bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a Modular Network
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

In the future it will become increasingly difficult to define what “the network” is. The distinctions between private and public, basic and enhanced, terminal and network equipment, national and international, will fade. It is best to think of the network as a federation that must interact. The traditional arrangement was based on the notion of sharing of resources in terms of technology, economics, and politics. But the evolution of networks moves away from this sharing arrangement, because of new entry by suppliers, and, perhaps even more important, of exit of major users from the old sharing coalition. It may be more efficient on some level to share, but by the same logic one should not buy books but use the library, or one should not buy a car but hire a taxi. In other words, the efficiency of capacity utilization is not the only economic force driving an economic system.
Telecommunications Liberalization: An Expansionary Process?
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: November 2023

A look across countries and across different economic sectors shows a spreading in the liberalization of previously strictly controlled economic activities. In the United States, deregulation expanded functionally from one line of business to adjoining ones (e.g., in transportation, from airlines to railroads and then to trucks; in telecommunications, from equipment to long-distance service, local transmission, and central office functions). Liberalization has also spread geographically. In telecommunications it has moved from the United States to the United Kingdom, Japan, and to some extent continental Europe. In air transportation, too, it proceeded from the United States to Britain and Europe. One should note that in other historical periods the opposite trends have occurred, and regulation has expanded.
The Dormant Commerce Clause and the Constitutional Balance of Federalism
Authors: Redish Martin H
Published: November 2023

As explained in the previous chapter, Congress’s power to regulate interstate commerce has grown through judicial interpretation to the point where today it is virtually unlimited in its reach. As is the case with all of Congress’s powers enumerated in Article I Section 8, of the Constitution, however, the commerce power need not be exercised by Congress. Thus, despite the power’s all-but-total extension, Congress has continued to leave numerous areas free from federal statutory regulation. Even in certain areas in which Congress has invoked its authority, substantial room has been left for state regulation.
Pragmatic Formalism and Separation of Powers
Authors: Redish Martin H
Published: November 2023

While the issues of federalism examined in the preceding chapters are central to the political structure contemplated in the Constitution, by no means do they exhaust that political framework. The structure of federalism contemplated in the Constitution took the preexisting format of state sovereignty and modified it in order to strengthen the federal government without concentrating all policymaking power at that governmental level. In addition, the Framers decided to divide the power of the federal government further, into three separate units that would overlap in their tasks only to the extent necessary to enable one branch to check the potential excesses of the others.
Invisible Authority
Authors: Abelson Elaine S
Published: November 2023

Behind the glass fac;ade lurked a disorder that reflected the essential paradox of these new institutions. No longer the familiar dry goods emporium personally managed by a single individual and his assistants, the large urban department store generated a hierarchy of managers and employed a work force that, before the end of the century, numbered in the thousands.1 Of necessity, the stores depended on a variety of new in-store roles and definitions of both authority and responsibility. The power relationships and strategies that developed in this framework allowed the bazaars to flourish, but, as several recent studies have shown, there was a variety of internal difficulties.
A Fast Red Coupe
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

I laid eyes on my first Saturn, a red coupe with a blonde at the wheel, about thirty miles east of Nashville on 1-40. It was mid-May 1991. The coupe zoomed by, doing about seventy-five. It slowed down when a Tennessee state trooper appeared on the other side of the interstate, then resumed cruising speed.
Gut Feel and Car Smarts
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

Saturn’s first official management team, a president and five vice presidents, was announced in January 1985. Their initial challenge was one of forgetting. To create the so-called “business of the business” for a factory of the future in some green field site no one had yet identified, they had to forget much of what they had learned in other divisions of GM.
The Site Sweepstakes
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

The Peabody Hotel in Memphis is famous for its ducks. They waddle along a red carpet to the fountain in the lobby, then spend afternoons swimming to entertain the guests. In March 1985, Roger Smith went to the Peabody Hotel for a conference. A good friend of his, Howard Baker, a former senator from Tennessee and soon-to-be White House chief of staff for President Ronald Reagan, arranged for Smith to slip away from the conference long enough to meet Lamar Alexander, the governor of Tennessee. Lamar (practically everyone in Tennessee called the young governor by his first name) wanted to tell Roger Smith why the Saturn plant, which dozens of states were after, should be located in Tennessee.
Buying the Farms
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

The pivotal meeting between Lawrence Dortch and the Rasburys, the family that had just inherited Rippavilla, took place in late May in Nashville’s Marriott Hotel, the one out by Opryland. Accompanying Dortch was Ted Soley, a tall, pale Argonaut who claimed he was a realtor from Chicago. Soley and Dortch teamed up in a loose alliance to option Rippavilla as Dortch alone had been making little headway. Until the previous February, an eccentric divorcee named Hesta Petty Munns owned Rippavilla. Munns had died suddenly, leaving the mansion and its twenty-eight acres to her sister, Joy Rasbury. It was well known within the family circle, though, that Trish Rasbury, Hesta’s favorite niece, would eventually own Rippavilla. That had been Hesta’s wish.
The Mayor
Authors: Sherman Joe
Published: November 2023

