bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Bernini’s David: Attitude, Moment and the Location of Goliath
Authors: Glen Thomas L.
Published: January 2021

Depuis sa création, le David a été admiré comme le chef-d’oeuvre de jeunesse du Bernin. Baldinucci affirme que : « dans cet ouvrage, Le Bernin s’est surpassé », qu’il « a réussi à exprimer la juste colère du jeune Israélite », que la sculpture « a seulement besoin du mouvement pour devenir vivante ». Depuis ces remarques initiales, les chercheurs ont toujours continué à insister sur la vitalité du David, sur l’action même de détruire le géant, sur le fait que c’est le premier exemple depuis l’antiquité d’une figure qui lance un projectile, que Le Bernin s’est inspiré du Traité de la peinture de Léonard de Vinci, que Goliath doit être imaginé comme étant situé quelque part derrière le spectateur et, enfin, que le David reprend la picturalité des fresques d’Annibal Carrache à la galerie du palais Farnèse et plus particulièrement du Polyphème tuant Acis.

Cela dit, il existe pourtant des preuves qui laissent croire que le David a souffert d’une longue tradition de contresens et de méprises. Les questions les plus importantes comprennent la « colère » de David, la localisation de Goliath et l’« instant » que Le Bernin veut nous faire apprécier. Nous croyons et montrerons dans cet article que le David n’exprime pas tant une « colère légitime » qu’une grande focalisation et concentration mentales. David « voit » Goliath dans son esprit lorsqu’il juge mentalement de la distance de la cible, juste avant de s’élancer et de lancer son projectile sur le géant, lequel doit être imaginé au-delà de l’espace de la sculpture, quelque part derrière elle et vers la droite. De cette façon, et comme c’est aussi le cas avec Énée, Anchise et Ascanius ou encore avec Pluton et Perséphone, les spectateurs sont invités à compléter la représentation qui est devant eux plutôt qu’en faire partie.
Retour aux traditions — signe de réussite sociale : les rondels de la Collection Hosmer (Université McGill, Montréal)
Authors: Isler-de Jongh Ariane
Published: January 2021

The collection of domestic stained glass and glass paintings recently set up in the new building of the McGill School of Architecture used to decorate the main staircase and the dining-room windows of Charles Hosmer’s house, built by Montreal architect Edward Maxwell around the turn of the century.

Charles R. Hosmer was then a prominent businessman, the head of Ogilvie Flour Mills, and his house on Drummond Street was a sign of his position in the flourishing city of 1900. It was to be the house of an art collector, who was interested in paintings as well as in “objets d’art,” which he would buy himself or through agents. Indeed we know from Maxwell’s ledgers that these glass paintings were acquired as a group from a London dealer of Flemish or Dutch origin, Martin van Straaten.

This collection of 39 small domestic glass panels, of varied quality and origins, comprises Flemish and Dutch roundels, piecess from the Rhineland and Switzerland, and some heraldic panels. This type of glass used to adorn windows of wealthy houses, private chapels or cloisters. The roundel itself is a single piece of colourless glass, circular, oval or rectangular, painted with grisaille and silver-satin and occasionally, after the sixteenth century, with coloured enamels. The Swiss panels, on the other hand, consist of a main piece in the centre, richly framed with decorative and allegorical subjects.

McGill’s Hosmer Collection is, as far as we know, unique in Canada. In acquiring it, Charles Hosmer followed the lead of British collectors, who had been keenly interested in northern European domestic glass, at least since the eighteenth century. These small panels are of average quality, although some of them are outstanding. As a group, they present a remarkable anthology of styles and techniques in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as examples of nineteenth-century repairs or even pastiches. The catalogue consists of a check-list according to the Corpus vitrearum norms (thus representing the first contribution to the Canadian C.V.), accompanied by detailed notices describing the current state of research.
Munch and Agoraphobia: His Art and His Illness
Authors: McElroy Bowen Anne
Published: January 2021

L’angoisse dont a souffert Edvard Munch (1863-1944), due à un trouble psychologique connu sous le nom d’agoraphobie, a exercé une influence déterminante sur le développement thématique et stylistique de son art, bien au-delà de tout autre facteur personnel ou historique. L’agoraphobie signifie aujourd’hui la crainte qu’éprouvent certaines personnes quand elles traversent une rue ou une place. Elle se caractérise par des crises de panique accompagnées de symptômes physiques et/ou psychologiques tels que tremblements, sudation, vertiges, perte de la personnalité. Munch était en proie à de multiples craintes, dont celles des étrangers, de la mort, de la folie, des femmes et des espaces vides. Pour décrire avec précision ses sensations de panique, il lui est arrivé de faire clairement allusion à des images de ses propres peintures, tel Le Cri de 1893. Sa maladie se trouvait aggravée par une consommation excessive d’alcool qui lui servait à se soulager de son anxiété. C’est à sa maladie que Munch attribuait son talent créateur, son oeuvre se voulant l’illustration de son propre monde intérieur. Les tableaux composant sa Frise de la vie (1892-1902) n’étaient autres à ses yeux qu’une série d’ébauches, une matière à l’état brut, qu’il avait exécutées dans un style fruste et délirant. Sa thématique reflète sa vision déformée de son environnement : décors asphyxiants et menaçants, peuplés de personnages amorphes au regard ébahi. À noter qu’à la suite de sa cure psychiatrique de 1909, ses tableaux ont perdu, à quelques exceptions près, une grande part de leur pouvoir évocateur et de leur paroxysme. Prendre connaissance de la maladie de Munch dépasse l’intérêt strictement anecdotique et ne diminue en rien la qualité extraordinairement personnelle de son art. Bien au contraire, cela nous permet une appréciation plus sensible des thèmes et du style qui caractérisent son génie.
André Masson’s Earth-Mothers in Their Cultural Context
Authors: Belton Robert
Published: January 2021

