bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical background of light‐emitting diode total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and photobleaching lifetime analysis of membrane‐associated proteins—Part II
Authors: Schaefer Michael , Kalwa Hermann
Published: January 2020

The selective microscopic imaging of the plasma membrane and adjacent structures by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is a versatile and frequently used technique in cell biology. A reduction of imaging artifacts in objective‐type TIRF microscopy can be achieved by circular or multi‐spot laser illumination or by using noncoherent light sources that are projected into the back focal plane as a light annulus. Light‐emitting diode (LED)‐based TIRF excitation is a recent advancement of the latter strategy. While some basic principles of LED‐TIRF remain the same as in laser‐based methods, the calculation of penetration depth, the flatness of illumination and the amount of available illumination power differ. This study provides the theoretical framework for the construction and adjustment of LED‐TIRF. Using state‐of‐the art high power LED emitters, LED‐TIRF achieves excitation efficiencies that are comparable to laser‐based systems and homogenously illuminate the entire field of view, thus, allowing variation of the penetration depth or quantitative photobleaching‐assisted imaging protocols. Using autofluorescent transmembrane, soluble and membrane‐attached fusion proteins, we provide examples for a photobleaching‐based assessment of the exchange kinetics of proteins within living human endothelial cells.
Radioprotection and cross‐linking of allograft bone in the presence of vitamin E
Authors: Suhardi Jeremy V. , Morgan David F. A. , Muratoglu Orhun K. , Oral Ebru
Published: January 2020

Bone allografts are the preferred method for bone augmentation in over 500,000 orthopedic surgical procedures in the US. Sterilization by ionizing radiation is the most effective method of minimizing the bioburden of bone allografts; however, radiation causes chain scission of collagen, resulting in the reduction of the allografts’ mechanical strength. In this study, we doped bone allografts with vitamin E as radioprotectant using a novel two‐step process to protect the collagen architecture against radiation damage and to preserve the mechanical strength of the construct. In addition, combining the radioprotectant with a cross‐linking agent further minimized collagen degradation and further preserved the mechanical strength of the allografts. Both vitamin E and combined vitamin E/genipin‐treated allograft were less cytotoxic to both osteoblasts and osteoclasts when compared to irradiated‐only allografts. Host bone‐allograft unionization was faster in a rat calvaria defect model with vitamin E‐treated and combined vitamin E and genipin‐treated allograft when compare to irradiated‐only allografts. This method can enable the efficient and uniform radioprotective treatment of bone allograft of desired shapes for sterilization with improved mechanical strength and biointegration.
Irbesartan mitigates acute liver injury, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by acetaminophen in mice
Authors: Helal Manar G. , Samra Yara A.
Published: January 2020

Hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen (APAP)‐overdose is a major concern in clinical practice. In the present work, the detoxifying effect of irbesartan (Irb) on the APAP‐induced acute liver injury was evaluated in mice. Induction of acute liver injury in mice was established by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of APAP (0.5 g/kg), then mice were injected with Irb (50 or 75 mg/kg, IP), each given twice at 1 and 12 hours post APAP injection. Liver functions, hepatic oxidative and nitrosative stress markers, and liver histopathology were determined after 24 hours. Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), caspase‐3, B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2), and Bcl‐2‐associated X protein (Bax) levels were also estimated. Immunohistochemical evaluations of hepatic expression of phosphorylated NF‐kB and active caspase‐3 were assigned. Irb treatment attenuated APAP‐induced acute liver injury. Irb suppressed APAP‐caused elevation of liver enzymes as well as oxidative and nitrosative stress in liver tissues as evidenced by the decrease in hepatic CYP2E1 expression and hepatic levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide in addition to the elevated hepatic superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione concentration. Also, Irb mitigated APAP‐induced inflammation in liver tissues via decreasing the expression of hepatic NF‐κB, phosphorylated NF‐κB and TNF‐α, and attenuated hepatic apoptosis via decreasing Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio and caspase 3 expression and activation. Also, Irb mitigated the APAP‐induced histopathological changes in liver specimens. These data suggested that Irb ameliorates APAP‐induced acute liver injury through antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities.
Association of the genetic variants (‐794 CATT5‐8 and ‐173 G > C) of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) with higher soluble levels of MIF and TNFα in women with breast cancer
Authors: Avalos‐Navarro Guadalupe , Del Toro‐Arreola Alicia , Daneri‐Navarro Adrián , Quintero‐Ramos Antonio , Bautista‐Herrera Luis Alberto , Franco Topete Ramon Antonio , Anaya Macias Brian Uriel , Javalera Castro David Israel , Morán‐Mendoza Andrés de Jesús , Oceguera‐Villanueva Antonio , Topete‐Camacho Antonio , Muñoz‐Valle José Francisco
Published: January 2020

Background

Functional variants ‐173 G > C (rs755622) and ‐794CATT5‐8 (rs5844572) MIF gene have been associated with the risk in several types of cancer, as well as with the increase of soluble levels of MIF and TNFα. However, in previous studies contradictory and uncertain results have been presented on the implication of MIF polymorphisms with the association in cancer, specifically in breast cancer (BC). We investigated whether the variants are associated with the susceptibility to develop BC and the soluble levels of MIF and TNFα in women with BC from western Mexico.

