bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gran Bretaña, Napoleon, Fernando VII y la pretendida regencia en Mexico en 1808
Authors: Navas Sierra J. Alberto
Published: May 2022

Utilizando documentación de archivos franceses (alguna de ella inédita), et autor analiza los intentos de negociación con Gran Bretaña por parte de falsos comisionados de Fernando VII, para que éste conserve el trono de México tras las renuncias de Bayona, a través de un Consejo de Regencia ]?residido por el virrey. El descubrimiento de la trama (que el propio Napoleón desconocía) y de los impostores no resta importancia a la magnitud y posibles consecuencias de la maquinación.
Los españoles en Buenos Aires después de la Revolución de mayo: la suerte de una minoría desposeída del poder
Authors: Galmarini Hugo Raul
Published: May 2022

En 1810, el 10 por 100 del total de la población de Buenos Aires era española nativa. En 1822, esa proporción se había reducido al 3,25 por 100. Se analizan aquí los factores que produjeron esa disminución. La primera actitud oficial hacia los peninsulares, conciliadora, dio paso a un proceso crecientemente represivo a medida que avanzaba el proceso bélico. Los lazos de parentesco que vinculaban a los españoles con las familias principales del lugar, así como su condición social y medios de vida, introdujeron mecanismos selectivos en la aplicaoión de las medidas represivas.
Los levantamientos cristeros en México: entre la «guerra santa» y la reivindicación agrarista
Authors: Entrena Durán Francisco
Published: May 2022

Análisis somero de los levantamientos cristeros en México: sucesión de enfrentamientos armados desarrollados en los últimos años de la década de los veinte y la primera mitad de la de los treinta, del presente siglo, y que constituyen la última guerra civil de las ocurridas en dicho país. Se centra el estudio en el marcado carácter religioso de este movimiento, así como en las motivaciones de índole económica.
Elite, cuestion social y apertura politica en la Argentina (1910-1930): la propuesta del Museo Social Argentino
Authors: Girbal de Blacha Noemi M. , Ospital Maria Silvia
Published: May 2022

A partir del balance del Centenario y hasta las crisis de 1930 se analiza la evolución del Museo Social Argentino; expresión institucional pionera de la elite dirigente, que reacciona frente a la "cuestión social" y la apertura política al ver amenazada su hegemonía. Los estatutos que dan origen a la entidad, su composición, la temática de su discurso, sus técnicas de estudio y difusión son los elementos básicos utilizados para realizar esta investigación histórica y explicar el funcionamiento del Museo en dos planos: como sector de opinión que trata de esclareeer a la sociedad en su conjunto y como grupo de presión que ejerce influencia en la acción del Estado.
La renta de la encomienda en la década de 1550: piedad cristiana y desconstrucción
Authors: Sempat Assadourian Carlos
Published: May 2022

En 1548, tras la derrota del sector encomendero que lidera G. Pizarro, La Gasca inicia una política dirigida a reformar el régimen de dominio español. La Tasa General del tributo de las encomiendas (1549) será el jalón principal de este programa, y sus responsables (Gasea, Santillán, los dominicos ... ) considerarían luego que significó un sustancial alivio para los indios. En este trabajo, sin embargo, se demuestra cómo tanto la tasa como las revisitas de los años 50, al sustituir masivamente los "servicios personales" por cantidades determinadas de productos, rompieron la "manera indígena" de tributar que habían mantenido los encomenderos (negociación en términos de energia humana) y contribuyeron así a modificar profundamente las estructuras de las colectividades étnicas.
La primera Ceca de Lima (1568-1692)
Authors: Dargent Chamot Eduardo
Published: May 2022

Se reconstruye el proceso de fundación y desarrollo de la Ceca limeña en su primera etapa, desde el inicio de sus actividades a raíz de la aplicación de las Ordenanzas dictadas por Felipe II en 1565 hasta su interrupción en una fecha no precisa en la década de 1580. Aborda problemas cruciales como el de su localización, el valor a dar a las monedas y las disensiones que se plantean entre las autoridades y .diversos sectores de la sociedad virreinal. Se ocupa además exhaustivamente del funcionamiento de la institución (personal, valor de las emisiones, circulación ...).
Las "Tercias de encomiendas" en el Virreinato del Perú: en torno a la política fiscal de la Corona en el siglo XVII
Authors: De la Puente Brunke José
Published: May 2022

La crisis financiera que la Corona padecía desde la segunda mitad del siglo XVI suscitó la aparición de una creciente fiscalidad, en busca de nuevas fuentes de ingresos para la Real Hacienda en la metrópoli. Se analiza en este artículo -referido al virreinato del Perú- el origen del gravamen de las "tercias de encomiendas", poniéndolo en relación con la disminución de los recursos económicos enviados por los oficiales reales del Perú a -la península. Se estudian las actitudes de los virreyes y del gobierno metropolitano ante los problemas de la Real Hacienda, así como los insuficientes resultados obtenidos con la implantación de las "tercias de encomiendas".
El licenciado Francisco Fernández de Córdoba ( 1580-1639 ). Un poeta, historiador y apologista de los criollos en el Perú virreinal
Authors: Lohmann Villena Guillermo
Published: May 2022

