bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of vaccination with CoronaVac in a cohort of healthcare workers (HCW) - preliminary report
Authors: de Faria Elizabeth , Guedes Ana Rubia , Oliveira Maura S. , de Godoy Moreira Moacyr Vergara , Maia Fernando Liebhart , dos Santos Barboza Antonio , Leme Mariana Deckers , Letaif Leila S. Harima , Miethke-Morais Anna , Bonfá Eloisa , Segurado Aluisio C. , Tomazini Francis M. , dos Santos Alcir Alves , Figueiredo Pedro , dos Santos Andrade Pâmela , de Oliveira Franciane Mendes , de Araújo Eliodoro Raissa Heloisa , de Jesus Jaqueline Goes , dos Santos Lazari Carolina , Sabino Ester C. , Costa Silvia F. , Pedroso de Lima Antonio Carlos , Levin Anna S.
Published: April 2021

Background

CoronaVac, a vaccine containing inactivated SARS-CoV-2, demonstrated efficacy of 50.39% 14 days or more after the 2nd dose.

The objective of this study is to report the occurrence of symptomatic COVID-19 in a cohort of HCW vaccinated with CoronaVac and to estimate its effectiveness.

Methods

CoronaVac was given to HCWs inHospital das Clinicas on 18-21 January, 2021 (epi week 3) (22,402 HCWs), and on 14-16 February, 2021 (epi week 7) (21,652 HCWs). Weekly cases of symptomatic COVID-19 were evaluated. Using the period from 2020 epi week 24 through 2021 epi week 2 (before vaccination), a Poisson regression was fit to model the HCWs with COVID-19 of the hospital, and the officially reported cases in the city of São Paulo. The predicted numbers of cases among HCWs for 2021 epi weeks 3-12 were then compared to the observed numbers of cases (after vaccination). Effectiveness was estimated for weeks 9-12 (2 to 5 weeks after the 2nd dose). 142 samples after vaccination were evaluated for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.

Results

Since the 1st dose there were 380 HCW diagnosed with COVID-19. On visual analysis, the number of cases of COVID-19 in the city increased sharply in 2021. The number of cases among the HCW did not follow. The estimated effectiveness 2 and 3 weeks after 2nd dose was 50.7% and 51.8%, respectively, and increased over the next 2 weeks. 67/142 samples (47%) were variants of concern, mostly P1 (57).

Conclusion

Coronavac is effective in preventing COVID-19.
Association between comorbidities and death from COVID-19 in different age groups
Authors: Fleitas Pedro Emanuel , Almazán María Cristina , Cortez Sabrina Daniela , Paz Jorge Augusto , Cimino Rubén Oscar , Krolewiecki Alejandro Javier
Published: April 2021

Background

This new COVID-19 pandemic challenges health systems around the world; therefore, it is extremely important to determine which patients with COVID-19 can evolve to more severe outcomes. Accordingly, we decided to assess the role that comorbidities play in death from COVID-19.

Methods

Two age groups (<60 and ≥ 60 years) were defined for analysis. Decision trees were made to identify which comorbidities had the highest fatality rate (FR). Multiple logistic regressions were performed to measure the association between comorbidities and death.

Results

A significant difference was found between the FR of <60 group and ≥ 60 group. The most frequent comorbidity were cardiac diseases and diabetes. The combination of comorbidities with the highest FR was diabetes with kidney disease. Combinations of more than two comorbidities presented higher FR. The comorbidities had higher Odd ratios in the younger group than in the older group.

Conclusions

Comorbidities seem to play a greater role in death from COVID-19 in the younger group, while in the> 60 group; age seems to be the most important factor. We assigned a score to the comorbidities and their combinations for both age groups to help the health personnel make decisions.
Fixational eye movements depend on task and target
Authors: Bowers Norick R. , Gautier Josselin , Lin Samantha , Roorda Austin
Published: April 2021

Human fixational eye movements are so small and precise that they require high-speed, accurate tools to fully reveal their properties and functional roles. Where the fixated image lands on the retina and how it moves for different levels of visually demanding tasks is the subject of the current study. An Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) was used to image, track and present Maltese cross, disk, concentric circles, Vernier and tumbling-E letter fixation targets to healthy subjects. During these different passive (static) or active (discriminating) fixation tasks under natural eye motion, the landing position of the target on the retina was tracked in space and time over the retinal image directly. We computed both the eye motion and the exact trajectory of the fixated target’s motion over the retina. We confirmed that compared to passive fixation, active tasks elicited a partial inhibition of microsaccades, leading to longer drifts periods compensated by larger corrective saccades. Consequently the fixation stability during active tasks was larger overall than during passive tasks. The preferred retinal locus of fixation was the same for each task and did not coincide with the location of the peak cone density.
Road preference of ants in a Japanese warm temperate forest and its implications for the regeneration of myrmecochorous sedges
Authors: Tanaka Koki , Tokuda Makoto
Published: April 2021

