bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research and Application of the Big Data Analysis Platform of Oil and Gas Production
Authors: Zhao Ruidong , Shi Junfeng , Zhang Xishun , Li Jinya , Peng Yi , Xiong Chunming , Liu Meng , Deng Feng , Song Shenggang , Miao Guojing
Published: April 2019

With the continuously progressing of building the intelligent oilfield and the rapid development of the Internet of Things and big data technology, the emerging technologies such as the information acquisition, distributed computing and data mining lead to unceasing innovation in the research and development and management approaches of enterprises. A technical revolution also occurs in the petroleum industry. At present, one of the challenges we are facing is how to keep the advantages of the conventional oil and gas production and combine them with the big data analysis to better serve the petroleum industry. Given the complexity and uncertainty and thus difficulty endowed in the conventional oil and gas production, one potential solution, based on the big data mining, is proposed. The big data clustering analysis can be used to evaluate the oil well, and the multi-variable sensitivity analysis can be visualized through the dimensionality reduction. Data processing, operation condition diagnosis, forecasting and warning, and multi-dimension multi-variable visualization analysis are the main functions that are achieved in our preliminarily-built big data analysis platform for the production of oil and gas wells. In the future, this platform will gradually transform form the "business model" into the "data model", which adopts various methods such as the statistical analysis, pattern recognition, clustering analysis and visualization to enable the intelligent diagnosis, forecasting and warning, and decision-making optimization and evaluation for the oil and gas well production, on the basis of the multi-dimension multi-source data. At last, it is anticipated that this platform should serve the oil and gas production and evolve into an effective method to improve the production, reduce energy consumption and decrease cost for the oilfield.
Experiments and Emulsion Rheology Modeling in an Electric Submersible Pump
Authors: Banjar Hattan , Zhang Hong-Quan
Published: April 2019

An Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) is studied experimentally with oil-water emulsion. Emulsion rheology inside the ESP is also studied and modeled at different oil and water fractions, ESP rotational speeds and temperatures, using a dimensional analysis on a set of parameters contributing to the emulsion rheology. Density and mass flowrate are measured using the mass flowmeter, while the emulsion effective viscosity is initially derived from the pipe viscometer (PV) installed downstream of the ESP. Effective viscosity values at the stage condition are corrected using an oil of known viscosity by correlating its viscosity to ESP average temperature. Watercut at the inversion point increases in case of contamination presence which directly affects the interfacial tension.

Modeled effective viscosity values for emulsion with medium viscosity are within 5% deviation from the experimental values. However, when low oil viscosity is used, the deviation becomes larger, mainly due to the instability of the emulsion which leads to inaccurate measurement of the effective viscosity at the PV. Instability is confirmed from the PV results, density measurements and visual observation through the transparent pipe or during sampling.

Further improvement of the model is needed by changing the parameters in a wider range, and possibly by including non-considered parameters such as salinity. Most of the parameters affecting the emulsion rheology are combined in one term which can be considered as a factor that corrects the effective viscosity of the emulsion.
RSS with Near-Bit GR Imaging Assist Accurate Steer Drilling in Shale Gas Project in Sichuan: A Fit-For-Purpose Solutions for Shale Gas Drilling Case Study
Authors: Zheng Ma Jia , Liu Xin , Zhao Jian Ping , Qiu Xun Xi , Fang Jian , Wang Xiong Fei , Zhao Jing Kai , Geng Gan
Published: April 2019

The Sichuan Basin is the major target for shale gas exploration in China because of its rich gas stored in unexploited black shale with multiple bed series. National Shale Gas Exploitation Areas have been established since 2012, the proved geological shale gas reserves is 9210×108 m3 and 90.25×108m3 annually output has been achieved by the end of 2017.

The operating Sichuan Basin shale gas area located in the major compression tectonic experienced multiple geological structure movements in Earth history, showing characteristics of high steep structure with faults greatly developed. It's proven that the key factors in exploiting these targets are well acknowledged by the efforts to land and expose the lateral within the sweet zone. To successfully place lateral in reservoirs from geological perspective must overcome challenges of high uncertainty structure identification to make soft landing and maximize horizontal exposure in the sweet zone.

While it comes to shale gas reservoir, to pave the way for fracture operation and achieve good well completion, the drilling requires a relative gentle well path, keeping well path inclination with limitation, which requires to make azimuth turning to achieve this.

To ensure the optimum placement of the well in sweet zone, the integration of rotary steerable drilling system (RSS) with borehole images measurements in real-time have been implemented with the employment of well placement technique.

