bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the total time spent in records by a discrete uniform sequence
Authors: Grübel Rudolf , Reimers Anke
Published: October 2002

We consider the sumSdof record values in a sequence of independent random variables that are uniformly distributed on 1,…,d. This sum can be interpreted as the total amount of time spent in record lifetimes in the standard renewal theoretic setup. We investigate the distributional limit ofSdand some related quantities asd→∞. Some explicit values are given ford=6, a case that can be interpreted as a simple game of chance.
Monotone Markov processes with respect to the reversed hazard rate ordering: an application to reliability
Authors: Bloch-Mercier Sophie
Published: October 2002

We consider a repairable system with a finite state space which evolves in time according to a Markov process as long as it is working. We assume that this system is getting worse and worse while running: if the up-states are ranked according to their degree of increasing degradation, this is expressed by the fact that the Markov process is assumed to be monotone with respect to the reversed hazard rate and to have an upper triangular generator. We study this kind of process and apply the results to derive some properties of the stationary availability of the system. Namely, we show that, if the duration of the repair is independent of its completeness degree, then the more complete the repair, the higher the stationary availability, where the completeness degree of the repair is measured with the reversed hazard rate ordering.
Hepatitis C virus replicates in sweat glands and is released into sweat in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Ortiz‐Movilla Nuria , Lázaro Pablo , Rodríguez‐Iñigo Elena , Bartolomé Javier , Longo Isabel , Lecona Manuel , Pardo Margarita , Carreño Vicente
Published: October 2002

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicates in salivary glands of chronic hepatitis C patients and is released into the saliva, suggesting that HCV may replicate in other exocrine glands. The presence of positive and negative HCV RNA strands was demonstrated by in situ hybridization, and of HCV core protein by immunohistochemistry, in sweat glands and keratinocytes in healthy skin biopsies from 15 patients with chronic hepatitis C and 10 anti‐HCV negative patients with chronic liver disease. Positive and negative HCV RNA strands were detected in 9.6 ± 5.2% and 4.2 ± 3.8%, respectively, of the epithelial cells of eccrine sweat glands. Core protein was detected in 6.0 ± 3.93% of these cells. HCV RNA resistant to RNase digestion (encapsidated HCV RNA) was detected in 10/10 sweat samples from HCV‐infected patients. Positive and negative HCV RNA strands were detected in 6.7 ± 2.97% and 3.0 ± 3.08% of the keratinocytes, respectively. HCV core protein was found in 4.5 ± 2.76% of these cells. No HCV RNA or HCV core protein was detected in the skin biopsies from the 10 anti‐HCV negative patients. In conclusion, HCV replicates in eccrine sweat glands cells and keratinocytes in healthy skin and is released into the sweat. J. Med. Virol. 68:529–536, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term survival and virus production in human primary macrophages infected by human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Aquaro Stefano , Bagnarelli Patrizia , Guenci Tania , De Luca Andrea , Clementi Massimo , Balestra Emanuela , Caliò Raffaele , Perno Carlo‐Federico
Published: October 2002

The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis and progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐related infection is substantiated by in vitro and in vivo evidence. The unique ability to survive HIV infection and produce viral particles for long periods is postulated. Detailed studies of this phenomenon are lacking. The dynamics of HIV‐1 replication and cumulative virus production was studied in long‐term cultures of macrophages in the presence or in the absence of antiviral drugs. Multiply spliced and unspliced HIV‐RNA production was assessed by quantitative PCR, and the number of infected cells was monitored by FACS analysis. Cumulative HIV‐1 production was determined by a trapezoidal equation, including such parameters as times of collection and experimental values of genomic‐RNA and p24 gag antigen. Unspliced and multiply spliced HIV‐RNA increased linearly after macrophage infection; reached levels of 1.5 × 108 and 2.8 × 105 copies/105 cells, respectively, at day 10; and then remained stable throughout the course of the experiment. Cumulative production of genomic‐RNA and p24 gag antigen was 1010 copies/106 cells and 107 pg/106 cells, respectively, with an average of >200 virus particles produced daily by each macrophage. AZT decreased the cumulative production of both genomic‐RNA and p24 gag antigen down to 2.5 × 109 copies and 1.1 × 106 pg/106 cells (73.8% and 88.9% inhibition, respectively) up to day 50 without virus breakthrough. Ritonavir had a limited, but consistent, efficacy on the release of mature virus proteins (about 40% inhibition), but not on HIV‐RNA production. In conclusion, the long‐term dynamics and the high cumulative virus production that characterize HIV‐1 infection of macrophages underscore the peculiar role of these cells as a persistently infected reservoir of HIV. J. Med. Virol. 68:479–488, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epithelial salivary glands neoplasms in children and adolescents: A forty‐four‐year experience
Authors: Ribeiro Karina de Cássia Braga , Kowalski Luiz Paulo , Saba Leda Maria Buazar , Camargo Beatriz de
Published: October 2002

Background

Epithelial neoplasms of salivary gland origin are relatively uncommon in children and adolescents. Over a 44‐year period, there were 38 cases affecting children under 19 years of age in our Pediatric Hospital‐Based Tumor Registry.

