bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Differential Salinity Tolerance Between Suaeda glauca and Suaeda salsa
Authors: Yan Qidong , Gao Shang , Zhang Xianglun , Liu Guoping , Chen Peitao , Gao Xuanyi , Yuan Li , Tian Yucheng , Li Dapeng , Zhang Xuepeng , Zhang Huan
Published: December 2024

Background: Suaeda glauca and Suaeda salsa have obvious morphological features and strongly tolerate saline–alkali environments. However, the mechanisms that lead to the differences in saline–alkali tolerance between them remain unclear. Methods: In this study, we employed comparative transcriptome analysis to investigate S. glauca and S. salsa under saline–alkali stress. Results: Our sequencing efforts resulted in the identification of 99,868 unigenes. We obtained 12,021 and 6227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the S. glauca and S. salsa under salt stress compared with plants in the control. Notably, 1189 and 1864 were specifically upregulated DEGs in the roots and leaves of S. salsa under saline–alkali conditions, respectively. These genes were enriched in pathways such as “Plant hormone signal transduction”, “Carbon metabolism” and “Starch and sucrose metabolism”. Further analysis of stress-related pathways and gene expression levels revealed that key genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, ABA signal transduction, and their downstream transcription factors were upregulated in the roots of S. salsa under saline–alkali conditions. Additionally, 24 DEGs associated with stress response were identified in the roots and leaves of both species. The expression levels of these pathways and related genes were higher in S. salsa than in S. glauca, suggesting that S. salsa enhances its saline–alkali tolerance by elevating the expression of these genes. Conclusions: This study provides a new research perspective for revealing the differences in saline–alkali tolerance mechanisms between S. glauca and S. salsa, bringing forth important candidate genes for studying their saline–alkali tolerance.
Zonulopathies as Genetic Disorders of the Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Chipeta Chimwemwe , Aragon-Martin Jose , Chandra Aman
Published: December 2024

The zonular fibres are formed primarily of fibrillin-1, a large extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, and also contain other constituents such as LTBP-2, ADAMTSL6, MFAP-2 and EMILIN-1, amongst others. They are critical for sight, holding the crystalline lens in place and being necessary for accommodation. Zonulopathies refer to conditions in which there is a lack or disruption of zonular support to the lens and may clinically be manifested as ectopia lens (EL)—defined as subluxation of the lens outside of the pupillary plane or frank displacement (dislocation) into the vitreous or anterior segment. Genes implicated in EL include those intimately involved in the formation and function of these glycoproteins as well as other genes involved in the extracellular matrix (ECM). As such, genetic pathogenic variants causing EL are primarily disorders of the ECM, causing zonular weakness by (1) directly affecting the protein components of the zonule, (2) affecting proteins involved in the regulation of zonular formation and (3) causing the dysregulation of ECM components leading to progressive zonular weakness. Herein, we discuss the clinical manifestations of zonulopathy and the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms.
Fulminant Invasive Aspergillosis in a Previously Healthy Woman After Cesarean Section and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Pipitò Luca , Baldino Gennaro , Bartoloni Giovanni , Sanguinetti Maurizio , Ventura Spagnolo Elvira , Cascio Antonio
Published: December 2024

Background: Invasive aspergillosis is an extremely rare condition in healthy and immunocompetent individuals, and very few cases have been reported in previously healthy, pregnant, or postpartum women. Method: We describe a case of invasive aspergillosis in a puerperal patient and present literature review results. Case: We present a case of fulminant invasive pulmonary aspergillosis with cerebral, cardiac, and gastric involvement in a young woman, occurring a few days after an elective cesarean section. The patient succumbed after intensive care unit admission, and the diagnosis was made postmortem through autopsy. Conclusion: A total of 20 cases of invasive aspergillosis have been previously reported in pregnant or postpartum women, with high mortality. The risk of opportunistic fungal infections during pregnancy and postpartum should not be underestimated.
Networks of Negativity: Gaining Attention Through Cyberbullying
Authors: Felmlee Diane , Francisco Sara , Hardy Melissa
Published: December 2024

Cyberbullying entails multiple, problematic consequences for its victims. However, little is known about the factors that influence the dispersion of these damaging messages. Drawing on theories of social interaction, we argue that perpetrators disseminate messages containing sexist and racist slurs that reinforce stereotypical, social norms to enhance their online visibility. We collected cross-sectional and longitudinal samples of tweets (N = 539,558 and 248,497, respectively) that included either gender or Asian slurs. We find that tweets containing gender or Asian slurs that were more negative in sentiment had a significantly higher number of retweets than more positive tweets, thereby heightening a user’s online presence and the reach of their content. Two historical events unfolded during our study—the onset of COVID-19 and the murder of George Floyd by a police officer. Tweet negativity increased following both events. Our findings demonstrate the capacity of aggressive tweets to generate wide-ranging networks, a process which is exacerbated further by public crises. Results suggest that the practice of sending such messages is strategic. Perpetrators likely engage in cyberbullying, consciously or not, to increase their online attention. Moreover, this strategy appears to be successful.
Obesogenic Environment in a Minas Gerais State Metropolis, Brazil: Analysis of Crime Rates, Food Shops and Physical Activity Venues
Authors: Inácio Monique Louise Cassimiro , dos Santos Luana Caroline , Honório Olívia Souza , Vieira e Souza Rafaela Cristina , da Silva Thales Philipe Rodrigues , Pessoa Milene Cristine
Published: December 2024

