bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extravascular lung water levels are associated with mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gavelli Francesco , Shi Rui , Teboul Jean-Louis , Azzolina Danila , Mercado Pablo , Jozwiak Mathieu , Chew Michelle S. , Huber Wolfgang , Kirov Mikhail Y. , Kuzkov Vsevolod V. , Lahmer Tobias , Malbrain Manu L. N. G. , Mallat Jihad , Sakka Samir G. , Tagami Takashi , Pham Tài , Monnet Xavier
Published: July 2022

Background

The prognostic value of extravascular lung water (EVLW) measured by transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD) in critically ill patients is debated. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the effects of TPTD-estimated EVLW on mortality in critically ill patients.

Methods

Cohort studies published in English from Embase, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 1960 to 1 June 2021 were systematically searched. From eligible studies, the values of the odds ratio (OR) of EVLW as a risk factor for mortality, and the value of EVLW in survivors and non-survivors were extracted. Pooled OR were calculated from available studies. Mean differences and standard deviation of the EVLW between survivors and non-survivors were calculated. A random effects model was computed on the weighted mean differences across the two groups to estimate the pooled size effect. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the possible sources of heterogeneity.

Results

Of the 18 studies included (1296 patients), OR could be extracted from 11 studies including 905 patients (464 survivors vs. 441 non-survivors), and 17 studies reported EVLW values of survivors and non-survivors, including 1246 patients (680 survivors vs. 566 non-survivors). The pooled OR of EVLW for mortality from eleven studies was 1.69 (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.22; 2.34], p < 0.0015). EVLW was significantly lower in survivors than non-survivors, with a mean difference of −4.97 mL/kg (95% CI [−6.54; −3.41], p < 0.001). The results regarding OR and mean differences were consistent in subgroup analyses.

Conclusions

The value of EVLW measured by TPTD is associated with mortality in critically ill patients and is significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors. This finding may also be interpreted as an indirect confirmation of the reliability of TPTD for estimating EVLW at the bedside. Nevertheless, our results should be considered cautiously due to the high risk of bias of many studies included in the meta-analysis and the low rating of certainty of evidence.

Trial registration the study protocol was prospectively registered on PROSPERO: CRD42019126985.
Circadian rhythm promotes the biomass and amylose hyperaccumulation by mixotrophic cultivation of marine microalga Platymonas helgolandica
Authors: Shi Qianwen , Chen Cheng , He Tingwei , Fan Jianhua
Published: July 2022

Background

Microalgal starch can be exploited for bioenergy, food, and bioplastics. Production of starch by green algae has been concerned for many years. Currently commonly used methods such as nutrient stress will affect cell growth, thereby inhibiting the production efficiency and quality of starch production. Simpler and more efficient control strategies need to be developed.

Result

We proposed a novel regulation method to promote the growth and starch accumulation by a newly isolated Chlorophyta Platymonas helgolandica. By adding exogenous glucose and controlling the appropriate circadian light and dark time, the highest dry weight accumulation 6.53 g L−1 (Light:Dark = 12:12) can be achieved, and the highest starch concentration could reach 3.88 g L−1 (Light:Dark = 6:18). The highest production rate was 0.40 g L−1 d−1 after 9 days of production. And this method helps to improve the ability to produce amylose, with the highest accumulation of 39.79% DW amylose. We also discussed the possible mechanism of this phenomenon through revealing changes in the mRNA levels of key genes.

Conclusion

This study provides a new idea to regulate the production of amylose by green algae. For the first time, it is proposed to combine organic carbon source addition and circadian rhythm regulation to increase the starch production from marine green alga. A new starch-producing microalga has been isolated that can efficiently utilize organic matter and grow with or without photosynthesis.
Diversity in EWAS: current state, challenges, and solutions
Authors: Breeze Charles E. , Wong Jason Y. Y. , Beck Stephan , Berndt Sonja I. , Franceschini Nora
Published: July 2022

Here, we report a lack of diversity in epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) and DNA methylation (DNAm) data, discuss current challenges, and propose solutions for EWAS and DNAm research in diverse populations. The strategies we propose include fostering community involvement, new data generation, and cost-effective approaches such as locus-specific analysis and ancestry variable region analysis.
Cerebral vein thrombosis in a woman using oral contraceptive pills for a short period of time: a case report
Authors: Moeindarbari Somayeh , Beheshtian Nazanin , Hashemi Shima
Published: July 2022

Background

Cerebral vein thrombosis is increasing in young adults. Although oral contraceptive pills increase the risk of cerebral vein thrombosis, relatively high brain venous involvement is rare when oral contraceptive pills are consumed for a short duration.

Case presentation

A 31-year-old Asian woman was referred to Imam Reza Hospital with a headache complaint on 11 November 2020. The woman, who had a headache for the previous 11 days, went to the hospital. Owing to endometriosis involvement, she consumed Diane tablets. According to the imaging findings, three vein involvements were diagnosed. Anticoagulant therapy was started, and the symptoms disappeared.

