioka Yuri , Matsuda Hideaki
Published: March 2019

The growing number of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients prompted us to seek effective natural resources for the prevention of AD. We focused on the inhibition of β-secretase, which is known to catalyze the production of senile plaque. Sixteen spices used in Asian countries were selected for the screening. Among the extracts tested, hexane extracts obtained from turmeric, cardamom, long pepper, cinnamon, Sichuan pepper, betel, white turmeric and aromatic ginger showed potent inhibitory activities. Their active principles were identified as sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, fatty acid derivatives and phenylpropanoids using GC-MS analyses. The chemical structures and IC50 values of the compounds are disclosed. The results suggest that long-term consumption of aromatic compounds from spices could be effective in the prevention of AD.
The Effect of Camellia Seed Oil Intake on Lipid Metabolism in Mice
Authors: Satou Tadaaki , Sato Naoko , Kato Haruyo , Kawamura Mana , Watanabe Sanae , Koike Kazuo
Published: March 2019

Camellia seed oil has mainly been applied to the production of cosmetics, and research into its dietary effects is required. Alterations in lipid metabolism by the intake of camellia seed oil were investigated. Health parameters such as diet intake, weight gain, fat mass, and plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured in mice fed a high fat diet containing camellia seed oil; comparisons were made to a normal diet and a high fat diet containing either soybean oil or olive oil as controls. No significant differences in weight gain and diet intake were observed between the groups. However, the camellia seed oil diet suppressed epididymal fat weight similarly to the olive oil diet. In total cholesterol and HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels, the soybean oil, olive oil and camellia seed oil diet groups showed significant increases compared with the normal diet. However, increases in LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels were inhibited by the camellia seed oil diet similarly to the olive oil diet. As the high oleic acid content of camellia seed oil is similar to that of olive oil, it is proposed that its presence mitigated fat accumulation and plasma cholesterol levels.
Essential Oil Compositions and Antimicrobial Activities of Various Parts of Litsea cubeba from Taiwan
Authors: Su Yu-Chang , Ho Chen-Lung
Published: March 2019

The essential oils of leaves, fruits, flowers, stems and twigs of Litsea cubeba were extracted by hydrodistillation. A total of 53, 50, 76, 94 and 90 compounds were identified from the leaf, fruit, flower, stem and twig oils, respectively, and their yields were 13.9 ± 0.09, 4.0 ± 0.03, 10.4 ± 0.05, 0.09 ± 0.01 and 0.4 ± 0.02 mL/100 g of the oven-dried (o.d.) materials, respectively. The main component in the leaf, flower and twig oils was 1,8-cineole, whereas in the fruit oil it was citral, and in the stem oil limonene, citronellal, and citronellol. When tested for their antibacterial activities using the paper disc diffusion method, oils from all parts showed excellent activities, particularly the fruit oil. When the oils were infused onto filter paper and tested for their antimicrobial paper capability according to the JIS L1902 method, the fruit oil exhibited excellent antimicrobial activities. Citral was deemed the main cause of the antimicrobial activity. With the multiplicity of contagious diseases and their prevalence in hospitals, these essential oils present a potentially good choice as antibacterial agents. We think that the essential oils of this species are capable of multipurpose applications.
Antifungal Screening of Lavender Essential oils and Essential Oil Constituents on three Post-harvest Fungal Pathogens
Authors: Erland Lauren AE , Bitcon Christopher R , Lemke Ashley D , Mahmoud Soheil S
Published: March 2019

A growing body of literature indicates that many synthetic pesticides have adverse effects on human, animal, and environmental health. As a result, plant-derived natural products are quickly gaining momentum as safer and less ecologically damaging alternatives due to their low toxicity, high biodegradability, and good specificity. Essential oils of Lavandula angustifolia, Lavandula x intermedia cv Grosso, and Lavandula x intermedia cv Provence as well as various mono- and sesquiterpene essential oil constituents were tested in order to assess their antifungal potential on three important agricultural pathogens: Botrytis cinerea, Mucor piriformis, and Penicillium expansum. Fungal susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion assays. The majority of essential oil constituents tested did not have a significant effect; however, 3-carene, carvacrol, geraniol, nerol and perillyl alcohol demonstrated significant inhibition at concentrations as low as 1 μL/mL. In vivo testing using strawberry fruit as a model system supported in vitro results and revealed that perillyl alcohol, carvacrol and 3-carene were effective in limiting infection by postharvest pathogens.
Anti-adipocyte Differentiation Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Artemisia annua
Authors: Hwang Dae Il , Won Kyung-Jong , Kim Do-Yoon , Yoon Seok Won , Park Joo-Hoon , Kim Bokyung , Lee Hwan Myung
Published: March 2019

