bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Test-retest reliability of postural control measures in healthy secondary school pupils: insights from the MOVE12 pilot study
Authors: Litleskare Sigbjørn , Barene Svein
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Postural control is an essential part of human movement. Measurements of center of pressure displacements by force platform are considered the gold standard for assessing postural control. However, the test-retest reliability of these measurements in field-based conditions is unclear.

Methods

This study aimed to investigate the test-retest reliability of center of pressure measures under field-based conditions, and assess the impact of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) on test-retest reliability. The study sample comprised 215 upper secondary school pupils (114 girls) aged 16–17 years, all drawn from the control group of a larger intervention study. There was a 12-week interval between the initial test and the retest. Measurements of center of pressure displacements was assessed during a bipedal eyes closed and a unipedal eyes open condition. Interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for six distinct measures in both conditions. Correlations between the change in postural control and height, weight, and BMI were assessed as well.

Results

Trace length exhibited the best test-retest reliability in both conditions, achieving moderate to good reliability in the bipedal eyes closed condition (ICC = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.66–0.78). Test-retest reliability was higher for all measures in the bipedal eyes closed (ICC's = 0.53–0.73) compared to unipedal eyes open condition, and some of these measures approached zero reliability (ICC's = 0.03–0.48). Among body characteristics, only height was significantly correlated with test-retest changes in postural control (r = 0.16, p < 0.05) and only for two of the measures.

Discussion

This study underscores the necessity of careful selection of postural control measures and thorough assessments in field-based research to achieve acceptable test-retest reliability.
Food safety practices and associated factors among food handlers in food establishments in Adama town, Central Ethiopia
Authors: Gemeda Nimona , Yazew Tamiru , Moroda Meseret , Kuyu Chala G.
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Foodborne infections caused by a variety of variables pose serious public health risks, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in poor nations like Ethiopia. However, the study contains a deficit in information about food safety practices and associated factors. Thus, this study assessed food safety practices and influencing factors among food handlers in public food establishments in Adama town, Central Ethiopia.

Methods

An institution-based cross-sectional design was used for this study. A total of 319 food handlers were selected through systematic random sampling, with data collected through face-to-face interviews using the Kobo tool. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, binary and multivariate logistic regressions using SPSS V-27. Significant factors associated with food safety practices were determined based on Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR), 95% Confidence Intervals (CI), and a significance level set at p < 0.05.

Results and discussion

The findings revealed that 64.79% of food handlers exhibited commendable food safety practices. Factors significantly associated with the food safety practices included knowledge (AOR = 2.106, 95% CI: 1.23–3.606), attitude (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.169–3.334), ownership status of the establishment (AOR = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.48–4.98), and monthly salary (AOR = 0.516, 95% CI: 0.293–0.906). Food safety practices among food handlers in public food establishments rank as medium compared to other studies conducted in the country. These findings indicates the vital role of education, awareness campaigns, and training programs in promoting safe food handling practices. Therefore, to ensure safe and healthy food, there is a need for targeted interventions, mainly focusing on improving food handler knowledge and attitudes, to enhance food safety standards in public food establishments. It is recommended that authorities and organizations prioritize significant factors identified in this study to reduce foodborne illnesses, ensure public health, and foster a culture of responsible food-handling practices.
The relationship between deltamethrin-induced behavioral changes and acetylcholinesterase activity in zebrafish embryos or larvae based on transcriptome
Authors: Liu Chunyu , Guo Yantong , Zhang Xue , Chen Hongsong , Han Maomao , Wang Han , Niu Jieyao , He Jinfei , Yang Jingfeng , Dong Wu , Xue Jiangdong
Published: January 2025

Background

Deltamethrin (DM) is a broad-spectrum insecticide that is widely used to control agricultural pests. Recently, DM has posed a potential threat to the health of infants and young children, and this is because of the environmental and food pollution that is caused by the extensive use of DM.

Methods

In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were used as experimental animals to quantify the behavioral changes of larvae induced by DM and explore the relationship between DM and acetylcholinesterase activity.

Results

The results showed that DM caused an increase in coiling movement, heart rate, and apoptosis in the brain in early zebrafish embryos or larvae. It also caused a decrease in the expression of acetylcholinesterase-associated genes and the activity of acetylcholinesterase, which also led to an increase in the acetylcholinesterase content. The transcriptome data also showed that low concentration DM induced acetylcholine-related gene signaling pathways. The above results suggest that low doses of DM may induce neurodegeneration because DM exposure inhibits acetylcholinesterase, leading to brain cell apoptosis and behavioral changes in the zebrafish embryos or larvae. Micro-injection of zebrafish embryos at the 2–4 cell stage knocked down or overexpressed the acetylcholinesterase gene showed that the behavior and enzyme activity of zebrafish had some effects.