His Honor Spring Hill Mayor George Jones was at the wheel of his blue 1979 Lincoln Continental, a relic of an age when cars weighed five thousand pounds, had four hundred horses under the hood, and powered along the asphalt on big tires, snouts high, downing a gallon of gas every few minutes. Three radios crowned the drive-train hump, with little red blips flowing horizontally across one of them like flashing jewels. Blueprints and maps were heaped on the back seat, like so many wallpaper samples. When the mayor pulled into one of his spec houses (he built George Jones Custom-Built Homes to make ends meet), left the baby blue dinosaur in gear, and ran down the drive, white socks showing, I reached down and slid a box of .22 revolver ammunition from under my seat. Was the mayor armed, I wondered. He hustled back up the drive and hopped in. He made it clear he was a little aggravated at the crew that had prepped the drive for the asphalt coming later today. They hadn’t done it right, he said. We backed out, went up the street to U.S. 31, and headed south toward Columbia, smoothly, gaining power.
Implications Of Top Managers’ Communication Choices For Strategic Decisions
Authors: Daft Richard L , Bettenhausen Kenneth R , Tylere Beverly B
Published: November 2023

Organizations are, in many respects, information-processing systems. Organizations are also instruments that top managers use to carry out strategies that the managers believe will put their organizations at a competitive advantage. Managers and organizational scientists know these things, so it is surprising to find that their respective literatures contain no studies of the relationships between organizational strategies and organizational information systems.
Categorial Grammars, Lexical Rules, and the English Predicative
Authors: Carpenter Bob
Published: November 2023

When applying categorial grammars to the study of natural languages, it is traditional to assume a universal collection of phrasestructure schemes. Not only are these phrase-structure schemes applied cross-linguistically, but a compositional type-driven functional semantics is usually assumed to be determined by syntactic structure. It follows from these strong semantic and syntactic restrictions that all language-specific generalizations must be lexically determined in a categorial grammar; once the lexicon is established for a language, universal rules of syntactic and semantic combination take over to completely determine the set of grammatical expressions and their meanings. With such a large responsibility being assigned to the lexicon, it is not surprising that a simple list is not a sufficiently structured way of organizing lexical information. To achieve any degree of empirical coverage, lexical mechanisms must be provided to account for natural generalizations that exist within the lexicon of a single language.
Introduction
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

Language is a tool for expressing meaning. We think, we feel, we perceive—and we want to express our thoughts, our feelings, our perceptions. Usually we want to express them because we want to share them with other people, but this is not always the case. We also need language to record our thoughts and to organise them. We write diaries, we write notes to ourselves, we make entries in our desk calendars, and so on. We also swear and exclaim—sometimes even when there is no one to hear us. The common denominator of all these different uses of language is not communication but meaning.
Fate and Destiny
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

People can’t always do what they want to, and they know it. Their lives are shaped, in some measure at least, by forces outside their control, and this seems as obvious and as universal as the fact that they have to die. It might seem reasonable to expect, therefore, that the concept of fate, or something very much like it, will be found in all cultures and will be reflected in all languages, as one might expect that the concept of dying, or something very much like it, would be present in all cultures and in all languages.
Describing the Indescribable
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

The idea that “not only ideas, but emotions, too, are cultural artefacts” (Geertz 1973:81), at one time described by a distinguished anthropologist as “complete rubbish” (Leach 1981), is becoming increasingly well documented. (Cf., in particular, Briggs 1970; Geertz 1974; Gerber 1985; Levy 1983; Rosaldo 1980; Scruton 1985; or Lutz 1983, 1985a and b, 1987.)

Solomon (1984:253) writes: “[V]ariation in emotional life is a very real part of cross-cultural differences, and not only in the more obvious variations in circumstances and expression”. To develop this insight as a constructive thesis, he urges, “it would be necessary to tum to a piece by piece investigation of the concepts that make up our various emotions and their complex permutations, side by side with more holistic investigations of a number of other societies, such as those offered us by Levy (1973) and Briggs (1970).
The Russian Language
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

I have claimed elsewhere (Wierzbicka 1990a) that nothing reflects and illuminates Russian national identity more clearly than three unique Russian concepts which keep recurring in Russian discourse and Russian literature (both ‘high’ and folk): dusa (‘soul’), sud’ba (‘fate’), and toška (‘yearning’). All three of these concepts have been studied in this book in some detail, and I am not going to repeat, or even summarise, here what has been said in the relevant chapters. Instead, I would like to point to a few fundamental semantic themes which shape the semantic universe of the Russian language.
Toward The Intelligible Constitution
Authors: Goldstein Joseph
Published: November 2023