L’image mythologique présentée dans l’art surréaliste a fait l’objet de nombreuses publications. L’une d’elles, Myth in Surrealist Painting, 1929-1939, de Whitney Chadwick, consacre toutefois autant de temps à l’analyse de mythes inventés de toutes pièces qu’au récit « sacré » tributaire de la tradition. Les sources mythiques véritables d’André Masson s’en trouvent pour autant occultées. Cet article s’emploie à récupérer une partie des significations originelles conçues par Masson, en prêtant une attention particulière à un certain type d’image féminine : la figure nue acéphale, couchée et exhibant ses organes génitaux. Cette image plonge ses racines dans le milieu intellectuel extrêmement évolué de Masson, qu’on se réfère à des notions telles que le Mutterrecht de Bachofen, aux études de l’ami de Masson, Georges Bataille, ou encore aux ouvrages de Frazer et Freud. Le projet de Masson était de réinventer les mythes de la femme qui préside tout à la fois à la naissance et à la voie de ce qu’on pourrait appeler une théologie féministe. Mais ces images comportent aussi sa face cachée car Masson a puisé une partie de son inspiration dans des mythes soumis à l’interprétation de la psychanalyse freudienne qui implique en général une certaine dévalorisation du principe féminin. Il subsiste donc dans son oeuvre une trace de l’ambivalence qu’il n’a pas manqué de ressentir dans sa démarche vers une « psychologie matriarcale » au sein d’un système profondément patriarcal.
Mystical Meaning and Anamorphic Form in Narciso Tomé’s Transparente
Authors: Moffitt John F.
Published: January 2021

Le célèbre complexe sculptural-architectural dénommé le « Transparente », à l’est de la cathédrale de Tolède, a été construit par l’architecte et décorateur espagnol, Narciso Tomé, entre 1721 et 1734. Quelques quarante ans après son achèvement, il était déjà calomnié par un critique très en vue d’art néo-classique, Antonio Ponz, qui lui reprochait de ne représenter que « confusion et barbarisme ». Plus qu’à son tour, il servit de mauvais exemple de la « profusion du style baroque ». Ces détractions proviennent du fait que leurs auteurs considèrent cette structure compliquée comme un simple étalage de virtuosité de la part de son créateur, Tomé. Ces considérations s’avèrent néanmoins injustifiées, spécialement si l’on tient compte du lieu où se trouve cet assemblage détaillé—dans la cathédrale qui représente le Saint siège de l’Espagne catholique. En bref, une telle commande—en ce lieu vénérable—doit être réinterprétée dans l’optique de doctrines théologiques rigoureusement orthodoxes pour parvenir à une nouvelle interprétation mystique et « anamorphique ».

Aux fins d’analyse iconographique, nous reconsidérons ici l’ensemble dans son contexte original, c’est-à-dire comme un ensemble en deux parties : 1. le mur de l’autel arrière sculpté à profusion, qui s’élève du sol, et 2. la « chambre oculus », en forme de coupole, qui le surmonte en angle et dont l’ouverture vitrée et circulaire, l’ « oculus », capte les rayons de soleil lourds de symboles. Pour cet exposé, nous avons préparé plusieurs schémas et modèles pour cerner les différents éléments iconographiques du Transparente, ce qui nous permet, en outre, de reconstituer les rapports spatiaux qui existent entre chaque élément individuel de l’ensemble du complexe.

D’après cette nouvelle interprétation du Transparente, certaines « déformations de perspective » manifestes ne peuvent se « rectifier » que lorsqu’on les regarde vers le bas—par la fenêtre de l’oculus. Après « rectifications », on comprend que ces « déformations » (que l’on perçoit au ras du sol) proviennent d’un exercice calculé de « perspective anamorphique », très pratiqué du temps de Tomé. Nous présentons des arguments géométriques et théologiques appropriés afin de démontrer que la réorganisation nécessaire de la perspective a été réalisée en fait dans un « oeil de Dieu » métaphorique, l’Oculus Dei.
Homer Watson in the Kitchener-Waterloo Art Gallery
Authors: Watson Jennifer C.
Published: January 2021

