bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Physical Activity and Dietary Habits among Adults in Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Agyemang Kingsley , Banstola Amrit , Pokhrel Subhash , Anokye Nana
Published: April 2022

A critical understanding of the interrelationship between two behavioral decisions—participating in physical activity, and eating healthily—is lacking in Ghana. This study aimed to determine which factors affect each of the two behavioral decisions, jointly and separately, among adults aged 18 years or older in three metropolises (Kumasi, Accra, and Tamale) of Ghana. The data from the Ghana Obesity Survey 2021 were used. A bivariate probit model was fitted to estimate nonlinear models that indicate an individual’s joint decision to participate in physical activity and consume a healthy diet. A positive correlation (r = 0.085; p < 0.05) was found between these two decisions, indicating a relationship between these two behavioral decisions. The common correlates between these decisions were self-reported good health status, high income, and attitudes toward being overweight. Men were more likely to be physically active but less likely to eat well. Both religion and culture determined participation in physical activity, but not the consumption of a healthy diet. Marital status determined diet, but not physical activity. The new knowledge gained from this analysis around the nature and the extent of the interconnectedness between physical activity and diet is critical to devising targeted interventions for obesity prevention in Ghana.
Anxiety, Motives, and Intention for Physical Activity during the Italian COVID-19 Lockdown: An Observational Longitudinal Study
Authors: Galli Federica , Giancamilli Francesco , Palombi Tommaso , Vitale Jacopo Antonino , Borghi Stefano , De Maria Alessandra , Cavicchiolo Elisa , Diotaiuti Pierluigi , La Torre Antonio , Zelli Arnaldo , Lucidi Fabio , Codella Roberto , Chirico Andrea
Published: April 2022

Background: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic led governments to adopt strict containment measures to avoid spreading the virus. These essential measures led to home confinement that influenced both the physical and mental health of populations. Physical activity plays a key role in preventing chronic diseases and promoting protective psychological factors. In the context of a lockdown, understanding the motives that guide people to enact physical activity is an important issue for public health. The present study aimed to evaluate the relation between autonomous motivation and physical activity, considering the role of behavioral intention and anxiety in a longitudinal moderated mediation model. Methods: Italian participants (N = 86; meanage = 29.74, standard deviation = 9.74; female = 53.5%) completed a booklet composed of different questionnaires (motivation, intention, anxiety, and physical activity) 3 weeks apart. Results: The hypothesized model is supported by the evidence; both autonomous motivation and intention are direct predictors of physical activity. The results also show that the direct effect of autonomous motivation on physical activity is stronger in participants with low anxiety, while high levels of anxiety are a significant moderator of the intention–behavior relation. Conclusions: In conclusion, a multidisciplinary approach should be promoting methods and infrastructures to permit people to adhere to physical activity, as a front line against any health emergency.
Differences in Data Trustworthiness and Risk Perception between Bar Graphs and Pictograms
Authors: Machida Munehito , Murakami Michio , Goto Aya
Published: April 2022

We investigated whether differences in presentation style affect risk perception, understanding, preference, and trust toward data. One hundred and sixty Fukushima Medical University students were shown the lifetime probability of breast cancer incidence for a 50-year-old woman, presented in both a pictogram and a horizontal bar graph format. Participants rated each of the following on a five-point scale by looking at each figure: risk perception, perceived truth of data, and comparative risk perception. The perceived truth of data was high for pictograms, especially among men and among those defined as having lower health literacy. Women correctly perceived the risk of breast cancer as higher than that of dying in a car accident when the data were presented on a pictogram. There was no difference in risk perception, perceived truth of data, or comparative risk perception arising from being shown the bar graphs and the pictograms in a particular order. There was a 50/50 split on which type of graph was perceived as easier to understand, but the preference was for the pictogram format. It is important to devise a visual method of health communication that considers the purpose of the information and characteristics of the target audience.
Pandemic Experience of First Responders: Fear, Frustration, and Stress
Authors: McAlearney Ann Scheck , Gaughan Alice A. , MacEwan Sarah R. , Gregory Megan E. , Rush Laura J. , Volney Jaclyn , Panchal Ashish R.
Published: April 2022

Police officers, firefighters, and paramedics are on the front lines of crises and emergencies, placing them at high risk of COVID-19 infection. A deeper understanding of the challenges facing first responders during the COVID-19 pandemic is necessary to better support this important workforce. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 first responders during the COVID-19 pandemic, asking about the impact of COVID-19. Data collected from our study interviews revealed that, despite large numbers of COVID-19 infections among the staff of police and fire departments, some—but not all—first responders were concerned about COVID-19. A similar divide existed within this group regarding whether or not to receive a COVID-19 vaccination. Many first responders reported frustration over COVID-19 information because of inconsistencies across sources, misinformation on social media, and the impact of politics. In addition, first responders described increased stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic caused by factors such as the fear of COVID exposure during emergency responses, concerns about infecting family members, and frustration surrounding new work policies. Our findings provide insight into the impact of COVID-19 on first responders and highlight the importance of providing resources for education about COVID-19 risks and vaccination, as well as for addressing first responders’ mental health and well-being.
Time-Space Simulation, Health Risk Warning and Policy Recommendations of Environmental Capacity for Heavy Metals in the Pearl River Basin, China
Authors: Liang Feng , Pan Yujie , Peng Hongxia , Zeng Min , Huang Changsheng
Published: April 2022

