bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MKS Genes and the Meckel Syndrome
Authors: Kestilä Marjo , Peltonen Leena
Published: November 2023

The Meckel syndrome (or Meckel–Gruber syndrome, MKS, MIM 249000) is a severe fetal developmental disorder that leads to death in utero or soon after birth. The main features of MKS are occipital menin- goencephalocele, cystic kidney dysplasia, polydactyly, and 2brotic changes of the liver (Mecke and Passarge, 1971; Salonen, 1984). MKS is diagnosed worldwide, but incidences vary signi2cantly between populations. The genome scans for the locus of this recessive disease have so far exposed locus heterogeneity with at least three MKS loci. The under- lying genes for two of the MKS loci have been recently identi2ed: MKS1 gene on 17q23 (Kyttälä et al., 2006) and the MKS3 gene on 8q22 (Smith et al., 2006). The gene on the MKS2 locus on 11q13 (Roume et al., 1998) remains unknown. The preliminary data of the MKS1 and MKS3 poly- peptides imply their roles in the cilial functions, linking speci2c molecular components of cilia with early human development and making MKS the ciliopathy with exceptional severity and very early onset (Dawe et al., 2007; Kyttälä et al., 2006; Smith et al., 2006).
Inborn Defects of Membrane Trafficking
Authors: Ikonen Elina
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a general introduction to the protein machineries of cellular membrane trafficking and lists 30 human diseases in which defects of these protein components have been discovered as the underlying cause. The disorders have been grouped into three categories: (1) those defective in sorting of cargo into transport carriers, vesicle budding, and scission, (2) those with defective movement of vesicles along cytoskeletal tracks, and (3) those defective in vesicle tethering, docking, and fusion at the target membrane. Eighteen of these diseases are discussed in some more detail, with the sites of the defects schematically illustrated. The number of membrane traf2cking diseases is steadily increasing and evidently, the present account is not comprehensive. Here, the focus is on diseases studied most at the cell biological level. They provide examples of how the study of intracellular membrane traf2cking has given a framework to understand the disease pathology and vice versa, how analysis of the gene defects deepens our understanding of the physiology of intracellular membrane transport processes. Finally, some of the lessons learned so far from studying human inborn errors of membrane traf2cking are discussed.
ADAMTS10 and the Weill–Marchesani Syndrome
Authors: Goff Carine Le , Dagoneau, Nathalie , Cormier-Daire Valérie
Published: November 2023

Weill–Marchesani syndrome (WMS) isararedisorder characterized by short stature, short and stubby hands and feet, stiff joints, and dislocation of microspherophakic lens. Despite clinical homogeneity, autosomal dominant (AD) and autosomal recessive (AR) modes of inheritance have been reported. Using an homozygosity mapping strategy in two consanguineous WMS families, we localized the gene responsible for the AR form of WMS on chromosome 19p13.3. We then identified three distinct mutations in the ADAMTS10 [A Disintegrin-like And Metalloproteinase domain (reprolysin type) with ThromboSpondin type 1 repeats] gene in these two families and in one sporadic WMS case. ADAMTS proteins have been involved in various human pro- cesses and are all characterized by an ancillary domain and a catalytic domain. However, the function of ADAMTS10 is yet unknown.
NR0B1 (DAX1) and X-linked Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita and XY Sex Reversal
Authors: Vilain Eric , Mccabe Edward R B
Published: November 2023

DAX1 (dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on the X chromosome, gene 1) is the nuclear receptor protein encoded by the gene NR0B1, which maps to Xp21 (McCabe, 2001a; Phelan and McCabe, 2001). It is an unusual member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. DAX1 is similar in sequence in its C-terminal portion to that of the typical ligand-binding domain (LBD) of other members of the superfamily (Zanaria et al., 1994; Guo et al., 1995b; Burris et al., 1996). The N-terminal portion of DAX1 is composed of 3.5 amino acid repeats and is similar to only one other superfamily member, short heterodimer partner (SHP), encoded by NR0B2, which contains only one of these repeats (Seol et al., 1996; Nuclear Receptor Nomenclature Committee, 1999;
KIAA1279 and Goldberg–Shprintzen Syndrome
Authors: Brooks Alice S , Hofstra Robert M W
Published: November 2023

