bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Sealed Preparation for Long-Term Observations of Cultured Cells: Movie 1.
Authors: Sluder Greenfield , Nordberg Joshua J. , Miller Frederick J. , Hinchcliffe Edward H.
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTION

The continuous long-term observation of cultured cells on the microscope has always been a technically demanding undertaking. This protocol describes a sealed preparation that allows the continuous long-term observation of cultured mammalian cells on upright or inverted microscopes without environmental CO2 control. The preparation allows for optical conditions consistent with high-quality imaging and good cell viability for at least 100 hours. The preparation is an aluminum support slide with a square aperture cut in its center. The coverslip bearing the cells is attached to the top of the slide with a thin layer of silicone grease, and the bottom of the slide is similarly covered with a clean coverslip of the same size. The thickness of the slide is intended to coordinately maximize the volume of the medium while maintaining optical properties that allow Koehler illumination with standard condensers. The chamber is filled in equal parts with HEPES-buffered media containing fetal calf serum and a low-viscosity fluorocarbon oil. These oils have a high solubility for atmospheric gases. The inclusion of the oil in the preparations is intended to provide a source of oxygen and perhaps a sink for some of the CO2 produced by the cells. Although the inclusion of fluorocarbon oil in the preparation may not be necessary for short-term (~24 hr) observations, particularly with cells that are sparsely plated, long-term cell viability is ensured when the oil is present.
Whole-Mount DAPI Staining and Measurement of DNA Content in Plant Cells
Authors: Schnittger Arp , Hülskamp Martin
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTION

During development, many plant cells undergo endoreduplication, whereby ploidy increases to a multiple of the normal 2C content. For example, trichome development is accompanied by an increase in ploidy to 32C, indicating that trichome cells undergo four rounds of endoreduplication. In the protocol described here, DNA levels, and hence developmental progress in the corresponding cells, are measured by staining the DNA with a fluorescent marker and then quantifying the fluorescence of individual nuclei.
Fixation of Mouse Embryos and Tissues
Authors: Nagy Andras , Gertsenstein Marina , Vintersten Kristina , Behringer Richard
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTION

This protocol provides methods for fixation of mouse embryos and tissues with paraformaldehyde, Bouin’s fixative, or methanol/DMSO solution.
Examining the association between media coverage of organ donation and organ transplantation rates
Authors: Quick Brian L. , Meyer Kevin R. , Kim Do Kyun , Taylor Drew , Kline Jessica , Apple Trish , Newman Joel D.
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Research addressing the organ shortage in the USA has examined multiple factors influencing one's decision to become an organ donor. One of these research lines addresses media coverage of organ donation. The present investigation seeks to advance this research line by examining the association between organ donation media coverage and organ transplantation rates. A content analysis spanning January 1990 to December 2005 of three television networks reveals an overall positive association between coverage and transplantation rates. The implications of our findings are discussed along with recommendations for practitioners and advocates alike.
Liver transplantation without isoniazid prophylaxis for recipients with a history of tuberculosis
Authors: Nagai Shunji , Fujimoto Yasuhiro , Taira Kaoru , Egawa Hiroto , Takada Yasutsusgu , Kiuchi Tetsuya , Tanaka Koichi
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Tuberculosis remains one of the most serious infections after organ transplantation. Isoniazid prophylaxis for liver transplant recipients with a history of tuberculosis is generally recommended. However, its benefit is controversial because of potential hepatotoxicity of isoniazid. It is crucial to determine appropriate post‐transplant managements for the recipients with a history of tuberculosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the necessity of isoniazid prophylaxis for liver transplant recipients who had a history of tuberculosis. The medical records of 1116 liver transplant recipients were studied, of whom seven had a history of tuberculosis (0.63%). One who underwent living‐donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure was excluded from evaluation because of early death, caused by bacterial sepsis two months after transplantation, although reactivation of tuberculosis was not observed. The median observation period after transplantation was 25.5 months (range 12–82). Reactivation of tuberculosis did not occur in any of these six patients. In conclusion, we could not find rationale for isoniazid prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients with past diagnosis of tuberculosis, when the disease is considered to be inactive. Tuberculosis should be considered as cause of post‐transplant infections, and careful post‐transplant observations are essential for an early diagnosis.
Mini‐incisions by lombotomy or subcostal access in living kidney donors: a randomized trial comparing pain, safety, and quality of life
Authors: Aguiar Wilson Ferreira , Passerotti Carlo Camargo , Claro Joaquim Francisco de Almeida , Almeida Claudio Jose Ramos , Gattas Nelson , Cedenho Agnaldo Pereira , Pestana Jose Osmar Medina , Ortiz Valdemar
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Objectives:  The aim of this study was to compare two mini‐incision techniques and judge the impact on the quality of life, pain, and safety of living kidney donors.

Patients and methods:  From March through September 2003, a prospective randomized study with 60 donors had nephrectomy performed – 30 through a lombotomy and another 30 patients underwent subcostal mini‐incisions. The same anesthetic procedure was used for both groups. All patients were evaluated from baseline (T0) to day 90 after surgery. Pain evaluation included visual analog scale (VAS) and drug usage. To assess quality of life (QOL), the questionnaire SF‐36 was used and surgical outcomes were also checked.

