bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Twice Daily Quinine Regimen Versus Three Times Regimen in Treating Severe Complicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria among Children
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Noura Abdelhalim , Habour Ali Babiker , Nagmeldeen Mohamed Mohanad Yousif
Published: January 2025

Malaria is a significant health problem in the tropics, with increasing morbidity and mortality. Children are the population group with the highest malaria case fatality rate. Severe. This will be the first study to investigate the efficacy of a twice-daily regimen versus the three-times daily quinine regimen in treating severe complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Sudan. This was a prospective, cross-sectional, comparative hospital-based study. It was conducted in Wad Medani Pediatrics' Teaching Hospital in Gezeira state (Sudan).The study sample was divided into two groups: the first group was children who received quinine at a dose of 10 mg/kg three times a day, and the second group was those who received it at 10mg/kg twice a day. The groups were followed during their hospital stay for the differences in temperature drop, hypoglycemia, coma resolution, parasite clearance, recrudescence, and quinine side effects. 200 patients were included in this study. The mean age of presentation was 4.5 years. Fever was the most common presenting symptom in half of the patients (101 patients), 50.5%, but on examination, all the patients in the study group were febrile 100%. Low blood sugar levels were more common among the three times group in comparison with the twice daily group, 20% compared to 15% respectively on D1, 10% compared to only 2% on D2, Quinine side effects (chinqunism) were reported more frequently in quinine three times group than twice group 33% of patients of three times group developed vomiting and abdominal pain after starting of quinine on day 1,22%on D2,56 % develop tinnitus on D1,48 % on D2,38% on D3, Two patients develop transient visual loss for the 1st 2days. 20% develop tinnitus on D1,5% on D2. 19 % of patients of the times quinine group had parasite recrudescence during follow-up (appearance of symptoms of Malaria with positive blood film) two patients on day 14 and the remaining 17 patients on day 28 and the cause of this parasite recrudescence most probably was due to their poor compliance (missing the dose, stopping quinine prematurely when they felt an improvement of their children among those patients), comparing to only4 patients of twice group. Our study found no statistically significant differences between the two quinine regimens in fever remission time, parasite clearance, and coma resolution time. However, the twice-quinine regimen was associated with less chinqunism (quinine side effect) and a lower risk of hypoglycemia.
Constraints Faced by the Farmers in Adoption of Recommended Sorghum Practices by Atma in Dindigul District of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Sandhiya V. , Balakrishnan T.
Published: January 2025

The present study was undertaken to analyse the constraints faced by the farmers in the adoption of sorghum production practices. A list of trainees was obtained from the State Department of Agriculture (SDA). About 120 samples of respondents were selected using a proportionate random sampling method. An ex-post facto research design was followed for the study. It was revealed that the failure of seasonal rainfall, labour scarcity, drought, low price to the product, non-availability of bio-fertilizer, high cost of plant protection chemicals, non-availability of inputs and lack of technological guidance was the major constraint in the adoption of sorghum practices.
Evaluating the Potability of Bonganema, Foya Wulleh, and Kawela Streams Used for Drinking and Agricultural Irrigation in the Kori Chiefdom, Moyamba Districts, Southern Sierra Leone
Authors: Pujeh Junior Mohamed , Sheriff Juma , Kudush Kawa Yahaya , Pujeh Sallu
Published: January 2025

This research examines the physical, chemical and microbial parameters of Bonganema, Foya Wulleh, and Kawela Streams used for drinking and agricultural irrigation. These three streams (Bonganema, Foya Wulleh, and Kawela Streams) are situated along the Taiama-Njala University highway, in the Kori Chiefdom, Moyamba district, southern province of Sierra Leone. These three streams are used by the locals of the various communities for drinking and agricultural activities. The quality of water is affected by different environmental dynamics such as pH, temperature, opacity or turbidity, amount of nutrients, hardness, alkalinity and the amount of oxygen present in water (Edori, 2020). The physical parameters include: Turbidity, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS); chemical parameters include Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) and, the microbial parameters include Faecal coliform, and Non-faecal coliform. Water samples were collected at the respected streams for three months (April, May, and June), at the start of every month (1st of every month). Water samples collected from the three streams were conveyed at the Environmental Management and Quality Control (EMQC) Laboratory, at Njala campus, Njala University, Sierra Leone within 30min of collection time. Result of the physical analysis were found to be within the standard limits set out by World Health Organisation, however, the pH and turbidity of the threes streams; (Bonganema pH 5.73,Turb.7.27; Foya Wulleh pH 5.44, Turb. 12.33; Kawela pH5.81, Turb. 7.11) were found to beoutside the World Health Organisation bracket, the chemical parameter of two of the streams (Bonganema Fe 1.29; Foya Wulleh Fe2.01)recorded high concentration of Iron that far exceed the WHO bracket of Fe in the drinking water, however, the other chemical parameters of all the streams were found to be in conformity with the WHO standards. The microbial parameters of the three streams showed high concentration ofFaecal coliform (Bonganema,13.17; Foya Wulleh, 24.03; Kawela, 10.63) that fell outside the WHO standards, However, there was low concentration of Non-Faecal coliform (Bonganema, 5.97; Foya Wulleh, 5.00; Kawela, 6.97) in all the samples analysed that were within the WHO standards. It can be said that the water sample analysed for the three streams recorded high concentration of pH, Turbidity, Faecal Coliform, and Iron, except Kawela that recorded low concentration of Iron (Fe, 0.03) that is within WHO standards. It can therefore be concluded that water from three streams (Bonganema, Foya Wulleh, and Kawela Streams) are not potable and, therefore not fit for human consumption and agricultural irrigation.
Application of Subcritical Water Hydrolysis (SCW) in Producing Reducing Sugar for Biofuel Production
Authors: Ranggina Dian , Nogo Olea Maria Assumpta , F. Sangian Hanny , Widjaja Arief , Azis Hijrah Amaliah
Published: January 2025

