bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta‐analysis of the energy and protein requirements of hair sheep raised in the tropical region of Brazil
Authors: Oliveira A. P. , Pereira E. S. , Biffani S. , Medeiros A. N. , Silva A. M. A. , Oliveira R. L. , Marcondes M. I.
Published: March 2017

The objective of this study was to estimate, through mathematical models, energy and protein requirements for maintenance and gain of hair sheep raised in the tropical region of Brazil. To determine the equation parameters, a meta‐analysis of seven independent experiments of nutrient requirements was performed, comprising a total of 243 experimental units (animals), which were conducted under tropical conditions, using hair sheep in growing and finishing phases and endowed of the following quantitative data for each animal: body weight (BW), empty body weight (EBW), average daily gain (ADG), empty body gain (EBG), heat production (HP), metabolizable energy intake (MEI), retained energy (RE), metabolizable protein intake (MPI) and body protein content. The regression equations generated were as follows: for Net Energy for maintenance, (NEm): ; for Net Energy for gain, (NEg): ; for Metabolizable Protein for maintenance,(MPm): MPI(g/day) = 24.8470 (±7.3646) + 560.28 (±99.6582) × EBG(kg/day); for Net Protein for gain, (NPg): . The NEm requirement was 0.246 MJ EBW−0.75 day−1. The metabolizable energy for maintenance requirement was 0.391 MJ EBW−0.75 day−1. Considering an ADG of 100 g, the NEg requirement ranged from 0.496 to 1.701 MJ/day for animals with BW ranging from 10 to 40 kg respectively. The efficiencies of use of the metabolizable energy for maintenance and gain were 0.63 and 0.36 respectively. The MPm requirement was 3.097 g EBW−0.75 day−1. Considering an ADG of 100 g, the NPg requirement ranged from 12.4 to 10.5 g/day for animals with BW ranging from 10 to 40 kg respectively. The total metabolizable energy and protein requirements were lower than those reported by the NRC and AFRC systems. Thus, our results support the hypothesis that nutrient requirements of hair sheep raised in tropical regions differ from wool sheep raised in temperate regions. Therefore, the use of the equations designed in this study is recommended.
The response of growing native turkeys to different feed colours and forms
Authors: Farghly M. F. , Mahrose Kh. M.
Published: March 2017

A total number of 180 1‐day old native turkey chicks were chosen in this study, for evaluating the impacts of using different attracting colours and forms of the offered feed on growth performance, carcass traits and some of health aspects, in a 3 × 2 factorial experimental design. The birds were allocated into three main groups according to feed colour (non‐coloured, orange and green feeds), then each main group was divided to three subgroups corresponded to feed form (mash and crumbles feed) respectively. The obtained results indicated that feed colours and forms changed significantly the final body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion, gizzard percentage, meat juiciness, plumage conditions and mortality rate. However, there were no significant differences among the treatments in carcass traits, meat quality (percentages of heart, liver, abdominal fat colour, flavour and tenderness) and body temperature. Significant interactions of feed colours × forms groups were existed in most studied traits except in feed consumption, giblets, meat quality traits, plumage conditions and body temperature. Finally, considering the obtained results, it was observed that the native turkeys prefer green feed as crumbles over non‐coloured or mash feed. Consequently, feeds for turkey chicks should be in green mash or crumbles during the growing period to maximize the profit.
From Advocacy to Activism: Families, Communities, and Collective Change
Authors: Sauer Janet Story , Lalvani Priya
Published: March 2017

Although countries across the globe support the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006), when faced with competing economic priorities, their policies and practices too often negatively impact children with disabilities and their families (Ferguson, ). Current social and educational structures are implicated in inequitable services, particularly for those families from nondominant languages and minority racial and ethnic groups (McCall & Skrtic, ; Ong‐Dean, ). Recognizing the importance of contexts and power imbalances, we posit that the broader communities in which families live and that determine the opportunities they are afforded, should be explicitly addressed when evaluating a family's quality of life. This article provides an analysis of family quality of life in the context of parents’ struggle to access equitable education for their children with disabilities, and suggests that the Quality of Life (QoL) conceptual framework (Brown, Schalock, & Brown, ), having already expanded to include the individual to the family unit, be further extended to engage the community. To illustrate, we describe two community‐based projects aimed at moving family involvement in special education away from a model of individual advocacy, situated within western ethnocentric organizational structures that rely on sociocultural capital, to grassroots collective activism.
The Nature of Quality of Life: A Conceptual Model to Inform Assessment
Authors: Alborz Alison
Published: March 2017