Goldberg–Shprintzen syndrome or Goldberg–Shprintzen megacolon syndrome (GOSHS) (MIM 609460) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome with only seven families described in the literature (Goldberg et al., 1981; Hurst et al., 1988; Kumasaka et al., 1988; Yomo et al., 1991; Fryer, 1998; Brooks et al., 1999; Murphy et al., 2006). GOSHS is best characterized as a Hirschsprung dis- ease–mental retardation–microcephaly syndrome. Distinctive associated facial features include high-arched eyebrows, synophrys, hypertelorism, cleft palate/bifid uvula, and clouding of the cornea related to a primary hypesthesia of the cornea. Furthermore, an occasional patient with GOSHS is diagnosed with a congenital heart defect, or develops a progressive scoliosis starting in late childhood or early adolescence. Most patients with documented brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were diagnosed with bilateral generalized polymicrogyria, and this clinical feature might be a key feature of GOSHS. We identified the gene causing GOSHS as KIAA1279, a gene located at 10q22.1 and encoding a hypothetical protein with two tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs), as GOSHS patients proved to have inactivating KIAA1279 mutations (Brooks et al., 2005). The intracellular location of KIAA1279 or KIF1 binding protein (KBP) in mitochondria and its interaction with KIF1Bα might suggest a role of KIAA1279 in mitochondrial distribution in cells (Wozniak et al., 2005).
AGGF1 and the Klippel–Trenaunay Syndrome
Authors: Amini Mohammed Reza , Wang Qing K
Published: November 2023

Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a congenital anomaly characterized by capillary malformations (CMs), venous malformations or varicose veins, and hypertrophy of the affected tissues. Evaluation of KTS patients is mainly based on noninvasive imaging studies including plain radiography, color duplex ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and lymphoscintigraphy. KTS is a sporadic disorder, which makes genetic studies of KTS challenging. Three chromosomal abnormalities were reported in three different KTS patients: two balanced translocations, t(5;11)(q13.3;p15.1) and t(8;14)(q22.3;q13) (de novo), and an extra supernumerary ring chromo- some 18 (de novo). Molecular genetic analysis of the t(5;11) translocation cloned the AGGF1 gene at the chromosome 5q13.3 breakpoint that is associated with KTS. AGGF1 encodes the angiogenic factor with G-patch, and forkhead-associated (FHA) domains 1 and its variant, E133K, were significantly associated with risk of KTS in one Caucasian population (P = 0.009).
Fire!
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Fire! The word struck fear into every homeowner in colonial America. In a land where homes were shingled with wood, heated by wood, and lit with candles, fires were inevitable. All a person could do was to take some modest precautions and then try not to worry about the damage an errant spark might cause. There is no evidence to indicate that Thomas Jefferson, the youthful master of the family plantation in the Virginia Piedmont known as Shadwell, was worried about the mansion house there when he left home one February afternoon in 1770 to conduct some business in nearby Charlottesville. Already he had been master of Shadwell for half his life, since the death of his father, Peter Jefferson, thirteen years earlier. Having left the property countless times before, occasionally for months at a stretch, he had no reason to be more concerned this day than any other.
Why Integrative Oncology?
Authors: Weil Andrew T
Published: November 2023

Integrative medicine (IM) is an established movement in North America and China. It is a developing movement in parts of the Middle East and continental Europe, especially Scandinavia. I am conndent that it is the direction medicine and health care must take to address demands from patients, dissatisfaction of practitioners, and the worsening economics of health care worldwide.
Cannabinoids and Cancer
Authors: Abrams Donald I , Guzman Manuel
Published: November 2023

Cannabis has been used in medicine for thousands of years before achieving its current status as an illicit substance. Cannabinoids, the active components of Cannabis sativa, mimic the effects of the endogenous cannabinoids (the so-called endocannabinoids), activating specific cannabinoid receptors, particularly cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) found predominantly in the central nervous system and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) found in cells involved with immune function. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive cannabinoid in the plant, has been available as a prescription medication approved for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and treatment of anorexia associated with the AIDS wasting syndrome.
Massage Therapy
Authors: Corbin Lisa w.
Published: November 2023

Patients with cancer often suffer physical symptoms and psycho- logical stress. Massage therapy, widely used by healthy people for relaxation, may have other specific benefits for patients in all stages of cancer treatment. the use of massage therapy, with specific precautions in certain situations, is safe for patients with cancer. ere are few large, well-designed trials of massage therapy for patients with cancer; existing research suggests the most benefits for lymphedema and anxiety.
Natural Impediments To Making Valid Inferences
Authors: Bausell R Barker
Published: November 2023

There are a lot of people out there who believe that they are being helped by CAM therapies. There are even a lot of people who believe that diluted cuttlefish discharge has potent curative powers. So if there are tens of millions of people in the United States alone (and probably hundreds of millions worldwide) who have used CAM therapies and believe them to be effective, why consider what science has to say about this issue? Framed from a slightly different perspective: if the majority of the human race (along with generations of their grandparents) believes that therapies such as acupuncture, chiropractic manipulation, and homeopathy can relieve pain and cure disease, would anyone questioning such a judgment also have to question the intelligence of his species? The answer is definitely no. Instead, we should question what influences our thought processes. To decide whether something is effective or not requires us to engage in an extremely complex (and quintessentially human) activity involving the generation of correct causal inferences. And this is exactly what we automatically and unconsciously do every time we visit a health practitioner of any sort (or self-medicate ourselves, or place crystals in the window, or wear magnets or ionized bracelets) to achieve relief from noxious symptoms.
What High-Quality Trials Reveal About Cam
Authors: Bausell R Barker
Published: November 2023