Procedure

Medical charts of 38 patients with epithelial neoplasms of salivary glands were reviewed. Data collected included demographic, clinical, and histological characteristics. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Student t‐test, and Kaplan–Meier method was used for survival analysis.

Results

The mean age was 11.8 years. There was a female preponderance of 1.9:1. The parotid gland was affected in most cases (65.8%). Twenty‐seven patients had malignant tumors and eleven patients presented benign neoplasms. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most frequent benign tumor (7 out of 11) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most frequent malignancy (17 out of 27). Five‐year overall survival rate was 81.6% for patients with malignant tumors. Grade of differentiation was the only significant prognostic factor for patients with mucoepidermoid carcinomas.

Conclusions

Epithelial salivary gland tumors are very rare in children. Surgery is the best option to achieve high cure rates and radiotherapy must have precise indications because of their long‐term side effects in young age. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;39:594–600. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radical constructivism: Between realism and solipsism
Authors: Martínez‐Delgado Alberto
Published: October 2002

This paper criticizes radical constructivism of the Glasersfeld type, pointing out some contradictions between the declared radical principles and their theoretical and practical development. These contradictions manifest themselves in a frequent oscillation between solipsism and realism, despite constructivist claims to be an anti‐realist theory. The paper also points out the contradiction between the relativism of the radical constructivist principles and the constructivist exclusion of other epistemological or educational paradigms. It also disputes the originality and importance of the radical constructivist paradigm, suggesting the idea of an isomorphism between radical constructivist theory and contemplative realism. In addition, some pedagogical and scientific methodological aspects of the radical constructivist model are examined. Although radical constructivism claims to be a rational theory and advocates deductive thinking, it is argued that there is no logical deductive connection between the radical principles of constructivism and the radical constructivist ideas about scientific research and learning. The paper suggests the possibility of an ideological substratum in the construction and hegemonic success of subjective constructivism and, finally, briefly advances an alternative realist model to epistemological and educational radical constructivism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 86:840–855, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10005
A simulation study of processing time dispatching rules
Authors: Fry Timothy D. , Philipoom Patrick R. , Blackstone John H.
Published: October 2002

In this paper, the performance of truncated variations of the shortest processing time (SI) dispatching rule was simulated in a ten machine job shop. Each of the truncated rules placed those jobs which had waited for a predetermined length of time into a secondary queue. As long as jobs existed in the secondary queue, they were given a higher priority than jobs waiting in the primary queue. Each of the truncated rules sequenced jobs from the primary queue by SI while sequencing from the secondary queue was by some other priority rule. The objective of the truncated SI rules was to improve upon the tardiness problem associated with the simple SI rule without worsening greatly the good performance of SI on job flowtimes. Results indicated that the truncated rules which sequenced jobs in the secondary queue by job slack achieved the desired results better than the rules which sequenced jobs from the secondary queue by processing time. However, it was found that the implementation of these rules is complicated by the variability in the percent of jobs sequenced from the secondary queue. A second class of truncated rules which are easy to implement is developed. The performance of these rules was found to be as good as other selected rules studied.
Case studies of computer integrated manufacturing systems: A view of uncertainty and innovation processes
Authors: Gerwin Donald , Tarondeau Jean Claude
Published: October 2002

The adoption and implementation of new manufacturing processes are conceptualized in terms of coping with uncertainty. Manufacturing management opts for new equipment in order to reduce certain long run, nagging uncertainties, but at the expense of introducing considerable short run uncertainty associated with the innovation. Various coping strategies must be employed to deal with the situation. Our ideas are explored and developed by comparing how four firms in different countries adopted and implemented computer integrated manufacturing systems (CIM). Qualitative interviews with managers at different hierarchical levels and in different functions brought answers to the following questions: 1) What were the reasons for adopting a CIM? 2) What strategies were employed in order to facilitate the introduction of CIM's into the Firm? 3) What were the significant implementation problems that were encountered? In spite of cultural and other differences among the firms, coping with uncertainty explains significant aspects of their innovation processes.
Safety stocks and component commonality
Authors: Baker Kenneth R.
Published: October 2002

In the implementation of an MRP‐based planning system it is often desirable to hold safety stocks at the component level. This approach is typical of a system that assembles finished products to order but builds components to a forecast. The same approach makes sense when end‐item buffers would be prohibitively expensive to maintain, or when there is significant spares demand for the components.

The existing theory for sizing component safety stocks is little more than an application of the principles governing single‐level inventory decisions. The standard deviation of the distribution for demand is the key parameter. A multiple of this standard deviation, called the safety factor, is set by management policy. This safety factor determines the size of the safety stock. In simple cases there is a direct relationship between the safety factor and the level of customer service.