Conclusions

All cerebral vein thrombosis symptoms are variable, but new presentation of headache could be an early symptom of cerebral vein thrombosis.
Neuropathy-associated Fars2 deficiency affects neuronal development and potentiates neuronal apoptosis by impairing mitochondrial function
Authors: Chen Xihui , Liu Fangfang , Li Bowen , Wang Yufeng , Yuan Lijuan , Yin Anan , Chen Qi , Hu Weihong , Yao Yan , Zhang Mengjie , Wu YuanMing , Chen Kun
Published: July 2022

Background

Neurodegenerative diseases encompass an extensive and heterogeneous group of nervous system disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration and death of neurons. Many lines of evidence suggest the participation of mitochondria dysfunction in these diseases. Mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, encoded by FARS2, catalyzes the transfer of phenylalanine to its cognate tRNA for protein synthesis. As a member of mt-aaRSs genes, FARS2 missense homozygous mutation c.424G > T (p.D142Y) found in a Chinese consanguineous family first built the relationship between pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and FARS2 gene. More FARS2 variations were subsequently found to cause heterogeneous group of neurologic disorders presenting three main phenotypic manifestations: infantile-onset epileptic mitochondrial encephalopathy, later-onset spastic paraplegia and juvenile onset refractory epilepsy. Studies showed that aminoacylation activity is frequently disrupt in cases with FARS2 mutations, indicating a loss-of-function mechanism. However, the underlying pathogenesis of neuropathy-associated Fars2 deficiency is still largely unknown.

Results

Early gestation lethality of global Fars2 knockout mice was observed prior to neurogenesis. The conditional Fars2 knockout-mouse model delayed lethality to late-gestation, resulting in a thinner cortex and an enlarged ventricle which is consist with the MRI results revealing cortical atrophy and reduced cerebral white matter volume in FARS2-deficient patients. Delayed development of neurite outgrowth followed by neuronal apoptosis was confirmed in Fars2-knockdown mouse primary cultured neurons. Zebrafish, in which fars2 was knocked down, exhibited aberrant motor neuron function including reduced locomotor capacity which well restored the spastic paraplegia phenotype of FARS2-deficient patients. Altered mitochondrial protein synthesis and reduced levels of oxidative phosphorylation complexes were detected in Fars2-deficient samples. And thus, reduced ATP, total NAD levels and mitochondrial membrane potential, together with increased ROS production, revealed mitochondrial dysfunction both in vitro and in vivo. Dctn3 is a potential downstream molecule in responds to Fars2 deficient in neurons, which may provide some evidence for the development of pathogenesis study and therapeutic schedule.

Conclusions

The Fars2 deficiency genetic models developed in this study cover the typical clinical manifestations in FARS2 patients, and help clarify how neuropathy-associated Fars2 deficiency, by damaging the mitochondrial respiratory chain and impairing mitochondrial function, affects neuronal development and potentiates neuronal cell apoptosis.
Ethanol is indispensable for virucidal hand antisepsis: memorandum from the alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) Task Force, WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, and the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
Authors: Kramer Axel , Arvand Mardjan , Christiansen Bärbel , Dancer Stephanie , Eggers Maren , Exner Martin , Müller Dieter , Mutters Nico T. , Schwebke Ingeborg , Pittet Didier
Published: July 2022

Background

The approval of ethanol by the Biocidal Products Regulation has been under evaluation since 2007. This follows concern over alcohol uptake from ethanol-based hand rubs (EBHR). If ethanol is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), then this would affect infection prevention and control practices.

Aim

A review was performed to prove that ethanol is toxicological uncritical and indispensable for hand antisepsis because of its unique activity against non-enveloped viruses and thus the resulting lack of alternatives. Therefore, the following main points are analyzed: The effectiveness of ethanol in hand hygiene, the evidence of ethanol at blood/tissue levels through hand hygiene in healthcare, and the evidence of toxicity of different blood/tissue ethanol levels and the non-comparability with alcoholic consumption and industrial exposure.

Results

EBHR are essential for preventing infections caused by non-enveloped viruses, especially in healthcare, nursing homes, food industry and other areas. Propanols are effective against enveloped viruses as opposed to non-enveloped viruses but there are no other alternatives for virucidal hand antisepsis. Long-term ingestion of ethanol in the form of alcoholic beverages can cause tumours. However, lifetime exposure to ethanol from occupational exposure < 500 ppm does not significantly contribute to the cancer risk. Mutagenic effects were observed only at doses within the toxic range in animal studies. While reprotoxicity is linked with abuse of alcoholic beverages, there is no epidemiological evidence for this from EBHR use in healthcare facilities or from products containing ethanol in non-healthcare settings.

Conclusion

The body of evidence shows EBHRs have strong efficacy in killing non-enveloped viruses, whereas 1-propanol and 2-propanol do not kill non-enveloped viruses, that pose significant risk of infection. Ethanol absorbed through the skin during hand hygiene is similar to consumption of beverages with hidden ethanol content (< 0.5% v/v), such as apple juice or kefir. There is no risk of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity or reprotoxicity from repeated use of EBHR. Hence, the WHO Task Force strongly recommend retaining ethanol as an essential constituent in hand rubs for healthcare.
Comparative analysis of intraoral scanners accuracy using 3D software: an in vivo study
Authors: Pellitteri Federica , Albertini Paolo , Vogrig Angelica , Spedicato Giorgio Alfredo , Siciliani Giuseppe , Lombardo Luca
Published: July 2022

Background

The purpose of the present in vivo study was to compare the accuracy, in terms of trueness, between full-arch digital impressions of different intraoral scanning systems, using as a reference the ideality of the conventional impression technique.

