bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photolabile RuII Half‐Sandwich Complexes Suitable for Developing “Caged” Compounds: Chemical Investigation and Unexpected Dinuclear Species with Bridging Diamine Ligands
Authors: Finazzi Ilaria , Bratsos Ioannis , Gianferrara Teresa , Bergamo Alberta , Demitri Nicola , Balducci Gabriele , Alessio Enzo
Published: August 2013

Six half‐sandwich RuII coordination compounds of the general formula [Ru([9]aneS3)(L–L)(L′)][PF6]n {2–7; [9]aneS3 = 1,4,7‐trithiacyclononane, L–L = 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy), 1,2‐diaminoethane (en), (±)‐trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane (dach), picolinate (pic); L′ = pyridine (py), 3‐acetylpyridine (3‐acpy), imidazole (im); n = 1 or 2, depending on the nature of L–L} were prepared and characterized. If irradiated with blue light (λ = 400–490 nm) in aqueous solution, they readily dissociate the monodentate L′ ligand to generate selectively the corresponding aqua species. The extent and rate of photoinduced ligand release depend primarily on the nature of the chelating ligand (bpy >> en ≈ dach > pic) and, to a minor extent, on that of the leaving ligand (py > im > 3‐acpy). Photolabile compounds 2–5 showed no significant antiproliferative activity against the MDA‐MB‐231 human mammary carcinoma cell line, both in the dark and upon irradiation with blue light. The clean photodissociation process that characterizes this class of half‐sandwich RuII compounds, and the substantial lack of toxicity of the photogenerated Ru aqua species, suggest that they might be suitable for the preparation of “caged” RuII compounds. In the frame of this work, two unexpected dinuclear compounds, namely, [{Ru([9]aneS3)(en)}2(μ‐en)][CF3SO3]4 (9) and [{Ru([9]aneS3)}2(μ‐dach)(μ‐CH3O)2][CF3SO3]2·2CH3OH (10)―both containing rare examples of bridging en and dach ligands―were also isolated and structurally characterized.
Regulation and enhancement of lipid accumulation in oil crops: The use of metabolic control analysis for informed genetic manipulation
Authors: Harwood John L. , Ramli Umi S. , Tang Mingguo , Quant Patti A , Weselake Randall J. , Fawcett Tony , Guschina Irina A.
Published: August 2013

Plant oils are a very valuable agricultural commodity. They are currently mainly used (>80%) for food and animal feed but, increasingly, they have utility as renewable sources of industrial feedstocks or biofuel. Because of finite agricultural land, the best way to increase availability (in order to match demand) is by improving productivity. To do this requires a knowledge of metabolism and its regulation. Various methods have been used to provide information but only systems biology can yield quantitative data about complete metabolic pathways. We have used metabolic control analysis to provide information about major oil crops such as oilseed rape, oil palm, olive, and soybean. Such knowledge has then been used to inform genetic manipulation for crop improvement.
Roadmap towards N‐Heterocyclic [2.2]Paracyclophanes and Their Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Busch Mark , Cayir Merve , Nieger Martin , Thiel Werner R. , Bräse Stefan
Published: August 2013

A novel family of [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives is described. Different substituted pyrazole, triazole and pyrimidine moieties were introduced to the [2.2]paracyclophane scaffold and the products were characterized spectroscopically and by X‐ray structure analysis. These compounds are promising ligands for application in asymmetric catalysis. We show here that one of these ligands can catalyze asymmetric conjugate addition. Furthermore a palladium complex was synthesized by using a hydroxy‐pyrazolyl[2.2]paracyclophane ligand.
Purification of Natural Gas by forming H2S Hydrates
Authors: Golombok Michael , Schoonebeek Ronald
Published: August 2013

H2S‐hydrate formation is demonstrated as a method for cleaning contaminated natural gas. Not only the final equilibrium cleanup but also the rates of separation attainment are much higher than for CO2 hydrates. H2S concentrates in the hydrate phase and is then depleted from the gas; this was observed at temperatures as high as 15 °C. The shortest batch‐formation times are on the order of 1 min at pressures of approximately 30 bar. Formation times of H2S hydrates are considerably shorter than for CO2. The supersaturation and mixing speed are the critical parameters as well as maintaining maximum solvation of H2S in water throughout the process.
Flame retardant epoxy resin for electrical and electronic applications
Authors: Mariappan Thirumal , Wilkie Charles A.
Published: August 2013

Amine‐cured epoxy resins were prepared at 2% by weight phosphorus content using four halogen‐free flame retardants; poly(m‐phenylene methyl phosphonate) (Fyrol PMP); 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide; red phosphorus; and aluminum diethylphosphinate (OP1230). The effect of these additives on the properties of cured epoxy, including glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and fire retardancy (cone calorimetry), were studied and were compared with the conventionally used flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol‐A (TBBA). All properties are improved for the non‐halogenated materials compared with TBBA. Further, the stoichiometric amounts of Fyrol PMP and TBBA (without an external curing agent) were reacted with epoxy to determine if they could be used as a flame retardant and as a curing agent; Fyrol PMP effectively acts as a flame retardant and as a curing agent. Evolved gas analysis is also discussed through thermogravimetric analysis/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apremilast for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: August 2013

