bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human resource competencies, supply chain management, and financial performance
Authors: Hidayat Candra Wahyu , Sulistyo Sulistyo , Wilujeng Sri , Chrismardani Yustina , Wahab Wahab
Published: February 2022

This research was conducted on SMEs in Indonesia, by prioritizing the local wisdom of the Indonesian nation as a tropical, agrarian country, with SMEs owners who process fruits and vegetables into snacks as respondents. The study involved 243 respondents, to determine the partial and simultaneous influence of human resource competences and supply chain management on financial performance. The reason for doing this research is because some of the research that has been done by previous researchers still discusses this on corporate and not on SMEs. However, market conditions have changed. SMEs need to be managed professionally, by minimizing expenses to maximize revenue, taking into account risk, resource capabilities, in flexible ways as well as low-cost. The results showed that there was a significant influence on the financial performance of SMEs with the presence of human resource competences and supply chain management either partially or simultaneously.
Supply chain performance and visit interest of restaurants: The role of buzz and viral marketing strategic
Authors: Aditi Bunga , Djakasaputra Arifin , Dewianawati Dwi , Wahyoedi Soegeng , Titin Titin
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between buzz and viral marketing strategy on supply chain performance and visit interest of restaurants in Banten Indonesia. This type of research used explanatory with a quantitative approach using SEM-based variance analysis, this is because the dependent and independent variables in this study amounted to more than one so that they could use variance-based SEM to summarize the formulation of the analysis. The study was conducted on 120 restaurant owner respondents in the province. Banten Indonesia. The distribution of the questionnaire in this study was carried out in two stages, namely the distribution of online questionnaires via google form to restaurant owner consumers. The sampling technique used in this study is accidental sampling, namely the determination of the sample based on accidental samples. The results of this study are buzz marketing has a significant effect on supply chain performance, buzz marketing has a significant effect on visit interest, viral marketing has a significant effect on supply chain performance, viral marketing has a significant effect on visit interest, visit interest has a significant effect on supply chain performance.
Revisiting inter-organizational relational dynamics framework: Applying TOPSIS analysis on power and satisfaction through eight supply chains cases
Authors: Zouaghi Iskander , Laghouag Abderrazak , Gunasekaran Angappa , Sreedharan V. Raja , Saikouk Tarik , Alqahtani Mohammad , Essayed Waleed
Published: February 2022

Lots of work has been conducted to explore and explain inter-organizational relations between supply chain partners. However, we have noticed that there is no accurate agreement between authors. Therefore, to better understand this disparity, the authors have studied supply chain inter-organizational relationship dynamics in different industries to bring out an analytical framework that allows a better understanding of such an issue. Further, the framework is subjected to expert’s opinion and ranked using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach. These case studies instruct professionals and researchers so that they bring up their level of abstraction that remains appropriate to catch this dynamic in order to guide decision-making and future research and studies.
Knowledge integration and entrepreneurial capabilities for sustainable competitive advantage through supply chain management
Authors: Maulini Yul , Maulina Erna , Purnomo Margo , Rizal Muhamad
Published: February 2022

Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) is very much needed in the development of the business world. This study aims to determine the model of increasing the SCA variable with Entrepreneurial Capability (EC) and Knowledge Integration Capability (KIC) directly or through Supply Chain Management (SCM) variables indirectly so that the objectives of SCA in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can be achieved effectively. The research method used is a quantitative method with a structural model type using the SmartPLS version 3.2 program. The population in this study were all 2,296 administrators and members of IPEMI West Java. The sampling method used is random sampling. Data collection techniques using questionnaires were addressed to 360 respondents and 344 respondents were properly collected. The results show that EC influenced SCA with a T statistics score of 3.971, EC for SCM was 4.858, KIC for EC was 13.874, KIC for SCA was 1.886, KIC against SCM was 7.876, and SCM against SCA was 7.796 and it can be concluded that KIC to SCA can be significant if it is through SCM.
The relationship between big data analytics and green supply chain management by looking at the role of environmental orientation: Evidence from emerging economy
Authors: Khattab Shadi , Al shaar Ishaq , Alkaied Raed , Qutaishat Fadi
Published: February 2022

