bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure of a C
2
S
2
M
2
N
2
-type PSII–LHCII supercomplex from the green alga
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Shen Liangliang , Huang Zihui , Chang Shenghai , Wang Wenda , Wang Jingfen , Kuang Tingyun , Han Guangye , Shen Jian-Ren , Zhang Xing
Published: October 2019

Photosystem II (PSII) in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria catalyzes light-induced oxidation of water by which light energy is converted to chemical energy and molecular oxygen is produced. In higher plants and most eukaryotic algae, the PSII core is surrounded by variable numbers of light-harvesting antenna complex II (LHCII), forming a PSII–LHCII supercomplex. In order to harvest energy efficiently at low–light-intensity conditions under water, a complete PSII–LHCII supercomplex (C
2
S
2
M
2
N
2
) of the green alga
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
(Cr) contains more antenna subunits and pigments than the dominant PSII–LHCII supercomplex (C
2
S
2
M
2
) of plants. The detailed structure and energy transfer pathway of the Cr-PSII–LHCII remain unknown. Here we report a cryoelectron microscopy structure of a complete, C
2
S
2
M
2
N
2
-type PSII–LHCII supercomplex from
C. reinhardtii
at 3.37-Å resolution. The results show that the Cr-C
2
S
2
M
2
N
2
supercomplex is organized as a dimer, with 3 LHCII trimers, 1 CP26, and 1 CP29 peripheral antenna subunits surrounding each PSII core. The N-LHCII trimer partially occupies the position of CP24, which is present in the higher-plant PSII–LHCII but absent in the green alga. The M trimer is rotated relative to the corresponding M trimer in plant PSII–LHCII. In addition, some unique features were found in the green algal PSII core. The arrangement of a huge number of pigments allowed us to deduce possible energy transfer pathways from the peripheral antennae to the PSII core.
Rotational symmetry of the structured Chip/LDB-SSDP core module of the Wnt enhanceosome
Authors: Renko Miha , Fiedler Marc , Rutherford Trevor J. , Schaefer Jonas V. , Plückthun Andreas , Bienz Mariann
Published: October 2019

The Chip/LIM-domain binding protein (LDB)–single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSDP) (ChiLS) complex controls numerous cell-fate decisions in animal cells, by mediating transcription of developmental control genes via remote enhancers. ChiLS is recruited to these enhancers by lineage-specific LIM-domain proteins that bind to its Chip/LDB subunit. ChiLS recently emerged as the core module of the Wnt enhanceosome, a multiprotein complex that primes developmental control genes for timely Wnt responses. ChiLS binds to NPFxD motifs within Pygopus (Pygo) and the Osa/ARID1A subunit of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex, which could synergize with LIM proteins in tethering ChiLS to enhancers. Chip/LDB and SSDP both contain N-terminal dimerization domains that constitute the bulk of their structured cores. Here, we report the crystal structures of these dimerization domains, in part aided by DARPin chaperones. We conducted systematic surface scanning by structure-designed mutations, followed by in vitro and in vivo binding assays, to determine conserved surface residues required for binding between Chip/LDB, SSDP, and Pygo-NPFxD. Based on this, and on the 4:2 (SSDP-Chip/LDB) stoichiometry of ChiLS, we derive a highly constrained structural model for this complex, which adopts a rotationally symmetrical SSDP
2
-LDB
2
-SSDP
2
architecture. Integrity of ChiLS is essential for Pygo binding, and our mutational analysis places the NPFxD pockets on either side of the Chip/LDB dimer, each flanked by an SSDP dimer. The symmetry and multivalency of ChiLS underpin its function as an enhancer module integrating Wnt signals with lineage-specific factors to operate context-dependent transcriptional switches that are pivotal for normal development and cancer.
A triple drug combination targeting components of the nutrient-sensing network maximizes longevity
Authors: Castillo-Quan Jorge Iván , Tain Luke S. , Kinghorn Kerri J. , Li Li , Grönke Sebastian , Hinze Yvonne , Blackwell T. Keith , Bjedov Ivana , Partridge Linda
Published: October 2019

Increasing life expectancy is causing the prevalence of age-related diseases to rise, and there is an urgent need for new strategies to improve health at older ages. Reduced activity of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) nutrient-sensing signaling network can extend lifespan and improve health during aging in diverse organisms. However, the extensive feedback in this network and adverse side effects of inhibition imply that simultaneous targeting of specific effectors in the network may most effectively combat the effects of aging. We show that the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor trametinib, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor rapamycin, and the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitor lithium act additively to increase longevity in
Drosophila
. Remarkably, the triple drug combination increased lifespan by 48%. Furthermore, the combination of lithium with rapamycin cancelled the latter’s effects on lipid metabolism. In conclusion, a polypharmacology approach of combining established, prolongevity drug inhibitors of specific nodes may be the most effective way to target the nutrient-sensing network to improve late-life health.
The binuclear cluster of [FeFe] hydrogenase is formed with sulfur donated by cysteine of an [Fe(Cys)(CO)
2
(CN)] organometallic precursor
Authors: Rao Guodong , Pattenaude Scott A. , Alwan Katherine , Blackburn Ninian J. , Britt R. David , Rauchfuss Thomas B.
Published: October 2019

