bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sanitation in South Africa
Authors: Dugard Jackie
Published: April 2019

South Africa has among the most progressive legal and policy frameworks for sanitation services in the world, including a legally entrenched basic minimum standard for sanitation services and a free basic sanitation policy. Yet, on the ground there are numerous problems. In recent years, some of these problems have given rise to protest action and litigation. This chapter provides an overview of the frameworks, realities, and contestation related to sanitation provision (or under- or non-provision) in South Africa. It first outlines the relevant legal and policy frameworks for sanitation services; then analyses the systemic problems of practice and implementation from a human rights-related perspective; and finally examines the emergence of litigation and protest action in response to the ongoing problems related to sanitation services, highlighting how the content, as well as the realization of the right to sanitation is increasingly being advanced through battles on the streets and the courts.
How Can Gandhi Interpret His Favorite Bhagavad-Gita as a Gospel of Nonviolence?
Authors: Allen Douglas
Published: April 2019

The Bhagavad-Gita is Gandhi’s guide to daily living. Scholars and Hindu followers of the Gita have found Gandhi’s readings and commentaries of karma-yoga and especially of a nonviolent Gita surprising, inadequate, and a hermeneutical disaster. What distinguishes Gandhi’s interpretation of karma-yoga is his emphasis on the karmic world of relative truth. What is really remarkable is Gandhi’s interpretation of the central message of the Gita as a gospel of ahimsa. How can Gandhi justify such a seemingly bizarre claim? I examine usual interpretations of this claim that one must not take the Gita literally, but must instead read and interpret it as highly symbolic, mythic, allegorical text. More significantly, I attempt to analyze Gandhi’s approach and dramatic nonviolent interpretations by regarding the Gita as a dynamic open-ended text that is always contextualized and involves a key, creative, insightful hermeneutical move of greatest relevance today.
Personal Reflections on Reading Hind Swaraj and Indian Reactions
Authors: Allen Douglas
Published: April 2019

Hind Swaraj is often regarded as Gandhi’s most important work. This rather brief review of my reactions to my reading and rereading of Hind Swaraj, starting with my youthful year of 1963–4 in Banaras (Varanasi) and at Banaras Hindu University and continuing to the present, is not only personally instructive, but also reveals changing attitudes of influential Gandhians and anti-Gandhians in India and in the contemporary world. This personal journey of encounters with the text and its changing contextual situatedness discloses contradictions and dramatic changes within India and the world and with peace and justice scholars and activists.
Attempts to Define Security
Authors: Powell Rhonda
Published: April 2019

Chapter 2 reviews conceptual discussions and common understandings of security. The first section focuses on early usage of security in legal and political theory in order to identify the antecedents to common understandings of the concept of security. The second section focuses upon attempts to define or redefine security since the late twentieth century. It is argued that a satisfactory conceptual analysis, which applies to all contexts but avoids the temptation to admit that security has many meanings or is some sort of umbrella term, has not been developed. This is despite extensive scholarly discourse in a number of disciplines. Nevertheless, the literature provides tools to fill the gap.
The Interests Protected by the Right to Security of Person
Authors: Powell Rhonda
Published: April 2019

Drawing on the analysis of security in Chapter 3 and the capabilities approach in Chapter 4, Chapter 5 provides examples of the interests that the right to security of person protects. It also considers the extent to which human rights law already recognizes a link between those interests and security of person. Five overlapping examples are discussed in turn: life, the means of life, health, privacy and the home, and autonomy. Illustrations are brought primarily from the European Convention on Human Rights, the Canadian Charter, and the South African Bill of Rights jurisprudence. It is argued that protection against material deprivations that threaten a person’s existence are as much part of the right to personal security as protection against physical assaults. The right to security of person effectively overcomes the problematic distinction between civil and political rights and socio-economic rights because it sits in both categories.
Rights as Security
Authors: Powell Rhonda
Published: April 2019

Chapter 7 considers issues in applying the analysis of the right to security of person put forward in this book as the basis of a single legal right. It is argued that security of person, substantiated through the capabilities approach (or any other adequate theory of personhood), is too broad to be the subject of a single legal right. This contention raises an important normative question about the role which security of person should play in human rights law. It is accepted that existing legal rights to security of person are rightfully delineated, albeit that these delineations are pragmatic rather than principled. However, drawing on the key learning points that can be drawn from the analysis of security of person in this book, Chapter 7 explores an alternative way to understand the relationship between security of person and human rights law. It is argued that human rights law in general could be seen as one of the key ways by which international and national legal systems seek to further security of person. This approach is referred to as ‘rights as security’.
Emerging Streams of Dissent in Modern African Christianity
Authors: Hanciles Jehu J.
Published: April 2019

