bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of a supersonic wind tunnel diffuser using genetic algorithm
Authors: Farahat Said , Javadpour Seyyed Morteza , Hamidi Hesamodin Ebnodin , Kadivar Ebrahim
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to find the optimum design of diffuser of supersonic wind tunnel in order to access the minimum overall pressure drop in wind tunnel, using evolutionary algorithm.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors developed a genetic algorithm (GA) code to calculate the shape of a diffuser with flexible walls in order to have the maximum pressure recovery. The two-dimensional turbulent and compressible flow was analyzed numerically using shear-stress transport and Advection Upstream Splitting Method (AUSM)+ turbulence models and its optimization with GA.

Findings

– The results of this study indicate that elitist GA promises a powerful method for optimization of the wind tunnel diffuser. Separation zone is reduced by 22.2 percent at the convergent part of diffuser and 56 percent at the divergent part of diffuser. The efficiency of new optimized wind tunnel diffuser increased by 83 percent in comparison to the sample of supersonic wind tunnel.

Originality/value

– It has been observed that AUSM+ method and shape design optimization using GA are robust and efficient technique to optimize wind tunnel diffuser.
Consistent crystal plasticity kinematics and linearization for the implicit finite element method
Authors: Messner Mark , Beaudoin Armand , Dodds Robert
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to describe several novel techniques for implementing a crystal plasticity (CP) material model in a large deformation, implicit finite element framework.

Design/methodology/approach

– Starting from the key kinematic assumptions of CP, the presentation develops the necessary CP correction terms to several common objective stress rates and the consistent linearization of the stress update algorithm. Connections to models for slip system hardening are isolated from these processes.

Findings

– A kinematically consistent implementation is found to require a correction to the stress update to include plastic vorticity developed by slip deformation in polycrystals. A simpler, more direct form for the algorithmic tangent is described. Several numerical examples demonstrate the capabilities and computational efficiency of the formulation.

Research limitations/implications

– The implementation assumes isotropic slip system hardening. With simple modifications, the described approach extends readily to anisotropic coupled or uncoupled hardening functions.

Practical implications

– The modular formulation and implementation support streamlined development of new models for slip system hardening without modifications of the stress update and algorithmic tangent computations. This implementation is available in the open-source code WARP3D.

Originality/value

– In the process of developing the CP formulation, this work realized the need for corrections to the Green-Naghdi and Jaumann objective stress rates to account properly for non-zero plastic vorticity. The paper describes fully the consistent linearization of the stress update algorithm and details a new scheme to implement the model with improved efficiency.
Invariants of mesoscale thermal conductivity and resistivity tensors in random checkerboards
Authors: Dalaq Ahmed S , Ranganathan Shivakumar I.
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to study the statistics of thermal conductivity and resistivity tensors in two-phase random checkerboard microstructures at finite mesoscales.

Design/methodology/approach

– Microstructures at finite scales are generated by randomly sampling an infinite checkerboard at 50 percent nominal fraction. Boundary conditions that stem from the Hill-Mandel homogenization condition are then applied as thermal loadings on these microstructures.

Findings

– It is observed that the thermal response of the sampled microstructures is in general anisotropic at finite mesoscales. Based on 1,728 boundary value problems, the statistics of the tensor invariants (trace and determinant) are obtained as a function of material contrast, mesoscale and applied boundary conditions. The histograms as well as the moments (mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis) of the invariants are computed and discussed. A simple analytical form for the variance of the trace of mesoscale conductivity tensor is proposed as a function of individual phase conductivities and the mesoscale.

Originality/value

– A rigorous methodology to determine the evolution of the invariants of thermal conductivity (and resistivity) tensors across a variety of length scales (microscale to macroscale) is presented. The objective is to enable setting up of constitutive equations applicable to heat conduction that are valid across all length scales.
Yield surfaces of heterogeneous media with debonded inclusions
Authors: Somer Deniz D. , Peric D , de Souza Neto Eduardo Alberto , Dettmer Wulf G
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present knowledge in estimating yield surfaces of heterogeneous media by use of homogenization, especially where the macroscopic behaviour is driven by weak interfaces between phase constituents.

Design/methodology/approach

– A computational homogenization procedure is used to determine the yield surface of a Representative Volume Element (RVE) that contains a fully debonded inclusion embedded within ideally plastic matrix, whereby the interface is modelled by a Coulomb type friction law.

Findings

– The macroscopic behaviour of the RVE is shown to coincide an RVE with a hole for expanding loads, whereas for compressive loads, it was shown to approach an RVE with a fully bonded inclusion.

Originality/value

– The present paper builds on Gurson’s work in estimating macroscopic yield surfaces of heterogeneous materials. The work is novel in the sense that there had been no previous publications discussing influence of weak interfaces on yield surfaces.
Predecessors competency framework for nurturing successors in family firms
Authors: Samei Hossein , Feyzbakhsh Alireza
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– Previous research indicates that a high percentage of family firms are not able to transfer to the next generation. This is, for the most part, due to poor succession. In this regard, the competency of the predecessor in nurturing a competent successor is a central issue. The purpose of this paper is to identify the predecessor competencies required to nurture a successor.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research applied a qualitative research methodology with a case study approach, whereby five large Iranian family firms which have maintained superior performance across generations were studied.

