bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tooth and surface patterns of dental caries in 12‐year‐old urban children in East Africa
Authors: Manji Firoze , Mosha Hiasinti , Frencken Jo
Published: May 2006

Abstract In this report on the findings of a baseline study designed to monitor changes in the prevalence of dental caries in 12‐yr‐old children in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi, the details relating to the pattern of carious attack on particular tooth and surface types are described. In both populations molars accounted for over 90% of all affected teeth and in both groups first molars were more affected than second molars. Very few anterior teeth were affected in either population, though caries of the incisors and canines accounted for a greater proportion of affected teeth in Nairobi (3.4%) than in Dar es Salaam (0.6%). Significantly more mandibular first and second molars were affected in Dar es Salaam than in Nairobi, though in Nairobi the maxillary first molars were more affected than in Dar es Salaam. Occlusal surfaces were the most common site for caries in both populations. With the exception of buccal surfaces, smooth surface caries tended to be higher in Nairobi than in Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam children had, however, a significantly higher mean DPS score for occlusal surfaces. The preponderance of occlusal caries indicates that relatively simple restorative care is required to meet the needs of the two populations, and it is suggested that such care could be largely provided by auxiliary dental personnel.
Changes in epidemiologic pattern of dental caries in cohorts of schoolchildren in Espoo, Finland, during a 3‐year period
Authors: Nordblad Anne
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to establish the distribution of need for treatment of dental caries and also to evaluate the changes in the distribution of DMFT scores in cohorts of schoolchildren aged 7–15 yr. There was a decrease in the proportion of children with high DMFT scores during the study period. The difference was most pronounced at the age of 13 yr. Polarization of the DMFT scores was most obvious at 10 yr, but was also seen at 13 yr. The proportion of patients at risk of caries differs from one age group to another.
Oral health status and needs for dental treatment in geriatric patients in a Danish district hospital
Authors: Brauer Lise , Bessermann Mogens , Frijs‐Madsen Bent , Brauer Erik
Published: May 2006

Abstract Oral health status and dental treatment needs were investigated in 50 randomly selected patients in the geriatric department of a Danish district hospital. All the participants were examined clinically and radiologically. Oral health status was generally poor. Ten participants required no dental treatment. The remaining 40 participants needed some kind of treatment, mainly prosthetic and surgical. The 40 participants requiring treatment were all asked whether or not they wanted the proposed treatment. Only 18 were interested. The participants were divided into three groups according to their medical status. 28 participants had a poor medical status. It was estimated that these patients once having left the hospital would never be able to visit a dentist on their own initiative, and therefore should be treated institutionally.
Severeness of toothache and other symptoms as a function of frequency of occurence and intensity
Authors: Verhey J. G. C. , Hoogstraten J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The relative severeness of toothache and two non‐dental symptoms (headache, stomach complaints) was judged by men and women (n= 47). Each symptom was specified for two frequencies of occurrence (from time to time and regular) and two levels of intensity (minor and heavy). The methods used were paired comparisons and direct ranking of the 12 (3×2×2) verbal stimuli. Subjects were highly consistent in their pairwise choices. Agreement between judges was also highly significant. The overall ordering of the severity of the stimuli showed a perfect correspondence between the two methods. ‘Heavy regular headache’, ‘heavy regular stomach complaints’, and ‘heavy regular toothache’ were the three symptoms judged most severe. Headache, stomach complaints and toothache, specified as low on frequency and intensity, were judged least severe. Log‐linear model fitting showed that the influence of intensity on the preference of a symptom is independent of the frequency of occurrence, and vice versa.
Caries levels and patterns in head start children in fluoridated and non‐fluoridated, urban and non‐urban sites in Ohio, USA
Authors: Johnsen David Chris , Bhat Mohandas , Kim Michael Tongkyu , Hagman Francis Thomas , Allee Lyn Maxwell , Creedon Robert Lewis , Easley Michael Wayne
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine caries levels and prevalences of previously identified caries patterns in low income children in the primary dentition in Ohio, USA. Children were examined from urban fluoridated (n= 505), urban non‐fluoridated (n= 395), non‐urban optimal fluoride (n= 183), and non‐urban suboptimal fluoride (n= 227) sites. Caries scores were similar for the two sites having optimal fluoride; scores from fluoridated sites were lower than scores from the two suboptimal fluoride sites. Children from all four sites were caries‐free ranging from 36% in the urban non‐fluoridated site to 50% in the non‐urban optimally fluoride site. More children in the suboptimal fluoridated sites had smooth surface lesions than in the optimally fluoridated sites. More children with defect associated lesions had fewer than six (x2= 222; P<0.01) carious surfaces than did children with smooth surface lesions.
The Dental Attitudes Questionnaire: comparing two response formats
Authors: Hoogstraten Joh. , Broers N. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract In 1984 the Dental Attitudes Questionnaire, an instrument for assessing oral health care attitudes, was proposed. The DAQ has six content scales (Cynicism, Health Concern, Motivation, Oral Function, Social Aesthetic, Susceptibility) and two validity scales (Halo, Infrequency). The original items had an ‘agree‐disagree’ format. We compared this dichotomous format with a six‐point response format. Results obtained with the two‐point scale did not meet acceptable psychometric criteria. The six‐point scale resulted in acceptable item and subtest parameters and variance, internal reliability and test/retest reliability. For eight items, rewording was suggested. Future research is indicated.
Periodontal disease in adolescents: epidemiologic findings in Navajo Indians
Authors: Wolfe Mary D. , Carlos James P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A cross‐sectional epidemiologic survey was conducted of 618 Navajo Indians, aged 14–19, resident in a boarding school in New Mexico. Periodontal status was assessed by clinical measurements of attachment level and gingival bleeding, and evidence of alveolar bone loss from standardized bitewing radiographs. Attachment level and gingival bleeding were measured at 24 posterior interproximal sites (six sites in each quadrant): the mesio‐buccal aspect of the second molar; the disto‐buccal and mesio‐buccal aspects of the first molar and second premolar; and the disto‐buccal aspect of the first premolar. Alveolar bone level was measured from radiographs at the corresponding approximal surfaces of the same teeth. Attachment loss was considered present when the distance from the CEJ to the base of the pocket was > 1 mm; bone loss was considered present when the radiographic distance from the CEJ to the alveolar crest was > 2 mm, and gingival bleeding was considered present if bleeding occurred immediately after gentle probing. Attachment loss was evident at one or more sites in 88.7% of the population, 45.9% of the subjects had attachment loss at eight or more sites, and 101 subjects (16.3%) had one or more sites with at least 4.0 mm of attachment loss. Bone loss was present at one or more sites in 89.2% of the population, 28.6% had eight or more affected sites, and 4.7% (29 subjects) had one or more sites with at least 2.0 mm of bone loss. Gingival bleeding was evident at one or more sites in 70.6% of the population, and 19.7% had eight or more affected sites. None of the conditions were strongly associated with sex, but the prevalence of bone loss increased with age. The prevalence and severity of incipient periodontitis seemed much higher in these subjects than previously reported in other adolescent groups when similar diagnostic criteria and methods of measurement were used.
Relative importance of periodontal disease for full mouth extractions in the Netherlands
Authors: Bouma Jelte , Schaub Rob M. H. , van de Poel Fons
Published: May 2006

