bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of traumatic heterotopic ossification: In search of injury‐induced osteogenic factors
Authors: Li La , Tuan Rocky S.
Published: August 2020

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological condition of abnormal bone formation in soft tissue. Three factors have been proposed as required to induce HO: (a) osteogenic precursor cells, (b) osteoinductive agents and (c) an osteoconductive environment. Since Urist's landmark discovery of bone induction in skeletal muscle tissue by demineralized bone matrix, it is generally believed that skeletal muscle itself is a conductive environment for osteogenesis and that resident progenitor cells in skeletal muscle are capable of differentiating into osteoblast to form bone. However, little is known about the naturally occurring osteoinductive agents that triggered this osteogenic response in the first place. This article provides a review of the emerging findings regarding distinct types of HO to summarize the current understanding of HO mechanisms, with special attention to the osteogenic factors that are induced following injury. Specifically, we hypothesize that muscle injury‐induced up‐regulation of local bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7) level, combined with glucocorticoid excess‐induced down‐regulation of circulating transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) level, could be an important causative mechanism of traumatic HO formation.
WISP1 alleviates lipid deposition in macrophages via the PPARγ/CD36 pathway in the plaque formation of atherosclerosis
Authors: Liu Dian , Wang Xuyang , Zhang Mingjun , Tian Jingjing , Liu Ming , Jin Tao , Pan Jinyu , Gao Mingxiao , An Fengshuang
Published: August 2020

Lipid deposition in macrophages plays an important role in atherosclerosis. The WNT1‐inducible signalling pathway protein 1(WISP1) can promote proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells. Its expression is up‐regulated in obesity, which is associated with atherosclerosis, but the effect of WISP1 on atherosclerosis remains unclear. Thus, the objective of our study was to elucidate the role of WISP and its mechanism of action in atherosclerosis via in vivo and in vitro experiments. In our experiment, ApoE‐/‐ mice were divided into 5 groups: control, high‐fat diet (HFD), null lentivirus (HFD + NC), lentivirus WISP1 (HFD + IvWISP1) and WISP1‐shRNA (HFD + shWISP1). Oil Red O staining, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry of the aortic sinuses were conducted. Macrophages (RAW264.7 cell lines and peritoneal macrophages) were stimulated with 50 μg/mL oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL); then, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was measured. Oil Red O staining and Dil‐ox‐LDL (ox‐LDL with Dil dye) uptake measurements were used to test lipid deposition of peritoneal macrophages. WISP1, CD36, SR‐A and PPARγ expression levels were measured via Western blotting and ELISA. The results showed that HFD mice had increased WISP1, CD36 and SR‐A levels. The plaque lesion area increased when WISP1 was down‐regulated, and lipid uptake and foam cell formation were inhibited when WISP1 was up‐regulated. Treatment of RAW264.7 cell lines with ox‐LDL increased WISP1 expression via activation of the Wnt5a/β‐catenin pathway, whereas ROS inhibition reduced WISP1 expression. Moreover, WISP1 down‐regulated CD36 and SR‐A expression, and Oil Red O staining and Dil‐ox‐LDL uptake measurement showed that WISP1 down‐regulated lipid deposition in macrophages. These results clearly demonstrate that WISP1 is activated by ox‐LDL at high ROS levels and can alleviate lipid deposition in atherosclerosis through the PPARγ/CD36 pathway.
Atopic dermatitis and bone health: a systematic review
Authors: Mukovozov I.M. , Morra D.E. , Giustini D. , Tadrous M. , Cheung A.M. , Drucker A.M.
Published: August 2020

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with systemic inflammation and systemic corticosteroid use which can lead to poor bone health. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the relationship between AD and bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis and fractures. We searched Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE and Embase. Title, abstract and full‐text screening, and data extraction were done in duplicate. Quality appraisal was performed using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Methodology Checklist (cross‐sectional studies) and Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (cohort studies). We screened 3800 abstracts and included fifteen studies (twelve cross‐sectional, three cohort). In cross‐sectional studies, AD was associated with decreased BMD and increased fractures. In cross‐sectional studies and a cohort study, AD was associated with a higher prevalence of osteoporosis compared to controls. There was inconsistency across studies, with some finding no association. In a large cohort study, AD was associated with increased risk of fractures of the hip (HR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.11), spine (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.23) and wrist (HR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.10), with further increased risk with more severe AD. Differences between studies precluded quantitative synthesis. There is some evidence supporting an association between AD and poor bone health. Research is needed to clarify this association, underlying mechanisms and develop strategies to improve bone health of individuals with AD.
The impact of COVID‐19 on small business owners: Evidence from the first three months after widespread social‐distancing restrictions
Authors: Fairlie Robert
Published: August 2020