Artemisia annua L. essential oil (AAEO) has diverse properties including antibacterial, antioxidant, antinociceptive, and antimicrobial activities. However, the effect of AAEO on obesity remains to be investigated. In this study, we analyzed the compounds of AAEO and explored the effect of AAEO on the differentiation of preadipocyte into adipocyte using preadipocyte cell line 3T3-L1. Total yield of AAEO from 20 kg A. annua leaf and flower was 0.5%, v/w. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that AAEO contained 34 compounds. 3T3-L1 cells incubated in 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine / dexamethasone / insulin (MDI)-containing medium showed increased accumulation of lipid droplets. This increased response was suppressed by treatment with AAEO. Expressions of obesity-related proteins (PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP-1c, FAS, and ACC) were increased in 3T3-L1 cells cultured in MDI medium and these responses were decreased by treatment with AAEO. These findings demonstrate that AAEO may suppress 3T3-L1 cell differentiation by inhibiting adipogenesis and activation of lipid metabolism-related proteins.
Essential Oil Chemical Composition and Headspace Volatiles Profile of Achillea coarctata from Serbia
Authors: Kostevski Ivana R. , Petrović Goran M. , Stojanović Gordana S. , Stamenković Jelena G. , Zlatković Bojan K
Published: March 2019

This study reports the essential oil composition and headspace volatiles profile of Achillea coarctata Poir. from Serbia. The inflorescences, stems and leaves, and the aerial parts of A. coarctata were analyzed separately. Germacrene D, α-terpineol and 1,8-cineole were the main constituents of the aerial parts essential oil; 1,8-cineole, cis-cadin-4-en-7-ol and α-terpineol were the most dominant compounds in the inflorescence essential oil, while the most abundant components in the stem and leaf oil were germacrene D, cis-cadin-4-en-7-ol and ledol. The percentages of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids in the aerial parts were the same, while there were differences in distribution of these compound classes in inflorescence and stem and leaf essential oils. The major components of the headspace volatiles were the same for aerial parts, inflorescence and stem and leaves: 1,8-cineole, β-pinene and α-pinene.
Preisocalamendiol, Shyobunol and Related Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes from Bolivian Schinus molle Essential Oil
Authors: St-Gelais Alexis , Mathieu Michel , Levasseur Virginie , Ovando Jesús Flores , Escamilla Ruben , Marceau Hubert
Published: March 2019

Five batches of Bolivian Schinus molle essential oils were obtained from pilot and industrial-scale hydrodiffusions. They were analyzed by gas chromatography to find 80 known compounds and two unknown molecules. In particular, preisocalamendiol (5.6–11.0 %) was found to be an important constituent of these oils, along with shyobunol (0.6–3.2 %) and several other related oxygenated sesquiterpenes. These compounds, usually found in Acorus calamus, had not been reported altogether in S. molle essential oils previously. These findings, in light of the GABAA positive modulating effect of shyobunone and preisocalamendiol, along with some traditional uses of S. molle, suggest that further investigation of the tranquilizing properties of these Bolivian oils would be of interest.
Isobicyclogermacrene-type Sesquiterpenoids from the Soft Coral Sinularia lochmodes
Authors: Lin Yun-Sheng , Su Jui-Hsin , Lo Ching-Li , Huang Chiung-Yao , Sheu Jyh-Horng
Published: March 2019

A new isobicyclogermacrene-type sesquiterpenoid, lochmolin H (1), along with one known sesquiterpenoid 2, were isolated from the soft coral Sinularia lochmodes. The structure and relative configuration of the new compound was assigned by a combination of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison of the NMR data with those of known analogues.
Sesquiterpene Lactones from Vernonia nigritiana
Authors: Esposito Andrea , Malafronte Nicola , Sanogo Rokia , Vassallo Antonio , D'Ambola Massimiliano , Severino Lorella
Published: March 2019

Two new sesquiterpenes, 8α-(4-hydroxymethacryloyl)-14-acetoxy-salonitenolide (1) and 8α-(2-hydroxymethyl 2-butenoyl)-14-acetoxy-salonitenolide (2), together with five known sesquiterpenes were isolated from the leaves of Vernonia nigritiana Oliv. & Hiern. Their structural characterization was obtained on the basis of extensive NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric studies.
Striking Diversification of Exudate Profiles in Selected Primula Lineages
Authors: Elser David , Gilli Christian , Brecker Lothar , Valant-Vetschera Karin M.
Published: March 2019

