bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumer and Professional Chef Perceptions of Three Edible-flower Species
Authors: Kelley Kathleen M. , Behe Bridget K. , Biernbaum John A. , Poff Kenneth L.
Published: February 2019

Two surveys were conducted to assess consumer and professional chefs' perceptions of three edible-flower species. Our objectives were to determine opinions, preferences, and uses of Viola tricolor L. `Helen Mount' (viola), Borago officinalis L. (borage), and Tropaeolum majus L. `Jewel Mix' (nasturtium). Flowers were grown using certifiable organic methods and chosen to reflect a variety of flower tastes, textures, and appearances. We quantified three attributes (taste, fragrance, and visual appeal) with a total of seven semantic, differential scales adapted from a scaling authority. The attributes were rated as: visual—“appealing”, “desirable,” and “very interested in tasting”; fragrance—“appealing” and “pleasant”; and taste—“tasty” and “desirable”. Garden Day participants were self-selected to evaluate and taste flowers from a consumer perspective. When asked to rate the three species on visual appeal and desire, no less than 76% of consumers awarded all flowers an acceptable rating. We found similar results when consumers answered questions regarding the taste of two of the three species. Results from this study support our hypothesis that customers would rate edible flower attributes highly and would be likely to purchase and serve the three species tested. Members of the Michigan Chefs de Cuisine Association participated in a similar survey. At least 66% of these chefs rated the three visual attributes and two fragrance attributes of viola and nasturtium acceptable. Chefs' ratings of the fragrance of borage as “appealing” and “pleasant” were higher than those of consumers, but the ratings were still low, 21% and 25%, respectively. Unlike consumers, chefs' ratings of the taste of viola as “appealing” and “desirable” were low (29% and 36%, respectively). We found some minor differences in ratings when groups were compared, using demographic variables as a basis for segmentation, indicating a homogenous marketing strategy may be employed.
DNA Fingerprinting to Identify Nine Anthurium Pot Plant Cultivars and Examine Their Genetic Relationship
Authors: Ranamukhaarachchi D.G. , Henny R.J. , Guy C.L. , Li Q.B.
Published: February 2019

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were utilized to determine the genetic relationships of nine morphologically similar pot plant cultivars of Anthurium sp. by developing DNA fingerprints (DFP). Of 25 arbitrary primers screened, nine generated DFPs that were used in computing the genetic distance (d) and similarity coefficient (C) values. All cultivars tested exhibited a high degree of genetic similarity. `Lady Ann' and `Lady Beth' possessed the closest relationship with d and C values of 0.06 and 0.98, respectively. The next closest genetic relationship was between `Red Hot' and `Southern Blush' (d = 0.33, C = 0.89). These two cultivars exhibited a more distant relationship to the other seven cultivars as indicated by higher `d' values. However, this study showed that the nine Anthurium cultivars examined were genetically closely related. These cultivars share specific DNA bands with three possible parental species (A. andraeanum Linden ex Andre, A. antioquens L., and A. amnicola Dressler) included in this study, which may indicate similarities in their pedigree. This study shows that RAPDs can be a useful tool to distinguish Anthurium pot plant cultivars as well as identify their genetic relationships.
×Sinocalycalycanthus raulstonii (Calycanthaceae): A New Intergeneric Hybrid between Sinocalycanthus chinensis and Calycanthus floridus
Authors: Lasseigne F.T. , Fantz P.R. , Raulston J.C. , Straley G.B.
Published: February 2019

A morphological comparison of Calycanthus L., Chimonanthus Lindl., and Sinocalycanthus W.C. Cheng and S.Y. Chang is presented. Intergeneric crosses between Sinocalycanthus chinensis (W.C. Cheng and S.Y. Chang) W.C. Cheng and S.Y. Chang and Calycanthus floridus L. produced hybrid progeny. Data are presented comparing the parents and the progeny. ×Sinocalycalycanthus raulstonii Lasseigne and Fantz is proposed as the name for these hybrids and is validated with a Latin diagnosis. The original cultivar is named `Hartlage Wine'.
Trinexapac-ethyl Does Not Increase Total Nonstructural Carbohydrate Content in Leaves, Crowns, and Roots of Tall Fescue
Authors: Richie W.E. , Green R.L. , Merino F.
Published: February 2019

Turfgrass growth regulators (TGRs) are an effective means of reducing vertical shoot growth and the production of clippings of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Recently, using TGRs has been suggested as a way to acclimate or precondition turfgrass to stress conditions, possibly through total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) accumulations and altered TNC partitioning. The TNC may accumulate in response to growth suppression associated with the TGR application. The objective of this study on tall fescue was to determine the effect of a single trinexapac-ethyl (TE) application on tissue weight and on TNC concentration and weight in leaves, crowns, and roots when sampled 6 to 7 weeks following TE application. This sampling time was chosen to coincide with the 28- to 56-day callback schedule that professional lawn care personnel follow when working with tall fescue. In 1995, a high level of turfgrass maintenance was used, consisting of N applications at 49 kg·ha-1 per month and two mowings per week, while in 1996 a moderate level was used, consisting of N applications at 24 kg·ha-1 per month and one mowing per week. Though TE provided reasonable inhibition of clipping growth for a 4-week period during both years, we observed no increase in tissue weight or in TNC concentration or weight in leaves, crowns, and roots when sampled 6 to 7 weeks after treatment. Chemical name used: [4(cyclopropyl-α-hydroxy-methylene)-3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester] (trinexapac-ethyl).
Evaluation of Seedling Size Following Germination Using Computer-aided Analysis of Digital Images from a Flat-bed Scanner
Authors: Geneve Robert L. , Kester Sharon T.
Published: February 2019