Este estudio, con el soporte de un abundante material inédito, constituye un intento de rescatar del ostracismo la personalidad y la obra de un significado autor en el elenco de los intelectuales peruanos y autor, entre otras obras conocidas, de Perú con armas, en el que se relata la irrupción en el Pacífico del pirata holandés Jacques L'Hermite y el asedio del Callao en 1624, manuscrito actualmente en paradero desconocido.
La crisis financiera peruana al comienzo del siglo XVIII, la minería de plata y la mina de azogues de Huancavélica
Authors: Brown Kendall W.
Published: May 2022

En los primeros años del siglo XVIII la hacienda peruana se enfrenta a una agobiante situación de endeudamiento; tanto en la metrópoli como en el virreinato, la administración colonial imputa la crisis a la falta de ingresos que genera el amplio comercio ilícito de azogue y plata. Sobre estos supuestos, el artículo analiza la estructura y ritmos productivos de Huancavelica desde los últimos años del XVII hasta cerca de los años 30 del siguiente siglo, para llegar a la conclusión de que el contrabando de azogue hubo de ser mucho menos intenso de lo que las autoridades hacían ver y restringido, en cualquier caso, a los pequeños yacimientos cercanos a la mina de mercurio.
Medidas reformistas en torno a la minería peruana: la creación del estanco de la pólvora
Authors: Fernández Alonso Serena
Published: May 2022

Se estudia en este artículo el proceso por el que la fabricación y expendio de la pólvora se convirtió en uno más de los monopolios del Estado borbónico, y los objetivos que lo motivaron. Se incluye un análisis de la reglamentación legal a que se sujetó la renta, y los efectos que estas medidas tuvieron en sí mismas y como parte de la política general de fomento a la actividad minera.
El impacto del comercio libre en el Perú, 1778-1796
Authors: Fisher John
Published: May 2022

El artículo empieza con una discusión general sobre comercio español con América en el período comprendido desde 1778 hasta 1796, previo a una consideración específica de la cuestión de si el comercio libre, a pesar de estimular el crecimiento económico y desarrollo agricola y minero, fue conseguido a costa de la destrucción de la industria interna. El artículo demuestra que a pesar del pesimismo que existía entre la comunidad mercantil limeña y la rápida expansión comercial en el Río de la Plata, el Perú continuó siendo el mercado más importante de España en América del Sur en el último cuarto del siglo XVIII. La conclusión general del artículo señala que los últimos años del siglo XVIII constituyeron un período de reajuste y desarrollo para la economía peruana, y no de decadencia.
Rasgos distintivos de la representación peruana en las Cortes de Cádiz y Madrid (1810-1814)
Authors: Rieu-Millan Marie-Laure
Published: May 2022

Los diputados peruanos asumieron la defensa solidaria de los intereses americanos frente a la metrópoli; pero procuraron también defender al Peru en su especificidad (geográfica, económica, político-administrativa) frente a la España europea y frente a los demás reinos americanos, manifestando así un sentimiento pre-nacionalista latente. Los diputados de las provincias peruanas llegaron tarde y los limeños solían hablar en nombre del "reino del Peru": el 'provincialismo" se expresó poco. Los diputados reflejaban la realidad de una sociedad colonial fundada sobre la oposición de "castas"; la unión con la metrópoli, nunca cuestionada, garantizaría la permanencia de equilibrios precarios en una sociedad plural no integrada.
Economía y sociedad en la provincia de Hualgayoc, 1870-1900
Authors: Taylor Lewis
Published: May 2022

Artículo de historia regional. En él se examina cómo la población de la provincia de Hualgayoc, situada en el departamento de Cajamarca, al norte del Perú, se ganaba la vida durante las últimas décadas del siglo XIX. Se trata de un trabajo de contenido socioeconómico. El autor discute la estructura y organización de la industria minera local, así como se ocupa de los sistemas socioeconómicos y las relaciones que se establecen en las haciendas de la provincia. De igual modo se revisa la actividad económica de los campesinos y pequeños propietarios, haciendo especial hincapié en los altos niveles de movilidad geográfica y de integración en el mercado nacional.
La minería andina en la época colonial. Tendencias y aportaciones en la historiografía actual (1966-1987)
Authors: González Casanovas Ignacio
Published: May 2022

Panorámica de los principales trabajos sobre problemas mineros en el área andina colonial aparecidos en las dos últimas décadas. Tras señalar las principales opciones metodológicas y sus diversos resultados, el análisis se concentra en describir cuáles han sido las principales aportaciones conseguidas en los distintos aspectos vinculados a la historiografía minera: cuestiones técnicas, problemas laborales, política estatal, circuitos comerciales, etc.
Curacas coloniales: riqueza y actitudes del Perú
Authors: Pease Franklin
Published: May 2022

El autor presenta las relaciones del curaca con la población andina, que le reconocía una autoridad diferente a la conferida por la administración colonial. A través de testimonios indígenas, pone de manifiesto la riqueza de los curacas y su prestigio étnico, analizando varios casos específicos en los que se dirigieron a la Corona por medio de memoriales y probanzas para hacer valer sus intereses, y cuestiona su fiabilidad. El curaca es definido como figura múltiple, en una triple dimensión de administrador étnico, funcionario colonial y gestor de sublevaciones.
Las principales Colecciones Documentales Colombinas
Authors: Ezquerra Abadía Ramón
Published: May 2022

