bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of nitrous oxide on cardiovascular parameters in pigs anesthetized with propofol and subjected to pressure-controlled ventilation
Authors: Carneiro Rodrigo Lima , Lopes Patrícia Cristina Ferro , Gering Ana Paula , Biteli Eliselle Gouveia de Faria , Silva Paloma Do Espírito Santo , Ido Cléber Kazuo , Silva Helen Roberta Amaral da , Yamada Diego Iwao , Nunes Newton
Published: August 2017

This paper evaluated the effects of the ratio of nitrous oxide to oxygen (50% of each) on cardiovascular parameters in pigs anesthetized with propofol and maintained in ventilation with intermittent positive pressure. Sixteen Large White pigs, weighing between 15 and 20 kg, were divided into two groups of eight animals, and designated as follows: GPN (propofol/nitrous oxide) and GPA (propofol/compressed air). In order to allow endotracheal intubation, the animals received azaperone (2 mg kg-1, IM) followed, after 20 minutes, by intravenous propofol. After successful intubation, continuous infusion of propofol was initiated at a dose of 0.4 mg kg-1minute-1. From this point, the GPN group received N2O (diluted in 50% oxygen), while the GPA group received compressed air (diluted in 50% oxygen). Rocuronium was then administered by continuous intravenous infusion at 0.6 mg kg-1h-1. Pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) was started and adjusted to 15 cmH2O, and the respiratory rate was set to reach capnometry readings between 35-45 mmHg. The measurement of parameters (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, stroke index) begun 15 minutes after the administration of rocuronium, and was repeated in 15-minute intervals for 60 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test. The results showed that the 1:1 ratio combination of nitrous oxide to oxygen (50% each) did not alter the mentioned parameters in pigs anesthetized with propofol and maintained at pressure-controlled ventilation, indicating that it is a safe protocol for the cardiovascular system.
Relating the Learned Knowledge and Acquired Skills to Real Life: Function Sample
Authors: Albayrak Mustafa , Yazici Nurullah , Simsek Mertkan
Published: August 2017

Considering that Mathematics is a multidimensional problem-solving method that can be effective in all areas of cultural life, it is of great importance because of its contribution to other sciences such as physical and social sciences. It is known that the basic concepts of mathematics, which can also be expressed as a way of life, have helped to increase the usefulness of mathematics to practical and even social sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, economics, engineering and military, as well as their own values. In addition, if abstract subjects and concepts in mathematics are used in other sciences, concrete results can be obtained, which facilitate the labor of humans. In this case, it is useful to illustrate the mathematics of everyday life in order to understand the importance of mathematics. The word “function”, which is often used in everyday life as in mathematics, is one of the basic concepts in mathematics. Relating the learned knowledge and the acquired skills related to this concept to everyday life can affect the memory duration of learned knowledge and subsequent learning. Considering the importance of the subject, a case study has been conducted with (62) students. In the study, the definition of the function and two daily life examples related to the definition were presented to the candidates in black and white. The candidates were asked to make the definition of the types of functions presented to make sampling from daily life by making analogies. Content analysis was used in the analysis of the data. In the study, it was determined that the candidates could not go beyond the ordinary in writing samples. In addition, the success rates of candidates’ ability to define and write daily life examples have been quite different.
Can Intelligence Overcome the Effect of Individualism on Economic Development of Regions?
Authors: Zengrui Tian , Buitrago Guillermo Andres , Wahdan Husam
Published: August 2017

A clearer understanding of the causal variables of economic development is paramount object of interest for policymakers, researchers and economical analysts. Scholars share the general agreement that economic development is an important tool to alleviate poverty and foster human development. In this study, we explore the role of individualism and intelligence on economic development. These results will show that both individualistic values and national IQs have positive effect on GDP per capita. Moreover, the effect of intelligence appears to be more significant in Latin America.
Economic Consequences of Implementing the Engagement Partner: Signature Requirement in the UK
Authors: Liu Min
Published: August 2017

This paper examines whether and the extent to which requiring the audit engagement partner (EP) signature influences on information asymmetry, analysts’ forecast errors, and forecast dispersion. I predict and find that, ceteris paribus, there is a significant decline in information asymmetry, analysts’ forecast errors and forecast dispersion from the pre- to post-EP signature period in the UK over both of short-term (i.e., 2008-2010) and long-term (i.e., 2004-2014). These findings hold when using a control sample approach, indicating that my results are not likely due to the effect of concurrent events and correlated omitted variables. These findings suggest that implementing the EP signature requirement benefits analysts forecasts over a short- and long-term.
Terrorisme- en radicaliseringsstudies
Authors: de Graaf B.A.
Published: August 2017

Terrorism and radicalization studies. An explosive research field

Studying terrorism and radicalization is quite problematic because of a lack of reliable sources. Finding out what motivates terrorists often boils down to educated guessing. The author describes the search for an academic definition of terrorism and summarizes the development of this discipline since the 1970s, thereby distinguishing research on three levels: macro, micro and meso. While before 9/11 few academics were involved in this research field, it ‘exploded’ thereafter. Important factor contributing to this expansion is the greater availability of government funds and relevant data for this type of research. However, the growth of this discipline isn’t just good news, researchers should be aware of a number of pitfalls identified as the proximity to government power, too much self-confidence (hybris) of researchers pretending to have designed a ‘unified theory’, the abundance of funds for this type of research, resulting in a lot of low-quality research, and finally the politicization of the subject, which could limit the academic freedom.
De radicalisering van moslims: de rol van religieuze ideologie
Authors: Wagemakers J.
Published: August 2017

