bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coastal dune waterbodies of north-eastern New South Wales
Authors: Timms BV
Published: November 2005

Twenty-two lakes, swamps and ponds on, or adjacent to, siliceous coastal dunes from Newcastle to Tweed Heads were investigated. Most of the waterbodies originated by deflation, with organic accumulation and development of perched water-tables involved in establishing those in higher dunes inland. Some were located in depressions in hard rock, blocked by dunes. Most had low total dissolved solids content with Na+ and Cl- dominant, but in and near frontal dunes Ca2+ and HCO3- were important and salinity was higher. Dissolved organic matter coloured the water of those with swampy environs. Humic waters were markedly acidic, frontal dune ponds alkaline, and lakes in contact with dunes near neutral. The physicochemical features of the only waterbody connected to the sea, Blue Lagoon, varied spatially and temporally with rainfall. Lake muds were dys. The dominant plants were all emergents, with Lepironia auriculata (Retz) prominent in most waterbodies on or near leached dunes. Calamoecia tasmanica (Smith) dominated the plankton; species diversity was higher in lakes in contact with dunes than in those surrounded by leached dunes. No euzooplankters were recovered from frontal dune ponds or Blue Lagoon. Overall, littoral invertebrates were reasonably diverse but limited in frontal dune ponds. Most notable was the restriction of molluscs and ostracods to sites on or adjacent to frontal dunes, the presence of some characteristic microcrustaceans in sites on or near leached dunes, and the ubiquity of many insect groups, particularly hemipterans and coleopterans. Benthos was depauperate in species and numbers in lakes surrounded by leached dunes; diversity and standing crops were higher in lakes in contact with dunes. <P.A typology scheme, based on, and showing the interrelationships between, mode of origin, water chemistry and salient biological features, showed much greater heterogeneity among dune lakes in eastern Australia than previously thought.
Age and growth of jackass morwong (Nemadactylus macropterus Bloch & Schneider) in eastern Australian waters
Authors: Smith DC
Published: November 2005

N. macropterus, landed at the port of Eden, were sampled from July 1976 to June 1979. Saggital otoliths were used for age determination. A hyaline and an opaque ring were found to be formed during winter and summer. respectively. The growth of adult N. macropterus was adequately described by the von Bertalanffy growth curve. Females (K = 0.13, L∞ = 51.13) were found to grow faster, and to a greater age, than males (K = 0.17. L∞ = 45.50). No significant difference between sexes was apparent in the length-weight relationships.
Patterns of some seagrass distribution in the Torres Strait, Queensland
Authors: Bridges KW , Phillips RC , Young PC
Published: November 2005

The Torres Strait (10�S., 141-144�E.) has 12 species of seagrasses: representing 22% of all known species. They are sparsely distributed over wide areas and mostly restricted by the erosive effect of strong currents and high turbidity to the intertidal areas landward of the coral reef crest. Species showed no characteristic zonation patterns and occurred in highdiversity. It is postulated that this may be due to environmental stress caused by exposure which over-rides the competitive advantage of normally dominant species.
Investigations of the potential of bivalve molluscs as indicators of heavy metal levels in tropical marine waters
Authors: Klumpp DW , Burdon-Jones C
Published: November 2005

The relationships between concentrations of the heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Ag in nine bivalve molluscs (Arca ventricosa, Chama isotoma: Lithophaga teres. Pinctada margiritifera, Pycnodonte hyotis. Spondylus ducalis. Modiolus auriculatus, Trichomya hirsuta, Ustularca renuta) and their environment were studied. The variation in heavy metal accumulation in these field samples and the effects on metal levels and condition of the organisms after relocating for 2 months four of these species (T. hirsuta, M. auriculatus, S. ducalis and C. isotoma), were also studied. The relocated animals maintained or improved condition as judged by the condition index (i.e. ratio of tissue wet weight to shell diameter or weight) during the expefimental period. Levels of Pb and Cu in relocated T. hirsuta varied directly with environmental levels but elevated levels of Zn in the environment were not indicated by this organism. Accumulation of Pb and Cd by T. hirsuta was linear with time and increased in direct proportion to the external concentration of these metals. No loss of either metal was detected after 12 days in 'normal' seawater. The results indicate that T. hirsuta would be a suitable organism for detecting increased levels of heavy metals, except Zn, in the environment.
Metal levels in the mussel Mytilus edulis collected from estuaries in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Wooton M , Lye AK
Published: November 2005

The levels of six metals were determined in M. edulis collected from five sites on the south-eastern Australian
coast. On a wet weight basis, levels (�g g-1) were: Pb, 1.68-4.15 ; Cu, 1.62-3.77; Cr, 2.27-3.83;
Ni, 1.41-3.49: Cd, 0.39-0.63; and Zn, 20.64-40.38. On the basis of metal levels, Eden and Jervis Bay were
less suitable as sites for mussel culture than Batemans Bay, Lakes Entrance and Merimbula.
Groundwater-level variation during semidiurnal spring tidal cycles on a sandy beach
Authors: Lanyon JA , Eliot IG , Clarke DJ
Published: November 2005

