bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESPONSES OF GROUNDCOVERS TO RENOVATION BY MOWING
Authors: Hodel Donald R. , Pittenger Dennis R.
Published: February 2019

The objectives of this study were to investigate the responses of several groundcovers to periodic mowing and determine which ones benefit from mowing in terms of aesthetic quality, density, height and thatch development.

Eight species were transplanted on 30 cm centers in September. Five species had become fully grown in 10 months and were mowed to either a 5 cm or 10 cm height. Four species received a second mowing at 10 cm 8 or 11 months later. The remaining three species became fully grown in 18 or 21 months and were mowed at 10 cm at that time. Visual quality scores were recorded monthly, as were average overall plant and thatch heights. Lantana, Osteospermum and Verbena expressed little or no long-term loss in visual quality, while their height and thatch growth were controlled well when mowed in the spring-summer period. Height and thatch growth were controlled well in Drosanthemum and Aptenia, but visual quality was unacceptable. Spring mowing appears to produce reductions in height and thatch with no significant loss in quality of Myoporum and Baccharis but with significant loss in quality of Rosemarinus.
COMPARISON OF GROWTH REGULATOR PERSISTENCE IN VEGETATIVE CHRYSANTHEMUM
Authors: Karlsson Meriam G. , Gilbertz David A.
Published: February 2019

The persistence of five growth regulators applied as spray or soil drenches was studied in vegetative Dendranthema X grandiflorum (Ramat) Kitamura `Bright Golden Anne' (BGA) and `Deep Luv' (DL). Spray treatments applied as 3 ml per plant consisted of 0.038 mg uniconazole (UC), 15 mg daminozide (DM), or 0.075 mg of either paclobutrazol (PB), flurprimidol (FP), or ancymidol (AC). Drenches of 0.025 mg UC, or 0.05 mg of either PB, FP or AC were applied at 60 ml per 500 cm3 pot. Growth (cm per week) in BGA was suppressed 60-73% compared to controls the week after application in all treatments except DM, which suppressed growth only 43%. By week 8, growth was similar to controls in all treatments except FP. With DL, all treatments suppressed growth 34-75% compared to controls the second week following application, except for no response to DM and PB sprays. Only plants treated with FP or UC drenches had not returned to similar growth as the control plants by week 10.
SUPRAOPTIMAL ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON WATER USE OF THREE CERCIS SPP.
Authors: Lawrence Beth Jez , Zajicek Jayne M.
Published: February 2019

Sap flow rates of three Cercis spp. exposed to supraoptimal root-zone temperatures were characterized in a controlled environment chamber using a water bath to control temperatures. Flow rates of sap in the xylem were measured every 15 sec. and averaged over 15 min. intervals. Sap flow measurements were correlated to root-zone temperatures recorded during the same time intervals. Whole plant transpiration was measured gravimetrically. Root-zone temperatures were maintained at 22C for three consecutive 24-hr cycles and then increased to 45C for an additional three 24-hr periods. All plants, regardless of species, had reduced sap flow patterns when exposed to high root-zone temperatures. Plants maintained at a constant temperature of 22C showed no extreme fluctuations in sap flow rate. Stomatal conductance rates and leaf water potentials showed similar trends to whole plant transpiration.
FIELD SCREENING OF ROSA ROOTSTOCKS FOR TOLERANCE TO ALKALINE SOIL
Authors: Reed David Wm. , Wang Yin-Tung , Pemberton Brent H.
Published: February 2019

Roses are adapted for growth and production on acid to slightly acid soil. When grown on alkaline soil sites, without extensive soil modification and acid forming and/or iron chelate fertilization, growth is reduced and severe iron chlorosis is prevalent. This study screened 24 Rosa rootstock species and selections on one acid and two alkaline soil sites for 2 consecutive years. Plants were observed for chlorosis, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight production and overall quality. A final reciprocal grafting study using susceptible and tolerant selections was conducted to assure the scion could realize the adaptability of the rootstock. Overall, the following five selections consistently exhibited greater growth and decreased chlorosis on the alkaline sites: R. odorata, R. canina, R. manetii, R. sp. “Mexican”, R. fortuniana, and R. multiflora selection K-l. All other R. multiflora selections performed poorly. On the acid soil site, all rootstocks grew well. When susceptible selections were budded onto tolerant rootstocks, the scions exhibited a higher degree of tolerance. Tolerant selections budded onto susceptible rootstocks exhibited increased chlorosis and decreased growth.
VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF THREE TYPES OF MICROPROPAGATED RED RASPBERRY NURSERY STOCKS.
Authors: Finn Chad E. , Warmund Michele R. , Starbuck Chris J.
Published: February 2019

The growth and fruiting of 3 types of micropropagated red raspberry plants were compared. The 3 types of nursery material included: 1) Stage 4 (S-4) - 10-15 cm tall, actively growing plants; 2) dormant Stage 4 (DS-4); and 3) nursery matured (NM) - S-4 plants that are grown for 8-12 weeks in the field. On 1 Apr. 1991, `Redwing' plants of each type were planted 0.6 m apart in ridged, drip-irrigated, and straw-mulched rows spaced 3 m apart. Fruit harvest began on 16 Aug. and continued until 28 Oct. On 12 Nov., the above ground portion of each plant was harvested for measurements of plant growth. The S-4 and NM plants had the highest fruit yields (number and weight), and the S-4 plants had the largest fruit size. NM plants had the first ripe fruit followed 4 days later by S-4 plants and 10 days later by DS-4 plants. The NM and S-4 plants had the greatest cane lengths and diameters. The S-4 and DS-4 plants had the largest above ground dry weights. The DS-4 plants produced the largest number of canes.
ESTABLISHMENT OF `GULFCOAST' SOUTHERN HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: Spiers James M.
Published: February 2019

