bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bed and Breakfasts in Arizona
Authors: Vallen Gary , Rande Wallace
Published: March 2007

A 1995 quantitative study of 79 of Arizona's 159 bed-and-breakfast operations yielded a profile of the state's B&Bs. All sample statistics were expressed as weighted averages. The number of rooms for the sample was 4.7 per operation, below the national B&B-industry average of 7.3 rooms. Occupancy was 52 percent, above the industry average of 41 percent, and the room rate was $85, less than the industry's average of $103. The average payroll in 1995 was $30,321, compared to the industry average of $20,832. The average of these B&B's real-estate values was $516,892. Arizona B&B operators spent substantially less on marketing than B&B operators nationwide. More than a third of the respondents felt that networking opportunities were the most important service offered by an association while another third indicated that referrals were the main benefit.
Hotel-Restaurant Co-Branding
Authors: Boone Juliette M.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the economic and operational value-and the potential drawbacks-of pairing brand-name restaurants with hotels that previously operated a non-branded restaurant. After analyzing survey responses and the results of personal interviews, the study's findings were inconclusive regarding whether there were across-the-board qualitative or quantitative benefits created for both a hotel and restaurant when co-branding occurred (relative to what each entity might achieve independently of the other). In some cases, where a hotel company is large enough to pull it off, operating a proprietary F&B outlet may be the best approach, as doing so gives the hotel operator unfettered control over the restaurant's operations (e.g., operating hours, menus, and flexibility for room service and banquets). On the other hand, accommodating a leased or franchised restaurant removes many of the headaches associated with hotel restaurants and takes advantage of the professional expertise and advertising clout afforded by many chain-restaurant companies. In most cases those properties that engaged a brand-name F&B operator experienced increased occupancy and improved F&B sales, but the data are inconclusive as to whether those increases would have occurred in any event.
A Simulation Comparison of Buffet Restaurants
Authors: Field Arthur , McKnew Mark , Kiessler Peter
Published: March 2007

Two ostensibly similar buffets operating in two districts of the same state offer the customer substantially different dining experiences. While the customer usually has to wait in a queue for a table at both, one buffet allows the customer to complete that meal in an average of 40 minutes, while customers at the other buffet may have to wait as long as 90 minutes to complete the process. A PC-based Monte Carlo-type simulation of the two buffets shows the interaction of restaurant design with operational procedures. The buffet with the lengthy meal time called on servers to handle numerous tasks, including check settlement and keeping track of all beverages due to a policy of charging for some refills. The resulting server congestion stretched the length of time customers had to wait for a server's attention beyond reasonable limits, with likely damage to customer satisfaction. The other buffet had customers pay in advance, and servers did not have to tally beverages, although servers still delivered them. The computer model allowed the authors to test the result of one operational change on customer waiting and table time. Waiting times diminished significantly when customers were allowed unlimited access to soft-drink dispensers-thus freeing servers of the need to deal with beverages. This demonstration shows the efficacy of computer models to allow managers to play out what-if scenarios before committing funds to operational changes.
Career Issues for Women Association Executives
Authors: Coffey Betty S. , Anderson Stella E.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a study of the experiences of women association executives: the challenges those women face in their current positions, the career issues that affect women managers, and the ways in which they manage their organizations. Three major issues surfaced in the interviews: (1) the importance of career development and mentors, (2) the prevalence of pay inequity, and (3) the challenges of developing working relationships with board members. Mentors were particularly important to these women in the early stages of their career, for career-oriented advice. Many women are working for less money than their male counterparts (a woman's starting pay often was based on her past salary rather than the value of her current position). Several women reported that their board of directors felt that they could “get more for less” from a woman executive.
Wishful Thinking and Rocket Science
Authors: Orkin Eric B.
Published: March 2007

One of the great uncertainties of revenue management is estimating total demand for a given date. That estimate is essential to determining which rate classes to open or close on that date. The estimate of total, or unconstrained, demand is the sum of room-nights from guests wanting to arrive on that day plus room-nights generated by guests who would arrive earlier and stay through. The difficulty in making such an estimate is in determining the latent demand—comprising guests who might stay at the property but cannot. Some would-be guests never stay at the hotel because they are denied a room due to a sold-out rate class; others regretfully decline to book when they are told the price. The denied guest is part of latent demand, while the regretful guest is probably not. Another problem in determining latent demand is the potential for double counting reservation requests as a result of customers' behavior (such as shopping for rooms and checking several times for rates). Most operators use computer algorithms to make the complicated calculations to make a reasonable estimate of latent demand.
The Year 2000 Problem
Authors: Law Rob , Au Norman
Published: March 2007

