bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamically phase‐cycled radial balanced SSFP imaging for efficient banding removal
Authors: Benkert Thomas , Ehses Philipp , Blaimer Martin , Jakob Peter M. , Breuer Felix A.
Published: January 2014

Purpose

Balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) imaging suffers from banding artifacts due to its inherent sensitivity to inhomogeneities in the main magnetic field. These artifacts can be removed by the acquisition of multiple images at different frequency offsets. However, conventional phase‐cycling is hindered by a long scan time. The purpose of this work is to present a novel approach for efficient banding removal in bSSFP imaging.

Theory and Methods

To this end, the phase‐cycle during a single‐shot radial acquisition of an image was dynamically changed. Thus, each projection is acquired with a different frequency offset. Using conventional radial gridding, an artifact‐free image can be reconstructed out of this dataset.

Results

The approach is validated at clinical field strength [3.0 Tesla (T)] as well as at ultrahigh field (9.4T). Robust elimination of banding artifacts was obtained for different imaging regions, including brain imaging at ultrahigh field with an in‐plane resolution of 0.25 × 0.25 mm2. Besides banding artifact‐free imaging, the applicability of the proposed technique for fat‐water separation is demonstrated.

Conclusion

Dynamically phase‐cycled radial bSSFP has the potential for banding‐free bSSFP imaging in a short scan time, in the presence of severe field inhomogeneities and at high resolution. Magn Reson Med 73:182–194, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combining perfluorocarbon and superparamagnetic iron‐oxide cell labeling for improved and expanded applications of cellular MRI
Authors: Hitchens T. Kevin , Liu Li , Foley Lesley M. , Simplaceanu Virgil , Ahrens Eric T. , Ho Chien
Published: January 2014

Purpose

The ability to detect the migration of cells in living organisms is fundamental in understanding biological processes and important for the development of novel cell‐based therapies to treat disease. MRI can be used to detect the migration of cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron‐oxide (SPIO) or perfluorocarbon (PFC) agents. In this study, we explored combining these two cell‐labeling approaches to overcome current limitations and enable new applications for cellular MRI.

Methods

We characterized 19F‐NMR relaxation properties of PFC‐labeled cells in the presence of SPIO and imaged cells both ex vivo and in vivo in a rodent inflammation model to demonstrate selective visualization of cell populations.

Results

We show that with UTE3D, RARE, and FLASH 19F images one can uniquely identify PFC‐labeled cells, colocalized PFC‐ and SPIO‐labeled cells, and PFC/SPIO‐colabeled cells.

Conclusion

This new methodology has the ability to improve and expand applications of MRI cell tracking. Combining PFC and SPIO strategies can potentially provide a method to quench PFC signal transferred from dead cells to macrophages, thereby eliminating false positives. In addition, combining these techniques could also be used to track two cell types simultaneously and probe cell–cell proximity in vivo with MRI. Magn Reson Med 73:367–375, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THEORIES SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS SHOULD KNOW: CULTURE AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: Worrell Frank C.
Published: January 2014

The achievement gap continues to be an issue of critical concern in education. Despite the ubiquity of this concern, studies of racial and ethnic minorities who are not doing well in school make up a very small percentage of the research literature in school psychology. In this paper, I discuss the discrediting of Black cultural learning styles (Frisby, , ) and learning styles more generally as an explanation for the achievement gap and provide brief overviews of cultural ecological theory (Ogbu, ; Ogbu & Simons, ) and stereotype threat (Steele, ), two leading culturally based explanations for the achievement gap. The paper ends with six recommendations and a challenge to school psychology researchers to develop focused research agendas on cultural variables that have been implicated conceptually or empirically in the academic performance of racial and ethnic minorities.
Effects on external pressures caused by vented explosion of methane‐air mixtures in single and connected vessels
Authors: Wang Zhirong , Pan Moyu , Wang Siqi , Sun Dongliang
Published: January 2014

An experimental apparatus was built to study the external pressure caused by vented explosions of methane and air mixtures. In some circumstances, two peak points of external pressure induced by vented explosion appear. One of the peaks is caused by the vented flow from the vessel while the other one is due to the vented flow from the vessel or external explosion. Both the maximum external pressure and pressure rising rate increase with initial pressure, explosion venting pressure and vent diameter of the vented vessel. The maximum external pressure and pressure rising rate decrease with the volume of the vessel. The maximum pressure and the maximum pressure increase rate occur when the methane concentration is 9.5%. Compared with explosion outside one single big vessel, explosion outside the connected vessels is more severe. The external pressure caused by ignition in the center of the small vessel is higher than that in the center of the big vessel while the external pressure rising rate caused by ignition in the center of the small vessel is lower than that in the center of the big vessel. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 385–391, 2014
Management of herpes simplex and varicella‐zoster infections
Authors: Muir Peter
Published: January 2014

Herpes simplex and zoster infections are common and can result in significant morbidity. Our Drug review discusses the choice of drugs available for treatment and prophylaxis, followed by sources of further information and an analysis of the prescription data.
Sayana Press: first LARC for subcutaneous administration
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Gbolade Babatunde
Published: January 2014

Sayana Press is the first long‐acting reversible contraceptive given by sc injection. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects and Dr Gbolade discusses its place in contraception.
Improving health outcomes by reducing medicines waste
Authors: Taylor David
Published: January 2014