Academics and practitioners have become more interested in big data analytics (BDA) in recent years. There have been few empirical studies on the relationship between BDA and green supply chain management (GSCM), as well as the importance of environmental orientation (EO). A total of 128 responses from Jordanian industrial businesses were evaluated using the structural equation modeling method. The BDA, EO has a favorable and significant relationship with external and internal GSCM, according to the findings of this study. Furthermore, EO serves as a mediator between BDA and the external, and internal GSCM. The findings provide managerial insight into how to use BDA to establish a proactive environmental policy that covers all GSCM activities.
Comparative Study Between Action Vitamin C vs. Action of Nitric Oxide in Prolonged Ventilation in Respiratory Failure Patients Due to ARDS
Authors: Mostafa Allam Mohamed Gaber Ibrahim , Raddah Alharthi Abdullah Abdulrahman , Masfer Alharthi Hamed Marzoog
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Recent meta-analysis prove that vitamin C shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation and accelerate weaning from ventilator especially in prolonged ventilated patients. Nitric oxide considered a relatively old drug used for long time in this issue. Aim: To compare the effect of either vitamin C or nitric oxide on improvement of general condition of the patients, improvement lung mechanics, early weaning from prolonged ventilation and mortality rates. Material and Methods: This a prospective double-blind study done in King Abdul-Aziz specialist hospital between September 2020 and December 2021 in the intensive care unit on 60 patients had difficult weaning after ventilation for >10 days due to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and still showing full criteria of ARDS. Allocated randomly in two groups 30 patients in each. All patients in both groups continued on the same protocol of ventilation. Group A received Nitric Oxide (NO) while group B received vitamin C intravenous. The duration of the study last 16 days. during this period, APCH II score, Hemodynamics, Chest X-ray, hypoxic index, lung compliance, Recruitment maneuver, arterial blood saturation, Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein used as indicator for improvement. Number of patients weaned from the ventilator and patients died also recorded. >Results: Showed significant improvement in the general condition between patients of group B compared to group A which monitored by number of patients had both APACH II score <10 and had normal core temperature. Significant improvement in lung condition between patients of group B compared to group A which monitored clinically by number of patients had arterial oxygen saturation >95, hypoxic index >300, better lung compliance, responder to recruitment maneuver. And monitored radiologically by significant higher number of patients in group B had parenchymatous lung infiltrate in chest X-ray less than one quadrant infiltration compared to group A. And monitored laboratory by significant higher number of patients had lower level of LDH from (100-200 U/L) and CRP (201-300) mg/L in group B compared to group A. There was significant higher number of patients weaned from the ventilator in group B compared to group A. There was significant lower morbidity between patients of group B compared to group A. No significant difference was found in mortality rates. Conclusion: Vitamin C significantly improve the general condition of the patients, improve all parameters of lung mechanics and accelerate weaning from ventilators in prolonged ventilated patients compared to nitric oxide.
The Persecuted Prophet and Judgment on Jerusalem: The Use of LXX Jeremiah in the Gospel of Luke
Authors: Hays J. Daniel
Published: February 2022

This article argues that within Second Temple Judaism, Jeremiah was well known as the paradigmatic “persecuted prophet” and was likewise closely associated with the consequential fall and destruction of Jerusalem. Thus, when the Gospel of Luke portrays Jesus as the “persecuted prophet” in conflict with the leaders in Jerusalem or recounts Jesus' warnings of judgment on Jerusalem, allusions and parallels to Jeremiah are numerous, implying that the traditions associated with LXX Jeremiah form a critical background for understanding those texts.
Paul and Homosexual Behavior: A Critical Evaluation of the Excessive-Lust Interpretation of Romans 1:26–27
Authors: Sprinkle Preston
Published: February 2022

One of the strongest arguments that supports an affirming view of same-sex relations is the so-called excessive-lust view. While there are some strengths to this argument, this article will point out the historical and exegetical deficiencies of the excessive-lust interpretation of Romans 1. In particular, there was a diversity of perspectives on same-sex relations in the ancient world, and therefore it cannot be assumed that Paul only had one—the excessive-lust—perspective in view. Moreover, the mention of female same-sex relations, along with Paul's use of φύσιν (“against nature”) and his appeal to the creation account, steer his argument away from an excessive-lust view. Finally, this article will examine Paul's language of passion and desire to show that it does not parallel the excessive-lust perspective that we find in Greco-Roman literature.
“A man must laugh, or die”: Visual Interpretations of Poe’s Comical and Parodical Tales
Authors: Rigal-Aragón Margarita , González-Moreno Fernando
Published: February 2022

A brief overview of Poe’s most iconic illustrated editions shows that the humorous and satirical features of his texts have called the attention of fewer editors and artists than the aspects of the beautiful, the sublime, the arabesque, the grotesque, the macabre, and so forth. Here we review many of the freshest and liveliest interpretations in which parody is put forward, using as a reference some exceptional visual renderings that also display the likes of times and places. The early interpretations provided by artists such as Church (1884), Sterner (1894–95), or Coburn (1902); later on by Servolini (1929), Rackham (1935), Bofa (1941), Eichenberg (1944), or Dubout (1948); in the second part of the twentieth century by Calsina (1971); and very recently by Grimly (2004, 2009) prove that the parodical side of Poe’s oeuvre mattered and still matters.
Pinter in the Time of Pandemic
Authors: Chattopadhyay Arka
Published: February 2022