The radicalization of Muslims: The role of religious ideology

The extent to which religious ideology appeals to potential radicals and the role it plays in their actual radicalization depends on a number of factors, such as the centrality of the religious ideology’s message in the lives of the target group, its breadth, the credibility of both the message and the messenger expressing the religious ideology, as well as its experiential commensurability in the lives of the targeted audience. Variations in each of these factors help explain why religious ideology plays an important role in the radicalization of some Muslims, but less so in that of others, and why the same religious ideology can be influential in some contexts while having little impact elsewhere. This article uses the examples of the Jordanian Salafi scholars Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi and Muhammad Ibrahim Shaqra to illustrate this and shows that religious ideology should be taken seriously as a factor in radicalization, but should also be contextualized to understand its full impact.
Ergonomic evaluation of physiological stress of building construction
workers associated with manual material handling tasks
Authors: Saha P. , Basu B. , Devashish Sen D.
Published: August 2017

Purpose: In India, the cost of manpower is very
low; hence Manual Material Handling (MMH) is
the cheapest solution. This study aimed to quantify
the cardiac strain and postural stress of male
building construction workers associated with
MMH tasks.
Materials and methods: Mean (SD) age (years)
and job experience (years) of the workers were
31.0(4.65) and 8.8 (3.23), respectively (n=35).
Working peak heart rate was recorded by polar
heart rate monitor, posture analysis was done by the
Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS)
and the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)
method, body part discomfort was assessed by the
Nordic questionnaire, and perceived exertion was
evaluated by the Borg scale. Two-tailed unpaired
Student’s t test was performed between peak heart
rate of workers associated with MMH tasks and
upper extremity intensive tasks (n=31).
Results: Results revealed that mean peak heart rate
of the workers was significantly different (higher)
compared with that of the upper extremity intensive
workers (p<0.05). This study showed that most of
the working postures were hazardous. The
magnitude of risk for musculoskeletal disorders
(MSD) was much higher as per REBA compared
with OWAS. Most of the workers suffered from
pain in the head, neck, shoulder, lower back, and
arm region. As per the Borg scale, the rate of
perceived exertion was ‘hard and heavy’ among
most of the workers (68.57%).
Conclusions: Postural stress and cardiac strain
beyond the safe limit indicates the heavy nature of
the job. Load limit optimization, ergonomic lifting
technique, and rescheduled work-rest cycle are
essential to reducing physiological and perceived
work load.
Action communautaire, militantisme et lutte pour la reconnaissance : une réalité historique, politique et sociologique
Authors: Jetté Christian
Published: August 2017

L’action collective en travail social a toujours constitué un terreau fertile pour le militantisme. Avec ses principes de justice sociale, de solidarité, d’autonomie et de démocratie, l’intervention de type collective et/ou communautaire intègre des revendications à caractère social, économique, culturel et politique. Les intervenants, mais aussi des citoyens et des bénévoles, sont donc appelés, par leur travail et leurs activités, à prendre position, que ce soit de manière implicite ou explicite, et donc à militer sur plusieurs enjeux de nature politique. Ce militantisme participe à l’établissement d’une démocratie plurielle et aux luttes pour la reconnaissance menées par les communautés opprimées ou marginalisées. La « lutte pour la reconnaissance », telle que l’a définie Honneth (2008), permet ainsi de mieux comprendre le rôle des conflits dans les processus d’intégration sociale et la place du militantisme au sein d’une vision transformatrice de la société.
Défense collective des droits sociaux : des modèles d’intervention aux stratégies d’action
Authors: Sauvé Méric , Provencher Ysabel
Published: August 2017

Au début des années 1970, les travaux de Jack Rothman sur les pratiques en organisation communautaire ont introduit la notion de modèle de pratique en intervention communautaire. À sa classification initiale des modèles de la planification sociale, du développement local et de l’action sociale se sont ajoutées, au fil des décennies, les classifications d’autres auteures et auteurs américains et canadiens. Chacun de ces auteures et auteurs a contribué à caractériser davantage les pratiques d’intervention communautaire traditionnellement associées au domaine de l’action sociale. Les connaissances accumulées permettent aujourd’hui de proposer une classification plus fine des pratiques d’action sociale en fonction de trois stratégies : la stratégie émancipatoire, la stratégie de coopération-persuasion et la stratégie de confrontation.
Être homosexuel et d’origine libanaise en contexte montréalais : identifications ethno-sexuelles multiples, complexes et variables
Authors: Chbat Marianne
Published: August 2017

En nous inspirant des résultats de notre mémoire, nous rendons compte dans cet article des diverses façons dont certaines personnes LGBTQ+ d’origine libanaise, vivant à Montréal et impliquées au sein d’un organisme militant pour les droits des minorités sexuelles et racisées, articulent et négocient leurs identifications ethno-sexuelles. À partir d’un cadrage intersectionnel qui prend en considération l’imbrication de divers axes de structuration sociale que sont le genre, la classe, la sexualité, l’ethnicité, l’âge, etc., les résultats de cette recherche suggèrent qu’il existe une multiplicité de discours identitaires, ces derniers déstabilisant, dans certains cas, ou (re)produisant, dans d’autres, les représentations normatives de l’identité homosexuelle hégémonique fortement véhiculée actuellement en contexte occidental.
Increasing suppression of saccade-related transients along the human visual hierarchy
Authors: Golan Tal , Davidesco Ido , Meshulam Meir , Groppe David M , Mégevand Pierre , Yeagle Erin M , Goldfinger Matthew S , Harel Michal , Melloni Lucia , Schroeder Charles E , Deouell Leon Y , Mehta Ashesh D , Malach Rafael
Published: August 2017

