bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of E. H. Carr,The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939(London: Macmillan, 1946)
Authors: Wight Martin
Published: December 2021

Professor Carr relies on an antithesis: ‘Every political situation contains mutually incompatible elements of Utopia and reality, of morality and power.’ Carr provides ‘the most comprehensive modern restatement, other than Marxist or Fascist, of the Hobbesian view of politics. It is from politics that both morality and law derive their authority. For Hobbes, the kingdom of the fairies was the Roman Catholic Church, seducing mankind with its enchantments. For Professor Carr, it is the League of Nations, which is no other than the ghost of the deceased Pax Britannica.’ Carr’s tome is ‘the one lasting intellectual monument of the policy of appeasement’. The first edition, published in 1939, praised Chamberlain’s policy as ‘a reaction of realism against Utopianism’, and defended the 1938 Munich agreement whereby Britain, France, Germany, and Italy agreed to the cession to Berlin of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. In the 1946 second edition ‘these passages are omitted’, Wight notes. ‘Wielding the realist critique at the expense of the moral critique, it is natural that Professor Carr should have moved since 1939 from support of collaboration with Germany to support of collaboration with Russia. But the Teheran–Yalta theory of world relationships is itself being swept from present realism into past Utopianism.’ In Wight’s view, ‘The student could have no better introduction to the fundamental problems of politics, provided always that he reads it side by side with Mr. Leonard Woolf’s deadly reply in “The War for Peace”.’
Review of Raymond Aron,Peace and War: A Theory of International Relationstranslated by Richard Howard and Annette Baker Fox (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967)
Authors: Wight Martin
Published: December 2021

Wight suggests that Aron’s book, first published in 1962, has not won the recognition it deserves, owing in part to ‘Anglo-American intellectual insularity’ and ‘the massiveness of the book itself’. Wight praises Aron for grounding his work in history: ‘Rich in historical reference, it abounds equally in acute analysis.’ The book raises the questions of preventing and containing nuclear war. ‘Cautiously, tentatively, himself a political Clausewitz, Aron accumulates the considerations which may make it possible that a nuclear war would not expand to its fullest violence.’ Wight shares Aron’s judgement that, ‘if war should come, we can still seek to restrict violence. Aron repeatedly asserts the indeterminacy of politics. Diplomacy is the realm of the contingent and the unforeseen, and the statesman’s supreme virtue is prudence, which means acting in accordance with the concrete data of the particular situation.’
Religious Disagreement Is Not Unique
Authors: Turnbull Margaret Greta
Published: December 2021

Chapter 4 addresses the fact that in discussions of religious disagreement, some epistemologists have suggested that religious disagreement is distinctive. More specifically, they have argued that religious disagreement has certain features which make it possible for theists to resist conciliatory arguments that they must adjust their religious beliefs in response to finding that peers disagree with them. The chapter considers what its author takes to be the two most prominent features which are claimed to make religious disagreement distinct: religious evidence and evaluative standards in religious contexts. It argues that these two features fail to distinguish religious disagreement in the ways they have been taken to. However, it shows that the view that religious disagreement is not a unique form of disagreement makes religious disagreement less, rather than more, worrisome to the theist who would prefer to rationally remain steadfast in her religious beliefs.
The Apologist’s Dilemma
Authors: King Nathan L.
Published: December 2021

Chapter 7 considers how, in an intellectual setting that calls for humility, the religious apologist faces a dilemma about the rational force of her arguments. She will typically think that they render her own beliefs rational, even in the face of disagreement. Should the apologist think that those who disagree with her—even after hearing her arguments—are rational in denying her beliefs, or in suspending judgment about them? Both affirmative and negative answers to these questions come with potential costs—thus, the dilemma. One path subjects the apologist to charges of arrogance, suggesting she has “knockdown arguments” for her views. The second path threatens to make the apologist’s enterprise incoherent, undermining the very beliefs for which she argues. The chapter aims to show that the apologist cannot sensibly isolate her views about religious disagreement and apologetic strategy from her views about other issues in epistemology and the philosophy of religion.
Continuous Improvement
Authors: Toner John , Montero Barbara , Moran Aidan
Published: December 2021

How do great athletes defy the power law of practice, according to which improvements in skill eventually plateau? To solve this puzzle, this book presents a theory of ‘continuous improvement’ which emphasizes the role that conscious processes play in maintaining and advancing skilled performers’ movement capacities. It argues that continuous improvement requires the use of processes such as abstract thought and bodily awareness in order to strategically alter and improve habitual movements in response to contextual demands. The book also elucidates a number of strategies that might be used to improve an athlete’s attentional control and help them switch their focus when they realize they have adopted task-irrelevant thoughts. Finally, it presents a range of methodological approaches that might be used by researchers to better understand the attentional flexibility that characterizes skilled action across training and performance contexts.
Deliberate practice
Authors: Toner John , Gail Montero Barbara , Moran Aidan
Published: December 2021