This article examines the power dynamic in the clinical communication between the doctor and the patient in Harold Pinter's play A Kind of Alaska (1982). It approaches the medical metaphors that go back and forth between Hornby and Deborah to comment on the politics of these metaphors, situating the doctor's diagnostic metaphor as well as the patient's self-expressive metaphor as a critique of the doctor's domination. The article thus speaks to the urgent relevance of Pinter in our pandemic-infested times.
Reflections of a Jewish Theatremaker During the Pandemic
Authors: Chack David
Published: February 2022

As a Jew who does theatre, I find that my work has not only been forced to deal with the inability to produce and perform live theatre, but at the same time doing Jewish theatre has now taken on multiple meanings … where swastikas are brandished at rallies to blame governors for regulations to stay at home and quarantine. Posters of rats bringing this plague were decorated with Jewish Stars and parts of Mein Kampf were used in a Kentucky police training manual—what is a Jewish theatremaker to do?
Pinterian Violence and the Problem of Affirmation
Authors: Watt Stephen
Published: February 2022

This article positions Harold Pinter's later plays within the context of both rationalizations of violent means to achieve justifiable ends and a tradition of violent staging at the Royal Court Theatre. The former context includes explanations of violence in dramatic Tragedy, in Antonin Artaud's Theatre of Cruelty, and Edward Bond's political theatre; the latter, scenes of violence in the post–“In-Yer-Face” plays of Simon Stephens, David Ireland, and Jez Butterworth. The argument finally arrives at Pinter's increasingly negative worldview that while no discourse can justify the use of violent means to achieve desired ends, violence is both omnipresent and inevitable in human events.
Pinter and Poetry
Authors: Lawson Peter
Published: February 2022

Harold Pinter began and ended his writing life as a poet. “New Year in the Midlands” was published by Poetry London in 1950, and in 2005 Pinter announced that he had given up writing plays in order to concentrate on politics and poetry. This article discusses five categories of poetry by Pinter: (1) the Dylan Thomasesque (from the 1940s onwards); (2) love poems to Antonia Fraser; (3) cricket poems; (4) elegies; and (5) political poems (mainly from the 1990s, and published together in the pamphlet War [2003]). It argues that his Dylan Thomasesque poems, such as “New Year in the Midlands” and “I Shall Tear off my Terrible Cap” (1951), openly engage with an aesthetic, humanist, Jewish, and theatrical ambiguity. Although Pinter's later poems (like his later plays) strive for emotional and political clarity, they too share an aesthetic and linguistic no-man's-land somewhere between utopian celebration and dystopian trauma.
“Our Beginnings Never Know Our Ends”
Authors: Wilcox Zoë , Andrews Jamie
Published: February 2022

This article documents and assesses the growth of the Harold Pinter Archive at the British Library from the initial deposit on loan in 1993, through the permanent acquisition in 2007. The article also summarizes all of the Pinter-related additions to the Library's archival holdings since 1993 and relates new discoveries in Pinter's letters to his work for the theatre. The coauthors, who worked on the Pinter archive at different periods, offer personal perspectives on archiving Pinter, and on the processes and events, both inside and external to the British Library, relating to the acquisition of the papers and then their expansion.
What Do We Teach When We Teach Harold Pinter?
Authors: Roberts Matthew
Published: February 2022

This article explores the relationship between Harold Pinter's political plays and Paulo Freire's critical pedagogy. Situating this discussion within the context of neoliberalism and its impact on higher education, the article argues that teaching the work of Harold Pinter can manifest Freire's commitment to education as a practice of freedom, whereby individuals enter into dialogue with one another in order to identify, discuss, and overcome oppression and exploitation. In particular, the article addresses how Pinter's political plays encourage students and teachers alike to develop the critical consciousness necessary to transform oppressive socioeconomic structures and the political institutions that reinforce them.
Water Price Reforms in Senegal: Distributional Impact Analysis
Authors: Boccanfuso Dorothée , Estache Antonio , Savard Luc
Published: February 2022

This paper focuses on the distribution impact from Senegal's water reforms with emphasis on rates reforms. We first analyze the evolution of consumption patterns before and after the reforms. We found that most of the gains accrue to the highest income classes while the poor have seen little changes. We then use a multi-household integrated Computable General Equilibrium model (CGE) to analyze the impact of water pricing reforms on poverty in Senegal. We conclude that the simulated price increases for the sector have marginal effects on government finances but positive effects on most actors except households unless specific transfer programs are introduced to protect the poor.
The Demand for Money in Sierra Leone Revisited
Authors: Kallon Kelfala M.
Published: February 2022