In a 1989 field study, `Gulfcoast' southern highbush blueberry plants were subjected to irrigation [8 liters per week (low) and 30 liters per week (high)], mulching (none and 15 cm height), row height (level and raised 10-15 cm), and soil incorporated peat (none and 15 liters in each planting hole) treatments at establishment. Plants were grown on a well-drained fine sandy loam soil that contained < 1.0% organic matter. Plant volume was increased by either mulching, high irrigation, incorporated peat moss or level beds. Fruit yields were not significantly affected by irrigation levels but were highest with either mulching, level beds or incorporated peat moss. The bed height X mulching interaction indicated that mulching increased yield more with level beds than with raised beds. Plants grown with the combination of mulching, level beds, incorporated peat moss, and high irrigation levels yielded 1.1 kg per plant or approximately 10 times more than plants grown without mulch, with raised beds, without peat moss, and with the low rates of irrigation. Of the 4 establishment practices evaluated, mulching had the greatest influence on plant growth and fruiting.
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF CITRUS CONVERTED FROM FLOOD TO A PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Authors: Gardner B.R. , Roth R.L. , Sanchez C.A.
Published: February 2019

A study was conducted during four seasons to evaluate the nutrient requirements of `Valencia' oranges converted from flood to a pressurized spray irrigation system. The experiment was a 3×2×2 factorial with 3 N rates (0.34, 0.68, and 1.36 kg/tree/year), 2 P rates (0 and 0.11 kg/tree/year) and with and without added micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu). There were no growth or yield responses to micronutrients. Phosphorus fertilization increased fruit yield, improved juice quality, and reduced peel thickness. There were trends for N to reduce juice quality and increase peel thickness when P fertilizer was not added. Tree growth increased by N fertilization only the first season after conversion. Fruit yield also increased by N but only when P was added. Leaf tissue N concentrations increased with time during the first two years within N treatments. These data suggest that the higher rates of N may only be needed initially after conversion as the tree roots adapt to the new irrigation system.
GIRDLING OF THE FUERTE AVOCADO, Persea americana Mill., TO INCREASE FRUIT SET AND YIELD IN A COOL CALIFORNIA COASTAL AREA
Authors: Ianaro Vincent , McNeil Robert J.
Published: February 2019

The Fuerte avocado cultivar is known to be an alternate and inconsistent producer of avocados in cool coastal areas and hot interior areas of California because of its sensitivity to such extremes of climate during its bloom and fruit setting periods. This study attempted to increase fruit set and yield of this cultivar in a cool central coast area by applying a three-eighths inch wide girdle to one large limb, equivalent to one-third of the tree, on each of five 43-year-old trees. A double bladed girdling knife was used to remove the bark all around each limb. Another equal sized limb on each tree was used as the control. Girdling was completed on December 15. Girdled limbs had means of 42.6 more pounds which was 186.8% more fruit yield as compared to control limbs. Girdled limbs also had means of 89 more fruit which was 222.5% more fruit by count than control limbs. Fruit on girdled limbs was smaller in size (8.1 oz. average) than that on control limbs (9.1 oz. average) but was still of an acceptable size to bring good prices.
MICROPROPAGATION OF TEXAS MADRONE, ARBUTUS TEXANA, AND MEXICAN REDBUD, CERCIS CANADENSIS VAR. MEXICANA
Authors: Mackay Wayne A.
Published: February 2019

Micropropagation studies of several desirable species native to west Texas were initiated to develop clonal propagation systems for ornamental production. Actively growing shoots were collected from mature Texas Madrone and Mexican Redbud trees and successfully cultured on basal medium consisting of WPM salts, MS vitamins, 30g·l-1 sucrose, 0.8% Phytagar supplemented with 2.5 mg·l-1 BA. Shoots were subcultured every 4 weeks on the same medium to obtain sufficient culture material for experiments. Experiments were performed examining inorganic salt formulations, growth regulator materials, and gelling agents to optimize shoot proliferation and rooting.
MEDIA COMPOSITION, IBA, AND NODE POSITION AFFECT ROOTING OF CLEMATIS CUTTINGS.
Authors: Erwin John E. , Schwarze Debra
Published: February 2019

Five cuttings from different node positions on stock plants were taken from each of 3 Clematis cultivars (Jackmani, Contesse de Bouchard, and Gypsy Queen) and Clematis purpurea plena elegans. Actively growing plants with 5 nodes were acquired. Node number increased from 1 at the base of the plant to 5 at the tip of the plant. Cuttings were treated with or without 0.1% IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and placed in 1 of 5 different media: 100% washed sand (WS), 50% washed sand and 50% sphagnum peat (WP), 50% sphagnum peat and 50% perlite (SP), 100%) perlite (PT), or 50% sphagnum peat plus 25% perlite plus 25% vermiculite (PV). Rooting date, primary and secondary root number, and root dry weight were collected after 8 weeks. `Gypsy Queen' showed the earliest rooting with the greatest root development. Jackmani showed the worst rooting. Media WS and PT showed the best rooting whereas WP and SP showed the worst. Cuttings taken from the first 3 nodes rooted the best. As node position increased root number and dry weight decreased and time to root increased. Application of IBA had no significant effect on time to root or degree of rooting.
THE INFLUENCE OF FLOWERING PATTERNS ON FRUIT-SET IN TWO CULTIVARS OF MUSKMELON
Authors: Dunlap J.R. , Maas S.J. , Gomez J.F. , LaGrange R.
Published: February 2019

