bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hard X‐Ray Resonant Techniques for Studies of Nanomagnetism
Authors: Srajer G. , Lang J. C. , Haskel D.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Orbital Ordering and Antiferromagnet‐Ferromagnet Transitions in Lightly Doped Manganites
Authors: Troyanchuk Igor O.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Application of Neutral Amidines and Guanidines in Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Coles Martyn P.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dithiocarboxylic Acid Salts of Group 1‐17 Elements (Except for Carbon)
Authors: Kano Naokazu , Kawashima Takayuki
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transition Metal Catalysis Using Ionic Liquids
Authors: Wasserscheid Peter
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polyphosphazenes
Authors: Gleria Mario , De Jaeger Roger
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclic Oxonitriles: Synergistic Juxtaposition of Ketone and Nitrile Functionalities
Authors: Fleming Fraser F. , Iyer Pravin S.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry and Biology of Antiinflammatory Marine Natural Products: Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors
Authors: Gomez‐Paloma Luigi , Monti Maria Chiara , Terracciano Stefania , Casapullo Agostino , Riccio Raffaele
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carboranes and Metallacarboranes
Authors: Teixidor F. , Vinas C.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
γ‐Haloalkylboranes
Authors: Ali H. Abu , Dembitsky V. M. , Srebnik M.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Allylboranes
Authors: Bubnov Y.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
β‐Silylalkyl‐ and β‐Stannylalkylboranes
Authors: Murphy P. J.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrogen Bond Mediated Template Synthesis of Rotaxanes, Catenanes, and Knotanes
Authors: Schalley Christoph A. , Weilandt Torsten , Brueggemann Jens , Voegtle Fritz
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Knots
Authors: Dietrich‐Buchecker Christiane , Colasson Benoit X. , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heterogeneous Catalysts for Highly Selective and Green Industrial Processes and Chemical Transformations
Authors: Kumar Rajiv
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polyurea‐Encapsulated Palladium Catalysts: The Development and Application of a New and Versatile Immobilized Homogeneous Catalyst Technology
Authors: Pears David A. , Smith Stephen C.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
′Five at One Stroke′: Proline and Small Peptides in the Stereoselective de novo Synthesis and Enantiotopic Functionalization of Carbohydrates
Authors: Limbach Michael
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Dozen Years of N‐Confusion: From Synthesis to Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Maeda Hiromitsu , Furuta Hiroyuki
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Complex Marine Natural Products
Authors: Hassfeld Jorma , Kalesse Markus , Stellfeld Timo , Christmann Mathias
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry in Crop Protection. Part 3. Pyrimidine Chemistry in Crop Protection
Authors: Lamberth Clemens
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of Immature Thymocyte Proliferation Factor
Authors: Kohama Yasuhiro
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Some Theoretical Applications of Organic Photochemistry: Excited State and Open Shell Examples
Authors: Zimmerman Howard E.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Femtochemistry of Organic Peroxides: Ultrafast Formation and Decarboxylation of Carbonyloxy Radicals
Authors: Abel B. , Buback M. , Grimm Ch. , Kling M. , Schmatz S. , Schroeder J.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
ESR Study on the Radical Intermediates Formed in the Photoinduced Charge Transfer Process in Semiconductor Systems
Authors: Xu Guangzhi , Zuo Ping , Yang Junling , Chen Ciping , Ai Xicheng , Tang Yalin , Zhang Jianping
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Laser Ablated Metal Plasma with Molecular Alcohol Beams: Dependence of the Produced Cluster Ion Species on the Beam Condition
Authors: Niu Dong‐Mei , Li Hai‐Yang , Zhang Shu‐Dong
Published: June 2006

The gas phase reactions of metal plasma with alcohol clusters were studied by time of flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) using laser ablation‐molecular beam (LAMB) method. The significant dependence of the product cluster ions on the molecular beam conditions was observed. When the plasma acted on the low density parts of the pulsed molecular beam, the metal‐alcohol complexes M+An (M=Cu, Al, Mg, Ni and A=C2H5OH, CH3OH) were the dominant products, and the sizes of product ion clusters were smaller. While the plasma acted on the high density part of the beam, however, the main products turned to be protonated alcohol clusters H+An and, as the reactions of plasma with methanol were concerned, the protonated water‐methanol complexes H3O+(CH3OH)n with a larger size (n≦12 for ethanol and n≦24 for methanol). Similarly, as the pressure of the carrier helium gas was varied from 1×105 to 5×105 Pa, the main products were changed from M+An to H+An and the sizes of the clusters also increased. The changes in the product clusters were attributed to the different formation mechanism of the output ions, that is, the M+An ions came from the reaction of metal ion with alcohol clusters, while H+An mainly from collisional reaction of electron with alcohol clusters.
Recoverable Palladium(0) on Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Catalyzed Ligand‐free Suzuki Reaction in Water
Authors: Wang Lei
Published: June 2006

