bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Top-down and sideways: Herbivory and cross-ecosystem connectivity shape restoration success at the salt marsh-upland ecotone
Authors: Wasson Kerstin , Tanner Karen E. , Woofolk Andrea , McCain Sean , Suraci Justin P.
Published: February 2021

Wetland restoration provides remarkable opportunities to understand vegetation dynamics and to inform success of future projects through rigorous restoration experiments. Salt marsh restoration typically focuses on physical factors such as sediment dynamics and elevation. Despite many demonstrations of strong top-down effects on salt marshes, the potential for consumers to affect salt marsh restoration projects has rarely been quantified. Recently, major restoration projects at the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve in central California, USA provided an opportunity to examine how herbivory influences restoration success. We quantified the strength of consumer effects by comparing caged to uncaged plantings, and compared effects among plant species and sites. We used camera traps to detect which herbivores were most common and how their abundance varied spatially. Beyond characterizing consumer effects, we also tested management strategies for reducing negative effects of herbivory at the restoration sites, including caging, mowing, and acoustic playbacks of predator sounds. We found extremely strong consumer effects at sites with extensive stands of exotic forbs upland of the high marsh; uncaged restoration plants suffered heavy herbivory and high mortality, while most caged plants survived. Brush rabbits (Sylvilagus bachmani) were by far the most frequent consumers of these high marsh plants. Our work thus provides the first evidence of mammal consumers affecting salt marsh restoration success. Mowing of tall exotic forb cover adjacent to the marsh at one restoration site greatly reduced consumption, and nearly all monitored plantings survived at a second restoration site where construction had temporarily eliminated upland cover. Playbacks of predator sounds did not significantly affect restoration plantings, but restoration efforts in marsh communities vulnerable to terrestrial herbivory may benefit from concurrent restoration of predator communities in the upland habitats surrounding the marsh. A landscape approach is thus critical for recognizing linkages between terrestrial and marine vegetation.
Rearing methods and life cycle characteristics of Chironomus sp. Florida (Chironomidae: Diptera): A rapid-developing species for laboratory studies
Authors: Reyes-Maldonado Roberto , Marie Bruno , Ramírez Alonso
Published: February 2021

The species Chironomus sp. “Florida” has several qualities that make it a potential aquatic laboratory model to be used in Puerto Rico. Its use as such, however, requires a rearing protocol and life cycle description not previously reported. The present study addresses this lack of information by first describing a rearing method obtained through three years of observations. Next we describe and discuss the life cycle and the effects of temperature and feeding on development. The species has a short life cycle (typically 11 days) and larval stages easily identified using body measurements. Temperature affects the duration of the life cycle, with warm temperatures producing faster development than cold temperatures. The effects of different food concentrations vary: in large water volumes, concentrations of 2 mg/larva/day produce faster developmental times, but at low water volumes, small food concentrations of 0.5 mg/larva/day produce faster developmental times. The rearing protocol and life cycle parameters presented in this study are intended to promote the use of this species as a laboratory model. The fast development of Chironomus sp. “Florida” makes it ideal for toxicological studies.
The effect of chronic ankle instability on muscle activations in lower extremities
Authors: Lin Chiao-I , Khajooei Mina , Engel Tilman , Nair Alexandra , Heikkila Mika , Kaplick Hannes , Mayer Frank
Published: February 2021

Background/Purpose

Muscular reflex responses of the lower extremities to sudden gait disturbances are related to postural stability and injury risk. Chronic ankle instability (CAI) has shown to affect activities related to the distal leg muscles while walking. Its effects on proximal muscle activities of the leg, both for the injured- (IN) and uninjured-side (NON), remain unclear. Therefore, the aim was to compare the difference of the motor control strategy in ipsilateral and contralateral proximal joints while unperturbed walking and perturbed walking between individuals with CAI and matched controls.

Materials and methods

In a cross-sectional study, 13 participants with unilateral CAI and 13 controls (CON) walked on a split-belt treadmill with and without random left- and right-sided perturbations. EMG amplitudes of muscles at lower extremities were analyzed 200 ms after perturbations, 200 ms before, and 100 ms after (Post100) heel contact while walking. Onset latencies were analyzed at heel contacts and after perturbations. Statistical significance was set at alpha≤0.05 and 95% confidence intervals were applied to determine group differences. Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated to evaluate the extent of differences.

Results

Participants with CAI showed increased EMG amplitudes for NON-rectus abdominus at Post100 and shorter latencies for IN-gluteus maximus after heel contact compared to CON (p<0.05). Overall, leg muscles (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and gluteus medius) activated earlier and less bilaterally (d = 0.30–0.88) and trunk muscles (bilateral rectus abdominus and NON-erector spinae) activated earlier and more for the CAI group than CON group (d = 0.33–1.09).

Conclusion

Unilateral CAI alters the pattern of the motor control strategy around proximal joints bilaterally. Neuromuscular training for the muscles, which alters motor control strategy because of CAI, could be taken into consideration when planning rehabilitation for CAI.
Added value of clinical prediction rules for bacteremia in hemodialysis patients: An external validation study
Authors: Sasaki Sho , Raita Yoshihiko , Murakami Minoru , Yamamoto Shungo , Tochitani Kentaro , Hasegawa Takeshi , Fujisaki Kiichiro , Fukuhara Shunichi
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Having developed a clinical prediction rule (CPR) for bacteremia among hemodialysis (HD) outpatients (BAC-HD score), we performed external validation.