Findings

– The findings indicated that predecessor competencies required for successor nurturing are open-mindedness, risk-taking, patience, explicitness, motivation, trustworthiness, communicative skills, and value orientation. Cross-case analysis also revealed that successor attributes and family attributes influence the importance of the predecessor’s competencies.

Originality/value

– The literature suggests a number of attributes that predecessors require for nurturing the successor in family firms. However, previous studies have proven to be weak in doing a systematic study, from a competency-based approach, to find the required predecessor competencies based on the methods used to nurture the successor. Therefore, this research would be helpful in explaining the predecessor’s required competencies for nurturing the successor.
Team composition of new venture founding teams: does personality matter?
Authors: Zhou Wencang , Hu Huajing , Zey Michael
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– First, using the task-relationship dichotomy as a framework, the purpose of this paper is to examine the direct effects of team personality level and team personality diversity on new venture growth. Second, the study examines the interaction effects of team personality level and diversity on venture growth.

Design/methodology/approach

– The sample consisted of 154 teams in a technology incubator in China. Data were collected through an online survey.

Findings

– Results indicate that high level but low diversity of team task-oriented personality was beneficial for new venture founding teams. Diversity of team task-oriented personality would hurt the new venture growth more when the level of task-oriented personality was low. Relationship-oriented personality diversity, but not the level of relationship-oriented personality, influenced new venture growth.

Research limitations/implications

– These findings advance research in entrepreneurship, groups, and teams, and provide practical policy implications as well.

Practical implications

– This study provides practical implications for policy makers regarding what supports should be provided in incubators and for entrepreneurs regarding team member selection.

Originality/value

– This is one of the first papers to study the personality composition of new venture founding teams.
Business students’ attitudes toward business ethics: an empirical investigation in Vietnam
Authors: Pham Loan N.T , Nguyen Lam Dang , Favia Monica J
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes toward business ethics of Vietnamese business students based on gender and the experience of having taken a business ethics course.

Design/methodology/approach

– A quantitative self-administered survey was conducted with a convenience sample of Vietnamese business students at a banking university in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. This study used the 30-item Attitudes Toward Business Ethics Questionnaire (ATBEQ) constructed by Neumann and Reichel (1987) based on the work of Stevens (1979). The Vietnamese version questionnaire was distributed, and 282 surveys were used for analysis. An item-by-item analysis was conducted based on gender and the experience of having taken a business ethics course.

Findings

– Significant differences were found on seven items based on gender and four items based on the experience of having taken a business ethics course. However, respondents appeared to have similar attitudes on the majority of the items.

Research limitations/implications

– Perhaps the greatest limitation of this study is the relatively uneven distribution of the respondents in the sample. The sample is skewed slightly toward women who are a bit older, fourth year or post-graduate and those who have not taken a business ethics course. In addition convenience sampling technique reduced its generalizability. This study is important because it supports the idea of ethics education to improve ethical decision-making of future business leaders and that education has an effect in Vietnam.

Practical implications

– As business students are the main subjects of this research, it can be useful for those involved in development of management and business education in Vietnam to have an overview on how gender impacts business students’ ethics perception. For the executives of multinational corporations, this study provides important information and adds support to a decision to do business in Vietnam.

Social implications

– Although there may be a perception of a less than ethical climate in Vietnam based on its Corruption Perception Index scores, it appears that Vietnamese business students in general express an ethical viewpoint. This study emphasizes the importance of ethics education that is culture-specific to build a strong ethical business environment that can help Vietnam prevent bribery and corruption and achieve sustainable growth and prosperity.

Originality/value

– This study contributes to the attitudes toward business ethics research and sheds light on the impact of gender and education (business ethics course) on Vietnamese business students’ ethical attitudes. There has been little research on business ethics in Vietnam. Academicians, managers, practitioners, policymakers, government leaders and the like can benefit from the findings of this paper.
Major event and city branding
Authors: Liu Yi-De
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to explore the effectiveness of a key branding campaign, based on a case study of Liverpool as the 2008 European Capital of Culture. Branding is a popular practice adopted by many cities in the context of intensified tourism competition.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study looks at quantitative data collected from an on-street face-to-face survey in 2008. In total, 611 questionnaires were distributed to and collected from local residents, visitors from the immediate hinterland, domestic tourists and overseas visitors.

Findings

– The analysis is done, first by investigating respondents’ impression on the Liverpool 08 brand and the branding campaign, and then by exploring the effects of the campaign. The positioning of Liverpool compared with other similar cities is addressed in the end.

