bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebellar Long-Term Depression: Characterization, Signal Transduction, and Functional Roles
Authors: Ito Masao
Published: December 2017

Cerebellar Purkinje cells exhibit a unique type of synaptic plasticity, namely, long-term depression (LTD). When two inputs to a Purkinje cell, one from a climbing fiber and the other from a set of granule cell axons, are repeatedly associated, the input efficacy of the granule cell axons in exciting the Purkinje cell is persistently depressed. Sectioni of this review briefly describes the history of research around LTD, and section ii specifies physiological characteristics of LTD. Sections iii and ivthen review the massive data accumulated during the past two decades, which have revealed complex networks of signal transduction underlying LTD. Section iii deals with a variety of first messengers, receptors, ion channels, transporters, G proteins, and phospholipases. Section iv covers second messengers, protein kinases, phosphatases and other elements, eventually leading to inactivation ofdl-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolone-propionate-selective glutamate receptors that mediate granule cell-to-Purkinje cell transmission. Section v defines roles of LTD in the light of the microcomplex concept of the cerebellum as functionally eliminating those synaptic connections associated with errors during repeated exercises, while preserving other connections leading to the successful execution of movements. Section vi examines the validity of this microcomplex concept based on the data collected from recent numerous studies of various forms of motor learning in ocular reflexes, eye-blink conditioning, posture, locomotion, and hand/arm movements. Section vii emphasizes the importance of integrating studies on LTD and learning and raises future possibilities of extending cerebellar research to reveal memory mechanisms of implicit learning in general.
Gene Regulation in the Magnocellular Hypothalamo-Neurohypophysial System
Authors: Burbach J. Peter H. , Luckman Simon M. , Murphy David , Gainer Harold
Published: December 2017

The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) is the major peptidergic neurosecretory system through which the brain controls peripheral physiology. The hormones vasopressin and oxytocin released from the HNS at the neurohypophysis serve homeostatic functions of water balance and reproduction. From a physiological viewpoint, the core question on the HNS has always been, “How is the rate of hormone production controlled?” Despite a clear description of the physiology, anatomy, cell biology, and biochemistry of the HNS gained over the last 100 years, this question has remained largely unanswered. However, recently, significant progress has been made through studies of gene identity and gene expression in the magnocellular neurons (MCNs) that constitute the HNS. These are keys to mechanisms and events that exist in the HNS. This review is an inventory of what we know about genes expressed in the HNS, about the regulation of their expression in response to physiological stimuli, and about their function. Genes relevant to the central question include receptors and signal transduction components that receive and process the message that the organism is in demand of a neurohypophysial hormone. The key players in gene regulatory events, the transcription factors, deserve special attention. They do not only control rates of hormone production at the level of the gene, but also determine the molecular make-up of the cell essential for appropriate development and physiological functioning. Finally, the HNS neurons are equipped with a machinery to produce and secrete hormones in a regulated manner. With the availability of several gene transfer approaches applicable to the HNS, it is anticipated that new insights will be obtained on how the HNS is able to respond to the physiological demands for its hormones.
Mechanics of the Mammalian Cochlea
Authors: Robles Luis , Ruggero Mario A.
Published: December 2017

In mammals, environmental sounds stimulate the auditory receptor, the cochlea, via vibrations of the stapes, the innermost of the middle ear ossicles. These vibrations produce displacement waves that travel on the elongated and spirally wound basilar membrane (BM). As they travel, waves grow in amplitude, reaching a maximum and then dying out. The location of maximum BM motion is a function of stimulus frequency, with high-frequency waves being localized to the “base” of the cochlea (near the stapes) and low-frequency waves approaching the “apex” of the cochlea. Thus each cochlear site has a characteristic frequency (CF), to which it responds maximally. BM vibrations produce motion of hair cell stereocilia, which gates stereociliar transduction channels leading to the generation of hair cell receptor potentials and the excitation of afferent auditory nerve fibers. At the base of the cochlea, BM motion exhibits a CF-specific and level-dependent compressive nonlinearity such that responses to low-level, near-CF stimuli are sensitive and sharply frequency-tuned and responses to intense stimuli are insensitive and poorly tuned. The high sensitivity and sharp-frequency tuning, as well as compression and other nonlinearities (two-tone suppression and intermodulation distortion), are highly labile, indicating the presence in normal cochleae of a positive feedback from the organ of Corti, the “cochlear amplifier.” This mechanism involves forces generated by the outer hair cells and controlled, directly or indirectly, by their transduction currents. At the apex of the cochlea, nonlinearities appear to be less prominent than at the base, perhaps implying that the cochlear amplifier plays a lesser role in determining apical mechanical responses to sound. Whether at the base or the apex, the properties of BM vibration adequately account for most frequency-specific properties of the responses to sound of auditory nerve fibers.
Spectrin and Ankyrin-Based Pathways: Metazoan Inventions for Integrating Cells Into Tissues
Authors: Bennett Vann , Baines Anthony J.
Published: December 2017

