bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cystic Fibrosis Gene: Identification
Authors: Rommens Johanna M
Published: August 2018

With the realisation that some diseases exhibit defined patterns of inheritance in families, it was apparent that careful investigation of the genetic material of these family members should reveal clues to underlying disease cause. For cystic fibrosis (CF), a debilitating disease that affects many organs with progressive lung morbidity, deficiencies in the gene known as
CFTR
lead to impaired anion channel function in epithelial tissues. Early genetic and physical mapping studies of chromosome 7 led to the identification of this CF causal gene, providing impetus for the Human Genome Project and the refined chromosome maps that are now available at chromosome function and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence levels.

Key Concepts

Cystic fibrosis displays autosomal recessive inheritance.

Genetic and physical marker maps converge to yield a scaffold of chromosome 7.

Only small segments of human chromosomes correspond to genes that encode proteins.

Refined chromosome and genome DNA sequence maps provide resources for disease gene discovery.

Causal gene discovery enables molecular diagnostics.
Cancer: Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Stress Pathways
Authors: Zuehlke Abbey D , Neckers Leonard
Published: August 2018

Cell stress is a ubiquitous term covering vast forms of perturbations to the homeostatic state of the cell. The response mechanisms to these types of stresses are aimed at protecting the cells and allowing them to recover from the inflicted damage. Before reaching the critical level of stress resulting in stress‐induced cell death, cells utilise these survival strategies to protect themselves from the exposed insult. Tumour cells similarly utilise these survival strategies to continue replication despite their extreme surrounding environment. Survival responses to stress also allow tumour cells to overcome additional challenges presented by treatment regiments such as chemotherapy and radiation, resulting in resistance. These survival pathways, therefore, are being targeted in addition to standard treatment to force the stressed oncogenic cells into their death pathways. Use of these survival pathway inhibitors has markedly increased tumour sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation, suggesting an alternative approach to cancer therapeutics.

Key Concepts

Eukaryotic cells are able to activate multiple stress response pathways when exposed to environmental stress.

In cancer cells, these stress response pathways are frequently upregulated to cope with nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, abundance of misfolded proteins, and other stresses common to cancer cells.

Many cancer drugs induce cell stress and stimulate one or more cell stress response pathways.

Thus, cancer cells use multiple cell stress response pathways to support drug resistance, particularly to cytotoxic agents.

Cancer cell sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs may be enhanced by simultaneously blocking cell stress response pathways.
Flexible and Anisotropic Strain Sensor Based on Carbonized Crepe Paper with Aligned Cellulose Fibers
Authors: Chen Sheng , Song Yijia , Ding Dayong , Ling Zhe , Xu Feng
Published: August 2018

Here, a highly flexible and anisotropic strain sensor based on sustainable biomass‐derived materials is fabricated through a facile, low‐cost, and scalable approach. The commercially available crepe paper made of the abundant and renewable cellulose is converted into a conductive network by carbonization. The fabricated strain sensor based on this carbonized crepe paper (CCP) exhibits high flexibility, fast response time (<115 ms), high durability (>10 000 cycles), and negligible hysteresis. Especially, the CCP strain sensor shows dramatically different gauge factors (10.10 and 0.14, respectively) between tensile bending perpendicular and parallel to the fibers direction. This anisotropic sensing performance is inherited from the crepe paper's unique anisotropic structure, i.e., aligned cellulose fibers and a corrugated surface, which is well maintained in the CCP. In addition, the CCP strain sensors' practical use in detecting complex human motions and controlling a 2‐degree‐of‐freedom machine is demonstrated, indicating their potential applications in multidimensional wearable electronics and smart robots.
Architecture and Preparation of Hollow Catalytic Devices
Authors: Li Bowen , Zeng Hua Chun
Published: August 2018

Since pioneering work done in the late 1990s, synthesis of functional hollow materials has experienced a rapid growth over the past two decades while their applications have been proven to be advantageous across many technological fields. In the field of heterogeneous catalysis, the development of micro‐ and nanoscale hollow materials as catalytic devices has also yielded promising results, because of their higher activity, stability, and selectivity. Herein, the architecture and preparation of these catalysts with tailorable composition and morphology are reviewed. First, synthesis of hollow materials is introduced according to the classification of template mediated, template free, and combined approaches. Second, different architectural designs of hollow catalytic devices, such as those without functionalization, with active components supported onto hollow materials, with active components incorporated within porous shells, and with active components confined within interior cavities, are evaluated respectively. The observed catalytic performances of this new class of catalysts are correlated to structural merits of individual configuration. Examples that demonstrate synthetic approaches and architected configurations are provided. Lastly, possible future directions are proposed to advance this type of hollow catalytic devices on the basis of our personal perspectives.
Halide‐Perovskite Resonant Nanophotonics
Authors: Makarov Sergey , Furasova Aleksandra , Tiguntseva Ekaterina , Hemmetter Andreas , Berestennikov Alexander , Pushkarev Anatoly , Zakhidov Anvar , Kivshar Yuri
Published: August 2018