El artículo presentado tiene como objeto el análisis pormenorizado de aquellas colecciones colombinas, que por sus características e información, ofrecen al investigador nuevos datos para el conocimiento y profundización en los problemas colombinos. Dichas colecciones han sido clasificadas por el autor, en lo que podríamos denominar, cinco «secciones»: 1. Colecciones documentales formadas por el propio Colón. 2. Aportación de Hernando Colón y de Bartolomé de las Casas. 3. Colecciones documentales colombinas del siglo XVIII. 4. Documentación colombina en las colecciones del siglo XIX. 5. Ediciones documentales del siglo XX.
Atahualpa y el libro
Authors: Mac Cormack Sabine G.
Published: May 2022

El encuentro Atahualpa-Pizarro en Cajamarca en 1532, y más concretamente, el episodio que inició el ataque de los españoles, el libro que el dominico Valverde entregó al Inca, y que éste dejó caer, sirven a la autora para realizar un curioso análisis de como una situación concreta puede dar lugar a distintas interpretaciones historiográficas. Desde los testigos presenciales, pasando por Cieza de León y López de Gomara hasta llegar y detenerse en Huamán Poma y Garcilaso de la Vega, se abre todo un abanico de posibles respuestas a cual pudo ser el significado de aquel acto. Sin perder de vista el trasfondo de la relación dominadores-dominados y la licitud de la propia conquista, la doctora Mac Cormack llega a mostrar en este articulo cómo, «un suceso histórico en sí mismo y los medios o razones por los cuales se presenta en forma inteligible no son necesariamente la misma cosa».
En torno a la historiografía oficial indiana (1764-1768): la bibliografía americanista y la primera Comisión de Indias
Authors: Nava Rodríguez M.ª Teresa
Published: May 2022

Se analiza la documentación publicada e inédita sobre los trabajos de la Real Academia de la Historia en el tema indiano, a partir del nombramiento como cronista de Indias y antes del encargo directo a Muñoz. Se muestra así el funcionamiento activo desde mediados del siglo XVIII, creando una Junta de Indias, y procediendo a escuchar las propuestas de los socios, estimula dos por su nuevo presidente Campomanes.
Fundación y Supresión de la primera Audiencia de Chile: Concepción (1567-1575)
Authors: Mazzei de Grazia Leonardo
Published: May 2022

Estudio de los factores que generaron la creación y el final de la Real Audiencia de Concepción. Estudio de la actuación de dicho organismo en cuanto al nombramiento de cargos públicos, la política bélica centrada en la guerra del Arauco, el problema de las encomiendas y política indígena, el ordenamiento de las rentas reales y la administración de justicia, así como las razones de su supresión (proximidad con Santiago).
La autonomía legislativa en Indias: Las leyes de Burgos y su aplicación en Castilla del Oro por Pedrarias Dávila
Authors: Mena García Carmen
Published: May 2022

Se realiza un análisis exhaustivo de las Ordenanzas de Pedrarias Dávila, las cuales servirían de base a la reglamentación de las relaciones hispano indígenas en el marco de la encomienda de Tierra Firme. La autora presenta estas Ordenanzas regionales, al mismo tiempo, como una alternativa jurídica más próxima a las peculiaridades del territorio y a la realidad socio cultural panameña que aquellas otras metropolitanas, en este caso las Leyes de Burgos, que fueron por ello mismo quedan relegadas a un plano secundario dentro de la referida área.
La historia socioeconómica ecuatoriana del siglo XVIII: análisis y tendencias
Authors: Borchart De Moreno Christiana , Moreno Yáñez Segundo E.
Published: May 2022