Apremilast, an orally active inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 that inhibits several inflammatory cytokines, is being developed for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. This Drug profile reviews the clinical data to date. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COPD: new treatment strategies
Authors: Mallia Patrick , Johnston Sebastian L
Published: August 2013

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem that is projected to be the third leading cause of mortality by 2030. The most common aetiological factor related to the development of COPD is tobacco smoking, but exposure to burning biomass and outdoor air pollution are also major risk factors. The prevalence of COPD is projected to increase due to continued exposure to these risk factors and the aging of the world's population. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of COPD are complex and poorly understood and this has hampered the development of new therapies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagenetic modulation of the magnetic properties in sediments from the Northern Indian Ocean
Authors: Bouilloux Alexandra , Valet Jean‐Pierre , Bassinot Franck , Joron Jean‐Louis , Blanc‐Valleron Marie‐Madeleine , Moreno Eva , Dewilde Fabien , Kars Myriam , Lagroix France
Published: August 2013

Large changes in magnetic mineral concentration dependent parameters by more than 1 order of magnitude occur over 50–150 cm intervals in two marine sediment cores from the oxygen minimum zone in the Gulf of Aden. High‐resolution sedimentological and chemical analyses indicate that these intervals are not associated with turbiditic events or sediment reworking, they do not result from changes in carbonate dilution or differences in sediment properties, and they do not correspond to volcanic layers. Magnetic mineralogical analyses reveal a change in magnetic mineral concentration from a magnetite‐goethite assemblage to pure magnetite within the peak. The peaks almost disappear when the abundance of magnetic minerals is calculated after correcting for the magnetic moments of each magnetic mineral. Therefore, under the assumption that the variability of the magnetic parameters results from postdepositional mineralogical transformations, a relatively constant amount of magnetite was present at the surface of the sediment. Changes in redox conditions and nonsteady state diagenesis transformations have effectively been observed along both cores. Large values of total organic carbon coincide with poor preservation of biogenic and detrital magnetite, which reflects reductive dissolution of the finer magnetite grains. At the same levels, Fe2+ release from reductively dissolved magnetite favored precipitation of goethite. The susceptibility peaks coincide with episodes of magnetite preservation caused by reduced surface productivity and/or enhanced bottom‐water ventilation accompanying northward extension of Glacial Antarctic Intermediate Water into the Indian Ocean.
Insights into distributed plate rates across the Walker Lane from GPS geodesy
Authors: Lifton Zachery M. , Newman Andrew V. , Frankel Kurt L. , Johnson Christopher W. , Dixon Timothy H.
Published: August 2013

Contemporary geodetic slip rates are observed to be approximately two times greater than late Pleistocene geologic slip rates across the southern Walker Lane. Using a dense GPS network, we compare the present‐day crustal velocities to observed geologic slip rates in the region. We find that the Walker Lane is characterized by a smooth transition from westward extension in the Basin and Range to northwestward motion of the Sierra Nevada block. The GPS velocity field indicates that (1) plate parallel (N37°W) velocities define a velocity differential of 10.6 ± 0.5 mm/yr between the western Basin and Range and the Sierra Nevada block, (2) there is ~2 mm/yr of contemporary extension perpendicular to the normal faults of the Silver Peak‐Lone Mountain extensional complex, and (3) most of the observed discrepancy in long‐ and short‐term slip rates occurs across Owens Valley. We believe the discrepancy is due to distributed strain and underestimated geologic slip rates.
Local and remote effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on the electrical activity of the motor cortical network
Authors: Notturno Francesca , Marzetti Laura , Pizzella Vittorio , Uncini Antonino , Zappasodi Filippo
Published: August 2013

We systematically investigated the effects of cathodal and anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (CtDCS, AtDCS) on the electric activity of primary motor cortex during a motor task. High‐density electroencephalography was used to define the spatial diffusion of tDCS after effects. Ten healthy subjects performed a finger tapping task with the right hand before and after three separate sessions of 20 minutes of Sham, AtDCS or CtDCS over left primary motor cortex (M1). During movement, we found an increment of low alpha band Event‐Related Desynchronization (ERD) in bilateral central, frontal areas and in the left inferior parietal region, as well as an increment of beta ERD in fronto‐central and parieto‐occipital regions, after AtDCs compared to Sham and CtDCS. In the rest pre‐movement period, after Sham as well as AtDCS, we documented an increment of low alpha band power over the course of pre‐ and post‐stimulation recording sessions, localized in the sensorimotor and parieto‐occipital regions. On the contrary, after CtDCS no increment of low alpha power was found. Finally beta band coherence among signals from left sensorimotor cortex and activity of bilateral parietal, occipital and right frontal regions was higher after AtDCS compared with Sham condition. Similarly, theta coherence with parietal and frontal regions was enhanced after AtDCS. We hypothesize that the local modulation of membrane polarization, as well as long‐lasting synaptic modification induced by tDCS over M1, could result in changes of both local band power and functional architecture of the motor network. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2220–2232, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maintenance and manipulation of somatosensory information in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
Authors: Spitzer Bernhard , Goltz Dominique , Wacker Evelin , Auksztulewicz Ryszard , Blankenburg Felix
Published: August 2013