This paper uses Johansen's cointegration methodology to estimate Sierra Leone's money long run demand function for the 1964-2005 period. It finds a stable long-run relationship between the quantity of real money balances and its determinants. Secondly, all the estimated coefficients have their expected signs. Additionally, as expected in economies with under-developed financial systems, Sierra Leone's long-run money demand function is unit income-elastic and interest-rate inelastic. Thus, the study provides support for the neoclassical money demand specification. Additionally, it reaffirms the central findings of Kallon (1992).
The Niger Delta Crisis: A Social Justice Approach to the Analysis of Two Conflict Eras
Authors: Ako Rhuks , Okonmah Patrick , Ogunleye Taiwo
Published: February 2022

This paper analyzes the parallels in two conflict eras in the Niger Delta region with a view to highlighting how salient issues in the resolution of the old conflicts remain germane to contemporary conflicts. The first conflict era refers to the trade in palm oil during the nineteenth century while the second period refers to the on-going conflicts caused and/or exacerbated by the exploitation of crude oil from the Niger Delta region. The paper identifies issues including the socio-economic importance of the products (palm oil and crude oil), the parties to the conflicts and the fundamental causes of the violent conflicts as common to both conflict eras. The paper's central argument, based on social justice normative concepts of distribution and recognition, is that the exclusion of the local communities from participating in the exploitation and benefits of the resources (palm oil and crude oil) in both eras instigated local restiveness. It posits that the recognition of these concepts that contributed to the resolution of the conflicts during the palm oil era are essential to the resolution of the multifarious conflicts caused (directly or indirectly) by the exploitation of crude oil in present times. Consequently, the paper suggests that public participation in the crude oil industry be integrated into initiatives programmed to bring sustainable peace to the troubled Niger Delta region.
Trade Relations between the GCC and South Africa
Authors: Baliamoune-Lutz Mina
Published: February 2022

In this paper, I present an overview of major similarities and differences between the GCC countries and South Africa and describe South Africa's trade with the Arab Gulf by examining South Africa and GCC's major traded commodities and South Africa's trade with its major trading partners and with the GCC countries. Then I discuss those trade areas that seem to be most promising in South Africa's trade relations with the six GCC countries. Finally, I outline potential future developments. While I primarily discuss these issues from the perspective of South Africa, I also point out potential trade opportunities from GCC countries' perspective.

Today the Arab countries of the Middle East face a challenge familiar to all South Africans: to create jobs for the large cohort of young people reaching working age. Over the next decade or so, the Middle East may experience population growth of 150m people – the equivalent of adding two Egypts. In demographic terms, the task is similar to that facing SA–only larger. Rising labor force participation by women only increases the pressure. The task is immense and the stakes are high.

Marcus Noland and Howard Pack (2008), Global Dialogue
The Global Financial Crisis and Workers' Remittances to Africa: What's the Damage?
Authors: Barajas Adolfo , Chami Ralph , Fullenkamp Connel , Garg Anjali
Published: February 2022

We estimate the impact of the recent global economic crisis on remittances into Africa for the period 2009-2010. Interestingly, the majority of remittances seem to flow within the African continent. The magnitude of the forecast decreases in remittance flows into African countries varies between 3 and 14 percentage points. African migrants to Europe will be hardest hit while migrants within Africa will be least affected by the crisis. We estimate the impact of the drop in remittances on home country GDP. For countries where the ratio of these flows to home country GDP is high, GDP is expected to drop by almost 2 percent for 2009. The negative effect of the crisis, however, is likely to be short-lived, as host country income is likely to rise in 2010 for virtually all African remittance-recipient countries.
Young Women's Marital Status and HIV Risk in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe
Authors: Asiedu Christobel , Asiedu Elizabeth , Owusu Francis
Published: February 2022

This paper examines whether marriage increases the risk of HIV infection among women aged 15-24 in Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. We find that in all the three countries, the risk of infection is significantly lower for never-married young women than ever-married young women; however, the difference in risk disappears when we control for age, educational attainment, household wealth, and area of residence. Thus, our result highlights the importance of socio-economic and demographic factors in analyzing the link between marital status and HIV risk among young women. Particularly, our findings show that age and education play a crucial role in determining the level of HIV/AIDS risk for young women. The result also implies that marriage as an institution does not necessarily elevate the risk of HIV infection among young women.
Agricultural Industrialization and Income Distribution in Developing Countries: A Focus on the Poultry Sector
Authors: Marwa Nyankomo
Published: February 2022