Este artículo ofrece una información critico-bibliográfica exhaustiva, descriptiva y llena de sugerencias, cuyo objetivo estriba en orientar el desarrollo de investigaciones sobre la historia socio-económica del Ecuador durante el siglo XVIII. Los autores fijan su atención en los aspectos siguientes: estudios generales existentes, el sector minero, el agrario, las manufacturas textiles, el comercio, la demografía y el desarrollo urbano, las élites y la incidencia de las reformas borbónicas.
Los comienzos de un Instituto y de una Revista
Authors: Ballesteros Gaibrois Manuel
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Revista de Indias: Aproximación a sus formas y contenidos
Authors: Romero Romero Catalina , Picazo Pérez M.ª Cruz , Ojeda Martín M.ª Nieves
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Historia urbana hispano-americana en «Revista de Indias» (1940-1989)
Authors: Mena García M.ª Del Carmen
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
La aportación de la «Revista de Indias» al estudio del «Inicio de la colonización española de América: del descubrimiento a la conquista armada (octubre de 1492 a abril de 1494)»
Authors: Ramos Gómez Luis J.
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
El arte americano en las publicaciones periódicas españolas
Authors: López-Yarto Amelia , García Saiz M.ª Concepción
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Historiografía americanista en la Universidad de Zaragoza (1940-1989)
Authors: Armillas Vicente José A.
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
America: El continente olvidado por la historiografía vasca entre 1940 y 1990
Authors: Azcona José Manuel
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Investigaciones sobre Filipinas en Andalucía (1959-1989)
Authors: García-Abásolo González Antonio
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Historiografía española sobre el Descubrimiento y descubrimientos
Authors: Gil Juan
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
El Pacífico en las revistas del CSIC
Authors: Prieto Lucena Ana M.ª
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Contribución al estudio sobre los arbitristas. Nuevos arbitrios para las Indias a principios del siglo XVII
Authors: Martínez De Salinas Alonso M.ª Luisa
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Historiografía española en torno a Hernán Cortés (1940-1989)
Authors: Sarabia Viejo M.ª Justina
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Aspectos culturales de la historiografía cartesiana en España (1940-1989)
Authors: Arenas Frutos Isabel
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Historiografía sobre política americanista y políticos andaluces: La familia Gálvez. Siglo XVIII
Authors: Pérez De Colosia Rodríguez M.ª Isabel , Reder Gadow Marion
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Las relaciones científicas entre España y la América Latina en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX: Un balance historiográfico
Authors: Lopez-Ocon Cabrera Leoncio
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
La Revista «Berceo» y los estudios americanistas
Authors: Sáenz-Díez Juan Ignacio , Abad León Felipe
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Veinticinco años de historiografía americanista en «Missionalia Hispanica» (1944-1968)
Authors: Hernández Carrión Joé , Caulín Martínez Antonio , Molina Joaquín
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
El municipio iberoamericano en la historiografía española
Authors: Hijano Pérez M.ª de los Angeles
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Cincuenta años de edición y estudios de fuentes documentales y crónicas de Indias en España
Authors: Bravo Guerreira M.ª Concepción
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
Historiografía sinodal americanista, 1940-1989
Authors: Soto Rabanos Jose María
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
El mercado esclavista habanero, 1580-1699: Las armazones de esclavos
Authors: De la Fuente García Alejandro
Published: May 2022

No disponible.
El legado hispano y la conciencia nacional en Cuba
Authors: Naranjo Orovio Consuelo , Puig-Samper Mulero Miguel Ángel
Published: May 2022

No disponible
Los campesinos leen su historia: un caso de identidad recreada y creacion colectiva de imagenes (Los comuneros canas 1920-1930)
Authors: Glave Luis Miguel
Published: May 2022

No disponible
Social Connections and Resettlement Experiences of the Chinese Refugees in the United Kingdom: Implications for Policy and Practice
Authors: Cheng Suk Yin Caroline , Kumar Vikash
Published: May 2022

The purpose of this article was to identify the social connection patterns, social network, and the level of trust and reciprocity (opportunity to give help and contribute) of the Chinese refugees in Glasgow, Scotland. Participatory exercises, such as social mapping and card sorting tasks, were conducted with 15 participants. Interviews with two staff members of the Chinese Community Development Partnership (CCDP), a local voluntary organization, were conducted to elicit information about this population. Key findings include a low awareness of formal services in the host country, strong bonding with friends from their ethnic group for some participants, lack of trust and engagement, and overall lack of opportunity to give reciprocal help in the host country. Strong bonds within the same ethnic group do not necessarily lead to strong bridging and linking capital for the participants, as Putnam (2000) suggested. On the contrary, it might perpetuate isolation and lack of access to information in the local community. Findings can shed light for the government and agencies to come up with practical strategies to enhance social development with more extensive resources and services for this population.
Violence against Women: A Case of Structural–Institutional Breakdown in Mekelle, Ethiopia
Authors: Mishra Sanjay , Aman Esubalew
Published: May 2022

This article examines the causes and consequences of domestic violence, particularly in a culture where social and cultural norms and institutions are breaking down. This is a snapshot of behavioral problems caused by structural meltdown in the northern part of Ethiopia. Violence against women is viewed as a long process rooted in the existing traditions whereby men seek to preserve and extend their power to subordinate women. Violence against women is a serious human rights abuse. The study aims to explore an inclusive sociocultural context that has pronounced domestic violence against women in Mekelle, the Tigray region of Ethiopia. Many sociocultural factors—social norms, belief systems, and broken institutions—obscure our understanding of the root causes of this evil. Influential community leaders, such as religious leaders, traditional leaders, and neighborhood committees, may play a significant role to prevent this problem, which is compounded by economic inequalities, alcohol abuse, emotional problems, and above all men’s traditional status in society. The cycle of violence perpetuates a dysfunctional system of interpersonal relationships.
Enseigner l’écoulement interne d’un fluide en France et aux États-Unis : modèles et contextes au travers des pratiques déclarées d’enseignants du supérieur
Authors: Crastes Clément , Maurines Laurence
Published: May 2022

