bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerobic C–H Functionalization Using Pyrenedione as the Photocatalyst
Authors: Wu Jie , Huang Dejiang , Zhang Yuannian , Yang Xin
Published: June 2020

We disclose a visible-light-promoted aerobic alkylation of activated C(sp3)–H bonds using pyrenedione (PYD) as the photocatalyst. Direct C–H bond alkylation of tetrahydrofuran with alkylidenemalononitriles is accomplished in over 90% yield in the presence of 5 mol% of PYD and 18 W blue LED light under ambient conditions. The substrate scope is extended to ethers, thioethers, and allylic C–H bonds in reactions with various electrophilic Michael acceptors. The catalytic turnover process is facilitated by oxygen. Our work represents the first example of using PYD as a photocatalyst to promote C(sp3)–H alkylation, revealing the unique character of PYD as a novel organophotocatalyst.
Psychometric Characteristics of Spanish Monosyllabic, Bisyllabic, and Trisyllabic Words for Use in Word-Recognition Protocols
Authors: Carlo Mitzarie A. , Wilson Richard H. , Villanueva-Reyes Albert
Published: June 2020

Background English materials for speech audiometry are well established. In Spanish, speech-recognition materials are not standardized with monosyllables, bisyllables, and trisyllables used in word-recognition protocols.

Purpose This study aimed to establish the psychometric characteristics of common Spanish monosyllabic, bisyllabic, and trisyllabic words for potential use in word-recognition procedures.

Research Design Prospective descriptive study.

Study Sample Eighteen adult Puerto Ricans (M = 25.6 years) with normal hearing [M = 7.8-dB hearing level (HL) pure-tone average] were recruited for two experiments.

Data Collection and Analyses A digital recording of 575 Spanish words was created (139 monosyllables, 359 bisyllables, and 77 trisyllables), incorporating materials from a variety of Spanish word-recognition lists. Experiment 1 (n = 6) used 25 randomly selected words from each of the three syllabic categories to estimate the presentation level ranges needed to obtain recognition performances over the 10 to 90% range. In Experiment 2 (n = 12) the 575 words were presented over five 1-hour sessions using presentation levels from 0- to 30-dB HL in 5-dB steps (monosyllables), 0- to 25-dB HL in 5-dB steps (bisyllables), and −3- to 17-dB HL in 4-dB steps (trisyllables). The presentation order of both the words and the presentation levels were randomized for each listener. The functions for each listener and each word were fit with polynomial equations from which the 50% points and slopes at the 50% point were calculated.

Results The mean 50% points and slopes at 50% were 8.9-dB HL, 4.0%/dB (monosyllables), 6.9-dB HL, 5.1%/dB (bisyllables), and 1.4-dB HL, 6.3%/dB (trisyllables). The Kruskal–Wallis test with Mann–Whitney U post-hoc analysis indicated that the mean 50% points and slopes at the 50% points of the individual word functions were significantly different among the syllabic categories. Although significant differences were observed among the syllabic categories, substantial overlap was noted in the individual word functions, indicating that the psychometric characteristics of the words were not dictated exclusively by the syllabic number. Influences associated with word difficulty, word familiarity, singular and plural form words, phonetic stress patterns, and gender word patterns also were evaluated.

Conclusion The main finding was the direct relation between the number of syllables in a word and word-recognition performance. In general, words with more syllables were more easily recognized; there were, however, exceptions. The current data from young adults with normal hearing established the psychometric characteristics of the 575 Spanish words on which the formulation of word lists for both threshold and suprathreshold measures of word-recognition abilities in quiet and in noise and other word-recognition protocols can be based.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients after Repair of Esophageal Atresia: A Review of Current Literature
Authors: Dellenmark-Blom Michaela , Quitmann Julia , Dingemann Carmen
Published: June 2020

Patients born with esophageal atresia (EA) require advanced reconstructive surgery and risk long-term digestive and respiratory morbidity. We describe the state of current literature on these patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and give recommendations for future research. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and PsychINFO and included articles from 2015 to December 28, 2019. Criteria for selecting articles were predefined. Seventeen articles describing HRQoL among children, adolescents, and adults were found, two of which focused on adults only. Six studies included international samples and among 15 quantitative studies sample sizes varied from 17 to 928 (median: 46). Seven different HRQoL questionnaires were used for children, three of which were specially adjusted for EA, of which one was reported validity and reliability. Four questionnaires were used for adults, one of which was generic and three symptom-specific, referring to swallowing or to the gastrointestinal tract. Hence, HRQoL outcomes were described differently. However, several studies of pediatric patients with EA revealed associations between lower HRQoL and particular congenital and surgical characteristics, which reflected disease severity. In two out of three articles, pediatric patients with EA had lower overall scores than healthy children. Digestive symptoms consistently lowered HRQoL scores in children and adults. Prior to 2015, only 12 studies were published, which illustrate a recent expansion in this field. Various HRQoL aspects and heterogeneous samples are examined, and outcomes differently reported. Current literature suggests that clinical subgroups of children with EA present with impaired HRQoL and that digestive symptomology influence HRQoL negatively. Conclusions of studies focusing on adults with EA are difficult to draw. Additional research is required.
Reconstrução do membro inferior com retalho fasciocutâneo de pedículo distal - Técnica de Monteiro modificada, série de 15 casos
Authors: Montenegro Saulo Souto , Costa Antônio Carlos , Meves Robert
Published: June 2020

Objetivo Descrever e demonstrar o desfecho da técnica modificada de Monteiro (1991) para a reconstrução do membro inferior com retalho fasciocutâneo de pedículo distal numa série de 15 casos.