In China, the environmental capacity problem of heavy metals has long been hidden in the Pearl River Basin creating a contradiction between the economic development and environmental health. Thus, this research calculated the environmental capacity of heavy metals in the agricultural land of the urban agglomeration in the Pearl River Basin, evaluated the health risk warning capacity using a comprehensive index. The results showed that the static capacity order of heavy metals in the study area was As > Pb > Zn > Cr > Hg > Cu > Ni > Cd. The dynamic capacity showed an upward trend, and it fluctuated in some cities. The remaining capacity of Cr and Ni was relatively poor, and the comprehensive soil quality index of the Pearl River Basin was 0.64. The pollution level was of grade IV, which belongs to the medium capacity, but the soil pollution risk still existed, which threaten the health of local resident. In this regard, this study also put forward some countermeasures for pollution control. Thus, studying the soil heavy metal environmental capacity can provide a reference for heavy metal pollution control and health risk early warning in the Pearl River Basin.
Snakebite Treatment in Tanzania: Identifying Gaps in Community Practices and Hospital Resources
Authors: Margono Felicia , Outwater Anne H. , Lowery Wilson Michael , Howell Kim M. , Bärnighausen Till
Published: April 2022

Snakebite envenoming causes more than 140,000 deaths annually and at least triple this number of disabilities. The World Health Organization classified snakebite as a Neglected Tropical Disease in 2017 and developed a strategy to halve death and disability from snakebite by 2030. To achieve this goal, snakebite victims need to receive safe and effective treatment. This descriptive, cross-sectional study surveyed student health professionals (N = 312) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and was designed to identify major gaps in community practices and hospital resources for snakebite treatment. Participants reported using traditional community practices (44%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 39–50%), allopathic practices (7%, 95% CI = 5–11%), or a combination of both (49%, 95% CI = 43–54%) to treat snakebite. Harmful practices included tight arterial tourniquets (46%, 95% CI = 41–52%) and wound incisions (15%, 95% CI = 11–19%). Many participants (35%, 95% CI = 29–40%) also turned to traditional healers. Students who treated snakebite injuries within the last 5 years (N = 69) also reported their general experiences with snakebite in hospitals. Hospitals often lacked essential resources to treat snakebite victims, and 44% (95% CI = 30–59%) of snakebite victims arrived at a hospital only three or more hours after the bite. A significant percentage of snakebite victims experienced lasting damage (32%, 95% CI = 20–47%) or death (14%, 95% CI = 7–25%). Snakebite outcomes could likely be improved if hospitals were universally and consistently equipped with the essential resources to treat snakebite victims, such as antivenoms. Educational interventions aimed at communities should focus on discouraging tourniquet use and tampering with the wound. Collaboration between the allopathic and traditional health system could further boost snakebite outcomes because traditional healers are often the first health workers to see snakebite victims.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Neck of the Femur and Hip Fracture Surgery Volumes in the Lazio Region
Authors: Mataloni Francesca , Pinnarelli Luigi , Colais Paola , Savastano Jacopo , Fusco Danilo , Davoli Marina
Published: April 2022

This study compares surgery volumes for fractures of the neck of the femur (FNF) and hip replacements during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with previous years. Historical (2018–2019) and pandemic (2020–2021) surgery rates for FNF and hip replacement in Lazio, adjusted for age and gender, were calculated per period and compared with a Poisson regression model. For hip replacement surgery, a comparison of different types of hospitals was also made. Before COVID-19’s spread, no difference was found in the volume of surgery of both interventions. From the lockdown to the end of 2021, a decrease in surgery volumes for FNF with stabilization between summer 2020 and summer 2021, as well as an additional decline beginning at the start of Omicron’s spread, were found. Hip replacement surgeries showed a greater decline during the lockdown period and increased during summer 2020 and during the Delta wave period. The increment in hip replacements, mainly observed in 2021, is due to private and religious hospitals. These results highlight that the pandemic emergency, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has had an important indirect effect on the population’s health assistance in the field of orthopedics.
Emotional Availability in Mother-Child and Father-Child Interactions as Predictors of Child’s Attachment Representations in Adoptive Families
Authors: Almeida Ana Susana , Giger Jean-Christophe , Mendonça Sandra , Fuertes Marina , Nunes Cristina
Published: April 2022