The spectrin-based membrane skeleton of the humble mammalian erythrocyte has provided biologists with a set of interacting proteins with diverse roles in organization and survival of cells in metazoan organisms. This review deals with the molecular physiology of spectrin, ankyrin, which links spectrin to the anion exchanger, and two spectrin-associated proteins that promote spectrin interactions with actin: adducin and protein 4.1. The lack of essential functions for these proteins in generic cells grown in culture and the absence of their genes in the yeast genome have, until recently, limited advances in understanding their roles outside of erythrocytes. However, completion of the genomes of simple metazoans and application of homologous recombination in mice now are providing the first glimpses of the full scope of physiological roles for spectrin, ankyrin, and their associated proteins. These functions now include targeting of ion channels and cell adhesion molecules to specialized compartments within the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle and the nervous system, mechanical stabilization at the tissue level based on transcellular protein assemblies, participation in epithelial morphogenesis, and orientation of mitotic spindles in asymmetric cell divisions. These studies, in addition to stretching the erythrocyte paradigm beyond recognition, also are revealing novel cellular pathways essential for metazoan life. Examples are ankyrin-dependent targeting of proteins to excitable membrane domains in the plasma membrane and the Ca2+homeostasis compartment of the endoplasmic reticulum. Exciting questions for the future relate to the molecular basis for these pathways and their roles in a clinical context, either as the basis for disease or more positively as therapeutic targets.
Molecular Physiology of Kainate Receptors
Authors: Lerma Juan , Paternain Ana V. , Rodríguez-Moreno Antonio , López-García Juan C.
Published: December 2017

A decade ago, our understanding of the molecular properties of kainate receptors and their involvement in synaptic physiology was essentially null. A plethora of recent studies has altered this situation profoundly such that kainate receptors are now regarded as key players in the modulation of transmitter release, as important mediators of the postsynaptic actions of glutamate, and as possible targets for the development of antiepileptic and analgesic drugs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the properties of kainate receptors focusing on four key issues: 1) their structural and biophysical features, 2) the important progress in their pharmacological characterization, 3) their pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms of action, and 4) their involvement in a series of physiological and pathological processes. Finally, although significant progress has been made toward the elucidation of their importance for brain function, kainate receptors remain largely an enigma and, therefore, we propose some new roads that should be explored to obtain a deeper understanding of this young, but intriguing, class of proteins.
Electrophysiology of the Sodium-Potassium-ATPase in Cardiac Cells
Authors: Glitsch Helfried Günther
Published: December 2017

Like several other ion transporters, the Na+-K+pump of animal cells is electrogenic. The pump generates the pump current Ip. Under physiological conditions, Ipis an outward current. It can be measured by electrophysiological methods. These methods permit the study of characteristics of the Na+-K+pump in its physiological environment, i.e., in the cell membrane. The cell membrane, across which a potential gradient exists, separates the cytosol and extracellular medium, which have distinctly different ionic compositions. The introduction of the patch-clamp techniques and the enzymatic isolation of cells have facilitated the investigation of Ipin single cardiac myocytes. This review summarizes and discusses the results obtained from Ipmeasurements in isolated cardiac cells. These results offer new exciting insights into the voltage and ionic dependence of the Na+-K+pump activity, its effect on membrane potential, and its modulation by hormones, transmitters, and drugs. They are fundamental for our current understanding of Na+-K+pumping in electrically excitable cells.
Is MicroRNA-127 a Novel Biomarker for Acute Pancreatitis with Lung Injury?
Authors: Shi Na , Deng Lihui , Chen Weiwei , Zhang Xiaoxin , Luo Ruijie , Jin Tao , Ma Yun , Du Chen , Lin Ziqi , Jiang Kun , Guo Jia , Yang Xiaonan , Xia Qing
Published: December 2017

Background and Aims. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of microRNA-127 (miR-127) in both rat models and patients of acute pancreatitis (AP) with lung injury (LI). Methods. Rats were administrated with retrograde cholangiopancreatography injection of 0.5% or 3.5% sodium taurocholate to induce AP with mild or severe LI and were sacrificed at 6, 12, and 24 h. Rats from the control group received a laparotomy only. Plasma from a prospective cohort of AP patients was collected. The levels of miR-127 in the tissues and plasma were detected using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results. The upregulation of miR-127 in the lungs of rats was detected in the groups of AP with severe LI at 6 h and 24 h, whereas it was scarcely detectable in plasma. In the pilot study that included 18 AP patients and 5 healthy volunteers, the plasma miR-127 level was significantly downregulated in AP patients with respiratory failure compared with the healthy volunteers (P=0.014) and those without respiratory failure (P=0.043). Conclusion. miR-127 might serve as a potential marker for the identification of AP with LI.
YiQiFuMai Powder Injection Protects against Ischemic Stroke via Inhibiting Neuronal Apoptosis and PKCδ/Drp1‐Mediated Excessive Mitochondrial Fission
Authors: Xu Yingqiong , Wang Yan , Wang Guangyun , Ye Xinyi , Zhang Jiangwei , Cao Guosheng , Zhao Yazheng , Gao Zhen , Zhang Yuanyuan , Yu Boyang , Kou Junping
Published: December 2017