Materials and methods

A total of 152 women with BC and 182 control subjects (CS) were enrolled in this study. The determination of genotypes ‐173 G > C and ‐794 CATT5‐8 MIF polymorphisms was performed by PCR‐RFLP and PCR, respectively. In addition, the soluble levels of MIF and TNFα in both studied groups were quantified by ELISA and MILLIPLEX assay, respectively.

Results

The most frequent allele found in BC was the G (74.3%) and 6 (54%) in the variants ‐173G > C and ‐794 CATT5‐8, respectively, without significant differences in both groups. Nevertheless, the women with BC carriers ‐173*C and ‐794CATT7 have higher levels of MIF in comparison with CS. An increase of MIF (BC: 11.1 ng/mL vs CS: 5.2 ng/mL, P < .001) and TNFα (BC: 24.9 ng/mL vs CS: 9.9 pg/mL, P < .001) was found.

Conclusion

The functional variants of MIF are not genetic susceptibility markers for BC. Nevertheless, the alleles ‐173*C and ‐794CATT7 are associated with the increase of MIF circulating in women with BC.
Y‐box protein 1 promotes hypoxia/reoxygenation‐ or ischemia/reperfusion‐induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via SHP‐1‐dependent STAT3 inactivation
Authors: Cao Xueming , Zhu Na , Zhang Yuwei , Chen Yan , Zhang Jing , Li Jiang , Hao Peiyuan , Gao Chuanyu , Li Li
Published: January 2020

Cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by hypoxia and ischemia plays important roles in heart dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the mechanism of apoptosis induction remains unclear. A previous study reported that Y‐box protein 1 (YB1) is upregulated after myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation or ischemia/reperfusion (H/R or I/R, respectively) injury; however, whether YB1 is associated with H/R‐induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis is completely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the roles of YB1 in H/R‐induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms. In vitro, H/R treatment upregulated the YB1 expression in H9C2 cells, whereas YB1 knockdown inhibited H/R‐induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and induced H9C2 cell proliferation via Src homology region 2 domain‐containing phosphatase 1 (SHP‐1)‐mediated activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). In vivo, YB1 knockdown ameliorated AMI, reducing infarct size, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and oxidative stress, via SHP‐1‐mediated inactivation of STAT3. Additionally, YB1 knockdown inhibited H/R‐ or I/R‐induced oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. H/R and I/R increase YB1 expression, and YB1 knockdown ameliorates AMI injury via SHP‐1‐dependent STAT3 inactivation.
Fucoidan inhibits tooth movement by promoting restorative macrophage polarization through the STAT3 pathway
Authors: Zhang Shuting , Zhang Hanwen , Jin Zhichun , Wang Siyu , Wang Yan , Zhu Linlin , Sun Wen , Yan Bin
Published: January 2020

Retention after treatment and effective anchorage control are two essential factors in orthodontics. Our study aimed to explore the effects of fucoidan on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and the involvement of macrophages. We established a murine OTM model to test the effect of fucoidan administration. We found that mice injected with fucoidan had a deceleration in OTM and a higher bone mineral density. Moreover, fucoidan increased the proportion of F4/80+CD206+ macrophages and promoted the messenger RNA expression of Arg‐1, CD206, and IL‐10 at both in vivo and in vitro levels. In addition, macrophages showed lower expression of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 and a decrease in F4/80+CD11c+ cells. Mechanistically, the level of phosphorylated STAT3 was elevated in unpolarized and restorative macrophages after treatment with fucoidan. Taken together, our findings suggest that fucoidan treatment inhibits OTM and enhances the stability of teeth after movement by promoting restorative macrophages through the STAT3 pathway.
Thinking outside the glenohumeral box: Hierarchical shape variation of the periarticular anatomy of the scapula using statistical shape modeling
Authors: Jacxsens Matthijs , Elhabian Shireen Y. , Brady Sarah E. , Chalmers Peter N. , Mueller Andreas M. , Tashjian Robert Z. , Henninger Heath B.
Published: January 2020

Variation in the shape of the glenoid and periarticular anatomy of the scapula has been associated with shoulder pathology. The goal of this study was to identify the modes of shape variation of periarticular scapular anatomy in relation to the glenoid in nonpathologic shoulders. Computed tomography scans of 31 cadaveric scapulae, verified to be free of pathology, were three‐dimensionally reconstructed. Statistical shape modeling and principal component analysis identified the modes of shape variation across the population. Corresponding linear and angular measurements quantified the morphometric variance identified by the modes. Linear measures were normalized to the radius of the inferior glenoid to account for differences in the scaling of the bones. Five modes captured 89.7% of total shape variation of the glenoid and periarticular anatomy. Apart from size differences (mode 1: 33.0%), acromial anatomy accounted for the largest variation (mode 2: 32.0%). Further modes described variation in glenoid inclination (mode 3: 11.8%), coracoid orientation and size (mode 4: 9.0%), and variation in coracoacromial (CA) morphology (mode 5: 3.1%). The average scapula had a mean acromial tilt of 49 ± 7°, scapular spine angle of 61 ± 6°, the glenoid inclination of 84 ± 4°, coracoid deviation angle of 26 ± 4°, coracoid length of 3.7 ± 0.3 glenoid radii, and a CA base length of 5.6 ± 0.5 radii. In this study, the identified shape modes explain almost all of the variance in scapular anatomy. The acromion exhibited the highest variance of all periarticular anatomic structures of the scapula in relation to the glenoid, which may play a role in many shoulder pathologies.
The continuum of hip range of motion: From soft‐tissue restriction to bony impingement
Authors: Han Shuyang , Owens Virgenal L. , Patel Rikin V. , Ismaily Sabir K. , Harrington Melvyn A. , Incavo Stephen J. , Noble Philip C.
Published: January 2020

