bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of wear between occlusal splint materials and resin composite materials
Authors: Reyes‐Sevilla M. , Kuijs R. H. , Werner A. , Kleverlaan C. J. , Lobbezoo F.
Published: April 2018

Tooth wear in bruxing patients often results in a need for treatment with composite restorations. In some cases, bruxing patients receive an occlusal splint as a protective means as well. However, the wear between these opposing materials has not been investigated yet. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the wear of different splint materials against resin composite materials. A two‐body wear test was conducted using the ACTA wear machine. The materials selected for this study were three composites used for direct restorations (Filtek Z250, CLEARFIL AP‐X, and Filtek Supreme XT) and four occlusal splints materials, viz. a polyamide resin (ThermoSens) an conventional (hand‐processed), milled and printed polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). As antagonistic materials, stainless steel, Filtek Supreme XT and CLEARFIL AP‐X were used. The wear rate of the seven materials was determined after 200 000 cycles, using a profilometry. The rates were analysed using two‐way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's tests. The wear rates were significantly higher for the conventional and milled PMMA materials than for all other materials (P < .001). The wear rates of printed PMMA and the polyamide resin were comparable to composite wear rates. The antagonist materials have minor or no influence on the amount of wear of the various splint materials (P < .001). In conclusion, different splint materials yielded different wear rates for all antagonist materials tested. Keeping in mind that this study is an experimental in vitro study, this finding enables practitioners to choose the splint material necessary according to their patients’ needs.
Expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress protein in rabbit condyle cartilage following anterior disk displacement
Authors: Xu Ting , Gu Zhiyuan , Wu Huiling , Yao Hua , Wang Guohua
Published: April 2018

Objective

Anterior disk displacement (ADD) is a most common subtype of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), which is promoted by chondrocytes apoptosis. However, the signaling pathways that trigger apoptosis are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐related proteins in the condylar cartilage of rabbits following ADD.

Methods

Sixty healthy adult rabbits were randomly assigned to the experimental and sham‐operated control groups (n = 12). The experimental rabbits were subjected to surgical ADD in the right temporomandibular joints. The production of ER stress‐related proteins C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78), cleaved caspase‐3, and caspase‐12 in cartilage was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real‐time PCR, and Western blot analysis.

Results

Our results showed that the expression of CHOP, GRP78, cleaved caspase‐3, and caspase‐12 increased significantly along with degenerative changes in cartilage after ADD.

Conclusion

These results indicate that the ER stress pathway is activated in ADD cartilage and might promote the development of TMD.
Prosthodontic Complications of Metal‐Ceramic and All‐Ceramic, Complete‐Arch Fixed Implant Prostheses with Minimum 5 Years Mean Follow‐Up Period. A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wong Chi Kin Kenneth , Narvekar Unnati , Petridis Haralampos
Published: April 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to review and analyze the prosthodontic complications, survival, and success of metal‐ceramic (MC) and all‐ceramic (AC) complete‐arch fixed implant dental prostheses (CFIDPs) with a minimum mean follow‐up period of 5 years.

Methods

A structured literature search was conducted using 3 electronic databases (MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science) for clinical studies reporting on prosthodontic complications of metal‐ceramic and/or all‐ceramic CFIDPs published between 2000 and 2016. This was complemented with hand searching in relevant journals, references, as well as searching in grey literature. Risk of bias analysis for randomized controlled trials was done following the recommendations from the Cochrane Collaboration. Quality appraisal for nonrandomized studies was executed according to the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale (NOS). The final selection included only studies with a minimum mean follow‐up time of 5 years.

Results

The electronic databases search yielded 1804 relevant titles and abstracts; 11 studies were finally selected (9 for MC and 2 for AC CFIDPs). Risk of bias in most selected studies was low. Heterogeneity across studies of MC CFIDPs was within acceptable range but not among AC CFIDP studies, so no meta‐analysis was performed for the latter. Regarding MC CFIDPs, most studies recorded 100% survival rate (survival range: 92.4‐100%, success range: 47‐96.7%), with veneer fracture being the most‐common complication. Five‐ and 10‐year cumulative complication rates for MC CFIDP veneer fractures were 22.1% and 39.3%, respectively, but with variable confidence intervals. The 2 studies included for AC CFIDPs reported 100% survival rates but differed in success rates, with the one using predominantly monolithic zirconia restorations reporting 90.9%, and the one using bi‐layered zirconia reporting 60.4%, with complications attributed to veneer fracture.

Conclusions

MC and AC CFIDPs presented with veneer fractures as primary complication. This may require significant maintenance. Other complications were negligible after a mean follow‐up period of at least 5 years. More long‐term studies, especially on all‐ceramic CFIDPs are needed.
Developing and pilot testing a shared decision‐making intervention for dialysis choice
Authors: Finderup Jeanette , Jensen Jens K. D. , Lomborg Kirsten
Published: April 2018

Background

Evidence is inconclusive on how best to guide the patient in decision‐making around haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis choice. International guidelines recommend involvement of the patient in the decision to choose the dialysis modality most suitable for the individual patient. Nevertheless, studies have shown lack of involvement of the patient in decision‐making.