Observations of two-dimensional variations in groundwater level on beach profiles at South Beach, Wollongong, support and extend observations previously reported. Time-series curves showing water-level change at individual wells along the profiles are markedly asymmetrical and their ranges of oscillation are dependent on tidal range and distance landward of the beach face. The asymmetry is attributed to filtering processes at the beach face and in the beach, that separate the various tidal constituents. Tidally induced groundwater changes are superimposed on a three-dimensional water-table surface that is tied to the beach morphology and to groundwater recharge from the backshore zone. The three-dimensional flow net is raised and lowered as the tide rises and falls. although with some time lag between change in level of ocean water and groundwater response. The groundwater rise begins earliest in shoreline embayments and spreads landwards and outwards to higher water-table surfaces near shoreline salients and in the backshore zone. Groundwater responses, therefore. differ on the salients and in the embayments: a landward water-table slope prevails in the embayments and a seaward slope characterizes the salients.
Heavy metal enrichment in the surface microlayer of the Nepean-Hawkesbury river system
Authors: Barnes RK , Batley GE , Sharp JH
Published: November 2005

Copper, lead, cadmium and zinc have been measured in subsurface and surface-film water samples collected from the Nepean-Hawkesbury river system in New South Wales. Positive correlations were obtained between measured surface-film pressures and the surface excesses of lead, zinc and dissolved organic carbon. Measurements of copper-complexing capacity of the surface samples correlated well with dissolved organic nitrogen data. Enriched zinc was present in the surface film, mainly in bound species, as determined by anodic stripping voltammetry; lead was enriched in both labile and bound forms. Copper was also present in bound species, with many samples being depleted in labile copper. The relative concentrations of these heavy metals in surface films at the different sampling stations could be interpreted on the basis of known inputs.
Acute toxicity of chromium, mercury, molybdenum and nickel to the amphipod Allorchestes compressa
Authors: Ahsanullah M
Published: November 2005

In acute toxicity tests on A. compressa, the 96-h LC50 values for mercury, chromium, nickel and molybdenum were: respectively, 0.08, 5.56,34.68 and 247.12 mg I-1. The results suggest that mercury has the most toxic effect on A. compressa, followed by chromium, nickel and molybdenum. The applicability of acute toxicity tests in establishing water-quality criteria is discussed.
Use of the mussel Mytilus edulis planulatus (Lamarck) in monitoring heavy metal levels in seawater
Authors: Ritz DA , Swain R , Elliott NG
Published: November 2005

The accumulation of cadmium, copper; lead and zinc in tissues of M.e.planulatus was examined at a number
of metal concentrations in seawater. In every case, a linear relationship was found, in some cases after
exposure to the metal for up to 86 days. The relationship between rate of accumulation of a metal over a 40-
day period and its concentration in seawater was determined for each metal. From the results of field trials, it
was concluded that the rate of accumulation could be used as a sensitive method of estimating
concentrations of metals in seawater, with greater convenience than methods involving direct analysis. A
monitoring program, in which M.e. planulatus is used to quantify levels of heavy metals in seawater; is
proposed with certain limitations. The effects of extraneous parameters, both biological and physicochemical,
on the accumulation of the metals were examined in relation to the ways in which they might limit the
usefulness of this mussel in such a monitoring program.
Sodium balance in the Australian crayfish Cherax destructor, Euastacus keirensis and E. spinifer (Decapoda : Parastacoidea)
Authors: Greenaway P , Lawson B
Published: November 2005

Sodium balance was examined in C. destructor. E. spinifer and E. keirensis to assess the degree of adaptation to fresh water and to permit comparisons with the better known astacoid crayfish of the Northern Hemisphere. The crayfishes had blood ion concentrations close to those reported in the Astacoidea and permeability to sodium ions was similarly low. The affinities of the sodium pumps for sodium ions were relatively low but this was compensated for by an unusually high rate of uptake of sodium following depletion, which enabled sodium balance to be maintained at low external concentrations. Adaptation to fresh water in the species examined is less advanced than in the astacoid species studied.
Effects of length and locality on the mercury content of blacklip abalone, Notohaliotis ruber (Leach), blue mussel, Mytilus edulis planulatus (Lamarck), sand flathead, Platycephalus bassensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, and long-nosed flathead, Platycephalus caeruleopunctatus (McCulloch), from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria
Authors: Walker TI
Published: November 2005

Mean concentrations of mercury in the foot tissue and inedible viscera of N. ruber were 0.02 �g g-1 wet weight (range 0.01-0.03 �g g-1) and 0.04 �g g-1 wet weight (range 0.01-0.12 �g g-1), respectively. The mean mercury concentration in the soft tissues of M. e. planulatus was 0.02 �g g-1 (range 0.01-0.07 �g g-1), that in axial muscle tissues of P. bassensis was 0.50 �g g-1 (range 0.06-1.1 �g g-1), and that in P. caeruleopunctatus was 0.56 �g g-1 (range 0.10-2.8 �g g-1).
Concentrations of mercury were affected by the lengths of sand and long-nosed flathead but not by the lengths of blacklip abalone or blue mussels. For sand and long-nosed flathead, the effect of locality on concentration was highly significant and indicated a trend for the mercury concentrations of samples to increase from north to south in the region of Port Phillip Bay north of latitude 37�57's. and a reversal of this trend for the region south of this latitude; in the westernmost region of the bay mercury concentrations were of intermediate value. Although not statistically significant, the results for locality of the blacklip abalone and blue mussels were consistent with these trends.
Movement and size stucture in a poulation of the blue starfish Linckia laevigata (L.) at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Thomson GB , Thompson C
Published: November 2005

