bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity in product symbolism: The case of female executive clothing
Authors: Solomon Michael R. , Douglas Susan P.
Published: July 2007

Many social roles are associated with and identified by product symbols. Yet, frequently, there is much ambiguity among consumers regarding which products denote a given role, and the specific products which communicate desired role attributes. The study examines factors influencing the diversity of clothing symbols associated with the female executive role. A conceptual framework focusing on role‐related variables, aesthetic versus instrumental attitudes towards clothing, and information sources consulted in relation to clothing choice is developed and tested on data from a national survey of female executives.
Television advertising and childrens' attitudes toward proprietary medicine
Authors: Rossano Matt J. , Butter Eliot J.
Published: July 2007

The effect of exposure to television drug advertising on children's attitudes toward proprietary medicines and medicine use was investigated in two experiments. The first experiment presented the commercials in a realistic program context fashion. The second experiment presented the commercials in a more direct and controlled manner. Using drug questionnaires, the subjects were assessed for their attitudes regarding the use of proprietary drugs. The results of both studies indicated that exposure to drug advertising had little influence on children's attitudes. Furthermore, children preferred not to watch drug commercials in comparison to a TV program or other types of commercials.
Identifying feelings elicited by advertising
Authors: Aaker David A. , Stayman Douglas M. , Vezina Richard
Published: July 2007

This study attempts to identify feelings that are precipitated by advertising. A total of 655 feelings were reduced to set of 180 that were judged by respondents to be most likely to be stimulated by advertising. This group was clustered on the basis of similarity between feeling judgements. Two nested sets of feeling clusters emerged: one of size 22 and the other of size 31.
The case against subliminal manipulation
Authors: Moore Timothy E.
Published: July 2007

Claims persist that subliminal messages can have significant effects on motives and behavior. Among the more dramatic declarations are claims that: (1) subliminal auditory messages can induce weight loss, smoking cessation, etc., (2) reversed speech messages in popular music can corrupt youthful listeners, (3) psychotherapy can be facilitated by the subliminal stimulation of unconscious wishes, and (4) advertisers can exploit consumers by means of subliminal directives. A review of the pertinent research purporting to demonstrate these claims was conducted. It is concluded that there continues to be no evidence that subliminal messages can influence motivation or complex behavior.
Effects of debriefing in marketing research involving “Mild” deceptions
Authors: Toy Daniel , Olsen Jerry , Wright Lauren
Published: July 2007

Although behavioral researchers in marketing frequently deceive their subjects, relatively few report postexperimental debriefings. We hypothesize that researchers may avoid debriefings because (a) they feel their deceptions are so minor that debriefings are unnecessary, and (b) they fear possible negative reactions when subjects learn of the deceptions. We present the results of an experiment in which we measured debriefing effects on subjects who received such “mild” deceptions. Our results suggest that researchers have little to fear from conducting debriefings in these situations. We conclude by making several suggestions for administering debriefings and by identifying several issues concerning the effects of debriefings and deceptions that warrant future research.
Memory for implied versus directly stated advertising claims
Authors: Harris Richard J. , Trusty Michael L. , Bechtold John I. , Wasinger Louise
Published: July 2007

An experiment tested young adults' memory for advertising slogans that either stated a strong claim directly or only implied the same claim by stating it in a much weaker form. Several advertising slogans were inserted into a story. There were two versions of each slogan, asserted and implied. The asserted version made a claim very directly and strongly (e.g.Alka‐Seltzer stops common aches). The implied version only suggested the stronger claim (e.g.Alka‐Seltzer helps lessen common aches). Subjects read the story, which contained one of the two versions of each ad. After subjects finished reading the story, they were asked to recall all the brands and products. Then they performed a multiple choice task testing memory for the content of the advertising claims. While results showed no difference on the recall task, subjects on the multiple choice task frequently falsely recognized implied claims as asserted but seldom the reverse. Although they correctly recognized more asserted than implied claims, they were more confident in their correct memory for the implied claims. Results were applied to the problem of deceptive advertising.
Measuring Purchase‐decision involvement
Authors: Mittal Banwari
Published: July 2007

Purchase‐decision involvement is distinguished from product‐class involvement. Literature on consumer involvement is shown to be lacking a measure of purchase involvement. Therefore, a scale of purchase‐decision involvement is developed. Two empirical studies are described and are shown to furnish tests of convergent and discriminant validities. The individual items of the proposed scale are explicitly embedded in the purchase‐decision context, and the scale is simple and parsimonious, making it especially useful to practitioners.
Brand choice and deep price discounts
Authors: Moore David J. , Olshavsky Richard W.
Published: July 2007

