bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spenser's International Style
Authors: Wilson-Okamura David Scott
Published: July 2013

Why did Spenser write his epic, The Faerie Queene, in stanzas instead of a classical meter or blank verse? Why did he affect the vocabulary of medieval poets such as Chaucer? Is there, as centuries of readers have noticed, something lyrical about Spenser's epic style, and if so, why? In this accessible and wide-ranging study, David Scott Wilson-Okamura reframes these questions in a larger, European context. The first full-length treatment of Spenser's poetic style in more than four decades, it shows that Spenser was English without being insular. In his experiments with style, Spenser faced many of the same problems, and found some of the same solutions, as poets writing in other languages. Drawing on classical rhetoric and using concepts that were developed by literary critics during the Renaissance, this is an account of long-term, international trends in style, illustrated with examples from Petrarch, Du Bellay, Ariosto and Tasso.
Human Rights in the Constitutional Law of the United States
Authors: Perry Michael J.
Published: July 2013

In the period since the end of the Second World War, there has emerged what never before existed: a truly global morality. Some of that morality - the morality of human rights - has become entrenched in the constitutional law of the United States. This book explicates the morality of human rights and elaborates three internationally recognized human rights that are embedded in US constitutional law: the right not to be subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment; the right to moral equality; and the right to religious and moral freedom. The implications of one or more of these rights for three great constitutional controversies - capital punishment, same-sex marriage and abortion - are discussed in-depth. Along the way, Michael J. Perry addresses the question of the proper role of the Supreme Court of the United States in adjudicating these controversies.
The Role of External Actors in Incentivizing Post-Conflict Power-Sharing
Authors: McEvoy Joanne
Published: July 2013

External actors engaged in peace building often induce domestic elites to share power. This article explores the effectiveness of external incentives in establishing, maintaining or reforming power-sharing. Adopting a rationalist approach to socialization, the research investigates the strategic interaction between external and internal actors in two cases of contemporary power-sharing: Northern Ireland and Bosnia-Herzegovina. External incentives will probably be more effective when they uphold a peace agreement that satisfies groups’ structural preferences on constitutional issues. External incentives can, under certain conditions, lead to internalization and the potential ‘habitualization’ of power-sharing as norm-conforming behaviour. The strategy of external actors will be less effective when their socialization efforts are inconsistent and coercive, viewed as threatening to one or more of the contending groups.
Democratic Institutions Beyond the Nation State: Measuring Institutional Dissimilarity in Federal Countries
Authors: Harbers Imke , Ingram Matthew C.
Published: July 2013

The persistence of subnational undemocratic regimes in new democracies has recently revived interest in intra-national patterns of democratization. This article offers new data and a methodological contribution to this literature, emphasizing the measurement of institutional variation across territorial units and levels of government. Developing new measures of the unevenness of democratic institutions within individual countries, and illustrating these measures with an original data set on electoral rules in Mexico at the federal level and across 32 subnational units, we provide tools to enhance the study of democracy, particularly at the subnational level and in federal or decentralized systems. More specifically, we develop measures of institutional characteristics across a country's spatial units and of federal-to-state institutional dissimilarity – what we call system-wide institutional incongruence.
Directly Elected Mayors and their Parties: The Cases of Genoa and Lausanne
Authors: McDonnell Duncan , Mazzoleni Oscar
Published: July 2013

While the literature on directly elected mayors has largely neglected the relationship between mayors and their parties, studies of party transformation have generally ignored how changes in local democratic rules and practices affect parties. This article addresses these questions using a qualitative case study of the relationship between mayors and the three faces of their parties (in local public office, local central office and on the ground) in Genoa and Lausanne. Based on interviews with the mayors, elected representatives and party members, it finds in the two cases that, as long as these mayors can count on high levels of popularity and are not nearing the end of their term, they are ‘party detached’. When these factors do not apply and/or party institutionalization increases, the relationship with the party in local central office (although not with the party in local public office or on the ground) becomes more significant.
Stratigraphic evolution and source rock potential of a Lower Oligocene to Lower–Middle Miocene continental slope system, Hellenic Fold and Thrust Belt, Ionian Sea, northwest Greece
Authors: MARAVELIS A. , MAKRODIMITRAS G. , PASADAKIS N. , ZELILIDIS A.
Published: July 2013

The Western flanks of the Hellenic Fold and Thrust Belt are similar to the nearby prolific Albanian oil and gas provinces, where commercial volumes of oil have been produced. The Lower Oligocene to Lower–Middle Miocene slope series at this part of the Hellenic Fold and Thrust Belt provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the anatomy and source rock potential of such a system from an outcrop perspective. Slope progradation is manifested as a vertical pattern exhibiting an increasing amount of sediment bypass upwards, which is interpreted as reflecting increasing gradient conditions. The palaeoflow trend exhibits a western direction during the Late Oligocene but since the Early Miocene has shifted to the East. The occurrence of reliable index species allowed us to recognize several nannoplankton biozones (NP23 to NN5). Organic geochemical data indicate that the containing organic matter is present in sufficient abundance and with good enough quality to be regarded as potential source rocks. The present Rock-Eval II pyrolytic yields and calculated values of hydrogen and oxygen indexes imply that the recent organic matter type is of type III kerogen. A terrestrial origin is suggested and is attributed to short transportation distance and accumulation at rather low water depth. The succession is immature with respect to oil generation and has not experienced high temperature during burial. However, its eastern down-slope equivalent deep-sea mudstone facies should be considered as good gas-prone source rocks onshore since they may have experienced higher thermal evolution. In addition, they may have improved organic geochemical parameters because there is no oxidization of the organic matter.
THE OBLIGATION TO REFRAIN FROM ASSISTING THE USE OF THE DEATH PENALTY
Authors: Malkani Bharat
Published: July 2013

