bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the content of company-specific plant role models in international manufacturing networks
Authors: Kaiser Jens , Friedli Thomas
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study explores the phenomenon of company-specific plant role models. Following the establishment of distinct lead factories, recent studies imply that multinational companies are now using more detailed plant roles to manage manufacturing networks. While multiple plant role typologies can be found in literature, this is, to our knowledge, the first article to systematically analyze the content of such company-specific plant roles.

Design/methodology/approach

We rely on a multiple-case study design of 29 plant role models primarily belonging to multinational companies headquartered in German-speaking countries. Coding is performed to analyze the models for similarities and differences.

Findings

The content of company-specific plant role models seems highly dependent on a company’s context; hence, there is no one best way to build them. Companies appear to be pursuing different priorities with the application of plant roles, for example, the reorganization of manufacturing networks, the systematic allocation of products or the definition of decision-making autonomy. Compared to the primarily two-dimensional models from theory, companies rely on more dimensions to make their plant roles practical. Similar to models from literature, competence bandwidth, inter-plant knowledge/information flow and location advantage are the most relevant dimensions to differentiate plants from a headquarters’ perspective.

Practical implications

Plant role models are a powerful management tool that enables delayering the complexity and allows for proactive management of manufacturing networks. Managers fit the content of their plant role models to their company-specific context and the intended application for manufacturing networks. Managers aiming to build company-specific plant roles can use the conceptual framework based on the empirical findings as a benchmark.

Originality/value

This study complements prior research on plant roles by acknowledging that companies might develop their own version of plant role models rather than copying the ones from the literature. By doing so, we explore how plant roles look like in a real-world setting.
Frontline employee work engagement and customer service evaluations: a conceptual replication
Authors: Van Vaerenbergh Yves , Hazée Simon
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The relationship between frontline employee work engagement and customer service evaluations is a major theme in service research. Recent studies have called for further exploration and validation of this relationship. This paper conceptually replicates the work engagement-customer service evaluations link within the context of technology-mediated voice-to-voice encounters. Moreover, we extend prior work by examining how work engagement influences customer service evaluations depending on the outcome of the service encounter (positive or negative).

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted a multilevel, multi-source study involving data from 4,198 customer interactions and 346 employees at a major European telecom operator. The data were analyzed using a linear mixed effects model.

Findings

The study could not replicate the relationship between work engagement and customer service evaluations in technology-mediated voice-to-voice encounters. The findings reveal that customers who interacted with a highly engaged employee but received a negative service outcome evaluated the interaction more negatively than those who interacted with a less engaged employee. Conversely, when the service outcome was positive, work engagement was not significantly related to customer service evaluations.

Originality/value

In voice-to-voice encounters, employee engagement appears to have little impact on customer service evaluations and can even be detrimental when the service outcome is negative. This study is among the first to empirically demonstrate a negative effect of work engagement on customer service evaluations. Future replication studies are needed to validate these findings.
Contributing to Indonesia’s SDG achievement: disclosures of regional-owned enterprises
Authors: Muskanan Moni Wehelmina , Tilt Carol , Rao Kathy , Whait Rob
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This paper investigates how Indonesian regional government-owned enterprises disclose what they plan, account for and report their sustainable development goal (SDG) contributions, showcasing their commitment in attaining impactful SDG achievement. In doing so, it aims to highlight how adopting a sustainability accounting and reporting (SAR) framework can enhance SDG disclosures.

Design/methodology/approach

Content analysis, guided by an adapted SAR framework, is employed to examine the SDG disclosures across planning, accounting and reporting in 2019–2020 annual/sustainability reports of the 24 enterprises.

Findings

Most Indonesian regional government-owned enterprises or badan usaha milik daerah (BUMDs) studied adhered primarily to Financial Services Authority Regulation (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)) 51/2017, which does not sufficiently enforce SDG disclosures in the planning stage. They disclosed SDG-related activities in the accounting and reporting stages, highlighting programme implementation and budget realisation with little emphasis on strategic planning. This resulted in inadequate evidence in the disclosures of the strategic actions to comprehensively plan, account for and report their SDG achievement, essential information for stakeholders to showcase their meaningful actions to contribute to national and global SDG progress.

Originality/value

Prior SDG disclosure studies highly focus on analysing the linkages of organisations’ reported sustainability programmes contributing to national SDG achievements, neglecting the investigation of how organisation should employ SAR to disclose what they plan, account for and report their impactful SDG contribution to stakeholders. This paper addresses this underexplored context, particularly in local government-owned enterprises which have a crucial role in accelerating SDG achievement. Given the global nature of SDGs, this analysis provides valuable lessons for organisations and regulators in Indonesia and other developing countries to utilise SAR to enhance SDG reporting. So that, they can better plan, account for and report tangible actions toward meaningful SDG achievement.
The role of SME’s owner-manager decision-making styles in marketing strategies and organizational performance
Authors: Seronato Kelly Mara , Martins Tomás Sparano
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Although studies have analyzed individual factors and their impact on marketing strategies and organizational performance, little is known about the owner-manager’s decision-making style. In the marketing literature of micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), little attention has been paid to the decision-maker. This study aims to gauge the impact of the manager's decision-making styles (rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant and spontaneous) on marketing strategy creativity, on its implementation effectiveness and, consequently, on organizational performance.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses a quantitative and descriptive approach. The data collection technique was through a survey with structured questionnaires in an online format. The data were collected from Brazilian micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the commerce and service sectors. The nonprobabilistic sampling included 206 valid responses. The data were analyzed using the technique of structural equation modeling (SEM) through the partial least squares method (PLS).

