bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EPICTETUS, DISSERTATIONES 1.18.10
Authors: Sellars John
Published: April 2016

In the late nineteenth century J.L.G. Mowat published a short note in the Journal of Philology pointing out that in the Bodleian's MS of the Dissertationes of Epictetus there is an ink smudge (on fol. 25r) where all the other MSS have lacunae in several lines, leading to the conclusion that the Bodleian MS is the archetype for all other surviving copies.
OPTIMIZED TIMING OF USING CANOPY TEMPERATURE TO SELECT HIGH-YIELDING CULTIVARS OF WINTER WHEAT UNDER DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES
Authors: ZHANG XIAOYU , ZHANG XIYING , CHEN SUYING , SUN HONGYONG , SHAO LIWEI , LIU XIUWEI
Published: April 2016

Selecting high-yielding cultivars under drought is an important practice to improve crop production. Canopy temperature (T) shows a relative reliable association with grain yield. In this study, we compared the suitability of canopy T and other agronomic as well as physiological traits associated with grain yield under different water regimes. Field experiments over two seasons (2011–2012 and 2012–2013) were carried out under three water regimes, represented about 64, 76 and 89% of potential evapotranspiration, with 16 local winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in each season. Results showed that cultivars with higher yield usually performed consistently lower canopy T under three water regimes, while the relationships of grain yield with other agronomic or physiological traits were more influenced by soil moisture. In addition, the relationship between canopy T and grain yield varied with different growth stages: From the time of heading to early grain filling stages, a more significant negative linear relationship (p < 0.001) existed under the three irrigation levels.
Faults in the Asquempont area, southern Brabant Massif, Belgium
Authors: Debacker T.N. , Herbosch A. , Verniers J. , Sintubin M.
Published: April 2016

The literature suggests that the Asquempont fault, a supposedly important reverse fault forming the limit between the Lower to lower Middle Cambrian and the Ordovician in the Sennette valley, is poorly understood. Nevertheless, this fault is commonly equated with a pronounced NW-SE-trending aeromagnetic lineament, the Asquempont lineament, and both the geometry of the Asquempont lineament and the supposed reverse movement of the Asquempont fault are used to develop large-scale tectonic models of the Brabant Massif. New outcrop observations in the Asquempont area, the “type locality” of the Asquempont fault, in combination with outcrop and borehole data from surrounding areas, show that the Asquempont fault is not an important reverse fault, but instead represents a pre-cleavage, low-angle extensional detachment. This detachment formed between the Caradoc and the timing of folding and cleavage development and is not related to the aeromagnetic Asquempont lineament. The Asquempont area also contains several relatively important, steep, post-cleavage normal faults. Apparently, these occur in a WNW-ESE-trending zone between Asquempont and Fauquez, extending westward over Quenast towards Bierghes. This zone coincides with the eastern part of the WNW-ESE-trending Nieuwpoort-Asquempont fault zone, for which, on the basis of indirect observations, previously a strike-slip movement has been proposed. Our outcrop observations question this presumed strike-slip movement. The Asquempont fault may be related to the progressive unroofing of the core of the Brabant Massif from the Silurian onwards. Possibly, other low-angle extensional detachments similar to the Asquempont fault occur in other parts of the massif. Possible candidates are the paraconformity-like contacts depicted on the most recent geological map of the Brabant Massif.
The geometry and stratigraphic position of the Maassluis Formation (western Netherlands and southeastern North Sea)
Authors: Jansen H.S.M. , Huizer J. , Dijkmans J.W.A. , Mesdag C. , van Hinte J.E.
Published: April 2016

The geometry and depositional history of the Maassluis Formation is described from an East-West oriented transect located in the west-central Netherlands and P- and Q-blocks in the Dutch offshore area. The Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene Maassluis Formation was deposited under near coastal marine conditions. Two distinct facies are distinguished: (1) medium grained sands with a blocky GR/SP-log pattern that were deposited under intertidal and aeolian conditions and (2) medium to coarse grained sands deposited in a subtidal environment showing a clear coarsening upward trend. The lower part of the Maassluis Formation is laterally equivalent to the shallow marine Oosterhout Formation and gets progressively younger towards the West. The upper part is lateral equivalent to estuarine and mudflat deposits (Balk Member, c.q. Peize Formation) in the central part of The Netherlands and to river deposits (Peize Formation) further to the East.
Assessing the contamination risk of five pesticides in a phreatic aquifer based on microcosm experiments and transport modelling at Sint-Jansteen (Zeeland, the Netherlands)
Authors: Gaus I. , Casteele K. Vande
Published: April 2016