Abstract In order to determine the relative importance of periodontal disease, caries and non‐disease reasons for full mouth extractions, a combined socio dental study was carried out in an urban and a rural area in the Netherlands. In the largest proportion of patients (57%) caries was the predominant disease. In only a small group (13%) was periodontal breakdown the predominant characteristic. In 16% of the patients non‐disease factors possibly played a role because in this group no aeneralized periodontal disease or caries was found. It was concluded that in urban and rural areas and in all age groups caries and not periodontal disease was the most important reason for full mouth extractions. Non‐disease factors may play a role in the decision to carry out full mouth extractions. Patients living in areas with different dentist‐population ratios have a comparable caries status and periodontal condition at the time of full mouth extractions.
Relationship between malocclusion and maintenance of teeth
Authors: Hörup Niels , Melsen Birte , Terp Svend
Published: May 2006

Abstract The relationship between the presence of malocclusion and maintenance of teeth in adulthood was studied in a randomly drawn sample of 499 35–44‐yr‐old Danes. Maintenance of teeth in the past was expressed through the number of teeth present, attachment level and information of regularity of dental visits. Maintenance at present was expressed as caries present, plaque and gingivitis. The relationship of these parameters to the presence of a malocclusion symptom was analyzed directly and the indirect influence was studied through the influence of a subjectively perceived malocclusion and its impact on satisfaction. It appeared that satisfaction was significantly related to maintenance of teeth and to a positive dental behavior. A perceived malocclusion was shown to have a negative influence on satisfaction and thus indirectly on maintenance. If a public orthodontic service is aiming at lifetime maintenance of teeth, malocclusions leading to dissatisfaction with teeth and a subjectively perceived need should be taken into consideration when ranking children with regard to treatment priority.
Survey of periodontal disease among workers in Tianjin using Ramfjord's Periodontal Disease Index (PDI)
Authors: Wang Wen Jin , Liu Chang Yun , Liu De Zhang , Lee Chin Jiang
Published: May 2006

Abstract An epidemiologic study of periodontal disease according to Ramfjord's PDI among 2284 workers was performed in Tianjin in 1982. This study included 1066 men and 1218 women, aged 18–50. The prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis was 89.5% and 44.4%, respectively. Only 28 workers were free from periodontal disease. Gingivitis and periodontitis were highly prevalent in both sexes, but men had more severe gingivitis and periodontitis than women. The better oral hygiene of the women may account for this difference.
Dental health and parity in three 70‐year‐old cohorts
Authors: Rundgren Åke , Österberg Tor
Published: May 2006

