bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Project Management Decisions With Big Data Analytics
Authors: Jamil George Leal , Carvalho Luiz Fernando Magalhães
Published: June 2018

A relationship between project management and knowledge management was observed with a detailed level of analysis in this chapter, as analytics tools and methods were presented to define new perspectives for these dynamics. After a theoretical review that advanced the level reached by a previous paper on the same topic a new theoretical background was completely worked, resulting in a base where a deeper way of analysis allowed, at the end, to study practical cases of rich association for PM and KM in practical, ready to apply situations. As a trend for next competitive cycles, tools, methods, and techniques that focus knowledge production for decision making are to be increasingly defined and applied, on one hand enabling organizations to propose new competitive structures and positioning, and on the other hand, presenting a more aggressive, faster, and demanding competitive environment.
Information Marketing
Authors: Rascão José Poças
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses the issues of the needs and satisfaction of the customers, in terms of information, as a basis for the practice of marketing in information management. It enhances the arguments of the relationship between marketing and information science. The chapter stresses that practicing marketing cannot be done without information about customers and to customers and their relationship with information management, in information science. It stresses the importance of the studies and research on marketing of information as a philosophical approach for the information management process. The structure of the chapter synthesizes the existing academic work, seeking to generate new knowledge. It presents the promotion and communication of information in organizations from the evolution of the concept of marketing, in an integrated manner, in order complete the implications for future research.
Reflecting on Analytics Impacts on Information Architecture Contexts as a Source of Business Modelling for Healthcare Services
Authors: Jamil Liliane Carvalho , Vieira Augusto Alves Pinho , Xavier Antônio José Daniel
Published: June 2018

This chapter approaches the context of healthcare, observing how information system conceptual background can help to comprehend the evolution and adoption of emerging technologies on the applicable solutions. As a critical sector, both from economic and life quality points of view, healthcare is an excellent environment to observe how these tools and its associated infrastructure make it possible for new business organizations to be proposed. The chapter is aimed to develop a theoretical and practical comprehension around concepts through isolated and integrated analysis.
IFC for Infrastructure
Authors: Benning Pierre
Published: June 2018

The industry foundation classes (IFCs) data model is a neutral and open data format defined by an international standard (ISO 16739), which allows the description of a construction as a collection of standard objects. These objects are quite well defined for describing a building, but their use is still far from being adapted (and then adopted) for infrastructure. The article presents a new methodology to enrich the IFC model for an infrastructure, in particular, for the scope of bridges, based on a system approach. The first step is to identify all the absent concepts and classes in the current IFC definition, procedural geometry, coordinate systems, etc., and then proposes “bridge oriented” new entities in order to enrich the current IFC model. The next IFC development phases, dedicated to other infrastructure domains, will be based on this experienced methodology.
Comparative Analysis of Contemporary Modeling Languages Based on BPM4KI Meta-Model for Sensitive Business Processes Representation
Authors: Ben Hassen Mariam , Turki Mohamed , Gargouri Faïez
Published: June 2018

This article presents a set of Sensitive Business Process (SBP) modeling requirements and proposes a multi-criteria evaluation framework to appraise the expressiveness of currently widely used business process modelling formalisms to select the most suitable for SBP representation. The modelling of SBPs, be they process oriented or knowledge oriented, presents special requirements dictated by several factors: the highly dynamic complexity and flexibility of the processes; the high number of critical activities requiring intensive acquisition, sharing, storage and (re)use of very specific crucial knowledge; the specificity and diversity of information and knowledge sources; and the high degree of collaboration and interaction (intra/inter-organizational) among participants (who apply, create and share a great amount of very important tacit organizational knowledge, in order to achieve collective objectives and create value). As SBP models get more complex, the selection of the appropriate modeling formalism gains in importance to improve the identification of crucial knowledge that is mobilized and created by these processes. Furthermore, the result of the evaluation led us to justify the choice of the better one positioned nowadays, the standard BPMN 2.0. Besides, the authors have illustrated the practical applicability of this specification on a medical process in the context of the organization of protection of the motor disabled people of Sfax-Tunisia.
Application of Bipolar Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Sets in Decision Making Problem
Authors: Jana Chiranjibe , Pal Madhumangal
Published: June 2018

This article describes how recently, a paper by D. Ezhilmaran and K. Sankar called Morphism of bipolar intuitionistic fuzzy graphs, has introduced bipolar intuitionistic fuzzy sets and morphism of bipolar intuitionistic fuzzy graphs. By using this concept, the authors of this article have combined a bipolar intuitionistic fuzzy set and a soft set. They introduce the notion of bipolar intuitionistic fuzzy soft set and study their basic properties. Also, presented in this article are the basic operations on bipolar intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets, extended unions, and the intersection of two bipolar intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets. An application of bipolar intuitionistic fuzzy soft set provides into a decision-making problem and a general algorithm to solve this decision making problem.
DELIMITAÇÃO DE UNIDADES DE PAISAGEM: DO CONCEITO GEOSSISTÊMICO AO MÉTODO APLICADO AO MUNICÍPIO DE PARAGOMINAS/PA
Authors: Pimentel Gustavo Martinez , Poccard-Chapuis René Jean Marie , Da Silva Christian Nunes
Published: June 2018