Opinion-writing is an art. It is highly personal and individualistic as well as collaborative. The authority, if not the authoritativeness, of each opinion rests on the membership of the writing justice in a specially constituted ensemble of nine-the Supreme Court of the United States. Dependent on one another for the Court’s performance, each member of this nonet has, like those of a chamber music group, “an independent part equal in importance with the rest.” At the same time, the jurist, like the musician, is involved in an endeavor “beyond himself.” Ajustice is not totally free to perform as he or she chooses. To have authority, a justice’s rendition of the text must have the support of at least four colleagues.
Neural-Humoral Adjustments To Orthostasis And Long-Term Control
Authors: Rowell Loring B
Published: November 2023

Without rapid constriction of resistance vessels, upright posture would not be possible without severe arterial hypotension in any animal whose heart lies considerable distance above the remainder of the circulation. The most rapid vasoconstriction is initiated by sympathetic vasomotor fibers. If the stress is prolonged, blood pressure is supported by circulating hormones that modify renal salt and water excretion and, in higher concentrations, are also vasoactive. Both neural and humoral effectors can act as efferent arms of the cardiopulmonary and arterial baroreflexes.
Limitations To Oxygen Uptake During Dynamic Exercise
Authors: Rowell Loring B
Published: November 2023

What factors limit the uptake of oxygen during dynamic exercise? Claims have been laid at each of the steps that have the greatest potential to limit the transfer of oxygen from the air to the mitochondria. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that any single step could be the limiting factor inasmuch as three determinants of Vomax are expressed in the Fick equation; namely, cardiac output, arterial oxygen content, and mixed venous oxygen content, each of which can adjust during chronic activity or inactivity (Chapters 5 and 7).
Coherence Systems
Authors: Linde Charlotte
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 5, we discussed the establishment of adequate causality, and the management of inadequate causality and accident. Moving up from this local level of the construction of causality, we will next examine the level of the coherence system, a more global cultural device for structuring experience into socially sharable narrative. A coherence system is a discursive practice that represents a system of beliefs and relations between beliefs; it provides the environment in which one statement may or may not be taken as a cause of another statement. More specifically, a coherence system of the type discussed here is a system of beliefs that occupies a position midway between common sense-the beliefs and relations between beliefs that any person in the culture may be assumed to know (if not to share) and that anyone may use-and expert systems, which are beliefs and relations between beliefs held, understood, and properly used by experts in a particular domain.1 A coherence system is a system of beliefs derived from some expert system, but used by someone with no corresponding expertise or credentials. The term coherence system represents an intermediate-level system that, to my knowledge, has not been previously noted or studied. As we shall see, the differences in social standing among the users of various kinds of systems imply a difference in the kinds of social practices in which these systems may participate.
Conclusion
Authors: Linde Charlotte
Published: November 2023

Let us first review the argument of this work, and then discuss its importance, both for linguistics and for the other social sciences. This book has examined the oral life story, focusing on the social practice of creation, exchange, and negotiation of coherent life stories. We have observed how coherence is created, from the morphological level to the level of the discourse unit to the social and historical level of the coherence system. Coherence is thus created by interweaving many linguistic and social levels.
The Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Jayaram Geetha
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes the structure, functions, and scope of an outpatient clinic within a psychiatric service system. Over three decades the outpatient clinic has evolved from being a free-standing clinical unit to being a hub in the network of services that comprises a comprehensive psychiatric service system. Since the inception of the federal community mental health centers in the 1960s, outpatient clinics and the community mental health movement as a whole have had to adapt to changes in legislation, politics, evolving financing mechanisms and humanitarian efforts (Hadley and Culhane, 1993). They have also had to contend with major expansion of programs and staffing, and with evolving concepts in treatment of the mentally ill. In treating chronic mental illnesses, the emphasis has shifted from inpatient to outpatient settings, and cost containment has become a major objective (Greene and De La Cruz, 1981; Gallant, 1983 Within the network, referrals to the outpatient clinic are received from inpatient units, emergency services, private practitioners, social service or law enforcement agencies-or individuals may be self-referred or brought by family members, friends, or neighbors. In turn, the clinic interacts with other components of the service network, such as psychosocial rehabilitation programs, vocational programs, housing committees, and home-based care providers.
The Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia
Authors: Eaton Mary C
Published: November 2023

