bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CD44‐Targeted Docetaxel Conjugate for Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem‐Like Cells: A Novel Hyaluronic Acid‐Based Drug Delivery System
Authors: Goodarzi Navid , Ghahremani Mohammad H. , Amini Mohsen , Atyabi Fatemeh , Ostad Seyed N. , Shabani Ravari Nazanin , Nateghian Navid , Dinarvand Rassoul
Published: January 2014

A CD44‐targeted macromolecular conjugate of docetaxel was prepared via a pH‐sensitive linkage to hyaluronic acid and was characterized using NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. The conjugated species were further evaluated in terms of drug release, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, cell cycle inhibition, and subacute toxicity in mice. Cellular microscopic studies revealed that CD44‐expressing cells including MCF‐7 cancer stem cells and MDA‐MB‐231 metastatic breast cancer cells had internalized the conjugates via a selective receptor‐mediated mechanism, leading to cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Hyaluronic acid–docetaxel conjugates showed specific toxicity only in CD44‐expressing cells in vitro, along with a decreased risk of neutropenia and dose‐dependent mortality in vivo. Hyaluronic acid–drug conjugates represent a promising and efficient platform for solubilization of sparingly soluble molecules as well as active and selective targeted delivery to cancer cells and cancer stem cells.
Effect of lateral static load on immediately restored implants: histologic and radiographic evaluation in dogs
Authors: Ferrari Daniel S. , Piattelli Adriano , Iezzi Giovanna , Faveri Marcelo , Rodrigues José A. , Shibli Jamil A.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lateral static load in immediately restored implants in the canine mandible.

Material and methods

In 7 mongrel dogs, all premolars and the first molars were extracted bilaterally in the mandible. Two months after the extractions, 6 implants with sandblasted acid‐etched surfaces were placed in each animal, 3 on each side. Randomly, two implants per side were immediately restored with an orthodontic expansion device that promoted lateral excessive static load (test group) or load (control) while the third implant of each side, remained submerged (unloaded group). These loaded devices were cleaned daily with chlorhexidine 0.12%, during the 4 months of study, when the animals were sacrificed and biopsies removed for histometric study. Intra‐oral periapicals were made using positioners at the beginning and at the end of the study.

Results

Five implants from test group were lost in 3 dogs. Radiographically, there was a marginal bone loss of 3.68 ± 0.74 mm for the test group, 1.63 ± 0.2 mm for the control group and 0.45 ± 0.5 mm for the unloaded group. Histometrically, the percentage of bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC%) was 35.52 ± 7.32%, for the test group, 63.16 ± 5.16% for the control group and 42.33 ± 2.14% for the unloaded group.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the excessive lateral static load negatively affected the behavior of peri‐implant bone around immediate restored implants.
The effects of zoledronic acid and dexamethasone on osseointegration of endosseous implants: histological and histomorphometrical evaluation in rats
Authors: de Oliveira Marcio A. , Asahi Denise A. , Silveira Celey A. E. , Lima Luiz Antonio P. A. , Glick Michael , Gallottini Marina
Published: January 2014

Background

Bisphosphonates are a widely used class of drugs that prevent bone loss. Several side effects related to bisphosphonate therapy have been reported, including osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with invasive dental procedures and implants placement.

Objectives

To evaluate the influence of intravenous nitrogen‐containing BPs in combination with or without dexamethasone on osseointegration of titanium implants placed in an animal model.

Methods

Twenty‐seven male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: group 1 was treated solely with zoledronic acid, group 2 was treated with zoledronic acid and dexamethasone, and group 3 did only receive saline solution injections. Two endosseous implants were placed in each tibia, and three animals from each group were sacrificed at postoperative times of seven, 14, and 28 days. Non‐decalcified sections were observed with light microscopy for histological and histomorphometrical analyses.

Results

Histomorphometrical analysis using the animals and the implants as unit of measurement revealed no statistically significant difference regarding bone‐implant contact and bone density among the three groups. Histological observation revealed that zoledronic acid‐treated animals in combination with or without dexamethasone showed expressive less bone remodeling activity at 14 and 28 days after implants placement, compared with control specimens.

Conclusions

The studied bisphosphonate regimens did not interfere with the osseointegration of the implants, cortical, or medular bone deposition, but a possible lack of bone remodeling of the original cortical bone may affect long‐term osseointegration.
Immunohistochemical analysis of blood vessels in peri‐implant mucosa: a comparison between mini‐incision flapless and flap surgeries in domestic pigs
Authors: Lazić Zoran , Golubović Mileta , Marković Aleksa , Šćepanović Miodrag , Mišić Tijana , Vlahović Zoran
Published: January 2014

Aim

The aim of this experimental study is to compare the effect of mini‐incision flapless versus flap technique of implant placement on the amount of vascular structures and blood vessel elements in peri‐implant soft tissue, using immunohistochemical analysis.

Method

The experiment was conducted on five domestic pigs. Each animal received six implants in mandible according to the split‐mouth design. On one randomly chosen jaw side, mini‐incision flapless surgery was performed, whereas on the opposite jaw side, flap was raised. After 3 months of implant healing through submerged approach, the experimental animals were sacrificed and samples for immunohistochemical analyses were taken from the buccal side of peri‐implant mucosa next to the neck of implants, from three levels. The study outcome was the presence of vascular structures and elements of the blood vessels in the peri‐implant mucosa per microscopic field, estimated through ordinal scores from 0 to 2. Effects of surgical approach, site of implantation, and their interaction on vascular scores of peri‐implant mucosa were assessed by Brunner and Langer nonparametric analysis of longitudinal data.