Originality/value

– Event marketers need to be aware that visitor perceptions of the event’s branding are unlikely to be homogeneous. This could have significant implications on the design of brand and branding campaign and, then, affect whether the city could be effectively marketed.
Do stakeholders or social obligations drive corporate social and environmental responsibility reporting? Managerial views from a developing country
Authors: Hossain Md Moazzem , Alam Manzurul , Islam Muhammad Azizul , Hecimovic Angela
Published: July 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to explore senior managers’ perception and motivations of corporate social and environmental responsibility (CSER) reporting in the context of a developing country, Bangladesh.

Design/methodology/approach

– In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 senior managers of companies listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange. Publicly available annual reports of these companies were also analysed.

Findings

– The results indicate that senior managers perceive CSER reporting as a social obligation. The study finds that the managers focus mostly on child labour, human resources/rights, responsible products/services, health education, sports and community engagement activities as part of the social obligations. Interviewees identify a lack of a regulatory framework along with socio-cultural and religious factors as contributing to the low level of disclosures. These findings suggest that CSER reporting is not merely stakeholder-driven, but rather country-specific social and environmental issues play an important role in relation to CSER reporting practices.

Research limitations/implications

– This paper contributes to engagement-based studies by focussing on CSER reporting practices in developing countries and are useful for academics, practitioners and policymakers in understanding the reasons behind CSER reporting in developing countries.

Originality/value

– This paper addresses a literature “gap” in the empirical study of CSER reporting in a developing country, such as Bangladesh. This study fills a gap in the existing literature to understand managers’ motivations for CSER reporting in a developing country context. Managerial perceptions on CSER issues are largely unexplored in developing countries.
Scleroderma en coup de sabre with recurrent episodes of brain hemorrhage
Authors: Takahashi Takehiro , Asano Yoshihide , Oka Tomonori , Miyagaki Tomomitsu , Tamaki Zenshiro , Nonaka Senshu , Sato Shinichi
Published: July 2015

We report a 39‐year‐old man referred to our facility with linear sclerotic lesions along the several Blaschko's lines of the scalp. A year before the referral, he had had an episode of brain hemorrhage, although there was no evidence of vascular malformation or any other risk factors of brain hemorrhage for his young age. On the diagnosis of scleroderma en coup de sabre, prednisolone intake was initiated, and the skin lesions were well controlled. However, in the course of our follow up, he had another episode of brain hemorrhage, again without any evidence of cerebral vascular abnormalities. Organic intracranial abnormalities in this disease are well‐documented, but there have been few reports on comorbid recurrent brain hemorrhages. We herein discuss the possible relationship of the skin lesions with the brain hemorrhages in our case, taking notice of the implication of developmental abnormalities behind these apparently independent phenomena inside and outside the cranium.
HSP60 overexpression increases the protein levels of the p110α subunit of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase and c‐Myc
Authors: Yan Feng‐Qin , Wang Jian‐Qiu , Tsai Ya‐Ping , Wu Kou‐Juey
Published: July 2015

Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is a chaperone protein which plays an essential role in facilitating the folding of many newly synthesized proteins to reach their native forms. Increased HSP60 expression is observed in various types of human cancers. However, proteins induced by HSP60 to mediate transformation remain largely unknown. Here we show that HSP60 overexpression increases the protein levels of the p110α subunit of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K). The amino acid domain 288‐383 of HSP60 is used to increase the protein levels. Overexpression of HSP60 also induces the levels of phosphorylated Akt. In addition, the amino acid domain 288‐383 of HSP60 is used to induce c‐Myc expression. Finally, a mono‐ubiquitinated form of β‐catenin has a higher activity to activate β‐catenin downstream targets compared to wild‐type β‐catenin. These results indicate that HSP60 overexpression induces the levels or activity of multiple oncogenic proteins to mediate transformation.
Neuroprotective effects of a novel translocator protein (18 kDa) ligand, ZBD‐2, against focal cerebral ischemia and NMDA‐induced neurotoxicity
Authors: Li Xu‐Bo , Guo Hong‐Liang , Shi Tian‐Yao , Yang Le , Wang Min , Zhang Kun , Guo Yan‐Yan , Wu Yu‐Mei , Liu Shui‐Bing , Zhao Ming‐Gao
Published: July 2015

Ligands of the translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) have demonstrated rapid anxiolytic efficacy in stress responses and stress‐related disorders. This protein is involved in the synthesis of endogenous neurosteroids including pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and progesterone. These neurosteroids promote γ‐aminobutyric acid‐mediated neurotransmission in the central neural system (CNS). A TSPO ligand, N‐benzyl‐N‐ethyl‐2‐(7,8‐dihydro‐7‐benzyl‐8‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐9H‐purin‐9‐yl) acetamide (ZBD‐2) was recently synthesized. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ZBD‐2 and. In cultured cortical neurons, treatment with ZBD‐2 attenuated excitotoxicity induced by N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) exposure. It significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells by downregulating GluN2B‐containing NMDA receptors (NMDARs), the ratio of Bax/Bcl‐2, and levels of pro‐caspase‐3. Systemic treatment of ZBD‐2 provided significant neuroprotection in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. These findings provide direct evidence that neuroprotection by ZBD‐2 is partially mediated by inhibiting GluN2B‐containing NMDA receptor‐mediated excitotoxicity.
The value of male human papillomavirus vaccination in preventing cervical cancer and genital warts in a low‐resource setting
Authors: Sharma M , Sy S , Kim JJ
Published: July 2015

Objective

To estimate health benefits and incremental cost‐effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of pre‐adolescent boys and girls compared with girls alone for preventing cervical cancer and genital warts.