Halide perovskites have emerged recently as promising materials for many applications in photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Recent studies of optical properties of halide perovskites suggest many novel opportunities for a design of advanced nanophotonic devices due to their low‐cost fabrication, relatively high values of the refractive index, existence of excitons at room temperatures, broadband bandgap tunability, high optical gain, and strong nonlinear response, as well as simplicity of their integration with other types of optical and electronic structures. This paper provides an overview of the recent progress in the study of optical effects originating from nanostructured perovskites, and it also oversees a range of potential applications of resonant nanophotonics with halide perovskites.
Chiral Amine‐Catalyzed Stereoselective [4+2] Annulations of Alkenyl Thiazolones and Aliphatic Aldehydes via a Step‐Wise Mechanism
Authors: Dai Qing‐Song , Zhang Xiang , Yang Kai‐Chuan , Li Mao‐Hua , Yang Jie , Li Qing‐Zhu , Feng Xin , Han Bo , Li Jun‐Long
Published: August 2018

An efficient diastereo‐ and enantioselective formal oxo‐Diels‐Alder reaction of enolizable aliphatic aldehydes and 5‐alkenyl thiazolones was developed through chiral amine catalysis. With a robust enamine activation strategy, both simple aliphatic aldehydes and a challenging aqueous acetaldehyde could participate well as competent dienophiles in the reaction. A variety of thiazole‐fused dihydropyran derivatives were facilely produced in up to 99% yield with up to >99:1 e.r. under mild conditions. Interestingly, a high dosage of the inexpensive aqueous acetaldehyde in a similar catalytic system could lead to a densely functionalized thiazolone product through a three‐component cascade reaction, suggesting a step‐wise mechanism for the established [4+2] annulation process.

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Textured Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3‐BaTiO3 Lead‐Free Films with Enhanced Piezoelectric Property and Depolarization Temperature
Authors: Zhou Zhen , Zhang Su‐Wei , Zhang Yao , Luo Jin , Sun Wei , Wang Xuping , Li Jing‐Feng
Published: August 2018

Future microelectromechanical systems will need environmentally friendly lead‐free piezoelectrics in the form of thin films, like Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3 (BNT); however, its application is limited due to the relatively low depolarization temperature (Td). In this work, not only enhanced piezoelectric properties, but also higher Td, are achieved in (001)‐textured 0.94Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3‐0.06BaTiO3 (BNT‐BT6) thin films on widely used platinized Si wafers with a LaNiO3 buffer layer. The piezoelectric coefficient a33,eff is increased by 65% to 43 pm V−1 in the textured films from 26 pm V−1 in the nontextured counterparts. The texturing also raises the Td to ≈140 °C, about 40 °C higher than that in nontextured films. The increase of Td is attributed to the in‐plane tensile thermal stress and the (001)‐textured structure. The present work provides a guideline to improve piezoelectric properties and the thermal stability of BNT‐based lead‐free piezoelectric thin films.
Biomass‐degrading enzymes are catabolite repressed in anaerobic gut fungi
Authors: Henske John K. , Gilmore Sean P. , Haitjema Charles H. , Solomon Kevin V. , O'Malley Michelle A.
Published: August 2018

Anaerobic fungi are among the most active plant‐degrading microbes in nature. Increased insight into the mechanisms and environmental cues that regulate fungal hydrolysis would better inform bioprocessing strategies to depolymerize lignocellulose. Here, we compare the response of three strains of anaerobic fungi (Piromyces finnis, Anaeromyces robustus, and Neocallimastix californiae) to catabolite regulation by simple carbohydrates. Anaerobic fungi exhibited high enzymatic activity against crystalline cellulose, which was repressed upon incubation with free sugars. Cellulolytic degradation was also inhibited when fungi were exposed to sugars they did not metabolize, suggesting a general mode of catabolite repression. RNA‐Seq experiments in the presence of excess glucose confirmed repression of carbohydrate active enzymes during sugar uptake, and offer a path towards unmasking the function of co‐regulated genes that could be involved in biomass degradation. Overall, these results suggest that sugar‐rich hydrolysates tune the behavior of anaerobic fungi by dampening production of their biomass‐degrading enzymes. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 4263–4270, 2018
First genome‐wide analysis of the endangered, endemic lichen Cetradonia linearis reveals isolation by distance and strong population structure
Authors: Allen Jessica L. , McKenzie Sean K. , Sleith Robin S. , Alter S. Elizabeth
Published: August 2018

Premise of the Study

Lichenized fungi are evolutionarily diverse and ecologically important, but little is known about the processes that drive their diversification and genetic differentiation. Distributions are often assumed to be wholly shaped by ecological requirements rather than dispersal limitations. Furthermore, although asexual and sexual reproductive structures are observable, the lack of information about recombination rates makes inferences about reproductive strategies difficult. We investigated the population genomics of Cetradonia linearis, a federally endangered lichen in the southern Appalachians of eastern North America, to test the relative contributions of environmental and geographic distance in shaping genetic structure, and to characterize the mating system and genome‐wide recombination.

Methods

Whole‐genome shotgun sequencing was conducted to generate data for 32 individuals of C. linearis. A reference genome was assembled, and reads from all samples were aligned to generate a set of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms for further analyses.

Key Results

We found evidence for low rates of recombination and for isolation by distance, but not for isolation by environment. The species is putatively unisexual, given that only one mating‐type locus was found. Hindcast species distribution models and the distribution of genetic diversity support C. linearis having a larger range during the Last Glacial Maximum in the southern portion of its current extent.