Homer Watson (1855?-1936) était un paysagiste canadien à succès, mais sa renommée artistique déclina avant qu’il ne meure; pourtant, aux alentours des années soixante, Watson connut un regain d’intérêt et la galerie d’art de Kitchener-Waterloo entreprit de réunir des exemples de l’oeuvre de ce peintre local. La galerie a actuellement en sa possession la plus grande collection de ses tableaux et la seconde plus grande collection de son oeuvre. Cet article a pour but de publier pour la première fois les vingt-cinq tableaux, dessins et l’unique gravure que possédait la galerie en date de novembre 1983. Le catalogue est lui-même compilé par ordre chronologique (y compris les oeuvres non datées), commençant par le plus ancien dessin, datant d’après 1867, et se terminant par le plus récent tableau, remontant à 1935, qui était encore sur le chevalet de Watson lors de sa mort. En plus des paysages, la collection se compose de deux allégories, d’une scène de guerre en commande et de trois tableaux d’un voyage à l’ouest, dont l’un d’eux est une marine. Toutes les oeuvres sont représentées, dont un grand nombre pour la première fois, ce qui donne une bonne vue d’ensemble du développement stylistique de Watson. Chaque entrée renseigne sur la provenance, les expositions, les critiques et s’accompagne d’un bref commentaire. Cinq représentations comparatives, y compris une esquisse à l’huile, un pendant et la peinture définitive à partir d’un dessin de la collection, éclairent sur la méthode de travail de l’artiste. Les nouvelles découvertes comprennent une première version préalablement non publiée de la plus grande gravure de Watson, The Pioneer Mill. Notons entre autres The Source (1898), The Stronghold (1910), Woods in June (1910), Ice Break, Grand River (1920), The Valley of the Ridge (1922) et Drouth, Grand River (1930) qui ont tous figuré à des expositions du Club d’art canadien, du R.C.A., de la C.N.E. ou de l’Association artistique de Montréal. En introduction, un bref résumé de la vie et de la carrière artistique de Watson, s’accompagnant de références précises aux oeuvres qui figurent dans le catalogue. On souligne là les dates disparates de sa naissance, de son lieu de naissance, de l’âge auquel il quitta l’école et de ses voyages en Colombie britannique et aux É.-U., contradictions qui jusqu’ici étaient passées inaperçues, en s’appuyant sur des sources locales. L’essai retrace aussi le développement de la collection au cours des vingt-cinq années et souligne les oeuvres importantes. Enfin, on y trouve un programme détaillé des expositions et des agrandissements de la gallerie durant ces mêmes années puisqu’ils se rattachent au développement de la collection Watson.
A Newly Discovered Portrait by F. H. Varley
Authors: Kirkpatrick Andrea
Published: January 2021

Un des premiers portraits réalisés par Frederick Varley a été découvert récemment à l’Université de Toronto (Fig. 145). Le sujet de cette oeuvre, W. Theophilus Stuart (1853-1915), était médecin et professeur à cette Université. La date du décès de ce dernier, de même que le style du tableau, permettent de conclure que l’artiste a peint ce portrait dans les trois premières années suivant son arrivée au Canada (1912-15). Ce tableau, dont le style et la composition sont semblables à ceux du seul portrait connu de l’artiste qui remonte à cette période, soit un dessin de son père (Fig. 146), est vraisemblablement le premier portrait de Varley réalisé sur toile. Il présage également les rapports que l’artiste allait entretenir avec l’Université, particulièrement soutenus au cours des années 20. Aucun lien n’a été établi entre Stuart et Varley, mais deux intermédiaires possibles sont proposés, tous deux des amis de Varley et des collègues du Dr Stuart. Par comparaison aux portraits exécutés par l’artiste plus tard dans sa carrière, ce tableau est de style plutôt conservateur et traditionnel. Il démontre, tout comme les premières oeuvres de l’artiste, que Varley n’avait pas subi l’influence des tendances artistiques d’Europe au moment de son arrivée au Canada et qu’il a élaboré son style plus contemporain une fois ici.
Maître-disciple : une relation topique
Authors: Duché Véronique , Jeay Madeleine , Tran-Gervat Yen-Mai
Published: January 2021

Si c’est au personnage de Fénelon que le mentor doit son nom – Mentor est le précepteur du héros éponyme des Aventures de Télémaque (1699) – le mentorat, ce lien qui, selon Françoise Waquet « signifie à la fois l’autorité et l’affection, la filiation et la continuité des générations, le don des connaissances et la production des talents», existe depuis bien plus longtemps. Il nous a semblé intéressant d’étudier dans la durée ce lien à la fois émotif, intellectuel et social, et d’en examiner l’expression dans les textes d’Ancien Régime tout particulièrement.
Quels apprentissages peut-on lire dans les traités de peinture médiévaux ?
Authors: Brunon Claudine Marie Ange
Published: January 2021

Les traités techniques de peinture sont riches d’enseignement, que ce soit pour apprendre à fabriquer les couleurs que pour apprendre à dessiner. Nous avons essayé de dresser le portrait de l’apprenti, dans sa relation avec son maître. Et ce, que ce soit par le comportement du premier ou les dons du second. Quant au dessin, diverses techniques sont utilisées selon le stade d’apprentissage où en est l’élève. Des simples traits droits, en passant par la copie de maître, à la technique de l’encre au pinceau ou de traits à la plume, il faut dessiner tous les jours pour s’améliorer.
No Trust vs. Some Trust in a Game Framed as Trust or Investment: Avoiding the Distrustor
Authors:   Kozminski University, Macko Anna
Published: January 2021

Purpose: The study aimed at examining how observing a person showing no trust or some trust, in interaction framed as a trust or an investment, influences two variables: anticipated dissatisfaction from cooperating with the trustor and willingness to avoid such a person in future cooperative tasks. Additionally, the perception of the trustor and anticipated feelings in the role of the trustee were analyzed. Methodology: A scenario describing the trust game framed as trust or investment was used in the study. Participants (N = 166) were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions: 2 (amount sent in the game: zero vs. one-tenth of the endowment) x 2 (game framing: trust vs. investment) and after reading the scenario made three types of evaluations: (1) their feelings in the position of the trustee from the scenario; (2) the trustor’s sociability, morality, and competence and (3) anticipated dissatisfaction from cooperating with the trustor in the future, and finally (4) willingness to avoid the trustor in future interactions. Results: Interaction effects were found for evaluations of anticipated dissatisfaction from cooperating with the trustor and willingness to avoid the trustor in future interactions. Observing sending nothing in the trust game framed as trust, rather than investment, resulted in stronger anticipated dissatisfaction from cooperating in the future with the trustor, and stronger willingness to avoid such a person as a partner for cooperation. Moreover, independent of the framing of the game, in condition of no trust, participants reported stronger negative feeling when imagining themselves in the role of the trustee and perceived the trustor as less sociable and less competent. Surprisingly, the perception of trustor’s morality did not differ across the conditions. Conclusions: Observing distrust, particularly when the interaction is interpreted in social terms as trust, rather than in economic ones as non-investing, with all other aspects of the situation the same, results in different attitude towards the distrustor on the side of observers. Distrust, in comparison to just non-investing, evokes in observers a stronger propensity to avoid such the distrustor as a partner for cooperation and lowers their anticipated satisfaction from cooperation with him/her.
Metodes izstrāde koda ģenerēšanai no divpusložu modeļa
Authors:   , Gusarovs Konstantīns
Published: January 2021