The phenomenon of quality of life (QoL) has been subject to ongoing debate and many models have been proposed. Over the latter half of the 20th century, QoL models have proliferated, particularly in relation to the population with intellectual disabilities (ID) which have arguably improved living conditions and helped to guard against abuse. While this is a complex phenomenon, there is agreement across a wide literature that QoL has two distinct aspects relating to the individual (whether disabled or not) and the resources necessary for a “good” QoL. Considerable support is also provided for a number of diverse but robust domains. However, how the “nature” of QoL is conceptualized is unclear. The article reviews multidisciplinary research on QoL and goes on to present a theoretical model of the nature of QoL that encompasses identified domains. The model is based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs (1987) which defines its scope; Sen's Capability Approach (1985), which elaborates the resource context impacting QoL; and Ryan and Deci's Self‐Determination Theory (2000), which describes person‐context interactions important to personally valued QoL. This conceptualization was framed within four facets—Foundational well‐being; Psychosocial well‐being; Status; and Autonomy—each of which have two aspects: “individual,” describing personal needs that, when fulfilled, are associated with better QoL, and “context,” describing resources necessary to enable individual need fulfilment. The proposed QoL model demonstrates an intellectually lucid structure supported by literature. It does not attempt a definitive specification of all QoL constituents but proposes that delineation must be determined within the particular circumstances of a proposed assessment. Once determined, an exploratory approach to assessment is proposed. It is suggested this model represents a useful “atlas” on the nature of QoL to guide development of assessments aiming to inform service developments or interventions.
Inhibition of Return Decays Rapidly when Familiar Objects are Used
Authors: Niimi Ryosuke , Shimada Hiroki , Yokosawa Kazuhiko
Published: March 2017

Visual search is supported by various components. Inhibition of return (IOR) is a mechanism by which orienting to a previously attended location or object is inhibited. In two experiments, we examined whether categories of real‐life objects modify IOR. In Experiment 1, familiar objects (faces, hands, feet, chairs, and flowers) and a nonsense control object (a square) were presented as cues and participants were asked to detect a target presented either in a cued or uncued position. Body parts were examined since they have often been shown to influence visual selective attention. Results showed substantial IOR irrespective of cue object category. However, IOR decreased very rapidly, even in trials with a control cue. This atypical time course was not observed when only the control cue was used (Experiment 2). We concluded that the presence of various familiar objects in Experiment 1 acted as a context and modified observers’ attentional sets. The results suggest that IOR in real‐life scenes with familiar objects is different from IOR observed in typical experimental settings.
Balfour V Balfour and the separation of contract and promise
Authors: Saprai Prince
Published: March 2017

In 1919, Balfour v Balfour gave birth to the intention to create legal relations doctrine in contract law. In a dispute between a husband and wife, Lord Justice Atkin said that domestic commitments were not within the jurisdiction of contract law. It has had profound implications for how contract cases are decided, and how contract law is understood. In this paper, I focus on the radical implications of this doctrine for contract theory. Charles Fried said famously that contracts are promises. But if contracts are promises, why is it that contract law requires not only promise, but after Balfour a further intention, that the promise be legally enforceable? That tension between the promise theory of contract and the intention to create legal relations doctrine has led some to doubt the place of promise in contract. Dori Kimel, for example, says that the doctrine is a portal between the realm of promise, where people are attached, and the realm of contract, where detachment prevails. But such dichotomies are misleading. Contract is not separate from promise. It is one of the ways that promise fulfils its function of giving meaning and shape to human relationships.
Maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and intelligence quotients in the offspring at 8 years of age: Findings from the ALSPAC cohort
Authors: Freitas‐Vilela Ana Amélia , Pearson Rebecca M. , Emmett Pauline , Heron Jon , Smith Andrew D. A. C. , Emond Alan , Hibbeln Joseph R. , Castro Maria Beatriz Trindade , Kac Gilberto
Published: March 2017

Dietary intake during pregnancy may influence child neurodevelopment and cognitive function. This study aims to investigate the associations between dietary patterns obtained in pregnancy and intelligence quotients (IQ) among offspring at 8 years of age. Pregnant women enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children completed a food frequency questionnaire at 32 weeks' gestation (n = 12,195). Dietary patterns were obtained by cluster analysis. Three clusters best described women's diets during pregnancy: “fruit and vegetables,” “meat and potatoes,” and “white bread and coffee.” The offspring's IQ at 8 years of age was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Models, using variables correlated to IQ data, were performed to impute missing values. Linear regression models were employed to investigate associations between the maternal clusters and IQ in childhood. Children of women who were classified in the meat and potatoes cluster and white bread and coffee cluster during pregnancy had lower average verbal (β = −1.74; p < .001 and β = −3.05; p < .001), performance (β = −1.26; p = .011 and β = −1.75; p < .001), and full‐scale IQ (β = −1.74; p < .001 and β = −2.79; p < .001) at 8 years of age when compared to children of mothers in the fruit and vegetables cluster in imputed models of IQ and all confounders, after adjustment for a wide range of known confounders including maternal education. The pregnant women who were classified in the fruit and vegetables cluster had offspring with higher average IQ compared with offspring of mothers in the meat and potatoes cluster and white bread and coffee cluster.
3D High‐definition anorectal manometry: Values obtained in asymptomatic volunteers, fecal incontinence and chronic constipation. Results of a prospective multicenter study (NOMAD)
Authors: Mion F. , Garros A. , Brochard C. , Vitton V. , Ropert A. , Bouvier M. , Damon H. , Siproudhis L. , Roman S.
Published: March 2017

Background

3D‐high definition anorectal manometry (3DARM) may aid the diagnosis of functional anorectal disorders, but data comparing asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects are scarce. We aimed to describe 3DARM values in asymptomatic volunteers and those with fecal incontinence (FI) or chronic constipation (CC), and identify which variables differentiate best these groups.