A large volume of research has shown that acquiring expertise in any domain is heavily influenced by the amount of deliberate practice (DP) the performer engages in over time. This chapter provides an overview of Ericsson’s highly influential theory of deliberate practice (DP) and argues that DP is essential if performers are to maintain and improve their skill levels over time. One of the primary goals is to distinguish between mechanical practice and DP. In doing so, the chapter posits that mechanical practice involves mindless repetition of well-learned skills while DP involves the use of reflective and self-regulatory processes to identify and correct errors (movement patterns that produce undesirable motor outputs) and to inspire exploratory behaviour. The chapter also argues that DP activities are often characterized by experimentation, playfulness, and enjoyment and that these are important components of expertise because they increase one’s motivation or desire to stick with difficult tasks.
Introduction
Authors: Toulmin Camilla
Published: December 2021

This chapter introduces the study, its purpose and methods. It outlines the uncertain, drought-prone setting of the village of Kala, central Mali, and explores the links between labour, investment, crop production, livestock and migration at household level. A range of risks are identified, which play out over the short and longer term. Choice of research site and types of data collected are explored, covering labour, field size, crop harvests, household budgets, marriage, livestock and migration.
Returns to Farming
Authors: Toulmin Camilla
Published: December 2021

This chapter describes problems associated with marginal returns analysis and the form taken by the Cobb-Douglas production function. It goes on to compare the returns to production of bush- and village-field millet, for 1980 and 1981, and discusses the wide divergence in returns between crops within and between years. This is followed by comparison of returns to different factors of production with the prices at which these are occasionally available, before reviewing the reasons for some farmers showing markedly different returns from the average.
Well-Digging
Authors: Toulmin Camilla
Published: December 2021

Wells are of great importance in this arid zone to provide for household needs and water livestock. Well-digging by individual households in Kala has become a major activity, the number growing from 16 in 1980 to 43 in 1983. Private wells are dug mainly to exchange water with visiting livestock keepers during the dry season, in exchange for the dung from the herd, which builds up soil fertility in the village fields, and produces higher millet yields. Analysis of the profitability of well-digging explores costs and returns, for the four different household types, A, B, C, D in order to understand the wide range in returns from this investment over time. Risks to the well’s capital value, ways to control this risk, and flexibility in such an investment are described before assessing the consequences for those households unable to invest in this asset.
Fertility and Child-Rearing
Authors: Toulmin Camilla
Published: December 2021

This chapter outlines the economic determinants of human fertility, and explores the demographic transition, and studies of child productivity. It offers an assessment of the costs of and returns from child production in Kala over the first 15 years of life, in terms of their costs and the contributions which they make to the family’s prosperity. Several aspects of child production are investigated, such as the opportunity cost of women’s time, children’s marriage and dowry costs, and the value of children’s labour. Risks to child-production include an understanding of survival rates for infants and children, sickness, and child-failure rates – as when a young man goes off on migration and does not return. The chapter concludes with a recognition of the limits to an economic understanding of high fertility, for example as shown by the political and religious importance of children, since children are not just economic assets but constitute “descendants”.
Enforcement
Authors: Micheler Eva
Published: December 2021

This chapter studies the rules governing the enforcement of the duties imposed on directors, distinguishing between private and public enforcement. Directors owe their duties to the company and so the company is responsible for enforcing these duties. The law prefers such litigation decisions to be taken by the company through its normal process. The courts only interfere if that process cannot be made to work independently of the wrong-doers. It is unlikely for a derivative claim to succeed against the wishes of an independent majority and so it is right to observe that the shareholders are the main focus of the law. But here too the law is more nuanced and integrates the interests of minority shareholders and creditors. The duties of the directors are also enforced through the means of public law. The chapter then shows that public law sanctions particularly attach in relation to duties that enhance the interest of third parties interacting with the company. This leads to the conclusion that these interests are at least formally better protected than those of the shareholders.
Introduction
Authors: Brooks Francesca
Published: December 2021

The Introduction situates David Jones’s work as a poet–artist within the broader currents of high and late modernism, particularly within the context of a tradition of medievalism in twentieth-century poetry. It draws on Alexander Nagel’s conception of the medieval modern to show how Jones approaches the culture and history of the early Middle Ages as a form of live material open to play and adaptation. The Introduction also reframes our understanding of David Jones’s perception of himself as Anglo-Welsh in relation to changing attitudes to early medieval Welsh (Celtic) and English (Anglo-Saxon/Teutonic) history over the course of his lifetime. This discussion introduces the monograph’s central argument: as a poet of the medieval modern, Jones plays with and reworks early medieval English histories, narratives, and artefacts in order to challenge the singularity and exceptionalism of an ‘Anglo-Saxon’ canon.
Political Psychology in the Great Speech of the Protagoras
Authors: Wilburn Josh
Published: December 2021