Attīstoties programmatūras inženierijai, tās uzdevumi paplašinās, un mūsdienās tie ietver sevī ne tikai programmatūras koda izstrādi, bet arī biznesa procesu analīzi. Informācija, kas tiek iegūta šīs analīzes rezultāta var tikt izmantota modeļu, kas apraksta automatizējamos procesus, izstrādei. Modeļvadāma programmatūras izstrāde paredz arī šo modeļu izmantošanu programmatūras koda vai citu artefaktu ģenerēšanai. Modeļvadāma programmatūras izstrāde, atšķirībā no tā saucamas “uz modeļiem bāzētās” izstrādes, paredz stingri formalizētu modeļu un to apstrādes algoritmu izmantošanu visa programmatūras izstrādes dzīves cikla gaitā. Lai gan idejas, kas atrodas modeļvadāmas izstrādes pamatā, sniedz vairākas priekšrocības – piemēram, sistēmas sākuma reprezentāciju, kas ir saprotama ne tikai tās izstrādātājiem, bet arī problēmsfēras ekspertiem un, iespējams, pasūtītājiem – tās ieviešana joprojām atrodas sākuma posmos. Tas var būt skaidrojams gan ar zemo automatizācijas līmeni, gan arī ar nepietiekami piemēroto avota modeļu izmantošanu. Dotajā darbā tā autors piedāvā iespējamo risinājumu šai problēmai, definējot transformācijas likumus, kas no divpusložu modeļa (biznesa procesu un konceptu diagrammu apvienojums) ļauj iegūt programmatūras kodu. Papildus tiek piedāvāti arī dota modeļa uzlabojumi, kas ļauj šos transformācijas likumus realizēt, kā arī klašu attiecību definēšanas algoritms, ko ir iespējams izmantot arī ārpus modeļvadāmas programmatūras izstrādes jomas. Darba ietvaros ir apskatīti gan transformācijas likumi, kas tiek definēti ar pseidokoda palīdzību, gan arī to pielietošanas piemērs un rezultējošs programmatūras kods Java programmēšanas valodā.
Rocks of different mineralogy show different temperature characteristics: implications for biodiversity on rocky seashores
Authors: Janetzki Nathan , Benkendorff Kirsten , Fairweather Peter G.
Published: January 2021

As some intertidal biota presently live near their upper tolerable thermal limits when emersed, predicted hotter temperatures and an increased frequency of extreme-heat events associated with global climate change may challenge the survival and persistence of such species. To predict the biological ramifications of climate change on rocky seashores, ecologists have collected baseline rock temperature data, which has shown substrate temperature is heterogenous in the rocky intertidal zone. A multitude of factors may affect rock temperature, although the potential roles of boulder surface (upper versus lower), lithology (rock type) and minerology have been largely neglected to date. Consequently, a common-garden experiment using intertidal boulders of six rock types tested whether temperature characteristics differed among rock types, boulder surfaces, and whether temperature characteristics were associated with rock mineralogy. The temperature of the upper and lower surfaces of all six rock types was heterogeneous at the millimetre to centimetre scale. Three qualitative patterns of temperature difference were identified on boulder surfaces: gradients; mosaics; and limited heterogeneity. The frequency of occurrence of these temperature patterns was heavily influenced by cloud cover. Upper surfaces were generally hotter than lower surfaces, plus purple siltstone and grey siltstone consistently had the hottest temperatures and white limestone and quartzite the coolest. Each rock type had unique mineralogy, with maximum temperatures correlated with the highest metallic oxide and trace metal content of rocks. These baseline data show that rock type, boulder surface and mineralogy all contribute to patterns of heterogenous substrate temperature, with the geological history of rocky seashores potentially influencing the future fate of species and populations under various climate change scenarios.
Delimiting the genera of the Ficinia Clade (Cypereae, Cyperaceae) based on molecular phylogenetic data
Authors: Muasya A. Muthama , Larridon Isabel
Published: January 2021

Generic delimitations in the Ficinia Clade of tribe Cypereae are revisited. In particular, we aim to establish the placement of annual species currently included in Isolepis of which the phylogenetic position is uncertain. Phylogenetic inference is based on two nuclear markers (ETS, ITS) and five plastid markers (the genes matK, ndhF, rbcL and rps16, the trnL intron and trnL-F spacer) data, analyzed using model based methods. Topologies based on nuclear and plastid data show incongruence at the backbone. Therefore, the results are presented separately. The monophyly of the smaller genera (Afroscirpoides, Dracoscirpoides, Erioscirpus, Hellmuthia, Scirpoides) is confirmed. However, Isolepis is paraphyletic as Ficinia is retrieved as one of its clades. Furthermore, Ficinia is paraphyletic if I. marginata and allies are excluded. We take a pragmatic approach based on the nuclear topology, driven by a desire to minimize taxonomic changes, to recircumscribe Ficinia to include the annual Isolepis species characterized by cartilaginous glumes and formally include all the Isolepis species inferred outside the core Isolepis clade. Consequently, the circumscription of Isolepis is narrowed to encompass only those species retrieved as part of the core Isolepis clade. Five new combinations are made (Ficinia neocapensis, Ficinia hemiuncialis, Ficinia incomtula, Ficinia leucoloma, Ficinia minuta). We present nomenclatural summary at genus level, identification keys and diagnostic features.
НОВАЯ РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ 2020 ГОДА: КОНГРЕСС В ЛИДСЕ ОНЛАЙН , "Средние века"
Authors: Анисимова А.А. , Попова Г.А.
Published: January 2021

