bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patient characteristics of suspected mast‐cell activation syndrome with sinonasal obstruction: a single institution experience
Authors: Kim Jee‐Hong , Xi Shijun , Ference Elisabeth H. , Ge Marshall , Liu Mona M. , Wrobel Bozena B.
Published: May 2020

Background

Mast‐cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is increasingly recognized. Sinonasal obstruction is common among these patients. There is a paucity of literature describing the characteristics of MCAS and treatment outcomes.

Methods

Retrospective review of 192 patients with nasal congestion July 2017 to May 2019 among 3 providers (1 allergist, 2 rhinologists) was conducted. Suspected MCAS criteria were as follows: (1) at least 2 recurrent severe symptoms in addition to nasal congestion: flushing, pruritus, urticaria, angioedema, wheezing, throat swelling, headache, hypotension, diarrhea; (2) clinical response to medications that target mast cell mediators. Quality of life (QOL) outcomes were quantified using the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22).

Results

Thirty‐two patients with nasal congestion were suspected of MCAS. The median age was 47 years; 24 of 32 were female; 13 of 32 had prior history of sinonasal surgery and 11 of 32 allergen immunotherapy. Out of 32, 19 had history of asthma, 10 drug allergy, 11 food allergy, and 10 anaphylaxis. The median number of medications targeting mast cell activation was 4 (range, 2‐7). Eleven patients were offered surgery by a rhinologist after adequate medical management. Three of 32 patients showed elevation of serum tryptase. Fourteen completed pretreatment and posttreatment SNOT‐22 (4/14 surgery, 10/14 medical management). Pretreatment score was 59.8 ± 6.2 (mean ± standard error [SEM]) and posttreatment score was 42.8 ± 6.7; the difference was statistically and clinically significant (p = 0.0015). Both groups showed a mean 17‐point reduction.

Conclusion

A multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of sinonasal symptoms using both escalation of medical therapy and surgical approaches may improve QOL of patients with suspected MCAS. Consensus criteria for MCAS, which includes elevation in tryptase over baseline during an episode, may exclude the full spectrum of individuals with MCAS from potentially beneficial treatment.
Bildung Stabiler All‐Silicium Varianten von 1,3‐Cyclobutandiyl im Gleichgewicht
Authors: Yildiz Cem B. , Leszczyńska Kinga I. , González‐Gallardo Sandra , Zimmer Michael , Azizoglu Akin , Biskup Till , Kay Christopher W. M. , Huch Volker , Rzepa Henry S. , Scheschkewitz David
Published: May 2020

Hauptgruppenanaloga von 1,3‐Cyclobutandiylen faszinieren mit ihrer einzigartigen Reaktivität und ihren elektronischen Eigenschaften. Bisher sind allerdings nur heteronukleare Vertreter isoliert worden. Wir berichten hier über die Isolierung und Charakterisierung von All‐Silicium‐1,3‐Cyclobutandiylen als stabile Singulettspezies mit geschlossenschaliger Konfiguration aus den reversiblen Reaktionen von Cyclotrisilen c‐Si3Tip4 (Tip=2,4,6‐Triisopropylphenyl) mit den N‐heterocyclischen Silylenen c‐[(CR2CH2)(NtBu)2]Si: (R=H oder Methyl) mit gesättigten Grundgerüsten. Bei erhöhten Temperaturen werden aus diesen Gleichgewichtsmischungen Tetrasilacyclobutene erhalten. Die analoge Reaktion mit dem ungesättigten N‐heterocyclischen Silylen c‐(CH)2(NtBu)2Si: verläuft direkt zum entsprechenden Tetrasilacyclobuten ohne Nachweis des angenommenen 1,3‐Cyclobutandiyl‐Zwischenprodukts.
Preparation of polyimide/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes composite aerogels with anisotropic properties
Authors: Miao Zongnan , Jia Zhennan , Yu Zhi , Chen Shaokang , Zhou Shengtai , Liu Pengbo , Zou Huawei
Published: May 2020

In this study, a series of polyimide/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (PI/MWCNTs) composite aerogels with anisotropic properties were fabricated. First, the poly(amic acid) ammonium salt (PAS)/MWCNTs suspension was prepared by blending poly(amic acid), deionized water, triethylamine, MWCNTs, and CNT dispersant with the aid of ultrasonication treatment. Afterwards, the aqueous PAS/MWCNTs suspension was unidirectionally frozen at −65 ± 5°C, then followed by freeze‐drying. Subsequently, the PI/MWCNTs composite aerogels were obtained after thermal imidization treatment. Morphology observations revealed that PI/MWCNTs composite aerogels exhibited a “hive‐like” structure while viewed along the freezing direction, whereas a typical channel‐like pore structure was observed perpendicular to the freezing direction. This typical structure rendered PI/MWCNTs composite aerogels with anisotropic properties such as heat conduction, electrical conductivity as well as electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness when the aerogels were characterized at different directions.
3D‐printed polymer packing structures: Uniformity of morphology and mechanical properties via microprocessing conditions
Authors: Kim Sunghan , Korolovych Volodymyr F. , Muhlbauer Rachel L. , Tsukruk Vladimir V.
Published: May 2020

