bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRANSFORMATION OF ELEMENTS OF CORPORATE CULTURE IN THE ERA OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: THE EXPERIENCE OF GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
Authors:   Polissia National University, Opanasiuk Bohdana , Kravchuk Nataliia ,   Polissia National University
Published: May 2022

The article is devoted to modern tendencies of change of strategies in formation of corporate culture in the crisis caused by the coronavirus. In modern business, corporate culture is an important condition for the successful work of a company, the foundation of its dynamic growth, striving to improve efficiency. Regardless of how the culture of an organization is formed, whether it is created deliberately or develops over time, it is always unique for each production (gender, age, professional and qualification structure of personnel, industry, specifics, etc.). CEOs are much more likely to think through the type of corporate culture of their company as it grows than in a possible crisis situation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the ways of transformation of key elements of corporate culture on the basis of sociological research in the form of surveys of employees of top corporations in the world. The coronavirus pandemic has shaken the entire global economy. First its paralyzed part of production in China, then stopped hundreds of enterprises in Europe, Asia and the United States. The authorities of different countries go to great lengths to help the business: salaries for the state account, parental benefits, cheap loans and tax deferral. However, in the context of the work of each enterprise, significant responsibilities lie with the management and the team. The negative consequences of the coronavirus pandemic are affecting and will exacerbate the work of both large state-owned enterprises and small businesses for a long time to come. According to the forecast of the International Labor Organization, due to the coronavirus pandemic, about 20 million people may lose their jobs. Operating under these stressful circumstances negatively impacts interpersonal relationships and business. In the article forms of manifestation of corporate culture in the context of a pandemic are considered. The data of surveys of employees and heads of organizations of such countries as the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Australia, Ukraine are analyzed. The significance and priority of supporting the team along with the elimination of financial risks and economic recovery was assessed.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN COUNTERFEIT PRODUCTS: STRUCTURE AND METHODS OF CUSTOMS REGULATION
Authors:   National University «Lviv Polytechnic», Saі Lеsia , Yurchuk Khrystyna ,   National University «Lviv Polytechnic»
Published: May 2022

International trade in counterfeit products has become a real global epidemic, causing significant damage to business and the global economy. The widespread spread of this problem undermines the foundations of economic development, a stable economic system, free trade and investment. The article examines the essence of the concept of «counterfeit products» and «counterfeit products», which is a type of counterfeit. Сounterfeit products are products that contain objects of intellectual property rights, the import of which into the customs territory of Ukraine or export from this territory leads to a violation of the rights of the owner and which are protected in accordance with current legislation of Ukraine and international treaties of Ukraine. The classification of counterfeit products is offered, which will give the chance to specify the analysis on the corresponding kinds and to choose effectively methods of regulation. The reasons for the active growth of international trade in counterfeits have been studied аmong the main ones are: dissatisfaction with people's needs, the desire of the population to receive high incomes, the complexity of original production, shortage of certain consumer products, low incomes, the need for large-scale investment, long production cycle, low production mobility, inability to purchase branded goods. The structure and dynamics of international trade in counterfeit by geographical and commodity characteristics are analyzed. The consequences of international trade in counterfeit goods for countries are highlighted аmong the main ones are: reduction of budget revenues, threat to the image of the right holder, which may provoke a devaluation of the brand price, threat to the country's image, which will negatively affect investment and innovation, risks to consumer health and safety, market destabilization, threat to economic and technical development, loss of profit, threat to the environment, sponsorship of terrorism and organized crime, reduction of demand for the products of the right holder, which leads to the liquidation of production, reducing the competitiveness of rights holders in the domestic market, rising unemployment. Methods of customs regulation of international trade in counterfeit goods are considered, and their efficiency is analyzed in Ukraine and in the world. Proposals for improving customs regulation methods have been developed.
FISCAL TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR ROLE IN IMPROVING BUSINESS EFFICIENCY
Authors:   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Kmit Vira , Kozak Diana ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
Published: May 2022

