bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A non-circular Eshelby inclusion near a non-parabolic inhomogeneity admitting internal uniform stresses
Authors: Wang Xu , Schiavone Peter
Published: October 2021

With the aid of conformal mapping and analytic continuation, we prove that within the framework of anti-plane elasticity, a non-parabolic open elastic inhomogeneity can still admit an internal uniform stress field despite the presence of a nearby non-circular Eshelby inclusion undergoing uniform anti-plane eigenstrains when the surrounding elastic matrix is subjected to uniform remote stresses. The non-circular inclusion can take the form of a Booth’s lemniscate inclusion, a generalized Booth’s lemniscate inclusion or a cardioid inclusion. Our analysis indicates that the uniform stress field within the non-parabolic inhomogeneity is independent of the specific open shape of the inhomogeneity and is also unaffected by the existence of the nearby non-circular inclusion. On the other hand, the non-parabolic shape of the inhomogeneity is caused solely by the presence of the non-circular inclusion.
How to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Health Promotion Actions Developed Through Youth-Centered Participatory Action Research
Authors: Anselma Manou , Altenburg Teatske M. , Twisk Jos W. R. , Wang Xinhui , Chinapaw Mai J. M.
Published: October 2021

Most actions targeting children’s health behaviors have limited involvement of children in the development, potentially contributing to disappointing effectiveness. Therefore, in the 3-year “Kids in Action” study, 9- to 12-year-old children from a lower-socioeconomic neighborhood were involved as coresearchers in the development, implementation, and evaluation of actions targeting health behaviors. The current study describes the controlled trial that evaluated the effects on children’s energy balance-related behaviors, physical fitness, and self-rated health, as well as experienced challenges and recommendations for future evaluations. Primary school children from the three highest grades of four intervention and four control schools were eligible for participation. Outcome measures assessed at baseline, and at 1- and 2-year follow-up were as follows: motor fitness by the MOPER test ( N = 656, N = 485, N = 608, respectively), physical activity and sedentary behavior by accelerometry ( N = 223, N = 149, N = 164, respectively), and consumption of sugar sweetened beverages and snacks and self-rated health by a questionnaire ( N = 322, N = 281, N = 275, respectively). Mixed-model analyses were performed adjusted for clustering within schools and relevant confounders. Significant beneficial intervention effects were found on self-reported consumption of energy/sports drinks at T2 versus T0, and on total time and ≥5-minute bouts of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity at T1 versus T0. Significant adverse effects were found on “speed and agility” and “coordination and upper-limb speed.” No other significant effects were found. The inconsistent intervention effects may be explained by the dynamic cohort and suboptimal outcome measures. We advise future studies with a similar approach to apply alternative evaluation designs, such as the delayed baseline design.
Cyclic loading test of reinforced concrete frames protected with brace-type friction dampers
Authors: Maida Yusuke , Sakata Hiroyasu
Published: October 2021

In this study, cyclic loading tests were conducted on reinforced concrete (RC) portal frames with brace-type friction dampers. The boundary conditions that could reproduce the axial forces exerted on the beams were adopted. To resist the axial force acting on the RC member, a damper connection method was employed by using steel inserted through the center of the RC member. The purpose of this study was to a) understand the behavior of the damper connection and the RC frame with brace-type friction dampers based on experimental tests and b) to confirm the effectiveness of the new connection method. According to the test results, the proposed connection method achieved effective damper connections in the RC frames. For the RC frame specimens with dampers, it was confirmed that the damper reached its sliding force and started to dissipate energy at an early stage with story drift ratios smaller than those at RC beam yielding. The welded part of the gusset plate and the steel inserted through the center of the RC beam were broken. When the welded part inside the beam broke and the axial deformation of the beam increased, the sliding displacement of the damper decreased. Therefore, a reliable jointing method of this part needs to be established.
The literacy-enhancing potential of singing versus spoken language in public library storytimes: A text analytics approach
Authors: Joo Soohyung , Cahill Maria , Ingram Erin , Hoffman Hayley , Olson Amy , Lu Kun
Published: October 2021

Through analysis of the language, this study aimed to investigate the current practice of using songs in public library storytimes. Language interactions in 68 storytime programs involving 652 child participants were observed and transcribed. Then, textual analysis was conducted to examine the language of singing songs, focusing on how language used in singing songs differs from spoken language in storytime programs. Specifically, the study compared sentence and grammar structure between singing and non-singing language and explored how topics and themes covered in singing language compare with those of spoken language. In addition, the study examined singing accompanied by use of props and movements. The findings of this study indicate that the language of singing in storytime programs is rich; thereby, signaling the power of singing with young children as means to advance language development. Practical implications and strategies for maximizing integration of singing in storytimes and other informal learning activities for young children are discussed.
Structural injustice and the significance of the past
Authors: Song Seung Hyun
Published: October 2021