Computers' Year-2000 problem (Y2K), whereby some computer software won't recognize any digits as representing years in the 21st century, may well strike hoteliers particularly hard due to hotels' reliance on date-sensitive data (room reservations, for example). Moreover, unless hotels' software is updated, Y2K will manifest itself sooner among hotels than in many other industries, as hotels begin to book rooms in the year 2000. Hoteliers can (1) choose to do nothing (i.e., wait and see what actually happens), (2) debug their existing computer applications, or (3) purchase and install all new systems software. Some methods to remove the Y2K problem include these five techniques: size expansion, data encoding, date shift, soft windows, and hard windows. Replacing existing application software with new, Y2K-compliant computer software will resolve the problem. That approach, however, means that all of a hotel's related computer-program requirements be accounted for—which is an enormous undertaking. Moreover, new computer systems are costly, and “off the shelf” business software rarely is of much help to hoteliers. As a result, hotels' computer systems and software most often require extensive customization. Time is short; hoteliers don't have until 2000 to solve their Y2K problems, since a hotel's existing reservation system may not be able to recognize reservations for the year 2000 (“00”). In practical terms, the time required for software development and testing is substantial. Therefore, hotels need to handle the Y2K issue immediately.
Curriculum Review
Authors: Lefever Michael M. , Withiam Glenn
Published: March 2007

A brief survey of 46 hospitality-industry professionals found a relatively high opinion of the job that hospitality-education programs do in preparing students, although the survey respondents had many specific suggestions for improvement. Stronger practical and hands-on learning topped the list of areas where the practitioners would like to see improvement, along with more focus on interpersonal and human-resources skills, and on finance-related knowledge. The respondents appreciate the energy and enthusiasm displayed by hospitality-program graduates, although those graduates sometimes have unrealistic expectations about the industry and have specific gaps in their education, notably in their ability to write clearly. The greatest issue facing the industry, as judged by this group of respondents, is recruiting, training, and retaining employees.
Brunei Bids for International Tourism
Authors: Sadi Muhammad Asad , Bartels Frank L.
Published: March 2007

The tiny sultanate of Brunei wishes to become a player in the international tourism industry in advance of the day when revenues from its oil exports decline. Like so many destinations that have yet to be developed, Brunei wishes to base its tourism industry on concepts of “nation equity,” which means improving its perception among would-be travelers, and ecotourism, to avoid the environmental degradation that often accompanies tourism development. Brunei thus wishes both to use and preserve the diverse ecosystem represented by its tropical rain forests. By promoting ecotourism Brunei will not only optimize land use and logistics capacity, but it will seek to maintain the rain forest's industrial and pharmacological resources and also reduce its current over-dependence on oil and gas exports.
Hotel General Managers
Authors: Woods Robert H. , Rutherford Denny G. , Schmidgall Raymond , Sciarini Michael
Published: March 2007

A survey of 77 general managers in large hotels (over 500 rooms) in the United States shows that the general manager is primarily focused on basic business considerations, most particularly revenue measures. The study also indicates that the career track to reach general manager has changed as a result of what appears to be a flattening of the hotel organization (fewer middle managers) and the diminishing importance of food and beverage management. Asked what topics should be added to hospitality-education programs, the respondents suggested that personnel-related topics (e.g., human-resources management, leadership) should be emphasized, along with the more general need for additional hands-on learning. The study also unearthed an intriguing undercurrent of distrust for currently popular management theories. The GMs in this study reported a dim view of the effectiveness of total quality management, even though they consider it important that GMs master TQM-related techniques, such as benchmarking and empowerment.
Natural Occupancy Rates and Development Gaps
Authors: deRoos Jan A.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of hotel demand using a calculation of "natural occupancy rates" can show whether a particular market's supply may be overreaching demand. Using 11 years of occupancy data from Smith Travel Research, the analysis found a natural occupancy rate of 62.9 percent for U.S. hotels as a group. The analysis further found that specific U.S. markets (metropolitan statistical areas, or MSAs) with steeply seasonal occupancy had a lower natural occupancy rate than those with relatively steady month-to-month demand. Additionally, a market with relatively low ADRs has a higher natural occupancy rate than a market where high ADRs give operators strong revenues from relatively few occupied rooms. The value of analyzing natural occupancy rates is to gain an assessment of the gap between demand and supply in a given market-both in the short term and over the long term. Examining 24 individual U.S. MSAs, the analysis found that additional supply is justified in virtually all of those markets-albeit in small amounts for some. The analysis also shows that it is easy to misread the market's short-run need for additional rooms and thereby overbuild markets.
On the Move
Authors: Kennedy David J. , Fulford Mark D.
Published: March 2007