A paisagem é de uso recorrente no meio científico, funcionando como método de análise do espaço palco de interações dinâmicas entre os meios físicos-bióticos-humanos, interagindo de maneira dialética. A paisagem geossistêmica, conceito desenvolvido na França, tenta determinar as variáveis mais importantes para delimitação de unidades de paisagem. Para esses estudos, cada vez mais os sistemas de informação Geográficos (SIGs) são utilizados como ferramenta de análise e modelagem de paisagens. Enquanto os SIGs refletem o desenvolvimento mais recente, a paisagem, pela sua natureza mais teórico-conceitual, passa a ser vista como uma fonte de modelos para estas. Paragominas encontra-se na Mesorregião Sudeste Paraense, no Estado do Pará. Para a criação da metodologia de criação das unidades de paisagem foi necessário criar uma Base de Dados que subsidiasse a análise geossistêmica, assim sendo foram separados o Banco de Dados em três eixos: Dados Primários, Dados Secundários, e Dados Secundários Adaptados. Como resultado obteve-se: Doze unidades de paisagem em Paragominas, onde os Platôs são as geofácies que têm maior representatividade em área no município, 7.050,93 km², em segundo lugar estão os grupos de áreas de Fundos de Vale, somando 6.855,43 km². As classes que fazem parte da Depressão do Rio Gurupi contabilizam 3.775,81 km² (19,52%). As únicas áreas de Planícies inundáveis do município (Planícies do Rio Capim) estão às margens do Rio Capim e contabilizam 1.659,83 km². Este resultado pode, de maneira empírica mostrar que, definidas as variáveis mais importantes que interferem na paisagem, é possível criar unidades de paisagem, que possibilitem o maior entendimento sobre a realidade e possibilite a gestão dos recursos naturais e favoreça o desenvolvimento local.
Effects of a treated sewage effluent on behavioural traits in Diamesa cinerella and Daphnia magna
Authors: Villa Sara , Di Nica Valeria , Bellamoli Francesco , Pescatore Tanita , Ferrario Claudia , Finizio Antonio , Lencioni Valeria
Published: June 2018

Recently, the use of Daphnia magna has been proposed in on-line and real-time biomonitoring programmes as an early warning system for evaluating the effluent quality of sewage treatment plants (STPs). These systems are based on recording behavioural changes in the test organism resulting from the stress caused by the effluents. Indeed, altered behavioural signals could be induced at sublethal concentrations that are significantly lower than the corresponding EC50. However, at present, it is unknown whether the sensitivity of D. magna can be representative of that of other aquatic organisms, particularly benthic macroinvertebrates. An experiment was designed to verify whether D. magna can be employed in biomonitoring programmes for STPs located in alpine areas as a surrogate for cold freshwater best-adapted species. The responses of survival and behaviour alteration to exposure to the effluent of the Tonale Pass plant (Trentino, Italian Alps, 46°N, 10°E; 1799 m a.s.l.) were compared in a laboratory population of D. magna and a wild population of the chironomid Diamesa cinerella. These larvae were collected from the Vermigliana stream 50 metres upstream of the effluent input. Both organisms were exposed for 24 and 48 hrs to the effluent as it is and to three dilutions (/10, /100, /1000). The mortality rate and behavioural responses (using video tracking systems) were recorded. No significant mortality or change in behaviour was observed in the two species when exposed to the undiluted effluent. Exposure to serial dilutions of the treated effluent did not affect the survival of either species but notably altered their behaviour at both exposure times (e.g., the time spent in activity in D. magna and the average speed of movement and the cumulative distance travelled in both), especially when exposed to the ten-times-diluted effluent. Overall, the findings of this study emphasize that even though D. magna and D. cinerella use different behavioural strategies to cope with adverse environmental conditions, their overall sensitivity to treated effluents is similar. Accordingly, the use of D. magna in biological early warning systems protocols seems to also be sufficiently protective for local, cold-adapted species of alpine freshwater ecosystems.
Female human resource professionals’ job embeddedness in relation to commitment foci: An exploratory study
Authors: Potgieter Ingrid L. , Ferreira Nadia
Published: June 2018

Orientation: Managers and human resource practitioners who are concerned about managing talent as a critical resource need to recognise how employees’ job embeddedness relates to their commitment foci within the organisation. By understanding this relationship, gaps can be identified and talent can be managed optimally.Research purpose: The purpose of the study was, firstly, to establish whether a significant relationship exists between job embeddedness and a set of commitment foci and, secondly, to identify the variables that contribute the most to the relationship.Motivation for the study: Organisations increasingly devote more attention to initiatives that enhance the commitment and job embeddedness of their employees in order to assist in the design of a sound talent management plan to close the talent gaps.Research approach, design and method: A quantitative approach was used in this study, utilising a cross-sectional survey design to achieve the objective of the study. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s product-moment correlations and canonical correlation analysis were conducted. The participants were primarily black women at an early stage of their career, who were employed in the human resource management field in a professional capacity.Main findings: The results indicated that job embeddedness significantly and positively accounted for the variance in organisational and occupational commitment foci of the participants.Practical and managerial implications: Human resource practitioners and managers need to consider how the job embeddedness of employees – specifically female employees – affects their commitment foci in developing talent management plans as part of the organisational strategy.Conclusions: The findings of the study provided empirical confirmation of theoretical views on the psychological aspects that keep employees embedded in their jobs and how these aspects relate to their commitment foci.
Managers’ listening skills, feedback skills and ability to deal with interference: A subordinate perspective
Authors: Longweni Mpumelelo , Kroon Japie
Published: June 2018