Objectives

To develop and pilot test an intervention for shared decision‐making targeting the choice of dialysis modality.

Methods

This study reflects the first two phases of a complex intervention design: phase 1, the development process and phase 2, feasibility and piloting. Because decision aids were a part of the intervention, the International Patient Decision Aid Standards were considered. The pilot test included both the intervention and the feasibility of the validated shared decision‐making questionnaire (SDM Q9) and the Decision Quality Measure (DQM) applied to evaluate the intervention.

Results

A total of 137 patients tested the intervention. After the intervention, 80% of the patients chose dialysis at home reflecting an increase of 23% in starting dialysis at home prior to the study. The SDM Q9 showed the majority of the patients experienced this intervention as shared decision‐making.

Conclusion

An intervention based on shared decision‐making supported by decision aids seemed to increase the number of patients choosing home dialysis. The SDM Q9 and DQM were feasible evaluation tools. Further research is needed to gain insight into the patients' experiences of involvement and the implications for their choice of dialysis modality.
Training Psychologists for Rural Practice: Exploring Opportunities and Constraints
Authors: Domino Marisa Elena , Lin Ching‐Ching Claire , Morrissey Joseph P. , Ellis Alan R. , Fraher Erin , Richman Erica L. , Thomas Kathleen C. , Prinstein Mitchell J.
Published: April 2018

Purpose

To examine trends in the psychologist workforce and training opportunities, including factors that may influence the decision of clinical psychologists to practice in rural settings.

Methods

We use a mixed‐methods approach to examine the psychologist workforce nationally and in North Carolina (NC), including (1) an analysis of the location of programs awarding doctoral degrees; (2) an analysis of the practice, demographic, and educational characteristics of the psychologist workforce; and (3) interviews with directors of doctoral programs in clinical psychology to understand where current graduates are getting jobs and why they may or may not be choosing to practice in rural communities.

Findings

Fewer than 1% of programs and institutions awarding doctoral degrees in psychology in the United States are located in rural areas. In NC, approximately 80% of practicing psychologists have out‐of‐state degrees and about 80% of recent NC graduates are not currently licensed in the state. This juxtaposition undermines the utility of adding more in‐state degree programs. While expansion of training programs within rural areas could help alleviate the shortages of mental health providers, adding new degree‐granting programs alone will not necessarily increase supply. We discuss complementary recruitment and retention strategies, including greater incentives for rural training and practice as well as training in emerging technologies that don't require providers to be physically located in underserved areas, such as telemedicine.

Conclusions

Increasing the supply of psychologists practicing in rural areas will require a thoughtful, multipronged approach to training this critical part of the behavioral health workforce.
Trends and Patterns of Opioid Analgesic Prescribing: Regional and Rural‐Urban Variations in Kentucky From 2012 to 2015
Authors: Luu Huong , Slavova Svetla , Freeman Patricia R. , Lofwall Michelle , Browning Steven , Bush Heather
Published: April 2018

Purpose

Increased opioid analgesic prescribing (OAP) has been associated with increased risk of prescription opioid diversion, misuse, and abuse. We studied regional and rural‐urban variations in OAP trends in Kentucky, from 2012 to 2015, and examined potential county‐level risk and protective factors.

Methods

This study used prescription drug monitoring data. Marginal models employing generalized estimating equations were used to model repeated counts of residents with opioid analgesic prescriptions within county‐quarter, 2012–2015, with offset for resident population, by rural‐urban classification exposure, and adjusting for time‐varying socioeconomic and relevant health status measures.

Findings

There were significant downward trends in rates of residents receiving dispensed opioid analgesic prescriptions, with no regional or rural/urban differences in the degree of decline over time. The adjusted models showed the Kentucky Appalachian region retained a significantly higher rate of residents with opioid analgesic prescriptions per 1,000 residents (30% higher than Central Kentucky and 19% higher than Kentucky Delta regions). Residents of nonmetropolitan not adjacent‐to‐metropolitan counties had significantly higher adjusted rates of OAP (33% higher than metropolitan counties and 17% higher compared to nonmetropolitan adjacent‐to‐metropolitan counties). The rate of OAP was significantly positively associated with emergency department visit injury rates and negatively associated with buprenorphine/naloxone prescribing rates.

Conclusions

Information on OAP trends and patterns will be used by Kentucky stakeholders to inform targeted interventions. Further research is needed to evaluate the availability and accessibility of nonopioid pain treatment in rural counties and the role of geography and time/distance traveled as risk factors for increased OAP.
Combined caudal‐superficial‐epigastric axial pattern flap and full‐thickness buccal mucosa graft for single‐stage preputial reconstruction in six dogs
Authors: Massari F. , Montinaro V. , Buracco P. , Romanelli G.
Published: April 2018

Objective

To describe the use of a caudal superficial epigastric flap in combination with a full‐thickness oral mucosal/submucosal graft for single‐stage reconstruction of extensive preputial defects in dogs.