Traditional studies of hip kinematics have not identified which anatomic structures limit the range of motion (ROM) when the hip is placed in different maneuvers. In this study, we attempted to answer two questions: (a) During which maneuvers is the motion of the hip limited by bony impingement between the femur and pelvis? (b) When is hip ROM determined by the constraint of soft tissues and to what extent? ROM of eight cadaveric hips was measured in 17 maneuvers using a motion capture system. The maneuvers were recreated in silico using 3D CT models of each specimen to detect the occurrence of bony impingement. If bony impingement was not detected, the variable component of 3D hip motion was increased until a collision was detected. The difference between the virtual ROM at the point of bony impingement and the initial ROM measured experimentally was termed as the soft‐tissue restriction. The results showed that bony impingement was present in normal hips during maneuvers consisting of high abduction with flexion, and high flexion combined with adduction and internal rotation. At impingement‐free maneuvers, the degree of soft tissue restriction varies remarkably, ranging from 4.9° ± 3.8° (internal rotation) at 90° of flexion to 80.0° ± 12.5° (internal rotation) at maximum extension. The findings shed light on the relative contributions of osseous and soft tissues to the motion of the hip in different maneuvers and allow for a better understanding of physical exams of different purposes in diagnosing bone‐ or soft tissue‐related diseases.
New developments and future challenges in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of prosthetic joint infection
Authors: Ricciardi Benjamin F. , Muthukrishnan Gowrishankar , Masters Elysia A. , Kaplan Nathan , Daiss John L. , Schwarz Edward M.
Published: January 2020

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication that results in substantial costs to society and patient morbidity. Advancements in our knowledge of this condition have focused on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, in order to reduce rates of PJI and improve patient outcomes. Preventive measures such as optimization of patient comorbidities, and perioperative antibiotic usage are intensive areas of current clinical research to reduce the rate of PJI. Improved diagnostic tests such as synovial fluid (SF) α‐defensin enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and nucleic acid‐based tests for serum, SF, and tissue cultures, have improved diagnostic accuracy and organism identification. Increasing the diversity of available antibiotic therapy, immunotherapy, and alternative implant coatings remain promising treatments to improve infection eradication in the setting of PJI.
Multiple‐pass enhanced Raman spectroscopy for fast industrial trace gas detection and process control
Authors: Wen Chengwei , Huang Xin , Shen Chunlei
Published: January 2020

We report an advanced multiple‐pass Raman spectroscopy setup with enhanced sensitivity for industrial in situ monitoring and process control applications. A multiple‐pass cavity with 20 total passes is constructed using one concave mirror and two high‐reflection mirrors. The multiple‐pass cavity is fully compatible with gas chamber with dead volume as small as 2.5 ml. The setup is simple, reliable, and robust, which is important for practical industrial applications. With this system, gas samples in static cells are tested to show the analytical potential of this multiple‐pass setup. The results show that the noise equivalent detection limit (3σ) of 12.0 (N2), 13.3 (O2), 12.2 (CO2), and 5.8 Pa (hydrogen isotopologues), which corresponds to relative abundance by volume at 1 bar total pressure of 120, 133, 122, and 58 ppm can be achieved in 1 s with a 1.5‐W red laser. We further demonstrate a modified version of current multiple‐pass Raman spectroscopy, which can afford an even lower detection limit for nonhazardous gas samples. The sensitivity of the current setup can be further increased, and different approaches are discussed in detail. Based on the experience gained in this prototype setup, various improvements are currently being investigated and implemented, aiming at higher sensitivity and stability. The results obtained with this newly designed Raman system are very promising, as sensitive subsecond monitoring and process control of low‐pressure hydrogen isotopologues based on Raman spectroscopy seems to be within reach in a fusion reactor. Besides, the analysis and monitoring of other important gas species (e.g., environmental gas) can also be benefited from the current design.
Modeling the coupled dynamics of stream metabolism and microbial biomass
Authors: Segatto Pier Luigi , Battin Tom J. , Bertuzzo Enrico
Published: January 2020