In continuation of previous studies on glandular exudates of Primula. we analyzed eleven so far unstudied species and several populations for exudate composition. Unsubstituted flavone and unusually substituted flavones, normally predominant in Primula exudates, were not detected in all of the analyzed samples. Instead, some species exhibited regular substituted flavonoids, and in some cases, no flavonoids could be detected at all. The detection of a diterpene (1) in P. minima exudates is new to Primula. On basis of MS and NMR, 1 was structurally characterized as ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid. Comparative profiling of exudates as performed by HPLC and TLC against authentic markers indicated further the presence of the benzoquinone primin and derivatives in some exudates. Thus, exudates of newly studied species contrast markedly with those analyzed so far. The significance of observed exudate diversification is discussed in view of the phylogeny of derived lineages in European alpine regions.
Two New Triterpenoid Saponins from the Structural Modification of Pseudoginsenoside-F11 and their Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Li Manman , Wang Zhicai , Zhang Pengfei , Xu Yan , Ding Hongda , Sui Dayuan , Xu Huali , Chen Yanping
Published: March 2019

Two ginsenoside derivatives (1, 2) along with 2 known ginsenosides (3, 4) were isolated from the acid hydrolysis products of pseudoginsenoside-F11. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. Among them, (12 R, 20 S, 24 S)-20, 24; 12, 24-diepoxy-dammarane-3β, 6α-diol (1) and (20 R, 24 R)-dammar-20, 24-epoxy-3β, 6α, 12β, 25-tetraol (2) were identified as new triterpenoid saponins. They were subjected to assay for cytotoxic activities against six human tumor cells lines.
Quantitative Determination of Vinpocetine in Dietary Supplements
Authors: French John M. T. , King Matthew D. , McDougal Owen M.
Published: March 2019

Current United States regulatory policies allow for the addition of pharmacologically active substances in dietary supplements if derived from a botanical source. The inclusion of certain nootropic drugs, such as vinpocetine, in dietary supplements has recently come under scrutiny due to the lack of defined dosage parameters and yet unproven short- and long-term benefits and risks to human health. This study quantified the concentration of vinpocetine in several commercially available dietary supplements and found that a highly variable range of 0.6–5.1 mg/serving was present across the tested products, with most products providing no specification of vinpocetine concentrations.
Flavonoids from Anoectochilus annamensis and their Anti-inflammatory Activity
Authors: Hoi Tran Minh , Van Thai Tran , Ha Chu Thi Thu , Van Anh Ha Thi , Minh Phan Xuan Binh , Dat Nguyen Tien
Published: March 2019

One new flavonol diglycoside, 4′,5-dihydroxy-3,3′,7-trimethoxyflavone 4′- O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), and two known compounds (2–3) were isolated from the methanol extract of Anoectochilus annamensis Aver. aerial parts. The effects were evaluated of all isolated compounds (1–3) on LPS-induced production of the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) by RAW264.7 cells. 4′,5-Dihydroxy-3,3′,7-trimethoxyflavone (2) was the most active while the addition of a rutinoside at C-4′ (compound 1) decreased the inhibitory activity. This is the first report on the chemical composition and biological activity of A annamensis.
A New Ceramide and Biflavonoid from the Leaves of Parinari hypochrysea (Chrysobalanaceae)
Authors: Adjapmoh Martial F. E. , Toze Flavien A. A. , Songue Jules L. , Langat Moses K. , Kapche Gilbert D. W. F. , Hameed Abdul , Lateef Mehreen , Shaiq Muhammad A. , Mbaze Luc M. , Wansi Jean D. , Kamdem Alain F. W.
Published: March 2019

A new ceramide and a new biflavonoid named parinaramide (1) and sparinaritin (2), respectively, have been isolated along with ten known compounds, kaempferol, quercetin, taxifolin, taxifolin-3- O-rhamnoside, lupeol, betulinic acid, ursolic acid, 2α-hydroxy-ursolic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone, and sucrose, from the leaves of Parinari hypochrysea (Chrysobalanaceae). Structures were determined using 1D- and 2D-NMR, MS and by chemical analysis. The methanol extract of leaves, stem bark and roots of P. hypochrysea were screened for their antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition potential and found to be inactive.
A New Flavonoid Glycoside from Lysionotus pauciflorus
Authors: Luo Wei , Wen Yaya , Tu Yanbei , Du Hongjian , Li Qin , Zhu Chao , Li Yanfang
Published: March 2019