Inscrit dans le champ de recherche de la NoS (Nature Of Science) et ayant pour thème la modélisation, notre travail est centré sur les pratiques déclarées d’enseignants de physique travaillant au sein d’institutions post-baccalauréat de différents secteurs (physique-généraliste, physique-professionnelle) de deux pays (France et États-Unis). Pour caractériser, dans le cadre des PCK (Pedagogical Content Knowledge), leurs pratiques de modélisation associées à l’enseignement de l’écoulement interne d’un fluide, nous explorons la dimension liée aux stratégies d’enseignement adoptées. À travers l’analyse de contenu thématique des 15 entretiens, nous mettons en particulier en évidence une hétérogénéité de la population « généraliste-physique » en termes de catégories de PCK liées aux modèles et aux contextes et ce, indépendamment du pays d’exercice de l’enseignant.
La théorie des deux mondes, un outil d’analyse d’une pratique enseignante innovante à l’université : le cas de l’enseignement de la physique par l’escalade
Authors: Hosson (de) Cécile , Elias Florence
Published: May 2022

Cet article vise à analyser les effets d’une collaboration entre deux enseignantes-chercheuses, l’une chercheuse en physique de la matière condensée (EC1), l’autre en didactique de la physique (EC2), réunies autour d’un enseignement original « la physique de l’escalade ». La collaboration se donne pour objectif d’enrichir la capacité d’analyse d’EC1 sur cet enseignement. Pour cela, nous nous plaçons dans le cadre de la didactique professionnelle afin de développer chez EC1 une aptitude à conceptualiser son action et son réel pédagogique. La théorie des deux mondes vient en appui de ce processus de développement et joue le rôle d’interface entre EC1 et EC2. Spécifiquement nous montrons le rôle joué par la mobilisation de la théorie des deux mondes dans le processus de développement conceptuel d’EC1 en pointant quelques élucidations de difficultés ressenties par EC1 et certaines de leurs conséquences prospectives. D’autres élucidations se font jour qui concernent cette fois EC2 et qui forment autant de pistes pour la recherche en didactique et pour la formation des enseignant.e.s du supérieur.
L’enseignement « traditionnel » dans l’Ouest saharien et ses références extérieures
Authors: Ould Cheikh Abdel Wedoud
Published: May 2022

Ce texte propose un aperçu des (res)sources pédagogiques de l’enseignement traditionnel dans le Sahara maure entre le xvie et le xxie siècle. Après en avoir rappelé le cadre social et les conditions matérielles, l’auteur dresse un tableau des matières et des manuels autour desquels s’organisait cet enseignement. Les méthodes d’enseignement et le corpus des ouvrages étudiés dans l’Ouest saharien ne se distinguent guère des pratiques et des outils pédagogiques qui ont cours au Maghreb et dans l’espace soudano-sahélien circumvoisin. La triade malikisme-ashʿarisme-soufisme commande largement le choix des ouvrages privilégiés. S’y ajoutent des textes de moindre usage et de moindre portée consacrés à l’enseignement de disciplines qui n’entrent pas dans le champ du fiqh au sens large (grammaire, lexicographie, logique, rhétorique, mathématiques, astronomie, médecine…). Il faut noter cependant qu’à partir du xviiie siècle, les productions locales, issues généralement de gloses et de commentaires des œuvres canoniques d’importation, ont commencé à faire leur entrée dans le corpus des travaux étudiés.
L’enseignement coranique chez les Jbala du Rif occidental
Authors: Khalid Mouna , Ahmed Mouna
Published: May 2022

Depuis 2002, l’enseignement religieux au Maroc a fait l’objet d’une vaste restructuration pédagogique menée par le ministère des Habous et des Affaires islamiques. Dans certaines régions, comme celles du nord du pays et du Souss, cet enseignement apparaît beaucoup plus enraciné que dans d’autres. Ainsi, chez les Jbala du Rif occidental, les fuqhā jouissent d’une place symbolique et la mémorisation du Coran s’inscrit dans un cadre socio-culturel local. À partir d’un travail ethnographique, cet article présente les processus de mémorisation du Coran chez les Jbala et montre comment ces derniers se présentent comme les gardiens du Coran. Au-delà d’une dimension socio-culturelle, le ta‘līm al-‘atīq (enseignement traditionnel) offre un équilibre à une société qui ne cesse de s’enrichir par le biais de l’économie du cannabis.
Information Needs of Vocational Training From Training Providers' Perspectives
Authors: Chan Agnes Wai Yan , Chiu Dickson K.W. , Ho Kevin K.W. , Wang Minhong
Published: May 2022

In a transition economy, there is an increasing need for vocational training and career counseling for workers to cope with changes in the job market. This study seeks to enhance career guidance services by means of an information and communication technology-based (ICT-based) career information and guidance system. Although electronic learning (e-learning) has received much attention from researchers in the recent decade, the number of studies on how to make use of ICT in helping individuals acquire relevant information and advice that supports a career change and development is relatively small. Undoubtedly, an effective ICT application will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of career decision processes and enhance the quality of counseling services that assist human development in a transition economy. The study aims at revealing the perspectives of training providers in offering counseling services to individuals, through an ICT-based career information and guidance system, prior to the enrollment of on-the-job training or retraining programs. Data collected through semi-structured interviews were analyzed based on a constructivist grounded theory approach. Findings from participants from five institutions showed positive views on the use of ICT-based means that enables the collaboration of career counselors, educators, and professionals from different industries for providing tailor-made career guidance services. Further, functional requirements of the system and potential factors influencing system acceptance were discussed.
Vocational Education in Turkey
Authors: Kaya Tülay
Published: May 2022