The method of this study is an assessment of existing fiscal technologies, the use of which allows making easier certain business processes aimed at digital visualization of the economy of Ukraine, in general, as one of the key areas of domestic policy. Digitalization of business is a driving force that promotes its prosperity and prosperity in general and in particular, saves time for tax calculations, filling out and filing tax returns, as well as optimize the workflow, increase productivity, improve customer experience, communication with regulators, and between divisions of the enterprise. In this work are analyzed the current electronic services of the State Tax Service of Ukraine. In particular, the essence of e-government as a key aspect of the introduction of digital government services. In this work are indicated the prospects for the implementation of e-government by 2030, in particular, are identified strategic technologies for the public sector of government. Presented the comparison of the key indicators of “Paying taxes” in Ukraine, as well as in developed countries. Emphasis is placed on the interaction between the State Tax Service (hereinafter – the STS) and the Ministry of Digital Transformation in order to implement comfortable and safe tax services for citizens and businesses. Highlighted the essence and substantiation of advantages of application of separate electronic services of the STS. Especially underlined the possibilities of business use of the application “Diia.Business”. Described the reasons for the necessity and importance of the implementation e-services of the State Tax Service. Also are highlighted the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats of using electronic tax services. It is proved that the use of electronic tax services by Ukrainian business and citizens is impossible without increasing the level of financial inclusion in Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the government’s measures to increase the level of digitalization of Ukrainian society. Prospects for further research in this area will be to assess the efficiency, security and ease in using the implemented tax services of the STS in the future in particular and the digitalization of business in general.
Safety of the Introduction of Self-driving Vehicles in a Logistics Environment
Authors: Viktor Patrik , Szeghegyi Ágnes
Published: May 2022

Thanks to the increasing speed of technological development brought by the 21st century, many of the processes in industrial production have been automated. The next big step in this progress of artificial intelligence could potentially be in corporate logistics, road haulage, and even private transport. Naturally, automation within corporations and in critical infrastructure raises ethical and trust-related issues, reflected in the attitude of emerging markets toward this form of development. This research aims to discover the current state of development of self-driving vehicles through comprehensive literary research and to present those ethical problems, the solutions to which are paramount for society to accept and to incorporate the concept of self-driving vehicles. As a result of the analysis of a knowledge-based system with the inductive inference method in primary research, the current strengths and weaknesses of automation in the field of logistics are revealed. The paper summarizes the results of the primary research and projects them for the future of automation.
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Pus Sample Collected from a Private Diagnostic Laboratory in Rangpur District of Bangladesh
Authors: Huda Nasreen , Yusuf Md Abdullah , Sultana Hafiza , Hossain Marufa , Andalib Sofia
Published: May 2022

Background: The pattern of pathogens isolated from pus culture and their antibiotic sensitivity reports are very crucial for the management of the patients.

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the bacteriological profiles and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of bacteria isolated from pus cultures.

Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted in a Private Diagnostic Lab, Rangpur, Bangladesh. The samples were collected from January 2020 to December 2020 for a period of one year. Pus samples were collected from patients in a sterile method and was sent to laboratory section for further procedure. The pus was inoculated on Blood agar media and MacConkey’s agar media for culture and identification was confirmed by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity was done by Disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar media.

Result: A total of 180 pus culture were analysed. Among 180 samples, culture positive was 140(77.8%). The most common age group was 18 to 40 years which was 80(44.4%) cases. Among the isolated bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was 34(24.3%), Escherichia coli 34(24.3%), Proteus species 32(22.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18(12.9%), Klebsiella pneumonia 10(7.1%), Streptococcus species 6(4.3%).

Conclusion: In conclusion, the most common isolated bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus followed by Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, with the resistant to majority of the commonly used antibiotics.

Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases December 2021;8(2):64-70
Association of White Blood Cell Counts, Leukocyte Ratios, and Serum Uric Acid with Clinical Outcome of Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Karimi Saeed , Arabi Amir , Shahraki Toktam , Safi Sare
Published: May 2022

Purpose: To investigate the role of serum uric acid and leukocyte counts and ratios as predictors of clinical outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab in diabetic macular edema.Methods: In this prospective study, the patients were treated with three monthly intravitreal bevacizumab. The correlation of serum uric acid and immune cell indices with the changes of best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness at the end of month 3 were evaluated through univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis.Results: A total of 80 eyes from 80 diabetic patients were included in the study. The difference of uric acid level and immune indices between groups with different retinopathy severity was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Lower duration of diabetes (p = 0.045), monocyte count (p = 0.021), and uric acid level (p < 0.001) were correlated with larger improvement in visual acuity at 3-month visit. Higher logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution of baseline visual acuity (p = 0.007), lymphocyte count (p = 0.008), lymphocyte to neutrophil ratio (p < 0.001) and lymphocyte to platelet ratio (p < 0.001) were correlated with larger improvement in visual acuity at 3-month visits. According to multivariate analysis, baseline logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (r = 0.125, p = 0.009), duration of diabetes (r = -0.216, p = 0.047), lymphocyte to neutrophil ratio (r = 0.712, p < 0.001), lymphocyte to platelet ratio (r = 0.238, p < 0.001), and uric acid level (r = -0.397, p < 0.001) were the significant predictors of changes in visual acuity in our subset of patients.Conclusions: Serum uric acid and leukocyte counts and ratios may predict the response of diabetic macular edema to intravitreal injection.
Ölçü İnkılabının Tarihsel Süreci, Ölçüler Kanunu’nun Kabulü ve Uygulanışı
Authors: Bacanlı Hakan
Published: May 2022

Ölçü sistemleri, ilk insan topluluklarının ortaya çıkışından günümüze kadar hayatın her alanında vazgeçilmez bir ihtiyaç olmuştur. Her toplum ölçü alanında farklı sistemler kullanmış, ticaretin ve iletişimin gelişmesiyle ölçü birimleri de toplumlar arasında ve farklı coğrafyalarda yayılmıştır. Ölçü ve tartı hususunda emir ve öğütlere kutsal kitaplarda da yer verilmiştir. Türkler de tarihlerinin ilk devirlerinden itibaren ölçü birimleri kullanmış; ticaret, göçler, İslamiyet’in kabulü ve yeni fetihler sonucu yayılan coğrafyalarda yeni ölçülerle tanışmışlardır. Selçuklu Devleti ve Osmanlı Devleti’nde hem örfi ölçüler kullanılmış hem de hâkimiyet altına alınan bölgelerdeki yerel ölçüler kullanılmıştır. Ölçü birimlerinin fazlalığı, aynı ölçü biriminin ülkenin farklı yerlerinde farklı değerlere sahip olması; ticaret, sanayi, vergilendirme gibi alanlarda sorunlara neden olmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti’nde modern ölçü birimleri 1869’da çıkarılan bir Kanunname ile yürürlüğe konulmuş olmasına rağmen ölçü karmaşası tam anlamıyla çözülememiştir. Cumhuriyetin ilanı sonrası, yapılan kanun çalışmaları sonucu TBMM’de 19 Mart 1931’de kabul edilen Ölçüler Kanunu 31 Aralık 1933’den itibaren uygulanmaya başlanmıştır.
THE ROLE OF ASSOCIATIONS IN IDENTIFYING MARKERS OF INTERFERENCE OF FOREIGN LEGAL EXPERIENCE
Authors:   Moscow State Linguistic University, Moscow, Russian Federation, AMELENKOV ANDREY , VIKULINA MARIA , USKOVA TATIANA
Published: May 2022