Ten flavonoids (1–10), including a new glycoside (nevadensin-7-sambubioside, 7), together with a phenylpropanoid glycoside (11) were isolated from Lysionotus pauciflorus. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic methods and comparing with literature data. Five compounds (1, 3, 4, 8, and 9) were obtained from the family Gesneriaceae for the first time. The new compound was evaluated in vitro for anticholinesterase activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), but was found to be inactive.
Determination of Botanical Origin of Propolis from Monte Region of Argentina by Histological and Chemical Methods
Authors: Salas Ana , Mercado María I. , Zampini Iris C. , Ponessa Graciela I. , Isla María I.
Published: March 2019

Propolis production by honey bees is the result of a selective harvest of exudates from plants in the neighborhood of the hive. This product is used in Argentina as a food supplement and alternative medicine. The aim of this study was to determine the botanical origin of propolis from the arid regions of Monte of Argentina using rapid histochemical techniques and by comparison of TLC and HPLC-DAD chromatographic profiles with extract profiles obtained from Zuccagnia punctata, Larrea divaricata and Larrea cuneifolia, plant species that grow in the study area as a natural community named “jarillal”.

Microscopical analysis revealed the presence of several Z. punctata structures, such as multicellular trichomes, leaflets, stems and young leaves. Remarkable was the richness of the propolis in two bioactive chalcones, also present in Z. punctata resin; these compounds can be regarded as possible markers for propolis identification and justify its use as a dietary supplement, functional food and medicinal product. This study indicates that the source of resin used by honey bees to produce propolis in the Monte region of Argentina is only Z. punctata, a native shrub widespread in this phytogeographical region, while other more abundant species ( L. divaricata and L. cuneifolia) in the region were not found, indicating that this propolis could be defined as a mono-resin, type- Zuccagnia.
Silymarin versus Silibinin: Differential Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects against H2O2-induced Oxidative Stress in PC12 Cells
Authors: Jiang Hui-Hui , Yan Fa-Shun , Shen Liang , Ji Hong-Fang
Published: March 2019

The present study assessed comparatively the antioxidant activities of silymarin and its major active component silibinin and their neuroprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. It was found that despite newly prepared silymarin and silibinin solution possessing comparable superoxide anion (O2.–)-scavenging activities, with time the activity of silymarin lowered slightly, but that of silibinin decreased dramatically. Both silymarin and silibinin suppressed H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, and the neuroprotective effect of silymarin was overall relatively stronger than that of silibinin. The findings provided clues for future studies on therapeutic potentials of the whole silymarin or purified silibinin for neurodegenerative diseases.
Molecular Characterization, Antioxidant and Protein Solubility-Related Properties of Polyphenolic Compounds from Walnut (Juglans regia)
Authors: Labuckas Diana , Maestri Damián , Lamarque Alicia
Published: March 2019

Aqueous ethanol extraction of partially defatted walnut flours provides a simple and reliable method to obtain extracts with high content of polyphenolic compounds. These were characterized by means of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analytical techniques and molecular parameters. Considering the whole set of polyphenolic compounds identified, a high average number of phenolic-OH groups was found. Although these represent potential hydrogen-atom transfer sites, which are associated with high free-radical scavenging capacity, results show that such a property could be strongly limited by the low lipophilicity of polyphenols affecting the accessibility of these molecules to lipid substrates. Variations in pH values were found to change the ionization behavior of phenolic compounds. These changes, however, had minor effects on walnut protein solubility-related properties. The results obtained in this study highlight the importance of molecular characterization of walnut phenolic compounds in order to assess better their bioactive properties.
Phytochemical Characterization and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Acacia mearnsii Leaves
Authors: Xiong Jia , Grace Mary H. , Esposito Debora , Wang Fei , Lila Mary Ann
Published: March 2019

This study was performed to investigate potential bioactive secondary metabolites from the leaves of Acacia mearnsii, a forest waste product in China. The polyphenol constituents and bioactivity of crude extract (L) and semi purified fractions (L1-L4) were examined. The L and L1-L4 showed qualitative and quantitative differences in their phenolic content, antioxidant activities and the activities against inflammation-related genes such as the inducible forms of COX-2, iNOS, and the pro-inflammatory IL in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. All the fractions depressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and (except L2) inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO). Fractions L3 and L4 significantly inhibited the mRNA expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, COX-2, iNOS, and IL-6. In addition, L4 (1.8 g obtained from 5 g crude leaves extract) which contained 646.6 mg/g gallic acid equivalent total phenolic content and consisted of primarily proanthocyanidins (12.6 mg/g as procyanidin B2 equivalent by the DMAC assay) showed the best activity in all the assays. Results indicate that A. mearnsii leaves, a forest waste product, could be a valuable natural source of anti-inflammatory and functional components related to human health.
Why Polyphenols have Promiscuous Actions? An Investigation by Chemical Bioinformatics
Authors: Tang Guang-Yan
Published: March 2019