Abstract. This work aimed to produce reducing sugar from coconut husk using subcritical water hydrolysis. Coconut husk contains cellulose and hemicellulose that can be converted into reducing sugars and then fermented into biofuel. In this study, the subcritical water hydrolysis was carried out in a batch reactor at  temperatures 120-260 oC and pressures, 40, 80, and 160 bar for 1 h. Subcritical water method obtained two products, namely (a) liquid containing sugar and (b) solid containing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The liquid sugars were analyzed by HPLC and DNS, while crystal structure was characterized by XRD and SEM. The highest yield of reducing sugar obtained was 0.25 g/g cellulose+ hemicellulose at 150 oC and 80 bar.

Keywords: 

Biofuel, Coconut husk, Lignocellulose, Reducing sugar, Subcritical water
Discapacidad y satisfacción de los usuarios de consulta externa de establecimientos de salud del Perú, 2016
Authors:   , Gaspar Roman Teodoro Alejandro Antonio
Published: January 2025

Introducción: La atención médica de mala calidad y las barreras estructurales pueden disminuir la satisfacción de los pacientes, más aún si tienen una discapacidad física. Objetivos: Estimar la asociación entre la discapacidad física y la satisfacción con la atención médica y con la infraestructura del establecimiento de salud, en usuarios de consultorios médicos del Perú atendidos en el 2016. Métodos: Realizamos un análisis transversal secundario de los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios en Salud (ENSUSALUD) 2016. La variable independiente fue la discapacidad física y las variables dependientes fueron la satisfacción con la atención médica y la satisfacción con la infraestructura del establecimiento de salud. Se incluyeron variables de confusión, según estudios previos. Se realizó una regresión lineal múltiple y se estimaron coeficientes β con sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Luego de ajustar por variables de confusión, las personas con discapacidad física moderada tuvieron en promedio 1,96 (IC95%: -2,95; -0,97) puntos menos de satisfacción con la atención médica que las personas sin discapacidad física. Asimismo, las personas con discapacidad física moderada y severa tuvieron en promedio 1,96 (IC95%: -2,85; -1,06) y 6,44 (IC95%: -9,61; -3,27) puntos menos de satisfacción con la infraestructura del establecimiento de salud que las personas sin discapacidad física. Conclusiones: En Perú, los usuarios de consultorios médicos con discapacidad física están menos satisfechos con la atención y con la infraestructura del establecimiento de salud, en comparación con los usuarios sin discapacidad física.
A Low-intensity Rim on T2-weighted Brainstem Imaging is a Normal Finding and a Mimicker of Superficial Siderosis
Authors: Yamakuni Ryo , Ishikawa Hironobu , Ishii Shiro , Hiruta Ryo , Yamada Shoki , Seino Shinya , Kakamu Takeyasu , Tomura Noriaki , Fukushima Kenji , Ito Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Purpose: In healthy participants, T2 superficial localized low intensity (T2-SLL) similar to superficial siderosis has been observed in the brainstem. This study aimed to determine the incidence and causes of T2-SLL.
Methods: To determine the incidence, T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) was performed on 114 patients (68 males; mean age: 59.1 years) using a 3.0-T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner and visually assessed by two radiologists. T2-SLL presence in 22 brain areas was evaluated using the following system: 0 for absence, 1 for <50% surface, 2 for ≥50% but not the entirety, and 3 for the entirety. After assessing inter-rater agreement, the scores were averaged. To investigate the causes of T2-SLL, an experimental MR imaging (MRI) was performed on a healthy male volunteer. To evaluate the chemical shift effect, the bandwidth and encoding direction were modified. To assess the magnetic susceptibility effect, T2*WI was performed using varying echo times (TEs).
Results: A moderate inter-rater score agreement (κ=0.556) was observed. T2-SLL was identified in all participants and was most frequently observed on the frontal and lateral sides of the midbrain and pons, with the highest occurrence on the frontal of the upper pons (median 2.0; interquartile range 2.0–3.0). In the experimental MRI, no differences in T2-SLL were observed across the varying bandwidths and encoding directions. However, the superficial low signal for T2WI thickened as the TE lengthened, similar to blood vessels, suggesting a magnetic susceptibility effect.
Conclusion: T2-SLL can be regarded as a normal structure that may be associated with blood vessels.
Unusual presentation of Lewis-Sumner Syndrome in elderly
Authors: Sarraj Rihab , Brahem Mouna , Abid Hayfa , Jomaa Olfa , Ardhaoui Mahbouba , Abdellatif Sirine , Younes Mohamed
Published: January 2025