Whenever price is presented in a discount format it can perform an informative role in brand choice. This article postulates the occurrence of an “attribution” process to account for the possibility that a very deep price discount produces a decrease in the desirability of the discounted brand under choice conditions involving unfamiliar brands and/or discount store (as opposed to department store). Hypotheses derived from the theoretical analysis are tested in a laboratory experiment. The results of the study support the proposition that the desirability of a discounted unfamiliar brand does not continue to increase as the size of the price discount increases. Predictions concerning the effects of store type and size of price discount were not confirmed. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the implications for marketing management.
Race, sex, and fashion innovativeness: A replication
Authors: Stith Melvin T. , Goldsmith Ronald E.
Published: July 2007

This article reports a study of differences in self‐reported fashion innovativeness, fashion opinion leadership, and spending for new fashions between middle‐class blacks and whites of both sexes. The data was obtained by a mail survey from a random sample of 568 consumers from five states. Analysis of covariance with the effects of age and income controlled indicated (1) a strong main effect for sex, with women reporting greater fashion innovativeness, opinion leadership, and spending than men; (2) a weak main effect for race, with blacks reporting greater innovativeness, opinion leadership, and spending than whites. The difference between the sexes was larger than the difference between races, and no interaction effects were observed.
Justifying the enclosure of monetary incentives in mail survey cover letters
Authors: Biner Paul M. , Barton Deborah L.
Published: July 2007

An experiment was conducted in which survey questionnaires were sent to two hundred randomly selected residents of a midwestern city. For half of the respondents, a one dollar bill ($1.00) was enclosed with the questionnaire whereas for the other half, only a quarter ($.25) was enclosed. Furthermore, the enclosure of the monetary incentive was justified in the cover letter as either an appreciative gesture or as a direct attempt to induce feelings of obligation to return the questionnaires. Subsequent response rates were assessed by condition. The overall response rate for the $1.00 condition was significantly higher than the response rate for the $.25 condition. Furthermore, the obligatory cover letter produced a significantly higher response rate than the appreciative cover letter, but only within the $1.00 conditions. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Effects of involvement, argument strength, and source characteristics on central and peripheral processing of advertising
Authors: Andrews J. Craig , Shimp Terence A.
Published: July 2007

The reported experiment tested predictions made by the elaboration likelihood model (ELM). Manipulations of message processing involvement, argument strength, and favorability of source information were used to examine predicted effects on cognitive response activity and attitude change. Major study findings reveal general support for ELM predictions concerning cognitive response activity, as well as support for central and peripheral attitude change predictions. In addition, central route attitude change was influenced by message cognitions, while peripheral route attitude change was determined by both message cognitions as well as simple perceptions of the source. A theoretical interpretation of the results and implications for advertising practice are offered.
Children's use of perceptual cues in product categorization
Authors: John Deborah Roedder , Sujan Mita
Published: July 2007

This study examines how young children use perceptual cues in categorizing products. Specifically, we examine the notion that young children use perceptual cues in a more informed fashion than is generally assumed by traditional viewpoints on cognitive development. Data from the three age groups—four‐ and five‐year‐olds, six‐ and seven‐year‐olds, and adults—confirm that even young children can use perceptual cues in a manner that is diagnostic of product category membership and that this ability increases with age.
Advertisement pacing and the learning of marketing information by the elderly
Authors: Ensley Elizabeth E. , Pride William M.
Published: July 2007

This study investigates how pace of information presentation to the elderly influences learning of marketing information. The learning task involved recalling or recognizing brand, product, and commercial information from three advertisements which were mechanically manipulated through time compression or expansion to expose a subject to the commercials at different paces. In order to test the total time hypothesis of Cooper and Pantle (1967), the total time of exposure was held constant by varying the repetitions of the advertisement. Results indicate that elderly consumers remember less than younger subjects, but support the total time hypothesis of no pacing effects for older subjects. Some support was also found for applicability to younger subjects.
Country‐of‐origin effects on product quality judgments: An information integration perspective
Authors: Hastak Manoj , Hong Sung‐Tai
Published: July 2007

Functional measurement methodology is used to examine the simultaneous effects of country‐of‐manufacture and price information on judgments about product quality and overall product evaluation The results suggest that a simple (constant weight) averaging model adequately accounts for the cognitive algebra used by consumers to integrate country image and price cues Also, the derived scale values for country image and price suggest that these variables produce roughly equivalent (and strong) effects on product Judgments Implications of these results for future research on country‐of‐origin effects are discussed.
You look “mahvelous”: The pursuit of beauty and the marketing concept
Authors: Bloch Peter H. , Richins Marsha L.
Published: July 2007