Component commonality refers to a situation in which one component is common to more than one end item. The presence of commonality makes it difficult to determine safety stocks accurately. The existing theory, which is reviewed briefly, examines the effects of commonality on the component's safety factor. However, commonality destroys the relationship between safety factor and service level. This article introduces a simple example to illustrate this fact. The example suggests some problems that must be addressed if the theory is to encompass commonality. Among these are the need to develop service level measures for multiple products and to analyze the relationship between safety stock and service level.
Implementing multiple criteria ABC analysis
Authors: Flores Benito E. , Whybark D.Clay
Published: October 2002

This article presents the results of applying multicriteria ABC analysis to maintenance inventories. A large service organization and a consumer goods manufacturer participated in the study. The managers in both organizations used cost and noncost criteria for developing the ABC categories for inventory management. The study shows that managers can develop noncost criteria and classify the inventory items in ways that combine the criteria types. Specific policies were defined for managing the items in the industrial firm. Once the benefits of the methodology were demonstrated, a year‐long program for implementing the system was developed. The project is estimated to cost less than 10 to 15% of the available storeroom clerk manhours and provide substantially greater benefits.
A natural starting strategy for Aronson's heuristic 1 for solving the deterministic, single operator, multiple machine, multiple run cyclic scheduling
Authors: Aronson Jay E.
Published: October 2002

The semiautomatic nature of machinery often makes it economical to assign more than one machine to a single operator in a cyclic schedule. If the tasks, executed in a cyclic schedule, are not ordered properly, excessive interference can occur, even in deterministic problems. In a recent article [1], Aronson presented two efficient and effective heuristics for solving a more realistic generalization of the deterministic cyclic scheduling problem—one that has a single operator, multiple nonidentical machines, and multiple nonidentical runs on each machine.

Here, the author supplies a natural strategy for initializing the first heuristic, because it is not satisfactory to run the heuristic many times, each time starting with a first run of a different machine, to obtain a reasonable solution. This modification is necessary to improve the performance of the heuristic, for ease of implementation, and savings of computational effort.

An example problem is presented to compare the solution found using the heuristic with the new starting strategy to that of the heuristic using the original, random selection strategy. The solution found is optimal, whereas the original version of the heuristic obtained a solution within 8.1% of optimality.

The new, natural starting strategy for the heuristic should improve its ability to solve problems with a single execution, and simplify its implementation on mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Increased use of the techniques outlined here should lead to a higher utilization of labor and machinery on the production floor.
Choosing optimal buffering strategies for dealing with uncertainty in MRP
Authors: Etienne Eisenhower C.
Published: October 2002

Dealing with uncertainty in the material requirements plan (MRP) is important, because of its importance in meeting the requirements of the master production schedule (MPS). In MRP, there is a critical need to make the MPS predictable and consistent.

In the early days of MRP, a philosophy of zero safety stock or safety time was rigorously advocated. It was thought to be more advantageous to eliminate the need for buffering by freezing the MPS and managing lead times to make these firm. However, it was soon recognized that it is extremely difficult, in practice, to eliminate all uncertainty that affects the MPS and its execution. Practitioners know that some level of buffering is necessary (or inevitable) given the vicissitudes of the market place, production system planning and control, and supplier performance.

This article accepts these premises and proposes a model and procedures for dealing with the buffering problem and choosing optimal buffering strategies in MRP.
Improved hierarchical production planning
Authors: Leong G.Keong , Oliff Michael D. , Markland Robert E.
Published: October 2002

This article addresses an overview of development and application of an integrated production planning model within the fiberglas industry. The system described represents a second generation in the development cycle of hierarchically based models within this batch production industry. A number of salient issues that distinguish this modeling approach from previous ones are examined.

Our contention is that the explicit treatment and integration of demand forecasts within the context of production planning models is a necessary condition for implementation and ongoing use of such systems. Further, due to the nature of practical disaggregate problems, oft cited linear programming (LP) models will be set aside by more flexible goal programming solutions that explicitly recognize the dynamics of variations in product mix, production rates and management objectives. Finally, the development, delivery and maintenance of these planning models will increasingly be performed on microcomputer‐based systems and software versus traditional mainframes.
Job release and labor flexibility in a dual resource constrained job shop
Authors: Park Paul Sungchil , Bobrowski Paul M.
Published: October 2002

Most of the past research in the area of job shop scheduling have used a model that simply equated job arrival with the release of the job to the shop floor for processing. Another common characteristic of this research is that it has ignored the worker altogether or confined the worker to a single type of machine. This study examines the role of labor flexibility in conjunction with the shop's ability to regulate the type and number of jobs active on the shop floor for processing. The release mechanisms that regulate the jobs on the shop floor consider both job and shop information in determining when a job should be released for processing. Labor flexibility, such as might be achieved through worker cross‐training, enables workers to operate more than one type of machine without any loss in productivity.