Results

Statistically significant effect of surgical approach on vascularity of peri‐implant mucosa has been revealed in the second mucosal layer, where flapless approach provided higher vascularity compared with flap approach (P = 0.002). In the remaining two layers, surgical approach did not affect mucosal vascularity significantly (layer 1: P = 0.071; layer 3: P = 0.433).

Conclusion

The flapless surgical implant placement approach using mini‐incision provides better vascularization of peri‐implant mucosa after 3 months of healing compared with flap surgery.
Caught in the Act: How the U.S. Lacey Act Can Hamper the Fight Against Cyanide Fishing in Tropical Coral Reefs
Authors: Calado Ricardo , Leal Miguel C. , Vaz Marcela C.M. , Brown Chris , Rosa Rui , Stevenson Todd C. , Cooper Cara H. , Tissot Brian N. , Li Ya‐Wei , Thornhill Daniel J.
Published: January 2014

Cyanide fishing is one of the most destructive techniques employed to collect live reef fish. While national laws of most source countries ban this practice, cyanide is still widely employed to capture live reef fish for human consumption and marine aquariums. The United States is one of the largest importers of live reef fish, and the implementation of new approaches to screen for fish caught with cyanide is urgently needed. A fast and reliable noninvasive and nondestructive approach to screen live reef fish for cyanide poisoning was recently developed, yet deployment of this test may be obstructed by U.S. law. The Lacey Act prohibits the import, export, transport, and acquisition in interstate or international commerce of fish taken in violation of any foreign law. Therefore, if a fish tests positive for cyanide poisoning, the testers could expose themselves to liability for potential Lacey Act violations, as they are “knowingly” engaging in an illegal act. To eliminate this disincentive, the U.S. government should help conservationists develop protocols on how to test for cyanide poisoning without violating the Lacey Act.
Acute effects of different volumes of dynamic stretching on vertical jump performance, flexibility and muscular endurance
Authors: Ryan Eric D. , Everett Kenneth L. , Smith Doug B. , Pollner Christie , Thompson Brennan J. , Sobolewski Eric J. , Fiddler Ryan E.
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of different volumes of a dynamic stretching routine on vertical jump (VJ) performance, flexibility and muscular endurance (ME). Twenty‐six males (age 22·2 ± 1·3 years) performed three separate randomized conditions: (i) a control (CON) condition (5‐min jog + 12 min of resting), (ii) a 5‐min jog + a dynamic stretching routine (DS1; 6·7 ± 1·3 min) and (iii) a 5‐min jog + a dynamic stretching routine with twice the volume (DS2; 12·1 ± 1·6 min). The dynamic stretching routine included 11 exercises targeting the hip and thigh musculature. VJ performance (jump height and velocity) and flexibility were measured prior to and following all conditions, while ME was measured following all conditions. The DS1 and DS2 conditions increased VJ height and velocity (P<0·01), while the CON condition did not change (P>0·05). When compared to the CON condition, the DS1 condition did not improve ME (P>0·05), whereas the DS2 condition resulted in a significant (15·6%) decrease in the number of repetitions completed (P<0·05). Flexibility increased following all conditions (P<0·01), while the DS1 condition was significantly greater (P<0·01) than the CON condition at post‐testing. These results suggest that dynamic stretching routines lasting approximately 6–12 min performed following a 5‐min jog resulted in similar increases in VJ performance and flexibility. However, longer durations of dynamic stretching routines may impair repetitive high‐intensity activities.
In the absence of conflicting testimony young children trust inaccurate informants
Authors: Vanderbilt Kimberly E. , Heyman Gail D. , Liu David
Published: January 2014

The present research investigated the nature of the inferences and decisions young children make about informants with a prior history of inaccuracies. Across three experiments, 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds (total N = 182) reacted to previously inaccurate informants who offered testimony in an object‐labeling task. Of central interest was children's willingness to accept information provided by an inaccurate informant in different contexts of being alone, paired with an accurate informant, or paired with a novel (neutral) informant. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that when a previously inaccurate informant was alone and provided testimony that was not in conflict with the testimony of another informant, children systematically accepted the testimony of that informant. Experiment 3 showed that children accepted testimony from a neutral informant over an inaccurate informant when both provided information, but accepted testimony from an inaccurate informant rather than seeking information from an available neutral informant who did not automatically offer information. These results suggest that even though young children use prior history of accuracy to determine the relative reliability of informants, they are quite willing to trust the testimony of a single informant alone, regardless of whether that informant had previously been reliable.
Motor learning in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: feedback effects on skill acquisition
Authors: Burtner Patricia A , Leinwand Robin , Sullivan Katherine J , Goh Hui‐Ting , Kantak Shailesh S
Published: January 2014

Aim

Motor learning is enhanced with practice and feedback. This cohort control study investigated the effect of different relative feedback frequencies during skill acquisition in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and children with typical development.

