bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Localization of Müllerian Mimicry Genes on a Dense Linkage Map ofHeliconius erato
Authors: Kapan Durrell D , Flanagan Nicola S , Tobler Alex , Papa Riccardo , Reed Robert D , Acevedo Gonzalez Jenny , Ramirez Restrepo Manuel , Martinez Lournet , Maldonado Karla , Ritschoff Clare , Heckel David G , McMillan W Owen
Published: February 2006

We report a dense genetic linkage map of Heliconius erato, a neotropical butterfly that has undergone a remarkable adaptive radiation in warningly colored mimetic wing patterns. Our study exploited natural variation segregating in a cross between H. erato etylus and H. himera to localize wing color pattern loci on a dense linkage map containing amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), microsatellites, and single-copy nuclear loci. We unambiguously identified all 20 autosomal linkage groups and the sex chromosome (Z). The map spanned a total of 1430 Haldane cM and linkage groups varied in size from 26.3 to 97.8 cM. The average distance between markers was 5.1 cM. Within this framework, we localized two major color pattern loci to narrow regions of the genome. The first gene, D, responsible for red/orange elements, had a most likely placement in a 6.7-cM region flanked by two AFLP markers on the end of a large 87.5-cM linkage group. The second locus, Sd, affects the melanic pattern on the forewing and was found within a 6.3-cM interval between flanking AFLP loci. This study complements recent linkage analysis of H. erato's comimic, H. melpomene, and forms the basis for marker-assisted physical mapping and for studies into the comparative genetic architecture of wing-pattern mimicry in Heliconius.
Subcutaneous versus Intramuscular Depot Methoxyprogesterone Acetate: A Comparative Review
Authors: Simon Melissa A , Shulman Lee P
Published: February 2006

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA; Depo-Provera) is a highly effective and convenient contraceptive method that has been used worldwide for many decades. Recently, a new lower dose of DMPA, administered as a subcutaneous injection, has been approved for use in the USA as a contraceptive and a treatment for pain associated with endometriosis. The newer formulation has a similar efficacy to the older version and, more importantly, has fewer side effects, with improved user tolerability. Similar to the intramuscular DMPA injection (Depo-Provera intramuscular or contraceptive injection), the subcutaneous injection provides effective contraceptive and pain-management therapy for endometriosis, with a 3-monthly injectable protocol for women who seek long-term and reversible contraception without the need for a daily pill or a more frequent dosing regimen.
Raloxifene: A Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulator for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis – a Clinical Update on Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Deal Chad L , Draper Michael W
Published: February 2006

Selective estrogen-receptor modulators are molecules with specific estrogen-receptor binding affinity. Each selective estrogen-receptor modulator induces a unique conformation in the ligand–receptor complex, which leads to transcriptional activation and/or inhibition. Raloxifene 60 mg/day, a benzothiophene selective estrogen-receptor modulator, is approved for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. This article provides an update on new studies and further analyses of clinical trial data for raloxifene. The Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial of women with osteoporosis has described the efficacy of raloxifene in decreasing vertebral fracture risk over 4 years. The Continuing Outcomes Relevant to Evista© (CORE) trial, designed to assess the effects of raloxifene on breast cancer prevention, is a 4-year continuation of MORE. The skeletal and cardiovascular effects of raloxifene in the CORE study were similar to those observed in MORE. The relative risk of developing breast cancer was significantly decreased in women treated with raloxifene, compared with placebo, after 4 years in MORE and 8 years in the CORE trial. The incidence of uterine bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer was similar between raloxifene and placebo after 8 years of treatment. Raloxifene use is associated with a higher incidence of hot flashes and leg cramps, and an increased risk of venous thromboembolic events.
HER2/neu Vaccines in Breast Cancer
Authors: Khoo Steven , Ponniah Sathibalan , Peoples George E
Published: February 2006

Recently, the role of immunotherapy has been expanded in the management of breast cancer. The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2/neu protein is overexpressed in many breast cancers, and is the target of documented endogenous immune responses. To exploit these responses, several immunotherapies have been developed, such as trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting this protein, as well as several HER2/neu-based vaccines. Clinical studies in metastatic patients have shown these vaccines to be safe and to produce vaccine-specific immune responses; unfortunately, little evidence of clinical effectiveness has been reported. The authors' group has evaluated a HER2/neu vaccine as a preventive adjunct in breast cancer patients who are disease free but at a high risk of recurrence. Preliminary results suggest a decrease in recurrence and imply that vaccinating earlier in the disease process may hold promise. In the future, vaccine therapy, alone or in combination, could be a valuable preventive modality in the management of breast cancer.
Oxybutynin and its New Transdermal Application for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder
Authors: Appell Rodney A
Published: February 2006

It has long been accepted that antimuscarinic agents are the backbone of the pharmacological treatment of overactive bladder. Oxybutynin has been the gold standard of these medications for years due to its efficacy, but suffers from a lack of selectivity for the bladder, and extensive metabolism and lipophilicity result in significant side-effect issues. The transdermal delivery of oxybutynin turns this disadvantage of lipophilicity into an advantage. This, in turn, bypasses gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism by the cytochrome P450 system and reduces the breakdown into metabolites responsible for many of the side effects, while providing equivalent efficacy to the immediate-release oral formulation.
Ovarian Cortical Transplantation
Authors: Weiss Gerson
Published: February 2006