Research has repeatedly shown that substantial benefits accrue to those who are attractive. Knowledge of such benefits seems to be shared by the general public, and billions of dollars annually are spent on appearance‐enhancing products. This article examines the functions of adornments and their linkage to attractiveness assessments. In addition, a number of influences on level of adornment usage are described. Finally, consequences for marketers are discussed along with a proposed research agenda.
Gender schematicity and preference for gender‐typed products
Authors: Worth Leila T. , Smith Jeanne , Mackie Diane M.
Published: July 2007

Two experiments demonstrated that subjects preferred products described in terms congruent with their self‐perceived schema for masculinity or femininity. In Experiment 1, male subjects were classified as highly masculine or not so masculine on the basis of their self‐ratings. Those who were highly masculine preferred a product described in very masculine terms and those who were not so masculine preferred a product described in feminine terms. In Experiment 2, female subjects were classified as highly feminine or not so feminine on the basis of self‐ratings. Highly feminine subjects liked a product best when it was described in highly feminine terms, next most when it was described as having both masculine and feminine attributes, and least when it was depicted as totally masculine. Subjects who saw themselves as less feminine showed the opposite pattern of preference. These effects did not appear to be mediated by differential processing of schema‐consistent information.
Consumer demographics and reaction to product tampering
Authors: Jackson Gary B. , Jackson Ralph W. , Newmiller Clyde E.
Published: July 2007

With product tampering becoming a more common phenomenon, the impact on consumer psychology will possibly become a major factor in consumer reaction to packaged products; consumer attitudes, as well as actions may change accordingly. This article reports on a study that examined how different demographic groups reacted to tampering. The results indicate there are some differences in the groups, especially in terms of age and education. The findings seem to point to some underlying factors that may have an effect on consumer reaction to the problem.
An examination of the validity of direct product perceptions
Authors: Johnson Michael D. , Home David A.
Published: July 2007

The validity of a class of direct product perceptions is examined. Consumers recorded their perception of different products directly within exisiting spatial or treelike representations of the products' competitors. A conceptual model is developed that describes consumers' ability to provide direct perceptions within both space and tree representations for both brands and product categories. An empirical study is reported which supports the model and the validty of the recorded perceptions.
The effects of empathy on salesperson effectiveness
Authors: Dawson Lyndon E. , Soper Barlow , Pettijohn Charles E.
Published: July 2007

Empathy is often described as a trait possessed by successful salespeople. Empirical studies that have uncovered a positive relationship between empathy and sales have failed, however, to use empathy measurement techniques deemed appropriate in counseling‐ psychotherapy, the field where most research pertaining to the empathic construct has been conducted. The research reported in this article examines the relationship between a salesperson's empathy and sales performance by using one of the most clinically acceptable empathy measurement instruments: The Barrett‐Lennard Relationship Inventory. The empathy levels of salespersons were determined by new‐car customers. Sales representatives' empathy ratings were then compared with their sales performance. The results of the research contradict the a priori assumption that empathy is positively related to sales performance.
The effect of consumers' emotional reactions on behavioral intention: The moderating role of personal relevance and self‐monitoring
Authors: Darley William K. , Lim Jeen‐Su
Published: July 2007

This study examines the moderating effects of personal relevance and self‐monitoring on the relationship between emotional reactions and behavioral intention. The results show that personal relevance and self‐monitoring moderate the emotion‐behavioral intention relationship. The magnitude of the relationship increases significantly when these individual difference variables are incorporated as interaction terms. Theoretical and public policy implications are discussed.
Segmentation and market structure when both consumer and situational characteristics are explanatory
Authors: Ball Dwayne , Lamb Charles , Brodie Roderick
Published: July 2007

This article addresses the problem of exploring data for useful segments (and subsequently, market structure) in markets in which demand is a function of both consumer and situational characteristics. Current exploratory segmentation methods use either persons or situations as the unit of analysis, but not both. Yet choice and needs are frequently an unknown function of both personal characteristics and situational characteristics. Under these conditions of unknown strength of sources of influence, it may be advantageous to explore data. To allow the fruitful use of data exploration, we propose the use of a unit of analysis we call the person‐in‐situation, sampling of these units from their population, segmentation of these units with respect to choices, and the post‐hoc exploration of such segments for regularities in individual and situational characteristics.
How advertising slogans can prime evaluations of brand extensions
Authors: Boush David M.
Published: July 2007

