bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIOCONTROL OF CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM ARVENSE): RELEASES AND EFFECTIVENESS OF CEUTORHYNCHUS LITURA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN CANADA
Authors: Peschken D. P. , Wilkinson A. T. S.
Published: December 2009

Ceutorhynchus litura (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is established since 1967 in Ontario, and is increasing slowly on nine release sites in five provinces. The weevil is not a good control agent because its reproductive capacity does not compensate for losses inflicted by cultivation and the stress resulting from larval mining is so light that it produces no noticeable reduction in the vigour of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.). In contrast to earlier findings, it is doubtful that C. litura aids in the spread of the rust Puccinia punctiformis (Str.) Rohl. Further stress factors from other insects or pathogens are needed to control this vigorous weed.
SIMULATING AERIAL SPRAYS FOR THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUE AND TWO CANDIDATE INSECTICIDES
Authors: Richmond Charles E.
Published: December 2009

A new spray application system which mimics the spray deposit of aerial applications of chemical insecticides was developed and tested using acephate at the rate of 60 g a.i./L (U.S. Environmental Protection Act registered dosage) on small Douglas-fir and subalpine fir trees infested with western spruce budworm. The system successfully duplicated aerial application by causing a budworm population reduction equivalent to previous aerial tests having analogous insecticide deposit characteristics. Using the system, preliminary information was gained on the effectiveness of sulprofos and thiodicarb. When delivered at a rate of 4.1 L/ha, sulprofos caused a budworm population reduction of 86.2% at 22.4 g a.i./L and thiodicarb caused a reduction of 98% at 45 g a.i./L.
VARIABLES AFFECTING THE PRACTICAL USE OF JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGUES FOR CONTROL OF THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Kimball Richard A.
Published: December 2009

Variables affecting the efficacy of seven juvenile hormone analogues on western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, were examined in laboratory bioassays. Those tested were epofenonane, hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene, triprene, ZR-587, and ZR-1662. Selected intrinsic variables—stage of development, sex, and extent of direct contact with sprays—were examined in bioassays involving direct exposure of third instars, direct applications to three pupal age classes, and indirect applications to sixth instars. An extrinsic variable, persistence in the environment, was assessed by determining the residual effectiveness of each juvenile hormone analogue to sixth instars. Sixth instars, rather than third instars, appeared to be the target of choice for two reasons. First, less active ingredient would be required for equivalent mortality by the time of adult eclosion. Second, greater, more consistent, deleterious reproductive effects coupled with a lower incidence of sexual variation in lethal effectiveness, would occur. Pharate pupae and untanned pupae were very susceptible to most of the chemicals and may provide a secondary target for the primary target, sixth instars. The importance of direct chemical-insect contact in achieving maximum reproductive inhibition suggests that these chemicals might be used most effectively in ways such that contact can be maximized, as in ground applications. Finally, some juvenile hormone analogues such as epofenonane and ZR-1662 appeared to persist long enough to permit flexibility with respect to instar distribution in a population.
A NEW SYNONYM OF AGRILUS SAYI (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)
Authors: Bright D. E.
Published: December 2009

While preparing the Agrilus portion for a handbook on the Buprestidae of Canada and Alaska, an item of nomenclatural interest was discovered. I wish to thank Dr. G. H. Nelson, Pomona, California for his review of this note.
REDESCRIPTION OF TETRACYCLOS BOREIOS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), WITH A DISCUSSION OF ITS PLACEMENT AND STRUCTURE
Authors: Gibson Gary A. P. , Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Tetracyclos boreios Kryger is redescribed and illustrated, and its placement within the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea) confirmed. The peculiar mechanism of movement of thoracic sclerites is described; this is compared with that of other Encyrtidae and Eupelmidae (Chalcidoidea), and its possible biological significance is discussed.
HORSE FLIES AND DEER FLIES (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE) FEEDING ON CATTLE IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Lewis David J. , Leprince Daniel J.
Published: December 2009

Four species of each of the genera Chrysops, Hybomitra, and Tabanus were collected while feeding on cattle in southwestern Quebec; T. quinquevittatus accounted for 75% of the tabanids. The more abundant species had a flight period of at least 5 weeks. Nearly 90% of the specimens were positive for fructose as determined by the cold anthrone test.
FACTORS AFFECTING INFECTIVITY OF VAIRIMORPHA NECATRIX (MICROSPORIDIA: NOSEMATIDAE) IN TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIAE)
Authors: Chu Wei Hsuang , Jaques Robert P.
Published: December 2009

Ingested dosages of 10.9 and 16.5 spores of Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer) 7 and 27 weeks old, respectively, killed 50% of third-instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). Time to death of 50% of larvae (LT50) decreased from 14 to 3 days with increases in dosage from 5 × 101 to 5 × 106 spores (2-week-old)/Iarva. The LT50 for 5 × 101 spores/larva increased from 14 to 25 days with storage of spores at 4°C for 2 and 93 weeks, respectively. Spores applied to soil lost little activity during cool weather but spores applied in summer were inactivated within 60 days. Desiccation or exposure to sunlight or artificial light inactivated the spores. Rate of development of disease was increased by feeding host larvae a diet containing increased proportions of casein or sucrose. The optimum temperature for disease development in T. ni was 25°C.
MORPHOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF THE RHYNCHOTAN HEAD (INSECTA: HEMIPTERA, HOMOPTERA)
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