Results:  Sixty patients (41.6 ± 8.9 yr old) were included in the protocol. Regarding incision length and blood loss, no statistical difference was observed. However, irrespective to the site of the mini‐incision, patients with body mass index (BMI) higher than 25 kg/m2 had significantly longer incision length as well as higher blood loss. There were no complications. No significant difference in tramadol or in pain perception was observed between groups. QOL was also not different between groups, however, there was a significant loss with subsequent return to baseline levels.

Conclusion:  The position of the mini‐incision (lombotomy or subcostal) has no significant impact on surgical outcomes, pain perception, and QOL of living kidney donors. Mini‐incision techniques represent fast and safe approaches to perform nephrectomy in the healthy population. Special care must be taken in obese patients in order to minimize surgical complications.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography Shows Dilatation of the Middle Cerebral Artery after Infusion of Glyceryl Trinitrate in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Hansen JM , Pedersen DL , Larsen VA , Sánchez-del-Rio M , Linera JR Alvarez , Olesen J , Ashina M
Published: January 2007

Previous studies have reported dilatation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) during acute glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)-induced headache, using imaging techniques such as transcranial Doppler (TCD), positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). In the present study we aimed to evaluate whether magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) may be used to examine the effect of GTN on the MCA, with respect to changes in diameter and cross-sectional area in healthy volunteers. In addition, we wanted to determine the intra- and inter-observer variation of the method. In a randomized, double blind, crossover study 12 healthy volunteers received intravenous infusion of GTN (0.5 μg/kg/min for 20 min) or placebo. Using 1.5 Tesla MRA, we recorded changes in the diameter and cross-sectional area of MCA before, during and after infusion of GTN. The MRA images were evaluated by two blinded, independent observers/neuroradiologists. The primary endpoints were the differences in the AUC for diameter and cross-sectional area of the MCA between the two experimental conditions and the intra- and inter-observer variation. The areas under the curve (AUC) of the MCA diameter and cross-sectional area were significantly greater after GTN than after placebo ( P < 0.05). The intra-observer variation (day-to-day) at baseline was 8.3% and 10.9% for the two observers. The mean inter-observer variation of the cross-sectional MCA area was 15.5% and for the diameter measurements 8%. The present study shows that the MRA method gives a reliable semi-quantitative index of the vascular changes in the intra-cerebral arteries after infusion of GTN and may be useful for headache research.
Skin wounds in the MRL/MPJ mouse heal with scar
Authors: Colwell Amy S. , Krummel Thomas M. , Kong Wuyi , Longaker Michael T. , Lorenz H. Peter
Published: January 2007

Adult MRL/MpJ mice regenerate cartilage during repair of through‐and‐through ear punch wounds. However, the ability of this mouse strain to heal isolated cutaneous wounds by regeneration or with scar is unknown. The purpose of this study was to characterize the rate of reepithelialization and collagen architecture in dermal wounds from MRL/MpJ mice compared with C57bl/6 and Balb/c strains. Full‐thickness incisional (5 mm) and excisional (2 mm diameter) skin wounds were made on the dorsum of 7‐week‐old MRL/MpJ, C57bl/6, and Balb/c mice. Ear punch wounds were made simultaneously on each animal. Reepithelialization was complete by 48 hours for incisional skin wounds in each strain. All excisional wounds showed incomplete reepithelialization at 24, 48, and 72 hours. At 14 days, all skin wounds had grossly healed. In contrast to the ear wounds made in C57bl/6 and Balb/c mice, MRL/MpJ ear wounds were completely healed by day 28. Dorsal skin wound sections at 14 and 28 days revealed dense collagen deposition and similar degrees of fibrosis between the three strains of mice. In conclusion, in contrast to wound healing in the ear, MRL/MpJ mouse dorsal cutaneous wounds heal similarly to C57bl/6 and Balb/c mice with dermal collagen deposition and scar formation.
L‐Dihydroxyphenylserine (L‐DOPS): A Norepinephrine Prodrug
Authors: Goldstein David S.
Published: January 2007

