bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The hippocampus and caudomedial neostriatum show selective responsiveness to conspecific song in the female zebra finch
Authors: Bailey David J. , Rosebush Julia C. , Wade Juli
Published: October 2002

The perception of song is vital to the reproductive success of both male and female songbirds. Several neural structures underlying this perception have been identified by examining expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) following the presentation of conspecific or heterospecific song. In the few avian species investigated, areas outside of the circuit for song production contain neurons that are active following song presentation, specifically the caudal hyperstriatum ventrale (cHV) and caudomedial neostriatum (NCM). While studied in detail in the male zebra finch, IEG responses in these neural substrates involved in song perception have not been quantified in females. Therefore, adult female zebra finches were presented with zebra finch song, nonzebra finch song, randomly generated tones, or silence for 30 min. One hour later they were sacrificed, and their brains removed, sectioned, and immunocytochemically processed for FOS expression. Animals exposed to zebra finch song had a significantly higher density of FOS‐immunoreactive cells in the NCM than those presented with other songs, tones, or silence. Neuronal activation in the cHV was equivalent in birds that heard zebra finch and non‐zebra finch song, expression that was higher than that observed in the groups that heard no song. Interestingly, the hippocampus (HP) and adjacent parahippocampal area (AHP) were activated in a manner comparable to the NCM. These results suggest a general role for the cHV in song perception and a more specific role for the NCM and HP/AHP in facilitating recognition of and responsiveness to species‐specific song in female zebra finches. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 43–51, 2002
Pre‐ and postsynaptic mechanisms in Hebbian activity‐dependent synapse modification
Authors: Li Min‐Xu , Jia Min , Yang Li‐Xia , Dunlap Veronica , Nelson Phillip G.
Published: October 2002

We have used a three compartment tissue culture system that involved two separate populations of cholinergic neurons in the side compartments that converged on a common target population of myotubes in the center compartment. Activation of the axons from one population of neurons produced selective down‐regulation of the synaptic inputs from the other neuronal population (when the two inputs innervated the same myotubes). The decrease in heterosynaptic inputs was mediated by protein kinase C (PKC). An activity‐dependent action of protein kinase A (PKA) was associated with the stimulated input and this served to selectively stabilize this input. These changes associated with PKA and PKC activation were mediated by alterations in the number of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. These results suggest that neuromuscular electrical activity produces postsynaptic activation of both PKA and PKC, with the latter producing generalized synapse weakening and the former a selective synapse stabilization. Treatment of the neuronal cell body and axon to increase PKC activity by putting phorbal ester (PMA) in the side chamber did not affect synaptic transmission (with or without stimulation). By contrast, PKA blockade in the side compartment did produce an activity‐dependent decrease in synaptic efficacy, which was due to a decrease in quantal release of neurotransmitter. Thus, when the synapse is activated, it appears that presynaptic PKA action is necessary to maintain transmitter output. Published 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 52: 241–250, 2002
An interactive geometry utility environment for multi‐disciplinary computational engineering
Authors: Zheng Yao , Weatherill Nigel P. , Turner‐Smith Edward A.
Published: October 2002

A parallel simulation user environment (PSUE) has been developed for unstructured grid‐based computational simulation. Arbitrary computer application software can be integrated into the environment to provide a multi‐disciplinary engineering analysis capability within one unified computational framework. It provides an enhanced capability for complex and multiple problem definition, a graphics environment for guidance through the grid generation process with visual validation of each step, and robust and computationally efficient unstructured grid generation modules. This paper addresses an interactive geometry utility environment (IGUE), which is the primary part of the PSUE, providing sophisticated graphical user interfaces with geometric handling capability oriented to the unstructured grid technology. The IGUE is equipped with windowing functionality from the X‐Window system, and its underpinning data structure is based on non‐manifold topology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An implicit method for the analysis of transient flows in pipe networks
Authors: Greyvenstein G. P.
Published: October 2002

Existing methods for the analysis of transient flows in pipe networks are often geared towards certain types of flows such as gas flows vis‐à‐vis liquid flows or isothermal flows vis‐à‐vis non‐isothermal flows. Also, simplifying assumptions are often made which introduce inaccuracies when the method is applied outside the domain for which it was originally intended. This paper describes an implicit finite difference method based on the simultaneous pressure correction approach which is valid for both liquid and gas flows, for both isothermal and non‐isothermal flows and for both fast and slow transients. The problematic convective acceleration term in the momentum equation, often neglected in other methods, is retained but eliminated by casting the momentum equation in an alternative form. The accuracy and stability of the method, depending on a time‐step weighing factor α, are illustrated by analysing fast transients in a pipeline and simple branching network. The proposed method compares very well with the second‐order‐method of characteristics and the two‐step Lax–Wendroff method. The advantages of the present method is its speed over a range of problems including both fast and slow transients, its accuracy, its stability and its flexibility. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite horizon H∞ filter and its 2N algorithm
Authors: Wu Z. G. , Leung A. Y. T. , Zhong W. X.
Published: October 2002