Early seedling growth rate can be used to estimate seed vigor for small-seeded vegetable and flower seeds. However, hand measurement of small seedlings is tedious and difficult to reproduce among analysts. Computer-aided analysis digital images of seedlings should improve accuracy and reproducibility. A flat-bed scanner fitted with base and top lighting provided high resolution images of even small-seeded species like petunia [Petunia ×hybrida `Blue Picotee' (Hort) Vilm.] and lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum `Mariachi Pure White' (Raf.) Shinn]. Uniform lighting was provided and images were captured and analyzed in less than 2 minutes. A clear, cellulose film was used as the germination substrate in petri dish germination assays to facilitate capturing images with a flat-bed scanner. The transparent medium permitted seedlings to be imaged without removal from the petri dish and also allowed for repeated measures of the same seedlings in order to calculate growth rate. Six species evaluated in this study included cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L., var. Botrytis), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `New Yorker'), pepper (Capsicum annuum L. `North Star'), impatiens [Impatiens walleriana Hook. f. `Impact Lavender'], vinca [Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. `Little Bright Eye'], and marigold (Tagetes patula L. `Little Devil Flame'). For germination and early seedling growth, the cellulose film compared favorably with other standard germination media (blue blotter and germination paper) for five of the six species tested. Computer analysis of seedling length was possible for all six species and was statistically similar to hand measurements averaged for three analysts.
Photoperiod, Juvenility, and High Intensity Lighting Affect Flowering and Cut Stem Qualities of Campanula and Lupinus
Authors: Cavins Todd J. , Dole John M.
Published: February 2019

Campanula medium L. `Champion Blue' and `Champion Pink' and Lupinus hartwegii Lindl. `Bright Gems' were grown in 8- or 16-h initial photoperiods, transplanted when 2-3, 5-6, or 8-9 true leaves developed, and placed under 8-, 12-, or 16-h final photoperiods. The lowest flowering percentage for `Champion Blue' (<1%) and `Champion Pink' (16%) resulted from plants grown in the 8-h photoperiod continuously. One hundred percent flowering occurred when Campanula were grown in the 16-h final photoperiod, indicating that `Champion Blue' and `Champion Pink' are long-day plants. Plants grown initially in the 8-h and finished in the 16-h photoperiod had the longest stems. Stem diameter was generally thickest for plants grown in the 8-h compared with the 16-h initial photoperiod. However, the 8-h initial photoperiod delayed anthesis compared with the 16-h initial photoperiod. `Champion Blue' and `Champion Pink' plants transplanted at the 2-3 leaf stage from the 16 hour initial to the 8-h final photoperiod had flowering percentages of 64% and 63%, respectively; however, when transplanted at the 8-9 leaf stage, plants were fully mature and 100% flowering occurred indicating that all plants were capable of flowering. In year 2, plants receiving high intensity discharge (HID) supplemental lighting during the 16-h initial photoperiod reached anthesis in 11 fewer days compared with plants not receiving HID supplemental lighting. High profits were obtained from Campanula grown in the 8-h initial photoperiod and transferred at 5-6 true leaves into the 16-h final photoperiod. Lupinus hartwegii plants had a high flowering percentage (96% to 100%) regardless of photoperiod or transplant stage. The 16-h final photoperiod decreased days to anthesis compared with the 8- or 12-h final photoperiod indicating that L. hartwegii is a facultative long-day plant. Increasing length of final photoperiod from 8- to 16-h increased stem length. Juvenility was not evident for Lupinus in this study. In year 2, Lupinus cut stems were generally longer and thicker when given HID supplemental lighting, especially when grown in the 8- or 12-h final photoperiod. Supplemental lighting also reduced days to anthesis. Highest profits were generally produced from Lupinus plants grown with supplemental HID lighting (during the initial photoperiod) until 8-9 true leaves had developed.
Apple and Peach Orchard Establishment Following Multi-year Use of Diuron, Simazine, and Terbacil
Authors: Tworkoski Thomas , Miller Stephen
Published: February 2019

Combinations of diuron, simazine, and terbacil were applied every year over 15 and 16 years to the same plots. Apple (Malu×domestica Borkh.) and peach (Prunus persica L.) trees then were planted 1 and 2 years following the last herbicide application. In general, apple-tree growth was not affected, but peach tree growth was reduced by some herbicide treatments. Peach-tree growth was reduced in plots treated with terbacil and soil organic matter was lowest in these plots. Time of last herbicide treatment did not affect apple- or peach-tree growth. The results indicated that reduced fruit-tree growth was associated with reduced soil organic matter and that residual terbacil may have inhibited peach-tree growth. Chemical names used: N′-(3,4-dichlorphenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea (diuron); 6-chloro-N,N′-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (simazine); 5-chloro-3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (terbacil).
Salinity and Boron Effects on Growth and Yield of Tepary and Kidney Beans
Authors: Sternberg P.D. , Ulery A.L. , Villa-C M.
Published: February 2019