The emergence of agricultural industrialization has posed major challenges for smallholder farmers in developing countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa. Using the poultry sector as a case study, we examine the strength and challenges of existing models of integration in terms of efficiency, productivity and social wellbeing. Models of cooperative, monopoly and oligopoly market structures were utilized under a variety of assumptions. We used a multi-market model to disaggregate the producers' and consumers' surplus resulting from the current production system and to study its ramification to income distribution across different groups in the economy. We find that, on the basis of our research, producers' cooperative and proposed hybrid arrangements may result in a relatively less skewed model of income distribution among the economic agents. The two alternative arrangements are plausible future policy options especially where smallholdings by farmers predominate.
Africa and the Indian Ocean: Trade, Investments, Global Partnerships, and Lessons
Authors: Nyarko Yaw
Published: February 2022

The relationships between Africa and the Indian Ocean span millennia. Between nations in Africa and those on the Indian Ocean there are opportunities for greater trade, for increased investments and for enhanced geo-political cooperation. Further, an evaluation of the economic trajectories of the Africa and Indian Ocean countries provide many important lessons in economic development. These issues were discussed in a series of presentations at the “Africa and the Indian Ocean” conference hosted by New York University in Abu Dhabi in March of 2010, and published in this volume. This paper provides an introduction to the papers in this volume from the 2010 conference.
China's Economic Cooperation with Africa
Authors: Giovannetti Giorgia , Sanfilippo Marco
Published: February 2022

China, still considered itself a developing country, is becoming an increasingly important ‘new’ donor for many African countries. Its own model of foreign assistance, providing aid in the form of economic cooperation based on the achievement of mutual economic benefits and on the principle of non-interference in internal political questions of the host countries, has allowed a diffuse and rapid penetration. Furthermore, China has gained considerable room and influence in countries where traditional donors have reduced their commitments or have disengaged. After reviewing the major features of Chinese aid to Africa, focusing on economic cooperation projects, the paper empirically assesses the importance of Chinese aid activities, rapidly becoming the major source of external finance for a number of politically weak and fragile African countries.
China's Challenge to India's Economic Hegemony over Mauritius: A Tale of Two Giants and a Pigmy
Authors: Ancharaz Vinaye Dey
Published: February 2022

This paper documents how China is crowding out India's presence in the Mauritian economy by presenting a comparative analysis of Mauritius' engagement with the Asian drivers in terms of trade, investment and aid. China has surpassed India to become Mauritius' second most important import partner. Chinese investments have significantly increased, with China setting up a special economic zone in Mauritius. China's presence is also remarkable in aid, with the Chinese winning several tenders for construction and public infrastructure works as part of a strategy of aid. In contrast, India is virtually absent at this level. The paper flags some critical issues raised by China's unfolding economic dominance and offers policy options for dealing with them.
Democracy and Corruption: On the Limited Role of Political Accountability in Deterring Asset Stripping
Authors: Ayogu Melvin D. , Gwatidzo Tendai
Published: February 2022

Focusing on capital flight of the worst kind for developing countries—stolen public assets—we develop a model which shows that both the threat of losing elective office and its complement, the threat of delayed detection, do not affect the choice of whether to plunder or not. Rather they mitigate the level of plundering. The role of instantaneous detection in the model drives the implication that separating a miscreant from the benefits of his crime can be an effective deterrent. However, such weaponry requires investment in the capabilities for “integrated financial investigation” and international cooperation. The ideas espoused in this paper corroborate the logic of the StAR initiative of the UNODC and the World Bank. We suggest the development of a research agenda on how to (i) grow adequate capabilities for detection, and (ii) create the political demand for the required international cooperation.
Conflicts and Peace Dividends in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Fofack Hippolyte
Published: February 2022

Sub-Saharan Africa's dismal development outcomes—growth collapse and declining real income—are often used to highlight its sharp development contrast with other regions of the developing world. Drawing on a large cross-section analysis, this paper shows that Africa's underlying dismal growth performance can be largely accounted for by high political risk and uncertainty which undermined investments and growth prospects in the region over most of the post-independence era. This hypothesis is further supported by empirical evidence. In particular, counterfactual simulations based on a variation of neoclassical growth models and under the hypothetical equalization of political risk profile alternative result in large economic returns, reflected in the significantly higher level of aggregate output and income in the subset of conflict-affected countries. Income levels get even higher when the hypothetical reduction of political risks alternative is accompanied by sustained increases in capital accumulation.