Materials & methods

Data were collected on maintenance HD patients at two Japanese tertiary-care hospitals from January 2013 to December 2015. We enrolled 429 consecutive patients (aged ≥ 18 y) on maintenance HD who had had two sets of blood cultures drawn on admission to assess for bacteremia. We validated the predictive ability of the CPR using two validation cohorts. Index tests were the BAC-HD score and a CPR developed by Shapiro et al. The outcome was bacteremia, based on the results of the admission blood cultures. For added value, we also measured changes in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) using logistic regression and Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI), in which each CPR was added to the basic model.

Results

In Validation cohort 1 (360 subjects), compared to a Model 1 (Basic Model) AUC of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.59–0.80), the AUC of Model 2 (Basic model + BAC-HD score) and Model 3 (Basic model + Shapiro’s score) increased to 0.8 (95% CI: 0.71–0.88) and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.63–0.83), respectively. In validation cohort 2 (96 subjects), compared to a Model 1 AUC of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.68–0.94), the AUCs of Model 2 and Model 3 increased to 0.83 (95% CI: 0.72–0.95) and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.76–0.94), respectively. NRIs on addition of the BAC-HD score and Shapiro’s score were 0.3 and 0.06 in Validation cohort 1, and 0.27 and 0.13, respectively, in Validation cohort 2.

Conclusion

Either the BAC-HD score or Shapiro’s score may improve the ability to diagnose bacteremia in HD patients. Reclassification was better with the BAC-HD score.
Impact of optical coherence tomography scan direction on the reliability of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer measurements
Authors: Venkataraman Abinaya Priya , Andersson Josefine , Fivelsdal Lina , Nilsson Maria , Domínguez-Vicent Alberto
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To evaluate the intradevice repeatability and agreement for peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) measurements in healthy eyes with two different scan directions and two different number of B scans.

Methods

pRNFL was measured with a spectral domain optical coherence tomography on 54 healthy participants. Three-dimensional optic disc scans (6 mm x 6 mm) were performed on the right eye of the participants. Two repeated scans were performed in four different settings: H1: Horizontal scan with 512 A-scans x 96 B-scans; H2: Horizontal scan with 512 A-scans x 128 B-scans; V1: Vertical scan with 512 A-scans x 96 B-scans; V2: Vertical scan with 512 A-scans x 128 B-scans. The pRNFL thickness was evaluated in twelve clock-hour sector in a circle of 3.45 mm diameter centred at the optic disc. Repeatability and agreement were assessed with within subject standard deviation (Sw) and Bland-Altman test respectively.

Results

The repeatability of pRNFL measurements varied depending on the scan direction and sectors. The repeatability for the horizontal sectors were better with H1 and H2, with sector 9 having the best Sw (< 3 μm). The repeatability for the vertical sectors were better with V1 and V2 with sector 5 and 9 having the best Sw (< 4 μm). The repeatability with vertical scan was more symmetric among the sectors than with horizontal scans. The repeatability metrics of the sectors did not vary much between H1 and H2 (difference < 2 μm) and between V1 and V2 (difference < 3.2 μm). Comparing horizontal and vertical scans, the vertical sectors had larger limits of agreement of about 45 μm.

Conclusion

The reliability of the pRNFL thickness measurements is dependent on the direction of the scan and independent on the numbers of B-scans. Vertical scans for pRNFL gives more homogeneous repeatability across the different sectors.
Effector memory CD8 T cell response elicits Hepatitis E Virus genotype 3 pathogenesis in the elderly
Authors: El Costa Hicham , Gouilly Jordi , Abravanel Florence , Bahraoui Elmostafa , Peron Jean-Marie , Kamar Nassim , Jabrane-Ferrat Nabila , Izopet Jacques
Published: February 2021

Genotype 3 Hepatitis E virus (HEV-3) is an emerging threat for aging population. More than one third of older infected patients develops clinical symptoms with severe liver damage, while others remain asymptomatic. The origin of this discrepancy is still elusive although HEV-3 pathogenesis appears to be immune-mediated. Therefore, we investigated the role of CD8 T cells in the outcome of the infection in immunocompetent elderly subjects. We enrolled twenty two HEV-3-infected patients displaying similar viral determinants and fifteen healthy donors. Among the infected group, sixteen patients experienced clinical symptoms related to liver disease while six remained asymptomatic. Here we report that symptomatic infection is characterized by an expansion of highly activated effector memory CD8 T (EM) cells, regardless of antigen specificity. This robust activation is associated with key features of early T cell exhaustion including a loss in polyfunctional type-1 cytokine production and partial commitment to type-2 cells. In addition, we show that bystander activation of EM cells seems to be dependent on the inflammatory cytokines IL-15 and IL-18, and is supported by an upregulation of the activating receptor NKG2D and an exuberant expression of T-Bet and T-Bet-regulated genes including granzyme B and CXCR3. We also show that the inflammatory chemokines CXCL9-10 are increased in symptomatic patients thereby fostering the recruitment of highly cytotoxic EM cells into the liver in a CXCR3-dependent manner. Finally, we find that the EM-biased immune response returns to homeostasis following viral clearance and disease resolution, further linking the EM cells response to viral burden. Conversely, asymptomatic patients are endowed with low-to-moderate EM cell response. In summary, our findings define immune correlates that contribute to HEV-3 pathogenesis and emphasize the central role of EM cells in governing the outcome of the infection.
Reconstructing American Historical Cinema: From Cimarron to Citizen Kane, J. E. Smyth (2009)
Authors: Sieber Hannah
Published: February 2021