With the emergence of nation states in the 19th century, schools were transformed into platforms not only for building modern citizens, but also for gathering the manpower needed by various industries. Turkey was one of the countries where educational institutions were structured in accordance with the construction process of the nation state. Modern Turkey was founded after the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1923, and education became instrumental in the process of reconstructing its society in a transforming world. In the early Republican period, reference was made to Europe in the main. From the 1950s onwards, however, it is possible to observe a shift in the educational center of reference towards the USA. This background to the historical process is critical for understanding the current form of vocational education in Turkey. In this chapter, the story of vocational education in the historical process is told, and the current state of formal secondary and post-secondary education institutions is discussed.
Employability Skills for Civil Engineering
Authors: Mtshali Thokozani Isaac , Ramaligela Sylvia Manto
Published: May 2022

One of the striking characters of civil engineering is its emphasis to the development of hands-on practical skills, innovation, and creativity. Civil engineering's unique epistemological feature is heavily geared towards equipping individuals with relevant skills for occupational safety.. The purpose of this study was to identify employability skills that civil engineering teachers use to prepare students for 4IR. This study used a mixed method approach, where questionnaire and interviews were used to collect data. This study was guided by EASTA's “employability skills for TVET graduates.” This study found that most civil engineering teachers have a challenge in equipping their students with various employability skills. This is as a result of a PAT that only focuses on generic skills than core skills and personal traits. Therefore, this study recommends that the approach for civil engineering course to Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) should be viewed through an employability skills lens and calling for teachers to challenge their comfort zone in preparing their students with skills that are pertinent to the 4IR needs.
Enhancing the Skill Sets for Increasing Youth Employability in Latvia
Authors: Luka Ineta , Pigozne Tamara , Surikova Svetlana
Published: May 2022

Globalization, the development of new technologies, an ageing population, and the economic situation will continue influencing the skills mix; therefore, special attention has to be paid to young people to develop a skilled workforce responding to the current and future labour market needs, as well as to promote lifelong learning. The present study explores different concepts of employability and analyses employability skills of young people (aged 15-29) focusing on the most significant skills and the possible ways of enhancing their development. A survey of 405 youngsters and 81 representatives of institutions conducted in Latvia resulted in developing certain recommendations on how to increase youth employability in the Latvian labour market. Both theoretical analysis and the survey conducted highlight the most significant employability skills necessary to be competitive and successful at present and in the future.
Assessment as Learning
Authors: Novogen Olga , Nina Birnaz , Railean Elena Aurel
Published: May 2022

There are three types of assessment: assessment for learning, assessment of learning, and assessment as learning. Assessment as learning refers to the use of ongoing self-assessment, reflection, and deeper understanding. Within the entrepreneurial program of the initial vocational-technical schools, the role of assessment refers to the facilitation of the students' personality (commitment to self-assessment; tolerance to ambiguity, uncertainty, as well as creativity, self-reliance, adaptability, motivation to excel, leadership) that are expected to line skills for a successful entrepreneurial competence. This chapter analyzes the specific features of the assessment model for entrepreneurial education programs. The core of the model is an instructional dynamic and flexible strategy, based on integration formative and summative assessment. Thus, the course in entrepreneurial competence is divided into three modules. The finality of each module is measured by formative computer-based assessment tests.
Vocational Education and Technology
Authors: Keshishian Jared E. , Pedersen James M.
Published: May 2022

Every generation has seen advances in technology. While many technologies can be viewed as an amazing triumph, a fad, or have a connotation of changing the “normal,” two things are certain: that new technologies need to be understood and how they can impact a society. This application of knowledge is hopefully used for the advancement of the society and not the opposing effect. As such, it is the advancements in technology throughout history that brought about the need for vocational education in the United States, especially during the Industrial Revolution. However, educators today are finding it overwhelmingly necessary to expand on vocational education in the United States, more than ever, and a new generation seeks ways of earning a living that include less formal education that will not incur substantial debt.
Vocationalizing Education
Authors: Khoza Sammy
Published: May 2022

Technical and vocational education and training (TVET) colleges continue to struggle to fulfill their mandate of skills development among the youth. This is so because TVET colleges still lag behind in integrating information and communications technology (ICT) in their classrooms, which has made inroads in industries. Qualitative approach was used to investigate the TVET college lecturers' instructional practices in their classrooms. Four TVET colleges as well as eight lecturers were purposefully and conveniently selected for the study. The technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) framework was used as an underpinning framework. Findings reveal that lecturers are not keen in integrating ICTs in their teaching and some are not encouraged to do so. It was also found that not all lecturers are adequately qualified to teach in the vocational field. The study recommends that teaching resources be sought in order for colleges to align their practices with industrial practices. Lecturers too should be capacitated in integrating technology in their lessons.
Influence of Artificial Intelligent-Based Vocational Courses on Self-Concept of Students
Authors: Verma Shivani , Tomar Pradeep
Published: May 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI) these days is becoming a more popular choice among students because of its large scope in different fields of life and career. The chapter is based on how the vocational courses of AI have its effect on the students' self-concept. The two groups of students have been taken for the study: one group having vocational trade as AI and basics (150 students) and another group having non-vocational subjects (150). The chapter has two goals: to compare level of self-concept of students with AI-based vocational trade subject and students without any vocational courses and to analyze gender difference among students in relation to self-concept. The samples were selected by simple random sampling. T-test analysis showed that the two groups had significant difference between their levels of self-concept. The students with AI-based vocational subject have a higher self-concept than that of students of non-vocational subjects.
The Challenges of Work-Based Learning via Systemic Modelling in the European Union
Authors: Papakitsos Evangelos C. , Theologis Evangelos , Makrygiannis Panagiotis S.
Published: May 2022