We are now ready to examine the evidence regarding whether CAM therapies are capable of producing health benefits over and above those that can be attributed to the placebo effect. This is a much more daunting task than it appears on the surface because of the number of clinical trials that have been conducted and the difficulties involved in sorting out the CAM studies. As of the end of 2002, for example, there were more than 350,000 published trials in one research registry alone, with several thousand more being added each year.
The Future of Psychiatry
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: November 2023

Psychiatry has gone from one extreme to another throughout its history. At one time it was famous for promoting fantastic psychological theories that had no basis in science. Many psychiatrists were spending their careers conducting office practices, providing psychotherapy to patients who were unhappy but not ill—the so-called worried well. These practitioners did little hospital work, rarely prescribed drugs, and used little medical knowledge.
One Tree of Life
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

On the advice of his Cambridge mentor, John Henslow, Darwin chose the recently published first volume of Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology, a magisterial development of understanding the earth’s past in terms of forces observable in the present, an account that summarized and extended the new orthodoxy that had replaced Genesis, as one of the few books to take on the voyage of the Beagle. Later, when the Beagle docked for the second time in Montevideo, Darwin received a copy of Lyell’s second volume, devoted to the issue of whether the succession of organisms whose remains were found in the rocks testified to some process of “transmutation,” or whether it represented episodes of successive creation and extinction. Lyell argued against the relatedness of living things, opting instead for the idea of periodic creation, a process he candidly described as the “mystery of mysteries.”
Lewis’s Last Days
Authors: Coffey Patrick
Published: November 2023

After Gilbert Lewis finished working on acids and bases in 1938, his laboratory was full of the organic dyes that had been used as colorimetric indicators of acidity—many dyes have one color in an acidic solution and another in a basic solution. Lewis had been fascinated with the idea of color for years. His first publication on color had been in 1906, and in his 1916 paper “The Atom and the Molecule,” he had portrayed the electron pair as central to the color of chemical compounds. For Lewis, color was the result of the interaction of light with chemicals, shifting a molecule from one electronic state to another, with light absorbed or emitted at a frequency that was equivalent to the difference between the energy levels of the starting and ending states—this became known as “photochemistry.” In 1939 Lewis and Melvin Calvin, then a junior faculty member at Berkeley, published a theory of color.2 Robert Connick remembers the two of them working together: “I remember that Lewis and Calvin were working on color, and there was a seminar room in Gilman Hall with a long table in the back of it. I walked in and he and Calvin had thirty books on the table, all open, and Lewis was walking around, moving from one to another, stopping to look at one article and then the next. He was trying to get into his mind where the color was coming from.”3 Because it was impossible to perform detailed quantum chemical calculations before the age of computers, Lewis and Calvin were forced to approximate.
The Concept of Intentional Action:A Case Study in the Uses of Folk Psychology
Authors: Knobe Joshua
Published: November 2023

The twentieth century saw the rise of a new discipline that we might call scientific psychology. Practitioners of this new discipline develop detailed theories, conduct systematic experiments, and publish their results in academic journals. But long before the rise of scientific psychology, people had ways of making sense of the goings-on in each other’s minds. These ordinary ways of understanding the mind did not involve any detailed theories or systematic experiments, but they constituted a kind of psychology all the same. This ordinary, everyday psychology was expressed in sentences like: ‘She is feeling angry.’ ‘He wishes he could go.’ ‘They think that it is going to rain.’ The basic conceptual framework underlying these sorts of everyday psychological ascriptions is usually known as folk psychology.
Empirical Philosophy and Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Prinz Jesse J
Published: November 2023

There seems to be a methodological revolution taking place in philosophy. In some corners of the field, it’s business as usual, but in others, philosophers have become resolutely impure: integrating lessons from various branches of psychology (cognitive, developmental, social, and cross-cultural), neuroscience (cognitive, molecular, and clinical), evolutionary theory, experimental economics, and other “scientific” fields. The trend has been especially widespread in philosophy of mind and moral philosophy, but methodological perturbations can be felt in other areas as well. To use a trite metaphor, philosophers have been rolling up their sleeves and getting their hands dirty. The latest development in this trend takes this slogan even more seriously. Rather than just reporting scientific findings, philosophers are contributing to science by designing and conducting experiments. As with any revolution, it can be a bit hard to make sense of what’s happening while the battles are still taking place. In this chapter, I will attempt to describe and defend some of the methodological changes. I will distinguish two different approaches, which I will call experimental and empirical philosophy respectively. I will also argue that neither approach can function without some armchair methods, and neither collapses into psychology. The borders in this area are blurry, but even rough distinctions can help expose a methodological division of labor. Like many divisions of labor, the different methods I will discuss are best construed as components of a collective process rather than isolated intellectual fiefdoms.
The Creative Aspect of Language Use and Nonbiological Nativism
Authors: Baker Mark C
Published: November 2023