A 2N algorithm will double a time (or space) step in each evaluation for initial value problem. The 2N algorithm for the integration of filtering differential equation of the finite horizon H∞ filter is presented in this paper. Since it is a boundary value problem within a time range, a new 2N algorithm is introduced by merging two intervals each time so that the time interval is doubled in each evaluation. If one divides the original time range into one million intervals, 20 evaluations will complete the whole process. Owing to the extremely small initial time interval, the first few terms of the Taylor expansion of the interval matrices are sufficient for very accurate results. Since the filter gain matrices are the solution of the Riccati differential equation and the existence of the solution depends on the induced norm γ, the computation of critical value γ is reviewed first. Then, according to the result and the prespecified performance index, the suitable parameter γ−2 can be selected and the precise numerical solution of the Riccati differential equation and the filtering differential equation can be obtained by using the 2N algorithm, although the filtering equation is time varying. The 2N algorithm for interval merging is given explicitly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hat interpolation wavelet‐based multi‐scale Galerkin method for thin‐walled box beam analysis
Authors: Kim Yoon Young , Jang Gang‐Won
Published: October 2002

The objective of the present work is to propose a new adaptive wavelet‐Galerkin method based on the lowest‐order hat interpolation wavelets. The specific application of the present method is made on the one‐dimensional analysis of thin‐walled box beam problems exhibiting rapidly varying local end effects. Higher‐order interpolation wavelets have been used in the wavelet‐collocation setting, but the lowest‐order hat interpolation is applied here first and a hat interpolation wavelet‐based Galerkin method is newly formulated. Unlike existing orthogonal or biorthogonal wavelet‐based Galerkin methods, the present method does not require special treatment in dealing with general boundary conditions. Furthermore, the present method directly works with nodal values and does not require special formula for the evaluation of system matrices. Though interpolation wavelets do not have any vanishing moment, an adaptive scheme based on multi‐resolution approximations is possible and a preconditioned conjugate gradient method can be used to enhance numerical efficiency. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating the propagation of displacement discontinuities in a regularized strain‐softening medium
Authors: Wells G. N. , Sluys L. J. , de Borst R.
Published: October 2002

A numerical model is developed which allows the inclusion of displacement discontinuities in a strain‐softening medium, independent of the finite element mesh structure. Inelastic deformations develop in the continuum and, when a critical threshold of inelastic deformation is reached, a displacement discontinuity is inserted. Discontinuities are introduced using the partition of unity concept which allows discontinuous functions to be added to the standard finite element basis. It is shown that the introduction of displacement discontinuities at the later stages of the failure process can lead to a failure mode that is fundamentally different than that using a continuum model only. This combined continuum‐discontinuous model is better able to describe the entire failure process than a continuum or a discrete model alone and treats mode‐I and mode‐II failure in a unified fashion. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A posteriori error estimation in non‐linear FE analyses of shell structures
Authors: Lackner R. , Mang H. A.
Published: October 2002

During the last decade, significant scientific efforts were made in the area of quality assurance of numerical results obtained by means of the finite element method (FEM). These efforts were based on adaptive remeshing controlled by an estimated error. This paper reports on the extension of error estimation to non‐linear shell analysis involving strain‐hardening and softening plasticity. In the context of incremental‐iterative analyses, an incremental error estimator is introduced. It is based on the rate of work. The stress recovery technique proposed by Zienkiewicz and Zhu (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 1992; 33:1331) is modified to allow for discontinuities of certain stress components in case of localization arising from, e.g. cracking of concrete. The developed error estimator is part of a calculation scheme for adaptive non‐linear FE analysis. If the estimated error exceeds a prespecified threshold value in the course of an adaptive analysis, a new mesh is generated. After mesh refinement the state variables are transferred from the old to the new mesh and the calculation is restarted at the load level which was attained with the old mesh. The performance of the proposed error estimator is demonstrated by means of adaptive calculations of a reinforced concrete (RC) cooling tower. The influence of the user‐prescribed error threshold on the numerical results is investigated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p‐Version interface elements in global/local analysis
Authors: Schiermeier John E. , Kansakar Rajendra , Mong Dao , Ransom Jonathan B. , Aminpour Mohammad A. , Stroud W. Jefferson
Published: October 2002

When performing global/local analysis, the issue of connecting dissimilar meshes often arises, especially when refinement is performed. One method of connecting these dissimilar meshes is to use interface elements. Curve interface elements, to connect dissimilarp‐element edges along a curve; surface interface elements, to connect dissimilarp‐element faces over a surface; and shell‐to‐solid transition interface elements, to connect dissimilarp‐element edges withp‐element faces, have been implemented in MSC.Nastran. The background, theory, and implementation are being presented herein, along with examples. These three interface elements comprise a complete set of interface tools for global/local analysis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing the asymptotic behaviour of shell elements—Part II: New limit tests: analytical solutions and the RFNS element case
Authors: Briassoulis D.
Published: October 2002