The hotel industry is characterized by managers' transferring between jobs. A case study of one prominent owner-operator of U.S. hotels shows that corporate policies regarding transfers are often honored in the breach rather than in practice. For example, some top managers hide information about transfers to keep a top performer from leaving, and other managers give potential transfers virtually no time to decide whether to accept a move. Managers with some bargaining power received better benefits than those who are in no position to bargain. Moreover, the unwritten code that effectively blackballs people who refuse to move still seems to apply in some cases. Such a gap between espoused policy and actual practice can only serve to encourage middle managers to seek employment elsewhere.
Trick or Treats
Authors: Lomanno Mark V. , Lesure John D.
Published: March 2007

Most holidays are costly for U.S. hotels, according to an analysis that compares rate, occupancy, and revenue per available room for holidays to the same ratios for comparable weekends. The analysis is based on daily statistics from more than 6,900 hotels. The sample was divided by chain segment (e.g., upscale, midscale with F&B, economy) and by location (e.g., airport, suburban, highway). Compared to weekdays, weekends are generally periods of higher occupancy but lower rates (due in part to hotels' marketing efforts to fill rooms used by business travelers during the week that would otherwise go empty on the weekend). Holiday weekends are a different story. Hotel use declines during periods connected with both secular and religious holidays, with few exceptions. Thanksgiving and Easter are particularly expensive, while January's Martin Luther King, Jr., holiday and Washington's Birthday, in February, seem to trigger more hotel use compared to other weekends in the same months. Even those holidays that do not involve federal or religious observances, such as Halloween, cost hotels money due to lower occupancy.
Balancing Urban Growth and Landscape Preservation
Authors: Casado Matt A.
Published: March 2007

Flagstaff has become a rapidly growing city at the junction of Interstates 17 and 40 in Arizona. Located at 7,000 feet above sea level in the foothills of the 12,600-foot-high San Francisco Peaks, Flagstaff's sprawl threatens its arid, alpine environment. At the same time, Flagstaff remains a major staging area for visitors to the Grand Canyon and a nearby ski area, among other attractions. As a consequence, a lengthy strip-almost a separate city-of lodging properties, restaurants, and gas stations has developed along the old Route 66, which remains a major artery through Flagstaff. With expansion have come an anti-growth reaction and efforts to balance development with environmental preservation. Part of the concern is that uncontrolled growth would cost Flagstaff its ability to attract tourists and to afford residents a desirable quality of life. A community-wide effort has established a five-year plan intended to create that balance between development and environmental protection.
Best Practices in Hotel Architecture
Authors: Siguaw Judy A. , Enz Cathy A.
Published: March 2007

By making their rooms as home-like as possible, the best hotels are using architecture and design to add value to the guests' experience.
Surprisingly Simple Routes to the Top
Authors: Dubé Laurette , Renaghan Leo M.
Published: March 2007

Examining the cases of the four overall champions in the wide-ranging study of best practices in the American lodging industry, one sees the importance of collaborative leadership, constant education and reeducation, and a devotion to innovation. The four cases are the Four Seasons Hotel (Washington, D.C.), J. Willard Marriott, Jr., of Marriott International, Ali Kasikci of the Peninsula Hotel (Beverly Hills), and the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company. Each of the individuals or operations maintains an unwavering focus on developing ways to create value for the guests of their hotel, company, or brand.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Mussell Melissa Pederson , Binford Roslyn B. , Fulkerson Jayne A.
Published: March 2007

More than 2 million female Americans have a clinically relevant eating disorder. Although the prevalence and seriousness of this problem has gained increasing attention in recent years, relatively little is known about eating disorder prevention. This article addresses a number of issues related to prevention efforts applied to eating disorders. An overview of putative risk factors that have been identified is presented. In particular, the article emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological and physical developmental processes during adolescence and the sociocultural context in which eating disorders develop. A summary of empirical investigations of the efficacy of eating disorder prevention programs follows, including an illustration of one of the more promising strategies that has been reported to date. The role of counseling psychologists in further refining eating disorder prevention efforts is discussed.
Advancing the Study of Chicana/o Psychology
Authors: Vasquez Melba J. T.
Published: March 2007

This comment on the Major Contribution, which identifies current issues in Chicana/o psychology, addresses implications for the practice of psychotherapy and for training. Case examples are provided to illustrate the implications of issues identified in the articles. Identification of some of the challenges of multicultural training, including attending to resistance often evoked in the process of training are included.
Making Career Decisions in a Relational Context
Authors: Phillips Susan D. , Christopher-Sisk Erin K. , Gravino Kristine L.
Published: March 2007

