bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jeepers Creepers
Authors: Warren Harry
Published: November 2023

The name of Harry Warren is sometimes invoked in support of the Horatio Alger myth: son of immigrants, born poor (in Brooklyn, like Arthur Schwartz) growing up without education, somehow fighting his way to the top with only his raw and untrained talent. Harry Warren was one of the most successful of all American song composers in that golden period. In the fifteen years from 1935 to 1950, he had forty-two songs on the top-ten list of Your Hit ,Parade, a network radio program that monitored the success of songs through a complex process of surveys. Next in success was Irving Berlin, who had thirty-three songs on that list in the same period.
Gl Jo
Authors: Stafford Jo , Weston Paul
Published: November 2023

Early in Walter Murphy’s novel The Vicar of Christ, one of the main characters, a Marine Corps sergeant major, is pictured listening on a radio to Jo Stafford’s On Top of Old Smokey just before a battle of the Korean War.
Um Abraço No Tom
Authors: Jobim Antonio Carlos
Published: November 2023

Scime time in the 1960s, I interviewed Robert Russell Bennett in his office in New York. He was then, I would think, about seventy: he was born in Kansas City on June 15, 1894. Bennett was one of the countless American composers trained and shaped by Nadia Boulanger, whose influence on American music is inestimable. He was for a long time the premier arranger and orchestrator of Broadway musicals. Bennett talked of George Gershwin as if he were some sort of idiot savant. He said that Gershwin had a peculiar capacity to pick up any musical thought that was in the air and use it. He came just short of calling him a plagiarist.
Medications Other Than Hormones to Prevent and Treat Osteoporosis
Authors: Lane Nancy E
Published: November 2023

Other therapies are now available for the postmenopausal woman who wants to prevent osteoporosis. These include calcitonins, bisphosphonates, vitamin D therapy, and calcium. They have all been studied, and all prevent or decrease bone loss in postmenopausal women. Recent evidence also shows that all of these medications can prevent fractures. These compounds will be discussed in more detail in this chapter.
Treating the Pains and Problems of Osteoporosis
Authors: Lane Nancy E
Published: November 2023

Pain is one of the most difficult problems associated with osteoporosis. In this chapter, we review some of the breakthroughs and recommendations for treating and managing this pain. Because the osteoporotic fracture is the most severe, or acute, instance of pain, let’s consider it first.
The Medici Wedding Festivities Of 1589
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Opera was born in Florence at the end of the sixteenth century. It derived almost seamlessly from its immediate precursor, the intermedio, or lavish between-the-acts spectacle presented in conjunction with a play on festive occasions. Plays were spoken, and their stage settings were simple: a street backed by palace façades for tragedies, by lower-class houses for comedies; for satyr plays or pastorals, the setting was a woodland or country scene. Meanwhile the ever-growing magnificence of state celebrations in Medici Florence on occasions such as dynastic weddings gave rise to a variety of spectacles involving exuberant scenic displays: naval battles in the flooded courtyard of the Pitti Palace, tournaments in the squares, triumphal entries into the city. These all called upon the services of architects, machinists, costume designers, instrumental and vocal artists. Such visual and aural delights also found their way into the theater-not in plays, with their traditional, sober settings, but between the acts of plays. lntermedi had everything the plays had not: miraculous transformations of scenery, flying creatures (both natural and supernatural), dancing, singing.
Pietro Bardi On The Birth Of Opera
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Opera did not spring from the brains of a few “inventors,” though that may be the impression one gathers from documents of its early history. Rather, it emerged from the rich matrix of theatrical practices at Italian courts of the late Renaissance, with an added component. The Florentine intermedi show that almost everything was already in place: a penchant for classical mythological subjects with their abundance of marvelous happenings; elaborate scenery and scenic effects involving “machines” for the realization of those happenings onstage; plenty of music, both vocal and instrumental, to accompany ballets and pantomimes, and to fill empty intervals in the action. To all of this, the “inventors” of opera added the one ingredient that would define the new genre throughout its later history, long after the Greek and Roman deities of early opera and their attendant machines were discarded and forgotten: solo singing of the actors’ lines. Yet the revival of classical antiquity had everything to do with the birth of opera. The group of poets, singer-composers, and theorists that gathered at the palace of Giovanni Sardi, Count of Vernio in Florence in the l 570s and l 580s, and who sometimes referred to themselves as a “camerata” (loosely, a club or gathering), were fascinated by the miraculous effects of Greek music as told by the authors of antiquity.
L’euridice, The Second Opera (1600)
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

