bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uniformity of liquid absorption by coatings - Technique and impact of coating composition
Authors: Thorman Sofia , Ström Göran , Hagberg Anni , Johansson Per-Åke
Published: June 2012

The interaction between a liquid and a paper surface is important for a number of paper treatment processes, where absorption is of special significance during printing. Many absorption measurement techniques use a large available volume of liquid to characterise absorption, when compared to the volume of the coating. The uniformity of the absorption is also seldom characterised. We have developed a new technique, which is presented in this article, to study the uniformity of absorption of a small amount of liquid. This technique is based on the short-time absorption (tenth of a second) of a coloured liquid, the blotting of excess liquid and a characterisation of the pattern of the stain. This method made it possible to detect differences among coating layers with different compositions. In many cases, the absorption non-uniformity could be linked to variations in the coating thickness and/or wettability. The thinner and thicker areas of the coating layers were interpreted as having different pore structures. Neither the coating thickness nor the wettability could provide a full explanation, which showed the need to develop a method to characterise absorption uniformity instead of only relying on measuring the total absorption potential.
Use of paper-making techniques for the production of Li-ion paper-batteries
Authors: Jabbour Lara , Chaussy Didier , Beneventi Davide , Destro Matteo , Penazzi Nerino , Gerbaldi Claudio
Published: June 2012

Papermaking techniques were used for the production of low-cost and easily recyclables Li-ion paper-cells with an average grammage of 314 g m-2, a thickness of 726 μm and a specific capacity of about 90 mAh g-1. Paper electrodes, anode and cathode, were prepared using micrometric-sized graphite and LiFePO4as inorganic filler and sheets of paper were used as separator between them.
Does Gay Sex Need Queer Theory?
Authors: Rifkin Adrian
Published: June 2012

Strategically pursuing the time-honoured notion of tactical essentialism I explore some of the unworked themes from my old porno-theories concerning the sexual as a site of reflection, the literal deferral of jouissance in favour of a moment of insight. In order to do this I locate my argument in pages from the diaries of an old friend and bar colleague in Paris, J, which extend over three decades of gay life and contain innumerable scenes of sexual abandonment, written in a lucidly quotidian prose. I work from a series of Thursdays, which contain descriptions of J's weekly visits to the Keller Bar (until it closed last year, one of Europe's oldest and sleaziest leather bars) and in which, from the early 1990s, I figure from time to time. The unfolding of queer theory from early Butler onwards will thus be exposed to the light of ‘witness’ or ‘oral experience’, rethinking this old contradiction of people's history and cultural studies and taking some measure of theory's adequacy to make abstractions of such material. J was a founder member of Act Up-Paris and of the Sex Grenades, friend of Guillaume Dustan and others, so his accounts are anyway charged with an environment whose figuring in queer theory is essential to its ongoing development.
‘F***’ the Politics of Disempowerment in the Second Butler
Authors: Bourcier Marie-Hélène
Published: June 2012

This article takes issue vigorously with what it argues are the disempowering effects of Judith Butler's more recent work, for transgendered people in particular and accordingly for the queer movement in general. In so doing it contests the way in which the reception of Butler's work in France has been mediated by a transphobic psychoanalytic establishment and attacks Butler for playing along with their self-interested political agenda by retelling, in Paris, for their ears, an anecdote of a savoury encounter with a transgendered interlocutor in a subcultural queer space in San Francisco.
Motherhood in France: Towards a Queer Maternity?
Authors: Power Nina
Published: June 2012

This article examines the relationship between feminism, queer theory and the rise of popular debate over maternity and anti-maternity that has arisen in recent years in France. Through the image of ‘queer maternity’, that is to say, of women who question motherhood from the position of already having had children, the article tries to rethink the way in which feminism, queer theory and motherhood could be placed in relation to one another such that by questioning maternity, the symbolic order that places motherhood on the side of the state and futurity can itself be questioned as a whole. This has particular resonances in the French context where a discourse of ‘natural’ motherhood has come to dominate: the ‘queer’ mother who questions her maternal status is thus argued to represent a threat to the futurity of the family, the social contract and the existing order.
Mechanism of Cellular Oxidation Stress Induced by Asymmetric Dimethylarginine
Authors: Mohan Srinidi , Fung Ho-Leung
Published: June 2012

The mechanism by which asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) induces vascular oxidative stress is not well understood. In this study, we utilized human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to examine the roles of ADMA cellular transport and the uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in contributing to this phenomenon. Dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence was used as an index of oxidative stress. Whole cells and their isolated membrane fractions exhibited measureable increased DHE fluorescence at ADMA concentrations greater than 10 µM. ADMA-induced DHE fluorescence was inhibited by co-incubation with L-lysine, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), or L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Oxidative stress induced in these cells by angiotensin II (Ang II) were unaffected by the same concentrations of L-lysine, L-NAME and BH4. ADMA-induced reduction in cellular nitrite or nitrite/nitrate production was reversed in the presence of increasing concentrations of BH4. These results suggest that ADMA-induced DHE fluorescence involves the participation of both the cationic transport system in the cellular membrane and eNOS instead of the Ang II-NADPH oxidase pathway.
Effect of ZnO on the Physical Properties and Optical Band Gap of Soda Lime Silicate Glass
Authors: Mohd Zaid Mohd Hafiz , Matori Khamirul Amin , Abdul Aziz Sidek Hj. , Zakaria Azmi , Mohd Ghazali Mohd Sabri
Published: June 2012