L‐threo‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylserine (L‐DOPS, droxydopa) is a synthetic catecholamino acid. When taken orally, L‐DOPS is converted to the sympathetic neurotransmitter, norepinephrine (NE), via decarboxylation catalyzed by L‐aromatic‐amino‐acid decarboxylase (LAAAD). Plasma L‐DOPS levels peak at about 3 h, followed by a monoexponential decline with a half‐time of 2 to 3 h. Plasma levels of NE and of its main neuronal metabolite, dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) peak approximately concurrently but at much lower concentrations. The relatively long half‐time for disappearance of L‐DOPS from plasma, compared to that of NE, explains their very different attained plasma concentrations. In patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, L‐DOPS increases blood pressure and ameliorates orthostatic intolerance. Inhibition of LAAAD, such as by treatment with carbidopa, which does not penetrate the blood‐brain barrier, prevents the blood pressure effects of the drug, indicating that L‐DOPS increases blood pressure by augmenting NE production outside the brain. Patients with pure autonomic failure (which usually entails loss of sympathetic noradrenergic nerves), and patients with multiple system atrophy (in which noradrenergic innervation remains intact) have similar plasma NE responses to L‐DOPS. This suggests mainly non‐neuronal production of NE from L‐DOPS. L‐DOPS is very effective in treatment of deficiency of dopamine‐beta‐hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme required for conversion of dopamine to NE in sympathetic nerves. L‐DOPS holds promise for treating other much more common conditions involving decreased DBH activity or NE deficiency, such as a variety of syndromes associated with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension.
The Central Question in Entrepreneurial Cognition Research 2007
Authors: Mitchell Ronald K. , Busenitz Lowell W. , Bird Barbara , Marie Gaglio Connie , McMullen Jeffery S. , Morse Eric A. , Smith J. Brock
Published: January 2007

In this article, we take note of advances in the entrepreneurial cognition research stream. In doing so, we bring increasing attention to the usefulness of entrepreneurial cognition research. First, we offer and develop a central research question to further enable entrepreneurial cognition inquiry. Second, we present the conceptual background and some representative approaches to entrepreneurial cognition research that form the context for this question. Third, we introduce the articles in this Special Issue as framed by the central question and approaches to entrepreneurial cognition research, and suggest how they further contribute to this developing stream. Finally, we offer our views concerning the challenges and opportunities that await the next generation of entrepreneurial cognition scholarship. We therefore invite (and seek to enable) the growing community of entrepreneurship researchers from across multiple disciplines to further develop the “thinking–doing” link in entrepreneurship research. It is our goal to offer colleagues an effective research staging point from which they may embark upon many additional research expeditions and investigations involving entrepreneurial cognition.
A Person–Organization Fit Model of Owner–Managers’ Cognitive Style and Organizational Demands
Authors: Brigham Keith H. , De Castro Julio O. , Shepherd Dean A.
Published: January 2007

Based on survey responses from 159 owner–managers in small high–technology firms, we examined the association among specific individual characteristics, firm characteristics, and the individual outcomes of satisfaction and intentions to exit. Regression analyses indicated higher satisfaction and lower intentions to exit for owner–managers whose dominant decision–making style complemented the levels of formalization and structure in their firms. In addition, we found that both satisfaction and intentions to exit were significantly associated with actual turnover over a 5–year period. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
The Conflicting Cognitions of Corporate Entrepreneurs
Authors: Corbett Andrew C. , Hmieleski Keith M.
Published: January 2007

Research in the entrepreneurial cognition domain has demonstrated that entrepreneurs tend to draw from similar sets of event schemas when considering to start a new venture. The social cognition literature also explains that role schemas affect how individuals encode, process, and use information. In this article, we examine the interplay and divergence between the role schema of individuals in corporations and the event schemas necessary to launch a new venture. By examining these schemas together, we show how the corporate context can create tension between corporate entrepreneurs’ role schemas and the event schemas necessary for entrepreneurship. We then construct a theoretical framework for explaining why this tension results in corporate entrepreneurs emphasizing certain event schemas in a manner that is distinct from independent entrepreneurs. Important implications regarding the relationship between context and entrepreneurial cognition are outlined for researchers, entrepreneurs, corporate managers, and educators.
The calcimimetic R-568 increases vitamin D receptor expression in rat parathyroid glands
Authors: Rodriguez M. E. , Almaden Y. , Cañadillas S. , Canalejo A. , Siendones E. , Lopez I. , Aguilera-Tejero E. , Martin D. , Rodriguez M.
Published: January 2007

We previously demonstrated that extracellular calcium regulates vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression by parathyroid cells. Since the calcimimetic R-568 potentiates the effects of calcium on the calcium-sensing receptor, it was hypothesized that administration of R-568 may result in increased VDR expression in parathyroid tissue. In vitro studies of the effect of R-568 on VDR mRNA and protein were conducted in cultures of whole rat parathyroid glands and human hyperplastic parathyroid glands. In vivo studies in Wistar rats examined the effect of R-568 and calcitriol alone and in combination. Incubation of rat parathyroid glands in vitro with R-568 (0.001–1 μM) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and an increase in VDR expression (mean ± SE). Incubation in 1 mM calcium + 0.001 μM R-568 elicited an increase in VDR mRNA (306 ± 46%) similar to the maximum increase detected with 1.5 mM calcium (330 ± 42%). In vivo, VDR mRNA was increased after administration of R-568 (168 ± 9%, P < 0.001 vs. control) or calcitriol (198 ± 16%, P < 0.001 vs. control). Treatment with R-568 also increased VDR protein in normal rat parathyroid glands and in human parathyroid glands with diffuse, but not nodular, hyperplasia. In conclusion, the present study shows that the calcimimetic R-568 exerts a stimulatory effect on VDR expression in the parathyroid glands of study models and provides additional evidence for the use of calcimimetics in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Seasonal Barotropic Modulation of the Deep-Water Overflow through the Faroe Bank Channel
Authors: Lake Iréne , Lundberg Peter
Published: January 2007