Последние два десятилетия конгресс медиевистов в Лидсе ежегодно собирает несколько сотен исследователей западноевропейского Средневековья. В этом году из-за пандемии COVID-19 этот научный форум прошел в принципиально новомформате – онлайн. В статье рассматриваются преимущества и недостатки виртуаль -ной конференции, а также рассказывается о том, как докладчики интерпретировали в своих исследованиях тему этого года – «Границы».
Transanal Endoscopic Operation for Rectocutaneous Fistula After Low Anterior Resection: A Case Report
Authors: Chen Yu-Jen , Pu Ta-Wei , Lin Gang-Hua , Lin Nung-Sheng , Kang Jung-Cheng , Hsiao Cheng-Wen , Chen Chao-Yang , Hu Je-Ming , Lin Tzu-Chiao
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Enterocutaneous fistulas can be caused by abscess formation at the site of anastomotic leakage (AL) after surgery. Rectocutaneous fistula following low anterior resection (LAR) is rare, and medical management of enterocutaneous fistulas is usually the initial treatment. We report a case of rectocutaneous fistula after laparoscopic LAR, which was successfully treated, for the first time, with a transanal endoscopic operation (TEO).

Case presentation

A 58-year-old man presented with a history of hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia, peptic ulcer, and recent diagnosis of rectal cancer. The patient underwent laparoscopic LAR with coloanal anastomosis complicated with AL. He then underwent transanal repair of the anastomosis site and laparoscopy with ileostomy. Six months later, he complained of a painful mass lesion over the right buttock that relieved after passing purulent fluid and feces. Colonoscopy and imaging revealed a fistula, for which he received antibiotics and wound incision and drainage. He also underwent TEO repair of the rectal fistula, recovered well, and was discharged from the hospital. On follow-up 7 months later, there was no recurrence or sign of localized infection.

Conclusion

TEO repair may be an effective method for managing rectocutaneous fistula after LAR complicated with AL instead of a major operation.
The RNA‐helicase DDX21 upregulates CEP55 expression and promotes neuroblastoma
Authors: Putra Vina , Hulme Amy J. , Tee Andrew E. , Sun Jane Q.J. , Atmadibrata Bernard , Ho Nicholas , Chen Jingwei , Gao Jixuan , Norris Murray D. , Haber Michelle , Kavallaris Maria , Henderson Michelle J. , McCarroll Joshua , Trahair Toby , Liu Tao , Liu Pei Y.
Published: January 2021

Approximately 25% of human neuroblastoma is caused by amplification of the MYCN oncogene, which leads to overexpression of N‐Myc oncoprotein. The survival rate for this patient subtype is <50%. Here, we show that N‐Myc protein bound to the DEAD‐box RNA helicase DDX21 gene promoter and upregulated DDX21 mRNA and protein expression. Genome‐wide differential gene expression studies identified centrosomal protein CEP55 as one of the genes most dramatically downregulated after DDX21 knockdown in MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma cells. Knocking down DDX21 or CEP55 reduced neuroblastoma cell cytoskeleton stability and cell proliferation and all but abolished clonogenic capacity. Importantly, DDX21 knockdown initially induced tumor regression in neuroblastoma‐bearing mice and suppressed tumor progression. In human neuroblastoma tissues, a high level of DDX21 expression correlated with a high level of N‐Myc expression and with CEP55 expression, and independently predicted poor patient prognosis. Taken together, our data show that DDX21 induces CEP55 expression, MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis, and that DDX21 and CEP55 are valid therapeutic targets for the treatment of MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma.
D2DArchitecture in Unlicensed Spectrum
Authors: Wu Jen‐Ming
Published: January 2021

The growing number of mobile devices increasingly demands the capacity of cellular networks. The device‐to‐device (D2D) communication that enables direct links between near‐by devices has been envisioned as a complementary technology to cellular networks for 5G and beyond. Offloading traffic from traditional network‐centric communications to direct D2D networks increases the network capacity and spectral efficiency, as well as sharing the computation loading at the base station.

The D2D communications can be classified intoD2D‐Licensed(D2D‐L) andD2D‐Unlicensed(D2D‐U) for D2D operating in licensed and unlicensed bands respectively. The D2D‐L can be further classified into overlay and underlay D2D‐L and the D2D‐U can be further classified into controlled and autonomous. In this article, we will discuss the D2D communication architecture to illustrate the control signal plane and data signal plane operations. The D2D communication network is suitable for many applications, such as relaying, offloading, proximity service (ProSe), content‐aware service, content distribution, and critical communications. We will discuss the interesting applications and use cases. Instead of relying on the cellular links, the D2D communications open the horizons of device‐centric communication which enables new services such as proximity service (ProSe), and content‐aware service, and so on.