Findings

Among the main results, it was observed that rational, dependent and avoidant styles influence the creativity and implementation effectiveness of marketing strategies, and that these two factors positively impact organizational performance. In addition, it was found that part of the effect of rational, dependent and avoidant styles on performance occurs through the creativity and implementation effectiveness of the marketing strategy. However, the effect of the intuitive style and spontaneous style was not significant.

Practical implications

For owner-managers, the main implication is that they need to be rational, carefully analyzing the information and options available, ask for support when necessary for their team or partners and avoid procrastinating decisions. This can aid the development of more creative and effective implementations of their marketing strategies, which consequently, may contribute to better performance results.

Originality/value

The main contribution of this study was to add a new approach (decision-making styles) to the SME marketing literature. Moreover, this study integrates organizational (focused on marketing) and behavioral (focused on the manager's decision-making style) perspectives as factors that improve organizational performance.
Food waste in hospitals: implications and strategies for reduction: a systematic review
Authors: Mahmoudifar Kamiar , Raeesi Ahmad , Kiani Behzad , Rezaie Mitra
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to comprehensively and extensively investigate food waste in hospitals and the environmental and economic effects it imposes on society. By knowing the reasons and factors affecting the creation of such wastes, it is possible to help reduce these effects.

Design/methodology/approach

This study was conducted by systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science databases.

Findings

The results suggest that high-income countries such as Denmark, Sri Lanka, Portugal and Spain have more significant amounts of food waste than low-income countries like Turkey. The main reasons for food waste include inadequate food quality, low patient appetite and issues with the dining environment. Therefore, it is crucial to address these root causes to minimize food waste and alleviate the burden on the environment.

Research limitations/implications

The study relies primarily on secondary data analysis and does not include original food waste audits or interviews with hospital staff. While the literature review provides useful background, conducting first-hand audits and interviews could strengthen the study by providing more current, contextualized and granular insights into food waste in hospitals. The lack of primary data collection limits the ability to make hospital-specific recommendations or quantify the opportunity for improvement. Additionally, the focus is on general frameworks rather than interventions tailored to the needs and constraints of hospitals in low- and middle-income regions. More region-specific research would be needed to understand nuanced challenges and develop customized solutions suitable for implementation in those settings.

Originality/value

Effective measures can be taken to make policies and determine appropriate solutions to reduce these wastes. By recognizing the problems in structures, one can take steps to reduce global warming and waste of national funds.
Optimizing pipeline assembly: a novel model for predicting assembly pose considering clamp constraints
Authors: Cheng Jia , Gu Bin , Yu Haidong , Gao Chang
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to develop an optimization model to enhance pipeline assembly performance. It focuses on predicting the pipeline’s assembly pose while ensuring compliance with clamp constraints.

Design/methodology/approach

The assembly pose of the pipeline is quantitatively assessed by a proposed indicator based on joint defects. The assembly interference between the pipeline and assembly boundary is characterized quantitatively. Subsequently, an analytical mapping relationship is established between the assembly pose and assembly interference. A digital fitting model, along with a novel indicator, is established to discern the fit between the pipeline and clamp. Using the proposed indicators as the optimization objective and penalty term, an optimization model is established to predict the assembly pose based on the reinforced particle swarm optimization, incorporating a proposed adaptive inertia weight.

Findings

The optimization model demonstrates robust search capability and rapid convergence, effectively minimizing joint defects while adhering to clamp constraints. This leads to enhanced pipeline assembly efficiency and the achievement of a one-time assembly process.

Originality/value

The offset of the assembly boundary and imperfections in pipeline manufacturing may lead to joint defects during pipeline assembly, as well as failure in the fit between the pipeline and clamp. The assembly pose predicted by the proposed optimization model can effectively reduce the joint defects and satisfy clamp constraints. The efficiency of pipeline modification and assembly has been significantly enhanced.
Efficacy and safety of ritlecitinib, an oral JAK3/TEC family kinase inhibitor, in adolescent and adult patients with alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis
Authors: Mesinkovska Natasha , King Brett , Zhang Xingqi , Guttman‐Yassky Emma , Magnolo Nina , Sinclair Rodney , Mizuashi Masato , Shapiro Jerry , Peeva Elena , Banerjee Anindita , Takiya Liza , Cox Lori Ann , Wajsbrot Dalia , Kerkmann Urs , Law Ernest , Wolk Robert , Schaefer Gregor
Published: September 2024