In the absence of any ligand, a recoverable palladium(0) on poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) catalyzed Suzuki reaction of aryl iodide and bromide with potassium aryltrifluoroborate was developed. The reaction conditions involved the use of water as the solvent, potassium carbonate as the base, and PVP supported palladium metal colloids as the catalyst. The palladium metal could be recovered and recycled for eight consecutive trials without significant loss of its activity.
Synthesis of Stereoisomers of 3‐Aminocyclohexanecarboxylic Acid and cis‐3‐Aminocyclohexene‐5‐carboxylic Acid
Authors: Hu Yu , Yu Sheng‐Liang , Yang Yu‐Jin , Zhu Jin , Deng Jin‐Gen
Published: June 2006

A practical synthesis of stereoisomers of 3‐aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid and cis‐3‐aminocyclohexene‐5‐ carboxylic acid was achieved from cyclohexene‐4‐carboxylic acid via a key resolving approach with chiral 1‐phenylethylamine.
Size Effect of Gold Sol/γ ‐Alumina on the Catalytic Activities of CO Oxidation
Authors: Wang Wei‐Hua , Cao Geng‐Yu
Published: June 2006

The relationship between particle size and catalytic activity of gold nanoparticle catalysts with γ‐Al2O3 as support has been investigated. The catalysts were prepared via the gold sol with different particle sizes by micelle method, and their structures were characterized by HRTEM and XRD, respectively. Furthermore, the catalytic activities were tested by CO oxidation. Experimental results showed that the catalytic activity became much weaker when gold particles were increased from 3.2 to 6.6 nm. Additionally, the particle size was also a key factor to govern catalytic activity with regard to gold supported on TiO2 prepared by the methods of deposition‐precipitation.
Reduction of Azide to Amine Using Fe/AlCl3 or Fe/BiCl3 System in Aqueous EtOH
Authors: Zheng Peng‐Wu , Xie Xue‐Min , Wang Wei , Wang Xiao‐Ji , Guo Yu‐Ping , Tu Qi‐Dong
Published: June 2006

Azides were reduced to the corresponding amines by two new metal/Lewis acid systems in aqueous EtOH with yields ranging from 80% to 95%. The new reduction systems were Fe/AlCl3·6H2O or Fe/BiCl3 system in H2O/ethanol (2:1, V:V) at room temperature. Fifteen azides with different functional groups were well reduced to the corresponding amines in excellent yields.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Bi(thio)xanthylidene Overcrowded Alkenes
Authors: Geertsema Edzard M. , Hoen Rob , Meetsma Auke , Feringa Ben L.
Published: June 2006

Overcrowded alkenes are a fascinating class of inherent dissymmetric molecules that attract considerable interest for instance as chiroptical molecular switches and unidirectionally rotary motors. A practical synthesis route towards enantiomerically pure overcrowded alkenes is an important goal. We report here the development of an asymmetric synthesis of bi(thio)xanthylidenes. The upper and lower part of the desired alkenes were first coupled to a chiral template. Intramolecular coupling with partial stereocontrol, separation of diastereoisomers and subsequent removal of the templates gave stable enantiomers of bithioxanthylidene. The absolute configuration was determined by X‐ray analysis. In the case of bixanthylidene, stereocontrol during the intramolecular coupling reaction was complete, and it was found that the presence of a binaphthol bridging unit prevents the fast racemization process of the bixanthylidene, which it normally exhibited at ambient temperature. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
1% for 10%: executive strategies for customer care
Authors: Kakabadse Andrew P. , Savery Lawson , Kakabadse Nada K. , Lee‐Davies Linda
Published: June 2006

This paper avoids the linear route to establishing where the biggest impact on customer service lies and instead examines the influences on the quality of the customer experience from all angles in an organization. From the culture and policies of the organization itself, to the front‐line individuals and their managers, it is evident that customer satisfaction is influenced at many levels and this directly affects organizational success and competitive standing.

The Cranfield Top Executive Leadership studies, across 12 countries, examine senior managers' commitment to customer focus. The sample's division, into three distinct groups according to their customer focus commitment levels, highlights a range of arguments about individual, management and corporate dedication to levels of customer satisfaction with hints at where these may conflict with each other. By taking a rounded look at the customer focus process from all its pivots within an organization, potential bottlenecks in the process are also highlighted.