In recent years, innateness has become closely associated with evolutionary psychology, but there are other logical possibilities. This chapter focuses on one particular component of the language faculty, which Chomsky calls the “creative aspect of language use” (CALU). I argue that the CALU is a distinct module of the mind, and that it is innate in humans. I go on to show that the biological paradigm adds nothing to our understanding of it. On the contrary, there is a striking lack of evidence that this part of the language faculty is neurally embodied, genetically encoded, or an evolved adaptation. It seems to be characterized by a kind of abductive reasoning that does not even fit within the computational theory of the mind. I conclude that this may be an instance of a sort of nativism that falls outside the purview of evolutionary psychology and would fit better within a different explanatory paradigm.
The Moral Mind How Five Sets of Innate Intuitions Guide the Development of Many Culture-Specific Virtues, and Perhaps Even Modules
Authors: Haidt Jonathan , Joseph Craig
Published: November 2023

Morality is one of the few topics in academe endowed with its own protective spell. A biologist is not blinded by her biological nature to the workings of biology. An economist is not confused by his own economic activity when he tries to understand the workings of markets.1 But students of morality are often biased by their own moral commitments. Morality is so contested and so passionately valued that it is often difficult to set aside one’s humanity and study morality in a clinically detached way. One problem is that the psychological study of morality, like psychology itself (Redding, 2001), has been dominated by politically liberal researchers (who include us). The lack of moral and political diversity among researchers has led to an inappropriate narrowing of the moral domain to issues of harm/care and fairness/reciprocity/justice (Haidt and Graham, 2007). Morality in most cultures (and for social conservatives in Western cultures) is in fact much broader, including issues of in¬ group/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity (Haidt and Graham, 2007, and in press).
How to Write a Scientific Paper
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A
Published: November 2023

Now that you’ve designed and carried out your experiment, you’ll need to convey your findings to others in the field. The most effective way of doing so is to write and publish a scientific paper in a widely read journal. The success you have in telling your colleagues about your results, and in making the case for their significance, depends largely on how well you convey your information. Most students have experience in writing papers, which are then “reviewed” (i.e., graded) by their teachers. These school assignments provide critical background for the task of “writing up” your experiments. Many of the skills you learn at this earlier stage of your education are important for communicating scientific data in a journal article. There are, however, some peculiarities of writing a scientific paper, particularly with respect to format.
Ethical Conduct of Research
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A
Published: November 2023

After years of neglect, there is now a growing awareness of, and focus on, ethical issues involved in research. There are increasing pressures to develop rules that regulate our conduct in the laboratory—that is, how we carry out our experiments, how we analyze our data, and how we report the results of our studies. Such rules and guidelines have become particularly important as the public distrust of research science has increased. These pressures come both from within the scientific community and from the non- scientific public. There are now departments within virtually every research institution that provide education and training on various aspects of responsible conduct of research (RCR).
Lumps and Bumps Kantian Faculty Psychology, Phrenology, and Twentieth-CenturyPsychiatric Classification
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Influenced by the great psychiatric classifiers of the past, Western twentieth century no so logical maps reveal a notable division among the severe conditions known as either disorders (DSM) or psychoses (ICD). The forms of dysfunction associated with mood or affect are separated from those associated with schizophrenia. We may suppose we understand why this is so. Yet many psychological concepts, we know, are a reflection of culture. And it is not only that other cultures mark aspects of the self, personality, disposition, and behavior in terms and categories distinguishable from ours and adhere to contrary mental health norms. In addition, the very broadest categories and divisions by which different mental disorders are classified are in other cultures and traditions radically different from ours, as a recent survey (1990) by Wig has illustrated. Based on an analysis of medical classifications in Asian, African, and Islamic traditions, Wig concludes of the current division of psychoses separating mood or affective disorder from schizophrenia that “such concepts do not find are cognitionin traditional Third World classifications” (195; my emphasis).
Women’s Estrus, Pair Bonding, and Extra-Pair Sex
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, we argued that women possess estrus, just as all (or nearly all) mammalian and, indeed, vertebrate females possess estrus. Estrous sexuality is marked by adaptation that functions to obtain from sires genetic bene0ts for offspring. Hence females should generally 0nd relatively 0t males more sexually attractive when fertile in their cycles. As the result of research accumulated just over the past decade, women’s fertile sexual interests, relative to their interests when infertile in their cycles, are understood perhaps better than those of any other vertebrate female. And the research to date points to a de0nite conclusion: When fertile, women are sexually attracted by purported (ancestral) markers of genetic 0tness in men. Women possess estrous sexuality, as we conceptualize it.
Board certification in Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Armstrong Kira , Beebe Dean W , C.Hilsabeck Robin , Kirkwood Michael W
Published: November 2023