Methods

Polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) two-step technique impressions of 27 subjects were taken, and the stone casts were scanned using desktop scanners R500 3Shape. For each arch, in vivo scans were taken with intraoral scanners Carestream CS3600, CEREC Omnicam and Trios 3Shape. All the files were compared, superimposing them on the reference model to calculate the total 3D and 2D deviations. The efficiency of the digital and conventional workflows was evaluated by measuring the work time in minutes. Statistical analyses were performed using R software (R Core Team 2020) with a p-value < 0.05.

Results

The three intraoral scanners differed from the PVS impression by differences of the order of 100–200 µm, and there was a trend of greater imprecision in the molar area in both dental arches. In comparison with PVS technique, CEREC tended to reduce the size of the impression, Trios presented the trend of greater precision, and Carestream showed minor differences the transversal distance. The areas of greatest discrepancy both in excess and in defect with respect to the PVS impression were the molar areas and incisal margins. Trios 3Shape recorded the shortest times and therefore with a more performing speed.

Conclusion

The Trios 3Shape was found to be the most accurate single-tooth scanner, while the Carestream CS 3600 showed better inter-arch diameter performance compared to PVS impressions. The 3D and 2D analyses showed a trend of greater distortion of the impressions compared to the conventional one in the molar region.
Dual public health crises: the overlap of drug overdose and firearm injury in Indianapolis, Indiana, 2018–2020
Authors: Magee Lauren A. , Ray Bradley , Huynh Philip , O’Donnell Daniel , Ranney Megan L.
Published: July 2022

Background

Drug overdose and firearm injury are two of the United States (US) most unrelenting public health crises, both of which have been compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic. Programs and policies typically focus on each epidemic, alone, which may produce less efficient interventions if overlap does exist. The objective is to examine whether drug overdose correlates with and is associated with firearm injury at the census tract level while controlling for neighborhood characteristics.

Methods

An ecological study of census tracts in Indianapolis, Indiana from 2018 to 2020. Population rates per 100,000 and census tracts with the highest overlap of overdose and firearm injury were identified based on spatial clusters. Bivariate association between census tract characteristic and drug overdose and firearm violence rate within spatial clusters. Zero-inflated negative binominal regression was used to estimate if the drug overdose activity is associated with higher future firearm injury.

Results

In high overdose—high firearm injury census tracts, rates of firearm injury and drug overdose are two times higher compared to city wide rates. Indicators of structural disadvantage and structural racism are higher in high overdose—high firearm injury census tracts compared to city-wide averages. Drug overdoses are associated with higher rates of firearm injury in the following year (IRR: 1.004, 95% CI 1.001, 1.007, p < 0.05), adjusting for census tract characteristics and spatial dependence.

Conclusions

Drug overdose and firearm injury co-spatially concentrate within census tracts. Moreover, drug overdoses are associated with future firearm injury. Interventions to reduce firearm injuries and drug overdoses should be a co-response in high drug overdose—high firearm injury communities.
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor with discordant metastatic disease on 111In-pentetreotide SPECT/CT, 18F-DOPA PET/CT and 68Ga-HA-DOTATATE PET/CT
Authors: Resch Katrin , Hung Ryan , Abele Jonathan
Published: July 2022

A 62-year-old man with resected, pathology-proven small bowel neuroendocrine tumor underwent 111In-pentetreotide SPECT/CT, 18F-DOPA PET/CT and 68Ga-HA-DOTATATE PET/CT to assess metastatic disease. The 111In-pentetreotide SPECT/CT scan showed no metastatic disease. Both 18F-DOPA and 68Ga-HA-DOTATATE PET/CT showed hepatic and peritoneal metastatic disease. However, the burden of 18F-DOPA-avid metastatic disease was far greater compared to the burden of 68Ga-HA-DOTATATE-avid metastatic disease.
The role of psychological autopsy in investigating a case of atypical suicide in schizophrenia: a case report with a brief review of literature
Authors: Crișan Roxana-Mihaela , Băcilă Ciprian Ionuț , Morar Silviu
Published: July 2022

Background

Self-harm typically is without lethal intent. Death can occur rarely, with suicide taking on an atypical form that raises the suspicion of hetero-aggression. Our study aimed to identify the link between self-harm and suicide intent and also to outline the positive diagnosis of an atypical suicide case which has raised the suspicion of hetero-aggression. For this purpose, the psychological autopsy method should be used regularly in suicide investigation because it not only allows a positive diagnosis of suicide but can also provide a detailed picture of mental degradation and associated suicide risk factors.

Case presentation

The case of a 26-year-old man from a rural area, found dead in the basement, at home, naked, barricaded inside, is described.

Methods

The on-site investigation and a complete forensic autopsy were performed. In addition, we apply the psychological autopsy method which gathered enough information to outline the positive diagnosis of suicide. We also made a brief literature review on the suicide risk factors and the behavioral changes that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic in schizophrenic patients.