In this paper, I assert that the prohibition on the death penalty brings with it an obligation on abolitionist States to refrain from assisting the use of the death penalty in retentionist States. By considering the law on complicity and State responsibility, the obligation to protect under international human rights law, and the practice of States, I argue that although there are jurisdictional issues and although the death penalty is not prohibited under general international law, an obligation to refrain from being complicit in the death penalty is developing in international law.
THE USE OF FORCE AND FIREARMS BY PRIVATE MARITIME SECURITY COMPANIES AGAINST SUSPECTED PIRATES
Authors: Petrig Anna
Published: July 2013

The legal framework pertaining to the use of private armed guards protecting merchant ships from Somalia-based piracy is complex, sometimes ambiguous, and currently in a state of flux. Against the background that commercial shipping increasingly relies on Private Maritime Security Companies and that various regulatory projects on the subject matter are underway, this article sketches out what domestic and international rules govern the use of force and firearms by private armed guards on board merchant ships today. It concludes that at this juncture an effort to coordinate this legal framework is necessary, both regarding the interpretation of existing rules and the creation of new norms.
THE ENDURING VULNERABILITY OF MIGRANT DOMESTIC WORKERS IN EUROPE
Authors: Murphy Clíodhna
Published: July 2013

While the rights of domestic workers are expanding in international law, including through the adoption of the ILO Domestic Workers Convention in 2011, migrant domestic workers remain particularly vulnerable to employment-related abuse and exploitation. This article explores the intersection of the employment law and migration law regimes applicable to migrant domestic workers in the United Kingdom, France and Ireland. The article suggests that the precarious immigration status of many migrant domestic workers renders employment protections, such as they exist in each jurisdiction, largely illusory in practice for this group of workers. The labour standards contained in the Domestic Workers Convention, together with the recommendations of the UN Committee on Migrant Workers on the features of an appropriate immigration regime for migrant domestic workers, are identified as providing an alternative normative model for national regulatory frameworks.
THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ‘SUPRA-CONSTITUTIONAL’ LIMITS ON CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
Authors: Roznai Yaniv
Published: July 2013

This article examines whether there are any limitations on constitutional amendment powers that are external to the constitutional system and above it—‘supra-constitutional’ limits. It considers the theory and practice of the relationship between natural law, international law or other supranational law, and domestic constitutional law in a comparative prism. After considering the alleged supremacy of supranational law over constitutional amendments, the author explores the problem of the relationship between the different legal orders in the external/internal juridical spheres, and the important potential and actual role of national courts in ‘domesticating’ supranational law and enforcing its supremacy. It is claimed that despite the growing influence of supranational law, state practice demonstrates that constitutional law is still generally superior to international law, and even when the normative hierarchical superiority of supranational law is recognized within the domestic legal order, this supremacy derives not from supranational law as a separate legal order, but rather from the constitution itself. Therefore, it is claimed that existing practice regarding arguments of ‘supra-constitutional’ limitations are better described by explicit or implicit limitations within the constitution itself, through which supranational standards can be infused to serve as valid limitations on constitutional amendment powers.
Free fat grafting in superficial parotid surgery to prevent Frey's syndrome and improve aesthetic outcome
Authors: Chan L S , Barakate M S , Havas T E
Published: July 2013

Background:

Frey's syndrome and cosmesis are important considerations in parotid surgery. Placement of an interpositional barrier can prevent these complications; however, surgical technique and efficacy remain controversial.

Methods:

A prospective case series was collected comprising all patients undergoing primary superficial parotidectomy for benign pathology with abdominal free fat grafting between June 2007 and December 2010, performed by a single surgeon. A survey was also distributed to otorhinolaryngology consultants across Australia to assess current practice.

Results:

Twenty-eight patients were included. No patient had clinical symptoms of Frey's syndrome. Seventy-five per cent of patients were completely satisfied with their aesthetic outcome, 18 per cent scored 4/5 and the remaining 7 per cent (2 patients) scored 3/5. The survey revealed that 79 per cent of respondents did not use interpositional grafts.