This manuscript reports on the physical properties and optical band gap of five samples of soda lime silicate (SLS) glass combined with zinc oxide (ZnO) that were prepared by a melting and quenching process. To understand the role of ZnO in this glass structure, the density, molar volume and optical band gaps were investigated. The density and absorption spectra in the Ultra-Violet-Visible (UV-Visible) region were recorded at room temperature. The results show that the densities of the glass samples increased as the ZnO weight percentage increased. The molar volume of the glasses shows the same trend as the density: the molar volume increased as the ZnO content increased. The optical band gaps were calculated from the absorption edge, and it was found that the optical band gap decreased from 3.20 to 2.32 eV as the ZnO concentration increased.
Fiber Optic-Based Refractive Index Sensing at INESC Porto
Authors: Jorge Pedro A. S. , Silva Susana O. , Gouveia Carlos , Tafulo Paula , Coelho Luis , Caldas Paulo , Viegas Diana , Rego Gaspar , Baptista José M. , Santos José L. , Frazão Orlando
Published: June 2012

A review of refractive index measurement based on different types of optical fiber sensor configurations and techniques is presented. It addresses the main developments in the area, with particular focus on results obtained at INESC Porto, Portugal. The optical fiber sensing structures studied include those based on Bragg and long period gratings, on micro-interferometers, on plasmonic effects in fibers and on multimode interference in a large spectrum of standard and microstructured optical fibers.
AN AUTOMATIC ALGORITHM FOR IDENTIFICATION AND STRAIGHTENING IMAGES OF CURVED HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
Authors: Jahani Sahar , Setarehdan S. Kamaledin
Published: June 2012

Karyotyping is a standard method for presenting the complete set of the pictures of human chromosomes in a table-like format. It is usually used by a cytogenetic expert to predict the common genetic abnormalities. Producing a Karyotype from microscopic images of human chromosomes is a tedious and time-consuming task, so an automatic Karyotyping system would help the cytogenetic expert in his/her routine work. Automatic Karyotyping algorithms usually suffer the non-rigid nature of the chromosomes, which makes them to have unpredictable shapes and sizes in the images. One such problem that usually needs the operator's interaction is the existence of curved chromosomes within the images. In this paper, an effective algorithm for identification and straightening of curved human chromosomes is presented. This will extend the domain of application of the most of the previously reported algorithms to the curved chromosomes. The proposed algorithm is applied to single chromosomes that are initially modified by means of a Median filter. The medial axis (MA) of the filtered image is then extracted using a thinning procedure, which is carried out on the binary version of the image. By comparing the Euclidean distance of the endpoints and the length of the MA, a curved chromosome is identified. For chromosome straightening, the initially extracted medial axis is then modified by extending it in both ends considering the slope of the MA. Next, the original input image is intensity sampled over many closely located perpendicular lines to the MA along the chromosome which are then mapped into a matrix (as rows) producing a vertically oriented straight chromosome. For evaluation, the algorithm is applied to 54 selected highly curved chromosomes obtained at the pro-metaphase stage, which were provided by the Cytogenetic Laboratory of Cancer Institute, Imam Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The density profile and the centromeric index of the chromosomes which are among the most important and commonly used features for chromosome identification are calculated by the expert both before and after the straightening procedure. The mean squared error and the variance of the difference between the two are then obtained and compared. The results show a good agreement between the two, hence the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed algorithm therefore extends the domain of application of the previously reported algorithms to the highly curved chromosomes.
Technical Note: Calibration and validation of geophysical observation models
Authors: Salama M. S. , Van der Velde R. , van der Woerd H. J. , Kromkamp J. C. , Philippart C. J. M. , Joseph A. T. , O'Neill P. E. , Lang R. H. , Gish T. , Werdell P. J. , Su Z.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. We present a method to calibrate and validate observational models that interrelate remotely sensed energy fluxes to geophysical variables of land and water surfaces. Coincident sets of remote sensing observation of visible and microwave radiations and geophysical data are assembled and subdivided into calibration (Cal) and validation (Val) data sets. Each Cal/Val pair is used to derive the coefficients (from the Cal set) and the accuracy (from the Val set) of the observation model. Combining the results from all Cal/Val pairs provides probability distributions of the model coefficients and model errors. The method is generic and demonstrated using comprehensive matchup sets from two very different disciplines: soil moisture and water quality. The results demonstrate that the method provides robust model coefficients and quantitative measure of the model uncertainty. This approach can be adopted for the calibration/validation of satellite products of land and water surfaces, and the resulting uncertainty can be used as input to data assimilation schemes.
Cuba: envejecimiento de la población y estado conyugal
Authors: Castellón Raúl Hernández
Published: June 2012

Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2009 72-85
Aplicabilidad de la política nacional de la mujer en el municipio de La Ceiba, departamento de Atlántida
Authors: Nufio María Antonia
Published: June 2012

Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 5, No. 5, 2009 10-17
Embarazo en adolescentes en el departamento de Intibucá
Authors: Andino Virginia María Zavala
Published: June 2012

Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 5, No. 5, 2009 18-33
Condiciones sociodemográficas de las embarazadas adolescentes que asistieron a la sala de labor y parto del Hospital Regional Atlántida
Authors: Sevilla Miriam Remy Salinas
Published: June 2012

Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 5, No. 5, 2009 34-43
Limitantes que enfrentan los productores de papa del departamento de Intibucá, para acceder a un mercado abierto
Authors: García José Ramón Coto
Published: June 2012

Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 5, No. 5, 2009 84-97
La propuesta de un sistema unificado de medición estadística de indicadores de violencia contra las mujeres
Authors: Suazo Martha Lorena
Published: June 2012

El objetivo principal de este artículo es presentar la propuesta de los indicadores de violencia contra las mujeres, que han consensuado instituciones públicas productoras de información estadística bajo la responsabilidad del Instituto Nacional de la Mujer, Corte Suprema de Justicia, Ministerio Público, Secretaría de Salud Pública, Secretaría de Seguridad, Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y el Observatorio de Violencia de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. Se plantea la preocupación sobre la necesidad de poner en funcionamiento esta iniciativa, también se comenta sobre cómo relatan la violencia de género los indicadores, finalizando con una discusión sobre la necesidad que tiene el país de contar con herramientas de este tipo para la gestión de las políticas públicas. Palabras clave: Indicador; género; violencia; políticas públicas Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes, Vol. 6, No. 6, 2010 74-83
An Evaluation of RouteMatch Software in the Billings, MT, Special Transit System
Authors: Kack David , Philip Deepu
Published: June 2012

This research evaluates the impact of RouteMatch Software on the MET Special Transit service in Billings, MT, and analyzes the gains in service efficiency compared to those achieved with the MET's previous software solution, Mobility Master Software. In this review, before and after quantitative and qualitative data are analyzed, including rides per hour, rides per mile, dispatcher and driver attitudes, and pick up and drop off time performances. The results indicate that MET Special Transit operations were slightly more efficient after the software was installed, and that with a slight gain in efficiency, the RouteMatch Software could have a positive cost to benefit ratio.
Regulated and Non-Regulated Emissions and Fuel Economy from Conventional Diesel, Hybrid-Electric Diesel, and Natural Gas Transit Buses
Authors: Wayne W. Scott , Kahn ABM S. , Gautam Mridul , Thompson Gregory J. , Lyons Donald W.
Published: June 2012

Distance-specific fuel economy (FE) and emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) from transit buses representing diesel, retrofitted diesel, hybrid-electric diesel, and lean-burn natural gas technologies are presented in this paper. Emissions were collected from these buses at the Washington Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (WMATA) test site in Landover, Maryland. In this program, one bus each from diesel, retrofitted diesel, hybrid-electric diesel, and natural gas technologies was tested on 17 chassis cycles and the other buses were tested on a subset of these cycles. Data show that the test cycle has a profound effect on distance-specific emissions and FE, and relative emissions performance of technology is also cycle dependant. Lean-burn natural gas buses demonstrated their low PM output, diesel engines showed low HC output, benefit of exhaust filtration was evident, and the positive effect of hybrid-electric drive technology was most pronounced for low-speed transient cycles.
Emissions Reduction in Transit Buses: Westchester County's Proactive Approach
Authors: Sandoval Jairo A. , Wayne W. Scott , Posada Francisco , Schiavone John , Pigman Edward , Bluestone Michael , Rudd Robert , Stanton Henry J. , Pereira Ray , D'Amore Jerry
Published: June 2012

Transit agencies are subject to both nationwide and local emissions regulations. The Westchester County Department of Transportation (WCDOT) is required to bring its older buses into compliance with county regulations. This paper quantifies emissions reductions resulting from actions taken by WCDOT through an emissions reduction program starting in 2005, with projections up to 2009. Selected buses were tested by the West Virginia University (WVU) Transportable Chassis-Dynamometer Emissions Laboratory over the OCTA cycle and a custom WCDOT driving schedule, the Bee-Line cycle. Based on measured results, future fleet-wide emissions were estimated for two scenarios: a baseline scenario in which the county requirements are met just in time, and a proactive scenario which reflects early actions taken by WCDOT. The proactive approach of WCDOT towards emissions reduction was shown to save, over the five-year period, 112.5 tons (53%) of carbon monoxide (CO), 23.3 tons (1%) of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 11.3 tons (30%) of hydrocarbons (HC), 7.3 tons (44%) of particulate matter (PM), 1,119 tons (1%) of carbon dioxide (CO2), and 114,000 gallons (1%) of diesel fuel.
Simulated Ethanol Transportation Patterns and Costs
Authors: Thompson Wyatt , Meyer Seth
Published: June 2012

