bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Elimination of Fungi on Microbial Population and Fiber Degradation in Sheep Rumen
Authors: Gao Ai Wu , Wang Hai Rong , Yang Jin Li , Shi Cai Xia
Published: March 2013

The role of microbes in fiber degradation and the relations among the microbes in sheep rumen were explored by in vivo elimination of fungi. The experiment was conducted on 6 Mongolian sheep with fistulae approximately 1.5 years old (35kg). The sheep were randomly divided into two groups, treatment group (n=3) and control group (n=3). The rumen fluids were collected from the rumen though fistulae. The results showed that the total numbers of bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa in the rumen were significantly increased (P<0.05) after fungus elimination. Among the three main cellulolytic bacteria, the number of R.flavefaciens and F.succinogenes increased significant (P<0.05). Elimination of fungi significantly reduced the degradation of DM, NDF and ADF, and the activity of CMCase in sheep rumen (P<0.05). The number of total rumen bacteria and fungi detected by real-time PCR were about 10 times and 1,000 times higher than that of the traditional anaerobic culture method, suggesting that real-time PCR is superior to the traditional roller tube culture method.
The Experimental Study of Ammonia Removal in Compound Clinoptilolite Biological Aerated Filter (BAF)
Authors: Gao Long Long , Yu Yan Zhen , Li Miao Wan , Zhou Yu Xing , Zhang Hua Dong
Published: March 2013

The experiment use clinoptilolite powder as main materials to prepare the large specific surface and high porosity spherical compound filter material.Experimental results indicate that compound filter material is used as filter medium in biological aerated filter for wastewater treatment，in the early 5 days the average removal rate of NH3-N was 58.5% in biological aerated filter when the average influent NH3-N concentration was 37 mg/L. At the stably running phase, the average removal ratio and concentration of effluent NH3-N reached 83.51% and 5.81mg/L, when the average concentrations of influent NH3-N was 35mg/L which could meet the first order discharging index of Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996).
A Portfolio Approach for the Forest Asset Dynamic Management under Stochastic Timber Price and Growth
Authors: Xiao Jian Wu , Zhai Hong
Published: March 2013

Considering the valuation of forest stands based on revenue from wood sales, concession policy (such as carbon subsidies) and associated costs, the paper focuses on the stochastic control model to study the forest asset dynamic management. The key contribution is to find the optimal dynamic strategy about harvesting quantity in the continual and multiple periods in conditions of stochastic commodity price and timber growth by using portfolio approach. Finally, an analytical optimal strategy is obtained to analyze the quantification relations through which some important conclusions about the optimal forest management can be drawn.
Remote Sensing Monitoring of Soil Erosion in Hunyuan County
Authors: Feng Li Li , Jia Xiu Ming
Published: March 2013

Combining remote sensing techniques with GIS, choosing land using, vegetation coverage and slope as the main affecting factors of soil erosion to monitor and evaluate the soil erosion of Hunyuan County. The research result shows that the soil erosion was seriously, and the soil erosion area that intensity was greater than mild erosion in 2009 is 1635km2, occupies 83.2% totally. The severely erosion area is including Northern area, Southeastern mountains and the area between the alluvial plains and the mountains.
Flood Risk Mapping for Different Landuse Senarios Based on RS and GIS
Authors: Liu Jian Fen , Zhang Xing Nan , Wang Hui Ming
Published: March 2013

Beginning from the study on influencing mechanism of urbanization on flood risk, various influencing indicators of flood risk in urbanized areas are researched, presenting that the change of land use, lagged underground drainage, urban heat island effect, accumulative population, wealth and public infrastructure which make cities——the hazard bearing bodies more vulnerable and flood risk increase as well. Supported by RS and GIS, taking Changzhou as an example, the indicators of urbanization shown by two landuse type maps extracted from TM in 2001 and 2008 on flood risk are analyzed together with DEM and distance to discharge channel, it found that urbanized degree and flood risk are a positive correlation, flood risk in more highly urbanized areas is greater, as a consequence of vulnerability and exposure of urban areas increasing.
Retrieval of Vegetation Canopy Water Content Based on Spectral Index Method
Authors: Zhang Lin Jing , Ma Hong Zhang , Zhu Xiao Bo , Sun Lin
Published: March 2013

Based on the physical models of PROSPECT and SAIL, hyperspectral data of different scenes were simulated. According to the simulated data, we built 7 spectral indexes highly linear correlated to vegetation canopy water content, and analyzed the relationship between spectral indexes and canopy water content. Then we built a multiple linear model of canopy water content with the spectral indexes that are highly correlated with FMC (Fuel Moisture Content). At last, using the model, the vegetation canopy water content from Hyperion was obtained. It shows that the spectral indexes: II, NDWI, Ratio1200, Ratio975, WI1, are highly correlated with canopy water content, and the multiple linear model built with them produces an effective result.
Evaluation and Analysis on Coupling Coordinated Development of Urban Resource, Environment and Economy in Jiangxi Province in China
Authors: He Yi Qing , Pan Xing Xia , Wang Yun , Lei Shi Yu
Published: March 2013

