bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A brief review of high entropy alloys and its future perspectives in aerospace applications
Authors: Sonar T. M. , Ivanov M. A. , Trofimov E. A. , Tin'gaev A. K. , Suleimanova I. I.
Published: June 2024

Modern engineering applications continually strive to develop light weight mechanical components with good microstructural stability, improved mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and decreased cost of repairing and maintenance. This necessitates the broad use of advanced high-performance materials like high entropy alloys (HEAs). These alloys are created by combining five or more elements for alloying in equal or somewhat substantial quantities. About 5 to 35 at. % of the alloying element is present. It is characterized primarily by greater entropy, slow diffusion, severe lattice deformation, and cocktail effects. Due to its advanced microstructural stability throughout a larger tem-perature span and for longer length of time, it demonstrates improved mechanical characteristics at ambient tempera-ture, cryogenic temperature, and extreme temperature. The diversity of elemental contents and significantly higher mixing entropy of HEAs make them mechanically superior to classic metals and alloys. It also shows better strength to weight ratio. Hence, it qualifies as a possible structural material and functional material for aeroengine applications. In this work, the studies on the HEAs are briefly reviewed. A basic explanation of the four core effects of HEAs is given. Discussion is held on microstructure and mechanical properties of HEAs. The influence of heat treatment on mechani-cal behavior and microstructure of HEAs is presented. The future scope for research and development in HEAs is briefed.
Book 1. POWER CONTROL FOR AN ELECTRICALLY POWERED WATER TREATMENT APPARATUS
Authors: Kondratev Maksim
Published: June 2024

Field of the invention. The present invention generally relates to the field of electrochemical water purification systems. More specifically, the invention relates to power control for 10 electrically driven water purification apparatuses.
Regulatory Compliance of PCDD/F Emissions by a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator. A Case Study in Sant Adrià de Besòs, Catalonia, Spain
Authors: Domingo Jose L , Nadal Marti , Rovira Joaquim
Published: June 2024

Despite incineration is an important emission source of toxic pollutants, such as heavy metals and polychlorinated dibenzo_-p-_dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), it is still one of the most widely used methods for the management of municipal solid waste. The current paper summarizes the results of a 20-year follow-up study of the emissions of PCDD/Fs by a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in Sant Adrià de Besòs (Catalonia, Spain). Samples of ambient air, soils and herbage were periodically collected near the facility and the content of PCDD/Fs was analyzed. In the last (2017) survey, mean levels in soil were 3.60 ng WHO-TEQ/kg (range: 0.40-10.6), being considerably higher than the mean concentrations of PCDD/Fs in soil samples collected near other MSWIs in Catalonia. Moreover, air PCDD/F concentrations were even higher than those found in a previous (2014) survey, as they increased from 0.026 to 0.044 pg WHO-TEQ/m3. Ultimately, the PCDD/F exposure would be associated to a cancer risk (2.5 x 10-6) for the population living in the surrounding area. Globally, this information indicates that the MSWI of Sant Adrià de Besòs could have had a negative impact on the environment and potentially on the public health, being an example of a possible inappropriate management for years.
Trichoderma as biocontrol agent - in focus
Authors: Marchuk Larrea Cecilia Nicole , Benítez Rodas Gilberto Antonio , Sandoval Walter , Arrúa Pablo , Lopez Horacio , Guillermo Enciso , Quintana Silverio , Fernández Danilo , Arrua Andrea
Published: June 2024

Trichoderma, un género de hongos filamentosos es ampliamente utilizado en la agricultura debido a sus propiedades y usos diversos, destacando su habilidad para funcionar como un agente biocontrolador contra diversos fitopatógenos. El éxito de Trichoderma se basa en múltiples mecanismos de acción, que incluyen antibiosis, micoparasitismo, competencia por espacio y nutrientes, producción de enzimas y metabolitos secundarios con actividad antimicrobiana y la estimulación de la respuesta de defensa de las plantas ante los patógenos. Esta mini revisión se centra en los mecanismos de acción de Trichoderma como biocontrolador y sus potencialidades para el uso en la agricultura. Este género de hongos filamentosos con capacidad para inhibir el crecimiento de patógenos, estimular el crecimiento de las plantas y mejorar la calidad del suelo lo convierten en un recurso valioso para los agricultores. El conocimiento de estos mecanismos puede ayudar a mejorar aún más su uso en la agricultura y promover prácticas agrícolas sostenibles.
mpact Diamonds in an Extravagant Metal Piece Found in Paraguay: Published Raman Spectra revisited
Authors: Presser Jaime L.B. , Sikder Arif M.
Published: June 2024

Raman spectroscopy analysis was performed on a 303 kg pitcher-shaped metal piece, likely bearing lonsdaleite diamonds. The Raman spectra revealed four main bands: a shifted D-band (1294-1330 cm-1), a G-band (1583-1588 cm-1), an iron meteorite band (217, 284, and 402 cm-1), and a weak fourth band (1428-1460 cm-1). FWHM values (39-162 cm-1) were high, indicative of a significant lonsdaleite component (10-100%). The shifted D-peak wavenumber and FWHM values suggest the formation of lonsdaleite diamonds under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions (1068-1541 °C), possibly due to a hypervelocity collision in space. This finding strengthens the evidence for diamonds in iron meteorites and could represent the largest diamond-bearing iron meteorite recorded to date.
Evaluación de tecnologías de aplicación para el control de la roya asiática de la soja
Authors: Quintana Lidia , Ortiz Aldo , Zimmer Deisy , Marafon Gilberto , Scholz Ruth
Published: June 2024