Methods

Asymptomatic subjects were stratified by sex, age, and parity. Those with FI or CC were included according to anorectal symptom questionnaires. Endoanal ultrasound examination and 3DARM were performed the same day. Anal pressures were analyzed at rest, during voluntary squeeze, and during push maneuver, and compared between the 3 groups. Anal pressure defects were defined and compared to ultrasound defects.

Key Results

A total of 126 subjects (113 female, mean age 52 years, range 18‐83) were included; 36 asymptomatic, 38 FI, 42 CC. Anal resting and squeeze pressures, and rectal sensitivity values were lower in FI women than in the other groups. Typical anal sphincter asymmetry during squeezing was less frequently observed in FI women. A dyssynergic pattern during push maneuver was found in 70% of asymptomatic subjects, and with a similar frequency in the 2 symptomatic groups. There was slight concordance between 3D‐pressure defects and ultrasound defects.

Conclusions & Inferences

3D anal pressures in asymptomatic women were significantly lower than in men, and in FI compared to asymptomatic women. The classical dyssynergic pattern during push maneuver was found as frequently in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Further studies should try to identify 3DARM variables that could reliably identify dyssynergic defecation.
Availability, production, and consumption of crops biofortified by plant breeding: current evidence and future potential
Authors: Saltzman Amy , Birol Ekin , Oparinde Adewale , Andersson Meike S. , Asare‐Marfo Dorene , Diressie Michael T. , Gonzalez Carolina , Lividini Keith , Moursi Mourad , Zeller Manfred
Published: March 2017

Biofortification is the process of increasing the density of vitamins and minerals in a crop through plant breeding—using either conventional methods or genetic engineering—or through agronomic practices. Over the past 15 years, conventional breeding efforts have resulted in the development of varieties of several staple food crops with significant levels of the three micronutrients most limiting in diets: zinc, iron, and vitamin A. More than 15 million people in developing countries now grow and consume biofortified crops. Evidence from nutrition research shows that biofortified varieties provide considerable amounts of bioavailable micronutrients, and consumption of these varieties can improve micronutrient deficiency status among target populations. Farmer adoption and consumer acceptance research shows that farmers and consumers like the various production and consumption characteristics of biofortified varieties, as much as (if not more than) popular conventional varieties, even in the absence of nutritional information. Further development and delivery of these micronutrient‐rich varieties can potentially reduce hidden hunger, especially in rural populations whose diets rely on staple food crops. Future work includes strengthening the supply of and the demand for biofortified staple food crops and facilitating targeted investment to those crop–country combinations that have the highest potential nutritional impact.
Collaboration among sectors to increase pulse consumption
Authors: Curran Julianne , McLachlan Milla , Black Richard , Widders Irv , Manary Mark
Published: March 2017

The United Nations declaration of 2016 as the International Year of Pulses (IYP) provided an unprecedented opportunity to showcase pulses on the global stage for their contribution to affordable nutrition, health, and sustainability. Despite the IYP's successes in stakeholder engagement, continuing to foster and strengthen partnerships and collaborations is necessary to meet the IYP goals of increased pulse production and consumption for human benefit. Shifting consumer behavior to increase pulse consumption emerged during IYP meetings as a shared priority for all stakeholders. Focusing on this shared priority provides an opportunity to strengthen collaboration among all stakeholder groups for research, education, marketing, and ingredient/food production. Although the IYP officially closed at the end of 2016, the pulse community has an opportunity to continue building successful collaborations. The future research agenda can foster increased pulse production and consumption to address global nutrition, health, and sustainability challenges, provided that it is developed with multisectorial perspectives and cross‐disciplinary collaborations. But, most importantly, the research agenda for pulses must be centered more deliberately on the end consumer and how to drive shifts in behavior toward increased pulse consumption, as this is the common shared priority around which all stakeholders can rally.
Catheter Ablation of Recurrent Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Is Gap‐Closure Combining Ganglionated Plexi Ablation More Effective?
Authors: XU FENG‐QIANG , YU RONG‐HUI , GUO JUN‐JIE , BAI RONG , LIU NIAN , AN YI , GUO XUE‐YUAN , TANG RI‐BO , LONG DE‐YONG , SANG CAI‐HUA , DU XIN , DONG JIAN‐ZENG , MA CHANG‐SHENG
Published: March 2017

Background

For repeat treatment with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) recurrence, gap‐closure at pulmonary vein ostia alone is not enough. Many recent studies indicated that ganglionated plexi (GPs) denervation could reduce the recurrence of AF. However, it is unclear whether the clinical outcomes of additional GP ablation plus pulmonary veins (PVs ) reisolation during a repeat procedure were associated with less recurrence in PAF patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if a repeat procedure of GP ablation (GPA) combining repeated procedure of pulmonary vein isolation (re‐PVI), i.e., gap‐closure, can offer additional benefit for patients with PAF recurrence.