This paper established a comprehensive appraisement index system of resource and environment and urban economy development and analyzed the coupling coordination of resource, environment and economy development of 11 prefecture-level cities in Jiangxi province in China in 2010 by using the principal component weight method and coupling coordination degree model. The results show that there is a big difference between resource and environment of the 11 cities; economy development is unbalanced; the coupling coordination degrees are overall low between resource, environment and economy development. At last, the authors propose some political advices for the coupling coordinated development of resource, environment and economy.
The Study of Resource-Economic-Environment Sustainable Development System Planning and Decision Support in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area
Authors: Lv Mei Jing , Shen Xiao Liu , Liu Fei
Published: March 2013

For the current situation of rapid development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area,we regard the composite resources-economic-environment as the research object and we are going to set up the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional sustainable development decision support system. We analyze the problems of resource-economic-environment of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region faced in the development process ,state the key technologies and research methods of the regional sustainable development system and propose the technology line of establishing indicator system, model research, the decision planning model integrated with GIS and multi-scenario planning.
Analysis of Econometric Relationship between Urbanization and Energy Consumption in China
Authors: Yan Qing You , Dong Xiao Mei , Yao Xin
Published: March 2013

This paper analyzed the econometric relationship between the urbanization and energy consumption from 1990 to 2010 in China with the co-integration theory and the error correction model. The results show that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between urbanization and the total energy consumption, which has an effect of short-term adjustment. Urbanization has different effects on the consumption of coal, natural gas and electricity. Besides, the improvement of the urbanization level can lead to the increase of energy consumption in the short term. However, the energy efficiency can be improved in the long term due to the readjustment of the industrial structure and the promotion of energy-saving technologies. Therefore, the establishment of resource-saving urbanization model will help to reduce energy consumption under the current condition.
Comparative Research on the Impact of Correlation between Clustering Factors on Land Use Zoning: A Case Study of Linxiang, China
Authors: Tian Lin , Liu Yan Zhong , Yi Zhou Xiao , Yan Lan , Gui Zhi Wen , Hu Li
Published: March 2013

To make clear what the impact of correlation between clustering factors to land use zoning is, taking Linxiang prefecture as the object of investigation, this study firstly establish a land use zoning index system, and then get two zoning results with hierarchical cluster analysis. One is achieved with correlation reserved; the other is approached with the correlation eliminated by principal component analysis. Analyze the two clustering results comparatively associated with the objective reality of land use, and we conclude that the correlation between indices has a positive effect on the zoning result and should be reserved.
Spatial Pattern Simulation on Land Use Change in Nanchang Based on CLUE-S Model
Authors: Liu Jun Hong , Gong Jun , Chen Jian Hong
Published: March 2013

The CLUE-S model is a widely used method in the aspect of spatial simulation. CLUE-S model to simulate the land use space pattern of Nanchang in 2005, and compare the simulated results with the land use status figure of Nanchang in 2005 was built on the basis of taking Nanchang as research region, analyzing the land use data of Nanchang in 1995 based on GIS technology, combining natural and social economic factors such as railway, highway, river, settlements, DEM, slope, aspect, etc. and filtering decisive driving factors to the spatial change of Nanchang’s main land use types with SPSS Logistic regression analysis. In the basic unit of 150M*150M grid level, KAPPA index reaches 0.870, the experimental result is ideal. At the same time, predicting the land use pattern of the year 2017 is based on the land use data of Nanchang in 2005. Experimental results indicate that CLUE-S model has good predicting ability to urban spatial structure development, and has reference value to driving mechanism research of the urban layout and analyzing urban development.
Ecology Thinking Based on Old City Renovation
Authors: Ma Ming Chun , Liu De Hao , Wang Ling Xu
Published: March 2013

The old city renewal is an unavoidable topic in the city development. The updated residential planning is the important content. The problem in old city renewal can’t be solved only through the traditional urban planning theory. In this paper, we propose a new idea by means of the principle of environmental awareness from the point of view of sustainability, the urban ecological environment, construction methods and urban development. In light of the existing problems, we put forward the appropriate measures like mixed zoning, open residential networks, public facilities and the city sharing, landscape for the city service and the preservation of historic sites.
Remediation of Cadmium Contamination in Soil by Washing
Authors: Li Yu Shuang , Hu Xiao Jun , Song Xue Ying
Published: March 2013

Soil washing is a possible remediation technique for contaminant extracting from the soil. Thiacalix[4]arenetetrasulfonate has become an alternative to metal extractants due to its high selectivity and high stability. Batch soil-washing experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of pH on extraction efficiency of Cd from soil by the thiacalix[4]arenete-trasulfonate solution. Results showed that more than 82 percent of cadmium was extracted by the thiacalix[4]arenetetra- sulfonate solution from the artificially contaminated soil with the concentration of 562 mg/kg cadmium at the initial pH value of 11. Thiacalix[4]arenetetrasulfonate could be an attractive alternative in washing remediation of soil contaminated by Cd.
The Establishment of Sustainable Development Evaluation Index System of Resource-Based Cities
Authors: Zheng Jian Ying
Published: March 2013