Lewis-Sumner Syndrome (LSS) is a rare disease that affect usually young adult. It is characterized by a proximal and especially distal myalgia, asymmetric muscle weakness, which mostly affects the upper limbs with early onset. Diagnosis can be difficult to establish if the clinical presentation is atypical. We report here a rare case of LSS in an old patient with unusual clinical aspects. A 70-year-old female patient with a history of atrial fibrillation complicated by pulmonary embolism, presented with myalgia and muscle weakness of the shoulders, upper arms, hips and thighs. This involvement was bilateral, symmetrical and evolving for 3 months, causing difficulties in climbing stairs, standing or walking. Physical examination showed a proximal muscle deficiency affecting proximal muscles of the upper and lower limbs. In this stage, we suspected an inflammatory myopathy or polymyalgia rheumatica. Biological investigation showed an inflammatory syndrome and an elevated lactate dehydrogenase level. The immunoblot polymyositis profile was negative. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of hips revealed a signal abnormality in the gluteus medius muscles on both sides with inflammatory appearance. The Electromyography revealed sensorimotor neuropathy affecting the four limbs more pronounced in lower ones, with motor nerve conduction blocks. The cerebrospinal fluid study revealed a proteinorachia at 0.4g/l with normal glycorachia and normal cell counts. These results confirmed the diagnosis of LSS. The patient was treated by corticosteroids at dose of 1 mg/ kg/ day during 2 months, with a progressive decrease of treatment. The evolution was marked by spectacular clinical and biological relief.
“We’ve lost a lot of lives:” The Impact of the Closure of North America’s Busiest Supervised Consumption Site on People Who Use Substances and the Organizations that Work with Them
Authors: Magnuson Morgan , Vandenberg Shannon , Oosterbroek Tracy , Dey Kevin
Published: January 2025

Background
Supervised Consumption Sites (SCSs) are an evidence-based harm reduction strategy to reduce the risk of fatal drug poisonings. However, this approach has faced political opposition in Canada, resulting in the closures of SCSs in some provinces. Our study aims to add to the understanding of the impact of SCS closures by exploring the perspectives of both people who use substances (PWUS) and the staff members of organizations that continue to provide harm reduction services. Our study explores the aftermath of the closure of what was once North America’s busiest SCS, located in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, offering a contextualized exploration of regressive harm reduction policies.
Methods
To better understand the impact of the closure, our study adopts a descriptive qualitative design to explore this novel phenomenon within the unique context of Lethbridge, Alberta. We conducted 27 interviews with PWUS and 10 with Staff Members of organizations that provide harm-reduction services. We chose to use reflexive thematic analysis (TA), which allows for a critical realist and contextual approach to data analysis.
Results
We developed three themes based on our analysis. Our first theme speaks to the harms of SCS closures on PWUS and organizations that provide harm reduction services. Next, our second theme highlights the perspectives of participants on the political motivations behind the ARCHES closure. Our last theme explores how PWUS and organizations navigate the political opposition to harm reduction approaches while responding to the worsening drug poisoning crisis.
Conclusions
Our study highlights the continued need to expand harm reduction services and for ongoing advocacy to reverse regressive policy decisions.
Relationship between DLK-1 levels in blood serum and survival of patients with glioblastoma
Authors: Ryabova A. I. , Novikov V. A. , Spirina L. V. , Dospan A. B. , Choynzonov E. L. , Gribova O. V. , Muzenik O. A. , Syrkashev V. A. , Glushchenko S. A. , Tabakaev S. A. , Udintseva I. N.
Published: January 2025

Several studies have shown that the increased expression of delta–like noncanonical Notch ligand 1 (DLK-1) is associated with more aggressive tumor characteristics in patients with glioblastoma. The aim of the study was to estimate the diagnostic and prognostic values of DLK-1 serum levels in glioblastoma patients. Material and Methods. The study included 39 patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. The DLK-1 level was evaluated in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples in glioblastoma patients before starting chemoradiotherapy (CRT). All patients with glioblastoma received combined modality treatment. The DLK-1 level in blood serum was additionally assessed during follow-up visits. Results. The median levels of DLK-1 in paired CSF and serum samples before CRT were 1.17 ng/ml (95 % CI 0.78; 2.89) and 0.27 ng/ml (95 % CI 0.26; 0.29), respectively (p=0.006). The assessment of the DLK-1 serum level in glioblastoma patients didn’t show any significant differences related to the response to therapy. In patients with tumor progression after CRT, the median serum DLK-1 level before CRT was 0.43 ng/ml, and in patients with stable disease, the median serum level was 1.7 ng/ml (p=0.012). The DLK-1 serum levels were 1.60 ng/ml and 0.32 ng/ml in patients with favorable prognosis for progression–free survival and in patients with unfavorable prognosis, respectively (p=0.005). The median concentrations of DLK-1 in serum before starting CRT were 1.01 ng/ml and 0.32 ng/ml in patients with favorable prognosis of overall survival and in patients with unfavorable prognosis, respectively (p=0.04). The DLK-1 levels in 4 weeks after CRT were 1.53 ng/ml and 0.23 ng/ml in patients with favorable prognosis of overall survival and in patients with the unfavorable prognosis, respectively (p=0.04). Conclusion. The DLK-1 serum level in patients with glioblastoma cannot be used to diagnose disease progression. However, this marker is a prognostic factor for overall and progression-free survival, and allows identification of patients with favorable and unfavorable prognosis.
Features of intestinal microbiota composition in cancer patients
Authors: Aginova V. V. , Grigorievskaya Z. V. , Petukhova I. N. , Bagirova N. S. , Tereshchenko I. V. , Samoylenko I. V. , Kuzmenko A. O. , Kononets P. V.
Published: January 2025