On a patch reef surrounded by sand, the movements of L. laevigata conformed to Underwood's random
walkmodel in most respects except that animals navigated unidirectional paths across the reef. At the edge of
the reef, animals either turned back onto the reef or moved away across the sand, and this behaviour was
studied in translocation experiments. When released on sand, L. laevigata navigated randomly distributed
unidirectional paths. at speeds 10-20 times faster than on the reef. In this way, animals could migrate
between patch reefs inhabited by L. laevigata of different sizes. Larger animals usually lived in deep water
(≥ 10 m), but significant size differences were also found between adjacent patch reefs and were tentatively
ascribed to variations in availability of food. Mean arm length of 26 animals starved in an aquarium for 1
week decreased from 115.4 to 108.5 mm, indicating that body size may change when L. laevigata migrates
between patch reefs.
Taxonomic revison of the Australian genus Caridinides Calman (Crustacea : Decapoda : Atyidae)
Authors: Smith MJ , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

All available material of the genus Caridinides has been examined. It is found to belong to a single species, C. wilkinsi, which is redescribed and its known range in Australia extended. Morphological variation is low throughout the range. The relationship of Caridinides to other genera is discussed. The status of Caridinides as a distinct, but monotypic, genus is upheld.
Location and means of attachment of Bothriocephalus scorpii (Mnller) (Cesroda : Pseudophyllidea) in red cod, Pseudophycis bacchus (Forster in Bloch & Schneider), from New Zealand waters
Authors: McKinnon AD , Featherston DW
Published: November 2005

A linear relationship was found between the length of B. scorpii and place of attachment within the gut of P.
Bacchus taken from Otago Harbour and adjacent Blueskin Bay, N.Z. The scolex was found to penetrate the
gut wall, evoking a marked response by the host. The secretory activity of a layer of vesicles in the outer distal
parenchyma of the scolex is possibly responsible for scolex penetration. The overall infestation rate of the
334 red cod taken was 33%.
Measured distribution of water turbidity in Gulf St Vincent
Authors: Phillips DM , Sholz M
Published: November 2005

Large- and small-scale surveys of the horizontal and vertical distributions of turbidity in the waters of Gulf St Vincent in South Australia have been made under conditions of light winds and smooth to slight seas. The turbidity was characterized by the beam attenuation coefficient at a wavelength of 530 nm, which was determined from measurements made with a transmissometer operated from a boat. The results were evaluated with reference to independent measurements of water density distributions and circulation patterns in the Gulf. The measured values of the beam attenuation coefficient lay between 0.12 and 2.0 m-1, although most lay between 0.2 and 0.7 m-1. Both horizontal stratification and vertical uniformity of turbidity were observed and explanations for these two conditions are offered. The relative importance of several influences on water turbidity are assessed; the most important in Gulf St Vincent appear to be the type of bottom sediment, wave action on the sediment, and water currents.
Ecological effects of mine effluents on the South Esk River, North-eastren Tasmania. III. Benthic Macroinvertebrates.
Authors: Norris RH , Lake PS , Swain R
Published: November 2005

The ecological effects of mine effluents on the South Esk River were investigated over 2 years on a 170-km section of the river. Quantitative samples of benthic macroinvertebrates were collected at eight sites (three above the trace metal inflow and five below) using an air-lift sampler. Drifting fauna were also collected in the river adjacent to the point of trace metal inflow and in a tributary entering the contaminated section. As far as 80 km downstream from the source of trace metals; the numbers of individuals and the numbers of taxa were reduced in relation to upstream sites. From the 29 most commonly occurring taxa, three groups have been defined by clustering strategies: (a) taxa that were abundant at both contaminated and uncontaminated sites (a leptocerid caddisfly and a baetid mayfly); (b) taxa that were most abundant at sites upstream of the contaminated section of river (two mollusc species, four species of leptophlebiid mayfly and five species of caddisfly); (c) taxa whose numbers were highest at sites below the source of contamination (six dipteran species, four species of caddisfly, one mollusc species, one amphipod species and one species of water mite). Factors likely to be important in determining the harmful effects of trace metal contamination in the field include the particular metals under consideration, flow rate and stability of the substrata. There is little agreement between the acute lethal concentrations of metals determined by other workers in laboratory studies and the concentrations found to produce harmful effects in the South Esk River. The multivariate approach proved to be a sensitive means for the detection of trace metal contamination. Thecomposition of the drifting fauna was also altered by the trace metal contamination. Thenumbers of rhyacophilidcaddisflies were higher in the contaminated section of river and those of the baetid mayflies and helminthid beetles were lower.
Biological and physicochemical characteristics of the Ross River Dam, Townsville
Authors: Finlayson CM , Gillies JC
Published: November 2005