The authors describe the results of a discovery-oriented investigation in which they examined the role of relationships in career decision making. Using the responses of 58 young adults who were asked about their real-life career decision making in the course of the transition from school to work, the authors performed a qualitative analysis that addressed questions about the ways in which others are involved in individual decision making. Their analysis suggested 18 different categories and three overarching themes that show the ways in which others involve themselves (Actions of Others), are invoked by the decider (Recruitment of Others), or are excluded from an individual’s deliberations (Pushing Others Away). Examples of each category and theme are provided. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for existing career decision-making style taxonomies, for counseling practice, and for future research and theory.
The Potential of Conversation Analysis for Psychotherapy Research
Authors: Madill Anna , Widdicombe Sue , Barkham Michael
Published: March 2007

An illustrative analysis is offered demonstrating the potential of conversation analysis for psychotherapy research. Extracts are presented from an unresolved problematic theme selected from an unsuccessful eight-session psychodynamic-interpersonal therapy of a female client presenting with a major depressive episode. The authors identify descriptive devices and communicative skills on which the client and therapist draw in the process of problem formulation. They demonstrate the way in which differing versions of the client’s problems were presented and how the client and therapist pursued differing attributional projects. Specifically, the authors examine how internal and external accounts of the client’s underlying problems were accomplished and warranted and how the therapist attempted the transformation of problems. The quality criteria pertaining to conversation analysis are indicated, the implications for therapeutic practice explored, and the relationship between the present findings and previous research discussed.
The 2001 Leona Tyler Award Address
Authors: Betz Nancy E.
Published: March 2007

This address was presented at the 2001 Conference of the American Psychological Association in San Francisco. In this address, Professor Betz discusses how her experiences as a young girl interested in math and science both illustrate and led to the empirical and theoretical contributions she has made to the career development of women. The concepts of the null educational environment, Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, Holland’s theory of vocational personalities, and role models for women are among those integral to Betz’s own career development as well as to her research and writing. The importance of the concepts for other underrepresented groups, such as racial/ethnic minorities and lower socioeconomic status individuals, is also mentioned herein.
An Investigation of European American Therapists’ Approach to Counseling African American Clients
Authors: Fuertes Jairo N. , Mueller Lisa N. , Chauhan Rahul V. , Walker Jessica A. , Ladany Nicholas
Published: March 2007

Interviews were conducted with 9 European American psychologists, asking them to recall their first 12 counseling sessions with a current or recent successful case with an African American client. Using consensual qualitative research (CQR) methodology, the psychologists revealed that they generally attended to differences in race between themselves and clients directly and openly within the first two sessions. This was done to acknowledge this difference and convey to the client comfort and trust; psychologists also intended to engender client trust and participation in therapy. The psychologists saw race as a central component to be discussed and continually attended to in establishing and maintaining a trusting and solid working relationship. They typically saw race-related issues as relevant to clients’ concerns. Despite wide variability in theoretical orientations and variety of client presenting problems, they typically reported using Rogerian core skills to engage the client and establish the relationship. However, they also reported using more culture-specific and sensitive interventions to deepen and strengthen the therapy relationship. These interventions included relying on their level of racial identity development to understand the client, being attuned to the client’s racial identity development and worldview, and attending to client reports of racism.
The Case for Counseling Adults
Authors: Schlossberg Nancy K.
Published: March 2007

The inevitability of role transformations in adulthood — transformations that often involve crisis, conflict, and confusion — frame the case for adult guidance. To facilitate these changes and help clients regain a sense of control over their lives, counselors need to understand the dynamics of the decision-making process: they need to be aware of the salient issues of adulthood: and they need to confront their own age bias.
A Developmental Approach to Counseling Adults
Authors: Bocknek Gene
Published: March 2007

The author enunciates basic tenets of developmental theory and shows their application to work with adults. Counseling intervention is conceptualized as mobilizing resources to facilitate growth. Implications for the future of counseling psychology are considered.

Counseling psychologists working with adults have usually traced their origins to two sets of ancestors. One, the medical psychiatric tradition, is oriented to a treatment model. Correction of abnormalities, adjustment to disabilities, restoration of function are talismen of this approach. Educational guidance, the other ancestral tradition, takes as its hallmarks providing information and recommending courses of action.