Conclusion

This study explored the relationship between acetylcholinesterase and the change in zebrafish behavior caused by DM exposure to provide a basis for the treatment of DM poisoning in the aquaculture.
Global prevalence of Eimeria species in goats: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ali Endris A. , Ghafar Abdul , Angeles-Hernandez Juan C. , Yaseen Muhammad , Gauci Charles G. , Beveridge Ian , Baxendell Sandra , Jabbar Abdul
Published: January 2025

Background

Coccidiosis is a protozoal disease caused by Eimeria species, the main symptom of which is diarrhea. Eimeria spp. infection can cause weight loss and ill-thrift in goats, and in severe cases, it can lead to mortality in kids, resulting in economic losses for the goat industry. This study aimed to determine the global prevalence of Eimeria spp. in goats and to identify the possible predictors of heterogeneity among selected studies.

Methods

Data were retrieved from five databases of major global importance (PubMed, Web of Science, CAB Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar), with 255 studies published between 1963 and 2022 being included. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI), followed by subgroup meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis to identify factors contributing to high prevalence and explore sources of heterogeneity among studies.

Results

The estimated global prevalence of Eimeria spp. in goats was 62.9% (95% CI: 58.6–67.2). Our results indicated high inter-study variability (inconsistency index (I2) = 99.7%, p < 0.01). Among the variables analyzed, regions and quality of studies were the most significant predictors of heterogeneity. According to the region-based subgroup meta-analysis, North America had the highest estimated prevalence of Eimeria spp. (92.2, 95% CI: 82.7–98.2), followed by Europe (86.6, 95% CI: 79.8–92.3), while Asia had the lowest prevalence (52.0, 95% CI: 45.9–58.1). Most countries (n = 42/56) had an estimated prevalence above the overall pooled estimate (>62.9%). The subgroup of studies conducted in 2000 or later presented a lower prevalence of 59.6% (95% CI: 54.7–64.3). Studies with a score of 5–7 had a significantly higher prevalence (72.4, 95% CI: 66.2–78.2) than studies with low or medium scores (p < 0.01). The prevalence of Eimeria spp. in goats detected with conventional and molecular methods was 67.3% (95% CI: 47.0–84.7). Only 47% (119/255) of the studies provided details on identifying Eimeria at the species level. Overall, more than 26 Eimeria spp. have been identified in goats globally. Among these, the most frequently reported and pathogenic species were E. arloingi (115/119), E. ninakohlyakimovae (108/119), E. christenseni (94/119), and E. caprina (71/119). Other valid species that were reported less frequently include E. alijevi, E. hirci, E. caprovina, E. aspheronica and E. jolchijevi.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the pathogenic Eimeria spp. are widespread in goats globally. Given the high prevalence and the extensive distribution of pathogenic Eimeria spp. in goats, it is recommended that integrated parasite management approaches be implemented for the effective control of coccidiosis in goats.
Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Carbon Pump Promote Carbon Storage by Influencing Bacterial Communities Under Nitrogen-Rich Conditions in Tea Plantation
Authors: Shu Qi , Gao Shenghua , Liu Xinmiao , Yao Zengwang , Wu Hailong , Qi Lianghua , Zhang Xudong
Published: January 2025

Carbon–nitrogen (C-N) coupling is a fundamental concept in ecosystem ecology. Long-term excessive fertilization in tea plantations has caused soil C-N imbalance, leading to ecological issues. Understanding soil C-N coupling under nitrogen loading is essential for sustainable management, yet the mechanisms remain unclear. This study examined C-N coupling in tea plantation soils under five fertilization regimes: no fertilization, chemical fertilizer, chemical + organic cake fertilizer, chemical + microbial fertilizer, and chemical + biochar. Fertilization mainly increased particulate organic carbon (POC) and inorganic nitrogen, driven by changes in bacterial community composition and function. Mixed fertilization treatments enhanced the association between bacterial communities and soil properties, increasing ecological complexity without altering overall trends. Fungal communities had a minor influence on soil C-N dynamics. Microbial necromass carbon (MNC) and microbial carbon pump (MCP) efficacy, representing long-term carbon storage potential, showed minimal responses to short-term fertilization. However, the microbial necromass accumulation coefficient (NAC) was nitrogen-sensitive, indicating short-term responses. PLS-PM analysis revealed consistent C-N coupling across the treatments, where soil nitrogen influenced carbon through enzyme activity and MCP, while bacterial communities directly affected carbon storage. These findings provide insights for precise soil C-N management and sustainable tea plantation practices under climate change.
Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizer Promote Alfalfa Yield by Regulating Root Development, Osmoregulatory Substances and Improve Soil Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Chai Jinlong , Yang Hang , Chen Zhen , Li Weifang , Li Dongqing , Yu Xiaojun
Published: January 2025

In artificial grassland systems, the extensive use of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizers has greatly enhanced grassland yields but also caused significant environmental issues. The combined use of biochar and N fertilizer is recognized as an effective and sustainable approach to reducing environmental risks while boosting crop production. However, the specific impacts of biochar and N on alfalfa yield, soil properties, and root morphology remain unclear. This study examined the effects of three biochar application rates (0, 10, 20 t hm−2) and four N application levels (0, 47, 94, 188 kg N hm−2 yr−1) on alfalfa growth and soil characteristics. Results revealed that biochar notably promoted root development and increased osmoregulatory substance content. It enhanced root biomass by improving root nodule count, root neck bud formation, and root neck diameter, while N application reduced root nodule numbers. Biochar and N application reduced soil bulk density by 0.8–10.5%, with biochar further increasing available phosphorus and potassium levels. Additionally, their combined use significantly elevated soil nitrate and ammonium concentrations. Overall, the synergy of biochar and nitrogen application enhances alfalfa yield by fostering better root growth and improving soil fertility.
Evaluation of Insecticide Toxicity and Field Performance Against Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Laboratory and Greenhouse Conditions
Authors: Sabra Safwat G. , Abbas Naeem , Hafez Abdulwahab M.
Published: January 2025

Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a pivotal pest affecting various vegetables, fruits, crops, and ornamentals. The primary M. persicae management strategy involves insecticide use. In this study, the toxicity and efficacy of bifenthrin, fenitrothion, fosthiazate, acetamiprid, spirotetramat, afidopyropen, and flonicamid against M. persicae were evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions using the leaf dip method. Laboratory bioassay results revealed that M. persicae exhibited susceptibility to moderate resistance levels for bifenthrin [resistance ratio (RR): 3.00–21.50], fenitrothion (3.13–25.31), fosthiazate (3.00–20.00), and acetamiprid (2.00–14.50), as well as susceptibility to low resistance levels for spirotetramat (0.75 to 6.63). Additionally, M. persicae was susceptible to flonicamid (0.31–1.72) and afidopyropen (0.67–2.00). Furthermore, laboratory bioassays revealed that the Al-Dhabia M. persicae field population showed the highest resistance levels to all tested insecticides compared with other tested field populations, which guided the examination of insecticide field performance under greenhouse conditions. In the greenhouse, most insecticides demonstrated high efficacy (>90%) against M. persicae with enduring effects, except for bifenthrin, which began to lose effectiveness 10 days post-application. In conclusion, M. persicae displayed overall susceptibility to most tested chemical classes, and the prolonged efficacy of these insecticides in the field reinforces their effectiveness in controlling this pest species. To maintain this control level, the registration of novel insecticides such as flonicamid and afidopyropen in Saudi Arabia is imperative, expanding the repertoire of effective chemical tools for M. persicae control. Additionally, a rotational approach to using all effective chemical classes is crucial to preventing or delaying resistance development in M. persicae.
The Use of Antimicrobials in Animal Husbandry as a Potential Factor for the Increased Incidence of Colorectal Cancer: Food Safety and Kinetics in a Murine Model
Authors: D’Ambrosio Rosa , Cavallo Stefania , Brunetti Roberta , Pellicanò Roberta , Vaccaro Emanuela , Borriello Giorgia , Paradiso Rubina , Serpe Francesco Paolo , Lambiase Sara , Bruzzese Francesca , Palma Giuseppe , Rea Domenica , Barbieri Antonio , D’Amore Marianna , Dimatteo Maria , degli Uberti Barbara , Paciello Orlando , Baldi Loredana
Published: January 2025

