bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bittersweet: The Effects of Psychological Trauma in One’s Stages of Life
Authors: Asallie Celia
Published: December 2018

The project is about the development of a screenplay which explores the psychological problem of the main character. The creative work revolves around the traumatic experiences that result in the main character’s insecurity. The story shows how the main character, Jieun, is haunted by the pressure she used to have when she was a kid, causing her to feel insecure when she finally turns into an adult. The theory used for this creative work is Erik Erikson’s theory of Psychological Stages of Development which tells about how something that happened in the past could affect things that are happening in the present. The theory helps the writer achieve the result of the creative work, making the creative work have distinct characteristic. Because of her insecurity, Jieun fails in fulfilling her need to build a relationship. Finally, she regains her feeling of security as she goes back to and connect with her family.
Written Corrective Feedback Given to Errors in Sentence Structure: A Case Study
Authors: Gunady Fabiola
Published: December 2018

This study is done to find out the types of written corrective feedback related to errors in sentence structure given by the teacher of Writing 2 class and the types of sentence structure errors that have written corrective feedback. In this study, I used two theories: a typology of written corrective feedback types proposed by Ellis (2009) and exploring errors in grammar proposed by Ho (2005). This research used qualitative approach. The source of data was 23 students’ original drafts after the midterm exam and the data are teacher’s written corrective feedback found in the students’ original drafts and sentence structure errors that have written corrective feedback. The findings of this study showed that there were three types of written corrective feedback found in the students’ original drafts, namely: Direct Corrective Feedback, Indirect Corrective Feedback, and Reformulation and there were five types of sentence structure errors found in the students’ original drafts, namely: Fragmented sentence, Run-on sentence, Inappropriate coordinating conjunction, Inappropriate subordinating conjunction, and Misordering or Inversion of subject-verb.
The Strange Ones: Exploring A Young Adult’s Behavior as She Goes Through Rejection and Acceptance of Her Self-Identity
Authors: Soewarsono Edlyn Gracia
Published: December 2018

This creative work is about a young adult who is excited to explore her identity of someone who has a magical ability. It explores the issue of identities in young adults and its correlation to rebellion in the form of running away, which is common in Indonesia. It aims to bring the readers alongside the main character on her journey of exploring her identity, as well as dealing with her parents’ rejection of the identity that she is most comfortable in. To further understand how she deals with her parents’ pressure to take an identity she does not like, Erik Erikson’s fifth psychosocial stage—Identity vs. Role confusion is used as the first theory of this work. The second theory, James Marcia’s identity status, is used to understand how the main character explores her identity in different statuses. The genre of this creative work is low fantasy, which is a subgenre of fantasy that uses minimal magical elements and is set in the real world.
The Evaluation Of “Bahasa Inggris Maritim Dan Perikanan Paket Keahlian: Teknika Kapal Penangkapan Ikan Kelas X”
Authors: Mella Stellar Nube
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this present study is to identify the extent to which the ESP textbooks Bahasa Inggris Maritim dan Perikanan Paket Keahlian: Teknika Kapal Penangkapan Ikan Kelas X Semester I(BIMP I)and Bahasa Inggris Maritim dan Perikanan Paket Keahlian: Teknika Kapal Penangkapan Ikan Kelas X Semester II (BIMP II) comply with the criterions of ESP textbooks evaluation checklist proposed by Cunningsworth (1995), namely the7th, 8th, 9th, and 11thcriterions of the checklist.  This study is a qualitative research in which the writer read both ESP textbooks BIMP I and BIMP II and used content analysis to analyze the textbooks. Through the evaluation of both the ESP textbooks BIMP Iand BIMP II, the writer discovered that out of the four criterions used, the ESP textbooks partially met the ninth and eleventh criteria which are; the usability of the ESP textbooks for individual study, and the availability of outcomes of learning activities relevant to student’s future professions/ occupations. This present study would hopefully make several noteworthy contributions to the quality improvement of both BIMP Iand BIMP II textbooks.
Translation and Culture: The Change of Cultural Atmosphere in the Translated Version of Ahmad Tohari’s “The Red Bekisar”
Authors: Astari Astari
Published: December 2018

This study is conducted in order to discover the difference between the original text, Bekisar Merah, and the translated text, the Red Bekisar. The analysis process and sample gathering will be using Peter Newmark’s concept in translating and culture, while the analysis to reveal the use domestication in the translated text is supported by the definition stated by Hannun Kemppanen.
Transferrin receptor 1 is required for enucleation of mouse erythroblasts during terminal differentiation
Authors: Aoto Mamoru , Iwashita Akiho , Mita Kanako , Ohkubo Nobutaka , Tsujimoto Yoshihide , Mitsuda Noriaki
Published: December 2018

Enucleation is the process whereby the nucleus is extruded from the erythroblast during late stage mammalian erythropoiesis. However, the specific signaling pathways involved in this process remain unclear. To better understand the mechanisms underlying erythroblast enucleation, we investigated erythroblast enucleation using both the spleens of adult mice with phenylhydrazine‐induced anemia and mouse fetal livers. Our results indicated that both iron‐bound transferrin (holo‐Tf) and the small‐molecule iron transporter hinokitiol with iron ions (hinokitiol plus iron) promote hemoglobin synthesis and the enucleation of mouse spleen‐derived erythroblasts. Although an antitransferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) monoclonal antibody inhibited both enucleation and hemoglobin synthesis promoted by holo‐Tf, it inhibited only enucleation, but not hemoglobin synthesis, promoted by hinokitiol plus iron. Furthermore, siRNA against mouse TfR1 were found to suppress the enucleation of mouse fetal liver‐derived erythroblasts, and the endocytosis inhibitor MitMAB inhibited enucleation, hemoglobin synthesis, and the internalization of TfR1 promoted by both types of stimuli. Collectively, our results suggest that TfR1, iron ions, and endocytosis play important roles in mouse erythroblast enucleation.
Genetics of Vitiligo
Authors: Roberts Genevieve HL , Spritz Richard A
Published: December 2018

Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease that results in destruction of skin melanocytes and patches of white skin and hair. Family studies of vitiligo demonstrated that a strong, but complex genetic component underlies disease risk and that vitiligo often occurs with other autoimmune diseases, suggesting shared autoimmune susceptibility. Genome‐wide linkage and association studies have identified over 50 vitiligo susceptibility loci, with most loci harbouring genes involved in immune regulation, apoptosis or melanocyte function. The identified loci fit together in a model of melanocyte‐directed autoimmunity, and many loci are shared with other autoimmune diseases. Surprisingly, some genetic vitiligo susceptibility alleles are inversely associated with melanoma, suggesting that vitiligo represents enhanced immune surveillance against melanoma. Genetic studies of vitiligo have greatly advanced understanding of vitiligo pathobiology and may additionally provide insights into melanoma and other autoimmune disease.

Key Concepts

Vitiligo is a multifactorial disease, in which multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease risk.

The genetic architecture of vitiligo is typically (and perhaps always) polygenic, with a strong genetic component underlying disease risk.

Over 50 genetic loci have been associated with vitiligo risk; these loci fit together in a model of melanocyte‐directed autoimmune pathobiology.

Most variants associated with vitiligo are in noncoding regions and presumably affect gene regulation. Nevertheless, some associated coding variants and physical interaction among proteins encoded by some vitiligo susceptibility genes provide special insights into pathogenesis.

Vitiligo shares many genetic risk factors with other autoimmune diseases with which it is epidemiologically associated, supporting a component of common autoimmune pathogenesis.
Redox Signalling and Role of Antioxidant in Heart and Kidney Disease
Authors: Sasikumar Sundaresan , Vasudevan Varadaraj , Abhishek Albert , Divya Ganesan , Selvam Govindan S , Saso Luciano
Published: December 2018

Redox signalling refers to oxidation–reduction reactions involved in cellular signalling pathways. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulates various physiological, pathological and stress response pathways through redox signalling. Low level of ROS is responsible for cellular processes such as immune response, metabolism, transcriptional signalling, cell cycle, apoptosis and cell differentiation. Elevated levels of ROS lead to oxidative stress and imbalance in redox equilibrium. Disruption of redox homeostasis triggers the onset of metabolic disorders especially diabetes, cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases causing organ damage. Endogenous antioxidants molecules such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione reductase (GRD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) play significant role under pathophysiological conditions in maintaining redox balance. In this article, the importance of redox‐activated NF‐E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) is discussed as an example for transcriptional antioxidant response. Thus understanding the mechanism behind the modulation of transcription factors and receptors may provide therapeutic interventions in redox‐related diseases.

Key Concepts

Cellular ROS sensing and metabolism are tightly regulated by a variety of signalling molecules involved in the redox (reduction/oxidation) mechanism.

Oxidative stress refers to the imbalance due to excess ROS and the incapability of the cell to respond to an effective antioxidant.

Redox signalling through H2O2activates prosurvival transcriptional pathways including Nrf2.

Both NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial electron gradient play roles in hyperglycaemia‐induced ROS generation.

Normal redox signalling is disrupted in diabetes leading to several pathological mechanisms that cause tissue damage and further leading to organ dysfunction.

Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants defence system satiates ROS in heart.

Nrf2/ARE (antioxidant response element) regulates expression of many detoxifying genes and confers protection against cardiac and vascular disorders.

Imbalance between ROS and antioxidant enzymes results in pathology of chronic kidney disease.

Hyperoxaluria plays an important role in excessive ROS generation leading to kidney damage.

Modulation of cannabinoid receptors ameliorates chronic kidney disease.
Gene Therapy and Surgery for Retinal Diseases
Authors: Jiang David J , Xu Christine L , Tsang Stephen H
Published: December 2018

The past several decades have shown major advancements in both gene augmentation and gene surgery techniques, many of which are applicable to treating human retinal diseases. New vectors, such as dual and triple AAVs, have allowed the safe and accurate delivery of genes into both the intravitreal and subretinal space. The advent of CRISPR/Cas9, which advanced the field of gene editing upon its discovery, and introduction of stem cell therapy to the scientific community have created opportunities to accurately and safely treat autosomal dominant diseases. Already uniquely immune privileged and easily accessible, the eye is now a more promising target than ever with advances in imaging and surgical technologies. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated both safety and efficacy of viral vector administration, and treatments are beginning to make their way into commercial medicine.

Key Concepts

The eye is suitable for gene therapy because it is immunologically privileged and easily accessed and observed.

AAV vectors are predominantly used to deliver gene packages because of their low immunogenicity, and the development of dual and triple AAV vectors can overcome their size limitation.

CRISPR/Cas9 is a simple and effective way to edit genes in vivo, and the development of high fidelity variants and nickase enzymes have greatly increased its safety and precision.

Stem cell therapy with induced pluripotent stem cells are a promising alternative to traditional in vivo gene therapy and editing.

Gene therapeutic agents can be administered to the eye via subretinal or intravitreal injection, the former of which is more invasive and the latter more immunogenic and less precise.

Multiple clinical trials for specific inherited retinal dystrophies are currently being conducted within the US.
High‐Resolution Microscopy for Structural Studies of Biological Systems in Cells
Authors: Clarke David T , Zanetti‐Domingues Laura C , Martin‐Fernandez Marisa L
Published: December 2018

Atomic resolution structures of proteins are essential for understanding the biological roles played by these molecules. However, in order to understand fully how the molecules function in living systems, other techniques must be applied that provide insights into how they interact in cells and tissues. No single technique can provide all the information needed, but a multi‐technique approach can be applied to provide information on different aspects of molecular structure and interaction in cells and tissues. Methods that can be applied include a range of fluorescence‐based microscopy techniques, including ‘super‐resolution’ microscopy, which provides subdiffraction limit images. When accompanied by other techniques such as single particle tracking, electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulation, these methods can provide new insights into the functioning of complex biological processes.

Key Concepts

Linking structure and function requires methods that can provide structural information on molecules and molecular complexes in cells.

‘Super‐resolution’ optical methods that can image below the diffraction limit allow us to fill in the resolution gap between conventional optical and electron microscopy.

Single‐molecule techniques allow us to investigate individual interactions without the requirement to synchronise cellular processes.

Often no single technique can provide all the information needed so an approach combining different imaging methods is often required.

Molecular dynamics simulations can help in the interpretation of
in cellulo
structural data.
Informed Consent in Clinical Trials of Foetal Therapies
Authors: Sheppard Maria Kreszentia
Published: December 2018

Obtaining informed consent is an essential part of the doctor's duty of care when treating a patient and is governed by English common law. In the case of clinical trials, the duty to obtain consent from prospective trial participants pertains to the researcher and is laid down by statute. Informed consent refers to a duty to provide the person with information about the (experimental) treatment, its likely benefits and risks and any possible alternatives, and requires the information to be understood. While pregnant women used to be largely excluded from clinical trial participation because of a concern for the foetus, international and national regulations now accept the need for clinical trials in pregnancy and envisage special protective measures to safeguard pregnant women and their foetuses. Because of the possible vulnerability of pregnant women in clinical trials of foetal therapies, even more effort must be expended on obtaining properly informed consent.

Key Concepts

The duty of care of a doctor in common law involves obtaining informed consent from the patient.

Clinical trials require the informed consent of the prospective trial participant in statutory law.

Informed consent covers information about the experimental treatment, its benefits and risks and possible alternatives.

Properly informed consent includes understanding by the trial participant. The concern for the foetus has prevented the inclusion of pregnant women in clinical trials. Pregnant women asked to participate in clinical trials of foetal therapy may be vulnerable in limited circumstances. Statutes provide for protective measures when including pregnant women in clinical trials. In clinical trials of foetal therapy, great care needs to be taken to obtain properly informed consent from the pregnant woman.
Environmental Changes and Sexually Antagonistic Selection
Authors: Connallon Tim , Hall Matthew D
Published: December 2018

Sexually antagonistic selection (SAS) occurs when the direction of natural selection on a trait, or a combination of traits, differs between the sexes. For example, the different roles of females and males in reproduction, along with different interactions between each sex and the environment, can generate selection for larger body size in one sex and smaller body size in the other – a pattern of selection that may eventually lead to the evolution of sexual size dimorphism. SAS has been documented in several animal and plant populations and is thought to constrain adaptation and reduce population fitness. Recent research has emphasised that the intensity of SAS depends, in part, on environmental conditions of the population, which may vary over time or across each species' geographic range. Theory predicts that SAS should be more common in stable compared to changing environments. These predictions have some experimental support, though the general manner with which environmental changes affect SAS remains an open question.

Key Concepts

Sexually antagonistic selection arises when the direction of natural selection differs between female and male traits.

Sexually antagonistic selection favours the evolution of sex differences (sexual dimorphism).

Conditions of the social environment, mating environment and habitat interact to influence the pattern of selection on female and male traits, including the potential for sexually antagonistic selection.

Genetic correlations between the sexes constrain the evolution of sex differences and can lead to persistent sexually antagonistic selection.

Environmental change can reduce or eliminate sexually antagonistic selection.
Interleukin 6: Pathogenic Potential and Therapeutic Approaches in Autoimmunity and Transplant Rejection
Authors: Jordan Stanley C , Ammerman Noriko , Choi Jua , Huang Edmund , Toyoda Mieko , Kim Irene , Wu Gordon , Vo Ashley
Published: December 2018

Interleukin 6 (IL‐6) is a cytokine critical to the function of innate and adaptive immunity. IL‐6 has a diverse acumen of immunologic and physiologic activities including direction of immune cell differentiation and initial responses to invading pathogens and ischemic injury. Dysregulation of IL‐6 transcription is often seen in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Emerging information also suggests IL‐6 transcription dysregulation is present in patients with kidney and heart transplant rejection and may account for perpetuation of inflammatory responses in the allograft. IL‐6 directed therapeutics include monoclonal antibodies aimed at IL‐6 and the IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) as well as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. IL‐6‐mediated signalling to cell targets is unique and involves classic signalling (IL‐6‐>IL‐6R) cell membrane receptors, trans‐signalling (IL‐6‐>soluble IL‐6R‐>gp130), which can activate any cell and the newly described IL‐6/IL‐6R trans‐presentation where antigen‐presenting cells (APC) express IL‐6/IL‐6R complexes and co‐stimulate T‐cells. Currently, there are new trials in autoimmunity and specifically heart and kidney transplantation to determine efficacy in blocking IL‐6/IL‐6R for amelioration of chronic allograft rejection.

Key Concepts

IL‐6 is a multifunctional cytokine, produced by almost every stromal cell and immune cell in the human body.

IL‐6 plays an important role in the induction of T
fh
cells that are critical for initiation of GC formation and progression of naïve B‐cells to plasma cells and production of high‐affinity antibodies.

IL‐6 signalling inhibition is emerging as a therapeutic approach to a number of conditions varying from autoimmune diseases, cancer and organ transplantation.

IL‐6 mediates injury to allografts in humans.

IL‐6 directed therapeutics may be a consideration for long‐term maintenance therapy to reduce chronic injury to the allografts.
Optoregulated Protein Release from an Engineered Living Material
Authors: Sankaran Shrikrishnan , del Campo Aránzazu
Published: December 2018

Developing materials to encapsulate and deliver functional proteins inside the body is a challenging yet rewarding task for therapeutic purposes. High production costs, mostly associated with the purification process, short‐term stability in vivo, and controlled and prolonged release are major hurdles for the clinical application of protein‐based biopharmaceuticals. In an attempt to overcome these hurdles, herein, the possibility of incorporating bacteria as protein factories into a material and externally controlling protein release using optogenetics is demonstrated. By engineering bacteria to express and secrete a red fluorescent protein in response to low doses of blue light irradiation and embedding them in agarose hydrogels, living materials are fabricated capable of releasing proteins into the surrounding medium when exposed to light. These bacterial hydrogels allow spatially confined protein expression and dosed protein release over several weeks, regulated by the area and extent of light exposure. The possibility of incorporating such complex functions in a material using relatively simple material and genetic engineering strategies highlights the immense potential and versatility offered by living materials for protein‐based biopharmaceutical delivery.
Ablation Behavior of Zr–Al(Si)–C Layered Carbides Modified 3D Needled C/SiC Composites
Authors: Ma Yuzhao , Yin Xiaowei , Fan Xiaomeng , Dang Xiaolin , Ju Panfei , Cheng Laifei , Zhang Litong
Published: December 2018

3DN C/SiC composites modified through the combined method of slurry impregnation (SI) with reactive melt infiltration (RMI) can obtain obviously improved mechanical properties. However, when used under the oxyacetylene torch ablation environment, metal melt and low melting point oxides usually lead to the low ablative properties. In this paper, Al40Si60 alloy and Si melt are used to infiltrate 3DN C/SiC preforms impregnated with TiC or ZrC powders, respectively. Large amount of Ti3Si(Al)C2 or Zr3Al3C5 (and Zr3[Al(Si)]4C6) with nano‐laminated structure generated in the modification matrix, which not only increase the flexural strength of the composites, but also reduce the content of low melting point phases in the modification matrix. These layered carbides can keep steady under air flow, thus further improve material's ablative properties. Meanwhile, during the ablation of Zr–Al(Si)–C layered carbides modify 3D needled C/SiC, the high melting point layered carbides act synergistically with the high melting point ZrO2 generated. They can block the ZrO2 generated from migrating along with the air flow, so that ZrO2 can effectively act its pinning effect on the oxide melt and finally obtain desirable ablative properties.
Enzyme‐Driven Release of Loads from Nucleic Acid–Capped Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Wei‐Hai , Luo Guo‐Feng , Sohn Yang Sung , Nechushtai Rachel , Willner Itamar
Published: December 2018

Nucleic acid–modified UiO‐68 metal–organic framework nanoparticles, NMOFs, are loaded with the anticancer drug camptothecin (or drug models), and the loaded NMOFs are capped with sequence‐specific duplex units. The NMOFs are unlocked by the biocatalytic decomposition of the duplex capping units that result in the release of the drug (or drug models). The enzymes used are DNase I, a nicking enzyme (Nt.BbvCI), an endonuclease (EcoRI), and an exonuclease III (Exo III). Camptothecin‐loaded NMOFs, capped by tailored hairpin nucleic acids being cooperatively unlocked by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), that is overexpressed in cancer cells, and Exo III are prepared. The camptothecin‐loaded NMOFs reveal that selective cytotoxicity toward MDA‐MB‐231 cancer cells and ≈55% apoptosis of the cancer cells is observed after 5 days of treatment with the NMOFs, while only ≈15% apoptosis of epithelial MCF‐10A breast cells is observed.
Quantum‐Tunneling Metal‐Insulator‐Metal Diodes Made by Rapid Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Alshehri Abdullah H. , Mistry Kissan , Nguyen Viet Huong , Ibrahim Khaled H. , Muñoz‐Rojas David , Yavuz Mustafa , Musselman Kevin P.
Published: December 2018

A quantum‐tunneling metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) diode is fabricated by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (AP‐CVD) for the first time. This scalable method is used to produce MIM diodes with high‐quality, pinhole‐free Al2O3 films more rapidly than by conventional vacuum‐based approaches. This work demonstrates that clean room fabrication is not a prerequisite for quantum‐enabled devices. In fact, the MIM diodes fabricated by AP‐CVD show a lower effective barrier height (2.20 eV) at the electrode–insulator interface than those fabricated by conventional plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition (2.80 eV), resulting in a lower turn on voltage of 1.4 V, lower zero‐bias resistance, and better asymmetry of 107.
Recent Advances in Transparent Electronics with Stretchable Forms
Authors: Kim Kukjoo , Park Young‐Geun , Hyun Byung Gwan , Choi Minjae , Park Jang‐Ung
Published: December 2018

Advances in materials science and the desire for next‐generation electronics have driven the development of stretchable and transparent electronics in the past decade. Novel applications, such as smart contact lenses and wearable sensors, have been introduced with stretchable and transparent form factors, requiring a deeper and wider exploration of materials and fabrication processes. In this regard, many research efforts have been dedicated to the development of mechanically stretchable, optically transparent materials and devices. Recent advances in stretchable and transparent electronics are discussed herein, with special emphasis on the development of stretchable and transparent materials, including substrates and electrodes. Several representative examples of applications enabled by stretchable and transparent electronics are presented, including sensors, smart contact lenses, heaters, and neural interfaces. The current challenges and opportunities for each type of stretchable and transparent electronics are also discussed.
Wrinkles Riding Waves in Soft Layered Materials
Authors: Abi Ghanem Maroun , Liang Xudong , Lydon Brittany , Potocsnak Liam , Wehr Thorsen , Ghanem Mohamed , Hoang Samantha , Cai Shengqiang , Boechler Nicholas
Published: December 2018

The formation of periodic wrinkles in soft layered materials due to mechanical instabilities is prevalent in nature and has been proposed for use in multiple applications. However, such phenomena have been explored predominantly in quasi‐static settings. Here, the dynamics of soft elastomeric blocks with stiff surface films subjected to high‐speed impact are measured, and wrinkles forming along with, and riding upon, waves propagating through the system are observed. The measurements are analyzed with large‐deformation, nonlinear visco‐hyperelastic finite element simulations coupled to an analytical wrinkling model. The comparison between the measured and simulated dynamics shows good agreement, and suggests that inertia and viscoelasticity play an important role. Here, future studies of the dynamics of surface instabilities in soft materials are encouraged, including cases involving large‐deformation, highly nonlinear morphologies. Improved understanding of dynamic wrinkle formation may have applications to areas including impact mitigation, soft electronics, and the dynamics of soft sandwich composites.
Highly Conductive and Machine‐Washable Textiles for Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Jia Li‐Chuan , Ding Kun‐Qing , Ma Ru‐Jun , Wang Hai‐Long , Sun Wen‐Jin , Yan Ding‐Xiang , Li Bo , Li Zhong‐Ming
Published: December 2018

The utility of current electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding textiles (EMISTs) for protecting the human body from high‐intensity electromagnetic radiation is limited by their high cost, low manufacturing efficiency, and poor stability under mechanical deformation. More importantly, no existing EMISTs are truly washable, which is critical for optimized protection with direct and conformal contact with human skin. In this paper, by integrating silver nanowire (AgNW) networks and a polyurethane (PU) protective layer onto a commercial textile, a machine‐washable EMIST with excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) (63.9 dB @ 3.0 wt% AgNW) is demonstrated. Here, the EMIST has several key advantages, which include the following: 1) remarkable washing durability (89% EMI SE retention after 20 machine‐washing cycles), 2) outstanding long‐term mechanical reliability, remaining stable under various deformation conditions (e.g., EMI SE retention of at least 82% after 5000 stretching cycles), and 3) excellent chemical stability. The research provides a high‐quality, affordable, and fully wearable EMIST that can protect engineers, soldiers, and civilians who work with, live near, or pass by electromagnetic or radioactive sources.
Visceral obesity relates to deep white matter hyperintensities via inflammation
Authors: Lampe Leonie , Zhang Rui , Beyer Frauke , Huhn Sebastian , Kharabian Masouleh Shahrzad , Preusser Sven , Bazin Pierre‐Louis , Schroeter Matthias L. , Villringer Arno , Witte A. Veronica
Published: December 2018

Objective

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are linked to vascular risk factors and increase the risk of cognitive decline, dementia, and stroke. We here aimed to determine whether obesity contributes to regional WMHs using a whole‐brain approach in a well‐characterized population‐based cohort.

Methods

Waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), systolic/diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, diabetes and smoking status, blood glucose and inflammatory markers, as well as distribution of WMH were assessed in 1,825 participants of the LIFE‐adult study (age, 20–82 years; BMI, 18.4–55.4 kg/m2) using high‐resolution 3‐Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel‐wise analyses tested if obesity predicts regional probability of WMH. Additionally, mediation effects of high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6 (IL6) measured in blood were related to obesity and WMH using linear regression and structural equation models.

Results

WHR related to higher WMH probability predominantly in the deep white matter, even after adjusting for effects of age, sex, and systolic blood pressure (mean ß = 0.0043 [0.0008 SE], 95% confidence interval, [0.00427, 0.0043]; threshold‐free cluster enhancement, family‐wise error‐corrected p < 0.05). Conversely, higher systolic blood pressure was associated with WMH in periventricular white matter regions. Mediation analyses indicated that both higher WHR and higher BMI contributed to increased deep‐to‐periventricular WMH ratio through elevated IL6.

Interpretation

Our results indicate an increased WMH burden selectively in the deep white matter in obese subjects with high visceral fat accumulation, independent of common obesity comorbidities such as hypertension. Mediation analyses proposed that visceral obesity contributes to deep white matter lesions through increases in proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting a pathomechanistic link. Longitudinal studies need to confirm this hypothesis. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:194–203.
Electrochromism of novel triphenylamine‐containing polyamide polymers
Authors: Liu Fuhan , Zhang Yaxin , Yu Guang , Hou Yanjun , Niu Haijun
Published: December 2018

A series of novel polymers (coded as BCT‐1 to BCT‐6 (BTC is block triphenylamine)) based on N1‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐N1‐phenyl benzene‐1,4‐diamine, pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid, 4,4′‐(phenyl azanediyl)dibenzoic acid (PDA), and different diamine compounds were synthesized successfully through a polymer condensation reaction. For comparison, model polymers, BCT–2,6‐pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PA) and BCT–PDA, were synthesized as well. The electrochromic properties of the BCTs were determined via an electrochemical workstation and a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Through electrooxidation, the polymer films showed reversible redox processes and steady color changes. In a comparision of the electrochromic characteristics of the BCTs, almost all the novel polymer films showed a better electrochromism stability, a higher electrochromic coloration efficiency (CE), and a more rapid switching time than BCT–PA and BCT–PDA. Among these polymers, BCT‐1 exhibited the highest CE of 266.7 cm2/C, and BCT‐4 showed the most rapid switching time (color switching time = 3.08 s and bleaching time = 2.01 s). © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47264.
Enzymatic treatments as alternative to produce chitin fragments of low molecular weight from Alternaria alternata
Authors: Henry García Yaima , Troncoso‐Rojas Rosalba , Tiznado‐Hernández Martín Ernesto , Báez‐Flores María Elena , Carvajal‐Millan Elizabeth , Rascón‐Chu Agustín , Lizardi‐Mendoza Jaime , Martínez‐Robinson Karla Guadalupe
Published: December 2018

Chitin and its oligosaccharides are involved in the plant defense response against fungal pathogens. In most studies, these molecules come from crustacean shell, and there are scarce studies on the use of fungal chitin. Usually the extraction of chitin is by alkaline treatments, which affect the acetylation degree (DA), and the obtaining of oligosaccharides of low molecular weight; so the use of enzymes is proposed as an alternative treatment to obtain chitin oligosaccharides from fungi. The objective of this work was to characterize the chitin fragments of Alternaria alternata extracted by alkaline and enzymatic treatments. The chitin extracted was ultrasonicated and ultrafiltrated to produce chitin fragments. Enzymatic treatments decreased the protein content to 29%, and the bands corresponding to β‐glucans decreased when β‐1,3‐glucanase was applied. Fragments smaller than 1 kDa, DA of 76.7%, and 35.4 μg glucosamine/mg dry weight were obtained by enzymatic treatments. The enzymatic treatments show promising results to extract chitin fragments from A. alternata without severely affect the DA of the molecule. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47339.
Mechanical, thermal, morphological, and curing properties of geopolymer filled natural rubber composites
Authors: Yangthong Hassarutai , Pichaiyut Skulrat , Jumrat Saysunee , Wisunthorn Suwaluk , Nakason Charoen
Published: December 2018

The main objective of this work was to investigate influence of natural rubber (NR) types on mechanical, thermal, morphological, and curing properties together with relaxation behavior of geopolymer filled NR composites with and without bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) silane coupling agent. Three alternative types of NR: unmodified NR, and epoxidized NR with 25 (ENR‐25) or 50 mol % epoxide (ENR‐50) were exploited. Rubber compounds filled with GP particles were prepared in an internal mixer at 60 °C and 130–150 °C for the ones with and without TESPT, respectively. It was found that incorporation of GP significantly affected cure characteristics and mechanical properties of the rubber composites. That is, decreasing cure time was observed from 11.6, 3.2, and 7.0 min in gum NR, ENR‐25, and ENR‐50 to 6.9, 2.1, and 5.0 min in NR/GP, ENR‐25/GP, and ENR‐50/GP compounds, respectively. Furthermore, the ENR‐25/GP and ENR‐50/GP composites showed finely dispersed GP particles which indicate high filler–rubber interactions. The in situ silanization with TESPT in rubber composites enhanced the mechanical properties of NR/GP and ENR‐25/GP composites but no such enhancement was found in the ENR‐50/GP composite. This matched the observations of Payne effect, maximum tan δ, and stress relaxation properties of the composites. We found that the ENR‐25/GP composites exhibited the best overall properties. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47346.
Optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)‐gel‐based microlens arrays
Authors: Zhou Zuowei , Ren Hongwen
Published: December 2018

We use a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) gel and an electrode to fabricate adaptive microlens arrays (MLAs). The electrode has a zoned‐array pattern. By applying a direct current voltage to the electrode, the PVC gel on each zoned electrode exhibited the character of a lens. The imaging of the MLA can be analyzed using either an optical microscope or a beam profiler or both. The topography of the PVC gel can be measured using an optical surface profiler. Compared to the imaging and focusing, the topographic map can discover additional information about the performances of the MLA. For example, the focal length of each lens in the MLA can be calculated precisely, and the aberration of the MLA can also be evaluated. Results show that the surface profile is an important factor for characterizing the performance of PVC‐gel‐based MLA. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47407.
Beyond pass‐fail: Examining the potential utility of two thresholds in the autism screening process
Authors: Roberts Megan Y. , Stern Yael , Hampton Lauren H. , Grauzer Jeffrey M. , Miller Amanda , Levin Amy , Kornfeld Benjamin , Davis Matthew M. , Kaat Aaron , Estabrook Ryne
Published: December 2018

Access to early intervention as early in development as possible is critical to maximizing long‐term outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, despite the fact that ASD can be reliably diagnosed by 24 months, the average age of diagnosis is 2 years later. Waitlists for specialized developmental evaluations are one barrier to early diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to examine one potential approach to reducing wait time for an ASD diagnostic evaluation by examining the utility of using more than one threshold for an autism screening tool, the Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children (STAT). Participants included 171 children between 24 and 36 months of age who received a medical diagnostic evaluation through Illinois' Early Intervention Program. This study directly compared the performance of the STAT when scored: (a) using the original single threshold, (b) using seven equally weighted items using a single threshold, and (c) using all items differentially weighted based on how strongly that item predicts a later ASD diagnosis. In addition, this study explored the potential utility of using two thresholds rather than a single threshold for each scoring method. Results of this study suggest that using a two‐threshold logistic regression method has potential psychometric advantages over a single threshold and categorical scoring. Using this approach may reduce the wait time for specialty ASD diagnostic evaluations by maximizing true negatives and true positives, such that specialty evaluations may be reserved for those cases that are more ambiguous or more complex. Autism Research 2019, 12: 112–122. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

This study examined the benefits of using two versus one cutoff score when screening for autism. Results indicate that having two scores and weighting test items based on predictive association with an autism diagnosis is better than using a single score and weighting each item equally. Using such an approach may reduce the wait time for specialty autism diagnostic evaluations, such that specialty evaluations may be reserved for those cases that are more ambiguous or more complex.
Effect of endogenous multidrug resistance 1 and P‐glycoprotein expression on anticancer drug resistance in colon cancer cell lines
Authors: Washio Ikumi , Nakanishi Takeo , Ishiguro Naoki , Bister Bojan , Tamai Ikumi
Published: December 2018

P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp, multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1)) overexpression confers multidrug resistance to cancer cells, and P‐gp in cell lines transfected with MDR1 or selected with chemotherapeutics significantly affect the anticancer drug efficacy. Although human cancer cell line panels consisting of defined tumor cell lines expressing endogenous P‐gp have been used to screen drugs in pharmaceutical industries, endogenous P‐gp affecting in vitro anticancer drug efficacy is unclear. The impact of P‐gp expression on anticancer drug efficacy was assessed by using five colon cancer cell lines expressing varying endogenous P‐gp levels and by selecting from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE). mRNA expression of MDR1 was considered as a surrogate of the protein expression of its gene product, P‐gp, in CL‐11, C2BBe1 and RKO cells, whereas P‐gp protein expression in plasma membranes or crude membrane fractions was lower than expected from mRNA expression in CW‐2 and CL‐40 cells. The EC50 of paclitaxel and vinorelbine decreased in the presence of a P‐gp inhibitor in CW‐2 and CL‐11 cells that highly express P‐gp. No significant alterations in EC50 were observed in the CL‐40, C2BBe1 and RKO cells, which show lower P‐gp expression. Accordingly, the apparent in vitro efficacy of anticancer drugs could be underestimated if the endogenous P‐gp expression is higher than in CL‐11 cells. The effect of P‐gp needs to be carefully evaluated in cell lines that highly express P‐gp, which account for 1.5% of cancer cell lines, including all cancer types, and 14.5% of colon cancer cell lines in CCLE, considering the protein expression levels in plasma membranes.
Metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma presenting as multifocal liver lesions with elevated alpha‐fetoprotein
Authors: Sobotka Lindsay A. , Hake Timothy , Kelly Crystal , Mousa Luay
Published: December 2018

Key Clinical Message

Significant elevations in alpha‐fetoprotein should raise suspicion for hepatocellular carcinoma as malignancies with metastasis to the liver can elevate the alpha‐fetoprotein level but typically <300 ng/mL. Diagnosis should be confirmed with typical characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma on imaging and or liver biopsy to confirm diagnosis.
Review of Process Industry Accidents Analysis towards Safety System Improvement and Sustainable Process Design
Authors: Athar Muhammad , Mohd Shariff Azmi , Buang Azizul , Shuaib Shaikh Muhammad , Ishaq Khan Muhammad
Published: December 2018

Risk assessment is the tool for maintaining perfect safety management systems and aiding sustainable process design, with hazard identification as the critical step. This step can be executed by past accidents analysis (PAA) to achieve the mentioned objectives. Despite of available analyses, the recurring of accidents identifies the shortcomings in PAA and requires a detailed examination as reported in this review. The intensified exploration of accident information will strengthen both the safety management system at existing facilities and process designing in terms of sustainability.
Predicting the Viscosity of Non‐Newtonian Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions Based on the Lederer Model
Authors: Shi Shuqiang , Wang Yongqing , Liu Yonghui , Wang Lei
Published: December 2018

The accurate prediction of the viscosity of emulsions is highly important for oil well exploitation. Commonly used models for predicting the viscosity of water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions composed by two or three factors cannot always fit well the viscosity of W/O emulsions, especially in the case of non‐Newtonian W/O emulsions. An innovative and comprehensive method for predicting the viscosity of such emulsions was developed based on the Lederer, Arrhenius, and Einstein models, using experimental data. Compared with the commonly applied W/O emulsion viscosity models, the proposed method considers more factors, including temperature, volume fraction of water, shear rate, and viscosity of the continuous (oil) and dispersed phase (water). Numerous published data points were collected from the literature to verify the accuracy and reliability of the method. The calculation results prove the high accuracy of the model.
Mechanism of Electrochemical L‐Cysteine Oxidation on Pt
Authors: Dourado André H. B. , Arenz Matthias , Córdoba de Torresi Susana I.
Published: December 2018

The electrochemical behavior of L‐cysteine on Pt electrodes was studied by in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIRS) and online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). The ATR‐FTIRS measurements allowed verification of the electrochemical mechanism of the oxidation of this molecule. The time resolution of the technique was crucial for relating each functional group to the faradaic current, suggesting electrochemical and chemical steps for the S atom oxidation. The DEMS experiments do not allow verification of desorbed intermediates due to their high solvation. Nevertheless, this technique was crucial for detecting side reactions, such as the decarboxylation of the adsorbed intermediates observed mainly under highly acidic conditions, in contrast to the conventional Kolbe mechanism.
Complete sets of descriptors for the prediction of 13C NMR chemical shifts of quinoline derivatives
Authors: Yu Xinliang , Dang Limin
Published: December 2018

Nowadays, there is no criterion to judge whether a descriptor subset has redundant structure information or not, although some criteria can be used to validate the quality of quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) models. This paper reports complete sets of descriptors used for selecting the subset of descriptors for QSAR. Four complete sets of descriptors calculated with B3LYP/6‐31G(d) and PBE1PBE/6‐311G(2d,2p) approaches were used to develop four QSAR models for 269 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts (δC parameters) of carbon atoms in 26 quinoline derivatives. Four QSAR models for δC, parameters were constructed with support vector machine (SVM) algorithm by applying genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize SVM parameters C and γ. The four SVM models have root‐mean‐square (RMS) error range of 2.0 ppm to 2.7 ppm. Compared with previous QSAR models for 13C NMR chemical shifts, the prediction results are accurate, which suggest that applying complete sets of descriptors for QSAR models is successful.
Bis[1]benzothieno[1,4]thiazines: Planarity, Enhanced Redox Activity and Luminescence by Thieno‐Expansion of Phenothiazine
Authors: Schneeweis Arno P. W. , Hauer Simone T. , Reiss Guido J. , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: December 2018

Twofold Buchwald–Hartwig aminations selectively furnish three regioisomers of bis[1]benzothieno[1,4]thiazines; X‐ray structure analyses and DFT calculations were corroborated for correlation of their electronic properties. All regioisomers outscore the parent compound phenothiazine with respect to a low‐lying oxidation potential and reversible redox activity. The anti‐anti bis[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐e][1,4]thiazines possess the lowest oxidation potentials in this series and displayed pronounced green luminescence in solution (ΦF≈20 %) and in the solid state. Syn‐anti regioisomers were only weakly luminescent in solution, but showed aggregation‐induced emission enhancement and solid‐state luminescence. Most interestingly, X‐ray structure analyses revealed that anti‐anti derivatives have an amazingly coplanar structure of the pentacyclic anellated 1,4‐thiazine system, emphasizing a structural similarity to heteroacenes. The calculated theoretical nucleus‐independent chemical shifts additionally suggested that these 8π‐electron core systems can be considered as the first electronically unbiased anellated 1,4‐thiazines with antiaromatic character.