Conclusion:

Abdominal free fat is ideal for grafting as it is an effective, safe, simple, accessible, fast and inexpensive method of providing an interpositional graft.
Detection of circulating tumour cells with the CellSearch system in patients with advanced-stage head and neck cancer: preliminary results
Authors: He S , Li P , He S , Long T , Zhang N , Fang J , Yu Z
Published: July 2013

Objective:

To assess the feasibility and clinical value of using the CellSearch system to detect circulating tumour cells in patients with advanced-stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods:

Circulating tumour cells were isolated and counted via positive selection utilising magnetically labelled anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule and immunocytochemical staining for cytokeratin. The correlation between circulating tumour cell presence and clinical features was evaluated in nine patients newly diagnosed with advanced-stage (stage III or IV) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Results:

Circulating tumour cells were detected in three of the nine patients (33 per cent). Circulating tumour cell positivity was more prevalent in node stage 2 to 3 patients (3 of 5, 60 per cent) than node stage 0 to 1 patients (0 of 4, 0 per cent). Recurrent or progressive disease was observed in only one of the six patients (17 per cent) without circulating tumour cells, compared with two of the three patients (67 per cent) with circulating tumour cells.

Conclusion:

In this preliminary study, circulating tumour cells were successfully isolated in patients with advanced-stage head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, using the CellSearch system. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the prognostic significance of circulating tumour cells.
Unilateral hemiplegia: a unique complication of septoplasty
Authors: D'Ascanio L , Cappiello L , Piazza F
Published: July 2013

Background:

Septoplasty is one of the most common otolaryngological operations. It is often dismissed as a simple procedure, despite the wide range of potential complications. We describe the first reported case of unilateral hemiplegia as a complication of septoplasty.

Methods and results:

A 51-year-old man presented with right hemiplegia following a septoplasty and turbinoplasty procedure carried out elsewhere. Cranial imaging showed a breakthrough fracture of the left sphenoid sinus anterior wall and clivus, with a haemorrhagic area in the left paramedian pons, which was responsible for the patient's right hemiplegia. Despite neurological and physiotherapeutic rehabilitation, the patient gained only partial recovery from his right hemiplegia.

Conclusion:

Good intra-operative visualisation and appropriate surgical technique are essential to prevent complications and achieve a functional nasal airway. The importance of the presented case to the pre-operative informed consent process is underlined.
Stimulated Brillouin scattering in magnetized plasmas
Authors: BRODIN G. , STENFLO L.
Published: July 2013

Previous theory for stimulated Brillouin scattering is reconsidered and generalized. We introduce an effective ion sound velocity that turns out to be useful in describing scattering instabilities.
Re-description of some poorly known species of the family Syllidae (Annelida)
Authors: Verdes Aida , Aguado M. Teresa , San Martín Guillermo
Published: July 2013

Several poorly known species of the family Syllidae (Annelida) have been revised and re-described. New diagnosis and taxonomic remarks are provided forErinaceusyllis erinaceus, Opisthosyllis neglectacomb. nov.,Parapionosyllis parapionosylliformiscomb. nov.,Prosphaerosyllis semiverrucosacomb. nov. andAmblyosyllis granosa.
Motivations for Relativism as a Solution to Disagreements
Authors: Hales Steven D.
Published: July 2013

There are five basic ways to resolve disagreements: keep arguing until capitulation, compromise, locate an ambiguity or contextual factors, accept Pyrrhonian skepticism, and adopt relativism. Relativism is perhaps the most radical and least popular solution to a disagreement, and its defenders generally think the best motivator for relativism is to be found in disputes over predicates of personal taste. I argue that taste predicates do not adequately motivate relativism over the other possible solutions, and argue that relativism looks like the most promising approach when disputants cannot even agree on the meta-evidence for a contested proposition.
Differentiating psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder: a triarchic model perspective
Authors: Venables N. C. , Hall J. R. , Patrick C. J.
Published: July 2013

Background

The triarchic model of psychopathy characterizes the disorder in terms of three distinguishable phenotypic facets: disinhibition, meanness and boldness. The present study sought to (1) inform current debates regarding the role of boldness in the definition of psychopathy and (2) clarify boundaries between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).

Method

This study evaluated the degree to which facets of the triarchic model are represented in the most widely used clinical inventory for psychopathy, the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL-R), in comparison with ASPD as defined by DSM-IV criteria. Adult male offenders from two distinct correctional settings (n = 157 and 169) were investigated to ensure replicability of findings across samples exhibiting high base rates of psychopathy and antisocial behavior.

Results

We found evidence for convergent and discriminant validity of the three triarchic facets in predicting symptomatic components of psychopathy as assessed by the PCL-R. Additionally, and crucially vis-à-vis current debates in the field, we found that boldness contributed incrementally (over and above disinhibition and meanness) to prediction of PCL-R psychopathy, in particular its interpersonal style component, but not ASPD.

Conclusions

The three distinct facets of the triarchic model of psychopathy are represented clearly and distinctly in the PCL-R, with boldness through its interpersonal facet, but not in DSM-defined ASPD. Our findings suggest that boldness is central to diagnostic conceptions of psychopathy and distinguishes psychopathy from the more prevalent diagnosis of ASPD.
A prospective latent analysis study of Axis I psychiatric co-morbidity of DSM-IV major depressive disorder
Authors: Melartin T. , Mantere O. , Ketokivi M , Isometsä E.
Published: July 2013

Background

We tested the degree to which longitudinal observations fit two hypotheses of psychiatric co-morbidity in DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) among adult patients: (1) Axis I co-morbidity is dependent on major depressive episode (MDE) course, and (2) Axis I co-morbidity is independent of MDE course.