Alasia Nuti's Injustice and the Reproduction of History lays out a brilliant structural injustice approach that incorporates the normative significance of the past. This article will introduce Nuti's framework and critically reflect on its original contributions. First, I will explain how Nuti's structural injustice approach successfully incorporates backward-looking dimensions. Second, I will provide a detailed analysis of Nuti's conception of sexism as a specific type of structural injustice. Finally, I will critically engage with Nuti's idea of structural remedy and explore how her analysis could be extended.
Collaborating With Student Parents as Participatory Researchers in a Qualitative Study
Authors: Rauh Lauren , Manze Meredith G. , Watnick Dana
Published: October 2021

When embarking on research within a community where little empirical research exists, the inclusion of a structured participant group—such as a steering committee or advisory board—can formalize the participant–research team partnership, increase community buy-in for action items, and reinforce the trustworthiness of research findings. These were among the aims of the multimethod design of the Student Parent Project, a qualitative study to determine the barriers and facilitators of academic achievement and well-being at six community colleges within a large, urban, public university system. The initial step of the study was to create a Student Advisory Board by recruiting one student parent from each of the participating campuses. The Student Advisory Board then met intermittently to review the research approach, data collection instruments, and preliminary findings at different stages. In this article, we describe the process of convening and collaborating with the advisory board and identify key areas in which their participation influenced the study design, findings, and recommendations. Based on lessons learned, we offer recommendations for the design and implementation of a participatory advisory board within qualitative studies.
Graph analytics and visualization for cyber situational understanding
Authors: Noel Steven , Purdy Stephen , O’Rourke Annie , Overly Edward , Chen Brianna , DiFonzo Christine , Chen Joseph , Sakellis George , Hegde Mandira , Sapra Mano , Araki Corrine , Martin Jeremy , Koehler Ben , Keenan John , Coen Timothy , Watson William W , Harper Jerry , Jacobs Kevin
Published: October 2021

This paper describes the Cyber Situational Understanding (Cyber SU) Proof of Concept (CySUP) software system for exploring advanced Cyber SU capabilities. CySUP distills complex interrelationships among cyberspace entities to provide the “so what” of cyber events for tactical operations. It combines a variety of software components to build an end-to-end pipeline for live data ingest that populates a graph knowledge base, with query-driven exploratory analysis and interactive visualizations. CySUP integrates with the core infrastructure environment supporting command posts to provide a cyber overlay onto a common operating picture oriented to tactical commanders. It also supports detailed analysis of cyberspace entities and relationships driven by ad hoc graph queries, including the conversion of natural language inquiries to formal query language. To help assess its Cyber SU capabilities, CySUP leverages automated cyber adversary emulation to carry out controlled cyberattack campaigns that impact elements of tactical missions.
Optimizing network microsegmentation policy for cyber resilience
Authors: Noel Steven , Swarup Vipin , Johnsgard Karin
Published: October 2021

This paper describes an approach for improving cyber resilience through the synthesis of optimal microsegmentation policy for a network. By leveraging microsegmentation security architecture, we can reason about fine-grained policy rules that enforce access for given combinations of source address, destination address, destination port, and protocol. Our approach determines microsegmentation policy rules that limit adversarial movement within a network according to assumed attack scenarios and mission availability needs. For this problem, we formulate a novel optimization objective function that balances cyberattack risks against accessibility to critical network resources. Given the application of a particular set of policy rules as a candidate optimal solution, this objective function estimates the adversary effort for carrying out a particular attack scenario, which it balances against the extent to which the solution restricts access to mission-critical services. We then apply artificial intelligence techniques (evolutionary programming) to learn microsegmentation policy rules that optimize this objective function.
Period tracker applications: What menstrual cycle information are they giving women?
Authors: Worsfold Lauren , Marriott Lorrae , Johnson Sarah , Harper Joyce C
Published: October 2021

Background:

Period tracking applications (apps) allow women to track their menstrual cycles and receive a prediction for their period dates. The majority of apps also provide predictions of ovulation day and the fertile window. Research indicates apps are basing predictions on assuming women undergo a textbook 28-day cycle with ovulation occurring on day 14 and a fertile window between days 10 and 16.

Objective:

To determine how the information period tracker apps give women on their period dates, ovulation day and fertile window compares to expected results from big data.

Methods:

Five women’s profiles for 6 menstrual cycles were created and entered into 10 apps. Cycle length and ovulation day for the sixth cycle were Woman 1—Constant 28 day cycle length, ovulation day 16; Woman 2—Average 23 day cycle length, ovulation day 13; Woman 3—Average 28 day cycle length, ovulation day 17; Woman 4—Average 33 day cycle length, ovulation day 20; and Woman 5—Irregular, average 31 day cycle length, ovulation day 14.

Results:

The 10 period tracker apps examined gave conflicting information on period dates, ovulation day and the fertile window. For cycle length, the apps all predicted woman 1’s cycles correctly but for women 2–5, the apps predicted 0 to 8 days shorter or longer than expected. For day of ovulation, for women 1–4, of the 36 predictions, 3 (8%) were exactly correct, 9 predicted 1 day too early (25%) and 67% of predictions were 2–9 days early. For woman 5, most of the apps predicted a later day of ovulation.