The aim of the present study is to identify obesogenic environment profiles to find the obesogenic environment pattern for Belo Horizonte City. The current research followed the ecological approach and was substantiated by data from food shops, public sports venues, crime rates (homicides and robberies) and the rate of accidents with pedestrians. Descriptive analyses and principal component analysis (PCA) were conducted in Stata software, version 14.0. Georeferencing and map plotting were carried out in Qgis software, version 2.10. All neighborhoods in Belo Horizonte City (n = 486) were included in the study. The obesogenic pattern comprised the highest mean number of shops selling ultra-processed food, crime rates, and accidents with pedestrians. The generated latent variable was divided into tertiles, and the second and third tertiles represented the most obesogenic environments. Neighborhoods accounting for the highest obesogenic profile also recorded the largest number of shops selling all food types. Furthermore, neighborhoods in the third tertile recorded the highest mean income (BRL 2352.00) (p = 0.001) and the lowest Health Vulnerability Index (HVI = 54.2; p = 0.001). These findings point towards the need for developing actions, policies and programs to improve these environments, such as tax incentives to open healthy food retailers and public sports venues to promote healthier lifestyles and to prevent diseases in the middle and long term.
Structural and Serological Characterization of Yet Another New O Antigen, O86, in Proteus mirabilis Clinical Strains
Authors: Drzewiecka Dominika , Levina Evgeniya A. , Shashkov Alexander S. , Kalinchuk Nadezhda A. , Knirel Yuriy A.
Published: December 2024

Bacteria from the genus Proteus are facultative human pathogens, primarily attacking the urinary tract and wounds. A total of 85 O serogroups have been identified so far among these bacilli. P. mirabilis Bprz 86 was isolated from the fistula of a patient in Łódź, Poland. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Western blotting studies involving the P. mirabilis Bprz 86 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the strain-specific rabbit antiserum indicated that the strain, which does not belong to any of the O1–O85 serogroups, shares a common epitope with Proteus O17 antigens and is identical to another clinical P. mirabilis strain, Sm 120, isolated from the urine of a patient in the area. The O-specific polysaccharide (O antigen) was obtained from P. mirabilis Bprz 86 LPS through mild acid degradation, and the six-constituent structure of its repeating unit was determined using chemical analyses and 1D and 2D 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It includes (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl, which, along with fucosamine and glucose residues, forms a fragment also present in the O17 antigens. Based on the obtained serological and chemical data, the two studied P. mirabilis isolates were proposed as candidates for a new successive O serogroup in the genus Proteus, O86.
Advances in Research on Southern Corn Rust, a Devasting Fungal Disease
Authors: Cao Yanyong , Cheng Zeqiang , Ma Juan , Yang Wenbo , Liu Xueman , Zhang Xuan , Zhang Jinghua , Wu Xiaolin , Duan Canxing
Published: December 2024

Southern corn rust (SCR), caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Puccinia polysora Underw., represents one of the most devastating threats to maize production, potentially resulting in yield losses exceeding 50%. Due to global climate change and cropping practices, epiphytotics of SCR have been increasingly reported, and are progressively spreading from tropical and subtropical maize growing areas to higher latitude areas. Over the past decade, researchers worldwide have undertaken extensive investigations into SCR, encompassing its occurrence and transmission pathways, the causative pathogen, the identification of resistant/tolerant germplasms along with associated genes/QTL, as well as potential control strategies. Nevertheless, information pertaining to this disease remains fragmented; thus far, standardized preventive and control measures have yet to be established. In response to this situation, this review seeks to comprehensively synthesize research findings on SCR while providing valuable insights into its occurrence, prevention, and control strategies aimed at mitigating the adverse impact and losses caused by SCR on global maize production.
Mapping Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Mozambique: A Systematic Review of Plasmodium falciparum Genetic Markers Post-ACT Implementation
Authors: Chaves Celso Raul Silambo , da Silva Clemente , Salamandane Acácio , Nogueira Fatima
Published: December 2024