The powerful impact of psychoactive drug therapy on the course of schizophrenia has mitigated the devastation of the disease, but has often resulted in inattention to patients’ psychotherapeutic needs. People with schizophrenia represent a major portion of patients treated in community mental health clinics and their illnesses are usually lifelong. Because of the severity of the illness, and the fact that combining pharmacologic with psychotherapeutic interventions produces the best outcome, the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of schizophrenia deserves attention. Within psychiatry there has been a historical rift between medical and psychological treatment approaches. Early in the century, in the absence of other effective measures, psychotherapy was enlisted to treat a putative psychologic cause of schizophrenia. The introduction of psychotropic medications in the 1950s showed dramatic efficacy in reducing symptoms of a condition that was being increasingly appreciated as biological in origin. Psychologically oriented-especially psychoanalytically oriented-therapists, concerned not to suppress meaningful psychic material, rejected medical treatment and continued on their psychological course, while others, persuaded by psychopharmacology, embraced what was characterized as a “medical” model. Experience, however, proved what is now generally accepted, that interweaving pharmacological treatment with skilled supportive psychotherapy, provided by the psychiatrist or, more often, the non-physician therapist, best supports the patient’s course.
Inpatient Services
Authors: Breakey William R
Published: November 2023

The practice of psychiatry requires ready access to high-quality inpatient care when needed. Community-oriented inpatient services are thus a vital component of a responsive service system. Community psychiatry developed in the context of deinstitutionalization. The diminishing emphasis on inpatient care in favor of communitybased ambulatory services and the transfer of resources to the community sector are fundamental to the field, so that the success of integrated service systems is often judged on their ability to keep people out of hospital. In this context it must be all the more strongly emphasized that avoiding inpatient admission is not per se an indicator of good outcome for a person who may be distressed by severe symptoms and experiencing poor quality of life. Nonetheless, time spent in hospital is often used as an outcome measure for evaluating the effectiveness of mental health programs because it is important from a policy perspective, but also because it is relatively easily recorded and often available from existing data sets-a major attraction to program evaluators. The ready availability of this measure, and the lack of more direct or definitve outcome measures, should not, however, tempt clinicians or policy makers into believing that programs that reduce inpatient utilization are necessarily providing good care.
General Health Care
Authors: Gallucci Gerard , Lima Bruno R
Published: November 2023

Health-care providers are challenged with understanding and treating patients who present with overlapping psychiatric and somatic symptoms. Primary-care practitioners encounter many psychiatric problems in general practice, and over the years community psychiatrists have struggled with the need to ensure that patients with psychiatric illness receive appropriate general medical care in addition to treatment for their psychiatric illness. As a medical discipline, psychiatry has developed a specialty approach to the treatment of psychiatric conditions, encouraged by the growing knowledge of psychopathology and the greater sophistication of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. At odds with this specialization is the view of psychiatry as a primary-care discipline, alongside family practice, pediatrics, and general internal medicine. Establishing the point of authority for coordinating the general medical care of psychiatric patients is necessary• for providing comprehensive treatment. Unfortunately, that point of authority is often undefined and care remains fragmented. In the United States, health maintenance organizations have continued to grow and have established the primary medical care providers as the gatekeepers for access to specialty services, including psychiatry. Conversely, in community mental health programs, it is generally the psychiatrist who is reponsible for ensuring that the general health needs of patients are attended to.
Prevention
Authors: Breakey William R
Published: November 2023

The proposition that it is better to prevent illness than to allow it to occur with its associated suffering, loss of function, and need for treatment, is one of the basic premises of public health that requires no justification. The great historic reductions in morbidity from infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, or rubella, or nutritional disorders such as scurvy, rickets, or iodine-deficiency goiter, result from well-organized programs for prevention rather than from improved treatment. The prevention of heart disease, cancer, and AIDS are among the most important challenges for public health in the 1990s, the focus of great public concern and major scientific effort.
Community Services for Older Persons
Authors: Lehmann Susan W , Rabins peter V
Published: November 2023

With the exception of dementia and its psychiatric complications, older persons suffer from the same types of mental disorders as younger persons. Many treatment issues are independent of age, and many standards of mental health practice can be implemented regardless of age; however, psychiatric disorders in the elderly often co-exist with medical, social, and functional impairments that are uncommon in younger patients. This chapter will address the design and implementation of psychiatric services for the elderly that incorporate these special needs and will review several aspects of serious and persistent mental illnesses in older persons that are uniquely relevant in their treatment.Community studies have generally found that the prevalence rates of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression are lower among the elderly than among middle-aged individuals. In the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study of the National Institute of Mental Health, the one-month prevalence rate for schizophrenia was 0.1 percent for persons over age 65, but 0.6 to 0.8 percent for persons between 18 and 64 years. Similarly, among persons 65 years and older, prevalence rates of major depression were found to be one-third of the rate found for the 45-to 64-yearold age group.
Patients with HIV Disease
Authors: Lyketsos Constantine G , Fishman Marc , Treisman Glenn J
Published: November 2023