The risk of five pesticides (atrazine, simazine, bentazone, mecoprop and MCPA) contaminating a Quaternary phreatic aquifer (the water supply area of Sint-Jansteen, the Netherlands) is assessed based on laboratory experiments and solute transport modelling (MODFLOW-MT3D). Batch experiments either show long half-lives (at least 1500 days) or no degradation at all for bentazone, atrazine and simazine while mecoprop and especially MCPA degrade much faster (half-lives down to 4.1 days). Column experiments show significant sorption to the aquifer sediment only for atrazine and simazine under certain circumstances. A series of experiments were conducted during which the type of the sediment, the grain size, the content of the organic matter and the acidity of the groundwater were varied. These experimental results were subsequently incorporated in a solute transport model for the aquifer resulting in the following ranking of the contamination risk for the selected pesticides (from low to high): MCPA, mecoprop, simazine, atrazine, bentazone. This ranking was confirmed by observed pesticide concentrations in samples taken from piezometers and extraction wells from the aquifer.
The sand extraction potential of embedded land surface lowering in the Netherlands
Authors: van der Meulen M.J. , de Kleine M.P.E. , Veldkamp J.G. , Dubelaar C.W. , Pietersen H.S.
Published: April 2016

abstract

In the Netherlands, mineral extraction by means of dredging or quarrying meets with considerable societal resistance. Land surface lowering prior to large land reconstruction projects may raise fewer objections. We have calculated the potential yields of sand and gravel from land surface lowering embedded in planned building and construction projects, and in nature, farmland and recreation area development. Our primary data sets were a compilation of spatial plans for the period 1995 – 2005 and about 95,000 borehole descriptions. Even if embedded consistently, land surface lowering would contribute modestly (up to 5.4 Mio m3/a) to the filling sand provision (annual demand 45 – 50 Mio m3/a).
Inverted basins in the Netherlands, similarities and differences
Authors: de Jager J.
Published: April 2016

All Dutch rift basins that formed during Jurassic and Early Cretaceous extension have been inverted during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary. Several inversion pulses occurred more or less simultaneously in all basins. Analysis of vitrinite reflectance data, in combination with fission track and fluid inclusion data show that the magnitude of uplift and erosion generally did not exceed 2 km. Inversion was strongest in the Broad Fourteens, Central Netherlands and West Netherlands basins. The direction of maximum compressive stress was generally not at right angles to the pre-existing fault trends, and resulted in transpressional movements. Within the NW-SE striking basins, dextral strike-slip movements can often be interpreted, which is consistent with a general N-S to NNW-SSE direction of maximum compression related to Alpine structural events. Where no Zechstein salt is present, trends of flower structures formed through reverse reactivation of pre-existing faults. Where the Zechstein salt is thick, re-activated faults could not breach the salt, and a broad uplift of the post-salt succession resulted, while faulting below the salt caused acceleration of halokinesis. In areas where the Zechstein salt was thin, and where the offsets of reverse faults exceeded the thickness of the salt, impressive thrusts with the Zechstein salt as detachment horizon developed. The later Tertiary inversion pulses did not affect all basins, and caused broad basin uplift in the West and Central Netherlands basins while individual faults were no longer reactivated. It appears that due to crustal thickening during the first inversion pulses the crust could become stabilised such that further compression could only be accommodated by broad basin uplift.
Insectivores (Mammalia) from the earliest Oligocene (MP 21) of
Belgium
Authors: Smith R.
Published: April 2016

Insectivore remains are not common in the Lower Oligocene of Europe. For
this reason, the study of the earliest Oligocene insectivore fauna (MP 21)
from Boutersem and Hoogbutsel, all together yielding nine species,
representing five families, constitutes an important progress in the
knowledge of the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene insectivore evolution. Some
of the genera discovered in Belgium are known from upper Eocene sites
(Saturninia, Amphidozotherium, Euronyctia,
Eotalpa), whereas others are not known before the
Oligocene (Butselia, Tetracus, Heterosoricinae
ind.). The co-occurrence of primitive species of Nyctitheriidae with modern
forms belonging to the Plesiosoricidae, Talpidae and Erinaceidae at the
Eocene-Oligocene boundary suggests a transition fauna. Between the
Priabonian (Late Eocene) and the Rupelian (Early Oligocene), the endemic
European insectivores were in competition with the new immigrants. This
faunal turnover is generally accepted as the ‘Grande Coupure’ event (the MP
21 event).
Sea-level related molluscan plankton events (Gastropoda, Euthecosomata)
during the Rupelian (Early Oligocene) of the North Sea Basin
Authors: Gürs K. , Janssen A.W.
Published: April 2016

Spacio-temporal distribution patterns of North Sea Basin Early Oligocene
(Rupelian) pteropoda (holoplanktonic gastropods: Mollusca, Gastropoda,
Euthecosomata) are studied. These patterns indicate three short term
invasions of a single pteropod species during the Rupelian. These invasions
are indicated here as Clio blinkae Event,
Praehyalocylis laxeannulata Event and
Clio jacobae Event. The conspicuously short
occurrences of the species, their abundances and some lithological features
of the pteropod bearing strata lead to the conclusion that these plankton
events are linked to sea level high-stands allowing currents from the worlds
oceans to enter into the North Sea Basin.
The Rupelian-Chattian boundary in the North Sea Basin and its calibration
to the international time-scale
Authors: Van Simaeys S.
Published: April 2016