Emotional availability (EA) in parent-child interactions is associated with positive child outcomes, including attachment security. However, little is known about EA in adoptive families. This study investigated the associations between secure representations of attachment in adopted children and the adoptive parents’ EA. The participants (n = 75) included 26 mothers, 23 fathers, and 26 children who were aged 3 to 9 years. Children completed the Attachment Story Completion Task. Adult-child dyadic relationships were assessed using the EA® System. The results showed that the children’s and parents’ EA, age when adopted, and time elapsed since adoption were associated with more secure children’s attachment representations. Implications for family support and public policy are discussed.
Reduction of Hf via Hf/Zr Substitution in Mechanically Alloyed (Hf,Ti)CoSb Half-Heusler Solid Solutions
Authors: Ioannou Ioanna , Delimitis Andreas , Gelbstein Yaniv , Kyratsi Theodora
Published: April 2022

(Hf,Zr,Ti)Co(Sb,Sn) Solid solutions were prepared by mechanical-alloying followed by hot-press method as an attempt to reduce Hf concentration and therefore the material’s cost without negatively affecting the thermoelectric performance. To this end, two different methods were applied: (a) Hf substitution with its lighter and cheaper homologue Zr; and (b) fine tuning of carrier concentration by the substitution of Sb with Sn. The isoelectronic substitution of Hf with Zr was investigated in Hf0.6-xZrxTi0.4CoSb0.8Sn0.2 solid solutions and resulted in lower power factors and ZTs. However, the low thermal conductivity of Hf0.4Zr0.2Ti0.4CoSb0.8Sn0.2 contributed in achieving a relatively good ZT~0.67 at 970 K. The effect of charge carrier concentration was investigated by preparing Hf0.4Zr0.2Ti0.4CoSb1-ySny (y = 0.15–0.25) compounds. Hf0.4Zr0.2Ti0.4CoSb0.83Sn0.17 composition prepared by six hours milling reached the highest ZT of 0.77 at 960 K.
The Intriguing Role of Iron-Sulfur Clusters in the CIAPIN1 Protein Family
Authors: Ciofi-Baffoni Simone , Andreini Claudia
Published: April 2022

Iron-sulfur (Fe/S) clusters are protein cofactors that play a crucial role in essential cellular functions. Their ability to rapidly exchange electrons with several redox active acceptors makes them an efficient system for fulfilling diverse cellular needs. They include the formation of a relay for long-range electron transfer in enzymes, the biosynthesis of small molecules required for several metabolic pathways and the sensing of cellular levels of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species to activate appropriate cellular responses. An emerging family of iron-sulfur cluster binding proteins is CIAPIN1, which is characterized by a C-terminal domain of about 100 residues. This domain contains two highly conserved cysteine-rich motifs, which are both involved in Fe/S cluster binding. The CIAPIN1 proteins have been described so far to be involved in electron transfer pathways, providing electrons required for the biosynthesis of important protein cofactors, such as Fe/S clusters and the diferric-tyrosyl radical, as well as in the regulation of cell death. Here, we have first investigated the occurrence of CIAPIN1 proteins in different organisms spanning the entire tree of life. Then, we discussed the function of this family of proteins, focusing specifically on the role that the Fe/S clusters play. Finally, we describe the nature of the Fe/S clusters bound to CIAPIN1 proteins and which are the cellular pathways inserting the Fe/S clusters in the two cysteine-rich motifs.
An Odorant Receptor from the Proboscis of the Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Narrowly Tuned to Indole
Authors: Guo Mengbo , Ren Xueting , Liu Yang , Wang Guirong
Published: April 2022

Helicoverpa armigera is a serious agricultural pest with polyphagous diets, widespread distribution, and causing severe damage. Among sixty-five candidate ORs in H. armigera, the co-receptor HarmOrco and three specific ORs with partial sequences were identified to be expressed in the proboscis by our previous work, whereas their exact function is not known yet. In this study, we first confirmed the expression of these ORs in the proboscis by full-length cloning, which obtained the complete coding region of HarmOrco, OR24, and OR30. We then performed functional identification of HarmOR24 and OR30 by co-expressing them respectively with HarmOrco in Xenopus oocytes eukaryotic expression system combined with two-electrode voltage-clamp physiology. By testing the response of HarmOR24/OR30-expressing oocytes against eighty structural-divergent compounds, respectively, HarmOR30 was characterized to narrowly tune to indole and showed a specific tuning spectrum compared to its ortholog in Spodoptera littoralis. As indole is a distinctive herbivore-induced plant volatile and floral scent component, HarmOR30 might play roles in foraging and mediating the interactions between H. armigera with its surrounding environment.
Total Hysterectomy by Low-Impact Laparoscopy to Decrease Opioids Consumption: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Dabi Yohann , Ouasti Samia , Didelot Hélène , Wohrer Henri , Skalli Dounia , Miailhe Gregoire , Uzan Jennifer , Ferrier Clément , Bendifallah Sofiane , Haddad Bassam , Daraï Emile , Touboul Cyril
Published: April 2022