Despite their diverse pharmacological effects, polyphenols are poor for use as drugs, which have been traditionally ascribed to their low bioavailability. However, Baell and co-workers recently proposed that the redox potential of polyphenols also plays an important role in this, because redox reactions bring promiscuous actions on various protein targets and thus produce non-specific pharmacological effects. To investigate whether the redox reactivity behaves as a critical factor in polyphenol promiscuity, we performed a chemical bioinformatics analysis on the structure-activity relationships of twenty polyphenols. It was found that the gene expression profiles of human cell lines induced by polyphenols were not correlated with the presence or not of redox moieties in the polyphenols, but significantly correlated with their molecular structures. Therefore, it is concluded that the promiscuous actions of polyphenols are likely to result from their inherent structural features rather than their redox potential.
A New Alkenylmethylresorcinol from the Fruits of Ardisia kivuensis
Authors: Nguekeu Yves M. M. , Ndontsa Blanche L. , Mbouangouere Roukayatou , Awouafack Maurice D. , Ito Takuya , Tane Pierre , Morita Hiroyuki
Published: March 2019

The phytochemical study of the MeOH extract from the fruits of Ardisia kivuensis was carried out using repeated silica gel column chromatography followed by Sephadex LH-20 to afford a new alkenylmethylresorcinol, ardisinol III (1) along with three known compounds, oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol and pentacosanoic acid. The structure of 1 was elucidated using spectroscopic analysis (NMR and MS), and comparison with published data. Compound 1 had weak antioxidant activity (IC50 109.8 μg/mL) while other compounds were not active as compared to L-ascorbic acid (IC50 3.9 μg/mL).
Two new Aromatic Glycosides from a Soil Bacterium Burkholderia gladioli OR1
Authors: Khan Afsana , Bharti Pratibha , Saraf Isha , Mittal Neha , Tewari Rupinder , Singh Inder Pal
Published: March 2019

Two new aromatic glycosides, named as gladioside I (1) and II (2) were isolated from the culture broth of a soil bacterium, Burkholderia gladioli OR1. Both 1 and 2 contained one unit each of rhamnose and 3- O-methyl xylose and differed from each other in the aglycone part. Compound 1 contained an aromatic aldehyde and compound 2 contained a styrylcarbamate unit as the aglycone part. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by detailed spectral analysis and chemical degradation.
3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyltheobroxide from Aerial Parts of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
Authors: Aoi Arata , Yamashita Yudai , Gao Xiquan , Uematsu Makoto , Ota Maremichi , Takahashi Kosaku , Yoshihara Teruhiko , Matsuura Hideyuki
Published: March 2019

Theobroxide has been isolated from culture filtrates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae as a potato tuber-inducing compound. In this study, the metabolism of theobroxide was investigated using cowpea as an experimental model and [2H3-7]theobroxide as a substrate for analyzing a metabolite, which revealed that theobroxide applied exogenously to the roots was converted into 3- O-β-D-glucopyranosyltheobroxide.
Enzyme-Treated Asparagus Extract Attenuates Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression in Murine Skin Fibroblast L929 Cells
Authors: Shirato Ken , Takanari Jun , Ogasawara Junetsu , Sakurai Takuya , Imaizumi Kazuhiko , Ohno Hideki , Kizaki Takako
Published: March 2019

Enzyme-treated asparagus extract (ETAS) exerts a wide variety of beneficial biological actions including facilitating anti-cortisol stress and neurological anti-aging responses. However, the anti-skin aging effects of ETAS remain to be elucidated. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play pivotal roles in skin aging. Increased ROS levels in fibroblasts in response to ultraviolet irradiation activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its downstream transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1), and the resultant gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) isoforms accelerates collagen breakdown in the dermis. Therefore, we explored whether ETAS has anti-skin aging effects by attenuating the oxidative stress responses in fibroblasts. Simultaneous treatment of murine skin L929 fibroblasts with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and either ETAS or dextrin showed that ETAS significantly suppressed H2O2-induced expression of MMP-9 mRNA as measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. ETAS also clearly suppressed H2O2-stimulated phosphorylation of c-Jun (AP-1 subunit) and JNK as determined by Western blot. However, ETAS did not affect the increased amounts of carbonyl proteins in response to H2O2, also as determined by Western blotting. These results suggest that ETAS diminishes cellular responsiveness to ROS but does not scavenge ROS. Thus, ETAS has the potential to prevent skin aging through attenuating the oxidative stress responses in dermal fibroblasts.
Pubinernoid A and Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone, Secondary Metabolites from a Gorgonian Coral Pinnigorgia sp
Authors: Chang Hsin-Huan , Chang Yu-Chia , Chen Wu-Fu , Hwang Tsong-Long , Fang Lee-Shing , Wen Zhi-Hong , Chen Yu-Hsin , Wu Yang-Chang , Sung Ping-Jyun
Published: March 2019