The classical problem of the nature and age of the Rupelian-Chattian
(Early-Late Oligocene) unconformity in its type region is here approached
using organic walled dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) correlations between the
North Sea Basin and well-calibrated central Italian (Tethyan Ocean)
sections. Useful Oligocene dinocyst events are the last occurrence of
Enneadocysta pectiniformis (~29.3 Ma), and
the first occurrences of Saturnodinium pansum
(~29.4 Ma), Distatodinium biffii (~27.9 Ma) and
Artemisiocysta cladodichotoma (~26.7 Ma).The
latter event marks the earliest Chattian. The improved correlations indicate
that the Rupelian-Chattian (R-C) boundary is associated with the so-called
‘Oligocene Glacial Maximum’. This phase of important global cooling and
glacio-eustatic sea level fall is genetically related to the unconformity
between the classic Oligocene stages. Subsequent global warming (so-called
‘Late Oligocene Warming Event’), induced a major sea level rise, leading
e.g. to the time-transgressive deposition of the typical basal Chattian
glauconitic sands. The oldest of the Chattian units have a GPTS age of-26.7
Ma. It further appears that a hiatus of ~500 kyrs spans the classic
Rupelian-Chattian unconformity.
Rib fracture in Prognathodon saturator (Mosasauridae, Late Cretaceous)
Authors: Schulp A.S. , Walenkamp G.H.I.M. , Hofman P.A.M. , Rothschild B.M. , Jagt J.W.M.
Published: April 2016

Two unusual bumps occur on the internal surface of a rib of the marine reptile Prognathodon saturator from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Maastricht, The Netherlands. These bumps are interpreted as stress fractures, possibly related to agonistic behaviour.
A geophysical profile at the foot of the Dutch coastal dunes near the former outlet of the ‘Old Rhine’
Authors: Seijmonsbergen A.C. , Biewinga D.T. , Pruissers A.P.
Published: April 2016

The apparent electrical conductivity of the subsurface along the Dutch coast between ‘Wassenaarse Slag’ (beach post 92.250) and north of Noordwijk aan Zee (beach post 77.750) reflects the spatial distribution of Holocene coastal deposits. Using a Geonics EM-34 a threefold division based on the mean electrical conductivity could be made in the outlet area of the River Old Rhine. 1) A section showing a sequence of sandy deposits that resembles the Schoorl Member of the Naaldwijk Formation on top of the Zandvoort Member of the Naaldwijk Formation. 2) A section underlain by a shallow clay/peat layer of varying thickness belonging to the Naaldwijk Formation (Walcheren Member) / Nieuwkoop Formation (Hollandveen Member), intercalated within the Schoorl Member and Zandvoort Member of the Naaldwijk Formation. South of the Old Rhine locally Wormer Member deposits of the Naaldwijk Formation underlie these clay/peat layers. 3) A section characterized by channel fill deposits of the former Rhine reaching to -20 m below Normaal Amsterdam Peil (N.A.P.), and belonging to deposits of the Wormer Member of the Naaldwijk Formation, and to two facies of the Naaldwijk Formation (Walcheren Member). The geophysical transect was calibrated using existing nearby drill hole data, so that a continuous snapshot of the subsurface was gained. Therefore this research also contributes to the recent genesis of this part of the Dutch coast.
Reservoir characteristics of intracontinental carbonate ramp deposits-Upper Muschelkalk, Middle Triassic, NE Netherlands
Authors: Pöppelreiter M. C. , Simone A. , Hoetz G.
Published: April 2016

The Upper Muschelkalk is an unusual reservoir in NW Europe, producing only in the Coevorden Muschelkalk field, onshore the Netherlands. Origin and nature of the gas producing intervals were poorly known. The objective of the paper is to provide a comprehensive description of facies, cyclicity and petrophysical characteristics. From this description a depositional and sequence stratigraphic model is proposed, which explains why there is gas production only from certain intervals of the sequence. Our investigation is based on seismic, core and open hole log data. It indicates that the reservoir consists of dolomites, which are either muddy lagoonal to sabkha, or grainy backshoal deposits. The best reservoir quality is encountered in peloidal-oolitic packstones to grainstones. These represent storm-dominated backshoal deposits and constitute the inner part of a homoclinal carbonate ramp. The succession shows a conspicuous hierarchical cyclicity. Porous backshoal deposits form during maximum transgression and early regression. However permeable, gas producing backshoal deposits only occur in the upper 15 to 20 m, which forms the large-scale regressive hemi-cycle of the Upper Muschelkalk. Better reservoir quality in the upper hemi-cycle is due to changes in grain type and early diagenesis. The investigation might serve as calibration point for further exploring the Upper Muschelkalk reservoir and its facies pattern in the NW European basin.
A large new mosasaur from the Upper Cretaceous of The Netherlands
Authors: Dortangs Rudi W. , Schulp Anne S. , Mulder Eric W.A. , Jagt John W.M. , Peeters Hans H.G. , de Graaf Douwe Th.
Published: April 2016

We report the discovery of a new species of marine reptile, a mosasaur, from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of The Netherlands. Prognathodon saturator sp. nov. is represented by an almost complete skull and much of the postcranial skeleton, and is one of the largest mosasaurs discovered to date. The stout skull and extremely massive jaws are more powerfully built than in any other known mosasaur. Bite marks, the partial disarticulation and scattering of the skeleton, and the presence of associated teeth of Squalicorax and Plicatoscyllium suggest extensive scavenging by sharks.
Deep subsurface temperatures in the Roer Valley Graben and the Peelblock, the Netherlands - new results
Authors: Van Balen R.T. , Verweij J.M. , van Wees J.D. , Simmelink H. , Van Bergen F. , Pagnier H.
Published: April 2016