These historic influences have in recent years been effectively challenged, by phenomenology and by behaviorism. Even as controversy between these seemingly incompatible parents rages on, a new generation of advocates has arisen, growing its own branch on the family tree. This latest influence, the developmental approach, languished for as long as it remained a psychology of childhood. Now that developmental psychology is expanding in scope to cover the entire life span (Pressey & Kuhlen, 1957), its relevance for counseling psychology is becoming more explicit. To explore the relevance of developmental theory in working with adults it is necessary to review some basic tenets inherent in the developmental perspective.
Counseling Psychology Training
Authors: Richardson Mary Sue , Massey Jeanne P.
Published: March 2007

A national survey of counseling psychology training programs indicates the increasing significance of American Psychological Association approval status and the changing nature of the job market for recent graduates. Most programs are active and expanding.
The Fulbright Program and Counseling Psychology
Authors: McWhirter J. Jeffries
Published: March 2007

The Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, better known as the Fulbright Act, provides a valuable resource for counseling psychologists who wish to teach and conduct research in other countries.
Searching for Reality
Authors: Skovholt Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

The cross-cultural context provides an opportunity to practice highly skilled perspective taking, an occupational necessity for counselors. It also teaches one about American culture, because at home one cannot "see the forest for the trees." In addition, the Fulbright program is an excellent choice for counseling psychologists because its value base—seeking world peace through international exchange—is highly congruent with the values of counseling psychologists.
Trauma and Victimization
Authors: McCann I. Lisa , Sakheim David K. , Abrahamson Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

The topics of victimization and traumatic stress have become focal issues within the last two decades. This article synthesizes theoretical and empirical findings about psychological responses to traumatization across survivors of rape, childhood sexual or physical abuse, domestic violence, crime, disasters, and the Vietnam war. Five major categories of response, emotional, cognitive, biological, behavioral, and interpersonal, are described. Based on these findings, the authors present a new theoretical model for understanding individual variations in victim responses. In this model, they propose a complex relation among traumatic experiences, cognitive schemas within the areas of safety, trust, power, esteem, and intimacy, and psychological adaptation. Implications for assessment, treatment intervention, and further research within the area of traumatic stress are discussed.
University and College Counseling Centers
Authors: Phelps Rosemary E.
Published: March 2007

Typically university and college counseling centers have been viewed as viable work settings for counseling psychologists. The selection of this type of setting is often encouraged for new professionals, especially those interested in clinical work This article examines some important issues for new counseling psychology professionals to consider when choosing this type of work setting. The issues are discussed in terms of professional and personal issues. The professional issues examined in the article include specialized training, implementation of the scientist-practitioner model, competency issues, practice issues, and ethical/legal issues. Developmental issues, racial/ethnic differences, and gender differences are also explored. Recommendations and coping strategies are presented for all of the issues.
Crystal Ball Gazing
Authors: Davis Kathleen L. , Alcorn John D. , Brooks Linda , Meara Naomi M.
Published: March 2007

Recommendations and proposals related to training and accreditation from various conferences as well as the Task Force on the Scope and Criteria of Accreditation and the Joint Council on Professional Education in Psychology are reviewed. This review focuses on the potential effects of these recommendations on counseling psychology students, trainers, and programs. Finally, implications for counseling psychology training based on the possible implementation of the recommendations are suggested.
To Do, or Not to Do
Authors: Mio Jeffery Scott , Iwamasa Gayle
Published: March 2007

Cross-cultural issues in counseling and therapy have been a major topic of interest in recent years. It has drawn people of different ethnic backgrounds together However, this has often come at a cost to minority communities, due to inappropriate or misleading conclusions further stigmatizing members of the communities. To examine the feelings of ethnic-minority researchers about the impact of White researchers investigating cross-cultural issues, Ponterotto organized a symposium addressing this topic at the l990 American Psychological Association Convention. The present article is a summary of what transpired at the symposium. It concludes with four lessons to be drawn from the whole topic of minority and majority researchers investigating ethnic-minority populations and other cross-cultural issues.
Life Development Intervention for Athletes
Authors: Danish Steven J. , Petitpas Albert J. , Hale Bruce D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to describe sport psychology and a model for its practice that is consistent with the training of counseling psychologists as teachers of life skills. Following an examination of the role that sport plays in our society and its importance for the development of identity and personal competence, what is meant by sport psychology and why it is a relevant area of study for counseling psychologists will be specified. A psychoeducational model for the practice of sport psychology, life development intervention (LDI), will be delineated and some examples of sport psychology consistent with the LDI model proposed. Using LDI as a base, dilemmas that counseling psychologists face when doing sport psychology will be considered Finally, some of the training issues for counseling psychologists doing sport psychology will be presented.
The Practice of Vocational Assessment by Counseling Psychologists
Authors: Watkins C. Edward , Campbell Vicki L. , Nieberding Ron
Published: March 2007