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is an attractive approach to fabricate highly porous extremely lightweight structures for architecture antivibrational packaging. We report 3D printing processing of model packaging structures using biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a source material, with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) utilized as a common 3D printing source material as a traditional benchmarked material. The effects of printing temperature, speed, and layer morphology on the layer‐by‐layer 3D‐printed structures and their mechanical properties were considered. Three different characteristic morphologies were identified based on printing temperature; the microscopic surface roughness was dependent on the printing speed and layer height. We demonstrate that the mechanical performances and surface properties of 3D‐printed PLA structures could be improved by optimization of printing conditions. Specifically, we evaluate that these PLA‐based 3D structures printed exhibited better surface qualities and enhanced mechanical performance than traditional ABS‐based structures. Results showed that the PLA‐based 3D structures possessed the favorable mechanical performance with 34% higher Young's modulus and 23% higher tensile strength in comparison to the ABS‐based 3D structures. This study provides guidelines for achieving high‐quality 3D‐printed lightweight structures, including smooth surfaces and durable mechanical properties, and serves as a framework to create biodegradable 3D‐printed parts for human use.
Psychometric Study of the Social Responsiveness Scale in Phelan–McDermid Syndrome
Authors: Gergoudis Kellie , Weinberg Alan , Templin Jonathan , Farmer Cristan , Durkin Alison , Weissman Jordana , Siper Paige , Foss‐Feig Jennifer , del Pilar Trelles Maria , Bernstein Jonathan A. , Buxbaum Joseph D. , Berry‐Kravis Elizabeth , Powell Craig M. , Sahin Mustafa , Soorya Latha , Thurm Audrey , Kolevzon Alexander ,   Developmental Synaptopathies Consortium
Published: May 2020

The Social Responsiveness Scale‐2 (SRS‐2) is a quantitative measure used to characterize symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, research suggests that SRS‐2 scores are significantly influenced by language ability and intellectual disability (ID). Efforts to refine the SRS‐2 by Sturm, Kuhfeld, Kasari, and Mccracken [Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,58(9), 1053–1061] yielded a shortened form, yet its psychometric properties in populations with severe ID remain unknown. This study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the SRS‐2 in Phelan–McDermid syndrome (PMS), a genetic condition associated with ASD and ID, thereby guiding score interpretation in this population and future development of targeted scales. Analyses, including Item Response Theory (IRT), were conducted on a sample of individuals with PMS (n= 91) recruited at six sites nationally. Psychometric properties evaluated include measures of reliability (internal consistency, test–retest reliability) and validity (structural, construct, content). While both SRS‐2 forms are reliable, the shortened SRS‐2 shows superior validity to the full SRS‐2 for measuring ASD symptoms in PMS. On IRT analysis, the shortened SRS‐2 shows excellent discrimination and precisely evaluates respondents across a wide range of ASD symptomatology but interpretation is limited by uncertain content validity and small sample size. The shortened SRS‐2 shows some promise for use in PMS, but future refinements and additions are needed to develop items that are tailored to identify ASD in children with severe ID and specifically PMS.

Lay Summary

This study determined that a shortened form of the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS‐2) shows both promise and limitations for the characterization of autism symptomatology in individuals with Phelan–McDermid syndrome (PMS), a population characterized by intellectual disability (ID). Caution should be used when interpreting SRS‐2 scores in individuals with ID and future research should modify existing items and develop new items to improve the SRS‐2's ability to accurately characterize autism symptomatology in PMS.Autism Res2020, 13: 1383–1396. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internationalisation of higher education: A critical analysis of the intercultural dimension of a visiting scholar programme
Authors: Zheng Huan , Pirbhai‐Illich Fatima , Martin Fran , Wu Liqin
Published: May 2020

This article reports the findings of a study on the intercultural dimension of internationalisation at two universities, located in China and Canada, as evidenced through their visiting scholar (VS) programme. Andreotti and her research team identified three articulations of internationalisation in higher education that are located in a modern/colonial imaginary. They propose a fourth articulation, relational trans‐localism, that is located outside the modern/colonial imaginary. As participants in the VS programme, we used critical ethnography and critical discourse analysis to investigate the influences of the modern/colonial articulations on the intercultural dimension of the program, and our attempts to develop practices outside the modern/colonial imaginary. Our findings show that although the programme was profoundly affected by neoliberal and liberal discourses, we achieved some success in creating spaces of relational trans‐localism. We conclude by identifying the factors that were enabling of these alternative spaces.
Classification of comorbidity in obsessive–compulsive disorder: A latent class analysis
Authors: van Oudheusden Lucas J. B. , van de Schoot Rens , Hoogendoorn Adriaan , van Oppen Patricia , Kaarsemaker Maarten , Meynen Gerben , van Balkom Anton J. L. M.
Published: May 2020

Objective

Patients with OCD differ markedly from one another in both number and kind of comorbid disorders. In this study, we set out to identify and characterize homogeneous subgroups of OCD patients based on their comorbidity profile.

Methods

In a cohort of 419 adult subjects with OCD, the lifetime presence of fifteen comorbid disorders was assessed. Latent class analysis was used to identify comorbidity‐based subgroups. Groups were compared with regard to core clinical characteristics: familiality, childhood trauma, age at onset, illness severity, OCD symptom dimensions, personality characteristics, and course of illness.