Conclusion:

Period tracker apps should ensure they only give women accurate information, especially for the day of ovulation and the fertile window which can only be predicted if using a marker of ovulation, such as basal body temperature, ovulation sticks or cervical mucus.
Management of a mutilated hand: the current trends
Authors: Sabapathy S. Raja , del Piñal Francisco , Boyer Martin I. , Lee Dong Chul , Sebastin Sandeep Jacob , Venkatramani Hari
Published: October 2021

Mutilated upper limbs suffer loss of substance of various tissues with loss of prehension. The most important factor in salvage of a mutilated hand is involvement of a senior surgeon at the time of initial assessment and debridement. A regional block given on arrival helps through assessment and investigations in a pain-free state. Infection still remains the important negative determinant to outcome and is prevented by emergent radical debridement and early soft tissue cover. Radical debridement and secure skeletal stabilization must be achieved on day one in all situations. Dermal substitutes and negative pressure wound therapy are increasingly used but have not substituted regular soft tissue cover techniques. Ability to perform secondary procedures and the increased use of the reconstructed hand with time keeps reconstruction a better option than prosthesis fitting. Toe transfers and free functioning muscle transfers are the two major secondary procedures that have influenced outcomes.
You’ll Never Walk Alone: Snapshots of British Football, Love, Loss, Pride, Shame, Hope, Inclusion and A Song
Authors: Douglas Kitrina
Published: October 2021

This reflections explores some of the highs and lows of songs sung on the terraces at British football clubs. In particular I draw on some of my childhood experience to explore how songs can breathe hope and inclusion.
The Experience of Living With Breast Cancer and the Assessment of Needs and Expectations
Authors: Nikoloudi Maria , Thanasko Florjan , Parpa Efi , Kostopoulou Sotiria , Mystakidou Kyriaki
Published: October 2021

Living with a chronic disease constitutes a biographical reversal characterized by change and loss. The aims of this study are to conceptualize the meaning of breast cancer, of its burden, to explore the patient's needs and expectations while being admitted to a palliative care unit, and to evaluate the fulfillment of those expectations. Two semistructured interviews were conducted, audio taped, transcribed verbatim, and subjected to the qualitative method of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The first interview was conducted at the first visit of the patient to the palliative care unit, and the second after 2 weeks of receiving palliative care services. Qualitative findings indicated that the meaning of cancer can be interpreted as a transition of fading away. The transition began with redefining cancer from “my difficult moment” to “fortunately to its final destination”; struggling with the paradox of “the will to see the development of yourself and your child” and “wishing to die” while being able to “adapt” to “a balanced” day to day leaving and preparing for death. The need for interdisciplinarity is expressed.
An Exploratory Case Study of Mindfulness Techniques in a High School Band Program During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Koner Karen M. , Weaver Abigayle
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of mindfulness practices on high school band students. This action research project took place in spring 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic stay-at-home orders. Four students enrolled in the high school band participated in five weeks of mindfulness practice interventions over the virtual format alongside their instrumental music director. Mindfulness practices included diaphragmatic breathing, relaxation imagery, cued relaxation, and stretching. Throughout the five weeks, student participants discussed improved focus, improvement of stress management, and increased frequency of mindfulness practice. However, four months after data collection was complete, three of the four student participants continued to practice mindfulness techniques on their own time to assist with nervousness, anxiety, and stress.
Neutrophils in acute inflammation: current concepts and translational implications
Authors: Margraf Andreas , Lowell Clifford A. , Zarbock Alexander
Published: October 2021

Modulation of neutrophil recruitment and function is crucial for targeting inflammatory cells to sites of infection to combat invading pathogens while, at the same time, limiting host tissue injury or autoimmunity. The underlying mechanisms regulating recruitment of neutrophils, 1 of the most abundant inflammatory cells, have gained increasing interest over the years. The previously described classical recruitment cascade of leukocytes has been extended to include capturing, rolling, adhesion, crawling, and transmigration, as well as a reverse-transmigration step that is crucial for balancing immune defense and control of remote organ endothelial leakage. Current developments in the field emphasize the importance of cellular interplay, tissue environmental cues, circadian rhythmicity, detection of neutrophil phenotypes, differential chemokine sensing, and contribution of distinct signaling components to receptor activation and integrin conformations. The use of therapeutics modulating neutrophil activation responses, as well as mutations causing dysfunctional neutrophil receptors and impaired signaling cascades, have been defined in translational animal models. Human correlates of such mutations result in increased susceptibility to infections or organ damage. This review focuses on current advances in the understanding of the regulation of neutrophil recruitment and functionality and translational implications of current discoveries in the field with a focus on acute inflammation and sepsis.
Efficacy and safety of daratumumab combined with all-transretinoic acid in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Frerichs Kristine A. , Minnema Monique C. , Levin Mark-David , Broijl Annemiek , Bos Gerard M. J. , Kersten Marie José , Mutis Tuna , Verkleij Christie P. M. , Nijhof Inger S. , Maas-Bosman Patricia W. C. , Klein Saskia K. , Zweegman Sonja , Sonneveld Pieter , van de Donk Niels W. C. J.
Published: October 2021