Results

The forensic autopsy revealed that he presented a complex craniofacial trauma as the cause of death (with scalp lacerations, frontal fracture, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and frontal cerebral contusions) associated with torso trauma (with self-inflicted stabbed wounds) with bruises and abrasions on the limbs. The injuries that caused death were self-inflicted and ensued repeatedly hitting his head against blunt objects. Using the psychological autopsy method, we found out that he presented multiple psychiatric hospitalizations for schizophrenia for almost 10 years, recently with reduced compliance to treatment. We also documented two previous suicide attempts and a gradual deterioration of his mental health.

Conclusions

We highlighted the role of the psychological autopsy (in addition to the judicial investigation and the forensic autopsy) for the diagnosis of committed suicide, for making a rigorous differential diagnosis between accident, hetero-aggression, and suicide, and also in pin-pointing the suicide risk factors.
The role of extent of resection on the prognosis of low-grade astrocytoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chaulagain Dipak , Smolanka Volodymyr , Smolanka Andriy , Munakomi Sunil , Havryliv Taras
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To investigate the predictor factors of mortality describing the prognosis of primary surgical resection of low-grade astrocytoma.

Materials and methods

A systemic search was conducted from electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) from inception to November 14, 2021. All statistical analysis was conducted in Review Manager 5.4.1. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were selected. A random-effect model was used when heterogeneity was seen to pool the studies, and the result were reported in the hazards ratio (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval.

Result

Five cohort studies were selected for meta-analysis. There was statistically significant effect of total resection on increase mortality after surgery in low-grade astrocytoma patients (HR = 0.70 [0.52, 0.94]; p = 0.02; I2 = Not applicable). On the other hand, there was statistically nonsignificant effect of patient’s age (HR = 1.27 [0.95, 1.68]; p = 0.11; I2 = 83%), tumor size (HR = 1.13 [0.94, 1.35]; p = 0.19; I2 = 73%), and increasing KPS (HR = 0.59 [0.20, 1.77]; p = 0.35; I2 = 86%) on prognosis of low-grade astrocytoma after surgery.

Conclusion

The results of meta-analysis showed significant relationship of extent of resection and mortality, while factors such age, KPS score, and tumor size were nonsignificant to determine mortality in patient diagnosed with low-grade astrocytoma. The gross total resection surgery should be preferred over subtotal resection since the incidence of malignant formation is low in gross total resection.
Review of regulation techniques of asphalt pavement high temperature for climate change adaptation
Authors: Gong Zhenlong , Zhang Letao , Wu Jiaxi , Xiu Zhao , Wang Linbing , Miao Yinghao
Published: July 2022

Asphalt pavement is vulnerable to the temperature rising and extremely high-temperature weather caused by climate change. The regulation techniques of asphalt pavement high temperature have become a growing concern to adapt to climate change. This paper reviewed the state of the art on regulating asphalt pavement high temperature. Firstly, the influencing factors and potential regulation paths of asphalt pavement temperature were summarized. The regulation techniques were categorized into two categories. One is to regulate the heat transfer process, including enhancing reflection, increasing thermal resistance, and evaporation cooling. The other is to regulate through heat collection and transfer or conversion, including embedded heat exchange system, phase change asphalt pavement, and thermoelectric system. Then, the regulation techniques in the literature were reviewed one by one in terms of cooling effects and pavement performance. The issues that still need to be improved were also discussed. Finally, the regulation techniques were compared from the perspectives of theoretical cooling effects, construction convenience, and required maintenance. It can provide reference for understanding the development status of asphalt pavement high temperature regulation techniques and technique selection in practice.
Pore system characterization in diagenetically complex Mississippian-aged carbonate reservoirs (Kansas, USA)
Authors: Bode-Omoleye Ibukun , Grammer G. Michael , Zhang Chi , Molnar Adam
Published: July 2022

Advanced petrophysical methods and detailed statistical analysis help to quantitatively and qualitatively characterize pore structure variations in carbonate rocks. Using a core from the Mississippian limestone play in south-central Kansas, we have investigated geologic constraints on reservoir properties using observations of the variability in pore architecture and measured petrophysical properties, i.e., porosity, permeability, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) response. The sample set includes facies that retain their original depositional texture and rocks that have been subject to dolomitization, silicification, and dissolution to varying extents. The dominant macropore types include intercrystalline, moldic, and dissolution-enhanced vuggy porosity, whereas the dominant microporosity types are micritic and dolomitic intercrystalline micropores and nano-intercrystalline within silicified samples. The porosity-permeability relationships and [Formula: see text] modal distribution of the carbonates that we investigated correlate with dominant pore types depending on the extent and type of diagenetic modification. The fractal nature of pore systems in dolograinstones is not apparent in partially dolomitized samples, and pore complexity significantly decreases with increasing dolomitization. [Formula: see text] and bound fluid volume estimates indicate that independent of geologic origin, small and intricate pore systems with microporosity are likely to host higher amounts of capillary-bound fluids. This relationship holds, especially among samples with nano-intercrystalline porosity. Correlation coefficients from predicting NMR-derived parameters with porosity improved from 0.1 to 0.78 by including pore architecture data and pore types in the multiple linear regression model. The results and observations presented here improve the current understanding and predictability of petrophysical parameters in carbonate rocks with complex pore systems.
Pore structure analysis of tight reservoirs in He-8 Member of Upper Paleozoic in the southwestern Ordos Basin, China
Authors: Wei Qinlian , Mei Jiahao , Tian Jingchun , Chen Xi , Xiao Ling
Published: July 2022