On the one hand, resource-based cities have played a great role to the economic growth of our country. On the other hand, they have also caused great destruction to China's economic development. The sustainable development evaluation of resource-based cities is a new topic, and its theory and method system remain to be discussed. Taking Pingdingshan City , Henan Province as an example, this paper discusses the evaluation method of sustainable development of resource-based cities. Combining the methods of scientific and practical, typical and comparable, dynamic and operable, comprehensive and hierarchical, taking AHP comprehensive evaluation as the foundation, from resource support ability, environment support ability, social support ability, and economic support ability, this evaluation method choose 47 index to evaluate the sustainable development of resource-based cities. The comprehensive evaluation index system of this paper strives to comprehensive reflect the process of sustainable development of resource-based cities, and hopes to provide some reference for policy making for the sustainable development of resource-based cities.
On Function Promotion and Sustainable Development Strategy of Old Industrial Relocation Area
Authors: Li Meng Ling , Liang Liang
Published: March 2013

With the acceleration of the development progress of industrialization and urbanization, a batch of old industrial relocation areas are playing the irreplaceable role in improving city functions, developing regional economics and integrating & configuring resources after their reconstruction. This paper discusses the function promotion methods of old industrial relocation area and the specific responding strategy of old industrial relocation area’s sustainable development from the angle of service industry development by taking Tiexi District, Shenyang as an example.
Empirical Research on the Impact to City Climate Caused by Urbanization – A Case of Jinan City
Authors: Wang Cheng Xin , Liu Li Yuan
Published: March 2013

Over the past 10 years, the rapid urbanization in China has brought profound impact on China economy and society, and had certain influence on urban micro-climate. Taking Jinan city as an example, based on the model about the relation between the urban development and urban climate change, the trend of Jinan temperature and precipitation are analyzed, the relative impact between the urban climate and the urban development is studied. The results show that there are noticeable Heat Island Effect and Rain Island Effect in Jinan, the impact on the urban climate change caused by the urban development could not precisely match the Kuznets Curve in Jinan.
China’s Global Strategy of Mineral Resources under the Background of the Financial Crisis
Authors: Xu Feng , Dong Yuan Xing
Published: March 2013

Due to the fundamental position and important roles playing in economic security, the resource issue draw much attention to every country in the world. Implementing a global strategy of mineral resources has been an inevitable choice for China’s sustainable development of economy and society. The paper discusses the situation of mineral resources between world and China, analyses global strategy of mineral resources of developed countries and provides advices on China’s global strategy of mineral resources.
Mechanism of Overpressure Formation in Deeply Burial Sandstone
Authors: Hu Hai Yan
Published: March 2013

Overpressure is often encountered in the Jurassic tight and the overpressure is closely associated with gas generation. The pressure transfer from the over-pressurized mudstones to adjacent tight sandstones might occur through overpressure induced-fractures. The fine-grained coal containing Jurassic sandstone is sensitive to compaction, and the porosity decreases dramatically with the increase of overlying load. As gas migrates into the tight sandstones, it must overcome the capillary pressure which is greater than the hydrostatic pressure. The gas charging pressure in the tight sandstone must be higher than the capillary pressure, resulting in an overpressure buildup within the tight sandstones. Gas shows, low permeability and strong diagenesis in the overpressure of the tight sandstone system have been observed. Additionally, capillary seals are identified as playing an important role in the mechanism of the overpressure formation in tight sandstone reservoirs. Overpressure might be a driving force to create induced fractures in the interval, which has applications for crossing-formation migration and gas accumulation.
The Basement Features Research of Junggar Basin, China: A Review
Authors: Zhou Xiao Hu , Xu Shi Chao
Published: March 2013

There are different understanding of long-standing and significant differences about the characteristic and age of the basement of Junggar Basin. And the existence of Precambrian crystalline basement and the nature of Paleozoic folded basement of the Junggar basin are under question. The research aims including the basin peripheral orogenic clastic zircon dating and the drilling samples. Those research playing a key role in rebuilding the tectonic framework, reconstructing the geological evolution of northern Xinjiang region; and provides the basis for geological research in the area of objective information, provides an important basis in the evolution of continental geology and dynamics; also available as a scientific theory and support to resource development, it is of great value in the exploration and evaluation of resources within the basin.
Study of Scale-Down Method to Maintain Reservoir Heterogeneity
Authors: Yu Sheng Yun , Su Dong , Xu Hai Ying
Published: March 2013

Because of the limited hardware technical level, we seldom use the three-dimensional geological model with a huge amount of data directly for numerical simulation, we must reduce the amount of data.In this paper we use a part of some oilfield as an example, we scale down the parameter of permeability by the harmonic mean method and we use the grid backfilling technology for parts which have interbeds or strong heterogeneity. We evaluate scale-down model by contrast of model maps, colour graphs of frequency distribution, heterogeneous parameters, errors compare, correlation coefficients compare and calculation time-consuming. The scale-down geological model has less grids and maintains reservoir heterogeneity.
Study on the Forming Conditions of Shale Gas in Coal Measure of Wuli Area, Qinghai Province, China
Authors: Cao Dai Yong , Li Jing , Wei Ying Chun , Zhang Xiao Yu , Wang Chong Jing
Published: March 2013