Abstract In three cohorts of 70‐yr‐olds in Gothenburg, Sweden, born in 1901/02, 1906/07 and 1911/12, the relationship between oral health and parity was studied in 713 women and between oral health and the reported number of children in 660 men of the same cohorts. For women in all three cohorts, the number of teeth decreased in relation to increasing number of children that they had given birth to. Significantly more women with high parity were edentulous in one or both jaws compared to the other groups. Among parous compared to nulliparous women the age for becoming edentulous occurred earlier. The number of intact teeth was lower in parous compared to nulliparous women. Among the men no relation was found between oral health and the number of their children. When socioeconomic factors were taken into consideration the above described relations between declining dental health and increasing parity remained on about the same level of significance. Although pronounced cohort differences were found, a relationship between parity and dental health was found in all cohorts, indicating a general biological influence of repeated pregnancies.
Developmental oral anomalies among schoolchildren in Gizan region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Salem G. , Holm S. A. , Fattah R. , Basset S. , Nasser C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The present report gives prevalence values for some developmental oral anomalies in 1932 schoolchildren aged 6–12 yr in Gizan region, Saudi Arabia. The developmental oral anomalies identified in this study were: torus palatinus (1.4%), fissured tongue (0.8%), geographic tongue (0.2%), and tongue tie (0.1%). None of the following developmental oral anomalies were observed: lip pits, cleft lip and/ or palate, torus mandibularis, microglossia, macroglossia or median rhomboid glossitis.
Prevalence of oral and facial pain and discomfort: preliminary results of a mail survey
Authors: Locker David , Grushka Miriam
Published: May 2006

Abstract A mail survey was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of oral and facial pain and discomfort in the City of Toronto. Self‐complete questionnaires were sent to a random sample of 1014 persons drawn from the voter's list. Replies were received from 72% of those eligible. Overall, 53% of respondents had experienced some pain or discomfort in the 4 wk prior to the completion of the questionnaire. The most common kinds of pain and discomfort reported were pain in the teeth with hot or cold fluids (28.8%), sore and bleeding gums (26.3%) and toothache (14.1 %). Pain in jaws, face and oral mucosa was reported by less than 10% of the subjects. While much of the pain experienced by the respondents was classified as mild, half (50.1%) said that it was moderately severe or severe. Only 40% of those reporting pain had sought the advice of a dentist or doctor. Sex differences in the reporting of pain were small and statistically non‐significant, although age differences were marked and significant. The younger age groups were more likely to report both pain and discomfort than the older age groups. The survey has revealed a substantial amount of oral and facial pain in the community, much of which is not subject to professional attention.
Effect of fluoride containing dentifrice, mouthrinsing, and varnish on approximal dental caries in a 3‐year clinical trial
Authors: Axelsson Per , Paulander Jörgen , Nordkvist Karin , Karlsson Rolf
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the separate effect of fluoride dentifrice, fluoride mouthrinsing and fluoride varnish on approximal dental caries. All 252 13–14‐yr‐old children at an elementary school were selected al random and divided among four groups for a 3‐yr longitudinal study. Group 1 received a fluoride dentifrice for home care and a fluoride mouthrinse once a week. Group 2 received a fluoride dentifrice for home care and a placebo mouthrinse once a week. Group 3 received a fluoride dentifrice for home care and a fluoride varnish once every 3 months. Group 4 received a placebo dentifrice for home care and a fluoride rinse once a week. Fluoride rinsing did not give any additional effect compared with placebo‐rinsing when a fluoride dentifrice was used for home care. Fluoride varnish gave a significant caries reduction compared with fluoride rinsing.
Dental needs, demands and patterns of service utilization in a selected Malaysian urban population
Authors: Razak Ishak Abdul , Jaafar Nasruddin
Published: May 2006

Abstract The dental needs, demands and patterns of service utilization were assessed in a randomly selected sample of 750 subjects attending the Dental Faculty, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Toothache accounted for the most frequent overall dental complaint. However, the most common motives for seeking dental care varied among children (2–12 yr), adolescents (13–18 yr) and adults (19 + yr). The attendance behavior of women is more preventively orientated and more inclined towards rehabilitation compared to that of men. The proportion of normative needs of the patients varies from 7.5% for dentures to 66% for dental caries. About 50% of service utilization for the first visit consisted primarily of extractions in the oral surgery department.
Treatment time analysis for extensive amalgam restorations
Authors: Plasmans Paul J. J. M. , van 't Hof Martin A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The treatment times for the fabrication of Extensive Amalgam Restorations (EAR) as recorded in a longitudinal clinical trial at the Dental School in Nijmegen were analyzed. 269 EAR's with different retention methods were made on molars by three operators. A mean total treatment time of 60 min was found. The factor operator had a significant influence on all treatment phases resulting in a 26% difference in total treatment time between operators. Also significant influences were found in some treatment phases for the factor retention, side location of the tooth and extension of the restoration. The results of this study with regard to treatment times must be considered from the perspective of the quality of the care provided.
Reproducibility of an assessment scale of denture quality
Authors: Vervoorn Johanna M. , Duinkerke Adriaan S. H. , Luteijn Frans , Bouman Theo K. , van de Poel Alphons C. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Assessment of denture quality is important in prosthetic research. The aim of this investigation was to determine the intra‐ and inter examiner reliability of denture quality assessment. Three groups of patients with full maxillary and mandibular dentures and two dentists participated. The patients in group 1 (n= 195) were examined by the two dentists independently, in group 2 (n= 35) twice by one of the dentists and in group 3 (n= 20) twice by the other dentist. A denture quality scale was constructed containing nine variables. The internal consistency (coefficient alpha) of this scale was 0.60. The intra‐ and inter examiner reliability was between 0.59 and 0.86. For individual items of this scale these values were between 0.22 and 1.00.
Oral health and factors related to oral health in Polish schoolchildren
Authors: Wierzbicka Maria , Carlsson Peter , Struzycka Izabela , Iwanicka‐Frankowska Ewa , Bratthall Douglas
Published: May 2006