Method

Nineteen children with spastic hemiplegic CP (nine males, 10 females; mean age 11y 7mo; range 8–16y) and 20 children with typical development (12 males, eight females; mean age 10y 8mo; range 8–14y) were assigned to 100% or reduced (62%) feedback subgroups as they practised 200 trials of a discrete arm movement with specific spatiotemporal parameters. Children with CP used their less involved hand. Learning was inferred by delayed (24h) retention and reacquisition tests.

Results

All children improved in accuracy and consistency. Children with typical development demonstrated significantly greater accuracy than children with CP during acquisition (p=0.001), retention (p=0.031), and reacquisition (p=0.001), and greater consistency during retention (p=0.038). The typically developing group who received 100% feedback performed with significantly less error than the 62% feedback group during acquisition (p=0.001), and with greater retention (p=0.017). No statistically significant difference was found between feedback subgroups of children with CP, although the 100% feedback group consistently demonstrated less error.

Interpretation

Children with CP use feedback in a manner similar to children with typical development when learning new skills with their less involved hand, but demonstrate less accuracy and consistency.
A comparison of adding liraglutide versus a single daily dose of insulin aspart to insulin degludec in subjects with type 2 diabetes (BEGIN: VICTOZA ADD‐ON)
Authors: Mathieu C. , Rodbard H. W. , Cariou B. , Handelsman Y. , Philis‐Tsimikas A. , Ocampo Francisco A. M. , Rana A. , Zinman B. ,   on behalf of the BEGIN: VICTOZA ADD‐ON (NN1250‐3948) study group
Published: January 2014

Aim

Two treatment strategies were compared in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on basal insulin requiring intensification: addition of once‐daily (OD) liraglutide (Lira) or OD insulin aspart (IAsp) with largest meal.

Methods

Subjects completing 104 weeks (52‐week main trial BEGIN ONCE‐LONG + 52‐week extension) on insulin degludec (IDeg) OD + metformin with HbA1c ≥ 7.0% (≥53 mmol/mol) were randomized to IDeg+Lira [n = 88, mean HbA1c: 7.7% (61 mmol/mol)] or IDeg+IAsp (n = 89, mean HbA1c: 7.7%) for 26 weeks, continuing metformin. Subjects completing 104 weeks with HbA1c <7.0% continued IDeg + metformin in a third, non‐randomized arm (n = 236).

Results

IDeg+Lira reduced HbA1c (−0.74%‐points) significantly more than IDeg+IAsp (−0.39%‐points); estimated treatment difference (ETD) (IDeg+Lira−IDeg+IAsp) −0.32%‐points (95% CI −0.53; −0.12); p = 0.0024. More IDeg+Lira (49.4%) than IDeg+IAsp (7.2%) subjects achieved HbA1c <7.0% without confirmed hypoglycaemia [plasma glucose <3.1 mmol/l (<56 mg/dl) or severe hypoglycaemia) and without weight gain; estimated odds ratio (IDeg+Lira/IDeg+IAsp) 13.79 (95% CI 5.24; 36.28); p < 0.0001. IDeg+Lira subjects had significantly less confirmed and nocturnal confirmed hypoglycaemia, and significantly greater weight loss (−2.8 kg) versus IDeg+IAsp (+0.9 kg); ETD (IDeg+Lira−IDeg+IAsp) −3.75 kg (95% CI −4.70; −2.79); p < 0.0001. Other than more gastrointestinal side effects with IDeg+Lira, no safety differences occurred. Durability of IDeg was established in the non‐randomized arm, as mean HbA1c remained <7.0% [mean 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) at end‐of‐trial].

Conclusions

IDeg+Lira improved long‐term glycaemic control, with weight loss and less hypoglycaemia versus adding a single daily dose of IAsp in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with IDeg + metformin.
Changes in weight loss‐related quality of life among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with dapagliflozin
Authors: Grandy S. , Hashemi M. , Langkilde A.‐M. , Parikh S. , Sjöström C. D.
Published: January 2014

Aims

This study evaluated change in health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) associated with ongoing weight change among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with dapagliflozin, a highly selective sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that lowers blood glucose by increasing urinary glucose excretion and is associated with body weight reductions.

Methods

Patients with T2DM who had inadequate glycaemic control on metformin (MET) alone were enrolled in a 24‐week, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study with a 78‐week extension to evaluate the effect of dapagliflozin + MET on body weight. Patients also completed the Study to Help Improve Early evaluation and management of risk factors Leading to Diabetes Weight Questionnaire‐9 (SHIELD‐WQ‐9), a weight change‐related HRQOL survey. Difference in proportions of patients treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg + MET (n = 89) or placebo + MET (n = 91) who reported improvement in HRQOL was analysed with Fisher's exact test.

Results

Dapagliflozin patients had significantly greater weight loss than placebo patients over 102 weeks (p < 0.05). This corresponded to a numerically greater proportion of dapagliflozin‐treated patients reporting ongoing weight loss and associated improvements in most HRQOL domains at three different evaluation points (weeks 24, 50 and 102) than placebo‐treated patients. In a post‐hoc analysis among patients who reported ongoing weight loss regardless of treatment arm, a significantly greater proportion of patients reporting weight loss versus weight gain reported improvements in physical health, self‐esteem and overall HRQOL at weeks 24, 50 and 102.