Besides coal seam, the source rocks including dark mudstone, carbon mudstone and so on account for a large proportion in the coal measures. Based on the complex geothermal evolution history, the majority of coal measure organic matters with the peak of gas generation have a good potential of gas. Therefore, shale gas in coal measure is an important part of the shale gas resources. There are good conditions including the thickness of coal measures, high proportion of shale rocks, rich in organic matter content, high degree of thermal evolution, high content of brittle mineral and good conditions of the porosity and permeability for the generation of shale gas in Wuli area, the south of Qinghai province. Also the direct evidence of the gas production has been obtained from the borehole. The evaluation of shale gas in coal measure resources could broaden the understanding of the shale gas resources and promote the comprehensive development of the coal resources.
Discussion along Source Onlap Sequence Stratigraphy Model from Putaohua Oil Layer of Songfang Oilfield in the Northern Songliao Basin
Authors: Yuan Hong Qi , Gai Si Ming , Yu Ying Hua
Published: March 2013

The stratigraphy developmental model for Putaohua oil layer of Songfang oilfield in the northern Songliao basin are studied by using the data of core, well log, mud log and regional geology. The possible developmental models for target oil layer are each layer onlap thinning, each layer gradually thinning, truncated thinning and early foreset later structural uplift. And Putaohua oil layer is proved to be the each layer onlap thinning model with along source onlap features.
Study on Uranium Occurrences of Sandstone-Type Uranium Deposit in Bayanwula Area, Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia
Authors: Yan Zhao Bin , Nie Feng Jun , Hu Jun Jun , Kang Shi Hu
Published: March 2013

It is a breakthrough exploratory area about sandstone-type uranium deposit of Bayanwula area in Erlian basin, Inner Mongolia, a detailed study of the form of occurrences . Ore-bearing horizon is the down cretaceous Saihan formation in Bayanwula area. Study on uranium occurrences which is significance for Uranium mining smelting.The host rocks are gray silt - fine sandstone, gray medium - fine sandstone, yellow medium - fine sandstone . The EPMA(electron probe microanalysis) results show that the uranium minerals are mainly pitchblende, coffinite, uranyl-carbonate, uranothorite, isomorphous uranium and uranium bearing phosphate. among which, the uranothorite and isomorphous uranium are of no industrial significance, uranium mineralization closely occurs with pyrite, ilmenite, quartz, feldspar, rare earth and organic matter.
The Application of Hydraulic Fracturing Stress Measurement in Hydroelectric Projects of China
Authors: Jing Feng , Xiao Guo Qiang , Yin Jian Min
Published: March 2013

Compared to the other methods of stress measurement, classical hydraulic fracturing (HF) technique is a relatively convenient and economic method to determine stress and interpret the test results. However the HF method can only obtain the local dimensional (2D) stress of the plane perpendicular to the axis of test holes. In this paper, two HF measurement campaigns applied in two hydroelectric projects in China have been presented to describe how to obtain the three dimensional (3D) stress from three different direction shallow boreholes in the same section by HF, and how to carry out the back analysis of a large scale area stress field based on the test results.
Research and Application on Fracturing Fluid Loss Model for Glutenite Formation
Authors: Li Yong Ming , Luo Pan , Zhao Jin Zhou , Li Ya Zhou
Published: March 2013

Gravels and natural fractures in glutenite formation have significant impacts on fluid loss when hydraulic fracturing is conducted. Matrix permeability and porosity were computed through Kozeny-Carman equation when gravels contents and size are known. Then a pebbly dual permeability dual porosity model was used to quantitatively evaluate the fracturing fluids loss in glutenite formation. Filtration rate curves could be plotted from the pressure distribution function which was obtained through orthogonal transformation method. Different gravels contents and multi-size-gravels were taken into accounts in this paper. The results show that both filtration rates in matrix and natural fractures decrease with increasing gravels content in matrix; and the filtration rate in matrix decrease much more. Impacts of gravel content are more significant than impacts of gravel size. Natural fractures have much more significant impacts than gravels.
A Study on the Outburst Threshold Value of Gas Content in Coal
Authors: Xue Sheng , Yuan Liang , Xie Jun , Wang Yu Cang
Published: March 2013

An outburst of coal and gas is a major hazard in underground coal mining. It occurs when certain conditions of coal stress, strength and gassiness are met. Based mainly on field observations related to the conditions, a number of indices are used in prediction of the outburst. Some of the indices are considered to be inadequate, inappropriate or impractical in some coal seam conditions. Significant progresses have been made in development of the technologies over the last few years. One of the major achievements is an analytical method in determination of an outburst threshold value of the gas content in a coal seam. The method combines field measurements and numerical modelling. The method is illustrated in this paper in a case study for determination of the outburst threshold value of gas content for a coal seam.
The Coal Mining Methods Selection of Large Mine Based on Grey Relevance Analysis
Authors: Liu Cun Yu , Wen Xing Xing , He Jian Zhi , Zeng Wei Gang
Published: March 2013

