bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and CFD analysis of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade with Microtab
Authors: Nair Manu S , Arihant V , Bhanu Priya D , Subramaniyam Murali
Published: September 2020

In the design part of the wind turbine, the blade designing and its aerodynamics play a vital role. The structural analysis and optimisation of these wind blades increase the performance of wind energy. Most importantly, the designing of the wind turbine blade in the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) are reviewed in this work. Also, the modern wind blade aerodynamic design principles are elaborated along with blade plan size, shape and aerofoil structure profiles. Different airfoil profiles are chosen for modelling of the wind blade to increase the co-efficient of lift generated. The review produces a trial design of the blade and stress distribution analysis is performed on the wind blade for different materials of the blade. This is modelled and analysed by the CATIA and ANSYS software. The concept of Micro tabs are familiar for airfoils used in aircraft wings to control both lift and drag generated on the airfoil. The usage of Micro tabs on wind blades is analysed. The pressure, velocity and turbulence kinetic energy acting on the blade surfaces are entirely studied. This review also provides a new concept of double micro tabs that are arranged on the pressure side of the airfoil structure, which increases lift at lower angles of attack and low wind velocity. Furthermore, the ideal positioning of micro tabs determined for single and double micro tab blade design. A comparison study is produced to determine the flow characteristic of blades with and without micro tabs.
Optimization of turning parameters for Magnesium Silicon Carbide using TOPSIS method
Authors: Arun Prasad KR , Nair Vishnu P , Jayant Jaishwin S K , Arvind Narayanan V K , Naren A , Stalin John M R
Published: September 2020

A composite consists of at least two constituent parts, one being a metal necessarily, and the other material may be a different metal or another material, such as a ceramic or organic compound. As a lightest metal structural material, magnesium matrix composites exhibit many advantages over monolithic magnesium or magnesium alloys, such as high elastic modulus, high strength, and superior creep at elevated temperatures. Magnesium based metal matrix composites had been used in biomedical operations due to biocompatibility and ductility. Magnesium Silicon Carbide (MMC) is casted with Magnesium 90% by mass and Silicon Carbide 10% by mass through Stir Casting process. Turning operation was performed according to the DOE with the utilization of CCD. The input factors considered for the experimentation is of three levels and the output responses are surface roughness, surface hardness and out of roundness. Using Entropy method, weightage for TOPSIS method is calculated. The multi-responses were optimized using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and optimal parameters were determined and found to be cutting speed as 500rpm, feed as 0.2mm/rev and depth of cut as 0.2 mm.
Experimental Study and Optimization of Residual Stresses in Machining of Ti6Al4V Using Titanium and Multi-layered Inserts
Authors: Veeranaath V , Das Ritik Kumar , Rai Sushil Kumar , Singh Sukhveer , Sharma Prabudh
Published: September 2020

Residual stresses are those types of stresses that are preserved in the material even after the applied force has been removed. These stresses have a direct influence in characteristics of superalloy along with the exterior finish of the same which plays a very pivot role in industrial applications especially aerospace. In this paper, the consequence of the residual stress has been given importance alongside the knowledge of machined part finish, tool wear, machining force, the heat generated and chip morphology. Superalloy commonly used aeronautical material Titanium (Ti6Al4V) workpiece has been taken and machined using CNC turning lathe with the help of titanium nitride (TiN) coated insert and multilayer-coated insert. The residual stress is obtained through the use of XRD technique. On the opposite side material removal rate, surface roughness and chip thickness have been also determined using defined machines and compared with various machining constraints like machining speed, depth of cut and feed rate. The tool wear was also interpreted and analysed. The machining parameters has been designated through the use of Taguchi Technique where L4 array have used to define the cutting constraints. Grey relational analysis has also been done to get optimal metal removal constraints and to get the optimal result. ANNOVA analysis is also used in this paper to acknowledge the best optimum result.
Design optimization and development of an Automated Storage and Retrieval System
Authors: Ajay T , Vinoth A , Daniel Glad Stephen J
Published: September 2020

This study aims about the planning and building up an framework for the automated material handling system by diminishing the lead time in the transportation or development of the item and furthermore concentrating on the development of the Automated Storage and Retrieval System in the businesses for expanding generation rate and furthermore to improve the material handling in warehouse. The objective of the study is to structure and manufacture an Automated Storage and Retrieval system for a mechanical stockroom and upgrading, reworking it dependent on the parameters like deals point, item prerequisite pitch or physical parameters like tallness, width, weight and so forth by utilizing a streamlining procedures.
Enhancement of ductility and strength in 410 stainless steel through cyclic heat treatment
Authors: Manoj Samson R , Harshavardhana N , Nirmal R , Ranjith R
Published: September 2020