a disminución de los rendimientos de la soja se asocia con distintos factores entre las que se destaca la roya asiática de la soja (RAS). El control químico es una de las alternativas más utilizadas para el control de la RAS. La aplicación correcta de los fungicidas es una de las prácticas más eficientes, de la misma depende garantizar una buena distribución del principio activo, densidad adecuada y buena cobertura. Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficacia de mezcla de fungicida con diferentes tecnologías de aplicación para el control de la RAS, en el ciclo de la soja 2015/2016, se instaló un experimento en el distrito de Carlos Antonio López, departamento de Itapúa, Paraguay. Los tratamientos consistieron en la utilización del fungicida Azoxystrobin 30% + Benzobindiflupyr 15% aplicado con tres caudales de agua (50, 100 y 150 l ha-1), dos adyuvantes (N SOL H2O 10% + P2O5 SOL H2O 10% y un adyuvante mineral parafínico 42,8%) aplicados en dos horarios (9:00 y 18:00 horas). El diseño experimental fue bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial 2*2*3 con 2 variables evaluadas, severidad de la RAS y rendimiento. El horario de aplicación del fungicida con los distintos caudales de agua y adyuvantes no influyeron estadísticamente sobre el rendimiento y la severidad de la RAS, por lo que se considera que la aplicación del fungicida con un caudal de agua de 50 l ha-1 es la más recomendada por la facilidad de manejo debido el bajo volumen aplicado.
PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DESA AWILA KECAMATAN MOLAWE DALAM BENTUK PEMERIKSAAN URINE RUTIN SERTA PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN JUS ALBEDO SEMANGKA SEBAGAI AGEN DETOKSIFIKASI GINJAL
Authors: Orno Theosobia Grace , Usman Julianti Isma Sari , Atmaja Ratih Feraritra Danu , Yuniarty Tuty , Hasan Aswiro , Sarita Sultina
Published: June 2024

Kemandirian masyarakat merupakan salah satu tujuan program pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam bidang kesehatan. Desa Awila merupakan salah satu desa di Kecamatan  Molawe Kabupaten Konawe Utara yang memiliki masalah pada kesehatan ginjal. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan urine rutin sebagai pemeriksaan laboratorium dasar fungsi ginjal, mengedukasi masyarakat tentang pentingnya menjaga kesehatan ginjal serta melatih masyarakat untuk secara mandiri membuat dan mengonsumsi jus albedo semangka yang terbukti secara ilmiah dapat meningkatkan laju filtrasi glomerulus ginjal. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat menunjukkan terdapat beberapa parameter pemeriksaan urine rutin yang abnormal diantaranya proteinuria sebanyak 69%, leukosituria dengan persentase 44%, hematuria dan glukosuria berturut-turut sebesar14% dan 6%. Terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat pasca edukasi sebesar 92% disertai komitmen masyarakat untuk secara mandiri menerapkan pola konsumsi jus albedo semangka sehari-hari.
Behavioral flexibility is similar in two closely related species where only one is rapidly expanding its geographic range
Authors: Logan Corina , McCune Kelsey , Rowney Carol , Lukas Dieter
Published: June 2024

Human modified environments are rapidly increasing, which puts other species in the precarious position of either adapting to a new area or, if they are not able to adapt, shifting their range to a more suitable environment. It is generally thought that behavioral flexibility, the ability to change behavior when circumstances change, plays an important role in the ability of a species to rapidly expand their geographic range. To determine whether species differences in range expansion propensity are linked to differences in behavioral flexibility, we compared two closely related species, great-tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus; GTGR) and boat-tailed grackles (Quiscalus major; BTGR). The former is rapidly expanding their geographic range by settling in new areas, ​​whereas the latter is not. We previously found that GTGR are behaviorally flexible, however not much is known about BTGR behavior, which provides an ideal way to test the hypothesis that behavioral flexibility plays a key role in the GTGR rapid range expansion using the comparative method. We compared behavioral flexibility of GTGR from two populations across their range (an older population in the middle of the northern expansion front: Tempe, Arizona, and a more recent population on the northern edge of the expansion front: Woodland, California) with BTGR from Venus, Florida, to investigate whether the rapidly expanding GTGR are more flexible. We found that both species, and both GTGR populations, have similar levels of flexibility (measured as food type switching rates during focal follows). Our results elucidate that, while GTGR are highly flexible, flexibility may not be the primary factor involved in their successful range expansion. If this were the case, we would expect to see a rapid range expansion in BTGR as well. This comparative perspective adds further support to our previous intraspecific findings that persistence and flexibility variance play a larger role in the edge GTGR population than in the GTGR population away from the edge. Our research indicates that the hypothesis that flexibility is the primary facilitator of rapid geographic range expansions into new areas needs to be revisited.
ANALISIS PENYAKIT DEMAM BERDARAH DI KOTA PANGKAL PINANG MENGGUNAKAN METODE SPASIAL
Authors: Safriyan Safriyan Hariyanto , Prastowo Prastowo Yusuf Alrozi
Published: June 2024