Design

Model‐based economic evaluation.

Setting

Southern Vietnam.

Population

Males and females aged ≥9 years.

Methods

We simulated dynamicHPVtransmission to estimate cervical cancer and genital warts cases. Models were calibrated to epidemiological data from south Vietnam.

Main outcome measures

Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs): cost per quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY).

Results

Vaccinating girls alone was associated with reductions in lifetime cervical cancer risk ranging from 20 to 56.9% as coverage varied from 25 to 90%. Adding boys to the vaccination programme yielded marginal incremental benefits (≤3.6% higher absolute cervical cancer risk reduction), compared with vaccinating girls alone at all coverages. At ≤25 international dollars (I$) per vaccinated adolescent (I$5 per dose),HPVvaccination of boys was below the threshold of Vietnam's per‐capitaGDP(I$2800), withICERs ranging from I$734 perQALYat 25% coverage to I$2064 perQALYfor 90% coverage. Including health benefits from averting genital warts yielded more favourableICERs, and vaccination of boys at I$10/dose became cost‐effective at or below 75% coverage. Using a lower cost‐effectiveness threshold of 50% of Vietnam'sGDP(I$1400), vaccinating boys was no longer attractive at costs above I$5 per dose regardless of coverage.

Conclusion

Vaccination of boys may be cost‐effective at low vaccine costs, but provides little benefit over vaccinating girls only. Focusing on achieving high vaccine coverage of girls may be more efficient for southern Vietnam and similar low‐resource settings.

Tweetable abstract

Limited cervical cancer reduction from including boys inHPVvaccination of girls in low‐resource settings.
Video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the treatment of non‐small‐cell lung cancer complicated with left atrial tumor thrombus
Authors: Xiao Fei , Bao Tong , Chen Jingyu , Liang Chaoyang , Ye Zhidong , Guo Yongqing
Published: July 2015

We report a case of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma complicated with a tumor thrombus in the left atrium. The left atrial tumor thrombus, together with the left lower lobe, was removed via complete video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), with cardiopulmonary bypass standby. The patient recovered well from surgery, received four cycles of postoperative chemotherapy, and is now under follow‐up at the outpatient clinic. Although the optimal treatment is still controversial, simultaneous VATS and atriotomy under the premise of preoperative evaluation of the thrombus, including size and extent, might prevent systemic embolization and sudden death, alleviate the wound, promote postoperative rehabilitation, and improve prognosis in selected patients.
Solitary pulmonary metastasis from occult papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Kaseda Kaoru , Watanabe Ken‐ichi , Sakamaki Hiroyuki , Kazama Akio
Published: July 2015

Pulmonary metastases from thyroid carcinoma typically cause a micronodular or miliary pattern throughout both lungs. Metastasis consisting of a solitary pulmonary nodule measuring 20 mm in diameter is rare. Here we report a case of a 66‐year‐old woman without a history of papillary thyroid carcinoma who presented with a pulmonary nodule measuring 20 mm in diameter, found on chest computed tomography during a health checkup. The patient underwent a right lobectomy. Microscopic examination showed well‐differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical findings were consistent with a diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Solitary metastasis to the lung from occult thyroid carcinoma is quite rare, but if a pulmonary nodule is encountered in a patient without a history of thyroid carcinoma, the possibility must be considered.
Signaling through Obstruction
Authors: Patty John W.
Published: July 2015

Obstruction is a time‐honored tradition in legislative politics. In many cases, obstruction can be foreseen to be ultimately unsuccessful, and in some of these cases, purely costly even to the obstructor. In this article, I construct a model of obstruction in which the individual obstruction of a fait accompli policy proposal is potentially informative precisely and ironically because it is inefficient. The theory, based on the legislators' reelection motivations, offers comparative static predictions about the frequency and length of obstruction as a function of the individual characteristics of the legislator and his or her electoral setting, including the legislator's value for reelection, the appeal of the legislator's challenger, the legislator's individual‐specific seniority, competence, and/or valence, and the visibility of the legislator's obstruction efforts to the voter. Finally, the theory illustrates the potential for transparency of legislators' individual actions to be strictly welfare reducing, even in the absence of pandering.
The effect of a selective CXCR2 antagonist (AZD5069) on human blood neutrophil count and innate immune functions
Authors: Jurcevic Stipo , Humfrey Charles , Uddin Mohib , Warrington Steve , Larsson Bengt , Keen Christina
Published: July 2015

Aims

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether selective antagonism of the cysteine‐X‐cysteine chemokine receptor‐2 (CXCR2) receptor has any adverse effects on the key innate effector functions of human neutrophils for defence against microbial pathogens.

