bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPACTO DE LA PANDEMIA EN LA MOTRICIDAD GRUESA EN EL NIVEL PREESCOLAR, CASO DE ESTUDIO: SAN MATÍAS CUIJINGO, JUCHITEPEC, EDO. DE MÉXICO.
Authors: Domínguez Sandoval Alicia Berenice , Martínez Galván Griselda , Medina Amaro Aidee , Rojas García Sandra Yarely , Marrón Hernández Uriel Noe
Published: March 2024

El presente trabajo de investigación titulado “Impacto de la pandemia en la motricidad gruesa en el nivel preescolar”, tiene como objetivo principal determinar el desarrollo de habilidades psicomotoras gruesas en el nivel preescolar a partir de la pandemia por SARS- CoV-2. De acuerdo a ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión de literatura para conocer el impacto de la pandemia y el desarrollo de habilidades psicomotoras gruesas en edad preescolar, dado que es un parte importante debido que “la psicomotricidad es el desarrollo de competencias motrices, cognitivas y socio afectivas (De Quiroz, 2012).

Así mismo se implementó una encuesta dirigida a 141 padres de familia de la comunidad de San Matías Cuijingo en el preescolar Miguel Hidalgo la cual esta validada por un Alfa de Cronbach de .80% lo que refiere ser “una aceptación de confiabilidad debido a que es un índice usado para medir la fiabilidad del tipo consistencia interna de una escala, es decir, para evaluar la magnitud en que los ítems de un instrumento están correlacionados”(Oviedo y Campos , 2005) Por consiguiente se  estudiaron las variables alumnos, escuela y contexto escolar,; priorizando la participación del niño y la interacción dentro de la sociedad, así como también en la familia donde pone en juego las primeras habilidades gruesas básicas como el correr,  jugar etc.; como bien se menciona en la pregunta número 10 de la encuesta realizada sobre el control y  precisión  que los niños muestran al hacer uso de herramientas e instrumentos diversos, obteniendo como respuesta que únicamente un 12.9% de los padres de familia encuestados observan tales habilidades en sus hijos y recordando que el proceso de escritura es parte de dicha enseñanza-aprendizaje,  para lo que se requiere de movimientos finos que implican el control y la coordinación viso-manual para  contribuir a un mejor rendimiento académico y desenvolvimiento en su vida diaria.
Community organization as a key to the development of community tourism: PonceQuilotoa Case
Authors:   Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Suntasig Tuasa LourdesJanneth , Suntasig Masabanda Edgar Paúl
Published: March 2024

This article seeks to analyze the participation of social actors within the community organization in relation to the tourist activity of the Ponce Quilotoa community, for this, a mixed investigation was applied, (quantitative and qualitative) considering 231 residents of the community as the population. community and 380 tourists who visit the Quilotoa lagoon, in the same way, interviews were carried out with the leaders of the community, where, through a triangulation of data, the results were identified: that the main characteristics of the community organization as well as the Sociocultural impacts generated by tourist activity arebased on the community's own ways of life, thus allowing us to propose a study that takes community tourism as a social and cultural phenomenon, where collective historical memory, processes are emphasized. organizational structures and the Andean worldview as a basis for the development of community tourism.
Historical, Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Conflicts
Authors: Kropadze Tinatin , Kveselava Ketevan
Published: March 2024

The present paper deals with the scientific assessment of the origin, prevention and regulation of conflicts as one of the challenging problems in the world. 

It is common knowledge that conflicts are the concomitant phenomena of human relations and are defined by both subjective and objective attitudes. The study of conflicts dates back to ancient times. In Western science, it is also considered a means of development. Considering these facts, we have discussed and analyzed the opinions of the English philosophers and sociologists along with the standpoints of various scholars like R. Park, L. Coser, G. Simmel, R. Dahrendorf, A. Adler, Z. Freud, etc.

The present paper discusses the nature, types, and management techniques of conflict as well as the key influencing factors to be taken into account when diagnosing the conflict.

In addition, the papers emphasizes the crucial importance of negotiations as the best means of communication and the contributing factor to conflict regulation, and draws a parallel between the two relationships  - conflict regulation and conflict elimination (when talking about the ways of conflict resolution) that may lay the foundation for a new conflict in the future.        

The paper provides examples of the development of violent conflict in a non-communicative, unstable, unjust, frightening and extremely negative emotional background that causes severe mental trauma and pain and is passed on to the next generation (For example, the Civil War in Georgia, Conflicts of Abkhazia and the so-called South Ossetia, Russo-Georgian War in August, 2008, etc.).

Within the framework of the paper, we considered it necessary to analyze peace as the opposite event of conflict and discussed the concept of “dynamic stability” based on the example of August War in Georgia. When approaching the issue of a conflict situation, we identified four types of attitudes: conflict management, resolution, transformation and complete elimination, where the specific conflict situation and environment must be taken into account (For example, the Kosovo conflict in 1999 that was an open conflict resulted in the death and displacement of lots of people). We have noted that such conflicts require both settlement and resolution.