Malaria continues to be a significant public health burden in many tropical and subtropical regions. Mozambique ranks among the top countries affected by malaria, where it is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for 29% of all hospital deaths in the general population and 42% of deaths amongst children under five. This review presents a comparative analysis of data on five critical genes associated with antimalarial drug resistance: pfmdr1, pfcrt, pfk13, pfdhfr, and pfdhps, along with the copy number variation (CNV) in genes pfmdr1 and pfpm2/3. These are genes associated with parasite response to antimalarials currently used to treat uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in Mozambique. The review synthesizes data collected from published studies conducted in Mozambique after the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) (2006) up to June 2024, highlighting the presence or absence of mutations in these genes across Mozambique. We aimed at mapping the prevalence and distribution of these molecular markers across the country in order to contribute to the development of targeted interventions to sustain the efficacy of malaria treatments in Mozambique. Four databases were used to access the articles: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google scholar. The search strategy identified 132 studies addressing malaria and antimalarial resistance. Of these, 112 were excluded for various reasons, leaving 20 studies to be included in this review. Children and pregnant women represent the majority of target groups in studies on all types of antimalarials. Most studies (87.5%) were conducted in the provinces of Maputo and Gaza. The primary alleles reported were pfcrt CVMNK, and in the most recent data, its wild-type form was found in the majority of patients. A low prevalence of mutations in the pfk13 gene was identified reflecting the effectiveness of ACTs. In pfk13, only mutation A578S was reported in Niassa and Tete. CNVs were observed in studies carried out in the south of Mozambique, with a frequency of 1.1–5.1% for pfmdr1 and a frequency of 1.1–3.4% for pfpm2. This review indicates that molecular markers linked to malaria resistance show considerable variation across provinces in Mozambique, with most up-to-date data accessible for Maputo and Gaza. In contrast, provinces such as Zambezia and Inhambane have limited data on several genes, while Nampula lacks data on all drug resistance markers.
Tertiary Structures of Haseki Tick Virus Nonstructural Proteins Are Similar to Those of Orthoflaviviruses
Authors: Gladysheva Anastasia , Osinkina Irina , Radchenko Nikita , Alkhireenko Daria , Agafonov Alexander
Published: December 2024

Currently, a large number of novel tick-borne viruses potentially pathogenic to humans are discovered. Studying many of them by classical methods of virology is difficult due to the absence of live viral particles or a sufficient amount of their genetic material. In this case, the use of modern methods of bioinformatics and synthetic and structural biology can help. Haseki tick virus (HSTV) is a recently discovered tick-borne unclassified ssRNA(+) virus. HSTV-positive patients experienced fever and an elevated temperature. However, at the moment, there is no information on the tertiary structure and functions of its proteins. In this work, we used AlphaFold 3 and other bioinformatic tools for the annotation of HSTV nonstructural proteins, based on the principle that the tertiary structure of a protein is inextricably linked with its molecular function. We were the first to obtain models of tertiary structures and describe the putative functions of HSTV nonstructural proteins (NS3 helicase, NS3 protease, NS5 RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, and NS5 methyltransferase), which play a key role in viral genome replication. Our results may help in further taxonomic identification of HSTV and the development of direct-acting antiviral drugs, POC tests, and vaccines.
Bis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-yl) [1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-dicarboxylate
Authors: Mercier Ethan T. , Sharma Manisha , Graichen Adam M. , Leadbeater Nicholas E.
Published: December 2024

The oxidative esterification of 4,4′-Biphenyldicarboxaldehyde with hexafluoroisopropanol is reported. The methodology, making a novel hexafluoroisopropyl ester uses a green, recyclable oxoammonium salt along with easily obtained sodium persulfate.
Analysis of the Tensile Properties of Composite Material Added Carbonisate Based on the Change of Strain Dynamics
Authors: Wieczorska Agata , Hajdukiewicz Grzegorz
Published: December 2024

This paper presents the application of Kolmogorov–Sinai (EK-S) metric entropy calculations performed on experimental data sets (relative elongations ε) recorded during static tensile testing of a composite material with carbonisate. The EK-S calculation method makes it possible to represent the dynamics of strain change occurring during the endurance test. The depiction of the change in the dynamics of elongation compared to the course of the tensile curve makes it possible to analyse the strength properties of the tested specimens. The material used for the study is a layered epoxy composite with the addition of carbonisate obtained by pyrolysis from organic waste from MDF (Medium Density Fibreboard) furniture boards. For the tested material, two variants were prepared without the addition of carbonisate (samples designated as I and III) and two variants differing in the percentage of carbonisate: 5% by mass (sample IV) and 7.5% by mass (sample II), with a constant fraction of 0.5 mm. Analyses showed a slight deterioration in the tensile properties of composites containing carbonisate. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) studies of the carbonisate samples revealed the presence of cracks, pores and local delamination, which correlates with a reduction in strength parameters. For sample II, the tensile strength (Rm) was 9.032% lower compared to the base sample I and the tensile strain decreased by 0.098%. For sample IV, a decrease in parameters was also observed compared to base sample III—the strength decreased by 13.29%, and the tensile strain decreased by 10.64%. The results obtained in this study were additionally decided to be analysed using metric entropy calculations, which makes it possible to capture significant qualitative changes occurring in the structure of the tested samples not depending on the results of the static tensile test. In the context of epoxy composites with the addition of carbonisate, this analysis can contribute to a better understanding of the influence of the carbonisate obtained in the pyrolysis process on the structure of the composite and its performance properties.
Construction of Z-Scheme ZIF67/NiMoO4 Heterojunction for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotic Pollutants
Authors: Sasikumar Kandasamy , Rajamanikandan Ramar , Ju Heongkyu
Published: December 2024