Most interestingly, it is concluded that there is actually little difference between the groups in pure quantitative terms, but it is that small difference indeed which makes all the difference to a substantial increase in positive customer experience.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Semi‐Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels: Synthesis, Characterization and Properties
Authors: Zhao San‐Ping , Ma Dong , Zhang Li‐Ming
Published: June 2006

Summary: Amphiphilic hydrogels composed of aliphatic polyesters and poly(ethylene glycol) have potential applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering and other biomedical devices due to their advantageous biological properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, they also exhibit some shortcomings in terms of their reactivity, swelling and mechanical properties. To address these limitations, new semi‐interpenetrating network (semi‐IPN) hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol)‐co‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PEG‐PCL) diacrylate macromer and hydroxypropyl guar gum (HPGG) were prepared by a low intensity ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation method, and characterized by FT‐IR, DSC and WAXD analysis. Their properties were evaluated by investigating the swelling kinetics, dynamic mechanical rheology and the release behavior for bovine serum albumin (BSA). It was found that the introduction of the semi‐IPN structure and HPGG decreased the crystallinity of PEG segments in the hydrogel, and improved the swelling and mechanical properties of the hydrogel, as well as lowered the release percentage of BSA from the hydrogel. Such hydrogel materials may have more advantages as a potentially interesting platform for the design of medical devices.

The elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) as a function of frequency for various hydrogel samples.

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The elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) as a function of frequency for various hydrogel samples.
Comprehensive Analysis of the Substituent Distribution in Hydroxyethyl Celluloses by Quantitative MALDI‐ToF‐MS
Authors: Adden Roland , Müller Romy , Brinkmalm Gunnar , Ehrler Rudolf , Mischnick Petra
Published: June 2006

Summary: Three HECs with a high MS (HEC 1: 1.89, HEC 2: 1.94, HEC 3: 3.03) were analyzed with respect to their substituent distribution and tandem reaction in the glucosyl unit by GLC of the corresponding glucitol acetates, and along the polymer chain by MALDI‐ToF‐MS after a multi‐step sample preparation. For comparison of the experimental data with a random pattern an extended Bernoulli plot was applied to calculate a random distribution for the composition of un‐, mono‐, di‐, tri‐, and up to heptasubstituted glucosyl units (c0, c1, c2, … c7).

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Resistivity and Thermal Reproducibility of High‐Density Polyethylene Heaters Filled With Carbon Black
Authors: Park Eun‐Soo
Published: June 2006

Summary: Various output heaters were extruded with CB‐filled HDPE composites. The effects of crystallinity on the PTC and thermal reproducibility of the quenched, annealed, and E‐beam crosslinked heaters were examined during heating and cooling cycles at an applied voltage of 220 V. Conductor resisitivity and PTC effect of the heaters increased as crystallinity of composites increased. During the thermal cycling test, significant changes in heater‐output and resistivity for annealed and quenched heaters were observed. However, for quenched/E‐beam radiated and annealed/E‐beam radiated heaters no significant difference was found. These results indicate that the annealing process did not affect the thermal and electrical reproducibility of HDPE/CB heaters significantly.

Acetylene black aggregates in polyethylene matrix.

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Acetylene black aggregates in polyethylene matrix.
Heparin‐Controlled Growth of Polypyrrole Nanowires
Authors: Shi Wei , Ge Dongtao , Wang Jixiao , Jiang Zhizhong , Ren Lei , Zhang Qiqing
Published: June 2006

Summary: Heparin, a potent anticoagulant, has been used for the first time for the synthesis of PPy nanowires serving not only as an anion dopant but also as an effective morphology‐directing agent. The obtained PPy nanowires exhibit long and fine structures with smooth surface and the average diameter of the nanowires is about 90–100 nm and lengths are several hundred nanometers to micrometers. The possible formation mechanism of PPy nanowires may be related to the chain structure of heparin with functional groups (SO and COO−) on the surface. The effect of concentrations of pyrrole monomers and heparin on the morphology and size of PPy nanowires has been investigated.

SEM image of PPy nanowires synthesized in the presence of heparin.

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SEM image of PPy nanowires synthesized in the presence of heparin.
Tunability of Fluorescence Property of a Terbium‐Complex‐Containing Polymer via Incorporation of a Transition‐Metal Complex
Authors: Wu Shuizhu , Wu Yanfeng , Zeng Fang , Tong Zhen , Zhao Jianqing
Published: June 2006

Summary: In this study, a terbium‐complex monomer and transition‐metal‐complex monomers (FeIII, MnII, and NiII complex monomers) are synthesized, and novel acrylate copolymers are then obtained through covalent attachment of the terbium complex and the transition‐metal complex onto the macromolecular chain simultaneously. The copolymers developed herein present the characteristic fluorescence properties of the terbium(III) ion, The incorporation of an MnII complex into a TbIII‐containing polymer leads to greater fluorescence enhancement compared with the NiII complex, while the incorporation of the FeIII complex results in fluorescence quenching, thus the incorporation of different transition‐metal complexes into the copolymers ensures tunability of the copolymer's fluorescence property.

Fluorescence emission spectra of the copolymer solid films. Solid: P‐Tb; dash‐dot: P‐Tb‐MnII; dash: P‐Tb‐NiII; and dot: P‐Tb‐FeIII.