The asymptotic behaviour of classical benchmark tests was investigated in the first part of this work. In the present second part, the behaviour of some new limit problems, recently proposed as being specifically applicable to benchmark testing of the asymptotic behaviour of shell elements, is analytically and numerically investigated. Exact analytical solutions are obtained based on Flugge's theory for cylindrical shells. These analytical solutions are used along with, and in comparison to, the corresponding solutions obtained earlier by symbolic calculus using the Reissner–Mindlin shell model. The reformulated four‐node shell (RFNS) element is employed in the numerical analyses in a parallel, supportive–comparative character, next to the analytical investigation of the asymptotic behaviour of the new limit tests. As with the case of the classical benchmark tests, in the course of the numerical investigation, the reliability and efficiency of the RFNS element is re‐confirmed in all cases of the new asymptotic tests. A good agreement with the boundary layers described analytically is obtained even in very thin shell element applications. The various load‐carrying mechanisms shown numerically to be active in the cases under investigation follow closely the analytical predictions. The energy components appear to be more sensitive to the modelling of boundary layers in cases of mixed mode problems. In several cases, the solutions obtained earlier by using symbolic calculus are shown to be inadequate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic optimization of stiffened plates without the FE mesh support
Authors: Marcelin J. L.
Published: October 2002

This paper deals with the optimization of beam stiffeners on plates by varying their positions in order to minimize the maximum deflection of the plate. Genetic algorithms are used. The research strategy consists in substituting, for finite element calculations in the optimization process, an approximate response of a neural network, or an approximate response from a Ritz method. This paper shows how it is possible to deal with more important problems and to envisage more general baseline design for stiffened plates by adding the orientation angle of each stiffener as a design variable. This paper also shows how one can free oneself from the FE mesh, i.e. how one no longer needs the support of the mesh for the stiffeners. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boundary element analysis of reinforced shear deformable shells
Authors: Wen P. H. , Aliabadi M. H. , Young A.
Published: October 2002

In this paper, stiffened shear‐deformable shells are analysed using the boundary element method. Coupled boundary integral equations are presented for describing curved shells under general loading conditions. The equations are based on boundary integral equations for plane stress and plate bending, with coupling terms arising from the curvature of the shell. Domain integrals are transformed into boundary integrals using the dual reciprocity technique. Stiffeners are modelled as curved beams, continuously attached to the shell. Numerical solutions calculated using the present method are compared with finite element results in two examples. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid topology optimization algorithm for static and vibrating shell structures
Authors: Belblidia F. , Bulman S.
Published: October 2002

Structural designers are reconsidering traditional design procedures using structural optimization techniques. Although shape and sizing optimization techniques have facilitated a great improvement in the emergence of new optimum designs, they are still limited by the fact that a suitable topology must be assumed initially. In this paper a hybrid algorithm entitled constrained adaptive topology optimization, or CATO is introduced. The algorithm, based on an artificial material model and an adaptive updating scheme, combines ideas from the mathematically rigorous homogenization (h) methods and the intuitive evolutionary (e) methods. The algorithm is applied to shell structures under static or free vibration situations. For the static situation, the objective is to produce the stiffest structure subject to given loading conditions, boundary conditions and material properties. For the free vibration situation, the objective is to maximize or minimize a chosen frequency. In both cases, a constraint on the structural volume/mass is applied and the optimization process is achieved by redistributing the material through the shell structure. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is illustrated through several numerical examples of shells under either static or free vibration situations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New superconvergent points of the 8‐node serendipity plane element for patch recovery
Authors: Liew K. M. , Rajendran S.
Published: October 2002

The Gaussian quadrature points, which are generally observed to be the same as the Barlow points for lower order elements, have so far been used as the sampling points for the superconvergent patch recovery (SPR). Recent developments on the best‐fit method to calculate the optimal sampling points suggest that, for higher order elements, Barlow points need not be the optimal sampling points and also need not be the same as the Gaussian quadrature points. In this paper the best‐fit method is extended to predict the optimal points of the 8‐node serendipity rectangular element, and it is observed that best‐fit points do not exist. Next, a novel method is proposed, in which, the expressions for stress‐error based on the best‐fit are used in the least‐square fit of the patch recovery, and thereby the superconvergent points are obtained more directly. Application of this method to the 8‐node serendipity element reveals the existence of two sets of superconvergent points for patch recovery, one of which is the well‐known Gaussian points, ( $ \pm 1/\sqrt 3 , \pm 1/\sqrt 3 $), and the other is the set of four points given by $\{ (0, \pm \sqrt {2/3} ),\,( \pm \sqrt {2/3} ,0)\}$, the existence of which has not been known before. A detailed numerical study on the patch recovery of stresses for two demonstrative problems reveals that there indeed exist two sets of superconvergent points as predicted by the proposed method. The comparative performance of the two sets of points is tested for typical demonstrative problems and the results are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inverse problems for estimating bottom boundary conditions of natural waters
Authors: de Campos Velho Haroldo F. , Retamoso Mario R. , Vilhena Marco Tulio M. B.
Published: October 2002