In warm temperate forests where light availability is generally low, roadsides often provide a refuge for myrmecochores. Therefore, whether or not ants disperse seeds along the roadsides should critically affect the regeneration of myrmecochores. Nonetheless, the dispersal behaviors of ants along roadsides have rarely been investigated in warm temperate forests. This study examined the road preference of two seed dispersing ants in warm temperate Japan, Formica japonica and Pheidole nodus. We located ant nests using baits placed at the vicinity of myrmecochorous sedges and examined the road preferences of ants and their consequences for seed dispersal by comparing the observed road proximity of ant nests with the simulated value assuming a random dispersal direction. Nests of both ant species were significantly closer to the road than in those simulated assuming random dispersal, which confirmed their road preferences. The road preference of F. japonica reduced the risk of seed loss into the forest interior to one‐ninth of the random dispersal. This trend was not observed in P. nodus due to its short dispersal distance relative to roadside width. Although light availability was higher around nests of P. nodus due to their closer proximity to the road than nests of F. japonica, adult sedges were located farther from the road than the nests of P. nodus. This implies that nests of P. nodus are unsuitable microhabitats for sedges. These results suggest that ants can disperse seeds along forest roadsides in warm temperate forests, but the efficiency vary among ant species.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic lockdown on weight status and factors associated with weight gain among adults in Massachusetts
Authors: Mulugeta Wudeneh , Desalegn Hailemicheal , Solomon Samrawit
Published: April 2021

The study aims to examine the impact of the coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic lockdown on weight, overweight and obesity, and identify factors associated with weight gain. At a safety net health system in Massachusetts, 11 534 adults were retrospectively followed within 3 months of the COVID‐19 lockdown. Chi‐square and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported for categorical and continues variables, respectively. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with weight gain (≥0.01 kg and 5%). During the lockdown period, greater proportion of women gained weight compared to men (46.1% vs 40.6%, P < .01). The obesity rate after the lockdown increased among women (40.7%‐41.7, P < .01) but decreased among men (39.6%‐38.6, P < .01) compared to before the lockdown. Post‐lockdown obesity rates increased among Haitian (51.2%‐55.0%, P < .01) and Hispanic women (50.7%‐51.8%, P < .01). More than 5% weight gain was associated with 18 to 39 vs ≥60 years of age (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.97), food and housing insecurity (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.97) and tobacco use (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.78) among men; and 18 to 39 vs ≥60 years of age (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.25, 1.91), Hispanics (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.54), Brazilians (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.45), and tobacco use (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.69) among women. During the COVID‐19 lockdown, significant proportion of participants gained weight, but subgroup variations existed. Our study can inform healthcare professionals about the impact of the lockdown on unhealthy weight gain and identify vulnerable populations. Strategies are needed to combat unhealthy weight gain during and beyond the pandemic.
Corporate performance and CEO dismissal: The role of social category faultlines
Authors: Vandebeek Alana , Voordeckers Wim , Huybrechts Jolien , Lambrechts Frank
Published: April 2021

Research Question/Issue

This study investigates the moderating role of social category faultlines in the relationship between firm performance and CEO dismissal. We also examine how two board contingencies—the presence of board evaluation and the number of board committees—affect how social category faultlines moderate the performance–CEO dismissal relationship.

Research Findings/Insights

Using panel data on Belgian listed firms covering 2006 to 2014, we find that the negative relationship between firm performance and the likelihood of CEO dismissal is significantly weaker when boards experience social category faultlines. Further investigation of board contingencies demonstrates that social category faultlines have a stronger influence on the performance–CEO dismissal relationship when the board does not engage in board evaluation or has greater numbers of board committees.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

This study builds on the social identity perspective by providing empirical support for social category faultlines within the context of boards of directors. Social category faultlines lead to identity‐based subgroups within the board, which reduce directors' identification with the board as a whole, ultimately impacting the board's capability to dismiss a poorly performing CEO. Moreover, our study demonstrates how board contingencies can promote and/or weaken directors' identification with the board, which affects the salience of identity‐based subgroups.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

This study offers insights for practitioners interested in improving board effectiveness. Our evidence implies that decisions concerning the appointment of directors should be based on criteria that take faultlines and subgroups into account. Furthermore, our findings highlight the importance of strengthening the superordinate board identity by implementing initiatives such as board evaluation.
Associations between second‐line glucose‐lowering combination therapies with metformin and HbA1c, body weight, quality of life, hypoglycaemic events and glucose‐lowering treatment intensification: The DISCOVER study
Authors: Khunti Kamlesh , Charbonnel Bernard , Cooper Andrew , Gomes Marília B. , Ji Linong , Leigh Paul , Nicolucci Antonio , Rathmann Wolfgang , Shestakova Marina V. , Siddiqui Afrah , Tang Fengming , Watada Hirotaka , Chen Hungta ,   the DISCOVER investigators
Published: April 2021

Aim

To explore the effects of second‐line combination therapies with metformin on body weight, HbA1c and health‐related quality of life, as well as the risks of hypoglycaemia and further treatment intensification in the DISCOVER study, a 3‐year, prospective, global observational study of patients with type 2 diabetes initiating second‐line glucose‐lowering therapy.

Materials and Methods

Adjusted changes from baseline in weight, HbA1c and 36‐item Short Form Health Survey version 2 (SF‐36v2) summary scores at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months were assessed using linear mixed models. Risk of hypoglycaemia and further intensification were assessed using interval censored analyses.

Results

At baseline, 7613 patients received metformin in combination with a sulphonylurea (SU; 40.9%), a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor (48.3%), a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT‐2) inhibitor (8.3%) or a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist (2.4%). After 36 months, all combinations showed similar reductions in HbA1c (0.8%‐1.0%), however, metformin plus a DPP‐4 inhibitor, an SGLT‐2 inhibitor or a GLP‐1 receptor agonist was associated with greater weight loss (1.9, 2.9 and 5.0 kg, respectively) than metformin plus an SU (1.3 kg, P < .0001). Proportions of further treatment intensification were similar across combinations (19.9%‐26.2%). Patients prescribed metformin plus an SU more often reported one or more hypoglycaemic events (11.9%) than other combinations (3.9%‐6.4%, P < .0001). SF‐36v2 summary scores were typically lowest among patients prescribed metformin and an SU.