Objective: to evaluate and compare the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microbiota in patients with malignant neoplasms of various localizations. Material and Methods. The study included patients who received different types of treatment in N.N. Blokhin Oncology Research Center, Moscow, Russia in 2023 for gastric cancer, including cardioesophageal adenocarcinoma (group 1), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (group 2) and metastatic or locally advanced melanoma of the skin (group 3). All patients had to have morphologic verification of the diagnosis at the time of inclusion, be over 18 years old, have an ECOG performance status of ≤1, and have no evidence of intestinal infection, as well as not take antibiotics within 28 days prior to entry into the study. Stool samples were collected during patients’ hospitalization. The quantitative and qualitative composition of microorganisms of 17 taxonomic groups was evaluated. Microorganisms were cultured according to standard microbiological methods, taking into account the growth conditions of a particular group of microorganisms. Species identification of microbial isolates was obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and MALDI Biotyper v.3.0 software (Bruker daltonics, Germany). Descriptive statistics methods from the SPSS Statistics, v.27 software package were used. To quantitatively describe the species diversity of the gut microbiota, calculations were performed using the Margalef species richness index (d) and Shannon’s (H) diversity index. The criterion of uniformity of microbial species distribution according to their abundance in the population community was evaluated using the Pielow index (E). The Hutcheson’s T-criterion was used to test the significance of differences between sample sets of Shannon index values and to obtain statistically correct estimates of differences (p≤0.05). Results. A total of 63 samples of biological material (feces) were investigated. A change in the quantitative composition of intestinal microbiota in all study groups was found, which may have a negative impact on the general condition of the patient and the effectiveness of antitumor treatment. The increase in the proportion of Proteobacteria (Enterobacterales) can be considered as a risk factor for the development of infectious complications caused by Gram-negative microorganisms. The analysis of factors influencing the taxonomic diversity of intestinal microbiota revealed no significant differences in the composition of intestinal microbiota between the groups of patients with malignant tumors of different nosological forms (p>0.05).
1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamides induces G2/M cell cycle arrest in ovarian cancer cell lines
Authors: Zhidkova E. M. , Grebenkina L. E. , Maksimova V. P. , Grigoreva D. D. , Mikhina E. A. , Matveev A. V. , Yakubovskaya M. G. , Lesovaya E. A.
Published: January 2025

Introduction. Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological cancers worldwide, which is difficult to diagnose and treat. the high mortality rate from ovarian cancer makes the development of new therapeutic drugs relevant. Ribavirin (RBV), commonly used antiviral agent, revealed the anticancer potential, however, it led to the development of severe side effects as well. RBV derivatives were previously synthesized and tested as putative anticancer drugs in the models of hematological malignancies. The aim of this study was to estimate the anticancer effects of and RBV derivatives (MGs) in ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Material and Methods. Cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of the MGs on ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR3 and OVCAR4) were assessed using the MTT assay and cell counting with trypan blue staining. distribution of cell cycle phases and induction of apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry with propidium iodide and annexin V-FITC staining. Results. 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamides inhibited the proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Conclusion. these results provide the rationale for further studies of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamides as anticancer drugs.
Theoretical system of levels of constructing vehicle movement of ground urban electric transport vehicle
Authors: Aukhadeev A. E.
Published: January 2025

Digitalization of the transport industry and the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the automation of control of its main processes determine the need to search for new approaches to the description of electrical complexes and systems of transport purpose, their internal and external system properties. The public ground urban electric transport system is considered as a complex process of conversion, transmission and use of electrical energy and information in the electrical complex of urban electric transport, manifested in the organization of controlled movement of vehicles in specific conditions of production tasks and technology of passenger transportation. Based on the synergetic description of the properties, principles of organization and functioning of a complex production and technical system of urban electric transport, the controlled movement of vehicles has been presented as a multilevel technological process implemented by the electrical complex of urban electric transport. It has been proved that the basis of this process, formed by 5 hierarchically arranged levels, each of which provides a separate specific task of building the movement of vehicles, is the implementation of algorithms of traction electrical equipment. A theoretical system of levels of vehicle motion construction as a multilevel process has been formulated, mathematical models of each level have been identified, and sets of conditions characterizing "external" and "internal" "order parameters" defining hierarchical interlevel interrelations have been determined. The results of the work may be of interest to the developers of control systems of autonomous vehicles and driver assistance systems during the selection and justification of algorithms for the effective control of the electrical complex of traction electrical equipment of urban electric transport.
Evaluación de impacto de las prácticas profesionales. Modelo de un programa de educación superior
Authors:   Universidad de San Buenaventura Cali, Caicedo-Muñoz Silvia Cristina , Salazar Vargas Francisco Javier ,   Universidad de San Buenaventura Cali, Sánchez Jaramillo Carlos Andrés ,   Universidad de San Buenaventura Cali, Álvarez Ramírez Adaneys ,   Universidad de San Buenaventura Cali
Published: January 2025