Unknown boundary conditions for natural waters are estimated using an inverse problem methodology. In the formulation of the inverse problem, expressed as a non‐linear constrained optimization problem, its objective function is given by a square difference term, between experimental and computed data, added to a regularization operator. The computed data are obtained by solving the radiative transfer direct problem using the LTSN method. A key aspect to get a good reconstruction is played by observed data quality. The reconstruction strategy is examined for in situ radiance and irradiance data for many arrangements of the experimental grid of the measurement devices, in order to plan good designs for experimental works. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear multi‐model time‐optimization
Authors: Boltyanski V. , Poznyak A.
Published: October 2002

A linear optimization problem with unknown parameters from a given finite set is tackled. The problem is to find therobust time‐optimal controltransferring a given initial point to a convex terminal compact setMforallunknown parameters in a shortest time. The robust maximum principle for this minimax problem is formulated. It gives a necessary and sufficient condition of robust optimality. Under natural conditions, the existence and uniqueness of robust optimal controls are proven when the resource set is a convex polytope. Several illustrating examples, including a bang–bang robust optimal control, are considered in detail. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation into new materials for optical devices: the miscibility and solvent effects of azobenzene derivative blends
Authors: Sharma Lakshmi , Kimura Tatsumi , Matsuda Hiro
Published: October 2002

With the increasing demand for novel devices with optical applications the search for new materials to data store and process becomes a priority. By introducing blends, tailor made properties and low cost give added advantage. Miscibility is an essential requirement for a new material, this research thus involves miscibility studies of poly(4‐(N‐(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl)‐N‐ethylamino)‐4′‐nitroazobenzene)90‐co‐(methyl methacrylate)10, (azobenzene derivative) with polymethyl‐methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinylacetate (PVAc) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) prepared in tetrahydrofuran (THF), and/or dimethylformamide (DMF) and/or dichloromethane (CH2Cl2). The glass transitions, solvent and varying molecular weight effect were investigated, since these all primarily influence the miscibility. THF was found to encourage miscibility at specific compositions of PVAc and PVC blends. However, with CH2Cl2 and DMF immiscibility is encouraged. The Fox–Flory equation was applied to the blends analyzing the PVC blends in DMF as deviations from ideality. Different molecular weights of PMMA were identified as immiscible regardless of solvent. PMMA's lower solubility in THF and CH2Cl2 compared to the azobenzene derivative, displayed the existence of PMMA islands. In all blends the favorable and unfavorable interactions between polymer–solvent–polymer systems are considered. Furthermore, the miscibility effect on increasing the MMA content of the azobenzene derivative was also investigated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyaniline thin film optical waveguides for integrated optics and VLSI prepared by vacuum evaporation technique
Authors: Sharma R. P. , Raghuvanshi M. S. , Bhavsar S. V. , Patil A. R. , Misra S. C. K.
Published: October 2002

Polyaniline is emerging as an important polymer material which offers challenging opportunities for both fundamental research and new technological applications in waveguides. Metal doped polyaniline has been prepared initially in the form of powder by a solution growth technique. The emeraldine salt with doped metal was also prepared by solution growth technique. This powder was used for vacuum evaporation on optically flat glass substrate. The dark green doped (Fe, Al) polyaniline thin films were prepared by vacuum evaporation technique (10−4 torr). Deposited waveguide thin films have been characterized structurally, using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), optically etc. Effective refractive index of the thin film waveguide was also calculated theoretically and experimentally. Waveguide parameters, namely refractive index, propagation loss and depth of vacuum deposited polyaniline thin films optical waveguide have been determined. The optical spectra and structure and waveguide parameters of vacuum deposited polyaniline thin films are strongly affected by the type of doping. It is possible to reduce the losses by addition of Fe to the vacuum deposited polyanine thin film and modify the effective refractive index (Oeff) according to particular requirements. Results are compared with the results in the literature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loss of heterozygosity and allelic imbalance in apocrine metaplasia of the breast: microdissection microsatellite analysis
Authors: Selim Abdel‐Ghani A. , Ryan Andy , El‐Ayat Ghada , Wells Clive A.
Published: October 2002