YiQiFuMai (YQFM) powder injection has been reported to be used in cardiovascular and nervous system diseases with marked efficacy. However, as a treatment against diseases characterized by hypoxia, lassitude, and asthenia, the effects and underlying mechanisms of YQFM in neuronal mitochondrial function and dynamics have not been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that YQFM inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis and activation of dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) in cerebral ischemia‐injured rats, producing a significant improvement in cerebral infarction and neurological score. YQFM also attenuated oxidative stress‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis through increasing ATP level and mitochondria membrane potential (Δψm), inhibiting ROS production, and regulating Bcl‐2 family protein levels in primary cultured neurons. Moreover, YQFM inhibited excessive mitochondrial fission, Drp1 phosphorylation, and translocation from cytoplasm to mitochondria induced by oxidative stress. We provided the first evidence that YQFM inhibited the activation, association, and translocation of PKCδ and Drp1 upon oxidative stress. Taken together, we demonstrate that YQFM ameliorates ischemic stroke‐induced neuronal apoptosis through inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and PKCδ/Drp1‐mediated excessive mitochondrial fission. These findings not only put new insights into the unique neuroprotective properties of YQFM associated with the regulation of mitochondrial function but also expand our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of ischemic stroke.
Periodicities of a System of Difference Equations
Authors: Quan Weizhen , Pan Miaoqiao , Li Xiaopei
Published: December 2017

We study the periodicities of a system of difference equations xn+1=max1/xn,An/yn-k,yn+1=max1/yn,Bn/xn-k, where initial values (x-k,y-k),…,(x0,y0)∈(0,+∞)×(0,+∞). We show that if An,Bn∈(0,1) are two periodic sequences, then every solution of the above system is eventually periodic with period 2. If k is even, there must be one in xn and yn converges to period two solution.
Analysis of Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzyme Genes Responsible for High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance among Enterococcal Isolates
Authors: Shete Vishal , Grover Naveen , Kumar Mahadevan
Published: December 2017

Enzymatic modification results in high-level resistance to aminoglycoside (HLAR), which eliminates the synergistic bactericidal effect of combined exposure to a cell wall-active agent and an aminoglycoside. So aim of the study was to determine prevalence of HLAR enterococcal isolate and to study distribution of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes in them. A total of 100 nonrepeat isolates of enterococci from various clinical samples were analyzed. As per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines enterococci were screened for HLAR by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration of all isolates for gentamicin and streptomycin was determined by E-test. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out for HLAR enterococcal isolates to identify aminoglycoside modifying enzymes genes responsible for resistance. 60% isolates were found to be high-level gentamicin resistant (HLGR) whereas 45% isolates were found to be high-level streptomycin resistant (HLSR). By multiplex PCR 80% HLGR isolates carried bifunctional aminoglycoside modifying enzyme geneaac(6′)-Ie-aph(2′′)-Iawhereas 18 out of 45 high-level streptomycin resistant, that is, 40%, isolates carriedaph(3′)-IIIa.However,aph(2′′)-Ib, aph(2′′)-Ic, aph(2′′)-Id,andant(4′)-Iagenes which encode other aminoglycosides modifying enzymes were not detected. Bifunctional aminoglycoside modifying enzyme geneaac(6′)-Ie-aph(2′′)-Iais the predominant gene responsible for HLAR.
Load Capacities of Steel and Concrete Composite Bridge Deck Slab with Haunch
Authors: Xu Xiaoqing , Liu Yuqing
Published: December 2017

An innovative steel and concrete composite bridge deck slab using bent bars and epoxy as shear connectors was proposed. Four slab specimens with different types of concrete were fabricated and tested to study the load capacities of positive and negative moment regions of the slabs. The cracking and ultimate loads of the specimens were recorded and compared with the results calculated through the reinforced concrete theory and with the design load of the bridge deck slab. It was found that reinforced concrete theory can generally be applied for the proposed slab as well. The effectiveness of the shear connector design of the proposed slab was validated. Meanwhile, the unfavourable effect of the haunch on the shear capacities of the positive moment region of steel and concrete composite bridge deck slab was observed.
Effects of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain on Fertility Potential in Lean and Overweight Male Patients
Authors: Dardmeh Fereshteh , Alipour Hiva , Nielsen Hans Ingolf , Rasmussen Sten , Gazerani Parisa
Published: December 2017

Both chronic pain and obesity are known to affect reproductive hormone profiles in male patients. However, the effect of these conditions, alone or in combination, on male fertility potential has received less attention. 20 chronic musculoskeletal pain patients and 20 healthy controls were divided into lean and overweight subgroups according to their BMI. Current level of chronic pain (visual analogue scale) and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) in 16 predefined sites, classically described and tested as painful points on the lower body, were measured. Levels of reproductive hormone and lipid profiles were assessed by ELISA. Sperm concentration and motility parameters were analyzed using a computer-aided sperm analysis system. Sperm concentration, progressive motility, and percentage of hyperactivated sperm were generally lower in the chronic pain patients in both lean and overweight groups. The overweight control and the lean chronic pain groups demonstrated a significantly lower percentage of progressively motile sperm compared with the lean control group, suggesting that musculoskeletal chronic pain may have a negative influence on sperm quality in lean patients. However, due to the potential great negative influence of obesity on the sperm parameters, it is difficult to propose if musculoskeletal chronic pain also influenced sperm quality in overweight patients. Further research in chronic pain patients is required to test this hypothesis.
Omega Class Glutathione S‐Transferase: Antioxidant Enzyme in Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Kim Youngjo , Cha Sun Joo , Choi Hyun-Jun , Kim Kiyoung
Published: December 2017