In order to select the reasonable coal mining method of large mine, analysing the main factors of affecting the mining method and establishing the evaluation index system of coal mining methods selection to large mine, then using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to calculate the weight of each index. The grey correlation evaluation model of mining method was established for large mine by using grey relevance analysis of the grey theory, this model can calculate grey relevance coefficient and grey relevance degree between the evaluation system indexes by determining the reference sequence and comparative sequence of the evaluation object, and according to the size of the grey relevance degree to determine the reasonable coal mining methods. The evaluating case analysis shows this model is practical to select the reasonable coal mining method of large mine, and it is a scientific decision-making method.
Study on Surface Movement and Deformation by Mining in Loess Gully Region
Authors: Zhao Bing Chao , Yu Xue Yi , Wang Jin Dong
Published: March 2013

Aims at the problem on surface subsidence calamity in loess gully region , applies on the best result of surface subsidence disaster by mining, basis on analysis prediction model of level surface and character of surface movement and deformation in gully region, and combines the character of landslide and slip accompanies hilly surface movement and deformation by mining, and establishes theory model of surface movement and deformation and determine model of the landslide may occur, it is further verified correctness and rationality by project, and It has some significance on hilly surface movement and deformation and protect the object of risk assessment.
Grey-Risk Estimation of the Water Inrush from No.9 Coal Floor in Guoerzhuang Mine
Authors: Xiao Lin , Tang Shu Heng , Zhao Cun Liang , Yuan Tong Xing , Yang Wen
Published: March 2013

This paper discussed the probability and variability risk of water inrush from No.9 coal seam floor during mining under high pressure. The grey-risk model is used to calculate and evaluate the risk base on the statistical data about water levels of existing bursting points, maximum water yield and specific capacity discharge. It is concluded that the risk is very great to mine the lower group coal seam under the high pressure in Guoerzhuang mine.The author proposes that the measures, including mining by areas and mining-detecting, should be taken in advance to reduce emergency.
Research on the Selective Flocculant of Soluble Starch and Acrylamide Graft Copolymer for Fine Hematite Particle
Authors: Zhang Jin Xia , Niu Fu Sheng , Wang Bin , Li Huai Xiang
Published: March 2013

This paper, a comprehensive analysis of selective flocculation am fine hematite selected based on the combination of soluble starch and the characteristics of acrylamide was prepared soluble starch - grafting of acrylamide polymer flocculant. We can see through selective testing, the preparation of starch - acrylamide graft polymer of pure quartz and pure hematite were produced on the surface adsorption, through the measured absorbance and then converted to the concentration of ways we can see remnants of the graft material in the quartz very small amount of surface adsorption, while in hematite adsorption volumes. By hematite flocculation test we can see, with flocculants prepared by flocculation, its ability to better than selective flocculation modified maize starch and polyacrylamide.
Reviews on the Comprehensive Utilization of Metallurgical Dust from Iron and Steel Plant
Authors: Zhang Jin Xia , Liu Shu Xian , Niu Fu Sheng , Xu Zhi Shuai
Published: March 2013

The paper analyzed the basic physical and chemical features of metallurgical dust.This mud contains lots of useful elements including Fe,Zn and C etc.Combining with Borne dressing methods of gravity separation, magnetic separation or leaching and some molding technology, the metallurgical dust can be rationally utilized so that the comprehensive utilization of secondary resources can not only be realized, but environment be protected. Then good economic and social benefits were created.
Effect of High-Efficiency Flux on the Melting Characteristics of Coal Ash
Authors: Li Han Xu , Zhang Zi Li , Tang Yong Xin
Published: March 2013

High-efficiency flux was developed to lower the ash fusion temperature of coal LQ and reduce the addition content in coal gasification process. The effect of high-efficiency flux on the coal ash melting temperature and mineral transformation were studied by ash fusion temperature detector and XRD (X-ray diffractometer) respectively in reducing atmosphere. Compared with limestone flux, the high-efficiency flux can decrease the coal ash melting temperature effectively with half addition content. The ash flow temperature (FT) of coal LQ can be lowered to less than 1350°C with the addition of 3% high-efficiency flux ,while limestone flux need to add more than 8% to reach to this temperature. With the high-efficiency flux added, cordierite, anorthite and Mg-Fe-Al oxide were formed at high temperature, which is the main reason to sharply decrease the ash fusion temperature.
Wireline Log Interpretation Method of Remaining Oil Saturation in Polymer Flooding Reservoir
Authors: Yu Ying Hua , Zhang Qing Guo , Zhong Xiang Li
Published: March 2013