Method

A total of 123 consecutive patients with PAF recurrence who underwent success repeat procedures were retrospectively analyzed in our center (2014–2015). Note that 64 patients (group 1, GPA group) were performed with GPA plus re‐PVI, while 59 patients (group 2, re‐PVI group) had re‐PVI (gap‐closure) alone. Organized atrial tachycardias (OATs) documented or induced at the end of the procedure were all mapped and ablated. Patients were scheduled for a 12‐month follow‐up. Clinical presentation and outcome data for the two groups were assessed.

Result

At the 12‐month follow‐up 58 of 64 patients (90.6%) in group 1 and 46 of 59 patients (78%) in group 2 remained in sinus rhythm (SR) off antiarrhythmia drugs (AADs) (P = 0.045).

Conclusion

GPA conferred incremental benefit when performed in addition to re‐PVI in patients with PAF recurrence; the GPA group yielded higher success rates than the re‐PVI group.
Control of potato virus Y (PVY) in seed potatoes by oil spraying, straw mulching and intercropping
Authors: Dupuis B. , Cadby J. , Goy G. , Tallant M. , Derron J. , Schwaerzel R. , Steinger T.
Published: March 2017

Potato virus Y (PVY) is the potato virus with the highest economic impact on seed potato production. Insecticides are efficient in controlling aphids, which are the vectors of this virus, but rarely limit virus spread in the field. Straw mulching and mineral oil spraying are known as alternatives to insecticides to reduce PVY incidence, but important year‐to‐year variation in efficacy has been observed with both of these techniques. Preliminary studies revealed the efficacy of intercropping in controlling PVY spread, but more data are needed to validate this observation. A four‐year field trial was conducted in Switzerland to assess the potential synergistic effect of combining mineral oil spraying with straw mulching to increase the protection of seed potato crops against PVY spread. Furthermore, the efficacy of intercropping with oat and hairy vetch was examined as a novel way to control in‐field PVY spread. The present work demonstrates that the modes of action of mineral oil and straw mulching are complementary and reduce the year‐to‐year variation observed with oil and straw when used alone as PVY control agents. The results also demonstrate the efficacy of intercropping for the control of PVY, and the mode of action of this novel control method is discussed. Overall, this work shows that it is possible to increase the protection of potato fields against PVY spread by combining control strategies with different modes of action that complement each other, such as mulching, oil spraying and intercropping.
“Biocompatible” Neutral pH Low‐GDP Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions: Much Ado About Nothing?
Authors: Misra Paraish S. , Nessim Sharon J. , Perl Jeffrey
Published: March 2017

Adverse outcomes in peritoneal dialysis (PD), including PD related infections, the loss of residual kidney function (RKF), and longitudinal, deleterious changes in peritoneal membrane function continue to limit the long‐term success of PD therapy. The observation that these deleterious changes occur upon exposure to conventional glucose‐based PD solutions fuels the search for a more biocompatible PD solution. The development of a novel PD solution with a neutral pH, and lower in glucose degradation products (GDPs) compared to its conventional predecessors has been labeled a “biocompatible” solution. While considerable evidence in support of these novel solutions’ biocompatibility has emerged from cell culture and animal studies, the clinical benefits as compared to conventional PD solutions are less clear. Neutral pH low GDP (NpHLGDP) PD solutions appear to be effective in reducing infusion pain, but their effects on other clinical endpoints including peritoneal membrane function, preservation of RKF, PD‐related infections, and technique and patient survival are less clear. The literature is limited by studies characterized by relatively few patients, short follow‐up time, heterogeneity with regards to the novel PD solution type under study, and the different patient populations under study. Nonetheless, the search for a more biocompatible PD solution continues with emerging data on promising non glucose‐based solutions.
Health‐relevant personality is associated with sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis)
Authors: Villaume Karin , Hasson Dan
Published: March 2017

Hyperacusis, over‐sensitivity to sounds, causes distress and disability and the etiology is not fully understood. The study aims to explore possible associations between health‐relevant personality traits and hyperacusis. Hyperacusis was assessed using the Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ), and clinical uncomfortable loudness levels (ULL). Personality was measured with the Health‐relevant Personality (HP5i) Inventory. The study sample was 348 (140 men and 208 women; age 23–71 years). Moderate correlations were found between the personality trait negative affectivity (NA; a facet of neuroticism) and dimensions of the HQ and weak correlations were found with the ULLs. Hedonic capacity (a facet of extraversion) was significantly correlated with the HQ but not with the ULLs. Impulsivity (a facet of conscientiousness) was correlated with the HQ and the ULLs. A significant difference in mean values was found in all hyperacusis measures and different levels of NA – those with higher levels displayed more severe signs of hyperacusis. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that higher levels of NA increases the odds of having hyperacusis on average 4.6 times for men and 2.4 times for women. These findings imply that health‐relevant personality traits should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of hyperacusis.
Bound to remember: Infants show superior memory for objects presented at event boundaries
Authors: Sonne Trine , Kingo Osman S. , Krøjgaard Peter
Published: March 2017