La Dafne, a “fable” by Ottavio Rinuccini set to music by Jacopo Peri and Jacopo Corsi, was the first opera. “It was performed in a small room and sung privately,” according to Pietro Bardi, who was there (seep. 8 above). It is quite possible that Peri was first apprised of Corsi’s and Rinuccini’s project “as early as 1594,” as he himself states (p. 15 below); but the most informed guess as to its first performance would place it in the carnival season of 1597-98. There are no questions, on the other hand, about the date of the very pub!ic premiere of the second opera, L’Euridice. That took place at the Pitti Palace, Florence, on 6 October 1600 in the presence of Maria de’ Medici, whose marriage to King Henry IV of France was being celebrated throughout the city in the grandest Medici style. A description of the event appeared in a printed account of the festivities by Michelangelo Buonarroti the Younger (grandnephew of the great artist). Only two stage settings were needed for the short work, but it is evident from the description below that no expense was spared to make them impressive. Elaborate stage effects were nothing new (see pp. 2-7 above), and it is worth noting therefore that, while the sung dialogue of early opera was innovative and experimental, the scenic component had by then reached a high degree of sophistication.
The First English Operas
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

The Restoration playwright and poet John Dryden (1631-1700) witnessed the birth of opera in England. It happened in 1656, while the Puritans ruled the country and regular theatrical performances were banned. Dryden himself tells us about it in the preface to one of his heroic plays, The Conquest of Granada by the Spaniards (1672): The first light we had of [heroic plays] on the English theatre was from the late Sir William Davenant [1606-67]. It being forbidden him by the rebellious times to act tragedies and comedies, because they contained some matter of scandal to those good people who could more easily dispossess their lawful sovereign than endure a wanton jest, he was forced to turn his thoughts another way, and to introduce the examples of moral virtue writ in verse, and performed in recitative music. The original of this music, and of the scenes which adorned his work, he had from the Italian operas; but he heightened his characters (as I may probably imagine) from the example of Corneille and some French poets. In this condition did this part of poetry remain at his Majesty’s return; when, growing bolder, as being now owned by a public authority, he reviewed his Siege of Rhodes, and caused it be acted as a just drama.
The Président De Brosses Initaly(1739)
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Charles de Brosses (1709-77) was not yet President, that is, chief magistrate of Burgundy’s supreme court, when at the age of thirty he undertook the Grand Voyage to Italy in the company of five equally cultivated friends. The journey lasted from May 1739 to April 1740 and took the friends from Dijon to the south of France, across northern Italy, down through Tuscany to Rome and Naples, then back north by a different route. Brosses wrote letters home describing everything he saw-and heard; for he was exceptionally well prepared to describe not only the artistic and architectural wonders of Italy but its music too. These letters, fifty-eight in all, were read avidly in France, where they circulated in manuscript form. In later years Brosses revised them, adding further memories; but they were not published until long after his death, in 1799. A more complete edition appeared in 1836, winning the enthusiastic approval of Stendhal, who promptly placed Brosses at the top of his list of favorites, “after Mozart and Cimarosa.” The lengthy letter on Italian opera (no. 51) from which the following extracts are taken was originally dated from Rome, 2 December 1739, but was doubtless revised and enlarged a few years later. complete, they are so true to life that I must make an effort to detect where the pieces I have seen brought on are joined together.
Gluck In Paris
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Gluck’s conquest of Paris in the 1770s did not occur without a carefully prepared publicity campaign designed to arouse the French capital’s disposition to burst into heated debate over controversial cultural issues; and that opera was just such an issue had been amply proved twenty years earlier by the War of the Buffoons (see pp. 106-11 above). Now, in 1772, the opening salvo was fired by Fran«;ois du Roullet, an attache at the French embassy in Vienna, who had fashioned a libretto for Gluck out of Racine’s tragedy lphigenie en Aulide; the work was written for Paris, without any assurance it would be produced there. Du Roullet’s lengthy, sensational letter, addressed to one of the directors of the Opera, was published in the Mercure de France and prompted, as expected, instant reactions from the Parisian litterateurs, touching off a debate that would occupy the capital for years to come. But the letter attained its purpose: Gluck came to Paris, and, after months of rehearsal, his lphigenie was performed at the Opera on 19 April 1774. We will follow Gluck’s Parisian career as it was reported on in an unusual source, the Correspondance litteraire. This was a monthly letter sent from Paris in manuscript form, on condition of confidentiality, to about a dozen royal and princely subscribers, among them Catherine the Great and Grand Duke Leopold of Tuscany (the dedicatee of Gluck’s Alceste; see p. 119). Started in 1753 under the editorship of Frederic-Melchior Grimm, friend and colleague of the encyclopedists, it passed in 1773 into the hands of a less famous editor, Jacques-Henri Meister (1744-1826), who guided it until the French Revolution forced him to leave Paris and suspend its publication.
The Making Of Le Nozze Di Figaro
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