Thus, scientific assessment of the conflict helps to identify optimal management options. Considering the situational analysis is an important factor for eliminating the local conflicts, so that it does not spiral into a conflict of systemic nature.
Turkey’s Role in South Caucasus
Authors: Esitashvili Nikoloz
Published: March 2024

This paper will study Turkey’s influence in South Caucasus. The study applies Barry Buzan and Ole Waever’s Regional Security Complex Theorem (RSCT) to understand Turkey’s politics in the region since the end of the Cold War. The author of this paper shares the belief with the coiners of the RSCT that it is necessary to combine systemic, regional, national, and domestic factors to provide the most accurate description and prediction of potential developments in international politics. Importantly, it is crucial to wisely combine the age-old tenets of Realist theory with important constructivist concepts to better explain security. In this regard RSCT, in the humble opinion of the author, is the most complete theorem in the field of international relations to analyze the behavior of any particular state and/or dynamics of global and regional interaction among states.
For the purposes of the research it is important to place Turkey correctly in the framework of Buzan and Waever’s theory and concepts - that is, classify Turkey correctly according to their taxonomy and fortunately, they help me with this. They have devoted important part of their work to insulator states such as Turkey. Turkey’s role as an insulator state is particularly interesting to me. To paint a comprehensive picture of the geopolitics in Caucasus the roles of the US, Russia and EU will be investigated from the perspective of RSCT. Again, the investigation will be detailed and hopefully, productive.
Theoretical Framework:
Following theories will be presented before the author suggests the goggles that should be fashioned for the purpose of this research:

"Political realism theory", whose main subject is the state;
The theory of "cooperative security" - Cohen's concept, which includes recognition of common threats by states and joint efforts on it;
Complex theory of regional security - RSCT, which is also related to the Copenhagen school.
Analysis of Changes in Mangrove Vegetation Area Using The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Method in The Waters of Bungin Permai, South Konawe
Authors: Ardiansyah M. Ipal , Asmadin  , Ira  , Ramli Muhammad , Adimu Hasan Eldin , Fekri Latifa , Harimudin Jamal
Published: March 2024

Changes around mangrove vegetation in Bungin Permai Waters, Tinanggea District, South Konawe Regency over the last 30 years (1992-2022). Aims to analyze changes in mangrove vegetation areas spatially and temporarily. The research method used remote sensing of Landsat 5 TM, 7 ETM +, and Landsat 8 OLI satellite image data and NDVI method to see changes in mangrove vegetation area, reduced mangrove vegetation area by 75% ranging from 767 Ha. Shows that, along with the reduction in mangrove vegetation area can cause an increase in TSS concentration, the potential for sea level rise to settlements, the absence of sedimentation rate retaining media to the high seas, to the loss of mangrove area animal habitat. The area of mangrove vegetation decreases by 75% or around 767 Ha over time.
The Usefulness of the Telegram App in Learning English as a Foreign Language: Teachers and Students Voices
Authors: Khan Mohammad Owais , Nazim Mohd , Alzubi Ali Abbas Falah
Published: March 2024

The study attempted to investigate the effectiveness of the Telegram application (app) in learning English as a foreign language for undergraduate EFL learners. The study looked at how Telegram app constraints EFL learners experience when utilizing Telegram in learning a foreign language. This research, using a descriptive-diagnostic research approach, used a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to collect the data from 40 students and 20 teachers at Najran University which were chosen through a stratified sampling technique. The results revealed that both teachers and students think that Telegram can highly improve learning English as a foreign language. The results also showed the participant (student, teacher) played a role in varying the study sample's responses in favor of teachers. The findings of the interview show that many students struggle to learn the English language through Telegram due to constraints like device compatibility, health issues, lack of motivation, loneliness, distraction, and difficulty in uploading and downloading files, often unable to receive feedback or academic assistance due to technical staff and training issues. The results of this study have implications for teaching and learning English that can motivate both instructors and students to use social media-based tools.
Identification of the Components of the Friendship-Oriented Leadership Model
Authors: Rahmati Mehdi , Etebarian Khorasgani Akbar , Ebrahimzadeh Dastjerdi Reza
Published: March 2024

Objective: This research focuses on identifying the components of a friendship-oriented leadership model, addressing a gap in theoretical and empirical differentiation in leadership studies. Emphasizing the evolving nature of leadership, especially in the business world, this study explores the elements contributing to effective leadership in organizational settings. Method: A qualitative research approach using Grounded Theory was employed. The population included experts in organizational behavior and university professors. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 participants, reaching theoretical saturation. Results: The study identified 72 initial codes, categorized into 8 main and 5 subcategories. These include leader strategies, positive and negative outcomes, individual abilities, follower conditions, external organizational factors, and components of friendship-oriented leadership. Positive outcomes emerged as a significant category, highlighting the importance of these leadership components. Conclusion: The research concludes that understanding and implementing a friendship-oriented leadership style is crucial for organizational success. This style is characterized by mutual and open relationships, balancing power dynamics, often overlooked in traditional leadership theories.
Design and Explanation of a Model for Factors Affecting the Digital Marketing Environment in Global Markets
Authors: Bagheri Anilu Saeed , Vakil Alroaia Younos , Heydariyeh Seyyed Abdollah
Published: March 2024