The 410 stainless steel alloy is used to manufacture small components like nuts and bolts and also larger components like gas turbines. The work done here focuses on tempering the 410 stainless steel to increase the ductility and strength. Heat treatment is generally done in order to get the desired mechanical properties by heating the material above its recrystallization temperature and cooling it back. The material is subjected to annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering process in this experiment. On conducting mechanical test and metallurgical observation on the heat treated sample, we could observe change in material properties like wear characteristics, hardness, tensile and impact strength of the specimen when compared to the as-received material. And on studying the obtained results of the specimens after each heat treatment process, we can understand how each process affects the properties of the material. On quenching, the sample becomes more brittle and it can’t be used to most applications, hence tempering is done to add toughness to the material.
Robotic Gripper With Force Feedback System
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Kumar Abburi Lakshman , Aravindan V , Arunachallam R
Published: September 2020

The aim of the project is to design an accurate responsive robot gripper that is capable of measuring the grasp force exerted on the object and varying its grasp force depending the material of the object. A parallel gripper is used which is actuated by a servo motor. The force is measured by mounting the force sensor on one finger of the gripper and the current to the servo motor is measured by a load current sensor. Hence by combing the force measured with the load current consumption of the servo motor, a control system is designed which will help in adjusting the grasp force of the gripper.
Design and Fabrication of Abrasive Jet Machining Systems
Authors: Saravana Kumar R , Sampath Kumar S , Rajendra Kumar S
Published: September 2020

ABRASIVE JET MACHINE presents the working of machining and removing materials from the brittle and heat sensitive materials by the application of high speed stream of abrasive particles carried by air through the nozzle. In particular drilling of holes of minimum diameter and maximum depth is also possible in this machine with greater accuracy and surface finish. Since no heat is induced while machining the surface, the workplace is not subjected to thermal shocks. Tumbling machining apparatus is used for determining the material removal rate (MRR) for materials like glass, ceramics and aluminium sheet by varying the parameters like pressure, nozzle tip distance (NTD), type of abrasive and its flow rate. In this project we have designed and fabricated the tumbling machining apparatus for removing unwanted material, drilling holes and cutting glass, ceramic plates and aluminium sheet.
Literature review on friction stir welding of magnesium alloys
Authors: Rajesh  , Rajasekaran T
Published: September 2020

Friction stir welding is a new solid-state joining process which is used to join the soft material. It is using a specially designed tool that rotates and traverses along the joint line, creating frictional heating that softens a column of material underneath the tool. The softened material flows around the tool through extensive plastic deformation and is consolidated behind the tool to form a solid state continuous joint. The friction stir welding of magnesium alloys and composite material has many engineering applications in industries such as marine, railway, aerospace, Shipbuilding, land transportation. In this review article the basic principle of friction stir welding and several aspects of friction stir welding, effects of varying welding parameter of Magnesium alloy is referred and discussed.
Experimental investigation and Modeling of Drilling Process Parameters for MRR of Al6061/SiC/Gr composite using RSM
Authors: Asha K. , Muniappan A. , Karunagaran N. , Bharathiraja G.
Published: September 2020

Material removal rate is an important factor in the manufacturing which affect mass production in turn reflects the profitability of the industry. This investigation is engaged to decide the ideal working parameters for the penetrating of Aluminum mixture composite. The crossover metal framework composite was produced by mix throwing process using particulates SiC and graphite each in Al6061 blend. The main cutting parameters, namely, speed of the spindle and rate of feed and types in coolant are considered in this study. In this work, the evaluations are created by a Box Behnken design (BBD) method. The procedural impact parameters on the reactions is assessed and ideal cutting conditions for augment the MRR were resolved utilizing reaction tables, reaction diagrams, collaboration tables, 3-D surface plot sand attractive quality examination. To approve, affirmation tests have been done and anticipated outcomes have been seen as in great concurrence with test discoveries.
Fabrication and characterization of Magnesium Metal Composite by Stir Casting
Authors: Razal Rose A , Aatthisugan I
Published: September 2020

In Automotive and Aerospace industries, the demand for lighter materials is increasing exponentially. The main advantage of Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites over Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites, there is an additional 15-20% weight saving without having to compromise on properties. Metal matrix composites reinforced with Boron carbide and molybdenum disulphide have significant advantage over conventional materials. Generally, these reinforcements are used to improve the hardness and tensile strength of metal matrix composite. In this study, we have performed three castings each on magnesium alloy (A14Z1, A17Z1, and A19Z1) and composites with reinforcements of 2.5% Boron Carbide by stir casting method. Mechanical test like Rockwell hardness were conducted to find hardness of the specimen. The Microstructure was observed through an Optical Microscope. The comparative study of these samples with and without reinforcement were carried out and analyzed. The results showed that there is an appreciable increase in mechanical and metallurgical properties of new magnesium novel composite material used in this investigation.
Autonomous staircase climbing robot for rescue application
Authors: Daniel Glad Stephen J , Das Coena , Khanna Vyom , Negi Vvishvesh , Harikrishnan K S
Published: September 2020