The purpose of the research: The present research aims at analyzing the structure of the legal awareness and the factors that influence its formation, considering the ways a legal stereotype appears and functions, as well as describing the details of the process of legal awareness formation in students studying legal English and legal systems of the common law countries. In the course of an associative experiment the students were asked to provide associations to stimulus words «court», «jury» and «law». The authors attempt at finding out if it is possible to speak about the interference of legal stereotypes when students study a legal foreign language. Conclusions: In the course of the experiment the authors arrive at the conclusion that while studying legal English and legal systems of common law countries, the students acquire legal attitudes, norms and values of a foreign language society. Consequently, the secondary legal socialization takes place, which is represented by emergence and fixation of foreign language legal stereotypes and legal attitudes in future Russian lawyers. The results of the experiment prove the fact that law students possess already formed foreign language legal stereotypes. It is regarded desirable to work out recommendations for foreign language stereotypes formation in case it is necessary to correct already formed legal attitudes and stereotypes in the native language.
PROBLEMS OF APPLICATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN TAX CONTROL AND THEIR IMPROVEMENT
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation, ESENOVA ALANA , IVANOV ROMAN ,   Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin, Russian Federation
Published: May 2022

The aim of the research. The article deals with the problems of application of information and communication technologies in tax control. Nowadays taxpayers expect that rendering of state tax services, should be fast, qualitative, error-free, take less time and with use of modern information and communication technologies (ICT). Today's taxpayers have a high level of interest in the application of ICT by tax authorities, as it improves the efficiency of management of public services in taxation. This opens an opportunity to investigate the problems of ICT application in tax control. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were applied to achieve these goals. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the author concludes that ICT helps to save time to complete tax payments, ensure efficient and convenient payment of taxes, increase transparency in the assessment of information. ICT also provided significant advantages for effective coding of taxpayers' data. In addition, the study identified problems that hinder the application of ICT in tax control, such as inadequate ICT infrastructure, lack of management commitment, poor network connectivity, and lack of awareness. The author concludes that it is necessary to use the latest digital technologies, such as blockchain, big data, to improve the performance of tax authorities in tax control. The article suggests the best ways and means to improve the use of ICT in tax control in tax control.
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF ITS APPLICATION IN RUSSIA
Authors:   Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Russian Federation, NETESOVA MARGARITA
Published: May 2022

The purpose of the study is to study the advanced foreign legislative experience in regulating social entrepreneurship and the practice of its application. The criteria for the selection of countries whose legislation is studied in the article were, in particular, the availability of support measures, awareness of citizens about this type of activity, staffing, etc. This article also examines the legislative experience of regulating social entrepreneurship in the countries of the former USSR, which are now members of the Customs Union, in which this institution has been actively developed in the last decade. Some of them have adopted special laws regulating the institution of social entrepreneurship. The results of the study can be used in the legislative process to improve the legal regulation of social entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation. Conclusions. In the course of the analysis, the main directions of state and other support provided to social entrepreneurs in those countries in which this institution has been actively developing recently were identified. The results obtained made it possible to propose relevant incentives for social business in Russia, including legal measures.
Analysis On The Spike-type Rotating Stall For Axial Compressor By Dynamic Mode Decomposition
Authors:   Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Song Moru , Zhang Shuyi ,   Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Xie Hong ,   Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Published: May 2022

In this paper, the spike-type rotating stall for axial compressor have been studied by dynamic mode decomposition. The full-wheel model with unsteady Navier-Stokes simulation is established and the atmospheric boundary condition is applied in order to obtain the detailed unsteady flowfield. The Omega-criterion is applied for better visualization of vortex. The stall process, including stall inception and stable stall, has been captured and studied. It is found the fluctuation in the compressor flow is dominated by blade passing in the stall inception stage, while it is dominated by stall cell in the stable stall stage. The stall onset is triggered by the increasing of the momentum ratio between tip leakage flow and main flow, developed by the adverse pressure gradient between the downstream and upstream, and finally sustained in a stable manner. The stall cell consists of a pair of high-low pressure cells. The unsteady results with high nonlinearity were then decomposed by the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). By analyzing the modes and the reconstruction results, the leading characteristics during the stall inception and the fully-development are dug out. The stage of the stall inception and steady stall can be easily recognized by the mode frequency and energy. The frequency and the strength of the flow structure can be reflected by the corresponding mode shape.
Time-Resolved Mode Characteristics Of Rotating Instability And Rotating Stall In An Axial Compressor
Authors:   Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Yang Zeyuan , Li Ming ,   Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Wu* Yadong ,   Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Tian Jie ,   Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ouyang Hua ,   Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Published: May 2022