The letters of Mozart and his family, such a rich source of information about earlier operas like Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail (see pp. 130-36 above), tell us very little, unfortunately, about Le nozze di Figaro. The correspondence between the father in Salzburg and the son, now permanently settled in Vienna, had become less frequent. A first hint of the opera to come is contained in a letter written by Mozart to his father on 7 May 1783, less than a year after the premiere of Entfuhrung: Now the Italian comic operas have begun here again and are a big success.... I have looked through easily 100 librettos, in fact many more-however-I have hardly found a single one with which I am satisfied; at least there would have to be many changes made here and there. And if a poet were to busy himself with that, perhaps he would find it easier to write an altogether new one. And anyway, something new is always better.-We have here a certain abate da Ponte as poet.-At the moment he is frightfully busy with revisions at the theater-and he is under obligation to furnish Salieri with an entirely new libretto. That will take him at least 2 months. After that he has promised to write a new one for me; who knows whether he will be able to keep his word when the time comes--or whether he will want to! You know very well that these Italian gentlemen have very polite faces!-enough, we know them!-and if he is in league with Salieri, I shan’t get anything as long as I live-and yet I should very much like to show what I can do in the Italian opera as well.
Berlioz’s Estimate Of Spontini
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Berlioz’s unbounded admiration for Gaspare Spontini (1774-1851) led him to devote numerous articles to the composer and to his three principal operas, La Vestale (1807), Fernand Cortez (1809), and Olympie (1819). In his amusing Les Soirees de l’orchestre (The Evenings of the Orchestra, 1852), Berlioz combined four of the articles, including his previous year’s lengthy obituary of Spontini, to produce a major study, the thirteenth Soiree, or chapter, in his book. “We are interested today in Berlioz’s raptures over composers like Spontini, but we find it difficult to share them, or even always to understand them,” wrote Ernest Newman in the introduction to the English version from which the following excerpt is taken. Yet one should certainly try to understand, if not share, Berlioz’s raptures in this case: Spontini’s influence was enormous, affecting opera composers from Weber and Schubert to Wagner, Verdi, and beyond. Berlioz is on firm ground (no “raptures” here) when, towards the end of his study, he turns to Spontini’s orchestration and dramatic vocabulary.
Der Freischütz: A German Triumph
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Der Freischiitz had its first performance on 18 June 1821 at the newly erected Royal Playhouse in Berlin. Musical politics attended the birth of Weber’s most famous opera. Spontini’s Olympia, reworked specifically for Berlin and translated into German by E. T. A. Hoffmann, had had its premiere at the Berlin Opera shortly before, on 14 May, with much scenic splendor. Spontini was the favorite composer of King Frederick William Ill and had just been appointed General musikdirektor over the opposition of much of the German public; indeed the Court Theater Intendant, Count Bruhl, had hoped to install Weber in that position. Weber’s triumph obliterated Olympia, and in the end both composers were the losers: Berlin remained closed to Weber for the rest of his short life, and Spontini, though he remained there until 1842, never won over the public. Heine, a witness to both operatic premieres, reported gleefully on the party politics surrounding them; and Weber’s son, born the following year, pictured the political situation vividly in the extract given below, from the biography of his father (published in 1864).
Divergent Reactions To Boris Godunov
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Musorgsky’s masterpiece received its first performance on 27 January/8 February 1874 in St. Petersburg. It was a great popular success and was repeated four times that season before sold-out houses. The critics were another story. After all, Musorgsky had been one of the kuchka, the St. Petersburg “Five,” whose aggressive theories regarding the future of Russian music had raised the hackles of conservatives. In the eyes of these critics Musorgsky stood condemned a priori: Boris could only be the product of repugnant aesthetic doctrines, realism chief among them. And yet Cesar Cui, a fellow member of the “Five,” found fault with the opera precisely for its failures to adhere to kuchkist doctrine. From the very first, then, Boris met with conflicting reactions, and that was only the beginning of its tortuous reception history. Hermann Laroche, professor of music history at the Moscow Conservatory and friend of Tchaikovsky, shared with Eduard Hanslick, the Viennese critic whose writings he translated, the latter’s elegant self-assurance in the face of music he could not understand. Though he had regarded with benevolence three scenes from Boris performed the year before, he found much to disapprove of when he reviewed the opera as a whole at its premiere.
In Defense Of Kát Kabanová
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Although Leos Janacek’s sixth opera, Kat’a Kabanova (Brno, 1921), had some success in Czechoslovakia during the ‘20s and ‘30s, and three German productions in the pre-Nazi era, it had to wait until after World War II before it began to be heard in the West. After Munich and Zurich, London heard it for the first time in April 1951. It had for the most part an unfavorable reception, both public and critical. The spirited defense of the opera given below appeared that autumn in The Music Review. In the course of rebutting some of the critics’ objections, its author, Charles Stuart, succeeds in providing an excellent analytical introduction to what many consider one of the operatic masterpieces of the twentieth century.
John Adams On Nixon In China
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Nixon in China by John Adams and the poet Alice Goodman was given its premiere by the Houston Grand Opera on 22 October 1987 and was later seen in its original staging in New York, Washington, Amsterdam, Edinburgh, Los Angeles, Paris, Adelaide, and Frankfurt. A televised version was shown over the PBS network in 1988. The original productions were directed by Peter Sellars, who worked closely with Adams and Goodman on the concept and many details of the work. The opera has been revived several times in the United States and in Europe. Dubbed “headline opera” by the critics, Nixon in China is based on a historical event still fresh in the memory of its audience: President Nixon’s official visit to the People’s Republic of China in 1972, which established diplomatic relations between the two countries, nonexistent since the victory of the Communist revolution in 1949. The opera depicts episodes from the eight-day visit as reported in the press and seen on television: Nixon’s plane landing in Beijing, Nixon’s “historic handshake” on the airport runway with Chinese premier Chou En-lai, the meeting between Nixon and Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party, the banquet at the Great Hall of the People, a visit by Pat Nixon, the First Lady, to a model pig farm, the Evergreen People’s Commune. In the original production the principal characters Nixon (baritone), his wife, Pat (soprano), Henry Kissinger (bass), Chairman Mao (tenor), Mao’s wife, Chiang Ch’ing (soprano), and Premier Chou (baritone) were made up to look as much as possible like the historical figures they portrayed, several of whom were still alive at the time of the premiere. In the opera, plot is at a minimum: the characters interact in stylized exchanges and reminisce singly or in pairs about their personal histories and history in general.
An Introduction to Jewish Worship
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