The borehole image portrays structural profile while drilling whilst the rotary steerable drilling system provides accurate trajectory control. With the help of borehole image and proactive log correlation, the trajectory can be landed precisely into desired best quality reservoir, although the formation dip and actual target depth become much different with geological prognosis. During the lateral section, the trajectory was also controlled effectively in the high-quality reservoir despite of structural variation and reservoir property change. Through use of Fit-For-Purpose solution it effectively improves drilling efficiency and positively impacts well production. These achievements subsequently help to optimize wells deployment plan and wells with longer lateral horizontal section were planned for greater predictable production rate.
Pilot Test and Effect Evaluation for the Water Shutoff Technology with Concentric Tube in Horizontal Well of Bohai Oilfield
Authors: Zhang Guohao , Liu Zongbin , Li Yanlai , Jia Xiaofei , Sun Zhaobo , Lv Zuobin
Published: April 2019

In strong edge/bottom-water reservoir, unstable pressure drop and recovery degree in different horizontal well segments often lead to breakthrough of edge and bottom water, causing rapid water cut increase and productivity decrease, even burst water flood. Bohai LD oilfield was low-rising and strong edge/bottom-water reservoir with horizontal well pattern. Considering the status of LD Oilfield which was short of reliable water-controlling techniques during high water-cut stage, an applicative, effective and economical water control technology was urgently required.

In the present work, water breakthrough characteristic template of horizontal well had been established through studying water breakthrough features of horizontal well locating at high permeability zone based on the mechanistic model. At the same time, combined with numerical simulation study on actual reserviors and physical parameters in the horizontal interval, the water breakthrough position of horizontal well had been further confirmed. On the basis of above, the water shutoff technology with concentric tube had been studied. It was through inserting a piece of concentric tube with small diameter into horizontal segment of horizontal well and optimizing design parameters of concentric tube in accordance with horizontal section flow profile.

Through the water shutoff technology with concentric tube, all fluid production profiles of experimental well had been effectively improved in horizontal section, which attained the destination of oil production increment and water cut reduction. The average oil production of single well had been increased 40 m3/d in two experimental wells from 2012 to 2017 in LD Oilfield. The cumulative oil increment had reached 50,000 m3. The general water percentage had decreased by 18% from 99% to 81%.

The water shutoff technology with concentric tube in horizontal well possessed the advantages of simple operation, low implementation cost. The pilot test and corresponding effect shown in the present paper demonstrates that this newly developed technical method had great potential in stabilizing oil production and controlling water cut of horizontal well in high water cut stage of offshore edge/bottom-water oil reservoir.
Designing Cement Jobs for Success - Get it Right the First Time!
Authors: Tang Lik Jin , Combe Caroline , Wee Anson , Mohd Radzi Razif , Heu Tieng Soon , Ho Chen Nyap , Tan Kenneth
Published: April 2019

Early during the M Field well design phase, it was realized that cementing would be challenging due to tight downhole pressure margins, S-shaped well trajectories with long horizontal section and the need to isolate more than one reservoir. Recognising that cement remediation would be both expensive and having low probability of success, a structured approach focusing on designing the cement jobs for success and getting it right the first time was adopted. Criteria on barrier requirements were agreed upfront by an integrated team consisting of Production Technologists, Well Fluid Engineers, Well Engineers, Petrophysicists, Technical Authorities and cementing contractors.

Early engagement allowed ample time for the team to agree on the mitigation measures for different cementing outcomes before the actual execution, thus avoiding potentially difficult decisions to be made on the fly. Cementing scorecards were populated with planned job parameters for each well. Mud removal and cement placement modelling was performed to get the optimal mud displacement to reduce the risk of channeling. If the modelling showed presence of channels and/or insufficient cement height, a re-design of the cement job was triggered. In the event that a satisfactory cement design cannot be achieved using the conventional methods, new technologies, such as dual stage cementing and managed pressure cementing, were implemented to increase the chances of getting good cement.

Once section target depth (TD) was reached, the scorecard and mud removal model were updated with the actual hole conditions. Adjustments in pumping rate, spacer and cement volumes and mud rheology were made to ensure an effective mud displacement and success cement job.

After pumping the cement, the scorecard and mud removal model were updated again and compared with the post job execution data such as theoretical top of cement (TTOC), lift pressure and pressure matching. Cement evaluation logs were obtained for the first three wells to calibrate the scorecard and mud removal model. For subsequent wells, cement evaluation logs were only carried as a contingency in the event that the theoretical top of cement did not meet the requirement. A cementing lookback was conducted post cement pumping and learnings were implemented for subsequent jobs. Over the drilling campaign, 18 casing strings were cemented and only two of those did not achieve the required top of cement height.