The deep subsurface temperature data of the Roer Valley Graben have been re-analysed and combined with new temperature data from hydrocarbon exploration wells. The results show that the deep subsurface temperature distribution in the Roer Valley Graben is essentially the same as in the relatively stable high bordering the Roer Valley Graben to the southwest. Thus, the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Roer Valley Graben, which is characterized by uplift and denudation during the Late Eocene and subsidence due to rifting starting from Late Oligocene, has hardly affected the temperatures in the graben, which is probably due to the slow subsidence and sedimentation rates. In contrast to what is suggested on previously published temperature maps, the Roer Valley Graben is probably not a relatively cold area in the Netherlands.
Late Quaternary tectonic evolution and postseismic near surface fault displacements along the Geleen Fault (Feldbiss Fault Zone–Roer Valley Rift System, the Netherlands), based on trenching
Authors: Houtgast R.F. , van Balen R.T. , Kasse C. , Vandenberghe J.
Published: April 2016

In northwest Europe the pattern of earthquake distribution is correlated with known Quaternary faults. Excavation of fault scarps revealed that these fault zones have been active during the Late Pleistocene. In this paper we present the results of an exploratory trenching study across the Geleen Fault, part of the Feldbiss Fault Zone, the Netherlands. Middle Saalian fluvial deposits of the Meuse, overlain by local slope deposits, were excavated. The Geleen Fault has displaced the fluvial deposits by at least 5 meters. The upper layers of local slope deposits could be correlated across the fault and were all dated at approximately 15 ka B.P. This gives the opportunity to reconstruct the sequence of events that occurred about 15 ka ago. Liquefactions provide evidence for an earthquake event. However, the main offset along the Geleen Fault is not stratigraphically related to the liquefactions. The liquefactions and the fault offset are stratigraphically separated by a period of erosion. We therefore propose a sequence of events starting with an earthquake accompanied by liquefaction, followed by a period of postseismic displacement with high rates compared to the long-term average. After this period normal displacement rates occurred, comparable to the long-term average. The duration of the period of high displacement rates could not be determined.
Boron metasomatism in the Brabant Massif (Belgium): Geochemical and petrographical evidence of Devonian tourmalinite pebbles
Authors: Corteel C. , De Paepe P.
Published: April 2016

New petrographical and geochemical evidence of tourmalinite pebbles from two Lower and three Middle Devonian formations from Belgium is presented. Petrography, REE, transition metal and microprobe data of the studied rocks suggest it are (meta)sediment-derived tourmalinites formed by boron metasomatism (and hydrothermal brecciation) in an intrusive setting. Tourmaline mineralizations within eastern Avalonia are known in south-east Ireland, the English Lake District and East Anglia. Based on previously suggested relations between Early Palaeozoic igneous activity in last two mentioned regions and the Brabant Massif, it is presumed that the Brabant Massif also underwent granite-related tourmalinization and that this was the source of the studied pebbles. Petrologie differences between pebbles found in Middle Devonian formations and pebbles from Lower Devonian formations, suggest that fluid circulation occurred on a regional scale, possibly extending into the Stavelot massif.
The 150th anniversary of the Maastrichtian Stage - a celebratory conference: Introduction
Authors: Jagt John W.M. , Schulp Anne S. , de Graaf Douwe Th.
Published: April 2016

It was André Hubert Dumont (1809–1857) (Fig. 1) who, while mapping at the St Pietersberg south of Maastricht in the summer of 1849, noted that the higher portion of the yellowish-white friable limestones exposed there represented something unique. So unique that he coined a name for it (Dumont, 1849), his ‘système maestrichtien’, with a fossil hash level at its base, replete with faecal pellets. These pellets have since been described and formally named by Van Amerom (1971) as Coprulus maastrichtensis, and Dumont’s ‘système’ has been shown to correspond in part with our current concept of the Maastrichtian Stage, the youngest slice of Cretaceous time.
Stratigraphy of Maastrichtian Foraminiferida from the United Kingdom; the Maastrichtian of Norfolk
Authors: Hart M. , Swiecicki T.
Published: April 2016

Onshore Maastrichtian strata in the United Kingdom are limited to a few small, isolated blocks of chalk floating within glacial sediments on the Norfolk coast. Isolated outcrops of Campanian and Maastrichtian chalks used to be available around Norwich but the majority of these exposures are now badly degraded. Offshore, in the North Sea Basin, there are complete chalk successions that range throughout the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Cenozoic. There is a limited succession of Maastrichtian chalks exposed on the north coast of Northern Ireland below the Cenozoic flood basalts. In the Western Approaches Basin, Maastrichtian and Danian chalks are known from exploration wells and core samples. West of the United Kingdom a number of DSDP/ODP boreholes have penetrated the Upper Cretaceous succession.

Beginning in the Cenomanian, in southeast England, the whole of the Upper Cretaceous is within the chalk facies, possibly one of the longest intervals of relatively stable environment in the geological record. The Foraminiferida of the chalk have been studied for more than a hundred years and therefore the fauna is exceptionally well known and fully documented. Fifty years ago, the benthonic Foraminiferida were identified as having the potential to provide a viable zonation of the chalk facies and we now have precise, cross-basinal correlation using these taxa.