As a joint Nordic project, an upward-looking ADCP has been maintained at the sill of the Faroe Bank Channel from 1995 onward. Records from a period in 1998 with three current meters deployed across the channel were used to demonstrate that the Faroe Bank Channel deep-water transport from the Norwegian Sea into the North Atlantic Ocean proper can be reasonably well estimated from one centrally located ADCP. The long-term average of this transport over the period 1995–2001 was found to be 2.1 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m−3 s−1). The transport record demonstrates a pronounced seasonality. Satellite altimetry shows that this is caused by the northbound Atlantic surface water inflow giving rise to a barotropic modulation of the deep-water flow through the Faroe–Shetland Channel and the southern reaches of the Norwegian Sea.
Is the Faroe Bank Channel Overflow Hydraulically Controlled?
Authors: Girton James B. , Pratt Lawrence J. , Sutherland David A. , Price James F.
Published: January 2007

The overflow of dense water from the Nordic Seas through the Faroe Bank Channel (FBC) has attributes suggesting hydraulic control—primarily an asymmetry across the sill reminiscent of flow over a dam. However, this aspect has never been confirmed by any quantitative measure, nor is the position of the control section known. This paper presents a comparison of several different techniques for assessing the hydraulic criticality of oceanic overflows applied to data from a set of velocity and hydrographic sections across the FBC. These include 1) the cross-stream variation in the local Froude number, including a modified form that accounts for stratification and vertical shear, 2) rotating hydraulic solutions using a constant potential vorticity layer in a channel of parabolic cross section, and 3) direct computation of shallow water wave speeds from the observed overflow structure. Though differences exist, the three methods give similar answers, suggesting that the FBC is indeed controlled, with a critical section located 20–90 km downstream of the sill crest. Evidence of an upstream control with respect to a potential vorticity wave is also presented. The implications of these results for hydraulic predictions of overflow transport and variability are discussed.
An Operational Triple-PRT Doppler Scheme for the French Radar Network
Authors: Tabary P. , Guibert F. , Perier L. , Parent-du-Chatelet J.
Published: January 2007

This paper presents the design and the test of an operational (staggered) triple-PRT (pulse repetition time) scheme that was implemented in July 2004 on the French operational C-band Trappes radar. The three interleaved pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs: PRF1, PRF2, and PRF3) that are used have the particularity to be very low and very close to each other (379, 325, and 303 Hz). The associated individual Nyquist velocities, VN1, VN2, and VN3, range between 4 and 5 m s−1 and the corresponding unambiguous distances are between 495 and 395 km. The ratios VN2/VN1 and VN3/VN1 are, respectively, equal to 6/7 and 4/5. The resulting extended Nyquist velocity is equal to 60 m s−1.

One month of data (August 2004) representing more than 10 000 plan position indicators (PPIs) of clear-air, convective, and stratiform rain has been analyzed and histograms of errors have been computed. All histograms are symmetrical and show a well-defined peak centered on zero. The error distributions of the dual-PRT (V12, V13, and V23) and triple-PRT (V123) velocities present secondary peaks that correspond to dealiasing failures. Overall, the dealiasing success rate for V123 is beyond 92%.

A simulation “à la Zrnić” of I and Q time series is then used to reproduce the observed error histograms and exhaustively compare dual versus triple PRT for various extended Nyquist velocities. This last step shows that (i) for the same Nyquist velocity, triple PRT systematically overperforms the dual PRT in terms of the dealiasing success rate and (ii) among the couples that yield a Nyquist velocity equal to 60 m s−1, the (4/5; 6/7) couple that is in place on Trappes is optimal.
Collection of Water Samples from an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Tracer Analysis
Authors: Dodd Paul A. , Price Martin R. , Heywood Karen J. , Pebody Miles
Published: January 2007

A compact water sampler rated to full ocean depth has been deployed from an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to enable oceanographic tracer measurements. Techniques developed to allow the instrument to collect up to 49 samples of sufficient purity for tracer measurement without the need for extensive flushing have increased its sampling frequency, allowing a 200-mL seawater sample to be collected in 10 min. This is achieved by flushing the instrument and sample containers before deployment with a fluid of known properties that can be detected after recovery using salinity analysis. A deployment in which water samples were collected for oxygen isotope ratio analysis is presented as an example. Factors limiting the reliability of the instrument when deployed from an AUV are identified and procedures are developed to address critical problems.
Dual-Polarization Spectral Analysis for Retrieval of Effective Raindrop Shapes
Authors: Moisseev D. N. , Chandrasekar V. , Unal C. M. H. , Russchenberg H. W. J.
Published: January 2007

Dual-polarization radar observations of precipitation depend on size–shape relations of raindrops. There are several studies presented in literature dedicated to the investigation of this relation. In this work a new approach of investigating raindrop size–shape relation on short time and spatial scales from radar observations is presented. The presented method is based on the use of dual-polarization Doppler power spectral analysis. By measuring complete Doppler spectra at a sufficiently high elevation angle at two polarization settings, namely, horizontal and vertical, it is possible to retrieve drop size distribution (DSD) parameters, ambient air velocity, spectral broadening, and the slope of the assumed linear dependence of raindrop size–shape relation.