Different versions of a brand slogan were presented to each of three treatment groups before they evaluated six potential extensions of a fictitious brand. One slogan primed “nutrition,” one primed “spiciness,” and the third primed “high quality” as product attributes. All other product and brand information was held constant. The slogans had a significant effect both on the perceived similarity and on the evaluations of potential brand extensions. The results suggest that there is considerable flexibility in the category of products that a brand represents. Advertising slogans can play an important role in supporting or undermining a brand extension strategy by drawing attention to attributes that the new product either has in common with existing products or that conflict with existing products. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Service attributes: Expectations and judgments
Authors: Bridges Eileen
Published: July 2007

Consumers' expectations regarding a product or service they would select for a particular usage situation may determine a reference point that impacts how they judge products or services they plan to use in that situation. We hypothesize that perceptual judgment of an attribute that is less important to a consumer's choice decision is more heavily influenced by the reference point than is judgment of an attribute that is more important to the choice. We support our hypothesis with experimental results in a service industry application. Further, we estimate a model and use the obtained parameter values to predict judgment of the service for a holdout usage situation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Continuous measurement of self‐report of emotional response
Authors: Stayman Douglas M. , Aaker David A.
Published: July 2007

There has been substantial recent interest in measurement of emotional responses to advertising. One of the promising methods recently introduced has been the continuous measurement of specific feelings through a “warmth monitor” introduced by Aaker, Stayman, and Hagerty (1986). This article reports research extending the work of Aaker, Stayman, and Hagerty (1986) in two ways. First, it tests whether the warmth monitor method distinguishes feelings from the global reactions that are more commonly measured with continuous self‐report measures. Second, it tests the extension of the method to a general emotion monitor that measures feelings other than warmth. Support is found for discrimination between feelings and overall liking and for the validity of a humor, but possibly not irritation, monitor. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The role of affect in consumers' temporal judgments
Authors: Hornik Jacob
Published: July 2007

The role of time and mood as consumer behavior constructs has seen increasing independent attention over the past several years. Two studies on the impact of transient affective states on consumers' temporal judgments are reported. In accordance with the research hypotheses, both studies demonstrated strong mood effects on subject's time perception and orientation. The findings were validated across two different mood‐inducing manipulations and supported the general theoretical foundation of the mediating roles of affective states on consumers' temporal judgments. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An empirical investigation of the role of involvement with a gendered product
Authors: Gainer Brenda
Published: July 2007

This article examines the role of involvement as an intermediate step between sex or feminine gender identity, and the frequency of arts attendance. A series of hypotheses concerning the significance of the relationships among the above constructs was developed, and data were collected from a sample of arts‐goers with which to estimate a path model. The results of the analysis showed that sex and feminine gender identity do not affect attendance directly, but rather indirectly through the involvement construct. Moreover, while feminine gender identity has a direct effect on involvement with the arts, sex affects involvement indirectly as a result of childhood experience. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An empirical evaluation of the kapferer‐laurent consumer involvement profile scale
Authors: Rodgers William C. , Schneider Kenneth C.
Published: July 2007

The Consumer Involvement Profile (CIP) is tested across several samples of U.S. consumers. With one exception, the authors were able to successfully replicate the factor structure of the CIP, thereby concluding that the scale is a useful measure of several antecedents of involvement. However, two factors purporting to measure interest versus pleasure regularly merged into a single factor. The authors conclude that interest and pleasure cannot be distinguished from one another in the current applications. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An extension of the congruence hypothesis: The effects of real products, branching format, similarity, and involvement
Authors: Cooper‐Martin Elizabeth
Published: July 2007

The congruence hypothesis predicts that consumers process information in the form presented. To test this hypothesis, this study examined how consumers adapt their choice processes to choice problems that varied on product class involvement, similarity among alternatives, and information format. To extend previous tests of the congruence hypothesis, the choice stimuli were sets of real, physically present products (instead of verbal descriptions). The stimuli varied on factors other than information format and included a new information format, branching, used by retailers. Thirty‐six female consumers made six choices in a laboratory setting and provided concurrent verbal protocols. Analysis of the protocols supported the congruence hypothesis's predictions for each factor. The results suggest that product class involvement does not affect choice process structure, that similarity encourages attention to similar alternatives, and that information format strongly affects choice processes. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Beauty and the beholder: The pursuit of beauty through commodities
Authors: Vacker Barry , Key Wayne R.
Published: July 2007

The issue of pursuing beauty through commodities purchased in the marketplace is an issue of enormous complexity. The psychological effects of beauty representations in marketing communications and beauty objects as commodities can be profound and wide ranging in a culture. This article examines typical interpretations of beauty from a philosophical context and suggests that different philosophies of what comprises beauty often yield different psychological and cultural effects. This article offers a preliminary framework for understanding the function of beauty in the market, the physical appearance phenomenon, concern with unnatural perfection, the preoccupation‐with‐youth culture, and the decontextualization of beauty. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rebate usage: A motivational perspective
Authors: Tat Peter K.
Published: July 2007