Following Event Segmentation Theory (EST) adult memory is enhanced at event boundaries (EB). The present study set out to explore this in infancy. Sixty‐eight 21‐month‐olds watched a cartoon with one of two objects (counterbalanced) inserted for 3s either at EB or between EB. Ten minutes later they watched both objects (familiar and novel) in a 10s Visual Paired Comparison (VPC) test while being eye‐tracked. Furthermore, they were asked to point to the previous object. Based on EST, we hypothesized that objects inserted at EB would be processed more fully, resulting in improved memory compared to objects inserted between EB. Only infants with objects at EB exhibited memory evidenced by a transient familiarity preference for the first 3s of the test. Only 18 infants completed the pointing test, but all infants presented with objects at EB (10/10) pointed to the correct (familiar) object, which was not the case for the infants presented with objects between EB (5/8).
Full‐length sequences of HLA‐B*67:01:01 and B*67:01:02, confirmed by cloning and sequencing
Authors: Li Z. , Zou H.‐Y.
Published: March 2017

Full‐length sequences of HLA‐B*67:01:01 and B*67:01:02, confirmed by cloning and sequencing from Chinese donors.
Epidemiological surveillance of multidrug‐resistant gram‐negative bacteria in a solid organ transplantation department
Authors: Geladari Anastasia , Karampatakis Theodoros , Antachopoulos Charalampos , Iosifidis Elias , Tsiatsiou Olga , Politi Lida , Karyoti Aggeliki , Papanikolaou Vasilios , Tsakris Athanassios , Roilides Emmanuel
Published: March 2017

Background

We assessed the impact of intensified infection control measures (ICM) on colonization and infection caused by carbapenem‐resistant (CR) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii in a solid organ transplantation (SOT) department.

Methods

A quasi‐experimental methodology was followed. The study was divided into three periods: pre‐intervention, intervention with implementation of an ICM bundle including active surveillance program (ASP) and gradually enhanced measures, and post‐ASP without ASP. The bundle included active surveillance cultures, contact precautions, hand hygiene, education of health care workers (HCWs), monitoring of compliance, and environmental cleaning. Incidence of colonization and infection caused by CR gram‐negative bacteria was recorded. Molecular analysis of CR bacteria was performed for a certain period.

Results

During the intervention, incidence of colonization reduced from 19% to 9% (P<.001). The compliance of HCWs with contact precautions and hand hygiene also improved. Monthly incidence of infections caused by these CR bacteria increased from 2.8 to 6.9/1000 bed‐days (P<.001). However, this increase did not have such a strong trend after the intervention. Most K. pneumoniae isolates, the commonest pathogen, carried the blaKPC gene. Colonization and infection rates by CR K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii were high among SOT recipients.

Conclusion

In settings where CR gram‐negative bacteria are endemic, colonization and infection rates by these bacteria are high among SOT recipients. Implementation of enhanced ICM in all related units of a hospital, although challenging, reduces colonization rates by CR gram‐negative bacteria.
Moral Distress in Nurses Providing Direct Patient Care at an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Sirilla Janet , Thompson Kathrynn , Yamokoski Todd , Risser Mark D. , Chipps Esther
Published: March 2017

Background

Moral distress is the psychological response to knowing the appropriate action but not being able to act due to constraints. Previous authors reported moral distress among nurses, especially those that work in critical care units.

Aims

The aims of this study were: (1) to examine the level of moral distress among nurses who work at an academic health system, (2) to compare the level of moral distress in nurses who work across specialty units at an academic health system, (3) to compare moral distress by the demographic characteristics of nurses and work experience variables, and (4) to identify demographic characteristics and type of clinical setting that may predict which nurses are at high risk for moral distress.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey design was used with staff nurses who work on inpatient units and ambulatory units at an academic medical center. The moral distress scale‐revised (MDS‐R) was used to assess the intensity and frequency of moral distress.

Results

The overall mean MDS‐R score in this project was low at 94.97 with mean scores in the low to moderate range (44.57 to 134.58). Nurses who work in critical care, perioperative services, and procedure areas had the highest mean MDS‐R scores. There have been no previous reports of higher scores for nurses working in perioperative and procedure areas. There was weak positive correlation between MDS‐R scores and years of experience (Rho = .17, p = .003) but no correlation between age (Rho = .02, p = .78) or education (Rho = .05, p = .802) and moral distress.