Two release mechanisms with three levels of labor flexibility and two labor assignment rules are simulated in this study using two levels of job due date tightness. The shop performance is measured using several of the traditional measures as well as incremental and total cost. Results presented using statistical and graphical analysis show that there is no statistically significant difference in the performance using finite loading and infinite loading release mechanisms. Also, the inclusion of the minimum increment of labor flexibility produces the maximum performance improvement. Succeeding increases in labor flexibility show a diminishing return in shop performance.
An evaluation of order releasing and due date assignment heuristics in a cellular manufacturing system
Authors: Mahmoodi Farzad , Dooley Kevin J. , Starr Patrick J.
Published: October 2002

The presence of an order release function, where dispatchers can release or hold jobs from the first work center, has yielded beneficial results in practice but inconsistent results in research. Previous research results contradict the notion that shop floor information should be used to trigger the release mechanism. At the same time, such information has been effectively used to assign realistic due dates to released jobs.

This study extends previous work on order releasing and due date assignment by providing a controlled comparison of three order releasing and two due date assignment heuristics in conjunction with six scheduling heuristics in a cellular manufacturing environment. Results show that controlled release deteriorates flow time, lateness, and tardiness performance and is inferior to both immediate and interval release. Controlled release appears to work best in situations of low load and tight due dates. Analysis of different dispatching rules shows the relative performance remains unchanged by the presence of different order release mechanisms.

Comparisons of internally and externally set due date mechanisms indicate simpler, non‐due date oriented heuristics demonstrate as good a performance as the more complex due date oriented heuristics when shop information is utilized to assign job due dates. Finally, results indicate that in a manufacturing cell, the use of shop floor information is effective for due date assignment, but is not worthwhile for order releasing.
Production planning for mixed assembly/arborescent systems
Authors: Bookbinder James H. , Koch Leslie A.
Published: October 2002

In the automotive industry, components are fabricated from raw materials; modules from components; and subassemblies from modules. Final assembly of the end item, the vehicle, then follows. Such a process would be called an “assembly system” if each lower‐level entity (raw material, component. module) were used in only one immediate successor entity (component, module, subassembly).

It is common to represent the bill of materials as a directed network. The nodes of this network are entities in the bill of materials; arcs in the network point from lower level entities in the direction of higher level entities and toward the end product. For example, if components 1 and 2 were combined to produce module a, there would be an arc from node 1 to node a. Similarly, there would be an arrow pointing from node 2 to node a.

A pure assembly system may thus be described by saying that each node has at most one direct successor, although it may have several immediate predecessors. Similarly, a pure “arborescent network” is the prototype for a distribution system, whereby each node (say a warehouse) may have at most one immediate predecessor (distribution center), but possibly many immediate successors (retailers or smaller warehouses).

The focus of this paper is that a complex manufacturing system often has arborescent or non‐assembly portions in its network. In automotive assembly, a given component frequently appears in more than one subassembly in the manufactured product. Certain components are used in each of four wheels; left‐ and right‐side body subassemblies contain common modules. The result is a mixed assembly/arborescent structure. Mixed assembly/arborescent structures also merit consideration as the prototype for combined production/distribution systems.

In this article, we consider such mixed structures by building on properties of pure assembly and pure arborescent systems. First, for a wide class of parameters and various pure assembly structures, we study several single‐level lot‐sizing algorithms in conjunction with the cost‐parameter‐revision method of Blackburn and Millen (1982b). Cost‐parameter revision is a way to account for the impact at other stages, of decisions made at a given stage, in a pure assembly system. We also show it is better not to revise these cost parameters for a pure arborescent system.

Our approach to a mixed assembly/arborescent system is thus based on identifying its “largest, independent pure assembly sub‐graph.” This is a significant subsystem of the original graph or network, the largest portion that is pure assembly in nature. Modification of the cost parameters there, followed by stage‐by‐stage application throughout the whole network of the best single‐stage lot‐sizing method, gives lower total costs than when no cost revision is applied in the mixed system. Suggestions are then made for further research.
Evaluating mixed‐model assembly line sequencing heuristics for just‐in‐time production systems
Authors: Sumichrast Robert T. , Russell Roberta S.
Published: October 2002

When mixed‐model assembly lines use components fabricated in‐house, the demand for these components is not uniform over time and is affected by the sequence of models on the assembly line. Thus, without proper mixed‐model sequencing and the subsequent smoothing of component demand, the effectiveness of a just‐in‐time (JIT) production system is limited. This paper focuses on making component usage uniform. Five sequencing methods are reviewed, two suggested by Monden (1983) and used at Toyota (GC1 and GC2), and three proposed by Miltenburg (1989) (M‐A1, MA3H1, and M‐A3H2). Their performance is evaluated for the special case when all models use the same components. For all of the sequencing methods tested the mean absolute deviation of model usage varies directly with the number of models produced. There is no clear relationship between the mean absolute deviation of model usage and demand pattern or length of production sequence. Method M‐A3H2 produces the highest quality feasible solutions under all conditions tested. The relative performance of the methods does not appear to be related to the number of models, demand type, or length of production sequence.