Results

The study sample could be divided in a large group (n = 311) with a low amount of comorbidity that could be further subdivided into two subgroups: OCD simplex (n = 147) and OCD with lifetime major depressive disorder (n = 186), and a group (n = 108) with a high amount of comorbidity that could be further subdivided into a general anxiety‐related subgroup (n = 49), an autism/social phobia‐related subgroup (n = 27), and a psychosis/bipolar‐related subgroup (n = 10). Membership of the high‐comorbid subgroup was associated with higher scores on childhood trauma, illness severity, and the aggression/checking symptom dimension and lower scores on several personality characteristics.

Conclusion

Grouping OCD patients based on their comorbidity profile might provide more homogeneous, and therefore, more suitable categories for future studies aimed at unraveling the etiological mechanisms underlying this debilitating disorder.
SCAI position statement on the performance of percutaneous coronary intervention in ambulatory surgical centers
Authors: Box Lyndon C. , Blankenship James C. , Henry Timothy D. , Messenger John C. , Cigarroa Joaquin E. , Moussa Issam D. , Snyder Richard W. , Duffy Peter L. , Carr Jeffrey G. , Tukaye Deepali N. , Ang Lawrence , Shah Binita , Rao Sunil V. , Mahmud Ehtisham
Published: May 2020

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) began reimbursement for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed in ambulatory surgical centers (ASC) in January 2020. The ability to perform PCI in an ASC has been made possible due to the outcomes data from observational studies and randomized controlled trials supporting same day discharge (SDD) after PCI. In appropriately selected patients for outpatient PCI, clinical outcomes for SDD or routine overnight observation are comparable without any difference in short‐term or long‐term adverse events. Furthermore, a potential for lower cost of care without a compromise in clinical outcomes exists. These studies provide the framework and justification for performing PCI in an ASC. The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) supported this coverage decision provided the quality and safety standards for PCI in an ASC were equivalent to the hospital setting. The current position paper is written to provide guidance for starting a PCI program in an ASC with an emphasis on maintaining quality standards. Regulatory requirements and appropriate standards for the facility, staff and physicians are delineated. The consensus document identified appropriate patients for consideration of PCI in an ASC. The key components of an ongoing quality assurance program are defined and the ethical issues relevant to PCI in an ASC are reviewed.
Insights into Ethanol Coupling over Hydroxyapatite using Modulation Excitation Operando Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Shao‐Chun , Cendejas Melissa C. , Hermans Ive
Published: May 2020

The coupling of biomass‐derived ethanol to n‐butanol is a topic of contemporary interest. Indeed, n‐butanol can not only be used as a higher energy‐density fuel additive, it is also a key component in perfumes and serves as a solvent for paints and dyes. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) emerged in the literature as a promising catalysts for this transformation, with n‐butanol selectivity reaching ∼75 % at 10 % ethanol conversion. However, the molecular‐level mechanism for this reaction is still unclear and several mechanistic questions remain unanswered. Here, we use diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier Transform spectroscopy, coupled with mass spectrometry following a modulation excitation approach (ME‐DRIFTS‐MS) that enables us to better understand the dynamic processes involved. Our approach allows for a vibrational characterization of the active surface species and the formulation of a consistent mechanism. Based on our experimental observations, Ca2+/OH− can be put forward as the main active site for the aldol condensation. POH/OH− acid‐base pair is proposed as the active site for the Meerwein‐Ponndorf‐Verley (MPV) direct hydrogen transfer of the aldol condensation product, crotonaldehyde.
Synthesis of Isopropyl Palmitate by Lipase Immobilized on a Magnetized Polymer Matrix
Authors: Silva Mateus V. C. , Rosa Cintia M. R. , Aguiar Leandro G. , Oliveira Pedro C. , de Castro Heizir F. , Freitas Larissa
Published: May 2020

Penicillium camemberti lipase immobilized on a magnetized poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) was used as a biocatalyst for isopropyl palmitate synthesis. The reaction conditions were determined by 22 factorial central composite design. A mathematical model based on a simplified kinetic approach was developed to describe the system and validated with the experimental data. An assay carried out in a stirred‐tank reactor confirmed the proposed model. The ester was purified and the properties such as density and water content were similar to those found in commercially available isopropyl palmitate.
Effects of Gelatin and Nano‐ZnO on the Performance and Properties of Cellulose Acetate Water Membranes
Authors: Sheikh Elnaz , Sheikh Abbas
Published: May 2020

Biodegradable cellulose acetate (CA) membranes were prepared via phase inversion induced by immersion precipitation method. Acetic acid and deionized water were used as solvent and non‐solvent, respectively. The modifying effect of gelatin and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles additives was investigated on the membranes in terms of water flux, protein rejection percentage, and fouling ability during two hours of bovine serum albumin separation from aqueous solution. Specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), tensile test, contact angle technique, and porosity measurement. The incorporation of gelatin and ZnO nanoparticles into the CA matrix increased the porosity coefficient and hydrophilicity. Moreover, gelatin improved the tensile properties of the membrane.
A method for scaling impressions of a scene
Authors: Liu Tzuhao , Hutchings John , Luo Ming Ronnier
Published: May 2020