Método Com uma série de 15 casos, apresentamos a técnica e o desfecho da técnica modificada do retalho fasciocutâneo de pedículo distal com para a reparação do terço inferior da perna e do pé.

Resultados Os resultados foram satisfatórios porque os retalhos proporcionaram boa cobertura de pele e tecido celular subcutâneo nos casos de exposição óssea e perda cutânea. A área doadora foi fechada 3 dias após a cirurgia, com enxerto de pele de espessura parcial, proporcionando uma melhor viabilidade do enxerto.

Conclusão O retalho fasciocutâneo de pedículo distal mostrou-se como uma boa opção para a reconstrução do terço médio e inferior da perna, oferecendo boa cobertura óssea.
Journey around the Notch: A Systematic Review on the History of ACL Reconstruction in the United States
Authors: White Alex E. , Van Nest Duncan , Tjoumakaris Fotios P. , Freedman Kevin B.
Published: June 2020

The evolution of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery, seemingly circular at times, informs and provides context for past and current controversies in ACL management. The purpose of this systematic review is to objectively summarize the historical course of ACL reconstruction and repair in the United States over the last 40 years. Femoral tunnel drilling and graft selection have evolved dramatically over the last few decades. An initial focus on restoring ACL anatomy was for a period sacrificed for decreased operative morbidity. However, recent developments in operative techniques aim to restore ACL anatomy while also achieving minimal operative morbidity. Despite this historically iterative process, there remains no perfect choice for the treatment of ACL tears. Continued research on ACL repair, anatomic graft placement, graft choice, and augmentation will help our patients over the next generation.
Environmental sustainability is not worth pursuing unless it is achieved for ethical reasons
Authors: Zagonari Fabio
Published: June 2020

This paper analytically characterizes the four main environmental sustainability paradigms (i.e., WS, weak sustainability; AG, a-growth; DG, de-growth; and SS, strong sustainability) by introducing uncertainty about future preferences for consumption and future technologies. SS represents an ethical approach because of its maximum aversion to inter-generational inequality of resources, whereas DG depicts preference changes, AG depicts technology changes, and WS represents the reference paradigm without accounting for preference or technology changes. By comparing the costs and benefits of these paradigms, solutions derived for the whole parameter domains based on data for a globally representative individual suggest that whenever environmental sustainability is pursued for welfare reasons within a utilitarian perspective (i.e., WS, AG, DG), it is not worth pursuing. In contrast, if environmental sustainability is achieved for ethical reasons within an egalitarian perspective (i.e., SS), it is worth pursuing, even with an increased world population. In terms of feasibility (i.e., whether there are realistic parameter values such that a given sustainability paradigm can achieve its goal), solutions are ranked ethics > preference > technology (i.e., SS > DG > AG), whereas WS is unfeasible. Thus, WS, AG, and DG are inconsistent sustainability paradigms, SS empirically solves the theoretical dispute on absolute rights, and environmental sustainability must be treated as an ethical issue. A conceptual discussion about environmental ethics and a statistical analysis based on panel data at a country level support the same insights. In terms of reliability (i.e., whether there are national policies or international agreements which can support a feasible sustainability paradigm), SS could be enforced by a global environmental agreement, supported by 66/55% of governments (i.e., top-down approach) and by 56/51% of citizens (i.e., bottom-up approach), in the most certain/uncertain scenarios, respectively.
A qualitative exploration of individual differences in wellbeing for highly sensitive individuals
Authors: Black Becky A. , Kern Margaret L.
Published: June 2020

Cultures explicitly and implicitly create and reinforce social norms and expectations, which impact upon how individuals make sense of and experience their place within that culture. Numerous studies find substantial differences across a range of behavioral and cognitive indices between what have been called “Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD)” societies and non-WEIRD cultures. Indeed, lay conceptions and social norms around wellbeing tend to emphasize social outgoingness and high-arousal positive emotions, with introversion and negative emotion looked down upon or even pathologized. However, this extravert-centric conception of wellbeing does not fit many individuals who live within WEIRD societies, and studies find that this mismatch can have detrimental effects on their wellbeing. There is a need to better understand how wellbeing is created and experienced by the large number of people for whom wellbeing manifests in alternative ways. This study investigated one such manifestation—the personality trait of sensory processing sensitivity (SPS)—qualitatively investigating how sensitive individuals experience and cultivate wellbeing within a WEIRD society. Twelve adults participated in semi-structured interviews. Findings suggest that highly sensitive individuals perceive that wellbeing arises from harmony across multiple dimensions. Interviewees emphasized the value of low-intensity positive emotion, self-awareness, self-acceptance, positive social relationships balanced by times of solitude, connecting with nature, contemplative practices, emotional self-regulation, practicing self-compassion, having a sense of meaning, and hope/optimism. Barriers of wellbeing included physical health issues and challenges with saying no to others. This study provides a rich idiographic representation of SPS wellbeing, highlighting diverse pathways, which can lead to wellbeing for individuals for whom wellbeing manifests in ways that contradict the broader social narratives in which they reside.
Stochastic modeling of macromolecules in solution. II. Spectral densities
Authors: Polimeno Antonino , Zerbetto Mirco , Abergel Daniel
Published: June 2020