Esta investigación presenta los resultados del proyecto "Evaluación de impacto de las prácticas profesionales del programa de Psicología de la Universidad de San Buenaventura Cali", y se enmarca en el eje estratégico de investigación institucional, el cual aporta de manera específica a sus desarrollos e impactos curriculares; dicha evaluación hace parte del programa de prácticas profesionales adscrito a dicho programa y cumple con su compromiso con el plan de mejoramiento 2015-2020 para responsabilizarse con la cultura del desarrollo constante de todos los elementos académicos. En la literatura revisada se hallaron antecedentes de investigación relacionados con los efectos de prácticas empresariales, además de los impactos de las universidades en el mejoramiento de las empresas, lo que generó una reflexión importante desde la facultad, dado que los resultados apuntan al fortalecimiento del programa, a sus egresados y a la comunidad en general. De igual forma, el resultado de la evaluación de impacto proporciona elementos clave para que el programa de Psicología, junto con las organizaciones, pueda identificar las estrategias de reorientación y proyección de los componentes que lo conforman a nivel departamental, si así se requiere.
Central Bank Digital Currencies: A review of global trends in adoption, financial inclusion, and the role of country characteristics
Authors: Koparan Alper
Published: January 2025

The global adoption of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) represents a pivotal shift in monetary systems, driven by technological advancements and economic imperatives. While a small number of official digital currencies are in circulation, many nations are launching pilot programs to address financial inclusion challenges and enhance economic resilience. This study aims to identify the determinants of digital currency adoption across 116 countries, using logistic regression to analyze the effects of economic, technological, institutional, and financial factors.The results show that higher GDP levels significantly increase the likelihood of active CBDC adoption by 332.1 percent and pilot adoption by 212.6 percent, reflecting the role of economic development. Greater internet usage improves the odds of active adoption by 12.7 percent and pilot adoption by 13.4 percent, while financial inclusion indicators, such as account ownership, increase the likelihood of adoption by 59 percent for active initiatives and 141 percent for pilot projects. Monetary freedom positively influences active adoption by 31.1 percent, and higher interest rates increase the odds by 20.8 percent. Conversely, business freedom negatively affects active adoption by 27.5 percent and pilot adoption by 29.1 percent, suggesting that countries with strong private-sector digital payment solutions may rely less on CBDCs.These findings represent the transformative potential of digital currencies to improve financial inclusion and economic participation. Policymakers should prioritize investments in digital infrastructure and financial inclusion initiatives to facilitate the integration of digital currencies into national economies and empower underserved populations globally.
Analysis of Wasathiyyah Islamic Values in Semarang As-Sa'adah Islamic Boarding School Curriculum Perspective of M. Quraish Shihab
Authors: Rofi'ah Haning , Thomafy Khoiriyah
Published: January 2025

This research aims to describe the meaning of wasathiyyah according to M. Quraish Shihab's perspective, the extent to which wasathiyyah Islamic values are compatible in As-Sa'adah Islamic boarding school curriculum and the personality of the students after the instillation of Wasathiyyah Islam at the As-Sa'adah Islamic Boarding School. This research uses descriptive qualitative method; then the data analysis technique uses inductive qualitative data analysis, which is carried out through observation, documentation, and the development of relationship patterns from previous data. This research shows that the wasathiyyah perspective of Quraish Shihab shows principles that advocate balance, tolerance, and a middle attitude in carrying out religious teachings. The wasathiyyah approach to religion encourages people to avoid extremism and fanaticism. As-Sa'adah Islamic Boarding School teaches wasathiyyah values through the study of kitab kuning material and also habituation activities at the Islamic boarding school, thereby producing superior students with good personalities, namely politeness, independence, and strong beliefs. The limitation of this research is that it only uses the As-Sa'adah Islamic Boarding School curriculum as the only research object, in this case it is not representative. Recommendations for further research are to add research objects related to the Islamic boarding school curriculum.
Exploring the Versatility of Azine Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis and Biological Applications
Authors: Alasmari Saeed M.N. , Alam Aftab , Fayaz Ur Rahman  , Elhenawy Ahmed A. , Ali Abid , Ahmad Manzoor , Khan Momin
Published: January 2025

Organic compounds containing azines, di-imines, or bis-Schiff-bases have two azomethine
(-CH=N-) functional groups associated with a bridging component. These constituents have
attracted attention from a diversity of disciplines, comprising coordination, medicinal, agriculture
chemistry, and organic synthesis, because of their comprehensive chemical reactivity and nature.
This study determines common synthetic approaches and various biological and pharmacological
activities of several substituted bis-Schiff byproducts. The usefulness of bis-Schiff bases in synthetic
chemistry and their potential as inhibitors of a number of enzymes have attracted research attention.
We have examined different biological activities and common synthetic methods used to make bis-
Schiff bases that have been published in the literature. A systematic search of the literature has been
performed, and studies fitting the prearranged inclusion standards have been inspected. This review
can open up new potentials for upcoming research in this area and advance our information on bis-
Schiff bases.
Facile Synthesis of Monodisperse Gold Nanorods, Gold Nanobipyramids and Gold Nanocups with Different Coatings and Evaluation of Their Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Zuo Fanjiao , Zhou Shuting , Wu Xiwei , Wang Boyao , He Jun , Qiu Xilong
Published: January 2025

Introduction:

Assessing the cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) has gained importance
due to their development in the biomedical field.