There are Jews in every denomination who venerate worship traditions as if they had been passed down from God to Moses on Mount Sinai. Most communities have congregants who insist that the service always be conducted exactly the same way and who come to synagogue vigilantly to watch that nothing be changed. In fact, the history of Jewish liturgy has been one of continual development and evolution, a balance between tradition and innovation. The very institutionalization of obligatory, communal prayer services as the official means to thank, praise, and petition God was developed by creative rabbis after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 C.E. The Temple had been the religious, economic, and political center of the Jewish state, and when it was destroyed, so was the institution of the daily and holiday sacrifices and offerings, together with the vocal and instrumental pageantry of the Levites, the Temple musicians. That direct path to God was cut off: no longer would the sweet smell of incense and animal smoke rise to the heavens from the Temple altar in Jerusalem. In a radical leap born of necessity, the rabbis stressed that prayer would be equal to the sacrifices that had been offered in the Temple.
Technical Data
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

During igneous differentiation processes, elements are distributed among different mineral phases and melt according to their compatibility, which is measured by the partition coefficient or distribution coefficient. The partition coefficients are given by the concentration ratios of an element between two phases, e.g., a solid mineral phase and a liquid melt.
Jupiter, Rings, and Satellites
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

Jupiter’s low density and large mass, as well as its atmospheric composition, indicate that it is dominantly H2 and He, with composition close to the sun’s; interior structure models reinforce this conclusion. The ob-served D/H ratio, which would have been increased by accretion of large amounts of ices (e.g., H20, CH4, NH3) during Jupiter’s formation, also indicates that Jupiter’s composition is close to that of the sun and is only slightly enriched in elements heavier than He.
Saturn, Rings, and Satellites
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

Saturn is the most distant planet visible with the naked eye. It has the most spectacular ring system and the most satellites of any of the gas giant planets. Spacecraft flybys of the Saturnian system were done by Pioneer 11 (1 Sept. 1979), Voyager 1 (12 Nov. 1980), and Voyager 2 (25 Aug. 1981). The Cassini spacecraft, launched on 15 Oct. 1997, will provide more information on Saturn, its satellites, and rings; in particular, the Huygens entry probe will explore the atmosphere and surface of Titan.
Centaur Objects and Kuiper Belt Objects
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce
Published: November 2023

By the end of 1996, six small bodies orbiting the Sun with semi major axes between those of Jupiter and Neptune became known as Centaur Objects. The first Centaur object discovered was (2060) Chiron. Initially classified as an asteroid with an unusual orbit, Chiron later was designated a comet, after it exhibited cometary activity. The subsequent discovery of other small objects with similar unusual orbital characteristics led to the identification of a new dynamical group of bodies in the solar system.
The Political Crucible of the civil war
Authors: Edwards Rebecca
Published: November 2023