Estimating and interpreting ecosystem metabolism remains an important challenge in stream ecology. Here, we propose a novel approach to model, estimate, and predict multiseasonal patterns of stream metabolism (gross primary production [GPP] and ecosystem respiration [ER]) at the reach scale leveraging on increasingly available long‐term, high‐frequency measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO). The model uses DO measurements to estimate the parameters of a simple ecosystem model describing the underlying dynamics of stream autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial biomass. The model has been applied to four reaches within the Ybbs river network, Austria. Even if microbial biomasses are not observed, that is, they are treated as latent variables, results show that by accounting for the temporal dynamics of biomass, the model reproduces variability in metabolic fluxes that is not explained by fluctuations of light, temperature, and resources. The model is particularly data‐demanding: to estimate the 11 parameters used in this formulation, it requires sufficiently long, for example, annual, time series, and significant scouring events. On the other hand, the approach has the potential to separate ER into its autotrophic and heterotrophic components, estimate a richer set of ecosystem carbon fluxes (i.e., carbon uptake, loss, and scouring), extrapolate metabolism estimates for periods when DO measurements are unavailable, and predict how ecosystem metabolism would respond to variations of the driving forces. The model is seen as a building block to develop tools to fully appreciate multiseasonal patterns of metabolic activity in river networks and to provide reliable estimations of carbon fluxes from land to ocean.
Low snowpack reduces thermal response diversity among streams across a landscape
Authors: Cline Timothy J. , Schindler Daniel E. , Walsworth Timothy E. , French David W. , Lisi Peter J.
Published: January 2020

Spatial and temporal variation in thermal conditions are important dimensions of aquatic landscapes, yet we do not understand how this heterogeneity will respond to climate change. Snowpack in many regions is declining but impacts on aquatic thermal regimes remain poorly understood. Our analyses of summer stream temperatures across a complex river basin in southwest Alaska show that loss of snowpack has disproportionate effects on water temperatures in streams that are cold under typical conditions, thereby homogenizing stream temperatures across the landscape during low snow conditions. Streams draining steep watersheds warmed from a summer average of 4–8°C between high and low snow years and became more responsive to variation in regional air temperature (as proxy for solar radiation), while streams draining flat watersheds changed negligibly. Our results suggest that conservation strategies for aquatic landscapes that focus on snow‐dominated cold‐water refugia may not be robust to future climate warming and changes in snowpack.
Mean curvature of hypersurfaces in Killing submersions with bounded shadow
Authors: Gimeno Vicent
Published: January 2020

Given a complete hypersurface isometrically immersed in an ambient manifold, in this paper we provide a lower bound for the norm of the mean curvature vector field of the immersion assuming that:

The ambient manifold admits a Killing submersion with unit‐length Killing vector field.

The projection of the image of the immersion is bounded in the base manifold.

The hypersurface is stochastically complete, or the immersion is proper.
On‐site pharmacy services now prominent in community mental health facilities
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: January 2020

A concept that was largely foreign to the community mental health field a generation ago, on‐site pharmacy services have become an integral component of many facilities' array of services for patients. The nation's largest provider of pharmacy and related services for behavioral health patients announced in December the opening of its 500th facility, capping a two‐decade period of steady growth.
Optimal successive complementary expansion for singular differential equations
Authors: Say Fatih
Published: January 2020

In this article, we consider a singular ordinary differential equation of a two‐point boundary value problem in an asymptotic sense. We discuss the method of successive complementary expansion (SCEM) with asymptotics beyond all orders approach thinking and also scrutinise the solutions that already exist in the literature along with their advantages and drawbacks. In particular, we present an approach using techniques in exponential asymptotics that extends the SCEM for singular differential equations well beyond the leading‐order terms and consider the interaction of small parameter in the solutions. We optimally truncate the divergent outer solution and do not eliminate the growing exponentials. Through this analysis, we show that the extended method exhibits more information, such as the effects of exponential smallness and Stokes lines, than the regular SCEM that cannot reveal the information from such singular differential equations.
Wall clutter mitigation based on spread spectrum radar in through‐the‐wall radar
Authors: Shi Xiaomin , Wang Chenhao , Zheng Chen
Published: January 2020

A new subspace method applied to through‐the‐wall radar for clutter mitigation is presented. The pseudo‐random code continuous wave radar is used and the wall subspace selection algorithm is introduced. The performance of this method is demonstrated and compared with the singular value decomposition‐based clutter mitigation methods. Results confirm that the new subspace method suppresses the wall clutter more thoroughly under the same conditions.
Hydroacridines: Part 33. An experimental and DFT study of the 13C NMR chemical shifts of the nitrosamines derived from the six stereoisomers of tetradecahydroacridine
Authors: Potmischil Francisc , Hillebrand Mihaela , Kalchhauser Hermann
Published: January 2020

The paper presents the experimental and DFT‐calculated values of the 13C NMR chemical shifts of the six stereoisomers of tetradecahydroacridine and of the corresponding nitrosamines. Performing the DFT calculations using several combinations of functional and basis sets, it was found that the best experimental‐calculated agreement was obtained for OPBE/6–311++G (dp) method. Considering the effect of N‐nitrosation upon the 13C NMR chemical shifts of the C‐α carbons of secondary amines, it was found that if following nitrosation both C‐α carbons are shifted upfield or both are shifted downfield, then the resulted nitrosamine will have a sterically strained ─N═O group. If, however, one of the C‐α is shifted upfield and the other is shifted downfield, then the ─N═O group will be strain‐free or weakly strained. Our calculations predict strain energies of about 10–15 kcal mol−1 in the first case and ≈0–6 kcal mol−1 in the latter.
Right preconditioned MINRES for singular systems†
Authors: Sugihara Kota , Hayami Ken , Zheng Ning
Published: January 2020