Conclusions

Our findings contribute to the understanding of factors that shape genetic diversity in C. linearis and in fungi more broadly. Because all populations are highly genetically differentiated, the extirpation of any population would mean the loss of unique genetic diversity; therefore, our results support the continued conservation of this species.
A distance sampling approach to estimate density and abundance of gibbon groups
Authors: Vu Thinh T. , Tran Long M. , Nguyen Manh D. , Van Tran Dung , Doherty Paul F. , Giang Toan T. , Dong Hai T.
Published: August 2018

All 18 species of gibbons are considered threatened with extinction and listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Because gibbons (Hylobatidae) are one of the most threatened primate families, a great need exists to determine and monitor their status effectively. To meet this need, we employed distance sampling methods to estimate the density and number of gibbon groups. We focused on southern yellow‐cheeked crested gibbon in the Nam Cat Tien sector of Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam, from July to October, 2016. We used an auditory point count method at 48 listening posts to detect gibbon groups. We estimated our detection probability of calling groups of gibbons within 1,200 m of a listening post was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.54–0.74). In addition, we estimated the daily calling probability of a gibbon group to be 0.46 (95% CI: 0.33–0.59) and interpreted this as the probability that a group was available to be detected. We adjusted our group density and abundance estimates by both detection and availability probabilities. Ultimately we estimated 325 (95% CI: 232–455) gibbon groups in the Nam Cat Tien sector. Our results suggest that Cat Tien National Park contains one of the largest populations of southern yellow‐cheeked crested gibbon in Vietnam. Our methods are one way of avoiding underestimation of gibbon group density and abundance by incorporating uncertainty in gibbon group availability and detection.
Personality, environmental stressors, and diarrhea in Rhesus macaques: An interactionist perspective
Authors: Gottlieb Daniel H. , Del Rosso Laura , Sheikhi Farnoosh , Gottlieb Andrea , McCowan Brenda , Capitanio John P.
Published: August 2018

Previous research has repeatedly shown both personality and psychological stress to predict gastrointestinal disorders and chronic diarrhea in humans. The goal of the present research was to evaluate the role of personality, as well as psychological stressors (i.e., housing relocations and rearing environment), in predicting chronic diarrhea in captive Rhesus macaques, with particular attention to how personality regulated the impact of such stressors. Subjects were 1,930 R. macaques at the California National Primate Research Center reared in a variety of environments. All subjects took part in an extensive personality evaluation at approximately 90–120 days of age. Data were analyzed using generalized linear models to determine how personality, rearing condition, housing relocations, and personality by environment interactions, predicted both diarrhea risk (an animal's risk for having diarrhea at least once) and chronic diarrhea (how many repeated bouts of diarrhea an animal had after their initial bout). Much like the human literature, we found that certain personality types (i.e., nervous, gentle, vigilant, and not confident) were more likely to have chronic diarrhea, and that certain stressful environments (i.e., repeated housing relocations) increased diarrhea risk. We further found multiple interactions between personality and environment, supporting the “interactionist” perspective on personality and health. We conclude that while certain stressful environments increase risk for chronic diarrhea, the relative impact of these stressors is highly dependent on an animal's personality.
Deposits in the lungs of Kwädąy Dän Ts'ìnchį man: Characterization by a combination of analytical microscopical methods
Authors: Monsalve M. Victoria , Humphrey Elaine , Yueyang Shen , Schulze H. Georg , Atkins Chad G. , Blades Michael W. , Konorov Stanislav O. , Turner Robin F. B. , Walker David C.
Published: August 2018

Objectives

The approximately 250 years old remains of the Kwädąy Dän Ts'ìnchį man were found in a glacier in Canada. Studying the state of preservation of the corpse, we observed black deposits in his lung. Following this observation we wanted to determine: (1) location of the deposits in the lung tissue, (2) composition and origins of the deposits.

Methods

By light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we studied the deposits in the Kwädąy Dän Ts'ìnchį man’ s lung and compared it with distribution of anthracotic deposits in contemporary samples from the David Harwick Pathology Centre (DHPC). To determine chemical composition of the inclusions we used Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and elemental mapping was used for determine the chemical elements.

Results

The histopathological identification of anthracosis in the Kwädąy Dän Ts'ìnchį man's lung allowed us to distinguish crushed parenchyma from conducting airway tissue and identification of particles using LM and TEM. Crystal particles were found using TEM. Ordered carbonaceous material (graphene and graphite), disordered carbonaceous material (soot) and what might be minerals (likely conglomerates) were found with Raman spectrometry. Gold and lead particles in the lung were discovered with scanning electron microscopy and elemental mapping.

Conclusions

Presence of soot particles in anthracotic areas in the Kwädąy Dän Ts'ìnchį man's lung probably were due to an inhalation of particles in open fires. Gold and lead particles are most likely of an environmental origin and may have been inhaled and could have impacted his health and his Champagne and Aishihik First Nations (CAFN) contemporaries.
Differential Effects of β3‐ versus β2‐Amino Acid Residues on the Helicity and Recognition Properties of Bim BH3‐Derived α/β‐Peptides
Authors: Eddinger Geoffrey A. , Gellman Samuel H.
Published: August 2018