Chapter 4 argues that in the Great Speech of the Protagoras, Plato characterizes spirited motivation as the sine qua non of human social and political life. Protagoras provides a mythic comparison of the conditions of pre-political vs. political human life and claims that human beings were incapable of living together in cities until the gods granted them “the art of politics.” The chapter argues that this “art” consists in capacities for (what Plato will eventually identify as) distinctively spirited forms of motivation. Both the aggressive and the gentle sides of thumos are the necessary psychological conditions of human civilization, without which moral education and political life are impossible.
The New Constitutional Architecture of Intellectual Property
Authors: Mylly Tuomas
Published: December 2021

This chapter sketches some of the central features of the transforming constitutional architecture of intellectual property. It studies the characteristics of this constitutional development from the perspective of social acceleration, in particular. This enables the discussion of novel developments of IP, beyond the traditional constitutional treatments and the idea that human rights could re-establish the lost balance of IP. The chapter argues that the prevailing new constitutionalist architecture of IP is best understood through the role of constitutional norms in both accelerating and decelerating change. In particular, it contends that the judicature, the executive, and the private sphere increasingly replace legislators as the key drivers of IP policies; that locking-in mechanisms like the three-step test and international investment agreements (IIAs) provide the needed stability for the acceleration developments; and that the notion of structural proprietarian bias captures the spirit of the prevailing multipolar IP constitutionalism.
The Second Transformation of the International Intellectual Property Regime
Authors: Yu Peter K
Published: December 2021

This chapter focuses on the structural changes that international investment norms have posed to the international intellectual property regime. It begins by documenting the regime’s first transformation by the adoption of the TRIPS Agreement and the marriage of intellectual property and trade through the World Trade Organization. The chapter then explores the regime’s potential second transformation when bilateral, regional, and plurilateral agreements and new investor-state disputes have caused international investment norms to intrude into the intellectual property domain. It continues to identify three sets of problems that have emerged from such intrusion. The chapter concludes by proposing three solutions to curtail inappropriate and unnecessary intrusions and to improve the engagement of international intellectual property and investment norms.
Multilevel Constitutionalism and the Propertisation of EU Copyright
Authors: Sganga Caterina
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines the common mantra in contemporary scholarship that the constitutionalisation of copyright as property right has contributed to the reinforcement of its protection vis-à-vis other interests and rights, with distortive consequences on the already fragile copyright balance. In the EU, this fear has been reinforced by the language of Art 17(2) CFREU (‘intellectual property shall be protected’). However, the chapter argues that a more careful analysis proves this narrative wrong and simplistic because it ignores elements which could open the door to different interpretative results, where the classification of copyright under the umbrella of constitutional property may, instead, create internal limits to authors' exclusive rights and lead to their functionalisation to alternative goals chosen for the copyright system. It demonstrates how the property model stemming from the combination of common constitutional traditions and EU sources is not absolute, but carries the imprint of the social function doctrine, which limits property rights from inside their structure. The chapter then contends that a correct constitutional propertisation of EU copyright law would not tilt the balance between copyright and other fundamental rights, and that between copyright and the EU social and cultural policies but, rather, would but preserve and guide such balancing exercises.
Hedge or Counterweight? New Constitutionalism and the Role of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in Intellectual Property Litigation
Authors: Reynolds Graham
Published: December 2021

This chapter looks at Canadian intellectual property law through a new constitutionalist lens. Over the past few decades, Canada has been the target of several international measures in the area of IP law. The chapter examines these measures through the lens of the theory of new constitutionalism. Doing so suggests that these measures have certain significant similarities: they all seek to use international trade law as a means through which to lock in strong protections for owners under Canada's IP system and to limit the ability of either the Government of Canada or Canadian courts to shape IP laws so as to constrain the exclusive rights of IP owners. Beginning from the position that IP rights ought to ‘serve human values’, the chapter proceeds by considering whether, and to what extent, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canadian Charter) can produce counter-norms to those promoting strong protection for right-holders that are provided by international trade law. It argues that while the Canadian Charter has traditionally had little impact on Canada's IP system, it can and ought to play a more prominent role in this area by helping to preserve space for the Government of Canada to legislate in the public interest.
The visual arts
Authors: Brown Steven
Published: December 2021

The visual arts, as compared to the performing arts, are defined by their static nature as fixed objects. However, visual art objects often have a ‘dual static/dynamic’ nature that allows them to convey a sense of both motion and emotion, especially when they depict human models. As a result, such objects appear to viewers as frozen snapshots of ongoing actions or gestures. The most art-specific process for the visual arts is the production of two-dimensional images. Compared with the production of three-dimensional objects, two-dimensional images require a dimensional reduction in order to create a flattened representation of a scene on a surface. Drawing is thus the ultimate visual arts activity.
Dance
Authors: Brown Steven
Published: December 2021