The omega class glutathione S‐transferases (GSTOs) are multifunctional enzymes involved in cellular defense and have distinct structural and functional characteristics, which differ from those of other GSTs. Previous studies provided evidence for the neuroprotective effects of GSTOs. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning the neuroprotective functions of GSTOs have not been fully elucidated. Recently, our genetic and molecular studies using the Drosophila system have suggested that GstO1 has a protective function against H2O2‐induced neurotoxicity by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway, and GstO2 is required for the activation of mitochondrial ATP synthase in the Drosophila neurodegenerative disease model. The comprehensive understanding of various neuroprotection mechanisms of Drosophila GstOs from our studies provides valuable insight into the neuroprotective functions of GstOs in vivo. In this review, we briefly introduce recent studies and summarize the novel biological functions and mechanisms underpinning neuroprotective effects of GstOs in Drosophila.
Optimization of Extract Method for Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Gu Caimei , Ahmad Bashir , Huang Linfang
Published: December 2017

The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. from different producing areas, which is an edible, holoparasitic, and desert plant that has been used in traditional medicine for improving immunity and kidney function and treating constipation. We optimized the extract conditions by response surface methodology (RSM) and determined the content of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and catechin of C. songaricum simultaneously from different producing areas by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It is the first study in which the RSM was used to optimize the extract condition of C. songaricum with multiple evaluation factors, ensuring the efficiency and accuracy of the study. The results were analyzed by principal component analysis, and they showed that the quality of C. songaricum from Qinghai Province was the best, while the quality of C. songaricum from Gansu Province was the worst. For the first time, the two ecotypes of C. songaricum, including Outside Great Wall type and Inside Great Wall type, were discovered and identified by the chemical marker protocatechuic acid. This study is the scientific basis for quality evaluation, especially for food safety.
Imaging Findings of Jugular Foramen Meningocele in a Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Patient
Authors: Serindere Mehmet , Tasar Mustafa , Hamcan Salih , Bozlar Ugur
Published: December 2017

Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a neurocutaneous disorder that involves autosomal dominant transmission. Skull defects, including sphenoid dysplasia and calvarial defects, are a rare finding in patients with NF1. Spinal meningocele and sphenoid wing dysplasia have been identified in NF1 but the occurrence of meningoceles at the skull base is extremely rare. A rare instance of jugular foramen meningocele being identified in an NF1 patient on imaging is described in this paper. To the best of our knowledge, only two such cases have been reported in the English literature.
Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors of Urban Chinese Children: Grade Level Prevalence and Academic Burden Associations
Authors: Zhu Xihe , Haegele Justin A. , Tang Yan , Wu Xueping
Published: December 2017

The objectives of this study were (a) to report grade level prevalence in physical activity and sedentary behaviors and (b) to examine academic burden associations with these behaviors. School-aged children (n = 48,118) reported their physical activity, perception of physical activity sufficiency, factors for activity insufficiency, homework hours, and screen time in a typical week. Data were analyzed using general linear models and logistic regression models of Complex Samples. Prevalence results showed that children had lower physical activity and lower screen viewing time, but higher homework time during transition grades (6th, 9th, and 12th) and high school years. Academic burden was cited as the primary reason for not having sufficient physical activity (76.6%). Compared to those citing academic burden, students who did not report academic burden were significantly more likely to meet physical activity guidelines (Odds Ratio (OR) = 5.38, 95% CI = 4.74–6.11), but less likely to meet screen time guidelines (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.72–0.84), controlling for body mass index, gender, and grade level. Additionally, children who reported academic burdens had significantly longer average daily homework time than those who did not (p<0.01). Policy makers should promote physical activity and help children find a balance between homework and physical activity time particularly among the educational transition grades.
RTA‐408 Protects Kidney from Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury in Mice via Activating Nrf2 and Downstream GSH Biosynthesis Gene
Authors: Han Peng , Qin Zhiqiang , Tang Jingyuan , Xu Zhen , Li Ran , Jiang Xuping , Yang Chengdi , Xing Qianwei , Qi Xiaokang , Tang Min , Zhang Jiexiu , Shen Baixin , Wang Wei , Qin Chao , Zhang Wei
Published: December 2017

Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by ischemia‐reperfusion is a critical conundrum in many clinical settings. Here, this study aimed to determine whether and how RTA‐408, a novel oleanane triterpenoid, could confer protection against renal ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) in male mice. Mice treated with RTA‐408 undergoing unilateral ischemia followed by contralateral nephrectomy had improved renal function and histological outcome, as well as decreased apoptosis, ROS production, and oxidative injury marker compared with vehicle‐treated mice. Also, we had found that RTA‐408 could strengthen the total antioxidant capacity by increasing Nrf2 nuclear translocation and subsequently increased Nrf2 downstream GSH‐related antioxidant gene expression and activity. In vitro study demonstrated that GSH biosynthesis enzyme GCLc could be an important target of RTA‐408. Furthermore, Nrf2‐deficient mice treated with RTA‐408 had no significant improvement in renal function, histology, ROS production, and GSH‐related gene expression. Thus, by upregulating Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant genes, RTA‐408 presents a novel and potential approach to renal IRI prevention and therapy.
Analysis for Difficulty during Freeze-Drying Feizixiao Lychees
Authors: Huang L. L. , Qiao F. , Peng G. , Fang C. F.
Published: December 2017