Orientation: Active listening is the single most important contributor to effective communication by managers; however, this is the skill they seem to struggle with the most. Other important skills for effective communication include feedback and the ability to deal with interference.Research purpose: This study’s primary objective was to determine the effectiveness of managers’ listening and feedback skills and their ability to deal with interference during the listening and feedback phases of the communication process as perceived by subordinates with varying educational backgrounds.Motivation for the study: The aim was to improve managers’ communication with their subordinates.Research design, approach and method: The research followed a quantitative descriptive design. A self-administered questionnaire was compiled, a non-probability convenience sample was chosen and 931 usable responses were acquired.Main findings: The results showed that subordinates perceived their managers’ communication competencies to be marginally above average. Managers’ listening and feedback skills were perceived to be better by graduate-level subordinates than by those with only a Grade 12 qualification. Subordinates with a postgraduate degree also had better perceptions of these skills than those with a Grade 12 qualification, although this finding was not statistically significant.Practical and managerial implications: Managers need to be aware that their communication competencies are crucial to their business’s success. Additionally, their subordinates’ perception of the effectiveness of their communication varies according to varying educational levels. Therefore, managers are advised to consciously make greater efforts in their communication with subordinates with lower qualifications.Contribution or value-add: In conclusion, this article will make managers more knowledgeable about potential challenges they may encounter during the communication process regarding listening skills, feedback skills and propensity to deal with interference.
Chronic substance use and self-harm in a primary health care setting
Authors: Breet Elsie , Bantjes Jason , Lewis Ian
Published: June 2018

Background: Chronic substance use (CSU) is associated with health problems, including selfharm, placing a significant burden on health care resources and emergency departments (EDs). This is problematic in low- and middle-income countries like South Africa (SA), where primary care facilitates and emergency departments (EDs) are often poorly resourced.Aim: To investigate the epidemiology of CSU and self-harm and to consider the implications for primary health care service delivery and suicide prevention in SA.Methods: Data were collected from 238 consecutive self-harm patients treated at the emergency department (ED) of an urban hospital in SA. The data were analysed using bivariate and multivariate analyses.Results: Approximately 37% of self-harm patients reported CSU. The patients in the CSU subgroup, compared to other self-harm patients, were more likely to be men (odds ratio[OR] = 8.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.19–20.9, p < 0.001), to have self-harmed by inflicting damage to their body tissue OR = 4.45, 95% CI = 1.77–11.2, p < 0.01) and to have a history of self-harm (OR = 3.71, 95% CI = 1.44–9.54, p = 0.007). A significantly smaller proportion of CSU patients, compared to other self-harm patients, were referred for psychiatric assessment (OR = 8.05, 95% CI = 4.16–15.7, p < 0.001).Conclusion: The findings of this study confirm that CSU is associated with greater service utilisation and repetition of self-harm among patients in primary health care settings. Treating self-harm as the presenting problem within primary care settings does not necessarily ensure that patients receive the care that they need. It might be helpful to include psychiatric assessments and screening for CSU as an integral component of care for self-harm patientswho present in primary health care settings.
Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in major depression
Authors: Vellekkatt F , Menon V
Published: June 2018

Background:

There is a need to develop and periodically evaluate new treatment strategies in major depression due to the high burden of nonresponse and inadequate response to antidepressants.

Aim:

We aimed to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on depression symptom scores among individuals with clinically diagnosed major depression.

Materials and Methods:

Electronic search of databases was carried out for published randomized controlled trials in English language, peer-reviewed journals from inception till August 2017. Outcome measure used for effect size calculation was depression symptom scores. Effect sizes for the trials were computed using standardized mean difference (Cohen's d), and I
2 test was used to assess sample heterogeneity. Pooled mean effect sizes were derived using both fixed and random-effects model. Critical appraisal of studies was done using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool.

Results:

A total of four trials involving 948 participants were included in the study. In three trials, the intervention group received oral vitamin D supplementation whereas in one parenteral vitamin D was given. Pooled mean effect size for vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptom ratings in major depression was 0.58 (95% confidence interval, 0.45–0.72). The I
2 value for heterogeneity was 0 suggesting low heterogeneity among studies. Egger plot intercept indicated minimal publication bias.