Methods

In a double‐blind, crossover study, 30 healthy volunteers were randomized to treatment with the CXCR2 antagonist AZD5069 (100 mg) or placebo, twice daily orally for 6 days. The peripheral blood neutrophil count was assessed at baseline, daily during treatment and in response to exercise challenge and subcutaneous injection of granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF). Neutrophil function was evaluated by phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and by the oxidative burst response to E. coli.

Results

AZD5069 treatment reversibly reduced circulating neutrophil count from baseline by a mean [standard deviation (SD)] of −1.67 (0.67) ×109 l–1 vs. 0.19 (0.78) ×109 l–1 for placebo on day 2, returning to baseline by day 7 after the last dose. Despite low counts on day 4, a 10‐min exercise challenge increased absolute blood neutrophil count, but the effect with AZD5069 was smaller and not sustained, compared with placebo treatment. Subcutaneous G‐CSF on day 5 caused a substantial increase in blood neutrophil count in both placebo‐ and AZD5069‐treated subjects. Superoxide anion production in E. coli‐stimulated neutrophils and phagocytosis of E. coli were unaffected by AZD5069 (P = 0.375, P = 0.721, respectively vs. baseline, Day 4). AZD5069 was well tolerated.

Conclusions

CXCR2 antagonism did not appear adversely to affect the mobilization of neutrophils from bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, phagocytosis or the oxidative burst response to bacterial pathogens. This supports the potential of CXCR2 antagonists as a treatment option for diseases in which neutrophils play a pathological role.
Pharmacokinetics of tralokinumab in adolescents with asthma: implications for future dosing
Authors: Baverel Paul G. , Jain Meena , Stelmach Iwona , She Dewei , Agoram Balaji , Sandbach Sara , Piper Edward , Kuna Piotr
Published: July 2015

Aims

Tralokinumab, an investigational human immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody, potently and specifically neutralizes interleukin‐13, a central mediator of asthma. Tralokinumab has shown improvements in clinical endpoints in adults with uncontrolled asthma. The present study explored the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of a single tralokinumab dose, and utilized a population PK modelling and simulation approach to evaluate the optimal dosing strategy for adolescents.

Methods

Adolescent subjects with asthma, using daily controller medication, received a single subcutaneous dose of tralokinumab 300 mg. Safety, immunogenicity and PK data were collected during a 57‐day follow‐up. A population PK model was developed using data from the present study and prior studies in adults. Simulations were performed to evaluate dose adjustment requirements for adolescents.

Results

Twenty adolescents (12–17 years) were enrolled; all completed the study. No clinically relevant safety findings or antidrug antibodies were detected. PK parameters were similar to those observed in adults. PK modelling showed that body weight was a minor predictor of tralokinumab PK; after incorporating body weight into the PK model, a 15% (nonparametric 95% confidence interval 5%, 26%) lower clearance was found in adolescents compared with adults [173 (151, 209) vs. 204 (191, 229) ml day–1]. Simulations showed no therapeutically relevant differences in exposures between adolescent and adult populations, and similar PK profiles for weight‐based (4 mg kg–1) and fixed (300 mg) fortnightly subcutaneous doses of tralokinumab.

Conclusion

Single‐dose administration of tralokinumab 300 mg in adolescents was well tolerated, with a PK profile similar to that in adults. Exposure predictions suggest that dose adjustment is not required for adolescents.
Effect of maternal diet on offspring coping styles in rodents: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Besson Anne A. , Lagisz Malgorzata , Senior Alistair M. , Hector Katie L. , Nakagawa Shinichi
Published: July 2015

Maternal nutrition can have long‐term effects on offspring morphology, physiology and behaviours. However, it is unclear whether mothers ‘program’ offspring behavioural coping strategy (proactive/reactive) according to the predicted nutritional quality of their future environment. We conducted a systematic review on this topic and meta‐analytically synthesized relevant experimental data on mice and rats (46 studies). We included data from experiments where dams were subjected to caloric restriction, protein restriction or overfeeding around gestation and subsequently measured offspring activity, exploration, or anxiety. Overall, little evidence existed for effects of maternal nutrition on the three investigated behavioural traits. The high heterogeneity observed in the data set suggests that maternal programming may sometimes occur. However, because offspring had access to a balanced diet before testing, behaviours may have been reprogrammed. Our results may indicate that reprogrammed behaviours could ameliorate negative effects associated with sub‐optimal nutrition in early life. Further, our systematic review revealed clear knowledge gaps and fruitful future research avenues.
Long‐Term Effects of Parenting‐Focused Preventive Interventions to Promote Resilience of Children and Adolescents
Authors: Sandler Irwin , Ingram Alexandra , Wolchik Sharlene , Tein Jenn‐Yun , Winslow Emily
Published: July 2015