The efficacy of daratumumab depends partially on CD38 expression on multiple myeloma (MM) cells. We have previously shown that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) upregulates CD38 expression and reverts daratumumab-resistance ex vivo. We therefore evaluated the optimal dose, efficacy, and safety of daratumumab combined with ATRA in patients with daratumumab-refractory MM in a phase 1/2 study (NCT02751255). In part A of the study, 63 patients were treated with daratumumab monotherapy. Fifty patients with daratumumab-refractory MM were subsequently enrolled in part B and treated with daratumumab (reintensified schedule) combined with ATRA until disease progression. The recommended phase 2 dose of ATRA in combination with daratumumab was defined as 45 mg/m2. At this dose, the overall response rate (ORR) was 5%, indicating that the primary endpoint (ORR ≥15%) was not met. However, most patients (66%) achieved at least stable disease. After a median follow-up of 43 months, the median progression-free survival (PFS) for all patients was 2.8 months. Patients who previously achieved at least a partial response or minimal response/stable disease with prior daratumumab monotherapy had a significantly longer PFS compared with patients who immediately progressed during daratumumab as single agent (median PFS 3.4 and 2.8 vs 1.3 months). The median overall survival was 19.1 months. The addition of ATRA did not increase the incidence of adverse events. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that ATRA temporarily increased CD38 expression on immune cell subsets. In conclusion, the addition of ATRA and reintensification of daratumumab had limited activity in patients with daratumumab-refractory MM, which may be explained by the transient upregulation of CD38 expression. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02751255.
Genome-wide whole-blood transcriptome profiling across inherited bone marrow failure subtypes
Authors: Walne Amanda J. , Vulliamy Tom , Bewicke-Copley Findlay , Wang Jun , Alnajar Jenna , Bridger Maria G. , Ma Bernard , Tummala Hemanth , Dokal Inderjeet
Published: October 2021

Gene expression profiling has long been used in understanding the contribution of genes and related pathways in disease pathogenesis and susceptibility. We have performed whole-blood transcriptomic profiling in a subset of patients with inherited bone marrow failure (IBMF) whose diseases are clinically and genetically characterized as Fanconi anemia (FA), Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), and dyskeratosis congenita (DC). We hypothesized that annotating whole-blood transcripts genome wide will aid in understanding the complexity of gene regulation across these IBMF subtypes. Initial analysis of these blood-derived transcriptomes revealed significant skewing toward upregulated genes in patients with FA when compared with controls. Patients with SDS or DC also showed similar skewing profiles in their transcriptional status revealing a common pattern across these different IBMF subtypes. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed shared pathways involved in protein translation and elongation (ribosome constituents), RNA metabolism (nonsense-mediated decay), and mitochondrial function (electron transport chain). We further identified a discovery set of 26 upregulated genes at stringent cutoff (false discovery rate < 0.05) that appeared as a unified signature across the IBMF subtypes. Subsequent transcriptomic analysis on genetically uncharacterized patients with BMF revealed a striking overlap of genes, including 22 from the discovery set, which indicates a unified transcriptional drive across the classic (FA, SDS, and DC) and uncharacterized BMF subtypes. This study has relevance in disease pathogenesis, for example, in explaining the features (including the BMF) common to all patients with IBMF and suggests harnessing this transcriptional signature for patient benefit.
Asparaginase enzyme activity levels and toxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a NOPHO ALL2008 study
Authors: Lynggaard Line Stensig , Rank Cecilie Utke , Hansen Stefan Nygaard , Gottschalk Højfeldt Sofie , Henriksen Louise Tram , Jarvis Kirsten Brunsvig , Ranta Susanna , Niinimäki Riitta , Harila-Saari Arja , Wolthers Benjamin O , Frandsen Thomas L. , Heyman Mats , Schmiegelow Kjeld , Albertsen Birgitte Klug
Published: October 2021

Asparaginase treatment is a mainstay in contemporary treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but substantial asparaginase-related toxicity may lead to jeopardized protocol compliance and compromises survival. We investigated the association between risk of asparaginase-associated toxicities (AspTox) and asparaginase enzyme activity (AEA) levels in 1155 children aged 1.0 to 17.9 years, diagnosed with ALL between July 2008 and March 2016, and treated according to the Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (NOPHO) ALL2008 protocol. Patients with ≥2 blood samples for AEA measurement drawn 14 ± 2 days after asparaginase administration were included (6944 trough values). AEA was measurable (or >0 IU/L) in 955 patients, whereas 200 patients (17.3%) had asparaginase inactivation and few AspTox recorded. A time-dependent multiple Cox model of time to any first asparaginase-associated toxicity adjusted for sex and age was used. For patients with measurable AEA, we found a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.17 per 100 IU/L increase in median AEA (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98-1.41; P = .09). For pancreatitis, thromboembolism, and osteonecrosis, the HRs were 1.40 (95% CI, 1.12-1.75; P = .002), 0.99 (95% CI, 0.70-1.40; P = .96), and 1.36 (95% CI, 1.04-1.77; P = .02) per 100 IU/L increase in median AEA, respectively. No significant decrease in the risk of leukemic relapse was found: HR 0.88 per 100 IU/L increase in AEA (95% CI, 0.66-1.16; P = .35). In conclusion, these results emphasize that overall AspTox and relapse are not associated with AEA levels, yet the risk of pancreatitis and osteonecrosis increases with increasing AEA levels.
Inactivated Pseudomonas PE(ΔIII) exotoxin fused to neutralizing epitopes of PEDV S proteins produces a specific immune response in mice
Authors: Sun Leqiang , Tang Yajie , Yan Keji , Chen Huanchun , Zhang Huawei
Published: October 2021

