bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Of Robots and Simulacra
Authors: Salvini Pericle
Published: October 2014

In this chapter, the author proposes a theoretical framework for evaluating the ethical acceptability of robotic technologies, with a focus on social robots. The author proposes to consider robots as forms of mediations of human actions and their ethical acceptance as depending on the impact on the notion of human presence. Presence is characterised by a network of reciprocal relations among human beings and the environment, which can either be promoted or inhibited by technological mediation. A medium that inhibits presence deserves ethical evaluation since it prevents the possibility of a mutual exchange, thus generating forms of power. Moreover, the impact of social robots on human beings should be carefully studied and evaluated for the consequences brought about by simulated forms of human presence, which have both physical and psychological dimensions and are still unknown, especially with respect to weak categories, such as children, elderly, and disabled people.
ICTs and Their Impact on Women's Roles and Evolution within Developing Societies
Authors: Ionescu Ana-Cristina
Published: October 2014

The Internet is definitely the most complex and dynamic technical and cultural phenomenon that humanity ever experienced. Nevertheless, despite its positive impact on the Western world, Web 2.0 has yet to prove its power in the undeveloped regions of the globe, where the Internet Era is still at its dawn. In developing countries, the barriers that women face, such as poverty or social imbalances, establish significant challenges that hinder connectivity and access to modern technologies. In this context, the chapter discusses the evolution of gender speech in relation to new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The authors determine whether the declarations and plans for action that were issued subsequent to the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing enhanced the establishment of gendered policies on ICTs, particularly in the undeveloped regions of the world, and whether, in this way, they empower women, contribute to combating women's poverty, and promote gender equality.
Use of New ICTs as “Liberation” or “Repression” Technologies in Social Movements
Authors: Martin Brandie L. , Olorunnisola Anthony A.
Published: October 2014

Participants in varying but recent citizen-led social movements in Kenya, Iran, Tunisia, and Egypt have found new voices by employing new ICTs. In some cases, new ICTs were used to mobilize citizens to join and/or to encourage use of violence against other ethnicities. In nearly all cases, the combined use of new ICTs kept the world informed of developments as ensuing protests progressed. In most cases, the use of new ICTs as alternative media motivated international actors' intervention in averting or resolving ensuing crises. Foregoing engagements have also induced state actions such as appropriation of Internet and mobile phone SMS for counter-protest message dissemination and/or termination of citizens' access. Against the background of the sociology and politics of social movements and a focus on the protests in Kenya and Egypt, this chapter broaches critical questions about recent social movements and processes: to what extent have the uses of new ICTs served as alternative platforms for positive citizens' communication? When is use of new ICTs convertible into “weapons of mass destruction”? When does state repression or take-over of ICTs constitute security measures, and when is such action censorship? In the process, the chapter appraises the roles of local and international third parties to the engagement while underscoring conceptual definitions whose usage in studies of this kind should be conscientiously employed. Authors offer suggestions for future investigations.
ID Scanners and Überveillance in the Night-Time Economy
Authors: Palmer Darren , Warren Ian , Miller Peter
Published: October 2014

ID scanners are promoted as an effective solution to the problems of anti-social behavior and violence in many urban nighttime economies. However, the acceptance of this and other forms of computerized surveillance to prevent crime and anti-social behavior is based on several unproven assumptions. After outlining what ID scanners are and how they are becoming a normalized precondition of entry into one Australian nighttime economy, this chapter demonstrates how technology is commonly viewed as the key to preventing crime despite recognition of various problems associated with its adoption. The implications of technological determinism amongst policy makers, police, and crime prevention theories are then critically assessed in light of several issues that key informants talking about the value of ID scanners fail to mention when applauding their success. Notably, the broad, ill-defined, and confused notion of “privacy” is analyzed as a questionable legal remedy for the growing problems of überveillance.
The Role of Information Security and Cryptography in Digital Democracy
Authors: Tsiakis Theodosios
Published: October 2014