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pandemic is associated with a major burden of psychiatric disorders worldwide. To begin with, certain vulnerabilities and behaviors associated with mental illness place individuals at risk for HIV infection, so that increasingly large numbers of patients with mental disorders are becoming infected with the virus. They may be relatively unresponsive to education, likely to continue high-risk HIV behavior, and likely to play a significant role in the continued spread of the disease. The end result for the patient is a terminal infection with considerable medical morbidity. For others, infection with HIV is accompanied by considerable understandable psychological stress related to the incurable nature of the illness and the circumstances in which, in some cases, it was contracted. Furthermore, HIV infection produces brain injury, leading directly to the development of psychiatric syndromes. For all these reasons, there is a strong relationship between HIV infection and psychiatric disorder.
International Product Development of Japanese Firms: Product Group Coherence and Internal Isomorphism Matrix
Authors: sakakibara Kiyonori , westney, d. Eleanor , kosaka masaru
Published: November 2023

Since the latter half of the 1980s, Japanese manufacturing firms have been confronting demands to shift more of their technology development activities overseas. Some of these pressures come from the governments and business communities within the countries that are Japan’s major markets, the United States and Europe in particular, where policymakers are critical of Japanese firms’ low level of local value added, not only in manufacturing but also in product development and research (Ishikawa, 1990).
Strategy, Structure, and Performance in Product Development: Observations from the Auto Industry
Authors: Cusumano Michael a. , nobeoka kentaro
Published: November 2023

As U.S. and European automobile producers found their levels of growth and profitability declining during the 1980s while Japanese firms continued to expand or at least maintain production levels, numerous researchers launched studies that probed the management systems of these companies and compared their performance in manufacturing. Several studies found remarkably high levels of productivity and quality from a handful of producers, primarily in Japan, which passed the United States in automobile production in 1980 and by the end of the decade boasted five of the top dozen auto manufacturers in the world (Table 5.1), as well as the top five automakers with the highest growth rates among producers of one million or more vehicles between 1970 and the end of the 1980s (Table 5.2). Apart from general studies of company practices and government policies, strategic and organizational explanations of elements behind the performance of Japanese firms in the automobile industry focused on the integration of workers and suppliers as well as on the development and systematic application of innovative managerial and quality-control techniques for manufacturing (Aizcorbe, Winston, and Friedlaender, 1977; Cusumano, 1985, 1988; Harbour, 1981; Krafcik, 1988; Lieberman, Lau, and Williams, 1989; National Academy of Engineering, 1982; Shimada and MacDuffie, 1986).
Product Development in the Textile Machinery Industry
Authors: Meyer Arnoud De
Published: November 2023

The product development process is one of the most widely studied activities in the firm. We should not be amazed by the attention paid to this process. Indeed innovation is essential for the survival of the organization, and the process through which one develops products is one of the most important ways to make the innovation task operational. Most studies focus on a particular aspect of the product development process: the management of professionals, the design of the project organization, tools for project planning and resource allocation (Souder, 1984), the improvement of communication (Allen, 1977), design for manufacture (Susman, 1992), and so on. A limited number of studies have taken a holistic view of the product development process. Most of them are limited to clinical case studies in one company (Burgelman and Sayles, 1986; Fruin, 1988) or a small group of companies. Only a few studies have actually gone beyond this stage and have presented a significant sample for a particular industry or have covered nearly the whole population (Clark and Fujimoto, 1991; Cusumano, 1985).
The Tropical Bedroom
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

The Curve of Pearls the Great Chamber, the Law Lords red-gowned, throne-seated around; and the very same men sitting as the Privy Council disposing of matters equally important but of no immediate concern to the local citizenry, this time dressed in the best products of Saville Row, and seated around a plain but highly polished table with not a wig or a gown in sight. I should have known that the enquiry into my role in the future service of His Majesty would be a quiet and hidden affair, with mandarins of the civil service, knights only in title, aided by a military man in mufti, politely but insidiously settling my fate. And it had taken not much over half an hour, though it seemed to me there was revealed in that half hour more failure by me as an English gentleman (which was apparently the form of behaviour required) than one would have thought possible.
Husbands and Wives Duty-Bound Roles and Unaccountable Love
Authors: Lystra Karen
Published: November 2023