Conclusions

Dapagliflozin‐induced weight loss was associated with improvement in overall HRQOL. Overall, ongoing weight loss was associated with improvements in several HRQOL domains compared with weight gain.
Mental health literacy about schizophrenia: a survey of Portuguese youth
Authors: Loureiro Luís Manuel Jesus , Jorm Anthony Francis , Oliveira Rui Aragão , Mendes Aida Maria Oliveira Cruz , dos Santos José Carlos Pereira , Rodrigues Manuel Alves , Sousa Catarina Sofia Ferreira
Published: January 2014

Aim

Mental health literacy about psychotic disorders, specifically schizophrenia, may assist in appropriate help seeking and early intervention, preventing the exacerbation of symptoms and improving health outcomes in the medium and long term. The aim of this study was to characterize the level of mental health literacy of Portuguese youth concerning schizophrenia.

Methods

A mental health literacy questionnaire was administered to a random sample of Portuguese youth aged 14–24 years. This questionnaire evaluated the following components: recognition of disorders, knowledge about professionals and treatments available, knowledge about the effectiveness of self‐help strategies, knowledge and skills to support and provide first aid to others, and knowledge of how to prevent mental disorders.

Results

There were 4938 adolescents and young adults who participated in the study. Schizophrenia or psychosis was recognized by 42.17% and 22.21%, respectively. Most young people recognized the potential helpfulness of family doctors, psychologists, psychiatrists and mental health services. There was also widespread belief in the potential helpfulness of family and friends, and lifestyle changes. However, teachers were not generally seen as a source of help. Appropriate mental health first‐aid strategies were commonly endorsed, but there was a reluctance to ask about suicidal feelings and many endorsed speaking to the person firmly. Lifestyle factors were also commonly believed to be preventative.

Conclusions

Although many Portuguese youth have beliefs that may assist early intervention, there was a substantial minority who did not. Given the central role of teachers in the lives of young people, it is notable that they were not seen as a potential source of help. Mental health first‐aid skills of young people also need improvement.
High relapse rate of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults treated with Hyper‐CVAD chemotherapy in Sweden
Authors: Kozlowski Piotr , Åström Maria , Ahlberg Lucia , Bernell Per , Hulegårdh Erik , Hägglund Hans , Karlsson Karin , Markuszewska‐Kuczymska Alicja , Tomaszewska‐Toporska Beata , Smedmyr Bengt , Amini Rose‐Marie , Hallböök Helene ,   the Swedish Adult ALL Group
Published: January 2014

Background

Hyper‐CVAD is widely used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and aggressive lymphomas. This multicenter, population‐based study assessed the efficacy of Hyper‐CVAD as first‐line therapy in patients with T‐cell ALL (T‐ALL).

Patients and methods

Between October 2002 and September 2006, 24 patients were diagnosed with T‐ALL in Sweden; 19 were eligible for treatment with the protocol.

Results

The median age was 32 yr (range 18–72 yr). Complete remission (CR) was obtained in 17 of 19 (89%) patients, and the treatment was relatively well tolerated. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) was recommended in high‐risk disease and was performed in four patients upfront. Two‐ and 5‐yr leukemia‐free survivals (LFS) in 17 patients with CR achievement were identical, at 29% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8–51). Two‐ and 5‐yr overall survival (OS) in whole cohort was 63% (95% CI: 42–85) and 47% (95% CI: 26–69), respectively. The 5‐yr LFS for 15 patients who did not receive allogeneic SCT upfront were 20% (95% CI: 0–40), although 14 of 15 completed the protocol (eight cycles). Relapse occurred in 2 of 4 upfront‐transplanted patients and in 12 of 15 patients treated with chemotherapy alone, six of whom received allogeneic SCT in CR2. Age ≥35 yr influenced OS negatively in univariate analysis (HR 5.1, 95% CI: 1.55–16.7).

Conclusions

Hyper‐CVAD treatment resulted in a high CR rate and appeared safe, but it showed poor efficacy at preventing relapse. Therefore, this treatment is no longer recommended for adults with T‐ALL in Sweden.
IDH1 and IDH2 mutations confer an adverse effect in patients with acute myeloid leukemia lacking the NPM1 mutation
Authors: Yamaguchi Shunichiro , Iwanaga Eisaku , Tokunaga Kenji , Nanri Tomoko , Shimomura Taizo , Suzushima Hitoshi , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Asou Norio
Published: January 2014

We examined the incidence and prognostic effect of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in 233 Japanese adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). IDH1 R132 mutations were detected in 20 (8.6%) patients with AML. IDH2 mutations were found in 19 (8.2%, 17 R140 and two R172) patients. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations were mutually exclusive and were associated with normal karyotype AML, cytogenetic intermediate‐risk group, and NPM1 mutations. Five‐year overall survival (OS) rates were significantly lower (15.6%) in patients harboring the IDH mutations than in patients lacking the IDH mutation (32.0%) in the entire cohort of AML (P = 0.005). Among patients aged 59 yr or younger with IDH mutations, 5‐yr OS in patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) was significantly higher than that in those not receiving allogeneic SCT (50% vs. 10.6%, P = 0.020). Of 51 patients with NPM1 mutations, there was no significant difference in 5‐yr OS rates between patients with and those without the IDH mutations. In contrast, among 175 patients lacking the NPM1 mutations, 5‐yr OS rate in patients with IDH mutations was significantly lower than that in those without IDH mutations (0% vs. 34.7%, P = <0.001). These data suggest that IDH mutations have an unfavorable effect in AML, especially AML with the NPM1 wild type and younger AML patients with IDH mutations may benefit from allogeneic SCT.
Effect of electric toothbrush on residents' oral hygiene: a randomized clinical trial in nursing homes
Authors: Fjeld Katrine G. , Mowe Morten , Eide Hilde , Willumsen Tiril
Published: January 2014