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and allelic imbalance (AI) at loci reported to show allele loss and/or imbalance in preinvasive and invasive breast cancer were examined in 41 cases of apocrine metaplasia (APM) of the breast using a microdissection technique, polymorphic microsatellite markers, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Occasional examples of LOH and/or AI were identified in 2/28 (7.1%) informative cases at 1p (MYCL1), 2/14 (14.3%) at 11q (INT2), 1/15 (6.7%) at 13q (D13S267), 3/22 (13.6%) at 16q (D16S539), 2/23 (8.7%) at 17p (TP53), and 1/11 (9.1%) at 17p (D17S513) and 3/16 (18.8%) at 17q (D17S250). The finding of LOH/AI in cases of APM indicates that a subset of APM appears clonal, but the significance of allelic loss or imbalance in the pathogenesis of APM or its possible subsequent progression to carcinoma is not yet clear and requires further investigation. Clinical follow‐up of these particular cases of APM showing LOH/AI would be of further value. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitotic counts provide additional prognostic information in grade II mammary carcinoma
Authors: Lynch J. , Pattekar R. , Barnes D. M. , Hanby A. M. , Camplejohn R. S. , Ryder K. , Gillett C. E.
Published: October 2002

The ability to predict how long a patient diagnosed with breast cancer is likely to survive is still imprecise, despite numerous studies which have identified potential prognostic markers. The ‘established’ markers such as nodal status, tumour size, and histological grade have been used for many years and certainly provide some degree of accuracy upon which treatment can be based. However, women with similar prognostic features can vary significantly in their outcome and very few of the newly identified markers provide information that is sufficiently useful to warrant the time and expense spent on their evaluation. In a cohort of 145 women, an assessment has been made of whether knowledge of the proliferative activity of grade II infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas can improve the accuracy of predicting clinical outcome for individual patients. Use of the mitotic count (MC), which was assessed as part of the grading system, enabled patients to be stratified into ‘good’ and ‘bad’ prognostic groups. The measurement of S‐phase fraction using flow cytometry gave a similar result, but has the disadvantage that the technique requires specialized equipment. The evaluation of Ki‐67 expression using immunohistochemistry was of no additional prognostic value in this defined group. It is proposed that MC, used once to establish grade, could be used again amongst the grade II tumours to improve the accuracy of prognosis and thus influence treatment strategies with minimal additional effort or expense. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of activated matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) as the main gelatinolytic enzyme in malignant melanoma by in situ zymography
Authors: Kurschat Peter , Wickenhauser Claudia , Groth Wolfgang , Krieg Thomas , Mauch Cornelia
Published: October 2002

The involvement of extracellular matrix‐degrading enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases and serine proteases, during tumour progression and metastasis is well established. In particular, the activation of pro‐matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 on the surface of malignant cells by membrane‐bound MT1‐MMP has been shown to contribute to the invasive abilities of various tumours. This study presents evidence that in tissue of malignant melanomas, increased effective gelatinolytic activity is mainly located at sites where melanoma cells interact with the surrounding extracellular matrix. Forty‐one primary melanomas (30 superficial spreading and 11 nodular type) and six lymph node metastases were investigated by a modified technique of gelatin in situ zymography. This technique localizes areas of effective proteolytic activity within tissue sections. In 28/41 (68%) primary melanomas and in 6/6 (100%) metastases, considerable proteolysis was detected at the invading part of the tumour and especially at sites of tumour–stroma interactions, whereas no or only weak proteolytic activity was localized within the centres of solid nests of tumour cells. Zymographic analysis of extracts obtained from different areas of microdissected melanoma specimens identified activated MMP‐2 as the enzyme responsible for this activity. Immunohistochemical analysis detected strong staining for MMP‐2 and MT1‐MMP, even in areas in which no proteolytic activity was found by in situ zymography, emphasizing the importance of more functional techniques for the investigation of balanced proteolytic systems. This technology makes it possible to draw conclusions regarding the balance between activated proteases and inhibitors, which are frequently found to be present together in close proximity in vivo. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclin D1 overexpression in colorectal carcinoma in vivo is dependent on β‐catenin protein dysregulation, but not k‐ras mutation
Authors: Wong N. A. C. S. , Morris R. G. , McCondochie A. , Bader S. , Jodrell D. I. , Harrison D. J.
Published: October 2002

Cyclin D1 protein overexpression is commonly found in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) and is associated with a poorer prognosis, but the mechanism underlying overexpression remains uncertain. Both dysregulation of β‐catenin protein expression and k‐ras mutation have recently been shown to promote cyclin D1 expression in human in vitro and rodent in vivo studies. In this study, 53 sporadic CRCs were examined by immunohistochemistry for cyclin D1 and β‐catenin protein expression, and with PCR and direct DNA sequencing for k‐ras gene status. The study also addressed whether cyclin D1 overexpression might associate with poorer prognosis because of a relationship with poorer response to 5‐fluorouracil (5FU) chemotherapy. Cyclin D1 overexpression was demonstrated in 34/53 (64%) CRCs, was significantly associated with higher Dukes' stage, and was particularly prominent at the invasive edges of carcinomas. Furthermore, cyclin D1 overexpression was always and only seen in association with nuclear expression of β‐catenin. There were no significant associations between cyclin D1 overexpression and k‐ras mutation or response to 5FU. Amongst 17 microsatellite unstable CRCs, a smaller proportion of tumours showed cyclin D1 overexpression (18%), but again cyclin D1 overexpression was only seen in cases showing nuclear β‐catenin expression. In conclusion, β‐catenin protein dysregulation, but not k‐ras mutation, appears to be required for cyclin D1 overexpression in colorectal carcinoma in vivo. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and pathology: the Pax gene
Authors: Berry Colin
Published: October 2002