Social‐distancing restrictions and health‐ and economic‐driven demand shifts from COVID‐19 are expected to shutter many small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures, but there is very little early evidence on impacts. This paper provides the first analysis of impacts of the pandemic on the number of active small businesses in the United States using nationally representative data from the April 2020 Current Population Survey—the first month fully capturing early effects. The number of active business owners in the United States plummeted by 3.3 million or 22% over the crucial 2‐month window from February to April 2020. The drop in active business owners was the largest on record, and losses to business activity were felt across nearly all industries. African‐American businesses were hit especially hard experiencing a 41% drop in business activity. Latinx business owner activity fell by 32%, and Asian business owner activity dropped by 26%. Simulations indicate that industry compositions partly placed these groups at a higher risk of business activity losses. Immigrant business owners experienced substantial losses in business activity of 36%. Female business owners were also disproportionately affected (25% drop in business activity). Continuing the analysis in May and June, the number of active business owners remained low—down by 15% and 8%, respectively. The continued losses in May and June, and partial rebounds from April were felt across all demographic groups and most industries. These findings of early‐stage losses to small business activity have important implications for policy, income losses, and future economic inequality.
Optimization of decontamination conditions for Aspergillus flavus inoculated to military rations snack and physicochemical properties with atmospheric cold plasma
Authors: Bagheri Hadi , Abbaszadeh Sepideh , Salari Amir
Published: August 2020

In this study, the effectiveness of ACP in inactivating Aspergillus flavus inoculated to military rations snack using response surface methodology (RSM) was investigated. Additionally, the effect of this treatment on the total count and yeast–mold count, as well as some quality properties of military rations snack, was examined. RSM was applied to study the voltage effects (5–15 kV), the distance between ACP emitter and sample (3–7 cm), and different treatment time (2–10 min) on the physicochemical properties of the military rations snack. Increasing voltage and time, together with reducing distance, caused a decrease in A. flavus, total count, yeast and mold count, total aflatoxin, as well as color difference. The peroxide value also increased with increasing voltage levels. The optimum conditions for treated military rations snack by ACP are as follows: a system voltage of 9 kV, a distance of 3 cm between the sample and the emitter, and a time of 6 min. Under these conditions, the responses, including the utmost reduction of 4.31 log CFU/g for the total count, 4.64 log CFU/g for yeast–mold count, and 2.98 log CFU/g for A. flavus were found from starting level of 5.2, 2, and 3.1 log CFU/g, respectively. It was found that snack samples had a 3.66% decrease in moisture content, 76.13% decrease in total aflatoxin, 3.01% increase in color difference, and 0.22 meq O2.kg/oil increase in peroxide value as a result of ACP application. ACP has the potential to increase microbiological safety by maintaining desirable quality properties in military rations snack.
Association of Billed Advance Care Planning with End‐of‐Life Care Intensity for 2017 Medicare Decedents
Authors: Gupta Avni , Jin Ginger , Reich Amanda , Prigerson Holly G. , Ladin Keren , Kim Dae , Ashana Deepshikha Charan , Cooper Zara , Halpern Scott D. , Weissman Joel S.
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) reimburses clinicians for advance care planning (ACP) discussions with Medicare patients. The objective of the study was to examine the association of CMS‐billed ACP visits with end‐of‐life (EOL) healthcare utilization.

DESIGN

Patient‐level analyses of claims for the random 20% Medicare fee‐for‐service (FFS) sample of decedents in 2017. To account for multiple comparisons, Bonferroni adjusted P value <.008 was considered statistically significant.

SETTING

Nationally representative sample of Medicare FFS beneficiaries.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 237,989 Medicare FFS beneficiaries who died in 2017 and included those with and without a billed ACP visit during 2016–17.

INTERVENTION

The key exposure variable was receipt of first billed ACP (none, >1 month before death).

MEASUREMENTS

Six measures of EOL healthcare utilization or intensity (inpatient admission, emergency department [ED] visit, intensive care unit [ICU] stay, and expenditures within 30 days of death, in‐hospital death, and first hospice within 3 days of death). Analyses was adjusted for age, race, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, expenditure by Dartmouth hospital referral region (high, medium, or low), and dual eligibility.

RESULTS

Overall, 6.3% (14,986) of the sample had at least one billed ACP visit. After multivariable adjustment, patients with an ACP visit experienced significantly less intensive EOL care on four of six measures: hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = .77; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .74–.79), ED visit (OR = .77; 95% CI = .75–.80), or ICU stay (OR = .78; 95% CI = .74–.81) within a month of death; and they were less likely to die in the hospital (OR = .79; 95% CI = .76–.82). There were no differences in the rate of late hospice enrollment (OR = .97; 95% CI = .92–1.01; P = .119) or mean expenditures ($242.50; 95% CI = −$103.63 to $588.61; P = .169).

CONCLUSION

Billed ACP visits were relatively uncommon among Medicare FFS decedents, but their occurrence was associated with less intensive EOL utilization. Further research on the variables affecting hospice use and expenditures in the EOL period is recommended to understand the relative role of ACP.
The effect of 8 weeks of freestyle swim training on the functional fitness of adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Boer P. H.
Published: August 2020

Background

Studies conducted on adults with Down syndrome have demonstrated the improvement of functional fitness (aerobic capacity, muscular strength, balance, flexibility, functional ability, body mass or body mass index) with varying exercise modalities but often with one or two components in isolation. Such modalities included walking, running, cycling, rowing or resistance training. Freestyle swim training has shown significant improvements of all parameters associated with functional fitness in the general population. Swimming is an aerobic activity where many of the large muscle groups are involved and may provide more functional fitness benefits. As a consequence, the purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of freestyle swim training on the functional fitness of adults with Down syndrome.