Conclusion:

Vitamin D supplementation favorably impacted depression ratings in major depression with a moderate effect size. These findings must be considered tentative owing to the limited number of trials available and inherent methodological bias noted in few of them.
Local reception of global media texts: Telenovelas as sites of cultural mixture in Ghana
Authors: Tindi Stephen , Ayiku Charles Nii Ayiku
Published: June 2018

Telenovelas have had phenomenal success as global media texts, but their continuous export to Africa has signifi cant cultural implications. Using hybridity theory and Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model of audience reception, this paper assessed the extent to which Simply Maria, an ‘indigenised’ telenovela of Mexican origin, infl uenced the local identity of Ghanaian viewers and the mechanisms through which this occurred. Interviews with regular viewers revealed that the telenovela shaped views about personal identity. This occurred through internalisation, value-based evaluations and identifi cation with characters. Viewers decoded the telenovela from a negotiated position, a development which calmed the homogenising currents of globalisation feared by cultural theorists.
Corruption is a big issue: A corpus-assisted study of the discursive construction of corruption in Ghanaian parliamentary discourse
Authors: Sarfo-Kantankah Kwabena Sarfo
Published: June 2018

The paper examines the discursive construction of corruption by Ghanaian parliamentarians. It uses as dataset a 1.9 million-word corpus of Hansards of debates and committee reports between 2005 and 2016. It draws on the frame theory and employs a corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS) approach to explore the languageof parliamentarians (MPs) in order to investigate how Ghanaian parliamentarians frame corruption. The paper attempts to answer the question: how do Ghanaian parliamentarians construct the subject of corruption in their debates and interactions? The paper fi nds thatMPs discursively construct corruption as a huge systematic social canker that hinders socio-politico-economic development of Ghana. This suggests that stronger measures andmore formidable parliamentary commitment are needed to fi ght corruption. The paper hasimplications for parliamentarians’ fi ght against corruption in Ghana.
Subgrid-scale variability in clear-sky relative humidity and forcing by aerosol–radiation interactions in an atmosphere model
Authors: Petersik Paul , Salzmann Marc , Kretzschmar Jan , Cherian Ribu , Mewes Daniel , Quaas Johannes
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Atmosphere models with resolutions of several tens of kilometres take subgrid-scale variability in the total specific humidity qt into account by using a uniform probability density function (PDF) to predict fractional cloud cover. However, usually only mean relative humidity, RH, or mean clear-sky relative humidity, RHcls, is used to compute hygroscopic growth of soluble aerosol particles. While previous studies based on limited-area models and also a global model suggest that subgrid-scale variability in RH should be taken into account for estimating radiative forcing due to aerosol–radiation interactions (RFari), here we present the first estimate of RFari using a global atmospheric model with a parameterization for subgrid-scale variability in RH that is consistent with the assumptions in the model. For this, we sample the subsaturated part of the uniform RH-PDF from the cloud cover scheme for its application in the hygroscopic growth parameterization in the ECHAM6-HAM2 atmosphere model. Due to the non-linear dependence of the hygroscopic growth on RH, this causes an increase in aerosol hygroscopic growth. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) increases by a global mean of 0.009 ( ∼ 7.8 % in comparison to the control run). Especially over the tropics AOD is enhanced with a mean of about 0.013. Due to the increase in AOD, net top of the atmosphere clear-sky solar radiation, SWnet, cls, decreases by −0.22 W m−2 ( ∼ −0.08 %). Finally, the RFari changes from −0.15 to −0.19 W m−2  by about 31 %. The reason for this very disproportionate effect is that anthropogenic aerosols are disproportionally hygroscopic.
BAERLIN2014 – stationary measurements and source apportionment at an urban background station in Berlin, Germany
Authors: von Schneidemesser Erika , Bonn Boris , Butler Tim M. , Ehlers Christian , Gerwig Holger , Hakola Hannele , Hellén Heidi , Kerschbaumer Andreas , Klemp Dieter , Kofahl Claudia , Kura Jürgen , Lüdecke Anja , Nothard Rainer , Pietsch Axel , Quedenau Jörn , Schäfer Klaus , Schauer James J. , Singh Ashish , Villalobos Ana-Maria , Wiegner Matthias , Lawrence Mark G.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The “Berlin Air quality and Ecosystem Research: Local and long-range Impact of
anthropogenic and Natural hydrocarbons” (BAERLIN2014) campaign was conducted
during the 3 summer months (June–August) of 2014. During this
measurement campaign, both stationary and mobile measurements were undertaken
to address complementary aims. This paper provides an overview of the
stationary measurements and results that were focused on characterization of
gaseous and particulate pollution, including source attribution, in the
Berlin–Potsdam area, and quantification of the role of natural sources in
determining levels of ozone and related gaseous pollutants. Results show that
biogenic contributions to ozone and particulate matter are substantial. One
indicator for ozone formation, the OH reactivity, showed a 31 %
(0.82 ± 0.44 s−1) and 75 % (3.7 ± 0.90 s−1)