Conclusions

Combinations of metformin with an SU were associated with the lowest weight reduction, highest risk of hypoglycaemia and lower SF‐36v2 scores.
Prevalence and progression of chronic kidney disease among patients with type 2 diabetes: Insights from the DISCOVER study
Authors: Khunti Kamlesh , Charbonnel Bernard , Chen Hungta , Cherney David Z. , Cooper Andrew , Fenici Peter , Gomes Marilia B. , Hammar Niklas , Heerspink Hiddo J. L. , Ji Linong , Medina Jesús , Nicolucci Antonio , Ramirez Larisa , Rathmann Wolfgang , Shestakova Marina V. , Shimomura Iichiro , Tang Fengming , Watada Hirotaka , Kosiborod Mikhail ,   the DISCOVER Investigators
Published: April 2021

We report the prevalence and change in severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in DISCOVER, a global, 3‐year, prospective, observational study of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) initiating second‐line glucose‐lowering therapy. CKD stages were defined according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Overall, 7843 patients from 35 countries had a baseline serum creatinine measurement. Of these (56.7% male; mean age: 58.1 years; mean eGFR: 87.5 mL/min/1.73 m2), baseline prevalence estimates for stage 0‐1, 2, 3 and 4‐5 CKD were 51.4%, 37.7%, 9.4% and 1.4%, respectively. A total of 5819 patients (74.2%) also had at least one follow‐up serum creatinine measurement (median time between measurements: 2.9 years, interquartile range: 1.9‐3.0 years). Mean eGFR decreased slightly to 85.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 over follow‐up. CKD progression (increase of ≥1 stage) occurred in 15.7% of patients, and regression (decrease of ≥1 stage) in 12.0%. In summary, a substantial proportion of patients with T2D developed CKD or had CKD progression after the initiation of second‐line therapy. Renal function should be regularly monitored in these patients, to ensure early CKD diagnosis and treatment.
Effect of clinical pharmacists' interventions on dementia treatment adherence and caregivers' knowledge
Authors: Balli Fatma Nisa , Unsal Pelin , Halil Meltem Gulhan , Dogu Burcu Balam , Cankurtaran Mustafa , Demirkan Kutay
Published: April 2021

Aim

Poor adherence with dementia medications is common among patients and caregivers, owing to the absence of perceived effect, polypharmacy, and adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of clinical pharmacists' interventions on the adherence to dementia treatment and the caregivers' knowledge of dementia.

Methods

This study was conducted at a geriatric outpatient clinic of the university hospital between October 2018 and April 2019. The Morisky Green Levine Adherence Scale (MGLS) to patients or caregivers and the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool Version Two (DKAT2) to caregivers were applied at the beginning of the study and 4 months later by a clinical pharmacist. After the scales were applied in the first interview, verbal information about the importance of adherence to dementia treatment, and incorrect answers of caregivers in DKAT2 were provided by the clinical pharmacist.

Results

A total of 94 patients and 91 caregivers were included in the study. High adherence to treatment was determined in 70.2% of the patients in the first interview and in 95.7% in the second interview (P < 0.001). The mean score of DKAT2 was 15.53 ± 2.44 in the first interview, while the median score of DKAT2 in the second interview was 19.11 ± 1.25 (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The intervention of clinical pharmacists significantly increased the adherence to dementia treatment and the caregivers' knowledge of dementia. Close monitoring of dementia patients and caregivers by clinical pharmacists and collaboration with a multidisciplinary team play an important role in dementia care. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 506–511.
Further evidence against the alleged failure of the classical nucleation theory below the glass transition range
Authors: Ramírez Acosta María Helena , Raphael Rodrigues Lorena , Cassar Daniel Roberto , Montazerian Maziar , Peitl Filho Oscar , Dutra Zanotto Edgar
Published: April 2021

We collected a plethora of new data to test the hypothesis that the failure of the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) below the glass transition range is just an experimental artifact. Since reaching the steady‐state nucleation regime takes a significant time for treatments below the glass transition temperature, data collected in this temperature range tend not to have reached a steady state. Because of this potential problem, we examined the CNT using new experimental data for three stoichiometric silicate glasses: Li2Si2O5, BaSi2O5, and Na4CaSi3O9. We also measured the equilibrium viscosity for the studied glass batches and used it as a proxy for the effective diffusion coefficient. The analysis was conducted by applying a steady‐state criterion and evaluating the error propagation throughout all calculations. Using this rigorous procedure, we have not observed the alleged CNT failure. Our comprehensive results support recent studies questioning this possible CNT failure helping solve a longstanding problem in glass science.
Dispersal of Neophilaenus campestris, a vector of Xylella fastidiosa, from olive groves to over‐summering hosts
Authors: Lago Clara , Morente Marina , De las Heras‐Bravo Daniel , Martí‐Campoy Antonio , Rodríguez‐Ballester Francisco , Plaza María , Moreno Aránzazu , Fereres Alberto
Published: April 2021