The study of dance can be summed up as the four Ps: patterning, partnering, pacing, and person. Patterning is about the intra- and interpersonal processes used in creating complex movement patterns in space and time. Partnering in dance involves the coordinated movement of multiple dancers, generally in defined spatial configurations, sometimes occurring through direct body contact. Next, pacing in dance refers to the synchronization of movement patterns with both musical beats and interaction partners. Finally, the person aspect of dance deals with how dancers are able to engage in acting by portraying characters in narrative forms of dance and to tell stories with their bodies in a wordless manner using iconic and affective gestures.
Imagistic Ritual, Fusion, and Self-Sacrifice
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: December 2021

Efforts to investigate the imagistic mode of religiosity initially focused on the effects of emotionally intense rituals on meaning making. But the discovery of a new psychological construct—identity fusion—made it possible to extend the study of imagistic processes to include increasingly precise measures of the pathways to group bonding. Fusion theory has helped clarify the role of feelings of shared essence, both biological and experiential, in fusing together personal and group identities. And it has allowed researchers to test a host of predictions about the causes and consequences of this for ingroup cooperation and intergroup conflict. This chapter considers how the evolution of the imagistic mode may have benefited ancestral groups, and the individuals belonging to them, but in modern times, it has helped to fuel some of the deadliest forms of violence the world has ever seen.
Challenges for Science
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: December 2021

The book ends by calling for a new kind of science of the social, one that recognizes the immense challenges posed by the sheer complexity of sociocultural phenomena and the fact that our evolved psychology is not well designed to grasp, let alone address, those challenges. Nevetheless, we live in a time when the potential rewards of transdisciplinary collaboration are richer than they have ever been before. This chapter describes some of the main hurdles to achieving that potential and discusses how these might be overcome. The very enterprise of social science is inherently unnatural, given our uniquely human evolved psychology, and this may explain why the study of the social has proven harder to get off the ground, in comparison with many other life sciences. The resulting lack of consensus on basic matters of epistemology and method has contributed to the creation of theoretical and methodological divisions in the social sciences in the alternate guises of the ‘two cultures problem’ and the ‘silo effect’. The solutions proposed here advocate new forms of problem-centred transdisciplinary research based on the kinds of cross-cultural collaborative programmes described in detail throughout the book.
Epilogue
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: December 2021

Briefly drawing together the main themes of the book in a roundup of ‘lessons learned’, the epilogue sketches out a vision for new forms of group alignment that transcend the parochialism of ancient imagistic worlds and the forms of outgroup derogation and intolerance that doctrinal systems foment, replacing them with new forms of extended fusion. These are required to address all the major challenges of the Anthropocene, including the need to recognize a shared set of human obligations, alongside our much-vaunted rights. As we strive to combat racism and fuel instead the recognition that we are all members of one species, we may also seek to extend that intuition of shared biological essence to all other outgrowths on the tree of life, with which we share a common ancestry. Joining in new rituals that emphasize these sorts of shared experiences and shared bodies will be vital because, in the end, our fates are entwined and the ritual animal is, well, just another animal.
Matches Made in Court, not in Heaven
Authors: Akkerman Nadine
Published: December 2021

This chapter explains how the accession of James VI of Scotland to the English crown transformed his two elder children into hotly desired marriage material, and how proposals were received from all quarters, many of which were presented as double marriages for Henry and Elizabeth. It explains why out of the many candidates, James chose Frederick V, even above the King of Spain. James had become embroiled in the Jülich-Berg and Cleves crisis, and was supporting the Protestant Union, and thus by extension its leader, the Elector Palatine, with an army. When the Elector died unexpectedly young, his son, Frederick V, was transformed from also-ran into the most eligible of bachelors. With the King of France having been assassinated, James felt the need to counter France having allied itself with Spain through a double marriage treaty: he joined the Protestant Union for six years, as well as promising his daughter to the Elector-Palatine in waiting. Elizabeth moved from Kew to Whitehall in preparation for the arrival of Frederick V, with whom she had begun exchanging courtship letters as was demanded by the duty she owed to her father. Shortly after Frederick’s arrival in England with hundreds of courtiers, and while the court revelled in the upcoming wedding, Henry fell ill and died. Elizabeth was inconsolable. A period of mourning began, but the wedding preparations continued.
The Marriage of Thames and Rhine
Authors: Akkerman Nadine
Published: December 2021

