bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine‐structural analysis and connexin expression in the retina of a transgenic model of Huntington's disease
Authors: Petrasch‐Parwez Elisabeth , Habbes Hans‐Werner , Weickert Svenja , Löbbecke‐Schumacher Marlen , Striedinger Katherine , Wieczorek Stefan , Dermietzel Rolf , Epplen Joerg Thomas
Published: September 2004

Recent studies indicate that the visual system appears more frequently affected in polyglutamine diseases than expected previously. Here, we investigated retinal degenerations in adult transgenic R6/2 mice, a model for Huntington's disease (HD). Light microscopical analysis revealed retinal dystrophy all over the retina, with central areas showing major effects. Electron microscopical analysis showed strong degenerations of outer and inner photoreceptor segments, shrinkage of photoreceptor cell somata, and signs of degeneration in photoreceptor terminals in the outer plexiform layer. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling showed hints of apoptosis. Mutant huntingtin and ubiquitin were expressed in all classes of retinal neurons, the pigment epithelium, and to a minor extent in neuropil structures. For investigating possible links to functional impairments in the rod‐cone pathway, expression levels of three connexins (Cx) were compared in R6/2 and wildtype mice retinae. In R6/2 mice, expression of Cx36, the major neuronal connexin in the retina, was slightly reduced in the outer plexiform layer, indicating affected photoreceptor terminals as detected at the electron microscopical level. In contrast, Cx45, a putative neuronal connexin in the retina, was remarkably reduced in the inner plexiform layer of R6/2 mice. This result corresponded to fainter signals of Cx45 mRNA as documented by in situ hybridization and to a lower level of mCx45 cDNA as obtained by polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription, suggesting functional deficits in spatial processing of Cx45‐mediated gap junction coupling due to transgene‐induced retinal degenerations. Thus, it is important to clarify the meaning of visual involvement in HD. J. Comp. Neurol. 479:181–197, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder: A diagnostic challenge in urine cytology
Authors: Hemachandran Manikkapurath , Nada Ritambhra , Rajwanshi Arvind
Published: September 2004

Most of the available data in the literature describe the cytomorphological features of exfoliated malignant epithelial cells in urine. There are no established diagnostic features that characterize the morphology of exfoliated malignant mesenchymal tumor in urine. Here we highlight the problems in the diagnosis of these groups of tumors. The presence of discohesive atypical cells which lack features of an epithelial nature should make one suspicious of this group of tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:281–282. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology in tuberculous lymphadenitis of patients with and without HIV infection
Authors: Nayak Sujata , Puranik Shaila C. , Deshmukh Sanjay D. , Mani Reeta , Bhore Arvind V. , Bollinger Robert C.
Published: September 2004

A study of the cytologic features and role of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) of 21 patients with HIV (group 1) and 21 patients without HIV (group 2) infection was undertaken. Four cytologic patterns were observed, of which necrotizing lymphadenitis (42.9%) and necrotizing suppurative lymphadenitis (28.6%) were predominant in group 1 while necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis (47.7%) and granulomatous lymphadenitis (23.8%) were more common in group 2. No pattern was found specific for either group. Zeihl‐Neelsen‐stained cytology smears of group 1 showed a much higher percentage of positively (61.9%) and a higher density of acid‐fast bacilli than group 2. Definitive diagnoses of TBL on FNAC could be provided in 61.9% of group 1 as against 9.5% of group 2. The need for culture or biopsy for definitive diagnosis was higher in group 2. In suspected TBL, diagnostic efficacy can be improved and the need for surgical biopsy reduced if material collected on FNA is also used for culture. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:204–206. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytological criteria for the diagnosis of intraductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Bofin Anna M. , Lydersen Stian , Hagmar Bjørn M.
Published: September 2004

The advent of mammography screening presents a diagnostic challenge to the cytopathologist as an increasing proportion of breast lesions requiring investigation will be nonpalpable and up to 40% will be accounted for by atypical intraductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ, as opposed to previously, when these lesions represented less than 10% of palpable tumors. We studied 133 fine‐needle aspirates from breast tumors and found that nuclear morphology, myoepithelial cells, signs of invasion, and degree of cellular dissociation are among the most potent factors discriminating between benign epithelial proliferations, atypical intraductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:207–215. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Particle disease: Cytopathologic findings of an unusual case
Authors: Parwani Anil V. , Yang Bin , Clark Douglas P. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: September 2004