Nevertheless, there are challenges for D2D communications, which require enabling technologies to make it happen. In this article, we present a survey of existing and expected technologies in related aspects such as interference management, device discovery, and network security in D2D networks.
4G
to
5G
– What Is Included, Interworking
Authors: Lavasani Shahab , Fenqin Zhu
Published: January 2021

This article describes the method to support the interworking between the 5GS and EPS networks. Two types of mechanisms, i.e. RAN‐ and CN‐based interworking, are introduced. For the CN‐based interworking mechanism, the UE may operate in single‐ or dual‐registration mode, and the network may support the interworking with or without N26 configuration. The relation between the UE operation mode and the network configuration case is clarified. The mobility and the PDU Session handling in different network configurations are described. The mobility handling includes GUTI mapping, registration or TAU procedure selection, and network sharing specific consideration. The PDU Session handling includes the method to do the parameter mapping between the PDU Session and PDN Connection, EBI management, QoS flow status synchronization, multiple PGW‐C + SMF selection, APN rate and small data rate handling, and buffered data forwarding. Network slice is one important feature supported in 5GS network but not in EPS network. Thus, the method to support one PDN Connection move to 5GS network associated with the suitable slice is discussed. Finally, the service exposure due to the interworking is also mentioned.
5G NR
Physical Layer Aspects
Authors: Koorapaty Havish
Published: January 2021

5G New Radio is a wireless access technology that is designed to meet or exceed IMT‐2020 requirements outlined by the ITU‐R for fifth‐generation mobile wireless systems. 5G NR is designed to serve a wide variety of use cases with vastly differing requirements including enhanced mobile broadband, ultrareliable low‐latency communications, and massive machine‐type communications. Important benefits of 5G NR include access to a much larger spectrum range including millimeter‐wave spectrum, ultralean transmissions for better system performance and energy efficiency, low latency, advanced multiantenna techniques for spectral efficiency and coverage in millimeter‐wave spectrum, and forward compatibility for seamless technology evolution. This article focuses on the physical layer of 5G NR including the structure of signals and channels in the time, frequency, and spatial domains; processing of transport and control channels including functions such as modulation, channel coding, and hybrid ARQ; and access and management functions including cell search, synchronization, and beam management.
Analysis of the survival and clinical characteristics of colorectal cancer patients with mental disorders
Authors: Kurashige Junji , Iwatsuki Masaaki , Mima Kosuke , Nomoto Daichi , Shigaki Hironobu , Yamashita Kohei , Morinaga Takeshi , Iwagami Shiro , Miyanari Nobutomo , Baba Hideo
Published: January 2021

Aim

Many studies have shown that patients with mental disorders are less likely than non‐psychiatric patients to be diagnosed with or treated for various types of cancers because of their low awareness and understanding of the disease as well as reduced ability to cooperate with medical staff. We analyzed the clinical features of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and preexisting mental illness.

Methods

All patients underwent primary tumor resection for CRC. We reviewed the records of 68 patients who were diagnosed with mental disorders. The patients' clinicopathological information was compared with that of a control group of 893 CRC patients.

Results

There was no significant difference in the overall disease stage at the time of surgery between the groups. However, disease‐free survival, cancer‐specific survival, and overall survival were significantly worse in the mental disorder group than in the control group (P < .01). In particular, among those with stage III CRC, overall survival was significantly worse in the patients with mental disorders than in the non‐psychiatric patients (P < .001). The frequency of complications of ≥grade 2 according to the Clavien‐Dindo classification was higher in the SMI group because of postoperative paralytic ileus.

Conclusions

Advanced CRC patients with mental disorders are less likely to receive postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or treatment for recurrent cancer than CRC patients without mental disorders; therefore, they experience worse outcomes. Collaboration across multiple departments is necessary for managing CRC patients with mental disorders.
Membrane fouling by lysozyme: Effect of local interaction
Authors: Ma Yunqiao , Zydney Andrew L. , Chew Jia Wei
Published: January 2021

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to understand the adsorption of positive‐charged lysozyme onto negative‐charged polyvinylidene fluoride membrane at three pH and two ionic strengths. The lysozyme was initialized at six orientations at 10 Å from the membrane and adsorption was deemed to occur when the lysozyme is less than 4 Å from the membrane. Local interactions are clearly important: (i) despite opposite net charges, no adsorption occurs in some cases throughout; (ii) lysozyme‐membrane separation distances differ among the initial orientations of lysozyme; and (iii) the correlation between lysozyme‐membrane interaction energy and adsorption probability is poor. Correspondingly, seven key local adsorption sites on lysozyme were identified. Of the two most common sites, one anchors due to electrostatics, while the other is not electrostatics‐based. Also, different sites are dominant in different feed conditions and have different interaction energies. These results reveal the importance of local interactions in membrane fouling by proteins in different feed conditions.
Ethylammonium nitrate enhances the extraction of transition metal nitrates by tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP)
Authors: Li Zheng , Zhang Zidan , Onghena Bieke , Li Xiaohua , Binnemans Koen
Published: January 2021

Several molecular polar solvents have been used as solvents of the more polar phase in the solvent extraction (SX) of metals. However, the use of hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents has seldomly been explored for this application. Here, the hydrophilic IL ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), has been utilized as a polar solvent in SX of transition metal nitrates by tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP). It was found that the extraction from EAN is considerably stronger than that from a range of molecular polar solvents. The main species of Co(II) and Fe(III) in EAN are likely [Co(NO3)4]2− and [Fe(NO3)4]−, respectively. The extracted species are likely Fe(TBP)3(NO3)3 and a mixture of Co(TBP)2(NO3)2 and Co(TBP)3(NO3)2. The addition of H2O or LiCl to EAN reduces the extraction because the metal cations coordinate to water molecules and chloride ions stronger than to nitrate ions. This study highlights the potential of using hydrophilic ILs to enhance SX of metals.
Opposite selectivities of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate and Cyanex 923 in solvent extraction of lithium and magnesium
Authors: Li Zheng , Binnemans Koen
Published: January 2021