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of the prolonged use of the broad-spectrum antimicrobial widely used in animal husbandry. By means of a mouse model, a translational study was carried out on immunocompetent mice (with a complete immune system). This study highlighted the effect of antimicrobial residues taken in with food on the growth time of cancer and on alterations to the gut microbiota. This project considered the fight against antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspectivethrough collaboration between human medicine and veterinary medicine. Regarding food safety, antimicrobial residues in products of animal origin are rarely detected; they therefore constitute a negligible factor in determining colorectal cancer.
Efficacy of Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium L. and E. parviflorum Schreb.) Crude and Purified Extracts and Oenothein B Against Prostatic Pathogens
Authors: Barbarossa Alexia , Rosato Antonio , Carocci Alessia , Arpini Sabrina , Bosisio Stefania , Pagni Luca , Piatti Diletta , Spinozzi Eleonora , Angeloni Simone , Sagratini Gianni , Zengin Gokhan , Cespi Marco , Maggi Filippo , Caprioli Giovanni
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Plants species of the Epilobium genus are traditionally used to treat prostatitis and other urinary tract disorders and are particularly rich in ellagitannins and flavonol 3-O-glycosides. The aim of this work was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of different extracts from E. angustifolium L. and E. parviflorum Schreb. and their major bioactive compound, oenothein B, against a panel of Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Enterococcus faecalis BS, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Escherichia coli BS, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70063, Klebsiella pneumoniae BS, Proteus mirabilis BS, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) bacteria responsible for prostatitis. Methods: Aqueous and ethanolic raw extracts were prepared, and the latter were further purified using the resin AmberliteTM XAD7HP. Then, an HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantification of the marker bioactives and their levels were correlated with the antimicrobial activity. Results: Purified extracts were richer in polyphenols (330.80 and 367.66 mg/g of dry extract for E. angustifolium and E. parvifolium, respectively) than the raw extracts. Oenothein B was the predominant compound in all the extracts (119.98 to 327.57 mg/g of dry extract). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the range of µg/mL indicated significant antibacterial activity, which was higher for the purified extracts and oenothein B (MIC values from 4 to 16 and 8 to 1024 µg/mL on Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, respectively). Conclusions: These results outline the outstanding potential of E. angustifolium and E. parviflorum extracts and oenothein B as therapeutic alternatives or complementary agents to conventional antibiotic treatments of prostatitis and other urinary tract infections.
Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Auranofin and Its Two Derivatives Bearing Naproxen and Acetylcysteine as Ligands Against Staphylococci
Authors: Ferretti Caterina , Chiaverini Lorenzo , Poma Noemi , Dalli Andrea , Di Leo Riccardo , Rindi Laura , Marrone Alessandro , Tolbatov Iogann , La Mendola Diego , Tavanti Arianna , Marzo Tiziano , Di Luca Mariagrazia
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: The ability of bacteria to form biofilms makes them more tolerant to traditional antibiotics. Given the lack of new antibiotic development, drug repurposing offers a strategy for discovering new treatments. Auranofin (AF), a gold-based compound indicated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, shows promising antibacterial activity. This study investigates the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of AF and its two derivatives in which the thiosugar ligand is replaced by acetylcysteine (AF-AcCys) or naproxen (AF-Napx), against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Methods: AF was conjugated by transmetalation with either naproxen or acetylcysteine. Assessments of their stability in DMSO/H2O and lipophilicity expressed as the LogP were performed. The antimicrobial activity of AF and its analogues were investigated by broth microdilution assay to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and versus biofilm to obtain the minimum bactericidal biofilm concentration (MBBC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). Results: AF derivatives were found to be stable in a DMSO/H2O mixture for 48 h. AF-Napx showed a LogP = 1.25 ± 0.22, close to AF, while AF-AcCys had a LogP = −0.95. MIC values of S. aureus and S. epidermidis were ranging from 2 µM to 0.25 µM, and ≤0.12 µM, respectively. Both AF and AF-Napx maintained efficacy against biofilm-embedded S. aureus and S. epidermidis at non-cytotoxic concentrations, with AF-Napx demonstrating lower MBBC values for S. epidermidis. Conclusions: AF, and especially its naproxen conjugate, holds potential as a therapeutic agent for treating biofilm-associated infections caused by S. aureus and S. epidermidis, particularly in device-related infections where both infection and inflammation are present.
Pexophagy and Oxidative Stress: Focus on Peroxisomal Proteins and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Signaling Pathways
Authors: Wei Xiaofan , Manandhar Laxman , Kim Hyunsoo , Chhetri Arun , Hwang Jaetaek , Jang Gyuho , Park Channy , Park Raekil
Published: January 2025

Peroxisomes generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and also play a role in protecting cells from the damaging effects of such radicals. Dysfunctional peroxisomes are recognized by receptors and degraded by a selective type of macroautophagy called pexophagy. Oxidative stress is one of the signals that activates pexophagy through multiple signaling pathways. Conversely, impaired pexophagy results in the accumulation of damaged peroxisomes, which in turn leads to elevated ROS levels and oxidative stress, resulting as cellular dysfunction and the progression of diseases such as neurodegeneration, cancer, and metabolic disorders. This review explores the molecular mechanisms driving pexophagy and its regulation by oxidative stress with a particular focus on ROS. This highlights the role of peroxisomal proteins and ROS-mediated signaling pathways in regulating pexophagy. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that the dysregulation of pexophagy is closely linked to neurological disorders, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target. Understanding the intricate crosstalk between pexophagy and oxidative stress provides new insights into the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and offers promising directions for addressing neurological disorders that are tightly associated with pexophagy and oxidative stress.
Protective Effects of Atractylodis Rhizoma Extracts on Lung Injury Induced by Particulate Matter 2.5 in Mice
Authors: Yun Eun-Hee , Bashir Khawaja Muhammad Imran , Lee Jeongjun , Chung Hunsuk , Kwon Young-Sam , Choi Jae-Suk , Ku Sae-Kwang
Published: January 2025

This study investigated the lung-protective effects of Atractylodis Rhizoma extracts (the root of Atractylodes japonica Koidz. ex Kitam), known as AJ extracts, in mitigating subacute pulmonary injuries caused by particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure in Balb/c mice. AJ was given orally at concentrations of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg, demonstrating a promising impact by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation associated with phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase α (p38 MAPKα) pathways and reducing mucus overproduction. These protective effects were achieved through the downregulation of p38 MAPKα and PI3K/Akt mRNA expressions, enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and increased mucolytic expectorant effects arbitrated by elevated lung acetylcholine (ACh) and substance P levels, along with decreased mRNA expressions of MUC5AC and MUC5B. Importantly, these outcomes occurred without significant hepatotoxicity. While all AJ dosages provided dose-dependent pulmonary protection, their effects were less pronounced than those of dexamethasone (DEXA) at 0.75 mg/kg. However, AJ uniquely exhibited mucolytic expectorant activities absent in DEXA-treated mice. The results indicate that A. japonica may serve as a potential candidate for creating alternative treatments for respiratory conditions or as an ingredient in functional foods.
An Investigation of the Impact of Anti-Epidemic Measures and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on Mitigating the Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Manzini Riccardo , Battarra Ilaria , Lupi Giacomo , Pham Hoang
Published: January 2025