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Fluorescence emission spectra of the copolymer solid films. Solid: P‐Tb; dash‐dot: P‐Tb‐MnII; dash: P‐Tb‐NiII; and dot: P‐Tb‐FeIII.
Venous congestive flap salvage with subcutaneous rtPA
Authors: Tran Nho V. , Bishop Allen T. , Convery Phyllis A. , Yu Art Y.
Published: June 2006

Free‐flap success has been the rule with technical advancements in microsurgery. Despite improvements, thrombosis and flap loss still occur occasionally. Salvaging a sick flap can be a harrowing experience, even in the most experienced hands. Thrombolysis using intravenous and intra‐arterial urokinase, streptokinase, and/or tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) administered through the flap vascular pedicle has been reported in free‐flap salvages. In such situations, success depends on early diagnosis and emergent exploration. Recently, we successfully used rtPA subcutaneously to salvage a venous congested free transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM) flap. Here, we report on that case. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2006.
Ligand Binding and G-protein Coupling of the Serotonin1A Receptor in Cholesterol-enriched Hippocampal Membranes
Authors: Chattopadhyay Amitabha , Jafurulla Md. , Pucadyil Thomas J.
Published: June 2006

The serotonin1A receptor is the most extensively studied member of the family of seven transmembrane domain G-protein coupled serotonin receptors. Since a large portion of such transmembrane receptors remains in contact with the membrane lipid environment, lipid–protein interactions assume importance in the structure-function analysis of such receptors. We have earlier reported the requirement of cholesterol for serotonin1A receptor function in native hippocampal membranes by specific depletion of cholesterol using methyl- β-cyclodextrin. In this paper, we monitored the serotonin1A receptor function in membranes that are enriched in cholesterol using a complex prepared from cholesterol and methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Our results indicate that ligand binding and receptor/G-protein interaction of the serotonin1A receptor do not exhibit significant difference in native and cholesterol-enriched hippocampal membranes indicating that further enrichment of cholesterol has little functional consequence on the serotonin1A receptor function. These results therefore provide new information on the effect of cholesterol enrichment on the hippocampal serotonin1A receptor function.
Molecular Cloning of a HMG-CoA Reductase Gene from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver
Authors: Jiang Jihong , Kai Guoyin , Cao Xiaoying , Chen Fengmei , He Dongning , Liu Qun
Published: June 2006

The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, which is the first committed step in the pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. A full-length cDNA encoding HMGR (designated as EuHMGR, GenBank Accession No. AY796343) was isolated from Eucommia ulmoides by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA of EuHMGR comprises 2281 bp with a 1770-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 590-amino-acid polypeptide with two trans-membrane domains revealed by bioinformatic analysis. Molecular modeling showed that EuHMGR is a new HMGR with a spatial structure similar to other plant HMGRs. The deduced protein has an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.89 and a calculated molecular weight of about 63 kDa. Sequence comparison analysis showed that EuHMGR had highest homology to HMGR from Hevea brasiliensis. As expected, phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that EuHMGR belongs to plant HMGR group. Tissue expression pattern analysis showed that EuHMGR is strongly expressed in the leaves and stems whereas it is only poorly expressed in the roots, which implies that EuHMGR may be a constitutively expressing gene. Functional complementation of EuHMGR in HMGR-deficient mutant yeast JRY2394 demonstrated that EuHMGR mediates the mevalonate biosynthesis in yeast.
Efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in chronic heart failure: The HELAS study
Authors: Cokkinos Dennis V. , Haralabopoulos George C. , Kostis John B. , Toutouzas Pavlos K. ,   for the HELAS investigators
Published: June 2006

Background:

It is not clear if long‐term antithrombotic treatment has a beneficial effect on the incidence of thromboembolism in chronic heart failure (CHF). The HELAS study (Heart failure Long‐term Antithrombotic Study) is a multicentre, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial to evaluate antithrombotic treatment in patients with CHF.

Methods:

197 HF patients (EF <35%) were enrolled. Patients with Ischaemic Heart Disease were randomised to receive either aspirin 325 mg or warfarin. Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) were randomised to receive either warfarin or placebo.

Results:

Analysis of the data from 312 patient years showed an incidence of 2.2 embolic events per 100 patient years, with no significant difference between groups. The incidence of myocardial infarction, hospitalisation, exacerbation of heart failure, death and haemorrhage were not different between the groups. No peripheral or pulmonary emboli were reported. Echocardiographic follow‐up for 2 years showed an overall increase in left ventricular ejection fraction from 28.2±6 to 30.3±7 p<0.05, which was most obvious in patients with DCM taking warfarin (EF 26.8±5.3 at baseline, 30.7±10 at 2 years, p<0.05).