A single‐blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial was performed to investigate the effect of electric toothbrushes (ET) compared with manual toothbrushes (MT) on residents in nursing homes and to evaluate the caregiver's opinion on ET. A sample of 180 nursing‐home residents were given either a new ET or a new MT. Oral examinations were performed to measure dental hygiene, using the Oral Hygiene Index‐Simplified (OHI‐S). Both groups received the same instructions for use. After 2 months participants were re‐examined. Questionnaires were then sent to their caregivers. Participants' mean age was 86.1 ± 7.7 yr, and the mean number of remaining teeth was 20 ± 5.6. No specific intervention effect was found for ET. Both groups showed identical improvements in the OHI‐S, from 1.27 ± 0.63 at baseline (the mean value for all participants) to 1.01 ± 0.53 after 2 months. Of 152 caregivers who responded to the questionnaire, the majority evaluated ET to be beneficial and less time‐consuming compared with MT, also for demented residents. In a frail population, no difference is found in the effect of ET compared with MT. However, the ET appears to be a useful aid for residents who receive assistance with dental hygiene.
An Actor–Partner Interdependence Analysis of Associations between Affect and Parenting Behavior among Couples
Authors: Murdock Kyle W. , Lovejoy M. Christine , Oddi Kate B.
Published: January 2014

Prior studies evaluating associations between parental affect and parenting behavior have typically focused on either mothers or fathers despite evidence suggesting that affect and parenting behavior may be interdependent among couples. This study addressed this gap in the literature by evaluating associations between self‐reported affect and parenting behavior using an actor–partner interdependence analysis among a sample of 53 mother‐father dyads of 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children. Results suggested that mothers' and fathers' negative affect, as well as mothers' and fathers' positive affect, were positively associated. Both mothers' and fathers' negative affect were negatively associated with fathers' positive affect. Mothers' and fathers' harsh/negative parenting behavior, and supportive/engaged parenting behavior, were positively associated. Furthermore, mothers' negative affect was positively associated with mothers' and fathers' harsh/negative parenting behavior while mothers' positive affect was negatively associated with mothers' harsh/negative behavior and positively associated with mothers' supportive/engaged behavior. Fathers' negative affect was positively associated with fathers' supportive/engaged parenting behavior, while fathers' positive affect was positively associated with mothers' and fathers' supportive/engaged behavior. Results highlight the importance of conceptualizing and measuring characteristics of both mothers and fathers, if applicable, when researching the dynamics of interpersonal relationships within families.
Thermodynamic characterization of proton‐ionizable functional groups on the cell surfaces of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria and archaea
Authors: Gorman‐Lewis D. , Martens‐Habbena W. , Stahl D. A.
Published: January 2014

The ammonia‐oxidizing archaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus strain SCM1 (strain SCM1), a representative of the Thaumarchaeota archaeal phylum, can sustain high specific rates of ammonia oxidation at ammonia concentrations too low to sustain metabolism by ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB). One structural and biochemical difference between N. maritimus and AOB that might be related to the oligotrophic adaptation of strain SCM1 is the cell surface. A proteinaceous surface layer (S‐layer) comprises the outermost boundary of the strain SCM1 cell envelope, as opposed to the lipopolysaccharide coat of Gram‐negative AOB. In this work, we compared the surface reactivities of two archaea having an S‐layer (strain SCM1 and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius) with those of four representative AOB (Nitrosospira briensis, Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrosolobus multiformis, and Nitrosococcus oceani) using potentiometric and calorimetric titrations to evaluate differences in proton‐ionizable surface sites. Strain SCM1 and S. acidocaldarius have a wider range of proton buffering (approximately pH 10–3.5) than the AOB (approximately pH 10–4), under the conditions investigated. Thermodynamic parameters describing proton‐ionizable sites (acidity constants, enthalpies, and entropies of protonation) are consistent with these archaea having proton‐ionizable amino acid side chains containing carboxyl, imidazole, thiol, hydroxyl, and amine functional groups. Phosphorous‐bearing acidic functional groups, which might also be present, could be masked by imidazole and thiol functional groups. Parameters for the AOB are consistent with surface structures containing anionic oxygen ligands (carboxyl‐ and phosphorous‐bearing acidic functional groups), thiols, and amines. In addition, our results showed that strain SCM1 has more reactive surface sites than the AOB and a high concentration of sites consistent with aspartic and/or glutamic acid. Because these alternative boundary layers mediate interaction with the local external environment, these data provide the basis for further comparisons of the thermodynamic behavior of surface reactivity toward essential nutrients.
Unemployment and Fatherhood: Gender, Culture and National Context
Authors: Strier Roni
Published: January 2014