In Paper I [Polimeno et al., J. Chem. Phys. 150, 184107 (2019)], we proposed a general approach for interpreting relaxation properties of a macromolecule in solution, derived from an atomistic description. A simple scheme (the semiflexible Brownian, SFB, model) has been defined for the case of limited internal flexibility, but retaining full coupling with external degrees of freedom, inclusion of all of the momenta, and dissipation. Here we discuss the application of the SFB model to the practical evaluation of orientation spectral densities, based on two complementary computational treatments.
Wind and photovoltaic potential in Europe in the context of mid-term energy storage
Authors: Kapica Jacek
Published: June 2020

Both wind and solar irradiance are considered as variable sources of energy. The generated power is dependent on varying weather conditions. In this study, three indicators are introduced: generation power-to-storage day ratio, photovoltaic-to-wind energy ratio, and reliability improvement indicator. The values of the indicators are determined for 5701 points located in Europe. The results have been presented on charts illustrating statistics of the indicators as well as on maps. This study illustrates various aspects of the solar and the wind energy potential in the context of energy storage. The results show that for the majority of locations, the cost of 1 kWh of storage must be up to 3.2 times less than the cost of 1 kW of a photovoltaic system. Also, it should be up to six times less than the unit cost of the wind turbine system at 50 m in order to decrease the system cost, depending on the number of autonomy days. For most of the locations, the nominal power of the photovoltaic system should be significantly lower than the power of the wind turbine if the system is to meet the required reliability. If the reliability of the power supply has to be increased from 95% to 98%, the nominal power of the photovoltaic generator has to be increased, depending on the assumed days of autonomy, between 1.25 and 1.45 times and the power of the wind turbine at 50 m between 1.3 and 2 times for the greater number of locations.
Removal of ethyl acetate by plasma enhanced with jet flows
Authors: Chen Dingqiang , Hou Zhongyu
Published: June 2020

Non-thermal plasma is widely used for the removal of volatile organic compounds owing to the various advantages of this technique, which include being maneuverable, environmentally friendly, and low-cost compared with traditional methods. In this paper, the removal of ethyl acetate by non-thermal plasma enhanced with jet flows was carried out in a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge reactor. The influence of the plasma-induced jet flows produced by the discharge of two plasma generators with different arrangements on the spatial flow field was explored. The removal efficiency of ethyl acetate was determined with a series of different experimental parameters: the loading voltage (7–13 kV), the initial concentration of ethyl acetate (100, 500, and 1000 ppm), and the arrangement of the two plasma generators (aligned and diagonal). The results of the numerical simulations and particle image velocimetry tests showed good consistency regarding the influence of the arrangement of the two plasma generators on the spatial flow field. This indicates that the Suzen model was successfully developed for the bulk discharge, and the plasma-induced jet flows generated by the coaxial dielectric barrier discharge could be determined by the direct numerical simulations. The maximal removal efficiency was achieved with a loading voltage of 13 kV, and the removal efficiency of ethyl acetate was greater for the aligned arrangement of plasma generators than for the diagonal arrangement. This work demonstrates for the first time the introduction of the aerodynamics effects of non-thermal plasma into the chemical reaction, providing a completely new way to remove volatile organic compounds.
Shock initiation of the HMX-based explosive PBX 9012: Experiments, uncertainty analysis, and unreacted equation-of-state
Authors: Burns M. J. , Chiquete C.
Published: June 2020

Shock initiation experiments have been carried out on the polymer-bonded explosive PBX 9012 [nominally 90% octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazine (HMX), 10% vinylidene–hexafluoropropylene copolymer (Viton A) by weight] in order to provide calibration data for the explosive’s unreacted equation-of-state (EOS) and shock-to-detonation transition for reactive burn rate calibration. The input pressures covered the range of 1.86–4.43 GPa. This provided run-to-detonation depths ranging from >22.3mm for the lowest pressure shot to 4.91 mm at the highest pressure. The relative shock sensitivity of PBX 9012 is compared to other HMX-explosives in terms of the Pop-plot, showing that the studied explosive is more sensitive than other similar HMX-based counterparts (with notable exceptions). The uncertainty in the shock velocity determinations from the shock tracker measurements are also investigated, yielding new uncertainty measures in the generated Hugoniot data and run-to-detonation coordinates. Finally, the unreacted equation-of-state is determined using a linear Us–up Mie–Grüneisen relation and the Davis reactants EOS analytical form, the latter being more suited for reactive burn modeling.
A high sensitivity, high resolution tandem mass spectrometer to research low-energy, reactive ion–surface interactions
Authors: Ballauf Lorenz , Duensing Felix , Hechenberger Faro , Scheier Paul
Published: June 2020