Our series on adherence with prescribed medications considers how it can be improved and the cost of wasted medicines reduced. Here, Professor David Taylor looks at the causes of avoidable drug waste and the savings that can be achieved.
Recommendations from the Tricker and Clothier reports
Authors: Baines Darrin
Published: January 2014

In our series on the history of prescribing policy, Dr Darrin Baines traces how successive governments have attempted to curb drug costs. Here, he describes the evolution of the BNF and the recommendations made by the Tricker and Clothier reports.
Practical, laboratory‐scale synthesis of Nin‐formyl tryptophan hydrobromide
Authors: Chulin Alexey N. , Rodionov Igor L.
Published: January 2014

A range of inorganic and organoelement halides was evaluated as acidic promoters of direct Nin‐formylation of tryptophan. In addition to Me3SiBr, the less expensive PBr3 was found to be highly efficient and was selected for further optimization. A convenient and reproducible synthetic procedure for Nin‐formyltryptophan hydrobromide developed in this way was scaled to 150 mmol and successfully extended to some derivatives of Trp and closely related indoles as detailed in the present paper. The scope of the method seems to be restricted to indoles substituted at C‐3. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peptides targeting chemokine receptor CXCR4: structural behavior and biological binding studies
Authors: Costantini Susan , Raucci Raffaele , Colonna Giovanni , Mercurio Flavia Anna , Trotta Anna Maria , Paola Ringhieri , Leone Marilisa , Rossi Filomena , Pellegrino Carmela , Castello Giuseppe , Scala Stefania
Published: January 2014

CXCR4 is a G‐protein‐coupled receptor involved in a number of physiological processes in the hematopoietic and immune systems. CXCL12/CXCR4 axis plays a central role in diseases, such as HIV, cancer, WHIM syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis, and lupus and, hence, indicated as putative therapeutic target. Although multiple CXCR4 antagonists have been developed, there is only one marketed drug, plerixafor, indicated for stem cell mobilization in poor mobilizer patients. In this work, we have designed and synthesized two peptides, six and seven residues long, using as template the N‐terminal region of CXCL12; analyzed their conformations by CD, NMR, and molecular dynamics simulations; simulated their complexes with CXCR4 by docking methods; and validated these data by in vitro studies. The results showed that the two peptides are rather flexible in aqueous solution lacking ordered secondary structure elements and present a promising affinity for CXCR4. This affinity is not revealed for CXCR7, indicating a specificity for CXCR4. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of optical absorption and quantum efficiency due to light trapping in a n–i–p type amorphous silicon solar cell with textured back reflector
Authors: Iftiquar S. M. , Jang Juyeon , Park Hyeongsik , Shin Chonghoon , Park Jinjoo , Jung Junhee , Kim Sunbo , Yi Junsin
Published: January 2014

Textured back reflector (BR) plays an important role to achieve light trapping in amorphous silicon solar cell. We investigated n–i–p type amorphous silicon solar cell, fabricated on textured BR. The solar cells showed improvement in current density and red response of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra. We used simplified ray diagram along with double reflection model to analyze the EQE because the pyramidal surface texture had apparently little or no periodicity in its surface distribution. The Beer–Lambert's exponential absorption relation was used to estimate photo‐current generation. Experimental results and theoretical analysis indicates that the trapping of unabsorbed light within the cell contributes to enhanced red response to the EQE. A further enhancement in current density and EQE was obtained by double texturing the BR. It appears that in addition to enhanced light trapping, a significant reduction in parasitic absorption of light may also contribute to the improvement in cell performance. The double texturing of the BR led to an increase in surface roughness of the cell, that further helps in the light trapping by introducing increased randomness of the light that is transmitted into the cell.
Microchemical inhomogeneity in eutectic Pb–Bi alloy quenched from melt
Authors: Mezzi A. , Kaciulis S. , Balijepalli S. K. , Montanari R. , Varone A. , Amati M. , Aleman B.
Published: January 2014

The liquid lead‐bismuth eutectic alloy is of great interest for applications in advanced nuclear systems; in particular, it is considered to be a good candidate as a coolant and neutron spallation source material for MYRRHA (http://myrrha.sckcen.be/), an accelerator driven system. Investigations based on mechanical spectroscopy experiments and high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction evidenced that the structure of the liquid alloy is not stable but undergoes relevant changes as the temperature increases. To understand whether such transformations, occurring in the liquid state involve elemental clustering, the alloy has been water‐quenched from the liquid state at three different temperatures. After quenching, the samples have been investigated by standard XPS and scanning photoemission microscopy at the ELETTRA synchrotron. The SPEM results showed that the distribution of two metals is characterised by the following: (i) Pb‐enriched clusters, (ii) Bi‐enriched clusters and (iii) matrix in near eutectic composition. The statistics of clusters size was evaluated from the linescans of chemical Pb/Bi images. The average size of clusters is noticeably reduced by increasing quenching temperature: it is in the range of 1 ÷ 3 µm at 313 °C and passes to 0.5 ÷ 0.9 µm at 518 °C. Therefore, scanning photoemission microscopy results evidenced a structural and microchemical rearrangement of the atoms in the melt consisting in the evolution of cluster size and composition. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive value of ophthalmic artery Doppler velocimetry in relation to development of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Matias D. S. , Costa R. F. , Matias B. S. , Gordiano L. , Correia L. C. L.
Published: January 2014

Objective

To test the hypothesis that ophthalmic artery Doppler velocimetry is predictive of the development of pre‐eclampsia (PE).