Neuroimaging studies of working memory (WM) suggest that prefrontal cortex may assist sustained maintenance, but also internal manipulation, of stimulus representations in lower‐level areas. A different line of research in the somatosensory domain indicates that neuronal activity in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) may also represent specific memory contents in itself, however leaving open to what extent top‐down control on lower‐level areas is exerted, or how internal manipulation processes are implemented. We used functional imaging and connectivity analysis to study static maintenance and internal manipulation of tactile working memory contents after physically identical stimulation conditions, in human subjects. While both tasks recruited similar subareas in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in VLPFC, static maintenance of the tactile information was additionally characterized by increased functional coupling between IFG and primary somatosensory cortex. Independently, during internal manipulation, a quantitative representation of the task‐relevant information was evident in IFG itself, even in the absence of physical stimulation. Together, these findings demonstrate the functional diversity of activity within VLPFC according to different working memory demands, and underline the role of IFG as a core region in sensory WM processing. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2412–2423, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel diagnostic procedure for determining metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer using a semi‐dry dot‐blot method
Authors: Otsubo Ryota , Oikawa Masahiro , Hirakawa Hiroshi , Shibata Kenichiro , Abe Kuniko , Hayashi Tomayoshi , Kinoshita Naoe , Shigematsu Kazuto , Hatachi Toshiko , Yano Hiroshi , Matsumoto Megumi , Takagi Katsunori , Tsuchiya Tomoshi , Tomoshige Koichi , Nakashima Masahiro , Taniguchi Hideki , Omagari Takeyuki , Itoyanagi Noriaki , Nagayasu Takeshi
Published: August 2013

We developed an easy, quick and cost‐effective detection method for lymph node metastasis called the semi‐dry dot‐blot (SDB) method, which visualizes the presence of cancer cells with washing of sectioned lymph nodes by anti‐pancytokeratin antibody, modifying dot‐blot technology. We evaluated the validity and efficacy of the SDB method for the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in a clinical setting (Trial 1). To evaluate the validity of the SDB method in clinical specimens, 180 dissected lymph nodes from 29 cases, including breast, gastric and colorectal cancer, were examined. Each lymph node was sliced at the maximum diameter and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the SDB method were determined and compared with the final pathology report. Metastasis was detected in 32 lymph nodes (17.8%), and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the SDB method were 100, 98.0 and 98.3%, respectively (Trial 2). To evaluate the efficacy of the SDB method in sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy, 174 SLNs from 100 cases of clinically node‐negative breast cancer were analyzed. Each SLN was longitudinally sliced at 2‐mm intervals and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and time required for the SDB method were determined and compared with the intraoperative pathology report. Metastasis was detected in 15 SLNs (8.6%), and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and mean required time of the SDB method were 93.3, 96.9, 96.6 and 43.3 min, respectively. The SDB method is a novel and reliable modality for the intraoperative diagnosis of SLN metastasis.
Microstructures, mechanical behavior, cellular response, and hemocompatibility of bulk ultrafine‐grained pure tantalum
Authors: Nie F. L. , Zheng Y. F. , Wang Y. , Wang J. T.
Published: August 2013

Bulk ultrafine‐grained (UFG) pure Ta had been successfully prepared by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) technique till eight passes. The 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 8th ECAPed Ta samples were investigated in the current study, with the 0th ECAPed Ta sample as the microcrystalline counterpart control. The microstructure and grain size distribution were characterized by X‐ray diffractometer patterns, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis by means of histogram. Although the mechanical behavior of all the experimental samples were analyzed through uniaxial tensile measurement and microhardness test, in vitro biological interactions onto the substrates such as protein adsorption, cellular responses derived from different types of cell lines, and the activity of erythrocyte and platelets were further evaluated and specifically assessed by bicinchoninic acid assay, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and the method of colorimetric reading. A superior percentage of protein adsorption can be observed on the substrate of the UFG 8th ECAPed Ta (around 90%), even above those on the tissue culture plate (control) and the other ECAPed Ta samples. Furthermore, the UFG 8th ECAPed Ta shows no cytotoxic within 4 days culture when incubated with the murine fibroblast cell lines (L929). In addition, a priority order in the growth of endothelial cells (ECV304) other than vascular smooth muscle cells was observed in the case of the UFG 8th ECAPed Ta. In terms of hemolysis rate and adhered platelets (both the amount and the individual morphology), an evolutionary outcome of preferentially enhanced hemocompatibility can be concluded for the case of the UFG 8th ECAPed Ta. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 221–230, 2014.
Surface Density of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Modulates Endothelial Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Galas Richard J. , Liu Julie C.
Published: August 2013