We consider solving large sparse symmetric singular linear systems. We first introduce an algorithm for right preconditioned minimum residual (MINRES) and prove that its iterates converge to the preconditioner weighted least squares solution without breakdown for an arbitrary right‐hand‐side vector and an arbitrary initial vector even if the linear system is singular and inconsistent. For the special case when the system is consistent, we prove that the iterates converge to a min‐norm solution with respect to the preconditioner if the initial vector is in the range space of the right preconditioned coefficient matrix. Furthermore, we propose a right preconditioned MINRES using symmetric successive over‐relaxation (SSOR) with Eisenstat's trick. Some numerical experiments on semidefinite systems in electromagnetic analysis and so forth indicate that the method is efficient and robust. Finally, we show that the residual norm can be further reduced by restarting the iterations.
Prediction of branch on branch and topological characteristics of low‐density polyethylene polymerization by a novel stochastic approach
Authors: Taheri Ahmad Reza , Najafi Mohammad , Motahari Siamak
Published: January 2020

A novel approach using Monte Carlo method applied to simulation of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) polymerization in tubular reactor showing topological characteristics, and the comprehensive kinetic mechanism has been taken into consideration. The results show the precise details of the structure of a chain in the three levels of the backbone, the main branches, and branches on branch. The chain types include dead polymer, dead polymer with unsaturated end, and live polymer with primary radical, secondary radical, and tertiary radical. In this work, the branches on branch were identified in terms of number, length, and position of the branch. Sixty percent of branches on branch are 1 to 5 carbons long, and the longest branch on branch is about 50 carbons. Thus, this study provides a tool for more accurately mapping the polymer chains architecture, superior to determine the number, and position of long‐ and short‐chain branches in past researches. Finally, this approach will advance the prediction of microstructure‐related properties of polymer one step further.
Lexicon for guidance terminology in pediatric hematology/oncology: A White Paper
Authors: Dupuis L. Lee , Robinson Paula D. , van de Wetering Marianne D. , Tissing Wim , Seelisch Jennifer , Digout Carol , Sung Lillian , Phillips Robert ,   on behalf of members of the iPOG Network
Published: January 2020

Terms used to label types of clinical recommendations and guidance are applied inconsistently and do not reflect the methods used to create each type. Here, the international Pediatric Oncology Supportive Care Guideline Network proposes a lexicon for types of recommendations and guidance documents. A lexicon describing three types of recommendations (clinical practice guideline–derived, good practice statement, and expert opinion statement) and two types of guidance documents (clinical practice guideline and expert opinion) is presented. Consistent use of this lexicon will allow pediatric oncology clinicians to readily appreciate the methods used to create clinical guidance.
Treatment indications for antidepressants prescribed to pregnant women: A population‐based descriptive study from Denmark
Authors: Liu Xiaoqin , Musliner Katherine L. , Agerbo Esben , Ingstrup Katja G. , Sun Yuelian , Yu Yongfu , Munk‐Olsen Trine
Published: January 2020

Purpose

Antidepressants are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment for nonpsychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period. However, little is known about the indications for antidepressant use during pregnancy. We aimed to examine the treatment indications of antidepressant prescriptions redeemed by pregnant women and to investigate whether treatment indication patterns changed over time.

Methods

We conducted a population‐based descriptive study using Danish national registers. We identified pregnancies resulting in live births between 2006 and 2016 from the Medical Birth Registry. We linked them to the National Prescription Registry to extract information on antidepressant prescriptions during pregnancy. We used generalized estimating equations to examine whether the indication patterns of antidepressants changed over time.

Results

A total of 47 093 antidepressant prescriptions associated with 17 170 pregnancies were identified. Overall, 82.3% of pregnancies received antidepressant prescriptions for depression, including 9.2% of pregnancies affected by comorbid indications, mainly anxiety disorders. In addition, 11.5% of pregnancies received prescribed antidepressants for anxiety disorders only, 3.8% for insomnia only, 0.5% for anxiety and insomnia, and 1.9% for other disorders. There was a small decrease in the percentage of antidepressant prescriptions for depression from 2006 to 2016, with an adjusted 1‐year risk difference of −0.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.7% to −0.1%), while the percentage for anxiety disorders increased, and the adjusted 1‐year risk difference was 0.9% (95% CI, 0.7% to 1.1%).