Methods

Twenty‐six adults with Down syndrome (33 ± 6 years; 34 ± 9 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to an exercise (n = 13; 81.3 kg) or control group (n = 13; 81.5 kg). The exercise group performed 8 weeks of freestyle swim training, three times a week, 30 min per session (increased to 40 min after 4 weeks). To evaluate differences between groups, a one‐way analysis of variance was used, controlling for differences at baseline.

Results

After 8 weeks of training, the results showed significant differences between the exercise and control group for body mass, body mass index, aerobic capacity, dynamic balance, muscular strength, 12‐m swim time and functional ability (P < 0.05). Effect sizes ranged from small to large.

Conclusions

Various components of functional fitness improved significantly after an intervention period of freestyle swim training. The collective improvement of many functional fitness parameters shown by this study may hold benefits for these often‐neglected and in many cases functionally impaired individuals.
A randomized, triple‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel study to evaluate the efficacy of a freshwater marine collagen on skin wrinkles and elasticity
Authors: Evans Malkanthi , Lewis Erin D. , Zakaria Nisrine , Pelipyagina Tetyana , Guthrie Najla
Published: August 2020

Background

Collagen is the primary component in human skin. With age, there is loss of skin elasticity and collagen, resulting in wrinkle formation and reduction in skin appearance.

Aims

The objective of this randomized, triple‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a hydrolyzed marine collagen (Vinh Wellness Collagen, VWC) on aspects of skin health and quality in women between 45 and 60 years of age.

Patients/Methods

Assessments of skin wrinkles, elasticity, and self‐reported appearance were conducted using the VISIA skin analysis system, Cutometer®, and Skin Quality Visual Analogue Scale. Outcomes were assessed at weeks 0 (baseline), 6, and 12.

Results

After 12 weeks, participants supplemented with VWC had a significant 35% reduction in wrinkle score (P = .035) from baseline. Participants in the VWC group showed a 24% greater reduction in wrinkles on the right side of the face than those on placebo. A planned subgroup analysis based on age showed women 45‐54 years had a significant 20% and 10% improvement in cheek skin elasticity from baseline to week 6 (P = .016) and 12 (P = .022), respectively. At week 12, participants in the VWC group reported greater percentage improvements in overall skin score (9%) and wrinkle (15%), elasticity (23%), hydration (14%), radiance (22%), and firmness (25%) scores vs placebo.

Conclusion

Supplementation with VWC was found to be safe and well‐tolerated. The results of this study support the use of fish‐derived hydrolyzed collagen for the improvement of skin health in an aging population.
Permanent hair wavings: What dermatologists should know?
Authors: Barreto Taynara de Mattos , Weffort Flavia , Frattini Simone Carolina , Martins Pinto Giselle , dos Santos Damasco Patricia , Melo Daniel Fernandes
Published: August 2020

Hair represents an important aspect of human individuality. The possibility of having an easy to handle hairstyle and changing it from time to time promoted an increasing search for chemical hair transformations, including permanent wavings (PW). PW is the chemical process used to convert straight into curly hair. Significant findings have been made in this field within the last three decades. In the past few years, PW has come back up to date, helping to define curls in wavy and curly hair and to create waves in straight hair. “Afro permanent” and “Beach waves” are some popular names for these new uses of PW. The primary safety concerns for PW generally arise from misuse or failure to comply with the product's usage instructions. Skin irritation, hair breakage, oral toxicity, sensitization, and scarring alopecia have been reported in the literature. Therefore, dermatologists need to understand well this matter to properly advise patients on how to get the best outcome without hazards. This review aims to discuss the main types of reducing agents used, the different techniques, the consequences to hair shafts, and the most important patients’ recommendations on this topic.
Development and psychometric testing of a scale for assessing the associative stigma of mental illness in nursing
Authors: Sastre‐Rus Meritxell , Tomás‐Sábado Joaquín , Juliá‐Sanchis Rocío , Roldán‐Merino Juan Francisco , Puig‐Llobet Montserrat , Lluch‐Canut María Teresa
Published: August 2020

Aims and objectives

To develop a new scale for assessing the associative stigma of mental illness in nursing based on Peplau's model of psychodynamic nursing and to examine its psychometric properties.

Background

The stigma of mental illness continues to cause problems today for patients, families and mental health professionals. For individuals with a mental disorder, stigma can result in restricted opportunities, social exclusion and the denial of rights. Associative stigma in mental health professionals is becoming a major problem and is related to increased depersonalisation, higher levels of emotional exhaustion and diminished job satisfaction among mental health professionals. Nursing may play a key role in reducing the stigma associated with mental illness, but there are no specific scales for the measurement of associative stigma in nursing.

Design

Development of an instrument. A STROBE checklist was completed.

Methods

This study involved two stages: (a) item generation and content validation; (b) examining the reliability and convergent/discriminant validity of the scale. A developmental and methodological design was used. Data were collected between November 2016–December 2017 from a sample of 737 nursing undergraduates.

Results

The results indicated good internal consistency for the final 20‐item scale for assessing the associative stigma of mental illness in nursing, which is considered in terms of three dimensions: Violence/Dangerousness, Disability, and Irresponsibility/Lack of Competence. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a three‐factor structure consistent with the theoretical model.