Therapeutic strategies aim to regulate vasculature either by encouraging vessel growth for tissue engineering or inhibiting vascularization around a tumor. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is essential to these processes, and there are several strategies that manipulate VEGF signaling. Here we develop a method to control the surface density of VEGF, which is covalently attached to tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), and explore cellular responses to surfaces with varying VEGF densities. We show that the crosslinker reduces but does not eliminate the biological activity of soluble VEGF as measured by endothelial proliferation. However, endothelial cells cultured on surfaces of covalently bound VEGF did not proliferate in response to surface cues. Interestingly, compared to cells incubated with soluble VEGF (10 ng/ml) and cultured on TCPS, lower cell proliferation was observed when endothelial cells were cultured on high VEGF surface densities (5.9 ng/cm2), whereas higher cell proliferation occurred when cells were cultured on low surface densities (0.04 ng/cm2). High density surfaces (5.9 ng/cm2) also acted in synergy with an inhibitor of VEGF receptors to further suppress endothelial cell proliferation. We also examined the effect of VEGF surfaces on endothelial differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. No effect was observed when cells were cultured on VEGF surfaces; however, the VEGF surfaces acted in synergy with an inhibitor of VEGF receptors to decrease the ability of differentiated cells to form vascular networks. Together, these results suggest that surface density of bound VEGF can be used to modulate cell behavior and inhibit an angiogenic response. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 111–120, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐range corrected density functionals combined with local response dispersion: A promising method for weak interactions
Authors: Kar Rahul , Song Jong‐Won , Sato Takeshi , Hirao Kimihiko
Published: August 2013

Density functional theory, in general, is considered to underestimate the weak van der Waals type of intermolecular interactions. We optimized parameters of the local response dispersion (LRD) method applied to the long‐range corrected exchange‐correlation functionals (LC‐BOP12+LRD and LCgau‐BOP+LRD) on the interaction energy for the complexes in the recently compiled S66 database and found to be comparable with the high‐level wave function‐based methods reported in Řezáč et al. (J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2011, 7, 2427). Our calculations with the S66 intermolecular complexes at equilibrium geometries suggests that the LC‐BOP12+LRD and LCgau‐BOP+LRD are well‐balanced and lower cost alternatives to the methods reported in the database. Further, test on the S66X8 database (with eight nonequilibrium points) and the HBC6 and NBC10 database shows LC+LRD method with newly optimized parameters is a promising candidate for dealing such weak interactions. Finally, the new parameterized LC+LRD method was tested on X40 benchmark halogenated complexes.Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hürthle cell thyroid adenoma with an eggshell calcification: Sonographic‐pathologic correlation
Authors: Kwon Lee Sang
Published: August 2013

We report the sonographic pathologic correlation in a case of Hürthle cell thyroid adenoma with an eggshell calcification in a 58‐year‐old woman. The mass was hypoechoic with a continuous eggshell calcification on gray‐scale sonographic and intranodular vascularity power Doppler imaging. At pathological examination, the dystrophic calcification of eggshell type was located between the intact fibrous capsule and the main tumor matrix. Hürthle cell adenoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of a thyroid nodule with an eggshell calcification. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:172–175, 2014
Grist for Riedl's mill: A network model perspective on the integration and modularity of the human skull
Authors: Esteve‐Altava Borja , Marugán‐Lobón Jesús , Botella Héctor , Bastir Markus , Rasskin‐Gutman Diego
Published: August 2013

Riedl's concept of burden neatly links development and evolution by ascertaining that structures that show a high degree of developmental co‐dependencies with other structures are more constrained in evolution. The human skull can be precisely modeled as an articulated complex system of bones connected by sutures, forming a network of structural co‐dependencies. We present a quantitative analysis of the morphological integration, modularity, and hierarchical organization of this human skull network model. Our overall results show that the human skull is a small‐world network, with two well‐delimited connectivity modules: one facial organized around the ethmoid bone, and one cranial organized around the sphenoid bone. Geometric morphometrics further support this two‐module division, stressing the direct relationship between the developmental information enclosed in connectivity patterns and skull shape. Whereas the facial module shows a hierarchy of clustered blocks of bones, the bones of the cranial modules show a regular pattern of connections. We analyze the significance of these arrangements by hypothesizing specific structural roles for the most important bones involved in the formation of both modules, in the context of Riedl's burden. We conclude that it is the morphological integration of each group of bones that defines the semi‐hierarchical organization of the human skull, reflecting fundamental differences in the ontogenetic patterns of growth and the structural constraints that generate each module. Our study also demonstrates the adequacy of network analysis as an innovative tool to understand the morphological complexity of anatomical systems. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B: 489–500, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A detailed view of the injection‐induced seismicity in a natural gas reservoir in Zigong, southwestern Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Lei Xinglin , Ma Shengli , Chen Wenkang , Pang Chunmei , Zeng Jie , Jiang Bing
Published: August 2013