With Henry dead, James was keen that Elizabeth’s marriage go ahead as planned, not least as many of his subjects were now unhappy to see their princess, who they considered a far more likely heir than the fragile Charles, leave the country. Frederick and Elizabeth were thus married in Banqueting House in a ‘private’ ceremony on 6 January. Three days before their marriage’s solemnization on Valentine’s Day, the king, the young couple, and practically the entire population of London watched a series of spectacular fireworks displays on the Thames. These were designed to connect Princess Elizabeth with English Protestant chivalry and the late Queen Elizabeth's fervent Protestantism - the programme drew heavily from Edmund Spenser's allegorical celebration of Elizabeth I, The Faerie Queene. The following day was occupied by a jingoistic mock sea-battle; the day after that was a day of rest originally intended for a masque, then un-titled but now known as The Masque of Truth. The cancelled masque was pro-Protestant, emphasizing Britain's alignment with the Palatine, showing his Calvinism as the true faith that would convert Catholic powers. The Protestant propaganda shows just how divided the country had become, as many of the faithful appeared to have more belief in Elizabeth than they did in their king. The Palatine match had turned Elizabeth Stuart into their new warrior queen, a mystical heir to both Henry and the late queen Elizabeth, her godmother. Finally, the chapter explores the wedding itself and its costs, both in financial and political terms.
Queen of Bohemia
Authors: Akkerman Nadine
Published: December 2021

Elizabeth Stuart was crowned Queen of Bohemia in Prague on 7 November 1619, three days after she had watched her husband Frederick V become the country’s king. Frederick spent his time collecting oaths of allegiance from across the region, leaving Elizabeth alone in Prague for at least half of their reign. The chapter then details the events that led to their coronation, including the Defenestration of Prague and the Bohemian rebellion. The death of the incumbent King of Bohemia, and Holy Roman Emperor, Matthias, precipitated a diplomatic crisis within the Empire as Frederick, asserting his power and obligation as Elector Palatine and Imperial Vicar, sought to ensure that Matthias’s successor as King of Bohemia, Ferdinand, was not automatically installed as Emperor. A combination of Ferdinand’s behaviour and Frederick’s refusal to sanction the turning of the Imperial throne into a de facto hereditary monarchy, even though he accepted that Ferdinand would be elected Emperor, had unexpected consequences. The Bohemians de-selected Ferdinand and asked Frederick to be their King. He accepted, much against the advice and wishes of Elizabeth’s father, James, and without the urging of Elizabeth, as is so often assumed. Though their accession was broadly popular, owing to the sense that they were at last fulfilling their destiny as the saviours of European Protestantism, it was not without its problems – not least the fact that in accepting the crown, Frederick had turned a localised, Bohemian rebellion into an Imperial affair. They were now at war with the Emperor.
An ‘Evil State’
Authors: Akkerman Nadine
Published: December 2021

Following Charles’s decision to wage war against Spain by sea, Buckingham prepared a fleet to intercept the Spanish treasure ships en route home from the Americas. Though he was Lord Admiral, Buckingham was apparently too ill to lead the expedition to Cadiz, handing command to Edward Cecil, who was created 1st Viscount Wimbledon shortly before setting sail, with Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, his vice-admiral – both men fiercely loyal to the Palatine cause. Unfortunately, neither commander knew much about naval warfare, and the expedition was a disaster, with many men dying on board disease-ridden ships, and those that did return doing so without so much as a glimpse of a Spanish galleon. Rather than remain in England to take the blame, Buckingham sped to The Hague, where he successfully concluded The Hague Alliance between the Stuart kingdoms, Denmark-Norway, and the Dutch. In order to fulfill the financial promises made to Denmark, Buckingham pawned several items of jewellery, both his own and the crown’s. Surprisingly, one of his creditors was Frederick. Buckingham also tried to negotiate a marriage between his daughter Mary and Elizabeth’s eldest, Frederick Henry, but without success. Back in England, Charles I dissolved parliament to prevent Buckingham’s impeachment, in the process foregoing the subsidies needed to maintain the new alliance. Mansfeld, meanwhile, gathered up the remnants of his army left after the Breda debacle to join with the Danes. Elizabeth is promised £10,000 from the Stuart treasury for ‘ordinary expenses’.
Unlikely Bedfellows
Authors: Akkerman Nadine
Published: December 2021

Compelled to try to find alternative ways to raise money and placate the Swedes, Elizabeth concocted two schemes: claiming her share of their Danish grandmother's inheritance promised her by Charles; pressuring the Landgrave of Hesse to protect Heidelberg & Frankenthal because of her previous assistance in keeping his regiments together. Both failed; the French moved in. Roe advised her to seek Laud’s support. Elizabeth sent Charles Louis to the Stuart court to ensure that he reached his majority, and thus the Electorship, in full view. Rupert followed soon after. Their true aim, to raise an army, failed, and Charles refused them permission to return to the Republic to gain military experience with the Prince of Orange. Arundel led an embassy to Ratisbonne and Vienna, but refused to countenance a partial restitution – the Protestant Princes had signed the Peace of Prague which ignored the interests of the House Palatine, so Elizabeth frustrated all negotiations. Arundel viewed Honthorst’s ‘Triumph’. Charles tried to neutralise Rupert and Charles Louis by proposing expeditions to the Caribbean and Madagascar (he could fund fleets without recourse to Parliament), but finally ‘released’ his two nephews in June 1637, after the Franco-Stuart treaty was signed. Princess Elisabeth’s Polish match was broken off. Frederick Henry finally won Breda. Charles Louis sought to lead the Hessian army, and Elizabeth spent her cash reserves buying Meppen for him. Charles Louis joined with Lieutenant-General King's army, but they were crushed at Vlotho/Lemgo, with Rupert and Craven captured.
The Archbishop Strikes Back
Authors: Akkerman Nadine
Published: December 2021