Oligomers containing α‐ and β‐amino acid residues (α/β‐peptides) have been shown to mimic the α‐helical conformation of conventional peptides when the unnatural residues are derived from β3‐amino acids or cyclic β‐amino acids, but the impact of incorporating β2 residues has received little attention. The effects of β2 residues on the conformation and recognition behavior of α/β‐peptides that mimic an isolated α‐helix were investigated. This effort has focused on 26‐mers based on the Bim BH3 domain; a set of isomers with identical α/β backbones that differ only in the placement of certain side chains along the backbone (β3 vs. β2 substitution) was compared. Circular dichroism data suggest that β2 residues can be helix‐destabilizing relative to β3 residues, although the size of this effect seems to depend on side chain identity. Binding data show that β3→β2 substitution at sites that contact a partner protein, Bcl‐xL, can influence affinity in a way that transcends effects on helicity.
A Six‐Crossing Doubly Interlocked [2]Catenane with Twisted Rings, and a Molecular Granny Knot
Authors: Danon Jonathan J. , Leigh David A. , Pisano Simone , Valero Alberto , Vitorica‐Yrezabal Iñigo J.
Published: August 2018

A molecular
link (a six crossing, doubly interlocked, [2]catenane with twisted rings) and a 31#31 granny knot (a composite knot made up of two trefoil tangles of the same handedness) were constructed by ring‐closing olefin metathesis of an iron(II)‐coordinated 2×2 interwoven grid. The connections were directed by pendant phenyl groups to be between proximal ligand ends on the same faces of the grid. The
link was separated from the topoisomeric granny knot by recycling size‐exclusion chromatography. The identity of each topoisomer was determined by tandem mass spectrometry and the structure of the
link confirmed by X‐ray crystallography, which revealed two 82‐membered macrocycles, each in figure‐of‐eight conformations, linked through both pairs of loops.
Non‐Directed Cross‐Dehydrogenative (Hetero)arylation of Allylic C(sp3)−H bonds enabled by C−H Activation
Authors: Lerchen Andreas , Knecht Tobias , Koy Maximilian , Ernst Johannes B. , Bergander Klaus , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank
Published: August 2018

Herein, we report the selective, non‐directed and cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of allylic C(sp3)−H bonds with C(sp2)−H bonds of (hetero)arenes. The methodology employs olefins and (hetero)arenes which are abundantly available chemical feedstocks, and could be applied in late‐stage functionalization reactions of pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the system exclusively delivers the allylic C−C coupling products highlighting the preservation of the olefin substitution pattern for further derivatization.
Encapsulation of a CrIII Single‐Ion Magnet within an FeII Spin‐Crossover Supramolecular Host
Authors: Darawsheh Mohanad , Barrios Leoní A. , Roubeau Olivier , Teat Simon J. , Aromí Guillem
Published: August 2018

Single functional molecules are regarded as future components of nanoscale spintronic devices. Supramolecular coordination chemistry provides unlimited resources to implement multiple functions to individual molecules. A novel coordination [Fe2] helicate exhibiting spin‐crossover is demonstrated to be ideally suited to encapsulate a [Cr(ox)3]3− complex anion (ox=oxalate), unveiling for the first‐time single ion slow relaxation of the magnetization for this metal. A possibility of tuning the dynamics of this relaxation as well as the performance of the CrIII center as qubit arises from the observation that metastable high spin FeII centers from the host can be generated by irradiation with green light at low temperature.
Selective C(sp3)−H and C(sp2)−H Fluorination of Alcohols Using Practical Auxiliaries
Authors: Mao Yang‐Jie , Lou Shao‐Jie , Hao Hong‐Yan , Xu Dan‐Qian
Published: August 2018

Selective introduction of fluorine into molecules by the cleavage of inert C−H bonds is of central academic and synthetic interest, yet remains challenging. Given the central role of alcohols in organic chemistry as the most ubiquitous building blocks, a versatile and selective C(sp3)−H and C(sp2)−H fluorination of simple alcohols, enabled by novel designed exo‐directing groups, is described. C(sp2)−H bond fluorination was achieved by using a simple acetone oxime as auxiliary, whereas a new, modular and easily accessible bidentate auxiliary was developed for the efficient and site‐selective fluorination of various primary methyl, methylene, and benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds. Fluorinated alcohols can readily be accessed by the removal of auxiliaries, and significantly expands the synthetic prospect of the present procedure.
Enantioselective Intramolecular Copper‐Catalyzed Borylacylation
Authors: Whyte Andrew , Burton Katherine I. , Zhang Jingli , Lautens Mark
Published: August 2018

An enantioselective copper‐catalyzed intramolecular borylacylation is reported. The reaction proceeds through an initial enantioselective borylcupration of the styrene, followed by a nucleophilic attack on the tethered carbamoyl chloride. The products, chiral borylated 3,3‐disubstituted oxindoles, were generated in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The versatile carbon–boron bond provides a platform for a wide array of diversification.
Nucleic Acid‐Barcoding Technologies: Converting DNA Sequencing into a Broad‐Spectrum Molecular Counter
Authors: Liszczak Glen , Muir Tom W.
Published: August 2018

The emergence of high‐throughput DNA sequencing technologies sparked a revolution in the field of genomics that has rippled into many branches of the life and physical sciences. The remarkable sensitivity, specificity, throughput, and multiplexing capacity that are inherent to parallel DNA sequencing have since motivated its use as a broad‐spectrum molecular counter. A key aspect of extrapolating DNA sequencing to non‐traditional applications is the need to append nucleic‐acid barcodes to entities of interest. In this review, we describe the chemical and biochemical approaches that have enabled nucleic‐acid barcoding of proteinaceous and non‐proteinaceous materials and provide examples of downstream technologies that have been made possible by DNA‐encoded molecules. As commercially available high‐throughput sequencers were first released less than 15 years ago, we believe related applications will continue to mature and close by proposing new frontiers to support this assertion.
Improving Cardiac Surgery Outcomes by Using an Interdisciplinary Clinical Pathway
Authors: Hartjes Tonja , Gilliam Jamie , Thompson Ashley , Garvan Cynthia , Cowan Linda
Published: August 2018