If The Purpose Of nineteenth-century courtship was to nurture the growth and development of romantic love, strengthening the affective ties between men and women entering a companionate marriage, the challenge of nineteenth-century marital relationships was to adjust an essentially voluntary and volatile romantic bond to the involuntary obligations and duty-bound roles of husband and wife.1 Victorians conceived of marriage in terms of love and personal choice. Yet spousal roles were largely de fined as compulsory social obligations. An act of self-determined choice, Victorian marriage nonetheless imposed a set of mandatory sex-role specific duties upon husband and wife.
Not for God Only Patriarchy, Religion, and Romantic Love
Authors: Lystra Karen
Published: November 2023

Historians Of The American family agree that sometime in the eighteenth century a dramatic transformation began to occur in the relationships of husband and wife, parent and child. Robert Griswold de scribes this change as a movement from patriarchy to companionship “predicated on the notion of domestic equality between husbands and wives.”1 Another family historian, Daniel Blake Smith, characterizes the shift as a movement away from the well-ordered, father-dominated family of the colonial era-with its emphasis on parental control, obedience, and restraint of emotions-toward a strikingly affectionate, self-consciously private family environment in which children became the center of indulgent attention and were expected to marry for reasons of romance and companionship rather than parental design and economic interest.2
The Mouse Genome
Authors: Silver Lee M
Published: November 2023

Even before the discovery of the structure of DNA, it was clear that the fertilized mammalian egg could contain only a finite amount of genetic information, and that this information was all that was needed to define something as complicated as a whole mouse or human being. However, with the demonstration of the double helix and the unraveling of the relationships that exist between basepairs, codons, genes, and polypeptides, it became possible to determine just how finite the total sum of genetic information actually is. But the problem that still looms large is an understanding of the essential genetic information needed to make a mammal. Is it the total amount of DNA in a haploid set of chromosomes, just that portion of DNA that does not include repeated sequence copies, transcription units, coding and regulatory regions, or only those genes required for viability? In some cases, it seems possible to distinguish among what is essential, what is nice to have but not essential, and that which serves no useful function at all. However, in many cases, the distinctions are still not clear. This section addresses the quantification of the genome at various levels of analysis.
National Innovation Systems: Britain
Authors: Walker William
Published: November 2023

There are two great puzzles in Britain’s economic history. The first is why this comparatively small country on the northwest fringe of the European Continent became the hub of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century industrial revolutions, and dominated the international economy over so long a period (the industrial supremacy of the United States in this century seems short-lived in comparison). The second is why Britain’s industrial leadership begin to ebb away in the last decades of the nineteenth century, and why the decline that followed was so prolonged, continuous, and seemingly irreversible.
National Systems of Innovation Supporting Technical Advance in Industry: The Case of Argentina
Authors: Katz Jorge M , Bercovich Nestor A
Published: November 2023

As a result of its successful integration into world markets for foodstuffs and agricultural raw materials Argentina was, at the beginning of the present century, a relatively rich nation with a fast growing economy. From 1895 to 1914 the number of acres under cultivation increased from 5 to 25 million. Wheat and maize exports multiplied by 3- and 4-fold, respectively, and the local population expanded from 3.9 to 7.8 million, due to heavy immigration from Europe. In 1914 one-third of the population had been born abroad, with nearly one million Italians and 800,000 Spaniards having taken up local residence; 90% of exports were primary products, most of which were directed toward western European countries (Diaz Alejandro, 1970; Rock, 1985).
Malign Neglect Race, Crime, And Punishment In America
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Despite the perennial claims of politicians that our courts are coddling hardened criminals, the fact is that America already sends a higher proportion of its citizens to prison and for longer terms than any other western nation. To quote the Canadian House of Commons’s Committee on Justice, “If locking up those who violate the law contributed to safer societies, then the United States should be the safest country in the world.” Yet despite well-documented and mounting evidence that increased penalties alone cannot reduce crime, the Reagan and Bush administrations repeatedly lobbied for tougher mandatory sentences and more prisons. Although black crime rates have been stable for twenty years, the number and percentages of blacks in jail and prison have skyrocketed since Ronald Reagan took office. The trend continues with President Clinton, who recently called for “three strikes you’re out” legislation dictating mandatory life sentences for third felony convictions. In Malign Neglect, Michael Tonry addresses these paradoxes with passion and lucidity. Drawing on a vast compendium of the latest statistical, legal and social science research, he takes on the explosive issues of race, crime and punishment. As unconventional as he is committed, Tonry confronts uncomfortable truths head-on. On the one hand, he is outraged by politicians’ talk of Willy Horton and Welfare Queens. The texts may be crime and welfare, Tonry writes, but the subtext is race. While he recognizes that the disadvantaged have no license to attack, rape or steal, and that the absolution of disadvantaged offenders would require a cynical acceptance of the suffering of victims, he argues powerfully that crime control policies can be recast so that, without diminishing public safety, they do less harm to disadvantaged black Americans. Tonry presents devastating evidence that our current policies are decimating black communities, and impeding the movement of disadvantaged black Americans into the social and economic mainstream of modern America. A blistering attack on worn-out misconceptions about race, poverty, crime and punishment and a fearless prescription for change, Malign Neglect is an indispensable briefing paper on a topic which goes to the heart and soul of the nation.
Social Adversity and the Criminal Law
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