This paper discusses the construction and application of an autonomous staircase climbing robot. Such a robot has several applications in real life. It can be used in dangerous regions for surveillance, rescue, and exploration with the help of a camera placed on it or by carrying resources. After going through various research papers a concept of such a robot was visioned. Following which design was formulated and simulations were carried out. A prototype was fabricated with mechanical and electrical parts. It is a simple climbing robot with two rods as support at the front. A simple rack and pinion gear are used to lift the robot while climbing. An ultrasonic sensor is placed at the front to sense the width and height of the stairs. Various testing and analysis have been done on the prototype to eliminate all drawbacks. The robot has shown to successfully climb the stairs.
Combined Drilling and Reaming Operation in Robot and CNC
Authors: Giridharan P , John Stalin
Published: September 2020

The drilling and reaming operation are two separate machining processes. In our project drilling and reaming operation are combined by using combined drilling and reaming bit. The industrial robot with agile motion is possible to machine a component. The Industrial robots with high precision and six Degree of freedom are considered as better, for manufacturing processes. This work is to significantly compare the performance of robot drilling over CNC drilling. The manipulator used is ABB - IRB1410 with work volume of 2.6 meters, handling capacity of 5Kg and controlled by IRC5 Controller. Drilling machine utilized is specified with maximum speed of 2800 RPM and power of 600W. The speed of the drilling machine can be varied by using voltage regulator. Speed and feed are the two parameter that are varied and circularity, surface roughness are the parameter checked for. The drilling operation is also done in CNC machine. The parameters such as surface roughness, circularity are checked. Finally, comparisons between robot operation and CNC operation are performed, optimized values are found by using Taguchi method.
A review on thermoelectric cooling technology and its applications
Authors: Baru Suhani , Bhatia Sonal
Published: September 2020

Controlling devices thermally is an important issue to increase the span of any equipment that converts energy and nowadays available latest automation like LED, computer processers and electric battery. Thermoelectric Cooling Technology (TCT) is best option because it has high reliability and also its usage of energy is low for the cooling of devices, which are working on the basis of Peltier effect. TCT have features such as it is not big in size, very light in weight. Also it has no mechanical moving part which results in no or less noise, eco friendly and it does not has any working fluid. This paper presents a comprehensive review of TCT to understand the state of art in the cooling techniques and its applications on heat pipe cooling, sensible air cool warm fan and solar still productivity enhancements. The challenges and opportunities for future research are also highlighted.
Effect of Internal Heat Generation on Solidification of Molten Fuel Droplet during its Interaction with Coolant in a Nuclear Reactor
Authors: Chandra Kumar M , Jasmin Sudha A , Ponraju D , Athmalingam S
Published: September 2020

One of the important issues in safety analysis of severe accidents in fast reactors is Molten Fuel Coolant Interaction (MFCI). MFCI is the phenomenon in which fragmentation of the molten fuel takes place when it comes in direct contact with liquid sodium coolant. For complete understanding of MFCI, we need to study the solidification of the molten fuel happening along with fragmentation. Solidification / melting of any material initially held at its melting temperature is the classic Stefan’s problem. In the case of a severe reactor accident the molten fuel might have a significant amount of decay heat, even though nuclear fission reactions have been stopped by reactor shut down systems. The presence of decay heat in this case, makes the transient Stefan problem more difficult to solve analytically. Here, an investigation of this special case of Stefan’s problem with internal heat generation in nuclear materials has been carried out considering a typical droplet size of 4 mm diameter. The numerical heat transfer analysis has been carried out using the commercial software Fluent. The validation of the problem is done with the steady state analytical solution available for the position of phase change front. Parametric studies have been carried out by varying internal heat generation rates and convective heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the droplet. Temperature profiles and liquid fraction are obtained at different instants. Solidification time and final equilibrium temperature are estimated from the results. It is observed that there is significant increase in drop solidification time for heat generation rates (HG) greater than 100 MW/m3 for the drop size of 4 mm. The maximum HG which is tolerated by the droplet without reaching its boiling point is about 6 GW/m3 when the heat transfer coefficient from its surface is fixed at h=56000W/m2K.
Comparison of a thermal barrier coated engine using eucalyptus oil methyl esters and azadirachta indica methyl esters
Authors: Senthur N. S. , Bala Murugan S. , Ram Ganesh H , Avudaiyappan A M
Published: September 2020