This paper is mainly focused on the development of the retrieval algorithm and analysis of its performance. As a part of the proposed method an efficient algorithm for DSD parameter retrieval was developed. It is shown that the DSD parameter retrieval method, which usually requires the solution of five-parameter nonlinear optimization problems, can be simplified to a three-parameter nonlinear least squares problem.

Furthermore, the performance of the proposed retrieval technique is illustrated on the dual-polarization measurements collected by the S-band Transportable Atmospheric Radar (TARA) at Cabauw, Netherlands, and by the Colorado State University–University of Chicago–Illinois State Water Survey (CSU–CHILL) radar from Greeley, Colorado.
Parameterization of Submesoscale Eddy-Rich Flows Using a Stochastic Velocity Model
Authors: Çağlar Mine , Özgökmen Tamay M. , Piterbarg Leonid I.
Published: January 2007

In light of the recent high-resolution radar data of surface velocity, which have revealed submesoscale eddies between the Florida Current and the coast, an objective method of detecting eddies and estimating their parameters such as center coordinates, size, and intensity is suggested. The obtained statistics are used to parametrically represent the birth–death process of eddies filling up the observation area via a model stochastic velocity field known as Çinlar flow. It appears that the suggested approach leads to a reasonable parameterization of this process for potential future use in OGCMs or coastal models.
Qualitative analysis of the impact of a lymphatic filariasis elimination programme using mass drug administration on Misima Island, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Wynd Shona , Carron Jaime , Selve Billy , Leggat Peter A , Melrose Wayne , Durrheim David N
Published: January 2007

Background

Papua New Guinea is the only endemic country in the Western Pacific Region that has not yet introduced a countrywide programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. However, on Misima Island in Milne Bay Province, government and private sectors have collaborated to implement a pilot elimination programme. Although interim evaluation indicated that the programme has been parasitologically successful, an appreciation that sustainable health gains depend on understanding and accommodating local beliefs prompted this qualitative study.

Methods

We investigated Misima community members knowledge and attitudes about lymphatic filariasis and the elimination programme. A combination of focus groups and key informant interviews were used to explore participants perceptions of health; knowledge of the aetiology and symptoms of filariasis, elephantiasis and hydrocele; attitudes towards the disease and mass drug distribution; and the social structure and decision-making protocols within the villages.

Results

Focus group discussions proved inferior to key informant interviews for gathering rich data. Study participants did not consider lymphatic filariasis ("pom") a major health problem but were generally positive about mass drug administration campaigns. A variety of conditions were frequently and incorrectly attributed to filariasis. Participants expressed the belief that individuals infected with filariasis always had visible manifestations of disease.

A common misconception was that taking drugs during campaigns provided long-term immunity against disease. The role of mosquito vectors in transmission was not generally appreciated and certain clinical presentations, particularly hydrocele, were associated with supernatural forces. Multiple adverse events were associated with mass drug administration campaigns and most study participants mentioned community members who did not participate in campaigns.

Conclusion

Important issues requiring educational intervention and elimination activity modification in the Misima region were identified during this study. Research outcomes should assist Papua New Guinea in developing and implementing a national elimination strategy and inform discussions regarding the appropriateness of current elimination strategies.
NICKNAMES AND THE LEXICON OF SPORTS
Authors: Kennedy Robert , Zamuner Tania
Published: January 2007

This article examines the structure and usage of nicknames given to professional hockey and baseball players. Two general types are observed: a phrasal referring expression and a single-word hypocoristic. The phrasal nickname is descriptive but is only used referentially, usually in sports narrative. The hypocoristic is used for both reference and address and may be descriptive or shortened from a formal name. In addition, its inclusion of a hypocoristic suffix is sensitive to the segmental content of the shortened form. A model of nickname assignment is proposed in which the creation of any kind of nickname is treated as enriching the lexicon. This model relates nicknames to other types of specialized or elaborate referring expressions and encodes the social meaning of nicknames and other informal names in the lexicon.
Parents' cognitions and expectations about their pre‐school children: The contribution of parental anxiety and child anxiety
Authors: Wheatcroft Rebecca , Creswell Cathy
Published: January 2007

This study investigated the relative associations between parent and child anxiety and parents' cognitions about their children. One hundred and four parents of children aged 3–5 years completed questionnaires regarding their own anxiety level, their child's anxiety level and their cognitions about the child, specifically parents' expectations about child distress and avoidance, and parents' perceived control over child mood and behaviour. Both parent anxiety and parent report of child anxiety were significantly associated with parents' cognitions. Specifically, parent report of child anxiety correlated significantly with parent locus of control generally and, more specifically, with parental expectations and perceived control of child anxious mood and behaviour. Parent anxiety correlated significantly with locus of control and parents' expectations of child anxious mood and behaviour. Furthermore, when both child and parent anxiety were taken into account, only parental anxiety remained significantly associated with parental locus of control and perceived control of child anxious behaviour. For parents' perceived control of child anxious mood, only child anxiety remained significantly associated. The results suggest that parents' perceived control over their children's behaviour may primarily reflect parental anxiety, rather than child anxiety. Parental anxiety may, therefore, present an important target for interventions that aim to change parent's cognitions and behaviour.
Can illness perceptions and coping predict psychological distress amongst allergy sufferers?
Authors: Knibb R. C. , Horton S. L.
Published: January 2007

Objective. The aim of the present study was to measure the extent to which illness perceptions and coping strategies are associated with the levels of psychological distress amongst allergy sufferers.