This study investigates the motivational factors in consumer rebate usage. Three motivational factors were identified and tested: price consciousness, perceived time and efforts associated with rebate redemption, and perceived satisfactions from using rebates to obtain the savings. The variables were operationalized by Likert‐type statements. Validity and reliability were assessed and found to be acceptable. Moreover, the three factors were found to be useful in predicting consumers' decisions to redeem rebates. Managerial implications and recommendations for future research are offered. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Innovativeness in product usage: A comparison of early adopters and early majority
Authors: Ram S. , Jung Hyung‐Shik
Published: July 2007

A field study was conducted to examine if time of adoption (i.e., purchase innovativeness) was systematically related with use innovativeness, product involvement, and extent of product usage. The results showed that early adopters had significantly higher use innovativeness and product involvement as compared to the early majority. Although usage variety was higher for early adopters, no significant differences were found in usage frequency between the two groups. Use innovativeness and involvement mediated the relationship between purchase innovativeness and usage variety. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Toward a predictive model of the consumer inference process: The role of expertise
Authors: Lee Dong Hwan , Olshavsky Richard W.
Published: July 2007

An information processing model is proposed for understanding and predicting cognitive behaviors underlying the generation of an inference. J. R. Anderson's theory of cognitive skill learning serves as the basis for the conceptual model. Specific predictions are generated concerning the impact of different levels of prior knowledge on the occurrence of inference and on the types of inference processes. An effort is made to demonstrate how the theory can be developed into a formal, predictive model in the form of a computer simulation model. Finally, some suggestions for future research directions are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Returning young adults: Implications for marketers
Authors: Burnett John , Smart Denise
Published: July 2007

This article examines a growing phenomenon termed returning young adults or RYAs. It looks at currently held beliefs about the group, examines characteristics of a matched sample of RYAs and persons not living at home, and discusses implications about the viability of the RYA group as a segment of interest to marketers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recycling as a marketing problem: A framework for strategy development
Authors: Shrum L. J. , Lowrey Tina M. , McCarty John A.
Published: July 2007

This article provides a framework for integrating past recycling research by conceptualizing recycling compliance as a marketing problem. Within a social marketing framework, recycling behavior is considered the product, and the marketing problem is to sell recycling to the consumers or public. Recycling research is then categorized as consumer research (research on characteristics of the recycler), pricing research (research on the costs to the consumer, including implicit or less tangible costs), distribution research (research on modes of participation for the recycler), and promotional research (research on intervention strategies such as raffles and contests, personal selling techniques such as block leader programs, and persuasive communications). Using this framework, we provide an integration of a vast amount of recycling research, and also suggest how this research can be used to design actionable strategies for the development of community recycling programs. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Deciphering dyads: Concepts, methods, and controversies in relational research
Authors: Anderson Wilton Thomas
Published: July 2007

Data source issues in dyadic research routinely revolve around the same persistent controversies: insiders versus outsiders, subjectivity versus objectivity, self‐report versus observation, one partner versus two, first‐order versus second‐order data analysis. Yet much of the controversy in dyadic research would be eliminated if analysts would specify a priori whether the conceptual or theoretical rationale for the research is (a) to decipher the personal, subjective, or idiographic experience of individuals in dyads (individual properties), or (b) to decipher objective, generalizable patterns of personality and lifestyle interaction that characterize dyadic relationships (relationship properties). © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The role of affective and cognitive decision‐making processes during questionnaire completion
Authors: Helgeson James G. , Ursic Michael L.
Published: July 2007

The use of affective and cognitive decision‐making processes during questionnaire completion is examined through protocol analysis. Characteristics of the questionnaire, such as length and extremity of the scale anchor cues, resulted in more affective processing. Respondent‐related variables, such as product familiarity, attitude toward survey research, and sex, had little influence on decision making. Finally, affective decision making influenced the outcomes of the questionnaire response analysis by being associated with more within‐item variance, less decision time, and lower ratings. The implications of the results to applied and theoretical research are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A process model of the effects of price promotions on brand image
Authors: Hunt Kenneth A. , Keaveney Susan M.
Published: July 2007

This article introduces a model to explain the process by which consumer satisfaction or dissatisfaction with price promotions can influence brand image. Specifically, the model explores conditions under which consumers experience satisfaction or dissatisfaction with price promotions, predicts ways that consumers might engage in various levels of attributional processing about price promotion satisfaction or dissatisfaction, and examines how consumer attributions of price promotion satisfaction or dissatisfaction influence brand image. Managerial implications and directions for future research are also offered. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Uncertainty orientation: Expalaining diffeerences in purchase involvement and external search
Authors: Smith J. Brock , Bristor Julia M.
Published: July 2007