contribution from biogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) for urban background
(2.6 ± 0.68 s−1) and urban park (4.9 ± 1.0 s−1)
location, respectively, emphasizing the importance of such locations as
sources of biogenic NMVOCs in urban areas. A comparison to NMVOC measurements
made in Berlin approximately 20 years earlier generally show lower levels today for
anthropogenic NMVOCs. A substantial contribution of secondary organic and
inorganic aerosol to PM10 concentrations was quantified. In
addition to secondary aerosols, source apportionment analysis of the organic
carbon fraction identified the contribution of biogenic (plant-based)
particulate matter, as well as primary contributions from vehicles, with a
larger contribution from diesel compared to gasoline vehicles, as well as a
relatively small contribution from wood burning, linked to measured
levoglucosan.
Characterizing the 2015 Indonesia Fire Event Using Modified
MODIS Aerosol Retrievals
Authors: Shi Yingxi R. , Levy Robert C. , Eck Thomas F. , Fisher Brad , Mattoo Shana , Remer Lorraine A. , Slutsker Ilya , Zhang Jianglong
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The Indonesian fire and smoke event of 2015 was an extreme episode that affected public health and caused severe economic and environmental damage. The MODIS Dark Target (DT) aerosol algorithm, developed for global applications, significantly underestimated regional aerosol optical depth (AOD) during this episode. The larger-than-global-averaged uncertainties in DT product over this event were due to both an overly zealous set of masks that mistook heavy smoke plumes for clouds and/or inland water, and also an aerosol model developed for generic global aerosol conditions. Using Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Version 3 sky inversions of local AERONET stations, we created a specific aerosol model for the extreme event. Thus, using this new less-absorbing aerosol model, cloud masking based on results of the MODIS cloud optical properties algorithm, and relaxed thresholds on both inland water tests and upper limits of the AOD retrieval we created a research algorithm, and applied it to 80 appropriate MODIS granules during the event. Collocating and comparing with AERONET AOD shows that the research algorithm doubles the number of MODIS retrievals greater than 1.0, while also significantly improving agreement with AERONET. The final results show that the operational DT algorithm had missed approximately 0.22 of the regional mean AOD, but as much as AOD = 3.0 for individual 0.5° grid boxes. This amount of missing AOD can skew the perception of the severity of the event, affect estimates of regional aerosol forcing, and alter aerosol modeling and forecasting that assimilate MODIS aerosol data products. These results will influence the future development of the global DT aerosol algorithm.
Activation of Intact Bacteria and Bacterial Fragments Mixed with
Agar as Cloud Droplets and Ice Crystals in Cloud Chamber
Experiments
Authors: Suski Kaitlyn J. , Bell David M. , Hiranuma Naruki , Möhler Ottmar , Imre Dan , Zelenyuk Alla
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Biological particles, including bacteria and bacterial fragments, have been of much interest due to the special ability of some to nucleate ice at modestly low temperatures. This paper presents results from a recent study conducted on two strains of cultivated bacteria which suggest that bacterial fragments mixed with agar, and not whole bacterial cells, serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Due to the absence of whole bacteria cells in droplets, they are unable to serve as ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the immersion mode under the experimental conditions. Experiments were conducted at the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) cloud chamber at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) by injecting bacteria-containing aerosol samples into the cloud chamber and inducing cloud formation by expansion over a temperature range of −5 to −12 °C. Cloud droplets and ice crystals were sampled through a pumped counterflow virtual impactor inlet (PCVI) and their residuals were characterized with a single particle mass spectrometer (miniSPLAT). The size distribution of the overall aerosol was bimodal, with a large particle mode composed of intact bacteria and a mode of smaller particles composed of agar mixed with bacterial fragments that were present in higher concentrations. Results from three expansions with two bacterial strains indicate that the cloud droplet residuals had virtually the same size distribution as the smaller particle size mode and had mass spectra that closely matched those of agar and bacterial fragments. The characterization of ice residuals that were sampled through an ice-selecting PCVI (IS-PCVI) also shows that the same particles that activate to form cloud droplets, bacteria fragments mixed with agar, were the only particle type observed in ice residuals.
High spatio-temporal resolution pollutant measurements of on-board vehicle emissions using ultra-fast response gas analyzers
Authors: Irwin Martin , Bradley Harry , Duckhouse Matthew , Hammond Matthew , Peckham Mark S.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Existing ultra-fast response engine exhaust emissions analyzers have been
adapted for on-board vehicle use combined with GPS data. We present, for the
first time, how high spatio-temporal resolution data products allow transient
features associated with internal combustion engines to be examined in detail
during on-road driving. Such data are both useful to examine the circumstances
leading to high emissions, and reveals the accurate position of urban air