Seismicity at a gas reservoir located in the relatively stable Sichuan Basin, China, mirrors the injection pressure of unwanted water, suggesting that the seismicity is injection induced. Injection under high pressure on a routine basis began on 9 January 2009 and continued to July 2011. During the injection period, over 120,000 m3 of water was pumped under a wellhead pressure of up to 6.2 MPa into the limestone formation of Permian 2.45 to 2.55 km beneath the surface. The injection induced more than 7000 surface‐recorded earthquakes, including 2 M4+ (the largest one was ML4.4), 20 M3+, and more than 100 M2+ events. Data observed by a nearby local seismic network and five temporal stations provide a detailed view of the spatiotemporal distribution of the induced earthquakes. Most events were limited to depths ranging from 2.5 to 4 km, which is consistent with the limestone formation of Permian. In a map view, hypocenters are concentrated in a NNW extended ellipsoidal zone approximately 6 km long and approximately 2 km wide centered approximately at the injection well. Multisources of evidence such as the shear mechanism, pattern of hypocenter distribution, and small elevated pore pressure as compared with the least principal stress in the region show that the induced earthquakes occurred as a result of lowering of the effective normal stress on known or unknown preexisting blind faults which are critically loaded under the regional stress field. Epidemic‐type aftershock sequence modeling results indicate that injection inducing and earthquake triggering are both important during earlier periods of injection, while later periods are dominated by forced (injection‐induced) seismicity.
The Canadian Arctic Archipelago throughflow in a multiresolution global model: Model assessment and the driving mechanism of interannual variability
Authors: Wekerle Claudia , Wang Qiang , Danilov Sergey , Jung Thomas , Schröter Jens
Published: August 2013

The volume and freshwater transports through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) are assessed using the unstructured‐mesh Finite Element Sea ice‐Ocean Model (FESOM) in a global setup with the CAA resolved at 5 km scale. The hindcast simulation realistically represents fluxes through the main gates of the Arctic Ocean and the Arctic sea ice conditions. During the period 1968–2007, the mean volume transports through Lancaster Sound and Nares Strait amount to 0.86 and 0.91 Sv, respectively. The monthly mean volume transport through western Lancaster Sound is highly correlated with the observational estimate (r = 0.81). The seasonal variability of the Lancaster Sound transport is well represented in the model. The simulated mean CAA freshwater export rate is 123 mSv, slightly higher than the observational estimate. The interannual variability of CAA volume transports is determined by sea surface height (SSH) gradients between the Arctic Ocean and northern Baffin Bay. The sea level upstream of Lancaster Sound is mainly determined by that along the Beaufort Sea coast, which can be explained by changes in the wind regimes (cyclonic versus anticyclonic) associated with release or accumulation of freshwater in the Beaufort Gyre. Sea level variations downstream of Lancaster Sound and Nares Strait are connected to SSH variations in the eastern Baffin Bay and in the Labrador Sea, which can be attributed to the variability of ocean‐atmosphere heat fluxes. Both processes upstream and downstream of the CAA are linked with the North Atlantic Oscillation type of atmospheric variability. The local mesh refinement of ∼5 km allows us to investigate the contribution of individual narrow straits to the Parry Channel volume transport. The volume transports through these straits show a very similar variability.
Timing and magnitude of spring bloom and effects of physical environments over the Grand Banks of Newfoundland
Authors: Zhao Hui , Han Guoqi , Wang Dongxiao
Published: August 2013

Spring bloom is a dominant feature of seasonal phytoplankton cycles in the northwest Atlantic continental shelf. In this study, we investigate temporal and spatial variations of spring‐bloom timing and intensity over the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, using satellite ocean color data and other oceanographic measurements from January 1998 to December 2009. The spring bloom has strong interannual and meridional changes in its timing and intensities. Physical oceanographic conditions including the sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed, and mixed layer depth (MLD) also show evident interannual variations. The spring boom starts first in the southern Bank in February–March and often in the central and northern Bank in April, respectively. An early initiation of spring blooms is generally associated with high SST, weak winds, and shallow MLD at the beginning stage of the spring blooms, and tends to result in stronger intensities. However, the photosynthesis available radiance does not seem to affect the bloom initiation in the southern area or the bloom intensity over the entire Banks. In the southern area, higher SST does not lead to larger bloom magnitude. Our analysis shows that the effect of the SST in the northern area is primarily through the earlier ice melting. It also indicates that Sverdrup's critical depth criteria are suitable for conditions over the Grand Banks. The present study points to the significant sub‐bank‐scale differences in the timing and magnitude of the spring bloom attributable to underlying physical environments, important for the integrated management of the Grand Banks ecosystem.
Synthesis of thiophene/phenylene co‐oligomers. II [1]. Block and alternating co‐oligomers
Authors: Hotta S. , Kimura H. , Lee S. A. , Tamaki T.
Published: August 2013

We report the synthesis of block and alternating thiophene/phenylene co‐oligomers that is based either on the Suzuki coupling reaction or on the Grignard reaction. These reaction schemes enable us to obtain the target compounds at reasonably high yields. The resulting materials have been fully characterized through the solid‐state 13C nmr and Fourier‐transform ir as well as the 1H nmr. Of these, the solid‐state 13C nmr and ir are particularly useful in characterizing the materials of higher molecular weight, since those materials are difficult to dissolve in organic solvents.
Hybrid multidimensional T2 and diffusion‐weighted MRI for prostate cancer detection
Authors: Wang Shiyang , Peng Yahui , Medved Milica , Yousuf Ambereen N. , Ivancevic Marko K. , Karademir Ibrahim , Jiang Yulei , Antic Tatjana , Sammet Steffen , Oto Aytekin , Karczmar Gregory S.
Published: August 2013

Purpose

To study the dependence of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2 on echo time (TE) and b‐value, respectively, in normal prostate and prostate cancer, using two‐dimensional MRI sampling, referred to as “hybrid multidimensional imaging.”