A cardiothoracic intensive care unit (CTICU) team evaluated preoperative and postoperative processes to improve outcomes for cardiac surgery patients. The primary aim of this project was to streamline and improve care in the CTICU by implementing a new clinical pathway for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft or valve replacement procedures. We analyzed processes, communication, ventilator days, respiratory complications, patient mobility, presence of invasive catheters and lines, CTICU length of stay, and hospital‐adjusted length of stay before and after we implemented the clinical pathway. This article outlines the methods we used to plan, implement, and assess the clinical pathway. Implementation of the clinical pathway successfully streamlined care, reduced variations in care, and improved health care quality and resource use.
Polypropylene nanocomposites with electrical and magnetic properties
Authors: Nisar Muhammad , Sebag Bernd Maria da Graça , da Silva Filho Luiz C. P. , Geshev Julian , de Souza Basso Nara R. , Barrera Galland Griselda
Published: August 2018

The magnetic and conducting properties of polypropylene (PP)–reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–carbon nanotube with iron (CNT‐Fe) nanocomposites prepared by melt mixing were studied. CNT‐Fes were synthesized by the pyrolysis of sawdust, and rGO was produced from graphite flakes. The combination of these two materials was used to produce magnetic and conducting properties in a diamagnetic and insulating PP matrix with the addition of a small amount of filler. A constant and minute amount of CNT‐Fes was sufficient to introduce magnetic characteristics to the PP matrix. A variable amount of rGO was used, and the percolation threshold was achieved with the use of only 2.1 wt % rGO. All samples reached magnetic saturation at about 4.2 kOe, with an identical coercivity of 150 Oe and a normalized remnant magnetization of 0.14. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses showed enhancements in the maximum degradation temperature, melting temperature, crystallization temperature, and crystallinity. The nanocomposites showed better mechanical and barrier properties than the neat polymer. The novelty of this study was the use of a filler derived from waste combined with rGO to obtain a thermoplastic nanocomposite with both magnetic and conducting properties at room temperature. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46820.
Characterization of PMA–TPAI and PVAc–TPAI solid polymer electrolytes and application in dye‐sensitized solar cell
Authors: Azmar Amisha , Rozana M. D. , Winie Tan
Published: August 2018

Poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA)–tetrapropylammonium iodide (TPAI) and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc)–TPAI solid polymer electrolytes were prepared by solution casting method. DSC, FTIR, and conductivity results are reported. TPAI interacts with PMA and PVAc to form PMA–TPAI and PVAc–TPAI complexes. Formation of PMA–TPAI and PVAc–TPAI complexes are supported by the DSC and FTIR studies. Linear relationship for the dependence of glass‐transition temperature, T
g, on salt concentration allows the estimation of the complexation extent between polymer and salt. A greater extent of complexation for PMA with TPAI is observed and correlated with the FTIR results. The conductivities achieved at 15 wt % of TPAI for PMA and PVAc are 2.6 × 10−11 and 1.3 × 10−11 S cm−1, respectively. Higher dielectric constant and lower T
g of PMA result in higher number and mobility of ions, which lead to higher conductivity in accordance with σ = enμ. All‐solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were assembled with PMA–TPAI and PVAc–TPAI electrolytes. DSSC efficiencies achieved for PMA and PVAc are 2.41% and 2.05%, respectively. Better performance of DSSC with PMA electrolyte is attributed to higher short‐circuit current density, Jsc, and lower recombination loss. Lower Jsc, higher recombination loss, and degradation of counter electrode are the reasons for DSSC degradation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46835.
Autonomous self‐healing based on epoxy resin–imidazole chemistry in carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Bolimowski P. A. , Boczkowska A.
Published: August 2018

Epoxy resin–imidazole chemistry is used as a new autonomous self‐healing system for unidirectional fiber‐reinforced polymers and tested for its efficiency in recovery of fracture properties in laminated carbon fiber‐reinforced polymers. The dual microcapsule approach is utilized to store and distribute the reactive chemistries in the structure. Microcapsules were located in possible damage regions using polymeric interleaves. Microcapsules containing separately the epoxy resin (EPIDIAN 52–ethyl phenylacetate) and imidazole hardener (1‐benzyl‐2‐methylimidazole) are prepared with poly(urea‐formaldehyde) and PMMA shell wall, respectively. Mode I fracture toughness tests are used to evaluate the recovery of the material mechanical properties. At optimized conditions, 117.5% of the interlaminar fracture toughness (GIC) was recovered after heat treatment at 100 °C for 24 h. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the self‐healing efficiency is strongly dependent on the load of microcapsules with the imidazole hardener and that the microcapsules’ presence in the laminate has a detrimental effect on the material's mechanical performance. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46938.
Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)‐induced compatibilization and reinforcement of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)–thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) binary polymer blend
Authors: Bera M. , Saha U. , Bhardwaj A. , Maji P. K.
Published: August 2018