Conclusions

The 20‐item EVEPEM (from its Spanish acronym) derived from Peplau's theory was shown to be a valid and reliable tool for assessing the stigma of mental illness in the nursing setting.

Relevance to clinical practice

Reliable instruments are needed to measure the effectiveness of anti‐stigma interventions for mental health professionals. The results indicate that the tool developed is a valid and reliable instrument for use in the nursing setting.
The face of Dental Sleep Medicine in the 21st century
Authors: Lobbezoo Frank , Lavigne Gilles J. , Kato Takafumi , de Almeida Fernanda R. , Aarab Ghizlane
Published: August 2020

It becomes increasingly clear that some sleep disorders have important diagnostic and/or management links to the dental domain, hence the emergence of the discipline ‘Dental Sleep Medicine’. In this review, the following topics are discussed: 1. the reciprocal associations between oro‐facial pain and sleep; 2. the associations between sleep bruxism and other sleep‐related disorders; 3. the role of the dentist in the assessment and management of sleep bruxism; and 4. the dental management of obstructive sleep apnoea. From these topics' descriptions, it becomes clear that the role of the dentist in the recognition and management of sleep‐related oro‐facial pain, sleep bruxism and obstructive sleep apnoea is large and important. Since many dental sleep disorders can have severe consequences for the individual's general health and well‐being, it is imperative that dentists are not only willing to take on that role, but are also able to do so. This requires more attention for Dental Sleep Medicine in the dental curricula worldwide, as well as better postgraduate training of dentists who are interested in specialising in this intriguing domain. This review contributes to increasing the dental researcher's, teacher's and care professional's insight into the discipline ‘Dental Sleep Medicine’ as it has taken shape in the 21st century, to the benefit of all patients suffering from dental sleep disorders.
Variability in tongue pressure among elderly and young healthy cohorts: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Arakawa Itsuka , Igarashi Kensuke , Imamura Yoshiki , Müller Frauke , Abou‐Ayash Samir , Schimmel Martin
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Tongue pressure (TP) is used for the diagnosis of oral hypofunction; however, the impact of several variables on TP is unclear. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to analyse the variability in tongue pressure among healthy individuals aged ≥60 years vs <60 years. Secondary outcomes were the influence of gender and the type of measuring device (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) vs JMS tongue pressure measurement device (JMS)).

Methods

PubMed and the Japanese database Ichushi‐Web were searched systematically by two independent reviewers for studies reporting TP values in healthy populations. Clinical studies published between 1959 and June 2020 with more than 10 participants, written in English, German or Japanese, were included. A random‐effects meta‐regression for aggregate‐level data was applied (α < 0.05).

Results

Sixty‐eight studies reported TP for a total of 13 773 subjects aged <60 years (n = 3265) and ≥60 years (n = 10 508). TP was significantly higher in subjects <60 years (estimated weighted mean (EWM) ± standard error = 51.9 ± 1.28 kPa; 95% CI = 49.4‐54.4) relative to those ≥60 (EWM = 34.7 ± 0.94 kPa; 95% CI = 32.8‐36.5) (P < .001), men (EWM = 45.9 ± 2.09 kPa; 95% CI = 41.8‐50.0) relative to women (EWM = 39.3 ± 1.68 kPa; 95% CI = 36.0‐42.6) (P = .015) and when assessed with the IOPI (EWM = 51.9 ± 1.32 kPa; 95% CI = 49.3‐54.5) compared to the JMS (EWM = 33.5 ± 0.63 kPa; 95% CI = 32.2‐34.7) (P < .001). In terms of gender, there was no significant difference in TP among subjects ≥60 years (P = .282). However, in subjects younger than 60, a significant difference was observed (P = .004).

Conclusions

Healthy populations aged <60 years showed significantly higher TP than those aged ≥60 years. TP values ascertained by the IOPI are significantly higher than those obtained with the JMS.
Effectiveness of different mandibular advancement device designs in obstructive sleep apnoea therapy: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials with meta‐analysis
Authors: Bartolucci Maria Lavinia , Bortolotti Francesco , Corazza Giulia , Incerti Parenti Serena , Paganelli Corrado , Alessandri Bonetti Giulio
Published: August 2020

Mandibular advancement devices (MADs) are used to treat patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). To date, there are no data that identify the most effective MAD design for apnoea‐hypopnea index (AHI) reduction. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate the effectiveness of different MAD designs in AHI reduction and oxygen saturation improvement in OSA patients. An electronic search was performed in MEDLINE, Cochrane Database, Scopus, Web of Knowledge and LILACS. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the reduction of AHI on adult patients wearing MAD for OSA were included. The quality of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and the risk of bias by the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised controlled trial. The success rate of each study was computed: [(mean baseline AHI − mean AHI after treatment)/mean baseline AHI]. Fifty RCTs were included. The risk of bias resulted with some concerns in most of the studies. The GRADE scores indicated that the quality of evidence was very low. The meta‐analysis showed a success rate with mono‐bloc and duo‐bloc MADs respectively of 0.821 [0.722‐0.887] and 0.547 [0.443‐0.637]. The mono‐bloc compared with duo‐bloc better improved the minimum oxygen saturation (10.048 [7.733‐12.363] and 3.357 [2.290‐4.423], respectively). There is a very low quality body of evidence that mono‐bloc MADs are more effective in reducing AHI and improving minimum oxygen saturation compared with duo‐bloc MADs. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (n. CRD42019118084).
Short‐term effects of the Sander bite‐jumping appliance on the pharyngeal airways in subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusion: A retrospective case‐control study
Authors: Rongo Roberto , Martina Stefano , Bucci Rosaria , Festa Paola , Galeotti Angela , Alessandri Bonetti Giulio , Michelotti Ambrosina , D’Antò Vincenzo
Published: August 2020

Background

Skeletal Class II subjects present often a retruded mandible that might increase the probability of breathing disorders.