Materials and Methods

Medical records of dogs with extensive preputial defects either of traumatic origin or derived from tumour excision were reviewed. In all dogs, the prepuce was reconstructed using a full‐thickness oral mucosal/submucosal graft combined with a caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flap during a single surgical procedure. Outcome was assessed by routine clinical examinations for 6 months postoperatively, and through telephone follow‐up thereafter.

Results

Six dogs were included. The caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flap healed without complications in all dogs, while the full‐thickness oral mucosal/submucosal graft failed in one dog. In this individual the skin flap underwent contracture 30 days after surgery and preputial advancement was required. One dog showed postoperative discomfort during urination, which was successfully managed with a Foley catheter and analgesic administration. Three dogs developed paraphimosis at 30, 80 and 90 days, respectively, and required further surgery. Long‐term results were good in all dogs.

Clinical Significance

The use of a full‐thickness oral mucosal/submucosal graft combined with a caudal superficial epigastric axial pattern flap is feasible for single‐stage preputial reconstruction in dogs. Attention should be paid to create a sufficiently large preputial opening, in order to prevent paraphimosis.
How sleep problems contribute to simulator sickness: Preliminary results from a realistic driving scenario
Authors: Altena Ellemarije , Daviaux Yannick , Sanz‐Arigita Ernesto , Bonhomme Emilien , de Sevin Étienne , Micoulaud‐Franchi Jean‐Arthur , Bioulac Stéphanie , Philip Pierre
Published: April 2018

Virtual reality and simulation tools enable us to assess daytime functioning in environments that simulate real life as close as possible. Simulator sickness, however, poses a problem in the application of these tools, and has been related to pre‐existing health problems. How sleep problems contribute to simulator sickness has not yet been investigated. In the current study, 20 female chronic insomnia patients and 32 female age‐matched controls drove in a driving simulator covering realistic city, country and highway scenes. Fifty percent of the insomnia patients as opposed to 12.5% of controls reported excessive simulator sickness leading to experiment withdrawal. In the remaining participants, patients with insomnia showed overall increased levels of oculomotor symptoms even before driving, while nausea symptoms further increased after driving. These results, as well as the realistic simulation paradigm developed, give more insight on how vestibular and oculomotor functions as well as interoceptive functions are affected in insomnia. Importantly, our results have direct implications for both the actual driving experience and the wider context of deploying simulation techniques to mimic real life functioning, in particular in those professions often exposed to sleep problems.
Design and Cost Analysis of a Self‐contained Mobile Laboratory for Commercial‐scale Aquatic Species Cryopreservation
Authors: Childress William M. , Caffey Rex H. , Tiersch Terrence R.
Published: April 2018

Although aquatic species cryopreservation protocols have been studied around the world over the past 60 yr., germplasm repository development efforts and commercialization have begun only recently. The goal of this project was to develop a self‐contained mobile laboratory for on‐site high‐throughput cryopreservation of aquatic species. The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify how a mobile laboratory would function in different operational scenarios, (2) customize an enclosed cargo trailer to function as a mobile laboratory, (3) evaluate the laboratory layout and ability of cryopreservation equipment to operate from generator power, and (4) document the investment costs for private and public groups to integrate a mobile laboratory into an existing cryopreservation facility at three levels of automation and estimate the total cost per trip based on hypothetical assumptions for two scenarios (aquaculture production and repository development). There were three operational designs identified for the mobile laboratory: (1) self‐contained work inside the unit using generator power, (2) work inside the unit using external facility power, and (3) using the equipment inside of a host facility. The investment costs for a base‐level mobile laboratory ranged between US$5670 and US$5787 for private groups and between US$5208 and US$5315 for public groups. With the addition of a range of automated processing equipment, total investment costs ranged from US$13,616 to US$103,529 for private groups and US$12,494 to US$94,891 for public groups. The total cost per trip to cryopreserve sperm of 59 blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, males to produce 6300 0.5‐mL French straws was estimated to range from US$6089 to US$14,633 for private and between US$5703 and US$16,938 for public groups depending on the level of automation. Total cost per trip to cryopreserve sperm of 500 males of five different species in the genus Xiphophorus to produce 641 0.25‐mL French straws was estimated to range from US$6653 to US$7640 for private and US$7582 to US$8088 for public groups depending on level of automation. Overall, a commercial‐scale mobile laboratory was developed that can assist current germplasm activities and support future repository and industry development, and the layout information provided can help others to design and build comparable units.
Cathodoluminescence of high‐pressure feldspar minerals as a shock barometer
Authors: Kayama Masahiro , Sekine Toshimori , Tomioka Naotaka , Nishido Hirotsugu , Kato Yukako , Ninagawa Kiyotaka , Kobayashi Takamichi , Yamaguchi Akira
Published: April 2018