To compare methods for the more general case of different models requiring different components, a mixed integer programming (MIP) model is presented as a way to find an optimal sequence. The M1P creates optimal solutions but is too slow to be used in practice. The two goal chasing heuristics used by Toyota were considered on the basis of their ability to schedule production to use components linearly over time. It is shown that these methods differ widely in their ability to generate good sequences. The performance of both is best when the products assembled have simple product structures. When models require more than one of a given component or when models require many different components, the performance worsens. The difference in performance is very small for GC1, but significant for GC2.
A modified MRP for a production system with the coexistence of MRP and kanbans
Authors: Ding Fong‐Yuen , Yuen Ming‐Nang
Published: October 2002

This paper deals with MRP treatments of the coexistence of MRP and kanban systems. In practical applications, MRP and kanban can both exist in a factory. When a production system contains parts managed by an MRP system and parts managed by a kanban system, MRP needs to have a special way of dealing with those parts managed by the kanban system in order to provide accurate gross demand data for the MRP system.

A modified MRP for treating parts ordered through kanbans with the coexistence of MRP and kanbans is proposed. Along with two other existing methods (one by Karmarkar and another by a major tractor company), three methods are compared in a GPSS simulation study.

Empirical results regarding inventory and shortages from the simulation study showed that both the proposed modified MRP and Karmarkar's methods of dealing with parts ordered by kanbans performed quite well.

This research study suggests two effective lot‐sizing rules to be used in MRP part explosion for kanban‐controlled stages of a production system in which some stages are controlled by kanbans and other stages by MRP releases. The simulation study established empirical evidence for the effectiveness of these two lot sizing rules.
Escherichia coli 6‐pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase ortholog encoded by ygcM has a new catalytic activity for conversion of sepiapterin to 7,8‐dihydropterin
Authors: Woo Hyun Joo , Hwang Yoon Kyung , Kim Yeon Jung , Kang Jee Yun , Choi Yong Kee , Kim Chun-Gyu , Park Young Shik
Published: October 2002

The putative gene (ygcM) of Escherichia coli was verified in vitro to encode the ortholog of 6‐pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS). Unexpectedly, the enzyme was found to convert sepiapterin to 7,8‐dihydropterin without any cofactors. The enzymatic product 7,8‐dihydropterin was identified by HPLC and mass spectrometry analyses, suggesting a novel activity of the enzyme to cleave the C6 side chain of sepiapterin. The optimal activity occurred at pH 6.5–7.0. The reaction rate increased up to 3.2‐fold at 60–80°C, reflecting the thermal stability of the enzyme. The reaction required no metal ion and was activated slightly by low concentrations (1–5 mM) of EDTA. The apparent K
m value for sepiapterin was determined as 0.92 mM and the V
max value was 151.3 nmol/min/mg. The new catalytic function of E. coli PTPS does not imply any physiological role, because sepiapterin is not an endogenous substrate of the organism. The same activity, however, was also detected in a PTPS ortholog of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 but not significant in Drosophila and human enzymes, suggesting that the activity may be prevalent in bacterial PTPS orthologs.
Stabilization of photosystem two dimers by phosphorylation: Implication for the regulation of the turnover of D1 protein
Authors: Kruse Olaf , Zheleva Daniella , Barber James
Published: October 2002

A general feature of many membrane protein complexes is that they have oligomeric organisation in vivo. Photosystem II (PSII) is one such example and the possible functional significance of this is explored in this work. Monomeric and dimeric forms of the core complex of PSII have been isolated from non‐phosphorylated and phosphorylated thylakoid membranes prepared from spinach. These complexes had the same complement of proteins including, D1 (PsbA), D2 (PsbD), α‐(PsbE) and β‐(PsbF) subunits of cytochromeb559, CP47 (PsbB), CP43 (PsbC), 33 kDa (PsbO) extrinsic protein and some other smaller subunits, such as PsbH, but did not contain Cab proteins. D1, D2, CP43 and PsbH were the phosphorylated components. Whether phosphorylated or not, the dimeric form of the PSII complex was more stable than the monomeric form. However, when treated with photoinhibitory light the isolated dimers converted to monomers in their non‐phosphorylated state but not when phosphorylated. Phosphorylation, however, did not prevent photoinhibition as judged by the loss of oxygen evolving activity. A model is suggested for the role of PSII phosphorylation in controlling the conversion of dimeric PSII to its monomeric form and in this way regulate the rate of degradation of D1 protein during the photoinhibitory repair cycle.
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 is a major SH‐PTP2 binding protein in vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Masuda Michitaka , Osawa Masaki , Shigematsu Hiroki , Harada Noboru , Fujiwara Keigi
Published: October 2002