The planktonic fauna is restricted by both palaeolatitude and water depth. The latter appears to be the most influential as the faunas from onshore are more limited than those recorded from the deeper waters of the North Sea Basin and the Atlantic Margin. Even with this restricted fauna, however, it is still possible to develop a general correlation with the standard Tethyan zonation based on planktonic taxa.
Faunal/floral and isotopic responses to Milankovitch precession cycles and environmental changes in the upper Gulpen Formation (Upper Maastrichtian) at the CBR-Lixhe and ENCI-Maastricht bv quarries
Authors: Felder P.J. , Keppens E. , Declercq B. , Normand S. , Streel M.
Published: April 2016

Two sections, just below the Nivelle Horizon in the upper Gulpen Formation (Upper Maastrichtian), and seven kilometres apart (CBR-Lixhe and ENCI-Maastricht bv quarries) have been analysed (samples every 5 cm) for dinocyst, pollen grains and bioclast contents as well as for carbon and oxygen isotopic composition, to obtain better insight into the influence of weathering on these sediments. The CBR section lies above groundwater level, while that at the ENCI quarry is some metres below. At the former quarry we recognised the influences of weathering (karst) nearby.

At ENCI, palynological, bioclast and stable isotope results of the carbonate phase (mainly consisting of coccoliths) co-vary remarkably, displaying two cycles which may be interpreted tentatively as climatic fluctuations. The ∂18O curve varies roughly between −1.6‰ and −1.1‰ (on PDB scale), corresponding to a temperature change of about 2°C. Less negative values (i.e. cooler seawater) coincide with larger amounts of pollen of Normapolles and Triporates type assumed to represent temperate forest elements of a vegetation also containing tropical elements such as palms. Assuming the 5 cm sample intervals at ENCI to correspond to 1 ka, climatic maxima (and minima) may be 20–25 ka apart, obviously recalling Milankovitch precession cycles.

These are independent of a sharp sedimentological change noted in the upper part of the lowest cycle (samples 42 to 24). Upwards of sample 42, bioclast contents increase and dinocysts, Spiniferites in particular, decrease significantly, corresponding to a marked shallowing. This turning point is also recorded in the ∂13C curve at ENCI. Bioclast percentages appear to follow composite trends that are influenced by both climatic and sedimentological conditions.
Diagenesis, regular growth and records of seasonality in inoceramid bivalve shells from mid-Maastrichtian hemipelagic beds of the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Gómez-Alday J.J. , Elorza J.
Published: April 2016

Inoceramid bivalve shells from outcrops of mid-Maastrichtian deep-water carbonate, hemipelagic beds in the Bay of Biscay exhibit post-depositional diagenetic alteration. New data from isotopic analysis (carbon and oxygen), together with observations of the inoceramid shells and carbonate host-rock using cathodoluminescence (CL) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirm a lateral, westerly increase in the degree of diagenesis, without any substantial textural changes in the alternating dark and clear growth lines of the shell microstructure. Under CL, a bright yellowish to red colour is observed in the most diagenetically altered inoceramid samples. Non-luminescent areas are restricted to the central parts of the less altered shells. A detailed geochemical analysis by electron microprobe, along intrashell profiles of the non-luminescent and luminescent zones has revealed that Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Na/Ca, Fe/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios show oscillatory curves but behave differently. Fe/Ca, Mn/Ca and Na/Ca ratios are well correlated but usually show an opposite relationship when compared with the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of both luminescent and non-luminescent shell areas. Our findings have palaeoenvironmental implications in that the geochemistry of the regular, alternating dark and clear growth lines seems to be related to the input of seasonally controlled phytodetritus to the basin floor.
Dallasaurus turneri, a new primitive mosasauroid from the Middle Turonian of Texas and comments on the phylogeny of Mosasauridae (Squamata)
Authors: Bell G.L. , Polcyn M.J.
Published: April 2016

A new genus and species of primitive-limbed mosasauroid, Dallasaurus turneri, from the Middle Turonian (∼92 Ma) of north-central Texas, is described on the basis of two incomplete skeletons. The new taxon retains plesiomorphic characters such as facultatively terrestrial limbs (plesiopedal) but also exhibits certain characters shared with derived mosasaurs of the subfamily Mosasaurinae. In phylogenetic analysis, the new taxon reconstructs as the basal member of that clade. Other plesiopedal taxa previously included in the family Aigialosauridae reconstruct in basal positions within three different, major clades that include members that achieved the derived (hydropedal) fin-like limb condition. In addition, Opetiosaurus and Aigialosaurus reconstruct as successive outgroup taxa to all other mosasauroids, thereby demonstrating the paraphyletic nature of the current concept of Aigialosauridae. Interpretation of our phylogenetic analysis suggests that three different lineages of mosasauroids independently achieved the derived mosasaur body plan, including fully marine limb modifications culminating in the development of flippers or paddle-like appendages. The inclusion of plesiopedal forms within lineages of well-established hydropedal clades requires a reorganisation of our concepts of Mosasauridae to include these basal forms. In order to avoid continued use of the paraphyletic taxon ‘Aigialosauridae’ as currently defined, we recommend ‘Aigialosauridae’ as a formal taxonomic name be used only for inclusion of Aigialosaurus dalmaticus and potential members of its own independent lineage. This also avoids the implicit polyphyletic use of ‘Mosasauridae’. Additionally, the diagnosis of Mosasauridae should be modified to exclude limb characters that discriminate between more terrestrial versus more aquatic adaptations.
Tylosaurus kansasensis, a new species of tylosaurine (Squamata, Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas, USA
Authors: Everhart M.J.
Published: April 2016