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is a severe infectious and devastating swine disease that leads to serious economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. An increased number of PED cases caused by variant PEDV have been reported in many countries since 2010. S protein is the main immunogenic protein containing some B-cell epitopes that can induce neutralizing antibodies of PEDV. In this study, the construction, expression and purification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE) without domain III (PEΔIII) as a vector was performed for the delivery of PEDV S-A or S-B. PE(ΔIII) PEDV S-A and PE(ΔIII) PEDV S-B recombinant proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. The immunogenicity of PEDV S-A and PEDV S-B subunit vaccines were evaluated in mice. The results showed that PEDV-S-B vaccine could not only induce specific humoral and Th1 type-dominant cellular immune responses, but also stimulate PEDV-specific mucosal immune responses in mice. PEDV-S-B subunit vaccine is a novel candidate mucosal vaccine against PEDV infection.
African Motors
Authors: Grace Joshua
Published: October 2021

In African Motors, Joshua Grace examines how Tanzanian drivers, mechanics, and passengers reconstituted the automobile into a uniquely African form between the late 1800s and the early 2000s. Drawing on hundreds of oral histories, extensive archival research, and his ethnographic fieldwork as an apprentice in Dar es Salaam's network of garages, Grace counters the pervasive narratives that Africa is incompatible with technology and that the African use of cars is merely an appropriation of technology created elsewhere. Although automobiles were invented in Europe and introduced as part of colonial rule, Grace shows how Tanzanians transformed them, increasingly associating their own car use with maendeleo, the Kiswahili word for progress or development. Focusing on the formation of masculinities based in automotive cultures, Grace also outlines the process through which African men remade themselves and their communities by adapting technological objects and systems for local purposes. Ultimately, African Motors is an African-centered story of development featuring everyday examples of Africans forging both individual and collective cultures of social and technological wellbeing through movement, making, and repair.
What do we know about the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on hospices? A collaborative multi-stakeholder knowledge synthesis
Authors: MacArtney John , Eccles Abi , Fleming Joanna , Grimley Catherine , Dale Jeremy , Almack Kathryn , Mayland Catriona , Mitchell Sarah , Driscoll Ruth , Hammond Rebecca , Tatnell Lynn , Roberts Lesley
Published: October 2021

Background Prior to undertaking a study looking at the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic upon lived experiences of hospice services in the West Midlands, we sought to identify the range of issues that hospice service users and providers faced between March 2020 and July 2021, and to provide a report that can be accessed and understood by all interested stakeholders. Methods We undertook a collaborative multi-stakeholder approach for scoping the range of potential issues and synthesising knowledge. This involved a review of available literature; a focus group with hospice stakeholders; and a collaborative knowledge exchange panel. Results The literature on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospices remains limited, but it is developing a picture of a service that has had to rapidly adapt the way it provides care and support to its service users, during a period when it faced many fundamental challenges to established ways of providing these services. Results The impacts of many of the changes on hospices have not been fully assessed. It is also not known what the effects upon the quality of care and support are for those with life-limiting conditions and those that care for them. We found that the pandemic has presented a new normative and service context in which quality of care and life itself was valued that is, as yet, poorly understood.
Legal and medical aspects associated with the use of direct coercion by emergency medical teams in the light of the applicable law
Authors: Ostrzyżek Artur , Gałecki Piotr , Wolniak Sławomir , Zawadzki Dariusz
Published: October 2021