Design and method. One hundred and fifty‐six allergy sufferers (all members of Allergy U.K.) completed a postal survey consisting of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ‐R) and the COPE. Psychological distress was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐28) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).

Results. Multiple regression analyses indicated that illness perceptions explained between 6 and 26% of variance on measures of psychological distress; coping strategies explained between 12 and 25%. A strong illness identity and emotional representations of the allergy were associated with higher levels of psychological distress; as were less adaptive coping strategies such as focusing on and venting of emotions. Strong personal control beliefs were associated with the lower levels of distress, as were adaptive coping strategies such as positive reinterpretation and growth. Coping partially mediated the link between the illness perceptions and the outcome; however, illness identity, emotional representations and personal control retained an independent significant association with psychological distress.

Conclusion. The findings support a role for illness perceptions and coping in explaining levels of psychological distress amongst allergy sufferers. This has implications for targeted health interventions aimed at reducing the strength of illness identity and emotional representations and increasing a sense of control and the use of more adaptive coping strategies.
Metastable phase evolution in Al2O3dispersed nanocrystalline NiCr alloys
Authors: Srinivasan Dheepa , Subramanian P.R.
Published: January 2007

The high temperature structural stability of nanograined NiCr alloys reinforced with nanoscale yttria and alumina dispersoids, fabricated by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD), was examined. The yttria particles coarsened very little and also inhibited grain growth in the matrix successfully, whereas the alumina dispersoids coarsened rapidly and were not as effective in restricting matrix grain growth. A hierarchy of phase transformations took place in the Al2O3particles present as nano dispersoids in a nanograined NiCr matrix, on annealing. Coarsening of the alumina particles was accompanied by these phase transitions. The phase evolution is attributed to differences in free energies between the metastable and stable phases and a kinetic hierarchy in nucleation, brought about by structural and hence interfacial energy considerations.
Lessons from simulation regarding the control of synthetic self-assembly
Authors: Douglas Jack F. , Van Workum Kevin
Published: January 2007

We investigated the role of particle potential symmetry on self-assembly by Monte Carlo simulation with a particular view toward synthetically creating structures of prescribed form and function. First, we established a general tendency for the rotational potential symmetries of the particles to be locally preserved upon self-assembly. Specifically, we found that a dipolar particle potential, having a continuous rotational symmetry about the dipolar axis, gives rise to chain formation, while particles with multipolar potentials (e.g., square quadrupole) having discrete rotational symmetries lead to the self-assembly of “random surface” polymers preserving the rotational symmetries of the particles within these sheet structures. Surprisingly, these changes in self-assembly geometry with the particle potential symmetry are also accompanied by significant changes in the thermodynamic character and in the kinetics of the self-assembly process. Linear chain growth involves a continuous chain growth process in which the chains break and reform readily, while the growth of the two-dimensional polymers only occurs after an “initiation” or “nucleation” time that fluctuates from run to run. We show that the introduction of artificial seeds provides an effective method for controlling the structure and growth kinetics of sheet-like polymers. The significance of these distinct modes of polymerization on the functional character of self-assembly growth is illustrated by constructing an artificial centrosome structure derived from particles having continuous and discrete rotational potential symmetries.
Bioinspired micro-composite structure
Authors: Chen L. , Ballarini R. , Kahn H. , Heuer A.H.
Published: January 2007

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and mechanical testing of a bioinspired composite structure with characteristic dimensions on the order of tens of microns. The microarchitecture, designed and fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, involves two distinct length scales and represents the first attempt at mimicking the crossed-lamellar microstructure of molluscan shells such as the giant Queen conch, Strombus gigas, which contains features with dimensions spanning five distinct length scales. The displacement control capabilities of a nanoindenter enabled the observation of the graceful failure of the micro-composite under three point bending and, in turn, the measurement of its post-peak load–displacement response and work of fracture.
Study of ratcheting by the indentation fatigue method with a flat cylindrical indenter. Part II. Finite element simulation
Authors: Xu B.X. , Yue Z.F.
Published: January 2007