Conclusions:

(1) Overall embolic events are rare in heart failure regardless of treatment. (2) Treatment does not seem to affect outcome.
A medieval Arabic analysis of motion at an instant: the Avicennan sources to the forma fluens/fluxus formae debate
Authors: McGinnis JON
Published: June 2006

The forma fluens/fluxus formae debate concerns the question as to whether motion is something distinct from the body in motion, the flow of a distinct form identified with motion (fluxus formae), or nothing more than the successive states of the body in motion, the flow of some form found in one of Aristotle's ten categories (forma fluens). Although Albertus Magnus introduced this debate to the Latin West he drew his inspiration from Avicenna. This study argues that Albertus misclassified Avicenna's position, since Albertus could not conceptualize motion at an instant, whereas it is claimed here this was the very position Avicenna adopted. The paper includes an overview of Albertus's discussion and a brief survey of the Avicennan sources upon which Albertus drew. The heart of the paper treats Avicenna's analysis of motion at an instant. Avicenna's general argument was that since spatial points have no extremities, nothing in principle prevents a moving object from being at a spatial point for more than an instant, understood as a limit. It is then argued that Avicenna had the philosophical machinery to make sense of a limit, albeit not in mathematical terms, but in terms of an Aristotelian potential infinite.
HOW THE STOICS BECAME ATHEISTS
Authors: BROOKE CHRISTOPHER
Published: June 2006

In the middle of the seventeenth century, scholarship on ancient Stoicism generally understood it to be a form of theism. By the middle of the eighteenth century, Stoicism was widely (though not universally) reckoned a variety of atheism, both by its critics and by those more favourably disposed to its claims. This article describes this transition, the catalyst for which was the controversy surrounding Spinoza's philosophy, and which was shaped above all by contemporary transformations in the historiography of philosophy. Particular attention is paid to the roles in this story played by Thomas Gataker, Ralph Cudworth, J. F. Buddeus, Jean Barbeyrac, and J. L. Mosheim, whose contributions collectively helped to shape the way in which Stoicism was presented in two of the leading reference works of the Enlightenment, J. J. Brucker's Critical History of Philosophy and the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert.
THE UNIFICATION OF THE GLOBE BY DISEASE? THE INTERNATIONAL SANITARY CONFERENCES ON CHOLERA, 1851–1894
Authors: HUBER VALESKA
Published: June 2006

This article analyses the proceedings of eight International Sanitary Conferences which were convened between 1851 and 1894 to address the danger that cholera epidemics posed to Europe. These conferences are examined in the context of the intellectual and institutional changes in scientific medicine and in the light of the changing structure of internationalist endeavours that took place in the second half of the nineteenth century. The article shows that the International Sanitary Conferences were as much spaces of co-operation as they were arenas where differences and boundaries between disciplines, nations, and cultures were defined. Furthermore, it seeks to shed light on a broader tension of the period. On the one hand, the fact that the world was growing together to an unprecedented extent due to new means of transportation enabled Europeans to establish and expand profitable commercial and colonial relations. On the other hand, this development increased the vulnerability of Europe – for example to the importation of diseases. The perception that the world was becoming increasingly interconnected was thus coupled with the need for controllable boundaries. The conferences attempted to find solutions as to how borders could be secured without resorting to traditional barriers; like semipermeable membranes they should be open for some kinds of communication but closed for others.
STILL A MONSTROSITY? SOME REFLECTIONS ON EARLY MODERN GERMAN STATEHOOD
Authors: WILSON PETER H.
Published: June 2006

The German political scientist and philosopher, Samuel von Pufendorf, described the Holy Roman Empire in 1667 as a ‘monstrosity’, because it did not fit any of the recognized definitions of a state. The issue of the Empire's statehood has been the most important consideration in its historiography in recent decades: was it a state? If so, what kind? This review addresses these questions by examining how the debate on the Empire is related to wider controversies surrounding German history, the contemporary process of European integration, and about political organization in general. It explains how these debates are rooted in the political and religious disputes of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that still influence how the history of the Empire is written today. The four principal modern interpretations are identified and assessed: the Empire as a ‘failed nation state’, as a federation, and, more recently, as an ‘Empire-State’ or a ‘Central Europe of the Regions’. The piece concludes by offering a new explanatory framework to assess the Empire's political development.
FINANCE AND WELFARE: THE IMPACT OF TWO WORLD WARS ON DOMESTIC POLICY IN FRANCE
Authors: LYNCH FRANCES M. B.
Published: June 2006

Fathers, families, and the state in France, 1914–1945. By Kristen Stromberg Childers. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003. Pp. 261. ISBN 0-8014-4122-6. £23.95.

Origins of the French welfare state: the struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947. By Paul V. Dutton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 251. ISBN 0-521-81334-4. £49.99.

Britain, France, and the financing of the First World War. By Martin Horn. Montreal and Kingston: McGill – Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. 249. ISBN 0-7735-2293-X. £65.00.

The gold standard illusion: France, the Bank of France and the International Gold Standard, 1914–1939. By Kenneth Mouré. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. 297. ISBN 0-19-924904-0. £40.00.