The device described is the combination of two mass spectrometers, with a surface sample placed between them. Its aim is to allow for detailed research on low-energy ion–surface interactions, involving and triggering surface chemistry. This task is fulfilled by a carefully chosen geometry: Projectile ions from an electron impact source are mass-per-charge selected using a quadrupole. Such continuous bombardment allows for good control of the surface condition. Species emerging from the collisions are focused onto a beam and analyzed using a purpose-built orthogonal pulsing time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Neutral species can be post-ionized using a second electron impact source. Neutral gases can be adsorbed to the surface from the gas phase in a controlled manner, using a feedback-controlled pressure regulator. In order to minimize the discrimination of secondary ions, the distance from the surface to the analyzing mass spectrometer system was kept as short as possible and the acceptance angle of the lens system as large as possible. This increased the sensitivity five orders of magnitude compared to its predecessor. The rigorous use of computer aided design software is responsible for the successful commissioning of the new device. This article describes first which parameters can be measured or controlled. Then, these are linked to the physical processes that occur in reactive ion–surface interactions. Next, the design goal and the design implementation are presented. In the end, a performance comparison, measurements of hydrogen surface chemistry with extensive use of isotope labeling, and measurements of post-ionized beryllium are presented.
Development of fundamental power couplers for 166.6 MHz superconducting quarter-wave beta = 1 proof-of-principle cavities
Authors: Huang Tongming , Zhang Pei , Ma Qiang , Lin Haiying , Wang Qunyao , Pan Weimin , Bing Feng , Gu Kuixiang , Guo Lin
Published: June 2020

Superconducting 166.6 MHz β = 1 cavities of quarter-wave geometry have been chosen for a high energy photon source, a 6 GeV diffraction-limited synchrotron light source currently under construction in Beijing. Five cavities will provide the required 5.4 MV radio frequency (rf) voltage and 900 kW beam power. Each cavity will be equipped with one fundamental power coupler (FPC), delivering a minimum rf power of 180 kW to the beam. A 50 Ω coaxial structure with one planar warm window was employed. Its location was carefully selected to avoid electron bombardments on the ceramic window due to potential cavity field emission while preserving the required strong coupling. Focusing on optimized heat loads, a compact geometry was pursued to allow assembly with the cavity in a class 10 clean room, thus minimizing contamination. Two prototype FPCs have been fabricated and examined with high power on room-temperature test stands. The couplers were tested up to 50 kW continuous wave (cw) limited by the available solid-state amplifier. The rf conditioning was conducted initially in travelling-wave mode and later in a standing-wave setup with the variable phase of the reverse wave. All rf surfaces were thus exposed to a high field equivalent to 200 kW cw traveling wave. Being the most critical component, the window-inner-conductor assembly was conditioned up to 150 kW at 650 MHz on a hybrid test stand. Multipacting barriers were encountered as predicted and can be processed by rf conditioning. The design, fabrication, and high-power tests of the first 166.6 MHz FPCs are presented.
Potential well theory for the focusing fractional Choquard equation
Authors: Saanouni Tarek
Published: June 2020

This note studies the non-linear fractional Schrödinger equation iu̇−(−Δ)su+(Iα*|u|p)|u|p−2u=0. In the mass super-critical and energy sub-critical regimes, the local solutions exist globally and scatter in the energy space or blow-up in finite time if the data belong to some stable sets.
Effect of crystal symmetries and phase boundaries on the magnetoelectricity of La2NiMnO6 prepared under ambient conditions
Authors: Tiwary Sweta , Kuila S. , Sahoo M. R. , Barik A. , Ghosh R. , Krishna P. S. R. , Babu P. D. , Siruguri V. , Choudhary R. J. , Sinha A. K. , Vishwakarma P. N.
Published: June 2020

La2NiMnO6 prepared under ambient conditions are analyzed for their crystal phase symmetry via powder x-ray diffraction in the laboratory as well as synchrotron sources and neutron powder diffraction. The room temperature symmetry is found to be R−3c for samples having a sintering temperature less than 800 °C and gradually increasing participation of P21/n symmetry is observed for higher sintering temperature samples. A crystallographic phase transition at ∼650 K from biphasic (R−3c+P21/n) to monophasic (R−3) for all samples is observed. This transition is found to be endowed with a small amount of magnetic ordering at the transition temperature. The measured magnetoelectricity on these samples displayed their direct dependence on relative crystal phase symmetries, such that magnetoelectricity is highest for the equifraction content of R−3c and P21/n symmetries. The temperature variation of the first order magnetoelectric coefficient is observed to be proportional to T−0.25, which is analogous to the Mott variable range hopping conduction exhibited by these compounds. Corroboration of observed results suggests the interfacial origin of magnetoelectricity in these samples.
Broadband integrative acoustic asymmetric focusing lens based on mode-conversion meta-atoms
Authors: Qian Jiao , Wang Yin , Xia Jian-ping , Ge Yong , Yuan Shou-qi , Sun Hong-xiang , Liu Xiao-jun
Published: June 2020