Linking Evidence to Action

Three variables were found useful in predicting moral distress: the type of unit and responses to two qualitative questions related to quitting their job. Identification of these variables allows organizations to focus their interventions.
Assessment of Basic Approaches to Numerical Modeling of Phase Change Problems—Accuracy, Efficiency, and Parallel Decomposition
Authors: Mauder Tomas , Charvat Pavel , Stetina Josef , Klimes Lubomir
Published: March 2017

The fast and accurate modeling of phase change is of a significant importance in many processes from steel casting to latent heat thermal energy storage. The paper presents a numerical case study on the transient 3D heat diffusion problem with phase change. Three different approaches to modeling of the solid–liquid phase change in combination with four commonly used numerical schemes are compared for their efficiency, accuracy, applicability, simplicity of implementation, and robustness. The possibility of parallel decomposition of the approaches is also discussed. The results indicate that the best accuracy was achieved with the second-order implicit methods, and the best efficiency was reached with the simple explicit methods.
Constructal Microdevice Manifold Design With Uniform Flow Rate Distribution by Consideration of the Tree-Branching Rule of Leonardo da Vinci and Hess–Murray Rule
Authors: Cetkin Erdal
Published: March 2017

In this paper, we show how the design of a microdevice manifold should be tapered for uniform flow rate distribution. The designs based on the tree-branching rule of Leonardo da Vinci and the Hess–Murray rule were considered in addition to the constructal design. Both da Vinci and Hess–Murray designs are insensitive to the inlet velocity, and they provide better flow uniformity than the base (not tapered) design. However, the results of this paper uncover that not only pressure drop but also velocity distribution in the microdevice play an integral role in the flow uniformity. Therefore, an iterative approach was adopted with five degrees-of-freedom (inclined wall positions) and one constraint (constant distribution channel thickness) in order to uncover the constructal design which conforms the uniform flow rate distribution. In addition, the effect of slenderness of the microchannels (Svelteness) and inlet velocity on the flow rate distribution to the microchannels has been documented. This paper also uncovers that the design of a manifold should be designed with not only the consideration of pressure distribution but also dynamic pressure distribution especially for non-Svelte microdevices.
Systematic Reduction of Detailed Chemical Reaction Mechanisms for Engine Applications
Authors: Seidel Lars , Netzer Corinna , Hilbig Martin , Mauss Fabian , Klauer Christian , Pasternak Michał , Matrisciano Andrea
Published: March 2017

In this work, we apply a sequence of concepts for mechanism reduction on one reaction mechanism including novel quality control. We introduce a moment-based accuracy rating method for species profiles. The concept is used for a necessity-based mechanism reduction utilizing 0D reactors. Thereafter a stochastic reactor model for internal combustion engines is applied to control the quality of the reduced reaction mechanism during the expansion phase of the engine. This phase is sensitive on engine out emissions, and is often not considered in mechanism reduction work. The proposed process allows to compile highly reduced reaction schemes for computational fluid dynamics application for internal combustion engine simulations. It is demonstrated that the resulting reduced mechanisms predict combustion and emission formation in engines with accuracies comparable to the original detailed scheme.
Case Study: The Effect of 32 Weeks of Figure-Contest Preparation on a Self-Proclaimed Drug-Free Female’s Lean Body and Bone Mass
Authors: Petrizzo John , DiMenna Frederick J. , Martins Kimberly , Wygand John , Otto Robert M.
Published: March 2017

To achieve the criterion appearance before competing in a physique competition, athletes undergo preparatory regimens involving high-volume intense resistance and aerobic exercise with hypocaloric energy intake. As the popularity of “drug-free” competition increases, more athletes are facing this challenge without the recuperative advantage provided by performance-enhancing drugs. Consequently, the likelihood of loss of lean body and/or bone mass is increased. The purpose of this investigation was to monitor changes in body composition for a 29-year-old self-proclaimed drug-free female figure competitor during a 32-week preparatory regimen comprising high-volume resistance and aerobic exercise with hypocaloric energy intake. We used dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to evaluate regional fat and bone mineral density. During the initial 22 weeks, the subject reduced energy intake and engaged in resistance (4–5 sessions/week) and aerobic (3 sessions/week) training. During the final 10 weeks, the subject increased exercise frequency to 6 (resistance) and 4 (aerobic) sessions/week while ingesting 1130–1380 kcal/day. During this 10-week period, she consumed a high quantity of protein (~55% of energy intake) and nutritional supplements. During the 32 weeks, body mass and fat mass decreased by 12% and 55%, respectively. Conversely, lean body mass increased by 1.5%, an amount that exceeded the coefficient of variation associated with DXA-derived measurement. Total bone mineral density was unchanged throughout. In summary, in preparation for a figure competition, a self-proclaimed drug-free female achieved the low body-fat percentage required for success in competition without losing lean mass or bone density by following a 32-week preparatory exercise and nutritional regimen.
Monitoring Training Loads: The Past, the Present, and the Future
Authors: Foster Carl , Rodriguez-Marroyo Jose A. , de Koning Jos J.
Published: March 2017