The preponderant dilemma organisations confront currently is which way to homologate and superintend access for a broad mass of services and products and in parallel to preserve security and privacy. Information technology is rapidly changing, is inherently complex, and complexity kills security. There is an ongoing technical race to maintain security that does not take into account the human factors. The new technological infrastructure affects the degree of anonymity and confidentiality in mass-market computer-based systems and basically determines the evolution of democratic-political culture. Thus, in examining the issue of security, cryptography, privacy in the use of computers and Internet, forms the primary interest form the moral side of view, about what is the right and wrong thing to do, rather than in a legal frame, about what is legal and illegal. Security and privacy are not ethical or moral issues. They are fundamental human rights. In this societal change, the challenges of the information society are many but foremost is the protection of human rights. Addressing the critical question of how technological trends are both helping and hindering the advancement of human rights is essential in the specific digital environment. The democratic key concept is the efficient use of digital resources. We do not only need a culture of security (information), we further need to ensure the security of cultures, meaning that everyone should be able to freely exercise their constitutional rights. The role of this chapter is to bring to the surface the rights (human) implications of ICT and the information society. It enlightens the technical community, which designs, implements, and secures information and communication systems, with an understanding of human rights principles and foundational underpinnings. It highlights the role of government implications, identifies the role and relationship between the stakeholders, and indicates the balance between information security and freedom in order to understand that security, freedom, and rights (human), are not opposite concepts but coexist and progress in parallel.
Using 3D Virtual Reality Technology in Cyber Ethics Education
Authors: Matsuda Toshiki , Nakayama Hiroshi , Tamada Kazue
Published: October 2014

In this chapter, the authors introduce the e-learning material that they developed using Three-Dimensional Virtual Reality (3D-VR) technology in cyber ethics education. They propose a new instructional method that teaches students to use three types of knowledge in their analyses of moral judgment problems: knowledge of ethical codes, ICT, and rational judgment. They also verify that this method is more effective than the conventional method. In addition, the authors developed e-learning material that provides students with analytical problems and feedback according to their ability to understand ethical codes. Reality and authenticity are key to learning for every student. To inculcate a sense of seriousness toward the problems in e-learning material, the authors devised various dialog methods and built an effective instructional design model, such as the three-way interaction model.
URL Manipulation and the Slippery Slope
Authors: Whitman Michael E. , Zafar Humayun
Published: October 2014

While computer ethics and information security courses try to teach computer misuse and unauthorized access as clear black and white examples, when examining the use and potentially misuse of URLs the discussion becomes less clear. This paper examines a number of computer use ethical scenarios focusing on the modification of URLs within Web browsers. Using the documented case of applicants to several Ivy-league schools as a discussion point, this paper presents a survey of U.S. students enrolled in information security and computer ethics classes, asking at what point does modifying the URL become hacking, and at what point does it become unethical. The findings of this study are discussed.
The Right to Anonymity in Political Activities
Authors: Fournier Knut
Published: October 2014

The complexity of the right to privacy is particularly striking when the issues at stake are, ultimately, other political rights and freedoms such as the right to free speech and the right of association. The surveillance of individuals and groups by the state has strong political consequences: the surveillance of political activities re-defines what the private sphere is, and displaces its limits, in a context in which more information is becoming available to the public. Multiple recent developments, exemplified by the role of the right to privacy in movies, exacerbated the tensions between Europe and the United States over the notion of privacy. The future EU data protection laws will create a right to be forgotten, whose political value is still unknown.
A Moral Analysis of Effective Prediction Markets on Terrorism
Authors: Weijers Dan , Richardson Jennifer
Published: October 2014

Predicting terrorist attacks with prediction markets has been accused of being immoral. While some of these concerns are about the likely effectiveness of prediction markets on terrorism (PMsoT), this paper discusses the three main reasons why even effective prediction markets on terrorism might be considered immoral. The authors argue that these three reasons establish only that PMsoT cause offense and/or fleeting mild harm, and that, even taken together, they do not constitute serious harm. The moral issues considered are that PMsoT: 1) create character-affecting perverse incentives, 2) desensitise society to tragic events, and 3) disrespect important ideals. In addition to arguing against the force of these three potential moral problems, it is also argued that societies and governments already endorse intelligence-gathering methods that are clearly more immoral than PMsoT in the relevant respects. The authors also argue that some circumstances require governments to cause non-serious harm to some people in order to protect and promote the rights and welfare of its citizens. The authors conclude that a government's obligation to protect and promote the rights and welfare of its citizens outweighs the non-serious harm that could be caused by effective PMsoT. As a result, we recommend that the likelihood of PMsoT being effective is investigated more closely.
Memory, National Identity, and Freedom of Expression in the Information Age
Authors: Mpofu Shepherd
Published: October 2014

New Media and Information Technologies (NICTs) are increasingly becoming central in facilitating freedom of expression especially in repressive countries. In addition, the burgeoning diaspora community coupled with these NICTs have offered populations in these communities alternative public spheres where they can debate issues without government control. The chapter argues that through the Website, www.newzimbabwe.com, Zimbabweans have found for themselves a platform where they debate otherwise taboo issues that are not easily discussed in Zimbabwe: ethnicity and the heroes' acre debates. The conclusion of this the chapter is that the Internet has revolutionised the way Zimbabweans know freedom of expression.
Can Sex Workers Claim Human Rights in India?
Authors: Gupta Pallavi
Published: October 2014