Demam berdarah adalah penyakit dari virus gigitan nyamuk aedes aegypti betina. Kota Pangkal Pinang salah satu kota di provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, sekaligus ibukota dari provinsi tersebut. Kota Pangkal Pinang adalah Kota yang memiliki resiko penyakit demam berdarah karena banyak masyarakat yang tinggal di perkumuhan padat penduduk sekitar Perkotaan.Tujuan Penelitian yaitu mengidentifikasi resiko dan faktor yang memberi pengaruh besar terhadap jumlah penyakit demam berdarah di kota Pangkal Pinang dengan pertimbangan ketergantungan spasial. Penelitian menggunakan model spatial autoregresif (SAR) dengan matriks bobot spasial queen contiguity untuk menghitung ketergantungan terhadap nilai spasialnya. Penyebaran penyakit demam berdarah di kota Pangkal Pinang dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor berupa lingkup daerah rawan banjir, lingkungan kumuh perkotaan, kepadatan populasi, kekurangan jumlah puskesmas atau fasilitas kesehatan terhadap perseribu penduduk yang tinggal diperkotaan dan pengaruh kelambatan spatial. Terbukti bahwa penyakit demam berdarah di sekitar kecamatan meningkat. Hal ini ditandai dari kenaikan jumlah titik rawan penyakit demam berdarah untuk disetiap kecamatan sekitarnya. Masalah ini tentu saja disebabkan karena terdapat ketertinggalan spasial yang bersifat positif dan koefisien signifikansi yang begitu besar. Dampak langsung yang bisa dirasakan adalah apabila terdapat penambahan satu persen disetiap titik rawan banjir di salah satu kecamatan maka akan terjadi penambahan jumlah penderita penyakit demam berdarah sebanyak tiga orang.
FORÇA DE PREENSÃO MANUAL EM IDOSOS – UM ESTUDO COMPARATIVO
Authors: Soares Wellington Danilo , Ferreira Deivid Lucas de Souza , Sousa Árlen Almeida Duarte de , Moura Walter Luiz de
Published: June 2024

A redução de força de pressão manual pode identificar uma fraqueza muscular no idoso e de alguma forma, interferir nas habilidades motoras do idoso, ao diminuir força e amplitude dos movimentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a força muscular em idosos, investigando assim os benefícios preventivos e de promoção a saúde que a prática de atividade física pode proporcionar a esses indivíduos em processo de sarcopenia, além de comparar se houve diferença entre idosos praticantes de atividade física (G1) e não praticantes (G2) no que tange a força de preensão manual. Foram incluídos na amostra do G1 indivíduos praticantes de atividade física regular. A amostra foi constituída de 127 idosos, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 60 a 94 anos. O teste de força de preensão manual foi feito com o dinamômetro Manual 50Kgf Crown. Todos os dados coletados a partir da investigação das variáveis foram digitalizados e posteriormente analisados estatisticamente no programa de estatística SPSS®, versão 20.0, para Windows®. Os idosos praticantes de atividade física do sexo masculino a média da força foi 28,57 e do sexo feminino foi 20,32. Já os idosos não praticantes de atividade física do sexo masculino a média da força foi 26,25 e do sexo feminino foi 18,62. Os resultados mostram que os idosos ativos tem maior força muscular manual que os idosos sedentários. Ao final foi possível concluir que possivelmente a prática de atividade física regular pode ter contribuído para manutenção e/ou aumento da força muscular nesse grupo de idosos ativos.
Santri’s Multi-Track Diplomacy In Promoting The Islam Nusantara Identity To Global
Authors: Maulana Ana
Published: June 2024

Prior to the 1961 Vienna Statute, only state actors were allowed to engage in diplomatic activities; however, non-state actors, including private citizens, are now included as well. This is, of course, based on several factors, starting from the flow of globalization to the role of the state, which is still unable to resolve certain issues, especially in the realm of peace advocacy. Of the many non-state actors involved in the practice of modern diplomacy, one of them is the individual actor, namely santri. Santri, in this case, has great potential and opportunities to become an actor in the world of diplomacy, especially in spreading peace advocacy. This condition can be seen through the historical record of santri, which has produced many peace-oriented movements. The dissemination of advocacy values also does not forget to highlight the characteristics of the Islam Nusantara identity, which is tolerant, friendly, and inclusive. In this regard, this research aims to explain the role of santri as diplomatic actor, especially in multi-track diplomacy to promote the Islamic values of Nusantara. The results of this research also prove that the role of santri in the realm of diplomacy is very broad and can be carried out through various multi-track diplomatic activities, ranging from inter-religious dialogue and santri exchange programs to the use of media platforms for da'wah media, which have become part of the form of novel diplomacy. In addition, to support this research, the author utilizes a qualitative research framework through the use of descriptive analysis methods and historical methods to obtain secondary data, based on internet-based research technique.
INTERSECTIONS OF AUTOBIOGRAPHY, FICTION, AND POSTMODERNISM IN KAZUO ISHIGURO’S WHEN WE WERE ORPHANS
Authors: Düzgün Şebnem
Published: June 2024