Objective

To evaluate the effects of functional treatment by means of the Sander bite‐jumping appliance (BJA) on the upper airways of growing subjects.

Methods

Thirty‐four subjects (21 males, 13 females; mean age 11.1 ± 1.2 years) with skeletal Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion were treated with the Sander BJA (BJA group). The control group consisted of thirty‐four untreated subjects with skeletal Class II malocclusion (25 males, 9 females; 10.4 ± 1.2 years; CTR group). The effect of the Sander BJA appliance on the airway dimensions was evaluated by comparing lateral cephalograms recorded before (T0) and after (T1) the period of observation/treatment. Within‐ and between‐group comparisons were statistically evaluated according to the distribution of the data (P < .05).

Results

The oropharyngeal region (ph_pph) increased in the BJA group (1.8 ± 3.2; P = .001) but the difference respect to the CTR group was not statistically significant (0.73 ± 4.0; P = .314; P = .077). The tongue height (th) increased in the BJA group (2.8 ± 3.7; P < .001), and this increase was statistically significant respect to the CTR group (0.6 ± 4.7; P = .461; P = .038). In the BJA, the Ans_Pns_P angle showed a statistically significant decrease (−3.8 ± 7.8; P = .007) compared to the CTR group (−0.1 ± 5.4; P = .705; P = .026).

Conclusions

The airway dimensions increased for both control subjects and Class II patients treated with Sander BJA due to physiological growth. The Sander BJA induced a statistically significant change in the tongue and soft palate position, but the clinically relevant of these changes is questionable.
Essentializing happiness reduces one’s motivation to be happier
Authors: Choi Incheol , Yu Jaekyung , Lee Jinhyeon , Choi Eunsoo
Published: August 2020

Objective

The present study examined the essentialist lay theories of happiness (i.e., beliefs that happiness is determined by one’s genes and hence, immutable) and its implications for motivation to enhance one’s happiness level.

Method

Study 1 (N = 454) developed a scale called the “Essentialist Beliefs about Happiness (EBH)” and Study 2 (N = 207) validated the scale by comprehensively examining conceptually overlapping constructs related to the EBH. In Study 3 (N = 401) and Study 4 (N = 452), by utilizing correlational and experimental methods, we tested the effect of the EBH on motivation to enhance happiness.

Results

Using the scale developed and validated in Study 1 and Study 2, Study 3 and Study 4 found that the essentialist beliefs about happiness predicted reduced motivation to be happier. Specifically, participants with greater essentialist beliefs about happiness were less likely to engage in happiness‐boosting activities. Specifically, those who believed that happiness is influenced by one's attitude and effort had greater intention to engage in happiness‐boosting activities.

Conclusions

The present results provide new insight into the role of individual differences in essentialist lay theories of happiness in motivational state in well‐being domain.
Cannabis use is associated with a lower risk of diabetes in chronic hepatitis C‐infected patients (ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort)
Authors: Barré Tangui , Nishimwe Marie Libérée , Protopopescu Camelia , Marcellin Fabienne , Carrat Fabrice , Dorival Céline , Delarocque‐Astagneau Elisabeth , Larrey Dominique , Bourlière Marc , Petrov‐Sanchez Ventzislava , Simony Mélanie , Pol Stanislas , Fontaine Hélène , Carrieri Patrizia ,   the ANRS/AFEF Hepather study group
Published: August 2020

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a risk factor of insulin resistance, and HCV‐infected patients are at a high risk of developing diabetes. In the general population, research has shown the potential benefit of cannabis use for the prevention of diabetes and related metabolic disorders. We aimed to test whether cannabis use is associated with a lower risk of diabetes in chronic HCV‐infected patients. Chronic HCV‐infected patients (n = 10 445) were selected from the French national, multicenter, observational ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort. Cross‐sectional data collected at cohort enrollment were used to assess the association between patients’ clinical and behavioural characteristics and the risk of diabetes. Logistic regression model was performed with cannabis use as the main independent variable and a significance level set at 5%. A similar model stratified by the presence of advanced liver fibrosis (FIB‐4 > 3.25) was also run. After multivariable adjustment, current (AOR [95%CI]: 0.49 [0.38‐0.63]) and former (0.81 [0.67‐0.98], P < .001) cannabis use were both associated with a reduced odds of diabetes. Conversely, male gender, tobacco use, elevated BMI, poverty, being a migrant and advanced fibrosis were associated with increased odds of diabetes. The association between cannabis use and diabetes was maintained in the stratified analysis. In this large cross‐sectional study of chronic HCV‐infected patients, cannabis use was associated with a lower risk of diabetes independently of clinical and socio‐behavioural factors. Further studies are needed to elucidate a potential causal link and shed light on cannabis compounds and mechanisms involved in this relationship.
Bile duct obstruction associated with pancreatitis in 46 dogs
Authors: Wilkinson Ashley R. , DeMonaco Stefanie M. , Panciera David L. , Otoni Cristiane C. , Leib Michael S. , Larson Martha M.
Published: August 2020

Background

Pancreatitis is a common cause of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction (EHBDO) in dogs. Information describing the clinical course of dogs with pancreatitis associated bile duct obstruction (PABDO) is limited.