quality “hot spots” as deposited by the candidate vehicle, useful for
source attribution and dispersion modelling. The fast response time of the
analyzers, which results in 100 Hz data, makes accurate
time-alignment with the vehicle's engine control unit (ECU) signals possible.
This enables correlation with transient air fuel ratio, engine speed, load,
and other engine parameters, which helps to explain the causes of the
emissions “spikes” that portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) and
conventional slow response analyzers would miss or smooth out due to mixing
within their sampling systems. The data presented is from NO and
NOx analyzers, but other fast analyzers (e.g. total hydrocarbons
(THC), CO and CO2) can be used similarly. The high levels of
NOx pollution associated with accelerating on entry ramps to
motorways, driving over speed bumps, accelerating away from traffic lights,
are explored in detail. The time-aligned ultra-fast analyzers offer unique
insight allowing more accurate quantification and better interpretation of
engine and driver activity and the associated emissions impact on local air
quality.
Connection between the length of day and wind measurements in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at mid and high latitudes
Authors: Wilhelm Sven , Stober Gunter , Matthias Vivien , Jacobi Christoph , Murphy Damian J.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. This work presents a connection between the density variation within the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) and changes in the intensity of the solar radiation. On a seasonal time scale, these changes take place due to the revolution of the Earth around the Sun. While the Earth, during the northern hemispheric winter, is closer to the Sun, the upper mesosphere expands due to an increased radiation intensity, which results in changes in density at these heights. Theses density variations, i.e. a vertical redistribution of atmospheric mass, have an effect on the rotation rate of Earth's upper atmosphere owing to angular momentum conservation. In order to test this effect we applied a theoretical model, which shows a decrease of the atmospheric rotation speed of about ~ 4 m/s in the case of a density change of 1 % between 70 and 100 km. To support this statement, we compare the wind variability obtained from meteor radar (MR) and MLS satellite observations with fluctuations in the length of a day (LOD). The LOD is defined as the difference between the astronomical determined time the Earth needs for a full turnaround and a standard day length of 86.400 seconds. Changes in the LOD on time scales of a year and less are primarily driven by tropospheric large scale geophysical processes. A global increase of eastward directed winds leads, due to friction with the Earth's surface, to an acceleration of the Earth's rotation by up to a few milliseconds per rotation. The LOD shows an increase during northern winter and decrease during summer, which corresponds to changes in the MLT density due to the Earth – Sun movement. Further, we show that, even after removing the seasonal and solar cycle variations, the wind and the LOD are connected, by analyzing trends for the years 2005–2016.
The INTENSE project: using observations and models to understand the past, present and future of sub-daily rainfall extremes
Authors: Blenkinsop Stephen , Fowler Hayley J. , Barbero Renaud , Chan Steven C. , Guerreiro Selma B. , Kendon Elizabeth , Lenderink Geert , Lewis Elizabeth , Li Xiao-Feng , Westra Seth , Alexander Lisa , Allan Richard P. , Berg Peter , Dunn Robert J. H. , Ekström Marie , Evans Jason P. , Holland Greg , Jones Richard , Kjellström Erik , Klein-Tank Albert , Lettenmaier Dennis , Mishra Vimal , Prein Andreas F. , Sheffield Justin , Tye Mari R.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Historical in situ sub-daily rainfall observations are essential for the
understanding of short-duration rainfall extremes but records are typically
not readily accessible and data are often subject to errors and
inhomogeneities. Furthermore, these events are poorly quantified in
projections of future climate change making adaptation to the risk of flash
flooding problematic. Consequently, knowledge of the processes contributing
to intense, short-duration rainfall is less complete compared with those on
daily timescales. The INTENSE project is addressing this global challenge by
undertaking a data collection initiative that is coupled with advances in
high-resolution climate modelling to better understand key processes and
likely future change. The project has so far acquired data from over
23 000 rain gauges for its global sub-daily rainfall dataset (GSDR) and has
provided evidence of an intensification of hourly extremes over the US.
Studies of these observations, combined with model simulations, will continue
to advance our understanding of the role of local-scale thermodynamics and
large-scale atmospheric circulation in the generation of these events and how
these might change in the future.
Tracing ecosystem water fluxes using hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes: challenges and opportunities from an interdisciplinary perspective
Authors: Penna Daniele , Hopp Luisa , Scandellari Francesca , Allen Scott T. , Benettin Paolo , Beyer Matthias , Geris Josie , Klaus Julian , Marshall John D , Schwendenmann Luitgard , Volkmann Till Hannes Moritz , von Freyberg Jana , Amin Anam , Ceperley Natalie , Engel Michael , Frentress Jay , Giambastiani Yamuna , McDonnell Jeffrey , Zuecco Giulia , Llorens Pilar , Siegwolf Rolf T. W. , Dawson Todd E. , Kirchner James
Published: June 2018