Evaluation of: Kiran G, Kiran H, Coban YK, Guven AM: Ovarian cortical transplantation may be an alternative to hormone therapy in patients with early climacterium. Fertil. Steril. 84, 1509 (2005) [ 1 ]. Describes a report of a 46-year-old woman who had a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. After surgery, the patient underwent ovarian cortical transplantation of fresh autologous ovarian cortical strips to her lower abdomen. Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estradiol were measured at 3-month intervals. This paper describes the last year of her sampling, ending at 18 months postsurgery. The patient had no menopausal symptoms. Hormonal secretion was at times at postmenopausal levels and at times at premenopausal levels. There was evidence of folliculogenesis and ovulation.
Surgical Treatment of Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis
Authors: Nordling Jørgen
Published: February 2006

Painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis is a disabling disease of the urinary bladder that mainly affects women. It is of unknown etiology and can appear in all age groups. The main symptoms – bladder pain and urinary frequency – may completely govern the life of the unlucky person suffering from the disease. Treatment includes diet, behavioral modifications, medical treatments, inclusive specific-pain treatment and surgery, but it is unfortunately often insufficient. The disease is rare and lacks a specific definition as well as proper diagnostic criteria. Surgical treatments include neuromodulation, transurethral surgery, bladder augmentation and urinary diversion with or without cystectomy. This article examines the documentation, or lack of, for the often drastic surgical procedures performed to improve quality of life in patients with this disorder.
Pharmacological Treatment for Overactive Bladder in Women
Authors: Robinson Dudley , Cardozo Linda
Published: February 2006

Urinary incontinence is a common and distressing condition that is known to adversely affect quality of life. Overactive bladder is the term used to describe the symptom complex of urinary frequency and urgency, with or without urge incontinence. Drug therapy, in addition to behavioral modification, remains integral in the management of women with overactive bladder, and the development of new drugs, treatment regimens and methods of delivery should improve patient compliance and acceptability. This article critically reviews the current pharmacological treatment of overactive bladder in addition to providing a rationale for treatment.
Antimuscarinic Drugs for the Treatment of Female Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Rovner Eric S , Wein Alan J
Published: February 2006

Overactive bladder syndrome, urge syndrome or urgency–frequency syndrome is defined as ‘urgency with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia’. Although this definition indicates that these symptoms are suggestive of detrusor overactivity (the observation of involuntary detrusor contractions during the filling phase of cystometry), a urodynamic demonstration of detrusor overactivity is not necessary in order to make the diagnosis. Nevertheless, patients with overactive bladder syndrome represent a substantial proportion of patients suffering with urinary symptomatology, and approximately a third of individuals with overactive bladder suffer from incontinence. Furthermore, as compared with those patients with stress urinary incontinence, women with urge incontinence have a poorer overall quality of life, perhaps related to both the volume of urine lost as well as the unpredictable nature of the leakage. When combined with behavioral modification, antimuscarinic pharmacotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for this condition. A number of these agents are available for the treatment of overactive bladder-related incontinence, each with unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. In order to optimize therapy for patients suffering from this type of incontinence, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of action of these agents, as well as to be familiar with the differences between them with respect to efficacy, safety and tolerability.
Management of Vaginal Prolapse
Authors: Chaliha Charlotte , Khullar Vik
Published: February 2006

Vaginal prolapse is a common health problem, and although severe morbidity is rare, it can have marked effects on quality of life. The treatment of vaginal vault prolapse can be a difficult and challenging problem. A detailed history and clinical evaluation is required in order to plan the appropriate choice of procedure. There are numerous surgical procedures that have been described using either abdominal or vaginal approaches. The choice of procedure is often dependent on the individual surgeon's choice and experience, and should be tailored to the individual patient. The ideal procedure should have a low risk of morbidity and mortality, but should also have long-term durability. There is a need for large, randomized trials to evaluate surgical techniques to correct vaginal prolapse and related urinary, bowel and sexual dysfunction.
Medical Management of Endometriosis
Authors: Fedele Luigi , Bianchi Stefano , Fontana Eleonora , Berlanda Nicola , Frontino Giada , Bulfoni Alessandro
Published: February 2006

Current approved medical therapies for endometriosis rely on drugs that suppress ovarian steroids and induce a hypoestrogenic state, which determines the atrophy of the ectopic endometrium. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs such as danazol, progestogens and estrogen–progestin combinations have all proven effective in relieving pain and reducing the extent of endometriotic implants. However, symptoms often recur after discontinuation of therapy and hypoestrogenism-related side effects limit the long-term use of most medications. Recently, knowledge of the pathogenesis of endometriosis, particularly at the molecular level, has grown substantially, providing a rational basis for the development of new drugs with precise targets that may be safely administered over the long term.
Long-Term Use of Bisphosphonates in Osteoporosis
Authors: Rizzoli René
Published: February 2006