Key features of a diesel engine such as the engine effectiveness, release of toxic gas and ignition are examined while using two methyl esters. One of the methyl ester is abstracted from Eucalyptus and the other from Azadirachta Indica. A trans-esterification process is applied on Eucalyptus and Azadirachta Indica oils. The green fuel is used as substitutes in Thermal barrier coating engine (TBC). The use of TBC increases by the temperature of combustion. Experiments carried by EUME, AIME in TBC Diesel engine. The result shows that, the BTE is reduced to the extent of 5.82% and 6.97% and an increase in BSFC to the extent of 11.68% and 12.61% using EUME and AIME in TBC engine in contrast to ordinary diesel propellant used engine. It has also have been observed that the release of NOX increases in TBC engine also have higher-level release of CO, smoke and HC. The ignition features it has been discovered that the cylinder pressure of EUME and AIME in TBC engine are similar to that of diesel propellant at conventional engine.
Solar powered waste segregation system
Authors: Mahuli Nehal , Goswami Madhulika , Manikandaraja G. , Sarmah Harshita , Aditya Shubham , Christopher Kshetrimayum
Published: September 2020

Maintenance of drains/gutters is huge problem faced by the entire world and especially our country. Manual scavenging is not only unethical but also leads to a high risk of them catching infections or poisoning due to large amounts of waste/chemicals in them. We have provided a motorized drain gutter cleansing mechanism to tackle the modern day gutter jamming issues. Our system is designed in a manner such that fluids are let to flow through but large solid waste like bottles & plastic are caught and accumulated. So human supervision is only needed to take out the segregated waste for further treatment. Hence these gutter cleaning systems can be installed at various points instead of manual labour for entire gutter floors. Since the world is also facing a fossil fuel crisis, the system will be powered with the help of solar energy so as to make it nature friendly and cost effective in the long run. Solar panels, connected to a battery power the system using the radiation received from sunlight. This makes the system not only completely automated but also, environment friendly.
Studies on the performance of 150W solar photovoltaic module with evaporative cooling
Authors: Suresh M. , Shanmadhi R.
Published: September 2020

The increase in surface temperature of solar photovoltaic module due to incident solar radiation has an adverse impact on its performance, reducing its electrical output power and efficiency. Proper cooling can improve the electrical efficiency, and decrease the rate of cell degradation with time, resulting in maximization of life span of photovoltaic modules. Various methods like active cooling, passive cooling and heat pipe cooling are employed to cool the module. In the present work, water passive cooling technique has been used since this method is preferred for small modules and is more efficient because of higher thermal capacity of water. Evaporative cooling is one such technique. Numerical and experimental investigations have been carried out to study the effect of evaporative cooling on the performance of solar photovoltaic module. A two dimensional, steady state, cross flow, heat and mass transfer model has been developed and temperature distribution of air and water across a cooling pad has been studied. An evaporative cooling pad is incorporated at the bottom surface of solar photovoltaic module. Experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of solar PV module and the results are compared with that of numerical simulation.
Elementary characterization of smoke tunnel using flow over a circular cylinder
Authors: Keerthana K , Kannan B T
Published: September 2020

The utilization of the smoke tunnel for flow visualization of aerodynamics studies needs calibration of the tunnel. This paper aims to describe the characterization of the smoke tunnel using the smoke injection technique. The main phenomenon considered is the wake behaviour occurring at the downstream side of the cylinder. The experiment is conducted by injecting the smoke perpendicular to a circular cylinder placed in the tunnel. The visualized smoke flow lines resemble the streamline patterns which will reveal the wake behaviour. The procedure of smoke based visualization was carried out for various Reynolds numbers and the corresponding physics is described with the limitations of the tunnel.
Combust-o-Acoustics: Energy Transition and Implications
Authors: Mudholkar Aarohi Anmol , Hussain Mohammed Shazaan , Ramanan Vikram , Malhotra Vinayak
Published: September 2020

Acoustics is an integral constituent of most of combustion processes. While combustion advancements have revolutionized human life, acoustics induced combustion also represents a dominant form of instability. Thermo-acoustics, as an intense area of scientific research, covers a wide range of applications viz., industrial (electricity generation), transportation (jet and space propulsion), engineering (system efficiency and operations) and scientific research. The presence of such inept working systems with instability is likely to result in significant loss of resources, infrastructure, property, mankind, nature, with huge amount of money being spent on research activities. Appreciable work has been done before however; the heterogeneous nature of the problem has prevented comprehensive understanding. Thus, the need to investigate and characterize the acoustics imbibed combustion processes to suggest better combustion alternatives/enhance effectiveness and to minimize the resultant hazards. Present work, attempts to resolve the low effectiveness of combustion systems by classification of thermal acoustics and related major hazards. A simple experimental setup was upraised comprising of butane cylinder with nozzle and systematic experimentation was carried out to explore the phenomenon of energy transition in combustion with acoustics. The exploration was carried out for varying fuel mass flow rates, L/D ratios, material of tubes, interspace distance and counter acoustics impingement. The results were observed with acoustics measurement, along with type and structure of flames. The work is primarily motivated by the need to have technologically enhanced combustion understanding and for fire safety applications. The results exhibit that presence of external enclosures have significant effect on thermoacoustics and with coupled redundancy effect, a special pattern noted was both the controlling parameters results in reduction in maximum acoustics rise and increase in maximum drop levels this contributing significantly to enhancement of system efficiency. The results can be of pertinent significance for the testing, validation of conventional systems and designing of the efficient and safer futuristic propulsive systems.
Numerical investigation of flow field over four in-line circular cylinders for different spacing ratio
Authors: Reddy D S K , Iyer R , Luthra K , Rana A , Kumar P
Published: September 2020