Two muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars, Mission and Laguna, were direct-seeded in spring plantings separated by 30 days at the TAES farm in Weslaco. Females were tagged each morning for 8 consecutive days beginning on the first day of flowering and evaluated for fruit set 15 to 20 days later. Mean numbers of flowers and fruits produced on individual plants were compared across cultivars and planting dates. The flowering patterns appear to be bimodal with the majority of blooms occurring during the first 5 days followed by a sharp decline on day 6 and gradual increase, thereafter. The majority of the fruit is set during the first 5 days of flowering and failed to increase with the subsequent rise in flowering. Mission produced approximately 30% more female flowers per plant than Laguna; however, fruit numbers were the same for both cultivars. The environmental conditions associated with earlier plantings suppressed flowering in Laguna but had no effect on the daily rate of fruit-set. Fertilization and fruit set appear to be relatively unaffected by the population dynamics of female flowering.
PHOTOMORPHOGENIC DEVELOPMENT AND CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION OF YOUNG WATERMELON PLANTS AS AFFECTED BY INDIVIDUAL OR MULTIPLE FR SIGNALS DURING THE DARK PHASE OF THE PHOTOPERIOD
Authors: Hatt Heather , Sæbø Arne , Decoteau Dennis R.
Published: February 2019

Treatment of young watermelon (Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) plants with individual and multiple FR light (15 min) treatments during the dark phase of the photoperiod influenced plant growth and development (i.e., petiole elongation, internode elongation, and reduced petiole angles) as compared to plants not treated with FR signals. The timing for the most effective light signal for inducing a growth response was when the signal was delivered immediately after the plant entered into the dark phase of the photoperiod. Decreasing growth responses to FR signals were observed as the signals were delayed after the plant entered into the dark phase. Multiple FR signals during the dark phase slightly increased growth responses as compared to plants that received the signal immediately after the light period. Young watermelon plant growth responses to FR light signals do not appear to be photoperiodic as plants similarly treated with a white light signal did not generate growth responses. Tissue analysis of petioles, leaves, stems, and cotyledons from plants treated with individual and multiple FR signals suggested that carbohydrate composition, distribution, and diurnal fluctuation were affected by the light quality treatments.
RESPONSE OF GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER PLANTS TO VA MYCORRHIZAL INFECTION
Authors: Trimble M. R. , Knowles N. R.
Published: February 2019

The growth response of cucumber to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) infection was determined from plant establishment to full maturity. Percent infection of plants by VAM species (Glomus mosseae, G. dimorphicum, and G. intraradices) decreased with increasing phosphorus (P) fertilization level. P deficiency was not visually observed during plant establishment (to 38 days after planting (DAP)). Leaf area, leaf and stem dry wt. and total plant dry wt. were greatly increased by VAM infection and P. The VAM-improved plant growth did not decrease as P level increased, and the pattern of dry matter partitioning was affected by VAM species. Plant P concentration (conc.) increased with P fertilization level and decreased with DAP. Stem P conc. was greatest in control plants, whereas leaves and roots of VAM-infected plants had the highest P conc. throughout the study. The conc. of soluble nitrogen (N) in leaves and roots decreased with increasing P level and time. Leaf and root tissues of control plants had higher soluble N conc. than that from VAM plants. Leaf total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) increased faster in control plants, but root TSC increased faster in VAM plants over time. VAM infection did not significantly affect total fruit yield per plant, although some vegetative growth parameters of mature plants were affected. Stimulated early growth by VAM results in fruit-bearing at an earlier date, and thus decreased time to yield and economic return.
ENDOMEMBRANES AND POLLEN WALL PATTERN FORMATION IN VIGNA VEXILLATA L.
Authors: Perez-Munoz Carlos A. , Webster Barbara D.
Published: February 2019

During the initiation of pollen exine wall formation in Vigna, localized accumulations of membranes in the microspore cortex coincide with sites which during further development reflect the lumina of me reticulate exine, and with apertural sites. Multi-membrane bodies are prominent in the cytoplasm, especially subtending aperture sites. Multi-membrane structures continue to be present as pollen wall development proceeds, notably during the early patterning stages. Labelling with the endomembrane-specific fluorochrome DiOC6 does not conclusively lead to membrane identification. However, electron micrographs illustrate elaborate membrane systems during stages when the most obvious developmental activity is initiation of the microspore wall. This suggests that there may be a causal relationship between endomembranes and exine pattern formation.
UTILIZATION OF SOIL-APPLIED AUXINS FOR SYNCHRONIZATION OF FRUIT SET AND YIELD INCREASE IN CITRULLUS LANATUS.
Authors: Martens Dean , Hartz Tim , Frankenberger William
Published: February 2019