In this article, we address three questions concerning the long‐term effects of parenting‐focused preventive interventions: (a) Do prevention programs promote effective parenting in families facing normative stressors as well as those facing frequent adversity? (b) Do parenting programs prevent children's long‐term problems? (c) Do changes in parenting mediate long‐term effects of programs? We address these questions by summarizing evidence from 22 programs with randomized trials and followups of 3 years or longer. We describe in more detail two interventions for divorced and bereaved families, suggesting that they prevent a range of problems and promote a range of developmental competencies over a prolonged period. Program effects to strengthen parenting mediated many of these long‐term outcomes.
Serum testosterone predicts cardiorespiratory fitness impairment in normal‐weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Bacchi Elisabetta , Negri Carlo , Di Sarra Daniela , Tosi Flavia , Tarperi Cantor , Moretta Rossella , Schena Federico , Bonora Enzo , Kaufman Jean‐Marc , Moghetti Paolo
Published: July 2015

Objective

Limited literature has shown that maximal oxygen consumption (V'O2max), that is the maximal capacity of an individual to perform aerobic work, may be lowered in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, it remains unclear whether this impairment is associated with PCOS per se or is entirely due to body fat excess. Our objective was to assess whether cardiorespiratory fitness is altered in normal‐weight PCOS women and to investigate which factors are associated with this phenomenon.

Subjects

Fifteen normal‐weight PCOS women and 15 age‐ and BMI‐matched healthy controls. Fourteen subjects in each group completed the protocol.

Measurements

V'O2max and ventilatory thresholds (maximal incremental cycle ergometer test with breath‐by‐breath analysis of gas exchange), insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp) and androgenaemia (serum total and free testosterone, measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and equilibrium dialysis) were accurately assessed.

Results

Maximal V'O2 and power were strikingly impaired in normal‐weight PCOS individuals, as compared with healthy controls (29·4 ± 1·5 vs 35·8 ± 1·6 ml O2/kg/min, P = 0·008; 138 ± 6 vs 170 ± 10 W, P = 0·011, respectively). Similarly, oxygen consumption and power at both the first and second ventilatory thresholds were significantly lower in PCOS subjects than in healthy women. In multiple regression analysis, V'O2max was negatively predicted by serum‐free testosterone levels, but not by body fat mass and glucose disposal rate (R2 = 0·45 P = 0·013).

Conclusions

Cardiorespiratory fitness is impaired in normal‐weight PCOS women. Androgen excess but not insulin sensitivity is associated with this alteration.
Discomfort/pain due to pocket probing at teeth and endosseous implants: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ringeling Jennifer , Parvini Puria , Weinbach Christoph , Nentwig Georg‐Hubertus , Nickles Katrin , Eickholz Peter
Published: July 2015

Aim

Patients seem to feel more discomfort/pain after peri‐implant probing than after periodontal probing. However, there is not one single study to address this clinical observation. Thus, this study was designed to compare discomfort/pain after peri‐implant and periodontal probing.

Methods

Each of three dentists recruited and examined 20 patients each contributing one pair of one dental implant and a contralateral natural tooth. Periodontal and peri‐implant probing depths (PPD) and probing attachment level (PAL) were assessed. Whether the implant or the tooth was measured first was randomly assigned. Immediately after probing, the patients scored discomfort/pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS).

Results

A total of 60 patients (median; lower/upper quartile: age 62.5; 47.5/69.0 years; 35 females, five smokers) were examined. With the exception of PPD at the deepest site (implants: 4.0; 3.0/5.5 mm; teeth: 3.0; 3.0/4.0 mm; P = 0.032), clinical parameters (PPD, PAL, bleeding on probing, suppuration) were well balanced between implants and teeth. Peri‐implant probing (VAS: 16.4; 8.7/28.2) caused significantly (P = 0.011) more discomfort/pain than periodontal probing (9.1; 4.6/18.2). Repeated‐measures analysis identified peri‐implant probing causing more discomfort than periodontal probing related to the examiner (P = 0.046).

Conclusions

On average, peri‐implant probing caused significantly more discomfort/pain than periodontal probing.
Influence of Genetic Polymorphisms on Clopidogrel Response and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke CYP2C19 Genotype on Clopidogrel Response
Authors: Han Yan , Lv Hui‐Hui , Liu Xu , Dong Qiang , Yang Xiao‐Li , Li Shi‐Xu , Wu Shuai , Jiang Jian‐Ming , Luo Zheng , Zhu De‐Sheng , Zhang Yi , Zheng Yi , Guan Yang‐Tai , Xu Jian‐Feng
Published: July 2015

Objectives

This study sought to evaluate the influence of the genetic polymorphisms on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients taking clopidogrel.

Background

Little research has been published on relationships between genetic polymorphisms, platelet reactivity, and clinical outcomes in stroke patients treated with clopidogrel.