Designing the cement jobs for success and getting it right the first time provided significant cost saving on cement evaluation logging and on remediation while achieving the required lifecycle well integrity. This can only be achieved through a structured approach, early engagement and collaboration of an integrated and multidisciplinary team.
The Study and Application of the Kirchhoff Q PSDM Technology
Authors: Zhang Weiyi , Zhang Jianlei , Wang Chengxiang , Sun Pengyuan , Ma Yuanming , Xue Guiren
Published: April 2019

The Kirchhoff Q PSDM technique is studied in this paper in order to compensate the amplitude and correct the distortion of phase due to seismic attenuation in the earth, during the seismic waves traveling through the earth, especially through the the gas cloud region, to improve the resolution of the imaging results, and to satisfy the requirements of industrial production. In order to improve the calculation efficiency of the QPSDM, a time domain interpolation strategy is also proposed. This strategy avoids the compensation in frequency doamin at each imaging point, which is time-consuming. The computation efficiency of Q migration has been greatly improved with our method, making the Kirchhoff QPSDM able to meet the needs of industrial production. By analyzing the sources of the high frequency noise, the time-variant gain-limits are used to suppress the high frequency noise in the compensation procedure. The numerical results show that the compensation method using the time-variant gain-limits can effectively compensate the energy of the severe attenuation region while suppressing the high-frequency noise. Finally, we test the QPSDM approach on synthetic data and field data. These examples demonstratethat the QPSDM approach could produce higer resolution images with imporoved amplitude and correct phase compared to the convetional PSDM. The Kirchhoff QPSDM technology realized in this paper has produced desirable seismic images while it is applied in many exploration areas such as Dagang, Daqing, Malaysia, Nanhai, etc.
The Effect of High-Geothermal Field on the Diagenesis and Pore Evolution of Sandstone Reservoirs in Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin
Authors: Ma YongKun
Published: April 2019

Oil and gas exploration in the deep-water areas have become a global hot spot. The deep-water area of the Baiyun sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin is an important exploration target. The area is a typical deep-water hot basin of a wide range of geothermal gradients. Data from a single borehole shows a geothermal gradient from 4.0 to 6.64°C/100m. High geothermal field has an important control on the reservoir diagenesis, pore evolution and porosity-permeability trends. We analyzed sandstone samples from the ZhuJiang and ZhuHai Group, which were buried in the depth range between 500- and 4000m, and display similar composition and textures. The samples can provide insights into the evolution of reservoir diagenetic features under progressive burial process. We also analyzed sandstone samples frome EnPing Group. In general, the petrological composition was the main controlling factor of reservoir quality. The high geothermal field led to a rapid decrease in the porosity and permeability of deeply buried sandstones. Howerver, the EnPing Group, which has a deeper burial depth, shows good reservoir quality. Compared with the ZhuJiang Group and the ZhuHai Group sandstone, the EnPing Group sandstone is dominantly coarse sandstone with more quartz grains, minor feldspars and rock fragments. The EnPing Group is dominated by primary pores, which has a better porosity-permeability relationship than other groups. The deep-water of the Baiyun sag still has potential for exploration. In particular, EnPing Group sandstone reservoir may become a desirable goal in deep and ultra-deep exploration.
Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Drilling Risk Prediction Methods for Shale Gas Field in Sichuan Basin
Authors: Wang GaoCheng , Zhao Chunduan , Liang Xing , Pan Yuanwei , Li Lin , Wang Lizhi , Rui Yun , Li Qingshan
Published: April 2019

Huangjinba shale gas field is located at the south edge of the Sichuan Basin. It has very complex structures, in situ stresses and natural fracture corridors in comparison to adjacent areas in the Sichuan Basin. In recent drilling campaigns, drilling risks have caused some wells to fail in reaching their planned total depth, eventually failing to deliver cost-effective gas production. In order to mitigate drilling risks, e.g. mud loss, collapse, stuck, hang up, gas kick, effective drilling risk prediction is an urgent challenge to address. Integrating quantitative drilling risk prediction methods with qualitative methods could increase the prediction accuracy and avoid or mitigate the drilling risk during the well deployment stage.

In this project, multiple seismic attributes were used to predict natural fracture distributions which qualitatively indicated the locations where drilling risks were likely occur. Comprehensive geophysical characterization was performed to identify natural fracture zones and patterns, and their mechanisms were validated by analyzing regional geological and tectonic evolution.

Image log data was then integrated into the natural fracture distribution prediction from seismic to build a DFN (Discrete Fracture Network). This combination of the DFN predicted from seismic data plus quantitative image log information allowed improved accuracy in the prediction of drilling risks.

Following this, natural fracture stability was analyzed by building a 3D geomechanics model in order to predict drilling complex qualitatively. A full field 3D geomechanics model was built through integrating seismic, geological structure, log and core data. The 3D geomechanical model includes 3D anisotropic mechanical properties, 3D pore pressure, and the 3D in-situ stress field. Through leveraging measurements from an advanced sonic tool and core data, the anisotropy of the formation was captured at wellbores and propagated to 3D space guided by prestack seismic inversion data. 3D pore pressure prediction was conducted using seismic data and calibrated against pressure measurements, mud logging data, and flowback data. The discrete fracture network model, which represented multi-scale natural fracture systems, was integrated into the 3D geomechanical model during stress modeling to reflect the disturbance on the in-situ stress field by the presence of the natural fracture systems.

From these models, a drilling map which quantitatively indicated the depth where drilling risk such as mud loss, gas kick, etc. occurred was created along the well trajectory.