Human Rights by its origin and nature only advocate the welfare and well-being of all persons with equal treatment everywhere, it never discriminate towards any individual, class or group of people in any society. But Indian Governments at all level have failed to protect, the human rights even civil rights of sex workers. It covers problems of the sex workers and their children or child sex workers entered in sex trade by force & fraud but rescued from sex trade and advocates only claim of sex workers to live with dignity as they are also human being and have human rights. It shall focus on responsibility of government to make effective policy and for its good governance to provide justice to the sex workers and their children under the mandate of judicial directions. But this paper does not advocate demand of sex workers to encourage sex trade by any way.
Preparing Business and Information Technology Students to Contribute to Organizational Cultures Grounded in Moral Character
Authors: Sauser Jr. William I. , Sims Ronald R.
Published: October 2014

The ethical crisis in business and information technology is very real. Countering this crisis by creating organizational cultures grounded in moral character is the challenge people face as leaders if they are to regain the respect and confidence of the public. As educators of future business and information technology leaders, how can educators prepare their students to understand, appreciate, and contribute to the establishment of cultures of character in the organizations which employ them—and which they may ultimately lead? In this article the authors distinguish among four corporate cultures with respect to ethics —cultures of defiance, compliance, neglect, and character—and present a blueprint for constructing an organizational culture grounded in moral character. With respect to showing students how to contribute to such a culture, the authors then (a) describe how to establish an effective learning context for teaching about ethics, (b) proffer a number of practical suggestions for student assignments and experiences that can empower students to understand, appreciate, and contribute to organizational cultures of character, and (c) explain how to enhance experiential learning by conducting an effective debriefing session. The authors conclude the article by providing three examples from their own experience illustrating how these ideas can be incorporated into programs designed to show business and information technology students how to contribute to organizational cultures grounded in moral character.
E-Government Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Mutula Stephen , Olasina Gbolahan
Published: October 2014

E-government if well implemented has the potential to reduce administrative bureaucracy and enhance development and service delivery. This chapter discusses strategies of e-government implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa and the implications for good governance, democracy, respect for human rights, accountability, integrity, and transparency. E-government in Sub-Saharan Africa is being undertaken in different administrative contexts and rationalities such as the need for reform, efficiency, and citizen-focus. An e-government implementation approach that facilitates and engenders the sharing of best practices, experiences, methods, and standards while reducing turnaround times and cost in project delivery would be desirable. This chapter is underpinned by UN e-government framework.
Redefining the Boundaries of Humanity and the Human Body
Authors: Galván José M. , Luppicini Rocci
Published: October 2014

What are the boundaries of humanity and the human body within our evolving technological society? Within the field of technoethics, inquiry into the origins of the species is both a biological and ethical question as scholars attempt to grapple with conflicting views of what it means to be human and what attributes are core to human beings within the era of human enhancement technologies. Based on a historical and conceptual analysis, this chapter uses a technoethical lens to discuss defining characteristics of the human species as homo technicus. Under this framework, both symbolic capacity and technical ability are assumed to be grounded within the free and ethical nature of human beings. Ideas derived from Modernity and Postmodernity are drawn upon to provide a more encompassing view of humans that accommodates both its technical and ethical dimensions as homo technicus.
Towards a New Approach for Controlling the Reorganization Process of Multi-Agent Systems
Authors: Ayyoub Kalache , Mokhati Farid , Badri Mourad
Published: October 2014

Reorganization in Multi-Agent Systems plays a crucial role in the dynamic adaptation of the structure and the behaviour of organizations. In order to ensure consistency of the resulting organization, the reorganization process has to be controlled. This paper proposes a novel approach for controlling the reorganization process of Multi-Agent Systems, which are specified and implemented using the Framework OMACS (Organizational Model for Adaptive Computational Systems). The proposed control process is accomplished using the Framework MOP (Monitoring Oriented Programming) for supporting the verification of some reorganizational properties. The proposed approach, supported by a software tool that we developed, is illustrated using a concrete case study.
An Environment for Learner Corpus Research and Error Analysis
Authors: Uria Larraitz , Maritxalar Montse , Zabala Igone
Published: October 2014

This article presents an environment developed for Learner Corpus Research and Error Analysis which makes it possible to deal with language errors from different points of view and with several aims. In the field of Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL), our objective is to gain a better understanding of the language learning process. In the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), we work on the development of applications that will help both language learners and teachers in their learning/teaching processes. Using this environment, several studies and experiments on error analysis have been carried out, and thanks to an in-depth study on determiner-related errors in Basque, some contributions in the above mentioned fields of research have been made.
Implementation of Web-Based Distance Education in Nursing Education in Turkey
Authors: Şenyuva Emine , Taşocak Gülsün
Published: October 2014