Rotating Instability (RI) and Rotating Stall (RS) occur as two unstable aerodynamic phenomena in axial compressor, cascades, turbines, etc., and may lead to acoustic noise, nonsynchronous vibration, flutter and other problems. An experimental investigation conducted in a low-speed single-stage axial compressor is presented in this paper, whereby the compressor was brought from stable conditions to RI and further to RS. The casing wall pressure fluctuation at the rotor blade tip were measured. In order to investigate the mode characteristics of RI and RS phenomenon the mode decomposition technique both in the frequency and time domain was applied. Combing with the double-uniform sampling point (DUSP) mode calibration technique, the mode orders of the unsteady flow could be accurately determined. The results showed that the amplitudes of RI mode aggressively fluctuated in the time domain and the phase variations presented a stochastic pattern, whilst the amplitude of RS component fluctuated much slighter and the phase changes in a regular pattern. This reveals the fundamental difference between the mode characteristics of RI and RS. The correlation technique further validated the independence and stochastic distribution of different RI modes.
Mechanism On The Interactions Of Rotor Tip Flow With Slot-Type Casing Treatment In A Transonic Compressor Stage
Authors:   Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chi Zhidong , Chu Wuli ,   Northwestern Polytechnical University, Zhang Yaofeng ,   Northwestern Polytechnical University, Zhang Ziyun ,   Northwestern Polytechnical University, Zhang Haoguang ,   Northwestern Polytechnical University
Published: May 2022

Aiming to reveal the influence mechanism of casing treatment on rotor tip flow structure, unsteady numerical method was used to study the effects of slot-type casing treatment (SCT) in a transonic compressor. The results showed that the tip flow field appeared obvious periodic flow characteristics with SCT at smooth casing near stall condition. When the rear edge of slot passed through the rotor pressure surface, the tip leakage flow kinked and was sucked into slots, yet significantly weakened when the rear edge of slot passed through the rotor suction surface. Meanwhile, the flow patterns in the slots change periodically with the variation of the relative position of rotor and slots. Furthermore, with the compressor throttling, obvious vortex structure evolution appeared in rotor tip region. At larger mass flow rate, the tip leakage vortex and corner vortex induced by SCT evolved almost at the same time, resulting in a large range of flow field pulsation in the rotor tip region. However, the interaction between corner vortex and tip leakage vortex happens and dominates at lower mass flow rate. As a result, the SCT gradually loses the ability of stability extension.
ESG principles applied in forming the system of international ratings
Authors:   Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, DYBA Mykhailo , GERNEGO Iuliia ,   Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman
Published: May 2022

The relevance of the study of international credit ratings taking into account the ESG principles in the era of increasing epidemiological risks is considered within the current situation in society, namely the significant impact of COVID-19 on all sectors of social and economic development. This shows the urgency of a systematic justification of current trends and peculiarities of international credit ratings, paying attention to the COVID-19 situation and ESG principles widespread. The above-mentioned aspects define the purpose of our study. The theoretical basis of our study was the analysis of the specifics and highlighting the principles of ESG, which take into account environmental, social and managerial factors, their impact on society during the coronavirus crisis. The article examines the history of international credit ratings and the basis for their transformation. In particular, the specifics of international credit ratings of Fitch Ratings, Standard & Poor's, Moody's and the specifics of their development, taking into account the principles of ESG, are considered. Fitch is determined to measure individual financial / debt instruments and the entity's socially responsible activities. Moreover, the assessment is conducted with an emphasis on environmental, social and managerial profiles. The results of a survey of potential beneficiaries of ESG Ratings (Sustainable Fitch) allowed us to assess the importance of social, environmental and managerial profiles. Approaches to the comprehensive integration of ESG principles into Moody’s activities are revealed, which involves the transformation of the established risk assessment system. The analysis of the S&P ESG family of indexes showed the opportunities that S&P offers investors in the context of access to information about companies according to their ESG profile in the context of national and regional indices. The results of the study can be used in the process of further development of the theoretical foundations of social investment, in particular to determine the specifics of the integration of ESG principles in business. The practical value of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of the potential for integrating ESG principles within international credit ratings. The research may be useful both in the context of developing finance and credit ratings policies and within developing investment strategies at the business level.
Theoretical issues of improving the accounting system of domestic economic entities
Authors:   Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, KINDRATSKA Liubomyra
Published: May 2022