Significance

[FeFe]-hydrogenases catalyze H
2
evolution at extraordinary rates at low overpotential using base metal (not platinum). In the field of renewable energy, the biosynthesis of these enzymes’ active sites, the H-cluster, is of intense interest. Among its many cofactors, the azadithiolate is unique, and its biosynthesis remains enigmatic. Three Fe–S proteins, HydE, HydF, and HydG, are essential for the H-cluster bioassembly. This paper describes an in vitro assembly approach where a synthetic [Fe(cysteine)(CO)
2
(CN)] complex, “syn-B,” allows HydG-free biosynthesis of the active enzyme. Using isotopic and S/Se labeling, syn-B is shown to contribute Fe(CO)
2
(CN)S to the biosynthesis. This work sets the stage for further investigation of the H-cluster bioassembly.
Recalibrating categorisation
Authors: Praet Helena Van
Published: October 2019

This article explores how the notion of decreation manifests itself in the signifying strategies of Anne Carson’sDecreation: Poetry, Essays, Opera(2005). By revisiting Carson’s stereoscopic poetics and Wolfgang Iser’s branch of reader-response criticism, the article conceptualises these signification strategies, which include generic hybridity and multimodality, as guiding devices that usher the reader’s perspective towards a stereoscopic vision of sameness-in-otherness. These strategies can evoke a sense of ‘decreation’ by drawing the reader’s attention to the boundary between (apparent) incongruities whilst simultaneously encouraging the reader to forge previously unsuspected connections. The semiological argument proposed here concludes that the transcendence of this ‘edge’ by means of analogical thinking constitutes the metaphysical project of personal re-creation.
Aspect and modality in English predicative and specificational copular clauses
Authors: Praet Wout Van
Published: October 2019

This paper investigates the use of aspect and modality in English predicative and specificational copulars. To examine attractions of aspectual and modal meanings to the VPs in the copular constructions, I carry out collostructional analyses (Stefanowitsch & Gries 2003). These attractions are interpreted with respect to (i) the lexicogrammatically coded meaning of the copular clauses and (ii) the pragmatic mechanisms that they trigger (e.g. (non-)exhaustiveness implicature), and (iii) the discursive functions they serve in specific contexts of use. It is crucial that this study takes into account specificational copulars with indefinite vs definite variable NPs, which carry an implicature of non-exhaustiveness vs exhaustiveness respectively. I will argue that the felicity of specific aspectual construals is related to the meanings coded at level (i), while the attraction of modal verbs is related to all three levels.
Cyclic transition of deformation in {1 2 3}<6 3 4> single crystal processed by accumulative roll-bonding
Authors: Wang Hui , Lu Cheng , Tieu Kiet
Published: October 2019

In this study, the crystal plasticity finite element method model was used to study the deformation in a single crystal aluminium processed by accumulative roll-bonding (ARB). The predicted textures match well with the experimental observations up to nine cycles. The texture and slip activities in representative layers were investigated, and cyclic transition of them was observed. It was found that the thickness position change caused by cutting and stacking was a basic reason for the cyclic transition. Finally, the effect of shear deformation to this transition was discussed.
Lyrical Tension, Collective Voices: Masculinity in Alban Berg'sWozzeck
Authors: Hsieh Amanda
Published: October 2019

The voice of Berg's Wozzeck has been characterized by hisSprechgesang, heard as manifestation of his abnormality or even ‘hysteria’. However, Wozzeck often sounds more lyrical and emotive in relation to his oppressors, whose sense of authority is undermined by their caricatured vocal lines and vocal types. Rather than representing a ‘broken’ voice, Wozzeck'sSprechgesangis reserved for moments shared with his fellow low-ranking comrades, suggesting that it served as a voice of solidarity and empathy. In this article, I historicize the première of the opera at the Berlin State Opera; indeed, a glance at the singers who played the central roles suggests how the characters were perceived. It reveals an intertextual web of suffering shared between Berg's traumatized soldiers, and the perverse exercise of authority.Wozzecktherefore opens up questions about the expression of ideals in post-First World War Germany: the ideal of a stoic man demanded by the army, and the ideal of a voice.
Feldenkrais's Touch, Ephram's Laughter, Gould's Sensorium: Listening and Musical Practice between Thinking and Doing
Authors: Sholl Robert
Published: October 2019

This study addresses listening as a hinge between therapeutic and musical contexts. In the first two sections I examine the productive confluence of Jean-Luc Nancy's thought and Moshe Feldenkrais's somatic practice. I show that the ‘subject’ is configured as both embodied and enactivist. Drawing on Nancy's work, Jacques Lacan, Sigmund Freud and educational and developmental child psychology, I position the listening subject on a fulcrum of balance and imbalance essential to learning and musical practice. In the third part of this study, I concretize Feldenkrais's ideals of correct action and listening in musical practice. Using Glenn Gould and empirical work on musical practice, I explore the significance of listening between acts of playing. Listening is proposed not merely as a phenomenological form of making sense (Nancy), but as a form of self-negotiation and an enactivist and imaginative space that leads to new possibilities of thought and refinement of action.
The effect of arm‐crank exercise training on power output, spirometric and cardiac function and level of autonomy in persons with tetraplegia
Authors: Brizuela G. , Sinz S. , Aranda R. , Martínez‐Navarro I.
Published: October 2019