Abstract The oral health and factors related to oral health were surveyed in 168 schoolchildren, aged 10–12 years, attending one school in Warsaw. The children were examined for dental caries and gingival status, dental plaque and salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts. An interview on dietary habits and use of fluoridated toothpaste was also performed. The results showed a mean DMFT of 4.7 in the sample. Gingival Index 1 and Plaque Index 3 were median scores for the majority of the children. S. mutans was demonstrated in 94% of the children and high numbers were found in 15%. Lactobacillus sp. Were present in all examined children, with high counts in 56% of the subjects. The interview revealed that most of the children eat five or six times per day and consume candies or cakes each day. Fluoridated toothpaste was not used regularly by any of the children. In conclusion this study shows a high prevalence of dental disease and an unfavorable combination of etiologic factors.
Oral health effects of smokeless tobacco use in Navajo Indian adolescents
Authors: Wolfe Mary D. , Carlos James P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Recent reports have suggested that the use of smokeless tobacco is increasing in adolescents, and is particularly high in Native Americans, causing concern about possible effects on oral health. In this study, 226 Navajo Indians, aged 14–19, were interviewed regarding their use of smokeless tobacco (ST), cigarettes, and alcohol. Midbuccal and mesiobuccal sites on all fully erupted permanent teeth (excluding third molars) were examined for the presence of gingival bleeding, gingival recession, calculus, and loss of periodontal attachment. The oral mucosa was examined for evidence of leukoplakia. 64.2% (145) of the subjects (75.4% of the boys and 49.0%. of the girls) were users of ST. Of these, over 95% used snuff alone or in combination with chewing tobacco. 55.9% used ST one or more days per week. 52.2% consumed alcohol, usually beer or wine, and 54.0% smoked cigarettes. 25.5% (37) of the users and 3.7% (3) of the non‐users had leukoplakia. The duration (in years) and frequency of ST use (days per week) were highly significant risk factors associated with leukoplakia. However, the concomitant use of alcohol or cigarettes did not appear to increase the prevalence of these lesions. No consistent relationship was observed between the use of ST and gingival bleeding, calculus, gingival recession, or attachment loss, either when comparing users to non‐users or when comparing the segment where the tobacco quid was habitually placed to a within‐subject control segment. In view of these results, there is little doubt that smokeless tobacco is significantly related to the etiology of leukoplakia. As some evidence exists that smokeless tobacco use is a significant risk factor associated with oral carcinoma, intervention programs to discourage the use of smokeless tobacco by adolescents should be a public health priority.
Variability in assessment of need for orthodontic treatment when using certain treatment‐need indices
Authors: Järvinen Seppo , Väätäjä Pertti
Published: May 2006

Abstract The need for orthodontic treatment was assessed in a sample of 29 children by using four treatment‐need indices (TSMHB by the Swedish Medical Health Board, HMAR by Salzmann, INOT by Ingervall & Ronnerman, and TPI by Grainger). Furthermore, the need for treatment was evaluated clinically according to the criteria of Jarvinen. When scoring the cases, and when selecting the cases with the highest scores, the study showed a marked variation between the indices, and indicated that the different methods selected different groups of children for treatment. Indirectly, the conclusion could be drawn that there were differences in the validity of the indices, even though it was not possible to evaluate the degree of validity on the basis of the knowledge we have today about the disadvantages and consequences of malocclusions.
Decision processes preceding full mouth extractions
Authors: Bouma Jelte , Westert Gert , Schaub Rob M. H. , van de Poel Fons
Published: May 2006