The rational design of heterojunction photocatalysts enabling fast transportation and efficient separation of photoexcited charge carriers is the key element in visible light-driven photocatalyst systems. Herein, we develop a unique Z-scheme heterojunction consisting of NiMoO4 microflowers (NMOF) and ZIF67, referred to as ZINM (composite), for the purpose of antibiotic degradation. ZIF67 was produced by a solution process, whereas NMOF was synthesized via coprecipitation with a glycine surfactant. The NMOF exhibited a monoclinic phase with a highly oriented, interconnected sheet-like morphology. The ZINM showed better optical and charge transfer characteristics than its constituents, ZIF67 and NiMoO4. Consequently, the developed heterojunction photocatalysts exhibited superior photocatalytic redox capability; the ZINM30 (the composite with 30 wt.% of NiMoO4 loaded) could degrade 91.67% of tetracycline and 86.23% of norfloxacin within 120 min. This enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributable to the reduced bandgap (Egap = 2.01 eV), unique morphology, high specific surface area (1099.89 m2/g), and intimate contact between ZIF67 and NiMoO4, which facilitated the establishment of the Z-scheme heterojunction. Active species trapping tests verified that •O2− and h+ were the primary species, supporting the proposed degradation mechanism. This work highlights a valid Z-scheme ZIF67/NiMoO4 heterojunction system for efficient carrier separation and, therefore, enhanced photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics.
Strain Rate Sensitivity of Low Carbon Threaded Steel Rods of Grade 4.6
Authors: Trajkovski Jovan , Kunc Robert
Published: December 2024

Bolt connections are widely used in construction and engineering to securely join structural elements. These connections are essential for distributing loads across components and ensuring that structures can withstand external forces. The planned failure of these bolts is of great importance in steel safety barriers (SSBs), as it can directly influence the height of the guardrail and the working width of the SSB during the vehicle impact, which consequently affects the crash consequences. Therefore, it is of great importance to determine the bolt response until fractures under different strain rates. For that purpose, experimental tensile tests of low-strength steel rods of grade 4.6 were conducted at various strain rates (0.0025–25 s−1) until fracture. Test specimens were photographed during the testing, and by means of image processing, input data for calculation of true stresses and strains up to the point of fracture were extracted. Based on the experimental data, material parameters were determined for the Cowper–Symonds model, enabling precise numerical simulations of these connections at various strain rates. A validation study was also performed successfully.
On the Properties of New Polyurethane Fast-Curing Polymer Materials
Authors: Liu Huachao , Deng Jiajun , Li Shuchen , Liu Richeng , Yu Liyuan , Ma Linjian
Published: December 2024

A sequences of unconfined compressive strength tests and flexural tests were conducted in this study to evaluate the curing performance of a new type of polyurethane sand fast-curing polymer material. The mechanical properties of the material were investigated under different curing temperatures (−10 °C to 60 °C), particle sizes (10–15 mesh, 60–80 mesh, 100–120 mesh, and 325 mesh), and material proportions (20% to 60%). Additionally, SEM analysis was employed to further reveal the reinforcement mechanism. The results demonstrated that the developed polyurethane polymer material exhibited superior curing properties and applicability across a wide temperature range of −10 °C to 60 °C. Both the compressive strength and flexural strength of the solidified sand increased with the increase in solidification temperature, resulting in improved curing effects. This material exhibited the best curing properties when using sand within the 100–120 mesh range. As the particle size decreased under the remaining specifications, there was a reduction in specimen strain and an increase in strength, while still maintaining favorable ductility. The optimal proportion for polyurethane material was 40%. Moreover, the nonlinear mathematical relationships between the strength and multiple influencing factors were established through multivariate regression analysis. The sand consolidation specimens exhibited X-shaped conjugate shear failure, which tended to occur at the weak interface between the sand and material. Lastly, Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between temperature and material content with strength.
Improving the Fracture Toughness of Boron Carbide via Minor Additions of SiC and TiB2 Through Hot-Press Sintering
Authors: Ka Juhan , Kim Kyoung Hun , Choi Woohyuk , Jung Sungmo , Lee Tae Hwan , Kim Hyun Sik , Lee Heesoo , Lee Jae Hwa
Published: December 2024

Boron carbide (B4C) is an essential material in various high-performance applications due to its light weight and hardness. In this work, B4C-based composites were fabricated via a powder route consisting of powder mixing, precursor preparation, and hot-pressing under vacuum. The composites’ mechanical properties and microstructure were analyzed to investigate the effect of adding minor second-phase particles. In addition to homogenizing the grain size, the addition of SiC (≤10 wt%) to B4C increased its strength and improved its fracture toughness, with values reaching 551 MPa and 3.22 MPa m1/2, respectively. Meanwhile, the addition of TiB2 (≤10 wt%) significantly improved the strength and fracture toughness only, with values reaching 548 MPa and 3.92 MPa m1/2, respectively, with only a minimal decrease in hardness. Microstructural analysis revealed that the second-phase particles were uniformly distributed and reduced the average grain size, contributing to the increase in strength. Additionally, the TiB2 particles impeded crack propagation and induced crack deflection at the interface, indicating the formation of an intergranular fracture mode. On the contrary, the addition of SiC primarily resulted in transgranular fracture behavior, though it still improved the toughness of the B4C. These results suggest that small amounts of SiC and TiB2 can effectively enhance the mechanical properties of B4C ceramics while maintaining the lightweight characteristics critical for military and aerospace applications.
Near-Field Direct Write Electrospinning of PET-Carbon Quantum Dot Solutions
Authors: Mohtaram Fatemeh , Petersen Michael , Ahrenst-Mortensen Maria , Boysen Liva Skou , Gram Frederik Hejgaard , Malling Helene Halsen , Bang Noah Frederik Hallundbæk , Hess Yan Jurg , Fojan Peter
Published: December 2024