Review of: Reconstructing American Historical Cinema: From Cimarron to Citizen Kane, J. E. Smyth (2009)

Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 464pp.,

ISBN: 9780813192390 (pbk), $45.00
Double Visions, Double Fictions, Baryon Tensor Posadas (2018)
Authors: Flaherty David
Published: February 2021

Review of: Double Visions, Double Fictions, Baryon Tensor Posadas (2018)

Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 253pp.,

ISBN: 9781517902636 (pbk), $27.00,

ISBN: 9781517902629 (hbk), $74.77
Arrival (2016)
Authors: Gainey Christian E.
Published: February 2021

USA

Director Denis Villeneuve

Runtime 116 minutes
To Sleep with Anger (1990)
Authors: Lustyik Hannah
Published: February 2021

USA

Director Charles Burnett

Runtime 102 minutes

 

Blu-ray

USA, 2019

Distributed by The Criterion Collection (region A/1)
The Philadelphia Story (1940) in 9 Frames
Authors: Dickerson Alexis , Nielsen Andrew P. , Pickett Ashley R. , Spillane Ashley R. , Wentz Andrew Ryan
Published: February 2021

The Philadelphia Story (1940)

USA

Director George Cukor

Runtime 112 minutes

 

Blu-ray

USA, 2017

Distributed by The Criterion Collection (region A/1)
Exposed by the Mask
Authors: Steinberg Felipe
Published: February 2021

Semantic segmentation is the process of assigning a label – vehicle, person, sidewalk, pavement etc. -- to every pixel in an image. This artificial intelligence technology was initially created for military application, Gulf War, and it is the core technology behind autonomous driving, medical imaging technologies or satellite image processing, among others. Being from Brazil, the departure point of the project is to explore my own relation to Dakar, Senegal, through the inscriptions of colonialism and post-colonialism in the leisure industry. Before visiting Dakar in the fall of 2019 for an art residency, my relationship with it was basically mediated through a game, called “Paris-Dakar 1990”, for the video-game console Atari. This game was made as a merchandise product from the Paris Dakar race. Through juxtaposition between this ‘AI’ technology and those video game ‘vignettes’ the work is a reflection of how new technologies and engineering projects promise a revolutionary new future while replicating and reinforcing old forms of racialized, gendered and class ideas about the ‘good life’ through middle class ideology.
Weepers I, II, III
Authors: Baldissera Lisa
Published: February 2021

Weepers I, II, III is a ficto-critical approach to the topic of hospitality, arising from the xacerbating conditions of academic, curatorial and institutional care. Ficto-criticism sidesteps the constraints of non-disclosure agreements and the strictures of the reputational economy, to instead posit a dreaming vision of colliding worlds and meanings.

Weepers I, II, III, considers hospitality in three related short fiction works which address the figure of the academic curator: one is an exposition of the linked codes/spheres of migration/contemporary art as it relates to asylum, emancipation and the promise of art world economies by focusing on the conditions of the security guard within a major art museum; a second examines the self-determination of a series of ‘wipers’—carers hired, groomed, academicized and ultimately fetishized, to wipe the tears of crumbling academics as a form of corporeal hospitality; to a vignette of interspecies escape and conversion, following the heart attack and subsequent cellular changes that free the academic’s father from his former life. Through these interlinking stories of grief and loss, also come the act of naming and inventing, side-stepping instrumentalized forms of academic writing to posit a dream-time, a curatorial and academic imaginary that, freed from the reputational economy and non-disclosure clauses of the career curator, dares speak its name. In form and methodology, this approach suggests an approach to an opening and a form of resistance to hospitalality and its various forms.
Prevalence and distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infection in free-roaming dogs in Bali Province, Indonesia
Authors: Agustina Kadek Karang , Anthara Made Suma , Sibang Nengah Anom Adi Nugraha , Wiguna Wayan Adi Rinta , Apramada Jendra Krisna , Gunawan Wayan Nico Fajar , Oka Ida Bagus Made , Subrata Made , Besung Nengah Kerta
Published: February 2021

Background and Aim: Several free-roaming dogs can be easily found in the public areas of Bali. They go out in search of foods and friends and defecate everywhere. In general, these groups of dogs do not receive good healthcare from their owners and are generally threatened by some disease-causing organisms, especially helminths. This study was conducted to identify and measure the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) that cause infection in free-roaming dogs in Bali Province, Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A total of 1611 fresh dog fecal samples were collected from all areas of Bali Province and subjected to qualitative fecal examination using flotation techniques to obtain STH eggs.

Results: The incidence of STHs in free-roaming dogs was 38.36%. However, three types of STHs were identified, including Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris spp., and Trichuris spp. Ancylostoma spp. had the highest prevalence of 37.8%, followed by Ascaris spp. and Trichuris spp. at 6.02% and 0.87%, respectively. Multiple infections of these worms were also recorded. The polyparasitism prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. and Ascaris spp. was 3.85%, followed by that of Ancylostoma spp. and Trichuris spp. at 0.5% and that of Ascaris spp. and Trichuris spp. at 0.06%. There were no altitude-wise differences in the prevalence of STH infection.

Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs was high in free-roaming dogs. This finding necessitates more serious attention as it affects both animal and public health.
Effect of adding growth factors during in vitro maturation on the developmental potentials of ewe oocytes selected by brilliant cresyl blue staining
Authors: Fathi Mohamed , Elkarmoty Amr F.
Published: February 2021

Aim: Several factors had been concerned with the developmental competence of the sheep oocyte. This study aims to investigate the effect of adding growth factors (insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1] and epidermal growth factor [EGF]) in the maturation medium of ewe oocytes selected based on brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) screening on in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization, and pre-implantation embryo development.

Materials and Methods: Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were obtained from the ovaries of slaughtered ewes by either aspiration or slicing techniques. COCs were in vitro matured in a medium containing IGF-1 and EGF (control group). For BCB screening, oocytes were stained and divided into BCB+ oocytes that matured in the same maturation conditions without adding growth factors (Group 2) or in the presence of growth factors (Group 3), and BCB– oocytes that matured in medium without growth factors (Group 4) or with growth factors (Group 5).

Results: The supplementation of the maturation medium with growth factors during IVM of (BCB+) oocytes resulted in a significant increase in nuclear maturation rate (90.9%), fertilization rate (75.6%), and embryo developmental rates (60.0%, 46.7%, and 33.3% for cleavage, morula, and blastocyst, respectively).

Conclusion: Culturing BCB+ oocytes in a maturation medium containing both EGF and IGF-1 showed a significant improvement in nuclear maturation, fertilization, and pre-implantation embryo development in vitro.
Evaluation of the acute toxicity of the extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L.) and Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus Maire in Swiss mice
Authors: Jawhari Fatima Zahra , El Moussaoui Abdelfattah , Imtara Hamada , Mechchate Hamza , Es-Safi Imane , Bouhrim Mohamed , Kharchoufa Loubna , Miry Achraf , Bousta Dalila , Bari Amina
Published: February 2021

Background and Aim: Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) has been used in traditional North African and Indian medicine for the treatment of several diseases such as cancer, rheumatism, epilepsy, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Despite its medical benefits, few studies have examined its toxicity. The present study evaluated the acute toxicity of hydroethanolic extracts of different parts (roots, seeds, leaves, and capitula) of two varieties of A. pyrethrum (L.), namely, A. pyrethrum var. pyrethrum (L) and A. pyrethrum var. depressus (Ball) Maire, in mice.

Materials and Methods: Acute toxicity was evaluated after the oral administration of different extracts at doses of 300, 500, and 2000 mg/kg. Mortality, body weight, general behavior, and adverse effects were observed daily for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, mice were sacrificed, and biochemical parameters and histopathology of the liver, kidneys, and spleen were analyzed.

Results: The extracts of different parts of both plants induced no signs of toxicity or mortality during the observation period, excluding capitulum and seed extracts, which induced slight sedation at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. The LD50 of the extracts was estimated to exceed 2000 mg/kg. The administration of A. pyrethrum var. pyrethrum roots at a dose of 300 mg/kg resulted in significantly increased AST levels. However, the A. pyrethrum var. depressus root extract induced significant increases in the levels of both transaminases (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]). The remaining extracts of both plants at a dose of 500 mg/kg significantly increased AST levels. Moreover, all plant extracts excluding the A. pyrethrum var. pyrethrum capitulum extract at 2000 mg/kg provoked significant increases in AST levels, and A. pyrethrum var. depressus roots provoked a significant increase of ALT levels. Meanwhile, mice treated with high doses of extracts (2000 mg/kg) displayed histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, and spleen characterized by hepatic distress, inflammatory infiltration, focal tubular necrosis, vascular congestion, and lymphoid hyperplasia.

Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that the hydroethanolic extracts of different parts of two varieties of A. pyrethrum (L.) were not toxic in mice at low concentrations, whereas some toxic effects were detected in mice treated at 2000 mg/kg.
Continuity forest or second-generation forest? Historic aerial photos provide evidence of early clear-cutting in northern Sweden
Authors: Lundmark Hanna , Östlund Lars , Josefsson Torbjörn
Published: February 2021

Modern forestry, which mainly consists of clear-cutting, is one of the most important factors influencing todayâs boreal forests. In Sweden, the breaking point for modern forestry is generally considered to be around 1950. Recently, our common knowledge of the implementation of clear-cutting in Sweden has increased, and new research indicates that clear-cutting systems were already applied before the 1950s. In this case study, we used aerial photographs from the 1940s to analyze the extent of contemporaneous clear-cuts and even-aged young forests in an area in northern Sweden. Our results show that almost 40% of the study area had already been clear-cut by the end of the 1940s, but also that clear-cutting had been applied to 10% of the forest land in the early 1900s. This implies that the historical development of forestry in northern Sweden is more complex than previously thought, and that certain proportions of the forest land were already second-generation forests in the 1950s. Our results have implications for the use of concepts such as âcontinuity forestâ, suggesting that this concept should employ a time frame of at least 100 years.
Grounded theory, a kvalitatív kutatás klasszikus mérföldköve (Grounded theory, the classic milestone of qualitative research)
Authors: Mitev Ariel Zoltán
Published: February 2021