Hegemonic representations of masculinity and dominant images of fatherhood have usually been linked to the domain of work. This article explores the experiences of men under the hardship of unemployment and the impact of these experiences on the construction of their gender identities, specifically on the construction of their fatherhood identity. In addition, the article examines how culture and national context affect the interrelationship between unemployment and fatherhood. Drawing on a post‐structural constructivist theoretical perspective, the article describes a qualitative study of low‐income unemployed Palestinian fathers inIsrael. The study examines three areas of interest: perceptions of fatherhood, the experience of unemployment and the impact of unemployment on the construction of fatherhood. On the theoretical level, the article proposes a conceptualization of the relationship between unemployment and fatherhood. It argues that in order to generalize the impact of unemployment on fatherhood, we must first examine the context in which gendered and cultural perceptions of fatherhood are embedded. On a policy level, the article offers some recommendations for developing more contextualized, gender‐ and cultural‐sensitive policies for unemployed fathers.
Aerobic exercise increases phosphate removal during hemodialysis: A controlled trial
Authors: Orcy Rafael , Antunes Maria Fernanda , Schiller Tamires , Seus Thamires , Böhlke Maristela
Published: January 2014

Previous studies have suggested that exercise during hemodialysis (HD) could increase the efficacy of solute removal, although this hypothesis has not been conclusively evaluated. The goal of this study was to compare the removal of low‐molecular weight solutes between HD sessions, with and without aerobic exercise. It was a controlled clinical trial, including HD patients in a randomly cross‐over design, such that each patient received a HD session with exercise (intervention) and the next one without exercise (control), three times each. In the exercise sessions, patients pedaled on a cycle ergometer for 60 minutes. The total mass of removed urea, potassium, creatinine, and phosphate were calculated from the solutes concentration in dialysate (continuous spent sampling of dialysate). This was evaluated in a total of 132 HD sessions of patients with a mean age of 54 ± 15 years, 75% male and HD vintage of 3 (2–13) years. Phosphate removal in dialysate during intervention sessions was significantly higher (5.6 [2.5–18.9] vs. 5.1 [1.5–11.2] mg/min) than during control sessions, P = 0.04. The median mass of phosphate removed during control HD session was 1226 (367.8–2697.2) vs. 1348.6 (613.0–4536.2) mg/session during intervention sessions. The exercise did not modify the removal of urea (control 122.6 [61.3–286.0] vs. exercise 112.4 [51.1–250.3] mg/min, P = 0.44), creatinine (control 5.6 [2.5–13.8] vs. exercise 5.6 [2.5–12.8] mg/min, P = 0.49), or potassium (control 13.3 [11.2–15.8] vs. exercise 13.8 [6.6–15.8] mEq/min, P = 0.49). Aerobic exercise during HD increases the efficacy of phosphate removal, without changing urea, creatinine and potassium removal. The implications of this finding in mineral and bone disease and cardiovascular disease need to be evaluated on future clinical trials.
A diagnostic immunohistochemical panel for yolk sac (primitive endodermal) tumours based on an immunohistochemical comparison with the human yolk sac
Authors: Nogales Francisco F , Quiñonez Enoe , López‐Marín Laura , Dulcey Isabel , Preda Ovidiu
Published: January 2014

Aims

To establish a diagnostic immunohistochemical panel for various histotypes of yolk sac (primitive endodermal) tumours (YSTs) by comparison with the human yolk sac (HYS) immunophenotype.

Methods and results

Twenty‐five YSTs showing either classical patterns (CPs) of histology (microcystic/reticular, n = 14; polyvesicular, n = 1; and hepatoid, n = 1) or somatic glandular patterns (SGPs; n = 9) were analysed for expression of α‐fetoprotein (AFP), glypican‐3 (GPC3), villin, hepatocyte paraffin‐1 (HepPar‐1), CDX2, SALL4 and LIN28. AFP expression was constantly heterogeneous in CPs but tended to be focal/absent in SGPs. GPC3 was diffuse in CPs but heterogeneous (seven cases) or focal/absent (two cases) in SGPs. HepPar‐1 expression was focal in all but three cases (diffuse in one CP‐hepatoid and two SGPs). CDX2 positivity was focal in CPs but heterogeneous (seven cases) or diffuse (two cases) in SGPs. Villin, SALL4 and LIN28 were diffusely positive in nearly all cases.

Conclusions

CPs reproduce the immunophenotype of HYS and early endoderm with variable expression of both AFP and markers of early gut or hepatic differentiation. SGPs with intestinal differentiation often have incomplete immunophenotypes. A differential diagnosis panel, including both markers of pluripotentiality (SALL4 and/or LIN28) and endoderm (AFP, GPC3 and villin), is proposed. It identifies overlapping multidifferentiation of primitive and somatic immunophenotypes, supporting the recently proposed term of primitive endodermal tumours.
Odonata origins, biogeography, and diversification in an Eastern North American hotspot: multiple pathways to high temperate forest insect diversity
Authors: Corser Jeffrey D. , White Erin L. , Schlesinger Matthew D.
Published: January 2014

We assessed the origins and historical biogeography of a rich regional odonate fauna in New York State (NYS), Northeastern United States.

We computed North American (NA) range centres and NYS range margins and reviewed the taxonomic literature to provide a useful phylogenetic framework for the fauna. We analysed results from a newly completed Odonata atlas using generalised linear anova models to assess the effects of species' origins and zoogeographic affinities on relative frequency and extinction risk metrics.