Quantitative characterization of the pore structure in tight reservoir can provide basic parameters for the evaluation of the reservoir quality. By using the cast thin-section petrography, scanning electron microscopy, mercury injection capillary pressure, and constant-rate mercury injection, we have evaluated the distribution characteristics of pore throat and its contribution to permeability. In addition, we have established the relationship between different pore-throat structure parameters and reservoir physical, which provides theoretical support for reservoir evaluation of the He-8 Member in the study area. The results indicate that the pore structure exerts a great control on the quality of the reservoir. Large pore throats (>0.15 μm) are the main contributors to the high seepage capacity of the reservoir. Throat radius, throat distribution, and pore-throat ratio are the key factors controlling the quality of tight reservoir. The He-8 Member of the Upper Paleozoic in the study area is dominated by tight reservoirs, accompanied by a small number of conventional reservoirs.
Multiscale fracture prediction technique via deep learning, seismic gradient disorder, and aberrance: Applied to tight sandstone reservoirs in the Hutubi block, southern Junggar Basin
Authors: Cheng Zhiguo , Bian Long , Chen Haidong , Wang Xiaotao , Ye Di , He Luming
Published: July 2022

Fracture prediction is an important and active area of research for oil and gas exploration in fractured unconventional reservoirs. Traditional seismic fracture prediction techniques come in one of two flavors, prestack anisotropy-based or poststack edge-enhancement attributes such as ant tracking and maximum likelihood. Inaccurate predictions may result from an apparent low signal-to-noise ratio in the prestack domain approaches or from cumulative effects that are misrepresented in poststack data; there also are shortcomings from using a single pre- or poststack domain. We propose a comprehensive multiscale prediction framework to delineate major faults (using deep learning), associated minor faults (using seismic gradient disorder), and fractures (using seismic aberrance). The principles of deep learning, seismic gradient disorder, and aberrance are introduced and their application effects are verified through the study of tight sandstone reservoir fractures in the Hutubi area, the southern margin of the Junggar Basin.
Updated analysis from the ATEZO-BRAIN trial: Atezolizumab plus carboplatin and pemetrexed in patients with advanced nonsquamous non–small cell lung cancer with untreated brain metastases.
Authors: Nadal Ernest , Rodriguez-Abreu Delvys , Massuti Bartomeu , Juan-Vidal Oscar , Huidobro Vence Gerardo , Lopez Rafael , de Castro Carpeño Javier , Estival Anna , Campelo Rosario Garcia , Sullivan Ivana , Felip Enriqueta , Blasco Ana , Guirado Maria , Vilarino Noelia , Simo Marta , Sanahuja Marta , Hernandez Anna , Navarro Valentin , Bruna Jordi
Published: July 2022

9010

Background: Atezolizumab plus chemotherapy was safe and yielded promising clinical outcome as frontline therapy for patients (pts) with advanced NSCLC with untreated brain metastases (BM) in the ATEZO-BRAIN study (NCT03526900). Methods: A multicenter single-arm phase II trial with a Bayesian design for evaluating the safety and efficacy of atezolizumab plus carboplatin with pemetrexed every 3 weeks for 4-6 cycles, followed by maintenance with pemetrexed plus atezolizumab in pts with stage IV non-squamous NSCLC without EGFR or ALK genetic alterations and untreated BM. Pts not presented neurologic symptoms at baseline; but anticonvulsants and dexamethasone (DXM) ≤ 4mg qd were allowed. Co-primary endpoints were safety and investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS) at 12 weeks according to RANO-BM and RECIST v1.1 for brain and systemic disease, respectively. Here we present the final data and an exploratory analysis based on PD-L1 expression and corticosteroid treatment at baseline. Results: Out of 40 pts included in the study, 22 (55%) were receiving DXM at baseline and 20 (50%) had positive expression of PD-L1. Sixteen (40%) pts had confirmed intracranial response based on RANO-BM (12 PR, 4 CR) and 19 (47.5%) pts achieved systemic response (all PR). Only 4 pts had discordant responses between the body and the brain. No differences were observed in the overall systemic and intracranial response rate according to the PD-L1 expression or the use of corticosteroids at baseline. As of December 31, 2021 (median follow-up, 20 months), the updated median (95% CI) systemic PFS was 8.9 (6.7 to 13.8) and intracranial PFS was 6.9 (4.7 to 11.9). Median (95% CI) OS was 13.6 (9.72 to not reached) and estimated 2-year OS rate (95% CI) was 30.5% (18.4 to 50.4). Median (95%CI) OS was longer for PD-L1 positive pts (16.2; 10.3 to not reached) compared to PD-L1 negative pts (10.7; 7.6 to not reached) but differences were not statistically significant due to the limited statistical power (HR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.35 to 2.12). No significant differences in OS were observed between pts receiving or not baseline DXM treatment. Treatment was well tolerated and no grade 5 toxicities were observed. Conclusions: In this updated analysis, treatment with atezolizumab plus carboplatin and pemetrexed yields a promising 2-year OS rate and intracranial response rate in patients with untreated BM from NSCLC, regardless of treatment with corticosteroids at baseline and PD-L1 expression. Clinical trial information: NCT03526900.
New Horizons: the value of UK Biobank to research on endocrine and metabolic disorders
Authors: Bešević Jelena , Lacey Ben , Conroy Megan , Omiyale Wemimo , Feng Qi , Collins Rory , Allen Naomi
Published: July 2022