Kazuo Ishiguro’s When We Were Orphans (2000) can be read as a postmodern fictional autobiography, in which Christopher Banks, a fictional detective, uses autobiographical writing to relieve himself from his childhood traumas caused by the mysterious disappearance of his parents. Christopher reflects on past events from his mature perspective and fills in the gaps in his childhood memories by using his imagination to cope with his traumatic past. However, the narrator is unable to make a complete assessment of past events from his current perspective because of the temporal distance between the past and the present. Challenging the notions of metanarrative and linear temporality, he reimagines and reconstructs the past to create his own truths about his life. On the other hand, Christopher’s fictional autobiographical writing serves as a means for self-discovery, which compels him to confront his traumatic past rather than hide it behind the facade of a successful and renowned detective. Referring to the arguments on postmodernism and autobiographical writing, this article examines When We Were Orphans as a postmodern fictional autobiography to show that the narrator reconstructs and reshapes his story in order to create a coherent and cohesive personal reality and mitigate his childhood traumas.
KÜLTÜREL YÖNELİMLERDEN KENDİNİ AYARLAMA VE OTANTİKLİĞE: BENLİK BİLİNÇLİLİĞİNİN ARACI ROLÜ
Authors: Elmas Pınar , Büyükşahin Sunal Ayda
Published: June 2024

Bu çalışmanın amacı, kültürel yönelimlerin (bireycilik ve toplulukçuluk) kendini ayarlama (korumacı ve kazanıcı kendini ayarlama) ve otantiklik (otantiklik ve ilişkisel otantiklik) ile ilişkisini incelemek ve bu ilişkide benlik bilinçliliğinin (özel benlik bilinçliliği ve aleni benlik bilinçliliği) aracı rolünü test etmektir. Ayrıca, çalışmada Kendini Ayarlama Ölçeği’nin iki faktörlü bir yapıda olup olmadığı merak konusu olmuş ve farklı bir örneklemde psikometrik bir inceleme yapılmıştır. Ölçeğin beklendiği gibi iki faktörlü bir yapıda olduğu ve kabul edilebilir düzeyde geçerli ve güvenilir olduğu görülmüştür. Ardından, ana çalışma için 425 (%66)’i kadın ve 218 (%34)’i erkek olmak üzere 643 üniversite öğrencisine ulaşılmıştır. Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Kısa Bireycilik Toplulukçuluk Ölçeği, Kendini Ayarlama Ölçeği, Otantiklik Ölçeği ve Benlik Bilinçliliği Ölçeği veri toplama araçları olarak kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, özel benlik bilinçliliğinin bireycilik ile otantiklik arasındaki ilişkide ve toplulukçuluk ve ilişkisel otantiklik arasındaki ilişkide aracı rolde olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, aleni benlik bilinçliliğinin toplulukçuluk ile korumacı kendini ayarlama, kazanıcı kendini ayarlama ve otantiklik arasındaki ilişkilerde aracı rol üstlendiği görülmüştür. Çalışma bulguları, sosyal koşullara göre davranışlarını ayarlayan kişilerin, gerçek benlikleriyle uyumlu bir yaşam sürmede zorlanabilecekleri sonucunu düşündürmektedir. Bu da, otantikliğin önemine işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca, özel benlik bilinçliliğinin kişiyi otantikliğe yakınlaştırdığı, aleni benlik bilinçliliğinin ise otantiklikten alıkoyduğu ve korumacı kendini ayarlamaya yönelttiği görülmüştür. Bu bulgu da, bireyin kendine özgü yanlarının bilincinde olmasının önemini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Şöyle ki, sürekli başkaları tarafından izlendiği ve bu doğrultuda değerlendirmeye tabi tutulduğunu düşünmek, kişinin kendisini ortaya koyabilmesini engelleyebilmektedir. Çalışmanın sınırlılığı ise katılımcı grubunun üniversite öğrencilerinden oluşmasıdır. Verilerin genellenebilirliği için aynı modelin yetişkin örneklemi ile de test edilmesi önerilebilir.
BUKET UZUNER’İN İKİ YEŞİL SUSAMURU ROMANINDA NEVROZ VE SEBEPLERİ
Authors: Yavuz Yasin
Published: June 2024

Nevrozlar, ruhsal iç çatışmalara verilen genel bir isimdir. Freud’a göre kalıtımsal sebeplerle oluşan bu iç çatışmalara modern psikanalizin önemli isimlerinden Karen Horney’ın getirdiği yorum oldukça önemli ve farklıdır. Horney, nevrozları açıklarken içsel çatışmaları doğuran bu hastalıkta, sosyal ve kültürel koşulların etkili olduğunu söyler. Özellikle çocukluk döneminden yaşanan sorunların ilerleyen dönemlerdeki davranışlar üzerinde etkili olduğunu vurgulayan Horney, ebeveynlerinden yeterli ilgi ve şefkati görmeyen çocukların önce düşmanlık duyguları geliştirdiğini, daha sonra da temel kaygılara kapıldığını belirtir. Horney, insanların bu kaygılardan kurtulmak için insanlara yönelme, insanlara karşı olma ve insanlardan uzaklaşma olmak üzere üç eğilim gösterdiğini belirtir. Normal insanlara oranla nevrotik bireyler bu üç eğilimden birine veya birkaçına çok radikal biçimde bağlı olurlar. Bu ise, Horney’ın zorlantı olarak ifade ettiği bir benliği ortaya koyar ki bu idealleştirilmiş bir benliktir. Bu çalışmada ise, Buket Uzuner’in İki Yeşil Susamuru adlı romanındaki insan ilişkilerine Horney’ın geliştirdiği kuram çerçevesinde yaklaşılmıştır. Buna göre romanın hem başkişisi Nilsu Baran’da hem de yardımcı kişi olan Teoman’ın çocukluk dönemlerinde temel düşmanlık geliştiği görülmüştür. Roman her ne kadar aşk ve intihar merkezli olsa da, özellikle Nilsu ve Teoman’ın eylemlerinin merkezinde çocukluk dönemlerinde geliştirdikleri düşmanlık ve kaygıların yattığı söylenebilir. Bu dönemlerinde Nilsu, yalnızlıkla boğuşurken Teoman anne baskısı altında ezilmiştir. Çalışma ise bu sorunların merkezine inmek ve daha önce aynı esere yönelik yapılan diğer araştırmalara bir katkı sunmak, farklı bir açıdan bakmak amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Opioid Analgesics in Palliative Care
Authors: Chowdhury Mostofa Kamal
Published: June 2024