A grounded theory olyan kutatási módszer, ahol az elmélet az empirikus adatokból fejlődik ki és abban gyökerezik (Glaser - Strauss, 1967). Annak ellenére, hogy a módszer nemzetközileg rendkívül népszerű, a grounded theory nem igazán vert gyökeret a hazai menedzsment- és marketingkutatás talajában. A cikk célja a grounded theory kulcsfontosságú mozzanatainak bemutatása és a módszer népszerűsítése. / === / Grounded theory is a research method in which theory emerges from the data and is grounded in it (Glaser - Strauss, 1967). Despite the international popularity of the method, the grounded theory unfortunately hasn't taken roots in the Hungarian management and marketing research fields. The purpose of this article is to highlight some features and key points of the method and to popularize it among researchers.
Az információterjedés szerepe az innováció-elfogadásban. Az okostelefonok és az on-line kollektív intelligencia (Role of informationspread in the innovation acceptance: the smart phones and the online collective intelligence)
Authors: Csordás Tamás , Nyirő Nóra
Published: February 2021

A tanulmány célja az innováció-terjedés marketingvonzatú irodalmának bemutatása, valamint betekintés az exploratív tartalomelemzés módszerével az informális, kollektív intelligenciát generáló on-line felületek, nevesül a blogok és fórumok kutathatóságába. Az okostelefonok innováció-elfogadásának példáján keresztül a szerzők megpróbálják felderíteni az információterjedés elméletének megvalósulását az elemzett felületeken. Bemutatnak három, a mintára jellemző információterjedési és felvett szerep mintát, melyek alapul szolgálhatnak a további célirányú kutatások számára. / === / Adaptive smart phones that give space for user-added functions create active online discussions. Committed users are ready to share information, advise others, while less expert users seek this information. In their paper the authors show that related user-generated content i.e. blogs and bulletin boards provide a rich data source for analysis, which gives them the opportunity to further elaborate on the diffusion of information in the case of smart phone usage among online Hungarian users. Online collective intelligence may well contribute to the diffusion of innovations through diffusing information. Following a thorough review on the literature on the diffusion of innovations, in their exploratory content analysis, they found two categories of users on the analyzed boards: a first group we dubbed "experts" (corresponding to innovators in Bass's typology) that made a special effort trying to solve particular problems thus contributing to collective intelligence, thus reducing (among others) the perceived complexity of these phones and adding to their trialability, both factors influencing users' innovation acceptance, and a second group, "simple users" (or imitators in Bass's typology), uninterested in product innovation, still asking questions and searching for solutions concerning extant technology. Manufacturers do not seem yet to regard these boards as a source of valuable data, even though these clearly serve as an important pool of information and a growing factor of decision for their potential customers.
Foglalkoztatás-bővítési kilátások és akadályok az üzleti szférában(Employment expansion prospects and obstacles in the business sphere)
Authors: Némethné Pál Katalin , Papanek Gábor
Published: February 2021

Empirikus vizsgálatok szerint a vállalatok fejlesztési törekvéseit Magyarországon is elsősorban a piaci kilátások határozzák meg, a finanszírozási körülmények szerepe jóval gyengébb. A beruházások és innovációk végrehajtása elsősorban a műszaki végzettségűek iránti keresletet növelheti, a szakképzetlen dolgozók körében viszont gyakran leépítésekre vezet. A vállalatok igénye és az állást keresők kompetenciái azonban nemcsak a szakmastruktúrában térnek el. A korábban megvalósított fejlesztéseknek a válság idején munkahelymegtartó szerepe volt. A jövőbeni fejlesztések munkaerőigényének kielégítésében mind az üzleti szektor szereplőinek, mind a szakpolitikáknak fontos tennivalói vannak. _______ According to recent empirical research development efforts of companies in Hungary are primarily determined by the market outlook, the role of financing conditions is much weaker. Implementation of investments and innovation can increase in first row the demand for technical professionals and often causes dismissals in unskilled labour. The demand of companies and competences of job seekers diverge not only in the professional structure. Earlier fulfilled development had workplace keeping role during the recession. Both actors of business sector and policies have important tasks to do in satisfying labour demand of future developments.
EU-s források a vállalkozások tőkeellátottságának javítására - A JEREMIE Kockázati Tőkeprogram (EU funds to improve the capitalization of the companies – JEREMIE Venture Capital Program)
Authors: Rácz András
Published: February 2021

A hazai kis- és középvállalkozások (kkv-k) tőkeellátottságának javítása meghatározó szerepet játszik fejlődésük előmozdításában. Jelen tanulmány az Új Széchenyi Terv (ÚSZT) keretében a vállalkozások rendelkezésére álló pénzügyi eszközök közül a kockázati tőke működését mutatja be. A fejlődésük növekedési ciklusában járó cégek mellett a korai életszakaszukban járó, innovatív tevékenységet folytató, gyors növekedésre képes, de forráshiányos vállalkozások finanszírozásában nyújthat segítséget Magyarországon a 2010-ben elindult JEREMIE Kockázati Tőkeprogram. Az állami és a privát tulajdonban levő piaci szereplők hazánkban újnak mondható együttműködése révén megvalósuló program a magyar kockázatitőke-piac kínálati oldalának bővítését szolgálja, abban az alsó (döntően az 1-1,5 millió EUR/tranzakció alatti) szegmensben, ahol a tisztán piaci alapon működő befektetők korlátozottabb szerepvállalása figyelhető meg, és így a piacon hiány jelentkezik. Az EU-s támogatások ezen új típusú felhasználási formája színesíti és kibővíti a vállalkozások számára elérhető pénzügyi eszközök körét és volumenét, fokozottabb mértékben érvényesül a piaci szemlélet, hiszen verseny van a forrásokért, és verseny van a források kihelyezését végző pénzügyi közvetítő szervezetek között is, mindezek mellett további magánforrások bevonását biztosítja, ösztönzőleg hat a cégek működésére, és a visszaforgó rendszer biztosítja a fenntarthatóságot, a források későbbi újbóli felhasználását is. _______ To improve the capitalization of the domestic small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has a decisive role in promoting development. This study presents the operation of venture capital from the available business financial instruments of the New Széchenyi Plan. In Hungary the JEREMIE Venture Capital Program, which launched in 2010, can help in financing of the rapidly growth, innovative, early life stage companies besides the development cycle of growth companies. This program with new cooperation between the stateowned and private companies enlarge the supply-side of the Hungarian venture capital market, at that the bottom (mostly in the 1 to 1.5 million EUR / transaction below) segment, where can be observed the limited role of the purely market-based investors, and thus there is a shortage in the market. These new type application form of the EU supports enriches and expands the scope and volume of the available financial instruments for the enterprises, the market orientation prevails more broadly, because there is a competition for resources and there is a competition between the resources allocation financial intermediaries,in addition ensures further private resources.
Az európai vállalkozó karaktere (The characters of the European entrepreneur and the European manager)
Authors: Csite András , Luksander Alexandra , Mike Károly
Published: February 2021