Workers' participation in post-Liberation France. By Adam Steinhouse. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2001. Pp. 245. ISBN 0-7391-0282-6. $70.00 (hb). ISBN 0-7391-0283-4. $24.95 (pbk).

In the traditional historiography of twentieth-century France the period after the Second World War is usually contrasted favourably with that after 1918. After 1945, new men with new ideas, born out of the shock of defeat in 1940 and resistance to Nazi occupation, laid the basis for an economic and social democracy. The welfare state was created, women were given full voting rights, and French security, in both economic and territorial respects, was partially guaranteed by integrating West Germany into a new supranational institutional structure in Western Europe. 1945 was to mark the beginning of the ‘30 glorious years’ of peace and prosperity enjoyed by an expanding population in France. In sharp contrast, the years after 1918 are characterized as a period dominated by France's failed attempts to restore its status as a great power. Policies based on making the German taxpayer finance France's restoration are blamed for contributing to the great depression after 1929 and the rise of Hitler. However, as more research is carried out into the social and economic reconstruction of France after both world wars, it is becoming clear that the basis of what was to become the welfare state after 1945 was laid in the aftermath of the First World War. On the other hand, new reforms adopted in 1945 which did not build on interwar policies, such as those designed to give workers a voice in decision-making at the workplace, proved to be short-lived.
Theatre in the Arab World: A Difficult Birth
Authors: AMINE KHALID
Published: June 2006

The present paper aims at illuminating the space that theatrical art occupies in the dynamics of rewriting and rethinking colonial historiography. My main thesis is that Arabic theatrical practices are construed within a liminal space that is thoroughly hybrid. It is a third space that is located between Self and Other, East and West, as well as tradition and modernity. These negotiations are informed by the postcolonial Arab condition of hybridity, a condition that is itself situated across diasporas and diaglossia. The result of this rewriting process is the production of a new kind of performance tradition that is irreducibly different. Western theatre was represented to the nineteenth-century Arabs with a strong aura of authority. The early reception of Shakespeare and Molière had been conditioned by the general shock of encounter with the Western Other since the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt – when Western plays were performed to an Arab audience for the first time. A whole apparatus of translation and theatrical reproduction of Western theatrical canons flourished in the Middle East, bringing about a difficult birth of what can now be called ‘Arab Theatre’, rather than a theatre written in Arabic language. However, The hybrid nature of Arab theatre soon emerged as a result of cultural negotiations that are not simply supplements which reproduce a palimpsest, rather they transform the conditions of the original texts, only to emerge as new and different kinds of performative agency. It is a postcolonial theatre that is located at the crossroads and a continuum of intersections, encounters, and negotiations; the outcome is a complex palimpsest that underlines the powers of impurity rather than a logocentric quest for the pure.
‘Quite a Profound Day’: The Public Performance of Memory by Military Witnesses at the Bloody Sunday Tribunal
Authors: WHITE G. D.
Published: June 2006

This article examines elements of performance in the giving of evidence by military witnesses to the Saville Tribunal's Inquiry into the events of ‘Bloody Sunday’ – the day in 1972 when thirteen civilians were shot dead by British Army paratroops during a banned civil rights protest in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland. The performative nature of testimony represented an unstable element in this tribunal's attempt to reconstruct the past, raising a number of provoking questions concerning the nature and process of the legal pursuit of truth, in particular the ways in which the performative aspects of proceedings – grounded in the evocation of the past through the enacted memory of witnesses – function. Through tracing and analysing the process of memory recall in the testimonial performance of particular military witnesses to the tribunal, watched by the author, the essay considers the affective impact of courtroom testimony and the effect of this on the legal context in which testimony is given.
Emergent properties from organisms to ecosystems: towards a realistic approach
Authors: Ponge Jean‐François
Published: June 2006

More realistic approaches are needed to understand the complexity of ecological systems. Emergent properties of real systems can be used as a basis for a new, neither reductionist nor holistic, approach. Three systems, termed here BUBBLEs, WAVEs and CRYSTALS, have been identified as exhibiting emergent properties. They are non‐hierarchical assemblages of individual components, with amplification and connectedness being two main principles that govern their build‐up, maintenance and mutual relationships. Examples from various fields of biological and ecological science are referred to, ranging from individual organisms to landscapes.
Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude
Authors: Hodkinson Ian D.
Published: June 2006