Method

In the Vantaa Depression Study (VDS), 269 psychiatric secondary-care patients with a DSM-IV MDD were evaluated with the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) at intake and at 6 and 18 months. Three evaluations of co-morbidity were available for 193 out of 259 living patients (75%). A latent curve model (LCM) was used to examine individual-level changes in depressive and anxiety symptoms across time. Outcome of MDD was modeled in terms of categorical DSM-IV diagnosis and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores, and co-morbidity in terms of categorical DSM-IV anxiety and alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnoses and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores.

Results

Depression and anxiety correlated cross-sectionally at baseline. Longitudinally, changes in depression and anxiety correlated in both the 0–6 and 6–18 months time windows. Higher baseline depression raised the likelihood of an AUD at 6 months, and patients with more depressive symptoms in the 0–6 months time window were more likely to have had an AUD at 6 months, which further linked to less improvement in depression symptoms in the 6–18 months time window.

Conclusions

Longitudinal and individual-level courses of both internalizing and externalizing disorders in adult patients with MDD seem to be dependent, albeit to differing degrees, on the course of depressive symptoms.
Reliability of temperature determination from curve-fitting in multi-wavelength pyrometery
Authors: Ni P.A. , More R.M. , Bieniosek F.M.
Published: July 2013

This paper examines the reliability of a widely used method for temperature determination by multi-wavelength pyrometry. In recent warm dense matter experiments with ion-beam heated metal foils, we found that the statistical quality of the fit to the measured data is not necessarily a measure of the accuracy of the inferred temperature. We found a specific example where a second-best fit leads to a more realistic temperature value. The physics issue is the wavelength-dependent emissivity of the hot surface. We discuss improvements of the multi-frequency pyrometry technique, which will give a more reliable determination of the temperature from emission data.
Recurrent axon collaterals of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
Authors: JOO HANNAH R. , PETERSON BETH B. , DACEY DENNIS M. , HATTAR SAMER , CHEN SHIH-KUO
Published: July 2013

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the retina, have axons that project via the optic nerve to diverse targets in the brain. Typically, RGC axons do not branch before exiting the retina and thus do not provide it with synaptic feedback. Although a small subset of RGCs with intraretinal axon collaterals has been previously observed in human, monkey, cat, and turtle, their function remains unknown. A small, more recently identified population of RGCs expresses the photopigment melanopsin. These intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) transmit an irradiance-coding signal to visual nuclei in the brain, contributing both to image-forming vision and to several nonimage-forming functions, including circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex. In this study, using melanopsin immunolabeling in monkey and a genetic method to sparsely label the melanopsin cells in mouse, we show that a subgroup of ipRGCs have axons that branch en route to the optic disc, forming intraretinal axon collaterals that terminate in the inner plexiform layer of the retina. The previously described collateral-bearing population identified by intracellular dye injection is anatomically indistinguishable from the collateral-bearing melanopsin cells identified here, suggesting they are a subset of the melanopsin-expressing RGC type and may therefore share its functional properties. Identification of an anatomically distinct subpopulation in mouse, monkey, and human suggests this pathway may be conserved in these and other species (turtle and cat) with intraretinal axon collaterals. We speculate that ipRGC axon collaterals constitute a likely synaptic pathway for feedback of an irradiance signal to modulate retinal light responses.
The Right Version of ‘the Right Kind of Solution to the Wrong Kind of Reason Problem’
Authors: SAMUELSSON LARS
Published: July 2013

In a recent article in Utilitas, Gerald Lang suggests a solution to the so-called ‘wrong kind of reason problem’ (WKR problem) for the buck-passing account of value. In two separate replies to Lang, Jonas Olson and John Brunero, respectively, point out serious problems with Lang's suggestion, and at least Olson concludes that the solution Lang opts for is of the wrong kind for solving the WKR problem. I argue that while both Olson and Brunero have indeed identified considerable flaws in Lang's suggestion for a solution to the WKR problem, they have not provided sufficient grounds for dismissing the kind of solution that Lang proposes. I show how a version of this kind of solution can be formulated so as to avoid both Olson's and Brunero's objections. I also raise some worries concerning an alternative solution to the WKR problem suggested by Sven Danielsson and Jonas Olson.
Safety by design: engineers and entrepreneurs invent fire safety in Mexico City, 1860–1910
Authors: ALEXANDER ANNA ROSE
Published: July 2013

This article examines fire-safety innovations (safety matches, extinguishers and hydrants) from professional engineers and lay inventors in Mexico City from 1860–1910. With a drastic increase in the frequency and intensity of fires in the capital, engineers and entrepreneurs saw fire hazards as business opportunities. Global trends that promoted patenting new technologies spurred entrepreneurs and professionals alike to transform the capital into an epicentre of innovation aimed at making the city safer. Their inventions marked the city with visible signs of technological change and reminded residents that fire was a real threat to urban life.
John Voelcker, Team 10 founder member: a view from the practice
Authors: Carolin Peter
Published: July 2013

Aldo van Eyck, in an interview twenty-five years after John Voelcker died [1], remembered him as follows:

There were, of course, other highly interesting men in Team 10, for their personality and intellect and passion; one of them was John Voelcker. He really thought about the great problems of urbanism. He was one of the first people, in Aix already, who talked about quantity, number and identity and in such a way that I thought ‘hey, now I have a new scale; somebody is tuned in rather differently, with a completely other approach […]