Materials and Methods

The study included 10 patients with biopsy‐proven prostate cancer who underwent 3 Tesla prostate MRI. Diffusion‐weighted MRI (DWI) data were acquired at b = 0, 750, and 1500 s/mm2. For each b‐value, data were acquired at TEs of 47, 75, and 100 ms. ADC and T2 were measured as a function of b‐value and TE, respectively, in 15 cancer and 10 normal regions of interest (ROIs). The Friedman test was used to test the significance of changes in ADC as a function of TE and of T2 as a function of b‐value.

Results

In normal prostate ROIs, the ADC at TE of 47 ms is significantly smaller than ADC at TE of 100 ms (P = 0.0003) and T2 at b‐value of 0 s/mm2 is significantly longer than T2 at b‐value of 1500 s/mm2 (P = 0.001). In cancer ROIs, average ADC and T2 values do not change as a function of TE and b‐value, respectively. However, in many cancer pixels, there are large decreases in the ADC as a function of TE and large increases in T2 as a function of b‐value. Cancers are more conspicuous in ADC maps at longer TEs.

Conclusion

Parameters derived from hybrid imaging that depend on coupled/associated values of ADC and T2 may improve the accuracy of MRI in diagnosing prostate cancer. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:781–788. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of low dose X‐ray irradiation on porcine articular cartilage explants
Authors: Lindburg Carl Alexander , Willey Jeffrey S. , Dean Delphine
Published: August 2013

Ionizing radiation therapy is a crucial treatment for cancer, but can damage surrounding normal tissues. Damage to articular cartilage leading to arthropathy can occur at irradiated sites. It is unclear whether this response is due to damaging surrounding skeletal structures or direct effects on cartilage. In this study, we showed that irradiation with 2 Gy of X‐rays causes a significant reduction in the stiffness of porcine explants 1 week post‐irradiation. By using both microindentation and indentation‐type atomic force microscopy, ionizing radiation reduces stiffness in both the superficial zone, and throughout the entire thickness of the tissue. Young's modulus values were 75% and 60% lower in 2 Gy irradiated samples when compared with controls using microindentation and nanoindentation, respectively. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) released into the culture media of irradiated samples was nearly 100% greater at 24 h after exposure. While collagen content in the tissue is similar between groups, GAG content is 55% lower in irradiated explants compared with controls 7 days after exposure. Therefore, the irradiated explants are unable to recover from the initial loss of GAGs by 1 week. This acute loss of GAGs is a likely contributor to the reduction in modulus seen after exposure to ionizing radiation. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1780–1785, 2013
An effective method for determining the ingredients of Shuanghuanglian formula in blood samples using high‐resolution LC–MS coupled with background subtraction and a multiple data processing approach
Authors: Yan Guang‐li , Zhang Ai‐hua , Sun Hui , Han Ying , Shi Hui , Zhou Ying , Wang Xi‐jun
Published: August 2013

Shuanghuanglian formula (SF) is a combination of Flos lonicerae japonicae, Radix scutellariae, and Fructus forsythiae, commonly used to treat viral or bacterial infections. However, the constituents absorbed into the blood after oral administration of SF are difficult to determine and thus remain unclear. Here, we report the application of an accurate background subtraction and multiple data processing approach (Bs‐Mpa) for the comprehensive detection of compounds of SF in vivo. A sensitive and reliable ultra‐performance LC coupled with ESI quadrupole TOF MS (UPLC–ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS) approach coupled with Bs‐Mpa, which is implemented in the Strip tool from UPLC to remove nonrelated ion signals from accurate mass LC–MS data, was established to characterize the chemical constituents and rat metabolites of SF. In the loading plot of the principal component analysis, 68 ions of interest were extracted from blood samples, among them, 39 absorbed prototype components of SF and 29 metabolites were identified in vivo. It is concluded that the integrative Bs‐Mpa method can be successfully applied for the rapid discovery of multiple components from a traditional Chinese medicine. The above challenge was addressed by using the proposed Bs‐Mpa method and it was particularly suitable for applying to the global characterization of the constituents or metabolites in rat blood after oral administration of other well‐known formulae.
Chiral Conjugated Microporous Polymers as Novel Chiral Fluorescence Sensors for Amino Alcohols
Authors: Wei Juan , Zhang Xiaoming , Zhao Yaopeng , Li Ruixiang
Published: August 2013

Novel (R)‐(+)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol ((R)‐(+)‐BINOL)‐based conjugated microporous polymers (CMP1–4) with high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area are synthesized through Sonogashira–Hagihara cross‐coupling of di‐/tetra‐bromo‐substituted (R)‐(+)‐BINOL derivatives and 1,3,5‐triethynylbenzene. Fluorescence studies find that CMP4 can act as a sensitive and enantioselective sensor for chiral amino alcohols, such as 2‐amino‐1‐propanol (AA1), 2‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐butanol (AA2), and 2‐amino‐2‐phenylethanol (AA3), which expands the application scope of conjugated microporous polymers.