The literature on the response of insect species to the changing environments experienced along altitudinal gradients is diverse and widely dispersed. There is a growing awareness that such responses may serve as analogues for climate warming effects occurring at a particular fixed altitude or latitude over time. This review seeks, therefore, to synthesise information on the responses of insects and allied groups to increasing altitude and provide a platform for future research. It focuses on those functional aspects of insect biology that show positive or negative reaction to altitudinal changes but avoids emphasising adaptation to high altitudeper se. Reactions can be direct, with insect characteristics or performance responding to changing environmental parameters, or they can be indirect and mediated through the insect's interaction with other organisms. These organisms include the host plant in the case of herbivorous insects, and also competitor species, specific parasitoids, predators and pathogens. The manner in which these various factors individually and collectively influence the morphology, behaviour, ecophysiology, growth and development, survival, reproduction, and spatial distribution of insect species is considered in detail. Resultant patterns in the abundance of individual species populations and of community species richness are examined. Attempts are made throughout to provide mechanistic explanations of trends and to place each topic, where appropriate, into the broader theoretical context by appropriate reference to key literature. The paper concludes by considering how montane insect species will respond to climate warming.
Elektromagnetische Felder im Akutspital: Wireless-LAN & Co. als Risiko?
Authors: Oertle  , Lehmann  , Fritschi  , Müller  , Berz
Published: June 2006

Ausmass und Höhe der Exposition durch nicht-ionisierende Strahlung im Alltag von Spitälern sind weitgehend unbekannt. Am Beispiel des Spitals Thun, wo der flächendeckende Einsatz von Wireless-LAN die komplette elektronische Patientenakte schon seit drei Jahren am Patientenbett verfügbar macht, werden die im Alltag gemessenen Immissionen nicht-ionisierender Strahlung in Relation zu den in der Schweiz geltenden Grenzwerten dargelegt. Sowohl am Pflegearbeitsplatz als auch im Patientenzimmer werden die geltenden Grenzwerte (Immissionsgrenzwert) bei weitem eingehalten. Selbst der vorsorgliche Schweizer Anlagegrenzwert wird deutlich eingehalten. Im Patientenzimmer überwiegen die Immissionen von GSM und UMTS, während am Pflegearbeitsplatz WLAN die dominante Feldquelle darstellt. Eine Befragung zeigt eine weitgehend unproblematische Bewertung des Risikos betreffend nicht-ionisierender Strahlung durch das Personal auf.
Akute tubulointerstitielle Nephritis bei HIV-Erkrankung
Authors: Möddel  , Pfammatter  , Varga  , Keusch
Published: June 2006

Die Fallbeschreibung illustriert den Verlauf eines akuten Nierenversagens bei einer Atazanavir-assoziierten akuten tubulointerstitiellen Nephritis bei HIV-Erkrankung im CDC-Stadium B2. Nach Absetzen des Virostatikums Atazanavir war das akute Nierenversagen unter konservativer Therapie ohne Einsatz von Steroiden reversibel. Die Differenzialdiagnose des akuten Nierenversagens bei HIV-Erkrankung wird dargestellt.
Dual‐frequency interplanetary scintillation observations of the solar wind
Authors: Fallows R. A. , Breen A. R. , Bisi M. M. , Jones R. A. , Wannberg G.
Published: June 2006

The results of observations of interplanetary scintillation (IPS) using the telescopes of EISCAT, in northern Scandinavia, and the ESR, on the Svalbard archipelago in the high Arctic, observing at frequencies of 1420 MHz, 928 MHz and 500 MHz are presented. Significant correlation is seen at time lags of 1.5–2 s when the observing frequencies of each telescope differ by a factor of almost three. Simple plane of sky solar wind speeds are also estimated and found to be consistent between single‐ and dual‐frequency correlations.
Angiotensin AT1 receptor signalling modulates reparative angiogenesis induced by limb ischaemia
Authors: Emanueli Costanza , Salis Maria Bonaria , Stacca Tiziana , Pinna Alessandra , Gaspa Leonardo , Maddeddu Paolo
Published: June 2006

The concept that angiotensin II exerts pro‐angiogenic activity is not universally accepted. We evaluated whether inhibition of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) would influence reparative angiogenesis in a murine model of limb ischaemia.

Perfusion recovery following surgical removal of the left femoral artery was analysed by laser Doppler flowmetry in mice given the ACE inhibitor ramipril (1 mg kg−1 per day), the AT1 antagonist losartan (15 mg kg−1 per day), or vehicle. Muscular capillarity was examined at necroscopy. Ramipril‐induced effects were also studied under combined blockade of kinin B1 and B2 receptors. Furthermore, the effects of ischaemia on AT1 gene expression and ACE activity were determined.

In untreated mice, muscular AT1a gene expression was transiently decreased early after induction of limb ischaemia, whereas AT1b mRNA was up‐regulated. ACE activity was reduced in ischaemic muscles at 1 and 3 days. Gene expression of AT1 isoforms as well as ACE activity returned to basal values by day 14. Spontaneous neovascularization allowed for complete perfusion recovery of the ischaemic limb after 21 days.

Reparative angiogenesis was negatively influenced by either ramipril (P<0.02) or losartan (P<0.01), leading to delayed and impaired post‐ischaemic recovery (50 – 70% less compared with controls). Ramipril‐induced effects remained unaltered under kinin receptor blockade.