The objective of this paper is to study the effect of spacing ratio on the wake dynamics in an inline arrangement of four cylinders. Different spacing ratios, defined as ratio of distance between center of two cylinders and diameter of cylinder, are considered while. Reynolds number (Re) kept constant. At the chosen Re, far wake is expected to transition to turbulence, and hence κ-ω SST turbulence model is used for turbulence closure. The flow field and associated surface properties such as drag and lift force are strong function of spacing ratio. In the numerical solutions it is observed that, two counter rotating vortices are formed in the gap between the cylinders. These two vortices found to move towards downstream as the spacing ratio is increased. Also, the size of the vortices found increased. The two counter rotating vortices appears symmetric near cylinders, and hence lift coefficient observed to be very low for the first three cylinders. Lift coefficient observed on fourth cylinder found to one order of magnitude higher. The drag coefficient for all cylinders found to be positive except for the second cylinder which has negative drag for all spacing ratios.
Investigation on NOx control in SI Engine Assisted with Hot and Cold EGR
Authors: Akash R , Hariharan C G , Suriya Dharshan S M , Balaji G
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we have conducted a study in a 2.2 kW variable speed SI engine coupled with electrical loading, whose main objective is to reduce the NOx emissions coming out of the engine. To achieve this outcome, we have opted for the EGR technique. We have opted for this technique because firstly it is a proven technique that has been successfully implemented in CI engine and secondly as it reduces the peak engine temperature leading to increased engine life. EGR is implemented by using EGR manifold which replaces the regular intake manifold. Also, a flow control valve is used to control the percentage flow of exhaust gases. From this study, we can conclude Cold EGR is effective in reducing NOx but lowers the efficiency. Additionally, a reduction in CO2 percentage is also observed at the cost of the increase in HC.
Numerical study on fin and tube heat exchanger by using elliptical tube-vortex generator
Authors: Sudharsan M , Kathir Kaman M D , Cheralathan M
Published: September 2020

A three dimensional computational study of the thermo-hydraulic characteristic of the fin-tube heat-exchanger with the upward rectangular winglets vortex and the elliptical tube of various elliptical ratios are analyzed in the study. The ratios are b/a=1.0, b/a=0.333 and b/a=0.307. The numerical studies is performed with the Reynolds no (Re,) within the range of 500-3000.The temperature contour and streamline patterns were presented to explain the reason for the pressure drop and heat transfer and to analyze the flow in different arrangement. It is demonstrated that the upward rectangular winglets vortex and the elliptical tube design in case of lesser pressure loss and less separate flow which is preferred in the heat-exchanger application in order to save energy.
A Review on Solar Tracking Methods
Authors: Nithin Kumar D V , Stalin John M R
Published: September 2020

In the World, perhaps the most significant issue as far as people understood, non-renewable sources would be extinguished. Apart from that, non-renewable energy sources are one of the critical factors for pollution, global warming. To address such issues, it is vital to shift to sustainable power sources, for example - sunlight, wind, etc. are essential in the present century. To examine the available solar tracking methods and algorithm, which have better accuracy and high output power efficiency. Multiple databases were searched for English literature and limiting to last ten years. The keywords selected for the search were a combination of the solar tracking algorithm, PLC, maximum power point tracking system, and solar tracking. The search results suggested that research on solar tracking is required to increase the generation of electricity. Many International research institutions conducted research related to solar tracking systems and tracking algorithms. The solar tracking is done, by utilizing mechanical sensors to maintain the PV module perpendicular to the sun’s irradiation. Proficient solar tracking methods are investigated by directing various analyses. The usage of renewable energy sources is lacking. Also, by designing an optimized solar tracking system for the generation of better output power is recommended.
Numerical investigation of flow field over four cylinders in square arrangement for different spacing ratios
Authors: Goutam P. , Siva Krishna Reddy D
Published: September 2020