Objective: The primary aim of this study is to design a model for factors affecting the digital marketing environment in global markets. Method: An exploratory mixed-methods research approach was employed. The qualitative part of the study is based on grounded theory. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 19 managers and experts in digital marketing, selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data analysis followed grounded theory procedures, and data were collected using MAXQDA18 software. For testing the model, research hypotheses were formulated, and a questionnaire was designed. Data were collected from 205 managers of companies active in digital marketing. Data analysis and hypothesis testing were conducted using confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis methods, employing SPSS and AMOS software. Results: A total of 242 codes and components of the model for factors affecting the digital marketing environment, comprising 41 key concepts and 20 main categories, were identified from the interviews and organized into a conceptual model based on grounded theory. The initial model was then revised and validated by experts. The quantitative phase results indicated that the path analysis model and the relationships within the model were confirmed with appropriate impact coefficients, consistent with the qualitative part. Conclusion: The paradigmatic model suggests that the primary phenomenon of the digital marketing environment is influenced by two categories: internal factors and external factors, which in turn determine the strategies of the digital marketing environment. It is crucial to recognize that this influence is not pure and occurs with the intervention of other internal and external factors. Several strategies emerged from the insights of key informants, taking into account their experiences and perceptions of the digital marketing environment in global markets. These included four main categories: business strategies, educational strategies, innovative strategies, and performance evaluation.
Presenting a Model for Virtual Education Using Interpretive Structural Modeling Method at Farhangian University of Khorasan Razavi
Authors: Delghandi Mohammad , Karimi Mohammad , Nodehi Hassan , Cherabin Moslem
Published: March 2024

Objective: The primary goal of this research was to present a model for virtual education using the interpretive structural modeling method at Farhangian University in Khorasan Razavi. Method: The current research methodology was qualitative and applied in nature. Participants included faculty members from Farhangian University in Khorasan Razavi, selected purposively with a sample size of 13 individuals. The research tool was semi-structured interviews, the validity of which was established through face validity, and reliability was determined by an agreement coefficient between coders, resulting in a 0.85 upon re-coding between the researcher and an external coder. Additionally, a researcher-developed questionnaire was designed based on qualitative findings and distributed among the sample members. Data analysis employed coding analysis, and for the initial stage of identifying factors, the interpretive structural modeling (SIM) method was used. Findings: The findings indicated that the virtual education model consists of five levels and priorities, including: Level One: Futuristic Vision; Level Two: Targeted Educational Quality, Measurability, Support Services, Information and Content; Level Three: Accessibility, Knowledge Management, and Flexibility in Education; Level Four: Pedagogical, Technological Factors, and Organizational Factors; and Level Five: Integrated Management. Conclusion: Based on this research, the board of trustees, policymakers, senior managers, and the central university planning organization can work towards improving virtual education at Farhangian University, specifically as a pilot in Farhangian University of Khorasan Razavi. The managers of this academic unit can create conditions to implement the findings of this research to enhance education, particularly virtual education at this university.
Evaluating the Performance of Health Supply Chains Using Network Data Envelopment Analysis Model under Uncertainty Conditions in Selected Tehran Hospitals
Authors: Darbani Shoaleh , Nazarimanesh Leila , Mohammadi Emran
Published: March 2024

Objective: Objective: The objective of this research is to expand the models of Network Data Envelopment Analysis with approaches to uncertainty for evaluating the performance of supply chains. Method: The method used in this research is descriptive and, in terms of outcome, falls under applied research. From a strategic research perspective, it is descriptive and cross-sectional retrospective based on an analytical approach, conducted through fieldwork and a survey method in the research community. A census method was employed. Findings: In this study, Razi Hospital, with a score of 0.99, has the highest average efficiency in outpatient services, while Sina Hospital, with a score of 0.139, has the lowest level of average outpatient efficiency among multi-specialty hospitals. Additionally, Yas Hospital, with an average efficiency of 0.99 in inpatient sections, has the highest efficiency, whereas Razi Hospital with a score of 0.58 has the lowest efficiency. Bahrami Hospital among children's hospitals is in a better condition. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it was determined that the use of the fuzzy Network Data Envelopment Analysis model with variables such as the number of doctors, the number of healthcare workers, active beds, total inpatient days, the number of outpatient visits, and the number of inpatients, can compare the performance of selected decision-making units providing services in the studied medical centers from the perspective of inputs and outputs and across the entire health service supply chain. In the long term, it serves as a suitable tool for officials and policymakers of the selected centers for continuous performance evaluation of these services.
Assessing the Role of Market Share Development on Competitive Advantage in Dairy Companies
Authors: Taheri fard Leila , Asayesh Farzad , Rousta Alireza
Published: March 2024