Neophilaenus campestris is one of the spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea) able to transmit Xylella fastidiosa to olive trees. Considering its vector ability and the wide distribution of this species in Spain, N. campestris should be considered a serious threat to key crops such as olive, almonds and grapevines. Migration and dispersal abilities of insect vectors have profound implications in the spread of vector‐borne diseases. Thus, knowledge on the dispersal ability of N. campestris is essential to model, predict and limit the spread of the diseases caused by X. fastidiosa. A mass‐mark‐recapture technique was developed to track between‐field movements of N. campestris during its late spring migration from the ground cover grasses within olive groves to sheltered areas dominated by pine trees. The fluorescent dust used for marking did not affect the survival nor the flying ability of N. campestris. Spittlebug adults captured in olive groves during late spring were dusted with fluorescent colours and released in different locations. Six recapture samplings were performed 23–42 days after release in 12 different sites located within a maximum distance of 2.8 km from the release point. Results indicated that N. campestris was able to disperse a maximum distance of 2,47 m in 35 days. Furthermore, flight mill studies showed that N. campestris was able to fly long distances, reaching 1.4 km in an 82‐min single flight. Altogether, our findings suggest that eradication measures are of limited value because vectors are able to disperse rapidly over distances much longer than expected.
Therapeutic alliance as a predictor of behavioral outcomes in a relationally focused, family‐centered telehealth intervention
Authors: Metcalfe Robyn E. , Matulis Jordan M. , Cheng Yijun , Stormshak Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2021

This study evaluates therapeutic alliance as a mediator of the relationship between dosage and clinical outcomes for the Family Check‐Up (FCU) Online, a telehealth adaptation of an evidence‐based parenting intervention for parents of middle school youth. The sample consisted of N = 111 parents with children in middle school who received the FCU Online as part of an ongoing clinical trial. They were randomly assigned to receive telehealth coaching and participated in the intervention and follow‐up assessment 12 months later. Data was collected using parent and child questionnaires as well as engagement data collected as part of the online intervention, using both parents and children as reporters of parent behavioral change. Using parent report measures, there was clear support for a mediation model, with parent report of alliance predicting parent self‐report ratings of clinical progress (parent behavior change) at 12‐month follow‐up. However, for the child‐report data, there was no clear relationship between dosage or therapeutic alliance with child reports of parenting. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
Inhibition of 20‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid biosynthesis by vitamin E analogs in human and bovine cytochrome P450 microsomes
Authors: Kuhn Matthew J. , Sordillo Lorraine M.
Published: April 2021

Dairy cattle are predisposed to disease around the time of calving due to dysfunctional inflammatory responses. Oxylipids are lipid‐derived mediators that regulate all aspects of the inflammatory response, and shifts in oxylipid profiles are correlated with disease risk. For example, 20‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) is an oxylipid derived from cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) found at significantly greater concentrations around calving and during clinical disease. Biosynthesis of 20‐HETE occurs almost exclusively from two specific CYP450 of which CYP450 family four sub‐family F member two (CYP4F2) is the major contributor to 20‐HETE production in humans. To further study the activities of 20‐HETE and potentially reduce its production in vivo, mitigation methods must be explored. Additional substrates of CYP4F2, such as vitamin E, are known to both increase and decrease the metabolism of other CYP4F2 substrates. This study aimed to determine whether vitamin E analogs may reduce the production of 20‐HETE through competition for CYP4F2 activity in human CYP4F2, bovine‐kidney and bovine‐mammary microsomes. Gamma‐tocopherol reduced 20‐HETE production from human and bovine‐kidney microsomes (35.3% and 27.5%, respectively) whereas γ‐tocotrienol only reduced 20‐HETE production from human microsomes (40.1%). Finally, bovine‐mammary microsomes did not produce a quantifiable amount of 20‐HETE, suggesting basal mammary CYP4F2 activity may not be a significant contributor to 20‐HETE found in milk. Together, these data show that analogs of vitamin E can reduce the production of 20‐HETE, potentially through competition with arachidonic acid for metabolism by CYP4F2, posing a potential means for limiting 20‐HETE production during clinical diseases of dairy cattle.
COVID‐19 impact on anxiety and depression in head and neck cancer patients: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Rodrigues‐Oliveira Leticia , Kauark‐Fontes Elisa , Alves Carolina Guimarães Bonfim , Tonaki Juliana Ono , Gueiros Luiz Alcino , Moutinho Karina , Marta Gustavo Nader , Barros Luciana Rodrigues Carvalho , Santos‐Silva Alan Roger , Brandão Thaís Bianca , Prado‐Ribeiro Ana Carolina
Published: April 2021

Objective

To evaluate whether the coronavirus disease 2019 has increased anxiety, depression, and distress levels in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT).

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, RT‐HNC patients were surveyed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for anxiety and depression and the distress thermometer (DT) for distress. HADS scores were compared with data pre‐COVID‐19. Additionally, we evaluated the COVID‐19 impact on daily routines, treatment, and cancer care through a questionnaire.

Results

Fifty patients were included. The HADS mean score and estimated rates were 4.34 (±4.06)/22% for anxiety and 5.08 (±4.82)/22% for depression; in comparison, our historical control had 4.04 (±3.59)/20% for anxiety (p = .79) and 4.03 (±3.62)/17% for depression (p = .49). Mean DT score was 3.68 (±2.77). Responders were aware of COVID‐19, afraid of having medical complications, believed it was life‐threatening, did not miss appointments, believed their treatment was not impacted, and felt safe at the hospital amid the pandemic.