This study incorporates uncertainty orientation, an individual difference variable concerned with cognitive response to uncertainty, and purchase involvement in a multiple indicator model of consumer external search activity. The model is tested using partial least squares in two contexts: for durable purchase decisions. Purchase involvement was found to be a multidimensional construct and only the experienced purchaserisk dimension was captured in the measurement models. For durables, uncertainty‐oriented consumers experienced greater purchase risk and engaged in greater external seach than certainty‐oriented consumers. For nondurables, uncertainty‐oriented consumers experienced lower purchase risk than certainty‐oriented consumers. Although the results are modest, they suggest that uncertainty orientation might be fruitfully examined in other applied contexts. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Attribute need fulfillment in product usage satisfaction
Authors: Oliver Richard L.
Published: July 2007

A deprivation model analog of the effect of first‐level (attribute‐specific) and second‐level (product‐related) need fulfillment on satisfaction with a pharmaceutical information publication was tested under actual usage conditions. A sample of 156 pharmacists participated in a three‐phase study where information needs and current need fulfillment were measured in phase 1. Product usage over a one‐month interval followed in phase 2. In the final phase of the study, attribute performance, first‐ and second‐level need fulfillment, and satisfaction with the product were measured. Analysis suggested that first‐level need fulfillment was positively related to attribute performance, negatively related to the degree to which the need was previously fulfilled, and unrelated to level of overall need. Product‐level need fulfillment was a function of attribute‐level fulfillment, and satisfaction was related to product‐level fulfillment and attribute performance. A test for curvilinear trend in the fulfillment‐satisfaction association was significant, suggesting that diminishing increments to satisfaction occur in the region of overfulfillment. Some improvement in the parameters occurred when this was incorporated in the model. Implications of the findings are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploratory comparisons of alternative memory measures for brand name
Authors: Duke Charles R.
Published: July 2007

Two experiments examined memory measures other than recall for use in advertising evaluations. In one experiment, an Ebbinghaus Savings Test was used as an indirect test to recover delayed memory for ad information when free recall was at floor levels. In a second experiment, a direct measure (recognition) and an indirect measure (word fragment completion) were compared in delayed tests. Processing levels affected recognition scores significantly, but no such effects were noted for word fragment completion. These results suggest that alternative awareness measures can provide important marketing research information. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A theory of reasoned action perspective of voting behavior: Model and empirical test
Authors: Singh Kulwant , Leong Siew Meng , Tan Chin Tiong , Wong Kwei Cheong
Published: July 2007

A model based on the theory of reasoned action was developed to analyze voting behavior. Based on an empirical test in Singapore, the proposed model was found to be generally effective in predicting the intentions of voters. Attitudes toward the candidate and political party contributed more to explaining variation in voting intention than interpersonal and mass media subjective‐norm components. Direct measures of affect served to better account for voting intention variation than componentially derived measures, although they did not completely mediate the latter's effect. Implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research furnished © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Classical conditioning of unattended stimuli
Authors: Tom Gail
Published: July 2007

Recently, marketing has increasingly recognized the potential application of classical conditioning principles. However, the design of marketing studies involving classical conditioning create focused attention upon the conditioned stimulus; whereas in the realistic marketing environment the conditioned stimulus seldom receives focused attention and most likely receives attenuated attention. Using a classical conditioning paradigm, the present study investigated the use of positive and negative unconditioned stimuli in the formation of affect for attended and unattended conditioned stimuli. The results indicated that the use of positive unconditioned stimuli can establish the formation of affect for both the attended and unattended conditioned stimuli. However, classical conditioning was not demonstrated when the unconditioned stimuli were negative. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A personal construct analysis of adaptive selling and sales experience
Authors: Gengler Charles E. , Howard Daniel J. , Zolner Kyle
Published: July 2007

Customer orientation is a key to successful marketing strategies. In personal selling, customer orientation has been shown to be related to the quality of the customer‐salesperson relationship (Saxe & Weitz, 1978). Adaptive selling (Weitz, Sujan, & Sujan, 1986) is a theoretical perspective that suggests sales performance is related to salespeople's ability to shift their customer orientation, by adapting their behavior to different customers in different situations. This article presents personal construct theory (Kelly, 1955) as a framework for understanding how sales personnel perceive and adapt to customers. An interview technique known as laddering (Gutman, 1982; Hinkle, 1965) is used to elicit these constructs from sales personnel. Results of the interviews are compared across levels of sales experience. Consistent with the Sujan, Sujan, and Bettman (1988) findings relating sales effectiveness and breadth of knowledge structures, we find that the number of years of sales experience is related to the breadth of constructs obtained from the laddering interviews. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Advertising's impact on children as a function of viewing purpose
Authors: Van Evra Judith P.
Published: July 2007

