bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Modelling and Multi-Objective Optimization of Composite Submarine Pressure Hull Subjected to Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Fathallah Elsayed
Published: May 2019

Excellent mechanical behavior and low density of composite materials make them candidates to replace metals for many underwater applications. This paper presents a comprehensive study about the multi-objective optimization of composite pressure hull subjected to hydrostatic pressure to minimize the weight of the pressure hull and maximize the buckling load capacity according to the design requirements. Two models were constructed, one model constructed from Carbon/Epoxy composite (USN-150), the other model is metallic pressure hull constructed from HY100. The analysis and the optimization process were completely performed using ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL). Tsai-Wu failure criterion was incorporated in the optimization process. The results obtained emphasize that, the submarine constructed from Carbon/Epoxy composite (USN-150) is better than the submarine constructed from HY100. Finally, an optimized model with an optimum pattern of fiber orientations was presented. Hopefully, the results may provide a valuable insight for the future of designing composite underwater vehicles.
Comparison between the Use of Aluminum and Composites in the Design of a Wing-Spar of an Airplane
Authors: Khames Mohamed , Embaby Ahmed , Agha Abdelrahman
Published: May 2019

In this paper a comparison between the results of the stress analysis of wing spar of metallic and composite materials has been done in order to assess how the use of composites modifies the weight and strength of the structure. To perform this assessment, the Ansys tutorial program was used to check our results for metallic and composite materials. This test was made for different arrangements of composite material to reach the best design of the composite spar to use it in manufacturing airplanes. There is a large amount of analysis and validation performed at the certification to demonstrate the Airworthiness requirements of aircraft structure so that, the composites have been subject of permanent interest of various specialists at the previous years. This secures the safe operation of the airplane under standard operating environments and also load conditions that the aircraft is intended to operate through its design service life. It is a trial to prove that the composites have a lot of advantages in the manufacturing process.
Editorial
Authors: Wijetunge M. N. R.
Published: May 2019

No abstract available
Colour as an agent for low energy design: a field experiment implemented in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijeratna W. H. P. , Hettiarachchi A . A.
Published: May 2019

The potential of incorporating theoretically-established cool colours within the interiors of a hot humid tropical climate – as an alternative strategy for energy conservation – was tested by this preliminary field investigation with reference to a garment factory in Panadura, Sri Lanka; ventilated using ceiling fans to achieve thermal comfort. It was hypothetically assumed that cool colours can psychologically induce a relatively cool thermal perception than the real thermal condition within inhabitants, leading to a reduction of the operational speed of ceiling fans, and thereby resulting in a reduction of cooling costs. The research examined the impacts of neutral (white), warm (red) and cool (blue) colours on the indoor thermal perception of factory workers by changing the colour of the internal walls of a selected work space by the use of coloured fabric. Fan speed in five progressive levels (L1-L5), corresponding to elevating levels of power consumption, was manipulated within 10 minute intervals until the subjects reached the thermally comfortable level. The study revealed a correlation between the interior colour and the preferred fan speed. 63.63% of workers were found to achieve their perceived thermal comfort with the maximum fan speed L5 in the controled white space while, 31.81 % and 4.5 % preferred L3 and L4 respectively. A majority of the workers (86.36 %) achieved comfort with L5 when exposed to colour red, demanding high energy consumption, while 13.63 % preferred a moderate speed (L3). When exposed to blue, 63.63 % were satisfied with L5, while 9%, 13.63% and 13.63% perceived thermal comfort in L4, L3 and L2 respectively. Blue was revealed to be the most supportive colour in achieving perceived thermal comfort at a comparatively lesser level of energy consumption. Incorporating colour blue in interiors was found to be favorable and red non-favorable for energy conservation in a hot humid tropical climate.
Revitalizing cultural heritage: conservation of Merewether tower and its impact on urban morphology
Authors: Rehman Qurat - Ul - Ain , Soomro Rafique -Ul - Hassnain
Published: May 2019

19th century Karachi was home to the British occupiers and is therefore, rich in Victorian era architecture. Although most of these buildings are in a bad shape, the Pakistani government is working hard to preserve them. Although the pace of conservation is slow, the mere fact that the work is on going alone is relieving. One such building in consideration in Karachi is the Merewether Tower; a significant cultural heritage structure indeed. Even though this iconic structure is one of the few that are in a rather good condition, some sources claim that from the inside, it is slowly getting degraded. Once the gateway to the city, it has been forgotten by many although its name is renowned. The objective of this research is to study and analyze the existing conditions of the tower as well as its surroundings, and assess how it can be revitalized in order to improve the morphology of the region. This paper also analyzes how conservation of a cultural heritage structure can enhance the urban character of a given place, and how it can link up with the communities that in turn, interact with it. The research methodologies adopted are qualitative; case studies, literature review, field research and interviews from stakeholders. This research attempts to develop a methodology for revitalization and enhancement of urban cultural heritage. The research concludes that development and revitalization of Merewether Tower is essential not only in a beautification and heritage perspective, but also for the commercial development in the locality. A set of immediate improvements are expected to appear in the shortrun after redevelopment, following the intended long-run benefits. Therefore, it is not merely a suggestion but a must for the city. The government needs to be sincere, and the communities and stakeholder need to cooperate for revitalization of this heritage landmark.
Vocalization Frequency as a Prognostic Marker of Language Development Following Early Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Binos Paris , Loizou Elena
Published: May 2019