Our objective was to evaluate postoperative pain and opioid consumption in patients undergoing hysterectomy by low-impact laparoscopy and compare these parameters with conventional laparoscopy. We conducted a prospective study in two French gynecological surgery departments from May 2017 to January 2018. The primary endpoint was the intensity of postoperative pain evaluated by a validated numeric rating scale (NRS) and opioid consumption in the postoperative recovery unit on Day 0 and Day 1. Thirty-two patients underwent low-impact laparoscopy and 77 had conventional laparoscopy. Most of the patients (90.6%) who underwent low-impact laparoscopy were managed as outpatients. There was a significantly higher consumption of strong opioids in the conventional compared to the low-impact group on both Day 0 and Day 1: 26.0% and 36.4% vs. 3.1% and 12.5%, respectively (p = 0.02 and p < 0.01). Over two-thirds of the patients in the low-impact group did not require opioids postoperatively. Two factors were predictive of lower postoperative opioid consumption: low-impact laparoscopy (OR 1.38, 95%CI 1.13–1.69, p = 0.002) and a mean intraoperative peritoneum below 10 mmHg (OR 1.25, 95%CI 1.03–1.51). Total hysterectomy by low-impact laparoscopy is feasible in an outpatient setting and is associated with a marked decrease in opioid consumption compared to conventional laparoscopy.
Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Mandurino-Mirizzi Alessandro , Munafò Andrea , Crimi Gabriele
Published: April 2022

Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is an impairment of renal function, which occurs within days of intravascular administration of iodinated contrast media. Taking into account that minimally invasive cardiac interventions are becoming increasingly popular, compared to traditional surgery, given their impact on prognosis and costs, CA-AKI remains a subject of increasing interest for patients and physicians. This review summarizes the epidemiology and risk stratification, diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology and clinical implications of CA-AKI, providing evidence for the most studied preventive strategies.
Acute Kidney Injury Recovery Patterns in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Itach Tamar , Banai Ariel , Paran Yael , Zahler David , Merdler Ilan , Eliashiv David , Banai Shmuel , Shacham Yacov
Published: April 2022

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Identification of different AKI recovery patterns may improve patient prognostic stratification. We investigated the clinical relevance of AKI recovery patterns among STEMI patients undergoing PCI. Methods: A retrospective study of 2943 STEMI patients undergoing PCI. The incidence of renal impairment, in-hospital complications, short and long-term mortality, were compared between patients without AKI, with early recovery defined as a return to baseline creatinine within 72 h, and no AKI recovery/delayed recovery defined as all other AKI cases. Results: A total of 255 (8.7%) patients developed AKI, of whom 124/255 (49%) patients had an early recovery, whereas 131/255 (51%) had no AKI recovery/delayed recovery. Patients without recovery were more likely to have in-hospital complications and higher long-term mortality (36.64% vs. 7.25%%; p < 0.001). In a multivariable regression model, the mortality hazard ratio (HR) for long term mortality remained significant for patients with no/delayed recovery AKI (HR 7.76, 95% CI 4.69 to 12.86, p < 0.001), and a strong trend among patients with resolving AKI (HR 2.09, 95% CI 0.933–4.687, p = 0.071). Conclusions: Among STEMI patients undergoing PCI, the recovery pattern of AKI is a valuable prognostic marker.
Mesoporous Silica-Based Nanoparticles as Non-Viral Gene Delivery Platform for Treating Retinitis Pigmentosa
Authors: Valdés-Sánchez Lourdes , Borrego-González Sara , Montero-Sánchez Adoración , Massalini Simone , de la Cerda Berta , Díaz-Cuenca Aránzazu , Díaz-Corrales Francisco J.
Published: April 2022

Background: Gene therapy is a therapeutic possibility for retinitis pigmentosa (RP), in which therapeutic transgenes are currently delivered to the retina by adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs). Although their safety and efficacy have been demonstrated in both clinical and preclinical settings, AAVs present some technical handicaps, such as limited cargo capacity and possible immunogenicity in repetitive doses. The development of alternative, non-viral delivery platforms like nanoparticles is of great interest to extend the application of gene therapy for RP. Methods: Amino-functionalized mesoporous silica-based nanoparticles (N-MSiNPs) were synthesized, physico-chemically characterized, and evaluated as gene delivery systems for human cells in vitro and for retinal cells in vivo. Transgene expression was evaluated by WB and immunofluorescence. The safety evaluation of mice subjected to subretinal injection was assessed by ophthalmological tests (electroretinogram, funduscopy, tomography, and optokinetic test). Results: N-MSiNPs delivered transgenes to human cells in vitro and to retinal cells in vivo. No adverse effects were detected for the integrity of the retinal tissue or the visual function of treated eyes. N-MSiNPs were able to deliver a therapeutic transgene candidate for RP, PRPF31, both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: N-MSiNPs are safe for retinal delivery and thus a potential alternative to viral vectors.
Derivation and Validation of a Predictive Score for Respiratory Failure Worsening Leading to Secondary Intubation in COVID-19: The CERES Score
Authors: Gaudet Alexandre , Ghozlan Benoit , Dupont Annabelle , Parmentier-Decrucq Erika , Rosa Mickael , Jeanpierre Emmanuelle , Bayon Constance , Tsicopoulos Anne , Duburcq Thibault , Susen Sophie , Poissy Julien
Published: April 2022