Children's purpose for watching specific commercials affects the impact of the advertising. Viewing commercials for information, either factual or affective, and perceived relevance, as well as attention, are important conditions for behavioral effect. These factors interact with developmental, gender, racial, and cultural variables, to contribute to a differential impact of advertising on these subgroups. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Environmental consumerism: A process of children's socialization and families' resocialization
Authors: Easterling Debbie , Miller Shirley , Weinberger Nanci
Published: July 2007

The development and impact of children's concern for the environment is addressed. A model is presented that illustrates that such development may be based upon children's cognitive status, their exposure to nature, and their exposure to particular socializing influences. One of the possible outcomes of children's concern for the environment is that they may become catalysts for family environmental consumerism, and thereby influence related family attitudes and decision‐making. We propose that environmental consumerism may be moderated by the nature of family communication patterns, which can affect the possibility of family resocialization regarding environmental concerns. In addition, family resources are also expected to moderate the degree of family environmental consumerism. We suggest that environmental consumerism will be reflected in both purchasing and recycling choices and behavior. Consequently, marketing implications are also addressed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 14/2007
Authors: Andoni Adelaida , Chadwick John C. , Niemantsverdriet Hans J. W. , Thüne Peter C.
Published: July 2007

Cover: The cover picture describes a method for the preparation of well‐defined crystallites of MgCl2‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalysts on Si wafers. The growth of the crystallites on the flat silica facilitates their characterization using Electron and Scanning Probe Microscopy. The relative proportions of 120° and 90° edge angles indicate the preference for the formation of a particular crystallite face for the MgCl2. Polyethylene has been identified to be formed on the lateral faces of the crystallite. Further details can be found in the article by A. Andoni, J. C. Chadwick, H. J. W. Niemantsverdriet, and P. C. Thüne* on page 1466.‐Sponsored by Dutch Polymer Institute.
Nucleolin binds specifically to an AP‐1 DNA sequence and represses AP1‐dependent transactivation of the matrix metalloproteinase‐13 gene
Authors: Samuel Shaija , Twizere Jean‐Claude , Beifuss Katherine K. , Bernstein Lori R.
Published: July 2007

Transcriptional regulation via activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) protein binding to AP‐1 binding sites within gene promoter regions of AP‐1 target genes plays a key role in controlling cellular invasion, proliferation, and oncogenesis, and is important to pathogenesis of arthritis and cardiovascular disease. To identify new proteins that interact with the AP‐1 DNA binding site, we performed the DNA affinity chromatography‐based Nucleotide Affinity Preincubation Specificity TEst of Recognition (NAPSTER) assay, and discovered a 97 kDa protein that binds in vitro to a minimal AP‐1 DNA sequence element. Mass spectrometric fragmentation sequencing determined that p97 is nucleolin. Immunoblotting of DNA affinity‐purified material with anti‐nucleolin antibodies confirmed this identification. Nucleolin also binds the AP‐1 site in gel shift assays. Nucleolin interacts in NAPSTER with the AP‐1 site within the promoter sequence of the metalloproteinase‐13 gene (MMP‐13), and binds in vivo in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in the vicinity of the AP‐1 site in the MMP‐13 promoter. Overexpression of nucleolin in human HeLa cervical carcinoma cells significantly represses AP‐1 dependent gene transactivation of a minimal AP‐1 reporter construct and of an MMP‐13 promoter reporter sequence. This is the first report of nucleolin binding and transregulation at the AP‐1 site. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal radial and ulnar arteries perforator‐based adipofascial flaps for covering hand traumatic defects
Authors: Ignatiadis Ioannis A. , Xeinis Spyridon F. , Tsiamba Vassiliki A. , Yiannakopoulos Christos K. , Nomikos George N. , Gerostathopoulos Nikolaos E.
Published: July 2007