Abstract. In this commentary, we build on discussions that emerged during the workshop "Isotope-based studies of water partitioning and plant-soil interactions in forested and agricultural environments" held in San Casciano Val di Pesa, Italy, in September 2017. Quantifying and understanding how water cycles through the Earth's critical zone is important to provide society and policy makers with the scientific background to manage water resources sustainably, especially considering the ever-increasing worldwide concern about water scarcity. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in water have proven to be a powerful tool to track water fluxes in the critical zone. However, both mechanistic complexities (e.g., mixing and fractionation processes, heterogeneity of natural systems) and practical methodological issues (e.g., lack of standard protocols to sample specific compartments, such as soil water and xylem water) limit the application of stable water isotopes in critical zone science. In this commentary, we examine some of the opportunities and critical challenges of using isotope-based ecohydrological applications, and outline new perspectives focused on interdisciplinary research opportunities for this important tool in water and environmental science.
PCR-GLOBWB 2: a 5 arcmin global hydrological and water resources model
Authors: Sutanudjaja Edwin H. , van Beek Rens , Wanders Niko , Wada Yoshihide , Bosmans Joyce H. C. , Drost Niels , van der Ent Ruud J. , de Graaf Inge E. M. , Hoch Jannis M. , de Jong Kor , Karssenberg Derek , López López Patricia , Peßenteiner Stefanie , Schmitz Oliver , Straatsma Menno W. , Vannametee Ekkamol , Wisser Dominik , Bierkens Marc F. P.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. We present PCR-GLOBWB 2, a global
hydrology and water resources model. Compared to previous versions of
PCR-GLOBWB, this version fully integrates water use. Sector-specific water
demand, groundwater and surface water withdrawal, water consumption, and
return flows are dynamically calculated at every time step and interact
directly with the simulated hydrology. PCR-GLOBWB 2 has been fully rewritten
in Python and PCRaster Python and has a modular structure, allowing easier
replacement, maintenance, and development of model components. PCR-GLOBWB 2
has been implemented at 5 arcmin resolution, but a version parameterized at
30 arcmin resolution is also available. Both versions are available as
open-source codes on https://github.com/UU-Hydro/PCR-GLOBWB_model
(Sutanudjaja et al., 2017a). PCR-GLOBWB 2 has its own routines for
groundwater dynamics and surface water routing. These relatively simple
routines can alternatively be replaced by dynamically coupling PCR-GLOBWB 2
to a global two-layer groundwater model and 1-D–2-D hydrodynamic models.
Here, we describe the main components of the model, compare results of the 30
and 5 arcmin versions, and evaluate their model performance using Global
Runoff Data Centre discharge data. Results show that model performance of the
5 arcmin version is notably better than that of the 30 arcmin version.
Furthermore, we compare simulated time series of total water storage (TWS) of
the 5 arcmin model with those observed with GRACE, showing similar negative
trends in areas of prevalent groundwater depletion. Also, we find that
simulated total water withdrawal matches reasonably well with reported water
withdrawal from AQUASTAT, while water withdrawal by source and sector provide
mixed results.
Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP): project goals and experimental design
Authors: Shields Christine A. , Rutz Jonathan J. , Leung Lai-Yung , Ralph F. Martin , Wehner Michael , Kawzenuk Brian , Lora Juan M. , McClenny Elizabeth , Osborne Tashiana , Payne Ashley E. , Ullrich Paul , Gershunov Alexander , Goldenson Naomi , Guan Bin , Qian Yun , Ramos Alexandre M. , Sarangi Chandan , Sellars Scott , Gorodetskaya Irina , Kashinath Karthik , Kurlin Vitaliy , Mahoney Kelly , Muszynski Grzegorz , Pierce Roger , Subramanian Aneesh C. , Tome Ricardo , Waliser Duane , Walton Daniel , Wick Gary , Wilson Anna , Lavers David ,   Prabhat, Collow Allison , Krishnan Harinarayan , Magnusdottir Gudrun , Nguyen Phu
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project
(ARTMIP) is an international collaborative effort to understand and quantify
the uncertainties in atmospheric river (AR) science based on detection
algorithm alone. Currently, there are many AR identification and tracking
algorithms in the literature with a wide range of techniques and conclusions.
ARTMIP strives to provide the community with information on different
methodologies and provide guidance on the most appropriate algorithm for a
given science question or region of interest. All ARTMIP participants will
implement their detection algorithms on a specified common dataset for a
defined period of time. The project is divided into two phases: Tier 1 will
utilize the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications,
version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis from January 1980 to June 2017 and will be
used as a baseline for all subsequent comparisons. Participation in Tier 1 is
required. Tier 2 will be optional and include sensitivity studies designed
around specific science questions, such as reanalysis uncertainty and climate
change. High-resolution reanalysis and/or model output will be used wherever
possible. Proposed metrics include AR frequency, duration, intensity, and
precipitation attributable to ARs. Here, we present the ARTMIP experimental
design, timeline, project requirements, and a brief description of the
variety of methodologies in the current literature. We also present results
from our 1-month “proof-of-concept” trial run designed to illustrate the
utility and feasibility of the ARTMIP project.
Towards an advanced atmospheric chemistry-enabled ESM with dynamic land surface processes: Part I - Linking LPJ-GUESS (v4.0) with EMAC modelling system (v2.53)
Authors: Forrest Matthew , Tost Holger , Lelieveld Jos , Hickler Thomas