Studies on the effects of exercise training in persons with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an 8‐week stationary arm‐crank exercise (ACE) training programme on the level of autonomy, exercise performance, pulmonary functional parameters and resting heart rate variability (HRV) in persons with CSCI. Quadriplegia Index of Function (QIF), arm‐crank peak power output (Ppeak), spirometric variables, and HRV indices were measured before and after the training programme in a group of 11 persons with CSCI. ACE training increased Ppeak in both groups (p < 0.05), whereas maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and low frequency HRV (LF) improved only in the lower CSCI group (p < 0.05). Moreover, QIF and Ppeak were significantly correlated before (r = 0.88; p < 0.01) and after (r = 0.86; p < 0.01) the training period. However, no significant changes were found in the level of autonomy (QIF) as a result of the intervention. Therefore, stationary ACE training appears to be a feasible and effective method for aerobic exercise in persons with tetraplegia and a short‐term intervention is able to significantly improve exercise capacity, cardiac autonomic regulation and respiratory muscle endurance, regardless of the absence of significant immediate changes in the level of autonomy.
Exercise intensity regulates the effect of heat stress on substrate oxidation rates during exercise
Authors: Maunder ED , Plews Daniel J. , Merien Fabrice , Kilding Andrew E.
Published: October 2019

Hyperthermia stimulates endogenous carbohydrate metabolism during exercise; however, it is not known if exercise intensity impacts the metabolic effect of heat stress. In the first study of this two‐part investigation, endurance‐trained male cyclists performed incremental exercise assessments in 18 and 35°C (60% rH). The stimulatory effect of heat stress on carbohydrate oxidation rates was greater at high vs. moderate vs. low relative intensity (P < 0.05). In agreement, no effects of heat stress on carbohydrate oxidation rates were observed during 60‐min of subsequent low‐intensity cycling. In study two, endurance‐trained male cyclists performed 20‐min of moderate‐intensity (power at the first ventilatory threshold) and 5‐min of high‐intensity (power at the second ventilatory threshold) cycling in 18, 28, 34, and 40°C (60% rH). At moderate‐intensity, carbohydrate oxidation rates were significantly elevated by heat stress in 40°C (P < 0.05), whereas at high‐intensity carbohydrate oxidation rates were significantly elevated by heat stress in 34 and 40°C (P < 0.05). This exercise intensity‐mediated regulation of the effect of heat stress on carbohydrate oxidation may be partially attributable to observed plasma adrenaline responses. Our data suggest that under moderate environmental heat stress (34–35°C, 60% rH), heat stress‐induced changes in CHO oxidation rates are unlikely to occur unless the relative exercise intensity is high (81 ± 8%⩒O2max), whereas under more extreme environmental heat stress (40°C, 60% rH), these changes occur at lower relative intensities (69 ± 8%⩒O2max). This provides indication of when heat stress‐induced metabolic changes during exercise are likely to occur.
ARFRP1 functions upstream of ARL1 and ARL5 to coordinate recruitment of distinct tethering factors to the trans-Golgi network
Authors: Ishida Morié , Bonifacino Juan S.
Published: October 2019

SNARE-mediated fusion of endosome-derived transport carriers with the trans-Golgi network (TGN) depends on the concerted action of two types of tethering factors: long coiled-coil tethers of the golgin family, and the heterotetrameric complex GARP. Whereas the golgins mediate long-distance capture of the carriers, GARP promotes assembly of the SNAREs. It remains to be determined, however, how the functions of these tethering factors are coordinated. Herein we report that the ARF-like (ARL) GTPase ARFRP1 functions upstream of two other ARL GTPases, ARL1 and ARL5, which in turn recruit golgins and GARP, respectively, to the TGN. We also show that this mechanism is essential for the delivery of retrograde cargos to the TGN. Our findings thus demonstrate that ARFRP1 is a master regulator of retrograde-carrier tethering to the TGN. The coordinated recruitment of distinct tethering factors by a bifurcated GTPase cascade may be paradigmatic of other vesicular fusion events within the cell.
Reversible time travel with freedom of choice
Authors: Baumeler Ämin , Costa Fabio , Ralph Timothy C , Wolf Stefan , Zych Magdalena
Published: October 2019

General relativity allows for the existence of closed time-like curves, along which a material object could travel back in time and interact with its past self. This possibility raises the question whether certain initial conditions, or more generally local operations, lead to inconsistencies and should thus be forbidden. Here we consider the most general deterministic dynamics connecting classical degrees of freedom defined on a set of bounded space-time regions, requiring that it is compatible with arbitrary operations performed in the local regions. We find that any such dynamics can be realised through reversible interactions. We further find that consistency with local operations is compatible with non-trivial time travel: three parties can interact in such a way to be all both in the future and in the past of each other, while being free to perform arbitrary local operations.
Charge noise induced spin dephasing in a nanowire double quantum dot with spin–orbit coupling
Authors: Li (李 睿) Rui
Published: October 2019