Compared to other cultivar lychees, volume density of Feizixiao lychee was higher due to serious shrinkage during freeze-drying (FD). Guiwei lychee and Nuomici lychee were used for comparison in order to illuminate the reason of the aforementioned phenomenon. Lower prefreezing temperature could not improve the volume density of Feizixiao lychee. Microstructure results show that pulp cell of Feizixiao lychee (tail) was smaller and more compact than Guiwei and Nuomici lychee pulp cell. In addition, there is a membrane around the surface of Feizixiao lychee pulp. And the microstructure of Feizixiao lychee tip pulp cell is different from tail pulp cell. Membrane and tip pulp cell are both smaller and more compact than tail pulp cell. These structure differences hinder the moisture removing of Feizixiao lychee during FD. Removing the membrane and tip pulp could not improve the volume density of Feizixiao lychee. Ultrasound treatment for 30 min could significantly enhance the volume density of Feizixiao lychee.
Oleic Acid and Hydroxytyrosol Inhibit Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Synthesis in C6 Glioma Cells
Authors: Priore Paola , Gnoni Antonio , Natali Francesco , Testini Mariangela , Gnoni Gabriele V. , Siculella Luisa , Damiano Fabrizio
Published: December 2017

Recently, the discovery of natural compounds capable of modulating nervous system function has revealed new perspectives for a healthier brain. Here, we investigated the effects of oleic acid (OA) and hydroxytyrosol (HTyr), two important extra virgin olive oil compounds, on lipid synthesis in C6 glioma cells. OA and HTyr inhibited both de novo fatty acid and cholesterol syntheses without affecting cell viability. The inhibitory effect of the individual compounds was more pronounced if OA and HTyr were administered in combination. A reduction of polar lipid biosynthesis was also detected, while triglyceride synthesis was marginally affected. To clarify the lipid‐lowering mechanism of these compounds, their effects on the activity of key enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis (acetyl‐CoA carboxylase‐ACC and fatty acid synthase‐FAS) and cholesterologenesis (3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase‐HMGCR) were investigated in situ by using digitonin‐permeabilized C6 cells. ACC and HMGCR activities were especially reduced after 4 h of 25 μM OA and HTyr treatment. No change in FAS activity was observed. Inhibition of ACC and HMGCR activities is corroborated by the decrease of their mRNA abundance and protein level. Our results indicate a direct and rapid downregulatory effect of the two olive oil compounds on lipid synthesis in C6 cells.
A Five-Level Wavelet Decomposition and Dimensional Reduction Approach for Feature Extraction and Classification of MR and CT Scan Images
Authors: Srivastava Varun , Purwar Ravindra Kumar
Published: December 2017

This paper presents a two-dimensional wavelet based decomposition algorithm for classification of biomedical images. The two-dimensional wavelet decomposition is done up to five levels for the input images. Histograms of decomposed images are then used to form the feature set. This feature set is further reduced using probabilistic principal component analysis. The reduced set of features is then fed into either K nearest neighbor algorithm or feed-forward artificial neural network, to classify images. The algorithm is compared with three other techniques in terms of accuracy. The proposed algorithm has been found better up to 3.3%, 12.75%, and 13.75% on average over the first, second, and third algorithm, respectively, using KNN and up to 6.22%, 13.9%, and 14.1% on average using ANN. The dataset used for comparison consisted of CT Scan images of lungs and MR images of heart as obtained from different sources.
Surgical Treatment with Locoregional Flap for the Nose
Authors: Marcasciano Marco , Tarallo Mauro , Maruccia Michele , Fanelli Benedetta , La Viola Giorgio , Casella Donato , Wals Lenia Sanchèz , Ciaschi Sergio , Fioramonti Paolo
Published: December 2017