The rate of bone turnover increases around the time of menopause, and new bone may be remodeled before it is has been completely mineralized. If this is left untreated, osteoporosis often develops, leading to fractures, particularly of the spine and hip, which represent an enormous burden in terms of suffering, healthcare expenditure, disabilities and death. Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of bone resorption, which slow or arrest progressive bone loss. Continuous treatment with bisphosphonates reduces bone turnover, improves bone microarchitecture and increases bone mass, leading to greater mechanical strength and reduced fracture risk. Since osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive condition, treatment has to continue for many years. Therefore, the efficacy and safety of bisphosphonates, particularly alendronate and risedronate, have been evaluated in many thousands of patients for up to 10 years of continuous use. These drugs remain the cornerstone of osteoporosis treatment and appear to have favorable safety and efficacy profiles throughout long-term usage.
Polymer flocculation of calcite: Relating the aggregate size to the settling rate
Authors: Heath Alex R. , Bahri Parisa A. , Fawell Phillip D. , Farrow John B.
Published: February 2006

The initial hindered settling velocities of flocculated calcite suspensions have been related to the mean aggregate sizes and solid fraction under a range of flocculation conditions that are similar to those occurring within a mineral processing thickener. Calcite particles were flocculated in turbulent pipe flow and the aggregates sized with an in situ probe (Lasentec FBRM). The flocculated suspension then flowed into vertical column used to measure the hindered settling velocity. This allowed the investigation of key flocculation parameters — the flocculant dosage, the primary particle size, the suspension solid fraction and the fluid shear rate. The hindered settling velocity was related to the mean aggregate size using a relationship based on Richardson and Zaki's extension of Stokes' law. The effect of aggregate porosity was incorporated using fractal geometry, allowing the estimation of the fractal dimension (2.4) from experimental data. It is an important step toward the development of a link between the size of aggregates produced by flocculation, and their settling and dewatering characteristics. This is also an essential step in the development of robust process models describing the performance of gravity thickeners which are widely used throughout the minerals and other industries. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
An equation of state contribution for polar components: Polarizable dipoles
Authors: Kleiner Matthias , Gross Joachim
Published: February 2006

The renormalized perturbation theory for polarizable polar fluids of Wertheim is applied in combination with a dipole contribution for non‐spherical molecules to account for the non‐additive induction interactions due to the polarization of molecules. A comparison to simulation data of pure polarizable dipolar fluids and mixtures reveals a good to excellent agreement between the renormalized perturbation theory and the simulations. The model framework is applied with the Perturbed‐Chain SAFT equation of state to model phase equilibria of mixtures containing strongly polar components. The considered values of dipole moments and of average molecular polarizabilities stem from independent sources, and there is thus no additional adjustable parameter introduced along with the polar contributions to the equation of state. It is confirmed that accounting for dipolar interactions not only reduces the value of the binary interaction parameter, but in many cases significantly improves the description of pure‐component and mixture phase equilibria. Accounting for molecular polarizability and the dipole induction effects only leads to slightly improved results compared to the case where a permanent dipole moment is considered in the calculations. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
New Purines with Antiplatelet Activity
Authors: Märschenz Katrin , Rehse Klaus
Published: February 2006

Four purine‐2,6‐diamines, 4a, b, 5a, b, nineteen N‐(purin‐2‐yl)benzenecarboxamides 6a–q, 7b, and one N‐(purin‐2‐yl)‐2‐furanecarboxamide 8 were prepared for the first time and tested for their inhibition of blood platelet aggregation. Six compounds, 6a, b, h, m, o, p, inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by collagen with IC50 values between 3 and 10 μmol/L in the Born test. ADP, PAF, and adrenaline were used as specific aggregation inducers to examine the mechanism of the anti‐aggregating activity. An astonishing pattern of activities in the nanomolar, with 6m, 7b, 8 and even subnanomolar range, with 6b, was observed. Compound 6b inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by ADP with an IC50 = 0.45 nM (6m: 3.5 nM; 8: 30 nM). Compound 7b showed an antagonism against the inducer adrenaline with an IC50 = 1.8 nM (6o: 20 nM; 8: 30 nM). The strongest antagonism against PAF was observed with 7b showing an IC50 = 1 nM (6b: 35 nM; 8: 74 nM).
Yeast as a tool to uncover the cellular targets of drugs
Authors: Sturgeon Christopher M. , Kemmer Danielle , Anderson Hilary J. , Roberge Michel
Published: February 2006

Knowledge of the spectrum of cellular proteins targeted by experimental therapeutic agents would greatly facilitate drug development. However, identifying the targets of drugs is a daunting challenge. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a valuable model organism for human diseases and pathways because it is genetically tractable and shares many functional homolog with humans. In yeast, it is possible to increase or decrease the expression level of essentially every gene and measure changes in drug sensitivity to uncover potential targets. It is also possible to infer mechanism of action from comparing the changes in mRNA expression elicited by drug treatment with those induced by gene deletions or by other drugs. Proteins that bind drugs directly can be identified using yeast protein chips. This review of the use of yeast for discovering targets of drugs discusses the advantages and drawbacks of each approach and how combining methods may reveal targets more efficiently.
Psychopathy, aggression, and the processing of emotional stimuli in non‐referred girls and boys
Authors: Kimonis Eva R. , Frick Paul J. , Fazekas Holly , Loney Bryan R.
Published: February 2006