Particle disease is a rare lesion that results from an inflammatory response due to wear debris‐induced osteolysis following arthroplasty. Particles resulting from the wear debris cause macrophage activation and phagocytosis. Particle disease often leads to joint loosening and implant failure. Radiologically, it often results in a well‐defined osteolytic lesion‐mimicking tumor. A 68‐year‐old man who presented with chronic hip pain following total hip replacement was studied by fine‐needle aspiration. An ultrasound‐guided aspiration revealed hypercellular smears consisting predominantly of proliferating mesenchymal cells, foamy macrophages, inflammatory cells, and background acellular debris. Numerous multinucleated giant cells were observed as well. Differential diagnosis includes primary or metastatic clear‐cell tumors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:259–262. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatic angiomyolipoma: Report of two cases with emphasis on smear cytomorphology and the use of cell block with immunohistochemical stains
Authors: Lin Kai‐Jen , Eng Hock‐Liew , Lu Sheng‐Nan , Chiu King‐Wah , Kuo Fang‐Ying
Published: September 2004

Angiomyolipoma is a benign mesenchymal lesion that occurs most commonly in the kidney. Its occurrence in the liver is relatively rare. We report two cases of hepatic angiomyolipoma diagnosed by ultrasound‐guided, needle aspiration biopsy. One of the patients was a previously healthy 62‐yr‐old woman who presented with a hepatic mass incidentally during a healthy examination. The other patient was a 67‐yr‐old man, a victim of chronic hepatitis C, who was found to have a hepatic tumor in the right lobe during regular follow‐up. Cytologic preparations of the two hepatic masses showed some mature adipocytes admixed with clusters of variable‐sized mesenchyme‐like cells with fibrillar cytoplasm and indistinct cytoplasmic borders. Some of the cells were round to oval and others were spindle shaped with oval, cigar‐shaped or elongated nuclei. The nuclear chromatin was fine and some cells showed round nucleoli. No thick‐walled blood vessels were noted in the cytological smears. In the cell block preparations, a mixture of thick‐walled blood vessels, mature adipose tissue, and bundles of variable‐sized smooth muscle cells were noted. The spindle or epithelioid smooth muscle cells were positive for vimentin, α‐smooth muscle actin, and human melanoma black (HMB)‐45 but negative for desmin and S100 protein in immunohistochemical stains. The purpose of the current study is to describe cytological features of this lesion with differential diagnosis because pathologists may be called on to render a diagnosis on needle aspiration. HMB‐45 has been proved to be a sensitive marker for the smooth muscle component of angiomyolipoma. Cell block preparations assisted with immunohistochemical staining should be emphasized for definite diagnosis. Although a surgical procedure may still be necessary once a diagnosis of angiomyolipoma is made, treatment may be tailored for a less aggressive procedure than for malignant hepatic nodules. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:263–266. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inflammatory pseudotumor: A diagnostic dilemma in cytopathology
Authors: Hosler Gregory A. , Steinberg David M. , Sheth Sheila , Hamper Ulrike M. , Erozan Yener S. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: September 2004

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is a rare space‐occupying lesion of unknown etiology that can mimic malignancy on clinicoradiological and pathological examination. A review of the cytopathology archives at The Johns Hopkins Hospital identified 12 cases from eight patients with histologically proven IPT (lung, seven patients; liver, five patients). There were six men and two women with an age range of 28–84 yr (mean age, 59 yr). Presenting complaints of IPT of the lung included shortness of breath and hemoptysis, and in cases of IPT of the liver complaints included abdominal pain and elevated liver function tests (LFTs). All cases were found to have mass lesions suspicious for a neoplasm on radiographic examination. Cytological specimens consisted of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA; seven specimens) and bronchial brush/wash (five specimens). Diagnostic accuracy of cytology for IPT was low (5/12, 42%). IPT showed hypercellular smears (on FNA) with an admixture of various cell types including inflammatory cells with predominance of plasma cells, fibroblastic proliferation, granulation tissue formation, and atypical‐appearing histiocytes with enlarged nuclei and intranuclear inclusions. Fibroblastic proliferation with mitoses may mimic mesenchymal neoplasms. Cytomorphology is nonspecific and IPT usually is a diagnosis of exclusion. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:267–270. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary intraosseous (central) salivary gland neoplasms in jaw bones: Report of a mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the mandible diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Zaharopoulos Paul
Published: September 2004

A case of intraosseous (central) mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the mandible diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, with the diagnosis confirmed by surgical resection of the tumor is presented. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common histotype of malignant and benign salivary gland tumors, which occasionally arise within the facial bones of mandible and maxilla, besides their ordinary derivation from the major and minor salivary glands of the head and neck regions. This case is unusual in that although tumors of the jaws abound, only rare reports of intraosseous salivary gland‐type lesions sampled by FNA exist. The current concepts exploring the intraosseous derivation of salivary gland tumors are presented and certain points on FNA technic for adequate sampling of such lesions are related. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:271–275. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oncocytic parathyroid adenoma: Problem in cytological diagnosis
Authors: Giorgadze Tamar , Stratton Berle , Baloch Zubair W. , LiVolsi Virginia A.
Published: September 2004