Cathodoluminescence (CL) analyses were carried out on maskelynite and lingunite in L6 chondrites of Tenham and Yamato‐790729. Under CL microscopy, bright blue emission was observed in Na‐lingunite in the shock veins. Dull blue‐emitting maskelynite is adjacent to the shock veins, and aqua blue luminescent plagioclase lies farther away. CL spectroscopy of the Na‐lingunite showed emission bands centered at ~330, 360–380, and ~590 nm. CL spectra of maskelynite consisted of emission bands at ~330 and ~380 nm. Only an emission band at 420 nm was recognized in crystalline plagioclase. Deconvolution of CL spectra from maskelynite successfully separated the UV–blue emission bands into Gaussian components at 3.88, 3.26, and 2.95 eV. For comparison, we prepared K‐lingunite and experimentally shock‐recovered feldspars at the known shock pressures of 11.1–41.2 GPa to measure CL spectra. Synthetic K‐lingunite has similar UV–blue and characteristic yellow bands at ~550, ~660, ~720, ~750, and ~770 nm. The UV–blue emissions of shock‐recovered feldspars and the diaplectic feldspar glasses show a good correlation between intensity and shock pressure after deconvolution. They may be assigned to pressure‐induced defects in Si and Al octahedra and tetrahedra. The components at 3.88 and 3.26 eV were detectable in the lingunite, both of which may be caused by the defects in Si and Al octahedra, the same as maskelynite. CL of maskelynite and lingunite may be applicable to estimate shock pressure for feldspar‐bearing meteorites, impactites, and samples returned by spacecraft mission, although we need to develop more as a reliable shock barometer.
Dust concentration and chondrule formation
Authors: Hubbard Alexander , Mac Low Mordecai‐Mark , Ebel Denton S.
Published: April 2018

Meteoritical and astrophysical models of planet formation make contradictory predictions for dust concentration factors in chondrule‐forming regions of the solar nebula. Meteoritical and cosmochemical models strongly suggest that chondrules, a key component of the meteoritical record, formed in regions with solids‐to‐gas mass ratios orders above the solar nebula average. However, models of dust grain dynamics in protoplanetary disks struggle to surpass concentration factors of a few except during very short‐lived stages in a dust grain's life. Worse, those models do not predict significant concentration factors for dust grains the size of chondrule precursors. We briefly develop the difficulty in concentrating dust particles in the context of nebular chondrule formation and show that the disagreement is sufficiently stark that cosmochemists should explore ideas that might revise the concentration factor requirements downward.
Endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarization‐mediated vasodilatation compensates nitric oxide‐mediated endothelial dysfunction during ischemia in diabetes‐induced canine coronary collateral microcirculation in vivo
Authors: Yada Toyotaka , Shimokawa Hiroaki , Tachibana Hiroyuki
Published: April 2018

Objectives

It has been previously demonstrated that endothelial caveolin‐1 plays crucial roles to produce an endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor in mouse mesenteric arteries. We examined whether this mechanism is involved in the endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarization‐mediated responses to compensate reduced NO‐mediated responses in diabetes mellitus during coronary occlusion in dogs in vivo.

Methods

Canine subepicardial collateral coronary small arteries (≥100 μm) and arterioles (<100 μm) were observed by an intravital microscope. Experiments were performed during occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (90 minutes) under the following conditions (n = 6 each); (i) control, (ii) diabetes mellitus, and (iii) diabetes mellitus+L‐NMMA+KCa channel blockade. Vascular and myocardial levels of caveolin‐1, eNOS, and caspase‐3 were measured by ELISA.

Results

Caveolin‐1 levels in the ischemic area were greater in coronary microvessels than in conduit arteries in the control group. NO‐mediated coronary vasodilatations of small arteries to bradykinin did not increase in diabetes mellitus associated with decreased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 compared with baseline of controls and were restored by compensation of endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarization and were suppressed by KCa channel blockade.

Conclusions

NO‐mediated vasodilatations of small coronary arteries during coronary occlusion are impaired in diabetes mellitus and are compensated by endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarization of arterioles in dogs in vivo.
Geographical evaluation of Neuroparacoccidioidomycosis and Paracoccidioidomycosis in Southern Brazil
Authors: de Almeida Sergio Monteiro , Salvador Gabriel L. O. , Roza Thiago Henrique , Izycki Luís Felipe , dos Santos Isaias , Aragão Afonso , Kulik Amanda , Muro Marisol , Torres Luis Fernando Bleggi , de Noronha Lucia
Published: April 2018

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most prevalent systemic mycosis among immunocompetent patients in Latin America. This study aimed to describe the expansion over time and the geographical distribution of confirmed Neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (NPCM) and PCM cases, and relate it to environmental characteristics such as climate, soil types and coffee crops. This was a retrospective study of autopsy and biopsy reports between 1951 and 2014 from the Medical Pathology Section of the Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Southern Brazil. PCM was predominant in male agricultural workers. PCM cases predominated in areas with subtropical climate with hot summers in North West Parana state. NPCM cases were distributed statewide more frequent in rural than metropolitan area. There was no association with climate, soil type, or coffee crop culture. Most of the PCM cases were in the metropolitan area of the capital, chiefly due to migration fluxes. Even though the history is predominantly agricultural, PCM cases were distributed mainly in the metropolitan area of the state capital, there was no association with climate and soil. NPCM cases were numerically more frequent in rural than metropolitan area.
Cryptococcal infections over a 15 year period at a tertiary facility & impact of guideline management
Authors: Gassiep Ian , Douglas Joel , Emeto Theophilus I. , Crawley Katherine , Playford Elliott G.
Published: April 2018