“Be always at war with your vices, at peace with your neighbors and let each new year find you a better man.” - Benjamin Franklin
The Effect of Trade Liberalization on Food Security: The Experience of Selected African Countries
Authors: Bezuneh Mesfin , Yiheyis Zelealem
Published: February 2022

As part of structural adjustment, trade liberalization has been promoted by the World Bank and IMF based on the argument that openness to trade will contribute to economic growth and development. As a result, most developing countries took the challenge to liberalize their economies. Trade liberalization was expected to reduce poverty and improve food security. To our knowledge, there is little or no consensus about the empirical relationship between trade liberalization events and food security. The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of trade liberalization on food availability in selected African countries. The paper found no evidence that liberalization improved food availability in the study countries.
Understanding Economic Transformation in Africa Through Country Studies
Authors: Headey Derek , McMillan Margaret
Published: February 2022

Economic transformation typically entails changes in the structure of output and the movement of labor from rural to urban areas as the significance of agriculture declines. In most rich countries, this process is accompanied by industrialization. Little is known about this process in Africa at least in part because of a lack of reliable data. To bridge this gap in knowledge, each of the six Africa based country strategy support programs of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) commissioned papers on economic transformation in Africa. The countries studied are Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria and Uganda. In May 2011, IFPRI together with Ghana's Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) hosted a conference in Accra in May 2011 where the papers were presented and discussed. These papers are published in this volume and this note provides an introduction to these papers.
Economic Growth without Structural Transformation: The Case of Ethiopia
Authors: Dorosh Paul , Schmidt Emily , Shiferaw Admasu
Published: February 2022

Ethiopia is a highly agrarian economy, with a long history of substantial food insecurity. In recent years, however, the economy has seen substantial economic transformation, largely in the form of increased agricultural productivity and significant improvements in road infrastructure. But while these investments have contributed to impressive poverty reduction in recent years, structural transformation has been inhibited by the relatively slow development of an industrial sector, and modest rates of urbanization. Future development strategies will therefore need to search for the right balance between pro-poor investments in agriculture and rural development, and potentially more transformative investments in urban infrastructure and industry.
Economic Transformation in Ghana: Where Will the Path Lead?
Authors: Kolavalli Shashidhara , Diao Xinshen , Folledo Renato , Ngeleza Guyslain , Robinson Elizabeth , Alpuerto Vida , Slavova Mira , Asante Felix
Published: February 2022

In the context of the Ghanaian government's objective of structural transformation with an emphasis on manufacturing, this paper provides a case study of economic transformation in Ghana, exploring patterns of growth, sector transformation, and agglomeration. We document and examine why, despite impressive growth and poverty reduction figures, Ghana's economy has exhibited less transformation than might be expected for a country that has recently achieved middle-income status. Ghana's reduced share of agriculture in the economy, unlike many successfully transformed countries in Asia and Latin America, has been filled by services, while manufacturing has stagnated and even declined. Likely causes include weak transformation of the agricultural sector and therefore little development of agro-processing, the emergence of “consumption cities” and consumption-driven growth, upward pressure on the exchange rate, weak production linkages, and a poor environment for private-sector-led manufacturing.
Growth without Change? A Case Study of Economic Transformation in Mozambique
Authors: Cunguara Benedito , Fagilde Gorka , Garrett James , Uaiene Rafael , Headey Derek
Published: February 2022

Mozambique is generally perceived as having experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization. In this paper we re-evaluate structural transformation in Mozambique through a variety of data. We find that the structural transformation of Mozambique is dualistic in several dimensions. The composition of output has changed rapidly on the back of various industrial “mega-projects”, yet both the share of agriculture in total employment and the national poverty rate have scarcely declined at all. In agriculture, there has been some promising growth in the cash crop sector, yet productivity of major food crops stagnated for most of the 2000s. And while the south of the country is significantly urbanized, spatially disaggregated population estimates suggest that Mozambique has experienced much less urbanization than UN data would suggest. These facts suggest that a more pro-poor strategy should exploit the pro-poor growth potential of the agricultural sector, as well as improving the business environment for the small and medium enterprise sector.
Rural-urban transformation in Uganda
Authors: Mukwaya Paul , Bamutaze Yazidhi , Mugarura Samuel , Benson Todd
Published: February 2022

Over the last twenty years, Uganda has experienced sustained economic growth, increasing urbanization and a sizeable transformation of economic output from agriculture to services. However, this shift in the sources of wealth in the economy has not been accompanied by a shift in employment out of agriculture to the other sectors. This reflects an inability of the more modern sectors of the economy to provide adequate employment for the many Ugandans entering the workforce every year. The relative underperformance of agriculture largely explains why very high income inequalities still persist between rural and urban areas. The government of Uganda recognizes these disparities and has consistently prioritized agricultural and rural development in all of its master development plans. It has also provided significant resources for road construction to better link rural Ugandans to urban market centers. However, the ability of government to effectively implement programs to attain its priorities for agriculture and rural development remains quite limited. Without close attention to putting in place effective public service delivery, the additional revenue from the newly discovered oil is unlikely to lead to the progress desired in rural areas by government.
Institutions and Public Healthcare Facility Cleanliness in Nigeria: A Principal-Agent Approach
Authors: Oni Omobowale A. , Nguezet P. M. Dontsop , Amao I.O.
Published: February 2022