The structure of the sclerous parts of representative Rhynchota is analyzed and compared with those of Psocoptera and Thysanoptera. Known data on embryology and musculature are also considered in deriving homologies of the structures. The term "suture" is redefined. Standardized terms for the sclerous parts of the head capsules of Rhynchota are recommended and compared with those of previous authors. A phylogenetic synthesis is presented, demonstrating the evolution of the homopterous head capsule through intermediate stages represented in the modern fauna by Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera–Gymnocerata. Evidence is presented that Coleorrhyncha are related to Hemiptera rather than to Homoptera, that the Gymnocerata and Cryptocerata are natural groups within the Hemiptera and that Cicadomorpha, Aphidomorpha, and Fulgoromorpha are natural groups within the Homoptera.
COCCINELLIDS (COLEOPTERA) AND APHIDS (HOMOPTERA): THE OVERALL RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Baumgaertner J. U. , Frazer B. D. , Gilbert N. , Gill B. , Gutierrez A. P. , Ives P. M. , Nealis V. , Raworth D. A. , Summers C. G.
Published: December 2009

Frazer and Gilbert (1976) described the predation of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), by adult coccinellids. They developed a formula to predict the predation rate as a function of temperature, predator density, and prey age-distribution and density. Gutierrez et al. (1979) extended the formula to describe several predators sharing the same prey. The following papers develop the study to cover the complete predator-prey relationship, including the dynamics of both predators and prey.
ESTIMATION OF COCCINELLID NUMBERS AND MOVEMENT IN THE FIELD
Authors: Ives P. M.
Published: December 2009

Changes in the numbers of adults of Coccinella californica Mannerheim and C. trifasciata Mulsant in small plots of alfalfa and oats were monitored over the summers of 1974 and 1975 by mark–recapture methods. Aphid population dynamics in the plots were studied concurrently. In the second summer, movements of the beetles were also monitored by means of individual marking and sticky net traps. Approximately 1000 beetles of each species were marked in the first summer; in the second, roughly 5000 and 3000 respectively. The capture–recapture method was tested with a caged population, and was found to be feasible for estimation of the coccinellid numbers. Catch per unit effort, using visual sampling that was not dependent on marking, provided an acceptable index of numbers which could give population estimates when calibrated against mark–recapture estimates.

The number of beetles trapped on the sticky nets was primarily a function of numbers in the plots and temperature, with the two species having different relationships between temperature and flight. But for C. californica, the numbers trapped were also a function of aphid density in the plots; the data suggested that for C. trifasciata the same is probably true, but the range of densities of pea aphids was too narrow to show it. In both seasons, C. trifasciata was predominant in the alfalfa and C. californica in the oats. Plot to plot movements by overwintered beetles reflected the same apparent preference. Changes in the numbers of coccinellids in the experimental plots, and their reproductive success, are discussed in the light of these findings.
A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN OMALIINAE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE): 3.THE GENUSACIDOTASTEPHENS
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

The North American species of the genusAcidotaStephens are revised. Three species are recognized, the Holarctic speciesquadrata(Zetterstedt) andcrenata(Fabricius) and the eastern North American speciessubcarinataErichson. All major generic and specific characters are illustrated with line drawings and scanning electron photomicrographs. A key is included to aid in identifying the species.Olophrum crenulatumHatch is placed in synonymy withA. quadrata.
MITES, TICKS, AND FLEAS OF THE MICE ZAPUS HUDSONIUS AND NAPAEOZAPUS INSIGNIS FROM THE MARITIME PROVINCES AND GASPÉ PENINSULA, QUEBEC, CANADA
Authors: Jones Gwilym S. , Thomas Howard H.
Published: December 2009

Mites, ticks, and fleas were removed from the fur of 110 specimens of Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann) from Prince Edward Island, coastal New Brunswick, and northern Nova Scotia. The species which were most abundant and the only ones which occurred on these mice throughout the area were Dermacarus newyorkensis, Neotrombicula harperi, Androlaelaps fahrenholzi, and Ixodes muris. Also examined were 47 specimens of Napaeozapus insignis (Miller) from the above provinces plus Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. Dermacarus newyorkensis and Neotrombicula harperi were the most abundant ectoparasites. Neotrombicula harperi was the only ectoparasite which occurred on N. insignis throughout the region.
IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF DAMAGE TO McINTOSH APPLES BY PHYTOPHAGOUS MIRIDS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Boivin Guy , Stewart R. K.
Published: December 2009

Damage to apple (cv. McIntosh) by five species of phytophagous mind bugs was characterized by confining numbers of them in sleeve-cages placed on apple-bearing branches. Overwintering adults of Lygus lineolaris (P. de B.) pierced apple buds and flowers early in the spring but did little damage after fruit-set. The damage caused to apples by young nymphs of Lygocoris communis (Knight) and Lygidea mendax Reuter was mostly either deep circular depressions or long sinuous scars. Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) and Heterocordylus malinus Reuter were of little importance in the orchard studied. All species did cause circular depressions (“pits”) in fruit and some damage to leaves.
GRASSHOPPER (ACRIDIDAE) — HOST PLANT ASSOCIATIONS: RESPONSE OF GRASSHOPPER POPULATIONS TO CATTLE GRAZING INTENSITY
Authors: Capinera J. L. , Sechrist T. S.
Published: December 2009