Abstract Full mouth extraction is the final step in a continuous process in which not only dental but also social processes play a role. In a research project concerning the reasons for full mouth extractions in The Netherlands, it was found that over one‐third of the patients had considered full mouth extractions at least once before, and 16% considered it frequently over a period of many years. Anxiety was the most important reason for not visiting a dentist. In the patients' view in 86% of the cases they were the initiator of the decision to have all their teeth extracted. According to the dentist the patients initiated full mouth extraction in 70% of the cases. Dentists and patients agreed that irregular attenders more often took the initiative than regular attenders. Most patients (87%) had discussed the decision to have all teeth extracted with one or more persons; different contacts were reported by 14% percent of the patients. According to Freidson's lay referral theory two groups could be identified: a group with a severely truncated lay referral structure and a group characterized by a more extended lay referral structure. The first group was older (46 versus 36 yr) and had a more positive attitude towards full dentures. In order to avoid problems dentists are recommended to involve (a representative of) the patient's social network when important decisions have to be taken.
Epidemiologic study of idiopathic enamel hypomineralization in permanent teeth of Swedish children
Authors: Koch Göran , Hallonsten Anna‐Lena , Ludvigsson Nils , Hansson Bengt Olof , Hoist Annalena , Ullbro Christer
Published: May 2006

Abstract In the late seventies an increasing number of children showing extensive and severe idiopathic hypomineralization of the enamel of incisors and permanent first molars was reported within the Public Dental Services in Sweden. An epidemiologic study was initiated to analyze the prevalence, extension and severity in Swedish children born in 1970 and in the years before and after. 2252 children born in 1966–74 were examined according to well defined criteria on enamel hypomineralization. It was found that 15.4% of the children born in 1970 showed such changes. The corresponding figures for children born in 1966, 1969, 1971, 1972 and 1974 were 6.3, 7.3, 7.1, 5.2 and 4.4, respectively.
Oral mucosal lesions among institutionalized elderly in Denmark
Authors: Vigild Merete
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among institutionalized elderly. The study population comprised 486 elderly from eight nursing homes, and 199 elderly from five hospital long‐term care facilities in the eastern part of Denmark. Approximately half of the subjects exhibited one or more pathologic conditions of the oral mucosa. Denture related traumatic ulcerations were found in 3.9% of the nursing home residents, compared to 8.3% among the elderly in hospital long‐term care. The most prevalent finding was denture stomatitis, which was manifest in about one third of the elderly. The prevalence was strongly influenced by the denture hygiene; 54% of the elderly with poor denture hygiene suffered from denture stomatitis, as compared to only 7% of those with clean dentures. The prevalence of denture stomatitis was also related to the usage of dentures at night and to the age of the dentures. The prevalence decreased significantly with increasing age, although the oldest age group did not have better denture hygiene, or more favorable wearing habits. It did not appear that sex, type of residency, degree of urbanization, denture conditions, or the use of anticholinergic drugs influenced the prevalence of denture stomatitis. The prevalence and severity of the disease can probably be reduced if the denture hygiene is improved and if the elderly only use their dentures during the daytime. The necessary instructions should be given not only to the elderly, but also to the institutional staff, who should be instructed and trained in the procedures required. The high prevalence of oral mucosal lesions is one of the reasons why systematic oral examinations of the institutional elderly should take place and be undertaken by qualified dentists at regular intervals.
Prediction of periodontal treatment capacity
Authors: Alvesalo Ilpo , Jokiranta Teija
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study analyzes factors having influence on dentists capacity to give periodontal therapy. The data was collected by the questionnaire from 134 randomly selected Finnish dentists. The effects were examined by two‐ and multiway frequency tables. The results indicated that the time since graduation had the strongest single effect. Also the prediction categories dealing with continuing education and scientific interest were related to periodontal capacities of dentists. The combined effects of certain variables as sex, type of position and place of practice indicate that the cumulation of certain favourable factors is needed to accomplish periodontal therapy in Finland. It was concluded that the promotion of periodontal care can be realized reliably by improved levels of undergraduate and postgraduate education.
Dietary habits, gingival status and occurrence of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli as predictors of caries in 3‐year‐olds in Sweden
Authors: Schröder Ulla , Edwardsson Stig
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim was to study whether dietary habits, oral hygiene expressed as gingival status, and presence/absence of S. mutans and lactobacilli, singly or in combinations, could be used as caries predictors. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for positive (PV +) and negative tests (PV ‐) were calculated. 133 children, 3 yr of age, were examined for caries and presence/absence of S. mutans and lactobacilli. Three levels of gingival status and dietary habits, respectively, were registered. Two groups in respect of dietary habits and oral hygiene were formed by stepwise pooling of the caries data for the nine possible combinations of oral hygiene and dietary habits, setting the most discriminating border (screening level) where sensitivity (0.86) and specificity (0.69) simultaneously reached their highest value. PV+ was 0.58 and PV‐ 0.91. Higher predictive values were obtained when presence/absence of lactobacilli and of S. mutans were combined. Combinations of defined levels of dietary habits, gingival status and presence/absence of lactobacilli showed sensitivity 0.87, specificity 0.95, PV+ 0.87 and PV‐ 0.95, presence/absence of S. mutans sensitivity 0.94, specificity 0.76, PV+ 0.74 and PV‐ 0.95. A two‐step prediction, with gingival status as the first predictor and presence/absence of lactobacilli or S. mutans as the second, was the most efficient when lactobacilli were involved.
Mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and caries prevalence in 11‐and 12‐year‐old Icelandic children
Authors: Köhler Birgitta , Bjarnason Sibilla
Published: May 2006