In order to prevent the ex-patriate community from becoming radicalised, Laud sent his protégé Sampson Johnson to The Hague to replace Griffin Higgs as Elizabeth’s chaplain. Johnson was to undermine the Puritan Samuel Balmford’s authority at the English Church at The Hague. Roe was sent to Hamburg as ambassador to ratify the Franco-Stuart treaty, where he would negotiate for two years, accomplishing little – secret negotiations, facilitated by Sir Balthazar Gerbier, whom Elizabeth used as her intelligencer but who betrayed her in this instance, were ongoing at Brussels, designed to persuade Charles to enter into league with the Habsburgs. Learning of the negotiations, the French and Swedish ambassadors at Hamburg refused to take Roe’s offers seriously. The French even took Charles Louis prisoner in October 1639, when he was en route to take command of the late Bernard of Saxe-Weimar’s army. The Bishops' Wars began in Scotland amidst much anti-Catholic fervour. William II married Mary Stuart, the French released Charles Louis. Elizabeth’s son, Gustavus Adolphus, died, and the Prinsenhof was finally closed. Elizabeth sent Charles Louis to England in the hope of drumming up support for the Palatinate – Parliament was in session. Parliament’s power struggle with Charles continued with the execution of Strafford. Imperial Diet at Ratisbonne comes with the promise from Charles, underlined by English and Scottish parliament, that if this failed, he would go to war. Roe sent as ambassador. Rupert released. Rupert sails to England to fetch Mary and Henrietta Maria. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms began.
Surprise, anticipation, sadness, and fear: A sentiment analysis of social media’s portrayal of police use of facial recognition technology
Authors: Fleet Robert W , Hine Kelly A
Published: December 2021

Policing agencies are adopting or trialling facial recognition technology (FRT). While the public tend to be sceptical of any new technology, public support is needed for both legitimacy and strong police–citizen relationships. The media can greatly influence not only the public agenda, but also the attitudes and sentiments towards the topic. This study takes an agenda-setting perspective to explore social media’s portrayal of police use of FRT. To do this, a sentiment analysis was conducted of 203 YouTube videos. Overall, the discourse was mostly positive for the use of FRT by police. An examination of the emotional language found high levels of surprise and anticipation along with sadness and fear. Notably, trust was expressed only in low levels. These findings inform the development of police practices and policies when adopting new technologies and the communication strategies of such policies and practices.
Novel splitting/lumping index reflects the history of species concepts applied to bumblebees (Insecta: Apidae)
Authors: Williams Paul H
Published: December 2021

Splitting or lumping of species is a concern because of its potential confounding effect on comparisons of biodiversity and on conservation assessments. By comparing global lists of species reported by previous authors to lists of the presently recognized species that were known to those authors, a simple ratio can be used to describe their relative splitting or lumping of species. One group of ‘model’ organisms claimed for the study of what species are and how to recognize them is bumblebees. A comparison of four bumblebee subgenera shows: (1) an early phase (up to and including 1931) showing splitting, in which taxonomy was dominated by a typological concept of invariant species with heavy reliance on colour-pattern characters; (2) a middle phase (1935–98) showing lumping, associated with a shift to a polytypic concept of species emphasizing morphological characters, often justified with an interbreeding concept of species, but only rarely associated directly with process-related characters; and (3) a recent phase (after 2000), using a concept of species as evolutionarily independent lineages, as evidenced by corroboration from integrative assessment, usually including evidence for coalescents of species in fast-evolving genes compared with morphology. Analysis of splitting or lumping should help to improve biodiversity comparisons and conservation.
‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’-Encoded BCP Peroxiredoxin Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Defense Signaling and Nitrosative Stress In Planta
Authors: Jain Mukesh , Cai Lulu , Black Ian , Azadi Parastoo , Carlson Russell W. , Jones Kathryn M. , Gabriel Dean W.
Published: December 2021

The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria trigger a nitrosative and oxidative burst in both animals and plants during pathogen invasion. Liberibacter crescens strain BT-1 is a surrogate for functional genomic studies of the uncultured pathogenic ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ spp. that are associated with severe diseases such as citrus greening and potato zebra chip. Structural determination of L. crescens LPS revealed the presence of a very long chain fatty acid modification. L. crescens LPS pretreatment suppressed growth of Xanthomonas perforans on nonhost tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and X. citri subsp. citri on host orange (Citrus sinensis), confirming bioactivity of L. crescens LPS in activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). L. crescens LPS elicited a rapid burst of nitric oxide (NO) in suspension cultured tobacco cells. Pharmacological inhibitor assays confirmed that arginine-utilizing NO synthase (NOS) activity was the primary source of NO generation elicited by L. crescens LPS. LPS treatment also resulted in biological markers of NO-mediated SAR activation, including an increase in the glutathione pool, callose deposition, and activation of the salicylic acid and azelaic acid (AzA) signaling networks. Transient expression of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ bacterioferritin comigratory protein (BCP) peroxiredoxin in tobacco compromised AzA signaling, a prerequisite for LPS-triggered SAR. Western blot analyses revealed that ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ BCP peroxiredoxin prevented peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration in tobacco. ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ BCP peroxiredoxin (i) attenuates NO-mediated SAR signaling and (ii) scavenges peroxynitrite radicals, which would facilitate repetitive cycles of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ acquisition and transmission by fecund psyllids throughout the limited flush period in citrus.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Identification of Monilia Species in Tibet and Characterization of M. yunnanensis in China
Authors: Yin Liang-Fen , Huang Song , Tan Qin , Zhou Yang , Li Guo-Qing , Luo Chao-Xi
Published: December 2021

Samples of peach and plum fruits with brown rot symptoms were collected from Tibet in 2019 and 2020, and the causal agent was identified as Monilia yunnanensis, which represents the first characterization of Monilia spp. on peach and plum in Tibet. Morphological investigation showed that some conidia from naturally diseased fruits were larger than those observed in previously isolated M. yunnanensis. Some conidia of M. yunnanensis isolates from Tibet produced more than two, even up to six germ tubes from different parts of each conidium, instead of one or two germ tubes developing from the pointy sides of each conidium. The alignment of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region sequences revealed that some isolates from Tibet displayed a mutation at the 374th position from adenine (A) to cytosine (C). Although abovementioned differences were observed between isolates from Tibet and other regions, phylogenetic analysis indicated that all of the M. yunnanensis isolates from different stone fruits and different regions in China were clustered together without obvious genetic differentiation. These results revealed that hosts and geographic environments did not play a major role in the evolution of M. yunnanensis.
One-Year Efficacy and Safety of the PAUL Glaucoma Implant Using a Standardized Surgical Protocol
Authors: José Patrícia , Barão Rafael C. , Teixeira Filipa J. , Marques Raquel E. , Peschiera Riccardo , Barata André , Abegão Pinto Luís
Published: December 2021

Précis:

The PAUL Glaucoma Implant is an effective intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering device with an acceptable safety profile. Its design as a nonvalved device with a small tube diameter using a vicryl ligation suture around the tube that is posteriorly reabsorbed instead of an ab luminal stent makes it an option in cases selected for glaucoma drainage device implantation.

Purpose:

The aim was to determine the 1-year efficacy and safety of PAUL Glaucoma Implant using a uniform, standardized surgical procedure.

Materials and Methods:

Retrospective, cohort study. Patient charts were screened between December 2018 and January 2020, with inclusion requiring a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Primary outcome was IOP-lowering at 12 months, with surgical success defined as ≤18 mm Hg and at least 30% reduction and higher than 5 mm Hg. Absolute success was achieved if no IOP-lowering medication was needed and qualified success if otherwise. Safety outcomes were also analyzed. A standardized protocol was followed in all cases, which included mitomycin C application and 1 vicryl ligation of the tube.

Results:

A total of 24 eyes from 21 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria. Median patient age at time of surgery was 42 years (range: 1 to 76 y). IOP decreased from 31.4 (10.0) mm Hg in preoperative period to 12.5 (4.3) mm Hg in the last follow-up (P<0.001). Qualified success criteria were fulfilled by 75% of cases, while absolute success was 33%. The mean number of IOP-lowering drugs used before surgery was 3.0 and 0.9 at the 12-month visit (P<0.001). No postoperative hypotony requiring intervention was recorded.

Conclusions:

PAUL Glaucoma Implant appears to be a safe and effective glaucoma drainage implant for the treatment of moderate and advanced glaucoma.
Outcomes of Baerveldt Glaucoma Drainage Devices in Pediatric Eyes
Authors: Jacobson Adam , Besirli Cagri G. , Bohnsack Brenda L.
Published: December 2021

Précis:

In children, Baerveldt implants showed 84% success at 1 year, but decreased to 32% at 8 years. Age, race, and glaucoma type were not risk factors for failure. Concurrent intraocular surgery was associated with complications.