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first identified in December 2019 and rapidly evolved into a global pandemic. Although much of the research has focused on predictive models, less attention has been given to analyzing the effectiveness of anti-pandemic measures before the availability of vaccines. This study aims to fill that gap by analyzing the correlation between key COVID-19 endpoints—new confirmed cases and new deaths—across five countries: Italy, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We use a broad range of data sources, including population demographics, geography, health indicators, government responses, mobility patterns, and traffic data, all spanning from March 2020 to April 2021. The dataset covers three waves of the pandemic, with the third wave influenced by the early availability and distribution of vaccines. To identify the most significant factors, a feature selection process was applied to the data, helping to determine the key measures influencing the pandemic’s course. Our findings contribute valuable insights for future pandemics, providing policymakers with evidence-based guidance for implementing the most effective anti-pandemic measures when vaccines are not yet available.
Studies on the Electrochemical Behavior of Sulfite on Incoloy 800 in a Neutral Environment
Authors: Lăboșel Mihaela-Alexandra , Kellenberger Andrea , Dan Mircea Laurențiu , Rudenko Nataliia , Dima George-Daniel , Vaszilcsin Nicolae
Published: January 2025

Avoiding atmospheric pollution with sulfur dioxide is generally achieved by its absorption from combustion gases in alkaline solutions and conversion to sulfites. Afterwards, sulfites can be transformed into neutral and environmentally safe chemicals by oxidation to sulfates. The oxidation of sulfites to sulfates can also be carried out in a cell in which the fuel will be sulfite ions. In this way, in addition to the beneficial effect of neutralizing large quantities of sulfite waste, electrical energy is also obtained. This is one of the reasons why study of the anodic oxidation of sulfite to sulfate on various electrode materials was necessary. Given the sensitivity of electrode materials in the presence of sulfur compounds, in our research we approached the study of sulfite oxidation on the Incoloy 800 anode in neutral solution (1 mol L−1 Na2SO4). In this research, the results obtained in the study of the kinetic parameters of the anodic process as a function of the sulfite concentration (10−1, 0.5, and 1 mol L−1), using linear voltammetry, are presented. The appreciable values of the exchange current density (3.4, 3.0, and 2.6 A m−2) show that Incoloy 800 has a significant catalytic effect in the anodic oxidation of sulfite. Chronoamperometric studies have shown that the anodic oxidation of sulfite is controlled by the mass transfer of sulfite ions from the bulk solution to the electrode surface. According to the chronocoulometric diagrams, it can be appreciated that, up to anodic potentials of +1.50 V, sulfite oxidation occurs on the electrode, while at more positive potentials, the oxygen evolution reaction is the main process. Electrochemical impedance data provide evidence of a chemical reaction coupled with electron transfer, which was modeled using a Gerischer impedance. At high sulfite concentrations, the charge transfer resistance (Rct) decreases by a factor of 10, indicating that the sulfite oxidation reaction is fast at sufficiently positive potentials. On the other hand, the passivation tendency of stainless steels upon anodic polarization gives them a high corrosion resistance, so that Incoloy 800 can be a viable option as an anode material for sulfite/oxygen (air) fuel cells.
Blast Loading Prediction of Complex Structures Based on Bayesian Deep Active Learning
Authors: Pan Meilin , Peng Weiwen , Leng Chunjiang , Qiu Jiulu , Zhong Wei
Published: January 2025

The prediction of blast loading for complex structures using deep learning requires extensive training data from field experiments or numerical simulations. However, the destructive nature of explosions complicates the collection of adequate field data, and traditional simulations are often time-consuming. To address these challenges, a Bayesian deep learning approach is proposed that quantifies prediction uncertainty. This method utilizes an uncertain selection strategy to actively choose high-quality samples, enhancing the simulation process and iteratively expanding the training dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that this Bayesian deep active learning method achieves a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 6.1% for peak overpressure predictions. Additionally, more than 73.1% of confidence intervals include true values, with prediction times under 20 ms for single-point blasts. Notably, only 60% of the training data is required to achieve the same accuracy as conventional deep learning methods. This approach facilitates rapid and reliable predictions of blast loading for complex structures while significantly reducing training costs.
Frequency-Modulated Antipodal Chaos Shift Keying Chaotic Communication on Field Program Gate Array: Prototype Design and Performance Insights
Authors: Capligns Filips , Babajans Ruslans , Cirjulina Darja , Kolosovs Deniss , Litvinenko Anna
Published: January 2025