He wasn't the kind of person to organise himself to build. He did build several things, but not much. He was younger […] and anyway with the kind of ideas he had it wasn't easy to hook onto British building practice. His ideas went very far, though they were not utopian. John was a quintessential Team 10 thinker. He was urbanistically the best of the Team 10 thinkers, by far. He knew a lot, he was interesting, inclined and open.
Dietary intake and body composition in HIV-positive and -negative South African women
Authors: Wrottesley Stephanie V , Micklesfield Lisa K , Hamill Matthew M , Goldberg Gail R , Prentice Ann , Pettifor John M , Norris Shane A , Feeley Alison B
Published: July 2013

Objective

The present paper examines dietary intake and body composition in antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative South African women, as well as the impact of disease severity on these variables.

Design

Baseline data from a longitudinal study assessing bone health in HIV-negative and HIV-positive premenopausal South African women over 18 years of age were used. Anthropometry and body composition, measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, were analysed together with dietary intake data assessed using an interviewer-based quantitative FFQ.

Setting

Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Subjects

Black, urban South African women were divided into three groups: (i) HIV-negative (HIV−; n 98); (ii) HIV-positive with preserved CD4 counts (HIV+ non-ARV; n 74); and (iii) HIV-positive with low CD4 counts and due to start ARV treatment (HIV+ pre-ARV; n 75).

Results

The prevalence of overweight and obesity was high in this population (59 %). The HIV+ pre-ARV group was lighter and had a lower BMI than the other two groups (all P < 0·001). HIV+ pre-ARV women also had lower fat and lean masses and percentage body fat than their HIV− and HIV+ non-ARV counterparts. After adjustment, there were no differences in macronutrient intakes across study groups; however, fat and sugar intakes were high and consumption of predominantly refined food items was common overall.

Conclusion

HIV-associated immunosuppression may be a key determinant of body composition in HIV-positive women. However, in populations with high obesity prevalence, these differences become evident only at advanced stages of infection.
Die Bedeutung des familiären Hintergrundes für die Lesemotivation und Lesehäufigkeit von Gymnasialschülern
Authors: Schaffner Ellen , Schiefele Ulrich , Schmidt Meike
Published: July 2013

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem familiären Hintergrund und der Lesemotivation (LM) sowie der Lesehäufigkeit in einer Stichprobe von 156 Gymnasialschülern. Die Effekte der familiären Hintergrundmerkmale (Migrationsstatus, Kontakt zu Büchern, elterliche Wertschätzung des Lesens, elterliche Motivierung) wurden mittels hierarchischer Regressionsanalysen überprüft. Die Analysen berücksichtigten dabei die schülerperzipierten Leseanregungen durch die Schule und den Freundeskreis als Kontrollvariablen. Für die Vorhersage der intrinsischen und extrinsischen LM erwiesen sich insbesondere die lernorientierte Wertschätzung des Lesens und die Motivierung der Eltern als bedeutsam. Die Lesehäufigkeit wurde durch den Kontakt zu Büchern und die elterliche Motivierung vorhergesagt. Die Effekte des familiären Hintergrundes auf die extrinsische LM und die Lesehäufigkeit blieben auch bei Kontrolle der Leseanregungen durch die Schule und den Freundeskreis bestehen.
Jugendliche Übersetzer
Authors: Schulz Sebastian , Titzmann Peter F. , Michel Andrea
Published: July 2013

Jugendliche Migranten übersetzen häufig für ihre Eltern, was auch als Language Brokering (LB) bezeichnet wird. Ziel dieser Studie war es, herauszufinden inwieweit demographische, akkulturative und familiäre Prädiktoren mit LB in Zusammenhang stehen, inwiefern LB mit internalisierten Verhaltensproblemen verbunden ist, und ob das Alter der Jugendlichen diesen Zusammenhang moderiert. Die Stichprobe bestand aus 119 Dyaden jugendlicher Migranten aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion in Deutschland (mittleres Alter = 15 Jahre 10 Monate, 61 % weiblich) sowie deren Müttern. LB wurde häufiger von Jugendlichen berichtet, die älter waren, eine positivere Einstellung zum Übersetzen hatten, deren Mütter schlechtere Deutschkenntnisse und weniger deutsche Bekannte angaben und deren Familie nicht intakt war. Bei jüngeren Jugendlichen war LB mit mehr internalisierten Problemen assoziiert, bei älteren hingegen nicht. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass vor allem jüngere Jugendliche durch Übersetzungsaufgaben überfordert sind, wahrscheinlich weil ihre sozialen und kognitiven Fähigkeiten den Anforderungen noch nicht gewachsen sind.
Die Bedeutung der Identifikation mit der Herkunftskultur und mit der Aufnahmekultur Deutschland für die soziale Integration Jugendlicher mit Migrationshintergrund in ihrer Schulklasse
Authors: Zander Lysann , Hannover Bettina
Published: July 2013