Method:

In this study, we systematically synthesized gold nanorods (GNRs), gold nanobipyramids
(GNBPs), and gold nanocups (GNCs) using a seed-mediated method, with an average length of 32.53
± 4.67 nm, 72.90 ± 7.54 nm and 118.01 ± 11.02 nm, respectively.

Results:

Furthermore, using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, we assessed the cellular cytotoxicity
of three different types of GNPs with various different surface coatings, such as organic
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The results showed that
the cytotoxic behavior of GNPs was shape-dependent in the concentration range of 3.125 -100
μg/mL. The types of GNPs and their surface coating had a significant impact on how the GNPs behaved
in cells. Compared to PEG-coated GNPs, which do not induce cell injury, CTAB-coated GNPs
show more noticeable cytotoxicity.

Conclusion:

Furthermore, compared to GNCs, the toxicity of GNRs and GNBPs against GES-1
cells, RAW 264.7 cells and LX-2 cells was greater. Our research provides an important new understanding
of the effects of surface modification on the biocompatibility and the shape of GNPs in the
biomedical field.
Current Applications and Future Directions for Vascular Stents with Stem Cells in the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: A Mini-Review
Authors: Chattopadhyay Kaustav , Sreenivasan Sanjeev , Gupta Gaurav , Abramyan Arevik , Zotarelli Filho Idiberto Jose , Sundararajan Srihari , Nanda Anil , Roychowdhury Sudipta
Published: January 2025

Vascular stents and stem cells have been used in high-acuity cases for many decades,
particularly in cardiology. Providing the physician with another avenue of treatment, they have
had a reasonable amount of success. However, there has been very little research conducted on
seeding vascular stents with stem cells when treating intracranial aneurysms. Our work aims to understand
the current literature available on the viability of such stents and the future directions one
should take when choosing stents seeded with stem cells. Three computerized searches in
PubMed were used. Four papers met the criteria, and two were excluded. There have been some
experiments where the efficacy of vascular stents seeded with different materials was tested. G/PLL-
coated stents provided multiple advantages and bioactive benefits to the mesenchymal stem
cells. On the other hand, SF/SDF-1α also promoted similar benefits but provoked multiple unwanted
inflammatory responses. G/PLL and SF/SDF-1α coated stents were able to provide satisfactory
results but still require more extensive research to thoroughly understand their efficacies and safety.
Future directions may include researching and discovering a wider array of biocompatible materials
to seed the stents.
Associations of Chronic Hepatitis B and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases with New-Onset Metabolic Syndrome in Military Personnel before Midlife: A Cohort Study
Authors: Tsai Kun-Zhe , Liu Pang-Yen , Lin Yen-Chen , Huang Chen-Ming , Wang Hui-Shang , Lin Gen-Min
Published: January 2025

Background:

Hepatic inflammation, e.g., Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases (NAFLD)
and the severe form of steatohepatitis (NASH), has been associated with a higher risk of MetS in
the general population.

Aims:

This study aimed to investigate the associations of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and fatty liver
diseases with the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in young adults, which have not been
verified before.

Objective:

The associations between NAFLD, NASH, and CHB and the incidence of new-onset
MetS remain inconclusive in young adults.

Methods:

This cohort study included 2,614 military personnel aged 18-39 years who were free of
baseline MetS in 2014 and were followed for the incidence of MetS in each annual health examination
until the end of 2020. CHB was defined by the presence of the hepatitis B surface antigen
with an established diagnosis history. NAFLD and NASH were defined by the ultrasound finding
with an elevated alanine transaminase (27–53.9 and ≥54 U/L in men and 15–29.9 and ≥30 U/L in
women, respectively). MetS was defined based on the International Diabetes Federation criteria.
Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to determine the associations between hepatitis
and incident MetS.

Results:

During a mean follow-up of 6.0 years, 582 new-onset MetS cases occurred (22.3%).
NAFLD and NASH were associated with a greater risk of new-onset MetS (hazard ratios (HRs)
and 95% confidence intervals: 1.47 (1.21-1.79) and 1.66 (1.16-2.39), respectively), while no association
for CHB was found (HR: 1.31 (0.88-1.96)).