Unexpected fluctuating charge field near a semiconductor quantum dot has severely limited the coherence time of the localized spin qubit. It is the interplay between the spin–orbit coupling and the asymmetrical confining potential in a quantum dot, that mediates the longitudinal interaction between the spin qubit and the fluctuating charge field. Here, we study the 1/f  charge noise induced spin dephasing in a nanowire double quantum dot via exactly solving its eigen-energies and eigenfunctions. Our calculations demonstrate that the spin dephasing has a nonmonotonic dependence on the asymmetry of the double quantum dot confining potential. With the increase of the potential asymmetry, the dephasing rate first becomes stronger very sharply before reaching to a maximum, after that it becomes weaker softly. Also, we find that the applied external magnetic field contributes to the spin dephasing, the dephasing rate is strongest at the anti-crossing point B
0 in the double quantum dot.
An efficient nanopatterning strategy for controllably fabricating ultra-small gaps as a highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering platform
Authors: Yuan Ning , Zhao Huaping , Zheng Chunfang , Zheng Xianzheng , Fu Qun , Wu Minghong , Lei Yong
Published: October 2019

The realization of large-scale and high-density gaps with sizes as small as possible is crucial for designing ultra-sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. As known, the ultrathin alumina mask (UTAM) surface nanopatterning technique allows the fabrication of periodic nanoparticle (NP) arrays with 5 nm gaps among the NPs, however, it still faces a significant challenge in realizing the reliable distribution of nanogaps over a large area, because of the unavoidable collapse of the UTAM pore wall during the traditional one-step homothermal pore-widening process. Herein, an efficient two-step poikilothermal pore-widening process was developed to precisely control the pore wall etching of a UTAM, enabling effectively avoiding the fragmentation of the UTAM and finally obtaining a large-scale UTAM with a pore wall thickness of about 5 nm. As a result, large-scale NP arrays with high-density sub-5 nm and even smaller gaps between the neighboring NPs have been realized through applying the as-prepared UTAM as the nanopatterning template. These NP arrays with sub-5 nm gaps show ultrahigh SERS sensitivity (signal enhancement improved by an order of magnitude compared with NP arrays with 5 nm gaps) and good reproducibility, which demonstrates the practical feasibility of this promising two-step pore-widening UTAM technique for the fabrication of high-performance active SERS substrates with large-scale ultra-small nanogaps.
Towards accurate modeling of the multidimensional magnetic particle imaging physics
Authors: Kluth T , Szwargulski P , Knopp T
Published: October 2019

The image reconstruction problem of the tomographic imaging technique magnetic particle imaging (MPI) requires the solution of a linear inverse problem. One prerequisite for this task is that the imaging operator that describes the mapping between the tomographic image and the measured signal is accurately known. For 2D and 3D excitation patterns, it is common to measure the system matrix in a calibration procedure, that is both, very time consuming and adds noise to the operator. The need for measuring the system matrix is due to the lack of an accurate model that is capable of describing the nanoparticles’ magnetization behavior in the MPI setup. Within this work we exploit a physical model that is based on Néel rotation for large particle ensembles and we find model parameters that describe measured 2D MPI data with much higher precision than state of the art MPI models. With phantom experiments we show that the simulated system matrix can be used for image reconstruction and reduces artifacts due to model-mismatch considerably.
Spectral properties of interacting helical channels driven by Lorentzian pulses
Authors: Acciai Matteo , Calzona Alessio , Carrega Matteo , Martin Thierry , Sassetti Maura
Published: October 2019

Precise shaping of coherent electron sources allows the controlled creation of wavepackets into a one dimensional (1D) quantum conductor. Periodic trains of Lorentzian pulses have been shown to induce minimal excitations without creating additional electron–hole pairs in a single non-interacting 1D electron channel. The presence of electron–electron (e–e) interactions dramatically affects the non-equilibrium dynamics of a 1D system. Here, we consider the intrinsic spectral properties of a helical liquid, with a pair of counterpropagating interacting channels, in the presence of time-dependent Lorentzian voltage pulses. We show that peculiar asymmetries in the behavior of the spectral function are induced by interactions, depending on the sign of the injected charges. Moreover, we discuss the robustness of the concept of minimal excitations in the presence of interactions, where the link with excess noise is no more straightforward. Finally, we propose a scanning tunneling microscope setup to spectroscopically access and probe the non-equilibrium behavior induced by the voltage drive and e–e interactions. This allows a diagnosis of fractional charges in a correlated quantum spin Hall liquid in the presence of time-dependent drives.
Optimization the navigation route from Singapore to Santos by using the ship`s software and processing the hydrometherological parameters received in real time
Authors: Atodiresei Dinu , Nedelcu Andra-Teodora , Toma Alecu , Lupu Sergiu , Rossemary Apetroaei Manuela , Aptula Akan
Published: October 2019