Grasshopper populations were monitored for 2 years in six differentially grazed pastures of native shortgrass prairie, and correlated with floral biomass in these pastures. Total numbers of grasshoppers were significantly higher in high biomass pastures (ungrazed or lightly grazed by cattle), while numbers of grasshoppers in the subfamily Oedipodinae were significantly higher in low biomass pastures (moderately or heavily grazed). Grasshopper numbers in the phytophilous subfamilies Gomphocerinae and Catantopinae were positively correlated with grass and forb biomass, while numbers of the geophilous Oedipodinae were negatively correlated with all biomass components. It would seem possible to modify grasshopper abundance through regulation of cattle grazing intensity, but changes in abundance would also be accompanied by shifts in the grasshopper species complex.
AMERICAN SPECIES OF DIORYCTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) VI. A NEW SPECIES OF DIORYCTRIA FROM EASTERN CANADA AND NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

Dioryctria resinosella, a species feeding on red pine cones or shoots, is described as new and recorded from Maine, southern Ontario, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The new species is distinguished from D. zimmermani (Grote) and D. banksiella Mutuura & Munroe by the differences in wing markings, genitalia characters, and ecological aspects.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE HYBOMITRA SONOMENSIS GROUP (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTION OF ITS IMMATURE STAGES
Authors: Teskey H. J.
Published: December 2009

Hybomitra enigmatica n. sp., previously confused with Hybomitra sonomensis (O.S.), is described in larval, pupal, and adult stages and compared with the latter species and with H. phaenops (O.S.). Hybomitra philipi Stone is synonymized with H. sonomensis. The distribution of these species in western North America is given.
BLOOD-FEEDING AND GONOTROPHIC DISSOCIATION IN OVERWINTERING ANOPHELES EARLEI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) FROM SOUTHERN MANITOBA
Authors: Gallaway W. J. , Brust R. A.
Published: December 2009

A total of 72 overwintering Anopheles earlei Vargas was collected from southern Manitoba during December 1980 and 1981. These mosquitoes were maintained at 15 °or 20 °C, and a photoperiod of 8L: 16D. Forty-two females were offered a blood meal and 25 of these fed. Extensive fat body development was seen in the blood-fed females collected in 1980; this was not seen in collections from 1981. Gonotrophic dissociation was observed in 24 of the blood-fed females.
NEW AND ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF PALEARCTIC PHYLUS HAHN AND PLAGIOGNATHUS FIEBER IN NORTH AMERICA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

This note deals with two European species of Phylini now known to occur in Canada. Both species were discovered in British Columbia some time ago but remained unreported until the present. This report will also provide names for the forthcoming manual of plant bugs of British Columbia and Yukon by L. A. Kelton and G. G. E. Scudder. The two species were probably introduced accidentally into this country with nursery stock. Their identities were confirmed by comparison with named European specimens.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF ARBORICOLOUS TYPHLOCYBINAE (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

Ossiannilssonola ulmi and Empoasca banksianae n. spp. are described and compared with O. volans (McAtee) and E. coccinea (Fitch). They feed on elm and 2-needled pines in Canada and the northern U.S.A.
EFFECTS OF BLENDS OF SEX PHEROMONE ISOMERS ON MATING AND ELECTROANTENNOGRAMS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Ross R. J. , Seabrook W. D. , Lonergan G. C. , Palaniswamy P. , Ponder B.
Published: December 2009

Male and female laboratory reared spruce budworm moths, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were placed in cages in a conifer forest, and the surrounding air permeated by each of four blends of the E and Z isomers of the sex pheromone (11-tetradecenal) at two concentrations. Mating suppression of 53–83% was found for each blend tested. At one concentration the four suppressions were similar, while at the other only one was significantly different. Electroantennograms (EAGs) were obtained from male moths for each of six E:Z blends at four concentrations. EAGs were similar for most blends at a given concentration, but tended to be larger than at a blend of 0E:100Z.

These results were discussed using a current hypothesis on the ability of males to detect sex pheromone in air containing pockets of different isomeric blends.
THE MERCHANT GRAIN BEETLE, ORYZAEPHILUS MERCATOR (SILVANIDAE: COLEOPTERA), AS A HOUSEHOLD PEST IN CANADA
Authors: Loschiavo S. R. , Sabourin D.
Published: December 2009

A 34-question interview relating to the occurrence, distribution, and economic importance of the merchant grain beetle was administered to a random sample of 2341 dwellings in Winnipeg in 1971 and 1152 dwellings in 1980. The results showed that a higher percentage of apartments and other multiple dwellings were infested by this insect than were houses. Using the Winnipeg survey figure, we estimate that the total cost of infestation in Canadian residences was $2.9 million in 1971 and $6 million in 1980. These figures do not include the costs of commercial pest control services. Oatmeal and flour were infested most frequently in 1971 with mixed cereal most frequent in 1980. After food, the next most frequent sources of beetles in kitchens were cupboard shelves and breadboards. Most people who found beetles in a food product discarded the infested product and adjacent foods whether or not they were infested. The results of the surveys suggest that the merchant grain beetle is a widespread and economically important household pest in Canada, particularly in apartments where is it a chronic problem.
DOUBLE-DEPTH SAMPLING FOR ALFALFA SNOUT BEETLE LARVAE, OTIORHYNCHUS LIGUSTICI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Mellors William K. , Follett Peter A. , Gyrisco George G.
Published: December 2009

In the density sampling of Otiorhynchus ligustici (L.) in the soil, double-depth sampling provided equally precise estimates at lower total costs than conventional sampling in which all sampling units are processed to the same depth.