Ethanol production booms in the Midwest in 2007. Regulations require ethanol be included as a fuel additive in many areas as of 2006, though consumer willingness to adopt ethanol blends voluntarily is uncertain and benchmark ethanol and oil prices fluctuate. In this context, we jointly simulate consumer demand for ethanol and ethanol transportation costs. Results demonstrate a non-linear relationship between benchmark prices and transportation costs that depends critically on (1) the prevalence of additive ethanol use in a state and (2) the proximity of local prices to parity in energy equivalent terms.
Airline Financial Distress and Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Ribbink Dina , Hofer Christian , Dresner Martin
Published: June 2012

An investigation is conducted on the effect of financial distress on customer service levels in the U.S. airline industry. Using data from the first quarter of 1998 to the third quarter of 2006, we employ a seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) model to analyze the impact of financial distress on three measures of customer service. We find that higher financial distress is associated with better on-time performance of airlines and fewer lost bags. The relationship of airline financial distress to the number of bumped customers, however, is insignificant.
A Message from the Editor
Authors: Obeng Kofi , Babcock Michael W.
Published: June 2012

Message from the Editor
Safety Effectiveness of Offsetting Opposing Left-Turn Lanes: A Case Study
Authors: Naik Bhaven , Appiah Justice , Khattak Aemal J. , Rilett Laurence R.
Published: June 2012

This paper discusses the benefits to intersection safety of offsetting left-turn lanes by widening the width of the lane-line marking between the left-turn lanes and their adjacent through lanes. The analysis was performed using an empirical Baye's procedure in order to account for potential bias due to regression-to-the-mean. Results from the analysis of 12 treated intersection approaches and 36 non-treated approaches in Lincoln, Nebraska, suggest statistically significant improvements in safety at the treated intersections.
Price Dispersion in the U.S. Airline Industry
Authors: Chi Junwook , Koo Won. W. , Lim Siew H.
Published: June 2012

This paper explores price dispersion in the U.S. airline industry by highlighting differential individual carriers' pricing strategies. Using instrumental variables (IV) estimation, the results show that individual carriers play crucial roles in determining price dispersion, implying that their price discrimination strategies may influence variation in airfares. Based on observed price dispersion and average price, we distinguished sources of price dispersion and found that the pricing strategies varied across U.S. air carriers. In 2005, for example, monopoly-type price discrimination was likely to result in price dispersion for Northwest, whereas competitive-type price discrimination was likely to lead to price dispersion for Delta.
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery with Antrostomy Has Better Early Endoscopic Recovery in Comparison to the Ostium-Preserving Technique
Authors: Luukkainen Annika , Myller Jyri , Torkkeli Tommi , Rautiainen Markus , Toppila-Salmi Sanna
Published: June 2012

Background. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is considered for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) after failure of conservative therapy.Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate endoscopically ostium patency and mucosal recovery after ESS, with either maxillary sinus ostium-preserving or -enlarging techniques.Materials and Methods. Thirty patients with non-polypous CRS were enrolled. Uncinectomy-only and additional middle meatal antrostomy were randomly and single-blindly performed for each side. Pre- and postoperative endoscopic scores were semi-quantitatively determined according to findings in the ostiomeatal complex area. Adhesions, maxillary sinus mucosal swelling, secretions, and ostium obstruction were also endoscopically evaluated. In addition, symptoms were asked and computed tomography scans were taken preoperatively and 9 months postoperatively.Results. At 16 days postoperatively, a better endoscopic score and a less obstructed ostium were found with antrosomy. At 9 months postoperatively the endoscopic score improved significantly and identically with both procedures, however, obstructed ostia and sinus mucosal swelling/secretions were insignificantly more frequently found on the uncinectomy-only side. Endoscopic and radiologic findings of the maxillary sinus mucosa and ostium correlated significantly 9 months postoperatively.Conclusion. There was a good long-term mucosal recovery with both surgical procedures. In terms of early mucosal recovery and ostium patency, antrostomy might be slighly superior.
Morbidity and Mortality of Caustic Ingestion in Rural Children: Experience in a New Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit in Nigeria
Authors: Ekpe E. E. , Ette V.
Published: June 2012

Background. Inspite of the fact that accidental caustic ingestion is an entirely easily preventable problem, it has however persisted in rural Nigerian communities because the commonly implicated agent which is caustic soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) is sold in open markets without restrictive legislations. This study aims to identify the perpetuating factors of paediatric caustic ingestion and recommend preventive measures. Method. Retrospective analysis of clinical records of our paediatric patients who presented following caustic ingestion between November 2006 and November 2010 was made for demography, socioeconomic status of parent(s), caustic substance ingested with amount (where known), circumstance of ingestion, means of oesophageal evaluation, treatment and outcome. Results. There were 16 paediatric cases of caustic ingestion during the study period with age ranging from 1 to 18 years with mode in the 1–3 years group and male : female ratio 4.3 : 1. In 100% of the cases, the caustic ingestion was accidental, while caustic soda was the agent in 93.7%, and 87.5% of the parents were into local soap and detergent production. In all patients, the oesophagus was evaluated with late barium swallow/meal and oesophagoscopy before treatment. Conclusion. Caustic ingestion among rural children in Nigeria can be prevented.
Public Acceptance of Disturbance-Based Forest Management: Factors Influencing Support
Authors: Olsen Christine S. , Mallon Angela L. , Shindler Bruce A.
Published: June 2012