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 (PECAM‐1, CD31) is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated in mechanically stimulated vascular endothelial cells (ECs). A 65‐kDa protein from ECs specifically bound to the c‐Src phosphorylated PECAM‐1 cytoplasmic domain and was identified as a protein tyrosine phosphatase SH‐PTP2 (SHP2, Syp). PECAM‐1 was coimmunoprecipitated by anti‐SH‐PTP2 from EC extracts as a major binding protein, and the level of association increased when PECAM‐1 was tyrosine phosphorylated. This association was mediated by SH2 domains of SH‐PTP2. A rapid translocation of SH‐PTP2 into cell‐cell adhesion sites, where PECAM‐1 was localized, occurred in mechanically stimulated cells. Our results suggest that PECAM‐1 is a component of a mechanosensing machinery acting upstream of SH‐PTP2.
Ribosome‐inactivating lectins with polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity
Authors: Battelli Maria Giulia , Barbieri Luigi , Bolognesi Andrea , Laura Buonamici  , Valbonesi Paola , Polito Letizia , Van Damme Els J.M , Peumans Willy J , Stirpe Fiorenzo
Published: October 2002

Lectins from Aegopodium podagraria (APA), Bryonia dioica (BDA), Galanthus nivalis (GNA), Iris hybrid (IRA) and Sambucus nigra (SNAl), and a new lectin‐related protein from Sambucus nigra (SNLRP) were studied to ascertain whether they had the properties of ribosome‐inactivating proteins (RIP). IRA and SNLRP inhibited protein synthesis by a cell‐free system and, at much higher concentrations, by cells and had polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity, thus behaving like non‐toxic type 2 (two chain) RIP. APA and SNAl had much less activity, and BDA and GNA did not inhibit protein synthesis.
Identification and molecular characterization of BP75, a novel bromodomain‐containing protein
Authors: Cuppen Edwin , van Ham Marco , Pepers Barry , Wieringa Bé , Hendriks Wiljan
Published: October 2002

We here describe the identification and characterization of a novel bromodomain‐containing protein, the bromodomain protein of 75 kDa (BP75). Initially, we identified BP75 in a two‐hybrid screening for proteins that interact with the first PDZ (acronym for post‐synaptic density protein PSD‐95, Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor DlgA and the tight junction protein ZO‐1) domain in protein tyrosine phosphatase‐BAS‐like (PTP‐BL). We found that BP75 is expressed ubiquitously and show that both BP75 and a PTP‐BL deletion mutant consisting of the first PDZ domain are located mainly in the nucleus, although cytoplasmic localization is also evident. Full‐length PTP‐BL, on the contrary, is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, although some basal nuclear staining is observed. The described molecular interaction may reflect a mechanism of coupling submembraneous signalling events and nuclear events.
Alignment of a sparse protein signature with protein sequences: application to fold prediction for three small globulins
Authors: Daniel S.C , Parish J.H , Ison J.C , Blades M.J , Findlay J.B.C
Published: October 2002

A novel algorithm has been developed for scoring the match between an imprecise sparse signature and all the protein sequences in a sequence database. The method was applied to a specific problem: signatures were derived from the probable folding nucleus and positions obtained from the determined interactions that occur during the folding of three small globular proteins and points of inter‐element contact and sequence comparison of the actual three‐dimensional structures of the same three proteins. In the case of two of these, lysozyme and myoglobin, the residues in the folding nucleus corresponded well to the key residues spotted by examination of the structures and in the remaining case, barnase, they did not. The diagnostic performance of the two types of signatures were compared for all three proteins. The significance of this for the application of an understanding of the protein folding mechanisms for structure prediction is discussed. The algorithm is generic and could be applied to other user‐defined problems of sequence analysis.
Analysis by atomic force microscopy of Med8 binding to cis‐acting regulatory elements of the SUC2 and HXK2 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Moreno-Herrero F. , Herrero P. , Colchero J. , Baró A.M. , Moreno F.
Published: October 2002

Med8 protein is a regulator that specifically binds to upstream activating sequences (UASs) of SUC2 promoter, to downstream repressing sequences (DRSs) of the HXK2 gene and to the carboxy‐terminal domain of the RNA polymerase II. Atomic force microscopy has allowed for direct visualization of Med8 interactions with a 305 bp fragment of SUC2 promoter and with a 676 bp fragment of HXK2 gene, containing respectively the UASs and DRSs regulatory regions. This approach has provided complementary information about the position and the structure of the DNA‐protein complexes. Med8 binding to DNA results in total covering of one of the two existing 7 bp motives (consensus, (A/C)(A/G)GAAAT) in the studied DNA fragments. No preference for binding either of the two UASs of SUC2 promoter as well as for the two DRSs of HXK2 gene has been found. We also discuss whether this protein works as dimer or as a monomer.
Analysis and design of focused demand chains
Authors: Childerhouse Paul , Aitken James , Towill Denis R.
Published: October 2002

The paper describes the evolution of focused demand chains over an extended period of time as a major UK lighting manufacturer has sought to remain an international player in a fast changing business environment. Analysis and design procedures make use of the concepts of Wickham Skinner and Marshall Fisher to answer the strategic questions “what facilities are required and how should they be laid out to enable the necessary focused demand chains?” and to answer the tactical question “which focused demand chain is appropriate for this product?” The case study then details how the company has been transformed from operating within a traditional supply chain to driving change via the engineering of four focused demand chains. The paper concludes with a comparison of operations enablers, customer choice, and business performance metrics covering the transition period culminating in the current focused demand chain scenario. By matching products to the appropriate value stream there is a consequential reduction in product development time of 75%; manufacturing costs reduction of up to 27%; and up to 95% reduction in delivery lead times.
Dynamic simulations of the inhomogeneous
sedimentation of rigid fibres
Authors: BUTLER JASON E. , SHAQFEH ERIC S. G.
Published: October 2002