Training monitoring is about keeping track of what athletes accomplish in training, for the purpose of improving the interaction between coach and athlete. Over history there have been several basic schemes of training monitoring. In the earliest days training monitoring was about observing the athlete during standard workouts. However, difficulty in standardizing the conditions of training made this process unreliable. With the advent of interval training, monitoring became more systematic. However, imprecision in the measurement of heart rate (HR) evolved interval training toward index workouts, where the main monitored parameter was average time required to complete index workouts. These measures of training load focused on the external training load, what the athlete could actually do. With the advent of interest from the scientific community, the development of the concept of metabolic thresholds and the possibility of trackside measurement of HR, lactate, VO2, and power output, there was greater interest in the internal training load, allowing better titration of training loads in athletes of differing ability. These methods show much promise but often require laboratory testing for calibration and tend to produce too much information, in too slow a time frame, to be optimally useful to coaches. The advent of the TRIMP concept by Banister suggested a strategy to combine intensity and duration elements of training into a single index concept, training load. Although the original TRIMP concept was mathematically complex, the development of the session RPE and similar low-tech methods has demonstrated a way to evaluate training load, along with derived variables, in a simple, responsive way. Recently, there has been interest in using wearable sensors to provide high-resolution data of the external training load. These methods are promising, but problems relative to information overload and turnaround time to coaches remain to be solved.
Demands of World Cup Competitions in Elite Women’s Road Cycling
Authors: Menaspà Paolo , Sias Marco , Bates Gene , La Torre Antonio
Published: March 2017

Purpose: To describe the demand of recent World Cup (WC) races comparing top-10 (T10) and non-top-10 (N-T10) performances using power data. Methods: Race data were collected in 1-d World Cup races during the 2012–2015 road cycling seasons. Seven female cyclists completed 49 WC races, finishing 25 times in T10 and 24 times in N-T10. Peak power (1 s) and maximal mean power (MMP) for durations of 5, 10, 20, and 30 s and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min expressed as power to weight ratio were analyzed in T10 and N-T10. The percentage of total race time spent at different power bands was compared between T10 and N-T10 using 0.75-W·kg−1 power bands, ranging from <0.75 to >7.50 W·kg−1. The number of efforts in which the power output remained above 7.50 W·kg−1 for at least 10 s was recorded. Results: MMPs were significantly higher in T10 than in N-T10, with a large effect size for durations between 10 s and 5 min. N-T10 spent more time in the 3.01- to 3.75-W·kg−1 power band when compared to T10 (P = .011); conversely, T10 spent more time in the 6.75- to 7.50- and >7.50-W·kg−1 power bands (P = .009 and .005, respectively) than N-T10. A significantly higher number of short and high-intensity efforts (≥10 s, >7.5 W·kg−1) was ridden by T10 than N-T10 (P = .002), specifically, 46 ± 20 and 30 ± 15 efforts for T10 and N-T10, respectively. Conclusions: The ability to ride at high intensity was determinant for successful road-cycling performances in WC races.
Wearing an Inflatable Vest Alters Muscle Activation and Trunk Angle While Paddling a Surfboard
Authors: Nessler Jeff A. , Hastings Thomas , Greer Kevin , Newcomer Sean C.
Published: March 2017

Low back pain is a commonly reported problem among recreational surfers. Some individuals report that wearing a vest with an inflatable bladder that alters trunk angle may help to alleviate pain. The purpose of this study was to determine whether such a vest has an effect on muscle activation and extension of the lower back. Twelve recreational surfers completed 12 paddling trials at 1.1 m/s in a swim flume on both a shortboard and a longboard on 2 separate days. Three conditions of no vest, vest uninflated, and vest inflated were presented to participants in random order. Surface EMG and trunk angle were acquired via wireless sensors placed over the right erector spinae, mid-trapezius, upper trapezius, and latissimus dorsi. Wearing the inflated vest affected muscle activation: erector spinae and mid-trapezius demonstrated a significant decrease in activation relative to wearing no vest (12% and 18% respectively,p < .05). Trunk extension was also significantly reduced when the vest was inflated (18% reduction,p < .05). Results were similar for both the short and longboard, though this effect was greater while paddling the larger board. These results suggest that a properly inflated vest can alter trunk extension and muscle activity while paddling a surfboard in water.
Impact of Walking Cadence Prescription to Reach the Global Physical Activity Recommendations in Older Adults
Authors: Slaght Jana , Sénéchal Martin , Bouchard Danielle R.
Published: March 2017

Walking cadence is a new monitoring strategy used to increase bouts of time at moderate intensity. Inactive older adults were instructed to walk 150 min per week at no specified intensity during phase one. In phase two, the intervention group (N = 23) received instructions on how to reach moderate intensity, using a pedometer and an individualized walking cadence, while the control group (N = 22) did not. The main outcomes were time at moderate intensity and moderate intensity in 10-min bouts. During phase two only the intervention group increased time at moderate intensity and moderate intensity in 10-min bouts compared with phase one and compared with the control group (p ≤ .01). Older adults can increase time walked at moderate intensity in 10-min bouts weekly by using individually prescribed walking cadence, a pedometer to track intensity, and practicing walking at this cadence.
Greater Adherence to Recommended Morning Physical Activity is Associated With Greater Total Intervention-Related Physical Activity Changes in Bariatric Surgery Patients
Authors: Bond Dale S. , Raynor Hollie A. , Thomas J. Graham , Unick Jessica , Webster Jennifer , Ryder Beth , Vithiananthan Sivamainthan
Published: March 2017

Background:

This study examines whether performance of bout-related physical activity (PA) during morning hours is related to greater overall bout-related PA increases within a preoperative PA intervention for bariatric surgery (BS) patients.