Exogenous application of auxins to plants has been reported to increase flowering, fruit set and decrease fruit abcission. This laboratory and field study determined that two auxins, identified by HPLC analysis with a long soil residence time and a high conversion to indole-3-acetic acid, synchronized and increased harvest of melons. The two watermelon varieties, `Tiffany' (seedless) and `Picnic' (seed) were treated with auxin and tryptophan (TRP) concentrations ranging from 10-4 to 10-10 M applied to the root ball one week before transplanting to a Buren soil. Optimum application levels (10-6 to 10-9 M) resulted in 86, 92 and 86% of the total harvested Tiffany melons mature at one date for the auxins and TRP, respectively, compared to <70% for the control plants. Optimum application rates significantly increased harvested weight 4.0 and 5.3 kg (Tiffany) and 10.0 to 10.5 kg (Picnic) plant-1. Soil-application of auxins and TRP significantly increased the number of harvested Tiffany melons, increased both weight and harvested number of Picnic melons and increased the uniformity of the harvested melons in both varieties when compared with control plants. Measurements of early growth, branching and early fruit set were not significantly correlated with harvest weight or number of harvested melons but auxin and TRP application stimulated flowering in both melons by 7-10 days.
GROWTH REGULATOR EFFECTS ON EARLINESS AND YIELD IN ARTICHOKES GROWN AS ANNUALS FROM SEED
Authors: Schrader Wayne L.
Published: February 2019

Growth regulator application effects on earliness and yield were evaluated on drip irrigated artichokes grown as annuals from seed for winter (November through February) production in 1989, 1990, and 1991. Foliar treatments were applied three times at two week intervals. Gibberellic acid treatments which began four, six, and eight weeks after transplanting gave six to eight weeks earlier first harvest and significantly greater yields. Treatment with gibberellic acid beginning four weeks after transplanting gave the earliest first harvest.
ENHANCEMENT OF VEGETABLE SEED GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE USING ABA AND ABA ANALOGS.
Authors: Tanino K.K. , Waterer D.R. , Abrams S.R. , Gusta L.V.
Published: February 2019

Seeds of celery, spinach, onion, cress, water cress, iceberg lettuce, Great Lakes lettuce, cabbage, tomato, sweet corn and celery were pre-treated with 0.1 μM/g seed of both ABA and analogs of ABA. The chemicals were dissolved in a mixture of methanol:hexane (9:1/v:v) and applied to the seeds for approximately 3 minutes. The solvent was removed from the seeds within 5 minutes by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. Effects on petri plate germination and soil emergence were monitored daily at 5, 10 and 15°C. The methanol/hexane solvent alone improved spinach seed emergence at 10°C from 10% to 100% and from 50% to 90% at 15°C in celery. Certain ABA analogs reduced time to 50% emergence in celery by at least 7 days at 15°C. Two ABA analogs synchronized emergence in celery and effect was temperature-dependent. One analog improved seed germination in tomato from 15% to 90% at 10°C. In most cases treatment effects on radicle germination on petri plates was not a good indicator of treatment effects on emergence from a soil based system.
AUTOMATED CONTROL OF WATER TABLE LEVELS FOR SUBIRRIGATED TOMATO PRODUCTION USING THE FULLY ENCLOSED SEEPAGE SYSTEM
Authors: Stanley C. D. , Clark G. A.
Published: February 2019

The use of the recently developed fully-enclosed seepage subirrigation system for fresh market tomato production has demonstrated an improved ability to maintain a water table at a desired level (when compared to conventional ditch-conveyed seepage subirrigation) by means of more precisely controlled application and a greater uniformity throughout the field. This is achieved through use of microirrigation tubing rather than open ditches to convey water to raise the water table to desired levels. When manually controlled, the system has shown to save 30-40% in irrigation amounts primarily due to almost total elimination of surface runoff. An automated control system was designed and evaluated with respect to practicality, durability, and performance of various designs of level-sensing switches. The advantages and limitations of the designs in relation to water table control for tomato production will be presented.
COMPARATIVE KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS OF ALLIUM GRAYI REGEL COLLECTED IN KOREA AND ALLIUM NUTANS L. COLLECTED FROM USSR.
Authors: Hahn Sang-Jung
Published: February 2019

Four local cultivars of Allium grayi Regel collected from different habitats in Korea and Allium nutans L. originated from USSR were studied for their karyotypes to obtain basic data for breeding. In Allium grayi Regel, somatic chromosome number was 32 in Ulleung, Milyang, and Daegu local cultivars and 40 in Jeju local cultivar. They were tetra- and pentaploids whose basic number was n=8. Karyotypes of Allium grayi were K(2n)=32=26V+VT+3Vt+2J, K(2n)=32=24V+2VT+2Vt+4J, K(2n)=32=24V+2VT+5J+ Jt and K(2n)=40=34V+2J+j+JT+2Jt in Ulleung, Milyang, Daegu and Jeju, respectively. Allium nutans L., native to USSR, was identified as an autotetraploid having chromosome number of 2n=32. It also has 4 subterminal chromosomes, i.e., metacentric or submetacentric chromosomes and satellite. Karyotype of Allium nutans was K(2n)=32=28V+4Jt with chromosome length of 11.1-5.9μ and short arm/long arm ratio of 1.00 to 0.31.
BREEDING TROPICAL SUPERSWEET CORN
Authors: Brewbaker James L. , Nagai Chifume
Published: February 2019

“Waimanalo Supersweet” will be released at the time of the 1992 ASHS meeting in Hawaii. A singlecross supersweet corn based on the brittle gene, “Waimanalo Supersweet” represents over 50 generations of inbreeding and backcrossing in Hawaii. Successive projects involved the development of sugary inbreds and their conversion to Mv. Ht. Rp-d and brittle genes. The inbred parents have very limited temperate germplasm and are relatively daylength sensitive. This single cross hybrid and its related 3X (“Hawaiian Supesweet #10”) and OP variety (“Hawaiian Supersweet #9”) show tolerance to Puccinia sorghi rust and Fusarium Moniliforme kernel rot greatly in excess of commercial sweet corns to which they have been compared, and they have performed capably throughout the tropics. Available data on pest tolerance, growth and quality will be summarized.
MITE DETERRENCE OF TOMATO GENOTYPES IS CLOSELY RELATED TO LEAF SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Authors: Guo Zhenhua , Snyder John C.
Published: February 2019