In five test plots, double-depth sampling with 30 cm first sample depths and 60 cm second depths appeared the most efficient for estimating the number of O. ligustici larvae per 30 cm. These samplings average 72% of the total cost of conventional single-depth sampling.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF A MIGRATORY POPULATION OF THE CORN EARWORM (HELIOTHIS ZEA) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) TO INSECTICIDES
Authors: McClanahan R. J.
Published: December 2009

Dosage–mortality relationships were determined for 17 insecticides applied to first instar and second instar larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie), derived from migratory moths. The synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, especially deltamethrin, were highly toxic to both stages. Methomyl and profenofos were also equally toxic to both stages, however all other insecticides were less effective against the later stage larvae. In these tests carbofuran, acephate, methamidophos, and carbaryl exhibited extremely low toxicity. One of the pyrethroids, parathion or methomyl, is suggested for protection of late-planted sweet corn against corn earworm.
DIAPAUSE IN THE PHARATE ADULT STAGE OF INSECT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Sahota T. S. , Ruth D. S. , Ibaraki A. , Farris S. H. , Peet F. G.
Published: December 2009

Pharate adult (adult within the pupal cuticle) diapause was discovered in Barbara colfaxiana (Kft.) and is reported. This phenomenon is uncommon in insect development. It was also shown that both the termination of diapause and the subsequent advancement of pharate adult development can occur at 0 °C.
TAXONOMIC CHANGES IN APHROPHORA (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CERCOPIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

Three previously unrecognized spittlebug species are described: Aphrophora ampliata n. sp. (Vancouver Island, B.C.), A. regina n. sp. (Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C.), and A. parallella Say (neotype from Ontario). Aphrophora gelida (Walker) is the correct name for A. signoretii of authors. A new subgenus, Pinimber, is described for the pine spittlebug, A. cribrata (Walker) = A. parallela of authors, nee Say.
ABDOMINAL BLOAT — AN UNUSUAL SYMPTOM OF SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID POISONING IN ADULTS OF MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Bodnaryk R. P.
Published: December 2009

During a study of the effects of insecticides on cyclic nucleotide metabolism it was observed that moths (Mamestra conjgurata Wlk.) treated with the pyrethroids permethrin and deltamethrin often had grossly bloated abdomens several hours after treatment.

Two- to three-day-old moths were obtained from a laboratory culture of the bertha armyworm, M. configurata, reared on an artificial diet (Bucher and Bracken 1976). Initially, males and females were treated topically with insecticide in 5 μl of acetone applied to the thorax, head, or abdomen. Pyrethroid-treated moths developed abdominal bloat independent of the site of treatment, therefore the thorax was chosen for treatment. Treated moths were held at 20°C and examined twice daily for 3 days to determine the incidence of bloat and mortality.
THE LIFE HISTORY, FOLIAGE DAMAGE, AND CONTROL OF THE BALSAM TWIG APHID, MINDARUS ABIETINUS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), IN FRASER FIR CHRISTMAS TREE PLANTATIONS OF WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA,
Authors: Nettleton Wesley A. , Hain Fred P.
Published: December 2009

Mindarus abietinus Koch causes leaf-curl and shoot-stunting of the new foliage of Fraser fir in North Carolina. Although this injury usually has a minimal impact on the trees' health and vigor, the injury can reduce the aesthetic quality and hence the marketability of Christmas trees. The overwintering egg gives rise to the fundatrix in late March. In May and June the fundatriginia and sexuparae appear. In June the sexuales are produced and by late June oviposition has occurred. The egg remains dormant until the following spring. The within-crown distribution of the various life stages is presented. Most of the injury can be minimized by maintaining vigorous growth, and timing necessary insecticide applications. Under most circumstances chemical control should only be considered during the last year or two before harvest. Dimethoate, pirimicarb, acephate, or chlorpyrifos will provide adequate control after egg hatch but before bud break.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PLAGIOGNATHUS FIEBER, AND ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF EUROPEAN PSALLUS SALICELLUS IN THE NEARCTIC REGION (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Plagiognathus ribesi n. sp. is described from British Columbia and Colorado. Psallus salicellus (Herrich-Schaeffer), an introduced European species earlier reported from Nova Scotia, has also been found to occur in Prince Edward Island and British Columbia.
STUDIES OF MYLLAENINI (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE, ALEOCHARINAE): 1. SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY, AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF NEARCTICMYLLAENAERICHSON
Authors: Klimaszewski Jan
Published: December 2009

Twenty Nearctic species ofMyllaenaare recognized. All are redescribed or newly described and illustrated. A key for their identification, and maps of their distribution are provided. The species are arranged into four groups: theCuneata,Insomnis,Potawatomi, andSeminole. Seven species are described as new:hopi(Arizona, Mexico),hopkinton(Massachusetts),kaskaskia(eastern U.S.A.),magnolia(Florida),potawatomi(transcontinental, also in Haiti and Jamaica),serrano(California, Baja California of Mexico), andseminole(southern U.S.A. and Illinois). Newly established synonymies are (the second name of each pair being valid):abditaCasey, 1911 =audaxCasey, 1911;brevivestisCasey, 1911 =ludificansCasey, 1911;dissimulonsCasey, 1911 =audaxCasey, 1911;immundaCasey, 1911 =arcanaCasey, 1911;molestaCasey, 1911 =audaxCasey, 1911;obscurataCasey, 1911 =insipiensCasey, 1911;scobinellaCasey, 1911 =decrétaCasey, 1911;umbraCasey, 1911 =decretaCasey, 1911; andvegetaCasey, 1911 =audaxCasey, 1911.