The conditions of disadvantage that shape the lives of too many black Americans are the reason why so many are involved in crime. The question is how, if at all, the criminal law and the criminal justice system should take account of that reality. At one pole are those-mainly political conservatives and the more rigid social theorists-who see crime solely as a failure of character and who argue that environmental and developmental influences have nothing to do with moral responsibility and should have nothing to do with legal responsibility.
Social Adversity and Punishment
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Disadvantaged offenders present formidable challenges to contemporary writers on the philosophy of punishment. Retributive views are predominant, and yet many writers are troubled by the reality that most offenders charged with violent crimes and serious property crimes are poor, disadvantaged, and often from minority groups. The final chapter in Andrew von Hirsch’s Doing Justice (1976), the most influential modem statement of “just-deserts” views, is entitled “Just Deserts in an Unjust Society.” From the beginning of the modem emphasis on retributive punishment theories, the problem of social disadvantage and punishment has been lurking just out of sight.
An Intraorganizational Ecological Perspective on Managerial Risk Behavior, Performance, and Survival: Individual, Organizational, and Environmental Effects
Authors: Burgelman Robert A , Mittman Brian S
Published: November 2023

During the last fifteen years, organization ecology has become a major paradigm in the study of organizations (e.g., Carroll, 1988; Hannan and Freeman, 1989). To date studies in organization ecology have been conducted primarily at the organization, population, and community levels of analysis, while phenomena within organizations have largely been ignored. This results, in part, from the fact that organizational ecology is premised on relative inertia of organizations, implying that change processes within organizations are largely irrelevant. A few studies have used the logic of organizational ecology to examine phenomena within organizations. For instance, Langton (l 984) has elucidated the evolution of the Wedgwood pottery firm in the United Kingdom; Miner (1990, 1991) has studied the role of idiosyncratic job development within organizations as a means of adaptation; and Burgelman (1991) has suggested an intraorganizational ecological perspective to explain the transformation of Intel Corporation from a memory company to a microcomputer company. These studies suggest that organizational ecology provides a powerful intellectual perspective which need not exclude the study of intraorganizational phenomena.
Evolutionary Processes and Patterns of Core Business Change
Authors: Ginsberg Ari , Baum Joel A C
Published: November 2023

During much of this century, corporate growth and diversification have been central objectives for managers of American corporations. Yet, there is a paucity of systematically developed theory and empirical research addressing the evolutionary dynamics of firms’ core businesses. This is largely the result of conceptual obstacles and the difficulty of conducting longitudinal research (Ginsberg, 1988). Addressing this deficit requires the advancement of a process theory of core business change that explains whether, for example, the occurrence of particular kinds of changes early in a process makes a difference in the overall pattern of change or whether certain sequences of events provide more rapid results. In this study, we develop an evolutionary process model of core business change that attempts to specify the forces producing core business elaboration and extension events. We refer to the model as evolutionary because it specifies processes of variation, selection, and retention over time (Campbell, 1965b). In the model, theories of organizational routines (Nelson and Winter, 1982) and organizational learning (Cyert and March, 1963; Levitt and March, 1988) are used to explain patterns of momentum (Amburgey and Miner, 1992; Miller and Friesen, 1980), imprinting (Stinchcombe, 1965), inertia (Hannan and Freeman, 1977, 1989), and change or, in the extreme, reorientation (Tushman and Romanelli, 1985) in core business change.
Taking on Strategy, 1-2-3
Authors: Fombrun Charles J
Published: November 2023

Ecology has long been chastised for its implication of managerial irrelevance: By stressing the importance of selection pressures in the dynamics of organizational populations, ecologists have often angered strategists who assert the importance of managerial initiatives in the process of corporate change. The chapters in this section should appease the critics somewhat. That’s because the authors ask a provocative question: How can an ecological perspective enlighten us about key strategic changes that managers initiate? In so doing, they tum our attention away from organizational ecology’s more familiar interest in the process of selection and place the spotlight squarely on the more managerially relevant question of variation. To call attention to variation, however, is also to step, however gingerly, onto the turf of business strategy, itself a wary intruder on the contested terrain of industrial economics. The chapters in this section do it in quite different ways: By dint of persuasion and simulation, through event-history analysis, and by analysis of sequences. In seeking to contribute to a theory of strategic change, their authors ask us to bear in mind that (1) organizational changes are contextual, (2) organizational changes are strategic, and (3) organizational changes are paradoxical. By trying to shed light on the forces that impel companies to alter their strategic positions, they open a potentially fruitful dialogue between disparate literatures in strategy and organization.
Reason and Revelation
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