Crops tolerant to salt and boron have an advantage when grown in soils, near power plants, that are contaminated by saline cooling tower water or by waste products such as coal fly ash containing high levels of B. In addition, tolerant crops may have higher yields in arid and semi arid regions where salt and B problems coexist. This greenhouse study was conducted in order to compare the response of tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to combinations of high levels of solution B and chloride salts. The plants of both species were grown in 10-L plastic buckets containing silica sand and were irrigated with half-strength Hoagland's No. 1 nutrient solution to which boric acid and a mixture of NaCl and CaCl2·2H2O on a 1:1 equivalent ratio were added. Boron treatments consisted of 5, 20, and 25 mg·L-1 and the target electrical conductivity (EC) levels were 1, 4, 8, 12, and 15 dS·m-1. The maximum growth and yield for tepary bean occurred at 5 mg·L-1 B and 4 dS·m-1. These values of B and salinity were 6.5 and 4 times higher than those threshold values reported for kidney bean. Furthermore, tepary bean produced profitable yield (80% of control) in the 5 mg·L-1 B, 8 dS·m-1 treatment and it even produced beans at B concentration as high as 20 mg·L-1 B, four times higher than that observed for kidney bean.
Pre-sidedress Soil Nitrate Test Is Effective for Fall Cabbage
Authors: Heckman Joseph R. , Morris Thomas , Sims J. Thomas , Sieczka Joseph B. , Krogmann Uta , Nitzsche Peter , Ashley Richard
Published: February 2019

The pre-sidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) was evaluated in 27 fields in New Jersey, 6 in Connecticut, 5 in Delaware, and 2 on Long Island in New York for its ability to predict whether sidedress N is needed to grow fall cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) as a double crop. Soil NO3-N concentrations measured on 20 field sites on the day of transplanting and 14 days after transplanting indicated that NO3-N concentrations over this time period increased, and that residues from the previous crop were not causing immobilization of soil mineral N. The relationship between soil NO3-N concentration measured 14 days after transplanting and relative yield of marketable cabbage heads was examined using Cate-Nelson analysis to define the PSNT critical level. Soil NO3-N concentrations ≥24 mg·kg-1 were associated with relative yields >92%. The success rate for the PSNT critical concentration was 84% for predicting whether sidedress N was needed. Soil NO3-N concentrations below the PSNT critical level are useful for inversely adjusting sidedress N fertilizer recommendations. The PSNT can reliably determine whether fall cabbage needs sidedress N fertilizer and the practice of soil NO3-N testing may be extendable to other cole crops with similar N requirements.
Calcium and 1-Methylcyclopropene Delay Desiccation of Lupinus havardii Cut Racemes
Authors: Picchioni G.A. , Valenzuela-Vazquez M. , Murray L.W.
Published: February 2019

Lupinus havardii Wats. is a promising new specialty cut flower crop, but data on its greenhouse culture and management are limited. Two experiments investigated senescence-delaying activity of preharvest Ca fertilization and postharvest preconditioning with 1-MCP on L. havardii `Texas Sapphire' cut flower stems (racemes). In the first study, Ca (as CaCl2) was added to the nutrient culture solution at concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mm for 88 days in a greenhouse. Additional CaCl2 supply did not affect the total number of racemes produced per plant, the average number of flowers per raceme, or the retention of individual flowers on cut racemes over a 7-day vase period. However, Ca concentration in cut raceme tissues, ranging from 5.3 to 7.6 mg·g-1 dry weight, increased linearly with increasing Ca concentration in the nutrient solution, which was accompanied by a linear increase in average fresh weight retention per raceme and individual mature flowers (up to 7% above controls) during the 7-day vase period. In the second study under similar plant culture and vase conditions, 1-MCP applied at harvest resulted in an average fresh weight retention increase of 9% above controls during 7 days in the vase. Equivalent levels of desiccation in control racemes (loss in fresh weight retention) were delayed by 1.5 to 3 days in racemes with the highest Ca concentrations and those that had been preconditioned with 1-MCP. In view of the physiological significance of desiccation in cut flower quality loss, preharvest Ca fertilization and postharvest 1-MCP preconditioning may be useful techniques for delaying senescence and maintaining vase quality of cut L. havardii racemes. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)
Storage Characteristics of New Sweet Cherry Cultivars
Authors: Kappel F. , Toivonen P. , McKenzie D.-L. , Stan S.
Published: February 2019

Several sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars were stored in air or modified-atmosphere packages (MAP) at 1 °C for 2 or 4 weeks, respectively. The new cultivars included `Santina', `Sumpaca Celeste', `Sumnue Cristalina', `Sumste Samba', `Sandra Rose', `Sumleta Sonata', and `Skeena', and the standards were `Lapins', `Sweetheart', and `Bing'. Fruit were rated for defects (stem browning, stem shrivel and fruit surface pitting), and fruit quality at harvest and after storage. Weight loss during storage was influenced by year, storage treatment, and cultivar. Stem shrivel, stem browning, and fruit surface pitting varied among cultivars and years. Generally, fruit stored in MAP had higher fruit firmness than at harvest or when stored in air. The respiration rate of fruit was lower in later than in earlier maturing cultivars, but respiration rate at harvest was not related to any of the quality measurements taken after storage.
Pecan Pollen Stored Over a Decade Retains Viability
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Yates I.E.
Published: February 2019

In vitro germination of freshly collected pollen and pollen stored 1, 10, 11, 12, and 13 years in liquid nitrogen was examined for `Desirable' pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch]. Viability of pollen stored in liquid nitrogen for 1, 10, 11, 12, and 13 years was not diminished in comparison to that of fresh pollen. Morphology of stored pollen grains and the germ tube was normal. Thus, liquid nitrogen may offer a means of haploid preservation of pecan.
Pyroligneous Acid Improves In Vitro Rooting of Japanese Pear Cultivars
Authors: Kadota Masanori , Hirano Takashi , Imizu Kiyotoshi , Niimi Yoshiji
Published: February 2019