One thousand American Psychological Association members who identified counseling as their psychology specialty were surveyed about their vocational assessment practices; 637 or 64% returned usable questionnaires. Some of the primary findings were as follows: (a) 56% of the respondents were engaged in providing vocational assessment services and spent about 8% of their professional time doing so; (b) vocational assessment services were provided by a moderate to relatively frequent number of practitioners across most considered work settings; (c) respondents most frequently recommended that graduate students in counseling psychology be trained in the Strong Interest Inventory (SI!); and (d) regardless of work setting, respondents most frequently used the SII, Self-Directed Search, and Kuder Occupational Interest Survey in their vocational assessment practice. The implications of the findings are briefly discussed, with particular mention being made about (a) the continued relevance of vocational assessment for counseling psychology practice, and (b) the continuing preeminence of the SII in contemporary vocational assessment.
The Internship Application Process
Authors: Gloria Alberta M. , Robinson Sharon E.
Published: March 2007

Although counseling psychology students are required to complete a one-year professional practice internship as part of their doctoral course work this research revealed that obtaining such an internship may not be an easy process. For example, 18 of 50 counseling psychology training directors reported that one or more of their students who were involved in the 1992-1993 internship application process failed to obtain a placement. Findings also indicated that the responding 189 intern candidates and 50 training directors had different perceptions about the process and the type of help provided by training directors. Descriptive information on intern candidates 'applications are discussed, and suggestions for modification of the internship selection process are made.
Sport Psychology
Authors: Petrie Trent A. , Diehl Nancy S. , Watkins C. Edward
Published: March 2007

Sport psychology has been identified as an emerging domain of interest in counseling psychology; however, little is known about professional counseling psychologists' involvement in this area Therefore, a national survey ofSO50male and 500female Division 17 members was conducted. Based on 585 usable questionnaires, results indicated that counseling psychologists (a) were minimally involved in sport psychology research and teaching activities (e.g., having published articles or taught courses), and (b) had received virtually no formal training (e.g., coursework) or supervision in the field Many, however, had worked professionally with athletes in either individual (69%) or group (25%) therapy, or had consulted with an athlete or sport team (37%). Implications of the findings for counseling psychology training and practice are discussed.
Selected Translations of Social Psychology to Counseling Psychology
Authors: Stoltenberg Cal D. , McNeill Brian W. , Elliott Timothy R.
Published: March 2007

This article briefly discusses some circumscribed important areas where social and counseling psychology interface. Some of the historical routes of the interface are noted and the effect of this work is addressed. It is concluded that considerable progress has been made in translating social psychology research into counseling research and practice but that much more remains to be investigated. We note that most of the research and practice advances have come from social to counseling psychology. Counseling psychologists are encouraged to contribute to the interface and advance our general knowledge of human behavior. The article concludes by introducing the four companion articles in this special issue and the final summary article.
Self-Efficacy:
Authors: Lent Robert W. , Maddux James E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines Forsyth and Leary's seven interfaces of social and counseling psychology from the perspective of social cognitive theory. In each interface domain, the authors consider ways in which social cognitive inquiry (and self-efficacy research in particular) can be brought to bear on topics of mutual concern to social and counseling psychology. They also examine social cognitive theory as a unifying framework for bridging counseling and social psychology and other subdisciplines that share an interest in issues of health promotion, optimal adjustment, and psychological change mechanisms. Social cognitive theory's explicit concern with the interplay of social and cognitive factors may provide a fulcrum for rapprochement among psychological branches that have historically favored either intrapersonal or interpersonal accounts of human functioning. The theory's emphasis on personal agency and its application to many counseling-relevant problems may also help to bridge the gap between psychological researchers and practitioners.
Making Multicultural Education Effective for Everyone
Authors: Rooney S. Craig , Flores Lisa Y. , Mercier Chantele A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to respond to and elaborate on Kiselica's article on preparing Anglo graduate students for the journey toward a multicultural perspective. This article affirms Kiselica's assertions for a balanced support-challenge model in multicultural training, for the usefulness of self-disclosure in these courses, and for articulation of the rewards of struggling to become a multiculturalist. The authors also suggest that the experiences and reactions of non-Anglo trainees in the process of developing positive multicultural attitudes must be included in the dialogue regarding the preparation of culturally competent psychologists. In addition, the authors suggest the importance of acknowledging developmental differences among trainees. Throughout this article, they provide their experiences as students who have and continue to struggle through the process of becoming multiculturally competent individuals and professionals.
Counseling Psychologists' Training to Deal with their Sexual Feelings in Therapy
Authors: Blanchard Christy A. , Lichtenberg James W.
Published: March 2007