This paper presents the highlights and innovations in seismic multi-attributes analysis and full-field geomechanics modeling which integrate qualitative and quantitative methods for drilling risk prediction.
A New Method to Detect Influx and Loss During Drilling Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Shi Xiaoyan , Zhou Yingcao , Zhao Qing , Jiang Hongwei , Zhao Liping , Liu Yong , Yang Guang
Published: April 2019

Influx and loss are the two most common downhole complexities. They not only cause the reservoir damage, increase the exploration cost, reduce the drilling efficiency; but also induce major malignancy. Therefore accurate and early detection of influx and loss during drilling is of great significance. Traditional influx and loss detection methods have the shortcoming of monitoring time lagging and high costs. As the rapid development of artificial intelligence techniques, researchers start to detect influx and loss using artificial intelligence method. This work adopted two machine learning algorithms(Random forests and Support vector machine) according to their characteristics to detect influx and loss during drilling in real-time. The detection methods includes four steps: 1) Generating raw influx/loss raw data set by combining real-time drilling data and drilling history data; 2) Pre-processing raw data set to obtain training data set; 3) Training classification model of random forests and SVM by training data set and algorithms; 4) Predicting influx/loss by the trained model according to the new real-time data. The case study shows that influx and loss can be detected accurately in early stage by both random forests method and SVM method after proper pre-processing the raw data and optimizing algorithm parameters. The detection accuracy of the sample data from four wells exceeds 90%. This work demonstrate a new way to detect influx and loss by utilizing huge drilling data and machine-learning algorithms, and the detection results are satisfying.
Study of Seismic Data Processing Techniques in Deepwater Slope
Authors: Li Qingshou
Published: April 2019

Seismic data processing in deep-water slope belt area has always been a challenge for marine seismic data processing. Steep slopes could induce strong diffraction multiples, difficult velocity modelling, weaker illumination. This paper will introduce three key methods on dual direction acquisition seismic data imaging for slope belt area.

The first key method is joint multiple attenuation, this method uses 3D SRME,vertex drift high-precision radon multiple attenuation, super CDP gather median filter to multiple attenuation; The second key method is geological constrained velocity modeling. This method uses geological information to restrict the initial velocity which could reduce the impact of rapid land surface change on velocity modeling; The third method is dual direction data merge. After PSDM, this method uses fast and slow wave velocity correction and advantage data to get a dual direction merging data stack section.

Joint multiple attenuation could eliminate diffraction multiples effectively, and it can improve the signal to noise ratio which will be benefit for the velocity analysis and final imaging; Constrained velocity modeling could improve the velocity model accuracy in the steep slope area, which can help final imaging to avoid imaging distortion under steep seabed; To get a dual direction merging data stack section is a relabel way to increase data folds and illumination and improve the quality of imaging faults.

The successful application of these three methods shows that dual direction acquisition data processing provides an effective way to solve the imaging difficulties in steep slopes in deep water.
Unlocking and Materializing Development Opportunities with an Optimized Subsurface Study Approach and Adaptive Execution in a Brownfield
Authors: Tan Yeen Voon , Amiruddin Nurul Azrin , Li Hui Ming , Sim Chee Hui , Abdul Aziz Shahrizal , Adnan Nursyazwani , Mansor Mohd Najmi , Anuar Mohd Azlan , Jacobs Stephen Thomas , Khalid Aizuddin , Kumar Ashok
Published: April 2019

This paper discusses an alternative study approach with multiple lessons learned from a recent successful infill drilling campaign in a medium-sized brownfield. The team conducted a practical and an optimized subsurface study, including the no-frills classical reservoir engineering and a simple sector model to justify the infill wells. From idea generation to monetization of the barrels, it was fast and cost effective without compromising technical assurance.

Results of the infill drilling campaign and lessons learned are discussed in this paper. This is a case study on how a comprehensive understanding of reservoir complexity using creative data integration can be an adequate tool for field development. The results of the campaign demonstrated that an optimized study helps the operator and partners make an efficient investment decision in materializing development opportunities.
Refining History Matching Quality through Various Data Acquisition Campaign for a Major Waterflood Reservoir to Unleash Its Maximum Recovery Potential: A Case Study
Authors: Jamaludin Izzuddin , Mandal Dipak , Arsanti Dian , Dzulkifli Izyan Nadirah , Zakaria Nurul Azami , Mohamad Salleh Salhizan , Ahmad Hawari Saiful Adli , Mohd Azkah Mohd Zubair
Published: April 2019

Data acquisition remains one of the crucial activities to be consistently executed throughout field life for any oilfield development. Significant operating expenditure (OPEX) is allocated each year to understand reservoir performance, thus reduce uncertainties and enable optimizations. This paper aims to highlight the issues faced during simulation model history matching (HM) process of a waterflood reservoir, including understanding of depositional environment and production data integrity. The output is utilized to improve recovery factor (RF) via infill opportunities and water injection optimization.