Parathyroid lesions, which may occur within the thyroid, may clinically simulate thyroid nodules. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of these presumably “thyroid nodules” can lead to misinterpretation of cytomorphological findings because of similarities in cytological features of neoplastic and nonneoplastic parathyroid and thyroid lesions. This might be true especially for oncocytic parathyroid adenomas and parathyroid adenomas with prominent oncocytic component that, although rare, tend to be large and often are associated with minimal hyperparathyroidism. We report two cases of this type of clinically “silent” parathyroid adenomas that on FNA were diagnosed as Hurthle cell thyroid neoplasm. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:276–280. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland and Hodgkin's lymphoma in bilateral lymph nodes of the neck: A potential pitfall in fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Acosta‐Ortega Jesús , Montalbán‐Romero Socorro , García‐Solano José , Sánchez‐Sánchez Carlos , Pérez‐Guillermo Miguel
Published: September 2004

The clinicopathological features and the cytological findings of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and medullary carcinoma (MC) of the thyroid gland are described appearing simultaneously in different organs of the cervical region of the same patient. Although the cytological features of both entities are well known, the rare clinical presentation and the epithelium‐like Hodgkin and Reed‐Sternberg (HRS) cells of the syncytial variant of HL led to an erroneous cytological diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:255–258. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malignant effusions: From diagnosis to biology
Authors: Davidson Ben
Published: September 2004

Serous effusions are a frequently encountered clinical manifestation of metastatic disease, with breast, ovarian, and lung carcinomas and malignant mesothelioma (MM) leading the list. Recently, extensive research has resulted in expansion of the antibody panel that is available for effusion diagnosis, thereby reducing the risk for error. Despite this progress, relatively little has been done in way of understanding the biology of cancer cells in effusions, especially those of nonovarian origin. The diagnosis of a malignant effusion signifies disease progression and is associated with a worse prognosis regardless of the tumor site of origin. However, survival is much more variable with ovarian cancer compared with other tumors. Furthermore, cancer cells of different origins differ considerably in their biology and have unique phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. This review summarizes the current knowledge in this field and presents a model for the study of tumor metastasis and disease progression, through large comparative studies of malignant cells in effusions, primary tumors, and solid metastases. The case also is made for potential applications of this rapidly evolving body of knowledge in the diagnosis, classification, and prediction of biological behavior of processes resulting in cryptic effusions at the clinical level. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:246–254. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Average channel capacity for generalized‐selection combining RAKE receivers
Authors: Sagias Nikos C. , Varzakas Panagiotis , Tombras George S. , Karagiannidis George K.
Published: September 2004

A novel closed‐form expression for the achievable average channel capacity of a generalized‐selection combining RAKE receiver in Rayleigh fading, is derived. Performance comparison for the capacity achieved with maximal‐ratio combining and RAKE receivers is also presented. The expression derived, fully conforms to the upper bound of the Shannon–Hartley theorem. Copyright © 2004 AEI.
Analysis of nonlinear amplifiers with Gaussian input signals on the basis of complex gain measurements
Authors: Ermolova Natalia , Vainikainen Pertti
Published: September 2004

We analyse passing complex Gaussian signals through nonlinear power amplifiers. Using the coefficients of the power series expansion of the amplifier complex gain, we obtain closed‐form expressions for the output power and the linear gain of the amplifier. The simplicity and accuracy of the derived formulas make the obtained results useful for practical applications, for example in OFDM or CDMA systems. Copyright © 2004 AEI.
Blind equalization of space‐time‐turbo trellis coded/continuous phase modulation over Rician fading channels
Authors: Ucan Osman N. , Osman Onur
Published: September 2004

In this paper, to improve bit error performance and bandwidth efficiency, we combine space‐time block codes (STBC), turbo trellis codes and continuous phase modulation and denote space‐time‐turbo trellis coded/continuous phase modulation (ST‐TTC/CPM). For high data transmission over wireless fading channels, STBC provide the maximal possible diversity advantage for multiple decoding algorithms. We present continuous phase modulation (CPM) for ST‐TTC signals, since CPM provides low‐spectral occupancy and is suitable for power and bandwidth‐limited channels. In our model, to utilize STBC efficiently, we need to estimate the channel parameters, which influence the signals having continuity property. Therefore, we develop a blind maximum likelihood channel estimation algorithm for signals propagating through a Rician fading channel. Here, Baum‐Welch (BW) algorithm, based on hidden Markov model (HMM), is modified to provide computationally efficient channel parameter estimation. We also investigate the performance of ST‐TTC/CPM in the case of no channel state information (CSI) for various Rician parametersKand Doppler frequency. Copyright © 2004 AEI.
Calculation of impulsively started incompressible viscous flows
Authors: Marra A. , Mola A. , Quartapelle L. , Riviello L.
Published: September 2004