There are several reasons to believe that the level of cleanliness of a health facility adequately reflect the performance of service delivery actually received by the populace. This study extends Das Gupta et al (2004) analysis of health facility cleanliness by using the principal-agent theory and the accountability framework to assess the elements of accountability, such as voice and client power/compact; and how these impacts cleanliness of health care facilities in Nigeria. The study makes use of the available QSDS data of the World Bank in Nigeria in 2004 complemented by Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The results show that accountability elements affect positively the health service delivery in Nigeria. Specifically, client power explains the level of cleanliness of health facility in Kogi and Lagos states. In addition, we find that staff-skill motivates cleanliness in health facilities in the two states. Put together, the results imply that community participation in health facilities must be promoted in order to enhance cleanliness in health facilities in Nigeria.
From Producers to Export Markets: The Case of the Cocoa Value Chain in Ghana
Authors: Roldan Maria Belen , Fromm Ingrid , Aidoo Robert
Published: February 2022

For many smallholders, agriculture is the main source of income, understanding how value chains work can derive many benefits to increase productivity and therefore farmers' income. Many different stakeholders around the world are involved in the cocoa value chain, which is part of a billion-dollar chocolate industry. Cocoa farming in many developing countries is the main source of income for households. West Africa is the most important cocoa-producing area worldwide, accounting for 70 percent of the total production. In Ghana, small-scale farmers, with plantations of no more than 4 hectares, are responsible for most of the national production. This investigation sought to determine if the interactions of these farmers with different local and international stakeholders were improving their situation. The study took place in two main cocoa producer regions in Ghana, Brong Ahafo and Western. Three hundred small scale farmers in 20 different villages were interviewed. Interviews of different key stakeholders in Ghana, such as COCOBOD and in Switzerland, Felchlin AG, Chocolats Halba and Chocosuisse were conducted. This study focused on identifying the relationships, support, benefits and/or problems between stakeholders (national and international) and small scale farmers. On the other hand, the issue of contract farming and its impact on cocoa farmers in Ghana was analyzed. The results indicate that small scale farmers have little or no contact with stakeholders especially with chocolate manufacturers, the lack of farming contracts is high in both regions and if farmers work under contract there is little or no information about contracting terms and conditions. Awareness of sustainable production or certifications to motivate better producer price among farmers is also missing. Finally, a participatory value chain analysis is proposed in order to improve relationships between farmers and stakeholders.
Saving Sudan, Starving Uganda: Aid, Growth, and Externalities in Africa
Authors: Doces John A.
Published: February 2022

This paper presents an analysis of aid and growth in Africa, testing an idea emerging from a case involving Sudan and Uganda. Based on this case, the primary claims made here are first that there are negative external effects associated with aid flows across sub-Saharan Africa, and second that these externalities reduce growth rates. The statistical results from an analysis of all contiguous sub-Saharan African countries, covering the period from 1960 to 2009, indicate that a typical increase in aid to a country's neighbors reduces growth in the bordering country by anywhere from .50 to 1.25 percentage points. The policy implications associated with these findings are discussed in the concluding section.
Governance and Intelligence: Empirical Analysis from African Data
Authors: Kodila-Tedika Oasis
Published: February 2022

This study aims at testing the relationship between intelligence and governance. It is based on African data. This study finds that countries with high-IQ populations generally enjoy good governance. Governance and Intelligence are found to mutually reinforce each other in a robust relationship however the study does not suggest the direction of causality between them.
Religious Diversity and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: So Far So Good
Authors: Kodila-Tedika Oasis , Agbor Julius Agbor
Published: February 2022

This paper investigates the effects of religion on a broad set of development outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. We regroup these outcomes into three broad categories, namely, development process outcomes (growth, investment, conflict, and government quality), institutional outcomes (property rights and the rule of law) and social development outcomes (social and gender protection). Using two new measures of religion – religious fractionalization (RELFRAC) and religious polarization (RELPOL), alongside the traditional measure of religious diversity, our results suggest that broadly speaking, religion or religious diversity has no statistically significant impact on the institutional and social aspects of development in sub-Saharan Africa. However, our findings do suggest that religion has important effects on the development process through its effects on investment. The analysis suggests that African policy-makers need to pay attention to the changing religious dynamics and increasing religious polarization of African societies.
Diversification and Sophistication as drivers of structural transformation for Africa: The Economic Complexity Index of African Countries
Authors: Yameogo Nadege Desiree , Nabassaga Tiguene , Shimeles Abebe , Ncube Mthuli
Published: February 2022