The article discloses results of researching contemporary approaches to developing the accounting theory from the standpoint of forming a complex accounting and analytical targeted information at the request of executives managing economic entities at different levels. The author considers issues of standardization as a process of implementing the International Financial Report Standards (IFRS) in the domestic accounting practice and forming the National Accounting Regulations (Standards) (NAR(S)) grounded in the IFRS. The author actualizes the necessity for examining certain theoretical issues stipulated by needs of the practical activities in the context of new accounting objects: intangible assets; intellectual capital; intellectual property; financial and non-financial assets loss reserves. The author has specified the intrinsic features of processes of accounting modernization, transformation, and reformation in the context of enhancing its organization and methodology. The author has determined objective terms for acknowledging the accounting as an institution according to provisions of the theory of institutional change and, subsequently, for indicating an institution of accounting job complemented by inherent features, moral and behavioral rules, and norms. The author has substantiated the expediency of recognizing the social responsibility of accounting for economic activity of all market
aprendizaje estratégico en estudiantes de análisis de información
Authors: Rojas Montañez Ingrid Carolina , Ladino Calderón Francy Milena
Published: May 2022

Esta experiencia investigativa tiene como objetivo abordar la influencia del aprendizaje estratégico de Monereo (1994) en el fortalecimiento de estrategias de aprendizaje para el análisis de información de los estudiantes de administración de la modalidad distancia de la Universidad de Pamplona en Colombia. Para lograrlo, se aplicó un diseño de investigación cualitativo a partir de las determinaciones de la Investigación Acción en la Escuela. Al requerirse una base teórica desarrollada y reconocida que sustente una alternativa para el proceso de aprendizaje, buscando mayor efectividad en la tarea, mayor compromiso del estudiante y mejores herramientas para la construcción del conocimiento, se decidió, después de identificar las estrategias usadas por los participantes, diseñar una propuesta pedagógica orientada al el fortalecimiento de las estrategias de aprendizaje para luego identificar su influencia en el análisis de sistemas de información. El aprendizaje estratégico de Monereo busca incorporar la toma de decisiones para elegir y recuperar información de manera eficiente, identificando los conocimientos que necesita para cumplir un determinado objetivo, dependiendo de las características de la situación educativa que está enfrentando el estudiante. Desde las concepciones actuales sobre el aprendizaje escolar se considera este proceso como una actividad constructiva en la que el sujeto no sólo se limita a recordar y reproducir el material que debe ser aprendido; más bien lo que hace es construir su propia representación mental del nuevo contenido, selecciona la información que considera relevante e interpreta esa información en función de sus conocimientos previos. Los resultados demuestran que esta forma de concebir el aprendizaje como proceso de construcción pone de manifiesto que la manera cómo los estudiantes procesan la situación instruccional (incluido el material que debe ser aprendido) es un determinante importante de lo que el estudiante aprenderá, por eso, el conocimiento previo, la percepción de las expectativas del profesor, la motivación, las estrategias de aprendizaje, la autoeficacia, las relaciones interpersonales, y otros muchos factores deben ser contemplados para lograr una comprensión adecuada del proceso de aprendizaje. Se pudo concluir que los estudiantes utilizan el subrayado cuando se enfrentan a la lectura de un texto, se apoyan en estrategias visuales para repasar la información que requieren y mantenerla en la memoria, apoyándose en imágenes, parafraseo, metáforas o mnemotecnia y también hacen uso del análisis de la información a través de organizadores gráficos como mapas conceptuales, mapas mentales y diagramas.
Intra- and Inter-sample Variation in Wool Cortisol Concentrations of Australian Merino Lambs Between Twice or Single Shorn Ewes
Authors: Hantzopoulou Georgia-Constantina , Sawyer Gregory , Tilbrook Alan , Narayan Edward
Published: May 2022