In April 1829, Cincinnati, the city Frances Trollope found so dull and unsophisticated, hosted a week of intellectual excitement. The famous British rationalist Robert Owen, back in the United States again following the failure of his Indiana utopia, had offered to prove in debate “that all the religions of the world have been founded on the ignorance of mankind.” The popular Irish-born postmillennial evangelist Alexander Campbell took up Owen’s challenge. For eight days the two debated before an audience averaging twelve hundred people. Each debater spoke for thirty minutes every morning and another thirty in the afternoon. Inveterate controversialists, both of them loved the publicity such events provided; they treated each other with courtesy. Owen argued that planned communities would undergird social morality more effectively than did religion. Campbell defended Christianity as essential to human dignity and social progress. At the end, Campbell asked everyone in the audience who believed in Christianity or wished it to “pervade the world” to stand up. All but three members of the audience rose. Campbell claimed victory and proceeded to publish the full text of the debate as a vindication of Christianity; he invited the reader to “reason, examine, and judge, like a rational being, for himself.
American Renaissance
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

A sermon could make big news in the young republic, as one did in Baltimore, Maryland, on May 5, 1819. William Ellery Channing, minister of the Federal Street Church in Boston (today the Arlington Street Church) had come to town for the ordination of his young protégé Jared Sparks as minister of a newly erected church dedicated to “Unitarian and antiCalvinistic worship.” Working within a New England tradition of learned preaching and catering to the taste of the age for eloquence, Channing spoke for ninety minutes. He offered a distinctive synthesis of Protestant Christianity with the Enlightenment. Science and the Bible he declared perfectly compatible, for God “never contradicts in revelation what He teaches in his works.” Channing and his followers interpreted the Bible not literally but broadly, as a progressive revelation—much as lawyers interpreted the Constitution, he explained. Indeed, there was a parallel between Channing’s approach to the Bible and the broad interpretation Chief Justice Marshall had given the Constitution in the Baltimore case of McCulloch v. Maryland earlier the same year. While Marshall empowered the federal government to encourage economic development, Channing found in the Bible inspiration for the moral betterment of humanity. A generation later, Abraham Lincoln would synthesize their commitments to strong government, economic progress, and humanitarianism. For the time being, Channing’s and Marshall’s impulses proceeded on separate but parallel tracks, toward a goal then usually termed “improvement.”
Texas, Tyler, and the Telegraph
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

On July 16, 1821, Erasmo Seguín and Stephen Austin crossed the international boundary at the Sabine River and entered Texas, then part of New Spain. They headed for the Texan capital, San Antonio de Béxari (which we call San Antonio but which their contemporaries more often called Béxar or Béjar). The two companions exemplifled two peoples, Hispanic and Anglo, destined to share in shaping Texan history.1 Seguín, the older of the two, was a merchant. Named for the Dutch writer and reformer Erasmus, he carried on a family tradition of liberal politics. He now accompanied the twenty-eight-year-old Austin because he believed in encouraging immigration from the United States into Texas. The sparsely populated region had suffered severely during fighting between Mexican rebels and the Spanish army, and critically needed skilled settlers. A liberal Spanish Cortes (parliament) in Madrid had decided to encourage such settlement, and Stephen’s father, Moses Austin, had won authorization to bring colonists from the United States into Texas. But Moses suddenly died, and at Seguín’s urging Stephen took up what seemed like his inherited responsibility.
“And the War Came”? Abraham Lincoln and the Question of Individual Responsibility
Authors: Boritt Gabor S
Published: November 2023

At 4:30 a.m. Captain James himself sent the signal shot. Its fuse spit stars, and like a doomed comet the shell flew in a high arc, bursting over Sumter. At a nearby battery, another fire-eater was ready. Edmund Ruffin, with his long flowing white hair, another momentary exile from a still reluctant Virginia, sixtyseven-year-old honorary Palmetto Guard, was ready. Staring into the dark, knowing where the enemy was, he sent the first shot from a columbiad into the fort flying the unseen flag of the United States.
Generating Fractals
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Examples provided earlier as introductions to fractal ideas, such as the Koch snowflake, fall into the class of geometric fractals. They are simple, beautiful, and powerful. They startle us: so much diversity is captured in such simple beginnings. The power is not so much in the “beginning,” but in the process of recursion. A simple act, repeated sufficiently often, creates extraordinary, often unsuspected results. Playing with recursive operations on the computer is the key to the revelation; reading the book spoils the story when the result is before you.