The research was carried out in 2005-2006 as a descriptive and methodological study. It aimed to obtain students' feedback and to serve as a source for future relevant studies. The setting of the study was Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Nursing College and at Istanbul University Bakirköy Health College. The sample of the study included 167 students who voluntarily consented to participate in the study. The sample was taken from the population of all students continuing their education at the two study universities. Data were collected utilizing the “Information Form 1” and the “Information Form 2” The students' general mean and standard deviation values on Information Form 2 were (117.02±8.04), and when the arithmetic mean and standard deviation values relating to the sections were examined, the results were as follows: Views about the Design of the patient education course (65.19±3.33), Views about the patient education course (24.71±2.57), Views about web-based distance learning after education (27.19±3.86). These were considered to be satisfactory findings indicating that the students had positive views about the web-based patient education course in general. The opinion of the students about the “Patient Education” lesson was generally positive. There was a significant difference with respect to the scores on the questionnaire between the students with, and students without, the ability of learning by themselves, the scores being higher in the former (p<0.05).
The A-Framework
Authors: Tierney Patrick J. , Moisey Susan
Published: October 2014

This exploratory mixed methods case study examined the use of distance education technology for lifestyle change within the context of obesity treatment and weight management. In the quantitative phase of the study, 19 adults involved in an obesity-related lifestyle change program or change process completed a questionnaire that determined their attitude toward technology adoption, access to various types of information and communication technology and level of connectivity, and the extent to which they used technologies in their daily lives. The qualitative phase consisted of semi-structured interviews with individuals who were currently or had been obese and involved in a weight management program. The participants were provided access to a website which contained a set of online tools and resources believed to assist with weight loss and lifestyle change. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain each participant's perceptions of, and reactions to, the various tools and resources. The A-Framework was developed as a direct result of this study.
Utilizing Twitter and #Hashtags Toward Enhancing Student Learning in an Online Course Environment
Authors: Bledsoe T. Scott , Harmeyer Dave , Wu Shuang Frances
Published: October 2014

The authors offer an answer to the research question, To what extent and in what ways is Twitter helpful to student learning when group hashtags are created and used in collaborative educational environments? Sixty-two students in a spring 2012 graduate online Research Methodology course worked individually and in groups to create discussions on topics of interest through Twitter posts and student-created hashtags. Student participants answered nine qualitative and quantitative questions concerning the Twitter/hashtag exercise and used collaborative blog pages to reflect on their experiences. A grounded theory approach was applied to classify data generated from the nine questions and blog postings. An analysis of the study's data resulted in the discovery of the following four themes: access to information, communication, class engagement, and general feedback. Based on these themes, nine recommendations are offered for maximizing the use of Twitter in an online environment for increased student engagement and learning.
Integrity and Privacy Preserving Secure Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Jariwala Vivaksha , Patel Himanshu , Patel Parth , Jinwala Devesh C.
Published: October 2014

Data aggregation based on in-network processing is useful in improving the communications overhead in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) by reducing the overall number of packets communicated to the base station. However, due to the fusion of data items sourced at different nodes into a single one, the security of the aggregated data as well as that of the aggregating node, demands critical investigation. This paper observes that though there have been substantial numbers of research attempts recently in proposing techniques for secure data aggregation, there is still a need for a coherent, integrated framework for secure data aggregation. It proposes such an integrated framework for secure data aggregation in this paper. The proposed framework implements a secure data aggregation protocol, offering the attributes viz. confidentiality, privacy, authentication, robustness, as well as data integrity using a defined data aggregation topology. In addition to that, the proposed framework is based on a zero configuration protocol that supports a generation of a defined aggregation topology and a key exchange procedure. This work supports the framework with detailed security analysis and performance evaluation on TinyOS platform using TOSSIM as the base simulator. Through humble observations, this is an unique attempt that integrates the support for security features, topology generation and key management in a single, secure data aggregation protocol; substantiating the proposal with elaborate experimental evaluation, too.
Spatial Data Mining
Authors: Wang Shuliang , Yuan Hanning
Published: October 2014

Big data brings the opportunities and challenges into spatial data mining. In this paper, spatial big data mining is presented under the characteristics of geomatics and big data. First, spatial big data attracts much attention from the academic community, business industry, and administrative governments, for it is playing a primary role in addressing social, economic, and environmental issues of pressing importance. Second, humanity is submerged by spatial big data, such as much garbage, heavy pollution and its difficulties in utilization. Third, the value in spatial big data is dissected. As one of the fundamental resources, it may help people to recognize the world with population instead of sample, along with the potential effectiveness. Finally, knowledge discovery from spatial big data refers to the basic technologies to realize the value of big data, and relocate data assets. And the uncovered knowledge may be further transformed into data intelligences.
Integrating Product-Service Systems with New Business Models Definition for Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Marques Pedro C. , Cunha Pedro F.
Published: October 2014