In October 1868, a giant campaign rally in Alabama featured a flag presentation by “the fair and noble ladies of Mobile” to local Democratic candidates. Honorable John R. Tompkins read a statement on behalf of the women’s committee, who declared that “our conquerors do not expect us to forget, our natures would not permit us to forget” the glory of the Confederacy. They pledged “earnest cooperation in the great cause you advocate.” In the same year, young white women marched in an Indiana Democratic parade under a banner demanding “Save us from nigger husbands.” Meanwhile, New York abolitionist Lydia Maria Child exhorted men to vote Republican and uphold the principles of the Union and Emancipation. A year later, former slave Mary L. Hall was at the polls in Savannah, assisting voters who could not read.
Human Hypoxia Tolerance
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N
Published: November 2023

The starting points for our thinking on this problem were recent studies on origins and evolution of hominids implying that the human species arose under geological conditions that were getting colder, drier and higher; that is, conditions under which endurance performance capacities and hypoxia tolerance would have been favored (Vrba et al., 1994). This aroused our interest, since biomedical researchers have long known that there are numerous mechanistic similarities in human physiology between adaptations for endurance performance and for hypoxia tolerance (Brooks et al., 1996; Green et al., 2000; Levine and Stray-Gunderson, 1996; Terrados, 1992). How physiological systems for hypoxia tolerance or endurance performance might have evolved within our phylogeny was not investigated earlier because there were few if any guidelines for tracing the evolutionary pathways of complex physiological systems in humans or other animals. In our case, initial guidelines arose from recent quantitative analyses of the variability of the diving response in pinnipeds. These studies, reviewed in chapter 4, led to two principles of evolution of the diving response that are useful as a framework for probing the evolution of complex physiological systems: (i) some physiological/biochemical characters considered necessary in diving animals are highly conserved; these traits (including diving apnea, bradycardia, tissue hypoperfusion, and hypometabolism of hypoperfused tissues) probably arose in response to factors other than—or in addition to—diving requirements and presumably were and are maintained largely by negative or stabilizing selection (any mutations affecting them not surviving).
Water–Solute Adaptations
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N
Published: November 2023

The chemical reactions found in all living systems, reactions that essentially define what we mean by “life,” are almost entirely aqueous phase processes that involve water-soluble reactants. Indeed, as Henderson (1913) wrote in his classic volume The Fitness of the Environment, the fact that water can be regarded as a (nearly) “universal solvent” makes this abundant molecule a most fit milieu for the complex metabolic systems found in organisms, systems that involve tens of thousands of different proteins and nucleic acids and vast numbers of low-molecular-mass compounds such as substrates of energy metabolism, biosynthetic intermediates, dissolved gases, and inorganic ions. The “packaging problem” faced by cells in accommodating these many different types of chemicals into a small volume of solution dictates that the solvent be extraordinarily effective. It is difficult to imagine how any solvent but water could allow the evolution of life.

Closely linked to its extraordinary solvent capacities is water’s role in transporting dissolved materials throughout the organism. With the exception of air-filled channels like the tracheal systems of insects, most of the transport processes of organisms involve movement of dissolved solutes. Diffusion of solutes within water is rapid, as is the translational and rotational movement of water itself. The extensive networks of hydrogen bonds that form among water molecules and between water and solutes do not impede this dynamic movement. The lifetime of a hydrogen bond between water molecules is only about one picosecond and the weak bonds that form between water and solutes have lifetimes of only about one nanosecond.
The Modern Era: Spontaneous Generation at the Molecular Level
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

In 1908, Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927) published a new version of Richter’s Cosmozoa theory and gave it the ancient name Panspermia, which had been coined more than 22 centuries earlier by Anaxagoras. Arrhenius accepted the thesis of his predecessors Richter, Kelvin, and Helmholtz with regard to an alternative to abiogenesis; his main innovation was a newly introduced theory concerning the pressure exerted by solar radiation. He suggested that this pressure was the mechanism by which living germs are transported in space.
Biological Life: A Multitude of Points of View
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

With so many features needed to characterize living creatures, it is not surprising that “life” is very hard to define. Indeed, it is practically impossible to agree upon the definition of life even among scientists of the same generation, As a matter of fact, the great majority of scientists prefer to use an operational description of what living entities can perform rather than an intrinsic definition that deals with what life really is (Wicken, 1987).
Clues from Biology:Evolution, Conservatism, Continuity, and Their Implications
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

Echoing his contemporary scientific know-how which focused on the chemistry of life at the molecular level, Handler (cited in Rosen, 1989) wrote, “Life can be understood only in the language of chemistry.” Indeed, the application of the principle of continuity to the chemistry of the origin of life is a most important tenet of the search into the origin of life. This search should be based on the properties of the very building blocks of biochemistry, the organic entities of which contemporary biopolymers are made.
Bottom-up Reconstruction Without Specific Biogeochemical Conditions
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

The chemist strives to explain the inanimate world by reference to mechanistic laws. The historian strives to understand the world of human culture by reference to a fabric of plans and purposes.... Nowhere is this encounter in sharper focus than in the problem of the origin of life.
Bottom-Up Biogeochemical Reconstruction:Mineral Involvement in Energy Production and Transfer
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

It is noted that rhe standard free energy of the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA molecule is about that of ATP. ATP and Coenzyme A are considered to be among the primary carriers of activated groups in metabolic reactions.