Using chaos for communication can provide more robust channel security, covert transmission, and inherent support for spread-spectrum modulation. Although numerous studies have explored this technology, its practical deployment remains limited due to substantial hardware demands, complex signal processing, and a lack of efficient modulation methods for chaotic signals. In this study, a novel chaotic digital communication system is proposed and studied. A prototype of a frequency-modulated antipodal chaos shift keying (FM-ACSK) system is implemented on an Intel Cyclone V field-programmable gate array (FPGA) along with a complete mathematical model using Matlab R2022a Simulink software. Using FPGAs to implement chaotic oscillators avoids analog system problems such as component drift and high thermal instability while providing determined system parameters, rapid prototyping, and high throughput. The employment of FM over a chaotic modulation layer provides a passband operation (currently at an intermediate frequency of 10.7 MHz) while adding the benefits of carrier frequency offset robustness and constant signal envelope. Within this study, the robustness of FM-ACSK to white noise in the channel was evaluated using bit error rate, which was tested through hardware experiments and simulations. The results show the feasibility and potential performance limitations of this approach to chaotic communication system design.
Randomly Formed Polyhedral Cages
Authors: Lukács Árpád , Piette Bernard M. A. G.
Published: January 2025

Polyhedral cages (or p-cages) are a generalisation of the polyhedron surface: they are objects in three-dimensional space consisting of planar polygons attached along shared edges but allowed to have holes and thus edges not shared by two polygons. The main motivation driving the research into the properties of p-cages is the structure of artificial protein cages such as the TRAP cage recently discovered by the Heddle group. Recently, the main activity concerned p-cages with faces being slightly deformed from regular and a certain level of uniformity (geometric or merely combinatorial) among the faces. In the present work, we examine typical randomly formed p-cages without any prescribed symmetries.
Density Modeling of Battery Electrolyte Mixtures
Authors: Landry Christian A. , Bergeron Jacob G. , Mathieu Olivier , Gering Kevin L. , Thomas James C.
Published: January 2025

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrolytes are generally composed of a mixture of organic hydrocarbons and lithium salt (e.g., LiPF6). Experimental density data for basic and realistic multicomponent mixtures are scarce in the literature, and a predictive model for electrolyte solution density is not yet widely available. This work resolves to create a simple predictive method that can be used to estimate the density of these mixtures. A model that accounts for intermolecular forces in the electrolyte mixture was developed and fitted to density data available in the literature that was internally vetted for consistency. The model exhibited high accuracy for single-component electrolyte mixtures, with most predictions falling within 1% of measured values and all predictions falling within 5%. The model was further extended to more realistic, multi-solvent electrolyte mixtures that exhibited similar accuracy. In addition, a novel, accurate method for computing absolute molar and mass fractions of multi-solvent mixtures with specified volumetric concentrations (e.g., 1.2 M LiPF6 in 1:1:1% vol. ethylene carbonate-EC/diethyl carbonate-DEC/dimethyl carbonate-DMC) is also described. The two separate approaches were combined to yield a modeling framework capable of computing molar concentrations and densities of all LIB electrolyte solutions based on LiPF6 loaded in any combination of EC, EMC, DEC, DMC, and PC. Additional ionic salt data for NaPF6 and LiFSI were also evaluated to illustrate the adaptability of the model to different salts and electrolytes. Once again, the model was successful, with most density predictions falling within 1% error and all falling within 5%. This work ultimately provides a simple, adaptable modeling framework for accurate prediction of electrolyte mixture densities.
The Significance of Selected Collagens and Their Connection with Relevant Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Bovine Early-Mid-Pregnancy and Parturition with and Without Retained Foetal Membranes
Authors: Wawrzykowski Jacek , Jamioł Monika , Kankofer Marta
Published: January 2025

Appropriate placental structure and function assure foetal development, delivery of nutrients, and removal of waste. Collagens, as structural proteins, are crucial for the maintenance of placental growth and function. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of collagen 1 and 4 in the placental tissues of cows and to correlate it to previously described activities of collagenases and adhesive proteins. Placental samples were collected from pregnant cows in the slaughterhouse (2nd, 4th, and 6th month; n = 12) and during parturition after caesarean section. Samples taken during caesarean section were retrospectively divided into retained (R; n = 6) and not retained foetal membranes (NR; n = 6). Determinations were performed of maternal and foetal parts separately after tissue homogenisation. Supernatants were used for the determination of COL1 and COL4 concentrations by ELISA and WB analysis. Significant differences were detected between pregnancy months and parturient samples in COL1 concentrations and between retained and released foetal membranes. The concentrations of COL4 were higher in the foetal as compared to the maternal part of the placenta. Significant differences were detected between retained and released foetal membranes, and, similarly to Col1, values were lower in retained than released foetal membranes. WB analysis showed the presence of examined collagen molecules and their molecular weights. The analysis of collagen profile together with the enzymes of their degradation and other adhesive proteins (glycodelin, decorin, and thrombospondins) in bovine placenta either during pregnancy and parturition showed a close relationship. Either attachment or detachment of the maternal and foetal parts of the bovine placenta requires actions in concert between all these adhesive proteins under the influence of pregnancy hormones.
Beyond Amyloid and Tau: The Critical Role of Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease Therapeutics
Authors: Dias Daniela , Socodato Renato
Published: January 2025