Compatible blends of nonreactive thermoplastic fluoropolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) at 70/30 weight ratio, were prepared by utilizing the unique structural feature of reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Here, RGO acts as a compatibilizer as well as a reinforcing filler. RGO interacts with both polymers and reduces the interfacial tension between them, leading to compatibilization. RGO content in the blends was varied from 0 to 0.5 wt %, and the best result was found at 0.3 wt % loading. Excellent compatibilization between PVDF and TPU was established by mechanical, morphological, and thermal property studies. Chemical interaction between the RGO/TPU and RGO/PVDF was proved by FTIR–ATR study. With the incorporation of 0.3 wt % RGO, tensile strength, Izod impact strength, and elongation at break of the blend were increased by 42%, 83%, and 43%, respectively. FESEM and AFM images of blends without loading of filler after etching out of TPU phase show nonuniformly distributed hole morphology. RGO‐containing blend has shown much finer and uniformly distributed holes that confirm improved compatibility between the two incompatible polymers. RGO also improves the thermal stability of the compatible blends considerably. At 0.3 wt % loading, the onset of thermal degradation increased by about 10 °C. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47010.
A rheometry method to assess the evaporation‐induced mechanical strength development of polymer solutions used for membrane applications
Authors: Caicedo‐Casso Eduard , Sargent Jessica , Dorin Rachel M. , Wiesner Ulrich B. , Phillip William A. , Boudouris Bryan W. , Erk Kendra A.
Published: August 2018

Rotational and oscillatory shear rheometry were used to quantify the flow behavior under minimal and significant solvent evaporation conditions for polymer solutions used to fabricate isoporous asymmetric membranes by the self‐assembly and non‐solvent induced phase separation (SNIPS) method. Three different A‐B‐C triblock terpolymer chemistries of similar molar mass were evaluated: polyisoprene‐b‐polystyrene‐b‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (ISV); polyisoprene‐b‐polystyrene‐b‐poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (ISD); and polyisoprene‐b‐polystyrene‐b‐poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate) (ISB). Solvent evaporation resulted in the formation of a viscoelastic film typical of asymmetric membranes. Solution viscosity and film viscoelasticity were strongly dependent on the chemical structure of the triblock terpolymer molecules. A hierarchical magnitude (ISV > ISB > ISD) was observed for both properties, with ISV solutions displaying the greatest solution viscosity, fastest film strength development, and greatest strength magnitude. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47038.
Quantum‐Dot‐Mediated Controlled Synthesis of Dual Oxides of Molybdenum from MoS2: Quantification of Supercapacitor Efficacy
Authors: Mandal Debasish , Routh Parimal , Nandi Arun K.
Published: August 2018

The versatile technological applications of molybdenum oxides requires the efficient synthesis of various stoichiometric molybdenum oxides. Thus, herein, a controlled method to synthesize both MoO3 and MoO2 from MoS2 via quantum dot intermediates is reported. Microscopic, spectroscopic, and X‐ray studies corroborate the formation of orthorhombic α‐MoO3 with a microbelt structure and monoclinic MoO2 nanoparticles that self‐assemble into hollow tubes. Quantitative investigations into charge‐storage kinetics reveal that MoO2 exhibits an excellent pseudocapacitive response up to a mass loading of 5 mg cm−2 with an areal capacity of 327.2 mC cm−2 at 5 mV s−1, with 41.9 % retention at 100 mV s−1. In contrast, above a mass loading of 0.5 mg cm−2, the charge‐storage nature of MoO3 electrodes switches from that of a supercapacitor to battery type. At a sweep rate of 50 mV s−1, 87.2 % of the total charge is contributed by a capacitive response in a 1 mg cm−2 MoO2 electrode. The charge‐storage kinetics of MoO3 and MoO2 reflect on the respective asymmetric supercapacitors. A MoO2//graphite asymmetric supercapacitor holds an outstanding energy density of 341 mW h m−2 at a power density of 4949 mW m−2 and delivers an ultrahigh power density of 28140 mW m−2 with an energy density 142 mW h m−2 and energy efficiency of 87 %.
A Comparative Approach for Time‐Delay Fractional Optimal Control Problems: Discrete Versus Continuous Chebyshev Polynomials
Authors: Moradi Leila , Mohammadi Fakhrodin
Published: August 2018

This paper aims to demonstrate the superiority of the discrete Chebyshev polynomials over the classical Chebyshev polynomials for solving time‐delay fractional optimal control problems (TDFOCPs). The discrete Chebyshev polynomials have been introduced and their properties are investigated thoroughly. Then, the fractional derivative of the state function in the dynamic constraint of TDFOCPs is approximated by these polynomials with unknown coefficients. The operational matrix of fractional integration together with the dynamical constraints is used to approximate the control function directly as a function of the state function. Finally, these approximations were put in the performance index and necessary conditions for optimality transform the under consideration TDFOCPs into an algabric system. A comparison has been made between the required CPU time and accuracy of the discrete and continuous Chebyshev polynomials methods. The obtained numerical results reveal that utilizing discrete Chebyshev polynomials is more efficient and less time‐consuming in comparison to the continuous Chebyshev polynomials.
Genome‐wide association study and identification of chromosomal enhancer maps in multiple brain regions related to autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Zhang Lu , Liu Li , Wen Yan , Ma Mei , Cheng Shiqiang , Yang Jian , Li Ping , Cheng Bolun , Du Yanan , Liang Xiao , Zhao Yan , Ding Miao , Guo Xiong , Zhang Feng
Published: August 2018