The subject of this paper is to analyze the hydrometeorological parameters received on board during on route from Singapore to Santos (Brazil) between July 15th and August 4th, 2018 to optimize fuel consumption on board. The information was obtained daily, in real time, using on-board measurement tools and SPOS 8 Software provided by MeteoGroup, and those related to fuel consumption in the EcoVoyage program. General analyzes of hydrometeorological parameters were introduced as graphs, with more detailed values extracted from MSPS (Maersk Ship Performance System).
Study on armour-piercing discarding sabot performance in 100 mm naval artillery
Authors: Paul Clinci Catalin , Cristian SCURTU Ionut , Tarabuta Octavian , Ichimoaei Gheorghe , Partene Cosmin
Published: October 2019

The aim of the study was the analysis of the 100mm naval artillery projectile performance and variations in Solidworks and Ansys computational environment. We realized the 3D model in Solidworks and simulation parameters were presented and analyzed in Ansys Explicit Dynamics. The purpose of this paperwork is to analyze 100 mm projectile by using the computational software for armour piercing performance. This paper is a numerical investigation of the complex processes of projectile impact.
Computational mathematics applied to astrophysics: Three cases of study
Authors: Arceo Díaz S , Bricio Barrios E E , Schröder K P , Zuber K , Jack D , Verduzco Ramírez J A
Published: October 2019

The role of computational mathematics on the study of the fundamental properties of neutrinos and axions and their impact on the energy loss within stellar structure is illustrated in this work. The theoretical predictions, done with the aid of a numerical code for simulating stellar evolution, are used in three cases of interest: the number of neutrinos reaching our planet from the closest stellar system, calculated by modelling its two main stars and their corresponding neutrino spectrum; the magnitude of the neutrino magnetic dipole moment and the axion-electron coupling constant is estimated by comparing stellar models to the tip-RGB of fifty globular clusters; and, finally, the survival of the Earth, after the Sun becomes a red giant is tested for an scenario in which axions and neutrinos are being simultaneously produced within the solar core.
Quantification of uncertainty in metallic elements subjected to fatigue
Authors: García N Afanador
Published: October 2019

This investigation analyzes the propagation of the uncertainty of the number of life cycles to fatigue failure, taking into account the strain life method, considering as random variables some parameters of the material and loading in a steel plate under fatigue, with constant and variable loading through multidimensional Hermite polynomials. The application of series of multidimensional Hermite polynomials allowed the prediction of the randomness of the output vector. This research has shown that a multidimensional Hermite polynomial adequately estimates the propagation of the uncertainty of the input random variables. The results showed that variations in material and loading parameters can generate important failure probabilities and allowed quantifying the variability in the number of life cycles for fatigue failure steel parts
Unintentional unfairness when applying new greenhouse gas emissions metrics at country level
Authors: Rogelj Joeri , Schleussner Carl-Friedrich
Published: October 2019

The 2015 Paris Agreement sets out that rapid reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are needed to keep global warming to safe levels. A new approach (known as GWP*) has been suggested to compare contributions of long- and short-lived GHGs, providing a close link between cumulative CO2-equivalent emissions and total warming. However, comparison factors for non-CO2 GHGs under the GWP* metric depend on past emissions, and hence raise questions of equity and fairness when applied at any but the global level. The use of GWP* would put most developing countries at a disadvantage compared to developed countries, because when using GWP* countries with high historical emissions of short-lived GHGs are exempted from accounting for avoidable future warming that is caused by sustaining these emissions. We show that when various established equity or fairness criteria are applied to GWP* (defined here as eGWP*), perceived national non-CO2 emissions vary by more than an order of magnitude, particularly in countries with high methane emissions like New Zealand. We show that national emission estimates that use GWP* are very sensitive to arbitrary choices made by countries and therewith facilitate the creation of loopholes when CO2-equivalent emissions based on the GWP* concept are traded between countries that use different approaches. In light of such equity-dependent accounting differences, GHG metrics like GWP* should only be used at the global level. A common, transparent and equity-neutral accounting metric is vital for the Paris Agreement’s effectiveness and its environmental integrity.
Large changes in Great Britain’s vegetation and agricultural land-use predicted under unmitigated climate change
Authors: Ritchie Paul D L , Harper Anna B , Smith Greg S , Kahana Ron , Kendon Elizabeth J , Lewis Huw , Fezzi Carlo , Halleck-Vega Solmaria , Boulton Chris A , Bateman Ian J , Lenton Timothy M
Published: October 2019