The biological and physicochemical characteristics of the Ross River Dam, an artificial lake near Townsville in northern Queensland, are described. The lake is characterized by a sodium and chloride ionic dominance, may be polymictic, and contains a relatively low ratio of total phosphorus to total nitrogen due to the low nitrogen concentrations. The aquatic vegetation is widespread and dominated by the submerged Hydrilla verricillata and Potamogeton javanicus. Both species are plentiful in the lake but are not, at present, major weeds. The phytoplankton were not found in bloom conditions despite chlorophyll a concentrations near 10 mg m-3. The main fish species of 11 recorded was Glossamia gilli. The results from this survey will provide a useful basis for future management planning, especially if the water level or water-quality conditions were to vary.
Uptake of cadmium by the seagrass Heterozostera tasmanica from Corio Bay and Western Port, Victoria
Authors: Fabris GJ , Harris JE , Smith JD
Published: November 2005

Uptake of cadmium by leaves and root-rhizomes of the seagrass H. tasmanica was studied in laboratory and field experiments. In laboratory experiments, cadmium concentration in leaves approached constant levels after exposure for 192 h to dissolved cadmium at concentrations of 40 and 400�g I-1. Root-rhizomes, separated from leaves in a partitioned container: did not attain constant cadmium levels under similar conditions. Translocation of cadmium between the leaf and the root-rhizomes was not observed. In field experiments, H. tasmanica containing cadmium at concentrations of 1.8 and 0.4 �g g-1 in the leaves and root-rhizomes, respectively, and growing in sediment that did not contain measurable cadmium, concentrated that element principally in the leaves when transferred to seawater containing cadmium at concentrations of up to 1.8 �g I-1. Leaves and root-rhizomes initially containing cadmium at concentrations of 15 and 14 �g g-1, respectively, lost cadmium when transferred to seawater containing cadmium at less than 0.2 �g I-1. Approximately 70% of the cadmium accumulated by leaves of H. tasmanica was associated with solid cellular material, 20% with cell fluids and the remainder was sorbed on the leaf surfaces.
Benthic communities of the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria
Authors: Poore GCB
Published: November 2005

Samples of benthos from muddy or sandy bottoms along the axis of the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, and on shallow seagrass beds were taken between November 1978 and October 1979. The benthic communities are described and the likely effects resulting from changes in water usage in the catchment discussed. Gradients in environmental parameters (salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and suspended solids) were not regular but were steepest near a constriction in the system, McLennans Strait. Ninety species of benthic fauna were recorded, with greatest diversity and density at the seagrass sites. The fauna was similar to that recorded in other south-eastern Australian estuaries except for its rich amphipod fauna and depauperate bivalve fauna. Densities, especially on seagrass, were higher than recorded in other estuaries although the number of species was lower. Temporal changes in the fauna could not be related clearly to seasonal changes in temperature or other environmental factors. Classification of the data revealed a seagrass community and smaller groups of species and stations, only loosely indicating a faunal gradient along the lakes. A distinct marine fauna was recognized on well-sorted sand at the lower end of the lakes, Reeve Channel, and a freshwater component at the opposite end. Physical structures such as McLennans Strait are responsible for the major differences between the faunas of adjacent areas in the greater part of the system. It is suggested that increased salinity in the future may allow establishment of euryhaline species in more placid parts of the lakes but that deoxygenation of bottom water and high benthic mortalities may occur if a salt wedge is maintained.
Geographical distribution of electrophoretically detected protein variation in Australian commercial fishes. II. Jackass morwong, Cheilodactylus macropterus Bloch & Schneider
Authors: Richardson BJ
Published: November 2005

The presence of genetic polymorphisms in alcohol dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), phosphoglucomutase, adenosine deaminase and glucosephosphate isomerase in the jackass morwong, or tarakihi, and the distribution of the variation in the fish stocks in the waters of south- eastern Australia are described. Although the Australian and New Zealand stocks are genetically distinct, no evidence of population structuring was found in Australian waters.
Foregut evacuation of four foods by the western rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus, in Aquaria
Authors: Joll LM
Published: November 2005

Foregut evacuation of four foods (two species of foliose coralline algae Corallina cuvieri and Metagoniolithon stelliferum, the gastropod Littorina unifasciata and foot muscle of the abalone Haliotis roei) by P. cygnus at 25°C was examined by serial slaughter techniques. Animals were allowed to consume the weighed meals voluntarily, but because of indifference to the corallines it was necessary to allow a 2-h feeding period. Evacuation of all foods was rapid and almost complete 4-6 h after the termination of the feeding period.
Temporal and spatial variability of the sediments budget of the subaerial beach at Warilla, New South Wales
Authors: Eliot IG , Clarke DJ
Published: November 2005