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disorder with strong genetic components involved. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of non‐coding regulatory variants for complex diseases. To explore the roles of chromosomal enhancer regions in the pathogenesis of ASD, we conducted an integrative analysis of genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and brain region related enhancer‐gene networks for ASD. The GWAS data of ASD were driven from a published study, involving 7,387 ASD cases and 8,567 controls. The enhancer‐gene networks of eight brain regions were used here. The GWAS of ASD was first merged respectively with the enhancer datasets of eight brain regions. Pathway enrichment analysis was then performed to detect ASD associated pathways based on the enhancer‐related single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of each brain region. We detected multiple genes with brain region specific or common association signals, such as PGM3 (P value = 1.93 × 10−5) and RWDD2A (P value = 1.93 × 10−5) for hippocampus middle, and ENPP4 (all P values <0.05), and ENPP5 (all P values <0.05) for seven brain regions. By comparing the pathway enrichment analysis results of various brain regions, several cross brain regions pathways were detected for ASD, such as REACTOME_POTASSIUM_CHANNELS (all P values <0.05) for six brain regions and KEGG_CELL_ADHESION_MOLECULES_CAMS (all P values <0.05) for seven brain regions. In addition, several pathways were also identified for specific brain regions, such as REACTOME_CD28_DEPENDENT_PI3K_AKT_SIGNALING (P value = 4.00 × 10−3) for angular gyrus, REACTOME_SIGNALING_BY_CONSTITUTIVELY_ACTIVE_EGFR (P value = 2.22 × 10−3) for anterior caudate, and KEGG_PRION_DISEASES (P value = 1.00 × 10−4) for germinal matrix. Our results provide novel clues for understanding the genetic basis of ASD. Autism Research 2019, 12: 26–32. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

ASD is a complex developmental disorder with strong genetic components, but the pathogenesis of ASD is still unclear. Using the latest GWAS data and enhancer map, we explored the brain region related biological pathways associated with ASD. Our results provide novel clues for revealing the functional relevance of enhancer variants with ASD and understanding the genetic basis of ASD.
Phenotypic Plasticity in Animals Exposed to Osmotic Stress – Is it Always Adaptive?
Authors: Hildebrandt Jan‐Peter , Wiesenthal Amanda A. , Müller Christian
Published: August 2018

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy are elements of phenotypic plasticity adjusting organ size and function. Because they are costly, we assume that they are beneficial. In this review, the authors discuss examples of tissue and organ systems that respond with plastic changes to osmotic stress to raise awareness that we do not always have sufficient experimental evidence to conclude that such processes provide fitness advantages. Changes in hydranth architecture in the hydroid Cordylophora caspia or variations in size in the anal papillae of insect larvae upon changes in medium salinity may be adaptive or not. The restructuring of salt glands in ducklings upon salt‐loading is an example of phenotypic plasticity which indeed seems beneficial. As the genomes of model species are recently sequenced and the animals are easy to rear, these species are suitable study objects to investigate the biological significance of phenotypic plasticity and to study potential epigenetic and other mechanisms underlying phenotypic changes.
Fluorogenic Protein‐Based Strategies for Detection, Actuation, and Sensing
Authors: Gautier Arnaud , Tebo Alison G.
Published: August 2018

Fluorescence imaging has become an indispensable tool in cell and molecular biology. GFP‐like fluorescent proteins have revolutionized fluorescence microscopy, giving experimenters exquisite control over the localization and specificity of tagged constructs. However, these systems present certain drawbacks and as such, alternative systems based on a fluorogenic interaction between a chromophore and a protein have been developed. While these systems are initially designed as fluorescent labels, they also present new opportunities for the development of novel labeling and detection strategies. This review focuses on new labeling protocols, actuation methods, and biosensors based on fluorogenic protein systems.
2018 ACC/HRS/NASCI/SCAI/SCCT Expert Consensus Document on Optimal Use of Ionizing Radiation in Cardiovascular Imaging—Best Practices for Safety and Effectiveness, Part 1: Radiation Physics and Radiation Biology
Authors:   Writing Committee Members, Hirshfeld John W. , Ferrari Victor A. , Bengel Frank M. , Bergersen Lisa , Chambers Charles E. , Einstein Andrew J. , Eisenberg Mark J. , Fogel Mark A. , Gerber Thomas C. , Haines David E. , Laskey Warren K. , Limacher Marian C. , Nichols Kenneth J. , Pryma Daniel A. , Raff Gilbert L. , Rubin Geoffrey D. , Smith Donnette , Stillman Arthur E. , Thomas Suma A. , Tsai Thomas T. , Wagner Louis K. , Samuel Wann L. ,   ACC Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways, Januzzi James L. , Afonso Luis C. , Everett Brendan , Hernandez Adrian F. , Hucker William , Jneid Hani , Kumbhani Dharam , Edward Marine Joseph , Morris Pamela Bowe , Piana Robert N. , Watson Karol E. , Wiggins Barbara S.
Published: August 2018

The stimulus to create this document was the recognition that ionizing radiation‐guided cardiovascular procedures are being performed with increasing frequency, leading to greater patient radiation exposure and, potentially, to greater exposure for clinical personnel. Although the clinical benefit of these procedures is substantial, there is concern about the implications of medical radiation exposure. The American College of Cardiology leadership concluded that it is important to provide practitioners with an educational resource that assembles and interprets the current radiation knowledge base relevant to cardiovascular procedures. By applying this knowledge base, cardiovascular practitioners will be able to select procedures optimally, and minimize radiation exposure to patients and to clinical personnel.