We have simulated the dynamics of suspensions of fibres sedimenting in the limit of
zero Reynolds number. In these simulations, the dominant inter-particle force arises
from hydrodynamic interactions between the rigid, non-Brownian fibres. The simulation algorithm uses slender-body theory to model the linear and rotational velocities
of each fibre. To include far-field interactions between the fibres, the line distribution
of force on each fibre is approximated by making a Legendre polynomial expansion of
the disturbance velocity on the fibre, where only the first two terms of the expansion
are retained in the calculation. Thus, the resulting linear force distribution can be
specified completely by a centre-of-mass force, a couple, and a stresslet. Short-range
interactions between particles are included using a lubrication approximation, and an
infinite suspension is simulated by using periodic boundary conditions. Our numerical results confirm that the sedimentation of these non-spherical, orientable particles
differs qualitatively from the sedimentation of spherical particles. The simulations
demonstrate that an initially homogeneous, settling suspension develops clusters,
or streamers, which are particle rich surrounded by clarified fluid. The instability
which causes the heterogeneous structure arises solely from hydrodynamic interactions which couple the particle orientation and the sedimentation rate in particle
clusters. Depending upon the concentration and aspect ratio, the formation of clusters of particles can enhance the sedimentation rate of the suspension to a value in
excess of the maximum settling speed of an isolated particle. The suspension of fibres
tends to orient with gravity during the sedimentation process. The average velocities
and orientations, as well as their distributions, compare favourably with previous
experimental measurements.
Ocean structure and climate (Eastern North Atlantic): in situ measurement and remote sensing (altimeter)
Authors: Pingree Robin
Published: October 2002

Structure and climate of the east North Atlantic are appraised within a framework of in situ measurement and altimeter remote sensing from 0°–60°N. Long zonal expendable bathythermograph/conductivity–temperature–depth probe sections show repeating internal structure in the North Atlantic Ocean. Drogued buoys and subsurface floats give westward speeds for eddies and wavelike structure. Records from longterm current meter deployments give the periodicity of the repeating structure. Eddy and wave characteristics of period, size or wavelength, westward propagation speed, and mean currents are derived at 20°N, 26°N, 32·5°N, 36°N and 48°N from in situ measurements in the Atlantic Ocean. It is shown that ocean wave and eddy-like features measured in situ correlate with altimeter structure. Interior ocean wave crests or cold dome-like temperature structures are cyclonic and have negative surface altimeter anomalies; mesoscale internal wave troughs or warm structures are anticyclonic and have positive surface height anomalies. Along the Eastern Boundary, flows and temperature climate are examined in terms of sla and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index. Longterm changes in ocean climate and circulation are derived from sla data. It is shown that longterm changes from 1992 to 2002 in the North Atlantic Current and the Subtropical Gyre transport determined from sla data correlate with winter NAO Index such that maximum flow conditions occurred in 1995 and 2000. Minimum circulation conditions occurred between 1996–1998. Years of extreme negative winter NAO Index result in enhanced poleward flow along the Eastern Boundary and anomalous winter warming along the West European Continental Slope as was measured in 1990, 1996, 1998 and 2001.
Changes in the cephalopod diet of southern elephant seal females at King George Island, during El Niño-La Niña events
Authors: Piatkowski Uwe , Vergani Daniel F. , Stanganelli Zulma B.
Published: October 2002

Possible effects of ‘El Niño’ Southern Oscillation (ENSO) components ‘El Niño’ and ‘La Niña’ on populations of southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, were analysed. Changes in the cephalopod diet composition of moulting females at King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula were considered. The diet of female elephant seals sampled in 1991–1992 and 1992–1993 (El Niño years) were compared with those taken in 1995–1996 (La Niña year) at the same site and employing the same methodology. The squid Psychroteuthis glacialis constituted the main cephalopod prey of the seals. A reduction in the ‘Index of Biomass Ingested’ by female elephant seals (IBIF) of this prey species was observed in ‘El Niño’ years (1992, 1993) compared with the ‘La Niña’ year (1996). This reduction in biomass applied to all squid species in the seals' prey with the exception of Galiteuthis glacialis, which occurred in low numbers, but was more abundant during El Niño years than in the La Niña year.
Old sources, new resources: finding the right formula for Boniface
Authors: Orchard Andy
Published: October 2002