Ustawa z dnia 8 września 2006 r. o Państwowym Ratownictwie Medycznym wykonując normę wyrażoną w art.68 Konstytucji RP, który stanowi, że „każdy ma prawo do ochrony zdrowia”, nakłada na zespoły ratownictwa medycznego obowiązek zapewnienia pomocy „każdej osobie znajdującej się w stanie nagłego zagrożenia zdrowotnego”. Katalog zdarzeń medycznych i towarzyszących im sytuacji klinicznych, w których dochodzi do interwencji zespołów ratownictwa, wciąż poszerza się. Znaczący ich odsetek dotyczy wezwań do osób wykazujących zaburzenia psychiczne, pobudzonych psychoruchowo, często o ograniczonej zdolności do rozpoznawania swoich czynów, których zachowania agresywne skierowane są zarówno do siebie jak i na zewnątrz. Wyposażenie kierownika podstawowego zespołu ratownictwa medycznego w kompetencje do samodzielnego stosowania i nadzorowania przymusu bezpośredniego jest istotnym zwiększeniem jego uprawnień, a także ważnym usprawnieniem organizacyjnym, gdyż dotąd, w sytuacjach udzielania pomocy bez lekarza, zespół ratownictwa medycznego nie mógł skutecznie interweniować i zachodziła konieczność wzywania zespołu specjalistycznego. Poza tym, przyznanie ratownikowi medycznemu, expressis verbis, statusu „funkcjonariusza publicznego” w związku z wykonywaniem jego zadań służbowych, jest pożądanym działaniem ustawodawcy, mającym na względzie wzmocnienie ochrony tej grupy zawodowej, w szczególności, że podejmowane działania ratownicze odbywają się często bez zgody pacjenta, lub przy jego czynnym oporze. W pracy dokonano przeglądu aktualnie obowiązujących regulacji prawnych zawierających dyspozycje do zastosowania przymusu bezpośredniego przez zespoły ratownictwa medycznego.
Treatment of insomnia – effect of trazodone and hypnotics on sleep
Authors: Wichniak Adam , Wierzbicka Aleksandra , Jarema Marek
Published: October 2021

Sedatywne leki przeciwdepresyjne są często stosowanymi lekami w leczeniu bezsenności. Cześć z zaleceń jako leki o udowodnionej skuteczności w leczeniu zaburzeń zasypiania i utrzymania snu wskazuje jednak głównie leki nasenne. Celem artykułu było porównanie wpływu na sen leków nasennych i trazodonu oraz analiza wskazań do stosowania trazodonu w leczeniu chorych zgłaszających się do lekarza z powodu bezsenności. Zidentyfikowano trzy badania oceniające wpływ trazodonu na sen w bezsenności, 5 badań w bezsenności w przebiegu zaburzeń afektywnych i 6 badań w innych wskazaniach (PTSD, choroba Alzheimera, uzależnienie od alkoholu i opiatów, zaburzenia pod postacią somatyczną, bezsenność w ciąży). W leczeniu bezsenności trazodon ustępuje lekom nasennym w sile i szybkości indukowania snu (zasypiania). W tym wskazaniu musi być podawany wcześniej niż leki nasenne, co najmniej 1 godzinę przed planowaną porą snu. Jest natomiast skuteczny w leczeniu zaburzeń utrzymania snu, szczególnie u chorych z współistniejącymi zaburzeniami psychicznymi lub leczonych aktywizującymi lekami przeciwdepresyjnymi. Leki nasenne i trazodon mają przeciwny efekt na sen głęboki. Trazodon zwiększa długość snu głębokiego, co powiązane jest z odczuwaniem przez pacjentów poprawy jakości snu. Natomiast leki nasenne zmniejszają aktywność fal wolnych w EEG snu, która jest biologicznym markerem głębokości snu. Głównym mechanizmem, w którym trazodon promuje sen jest silne antagonistyczne działanie na receptory serotoninowe 5-HT2, podczas gdy dla leków nasennych jest nim agonistyczne działanie na receptory kwasu gama-aminomasłowego GABAA, a innych sedatywnych leków przeciwdepresyjnych blokowanie receptorów histaminowych H1. Ten mechanizm działania związany jest z niskim ryzykiem przyrostu masy ciała, który rzadko jest obserwowany w trakcie leczenia trazodonem.
Editorial
Authors: Dudek Dominika , Sobański Jerzy , Klasa Katarzyna
Published: October 2021

bez streszczenia
Import, export, and recycling of dissolved nutrients in the Ogeechee River estuary (Georgia, USA)
Authors: Savidge William B. , Doyle Kathryn R. , Woodson Brock
Published: October 2021

We constructed an empirical mass balance model of nutrient fluxes in the Ogeechee River estuary (Georgia, USA) from eight surveys of seasonal estuarine nutrient concentrations during 2015 and 2016. The model results indicated a net removal of dissolved phosphorus and a net production
of dissolved nitrogen (N) within the estuary over an annual cycle. During summer and autumn low flow periods, much of the dissolved N discharged to the ocean seems to be recycled into the estuary in the form of phytoplankton biomass. As a result, the outwelled N is not new nitrogen fueling
coastal production but is nitrogen trapped within a recycling loop across the ocean–estuarine boundary. Higher flows in the fall and winter lead to direct discharge of nutrients with minimal recycling. A balanced N budget for the Ogeechee River estuary requires that estuarine N-fixation
must exceed burial and denitrification losses within the estuary.
Tracking calcium dynamics from individual neurons in behaving animals
Authors: Lagache Thibault , Hanson Alison , Pérez-Ortega Jesús E. , Fairhall Adrienne , Yuste Rafael
Published: October 2021