Objectives

To describe the clinical course of PABDO in dogs and determine if presumed markers of disease severity are predictors of survival.

Animals

Forty‐six client‐owned dogs with PABDO.

Methods

A retrospective review of medical records from dogs diagnosed with PABDO was performed. Data, including clinical signs and biochemical changes, were collected 6 times throughout the course of disease. Outcome was defined as either survival (discharge from the hospital) or death.

Results

Thirty‐three (79%) out of 42 dogs with PABDO survived. Thirty‐one (94%) of the 33 dogs that survived received medical management alone. Time from onset of clinical signs to initial documented increase in serum bilirubin concentration, peak bilirubin elevation, and initial decline in serum bilirubin concentration were 7 (median), 8, and 15 days, respectively. The median number of days from onset of clinical signs to outcome date was 13. Clinical signs of fever, vomiting, and anorexia were decreased in frequency from the onset of clinical signs to the time of peak bilirubin. Median bile duct dilatation at the time of ultrasonographic diagnosis of PABDO and peak bilirubin were not different between survivors (7.6 mm, 11.7 mg/dL) and nonsurvivors (6 mm, 10.6 mg/dL,P= .12,P= .8).

Conclusions

Dogs with PABDO often have a prolonged course of illness and improve clinically despite biochemical evidence of progression of EHBDO.
Anglo‐Muslim relations in 18th‐century literature and culture
Authors: Cahill Samara Anne
Published: August 2020

An analytical toolkit particular to English constructions of the Ottomans is needed to grapple with representations of Anglo‐Muslim relations in the 18th century. That toolkit is a work in progress, but would include recognition of the following: (1) the current state of archival access reinforces a Eurocentric perspective; (2) the relative geopolitical power of England and the Ottoman Empire shifted drastically in the 18th century; (3) the necessity of a strategic post‐Saidian theoretical framework; (4) a polemical repertoire of comparison and projection (“Mahometanism”) often used stereotypically imagined Muslims as stand‐ins for non‐Muslim targets; (5) the politics of confessionalization meant that Islam's non‐Trinitarian monotheism was a challenge to Anglican authority; and (6) polemical uses of Islam particularly focused on issues of political authority, religious toleration, and women's rights.
Population and distribution of beaversCastor fiberandCastor canadensisin Eurasia
Authors: Halley Duncan J. , Saveljev Alexander P. , Rosell Frank
Published: August 2020

A century ago, overhunting had reduced Eurasian beaverCastor fiberpopulations to c. 1200 animals in scattered refugia from France to Mongolia. Reintroductions and natural spread have since restored the species to large areas of its original range. Population has more than tripled since the first modern estimate in 1998; the minimum estimate is now c. 1.5 million.

Range expansion 2000–2020 has been rapid, with large extensions in western and south‐central Europe, southern Russia, and west and central Siberia. Beavers are now re‐established in all countries of their former European range except for Portugal, Italy, and the southern Balkans; they occur broadly across Siberia to Mongolia, with scattered populations father east. About half of the world population lives in Russia. Populations appear to be mature in much of European Russia, Belarus, the Baltic States, and Poland.

There is a significant population of North American beaverCastor canadensisin Finland and north‐west Russia. Most other 20th‐Century introductions of this species have become extinct or been removed.

Recent DNA studies have improved understanding ofCastor fiberpopulation prehistory and history. Two clades, east and west, are extant; a third ‘Danube’ clade is extinct. Refugial populations were strongly bottlenecked, with loss of genetic diversity through genetic drift.

Future range extension, and large increases in populations and in impacts on freshwater systems, can be expected. Beavers are now recolonising densely populated, intensely modified, low‐relief regions, such as England, the Netherlands, Belgium, and north‐west Germany. They will become much more common and widespread there in coming decades. As beavers are ecosystem engineers with profound effects on riparian habitats, attention to integrating beaver management into these landscapes using experience gained in other areas – before the rapid increase in population densities and impacts occurs – is recommended.
Hysteresis in the normal rate of capacity utilization: A behavioral explanation
Authors: Setterfield Mark , David Avritzer Joana
Published: August 2020