A key hallmark of visual perceptual awareness is robustness to instabilities arising from unnoticeable eye and eyelid movements. In previous human intracranial (iEEG) work (Golan et al., 2016) we found that excitatory broadband high-frequency activity transients, driven by eye blinks, are suppressed in higher-level but not early visual cortex. Here, we utilized the broad anatomical coverage of iEEG recordings in 12 eye-tracked neurosurgical patients to test whether a similar stabilizing mechanism operates following small saccades. We compared saccades (1.3°−3.7°) initiated during inspection of large individual visual objects with similarly-sized external stimulus displacements. Early visual cortex sites responded with positive transients to both conditions. In contrast, in both dorsal and ventral higher-level sites the response to saccades (but not to external displacements) was suppressed. These findings indicate that early visual cortex is highly unstable compared to higher-level visual regions which apparently constitute the main target of stabilizing extra-retinal oculomotor influences.
Switch-like Arp2/3 activation upon WASP and WIP recruitment to an apparent threshold level by multivalent linker proteins in vivo
Authors: Sun Yidi , Leong Nicole T , Jiang Tommy , Tangara Astou , Darzacq Xavier , Drubin David G
Published: August 2017

Actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex activation by nucleation promoting factors (NPFs) such as WASP, plays an important role in many actin-mediated cellular processes. In yeast, Arp2/3-mediated actin filament assembly drives endocytic membrane invagination and vesicle scission. Here we used genetics and quantitative live-cell imaging to probe the mechanisms that concentrate NPFs at endocytic sites, and to investigate how NPFs regulate actin assembly onset. Our results demonstrate that SH3 (Src homology 3) domain-PRM (proline-rich motif) interactions involving multivalent linker proteins play central roles in concentrating NPFs at endocytic sites. Quantitative imaging suggested that productive actin assembly initiation is tightly coupled to accumulation of threshold levels of WASP and WIP, but not to recruitment kinetics or release of autoinhibition. These studies provide evidence that WASP and WIP play central roles in establishment of a robust multivalent SH3 domain-PRM network in vivo, giving actin assembly onset at endocytic sites a switch-like behavior.
The benefits of data mining
Authors: Bone Audrey , Houck Keith
Published: August 2017

Careful analysis of a database populated by physicians and patients sheds new light on the side effects of drugs.
Shoreline oiling effects and recovery of salt marsh macroinvertebrates from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Authors: Deis Donald R. , Fleeger John W. , Bourgoin Stefan M. , Mendelssohn Irving A. , Lin Qianxin , Hou Aixin
Published: August 2017

Salt marshes in northern Barataria Bay, Louisiana, USA were oiled, sometimes heavily, in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Previous studies indicate that fiddler crabs (in the genus Uca) and the salt marsh periwinkle (Littoraria irrorata) were negatively impacted in the short term by the spill. Here, we detail longer-term effects and recovery from moderate and heavy oiling over a 3-year span, beginning 30 months after the spill. Although neither fiddler crab burrow density nor diameter differed between oiled and reference sites when combined across all sampling events, these traits differed among some individual sampling periods consistent with a pattern of lingering oiling impacts. Periwinkle density, however, increased in all oiling categories and shell-length groups during our sampling period, and periwinkle densities were consistently highest at moderately oiled sites where Spartina alterniflora aboveground biomass was highest. Periwinkle shell length linearly increased from a mean of 16.5 to 19.2 mm over the study period at reference sites. In contrast, shell lengths at moderately oiled and heavily oiled sites increased through month 48 after the spill, but then decreased. This decrease was associated with a decline in the relative abundance of large adults (shell length 21–26 mm) at oiled sites which was likely caused by chronic hydrocarbon toxicity or oil-induced effects on habitat quality or food resources. Overall, the recovery of S. alterniflora facilitated the recovery of fiddler crabs and periwinkles. However, our long-term record not only indicates that variation in periwinkle mean shell length and length-frequency distributions are sensitive indicators of the health and recovery of the marsh, but agrees with synoptic studies of vegetation and infaunal communities that full recovery of heavily oiled sites will take longer than 66 months.
Heavy metals at the Guadalquivir estuary
Authors: García-Luque E , Sáenz I , Riba I , Del-Valls TA , Forja JM , Gómez-Parra A
Published: August 2017

Temporal surveys at the Guadalquivir estuary were carried out between May and December 1998 to assess the behaviour of four heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu). These metals presented a non-conservative behaviour, with KD ranging between 102 and 104. Losses related to the dissolved phase have been quantified, as well as their metal speciation. The concentration of heavy metals associated with different geochemical fractions in sediments was also determined. Each metal showed a different distribution depending on whether its origin was associated (Zn and Cd) or not (Pb and Cu) to the toxic mud from Aznalcóllar. In general, heavy metal (Zn and Cd) enrichment was found in the estuary (due to the Aznalcóllar mining spill), determined in their concentrations in the most bioavailable fractions of the sediment.
Biochemical composition of nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia sp. (Crustacea, Anostraca) from the Araya saltworks, northeastern Venezuela
Authors: Guevara JM , Lodeiros C
Published: August 2017