The paper's focus is the calculation of unsteady incompressible 2D flows past airfoils. In the framework of the primitive variable Navier–Stokes equations, the initial and boundary conditions must be assigned so as to be compatible, to assure the correct prediction of the flow evolution. This requirement, typical of all incompressible flows, viscous or inviscid, is often violated when modelling the flow past immersed bodies impulsively started from rest. Its fulfillment can however be restored by means of a procedure enforcing compatibility, consisting in a pre‐processing of the initial velocity field, here described in detail. Numerical solutions for an impulsively started multiple airfoil have been obtained using a finite element incremental projection method. The spatial discretization chosen for the velocity and pressure are of different order to satisfy the inf–sup condition and obtain a smooth pressure field. Results are provided to illustrate the effect of employing or not the compatibility procedure, and are found in good agreement with those obtained with a non‐primitive variable solver. In addition, we introduce a post‐processing procedure to evaluate an alternative pressure field which is found to be more accurate than the one resulting from the projection method. This is achieved by considering an appropriate ‘unsplit’ version of the momentum equation, where the velocity solution of the projection method is substituted. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and numerical analysis of solitary waves generated by bed and boundary movements
Authors: Cea L. , Ferreiro A. , Vázquez‐Cendón M. E. , Puertas J.
Published: September 2004

This paper is an experimental and numerical study about propagation and reflection of waves originated by natural hazards such as sea bottom movements, hill slope sliding and avalanches. One‐dimensional flume experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of such waves. The results of the experimental study can be used by other researchers to verify their numerical models. A finite volume numerical model, which solves the shallow water equations, was also verified using our own experimental results.

In order to deal with reflection on sloping surfaces and overtopping walls, a new condition for the treatment of the coastline is suggested. The numerical simulation of wave generation is also studied considering the bed movement. A boundary condition is proposed for this case. Those situations when the shallow water equations are valid to simulate this type of phenomena have been studied, as well as their limitations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inviscid, laminar and turbulent opposed flows
Authors: Korusoy Ersel , Whitelaw J. H.
Published: September 2004

This paper attempts to reproduce numerically previous experimental findings with opposed flows and extends their range to quantify the effects of upstream pipes and nozzles with inviscid, laminar and turbulent flows. The choice of conservation equations, boundary conditions, algorithms for their solution, the degree of grid dependence, numerical diffusion and the validity of numerical approximations are justified with supporting calculations where necessary. The results of all calculations on the stagnation plane show maximum strain rates close to the annular exit from the nozzles and pipes for lower separations and it can be expected that corresponding reacting flows will tend to extinguish in this region with the extinction moving towards the axis. With laminar flows, the maximum strain rate increased with Reynolds number and the maximum values were generally greater than with inviscid flows and smaller than with turbulent flows. With large separations, the strain rates varied less and this explains some results with reacting flows where the extinction appeared to begin on the axis.

The turbulent‐flow calculations allowed comparison of three common variants of a two‐equation first‐moment closure. They provided reasonable and useful indications of strain rates but none correctly represented the rms of velocity fluctuations on the axis and close to the stagnation plane. As expected, those designed to deal with this problem produced results in better agreement with experiment but were still imperfect. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple strategy for constructing bounded convection schemes for unstructured grids
Authors: Woodfield Peter L. , Suzuki Kenjiro , Nakabe Kazuyoshi
Published: September 2004

Due to the great geometrical flexibility, popularity for unstructured grid methods in fluid dynamics has been increasing in recent years. In parallel with this interest there is a need for bounded second or higher order convection schemes which can be implemented easily in the unstructured setting. In the present work a simple strategy for achieving convective boundedness in the context of a vertex‐centered unstructured finite volume algorithm is demonstrated. Testing is carried out on an inviscid oblique step problem using both structured and unstructured grid arrangements. Further testing for numerical diffusion is done using a distorted grid in a two dimensional channel. The proposed scheme is straightforward to implement and is found to perform well for the cases considered. The overall algorithm converges well and the limiter appears to introduce little extra numerical diffusion beyond that inherently present in the base scheme. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a generalized multi‐layer model for 3‐D simulation of free surface flows
Authors: Zarrati A. R. , Jin Y. C.
Published: September 2004

A mathematical model was developed for three‐dimensional (3‐D) simulation of free surface flows. In this model, the flow depth is divided into a number of layers and shallow water equations are integrated in each layer to derive the hydrodynamic equations. To give a general form to this model, each layer is assumed to be non‐horizontal with varying thickness in the flow domain. A non‐orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system is employed in the model, to allow for flexibility in dealing with the irregular geometry of natural watercourses.

Due to the similarity in governing equations, two‐dimensional (2‐D) depth averaged programs can be developed into a multi‐layer model. The development for a depth averaged program and its numerical scheme is described in this paper.