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study that included pregnant women in the second trimester who had risk factors for PE. Seven ophthalmic artery Doppler parameters, in addition to uterine artery (UtA) Doppler and clinical variables, were investigated for their prognostic value with respect to PE.

Results

A total of 347 women were recruited, of whom 40 developed PE. A comparison of the mean ophthalmic artery Doppler parameter values between women with and those without PE showed statistically significant differences in several parameters: peak systolic velocity, end‐diastolic velocity, mean velocity, peak mesodiastolic velocity (PMDV) and peak ratio. After adjusting for confounding variables, only PMDV remained statistically significant (P < 0.001), with an area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve (AUC) of 0.73. The best cut‐off for predicting PE was a PMDV of > 22.11 cm/s, with sensitivity of 70%, specificity of 75%, positive likelihood ratio of 2.8, negative likelihood ratio of 0.4, positive predictive value of 28% and negative predictive value of 95%. The AUC increased from 0.72 to 0.78 when the PMDV was incorporated into a prediction model based on clinical variables, demonstrating that this marker increased the discriminatory capability of the model. The performance of ophthalmic artery Doppler was similar to that of UtA Doppler for predicting PE. Additionally, the AUC increased significantly from 0.82 to 0.88 when the PMDV was incorporated into the model containing clinical variables and UtA Doppler indices.

Conclusion

A high ophthalmic artery PMDV in the second trimester of pregnancy is an independent predictor of PE that increases the discriminatory ability of clinical markers, as well as of models that include clinical variables and UtA Doppler indices. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Incorporation and application of resilience in the context of water‐sensitive urban design: linking European and Australian perspectives
Authors: Salinas Rodriguez Carlos N. A. , Ashley Richard , Gersonius Berry , Rijke Jeroen , Pathirana Assela , Zevenbergen Chris
Published: January 2014

The water sensitive city is a term within urban water management in which the concept of resilience to extreme climatic events and climate change plays a key role and represents the interaction between different branches of water science, engineering, and other domains such as urban planning and design. In this context, resilience is the ability of a system to cope with or recover from inter alia floods and droughts and also to retain original identity in some form in the face of long‐term change. It is generally accepted that sustainable systems with respect to water management are mainly dominated by their resilience, which is intrinsic to water sensitive cities, and includes social, economic, and environmental as well as technical systems, such as built infrastructure and environments, and their interactions. Therefore, each system cannot be considered in isolation but needs to be seen as a part of wider aspects of water and urban services and utilities in resilient cities. New urban development can be better provided with flood and drought resilience because of the opportunity for the implementation of the available technical, social, and economic knowledge. This is different in the case of existing urban areas where maximization of the value and use of water requires more and in‐depth analysis. The growing movement for water‐sensitive urban design (WSUD), a concept developed in Australia, provides inspiration for maximizing the value and use of water in urban areas, with an increasing consideration of flood and drought resilience. Synergistic integration between the extant knowledge on WSUD together with resilience approaches can lead to the establishment of a new model for water sensitive cities which are also flood resilient. Similarly, dealing with urban flooding in a wise manner can simultaneously optimize the use of all kinds of available resources—also enhancing resilience for droughts.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water
The Phosphides U6Fe30P19 and U6Co30P19 with the ­Yb6Co30P19 Structure Type
Authors: Tarasenko Mariya S. , Albering Jörg H. , Jeitschko Wolfgang , Ibers James A.
Published: January 2014

Powders of U6Fe30P19 and U6Co30P19 were synthesized through the use of tin fluxes. Examination of these powders at 298 K by the Guinier technique led to lattice parameters in the hexagonal system for U6Fe30P19 of a = 14.762(2) Å, c = 3.6315(4) Å, c/a = 0.2460, V = 685.3 Å3 and for U6Co30P19 of a = 14.722(3) Å, c = 3.6355(6) Å, c/a = 0.2469, V = 682.4 Å3. Single crystals of U6Fe30P19 were synthesized and its structure was determined. U6Fe30P19 crystallizes in the space group C1,3h – P$\bar{6}$ of the hexagonal system in the Yb6Co30P19 structure type with one formula unit in a cell of dimensions determined at 100 K of a = 14.7206(4) Å, c = 3.6243(1) Å, c/a = 0.2462, V = 680.15(4) Å3. The asymmetric unit of U6Fe30P19 comprises two U, ten Fe, and seven different P atoms. Each U atom is situated in a trigonal prism of six P atoms; each Fe atom is coordinated either by a tetrahedron or a square pyramid of P atoms. The distances are all less than 2.9 Å. In addition, the structure contains numerous Fe–Fe bonds covering the range from 2.55 to 2.71 Å. The proper space group of the Yb6Co30P19 structure type is discussed.
Synthesis of 1, 6‐Bis(trimethylsilylamino)benzene‐Substituted Aluminum Hydrides: The Characterization of a Product from Ring‐Opening Reaction of Tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Yang Zhi , Hao Pengfei , Ma Xiaoli , Roesky Herbert W. , Yang Ying , Li Jiarong
Published: January 2014