The authors demystify the ABPP-CN board certification process and provide specific guidance, tips, recommendations, and direction for neuropsychologists ready to pursue the diplomate status through ABCN. The book complements existing educational information about board certification, including materials provided through AACN workshops and the AACN study guide.
Person, Polis, Planet
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

This volume collects thirteen of David Schmidtzs essays on the question of what it takes to live a good life, given that we live in a social and natural world. Part One defends a non-maximizing conception of rational choice, explains how even ultimate goals can be rationally chosen, defends the rationality of concern and regard for others (even to the point of being willing to die for a cause), and explains why decision theory is necessarily incomplete as a tool for addressing such issues. Part Two uses the tools of analytic philosophy to explain what we can do to be deserving, what is wrong with the idea that we ought to do as much good as we can, why mutual aid is good, but why the welfare state does not work as a way of institutionalizing mutual aid, and why transferring wealth from those who need it less to those who need it more can be a bad idea even from a utilitarian perspective. Most ambitiously, Part Two offers an overarching, pluralistic moral theory that defines the nature and limits of our obligations to each other and to our individual selves. Part Three discusses the history and economic logic of alternative property institutions, both private and communal, and explains why economic logic is an indispensable tool in the field of environmental conflict resolution. In the final essay, Schmidtz brings the volume full circle by considering the nature and limits of our obligations to nonhuman species, and how the status of nonhuman species ought to enter into our deliberations about what sort of life is worth living.
How to Deserve
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

People ought to get what they deserve. And what we deserve can depend on effort, on performance, or on excelling in competition, even when excellence is partly a function of our natural gifts. Or so most people believe. Philosophers sometimes say otherwise. At least since Karl Marx complained about capitalist society extracting surplus value from workers, thereby failing to give workers what they deserve, classical liberal philosophers have worried that to treat justice as a matter of what people deserve is to license interference with liberty.
Diminishing Marginal Utility
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

I have elsewhere discussed synergies between meritocracy, humanitarianism, and equal treatment. This essay examines a well-known argument about an alleged synergy between equal shares and utility, grounded in the idea of diminishing marginal utility. The argument does not work.
Guarantees
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

People have accidents. They get old. They eat too much. They have bad luck. And sooner or later, something will be fatal. It would be a better world if such things did not happen, but they do. There is no use arguing about it. What is worth arguing about is whether it makes for a better world when people have to pay for other people’s misfortunes and mistakes rather than (or as well as) their own.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids The stuff of genes
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Cells are the basic building blocks of living organisms. For some, the cell is the living organism: bacteria or algae for example. For others, such as humans, the organism contains a great number of cells (many trillion in the human body) of many different sorts—about 200 unique cell types in humans.
Chemical communication
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

She sent for one of those squat, plump little cakes called “petite madeleines” which look as though they had been molded in the fluted valve of a scallop shell. And soon, mechanically, dispirited after a dreary day with prospect of a dreary morrow, I raised to my lips a spoonful of the tea in which I had soaked a morsel of the cake. No sooner had the warm liquid mixed with the crumbs touched my palate than a shiver ran through me and I stopped, intent upon the extraordinary thing that was happening to me. An exquisite pleasure had invaded my senses, something isolated, detached, with no suggestion of its origin. And at once the vicissitudes of life became indifferent to me, its disasters innocuous, its brevity illusory—this new sensation having had the effect, which love has, of filling me with a precious essence; or rather this essence was not in me, it was me. I had ceased to feel mediocre, contingent, mortal. Whence could it have come to me, this all-powerful joy? I sensed that it was connected with the taste of the tea and cake.
Babinski’s Life and Times
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques
Published: November 2023

Babinski’s life spanned a period of great change in France, both in science and in society. Although he le[ few personal observations, a rapid glance at what was going on in the world around him at various stages in his career may shed some light on why he became so committed to proven facts as opposed to suppositions.
The Babinski Circle
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques
Published: November 2023