This post‐hoc analysis of the ALLEGRO phase 2b/3 study (NCT03732807) evaluated the efficacy and safety of ritlecitinib, an oral Janus kinase 3/TEC family kinase inhibitor, in patients with alopecia totalis (AT) and alopecia universalis (AU). Patients aged ≥ 12 years with alopecia areata (AA) and ≥50% scalp hair loss received once‐daily ritlecitinib 50 or 30 mg (± 4‐week 200‐mg loading dose) or placebo for 24 weeks. In a subsequent 24‐week extension period, the ritlecitinib groups continued their doses and patients initially assigned to placebo switched to ritlecitinib (200/50 or 50 mg daily). In this analysis, clinician‐ and patient‐reported hair regrowth outcomes were assessed at weeks 24 and 48 in four AA subgroups: AT/AU, AT, AU, and non‐AT/AU. Safety was monitored throughout. Of the 718 randomized patients, 151 (21%) and 147 (20%) were defined as having AT or AU, respectively. At week 24, Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score ≤20 (≤20% scalp hair loss) response rates were higher in the ritlecitinib‐treated AT/AU, AT, and AU groups (7%–14%, 7%–21%, and 4%–10%, respectively) vs the placebo group (0% in the AT/AU, AT, and AU groups). The proportions of patients with a SALT score of ≤20 increased through week 48 (AT/AU, 13%–31%; AT, 11%–27%; AU, 6%–41%). Additionally, at week 24, 25%–43%, 32%–42%, and 12%–50% of patients with AT/AU, AT, and AU, respectively, who received ritlecitinib achieved a moderately or greatly improved response based on the Patient Global Impression of Change scale. Response rates generally increased through week 48 and were similar across AA subgroups. In patients with AT/AU, ritlecitinib was well tolerated with a safety profile consistent with that of the overall AA population. Ritlecitinib demonstrated clinical efficacy, patient‐reported improvement, and an acceptable safety profile in patients with AT and AU through week 48. A plain language summary of this study is available at https://doi.org/10.25454/pfizer.figshare.26879161. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03732807.
Spring precipitation amount and timing predict restoration success in a semi‐arid ecosystem
Authors: Denton Elsie M. , Sheley Roger L. , Hardegree Stuart P.
Published: September 2024

Successful restoration of semi‐arid ecosystems remains a challenging problem. Many studies have tried to elucidate the factors that limit seedling establishment so that mitigating actions can be taken during restoration. However, most studies have been plot‐based trials on individual sites that encompass only 1 or 2 years of meteorological variation. This limits the inferences that can be drawn.

To move beyond short‐term research, we examined seedling establishment after the first growing season on 48 public lands sites undergoing restoration in the sagebrush steppe of the northern Great Basin over the course of 5 years (2016–2020), while simultaneously accounting for a broad suite of biotic (five), abiotic site (six), management (five) and weather variables (29). All these variables have been previously identified as influencing successful restoration.

Using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and a random forest algorithm, we identified nine variables associated with surviving seedlings at the end of the first growing season. Seedling establishment averaged 9.6 (±10.2 SD) individuals m−2.

Precipitation variables accounted for 75% of the explained variation in seedling survival. April precipitation was the largest contributor and accounted for 27% of explained variation. Average length of dry period in February and number of rainfall events >5 mm March–May were also important predictors of survival, accounting for 13% and 10% of the explained variation, respectively. Only one biotic variable (annual grass density) and one management variable (drill seeding) accounted for more than 5% of the explained variance by the model.

While temperature may be important in many models of seedling establishment, water availability during the emergence period (February–April) appeared to play the most important role determining the number of seedlings surviving at the end of the first growing season in this study.

Synthesis and applications. The importance of April precipitation in predicting seedling establishment densities makes it a variable that should be included in restoration success forecasting models. Similarly, since dry periods and precipitation frequency combined explain nearly as much variation in establishment, efforts should be made to improve seasonal forecasting to include predictions of frequency and event size.
Medicalising agents? Teachers’ uncertainty and emerging expertise in the age of inclusion policy and medicalisation in Israel
Authors: Plotkin‐Amrami Galia , Feniger Yariv , Umansky Yam
Published: September 2024

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a paradigmatic case for childhood medicalisation. Critical studies of medicalisation have pointed to the increasing clinical role of schools, with teachers tending to rely on medical treatment of students with ADHD and are perceived as a primary source of diagnostic information. Based on 27 semi‐structured interviews with teachers working in two Israeli elementary and middle schools, this research explored how teachers mediate the medicalisation process and understand their responsibilities in the classroom amidst the emphasis on inclusion in contemporary Israel. We found that teachers offer a wide range of explanations of the disorder and its prevalence, and their attitudes to medication are ambivalent. We argue that teachers develop pedagogical (lay) expertise in the field of ADHD in parallel with and in opposition to medical solutions. Such expertise is based on practical experience and close interaction with students. A top‐down ideological imperative of inclusion, combined with uncertainty about ADHD, has generated a bottom‐up set of preformative practices of ‘containment’ of troubled students. Teachers’ emerging knowledge and practices raise questions about the relationship between medicalisation, policy, expertise and the pragmatic value of medical categories when applied outside the medical establishment.
PAX1/SOX1 DNA Methylation Versus Cytology and HPV16/18 Genotyping for the Triage of High‐Risk HPV‐Positive Women in Cervical Cancer Screening: Retrospective Analysis of Archival Samples
Authors: Chan Karen K. L. , Liu Stephanie S. , Lau Lesley S. K. , Ngu Siew Fei , Chu Mandy M. Y. , Tse K. Y. , Cheung Annie N. Y. , Ngan Hextan Y. S.
Published: September 2024

Objective

To compare the performance of cytology, HPV16/18 genotyping and PAX1/SOX1 methylation for the triage of high‐risk HPV‐positive cervical samples.