Interpreting the remaining oil saturation in polymer flooding reservoir is very important for the oil exploration and development. Based on the original physical model of Archie formula, a kind of remaining oil saturation interpretation method for the polymer flooding reservoir is proposed, on the analysis of the variation rules of Archie parameters caused by the polymer influences in the reservoir microscopic pore structure, conductivity and wettability in this article. Theoretical analysis and actual applications show that Archie formula is still applied to calculate the remaining oil saturation for polymer flooding reservoir. This formula form is simple, easy to calculate the parameters, the interpretation accuracy can satisfy the practical development needs, and can be widely used for polymer flooding reservoir.
Bayes Inference for Drilling Mud Pump Piston Life
Authors: Su Zi Mei , Sun Yong Quan , Yuan Hui Juan , Guo Jian Ying
Published: March 2013

Bayes confidence limit for domestic drilling mud pump piston life was given. Maximum likelihood estimation of mud pump piston life was discussed under Weibull life distribution. For further, failure mechanism of the same batch mud pump piston was studied, the shape parameter of Weibull distribution was considered to be constant. Bayes point estimation and confidence limit of distribution parameters and mud pump piston life were given, according to field life data collected from Daqing oil field, under non-information priori and conjugate prior information for scale parameter. Example shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Prediction of the Interaction between Crude Oil Wax-Crystal Fractions and Acrylate Polymers by Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Chen Zhao Jun , Zhang Hong Yu , Yang Chao He , Shan Hong Hong
Published: March 2013

The interaction between n-alkanes and pour point depressants with different structures was investigated. Using n-hexadecane as the representative component of crude oil n-alkanes, molecular simulation was employed to study the interaction between polyacrylate pour point depressants with different side chain length and n-hexadecane, and the interaction between polyacrylate pour point depressants with different polar building blocks and n-hexadecane. It was shown that during wax precipitation process, the mixed energy is low when the side chain length of acrylate is compatible with n-hexadecane. It is easier for polyacrylate to go into wax-crystal lattice, thus lowering crude oil pour point. The simulation for pour point depressants consisting of acrylate and other different polar building blocks demonstrated that the stronger the polarity of polar building block, the lower the interaction energy between polymer pour point depressant and n-hexadecane. At the same time, it is easier for polymers with polar building blocks to interact with n-alkanes. The polar building block can effectively inhibit wax-crystal growth and thus improve crude oil low-temperature fluidity.
Evaluation Research on the Hydrogeology Conditions of Coal Bed Methane Row Production
Authors: Li Sheng , Fu Xue Hai , Ge Yan Yan
Published: March 2013

This paper confirms that the mining of the coal bed methane (CBM) are most significantly influenced by the hydrogeology parameters of the reservoir itself, the hydrogeology parameters, the supply properties and the geological structure of the roof and floor and other neighboring water-bearing rocks hydraulically associated with the coal bed as well as the difficulty degree of CBM mining; a evaluation indicator system structure of the hydrogeology conditions are established based on the foresaid conclusions and the CBM mining hydrogeology conditions are divided into “beneficial, moderate and adverse” grades; this paper finally divides the threshold to grade the hydrogeology condition evaluation indicators and a complete CBM mining hydrogeology conditions evaluation indicator system is founded to evaluate the hydrogeology conditions.
The Experiments of Coalbed Methane Penetration Law in Zhaogu Mine
Authors: Li Bo , Wei Jian Ping , Wang Kai , Yan Gui Yun
Published: March 2013

Set the raw coal samples of zhaogu mine in Jiaozuo as the object of study, with a self-developed equipment for thermo-fluid-solid-stress coupling of coal containing methane, analyse the relationship between permeability of raw coal samples and the change of effective stress, resultant stress strain process of raw coal samples. Experimental results show that The permeability of coal samples have stress sensitivity, permeability represents nonlinear decreasing relationship with effective stress increasing, Possess the law of negative exponent,This is consistent with the results of previous studies. During the full stress-strain process, strain increases with the stress increasing, penetration rate changed with the strain of the coal sample Increase after reducing ,on compaction stage stage and elastic deformation stage, transfusion decreased with stress increased , on yield deformation stage, permeability of coal samples reached minimum and began to overtake, on brittle break stage and residual strength stage, permeability increased by a large margin, mainly due to the coal macroscopic fissures.
A Theoretical Optimization Method Applied in Oilfield Developed with Horizontal Patterns
Authors: Lian Li Ming , Qin Ji Shun , Jiang Han Qiao , Xia Yu
Published: March 2013

Most current optimization methods could not take engineering and economical factors into account at the same time. A theoretical optimization method, which could obtain a simultaneous optimization of engineering and economy, has been proposed on horizontal injection-production patterns with net present value (NPV) and cumulative production as its target organisms. The theory of wave frontal movement has been utilized to limit the pattern scope and the pressure drawdown has its constraint from 0 to three quarters of the formation fracture pressure. The method is finally tried out in a certain field in Oman, and the optimized results are as below: for the face to face pattern and crisscross pattern, well spacing densities are 15/sq. mi. and 29/sq. mi., while the length of the wellbores are 3 300 feet and 2 600 feet. The results are pretty closed to the real data in situ and the simulation by reservoir numerical simulator.
The Control of Structure on Coalbed Methane (CBM) Enrichment in Zhengzhuang Block of Qinshui Basin, China
Authors: Zhang Hong Wei , Liu Da Meng , Yao Yan Bin , Xie Song Bin , Liu Jun Gang , Li Zi Nan
Published: March 2013