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is traditionally viewed through the lens of the amyloid cascade hypothesis, implicating amyloid-beta and tau protein aggregates as the main pathological culprits. However, burgeoning research points to the brain’s resident immune cells, microglia, as critical players in AD pathogenesis, progression, and potential therapeutic interventions. This review examines the dynamic roles of microglia within the intricate framework of AD. We detail the involvement of these immune cells in neuroinflammation, explaining how their activation and response fluctuations may influence the disease trajectory. We further elucidate the complex relationship between microglia and amyloid-beta pathology. This study highlights the dual nature of these cells, which contribute to both aggregation and clearance of the amyloid-beta protein. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of the interplay between microglia and tau unveils the significant, yet often overlooked, impact of this interaction on neurodegeneration in AD. Shifting from the conventional therapeutic approaches, we assess the current AD treatments primarily targeting amyloid and tau and introduce novel strategies that involve manipulating microglial functions. These innovative methods herald a potential paradigm shift in the management of AD. Finally, we explore the burgeoning field of precision diagnosis and the pursuit of robust AD biomarkers. We underline how a more profound comprehension of microglial biology could enrich these essential areas, potentially paving the way for more accurate diagnostic tools and tailored treatment strategies. In conclusion, this review expands on the conventional perspective of AD pathology and treatment, drawing attention to the multifaceted roles of microglia. As we continue to enhance our understanding of these cells, microglial-focused therapeutic interventions emerge as a promising frontier to bolster our arsenal to fight against AD.
A Comparison of the Brain Parameters of Thais with Normal Cognition, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia
Authors: Wisetwongsa Pariwat , Piyaselakul Sitha , Vichianin Yudthaphon , Chiewvit Pipat , Rattanabannakit Chatchawan , Hunnangkul Saowalak , Wongkom Natthamon , Dujada Pathitta , Senanarong Vorapun
Published: January 2025

Objectives: This study examined the differences in brain volume and cortical thickness among individuals with normal cognition (NC) and those with NCDs, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. The aim was to identify the brain parameters supporting clinical decision-making for NCDs. Method: A total of 116 participants were categorized into dementia, MCI, and NC groups, and their brain scans using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were processed and automatedly analyzed with FreeSurfer to obtain the absolute brain volume, volume normalized by intracranial volume (ICV), and cortical thickness. Patients with dementia exhibited a significantly smaller brain volume and cortical thickness than the MCI and NC groups. Results: The left amygdala/ICV ratio demonstrated excellent performance in diagnosing early NCDs, with a cutpoint of ≤0.089, providing 83.30% sensitivity, 84.20% specificity, and 83.82% accuracy. For MCI, a cutpoint of ≤0.099 for the left amygdala/ICV yielded 96.70% sensitivity, 83.30% specificity, and 88.46% accuracy. Conclusions: The findings suggested that reductions in brain volume and cortical thickness correlate with cognitive decline. Utilizing FreeSurfer and MRI data, particularly the left amygdala/ICV ratio, may serve as a valuable biomarker for the early identification of individuals at risk for developing NCDs.
Mechanistic Modelling for Optimising LTES-Enhanced Composites for Construction Applications
Authors: Politi Chrysa , Peppas Antonis , Taxiarchou Maria , Koronaki Irene
Published: January 2025

This study addresses the optimisation of latent heat thermal energy storage (LTES) composites for construction applications by utilising mechanistic modelling. The work focuses on enhancing the performance of phase change materials (PCMs) incorporated into expanded perlite (EP) for building energy efficiency by delivering sorption capacity models analysing factors such as particle size, surface area, and pore volume, particularly highlighting the performance of EP as a PCM carrier due to its high porosity (around 90%) and large surface area (up to 20 m2/g), which allowed for improved energy storage density and heat transfer. Key challenges in the integration of PCMs into construction materials, such as limited thermal conductivity and leakage during phase transitions, are explored. The model evaluates key parameters affecting sorption, such as temperature, pressure, and surface characteristics of the materials. The results indicate that while higher temperatures enhance sorption in larger pores, they reduce efficiency in smaller ones, leading to a slight overall decrease in total sorption capacity at elevated temperatures. The sorption capacity of water is a value slightly above 2 kg/kg EP, while the PCM RT27 exhibits a sorption capacity of 0.59 kg/kg EP. These results represent the optimised sorption performance in terms of temperature between 40 °C and 50 °C. Furthermore, applying vacuum impregnation is investigated in relation to the pore radii of the EP particles. Larger pore radii show a noticeable improvement in overall sorption capacity from 0.59 kg/kg EP to 0.68 kg/kg EP as pressure increases, especially beyond 4 × 105 Pa. The contribution of inter-particle sorption remains stable, while the intra-particle sorption in large pores drives the overall capacity upward. The findings convey significant findings in optimising the design of LTES-enhanced composites for improved energy storage, thermal regulation, and structural integrity in building applications.
RAC1-Amplified and RAC1-A159V Hotspot-Mutated Head and Neck Cancer Sensitive to the Rac Inhibitor EHop-016 In Vivo: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Chan Helen Hoi Yin , Ngan Hoi-Lam , Ng Yuen-Keng , Law Chun-Ho , Poon Peony Hiu Yan , Chan Ray Wai Wa , Lau Kwok-Fai , Piao Wenying , Li Hui , Wang Lan , Chan Jason Ying Kuen , Su Yu-Xiong , Yeung Thomas Chun Kit , Wong Eileen , Li Angela Wing Tung , Verhoeft Krista Roberta , Liu Yuchen , He Yukai , Tsui Stephen Kwok-Wing , Mills Gordon B. , Lui Vivian Wai Yan
Published: January 2025