Design

Retrospective analyses of archival samples collected from a large‐scale prospective randomised controlled trial.

Setting/Sample

HPV‐positive women recruited from the general cervical screening population.

Methods

403 HPV‐positive samples including 113 normal, 173 low‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (LG‐CIN), 114 HG‐CIN and three cervical cancers. All samples were assessed by liquid‐based cytology, HPV genotyping and PAX1/SOX1 methylation.

Main Outcome Measures

AUC (area under the curve), sensitivity and specificity for cytology, HPV16/18 genotyping and PAX1/SOX1 methylation for high‐grade (HG) premalignant cervical lesions.

Results

PAX1 was more sensitive than cytology and HPV16/18 genotyping in detecting a HG lesion (CIN2+). The sensitivity for PAX1, SOX1, cytology and HPV16/18 were 73.5% (95% CI: 65.5–81.5), 41.9% (95% CI: 32.9–50.8), 48.7% (95% CI: 39.7–57.8) and 36.8% (95% CI: 28.0–45.5), respectively, and their respective specificities were 70.3% (95% CI: 65.0–75.6), 83.6% (95% CI: 79.3–87.9), 77.6% (95% CI: 72.8–82.5) and 67.1% (95% CI: 61.7–72.6), respectively. Overall, PAX1 gave the best AUC at 0.72. Adding SOX1 to PAX1 did not improve the AUC (0.68). Three hundred and twenty‐two women who did not have a HG lesion at baseline were followed up for two rounds of screening. Fewer women developed a HG lesion with a normal baseline PAX1 compared to women with a normal baseline cytology or negative HPV16/18 (8.4% vs. 14.5% and 17.5%, respectively).

Conclusion

PAX1 triage for referral to colposcopy in HPV‐positive women may be superior to cytology and HPV16/18 genotyping.
Review article: A primer for clinical researchers in the emergency department: Part XIII. Strategies to engage staff and enhance participant recruitment in emergency department research
Authors: O'Brien Sharon , Wilson Catherine , Duck Megan , Nieva Gaby , Rao Medhawani P , Haskell Libby
Published: September 2024

Conducting research in ED is important and necessary to improve emergency care. Effective recruitment is an essential ingredient for the success of a research project and must be carefully monitored. Research coordinators are focused on optimising recruitment to research studies while also ensuring that the needs of participants and their families are met, and the research is acceptable to ED staff. In this paper, a group of experienced research coordinators from Australia and New Zealand have shared their strategies to engage staff and enhance recruitment of participants in emergency research. Although this paper is from a paediatric research network, the findings are applicable for EDs in general, both in Australasia and elsewhere.
Plant‐based egg washes for use in baked goods: Machine learning and visual parameter analysis
Authors: Benbow Kara , Helmick Harrison , Kokini Jozef L.
Published: September 2024

Pea protein is one potential environmentally sustainable way of recreating the functionality of eggs in coatings for baked goods. These coatings are commonly applied to enhance visual properties of baked goods that consumers desire, especially color and gloss. This project used a simplified pie crust formulation (flour, shortening, and water) as a model baked good system to investigate color and gloss properties of pea protein coatings comprising three pea protein glycerol ratios, prepared at 2 pH values, and applied at three different weights, baked for either 15 or 30 min. Pictures were also taken and used to estimate L*, a*, and b* colorimeter values from images using random forest and artificial neural network models developed using SciKit‐Learn. Image acquisition was also conducted at different lighting conditions and the results are corrected utilizing a principal component analysis (PCA) weighting approach. Results show that pea protein glycerol solutions are all glossier than egg washes, and the 80%/20% ratio gives the highest glossiness. Furthermore, there are not significant differences in any of the colorimeter values at any concentration when applying 1 g of protein. The artificial neural network model coupled with PCA weighting led to reasonable estimates of color at different lighting conditions. Together, these results offer an alternative for the use of pea protein/glycerol in lieu of egg washes.
Microencapsulation of total saponins from stem and leaf of Panax notoginseng by freeze and spray drying: Process optimization, physicochemical properties, structure, antioxidant activity, and stability
Authors: Hu Yunfei , Zhang Hui , Lu Yan , Ao Donghui , Liang Zhengwei , Zhao Ming , Yang Shengchao , Tang Qingyan
Published: September 2024

Ginsenosides are the primary active substance in ginseng plants and have a variety of benefits. However, its light and heat stability are weak and easy to decompose. This study used gum arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) as wall materials, and 1% Tween 80 was used as emulsifier. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the preparation process of total saponins in the stems–leaves of Panax notoginseng (SLPNs) (SSLP) microcapsules by spray drying and freeze drying techniques. Under optimal process conditions, the two microcapsules have better solubility and lower moisture content (MC). The color of spray‐dried SSLP microcapsules was greener and bluer, and the color was brighter. In morphology, the spray‐dried SSLP microcapsules were spherical with a slightly shrunk surface, whereas the freeze‐dried ones were lamellar and porous. The two microcapsules have strong stability under different storage conditions and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulation. In addition, both microcapsules and free SSLP contained multiple ginsenosides. At the same time, both microcapsules had good free radical scavenging ability. These results indicate that the microencapsulation technology could improve the stability and bioavailability of SSLP, which is expected to provide a reference for the intensive processing of the SLPN.