UK Biobank is an intensively characterized prospective study of 500 000 men and women, aged 40 to 69 years when recruited, between 2006 and 2010, from the general population of the United Kingdom. Established as an open-access resource for researchers worldwide to perform health research that is in the public interest, UK Biobank has collected (and continues to collect) a vast amount of data on genetic, physiological, lifestyle, and environmental factors, with prolonged follow-up of heath conditions through linkage to administrative electronic health records. The study has already demonstrated its unique value in enabling research into the determinants of common endocrine and metabolic diseases. The importance of UK Biobank, heralded as a flagship project for UK health research, will only increase over time as the number of incident disease events accrue, and the study is enhanced with additional data from blood assays (such as whole-genome sequencing, metabolomics, and proteomics), wearable technologies (including physical activity and cardiac monitors), and body imaging (magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). This unique research resource is likely to transform our understanding of the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of many endocrine and metabolic disorders.
Returning to work at school during the COVID -19 pandemic, is it stressful for schoolteachers? Assessment of immediate psychological effects: a cross sectional study
Authors: Kamath Sowmini Padmanabh , Mithra Prasanna , K Jayashree , Kulkarni Vaman , Joshi Jayateertha , Kamath Padmanabh , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Pai Keshava
Published: July 2022

Background: The adoption of remote classes for students has been in vogue since the onset of the pandemic. Schools reopened in a phased manner after the second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India. Reverting to the regular face-to-face teaching for students became a challenge to the teachers and students, especially at times when there was an impending third wave on the way. The study aimed to assess the presence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in teachers who attended reopened schools in the scenario of face-to-face classes. In addition, we studied the association of psychological symptoms with teachers' age groups, gender, school boards, and school institution type.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October to December 2021 after schools had reopened. Data was collected using Google Form questionnaires in 124 schoolteachers. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale - 21 Items (DASS-21) questionnaire assessed the psychological symptoms.

Results: Of 124 schoolteachers, 108(87.1%) were female, 112 (90.3%) were from private institutions, and 70(56.5%) were from Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) school boards. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in teachers was 30.6%, 45.2%, and 20.2%, respectively. Nearly 80% of the female teachers expressed depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Amongst all the age groups, symptoms were higher in 40-49 group. We found anxiety to be statistically significant when compared with gender (p-0.042). We found no statistically significant differences concerning age groups, school boards, or school institutions with any psychological symptoms.

Conclusions: The prevalence of psychological symptoms was high among schoolteachers after schools reopened for regular face-to-face teaching. Gender was associated with anxiety in teachers. We agree that identifying teachers' symptoms and providing adequate psychological counseling/support would improve their mental health status and thereby the quality of teaching to students.
SARS-CoV-2 and the role of close contact in transmission: a systematic review
Authors: Onakpoya Igho J. , Heneghan Carl J. , Spencer Elizabeth A. , Brassey Jon , Plüddemann Annette , Evans David H. , Conly John M. , Jefferson Tom
Published: July 2022

Background: SARS-CoV-2 transmission has been reported to be associated with close contact with infected individuals. However, the mechanistic pathway for transmission in close contact settings is unclear. Our objective was to identify, appraise and summarise the evidence from studies assessing the role of close contact in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. 

Methods: This review is part of an Open Evidence Review on Transmission Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. We conduct ongoing searches using WHO Covid-19 Database, LitCovid, medRxiv, PubMed and Google Scholar; assess study quality based on the QUADAS-2 criteria and report important findings on an ongoing basis.

Results: We included 278 studies: 258 primary studies and 20 systematic reviews. The settings for primary studies were predominantly in home/quarantine facilities (39.5%) and acute care hospitals (12%). The overall reporting quality of the studies was low-to-moderate. There was significant heterogeneity in design and methodology. The frequency of attack rates (PCR testing) varied between 2.1-75%; attack rates were highest in prison and wedding venues, and in households. The frequency of secondary attack rates was 0.3-100% with rates highest in home/quarantine settings. Three studies showed no transmission if the index case was a recurrent infection. Viral culture was performed in four studies of which three found replication-competent virus; culture results were negative where index cases had recurrent infections. Eighteen studies performed genomic sequencing with phylogenetic analysis – the completeness of genomic similarity ranged from 77-100%. Findings from systematic reviews showed that children were significantly less likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 and household contact was associated with a significantly increased risk of infection.