This article describes the results of an experiment to evaluate people's impressions of a live landscape scene, the famous West Lake in Hangzhou, China. We invited seventy students from different academic backgrounds to participate in this project. The goals of this study were to find a method for the evaluation of the perception of a live scene, to reveal differences for subjects from different backgrounds, and to provide a method for teaching students. In the experiment, students sat together and looked at the lake from one similar location. The whole scene was divided into five parts, and the students were asked to give their judgment of those five different subjects. The results were analyzed to find the main components describing the scene. The novel features in the work involved the assessment of the scene using a large number of people, to have observers from various backgrounds, and to provide a new teaching method for colour science and colour design.
Multivalent ions and biomolecules: Attempting a comprehensive perspective
Authors: Matsarskaia Olga , Roosen‐Runge Felix , Schreiber Frank
Published: May 2020

Ions are ubiquitous in nature. They play a key role for many biological processes on the molecular scale, from molecular interactions, to mechanical properties, to folding, to self‐organisation and assembly, to reaction equilibria, to signalling, to energy and material transport, to recognition etc. Going beyond monovalent ions tomultivalent ions, the effects of the ions are frequently not only stronger (due to the obviously higher charge), butqualitativelydifferent. A typical example is the process of binding of multivalent ions, such as Ca2+, to a macromolecule and the consequences of this ion binding such as compaction, collapse, potential charge inversion and precipitation of the macromolecule. Here we review these effects and phenomena induced by multivalent ions for biological (macro)molecules, from the “atomistic/molecular” local picture of (potentially specific) interactions to the more global picture of phase behaviour including, e. g., crystallisation, phase separation, oligomerisation etc. Rather than attempting an encyclopedic list of systems, we rather aim for an embracing discussion using typical case studies. We try to cover predominantly three main classes: proteins, nucleic acids, and amphiphilic molecules including interface effects. We do not cover in detail, but make some comparisons to, ion channels, colloidal systems, and synthetic polymers. While there are obvious differences in the behaviour of, and the relevance of multivalent ions for, the three main classes of systems, we also point out analogies. Our attempt of a comprehensive discussion is guided by the idea that there are not only important differences and specific phenomena with regard to the effects of multivalent ions on the main systems, but also important similarities. We hope to bridge physico‐chemical mechanisms, concepts of soft matter, and biological observations and connect the different communities further.
The Oral Bioavailability and Metabolism of Midazolam in Stable Critically Ill Children: A Pharmacokinetic Microtracing Study
Authors: van Groen Bianca D. , Krekels Elke H. J. , Mooij Miriam G. , van Duijn Esther , Vaes Wouter H. J. , Windhorst Albert D. , van Rosmalen Joost , Hartman Stan J. F. , Hendrikse N. Harry , Koch Birgit C. P. , Allegaert Karel , Tibboel Dick , Knibbe Catherijne A. J. , de Wildt Saskia N.
Published: May 2020

Midazolam is metabolized by the developmentally regulated intestinal and hepatic drug‐metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4/5. It is frequently administered orally to children, yet knowledge is lacking on the oral bioavailability in term neonates up until 1 year of age. Furthermore, the dispositions of the major metabolites 1‐OH‐midazolam (OHM) and 1‐OH‐midazolam‐glucuronide (OHMG) after oral administration are largely unknown for the entire pediatric age span. We aimed to fill these knowledge gaps with a pediatric [14C]midazolam microtracer population pharmacokinetic study. Forty‐six stable, critically ill children (median age 9.8 (range 0.3–276.4) weeks) received a single oral [14C]midazolam microtracer (58 (40–67) Bq/kg) when they received a therapeutic continuous intravenous midazolam infusion and had an arterial line in place enabling blood sampling. For midazolam, in a one‐compartment model, bodyweight was a significant predictor for clearance (0.98 L/hour) and volume of distribution (8.7 L) (values for a typical individual of 5 kg). The typical oral bioavailability in the population was 66% (range 25–85%). The exposures of OHM and OHMG were highest for the youngest age groups and significantly decreased with postnatal age. The oral bioavailability of midazolam, largely reflective of intestinal and hepatic CYP3A activity, was on average lower than the reported 49–92% for preterm neonates, and higher than the reported 21% for children> 1 year of age and 30% for adults. As midazolam oral bioavailability varied widely, systemic exposure of other CYP3A–substrate drugs after oral dosing in this population may also be unpredictable, with risk of therapy failure or toxicity.
Defining and improving the rotational and intercropping value of a crop using a plant–soil feedbacks approach
Authors: Marques Edward , Kur Andi , Bueno Erika , von Wettberg Eric
Published: May 2020

Crop rotations and intercropping are an ever‐present sustainable practice across a diverse array of agroecosystems. These management practices can suppress weeds, reduce cycles of disease, build soil organic matter, and increase above‐ and belowground biodiversity, all of which improve the yield of a companion or subsequent crop. Here, we propose the terms ‘rotational’ and ‘intercropping value’ as a way to measure the overall effect of these benefits. Additionally, we articulate how to quantify different ecosystem services provided by rotational and intercrops including weed and disease suppression, enhancing microbial communities, and nitrogen fixation using a framework that accounts for how these services support other crops in agroecosystems. By providing a method of identifying and quantifying these rotational and intercropping traits, it may facilitate the breeding of better crops for rotations, for cover cropping, and for intercropping.
Beitrag des Mauerwerksbaus zum nachhaltigen Bauen
Authors: Pohl Sebastian
Published: May 2020