African countries have achieved impressive growth performance during the recent years despite the multiple crises the western world is experiencing. However, this growth has not been inclusive for several reasons. It has been driven mainly by the extractive industry at the detriment of the industrial and manufacturing sectors. These sectors contribution has even stagnated during the last fifteen years to least than 10% of the continent's GDP. Because much of the efforts were put in the extractive industry, and the industrial sector including the manufacturing were neglected for long time, it has resulted that most African countries productive structure have remained weakly sophisticated and diversified. The productive structures have not benefited from the recent growth observed across the continent. Since Adam smith (1776), it is recognized that the level of wealth of a nation depends mainly on the lever of knowledge that the society holds. This is translated in the nation's productive structure and the products it make. By exporting mainly commodities and raw materials that do not require any advanced technology, African countries have not yet been able to structurally transform their economies. Yet, it is acknowledges in the literature that development and growth are a process of structural transformation whereby resources were transform from lower productivity activities to higher productivity activities. And this transformation has not yet been observed in African societies. This paper attempted to measure the level of complexity of African economies by adopting the same approach recently introduced by Hidalgo et al. (2007) and Hidalgo and Hausmann (2009). We generated a large database that includes detailed information related to technology intensiveness of African countries exports, their revealed comparative advantages, indicators related to diversity, ubiquity, and economic and product complexity. We found that not only African economies are not complex. Their exports are weakly diversified and weakly sophisticated. This could contribute to explain why the recent growth has not been inclusive. This study is a starting point and could be extended to deeper macro-econometric analysis which will provide policy recommendations to African countries on which areas they should focus their efforts in order to really transform their economies and create sustainable prosperity for the majority of their population.
Education, Internal Remittances and Safety Nets in Africa: Some Evidence
Authors: Nyarko Yaw , Gyimah-Brempong Kwabena
Published: February 2022

This paper uses LSS data from Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana to investigate the effects of education on social safety nets proxied by internal migrant remittances in Africa. We find that education has positive and statistically significant effect on the probability of sending as well as of the amount of remittance. The estimates are robust to model specification, data organization, and estimation method. The results suggest that one mechanism through which education provides a social safety net in Africa is the migration and remittances channel. Our results suggest that investment in education may not only accelerate economic growth in Africa, it may also provide a social safety net for the population.
Ownership of the Place of Residence in Ghana: A Gender Analysis
Authors: Oduro Abena D.
Published: February 2022

Using data from a survey that collected individual-level asset data in 2010 logistic regressions are employed to identify the correlates of homeownership and whether these are the same for women and men. We find that the factors associated with the likelihood of being a homeowner are not identical for women and men. In Ghana, reported owners of an asset do not always have the rights associated with being an owner, e.g. the right to sell, bequeath or use the asset as collateral. The second part of this paper investigates the correlates of the right to sell and the right to use the place of residence as collateral among owners of the place of residence. Male owners of places of residence are more likely than female owners to have the full range of ownership rights. In addition, the correlates of ownership rights are not identical for women and men.
A panel cointegration analysis and dynamic causality test of agricultural supply response to prices: The case of rice in West Africa
Authors: Ogundari Kolawole
Published: February 2022

The paper provides a regional estimate of rice yield and acreage supply response to prices in West Africa. Using balanced panel data of seven countries covering 1991–2006, the study employs panel cointegration estimators, namely FMOLS and DOLS to estimate the long-run rice yield supply function and using one-step Blundell-Bond system GMM to estimate the short-run acreage supply function in the region. While the empirical findings from both estimators provide similar results, the estimates show that price of maize is a key determinant of rice yield and acreage and there is rice-maize substitutability in both the long-run and short-run in the study. The short-run Granger causality runs only from maize price to rice acreage, while long run causality of joint effect of the prices on the acreage supply is also evident in the study. Our results also show that the rice yield and acreage supply functions are unresponsive to own price in the short -run and long -run, respectively.
Financing Domestic Investment in African Countries: Does the Source of Financing Matter?
Authors: Ndikumana Leonce , Blankson Theresa M.
Published: February 2022

This paper aims to investigate the effects of various sources of financing on domestic investment in African countries. Domestic savings and credit to the private sector prove to be the most robust sources of financing for domestic investment. While foreign direct investment also has a positive effect on domestic investment, the magnitude is relatively smaller. Official development aid, public external debt and migrant remittances have no statistically significant effect on domestic investment. The evidence has a powerful policy implication: in their efforts to boost domestic investment, African countries should primarily look inward. Improving the environment for financial intermediation and domestic savings mobilization appears to be a more promising route for stimulating domestic investment than relying on imported investment capital.