Nowadays, manufacturing companies are pressured to be competitive and innovative. Particularly this concerns the delivery of value to their customers. The assessment of the overall value chain, designed and implemented for a specific product and/or service, should be sustained by new business models (NBM), thus contributing to higher levels of customer satisfaction. Integrated product-services are assuming importance, allowing manufacturing companies to achieve longer and stable relationships with their customers. This requires, among other, organizational changes and novel methodologies for product-service development. In fact, an effective integration allows product-service innovation, which being exploited, contributes significantly to businesses' competitiveness and sustainability. In this paper, a “roadmap” for NBM definition and implementation is presented, along with a new methodology for Product-Service Systems (PSS) development. Two case studies are used to test both the roadmap and the PSS methodology. As such, this work is expected to contribute to a clear understanding of NBM and their integration in a methodology for PSS.
Recent Research on Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) based Mobile ad hoc Network
Authors: Chowdhuri Swati , Chakraborty Sayan , Dey Nilanjan , Azar Ahmad Taher , Salem Mohammed Abdel-Megeed M. , Chaudhury Sheli Sinha , Banerjee Pranab
Published: October 2014

Mobile ad hoc Network (MANET) and Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) communication are emerging techniques in modern communication system. MIMO and MANET have various applications in the wireless communication system. This paper presents a survey on recent advancement of MIMO implemented mobile ad hoc network. A review of more than 40 papers on MIMO communication based mobile ad hoc network and most of the related topics is presented in this work. This paper shows the significant contribution in the field of MIMO communication and mobile ad hoc network. Previous works in this domain can be categorized into four major areas: (a) Mathematical modeling of MIMO channel and Ad hoc networks, (b) Physical Scattering Model of MIMO channel considering fading (c) Spatial multiplexing (OFDM) technique with MIMO channel, (d) Analysis of transmission efficiency of packet radio network. The review paper establishes the advancement in these four areas as well as recent changes in advance communication and networking environments.
Social Support From the Athletic Trainer and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety at Return to Play
Authors: Yang Jingzhen , Schaefer Julie T. , Zhang Ni , Covassin Tracey , Ding Kele , Heiden Erin
Published: October 2014

Context:

Few empirical studies have examined social support from athletic trainers (ATs) and its buffering effect during injury recovery.

Objective:

To examine the effect of social support received from ATs during injury recovery on reported symptoms of depression and anxiety at return to play among a cohort of collegiate athletes.

Design:

Cohort study.

Setting:

Two Big 10 Conference universities.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 594 injuries sustained by 387 collegiate athletes (397 injuries by 256 males, 197 injuries by 131 females) on 9 sports teams.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Data were collected during the 2007–2011 seasons. Social support was measured using the 6-item Social Support Questionnaire. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Anxiety was measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. We used generalized estimation equation regression models to examine the effect of the social support from ATs on the odds of symptoms of depression and anxiety at return to play.

Results:

In 84.3% (n = 501) of injury events, injured athletes received social support from ATs during their recovery. Of these, 264 (53.1%) athletes reported being very satisfied with this social support. Whether or not athletes received social support from ATs during recovery did not affect the symptoms of depression or anxiety experienced at return to play. However, compared with athletes who were dissatisfied with the social support received from ATs, athletes who were very satisfied or satisfied with this social support were 87% (95% confidence interval = 0.06, 0.30) and 70% (95% confidence interval = 0.13, 0.70) less likely to report symptoms of depression at return to play, respectively. Similar results were observed for anxiety.

Conclusions:

Our findings support the buffering effect of social support from ATs and have important implications for successful recovery in both the physical and psychological aspects for injured athletes.
Minimal Dynamical Systems on Connected Odd Dimensional Spaces
Authors: Lin Huaxin
Published: October 2014

Letbe a minimal homeomorphism (n ≥1). We show that the crossed producthas rational tracial rank at most one. Let Ω be a connected, compact, metric space with finite covering dimension and with. Suppose that,where Giis a finite abelian group, i = 0,1. Let β:Ω→Ωbe a minimal homeomorphism. We also show thathas rational tracial rank at most one and is classifiable. In particular, this applies to the minimal dynamical systems on odd dimensional real projective spaces. This is done by studying minimal homeomorphisms on X✗Ω, where X is the Cantor set.
Second-order Riesz Transforms and Maximal Inequalities Associated with Magnetic Schr ödinger Operators
Authors: Yang Dachun , Yang Sibei
Published: October 2014