Research shows that individuals with psychopathic traits differ in how they process negative emotional stimuli. However, it is unclear whether these differences are specific to certain types of negative emotional stimulus and whether they are more strongly associated with psychopathic traits or aggression. Further, it is not clear whether or not deficits in emotional processing generalize to females and ethnic minority individuals with psychopathic traits. In this study, we examined the emotional processing of visual stimuli using a dot‐probe task in 50 non‐referred girls and boys (mean age of 9.30; SD = 2.00). Overall, there was a significant association between proactive aggression and reduced responsiveness to distressing stimuli. In addition, the predicted association between psychopathic traits and reduced responsiveness to distressing stimuli was only found for children high on aggression. Also, the associations among aggression, psychopathic traits, and responsiveness to distressing stimuli did not differ for boys and girls. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical‐Reaction‐Based Site‐Selective DNA Cutter for PCR‐Free Gene Manipulation
Authors: Yamamoto Yoji , Uehara Akihiko , Watanabe Akira , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Komiyama Makoto
Published: February 2006

An artificial restriction DNA cutter (ARCUT), recently developed by the authors, was used to construct a fusion protein. The gene of WW‐domain‐containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) was cut by ARCUT just before its stop codon, and ligated to fuse the gene of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The reading frames of two genes were adjusted to coincide each other. Throughout the manipulation, no PCR was employed. The fluorescent fusion protein was successfully expressed in mammalian cells, and showed entirely different subcellular localization from EGFP itself. Apparently, the DNA was kept completely intact during the manipulation. The man‐made tool ARCUT has promising features for future biotechnology and molecular biology.
Remote Interactions Explain the Unusual Regioselectivity of Lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia toward the Secondary Hydroxyl of 2′‐Deoxynucleosides
Authors: Lavandera Iván , Fernández Susana , Magdalena Julia , Ferrero Miguel , Grewal Harjap , Savile Christopher K. , Kazlauskas Romas J. , Gotor Vicente
Published: February 2006

Lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL) surprisingly favors acylation of the secondary hydroxyl at the 3′‐position over the primary hydroxyl at the 5′‐position in 2′‐deoxynucleosides by up to >98:1. Catalytically productive tetrahedral intermediate analogues for both orientations were found by molecular modeling. However, acylation of the 3′‐hydroxyl places the thymine base in the alternate hydrophobic pocket of PCL's substrate‐binding site where it can hydrogen bond to the side‐chain hydroxyls of Tyr23 and Tyr29 and the main chain carbonyl of Leu17. Conversely, acylation of the 5′‐hydroxyl leaves the thymine base in the solvent where there is no favorable binding to the enzyme. We propose that these remote stabilizing interactions between the thymine base and PCL's substrate‐binding site stabilize the 3′‐acylation transition state and thus account for the unusual regioselectivity.
Density Control of Dodecamanganese Clusters Anchored on Silicon(100)
Authors: Condorelli Guglielmo G. , Motta Alessandro , Favazza Maria , Nativo Paola , Fragalà Ignazio L. , Gatteschi Dante
Published: February 2006

A synthetic strategy to control the density of Mn12 clusters anchored on silicon(100) was investigated. Diluted monolayers suitable for Mn12 anchoring were prepared by Si‐grafting mixtures of the methyl 10‐undecylenoate precursor ligand with 1‐decene spectator spacers. Different ratios of these mixtures were tested. The grafted surfaces were hydrolyzed to reveal the carboxylic groups available for the subsequent exchange with the [Mn12O12(OAc)16(H2O)4]⋅4 H2O⋅2 AcOH cluster. Modified surfaces were analyzed by attenuated total reflection (ATR)‐FTIR spectroscopy, X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and AFM imaging. Results of XPS and ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy show that the surface mole ratio between grafted ester and decene is higher than in the source solution. The surface density of the Mn12 cluster is, in turn, strictly proportional to the ester mole fraction. Well‐resolved and isolated clusters were observed by AFM, using a diluted ester/decene 1:1 solution.
Bis(trifluoromethyl)phosphinous Acid (CF3)2P‐O‐H: An Example of a Thermally Stable Phosphinous Acid—Synthesis, Gas‐Phase Structure, and Rotational Isomers
Authors: Hoge Berthold , Garcia Placido , Willner Helge , Oberhammer Heinz
Published: February 2006