Practical Application

After microencapsulation, the stem and leaf extract of Panax notoginseng improved its stability and taste, which laid a foundation for making more nutritious and better tasting food of the stem and leaf of P. notoginseng.
Assessment of the effect of lactic acid bacteria fermentation on IgE‐/IgG‐binding ability and nutritional properties of cow milk
Authors: Liang Xiaona , Qu Yezhi , Yan Shuangping , Wang Jing , Sha Yicheng , Zhang Meng , Sun Yufei , Xie Xianxiang , Song Huwei , Zhao Shanshan , Hu Li
Published: September 2024

Cow milk (CM) is an important food source for humans, and food allergy caused by CM has attracted attention worldwide. To our knowledge, systematic studies about the effects of Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Pediococcus pentosaceus on the IgE‐/IgG‐binding ability and nutritional properties of CM are very rare. In this study, L. paracasei, L. plantarum, and P. pentosaceus fermentation on the IgE‐/IgG‐binding ability was determined by Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and the protein quality, amino acid profile, and color were systematically evaluated. The results showed that these LAB strains exhibited higher protein degradation ability, and the IgE reactivity reduction rate was 41.03%–60.00% and the IgG reduction rate was 29.86%–67.20%, respectively. Additionally, the nutritional value was improved obviously, and the color was altered significantly, which was conductive to develop dairy products. These findings provided a theoretical foundation for the development of hypoallergenic dairy products.

Practical Application

In this study, L. paracasei, L. plantarum and P. pentosaceus could be considered as good potential candidates for solving cow milk allergy owing to their decreased IgE/IgG binding ability andimproved nutritional and sensory properties, which provide a promising strategy to develop hypoallergenic dairy products.
Exploring the genetic variability, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes from fresh produce, ready‐to‐eat hummus, and food‐processing environments
Authors: Toit Samantha Anne du , Rip Diane
Published: September 2024

Listeria monocytogenes is ubiquitous in nature and persistent in food‐processing facilities, farms, retail stores, and home and restaurant kitchens. Current research suggests ready‐to‐eat (RTE) products (including RTE hummus and fresh produce) to be of increasing interest and concern. These foods are typically stored at refrigeration temperatures suited to the survival of L. monocytogenes and are consumed without further processing. Since L. monocytogenes is ubiquitous in agricultural environments, the cultivation of fresh produce predisposes it to contamination. The contamination of RTE foods originates either from raw ingredients or, more commonly, from cross‐contamination within food‐processing facilities. Research on the food‐processing environment has been recommended to reduce the incidence of L. monocytogenes in foods. The consumption of contaminated foods by immunocompromised individuals causes invasive listeriosis, with a 20% to 30% fatality rate despite treatment. The emergence of antibiotic‐resistant strains has reduced the effectiveness of modern medicine and may increase morbidity and mortality. Without epidemiological surveillance and identifying trends in disease determinants, no action can be taken to improve food safety and mitigate the risk of such outbreaks.
Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) seed extract on glycemic index, in vitro digestibility, and physical characterization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) starch
Authors: Mate Payal S. , Verma Vivek Chandra , Agrawal Sanjeev , Jaiswal Jai Prakash , Kumari Venugopalan Visha , Kumar Rajeev , Kumari Mala , Gaber Ahmed , Hossain Akbar
Published: September 2024

Diabetes is a major health concern and is approaching epidemic proportions worldwide. In 2021, diabetes mellitus was responsible for 6.7 million deaths across the globe. Mortality due to diabetes is predicted to rise nearly 10‐fold by 2030 and 783 million by 2045. Wheat starch, which constitutes about 70% of the endosperm, is a key component of wheat grain. The rapid hydrolysis of wheat starch can result in elevated postprandial glucose levels, leading to diabetes. The increase in blood glucose levels is primarily due to carbohydrate hydrolysis, catalyzed by the enzymes α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase. Although various medications are available for treating diabetes, most of them are costly and may lead to adverse effects. Natural herbs like fenugreek are recommended in traditional medicine for regulating blood glucose levels. This investigation aimed to study the effect of fenugreek seed extract (FSE) on in vitro starch hydrolysis by pancreatic α‐amylase and the ultrastructure of starch. Wheat cultivars were characterized for their total starch, amylose content, and resistant starch content, and were screened for their predicted glycemic index. Microscopic studies were conducted to analyze the size and shape of starch granules and to compare native starch with starch treated with FSE. Significant inhibition of enzymatic starch hydrolysis was observed with FSE, with the maximum inhibitory effect caused by 0.2% FSE. These findings suggest that fenugreek could play a role in controlling blood glucose levels by reducing wheat starch hydrolysis and could be effective in managing diabetes.
3DKMI: A MATLAB package to generate shape signatures from Krawtchouk moments and an application to species delimitation in planktonic foraminifera
Authors: Lin Huahua , Zhang Wenshu , Mulqueeney James M. , Brombacher Anieke , Searle‐Barnes Alex , Nixon Mark , Cai Xiaohao , Ezard Thomas H. G.
Published: September 2024