Research examining therapists' sexual feelings toward their clients is limited, and there is minimal information on graduate training regarding how to cope with such feelings when they arise. We examined the training practices of counseling psychology programs, with regard to preparing students to deal with sexual feelings toward clients. We also examined the perceived adequacy of this training by practicing graduates of these programs. Results show that although most programs report addressing this issue (generally in practicum), only about half the practicing graduates of these programs report receiving such training; and of those, only 60% report it as adequate. Implications for training are discussed.
Dependability of Measurement in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Hoyt William T. , Melby Janet N.
Published: March 2007

Classical approaches to the assessment of reliability neglect to take into account multiple sources of error and to consider diverse measurement contexts. Generalizability theory (GT) offers a flexible framework for assessing dependability of measurement. With GT, investigators can estimate the total proportion of variance in ratings that is due to error rather than focusing on one source of error at a time. Simultaneous consideration of multiple sources of error allows investigators to assess the overall impact of measurement error in terms of attenuation of study findings and reduction of statistical power. Estimation of variance components allows for flexible application of findings to a variety of possible future research designs. Illustrative analyses demonstrate the special advantages of GT for planning studies in which observer ratings will be used.
Psychotherapy Supervisor Ethical Practices
Authors: Ladany Nicholas , Lehrman-Waterman Deborah , Molinaro Max , Wolgast Bradley
Published: March 2007

The overall purpose of this article is to present a review of the literature that identifies the salient ethical guidelines related to the practice of supervision and to discuss the results of a study that examined supervisor ethical practices. In terms of our investigation, we examined supervisee perceptions of their supervisors’ adherence to ethical guidelines, supervisee reactions to ethical violations, and the relationships among supervisor ethical behaviors, the supervisory working alliance, and supervisee satisfaction. The results indicated that 51% of the 151 beginning to intern-level supervisees sampled reported at least one ethical violation by their supervisors. The most frequently violated guidelines involved adequate performance evaluation, confidentiality issues relevant to supervision, and ability to work with alternative perspectives. Greater nonadherence to ethical guidelines was significantly related to a weaker supervisory alliance and lower supervisee satisfaction. Limitations and implications for psychotherapy supervision theory, research, and practice are addressed.
Subcultural Diversity and the Fear of Crime and Gangs
Authors: Lane Jodi , Meeker James W.
Published: March 2007

Fear and gangs were two of the most important factors driving crime policy in the 1990s. Policy makers and the media blamed gangs for much of the violence occurring across the nation and for public fear. This article examines fear of crime and gangs in Orange County, California, as measured by a randomized survey of 1,223 respondents conducted in 1995 by The Orange County Register newspaper. The authors find that the factors predicting fear of crime and fear of gangs are different. In addition, they find that concern about subcultural diversity is a strong predictor of both types of fear.
The Justice Department Focuses on White-Collar Crime: Promises and Pitfalls
Authors: Simon David R. , Swart Stanley L.
Published: March 2007

The FBI's new focus on white-collar crime is a topic of major concern to criminologists interested in the study of white-collar criminality. Despite the bureau's change in priorities, there are very important questions left unanswered about both the goals set and means employed in this new emphasis. We need to know specifics regarding (1) the FBI's definition of white-collar criminality; (2) the percentage of FBI resources being devoted to white-collar crime; (3) the nature of the white-collar crime cases being investigated; and (4) the manner in which such cases are being investigated. The goal of this article is to differentiate what we know from what we do not know about these matters and then to indicate what types of future studies must be undertaken to gain the answers to questions regarding the FBI's emphasis in this area.
Classifying Institutions
Authors: Levinson Robert B. , Gerard Roy E.
Published: March 2007

While a number of state departments of corrections have developed and are using objective classification systems, many of these pay minimal attention to one important component of this approach—classifying their institutions. Inconsistencies within systems—for example, the same institutional title being applied to dissimilar facilities—leads to mismatches between inmate security needs and prison designations. This article describes a method for determining relative levels of institutional security, which can be customized to fit the unique characteristics of each jurisdiction's array of facilities.
A Case for Early Release
Authors: Lane Michael P.
Published: March 2007