By the end of the twentieth century, Africa had emerged as a major heartland of global Christianity, defying European missionary prognosis a century earlier. This chapter makes the case that that the prospects of African Christianity were poorly diagnosed in part because such assessments failed to take the African Christian capacity for ‘dissent’ into account. Though rooted in evangelical Protestantism that spread to Africa from the late eighteenth century, the streams of dissent that surged within African Christianity were fomented by experiences and aspirations that were radically different from the British heritage. Not least because the indigenous environment provided primary impetus for their emergence and formation. These ‘dissenting’ movements, which were greatly shaped by indigenous elements, included religious protest and resistance as well as initiatives marked by religious revival and innovation. They have acted as major catalysts for the growth of African Christianity and its transformation into an African religion.
Charismatic Churches and the Pentecostalization of African Christianity
Authors: Anderson Allan Heaton
Published: April 2019

This chapter articulates how African Pentecostalism emerged as a form of dissent, and formed many different kinds of independent churches, new denominations, and movements of renewal within older churches. In particular it traces those characteristics of dissent that are found in the independent Charismatic churches since the 1970s, and how these have impacted African Christianity as a whole, including Catholic and Protestant churches. It gives examples in turn from West Africa, East Africa, and Southern Africa, and critiques the ‘Prosperity Gospel’ that is often a central part of these churches’ appeal. It concludes with a summary of how these churches characterize new forms of dissent.
Ancient narrative theory before Aristotle—Plato
Authors: Liveley Genevieve
Published: April 2019

This chapter argues that we should be wary of assigning any theory of narrative voiced in the dramatic dialogue that is the Republic directly to Plato himself. We will not find a ‘Platonic’ theory of narrative either in Plato’s Ion or the Republic, and will not find an uncomplicated ‘Platonic’ relationship between diegesis and mimesis, or narrative showing and telling, there either. It suggests that, taken as an embryonic phase in the history of narrative theory, Plato’s ‘Socratic dialogues’ offer something of a false start—an evolutionary prequel rather than an introduction proper to narratology’s story.
Cloning and Characterization of Oxidosqualene Cyclases Involved in Taraxasterol, Taraxerol and Bauerenol Triterpene Biosynthesis in Taraxacum coreanum
Authors: Han Jung Yeon , Jo Hye-Jeong , Kwon Eun Kyung , Choi Yong Eui
Published: April 2019

Triterpenes, consisting of six isoprene units, are one of the largest classes of natural compounds in plants. The genus Taraxacum is in the family Asteraceae and is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Various triterpenes, especially taraxerol and taraxasterol, are present in Taraxacum plants. Triterpene biosynthesis occurs through the action of oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), which generates various types of triterpenes from 2,3-oxidosqualene after the rearrangement of the triterpene skeleton. However, no functional characterization of the OSC genes involved in triterpene biosynthesis, except for a lupeol synthase in Taraxacum officinale, has been performed. Taraxacum coreanum, or Korean dandelion, grows in Korea and China. Putative OSC genes in T. coreanum plants were isolated by transcriptome analysis, and four of these (TcOSC1, TcOSC2, TcOSC3 and TcOSC4) were functionally characterized by heterologous expression in yeast. Both TcOSC1 and TcOSC2 were closely related to dammarenediol-II synthases. TcOSC3 and TcOSC4 were strongly grouped with β-amyrin synthases. Functional analysis revealed that TcOSC1 produced several triterpenes, including taraxasterol; Ψ-taraxasterol; α-, β- and δ-amyrin; and dammarenediol-II. TcOSC2 catalyzed the production of bauerenol and another unknown triterpene, TcOSC3 catalyzed the production of β-amyrin. TcOSC4 catalyzed the production of taraxerol. Moreover, we identified taraxasterol, ψ-taraxasterol, taraxerol, lupeol, δ-amyrin, α-amyrin, β-amyrin and bauerenol in the roots and leaves of T. coreanum. Our results suggest that TcOSC1, TcOSC2, TcOSC3 and TcOSC4 are key triterpene biosynthetic enzymes in T. coreanum. These enzymes are novel triterpene synthases involved in the production of taraxasterol, bauerenol and taraxerol.
Identification of Anorthite-enriched Plagioclase Antecrysts in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Authors: Cawthorn R Grant
Published: April 2019

The origin of cumulate grains in layered intrusions is actively debated. Earliest views assumed that all grains grew in the now-exposed magma chamber. An alternative view is that some grains were injected from deeper magma chambers (never to be exposed). Such grains have been called antecrysts. In this model upward reversals in the anorthite content of plagioclase grains in anorthosite-bearing sequences have been considered to indicate such processes, and are considered to represent the bases of cycles. Data from two deep boreholes in the upper half of the Bushveld Complex permit testing of such ideas. Careful inspection shows that anorthosites (over 45 in one core and 12 in another) do not show an increase in their anorthite contents relative to their immediate footwall samples. Further, all examples of cycles (where enough closely spaced samples are available) in one borehole show that there is a slow upward increase in the anorthite contents over tens of metres and several samples, and that anorthosite does not occur at the base of such reversals, inconsistent with injection and accumulation of a slurry of grains with constant composition. Multiple analyses of many grains in a single sample show a typical standard deviation of ±1·5% An. However, a very few samples from both boreholes show a much larger standard deviation. Examination of every single analysis from one core shows that there are rare, isolated grains with a much higher anorthite content (±5%) than the average, rarely more than one per sample (out of 10–20 analyses). It is perfectly possible that these grains are indeed antecrysts. They are not located specifically in anorthosite samples, but can occur in rocks with any proportion of plagioclase. Based on 3000 analyses they constitute of the order of 1% of the total analysed population. The injection of magma may have occurred, but its entrainment of slurries of plagioclase is not consistent with these data.
Pterin-pigmented nanospheres create the colours of the polymorphic damselfly
Ischnura elegans
Authors: Henze Miriam J. , Lind Olle , Wilts Bodo D. , Kelber Almut
Published: April 2019