Despite their potential significance for later linguistic outcomes, early aspects of vocalization had been seriously undervalued in the past, and thus, minimally investigated until relatively recently. The present article sets out to critically examine existing evidence to: i) ascertain whether vocalization frequency (volubility) posits a plausible marker of cochlear implantation success in infancy, and ii) determine the clinical usefulness of post-implementation vocalization frequency data in predicting later language development. Only recent peer-reviewed articles with substantial impact on vocalization growth during the first year of life, examining sound production characteristics of normally hearing (NH) and hearing impaired infants fitted with cochlear implantation (CI) were mentioned. Recorded differences in linguistic performance among NH and CI infants are typically attributed to auditory deprivation. Infants who have undergone late CI, produce fewer syllables (low volubility) and exhibit late-onset babbling, especially those who received their CIs at the age of 12 months or thereafter. Contrarily, early recipients (before the 12-month of age) exhibit higher volubility (more vocalizations), triggered from CI-initiated auditory feedback. In other words, early CI provides infants with early auditory access to speech sounds, leading to advanced forms of babbling and increased post-implementation vocalization frequency. Current findings suggest vocalization frequency as a plausible criterion of the success of early CI. It is argued that vocalization frequency predicts language development and affects habilitation therapy.
Leukoerythroblastosis in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Clue to Diffuse Bone Marrow Carcinomatosis
Authors: Fan Frank Sheng , Yang Chung-Fan
Published: May 2019

A 66-year-old man with a previous history of advanced prostate cancer failing complete androgen blockade, docetaxel chemotherapy, denosumab, and abiraterone acetate as judged by persistent high serum levels of prostate specific antigen presented with exertional dyspnea, normocytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Leukoerythroblastosis was noted in his peripheral blood. Bone marrow examination disclosed diffuse bone marrow carcinomatosis from prostate cancer. Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and an extremely elevated serum level of D-dimer led to a diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Magnetic resonance imaging of spine revealed extensive bone marrow involvement but bone scan showed only scanty bony metastasis. We like to call attention to the importance of prompt bone marrow examination once recognizing leukoerythroblastosis in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Survey of a possible coexistent disseminated intravascular coagulation is as well strongly recommended in this condition.
A simple calibration of Hobo 4 channel analogue dataloggers for use with Watermark 253–L soil water potential sensors
Authors: Kaptein Nkosinathi D , Titshall Louis W
Published: May 2019

The combination of granular matrix sensors with a Hobo 4 analogue channel datalogger provides a relatively inexpensive continuous soil water monitoring system. However, the datalogger excites all 4 channels concomitantly as it reads the sensor measurement of each channel in sequence. This results in localised electrolysis causing measurement bias error in Channels 2, 3 and 4. To evaluate this channel bias, Watermark granular matrix sensors were connected to Hobo 4 channel dataloggers to measure electrical conductance of the soil. This study formed part of a larger study aimed at understanding water use by Eucalyptus plantations at different soil depths. The measured soil conductivity was calibrated against the gravimetric method in soil derived from Natal Group Sandstone and Dwyka Tillite that occur in southern KwaZulu-Natal. The channels of a Hobo 4 channel datalogger were successfully calibrated against the gravimetric method for both soil types (R2 > 0.92). The voltage measurements of each channel increased in the order 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 for both soil types at a soil water content range of 12 to 44% and 6 to 46% for Dwyka Tillite and Natal Group Sandstone soils, respectively. Channel measurements were similar at soil water content ranges below 12 and 6% for tillite and sandstone soils, respectively. The study showed that Channels 2, 3 and 4 of the Hobo 4 channel datalogger are affected by electrolysis. If this analogue datalogger is used with these types of sensors, these channels need to be calibrated back to Channel 1.
Assessment of apparent losses due to meter inaccuracy – a comparative approach
Authors: Ncube Mthokozisi , Taigbenu Akpofure
Published: May 2019