Als komprimierter Vorabzug zu einer geplanten Veröffentlichung des Deutschen Ausschusses für Mauerwerk (DAfM) zeigt der nachfolgende Beitrag, (1) wo und wann im Lebenszyklus von Bauprodukten und (Wohn‐)Gebäuden klimaschutzrelevante Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte vorliegen, (2) welche Beiträge zu Nachhaltigkeit und Klimaschutz das Mauerwerk bereits heute leistet und (3) welche weiteren Beiträge es pro futuro leisten kann.
Stratigraphic evolution and carbonate factory implications: Case study of the Albian carbonates of the Campos Basin, Brazil
Authors: Rebelo Taynah Buratto , Batezelli Alessandro , Luna Juan Sebastian
Published: May 2020

Carbonate deposits are numerous and have undeniable economic appeal for the oil industry. However, there are many uncertainties associated with different aspects of these lithologies. Understanding carbonate factories and their global distribution has been a subject of discussion in recent decades, especially concerning the products expected from different carbonate systems, their response to sea‐level variations and the transition between different depositional environments. Therefore, the goal of this study was to understand the role of sea‐level variations, and geodynamics in factories and the evolution of Albian depositional sequences on the south‐east continental margin of Brazil. Fifteen lithofacies consisting of seven facies associations and five third‐order sequences were identified. Sequence boundaries are unconformities formed by erosion or non‐deposition surfaces, representing either exposure periods or drowning events, and their correlative condensed sections. The first sequence, deposited in a shallow lagoon environment, recorded the onset of the T‐factory and the start‐up phase of the shelf. The second sequence represents a period of broad carbonate deposition in the basin, related to the catch‐up phase of the platform. The third sequence was established during a sea‐level rise and recorded the keep‐up phase of the platform and the transition from tropical to cool waters. The fourth sequence, was deposited in a deep marine environment and the fifth and last, recorded the shelf drowning. The succession typifies the beginning, the pinnacle and the end of carbonate deposition, spanning the initial and final highstand system tracts. The whole succession is part of a first‐order transgressive cycle that led to a factory transition and culminated with the definitive drowning of the depositional system.
Sulfur‐Promoted Synthesis of Benzoxazoles from 2‐Aminophenols and Aldehydes
Authors: Nguyen Le Anh , Dang Thai Duy , Ngo Quoc Anh , Nguyen Thanh Binh
Published: May 2020

Elemental sulfur (S8) was found to be an excellent stoichiometric oxidant to promote oxidative condensation of 2‐aminophenols with a wide range of aldehydes, including aliphatic aldehyde such as cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde. The reactions were catalyzed by sodium sulfide in the presence of DMSO as an additive. The benzoxazole products were obtained in satisfactory yields. The reaction conditions could be applied to larger syntheses (10–50 mmol).
A Glucose‐Derived α‐Hydroxy Aldehyde for the Petasis Reaction: Facile Access to Polyfunctional δ‐Amino Acids
Authors: Lenci Elena , Bellini Puglielli Raffaele , Bucaletti Elisabetta , Innocenti Riccardo , Trabocchi Andrea
Published: May 2020

The multicomponent Petasis borono‐Mannich reaction proceeds via an imine with the boronic acid acting as the nucleophile for the preparation of amines and their derivatives, including amino acids. In view of the expansion of the poorly‐exploited carbohydrate chemistry using this reaction, a new α‐hydroxy aldehyde moiety from the terminal diol of d‐glucose diacetonide was synthesized and applied to this multicomponent reaction, demonstrating the scope of this method and the applicability to the convenient preparation of a protected polyfunctional δ‐amino acid in only three synthetic steps from the Petasis reaction intermediate.
Iron‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Annulation of Aliphatic Bridged 1,n‐Enynes with Aldehydes for the Synthesis of Fused Pyrans
Authors: Tian Tian , Wang Xin , Lv Leiyang , Li Zhiping
Published: May 2020

An iron‐catalyzed [2+2+2] annulation of aliphatic bridged 1,n‐enynes with aldehydes was developed. Aldehydes play a dual role as the precursors of acyl radicals to trigger the cascade cyclization but also as the radical acceptors to terminate the annulation. This two‐in‐one strategy overcomes the limitation in [2+2+m] cyclization that requires a rigid benzene skeleton as the essential linker, thus enabling the efficient synthesis of functionalized fused [5.6] and [6.6] pyran skeletons.
SBA‐15 Modified by Incorporation of Alkali Metals: Effect of Its Structural Changes on the Catalytic Properties of Fe/SBA‐15 System in the Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
Authors: Cano Leonardo A. , Cagnoli María V. , Bengoa José F. , Marchetti Sergio G.
Published: May 2020

A mesoporous SBA‐15 solid is doped with Li, K, or Cs. These systems are used as support of iron nanoparticles, and each composite is utilized as a catalyst in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. After the activation treatment, the same Fe species are detected in all solids: Fe3O4, α‐Fe, and Fe2+ inside SBA‐15 walls. However, the species percentages and their distribution are different according to the dopant present. In all “working” catalysts, a mixture of carbides ε'‐Fe2.2C and χ‐Fe2C5, Fe3O4, and ions Fe+2 inside the SBA‐15 walls are found. Alkali cations produce different amounts and strengths of basic sites. At 1 atm and T = 703 K, the catalytic activity order is: Li > K > no doped > Cs, and the alkali metals favor the production of olefins. At 20 atm, the activity is considerably higher, even at a temperature as low as 543 K, which is attributed to structural properties of the support and to diffusional effects. All catalysts show a promising hydrocarbon production in the gasoline range. The influence of alkali metals is discussed in terms of electrostatic effects, and the limited hydrocarbon chain growth is attributed to the control over size of active iron species.
Prediagnostic concentrations of circulating bile acids and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: REVEAL‐HBV and HCV studies
Authors: Petrick Jessica L. , Florio Andrea A. , Koshiol Jill , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Yang Baiyu , Yu Kelly , Chen Chien‐Jen , Yang Hwai‐I , Lee Mei‐Hsuan , McGlynn Katherine A.
Published: May 2020