Let be a magnetic Schrödinger operator on ℝn, where

satisfy some reverse Hölder conditions. Let be such that ϕ(x, ·) for any given x ∊ ℝn is an Orlicz function, ϕ( ·, t) ∊ A∞(ℝn) for all t ∊ (0,∞) (the class of uniformly Muckenhoupt weights) and its uniformly critical upper type index . In this article, the authors prove that second-order Riesz transforms VA-1 and are bounded from the Musielak–Orlicz–Hardy space Hµ,A(Rn), associated with A, to theMusielak–Orlicz space Lµ(Rn). Moreover, we establish the boundedness of VA-1 on . As applications, some maximal inequalities associated with A in the scale of Hµ,A(Rn) are obtained
Een vergelijking van de arbeidsmarktpositie van Polen en Bulgaren voor en na migratie naar Nederland
Authors: Lubbers Marcel , Gijsberts Mérove
Published: October 2014

This article compares the pre and post migration position in the labour market of recent migrants to the Netherlands from Poland and Bulgaria, regarding the extent to which migrants have a job, what their socioeconomic status is, and how satisfied they are with their income. The prime
question is whether those migrants who found a job in the Netherlands work in a lower socio-economic status job than before migration, with which we test the first part of the U-curve-hypothesis, putting forward that migration results in a loss of job status. We used the dataset ‘Social
and Cultural Integration Processes’ (SCIP). This dataset collected information from migrants that registered in the Dutch Municipality Population Registers to a maximum of one and a half year before the start of the survey. We find evidence that almost all Poles have a job in the Netherlands,
but, excluding those who were in school in Poland before migration, most had a job in Poland as well. The situation for the Bulgarians is less positive, even though they more often have a job in the Netherlands than they had in Bulgaria. Within both migrant groups the socioeconomic status
of the job in the Netherlands is lower than the status of the last job in the country of origin, but less so for family-motivated migrants and higher educated migrants. Income satisfaction has increased substantially for both groups.
Primary marine aerosol emissions from the Mediterranean Sea during pre-bloom and oligotrophic conditions: correlations to seawater chlorophyll a from a mesocosm study
Authors: Schwier A. N. , Rose C. , Asmi E. , Ebling A. M. , Landing W. M. , Marro S. , Pedrotti M.-L. , Sallon A. , Iuculano F. , Agusti S. , Tsiola A. , Pitta P. , Louis J. , Guieu C. , Gazeau F. , Sellegri K.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The effect of ocean acidification and changing water conditions on primary marine aerosol emissions is not well understood on a regional or a global scale. To investigate this effect as well as the indirect effect on aerosol that changing biogeochemical parameters can have, ~52 m3 pelagic mesocosms were deployed for several weeks in the Mediterranean Sea during both winter pre-bloom and summer oligotrophic conditions and were subjected to various levels of CO2 to simulate the conditions foreseen in this region for the coming decades. After seawater sampling, primary bubble-bursting aerosol experiments were performed using a plunging water jet system to test both chemical and physical aerosol parameters. Comparing results obtained during pre-bloom and oligotrophic conditions, we find the same four log-normal modal diameters (18.5, 37.5, 91.5, 260 nm) describing the aerosol size distribution during both campaigns, yet pre-bloom conditions significantly increased the number fraction of the second (Aitken) mode, with an amplitude correlated to virus-like particles, heterotrophic prokaryotes, TEPs, chlorophyll a and other pigments. Organic fractions determined from κ closure calculations for Dp ~50 nm were much larger during the pre-bloom period (64%) than during the oligotrophic period (38%), and the organic fraction increased as the particle size decreased. Combining data from both campaigns together, strong positive correlations were found between the organic fraction of the aerosol and chlorophyll a concentrations, heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria abundance, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. As a consequence of the changes in the organic fraction and the size distributions between pre-bloom and oligotrophic periods, we find that the ratio of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to condensation nuclei (CN) slightly decreased during the pre-bloom period. The enrichment of the seawater samples with microlayer samples did not have any effect on the size distribution, organic content or the CCN activity of the generated primary aerosol. pCO2 perturbations had little effect on the physical or chemical parameters of the aerosol emissions, with larger effects observed due to the differences between a pre-bloom and oligotrophic environment.
Aerosol size distribution and radiative forcing response to anthropogenically driven historical changes in biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation
Authors: D'Andrea S. D. , Acosta Navarro J. C. , Farina S. C. , Scott C. E. , Rap A. , Farmer D. K. , Spracklen D. V. , Riipinen I. , Pierce J. R.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) have changed in the past millennium due to changes in land use, temperature and CO2 concentrations. Recent model reconstructions of BVOC emissions over the past millennium predicted changes in dominant secondary organic aerosol (SOA) producing BVOC classes (isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes). The reconstructions predicted that global isoprene emissions have decreased (land-use changes to crop/grazing land dominate the reduction), while monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions have increased (temperature increases dominate the increases); however, all three show regional variability due to competition between the various influencing factors. These BVOC changes have largely been anthropogenic in nature, and land-use change was shown to have the most dramatic effect by decreasing isoprene emissions. In this work, we use two modeled estimates of BVOC emissions from the years 1000 to 2000 to test the effect of anthropogenic changes to BVOC emissions on SOA formation, global aerosol size distributions, and radiative effects using the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS global aerosol microphysics model. With anthropogenic emissions (e.g. SO2, NOx, primary aerosols) held at present day values and BVOC emissions changed from year 1000 to year 2000 values, decreases in the number concentration of particles of size Dp > 80 nm (N80) of >25% in year 2000 relative to year 1000 were predicted in regions with extensive land-use changes since year 1000 which led to regional increases in direct plus indirect aerosol radiative effect of >0.5 W m−2 in these regions. We test the sensitivity of our results to BVOC emissions inventory, SOA yields and the presence of anthropogenic emissions; however, the qualitative response of the model to historic BVOC changes remains the same in all cases. Accounting for these uncertainties, we estimate millennial changes in BVOC emissions cause a global mean direct effect of between +0.022 and +0.163 W m−2 and the global mean cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect of between −0.008 and −0.056 W m−2. This change in aerosols, and the associated radiative forcing, could be a~largely overlooked and important anthropogenic aerosol effect on regional climates.
Taxon-specific responses of Southern Ocean diatoms to Fe enrichment revealed by synchrotron radiation FTIR microspectroscopy
Authors: Sackett O. , Armand L. , Beardall J. , Hill R. , Doblin M. , Connelly C. , Howes J. , Stuart B. , Ralph P. , Heraud P.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Photosynthesis by marine diatoms contributes substantially to global biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem productivity. It is widely accepted that diatoms are extremely sensitive to changes in Fe availability, with numerous in situ experiments demonstrating rapid growth and increased export of elements (e.g. C, Si and Fe) from surface waters as a result of Fe addition. Less is known about the effects of Fe enrichment on the phenotypes of diatoms, such as associated changes in nutritional value – furthermore, data on taxon-specific responses are almost non-existent. Enhanced supply of nutrient-rich waters along the coast of the subantarctic Kerguelen Island provide a valuable opportunity to examine the responses of phytoplankton to natural Fe enrichment. Here we demonstrate the use of synchrotron radiation Fourier Transform Infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy to analyse changes in the macromolecular composition of diatoms collected along the coast and plateau of Kerguelen Island, Southern Ocean. SR-FTIR microspectroscopy enabled the analysis of individual diatom cells from mixed communities of field-collected samples, thereby providing insight into in situ taxon-specific responses in relation to changes in Fe availability. Phenotypic responses were taxon-specific in terms of intraspecific variability and changes in proteins, amino acids, phosphorylated molecules, silicate/silicic acid and carbohydrates. In contrast to some previous studies, silicate/silicic acid levels increased under Fe enrichment, in conjunction with increases in carbohydrate stores. The highly abundant taxon Fragilariopsis kerguelensis displayed a higher level of phenotypic plasticity than Pseudo-nitzschia spp., while analysis of the data pooled across all measured taxa showed different patterns in macromolecular composition compared to those for individual taxon. This study demonstrates that taxon-specific responses to Fe enrichment may not always be accurately reflected by bulk community measurements, highlighting the need for further research into taxon-specific phenotypic responses of phytoplankton to environmental change.
Approaches for Primary Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Ilchmann Thomas
Published: October 2014

In total hip replacement surgeons can choose from a various number of approaches, from posterior, lateral or direct anterior. Excellent results can be achieved with all approaches and there is no evidence for the use of a specific approach. Minimally invasive operating techniques might further contribute to that success. Early rehabilitation and functional outcome can be improved by the introduction of evidence based clinical pathways irrespective to the used approach.
Surface Replacement of the Hip
Authors: Spencer Robert F.
Published: October 2014

Attempts to resurface the hip joint date back to the 1930s. Throughout the last century many designs failed due to defective materials or fixation (or a combination). The metal-on-metal designs pioneered at the end of the century appeared to herald a new era, until difficulties associated with adverse reactions to metal debris were identified. Ultimately, a much narrower range of indications emerged - large, young males appear to be the ideal recipients. Implant design features and component orientation are crucial to the survivorship of these implants.
Femoral Head Fractures: Hemiarthroplasty or Total Hip Arthroplasty?
Authors: Ullmark Gösta
Published: October 2014

Most femoral neck fractures are osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. The one-year mortality after neck fracture in this group is 24%.