The objective of this paper is to study the effect of spacing ratio on the wake dynamics in an in-line square array of four cylinders. Two dimensional incompressible CFD simulations are done with commercial CFD software Ansys-Fluent. Diameter of cylinder is 0.01 m, and the four cylinders have identical diameter. The spacing ratios considered are 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0, where spacing ratio is defined as ratio of distance between center of two cylinders and diameter of cylinder. Simulations are performed at a Reynolds number (Re) of 200. Water is considered as fluid medium, and velocity of water corresponding to Re of 200 is 0.0178 m/s. SIMPLE algorithm is used to solve incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, and second order accuracy is used for spatial discretization. At the chosen Re, far wake is expected to transition to turbulence, and hence κ-ω SST turbulence model is used for turbulence closure. The flow field and associated surface properties such as drag and lift force are strong function of spacing ratio. The impingement of shear layers of upstream cylinders onto to the downstream cylinders is strongly influenced by spacing ratio. The impingement and resulting flow interaction leads to asymmetry in the surface pressure distribution. This leads to generation of lift force on the cylinders. For spacing ratio of 1.5 and 2.0, the top row cylinders have positive lift coefficient, and bottom row cylinders have negative lift coefficient. For spacing ratio of 2.5 upstream cylinders have positive lift coefficient, and downstream cylinders have negative lift coefficient. All four cylinders have positive lift coefficient for spacing ratio of 3.0. Drag coefficient found to be positive for all cylinders and for all spacing ratios.
Design of integratedsinglestagephotovoltaic solar inverter(stand-alone)
Authors: Nanda Souvik , Sudhakar P
Published: September 2020

The extremely high demand for energy and increased demand for fossil fuels has led us to shift our concentration towards new and renewable sources of energy, which are seemingly unlimited sources. They are zero-carbon emitting, thus eco-friendly for the environment. Several issues have been addressed before regarding different topologies for standalone and grid connected inverters with and without microcontroller circuits. Some of them have addressed the introduction of multilevel inverter input using buck boost converters for improving the efficiencies of the output circuit. This paper enlightens the design of single stage photovoltaic inverter which is needed to run AC appliances as loads, which are mostly used as consumable purposes. The design implements MOSFETs as switching devices, which have considerably high switching frequency of 40 KHz, power diodes, inductors, capacitors, solar panel and a battery. The proposed inverter converts the DC output of the PV module into AC directly while maintaining the stability in the output voltage. PSIM software has been used for inverter design. The improved efficiency resulting in 75-90% is due to the minimized voltage drop over the inductor. High frequency operation of the MOSFET switch enables minimized switching losses.
Assessment of Turbulence Models on a Backward Facing Step Flow Using OpenFOAM®
Authors: Singh Anugya , Aravind S , Srinadhi K , Kannan B T
Published: September 2020

Studies on turbulent inlet flows have a wide variety of applications, Backward Facing Step (BFS) facilitates this study. The phenomena of flow separation occur due to an abrupt change in geometry, causing the creation of a re-circulation zone and a flow reattachment point. The present numerical study focuses on the assessment of different turbulence models. The flow velocity is in the turbulent region characterized by the Re=7000. Steady State Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations are solved along with various turbulence models using OpenFOAM® which is an open-source Computational Continuum Mechanics toolbox for conducting numerical simulations. The simulated data is processed using Paraview and the assessment of the turbulence models is performed via quantitative (reattachment length) and qualitative (Line Integral Convolution visualizations) methods.
Numerical study of thermal performance with nanoparticles and grooves in Microchannel
Authors: Mishra Ayush , Varakhedkar Amit , Mantripragada Vishnu Teja , Kumar Pankaj
Published: September 2020

The fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics for a laminar flow in a two-dimensional grooved microchannel has been numerically investigated. A suitable range of parameters such as Reynolds numbers, volume fraction, and groove offset are studied. The characteristics are investigated for various offsets in the grooved microchannel. The results specify an increase in heat transfer performance with increase in volume fraction, Reynolds number, and offset between upper and lower grooves. The offset 1 (δx=1) is found to be the most efficient groove arrangement with a high Nusselt number maintaining the least pressure drop coefficient.
Heat transfer enhancement with titanium nitride nanofluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger
Authors: Arulkumar S , Mathanraj V
Published: September 2020