Experimental data and semi‐analytical solutions are used to evaluate the performance of the model. Three different cases of open channel flow are tested: 1‐flow in a straight open channel, 2‐the flow development region in a channel, and 3‐flow in a meandering channel. It is shown that the model has the capability to predict velocity distribution and secondary flows in complex 3‐D flow conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved non‐staggered central NT schemes for balance laws with geometrical source terms
Authors: Črnjarić‐Žic N. , Vuković S. , Sopta L.
Published: September 2004

In this paper we extend the non‐staggered version of the central NT (Nessyahu–Tadmor) scheme to the balance laws with geometrical source term. This extension is based on the source term evaluation that includes balancing between the flux gradient and the source term with an additional reformulation that depends on the source term discretization. The main property of the scheme obtained by the proposed reformulation is preservation of the particular set of the steady‐state solutions. We verify the improved scheme on two types of balance laws with geometrical source term: the shallow water equations and the non‐homogeneous Burger's equation. The presented results show good behaviour of the considered scheme when compared with the analytical or numerical results obtained by using other numerical schemes. Furthermore, comparison with the numerical results obtained by the classical central NT scheme where the source term is simply pointwise evaluated shows that the proposed reformulations are essential. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and patterns of executive impairment in community dwelling Mexican Americans: results from the Hispanic EPESE Study
Authors: Royall Donald R. , Espino David V. , Polk Marsha J. , Palmer Raymond F. , Markides Kyriakos S.
Published: September 2004

Introduction

Little is known about the prevalence of impaired executive control function (ECF) in community dwelling elderly or minority populations. We have determined the prevalence of cognitive impairment and impaired ECF in a community dwelling Mexican American elderly population, and their associations with functional status.

Subjects

Subjects were 1165 Mexican Americans age 65 and over who were administered CLOX as part of the third wave of the Hispanic Established Population for Epidemiological Study (HEPESE) conducted from 1998 to 1999.

Methods

ECF was measured by an executive clock‐drawing task (CDT) (i.e. CLOX1). Non‐executive cognitive function was assessed by the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a non‐executive CDT (CLOX2). CLOX scores were combined to estimate the prevalence of global CLOX failure (i.e. ‘Type 1’ cognitive impairment) vs isolated CLOX1 failure (i.e. Type 2 cognitive impairment).

Results

59.3% of subjects failed CLOX1. 31.1% failed both CLOX1 and CLOX2 (Type 1 cognitive impairment). 33.3% failed CLOX1 only (Type 2 cognitive impairment). 35.6% passed both measures [no cognitive impairment (NCI)]. Many subjects with CLOX1 impairment at Wave 3 had normal MMSE scores. This was more likely to occur in the context of Type 2 cognitive impairment. Both CLOX defined cognitive impairment groups were associated with functional impairment.

Conclusions

A large percentage of community dwelling Mexican American elderly suffer cognitive impairment that can be demonstrated through a CDT. Isolated executive impairments appear to be most common. The ability of a CDT to demonstrate ECF impairments potentially offers a rapid, culturally unbiased and cost‐effective means of assessing this domain. In contrast, the MMSE is relatively insensitive to ECF assessed by CLOX1. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The sense of coherence, burden, and depressive symptoms in informal caregivers during the first month after stroke
Authors: Chumbler Neale R. , Rittman Maude , Puymbroeck Marieke Van , Vogel W. Bruce , Qnin Haijing
Published: September 2004

Background

Individuals with a strong sense of coherence (SOC), which considers one's ability to respond to stressors by the appropriate use of adaptive coping resources, can avoid breakdown when confronted with stress. This study examined the associations between SOC, perceived burden (caregiver's perception of the effect of caregiving‐related stress) and depressive symptoms of informal caregivers (family members and involved friends) of stroke survivors one‐month after the stroke.

Methods

One‐hundred and four ethnically diverse veterans who were hospitalized after experiencing an acute stroke and their informal caregivers were enrolled in the study prior to discharge. One‐month after being discharged from one of five Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Florida and Puerto Rico, comprehensive data was collected and analyzed.

Results

Multiple regression analyses showed that greater SOC was associated with both lower burden (p < 0.0001) and fewer depressive symptoms (p < 0.0001). Higher caregiver burden, in turn, was significantly associated with more depressive symptoms (p = 0.003). However, when depressive symptoms was regressed on both SOC and burden jointly, the previously significant association between burden and depressive symptoms was no longer significant (p = 0.80) and SOC was still strongly associated with fewer depressive symptoms (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Determining factors that may lessen burden and depressive symptoms for caregivers of stroke survivors during the transition period after discharge to their residence are imperative for developing successful interventions. SOC appears to be an important response in alleviating the levels of perceived burden and especially in depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conversion pseudodementia in older people: a descriptive case series
Authors: Hepple J.
Published: September 2004

Methods

This paper reports a case series of ten patients collected over a 12‐year period of clinical work in old age psychiatry in the UK by the author.