Wir untersuchen die Bedeutung verschiedener Komponenten der Identifikation mit Herkunftskultur (IHK) und Aufnahmekultur (IAK; Deutschland) für die soziale Integration Jugendlicher mit Migrationshintergrund in ihrer Schulklasse. Das Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure ( Phinney, 1992 ) wurde zur Erfassung der IHK ins Deutsche übertragen und durch eine analoge Skala zur Erfassung der IAK ergänzt. Es zeigte sich eine einfaktorielle Struktur für IHK und eine dreidimensionale (affektiv, kognitiv-informationssuchend, bewertend-bilanzierend) für IAK. In Mehrebenenanalysen erwies sich die soziale Integration, gemessen über den Anteil von Freund/inn/en ohne Migrationshintergrund in der Schulklasse, mit zunehmender IHK als schwächer und mit zunehmend positivem Affekt gegenüber der Aufnahmekultur als stärker. Negative Zusammenhänge zwischen IHK und IAK sprechen für erlebten Assimilationsdruck. Die Ergebnisse ermutigen dazu, in zukünftiger Forschung mit Migrantenjugendlichen in Deutschland die Teilkomponenten von IHK und IAK differentiell zu berücksichtigen.
Parent‐of‐origin control of transgenerational retrotransposon proliferation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Reinders Jon , Mirouze Marie , Nicolet Joël , Paszkowski Jerzy
Published: July 2013

Retrotransposons are ubiquitous mobile genetic elements constituting a major part of eukaryotic genomes. Yet, monitoring retrotransposition and subsequent copy number increases in multicellular eukaryotes is intrinsically difficult. By following the transgenerational accumulation of a newly activated retrotransposon EVADE (EVD) in Arabidopsis, we noticed fast expansion of activated elements transmitted through the paternal germ line but suppression when EVD‐active copies are maternally inherited. This parent‐of‐origin effect on EVD proliferation was still observed when gametophytes carried mutations for key epigenetic regulators previously shown to restrict EVD mobility. Therefore, the main mechanism preventing active EVD proliferation seems to act through epigenetic control in sporophytic tissues in the mother plant. In consequence, once activated, this retrotransposon proliferates in plant populations owing to suppressed epigenetic control during paternal transmission. This parental gateway might contribute to the occasional bursts of retrotransposon mobilization deduced from the genome sequences of many plant species.
Identification and characterization of mitochondrial Mia40 as an iron–sulfur protein
Authors: Spiller Michael P. , Ang Swee Kim , Ceh-Pavia Efrain , Fisher Karl , Wang Qi , Rigby Stephen E. J. , Lu Hui
Published: July 2013

Mia40 is a highly conserved mitochondrial protein that plays an essential role in the import and oxidative folding of many proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Mia40 uses its redox active CPC motif to shuttle disulfides between its client proteins (newly imported proteins) and the thiol oxidase Erv1. As a thiol oxidoreductase, no cofactor was found in Mia40, nor is a cofactor required for this function. In the present study we, for the first time based on both in vitro and in vivo studies, show that yeast Mia40 can exist as an Fe–S (iron–sulfur) protein as well. We show that Mia40 binds a [2Fe–2S] cluster in a dimer form with the cluster co-ordinated by the cysteine residues of the CPC motifs. The biological relevance of the cofactor binding was confirmed in vivo by cysteine redox state and iron uptake analyses, which showed that a significant amount of cellular Mia40 binds iron in vivo. Furthermore, our oxygen consumption results suggested that the Fe–S-containing Mia40 is not an electron donor for Erv1. Thus we conclude that Mia40 is a novel Fe–S protein with a new cluster-binding motif (CPC), and apart from the thiol oxidoreductase activity, Mia40 may have another important, as yet undefined, function in cells.
Iterative adaptive synthetic correlation output filters
Authors: Zhou L.B. , Wang H.
Published: July 2013

The average of synthetic exact filter (ASEF) and the minimum output sum of squared error (MOSSE) are two state‐of‐the‐art correlation filters. An iterative adaptive method to boost their performance of target finding is proposed. ASEF and MOSSE stiffly assign distance‐based Gaussians to the training images as synthetic correlation outputs, which drop the intensity information and may distort the filter. To alleviate it, synthetic outputs are iteratively adjusted under two considerations: (i) the correlation peak should locate at the target by giving more prominence to the target while suppressing other local maxima that are likely to be wrongly detected, and (ii) correlation values at different pixels should match the intensity context. Accordingly, the filter is updated. Comparative experiments in facial landmark localisation show the superiority of the proposed method over ASEF and MOSSE.
Convergence properties of nonlinear functional link adaptive filters
Authors: Comminiello D. , Scarpiniti M. , Parisi R. , Uncini A.
Published: July 2013

The analysis of some convergence properties of a recent class of nonlinear adaptive filters, known as ‘functional link adaptive filters’ (FLAFs) is aimed at. In particular, a convergence stability range is derived for nonlinear FLAFs using trigonometric series expansion.
Weather measurement system using near‐infrared differential spectroscopy
Authors: Mizumoto I. , Yoshi Y. , Oguma H. , Tsukada A. , Sakai S.
Published: July 2013