Electrospinning of polymer material has gained a lot of interest in the past decades. Various methods of electrospinning have been applied for different applications, from needle electrospinning to needleless electrospinning. A relatively new variation of electrospinning, namely near-field electrospinning, has been used to generate well-defined patterns. This variation of electrospinning, also known as near-field direct-write electrospinning, allows for precise control of the fiber deposition, sacrificing on the thickness of the resulting fibers. Typically, for this method, melt electrospinning is preferred, since it provides a higher viscosity of the polymer and thereby better control of the fiber deposition. However, when mixing additives into the spinning dope, a solution spinning approach is preferable since it provides a more homogeneous distribution of the additives in the spinning dope. A fluorescent spinning dope of dissolved PET with fluorescent carbon quantum dots has been used to generate the fluorescent patterns. These can be used to generate logos, bar codes, or QR codes to encode information about the material, such as watermarks or counterfeiting tags.
A D-Band Dual-Polarized High-Gain LTCC-Based Reflectarray Antenna Using SIW Magnetoelectric-Dipole Elements
Authors: Miao Zhuo-Wei
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a D-band dual linear-polarized wideband high-gain reflectarray (RA) antenna using low-temperature co-fired-ceramic (LTCC) technology. The proposed element comprises a dual-polarized magnetoelectric (ME) dipole and a multilayer slot-coupling substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) phase-delay structure, which are organized in accordance with the receiving/reradiating (R/R) principle. The coverage of phase shifts for both orthogonal polarizations is set to be greater than 360 degrees by varying the length of the phase-delay structure. For verification, a D-band 1296-element RA prototype using the proposed unit cell is fabricated and measured in a THz chamber. The measured results show that the proposed RA achieves a peak gain of 32.25 and 33.03 dBi for the two orthogonal polarizations. The measured 3 dB gain bandwidths for the two orthogonal polarizations are 122–149 GHz (20%) and 123–149 GHz (19.3%), respectively.
A High-Repeatability Three-Dimensional Force Tactile Sensing System for Robotic Dexterous Grasping and Object Recognition
Authors: Shi Yaoguang , Lü Xiaozhou , Wang Wenran , Zhou Xiaohui , Zhu Wensong
Published: December 2024

Robotic devices with integrated tactile sensors can accurately perceive the contact force, pressure, sliding, and other tactile information, and they have been widely used in various fields, including human–robot interaction, dexterous manipulation, and object recognition. To address the challenges associated with the initial value drift, and to improve the durability and accuracy of the tactile detection for a robotic dexterous hand, in this study, a flexible tactile sensor is designed with high repeatability by introducing a supporting layer for pre-separation. The proposed tactile sensor has a detection range of 0–5 N with a resolution of 0.2 N, and the repeatability error is as relatively small as 1.5%. In addition, the response time of the proposed tactile sensor under loading and unloading conditions are 80 ms and 160 ms, respectively. Moreover, a three-dimensional force decoupling detection method is developed by distributing tactile sensor units on a non-coplanar robotic fingertip. Finally, using a backpropagation neural network, the classification and recognition processes of nine types of objects with different shapes and categories are realized, achieving an accuracy higher than 95%. The results show that the proposed three-dimensional force tactile sensing system could be beneficial for the delicate manipulation and recognition for robotic dexterous hands.
Optimization of Glucose Dehydrogenase Immobilization Strategies in a 3D-Printed Millireactor
Authors: Boroša Vilim Marijan , Koštan Kristian , Vičević Renata , Cingesar Ivan Karlo , Vrsaljko Domagoj , Zelić Bruno , Jurinjak Tušek Ana , Šalić Anita
Published: December 2024