Joseph Babinski’s personal relationships help to shed light on his character and personality. Family is the innermost circle, composed of his parents and brother, with whom he shared living space and meals throughout his life, beginning on boulevard Montparnasse, where the brothers were born, on rue Bonaparte, and finally on boulevard Haussmann, where all the family members successively passed away. A second circle was made up of a small number of close and intimate friends, carefully selected, all of whom were about the same age, and who were regular guests at Sunday luncheons.1 9is group included Henri Vaquez, Jean Darier, Pierre Bazy, Émile Picard, and Fernand Widal.2 Except for Picard, they were all physicians, but not neurologists, and of high social and cultural standing: physicians in chief in the Parisian hospital system, university professors, members of the national academies, and recipients of the Legion of Honor.
His Revered Teachers
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques
Published: November 2023

Babinski always showed respect for his teachers, but he admired, revered, and liked some more than others. 9is description of his medical studies and relationships with his professors shows the breadth and depth of the curriculum as well as the high demands placed on the students at that time.
The Babinski Papers
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques
Published: November 2023

Despite the encouragement of his friends and colleagues (and perhaps due to an innate shyness), Babinski never found the time to edit an exhaustive compilation of his work. No trace has been found of any personal archive that he may have kept. Reconstructing a complete list of Babinski’s medical papers thus has been an interesting but di4cult exercise. 9e major sources are found in two of his own reports and in the 1934 textbook, the Oeuvre scientifique, edited by his pupils. In addition, the authors have made an in-depth study of the scientific journals and the minutes of professional organizations in which he published or where his commentaries are recorded. 9e 1892 note on his scientific work was intended for his candidacy for the agrégation; it contained thirty-one references, mainly on histological and pathological anatomy subjects and a few related to hysteria.1 9e note of 1913, when he was a candidate for the Académie de médecine, was quite naturally more extensive.
Outline of the Clinical History
Authors: DeMyer William E
Published: November 2023

The clinical history reviews the pertinent present and past information about the patient’s health and the patient’s health-related values and beliefs. The physician elicits the clinical history by orderly questions, addressed to the patient or to an informant, and from review of previous medical records. The physician phrases the inquiries in specific ways to elicit the characteristics, sequence, and severity of present or past symptoms. The history includes previous illnesses and treatments and all other health-related information, including the family history. For children, the physician questions the mother about the gestation, birth, developmental milestones, behavior, and school performance.
The Past Clinical History and the Review of Systems
Authors: DeMyer William E
Published: November 2023

Definition: The past clinical history includes illnesses, injuries, hospitalizations, workups, and treatments prior to the onset of the present illness. The open, transitional question Upon completing the history of the present illness and summarizing it, the physician signals the switch to the past clinical history by an open question: “I understand about your health at present. Let’s see about your health in the past.
The Pregnancy and Developmental History (for Pediatric Patients)
Authors: DeMyer William E
Published: November 2023

Threefold goals of the developmental history To disclose risk factors for the infant’s brain by reviewing the pedigree, pregnancy, perinatal events, and postnatal illnesses of the infant or child To disclose whether the infant or child’s psychomotor development matches or lags behind the normal timetable To disclose any parental worries or concerns about the infant’s development and to learn about the child-rearing practices and expectations of the parents Glossary of developmental stages (Table 10-1) Outline of the developmental history (Table 10-2) D. Setting for the pregnancy and developmental history 1. Insure privacy during this part of the history because you probe the mother’s reproductive and sexual past for risk factors that may have harmed the infant or child (Table 10-3).
Childhood Testing for Genetic Traits
Authors: Davis Dena S
Published: November 2023

The Reimers are a couple in their thirties who live in Montreal. They have a six-year-old boy, Josh, and a four-year-old girl, Sarah. Rob and Miriam are struggling to recover from a major tragedy. Their third child, a little boy named Daniel, recently died at the age of two, from Tay-Sachs disease. Rob and Miriam had had no idea that they might be carriers and were stunned by Daniel’s diagnosis. Although Miriam had always been active in the Jewish community, Rob had grown up in a nonreligious, unaffiliated family, with a Jewish father and non-Jewish mother, and didn’t really think of himself as Jewish. Thus the Reimers had not paid much attention to the various public service announcements about the prevalence of Tay-Sachs disease in the Jewish community and the advantages of genetic testing.
Death and the Psychological Conception of Personal Identity
Authors: Fischer John Martin , Speak Daniel
Published: November 2023

It is frequently claimed in the literature on the metaphysics of death that human beings have asymmetric attitudes toward death and prenatal nonexistence. The claim is that we tend to consider the prospects of our future deaths as bad or unfortunate for us, whereas we do not regret the fact that we were born when we actually were born, rather than earlier. This is not to say that we would think of any future death as bad; if we are asked to consider that we might be in the end stages of a very painful, debilitating, and terminal disease, we might well look at death in such circumstances as a welcome relief. However, when it is assumed that life is still good, we tend to consider death (but not failure to be born earlier) a bad thing for the individual in question.
The Job of Justice
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth
Published: November 2023

Inequalities come in many forms. Some people are poorer, less well educated, and live shorter and less healthy lives than others. Some have fewer rewarding life experiences, satisfy fewer of their personal preferences, have a limited array of valuable life options from which to choose, exercise little power and authority within political and economic arenas, and in numerous other possible ways can be counted as less fortunate than others. Some who fare worse than others, often in multiple respects, are members of groups who are socially situated within densely woven patterns of disadvantage. Are all of these inequalities injustices? Is the primary job of justice to prevent or redress all of these inequalities, only some, or perhaps none?