A weather measurement system was constructed using near‐infrared light‐emitting diodes and indium gallium arsenide photodiodes for the 1–2 µm near‐infrared region. The difference in the absorbance of water for near‐infrared light at wavelengths of 945 and 1450 nm was used to distinguish between three different precipitation types: snow, sleet and rain. From the ratio of the number of generated light absorption events at the two wavelengths, a distinction between snow, sleet and rain events was demonstrated. The judgement results by this system were consistent with those obtained from the meteorological observatory weather database.
Sequential sparse representation for mitotic event recognition
Authors: Liu A.A. , Hao T. , Gao Z. , Su Y.T. , Yang Z.X.
Published: July 2013

Proposed is a sequential sparsity representation method for mitotic event recognition. First, an imaging model‐based microscopy image segmentation method is implemented for mitotic candidate extraction. Then, a sequential sparsity representation scheme is proposed for dictionary learning and sparsity decomposition for sequential events. Specifically, a convex objective function jointly regularised by sparsity, consistent and smooth terms is formulated to compute the reconstructed residual, which is finally utilised for classification. This method can take advantage of temporal context for spatio‐temporal event modelling. Moverover, it can overcome the shortage of temporal inference models which highly depends on a large amount of training data and long‐range temporal context. The comparison shows that this method can outperform competing methods in terms of precision, recall and F1 score.
Microstrip dual‐band bandpass filter with E‐shaped multimode resonator
Authors: Liu H.W. , Li S. , Ren B.P.
Published: July 2013

A microstrip dual‐band bandpass filter (BPF) using two E‐shaped multimode resonators (MMRs) is presented. Each MMR can not only generate one passband, but also independently control the bandwidth. By utilising the odd‐mode and even‐mode resonance properties of the proposed MMR, a simple design procedure is described. Besides, two transmission zeros are created owing to the intrinsic characteristic of the proposed resonator. To validate the design theory, a dual‐band BPF for GSM and WLAN applications was designed, analysed and fabricated. Measurements have good agreement with simulations.
Suppression of therapeutic interference by using Barker code and adaptive notch filtering for real‐time HIFU surgery and ultrasound imaging
Authors: Jeong J.S.
Published: July 2013

Real‐time ultrasound imaging during high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) surgery allows for tracking tissue movement and monitoring feedback from a treated target. However, the reflected HIFU interference signals deteriorate the quality of imaging signals received by an imaging transducer during simultaneous therapy and imaging. The purpose of this Letter is to demonstrate that those HIFU interference signals can be significantly reduced in the brightness‐mode image by using a coded excitation scheme with adaptive notch filtering. A prototype integrated HIFU/imaging transducer was used to experimentally demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
Fully integrated low‐power area‐efficient FSK demodulator for inductively powered biomedical implants
Authors: Kim J. , Pedrotti K.
Published: July 2013

A fully integrated low‐power digital FSK demodulator is presented. Employing a novel clock extractor, the clock can be reliably retrieved from the FSK carrier, which also enables robust synchronisation of the clock and data without using a phase‐locked loop. This implantable demodulator was fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS process and tested using inductively coupled coils.
Approximation for combinatorial network optimisation using Tsallis entropy
Authors: Liao Shengbin , Zhang Qingfu
Published: July 2013

Recent research shows that a combinatorial network optimisation problem can be approximated by adding a Shannon entropy term to its objective function. This Letter generalises it to the case of Tsallis entropy and provides the mathematical proof.
Miniaturised dual‐band bandpass filter using modified SIR
Authors: Mo Yuxia , Song Kaijun , Tao Pan , Fan Yong
Published: July 2013

A novel miniaturised dual‐band bandpass filter using a single modified stepped impedance resonator (SIR) is presented. Some different shaped slots cutting on the middle patch of the SIR are adopted to improve the return loss in the two passbands and control the resonant frequencies. Meanwhile, the impedance ratio can be changed by changing L or W to tune the resonant frequencies. To improve the selectivity and achieve a high out‐of‐band rejection, source–load coupling is utilised. The simulated and measured results are presented and show good agreement.
Four‐channel MIMO antenna for WLAN using hybrid structure
Authors: Kim J. , Ju J. , Eom S. , Song M. , Kim N.
Published: July 2013

A hybrid structure consisting of a printed cross dipole and annular ring antennas with a pattern and polarisation diversity for a four‐channel multiple input multiple output system operating in a wireless local area network (LAN) (2.34–2.54 GHz) is presented. The entire antenna size is only 88 × 88 × 44 mm. The envelope correlation coefficient and mean effective gain are computed using measured far‐field radiation patterns. The measured − 10 dB impedance frequency bandwidths of the proposed antenna cover the whole operation bandwidths of wireless LAN with an isolation of less than − 15 dB.
Multi‐block FEC for reprogramming wireless sensor networks
Authors: Park Taehyun , Kim Seung Young , Kwon Gu‐In
Published: July 2013

Reprogramming a wireless sensor network requires accurate broadcast of the code to its all nodes. A multi‐block forward error correction technique was used, in which blocks were encoded using a rateless code, such as a Luby transform (LT) code. When relaying data, a node salvages any error‐free blocks from a corrupted frame and uses them in constructing a new frame. This creates diversity in the data relayed by the nodes, giving downstream nodes an improved chance of obtainining a subset version of any block. Experiments show that this approach achieves significant reduction in network traffic.
Detector of abrupt current variations on power lines
Authors: Druart S. , Gillis J.M. , Martin N. , Flandre D. , Francis L.A.
Published: July 2013