Effects of PA on in vitro shoot proliferation and root formation were investigated using shoot cultures of three Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cultivars. PA inhibited shoot multiplication and promoted initiation and development of roots in the cultured shoots of three cultivars, resulting in increasing the proportion of rooted shoots. Chemical name used: pyroligneous acid (PA).
Micropropagation of the Rare Lakeside Daisy (Hymenoxys acaulis var. glabra)
Authors: Ault James R.
Published: February 2019

Shoot tip and stem segment explants collected from greenhouse-maintained plants of Hymenoxys acaulis var. glabra were cultured in vitro for shoot initiation on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 30 g·L-1 sucrose, 2.5 μm BA, and 7 g·L-1 agar at a pH of 5.7. Unbranched shoot explants were subcultured to MS medium with 0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 or 8 μm BA for shoot proliferation. A maximum of 10.3 shoots per explant was produced on the medium with 2.0 μm BA. Nonrooted shoots were subcultured to MS medium with 0.0, 0.5, 2, or 8 μm K-IBA for rooting. Maximum rooting was 90% on MS medium with 0.5 μm K-IBA. Rooted shoots were greenhouse-acclimatized for 10 days. Overall survival was 75%. Chemical names used: 6-benzyl adenine (BA); potassium salt of indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA).
Germination of Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. Seed Is Enhanced by Stratification, Benzyladenine, or Thiourea but not Gibberellic Acid
Authors: Parks Constance A. , Boyle Thomas H.
Published: February 2019

The effects of stratification, BA, thiourea, and GA3 were examined on germination of Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. seed. Seeds were germinated at 20 °C and numbers of germinated seed were counted daily for 21 days. The final germination percentage (G) for seeds stored dry at 4 °C for 0 to 10 weeks ranged from 52% to 64%, while stratification at 4 °C for 10 weeks increased G to 98% and decreased the days to 50% of final germination (T50) and the days between 10% and 90% germination (T90-T10). Aqueous solutions of BA at 10 or 100 mg·L-1 applied to blotter paper increased G and decreased T50 but did not affect T90-T10. In a separate experiment, dry seeds were treated for 3 minutes in BA at 0 to 1126 mg·L-1 dissolved in acetone. G values increased quadratically, whereas T50 and T90-T10 values decreased quadratically in response to BA concentration. A 3-minute preplant acetone permeation of seeds with BA at 225 or 1127 mg·L-1 yielded G and T50 values similar to those obtained with 10 weeks of stratification. Seeds immersed in thiourea at 0.76 or 7.61 mg·L-1 for 24 hours prior to sowing had higher G and lower T50 values than controls (0 mg·L-1 thiourea), but T90-T10 values were similar for all treatments. Seeds treated with GA3 at 1, 10, or 100 mg·L-1 in H2O did not differ from controls (0 mg·L-1 GA3) in G, T50, or T90-T10. Infusion of BA via acetone may be a practical means of breaking seed dormancy and accelerating germination in L. spicata. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; gibberellic acid (GA3); thiocarbamide (thiourea).
Cercis canadensis L. Seed Size Influences Germination Rate, Seedling Dry Matter, and Seedling Leaf Area
Authors: Couvillon Gary A.
Published: February 2019

Several studies with annual crops have shown that large seeds improve percent germination, seedling growth, and uniformity, yield, seedling vigor, and stress tolerance. Little information is available on the influence of seed size on the resulting seedlings of woody plant species. Cercis canadensis L. seeds were divided into large and small seed size fractions and the seeds scarified, stratified, and planted. A larger percentage of large seeds germinated than did small seeds. Seedlings from large seeds had a greater peak and germination value than small seeds, indicating greater vigor and a more rapid germination rate thus more uniform seedlings. Seedlings from large seeds, as indicated by fresh and dry weights, were larger and contained a greater leaf area than those produced by small seed.
Combinations of Colors and Species of Containerized Edible Flowers: Effect on Consumer Preferences
Authors: Kelley Kathleen M. , Behe Bridget K. , Biernbaum John A. , Poff Kenneth L.
Published: February 2019

Do consumers prefer certain combinations of edible-flower species and colors over other assortments? Two hundred and sixteen people were self-selected for a survey at a Michigan flower show to rate 15 photographs of edible flowers arranged in 0.24-L, clear, plastic containers. Each container had either an individual species or combinations of Viola tricolor L. `Helen Mount' (viola), Borago officinalis L. (borage), and Tropaeolum majus L. `Jewel Mix' and `Tip Top Apricot' (nasturtium). To determine what color(s) of nasturtium participants would prefer, containers held either orange and crimson, peach and cream, or a combination of all four flower colors. Participants rated photographs using a semantic differential on a 7-point Likert scale (7 being the highest rating) based on their likelihood to purchase each container of edible flowers to serve to family and friends in a meal. Participants were asked an additional 21 questions regarding their attitudes about edible flowers, gardening habits, dining habits, and several demographic questions. Responses were subjected to conjoint analysis (SPSS Inc., Chicago). The addition of other species to nasturtium (viola, borage, viola, and borage) had a greater relative importance (53%) than the color of the nasturtium (47%). A mixture of all four nasturtium colors (peach, cream, orange, and crimson) was awarded the highest utility (0.091). Peach and cream nasturtiums or containers that did not contain any nasturtium flowers at all were least preferred (-0.070 and -0.083 utilities, respectively). Mean ratings that participants assigned to containers of edible flowers supported these utilities. The container assigned the highest mean rating included nasturtiums of all four colors, yet 66% were unlikely to purchase any container with 10% insect damage. Differences in preferences were noted using selected demographic characteristics such as age, gender, and income.
Plant Growth Regulators Affect the Development of Both Corms and Cormels in Gladiolus
Authors: Ram Raja , Mukherjee Debasish , Manuja Sandeep
Published: February 2019

