8595 Brain Penetration Impedes SERD Efficacy in Breast Cancer Pre-clinical Models
Authors: Wardell S E , Chakraborty B , Artham S , Newlin M A , Kirkland M , Chang C , McDonnell D P 
Published: October 2024

Disclosure: S.E. Wardell: None. B. Chakraborty: None. S. Artham: None. M.A. Newlin: None. M. Kirkland: None. C. Chang: None. D.P. McDonnell: None.

Most breast cancers express the estrogen receptor (ER, ESR1), and agents that target ER remain the cornerstone of interventions used to treat this disease at all stages. Aromatase inhibitors (AI), which block estrogen synthesis, and the selective ER downregulator (SERD) fulvestrant were developed with the goal of achieving absolute inhibition of ER signaling in tumors. However, it has been assumed that the clinical efficacy (and utility) of fulvestrant is somewhat limited by its poor pharmaceutical properties and the requirement that it be administered by intramuscular injection. This, together with the observation that the activating ESR1 mutations selected for during AI treatment are not effectively inhibited by fulvestrant, encouraged the development of new classes of SERDs that achieve sufficient exposure to saturate and degrade ER in tumors. The recent approval of the second-generation SERD elacestrant for the treatment of breast cancers harboring ESR1 mutations was a major advance in approaches to target ER in advanced breast cancer. Several additional oral SERDs have been developed and evaluated as potential treatments for advanced metastatic breast cancer. Despite showing substantial efficacy in pre-clinical assays that assess ER downregulation and gene transcription, and notably equivalent antitumor activities in cell line derived and PDX tumors in immunocompromised mice, the clinical development of the majority of these SERDs has been discontinued for lack of efficacy. In reviewing the available clinical data across many SERD programs, we noted that some drugs demonstrated a paradoxical, non-linear response curve with higher doses exhibiting less efficacy than lower doses. Probing this pharmacology in animal models we determined that the ability of SERDs to cross the blood brain barrier and attenuate ER signaling in the hypothalamus was a key differentiator of SERDs. In validated syngeneic models of breast cancer, we observed doses of fulvestrant having confirmed brain exposure stimulated tumor growth independent of tumor ER-status. We evaluated the ability of several next generation SERDs for their brain penetrance and demonstrated that SERD presence in the brain was associated with a stimulatory effect on tumor growth. Interestingly, administration of a low dose of 17b-estradiol (E2) together with a brain excluded SERD further repressed tumor growth, highlighting a potentially beneficial anti-tumor role for estrogen signaling in the brain. Furthermore, combination of a brain excluded SERM with E2 also resulted in increased tumor growth repression; thus, ER downregulation is dispensable for the cooperative activity observed for estrogens administered together with a peripheral ER antagonist. These data suggest that differences in tissue pharmacology, as opposed to differences in ability to degrade ER, is likely to be a major differentiator of ER modulators.

Presentation: 6/3/2024