The finite element method (FEM) was used to study the flat cylindrical indentation fatigue behavior using a kinematic hardening model (A-F model). This study was motivated by the experimental work of the preceding paper [B.X. Xu and Z.F. Yue, J. Mater. Res.21, 1793 (2006)], in which there were obvious similarities in the behavior of conventional fatigue specimens and indentation fatigue specimens. It is proposed that the A-F model can predict the indentation fatigue behavior. Generally, the experimental behavior of the indentation fatigue testing can be explained by the FEM analysis. In addition, the effect of residual stress on the indentation depth per cycle was studied. The effect of friction between the indenter and the specimen and evolution of von Mises stress beneath the indenter was also investigated. Numerical results showed that the effect of friction on the indentation depth propagation can be neglected. Further analysis showed that the steady-state indentation depth per cycle increases with increasing compressive residual stress and decreasing tensile residual stress.
Bulk nanostructured materials by large strain extrusion machining
Authors: Moscoso W. , Shankar M.R. , Mann J.B. , Compton W.D. , Chandrasekar S.
Published: January 2007

Large strain extrusion machining (LSEM) is presented as a method of severe plastic deformation for the creation of bulk nanostructured materials. This method combines inherent advantages afforded by large strain deformation in chip formation by machining, with simultaneous dimensional control of extrusion in a single step of deformation. Bulk nanostructured materials in the form of foils, plates, and bars of controlled dimensions are shown to result by appropriately controlling the geometric parameters of the deformation in large strain extrusion machining.
Hot corrosion behavior of Pt-Ir modified aluminide coatings on the nickel-base single crystal superalloy TMS-82+
Authors: Wu Y.N. , Yamaguchi A. , Murakami H. , Kuroda S.
Published: January 2007

Platinum-iridium films (Ir = 0, 32, 46, 83, 100 at.%) were deposited on the nickel-base single crystal superalloy through magnetron sputtering. After annealing and aluminizing, the Pt-Ir modified aluminide coatings mainly consisted of PtAl2 and β-(Ni,Pt,Ir)Al phases. Hot corrosion resistance of Pt-Ir modified aluminide coatings with the different Ir contents were evaluated by exposure at 1173 K in the presence of the 90%Na2SO4 + 10%NaCl (wt%) salt deposits. The corrosion kinetics curves of the specimens were plotted up to 100 h heating time. The phase constitution, morphology of corrosion products, and element concentrations along the cross section were also measured. The lowest mass gain (0.299 mg/cm2, after 100 h) was observed for Pt-46Ir aluminide coating because the dense and continuous protective Al2O3 scale formed. Phase transformation from β-(Ni,Pt)Al to γ′-(Ni,Pt)3Al, characteristics of the scale, and protection by Pt/Ir enriched layer had the important effects on the hot corrosion behavior of modified aluminide coatings.
Processing and properties of ferroelectric relaxor lead scandium tantalate Pb(Sc1/2Ta1/2)O3 thin films
Authors: Brinkman K. , Wang Y. , Cantoni M. , Su D. , Setter N. , Petrov P.K.
Published: January 2007

Thin films of Pb(Sc1/2Ta1/2)O3 (PST) were fabricated using an optimized chemical solution deposition procedure involving the de-hydration of scandium acetate and the addition of up to 30% excess lead in solution. The choice of substrate was found to impact the thermal induced stress in the films as confirmed by wafer bending and in-plane grazing angle x-ray diffraction measurements. The presence of either a compressive or a tensile in-plane stress led to a reduction in the temperature of the dielectric maximum, whereas the value of the dielectric maximum remained relatively unchanged; its value reduced by an order of magnitude compared with ceramic samples. It is concluded that mechanical stress alone is not the sole factor in the reduction of PST thin film permittivity. Microstructural features resulting from processing induced defects or an incomplete transformation to the relaxor state may be responsible for this commonly observed phenomenon.
Condensation of borazinic precursors for mesoporous boron nitride synthesis by carbon nanocasting
Authors: Dibandjo P. , Chassagneux F. , Bois L. , Sigala C. , Miele P.
Published: January 2007

The influence of different borazinic precursors on mesoporous boron nitride synthesis by using a nanocasting process of a mesoporous CMK-3 carbon is presented. Two borazinic precursors, the tri(methylamino)borazine (MAB) and the tri(chloro)borazine (TCB), have been converted to boron nitride (BN) inside the mesopores of a CMK-3 carbon mesoporous template by using thermal or chemical polycondensation processes. Ordered mesoporous boron nitride with a specific surface area around 800 m2/g, a mesoporous volume around 0.6 cm3/g, and a pore-size distribution located at 6 nm in diameter was synthesized by thermal condensation of a molecular MAB precursor. In addition, chemical condensation of TCB led to a disordered mesoporous boron nitride.
Surface displacements and surface charges on Ba2CuWO6 and Ba2Cu0.5Zn0.5WO6 ceramics induced by local electric fields investigated with scanning-probe microscopy
Authors: Herber Ralf-Peter , Schneider Gerold A.
Published: January 2007