The empirical method for the determination of apparent water losses, using the assessment of consumption patterns and the laboratory testing of water meters, is compared against alternative methods of comparative billing and meter change analyses for one of the largest water utilities in South Africa. Using the empirical method, apparent losses are estimated to have an average value of 12% of the billed volume with a range from 9.4% to 14.6% that is dependent on meter size ratios. This overlaps with the estimates, of 8%−10% for a utility with direct feed good quality water but high meter age (> 10 yr) and low accuracy, currently proposed in some studies and used by industry. The estimate from the comparative billing analysis method is 14% and it is sensitive to how the data is processed and analysed. The meter change method yielded an estimate of 4.7% for only a subset of the data. Both results of the alternative methods are in line with previous studies, with the comparative billing analysis performing better, but requiring further refinement for better accuracy and repeatability. The empirical method remains the gold standard in assessing apparent water losses but is undoubtedly very laborious, expensive and out of reach of the budget of many utilities. The development and validation of alternative methodologies therefore holds great promise but these are substantially reliant on comprehensive meter information and credible billing datasets which are rarely available in most utilities in Africa.
Assessing the accuracy of ANN, ANFIS, and MR techniques in forecasting productivity of an inclined passive solar still in a hot, arid environment
Authors: Mashaly Ahmed F , Alazba AA
Published: May 2019

Solar still productivity (SSP) essentially describes the performance of solar still systems and is an important factor to consider in achieving a reliable design. This study presents the use of artificial neural networks (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), and multiple regression (MR) for forecasting the SSP of an inclined solar still in a hot, arid environment. The experimental data used for the modelling process included meteorological and operational variables. Input variables were relative humidity, solar radiation, feed flow rate, and total dissolved solids of feed and brine. The models were assessed statistically using the correlation coefficient (CC), root mean square error (RMSE), overall index of model performance (OI), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute relative error (MARE). Overall, ANN was shown to be superior (CC = 0.98, RMSE = 0.05 L·m−2·h−1, OI = 0.95, MAE = 0.03 L·m−2·h−1, and MARE = 8.92%) to ANFIS and MR for SSP modelling. The relatively low errors obtained by the ANN technique led to high model predictability and feasibility of modelling the SSP. Thus, our findings indicate that ANN can be applied as an accurate method for predicting SSP.
Aspectos ontológicos e epistemológicos em terminologias clínicas: em busca de interoperabilidade semântica no ambiente clínico
Authors: Teixeira Livia Marangon Duffles , Almeida Maurício Barcellos
Published: May 2019

A melhoria no atendimento continuado a uma enorme população em hospitais e postos de saúde é um desafio para a sociedade brasileira. Um dos problemas que profissionais de saúde não podem resolver sozinhos é a dificuldade de integração entre os diversos registros médicos para o mesmo paciente, dispersos em diferentes sistemas, espalhados por diferentes regiões geográficas e temporais. O presente artigo investiga a ambiguidade inerente às terminologias clínicas, a qual impacta na possibilidade de interoperabilidade semântica entre prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes. Como solução, estuda-se como “ancorar” termos representativos de entidades médicas com semântica pouco definida a recursos ontológicos semanticamente bem definidos. O duplo processo de ancoragem criado objetiva reduzir a ambiguidade dos termos e expressões, de forma a mitigar a falta de interoperabilidade semântica entre sistemas de informação médicos. Espera-se que essa pesquisa promova avanços para os sistemas de informação usados em unidades de saúde e, em última instância, para o atendimento e o cuidado continuado ao cidadão, através de técnicas da Ciência da Informação
Avaliação de documentos de arquivo: uma análise de diferentes abordagens
Authors: Guimarães Rubens Vieira , Oliveira Eliane Braga de
Published: May 2019

Objetivo: Apresenta os resultados de pesquisa de mestrado em Ciência da Informação e tem como objetivo geral sistematizar e articular, em suas perspectivas teóricas e metodológicas, as proposições de autores de diferentes abordagens sobre a avaliação de documentos no âmbito da Arquivística. Método: Análise de Conteúdo Qualitativa, tendo, como base empírica, quatro textos de diferentes abordagens sobre avaliação de documentos: “A Avaliação dos Documentos Públicos Modernos” de Theodore Schellenberg; Macro-appraisal and functional analysis: documenting governance rather than government de Terry Cook; Improving Our Disposition: Documentation Strategy de Helen Samuels; e “A avaliação em Arquivística: reformulação teórico prática de uma operação metodológica” de Armando Malheiro Silva e Fernanda Ribeiro. Resultado: verificou-se que todos os autores analisados consideram que é inviável a preservação da totalidade de documentos e que a avaliação é o meio adequado para gerenciar o grande volume de documentos produzidos e acumulados pelas organizações. Verificou-se ainda que as quatro abordagens convergem, no que diz respeito à preservação de uma parcela de documentos que seja significativa, de alguma forma, à memória social. No entanto, divergem quanto aos fatores que definem a significância desses documentos, quais sejam: o seu potencial para pesquisas futuras; o valor que a sociedade atribui aos documentos; a capacidade de documentar um tópico ou área; ou sua capacidade de rentabilizar a memória institucional. Conclusões: As quatro abordagens dialogam entre si, direta ou indiretamente, por meio da negação, assimilação, replicação, reafirmação, adaptação e/ou ressignificação de ideias sobre os diferentes aspectos da avaliação de documentos.
Mapeamento de negócios sociais e organizações congêneres no Brasil
Authors: Silva Caio Sousa , Iizuka Edson Sadao
Published: May 2019

Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um mapeamento de negócios sociais no Brasil para criação de um banco de dados e, em seguida, analisar as empresas encontradas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, na qual identificou-se os atores deste campo que contribuem para a melhoria social. Após um levantamento sistemático chegou-se a 200 negócios sociais  espalhados pelo Brasil e 23 aceleradoras/investidoras. Os resultados indicam que essas empresas encontram-se num estágio inicial de negócios e que 92% não possui restrição na distribuição de lucros. Em relação aos modelos de empresas encontrou-se: 6 Empresas Cooperativas (3%); 13 Empresas Base da Pirâmide (6,5%); 17 Negócios Inclusivos (8,5%); 3 Empresas do Modelo B Corp (1,5%) e 161 Negócios Sociais (80,5%). A literatura acadêmica indica a necessidade de pesquisas com mais casos e exemplos concretos de negócios sociais. Portanto, ter uma base de dados empírica auxilia o desenvolvimento de novos artigos e teses sobre a temática.
Capacidades ecoeficientes e as interferências no desempenho social: um estudo das unidades federativas do brasil
Authors: Chiodini Marcos , Amarante Janaína Gabrielle Moreira Campos da Cunha
Published: May 2019

O propósito deste estudo é contribuir com as discussões socioambientais no âmbito da gestão governamental, adentrando na relação entre ecoeficiência e desempenho social. O estudo consistiu em um perfil descritivo, com uma abordagem quantitativa cujo processo ocorreu em dois momentos: para estabelecer os scores de ecoeficiência, foi empregada a técnica não paramétrica FDH com o modelo orientado para insumos e na sequência foi utilizada a correlação linear de Pearson, buscando encontrar possível associação entre os constructos investigados. Os resultados evidenciam algumas regiões benchmarking de ecoeficiência, além de apresentar correlação linear negativa moderada, sugerindo que a desigualdade social tende a diminuir à medida que o score de ecoeficiência aumenta. Espera-se que tais resultados norteiem, quanto ao apelo prático, às políticas públicas no que tange à eficiência econômica e ambiental. Não obstante, são designadas contribuições para a comunidade científica quanto ao preenchimento da lacuna de literatura na área em questão.
Ciclos da gestão do conhecimento: um estudo aplicado ao setor de compras de uma empresa de moda e vestuáro
Authors: Silva Marcio José , Menegassi Cláudia Herrero Martins , Tatto Luiz
Published: May 2019