A 5-year set of profile data from Warilla Beach, N.S.W., measured fortnightly, has been statistically analysed by using Fourier transform, least-squares, and empirical orthogonal function (eigenfunction or EOF) techniques to identify characteristic patterns of temporal and spatial variation in the sediment volume of the subaerial beach. Least-squares analysis enabled separation of the variation in the subaerial beach at Warilla into a 5-year trend, periodic fluctuations and aperiodic events. The periodic fluctuations are dominated by biennial and annual components. The biennial component accounts for 40% of the sediment budget of the subaerial beach, the annual component 30%, 13% is due to the long-term trend over the 5 years, and about 20% is estimated as aperiodic fluctuations mainly related to changes in the wave regime. Phase differences were identified for periodic oscillations on adjacent beach segments and a chronology of change in sediment volume deduced from the phase differences. The results show that variation in the sediment volume of the subaerial beach is determined by interaction between the biennial and seasonal exchanges although the resulting pattern of exchange may be obscured by higher-frequency beach changes. In alternate years the focus of onshore-offshore sediment exchange shifts from the centre of the beach to the exposed, northern sector. The major depositional zone associated with this exchange is located on the southern+entral sector of the beach and the major erosion zone is on the northern part of the beach. The pattern of alongshore sediment exchange was more closely investigated by EOF analysis. The method facilitated separation of onshore-offshore and alongshore modes of sediment transfer and identification of the patterns of alongshore sediment exchange. The first four EOF's for the data on the subaerial beach at Warilla contain 95.3% of the total variance. The fundamental pattern of sediment movement identified in the EOF analysis involves an onshore-offshore transfer of sediment in biennial, seasonal and 6-monthly cycles. The transfer accounts for 61.7% of the variance for the sediment store of the subaerial beach. The amplitude spectrum of the associated time series for this eigenfunction mode shows that the biennial component is dominant. This result supports the results from the least-squares analysis. It could not have been anticipated from previous studies of beach change from New South Wales or elsewhere and is the subject of ongoing investigation. Subsequent eigenfunction modes identify alongshore movements, with three patterns accounting for a further 33.8% of the remaining variance. They are associated with the prevailing system of inshore water circulation and identify major, recurrent rip and bar locations. Time series associated with the eigenfunction modes confirm the dominance of biennial, annual, and biannual sediment transfers occurring on Warilla Beach.
Observations on the ecology of four species of the genus Paragalaxias (Pisces : Galaxiidae) from Tasmania
Authors: Fulton W
Published: November 2005

A study was made of the life history and diet of P. dissimilis Regan and P. eleotroides McDowall & Fulton from Great Lake, Tasmania. Some data on P. mesotes McDowall & Fulton from Arthurs Lake and P. julianus McDowall & Fulton from the Julian Lakes and Lake Field are also given. P. dissimilis matured at 1 year old and spawning took place in summer. Eggs numbered between 39 and 179 and were deposited in communal clusters on protected rock surfaces around the shores of Great Lake. Newly hatched larvae of this species were active and fully developed but were not found in the adult habitat until 6 months after spawning. P. eleotroides also matured at 1 year old but spawned in spring. Egg numbers ranged from 44 to 149 but the spawning site of this species was not found. No large influx of juvenile P. eleotroides was detected. Length- and weight-frequency histograms of P. dissimilis are figured and length-weight relationships of all four species are given. The diet of P. dissimilis varied seasonally as well as between different size groups. Differences in diet also occurred between P. dissimilis and P. eleotroides.
Vascular and microvascular anatomy of the gill of the southern rock lobster, Jasus novaehollandiae Holthius
Authors: Rogers PAW
Published: November 2005

The vascular architecture of the gill of J. novaehollandiae was studied by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and vascular casting. Before fixation or infusion of the vascular casting medium, haemolymph was flushed from the lobster using 3.5% saline infused into the dorsal aorta. J. novaehollandiae has a complex gill circulation, with three types of gill filament present. The fewer, but larger, inner filaments have a longitudinal septum, from 3 to 8 pm thick, dividing them into afferent and efferent channels. By contrast, the septum in the outer filaments is 11-22�m thick. Middle filaments, found between the inner and outer ones, have two septa dividing them into three channels. The gill axis has four major vessels: an afferent vessel supplying the outer and middle filaments, two lateral canals draining the outer filaments, connecting to the middle filaments and supplying the inner filaments on each side of the gill, and an efferent vessel draining the middle and inner filaments. Thus, most of the haemolymph passes through both outer and inner filaments on its route through the gill. Movement of haemolymph from one channel to another within each filament is via a number of lateral lacunae around the sides of the filament. It is postulated that the relatively thick septum of the outer filament acts as a barner to counter-current loss of oxygen from the efferent to the afferent channels of the filament, whereas the thinner septum of the inner filament may not function in this capacity.
Demersal fish and cephalopod communities of an unexploited coastal environment in northern Australia
Authors: Rainer SF , Munro ISR
Published: November 2005

Fish communities in the south-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria were surveyed before the development of a demersal trawl fishery for prawns. Distribution data for fish and cephalopods were examined to determine community composition and species-distribution patterns in an unexploited shallow-water tropical fish community. Common species were mostly Indo-west Pacific in affinity, and included many species important in demersal trawl fisheries. Three clusters of site groups were present, comprising site groups from nearshore (~2-5 m), shallow offshore, and deep offshore (~15-35 m) areas, respectively. Site groups did not correspond to clearly defined communities. Species overlaps were frequent. Limits to the distribution of common species seemed to be related more to physical factors (bottom depth, salinity and sediment type) than to other biotic factors (distribution of species). The overall picture was of a rich assemblage of fish species in an environment characterized by gradients rather than by sharp changes.
Factors influencing concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in organisms from an estuarine ecosystem
Authors: Shaw GR , Connell DW
Published: November 2005