Stress in Merino sheep can cause a reduction in the quantity and quality of fine wool production. Furthermore, it has been found that environmental stress during pregnancy can negatively affect the wool follicles of the developing fetus. This study was part of a larger field investigation on the effects maternal shearing frequency on sheep reproductive and productivity outcomes. For this study, we investigated the intra- and inter- sample variation in wool cortisol levels of weaner lambs. We conducted two experiments, the first was to determine the intra- and inter- sample variation in wool samples taken from the topknot of weaned lambs, and the other aim was to determine any difference between maternal shearing treatment (single or twice shearing) on absolute wool cortisol levels of weaned lambs. In the first experiment, topknot wool was collected from 10 lambs, and each sample was further divided into four subsamples, leading to a total of 40 wool subsamples. For the second experiment, we collected the topknot from the 23 lambs produced by the shearing frequency treatment ewes (once or twice shorn). The samples were then extracted and analyzed using a commercially available cortisol enzyme-immunoassay in order to determine the concentration of cortisol in each of the samples. Statistical analysis for the first experiment showed that there was no significant difference between the subsamples of each topknot wool sample taken from each lamb (p = 0.39), but there was a statistical difference between samples (p < 0.001), which was to be expected. In the second experiment, there was a significant difference between the lambs born to the one shearing and two shearing treatments (p = 0.033), with the lambs of the twice sheared ewes having higher average wool cortisol levels [2.304 ± 0.497 ng/g (SE); n = 14] than the ones born to once shorn ewes [1.188 ± 0.114 ng/g (SE), n = 8]. This study confirms that the topknot wool sampling can be a reliable method adapted by researchers for wool hormonal studies in lambs. Second, ewes shorn mid-pregnancy gave birth to lambs with higher cortisol concentrations than ewes that remained unshorn during pregnancy. This result warrants further investigation in a controlled study to determine if maternal access to nutrition (feed and water) may impact on the HPA-axis of lambs.
Design of Ascorbic Acid Eutectic Mixtures With Sugars to Inhibit Oxidative Degradation
Authors: Palanisamy Vasanthi , Sanphui Palash , Palanisamy Kandhan , Prakash Muthuramalingam , Bansal Arvind Kumar
Published: May 2022

L-Ascorbic acid (ASC), commonly known as vitamin C, acts as an anti-oxidant in the biological system. It is extensively used as an excipient in pharmaceutical industry, food supplements in fruit juices, and food materials due to its free radicals scavenging activity. Main drawback of ASC is its poor aqueous stability owing to the presence of lactone moiety that is easily oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid and further degraded. To improve aqueous stability and inhibit oxidative degradation, ASC was co-crystallized to constitute binary eutectic compositions with mono and di-saccharides such as glucose, sucrose, lactose, and mannitol. The eutectics were confirmed by their (single) lower melting endotherm compared to ASC and sugars, although Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) data confirmed the characteristics of their physical mixture. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the binary eutectics confirmed their irregular morphology. The ASC eutectics exhibited improved shelf-life by 2–5-fold in weakly acidic (pH 5) and neutral (pH 7) aqueous buffer medium, whereas the eutectic with glucose enhanced shelf-life only by 1.1–1.2-fold in acidic medium (pH 3.3 and 4). Notably, stabilizing effect of the sugar eutectics decreased with increasing acidity of the medium. In addition, higher binding energy of the disaccharide eutectics partially supports the aqueous stability order of ASC in the neutral pH medium due to more number of non-bonded interactions than that of monosaccharides.
Supported Palladium Nanoparticles Catalyzed Intermolecular Carbopalladation of Nitriles and Organoboron Compounds
Authors: Liu Xin , Liu Dan , Muschin Tegshi , Bao Agula , Bai Chaolumen , Bao Yong-Sheng
Published: May 2022