The bis(trifluoromethyl)phosphinous acid, (CF3)2POH, is the only known example of a thermally stable phosphinous acid. Although this compound has been known since 1960, little is known about the chemistry of this extraordinary compound; this might be due to the tedious, and in some part risky, synthesis that was originally published. An improved, simple, and safe synthesis that is based on the treatment of the easily accessible (CF3)2PNEt2, with at least three equivalents of p‐toluene sulfonic acid, is presented. The reaction results in a complete conversion to the phosphinous acid, which is isolated in almost 90 % yield. The compound exists in an equilibrium of two POH rotational isomers, a fact which is supported by quantum chemical calculations. The relative enthalpy difference of 6.4 kJ mol−1, calculated at the B3PW91/6‐311G(3d,p) level, is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 5.9 kJ mol−1, which was determined from the temperature dependence of the $\tilde \nu $(OH) bands of the two rotational isomers. The complete experimental vibrational spectra of both rotamers, their predicted vibrational spectra obtained by using quantum chemical calculations, and an attempt at photoinduced isomerization of matrix‐isolated (CF3)2POH is presented. The experimental structure, obtained from an electron‐diffraction study in the gas phase, is reproduced very well by ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods.
Self‐Assembly of Chiral Depsipeptide Dendrimers
Authors: Hager Kristine , Franz Alexander , Hirsch Andreas
Published: February 2006

The self‐assembly of chiral depsipeptide dendrons 4, which contain a cyanuric acid building block at their focal point, with the homotritopic Hamilton receptor 1 is reported. The 1:3 compositions of the resulting chiral supramolecular dendrimers, the association constants Kn, and the cooperativity of binding expressed by Scatchard plots and the Hill coefficients nH was determined by NMR titration experiments. The most pronounced positive cooperativity was found for the complexes 1 L3 with L being the second‐generation dendrons 4 c–e. The least stable complexes are formed with the bulky third‐generation dendrons 4 f–h. Similar results are obtained by the corresponding complexation of the achiral Frechét‐type first‐ to third‐generation dendrons 3 with 1. Chiroptical investigations of 1:3 complexes of 1 and 4 reveal chirality transfer from the dendron to the Hamilton receptor as demonstrated by the appearance of new CD absorption bands at 310 nm.
Metacognitions about alcohol use in problem drinkers
Authors: Spada Marcantonio M. , Wells Adrian
Published: February 2006

In this study 10 patients with problem drinking behaviour were assessed using a semi‐structured interview to investigate (a) whether they held positive and/or negative metacognitive beliefs about alcohol use, (b) whether alcohol use was perceived to have an impact on negative emotions, (c) whether alcohol was used as a coping strategy, and if so what its main goal was, (d) how individuals knew whether they had achieved their goal and what signalled the cessation of using and (e) how alcohol use impacted on self‐consciousness. All patients endorsed positive metacognitive beliefs and six endorsed negative metacognitive beliefs about alcohol use. Positive metacognitive beliefs concerned the usefulness of alcohol as an emotional, cognitive and image self‐regulation tool. Negative metacognitive beliefs concerned uncontrollability and harm. Seven patients indicated that during a drinking episode negative emotions subsided. Nine out of ten patients stated that alcohol was used as a coping strategy and that its main goal was to reduce negative emotions and/or improve mood. However, nine out of ten patients also reported that they did not know how to determine whether they had achieved their goals. Instead the signal for stopping use came from being sick and/or blacking out. All patients reported that alcohol use helped to reduce self‐consciousness. The results support a metacognitive conceptualization in which problem drinking is supported by disruptions of metacognitive monitoring and control. The conceptual implications for understanding problem drinking from a metacognitive perspective are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normal patterns of expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins on different subsets of peripheral blood cells: A frame of reference for the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Authors: Hernández‐Campo Pilar María , Almeida Julia , Sánchez María Luz , Malvezzi Mariester , Orfao Alberto
Published: February 2006

Background:

Evaluation of the expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored membrane proteins (GPI‐AP) is currently used for the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). In this study, we analyzed the amount of expression of a wide variety of GPI‐AP in different subsets of hematopoietic cells present in normal peripheral blood (PB), to establish their normal patterns of expression and provide a frame of reference for the definition of the best combination of GPI‐AP and PB cell subsets to be applied in the diagnosis and monitoring of PNH.

Results:

Our results show variable patterns of expression of different GPI‐AP in distinct subsets of normal PB cells. Combined use of CD55 and CD59 represented the most useful dual‐marker combination; however, its utility remained suboptimal for several subsets of leukocytes and for platelets.

Conclusions:

For some cell subsets such as the neutrophils additional useful markers could be selected from a relatively broad panel (CD16/CD24/CD55/CD59/CD66b/CD157), whereas for other cell subsets the number of useful antigens was either restricted (monocytes: CD14/CD55/CD157; B cells: CD24/CD48/CD52/CD55; CD4+ T cells: CD48/CD52/CD55; eosinophils: CD55/CD59; CD8+ T cells: CD48/CD55) or limited to a single marker (CD48 on CD56low NK cells, CD55 on BDCA3− dendritic cells and CD56high NK cells, and CD59 for red cells), from all antigens analyzed. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
High‐availability server platform for IP communication services
Authors: Kimura Nobuhiro , Yamada Akira , Seshake Hikaru , Nishizono Toshihiro
Published: February 2006