Discussions of justice within bioethics have concentrated on inequalities in health and access to health care, and on questions about how priorities should be set when resources are scarce. Are all inequalities in health and access to health care morally problematic? How important are moral concerns about setting priorities in health care and public health compared to inequalities in health and quality of life? How much inequality in health, if any, can a decent society tolerate? How, if at all, should the existence of other inequalities matter to our judgments about health care and public health?
Major Books of Raymond D. Adams
Authors: Laureno Robert
Published: November 2023

Raymond D. Adams: A Life of Mind and Muscle is a contribution to the history of neurology and the history of American medicine. Adams, one of the greats of neurology, advanced the fields of neurology, neuropathology, internal medicine, psychiatry, pediatrics, and psychology. Drawing on 50 interviews with Raymond D. Adams and on interviews with 50 other professionals and family members, this book documents his contributions to knowledge, his expansion of the realm of neurology, and his vast impact as an educator and author. Following an introductory chapter, “The Phenomenon of Raymond Adams,” the book deals chronologically with the phases of his life, education, and professional work. Another section of the book is arranged by disease categories and related topics, explaining his investigative work and ideas. There is a chapter of summation, analyzing the accomplishment and legacy of Dr. Adams. Numerous appendices include letters of correspondence, a letter of nomination, and extracts of interviews with other neurologists. These documents provide further insight into Adam’s personality and work patterns. This book convincingly demonstrates Dr. Adam’s seminal role in the completion of the 19th century task of clinicopathologic analysis of neurological diseases, the opening of the study of muscle pathology, the systematic study of cerebrovascular diseases, and emergence of the modern field of pediatric neurology, along with demonstrating the extent to which he educated generations of leaders in neurology and to which he guided neurologists everywhere with his great synthesis, Principles of Neurology.
Culture and Spirituality in Integrative Pediatrics
Authors: Reaney Judson B , Plotnikoff Gregory A
Published: November 2023

Religious and spiritual practices are the most common integrative therapies for health and healing. In contemporary North America, these are commonly misunderstood as personal or individual practices. However, spiritual beliefs and practices are embedded deeply into a culture. Indeed, they form an important part of one’s cultural framework. Thus, one cannot talk about spirituality without talking about culture and one cannot address culture without considering its spiritual determinants.
Essential Medicine: Self-Care for Pediatric Providers
Authors: Park Danna M
Published: November 2023

You have chosen me to watch over the life and health of your creatures. I am about to apply myself to the duties of my profession . . . Support me in this great work that it may benefit my fellow creatures . . . Inspire me with love for my occupation and for your creatures . . . Preserve my physical and spiritual strength that I may cheerfully be of help to rich and poor, good and bad, friend and foe alike.
A Pediatric Perspective on Aromatherapy
Authors: Fitzgerald Maura , Halcón Linda L
Published: November 2023

Essential oils have been used therapeutically and, for the most part, safely for millennia. Essential oils are widely available to the general public and are currently used by many adults and children. Clinicians need basic understanding of clinical aromatherapy in order to credibly and safely advise their patients.
A Pediatric Perspective on Naturopathic Medicine
Authors: Baral Matthew I , Weber Wendy , Mitchell Jessica
Published: November 2023

A licensed naturopathic physician receives a degree from an accredited 4-year naturopathic medical program. Licensed naturopathic physicians complete a minimum of 4100 hours of training in basic and clinical sciences. Naturopathic physicians are required to take two national board exams for licensure.
Integrative Pediatric Mental Health (Assessment and Treatment Using an Ecological Perspective)
Authors: Shannon Scott M
Published: November 2023

Children are complex, constantly changing and have plastic brains of enormous potential. Remember that change and growth are the cornerstones of development. In all ecological models, any attempt to isolate and label individual pathology is less valuable then understanding the interdependent relationships that enhance or diminish the individual’s ability to sustain the well point of true health.
Queer Breasted Experience
Authors: Hall Kim Q
Published: November 2023