The Illinois Department of Corrections includes 18 operating prisons, 16 community correctional centers, and 7 work camps with more than 19,200 adults in custody; 7 juvenile facilities housing 1,200 committed youths; adult and juvenile parole systems with more than 11,000 people under supervision; and support divisions. With an annual budget of more than $400,000, Director Lane manages an agency that employs 10,100 staff to meet the custody needs of more than 31,000 offenders.
When Less Means More: An Analysis of Destructuring in Criminal Justice
Authors: Polk Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Stanley Cohen recently proposed a wide-ranging analysis of the phenomenon of net-widening that has been the apparent result of attempts to reduce the scope of the formal criminal justice system through such procedures as decriminalization, diversion, and deinstitutionalization. A major premise of that analysis is that net-widening is an unintended consequence of a broadly based and theoretically homogeneous “destructuring” movement. The present work argues, in contrast, that there were competing and contradictory perspectives regarding how the destructuring alternatives should be constituted. While an expansion of social control might be inconsistent with the intent of a small number of writers (primarily academics) arguing for alternatives to formal justice processing, the close examination conducted here of the theoretical premises of some of those who actually controlled such programs as diversion or deinstitutionalization suggests that net-widening is a direct consequence of how programs were initially conceived, rather than being a case of good ideas that “went astray” as they were implemented.
Enhancing Citizen Participation and Solving Serious Crime: A National Evaluation of Crime Stoppers Programs
Authors: Rosenbaum Dennis P. , Lurigio Arthur J. , Lavrakas Paul J.
Published: March 2007

“Crime Stoppers” has emerged as one of the most rapidly expanding and highly visible crime control strategies in the Western world, yet research on this program is extremely limited. This article reports some of the major findings of a national evaluation funded by the National Institute of Justice. The evaluation adopted a variety of strategies and methodologies, including national surveys of media executives and Crime Stoppers program coordinators, case studies to understand program processes and effects, and a randomized experiment to examine the effects of varying reward sizes on callers' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. Crime Stoppers is a very popular program that features the mass media in a pivotal and uniquely cooperative role with law enforcement and the community. Despite some impressive program statistics on felony arrests, convictions, and recovery of property and drugs, the impact of these interventions on community crime levels remains unknown. Furthermore, Crime Stoppers has been criticized by journalists, civil libertarians, and members of the legal profession for offering cash rewards and anonymity to encourage more citizen participation in the criminal justice system.
Stemming the Spread of HIV among IV Drug Users, their Sexual Partners, and Children: Issues and Opportunities for Criminal Justice Agencies
Authors: Hammett Theodore , Hunt Dana , Gross Michael , Rhodes William , Moini Saira
Published: March 2007

In some urban areas, over 50% of all IV drug users test positive for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. These infected IV drug users put at risk uninfected drug users with whom they share injection equipment, sexual partners through unprotected sexual intercourse, and children through perinatal transmission. Many—sometimes a majority—of these IV drug users come into contact with the criminal justice system (CJS) and thus become potential targets for programs aimed at educating high-risk individuals about the risk of AIDS and teaching steps that can be taken to reduce those risks. These programs present an opportunity and a burden for the CJS at all stages: pretrial, incarceration, and community supervision.
The Politics and Processes of Sentencing Commissions
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: March 2007

Prison overcrowding has intensified interest in sentencing commissions and guidelines. Minnesota and Washington have demonstrated that such systems can conserve state resources and buffer political pressures while achieving a reasonably consistent and accountable sentencing system. More commissions fail, however, than succeed. The successes have been characterized by talented staffs, adequate resources, effective political leadership, and processes that encompass all affected constituencies. Difficult policy issues, such as abolition of mandatory sentencing laws, should be faced at the outset. Where criminal justice policy is so politicized that hard choices cannot be addressed, the sentencing commission approach is likely to fail.
Juvenile Intensive Supervision: The Impact on Felony Offenders Diverted from Institutional Placement
Authors: Wiebush Richard G.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of a study that examined the 18-month recidivism of juvenile felony offenders who were placed into an intensive supervision program in lieu of commitment to an institution. The study used a quasi-experimental design to compare the outcomes of intensive supervision program (ISP) participants with those of youth who were incarcerated and then released to parole, and with a group of felony offenders who were handled on regular probation. Results show that, although not a panacea, intensive supervision clearly is an effective alternative to incarceration. However, ISP cost-effectiveness is difficult to achieve without large-scale diversion.
Shaping Policy Through Litigation: Abortion Law in the United States
Authors: Farr Kathryn Ann
Published: March 2007

The criminalization of abortion in the United States began in the early 1800s and was nearly universal by the late 1800s. It was not until the middle of the 1900s that abortion reform gained momentum, culminating in 1973 in the Roe v. Wade decision that protected women's right to abortion. In this article it is argued that since Roe, litigation has been increasingly used to shape abortion policy. The rise of such litigation, as well as the kinds of issues and concerns raised by litigants, are described. The role played by the Supreme Court in changing the legal status of abortion is examined.