Results

The core features of the syndrome are: apparent cognitive impairment, regression and increasing physical dependency beginning in late middle or early old age, without evidence for an organic dementia from investigations or from taking into account the course of the illness. The syndrome is more common in women from a higher socio‐economic background with past psychiatric histories dominated by depressive symptoms. The syndrome usually progresses to the point where long term institutional care is needed although the mean survival from onset is 13 years.

Conclusions

The author suggests that conversion pseudodementia in older people is caused by a catastrophic reaction to cumulative loss in later life in individuals who have predisposing borderline and narcissistic personality traits. Treatment using psychotherapeutic approaches may limit the progression of the syndrome if it is recognised at an early stage. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An open trial of venlafaxine for the treatment of late‐life atypical depression
Authors: Roose Steven P. , Miyazaki Marissa , Devanand Dev , Seidman Stuart , Fitzsimmons Linda , Turret Nancy , Sackeim Harold
Published: September 2004

Objectives

The atypical subtype in patients with major depressive disorder is characterized by mood reactivity, significant weight gain or increase in appetite, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis and a long‐standing pattern of interpersonal rejection sensitivity. Though atypical depression is well documented in younger patients, little attention has been paid to the atypical subtype in samples of late‐life depressed patients. This study reports the patient characteristics and treatment results of an eight‐week open‐label trial of venlafaxine in a sample of older depressed patients with atypical subtype.

Methods

Patients received fixed dosing schedule (up to 300 mg/day) of venlafaxine (Effexor XR) for 8 weeks.

Results

In this sample of 17 patients, the mean age was 65.6 years and 77% were female. Most strikingly, 53% of patients presented with late‐onset atypical depression defined as first episode after the age of 50. Fifteen of the 17 patients (88%) completed the eight‐week treatment trial. The mean score on the HRSD 24‐item decreased from 22.2 ± 5.1 at baseline to 11.8 ± 8.9 (p<0.001), and the mean total atypical item score decreased from 6.2 ± 1.6 to 2.8 ± 2.0 (p < 0.001). Remission was defined as a final HRSD ≤ 10 and a 50% reduction in baseline HRSD score. The intent‐to‐treat remission rate was 65% and the completer remission rate was 73%.

Conclusions

In this sample of late‐life patients with atypical depression venlafaxine treatment was reasonably effective and well tolerated. However, the effectiveness of venlafaxine in this study must be considered in the context that this was an open trial of antidepressant medication. Insufficient attention has been given to the atypical subtype in late‐life depression. Whether late‐onset atypical depression is significantly different from early‐onset atypical depression, and whether late‐onset patients with atypical depression are significantly different from late‐onset patients with other depressive subtypes are questions of compelling interest. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracranial volume in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: evidence for brain reserve?
Authors: Wolf Henrike , Julin Per , Gertz Hermann‐Josef , Winblad Bengt , Wahlund Lars‐Olof
Published: September 2004

Objective

The possibility of brain volume reserve effects was examined in a sample of geriatric outpatients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). The total intracranial volume (ICV) served as an estimate of the maximum attained brain volume in life.

Methods

Subjects (n = 181, mean age 60.7) were consecutive referrals to a geriatric outpatients clinic (n = 96) and a group of age‐matched healthy control subjects (n = 85). ICV and brain volume were attained from T1‐weighted magnetic resonance images using a stereological method. Hippocampal atrophy was assessed with a visual rating scale.

Results

ICV was significantly smaller in patients with AD and VaD than in control subjects, but effect size was small. After adjusting for age and gender, having ICV in the smallest quartile significantly increased the risk of cognitive impairment (either MCI or dementia). In patients with dementia, but not in MCI, severity of cognitive impairment and ICV were moderately correlated. The effect of ICV on cognition was not mediated by hippocampal atrophy.

Conclusions

These findings are compatible with volume reserve effects that modify the clinical expression of symptoms in both AD and VaD. They may have implications for the design of neuroimaging studies that use ICV for normalization procedures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Update on olfactory mucosal metabolic enzymes: Age‐related changes and N‐acetyltransferase activities
Authors: Genter Mary Beth
Published: September 2004