Nonmelanotic skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most frequent of all neoplasms and nasal pyramid represents the most common site for the presentation of such cutaneous malignancies, particularly in sun-exposed areas: ala, dorsum, and tip. Multiple options exist to restore functional and aesthetic integrity after skin loss for oncological reasons; nevertheless, the management of nasal defects can be often challenging and the best “reconstruction” is still to be found. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed a total of 310 patients who presented to our Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for postoncological nasal reconstruction between January 2011 and January 2016. Nasal region was classified into 3 groups according to the anatomical zones affected by the lesion: proximal, middle, and distal third. We included an additional fourth group for complex defects involving more than one subunit. Reconstruction with loco regional flaps was performed in all cases. Radical tumor control and a satisfactory aesthetic and functional result are the primary goals for the reconstructive surgeon. Despite tremendous technical enhancements in nasal reconstruction techniques, optimal results are usually obtained when “like is used to repair like.” Accurate evaluation of the patients clinical condition and local defect should be always considered in order to select the best surgical option.
Pacemaker‐Mediated Programmable Hypertension Control Therapy
Authors: Neuzil Petr , Merkely Béla , Erglis Andrejs , Marinskis Germanas , de Groot Joris R. , Schmidinger Herwig , Rodriguez Venegas Manuel , Voskuil Michiel , Sturmberger Thomas , Petru Jan , Jongejan Niels , Aichinger Josef , Kamzola Ginta , Aidietis Audrius , Gellér Laszlo , Mraz Tomas , Osztheimer Istvan , Mika Yuval , Evans Steven , Burkhoff Daniel , Kuck Karl‐Heinz , Simon Jaroslav , Dujka Libor , Machalek Libor , Király Ákos , Molnár Levente , Kovács Attila , Szabó Marianna , Kupics Kaspars , Ansaberga Ieva , Ansabergs Janis , Nesterovics Nikolajs , Barysiene Jurate , van Cruijsen Marc , Schellevis Mindel M. , Pezawas Thomas , Flores Emilio , Fullerton Demian , Beeftink Martine M.A. , Meine Matthias , Ascheim Deborah D. , Dizon Jose , Hanon Samuel , Hastings Harold
Published: December 2017

Background

Many patients requiring a pacemaker have persistent hypertension with systolic blood pressures above recommended levels. We evaluated a pacemaker‐based Programmable Hypertension Control (
PHC
) therapy that uses a sequence of variably timed shorter and longer atrioventricular intervals.

Methods and Results

Patients indicated for dual‐chamber pacing with office systolic blood pressure (
oSBP
) >150 mm Hg despite stable medical therapy were implanted with a Moderato™ pulse generator that delivers
PHC
therapy. Patients were followed for 1 month (Run‐In period) with conventional pacing; those with persistent
oSBP
>140 mm Hg were included in the study and had
PHC
therapy activated. The co‐primary efficacy end points were changes in 24‐hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure and
oSBP
between baseline and 3 months. Safety was assessed by tracking adverse events. Thirty‐five patients met the initial inclusion criteria and underwent Moderato implantation. At 1 month,
oSBP
was <140 mm Hg in 7 patients who were excluded.
PHC
was activated in the remaining 27 patients with baseline office blood pressure 166±11/80±10 mm Hg despite an average of 3.2 antihypertensive medications. During the Run‐In period,
oSBP
and 24‐hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure decreased by 8±13 and 5±12 mm Hg (
P
<0.002), respectively. Compared with pre‐
PHC
activation measurements,
oSBP
decreased by another 16±15 mm Hg and 24‐hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure decreased by an additional 10±13 mm Hg (both
P
<0.01) at 3 months. No device‐related serious adverse effects were noted.

Conclusions

In pacemaker patients with persistent hypertension despite medical therapy,
oSBP
and 24‐hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure are decreased by
PHC
therapy. Initial indications are that this therapy is a safe and promising therapy for such patients.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
02282033.
Introducing Tell Gabbara: New Evidence for Early Dynastic Settlement in the Eastern Delta
Authors: Rampersad Sabrina R.
Published: December 2017

Tell Gabbara, a previously undocumented site in the Sharqiya province, has recently produced evidence of a Naqada III settlement in the latest phase of its occupation. The economic nature of the community is beginning to emerge as a highly productive agricultural one in which grain harvesting and bread production played important roles, perhaps within the context of a larger redistributive system. This is supported by an archaeological record containing a large corpus of bread moulds, sickle blades, and mud-brick architecture, the latter beginning to appear over a significant area. It is likely that the population at this site was part of a larger network of Naqada III settlement throughout the delta, and thus was part of a system characterised by social, cultural, and economic developments accelerated by the unification.
Die Demotischen Stelen Aus Der Gegend Von Hussaniya / Tell Nebesheh
Authors: Moje Jan
Published: December 2017

This paper deals with the demotic funerary stelae from the site of Tell Nebesheh, an area which was excavated by W. M. F. Petrie a century ago. At that time no demotic objects were found. The stelae published here are from later private finds or purchased on the antiquities market. They are translated and analysed anew, with special focus on the iconographic similarity between these stelae, which have hitherto not been commented on as a corpus. In addition a bibliography of all known Demotic epigraphic records from the Delta is given.
Collecting Egyptian Antiquities in the Year 1838: Reverend William Hodge Mill and Robert Curzon, Baron Zouche*
Authors: Muhs Brian , Vorderstrasse Tasha
Published: December 2017

This article focuses on the collecting activities of the Reverend William Hodge Mill and Robert Curzon, which both occurred in 1838. Thanks to the decipherment of the Demotic ostraca acquired by both men, it has been possible to conclude that many of their antiquities were collected in Thebes at about the same time. While Robert Curzon is a well known manuscript collector, his contribution to Egyptian antiquities has tended to be understudied. Here his collection of antiquities is discussed in detail, including the location of some of the objects sold at auction after his death. The Reverend William Hodge Mill's collecting activities have not been identified until now. He collected far fewer objects than Robert Curzon, probably for financial reasons, but both men were interested in examples of ancient writing.
Une Base De Statue Fragmentaire De Sésostris Ier Provenant De Dra Abou El-Naga*
Authors: Lorand David
Published: December 2017