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the dominant histologic type of liver cancer, accounting for 75% of cases. Growing evidence suggests that the cross‐talk between the gut microbiome and metabolome (ie, gut‐liver axis) are related to the development of hepatic inflammation, and ultimately, HCC. Bile acids are metabolites, derived from cholesterol and synthesized in the liver, which may have a critical role in regulation of the gut‐liver axis. We investigated whether prediagnostic circulating bile acids were associated with HCC risk, using the Risk Evaluation of Viral Load Elevation and Associated Liver Disease/Cancer (REVEAL)‐Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and REVEAL‐Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) cohorts from Taiwan. Fifteen bile acids were quantitated using liquid chromatography, from 185 cases and 161 matched controls in REVEAL‐HBV and 96 cases and 96 matched controls in REVEAL‐HCV. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between bile acid levels and HCC were calculated using multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression. Higher levels of glycine and taurine conjugated primary bile acids were associated with a 2‐ to 8‐fold increased risk of HBV‐ (eg, glycocholic acid ORQ4vsQ1 = 3.38, 95% CI: 1.48‐7.71, Ptrend < .003) and HCV‐related HCC (eg, OR = 8.16, 95% CI: 2.21‐30.18, Ptrend < .001). However, higher levels of the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid were inversely associated with HBV‐related HCC risk (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.19‐0.88, Ptrend = .02). Our study provides evidence that higher concentrations of bile acids—specifically, conjugated primary bile acids—are associated with increased HCC risk. However, our study does not support the hypothesis that higher levels of secondary bile acids increase liver cancer risk; indeed, deoxycholic acid may be associated with a decreased HCC risk.
An EGFR signature predicts cell line and patient sensitivity to multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Authors: Cheng Chao , Zhao Yanding , Schaafsma Evelien , Weng Yi‐Lan , Amos Christopher
Published: May 2020

EGFR is an oncogene with a high frequency of activating mutations in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). EGFR inhibitors have been FDA‐approved for NSCLC and have shown efficacy in patients with certain EGFR mutations. However, only 9% to 26% of these patients achieve objective responses. In our study, we developed an EGFR gene signature based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNA‐seq data of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) to direct the preselection of patients for more effective EGFR‐targeted therapy. This signature infers baseline EGFR signaling pathway activity (denoted as EGFR score) in tumor samples, which is associated with tumor sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). EGFR score predicted sensitivity of lung cancer cell lines to Erlotinib, Gefitinib and Sorafenib. Importantly, EGFR score calculated from pretreated samples was associated with patient response to Gefitinib and Sorafenib in lung cancer. Additionally, integration of the EGFR signature with TCGA LUAD data showed that it accurately predicted functional effects of different somatic EGFR mutations, and identified other mutations affecting EGFR pathway activity. Finally, using cancer cell line and clinical trial data, the EGFR score was associated with patient response to TKIs in liver cancer and other cancer types. The EGFR signature provides a useful biomarker that can expand the application of EGFR inhibitors or other TKIs and improve their treatment efficacy through patient stratification.
Efficacy of Nasal Airflow‐Inducing Maneuver in Laryngectomy Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ishikawa Yukinobu , Suzuki Michi , Yanagi Yukiko , Kurihara Miyuki , Kawamura Nagomi , Konomi Ujimoto
Published: May 2020

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of the nasal airflow‐inducing maneuver (NAIM) using the Sniffin' Sticks (Burghart, Wedel, Germany) olfactory threshold test, Open Essence (OE, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan) olfactory identification test, and self‐administered odor questionnaire (SAOQ) for olfactory perception in NAIM experienced and NAIM first‐time groups. For NAIM first‐time group, the relationships between time from laryngectomy to first NAIM, olfactory threshold, and identification ability were also evaluated.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

Sixty‐six patients who had undergone laryngectomy (NAIM experienced group: 23; NAIM first‐time group: 43) underwent the threshold test, OE, and SAOQ.

Results

Mean results of the threshold test were 2.7 (±2.3) and 2.5 (±3.0) for the NAIM experienced and NAIM first‐time groups, respectively, indicating no significant differences (P = .35). The mean number of correct responses in OE was 4.5 (±2.7) and 3.2 (±3.0) in the NAIM experienced and nonrehabilitation groups, respectively, indicating a higher number in the NAIM experienced group (P = .06). Mean result of SAOQ was 47.9% (±30.9%) and 25.5% (±27.0%) in the NAIM experienced and NAIM first‐time groups, respectively, indicating a significantly higher result in the NAME experienced group (P = .003). There were no correlations of threshold test and identification test scores with time from laryngectomy to the first NAIM (threshold test: r = 0.03, P = .87; OE: r = −0.03, P = .87).