Abstract Since the caries prevalence has not declined in Iceland as it has in other European countries, it was of interest to study the presence of cariogenic bacteria in Icelandic children. The prevalence of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli was examined in 217 11‐ and 12‐yr‐old Icelandic children and was related to their caries prevalence. In 2% of the children mutans streptococci were not found whereas 31% and 35% of the 11‐yr‐olds and 12‐yr‐olds respectively carried more than 106 CPU per ml saliva. Lactobacilli were not detected in 8% of the children whereas 28% of the 11‐yr‐olds and 23% of the 12‐yr‐olds had more than 105 CPU per ml saliva. The mean caries prevalence (DPS), initial caries included, for 11‐yr‐olds was 21.6 and for 12‐yr‐olds 28.8. Both mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were significantly correlated to each other as well as to caries prevalence. An increased number of these microorganisms, especially the mutans streptococci, were associated with an increased DPS. Children with high salivary counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli showed four times higher DPS than children with low numbers. The magnitude of salivary cariogenic bacteria as well as caries prevalence was found to resemble the situation in Sweden 10 yr ago. S. mutans (serotype c/e/f) was carried by all mutans streptococci positive children. S. sobrinus (serotype d/g) was found in 60 children (30.2%). Children with both S. mutans and S. sobrinus had significantly higher salivary counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli as well as caries prevalence than children with only S. mutans.
Internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint in 211 patients: symptoms and treatment
Authors: Pedersen Anne , Hansen Hans Jörgen
Published: May 2006

Abstract This report is a retrospective evaluation of 211 patients (75% women, 25% men) treated for TMJ clicking and/or TMJ incoordination at the University Hospital, Copenhagen, in 1971–77. In both sexes, the age group 20–30 yr dominated and the main part of the population belonged to the social middle class. The reasons for seeking treatment were mainly TMJ sounds, pain and impaired mandibular mobility. Neither subjective complaints nor objective signs of dysfunction were associated with dental/occlusal status or with the presence of malocclusions. The patients had been treated with reversible modalities (65%), occlusal adjustment (8%) and counseling alone (27%). Of the actively treated patients, 43% had experienced relief within 1 month and at the end of treatment 72% had reduced or no symptoms. It was not possible to demonstrate any association between the duration of symptoms before treatment and the duration of treatment/number of consultations.
Adoption of fluoride‐based caries preventive innovations in a public dental service
Authors: Haugejorden Ola
Published: May 2006

Abstract In dentistry comparative studies of diffusion of disease preventive innovations are rare and usually atheoretical. For these reasons the present study was designed 1) to determine whether or not normal distribution assumptions applied to decisions to adopt caries preventive fluoride programs in a public dental service; 2) to compare rates of adoption of two school‐based and one clinic‐based fluoride program, and 3) to look for evidence indicating which type of decision‐making may have been involved. The programs studied were school‐based fluoride brushing 4–5 times per year, fluoride mouthrinsing at least once a month, and professional topical fluoride applications at least once a year. Data were collected by postal questionnaires from public dental officers in Norway in 1972, 1977 and 1982. To determine the length of time which had elapsed from the time of innovation of the technologies to adoption, the dental literature was reviewed. The adoption curves for school‐based fluoride brushing and rinsing, as well as for clinic‐based topical fluoride application did not comply with the normal distribution assumption. The time lapse from innovation to adoption was in excess of 10 yr and the rates of adoption differed between programs. Decision‐making would appear to have been primarily individual or collective. It was concluded that generalization beyond the innovations studied and the social and organizational setting of this particular investigation is inadmissible. Consequently, there is a need for more and larger scale comparative analytical studies to increase our understanding of diffusion and adoption of innovations in dentistry.
Periodontal destruction and loss of the remaining natural teeth
Authors: Linden Gerard
Published: May 2006

Abstract Interproximal bone levels were measured from orthopantograms of a consecutive group of 373 patients who had all their remaining teeth extracted in a dental teaching hospital. There was little periodontal destruction below the age of 40. In older patients (those aged 40 or over) 77% of the teeth had lost at least 25% of their supporting bone. 64% of the older patients had at least one tooth with advanced (more than 50%) bone loss. Only 15% of the patients had generalised advanced periodontal destruction (more than 50% of their teeth with advanced bone loss) at clearance. Men had more periodontal destruction than women. It was concluded that severe periodontal disease was limited to a small proportion of the patients in which it was a major factor in the loss of their dentition. However, in many cases it was doubtful whether the periodontal condition was of any consequence when the decision was taken to remove the remaining natural teeth.
Supply of dental health information by 182 Dutch organizations working in the field of dentistry
Authors: van Riel C. B. M. , Eijkman M. A. J. , van Dijk R. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Little is known about the exchange of Dental Health Information (DHI), as part of the dental health education process, between the Dutch public, organizations active in or related to dentistry and Dutch dental professionals. Based on the ideas of Havelock a communication model was developed. The main question was: how and through which organizations is information supplied, on what subjects related to dental health? A group was formed, consisting of 182 organizations and institutions and 85% decided to collaborate with the study. Telephone interviews were used for the sampling of the data. Of the 154 organizations and institutions only 56% reported to be active in the field of DHI. Preventive information appears to be the main subject. Not the public, but dental professionals and other provider groups are seen as the main target groups. DHI activities appear to consist mainly of providing written information material with a preventive content. These activities are hardly evaluated. Further on: there seems to be no central coordination for DHI activities in the Netherlands. It is concluded that in the field of DHI activities the resource system (organizations and institutions who generate information) and the users system (the public and dental patients) are not in accordance with each other.
Community water fluoridation in Leningrad and Moscow
Authors: Abrams Richard A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A total of 47 water samples were obtained over a 3‐yr period in the cities of Leningrad and Moscow in the USSR. All the samples had their fluoride content analyzed blindly outside the Soviet Union. A total of three samples had therapeutic levels of fluoride (0.8 ppm or above); all the other 44 samples had fluoride levels of 0.3 ppm or less.
Patient complaints of dental malpractice in Denmark 1983–86
Authors: Schwarz Eli
Published: May 2006