The effects of BA, ethephon, and GA3 on freshly harvested cormels of three cultivars of Gladiolus sp. were studied for 3 years. The treatment with 400 mg·L-1 ethephon significantly reduced the dormancy period by 17.5 days as compared to control, while BA and GA3 were found to be less effective. Among all treatments, ethepon at 400 mg·L-1 was found to be the most effective in altering the days to sprout, sprouting percentage, corm size and production and development of cormels. While GA3 at 100 mg·L-1 increased growth of corms and cormels, BA at 25 mg·L-1 increased growth of corms and cormels. BA at 25 mg·L-1 only influenced the sprouting percentage of cormels. Along with reducing the dormancy period, the plant growth regulators stimulated growth and development of corms and cormels. Chemical names used: benzyladenine (BA); 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon); gibberellic acid (GA3).
Susceptibility of Purple-Versus Greenleaved Cultivars of Woody Landscape Plants to the Japanese Beetle
Authors: Rowe W. Jack , Potter Daniel A. , McNiel Robert E.
Published: February 2019

Twenty-six purple- or green-leaved cultivars representing 12 species of woody landscape plants were evaluated in the field for defoliation by Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman) over three growing seasons. We further evaluated the hypothesis that, within closely-related plants, purple cultivars generally are preferred over green ones by comparing beetles' consumption of foliage in laboratory choice tests and their orientation to painted silk tree models baited with Japanese beetle lures. Cultivars of Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. and hybrids of that species [e.g., Prunus ×cistena (Hansen) Koehne, Prunus ×blireiana André] were more heavily damaged than nearly all other plants tested. Among maples, Acer palmatum Thunb. `Bloodgood' and A. platanoides L. `Deborah' and `Fairview' were especially susceptible. None of the cultivars of Berberis thunbergii DC, Cercis canadensis L., Cotinus coggygria Scop., or Fagus sylvatica L. were heavily damaged, regardless of foliage color. In the choice tests, purple Norway maples were preferred over green ones in three of four comparisons, but preference varied within the other plant genera. In fact, more beetles oriented to green-leaved tree models than to purple ones. Our results indicate that within a genus, purple-leaved plants do not necessarily sustain more damage than green-leaved ones. Widespread use of certain purple-leaved cultivars of generally susceptible plant species probably contributes to the perception that purpleleaved plants, overall, are preferred. Purple-leaved cultivars of redbud, European beech, smoketree, and barberry, or the purple-leaved Prunus virginiana L. `Canada Red' or Malus ×hybrida Lemoine `Jomarie' may be suitable substitutes for more susceptible purple-leaved plants in landscapes where Japanese beetles are a concern.
Creeping Bentgrass Growth Response to Elevated Soil Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Bunnell B. Todd , McCarty Lambert B. , Dodd Roy B. , Hill Hoke S. , Camberato James J.
Published: February 2019

Increased soil moisture and temperature along with increased soil microbial and root activity during summer months elevate soil CO2 levels. Although previous research has demonstrated negative effects of high soil CO2 on growth of some plants, little is known concerning the impact high CO2 levels on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). The objective of this study was to investigate effects of varying levels of CO2 on the growth of creeping bentgrass. Growth cells were constructed to U.S. Golf Association (USGA) greens specification and creeping bentgrass was grown in the greenhouse. Three different levels of CO2 (2.5%, 5.0%, and 10.0%) were injected (for 1 minute every 2 hours) into the growth cells at a rate of 550 cm3·min-1. An untreated check, which did not have a gas mixture injected, maintained a CO2 concentration <1%. Gas injection occurred for 20 days to represent a run. Two runs were performed during the summer of 1999 on different growth cells. Visual turf quality ratings, encompassing turf color, health, density, and uniformity, were evaluated every 4 days on a 1-9 scale, with 9 = best turf and <7 being unacceptable. Soil cores were taken at the end of each run. Roots were separated from soil to measure root depth and mass. Turf quality was reduced to unacceptable levels with 10% CO2, but was unaffected at lower levels over the 20-day treatment period. Soil CO2 ≥2.5% reduced root mass and depth by 40% and 10%, respectively.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Effects on Seeded Buffalograss Establishment
Authors: Frank Kevin W. , Gaussoin Roch E. , Fry Jack D. , Frost Michael D. , Baird James H.
Published: February 2019

Field studies were conducted in Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma in 1996 to evaluate the influence of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) applied alone or in combination on the establishment rate of buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] from seed. `Cody' buffalograss burrs were planted at 98 kg·ha-1. Nitrogen was applied at 0 or 49 kg·ha-1 at planting and at 49 kg·ha-1 weekly or every other week for 5 weeks after seeding (WAS). The total N amounts applied were 0, 49, 147, or 294 kg·ha-1. Phosphorus and K were applied at rates of 0 or 49 kg·ha-1 at planting only. Percent buffalograss coverage ratings were taken weekly for up to 11 WAS. Buffalograss coverage was enhanced by N rates up to 147 kg·ha-1. Application of P improved buffalograss establishment at the Nebraska and Oklahoma sites but had no effect at the Kansas site. Potassium application had no influence on establishment at any site. Chemical names used: methyl 2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino]carbonyl]amino] sulfonyl]benzoate (metsulfuron methyl); 6-chloro-N,Ń-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (simazine)
Efficient Evaluation of Resistance to Three Root-knot Nematode Species in Selected Sweetpotato Cultivars
Authors: Cervantes-Flores J.C. , Yencho G.C. , Davis E.L.
Published: February 2019