The structures of pubinernoid A (1) and apo-9′-fucoxanthinone (2), isolated from a gorgonian coral Pinnigorgia sp., were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those of known compounds. This is the first report of 1 and 2 from an animal source. Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone (2) displayed a significant inhibitory effect on the release of elastase by human neutrophils, with an IC50 value of 5.75 μM.
A New Non-glucosidic Iridoid from the Roots of Strychnos nux-blanda
Authors: Sichaem Jirapast , Khumkratok Suttira , Siripong Pongpun , Tip-pyang Santi
Published: March 2019

Strychnuxin (1), a new non-glucosidic iridoid, together with four known compounds, IX (2), loganetin (3), loganin (4) and sweroside (5), were isolated from the roots of Strychnos nux-blanda. The structures of all isolated compounds (1-5) were elucidated through their physical properties and by the use of spectroscopic methods, as well as comparisons with the previous literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first isolation of compounds 1-5 from this plant. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines.
Artemisinic Acid Serves as a Novel ORCA3 Inducer to Enhance Biosynthesis of Terpenoid Indole Alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus Cambial Meristematic Cells
Authors: Wang Mingxuan , Zi Jiachen , Zhu Jianhua , Chen Shan , Wang Pu , Song Liyan , Yu Rongmin
Published: March 2019

To investigate the effect of artemisinic acid (AA) on improving the production of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) of Catharanthus roseus cambial meristematic cells (CMCs), feeding AA to C. roseus CMCs caused 2.35-fold and 2.51-fold increases in the production of vindoline and catharanthine, respectively, compared with those of the untreated CMCs. qRT-PCR experiments showed that AA resulted in a 1.36-8.52 fold increase in the transcript levels of several related genes, including octadecanoid-derivative responsive Catharanthus AP2-domain protein 3 (ORCA3), tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), strictosidine synthase (STR) and desacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase (D4H). However, no effect was observed on the concentration of either jasmonic acid (JA), or the octadecanoid-pathway inhibitors block TIA accumulation caused by AA. The results indicated that AA might serve as a novel ORCA3 inducer to manipulate biosynthesis of TIAs in C. roseus CMCs via an unknown mechanism.
New Antiplasmodial Diterpenes from Gutierrezia Sarothrae
Authors: Su Qingxi , Dalal Seema , Goetz Michael , Cassera Maria B. , Kingston David G. L
Published: March 2019

Bioassay guided fractionation of the MeOH extract of the plant Gutierrezia sarothrae (Asteraceae) using an assay for antiplasmodial activity against the drug-resistant Dd2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum led to the isolation of the two new diterpenes 3α-angeloyloxy-15-hydroxylabda-7,13-dien-16,15-olid-18-oic acid (1) and 3α-angeloyloxy-15-methoxylabda-7,13-dien-16,15-olid-18-oic acid (2). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by interpretation of ID and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, mass spectrometry, and comparison with the data of related compounds reported in the literature. Compound 1 exhibited moderate antiplasmodial activity with an IC50 values of 10.4 ± 4.3 μM.
Isolation of a New Homomonoterpene from Madhuca Pasquieri and Effect of Isolated Compounds on NO Production
Authors: Hoang Le Son , Tran Manh Hung , Nguyen Van Thu , Ngo Quynh Mai Thi , Lee Joo-Sang , Rho Seong-Soo , Kim Jeong Ah , Lee Jeong-Hyung , Woo Mi Hee , Min Byung Sun
Published: March 2019

A new homomonoterpene, l,3,3-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[3.1.1]hexa-9-en-10-oic acid, named madhusic acid A (1), together with ten known compounds (2-11) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the dried leaves of Madhuca pasquieri (Dubard) H. J. Lam. The structure of the new compound was elucidated on the basis of ID, 2D NMR (COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) and mass spectral analyses. We examined the effects of the isolated compounds against LPS-induced NO production in macrophage RAW264.7 cells and compound 2 showed effective activity with an IC50 value of 14.5 μM.
Variation of Ginsenosides in Ginseng of Different Ages
Authors: He Jian-Ming , Zhang Yi-Zhen , Luo Jian-Ping , Zhang Wen-Ju , Mu Qing
Published: March 2019