Optimal Use of Ionizing Radiation in Cardiovascular Imaging: Best Practices for Safety and Effectiveness is a comprehensive overview of ionizing radiation use in cardiovascular procedures and is published online. To provide the most value to our members, we divided the print version of this document into 2 focused parts. Part I: Radiation Physics and Radiation Biology addresses the issue of medical radiation exposure, the basics of radiation physics and dosimetry, and the basics of radiation biology and radiation‐induced adverse effects. Part II: Radiological Equipment Operation, Dose‐Sparing Methodologies, Patient and Medical Personnel Protection covers the basics of operation and radiation delivery for the 3 cardiovascular imaging modalities (x‐ray fluoroscopy, x‐ray computed tomography, and nuclear scintigraphy) and will be published in the next issue of the Journal.
Quantitative trait loci regulate the concentrations of steryl ferulates in brown rice
Authors: Nakano Hiroshi , Takai Toshiyuki , Kondo Motohiko
Published: August 2018

Background and objectives

γ‐Oryzanol and its major components, 24‐methylenecycloartanyl ferulate and cycloartenyl ferulate, which are distributed in the rice bran layer, exert biomedical effects. The objective of the present study was to detect QTLs regulating the concentrations of 24‐methylenecycloartanyl ferulate and cycloartenyl ferulate by using the reciprocal CSSLs derived from a cross between an indica‐type cultivar Takanari and a japonica‐type cultivar Koshihikari, having low and high concentrations, respectively.

Findings

We detected QTLs for the concentrations of γ‐oryzanol and 24‐methylenecycloartanyl ferulate (μg/grain and/or mg/kg) on chromosome 5 and the concentrations of cycloartenyl ferulate (μg/grain and/or mg/kg) on chromosomes 4 and 11 in reciprocal genetic backgrounds. The concentrations were increased by the Koshihikari allele but decreased by the Takanari allele. In addition, we found a QTL for cycloartenyl ferulate concentration (mg/kg) on chromosome 2 in reciprocal genetic backgrounds. Interestingly, unlike the QTLs on chromosomes 4, 5, and 11, the concentrations were decreased by the Koshihikari allele but increased by the Takanari allele.

Conclusions

The favorable alleles from japonica‐type cultivars can be used to improve the lower concentrations of γ‐oryzanol, 24‐methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, and cycloartenyl ferulate in indica‐type cultivars. In addition, the favorable alleles from indica‐type cultivars can be used to further increase the higher concentrations of cycloartenyl ferulate in japonica‐type cultivars.

Significance and novelty

The QTLs detected in this study should contribute to future‐breeding programs can enhance the health benefits conferred by rice.
Demonstration of Improved Effectiveness Factor of Catalysts Based on Hollow Single Crystal Zeolites
Authors: Pagis Céline , Meunier Frédéric , Schuurman Yves , Tuel Alain , Dodin Mathias , Martinez‐Franco Raquel , Farrusseng David
Published: August 2018

Pt/NaY zeolites with bulk and hollow morphologies have been used as model catalysts in the hydrogenation of cyclohexene as model reaction. In contrast to most hierarchical zeolites, the presence of a single internal cavity modifies only the mean diffusion length, without changing the external surface area and the crystal size. Differences in catalytic activities have been attributed to a shorter diffusion length in hollow crystals. The volume fraction of zeolite used in bulk crystals (ca. 0.63–0.70) matches well with the shell thickness in hollow crystals, leading to an efficiency factor value for the latter close to 1.
Time Resolved in situ DXAFS Revealing Highly Active Species of PdO Nanoparticle Catalyst for CH4 Oxidation
Authors: Mahara Yuji , Murata Kazumasa , Ueda Kakuya , Ohyama Junya , Kato Kazuo , Satsuma Atsushi
Published: August 2018

The front cover artwork for Issue 16/2018 is a collaboration between Nagoya University, ESICB Kyoto University, and JASRI (all in Japan). The image shows energy dispersive X‐rays illuminating a PdO nanoparticle reduced by methane. See the Communication itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201800573.
Metal–Organic Frameworks and Their Derived Materials as Electrocatalysts and Photocatalysts for CO2 Reduction: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Hanguang , Li Jiazhan , Tan Qiang , Lu Leilei , Wang Zhenbo , Wu Gang
Published: August 2018

Excessive CO2 emission due to a large amount of fossil fuel utilization has become a widespread concern, which causes both environmental and energy problems. To solve these issues, electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to produce value‐added chemicals have gained immense attention. Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derived materials with high specific surface areas, controllable pore structures, and tunable chemical properties exhibit promising performance among the reported catalytic materials for CO2 conversion. This review describes the recent advances on the rational design and synthesis of MOF‐based electrocatalysts and photocatalysts for CO2 reduction. The importance of the catalytic processes is highlighted, followed by systematic understanding of MOF‐based catalysts for CO2 reduction through electrochemical and photochemical approaches. Special emphasis of this review is to introduce basic catalyst design strategies and synthesis methods as well as their resulting electrocatalysts and photocatalysts. One of the major goals is to elucidate the structures and properties that link to their catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability towards to CO2 reduction. We also outline the challenges in this research area and propose the potential strategies for the rational design and synthesis of high‐performance catalysts.