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) were detected in both the abiotic and biotic components of the Brisbane River estuary. Maximum average concentrations were detected in the muscle tissue of pelican (8.2 mg kg-1), gull (2.6 mg kg-1) and catfish (2.1 mg kg-1). Biomagnification was shown not to be a significant factor controlling PCB concentrations in the organisms investigated except in pelicans and gulls. In these cases, estimates of uptake from food sources indicated that biomagnification could be the major process involved. Metabolism or excretion was also found to influence the observed PCB composition of these organisms. Field and laboratory data indicated that, with some benthic organisms, sediment concentrations were the major influence on body concentrations of PCB's and a direct relationship between body concentration and the log of sediment concentration was established. Further laboratory experiments indicated that the uptake of individual PCB's was influenced primarily by two factors: the partition coefficient of n-octanol to water (p) and stereochemical effects. A direct relationship between uptake and the product of log p and the steric effect coefficient was demonstrated. Thus, maximum uptake was found with penta- and hexachlorobiphenyls, predominant in Arochlor 1254. Comparatively less uptake was found with di-, tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls (Arochlor 1242), which have lower values for log p, and hepta- and octachlorobiphenyls, predominant in Arochlor 1260, which have lower steric effect coefficients.
Marine insects of the genera Halobates and Hermatobates (Heteroptera) from neuston tows around Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Cheng L , Schmitt PD
Published: November 2005

Two species of Halobates and one species of Hermatobates were found in neuston tows taken at seven locations around Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. The open-ocean Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz was much more abundant than the nearshore Halobates princeps White. Hermatobates weddi China was mainly found in one location, Watson's Bay, and was more frequently caught at night than during the day. Neither Halobates species was caught in any of the tows taken at night.
Dimictic thermal regime and morphology of Blue Lake in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales
Authors: Raine JI
Published: November 2005

Temperature measurements of Blue Lake, a glacial cirque lake 28 m deep, were taken in 1971 and 1972 and indicate a dimictic thermal regime. A new bathymetric map, showing moraine features, is presented.
Dispersion patterns of zooplankton in two waste stabilization ponds
Authors: Mitchell BD , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

The dominant zooplankters in waste stabilization ponds at Gumeracha were contagiously distributed on both small and gross scales. Individuals were never randomly distributed on a scale defined by the sampling unit. Overall patchiness of littoral species was more pronounced in the presence of high standing crops of aquatic macrophytes. Other possible causes of contagion in zooplankters are briefly discussed.
Chemical and biological features of Tasmanian salt lakes
Authors: De Deckker P , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

The chemistry and biota of 10 saline lakes in Tasmania were investigated. Sodium and chloride were the dominant ions. The fauna was most similar to that of salt lakes in the Corangamite region of western Victoria.
Circulation in the Gulf of Carpentaria. I. Direct observations of currents in the south-east corner of the Gulf of Carpentaria
Authors: Church JA , Forbes AMG
Published: November 2005

Data from three current-meter moorings in the south-east corner of the Gulf of Carpentaria indicate that barotropic diurnal tidal currents are predominant. The low-passed currents are also barotropic but there is not a good correlation between the currents at the three moorings or with the wind recorded at Mornington Island. This may be due to the existence of topographic gyres in the residual currents, or the winds recorded at Mornington Island not being representative of those at the mooring sites.
Circulation in the Gulf of Carpentaria. II. Residual currents and mean sea level
Authors: Forbes AMG , Church JA
Published: November 2005

Recent observations of satellite-tracked drogued buoys in the Gulf of Carpentaria indicate a slow, clockwise mean circulation, which appears to be a permanent feature in the Gulf. Residual currents, derived from 3-5 months of recent current-meter observations, and from a numerical tidal model of the Gulf, are compared with the motions deduced from the buoys. North-west monsoon winds and density-induced currents enhance the clockwise circulation. However, application of the south-east trade-wind stress at neap tides drives a counterclockwise circulation, and at spring tides, a weak clockwise circulation. The large annual variation of mean sea level in the Gulf is a maximum in the south-east corner (75 cm): 70% of this can be accounted for by the effects of winds, atmospheric pressure, and steric variations, all of which exhibit marked seasonality, are approximately in phase, and are thus additive.
Continental shelf waves and their influence on the circulation around the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Wolanski E , Bennett AF
Published: November 2005

Winds and atmospheric pressure, sea level and water currents were measured at several locations over the continental shelf, both east and west of the Great Barrier Reef, between 14.5�s. and 20�S., from June to November 1980. The dominant wind direction changed from westward over the Coral Sea to north- westward (roughly parallel to the shore) over the shelf. A strong non-tidal low-frequency signal in all sea- level and longshore current data was found, highly coherent from site to site and strongly correlated with the longshore wind component over the shelf, though not with the atmospheric pressure. A model of wind- driven barotropic shelf waves is used to explain a number of observations, such as the invariance of temporal fluctuations of longshore current with distance from shore, and the northward longshore propagation of oceanic disturbances at a speed equal to twice that of the first-mode barotropic free shelf wave, a speed one order of magnitude smaller than that of the wind system. The low-frequency current fluctuations resulted in large water displacements, up and down the coast. Low-frequency cross-shelf currents were much weaker and less coherent. Two upwelling mechanisms are internal tides and internal Kelvin waves coupled to the barotropic shelf waves.
Set-up of Sydney Harbour by waves, wind and atmospheric pressure
Authors: Thomson RORY
Published: November 2005