Abstract A system for handling complaints of dental malpractice was established in 1983 in an agreement between the Danish Dental Association and the National Health Insurance. Description is given of the system comprising county dental complaints boards and a national dental complaints board. Reports of all complaints directed to the boards during the first 31/2 Years were analyzed: 533 complaints to the county boards and 111 appeals to the national board. The complaints corresponded to 5 complaints per 100 dentists per year with considerable regional variation. Most complaints were reported in fixed and removable prosthetics, and most claims were of an economic nature. Almost two‐thirds of the complaints were supported by the boards. Themes for further study as well as certain problems concerning consumer satisfaction weighed against the responsibility to survey dentists' work are pointed out.
Urinary mercury levels and early changes in kidney function in dentists and dental assistants
Authors: Verschoor Marga A. , Herber Robert F. M. , Zielhuis Reinier L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Mercury exposure and renal function parameters were examined in 68 dentists and 64 dental assistants. The levels of mercury in urine were low: only three individuals exceeded 20 μg/1. Increased excretion of urinary proteins and increased activity of urinary enzymes were observed. This enhanced prevalence of renal function changes appeared not to be related to the mercury urine level, age. sex. or smoking and drinking habits. Only for men was a positive relation between the level of mercury in urine and the activity of β‐galactosidase found. The proteinuria may be due to one or more potential nephrotoxic agents used in dental practice.
Exposure of dentists and assistants to mercury: mercury levels in urine and hair related to conditions of practice
Authors: Herber Robert F. M. , de Gee Anton J. , Wibowo Anton A. E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A study of 162 dentists' and their assistants' mercury levels in hair and urine, and of questionnaire items regarding mercury consumption, revealed some striking relations. The mercury concentrations in both hair (Hg‐H) and urine (Hg‐U) were somewhat higher in the dentists than the assistants. There was no relation between concentrations in hair and urine. The method of condensation of amalgam was positively related to Hg‐U; the vibration method was negatively related. Hg‐U was also positively related to number of fillings and hours in own practice. The relation of Hg‐U to ventilation in the surgery applied only to the dentists.
Dental caries among urban schoolchildren in Madagascar
Authors: Petersen Poul Erik , Steengaard Monica
Published: May 2006

Abstract An epidemiological survey of prevalence and severity of dental caries was carried out in an urban population of children in Madagascar. The study population comprised 1257 children in the age groups 4–5 yr to 14–15 yr equally distributed by sex. The children were examined according to the recording system for the Danish Child Dental Services. The caries experience in the primary dentition as well as in the permanent dentition was high. For example, among 6‐yr‐olds a mean number of 11.8 defs and 5.2 deft was observed and 82% of the children were affected by caries in primary teeth. In particular, primary molars in the mandibular and incisors in the maxilla were affected and approximate caries was frequent. Among 12‐yr‐olds mean DMFS was 4.0 and DM FT 2.4 and 75% of the children had caries in permanent teeth. In permanent teeth caries was located predominantly to mandibular molars and occlusal surfaces. In both dentitions almost all decay was untreated, indicating lack of dental treatment available due to the shortage of dental manpower. The establishment of a child dental service system is a matter of urgency. Dental health education and primary health care should be organized.
Utilization of alternative delivery programs in youth dental care in Denmark
Authors: Schwarz Eli , Kronborg Dorte
Published: May 2006