Methods

Patients hospitalized in Changhai Hospital with acute ischemic stroke were randomly enrolled into treatment with a 75‐mg daily maintenance dose of clopidogrel. Genotyping was detected by the MassARRAY iPLEX genotyping system (Sequenom Inc, San Diego, CA), and platelet reactivity was evaluated by the VerifyNow P2Y12 test (Accumetrics Inc., San Diego, CA). Sixteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 9 genes were selected and high on‐clopidogrel platelet reactivity (HPR) was defined as P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) value ≥230. The primary endpoint was ischemic events, including major adverse cardiac events (MACE), recurrence of stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and the composite of vascular death, and the secondary endpoint was bleeding.

Results

Of the 345 patients recruited, 275 (79.7%) patients were followed up for 1 year and 122 (35.4%) patients were categorized as HPR. Among the SNPs selected, only the CYP2C19*2 allele and the CYP2C19*3 allele were statistically significantly associated with PRU (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Similarly, the prevalence of HPR was associated with CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). During the 1 year of follow‐up, a total of 64 (23.3%) cases of clinical events occurred, including 60 ischemic events and 4 bleeding events. There were no correlation between CYP2C19 variant alleles and clinical outcomes (P > 0.05), but a statistically significant relevance was found between the HPR and the ischemic events in 1 year of follow‐up (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 had a significant impact on clopidogrel response, but was not associated with ischemic events during 1 year of follow‐up in patients with acute ischemic stroke. HPR was an independent risk factor for ischemic events, and the VerifyNow P2Y12 test may be available to guide individualized antiplatelet therapies in stroke patients in China.
Motor imagery in children with cerebral palsy: one step beyond with EEG dynamics
Authors: Cheron Guy
Published: July 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Jongsma et al. on pages 277–284 of this issue.
Effects of small dam condition and drainage on stream fish community structure
Authors: Holcomb Jordan M. , Nichols Robert B. , Gangloff Michael M.
Published: July 2015

Low‐head dams are ubiquitous in eastern North America, and small dam removal projects seek to improve habitat conditions for resident and migratory fishes. Effects of small dams of varying status on local fish communities are poorly documented, and recent work suggests benefits of maintaining fragmentation. We sampled fish at 25 dams (9 breached, 7 relict, 9 intact) in three river basins in North Carolina, USA. Fishes were sampled at three reaches/dam from 2010 to 2011. Study reaches were located upstream (free‐flowing reaches), downstream (tailrace) and >500 m downstream of dams (n = 75 reaches). Analyses revealed significantly elevated fish CPUE, taxa richness and percentage intolerant taxa in intact dam tailraces suggesting small dams may improve conditions for resident taxa. Breached dam tailrace reaches exhibited lower fish CPUE, taxa richness and percentage intolerant taxa relative to upstream reference reaches. Relict dams exhibited no between‐reach differences in fish community metrics. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed drainage‐specific stream fish responses across study drainages. Tar and Roanoke drainage streams with intact and relict dams supported fish assemblages indicative of natural communities, whereas Neuse Drainage streams with intact and breached dams contained disturbed habitats and communities. These data demonstrate fish community responses to dam condition are drainage specific but communities in streams with intact and relict dams are largely similar. Additionally, breached dams may warrant higher removal priorities than intact dams because they negatively influence fish communities. The variability in response to some dams indicates managers, regardless of region or country, should consider holistic approaches to dam removals on a case‐by‐case basis.
Cerebral amyloid burden and Alzheimer's disease subtypes – does localization information matter?
Authors: Zetterberg H. , Mattsson N.
Published: July 2015

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this issue.
Rosacea and exposure to tandoor heat: Is there an association?
Authors: Ozkol Hatice U. , Calka Omer , Akdeniz Necmettin , Baskan Elife , Ozkol Halil
Published: July 2015

Background

Particularly in eastern and southeastern regions of Turkey, women use tandoor ovens to bake bread and as a result are exposed to excessive heat. Exposure to heat for long periods may lead to the initiation or exacerbation of rosacea.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between exposure to heat from a tandoor and rosacea.

Methods

A total of 350 female patients with various dermatological diseases were included in this study. These patients were divided into two groups comprising a control group and a group of tandoor users. Subjects in both the control and tandoor‐user groups were screened to identify clinical and other characteristics, and symptoms and findings of rosacea and other dermatological disorders.

Results

The frequency of rosacea was significantly (P < 0.001) higher and that of acne markedly (P < 0.001) lower in the tandoor‐user group than in the control group. Incidences of temporary and persistent types of erythema and telangiectasia, which are considered to be among the symptoms and findings of rosacea, were also significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the tandoor‐user group than the control group. Frequencies of asthma and ex‐smoker status differed significantly (P < 0.001 and P < 0.002, respectively) between the tandoor‐user and control groups. Furthermore, the period of exposure to tandoor heat was positively correlated with the frequency of telangiectasia (r = 0.321, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Our study revealed a strong association between exposure to tandoor heat and rosacea. Further studies including higher numbers of patients are required to confirm our results.
The impact of Ets‐1 oncoprotein and human endoglin (CD105) on the recurrence of non‐melanoma skin cancers
Authors: Chrisostomidis Chrisostomos , Konofaos Petros , Karypidis Dimitrios , Lazaris Andreas , Kostakis Alkiviadis , Papadopoulos Othon
Published: July 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate if the expression of CD105 and Ets‐1 was predictive of aggressive biologic behavior of non‐melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) and to evaluate indicators of local recurrence.