The thioester hypothesis (the “thioester world”) was suggested recently by de Duve (1991, 1992, 1995a; see chapter 19) as an important stage in the main reconstructed stages of the origin of life; according to this theory, the emergence of life involved four main successive stages, or “worlds”: the prebiotic world, the thioester world, the RNA world, and the DNA world.
Does anybody Have any Faith out There Toninght?
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel
Published: November 2023

When my wife and I first heard on the radio that Bruce Springsteen would be doing two shows at the Boston Garden, we flew into action. It was a Wednesday; the DJ said that ticket wristbands—which would assure us a place in line when tickets went on sale Saturday morning—would be available at all Ticketpro outlets at 5 p.m. We had just moved to a new area of Massachusetts and had no idea where any Ticketpro outlets were. After calling around, we discovered that the closest was at a video rental store in a local bus station. I picked up my wife from work at 5:30, and we drove directly to the outlet.
Incunables on Clay
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G
Published: November 2023

THE URBAN CIVILIZATION that led to the invention of writing began in southern Mesopotamia, in the triangle of land, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and south of present-day Baghdad, that came to be known as Sumer. There men developed an agricultural economy dependent on irrigation, and there, by 3400 B.c., the earliest cities arose. These cities were the nuclei of city-states in which citizens initially made the decisions, but subsequent need for leaders brought about the establishment of kingships, one of the primary duties of which was to protect the poor. The result was an economic stratification from kings to slaves. The need to record and transfer information, a need created largely by the growth of trade, administration, and government in the city-states, gave rise to the invention of writing and the development of the clay tablet.
Western Christendom 600-1400
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G
Published: November 2023

THE GERMANIC PEOPLES who brought about the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the last quarter of the fifth century did not bring an established religion with them, but so complete was the Christianization of the society they had invaded and overpowered that “they had to adopt the religion of those they conquered.” In the previous century Christianity had become firmly established in the Empire, with church structures and an organization of parish priests, arch bishops, and bishops, headed by the bishop of Rome, with the title of pope. For the continuance of the book it was extremely important that Christianity not only survived but also predominated, for during the following centuries it proved to be the single Western source of development and production of books, through the instrumentality of Christian monasticism, which came into being in the East in the third century and extended into the West not long thereafter.
Printing 1400-1800
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G
Published: November 2023

THE LAST QUARTER OF the fourteenth century and the entirety of the fifteenth was a time of remarkable social change. Existing universities expanded in scholarship, size, and number, and several new universities were founded in northern Europe, greatly enlarging the need for information provided by books. Richard Rouse has described the “renewal of northern European spirituality,” which brought new vigor to several hundred monasteries of a half-dozen different orders having in common a “practical, individual search for a direct rapport with God through his written word and the interpretation of it. These orders shape the book to serve their needs. What emerges is a book distinctly different from anything the Middle Ages had hitherto seen—a book which in some ways has more in common with the printed book than with the products of the manuscript that preceded it.”
Diagenesis and Sediment-Water Exchange
Authors: Jørgensen Bo Barker , Boudreau Bernard P
Published: November 2023

The flux of solutes across the benthic boundary layer (BBL) can be attributed either to their consumption or to their production within the underlying sediments. Similarly, suspended solids often move between the bed and the BBL by physical or biological resuspension. Consequently, a fundamental understanding of the BBL is not possible without an appreciation for these reaction and transport processes that supply or consume solutes and particulates, that is, so-called diagenetic processes. The present chapter examines the surficial zone of fine-grained sediments in which pressure-driven advective flows are negligible (see alternatively chapter 7). At the same time, this chapter does not aim to repeat the material in previously published reviews, such as those by Berner (1974, 1976, 1980), Lerman (1977, 1978, 1979), Domenico (1977), Duursma and Srnies (1982), Jørgensen (1983), Reeburgh (1983), Hesse (1986), Santschi et al. (1990), Reible et al. (1991), van der Weijden (1992), Van Cappellen et al. (1993), Van Cappellen and Gaillard (1996), and Boudreau (1997a). Instead, we focus on diagenetic phenomena near the sediment-water interface that interact most strongly with boundary layer processes.
Singing Schumann
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

To restrict performance of Schumann’s Lieder to the “familiar forty” is to deny a major reservoir of superior song. Richard Miller not only reconsiders his early songs, but takes an in-depth look at the middle and late Lieder, giving them new life as exciting performance vehicles. Offering the same readability and insight in these pages that distinguished his On the Art of Singing (OUP 1996), Miller presents a practical manual to help singers and pianists bring Schumann’s Lieder to life.
Beauty Without the Beast
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