The reaction of 1, 6‐bis(trimethylsilylamino)benzene (LH2) (1) in toluene with H3Al·NMe3 yielded the aluminum monohydride with coordinate NMe3 of composition [1, 6‐(Me3SiN)2C6H4]AlH(NMe3) (2). However, the same reaction in THF resulted in the ring opening of THF with formation of {[1, 6‐(Me3SiN)2C6H4]AlH}2O(CH2)4NMe3 (3) in good yield. Both the spectroscopic data in solution as well as the X‐ray crystallographic data confirmed that a THF molecule underwent a ring‐opening reaction. Compound 2 is the first monomeric aluminum hydride compound containing the 1, 6‐bis(trimethylsilylamino)benzene. Compound 3 exhibits an intermolecular zwitterion of composition –O(CH2)4NMe3+ between two aluminum atoms. Complexes 2 and 3 were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, elementary analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.
Comparison of microbial communities involved in souring and corrosion in offshore and onshore oil production facilities in Nigeria
Authors: Okoro Chuma , Smith Seun , Chiejina Leo , Lumactud Rhea , An Dongshan , Park Hyung Soo , Voordouw Johanna , Lomans Bart P , Voordouw Gerrit
Published: January 2014

Samples were obtained from the Obigbo field, located onshore in the Niger delta, Nigeria, from which oil is produced by injection of low-sulfate groundwater, as well as from the offshore Bonga field from which oil is produced by injection of high-sulfate (2,200 ppm) seawater, amended with 45 ppm of calcium nitrate to limit reservoir souring. Despite low concentrations of sulfate (0–7 ppm) and nitrate (0 ppm), sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and heterotrophic nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) were present in samples from the Obigbo field. Biologically active deposits (BADs), scraped from corrosion-failed sections of a water- and of an oil-transporting pipeline (both Obigbo), had high counts of SRB and high sulfate and ferrous iron concentrations. Analysis of microbial community composition by pyrosequencing indicated anaerobic, methanogenic hydrocarbon degradation to be a dominant process in all samples from the Obigbo field, including the BADs. Samples from the Bonga field also had significant activity of SRB, as well as of heterotrophic and of sulfide-oxidizing NRB. Microbial community analysis indicated high proportions of potentially thermophilic NRB and near-absence of microbes active in methanogenic hydrocarbon degradation. Anaerobic incubation of Bonga samples with steel coupons gave moderate general corrosion rates of 0.045–0.049 mm/year, whereas near-zero general corrosion rates (0.001–0.002 mm/year) were observed with Obigbo water samples. Hence, methanogens may contribute to corrosion at Obigbo, but the low general corrosion rates cannot explain the reasons for pipeline failures in the Niger delta. A focus of future work should be on understanding the role of BADs in enhancing under-deposit pitting corrosion.
Four Amino Acid Residues Influence the Substrate Chain‐Length and Regioselectivity of Siganus canaliculatus Δ4 and Δ5/6 Desaturases
Authors: Lim Ze Long , Senger Toralf , Vrinten Patricia
Published: January 2014

Although ω3‐ and ω6‐ desaturases have been well studied in terms of substrate preference and regiospecificity, relatively little is known about the membrane‐bound, “front‐end” long chain fatty acid desaturases, such as ∆4, Δ5 or Δ6 desaturases. The first vertebrate ∆4 desaturase was recently identified in the marine teleost fish Siganus canaliculatus (S. canaliculatus), which also possesses a bifunctional Δ5/6 desaturase. These two long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid desaturases are very different in terms of regiospecificity and substrate chain‐length, but share an unusually high degree of amino acid identity (83 %). We took advantage of this similarity by constructing a series of chimeric enzymes, replacing regions of one enzyme with the corresponding sequence of the other. Heterologous expression of the chimeric series of enzymes in yeast indicated that the substitution of a four amino acid region was sufficient to convert a ∆4 desaturase to an enzyme with ∆6 desaturase activity, and convert a ∆5/6 desaturase to an enzyme with a low level of ∆4 desaturase activity. In addition, enzymes having both ∆4 and ∆6 desaturase activities were produced by single or double amino acid substitutions within this four‐amino acid region.
Occurrence of PGE Mineralisation in Bangur, Kendujhar District, Odisha
Authors: Sahoo K. C. , Mohanty M. , Sahoo P. , Rath S. C. , Ray S. B.
Published: January 2014

PGE mineralisation of significant grade and extent is reported from Bangur chromite mining area, Kendujhar district, Odisha, located to the south of the well known Baula-Nuasahi ultramafic complex. The hitherto unknown PGE mineralisation is established in a ferritchromit rich breccia zone occurring within Bangur litho-mélange. The mineralized breccia zone is traced for about 550m with a mean width of 12m in NW-SE direction. Chemical analysis of drill core samples by ICP-MS indicates an average ΣPGE content of 3.2 ppm dominated by Pt and Rh. Occurrence of discrete grains of PGM in sizes up to 45 microns is confirmed by SEM-EDX and EPMA study. Delineation of this PGE bearing zone stresses the need for preservation of gangue/matrix of the breccia zone, along with ferritchromit clasts, in the ongoing selective mining of chromite in Bangur.
Jurassic Foraminifera from Jajiya Member, Jaisalmer Formation, Western Rajasthan
Authors: Talib Abu , Upadhyay Gagnesh , Haseen M.
Published: January 2014