Choice and non-choice bioassays were used to examine deterrence in vitro and in vivo of Tetranychus urticae Koch. In vivo deterrence of leaflets from 11 Lycopersicon hirsutum accessions as well as the tomato cultivar `Ace 55' was measured as was in vitro deterrence of their leaf hexane extracts. Leaf surface chemistry was examined by gas chromatography. All 6 accessions of L. hirsutum f. hirsutum contained sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Each of these extracts also contained one or a few late eluting components. All were deterrent in vitro and 5 out of the 6 were deterrent in vivo. The one lacking in vivo deterrence had low density of type IV trichomes. All 5 accessions of L. hirsutum f. glabratum contained methyl ketones. These accessions were less deterrent in vitro and 4 out of the 5, less deterrent in vivo. The one accession having high in vivo deterrence also had high density of type IV trichomes. `Ace 55', having few hexane extractable compounds was neither deterrent in vitro nor in vivo. Within an accession, secretions from different types of trichomes shared similar chemical profiles and were similar to leaf profiles.
DETECTION OF ISOZYME VARIATIONS IN AMERICAN ELM AND SIBERIAN ELM
Authors: Cheng Z. M. , Shi N. O. , Wang C. G.
Published: February 2019

Isozymes have been widely used as markers in cultivar identification, gene mapping and evolutionary studies. However, isozyme data have not been reported in elm species. This work was to develop an optimal system to analyze isozyme variations in American elm and Siberian elm. Two isolation methods were used to extract proteins from young leaf tissues and protein samples were separated by starch gel electrophoresis with three buffer systems. Eight isozymes have been detected in American elm (Ulmus americana) and Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila). Six out of these isozymes (DIA, GOT, MED, ALP, MNR, ACP) showed difference between the two elm species. These results suggest that isozymes can be used as markers in genetic studies in elms.
THE DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF OXYGEN RELEASE COMPOUND (ORC) IN COMBINATION WITH COMMERCIAL PLANT FERTILIZERS ON BEDDING PLANTS
Authors: Smith Janice M. , Kamp-Glass Marihelen
Published: February 2019

The effects of ORC and different commercial plant fertilizers on Marigolds, Salvias, and Begonias were determined by height, flower number, fresh weight, dry weight, root length and tissue analysis. The treatments included controls, regular fertigations, and an over fertigation schedule. The experiment was set in a randomized block design with 5 reps per treatment which included 9 ORC and commercial plant fertilizer combinations, 4 commercial plant fertilizers, and controls. The plants with the ORC were more vigorous, had more flowers, and better overall color than the controls.
EFFECT OF PACLOBUTRAZOL, UNICONIZOLE, DAMINOZIDE AND FERTILIZER ON POTTED CHRYSANTHEMUMS.
Authors: Clardy Arvazena E. , Shaw Sabrina L. , Hayslett William F.
Published: February 2019

Red Delano chrysanthemum cuttings were transplanted into 15 cm pots. Fertilizer treatments were started immediately. Initial fertilizer rates were 14.8 cc of the designated formulation per pot. Two formulations of fertilizer, 20-20-20 and 5-50-17 NPK, were used in excessive rates to determine if it would override the effects of the growth inhibitors. Paclobutrazol, uniconizole, and daminozide were used to retard growth. Three rates-30, 60, and 120 ppm of paclobutrazol, and 10, 20, and 40 ppm of uniconizole and one rate of 25 % daminozide were foliar applied (two applications) on the plants. After two weeks the plants were treated with the growth retardants and an additional treatment of fertilizer were added at the rate of 29.6 cc per pot. Measurements taken were plant height, top fresh weight, root fresh weight, and root development. ANOVA was used to determine differences and interactions. Significant differences were noted in plant height and root development.
GROWTH RESPONSE UNDER THE FLUCTUATING LIGHT OF ROTATING SHELVES IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: Shanks James B. , Dymek Joseph J. , Biermann Brenda J.
Published: February 2019

Growth and flowering of chrysanthemum, poinsettia, fuchsia, hydrangea, and geranium grown on rotating shelves were compared with that of plants grown in full ambient sunlight on a stationary greenhouse bench. Ambient insolation reaching plants on the rotating shelves was ca. 55% of that on the stationary greenhouse bench on a sunny day and ca. 60% of full insolation on a cloudy day. Plants grown on the rotating shelves required two to six days longer to flower and were smaller in height, weight, and number of flowers compared to plants under full light. The lasting of chrysanthemum leaves and petals was lessened by growth on rotating shelves compared to plants grown in full light while there was no effect on the lasting of poinsettia bracts or of hydrangea leaves and sepals under simulated home conditions.
EFFECT OF DRYING METHODS ON THE RECOVERY AND YIELD OF ARTEMISININ FROM ARTEMISIA ANNUA L
Authors: Ferreira Jorge , Charles Denys , Simon James , Janick Jules
Published: February 2019