Abstract

The rapid and repeatable characterization of individual morphology has advanced automated taxonomic classification. The most direct study of evolutionary processes is, however, not from taxonomic description, but rather of the evolution of the traits that comprise individuals and define species. Repeatable signatures of individual morphology are crucial for analysing the response to selection at scale, and thus tracking evolutionary trajectories through time and across species boundaries.

Here, we introduce our 3DKMI—an open‐source MATLAB package designed for the study of morphology using three‐dimensional (3D) Krawtchouk moment invariants. The volumetric features derived from the 3D images remain stable under translation, scaling and rotation and, for an image of size 128 × 128 × 128 can be computed in less than 0.1 s.

We applied our package as a case study on a collection of 300 X‐ray computed tomography scans of planktonic foraminifera specimens across five species to (1) assess the invariance of the features under different transformations and (2) analyse morphological differences among species based on the extracted characteristics.

We show that 3DKMI has the capacity to efficiently and repeatedly characterize the signatures of individual morphology. In the future, we hope that the 3D feature extraction technique 3DKMI will be widely applied to digital collections to advance research in ecology and evolution.
Voucher‐based contingency management to promote treatment engagement in comorbid alcohol use disorder and alcohol‐related liver disease: A pilot theory‐informed qualitative study with service users
Authors: Hemrage Sofia , Parkin Stephen , Kalk Nicola , Shah Naina , Deluca Paolo , Drummond Colin
Published: September 2024

Background

Effective interventions for the management of alcohol‐related liver disease (ARLD) remain a gap in clinical practice, and patients' engagement with alcohol services is suboptimal. Based upon the principles of operant conditioning, contingency management (CM) is a psychosocial intervention th at involves gradual, increasing incentives upon completion of treatment‐related goals such as treatment attendance.

Methods

A pilot feasibility trial was conducted with 30 adult patients recruited from an inpatient clinical setting. Consecutive sampling was used to recruit patients presenting comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD) and ARLD. Participants were randomized to integrated liver care (ILC), receiving hepatology and AUD care, or ILC with a voucher‐based CM intervention (intervention arm). A longitudinal qualitative approach was adopted to explore anticipated (Stage 1) and experienced acceptability (Stage 2). The Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA) guided semi‐structured in‐depth interviews and deductive analysis.

Results

Thirty participants were enrolled in the pilot trial, and interviews were conducted with 24 participants at Stage 1 and seven at Stage 2. Over half of the cohort (54.2%, n = 13) presented decompensated liver disease, and an average of 179 units of alcohol were consumed per week. Overall positive views toward voucher‐based CM were noted, and explanatory data emerged across five TFA domains (intervention coherence, ethicality, self‐efficacy, perceived effectiveness, and affective attitude). The core aspects of the voucher‐based CM intervention matched participants' preferences and needs. Participants regarded CM as having a symbolic value and strengthening the therapeutic alliance with healthcare providers.

Conclusion

The data support the scope of voucher‐based CM intervention to promote engagement with treatment services, and its potential to address the gaps in the care continuum in ARLD. The findings are of practical significance for developing person‐centered, tailored interventions for this clinical population. The outcomes of this investigation can inform decision‐making among stakeholders and healthcare providers and improve health outcomes for this clinical population.
Regulatory T cells and their role in allergic disease
Authors: Conrad Melanie L. , Barrientos Gabriela , Cai Xuejun , Mukherjee Saikat , Das Mrinmoy , Stephen‐Victor Emmanuel , Harb Hani
Published: September 2024

The incidence of allergic diseases has been rising over the past decades, and this troubling trend coincides with environmental changes such as shifts in diet and increased antibiotic use, both of which can impact our immune system. Allergic reactions occur when the immune system overreacts to normally harmless substances, and it is known that regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a major role in immune system suppression and the generation of tolerance. However, new research suggests that Tregs can malfunction in environments that promote allergies. This review delves into Treg function, and how environmental factors can influence their ability to maintain immune homeostasis. Specifically, we explore the origins of Treg cells, as well as the mechanisms used for suppression of inflammation and tissue healing, with a concentration on food allergies, atopic dermatitis and asthma. Understanding Treg function in the context of a changing environment is crucial for developing new strategies to prevent and treat allergies.
Effects of parity, calving season, and previous lactation's milk yield on fertility of dairy cows on a commercial farm
Authors: Sasaki Yosuke , Kaneda Seishiro , Minamino Tomoya , Honkawa Kazuyuki , Horii Yoichiro
Published: September 2024