The Jajiya Member of Jaisalmer Formation yielded a foraminiferal assemblage comprising twenty-three species dominated by the family Vaginulinidae. An Oxfordian age is assigned to the foraminiferal assemblage based on the record of some characteristic Oxfordian species reported from different parts of the world. The foraminiferal assemblage suggests an open marine shelf environment of deposition.
Silicate Oxygen Isotope Geochemistry: History, Principles, Techniques, and Application to Petrological Problems
Authors: Viswanathan S. , Mahabaleswar B.
Published: January 2014

The importance of oxygen isotope geochemistry in studies of terrestrial and extra-terrestrial silicate rocks was recognized nearly sixtyeight years ago soon after the discovery of O18 and O17. As early as 1934, the significance of oxygen isotope variations in rocks and minerals was stressed by Russian geochemists who also pioneered the discipline of silicate oxygen isotope geochemistry. It is now known that processes involving isotopic interaction between rock and water, magmatic differentiation, and metamorphic recrystallization fractionate oxygen isotopes in the lithosphere. δ O18 (the conventional notation for reporting O18/O16 ratios in rocks and minerals) is highest in sedimentary rocks (17 to 35 ‰) and lowest in igneous rocks (4 to 12‰). Metamorphic rocks have intermediate values. δ O18 in mafic minerals (1 to 8‰) is lower than in felsic minerals (8 to 16‰). In igneous and metamorphic rocks, quartz is most enriched in O18 (10 to 16‰) and magnetite the least (1 to 2‰). An important application of O18/O16 techniques is in geothermometry, where these are capable of elucidating several petrological processes.
Estimation of Water Flow from Upper Reservoir of Azad Pumped Storage Power Plant, Using Geostatistical Methods
Authors: Aalianvari A. , Malekitehrani M. , Soltanomohammadi S.
Published: January 2014

The objective of this paper is to estimate water seepage from the upper reservoir of Azad pumped storage power plant (PSPP), based on combined geotechnical investigations and geostatistical methods.Azad PSPP has been located in Sanandaj Province in Iran. In order to select the optimum water tightening alternative, such as clay blanket, concrete cover (or concrete lining), geomembrane, asphalt cover etc, estimation of water seepage from the reservoir is essential.Six exploratory boreholes were drilled at the pumped storage reservoir area and permeability tests (Lugeon tests) were conducted in all of them. Records at the boreholes have been considered as the main source for seepage calculations. Due to expansion of upper reservoir and a few boreholes, distribution of permeability and permeability changes in the reservoir area is not indicator of reservoir. In this research using geostatistical method (Kriging), lugeon values have been estimated for walls of reservoir. According to correspondence between estimated permeability distribution and geological conditions, the estimated values are acceptable. In addition results show that in about 60% of tests, permeability is very high and potential of water seepage is very high. Seepage was estimated for reservoir by using both analytical (vedernikov method) and numerical method. Results from both methods are very close and the average of seepage is around 280000 m3/day. From the results and general geological considerations, seepage is concentrated at fault zones. Results show that by using appropriate permeability distribution, the estimated values of water seepage are reliable. Due to the high amount of water seepage and economic importance of water in this region, water tightening is necessary.
Manganocummingtonite from the Mesoproterozoic, Sausar Fold Belt, Central India
Authors: Kanungo D. R. , Malpe D. B. , Leake B. E.
Published: January 2014

Manganocummingtonite occurs with spessartine, quartz and pyrolusite in the Chikmara area, Sausar fold belt, central India. Its composition is [Ca0.3–0.35(Mg3.3–3.5Mn1.6–1.8Fe2+1.4–1.5)(Si7.931-7.997Aliv0.003-0.069)O22(OH1.5-2.0 F0.0-0.5)] being fairly rich in Ca, which is indicative of metamorphic temperature in the amphibolite facies. The garnet contains 77.5% spessartine, 13% almandine and minor andradite, grossular and pyrope components. Unusually, there is no carbonate, pyroxene, pyroxmangite, rhodonite, magnetite or hematite. The available Al in the rock stabilized garnet and this mineral incorporated minor Fe3+ present in the rock as andradite component. The manganocummingtonite–garnet pairs developed at ~600°C during amphibolite facies metamorphism in low XCO2 system, stabilized with XMn/(Mn+Fe2++Mg)= 0.25 to 0.28 in the amphibole and 0.85 in the garnet and formed under unusually low fO2 conditions for the Sausar region, near channelized fluids which deposited quartz may have controlled the fO2.
The Cauchy problem for the modified two-component Camassa–Holm system in critical Besov space
Authors: Yan Wei , Li Yongsheng
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we are concerned with the Cauchy problem for the modified two-component Camassa–Holm system in the Besov space with data having critical regularity. The key elements in our paper are the real interpolations and logarithmic interpolation among inhomogeneous Besov space and Lemma 5.2.1 of [7] which is also called Osgood Lemma and the Fatou Lemma. The new ingredient that we introduce in this paper can be seen on pages 453–457.
Pinpointing the Deeper Structures, Processes and Mechanisms of Change within Interactional Fields
Authors: Buttriss Gary J. , Wilkinson Ian F.
Published: January 2014