Phylogenetic reconstruction based on taxonomic nomenclature revealed different patterns of diversification. Zygoptera in NYS is mainly of neotropical origin ˜ 60 Ma displaying a pattern of tropical conservatism, but with a burst recent of Plio–Pleistocene speciation in certain groups. Alternatively, Anisoptera contains crown group endemic taxa and other very old lineages from the Mesozoic era before the breakup of Pangaea, highlighting the evolutionary significance of the Appalachian Mountains as an important global centre of temperate forest freshwater diversity.

These high regional levels of odonate diversity have been brought about by at least three different mechanisms: dependence on forests, predominance of non‐ecological speciation mechanisms, and niche conservatism across hundreds of millions of generations.

NYS lies at a crossroads of both ancient and more recent Odonata evolution comprising separate boreal, temperate, and tropical faunas. Those species encountered less frequently and having higher overall extinction risk metrics generally tended to be the boreal species on the rear edge of their range, a widespread phenomenon for the insects of many regions generally attributed to ongoing climate change.
Methodology of the Field Administration of Stroke Therapy – Magnesium (FAST-MAG) Phase 3 Trial: Part 2 – Prehospital Study Methods
Authors: Saver Jeffrey L. , Starkman Sidney , Eckstein Marc , Stratton Samuel , Pratt Frank , Hamilton Scott , Conwit Robin , Liebeskind David S. , Sung Gene , Sanossian Nerses ,   for the FAST-MAG Investigators and Coordinators
Published: January 2014

Rationale

In acute stroke, the volume of salvageable brain tissue is maximal at onset and declines rapidly with time. Prehospital start of clinical trial interventions would enable delivery of neuroprotective agents, such as magnesium sulfate, to stroke patients in the hyperacute period when they are potentially most effective.

Aims

A broad aim of the FAST-MAG study is to develop and validate techniques to perform pivotal trials of neuroprotective therapies for acute stroke in the prehospital setting. In tandem with an accompanying general trial design article, this manuscript provides a detailed overview of several novel prehospital study methods employed in the NIH FAST-MAG Trial.

Design

Multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, pivotal clinical trial. Special Prehospital Procedures Distinctive prehospital methods deployed in FAST-MAG include: identifying likely stroke patients using the Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen; eliciting explicit informed consent from patients or on scene legally authorized representatives via cellphone discussion with off-scene physicians; paramedic rating of pretreatment stroke severity using the Los Angeles Motor Scale; assigning patients to a study arm using blinded, pre-encounter randomization; facilitating continuity of study infusion from the field to the ED by stocking ambulances with study kits including both field and hospital doses; and electronic fax consent signature documentation by geographically separated subjects and enrolling physicians.

Discussion

The suite of prehospital trial methods developed for the FAST-MAG Trial enable enrollment of patients in very early time windows, including the hyperacute, ‘golden hour’ period immediately after stroke onset.
Comparison of regression methods for spatially‐autocorrelated count data on regularly‐ and irregularly‐spaced locations
Authors: Saas Yannick , Gosselin Frédéric
Published: January 2014

It has long been known that insufficient consideration of spatial autocorrelation leads to unreliable hypothesis‐tests and inaccurate parameter estimates. Yet, ecologists are confronted with a confusing array of methods to account for spatial autocorrelation. Although Beale et al. (2010) provided guidance for continuous data on regular grids, researchers still need advice for other types of data in more flexible spatial contexts. In this paper, we extend Beale et al. (2010)‘s work to count data on both regularly‐ and irregularly‐spaced plots, the latter being commonly encountered in ecological studies. Through a simulation‐based approach, we assessed the accuracy and the type I errors of two frequentist and two Bayesian ready‐to‐use methods in the family of generalized mixed models, with distance‐based or neighbourhood‐based correlated random effects. In addition, we tested whether the methods are robust to spatial non‐stationarity, and over‐ and under‐dispersion – both typical features of species distribution count data which violate standard regression assumptions. In the simplest of our simulated datasets, the two frequentist methods gave inflated type I errors, while the two Bayesian methods provided satisfying results. When facing real‐world complexities, the distance‐based Bayesian method (MCMC with Langevin–Hastings updates) performed best of all. We hope that, in the light of our results, ecological researchers will feel more comfortable including spatial autocorrelation in their analyses of count data.
Environmental filters reduce the effects of sampling bias and improve predictions of ecological niche models
Authors: Varela Sara , Anderson Robert P. , García‐Valdés Raúl , Fernández‐González Federico
Published: January 2014

Ecological niche models represent key tools in biogeography but the effects of biased sampling hinder their use. Here, we address the utility of two forms of filtering the calibration data set (geographic and environmental) to reduce the effects of sampling bias. To do so we created a virtual species, projected its niche to the Iberian Peninsula and took samples from its binary geographic distribution using several biases. We then built models for various sample sizes after applying each of the filtering approaches. While geographic filtering did not improve discriminatory ability (and sometimes worsened it), environmental filtering consistently led to better models. Models made with few but climatically filtered points performed better than those made with many unfiltered (biased) points. Future research should address additional factors such as the complexity of the species’ niche, strength of filtering, and ability to predict suitability (rather than focus purely on discrimination).
metacom: an R package for the analysis of metacommunity structure
Authors: Dallas Tad
Published: January 2014