Field A has run a second shot of 3D seismic in 2006 (first in 1995) and processed into a time lapse, 4D seismic. In 2014, a cased hole logging campaign utilizing the high precision temperature, spectral noise logging (HPT-SNL) tool has been completed to check the integrity and flow contribution of 12 wells in Reservoir-X. Within the same period, a pulse pressure testing (PPT) was carried out to verify the communication between wells, in addition to acquiring regular surveillance data which helped to improve reservoir simulation study.

The 4D seismic helped to understand the areal waterflood front movement and explained the water cut trend anomaly in an updip well which experienced earlier water breakthrough than near downdip producers. Moreover, it helped to identify a bypass oil zone which can potentially be an infill location. As most of the wells are on dual string completion, the HPT-SNL campaign helped to improve production allocation of multi stacked reservoirs as well as identify problematic wells which required rectification jobs. The PPT assisted in identifying a baffle zone to explain the poor pressure support observed in some producers in the south from the nearby water injectors. All data interpretations were incorporated into final HM model which subsequently identified infill locations and the reservoir management plan (RMP) was successfully revised. An infill program was executed in 2015, which successfully secured additional EUR of ~9 MMstb. Based on the studies and outcome of the infill campaign water injection optimization helped to improve production and added ~2 MMstb reserves, through voidage replacement ratio (VRR) optimization and oil producer (OP) to water injector (WI) conversion. With these efforts, team could successfully project RF of >55%.

This case study demonstrates how acquiring focused surveillance data and their effective integration in performance analysis in simulation study helps to reduce uncertainties, unveils infill opportunities, improves production injection optimization and thus helps to improve the recovery factor in brown fields.
Seismic Facies Recognition and Stratigraphic Trap Characterization Based on Neural Networks
Authors: Zhang Si-Hai , Xu Yin , Abu-Ali Mahdi , Teng Mee Kee
Published: April 2019

Reservoirs and the lateral seal of stratigraphic traps are controlled by the depositional environment or diagenesis. The recognition of facies and lithology from seismic attributes is an effective approach for identifying stratigraphic traps related to the depositional environment. In this paper, the occurrence of stratigraphic traps related to depositional environment in Permian aeolian clastics and Jurassic carbonate-evaporites was studied. To identify these stratigraphic traps, multiple seismic attributes were classified using supervised and unsupervised artificial neural networks (ANNs), which allowed the recognition of seismic facies and lithology.

Neural networks are a powerful classification technique, which incorporates multiple attributes into a number of classes to identify sedimentary facies. Two algorithms comprising supervised and unsupervised neural networks are commonly implemented. With a supervised learning algorithm, prior information such as typical facies at the control wells are required to train the multilayer perceptron (MLP) network. With an unsupervised algorithm, only seismic data is input to the neural network, and competitive-learning techniques are employed to classify or self-organize the data based on its internal characteristics. Without prior information, the output classes are not labeled with lithofacies. According to the availability of prior information, supervised and unsupervised learning were applied to recognize dune-playa and carbonate-evaporite combinations, respectively. To characterize the depositional environments, joint interpretation with a geological model is necessary for both supervised and unsupervised classification.

Two major findings have been derived from this work. First, the learning technology based on ANNs is effective to recognize sedimentary facies. The microfacies and lithologies identified by both supervised and unsupervised ANNs are very consistent with the drilled wells. Second, the recognition of depositional facies and lithology can characterize the stratigraphic traps in the study areas. Lateral seal plays a key role in stratigraphic traps. Playa siltstone and tight lagoonal limestone constitute the lateral seal in dune-playa and carbonate-evaporite combinations, respectively.
Total Well Management : Maximising Well Lifecycle Value – A Regulator Perspective
Authors: Guillory Ryan , Wan Razali Wan A. Aziz , Masoudi Rahim , Singh Ratan , Ahmad Nur Asyikin
Published: April 2019

The 2015 oil price downturn and future uncertainty in the industry have resulted in Malaysia Oil and Gas Regulator PETRONAS (MPM) taking a more proactive role in driving Malaysian Petroleum Arrangement Contractors (PACs) to maximize lifecycle value from their well stock. Key focus areas include streamlining review processes, reducing well cost, maximizing production from active wells and reactivating idle wells, reducing failures from well activities, driving value driven surveillance and promoting low cost well abandonment. This paper will focus on how the objective & value driven approach by PETRONAS MPM have resulted in business performance improvements at the national level through proactive and effective well value maximization throughout field/well lifecycle, from exploration stage down to the decommissioning and abandonment stage.
A Model Designed for HSE Big Data Analysis in Petroleum Industry
Authors: Wu Tongxin , Mao Yaming , Zhao Gang
Published: April 2019

HSE (Health, Safety, and Environment) management is one of the most concerned matters of every business, especially in petroleum Industry. Currently, analyzing the origin of accident and tracing the responsibility of accident commonly happened after the accident due to the lack of analytical theories, methods and models. This paper presents a HSE big data analysis framework which is capable of analyzing historical data of HSE management to promote the practicality and scientificity of HSE management.