This paper seeks to understand how we might identify the “underlying logics” and “deeper structures” that bring about change in phenomena. We argue that this represents a move from a classical perspective focusing on discrete exchange, and that this requires a processual or relational approach to understanding in contrast to a substantialist or variables-based approach. One way of advancing our understanding of the emergence of change is to consider the site of interaction. That is the interactional field where actors act and interact with other actors and entities as well as the broader environment; where resources are exchanged, imported or exported; where change is instigated and transferred across time and space. We suggest interactional fields are the sites of plasticity where change actually takes place. To understand the causal structure and processes taking place in an interactional field we draw on the concept of natural and social kinds. We discuss how interactional fields are located in time and space, which influence and are influenced by the trajectories of change and development. While we believe this applies to change in general we apply our thinking to organizational change.
Pass it On: A Framework for Classifying the Content of Word of Mouth
Authors: Nguyen Cathy , Romaniuk Jenni
Published: January 2014

While word of mouth (WOM) is regarded as a key ingredient in product success, little is known about the content of WOM given. Using an online text-mining approach, we investigated the key themes within electronic WOM (eWOM) in two entertainment categories, television programs and movies. We identify seven key themes within eWOM conversations. These are (in order of prevalence): Product/ Service Characteristic (26% of comments); Personal Opinion (17%); Distribution Characteristic (15%); Categorisation Comparison (14%); Description of Purchase/ Consumption Activity (10%); Advertising/ Promotion (9%) and In-Market Performance (4%). There are differences across categories, largely explicable by differences in the purchase/consumption process of movies versus television programs. However, there are only minor differences for new versus returning products. Our findings highlight the value of advertising during the initial stages of a product's launch to enable consumers to form opinions early on. Furthermore, marketing activities should provide information about how people can purchase/consume the product/service, as such details are often sought and passed on via eWOM. Given that eWOM often entails a comparison of a given product against another, providing signals on appropriate comparative offerings may help marketers control the context for consumers’ understanding of the new product.
Ultrasound Images of Groin Pain in the Athlete: A Pictorial Essay
Authors: Özçakar Levent , Utku Burkay
Published: January 2014

Chronic groin pain in the athlete is a common condition, with, at times, protracted recovery that leads to prolonged disability. There are soft‐tissue and bony contributors to pain, with the mechanism of injury usually an acute or chronic overload of the hip adductor tendons, abdominal aponeurosis, hip joint, or symphysis pubis. The complexity of the regional anatomy often necessitates imaging modalities for precise diagnosis and prompt management. Imaging options include magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, nuclear bone scan, radiography, and ultrasound. In this report, we present a series of images that represent the value of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of groin pain in the athlete.
Law and Economic Development: The Cautionary Tale of Colonial Burma
Authors: STANTON Thomas H.
Published: January 2014

Burmese colonial history suggests that a legal system cannot operate independently from the felt needs of the people who are supposed to obey the law. Despite a monopoly of force for many decades, the British failed to create a sustainable legal system in Burma. Colonial status shifted Burma’s economic role from subsistence agriculture to the generation of large-scale exports. By undermining the traditional Burmese legal system and substituting Western international standards of property rights, enforceability of contracts, and an independent judiciary—all attributes of what some consider to be the “Rule of Law”—the legal system amplified and channelled destructive economic and social forces rather than containing them. This paper examines traditional Burmese law, the administration of law in British Burma, and the consequences of the new legal system for the country and its own stability. The paper concludes by suggesting lessons for Myanmar today, and for the study of the “Rule of Law.”
Transforming Power Relationships: Leadership, Risk, and Hope
Authors: READ JAMES H. , SHAPIRO IAN
Published: January 2014

Chronic communal conflicts often embody prisoner's dilemmas. Both communities prefer peace to war. Yet neither trusts the other, viewing the other's gain as its loss, so potentially shared interests often go unrealized. Achieving positive-sum outcomes from apparently zero-sum struggles requires a particular kind of risk-embracing leadership. To succeed leaders must (a) see power relations as potentially positive-sum, (b) strengthen negotiating adversaries when tempted to weaken them, and (c) demonstrate hope for a positive future and take great personal risks to achieve it. Such leadership is exemplified by Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk in the South African democratic transition. To illuminate the strategic dilemmas Mandela and de Klerk faced, we examine the work of Robert Axelrod, Thomas Schelling, and Josep Colomer, who highlight important dimensions of the problem but underplay the role of risk-embracing leadership. Finally we discuss leadership successes and failures in the Northern Ireland settlement and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
SCOTTISH PERSPECTIVES ON WAR AND PATRIOTISM IN THE 1790s
Authors: PLASSART ANNA
Published: January 2014