Fourteen lectotypes are designated. A checklist of Nearctic species is added. The systematics, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the genus and' species are discussed.
THE BIOLOGY OF ENDOTHENIA DAECKEANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), AN INHABITANT OF THE OVARIES OF THE NORTHERN PITCHER PLANT, SARRACENIA P. PURPUREA (SARRACENIACEAE)
Authors: Hilton D. F. J.
Published: December 2009

The biology of Endothenia daeckeana and its relationships to its host, Sarracenia p. purpurea, are described as they occurred during 1980 in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada. Around 1 July eggs are laid singly on flower bracts of S. p. purpurea and newly-hatched larvae bore into the ovary base to reach the carpels. Instar I larvae enter seeds and eat them from the inside while later instars (II–V) consume seeds from the outside. Instars IV or V overwinter and leave the ovary in September or October and tunnel down the pithy flower stalk to reach their overwintering sites. Pupation takes place in late May in special chambers that instar V larvae have constructed within the flower stalks where overwintering occurred. Adults emerge after pupae push headfirst through the remaining epidermis that covers the pre-chewed exit hole. The sex ratio (proportion females) of laboratory-emerged adults was 0.43. Twenty-five percent of E. daeckeana larvae were parasitized by Scambus spp. or Glypta sp. (Ichneumonidae) and five eggs out of about 300 examined contained the egg parasite Trichogramma ? semifumatum (Trichogrammatidae). Undamaged carpels from pitcher plant ovaries infested with E. daeckeana often had the seeds bound into a hard mass by the fungus Acremonium strictum.
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ARRIVAL PATTERNS OF IPS PLASTOGRAPHUS MARITIMUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND ITS INSECT ASSOCIATES ON FRESHLY FELLED PINUS RADIATA IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Ohmart C. P. , Voigt W. G.
Published: December 2009

The temporal and spatial arrival patterns of Ips plastographus maritimus and some of its important insect associates on freshly felled Pinus radiata within the native stands of California was studied. A total of 36 insect species was collected on sticky traps placed along tree boles for 85 days after felling. These species were placed in one of four chronological groups: (I) insects initially attacking the phloem–cambium region; (II) initial predators; (III) secondary xylophagous insects and secondary predators; (IV) parasites. Only four species showed distinct spatial arrival patterns along the tree bole.
CODLING MOTH: A PILOT PROGRAM OF CONTROL BY STERILE INSECT RELEASE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Proverbs M. D. , Newton J. R. , Campbell C. J.
Published: December 2009

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), control by sterile insect release (SIR) was assessed in 320–526 ha of apples and pears in the Similkameen Valley, B.C., from 1976 to 1978. In preparation for SIR, the moth population was first reduced to low numbers by removal of neglected trees in 1972 and by chemical sprays in 1975. Sterile (35 krad) male and female moths were released in each orchard 2 or 3 times weekly from 1 May until early September. A total of 23,600 sterile moths/ha was released in 1976, 36,500 in 1977, and 31,800 in 1978. Populations of sterile (marked) and wild moths were monitored by sex pheromone traps, and damage was assessed by fruit examination at harvest. Control was very good except for a few orchards in which overwintered populations were too high to achieve adequate overflooding with sterile moths. Damage exceeded the economic threshold (0.5%) in only 1 of 86 treated orchards in 1976, in 6 of 193 orchards in 1977, and in 0 of 157 orchards in 1978. Results in 32 orchards showed that when wild populations are brought close to extinction all codling moth control measures can be omitted for 2 or more years depending on degree of orchard isolation. Omission of codling moth sprays from 1976 to 1978 did not result in any important change in population levels of other apple pests. Cost of control by SIR was ca. $225/ha per year vs. ca. $95 for chemical control.
EXPERIMENTS WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHT: NECESSITY FOR PROPERLY IDENTIFYING THE SOURCE
Authors: Philogène Bernard J. R.
Published: December 2009

The use of artificial illumination in entomological studies is extensive. Incandescent and fluorescent lights are used in mass-rearing insects necessary for physiological and ecological studies, and in photoperiod-controlled as well as in electrophysiological experiments.