This paper has done much research of HSE data analytics. Based on the features of HSE management in petroleum Industry, it elaborate the open source projects and its applicable scenes in data analytics. Then, it gives suggestions of choosing open source projects to establish data analytics platform under given conditions. Last, by using data warehouse, data mining, machine learning and pattern identification technology, a HSE big data analytics framework was presented in this paper. This framework includes the level of data acquisition, data storage, data processing, data analysis, and data application.

The efficient use of this model can help to untangle doubts of HSE big data analytics, discover the regularity and characteristics of accidents, and enhance supervision and warning of safety production.
From Molecules to Barrels: A Case Study on Redefining Hydrocarbon Spectrum and DNA Tracing Through Gas-Chromatograph Fingerprinting
Authors: Zulkipli Siti Najmi Farhan , Harun Norhana
Published: April 2019

Geochemistry plays a key role in oil and gas business and often, it has the reputation of providing the most economical way to establish the ground truth for any analytical work done to trace hydrocarbon presence. Conventional ways in determining hydrocarbon fluid type and flow potential such as wireline formation tester, optical fluid analyzer, well testing, downhole and surface fluid samples could be an advantage or a headache if delineation of hydrocarbon presence is masked by high contamination from drilling fluid or non-representative samples. Often whenever any sudden major production hiccups occur, many factors come in which may cloud the real root cause identification. Hence, geochemistry method offers a unique solution in tracing the hydrocarbon presence and also the possible sources where it originates from. Methodology and principles of gas-chromatograph (GC) fingerprinting, case studies for application and value creation to the business are the scopes of this paper.

Examining the DNA and composition unique to each hydrocarbon fluid sample in the lab can be an intriguing process which requires shorter time compared to conventional analytical work. Requiring only few drops of hydrocarbon fluid, synthetic-based mud and base oil samples as input into the GC spectrometer machine, the unique chromatogram signature from each fluid will be overlaid onto each other for comparison and quantification of contamination level.

The case studies presented in this paper will highlight the key characteristics of live hydrocarbon signature as compared to the dead oil or drilling fluid signature which acts as the outlier or contaminant to the samples. Values created in terms of proving the hydrocarbon discovery, refining well testing decision based on the fingerprinting results which involves stakeholder's interest, determination of potential well barrier leaks, optimizing well stimulation design and possible sources of hydrocarbon migration into the wellbore will also be highlighted.

In a nutshell, application of GC fingerprinting to ascertain hydrocarbon fluid type is successfully proven, cost effective and technically viable approach. Recognizing the DNA and unique signature of each fluid will be an added advantage for short term and long term business investment strategies.
Prediction of Pore and Fracture Pressures Using Support Vector Machine
Authors: Ahmed S. Abdulmalek , Mahmoud Ahmed Abdulhamid , Elkatatny Salaheldin , Mahmoud Mohamed , Abdulraheem Abdulazeez
Published: April 2019

Pore and fracture pressures are a critical formation condition that affects efficiency and economy of drilling operations. The knowledge of the pore and fracture pressures is significant to control the well. It will assist in avoiding problems associated with drilling operation and decreasing the cost of drilling operation. It is essential to predict pore and fracture pressures accurately prior to drilling process to prevent various issues for example fluid loss, kicks, fracture the formation, differential pipe sticking, heaving shale and blowouts.

Many models are used to estimate the pore and fracture pressures either from log information, drilling parameters or formation strengths. However, these models have some limitations such as some of the models can only be used in clean shales, applicable only for the pressure generated by under-compaction mechanism and some of them are not applicable in unloading formations. Few papers used artificial intelligence (AI) to estimate the pore and fracture pressures. In this work, a real filed data that contain the log data and real time surface drilling parameters were utilized by support vector machine (SVM) to predict the pore and fracture pressures.

Support vector machine predicted the pore and fracture pressures with a high accuracy where the coefficient of determination (R2) is greater than 0.995. In addition, it can estimate the pore pressure without the need for pressure trends and predict the fracture pressure from only the real time surface drilling parameters which are easily available.
Separate Molecular Weight and Pressure Injection Technology for ASP Flooding in Daqing Oilfield
Authors: Gao Guanglei , Zhou Wanfu , Wu Junzheng , Zhu Shaogong , Huang Bin , Xu Dekui , Cai Meng , Liu Chongjiang , Song Xingliang , Li Haicheng , Li Kuilong
Published: April 2019