Kaleckians describe a normal rate of capacity utilization that is subject to hysteresis effects. This means that the normal rate varies directly with the actual rate of capacity utilization, ensuring that steady‐state equilibrium conditions in the Kaleckian model are fully adjusted (the actual and normal rates of capacity utilization are equalized) but without this last condition implying that the rate of capacity utilization is constant in the long run. The relationship between distribution and growth unique to the Kaleckian model is, thus, preserved. The hysteresis mechanism has been criticized from various quarters, however, these criticisms focusing on its alleged lack of behavioral foundations. This paper shows that consistent with the stylized facts, variation in the normal rate of capacity utilization in response to variation in the actual capacity utilization rate can be derived from the links between both variables and the volatility of the macroeconomic environment—volatility, in the presence of fundamental uncertainty, being an important reason why firms deliberately under‐utilize capacity (even in the long run) in the first place. The result is an empirically grounded behavioral foundation for hysteresis in the normal rate of capacity utilization.
Expanded role of the Cu‐sensing transcription factor Mac1p in Candida albicans
Authors: Culbertson Edward M. , Bruno Vincent M. , Cormack Brendan P. , Culotta Valeria C.
Published: August 2020

As part of the innate immune response, the host withholds metal micronutrients such as Cu from invading pathogens, and microbes respond through metal starvation stress responses. With the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, the Cu‐sensing transcription factor Mac1p governs the cellular response to Cu starvation by controlling Cu import. Mac1p additionally controls reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis by repressing a Cu‐containing superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and inducing Mn‐containing SOD3 as a non‐Cu alternative. We show here that C. albicans Mac1p is essential for virulence in a mouse model for disseminated candidiasis and that the cellular functions of Mac1p extend beyond Cu uptake and ROS homeostasis. Specifically, mac1∆/∆ mutants are profoundly deficient in mitochondrial respiration and Fe accumulation, both Cu‐dependent processes. Surprisingly, these deficiencies are not simply the product of impaired Cu uptake; rather mac1∆/∆ mutants appear defective in Cu allocation. The respiratory defect of mac1∆/∆ mutants was greatly improved by a sod1∆/∆ mutation, demonstrating a role for SOD1 repression by Mac1p in preserving respiration. Mac1p downregulates the major Cu consumer SOD1 to spare Cu for respiration that is essential for virulence of this fungal pathogen. The implications for such Cu homeostasis control in other pathogenic fungi are discussed.
The role of Latvian nationalism in the transformation of Lithuanian nationalism during the long 19th century
Authors: Pivoras Saulius
Published: August 2020

This article examines the role of Latvian ethnic nationalism in the transformation of Lithuanian nationalism from a civic to ethnic form during the long 19th century. In particular, the present article aims to clarify the differences between the Lithuanian and Latvian models of national identity in the initial phases of their national movements and to analyse how the Latvian example influenced Lithuanian nationalism. The Latvian model of nationalism, which spread to the Lithuanian context through communication among prominent intellectuals of the national movements at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, contributed to the central positioning of an ethnolinguistic identity within the Lithuanian national movement. This article provides compelling evidence that it is relatively easy to transition from civic to ethnic nationalism over a longer time period when the main dimensions of national identity have undergone radical change.
Host selection shapes crop microbiome assembly and network complexity
Authors: Xiong Chao , Zhu Yong‐Guan , Wang Jun‐Tao , Singh Brajesh , Han Li‐Li , Shen Ju‐Pei , Li Pei‐Pei , Wang Gui‐Bao , Wu Chuan‐Fa , Ge An‐Hui , Zhang Li‐Mei , He Ji‐Zheng
Published: August 2020

Plant microbiomes are essential to host health and productivity but the ecological processes that govern crop microbiome assembly are not fully known.

Here we examined bacterial communities across 684 samples from soils (rhizosphere and bulk soil) and multiple compartment niches (rhizoplane, root endosphere, phylloplane, and leaf endosphere) in maize (Zea mays)‐wheat (Triticum aestivum)/barley (Hordeum vulgare) rotation system under different fertilization practices at two contrasting sites.

Our results demonstrate that microbiome assembly along the soil‐plant continuum is shaped predominantly by compartment niche and host species rather than by site or fertilization practice. From soils to epiphytes to endophytes, host selection pressure sequentially increased and bacterial diversity and network complexity consequently reduced, with the strongest host effect in leaf endosphere. Source tracking indicates that crop microbiome is mainly derived from soils and gradually enriched and filtered at different plant compartment niches. Moreover, crop microbiomes were dominated by a few dominant taxa (c. 0.5% of bacterial phylotypes), with bacilli identified as the important biomarker taxa for wheat and barley and Methylobacteriaceae for maize.

Our work provides comprehensive empirical evidence on host selection, potential sources and enrichment processes for crop microbiome assembly, and has important implications for future crop management and manipulation of crop microbiome for sustainable agriculture.
Constructing and testing hypotheses of dinosaur foot motions from fossil tracks using digitization and simulation
Authors: Falkingham Peter L. , Turner Morgan L. , Gatesy Stephen M.
Published: August 2020