Aim: The clinical value of adipofascial flaps based on distal ulnar or radial‐artery perforators is demonstrated in a series of 14 patients with severe hand injuries and significant soft tissue defects requiring coverage. Material and methods: There were 10 male and 4 female patients, aged between 23 and 72 years. The defects were 7 dorsal, 4 palmar, 1 combined dorsal–palmar, and 2 with thumb or total digit amputation. In the patients with a dorsal defect, the extensor tendons were intact in 2 cases, reconstructed in 2 cases, and reconstructed in 3 cases using silicon rods. Following debridement, a fascial flap based on a distal ulnar (12) or radial (4, 2 primarily and 2 secondarily) artery perforator was fashioned and used to cover the defect. A split thickness skin graft was used to cover the defect and the hand was immobilized for 2 weeks. Results: All cases were followed up for at least 6 months. The donor and recipient sites healed uneventfully, and the functional result was very good in terms of wrist and hand joint range of motion, which approximated the normal rates. The extension or flexion deficit was less than 25 degrees. The esthetic result was satisfactory. Two ulnar flap partial (involving ∼35% of the area) necroses have been treated using reversed radial–distal perforator flaps. Conclusion: The described fascial flaps offer several advantages over other local flaps, and are rather easy to perform and cover effectively both dorsal and palmar hand defects without causing significant functional deficits to the upper limb. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Global well posedness for the Gross–Pitaevskii equation with an angular momentum rotational term
Authors: Hao Chengchun , Hsiao Ling , Li Hai‐Liang
Published: July 2007

In this paper, we establish the global well posedness of the Cauchy problem for the Gross–Pitaevskii equation with a rotational angular momentum term in the space ℝ2. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear circuit analysis using the method of harmonic balance—A review of the art. Part I. Introductory concepts
Authors: Gilmore Rowan J. , Steer Michael B.
Published: July 2007

The harmonic balance method is a technique for the numerical solution of nonlinear analog circuits operating in a periodic, or quasi‐periodic, steady‐state regime. The method can be used to efficiently derive the continuous‐wave response of numerous nonlinear microwave components including amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators. Its efficiency derives from imposing a predetermined steady‐state form for the circuit response onto the nonlinear equations representing the network, and solving for the set of unknown coefficients in the response equation. Its attractiveness for nonlinear microwave applications results from its speed and ability to simply represent the dispersive, distributed elements that are common at high frequencies. The last decade has seen the development and application of harmonic balance techniques to model analog circuits, particularly microwave circuits. The first part of this paper reviews the fundamental achievements made during this time. The second part covers the extension of the method to quasi‐periodic regimes, optimization analysis, and practical application. A critical assessment of the various types of harmonic balance techniques is given. The different sampling and Fourier transform methods are compared, and numerical speed and precision results are given enabling a quantitative analysis of the merits of the major variants of the harmonic balance technique. Examples of designs which have been modeled using the harmonic balance technique and built both in hybrid and MMIC form are presented.
Automatic testing of MMIC wafers
Authors: Bahl Inder , Lewis Gary , Jorgenson Jon
Published: July 2007

Microwave probes are used extensively for linear and nonlinear characterization of microwave devices on wafer and are commercially available for use at frequencies up to 65 GHz. An on‐wafer noise measurement test system, for discrete devices, is now commercially available and on‐wafer power measurement techniques are emerging slowly. These probes are also getting more recognition for the testing of packaged chips, packages, and modules. More accurate calibration techniques and their on‐wafer validation are being developed. Automatic testing of MMIC wafers, using an integrated test system, is a key requirement for the development of low‐cost IC production.
Computer‐aided manufacturing of advanced microwave modules
Authors: Pavio Anthony M. , Pavio Jeanne S. , Chapman James E. , Boggan Garry H.
Published: July 2007

The application of computer‐aided manufacturing (CAM) techniques to the assembly and test of a low‐cost, high‐volume X‐band Radar T/R module will be investigated by highlighting the differences between low frequency and microwave CAM methods, focusing on the difficulties of automated testing, evaluation, and circuit tuning. The problems encountered when implementing high‐precision automated assembly and test methods, which include wire‐bonding, soldering, piece‐part placement, thin wafer GaAs probing, and a novel implementation of a microwave circuit laser‐tuning technique will also be discussed. These CAM techniques, combined with integrated MMIC technology, are then used to illustrate a manufacturing philosophy targeted toward high‐volume microwave module production.
MESFET models for microwave CAD applications
Authors: Trew R. J.
Published: July 2007

A review of active device models for microwave CAD simulators is presented. Large‐signal, nonlinear models are of particular interest. The basic techniques employed in deriving equivalent circuit and physically based models are reviewed. Various methods for solving the semiconductor device equations to establish physically based models are indicated. Finally, it is proposed that physically based, analytic GaAs MESFET models offer an attractive compromise between simulation efficiency and quantitative accuracy. The use of such a model is demonstrated by several examples, including comparison with experimental data. These models are suitable for use in comprehensive CAD workstation environments and allow process‐type device models to be interfaced directly with RF circuit simulators.