Acoustic asymmetric focusing (AAF) has a great potential application in medical ultrasound imaging, focused ultrasound therapy, and nondestructive testing. The advancement of acoustic metamaterials and metasurfaces has provided various mechanisms to design AAF lenses. However, due to the existence of a certain difficulty in realizing sound focusing and asymmetric transmission simultaneously, the realization of the AAF lens with a broad bandwidth and an integrative planar structure still remains a challenge. Here, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate an integrative planar AAF lens based on a type of mode-conversion meta-atom composed of two types of phased unit cells with a phase difference of π and a step waveguide. The meta-atom can realize the conversion between the zero-order and first-order waves and asymmetric sound transmission, which arises from the phase modulation and the cutoff frequency of the first-order wave, respectively. Based on the proposed mode-conversion meta-atoms, we design a broadband AAF lens with high performance, in which its fractional bandwidth can reach about 0.19 and the focus size is only about 0.38λ. The proposed mode-conversion meta-atom and its associated AAF lens provide diverse routes for designing asymmetric multi-functional sound devices with promising applications.
Demonstration of electric double layer gating under high pressure by the development of field-effect diamond anvil cell
Authors: Adachi Shintaro , Matsumoto Ryo , Yamamoto Sayaka , Yamamoto Takafumi D. , Terashima Kensei , Saito Yoshito , Esparza Echevarria Miren , Baptista de Castro Pedro , Song Peng , Iwasaki Suguru , Takeya Hiroyuki , Takano Yoshihiko
Published: June 2020

We have developed an approach to control the carrier density in various materials under high pressure by the combination of an electric double layer transistor (EDLT) and a diamond anvil cell (DAC). In this study, this “EDLT-DAC” was applied to a Bi thin film, and here, we report the field effect under high pressure in the material. Our EDLT-DAC is a promising device for exploring unknown physical phenomena such as high transition-temperature superconductivity.
Controlled support of a magnetic fluid at a superhydrophobic interface
Authors: Dai Qingwen , Hu Zhengdong , Huang Wei , Wang Xiaolei
Published: June 2020

In this paper, the controlled support of a magnetic fluid at a superhydrophobic interface is proposed. It is shown experimentally that the support of the magnetic fluid has excellent dynamic response characteristics and can be enhanced by increasing the magnetic field intensity. Numerical simulations are performed to clarify how the magnetic field is distributed, and the support mechanism is revealed theoretically. This study provides further physical insight into liquid-based support and offers excellent prospects for frictionless and controllable micro-platforms and laboratory-on-chip applications.
Dynamics of poly[n]catenane melts
Authors: Rauscher Phillip M. , Schweizer Kenneth S. , Rowan Stuart J. , de Pablo Juan J.
Published: June 2020

Inspired by advances in the chemical synthesis of interlocking polymer architectures, extensive molecular dynamics simulations have been conducted to study the dynamical properties of poly[n]catenanes—polymers composed entirely of interlocking rings—in the melt state. Both the degree of polymerization (number of links) and the number of beads per ring are systematically varied, and the results are compared to linear and ring polymers. A simple Rouse-like model is presented, and its analytical solution suggests a decomposition of the dynamics into “ring-like” and “linear-like” regimes at short and long times, respectively. In agreement with this picture, multiple sub-diffusive regimes are observed in the monomer mean-squared-displacements even though interchain entanglement is not prevalent in the system. However, the Rouse-type model does not account for the topological effects of the mechanical bonds, which significantly alter the dynamics at intermediate length scales both within the rings and at the chain segment scales. The stress relaxation in the system is extremely rapid and may be conveniently separated into ring-like and linear-like contributions, again in agreement with the Rouse picture. However, the viscosity has a non-monotonic dependence on the ring size for long chains, which disagrees strongly with theoretical predictions. This unexpected observation cannot be explained in terms of chain disentanglement and is inconsistent with other measures of polymer relaxation. Possible mechanisms for this behavior are proposed and implications for materials design are discussed.
Enhancing the soft magnetic properties of FeGa with a non-magnetic underlayer for microwave applications
Authors: Acosta Adrian , Fitzell Kevin , Schneider Joseph D. , Dong Cunzheng , Yao Zhi , Wang Yuanxun Ethan , Carman Gregory P. , Sun Nian X. , Chang Jane P.
Published: June 2020

An ultra-thin (∼2.5 nm) non-magnetic Cu underlayer was found to have a significant effect on the microstructure, magnetic softness, and magnetostriction of sputter-deposited Fe81Ga19 (FeGa) thin films. Compared to the experimental control where FeGa was deposited directly on Si without an underlayer, the presence of Cu increased the in-plane uniaxial anisotropy of FeGa and reduced the in-plane coercivity by nearly a factor of five. The effective Gilbert damping coefficient was also significantly reduced by a factor of four, between FeGa on Si and FeGa on a Cu underlayer. The FeGa films on Cu also retained a high saturation magnetostriction comparable to those without an underlayer. The enhancement of the desirable magnetic properties for microwave applications is attributed to the Cu underlayer, promoting the (110) film texture and increasing the compressive film strain. The results demonstrated that the structural control is viable to simultaneously achieve the necessary magnetic softness and magnetostriction in FeGa for integration in strain-mediated magnetoelectric and microwave devices.
Eulerian and Lagrangian analysis of coherent structures in separated shear flow by time-resolved particle image velocimetry
Authors: Ma Xingyu , Tang Zhanqi , Jiang Nan
Published: June 2020