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Earth System Models (ESMs) are invaluable tools that have emerged from decades of research modelling the earth system. Central to this development has been the coupling of previously separate model types, such as ocean, atmospheric and vegetation models, to provide interactive feedbacks between these earth system components. Here we present the initial steps of coupling LPJ-GUESS, a dynamic global vegetation model, to EMAC, an atmospheric chemistry enabled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. The LPJ-GUESS framework includes a comparatively detailed tree-individual based model of vegetation dynamics, a crop and managed-land scheme, a nitrogen cycle and a choice of fire models; and hence represents many important terrestrial biosphere processes and provides a wide range of prognostic trace gas emissions from vegetation, soil and fire. When development is complete, these trace gas emissions will form key inputs to the state-of-art atmospheric chemistry representations in EMAC allowing for bi-directional chemical interactions of the surface with the atmosphere. % At this point, the full model will be a complete ESM with a fully prognostic land surface and detailed atmospheric chemistry, and will become a powerful tool for investigating land-atmosphere interactions such as: the methane cycle and lifetime and the atmospheric chemistry of reduced carbon; fire effects and feedbacks; future nitrogen deposition rates and fertilisation scenarios; ozone damage to plants; and the contribution of biogenic volatile organic compounds to aerosol load and, via cloud condensation nuclei activation, to cloud formation (e.g., bioprecipitation cycles). Initial results show that the one-way, on-line coupling from EMAC to LPJ-GUESS gives a good description of the global vegetation patterns and reasonable agreement with a suite of remote sensing datasets.
Assessment of coastal flooding and associated hydrodynamic processes on the south-eastern coast of Mexico, during Central American cold surge events
Authors: Rey Wilmer , Salles Paulo , Mendoza E. Tonatiuh , Torres-Freyermuth Alec , Appendini Christian M.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Coastal flooding in the northern
Yucatán Peninsula is mainly associated with storm surge events triggered by
high-pressure cold front systems. This study evaluates the hydrodynamic
processes of the Chelem lagoon, Mexico and the flooding threat from cold
fronts for the neighbouring town of Progreso. A 30-year water-level hindcast
(excluding wave set-up) was performed because of the lack of long-term tide
gauge records. In order to assess the relative contribution from wave set-up
and residual and astronomical tides to total flooding, the two worst storm
scenarios in terms of maximum residual tide (Event A) and maximum water level
(Event B) were simulated. Numerical results suggest that during Event A the
wave set-up contribution reaches 0.35 at the coast and 0.17 m inside the
lagoon, and these values are smaller for Event B (0.30 and 0.14 m,
respectively). Results of the effect of the tidal phase on wave set-up and
residual sea level show that (i) the wave set-up contribution increases
during ebb tide and decreases during flood tide at the Chelem inlet, (ii) the
residual tide is larger (smaller) near low (high) or receding (rising) tide,
and (iii) maximum flooding occurs when the storm peak coincides with rising
or high tide. The numerical results confirm the important role of wave set-up
on the assessment of coastal flooding in micro-tidal coastal environments.
Impact of assimilating a merged sea ice thickness from CryoSat-2 and SMOS in the Arctic reanalysis
Authors: Xie Jiping , Counillon Francois , Bertino Larent
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Accurate forecast of Sea Ice Thickness (SIT) represents a major challenge for Arctic forecasting systems. The new CS2SMOS SIT product merges measurements from the CryoSat-2 and SMOS satellites and is available weekly during the winter months since October 2010. The impact of assimilating CS2SMOS is tested for the TOPAZ4 system – the Arctic component of the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS). TOPAZ4 currently assimilates a large set of ocean and sea ice observations with the Deterministic Ensemble Kalman Filter (DEnKF). Two parallel reanalyses are conducted with and without assimilation of the previously weekly CS2SMOS for the period from 19th March 2014 to 31st March 2015. The SIT bias (too thin) is reduced from 16 cm to 5 cm and the RMSD decreases from 53 cm to 38 cm (reduction by 28 %) when compared to the simultaneous SIT from CS2SMOS. Furthermore, compared to independent SIT observations, the errors are reduced by 24 % against the Ice Mass Balance (IMB) buoy 2013F and by 11 % against SIT data from the IceBridge campaigns. When compared to sea ice drift derived from International Arctic Buoy Program (IABP) drifting buoys, we find that the assimilation of C2SMOS is beneficial in the sea ice pack areas, where the influence of SIT on the sea ice drift is strongest, with an error reduction of 0.2–0.3 km/day. Finally, we quantify the influence of C2SMOS compared to the other assimilated data by the number of Degrees of Freedom for Signal (DFS) and find that CS2SMOS is the main source of observations in the central Arctic and in the Kara Sea. These results suggest that C2SMOS observations should be included in Arctic reanalyses in order to improve the ice thickness and the ice drift, although some inconsistencies were found in the version of the data used.
Do Wind Turbines Pose Roll Hazards to Light Aircraft?
Authors: Tomaszewski Jessica M. , Lundquist Julie K. , Churchfield Matthew J. , Moriarty Patrick J.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Wind energy accounted for 5.6 % of all electricity generation in the United States in 2016. Much of this development has occurred in rural locations, where open spaces favorable for harnessing wind also serve general aviation airports. As such, nearly 40 % of all U.S. wind turbines exist within 10 km of a small airport. Wind turbines generate electricity by extracting momentum from the atmosphere, creating downwind wakes characterized by wind-speed deficits and increased turbulence. Recently, the concern that turbine wakes pose hazards for small aircraft has been used to limit wind farm development. Herein, we assess roll hazards to small aircraft using large-eddy simulations of a utility-scale turbine wake. Wind-generated rolling moments on hypothetical aircraft transecting the wake in stably and neutrally stratified conditions are calculated. In both cases, only 0.001 % of rolling moments experienced by hypothetical aircraft during down-wake and cross-wake transects lead to an increased risk of rolling.