Conclusion:

This study found that NAFLD and NASH, while not CHB, were independent risk factors
of new-onset MetS with adjustments for potential covariates, e.g., physical activity and fitness
in young adults.
The Potential of Phytomolecules in Countering Biofilm Formation and Quorum Sensing
Authors: De Akash , Sarkar Arnab , Mukherjee Sudipta , Das Ankita , Banerjee Tanmoy , Paul Pritam , Bhowmik Rudranil , Karmakar Sanmoy , Ghosh Nilanjan
Published: January 2025

The excessive exploitation of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial illnesses has resulted in the emergence of several strains that are resistant to
different drugs. Due to the widespread occurrence of antibiotic resistance and the emergence of bacterial strains that are resistant to various drugs,
significant efforts are being made to identify appropriate alternative medicines to combat harmful microorganisms. Given the observed link
between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance, recent efforts have been directed towards a promising strategy that aims to control and prevent
biofilm formation. This strategy involves targeting and inhibiting the quorum sensing system, which has been extensively shown to play a central
role in biofilm formation. The conventional approach to controlling infectious disorders involves the use of substances that are designed to either
kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses a significant challenge to public health. This therapeutic target has
been extensively explored globally. However, the scientific data on it are not up-to-date, and only recent studies have begun to explore its potential
as a target for combating infectious diseases. An important issue with this strategy is the commonly observed emergence of resistance to
antimicrobial agents. This paper aimed to present a comprehensive overview of the quorum sensing system in bacteria, focusing on its role in
biofilm formation and the development of antibiotic resistance. Additionally, it provides an update on the significance of targeting this system with
natural substances for therapeutic purposes.
Introduction
Authors: Mishra Apoorva , Singh Randhir , Babita Das  , Shobha Jawre
Published: January 2025

This chapter discussed some common ear illnesses such as otitis,
haematoma, tumors etc. and establishes the groundwork for understanding the
significance of ear health in dogs. We will go more into each ear ailment and examine
diagnosis and treatment options in the upcoming chapters. It is crucial for any
veterinarian to comprehend the anatomy of a dog's ear, identify common ear illnesses,
and know how to diagnose and treat them.
Physiology of Ear and Hearing
Authors: Mahapatra Archana , Pathak Satish Kumar , Mishra Prasanta Kumar Koustasa , Parkunan Thulasiraman
Published: January 2025

Sense organs that is eye, ear, nose, tongue and skin provide a true sense to
communicate with the outer world. Ear is the organ of hearing and balance. Ear is a
complex organ consisting of three divisons, the outer, middle, and inner ear. The
structures of the external ear are auricle, external auditory meatus and outer layers of
the tympanic membrane. The middle ear is an air filled cavity (tympanum) consists of
ear ossicles, auditory tube (Eustachian tube), middle ear muscles, inner layer of the
tympanic membrane. The internal ear consists of the osseous labyrinth consisting of
cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals and membranous labyrinths and the
vestibular and acoustic (spiral) ganglia associated with the eighth cranial nerve
(vestibulocochlear nerve). The auditory system of ear convert sound waves into neural
signals. The auricle acts as a condiut to collect the sound waves. The middle ear acts as
a precochlear amplifier and impedance matching device. Transduction of sound occurs
in the cochlea by spiral organs (formerly known as organs of Corti) resulting in an
action potential that transmits along the auditory nerve to cochlear nucleus in the
brainstem for hearing. The vestibular system plays an important role in maintaining the
equilibrium and balance of the animal. It is a primary sensory organ consisting of
vestibule and semicircular canals which orients with respect to the gravitational field of
the earth and co-ordinates the movement of various sensory organs and thus the linear,
rotatory, acceleration and deacceleration movements of the animal.
Microbiology of Ear
Authors: Anju Nayak  , Vandana Gupta  , Sanjay Shukla  , Ajay Rai  , Poonam Shakya
Published: January 2025

Otitis is an inflammation of ear in dogs, can be noted following primary,
secondary, perpetuating and predisposing factors. Otitis externa is more frequent than
otitis interna and otitis media. Globally the prevalence of otitis externa is 5-20% which
reach up to 30-40% in tropical environment. Infections in otitis externa is generally
secondary after inflammation. The mycotic microorganism reported from otitis are
Malassezia pachydermatis, Aspergillus spp., Candida spp. While, the predominant
bacteria belongs to Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Proteus spp., Escherichia coli and
Klebsiella spp. In culture, the yeast Malassezia pachydermatis and bacteria
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius predominates. With advent of metagenomics
Finegoldia magna, Peptostreptococcus canis and Porphyromonas cangingivalis
anaerobic bacteria were identified. Colonization of ears by antibiotic resistant
microorganism makes the treatment challenging for the veterinarian. The bacterial
culture along with antibiotic susceptibility test is recommended.
Cytology of Ear in Health and Diseases
Authors: Sivajothi Sirigireddy , Reddy Bhavanam Sudhakara , Raghavi Dadireddy Narmada
Published: January 2025