Tylosaurus kansasensis sp. nov. is described herein on the basis of thirteen specimens collected from the Smoky Hill Chalk (upper Coniacian) of western Kansas, USA. The new species, originally designated Tylosaurus n. sp., co-occurred with T. nepaeolicus and exhibits a number of primitive characters that place it in a basal position in the mosasaur phylogeny. Among the key differences separating this species from other tylosaurines are a shortened, more rounded pre-dental process of the premaxilla, a distinctive quadrate lacking an infrastapedial process, and a parietal foramen located adjacent to the frontal-parietal suture.
A new marine varanoid from the Cenomanian of the Middle East
Authors: Haber A. , Polcyn M.J.
Published: April 2016

We describe a new marine varanoid, Judeasaurus tchernovi gen. et sp. nov., on the basis of a partial skull recovered from the Middle Cenomanian of the Judean Hills. The new taxon possesses a unique suite of characters exhibited in terrestrial varanoid lizards on the one hand and derived mosasauroids on the other. The characters that relate it to terrestrial varanoid lizards include broad premaxilla, anteriorly depressed maxillae underlying the nasal capsule, extensive postorbitofrontal-parietal contact and vertically oriented parietal rami. Derived mosasauroid characters include a question-mark shaped quadrate, fused frontals, intricate fronto-parietal suture and moderately retracted nares. The shape of the supratemporal and its syndesmotic articulation with the parietal distinguishes the new taxon from any other known specimen. The dentition exhibits elongate and narrow cylindrical roots lacking resorption pits, a condition reminiscent of Coniasaurus, but crowns are small, slightly recurved and conical. Taken together, the new taxon possesses a suite of characters suggesting dolichosaurid affinities.
Stratigraphic ranges of mosasaurs in Belgium and the Netherlands (Late Cretaceous) and cephalopod-based correlations with North America
Authors: Jagt J.W.M.
Published: April 2016

Mosasaur taxa currently known from Campanian-Maastrichtian strata in the Liège-Limburg (SE Netherlands, NE Belgium) and Mons (southern Belgium) basins are listed and briefly discussed and their stratigraphic ranges indicated. Recently published and/or ongoing work on coleoid and ammonoid cephalopods in these areas allows tie points between NW Europe and the United States (Western Interior, Gulf Coast, Atlantic Seaboard) to be established. Future studies need to refine the resultant, rather crude, scheme. The ultimate aim is a more robust picture of mosasaur taxonomy, biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography, and a detailed evaluation of migratory patterns across the Atlantic.
New records of the tylosaurine mosasaur Hainosaurus from the Campanian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of central Poland
Authors: Jagt J.W.M. , Lindgren J. , Machalski M. , Radwański A.
Published: April 2016

Two isolated mosasaur teeth, one from the upper Campanian of Piotrawin, the other from the upper Maastrichtian at Nasilów (Wisla River valley, central Poland), recently described as Plioplatecarpinae sp. A and Plioplatecarpinae sp. B, respectively, are reassigned to the tylosaurine genus Hainosaurus Dollo, 1885. The present record thus adds to the list of Hainosaurus species known to date from elsewhere in Europe (Sweden, Belgium and England).
A review of Australian mosasaur occurrences
Authors: Kear B.P. , Long J.A. , Martin J.E.
Published: April 2016

Mosasaurs are rare in Australia with fragmentary specimens known only from the Cenomanian-lower Turonian Molecap Greensand (Perth Basin), Campanian - lower Maastrichtian Korojon Calcarenite (Carnarvon Basin), and upper Maastrichtian Miria Formation (Carnarvon Basin), Western Australia. These units were laid down during a near-continuous marine inundation of the western margin of the Australian landmass (which followed separation from India in the Valanginian and genesis of the Indian Ocean) in the Early-Late Cretaceous. The Australian mosasaur record incorporates evidence of derived mosasaurids (mainly plioplatecarpines); however, as yet no specimen can be conclusively diagnosed to genus or species level. The fragmentary nature of the remains provides little basis for direct palaeobiogeographic comparisons. However, correlation with existing data on associated vertebrates, macroinvertebrates and microfossils suggests that the Western Australian mosasaur fauna might have been transitional in nature (particularly following palaeobiogeographic separation of the northern and southern Indian Oceans during the mid-Campanian), potentially sharing elements with both northern Tethyan and austral high-latitude regions.
Sharks eating mosasaurs, dead or alive?
Authors: Rothschild B.M. , Martin L.D. , Schulp A.S.
Published: April 2016

Shark bite marks on mosasaur bones abound in the fossil record. Here we review examples from Kansas (USA) and the Maastrichtian type area (SE Netherlands, NE Belgium), and discuss whether they represent scavenging and/or predation. Some bite marks are most likely the result of scavenging. On the other hand, evidence of healing and the presence of a shark tooth in an infected abscess confirm that sharks also actively hunted living mosasaurs.
Did mosasaurs have forked tongues?
Authors: Schulp A.S. , Mulder E.W.A. , Schwenk K.
Published: April 2016