The article examines Scottish discussions surrounding the French revolutionary wars in the early and mid-1790s. It argues that these discussions were not built along the lines of the dispute that set Burke against the English radicals, because arguments about French ‘cosmopolitan’ love for mankind were largely irrelevant in the context of Smithian moral philosophy. The Scottish writers who observed French developments in the period (including the Edinburgh Moderates, James Mackintosh, John Millar, and Lord Lauderdale) were, however, particularly interested in what they interpreted as France's changing notion of patriotism, and built upon the heritage of Smithian moral philosophy in order to offer original and powerful commentaries of French national feeling and warfare. They identified the ‘enthusiastic’ nature of French national sentiment, and the replacement of traditional patriotism with a new form of relationship between the individual and the nation, as the most significant and dangerous element to come out of the French Revolution.
WHAT REALLY HAPPENED AT THE WHITEHALL DEBATES? A NEW SOURCE
Authors: POLIZZOTTO CAROLYN
Published: January 2014

A variant transcription of one of the Whitehall Debates has been identified among the Clarke papers. Located in volume 16 of the Worcester MSS, it records the latter part of the longest debate, on 14 December 1648, concerning the Second Agreement of the People. The fair copy of this debate by army secretary William Clarke (in volume 65 of the Worcester MSS) was previously believed to be the only surviving record. The new source provides additional text, clarifies obscure passages, and is generally easier to understand. Historians now have the advantage of another account of the meeting, which reveals its importance more fully. Although the Levellers’ Agreement was never to be implemented, the Whitehall Debates took place between Pride's Purge and the trial and execution of Charles I. The variant therefore sheds new light on the thinking of the army command and its advisers both religious and lay at this time of unprecedented constitutional crisis. It also provides the first documentary evidence that the army debates at Putney (1647) and Whitehall (1648–9) were not recorded by Clarke alone, but by a team of at least three secretaries.
RETURN TO NEVERLAND? FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND THE HISTORY OF BRITISH INTELLIGENCE
Authors: MURPHY CHRISTOPHER J. , LOMAS DANIEL W. B.
Published: January 2014

This article considers the use of the UK Freedom of Information (FOI) Act in order to explore the history of British intelligence. While the intelligence and security agencies are themselves exempt from the Act, releasing only such archival material into the public domain as they see fit, the article will argue that this does not mean that FOI cannot be used productively in this area. Rather, by adopting a wider definition of ‘intelligence’, as advocated by Wesley K. Wark in this journal in 1992, FOI can be used as part of a broader research strategy to secure the release of information that allows the archival study of intelligence to move beyond the material released by the agencies themselves. The article will illustrate this point by drawing on relevant examples of successful FOI requests, while also highlighting some of the related practical challenges and limitations that its use has revealed.
THE OTTOMAN SIEGE OF VIENNA, ENGLISH BALLADS, AND THE EXCLUSION CRISIS
Authors: INGRAM ANDERS
Published: January 2014

The second Ottoman siege of Vienna (1683) generated a higher volume of English writing than any other seventeenth-century event involving the Ottomans. This article focuses upon ballads written in the immediate aftermath of the siege and relates them to the concurrent English political context of the Tory reaction to the exclusion crisis. Situating these ballads within the publication milieu of pamphlet news and political polemic, it examines the figures who produced them and the audiences they were aimed at. Following from this, it shows how the use of commonplace images and associations with the ‘Turk’ as a recurring figure in early modern writing allowed these ballads to find, or depict, synchronicities between the events of the siege of Vienna, and the English political scene.
Two new species ofSyllis(Polychaeta: Syllidae) from South Africa, one of them viviparous, with remarks on larval development and vivipary
Authors: Simon Carol , Martín Guillermo San , Robinson Georgina
Published: January 2014

Two new species of South African Syllidae of the genusSyllisLamarck, 1818 are described.Syllis unzimasp. nov. is characterized by having unidentate compound chaetae with long spines on margin, a characteristic colour pattern and its reproduction by vivipary. Vivipary is not common among the polychaetes, but most representatives occur in the family Syllidae Grube, 1850 (in five otherSyllisspecies, two species ofDentatisyllisPerkins, 1981 and two species ofParexogoneMesnil & Caullery, 1818).Syllis unzimasp. nov. differs from the other viviparous species in having large broods (>44 juveniles) which develop synchronously. Development of the juveniles is similar to that of free-spawningSyllisspecies, but the appearance of the first pair of eyespots and the differentiation of the pharynx and proventricle occur later inS. unzima.Syllis amicarmillarissp. nov., is characterized by having an elongated body with relatively short, fusiform dorsal cirri and the presence of one or two pseudosimple chaeta on midbody parapodia by loss of blade and enlargement of shaft.Syllis unzimasp. nov. was found in high densities on culturedHolothuria scabraJaeger, 1833 with single specimens found on a culturedCrassostrea gigasThunberg, 1793 and on coralline algae, respectively, whileS. amicarmillariswas found mainly in sediment outside an abalone farm and less frequently on culturedHaliotis midaeLinnaeus, 1758. We discuss the possible benefits of the association withH. scabratoS. unzimasp. nov.
A role for nematocytes in the cellular immune response of the DrosophilidZaprionus indianus
Authors: KACSOH BALINT Z. , BOZLER JULIANNA , SCHLENKE TODD A.
Published: January 2014