In this work, we compared the proportion of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and fatty acids in populations of Artemia sp. from the Araya saltworks in northeastern Venezuela, during two stages (nauplii and metanauplii) of their development. The population of Artemia franciscana from San Francisco Bay (USA) was used as reference because of its wide use in aquaculture. The organisms of both populations showed significant differences in protein, lipid, carbohydrate and phospholipid contents between both stages; however, no significant differences were established between both populations. The highest protein concentrations were found in metanauplii: 67% for Araya and 56% for San Francisco. The highest concentrations of lipids (22% and 24%), carbohydrates (17% and 11%) and phospholipids (26% and 35%) were found in nauplii for both populations. Cholesterol esters, cholesterol, triglycerids, and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were significantly different between stages and between populations. Cholesterol esters, and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were higher in San Francisco metanauplii, with values of 37%, 11% and 7%, respectively. The highest triglycerid concentration (39%) was found in San Francisco nauplii and the highest cholesterol concentration in Araya metanauplii (50%). The results suggest that the Artemia population from the Araya saltworks contains the necessary elements to cover the nutritional requirements of fish larvae and marine crustaceans under culture.
Maternal care in the California sea lion at Los Islotes, Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: García-Aguilar MC , Aurioles-Gamboa D
Published: August 2017

Behavioural components of maternal assistance in the California sea lion at a small colony in the southern part of the Gulf of California were analyzed and compared between one year with normal environmental conditions (1996) and one influenced by El Niño 1998). The components considered were the frequency, duration, intensity and rate of lactation, and the frequency and duration of the feeding trips. The parameters employed to measure the intensity of the maternal investment were the weight, density and growth rate of the pups. No significant differences were found in both years between the weight of female and male pups, growth rate and body density; when comparing these parameters between the years, no significant differences were found either. In 1996, the daily lactation rate and the intensity decreased while the pups grew, but in 1998 the lactation rate remained constant and the intensity increased. The results indicate that the difference found in 1998 is probably due to the use of an alternative breeding strategy when the environmental conditions are poor. The duration of the feeding trips was significantly greater in 1998 than in 1996 (2.05 ± 0.87 d and 1.3 ± 0.60 d, respectively). For 1996, the estimation of the cycle duration (time of feeding trip + time of assistance in rookery) was 2.07 ± 1.5 d. Two variables were associated with the growth rate of the pups: intensity of lactation and frequency of the feeding trips.
Variability of the phytoplankton community in San Quint?Bay based on pigment analysis
Authors: Millán-Núñez R , Millán-Núñez E , Alvarez-Borrego S , Trees CC , Santamaría-del-Angel E
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this work was to characterize the phytoplankton community of San Quintín Bay using pigment concentrations from HPLC and the CHEMTAX program, so that small cells (< 5 µm) would not be excluded. On 23–24 April 2001, a 24-h time series was generated, sampling surface water every hour. Samples were also taken from six localities throughout the bay. There was a significant contribution of seven phytoplankton groups. Those that contributed the most to total chlorophyll a were cryptophytes, cyanobacteria, bacilliarophytes and chlorophytes. In general, pigment concentrations were higher in the mouth region and decreased towards the internal extremes. This is the first report of the presence of the pigment divinyl chlorophyll a in San Quintín Bay, which firmly suggests the presence of Prochlorococcus sp. This group contributed up to 40% of the total chlorophyll a. Other cyanobacteria contributed up to 13% of the total chlorophyll a. These percentages are indicative of a very high abundance of these groups.
Composition, importance and movement of fishes from San Quintín Bay, Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Rosales-Casián JA
Published: August 2017

Monthly samplings were conducted at San Quintín Bay (Baja California, Mexico) in 1994 to determine the fish species assemblage, their abundance, frequency of occurrence, and movement. The sampling gear used included the otter trawl and beam trawl (5 and 10 m depth), beach seine net (<3 m depth), gillnet, and hook and line. The 5 and 3 m depths were characterized by seagrasses. A total of 64 fish species were identified. The most important species according to the index of community importance (abundance and occurrence) were the bay pipefish (Syngnathus leptorhynchus), the California halibut (Paralichthys californicus), the shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata), the diamond turbot (Hypsopsetta guttulata), and the black surfperch (Embiotoca jacksoni). Other abundant species were the topsmelt (Atherinops affinis), which inhabits the zone close to the beach, and the slough anchovy (Anchoa delicatissima), a temporal visitor to the lagoon. Low temperatures were recorded during April and May, coinciding with a movement of fishes towards the inner part of the bay.
Use of digital multispectral videography to assess seagrass distribution in San Quintín Bay, Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Ward DH , Lee-Tibbitts T , Morton A , Carrera-González E , Kempka R
Published: August 2017