We have produced a range of products which are ‘cruelty-free,’ non-toxic and environmentally safe with ingredients which are not animal tested Homecare Technology Ltd Organic Product Company skin care products are based on traditional herbal remedies that have been tried and tested on people not animals’ The production of new cosmetics is now considered by many persons to be unjustified if animals suffer pain, distress, or death during premarketing safety testing. When the campaign against cosmetic testing reached significant dimensions in the 1970s and 1980s, animal tests commonly caused blindness, pain, and death to rabbits, rats, and other animals. Many improvements have been made to alleviate these problems, but animal welfare groups as well as some cosmetics manufacturers remain active in pressing for a ban on testing the safety of cosmetics that involves animals.
Assessing the Health Impact of Injuries: Mortality
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

Death is an unambiguous and easily countable outcome of severe injury. Accurate counts of injury deaths and a systematic investigation of the circumstances of each death are a fundamental element of injury surveillance and control. It is therefore surprising, even shocking, to find that official mortality reports are often based upon incomplete counts, biased sources, cursory or no investigations, and erroneous coding. This situation is not unique to developing countries. In remote indigenous communities in developed countries, the circumstances of injury deaths are often documented

inadequately.
Injuries from Disasters
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

Injuries from disasters have a major adverse impact in certain areas of the world; human activities contribute to or greatly exacerbate the effects of many disasters. The impact of disasters on human populations is much more severe in countries with environmental degradation, poorly constructed buildings, adverse climatic conditions, and large poverty-stricken populations (Noji, 1997). The effects of a disaster are also much more serious in countries that lack the skilled personnel, organization, communications, transport, and other resources to manage the disaster rapidly and effectively.
Intentional Injuries: Homicide, Suicide, and Other Violence
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

Intentional or violent injuries are injuries purposely inflicted by an aggressor or self-inflicted by the victim. Such injuries include homicide and nonfatal assaults, as well as suicide and attempted suicide. Definitions of violence usually include the use of physical force with the intent of causing injury or death, but violence may also occur from other behaviors intended to cause pain, damage, or destruction of a person, such as neglect of children, adolescents, and the elderly, or oneself (Jeanneret and Sand, 1993; Rosenberg and Mercy, 1992; D.O. Lewis, 1991).
A Dialogue between Author and Editor
Authors: Schachter Carl
Published: November 2023

Editor’s Note: This book gathers a selection of Carl Schachter’s most important and representative essays from the past thirty years. He and I have made some slight adjustments to correct a very small number of minor errors, to create stylistic uniformity, and to supplement the notes with references to more recent publications, particularly English translations of Schenker-but, for the most part, these essays are reprinted in their original form. We begin with three essays on rhythm, because these represent arguably Schachter’s most important and original work.
S-language
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: November 2023

The second most important command after Splus is q(_). This command ends an S-session and returns the computer to its operating system. The parentheses are an S-language convention that identifies input arguments, as will be seen. If only the command q is executed (no parentheses), SPLUS displays at the terminal the computer code invoked by the command and does not execute the command. This feature is a property of all S-functions.
Simulation: Random Values
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: November 2023

Parallel to the development of modem computing technology is the growth of interest in using this technology to simulate biological, physical, and statistical phenomena. Simulation on a computer is frequently achieved with a few lines of code producing simple quantities. On the other hand, there are huge pro gram systems to model such things as weather patterns and air pollution. Simple or complex simulation programs, at best, only approximate the real world process. Even a rough approximation, however, produces benefits in terms of organizing theory, improving understanding, checking analyses, assessing modifications of existing theory, and, perhaps, producing useful predictions. These benefits are achieved at relatively little cost and without risk or expensive experimentation.
Estimation
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: November 2023

An estimate is a numerical value calculated from a sample of data. An estimator is the method or rule for finding that estimate. It is the properties of an estimator that are of concern when selecting the “best” way to estimate a summary value from data.
The Mens Rea of Rape
Authors: Archard David
Published: November 2023

This is a rather formal way of describing the kind of case in which someone makes an honest but unreasonable mistake about the other person’s giving of consent to sex. Morgan was such a case and the judgment made in that case by the British House of Lords-to the effect that an honest but unreasonable mistake as to consent may constitute a defense to the charge of rape-has figured prominently in subsequent discussions of rape and its mens rea. Critics have argued strongly that a palpably unreasonable belief in the woman’s consent should not excuse a man from the charge of rape. Against that it has been urged that rape is not the sort of crime for which negligence should constitute mens rea. And an honest failure to see what a reasonable prudent person would have seen is negligence. Thus specific issues pertaining to the nature of rape as a crime, and general issues about whether guilt requires a person to be in a particular state of mind, have been raised by this kind of case. In what follows, I want to say something about the sort of mistake that is being made in this case and about the nature of the charge of unreasonableness being made with regard to this kind of mistake.
The Roots
Authors: Roberts John Storm
Published: November 2023