Predictive scores assessing the risk of respiratory failure in COVID-19 mostly focused on the prediction of early intubation. A combined assessment of clinical parameters and biomarkers of endotheliopathy could allow to predict late worsening of acute respiratory failure (ARF), subsequently warranting intubation in COVID-19. Retrospective single-center derivation (n = 92 subjects) and validation cohorts (n = 59 subjects), including severe COVID-19 patients with non-invasive respiratory support, were assessed for at least 48 h following intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We used stepwise regression to construct the COVID endothelial and respiratory failure (CERES) score in a derivation cohort, and secondly assessed its accuracy for the prediction of late ARF worsening, requiring intubation within 15 days following ICU admission in an independent validation cohort. Platelet count, fraction of inspired oxygen, and endocan measured on ICU admission were identified as the top three predictive variables for late ARF worsening and subsequently included in the CERES score. The area under the ROC curve of the CERES score to predict late ARF worsening was calculated in the derivation and validation cohorts at 0.834 and 0.780, respectively. The CERES score is a simple tool with good performances to predict respiratory failure worsening, leading to secondary intubation, in COVID-19 patients.
Indicator of Inflammation and NETosis—Low-Density Granulocytes as a Biomarker of Autoimmune Hepatitis
Authors: Domerecka Weronika , Homa-Mlak Iwona , Mlak Radosław , Michalak Agata , Wilińska Agnieszka , Kowalska-Kępczyńska Anna , Dreher Piotr , Cichoż-Lach Halina , Małecka-Massalska Teresa
Published: April 2022

Introduction. Interest in the potential role of low-density granulocytes (LDGs) in the development of autoimmune diseases has been renewed recently. Due to their pro-inflammatory action, more and more attention is paid to the role of LDGs, including those expressing the enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), in the development of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). LDGs are actively involved in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). This phenomenon may favour the externalization of the autoantigen and lead to damage to internal organs, including the liver. Aim. The main aim of the study was to assess the diagnostic usefulness of the LDG percentage, including the fraction showing MPO expression as markers of systemic inflammation in AIH. Materials and methods. The study included a group of 25 patients with AIH and 20 healthy volunteers. Mononuclear cells, isolated from peripheral blood, were labelled with monoclonal antibodies conjugated to the appropriate fluorochromes (CD15-FITC, CD14-PE, CD10-PE-Cy5, MPO+) and then analyzed on a Navios Flow Cytometer (Beckman Coulter). Results. Patients with AIH had a higher median percentage of LDG (1.2 vs. 0.1; p = 0.0001) and LDG expressing MPO (0.8 vs. 0.3; p = 0.0017) when compared to healthy volunteers. Moreover, the percentage of LDG was characterised by 100% of sensitivity and 55% of specificity (AUC = 0.84; p < 0.0001), while the percentage of LDG expressing MPO was 92% of sensitivity and 55% of specificity (AUC = 0.78; p = 0.0001) in the detection of AIH. Conclusions. Assessment of inflammatory markers, such as the percentage of LDG and the percentage of LDG expressing MPO, may be helpful in assessing the phenomenon of an increased systemic inflammatory response and in assessing liver fibrosis (LC, Liver cirrhosis), which is inherent in liver decompensation. Taking into account the above arguments, the assessment of the percentage of LDG, including LDG expressing MPO, may turn out to be a useful marker in the diagnosis of AIH.
Perception of the Regulatory Change for Zolpidem Prescription by French General Practitioners and Its Relation to Prescription Behavior
Authors: Laforgue Edouard-Jules , Istvan Marion , Schreck Benoit , Mainguy Marie , Jolliet Pascale , Grall-Bronnec Marie , Victorri-Vigneau Caroline
Published: April 2022

Background: To “limit the risk of abuse and misuse” and “encourage correct usage”, the French drug regulatory authority stated that—from April 2017—zolpidem prescription must be performed on a secured prescription pad. This national study aims to evaluate the perception of general practitioners (GPs) towards this new regulation and its link with prescription strategies. Methods: We conducted structured interviews of GPs. Data were collected about GPs’ perception of the measure and therapeutic strategies towards zolpidem. The primary outcome was the description of the GPs’ strategy of prescription, based on the perception towards the new regulation for zolpidem. Results: For 206 GPs, the new regulation was mainly perceived as helpful (61%) and as a difficulty (55%). Other perceptions were the awareness of the risks of zolpidem (18%), awareness of the risks of hypnotics (13%), and nothing changed (5%). Four clusters of GPs were identified. In the clusters with the perception as a difficulty (only or associated with helpful), the GPs who applied the strategy “no modification” for >50% of their patients were more frequently compared to awareness and helpful only clusters (60.8%; 42.9%; 20.4%; 26.7%) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: We highlighted an association between the perception of the new regulation of zolpidem prescription by GPs and a strategy of prescription.
Tracking Highly Similar Rat Instances under Heavy Occlusions: An Unsupervised Deep Generative Pipeline
Authors: Gelencsér-Horváth Anna , Kopácsi László , Varga Viktor , Keller Dávid , Dobolyi Árpád , Karacs Kristóf , Lőrincz András
Published: April 2022