Patients and methods

A total of 144 patients with NMSC were included in the current study. Surgical specimens were independently examined for diagnosis confirmation and immunohistochemical expression of Ets‐1 and CD105 by two dermatopathologists.

Results

The most common tumor type was basal cell carcinoma (n = 76), followed by squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) (n = 65). The most common anatomic location was the head and neck area (n = 115). The follow‐up was ˃2 years in all examined cases. A statistically significant correlation was found between tumor local recurrence and age (P = 0.03), Ets‐1 expression (P ˂ 0.0001) and CD105 expression (P ˂ 0.0001).

Conclusions

Our data confirm that both Ets‐1 and CD105 show promise as prognostic markers for local recurrence of NMSC. However, this statement is made with caution, and additional studies, with larger populations, are necessary to examine the correlation between these two markers and local recurrence. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of local recurrence in primary NMSC may result in potential therapeutic interventions.
Preparation and physicochemical characterisation of resveratrol–ovalbumin microparticles
Authors: Chen Yangyang , Li Defeng , Chen Wanyi , Zhang Juan
Published: July 2015

Resveratrol (RES) is a phenolic compound which has many biological activities, but its poor stability and water solubility limit its function and application. This study developed microparticles (MPs) using ovalbumin (OVA) as a matrix to encapsulate RES. Encapsulation efficiency, solubility and structural characteristics have been evaluated. The antioxidant activity of encapsulated RES has also been examined using the methods of the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Moreover, the stability of the MPs in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid has been studied. In conclusion, RES can be effectively encapsulated by OVA to form spherical MPs resulting in its high water solubility. RES–OVA MPs may not only keep the antioxidant activity of RES but also promote its stability. This kind of MPs can have a potential application in the formulation of functional soft drink based on RES.
Networks of injustice and worker mobilisation at Walmart
Authors: Wood Alex J.
Published: July 2015

This article investigates the use of Internet networks during the recent mobilisation of Californian Walmart workers. The findings of this case study suggest that Internet‐based mass self‐communication networks (Facebook, YouTube, etc.) can complement traditional organising techniques. Mass self‐communication networks ameliorate many of the weaknesses identified by previous studies of Internet networks. In particular, these types of networks can help overcome negative dispositions towards unions, increase the density of communication and the level of participation among members, create a collective identity congruent with trade unionism, facilitate organisation and spread ‘swarming actions’ which are effective at leveraging symbolic power. Moreover, unions may be well suited to providing crucial strategic oversight and coordination to wider worker networks.
Diagnosing autism spectrum disorder in community settings using the Development and Well‐Being Assessment: validation in a UK population‐based twin sample
Authors: McEwen Fiona S. , Stewart Catherine S. , Colvert Emma , Woodhouse Emma , Curran Sarah , Gillan Nicola , Hallett Victoria , Lietz Stephanie , Garnett Tracy , Ronald Angelica , Murphy Declan , Happé Francesca , Bolton Patrick
Published: July 2015

Background

Increasing numbers of people are being referred for the assessment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The NICE (UK) and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend gathering a developmental history using a tool that operationalises ICD/DSM criteria. However, the best‐established diagnostic interview instruments are time consuming, costly and rarely used outside national specialist centres. What is needed is a brief, cost‐effective measure validated in community settings. We tested the Development and Well‐Being Assessment (DAWBA) for diagnosing ASD in a sample of children/adolescents representative of those presenting in community mental health settings.

Methods

A general population sample of twins (TEDS) was screened and 276 adolescents were selected as at low (CAST score < 12; n = 164) or high risk for ASD (CAST score ≥ 15 and/or parent reported that ASD suspected/previously diagnosed; n = 112). Parents completed the ASD module of the DAWBA interview by telephone or online. Families were visited at home: the ADI‐R and autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS) were completed to allow a best‐estimate research diagnosis of ASD to be made.

Results

Development and Well‐Being Assessment ASD symptom scores correlated highly with ADI‐R algorithm scores (ρ = .82, p < .001). Good sensitivity (0.88) and specificity (0.85) were achieved using DAWBA computerised algorithms. Clinician review of responses to DAWBA questions minimally changed sensitivity (0.86) and specificity (0.87). Positive (0.82–0.95) and negative (0.90) predictive values were high. Eighty‐six per cent of children were correctly classified. Performance was improved by using it in conjunction with the ADOS.

Conclusions

The DAWBA is a brief structured interview that showed good sensitivity and specificity in this general population sample. It requires little training, is easy to administer (online or by interview) and diagnosis is aided by an algorithm. It holds promise as a tool for assisting with assessment in community settings and may help services implement the recommendations made by NICE and the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding diagnosis of young people on the autism spectrum.