Objective: RAC1 aberrations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remain clinically inactionable today. Methods: Here, we investigated the clinical significance and potential druggability of RAC1 genomic aberrations in HNSCC. Results: Notably, HPV(−)HNSCC patients bearing the unique HNSCC-prevalent RAC1-A159V hotspot mutation, P29S hotspot and G-box domain mutations, and RAC1 copy number increases all displayed dismal overall survival (TCGA-HNSCC). Here, we demonstrated that all five HNSCC patient-relevant RAC1 aberrations tested (A159V and P29S hotspot mutations, K116N, G15S, and N39S) could significantly drive HNSCC tumoroid growth and/invasion, with A159V, P29S, and K116N mutants being the most potent drivers. Interestingly, transcriptomics analyses revealed that RAC1 mutations and copy increase could both drive PI3K pathway activation, with the A159V mutant associated with the prominent intra-tumoral upregulation of phospho-RPS6(Ser235/236) in patient tumors. Importantly, proof-of-principle Rac targeting with EHop-016 resulted in remarkable antitumor activity in vivo against RAC1-A159V-mutated and RAC1-amplified HNSCC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and/engineered models. Lastly, melanoma and endometrial xenograft models bearing endogenous RAC1-amplification and RAC1-A159V mutation were also sensitive to EHop-016 targeting. Conclusions: In principle, RAC1 genomic aberrations in HNSCC can be potentially harnessed for precision drugging.
A Review of Air Pollution from Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industrial Complexes: Sources, Key Pollutants, Health Impacts, and Challenges
Authors: Tavella Ronan Adler , da Silva Júnior Flavio Manoel Rodrigues , Santos Mariany Almeida , Miraglia Simone Georges El Khouri , Pereira Filho Renato Dutra
Published: January 2025

Petroleum refining and petrochemical complexes are significant sources of air pollution, emitting a variety of harmful pollutants with substantial health risks for nearby populations. While much of the information regarding this issue and the potential health impacts of this pollution has been documented, it remains fragmented across studies focusing on specific regions or health outcomes. These studies are often clustered into meta-analyses or reviews or exist as undeclared knowledge held by experts in the field, making it difficult to fully grasp the scope of the issue. To address this gap, our review consolidates the existing knowledge on the sources of air pollution from petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, the main pollutants involved, and their associated health outcomes. Additionally, we conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis and also included critical reviews. With this approach, we identified 12 reviews that comprehensively evaluate the health impacts in populations living near petroleum refining and/or petrochemical complexes. These reviews included studies spanning several decades (from 1980 to 2020) and encompassing regions across North America, Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa, reflecting diverse industrial practices and regulatory frameworks. From these studies, our umbrella review demonstrates that residents living near these facilities face elevated risks related to leukemia, lung and pancreatic cancer, nonmalignant respiratory conditions (such as asthma, cough, wheezing, bronchitis, and rhinitis), chronic kidney disease, and adverse reproductive outcomes. Furthermore, we discuss the key challenges in mitigating these health impacts and outline future directions, including the integration of cleaner technologies, which can significantly reduce harmful emissions; strengthening policy frameworks, emphasizing stringent emission limits, continuous monitoring, and regulatory enforcement; and advancing research on underexplored health outcomes. This review emphasizes the need for coordinated global efforts to align the industry’s evolution with sustainable development goals and climate action strategies to protect the health of vulnerable communities.
Nitrogen-Doped MXene Electrodes for High-Voltage Window Supercapacitors in Organic Electrolytes
Authors: Liao Yingyi , Bin Xiaoqing , Xu Jing , He Xuedong , Que Wenxiu
Published: January 2025

MXene has excellent electrochemical performance in aqueous electrolytes; however, its narrow voltage window (hydrolysis voltage ≤ 1.2 V) limits the energy density of supercapacitors. Compared to conventional aqueous electrolytes, ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes exhibit a much larger voltage window, but their larger ion size limits the transport and intercalation of IL cations in MXene electrodes. Therefore, the electrochemical performances for three different types of organic electrolytes based on nitrogen-doped MXene electrodes in supercapacitors were investigated, with the voltage windows of the devices effectively widened to 2.4 V. In addition, the nitrogen-doped MXene electrodes also effectively adjusted the interlayer spacing of the MXene nanosheets, with the enlarged interlayer spacing (from 12.60 Å to 14.24 Å) being more favorable for the intercalation and de-intercalation of larger-sized organic ions within the electrodes, thus effectively storing a charge. Among them, the 1 M EMIMTFSI/LiTFSI/ACN electrolyte is optimal due to the introduction of a smaller ion size for Li+, and so the corresponding supercapacitor achieves the electrode capacitance of up to 147 F g−1, with the maximum energy density of 29.4 Wh kg−1. This work provides a new strategy for reasonably optimizing the design of organic electrolytes matching modified MXene electrodes to effectively enhance the energy density of supercapacitors.