The fragmentary statue base of Senwosret I held at the Egyptian Museum of Florence (inv. 6328) is part of an almost human-size representation of the king walking on the Nine Bows. The name of a deity (most likely Amun) inscribed alongside the king's Horus name was defaced, probably during the reign of Amenhotep IV/Akhenaton. The different parallels collected from the royal statuary of Senwosret I, the study of the formula ‘nḫ, ḏd, w3s nb r rdwy nṯ nfr pn ‘all life, stability and dominion are at the feet of this perfect god’, and its occurrences show that the statue is linked to the Theban area. The fragment is probably the remnant of a larger statuary group of the king and a deity.
Bemerkungen zu zwei usurpierten Säulen aus der Zeit Merenptahs*
Authors: Yasuoka Yoshifumi
Published: December 2017

Two examples of reused granite columns are discussed, displaying a variety of techniques of reuse in the Ramessid Period. One column, found at Tell El Yahûdîyeh, has been misinterpreted since the end of the Nineteenth Century. The other shows a unique formulation of a monolithic column into a sculpture, in which the monolithic granite column was eventually turned upside down to produce a larger naophorus statue out of the ‘entasis’ of the six-stemmed papyrus shaft. The origin of both columns can be attributed to the royal buildings of the Fifth Dynasty, perhaps from Abusir.
A rock art palimpsest: evidence of the relative ages of some Eastern Desert petroglyphs*
Authors: Judd Tony
Published: December 2017

In general it is difficult to base reliable estimates of the date of a petroglyph on its degree of patination because the rate at which the patina forms is unknown. In some cases, however, the conditions to which adjacent images have been subject, and therefore their rate of patination, can be assumed to be similar and the sequence in which they were drawn can be deduced. One such, in the Eastern Desert east of Kom Ombo, is reported here. Groups of images of different subjects, mainly animals and anthropoids, drawn in different styles, can be distinguished and conclusions about their ages can be drawn.
The Ritual Significance of Colour: Specialised Pigments in a Wooden Egyptian Funerary Statuette from the New Kingdom*
Authors: Dodd Lynn Swartz , Scott David A. , Nikias Georgiana Artemis , Au Jennifer , Ramos Angelica
Published: December 2017

A polychrome painted wooden funerary figurine has been radiocarbon dated to 1220–1050 BC and is painted with a white pigment that includes gypsum, huntite, and tridymite. This is the first discovery of the use of tridymite as a pigment in Ancient Egypt. This unusual white pigment yields an exceptionally bright white paint. The authors argue that Egyptian artisans engaged in a sophisticated, deliberate manipulation of mineral-based pigments to achieve specific desired sacral effects.
Contribution to a Controversy: A Date for the Tomb of K3(=i)-m-‘nḫ at Giza*
Authors: Woods Alexandra
Published: December 2017

The tomb of K3(=i)-m-‘nḫ (G 4561) in the West Field at Giza has been dated to either the Fifth or the Sixth Dynasty. The latter date raises a serious problem regarding the development of funerary beliefs and practices in the Old Kingdom. To refine the tomb's date, the article examines a variety of evidence from K3(=i)-m-‘nḫ's chapel and burial chamber as well as applying dating criteria established after recent analysis of the spear-fishing scenes in the Memphite cemeteries.
The Carrier Nets from a Burial at Qurna*
Authors: Veldmeijer André J. , Bourriau Janine D.
Published: December 2017

Among Petrie's finds, in 1908, in an intact burial at Dra‘ Abū el-Nag‘a were items of pottery and their carrier nets. Some of the nets are decoratively knotted, and compare well with other examples from the same area as well as with finds from Nubia, found by Reisner. Comparison with native Egyptian examples of nets suggests a Nubian origin, which is confirmed by the pottery. Despite the decorative way of knotting, the nets show evidence of use.
Kawa V and Taharqo's By3wt: Some Aspects of Nubian Royal Ideology
Authors: Gozzoli Roberto B.
Published: December 2017

A translation and commentary of Kawa V, the inundation stela of Taharqo's sixth year. an identification of the four omens in the central part of the text is provided, and the ideological relevance of the royal mother and royal sister in the Nubian concept of kingship are also studied.
Recent advances on gradient hydrogels in biomimetic cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Gadjanski Ivana
Published: December 2017

Articular cartilage (AC) is a seemingly simple tissue that has only one type of constituting cell and no blood vessels and nerves. In the early days of tissue engineering, cartilage appeared to be an easy and promising target for reconstruction and this was especially motivating because of widespread AC pathologies such as osteoarthritis and frequent sports-induced injuries. However, AC has proven to be anything but simple. Recreating the varying properties of its zonal structure is a challenge that has not yet been fully answered. This caused the shift in tissue engineering strategies toward bioinspired or biomimetic approaches that attempt to mimic and simulate as much as possible the structure and function of the native tissues. Hydrogels, particularly gradient hydrogels, have shown great potential as components of the biomimetic engineering of the cartilaginous tissue.
Wound exudate: a survey of current understanding and clinical competency
Authors: Tickle Joy
Published: December 2017