The displacement target of the ASP flooding in Daqing Oilfield has gradually shifted to class II reservoirs, which are characterized by multiple layers and great difference in permeabilities. The percentage of 3-5 layer injection wells has reached more than 50%. Currently, there are two main problems existing with the separate injection technology. First, due to the different microscopic molecular structure of the ASP solution, the viscosity loss of the ASP solution is more than 1 times higher than that of the polymer under the same injection conditions, which affects the displacement effect of ASP flooding. Second, the ASP system of a single molecular weight cannot meet the displacement requirements of all oil layers. To solve the two problems, a separate molecular weight and pressure injection technology is developed for ASP flooding. Based on the microscopic mechanism and simulation study, the separate molecular weight and pressure injection technology for ASP flooding is developed in this paper. The injection string can inject different ASP solutions of different molecular weights into different layers at different injection rates as required to match different oil layer permeabilities. Thus, the control of molecular weight and injection rate for separate layers in ASP flooding can be achieved. At the flow rate of 50m3/d, the adjustment range of molecular weight is 20-50%, the maximum throttling pressure difference can reach 1.5MPa or more, and the maximum loss of viscosity is less than 7.8%. Up to now, this technology has been applied to the field tests of more than 800 wells. Since the application of this technology, the injection profile has been effectively improved, and the pay-gross thickness ratio has been increased by 8%. With this technology, the separate injection for 3-5 layers and control of molecular weight as well as injection rate for separate layers to match the different oil layer permeabilities in ASP flooding can be achieved. This technology will play an important role in the development of major oil fields in the future.
Comprehensive Identification Technology of Atypical Bright Spot Oil Reservoirs in Deep Water Area of Eastern South China Sea
Authors: Li zhiye , Liu Jie , Zhang Zhongtao , Chen Zhaominng , Liu Baojun , Shi Ning
Published: April 2019

A series of light oil fields which are characterized by shallow burial, good physical property have been discovered through latest exploration in Baiyun Depression of Pearl River Mouth Basin. However light oil reservoir is "Atypical bright spot" reservoir. The light oil-bearing and gas bearing structures in the seismic section are characterized by "bright spot" reflection, and the difference of elastic parameters is not obvious. Traditional methods are inefficient to discriminate oil, gas and water. Aiming at the above problems, the fluid rock physical interpretation version is rebuilt through the analysis of Gassmann fluid factor based on two-phase medium petrophysics theory and the elastic parameters of the P-wave impedance. Then the three fluid properties of oil, gas and water are classified by direct inversion technique based on elastic impedance. The real data processing and exploration practice have proved the feasibility and validity of this method which is instructive to deep water exploration.
Successful Delivery of Decommissioning Project via Artificial Reefing Option in Malaysia
Authors: Sulaiman Mohd Zhafran , Mohamad Ros Mohamad Ikhranizam , Kamarudin Zainuddin , A Rahman M Redzuan , Kasah Zakaria , Yusof M Hatta
Published: April 2019

This paper will discuss further on the recent decommissioning project of fields which has been completed on November 2017. These two platforms had been totally removed and became an artificial reef at Sarawak water in Malaysia. This paper will show the activities and best practices; the team had gone through from early stage until completion of the process based on the decommissioning phases. The decommissioning framework consists of five phases starting from Late Life Planning and Preparation; Regulatory, Compliance and Permitting; Facilities Hook-down and wells make safe; Removal and Remediation and lastly, Post Remediation. In baseline inspection, the underwater inspection had provided some information to the contractor on the scope and revealed some of the uncertainties about the decommissioning project. On an important note, an engineering study is critical to ensure safe operation. After our observation, we noted that actual operation is similar to the engineering's simulation where the team had to follow the engineering accordingly. Reefing engineering crucially needed to be performed to ensure the facilities been placed at the right location and position. During offshore execution removal of facilities, there were challenges we faced such as malfunction of the cutting/dredge equipment which led to a back up plan and innovative solution. We had to utilize other available equipments available onboard (Diamond wire cutter, abrasive waterjet internal cutter, dredger, soil plug removal, airlift, cutting torch etc.). Selection of cutting tools also needed to be considered to minimize the pinch effect of the facilities. Finally, Post decommissioning survey had been carried during the Post Remediation phase to assess the successful of the project. The post-decommissioning/reefing survey had been carried out and the result observed new marine growth and numbers of fishes at the reefed platform. It had been concluded that this decommissioning reefing project was successful. This paper should be an interest to those who will be exploring abandonment and decommissioning project which includes reefing as one of the decommissioning options. This paper will also show on decommissioning process through Engineering, Preparation, Removal and Disposal (EPRD) approach contract. The novelty in this paper is on the assurance that had been made by Company via baseline and post reefing survey to ensure environment aspect had been considered.
4D Geomechanical Simulation in Fractured Carbonate Reservoir for Optimum Well Construction and Reservoir Management, Case Study in Offshore East Java Area
Authors: Anis Apollinaris Stefanus Leo , Syarif Zilman , Setiawan Ade Surya , Hidayat Azalea , Murtani Anom Seto
Published: April 2019

Ujung Pangkah Field which located at offshore East Java Indonesia, is known for its challenging nature from geological, reservoir and drilling perspectives. Drilling experiences in this area shows severe wellbore instability in overburden shale and in fractured carbonate reservoir. Hydrocarbon production directly exacerbate drilling problems and production issues that were not expected came earlier than predicted, for example early water breakthrough. At least two or three operators facing similar severe wellbore instability problems in the area.