While the skills mismatch is well documented in EU labour market, it renders work-based learning a plausible part of the answer to this problem. Yet, a number of issues demand handling before work-based learning is effectively utilized. Systems inquiry, through systemic modelling, constitutes a proper framework to facilitate a holistic study of such complex social phenomena. From a systemic perception, the complexity of social systems has prevented a holistic study. The descriptive power of systemic modelling allows for such a study that relates labour-market to dual education via apprenticeship. Thus, the respective systems are studied as a whole; the challenges arising are specified and the limitations of the solution are clarified. The application of apprenticeship in heavily industrialized countries can yield results, but it may fail in countries like Greece with a very different socio-economic environment. Still, some recommendations can be formed for a variant of apprenticeship more attuned to such cases.
Gender Issues in Vocational Education and Training in India
Authors: Singh Disha
Published: May 2022

The data unveils that India's workforce productivity is lower than that of many other developing countries. At the same time, India is also facing skill gap challenge because of the non-availability of skilled labor force in different sectors. There are very few adequately skilled workers in the employment system. Thus, multiple mismatches emerge, where on one side the sectors like manufacturing, crafts, etc. are desperately looking for skilled workers while on the other side the young job starters cannot find adequate employment. Also, India has a huge informal sector that employs more than 90% of all workers of the labor force and contributes in 60% of the country's economic output. If India is to become a major manufacturing power, then there should be the development of a network which can promote and reward skills and productivity. There should also be equal representation of gender in terms of participation in works and skill development. In 2011, out of a total workforce of 481.7 million, 149.9 million or 31% are women.
How Bangladesh Is Increasing the Employability of Females With Technical Training Programs
Authors: Faulkner Paula E. , Begum Shahana , English Chastity Warren
Published: May 2022

The authors of this chapter provide the background for Bangladeshi women's plight to achieve gender equality in the labor force. To be educated and trained as their male counterparts, many factors must be taken into consideration. While poverty and vulnerability continue to be faced by many Bangladeshi citizens, the government has initiated policies and programs to address the need for more trained skilled workers, including females. In recent years, the population growth has reduced, and health and education has improved. In the past, women were employed in typical trades such as sewing, typing, and hazardous and exploitative jobs. Today, government policies and procedures, such as the National Education Policy, have implemented training programs to address gender inequality to employ more women in various trades, with some owning their own businesses, such as the three success stories presented in this study of women whose economic status has benefited greatly from training programs.
Technical and Vocational Education in Jordan's Higher Education System
Authors: Janjua Sierra , Gaulee Uttam
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines Jordan's higher education landscape highlighting the development of technical and vocational education and training, reflected in the development of community colleges in the country. The risks, challenges, and opportunities in regard to higher education are outlined and examined closely. This chapter also strives to uncover the key challenges that exist in higher education access for the large refugee population in Jordan and the plight of women in higher education in Jordan. Finally, some recommendations have been made to improve the higher education system by increasing access for the populations, particularly refugees and women, traditionally deprived of economic opportunities.
Comparative Analysis of Cardiorespiratory Parameters of Basketball and Soccer Players Using Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Sampaio-Jorge Felipe , Morales Anderson Pontes , Rodrigues Alexandre Miranda , Magini Marcio , Ribeiro Beatriz Gonçalves
Published: May 2022

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique used to identify variations in multivariate data obtained during the performance of the maximum ergospirometry test (MET). To use the PCA to compare the coefficients of change of the principal component (PC1) using the eigenvalue and the maximum values ​​of the cardiorespiratory variables obtained in the athletes' in MET. 10 soccer players and 10 basketball players, all male, were evaluated. The PCA analyzed the values ​​of the variables during the performance of the MET. The PC1 for each variable was calculated, and the eigenvalue was generated, representing the coefficients of variation of the PC1 of all variables. In the quantitative assessment (maximum values), a higher VO2max (3.93±0.62 vs. 3.41±0.37 l·min-1) was observed in basketball players compared to soccer players (p<0.05). The qualitative evaluation using PC1 of cardiorespiratory parameters (heart rate, minute volume, O2 consumption, CO2 production, expired fraction of O2 and expired fraction CO2) was observed as an eigenvalue (6.50±0.27 vs. 6.22±0.19) high for basketball players compared to soccer players (p<0.05). It is concluded that the basketball players showed more significant variability in their cardiorespiratory variables during the performance of the MET and higher VO2max at the end of the MET. These findings indicate that basketball players were less efficient in buffering the ventilatory acidosis observed during the MET. The results of this study highlight the importance of making complex assessments of the cardiorespiratory system, providing qualitative information to complement the quantitative data.
Methods for Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts and their Biological Applications - A Review
Authors: Krishnasamy Ravindran , Obbineni Jagan Mohan
Published: May 2022