The synergic solvent extraction system of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP) and FeCl3 (or ionic liquids, ILs) has been extensively studied for selective extraction of Li from Mg‐containing brines. However, Cyanex 923 (C923), which extracts many metals stronger than TBP, has not yet been examined for Li/Mg separation. Here, we report on the unexpected observation that the C923/FeCl3 system has opposite Li/Mg selectivity compared to the TBP/FeCl3 system. Detailed investigations show that the opposite selectivity of the C923/FeCl3 (or IL) system is due to three factors: (1) the strong extraction of Fe by C923 leads to a low concentration of [FeCl4]− in the system, which is essential for Li extraction; (2) C923 in combination with an IL extracts Mg strongly by an ion‐pair mechanism; (3) most importantly, C923 extracts Mg by solvation, resulting in an insufficient concentration of C923 for Li extraction. The unexpected poor Li/Mg selectivity of C923 highlights the irreplaceable role of TBP in the selective recovery of Li.
CLARITY: Co‐occurrences in achondroplasia—craniosynostosis, seizures, and decreased risk of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Legare Janet M. , Pauli Richard M. , Hecht Jacqueline T. , Bober Michael B. , Smid Cory J. , Modaff Peggy , Little Mary Ellen , Rodriguez‐Buritica David F. , Serna Maria Elena , Alade Adekemi Yewande , Liu Chengxin , Hoover‐Fong Julie E. , Hashmi S. Shahrukh
Published: January 2021

Achondroplasia is the most common disproportionate short statured skeletal dysplasia with a prevalence of approximately 1:20,000–30,000. We created the largest database to date of a historical cohort of 1374 patients with achondroplasia (CLARITY—aChondropLasia nAtuRal hIsTory studY). This cohort was queried for the presence of unrecognized or under‐recognized features associated with achondroplasia. Craniosynostosis was found to co‐occur with achondroplasia in 9 (0.65%) patients in this cohort, which is much higher than the general population prevalence of 3.1–7.2 per 10,000. In addition, 27 patients had seizures (2.0%), an apparent excess as compared to the general population. Only two people had diabetes despite a high rate of adult obesity. This report documents for the first time an increased prevalence of craniosynostosis in persons with achondroplasia, and adds support to previous observations of an apparently higher than expected prevalence of seizures and lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus.
Synthesis Strategies for α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐Carbolines
Authors: Zhang Hong , Zhang Rong‐Hong , Wang Li‐Xia , Li Yong‐Jun , Liao Shang‐Gao , Zhou Meng
Published: January 2021

Carbolines are widely present in various natural products and biological molecules. Numerous studies have shown the broad biological activities of these heterocyclic motifs, such as anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antiarrhythmic, and antidepressant activities, making carbolines very important in pharmaceutical applications. According to the different positions of nitrogen atom on the pyridine ring, carbolines are divided into four types, named α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐carbolines. So far, numbers of strategies have been developed for each carboline, whereas the synthetic methods of four carbolines are different from each other. In this review, the synthetic strategy of four carbolines were summarized, providing the potential use of these scaffolds in therapeutic applications.
Probing Physical Oxidation State by Resonant X‐ray Emission Spectroscopy: Applications to Iron Model Complexes and Nitrogenase
Authors: Castillo Rebeca G. , Hahn Anselm W. , Van Kuiken Benjamin E. , Henthorn Justin T. , McGale Jeremy , DeBeer Serena
Published: January 2021

The ability of resonant X‐ray emission spectroscopy (XES) to recover physical oxidation state information, which may often be ambiguous in conventional X‐ray spectroscopy, is demonstrated. By combining Kβ XES with resonant excitation in the XAS pre‐edge region, resonant Kβ XES (or 1s3p RXES) data are obtained, which probe the 3dn+1 final‐state configuration. Comparison of the non‐resonant and resonant XES for a series of high‐spin ferrous and ferric complexes shows that oxidation state assignments that were previously unclear are now easily made. The present study spans iron tetrachlorides, iron sulfur clusters, and the MoFe protein of nitrogenase. While 1s3p RXES studies have previously been reported, to our knowledge, 1s3p RXES has not been previously utilized to resolve questions of metal valency in highly covalent systems. As such, the approach presented herein provides chemists with means to more rigorously and quantitatively address challenging electronic‐structure questions.
Highly Efficient Halide Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes via Molecular Passivation
Authors: Liang Aihui , Wang Kang , Gao Yao , Finkenauer Blake P. , Zhu Chenhui , Jin Linrui , Huang Libai , Dou Letian
Published: January 2021

Metal halide perovskites are promising for applications in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), but still suffer from defects‐mediated nonradiative losses, which represent a major efficiency‐limiting factor in perovskite‐based LEDs (PeLEDs). Reported here is a strategy to synthesize molecular passivators with different anchoring groups for defects passivation. The passivated perovskite thin films exhibit improved optoelectronic properties as well as reduced grain size and surface roughness, thus enable highly efficient PeLEDs with an external quantum efficiency of 15.6 % using an imidazolium terminated passivator. Further demonstrated is that the in situ formation of low‐dimensional perovskite phase on the surface of three‐dimensional perovskite nanograins is responsible for surface defects passivation, which leads to significantly enhanced device performance. Our results provide new fundamental insights into the role of organic molecular passivators in boosting the performance of PeLEDs.
Quantum chemical studies and effect of gamma irradiation on the spectral, thermal, X‐ray diffraction and DNA interaction with Pd (II), Cu(I), and Cd (II) of hydrazone derivatives
Authors: Aly Samar A. , Elganzory Hussein H. , Mahross Mahmoud H. , Abdalla Ehab M.
Published: January 2021