Animal colours commonly act as signals for mates or predators. In many damselfly species, both sexes go through a developmental colour change as adults, and females often show colour polymorphism, which may have a function in mate choice, avoidance of mating harassment and camouflage. In the blue-tailed damselfly,
Ischnura elegans
, young males are bright green and turn blue as they reach maturity. Females are red (
rufescens
) or violet (
violacea
) as immatures and, when mature, either mimic the blue colour of the males (
androchrome
), or acquire an inconspicuous olive-green (
infuscans
) or olive-brown (
obsoleta
). The genetic basis of these differences is still unknown. Here, we quantify the colour development of all morphs of
I. elegans
and investigate colour formation by combining anatomical data and reflectance spectra with optical finite-difference time-domain simulations. While the coloration primarily arises from a disordered assembly of nanospheres in the epidermis, morph-dependent changes result from adjustments in the composition of pterin pigments within the nanospheres, and from associated shifts in optical density. Other pigments fine-tune hue and brilliance by absorbing stray light. These mechanisms produce an impressive palette of colours and offer guidance for genetic studies on the evolution of colour polymorphism and visual communication.
Novel gas producing Vibrio cholerae: a case report of gastroenteritis with acute kidney injury
Authors: Malaiyan Jeevan , Balakrishnan Anandan , Nasimuddin Sowmya , Mohan Kamalraj , Meenakshi-Sundaram PradeepRaj , Mamandur-Devarajan Selvam , Gnanadesikan Sumathi , Kandasamy Mohanakrishnan , Jayakumar Nithyalakshmi , Elumalai Dhevahi , Ra Gokul G.
Published: April 2019

Background. Bacterial characterization is important in clinical and epidemiological studies. We herein report the first case of gas-producing

Vibrio
cholera gastroenteritis with acute kidney injury.

Case presentation. A 30-year-old female presented to the emergency department with complaints of about ten episodes of watery diarrhea, four episodes of vomiting and elevated serum urea/creatinine levels. Although the bacteria were first misidentified as

Vibrio furnissii

by gas production on carbohydrate fermentation and triple sugar iron agar, it was later confirmed as

Vibrio cholerae

by 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and specific PCR. The treatment regimen was followed as for

Vibrio

species with intravenous fluids, ciprofloxacin and doxycycline. The patient recovered without relapse.

Conclusions. Literature survey from the PubMed database shows no gas-producing

Vibrio cholerae

isolate being reported in the world. Further, genotype studies are warranted to look into the gas production of

Vibrio cholerae

.
Whole-genome reference panel of 1,781 Northeast Asians improves imputation accuracy of rare and low-frequency variants
Authors: Yoo Seong-Keun , Kim Chang-Uk , Kim Hie Lim , Kim Sungjae , Shin Jong-Yeon , Kim Namcheol , Yang Joshua SungWoo , Lo Kwok-Wai , Cho Belong , Matsuda Fumihiko , Schuster Stephan C. , Kim Changhoon , Kim Jong-Il , Seo Jeong-Sun
Published: April 2019

Genotype imputation using the reference panel is a cost-effective strategy to fill millions of missing genotypes for the purpose of various genetic analyses. Here, we present the Northeast Asian Reference Database (NARD), including whole-genome sequencing data of 1,781 individuals from Korea, Mongolia, Japan, China, and Hong Kong. NARD provides the genetic diversities of Korean (n=850) and Mongolian (n=386) ancestries that were not present in the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 (1KGP3). We combined and re-phased the genotypes from NARD and 1KGP3 to construct a union set of haplotypes. This approach established a robust imputation reference panel for the Northeast Asian populations, which yields the greatest imputation accuracy of rare and low-frequency variants compared with the existing panels. Also, we illustrate that NARD can potentially improve disease variant discovery by reducing pathogenic candidates. Overall, this study provides a decent reference panel for the genetic studies in Northeast Asia.
Impact of within-tree organ distances on floral induction and fruit growth in apple tree: implication of carbon and gibberellin organ contents
Authors: Belhassine Farés , Martinez Sébastien , Bluy Sylvie , Fumey Damien , Kelner Jean-Jacques , Costes Evelyne , Pallas Benoît
Published: April 2019