Conclusion

The majority of antidepressant prescriptions in pregnancy are for depression treatment, which suggests that antidepressant prescription during pregnancy may be a suitable proxy for a depression diagnosis.
Three‐Dimensional Printing of Methacrylic Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystal‐Reinforced Nanocomposites With Improved Properties
Authors: Wang Bo , Liu Jianxin , Chen Ken , Wang Yongzhi , Shao Ziqiang
Published: January 2020

Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) has been widely added to various resin matrix forming resin‐based composites because of its mickle inherent advantages, but solving the agglomeration problem and making uniform dispersion of the CNC feasible still remain challenging. In the present work, methacrylic was grafted onto the surface of CNC via a simple esterification reaction. Successful modification of the CNC was confirmed by solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectrum and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The modified CNC powder (CNC‐g‐MA) exhibited improved thermal stability and good dispersion in chloroform. Moreover, scanning electron microscope microtopographies confirmed that the modified CNC maintained uniformly nanoscaled dispersion in the resin matrix. The mechanical analysis results showed that CNC‐g‐MA greatly improved the mechanical properties of 3D‐printed samples with 43.5% enhancement in tensile strength compared to those only containing raw CNC. The thermal properties of samples were also improved slightly when CNC‐g‐MA was added due to superior dispersion and affinity with MA resin. Finally, this work paves the way for the feasible modification of CNC as suitable filler in resin‐based composites fabricated using 3D stereolithography technology. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 60:782–792, 2020. © 2020 Society of Plastics Engineers
Porosity Characterization of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composite Using Hg Porosimetry and Other Techniques
Authors: Monticeli Francisco Maciel , Montoro Sergio Roberto , Voorwald Herman Jacobus Cornelis , Cioffi Maria Odila Hilário
Published: January 2020

In polymer composites, the porosity acts mainly as a stress concentrator, which has detrimental effects depending on the shape and position of the voids. Also, the presence of voids is detrimental to the mechanical properties, which results in the need for an accurate method for their characterization in terms of morphology, position, and volume fraction. The aim of this study was to establish an appropriate procedure for the measurement of voids in a polymer composite using the mercury porosimetry technique. Data were also collected using the Taguchi approach. Subsequently, the feasibility of applying the Hg porosimetry methodology was confirmed through a comparison with standard techniques. Statistical analysis was used to determine the best Hg porosimetry parameters and pressures between 203 and 231 MPa was found to generate reliable results for the maximum porosity measurement, with no dependence on other parameters. Since the Hg porosimetry, acid digestion, and optical microscopy methods provided porosity results with a statistically significant similarity, it can be concluded that all these methods are feasible for the analysis of voids. Finally, potential benefits of the proposed porosity analysis methodology were highlighted through the characterization of the void volume, position, and morphology. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 60:841–849, 2020. © 2020 Society of Plastics Engineers
Exendin‐4 enhances the sensitivity of prostate cancer to enzalutamide by targeting Akt activation
Authors: Wenjing He , Shao Yuanyuan , Yu Yi , Huang Wei , Feng Guoliang , Li Junhe
Published: January 2020

Background

Glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) and its analogs are first‐line choices for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have shown that they exhibit antitumor properties in some tumors. We previously found that a GLP‐1 analog, exendin‐4 (Ex‐4), inhibited the growth of prostate cancer cells through suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which is activated in response to enzalutamide treatment and reported to be closely related to resistance to enzalutamide. So we speculated that exendin‐4 may enhance the sensitivity of prostate cancer to enzalutamide through inhibiting Akt activation.

Methods

LNCap and CWR22RV1 cell lines, as well as mice bearing xenografts formed from the two cells, were used.

Results

Exendin‐4 in combination with enzalutamide dramatically suppressed tumor growth of prostate cancer cells compared to enzalutamide alone; exendin‐4 is capable of antagonizing enzalutamide‐induced invasion and migration of both prostate cancer cells (P < .05). Furthermore, the combination treatment significantly reduced Akt and mTOR levels that were triggered by enzalutamide administration, caused a further decrease in nuclear AR localization compared with the enzalutamide as a monotherapy (P < .5), though exendin‐4 treatment alone showed no effect on nuclear AR.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that exendin‐4 alleviated resistance to enzalutamide, and suggested that exendin‐4 combined with enzalutamide may be a more efficacious treatment for patients with advanced prostate cancer.
Spatial and temporal distribution, degradation, and metabolism of three neonicotinoid insecticides on different parts, especially pests' target feeding parts of apple tree
Authors: Wu Changcai , Dong Fengshou , Chen Xiuye , Zhang Tao , Mei Xiangdong , Ning Jun , She Dongmei
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND

Neonicotinoid insecticides (NIs) have been recently banned in some countries because of increased pest resistance and deleterious risks to non‐target organisms. Recent studies considered all parts of crops as a whole part in plant protection. However, there are few reports focused on the distribution and metabolic trends of NIs on target feeding sites of different pests in apple orchards.

RESULTS

The spatial and temporal distribution, absorption, degradation, and metabolism of three NIs, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam, on different parts of apple trees were studied under foliar spray and root irrigation treatments. In the spray treatment, the initial average concentration ratios (TCRs) were 31.6% for lower shoots, 23.3% for upper leaves, 23.2% for upper shoots, 21.0% for lower leaves, and 0.5% and 0.4% for upper and lower fruits, respectively. The average half‐lives of the three NIs were 2.9 days for shoots, 7.4 days for leaves, and 10.8 days for fruits. The degradation rate of shoots was 2.5 times that of leaves, and 3.6 times that of fruits. Imidacloprid olefin and N‐methyl acetamiprid were two of the main metabolites. In the root treatment, both roots and soils had high TCRs during the whole sampling period. Only imidacloprid was transmitted to above‐ground parts of the plants, with TCRs of 0.38–50.94%.