The impact of climate change on vegetation including agricultural production has been the focus of many studies. Climate change is expected to have heterogeneous effects across locations globally, and the diversity of land uses characterising Great Britain (GB) presents a unique opportunity to test methods for assessing climate change effects and impacts. GB is a relatively cool and damp country, hence, the warmer and generally drier growing season conditions projected for the future are expected to increase arable production. Here we use state-of-the-art, kilometre-scale climate change scenarios to drive a land surface model (JULES; Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) and an ECOnometric AGricultural land use model (ECO-AG). Under unmitigated climate change, by the end of the century, the growing season in GB is projected to get >5 °C warmer and 140 mm drier on average. Rising levels of atmospheric CO2 are predicted to counteract the generally negative impacts of climate change on vegetation productivity in JULES. Given sufficient precipitation, warming favours higher value arable production over grassland agriculture, causing a predicted westward expansion of arable farming in ECO-AG. However, drying in the East and Southeast, without any CO2 fertilisation effect, is severe enough to cause a predicted reversion from arable to grassland farming. Irrigation, if implemented, could maintain this land in arable production. However, the predicted irrigation demand of ∼200 mm (per growing season) in many locations is comparable to annual predicted runoff, potentially demanding large-scale redistribution of water between seasons and/or across the country. The strength of the CO2 fertilisation effect emerges as a crucial uncertainty in projecting the impact of climate change on GB vegetation, especially farming land-use decisions.
A global meta-analyses of the response of multi-taxa diversity to grazing intensity in grasslands
Authors: Wang Chao , Tang Yujia
Published: October 2019

Livestock grazing is an important component and driver of biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. While numerous studies and a few meta-analyses had been conducted on the response of single taxon diversity to grazing in grasslands, a synthesis of how multi-taxa diversity is affected has been largely missing, especially reflecting its changes along a grazing intensity gradient. We performed a comprehensive meta-analyses of 116 published studies on the species richness (SR) and Shannon−Wiener index (H′) of plants, arthropods, and microbes to examine the response of biodiversity to grazing intensity in temperate grasslands globally. This quantitative assessment showed that the response of SR and H′ to grazing intensity agreed with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis in grasslands; SR and H′ increased with light and moderate grazing intensities, while they decreased at heavy intensity. In addition, plant SR increased markedly with light and moderate grazing and declined with heavy grazing intensity; however, H′ increased at light intensity and declined at moderate and heavy intensities. Moreover, the SR and H′ of microbes were enhanced at light and moderate grazing and were significantly reduced with heavy intensity. The SR and H′ of arthropods monotonously declined with increasing grazing intensity. Importantly, structural equation modeling showed that grazing resulted in enhanced plant SR mainly through its negative effects on plant biomass. Grazing had negative effects on plant coverage and arthropod abundance so that arthropod SR declined with increased grazing intensity. Moreover, increased grazing intensity caused an increase in soil pH, decrease in soil moisture, and then a decrease in microbe SR. Our findings confirm that different taxa exhibit diverse responses to changes in grazing intensity, and the way that grazing intensity affects diversity also varied with different taxa. We strongly recommend considering the requirements of multi-taxa diversity when applying grazing management and including arthropods and microbes in monitoring schemes.
First-passage properties of asymmetric Lévy flights
Authors: Padash Amin , Chechkin Aleksei V , Dybiec Bartlomiej , Pavlyukevich Ilya , Shokri Babak , Metzler Ralf
Published: October 2019

Lévy flights are paradigmatic generalised random walk processes, in which the independent stationary increments—the ‘jump lengths’—are drawn from an

-stable jump length distribution with long-tailed, power-law asymptote. As a result, the variance of Lévy flights diverges and the trajectory is characterised by occasional extremely long jumps. Such long jumps significantly decrease the probability to revisit previous points of visitation, rendering Lévy flights efficient search processes in one and two dimensions. To further quantify their precise property as random search strategies we here study the first-passage time properties of Lévy flights in one-dimensional semi-infinite and bounded domains for symmetric and asymmetric jump length distributions. To obtain the full probability density function of first-passage times for these cases we employ two complementary methods. One approach is based on the space-fractional diffusion equation for the probability density function, from which the survival probability is obtained for different values of the stable index

and the skewness (asymmetry) parameter

. The other approach is based on the stochastic Langevin equation with

-stable driving noise. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages for explicit calculations and numerical evaluation, and the complementary approach involving both methods will be profitable for concrete applications. We also make use of the Skorokhod theorem for processes with independent increments and demonstrate that the numerical results are in good agreement with the analytical expressions for the probability density function of the first-passage times.
Calculation on the Uprighting Process of a damaged-capsized ship
Authors: Dewei Pan , Yuqiang Sun , Fanyi Kong , Yuhao Sun , Jianwen Ma
Published: October 2019

Righting a damaged-capsized ship can be very complicated. In this paper, flooding quantity and three-dimensional mathematical model of righting force are introduced in order to solve the buoyancy and stability of a capsized ship. Through the simulation, the uprighting process of a damaged-capsized ship with air cushion was researched. Computation result shows that the proportion between the maximum righting moment in the opposite direction and the maximum righting moment is 2.891. Trim decreased gradually during the uprighting process, so it reached the minimum value when the ship returned to equilibrium location. The quantity of flooding water increased slowly in the later process when the opening was beneath the water level. For each calculation, the maximum shear force was located at the same position, which does not increase with flooding quantity.
Automatic Geometric Correction of Complex Sea Condition Remote Sensing Image Based on Decision Tree Classification
Authors: Hua Li , Sui Haigang , Ding Wei , Fu Hongbo
Published: October 2019