Conclusion

NAIM enabled odor perception in patients who underwent laryngectomy, and SAOQ was an effective method for evaluating this. Further, olfactory tests in both groups showed that NAIM might restore olfaction irrespective of time elapsed since laryngectomy.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 130: 2013–2018, 2020
Rapid Diagnosis of Spinocerebellar Ataxia 36 in a Three‐Generation Family Using Short‐Read Whole‐Genome Sequencing Data
Authors: Rafehi Haloom , Szmulewicz David J. , Pope Kate , Wallis Mathew , Christodoulou John , White Susan M. , Delatycki Martin B. , Lockhart Paul J. , Bahlo Melanie
Published: May 2020

Background

Spinocerebellar ataxias are often caused by expansions of short tandem repeats. Recent methodological advances have made repeat expansion (RE) detection with whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) feasible.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to determine the genetic basis of ataxia in a multigenerational Australian pedigree with autosomal‐dominant inheritance.

Methods and Results

WGS was performed on 3 affected relatives. The sequence data were screened for known pathogenic REs using 2 RE detection tools: exSTRa and ExpansionHunter. This screen provided a clear and rapid diagnosis (<5 days from receiving the sequencing data) of spinocerebellar ataxia 36, a rare form of ataxia caused by an intronic GGCCTG RE in NOP56.

Conclusions

The diagnosis of rare ataxias caused by REs is highly feasible and cost‐effective with WGS. We propose that WGS could potentially be implemented as the frontline, cost‐effective methodology for the molecular testing of individuals with a clinical diagnosis of ataxia. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
The generalized quaternion matrix equation AXB+CX⋆D=E
Authors: Yu Cui'e , Liu Xin , Zhang Yang
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we discuss the generalized quaternion matrix equation AXB+CX⋆D=E, where X⋆ is one of X, X*, the η‐conjugate or the η‐conjugate transpose of X with η∈{i,j,k}. Two new real representations of a generalized quaternion matrix are proposed. By using this method, the criteria for the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the mentioned matrix equation as well as the existence of X=± X⋆ solutions to the generalized quaternion matrix equation AXB+CXD=E are derived in a unified way.
Improved transmission length in the presences of ambient noise and scintillation effect using duobinary modulation in 40 Gbps free space optical channel
Authors: Manzoor Habib Ullah , Manzoor Sanaullah , Manzoor Tareq , Khan Talha , Hussain Ashiq
Published: May 2020

Free space optical (FSO) communication has gained significant popularity in recent years due to large bandwidth, license‐free spectrum, high data rates, less power consumption, and low mass requirements. However, system performance strongly depends on atmospheric conditions and ambient noise. In this letter, the duobinary modulation technique is applied and the system performance is investigated in the presence of ambient noise. The system is evaluated on the basis of Q‐factor, eye diagram, input power, transmission distance, and bit error rate. A significant improvement is observed in the presence of noise while using duobinary modulation. This study exploits extensive simulations to investigate the performance of the system. All simulations are performed for a single link of FSO communication network having a data rate of 40 Gbps in the Optisystem simulator and ambient noise is created using LEDs. After the exhaustive set of simulations, a significant improvement in transmission length is observed. It is also observed that at low input power, doubinary modulation provides better results when compared with on‐off keying (OOK) format. Scintillation effect has also be observed for doubinary modulation and compared with OOK modulation format. It is concluded that doubinary modulation provides better results in the presence of low and moderate scintillation.
Technical Note: New similarity index for radiotherapy and medical imaging
Authors: Kuperman Vadim Y. , Figueiredo Gustavo
Published: May 2020

Purpose

To describe a new similarity index and consider its biomedical applications.

Methods

Similarity index for a pair of objects is defined by the number of shared features and total number of features in these objects. Similarity measure for more than two objects is commonly defined by using pairwise similarity indices. In the current study we suggest a novel similarity index which depends on the number of features shared between multiple objects and does not have the limitations of the recently described similarity measures. In order to introduce the new index, we consider a concept of “commonality.” For a collection of sets

, commonality of a given element equals the number of sets this element belongs to. The similarity index for the compared sets is then defined by a weighted sum of normalized commonalities.

Results

The considered biomedical applications of the proposed index include comparison of independent delineations of critical cranial structures in MR images and comparison of isodose distributions from different radiotherapy plans.

Conclusions

This study describes a novel similarity index which can be used to assess the similarity of multiple independent delineations of the anatomical structure or similarity of multiple dose distributions. Unlike the commonly used pairwise similarity indices, the new index is defined by the number of elements shared between multiple sets. Potential applications of the suggested similarity index for radiotherapy and medical imaging have been described.
Deep learning for identification of critical regions associated with toxicities after liver stereotactic body radiation therapy
Authors: Ibragimov Bulat , Toesca Diego A. S. , Chang Daniel T. , Yuan Yixuan , Koong Albert C. , Xing Lei , Vogelius Ivan R.
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Radiation therapy (RT) is prescribed for curative and palliative treatment for around 50% of patients with solid tumors. Radiation‐induced toxicities of healthy organs accompany many RTs and represent one of the main limiting factors during dose delivery. The existing RT planning solutions generally discard spatial dose distribution information and lose the ability to recognize radiosensitive regions of healthy organs potentially linked to toxicity manifestation. This study proposes a universal deep learning‐based algorithm for recognitions of consistent dose patterns and generation of toxicity risk maps for the abdominal area.