Objective: This study aims to assess the role of market share development on competitive advantage in dairy companies. Method: The present research employs a mixed-methods approach (quantitative and qualitative). In the qualitative phase, purposeful sampling was conducted until theoretical saturation was achieved, and the statistical population, in accordance with the systematic pattern of Grounded Theory, included 12 experts in the fields of marketing and marketing managers in dairy companies. The Grounded Theory approach was utilized for qualitative data analysis and the presentation of a paradigm model using MAXQDA software, version 20. In the quantitative section, the population consisted of 730 employees of dairy companies, from which a sample size of 252 was selected using Cochran's formula. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and structural equation modeling (with a Partial Least Squares approach) through Smart PLS 3.0 software. Findings: Based on the results of the qualitative analysis, 22 categories and 78 indicators were identified in six main groups: causal conditions (internal marketing, product life cycle management, market attractiveness, marketing mix, competitive strategy, planning and goal setting), contextual factors (customer characteristics, competitive environment, and market turbulence), core phenomenon (market share development strategy), strategies and actions (market share management, sales promotion, advertising, competition, brand equity, and market segmentation), intervening factors (risk management and sustainable competitive advantage), and outcomes (brand position consolidation, profitability, bargaining power, and market share increase). Conclusion: The results obtained in the quantitative section indicated that the proposed model of the research has adequate validity.
Identifying the Dimensions and Components of Health Tourism with a Strategic Business Orientation Approach Using Thematic Analysis
Authors: Chatrooz Azadeh , Azad Naser , Naami Abdullah
Published: March 2024

Objective: The main objective of this article is to identify the dimensions and components of health tourism with a strategic business orientation approach using thematic analysis. Method: The research method is qualitative. In addition to documentary studies, the thematic analysis technique with MAXQDA12 software was used to identify factors and components. The population in this study consisted of all experts in the field of tourism and health, as well as senior managers with extensive experience and a high track record in the field of tourism and health, after which theoretical saturation was achieved following 14 interviews. The interviews lasted between 75 to 120 minutes. Ultimately, basic, organizing, and comprehensive themes were extracted. Findings: Five factors (developmental, strategic, infrastructural, limiting, and outcomes) and 20 dimensions (organizing themes) and 43 components and 208 indicators for health tourism with a strategic business orientation were extracted. Conclusion: The results showed that the majority of experts believed that health tourism with a strategic business orientation faces issues in structural areas and domestic policies, and these factors have the most significant impact in this regard.
Designing a Flipped Learning-Based Education Model (Case Study of Education in the Districts of Tehran Province)
Authors: Soltanmohammadi Zohreh , Sharifian Leila , Moradi Saeid , Araghieh Alireza
Published: March 2024

Objective: This research aimed to design a flipped learning-based education model (case study of education in the districts of Tehran province). Method: The study was developmental-applied and mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative) in nature. In the qualitative part, thematic analysis was used to identify dimensions, components, and influential factors, while a descriptive-survey method was employed in the quantitative part. The qualitative sample comprised university faculty members in the fields of educational management and primary education, curriculum and instruction, as well as primary school administrators and teachers, reaching theoretical saturation after 19 interviews. In the quantitative section, 379 primary school teachers from Tehran's districts were selected as the sample using Cochran's formula. Findings: In the qualitative part, 45 indicators, 9 components, and 3 dimensions were identified. The questionnaire's validity was confirmed using the CVR method. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.802 indicated high reliability of the questionnaire. According to the research model's results, among the dimensions, the teaching and learning process, with a coefficient of 0.700, was found to be of greater importance in the flipped learning-based education model. Additionally, the model's validity was assessed through internal and external validation. Conclusion: This study successfully developed a flipped learning-based education model for primary schools in Tehran's districts, highlighting the significant role of the teaching and learning process in this context. The model's validity and reliability were rigorously established, marking a substantial contribution to the field of educational management and primary education.
A Comparative Review of Postdoctoral Experiences Around the World
Authors: Ehteshamnejad Ehsan
Published: March 2024

Objective: To compare postdoctoral experiences globally, focusing on funding models, career development, work environment, and the challenges and opportunities in diverse academic disciplines. Method: A comprehensive review of recent literature and academic sources was conducted, focusing on various countries and disciplines. This review included qualitative and quantitative studies, reports, and firsthand accounts from postdoctoral researchers. Findings: The analysis revealed significant disparities in funding models, with some regions offering robust governmental support while others rely on competitive grants. Career development opportunities varied, often influenced by regional academic and industry demands. Work environments also differed markedly, with some offering supportive and balanced atmospheres and others posing challenges like job insecurity and limited work-life balance. Additionally, the challenges and opportunities faced by postdoctoral researchers were found to be closely linked to geographic and institutional contexts. Conclusion: The global postdoctoral landscape is marked by diversity and disparity. These findings underscore the need for more equitable distribution of resources and support systems. They suggest that policy reforms and institutional strategies should be directed towards creating a more balanced, supportive, and globally interconnected research environment.
Designing a Customer Interaction Model with an Emphasis on Electronic Customer Relationship Management in Digital Banking
Authors: Azimi Seyed Mohammad , Aria Kiumars , Jalali Seyed Mehdi
Published: March 2024