Apparent threats to the spatial distribution of seagrass in San Quintín Bay prompted us to make a detailed assessment of habitats in the bay. Six coastal habitats and three seagrass subclasses were delineated using airborne digital multispectral videography (DMSV). Eelgrass, Zostera marina, was the predominant seagrass and covered 40% (1949 ha) of the areal extent of the bay in 1999. Eelgrass grew over a wide range of tidal depths from about –3.0 m mean lower low water (MLLW) to about 1.0 m MLLW, but greatest spatial extent occurred in intertidal areas –0.6 m to 1.0 m MLLW. Exposed-continuous (i.e., high density) eelgrass was the most abundant habitat in the bay. Widgeongrass, Ruppia maritima, was the only other seagrass present and covered 3% (136 ha) of the areal extent of the entire bay. Widgeongrass grew in single species stands in the upper intertidal (≥ 0.4 MLLW) and intermixed with eelgrass at lower tidal depths. Overall accuracy of the six habitat classes and three subclasses in the DMSV map was relatively high at 84%. Our detailed map of San Quintín Bay can be used in future change detection analyses to monitor the health of seagrasses in the bay.
Distribution, movements and group size of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) to the south of San Quintín Bay, Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Morteo E , Heckel G , Defran RH , Schramm Y
Published: August 2017

Twelve boat-based photoidentification surveys were carried out along the coast to the south of San Quintín Bay, in Baja California, Mexico, from July 1999 to June 2000; effort was 276.76 km and 31.7 h at sea. Twenty-two schools were encountered and 12.9 h of total observation were spent with 242 dolphins in these schools. The average school size was 11 (SD = 8) dolphins, although it is possible that groups are actually smaller; nursing groups were significantly larger (P < 0.05), with frequent membership exchanges occurring among schools. Dolphins preferred a coastal strip between 250 and 500 m offshore (P < 0.05), at depths below 7 m, and with sandy substrates (P < 0.05). Greater sighting frequencies occurred in two coastal zones (P < 0.05) and feeding was common around the mouth of the bay. Dorsal fin photographs led to the identification of 169 dolphins, and 124 were different individuals. During the study period, the coast south of San Quintín was a pass zone for transient dolphins, since most of the animals (>70%) were sighted one time or stayed for short periods. A total of 220 different dolphins have been identified in the San Quintín area when these data are combined with those gathered by Caldwell (1992) in 1990; these dolphins probably represent a small part of a larger population. More research on the population biology of the bottlenose dolphin in this and adjacent geographic areas is needed to develop better conservation and management strategies for this important natural resource.
Sensitivity analysis of the multispecies virtual population analysis model parameterized for a system of trophically-linked species from the eastern Bering Sea
Authors: Jurado-Molina J , Livington P , Galluci VF
Published: August 2017

A sensitivity analysis of a multispecies virtual population analysis (MSVPA) model parameterized for the Bering Sea was carried out using two methods for the analysis. In the first method, four variables related to the predation mortality M2 and population size of age-1 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) were chosen as response variables. Results suggested that the response variables of walleye pollock were sensitive to the residual mortality M1 of walleye pollock, the stock size of arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) and ration of both predator species. Pacific cod response variables were sensitive only to variables related to Pacific cod. These results reinforce the importance of cannibalism in the dynamics of walleye pollock and Pacific cod. Results from the individual perturbation parameter analysis showed that the changes produced by large positive perturbations in the "other food" parameter were small. The overall results suggest that the MSVPA model can be considered robust. These results help to recognize the potential use of MSVPA as a tool to assist in broadening the management of the fishery resources from the Bering Sea within a multispecies perspective.
Nutrient supply, surface currents, and plankton dynamics predict zooplankton hotspots in coastal upwelling systems
Authors: Messié Monique , Chavez Francisco P.
Published: August 2017

A simple combination of wind‐driven nutrient upwelling, surface currents, and plankton growth/grazing equations generates zooplankton patchiness and hotspots in coastal upwelling regions. Starting with an initial input of nitrate from coastal upwelling, growth and grazing equations evolve phytoplankton and zooplankton over time and space following surface currents. The model simulates the transition from coastal (large phytoplankton, e.g., diatoms) to offshore (picophytoplankton and microzooplankton) communities, and in between generates a large zooplankton maximum. The method was applied to four major upwelling systems (California, Peru, Northwest Africa, and Benguela) using latitudinal estimates of wind‐driven nitrate supply and satellite‐based surface currents. The resulting zooplankton simulations are patchy in nature; areas of high concentrations coincide with previously documented copepod and krill hotspots. The exercise highlights the importance of the upwelling process and surface currents in shaping plankton communities.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of 1,2‐Fused Indole‐Diazepines via [5+2] Annulation of o‐Indoloanilines with Alkynes
Authors: Thikekar Tushar Ulhas , Sun Chung‐Ming
Published: August 2017

An efficient and regioselective palladium(II)‐catalyzed [5+2] annulation of unprotected o‐indoloanilines with internal alkynes under microwave irradiation has been explored. The diverse imine‐containing 1,2‐fused indole[1,7‐a]diazepines are constructed in moderate to excellent yields. The mechanistic pathway shows pivalic acid and molecular oxygen to play crucial roles for the regeneration of highly active electrophilic palladium species in the catalytic cycle.