Conclusion

This study suggests that anxiety, depression, and distress levels found in RT‐HNC patients did not increase during the pandemic. Patients were afraid of being infected by COVID‐19; however, they complied with their cancer treatment.
Nasopharyngeal tubes in pediatric anesthesia: Is the flow‐dependent pressure drop across the tube suitable for calculating oropharyngeal pressure?
Authors: Papoff Paola , Rosini Talitha , Oliva Salvatore , Luciani Stefano , Midulla Fabio , Montecchia Francesco
Published: April 2021

Background

Nasopharyngeal tubes are useful in pediatric anesthesia for insufflating oxygen and anesthetics. During nasopharyngeal tube‐anesthesia, gas insufflation provides some positive oropharyngeal pressure that differs from the proximal airway pressure owing to the flow‐dependent pressure drop across the nasopharyngeal tube (ΔPNPT).

Aims

This study aimed to investigate whether ΔPNPT could be used for calculating oropharyngeal pressure during nasopharyngeal tube‐assisted anesthesia.

Methods

In a physical model of nasopharyngeal tube‐anesthesia, using Rohrer's equation, we calculated ΔPNPT for three nasopharyngeal tubes (3.5, 4.0, and 5.0 mm inner diameter) under oxygen and several sevoflurane in oxygen combinations in two ventilatory scenarios (continuous positive airway pressure and intermittent positive pressure ventilation). We then calculated oropharyngeal pressure as proximal airway pressure minus ΔPNPT. Calculated and measured oropharyngeal pressure couples of values were compared with the root mean square deviation to assess accuracy. We also investigated whether oropharyngeal pressure accuracy depends on the nasopharyngeal tube diameter, flow rate, gas composition, and leak size. Using ΔPNPT charts, we tested whether ΔPNPT calculation was feasible in clinical practice.

Results

When we tested small‐diameter nasopharyngeal tubes at high‐flow or high‐peak inspiratory pressure, proximal airway pressure measurements markedly overestimated oropharyngeal pressure. Comparing measured and calculated maximum and minimum oropharyngeal pressure couples yielded root mean square deviations less than 0.5 cmH2O regardless of ventilatory modality, nasopharyngeal tube diameter, flow rate, gas composition, and leak size.

Conclusion

During nasopharyngeal tube‐assisted anesthesia, proximal airway pressure readings on the anesthetic monitoring machine overestimate oropharyngeal pressure especially for smaller‐diameter nasopharyngeal tubes and higher flow, and to a lesser extent for large leaks. Given the importance of calculating oropharyngeal pressure in guiding nasopharyngeal tube ventilation in clinical practice, we propose an accurate calculation using Rohrer's equation method, or approximating oropharyngeal pressure from flow and pressure readings on the anesthetic machine using the ΔPNPT charts.
Vegetation richness, diversity, and structure influence arthropod communities of native and restored northern mixed‐prairies
Authors: Minor Ashlee K. , Eichholz Michael W. , Liechty Jeff S.
Published: April 2021

We studied the effects of vegetation species richness, diversity, and structure on grassland arthropod communities of 23 sites in northeastern South Dakota and southeastern North Dakota. Sites were selected to represent a vegetation species diversity gradient, and three vegetation cover types, including native unseeded grassland, low‐diversity seeding known as dense nesting cover (DNC) for waterfowl, and high‐diversity seed mix. During July of 2016, pan traps and sweep nets were used to survey the grassland arthropod community. A total of 25,521 arthropods representing 107 taxonomic families were collected. Richness, diversity, and biomass of arthropods did not differ among cover types. Vegetation richness and diversity, cover type, percent live vegetation and native cover, and litter depth were important predictors of arthropod community measures, and multivariate analysis of the arthropod community indicated significant differences between native and DNC study sites; explained by differences in vegetation richness, percent forb cover, and litter depth. Results of our study suggest that species richness of grassland restoration seeding mixes likely impacts arthropod richness and diversity, and DNC does not produce arthropod communities similar to native prairie. Additionally, because vegetation structural variables were important determinants of arthropod community measures, grassland management practices will influence the resulting arthropod community and influence the success of grassland restoration using high‐diversity seed mixes. Results of our study promote the potential for successful restoration outcomes using high‐diversity seed mixes, and indicate that low‐diversity, non‐native seed mixes, such as DNC, do not fully restore native grassland arthropod communities.
Ground cover and native ant predation influence survival of metamorphic amphibians in a southeastern pine savanna undergoing restoration
Authors: Burrow Angela K. , Crawford Brian A. , Maerz John C.
Published: April 2021

Longleaf pine savannas historically supported abundant ground cover maintained by frequent fire but little other disturbance. Ground cover creates microclimates with lower temperatures, higher humidity, and increased soil moisture that may benefit wildlife, particularly small vertebrates such as amphibians. Today, most historical pine savannas have had extensive soil disturbance and altered fire regimes resulting in reduced ground cover and altered soil fauna communities including predatory invertebrates. We used a factorial terrestrial cage study to test the effects of native wiregrass (Aristida spp.) cover and the exclusion of a native predatory ant (Dorymyrmex smithi) on the survival of post‐metamorphic Ornate chorus frogs (Pseudacris ornata) and Gopher frogs (Rana capito). Although we were unable to achieve full ant exclusion, ant reduction in exclusion treatments and plant cover had an interactive effect on metamorph survival. Ant exclusion tended to increase Gopher frog survival and this effect was more pronounced when wiregrass was present. Within ant treatments, survival of Gopher frogs increased slightly with increasing wiregrass cover. Ornate chorus frogs had a high probability of survival (>95%) in all ant exclusion treatments regardless of wiregrass cover; however, in treatments without ant exclusion, survival increased with increasing wiregrass cover. Our results demonstrate that high abundances of a native ant species and low coverage of native wiregrass, which are legacies of historical soil disturbance and altered fire regimes, interact to elevate mortality of juvenile amphibians. Minimizing soil disturbance and restoring native ground cover are likely important for amphibian habitat management within historical southeastern pine savannas.
Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of Triphala toothwipes on oral Streptococcus mutans count in intellectually disabled children
Authors: Deshpande Meghana Ajay , Baliga Sudhindra , Thosar Nilima , Rathi Nilesh , Jyothishi Shriramji , Deulkar Pranjali Vilas , Bane Sphurti Pramod
Published: April 2021