We have expanded previous observations on olfactory metabolic enzymes by examining the content of various metabolic enzymes in the olfactory mucosa of the male Long‐Evans rat at different ages. Age‐related changes in metabolic enzyme content may be related to changes in susceptibility to toxicants with age and may also contribute to altered odorant perception in the elderly. While some enzymes did not vary over the age range examined, decreases in the microsomal content of other enzymes were observed. While mRNA for acetyltransferase enzymes has previously been described in olfactory mucosa (Debic‐Rychter, Land, King. Cancer Res 1996;56:1517–1525), the markedly higher activity of olfactory acetyltransferases compared to liver had not previously been described. Acetyltransferases are important in the metabolism of drugs and toxicants that are aromatic amine derivatives and may contribute to the bioactivation of rodent olfactory mucosal carcinogens such as 2,6‐dimethylaniline and alachlor. These studies show that the olfactory mucosa varies in its metabolic capacity with age, and characterize another class of metabolic enzymes in the olfactory mucosa, both of which may impact significantly on responses to toxicants and therapeutic agents in the nasal cavity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:239–244, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20029
Activation of mitochondrial lactate uptake by flavone induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells
Authors: Wenzel Uwe , Schoberl Katrin , Lohner Katrin , Daniel Hannelore
Published: September 2004

Lactate production from glucose even in the presence of oxygen is a characteristic of cancer cell metabolism and an important feature for tumor progression. Here, we describe that an increased uptake of lactate into mitochondria of HT‐29 human colon cancer cells by treatment of cells with the flavonoid flavone is associated with an increased production of mitochondrial superoxide anions and apoptotic cell death. In search of the mitochondrial transporter that could promote enhanced lactate uptake and energetic flow through the electron transport chain, we used fluorescein as a model substrate. Flavone increased fluorescein uptake at pH 7.4 into mitochondria of HT‐29 cells almost tenfold while lactate inhibited uptake significantly. Uptake of fluorescein in the absence or presence of flavone was strongly increased by lowering pH from 7.4 to 6.0 and almost abolished by the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). The lactate‐sensitive part of fluorescein transport was completely blocked by p‐chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (pCMBS), a specific inhibitor of the monocarboxylate transporter‐1 (MCT‐1) that by Western blotting and immunofluorescence was identified in mitochondria of HT‐29 cells. Finally, lactate increased and pCMBS inhibited the flavone‐induced generation of mitochondrial O radicals and in turn blunted the apoptotic response. In conclusion, our studies provide evidence that flavone reverts the metabolic phenotype of transformed colonocytes towards a phenotype characteristic for normal cells. Transformed colonocytes, however, seem especially vulnerable to O, produced in mitochondria as a consequence of these metabolic alterations, and respond with the induction of apoptosis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of mass transfer coefficient in an airlift reactor with internal loop using coalescent and non‐coalescent liquid media
Authors: Blažej M , Juraščík M , Annus J , Markoš J
Published: September 2004

In this work the sulfite oxidation (SOM), dynamic pressure‐step (DPM) and gassing‐out (GOM) methods were compared for volumetric mass transfer coefficient measurement in an airlift reactor with internal loop. As a liquid phase both, non‐coalescent and coalescent media were used. Among the methods discussed here, the mass transfer coefficient (kLa) values obtained by the DPM appear as the most reliable as they were found to be independent of oxygen concentration in the inlet gas, which confirmed the physical correctness of this method. The difference between data measured using air and oxygen was not higher than 10%, which was comparable to the scatter of experimental data. It has been found that the sulfite oxidation method yielded kLa values only a little higher than those obtained by the DPM and the difference did not exceed 10%. Up to an inlet gas velocity (UGC) of ≅0.03 m s−1 the GOM using oxygen as a gas medium gave kLa values in fact identical with those obtained by the DPM. At higher flows of the inlet gas, the GOM yielded kLa values as much as 15% lower. The enhancement in oxygen mass transfer rate determined in non‐coalescent media was estimated to be up to +15%, when compared with a coalescent batch. The experimental dependence of kLa vs the overall gas hold‐up was described by an empirical correlation.1 Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Globalization and agrarian change: a case of freshwater prawn farming in Bangladesh
Authors: Ito Sanae
Published: September 2004

This paper examines changing agrarian institutions in south‐western Bangladesh where a large number of farmers, small and large, have switched from rice farming to export‐oriented freshwater prawn farming within the last decade. The local economy boomed until ecological and managerial problems began to threaten the sustainability of the farming activities. At the same time, the impact of global competition is forcing the industry to adopt so‐called global standards concerning food safety and sanitary conditions. This demands the restructuring of the local supply chain at the bottom of which a significant number of small farmers are struggling to survive. It is argued that this restructuring is leading to small farmers' reduced access to financial capital, and possibly to changes in ownership patterns of freshwater prawn farms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chasing the dragon: accounting for the under‐performance of India by comparison with China in attracting foreign direct investment
Authors: Henley John S
Published: September 2004

This paper compares the performance of India and China in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). China ranks number one as the world's preferred foreign investment destination. FDI statistics suggest that India's performance has been significantly understated but India still lags absolutely for several reasons. These include a high tariff regime, poor physical infrastructure, a regulatory system that is too often not business friendly and a policy of reservation of many potentially export‐oriented sectors for small businesses. The paper concludes that further liberalization of India's FDI regime is likely to be driven by external pressures and state‐level initiatives. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making globalization work for the poor: the 2000 White Paper reconsidered
Authors: Wood Adrian
Published: September 2004