Objective: The aim of this research is to design a customer interaction model with an emphasis on electronic customer relationship management in digital banking. Method: This research, in terms of methodology, is qualitative based on grounded theory and in terms of objective, is applied. The participants in the study included experts familiar with the research topic (university professors, bank managers, and marketing managers in public and private banks in Tehran), 12 of whom were selected using purposive sampling. The research tool included semi-structured interviews, the validity of which was confirmed by face validity, and reliability was also calculated with a coefficient of agreement between coders, resulting in a value of 0.83. For data analysis, a three-stage coding method and the level of categorization of factors and components using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method were employed. Findings: The results showed that the causal conditions in designing the customer interaction model with an emphasis on electronic customer relationship management in digital banking include infrastructure, brand-related factors, digital banking and information systems, contextual factors including training, customer-related issues and socio-cultural factors, the central phenomenon including brand, digital banking and information systems, intervening factors including motivation and access and application, strategies encompassing management and planning, support and protection, substitution, development of return on investment, and outcomes including relationship management, marketing, performance, and interactions. Conclusion: Financial system and banking planners can use the results of this research to formulate digital banking and improve the quality of banking services.
Comparative Analysis of Biochemical Profile in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Asif Saqib , Qamar Khushboo , Rahat Amina , Qasim Muhammad Bilal , Jalil Huma , Qasim Faiza
Published: March 2024

Background: Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) necessitates hemodialysis, a crucial treatment modality that involves the removal of waste products and excess fluid from the blood of patients with end-stage renal disease. The biochemical profile, including electrolyte levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis, plays a vital role in patient management and outcome.
Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of hemodialysis on the electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, and calcium) of patients with chronic renal failure and to assess the clinical implications of these changes.
Methods: This study was conducted with ethical approval, adhering to the Declaration of Helsinki principles. A total of 60 patients undergoing hemodialysis at the Institute of Kidney Diseases, Peshawar, were randomly selected. Blood samples were collected both pre- and post-hemodialysis to analyze changes in sodium, potassium, and calcium levels. The biochemical analysis was conducted using gel tubes for blood collection, with samples transported under controlled conditions to the laboratory. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, employing paired T-tests and the Shapiro-Wilk test to assess data normality and changes in electrolyte levels.
Results: The study revealed significant changes in electrolyte levels post-hemodialysis. Sodium levels decreased from a pre-hemodialysis mean of 142.37 ± 27.140 mmol/L to a post-hemodialysis mean of 123.13 ± 13.733 mmol/L (P=0.006). Potassium levels saw a reduction from 4.93 ± 1.219 mmol/L to 3.90 ± 1.311 mmol/L (P=0.054). Calcium levels also decreased from 9.777 ± 0.3743 mg/dL pre-hemodialysis to 9.663 ± 0.7629 mg/dL post-hemodialysis (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Hemodialysis significantly impacts the electrolyte balance in patients with chronic renal failure, highlighting the necessity for vigilant monitoring and management of electrolyte levels to mitigate adverse clinical outcomes. This study underscores the importance of tailored therapeutic interventions to maintain electrolyte homeostasis, ultimately improving the quality of life and healthcare outcomes for patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI in Detecting Orbital Masses Keeping Histopathology as Gold Standard
Authors: Abdul Samad , Shoukat Shaista , Nisar Piriha , Varsha  , Bibi Ayesha , Sanjna  , Tabassum Sumera , Aleem Sajid Atif
Published: March 2024