Growing emphasis on ecosystem and landscape-level forest management across North America has spurred an examination of alternative management strategies which focus on emulating dynamic natural disturbance processes, particularly those associated with forest fire regimes. This topic is the cornerstone of research in the Blue River Landscape Study (BRLS) on the Willamette National Forest in the McKenzie River watershed of western Oregon. As scientists and managers work to unravel the ecological and economic implications of disturbance-based forest management, they must also consider public acceptance for such an approach. In this study, citizen opinions from the local attentive public in McKenzie River watershed communities are examined. Results suggest the attentive public has moderate to low levels of knowledge about landscape-level disturbance processes and terms. Further, public confidence in agencies and the information they provide appears to be low, though respondents indicated a somewhat higher level of trust for local agency personnel than agencies as institutions. Overall, respondents display cautious support of disturbance-based management (DBM), but many are still undecided. Findings also demonstrate support may be improved through transparent and inclusive decision-making processes that demonstrate the use of sound science in project planning, frank disclosure of risks and uncertainties, and clear management objectives.
Pattern ofβ-Thalassemia and Other Haemoglobinopathies: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin M. Mesbah , Akteruzzaman Sharif , Rahman Taibur , Hasan A. K. M. Mahbub , Shekhar Hossain Uddin
Published: June 2012

Thalassemia and other structural haemoglobinopathies are the major erythrocyte formation disorder prevalent in certain parts of the world including Bangladesh. We investigated 600 cases of anaemic patients referred from various parts of the country for diagnosis and counselling during 3 months (April to June 2011) of time. The most common form of haemoglobin (Hb) formation disorder observed in 600 subjects studied was β-thalassemia minor (21.3%). Two other conditions, such as E-β-Thalassemia and HbE trait, were also fairly common (13.5 and 12.1%, resp.) in the total subjects studied. Other forms of haemoglobin formation disorders observed were HbE disease (9.2%), Hb D/S trait (0.7%), β-thalassemia major (0.5%), and δ-β-thalassemia (0.5%). The majority of the haemoglobinopathies belonged to neonatal to childhood period (0–15 years), followed by reproductive age group (16–45 years). Few old-age (46+years) cases were also detected in course of clinical complications.
Changes over time in sexual behaviour among young people with different levels of educational attainment in Tanzania
Authors: Hargreaves James R , Slaymaker Emma , Fearon Elizabeth , Howe Laura D
Published: June 2012

Background

HIV prevalence trends in Tanzania differ between socioeconomic groups. While HIV prevalence was initially higher among those with higher levels of educational attainment, it has fallen fastest among these groups. Among those with lower levels of education HIV prevalence has been stable. The behavioural dynamics underlying this phenomenon remain unclear, and a theory to guide interpretation of these trends and enable predictions of future patterns has not emerged.

Methods

We analysed data from two large nationally representative surveys conducted in Tanzania in 2003/2004 and 2007/2008. We focused on young people aged 15 to 24 years and explored reports of (i) first sex, (ii) having had more than one sexual partner in the last year and (iii) unprotected last sex with a non‐cohabiting partner. Our analysis explored whether the behaviours differed by educational attainment in 2003/2004 and in 2007/2008, and whether changes over time in these behaviours differed between educational groups.

Results

The rate of first sex was lower among more educated males in 2007/2008 but not in 2003/2004, and among females in both surveys. The change over time in educational patterning of the rate of first sex in males was mostly due to a declining rate among the secondary educated groups. Among males, having had more than one sexual partner in the last year was associated with lower education in 2003/2004 and in 2007/2008. Among females, those with less education were more likely to report more than one partner in 2003/2004, although by 2007/2008 there was little association between education and reporting more than one partner. Unprotected last sex with a non‐cohabiting partner was less common among the more educated. Among both sexes this decreased over time among those with no education and increased among those with secondary education.

Conclusions

Patterns of behaviour suggest that differences in HIV incidence might explain trends in HIV prevalence among different educational groups in Tanzania between 2003/2004 and 2007/2008. The “inverse equity hypothesis” from child health research might partially help explain the changing social epidemiology of HIV incidence in Tanzania.
How a masculine work ethic and economic circumstances affect uptake of HIV treatment: experiences of men from an artisanal gold mining community in rural eastern Uganda
Authors: Siu Godfrey E , Wight Daniel , Seeley Janet
Published: June 2012

Background

Current data from Uganda indicate that, compared to women, men are under‐represented in HIV treatment, seek treatment later and have a higher mortality while on antiretroviral therapy (ART). By focusing on a masculine work ethic as one of the most predominant expressions of masculinity, this study explores why for some men HIV treatment enhances their masculinity while for others it undermines masculine work identity, leading them to discontinue the treatment.