Identity tracking and instance segmentation are crucial in several areas of biological research. Behavior analysis of individuals in groups of similar animals is a task that emerges frequently in agriculture or pharmaceutical studies, among others. Automated annotation of many hours of surveillance videos can facilitate a large number of biological studies/experiments, which otherwise would not be feasible. Solutions based on machine learning generally perform well in tracking and instance segmentation; however, in the case of identical, unmarked instances (e.g., white rats or mice), even state-of-the-art approaches can frequently fail. We propose a pipeline of deep generative models for identity tracking and instance segmentation of highly similar instances, which, in contrast to most region-based approaches, exploits edge information and consequently helps to resolve ambiguity in heavily occluded cases. Our method is trained by synthetic data generation techniques, not requiring prior human annotation. We show that our approach greatly outperforms other state-of-the-art unsupervised methods in identity tracking and instance segmentation of unmarked rats in real-world laboratory video recordings.
Processes Underlying the Relation between Cognitive Ability and Curiosity with Academic Performance: A Mediation Analysis for Epistemic Behavior in a Five-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Mussel Patrick
Published: April 2022

Cognitive ability and curiosity are significant predictors of academic achievement; yet the processes underlying these relations are not well understood. I drew on ideas from the environmental enrichment hypothesis and the differential preservation hypothesis and hypothesized that epistemic behavior acts as a mediator. Longitudinal data were collected from 1964 individuals in three waves, spanning five years: cognitive ability and curiosity were assessed at time 1; epistemic behavior at time 2; at time 3, grade point average and highest degree of both secondary and tertiary academic education (if applicable) were obtained retrospectively via self-report. I found expected bivariate relations between all study variables, including a significant relation between cognitive ability and curiosity and significant relations of both of these variables with secondary academic performance. Epistemic behavior was related to curiosity and academic performance but, at odds with the hypothesis, did not mediate the relation between cognitive and personality variables and academic performance. It is concluded that the process underlying the behavioral consequences of cognitive ability and curiosity is not environmental enrichment.
A Methodology for Tribo-Mechanical Characterization of Metallic Alloys under Extreme Loading and Temperature Conditions Typical of Metal Cutting Processes
Authors: Gregório Afonso V. L. , Silva Tiago E. F. , Reis Alcino P. , de Jesus Abílio M. P. , Rosa Pedro A. R.
Published: April 2022

The present paper proposes a combined tribo-mechanical methodology for assessing friction under conditions representative of metal cutting, without resorting to machining process monitoring. The purpose is to withdraw the size effect’s contribution due to tool edge radius to the well-known overestimation of the friction coefficient. Comparative numerical analysis of several tribological tests led us to conclude that the ring compression test is one of the most suitable for reproducing the frictional conditions at the chip–tool interface. Two distinct metallic alloys were selected to demonstrate the application of the proposed methodology (UNS L51120 lead alloy and 18Ni300 maraging steel in conventional and additively manufactured conditions). The results help to better explain the influences of process parameters on the friction coefficient value under high temperature and high strain rate conditions. Results showed a typical increase in the coefficient of friction of up to 20% due to both temperature and strain rate parameters for 18Ni300. The results are of interest because they allow considering potential sources of error in the numerical simulation of metal cutting when the same friction coefficient value is considered for a wide range of cutting parameters.
Improved Atrial Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Activation of Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha (RARα)
Authors: Schwach Verena , Cofiño-Fabres Carla , ten Den Simone A. , Passier Robert
Published: April 2022

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes have proven valuable for modeling disease and as a drug screening platform. Here, we depict an optimized protocol for the directed differentiation of hPSCs toward cardiomyocytes with an atrial identity by modulating the retinoic acid signaling cascade in spin embryoid bodies. The crucial steps of the protocol, including hPSC maintenance, embryoid body (EB) differentiation, the induction of cardiac mesoderm, direction toward the atrial phenotype, as well as molecular and functional characterization of the cardiomyocytes, are described. Atrial cardiomyocytes (AMs) can be generated within 14 days. Most importantly, we show that induction of the specific retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) increased the efficiency of atrial differentiation to 72% compared with 45% after modulating the retinoic acid (RA) pathway with all-trans RA (atRA). In contrast, the induction of RARβ signaling only had a minor impact on the efficiency of atrial differentiation (from about 45% to 50%). Similarly, the total yield of AM per EB of 5000 hPSCs was increased from 10,350 (2.07 per hPSC) to 16,120 (3.22 per hPSC) while selectively modulating RARα signaling. For further purification of the AMs, we describe a metabolic selection procedure that enhanced the AM percentage to more than 90% without compromising the AM yield (15,542 per EB, equal to 3.11 per hPSC) or functionality of the AMs as evaluated by RNAseq, immunostaining, and optical action potential measurement. Cardiomyocytes with distinct atrial and ventricular properties can be applied for selective pharmacology, such as the development of novel atrial-specific anti-arrhythmic agents, and disease modeling, including atrial fibrillation, which is the most common heart rhythm disorder. Moreover, fully characterized and defined cardiac subtype populations are of the utmost importance for potential cell-based therapeutic approaches.
Ren.Nu, a Dietary Program for Individuals with Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Implementing a Sustainable, Plant-Focused, Kidney-Safe, Ketogenic Approach with Avoidance of Renal Stressors
Authors: Bruen Diana M. , Kingaard Jacob J. , Munits Meg , Paimanta Clarissa S. , Torres Jacob A. , Saville Jessianna , Weimbs Thomas
Published: April 2022