Nanotechnology, a fast-developing branch of science, is gaining extensive popularity among researchers simply because of the multitude of applications it can offer. In recent years, biological synthesis has been widely used instead of physical and chemical synthesis methods, which often produce toxic products. These synthesis methods are now being commonly adapted to discover new applications of nanoparticles synthesized using plant extracts. In this review, we elucidate the various ways by which nanoparticles can be biologically synthesized. We further discuss the applications of these nanoparticles.
Analysis and Evaluation of a Three-Stage Anaerobic Digestion Plant for Management of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Orhorhoro Ejiroghene Kelly , Lindsay Emmanuel E. , Oyejide Joel O.
Published: May 2022

Sub-Sahara Africa countries are faced with the problem of solid waste management and access to sustainable energy. There is a need to develop a technology that can help to manage the generated solid waste and the same time produce green energy that is sustainable. Hence, this research work that focused on the development of a novel three-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) plant for management of biodegradable portion of municipal solid waste. An experimental design and preliminary tests using co-digestion of municipal solid waste was conducted with the operation and process parameters utilized in this research work. Conceptual design was generated based on results of experimental design. The developed AD plant was evaluated for performance and the results obtained compared to an existing single stage fixed dome AD pilot plant using 100 kg of substrates with an organic loading rate of 3 kg/m3day for an operating time of 163 days. The cumulative biogas yield, and behaviour of the operation and process parameters utilized in this research work were evaluated. The results obtained reveal that unlike the single stage fixed dome AD pilot plant, the three-stage AD plant enables continuous production of biogas. Besides, optimum conditions of neutral pH range of 6.99 m to 7.01 m, slurry mesophilic temperature range of 37.05 °C to 37.15 °C, and organic loading rate of 3kg/m3d that favoured optimum biogas yield were established.
Evaluation of Viability and Cell Proliferation in Bone and Gingival on Dental Implant Fixtures with Active Sandblasted and Sandblasted Surfaces by the Cytotoxicity Test Method
Authors: Mohammadi Bijan , Anbarzadeh Ehsan
Published: May 2022

In recent years, the technology of dental implants has advanced a lot and this has become one of the main reasons for dentists to refer to implants immediately after tooth extraction. Evaluation of cell survival in implantology studies to determine cell sensitivity determines the outcome of treatment. This study aimed to investigate the bone integration properties as well as the cytotoxicity between the implant surface and the jaw bone. In this study, cytotoxicity test was used to evaluate the toxicity and viability of sandblasted large grit acid etched, and sandblasted large grit acid etched active surfaces in 3A brand dental implants with G292 osteoblastic cells and human gingival fibroblasts cells are discussed. This operation was performed using a laboratory incubator of the German company MEMMERT for 24 hours, by neubauer lam cells counting for one hundred thousand cultured cells in each test at a temperature of 37 °C, a pressure of 1 atmosphere and 90% humidity. Based on the scanning electron microscopy images and the cytotoxicity test results, it can be seen that the bone graft of the implant, with the sandblasted large grit acid etched active surface treatment, is much better and also one week faster than the implant with the sandblasted large grit acid etched one. However, the viability of the implant with the sandblasted large grit acid etched active surface treatment for both G292 osteoblastic cells and human gingival fibroblasts cells samples was equal to 98.4% and 97.3%, respectively, and is lower than the sandblasted large grit acid etched surface treatment. The results show that the viability of the sandblasted large grit acid etched implant is about 1.5 to 2% higher than the sandblasted large grit acid etched active one, but the surface integrity of sandblasted large grit acid etched active is better than sandblasted large grit acid etched in all samples, and the treatment process is reduced by one week.
Analysis of trends in testicular atrophy index values with age in patients with unilateral palpable cryptorchidism
Authors: Li Pei-Qiang , Huang Yan , Liu Fu-Yun
Published: May 2022

Cryptorchidism affects the growth of testicular volume. Testicular volume is associated with reproductive function. The testicular atrophy index evaluates the degree of damage caused by cryptorchidism, but it remains unclear whether changes in testicular atrophy index are related to age. We selected patients who underwent surgery for unilateral palpable cryptorchidism. Testicular volume was measured using ultrasonography. The testicular atrophy indices of the undescended testes were then reviewed, and their correlation with age was analyzed. We studied 228 cases (age range: 6–53 months). Scatter plots were constructed, and Loess curves were fitted, revealing a turning point at 24 months of age. The patients were divided into age groups of 6–24 months and 25–53 months. The testicular volume of the cryptorchid side was smaller than that of the normal side in both groups (both P < 0.001). In the 6–24-month group, the testicular atrophy index was positively correlated with age, testicular volume on the cryptorchid side was not correlated with age, and testicular volume was positively correlated with age on the normal side. In the 25–53-month group, testicular atrophy index and testicular volumes on either side were not correlated with age. A palpable unilateral cryptorchid testis is smaller than the contralateral testis. The testicular atrophy index increases with age between 6 months and 24 months, but not between 25 months and 53 months. Testicular volume increased with age on the normal side between 6 months and 24 months, but not on the cryptorchid side. Trends in testicular atrophy index with age contribute to the decision of operation time.