Background: Orbital masses, encompassing a spectrum of benign and malignant lesions, pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been pivotal in the non-invasive evaluation of these lesions, owing to its superior soft tissue contrast and detailed anatomical resolution. The correlation between MRI findings and histopathological diagnosis remains crucial for accurate clinical decision-making.
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in identifying orbital masses, with a focus on differentiating between benign and malignant lesions, using histopathology as the gold standard.
Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi, from January to December 2023. A total of 145 patients scheduled for surgery or biopsy, presenting with clinical symptoms indicative of orbital masses, were enrolled using a non-probability sequential sampling method. MRI evaluations were performed using a 1.5 Tesla machine. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy of MRI in detecting orbital masses were calculated, comparing MRI findings with histopathological results.
Results: Of the 145 patients, 55.2% were female, and 44.8% were male, with an age range predominantly between 18-30 years (87.6%). MRI identified 77.2% of cases as malignant and 22.8% as benign, whereas histopathology diagnosed 83.4% as malignant and 16.6% as benign. The diagnostic accuracy of MRI for benign masses showed a sensitivity of 81.82%, specificity of 96.43%, PPV of 87.10%, NPV of 94.74%, and an overall diagnostic accuracy of 93.10%. For malignant masses, MRI demonstrated a sensitivity of 90.16%, specificity of 86.90%, PPV of 83.33%, NPV of 92.41%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 88.28%.
Conclusion: MRI exhibits a high diagnostic accuracy in identifying orbital masses, with excellent sensitivity and specificity. It proves to be a reliable diagnostic tool in differentiating between benign and malignant orbital lesions, supporting its integral role in the preoperative assessment and clinical management of patients with suspected orbital masses.
Keywords: Orbital Masses, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Diagnostic Accuracy, Histopathology, Benign Lesions, Malignant Lesions, MRI Sensitivity, MRI Specificity
Frequency of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Yousaf Zainab , Anwar Sadia , Imran Fareeha , Ahsan Umaira , Dar Yumna Fatima , Jabeen Kokab , Haider Shahbaz
Published: March 2024

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have established themselves as significant global health concerns, with a notable co-prevalence that suggests a potential pathophysiological connection. The increasing incidence of T2DM, particularly in developing countries, alongside the significant burden of HCV, poses challenges for healthcare systems and necessitates deeper understanding of their interrelation.
Objective: This study aimed to ascertain the frequency of T2DM among patients with HCV infection and to investigate the potential association between HCV reactivity and the incidence of T2DM.
Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted at a molecular pathology laboratory in Lahore, Pakistan. Patients aged 18-60 years without cirrhosis or pre-existing T2DM were consecutively enrolled over a six-month period. Exclusion criteria included liver cancer, interferon therapy, end-stage renal disease, other viral hepatitides, and pregnancy. Data were collected via questionnaires after informed consent, with serum and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels measured. HCV reactivity was confirmed via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the frequency of T2DM was assessed by HbA1c criteria. Statistical analysis involved univariate analysis using SPSS version 25.0.
Results: Among the 300 HCV-reactive patients, the frequency of T2DM was found to be 49.33% (148 patients). The mean age of participants was 42.71 ± 6.808 years, with 53.0% males and 47.0% females. Urban and rural participants were nearly equally represented. A significant association was noted between HCV reactivity and T2DM (p=0.001), while no significant relationship was found with gender, residence, marital status, or family history of T2DM.
Conclusion: The study highlights a substantial frequency of T2DM in HCV-reactive patients and a significant association between HCV infection and the development of T2DM. Regular HbA1c monitoring in HCV-reactive patients is recommended for the early identification and management of T2DM.
Exploring the Relationship Between Anxiety Levels and Sleep Quality During the Covid-19 Pandemic; A cross-sectional Survey
Authors: Rehman Sami Ur , Faiz Aqsa , Afzal Mubushara , Kafeel Subita
Published: March 2024

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted unprecedented stress on global health, with significant implications for mental health and sleep quality. Prior research has established a link between anxiety levels and sleep disturbances, yet the pandemic's full impact on these aspects remains underexplored, particularly among university students.
Objective: This study aims to investigate the relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic, providing insights into the prevalence of sleep-related issues and anxiety and their interconnection.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the South City Institute of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, involving 281 participants aged between 17 and 25 years. Data collection was facilitated through self-administered, online questionnaires, employing the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Insomnia Severity Index to measure anxiety levels and sleep quality, respectively. The study utilized a convenience sampling technique, with SPSS version 25.0 employed for data analysis, including Pearson correlation tests to examine the relationship between sleep quality and anxiety levels.
Results: The study revealed that 82.9% of participants were female, with a significant portion of the population aged between 24 and 26 years. Regarding COVID-19 impact, 23.49% reported being affected by the virus. A majority (44%) reported obtaining 8-10 hours of sleep, while 55.2% exhibited moderate anxiety levels. A notable negative correlation (r = -0.510, p < 0.01) between anxiety levels and sleep quality was identified, indicating that higher anxiety was associated with poorer sleep quality.
Conclusion: The findings underscore a significant negative correlation between anxiety levels and sleep quality among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. These results highlight the necessity for mental health and sleep hygiene interventions aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of pandemics on student populations.
Serum Ferritin Level and Total Iron Binding Capacity Relationship with Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy and Labour
Authors: Ali Majida , Mugheri Ishfaque Ahmed , Abro Noshaba Nafees , Sangi Saeed Un Nisa , Bhatti Afshan Tariq , Shiakh Shazia
Published: March 2024