We investigate the turbulent shear flow that separates from a two-dimensional backward-facing step. We aim to analyze the unsteady separated and reattaching shear flow in both the Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks in order to provide complementary insight into the self-sustaining coherent structures and Lagrangian transport of the entrainment process. The Reynolds number is Reh = 1.0 × 103, based on the incoming free-stream velocity and step height. The separated and reattaching shear flow as well as the recirculation region beneath is measured by time-resolved planar particle image velocimetry. As a result, time sequences of velocity vector fields in a horizontal–vertical plane in the center of the step model are obtained. In the Eulerian approach, a set of temporally orthogonal dynamic modes are extracted, and each one represents a single-frequency vortex pattern that neutrally evolves in time. The self-sustaining coherent structures are represented by reduced-order reconstruction of the identified high-amplitude dynamic modes, showing the basic unsteady flapping motion of the shear layer and the vortex rolling-up, pairing, and shedding processes superimposed on it. On the other hand, trajectories of passive fluid tracers depict the Lagrangian fluid transport by the entrainment process in the separated shear flow and identify the time-dependent vortex rolling-up process as well as complex vortex interactions. The contours of the finite-time Lyapunov exponent reveal the unsteady Lagrangian coherent structures that significantly shape the vortex patterns and contribute substantial parts to the fluid entrainment in the shear flow.
Rotational Doppler shift upon reflection from a right angle prism
Authors: Emile O. , Emile J. , Brousseau C.
Published: June 2020

This Letter reports the observation of a rotational Doppler shift on reflected beams carrying Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM). More precisely, we study the beat frequency of two optical beams carrying OAM with opposite signs, reflected on a right angle prism. We show that the interference of the two beams leads to a daisy-like pattern that rotates at twice the rotating frequency of the prism. The rotational Doppler frequency shift is equal to the OAM topological charge change times the rotational frequency. Possible applications in the positioning and detection of rotation of objects are then discussed.
Relativistic local hybrid functionals and their impact on 1s core orbital energies
Authors: Maier Toni M. , Ikabata Yasuhiro , Nakai Hiromi
Published: June 2020

In this work, we report the first relativistic density functional theory calculations using relativistic local hybrid functionals. Besides outlining the construction of relativistic local hybrid exchange within a two-component-relativistic framework based on the picture-change transformation of the density matrix and a recently developed relativistic iso-orbital indicator, we investigate the influence of two-electron-relativistic effects, using relativistic functional ingredients in local hybrid functionals, and the choice of the exchange-correlation functional on atomic 1s core orbital energies of light and heavier elements. Finally, we discuss the applicability of relativistic 1s core orbital shifts for the relativistic correction of non-relativistic 1s core excitation energies.
Wavefunctions from energies: Applications in simple potentials
Authors: Mitnik Darío M. , Mitnik Santiago A. H.
Published: June 2020

A remarkable mathematical property—somehow hidden and recently rediscovered—allows obtaining the eigenvectors of a Hermitian matrix directly from their eigenvalues. This opens the possibility to get the wavefunctions from the spectrum, an elusive goal of many fields in physics. Here, the formula is assessed for simple potentials, recovering the theoretical wavefunctions within machine accuracy. A striking feature of this eigenvalue–eigenvector relation is that it does not require knowing any of the entries of the working matrix. However, it requires the knowledge of the eigenvalues of the minor matrices (in which a row and a column have been deleted from the original matrix). We found a pattern in these sub-matrix spectra, allowing us to get the eigenvectors analytically. The physical information hidden behind this pattern is analyzed.
Sum of oscillator-strength moments and asymptotic behaviour of thermally induced broadening and shift of energy levels of Rydberg atom circular states
Authors: Glukhov I.L. , Kamenski A.A. , Ovsiannikov V.D.
Published: June 2020

Based on the rules for summing oscillator-strength moments, we derive analytical expressions for environmentally (thermally) induced energy-level shifts and broadenings of circular Rydberg states with maximum orbital (l) and magnetic (m) quantum numbers, l = |m| = n – 1. The formulae for the energy of interaction with blackbody radiation are presented in the form of series expansion in even powers of the small parameter η = Z
2/(n
3
k
B
T) ≪ 1 in the region of high temperatures T and principal quantum numbers n (Z is the charge of the residual ion). The expression for the thermally induced width contains a negative temperature-independent term coinciding in absolute value with the spontaneous width, so that the temperature-independent term is absent in the expression for the sum of the spontaneous and thermally induced widths. A similar expansion in powers of η for the thermally induced shift also contains a temperature-independent term proportional to 1/n
6.
Atom femtosecond optical trap based on spectrally filtered laser radiation
Authors: Mashko A.M. , Meysterson A.A. , Afanasiev A.E. , Balykin V.I.
Published: June 2020