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited cause of renal failure and has limited pharmacological treatment options. Disease progression is relentless, and regression is not a known feature of ADPKD even with pharmacological intervention. Recent research has uncovered underlying pathogenic mechanisms that may be amenable to dietary interventions. Cyst cells in ADPKD are thought to depend on glucose for energy and are unable to metabolize fatty acids and ketones. High-carbohydrate diets and lifestyles leading to hyperglycemia appear to worsen progression of ADPKD. Additionally, renal stressors such as oxalate, phosphate and uric acid, that lead to renal tubular micro-crystal burden appear to accelerate disease progression. Based on these research findings, we have created a remote, dietitian-supervised training program to teach individuals with ADPKD the implementation of dietary and lifestyle changes to avoid factors that may worsen disease progression. Using web-based platforms, digital tools, one-on-one remote meetings, and video group meetings, participants learn to implement a plant-focused ketogenic diet that avoids renal stressors, the science behind these changes, how to self-measure health parameters, and track nutrient intake. Dietary changes are supplemented with a medical food containing the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate and alkaline citrate, and mindfulness exercises. Here, we report the first experience with this program from a beta test with approximately 24 participants. Most participants completed the program and reported improvements in their health and well-being including pain levels, weight loss, hypertension, and eGFR. Adherence to the program was very high and the feasibility of the dietary and lifestyle changes was rated highly. The Ren.Nu program is now publicly available to individuals with ADPKD.
Comparative Study on Farmland Circulation between Plains and Mountainous Areas in an Arid Region: A Case Study of Zhangye City in Northwest China
Authors: Xiao Xingyuan , Shang Luxiang , Liu Yaqun
Published: April 2022

Farmland circulation is essential for agricultural scale management. Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, a large number of rural laborers have migrated to cities, resulting in accelerated farmland circulation. Revealing the farmland circulation in different geographical environments is conducive to efficient farmland management but remain largely unknown. To this end, based on the questionnaire survey data and statistical data of Zhangye City, we compared the features of farmland circulation between plains and mountainous areas, and used the binary logistic regression model and other methods to analyze the main factors affecting differentiated farmland circulation at the plot level. The main circulation modes and proportions in the plains were leasing (54.4%), exchange (22.4%), and subcontracting (16.2%), while the single leasing mode in mountainous areas accounted for 89.5%. The scale management units of more than 33.33 ha accounted for 6.48% and 30.72% in plains and mountainous areas, respectively. The proportion of circulation periods exceeding 5 years were 28.13% and 2.23% in plains and mountainous areas, respectively. The factor of “degree of farmland fragmentation” positively affected (p < 0.01) the farmland circulation in plains areas but negatively affected (p < 0.01) that in mountainous areas. The “farmland circulation price” promoted (p < 0.01) farmland circulation in both plains and mountainous areas. Whereas the “actual water diversion” (p < 0.01) and “river source water” (p < 0.05) only had varying degrees of negative impacts on farmland circulation in plains areas. Decision makers should practice management measures such as regulating farmland circulation behavior, formulating reasonable farmland circulation pricing models, and integrating farmland to promote the circulation and efficient use of farmland.
Linking Land Use and Plant Functional Diversity Patterns in Sabah, Borneo, through Large-Scale Spatially Continuous Sentinel-2 Inference
Authors: Hauser Leon T. , Timmermans Joris , Soudzilovskaia Nadejda A. , van Bodegom Peter M.
Published: April 2022

Global biodiversity losses erode the functioning of our vital ecosystems. Functional diversity is increasingly recognized as a critical link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Satellite earth observation was proposed to address the current absence of information on large-scale continuous patterns of plant functional diversity. This study demonstrates the inference and spatial mapping of functional diversity metrics through satellite remote sensing over a large key biodiversity region (Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, ~53,000 km2) and compares the derived estimates across a land-use gradient as an initial qualitative assessment to test the potential merits of the approach. Functional traits (leaf water content, chlorophyll-a and -b, and leaf area index) were estimated from Sentinel-2 spectral reflectance using a pre-trained neural network on radiative transfer modeling simulations. Multivariate functional diversity metrics were calculated, including functional richness, divergence, and evenness. Spatial patterns of functional diversity were related to land-use data distinguishing intact forest, logged forest, and oil palm plantations. Spatial patterns of satellite remotely sensed functional diversity are significantly related to differences in land use. Intact forests, as well as logged forests, featured consistently higher functional diversity compared to oil palm plantations. Differences were profound for functional divergence, whereas functional richness exhibited relatively large variances within land-use classes. By linking large-scale patterns of functional diversity as derived from satellite remote sensing to land-use information, this study indicated initial responsiveness to broad human disturbance gradients over large geographical and spatially contiguous extents. Despite uncertainties about the accuracy of the spatial patterns, this study provides a coherent early application of satellite-derived functional diversity toward further validation of its responsiveness across ecological gradients.
Epoxy Composites Reinforced with ZnO from Waste Alkaline Batteries
Authors: Lorero Isaac , Campo Mónica , Arribas Carmen , Prolongo Margarita Gonzalez , López Felix Antonio , Prolongo Silvia G.
Published: April 2022