The geometric correction of ocean remote sensing image is a prerequisite for its data application. In this paper, to solve the problem that the sea island is sparse, cloud interference is severe, the control point is difficult to obtain, an automatic correction technique based on decision tree classification is proposed. In this paper, the image is processed by the method of super-pixel segmentation first. Then, the spectral and texture features in the superpixels are selected, including the energy value, the entropy and the correlation value of the gray level co-occurrence matrix and the normalized water index. Finally, the tree image classification model is used to classify the image superpixels, and the clear sky area which will be matched directly with the reference image can be extracted. Through the template matching and polynomial geometric model, the geometric correction of the remote sensing image is automatically corrected. Through the experiment of Landset8 OLI_TIRS image, compared with the classification results of the other two classification methods, the final precision is better than the other two methods. Therefore, the technical process proposed in this paper can be applied to the geometric correction of complex sea condition remote sensing images.
Numerical Study of the Kinematic Motions of a Solitary Wave Hitting an Inclined Plate
Authors: Chang CH
Published: October 2019

In this study, we numerically investigated the vortex patterns and free-surface deformations of a solitary wave interacting with a bottom-mounted plate at various inclinations in shallow water. Assuming two-dimensional, incompressible, and non-breaking conditions, we considered a viscous fluid based on the streamfunction-vorticity algorithm used in Navier–Stokes equations. We solved the governing equations by finite analysis, and used an averaged two-time step method to consider nonlinear conditions on the free surface. To fit the irregular boundaries and reveal the fine details of the vortex phenomenon, we applied a transient boundary-fitted grid along with a local-grid-refinement technique and examined the vortex mechanics around the submerged barrier. We then compared the numerical solutions obtained for the flow patterns with existing experimental observations to ensure the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical model. In addition, we systematically simulated other cases using this model to explore kinematic phenomena such as streamlines, equi-vorticity lines, streak lines, timelines, and path lines.
Wave parameters influence on breakwater stability
Authors: Diwedar Al I , Abdelhaleem F S , Ali A M
Published: October 2019

This research paper experimentally explored the wave parameters effects on the breakwater armour layer stability. Breakwater stability mainly depends on the armour layer that guards the inner layers against the wave attack and the wave condition affects the breakwater stability. The wave height, length and steepness effect were investigated during the test program. Different formulas were available in the literature to predict the breakwater stability. The laboratory results were thus employed to assess the applicability of existing design equations. Experimental results showed that under normal wave condition (Hs) the breakwater was stable, whereas under storm condition (Hs of 1.2 designed wave height) the roundhead reached the failure state. The results approved the impact of wave parameters on the breakwater stability and damage progression. Results revealed that the existing design formulas underestimate the structure stability.
Experimental Study on Wave Interaction with Multiple Row Pile Breakwater
Authors: Sultana S , Rahman A
Published: October 2019

Coastal works where the tranquillity requirements are low porous pile breakwaters are considered as a good cost-effective substitute for the conventional type of breakwaters. In this study, an experimental investigation has been carried out in a two-dimensional wave flume to study the wave interaction with vertical pile breakwater. At 50 cm still water depth (h), interactions between regular waves (wave period T = 1.5 sec, 1.6 sec, 1.8 sec and 2.0 sec) and the pile breakwater of two different porosity (n = 0.65 and 0.80) and three different structure heights (h

b
= 40 cm, 50 cm and 60 cm) have been studied experimentally. Experimental results reveal that, minimum transmission coefficient (K

t
= 0.55) is obtained for breakwater with lowest porosity (n = 0.65) and with emerged condition (h

b
/h = 1.2) for short wave period (T = 1.5 sec). Minimum reflection coefficient is obtained for breakwater with highest porosity (n = 0.80) and with submerged condition (h

b
/h = 0.8). It is also noticed that porosity has an effect on wave energy loss coefficient.
Development of a stretched absolute wavelength standard using dichroic atomic vapor spectroscopy towards observation of light-induced drift
Authors: Kusano Y , Nishiya N , Matsuoka L
Published: October 2019

An absolute wavelength standard broader than the Doppler width of the atomic absorption signal was developed by using a method called dichroic atomic vapor spectroscopy (DAVS). DAVS is known as a method to obtain an error signal for stabilization of laser wavelength, called dichroic atomic vapor laser locking (DAVLL). In the DAVS, a magnetic field is applied to the atomic vapor cell and a stretched signal is obtained by the Zeeman effect. The DAVS experiment was performed by using ring-type permanent magnets and a cesium vapor cell at room temperature, and the placement and number of magnets were optimized. By measuring the height of the DAVS signal calibrated in advance, continuous monitoring of the absolute laser wavelength become possible. The developed system is suitable to be used as a stretched wavelength standard in the experiment of the light-induced drift.
The effect of the composition of magnesia flux on the sinter structure and properties
Authors: Shapovalov A N , Ovchinnikova E V , Gorbunov V B , Dema R R , Kalugina O B
Published: October 2019