Of all the many Anglo-Saxons who travelled to the Continent, some never to
return, Boniface, apostle to the Germans, arguably had the deepest and most
enduring inuence; for some, he is simply ‘the greatest Englishman’. But aside
from Boniface's historical importance there is much of related interest for
scholars of Anglo-Saxon literary culture too: not only does a wealth of hagiographical
material survive relating to Boniface and his mission, but there
remain a number of letters, poems, and other works written by Boniface
himself, alongside a wide range of associated texts. Yet while the literary contexts
and merits of (for example) Boniface's poetry have been discussed a
number of times in recent years, the primary academic focus on the so-called
‘Bonifatian correspondence’ has tended to be historical, rather than literary.
Such a focus has tended to privilege those letters with political or administrative
implications above those that deal with more domestic or personal issues, yet it
is precisely the latter category which shows the less formal aspects of Anglo-Saxon
literary culture, and seems to invite closer comparison with a range of other texts. In particular, the innately repetitious and formulaic quality of
much of the correspondence has much in common with that of several other
areas of Anglo-Saxon literature in both Latin and Old English, whether in
prose or verse, and this article seeks to explore those links in detail, in order to
offer a broader literary context for the composition of the correspondence as a
whole.
The prodigal fragment: Cambridge, Gonville
and Caius College 734/782a
Authors: Rushforth Rebecca
Published: October 2002

Two fragments of an important eleventh-century manuscript, missing for some
years, were recently rediscovered by the staof Gonville and Caius College
library. The manuscript is signicant both because of its attribution to the hand
of ‘Eadwig Basan’, a major figure in the history of eleventh-century English
script, and because it constitutes evidence for the use in late Anglo-Saxon England
of a mass lectionary, a rare type of liturgical book. The fragments have now been
assigned the class-mark 734/782a, in order both to associate them with and distinguish
them from manuscript 734/782, a seventeenth-century paper catalogue of a
bequest of books to the college, in whose binding they were originally preserved.
Intra-familial transmission of life-threatening group A streptococcal infection
Authors: RECCO R. A. , ZAMAN M. M. , CORTES H. , COLUCCI J. , POOMKUDY G. , KAPLAN E. L.
Published: October 2002

Invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections have been of increasing concern worldwide during the past 15 years. Spread of group A streptococci to contacts with resulting invasive infection has been reported in families, in residential nursing homes, and even from patients to health care workers. We report an instance of temporally related life-threatening group A streptococcal infection in a husband and 2 weeks later in his wife. This example further emphasizes the need for careful observation among family members and other close contacts of patients with invasive group A streptococcal infection. Although at present there are no universal recommendations for monitoring or for antibiotic prophylaxis of close contacts of persons with invasive GAS infection, when added to existing literature, this report suggests additional consideration is required.
Associations between water-treatment methods and diarrhoea in HIV-positive individuals
Authors: EISENBERG J. N. S. , WADE T. J. , HUBBARD A. , ABRAMS D. I. , LEISER R. J. , CHARLES S. , VU M. , SAHA S. , WRIGHT C. C. , LEVY D. A. , JENSEN P. , COLFORD Jr. J. M.
Published: October 2002

This manuscript extends our previously published work (based on data from one clinic) on the association between three drinking water-treatment modalities (boiling, filtering, and bottling) and diarrhoeal disease in HIV-positive persons by incorporating data from two additional clinics collected in the following year. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of drinking water patterns, medication usage, and episodes of diarrhoea among HIV-positive persons attending clinics associated with the San Francisco Community Consortium. We present combined results from our previously published work in one clinic (n = 226) with data from these two additional clinics (n = 458). In this combined analysis we employed logistic regression and marginal structural modelling of the data. The relative risk of diarrhoea for ‘always’ vs. ‘never’ drinking boiled water was 0.68 (95% CI 0.45–1.04) and for ‘always’ vs. ‘never’ drinking bottled water was 1.22 (95% CI 0.82–1.82). Drinking filtered water was unrelated to diarrhoea [1.03 (95% CI 0.78, 1.35) for ‘always’ vs. ‘never’ drinking filtered water]. Adjustment for confounding did not have any notable effect on the point estimates (0.61, 1.35 and 0.98 for boiled, bottled, and filtered water respectively, as defined above). The risk of diarrhoea was lower among those consuming boiled water but this finding was not statistically significant. Because of these findings, the importance of diarrhoea in immunocompromised individuals, and the limitations of cross-sectional data further prospective investigations of water consumption and diarrhoea among HIV-positive individuals are needed.
Erratum
Authors: BESSER T. E. , RICHARDS B. L. , RICE D. H. , HANCOCK D. D.
Published: October 2002

Epidemiol. Infect.127 (2001), 555–60

Escherichia coliO157: H7 infection of calves: infectious dose and

direct contact transmission

Page 557, Figure 1(b). Replace with
A Sharp Threshold
for Network Reliability
Authors: KRIVELEVICH MICHAEL , SUDAKOV BENNY , VU VAN H.
Published: October 2002

Given a graph G on n vertices with average degree d, form a random subgraph Gp by
choosing each edge of G independently with probability p. Strengthening a classical result
of Margulis we prove that, if the edge connectivity k(G) satisfies k(G)
[Gt ]
d/log n, then the
connectivity threshold in Gp is sharp. This result is asymptotically tight.