CONCLUSION

This study found significant differences in spatial and temporal distribution, degradation, metabolism, and trends of NIs on different pest target sites of apple trees. The data obtained may help promote scientific control of target pests and evaluation of safety for non‐target species in orchards. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Noncrystallizable Charge‐Transporting Hosts for Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diodes: Decreased Emitter Aggregation
Authors: Chakraborty Rajarshi , Molaire Michel F. , Weiss David S. , Pecorella Joseph N. , Clark Daniel A. , Rothberg Lewis J. , Zeng Honzhi , Yu Tianhao
Published: January 2020

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with phosphorescent emitters (PhOLEDs) exhibit efficiency roll‐off at high luminance because the long‐lived triplet excitons are prone to emission quenching and triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA). Herein, the synthesis, purification, and characterization of an emitter layer host that is a noncrystallizable mixture of isomers (OLEDIQ HT‐1700) is described. In this host, the triplet lifetime of a phosphorescent yellow emitter (IYD‐560) is increased relative to a conventional single‐molecule host (3,3′‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl, mCBP), with high photoluminescence quantum yields and unchanged emission spectra. Characterization of the doped films with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microscopy showed that the emitter is incompatible in mCBP but totally compatible with the noncrystalline host. The increased triplet lifetime is interpreted as decreased triplet quenching in the noncrystallizable host‐based film, while emitter aggregation in the conventional host film leads to triplet quenching.
Sentiment and its asymmetric effect on housing returns
Authors: Saydometov Sergiy , Sabherwal Sanjiv , Aroul Ramya Rajajagadeesan
Published: January 2020

We use Google search frequency to construct sentiment indices (positive and negative) for the housing market. We find that future housing prices are negatively related to our measure of negative sentiment but not significantly related to that of positive sentiment. These relationships are robust to controls for macroeconomic variables, stock market return, and Housing Market Index, a survey‐based housing sentiment index. Furthermore, we find that an increase in negative sentiment results in a significant negative response in housing prices, while a decrease evokes little response. Thus, the housing market exhibits asymmetric responses to negative and positive sentiment and to increases versus decreases in negative sentiment. We attribute these asymmetric responses to the “negativity effect.” Finally, we find that home prices are more sensitive to sentiment during recessionary periods.
Elegant antidisturbance fault‐tolerant control for stochastic systems with multiple heterogeneous disturbances
Authors: Dong Lewei , Wei Xinjiang , Hu Xin , Zhang Huifeng , Han Jian , Liu Xiuhua
Published: January 2020

In this article, the elegant antidisturbance fault‐tolerant control (EADFTC) problem is studied for a class of stochastic systems in the simultaneous presence of multiple heterogeneous disturbances and time‐varying faults. The multiple heterogeneous disturbances include white noise, norm bounded uncertain disturbances and uncertain modeled disturbances with multiple nonlinearities and unknown amplitudes, frequencies, and phases. The time‐varying fault signals are caused by lose efficacy of actuator. To online estimate uncertain modeled disturbances and time‐varying faults, a novel composite observer structure consisting of the adaptive nonlinear disturbance observer and the fault diagnosis observer is constructed. The novel EADFTC strategy is proposed by integrating composite observer structure with adaptive disturbance observer‐based control theory and H∞ technology. It is proved that all the signals of closed‐loop system are asymptotically bounded in mean square under the circumstances of multiple heterogeneous disturbances and time‐varying faults occur simultaneously. Finally, the effectiveness and availability of proposed strategy are demonstrated by means of the numerical simulation and a doubly fed induction generators system simulation, respectively.
Two‐stage 3D model‐based UAV pose estimation: A comparison of methods for optimization
Authors: Pessanha Santos Nuno , Lobo Victor , Bernardino Alexandre
Published: January 2020

Particle Filters (PFs) have been successfully used in three‐dimensional (3D) model‐based pose estimation. Typically, these filters depend on the computation of importance weights that use similarity metrics as a proxy to approximate the likelihood function. In this paper, we explore the use of a two‐stage 3D model‐based approach based on a PF for single‐frame pose estimation. First, we use a classifier trained in a synthetic data set for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) detection and a pretrained database indexed by bounding boxes properties to obtain an initial rough pose estimate. Second, we employ optimization algorithms to optimize the used similarity metrics and decrease the obtained error. We have tested four different algorithms: (a) Particle Filter Optimization (PFO), (b) Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), (c) modified PSO, and (d) an approach based on the evolution strategies present in the genetic algorithms named Genetic Algorithm‐based Framework (GAbF). To check the quality of the estimate on each iteration, we have tested several similarity metrics (color, edge, and mask‐based) based on the UAV Computer‐Aided Design (CAD) model. The framework is applied to the outdoor pose estimation of a fixed‐wing UAV for autonomous landing in a Fast Patrol Boat (FPB). We extend our previous approach by adopting a better problem formulation, using Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) for UAV detection, making the comparison between the used similarity metrics, comparing pose optimization schemes, and showing new results. The future work will focus on the inclusion of this scheme in a tracking architecture to increase the accuracy of the result between observations.
Testing prediction algorithms as null hypotheses: Application to assessing the performance of deep neural networks
Authors: Bickel David R.
Published: January 2020