We propose a high‐availability server platform for communication software. When the server had a hardware failure, the system must be exchanged for the recovery, but when it had a software failure, the service downtime can be greatly reduced by recovering while initializing only the processes involved. The effectiveness of the platform was verified by applying it to three types of real life systems. In concrete terms, compared to before applying it, the service downtime was halved when initializing all of the processes. Also, by dividing the servers into domains and having redundancy in the processes, the downtime was further reduced 40% (total over 70% reduction). We also verified that if an Individual process failed, it could be recovered by restarting only that process and the other processes could continue service. The aforementioned recovery process can be executed by describing a Restart definition in a simple format without modifying the application programs. If a failed process is detected, it analyzes the Restart definition, selects the required restart phase, and executes it. By categorizing the features of the processes constituting communication software, we defined four types of restart phase: Individual restart, Group restart, All AP restart, and All restart. We also implemented state transitions that shift to higher phase restart, when the failure recovery was unsuccessful. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(6): 41–50, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ ecja.20237
Forwarding performance improvement of a mobile IP home agent
Authors: Kubo Takeshi , Yokota Hidetoshi , Idoue Akira
Published: February 2006

In Mobile IP networks, the home agent manages the destination information of all mobile terminals. It receives as proxy the packets destined for the mobile terminal and transfers them to the new location of the terminal. When the number of terminals in the network is increased, the home agent must manage a large amount of information, which increases the retrieval processing load in packet transfer. It is possible that a packet may be lost by an overloaded home agent. This paper proposes a method of eliminating the retrieval processing of the home agent in packet transfer by utilizing ARP, and of reducing the load of the whole packet transfer process. It is shown experimentally that even if sufficient mobile terminal entries to completely fill the location information list for 200,000 entries are registered, the home agent can transfer all packets without any packet loss in Fast Ethernet. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(6): 32–40, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20249
Control of fault current limiter by series‐connected voltage sag compensator
Authors: Polmai Sompob , Ise Toshifumi , Yamada Masato
Published: February 2006

This paper describes a control scheme of fault current limiter by series voltage injection. The current limiter proposed in this study is based on the use of a SMES‐based series‐connected voltage sag compensator, which has been previously studied by the authors, for controlling fault current caused by short circuit on the load side. An algorithm for fast discriminating between power system voltage sag and load‐side short circuit is proposed for the equipment to correctly function either for voltage sag compensation or for fault current limiting purpose. Furthermore, a new control strategy based on output voltage phase control of the series compensator is proposed for current limiting with good waveform characteristics and low active power absorption. Experimental results demonstrated the validity of the proposed strategy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(2): 64–72, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20128
Statistical analysis of lightning performance of distribution lines based on observation in fields
Authors: Hirai Takao , Okabe Shigemitsu , Takinami Tsutomu , Chindo Takuji
Published: February 2006

Because of the lower insulation level than for transmission lines, in this study on lightning protection design of distribution lines, not only direct lightning strokes but also induced voltages caused by nearby strokes must be taken into account. Thus, it is necessary to grasp the frequency of occurrence of lightning phenomena around distribution lines. For this aim, lightning phenomena on TEPCO's distribution lines in use were continuously observed for 6 years (1996 to 2001). Through this observation, new interesting statistical data that can be a useful basis for rationalization of lightning protection design of distribution lines were obtained. Two hundred and four lightning strokes were observed through the six‐year period. Probability of occurrence of a direct stroke was 22% (45 direct strokes were obtained). The fact that in 47% of direct strokes the electric outage did not occur is very interesting. Moreover, the value of surge discharge current of the arrester in the case of nearby stroke is the basis for conventional theory of grounding system. Therefore, statistical analysis of ZnO discharging current in the case of nearby strokes was carried out. As a result, in the case of nearby strokes, 5% value of cumulative frequency of discharging current is 0.5 kA. This value is half the conventional data. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(2): 8–16, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20180
Ring Closure of Alkoxycarbonyl(tetracarbonyl)pyruvoyliron Complexes into Metallalactones Induced by Nucleophilic Attack of Carbanions
Authors: Cabon Patrice , Rumin René , Salaün Jean‐Yves , des Abbayes Hervé , Triki Smail
Published: February 2006

The reaction of carbanions with the pyruvoyl‐substituted iron complex [(CO)4Fe(CO2CH3){C(O)C(O)CH3}] (1) affords the anionic trifunctionalized metallalactones [(CO)3Fe{C(O)C(CH3)(CRR′R″)OC4(O)(Fe–C4)}(CO2CH3)]– (3), whose formation results from the addition of the nucleophile to the β carbonyl of the pyruvoyl moiety, followed by attack of the oxygen of this β carbonyl on a terminal carbonyl ligand. These anionic lactones react, at low temperature, with HCl to give rise to the neutral lactones [(CO)4Fe{C(O)C(CH3)(CRR′R″)OC4(O)(Fe–C4)}] (2), which were previously obtained by addition of NuH nucleophiles to 1. Complex 3(3), whose lactonic ring formation has been performed using the diethyl malonate anion (R = R′ = CO2C2H5; R″ = H), and the dimethyl‐substituted neutral lactone 2(1) (R = R′ = R″ = H) have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction studies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The First End‐On Bonded Superoxo Complexes of Ga and In: The Oxygen‐Rich Compounds GaO4 and InO4
Authors: Gaertner Benjamin , Köhn Andreas , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: February 2006