Purpose:

Evaluate success and risk factors for failure and complications of Baerveldt glaucoma implants in children.

Methods:

Retrospective case series of children who underwent Baerveldt implant placement (2012-2019 by single surgeon) with ≥1 year follow-up. Ocular examination and surgical details were collected. Failure defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) <5 mm Hg or >21 mm Hg for 2 consecutive visits, need for IOP related surgery, or visually significant complication.

Results:

One hundred-six eyes of 76 patients underwent 110 Baerveldt placement at median 6.4 years. Baerveldt placement was combined with additional procedures in 49% with vitrectomy most common (30%). Success of first Baerveldt (per patient) was 64% at final follow-up (median 4.7 y). One-, 5-, and 8-year survival rates were 84%, 60%, and 32%, respectively. There was no difference (P=0.97) in survival between first Baerveldt and all Baerveldt surgeries. Failure of first Baerveldt was not associated with sex, age, ethnicity, prior IOP-lowering surgery, concurrent intraocular surgery, or glaucoma type. Complications occurred in 14% and were associated with concurrent surgery. Twenty-six percent required additional IOP-lowering surgery. At final follow-up, IOP and glaucoma medications were significantly decreased (P<0.0001). Eyes underwent an average of 3.8±2.3 ocular surgeries and 3.0±2.0 glaucoma surgeries.

Conclusions:

Baerveldt implants showed good success initially, but survival rates declined over time. No risk factors for failure of first implanted Baerveldt were identified. Concurrent surgery was associated with complications. Majority of eyes required multiple surgeries to achieve IOP control and preserve vision.
Development and Application of Digital Therapeutics to Improve Outcomes in Managing Chronic Conditions
Authors: Rubinsztain Joseph
Published: December 2021

Widespread development of new healthcare applications in digital therapeutics (DTx), specifically, is eminent, backed by a recent wave of regulatory support promoting innovation. As industry stakeholders explore the range of DTx technologies on the market today, these offerings can be understood better as digital extenders of the clinical care team as opposed to doctor replacements. With DTx as extenders, the healthcare industry will experience a revolution in the way chronic conditions and diseases are managed via technology, uprooting traditional methods of treatment.
Design and Development a Mobile Monitoring System for Improving the Occupational Health and Safety on Road Construction Sites
Authors: Tavakoli Golpaygani Ali , Parand Fereshteh-Azadi
Published: December 2021

The high rate of injuries and fatalities in construction sites is a significant concern for labor organizations. Construction is an often hazardous, predominantly land-based activity where site workers may be exposed to various risks. In these hazardous working environments, workers throughout the entire construction process face potential to many safety and health risks. Site risks could include working at height, moving machinery, power tools, hazardous substances and materials, and the effects of excessive dust, noise, and vibration. This article presents an architecture of an online occupational health and safety management system to manage some occupational hazards at a road construction site based upon wearable sensor measurements and a mobile phone. The proposed system by transferring measurement data through a Web interface enables authorized personnel to monitor the worker's condition. Recording data were presented by a graphical interface for the user and supervisor. By supporting real-time alarming and positioning services, unexpected events could be handled in a timely manner. This system would provide vital physiologic parameters, including heart rate, body temperature, and respiration rate, and ambient conditions such as air temperature and humidity, and UV indexes. Offline analysis on the gathered data from all of the workers could be conducted separately or in a group to determine where important trends are and why they happen. Experimental results of the implemented system showed good reliability and efficiency of the proposed system on monitoring the worker's status in a road construction site under the supervision of an occupational and safety management system. This successful implementation causes convenient supervising and easy reporting on the worker's condition as well as a reduced cost associated with work accidents and incidents.
A Computer-Aided Diagnoses Program for Leukemia Detection Using Blood Samples
Authors: Bin Aof Azza M. , Awad Ethar A. , Omer Sarah R. , Ibraheem Banazier A. , Mustafa Zeinab A.
Published: December 2021

During the last decades, the number of people given a diagnosis of leukemia had increased significantly. This article aims to automate detection from peripheral blood based on artificial vision methods for more speed and accuracy. The proposed method is applied to data sets from different sources to achieve diversity, which was not pursued before. This required implementation of noise removal, enhancing, and segmentation techniques on the images by applying linear scaling filter, global-local contrast enhancement, and marker-controlled watershed and K-means clustering for each step, respectively. One hundred three features of texture, shape, and color were extracted from cell, nucleus, and cytoplasm subimages, followed by a reduction to 50 most relevant features. The support vector machine model was trained seeking a suitable accuracy to be used in practical experiments. Here, we achieved an accuracy of 91.0256% by implementing the steps previously mentioned in a MATLAB executable program. The software detected leukemia in 5 of 6 images from a new data set, which indicates the usefulness of this approach despite the variation in images.