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a prevalent condition globally, impacting maternal and fetal health outcomes significantly. The condition is especially concerning during pregnancy, given its association with complications such as preterm labor and increased maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates.
Objective: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of IDA among pregnant women and its correlation with fetal-maternal complications, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of current healthcare interventions in managing the condition.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Shikhzayad Women Hospital, Larkana, over six months from January 1, 2022, to July 1, 2022. Fifty pregnant women with IDA at various gestational stages were selected and evaluated for serum ferritin and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). The severity of anemia and its correlation with feto-maternal complications were analyzed using SPSS version 25.
Results: Out of the 50 women studied, 6 had mild anemia, 37 had moderate anemia, and 7 had severe anemia. Serum ferritin levels showed that 10 participants had levels between 5-10 mg/L, 20 had levels between 10-50 mg/L, 10 had levels between 50-150 mg/L, and 10 had normal levels (150-300 mg/L). Elevated TIBC levels (400-600 ug/ml) were observed in 30 women. Feto-maternal complications included emergency cesarean sections (28 cases), postpartum hemorrhage (8 cases), disseminated intravascular coagulation (6 cases), cardiac failure (4 cases), and maternal death (4 cases). Pregnancy outcomes were reported as 5 first-trimester abortions, 2 second-trimester abortions, 4 preterm deliveries, 15 cases of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), 9 intrauterine deaths (IUD), and 5 neonatal deaths (NND).
Conclusion: IDA remains a significant determinant of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. This study underscores the urgent need for enhanced preventive strategies, including iron supplementation and dietary education. Further large-scale research is required for a comprehensive understanding of IDA's impact and the development of targeted interventions.
TRANSFORMATION, GROWTH, AND GOVERNANCE AT CARACOL, BELIZE
Authors: Chase Adrian
Published: March 2024

Around 650 CE the city of Caracol was one of the largest cities in the world. However, it did not begin as a large city. Instead Ux Witz Ha’ (“three stone place” – the city’s hieroglyphic name) came into being from the conurbation of three separate centers. Three architectural complexes formed the initial districts of the larger city – Downtown Caracol, Hatzcap Ceel, and Cahal Pichik – between the Preclassic and Early Classic Periods. This unification resulted in a path-dependent urban form with future growth focused on multiple monumental nodes and a dendritic causeway system. Settlement growth relied on the incorporation or construction of public plazas and monumental architecture to provide urban infrastructure and administrative cohesion over the landscape. What follows is a preliminary temporal sequence for the districts, tracing the growth of the city from the Preclassic to the Terminal Classic Periods. By combining lidar, archaeology, and hieroglyphic data a broader interpretation of governance within the city can be elucidated. Over time, Caracol shifted back and forth between more collective and more autocratic governance systems until the political, economic, and demographic collapse of the city around 900 CE.
THE ADULT AGE PROFILE AT THE CONTACT PERIOD SITE OF TIPU, BELIZE: HISTORICAL REALITY OR METHODOLOGICAL ARTIFACT?
Authors: Danforth Marie , Plants Rebecca , Boone Sarah N.
Published: March 2024

The seventeenth-century mission site of Tipu in west central Belize yielded one of the largest and best-preserved Maya populations. However, its age profile is unusually young with nearly 60% of adults having died by age 30 and few surviving past age 40. Several explanations for the profile are considered with a focus on the aging methods employed. Using a sample of 85 individuals, the mean age estimate produced using tooth wear was found to be ten and five years younger than those produced with pubic symphysis and auricular surface analysis, respectively. The sample was also re-aged Transition Analysis 3, a newly revised multifactorial method, which increased the mean age to 35 years as compared to 28 years using traditional methods. Application of TA3, however, was hampered by the numerous scoring sites that could not be evaluated due to taphonomic effects, resulting in extremely broad ranges for age estimates. However, all methods suggested Tipu truly did have a young adult population. The most likely explanation is that it reflects the large number of immigrants who moved to the site because of its strategic location to both the Maya and Spanish during the contact period.
Distribution of Stink Bugs Species (Pentatomidae, Hemiptera, Insecta) in the Habitats of Tirana (Albania)
Authors: Eltjon Halimi , Xhuliana Qirinxhi , Anila Paparisto , Gerta Subashaj
Published: March 2024

This study presents a systematic and ecological analysis of the family Pentatomidae, commonly known as stink bugs (Hemiptera), in various ecosystems in the Tirana area of Albania. Biological material was collected between 2021 -2023. A total of 136 specimens were analyzed, representing 27 species and 19 genera. Among these, the genera Carpocoris, Holcostethus, and Stagonomus were the most representative, each comprising 3 species and accounting for a frequency of 11.11%. The habitats of the Iba station exhibited a higher species diversity compared to other stations, hosting 14 species (51.85%), while the Ndroq station harbored the fewest species, with 9 species (33.33%). According to the Jaccard index of similarity coefficient, the stations Dajt and Farka and Iba and Ndroq showed a higher similarity coefficient of 27.77% compared to other stations, indicating similar ecological factors between these habitats. Conversely, the Vora with Ndroq and Farka with Ndroq stations exhibited the lowest coefficient at 5%, indicating less ecological similarity between these stations.
Induction of Reparative Dentin Following Pulpotomy with Calcium Hydroxide at Four Week Follow up visit: A Case Report
Authors: Ali Hasan , Shahriar Masum , Gaffer Md. Abdul , Ahmad Masud , Ashrafi Zobaida , Hoq Shusta Farhana , Rahman Md. Mukhlachur , Hossain Mozammal
Published: March 2024