Panax ginseng has been used in traditional oriental medicine for thousands of years. Ginsenosides, the major chemical components of the roots, are considered to be responsible for the medicinal properties of ginseng. Ginsenosides increase with the age of ginseng root in general knowledge, and in this study the content of ginsenosides in ginseng of different ages was quantified. Separation and determination of eight main ginsenosides, Rgl, Re, Rbl, Re, Rg2, Rb2, Rb3 and Rd, was performed by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 203 nm. The content of Rgl, Re, Rbl, Re, Rg2 and Rd increased from 5 to 16-year-old ginseng and then decreased, while Rb2 and Rb3 increased in the range of 5-12 years, but then slowly decreased. However, the total eight ginsenosides in 16 year old ginseng had a higher content than that in any other from 5-18 years old. As a result, the content of ginsenosides and total ginsenosides was not positively related to age from 5-18 years, which is not in full agreement with the general knowledge of ginseng. Thus, this study suggests that the older wild ginseng may not result in better medicinal ginseng for herbal medicines.
Colochiroside E, an Unusual Non-holostane Triterpene Sulfated Trioside from the Sea Cucumber Colochirus Robustus and Evidence of the Impossibility of a 7(8)-Double Bond Migration in Lanostane Derivatives having an 18(16)-Lactone
Authors: Silchenko Alexandra S. , Kalinovsky Anatoly L , Avilov Sergey A. , Andryjaschenko Pelageya V. , Dmitrenok Pavel S. , Yurchenko Ekaterina A. , Dolmatov Igor Yu. , Dautov Salim Sh. , Stonik Valentin A , Kalinin Vladimir I.
Published: March 2019

The unusual non-holostane triterpene glycoside, colochiroside E (1) was isolated from the sea cucumber Colochirus robustus (Cucumariidae, Dendrochirotida). The structure of 1 was established by analysis of ID, 2D NMR and HRESI MS data. Colochiroside E (1) belongs to a rare group of glycosylated 9β-H-lanosta-18(16)-lactones and has an unprecedented sulfated trisaccharide carbohydrate chain consisting of two glucose and one xylose units. In contrast with (9β-H)-7(8)-unsaturated holostane glycosides, the 7(8)-double bond in the having (9β-H)-configuration aglycone of colochiroside E is not capable of migration into the 8(9)- and then into the 9(11)-position on treatment with HC1. The formation of a chlorine derivative of 1 was observed under these conditions.
Two New Steroidal Aglycones from Roots of Cynanchun Paniculatum
Authors: Zhao Jia-wen , Chen Feng-yang , Gao Li-juan , Xu Shi-fang , Ye Yi-ping , Li Xiao-yu
Published: March 2019

Two new 13, 14/14, 15-disecopregnane-type skeleton C21 steroidal aglycones, neocynapanogenin G (1) and neocynapanogenin H (2), were isolated from the hydrolyzed extract of the CHC13 soluble extract of the roots of Cynanchun paniculatum. Their structures were determined on the basis of chemical evidence and extensive spectroscopic methods, including ID and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Compound 1 displayed significant inhibition of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in vitro.
In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Kampo Medicine Water Extracts against Trichophyton Rubrum
Authors: Da Xia , Takahashi Hitoshi , Hein Kyaw Zaw , Morita Eishin
Published: March 2019

Kampo medicines consist of a variety of crude animal, plant, and mineral extracts that have long been used to relieve different symptoms, and are relatively safe. However, their mechanisms of actions have not been well investigated. We screened 61 commercially available Kampo medicines to determine if they contain constituents with antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum. The antifungal effect of the Kampo medicines was determined by measuring the mean absorbance of treated fungal culture media. Lower absorbance values suggested a higher inhibition of the growth rate of T. rubrum by the Kampo medicines. We found that seven of the evaluated formulations exhibited a comparable antifungal activity to that of fluconazole at 14 mg/mL. The seven active Kampo medicines were Saiko-keishi-kankyou-to, Saiko-ka-ryukotsu-borei-to, Saiko-keishi-to, Keishi-ka-ryukotsu-borei-to, Dai-saiko-to, Bohu-tsu-sho-san, and Otsu-ji-to. The seven Kampo medicines with antifungal activity contain 30 different crude extracts, and Ou-gon (Scutellaria root) is a supplement contained in six of the seven formulations. Therefore, Ou-gon was considered to play a major role in their antifungal effect. The antifungal assay of the Ou-gon water extract showed that it significantly inhibited the growth of T. rubrum at a concentration of 20 mg/mL. Future studies will focus on the isolation and identification of the antifungal components of the crude extracts of Ou-gon, which may be potentially useful, new, and safe antifungal drugs.
Cloning and Functional Analysis of Three Chalcone Synthases from the Flowers of Safflowers Carthamus tinctorius
Authors: Shinozaki Junichi , Kenmoku Hiromichi , Nihei Kenichi , Masuda Kazuo , Noji Masaaki , Konno Katsuhiro , Asakawa Yoshinori , Kazuma Kohei
Published: March 2019