Ever since the first mosasaur restorations were published, these extinct marine reptiles have been pictured with either notched, forked or undivided tongues. Here, we present an overview of existing iconography, a review of the previous literature, and we discuss how best to reconstruct tongue form in mosasaurs. Despite disagreement about their precise phylogenetic position, most authors consider mosasaurs members of the Varanoidea, derived anguimorphans including Helodermatidae, Varanidae,Lanthanotusand probably snakes. All anguimorphans share a diploglossan (two-part) tongue, in which the foretongue is derived and modified into a highly protrusible chemosensor, while the hindtongue is plesiomorphic, retaining well-developed papillae, mucocytes and robust posterior lobes. We suggest that mosasaurs had a diploglossan tongue that remained in a relatively underived state. The form of the tongue would probably have been most like modernHelodermaorLanthanotuswith a protrusible chemosensory foretongue and a plesiomorphic, papillose hindtongue. Such a tongue is consistent with well-developed vomeronasal chemoreception through tongue-flicking, with the retention of the ancestral function of hyolingual food transport and swallowing following jaw-prehension of prey. The presence of paired fenestrae in the palate associated with the vomers, as well as the presence of pterygoid teeth are in accordance with such a tongue form in mosasaurs.
Constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Central European Basin System revealed by seismic reflection profiles from Northern Germany
Authors: Mazur S. , Scheck-Wenderoth M.
Published: April 2016

A selection of reflection-seismic lines from the southern part of the Central European Basin System and its southern margin were used to establish the spectrum of extensional and compressional deformation structures and to calibrate the timing of these events. The lines are arranged in a N-S and an E-W transect running across the Pompeckj Block and the Lower Saxony Basin in Northern Germany. The structural record provided by the seismic data points to an interplay between far-field horizontal stresses and vertical movements of the basin floor, the latter only weakly correlated with the development of seismic-scale tectonic structures. A detailed seismo-stratigraphic analysis indicates that Late Triassic-Jurassic extension has been the principal control on the structure of the E-W profile, whereas the N-S profile is dominated by compressional structures associated with Late Cretaceous inversion. Overprint effects of extension and inversion tectonics can be classified among a few distinct tectonic events accompanied by movements of the Upper Permian salt: firstly, an episode of subsidence and diapiric rise in the Keuper; secondly, a clear Jurassic-to-Early Cretaceous extension recorded by normal faulting and differential subsidence. The latter was interrupted by a major episode of Late Jurassic uplift. Thirdly, a Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene basin inversion was associated with approximately N-S compression; and fourthly, recurring extension during the Cenozoic associated with diapiric rise and collapse. The Mesozoic extension is expressed in a number of normal faults that were most active during the Early Cretaceous localised subsidence within the Lower Saxony Basin. The deformation associated with the Late Cretaceous inversion was partly decoupled along the salt. The compressional deformation at the southern margin of the basin was thick-skinned in style, characterized by folding and faulting of the Mesozoic sedimentary fill and pre-Zechstein strata. Further north, towards the centre of the basin, folding and reverse faulting were mostly concentrated above the salt. The tectonic evolution of the investigated area suggests the presence of a zone of crustal weakness along the SW margin of the Central European Basin System which allowed strain localization in response to a favourable oriented stress field.
Stable isotopic records in unionid shells as a paleoenvironmental tool
Authors: Verdegaal S. , Troelstra S.R. , Beets C.J. , Vonhof H.B.
Published: April 2016

Stable oxygen and carbon isotope studies were performed on unionid shells from Rhine and Meuse rivers. Results show that the characteristic isotopic signature of each river is well documented in the shells with average δ18O values of ∼9.00‰ for the Rhine specimens and of 6.5‰ for the Meuse unionid. The average δ18O values of the shell material corresponds to the average δ18O of the to rivers and thus identifies Rhine or Meuse sedimentary sequences. All δ18O records show distinct seasonality, which may be used to reconstruct past riverconditions
Modelling the effect of water-table management on CO2 and CH4 fluxes from peat soils
Authors: van Huissteden J. , van den Bos R. , Marticorena Alvarez I.
Published: April 2016

Drainage of peatlands for agriculture causes an increase of CO2 flux from peat decomposition, contributing to national CO2 emission. The reverse process, i.e. for re-creation of wetlands, reduces the CO2 flux, but increases the CH4 flux. We developed a process model (PEATLAND) to simulate these fluxes from peat soils subject to different water-table management scenarios. The model combines primary production, aerobic decomposition of soil organic matter (including the soil-parent material, peat), CH4 formation, oxidation, and transport. Model input requires specification of water table and air temperature data sets, vegetation parameters such as primary production and parameters related to gas transport, and basic soil physical data.

Validation using closed flux-chamber measurements of CO2 and CH4 from five different sites in the western Netherlands shows that seasonal changes in fluxes of CO2 and CH4 are correctly modelled. However, the CO2 submodel underestimates peat decomposition when peat decomposition rates obtained from laboratory incubation experiments are used as input. Field decomposition rates are considerably higher. This is attributed to enhancement of decomposition by the addition of easily decomposable material from root exudation (’priming effect’). Model experiments indicate that 1) drainage increases the CO2 production from peat decomposition strongly; 2) restoring a high water table may decrease the total greenhouse gas flux by a small amount although the CH4 flux increases strongly; 3) a warmer climate may cause higher greenhouse gas fluxes from peat soils resulting in a positive feedback to climate warming, and 4) high vegetation productivity in fen meadows may stimulate peat decomposition by the priming effect.
Woodlands of the past — The excavation of wetland woods at Zwolle-Stadshagen (the Netherlands): Reconstruction of the wetland wood in its environmental context
Authors: Kooistra M.J. , Kooistra L.I. , van Rijn P. , Sass-Klaassen U.
Published: April 2016

Information on the vegetation and landscape history of a region is often limited, and available data are hard to interprete. A concept is presented here on how a more comprehensive picture of the structure and development of landscapes and vegetations of the past can be gained by integrating the information of several disciplines. Archaeological field methods have been combined with methods used in landscape studies (geology, soil science, micromorphology) and vegetation studies (ecology, palynology and dendrochronology).