Enzymatic reactions play an important role in numerous industrial processes, e.g., in food production, pharmaceuticals and the production of biofuels. However, a major challenge when using enzymes in industrial applications is maintaining their stability and activity, especially under harsh operating conditions. To solve this problem, enzyme immobilization techniques have been developed. Immobilization involves fixing the enzymes on solid supports, which increases their stability, enables their reusability and facilitates the easy separation of reaction mixtures. In addition, immobilized enzymes are ideal for continuous flow systems such as millireactors, where they allow better control of reaction conditions, improving efficiency and product consistency. Glucose dehydrogenase is an important enzyme in biotechnology, particularly in biosensors and the production of biofuels, as it catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone, reducing NAD+ to NADH. However, like many other enzymes, it tends to lose activity over time. The immobilization of glucose dehydrogenase in a millireactor provides a controlled environment that increases the stability and activity of the enzyme. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different immobilization strategies on the performance of glucose dehydrogenase in a 3D printed millireactor. The enzyme was immobilized in alginate gel in three immobilization strategies: as beads, on the bottom surface, and on both the top and bottom surfaces of the millireactor. The results showed that the application of the enzyme on both surfaces improved the glucose conversion two-fold compared to immobilization in beads and four-fold compared to immobilization only on the bottom surface. The dual-surface enzyme immobilization strategy showed the highest efficiency, achieving the highest conversion of 95.76 ± 1.01% (τ = 131 min) and NADH productivity of 0.166 ± 0.01 mmol/(L·min) (τ = 7.11 min) combined with operational stability over five days. Effective diffusion rates comparable to those of aqueous solutions confirmed the suitability of alginate gels for biocatalysis. These advancements highlight the potential of this modular and scalable platform for various biotechnological applications.
Origin of the Temperature Dependence of Gate-Induced Drain Leakage-Assisted Erase in Three-Dimensional nand Flash Memories
Authors: Refaldi David G. , Malavena Gerardo , Chiavarone Luca , Spinelli Alessandro S. , Monzio Compagnoni Christian
Published: December 2024

Through detailed experimental and modeling activities, this paper investigates the origin of the temperature dependence of the Erase operation in 3D nand flash arrays. First of all, experimental data collected down to the cryogenic regime on both charge-trap and floating-gate arrays are provided to demonstrate that the reduction in temperature makes cells harder to Erase irrespective of the nature of their storage layer. This evidence is then attributed to the weakening, with the decrease in temperature, of the gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) current exploited to set the electrostatic potential of the body of the nand strings during Erase. Modeling results for the GIDL-assisted Erase operation, finally, allow not only to support this conclusion but also to directly correlate the change with temperature of the electrostatic potential of the string body with the change with temperature of the erased threshold-voltage of the memory cells.
Hollow Fiber Microreactor Combined with Digital Twin to Optimize the Antimicrobial Evaluation Process
Authors: Noda Kazuhiro , Kasama Toshihiro , Shinohara Marie , Hamada Masakaze , Matsunaga Yukiko T. , Takai Madoka , Ishii Yoshikazu , Miyake Ryo
Published: December 2024

In order to reproduce pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles seen in vivo, the Hollow Fiber Infection Model (HFIM) is a useful in vitro module in the evaluation of antimicrobial resistance. In order to reduce the consumption of culture medium and drugs, we developed a hollow fiber microreactor applicable to the HFIM by integrating the HFIM function. Next, we constructed a novel control method by using the “digital twin” of the microreactor to achieve precise concentration control. By integrating functions of the HFIM, the extra-capillary space volume was reduced to less than 1/10 of conventional HFIM. The control method with the digital twin can keep drug concentration in the extra-capillary space within an error of 10% under simulated drug destruction. The control method with the digital twin can also stabilize the drug concentration both in the intra-capillary space and the extra-capillary space within 15 min.
Optimization of Parameters and Comparison of Detection Signals for Planar Coil Particle Detection Sensors with Different Core Materials
Authors: Gu Changzhi , Liu Chao , Liu Bo , Zhang Wenbo , Bai Chenzhao , Wang Chenyong , Sun Yuqing , Zhang Hongpeng
Published: December 2024

The cleanliness of lubricating oil plays a key role in determining the operational health of mechanical systems, serving as a critical metric that delineates the extent of equipment wear. In this study, we present a magnetic-core-type planar coil particle detection sensor. The detection accuracy and detection limit are improved by optimizing the magnetic field inside the sensor. The optimization of the magnetic field is achieved through the finite element simulation analysis of the coil and the magnetic core. First, the finite element simulation software COMSOL 6.0 is used to model the sensor in three dimensions (3D). Then, we study the distribution of the magnetic field under different coil radii, core conductivity levels, and other parameters. We obtain the sensor structure after optimizing the magnetic field. The sensor is made using experimental methods, and the iron particles and copper particles are detected. The results show that the lower limit of detection of iron particles can reach 46 μm, and the lower limit of detection of copper particles can reach 110 μm.
Hybrid Materials—Mg3Al-LDH/Ionic Liquids/Chitosan Used in the Recovery Process of Pd Ions from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Milos Emilia , Cocheci Laura , Popa Adriana , Lupa Lavinia , Filimon Anca
Published: December 2024