The metallurgical properties of magnesian fluxes of the Khalilovo deposit with different ratios in the composition of magnesite and serpentine are studied. The results of laboratory study experiments the effect of magnesian fluxes properties of the Khalilovo deposit on the sinter production from the ore of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly at the plant of JSC Ural Steel are presented. It is revealed that the use of experienced fluxes contributes to the sinter strength, increase the yield ratio and specific capacity. Thus, using experienced fluxes instead of Bakal siderite, an increase in the yield of sinter is provided by 3-5 % (rel.) as a result of acceleration of solid-phase reactions involving magnesite and serpentine. At the same time, the sinter productivity increases from 1.04 to 1.08-1.15 t / m2/h, that is, by 4-10% (rel.). The use of experienced magnesian fluxes supports to increase the drum strength of the sinter by 4-6 % abs. Improving the strength characteristics of the sinter when using the magnesian fluxes of the Khalilovo deposit is due to the formation of a "reinforcing" of hedenbergite solid solutions as well as homogenization of the solidifying melt and crystallization of it in the form of a glass phase of rankinite composition, which together limit the formation of β-Ca2SiO4.
Nanostructured zinc oxide films grown via microwave-assisted H2O oxidation for perovskite solar cells
Authors: Pelicano C M , Yanagi H
Published: October 2019

ZnO is well-known to be one of the most significant metal oxides that can be used as an electron-transporting layer (ETL) in solar cells. Hence, developing efficient and low temperature protocols have been the spotlight of numerous studies to form nanostructured ZnO films. Herein, the growth of nanostructured ZnO films via low-temperature microwave-assisted H2O oxidation is presented. ZnO nanorods developed after 30 min of microwave irradiation. Then the nanorods evolved to nanoparticles in longer irradiation time. Raman scattering spectra of these nanostructures displayed intense E2-mode peaks confirming their high-quality wurtzite crystal structure. All the samples have an average transmittance of ∼ 80%, which demonstrates their potential as ETL for solar cells. Our results highlight the potential of the integration of microwave technology with H2O oxidation as a fast, low temperature and sustainable process of developing ZnO nanomaterials that can be used for flexible ZnO-based electronics.
Using non-continuous gold film as the seed layer for developing zinc oxide nanowire array
Authors: Chiu P-K , Lin C-W , Huang D-R , Yang C-T , Chiang D
Published: October 2019

This study aims to discuss the grown morphology and current generation of ZnO nanowire array developed from non-continuous Au thin film as the seed and compare the results with the nanowire array from ZnO thin film as the seed layer. The zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine used as the reaction solution and the hydrothermal process with process temperature less than 95°C are applied. It is revealed that ZnO nanowires developed with non-continuous Au film as the seed appear sparser density, present better crystallization direction (002) and higher collimation. The effect of concentration of reaction solution on the diameter, length and distribution of nanowires is reported. The electron back scattering diffraction technique confirms each grown wire is a single crystal from the bottom to top. The ZnO nanowires with piezoelectric property are measured with the conductive atomic force microscope system. The result shows that single ZnO nanowire could generate more than 800 pA current when being bent.
Synthesis of calcium phosphate composite organogels by using castor oil and sorbitan monopalmitate based for dentine occlusion material
Authors: Waiyawat J , Akkarachaneeyakorn K , Changpongpan P , Kongsema M , Teanchai C , Chienthavorn O
Published: October 2019

Calcium phosphate composite organogel was synthesized from a mixture of sorbitan monopalmitate as emulsifier and castor oil as oil phase at 60 °C to establish emulsion system with calcium chloride and di-sodium hydrogen phosphate aqueous solution as water phase. The heated mixture was cooled at room temperature to form organogel. The prepared organogels were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and cytotoxicity test. The prepared organogels of 4:3 and 1:1 in oil/water content ratio were white and gritty in nature, which resulted in calcium phosphate nanoparticles with spherical shape of 1.3 to 1.9 μm and 1.2 to 2.3 μm, respectively. They were able to successfully occlude into dentine tubules within 1 day. In addition, the prepared organogels were found to have acceptable toxicity level for daily human use with high concentration up to 1600 μg/ml. Hence, these organogels showed the promising results to be developed as an effective dentine occlusion material in relieving of dentin hypersensitivity.
Commercialization of Journalism
Authors: Kvalheim Nina , Barland Jens
Published: October 2019

Commercialization of journalism is not a new concern. Indeed, journalism has always been bought and sold in the market, and commercialization has thus always been a central part of the production of journalism. In a modern sense, however, commercialization became an issue with the emergence of the penny press in the United States and the abolishment of the “taxes on knowledge” in the United Kingdom. These developments altered the content of newspapers and brought along discussions concerning the effects of commercialization. In the late 20th and early 21st century, commercialization of journalism again took a new turn. Developments such as digitalization and the emergence and communization of the internet, has led to an increased attention to market logics. This, in turn, makes studies of the commercialization of journalism increasingly more important.