This paper discusses the structural characteristics and tectonic evolution, as well as the accumulation history and preservation conditions of coalbed methane (CBM) in Zhengzhuang block located in southeastern Qinshui basin. Deformed by the Hercynian, Indo-China, Yanshan and Himalayan four tectonic movements, the study area emerges the structure pattern that folds developed in northwest of the block, while faults in the southeast. The area near the syncline axis is the favorable region of CBM accumulation with good sealing condition. The Sitou fault has an effect on the diffusion of CBM. The geological controls of gas accumulation were concluded by a conceptual model, which provides a basis for further exploration and development.
Study on the Interprovincial Emission Factor of Chinese Coal Mine Methane
Authors: Wang Ning , Zhu Tao , Chen Sha , Luo Da Wei
Published: March 2013

From the basic conditions of Chinese Coal Mine Methane (CMM) emission, the thesis studies the CMM discharge coefficient of different types of mines in china after establishing the “the output - emission regression function model” by the means of raw coal production. Besides, according to CMM’ distribution in different provinces’ (areas) of China, interprovincial emission factors will be calculated, laying foundation for the calculation of the CMM’s emission and reduction.
Study of the Structural Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) Particles from Distillers Grains (DG) by XRD, FTIR and SEM
Authors: Zhang Fei , Ren Hai Wei , Li Jin Ping
Published: March 2013

In this study, we proposed the use of distillers grains (DG) as a source for production of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) due to its high content of cellulose. The main objective of this work was to extract the distillers grains microcrystalline cellulose (DMCC) particles and investigate the structure characteristic by SEM, XRD and FTIR. The images of SEM for DG and DMCC particles show clear differences with modifications of DG fiber structure. The acid hydrolysis changed the crystallinity index and crystallite sizes of the DMCC particles compared to their source materials. In addition, we observe a change in the crystalline structure from X-ray diffractograms. The intensity of each peak changed obviously, demonstrating structure transformation induced by acid hydrolysis took place during the preparation of DMCC.
Study on Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Mold/Bentonite Composite Adsorbent in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Liu Gui Ping , Zhu Xing , Liu Yong Ci , Zhao Qi Rui
Published: March 2013

This study intends to explore the application of treating Methylene Blue dyeing wastewater with an inexpensive adsorbent compounded with . It studied the adsorption kinetics and adsorption thermodynamics of MB-Mold/Bentonite system. And single factor investigation were also conducted, including dosage, initial concentration, pH, stirring time and standing time. The results showed that the Methylene Blue system fitted second-order kinetics with 62.11mg/g saturated adsorption capacity. While the adsorption isotherms fitted Freundlich equation well(monolayer adsorption), with 61.49mg/g adsorption capacity. And the removal was above 99%, when the dosage of composite absorbent was 8g/L, pH was nature (5.6), stirring time was 15min and standing time was 1h .
Effect of Composted Sewage Sludge on Metals Leaching Behavior in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash
Authors: Zhang Hai Xia , Shimaoka Takayuki
Published: March 2013

In order to study the effect of organic matter on the heavy metals leachability from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash. In the project, the composted sewage sludge (CS) rich in organic matter was mixed with MSWI bottom ash in a certain proportion. e exudation test, determination of the leaching liquid pH, dissolved organic carbon and humus concentration, and the concentration of heavy metals. And the combination of CS and BA in organic compounds and metal content, calculate metal leaching rate. According to the experimental results, analysis of dissolved organic matter and humic acid concentrations and Cu and Cr leaching concentration, showed that when CS mixture ratio of 20%, organic matter and humic substances concentration and Cu and Cr leaching concentrations are highly linear correlation.
Preparation of an Humidity Control Paper Board by Simple Physical Blending and its Properties
Authors: Cao Li Fen , He Jun , Zhang Shuo , Zhou Yang , Zhao Feng , Hu Zhi Wen , Peng Zhi Qin
Published: March 2013

Humidity control paper board comprising natural polymer derivatives, porous natural minerals, inorganic salts, natural moisturizing material and paper was prepared by simple physical blending and its humidity control properties were tested. The moisture adsorption and desorption rate are 0.82 g/7h.g-1 and 0.71 g/7h.g-1, respectively. The adsorbed moisture amount is 0.85 g/g. It can maintain the relative humidity (RH) range between 50% and 60% within 20 min at 25 °C. Above all, the prepared paper board shows pronounced humidity control properties and the preparation technology is simple, which is feasible for production in large scale.
The Structure and Performance of Sludge Activated Carbon with ZnCl2 as Activator
Authors: Jiang Wei , Zhang Lin Huan , Gong Zhen Long , Yan Bo , Jiang An Xi
Published: March 2013