Cryptococcosis is an invasive fungal infection caused primarily by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species, presenting predominantly as meningoencephalitis. The aim of this study is to assess all cryptococcal infections managed at our facility from 2001 to 2015 to determine incidence, risk factors, and comparison of outcomes prior to and following introduction of the 2010 Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) guidelines. Retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed and treated for cryptococcal infection occurring between January 2001 and December 2015. Of 102 patients diagnosed with cryptococcal infection, 97 were eligible for study inclusion. There appears to be an overall increased incidence of cryptococcosis in both transplant and non‐transplant cohorts with a peak in 2015 of 6 transplant and 13 non‐transplant cases. In the meningitis cohort, 38/52 (73%) of identified isolates were C. neoformans, and 14/52 (27%) were C. gattii. Notably, 14/14 (100%) of C. gattii isolates were associated with meningitis, as compared to only 38/64 (59%) C. neoformans associated with meningitis (P: .003). It appears that patients presenting with cough are less likely to have meningitis, 17/27 (63%), (P: .005). When stratifying for culture positive meningitis lumbar puncture opening pressure, the median in the culture positive cohort was 31.5 cm H2O compared with 15.5 cm H2O (P: .036).Multiple admissions were required prior to diagnosis in the majority of cases with only 18/72 (25%) diagnosed on 1st presentation. Postguideline mortality has improved from 15% to 6.1% (P: .046). Cryptococcal infection remains relatively uncommon, but there appears to be an increasing trend in incidence. Overall mortality is relatively low and has improved since introduction of the 2010 IDSA guidelines.
Inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 decreases the expressions of caveolin‐1 and caveolin‐2 after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats
Authors: Xie Hui , Lu Wei‐cheng
Published: April 2018

This study aimed to investigate the effects of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) inhibition on blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity and the expressions of caveolae structural proteins caveolin‐1 and caveolin‐2 in rats with focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. BBB permeability was assessed by Evans blue extravasation. The mRNA and protein expressions of caveolin‐1 and caveolin‐2 were determined by RT‐PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry assays. We found that BBB permeability significantly increased and reaches its peak at 72 h of reperfusion in cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion rats and is able to be ameliorated by administration of HC‐067047, an antagonist of TRPV4. Additionally, it shows a significant upregulation of caveolin‐1 and caveolin‐2 expression in cerebral microvessels of ischemic tissue. However, treatment with HC‐067047 was shown to downregulate caveolin‐1 and caveolin‐2 expression during cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion. This study demonstrates that inhibition of TRPV4 ameliorates BBB leakage induced by ischemia‐reperfusion injury through the downregulation of caveolin‐1 and caveolin‐2.
Hydraulic safety margins and air‐seeding thresholds in roots, trunks, branches and petioles of four northern hardwood trees
Authors: Wason Jay W. , Anstreicher Katherine S. , Stephansky Nathan , Huggett Brett A. , Brodersen Craig R.
Published: April 2018

During drought, xylem sap pressures can approach or exceed critical thresholds where gas embolisms form and propagate through the xylem network, leading to systemic hydraulic dysfunction. The vulnerability segmentation hypothesis (VSH) predicts that low‐investment organs (e.g. leaf petioles) should be more vulnerable to embolism spread compared to high‐investment, perennial organs (e.g. trunks, stems), as a means of mitigating embolism spread and excessive negative pressures in the perennial organs.

We tested this hypothesis by measuring air‐seeding thresholds using the single‐vessel air‐injection method and calculating hydraulic safety margins in four northern hardwood tree species of the northeastern United States, in both saplings and canopy height trees, and at five points along the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum.

Acer rubrumwas the most resistant to air‐seeding and generally supported theVSH. However,Fagus grandifolia,Fraxinus americanaandQuercus rubrashowed little to no variation in air‐seeding thresholds across organ types within each species.

Leaf‐petiole xylem operated at water potentials close to or exceeding their hydraulic safety margins in all species, whereas roots, trunks and stems ofA. rubrum,F. grandifoliaandQ. rubraoperated within their safety margins, even during the third‐driest summer in the last 100 yr.
Geographic versus environmental space: Patterns of potential native and exotic woody propagule pressure on New Zealand's indigenous grasslands
Authors: Hua Xiaobin , Ohlemüller Ralf
Published: April 2018

Indigenous grassland ecosystems worldwide are increasingly subject to shrub encroachment. A key factor determining encroachment patterns is the availability of shrub propagules in the areas surrounding the grasslands. We here provide a multi‐scale spatial analysis of the geographic distribution (geographic space) and the climatic conditions (environmental space) of potential native and exotic shrub propagule pressure for New Zealand's main grassland types. We show that alpine grasslands are most at risk from native, and low‐producing grasslands are most at risk from exotic shrub propagule pressure. Inferred spatial patterns of potential propagule pressure differ between the local, landscape and regional scale.
National trends in emergency department visits and hospitalizations for food‐induced anaphylaxis in US children
Authors: Motosue Megan S. , Bellolio M. Fernanda , Van Houten Holly K. , Shah Nilay D. , Campbell Ronna L.
Published: April 2018

Background

Food is the leading cause of anaphylaxis in children seen in emergency departments in the United States, yet data on emergency department visits and hospitalizations related to food‐induced anaphylaxis are limited. The objective of our study was to examine national time trends of pediatric food‐induced anaphylaxis‐related emergency department visits and hospitalizations.