Five sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars (`Beauregard', `Excel', `Jewel', `Hernandez', and `Porto Rico') were evaluated for resistance to three root-knot nematode species: Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood (race 2), M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood (race 3), and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Resistance screening efficiency was assessed in both 400-cm3 square pots and 150-cm3 Conetainers™. Nematode infection was assessed as the percentage of root system galled, percentage of root system necrosis, and the number of nematode eggs produced per gram of root tissue. Means of these dependent variables were not different (P ≤ 0.05) between container types, with Conetainers™ being more efficient to use. Root necrosis was not related to nematode infection, but was significant among cultivars (P = 0.0005). The resistance responses of the cultivars differed depending on the nematode species. All five cultivars were resistant to M. arenaria race 2. `Hernandez', `Excel', and `Jewel' were also resistant to M. incognita race 3 and M. javanica.
Suspension Culture and Plant Regeneration of Typha latifolia
Authors: Estime Lunique , O'Shea Marie , Borst Michael , Gerrity Jennifer , Liao Shih-Long
Published: February 2019

Typha latifolia L. (broadleaf cattail) callus was initiated from leaf sections, as well as from pistillate and staminate spikes. Two basal media in combination with three growth regulator regimes were tested for their capacity to induce callus from the explants. Pistillate spikes maintained in the dark on B5 medium supplemented with 5 mg·L-1 dicamba and 1 mg·L-1 BA produced the fastest growing cell line compared to other explants and media combinations. A growth curve in suspension culture was generated for this cell line on B5 medium. The mass of the callus increased by 150% by the end of the growth curve. Upon transfer of the callus to MS medium without growth regulators but with 3% sucrose and 3% phytagel, plants could be regenerated from 22% of the cultures. Chemical names used: 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba); N6-benzyladenine (BA).
Pre-sidedress Soil Nitrate Testing Identifies Processing Tomato Fields Not Requiring Sidedress N Fertilizer
Authors: Krusekopf H.H. , Mitchell J.P. , Hartz T.K. , May D.M. , Miyao E.M. , Cahn M.D.
Published: February 2019

Overuse of chemical N fertilizers has been linked to nitrate contamination of both surface and ground water. Excessive use of fertilizer also is an economic loss to the farmer. Typical N application rates for processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production in California are 150 to 250 kg·ha-1. The contributions of residual soil NO3-N and in-season N mineralization to plant nutrient status are generally not included in fertilizer input calculations, often resulting in overuse of fertilizer. The primary goal of this research was to determine if the pre-sidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) could identify fields not requiring sidedress N application to achieve maximum tomato yield; a secondary goal was to evaluate tissue N testing currently used for identifying post-sidedress plant N deficiencies. Field experiments were conducted during 1998 and 1999. Pre-sidedress soil nitrate concentrations were determined to a depth of 60 cm at 10 field sites. N mineralization rate was estimated by aerobic incubation test. Sidedress fertilizer was applied at six incremental rates from 0 to 280 kg·ha-1 N, with six replications per field. At harvest, only four fields showed a fruit yield response to fertilizer application. Within the responsive fields, fruit yields were not increased with sidedress N application above 112 kg·ha-1. Yield response to sidedress N did not occur in fields with pre-sidedress soil NO3-N levels >16 mg·kg-1. Soil sample NO3-N levels from 30 cm and 60 cm sampling depth were strongly correlated. Mineralization was estimated to contribute an average of 60 kg·ha-1 N between sidedressing and harvest. Plant tissue NO3-N concentration was found to be most strongly correlated to plant N deficiency at fruit set growth stage. Dry petiole NO3-N was determined to be a more accurate indicator of plant N status than petiole sap NO3-N measured by a nitrate-selective electrode. The results from this study suggested that N fertilizer inputs could be reduced substantially below current industry norms without reducing yields in fields identified by the PSNT as having residual pre-sidedress soil NO3-N levels >16 mg·kg-1 in the top 60 cm.
Assessment of the Need for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Sulfur Preplant Nutrients for Plug Seedling Growth
Authors: Huang Jin-Sheng , Nelson Paul V. , Bailey Douglas A. , Fonteno William C. , Mingis Nancy C.
Published: February 2019