A Gestão do Conhecimento (GC) vem sendo relacionada a criação de valor e fomento da competitividade para as organizações. Nesta pesquisa foi realizado um estudo de caso em uma indústria de moda e vestuário a partir do qual  buscou-se avaliar a existência de estágios de um ciclo de GC no processo de compras. Trata-se de uma pesquisa empírica de cunho exploratório que utilizou-se da aplicação de um questionário para idenfiticar esses estágios. Foi possível comprovar que estágios de um ciclo de GC podem existir no processo de compras, verificando como esses estágios se sustentam e quais os meios mais utilizados para promovê-los. Foi possível estabelecer, ainda, quais os setores envolvidos no processo de compras e como se dão as alterações nos métodos ou processos de trabalho, o que pode contribuir para novas pesquisas relacionadas a esse assunto.
New Constraints on Biogenic Emissions using Satellite-Based Estimates of
Carbon Monoxide Fluxes
Authors: Worden Helen M. , Bloom A. Anthony , Worden John R. , Jiang Zhe , Marais Eloise , Stavrakou Trissevgeni , Gaubert Benjamin , Lacey Forrest
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Biogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emitted from vegetation are a primary source for the chemical production of carbon monoxide (CO) in the atmosphere and these biogenic emissions account for about 18 % of the global CO burden. Partitioning CO fluxes to different source types in top-down inversion methods is challenging and typically a simple scaling of the posterior flux to prior flux values for fossil fuel, biogenic and biomass burning sources is used. Here we show top-down estimates of biogenic CO fluxes using a Bayesian inference approach, which explicitly accounts for both posterior and a priori CO flux uncertainties. This approach re-partitions CO fluxes following inversion of Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) CO observations with the GEOS-Chem model, a global chemical transport model driven by assimilated meteorology from the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS). We compare these results to the prior information for CO used to represent biogenic NMVOCs from GEOS-Chem, which uses the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) for biogenic emissions. We evaluate the a posteriori biogenic CO fluxes against top-down estimates of isoprene fluxes using Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) formaldehyde observations. We find similar seasonality and spatial consistency in the posterior CO and top-down isoprene estimates globally. For the African savanna region, both top-down CO and isoprene seasonality vary significantly from the MEGAN apriori inventory. This method for estimating biogenic sources of CO will provide an independent constraint on modelled biogenic emissions and has the potential for diagnosing decadal-scale changes in emissions due to land-use change and climate variability.
Modelling the aerosol chemical composition of the tropopause over
the Tibetan Plateau during the Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Ma Jianzhong , Brühl Christoph , He Qianshan , Steil Benedikt , Karydis Vlassis A. , Klingmüller Klaus , Tost Holger , Chen Bin , Jin Yufang , Liu Ningwei , Xu Xiangde , Yan Peng , Zhou Xiuji , Abdelrahman Kamal , Pozzer Andrea , Lelieveld Jos
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Enhanced aerosol abundance in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) associated with the Asian summer monsoon (ASM), is referred to as the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL). The chemical composition, microphysical properties and climate effects of aerosols in the ATAL have been the subject of discussion over the past decade. In this work, we use the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) general circulation model at a relatively fine grid resolution (about 1.1 × 1.1 degrees) to numerically simulate the emissions and chemistry of aerosols and their precursors in the UTLS within the ASM anticyclone during the years 2010–2012. We find a pronounced maximum in aerosol extinction in the UTLS over the Tibetan Plateau, which to a large extent is caused by mineral dust emitted from the northern Tibetan Plateau and slope areas, lofted to an altitude of at least 10 km, and accumulating within the anticyclonic circulation. Our simulations show that mineral dust, water soluble compounds, such as nitrate and sulfate, and associated liquid water dominate aerosol extinction in the UTLS within the ASM anticyclone. Due to shielding of high background sulfate concentrations outside the anticyclone from volcanoes, a relative minimum of aerosol extinction within the anticyclone in the lower stratosphere is simulated, being most pronounced in 2011 when the Nabro eruption occurred. In contrast to mineral dust and nitrate concentrations, sulfate increases with increasing altitude due to the larger volcano effects in the lower stratosphere compared to the upper troposphere. Our study indicates that the UTLS over the Tibetan Plateau can act as a well-defined conduit for natural and anthropogenic gases and aerosols into the stratosphere.
Planetary boundary layer height by means of lidar and numerical simulations over New Delhi, India
Authors: Nakoudi Konstantina , Giannakaki Elina , Dandou Aggeliki , Tombrou Maria , Komppula Mika
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In this work, the height of the planetary boundary layer
(PBLH) is investigated over Gwal Pahari (Gual Pahari), New Delhi, for almost a year. To
this end, ground-based measurements from a multiwavelength Raman lidar
were used. The modified wavelet covariance transform (WCT) method was
utilized for PBLH retrievals. Results were compared to data from
Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO)
and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. In order to examine
the difficulties of PBLH detection from lidar, we analyzed three cases of
PBLH diurnal evolution under different meteorological and aerosol load
conditions. In the presence of multiple aerosol layers, the employed
algorithm exhibited high efficiency (r=0.9) in the attribution of PBLH,
whereas weak aerosol gradients induced high variability in the PBLH. A
sensitivity analysis corroborated the stability of the utilized methodology.
The comparison with CALIPSO observations yielded satisfying results
(r=0.8), with CALIPSO slightly overestimating the PBLH. Due to the relatively
warmer and drier winter and, correspondingly, colder and rainier pre-monsoon
season, the seasonal PBLH cycle during the measurement period was slightly
weaker than the cycle expected from long-term climate records.
Jets in the Magnetosheath: IMF Control of Where They Occur
Authors: Vuorinen Laura , Hietala Heli , Plaschke Ferdinand