Conclusions: The evidence from published studies demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted in close contact settings. The risk of transmission is greater in household contacts. There was a wide variation in methodology. Standardized guidelines for reporting transmission in close contact settings should be developed.
Remote learning as assessed by students of Collegium Medicum of the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce (survey questionnaire research)
Authors: Mlodawski Jakub , Mlodawska Marta , Swiercz Grzegorz
Published: July 2022

During the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, there was a temporary transition to distance learning at universities. For students of the medical faculty, this change lasted for a shorter than other faculties and was effective until the start of mass vaccinations. For 6 months lectures, seminars, and exercises were held remotely. We conducted an internet-based survey among medical students regarding their assessment of their distance learning experience. We wanted to compare the assessment of students from the first to the third year of studies (group A), who mostly have theoretical classes, and the fourth to sixth (group B), who should mostly have exercises "at the patient's bedside".

 

Students of the medical faculty (n=82) participated in the survey (62% from group A and 38% from group B). All respondents had free access to a computer and the Internet. We assessed the individual areas of interest in the survey with a five-point Likert scale. There were no differences in the assessment of their own IT competencies among students of both groups. Students of both groups noticed that their level of IT competencies increased in the course of distance learning. The groups differed in terms of the assessment of the level of education offered by the university (4.6 vs 3.2, p <0.05), and the assessment of their own involvement (4.5 vs 3.4, p <0.05). The highest-rated forms of remote learning by students were group work on projects in designated channels of communication with assistants (86% and 78% willingly participate in it). The form assessed to be the worst was teaching based on providing content in electronic form (35% and 42%, respectively, willingly participate in it). The students of the group are less satisfied with the remote classes, which may correspond to the lack of contact with the individual patients. Less satisfaction with the classes conducted leads among students to less involvement on their part.
Polypharmacotherapy with anti-obesity drugs - case report
Authors: Gołacki Jakub , Marczak Aleksandra , Hordejuk Michalina , Sapuła Klaudia , Iwaszko-Sochal Klaudyna
Published: July 2022

Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, multi-factorial, neurobehavioral disease, wherein an increase in body fat promotes adipose tissue dysfunction and abnormal fat mass physical forces, resulting in adverse health consequences. It is diagnosed based on body mass index and waist circumference. In case of severe obesity, bariatric surgery or pharmacotherapy is recommended. We present a case report of a 28 years old man with class III obesity (77,6 kg/m2). In order to qualify the patient for bariatric surgery, a decision to combine two anti-obesity medications has been made. This kind of obesity management is neither recommended, not contraindicated, but has shown good effects on body mass reduction. This case report should initiate the discussion about recommendations modification towards combining anti-obesity medications of different mechanisms of action.
Inborn or acquired changes in children under three years of age – a review of the literature
Authors: Kapel-Reguła Aleksandra , Radwan-Oczko Małgorzata
Published: July 2022

This study aimed to discuss some inborn and acquired changes in the oral cavity in young children under three years of age. Based on current literature, eruption cyst, Riga-Fede disease, natal and neonatal teeth, congenital epulis, Epstein pearls, Bohn’s nodules, and gingival cyst of the newborns have been described. The symptoms, clinical presentation, and histological features of these changes, their epidemiology, prevalence, etiopathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and management were taken into consideration to present them accurately. Described oral normal findings and anomalies are not very common, so they require precise diagnosis and management properly. Having relevant knowledge on issues is important both for the pediatricians and pediatric dentists who always cooperate to distinguish the pathology or anomaly and start dealing with it. To our knowledge, this is the first literature review presenting comprehensive and thorough specification of abnormalities occurring in children’s mouth, basing on the most recent scientific literature between 1999 and 2022.
Intraventricular haemorrhage in premature infants. Review of diagnostic methods, treatment and influence on neurodevelopment
Authors: Żyga Justyna
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Preterm infants are at high risk for various neurological complications and mortality caused by hypoxemia, haemorrhage or inflammation concerning preterm delivery. Resulting brain lesions are mostly asymptomatic - they cannot be diagnosed clinically as such neuroimaging of preterm infants has become part of routine clinical care.

In this article, newest studies about intraventricular haemorrhage, its complications and treatment methods were reviewed. The PubMed database was searched using keywords “intraventricular haemorrhage”, “preterm infant”, “intraventricular haemorrhage treatment”, “intraventricular haemorrhage outcome”. 

State of knowledge: Early diagnosis, appropriate nursing care and treatment can minimise morbidity. Prognosis is mainly determined by the severity of bleeding, occurred complications and neurological irreversible changes. Intraventricular haemorrhage can cause posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, disability and mental retardation in further life. Even mild grades of haemorrhage can result in developmental disorders. Long-term issues such as neurodevelopmental disorders and cerebral palsy are as important as short-term problems. Detection of injuries affecting preterm infants is used to identify complications that might necessitate an intervention. While head ultrasound is the standard of care for routine neuroimaging screening, the use of brain magnetic resonance imaging has expanded recently.