Ear diseases represent one of the most common clinical presentations in
dogs seen by small animal practitioners. These conditions can arise from primary
causes, secondary causes, and perpetuating factors, all of which are essential to identify
for successful management. Cytology, the study of cells, offers a nonexpensive, readily
available, and low cost diagnostic tool that can be utilized to screen dogs with ear
diseases. The ear infection can be judged by the clinical examination, ear examination
by otoscopy, imaging diagnostics, cytological intervention, and proper treatment
should be undertaken based on the severity and duration of the infection in the ear.
Cytology proves useful to clinicians for assessing the origin of types of infectious, such
as yeast, mites, and bacteria; presence of types of leukocytes. In cases of recurrent or
non-responsive ear diseases, cytology should be complemented with culture and
susceptibility testing. Yeast, including Malassezia and Candida, can be identified on
cytology by their specific morphology on cytology, which is crucial for selecting
appropriate topical ear medications. Cytology also provides valuable information about
mite infestations and the intensity of mite populations. It serves as a useful tool to
assess the endpoint of therapy and ensure the resolution of infection. Additionally,
cytology aids in decision-making by guiding the selection of antimicrobial medications
and /or proceeding with further diagnostic methods, while also determining the
endpoint of therapy. In cases where first-line therapy fails or bacilli are present,
bacterial culture with an evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility is recommended. A
comparison of healthy control dogs and clinical cases revealed significantly higher
levels of organisms and inflammatory cells in the latter, with Malassezia
pachydermatis isolated in both infected and healthy ears of dogs. Cytological
examination of impression smears is a straightforward, readily applicable, and
minimally cost-involved diagnostic method to provide the identification of etiological
agents, which include bacteria, fungi, and mites. Processing and making the
dermatological diagnostic cytological slide requires only professional skill without any
special equipment, which can be evaluated in less time in routine clinical settings.
Before receiving culture and sensitivity results, the immediate results of cytology are
invaluable for making informed diagnostic decisions during consultations.
Aural Haematoma and its Clinical Management
Authors: Niwas Ram , Dinesh  , Kumar Sandeep
Published: January 2025

Ear hematoma is collection of blood between skin and cartilage of ear, and it
is one of common surgical condition. This occurs due to self-inflicted trauma or many
other multiple reasons which leads to rupture of blood vessels and capillaries. Dog
breeds with pendulous or heavy floppy ears are prone to ear hematoma. Both Surgical
and non-surgical methods are adopted to treat this condition but surgical method have
better treatment results as compare to later. Reoccurrence is one of the most common
post operative complications irrespective of available treatment methods. However,
control of inflammation, edema and drainage are important determinants for an
effective treatment strategy.
Traumatic Injuries and its Clinical Management
Authors: Mishra Apoorva , Shahi Apra , Singh Randhir , Dhingra Diva
Published: January 2025

Traumatic ear injuries in dogs are relatively common due to their propensity
to play, fight, scratch, and explore. Trauma to the ears can result from an external
source or it could also be self-inflicted. Ear injuries can happen as a result of vehicular
accidents, dog bites, ear burns, exposure to cold temperatures, faulty ear cropping
techniques, and sharp objects. Mite and tick infestation, insect bite dermatitis, food
allergies, and fly bites lead to intense pruritus and discomfort. Intense itching
associated with such conditions can lead to excessive scratching and head shakingassociated traumas. Such trauma can lead to conditions like an aural hematoma, ear
lacerations, broken ear cartilages, separation of auricular and annular cartilages,
avulsion injuries, ear tip injuries, fractures of the tympanic bulla, tympanic membrane
rupture etc. Medicinal treatment helps in management of ear infections but surgical
intervention is required to deal with traumatic injuries.
Otitis Interna and its Clinical Management
Authors: Reddy Bhavanam Sudhakara , Swetha Kambala , Sivajothi Sirigireddy
Published: January 2025

Otitis interna define as inflammation of inner ear, which will be an extension
of infection from the otitis media or secondary to the chronic otitis externa. Improperly
treated / untreated cases of otitis media can lead to development of otitis interna by
involving the tympanic membrane. Clinical signs in otitis interna were impairment of
hearing apparatus i.e. deafness and neurological indications such as tilting of the head
towards the based on the side of the ear affected, development of the horizontal or
rotary nystagmus, unequal legs coordination with diffused strength, circular walking
pattern, sudden collapse, and even rolling towards the impacted side. Complication of
otitis interna leads to development of life-threatening iotrogenic intracranial infections
and meningitis by travelling the infectious organisms to the brainstem. In dogs with
severe otitis interna that progressed to an intracranial infection, changes in mentation,
ataxic changes, paresis, proprioceptive deficits, and development of seizures. Diagnosis
of the otitis interna achieved by detailed history; dermatological, neurological and
systemic examination along with the identification of underlying and/or associated
factors. Otoscopic examination, cytology, microbial culture, antibiotic sensitivity test,
radiography, computerized tomography scan evaluation and magnetic resonance
imaging are helpful to differentiate the extent of lesions and severity. Medical
management of otitis interna is carried out by identifying the suitable antibiotic by
antibiotic sensitivity test followed by the correct dosage and duration approximately
ranging from 4 to 8 weeks along with the systemic corticosteroids which have been
advised to reduce the stenosis. When there is rupture of tympanic membrane, cautious
utilization of topical antibiotic and/or anti-inflammatory preparations are advisable. If
medical management fails to respond, surgical intervention are advised with vertical
ear canal ablation, lateral ear canal resection, total ear canal ablation with lateral bulla
osteotomy.