One of the main problems facing investigators in the interpretation of their results or in comparing these to preceding reports is the plethora of ways in which experimental conditions involving light are reported. Here are some examples: “The ants were kept under fluorescent light from 0800 to 2000 hours; light intensity on the ants was about 400 lux” (McCluskey 1965).
A REDEFINITION OF MYLLAENINI GANGLBAUER AND REDESCRIPTIONS OFCAMACOPALPUSMOTSCHULSKY ANDPOLYPEAFAUVEL (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Klimaszewski Jan
Published: December 2009

The staphylinid tribe Myllaenini Ganglbauer is redefined, andPolypeaFauvel andCamacopalpusMotschulsky are redescribed and transferred from Myllaenini, the former to Diglottini Eichelbaum, the latter to Zyrasini Lohse.Camacopalpus flavicornisMotschulsky andC. bituberculatusMotschulsky are transferred toDrusillaLeach, and a new genusNeocamacopalpusis described to includeCamacopalpus fulvusMotschulsky. Lectotypes are designated for all studied species, and their terminalia and genitalia are illustrated for the first time. A hypothetical phylogeny of Myllaenini is proposed.
A LARGE-CAPACITY PHEROMONE TRAP FOR SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE),
Authors: Kendall David M. , Jennings Daniel T. , Houseweart Mark W.
Published: December 2009

Several types of pheromone-baited traps have been used for trapping males of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Most pheromone traps have sticky surfaces for capturing attracted moths; however, the sticky surface often becomes saturated with moths, moth scales, and debris, thus diminishing the traps' effectiveness. At high population densities, saturation may occur within a few hours after the traps are placed in the field. The Pherocon 1CP® trap found most effective by Sanders (1978) functionally saturates after about 50 spruce budworm moths are caught (Houseweart et al. 1981).
INDUCTION OF PROLONGED DIAPAUSE IN BARBARA COLFAXIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE): CORRELATIONS WITH CONE CROPS AND WEATHER
Authors: Hedlin A. F. , Miller G. E. , Ruth D. S.
Published: December 2009

Studies were carried out in the field and in the laboratory to determine if prolonged diapause of the Douglas-fir cone moth, Barbara coifaxiana (Kearfott), was correlated with the sizes of the cone crops maturing in the year of larval feeding (N) and in the year following larval feeding (N + 1), and to determine if weather during the period of larval feeding (year N) influenced the size of the maturing cone crop or the incidence of prolonged diapause the following year (N + 1). Field studies showed that prolonged diapause induction in B. coifaxiana was not rank correlated (but approached significance) with the size of the cone crop maturing in year N, but was negatively rank correlated with that in year N + 1. Two of seven weather parameters, mean maximum temperature and mean daily temperature, measured during the larval feeding period were positively rank correlated with cone crop size. No parameter was correlated with the incidence of prolonged diapause. In the laboratory, the incidence of prolonged diapause was negatively correlated with temperature. Photoperiod and parental diapause habit had no direct effect.
TOXICITY OF DIFLUBENZURON TO NYMPHS OF THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Elliott R. H. , Iyer R.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory tests showed that nymphs of the migratory grasshopper are very sensitive to diflubenzuron (Dimilin) when reared continuously on treated wheat seedlings or artificial diet and fresh lettuce. At concentrations of 10 ppm or above, diflubenzuron completely inhibited moulting of 2nd-instar nymphs. With continuous exposure on treated wheat seedlings, the LC90 values after 8, 12 and 20 days were 10.0, 2.4 and 0.8 ppm, respectively. Comparable values were obtained with the artificial diet and lettuce. However, when 2nd instars were placed on diflubenzuron-treated wheat foliage for 1 day then transferred onto untreated plants, toxicity declined markedly.

Although the toxic effects of diflubenzuron were delayed, dry weight determinations on wheat seedlings indicated that nymphal feeding damage was insignificant if the plants had been sprayed with 10 ppm diflubenzuron.

The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the potential field use of diflubenzuron against stationary and mobile grasshopper nymphs.
EFFECT OF THE PEA APHID,ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM(HEMIPTERA (HOMOPTERA): APHIDIDAE), ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF FORAGE ALFALFA
Authors: Harper A. M. , Kaldy M. S.
Published: December 2009

The pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris), affected yield by significantly reducing the mean height of aphid-susceptible Grimm alfalfa in a greenhouse experiment by 45%, the height of the longest stem by 35%, the green weight by 38%, the dry weight by 44%, and the fiber by 13%. There was limited change in quality of alfalfa. The percentages of protein, fat, total sugar, reducing sugar, dry matter, and nitrogen-free extract were not significantly different in the infested and non-infested alfalfa. Potassium was significantly lower in the infested plants but they contained more calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. With the exception of isoleucine the amino acid composition was similar in the infested and non-infested alfalfa.
AUTOGENY AND BLOOD-FEEDING BY CULEX TARSALIS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) AND THE INTERVAL BETWEEN OVIPOSITION AND FEEDING
Authors: Nelson R. L. , Milby M. M.
Published: December 2009

Female Culex tarsalis Coquillett trapped in CO2-baited light traps or reared from field-collected pupae were marked with fluorescent dust, released, and recaptured in traps baited with CO2 with or without light. Recaptures of trapped females peaked on the first night of recapture collections. Recaptures of reared females peaked on the first or second night when autogeny rates were low (25–44%) but 2-4 nights later when rates were high (86–88%). It was concluded that autogenous females did not seek blood until after they had oviposited, and that autogenously induced delays in feeding probably influence the extent of virus transmission by C. tarsalis.