Conclusions: Considerable advances in neonatal care have resulted in improved survival and prognosis of development of preterm infants with intraventricular haemorrhage. Although there is a wide range of treatment methods, further studies are needed to assess their safety, effectiveness and impact on short- and long-term outcome.
Food neophobia - natural developmental stage or feeding difficulty? A study of children's behavior and parents' knowledge about children’s neophobic behaviors
Authors: Białek-Dratwa Agnieszk , Grajek Mateusz
Published: July 2022

Background: An increasing number of parents report problems with feeding their children to dieticians. Failure to expand the diet or sudden discontinuation of a variety of foods makes them increasingly worried about their child's monotonous diet and mealtime behavior The aim of this study was to assess parents' awareness of food neophobia and the attitudes and behaviors associated with it.

Material and method: The study was carried out using a questionnaire-based indirect survey technique using a web form (CAWI). A total of 224 adults (parents of preschool children) participated in the study. The research tool was an anonymous survey questionnaire consisting of three parts. In the last part, a scale concerning neophobic behavior was used. The study group consisted mainly of mothers - 78.3% (n=159); fathers - 21.7% (n= 44).

Results: In the study group, no child scored several points indicating a very high probability of neophobia. A high probability is possible in 28 children (13.79%), a possible predisposition to the occurrence of food neophobia exists in 66 children (32.51%), while 109 children (53.69%) do not present a predisposition to food neophobia.

Conclusions: The study did not show children's behaviors reported by parents that could indicate a very high probability of food neophobia in their children. Moreover, the results of the questionnaire of neophobia scale indicate that this problem in the studied population concerns about 10% of the examined children.
In vitro Anthelminitic, Antioxident Activity and In silico Adme Study of Synthesized Nitro benzimidazole Derivatives
Authors: M. Patel Dhaval , K. Patel Nirmal , M. Khristi Sunil , Mishra Arvnabh
Published: July 2022

New derivatives of benzimidazole were synthesized which were containing 1- and 2-substituted 5- nitro benzimidazole derivatives. The presence of specific functional group was confirmed by IR spectroscopic analysis. The determination of structure for the synthesized compounds was confirmed by 1-H proton magnetic resonance. Anthelmintic activity of the derivatives was investigated and compared with standard FDA approved anthelmintic drug albendazole. The obtained results show that out of the investigated compositions 100mg/ml were found much active compound in paralyzing and death of the earth worm that shows the time of paralysis 20 minute and the time of death stage is 24 minutes. In silico ADMET and pharmacokinetic parameters of compounds (DP-1 to DP-3) were also evaluated for drug likeliness. Calculations related to protein binding, blood–brain barrier (BBB), MDCK cell permeability, Caco-2 cell permeability and human oral absorption in the gastrointestinal tract showed that these values for the derivatives (DP-1-DP-3) fell within the standard ranges generally observed for drugs.
Liquid State Anaerobic Co-digestion of Cattle Manure and Wheat Straw at Various Mix Ratios for Optimal Biogas Production
Authors: Harsha Guvvala , Maurya Nityanand Singh
Published: July 2022

Anaerobic codigestion study was performed on cattle manure (CM) and wheat straw (WS) at 5% total solids in mesophilic temperature. CM and WS were mixed on the basis of total solids in six ratios, namely, 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100. The highest biogas production of 170.89 mL/g-vsadded was observed in the reactor fed with 100% CM (100:0). A considerable amount of biogas was measured up to 60:40 mix ratio (CM:WS). With the increase in proportion of WS in the mix, biogas production was decreased. Reactor stability in terms of pH and volatile fatty acids were also decreased with increase in the proportion of WS. The last three mix ratios showed low biogas production due to the less methanogenic activity caused by the low pH. Three kinetic models, namely modified gompertz model, growth and monod were employed to predict cumulative biogas production. Among these, modified gompertz was found the most suitable model.
Studies on Heavy Metal Contamination and Physico-chemical Properties of Godavari River Water at Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Jain Namrata , Reddy P. Srinivasa
Published: July 2022

The present study is aimed to examine the water quality of the Godavari River at Rajahmundry. Water samples from Kotillingala Revu, Kovur Godavari river bridge, Saraswati Ghat, Dowleswaram, Pushkar Ghat were collected and analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, TDS, DO, BOD, COD, nitrates. The concentration of six heavy metals were analysed quantitatively using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Structural and Optical Properties of Poly pyrrole, Poly vinyl alcohol Polymer Blend Thin Films
Authors: Reddy T. Ramesh , Muddam Bhooshan , Subrahmanyam A. R. , Kumar J. Siva Kumar , Reddy M. Ravindar , Ramana K. Venkata
Published: July 2022

Thin films of (Poly Pyrrole - Poly Vinyl Alcohol) PPY-PVA polymer blend doped with different concentration of TiO2 nano particles were prepared via oxidative chemical polymerization technique (in-situ). The properties (Structural & Optical) of these thin films were studied by XRD, FTIR, SEM and UV spectroscopic techniques. The optical band gap values of TiO2 doped polymer blend were calculated by UV spectroscopic studies, and also noticed that obtained band gap values were decreased with increase in the concentration of TiO2 nano particles. XRD and FTIR results support the polymer blend formation, and dispersion of TiO2 nano particles in the polymer blend. The modification in surface morphology of polymer blend is due to presence of TiO2 nano particles which was confirmed by SEM results.