Methods

We investigated whether convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can automatically associate abdominal computed tomography (CT) images and RT dose plans with post‐RT toxicities without being provided segmentation of abdominal organs. The CNNs were also applied to study RT plans, where doses at specific anatomical regions were reduced/increased, with the aim to pinpoint critical regions sparing of which significantly reduces toxicity risks. The obtained risk maps were computed for individual anatomical regions inside the liver and statistically compared to the existing clinical studies.

Results

A database of 122 liver stereotactic body RT (SBRT) executed at Stanford Hospital from July 2004 and November 2015 was assembled. All patients treated for primary liver cancer, mainly hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, with complete follow‐ups were extracted from the database. The SBRT treatment doses ranged from 26 to 50 Gy delivered in 1–5 fractions for primary liver cancer. The patients were followed up for 1–68 months depending on the survival time. The CNNs were trained to recognize acute and late grade 3+ biliary stricture/obstruction, hepatic failure or decompensation, hepatobiliary infection, liver function test (LFT) elevation or/and portal vein thrombosis, named for convenience hepatobiliary (HB) toxicities. The toxicity prediction accuracy was of 0.73 measured in terms of the area under the receiving operator characteristic curve. Significantly higher risk scores (P < 0.05) of HB toxicity manifestation were associated with irradiation for the hepatobiliary tract in comparison to the risk scores for liver segments I–VIII and portal vein. This observation is in strong agreement with anatomical and clinical expectations.

Conclusion

In this work, we proposed and validated a universal deep learning‐based solution for the identification of radiosensitive anatomical regions. Without any prior anatomical knowledge, CNNs automatically recognized the importance of hepatobiliary tract sparing during liver SBRT.
Multi‐parametric liver tissue characterization using MR fingerprinting: Simultaneous T1, T2, T2*, and fat fraction mapping
Authors: Jaubert Olivier , Arrieta Cristobal , Cruz Gastão , Bustin Aurélien , Schneider Torben , Georgiopoulos Georgios , Masci Pier‐Giorgio , Sing‐Long Carlos , Botnar Rene M. , Prieto Claudia
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Quantitative T1, T2, T2*, and fat fraction (FF) maps are promising imaging biomarkers for the assessment of liver disease, however these are usually acquired in sequential scans. Here we propose an extended MR fingerprinting (MRF) framework enabling simultaneous liver T1, T2, T2*, and FF mapping from a single ~14 s breath‐hold scan.

Methods

A gradient echo (GRE) liver MRF sequence with nine readouts per TR, low flip angles (5‐15°), varying magnetisation preparation and golden angle radial trajectory is acquired at 1.5T to encode T1, T2, T2*, and FF simultaneously. The nine‐echo time‐series are reconstructed using a low‐rank tensor constrained reconstruction and used to fit T2*, B0 and to separate the water and fat signals. Water‐ and fat‐specific T1, T2, and M0 are obtained through dictionary matching, whereas FF estimation is extracted from the M0 maps. The framework was evaluated in a standardized T1/T2 phantom, a water‐fat phantom, and 12 subjects in comparison to reference methods. Preliminary clinical feasibility is shown in four patients.

Results

The proposed water T1, water T2, T2*, and FF maps in phantoms showed high coefficients of determination (r2 > 0.97) relative to reference methods. Measured liver MRF values in vivo (mean ± SD) for T1, T2, T2*, and FF were 671 ± 60 ms, 43.2 ± 6.8 ms, 29 ± 6.6 ms, and 3.2 ± 2.6% with biases of 92 ms, −7.1 ms, −1.4 ms, and 0.63% when compared to conventional methods.

Conclusion

A nine‐echo liver MRF sequence allows for quantitative multi‐parametric liver tissue characterization in a single breath‐hold scan of ~14 s. Future work will aim to validate the proposed approach in patients with liver disease.
Impact of multimedia learning tools in agricultural science classes
Authors: Ulery April , Smith Muise Amy , Carroll Kenneth C. , Chamberlin Barbara , White Laura , Martinez Pamela , Spears LaJoy , Gleason Jeanne
Published: May 2020

Agricultural and environmental scientists collaborated with educational technology researchers to create multimedia learning tools to fill gaps in student understanding of key concepts that undergraduates often struggle with, including sorption, cation exchange capacity, inner and outer sphere bonding, and soil system complexity. These resources are freely available online at ScienceOfAgriculture.org. The modules were evaluated in several soil, environmental science, and agriculture classes using pre‐ and post‐tests via survey tool Qualtrics. After watching the videos, nearly all students (95%) stated the videos would be “extremely valuable” or “valuable” to their studies, and 90% said, “other students in an introductory class on agricultural topics” would benefit from the tools. Key chemistry concepts also gained traction, especially concepts related to soils and charged particles. Before watching “Cation Exchange,” 49% of the students identified divalent cations (vs. monovalent) as the ions that would be held tightest in soils typical of temperate regions. After watching, 83% answered correctly. Before watching Cation Exchange, only 56% of students correctly identified clay and organic matter in soil as usually being negatively charged, but after watching, 97% of students correctly identified the particle charge. The study was hampered by the fact that as many as 53% of the survey attempts were not successful, either because the student did not complete both pre‐ and post‐tests or they did not sign the permission page.