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Impact of East Asian winter monsoon on the Pacific storm track
Authors: Zhang Man , Qi Youcun , Hu Xiao‐Ming
Published: August 2013

The storm track plays an important role in modulating the variability of atmosphere circulations such as day‐to‐day weather variability and teleconnection patterns. The variation in amplitude of the storm track is usually related to the midlatitude basic flow. Recent studies show that a strong (weak) East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and weak (strong) synoptic eddy activity lead to the weakening (enhancement) of the Pacific storm track. Two empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of the EAWM were identified recently. However, their different impacts on the position and intensity of the Pacific storm track are not clear. Based on the ECMWF 40 Year Re‐analysis (ERA40) data, the different responses of the Pacific storm track to these two EOF modes of EAWM are investigated in this study. The results imply that the first EOF mode (i.e., the northern mode) of EAWM, characterized by a northward‐shifted westerly jet tends to lead to a northward shift of the Pacific storm track. The second EOF mode (i.e., the southern mode) of EAWM, featured by a more southward located westerly jet stream, tends to cause a southward shift of the Pacific storm track. Moreover, the amplitude of the Pacific storm track associated with the southern mode is considerably weaker than the amplitude associated with the northern mode. It is also demonstrated that the westerly jet associated with the EAWM may play an important role in transporting the upstream synoptic waves to the Pacific Ocean and contributing to the development of the Pacific storm track.
Surgical treatment for total root avulsion type brachial plexus injuries by neurotization: A prospective comparison study between total and hemicontralateral C7 nerve root transfer
Authors: Tu Yuan‐Kun , Tsai Yi‐Jung , Chang Chih‐Han , Su Fong‐Chin , Hsiao Chih‐Kun , Tan Jacqueline Siau‐Woon
Published: August 2013

Purpose: We conducted a clinical study to evaluate the effects of neurotization, especially comparing the total contralateral C7 (CC7) root transfer to hemi‐CC7 transfer, on total root avulsion brachial plexus injuries (BPI). Methods: Forty patients who received neurotization for BPI were enrolled in this prospective study. Group 1 (n = 20) received hemi‐CC7 transfer for hand function, while group 2 (n = 20) received total‐CC7 transfer. Additional neurotization included spinal accessory, phrenic, and intercostal nerve transfer for shoulder and elbow function. The results were evaluated with an average of 6 years follow‐up. Results: Group 1 had fewer donor site complications (15%) than group 2 (45%); group 2 had significantly better hand M3 and M4 motor function (65%) than group 1 (30%; P = 0.02). There was no difference in sensory recovery. Significantly, better shoulder function was obtained by simultaneous neurotization on both suprascapular and axillary nerves. Conclusions: Total‐CC7 transfer had better hand recovery but more donor complications than hemi‐CC7. Neurotization on both supra‐scapular and axillary nerves improved shoulder recovery. © 2013 The Authors. Microsurgery published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:91–101, 2014.
On a posteriori error control for the Allen–Cahn problem
Authors: Georgoulis Emmanuil H. , Makridakis Charalambos
Published: August 2013

We derive a posteriori bounds in non‐Hilbertian norms for finite element approximations to the Allen–Cahn phase field model. The derivation of the bounds relies crucially on an approximate spectral estimate for the linearised steady part of the partial differential equation, yielding only polynomial dependence on the phase separation length. A second key ingredient in the proof of the a posteriori bounds is the use of the elliptic reconstruction framework, enabling the control of the error in the L ∞ (Lr)‐norms, r ∈ [2, ∞ ]. For simplicity of the presentation, only the spatially discrete method is considered here. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity of the joint survival probability for reinsurance schemes
Authors: Roumelioti Eleni E. , Zazanis Michael A. , Frangos Nikos E.
Published: August 2013

We model the joint risk process for an insurer and a reinsurer using a diffusion approximation and obtain expressions for the sensitivity of the joint survival probability with respect to parameters of the reinsurance scheme. The approach used leads, more generally, to explicit expressions for the sensitivity of functionals of diffusions in with constant coefficients, whose drift vector and covariance matrix are differentiable functions of a parameter, in a form suitable for efficient Monte Carlo simulation. The functionals examined depend on the values of the diffusion at a finite number of time epochs, and the sensitivities are calculated using the likelihood ratio method. An extension to dynamic reinsurance schemes is also briefly described, and sensitivity estimators are provided using the integration by parts formula of the Malliavin calculus. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) dead end gene is suitable as a specific molecular marker of type A spermatogonia
Authors: Yazawa Ryosuke , Takeuchi Yutaka , Morita Tetsuro , Ishida Masashi , Yoshizaki Goro
Published: August 2013