Salinity guidelines for seed germination substrates call for low, difficult to attain levels. This study was conducted to determine the value of N, P, K, and S as preplant nutrients, with the anticipation that some could be eliminated to alleviate the high salinity problem in many substrates. Impatiens wallerana L. `Accent Rose' and Gomphrena globosa L. `Buddy' were tested in 288-cell plug trays containing a substrate of 3 sphagnum peat moss: 1 perlite (v/v) in two experiments. Seven preplant N, P, K, and S treatments, including none, all (each at 100 mg·L-1 of substrate), all minus one of each of the nutrients, and N at one additional rate of 50 mg·L-1, were tested. Postplant fertilization was applied to all treatments as 13 N-0.9P-10.8K at 50 mg·L-1 N beginning 1 week after sowing and was increased to 100 mg·L-1 N when the fourth true leaf appeared. The resultant seedlings were transplanted into 48-cell flats and grown into marketable stage for further evaluation. For maximum potential growth, N, P, K, and S were needed as preplant fertilizer. However, compact shoots, not maximum growth, are generally desired in commercial production. Thus, K and S can be omitted since their contribution to growth was only occasional and small. To further ensure a consistently desirable level of compactness, it was necessary to omit N or P or both in addition to K and S. Omission of N alone yielded the most desirable compact plant qualities, including suitable reduction in final seedling size. Omission of P alone yielded larger reductions in height and shoot dry weight of seedlings compared to N omission, and a delay of 2 to 4 days in flowering of bedding plants. Omission of the four nutrients, compared to -P, resulted in similar seedling growth reduction and bedding plant flower delay. Since N omission lowered the salt (electrical conductivity) level of substrate more than P omission and had no negative impact on subsequent bedding plant flowering compared to the other two treatments, N omission would be the more desirable of the three. However, N omission resulted in chlorotic seedlings, but these quickly turned green upon restoration of N. Omission of P or all four nutrients resulted in desirably deep green seedlings. Growth of gomphrena seedlings, a high-fertilizer requirement category of taxa, was suppressed when the preplant rate of N was 50 mg·L-1 compared to 100 mg·L-1, while growth of impatiens, a low-fertilizer requirement category of taxa, was essentially equivalent at these rates. Preplant additions of nutrients applied at 100 mg of nutrient element per liter of substrate lasted for the following numbers of days; NO3-N, 18-25 days; NH4-N, 12-20 days; K2O, 27 days; PO4-P, >35 days; and SO4-S, >35 days.
Virus-associated Diseases of Double Petunia: Frequency and Distribution in Ohio Greenhouses
Authors: Sanchez-Cuevas M-C , Nameth S.G.P.
Published: February 2019

Double petunia plants expressing virus-like symptoms were collected in greenhouses and garden centers throughout Ohio in Spring 1997 and 1998 in an effort to determine the frequency and distribution of petunia viruses present in the state. Direct antibody-sandwich and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted with commercial antisera made against 13 viruses, a potyvirus kit capable of detecting 80 different potyviruses, and our antiserum raised against a tobamo-like virus inducing severe mosaic in double petunia. Viral-associated double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) analysis and light microscopy for detection of inclusion bodies were also carried out. ELISA, dsRNA analysis, and light microscopy revealed the presence of tobacco mosaic tobamovirus, an unknown tobamo-like petunia virus, tomato ringspot nepovirus, tobacco streak ilarvirus, and tobacco ringspot nepovirus. Tomato aspermy cucumovirus, tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus, alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, potato virus X potexvirus, and chrysanthemum B carlavirus were not detected. No potyviruses were identified. A number of plants with virus-like symptoms tested negative for all viruses.
Incubation Time, Cultivar, and Storage Duration Affect Onion Lachrymatory Factor Quantification
Authors: Kopsell David E. , Randle William M. , Schmidt Norman E.
Published: February 2019

The lachrymatory factor [LF, (Z,E) propanethial S-oxide] is a direct product of 1-propenyl cysteine sulfoxide (1-PRENCSO) hydrolysis and dominates onion flavor when present in high concentrations. To evaluate LF as a potential means of assessing flavor quality, two onion cultivars were greenhouse-grown and the bulbs stored for 4 months at 3 ± 1 °C, 70% relative humidity. Onions were evaluated at monthly storage intervals for LF development in bulb macerates following a 120 seconds incubation time. When LF was compared to amounts of 1-PRENCSO hydrolysis, we found that LF was severely underestimated. The relationship of LF and 1-PRENCSO also varied between cultivars during storage. As `Granex 33' was stored for longer periods, the amount of LF measured at 120 seconds more closely reflected the amount of 1-PRENCSO hydrolyzed. LF from `Dehydrator #3', however, was consistently underestimated regardless of storage time. Therefore, a second experiment was conducted using individual bulbs of two onion cultivars in an attempt to determine the optimal incubation time for LF quantification. Maximum LF among bulbs was generally detected 5-10 seconds after tissue maceration for `Dehydrator' and after 15-30 seconds for `Sweet Vidalia'. The amount of LF quantified between 5 and 120 seconds decreased linearly for nine of ten bulbs of `Dehydrator', but this trend was less apparent for `Sweet Vidalia'. A uniform LF incubation time for individual bulbs, therefore, may not be possible for all cultivars. These data show a complex relationship among and within onion cultivars for 1-PRENCSO hydrolysis and the formation of LF in onion macerates.
Systematic Relationship of Weeping Katsura Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Sequences
Authors: Li Jianhua , Dosmann Michael S. , Del Tredici Peter , Andrews Susyn
Published: February 2019

Sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were used to examine genetic divergence of the two species of katsura [Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. & Zucc. and Cercidiphyllum magnificum (Nakai) Nakai] and four clones of weeping katsura (`Amazing Grace', `Tidal Wave', `Pendulum', and `Morioka Weeping'), and to characterize the affinity of these weeping katsura to both species. Our results indicate that C. japonicum and C. magnificum are genetically distinct, supporting the recognition of them as separate species. Based on our DNA sequence data and morphological evidence, all weeping selections are phylogenetically derived from C. japonicum, not C. magnificum; nor are they of a hybrid origin between C. japonicum and C. magnificum. We propose the new cultivar-group Cercidiphyllum japonicum Weeping Group to include all katsura clones of weeping or pendulous habit, and recognize the cultivar epithet `Morioka Weeping' and its application to the excurrent and upright clone obtained from Japan and distributed in North America by the Arnold Arboretum.
Canopy Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of 'Royal Gala' Apple Trees Grown for Eight Years in Five Tree Training Systems
Authors: Hampson Cheryl R. , Quamme Harvey A. , Brownlee Robert T.
Published: February 2019