This study investigated the effects of parity, season, and the previous lactation's milk yield on fertility in dairy cows. A total of 5,514 calving records for Holstein cows that calved between 2016 and 2018 on a single large dairy farm in Japan were used for analysis. The proportion of cows that get pregnant by 360 days after calving was defined as the percentage of all cows eligible for breeding that became pregnant. In the all‐cow model, pregnancy probability associated with both parity and calving season (p < 0.05). Pregnancy probability decreased with an increase in parity, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.75 (1.58–1.94) for parity 1, 1.25 (1.13–1.39) for parity 2, 1.15 (1.04–1.29) for parity 3, and 1.13 (1.00–1.27) for parity 4, relative to parity ≥5. In terms of calving season, the lowest pregnancy probability was found in spring, and the HRs relative to spring were 1.16 (1.07–1.26) for summer, 1.35 (1.24–1.47) for autumn, and 1.17 (1.07–1.27) for winter. In the multiparous‐cow model, pregnancy probability associated with the previous lactation's milk yield (p < 0.05), but not with parity or calving season. Cows with high and middle previous milk yields had lower pregnancy probabilities than those with low milk yields.
Time to lymphoma treatment within 24 months in ‘watch and wait’ follicular lymphoma is associated with inferior outcomes: A multicentre analysis
Authors: Liu Jing , Gao Fenghua , Zhang Tingting , Wang Jiesong , Li Zhiming , Liu Lihong , Zhou Hui , Zhang Xudong , Sun Xiuhua , Zhang Wei , Xu Bing , Su Liping , Wen Shujuan , Tao Rong , Bai Ou , Zou Liqun , Li Lanfang , Qiu Lihua , Qian Zhengzi , Zhou Shiyong , Song Yuqin , Zhang Qingyuan , Wang Xianhuo , Zhang Huilai
Published: September 2024

Some ‘watch and wait’ (W&W) FL patients suffer from rapid progression in a short term. Herein, we sought to identify these patients and also develop a risk score to screen them at diagnosis. Between 2008 and 2022, a total of 411 FL patients managed by the W&W strategy from 16 cancer centres were retrospectively enrolled in this study, and their time to lymphoma treatment (TLT) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were evaluated. Thirty‐five percent of W&W FL patients experienced TLT within 24 months (TLT24) after diagnosis. Their 5‐year PFS rate was significantly lower than those without treatment at 24 months (62.3% vs. 89.5%). In multivariable analysis, five factors were identified as independent predictors of TLT24: stages III–IV, β2 microglobulin ≥3 mg/L, lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio <3.8, bone marrow involvement and spleen enlargement (above umbilical line). Their AUCs for TLT24 were 0.76 (95% CI, 0.70–0.82) in the training cohort and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.67–0.85) in the validation cohort respectively. Risk groups were also associated with PFS (p < 0.001). In FL patients initially managed by W&W, TLT24 was associated with poor outcomes. This multivariable model helps screening for predicting TLT24, which may be useful to identify candidates for early interventional treatment.
Deferasirox, an iron chelator, impacts myeloid differentiation by modulating NF‐kB activity via mitochondrial ROS
Authors: Jeffries Nathan E. , Sadreyev Daniel , Trull Elizabeth C. , Chetal Kashish , Yvanovich Emma E. , Mansour Michael K. , Sadreyev Ruslan I. , Sykes David B.
Published: September 2024

The iron chelator deferasirox (DFX) is effective in the treatment of iron overload. In certain patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, DFX can also provide a dramatic therapeutic benefit, improving red blood cell production and decreasing transfusion requirements. Nuclear Factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB) signalling has been implicated as a potential mechanism behind this phenomenon, with studies focusing on the effect of DFX on haematopoietic progenitors. Here, we examine the phenotypic and transcriptional effects of DFX throughout myeloid cell maturation in both murine and human model systems. The effect of DFX depends on the stage of differentiation, with effects on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and NF‐kB pathway regulation that vary between progenitors and neutrophils. DFX triggers a greater increase in mitochondrial ROS production in neutrophils and this phenomenon is mitigated when cells are cultured in hypoxic conditions. Single‐cell transcriptomic profiling revealed that DFX decreases the expression of NF‐kB and MYC (c‐Myc) targets in progenitors and decreases the expression of PU.1 (SPI1) gene targets in neutrophils. Together, these data suggest a role of DFX in impairing terminal maturation of band neutrophils.
Real‐world use of venetoclax in the treatment of paediatric and teenage/young adult haematological malignancies
Authors: Wilson Abbie , Moussa Ahmed , Trinquand Amélie , Malone Andrea , Tewari Sanjay , Calvert Richard , Patrick Katharine , Nicholson Emma , Smith Katy , Grandage Victoria , Baird Susan , George Lindsay , Qureshi Amrana , Borg Albert , Gibson Brenda , Patel Pritesh , Bartram Jack , Samrin Lamia , O'Connor David
Published: September 2024