We have examined the use of alkali metal (rubidium) vapour for spectral filtering of broadband pulsed laser light that is used to produce a femtosecond pulsed optical dipole trap. It has been shown that, even at large detuning of the centre emission frequency from the frequency of atomic transitions, spectral components present in the wings of the laser emission line are capable of heating localised atoms, thus reducing their lifetime in the atomic trap. Using atomic vapour for filtering the laser emission spectrum, we have suppressed its spectral components resulting in heating. This has made it possible to increase the lifetime of atoms in the pulsed optical dipole trap to a value comparable to their lifetime in an optical trap formed by narrow-band cw laser light.
Structure of a chaotic tangle of quantum vortices in turbulent superfluid liquids and in a Bose – Einstein condensate
Authors: Nemirovskii S.K.
Published: June 2020

Based on the theory of the thermodynamic equilibrium in a system of quantum vortices in superfluid liquids and in a Bose – Einstein condensate in the presence of a counterflow of normal and superfluid components, we investigate the structure of a chaotic tangle of quantum vortices in turbulent superfluid liquids. Using the characteristic functional method, the properties of hydrodynamic vortex filaments are examined. It is shown that the average curvature of the vortex lines is on the order of the intervortex distance, with the proportionality coefficient being independent of the counterflow velocity. It is found that the degree of anisotropy of the vortex loops does not depend on the applied counterflow velocity. The obtained results explain the origin of the anisotropy as well as the relationship between the curvature of the lines and the intervortex space and their dependence on the parameters of the problem.
Differences between cattle and buffalo in the water-soluble proteins of the Longissimus muscle as shown by electrophoretic techniques
Authors: Pinheiro Rafael S. B. , Ramos Paulo R. R. , de O. Roça Roberto , Bezerra Leilson R. , Francisco Caroline L. , Oliveira Ronaldo L.
Published: June 2020

Context
Fraudulent information about food is an old and widespread problem, particularly regarding products with high economic value, such as meat and meat products. The motivation for food fraud is economic, but it can have serious impacts on public health, thus creating a food security problem. Approximately 90% of buffalo meat is marketed as beef in various regions where the consumption of buffalo meat is considered unusual.

Aims
To determine the electrophoretic profile of the raw Longissimus dorsi of cattle and buffalo species and to test the hypothesis that electrophoresis techniques can be used to distinguish meat from cattle from buffalo meat.

Methods
Fourteen 10-g samples of Longissimus dorsi (12th and 13th rib) tissue were taken from each animal of both species after slaughter. The meat of each species was analysed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (NATIVE PAGE) and by denaturing and non-denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)–PAGE. Differences (P < 0.05) were observed between water-soluble cattle and buffalo muscle proteins in both NATIVE PAGE (relative mobilities and percentages of protein bands) and non-denaturing and denaturing SDS–PAGE (molecular weights in kDa and optical density index).

Key results
With the NATIVE PAGE technique, 10 protein bands were observed in the gel, and three of these bands exhibited differences between species (P ≤ 0.05). The non-denaturing and denaturing SDS–PAGE techniques yielded significantly different protein bands in the gel. The electrophoretic profiles of some cattle and buffalo muscle proteins are distinct; therefore, raw meat flesh samples of these animal species can be distinguished using these electrophoresis techniques.

Conclusions
Each of the three electrophoresis techniques used can distinguish meat from different animal species; however, when there is doubt about the animal species, the use of more than one electrophoretic technique is recommended, so as to obtain more reliable results.

Implications
The use of electrophoresis techniques to differentiate cattle and buffalo meat is promising. This technique could be used in cases of suspected food fraud, such as the replacement of beef with buffalo or vice versa, with reliable results that will be accepted by supervisory bodies.
A multiomic analysis of in situ coral–turf algal interactions
Authors: Roach Ty N. F. , Little Mark , Arts Milou G. I. , Huckeba Joel , Haas Andreas F. , George Emma E. , Quinn Robert A. , Cobián-Güemes Ana G. , Naliboff Douglas S. , Silveira Cynthia B. , Vermeij Mark J. A. , Kelly Linda Wegley , Dorrestein Pieter C. , Rohwer Forest
Published: June 2020

Viruses, microbes, and host macroorganisms form ecological units called holobionts. Here, a combination of metagenomic sequencing, metabolomic profiling, and epifluorescence microscopy was used to investigate how the different components of the holobiont including bacteria, viruses, and their associated metabolites mediate ecological interactions between corals and turf algae. The data demonstrate that there was a microbial assemblage unique to the coral-turf algae interface displaying higher microbial abundances and larger microbial cells. This was consistent with previous studies showing that turf algae exudates feed interface and coral-associated microbial communities, often at the detriment of the coral. Further supporting this hypothesis, when the metabolites were assigned a nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC), we found that the turf algal metabolites were significantly more reduced (i.e., have higher potential energy) compared to the corals and interfaces. The algae feeding hypothesis was further supported when the ecological outcomes of interactions (e.g., whether coral was winning or losing) were considered. For example, coral holobionts losing the competition with turf algae had higher Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes ratios and an elevated abundance of genes involved in bacterial growth and division. These changes were similar to trends observed in the obese human gut microbiome, where overfeeding of the microbiome creates a dysbiosis detrimental to the long-term health of the metazoan host. Together these results show that there are specific biogeochemical changes at coral–turf algal interfaces that predict the competitive outcomes between holobionts and are consistent with algal exudates feeding coral-associated microbes.
Activity-dependent myelination: A glial mechanism of oscillatory self-organization in large-scale brain networks
Authors: Noori Rabiya , Park Daniel , Griffiths John D. , Bells Sonya , Frankland Paul W. , Mabbott Donald , Lefebvre Jeremie
Published: June 2020