In plants, organs are inter-dependent for growth and development. Here, we aimed to investigate the distance at which interaction between organs operates and the relative contribution of within-tree variation in carbohydrate and hormonal contents on floral induction and fruit growth, in a fruit tree case study. Manipulations of leaf and fruit numbers were performed in two years on ‘Golden delicious’ apple trees, at the shoot or branch scale or one side of Y-shape trees. For each treatment, floral induction proportion and mean fruit weight were recorded. Gibberellins content in shoot apical meristems, photosynthesis, and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in organs were measured. Floral induction was promoted by leaf presence and fruit absence but was not associated with non-structural content in meristems. This suggests a combined action of promoting and inhibiting signals originating from leaves and fruit, and involving gibberellins. Nevertheless, these signals act at short distance only since leaf or fruit presence at long distances had no effect on floral induction. Conversely, fruit growth was affected by leaf presence even at long distances when sink demands were imbalanced within the tree, suggesting long distance transport of carbohydrates. We thus clarified the inter-dependence and distance effect among organs, therefore their degree of autonomy that appeared dependent on the process considered, floral induction or fruit growth.
Antimicrobial Resistance on Farms: A Review Including Biosecurity and the Potential Role of Disinfectants in Resistance Selection
Authors: Davies Robert , Wales Andrew
Published: April 2019

Resistance to therapeutic antimicrobial agents is recognized as a growing problem for both human and veterinary medicine, and the need to address the issue in both of these linked domains is a current priority in public policy. Efforts to limit antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on farms have so far focused on control of the supply and use of antimicrobial drugs, plus husbandry measures to reduce infectious disease. In the United Kingdom and some other countries, substantial progress has been made recently against targets on agricultural antimicrobial drug use. However, evidence suggests that resistant pathogenic and commensal bacteria can persist and spread within and between premises despite declining or zero antimicrobial drug use. Reasons for this are likely complex and varied but may include: bacterial adaptations to ameliorate fitness costs associated with maintenance and replication of resistance genes and associated proteins, horizontal transmission of genetic resistance determinants between bacteria, physical transfer of bacteria via movement (of animals, workers, and equipment), ineffective cleaning and disinfection, and co‐selection of resistance to certain drugs by use of other antimicrobials, heavy metals, or biocides. Areas of particular concern for public health include extended‐spectrum cephalosporinases and fluoroquinolone resistance among Enterobacteriaceae, livestock‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and the emergence of transmissible colistin resistance. Aspects of biosecurity have repeatedly been identified as risk factors for the presence of AMR on farm premises, but there are large gaps in our understanding of the most important risk factors and the most effective interventions. The present review aims to summarize the present state of knowledge in this area, from a European perspective.
Different response of bacteria, archaea and fungi to process parameters in nine full‐scale anaerobic digesters
Authors: Langer Susanne G. , Gabris Christina , Einfalt Daniel , Wemheuer Bernd , Kazda Marian , Bengelsdorf Frank R.
Published: April 2019

Biogas production is a biotechnological process realized by complex bacterial, archaeal and likely fungal communities. Their composition was assessed in nine full‐scale biogas plants with distinctly differing feedstock input and process parameters. This study investigated the actually active microbial community members by using a comprehensive sequencing approach based on ribosomal 16S and 28S rRNA fragments. The prevailing taxonomical units of each respective community were subsequently linked to process parameters. Ribosomal rRNA of bacteria, archaea and fungi, respectively, showed different compositions with respect to process parameters and supplied feedstocks: (i) bacterial communities were affected by the key factors temperature and ammonium concentration; (ii) composition of archaea was mainly related to process temperature; and (iii) relative abundance of fungi was linked to feedstocks supplied to the digesters. Anaerobic digesters with a high methane yield showed remarkably similar bacterial communities regarding identified taxonomic families. Although archaeal communities differed strongly on genus level from each other, the respective digesters still showed high methane yields. Functional redundancy of the archaeal communities may explain this effect. 28S rRNA sequences of fungi in all nine full‐scale anaerobic digesters were primarily classified as facultative anaerobic Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Since the presence of ribosomal 28S rRNA indicates that fungi may be active in the biogas digesters, further research should be carried out to examine to which extent they are important players in anaerobic digestion processes.
Genome‐wide association studies reveal genetic loci associated with plasma cholinesterase activity in ducks
Authors: Xu Y. , Liu H. , Jiang Y. , Fan W. , Hu J. , Zhang Y. , Guo Z. , Xie M. , Huang W. , Liu X. , Zhou Z. , Hou S.
Published: April 2019