The melanotic encapsulation response mounted byDrosophila melanogasteragainst macroparasites, which is based on haemocyte binding to foreign objects, is poorly characterized relative to its humoral immune response against microbes, and appears to be variable across insect lineages. The genus Zaprionus is a diverse clade of flies embedded within the genusDrosophila. Here we characterize the immune response ofZaprionus indianusagainst endoparasitoid wasp eggs, which elicit the melanotic encapsulation response inD. melanogaster. We find thatZ. indianusis highly resistant to diverse wasp species. AlthoughZ. indianusmounts the canonical melanotic encapsulation response against some wasps, it can also potentially fight off wasp infection using two other mechanisms: encapsulation without melanization and a non-cellular form of wasp killing.Zaprionus indianusproduces a large number of haemocytes including nematocytes, which are large fusiform haemocytes absent inD. melanogaster, but which we found in several other species in the subgenus Drosophila. Several lines of evidence suggest these nematocytes are involved in anti-wasp immunity inZ. indianusand in particular in the encapsulation of wasp eggs. Altogether, our data show that the canonical anti-wasp immune response and haemocyte make-up of the model organismD. melanogastervary across the genus Drosophila.
Trichomonads in birds – a review
Authors: AMIN AZIZA , BILIC IVANA , LIEBHART DIETER , HESS MICHAEL
Published: January 2014

Members of the family Trichomonadidae, mainlyTrichomonas gallinaeandTetratrichomonas gallinarum, represent important parasites in birds with worldwide presence, since being reported in the 19th century. Especially Columbiformes, Falconiformes and Strigiformes can be severely affected by trichomonads, whereas the majority of infections in Galliformes and Anatiformes are subclinical although severe infections are occasionally reported. With the recent appearance of deadly infections in wild Passeriformes the protozoan parasiteT. gallinaeobtained greater attention which will be addressed in this review. Although light microscopy remains the method of choice to confirm the presence of trichomonads molecular studies were introduced in recent years, in order to characterize the parasites and to establish relationships between isolates. Isolation of trichomonads is a prerequisite for detailedin vitroandin vivostudies and different media are reported to obtain suitable material. The limited information about virulence factors will be reviewed in context with the pathogenicity of trichomonads which varies greatly, indicating certain strain heterogeneity of the parasites. Options for treatment characterized by the leading role of imidazoles whose activity is sometimes hampered by resistant parasites remains a challenge for the future. Introducing more standardized genetic studies and investigations concentrating on the host-pathogen interaction should be helpful to elucidate virulence factors which might lead to new concepts of treatment.
The journey towards elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: not far, nor easy
Authors: FRANCO J. R. , SIMARRO P. P. , DIARRA A. , RUIZ-POSTIGO J. A. , JANNIN J. G.
Published: January 2014

Considering the epidemic situation of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) at the end of the twentieth century, the World Health Organization (WHO) and partners strengthened disease control and surveillance. Over the last 15 years, the activities implemented through the National Control Programmes have brought gambiense HAT under control and now its elimination is deemed as an achievable goal. In 2012, WHO targeted gambiense HAT for elimination as a public health problem by 2020. The final goal will be the sustainable disease elimination by 2030, defined as the interruption of the transmission of gambiense HAT. The elimination is considered feasible, because of the epidemiological vulnerability of the disease, the current state of control, the availability of strategies and tools and international commitment and political will. Integration of activities in the health system is needed to ensure the sustainability of the elimination. The development of user-friendly diagnostic and treatment tools will facilitate the integration process. Adequate funding is needed to implement activities, but also to support research that will make the elimination sustainable. A long-term commitment by donors is needed and ownership of the process by endemic countries is critical.
Liposomes produced by reverse phase evaporation: in vitro and in vivo efficacy of diminazene aceturate against Trypanosoma evansi
Authors: OLIVEIRA CAMILA BELMONTE , RIGO LUCAS ALMEIDA , ROSA LUCIANA DALLA , GRESSLER LUCAS TREVISAN , ZIMMERMANN CARINE ELOISE PRESTES , OURIQUE ALINE FERREIRA , DA SILVA ALEKSANDRO SCHAFER , MILETTI LUIZ C. , BECK RUY CARLOS RUVER , MONTEIRO SILVIA GONZALEZ
Published: January 2014

This study aimed to develop and test the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of diminazene aceturate encapsulated into liposomes (L-DMZ) on Trypanosoma evansi. To validate the in vitro tests with L-DMZ, the efficacy of a commercial formulation of diminazene aceturate (C-DMZ) was also assessed. The tests were carried out in culture medium for T. evansi, at concentrations of 0·25, 0·5, 1, 2 and 3 μg mL−1 of L-DMZ and C-DMZ. A dose-dependent effect was observed for both formulations (L-DMZ and C-DMZ), with the highest dose-dependent mortality of trypomastigotes being observed at 1 and 3 h after the onset of tests with L-DMZ. The results of in vivo tests showed the same effects in the animals treated with L-DMZ and C-DMZ in single doses of 3·5 mg kg−1 and for 5 consecutive days (3·5 mg kg−1 day−1). It was possible to conclude that T. evansi showed greater in vitro susceptibility to L-DMZ when compared with C-DMZ. In vivo tests suggest that treatment with the L-DMZ and C-DMZ showed similar efficacy in vivo. The potential of the formulation developed in this study was clearly demonstrated, as it increased the efficacy of the treatment against trypanosomosis, but more studies are needed to increase the effectiveness in vivo.