We developed a spermatogonial transplantation technique to produce donor‐derived gametes in surrogate fish. Our ultimate aim is to establish surrogate broodstock that can produce bluefin tuna. We previously determined that only type A spermatogonia (ASG) could colonize recipient gonads in salmonids. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a precise molecular marker that can distinguish ASG in order to develop efficient spermatogonial transplantation methods. In this study, the Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) dead end (BFTdnd) gene was identified as a specific marker for ASG. In situ hybridization and RT‐PCR analysis with various types of spermatogenic cell populations captured by laser microdissection revealed that localization of BFTdnd mRNA was restricted to ASG, and not detected in other differentiated spermatogenic cells. In order to determine if BFTdnd can be used as a molecular marker to identify germ cells with high transplantability, transplantation of dissociated testicular cells isolated from juvenile, immature, and mature Pacific bluefin tuna, which have different proportions of dnd‐positive ASG, were performed using chub mackerel as the surrogate recipient species. Colonization of transplanted donor germ cells was only successful with testicular cells from immature Pacific Bluefin tuna, which contained higher proportions of dnd‐positive ASG than juvenile and mature fish. Thus, BFTdnd is a useful tool for identifying highly transplantable ASG for spermatogonial transplantation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80: 871–880, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managerial Control and Strategy in Nonprofit Organizations: Doing the Right Things for the Wrong Reasons?
Authors: Tucker Basil P. , Parker Lee D.
Published: August 2013

This article presents the second stage of a study that engages with the debate that has occurred within the nonprofit literature about the propensity and relative merits of nonprofit organizations adopting for‐profit approaches to management. Specifically, this qualitative investigation examines the ways in which nonprofit organizations use management control when implementing their chosen strategies. Although this topic has been the subject of considerable attention in the management accounting research, it has rarely been explored within a nonprofit context. This is surprising not only because of the considerable social and economic impact of this sector, but also because of the apparent trend toward sectoral convergence in many structural and processual respects, including strategic behaviors and approaches to control. Based on interviews with CEOs and senior executives in thirty‐two Australian nonprofit organizations, we find that the relationship between strategy and control in nonprofit organizations is similar to that in for‐profit organizations, but quite different reasons underlie nonprofit organizations' exercising of management control.
Uncharted Waters: Exploring the Relationship between Strategy Processes and Management Control Systems in the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Tucker Basil P. , Thorne Helen , Gurd Bruce W.
Published: August 2013

The way in which strategy and management control combine has been the subject of much research attention, but rarely, within a nonprofit context. This is surprising, not only because of the considerable social and economic impact of this sector, but also in view of the apparent trend toward sectoral convergence in many structural and processual respects, including strategic behaviors and approaches to control. In this article, we explore the extent to which the relationship between management control and strategy, as found in for‐profit organizations, may prevail within a nonprofit context. Based on questionnaire responses from 182 Australian nonprofit organizations, we find that this relationship in nonprofit organizations is similar to that in for‐profit organizations, thereby lending support to the “convergence” argument. We reflect on the reasons for these similarities and advance an agenda for further research in this area.
Toughening strategies of carbon nanotube/polycarbonate composites with electromagnetic interference shielding properties
Authors: Pardo Santiago G. , Arboleda Laura , Ares Ana , García Xoan , Dopico Sonia , Abad Maria J.
Published: August 2013

The effect of different toughening strategies on the mechanical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube/polycarbonate composite (PC/MWNT) for electromagnetic interference shielding was analyzed from the mechanical and fracture tests using linear elastic fracture mechanics. The effect of processing (injection and compression molding) and manufacturing (annealing) conditions in the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity has been studied. The classic electromagnetic theory predicts a shielding effectiveness around 40 dB for nanocomposites with 5 wt% of MWNT in the frequency range studied. These values make these compounds to be very interesting materials for potential applications as electronic housings. Therefore, a combination of cyclic form of polybutylene terephthalate addition and annealing strategies let to optimize flexural parameters and improve the flexural modulus of PC composites. The rheology results showed that the dynamic moduli and the viscosity grew with increasing MWNT content. A significant change in frequency dependence of the moduli was observed, with respect to pure PC, which indicates a transition from a liquid‐like to a solid‐like behavior.

Finally, the morphological study proves that the composites display different toughening mechanisms as function of carbon nanotube quantity. This fact could explain the different fracture behaviors of materials. In summary, it has been proved that it is possible to obtain PC/MWNT nanocomposites with relatively high conductivity, minimizing the loss of mechanical properties, using processing techniques easily scalable at industrial level. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:1938–1949, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Nanomechanical and tribological properties of carbon nanotube/polyvinyl butyral composites
Authors: Charitidis Constantinos A. , Koumoulos Elias P. , Giorcelli Mauro , Musso Simone , Jagadale Pravin , Tagliaferro Alberto
Published: August 2013

The surface and subsurface mechanical and tribological properties of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)/polyvinyl butyral (PVB) composites have been studied. Hardness and elastic modulus were obtained from nanoindentation, whereas the coefficient of friction of the composites was obtained using a nanoscratch method. The results show a clear impact of the percentage of CNTs filling on the monitored properties. Considerable improvement in the scratch resistance is obtained by the addition of CNTs and a maximum increase in nanomechanical properties is found at intermediate levels of CNTs filling. Creep studies revealed that a higher loading rate results in a greater primary creep deformation and leads to an increase of the total creep deformation, whereas the addition of MWCNTs affects the elastic recovery of the PVB matrix. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:1950–1959, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers