bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature-dependent terahertz photoconductivity in epitaxial graphene
Authors: Vasilyev Yu. B. , Vasileva G. Yu. , Ivanov Yu. L. , Novikov S. , Danilov S. N.
Published: October 2014

We report the terahertz photoconductivity in a meander-shaped epitaxial graphene sample. The measurements at wavelengths 280, 148, and 90 μm (frequencies of 1.07, 2.03, and 3.32 THz) demonstrate that the photoconductivity is independent on the wavelength and is related to bolometric heating under the condition of weak localization enhanced due to long sample boundaries.
A procedure to extract the magnetocaloric parameters of the single phases from experimental data of a multiphase system
Authors: Ipus J. J. , Moreno-Ramírez L. M. , Blázquez J. S. , Franco V. , Conde A.
Published: October 2014

In this work, we propose a method to extract the individual parameters that describe the field dependence of magnetic entropy change of each phase in a multiphase system. This method makes use of the scaling laws of the magnetocaloric effect and can help us to determine the behavior of individual phases and to predict their critical exponents. The accuracy of the procedure is illustrated applying it to ball milled powders, in which an amorphous phase with TC around room temperature coexists with bcc-Fe type crystallites. The obtained values are in good agreement with those reported in the literature for single phase systems. The proposed method could be applied to other systems where single phase materials cannot be easily obtained in order to characterize the effect of impurities.
The thickness-dependent dynamic magnetic property of Co2FeAl films grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Qiao Shuang , Nie Shuaihua , Zhao Jianhua , Zhang Xinhui
Published: October 2014

Co2FeAl films with different thickness were prepared at different temperature by molecular beam epitaxy. Their dynamic magnetic property was studied by the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements. It is observed that the intrinsic damping factor of Co2FeAl for [100] orientation is not related to the film's thickness and magnetic anisotropy as well as temperature at high-field regime, but increases with structural disorder of Co2FeAl. The dominant contribution from the inhomogeneous magnetic anisotropy is revealed to be responsible for the observed extremely nonlinear and drastic field-dependent damping factors at low-field regime.
Observation of an electron band above the Fermi level in FeTe0.55Se0.45 from in-situ surface doping
Authors: Zhang P. , Richard P. , Xu N. , Xu Y.-M. , Ma J. , Qian T. , Fedorov A. V. , Denlinger J. D. , Gu G. D. , Ding H.
Published: October 2014

We used in-situ potassium (K) evaporation to dope the surface of the iron-based superconductor FeTe0.55Se0.45. The systematic study of the bands near the Fermi level confirms that electrons are doped into the system, allowing us to tune the Fermi level of this material and to access otherwise unoccupied electronic states. In particular, we observe an electron band located above the Fermi level before doping that shares similarities with a small three-dimensional pocket observed in the cousin, heavily electron-doped KFe2−xSe2 compound.
A novel framework for teaching academic writing
Authors: Al Sharoufi Hussain
Published: October 2014

This study represents an attempt to create a new framework for teaching academic writing. The new concept of the ‘Lexical Cohesive Trio’, LCT, combines elements of textual reference: anaphora, cataphora, and transitional signals (lexical repetition, bundles, and phrases). 30 English majors from the Gulf University for Science and Technology, GUST, in Kuwait were selected to write a pre-framework and a post-framework essay. The results were analysed using an SPSS package t-test. A pairwise t-test confirmed that more transitional signals were produced after the framework was used: t(1,29) = –4.938, p-value < 0.001. Similarly, a pairwise t-test confirmed that more lexical repetitions were produced after the framework was used: t(1,29) = –5.218, p-value < 0.001. Finally, a pairwise t-test confirmed that significantly more lexical phrases were produced after the framework was used: t(1,29) = –10.672, p-value < 0.001. These tests present strong evidence in favour of using LCT, and confirm that using this new framework enhances students’ ability to write coherent essays.
Endothelial cells use dynamic actin to facilitate lymphocyte transendothelial migration and maintain the monolayer barrier
Authors: Mooren Olivia L. , Li Jinmei , Nawas Julie , Cooper John A.
Published: October 2014

The vascular endothelium is a highly dynamic structure, and the integrity of its barrier function is tightly regulated. Normally impenetrable to cells, the endothelium actively assists lymphocytes to exit the bloodstream during inflammation. The actin cytoskeleton of the endothelial cell (EC) is known to facilitate transmigration, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here we report that actin assembly in the EC, induced by Arp2/3 complex under control of WAVE2, is important for several steps in the process of transmigration. To begin transmigration, ECs deploy actin-based membrane protrusions that create a cup-shaped docking structure for the lymphocyte. We found that docking structure formation involves the localization and activation of Arp2/3 complex by WAVE2. The next step in transmigration is creation of a migratory pore, and we found that endothelial WAVE2 is needed for lymphocytes to follow a transcellular route through an EC. Later, ECs use actin-based protrusions to close the gap behind the lymphocyte, which we discovered is also driven by WAVE2. Finally, we found that ECs in resting endothelial monolayers use lamellipodial protrusions dependent on WAVE2 to form and maintain contacts and junctions between cells.
How to start a biotech company
Authors: Tajonar Adriana
Published: October 2014

The spirit of life science entrepreneurship is alive and well, with outstanding innovation hubs arising throughout the country and the world. Of note, many of these hubs flourish in close proximity to research universities. If universities are the engine for discovery, then startups are the vehicle for innovation. The creativity and drive of young researchers has the potential to explore novel or underserved applications and revolutionize industries.
The contractile ring coordinates curvature-dependent septum assembly during fission yeast cytokinesis
Authors: Zhou Zhou , Munteanu Emilia Laura , He Jun , Ursell Tristan , Bathe Mark , Huang Kerwyn Casey , Chang Fred
Published: October 2014

The functions of the actin-myosin–based contractile ring in cytokinesis remain to be elucidated. Recent findings show that in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, cleavage furrow ingression is driven by polymerization of cell wall fibers outside the plasma membrane, not by the contractile ring. Here we show that one function of the ring is to spatially coordinate septum cell wall assembly. We develop an improved method for live-cell imaging of the division apparatus by orienting the rod-shaped cells vertically using microfabricated wells. We observe that the septum hole and ring are circular and centered in wild-type cells and that in the absence of a functional ring, the septum continues to ingress but in a disorganized and asymmetric manner. By manipulating the cleavage furrow into different shapes, we show that the ring promotes local septum growth in a curvature-dependent manner, allowing even a misshapen septum to grow into a more regular shape. This curvature-dependent growth suggests a model in which contractile forces of the ring shape the septum cell wall by stimulating the cell wall machinery in a mechanosensitive manner. Mechanical regulation of the cell wall assembly may have general relevance to the morphogenesis of walled cells.
Hsp10 nuclear localization and changes in lung cells response to cigarette smoke suggest novel roles for this chaperonin
Authors: Corrao Simona , Anzalone Rita , Lo Iacono Melania , Corsello Tiziana , Di Stefano Antonino , D'Anna Silvestro Ennio , Balbi Bruno , Carone Mauro , Sala Anna , Corona Davide , Timperio Anna Maria , Zolla Lello , Farina Felicia , Conway de Macario Everly , Macario Alberto J. L. , Cappello Francesco , La Rocca Giampiero
Published: October 2014

Heat-shock protein (Hsp)10 is the co-chaperone for Hsp60 inside mitochondria, but it also resides outside the organelle. Variations in its levels and intracellular distribution have been documented in pathological conditions, e.g. cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we show that Hsp10 in COPD undergoes changes at the molecular and subcellular levels in bronchial cells from human specimens and derived cell lines, intact or subjected to stress induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Noteworthy findings are: (i) Hsp10 occurred in nuclei of epithelial and lamina propria cells of bronchial mucosa from non-smokers and smokers; (ii) human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) and lung fibroblast (HFL-1) cells,in vitro, showed Hsp10 in the nucleus, before and after CSE exposure; (iii) CSE stimulation did not increase the levels of Hsp10 but did elicit qualitative changes as indicated by molecular weight and isoelectric point shifts; and (iv) Hsp10 nuclear levels increased after CSE stimulation in HFL-1, indicating cytosol to nucleus migration, and although Hsp10 did not bind DNA, it bound a DNA-associated protein.
A bifurcation study to guide the design of a landing gear with a combined uplock/downlock mechanism
Authors: Knowles James A. C. , Lowenberg Mark H. , Neild Simon A. , Krauskopf Bernd
Published: October 2014

This paper discusses the insights that a bifurcation analysis can provide when designing mechanisms. A model, in the form of a set of coupled steady-state equations, can be derived to describe the mechanism. Solutions to this model can be traced through the mechanism's state versus parameter space via numerical continuation, under the simultaneous variation of one or more parameters. With this approach, crucial features in the response surface, such as bifurcation points, can be identified. By numerically continuing these points in the appropriate parameter space, the resulting bifurcation diagram can be used to guide parameter selection and optimization. In this paper, we demonstrate the potential of this technique by considering an aircraft nose landing gear, with a novel locking strategy that uses a combined uplock/downlock mechanism. The landing gear is locked when in the retracted or deployed states. Transitions between these locked states and the unlocked state (where the landing gear is a mechanism) are shown to depend upon the positions of two fold point bifurcations. By performing a two-parameter continuation, the critical points are traced to identify operational boundaries. Following the variation of the fold points through parameter space, a minimum spring stiffness is identified that enables the landing gear to be locked in the retracted state. The bifurcation analysis also shows that the unlocking of a retracted landing gear should use an unlock force measure, rather than a position indicator, to de-couple the effects of the retraction and locking actuators. Overall, the study demonstrates that bifurcation analysis can enhance the understanding of the influence of design choices over a wide operating range where nonlinearity is significant.
Hamiltonian formalism of two-dimensional Vlasov kinetic equation
Authors: Pavlov Maxim V.
Published: October 2014

In this paper, the two-dimensional Benney system describing long wave propagation of a finite depth fluid motion and the multi-dimensional Russo–Smereka kinetic equation describing a bubbly flow are considered. The Hamiltonian approach established by J. Gibbons for the one-dimensional Vlasov kinetic equation is extended to a multi-dimensional case. A local Hamiltonian structure associated with the hydrodynamic lattice of moments derived by D. J. Benney is constructed. A relationship between this hydrodynamic lattice of moments and the two-dimensional Vlasov kinetic equation is found. In the two-dimensional case, a Hamiltonian hydrodynamic lattice for the Russo–Smereka kinetic model is constructed. Simple hydrodynamic reductions are presented.
CNVkit: Copy number detection and visualization for targeted sequencing using off-target reads
Authors: Talevich Eric , Shain A. Hunter , Botton Thomas , Bastian Boris C.
Published: October 2014

Germline copy number variants (CNVs) and somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) are of significant importance in syndromic conditions and cancer. Massive parallel sequencing is increasingly used to infer copy number information from variations in the read depth in sequencing data. However, this approach has limitations in the case of targeted re-sequencing, which leaves gaps in coverage between the regions chosen for enrichment and introduces biases related to the efficiency of target capture and library preparation. We present a method for copy number detection, implemented in the software package CNVkit, that uses both the targeted reads and the nonspecifically captured off-target reads to infer copy number evenly across the genome. This combination achieves both exon-level resolution in targeted regions and sufficient resolution in the larger intronic and intergenic regions to identify copy number changes. In particular, we successfully inferred copy number at equivalent to 100-kilobase resolution genome-wide from a platform targeting as few as 293 genes. After normalizing read counts to a pooled reference, we evaluated and corrected for three sources of bias that explain most of the extraneous variability in the sequencing read depth: GC content, target footprint size and spacing, and repetitive sequences. We compared the performance of CNVkit to copy number changes identified by array comparative genomic hybridization. We packaged the components of CNVkit so that it is straightforward to use and provides visualizations, detailed reporting of significant features, and export options for compatibility with other software. Availability: http://github.com/etal/cnvkit
Confucian thinking and the implications for sustainability in HRM
Authors: Mak Alex , Cheung Lenis , Mak Amy , Leung Loretta
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to provide a concise introduction of sustainability in human resource management (HRM) from the western perspective. With a review of Confucian thinking, it argues that the application of sustainability in HRM is more effective and efficient under the influence of Confucian values. Therefore, Chinese companies are likely ready to embrace the concept of sustainability and implement sustainable people management practices.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper is mainly theoretical in perspective. It also draws on semi-structured interview data derived from a study conducted in companies that operated in two cities in China: Guangzhou and Beijing to support the discussion of synergies between Confucian values and the western concept of sustainability in HRM.

Findings

– In the interviews, it was evident that the interviewees were adhered to Confucian values, although they did not make the connection explicit. The interview data also showed how Confucian values (e.g. Ren, Yi, Li) affect Chinese management of human resources.

Research limitations/implications

– The number of interviewees involved was not sufficient to allow a conclusive comparison between groups. Further research is needed to develop comparisons.

Practical implications

– The paper suggests a favourable application of Confucian values in sustainable people management practices.

Originality/value

– The interview data provide insight into how Confucian values lend support to sustainability in HRM.
Dynamic Preisach model identification applying FEM and measured BH curve
Authors: Kuczmann Miklós
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to develop a viscous-type frequency dependent scalar Preisach hysteresis model and to identify the model using measured data and nonlinear numerical field analysis. The hysteresis model must be fast and well applicable in electromagnetic field simulations.

Design/methodology/approach

– Iron parts of electrical machines are made of non-oriented isotropic ferromagnetic materials. The finite element method (FEM) is usually applied in the numerical field analysis and design of this equipment. The scalar Preisach hysteresis model has been implemented for the simulation of static and dynamic magnetic effects inside the ferromagnetic parts of different electrical equipment.

Findings

– The comparison between measured and simulated data using a toroidal core shows a good agreement. A modified nonlinear version of TEAM Problem No. 30.a is also shown to test the hysteresis model in the FEM procedure.

Originality/value

– The dynamic model is an extension of the static one; an extra magnetic field intensity term is added to the output of the static inverse model. This is a viscosity-type dynamic model. The fixed-point method with stable scheme has been realized to take frequency dependent anomalous losses into account in FEM. This scheme can be used efficiently in the frame of any potential formulations of Maxwell's equations.
Electromagnetic field along the power overhead line at point where the line route changes direction
Authors: Hamar Roman , Šroubová Lenka , Kropík Petr
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– High-voltage overhead lines produce low-frequency electromagnetic fields around them. These fields are easy to compute wherever the line route is straight, as opposed to places where its direction is changed. The purpose of this paper is to perform a numerical analysis of an electromagnetic field occurring along a high-voltage overhead line at the places of the changed direction and to compare the results with the exposure limits for low-frequency electromagnetic fields in order to assess their effects on living organisms.

Design/methodology/approach

– The computation was conducted in the MATLAB SW by means of a combination of integral and differential methods in a three-dimensional (3D) arrangement, taking into account the location and shape of the tower. Special procedures within the MATLAB software had to be coded.

Findings

– Within the research, the following electromagnetic field quantities were computed: the distribution of electric field strength, magnetic flux density, Poynting vector, electric potential and surface charge density. The results obtained indicate the influence of both the line route changing its direction and the deviation tower location on the electromagnetic field around the tower.

Research limitations/implications

– In order to shorten the computation time, it was necessary to achieve a minimum number of degrees of freedom by adjusting the real shape of both the cross-section of the deviation tower beam and the conductors. In some further research, attempts could be made to further optimize the results by using the real shapes of the cross-section of the deviation tower beam and the conductors. Furthermore, it could be beneficial to shorten the set distance between two adjacent nodes in order to obtain a finer mesh while still achieving an optimal ratio between the number of nodes and the computation time.

Practical implications

– The Czech Regulation no. 1/2008 Coll., concerning protection of health against non-ionized radiation, stipulates 100 μT to be the maximum safe value of magnetic flux density in case of an uninterrupted exposure and frequency of 50 Hz. The investigated area did not exhibit values exceeding this limit. The same was true for the maximum permissible level of electric field strength being specified at 5,000 V/m.

Originality/value

– Similar problems are often solved by means of FEM in 2D arrangements. However, when applying this method for conductors passing through a large 3D area, it is difficult to model an optimal 3D mesh within the conductors and the tower beams. This research shows that the application of integral methods reduces the complexity of the generated mesh. Unlike FEM, requiring the generation of a 3D mesh, the integral method only requires a surface mesh on the conductors and tower beams, thus significantly reducing the number of degrees of freedom. FEM only remains necessary for areas adjacent to the tower beams and conductors.
Internationalization dilemma for Brazilian firms: China vs. the Greater Mercosur region
Authors: H. Akhter Syed , Machado Marcilio
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore, using the conceptual frameworks of psychic distance and resource-based view, how Brazilian firms resolve strategic dilemma. Brazilian firms face a strategic dilemma about whether to diversify and exploit the rapidly growing markets of China or to protect and expand the established markets of the Greater Mercosur region. The strategic responses of Brazilian business to business firms are examined within the context of internationalization decisions.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper takes a qualitative approach to study the decisions taken by Brazilian firms to deal with the strategic dilemma arising from competitive developments in domestic and regional markets.

Findings

– Findings support four hypotheses based on the psychic distance and resource-based view frameworks. However, the fifth hypothesis that trust would be an impediment for establishing business in China for Brazilian firms was not supported. Trust did not appear as a concern for Brazilian businesses.

Practical implications

– Two practical implications can be drawn from the findings. First, Brazilian firms have to consider whether they have made themselves vulnerable to attacks from Chinese firms in the Greater Mercosur region by not aggressively entering the Chinese markets. Second, they also have to understand whether their lack of strong presence in the Chinese markets has resulted not only in lost opportunities but also in making it difficult for them to enter the market later.

Originality/value

– The paper takes a multi-theoretical approach to provide insights into the international business expansion decisions of firms in a major economy in the Greater Mercosur region. It contributes to the growing literature on firms in emerging economies. By adopting a qualitative approach to study the research questions, the paper provides insights into the behaviors of firms confronting strategic tradeoffs.
Mentoring student teachers; a vulnerable workplace learning practice
Authors: Lofthouse Rachel , Thomas Ulrike
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of mentoring as a workplace process. The mentees are post-graduate student teachers hosted in placement schools. The research aims to explore the experiences of key participants in a policy context where the role and scale of school-based teacher training is expanding rapidly.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is an interpretative case study of mentoring practices assigned to a secondary level initial teacher training partnership, with the mentors being subject teachers working in school departments which host post-graduate student teachers. The case study was investigated over two years and included focus groups, interviews, questionnaires and content analysis. Participants were student teachers, their mentors and both school-based and university-based tutors.

Findings

– Positive experiences of mentoring are not universal. Mentoring interacts with the required processes of monitoring and reporting and in some cases the power structures associated with these processes conflict with the less performative aspects. However, when mentors are offered evidence of student teachers’ perceptions and theoretical constructs of mentoring as practice they can start to recognise that it can be enhanced.

Practical implications

– The quality of mentoring in initial teacher education will take on even greater significance in jurisdictions, such as England, where the role of workplace learning is strengthened as a result of changes of government policy.

Originality/value

– The outcomes of this study will be relevant to policy makers, school-based mentors and system leaders for teacher education – whether school or university based.
Students opinion about the success of mobile technology in libraries
Authors: Kumar Amit
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the students’ opinion of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, regarding the use and success of mobile technology in the library environment for providing better services by library and their expectations from the library through mobile technology.

Design/methodology/approach

– A survey was conducted through a well-structured and precise questionnaire circulated personally among 200 students studying in Jawaharlal Nehru University for the academic session 2012-2013.

Findings

– The majority of students are in favor of using mobile technology for better services, and it is expected by the students that services should be provided to them by libraries through mobile technology. Furthermore, the study also explores the students’ opinion on improved services using mobile technology.

Research limitations/implications

– The geographical area of study was confined to the students of the JNU, New Delhi, purely regarding their opinion on use and success of mobile technology by the library. The research results are limited to this environment only.

Originality/value

– The paper highlights the students’ opinion of JNU regarding the use of mobile technology by the library for better services, and further it also explores the expectations of students from the library through this technology.
Rat eradication and the resistance and resilience of passerine bird assemblages in the Falkland Islands
Authors: Tabak Michael A. , Poncet Sally , Passfield Ken , Goheen Jacob R. , Martinez del Rio Carlos
Published: October 2014

Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) were introduced to the Falkland Islands and are detrimental to native passerines. Rat eradication programmes are being used to help protect the avifauna.

This study assesses the effectiveness of eradication programmes while using this conservation practice as a natural experiment to explore the ecological resistance, resilience and homeostasis of bird communities.

We conducted bird surveys on 230 islands: 85 in the presence of rats, 108 that were historically free of rats and 37 from which rats had been eradicated. Bird detection data were used to build occupancy models for each species and estimate species–area relationships. Count data were used to estimate relative abundance and community structure.

Islands with invasive rats had reduced species richness of passerines and a different community structure than islands on which rats were historically absent. Although the species richness of native passerines was remarkably similar on eradicated and historically rat‐free islands, community structure on eradicated islands was more similar to that of rat‐infested islands than to historically rat‐free islands.

The results suggest that in the Falkland Islands, species richness of passerines is not resistant to invasive rats, but seems to be resilient following their removal. In contrast, community structure seems to be neither resistant nor resilient. From a conservation perspective, rat eradication programmes in the Falkland Islands appear to be effective at restoring native species richness, but they are not necessarily beneficial for species of conservation concern. For species that do not recolonize, translocations following eradications may be necessary.
Gac‐mediated changes in pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthesis enhance the antimicrobial activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25
Authors: Cheng Xu , van der Voort Menno , Raaijmakers Jos M.
Published: October 2014

In Pseudomonas species, production of secondary metabolites and exoenzymes is regulated by the GacS/GacA two‐component regulatory system. In Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25, mutations in the Gac‐system cause major transcriptional changes and abolished production of the lipopeptide viscosin and of an exoprotease. In contrast to many other Pseudomonas species and strains, inactivation of the Gac‐system in strain SBW25 significantly enhanced its antimicrobial activities against oomycete, fungal and bacterial pathogens. Here, random plasposon mutagenesis of the gacS mutant led to the identification of seven mutants with reduced or loss of antimicrobial activity. In four mutants, the plasposon insertion was located in genes of the pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) biosynthesis pathway. Genetic complementation, ectopic expression, activity bioassays and Reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) analyses revealed that a gacS mutation in SBW25 leads to enhanced expression of pqq genes, resulting in an increase in gluconic and 2‐ketogluconic acid production, which in turn acidified the extracellular medium to levels that inhibit growth of other microorganisms. We also showed that PQQ‐mediated acidification comes with a growth penalty for the gacS mutant in the stationary phase. In conclusion, PQQ‐mediated acidification compensates for the loss of several antimicrobial traits in P. fluorescens SBW25 and may help gac mutants to withstand competitors.
Small wetlands are critical for safeguarding rare and threatened plant species
Authors: Richardson Sarah J. , Clayton Richard , Rance Brian D. , Broadbent Hazel , McGlone Matt S. , Wilmshurst Janet M.
Published: October 2014

Question

Rare and threatened species are a common focus of natural area protection, but selecting sites to protect them must be balanced against other conservation objectives. Using a series of wetlands as a case study, we ask: (i) will protecting sites based on species rarity capture all critical community types; (ii) do rare plant species occur in rare environments; and (iii) will safeguarding large wetlands protect taxonomic and functional richness of rare and threatened species?

Location

Southern New Zealand.

Methods

We used lists of vascular plant species from 118 wetlands (66 fens, 35 bogs and 17 marshes). The resulting species lists included 29 rare and threatened species. Nine functional attributes of the rare and threatened species were compiled. Species assemblages were ordinated using non‐metric multidimensional scaling. Permutational multivariate ANOVA tested for a difference in assemblages between wetlands with or without rare and threatened species. Wetlands were classified according to a rare environment scheme. SLOSS (single‐large‐or‐several‐small) accumulation curves determined whether species and functional richness of rare and threatened species were best captured by groups of small or large wetlands.

Results

Wetlands with rare and threatened species supported species assemblages, which were different from those without rare or threatened plant species. Rare and threatened species were not associated with rare environments. The presence or richness of rare and threatened species was not associated with wetland size. SLOSS analyses revealed that small wetlands were critical for capturing rare and threatened species and their functional richness.

Conclusions

Prioritizing wetlands with rare and threatened plant species will not meet other conservation objectives, such as the preservation of all critical community types, rare environments or large wetlands. Networks of small wetlands will be necessary to safeguard rare and threatened plant species. Complementary objectives targeted at wetlands of varying size will be necessary to protect the full range of biodiversity and ecosystem services that wetlands offer.
Areas of China predicted to have a suitable climate for Anoplophora chinensis under a climate‐warming scenario
Authors: Ge Xuezhen , Zong Shixiang , He Shanyong , Liu Yiting , Kong Xiangqi
Published: October 2014

Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an A1 class quarantine pest, native to China, Japan, and North Korea. The A. chinensis outbreak in China has severely affected the local environment and economic development. This study investigates potential areas in China with suitable climate for A. chinensis using historical climate data (1971–2000) and future climate‐warming estimates generated by CLIMEX1.1. These future estimates are based on simulated climate data (2010–2039) provided by the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research (TYN SC 2.0). The results suggest that a wide area of China will have a climate suitable for A. chinensis, and every province may contain some suitable areas for this pest. The predicted areas are distributed primarily in central and southern China, with an estimated distribution range of 18.2–49.5°N and 81.3–135.0°E. Using a global‐warming scenario and predictions based on historical climate data, the areas in China with a climate generally suitable for A. chinensis are predicted to decline, whereas the areas that are highly suitable for A. chinensis are predicted to expand particularly to the northeast and northwest. The estimated distribution range covered 18.2–49.1°N and 73.6–135.0°E. Anoplophora chinensis hosts grow in much of China; therefore, the pest could possibly establish this entire predicted area. These results support enhanced quarantine and control measures combined with stronger monitoring systems to prevent the spread and export of A. chinensis.
Ectomycorrhizal impacts on plant nitrogen nutrition: emerging isotopic patterns, latitudinal variation and hidden mechanisms
Authors: Mayor Jordan , Bahram Mohammad , Henkel Terry , Buegger Franz , Pritsch Karin , Tedersoo Leho
Published: October 2014

Ectomycorrhizal (EcM)‐mediated nitrogen (N) acquisition is one main strategy used by terrestrial plants to facilitate growth. Measurements of natural abundance nitrogen isotope ratios (denoted as δ15N relative to a standard) increasingly serve as integrative proxies for mycorrhiza‐mediated N acquisition due to biological fractionation processes that alter 15N:14N ratios. Current understanding of these processes is based on studies from high‐latitude ecosystems where plant productivity is largely limited by N availability. Much less is known about the cause and utility of ecosystem δ15N patterns in the tropics. Using structural equation models, model selection and isotope mass balance we assessed relationships among co‐occurring soil, mycorrhizal plants and fungal N pools measured from 40 high‐ and 9 low‐latitude ecosystems. At low latitudes 15N‐enrichment caused ecosystem components to significantly deviate from those in higher latitudes. Collectively, δ15N patterns suggested reduced N‐dependency and unique sources of EcM 15N‐enrichment under conditions of high N availability typical of the tropics. Understanding the role of mycorrhizae in global N cycles will require reevaluation of high‐latitude perspectives on fractionation sources that structure ecosystem δ15N patterns, as well as better integration of EcM function with biogeochemical theories pertaining to climate‐nutrient cycling relationships.
Balance of Treg versus T‐effector cells during systemic treatment with adalimumab and topical treatment with calcipotriol–betamethasone dipropionate ointment
Authors: Keijsers Romy R. M. C. , Joosten Irma , Hendriks Anke G. M. , Koenen Hans J. P. M , van Erp Piet E. J , van de Kerkhof Peter C. M.
Published: October 2014

Diminished suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells (Treg) has been demonstrated in blood and in lesional skin of psoriatic patients. Treatment with anti‐TNFα restored the number and function of circulating Treg in psoriasis. We aimed to study Treg in the skin of psoriatic patients undergoing topical treatment with calcipotriol–betamethasone dipropionate (CBD) ointment (n = 12) or systemic treatment with anti‐TNFα agent adalimumab (n = 10). Skin biopsies were collected from patients with chronic plaque psoriasis who responded to the above‐mentioned treatments with a SUM‐score improvement of at least 50% (at the end of treatment). Biopsies were processed for immunohistochemistry. As Treg function is associated with a numerical balance between Treg and effector T cells, Foxp3/CD4 ratios were calculated. It appeared that both treatments cause a significant decrease in the presence of Foxp3+ cells. However, in patients that were treated with CBD ointment, we observed lower Foxp3/CD4 ratios after 8 weeks of treatment compared to baseline (t = 0: 0.41 ± 0.08; t = 8: 0.22 ± 0.04, P = 0.033), whereas in patients who were treated with adalimumab we observed an increase of the Foxp3/CD4 ratios after 1.5 and 16 weeks of treatment compared to baseline (t = 0: 0.25 ± 0.04; t = 1.5: 0.32 ± 0.06; t = 16: 0.49 ± 0.10, P = 0.15). Based on Foxp3/CD4 ratios, we can conclude that adalimumab treated skin differs from CBD treated skin with regard to the anti‐inflammatory/inflammatory balance. We suggest that, in contrast to CBD ointment, adalimumab favours local Treg function in the skin.
Successful resolution of very severe hepatopulmonary syndrome following adult‐to‐adult living donor liver transplantation: Report of two cases
Authors: Irei Toshimitsu , Onoe Takashi , Das Lalit Kumar , Tanimine Naoki , Ishiyama Kohei , Ide Kentaro , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Tashiro Hirotaka , Ohdan Hideki
Published: October 2014

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a severe complication in patients with chronic liver disease with poor prognosis. Liver transplantation (LT) is a promising treatment for HPS; however, very severe HPS, which is defined by an arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) of less than 50 mmHg and a right–left intrapulmonary shunt rate of more than 20%, may be a contraindication to LT, including living donor LT (LDLT). Here, we report two cases of decompensated liver cirrhosis with very severe HPS which were resolved after adult‐to‐adult LDLT including ABO‐incompatible LDLT. Both patients required oxygen supportive therapy in combination with specialized respiratory care postoperatively, followed by improvement of oxygenation and substantial decreases of intrapulmonary shunt rate. These findings suggest very severe HPS can be resolved by LDLT, including ABO‐incompatible LDLT, and reduced graft volume did not impede the reversal of intrapulmonary shunting. Our current report may indicate that adult‐to‐adult LDLT, including ABO‐incompatible LDLT, is becoming an effective therapeutic method and prompt a review of previous reports as well as our own files with particular regard to the indication of LDLT for decompensated liver cirrhosis with very severe HPS.
Reflectance confocal microscopy: non‐invasive distinction between actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Peppelman M. , Nguyen K.P. , Hoogedoorn L. , van Erp P.E.J. , Gerritsen M.‐J.P.
Published: October 2014

Background

Early recognition of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is difficult. Non‐invasive reflectance confocal microscopic (RCM) imaging of the skin is a promising diagnostic technique. Although several RCM features for SCC and AK have been described, it is not determined whether RCM has the ability to distinguish between SCC and actinic keratosis (AK).

Objective

To determine in vivo reflectance confocal microscopic features that are specific for making a distinction between AK and SCC.

Methods

In 24 patients, 30 lesions clinically suspicious for AK or SCC were selected for RCM imaging. Following the imaging procedure, a 3 mm skin biopsy was obtained for confirmation of the histopathological diagnosis. Two observers evaluated the RCM images according to a literature based list of RCM features. The obtained data were evaluated by an univariate and forward multivariate logistic regression analysis, kappa analysis and independent T‐test.

Results

The univariate logistic regression showed statistically significant odds ratios for several RCM features, including architectural disarray in the stratum granulosum, architectural disarray in the spinous layer and nest‐like structures in the dermis. The forward multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the combination of these features increased the ability to make the correct diagnosis AK and SCC non‐invasively. The interobserver agreement between a starting and an experienced RCM observer ranged from poor to no agreement.

Conclusion

This study revealed specific RCM features that can distinguish between AK and SCC, stimulating further prospective, large cohort research in this field. This will result in correct, efficient and adequate diagnosis and treatment of clinically difficult to distinguish AK and SCC lesions.
Effects of tree architecture on pollen dispersal and mating patterns inAbies pinsapoBoiss. (Pinaceae)
Authors: Sánchez‐Robles Jose M. , García‐Castaño Juan L. , Balao Francisco , Terrab Anass , Navarro‐Sampedro Laura , Tremetsberger Karin , Talavera Salvador
Published: October 2014

Plant architecture is crucial to pollination and mating in wind‐pollinated species. We investigated the effect of crown architecture on pollen dispersal, mating system and offspring quality, combining phenotypic and genotypic analyses in a low‐density population of the endangered speciesAbies pinsapo. A total of 598 embryos from three relative crown height levels (bottom, middle and top) in five mother plants were genotyped using eleven nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs). Paternity analysis and mating system models were used to infer mating and pollen dispersal parameters. In addition, seeds were weighed (N = 16 110) and germinated (N = 736), and seedling vigour was measured to assess inbreeding depression. Overall,A. pinsaposhows a fat‐tailed dispersal kernel, with an average pollen dispersal distance of 113–227 m, an immigration rate of 0.84–26.92%, and a number of effective pollen donors (Nep) ranging between 3.5 and 11.9. We found an effect of tree height and relative crown height levels on mating parameters. A higher proportion of seeds with embryo (about 50%) and a higher rate of self‐fertilization (about 60%) were found at the bottom level in comparison with the top level. Seed weight and seedling vigour are positively related. Nevertheless, no differences were found in seed weight or in seedling‐related variables such as weight and length of aerial and subterranean parts among the different relative crown height levels, suggesting that seeds from the more strongly inbred bottom level are not affected by inbreeding depression. Our results point to vertical isotropy for outcross‐pollen and they suggest that self‐pollen may ensure fertilization when outcross‐pollen is not available in low‐density population.
Key roles for freshwater Actinobacteria revealed by deep metagenomic sequencing
Authors: Ghai Rohit , Mizuno Carolina Megumi , Picazo Antonio , Camacho Antonio , Rodriguez‐Valera Francisco
Published: October 2014

Freshwater ecosystems are critical but fragile environments directly affecting society and its welfare. However, our understanding of genuinely freshwater microbial communities, constrained by our capacity to manipulate its prokaryotic participants in axenic cultures, remains very rudimentary. Even the most abundant components, freshwater Actinobacteria, remain largely unknown. Here, applying deep metagenomic sequencing to the microbial community of a freshwater reservoir, we were able to circumvent this traditional bottleneck and reconstruct de novo seven distinct streamlined actinobacterial genomes. These genomes represent three new groups of photoheterotrophic, planktonic Actinobacteria. We describe for the first time genomes of two novel clades, acMicro (Micrococcineae, related to Luna2,) and acAMD (Actinomycetales, related to acTH1). Besides, an aggregate of contigs belonged to a new branch of the Acidimicrobiales. All are estimated to have small genomes (approximately 1.2 Mb), and their GC content varied from 40 to 61%. One of the Micrococcineae genomes encodes a proteorhodopsin, a rhodopsin type reported for the first time in Actinobacteria. The remarkable potential capacity of some of these genomes to transform recalcitrant plant detrital material, particularly lignin‐derived compounds, suggests close linkages between the terrestrial and aquatic realms. Moreover, abundances of Actinobacteria correlate inversely to those of Cyanobacteria that are responsible for prolonged and frequently irretrievable damage to freshwater ecosystems. This suggests that they might serve as sentinels of impending ecological catastrophes.
PstS‐1, the 38‐kDaMycobacterium tuberculosisGlycoprotein, is an Adhesin, Which Binds the Macrophage Mannose Receptor and Promotes Phagocytosis
Authors: Esparza M. , Palomares B. , García T. , Espinosa P. , Zenteno E. , Mancilla R.
Published: October 2014

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the primary causative agent of tuberculosis, infects macrophages and transforms the hostile intracellular environment into a permissive niche.M. tuberculosisinfects macrophages using a variety of microbial ligand/cell receptor systems. In this study, binding assays with biotin‐labelled mycobacterial cell wall proteins revealed five Concanavalin A‐reactive proteins that bind macrophages. Among these proteins, we identified PstS‐1, a 38‐kDaM. tuberculosismannosylated glycolipoprotein, and characterized it as an adhesin. Inhibition assays with mannan and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that PstS‐1 binds the mannose receptor. We purified PstS‐1 to 95.9% purity using ion exchange chromatography. The presence of mannose in purified PstS‐1 was demonstrated by Concanavalin A interaction, which was abolished in the presence of sodiumm‐periodate and α‐D‐mannosidase. Gas chromatography revealed that purified PstS‐1 contained 1% of carbohydrates by weight, which was mainly mannose. Finally, we used fluorescent microbeads coated with purified PstS‐1 in phagocytosis assays and discovered that microbead uptake was inhibited by the pre‐incubation of cells with GlcNAc, mannan and α‐methyl mannoside. The interaction of PstS‐1 coated beads with the mannose receptor was confirmed by confocal colocalization studies that showed high Pearson and Manders's colocalization coefficients. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the strategiesM. tuberculosisuses to infect host cells, the critical first step in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
Whole blood treated with riboflavin and ultraviolet light: quality assessment of all blood components produced by the buffy coat method
Authors: Schubert Peter , Culibrk Brankica , Karwal Simrath , Serrano Katherine , Levin Elena , Bu Daniel , Bhakta Varsha , Sheffield William P. , Goodrich Raymond P. , Devine Dana V.
Published: October 2014

Background

Pathogen inactivation (PI) technologies are currently licensed for use with platelet (PLT) and plasma components. Treatment of whole blood (WB) would be of benefit to the blood banking community by saving time and costs compared to individual component treatment. However, no paired, pool‐and‐split study directly assessing the impact ofWB PIon the subsequently produced components has yet been reported.

Study Design and Methods

In a “pool‐and‐split” study,WBeither was treated with riboflavin and ultraviolet (UV) light or was kept untreated as control. The buffy coat (BC) method produced plasma,PLT, and red blood cell (RBC) components.PLTunits arising from the untreatedWBstudy arm were treated with riboflavin andUVlight on day of production and compared toPLTconcentrates (PCs) produced from the treatedWBunits. A panel of common in vitro variables for the three types of components was used to monitor quality throughout their respective storage periods.

Results

PCsderived from theWB PItreatment were of significantly better quality than treatedPLTcomponents for most variables.RBCsproduced from theWBtreatment deteriorated earlier during storage than untreated units. Plasma components showed a 3% to 44% loss in activity for several clotting factors.

Conclusion

Treatment ofWBwith riboflavin andUVbefore production of components by theBCmethod shows a negative impact on all three blood components.PLTunits produced fromPI‐treatedWBexhibited less damage compared toPLTcomponent treatment.