Bayesian models use posterior predictive distributions to quantify the uncertainty of their predictions. Similarly, the point predictions of neural networks and other machine learning algorithms may be converted to predictive distributions by various bootstrap methods. The predictive performance of each algorithm can then be assessed by quantifying the performance of its predictive distribution. Previous methods for assessing such performance are relative, indicating whether certain algorithms perform better than others. This paper proposes performance measures that are absolute in the sense that they indicate whether or not an algorithm performs adequately without requiring comparisons with other algorithms. The first proposed performance measure is a predictive p value that generalizes a prior predictive p value with the prior distribution equal to the posterior distribution of previous data. The other proposed performance measures use the generalized predictive p value for each prediction to estimate the proportion of target values that are compatible with the predictive distribution. The new performance measures are illustrated by using them to evaluate the predictive performance of deep neural networks when applied to the analysis of a large housing price data set that is used as a standard in machine learning.
Probabilistic models of the strut efficiency factor for RC deep beams with MCMC method
Authors: Liu Xi , Wu Tao , An Yuanyuan , Liu Yang
Published: January 2020

The probabilistic model using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling procedure was proposed for estimating the value of strut efficiency factor in the strut‐and‐tie model (STM). The STMs according to various proposals from different researchers were compared with the database containing 691 tests on the shear strength of RC deep beams. Strut efficiency factor models were collected and compared against the experimental results in the database. Considering prior information, established database, and existing models, the probabilistic model was improved by considering the shear span‐to‐depth ratio, web reinforcement ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and dimension of specimen. The proposed model was evaluated by the results in the database, which shows better accuracy and discreteness with mean and CoV of 1.047 and 0.248, respectively.
Effect of intraoral antioxidative capacity in orengedokuto
Authors: Nishijima Hiroaki , Takamatsu Satoshi , Satoh Kazue , Murase Remi , Taki Iori , Kamei Daisuke , Kawazoe Kazuyoshi , Nemoto Yukio , Iwai Shinichi
Published: January 2020

Aim

The aim of this study is to clarify the antioxidative effects of orengedokuto (OGT) and its crude drug components in the human oral cavity.

Method

In healthy subjects, the amount of change between the oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) value of saliva when gargled with water or with Kampo extract was compared to verify the antioxidant capacity of Kampo extract (OGT and excluding each single constituent in OGT) in the oral cavity. Moreover, the superoxide radical in this Kampo extract was measured by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry to determine its inherent antioxidative capacity.

Results

In this protocol using saliva, the antioxidative capacity of OGT extract was dose‐dependent. The OGT extract showed a significantly higher antioxidative capacity compared to the byakkokaninjinto extract, and the effect was almost equivalent to that of the green tea extract. In the comparison of excluding each single crude drug from OGT, excluding the Scutellaria Root extract showed the lowest antioxidative capacity. In the comparison of crude drug constituting of OGT, the Scutellaria Root extract showed the highest antioxidant ability. These results showed very similar behavior to the superoxide scavenging activity of Kampo extract itself measured by ESR.

Conclusion

This almost noninvasive test method can easily evaluate the intraoral antioxidative capacity and was effective in verifying the antioxidative capacity of Kampo medicines. In OGT, Scutellaria Root made a significant contribution in the antioxidative capacity of the crude drug extract itself in vitro and the intraoral antioxidative capacity in vivo.
Walk a Day in My Shoes: Cultivating Cross‐Cultural Understanding Through Digital Literacy
Authors: Clarke Lane W.
Published: January 2020

Walk a Day in My Shoes is a curricular project designed to provide a starting point for teachers to cultivate cross‐cultural understanding among elementary‐age students. In this curricular project, students created their own digital stories about a day spent in their shoes. Through photography, writing, and digital storytelling, each student re‐created a typical day in their life. Then, these stories were shared and exchanged among six global classrooms in the United States, Morocco, France, Romania, Malaysia, and Ireland. The goal of this project was to support students in learning about others and, at the same time, learn about themselves as part of a global community. The author describes this project and presents other ways that teachers can use literacy to create cross‐cultural experiences for their students.
Low‐dimensional Magnetism and Antiferromagnetic Ordering in the Mixed‐valence Spin‐chain Cuprate TlCu2O2
Authors: Frei Maren , Schnelle Walter , Felser Claudia , Jansen Martin
Published: January 2020

TlCu2O2, a mixed‐valence spin‐chain cuprate, was synthesized in a piston cylinder system starting from thallium sesquioxide Tl2O3, cuprous oxide Cu2O and copper powder. The main structural characteristics are edge‐sharing (CuO2)n zigzag chains, which are linked in the perpendicular crystallographic direction by Cu+ to form a three‐dimensional network. Data from magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements show features typical for low‐dimensional magnetic exchange interactions. The long‐range antiferromagnetic ordering is observed at TN = 19.7 K. No weak ferromagnetic component can be detected, suggesting a plain Néel‐type spin‐ordered structure.