The heat transfer enhancement in shell and tube heat exchanger can be done by adding Nano particles to the base fluid. The heat transfer rate between hot and cold fluid shows increasing sign with low to high mass flow rate.. Mass flow rate can be controlled and monitored with the help of valve fixed to the shell inlet. Comparing volume concentration of Titanium Nitride from low to high heat enhancement lies linearity. As volume concentration rises in base fluid affect the viscosity of exchange fluid in turn friction of contact fluid increases. Increased mass flow rate and heat transfer helps to find efficiency. The result shows for the controlled same flow rate with common inlet temperature transfer rate of nano fluid is slightly higher with water. Efficiency increase for about 7.47% for water to nanofluid. The effectiveness increase for about 36.6% for water to nanofluid. The LMTD increased for about of 33.6°C and heat transfer rate increases for about 0.4879 kW for three concentrations at one flow rate. Rising the mass flow rate of nano fluid inference in increasing heat transfer.
Comparison of freezing characteristics of phasechange material in metallic and low density polyethylene spherical capsules
Authors: Premnath D. , Balaji Srivaths , Mathew Juswen , Joseph Rahul
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the material of the spherical capsule on the solidification characteristics of deionized water as the phase change material(PCM) filled with 90% of its fill volume. The experiment was performed with two same sized balls measuring 86mm diameter made of LDPE(Low density polyethylene) and Stainless Steel kept at distinct bath temperatures(-6,-9 and -12°C). It was noticed that the material of the spherical capsule had an influence on the solidification characteristics of the PCM. The Stainless Steel capsule froze significantly faster than the LDPE capsule for all the mass fractions. This effect was prominent in the lower mass fraction of 50%. It was also inferred that the percentage by which the Stainless Steel capsule froze faster than the LDPE capsule escalated by 32.63%, 40.90% and 43.18% at higher potential temperatures for 50% mass fraction.
Comparison of lamellar nanostructured cubical and spherical statistical volume elements in terms of crystallographic texture and deformation behaviour
Authors: Dodla Srihari
Published: September 2020

This study presents the numerical homogenization of spherical and cubical statistical volume element (SVE). Numerical homogenization with periodic boundary conditions for spherical and cubical SVEs has been employed. The lamellar structure of eutectic Copper (Cu)-Silver (Ag) has been focused for the investigation of deformation behaviour and texture evolution. The initial texture for cold-drawn eutectic Cu-Ag composite has been approximated by a set of 200 discrete orientations. The comparison of deformation behaviour and the crystallographic texture has been investigated for two different SVEs. It is demonstrated that the SVEs with cubical shape induce an anisotropy when compared with the spherical SVEs. The numerical results for cubical and spherical SVEs in terms of deformation behaviour and crystallographic texture are in good agreement with the experimental observations.
Effect of fibre alignment on mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Kamaraj M , Vishnu Vardhan V , Charan K S , Lalith Lochan M
Published: September 2020

The effect of alignment of natural fibres on the mechanical behavior of flax and jute fibre / epoxy composites was investigated in the present work. The epoxy composites were prepared using the compression moulding technique. To explore the variation in composite laminate properties, three composite laminates were prepared based on the fibre-orientation angle. The composite laminates produced having undergone mechanical characterization such as tensile, flexural and water absorption analysis. The test specimens were prepared to carry out the mechanical testing according to ASTM requirements. The findings of the density test showed that L2 composite laminate had maximum density and L3 composite laminate had minimum density. The results of the mechanical test indicated the highest tensile strength for L1 and L3 composite laminates and L2 composite laminate showed the maximum flexural strength. L1 composite laminate reported maximum water absorption percentage, and L2 composite laminate showed minimum water absorption percentage.
Experimental study on behaviour of nano material concrete columns
Authors: Natarajan S , Senthil Selvan S
Published: September 2020

Concrete is the most significant building material, without a close alternative, due to this there have been major advancement in concrete technology and the need to reinforcing has been made essential. It has been observed that cement-based material, on the addition of nano particles; develop distinctive properties at the molecular and nano level; in an experimental investigation made on square RC columns and nano concrete columns under axial loads. A total of 12 columns in which 6 numbers of RCC and 6 nos of nano concrete columns with 750mm height with square cross section (150mmx150mm) were tested. The loads are applied as concentric compressive loading up to failure. In this research, the behavior of nano concrete column is compared with conventional column. The parameters selected are stiffness, failure force and energy absorption, interpretation strength at ultimate state and service load conditions. Further the deflection and ductility behavior were also determined. The experimental studies showed a great improvement on the strength and energy ductility for nano concrete columns when compared with conventional concrete columns. This experimental study presents that nano concrete columns are capable of bearing increased axial load by 25% when compared to conventional concrete columns.
Designing Fe-based high entropy alloy–a machine learning approach
Authors: Debnath B , Vinoth A , Mukherjee M , Datta S
Published: September 2020

High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) are constituted by at least five elements and can even increase to seven or eight different elements. Due to high entropy of mixing, the solid solutions of so many elements become stable and the tendency to form intermetallic compounds decrease. As a result, it is possible to develop alloys with high strength and high hardness using this approach. Changing the composition of such alloys, the mechanical properties of the alloy can be varied widely. In this work HEAs with high toughness are designed computationally using machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches. With so much potential in this new breed of alloys, iron-based alloys (having high iron content) is designed in the present work to reduce the cost of the alloy. Here we have used supervised machine learning technique to map the relation between composition and properties of HEA. Multi-objective optimization is employed to search suitable composition for Fe-based HEA having increased strength and ductility, which will lead to improved toughness of the alloy.
Brain Monitoring Net (Brainternet)
Authors: Muruganandham D , Jayapriya J , Abdul Wahid A , Seyatha K
Published: September 2020