Methods

We conducted an observational study using a national administrative claims database from 2005 through 2014. Participants were younger than 18 years with an emergency department visit or hospitalization for food‐induced anaphylaxis. Outcome measures of our study included time trends of pediatric food‐induced anaphylaxis‐related emergency department visits and hospitalizations, including observations (in an emergency department or a hospital unit), inpatient admissions, and intensive care unit admissions.

Results

During the study period, participants had 7310 food‐induced anaphylaxis‐related emergency department visits. Emergency department visits for food‐induced anaphylaxis increased by 214% (P < .001); the highest rates were in infants and toddlers (age 0‐2 years). Rates of emergency department visits significantly increased in all age‐groups, with the highest increase in adolescents (age 13‐17 years: 413%; P < .001). Peanuts accounted for the highest rates (5.85 per 100 000 in 2014) followed by tree nuts/seeds (4.62 per 100 000 in 2014). The greatest increase in rates of emergency department visits for food‐induced anaphylaxis occurred with tree nuts/seeds (373.0% increase during the study period).

Conclusions

The incidence of food‐induced anaphylaxis has significantly increased over time in children of all ages. Food‐induced anaphylaxis in children is an important national public health concern.
Identification of novel interactors and potential phosphorylation substrates of GsSnRK1 from wild soybean (Glycine soja)
Authors: Song Yu , Zhang Hang , You Hongguang , Liu Yuanming , Chen Chao , Feng Xu , Yu Xingyu , Wu Shengyang , Wang Libo , Zhong Shihua , Li Qiang , Zhu Yanming , Ding Xiaodong
Published: April 2018

The plant sucrose nonfermenting kinase 1 (SnRK1) kinases play the central roles in the processes of energy balance, hormone perception, stress resistance, metabolism, growth, and development. However, the functions of these kinases are still elusive. In this study, we used GsSnRK1 of wild soybean as bait to perform library‐scale screens by the means of yeast two‐hybrid to identify its interacting proteins. The putative interactions were verified by yeast retransformation and β‐galactosidase assays, and the selected interactions were further confirmed in planta by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and biochemical Co‐IP assays. Protein phosphorylation analyses were carried out by phos‐tag assay and anti‐phospho‐(Ser/Thr) substrate antibodies. Finally, we obtained 24 GsSnRK1 interactors and several putative substrates that can be categorized into SnRK1 regulatory β subunit, protein modification, biotic and abiotic stress‐related, hormone perception and signalling, gene expression regulation, water and nitrogen transport, metabolism, and unknown proteins. Intriguingly, we first discovered that GsSnRK1 interacted with and phosphorylated the components of soybean nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The interactions and potential functions of GsSnRK1 and its associated proteins were extensively discussed and analysed. This work provides plausible clues to elucidate the novel functions of SnRK1 in response to variable environmental, metabolic, and physiological requirements.
New Rebels in Postconflict Settings: The Principal–Agent Dilemma of Peacebuilding
Authors: Kreutz Joakim
Published: April 2018

This article explores the processes that lead to different types of civil war outbreak in postconflict societies, combining quantitative analysis with case studies of Myanmar and Sierra Leone to disaggregate situations in which former rebels resume fighting from those when new rebels emerge in the postconflict environment. The analysis, based in principal–agent theory, illuminates how relations between the government and ex‐rebel elites, group cohesion among rebels, and the relationship between the government and the ex‐combatants all can lead to resumed civil war. Its findings suggest that victories and settled conflicts are the most important outcome for preventing conflict recurrence by former rebels, but do not prevent the rise of new insurgencies. Moreover, the absence of government repression emerges as the factor most likely to reduce the risk of new rebellion.
The End of the Armed Conflict in Colombia: A Multiple Causal Factor Explanation
Authors: Valenzuela Pedro
Published: April 2018

This article attempts to explain the decision by the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—People's Army (FARC) guerrilla movement to bring to an end the longest internal armed conflict in Latin America. It does so by analyzing changes in interparty, intraparty, and contextual factors.
Elevated CO2 may alter pheromonal communication in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Choi Kyung San , Ahn Seung‐Joon , Kim Su Bin , Ahn Jeong Joon , Jung Bong Nam , Go Sang Wook , Kim Dong‐Soon
Published: April 2018