Plasma cholinesterase (PCHE) activity is an important auxiliary test in human clinical medicine. It can distinguish liver diseases from non‐liver diseases and help detect organophosphorus poisoning. Animal experiments have confirmed that PCHE activity is associated with obesity and hypertension and changes with physiological changes in an animal's body. The objective of this study was to locate the genetic loci responsible for PCHE activity variation in ducks. PCHE activity of Pekin duck × mallard F2 ducks at 3 and 8 weeks of age were analyzed, and genome‐wide association studies were conducted. A region of about 1.5 Mb (21.8–23.3 Mb) on duck chromosome 9 was found to be associated with PCHE activity at both 3 and 8 weeks of age. The top SNP, g.22643979C>T in the butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) gene, was most highly associated with PCHE activity at 3 weeks (−logP = 21.45) and 8 weeks (−logP = 27.60) of age. For the top SNP, the strong associations of CC and CT genotypes with low PCHE activity and the TT genotype with high PCHE activity indicates the dominant inheritance of low PCHE activity. Problems with block inheritance or linkage exist in this region. This study supports that BCHE is a functional gene for determining PCHE levels in ducks and that the genetic variations around this gene can cause phenotypic variations of PCHE activity.
Initiation Sequence of E‐Cigarette and Cigarette Smoking Among US Adolescents: A National Study
Authors: McCabe Sean Esteban , Veliz Philip , McCabe Vita V. , Boyd Carol J.
Published: April 2019

Background and Objectives

The primary objectives were to: (1) examine the initiation sequence of e‐cigarette use and cigarette smoking; (2) assess other substance use as a function of the initiation sequence of e‐cigarettes and cigarettes; and (3) investigate the role of early e‐cigarette initiation among US secondary school students.

Methods

Data were collected via self‐administered questionnaires from independent 2015 and 2016 nationally representative cross‐sectional samples of 8th grade, 10th grade, and 12th grade students (N = 36 410).

Results

The lifetime initiation sequence included: (1) e‐cigarette use before cigarette smoking (1.7%); (2) e‐cigarette use and cigarette smoking in same grade (4.2%); (3) cigarette smoking before e‐cigarette use (6.1%); (4) e‐cigarette use only (12.6%); (5) cigarette smoking only (3.6%); and (6) no e‐cigarette use or cigarette smoking (71.8%). The risk of substance use was highest among dual users (regardless of initiation sequence), followed by cigarette smokers, e‐cigarette users, and no e‐cigarette use or cigarette smoking. The most prevalent initiation sequence of e‐cigarette use involved initiating other substances before e‐cigarettes, especially among older adolescents. Early initiation of e‐cigarette use was associated with increased odds of substance use behaviors for all three age groups.

Discussion and Conclusions

Adolescents who report a history of both e‐cigarette use and cigarette smoking should be considered at high risk for substance‐related problems. Early initiation of e‐cigarette use is a signal for other substance use.

Scientific Significance

Youth substance use prevention programs and prospective studies must take into account polysubstance use when addressing the relationships between e‐cigarette use and cigarette smoking. (Am J Addict 2019;28:285–294)
The Changing Value of Skill Utilisation: Interactions with Job Demands on Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism
Authors: Wang Karyn L. , Johnson Anya , Nguyen Helena , Goodwin Robyn E. , Groth Markus
Published: April 2019

Opportunities to learn and apply new skills are generally considered a favourable job characteristic, but can there be too much of a good thing? In this paper, we draw on vitamin and resource perspectives to investigate a more nuanced perspective on where, when and why skill utilisation delivers value as a resource. Specifically, we examine whether skill utilisation exhibits non‐linear relationships with job satisfaction and absenteeism in the presence of two different job demands: task workload, which captures the quantitative demands of work, and surface acting, which captures the qualitative demands of work. Using data from 278 hospital employees, we found that surface acting moderated the non‐linear relationship between skill utilisation and absenteeism. Specifically, the relationship between skill utilisation and absenteeism became increasingly positive when surface acting was high, but not when surface acting was low. Interestingly, the linear relationship between skill utilisation and job satisfaction was less positive when surface acting was high. Task workload did not interact with skill utilisation to predict employee outcomes. Our findings highlight complexities in the relationship between job resources and demands and show that the value of skill utilisation changes under demanding conditions.
Prediction Analysis for Microbiome Sequencing Data
Authors: Wang Tao , Yang Can , Zhao Hongyu
Published: April 2019

One goal of human microbiome studies is to relate host traits with human microbiome compositions. The analysis of microbial community sequencing data presents great statistical challenges, especially when the samples have different library sizes and the data are overdispersed with many zeros. To address these challenges, we introduce a new statistical framework, called predictive analysis in metagenomics via inverse regression (PAMIR), to analyze microbiome sequencing data. Within this framework, an inverse regression model is developed for overdispersed microbiota counts given the trait, and then a prediction rule is constructed by taking advantage of the dimension-reduction structure in the model. An efficient Monte Carlo expectation-maximization algorithm is proposed for maximum likelihood estimation. The method is further generalized to accommodate other types of covariates. We demonstrate the advantages of PAMIR through simulations and two real data examples.
Perdita and Oedipus: A Tale of Two Adoptions
Authors: Holmes Jeremy
Published: April 2019