In this paper we used the excess sludge of municipal sewage treatment plant as raw material, ZnCl2 as activator, and adopted the traditional activated carbon production process to prepare sludge activated carbon adsorbent. Then characterized the structure and determined the performance of sludge activated carbon adsorbent prepared at the activation temperature of 600°C, in a period of 90min, N2 as protecting gas, in a ratio of dry sludge and activator of 5:2. The results show that sludge activated carbon adsorbent with ZnCl2 as activator has the adsorption performance through the evidence of BET, SEM and XRD. The maximal iodine value of the adsorbent is more than 380 mg/g, and it has good adsorption performance for H2S. And there is good correlation between the structure and the performance of sludge activated carbon adsorbent.
Effect of Sposknikovan on Spleen Lymphocytes in Traumatized Mice
Authors: Liu Hua , Li Hua Guang , Sun Jie , Liu Su
Published: March 2013

AIM: To observe the effect of Sposknikovan on spleen in traumatized mice.METHODS: A total of 60 Kunming mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal group, model group and treatment group. Sposknikovan were administered once by intragastric administration (i.g.), lasting seven days. We stripped each group of mice, weighed spleen and calculated spleen index after an hour when the last administration, then stained by propidium iodide dye. We used FACSAria flow cytometry and ModFit software for cell cycle analysis of spleen cell proliferation index and the proportion of the spleen lymphocyte subsets.RESULTS: A total of 60 Kunming mice were analyzed. ① compared with control group, spleen index of model group decreased significantly, while treatment groups were higher than control and model group. ②Proliferation index of spleen cells in model group was lower than control group; treatment group could increase the proliferation index of mouse spleen cells. ③Compared with control group, the ratio of CD3+ CD4+ /CD3+CD8+ was decreased in model group. The ratio of CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ in treatment group was increased compared with control and model group. CONCLUSION: Sposknikovan retrieved the ratio of CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ and enhanced immune function of spleen in traumatized mice by promoting proliferation of lymphocytes in traumatized mice.
Study of Polymeric Materials Burning
Authors: Turekova Ivana , Turňová Zuzana , Vekony Peter , Pastier Martin
Published: March 2013

The article deals with determination of spontaneous ignition temperature and flash ignition temperature of polymeric materials and monitoring of mass loss rate during their degradation. An experiment was conducted in accordance with standard STN ISO 871: 2010 Plastics. Determination of ignition temperature using a hot-air furnace.
Determination of Phthalate Esters in Wastewater by Single-Drop Microextraction Coupled to Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Sun Jian Qi
Published: March 2013

Single-drop microextraction (SDME) coupled to capillary gas chromatography (GC) was established for the determination of four phthalate esters in wastewater, including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). The SDME parameters such as extractants, extracting time，stirring rate and immerging depth of needle point were studyed and optimized. The abovementioned phthalate esters were quantified by external standardization method using GC coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID). The linear regression calibration curves, detection limits (S/N=3) and the linear ranges of the method for determining each phthalate were determined, respectively. The concentrations of components abovementioned in a real wastewater sample, the average of the recoveries obtained in the spiked wastewater samples and the corresponding relative standard deviations were determined, respectively. The results showed the proposed method several attributes, friendly enviroment, economic and highly efficient pretreatment, less time, simplicity, sensitivity, accuracy and wide linear range and so on.
Determination of Volatile Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Wastewater by Single-Drop Microextraction Coupled to Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Sun Jian Qi
Published: March 2013

Single-drop microextraction (SDME) coupled to capillary gas chromatography (GC) was established for the determination of seven volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in wastewater, including chloroform (CF), carbon tetrachloride (CT), trichloroethylene (TCE), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), perchlorethylene (PCE), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (BF). The SDME parameters such as extractants, extracting time，stirring rate and immerging depth of needle point were studyed and optimized. The abovementioned halogenated hydrocarbons were quantified by external standardization method using GC coupled with a flame ionization detector (FID). The linear regression calibration curves, detection limits (S/N=3) and the linear ranges of the method for determining each halogenated hydrocarbons were determined, respectively. The concentrations of componds abovementioned in a real wastewater sample, the average of the recoveries obtained in the spiked wastewater samples and the corresponding relative standard deviations were determined, respectively. The results showed the proposed method several attributes, friendly enviroment, economic and highly efficient pretreatment, less time, simplicity, sensitivity, accuracy and wide linear range and so on.
Occurrence of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Aquatic Systems from Asia
Authors: Xu Xiao Lu , Xu Hui Ying , Zhang De Yong , Shen Xiu Ying , Tong Guo Zhang , Lu Yin , Wang Wei
Published: March 2013

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are man-made fluorinated hydrocarbons, which are very persistent in the environment. Being the most important PFC, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have received much attention. According to the large production volume and wide usage in industrial and commercial products in the past, PFOS and PFOA can be detected in various environmental media and matrix, even in human tissues. This paper attempts to review the current status of PFOS and PFOA contaminations in Asia, focusing on a variety of water systems, including surface waters, drinking water, coastal water and sea water. The current information suggests that PFOS and PFOA were replacement compounds identified, although PFC species detected were not completely the same in different water systems. The information also suggests that drinking water might be an important source of exposure to PFOS and PFOA, and continued human exposure to even relatively low concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in drinking water may result in elevated body burdens that may increase the risk of health effects.