The recovery of palladium from aqueous solutions is important due to its critical role in various industrial applications and the growing demand for sustainable resource management. This study investigates the potential of hybrid materials composed of Mg3Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs), chitosan, and ionic liquids (methyl trialchil ammonium chloride) for the efficient adsorption of palladium ions from low-concentration aqueous solutions. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (RX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG), were employed to elucidate the structural and compositional properties of the hybrid materials. The results of the batch adsorption experiments demonstrate that each component contributes synergistically to the adsorption process, significantly enhancing the overall efficacy of palladium recovery. Furthermore, the method of preparing the adsorbent material was found to impact the effectiveness of palladium recovery. Among the materials tested, the chitosan/Mg3Al/IL hybrid exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (qmax = 98 mg/g), suggesting that the ionic liquid functionalization is most beneficial when applied during the hybrid material synthesis, rather than during the LDH synthesis process. This research underscores the viability of hybrid materials as a sustainable approach to palladium recovery, contributing to advancements in environmental remediation technologies.
Recent Research Progresses and Challenges for Practical Application of Large-Scale Solar Hydrogen Production
Authors: Son Min-Kyu
Published: December 2024

Solar hydrogen production is a promising pathway for sustainable CO2-free hydrogen production. It is mainly classified into three systems: photovoltaic electrolysis (PV-EC), photoelectrochemical (PEC) system, and particulate photocatalytic (PC) system. However, it still has trouble in commercialization due to the limitation of performance and economic feasibility in the large-scale system. In this review, the challenges of each large-scale system are, respectively, summarized. Based on this summary, recent approaches to solving these challenges are introduced, focusing on core components, fabrication processes, and systematic designs. In addition, several demonstrations of large-scale systems under outdoor conditions and performances of upscaled systems are introduced to understand the current technical level of solar-driven hydrogen production systems for commercialization. Finally, the future outlooks and perspectives on the practical application of large-scale solar-driven hydrogen production are discussed.
Chain Transfer Kinetics of Rhodixan® A1 RAFT/MADIX Agent
Authors: Destarac Mathias , Guinaudeau Aymeric , Mazières Stéphane , Wilson James
Published: December 2024

Rhodixan® A1 is the trade name for O-ethyl S-(1-methoxycarbonylethyl)dithiocarbonate, a RAFT/MADIX agent used by Syensqo to produce block copolymer additives for aqueous formulations on an industrial scale. Chain transfer coefficients to Rhodixan® A1 determined for 25 different styrenic, acrylate, and acrylamide monomers were relatively low (0.6 < Ctr < 3.8) and evolved in the following order: styrenics < acrylates < acrylamides. The corresponding interchain transfer coefficients followed the same trend (0.6 < Ctr,PnXA1 < 5.9). In all cases, polymers with predetermined Mn are obtained at high monomer conversion, with dispersities inversely proportional to Ctr,PnXA1 in most cases. With the added benefit of the established excellent reactivity of Rhodixan® A1 towards unconjugated monomers such as vinyl esters, diallyl, or N-vinyl monomers, RAFT/MADIX is a fantastic technological toolbox for tailor-making complex copolymers from monomers of highly disparate reactivities.
Correction: Soares, D.J. Bridging a Century-Old Problem: The Pathophysiology and Molecular Mechanisms of HA Filler-Induced Vascular Occlusion (FIVO)—Implications for Therapeutic Interventions. Molecules 2022, 27, 5398
Authors: Soares Danny J.
Published: December 2024

In the original publication [...]
Integrating L-Cys-AuNCs in ZIF-8 with Enhanced Fluorescence and Strengthened Stability for Sensitive Detection of Copper Ions
Authors: Zhou Ting , Zang Luyao , Zhang Xia , Liu Xia , Qu Zijie , Zhang Guodong , Wang Xiufeng , Wang Fang , Zhang Zhiqing
Published: December 2024

Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have been widely investigated because of their unique photoluminescence properties. However, the applications of AuNCs are limited by their poor stability and relatively low fluorescence. In the present work, we developed nanocomposites (L-Cys-AuNCs@ZIF-8) with high fluorescence and stability, which were constructed by encapsulating the water-dispersible L-Cys-AuNCs into a ZIF-8 via Zn2+-triggered growth strategy without high temperature and pressure. The maximum emission wavelength of the L-Cys-AuNCs@ZIF-8 composite was at 868 nm, and the fluorescence intensity of L-Cys-AuNCs@ZIF-8 was nearly nine-fold compared with L-Cys-AuNCs without the ZIF-8 package. The mechanism investigation by fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that L-Cys-AuNCs@ZIF-8 impeded ligand rotation, induced energy dissipation, and diminished the self-quenching effect, attributing to the spatial distribution of L-Cys-AuNCs. Based on the high fluorescence efficiency of L-Cys-AuNCs@ZIF-8, a “signal off” detective platform was proposed with copper ions as a model analyte, achieving a sensitive detection limit of Cu2+ at 16.7 nM. The quenching mechanism was confirmed, showing that the structure of the L-Cys-AuNCs@ZIF-8 nanocomposites was collapsed by the addition of Cu2+. Attributing to the strong adsorption ability between copper ions and pyridyl nitrogen, the as-prepared L-Cys-AuNCs@ZIF-8 was shown to accumulate Cu2+, and the Zn2+ in ZIF-8 was replaced by Cu2+.
Analysis of Plasticizer Contamination Throughout Olive Oil Production
Authors: Freitas Flávia , Brinco João , Cabrita Maria João , Gomes da Silva Marco
Published: December 2024