Metacommunity theory is an extension of metapopulation theory with the goal of understanding how ecological communities vary through space and time. One off‐shoot of metacommunity theory deals with understanding how community structure varies along biotic or environmental gradients. The Elements of Metacommunity Structure framework is a three‐tiered analysis of metacommunity structure that enables the user to identify metacommunity properties that arise in site‐by‐species incidence matrices. These properties can then be related to underlying variables that influence species distributions. The EMS framework is now implemented in metacom, an open source R package that allows for the analysis and plotting of metacommunities.
Do Poor Rural Households Produce Less Grain than Non‐poor Rural Households
Authors: Ma Ling , Liu Xiaoyun , Xin Xian
Published: January 2014

China's poor rural households produce substantially less grain compared with non‐poor rural households. The present paper applies a decomposition approach and uses China's rural household survey data to investigate the causes of this grain output gap. The paper first compares the grain output gap between poor and non‐poor rural households, and then decomposes the gap into differences in yield and area sown. The results indicate that the gap in grain output mainly results from differences in the amount of inputs used in production. Differences in the number of labor days and the level of intermediate inputs account for 13.6 and 47.5 percent of the gap, respectively. Poor rural households are also less efficient in their use of intermediate inputs, which contributes to 13.2 percent of the gap. However, the efficiency of poor households' labor days reduces the gap by 7.2 percent, while agricultural physical capital, household head education and agricultural training have no substantial impact on the household grain output gap.
Vertical Spillover Effects of Multinationals on Chinese Domestic Firms via Supplier–Customer Relationships
Authors: Lin Faqin , Zhang Chao , Wang Lin
Published: January 2014

Foreign direct investment (FDI) can benefit domestic firms in the host country. Using firm‐level data for China, we find statistically positive vertical spillover effects of multinational enterprises on the performance of domestic firms through backward and forward supplier–customer relationships. The spillover effects are mainly from large multinational enterprises and are greater for state‐owned firms and in poor regions. Our results are robust for both parametric regression and nonparametric matching techniques. Our findings have strong policy implications: while regulations relating to building business relationships with domestic firms when seeking foreign direct investment should be established, such policies should be aimed at private firms, big multinationals and less developed regions.
Development in China's Foreign Trade: 2003–2012
Authors: Lai Pingyao , Li Qingru
Published: January 2014

China's foreign trade has entered a new stage, marked by some profound changes since 2003. After 5 years' consecutive high growth, China's foreign trade experienced a significant slowdown in growth following the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008. The purpose of this article is to present a review of the development in China's foreign trade over the past 10 years, and to explore important changes that have taken place during this period of time. A major finding of the present paper is that the traditional forces driving the high export growth in China, that is, low‐cost labor, low‐cost resources and low‐cost money, have been disappearing. The policy implication is that over the next 10–15 years, the most important conditions for sustaining high export growth will be promoting the development and export of private enterprises in traditional heavy industries and high‐technology industries, and relying on technological progress and high productivity to propel export expansion.
Emerging Impact of Chinese Commodity Futures Market on Domestic and Global Economy
Authors: Tu Zhiyong , Song Min , Zhang Liang
Published: January 2014

In this paper we construct a set of indices that capture the special features of the Chinese commodity futures market for the period from January 2000 to December 2011 to analyze the general properties of China's commodity futures market. Using these indices we investigate the risk premiums of Chinese commodity futures and verify that the commodity futures can act as an effective diversification tool for Chinese asset management. It is found that the commodity futures can hedge both expected and unexpected inflation in China, and agricultural commodity futures are found to signal inflation 2 months beforehand. Finally, we explore the relationship between Chinese and US commodity futures markets in the years 2000 and 2010, and find that their interactions strengthen over time. Our research reveals an increasingly important role of the Chinese commodity futures market in both the domestic and the global economy. Some policy changes are suggested in response to this trend.
Impact of maternal diet on neonatal anthropometry: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Donnelly J. M. , Walsh J. M. , Byrne J. , Molloy E. J. , McAuliffe F. M.
Published: January 2014

Objective

Large for gestational age infants are at increased risk of childhood obesity and maternal nutrition impacts birthweight. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a maternal low glycaemic index (GI) diet on neonatal anthropometry.

Methods

The ROLO (Randomised Control Trial of Low Glycaemic Index Diet in Pregnancy) study was a randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a low GI diet versus usual diet on birthweight. It took place in a tertiary maternity hospital in Ireland and women were randomized to receive either a low GI diet or no dietary intervention from early pregnancy to term. Two hundred sixty‐five neonates had anthropometric measurements on day 1–2 of life, 126 in the intervention group and 139 in the control group. Measurements included birthweight, length and circumferences of the head, chest, abdominal, thigh and mid‐upper arm. A subgroup of 219 (82%) neonates also had skin‐fold measurements.

Results

Neonates whose mothers had a low GI diet in pregnancy had lower thigh circumference (15.9 ± 1.7 cm vs. 16.6 ± 1.5 cm, P = 0.04). There was no difference between the intervention and control groups in head, chest abdominal or mid‐upper arm circumferences. No difference was noted between the two groups for any skin‐fold measurements (subscapular, thigh, biceps and triceps).

Conclusion

Neonatal thigh circumference was altered by maternal low GI diet in pregnancy. These findings suggest that maternal low GI diet is safe in pregnancy and may positively impact infant adiposity.