Opioid analgesics are essential in palliative care, providing significant pain relief for patients with advanced illnesses or at the end of life. These medications are administered via various routes, including oral, transdermal, subcutaneous, and intravenous, and doses are carefully adjusted to achieve optimal pain control while minimizing side effects such as constipation, nausea, sedation, and respiratory depression. Despite the risks, with proper monitoring, opioids can safely enhance patients' quality of life in palliative care, complemented by psychosocial interventions to address holistic needs. Opioid rotation is a key strategy in managing pain when current opioids provide inadequate relief or cause intolerable side effects. This involves switching to an alternative opioid or adjusting the dose to optimize pain management while minimizing adverse effects. Successful opioid rotation requires careful assessment, monitoring, and collaboration among healthcare professionals. In Bangladesh, the opioid crisis differs from many Western countries, characterized by limited access to essential opioids like morphine rather than widespread abuse. Bureaucratic hurdles, lack of financial incentives for pharmaceutical companies, and insufficient demand due to "opiophobia" among physicians create significant barriers. Regulatory challenges, stigma, and limited availability result in inadequate pain relief for terminally ill patients, causing unnecessary suffering. Addressing these issues necessitates comprehensive strategies, including policy reforms to improve opioid access, education to combat stigma, and prioritizing palliative care within healthcare systems. Ensuring adequate access to opioids is crucial for upholding the dignity and comfort of those facing terminal illnesses, enabling them to receive the essential pain relief they deserve.
Bangladesh J Medicine, 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 146-147
Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: What physicians need to know ?
Authors: Ahsan Mohammad Shamsul
Published: June 2024

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a persistent or recurrent deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity that causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty not related to a medical or psychiatric condition or the use of a substance or medication. Factors responsible are bio-psycho-social and contextual. Earlier female sexuality was  not discussed and more so in Bangladesh. Over the past decade there are number of studies in western world and very few in Bangladesh. Survey  on female HSDD showed that up to 80% are reluctant to talk about their sexuality to health care providers and  at least 50% have discomfort or embarrassment and  unwilling  to seek treatment. Often vague somatic symptoms are the presenting features. Appropriate knowledge, skills and attitude is crucial to address the issue and comprehensive assessment.  Bio-psycho-social factors are related to female HSDD like altered hormones, neurotransmitters and their interactions, medical conditions like diabetis, urinary incontinence and psychiatric illness. The psychological  factors, such as boredom, situational stress, self-consciousness about body image, and distraction; and social and contextual factors that include cultural norms, familial teachings, and relationship considerations. Treatment approach also needs to consider the bio-psycho-social aspects.
Bangladesh J Medicine, 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 145
Primary PCI-A Real Life Challenge in Bangladesh
Authors: Zaman S M Mustafa
Published: June 2024

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) stands as a cornerstone in the management of acute coronary syndrome, offering significant mortality benefits when promptly administered. Despite the proven efficacy of Primary PCI, its utilization rate in Bangladesh remains alarmingly low, averaging merely 4-6%. However, its implementation in Bangladesh faces multifaceted challenges reflective of the country’s healthcare landscape. Different studies explore the real-life challenges encountered in delivering PPCI in Bangladesh, where access to specialized PPCI center is limited, health insurance coverage is deficient, public awareness regarding the criticality of timely intervention remains inadequate, delayed hospital presentation due to hesitancy and congested urban traffic exacerbating pre-hospital delays were assessed. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach involving healthcare policy reforms, establishment of more PPCI-capable centers, expansion of health insurance coverage, and extensive public health campaigns aimed at raising awareness about the significance of timely intervention in acute coronary events. By mitigating these barriers, Bangladesh can enhance the accessibility and utilization of PPCI services, ultimately improving outcomes for patients afflicted with acute coronary syndrome.
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 135-136
Recent Advancements in the Management of Obesity
Authors: Hossain Ahmed
Published: June 2024

Obesity is an increasing global health concern. Its worldwide prevalence continues to rise, estimated by the World Health Organization to have almost tripled since 1975 to affect more than 650 million adults in 2016. It is closely associated with severe chronic co-morbidities, which remain the leading causes of death.
lifestyle changes alone rarely lead to sustained weight loss, particularly in this era of ‘obesogenic’ environment. Compared with lifestyle interventions alone, all medications approved for obesity management are more effective for long-term weight loss and improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors. Older obesity medications are associated with mean weight losses in the range of 5–10%. Some medications exhibit inadequate efficacy and dangerous side effects.
 Improved understanding of the gut-brain axis has inspired the pursuit of novel medications aiming to provide sustainable and safe weight loss. The new generation of agents, including the injectable incretin analogues semaglutide and tirzepatide are associated with sustained mean weight reductions of 15–20%, along with substantial benefits on a range of health outcomes. The combination pharmacotherapies have demonstrated significantly greater efficacy in weight loss compared to the individual drugs. Bariatric surgical methods are widely employed surgical interventions for treating obesity. They provide more effective and long-lasting outcomes but carry a relatively higher risk of complications, which limits their widespread adoption. Bariatric surgeries are considered the treatment of choice for patients with a BMI >40 kg/m2 or BMI >35 kg/m2 with severe associated comorbidities. Several novel endoscopic devices and procedures are promising due to their satisfactory results, relatively lower cost, and lower risk. As minimally invasive surgery is favored by patients, there has been significant development in endoscopic weight reduction procedures and devices. Several newer therapeutic approaches such as probiotics, topical lotions, transcatheter bariatric embolization, low insulin method, or gene therapy have gained attention.
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 132
Treating tuberculosis in special situations
Authors: Kafle Mukunda Prasad
Published: June 2024

Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (tuberculosis disease) involves the use of multiple antimicrobials over several months. Therapy directed against tuberculosis (anti-tubercular therapy, or ATT) consists of rifampicin and isoniazid given daily for 6 months and pyrazinamide and ethambutol given daily for 2 months. This therapy might need customization in some special situations. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a special state where the individual possesses higher risk of developing tuberculosis disease as compared to non-CKD population. Patients on dialysis may be up to 10 times the risk. Furthermore, drug metabolism and excretion is also abnormal in this situation. Ethambutol and pyrazinamide are excreted by the kidneys. Therefore, if failed kidneys can’t adequately remove the drugs, accumulation to toxic levels might be the fate.
In glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of more than 30ml/min, normal antitubercular regimen may be utilized following the lower end of the recommended dosing per kg body weight with vigilant surveillance for adverse events. In conditions of advanced CKD, ethambutol needs dose adjustment according to the level of GFR as guided by serum creatinine level. However, to ensure optimal therapeutic levels of the drugs and avoid subtherapeutic levels, switching the schedule of therapy from daily to thrice weekly at full dosage has also been recommended. This should follow the directly observed strategy as followed in the treatment of tuberculosis. These strategies may work well for drug susceptible infections but in cases of drug resistant disease, susceptibility pattern should be followed. In hemodialysis patients, antitubercular drugs should be administered after hemodialysis. Patients with solid organ transplantation are at higher than normal risk for tuberculosis. This risk has been mentioned to be as high as 30 times. Furthermore, by the virtue of their use of immunosuppressive drugs, use of rifampicin in the antitubercular regimen is tricky. Rifampicin induces the metabolism of calcinurine inhibitors, demanding up titration of these immunosuppressive drugs by double or more the previous dose. Moreover, some authorities suggest replacing rifampicin by rifabutin. In conclusion, treatment of tuberculosis needs customization in special circumstances.
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 141-142
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Manilgama Suranga
Published: June 2024

Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid, is more common in individuals previously treated for tuberculosis. The main cause of MDR-TB is transmission rather than de novo resistance during treatment. TB strains lacking catalase are typically resistant to isoniazid. Rifampicin resistance is often caused by mutations in the rpoB gene. Outcomes for treated MDR-TB patients are generally poor, with only around 56% achieving cure. Treating MDR-TB is challenging, requiring long, less effective, and more toxic drug regimens compared to drug-susceptible TB. The current recommended treatment spans 18-24 months and involves at least five drugs, each less potent than rifampicin, isoniazid and more toxic. Treatment is tailored to the specific drug resistance pattern, necessitating close monitoring for side effects. Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) is commonly used to ensure adherence to the complex regimen. Medications such as fluoroquinolones, injectable agents, second-line oral drugs, and other second-line drugs are employed in treatment.
There are several drugs used in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis,1. Fluoroquinolones (e.g., moxifloxacin, levofloxacin), 2. Injectable agents (e.g., amikacin, kanamycin), 3. Second-line oral drugs (e.g., linezolid, bedaquiline, clofazimine) and 4. Other second-line drugs (e.g., cycloserine, para-aminosalicylic acid).The intensive phase of treatment usually involves daily administration of an injectable agent for 6-8 months, followed by a continuation phase with other drugs. Treatment regimens should be adjusted based on drug susceptibility data, discontinuing drugs to which the isolate is resistant and adding new ones to ensure at least five active drugs in the regimen. Regimens are customized based on resistance patterns and infection severity, often combining multiple drugs.
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 130
Hepatitis B and Pregnancy
Authors: Ahmed Faroque
Published: June 2024