Due to the complexity of subsurface systems and coupled interactions between depletion and stresses, the present-day stress state in Ujung Pangkah Field which have undergone production will be different from the pre-production stress state. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis will require numerical modelling involving coupling of 3D geomechanical model with fluid flow during production operations from dynamic model. Present-day stress state is subsequently used for wellbore stability analysis of planned development wells in Ujung Pangkah Field. Investigation of the behavior of natural fractured reservoir during depletion and its impact to reservoir management is also attempted. Two-way coupling of geomechanic and dynamic models were conducted whereby porosity and permeability update due to production were simulated based on uniaxial pore volume compressibility tests. Hence, porosity and permeability of fractures are not considered static anymore but dynamic due to stresses changes and production.

The result of coupled simulation is able to reduce wellbore instabilities significantly in the planned well. The stable mud weight windows for planned wells are extracted from the model. The stable mud weight window in the reservoir interval is narrow to no stable drilling window in all the planned wells due to depletion. In general, the preferred direction to drill, requiring lowest mud weights, is in the direction of minimum horizontal stress which in this case is Northwest-Southeast (NW-SE). However, it was found that azimuthal dependency of mud weight is insignificant due to low horizontal stress anisotropy.

Reservoir compaction and sea-bed subsidence were also calculated using the outputs from the model. The result is useful for completion and platform integrity.
Atuação do enfermeiro da estratégia saúde da família no incentivo ao aleitamento materno durante o período pré-natal
Authors: Nascimento Ana Maria Resende , Silva Petra Martins da , Nascimento Marcio Antônio , Souza Gilberto , Calsavara Renata Angelica , Santos Andréia Andrade dos
Published: April 2019

Objetivo: Apontar as ações do enfermeiro da ESF (Estratégia de Saúde da Família) no incentivo e apoio às gestantes ao aleitamento materno durante o período do pré-natal. Metodologia: A metodologia utilizada foi uma revisão narrativa. Foram selecionados 30 artigos que abordam o tema em estudo. Resultados: Na gravidez a mulher passa por mudanças físicas e emocionais e cabe aos profissionais da saúde orientá-la quanto ao ciclo gravídico-puerperal e ao aleitamento materno exclusivo. Apesar de parecer um processo simples e natural, é necessário que as mães e seus familiares obtenham informações e orientações adequadas para que o ato de amamentar aconteça de maneira tranquila e não ocorra o risco de ocasionar um desmame precoce. Considerações finais: Como o enfermeiro é o profissional da saúde que está mais próximo da gestante, ele deve promover um bom relacionamento com ela para que possa ouvir suas dúvidas sobre a amamentação e os cuidados com o recém-nascido, estabelecendo um plano de ação eficaz que contribua para o aleitamento materno sem complicações. Para tanto, ele precisa estar bem preparado, pois o êxito do aleitamento materno exclusivo dependerá muitas vezes das orientações oferecidas pelo enfermeiro desde das consultas do pré-natal.
Retratamento endodôntico em dente anterior acometido por reabsorção radicular interna: relato de caso
Authors: Camêlo Francyne Aparecida Leão , Silva Manoelyne Souza , Argolo Nathalia Maria da Rocha , Monezi Lara Laís de Lima , Neto Dario Fernandes Lopes , Oliveira Adriana Pachêco de
Published: April 2019

Introdução: A reabsorção radicular interna, ou chamada de reabsorção intracanal, odontoblastoma, e granuloma interno, representa um processo patológico de rara ocorrência. Uma vez que a terapêutica da reabsorção interna e externa é diferente, é de suma importância a realização de um diagnóstico diferencial cuidadoso, o qual se baseia principalmente na interpretação radiográfica, sendo complementada pela história do paciente e pelo exame clínico. Discussão: Atualmente, a Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico constitui uma ferramenta muito importante, pois atribui maior confiabilidade ao diagnóstico, classificação e planejamento do tratamento. Relato de Caso: O presente trabalho objetivo descrever um caso clínico de retratamento endodôntico acompanhado do reparo de uma reabsorção radicular interna com o uso do cimento reparador biocerâmico, que proporcionou o retorno funcional do dente envolvido, a fim de abordar os aspectos relevantes ao diagnóstico e tratamento.
O bem-estar de pacientes renais crônicos durante o tratamento com hemodiálise e diálise peritoneal
Authors: Rocha Maria Adriana Mota , Barata Rosinete Souza , Braz Letícia Cardoso
Published: April 2019

Objetivo: Avaliar qual método dialítico traz mais qualidade de vida ao paciente com insuficiência renal crônica. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão de literatura do tipo narrativa de artigos dos sites SciELO e uma monografia. Resultados: Os métodos dialíticos, diálise peritoneal e hemodiálise são semelhantes quando se trata de qualidade vida, pois ambos apresentam vantagens e desvantagens ao paciente. Conclusão: A escolha do método dialítico desempenha papel importante para a qualidade de vida do paciente renal crônico, fatores individuais precisam ser analisados e deve ser uma escolha conjunta entre médico família e paciente, visando uma promoção maior da qualidade de vida deste.