One of the great achievements of feminist theory and activism is its critique of the patriarchal medicalization of the female body, a critique that bears some similarity to the critique of the medical model by disability studies, queer theory, and both queer and disability rights movements. From the perspective of feminism, queer theory, and disability studies, medical models have made visible, categorized, observed, pathologized, and exerted control over the body in ways that have been harmful for all marginalized groups. For example, just as feminists have criticized the medical community’s patriarchal distortions of female bodily processes (such as pregnancy) and female anatomy (such as the vagina), disability studies asks us to rethink how disability has been marked by the medical model as bodily anomaly in need of correction or cure. Similarly, queer theorists critique the medical model’s diagnosis of transgender bodies as the product of Gender Identity Disorder: a patriarchal characterization of transgender bodies as “abnormal” bodies due to their failure to conform to binary gender norms.
The Germ of Phylogeny
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

In 1866, Ernst Haeckel (1834’1919) proposed a new kingdom based on the concept of phylogeny, which included precellular organisms he called mineral. He called the kingdom Protista, and he elaborated principles of phylogeny in his landmark two-volume Generally Morphologies. That book, he said, was the “first attempt to introduce the Descent Theory into the systematic classification of animals and plants, and to found a ’natural system’ on the basis of genealogy; that is, to construct hypothetical pedigrees for the various species of organisms.’ The book contained tables with the genealogical histories of plants, animals, and protests, as well as the first outline of a phylogenetic tree of life.
Kingdoms at Biology’s Borders
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

There had been five proposals for a third kingdom of organisms by the 1870s. Few biologists accepted any of them. Those early discussions fell into oblivion, as nature was partitioned according to biology’s overriding institutional dichotomy: zoology and botany. Protista and protozoa were divided among botanists and zoologists as “lower plants’ and “lower animals.’ The green flagellates from which plants were thought to have descended, along with the bacteria, were in the domain of botanists, and the colorless “protozoa,’ that of zoologists
On the Unity of Life
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The prokaryotic—eukaryotic distinction was warmly welcomed by biologists. It seemed to dispel all the confusion about bacterial cell structure that had persisted for 100 years.1 It also had the less conspicuous but equally important effect of closing discussion about the common ancestry of the bacteria, depicted as forms that preceded and gave rise to eukaryotes. To appreciate this significance is to recognize the extent to which microbiologists had previously supposed that bacteria constituted a polyphyletic group of distantly related organisms. In the absence of a phylogenetic understanding, bacteria could have originated once or many times, as discussed since the time of Haeckel.
A Third Form of Life
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The 16S RRNA results were received quietly until the announcement in 1977 of another primary kingdom of organisms, the Archaebacteria. It was a diverse group of odd organisms dispersed throughout bacterial taxonomy: methanogens, a morphologically varied group that live in anaerobic environments where even trace amounts of oxygen were lethal to them; extreme halophiles, which live in brines five times as salty as the oceans; and extreme thermophiles, which live in geothermal environments that would cook other organisms. The conceptualization of this urkingdom figures as one of the key developments shaping the history of modern microbial evolutionary biology.
Against Adaptationism
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

were the signs of urkingdoms inscribed as signatures in one molecule? The archaebacteria program in Woese’s lab was two-pronged: (1) to explore the expanse of the newly proposed kingdom by analyzing the 16S rRNA of other unusual kinds of microbes, and (2) to search for phenotypic traits to corroborate the rRNA evidence. Extreme halophiles that thrived in conditions salty enough to kill typical bacteria and the thermoacidophile Thermo plasma were on Wise’s research agenda. These organisms were considered to be completely unrelated, their unusual chemical features thought to have arisen as independent adaptations to life in “extreme’ environments. Their 16S RNA analysis led to a radically different understanding. Together with the methanogens, they were a phylogenetic ally coherent group. To thus expand the kingdom was to confront pan-adaptations thinking that permeated biology.
Is There a Medical Profession in The House?
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: November 2023

There is a growing awareness that the new conditions under which medicine is practiced in this country are creating or at least exacerbating conflicts of interest in the physician–patient relationship. On the one hand, private insurers and government agencies are exerting pressure on physicians to cut costs by reducing utilization of services. The result is that physicians increasingly practice under incentives for underutilization of services—that is, for utilizing fewer services or lesser quantities of given services than would be optimal from the standpoint of the patient’s best interest. On the other hand, hospital administrators and entrepreneurial physicians themselves are creating incentive structures designed to increase revenues even at the price of overutilization of services—that is, providing services that exceed what is optimal from the standpoint of the patient’s best interest. Whenever the incentive structure under which physicians practice either rewards or penalizes them for utilizing services that are not in the patient’s best interest or for not utilizing services that are in the patient’s best interest, a conflict of interest exists.
At Theresa Schiavo’s Bedside: A Guardian’s Role and Reflections
Authors: Wolfson Jay
Published: November 2023

I swam in the waters surrounding Theresa Marie (Terri) Schiavo at the end of her life. The state had appointed me to serve as Ms. Schiavo’s special guardian ad litem, reporting to Governor Bush and the courts in what was probably the most public death of any private person in history.