The paper proposes Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale (WT) as foundation narrative for attachment‐informed psychotherapy, and a counterpart to Oedipus Rex (OR), covering similar psychological territory but in a strikingly different way. Both start with a father's rejection of a baby and its rescue and adoption by distant shepherds. Both revolve around murderousness and desire in a mother–father–child triangle, but in WT the prime mover is filicide rather than parricide. WT points to the positive aspects of the care‐giving dynamic. The main characters of WT, in contrast to OR's phallocentrism, are the rejected Queen Hermione, her handmaiden Paulina and Perdita herself. Their relationships are characterized by attachment security: this gives Paulina the courage to confront and instigate mentalizing in Leontes, the psychotic king, and for Perdita to find her sexuality through her transgressive love for Florizel. The environmental benefits of adoption are highlighted as WT's tragi‐comic dynamic moves from chaos to renewal and rebirth: Hermione survives the ‘attack on the good object’; Leontes recovers from his jealous hatred and subsequent depression; ruptures are repaired. WT depicts secure attachments as bulwarks against loss, and the key to resilience in the face of trauma.
Negative Capability, Heuristics and Supervision
Authors: Yerushalmi Hanoch
Published: April 2019

While struggling to construct the meaning of their patients’ experiences, therapists often feel confused by their patients’ communications, driving them to elicit patterns of knowledge and intuitive rules, drawn from previous experiences, and to restore a sense of control. However, what is already known might affect the unknown, biasing the meaning of patients’ communications, hence Bion's recommendation of therapists’ attunement without memory and desire. The present article describes how supervisors can enhance their supervisees’ ‘negative capability’, their tolerance of ambiguity and doubts, by illuminating specific countertransferential reactions in the form of heuristics that interrupt this capability. Heuristics, presented in the literature as potentially helpful mental devices, are examined in this article as possible disruptions to therapists’ meaning‐making processes. However, heuristics in and of themselves are not negative or pathological phenomena. They are natural and spontaneous mechanisms, capable of temporarily reducing the anxiety of supervisees faced with ambiguous clinical situations. It is suggested that understanding the meaning of these phenomena might liberate supervisees from the need to respond impulsively and facilitate internal processes of metabolizing patients’ experiences.
Using pastoral ideology to understand human–wildlife coexistence in arid agricultural landscapes
Authors: Laverty Theresa M. , Teel Tara L. , Thomas Rebecca E. W. , Gawusab A. Archie , Berger Joel
Published: April 2019

Integrating social and ecological knowledge is requisite for solutions to global conservation problems, including human–wildlife conflict, but gathering sufficient data to facilitate integration has proved difficult. Social–ecological systems models have also traditionally overlooked individual human thought and behavior that can affect the success of management interventions. In response to these challenges, we drew upon psychological theory and long‐term ecological data on wildlife populations and conflict occurrence to inform qualitative research on pastoralists' values toward wildlife in the northern Namib Desert. We explored how values and ecological conditions shaped individuals': (a) interactions with and tolerance of species; and (b) perceptions of challenges and potential solutions to living with wildlife. Semi‐structured interview data revealed a prevailing domination value orientation toward wildlife, reflected in concerns for human and livestock wellbeing. Despite these concerns and high rates of reported conflicts, pastoralists were generally tolerant of wildlife, including predators, and indicated this in their proposed management solutions. In addition to its practical implications for informing human–wildlife coexistence strategies in the Namibian context, our approach advances knowledge about wildlife values globally, offers insights on the utility of qualitative assessments for cross‐cultural social–ecological systems research, and furthers understanding of conservation challenges and opportunities in extreme arid environments.
Histopathological diagnosis of ulcerative colitis‐associated neoplasia
Authors: Kawachi Hiroshi
Published: April 2019

In patients with ulcerative colitis, tumor development occurs with an increase in the duration of the disease. Such lesions, known as ulcerative colitis‐associated neoplasia (UCAN), histologically show a broad variety of findings such as low‐grade dysplasia, high‐grade dysplasia, and invasive carcinoma. For pathologists, however, the histopathological diagnosis of UCAN is occasionally difficult. Problems in pathological diagnosis can be summarized into the following three categories: (i) difficulty in discriminating UCAN from non‐neoplastic inflammatory change; (ii) difficulty in discriminating UCAN from sporadic epithelial neoplasm; and (iii) difficulty in histological grading of UCAN. For most lesions, pathologists can make conclusive histological diagnoses without any problems. However, pathologists occasionally face diagnostic difficulties, especially in cases of lesions with borderline or indefinite histology and, therefore, at least two experienced gastrointestinal pathologists are needed to confirm the diagnosis. Hence, a confirmation is usually preferable for the estimation of tumor depth and lymphovascular invasion in digestive tract cancers as well as in UCAN. Immunohistochemistry for p53 and Ki‐67 (MIB‐1) is occasionally useful as an ancillary tool. Since UCAN has distinct characteristics compared to sporadic epithelial neoplasia, its treatment strategy should be carefully discussed by a multidisciplinary team, especially for cases of lesions with indefinite histology. At present, although surgical intervention such as total colectomy is the most promising procedure for UCAN, recent advances in endoscopic diagnosis and therapy are expected to improve future treatment strategy.
Field observation of predation on a horsehair worm (Gordioida: Chordodidae) by a diving beetle larva Cybister brevis Aubé (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: Watanabe Reiya
Published: April 2019

Diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) are carnivorous in both the larval and adult stages; larvae are exclusively predatory, whereas adults also scavenge for food. They are known to prey on zooplankton, insects, gastropods, fish, amphibians and reptiles. However, there have been no previous reports detailing direct predation on adult Gordioida by Dytiscidae in the field. This study represents the first observation of a diving beetle larva, Cybister brevis Aubé (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), predating on an adult horsehair worm (Gordioida: Chordodidae). This might be the first report of predation on horsehair worms by insects.
Protective effect of alpha‐lipoic acid against apical periodontitis‐induced cardiac injury in rats
Authors: Sehirli Ahmet Ö. , Aksoy Umut , Kermeoglu Fatma , Kalender Atakan , Savtekin Gokce , Ozkayalar Hanife , Sayiner Serkan
Published: April 2019

This study was designed to assess the possible protective effect of alpha‐lipoic acid (ALA) on apical periodontitis (AP)‐induced cardiac injury. Wistar albino rats were randomized into four groups: control; ALA; AP; and ALA + AP. Rats of the control and ALA groups were not endodontically treated, but saline and ALA (100 mg kg−1) were administered. In rats of the AP and ALA + AP groups, the pulp chambers of mandibular first molar teeth were exposed and left open for 30 d to induce AP. Saline and ALA (100 mg kg−1) were administered intraperitoneally every 24 h during the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the rats were killed. Establishment of AP was verified by radiographic and histopathological evaluation. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined using an automated biochemical analyzer, and the structural cardiac injury was assessed pathologically. Serum ALP, LDH, and CK activities were elevated, and SOD activities were decreased, in the AP group. The changed enzyme activities were significantly normalized by treatment with ALA. We conclude that ALA administration alleviated the AP‐induced heart injury and improved cardiac structure and function, and therefore this agent may be of potential therapeutic value in protecting cardiac tissue from systemic injury caused by AP.
A telomerase subunit homolog La protein from Trypanosoma brucei plays an essential role in ribosomal biogenesis
Authors: Shan Fangzhen , Mei Song , Zhang Jiahai , Zhang Xuecheng , Xu Chao , Liao Shanhui , Tu Xiaoming
Published: April 2019

The autoantigen La protein is an important component of telomerase and a predominantly nuclear phosphoprotein. As a telomerase subunit, La protein associates with the telomerase ribonucleoprotein and influences telomere length. In the reverse transcription, La protein stimulates enzymatic activity and increases repeated addition processivity of telomerase. As nuclear phosphoprotein, La protein binds the 3′ poly(U)‐rich elements of nascent RNA polymerase III transcripts to facilitate its correct folding and maturation. In this work, we identified a La protein homolog (TbLa) from Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei). We revealed that TbLa interacts with ribosome‐associated protein P34/P37, 40S ribosomal protein SA, and 60S ribosomal subunit L5 in T. brucei. In the interactions between TbLa protein and (P34/P37)/L5/SA, RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain of TbLa was indicated to make the major contribution to the processes. We determined the solution structure of TbLa RRM domain. NMR chemical shift perturbations revealed that the positively charged RNA‐binding pocket of TbLa RRM domain is responsible for its interaction with ribosomal and ribosome‐associated proteins P37/L5/SA. Furthermore, depletion of TbLa affected the maturation process of 5S rRNA and ribosomal assembly, suggesting TbLa protein might play a significant role in the ribosomal biogenesis pathway in T. brucei. Taken together, our results provide a novel insight and structural basis for better understanding the roles of TbLa and RRM domain in ribosomal biogenesis in T. brucei.

Database

Structural data are available in the PDB under the accession number 5ZUH.
Two Nimrod receptors, NimC1 and Eater, synergistically contribute to bacterial phagocytosis in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Melcarne Claudia , Ramond Elodie , Dudzic Jan , Bretscher Andrew J. , Kurucz Éva , Andó István , Lemaitre Bruno
Published: April 2019

Eater and NimC1 are transmembrane receptors of the Drosophila Nimrod family, specifically expressed in haemocytes, the insect blood cells. Previous ex vivo and in vivoRNAi studies have pointed to their role in the phagocytosis of bacteria. Here, we have created a novel NimC1 null mutant to re‐evaluate the role of NimC1, alone or in combination with Eater, in the cellular immune response. We show that NimC1 functions as an adhesion molecule ex vivo, but in contrast to Eater it is not required for haemocyte sessility in vivo. Ex vivo phagocytosis assays and electron microscopy experiments confirmed that Eater is the main phagocytic receptor for Gram‐positive, but not Gram‐negative bacteria, and contributes to microbe tethering to haemocytes. Surprisingly, NimC1 deletion did not impair phagocytosis of bacteria, nor their adhesion to the haemocytes. However, phagocytosis of both types of bacteria was almost abolished in NimC11;eater1 haemocytes. This indicates that both receptors contribute synergistically to the phagocytosis of bacteria, but that Eater can bypass the requirement for NimC1. Finally, we uncovered that NimC1, but not Eater, is essential for uptake of latex beads and zymosan particles. We conclude that Eater and NimC1 are the two main receptors for phagocytosis of bacteria in Drosophila, and that each receptor likely plays distinct roles in microbial uptake.
Officers’ fiduciary duties and acquisition outcomes
Authors: Reza Syed Walid
Published: April 2019