We report the first sighting and characterization of the oxygen‐rich molecules GaO4 and InO4, being the products of a three‐step process taking place in an Ar matrix. This process includes (i) reaction of Ga or In atoms (M) with one dioxygen molecule to give the cyclic superoxo complex MO2, (ii) photoisomerization into linear OMO by the action of UV light, and (iii) reaction of linear OMO with an additional O2 molcule. The molecules can be described as end‐on bonded superoxo complexes OMO(O2). On the basis of the observed isotopic data the O–Ga–O angle can be estimated to be ca. 165°. In addition to the experimental studies, quantum chemical calculations were performed to achieve a more complete characterization of these interesting new and unusual molecules, representing the first ever found examples of end‐on bonded superoxo complexes of Ga and In. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Phosphorus‐Containing Dendrons: Synthesis, Reactivity, Properties, and Use as Building Blocks for Various Dendritic Architectures (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 5/2006)
Authors: Caminade Anne‐Marie , Maraval Alexandrine , Majoral Jean‐Pierre
Published: February 2006

The cover picture shows a dendron and two types of dendritic molecules built from dendrons. The shape of these nanometric molecules resembles that of macroscopic entities; the shape of dendrons is similar to that of trees, bis‐dendrons can be compared to Janus, the god with two faces, and the multidendritic species shown on the left has the shape of a tropical fish. Details of this chemistry are described in the Microreview by A.‐M. Caminade, A. Maraval, and J.‐P. Majoral on p. 887 ff.
Content of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal in deep‐fried and pan‐fried potatoes
Authors: Boskou George , Salta Fotini N. , Chiou Antonia , Troullidou Elena , Andrikopoulos Nikolaos K.
Published: February 2006

Trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal is a by‐product of frying oil that is also transferred to fried food. This aldehyde has been found and quantified both in frying oils and fumes generated during frying. Furthermore, it has been reported that 2,4‐decadienal has cytotoxic and genotoxic effects and promotes LDL oxidation. In the present work trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal was detected directly in fried potatoes (french‐fries). Moreover, the influence of frying conditions (deep‐frying, pan‐frying), the oil type (olive oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil and a vegetable shortening) and the degree of thermal deterioration (eight successive frying sessions without replenishment) on the production of 2,4‐decadienal in oil and potatoes was studied. The isolation of the aldehyde was performed by methanol extraction, while the identification and quantification was performed by RP‐HPLC. The quantity of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal produced during successive pan‐frying demonstrated a peak at the third and fourth frying session. The highest concentration of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal was detected in potatoes fried in sunflower oil, and the lowest in olive oil. The quantity of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal in fried potatoes decreased during successive deep‐frying at the seventh frying session or remained stable, except for cottonseed oil. The quantity of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal in fried potatoes was considered to be dependent on the oil used, on the frying process and, to a lesser extent, on the oil deterioration. In all cases tested, the highest concentration of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal was detected during deep‐frying. The unsaturation degree of the frying oil was considered to promote the formation of trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal. Considering the quantity of 2,4‐decadienal found in french‐fries and in the respective frying medium, direct quantification of 2,4‐decadienal is required in order to make an estimation of intake from french‐fries.
A Flexible Approach to Different Families of Bidentate P,P Ligands as Highly Efficient Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Berens Ulrich , Englert Ulli , Geyser Stefan , Runsink Jan , Salzer Albrecht
Published: February 2006

A novel and versatile approach has led to the synthesis of various classes of mono‐ and bidentate phospholane and phosphinite ligands based on a benzothiophene scaffold. The ligand functions in the bidentate ligands can be introduced independently and consecutively. A bis‐phospolane ligand as well as its rhodium complex have been characterized by crystal‐structure determinations. The bis‐phospholane ligands were tested in the catalysed asymmetric homogeneous hydrogenation of dehydroamino acid derivatives, enamides and itaconates and gave ee values of up to 98.7 %. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The 5‐Methylisocytosine β‐D‐Ribopyranosyl (4′ → 2′)‐Oligonucleotide
Authors: Bats Jan W. , Miculka Christian
Published: February 2006

In the context of Eschenmoser's work on pyranosyl‐RNA (‘p‐RNA’), we investigated the synthesis and base‐pairing properties of the 5‐methylisocytidine derivative. The previously determined clear‐cut restrictions of base‐pairing modes of p‐RNA had led to the expectation that a 5‐methylisocytosine β‐D‐ribopyranosyl (= D‐pr(MeisoC)) based (4′ → 2′)‐oligonucleotide would pair inter alia with D‐pr(isoG) and L‐pr(G) based oligonucleotides (D‐pr and L‐pr = pyranose form of D‐ and L‐ribose, resp.). Remarkably, we could not observe pairing with the D‐pr(isoG) oligonucleotide but only with the L‐pr(G) oligonucleotide. Our interpretation concludes that this – at first hand surprising – observation is caused by a change in the nucleosidic torsion angle specific for isoC.
Enaminone‐Based Synthesis of Dipodazine Derivatives
Authors: Wagger Jernej , Bevk David , Meden Anton , Svete Jurij , Stanovnik Branko
Published: February 2006