During development, many genes support different functions at different times, when they are expressed in different tissues, or in response to different transcription factors. Pathologists should be cautious about ascribing functions to such genes in pathological processes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
iNOS gene upregulation is associated with the early proliferative response of human lung fibroblasts to cytokine stimulation
Authors: Romanska Hanna M. , Polak Julia M. , Coleman Robert A. , James Rowena S. , Harmer Daniel W. , Allen Jennifer C. , Bishop Anne E.
Published: October 2002

Increased release of oxidants has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Previous work in the rat showed that formation of the early fibrotic lesion is associated with increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pulmonary fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that NO is involved in the activation of pulmonary fibroblasts. The effects of endogenous and exogenous NO on proliferation of human pulmonary fibroblasts were investigated by administration of cytomix or SNAP, respectively. At low concentrations, both treatments increased cell numbers, an effect attenuated by iNOS inhibitor or NO scavenger. Induction of iNOS was confirmed by measurement of nitrate/nitrite production and by immunodetection. Quantitative RT‐PCR showed an increase in iNOS mRNA as early as 3 h after stimulation. These results support the hypothesis and show that upregulation of the iNOS gene is an early event in the proliferative response of human lung fibroblasts to inflammatory stimuli. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allelic imbalance in the diagnosis of benign, atypical and malignant Spitz tumours
Authors: van Dijk Marcory C. R. F. , Rombout Paul D. M. , Mooi Wolter J. , M van de Molengraft Fred J. J. , van Krieken Joannes H. J. M. , Ruiter Dirk J. , Ligtenberg Marjolijn J. L.
Published: October 2002

To test the diagnostic usefulness of allelic imbalance (AI) analysis based on routinely paraffin‐embedded tissue, a series of 55 benign Spitz naevi, Spitz tumours with uncertain malignant potential, and malignant Spitzoid melanomas was investigated. Laser microdissection was used to ensure representative sampling of lesional cells and to investigate AI in separate tumour areas of four melanomas. AI was found in 2/12 (17%) typical Spitz naevi, 3/9 (33%) atypical Spitz tumours, 12/17 (65%) atypical Spitz tumours suspicious for melanoma and 15/17 (88%) Spitzoid melanomas. Additional immunohistochemical staining for Ki‐67 using the MIB‐1 antibody revealed positive deeply situated lesional cells in 0/6 (0%) Spitz naevi, 1/8 (13%) atypical Spitz tumours, 5/14 (35%) atypical Spitz tumours suspicious for melanoma, and 7/14 (50%) Spitzoid melanomas, respectively. Two of the melanomas examined for AI in separate tumour areas showed intratumoural genetic heterogeneity. In view of the finding of AI and deeply situated Ki‐67 positive cells not only in melanomas but also in Spitz tumours with uncertain malignant potential, these approaches appear to have no direct diagnostic applicability for the distinction between benign and malignant Spitz tumours. Further molecular studies will be required to determine whether Spitz tumours and Spitzoid melanomas are unrelated entities, or whether there is a true spectrum of tumour progression. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneous expression of Ku70 in human tissues is associated with morphological and functional alterations of the nucleus
Authors: Choi Eun Kyung , Lee Yeon Hee , Choi Yong Seok , Kwon Hyock Man , Choi Mi Sun , Ro Jae Y. , Park Su‐Kil , Yu Eunsil
Published: October 2002

Ku70 is a subunit of DNA–protein kinase complex and involved in diverse intranuclear events including the repair of double‐stranded DNA breaks. Ku70 is rich in the interphase nucleus of cultured cells. In human tissues, however, the distribution of Ku70 has not yet been systematically examined. To characterize the difference of Ku70 distribution between cells of human tissues and cultured cells, the expression of Ku70 was examined in various normal and neoplastic human tissues by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot. In addition, the role of Ku70 in the cellular response against ionizing radiation (IR) was analysed in fibroblasts after exposure to 5 Gy IR and apoptotic indices were examined in Ku70‐overexpressed fibroblasts from an ataxia telangiectasia patient and in normal fibroblasts, before and after irradiation. In contrast to cultured cells, Ku70 was not detected in some interphase cells of human tissues and was distributed heterogeneously, even in the same nucleus. Ku70 expression was strikingly low in terminally differentiated cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, glomerular capillary endothelial cells and fibroblasts, and was absent in spermatids. In spermatocytes, Ku70 was tightly integrated with chromosome filaments, unlike other somatic cells under mitosis. After exposure to IR, Ku70 expression was not increased in ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts, but was significantly increased in normal fibroblasts. Most of the increased Ku70 was of soluble nuclear protein fraction. Furthermore, overexpression of Ku70 increased radiation resistance both in ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts and normal fibroblasts. The presented data indicate that the distribution of Ku70 in cells of human tissues is closely associated with the cell cycle, cellular differentiation, nuclear shape and the process of repair of DNA damage caused by IR. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of chromosomal aberrations in urinary bladder tumours and adjacent urothelium
Authors: Steidl Christian , Simon Ronald , Bürger Horst , Brinkschmidt Christian , Hertle Lothar , Böcker Werner , Terpe Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2002