Miben különböznek motivációjukat, értékeit, habitusukat tekintve a vállalkozók, illetve a menedzserek a társadalom többi tagjától és egymástól? Egy 29 európai országra kiterjedő reprezentatív lakossági kérdőíves felmérés (European Social Survey) alapján keresik a szerzők a választ e kérdésre. A Schwartz-értéktesztet használják, amelynek segítségével meghatározhatók az általános célok, elvek, amelyek követését egy személy fontosnak tartja az életében. Így felrajzolható a személy karaktere. Hozzájárulásuk az irodalomhoz kettős. Bár készültek európai szinten elemzések a vállalkozók által vallott sajátos értékekről, a Schwartz-teszt átfogóbb, árnyaltabb és megbízhatóbb elemzést tesz lehetővé. Továbbá, az említett elemzések csak az önfoglalkoztatókat vizsgálták, amely kategória magában foglalja ugyan a vállalkozókat, ám tágabb annál. Az alkalmazott menedzserekről pedig tudomásuk szerint egyáltalán nem készült hasonló elemzés. / === / What distinguishes entrepreneurs and managers from the rest of society and from each other in terms of motivation and values? The authors attempt to answer these questions by analysing data from the European Social Survey covering the populations of 29 countries. They use the Schwartz value-test to identify the general goals and principles people choose to follow in their lives. The test enables them to paint the typical personal characters of entrepreneurs and managers. Their contribution to the literature is threefold. First, although the values held by European entrepreneurs have been investigated before, the Schwartz test provides for a more comprehensive and nuanced analysis. Second, prior statistical analyses have focussed on self-employed, which is a much broader category than entrepreneurs. Third, the distinguishing values of employed managers have not been analysed so far in a similar way.
Az elektronikus kereskedelem alkalmazása a hazai vállalatok körében - a piacorientáció és a marketingkörnyezet szerepe (E-commerce practises of the Hungarian companies – Role of market orientation and marketing environment)
Authors: Kolos Krisztina , Gáti Mirkó
Published: February 2021

A szerzők tanulmányának célja, hogy bemutassa, milyen célokra alkalmazzák az internetet a hazai vállalatok, milyen várakozásaik vannak az e-kereskedelem versenyben betöltött szerepével kapcsolatban, és hogyan észlelik annak előnyeit. Vizsgálják azt is, hogy az elmúlt öt évben milyen változások tapasztalhatók a vállalatok gyakorlatában e téren. Elemzik továbbá, hogy a piacorientáció és a vállalat külső marketingkörnyezete hogyan befolyásolja az e-kereskedelem megítélését és alkalmazását. Elemzésük a "Versenyben a világgal" kutatási program 2009-ben készült felmérésének eredményeire támaszkodik, amelyben 300 vállalat szakembereit kérdezték meg. Kutatásukban megerősítést nyert, hogy Magyarországon az elektronikus kereskedelem jelentősége nő. A vállalatoknak kedvezőek az elektronikus kereskedelem jövőjével kapcsolatos várakozásaik, és úgy vélik, hogy ez versenyelőny forrása lehet. A vállalat piacorientációja erőteljesen befolyásolja azt, hogy egy vállalat milyen mértékben alkalmazza az internetet, és hogyan viszonyul az elektronikus kereskedelemhez / === / The objective of the authors’ research is to show how internet is used among Hungarian companies, to analyse their expectations with regard of the role e-commerce plays in competition, and the benefits resulting from e-commerce. They also focus on the changes that have taken place the past five years in the practice of Hungarian companies. The authors investigate how market orientation and the external marketing environment of firms influence evaluations of e-commerce and its implementation. Their analysis is based on the results of the research program „Competing with the world” , which includes the answers of 300 companies. Their research results confirm that the importance of e-commerce is growing in Hungary and overall Hungarian firms have positive expectations with regard of the future of e-commerce and consider it a source of competitive advantage. Market orientation of the firm strongly influences the extent of internet applications and attitudes toward ecommerce.
A lean kultúra értelmezése és mérése egy egészségügyi szolgáltatónál (The interpretation and measurement of the lean culture – in case of a healthcare service provider)
Authors: Toarniczky Andrea , Imre Noémi , Jenei István , Losonci Dávid , Primecz Henriett
Published: February 2021