A series of racemic dipodazine analogues 9 were prepared in 22–80% yield from (3Z,6RS)‐3‐[(dimethylamino)methylidene]‐6‐methyl‐1‐(phenylmethyl)piperazine‐2,5‐dione (7) (Scheme 1), which was prepared in four steps from (RS)‐alanine methyl ester hydrochloride. The preparation of nonracemic 7 from (S)‐alanine methyl ester hydrochloride failed, since the introduction of the enamino functionality at position 3 of the precursor 6 was accompanied by almost complete racemization.
Formal Synthesis of Vallesamidine
Authors: Ho Tse‐Lok , Chen Chun‐Kuei
Published: February 2006

A novel route to the racemic selenide (1RS,12bRS)‐1‐ethyl‐2,3,6,7,12,12b‐hexahydro‐1‐[2‐(phenylseleno)ethyl]indolo[2,3‐a]quinolizin‐4(1H)‐one (13b), a key intermediate in the total synthesis of vallesamidine (1), was elaborated. Compound 3a, obtained by Pictet–Spengler reaction of tryptamine and cyclohept‐4‐enyl‐1‐carbaldehyde (2c), was oxidized with KMnO4 to the diacid 4, which was subsequently converted into the isomeric tetracyclic lactams 5a,b. After proper protection maneuvers, Barton decarboxylation of 10a,b, trapping with PhSe2Ph, and Boc removal afforded 13b.
Pseudoguaianolides from the Flowers of Parthenium hysterophorus
Authors: Das Biswanath , Mahender Gurram , Rao Yerra Koteswara , Ramesh Chimmani , Venkateswarlu Katta , Ravikumar Krishnan , Geethangili Madamanchi , Tzeng Yew‐Min
Published: February 2006

Two new pseudoguaianolide‐type sesquiterpene lactones, named deacetyltetraneurin A (3) and hysterone E (4), were isolated from flowers of the plant Parthenium hysterophorus L., along with the seven known compounds parthenin (1), coronopilin, tetraneurin A, 8‐β‐hydroxycoronopilin, scopoletin, hysterone D, and conchasin A (2). The structures of all the compounds were deduced by means of elemental analysis and extensive spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR) studies, and confirmed for 3 and 4 by X‐ray crystallographic analysis.
Synthesis and Properties of 2‐Phenylbenzoxazole‐Based Luminophores for in situ Photopolymerized Liquid‐Crystal Films
Authors: Giménez Raquel , Oriol Luis , Piñol Milagros , Serrano José Luis , Viñuales Ana I. , Fisher Thomas , Stumpe Joachim
Published: February 2006

We report the synthesis of a series of blue‐emitting 2‐phenylbenzoxazoles (PBOs) substituted at either the 5‐ or 6‐position of the benzoxazole ring and the para‐position of the phenyl substituent. The thermal and optical properties of the materials can be rationalized in terms of the position of the substituent at the benzoxazole moiety and the electron‐withdrawing or electron‐donating character of the substituents. From the results, we conclude that the combination of an electron‐donating substituent at the benzoxazole fragment and an electron‐withdrawing one at the phenyl fragment has a more marked effect on the electronic properties of the aromatic PBO core than other possibilities. This particular combination gives luminophores that are suitable for optical applications on the basis of their high emission efficiency and photostability. In view of that, oriented films were prepared by in situ polymerization of a mixture of a liquid crystalline direactive matrix containing 5% (w/w) of the luminophore. The films exhibit linearly polarized emission.
Feedback trading
Authors: Daníelsson Jón , Love Ryan
Published: February 2006

Order flow has been found to carry information to the market. When assessing how informative order flow is, the VAR methodology is typically employed, using impulse response functions. However, in such analyses, the direction of causality runs explicitly from order flow to asset return. If data are sampled at anything other than at the highest frequencies then any feedback trading may well appear contemporaneous; trading in period t depends on the asset return in that interval. The implications of contemporaneous feedback trading are examined in the spot USD/EUR currency market and we find that when data are sampled at the 1 and 5 minute frequencies, such trading strategies cause the price impact of order flow to be significantly larger than when feedback trading is ruled out. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macro lessons from microstructure
Authors: Osler Carol L.
Published: February 2006

Empirical research on the microeconomics of currency markets, an area known sometimes as ‘currency market microstructure,’ has taken off in the past decade. This paper extracts from this research four lessons for modelling short‐run exchange‐rate dynamics. First, currency flows are a key determinant of exchange rates, and models should have these flows fully in focus. The appropriate equilibrium condition may be flow‐currency supply equals flow‐currency demand. Second, the flows of first‐order relevance include those of ‘financial’ traders, who use currencies essentially as a store of value, and ‘commercial’ traders, who use currencies as a medium of exchange. Financial flows and commercial flows should be negatively related to each other, meaning that financial demand tends to be met by commercial supply. Also, financial flows should be positively related to exchange rates. Third, financial traders are motivated by profits, rather than consumption, and behave as if risk averse. Fourth, commercial traders are motivated by exchange‐rate levels and rationally choose not to speculate. The workhorse models of international macroeconomics do not fit most of these lessons, and these important lacunae in their microfoundations may help explain their limited empirical success. The paper sketches an optimizing model of currency flows that is consistent with the lessons and has an encouraging empirical record. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.