Communication and oscillatory synchrony between distributed neural populations are believed to play a key role in multiple cognitive and neural functions. These interactions are mediated by long-range myelinated axonal fiber bundles, collectively termed as white matter. While traditionally considered to be static after development, white matter properties have been shown to change in an activity-dependent way through learning and behavior—a phenomenon known as white matter plasticity. In the central nervous system, this plasticity stems from oligodendroglia, which form myelin sheaths to regulate the conduction of nerve impulses across the brain, hence critically impacting neural communication. We here shift the focus from neural to glial contribution to brain synchronization and examine the impact of adaptive, activity-dependent changes in conduction velocity on the large-scale phase synchronization of neural oscillators. Using a network model based on primate large-scale white matter neuroanatomy, our computational and mathematical results show that such plasticity endows white matter with self-organizing properties, where conduction delay statistics are autonomously adjusted to ensure efficient neural communication. Our analysis shows that this mechanism stabilizes oscillatory neural activity across a wide range of connectivity gain and frequency bands, making phase-locked states more resilient to damage as reflected by diffuse decreases in connectivity. Critically, our work suggests that adaptive myelination may be a mechanism that enables brain networks with a means of temporal self-organization, resilience, and homeostasis.
Pore-scale investigation of the use of reactive nanoparticles for in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater source
Authors: Pak Tannaz , Luz Luiz Fernando de Lima , Tosco Tiziana , Costa Gabriel Schubert Ruiz , Rosa Paola Rodrigues Rangel , Archilha Nathaly Lopes
Published: June 2020

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles have excellent capacity for in situ remediation of groundwater resources contaminated by a range of organic and inorganic contaminants. Chlorinated solvents are by far the most treated compounds. Studies at column, pilot, and field scales have reported successful decrease in contaminant concentration upon injection of nZVI suspensions in the contaminated zones. However, the field application is far from optimized, particularly for treatments at—or close to—the source, in the presence of residual nonaqueous liquid (NAPL). The knowledge gaps surrounding the processes that occur within the pores of the sediments hosting those contaminants at microscale limit our ability to design nanoremediation processes that are optimized at larger scales. This contribution provides a pore-scale picture of the nanoremediation process. Our results reveal how the distribution of the trapped contaminant evolves as a result of contaminant degradation and generation of gaseous products. We have used state-of-the-art four-dimensional (4D) imaging (time-resolved three-dimensional [3D]) experiments to understand the details of this degradation reaction at the micrometer scale. This contribution shows that the gas released (from the reduction reaction) remobilizes the trapped contaminant by overcoming the capillary forces. Our results show that the secondary sources of NAPL contaminations can be effectively treated by nZVI, not only by in situ degradation, but also through pore-scale remobilization (induced by the evolved gas phase). The produced gas reduces the water relative permeability to less than 1% and, therefore, significantly limits the extent of plume migration in the short term.
Plastid biogenesis in malaria parasites requires the interactions and catalytic activity of the Clp proteolytic system
Authors: Florentin Anat , Stephens Dylon R. , Brooks Carrie F. , Baptista Rodrigo P. , Muralidharan Vasant
Published: June 2020

Significance

The deadly malaria parasite,
Plasmodium falciparum
, has developed resistance to all currently available drugs, making the discovery of new drug targets a top priority. This eukaryotic pathogen has a unique organelle called the apicoplast that produces essential metabolites. Although the apicoplast carries its own genome, most of its proteins are encoded by the cell nucleus and it is unclear how the organelle regulates its own proteome. Here, we show that a protease complex functions as a master regulator of apicoplast biogenesis. We have shown that the essential function of the complex is determined by its proteolytic activity, regulation by a chaperone, and substrate selection. This study demonstrates the potential of the apicoplast caseinolytic-protease system as an excellent drug target.
Human influence has intensified extreme precipitation in North America
Authors: Kirchmeier-Young Megan C. , Zhang Xuebin
Published: June 2020

Significance

Extreme precipitation is relevant to many interests, and observations show an increasing trend that is expected to continue under future projections. Although previous work has identified an anthropogenic influence on extreme precipitation at hemispheric scales, this study finds robust results for a continental scale. We establish that anthropogenic climate change has contributed to the intensification of continental and regional extreme precipitation. Furthermore, we also show that the anthropogenic influence on North American regional precipitation will lead to more frequent and intense precipitation extremes in the future.