Methods

Participant observation and 26 in‐depth interviews with men were conducted in a gold mining village in Eastern Uganda between August 2009 and August 2010. Interviewees included men who were taking HIV treatment, who had discontinued treatment, who suspected HIV infection but had not sought testing, or who had other symptoms unrelated to HIV infection.

Results

Many participants reported spending large proportions of their income, alleviating symptoms prior to confirming their HIV infection. This seriously undermined their sense of masculinity gained from providing for their families. Disclosing HIV diagnosis and treatment to employers and work colleagues could reduce job offers and/or collaborative work, as colleagues feared working with“ill”people. Drug side‐effects affected work, leading some men to discontinue the treatment. Despite being on ART, some men believed their health remained fragile, leading them to opt out of hard work, contradicting their reputation as hard workers. However, some men on treatment talked about“resurrecting”due to ART and linked their current abilities to work again to good adherence. For some men, it was work colleagues who suggested testing and treatment‐seeking following symptoms.

Conclusions

The central role of a work ethic in expressing masculinity can both encourage and discourage men's treatment‐seeking for AIDS. HIV testing and treatment may be sought in order to improve health and get back to work, thereby in the process regaining one's masculine reputation as a hard worker and provider for one's family. However, disclosure can affect opportunities for work and drug side‐effects disrupt one's ability to labour, undermining the sense of masculinity gained from work. HIV support organizations need to recognize how economic and gender concerns impact on treatment decisions and help men deal with work‐related fears.
Addressing the structural drivers of HIV: a luxury or necessity for programmes?
Authors: Seeley Janet , Watts Charlotte H , Kippax Susan , Russell Steven , Heise Lori , Whiteside Alan
Published: June 2012

The social, economic, political and environmental structural factors that increase susceptibility to HIV infection and undermine prevention and treatment efforts continue to pose a challenge. The papers in this series highlight the importance of sustaining those efforts to address the structural drivers of the HIV epidemic, and that initiatives to achieve HIV elimination will only come about through a comprehensive HIV response, that includes meaningful responses to the social, political, economic and environmental factors that affect HIV risk and vulnerability. In the context of declining resources for HIV/AIDS, the papers speak to the need to integrate responses to the structural drivers of HIV/AIDS into future HIV investments, with both initiatives to integrate HIV into broader gender and development initiatives, as well as adaptations of current service models, to ensure that they are sensitive to and able to respond to the broader economic and social responsibilities that their clients face.
The Role of Adaptive Martensite in Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Niemann Robert , Rößler Ulrich K. , Gruner Markus E. , Heczko Oleg , Schultz Ludwig , Fähler Sebastian
Published: June 2012

Magnetic shape memory materials require a high twin boundary mobility and low hysteresis for applications mainly as actuators, sensors, and magnetocaloric cooling elements. Usually, outstanding properties are found only in samples with a modulated martensitic structure. Here, we analyze the question why a modulated structure is beneficial and show evidence that the modulated martensite is not an equilibrium phase but a nanoscale microstructure of non‐modulated (NM) martensite. In this review, we combine results from continuum and atomistic theory, as well as local and integral measurements on the model system Ni–Mn–Ga. Following the concept of adaptive martensite the modulated phase forms to minimize elastic energy near the phase boundary by introducing low‐energy twin boundaries between lamellae of the NM martensite that have widths of a few unit cells.
Factors associated with perceived uncertainty among parents of children with undiagnosed medical conditions
Authors: Madeo Anne C. , O'Brien Kathleen E. , Bernhardt Barbara A. , Biesecker Barbara B.
Published: June 2012

Uncertainty is a pervasive characteristic of illness. Yet little is known about the individual or situational factors that contribute to perceptions of uncertainty. The present study aims to examine the factors that contribute to perceived uncertainty among parents of a child with an undiagnosed condition. Two hundred sixty‐six parents of a child, or children, affected by an undiagnosed medical condition for at least 2 years completed an electronically administered mixed‐methods survey assessing theoretical predictors of perceived uncertainty. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to identify the relationship of key variables to perceived uncertainty. Parents' perceived control and optimism were negatively associated with uncertainty (B = −4.044, P ≤ 0.001, B = −0.477, P ≤ 0.05). Subjective disease severity was positively associated with perceived uncertainty (B = 1.797, P ≤ 0.05). Our findings suggest that parents who experience greater uncertainty feel less control over their child's medical condition, which may lead to less effective coping and poorer adaptation. Parents who are less optimistic or who perceive their child's disease as more severe may benefit most from interventions that target situations where parents perceive the least control, thereby enhancing coping and ultimately, adaptation. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Metric‐free definition of the energy momentum tensor: Gravitation with symmetric connection
Authors: Matagne E.
Published: June 2012

A metric‐free definition of the energy momentum tensor is presented. That definition can be used with any Lagrangian based gravitational theory where the independent variable is a symmetric connection. The case of Hilbert‐Einstein gravitation is treated as an example of such a theory.
Ketimine substituted polyphenol: Synthesis, characterization and investigation of its thermal and electrochemical properties
Authors: Demir Hacı Ökkeş
Published: June 2012