Early‐phase trials of venetoclax in children and teenagers/young adults with leukaemia have yielded promising results, but there remains a paucity of real‐world data. To address this, we report a cohort of 41 children treated with venetoclax for a range of haematological malignancies, demonstrating complete remission in 43.6%, with most achieving minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity. Venetoclax was particularly effective as a bridge to transplant, with bridging successful in 75% of patients. Patients with MRD <1% at initiation of venetoclax were more likely to achieve MRD negativity (81.8% vs. 34.5%, p = 0.007) and had improved overall survival (54.5% vs. 17.9%, p = 0.004).
Apoptosis and platelet biogenesis: A new piece of information on a debated topic
Authors: Zaninetti Carlo , Greinacher Andreas
Published: September 2024

Thrombocytopenia 4 (THC4) is an extremely rare form of inherited thrombocytopenia caused by mutations in the gene encoding cytochrome c (CYCS). The mechanism leading to reduced blood platelets remains unclear, although an unrestrained megakaryocyte apoptosis as a consequence of CYCS alterations has been proposed. The report of a TCH4 family with a novel CYCS variant unravels clues on the pathogenesis of this disorder and spotlights back on the still‐discussed role of apoptosis in human platelet and megakaryocyte physiology.

Commentary on: Štika et al. A novel thrombocytopenia‐4‐causing CYCS gene variant decreases caspase activity: Three‐generation study. Br J Haematol 2024; 205: 2450‐2458.
Selective killing of castration‐resistant prostate cancer cells by formycin A via the ATF4–CHOP axis
Authors: Takei Tomoki , Hamamura Yuki , Hongo Hiroshi , Tashiro Etsu , Imoto Masaya , Kosaka Takeo , Oya Mototsugu
Published: September 2024

Prostate cancer is initially androgen‐dependent but often relapses to an androgen‐independent state called castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Currently approved therapies have limited efficacy against CRPC, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. To address this need, we conducted a drug screen in our previously established aggressive CRPC cell model. We found that formycin A induced cell death in CRPC model cells but not in parental prostate cancer cells. In addition, formycin A upregulated death receptor 5 through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, activating the “extrinsic” apoptosis pathway in CRPC model cells. Moreover, formycin A showed in vivo antitumor efficacy against CRPC xenografts in castrated nude mice. Thus, our findings highlight the potential of formycin A as a CRPC therapeutic.
Toddlers' visual exploration during decisions predicts uncertainty monitoring 1 year later
Authors: Leckey Sarah , Gonzales Christopher , Selmeczy Diana , Ghetti Simona
Published: September 2024

The longitudinal relation between toddlers' behaviors in uncertain situations (e.g., information seeking, hesitation) and preschoolers' uncertainty monitoring was investigated (between 2014 and 2019 in Northern California; Time 1: N = 183, M = 28.99 months, 53% female, 67.8% White; Time 2: N = 159, M = 41.64 months, 52.2% female). Eye movements and response latencies were recorded as children identified a target from two partially occluded (Time 1) or degraded (Time 2) images. Confidence ratings for identifications were collected at Time 2. At Time 1, gaze transitions between response options, but not response latencies and mental state language, predicted Time 2 uncertainty monitoring. Overall, these findings provide the first direct evidence of connections between toddlers' uncertainty behaviors and preschoolers' uncertainty monitoring.
Time Trends, Regional Variation and Associations of Low‐Allergy Formula Prescribing in England
Authors: Li Karen H. T. , Wing Olivia , Allen Hilary I. , Smith Timothy D. H. , Moriarty Frank , Boyle Robert J.
Published: September 2024

Background

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) overdiagnosis appears to be increasing and is associated with excessive low‐allergy formula prescription. We evaluated recent trends and regional variation in low‐allergy formula prescribing for CMA in England, and assessed potential risk factors for higher prescribing rates.

Methods

Data on national and regional prescribing of low‐allergy formulas were extracted from England's electronic prescription database using R. Region‐level factors were evaluated for potential associations with regional low‐allergy formula prescription rates using multivariate linear regression. Analysis of national prescribing trends covered 2007–2023, analysis of regional variation and region‐level factors examined 2017–2019, prior to a re‐organisation of the regional healthcare structure in England.

Results

Low‐allergy formula prescribing increased from 6.1 to 23.3 L per birth nationally, between 2007 and 2023. Regional prescribing rate varied from 0.8 to 47.6 L per birth in 2017–2019. We found significant associations between regional low‐allergy formula prescribing rate and regional prescribing rates for milk feed thickeners Gaviscon Infant and Carobel Instant (β = 0.10, p < 0.01), and for other anti‐reflux medications used in young children (β = 0.89 p < 0.01). Inconsistent associations were seen with prescribing junior adrenaline auto‐injectors and oral antibiotics. A model including these four variables accounted for 37% of regional variation in low‐allergy formula prescribing rate. Region‐level socio‐economic deprivation, CMA guideline recommendations and paediatric allergy service provision were not associated with low‐allergy formula prescribing.

Conclusions

Low‐allergy formula prescribing in England is increasing, varies significantly by region and is consistently associated with prescribing rates for milk feed thickeners and other anti‐reflux medication for young children. Community prescribing behaviours may be important determinants of CMA overdiagnosis.