Aim

To evaluate antibacterial efficacy of Triphala toothwipes on oral Streptococcus mutans counts in intellectually disabled (ID) children.

Methods

Twenty‐seven children with a mild ID were randomly divided into two groups: A ‐ Triphala and B ‐ placebo group. Toothwipes were given to caregivers of children belonging to the respective groups, and were instructed to use them 1 h after their meals, twice a day for 7 days. Simplified Plaque index was recorded and plaque samples were collected for microbiological examination at baseline, 48 h, and 7 days. The obtained data were tabulated and analyzed.

Results

Triphala group showed a statistically significant reduction of S. mutans after 48 h and 7 days. Both Triphala and placebo groups showed a statistically significant reduction in dental plaque after 48 h and 7 days.

Conclusion

Triphala toothwipes are effective against the oral S. mutans compared with placebo toothwipes, while both the toothwipes are equally effective in reducing dental plaque. Thus, Triphala toothwipes can be used as an adjunct aid along with routine oral hygiene practices in individuals who lack psychomotor skills or are dependent on others to maintain oral hygiene, including infants, preschoolers, geriatric population, and children with special health care needs.
Rigidity of the mod 2 families Seiberg–Witten invariants and topology of families of spin 4-manifolds
Authors: Kato Tsuyoshi , Konno Hokuto , Nakamura Nobuhiro
Published: April 2021

We show a rigidity theorem for the Seiberg–Witten invariants mod 2 for families of spin 4-manifolds. A mechanism of this rigidity theorem also gives a family version of 10/8-type inequality. As an application, we prove the existence of non-smoothable topological families of 4-manifolds whose fiber, base space, and total space are smoothable as manifolds. These non-smoothable topological families provide new examples of

$4$

-manifolds

$M$

for which the inclusion maps

$\operatorname {Diff}(M) \hookrightarrow \operatorname {Homeo}(M)$

are not weak homotopy equivalences. We shall also give a new series of non-smoothable topological actions on some spin

$4$

-manifolds.
The influence of flow model selection on finite element model parameter estimation using Bayesian inference
Authors: Hadwin Paul J. , Erath Byron D. , Peterson Sean D.
Published: April 2021

Recently, Bayesian estimation coupled with finite element modeling has been demonstrated as a viable tool for estimating vocal fold material properties from kinematic information obtained via high-speed video recordings. In this article, the sensitivity of the parameter estimations to the employed fluid model is explored by considering Bernoulli and one-dimensional viscous fluid flow models. Simulation results indicate that prescribing an ad hoc separation location for the Bernoulli flow model can lead to large estimate biases, whereas including the separation location as an estimated parameter leads to results comparable to that of the viscous fluid flow model.
Reciprocal Longitudinal Relationship Between Fitness, Fatness, and Metabolic Syndrome in Brazilian Children and Adolescents: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Reuter Cézane Priscila , Brand Caroline , Silveira João Francisco de Castro , de Borba Schneiders Letícia , Renner Jane Dagmar Pollo , Borfe Letícia , Burns Ryan Donald
Published: April 2021

Purpose: To verify the reciprocal longitudinal relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), percentage body fat (%body fat), and metabolic syndrome in Brazilian primary school students. Method: This longitudinal study involved 420 children and adolescents followed for 3 years (2011–2014). The continuous Metabolic Syndrome (cMetSyn) score was calculated by summing adjusted z scores of glucose, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, and waist circumference. The CRF was assessed using running/walking tests, and %body fat was assessed through sex-specific 2-site skinfold thickness. Cross-lagged panel models were used to analyze longitudinal reciprocal relationships between CRF and %body fat with cMetSyn. Results: Results indicated that 2011 %body fat significantly predicted both 2014 CRF scores and 2014 cMetSyn scores (P < .001); however, 2011 CRF only predicted 2014 %body fat (P < .001) but not 2014 cMetSyn (P = .103). Furthermore, 2011 cMetSyn predicted 2014 %body fat (P = .002). The model explained 36%, 48%, and 37% of the variance in 2014 CRF, %body fat, and cMetSyn, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest a reciprocal inverse relationship between %body fat and metabolic syndrome risk and that %body fat may play a more important role in the risk of developing metabolic syndrome compared with CRF.
The Effects of Exercise Serum From Prepubertal Girls and Women on In Vitro Myoblast and Osteoblast Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Mezil Yasmeen , Obeid Joyce , Ushcatz Inna , Raha Sandeep , Timmons Brian W.
Published: April 2021