This study monitored the contamination of 32 plasticizers in olive oil throughout the production and storage process. Samples were collected at different stages of production from three olive oil production lines in distinct regions of Portugal and analyzed for 23 phthalates and 9 phthalates substitutes to identify contamination sources. The developed analytical method employed liquid–liquid extraction with hexane/methanol (1:4, v/v), followed by centrifugation, extract removal, and freezing as a clean-up step. Analysis was conducted using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), with detection limits ranging from 0.001 to 0.103 mg/kg. The results revealed that plasticizer concentrations progressively increased at each stage of the production process, although unprocessed olives also contained contaminants. Di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) was the most prevalent compound, but all phthalates regulated by the European Union for food contact materials were detected, as well as some unregulated plasticizers. In a few packaged olive oils, DINP concentrations exceeded the specific migration limits established by European regulations. Samples stored in glass and plastic bottles showed no significant differences in plasticizer concentrations after six months of storage. However, higher concentrations were observed in plastic-packaged samples after 18 months of storage. Our findings indicate that the primary source of plasticizer contamination in olive oil originates from the production process itself, except for prolonged storage in plastic bottles, which should be avoided.
Regioselective Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Theoretical and Experimental Insights into 4-Aminoquinazoline Synthesis as a Privileged Structure in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Barbosa Maria Letícia de Castro , Pinheiro Pedro de Sena Murteira , Alves da Conceição Raissa , Pires José Ricardo , Franco Lucas Silva , Sant’Anna Carlos Mauricio R. , Barreiro Eliezer J. , Lima Lídia Moreira
Published: December 2024

The 4-aminoquinazoline scaffold is a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. Regioselective nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) for replacing the chlorine atom at the 4-position of 2,4-dichloroquinazoline precursors is well documented in the scientific literature and has proven useful in synthesizing 2-chloro-4-aminoquinazolines and/or 2,4-diaminoquinazolines for various therapeutic applications. While numerous reports describe reaction conditions involving different nucleophiles, solvents, temperatures, and reaction times, discussions on the regioselectivity of the SNAr step remain scarce. In this study, we combined DFT calculations with 2D-NMR analysis to characterize the structure and understand the electronic factors underlying the regioselective SNAr of 2,4-dichloroquinazolines for the synthesis of bioactive 4-aminoquinazolines. DFT calculations revealed that the carbon atom at the 4-position of 2,4-dichloroquinazoline has a higher LUMO coefficient, making it more susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This observation aligns with the calculated lower activation energy for nucleophilic attack at this position, supporting the regioselectivity of the reaction. To provide guidance for the structural confirmation of 4-amino-substituted product formation when multiple regioisomers are possible, we employed 2D-NMR methods to verify the 4-position substitution pattern in synthesized bioactive 2-chloro-4-aminoquinazolines. These findings are valuable for future research, as many synthetic reports assume regioselective outcomes without sufficient experimental verification.
Micronutrient Status in Patients with Severe Obesity Before and After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
Authors: Ciobârcă Daniela , Cătoi Adriana Florinela , Copăescu Cătălin , Iancu Mihaela , Pop Ioana Delia , Vodnar Dan Cristian , Cecan Andra Diana , Miere Doina , Filip Lorena , Crișan Gianina
Published: December 2024

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) are commonly reported after bariatric and metabolic surgery, including laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Nevertheless, the micronutrient status changes over time and the influence of sex or initial body mass index (BMI) on these changes are less explored. This study aims to investigate the changes in micronutrient levels at 6 and 12 months after LSG and the potential influence of sex or baseline BMI (≥40 kg/m2) on these changes in patients submitted to LSG. Additionally, the frequency of MNDs before and at 12 months after the procedure was investigated. Materials and methods: Fifty patients with obesity underwent LSG and were assessed anthropometrically and nutritionally at baseline and at 6 and 12 months, respectively, after LSG. The changes in micronutrients levels over time were tested by a linear mixed model. Results: Vitamin B12 and vitamin D [25(OH)D] did not change significantly, while iron (p < 0.001), calcium (p = 0.01), and parathormone (p < 0.001) differed significantly from baseline to 12 months after LSG. Ferritin significantly decreased from baseline to 6 months and 12 months after LSG (LS-means, 95% CI: 202 [163, 240] vs. 160 [130, 191] vs. 150 [115, 185]). Sex or initial severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) exhibited significant modifying effects for 25(OH)D and calcium, respectively. The 25(OH)D levels increased significantly in men, but not in women, while the calcium plasma concentration changed significantly only in patients with initial severe obesity. No significant changes over time were found for MNDs’ frequency (p > 0.05). The most consistent deficiency frequency was observed for 25(OH)D both before and after LSG. Conclusions: Overall, our findings revealed changes in micronutrient status across the follow-up period, except for vitamin B12. Variations in 25(OH)D levels were reported exclusively in men, suggesting that they depend on sex. The calcium plasma concentration showed significant changes exclusively in patients with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2. MNDs’ frequency was not significantly altered during the study follow-up. Our results reinforce the need for developing national dietary guidelines tailored for Romanian patients following LSG.