The Recent trend in connecting Brain and Internet leads to the study of Brainternet. It has been a sci-fi creation until the last decade, but scientists now created a way to connect them using certain devices(microcontrollers) like Raspberry Pi, Arduino, etc. that allow us to monitor, control and view at any time. The Raspberry Pi or any other microcontroller senses the brain waves from the Human brain through EEG signals and analyse the gathered data and upload it to the internet.
A Systematic Review on Visual Fatigue Induced by Tiny Screens (Smartphones)
Authors: Bhanu Priya D , Subramaniyam Murali
Published: September 2020

Smartphones are the friendly gadgets with emerging technology in a current-generation which made everything accessible with a single touch. They occupied huge space in our daily life, the continues utilization of smartphone in our everyday life leads to affect the focus, attention and create functional impairments to the users. It is required to understand what are the prevalence, symptoms and factors of smartphone addiction and how it affects the individual health. Also, what are the techniques available to analyse the visual fatigue caused by smartphone? Detailed search of scientific articles from the various database for the past ten years with selected keywords visual fatigue, eye activity, usage duration, smartphone addiction. Due to the rising trend of addiction to smartphone, visual fatigue has become a negative concept, and scientists have mostly focused on its harmful applications. With authors knowledge, no studies related to visual fatigue were found in India. The excessive utilization of smartphone can cause visual and musculoskeletal disorders also damage one’s interpersonal skills.
Comparative Review of Structural Optimization Approaches on Rectangular Concrete Beams
Authors: Nabi Junaid , Abdul Rahim A
Published: September 2020

Increasing population demands considerable infrastructure, given that embodied energy accounts for most of the carbon emissions of concrete structures, efficient use of materials is of vital importance. This can be achieved through Topology Optimization. In this investigation, a brief review of cable and arch analogy in topology optimization of prismatic concrete design space is presented. Topology Optimization was conducted for a design space with two boundary condition configurations that correspond to the two analogies, Cable and Arch. Concrete damage properties were introduced in the model to find the optimum topology for the corresponding design space. Various topological configuration were obtained for both approaches by varying optimizing parameters. Considering the manufacturing practicality of the form, an optimum topology was chosen from both analogy approaches. A comparative study conducted between the two approaches exhibited the efficacy of cable analogy over arch analogy approach. Comparatively, significant volume reduction was observed in case of arch analogy approach, however manufacturing feasibility, comparatively superior structural response and partially eliminating load-specific behavior, testifies the overall efficacy of cable analogy approach.
Measurement Possibilities of Thoracic (C7-T12) and Lumbar (L1-L5) Curvature
Authors: Surya S , Shanmugam Dinesh , Subramaniyam Murali
Published: September 2020

Spinal cord provides the support to withstand the weight of the human body. The lumbar and thoracic curves mostly represent the spine curvature of human. They are also used to determine the normality of the human spine. If the normality doesn’t exist these data are helpful in treating the human. Low back ache arises even if any of the curves shows abnormality. This study revolves around the available techniques or instruments in measuring of those mentioned curvatures and the standard of the instruments. Around the world, many countries have started collecting spine curvature data for more than five decades; however, India lacks in this field. Every instrument faces its own difficulties and providing its own advantages. Construction of one new machine which will be providing only the advantages is a hectic task. For collection of spine curvature data countries have developed various instruments such as (X-ray), Inclinometer, Arcometer, Goniometer, Flexicurve, Laser scanner, Fibre optic sensor, electromagnetic sensors, spinal mouse, etc.; some might not be accessible to Indian markets. Today, there is a die-hard need in developing of machine or instrument or technique which will overcome all the limitations that were provided by the above mentioned instruments.
Muscle Fatigue and Head Flexion Angle Analysis while using Smartphone
Authors: Ramnaath M , Sudharsan S , Sanjay Yadhav K , Bhanu Priya D , Subramaniyam Murali
Published: September 2020

With the introduction of smartphones, the frequency of usage gradually increased when compared with keypad phones. The statistics show that the number of smartphone users in India alone increased from 200 million to 400 million in 2015–2019. In general, most of the young adults spend an average of 3 to 4 hours daily. The extensive usage of a smartphone causes various disorders, including cervical/neck pain, shoulder pain. The objective is to measure and correlate the relationship between muscle fatigue and the head flexion angle. Also, to analyze the posture using RULA analysis. By utilizing both subjective evaluations through web-based survey and objective evaluation by using both mechanical sensors such as Gyroscope for neck angle measurement and biomedical sensors such as EMG sensor for muscle activity for 14 subjects of age 17 to 26. Head posture, including flexion angle, will be measured, and muscle activity will be observed while using a smartphone in a sitting posture for 1 hour. Expected to understand the correlation between head angle and muscle fatigue while using a smartphone.