Carbon dioxide (CO2) as a greenhouse gas has been increasing in recent decades. Because an elevated atmospheric CO2 influences insect physiology and behaviour, we hypothesize that pheromone–mediated communication in the moth is affected by an increased CO2 level. We test the behavioural responses of male Helicoverpa armigera to sex pheromone in a wind tunnel, demonstrating a significant reduction of approaching behaviour to the odour source at a high CO2 level (1000 ppm). Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of male to the pheromone component are also significantly suppressed in high CO2 environments (600 and 1000 ppm), indicating that a high CO2 level inhibits both behavioural and electrophysiological responses of male to the sex pheromone. Interestingly, the EAG response of the whole head preparation of males is influenced more by the elevated CO2 level than that of the antenna‐cut preparation. A sequential increase of CO2 levels from an ambient CO2 level also decreases the EAG response of the whole head but not of the labial palp‐removed head, implying a potential mediation of labial palp in the head where the CO2 receptor is located. By contrast, sex pheromone production in females reared under or shifted to an elevated CO2 condition is increased, and the putative underlying mechanism for this is discussed. The present study provides an insight into the adaptive strategy of moth pheromone communication in a changing environment.
Macroalgae as a sustainable aquafeed ingredient
Authors: Wan Alex H.L. , Davies Simon J. , Soler‐Vila Anna , Fitzgerald Richard , Johnson Mark P.
Published: April 2018

Macroalgae, commonly known as seaweed, offer a novel and added‐value dietary ingredient in formulated diets for fish. Production of biomass can be achieved without reliance on expensive arable land, as seaweed may be collected from coastal regions or farmed. There are three taxonomic groups represented by the term ‘macroalgae’: Rhodophyta (red), Chlorophyta (green) and Phaeophyta (brown). Like terrestrial plants, nutritional content in macroalgae can vary greatly amongst species, genera, divisions, seasons and locations. Aside from their basic nutritional value, seaweeds contain a number of pigments, defensive and storage compounds, and secondary metabolites that could have beneficial effects on farmed fish. This review appraises the beneficial qualities of these macroalgae compounds and their potential for exploitation in commercial finfish feeds. The current knowledge of the effects of macroalgae inclusion in finfish diets is also addressed. From these >50 fish feeding studies that were analysed, enhancing trends in fish growth, physiology, stress resistance, immune system and fillet muscle quality were reported. However, only a small fraction of algal species have so far been investigated as potential components in finfish diets, and furthermore, this review has identified a number of knowledge gaps that current research has yet to address. To conclude, an appraisal is made of the possible technologies employed to exploit seaweeds to an industrial level through stabilising the algal meal, enhancing the digestibility and functional food properties.
Existing Regulatory Approaches to Reducing Exposures to Chemical‐ and Product‐Based Risk and Their Applicability to Diet‐Related Chronic Disease
Authors: Cohen Deborah A. , Knopman Debra S.
Published: April 2018

We aimed to identify and categorize the types of policies that have been adopted to protect Americans from harmful exposures that could also be relevant for addressing diet‐related chronic diseases. This article examines and categorizes the rationales behind government regulation. Our interest in the historical analysis is to inform judgments about how best to address newly emergent risks involving diet‐related chronic disease within existing regulatory and information‐based frameworks. We assessed exemplars of regulation with respect to harmful exposures from air, water, and food, as well as regulations that are intended to modify voluntary behaviors. Following the comparative analysis, we explored how exposures that lead to diet‐related chronic diseases among the general population fit within models of regulation adopted for other comparable risks. We identified five rationales and five approaches that protect people from harmful exposures. Reasons for regulation include: protection from involuntary exposure to risk, high risk of death or chronic illness, ubiquity of risk, counteraction to limit compulsive behaviors, and promotion of population health. Regulatory approaches include: mandatory limits on use, mandatory limits on exposure, mandatory controls on quality, mandatory labeling, and voluntary guidance. In contrast to the use of mandates, the prevention of diet‐related chronic diseases thus far has largely relied on information‐only approaches and voluntary adoption of guidelines. There is ample precedent for mandatory regulatory approaches that could address harms related to exposure to unhealthy diets, but several barriers to action would need to be overcome.
Public‐private discord in the land acquisition law: Insights from Rajarhat in India
Authors: Mallik Chinmoyee
Published: April 2018

The Indian state is empowered to acquire land on behalf of private companies by virtue of ‘eminent domain’ outlined in the Land Acquisition Act 1894. Several amendments to the 1894 Land Acquisition Act have broadened the purview of the ‘public purpose’ clause and have facilitated more state intervention in land acquisition on behalf of private capital. Rather than questioning the legitimacy of the prevailing practice of state intervention to resolve the glitches of access to land by private corporations, the New Act of 2013 has expanded the ambit of ‘public purpose’ to include public‐private‐partnership projects. This paper seeks to look into the political economy of why the neoliberal state must continue to acquire land on behalf of the capitalists in the liberalized economy. This paper also attempts to bring out the implications of divergent livelihood outcome under state acquisition and direct corporate land purchase for the land acquisition framework in India through the case study of Rajarhat New Town in West Bengal.
The conflict mindset: How internal conflicts affect self‐regulation
Authors: Kleiman Tali , Enisman Maya
Published: April 2018