Purpose: In girls and women, the authors studied the effects of an acute bout of low-impact, moderate-intensity exercise serum on myoblast and osteoblast proliferation in vitro. Methods: A total of 12 pre/early pubertal girls (8–10 y old) and 12 women (20–30 y old) cycled at 60% VO2max for 1 hour followed by 1-hour recovery. Blood samples were collected at rest, mid-exercise, end of exercise, mid-recovery, and end of recovery. C2C12 myoblasts and MC3T3E1 osteoblasts were incubated with serum from each time point for 1 hour, then monitored for 24 hours (myoblasts) or 36 hours (osteoblasts) to examine proliferation. Cells were also monitored for 6 days (myoblasts) to examine myotube formation and 21 days (osteoblasts) to examine mineralization. Results: Exercise did not affect myoblast or osteoblast proliferation. Girls exhibited lower cell proliferation relative to women at end of exercise (osteoblasts, P = .041; myoblasts, P = .029) and mid-recovery (osteoblasts, P = .010). Mineralization was lower at end of recovery relative to rest (P = .014) in both girls and women. Myotube formation was not affected by exercise or group. Conclusion: The systemic environment following one acute bout of low-impact moderate-intensity exercise in girls and women does not elicit osteoblast or myoblast activity in vitro. Differences in myoblast and osteoblast proliferation between girls and women may be influenced by maturation.
DNA from cave dirt traces Neanderthal upheaval
Authors: Gibbons Ann
Published: April 2021

First nuclear DNA from sediment shows turnover, migration among ancient cave dwellers in Spain.
Punctuated ecological equilibrium in mammal communities over evolutionary time scales
Authors: Blanco Fernando , Calatayud Joaquín , Martín-Perea David M. , Domingo M. Soledad , Menéndez Iris , Müller Johannes , Fernández Manuel Hernández , Cantalapiedra Juan L.
Published: April 2021

Paleontology for conservation

Human activities are leading to broad species and system declines. Prevention of such declines has led us to focus on either protection for species or protection for ecosystem function. Looking at past patterns of species and system change can help to inform our understanding of the long-term impacts of these strategies. Blanco
et al.
studied mammals from the last 21 million years on the Iberian Peninsula, finding long periods of functional stasis, even in the face of taxonomic variability (see the Perspective by Roopnarine and Banker). Functional ecosystems were more resistant to ecosystem collapse.

Science
, this issue p.
300
; see also p.
237
The cost of scientific patronage
Science on a Mission
Naomi Oreskes
University of Chicago Press, 2021. 744 pp.
Authors: Keiner Christine
Published: April 2021

Military funding encouraged researchers to think of the ocean as a theater of war rather than a dynamic ecosystem
A water rule that turns a blind eye to transboundary pollution
Authors: Keiser David A. , Olmstead Sheila M. , Boyle Kevin J. , Flatt Victor B. , Keeler Bonnie L. , Kling Catherine L. , Phaneuf Daniel J. , Shapiro Joseph S. , Shimshack Jay P.
Published: April 2021

We can't presume that states will fill gaps in federal oversight
Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 naïve and recovered individuals after mRNA vaccination
Authors: Goel Rishi R. , Apostolidis Sokratis A. , Painter Mark M. , Mathew Divij , Pattekar Ajinkya , Kuthuru Oliva , Gouma Sigrid , Hicks Philip , Meng Wenzhao , Rosenfeld Aaron M. , Dysinger Sarah , Lundgreen Kendall A. , Kuri-Cervantes Leticia , Adamski Sharon , Hicks Amanda , Korte Scott , Oldridge Derek A. , Baxter Amy E. , Giles Josephine R. , Weirick Madison E. , McAllister Christopher M. , Dougherty Jeanette , Long Sherea , D’Andrea Kurt , Hamilton Jacob T. , Betts Michael R. , Luning Prak Eline T. , Bates Paul , Hensley Scott E. , Greenplate Allison R. , Wherry E. John
Published: April 2021

Key differences in both antibody and memory B cell responses to mRNA vaccination were identified on the basis of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure.
Factors Affecting the Pharmacokinetics of Pyrazinamide and Its Metabolites in Patients Coinfected with HIV and Implications for Individualized Dosing
Authors: Sundell Jesper , Wijk Marie , Bienvenu Emile , Äbelö Angela , Hoffmann Kurt-Jürgen , Ashton Michael
Published: April 2021

Pyrazinamide is a first-line drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis. High exposure to pyrazinamide and its metabolites may result in hepatotoxicity, whereas low exposure to pyrazinamide has been correlated with treatment failure of first-line antitubercular therapy.
Cross-Reactivity of Two SARS-CoV-2 Serological Assays in a Setting Where Malaria Is Endemic
Authors: Steinhardt Laura C. , Ige Fehintola , Iriemenam Nnaemeka C. , Greby Stacie M. , Hamada Yohhei , Uwandu Mabel , Aniedobe Maureen , Stafford Kristen A. , Abimiku Alash’le , Mba Nwando , Agala Ndidi , Okunoye Olumide , Mpamugo Augustine , Swaminathan Mahesh , Onokevbagbe Edewede , Olaleye Temitope , Odoh Ifeanyichukwu , Marston Barbara J. , Okoye McPaul , Abubakar Ibrahim , Rangaka Molebogeng X. , Rogier Eric , Audu Rosemary
Published: April 2021