Bladder cancer is often characterized by recurrent and multifocal growth, and tumours are frequently accompanied by precancerous alterations of the surrounding urothelium. These findings have led to the hypothesis that cells from areas of genetically aberrant but morphologically non‐cancerous or even unremarkable mucosa may be the source of bladder carcinomas. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed using ten probes targeting five different chromosomes that are known to be frequently altered in bladder cancer (centromere 1, 8, 9, 11, 17 and 1p36, 8p23, 9p21, 11q13, 17p13) on paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of 11 superficial bladder cancers. Copy number changes of the tumours were compared to those in the urothelium adjacent to the tumour. Eleven of 11 (100%) tumours and eight of 11 (73%) samples of adjacent urothelium showed copy number changes of at least one chromosome. The occurrence of similar patterns of chromosomal aberrations in the tumours and their associated urothelium supports the hypothesis of a clonal relationship. It is concluded that FISH analysis targeting five different chromosomes is more sensitive than conventional histology for distinguishing between neoplastic and normal cells of the urothelium. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benefits of monitoring blood glucose by collection of blood on filter paper strips
Authors: Birdsall T , Roland JM , Doran JF , Palmer KT
Published: October 2002

Background

The accuracy of blood glucose meters has been questioned and the quality control remains rudimentary. Collection of blood spots on filter paper strips allows laboratory estimations whilst maintaining the convenience of blood collection in the patient's own home.

Method

Patients provide blood spots on specially prepared filter paper strips and post them to the laboratory for analysis.

Results

In 12 months, eight of 19 pregnant diabetic patients had their meter changed because of inconsistency between meter readings and filter paper results. In six consecutive cases of discrepancy between HbA1c and home monitoring, filter paper glucose all proved higher than home monitoring results. This led to a change of meter in three cases, and of insulin regime in all cases, resulting in a mean absolute reduction in HbA1c of 1.92 % (SD 0.9, p < 0.01).

Over the past two years, nine patients without diabetes have been investigated for hypoglycaemia by self‐collection of blood spots when symptomatic. In eight cases hypoglycaemia was excluded, but was confirmed in the remaining case, and an insulinoma was subsequently diagnosed and excised.

Conclusion

Monitoring of blood glucose levels using filter strips proved a useful tool in pregnancy management, in evaluating discrepancies between HbA1c and home monitoring results, and investigating unexpected hypoglycaemia in non‐diabetic patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journeys of a lifetime
Authors: Walker Rosemary
Published: October 2002

This paper is based on the Janet Kinson Lecture, given at the Diabetes UK Annual Professional Conference 2001. The lifelong nature of living with diabetes can be likened to a journey, during which a number of events may occur and need to be dealt with. Using the analagies of ‘hijack’ (the diagnosis of diabetes), ‘breakdown’ (the need for hospital admission), and ‘refuelling and servicing’ (consultations for routine care and surveillance), the paper describes and discusses these key issues in diabetes care. The paper also discusses ‘transport policy’ (the influences of political level on the provision of diabetes care) and highlights some important issues for ‘navigators’ (diabetes specialist nurses). Finally, it suggests a new, alternative ‘transport infrastructure’ (a programme of training for diabetes health professionals). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical Diabetes International 18(9) November December 2001, page 309. ‘Attaining UKPDS management targets in type 2 diabetes’.
Authors: Woodward A , Groves T , Wallymahamed M , Wilding JP , Gill GV
Published: October 2002

The original article: ‘Attaining UKPDS management targets in type 2 diabetes’ to which this Erratum referes was published in Practical Diabetes International 18(9) November December 2001, page 309. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural aspects of the thermally accelerated ageing of cellulose: effect of cellulose source and ageing conditions
Authors: Kato K Lisa , Cameron Ruth E
Published: October 2002

Small angle X‐ray scattering has been used to study the void parameters of filter paper, kraft paper and ramie after ageing in air and in vacuo at 160 °C and 120 °C. The cellulose fibres contain long thin voids oriented with their long axis roughly parallel to the fibre axis. The aged samples were observed both dry and fully hydrated. Hydration caused small voids to open up between the fibrils which compose a single fibre. The void parameters of dry cellulose remained largely unchanged on ageing, but the wet values of aged material approached those of dry. This effect was more profound the more extreme the ageing conditions. The conclusion is that high temperatures and chain scission encourage chain mobility and facilitate hydrogen bonding between the fibrils in a mechanism similar to that proposed for hornification. Conventional hornification, whereby intrafibre hydrogen bonding increases due to dehydration below a threshold value is also likely. The additional hydrogen bonding means that the fibre is less able to open small voids and absorb water after ageing.