Stretched follicular tubes indicating recent oviposition were found in 23.4% and 5.2% of empty parous females from shelters and CO2-baited traps, respectively, and in 2.3% of freshly engorged parous females from shelters. Females often failed to blood-feed until at least the second night after oviposition.
LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF A FAST-ACTING INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur
Published: December 2009

UC-62644, a moult-inhibiting insect growth regulator (IGR) belonging to the benzoylphenylureas, had an EC50 of 0.1 to 0.2 ppm in a meridic diet for the 3rd to 6th larval instars of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens. The effects of the IGR were apparent in less than 48 h after ingestion and there was evidence for some contact toxicity. The larvae were unable to discriminate between IGR-treated and untreated diet. Experimental aerial application of the IGR revealed that at <70 g in 4.7 1/ha (1 oz in 0.5 U.S. gal/acre) it effectively controlled spruce budworm populations and afforded foliage protection. These results were comparable with those obtained with Matacil® applied at the recommended rate.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF CORTICEUS GLABER (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE), A. FACULTATIVE PREDATOR OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Smith Michael T. , Goyer Richard A.
Published: December 2009

The life cycle of Corticeus glaber (LeConte) was investigated at 25 °C and 60% R.H. The developmental time from egg to adult for C. glaber ranged from 30 to 41 days and five larval instars were determined from head capsule measurements. The mature larva is described.
FIRST OCCURRENCE OF PERIZOMA ALCHEMILLATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) ON THE MAINLAND OF NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Ferguson Douglas C.
Published: December 2009

In 1958 I reported finding the European geometrid moth Perizoma alchemillata (L.) on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. This yas based on seven specimens collected in 1954 in the general vicinity of St. John's, but in places several miles apart, suggesting that the species was already well established. That was the first record of this species for North America. Morris and Bolte (1977) discussed its further spread in Newfoundland, summarized what was known about its food plants and distribution elsewhere, and gave illustrations of adults and genitalia. By 1975 it had become common on the Avalon Peninsula and was known from Lethbridge in central Newfoundland and Tompkins in western Newfoundland. Eleven adults were collected at Tompkins, 2-31 July 1975. Morris (1980: 241; pl. 29, fig. 26) again treated this species, adding Stephenville and St. Georges to the list of localities, indicating that additional material had been collected in southwest Newfoundland between 1975 and 1980. In 1959 and 1962 I collected intensively in the region of the Codroy Valley in southwest Newfoundland, covering the season from June to mid-August, and found no indication of its presence then; nor did I see it in a large collection made by Akira Mutuura in the Codroy Valley in July 1968 (Canadian National Collection).
MONITORING FALL ARMYWORM, SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), MOTH POPULATIONS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO WITH SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS
Authors: Starratt A. N. , McLeod D. G. R.
Published: December 2009

Pheromone traps were more efficient than blacklight traps for detecting and monitoring adult populations of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), in southwestern Ontario. Several dispenser–chemical combinations were strongly attractive but best results were obtained with sticky traps baited with rubber septa impregnated with combinations of (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): XVI. COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL TAXONOMY OF FOUR SUBSPECIES OFEUXOA COMOSA
Authors: Byers J. R. , Lafontaine J. D.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory and experimental studies of four of the five subspecies ofEuxoa comosa(Morr.), i.e.annir,altera,lutulentaandOntario, each formerly considered of specific rank, were undertaken to assess their taxonomic status. Morphologically the immature stages of the subspecies are similar althoughlutulentahas a 40–50% larger egg and the larvae oflutulentaandOntarioare darker than those ofannirandaltera. The subspecies show differentiation in larval growth rate, number of larval instars, duration of preimaginal development and length of the preoviposition period. The possible adaptive significance of these differences are discussed. Hybrid F1were obtained from 11 of the 12 possible pairwise combinations. Eight of the F1hybrids were inbred and six produced fertile eggs. Some of the F2progenies exhibited a wide range of phenotypes encompassing all subspecies including those of the 5th subspecies,E. c. comosa. Although hybridization success was high there was some evidence of genetic incompatibility including dyssynchronous emergence of the sexes and the absence, shortage, or inviability of female moths in some crosses. Mating discrimination tests show a moderate level of mating bias between subspecies. Calling periods of females of the subspecies largely overlap although differences in the time at which calling begins might be responsible for some of the mating bias. Both laboratory and field tests of sex pheromone attraction indicate considerable sex pheromone specificity among the subspecies. The results are discussed with reference to a companion paper which on the basis of conventional taxonomic characters and biogeographic considerations concludes thatEuxoa comosais best regarded as a polytypic species encompassing five subspecies.
COMPARISON OF TWO SAMPLING METHODS FOR THE JEFFREY PINE NEEDLE MINER, COLEOTECHNITES SP. (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Unruh Thomas R. , Luck Robert F.
Published: December 2009

Within and between tree distributions of the Jeffrey pine needle miner, Coleotechnites sp. and its food resource (needles), were investigated on Jeffrey pine trees at three locations in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California. These data were used to compare sample allocation by the component of variance technique and a method based on the mean crowding relationship. The numbers of samples necessary to estimate the mean at a given precision differed between the techniques in some cases. The mean crowding technique offered several advantages which are fully discussed. A sampling design for the Jeffrey pine needle miner is proposed.
OCCURRENCE OF SOME FLEA BEETLE PESTS OF PARKLAND RAPESEED CROPS IN OPEN PRAIRIE AND FOREST IN SASKATCHEWAN (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Burgess L.
Published: December 2009

Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), an abundant pest in the parklands, is moderately abundant on the open prairie, less common in the southern parts of the boreal forest, and absent elsewhere in the forest. Phyllotreta albionica LeC. occurs in low numbers in parkland and prairie, and is rare in the forest. Phyllotreta robusta (LeC) occurs in low numbers in the parkland, is rare on the prairie, and was not found in the forest. Psylliodes punctulata Melsh., which has a moderately low population in the parkland, occurs in similar numbers on the prairie and perhaps also in the forest. P. cruciferae will likely cause problems in any cruciferous crops grown on the open prairie and eventually in cruciferous crops in newly-cleared forest areas.
LIFE HISTORY AND SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN WINTER MOTH, OPEROPHTERA OCCIDENTALS (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), IN WESTERN OREGON
Authors: Miller Jeffrey C. , Cronhardt Jan E.
Published: December 2009

In western Oregon, Operophtera occidentalis (Hulst) has four larval instars, is univoltine, and polyphagous. Adult activity peaked in early December, eggs overwintered, larvae were present from March to June, and pupae from May to December. Temperature thresholds for egg and larval development were estimated to be 2 °C. Few species of natural enemies were observed and rates of parasitism averaged 2%.
FREQUENCY OF MATING IN THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Martin J. S. , McEwen F. L.
Published: December 2009

Although several studies have been conducted on the mating habits of laboratory-reared onion maggots confusion exists as to whether the females mate more than once. In Holland, Ticheler and Noordink (1968) using a radio-tracer technique demonstrated a second mating in the female but later work by Robinson (1977) suggested that mating occurred only once. North American workers using whiteeyed mutants in crosses with red-eyed flies found that the female mates only once (Broersma and Luckman 1968) and earlier data developed in our laboratory support this finding (McEwen et al. 1973). That the female mates only once is suggested also by reports showing that increasing the ratio of males to females does not increase egg production and that the early removal or death of the males does not reduce the number of eggs laid or the percentage of hatch (Missonier and Stengel 1966; Robinson and Zurlini 1979).
CARPENTER ANT (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) INDUCED WIND BREAKAGE IN NEW JERSEY SHADE TREES
Authors: Fowler H. G. , Roberts R. B.
Published: December 2009

Carpenter ants are indigenous to holarctic forests. Nests in standing trees begin at wound sites, and expand rapidly as workers gnaw galleries in the heartwood (Graham 1918; Anderson 1960). In forests, carpenter ants have been implicated in wind breakage of standing trees (Felt 1928; Schread 1952), yet the exact extent and nature of this relationship remains undocumented.
DELIA SPP. (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) INFESTING CANOLA IN ALBERTA
Authors: Liu H. J. , Butts R. A.
Published: December 2009

At the beginning of July 1981 we were informed by plant pathologists conducting disease surveys on canola (= rapeseed) (Brassica campestris L. cvs. Candle, Torch, B. napus L. cvs. Altex, Regent, Tower) in Alberta of the presence of root maggots (Delia spp.) (= Hylemya spp.) in the crop. Although this is not the first observation of this genus infesting canola, no documented account of its geographic distribution or the significance of its damage was available. Canola is an oilseed crop which over the past 10 years has occupied, on average, 1.6 million hectares annually in the three prairie provinces. Therefore, we decided to (a) determine the extent of the damage in Alberta, and (b) collect and rear the insects from infested roots so they could be identified.
AVAILABILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM EGGS TO PARASITISM BY THE EGG PARASITOID, TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE)
Authors: Houseweart Mark W. , Southard Susan G. , Jennings Daniel T.
Published: December 2009

Spruce budworm egg deposition spanned 27 days during both 1979 and 1980. The egg deposition curve is essentially a normal bell-shaped distribution with a slight skew to the right. Spruce budworm eggs are most acceptable to T. minutum Riley for successful parasitism during the earlier stages of host–egg development. Parasitism rates at two different temperatures (21 °C and 27 °C) were significantly greater for 1- to 3-day-old eggs than for 6- to 8-day-old spruce budworm eggs. Major reduction in host–egg acceptability occurred after the fifth day at 21 °C and after the 4th day at 27 °C.
ONION MAGGOT (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) RESISTANCE TO SOME INSECTICIDES FOLLOWING SELECTION WITH PARATHION OR CARBOFURAN
Authors: Harris C. R. , Tolman J. H. , Svec H. J.
Published: December 2009

An onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) strain, having low level (≤ × 5) resistance to organophosphorus insecticides, was selected with parathion to determine if higher resistance levels to the selection agent and other insecticides used for onion maggot control would result. Parathion resistance levels increased to ×10.1 and ×23.8 after 4 and 14 generations of selection, respectively; without further selection, resistance levels declined by ca. 1/2 in 6–7 generations. Parathion resistance was ×24.4 after 20 generations of selection and resistance levels to ethion, diazinon, fonofos, and carbofuran were 2 to 3 times higher than those measured initially. The pattern of resistance development in field strains of onion maggot collected in 1975 and 1980 was similar to that observed in the laboratory selection program, but resistance levels were lower, probably because of lower selection pressure and the variety of chemicals used under practical conditions. After 14 generations of parathion selection, resistance levels were ×23.8 and ×10.1 to parathion and carbofuran, respectively. After 12 additional generations of carbofuran selection, carbofuran resistance increased to ×31.2, while the level of parathion resistance remained the same.