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Magnetosheath jets are localized regions of plasma that move faster towards the Earth than the surrounding magnetosheath plasma. Due to their high velocities, they can cause indentations when colliding into the magnetopause and trigger processes such as magnetic reconnection and magnetopause surface waves. We statistically study the occurrence of these jets in the subsolar magnetosheath using measurements from the five Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft and OMNI solar wind data from 2008–2011. We present the observations in the BIMF-vSW plane and study the spatial distribution of jets during different interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientations. Jets occur downstream of the quasi-parallel bow shock approximately 9 times as often as downstream of the quasi-perpendicular shock, suggesting that foreshock processes are responsible for most jets. For oblique IMF, with 30°–60° cone angle, the occurrence increases monotonically from the quasi-perpendicular side to the quasi-parallel side. This study offers predictability for the numbers and locations of jets observed during different IMF orientations allowing us to better forecast the formation of these jets and their impact on the magnetosphere.
FROM THE ELABORATION PROCESS OF POINT CLOUD TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS BOTH FOR PLANNING AND DESIGN MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Ruffino P. A. , Bocconcino M. M. , Del Giudice M. , Osello A.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Nowadays we are able to produce geometric models of historical building at different scale of detail using photos and measurements. More and more we are facing with lack of preservation actions and maintenance activities, bad foreseen policies, unexpected natural events, that are forcing professionals and researchers to operate without usual data. In these cases, we need consistent repository to collect and distribute data to produce information. Furthermore, we need to “give intelligence” to these repositories in order to query them with respect geometrical instances, topological issues, historical features.We dispose of tons of xyz points: how can we pass from the point cloud to a building information model, then to a geographic information system, not necessarily in this order? A simple Scan-to-BIM-to-GIS and Scan-to-GIS-to-BIM process were tested in order to consequently evaluate, with purposes of preservation and of enhancing of resilience, some practices that could became the best, also in terms of time and cost saving.The work we propose is a part of an ongoing research focused on the application of H-BIM approach for the management of historical building heritage, focused on a district management (H-DIM, at an urban level). In particular, with regard to the resilience theme, both the acquisition phase and the archive research process are of great importance for protecting our undefended building heritage.Regarding the case study of the paper, UNESCO sites represent important areas for collective interests of humanity. This contribution proposes a possible solution applying a digital cultural heritage to the historical part of the Municipality of Serralunga d’Alba belonging to the UNESCO site called Vineyard Landscape of Langhe-Roero and Monferrato.
EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING EXPERIENCES IN GEOMATICS: TAILORED APPROACHES FOR DIFFERENT AUDIENCE
Authors: Tucci G. , Parisi E. I. , Conti A. , Corongiu M. , Fiorini L. , Panighini F.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The recent outbreak of geospatial information to a wider audience, represents an inexorable flow made possible by the technological and scientific advances that cannot be opposed. The democratization of Geomatics technologies requires training opportunities with different level of complexity specifically tailored on the target audience and on the final purpose of the digitization process. In this frame, education plays a role of paramount importance, to create in the final users the awareness of the potentials of Geomatics-based technologies and of the quality control over the entire process.This paper outlines the current educational offer concerning the Geomatics Academic discipline in the Italian higher education system, highlighting the lack of dedicated path entirely devoted to the creation of specifically trained figure in this field. The comparison with the International panorama further stresses out this necessity. The purpose of this work is to present different educational approaches by distinguishing between the starting knowledge level of the students/participants and the final aim of the training activities. Three main audiences have been identified: i) experts, who already know some basics of Geomatics to understand the theoretical concepts behind its technologies; ii) intermediate audience, who are interested in learning about Geomatics technologies and methodologies, without any previous or poor education concerning these topics; iii) non-experts, a mix of a wide group of people, with different educations and interests, or without any interest at all.For each group, the multi-year experience concerning educational and training activities for the geomatics-based knowledge transfer in all the multi-level approaches of the GECO Lab (University of Florence) is presented.
TUTANKHAMEN’S TWO TOMBS: REPLICA CREATION AND THE PRESERVATION OF OUR CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE DIGITAL AGE
Authors: Wong L. , Santana Quintero M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. There are two tombs of Tutankhamen both located in Luxor, Egypt: one in the Valley of the Kings, excavated into the Theban bedrock and decorated with wall paintings, dating from 1323 BCE; the other, installed 3 km away, opened in April 2014 and is considered to be an ‘exact facsimile’ of the original tomb. Tutankhamen’s tomb is just one example of a cultural heritage site that has been replicated. This list is steadily growing as replicas are finding renewed favour fuelled by technological advancements in three-dimensional recording, capture and fabrication which has enabled the production of highly accurate replicas in both physical and virtual form. Comparisons drawn between the two tombs of Tutankhamen—the original and the replica—aim to highlight the differing approaches of parallel preservation projects and intends to prompt questions surrounding the commissioning and use of replicas in the cultural heritage field and the growing role that 3D digital technology is playing in the preservation/conservation sector. Sites and cultural heritage organization are scrambling to be part of the 3D digital revolution. But, has the transition to 3D and the revival in replicas happened too quickly and at the expense of a site’s other conservation needs? Is technology being used in the service of conservation and preservation or is it the other way around? How can those working with heritage balance the benefit of 3D technology with the overall conservation needs for a site? Using the example of Tutankhamen’s two tombs this paper aims to provoke discussion on these topics.