In 1993, a planting of virus-free 'Royal Gala' apple (Malu×domestica Borkh.) on 'M.9' rootstock was established at Summerland, B.C., Canada, to determine whether angled-canopy training systems could improve orchard tree performance relative to slender spindles. The trees were trained in one of five ways: slender spindle (SS), Geneva Y-trellis (GY), a modified Solen training we called 'Solen Y-trellis' (SY), or V-trellis (LDV), all at the same spacing (1.2 m × 2.8 m), giving a planting density of 2976 trees/ha. In addition, a higher density (7143 trees/ha) version of the V-trellis (HDV) was planted to gauge the performance of this system at densities approaching those of local super spindle orchards. The plots were drip-irrigated and hand-thinned. No summer pruning was done. After 8 years, differences among training systems at the same density and spacing were small and few. The two Y-shaped training systems had 11% to 14% greater cumulative yield/ha than the SS, but did not intercept significantly more light at maturity. No consistent differences occurred in fruit size or the percentage of fruit with delayed color development among the four training systems at the same density. Relative to the LDV, the HDV yielded less per tree, but far more per hectare, particularly in the first 3 years. After 8 years, the cumulative yield/ha was still 65% greater than with LDV. Yield efficiency was unaffected by tree density. Fruit size on HDV ranked lowest among the systems nearly every year, but was still commercially acceptable. The HDV intercepted more light (73%) than SS (53%). The percentage of fruit with delayed color development in HDV was not significantly different from that for LDV in most years. The trees in HDV were difficult to contain within their allotted space without summer pruning. The substantially similar performance of all the training systems (at a given density, and with minimal pruning) suggests that cost and ease of management should be the decisive factors when choosing a tree training method.
Studies on Water Transport Through the Sweet Cherry Fruit Surface: IV. Regions of Preferential Uptake
Authors: Beyer Marco , Peschel Stefanie , Knoche Moritz , Knörgen Manfred
Published: February 2019

Water uptake in different regions of the sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L. cv. Sam) was investigated following selective application of silicone sealant to the pedicel end, pedicel cavity, pedicel/fruit juncture, or stylar scar of detached fruit. The time course of water uptake was monitored gravimetrically during a 3-hour incubation period in deionized water (20 °C). Sealing the pedicel end and/or pedicel/fruit juncture significantly reduced rates and total amount (3 hours) of water uptake, but sealing the stylar scar had no effect. The amount of water penetrating via the pedicel/fruit juncture increased between 50 and 85 days after full bloom. During the same period the maximum force required to detach pedicels from fruit (fruit removal force) fell from 5.2 ± 0.5 to 2.1 ± 0.2 N. The amount of water penetrating via the pedicel/fruit juncture and the fruit removal force were negatively related. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of mature fruit incubated in D2O indicated that D2O accumulated in the pedicel cavity region and the pedicel. Our data suggest that the pedicel end and pedicel/fruit juncture, but not the stylar scar, are regions of preferential water uptake in detached fruit. Chemical name used: deuterium oxide (D2O).
Evaluation of Transplant Fertility of Short-day Onions in Southeast Georgia
Authors: Boyhan George E. , Torrance Reid L. , Curry David E. , Lewis Pamela M. , Linton Donna O. , Hill C. Randy
Published: February 2019

Preplant levels of 5N-4.4P-12.4K (-5S or -9S) and sidedress applications of CaNO3 were evaluated in onion (Allium cepa L.). In addition, high phosphorus fertilizers 18N-20.1P-0K (diammonium phosphate) and liquid 10N-14.8P-0K were evaluated on sites with and without high residual phosphorus levels as well as their interaction with onion cultivars. Sidedress applications of CaNO3 had a significant effect on plant height and an interaction with preplant 5N-4.4P-12.4K fertilizer. There was a linear increase in plant height with increasing applications of 5N-4.4P-12.4K from 0 to 1569 kg·ha-1 with the CaNO3 applications. Neither 5N-4.4P-12.4K nor CaNO3 applications affected stand count. 5N-4.4P-12.4K fertilizer had significant linear effects on tissue potassium and sulfur. Tissue nitrogen and calcium increased with CaNO3 applications while phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur decreased. CaNO3 also had a positive effect on suitability for transplanting. There was an interaction effect between 5N-4.4P-12.4K and CaNO3 for tissue phosphorus levels. There was a linear decrease in tissue phosphorus levels with increasing amounts of 5N-4.4P-12.4K fertilizer with the sidedress CaNO3 treatments. High phosphorus fertilizers applied directly after seeding had no effect on plant stand or plant height either on soils with or without high residual phosphorus in 1998. In 1999, 10N-14.8P-0K fertilizer had a significant effect on plant height while 18N-20.1P-0K did not. Based on this study, we conclude that additional applications of high phosphorus fertilizers applied post seeding are not required due to the relatively warm conditions found in southeast Georgia in September. There were differences between cultivars, but cultivar× high phosphorus fertilizer interactions were nonsignificant.