Postharvest methods of handling Artemisia annua L. were evaluated to determine the recovery of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene used in the treatment of malaria, because low yields have been a limitation to commercialization. Immediately following field harvest in October, plants were subjected to: freeze drying, oven drying (40C), and open air drying. Leaf samples (50 gfw) were dried for 7 days in each treatment, and stable weights were achieved after day 2 for oven or open air drying and day 1 for freeze drying. One gram of dry weight was sampled from each treatment for artemisinin analysis using reverse phase chromatography by HPLC with EC detection. Open air drying of samples gave significantly higher artemisinin yield (0.13g/100g) than oven drying (0.10g/100g) and freeze drying (0.02g/100g). In a second experiment, open air drying for 2,4,6, and 8 days was compared to microwave drying for 2 minutes, of foliage samples with 10 gfw, of a plant low in artemisinin. Time of drying did not affect artemisinin content but microwave drying greatly reduced artemisinin (0.02g/100g air drying vs 0.002g/100g microwave drying). In our protocol artemisinin was detected in a greenhouse plant (0.3g/100g artemisinin) in samples as low as 50 mgdw.
Studies on Essential Oil and Antioxidants of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinallis L.) Growing in China
Authors: Wenzhong Wang
Published: February 2019

The essential oil constituent of Rosemary harvested in different times and grown in different introduction regions were analyzed with GC method and compared in this study. The composition of the essential oil in different harvest times were almost similar, the content of main constituents fluctuated regularly. Compared with main production countries of Rosemary, the composition of the essential oil in different introduction regions of our country have characteristics of their own, with high content of &-Pirene in Beijing, rich in Comphor and relatively high in Bonneol and Bonaryl acetate in Nanjing and with equally abundant &-Pirene and 1, 8-cineole in Kunming.

Roemarol, Cornosal and Rosmadial are separated from Residues of disfitled shoot and leaves of Rosemary, and are identified with MS and'H-NMR.
ENZYMES IN WATER CHESTNUTS
Authors: Pressey Russell
Published: February 2019

Chinese water chestnuts retain crispness during heating much better than most vegetables. To help explain this unusual property of water chestnuts, a study was conducted to determine their cell wall composition and to assay some of the enzymes that may be involved in hydrolysis of cell walls and starch. Water chestnuts were found to contain high levels of β-1,3-glucanase and β-glucosidase but low cellulase. A number of other enzymes were detected including invertase, α- and β-galactosidases and α-mannosidase. A rather high level of amylase is present in water chestnuts and most of the activity appears to be due to β-amylase. Water chestnuts contain low pectinesterase but a moderate amount of polygalacturonase which was purified and characterized. It is an exoenzyme that does not require Ca2+ for activity in contrast to most other exopolygalacturonases. An unusual property of the water chestnut polygalacturonase is its stability to heat, with retention of most of its activity after heating at 80°C for 5 min. The cell walls of water chestnuts contain low pectin which is solubilized slowly by pectic enzymes.
EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATIONS OF CULTURE SOLUTION IN HYDROPONICS ON YIELD. QUALITY. AND STORABILITY OF HERBS
Authors: Abe Kazuhiro , Iwata Takashi
Published: February 2019

Concentrations of culture solution in hydroponics were changed for the purpose of improving the quality of herbs. Culture solution containing Ca(NO3)2·4H20:45g. KNO3:36g. MgSO4·7H20:22. 5g. NH4H2PO4:6. 75g, and Fe-EDTA:6. 67g in \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(45{\ell}\) \end{document} water was defined as 1 unit solution.

Japanese honewort (Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk). soup celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce DC.). and parsley grown with 2 unit solution showed higher contents of ascorbic acid(ASA). phenols, free amino acid, and chlorophyll than those grown with 1 unit, but they showed lower yields and shorter shelf lives. Lowering the concentration of solution to 2/3 unit resulted in the increase of yield of peppermint, sage, basil, and perilla (Perilla frutescens Britton) and the decrease of ASA and chlorophyll contents. Shelf lives of berbs with 2/3 unit were longer than those with 1 unit. The smell of herbs tested in this experiment was not affected significantly in sensory test by the change of concentration of solution.
CHLOROPHYLL DEGRADATION IN PARSLEY LEAVES STORED UNDER DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERES.
Authors: Yamauchi Naoki , Watada Alley E.
Published: February 2019

Pigments in stored parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum Nym.) were monitored to determine if degradative products of chlorophyll (chl) differed while under different types of atmosphere. The leaves were stored in a closed container under a stream of humidified air at 20C with or without 10 ppm ethylene and with or without 10 percent oxygen and 10 percent carbon dioxide. Analysis of pigments with HPLC showed that chl a and b decreased sharply with or without ethylene and the decrease was considerably less under CA. Chlorophyll a-1, the oxidized form of chl a, was initially low, and the level decreased slightly with all of the storage conditions. Chlorophyllide was also low, but it increased slightly during storage. Xanthophyll derivatives, which appeared to be the esterified xanthophylls, increased slightly during storage. These results indicate that chl degradation in stored parsley leaves was hastened by ethylene or suppressed by CA condition and the pathway of chl degradation did not appear to be altered by the different storage atmospheres.
REDUCTION OF POST-PRODUCTION QUALITY LOSS IN POTTED MINIATURE ROSES
Authors: Tjosvold Steven A. , Wu Meng-Jen , Reid Michael S.
Published: February 2019

Potted miniature roses (Rosa hybrida `Belle Sunblaze') held after production in simulated home conditions performed poorly due to premature yellowing and abscission of buds and leaves, and failure of buds to open. These symptoms were accelerated when the plants were exposed to low concentrations (1 ppm) of ethylene. Spray application of 100 ppm 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) reduced yellowing, but had little effect on bud yellowing and flower opening. Application of 1 mM STS prevented the abscission of leaves and buds, although it only partly reduced leaf yellowing. A combined BA and STS treatment greatly improved the postproduction quality of rose plants, particularly if applied 1 day before harvesting.
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF β-GALACTOSIDASE OF `FUJI' APPLES
Authors: Shin Seung-Ryeul , Byun Jae-Kyun , Chang Kyung-Ho
Published: February 2019