DIAGNOSIS PROCESSES FOR DESERT ROSE DOMES OF THE SOUF REGION IN ALGERIA
Authors: Azil C. , Djebri B. , Rovero L.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In the Souf region of Algeria, all vernacular buildings are covered by domes, built with an unusual building material, the desert rose stone, peculiar to the region. These domes represent an element of identity of the region and describe a unique urban landscape that deserves to be protected and enhanced. Unfortunately, these architectural elements have suffered damage that devalues the urban landscape compromising their conservation. In particular, many domes have severe cracks and have collapsed in large areas.Diagnostic investigations were carried out with the aim to understand the causes of the damages and to carry out guidelines for consolidation.In particular, in situ surveys have allowed to analyze the employed construction technique, the collection of samples for the chemical-physical and mechanical investigations of the materials and a manual geometric survey of a typical building module. In addition, a Finite Element Model of a building module was realized with the aim of investigating structural behavior.Considerations were made on the influence of the dome shape on structural behaviour and on the fractures pattern detected in many domes.
RESEARCH ON HBIM AND LEVEL OF INFORMATION FOR THE LIFE CYCLE OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE BUILT HERITAGE IN TAIWAN
Authors: Yen Y. N. , Lu Y. C.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. As a witness of history, built heritage has many values that is very important to human being. Therefore, how to conserve this valuable information becomes a common issue for cultural heritage conservation in the world. Many researches about conserving the information of within built heritages were done and more issues were raised. The difference between built heritage and new building is that built heritage is not from 0 but it is already exist. This difference cause a big different for modelling process of built heritage in BIM environment. For this reason, the information of the 3D model of built heritage is added to the model after the it was created. So, what information should be conserve and what information should be provided to which user is worth of discussion. This research aims to propose a data structure, which fulfils the requirement of user, and respect the standard of important international chart of conservation. The method is to define a basic data structure of built heritage components and evaluate it layer by layer. The result shows that HBIM for built heritage, by linking information, can store more important information and take the LoI of life cycle into consideration simultaneously. The prototypical schema of this study may possibly be an upper layer concept for later researches in both Western and Eastern built heritage.
DISTANCE-TRAINING FOR IMAGE-BASED 3D MODELLING OF ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES IN REMOTE REGIONS
Authors: Yordanov V. , Mostafavi A. , Scaioni M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The impressive success of Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry (SfM) has spread out the application of image-based 3D reconstruction to a larger community. In the field of Archeological Heritage documentation, this has opened the possibility of training local people to accomplish photogrammetric data acquisition in those remote regions where the organization of 3D surveying missions from outside may be difficult, costly or even impossible. On one side, SfM along with low-cost cameras makes this solution viable. On the other, the achievement of high-quality photogrammetric outputs requires a correct image acquisition stage, being this the only stage that necessarily has to be accomplished locally. This paper starts from the analysis of the well-know “3×3 Rules” proposed in 1994 when photogrammetry with amateur camera was the state-of-the art approach and revises those guidelines to adapt to SfM. Three aspects of data acquisition are considered: geometry (control information, photogrammetric network), imaging (camera/lens selection and setup, illumination), and organization. These guidelines are compared to a real case study focused on Ziggurat Chogha Zanbil (Iran), where four blocks from ground stations and drone were collected with the purpose of 3D modelling.
A MONITORING METHOD OF COLOR DECAYING FOR COLORED PATTERNS IN ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Zhang L. , Xie J. , Qin L. , Liu Z. , Liu G.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. As a special part of architectural heritage, the colored pattern is not only artwork to decorate the architecture, but information reflecting specific historical era. So it has great cultural and artistic value. However, the colored pattern is one of the most sensitive types of cultural relics, which is sensitive to natural environment changes and highly vulnerable to erosion. In order to strengthen the protection of colored patterns in history architectures, it is necessary to monitor the status quo of them.This work introduces a monitoring method of color decaying for colored patterns in architecture: set up the illuminants, adjust the illuminants, detect the color information and calculate the color difference. Based on the color difference by CIE DE2000 formula, the color decaying status of the pattern can be evaluated. The monitoring period should be at least three months.About four years’ work has been carried out for colored patterns in the Long Corridor of the Summer Palace, and the color differences ΔE00 are about from 2 to 5, some can be over 9. In result, most colored patterns keep in good health condition. Color decaying happens every time and there are slight changes in most colored patterns. In 2nd quarter 2017, aware changes happened in nearly all the patterns. According to the color difference to evaluate the color decaying of the colored patterns, it is an efficient method to analyze the health status of colored patterns.