Abstract Three groups of young adults were offered three different dental programs from ages 16 to 19: one group of 386 persons continued preventive and curative dental care in the Public Child Dental Health Service (Public group), one group of 161 persons was offered dental care with private dental practitioners of own choice with care paid by the municipality and the health insurance (Mixed group), and one group of 261 persons entered the general young adult dental program under the National Health Insurance with free choice of private dental practitioner with reimbursement of about 75% from the insurance (Private group). Almost 100% of the Public group used the dental services continuously. Less than half of the Mixed group and about two thirds of the Private group went regularly to a dentist, women more than men. Discrepancies were found between the expected utilization and actual utilization, and a tendency was noted to overrate self‐reported utilization in relation to actual utilization. It is concluded that continuity of dental care and unambiguous organizational affiliation is a prerequisite for a high utilization rate, but it also seems that the outreaching work done by the child dental health service is effective with regard to utilization.
Awareness of dental disorders and discrepancy between “objective” and “subjective” dental treatment needs
Authors: Tervonen Tellervo , Knuuttila Matti
Published: May 2006

Abstract A dental health survey including an interview, a questionnaire and a clinical examination was conducted among adults aged 25. 35. 50, and 65 yr in Ostrobothnia. Finland. A total of 1275 subjects, 80% of the sample, participated in the clinical examination. 40% of the subjects with at least one dentate sextant had noticed gingival bleeding. 16% gingival inflammation. 20%“gum disease”, and 70% at least one decayed tooth. When objectively assessed, a total of 98% had a maximum CPITN code 1–4, 38% a maximum CPITN code 3–4 and 76% were deemed to be in need of fillings. Dentures were objectively non‐acceptable in 64% of wearers and subjectively so in 42%. A need for replacing missing teeth was expressed by 14% of the total sample, whereas according to “objective” assessment. 23% had such a need. It is concluded that people tend to underestimate their dental treatment needs, the discrepancy being most distinct in the field of periodontology. Sufficient emphasis should thus be given to improving people's awareness and knowledge of their own dental disorders.
Assessment of denture satisfaction
Authors: Vervoorn Johanna M. , Duinkerke Adriaan S. H. , Luteijn Frans , van de Poel Alphons C. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a complaints questionnaire, designed to measure different aspects of denture satisfaction. Two groups of patients with full maxillary and mandibular dentures participated in the study. The patients in Group 1 (n= 113) were on a waiting list for new dentures, patients in Group 2 (n= 102) had recently had new dentures fitted. Five denture complaint scales were constructed from the questionnaire. The internal consistency (coefficient alpha) of the scales varied from 0.65 to 0.92. Furthermore, the scales showed a discriminatory ability between the patient groups (P<0.001) and significant Pearson correlation coefficients with satisfaction‐related questions (r= 0.25–0.79). The scores on the scales can be considered a quantitative measure of denture satisfaction.
Caries predicting factors in adult patients participating in a dental health program
Authors: Söderholm Göran , Birkhed Dowen
Published: May 2006

Abstract The main purpose was to study various factors with respect to predicting dental caries. From a population of 442 employees at a shipyard, 68 patients with an average age of 56 yr were selected for the present investigation. They were examined once a year during a 2‐yr period with respect to: 1) number of new caries lesions, and 2) a series of caries related factors, i.e., DMFS, oral hygiene status, dietary habits, numbers of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli in saliva, and secretion rate and buffer effect of saliva. The median values of all studied variables as found at the baseline examination were more favorable in the caries inactive (n= 30) than in the caries active group (n= 38). but only DMFS (P <0.001), dietary score (P <0.05). and number of S. mutans in saliva (P <0.05) differed significantly between the two groups. Number of S. mutans showed the highest sensitivity value, followed by dietary score. The main conclusion from this study is, however, that in spite of a relationship between caries activity and unfavorable values, especially for DMFS, dietary score, and number of S. mutans in saliva, it would have been difficult to predict the caries active patients on an individual level.
Oral hygiene behavior and periodontal status in European adolescents: an overview
Authors: Honkala Eino , Freeman Ruth
Published: May 2006

Abstract The object of this review is to examine tooth brushing as a health behavior in European adolescents. The aims are to investigate the role of environmental and social factors on tooth brushing as a health behavior, to illustrate the importance of such factors in the prevention of periodontal diseases and to demonstrate how a knowledge of these factors can aid the development of specific health education programs. In order to do this the results of many studies concerned with oral hygiene behavior from different European countries have been examined. It is from the detailed study of these various European investigations that the results section is composed. The findings from this review demonstrate that tooth brushing as a health behavior is influenced by both environmental and social factors, that both of these factors affect the incidence of gingivitis and periodontal disease in the countries examined, and that when they are incorporated into health education programs based on the community development approach they can aid behavior change.
Results of a dental fear survey in Japan: implications for dental public health in Asia
Authors: Domoto Peter K. , Weinstein Philip , Melnick Sandra , Ohmura M. , Uchida H. , Ohmachi K. , Hori M. , Okazaki Y. , Shimamoto T. , Matsumura S. , Shimono T.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to initiate the study of dental fear in Japan. 415 college students, aged 18–22 yr were surveyed. A standardized questionnaire which has been used in the United States was translated into Japanese and was administered to the students. More than 80% of those surveyed reported some dental fear. Six to 14% of the students reported extreme fear of the dentist. The majority of the subjects admitted that they delayed making dental appointments due to fear. Muscle tension was the most common physiological symptom reported. The dental drill and needle were the most fear‐provoking stimuli.