A lean menedzsment egészségügyi szolgáltatásokra való alkalmazásával elérhető eredmények egyre inkább nyilvánvalóvá válnak. Ennek köszönhetően a szektorban dinamikus növekedés tapasztalható ezen a téren. A kutatások azonban arra hívják fel a figyelmet, hogy a lean menedzsment alkalmazásával elért eredmények csak akkor lesznek fenntarthatóak, ha az eszközök alkalmazását a kultúra átalakulása is követi. A kultúra változásának követéséhez annak folyamatos értékelésére van szükség. A szervezeti kultúra lean-specifikus méréséhez azonban – a szerzők tudomása szerint – még nincs kidolgozott eszköz. Ezért cikkükben a kapcsolódó szakirodalom áttekintése után kidolgoztak egy lean kultúra kérdőívet, majd bemutatják a kérdőív tesztelését és annak eredményeit. Összegzésként elmondható, hogy az itt bemutatott kérdőív az első tesztelés alapján további fejlesztésre szorul. / === / The results that can be obtained by applying lean management in healthcare services become more and more clear. This generates a dynamic increase of lean applications in healthcare. However, researches are warning that the res ults obtained by lean applications can only be sustained, if next to the use of the lean tools cultural change will also take place. In order to track changes in culture its constant evaluation is necessary. According to the authors’ knowledge today does not exist any lean-specific culture evaluation tool. In this paper they elaborate a lean culture questionnaire based on the review of relevant literature. Than they describe its test and the results of the test. The authors conclude that the questionnaire as introduced here needs further improvement.
PAX6: a transcriptional guardian for glutamatergic fate in the developing neocortex
Authors: Tan Kai Boon , Kozic Zrinko , Dobolyi Dániel , Manuel Martine , Mason John , Price David
Published: February 2021

During forebrain development, the transcription factor PAX6 is highly expressed by progenitors in the dorsal telencephalon (dTel) i.e. the primitive cerebral cortex with a sharp boundary at the pallial-subpallial boundary, thereby establishing the dorso-ventral patterning of the forebrain and regulating the generation of cortical glutamatergic neurons. Strikingly, removal of
Pax6led to a diversion away from the glutamatergic identity in a subset of cortical progenitors indicated by ectopic gene expression. We postulate that PAX6 confers glutamatergic fate in progenitors by preventing them from responding to signaling cues such as SHH that can induce abberant fates. In the present study, we used the transgenic mouse model with
Pax6conditionally deleted in the cortex using a tamoxifen-inducible
Emx1-CreER
T2
transgene combined with a floxed
Pax6 and an EGFP constructs. Single-cell transcriptome revealed multiple ectopic leanages in cortical progenitors with morphogen-regulated transcriptional signatures upon
Pax6deletion. We also undertook a candidate approach to investigate how attenuation of signaling cues by surgical and pharmacological means using
in vitroslice culture affect the magnitude of ectopic gene expression in the cortical progenitors. We demonstrated that attenuation of interneuron migration into the cortex and inhibition of SHH signaling pathway in slice culture substatially reduced aberrant gene expression in the cortical progenitors. Our findings suggest that ventral cues from vTel such as SHH possess ventralizing effect on cortical progenitors, this is consistent with a requirement for PAX6 to resist such effects in order to safeguard glutamatergic fate.
The Means and Methods of War
Authors: Saeed Danial
Published: February 2021

The Joint Doctrine and Concepts Center (JDCC) is in charge of distributed Joint Warfare Publications (JWPs) and keeping up a chain of importance of such productions. At the start of any thought of the law of furnished clash, it must be underlined that the privilege of the gatherings to the contention to pick techniques on the other hand method for fighting is not boundless .
The Built Environment of the Precolonial West African Coast: Materials, Functions, and Housing Standards
Authors: Rönnbäck Klas
Published: February 2021

This article studies the built environment along the West African coast as described in European historical sources from the fifteenth to the early nineteenth century. Many early modern European observers believed housing standards in West Africa remained poor over this long period, and attributed this to a lack of development. The evidence presented in this article suggests that most European observers missed several key functions of traditional African architecture, as well as how the architecture in use might have been an adaptation to the socioeconomic context developing in relation to the Atlantic slave trade.
Modern Motherhood, Masculinity, and Family Planning in Ghana, 1960–75
Authors: Ashford Holly Rose
Published: February 2021

This article analyzes policies related to reproduction in postcolonial Ghana, in particular pronatalist tendencies under Nkrumah, and the launch of the National Family Planning Programme (NFPP) in 1970. I argue that gendered nationalism was frequently articulated through women’s roles as mothers. Modernization under Nkrumah went further than large-scale development projects, because aspirations for the nation were reflected in expectations of modern motherhood. Like many family planning programs before and since, the NFPP was also highly gendered. Family planning was linked to economic and social development and progressive attitudes. Modern women and modern families were expected to embrace family planning. In public discourse, it was women’s responsibility for national development to act as mothers of the nation, whether that meant adhering to pronatalist principles under Nkrumah, or limiting their family size under successive later governments. Policies, especially NFPP, acknowledged and reinforced gendered roles related to sexual and reproductive behavior. Men were often seen as decision makers and the demographic that needed to be persuaded when it came to family planning. The gendered aspects of the NFPP are explored in this article to show that whereas adherence to “tradition” was discouraged in women, men’s gendered roles remained largely unchallenged.
A Dinâmica de Colaborações OpenStreetMap e sua Relação com as Atividades de Uso e Ocupação do Solo: um Estudo Segundo Zoneamento de Curitiba
Authors: Paiva Caio dos Anjos , Camboim Silvana Philippi
Published: February 2021