A survey was undertaken with the aim of identifying health professionals' understanding of wound exudate and their ability to assess and manage it. The survey was carried out at Wound Expo, which is a large annual event that provides generalist nurses with interactive education on the core aspects of wound care, including wound exudate. The sample comprised 223 delegates. Almost all delegates (89%) included exudate in every wound assessment, but only 20% based assessment of excess exudate on colour, viscosity and malodour, with the majority (67%) basing it on leakage and increased frequency of dressing changes. While almost all (94%) delegates said they always assess exudate colour and most (80%) that they always assess its viscosity, 18% did not understand the clinical significance of exudate colour and 29% were unable to correctly identify the characteristics of low-viscosity exudate. Furthermore, one quarter of the sample did not always take absorbency into account when selecting a wound dressing. The results indicate that exudate assessment is often subjective, and there is scope for greater use of wound exudate assessment tools and exudate descriptors.
Assessment, diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence in women
Authors: Ostle Zoe
Published: December 2017

This article gives an overview of female urinary incontinence including the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of stress urinary incontinence and overactive bladder syndrome. It summarises recent guidelines, the role of the nurse in conservative management and when a referral for specialist care is required. It aims to encourage nurses to use all opportunities to identify women who have urinary incontinence then to assess and treat urinary incontinence effectively. All patients should receive a full continence assessment. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines recommend conservative treatments including lifestyle advice, pelvic floor exercises and bladder retraining. Nurses may need to access training from their local specialist continence nurse service to enable them to provide evidence-based care. This article concludes that equitable, integrated continence services are essential to improve the quality of care for people with continence problems.
Confirming PICC tip position during insertion with real-time information
Authors: Barton Andrew
Published: December 2017

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) play a fundamental role in patient care in a variety of clinical and healthcare settings. Tip location is important for both safety and efficacy. New technologies may offer the possibility of safer, more efficient and more effective insertion. A prospective evaluation was carried out of a system providing real-time information on the tip's location, direction, and depth during insertion in a total of 488 patients at a single centre (65 patients in the initial study, plus follow-on case series reports in 423 patients). No tip malpositions were reported and, as a result, the institution has been able to waive the requirement for confirmatory chest X-ray after PICC insertion, thus minimising the delay before the PICC can be used and increasing staff and patient confidence in the procedure.
Sexual health and sexuality in people with a stoma: a literature review
Authors: Humphreys Nadine
Published: December 2017

Introduction:

The creation of a stoma can have a negative impact on sexuality and sexual health. A literature review was undertaken to explore what factors impact on sexual health and sexuality of people with a stoma.

Methodology:

A review of the literature was undertaken using online databases Cinahl, Medline, PsychInfo, Embase and Pubmed. The search was limited to articles on colostomates and ileostomates in the English language that have been peer-reviewed and written in the past 10 years.

Results:

Stoma creation greatly impacts on a patient's sexuality. The main themes identified were body image, physical factors, relationships with others and information provided by health professionals.

Recommendations:

Health professionals need to ensure they have the knowledge and skills to confidently discuss sexual health and sexuality with patients to improve their quality of life. Further research is required regarding the situation in the UK, pain and lubrication in women and homosexual relationships.
Improving the quality of nursing documentation in a palliative care setting: a quality improvement initiative
Authors: Stewart Kate , Doody Owen , Bailey Maria , Moran Sue
Published: December 2017

Aim:

This paper reports on a quality-improvement project to develop nursing documentation that reflects holistic care within a specialist palliative centre.

Background:

The World Health Organization definition of palliative care includes impeccable assessment and management of pain and other symptoms. However, existing nursing documentation focuses mainly on the management of physical symptoms, with other aspects of nursing less frequently documented.

Methods:

Supported by a project team and expert panel, cycles of review, action and reflection were used to develop a new palliative nursing documentation. The project was divided into three phases: audits of existing nursing documentation, development of a new palliative nursing care document and audit tool, and pilot implementation and audit of the new nursing documentation.

Results:

The new palliative nursing care document demonstrated a higher level of compliance in relation to nursing assessments and a more concise, accurate and comprehensive approach to documenting holistic nursing care and recording of patients' perspective.

Conclusions:

This project has enabled the consistent documentation of holistic nursing care and patients' perspectives; however, continuous education is necessary in order to sustain positive results and ensure that documentation does not become a ‘tick box’ exercise. Organisational support is required in order to improve documentation systems.
Teaching end-of-life care to baccalaureate nursing students: lessons learned
Authors: Cleary Ann Selena
Published: December 2017

End-of-life (EoL) care is increasingly provided by nurses outside of traditional hospice environments, yet many general nurses have limited education in EoL care. This article describes the development and evolution of an EOL care course in a baccalaureate nursing program, and the resources and strategies the faculty used to facilitate student engagement and learning. The original EoL course was then eliminated and replaced by the inclusion of EOL care education within existing courses. Faculty drew on the experience gained and lessons learned over several years to identify essential content from the course and include it in the new curriculum, to be integrated into existing courses and levels.