β-Galactosidase was purified from apple, Malus domestica Borkh, cv. Fuji by gel filtration, CM cellulose ion exchange chromatography, and characterizied by means of several biochemical methods. One form of β-Galactosidase was detected and the Km and Vmax values were calculated to be 0.035 and 0.036 mM with para-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside lmM/15min., respectively. The β-galactosidase was active between pH 3 and 7 with the optimum pH of about 4-5. The stable temperature for β-galactosidase was lower than 45°C with 30°C optimum. The β-galactosidase activities were inhibited by Ag*. EDTA and SDS.
WATER CONTENT IN PRIMARY GRAPE BUDS
Authors: Gardea A. A. , Lombard P. B. , Kohnert R. L. , Azarenko A. N. , Moreno Y. M. , Daley L. S.
Published: February 2019

Changes in water content of `Pinot Noir' endo- and ecodormant primary buds were gravimetrically partitioned into extracellular (ECW) and intracellular water (ICW). During endodormancy, water status remained unchanged with values of 0.6 and 0.1 mg/mg dw for ICW and ECW, respectively. Ecodormant buds, prior to budbreak, increased in ICW from 0.5 to 4.4 mg/mg dry weight for Jan. and Apr., respectively. Liquid water in the buds was determined by H-NMR. The spin-spin relaxation time (T2) at -30C represented the bound fraction, which peaked in Jan. at 0.3 mg/mg dw followed by a decrease to 0.2 mg/mg dw in March. During the dormant season the free fraction was always larger than the bound fraction. No vascular connection between bud and stem was observed by mid Jan. Changes in bound water indicated that there is a transient fraction changing to the free form. These changes were not strictly related to the bud's dormancy status.
STAINING TECHNIQUE TO ASSESS FREEZE INJURY IN OVERWINTERING BUDS OF `DANKA' BLACK CURRANT
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi , Arora R. , Wisniewski M. , Warmund M.
Published: February 2019

`Danka' black currant floral buds produce multiple low temperature exotherms (LTEs). However, the absence of visual injury symbtoms in the buds after exposure to subfreezing temperatures make it difficult to assess injury in these buds. A 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction assay was used to determine whether LTEs corresponded to freezing injury of individual floral primordia or to the entire floral axis. Intact buds were cooled at 3C/n, removed at 3C intervals from -12 to -33C, and thawed on ice for 24 h. Duplicate samples were subjected to differential thermal analysis. Freeze injury Could not be measured with TTC in thawed, intact buds. However, incubation of excised floral primordia in TTC resulted in an all or nothing response. The number of LTES did not correspond to the number of floral primordia killed within a floral bud, but the median LTE did correspond with the temperature at which lethal injury of the whole inflorescence occurred. Therefore, preliminary results indicate that TTC reduction assay of individual floral buds is a fast, reliable technique to assess bud injury.
RAPID LAB SCREENING METHODS FOR WINTER PROTECTION METHODS OF STRAWBERRY
Authors: Turner J.M. , Tanino K.K.
Published: February 2019

On average, one year in ten is a true test winter for screening winter hardy plants. Thus, screening of cultural practices under field conditions is often difficult, requiring many years data. In Saskatchewan, the two major winter stresses are low temperature and desiccation. Under controlled lab conditions, a rapid screening method for cultural practices on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants was developed. Temperature profiles and survival under various row covers and mulches in this controlled system corresponded well to previous field results. Straw over plastic and snow over plastic row covers conferred the best low temperature protection on these plants.
THE EFFECT OF LEAF WATER STRESS AND AGE ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN STRAWBERRY PLANTS
Authors: Zhang Llngxiao
Published: February 2019

The effect of water stress on photosynthesis was investigated in strawberry plants to see responses of different aged-leaves within the same plant. Preliminary results indicated that, under severe stress (SS) conditions, young leaves had lower water potentials and higher photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rates than old leaves had, due to higher stomatal conductance in young leaves. This situation was not found in moderately stressed or well–watered plants, probably because of the higher non-stomatal limitation in old leaves under SS condition. Under SS condition, old leaves had a higher intracellular CO2 concentration. Osmotic adjustment or acclimation might occur during slow drying process, so that the young leaves could adjust their stomata and still remain open under low water potentials.
COLD HARDINESS OF PASSION FRUIT AND MAYPOP
Authors: Matta Frank B. , Quesada Patricia
Published: February 2019

Differential thermal analysis, electrolyte leakage, tetrazolium stain test, and the “feeder plate” tissue culture regeneration technique were used to determine cold hardiness of passion fruit and maypop. The “feeder plate” technique showed that yellow passion fruit did not regenerate at 0C, -3C, and -6C while purple passion fruit showed callus formation at all temperatures. The remaining tests gave similar lethal temperatures for the two species. Lethal temperatures were -9C to -10C, -10C to -I2C, and -11C to -13C for yellow and purple passion fruit and maypop, respectively.
GROWTH OF LETTUCE IN ANIONIC SURFACTANTS
Authors: Wignarajah K. , Bubenheim David , Wydeven Theodore , Berry Wade , Schlick Greg
Published: February 2019