The zinc alkaline battery is one of the most popular sources of portable electrical energy, with more than 300,000 tons being consumed per year. Accordingly, it is critical to recycle its components. In this work, we propose the use of zinc oxide (ZnO) microparticles recovered from worn-out batteries as fillers of epoxy resins. These nanocomposites can be used as protective coatings or pigments and as structural composites with high thermal stability. The addition of ceramic nanofillers, such as ZnO or/and TiO2, could enhance the thermal and mechanical properties, and the hardness and hydrophobicity, of the epoxy resins, depending on several factors. Accordingly, different nanocomposites reinforced with recycled ZnO and commercial ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles have been manufactured with different nanofiller contents. In addition to the different ceramic oxides, the morphology and size of fillers are different. Recycled ZnO are“desert roses” such as microparticles, commercial ZnO are rectangular parallelepipeds nanoparticles, and commercial TiO2 are smaller spherical nanoparticles. The addition of ceramic fillers produces a small increase of the glass transition temperature (<2%), together with an enhancement of the barrier effect of the epoxy resin, reducing the water diffusion coefficient (<21%), although the maximum water uptake remains constant. The nanocomposite water absorption is fully reversible by subsequent thermal treatment, recovering its initial thermomechanical behavior. The water angle contact (WCA) also increases (~12%) with the presence of ceramic particles, although the highest hydrophobicity (35%) is obtained when the epoxy resin reinforced with recycled flowerlike ZnO microparticles is etched with acid stearic and acetic acid, inducing the corrosion of the ZnO on the surface and therefore the increment of the surface roughness. The presence of desert rose ZnO particles enhances the de lotus effect.
Investigation of Modified Auxetic Structures from Rigid Rotating Squares
Authors: Plewa Julian , Płońska Małgorzata , Lis Paweł
Published: April 2022

Auxetic structures exhibit unusual changes in size, expanding laterally upon stretching instead of contracting. This paper presents this effect in a failsafe mode in structures made of rigid squares. We applied the concept of auxetic structures made of rigid rotating squares (from Grima and Evans) and offer a novel solution for connecting them. By introducing axes of rotation on the surface of the squares, a reliable working system is obtained, free from stress, in which the squares can come into contact with each other and completely cover the surface of the structure, or, in the open position, form regularly arranged pores. Herein, we present a new 2D auxetic metamaterial that is mathematically generated based on a theoretical relationship of the angle between the edges of a square and the position of the axis of rotation. Physical models were generated in the form of a planar structure and in the form of a circular closed structure. Such physical models confirmed our initial considerations and the geometrical relationships, offering new application possibilities. The novel structure that was designed and manufactured for the purpose of the paper can be considered as a new proposal in the market of auxetic materials.
Flexural Strengthening of RC Slabs with Lap-Spliced Carbon Textile Grids and Cementitious Grout
Authors: Kim Hyeong-Yeol , You Young-Jun , Ryu Gum-Sung
Published: April 2022

This paper presents a new textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) installation method for strengthening structurally deficient or damaged reinforced concrete (RC) structures with grouting. In this study, cementitious grout was used as a matrix for the TRC system. TRC coupon specimens with different lap-splice lengths were tested under tension to determine the minimum textile lap-splice length. The minimum lap-splice length of the sand-coated textile was evaluated as 150 mm. The performance of the TRC-strengthened RC slabs with the proposed installation method. The lap-spliced textile was experimentally validated by a flexural failure test. Five RC slabs were strengthened by one ply of sand-coated carbon textile grid with and without the lap-splicing and 20 mm-thick cementitious grout and were tested in flexure. Among the TRC-strengthened RC slab specimens, two specimens were re-strengthened RC slabs with the TRC system. The TRC strengthened slab, for which the lap-splice length of the textile was 50% smaller than the minimum lap-splice length, failed at the load level of steel yield. On the other hand, the ultimate load-carrying capacity of the RC slabs strengthened by the TRC system with textile lap-splicing decreased by at least 6% relative to that without textile lap-splicing. Furthermore, the results of a flexural test for the TRC re-strengthened slabs indicate that the ultimate load-carrying capacity of the TRC re-strengthened slabs is almost the same as that of an undamaged slab strengthened with the TRC system.