Oxidative polycondensation of 3‐(1‐(2‐phenylhydrazono)ethyl)phenol (3‐PHEP) was studied using oxidants such as sodium hypochlorite, air (O2) and hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous alkaline medium under various polymerization conditions. The polymerization yield, molecular weight, solubility, and thermostability of the polymer were investigated. The macromolecular structure of the resulting polymer was characterized by elemental analysis, ultraviolet–visible, Fourier transform infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis showed poly(3‐PHEP) to be highly stable against thermo‐oxidative decomposition. Mass loss of the polymer was found to be only 16.3% at 1000°C. In addition, the highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels, electrochemical (Eg′) band gaps and optical (Eg) band gaps were calculated from cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet–visible measurements, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 6‐Hydrazinyl‐2,4‐bismorpholino pyrimidine and 1,3,5‐Triazine Derivatives as Potential Antitumor Agents
Authors: Zhu Wufu , Liu Yajing , Zhao Yanfang , Wang Haiyan , Tan Li , Fan Weijie , Gong Ping
Published: June 2012

A series of 6‐hydrazinyl‐2,4‐bismorpholino pyrimidine and 1,3,5‐triazine derivatives (5a–5l and 8a–8o) were synthesized and their chemical structures as well as the relative stereochemistry were confirmed. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against three cancer cell lines (H460, HT‐29, and MDA‐MB‐231). Several potent compounds were further evaluated against two other cell lines (U87MG, H1975). Most of the prepared compounds, particularly compounds 5c and 5j with IC50 values (0.07 and 0.05 µM, respectively) in the nM range, exhibited moderate to excellent antiproliferative activity and high selectivity against the H460 cancer cell line as compared with compound 1. The most promising compound 5j, possessing a cyano group at the 3‐position of the benzene ring, showed strong antiproliferative activity against H460, HT‐29, and MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines with IC50 values of 0.05, 6.31, and 6.50 µM, which were 4.6‐ to 190.4‐fold more active than compound 1 (9.52, 29.24, and 36.21 µM), respectively.
Intratumoral stages of metastatic cells: A synthesis of ontogeny, Rho/Rac GTPases, epithelial‐mesenchymal transitions, and more
Authors: Bustelo Xosé R.
Published: June 2012

Metastasis is one of the clinical parameters that has a strong negative influence on the prognosis of cancer patients. In recent years, significant advances have furthered our understanding of this process at the molecular and biological levels. This paper will discuss recent discoveries relating to the earliest, intra‐tumoral stages of metastasis in cancer cells, specifically focusing on: (i) the development of metastatic traits during primary tumorigenesis; (ii) intrinsic and extrinsic cancer cell programs associated with malignant traits; (iii) the intra‐tumoral migration patterns of cancer cells and the dynamic roles played by the Rho/Rac GTPases and epithelial‐mesenchymal transitions in this process; and (iv) the genetic strategies used by metastatic cancer cells to promote intra‐tumoral cell migration and their subsequent escape to peripheral tissues. Finally, the therapeutic and diagnostic relevance of this information will be discussed, as well as potential future developments.
α‐Amino‐Oximes Based on Optically Pure Limonene: A New Ligands Family for Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Ibn El Alami Mohammed Samir , El Amrani Mohamed Amin , Dahdouh Abdelaziz , Roussel Pascal , Suisse Isabelle , Mortreux André
Published: June 2012

A new family of bifunctional, optically pure α‐amino‐oxime ligands based on (R)‐limonene has been synthesized and used as chiral inducers for enantioselective hydrogen transfer reactions on various ketones in the presence of ruthenium catalysts. The X‐ray structures of Ru―amino‐oxime complexes are also described. Chirality 24:675–682, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Lysimachia clethroides
Authors: Liang Dong , Liu Yanfei , Hao Zhiyou , Zhang Qingjian , Chen Ruoyun , Yu Dequan
Published: June 2012

A new glyceroglycolipid, 1‐O‐(9Z,12Z‐octadecadienoyl)‐3‐O‐[β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐O‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐α‐D‐galactopyranosyl] glycerol (1); a new ester, 3‐carboxyethyl‐3‐hydroxyglutaric acid 1,5‐dimethyl ester (2), together with four known compounds were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Lysimachia clethroides. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of physical data analysis (1D and 2D NMR, HR‐ESIMS) and chemical evidence.
Kinetic Resolution of Aryl Alkenylcarbinols Catalyzed by Fc‐PIP
Authors: Hu Bin , Meng Meng , Jiang Shanshan , Deng Weiping
Published: June 2012

An effective kinetic resolution of a variety of aryl alkenylcarbinols catalyzed by nonenzymatic acyl transfer catalyst Fc‐PIP was developed, affording corresponding unreacted alcohols in good to excellent ee value up to 99% and with selectivity factors up to 24.
Developmental roles of tribbles protein family members
Authors: Dobens Leonard L. , Bouyain Samuel
Published: June 2012