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during pregnancy presents with unique management issues for both the mother and the fetus. With a careful, individualized treatment plan, successful pregnancy with healthy offspring can be achieved for women with Chronic Hepatitis B. The risk of developing chronic HBV infection is inversely proportional to the age at time of exposure. The risk is as high as 90 percent in those exposed at birth without vaccination, while the risk is much lower (about 20 to 30 percent) in those exposed during childhood. Maternal screening programs and universal vaccination of infants have significantly reduced transmission rates and are the best way to prevent perinatal HBV infection. Women identified as HBsAg positive during pregnancy should be linked to care for additional testing and determination of need for antiviral therapy. Women who meet standard indications for HBV therapy should be treated. Tenofovirdisoproxil fumarate (TDF) is the preferred choice for this indication. HBV-infected pregnant women with cirrhosis should be managed in high-risk obstetrical practices and treated with TDF to prevent decompensation.The most important risk factors for mother-to-child transmission appear to be a positive HBeAg and/or a high HBV DNA level in the mother. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission is an important component of global efforts to reduce the burden of chronic HBV since vertical transmission is responsible for approximately one-half of chronic infections worldwide. Timely administration of HBV vaccine and HBIG is critical to break the chain of vertical transmission. In settings where HBV DNA or HBeAg testing is available, prophylaxis with TDF is recommended for all HBV-positive pregnant women with HBV DNA ≥200 000 IU/mL or positive HBeAg (preferably from the second trimester of pregnancy until at least delivery or completion of the infant HBV vaccination series), to prevent the mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV.New recommendation of WHO is - in settings where neither HBV DNA nor HBeAg testing is available, prophylaxis with TDF for all HBV-positive (HBsAg-positive) pregnant women may be considered (preferably from the second trimester of pregnancy until at least delivery or completion of the infant HBV vaccination series), to prevent MTCT of HBV.All interventions should be given in addition to at least three doses of hepatitis B vaccination for all infants, including a timely birth dose. C-section is not indicated owing to insufficient data to support its benefit. Breast feeding is not a contraindication in HBsAg-positive mothers rather should be encouraged to breastfeed their newborns.
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 139-140
BCR-ABL kinase domain mutation analysis in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Authors: Kabir Alamgir
Published: June 2024

Mutations in the Bcr-Abl kinase domain may cause, or contribute to, resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Over the last decade, intensive efforts have been spent in the characterization of the biologic and clinical significance of these mutations on one hand and in the development of novel inhibitors retaining efficacy against as many Bcr-Abl mutant forms as possible on the other hand. The knowledge of the Bcr-Abl KD mutation status is a valuable piece of information to be integrated in the decision algorithm aimed at tailoring the best therapeutic strategy for each of these patients: increasing imatinib dose, switching to the second-generation TKIs dasatinib or nilotinib, then to the third generation Bosutinib or ponatinib moving to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. BCR-ABL KD mutation analysis is not recommended in newly diagnosed chronic phase (CP) patients. Conversely, it can be performed in the rare cases who are in accelerated phase or blast crisis (BC) at the time of imatinib start. Mutation analysis is recommended both in case of failure and in case of suboptimal response to imatinib from a clinical standpoint, “failure” means that continuing a specific treatment is no longer appropriate because a favorable outcome is unlikely. Suboptimal response” means that the patient may still have a substantial long-term benefit from continuing a specific treatment, but the chances of an optimal outcome are reduced. During second-line dasatinib or nilotinib therapy in case of hematologic or cytogenetic failure BCR-ABL KD mutation analysis is recommended. In case of a T315I mutation, which is highly resistant to imatinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib, most appropriate alternative therapeutic option is ponatinib. In case of V299L, T315A, or F317L/V/I/C mutations, nilotinib is probably more effective than dasatinib. In case of Y253H, E255K/V, or F359V/C/I mutations, dasatinib is probably more effective than nilotinib. In case of any other mutation, dasatinib and nilotinib are likely to be similarly effective.
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 165
Neurotoxicity and acute oxalate nephropathy in a Chronic kidney disease patient due to plant toxin (Bilimbi fruit -Averrhoabilimbi) : case report from a primary care center of Bangladesh
Authors: Saha Chinmay Podder , Chowdhury Nandini , Podder CS , Chowdhury N
Published: June 2024

Averrhoabilimbi, commonly known as bilimbi fruit, belongs to the family of Oxalidaceae and share similar physical and biochemical characteristics to star fruit, which is a well recognized cause of acute oxalate nephropathy and neurotoxicity. There are few reported individual cases regarding neurotoxicity and oxalate nephropathy, due to ingestion of bilimbi fruit, attributed to its high oxalate content and caramboxin like neurotoxin. But, till now there is no such reported case from a primary care center, to have both of these rare complications due to bilimbi fruit ingestion in a single patient. Here we report a case of a 62 years old lady, who presented with sudden onset behavioral changes, agitation, confusion, followed by acute symptomatic seizure and subsequently acute kidney injury and its complications following ingestion of bilimbi fruit. After meticulous history taking and thorough evaluation, she was diagnosed with aforementioned diagnosis and later on successfully managed in the limited resource facility.
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 174-175
Studies on the nuclear polyhedrosis of Pericallia ricini F. (Lepidoptera : Arctiidae)
Authors: Nair K. P. Vasudevan , Jacob Abraham
Published: June 2024

Studies on the nuclear polyhedrosis of the larvae of Pericallia ricini F. (Arctiidae) revealed that the infected larvae exhibited all the typical symptoms of nuclear polyhedrosis. Caterpillars of second, third and fourth instars were highly susceptible, those of the fifth instar moderately so and those of sixth instar highly resistant to the infection. The total haemocyte count decreased in the virus-infected larvae progressively from 48 hours after ingestion of the virus. The polyhedra measured 1284.6 ± 12.48 mµ in diameter. They were completely soluble in weak solutions of NaOH, KO and Na2CO3. The thermal inactivation point of the virus was between 900 and 950C. Exposure of the polyhedra to direct sunlight for 96 hours substantially reduced its infectivity. But it remained highly infectious after exposure to 350C in an oven for 96 hours, though in 120 hours it lost its infectivity. It thus appeared that in addition to temperature, perhaps light was also responsible for deactivation of the virus under field conditions. The virus was not infective to four species of alternate caterpillars tested.
Observations on the biology and behaviour of Ceratosolen Marchali Mayr (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera)
Authors: Abdurahiman U. C. , Joseph K. J.
Published: June 2024