Measuring the activity of neuronal populations with calcium imaging can capture emergent functional properties of neuronal circuits with single cell resolution. However, the motion of freely behaving animals, together with the intermittent detectability of calcium sensors, can hinder automatic monitoring of neuronal activity and their subsequent functional characterization. We report the development and open-source implementation of a multi-step cellular tracking algorithm (Elastic Motion Correction and Concatenation or EMC2) that compensates for the intermittent disappearance of moving neurons by integrating local deformation information from detectable neurons. We demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of our algorithm using calcium imaging data from two-photon volumetric microscopy in visual cortex of awake mice, and from confocal microscopy in behaving Hydra, which experiences major body deformation during its contractions. We quantify the performance of our algorithm using ground truth manual tracking of neurons, along with synthetic time-lapse sequences, covering a wide range of particle motions and detectability parameters. As a demonstration of the utility of the algorithm, we monitor for several days calcium activity of the same neurons in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex in vivo, finding significant turnover within the active neurons across days, with only few neurons that remained active across days. Also, combining automatic tracking of single neuron activity with statistical clustering, we characterize and map neuronal ensembles in behaving Hydra, finding three major non-overlapping ensembles of neurons (CB, RP1 and RP2) whose activity correlates with contractions and elongations. Our results show that the EMC2 algorithm can be used as a robust and versatile platform for neuronal tracking in behaving animals.
Pulsed low-energy stimulation initiates electric turbulence in cardiac tissue
Authors: Majumder Rupamanjari , Hussaini Sayedeh , Zykov Vladimir S. , Luther Stefan , Bodenschatz Eberhard
Published: October 2021

Interruptions in nonlinear wave propagation, commonly referred to as wave breaks, are typical of many complex excitable systems. In the heart they lead to lethal rhythm disorders, the so-called arrhythmias, which are one of the main causes of sudden death in the industrialized world. Progress in the treatment and therapy of cardiac arrhythmias requires a detailed understanding of the triggers and dynamics of these wave breaks. In particular, two very important questions are: 1) What determines the potential of a wave break to initiate re-entry? and 2) How do these breaks evolve such that the system is able to maintain spatiotemporally chaotic electrical activity? Here we approach these questions numerically using optogenetics in an in silico model of human atrial tissue that has undergone chronic atrial fibrillation (cAF) remodelling. In the lesser studied sub-threshold illumination régime, we discover a new mechanism of wave break initiation in cardiac tissue that occurs for gentle slopes of the restitution characteristics. This mechanism involves the creation of conduction blocks through a combination of wavefront-waveback interaction, reshaping of the wave profile and heterogeneous recovery from the excitation of the spatially extended medium, leading to the creation of re-excitable windows for sustained re-entry. This finding is an important contribution to cardiac arrhythmia research as it identifies scenarios in which low-energy perturbations to cardiac rhythm can be potentially life-threatening.
Passive case detection for canine visceral leishmaniasis control in urban Brazil: Determinants of population uptake
Authors: Luz João Gabriel G. , Carvalho Amanda G. de , Dias João Victor L. , Marciano Luis Claudio L. , Vlas Sake J. de , Fontes Cor Jesus F. , Coffeng Luc E.
Published: October 2021

Background

In Brazil, the transmission of Leishmania infantum in urban settings is closely related to infection among dogs, with occasional transmission to humans. Serological screening of dogs for Leishmania spp. infection on requests of their owners (passive case detection) represents a frequent, but little studied, practice within the scope of Brazilian public health. This study identified factors associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) diagnosis-seeking behavior of dog owners in Rondonópolis (236,000 inhabitants), a municipality in Central-Western Brazil where VL is endemic. Also, we evaluated the profile of dog owners and their animals screened on free demand.

Methodology/Principal findings

Using mixed effects negative binomial regression, we modelled the number of dogs screened for Leishmania infection on free demand per neighborhood from 2011 to 2016 as a function of time-dependent predictors (current or recent canine seropositivity and human VL incidence), distance to the screening site, and demographic variables. We assessed potential delays in the effect of time-dependent predictors on the outcome. Among 12,536 dogs screened for Leishmania infection, 64.2% were tested during serosurveys and 35.8% were tested on free demand. Of these, 63.9% were positive. Uptake of screening under free demand was strongly associated with higher levels of canine seropositivity in the neighborhood (current or recent) and decreasing distance to the screening site. A subsample of dog owners (n = 93) who sought CVL screening between 2016 and 2017 were interviewed in more detail. Owners with better socioeconomic status and dogs with apparent CVL clinical manifestations prevailed among them.

Conclusions/Significance

To support timely CVL management, passive case detection along with awareness activities aimed at dog owners should be encouraged in endemic areas. Screening sites should be prioritized in accessible zones, as well as in socio-economically disadvantage areas. In parallel, CVL active case detection should be continued as a surveillance tool to guide control actions.
Health effects of immediate telework introduction during the COVID-19 era in Japan: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Niu Qian , Nagata Tomohisa , Fukutani Naoto , Tezuka Masato , Shimoura Kanako , Nagai-Tanima Momoko , Aoyama Tomoki
Published: October 2021

Background

Telework has been widely discussed in several fields; however, there is a lack of research on the health aspects of teleworking. The current study was conducted to determine the health effects of teleworking during an emergency statement as evidence for future policy development.