This in-vivo study used calcium hydroxide pulpotomy of a premolar tooth to investigate the potential for reparative dentin development without causing unfavorable side effects. For cosmetic reasons, a pulpotomy using calcium hydroxide was used to treat a patient's right first premolar tooth. In order to expose the pulp, a round cavity with a diameter of 2 mm was initially created on the occlusal surface using a flat end fissure bur and a high-speed hand piece under adequate cooling conditions. After using sterile cotton pellets to staunch the bleeding, Dycal was applied to the exposed pulp tissue in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The tooth was pulled at 4 weeks under local anesthetic, and it was preserved for 24 hours in 4% neutral buffered formaldehyde. After being demineralized, the specimen was imbedded in paraffin. A blind observer used a light microscope fitted with a digital camera and a computer for histometry to examine a series of sections containing pulp tissue that had been longitudinally serially sectioned at a thickness of 6 µm. lastly, the experimental tooth's amount of newly generated hard tissue was measured. The findings indicated that the exposed pulp tissue is only partially covered by the 0.9 ± 0.2 µm thick layer of reparative dentin development. In conclusion, although it does not entirely cover the exposed pulp, calcium hydroxide can promote reparative dentin production and pulpal lesion healing in exposed teeth.
Low Formaldehyde Emitting Urea Formaldehyde Resin for Plywood
Authors: Yadav Ranjana
Published: March 2024

Urea formaldehyde resins were prepared in the laboratory using keratin through copolymerization reaction. Conventional Urea formaldehyde resins were also manufactured without the addition of keratin during the reaction. Through the determination of such reaction technology as molar ratio, adding a sequence of keratin and adding amount of keratin, we synthesized the low toxic urea resin. The resins were admixed with suitable hardener and the panels were made. Bond quality and formaldehyde content were evaluated. The results show that adding amount of 5 % keratin and adding keratin with the third feeding of urea is the best choice. From the studies, it was found that keratin addition reduces the formaldehyde content in the panel without affecting the strength properties
A leader of strong personalities for modern times
Authors: Zimny Jan
Published: March 2024

It is safe to say that each of us can become a leader, but is it effective and one that the team will follow, and the tasks will be carried out with satisfaction? A leader is a person who has high moral and ethical standards “and enjoys good, communication”. It turns out that the significant features of a leader are fairness, the ability to ensure safety and predictability, as well as high communication skills. Another feature of the leader are the skills related to the organization of work, i.e. delegating tasks, defining goals, conducting meetings, setting the direction, providing feedback and enabling employees to self-organize. This means that an effective leader must adopt as an overriding principle that he cannot do everything on his own, because he is not the only specialist. One of the most important features of a leader is setting the direction in such a way that employees can organize their working time themselves. Research shows that allowing team members to self-organize produces better performance than teams where the leader manages everyone's time and work. Keywords: leader, personality, authority, present day, leadership, communication, skills, image
PENGARUH PROFITABILITAS, LEVERAGE, DAN THIN CAPITALIZATION TERHADAP PENGHINDARAN PAJAK
Authors: Hanifa Nur Diana  , Umaimah
Published: March 2024

Tax avoidance adalah praktik persiapan untuk meminimalkan pajak dengan memanipulasi transaksi keuangan dan menggunakan celah hukum untuk menurunkan jumlah pajak yang harus dibayar. Menganalisis dampak kapitalisasi tipis, leverage, dan profitabilitas pada penghindaran pajak adalah tujuan dari penelitian ini. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari bisnis pertambangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI), yang memiliki total 18 perusahaan yang terdaftar antara 2018 dan 2022. Purposive sampling digunakan untuk mengekstrak data dari akun keuangan perusahaan. Tes Heteroskedastisitas, Autokorelasi, Multikolinearitas, dan Normalitas Data adalah tes asumsi tradisional yang digunakan. Uji T (parsial) dan uji F (simultan) dengan regresi linier berganda adalah metode yang digunakan untuk pengujian hipotesis. Menurut temuan, penghindaran pajak dipengaruhi secara positif oleh profitabilitas, tetapi tidak terpengaruh oleh leverage atau kapitalisasi rendah. Sampel penelitian masih kecil karena banyaknya organisasi yang mengalami kerugian selama periode penelitian dan tidak sesuai dengan persyaratan, yang merupakan salah satu kelemahan penelitian. Perusahaan dapat memanfaatkan temuan penelitian untuk menginformasikan pengambilan keputusan pajak mereka.