Ceratosolen Marchali Mayr breeds in the gall figs of Ficus hispida L. The females of these species are responsible for cross-pollination in this Ficus. C marchali is protandrous and the apterous, vermiform, and short-lived. Observations on certain aspects of the biology and behaviour of C. marchali are given and discussed. Brief accounts of the morphology of the egg, larval and pupal stages are also given. Six distinct generations of wasps are traced in a year. The sex ratios show variation during different generations. The probable reason for this is discussed.
New combinations of some Typhlocybines (Homoptera, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae) from India
Authors: Sohi A. S.
Published: June 2024

Nine species of Typhlocybines are transferred to the genera other than to they were reported earlier. Erythroneura cassiae Ahmed is transferred to the genus Cassianeura Ramakrishnan & Menon, Zygim equata singh and P. varians Ramakrishnan & Menon to Limassolla Dlabola, Hardiana thaiosimilis Ramakrishnan & Menon to Thaia Ghauri, and Zygina manaliensis Singh, Z.pakislanica Ahmed and Z . serrata Singh Haupt.
Mielen laaksot (= Mïelen vuemieh = Miela vuomit = Mielâ vyemeh = Miõl vue'm)
Authors: Valtonen Taarna
Published: June 2024

Mielen laaksot on laaja tutkimus neljän saamen kielen paikannimistä omassa kulttuurisessa kontekstissaan – keskisessä Ruotsissa, pohjoisimmassa Suomessa ja Venäjän puolella Petsamossa. Kyseessä on ensimmäinen kerta, kun useiden saamen kielten paikannimien rakennetta, sanastoa ja nimipareja analysoidaan näin perusteellisesti. Tutkimustuloksia tarkastellaan edelleen tutkittujen ja niitä ympäröivien yhteisöjen välisen vuorovaikutuksen näkökulmasta. Kirjan antia ovat myös perinpohjaiset kuvaukset tutkituista saamelaisyhteisöistä, niiden elämäntavasta ja lähihistoriasta ennen toista maailmansotaa. Kuvaukset on koostettu yhteisölähtöisesti mikro- ja etnohistorian tutkimusperiaatteita noudattaen. Tutkitut kielet – etelä-, pohjois-, inarin- ja koltansaame – edustavat kattavasti saamelaiskielten alueellisia ryhmiä, minkä ansiosta tutkimustulokset tarjoavat kiintoisaa tietoa saamen kielten keskinäisistä suhteista. Tutkittujen ryhmien ja niitä ympäröivien valtakulttuurien väliset kontaktit ovat vaihdelleet paljon alueelta ja aikakaudelta toiselle. Paikannimiä tarkastelemalla on ollut mahdollista avata myös uusia näkökulmia kielellisen ja kulttuurisen vuorovaikutuksen kehitykseen.
ETHNOMATHEMATICS IN MEASURING RICE FIELD AREAS IN ONE OF THE AREAS IN INDRAMAYU
Authors: Sudihartinih Eyus
Published: June 2024

Ethnomathematics is important in learning mathematics. Ethnomathematics is a mathematical education that integrates cultural values in mathematics learning needs to initiate a real integration of cultural values. West Java Society is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has a variety of ethnomathematics, one of which is Indramayu. The Indramayu community generally has a livelihood as a farmer so that most of the Indramayu region is agricultural land, even rice fields can be found even though it is located in the center of Indramayu city. In this article, ethnomathematics is examined in the culture of measuring rice field area in Indramayu. This research method is ethnographic with two participants, a 59-years-old man and a 51-year-old woman from Indramayu. The results of this study are the existence of rice field formulas used by the Truwali Indramayu community.
COVER AND TABLE OF CONTENT
Authors: Pembelajaran Matematika dan
Published: June 2024

Matematika dan Pembelajaran
THE INFLUENCE OF NHT-TYPE COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL ON MATHEMATICS LEARNING OUTCOMES REVIEWED FROM THE STUDENTS’ INTERESTS
Authors: Abrar Andi Ika Prasasti , Zaenal Zaenal , Sriyanti A. , Nur Fitriani , Suharti Suharti
Published: June 2024

This article aims at finding out (1) the differences in the mathematics learning outcomes of the students who follow NHT type cooperative learning with the students who follow direct learning, (2) the influence of interaction between the learning model used and the students’ learning interests, (3) the difference in the mathematics learning outcomes between the students who follow NHT type cooperative learning and the students who follow direct learning reviewed from high learning interests, (4) differences in students’ mathematics learning outcomes between the students who follow NHT type cooperative learning and the students who follow direct learning reviewed from low learning interests. This the type of pseudo-experimental research. The instruments used are test of learning outcomes, questionnaires of students' learning interests, and observation of the Lesson Plan implementation. The analytical techniques used are descriptive analysis techniques and inferential statistical analysis with ANOVA tests, and Tukey advanced tests. Based on the results of the ANOVA test and Tukey advanced test obtained that there are significant differences in the mathematics learning outcomes between using a cooperative learning model NHT type and the direct learning model in the students who have a high interest in learning. Based on the data analysis, it is obtained the significant value of < α (0.010 < 0.05) then H0 is rejected. Therefore, it is concluded that there are significant differences in mathematics learning outcomes between using NHT-type cooperative learning model and the direct learning model in the students who have a low interest in learning.