Method

This was a cross-sectional study in which we administered an online questionnaire to 5,214 general workers (response rate = 36.4%) from June 2020 to August 2020. Based on working methods during the pandemic, workers were categorized into the office group (n = 86) and telework group (n = 1597), and we characterized their demographics, changes in lifestyle, telework status, physical symptoms, and mental health.

Results

The results showed that the workers’ residence, marital status, management positions, and employee status affected the choice of the work method. During the emergency, teleworkers experienced more changes in their habits than office workers. In terms of exercise habits, 67.0% of the individuals belonging to the office-telework (OT) group exercised less. Approximately half of the teleworkers were satisfied with their telework, and those in the OT group were less satisfied with their telework than those in the telework-telework (TT) group, and they reported an increase in both working hours and meeting hours. Work-family conflict was more pronounced in the TT group than in the two other groups. Only 13.2% of individuals did not experience any stress in the past 30 days, and all three groups showed varying degrees of anxiety and depressive tendencies. In addition, all teleworkers experienced adverse physical symptoms before and after the emergency.

Conclusion

Health issues associated with teleworking should be given adequate attention.
The relationship between maternal smartphone use, physiological responses, and gaze patterns during breastfeeding and face-to-face interactions with infant
Authors: Nomkin Lilach Graff , Gordon Ilanit
Published: October 2021

Smartphone use during parent-child interactions is highly prevalent, however, there is a lack of scientific knowledge on how smartphone use during breastfeeding or face-to-face interactions may modulate mothers’ attentive responsiveness towards the infant as well as maternal physiological arousal. In the present study, we provide the first evidence for the influence of the smartphone on maternal physiological responses and her attention towards the infant during breastfeeding and face-to-face interactions. Twenty breastfeeding mothers and their infants participated in this lab study during which electrodermal activity, cardiograph impedance, and gaze patterns were monitored in breastfeeding and face-to-face interactions with three conditions manipulating the level of maternal smartphone involvement. We report that mothers’ gaze toward their infants decreased when breastfeeding while using the smartphone compared to face-to-face interaction. Further, we show that greater maternal electrodermal activity and cardiac output were related to longer maternal gaze fixation toward the smartphone during breastfeeding. Finally, results indicate that mothers’ smartphone addiction levels were negatively correlated with electrodermal activity during breastfeeding. This study provides an initial basis for much required further research that will explore the influence of smartphone use on maternal biobehavioral responses in this digital age and the consequences for infant cognitive, emotional, and social development.
Finding links between organisation’s culture and innovation. The impact of organisational culture on university innovativeness
Authors: Gorzelany Julia , Gorzelany–Dziadkowiec Magdalena , Luty Lidia , Firlej Krzysztof , Gaisch Martina , Dudziak Oksana , Scott Cornelia
Published: October 2021

The objective of the paper is to diagnose organisational culture of selected universities and analyse its impact on the innovation processes within them. The subject matter of the study was organisational culture and innovation at universities. The subjects were four selected universities in Poland, Austria, Germany, and Ukraine. The paper provided a definition of organisational culture and its typology. It further discussed the organisational culture of universities and the relationships between organisational culture and innovativeness. The literature review provided foundations for building a model for the formation of a type of organisational culture at universities that is innovation-friendly, which is the added value of the paper. It offers actions worth taking to shape innovation-friendly culture at universities. It is particularly important during difficult time of changing labour market, when universities greatly impact the attitudes of young people. The knowledge of how to shape innovation-friendly organisational culture at universities is necessary for academia to profile future employees in times of continuous changes. To investigate the relationship between organisational culture and the innovativeness of universities, we designed an original survey questionnaire [S1 File]. Organisational culture was diagnosed with the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument by K.S. Cameron and R.E. Quinn. The analyses were conducted in Dell Statistica v. 13.1 (StatSoft Polska). We normalised data from the Likert rating scale using Kaufman’s and Rousseeuw’s formula. We used Spearman’s correlation coefficient and Kendall’s W to calculate correlations. The research shows that the investigated Polish and Austrian universities are dominated by hierarchy and market cultures. On the other hand, the German and Ukrainian universities host all cultures, but clan and adhocracy dominate there. Moreover, the analyses demonstrated that although the adhocracy culture was the least visible in the investigated organisations, it contributes to university innovativeness the most. The conclusions were used to build a model for promoting innovation-friendly organisational culture at universities. The model contains answers to the research questions. In addition, it offers guidelines for shaping organisational culture to bolster innovation at universities. The research identified relationships between organisational culture and university innovativeness and components that create innovation opportunities at universities as its contribution to management theory. When applied in practice, the guidelines can help form the university’s organisational culture bottom-up.