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Treatment of individuals who cannot receive blood products for religious or other reasons
Authors: Scharman Carlton D. , Burger Debora , Shatzel Joseph J. , Kim Edward , DeLoughery Thomas G.
Published: August 2017

By virtue of their religious principles, Jehovah's Witnesses (JWs) generally object to receiving blood products, raising numerous ethical, legal, and medical challenges for providers who care for these patients, especially in the emergent setting. In this review, we discuss several areas relevant to the care of JWs, including the current literature on “bloodless” medical care in the setting of perioperative and intraoperative management, acute blood loss, trauma, pregnancy, and malignancy. We have found that medical and administrative efforts in the form of bloodless medicine and surgery programs can be instrumental in helping to reduce risks of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Planning prior to an anticipated event associated with blood loss or anemia (such as elective surgery, pregnancy, and chemotherapy) is critical. Specifically, bloodless medicine programs should prioritize vigilant early screening and management of anemias, early establishment of patient wishes regarding transfusion, and the incorporation of those wishes into multidisciplinary medical and surgical care. Although there are now a variety of human‐based and nonhuman‐based products available as transfusion alternatives, the degree and quality of evidence to support their use varies significantly between products and is also largely dependent on the clinical setting.
Fluorous Phase‐Directed Peptide Assembly Affords Nano‐Peptisomes Capable of Ultrasound‐Triggered Cellular Delivery
Authors: Medina Scott H. , Michie Megan S. , Miller Stephen E. , Schnermann Martin J. , Schneider Joel P.
Published: August 2017

Here, we report the design, synthesis and efficacy of a new class of ultrasound (US)‐sensitive self‐assembled peptide‐based nanoparticle. Peptisomes are prepared via templated assembly of a de novo designed peptide at the interface of fluorinated nanodroplets. Utilizing peptide assembly allows for facile particle synthesis, direct incorporation of bioactive sequences displayed from the particle corona, and the ability to easily encapsulate biologics during particle preparation using a mild solvent exchange procedure. Further, nano‐peptisome size can be precisely controlled by simply modulating the starting peptide and fluorinated solvent concentrations during synthesis. Biomolecular cargo encapsulated within the particle core can be directly delivered to the cytoplasm of cells upon US‐mediated rupture of the carrier. Thus, nano‐peptisomes represent a novel class of US‐activated carriers that can shuttle cell‐impermeable biomacromolecules into cells with spatial and temporal precision.
Enantioselective Phosphine‐Catalyzed Formal [4+4] Annulation of α,β‐Unsaturated Imines and Allene Ketones: Construction of Eight‐Membered Rings
Authors: Ni Huanzhen , Tang Xiaodong , Zheng Wenrui , Yao Weijun , Ullah Nisar , Lu Yixin
Published: August 2017

The first highly enantioselective phosphine‐catalyzed formal [4+4] annulation has been developed. In the presence of amino‐acid‐derived phosphines, the unprecedented [4+4] annulations between benzofuran/indole‐derived α,β‐unsaturated imines and allene ketones proceeded smoothly, thus affording azocines, bearing either a benzofuran or an indole moiety, in excellent yields and with nearly perfect enantioselectivities (≥98 % ee in most cases). This work marks the first efficient asymmetric construction of optically enriched eight‐membered rings by phosphine catalysis.
Anionische Palladium(0)‐ und Palladium(II)‐At‐Komplexe
Authors: Kolter Marlene , Böck Katharina , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Koszinowski Konrad
Published: August 2017

Palladium‐At‐Komplexe gelten als wichtige Zwischenstufen in Heck‐ und Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen, haben sich aber bisher einer Charakterisierung auf molekularer Ebene weitgehend entzogen. Mithilfe der Elektrosprayionisierungs‐Massenspektrometrie, Messungen der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit und NMR‐Spektroskopie wird hier gezeigt, dass der elektronenarme Katalysator [L3Pd] (L=Tris[3,5‐bis(trifluormethyl)phenyl]phosphan) bereitwillig mit Br−zum anionischen, nullwertigen At‐Komplex [L3PdBr]−reagiert. Elektronenreichere Pd‐Katalysatoren weisen dagegen eine geringere Tendenz zur Bildung von At‐Komplexen auf. Die Kombination von [L3Pd] mit LiI und einem Aryliodid ArI führt zur Entstehung des PdII‐At‐Komplexes [L2Pd(Ar)I2]−.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium(V) Coordination Complexes With an N,O‐Donor Organic Ligand
Authors: Sharninghausen Liam S. , Sinha Shashi Bhushan , Shopov Dimitar Y. , Mercado Brandon Q. , Balcells David , Brudvig Gary W. , Crabtree Robert H.
Published: August 2017

We have prepared and fully characterized two isomers of [IrIV(dpyp)2] (dpyp=meso‐2,4‐di(2‐pyridinyl)‐2,4‐pentanediolate). These complexes can cleanly oxidize to [IrV(dpyp)2]+, which to our knowledge represent the first mononuclear coordination complexes of IrV in an N,O‐donor environment. One isomer has been fully characterized in the IrV state, including by X‐ray crystallography, XPS, and DFT calculations, all of which confirm metal‐centered oxidation. The unprecedented stability of these IrV complexes is ascribed to the exceptional donor strength of the ligands, their resistance to oxidative degradation, and the presence of four highly donor alkoxide groups in a plane, which breaks the degeneracy of the d‐orbitals and favors oxidation.
C−H Bond Trifluoromethylation of Arenes Enabled by a Robust, High‐Valent Nickel(IV) Complex
Authors: D'Accriscio Florian , Borja Pilar , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Fustier‐Boutignon Marie , Mézailles Nicolas , Nebra Noel
Published: August 2017