Internal conflicts are inherent to individuals' everyday experience. In this paper, we present the idea of the “conflict mindset.” We argue that internal conflicts evoke a unique information processing strategy that builds on the simultaneous accessibility of two (or more) conflicting alternatives. Once a conflict is activated, the procedure underlying it is primed and can be applied to any relevant subsequent judgment that need not overlap in content with the conflict that originally gave rise to the mindset. We present research demonstrating that the conflict mindset broadens cognitive scope, as well as serves a proactive function for resolving subsequent conflicts. We further describe both intra‐personal and inter‐personal implications of the conflict mindset on an array of variables. We briefly discuss other mindsets that share common features with the conflict mindset, elaborate on the uniqueness of the conflict mindset compared to other cognitive and motivational processes, and present lingering questions and future directions.
Improving quality of care for patients with iron deficiency anemia presenting to the emergency department
Authors: Khadadah Fatima , Callum Jeannie , Shelton Dominick , Lin Yulia
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are underrecognized, undertreated with iron, and overtransfused. A 3‐month audit of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions at the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre ED in 2013 showed that only 53% of transfusions for IDA were appropriate. The aim of this quality improvement project was to increase the rate of appropriate transfusion to greater than 80%.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Since November 2013, several quality improvement interventions have been implemented, including educational presentations, development of an algorithm on IDA management in the ED, and development of an ED IDA toolkit. The primary outcome was appropriateness of RBC transfusions per month. The process measure was monthly intravenous (IV) iron use in IDA patients managed exclusively by ED staff. Balancing measures included IV iron use according to the algorithm and undertransfusion.

RESULTS

Over a 24‐month period beginning January 2014, assessment of 193 units transfused in the ED showed an improvement of RBC appropriateness to 91% (range 50%‐100%). IV iron use increased from one dose in the 3‐month audit to an average of 2.6 and 4.7 per month in 2014 and 2015, respectively. IV iron use did not follow the algorithm in 19% (18 of 93) of cases: 12 were given to patients with less severe iron deficiency or bleeding.

CONCLUSION

Improved RBC transfusion appropriateness for IDA in the ED can be achieved and maintained with the implementation of simple educational and practical interventions.
Efficacy of D– red blood cell transfusion and rituximab therapy in autoimmune hemolytic anemia with anti‐D and panreactive autoantibodies arising after hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Authors: Minakawa Keiji , Ohto Hitoshi , Yasuda Hiroyasu , Saito Shunichi , Kawabata Kinuyo , Ogawa Kazuei , Nollet Kenneth E. , Ikeda Kazuhiko
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is caused by autoantibodies to red blood cells (RBCs), which can be panreactive and/or specific to Rh/other blood group antigens. We report a severe case of AIHA after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) due to autoanti‐D triggered by reactivation of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection. A combined strategy of D– RBC transfusion and administration of anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) resolved the hemolysis.

CASE REPORT

A 33‐year‐old male underwent allogeneic BMT from an ABO‐identical and HLA‐matched unrelated male donor. Five months later, while having mild chronic graft‐versus‐host disease, he manifested AIHA, with a hemoglobin (Hb) level of 5.1 g/dL on AIHA Day 2 (Posttransplant Day 156) and was refractory to D+ RBCs, with a Hb level of 2.4 g/dL on AIHA Day 6. Anti‐D–like autoantibodies (titer 1280, subclass immunoglobulin G1, monocyte monolayer assay 28.7%) and panreactive (titer 40) were identified. Changing the RBC transfusion strategy to D– increased his Hb level to 6.7 g/dL on Day 10. Administration of anti‐CD20 MoAb mitigated EBV‐related B‐cell proliferation and reduced anti‐D autoantibody titer to 320 by Day 16 with normalized Hb concentration after 6 months.

CONCLUSION

In severe AIHA, when standard treatment and regular RBC transfusions are ineffective, transfusion of RBCs lacking the target antigen(s) of autoantibodies and administration of anti‐CD20 MoAb should be considered.
Peripartum management of HLA alloimmune platelet refractoriness
Authors: Peña Jeremy Ryan , Sudhof Leanna , O'Brien Barbara
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Platelet (PLT) refractoriness presents a challenging problem for transfusion support, especially in the perioperative setting, where there is urgency for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐compatible units, yet identification and provision of compatible PLT concentrates requires time.

CASE REPORT

A 22‐year‐old G3P1 woman with thrombocytopenia due to aplastic anemia, likely autoimmune, presented in her third trimester for peripartum care and newly diagnosed HLA alloimmune PLT refractoriness. Despite early planning, the patient developed bleeding requiring urgent delivery. Notably, the patient also developed strong allele‐specific HLA antibody, precluding the use of HLA‐matched PLTs.

RESULTS

Using full‐range HLA testing services and multidisciplinary physician planning, several HLA‐compatible PLT concentrates were procured to support her peripartum bleeding.

CONCLUSION

We describe what appears to be the first reported case of management of transfusion support of PLT refractoriness peripartum. Although complicated by allele‐specific HLA antibodies, using a combination of acceptable low‐level antibodies and crossmatching we successfully identified HLA‐compatible PLT concentrates resulting in posttransfusion PLT count increments.