Nine years of hourly tide-gauge data from inside Sydney Harbour were detided and combined with wave- rider observations from outside, to test the effect of the waves on water level in the Harbour. Weather records were appended, to account for the confounding factors of wind and atmospheric pressure via a multiple regression analysis. The regression of water level on wave variance was found to be 2.88 cm m-2, in satisfactory agreement with the theoretical value of 3/4H, where H is the average depth of the Harbour entrance. Wind set up the Harbour most efficiently (0.48 cm perm s-1) when blowing toward 18� west of north. The regression of water level on atmospheric pressure was 0.74 cm mb-1, definitely less than 1.01 cm mb-1, the value of isostasy.
Nearshore features of the East Australian Current System
Authors: Cresswell GR , Ellyett C , Legeckis R , Pearce AF
Published: November 2005

An airborne infrared scanner was used to map fronts and wakes that occurred at New South Wales headlands and islets. The major front was interpreted as consisting of warm water flowing southward to Point Plomer and then separating from the coast at a 60� angle. Cooler southern water flowed northward to the front and was probably entrained into it. Visual observation from the air showed a colour change and breaking waves at the front. A system of cool northward flowing littoral currents appeared to occur independently of the offshore currents. The relation of the front to the overall East Australian Current system could be interpreted from data obtained by the NOAA-6 satellite and a research vessel at the time.
Annual cycle of the density field in Bass Strait
Authors: Baines PG , Fandry CB
Published: November 2005

A study of the density field in Bass Strait has revealed an annual cycle ranging from well-mixed to vertically stratified conditions. Historical data of σt values have been converted into the potential energy, and monthly averages have been computed to show the seasonal variation of the stratification. Bass Strait is well mixed in winter but has some stratification during the rest of the year, largely controlled by surface heating and tidal stirring. The central part of Bass Strait is strongly stratified in late summer. The simple energy-budget model leading to the 'H/u3 criterion,' where H is the depth and u the tidal speed calculated from a numerical model, has been compared with the data and is successful in describing the onset of stratification in spring but not its break up in autumn. Contours of log 10 H/u3 show maximum values in the same area as those of strongest stratification in the non-winter months.
Observations of a new Baroclinic current along the western continental slope of Bass Strait
Authors: Baines PG , Edwards RJ , Fandry CB
Published: November 2005

Recent observations reveal the existence of a southward flowing baroclinic current over the continental slope
of western Bass Strait. This current appears to be a permanent feature (though of variable strength), and
some drifting-buoy observations suggest that it may extend to the southern tip of Tasmania.
Poleward boundary current off Western Australia
Authors: Thompson RORY , Veronis G
Published: November 2005

The southern Indian Ocean is modelled here as a body of homogeneous water with a shelf and slope region on the eastern side. A 'Leeuwin Current' is found to be the poleward extension of a boundary current generated on the north-west slope of Australia by winter winds. Simple, approximate balances demonstrate that a current forced in one region can propagate in the direction that a Kelvin wave travels but not in the reverse direction. Thus, the Leeuwin Current can be induced by winds acting north of Cape Leeuwin but not by winds in the Great Australian Bight. This study also predicts the existence of a southward current off the western coast of Tasmania.
Cheilostome Bryozoa from the southern australian continental shelf
Authors: Wass RE , Yoo JJ
Published: November 2005

Forty-nine species of cheilostome Bryozoa, identified from bottom samples of the southern Australian
continental shelf, were found in water depths of 65-340 m. Most species came from collections made
by USS Oceanographer and HMAS Gascoyne. All species are described, discussed or figured and none
is considered new to science. The concepts of some genera and species have been modified.
Concentrations and speciation of lead, zinc and cadmium in seawater-like smelter effluent and adjacent marine environments, Port Pirie, South Australia
Authors: Ferguson J
Published: November 2005

High concentrations of particulate and dissolved lead, zinc and cadmium (total dissolved Pb, 750�g l-1; Zn, 4300�g 1-1; Cd, 64 �g l-1; particulate Pb, 236 �g l-1; Zn, 64 �g l-1; Cd, < 1 �g l-1) occur in seawater- like effluent from a lead-zinc smelting complex at Port Pirie. This effluent is discharged through a silled tidal channel into the offshore marine environment, where dilution by seawater eventually reduces the metal concentrations to values similar to those in near-surface seawater in Spencer Gulf, remote from centres of industrial activity (average total dissolved Pb, 0 4 �g 1-1; Zn, < 10 μg l-1; Cd, 0 3 �g l-1; average particulate Pb, <0.05 �g l-1; Zn, 0 21 �g I-1). Precipitation of dissolved metals or conversion of originally weakly complexed dissolved metals to more strongly complexed species does not occur to a significant extent. Particulate metal concentrations are influenced by resuspension of metal-rich sediments and by uptake of dissolved cadmium by unicellular algae that grow in the tidal channel.
Survey of metazoan symbionts of Mytilus edulis (Mollusca : Pelecypoda) in southern Australia
Authors: Pregenzer C
Published: November 2005