Accurate SARS-CoV-2 serological assays are critical for COVID-19 serosurveillance. However, previous studies have indicated possible cross-reactivity of these assays, including in areas where malaria is endemic.
The Cryo-EM Structure of Vesivirus 2117 Highlights Functional Variations in Entry Pathways for Viruses in Different Clades of the
Vesivirus
Genus
Authors: Sutherland Hazel , Conley Michaela J. , Emmott Edward , Streetley James , Goodfellow Ian G. , Bhella David
Published: April 2021

Vesivirus 2117 has caused significant losses in manufacturing of biopharmaceutical products following contamination of cell cultures used in their production. We report the structure of the vesivirus 2117 capsid, the shell that encloses the virus’s genome.
Lumen-apposing metal stent for treatment of malignant biliary obstruction, placed through an uncovered duodenal self-expanding metal stent
Authors: Due-Petersson Rasmus , Hansen Lasse Bremholm
Published: April 2021

The development and refinement of endoscopic stenting techniques in recent years have made endoscopic treatment an important part of palliative care for irresectable malignant disease in the gastrointestinal tract. We present the case of a 82-year-old man with biliary obstruction and duodenal stenosis on the basis of disseminated pancreatic cancer. He was bothered by jaundice and reduced oral intake. This is typically alleviated using stents; however, the placement of a duodenal stent can limit the possibility of subsequent placement of a biliary stent. This therapeutic challenge was solved using a combination of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) and self-expanding uncovered metal stents (SEMS). LAMS is a relatively novel type of stent intended for endoscopic ultrasonography-guided placement. First, we placed a SEMS in the duodenum, a LAMS was subsequently placed through the mesh of the duodenal SEMS, alleviating the biliary system. The patient was able to resume oral intake and his jaundice subsided.
Unusual cause of gas complicating a biloma, postcholecystectomy
Authors: Spence Cameron , Ahmad Fatima , Bolton Louisa , Parekh Amit
Published: April 2021

A 50-year-old man presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain, vomiting and fever. He had been admitted 6 months ago with acute cholecystitis when he underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to remove ductal gallstones. Elective cholecystectomy was performed 3 days prior to the current admission. CT demonstrated a fluid and gas containing collection in the gallbladder fossa, biliary gas and free intra-abdominal gas. ERCP revealed a retained common bile duct gallstone and leakage from the cystic duct remnant. We postulate that the gas within the collection originated from intrahepatic gas post-ERCP or from a gas forming organism. The free intra-abdominal gas originated from the collection rather than an intraoperative bowel injury. This complicated case highlights an unusual appearance of a common complication. It demonstrates the importance of discussion with the clinical team to ensure that an accurate diagnosis is made and the correct treatment is provided.
Post-infectious inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 in a paediatric patient with Down syndrome
Authors: Khoshnood Mellad , Mahabir Roshan , Shillingford Nick M , Santoro Jonathan D
Published: April 2021

Neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2 continue to be recognised. In children, neurological phenomenon has been reported generally in the acute infectious period. It is possible that SARS-CoV-2 could trigger an immune-mediated post-infectious phenomenon. Here, we present a unique case of post-infectious marantic cardiac lesion causing cerebrovascular accident in a patient with Down syndrome.
Total scrotal reconstruction following Fournier’s gangrene with bilateral prelaminated superior medial thigh flaps
Authors: Hart Justin , DeSano Jeffrey , Hajjar Raymond , Lumley Christopher
Published: April 2021

The patient is a 45-year-old man diagnosed with Fournier’s gangrene and underwent treatment for septic shock, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and extensive surgical debridement of perineum, including total scrotectomy, ischiorectal fossa, abdomen and left superior thigh and flank. The patient required multiple staged complex reconstruction of the scrotum utilising prelaminated superior medial thigh flaps with use of dermal matrix, split-thickness skin grafting and pedicled gracilis muscle flap for coverage of the ischiorectal wound. The patient had full recovery and followed up 1 year postoperatively. This report discusses our technique for total scrotal reconstruction and provides review of surgical reconstructive techniques for wounds due to Fournier’s gangrene.
Rare case of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour presenting as paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia
Authors: Ferrel Benjamin , Franko Jan , Tee May C
Published: April 2021

An asymptomatic 68-year-old woman who presented with an isolated hypercalcaemia was diagnosed with a rare, previously unsuspected parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour. She underwent an extensive operation including vascular resection and reconstruction, resulting in successful removal of the tumour with negative margins. Medical and surgical management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours and PTHrP-mediated paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia is discussed.
Statin-induced necrotising autoimmune myopathy: a rare complication of statin therapy
Authors: Ghaffar Muhammad Tauseef , Radhakrishna Avinash , Ali Imran , Whelan Byran
Published: April 2021

Statin-induced necrotising autoimmune myopathy (SINAM), a rare complication of statin use, presents with significant proximal muscle weakness and raised creatine kinase (CK) levels (50–100 times). This is different from other musculoskeletal conditions caused by statin use. Anti-hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA) reductase antibody is usually positive in SINAM and it generally indicates good response to immunosuppressive medications. We report a case of a 52-year-old man who presented with a 2-month history of significant upper and lower extremity proximal muscle weakness and a CK level of >10 000. He was started on atorvastatin for myocardial infarction 3 years ago. MRI pelvis, including proximal thigh, showed diffuse muscle oedema to all muscle groups. Muscle biopsy was suggestive of necrotising myopathy. His HMG-CoA reductase antibody was also positive. His treatment regimen consisted of immunosuppressants, including steroids. He also required extensive physiotherapy and showed response to treatment when reviewed in the outpatient clinic 9 months later.