The gene tribbles (trbl), identified 12 years ago in genetic screens for mutations that control both cell division and cell migration during embryonic Drosophila development, is the founding member of the Tribbles (Trib) family of kinase‐like proteins that have diverse roles in cell signaling, tissue homeostasis, and cancer. Trib proteins share three motifs: (1) a divergent kinase region (Trib domain) with undetermined catalytic activity, (2) a COP1 site used to direct key target proteins to the proteosome for degradation, and (3) a MEK1 site that binds and modulates MAPKK kinase activity. The notion that Tribs act as scaffolding proteins to balance signaling levels in multiple pathways retains an attractive simplicity, but given recent data showing that divergent kinases act by means of novel catalytic mechanisms, the enzymatic activity of Tribs remains untested. Here, we focus on the role of Tribs during development. Developmental analysis of Drosophila trbl phenotypes reveals tissue‐specific, sometimes contradictory roles. In mammals, multiple Trib isoforms exhibit overlapping and tissue‐specific functions. Recent data indicate the mechanism of Trib activity is conserved and requires the Trib domain. Finally, we discuss the connections between Tribs in disease and cancer that have implications for their normal roles during organogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 241:1239–1248, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lipase‐mediated hydrolysis of flax seed oil for selective enrichment of α‐linolenic acid
Authors: Rupani Banin , Kodam Kisan , Gadre Ramchandra , Najafpour Ghasem D.
Published: June 2012

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are important ingredients of human diet because of their prominent role in the function of human brain, eye and kidney. α‐Linolenic acid (ALA), a C18, n‐3 PUFA is a precursor of long chain PUFA in humans. Commercial lipases of Candida rugosa, Pseudomonas cepacea, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Rhizomucor miehei were used for hydrolysis of flax seed oil. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography followed by gas chromatography showed that the purified oil contained 12 triacylglycerols (TAGs) with differences in fatty acid compositions. Flax seed oil TAGs contained α‐linolenic acid (50%) as a major fatty acid while palmitic, oleic, linoleic made up rest of the portion. Among the four commercial lipases C. rugosa has preference for ALA, and that ALA was enriched in free fatty acids. C. rugosa lipase mediated hydrolysis of the TAGs resulted in a fatty acid mixture that was enriched in α‐linolenic to about 72% yield that could be further enriched to 80% yield by selective removal of saturated fatty acids by urea complexation. Such purified ALA can be used for preparation of ALA‐enriched glycerides.

Practical applications: This methodology allows purifying ALA from fatty acid mixture obtained from flax seed oil by urea complexation.
Synthesis of a kairomone and other chemicals from cardanol, a renewable resource
Authors: Mmongoyo Juma A. , Mgani Quintino A. , Mdachi Stephen J. M. , Pogorzelec Peter J. , Cole‐Hamilton David J.
Published: June 2012

Synthesis of a tsetse fly kairomone component (3‐propylphenol), a detergent [sodium 2‐(dec‐8‐enyl)‐6‐hydroxybenzenesulfonate], a polymer additive (1‐octene), and a detergent precursor [3‐(non‐8‐enyl)phenol] using cardanol [3‐(pentadec‐8‐enyl)phenol], has been accomplished. Both carbon–carbon double bond isomerization and metathesis methodologies were employed in the syntheses of these target molecules. The kairomone component was obtained, albeit in low yield, in three steps starting with cardanol. Synthesis of a new detergent, sodium 2‐(dec‐8‐enyl)‐6‐hydroxybenzenesulfonate, was achieved by direct metathesis of cardanol with cis‐2‐butene followed by sulfonation and basification. Finally, synthesis of 1‐octene and 3‐(non‐8‐enyl)phenol was accomplished in one pot by direct metathesis of cardanol with ethylene. These products have been characterized spectroscopically, especially using 1H and 13C NMR.
Interpretation of the complex dune morphology on Mars: dune activity, modelling and a terrestrial analogue
Authors: Silvestro S. , Fenton L. K. , Michaels T. I. , Valdez A. , Ori G. G.
Published: June 2012

In this work we analyze a dark erg on Mars that could be considered a mega‐dune (draa) where secondary dunes of different morphology are superposed over a main crescent‐shaped bedform (primary dune). The presence of a complex, multi‐directional wind regime is indicated as one of the main causes for the accumulation of a tall draa, presenting an analogy to the Great Sand Dunes in Colorado. In both cases, main regional winds from the SW blow in opposition to winds from the NE which are enhanced by the topography. Such a complex wind regime leads to the development of star and reversing dunes and is accurately predicted by atmospheric models on a regional and local scale. Signs of activity in the form of grainflow scars are also noted over the slip faces of many dunes, suggesting that easterly winds are actively shaping the study draa in the present‐day climatic setting. The presence of this draa on Mars suggests a complex interaction between regional and local topographically controlled flows and a consistent availability of sand. The future study of an analogue terrestrial site such as the Great Sand Dunes could be fundamental for understanding the evolution of similar Martian dune fields. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.