The flowers of safflowers (Carthamus tinctorius L.) are very important as they are the sole source of their distinct pigments, i.e. carthamus-red and-yellows, and have historically had strong connections to the cultural side of human activities such as natural dyes, rouge, and traditional medicines. The distinct pigments are quinochalcone C-glucosides, which are found specifically in the flowers of C. tinctorius. To investigate the biosynthetic pathways of quinochalcone C-glucosides, de novo assembly of the transcriptome was performed on the flowers using an Illumina sequencing platform to obtain 69,312 annotated coding DNA sequences. Three chalcone synthase like genes, CtCHSl, 2 and 3 were focused on and cloned, which might be involved in quinochalcone C-glucosides biosynthesis by establishing the C6-C3-C6 chalcone skeleton. It was demonstrated that all the recombinant CtCHSs could recognize p-coumaroyl-CoA, caffeoyl-CoA, feruloyl-CoA, and sinapoyl-CoA as starter substrates. This is the first report on the cloning and functional analysis of the three chalcone synthase genes from the flowers of C. tinctorius.
New 2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromone Derivatives and Inhibitors of Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3A from Agarwood
Authors: Sugiyama Takuji , Narukawa Yuji , Shibata Shunsuke , Masui Ryo , Kiuchi Fumiyuki
Published: March 2019

The MeOH extract of agarwood showed inhibitory activity against phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3A. Fractionation of the extract led to the isolation of two new 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, 6,8-dihydroxy-2-[2-(4′-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]chromone (6), and 6,7-dihydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone (8), together with six known compounds. All isolated compounds were tested for their PDE 3A inhibitory activity using fluorescence polarization method. Compound 7 showed PDE 3 A inhibitory activity with IC50 of 4.83 μM.
Influence of Different Carbohydrates on Flavonoid Accumulation in Hairy Root Cultures of Scutellaria baicalensis
Authors: Park Chang Ha , Kim Young Seon , Li Xiaohua , Kim Haeng Hoon , Arasu Mariadhas Valan , Al-Dhabi Naif Abdullah , Lee Sook Young , Park Sang Un
Published: March 2019

Carbohydrate sources play important roles in energy and growth of plants. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the optimal carbohydrate source in hairy root cultures (HRCs) of Scutellaria baicalensis infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain R1000. The hairy roots were cultured in half-strength B5 liquid medium supplemented with seven different carbohydrates sources (sucrose, fructose, glucose, galactose, sorbitol, mannitol and maltose), each at a concentration of 100 mM, in order to identify the best carbon sources for the production of major flavones, such as wogonin, baicalin and baicalein. Sucrose, galactose and fructose markedly influenced the production of major flavones and were therefore chosen for subsequent experiments. HRC growth and flavone accumulation were examined following culture with 30, 100 and 150 mM sucrose, galactose and fructose, respectively. From these data, 150 mM sucrose was found to be the optimal carbon source for the enhancement of baicalein production and growth of S. baicalensis HRCs. Fructose caused the greatest increase in baicalin accumulation. Additionally, galactose was the optimal carbon source for wogonin production. These results provide important insights into the optimal growth conditions, particularly the appropriate carbohydrate source, for S. baicalensis.
Pyran-2-one Derivatives from the Roots of Croton crassifolius
Authors: Huang Weihuan , Wang Jiajian , Liang Yeyin , Li Yaolan , Wang Guocai
Published: March 2019

One new pyran-2-one derivative [crotonpyrone C (1)] and two known ones (2-3) were isolated from the supercritical fluid extract (SFE) of the roots of Croton crassifolius. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic (IR, UV, ID and 2D NMR) and HRESIMS methods. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-angiogenic activity using a zebrafish model, but showed little activity.