This concept has been applied and tested during an integrated study of a buried woodland at Zwolle-Stadshagen (Province of Overijssel, the Netherlands). Many large wood remnants were found in a peat layer preserved below a thick clay deposit. The wood remnants were dated by using dendrochronology to the period between ca. 150 BC and AD 580 (ca. 2200 - 1400 cal. BP). Two phases could be distinguished in the development of the peat. The woodland consisted of a closed stand with ash, alder and oak as main species, in the first phase mostly resembling an alder carr, and in the second one the near-extinctFilipendulo-AlnetumPassage et Hofmann 1968. No evidence of exploitation of the woodland by man nor of animal foraging was found.

The followed integrated procedure has led to a more substantiated reconstruction of the palaeo-environment with its wetland wood, but also of the influence of human activities on the palaeo-landscape and its woodlands, that could not have been obtained otherwise.
A Lateglacial palaeosol cover in the Altdarss area, southern Baltic Sea coast (northeast Germany): investigations on pedology, geochronology and botany
Authors: Kaiser K. , Barthelmes A. , Czakó Pap S. , Hilgers A. , Janke W. , Kühn P. , Theuerkauf M.
Published: April 2016

A new site with Lateglacial palaeosols covered by 0.8 - 2.4 m thick aeolian sands is presented. The buried soils were subjected to multidisciplinary analyses (pedology, micromorphology, geochronology, dendrology, palynology, macrofossils). The buried soil cover comprises a catena from relatively dry (’Nano’-Podzol, Arenosol) via moist (Histic Gleysol, Gleysol) to wet conditions (Histosol). Dry soils are similar to the so-called Usselo soil, as described from sites in NW Europe and central Poland. The buried soil surface covers ca. 3.4 km2. Pollen analyses date this surface into the late Allerød. Due to a possible contamination by younger carbon, radiocarbon dates are too young. OSL dates indicate that the covering by aeolian sands most probably occurred during the Younger Dryas. Botanical analyses enables the reconstruction of a vegetation pattern typical for the late Allerød. Large wooden remains of pine and birch were recorded.
The Holocene evolution of the barrier and the back-barrier basins of Belgium and the Netherlands as a function of late Weichselian morphology, relative sea-level rise and sediment supply
Authors: Beets Dirk J. , van der Spek Adam J. F.
Published: April 2016

Flooding of the southern part of the North Sea occurred between 9000 and 8000 BP, when the rate of relative sea-level rise was on the order of 0.7 cm per year for the Dover Strait Region and 1.6 cm per year for the area north of the Frisian Islands, forcing the shoreline to recede rapidly. When relative sea-level rise decelerated after 7000 BP for the Belgian coast and 6000 BP for the central Netherlands coast, sediment supply by the tidal currents balanced the creation of accommodation space in the estuaries and other back-barrier basins. Consequently, the barrier started to stabilize, and the tidal basins and their inlets silted up. Between 5500 and 4500 BP, the Belgian coastal plain changed into a freshwater marsh with peat accumulation, and the same happened 500–1000 years later in the western provinces of the Netherlands. The E-W running barrier/back-barrier system of the Frisian Islands in the northern Netherlands stayed open until today, however, because of lower sediment supply.

The period between 4000 and 2000 BP was relatively quiet due to the strong deceleration of the rate of sea-level rise; peat cushions developed behind the barriers, which were straightened by erosion of the headlands. Major and often catastrophic flooding occurred in the Middle Ages, when the estuaries in the southwestern part of the Netherlands formed.

About 226 (± 15%) × 109 m3 sediment, mostly sand, is stored in the barriers and back-barrier basins of the Netherlands, 70% of which was deposited prior to 5000 BP. About 10% of the stored sediment is estimated to be of alluvial origin. Most of the sediment is derived by the erosion of the Pleistocene basement during recession of the barriers, but tide-induced crossshore transport from the North Sea forms an additional source for the barriers and back-barriers of the west-facing coast of the Netherlands.
Late Permian (Zechstein) carbonate-facies maps, the Netherlands
Authors: Geluk M.C.
Published: April 2016

The Late Permian Zechstein carbonates in the Southern Permian Basin were deposited under marine conditions. The carbonates form part of a largely progradational infill, with a gradual northward facies shift. The paleogeography of the Zechstein carbonate deposits has been reviewed recently on the base of well data, cores and publications. This has resulted in three updated maps of the carbonate units. These maps reflect the increase in knowledge of the palaeogeography of the Zechstein as a result of several decades of subsurface exploration. It is found that deposition of the carbonates was controlled by various factors, i.e., rifting during deposition of the basal Zechstein, sea-level fluctuations and basin subsidence. This resulted in an overall E-W orientated facies distribution in the Zechstein carbonates, and in the gradual northward shift of the various facies belts in time.

Reefs in the Zl Carbonate Member and off-platform highs and turbidites in the Z2 Carbonate Member have been identified as potential future exploration targets.