Em regiões com défict ou restrição de acesso a dados espaciais oficiais, conhecer a qualidade dos dados colaborativos permite minimizar a falta de informação espacial. Admitindo como parâmetro de qualidade dos dados colaborativos a chamada Inteligência Espacial Coletiva, o presente artigo verifica a dependência entre a dinâmica das colaborações na plataforma OpenStreetMap e a aglomeração de pessoas. Para tal assumiu duas vertentes como influenciadoras dessa aglomeração: à derivada das atividades econômicas e a aglomeração derivada do local onde as pessoas resindem. Identificado essa dependência, foi possível estipular variáveis de qualidade para os dados colaborativos quando esses são qualificados em função da Inteligência Espacial Coletiva.
Avaliação de Áreas Provedoras de Serviços Ambientais na APA Municipal do Rio Uberaba, Minas Gerais
Authors: Oliveira Aline Claro de , Strauch Julia Celia Mercedes , Fernandes Amarildo da Cruz
Published: February 2021

A criação de Programas de Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) é uma das políticas públicas que vem sendo adotadas para alinhar os interesses de proprietários de terras que se encontram localizadas em bacias hidrográficas que possuem mananciais utilizados para abastecimento público, aos interesses das companhias de água. Este trabalho objetiva identificar áreas provedoras do serviço ambiental que apresentam controle da erosão na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) municipal do rio Uberaba, criada para proteger o manancial de abastecimento público do município de Uberaba, MG. Para isso é utilizado o módulo de retenção de sedimentos do sistema InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs), que utiliza como base a Equação Universal de Perda de Solo e criado um cenário hipotético em que as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) foram reflorestadas de acordo com a Lei 12.651/2012. Isto permitiu comparar os resultados da modelagem do cenário do ano de 2016 com o cenário hipotético. Como resultado identificou-se que as microbacias da APA municipal do rio Uberaba foram classificadas com perdas de solos médias (61%), média forte (27%), forte (2%), nula a pequena (6%) e moderada (4%). De acordo com a modelagem do InVEST, o total de sedimentos estimados pelas microbacias que compõem a APA municipal do rio Uberaba em 2016 foi de 2.620.062 ton/ano e para o cenário futuro foi de 1.258.989 ton/ano. Esse resultado indica que a recuperação de cerca de 6 km² de APPs pode reduzir a geração de sedimentos em 48%.
Detecção e Hierarquização de Conglomerados de Focos de Aedes aegypti pela Estatística Scan com um Modelo de Permutação Espaço-temporal
Authors: Merêncio Ivan , Vieira Carlos Antonio Oliveira
Published: February 2021

A utilização da estatística espacial associada ao estudo de dados epidemiológicos humanos intensificou-se nas últimas duas décadas. Nesse sentido, este artigo aborda a estatística de varredura (estatística Scan) para a detecção de conglomerados espaço-temporais de focos de Aedes aegypti na zona urbana de Joinville, Santa Catarina. O controle deste vetor é de grande preocupação para as cidades brasileiras, as quais tem dificuldades para conter a infestação, devido ao modo de sobrevivência do mosquito e os diversos fatores relacionados à sociedade. O objetivo deste estudo é aplicar um modelo estatístico espaço-temporal para a identificação de aglomerados, definindo sua localização, dimensão e ordem. A sistematização da base de dados abrangeu os registros dos focos diários de Ae. Aegypti, do período de janeiro de 2009 a setembro de 2018, fornecidos pela Diretoria de Vigilância Epidemiológica (DIVE) de Santa Catarina. Os focos foram georreferenciados com o auxílio dos dados cadastrais de Joinville. Para a execução da estatística considerou-se o modelo de probabilidade permutação espaço-temporal, apoiado na abordagem retrospectiva. No resultado da pesquisa evidenciou-se a capacidade do procedimento para delimitação de clusters históricos e ativos, sendo que o modo retrospectivo identificou 26 agrupamentos; o único ativo situou-se no bairro Boa Vista, o que comprova que a região necessita de medidas de intervenção. O desenvolvimento do método demonstrou-se eficiente para o conhecimento de clusters históricos e, principalmente, para a definição de surtos precoces. Isso caracteriza a estatística Scan como uma ferramenta importante e de baixo custo para orientar a vigilância ambiental nas atividades de controle do inseto.
Saúde materna em Moçambique
Authors: Inácio Regina Sebastião , Corradi-Perini Carla , Gomes Milena
Published: February 2021

Este estudo tem o objetivo de refletir sobre a saúde materna em Moçambique tendo como ponto central a discussão se as taxas de cesárea nessa população podem ser utilizadas como um indicador de saúde. A justificativa para este estudo parte da premissa que as fragilidades no setor de saúde pública de Moçambique levam ao aumento da realização de cesáreas evitáveis, principalmente, durante a assistência emergencial de mulheres em situação de vulnerabilidade, como exposto na mídia. O material de análise envolve os documentos oficiais do Ministério da Saúde de Moçambique e da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Conclui-se que não existem argumentos para que se tente atingir uma determinada taxa de cesáreas, e sim priorizar o atendimento pré-natal, abrangendo toda a região do país, em especial, para as comunidades mais pobres e que vivem em regiões afastadas dos centros de saúde.