Ba2CuWO6 (BCW) was first synthesized in the mid 1960s, and it was predicted to be a ferroelectric material with a very high Curie temperature of 1200 °C [N. Venevtsev and A.G. Kapyshev: New ferroelectrics. Proc. Int. Meet. Ferroelectr.1, 261 (1966)]. Since then, crystallographic studies were performed on the compound with the result that its crystal structure is centrosymmetric. Thus for principal reason, BCW cannot be ferroelectric. That obvious contradiction was examined in this study. Disk-shaped ceramic samples of BCW and Ba2Cu0.5Zn0.5WO6 (BCZW) were prepared. Because of the low electrical resistivity of the ceramics, it was not possible to perform a typical polariszation hysteresis loop for characterization of ferroelectric properties. Scanning electron microscopy investigations strongly suggest that the reason for the conductivity is found in the impurities/precipitations within the microstructure of the samples. With atomic force microscopy (AFM) in piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) mode, it is possible to characterize local piezoelectricity by imaging the ferroelectric domains. Neither BCW nor BCZW showed any domain structure. Nevertheless, when local electric fields were applied to the surfaces of the ceramics topographic displacements, imaged with AFM, and surface charges, imaged with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) and PFM, were measured and remained stable on the surface for the time of the experiment. Therefore BCW and BCZW are considered to be electrets and possibly relaxor ferroelectrics.
Heart Failure: Improving the Continuum of Care
Authors: Kay Dana , Blue Andrienne , Pye Patricia , Lacy Adria , Gray Catherine , Moore Stephen
Published: January 2007

In the United States (US), heart failure (HF) is the leading medical condition resulting in hospital admission. Despite advances in treatment, the number of HF deaths has continued to increase. At Carolinas Medical Center (CMC), more than 950 annual HF admissions provided an opportunity to examine morbidity, mortality, and readmission rates. Within the facility there exist two HF disease management programs treating more than 1,500 patients annually. Through a systematic approach to identify the root causes of morbid and less severe complications, the facility addressed process improvement steps to positively impact HF treatment. Included in these strategies was a link to the outpatient continuum of care created for the HF patient.

An examination of the HF program revealed the care to be fragmented, both organizationally and physically. A majority of readmissions could be prevented through closer patient follow-up and more aggressive therapy. Intensive education for staff about the disease management process, medication interventions, smoking cessation, and nutrition counseling was lacking. An interdisciplinary committee, with strong administrative support, was established to evaluate the current program and recommend changes. Delivery of patient care was changed to an integrated care management system model identifying the root causes of the most prevalent operational and clinical deficits. Process improvement steps were immediately implemented. The 30-day readmission rate (all causes) decreased from 18% to 6.1%, the readmission rate for HF decreased from 7.3% to 1.7%, mortality declined by 25%, and morbid complications decreased by 35%. Evaluation of processes and clinical outcomes are ongoing in order to develop strategies for even greater improvement within the HF program.
Enhancing Victim Safety Through Collaboration
Authors: Brandl Bonnie , Dyer Carmel Bitondo , Heisler Candace J. , Otto Joanne Marlatt , Stiegel Lori A. , Thomas Randolph W.
Published: January 2007

Elder abuse is associated with morbid and lethal outcomes. In some cases of elder abuse, particularly involving domestic violence, uninformed or improperly executed interventions can result in serious harm to the victims. Professionals from various disciplines may themselves be at risk during encounters with perpetrators. This chapter provides an overview of potentially dangerous scenarios of elder abuse such as homicide, homicide/suicide, strangulation, and stalking. Intervention strategies such as lethality assessments and safety planning are described. A case scenario illustrates the value of an interdisciplinary response to enhance victim safety. This chapter reviews potential lethality factors and the steps that can be taken to enhance the safety of victims, their families, and the professionals who serve them.
Tube Feeding in Advanced Dementia: An Exploratory Survey of Physician Knowledge
Authors: Vitale Caroline A. , Hiner Tad , Ury Wayne , Berkman Cathy , Ahronheim Judith C.
Published: January 2007

The administration of artificial nutrition by means of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube in older persons in the advanced stages of dementia is commonplace, yet the treatment is associated with significant treatment burdens and unclear benefits in this population. In addition, there is wide and unexplained geographic variability in the use of PEG in advanced dementia, which may stem partly from physicians’ lack of understanding about its indications, risks, benefits, and effect on quality of life in advanced dementia. This study was a mail survey undertaken to assess physician knowledge regarding tube feeding in advanced dementia and explore whether certification in geriatrics or other physician characteristics are associated with physician knowledge. To assess knowledge about tube feeding, we asked participants to rate the importance of commonly cited, but non–evidence based, indications for tube feeding in advanced dementia, including recurrent aspiration pneumonia, abnormal swallowing evaluations, abnormal nutritional parameters, preventing an uncomfortable death, and others. Discrepancies between physician knowledge and current evidence regarding tube feeding in advanced dementia were found, indicating a need for improved education of primary care physicians in order to ultimately provide better end-of-life care for patients with advanced dementia.
Financial Preservation and Protection for the Elderly
Authors: Lammers Leslie J. , Eudaly Courtney A.
Published: January 2007

This article’s objective is to share various financial approaches, facts, and opinions that may be helpful to those assisting the elderly. This document has four main sections: a tool kit of ideas for dealing with financial affairs; investment facts, financial planning, and recommendations—a road map for planning and investing; long-term care insurance—who might benefit, and; toward the end, steps to take to preserve wealth when life expectancy is short.