POINT CLOUD SEGMENTATION USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Barrile V. , Candela G. , Fotia A.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Modern surveying techniques, with the combined use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) with low-cost photographic sensors, and photogrammetric techniques, allows obtaining a precise virtual reconstruction of environment and object with centimetre accuracy. Recently, the diffusion of UAV allows the survey of extensive areas significantly reducing survey time and costs. The raw output obtainable from such survey operations consists of a three-dimensional point cloud. Numerous applications in architecture, monitoring and surveying and structural analysis require objects identification in the 3d scene to classify different element in the acquired scene and extract relevant information. Point cloud analysis, and in particular segmentation and classification techniques, are actually used to identify objects within the scenes, assign to a specific class and use them for subsequent studies. These techniques represent an open research theme and the key to add value to the entire process. Actual methodologies are based on 3d spatial analysis on the point cloud. In this paper, starting from photogrammetric reconstruction, a methodology for segmentation and classification of point cloud based on image analysis is presented. The object identification on the image’s dataset is performed using a Neural Network and subsequently the identified object on dataset are transfer into the 3d environment. This classification is performed to segment structural parts of bridges and viaduct, acquire geometric information, and perform a structural analysis to preserve relevant and ancient structure. A case study for the segmentation of the point cloud acquired with an aerial survey of a Viaduct is presented. The performed segmentation allows obtaining structural elements of different type of viaduct and bridges, is propaedeutic to verify the health of the structure and schedule maintenance intervention. The methodology can be applied to different type of bridges, from reinforced concrete to ancient masonry to preserve the state of conservation.
A COMBINED STUDY OF ART WORKS PRESERVED IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUMS: 3D SURVEY, SPECTROSCOPIC APPROACH AND AUGMENTED REALITY
Authors: Barrile V. , Fotia A. , Ponterio R. , Mollica Nardo V. , Giuffrida D. , Mastelloni M. A.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The renewed interest, in the context of international museological studies, for historical installations such as museographic devices (able to give shape to a space duly dialoguing with the user), is due today to their communicative immediacy. In recent years the availability of libraries and tools for the use of augmented reality (AR) content has undergone an important increase. AR innovation represents a new method for enhancing the presence visitors into the museum industry despite its use leads to an increase in costs and instrumental investments. In this regard, in a wider work of valorisation and dissemination of archaeological heritage, we are working on the development of an app for tourism purposes. The aim of this paper is the application of some techniques (3D modelling, spectroscopy, virtual reality) to study, record and make available information about archaeological artefacts preserved in the Regional Museum of Lipari (clay masks) and in the National Archaeological Museum of Reggio Calabria (the statue Kouros and the Amphoras). The three-dimensional models produced are well suited to applications of augmented reality for the promotion and dissemination of information on the archaeological /architectural/cultural heritage.Moreover, the integration of the information about characterization of materials are essential in order to identify both geographic area of provenience and manufacturing historic period. Some pigments or medium, and in general all materials, can be indeed connected to a determinate historic time or to a specific artist; to this particular purpose spectroscopic methods are valid approach for their non-destructive nature.
3D DIGITAL AND PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF A COLLAPSED DOME USING SFM TECHNIQUES FROM HISTORICAL IMAGES
Authors: Beltrami C. , Cavezzali D. , Chiabrando F. , Iaccarino Idelson A. , Patrucco G. , Rinaudo F.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The historical images preserved in archives and in private collections represent not only a valuable documentation of objects belonging to Cultural Heritage; sometimes they are the only remained evidence of destroyed assets of our past. In the last few years, the improvement of the technologies in the framework of photogrammetric vision and the implementations of new Structure-from-Motion (SfM) algorithms allow to extract metric information’s from this kind of images in order to carry out a digital reconstruction of these lost masterpieces. The study presented in this paper aims to evaluate a SfM approach to perform the 3D reconstruction of a dome collapsed in 1971 by using historical images. The final goal is to provide not only a digital replica but also a physical reconstruction of a portion of the collapsed dome as a support for the recovered fragments of the fresco originally present on the surface of the dome.
THE MENSIOCHRONOLOGY ANALYSIS SUPPORTED BY NEW ADVANCED SURVEY TECHNIQUES: FIELD TESTS IN MILANESE AREA
Authors: Cantini L. , Previtali M. , Moioli R. , Della Torre S.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Mensiochronology of brickwork, even in areas where reference curves have been constructed and well tested, requires precise measurements and a representative amount of data due to the many factors affecting the reliability of the measurements, such as the defects caused by the time and the environment that changed the geometry of the bricks (deformation or lack of material along the edges), as well as the operators’ skills. Sometimes, the number of measurable bricks is limited in a wall, or in a stratigraphic unit. Furthermore, if a scaffolding is not available, the analysis is concentrated only on the lower courses of the bricks, being not possible to directly measure the bricks of the higher levels. In order to implement the number of bricks taken into account for this study, a comparison from direct measurements and indirect measurements is here proposed.The aim of this paper is to explore the applications of photogrammetry for undertaking brick measurements for chronological dating: its advantage and drawbacks. Using high-resolution digital rectified pictures, the masonry texture of some well-documented building prospects was scaled into vector graphic software for recording the measures of the bricks. The results presented here by the authors are an attempt for validating this method for future applications. In detail, three case studies are analysed in the historic centre of Vimercate (Italy) testing the effectiveness of the presented method on dated buildings that display diverse features, including the presence of reused bricks, possibly coming from dismantled pre-existing structures. The results proved that the proposed geomatics method entails an accuracy that does not affect the usability of data for the investigation of buildings and the material culture inbuilt.