The music of Latin America is fully as varied as one would expect of an area containing almost thirty countries and encompassing both tropical and temperate climes. It makes use of two European languages, embraces three cultures-European, African, and Amerindian-and within each of these subdivisions, there are further variations. Brazil’s main European culture is Portuguese; the rest of Latin America’s is Spanish. Both French and Italian music were also highly influential in the 19th century, and American in the 20th; and even countries sharing common musical influences made use of them in different ways.
Sources of Data
Authors: Drotman D Peter , Strassburg Marc A
Published: November 2023

Data are defined as “factual information (as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation” (Webster’s 1990). In a broader sense, data are the lifeblood of research, regardless of the discipline. Obtaining, analyzing, interpreting, evaluating, and communicating data are major activities of all scientists, not just those who concentrate on the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Arguably, thanks to computerization, data are now more readily available to researchers and the public alike than at any time in history. Why then include a chapter on data sources in a text called Epidemiologic Methods for the Study of Infectious Diseases? The reasons are manifold. First, attention to the judicious collection and evaluation of data is the major determinant of the quality of research, as opposed to the quantity of data collected.
Microbial Molecular Techniques
Authors: Herwaldt Loreen A , Pfaller Michael A , Weber Stefan
Published: November 2023

An avalanche of new molecular typing tests has recently overwhelmed hospital epidemiologists, field epidemiologists, and infectious disease clinicians. The plethora of new acronyms confuse even experts in the field, many of whom have given up following each development unless it is related to their own research. In a letter published in the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Achtmann coined several acronyms to describe the current state of the art: YATM (Yet Another Typing Method), TBCA (Totally Boring Clonal Analysis), and TATBSTM (Tried And True But Stodgy Typing Method) (Achtmann 1996). The extremely rapid pace of development is illustrated by the fact that a review of molecular typing methods published in December, 1989 referred to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ribotyping as “newer methods” but did not mention pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), which is now one of the most commonly used typing methods (John, 1989). Even a cursory review of the literature documents that the number of published manuscripts describing molecular typing methods has grown exponentially.
Adaptation, Natural Selection, and Optimal Life-History Allocation in the Face of Genetically based Trade-offs
Authors: Sinervo Barry
Published: November 2023

Optimality arguments from life-history theory predict that females investing an intermediate level of energy in reproduction will have higher fitness compared to females with the smallest or largest investment. Adaptational concepts of optimal life-history allocation were tested in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana, by measuring whether natural selection on reproduction is stabilizing in the long run. Five years (generations) of selection data were analyzed for female side-blotched lizards. Clutch size and egg size of free-ranging lizards were significantly heritable, and a negative genetic correlation was also found between the two traits. I was specifically interested in how natural selection acts on the genetically based trade-off between clutch size and egg-mass. Accordingly, I used a path analytic model to decompose variation in reproductive allocation about the trade-off between clutch size and egg-mass. Clutch-size residuals were computed from the regression of clutch size on body size and year-to-year factors. Egg-mass residuals were computed from the regression of egg-mass on clutch size, body size, and year-to-year factors. Egg-mass residuals represent deviations from the trade-off between clutch size and egg-mass. Natural selection on clutch size and egg-mass residuals was decomposed into two life-history episodes: (1) survival selection of adult females from the first to later clutches as a function of current allocation and (2) number of progeny that survived to maturity from first and later clutches. A striking pattern of multivariate selection acted on the clutch size and egg-mass trade-off.
Evaluation of Programs to Change Human Factors Voluntarily
Authors: Robertson Leon S
Published: November 2023

Programs aimed at changing human factors without resort to law are of three types: (1) attempts to change abilities, such as driving skills among drivers and strength and gait among the elderly; (2) attempts to change behaviors that are presumed or known to contribute to risk, such as storage of materials hazardous to children, violent responses to peer challenges, speeding, and alcohol use; and (3) attempts to increase use of protection, such as child restraints, seat belts, motorcycle and bicycle helmets, and certain sports equipment. Various techniques are used to promote behavioral change—information and motivation by education in schools and media campaigns, outreach programs for children and the elderly, behavior modification using incentives or punishments, and enhancement of perception.
Summation of Principles
Authors: Robertson Leon S
Published: November 2023

Injury is a public health problem that is neglected relative to its importance in lost years of life and disability. Injury control has more immediate health and economic benefits than does chronic disease control. The infectious model—agent, carrier, host—can be applied to injuries. Interventions can reduce injuries, their severity, or consequences by modifying these factors at specific phases of the injury—before and during the acute phase and afterward.