Most aspects of the argument of the UK government's 2000 White Paper on globalization and development stand up reasonably well to the findings of subsequent research. But there is significant new evidence in two areas: the size of the contribution of institutions to growth; and the complexity of the effects of increased openness on poor people. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternative ways of paying for global public goods
Authors: Clunies‐Ross Anthony
Published: September 2004

The paper considers various possible means, mooted as alternatives or supplements to a simple schedule of governmental contributions, of paying for global public goods and common purposes: use of IMF Special Drawing Rights (SDRs); the United Kingdom's International Finance Facility (IFF); globally coordinated taxes (on arms exports, deep‐ocean mineral rents, international air transport, greenhouse‐gas emissions, or currency transactions) and the tapping of private fortunes. There is discussion of whether the various possible methods might have political advantages over a schedule of governmental contributions; of their revenue possibilities and of equity considerations. Promising, the paper argues, provided what are essentially prejudices can eventually be overcome, are first a global tax on currency transactions, and second the regular issue of SDRs, with those that would according to the allocation formula go to the rich countries recycled for development purposes. There is more doubt about the IFF, even if it were to receive sufficient support from the donor countries. It would probably need to be modified if it were to have much chance of being both workable and acceptable. Private fortunes on the face of it offer a huge potential; attention needs to be given to providing the right incentives; and it may be that they can be increasingly tapped for international development with the help of the new ‘global funds’. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implications of market and coordination failures for rural development in least developed countries
Authors: Kydd Jonathan , Dorward Andrew
Published: September 2004

Market failures affecting economic growth in poor rural areas are firmly on the agenda but for goods and services with private good characteristics are generally not conceptualized and understood in ways that help policy analysis and formulation to recognize and address these failures. We need greater recognition and understanding of the causes and nature of coordination failures that lead to these market failures. This paper examines core features of poor rural areas, the nature of coordination problems faced by different potential economic actors, the impacts of these problems on markets and economic development and ways that these have been addressed or ignored in different policies and policy approaches in Asia and Africa. We conclude by drawing out the implications for policies seeking to promote pro‐poor economic growth in poor rural areas today. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coffee futures: role in reducing coffee producers' price risk
Authors: Mohan Sushil , Love James
Published: September 2004

The paper investigates whether coffee producers can benefit by taking coffee production/marketing decisions on the basis of coffee futures forecasts. The methodology employed is to match futures and spot prices for the coffee futures contract traded at the international commodity exchanges. Regression analysis demonstrates that changes in spot prices are not explained by changes in lagged futures prices. On the contrary, it emerges that futures prices tend to adapt to the prevailing spot prices. The deviations of the spot prices from the lagged futures prices are over 30 per cent on average and they do not follow any systematic pattern. Therefore, the hypothesis that coffee futures market information could benefit coffee producers cannot be empirically supported. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Millennium Development Goals: the pledge of world leaders to end poverty will not be met with business as usual
Authors: Fukuda‐Parr Sakiko
Published: September 2004

This article reviews the prospects for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It argues that these goals will not be achieved by the target date of 2015 unless new action is taken by both rich and poor countries. It shows that current trends sharply contrast countries on their way to meeting the goals and those in a poverty trap. Crisis proportions have been reached in deterioration of life expectancy and falling incomes, but also in a wide range of other indicators in countries such as Zambia as well as Nepal. The origins of this crisis are not just poor governance or poor macroeconomic policies, but rather the difficulties of competing in global markets. A priority for these countries is to invest in basic education and health, infrastructure, agriculture and manufacturing. Rich countries have fallen seriously behind in living up to their promises to increase aid, debt relief and access to their markets for exports from developing countries—with the welcome but still inadequate increase in aid to reach the 0.7 per cent GDP target, with the collapse of trade talks at Cancun, slow implementation of HIPC, and slow progress in implementation of TRIPS provision for access to technology. Business as usual will not be enough to meet the goals and new action is urgently needed to achieve the goals. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making research on globalization work for the poor: a commentary on Adrian Wood's ‘making globalization work for the poor: the 2000 White Paper reconsidered’
Authors: Maxwell Simon
Published: September 2004

Adrian Wood is right to note a significant shift in official thinking since the publication in 2000 of the DFID White Paper on globalization. This is confirmed by the 2004 White Paper on the same subject, published by the Department for Trade and Industry: there is more emphasis on the institutional pre‐conditions for successful liberalization, more on the specificity of individual country experience, more on the plight of losers, and more on the need for social protection. These themes are important and require some re‐thinking of aid policy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.