A survey of both wild and cultured mussels in southern Australia was conducted to determine what parasites and/or symbionts harmful to mussel farming existed. A pea crab (Pinnotheres hickmani), four species of copepod (Pseudomyicola spinosis, Lichomolgus uncus, Myicola spp.), two larval trematodes (Cercaria praecox, Gymnophallus sp.) and several species of polydorid polychaete (Polydora haswelli, Polydora hoplura, Polydora websteri, Boccardia chilensis, Boccardia polybranchia) were found. There is evidence that P. hickmani prefers, and that Gymnophallus sp. is restricted to, colder water, that P. spinosus prefers warmer water and that polydorids prefer muddy or silty areas and are more abundant closer to the bottom of the waterbody, as is P. spinosus. Cultivated mussels are generally less infected due to their distance from the bottom of the waterbody and length of time in the water.
Short-term changes in metal concentration in the cultivated pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas thunberg, and the implications for food standards
Authors: Thomson JD
Published: November 2005

Two experiments, one of 48 h and one of 100 h duration, were performed with Pacific oysters to ascertain changes in metal concentration after flow-through treatments with seawater, filtered seawater and filtered, diluted seawater. Oysters that were kept in air and had not defaecated were used as controls. To achieve osmotic balance with salinity of 15 × 10-3, the water of lower salinity was taken up by the oysters, thus reducing the wet weight concentrations of the metals. Mean zinc concentration of oysters in the filtered seawater was 1044 mg kg-1 compared with 725 mg kg-1 in filtered diluted seawater in the 48-h experiment and 1122 mg kg-1 and 860 mg kg-1, respectively, in the 100-h experiment. Iron was the only metal that appeared to be lost in faeces and pseudofaeces. Particulates adsorbed in the gills may have increased the variability of the metal concentrations, particularly iron. Copper, however, was taken up by oysters in low-salinity water with particulates removed. It is recommended that food standards for metal concentrations in oysters be given on a dry weight basis because of their inherent lower variability and because of the possibility of 'manipulating' metal concentrations based on wet weight.
Role of the crayfish Cherax destructor clark as food for trout in Lake Eucumbene, New South Wales
Authors: Faragher RA
Published: November 2005

The freshwater crayfish C. destructor was a major dietary item for brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and rainbow trout, S. gairdneri Richardson, in Lake Eucumbene, New South Wales. The incidence of crayfish in the diet increased, particularly in brown trout, over the period 1972-1977. The proportion of the trout's diet comprising C. destructor increased with length of brown trout but not with length of rainbow trout. The size of crayfish ingested was postively correlated with fish length for both species of trout, although rainbow trout tended to ingest smaller crayfish than brown trout of equivalent size. Analysis of the crayfish's diet revealed predominantly plant material. Spawning by the crayfish was apparently confined to the period December-April. The abundance of C. destructor in Lake Eucumbene was apparently low until about 1970 but increased between 1972-1977. A decline in the average size of brown and rainbow trout in the angler catch occurred from 1959-1960 until 1977-1978. Hypotheses are suggested for the increase of the crayfish population since impoundment of the lake (1957). Factors considered include predation by trout and the biology of the crayfish, particularly related to its occurrence in this lake, which has fluctuating water levels and a short season suitable for growth and spawning.
Bopyrid parasite Epipenaeon ingens Nobili as a biological marker for the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis de Man
Authors: Owens L
Published: November 2005

E. ingens was found on about 1% of banana prawns, P. merguiensis, from the south-eastem corner of the Gulf of Carpentaria, but was absent from prawns taken north of the Staaten River. Prawns evidently became infected when they were juveniles in the estuaries, as there was a strong correlation between parasite length and host length and no immature parasites were found on adult prawns. The bopyrid is apparently long-lived and thus makes a convenient biological marker for prawns coming from the south-eastem estuaries. Extensive migrations of adolescent banana prawns appeared unlikely as nursery rivers contributed prawns to adjacent offshore grounds.
Bacterial pathogens of oyster larvae (Crassostrea gigas) in a Tasmanian Hatchery
Authors: Garland CD , Nash GV , Summer CE , McMeekin TA
Published: November 2005

Diseases causing high mortality occurred in a hatchery for rearing juvenile oysters, C. gigas, at Bicheno, Tasmania, during 1980. Outbreaks of the disease characteristically showed three peaks: in 7-10-day- old larvae, in older larvae several days before setting, and in spat 1-2 weeks after setting. Various marine bacteria were cultivated from inactive larvae and other hatchery specimens, and the predominant strains were identified. When given to normal young larvae at doses of 1 × 105-5 × 105 or 1 × 10-5-5 × 107 bacteria (total dose), seven strains (five strains of Vibrio, two strains of Alteromonas) caused fatal infections in most animals. This is the first report of pathogenic marine bacteria in an Australian shellfish hatchery.