A system to detect abrupt current variations occurring on high‐powered conductors (> 10 A) is proposed. The detection system is composed of an inductive transducer interfaced by a saw‐tooth current‐controlled oscillator (CCO). The transducer consists of a spiral highpass inductor, the role of which is to catch the magnetic flux induced by the current generated on the power line, the sensor being connected to the source branch of the CCO control current. Each magnetic perturbation is therefore transformed into an induced current added to the CCO source current, thus deforming the output transient saw‐tooth voltage of the circuit. The authors have defined an output characteristic based on the measurement of each period of the oscillating voltage; the information is consequently extracted from the comparison of the measured periods with the natural oscillating period of the CCO. The system has been implemented on a printed circuit board, tested for the arc fault detection application and compared with a Hall reference probe. The proposed measuring method allowed discriminating the arcing occurrences from the normal operation of the power conductors in three different regimes: i.e. when the power line is loaded by an open circuit, a resistive load, or an electrical motor.
Fast B1 field localisation in high‐field MRI systems
Authors: Yoo H.
Published: July 2013

In high‐magnetic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems (7 T and above), the radio frequency (RF) field shows greater inhomogeneity compared with clinical MRI systems (1.5 and 3.0 T). In multi‐channel RF coils, driving each coil element with convex optimisation can reduce non‐uniformity of the RF field in a region of interest. In this Letter, a periodic compressed method (PCM) and a PCM after averaging are proposed in order to reduce RF coil control time at high fields. Simulation results were obtained using a human head model in 7 and 9.4 T systems, and the results are discussed in detail.
Tilted receiver angle error compensated indoor positioning system based on visible light communication
Authors: Jeong E.‐M. , Yang S.‐H. , Kim H.‐S. , Han S.‐K.
Published: July 2013

In a positioning system based on visible light communication, significant error occurs in localisation when the receiver has a tilt angle. The performance of the positioning system, which uses received signal strength and trilateration when Rx is tilted, has been researched and it is demonstrated that the estimated location changes in the same direction that the Rx is tilted and the shape of the estimated position is bent, theoretically and experimentally. The bent shape and error in an estimated position were compensated for by the multiplying weighting factor and by shifting the estimated position, respectively.
Characterisation of Raman gain spectra in Yb:YAG‐derived optical fibres
Authors: Dragic P.D. , Ballato J.
Published: July 2013

For the first time, Raman gain spectra are measured for three all‐glass Yb:YAG crystal‐derived optical fibres. It is shown that fibres derived from YAG have a reduced Raman gain relative to that of pure silica, partly because of a significant broadening of the silica Raman lines, and also partly because of yttria and alumina possessing a lower gain than that of silica. Such a designer‐materials approach for suppression of stimulated Raman scattering can enable future high‐energy and high‐peak‐power fibre laser systems.
Coupling of terahertz radiation to metallic wire using end‐fire technique
Authors: Edelmann A. , Moeller L. , Jahns J.
Published: July 2013

Coupling of THz radiation at 625 GHz onto a copper wire is demonstrated. The end‐fire technique is used in combination with an axicon to excite the azimuthally polarised surface plasmon polaritons on the wire‘s front facet. A small lateral offset of the wire relative to the optical axis is used to achieve significant plasmon excitation. Coupling efficiencies of about 17% were measured. The coupling mechanism is discussed theoretically using the overlap integral and verify plasmonic excitation and propagation by measuring the radiated field at the wire end.
Footwear‐centric body area network with directional UWB antenna
Authors: Gaetano D. , Sipal V. , McEvoy P. , Ammann M.J. , Brannigan C. , Keating L. , Horgan F.
Published: July 2013

A footwear‐centric body area network employing a directional antenna is compared with waist‐centric systems using omnidirectional and directional antennas. The effect of body movements on path gain is analysed for two bands at 3.99 and 7.99 GHz. The path gain and data rate results demonstrate that footwear‐centric configurations are equivalent to or better than waist‐centric body area networks.
Design, ignition risk assessment and testing of increased safety high tension induction motor for explosive atmospheres
Authors: Ahirwal Bhagirath , Chatterjee Tarun Kumar
Published: July 2013

Increased safety (Exe) motors are widely used in zone 1 and 2 areas. Exe high tension (HT) motor is designed in such a way that it cannot produce any arc/spark and temperature of any part of motor in normal operating condition and specified abnormal condition. The risk assessment of Exe HT motor was introduced in the year of 2008 by ET22 Committee of Bureau of Indian Standards in IS:6381‐2004 standards in India. The Exe motors were designed and risk assessment of ignition was carried out as per new standards. All necessary test on the Exe HT designed motors are also described in this paper. The starting time or blocking time in normal or abnormal condition of Exe motor depends on the insulation system of motor. Time tE of rotor or stator winding depends on some design parameters like mass of rotor winding, rotor copper loss, starting torque etc. Time tE is very critical for any HT Exe motor and it should not be less than 5 s as per IS:6381‐2004 and IS/IEC 60079‐7:2006. The Exe motors mentioned in this paper have been manufactured by Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL), Bhopal, India during the project and main author was project leader.