The present study indicates that (a) expression of angiotensin II AT1 receptors and ACE activity are modulated by ischaemia, (b) ACE‐inhibition or AT1 antagonism impairs reparative angiogenesis, and (c) intact AT1 receptor signalling is essential for post‐ischaemic recovery. These results provide new insights into the role of the RAS in vascular biology and suggest cautionary use of ACE inhibitors and AT1 antagonists in patients at risk for developing peripheral ischaemia.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 87–92; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704461
Blockade of bradykinin B2 receptor suppresses acute pancreatitis induced by obstruction of the pancreaticobiliary duct in rats
Authors: Hirata Mitsuhiro , Hayashi Izumi , Yoshimura Kuniko , Ishii Ken‐ichiro , Soma Kazui , Ohwada Takashi , Kakita Akira , Majima Masataka
Published: June 2006

The involvement of bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor in acute pancreatitis induced by pancreaticobiliary duct ligation was investigated in rats.

The activities of amylase and lipase in the serum, the water content of the pancreas, and vacuolization of the acinar cells were significantly increased 2 h after obstruction of the duct in Sprague‐Dawley rats.

Elevated serum amylase activity, increased pancreatic oedema, and damage of the pancreatic tissue were significantly less marked in plasma kininogen‐deficient, B/N‐Katholiek rats than in the normal strain, B/N‐Kitasato rats 2 h after the ligation.

Obstruction of the pancreaticobiliary duct augmented the level of (1‐5)‐BK (Arg1‐Pro2‐Pro3‐Gly4‐Phe5), a stable BK metabolite, in the blood from 73.0±21.7 pg ml−1 at 0 h to 149.8±38.0 pg ml−1 at 2 h after the induction of pancreatitis in SD rats.

Administration of a BK B2 receptor antagonist, FR173657 (100 mg kg−1, p.o.) or Hoe140 (100 nmol kg−1, s.c.), reduced the elevation of amylase and lipase activities in the serum and of pancreatic water content in a dose‐dependent manner. The effective attenuation of oedema formation and vacuolization by the antagonists was also confirmed light‐microscopically. In contrast, treatment with gabexate mesilate or indomethacin did not cause significant suppression of the pancreatitis.

These findings suggest a possible involvement of kinin B2 receptor in the present pancreatitis model. Furthermore, they point to the potential usefulness of the B2 receptor in clinical acute pancreatitis.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 29–36; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704462
CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A increases capsaicin‐evoked release of Substance P from the adult mouse spinal cord
Authors: Lever I J , Malcangio M
Published: June 2006

Cannabinoids have an antinociceptive action in many pain models. We have investigated a possible modulatory role for Type 1 Cannabinoid receptors (CB1) on the release of excitatory transmitter Substance P from the adult mouse spinal cord after stimulation of nociceptor terminals by capsaicin. Capsaicin (0.1 – 10 μM) was applied to superfused cord sections and evoked a dose dependent release of SP above basal outflow of (23.36±2.96 fmol 8 ml−1). Maximum evoked SP release was obtained with 5 μM Capsaicin (262.4±20.8 fmol 8 ml−1). Higher capsaicin concentrations (50 – 100 μM) evoked less SP release. Superfusion of CB1 antagonist SR141716A (5 μM) increased evoked SP release with capsaicin (0.1 – 10 μM) and reversed the reducing effect of high dose capsaicin (100 μM). Antagonism of CB1 receptors in the spinal cord during capsaicin stimulation, is evidence of tonic CB1 activity inhibiting the release of excitatory transmitters after activation of nociceptive neurones and is also indicative of endocannabinoid production during noxious stimulation.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 21–24; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704506
Characterization and selective inhibition of myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase from Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major
Authors: Panethymitaki Chrysoula , Bowyer Paul W. , Price Helen P. , Leatherbarrow Robin J. , Brown Katherine A. , Smith Deborah F.
Published: June 2006

The eukaryotic enzyme NMT (myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase) has been characterized in a range of species from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Homo sapiens. NMT is essential for viability in a number of human pathogens, including the fungi Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, and the parasitic protozoa Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei. We have purified the Leishmania and T. brucei NMTs as active recombinant proteins and carried out kinetic analyses with their essential fatty acid donor, myristoyl-CoA and specific peptide substrates. A number of inhibitory compounds that target NMT in fungal species have been tested against the parasite enzymes in vitro and against live parasites in vivo. Two of these compounds inhibit TbNMT with IC50 values of <1 μM and are also active against mammalian parasite stages, with ED50 (the effective dose that allows 50% cell growth) values of 16–66 μM and low toxicity to murine macrophages. These results suggest that targeting NMT could be a valid approach for the development of chemotherapeutic agents against infectious diseases including African sleeping sickness and Nagana.