A new series of Pd (II), Cd (II), and Cu(I) complexes with ((Z)‐2‐(phenylamino)‐N′‐(thiophen‐2‐ylmethylene)acetohydrazide)(H2LB) has been prepared. FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, electronic spectra, Powder X‐ray, thermal behavior, theoretical methods and DNA interaction of ligand and of Pd (II) and Cu(I) complexes before and after γ‐irradiation are studied. The 1H NMR spectrum of the ligand after γ‐irradiation shows the signals appear at the same position or slightly shift, but the intensity of the bands after γ‐irradiation is higher than before irradiated. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies exhibited the samples in nanorange, the crystallite size is 1.94, 4.81 nm for both unirradiated (B1 and B3) and 2.93, 4.72 nm for irradiated (A1 and A3). The thermal stability of the complexes after γ‐irradiation increase than before γ‐irradiation. The possible structures of the metal complexes have been computed using the molecular mechanic calculations UFF using quantum chemical software by Gaussian 09 W program. The calculations are performed with DFT/B3LYP/LANL2DZ to obtain the optimized molecular geometry. Some important quantum chemical descriptors of the metal complexes were calculated such as HOMO, LUMO, and energy gap. Metal complexes before and after irradiation in the absence and presence of increasing amounts of CT‐DNA exhibit that the absorption intensities decrease with increasing the concentration of DNA.
Co‐polymerization of propylene oxide and CO2 using early transition metal (groups IV and V) metallocalix[n]arenes (n = 4, 6, 8)
Authors: Xing Tian , Wang Zhong‐Yu , Sun Yong‐Chang , He Zhen‐Hong , Wang Kuan , Liu Zhao‐Tie , Elsegood Mark R. J. , Bedwell Elizabeth V. , Redshaw Carl
Published: January 2021

A number of metallocalix[n]arenes, where n = 4, 6, or 8, of titanium and vanadium have been screened for their ability to act as catalysts for the co‐polymerization of propylene oxide and CO2 to form cyclic/polycarbonates. The vanadium‐containing catalysts, namely [VO(L1Me)] (1), [(VO2)L2H6] (2), [Na(NCMe)6]2[(Na[VO]4L2)(Na(NCMe))3]2 (3), [VO(μ‐OH)L3/H2]2∙6CH2Cl2 (4), {[VO]2(μ‐O)L4[Na(NCMe)2]2} (5), {[V(Np‐tolyl)]2L4} (6) and [V(Np‐RC6H4)Cl3] (R = Cl (7), OMe (8), CF3 (9)), where L1H3 = methylether‐p‐tert‐butylcalix[4]areneH3, L2H8 = p‐tert‐butylcalix[8]areneH8, L3H4 = p‐tert‐butylthiacalix[4]areneH4, L4H6 = p‐tert‐butyltetrahomodioxacalix[6]areneH6, performed poorly, affording, in the majority of cases, TONs less than 1 at 90°C over 6 h and low molecular weight oligomeric products (Mn ≤ 1665). In the case of the titanocalix[8]arenes, {(TiX)2[TiX(NCMe)]2(μ3‐O)2(L2)} (X = Cl (10), Br (11), I (12)), which all adopt a similar, ladder‐type structure, the activity under the same conditions is somewhat higher (TONs >6) and follows the trend Cl > Br > I; by comparison the non‐calixarene species [TiCl4(THF)2] was virtually inactive. In the case of 10, it was observed that the use of PPNCl (bis[triphenylphosphine]iminium chloride) as co‐catalyst significantly improved both the polymer yield and molecular weight (Mn 3515). The molecular structures of the complexes [HNEt3]2[VO(μ‐O)L3H2]2∙3CH2Cl2 (4∙3CH2Cl2), [VO(μ‐OH)L3/H2]2∙6CH2Cl2 (4/) (where L3/H2 is a partially oxidized form of L3H4) and {(TiCl)2[TiCl(NCMe)]2(μ3‐O)2(L2)}·6.5MeCN (10·6.5MeCN) are reported.
Improving the detection of rare native fish species in environmental DNA metabarcoding surveys
Authors: Rojahn Jack , Gleeson Dianne M. , Furlan Elise , Haeusler Tim , Bylemans Jonas
Published: January 2021

The presence of threatened or endangered species often strongly influences management and conservation decisions. Within the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), Australia, the presence of threatened native fish affects the management and allocation of water resources. In New South Wales, these decisions are currently based on traditional fisheries data and a predictive MaxEnt model. However, it is important to verify the model's predictive power given the implication it may have, but this requires methods with a high detection sensitivity for rare species.

Although the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring, in particular eDNA metabarcoding, achieves a higher detection sensitivity compared with traditional methods, earlier surveys in the MDB have shown that the highly abundant and invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) can reduce detection probabilities for rare species. Consequently, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) blocking primer designed to block the amplification of carp eDNA could increase the detection probabilities for rare native species while simultaneously reducing the required sampling effort and survey costs. Although PCR blocking primers are often used in ancient DNA and dietary studies, no aquatic eDNA metabarcoding study to date has evaluated the potential benefits of using PCR blocking primers.

A laboratory and field‐based pilot study was used to address this knowledge gap and assess the impact of a blocking primer, targeting cyprinid fishes (including carp), on the detection probabilities of native species and the minimum sampling effort required.

Results showed that the inclusion of the blocking primer increased the detection probabilities for native species by 10–20% and reduced the minimum required sampling effort by 25–50%. These findings provide important insights into possible methods for optimizing eDNA metabarcoding surveys for the detection of rare aquatic species.