Methods:

Participants with severe obesity (n = 33; mean age = 45.6 ± 9.6 years; BMI = 45.7 ± 7.0 kg/m2) seeking BS were randomized to and completed 6 weeks of preoperative PA counseling (retention = 82.5%). Participants were encouraged to walk daily at a moderate intensity in bouts ≥ 10 minutes during morning hours to overcome time-related obstacles and establish a PA habit. Timing and amount of bout-related moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was assessed via objective monitor at pre- and postintervention.

Results:

Greater proportion of bout-related MVPA performed during morning hours (4:00 AM–12:00 PM) at postintervention was associated with larger total increases in bout-related MVPA minutes/day (β = .40, P = .03). At postintervention, a greater proportion of participants whose longest MVPA bouts occurred during morning hours (n = 11) achieved the public health guideline (ie, ≥150 bout-related MVPA minutes/week) versus those whose longest MVPA bouts occurred during nonmorning hours (n = 19; 63.6% vs. 26.3%, P = .04).

Conclusions:

Intervention-related increases in PA tended to be greatest when PA was performed in the morning. Morning exercise may be a viable strategy for promoting habitual PA in inactive BS patients.
Experimental constraints on the damp peridotite solidus and oceanic mantle potential temperature
Authors: Sarafian Emily , Gaetani Glenn A. , Hauri Erik H. , Sarafian Adam R.
Published: March 2017

Turning up the mantle temperature

The temperature at which Earth's mantle begins to melt is a long-standing question in geology. Sarafian
et al.
present a clever set of experiments to determine the impact of small amounts of water on the melting temperature of mantle rock (see the Perspective by Asimow). This allowed them to reinterpret geophysical observations of melting in the mantle and revise estimates of mantle temperature upward. A hotter mantle has a multitude of implications for mantle melting and geodynamic processes.

Science
, this issue p.
942
; see also p.
908
Peter C. Nowell (1928–2016)
Authors: Greene Mark I. , Moore Jonni S.
Published: March 2017

Tumor biologist who set the stage for precision medicine
Evolving policy with science
Authors: Charo R. Alta , Hynes Richard O.
Published: March 2017

Albert Schweitzer, physician and Nobel laureate, wrote: “The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human beings.” The evolution of U.S. policy governing heritable human germline modification reflects this observation, and a “Human Genome Editing” consensus study committee of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Medicine (NAM) concluded last month that clinical trials for heritable editing, under strict regulations, may eventually be permissible for parents hoping to prevent serious diseases in their children.
Pathology in Permissive Syrian Hamsters after Infection with Species C Human Adenovirus (HAdV-C) Is the Result of Virus Replication: HAdV-C6 Replicates More and Causes More Pathology than HAdV-C5
Authors: Tollefson Ann E. , Ying Baoling , Spencer Jacqueline F. , Sagartz John E. , Wold William S. M. , Toth Karoly
Published: March 2017

Syrian hamsters are permissive for the replication of species C human adenoviruses (HAdV-C). The virus replicates to high titers in the liver of these animals after intravenous infection, while respiratory infection results in virus replication in the lung. Here we show that two types belonging to species C, HAdV-C5 and HAdV-C6, replicate to significantly different extents and cause pathology with significantly different severities, with HAdV-C6 replicating better and inducing more severe and more widespread lesions. The virus burdens in the livers of HAdV-C6-infected hamsters are higher than the virus burdens in HAdV-C5-infected ones because more of the permissive hepatocytes get infected. Furthermore, when hamsters are infected intravenously with HAdV-C6, live, infectious virus can be isolated from the lung and the kidney, which is not seen with HAdV-C5. Similarly to mouse models, in hamsters, HAdV-C6 is sequestered by macrophages to a lesser degree than HAdV-C5. Depletion of Kupffer cells from the liver greatly increases the replication of HAdV-C5 in the liver, while it has only a modest effect on the replication of HAdV-C6. Elimination of Kupffer cells also dramatically increases the pathology induced by HAdV-C5. These findings indicate that in hamsters, pathology resulting from intravenous infection with adenoviruses is caused mostly by replication in hepatocytes and not by the abortive infection of Kupffer cells and the following cytokine storm.

IMPORTANCE
Immunocompromised human patients can develop severe, often lethal adenovirus infections. Respiratory adenovirus infection among military recruits is a serious problem, in some cases requiring hospitalization of the patient. Furthermore, adenovirus-based vectors are frequently used as experimental viral therapeutic agents. Thus, it is imperative that we investigate the pathogenesis of adenoviruses in a permissive animal model. Syrian hamsters are susceptible to infection with certain human adenoviruses, and the pathology accompanying these infections is similar to what is observed with adenovirus-infected human patients. We demonstrate that replication in permissive cells in a susceptible host animal is a major part of the mechanism by which systemic adenovirus infection induces pathology, as opposed to the chiefly immune-mediated pathology observed in nonsusceptible hosts. These findings support the use of compounds inhibiting adenovirus replication as a means to block adenovirus-induced pathology.