The robust, high‐valent NiIV complex [(Py)2NiIVF2(CF3)2] (Py=pyridine) was synthesized and fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. It reacts with aromatic compounds at 25 °C to form the corresponding benzotrifluorides in nearly quantitative yield. The monomeric and dimeric NiIIICF3 complexes 2⋅Py and 2 were identified as key intermediates, and their structures were unambiguously determined by EPR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Preliminary kinetic studies in combination with the isolation of reaction intermediates confirmed that the C−H bond‐breaking/C−CF3 bond‐forming sequence can occur both at NiIVCF3 and NiIIICF3 centers.
Compartmentalizing Supramolecular Hydrogels Using Aqueous Multi‐phase Systems
Authors: Mytnyk Serhii , Olive Alexandre G. L. , Versluis Frank , Poolman Jos M. , Mendes Eduardo , Eelkema Rienk , van Esch Jan H.
Published: August 2017

A generic method is used for compartmentalization of supramolecular hydrogels by using water‐in‐water emulsions based on aqueous multi‐phase systems (AMPS). By forming the low‐molecular‐weight hydrogel throughout all phases of all‐aqueous emulsions, distinct, micro‐compartmentalized materials were created. This structuring approach offers control over the composition of each type of the compartments by directing the partitioning of objects to be encapsulated. Moreover, this method allows for barrier‐less, dynamic exchange of even large hydrophilic solutes (MW≈60 kDa) between separate aqueous compartments. These features are expected to find use in the fields of, for instance, micro‐structured catalysts, templating, and tissue engineering.
Heavily Substituted Atropisomeric Diarylamines by Unactivated Smiles Rearrangement of N‐Aryl Anthranilamides
Authors: Costil Romain , Dale Harvey J. A. , Fey Natalie , Whitcombe George , Matlock Johnathan V. , Clayden Jonathan
Published: August 2017

Diarylamines find use as metal ligands and as structural components of drug molecules, and are commonly made by metal‐catalyzed C−N coupling. However, the limited tolerance to steric hindrance of these couplings restricts the synthetic availability of more substituted diarylamines. Here we report a remarkable variant of the Smiles rearrangement that employs readily accessible N‐aryl anthranilamides as precursors to diarylamines. Conformational predisposition of the anthranilamide starting material brings the aryl rings into proximity and allows the rearrangement to take place despite the absence of electron‐withdrawing substituents, and even with sterically encumbered doubly ortho‐substituted substrates. Some of the diarylamine products are resolvable into atropisomeric enantiomers, and are the first simple diarylamines to display atropisomerism.
Degradable Vanadium Disulfide Nanostructures with Unique Optical and Magnetic Functions for Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Chen Yuyan , Cheng Liang , Dong Ziliang , Chao Yu , Lei Huali , Zhao He , Wang Jian , Liu Zhuang
Published: August 2017

Multifunctional biodegradable inorganic theranostic nano‐agents are of great interest to the field of nanomedicine. Upon lipid modification, VS2 nanosheets could be converted into ultra‐small VS2 nanodots encapsulated inside polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified lipid micelles. Owing to paramagnetism, high near‐infrared (NIR) absorbance, and chelator‐free 99mTc4+ labeling of VS2, such VS2@lipid‐PEG nanoparticles could be used for T1‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR), photoacoustic (PA),and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) tri‐modal imaging guided photothermal ablation of tumors. Importantly, along with the gradual degradation of VS2, our VS2@lipid‐PEG nanoparticles exhibit effective body excretion without appreciable toxicity. The unique advantages of VS2 nanostructures with highly integrated functionalities and biodegradable behaviors mean they are promising for applications in cancer theranostics.
Synthesis, density functional theory calculations and luminescence of lanthanide complexes with 2,6‐bis[(3‐methoxybenzylidene)hydrazinocarbonyl] pyridine Schiff base ligand
Authors: Taha Ziyad A. , Ababneh Taher S. , Hijazi Ahmed K. , Abu‐Salem Qutaiba , Ajlouni Abdulaziz M. , Ebwany Shroq
Published: August 2017

A pyridine‐diacylhydrazone Schiff base ligand, L = 2,6‐bis[(3‐methoxy benzylidene)hydrazinocarbonyl]pyridine was prepared and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Lanthanide complexes, Ln–L, {[LnL(NO3)2]NO3.xH2O (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy and Er)} were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, thermal analysis (TGA/DTGA), mass spectrometry (MS), Fourier transform infra‐red (FT‐IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Ln–L complexes are isostructural with four binding sites provided by two nitro groups along with four coordination sites for L. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on L and its cationic [LnL(NO3)2]+ complexes were carried out at the B3LYP/6–31G(d) level of theory. The FT‐IR vibrational wavenumbers were computed and compared with the experimentally values. The luminescence investigations of L and Ln–L indicated that Tb–L and Eu–L complexes showed the characteristic luminescence of Tb(III) and Eu(III) ions. Ln–L complexes show higher antioxidant activity than the parent L ligand.
The effect of Benzothiazolone‐2 on the expression of Metallothionein‐3 in modulating Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Roy Sudeep , Gumulec Jaromir , Kumar Akhil , Raudenska Martina , Baig Mohd Hassan , Polanska Hana , Balvan Jan , Gupta Mansi , Babula Petr , Odstrčilík Jan , Choi Inho , Provaznik Ivo , Masarik Michal
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Metallothioneins (MTs) are a class of ubiquitously occurring low‐molecular‐weight cysteine‐ and metal‐rich proteins containing sulfur‐based metal clusters. MT‐3 exhibits neuro‐inhibitory activity. The possibility to enhance the expression of MT‐3 or protect it from degradation is an attractive therapeutic target, because low levels of MT‐3 were found in brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.

Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to test an enhancement of MT‐3 cellular concentration after MT‐3 binding treatment, which could prevent MT‐3 degradation.

Methods

MTT assay, flow‐cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and immunodetection of MT3 were used for analysis of effect of STOCK1N‐26544, STOCK1N‐26929, and STOCK1N‐72593 on immortalized human microglia‐SV40 cell line.

Results

All three tested compounds enhanced concentration of MT‐3 protein in cells and surprisingly also mRNA concentration. IC50 values of tested molecules exceeded about ten times the concentration that was needed for induction of MT‐3 expression. The tested compound Benzothiazolone‐2 enhanced apoptosis and necrosis, but it was not of severe effect. About 80% of cells were still viable. There was no serious ROS‐generation and no severe decrease in mitochondria numbers or stress induced endoplasmic reticulum changes after test treatments. The selected compound showed stable hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction during MT‐3 ligand interaction.

Conclusion

Benzothiazolone‐2 compounds significantly enhanced MT‐3 protein and mRNA levels. The compounds can be looked upon as one of the probable lead compounds for future drug designing experiments in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Matthew baillie's specimens and engravings
Authors: Spear Caitlin , Reilly Maggie , McDonald Stuart W.
Published: August 2017

In 1799, Matthew Baillie, William Hunter's nephew, published his famous atlas of pathology. It was entitled A Series of Engravings Accompanied with Explanations which are Intended to Illustrate the Morbid Anatomy of Some of the Most Important Parts of the Human Body. The present study aims to match the illustrations to extant specimens in the collections of William and John Hunter, preserved at the University of Glasgow and at the Royal College of Surgeons of England respectively.

Baillie's book contains 10 fasciculi, consisting of 73 plates and 206 figures. The specimens Baillie illustrated came from his own collection and those of ten others, including his uncles, William and John Hunter. The book was illustrated by William Clift and engraved by James Basire, William Skelton and James Heath. Excluding eight illustrations of intestinal worms where the provenance of the specimens is uncertain, a total of 98 specimens from William Hunter's collection were illustrated in 104 figures. Eight of the specimens were calculi impossible to identify specifically. Excluding worms and calculi, 72 of William Hunter's specimens illustrated by Baillie are extant in the Hunterian Collection at the University of Glasgow. All but one of the 20 specimens illustrated that had belonged to John Hunter were identified in the on‐line catalog of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Baillie's own collection was destroyed when the Royal College of Surgeons of England was bombed in 1941. Baillie is credited with being the first to produce an illustrated systematic textbook of morbid anatomy and probably the first to illustrate emphysema and transposition of the great vessels. His book, however, was not comprehensive. It did not cover a number of topics such as muscles and bones and there is little coverage of the nervous system. Baillie's book, however, was an original concept as an atlas of morbid anatomy and showed his deep insight into pathology. Clin. Anat. 31:622–631, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Responsible for the Production of (Z)‐Norendoxifen in vitro
Authors: Ma Jianli , Chu Zhong , Lu Jessica Bo Li , Liu Jinzhong , Zhang Qingyuan , Liu Zhaoliang , Tang Dabei
Published: August 2017

Norendoxifen, an active metabolite of tamoxifen, is a potent aromatase inhibitor. Little information is available regarding production of norendoxifen in vitro. Here, we conducted a series of kinetic and inhibition studies in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and expressed P450s to study the metabolic disposition of norendoxifen. To validate that norendoxifen was the metabolite of endoxifen, metabolites in HLMs incubates of endoxifen were measured using a HPLC/MS/MS method. To further probe the specific isoforms involved in the metabolic route, endoxifen was incubated with recombinant P450s (CYP 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4, 3A5 and CYP4A11). Formation rates of norendoxifen were evaluated in the absence and presence of P450 isoform specific inhibitors using HLMs. The peak of norendoxifen was found in the incubations consisting of endoxifen, HLMs, and cofactors. The retention times of norendoxifen, endoxifen, and the internal standard (diphenhydramine) were 7.81, 7.97, and 5.86 min, respectively. The Km (app) and Vmax (app) values of norendoxifen formation from endoxifen in HLM was 47.8 μm and 35.39 pmol min−1 mg−1. The apparent hepatic intrinsic clearances of norendoxifen formation were 0.74 μl mg−1 min. CYP3A5 and CYP2D6 were the major enzymes capable of norendoxifen formation from endoxifen with the rates of 0.26 and 0.86 pmol pmol−1 P450 × min. CYP1A2, 3A2, 2C9, and 2C19 also contributed to norendoxifen formation, but the contributions were at least 6‐fold lower. One micromolar ketoconazole (CYP3A inhibitor) showed an inhibitory effect on the rates of norendoxifen formation by 45%, but 1 μm quinidine (CYP2D6 inhibitor) does not show any inhibitory effect. Norendoxifen, metabolism from endoxifen by multiple P450s that including CYP3A5.