Whilst bones present a static view of extinct animals, fossil footprints are a direct record of the activity and motion of the track maker. Deep footprints are a particularly good record of foot motion. Such footprints rarely look like the feet that made them; the sediment being heavily disturbed by the foot motion. Because of this, such tracks are often overlooked or dismissed in preference for more foot‐like impressions. However, the deeper the foot penetrates the substrate, the more motion is captured in the sediment volume. We have used deep, penetrative, Jurassic dinosaur tracks which have been naturally split into layers, to reconstruct foot motions of animals living over 200 million years ago. We consider these reconstructions to be hypotheses of motion. To test these hypotheses, we use the Discrete Element Method, in which individual particles of substrate are simulated in response to a penetrating foot model. Simulations that produce virtual tracks morphologically similar to the fossils lend support to the motion being plausible, while simulations that result in very different final tracks serve to reject the hypothesis of motion and help generate a new hypothesis.
On what do therapists agree? Assessing therapist evaluations of emotion regulation strategy effectiveness
Authors: Southward Matthew W. , Wilson Anne C. , Cheavens Jennifer S.
Published: August 2020

Objective

To develop more unified, process‐based, and disseminable psychotherapy treatments, it is important to determine whether there is consensus among therapists regarding intervention strategies.

Design

Because emotion regulation is a cornerstone of modern treatments and a thriving area of clinical research, we assessed therapists’ ratings of the effectiveness of commonly studied emotion regulation strategies.

Methods

Therapists (n = 582) read eleven vignettes describing stressful scenarios and rated the effectiveness of ten emotion regulation strategies in each scenario.

Results

Across therapists, we found general consensus regarding the most (i.e., problem‐solving) and least (i.e., concealing emotions) effective strategies. Cognitive/behavioural/third‐wave therapists rated acceptance and distraction as more effective, and emotional expression and gathering information as less effective, than other therapists,Fs> 4.20,ps < .05, whereas hours of clinical experience were generally unrelated to strategy effectiveness ratings.

Conclusions

We discuss what these points of agreement and relative disagreement among therapists reveal about a more unified, process‐based treatment approach and how these results can guide emotion regulation research.

Practitioner points

There is general consensus among practising therapists that problem‐solving is the most effective emotion regulation strategy and expressive suppression is the least effective.

However, CBT‐oriented therapists rated acceptance and distraction as more effective than non‐CBT‐oriented therapists.

Non‐CBT‐oriented therapists rated emotional expression and gathering information as more effective than CBT‐oriented therapists.

Years of experience were unrelated to ratings of emotion regulation strategy effectiveness.
Impact of soil stockpiling on ericoid mycorrhizal colonization and growth of velvetleaf blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides) and Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum)
Authors: Fadaei Sepideh , Khan Shanjida , Young Michelle , Sherr Ira , Zwiazek Janusz J.
Published: August 2020

Soil stockpiling is a common practice prior to the reclamation of surface mines. In this study, velvetleaf blueberry and Labrador tea plants were grown from seed in fresh soil, stockpiled soil (1 year), and autoclaved stockpiled soil (1 year) obtained from the Canadian boreal forest. After 7 months of growth, the root colonization intensity with ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi in both plants growing in stockpiled soil was lower compared to plants growing in the fresh soil. The diversity of ERM fungal species in roots also decreased due to soil stockpiling and Pezoloma ericae was absent from the plants growing in stockpiled soil. Changes in the ERM root colonization in plants growing in stockpiled soil were accompanied by decreases in root and shoot dry weights. Leaf chlorophyll, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations of velvetleaf blueberry were higher in fresh soil compared to 1‐year stockpiled soil. Plants grown in the autoclaved stockpiled soil became colonized by the thermotolerant ERM fungus Leohumicola verrucosa and showed higher root and shoot biomass compared to the nonautoclaved stockpiled soil. The results point to the importance of ERM fungi for growth of ericaceous plants, even under favorable environmental conditions and adequate fertilization, and suggest that reduced ERM colonization intensity and ERM fungal diversity in roots likely contributed to the negative effects of soil stockpiling on growth of velvetleaf blueberry and Labrador tea.
Nutrient balances in smallholder farms in northern Ethiopia
Authors: Mesfin Shimbahri , Gebresamuel Girmay , Zenebe Amanuel , Haile Mitiku
Published: August 2020

Depletion of soil nutrient is a major impediment for food production in sub‐Saharan Africa, but little is known about nutrient dynamics at the farm level. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient management on a range of contrasting farms by estimating balances of N, P and K. Representative farmers of three wealth classes (rich, medium and poor) were selected from two different agro‐ecological regions (Alaje and Raya Azebo) in northern Ethiopia. The MonQI model based on data obtained from farm questionnaires was used for processing and analysis of partial nutrient balances (input from mineral and organic fertilizer minus output with crop and straw) and full balances (all input sources minus output with crop, erosion, leaching and gaseous losses). Partial N, P and K balances were 25.6, 6.3 and 7.8 kg ha−1 in Alaje and −7.1, 10.6 and −6.7 kg ha−1 in Raya Azebo. Full N, P and K balances were −26.2, 6.7 and 2.9 kg ha−1 in Alaje and −17.9, 11.1 and −5.3 kg ha−1 in Raya Azebo. Partial N and K and full K balances were different (p < .05) between the regions. Farms owned by rich and poor farmers differed in full N balances in Alaje and in partial N balances in Raya Azebo (p < .05). With the use of more fertilizer, N losses to the environment also increased. Generally, soil stocks of N and K are further declining. There is a need for socio‐economic policies to introduce effective nutrient management on the farms and to provide poorer farmers' access to fertilizer.