For hemiarthroplasty (HA) the bipolar heads have a risk reduction for reoperation due to acetabular erosion compared with monoblock heads. Surprisingly, the bipolar head had an increased reoperation risk for dislocation, infection and for periprosthetic fracture.

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) after fracture has a four-fold raised risk for dislocation compared with THA after osteoarthritis. A larger head on the same neck (head to neck ratio) results in a theoretically larger range of movement and hence less risk for dislocation. The dual mobility bearing has, theoretically, the largest range of movement and good clinical results.

Functional results are better for THA compared with HA. Arthroplasty for fracture has much better results compared with arthroplasty after a failed internal fixation; the risk for reoperation is more than doubled for the latter.

A Swedish hip arthroplasty register study found a 20-fold higher risk for periprosthetic fracture when comparing uncemented HA with matt cemented HA. Also a polished cemented stem had 13½-fold higher risks compared with a matt.

The mortality during the first day after surgery is higher for cemented compared with uncemented arthroplasties, but lower after one week, one month and one year. Analysing the time points together resulted in no difference.

A matt cemented THA with a maximum head size, maybe dual mobility, has the best results, and is also for the low-demanding elderly.
THA following Deformities Due to Congenital Dislocation of the Hip Joint
Authors: Macheras George A. , Koutsostathis Stefanos D. , Lepetsos Panagiotis , Anastasopoulos Panagiotis P. , Galanakos Spyridon , Papadakis Stamatios A.
Published: October 2014

Total hip replacement is the treatment of choice for the patient suffering from end-stage hip osteoarthritis. Excellent long-term results have been published. In the presence of deformities due to congenital hip dislocation, total hip replacement is, in most of the cases, a difficult task, since the technique of performing such an operation is demanding and the results could vary. This paper presents our experience and preferred strategies focusing on challenges and surgical techniques associated with reconstructing the dysplastic hip.
Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty: Mid-Term Results in 486 Cases and Current Indication in Our Institution
Authors: Ribas Manuel , Cardenas Carlomagno , Astarita Emanuele , Moya Esther , Bellotti Vittorio
Published: October 2014

In the previous decade, metal-on-metal hip resurfacing has been considered an attractive option and theoretically advantageous over conventional total hip arthroplasty, especially in young active patients. Different authors have reported favourable mid-term clinical and functional results with acceptable survival rates. Proper indication and planning, as accurate technical execution have been advocated to be crucial elements for success.

Concerns regarding serum metal ion levels and possible clinical implications have led in the last years to a decline in the use of metal-on-metal hip resurfacing and metal-on-metal bearings in general.

The aim of this study is to present the results of our first 486 cases of hybrid hip resurfacing arthroplasties with a second generation cementing technique, and to describe our current restricted indication of this type of prosthesis, in the light of recent findings in the literature about the possible complications related to metallosis or improper patient selection. Global survivorship of our series was 97.9% at a mean follow-up of 7.2 years.

In the second season of our experience the indication is restrictive. The candidate for a resurfacing hip replacement is a young and active male patient, with good bone quality, that has been made aware of the risks and benefits of this type of prosthesis.
Factories, Utopias, Decoration and Upholstery:
Authors: Balasopoulos Antonis
Published: October 2014

This essay explores the ways in which the notion of “everyday life” helps us stage a theoretically productive encounter between modernism/modernity and utopia within the context of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century literary history. Taking Virginia Woolf's critique of Edwardian writers as its starting point, it examines the hidden historical dimensions of the very idea of the everyday, its connection to modernity and, at the same time, to boredom as a specific symptom of that modernity. To illustrate the implications of this theoretical framework for literary study, I turn to two of the most emblematic texts of modernist and utopian aesthetics: James Joyce's Ulysses and William Morris's News from Nowhere. Whereas in Joyce, technical and formal experimentation becomes a means of capturing daily life (including utopian daydreaming) in terms of an oscillation between capitalist commodification and the restlessness of bored distraction, Morris grasps everyday life as both steeped in boredom and removed from the suffering and restlessness associated with it. Thus, utopia reverses the modernist logic of innovation, making “novelty” not a formal dimension of the literary text but one that pertains to its projected, anticipated content: life beyond the determinations of capitalist modernity.