Measurements of water retention values of filter paper support the model of structure closure. Zero span and wide span tensile strengths of filter paper fall by greater amounts, the more severe the ageing conditions. The effect of chain scission evidently dominates any internal structural modifications in determining the mechanical strength of aged fibres.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Convergent and concurrent validity of two measures of phonological processing
Authors: Havey J. Michael , Story Natasha , Buker Kelsie
Published: October 2002

The purposes of this study were to determine the degree to which two measures of phonological awareness/ability (Test of Phonological Awareness; Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing) correlate with each other and with a measure of reading (Letter‐Word Identification), and to determine which of the individual measures of phonological ability best predict early reading skill in kindergarten children. With one exception, all correlations among measures of phonological awareness/ability were significant. In addition, all correlations among the phonological awareness measures and the reading measure were significant. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the combination of all predictor variables accounted for approximately 51% of the variability in scores on the Woodcock Letter‐Word Identification subtest. The Phonological Awareness and the Rapid Naming composites of the CTOPP were the best predictors of performance on the measures of word identification. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing giftedness with the WISC‐III and the SB‐IV
Authors: Simpson Michael , Carone Dominic A. , Burns William J. , Seidman Traci , Montgomery Doil , Sellers Alfred
Published: October 2002

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC‐III) and the Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (SB‐IV), were administered to 20 gifted children and 20 non‐gifted children to examine the extent of the difference in IQ scores obtained on the two tests and whether order effects were present. Results show that the SB‐IV Composite Score was significantly higher than the WISC‐III Full Scale IQ for both groups. However, for the gifted group, unlike the non‐gifted group, this difference achieved significance only when the SB‐IV was administered first. When either IQ test was administered to the gifted students for the first time, without the confound of a learning influence, there was no significant difference in mean scores. However, when both tests were administered, it was found that the SB‐IV influenced the WISC‐III Full Scale IQ in a downward direction whereas the WISC‐III influenced the SB‐IV Composite Score in an upward direction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Specific and non‐specific solvent effects on aromatic nucleophilic substitution. Kinetics of the reaction of 1‐fluoro‐2,6‐dinitrobenzene and homopiperidine in binary solvent mixtures
Authors: Mancini P. M. , Fortunato G. , Adam C. , Vottero L. R. , Terenzani A. J.
Published: October 2002

This paper presents a comparative study of the solvent effects on the kinetics of the reactions between 1‐fluoro‐2,6‐dinitrobenzene and hexahydro‐1H‐azepine in ethyl acetate + chloroform or acetonitrile and acetonitrile + chloroform binary solvent mixtures. The purpose was to asses the contribution of each molecular‐microscopic solvent property to the overall solvation effect of the reaction critical state. The influence of the dipolarity/polarizability, hydrogen‐bond donor acidity and hydrogen‐bond acceptor basicity of the solvent mixtures on the reaction rate was analyzed by the application of the multiparametric approach of Kamlet, Abboud and Taft. The evaluation of the correlation coefficients shows that the solvation effects are dominated by the non‐specific interactions. Moreover, the incidence of the hydrogen‐bond acceptor solvent ability is more important than that corresponding to the hydrogen‐bond donor character, except for the reactions that manifest kinetic retarding effects. The influence of the solvation effects on the base catalysis was analyzed, describing the response patterns of the partial rate coefficients to the mixture composition and also to each solvent property. The application of a preferential solvation model to the kinetic results yields information on the preferential solvation of the reaction critical state by any of the pure solvents, or by the hydrogen‐bonded complexed media. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular tweezers as synthetic receptors: the effect of pressure and temperature on the formation of host–guest complexes
Authors: Ruloff Robert , Seelbach Uta P. , Merbach André E. , Klärner Frank‐Gerrit
Published: October 2002

For the formation of the supramolecular complexes between the molecular tweezers 1 and 2 and the aromatic guests 3–5 the volumes of reaction ΔV were determined from the pressure dependence of the association constants K by the use of high‐pressure 1H NMR spectroscopy and the enthalpy ΔH and entropy ΔS of reaction from the temperature dependence of K. The small pressure dependence of K and, hence, the small variation of the reaction volumes around the zero value (ΔV ≈ 0 cm3 mol−1) clearly indicate that the contraction in volume resulting from the host–guest association is compensated for by the expansion in volume resulting from the desolvation of the free host and guest which has to proceed during the complexation. The association and desolvation are expected to have similar effects on ΔS compensating each other. The significant deviations of ΔS from the zero value are, however, good evidence that the size of ΔS not only depends on the processes mentioned above but moreover is influenced by other factors such as the conformational mobility of the guest molecule inside the receptor cavity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.