Using a Delaware case law that recognized officers’ distinct fiduciary duties for the first time in 2009, I examine the effect of officers' fiduciary duties (OFDs) on corporate acquisitions. I find that firms with entrenched officers prior to 2009 experienced increased announcement‐period abnormal stock returns, mainly because their acquisitions created more synergies and reduced officers’ incentives to preserve control. These firms increased liability insurance premium expenditures, but reduced value‐decreasing acquisition frequencies. Furthermore, the effect of OFDs is more pronounced in firms where officers are not directors, have wealth risk, face less product market competition, are insulated from the market for corporate control, or are able to avoid board monitoring. Overall, OFDs are a critical corporate governance mechanism that works in tandem with other disciplinary mechanisms.
Strong zonation of benthic communities across a tidal freshwater height gradient
Authors: McLachlan Jack R. , Haghkerdar Jessica M. , Greig Hamish S.
Published: April 2019

Trade‐offs associated with environmental gradients generate patterns of diversity and govern community organisation in a landscape. In freshwaters, benthic community structure is driven by trade‐offs along generally orthogonal gradients of habitat permanence and predation—where ephemeral systems are physiologically harsh because of drying stress, but inhabitants are less likely to be under the intense predation pressure of more permanent waterbodies. However, in tidal freshwaters, these two stressors are compounding, and the trade‐offs associated with them are decoupled.

We investigated benthic community structure in a tidal freshwater habitat. These communities experience a suite of conditions atypical for a freshwater habitat: twice‐daily drying; and high predation pressure by mobile fishes. We compared benthic communities at three tidal heights (low, mid, high) and contrasted these with nearby non‐tidal freshwaters that varied in their hydrology (permanent, temporary).

We found that communities were more strongly differentiated in tidal freshwater habitats than between permanent and temporary inland freshwaters, which was surprising given the high interconnectedness and condensed longitudinal scale of tidal habitats. The differentiation of communities in tidal habitats was probably driven by the combined gradients of desiccation risk at low tide and intense predation by fish at high tide—a combination of pressures that are novel for the evolutionary history of the regional freshwater invertebrate fauna.

Our study provides evidence that environmental gradients can produce stronger patterns of community zonation than would be predicted for habitats that are spatially contiguous and have little or no dispersal limitation. These results give insight into how communities might respond if drivers of community structure are altered or reorganised from their regional or evolutionary norms.
Developing allometric models to predict the individual aboveground biomass of shrubs worldwide
Authors: Conti G. , Gorné L. D. , Zeballos S. R. , Lipoma M. L. , Gatica G. , Kowaljow E. , Whitworth‐Hulse J. I. , Cuchietti A. , Poca M. , Pestoni S. , Fernandes P. M.
Published: April 2019

Aim

Existing global models to predict standing biomass are based on trees characterized by a single principal stem, well developed in height. However, their use in open woodlands and shrublands, characterized by multistemmed species with substantial crown development, generates a high level of uncertainty in biomass estimates. This limitation led us to (a) develop global models of shrub individual aboveground biomass based on simple allometric variables, (b) to compare the fit of these models with existing global biomass models, and (c) to assess whether models fit change when bioclimatic variables are considered.

Location

Global.

Time period

Present.

Major taxa studied

118 species of shrubs.

Methods

We compile a database of 3,243 individuals across 49 sites distributed worldwide. Including  stem basal diameter, height and crown diameter as predictor variables, we built potential models and compared their fit using generalized least squares. We used mixed effects models to determine if bioclimatic variables improved the accuracy of biomass models.

Results

Although the most important variable in terms of predictive capacity was stem basal diameter, crown diameter significantly improved the models’ fit, followed by height. Four models were finally chosen, with the best model combining all these variables in the same equation [R2 = 0.930, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.476]. Selected models performed as well as established global biomass models. Including the individual bioform significantly improved the models’ fit.

Main conclusions

Stem basal diameter, crown diameter and height measures could be combined to provide robust aboveground biomass (AGB) estimates of individual shrub species. Our study supplements well‐established models developed for trees, allowing more accurate biomass estimation of multistemmed woody individuals. We further provide tools for a methodological standardization of individual biomass quantification in these species. We expect these results contribute to improve the quality of biomass estimates across ecosystems, but also to generate methodological consensus on field biomass assessments in shrubs.