Anionic surfactants are the major class of surfactants used in detergent, laundry and related industries. Hence, they are a major contaminate of both domestic and industrial waste streams. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv Waldemann's Green) was grown in nutrient solutions with the addition of the anionic surfactant, Igepon TC-42. The toxic response of lettuce to Igepon was that the roots turned brown and became necrotic within 24 h following exposure. Growth was supressed for approximately 4 days following exposure to concentration greater than 0.35 mM; new roots formed rapidly and growth resumed. When fresh plants were transferred to the solutions containing Igepon 48 h following introduction of the surfactant no signs of toxicity were observed. This would indicate that either the first series of plants absorbed the toxic material or the Igepon was decayed or degraded in the nutrient solution. The rapid recovery of plants from this stress suggests the potential of a wide range of strategies that could be developed for utilizing waste streams containing anionic surfactants.
CAN PLANTS DETECT SMALL DIFFERENCES IN IRRADIANCE OBTAINED BY VARYING THE REFLECTANCE PROPERTIES OF THE GROWTH CHAMBER WALLS?
Authors: Krizek Donald T. , Mirecki Roman M. , Fleming Alton L.
Published: February 2019

A controlled-environment study was conducted in separate growth chambers with the wall surface covered either with white enamel paint (WEP) or polished aluminum (PA). `Williams' soybean were grown under 1500 mA cool white fluorescent lamps and internodes measured at 7, 14, and 21 days. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) levels in the center of each chamber were set at 320 μmol m-2 s-1 with a quantum sensor. Means ± SD for PPF levels in the WEP and PA chambers were 286 ± 28 and 307 ± 11 μmol m-2 s-1, respectively. This increase in mean PPF and decrease in variance of PPF in the PA chamber was reflected in: a) a decrease in hypocotyl, first internode, and total shoot elongation: and b) an increase in enlargement of the primary and the first trifoliolate leaves. These findings demonstrate that plants can detect small differences in irradiance within a growth chamber and suggest the advantages of using a highly polished wall surface to improve uniformity of irradiance and reduce variability in growth.
GENOTYPE × LOCATION INTERACTIONS IN BLUEBERRY
Authors: Gupton C. , Clark J. , Creech D. , Powell A. , Rooks S.
Published: February 2019

Rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and southern highbush (mostly V. corymbosum L.) type blueberry selections were evaluated in regional trials at five locations. Entry × location interactions (E × L) were significant for all traits in the rabbiteye type and all except plant productivity, plant volume, Julian date of 50% ripe fruit, and berry weight at harvest 3 in the southern highbush type. Despite the significant interactions, selection FL80-11 and `Gulfcoast' were the earliest flowering rabbiteye and southern highbush entry, respectively, at each location. Significant E × L for plant volume and yield suggests that adaptation to the local environment is important in the selection of potential cultivars. Fruit quality traits appear less affected by environment than fruit production traits for the entries tested.
A COMPARISON OF ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES AMONG SECTORS OF THE FLORICULTURAL INDUSTRY
Authors: Dole John M. , Schnelle Michael A.
Published: February 2019

Floricultural producers, cut flower wholesalers, mass market retailers and general retailers were surveyed to compare and contrast the industry in terms of attitudes and problems. Questions involved general business information, as well as specific crops. Overall, all four segments of the industry were neutral to negative on potted flowering plants, but were positive to neutral on bedding and foliage plants. However, producers were slightly negative concerning the postharvest life of bedding plants. While cut flower wholesalers had a positive attitude concerning cut flowers, retailers and mass marketers tended to be neutral to negative. In particular, retailers and mass marketers felt cut flowers were too expensive and too short lived. Floral preservatives were used by 81.6% of general retailers, while only 18.8% of mass market retailers used preservatives. All cut flower wholesalers used preservatives. Capital availability and market demand were the factors most limiting to expansion for producers and general retailers; mass market firms listed competition as their most limiting factor. Results from other questions will also be provided.
REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS OF ESTABLISHING AND OPERATING A GARDEN CENTER
Authors: Barton Susan S. , Haydu John J. , Hinson Roger , McNiel Robert , Phillips Travis , Powell Russell , Stegelin Forrest
Published: February 2019

The objective of this project is to estimate establishment and operating costs for garden centers at two levels of sales and to specify the general set of financial, marketing and business principles that should be available to the owner/manager of a garden center.

After surveying 25 garden centers across the United States, two models were derived. A large garden center with annual sales of $1,000,000 is described. A smaller garden center with annual sales of $350,000 is described. Capital budgets, including investment and operations costs for each firm have been developed.

Each firm is evaluated based on standard business indicators. A merchandising program composed of layout, pricing, advertising, cost structure and diversification is outlined.
CHARACTERIZATION OF PAPAYAS WITH GENETICALLY ENGINEERED VIRUS RESISTANCE
Authors: Suwenza Lius , Manshardt Richard
Published: February 2019

Nine transgenic papaya clones, produced previously by microprojectile bombardment, are being characterized for frequency of somaclonal variation. Five clones have proven to be hermaphrodite. Four of these appear to have normal fertility, while the fifth has drastically reduced pollen fertility, averaging about 15% stainability with acetocarmine. Four other clones are pistillate and appear to have normal fertility, with one exception which has been demonstrated to be tetraploid (2n=36 chromosomes). One of twelve plants in a pistillate clone was a somaclonal mutant showing altered leaf and flower morphology. The transgenic clones and their sexual progenies are also being evaluated at the molecular level for expression and segregation of npt, gus, and the coat protein (CP) of papaya ringspot virus (PRV), as well as for PRV resistance.