The first heterogeneous catalyzed example for the direct synthesis of aromatic ketones via intermolecular carbopalladation of aliphatic nitriles and organoboron compounds was developed. This mild method proceeds with a supported palladium nanoparticles catalyst that could be reused and recycled five times. The fresh and used catalysts were characterized by XPS and TEM. The XPS analysis indicated that Pd0 was the active species for the reaction. This methodology provides a mild and cost-effective strategy for the efficient synthesis of ketones.
Recent Advances in the Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Furfural in Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Zhang Xu , Zhu Peng , Li Qinfang , Xia Haian
Published: May 2022

Lignocellulose is recognized as an ideal raw material for biorefinery as it may be converted into biofuels and value-added products through a series of chemical routes. Furfural, a bio-based platform chemical generated from lignocellulosic biomass, has been identified as a very versatile alternative to fossil fuels. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are new “green” solvents, which have been employed as green and cheap alternatives to traditional organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs), with the advantages of low cost, low toxicity, and biodegradability, and also have been proven to be effective media for the synthesis of biomass-derived chemicals. This review summarizes the recent advances in the conversion of carbohydrates to furfural in DES solvent systems, which mainly focus on the effect of adding different catalysts to the DES system, including metal halides, water, solid acid catalyst, and certain oxides, on the production of furfural. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives of DES-assisted furfural synthesis in biorefinery systems are also discussed in this review.
Increase of Macrolide-Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains After the Introduction of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Lima, Peru
Authors: Gonzales Brayan E. , Mercado Erik H. , Pinedo-Bardales Maria , Hinostroza Noemi , Campos Francisco , Chaparro Eduardo , Del Águila Olguita , Castillo María E. , Saenz Andrés , Reyes Isabel , Ochoa Theresa J.
Published: May 2022

Streptococcus pneumoniae upper respiratory infections and pneumonia are often treated with macrolides, but recently macrolide resistance is becoming an increasingly important problem. The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced in the National Immunization Program of Peru in 2015. This study aimed to evaluate the temporal evolution of macrolide resistance in S. pneumoniae isolates collected in five cross-sectional studies conducted before and after this vaccine introduction, from 2006 to 2019 in Lima, Peru. A total of 521 and 242 S. pneumoniae isolates recovered from nasopharyngeal swabs from healthy carrier children < 2 years old (2 carriage studies) and samples from normally sterile body areas from pediatric patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (3 IPD studies), respectively, were included in this study. Phenotypic macrolide resistance was detected using the Kirby-Bauer method and/or MIC test. We found a significant increase in macrolide resistance over time, from 33.5% to 50.0% in carriage studies, and from 24.8% to 37.5% and 70.8% in IPD studies. Macrolide resistance genes [erm(B) and mef(A/E)] were screened using PCR. In carriage studies, we detected a significant decrease in the frequency of mef(A/E) genes among macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae strains (from 66.7% to 50.0%) after introduction of PCV13. The most common mechanism of macrolide-resistant among IPD strains was the presence of erm(B) (96.0%, 95.2% and 85.1% in the 3 IPD studies respectively). Macrolide resistance was more common in serotype 19A strains (80% and 90% among carriage and IPD strains, respectively) vs. non-serotype 19A (35.5% and 34.4% among carriage and IPD strains, respectively). In conclusion, S. pneumoniae macrolide resistance rates are very high among Peruvian children. Future studies are needed in order to evaluate macrolide resistance trends among pneumococcal strains, especially now after the COVID-19 pandemic, since azithromycin was vastly used as empiric treatment of COVID-19 in Peru.
How Can Earth Scientists Contribute to Community Resilience? Challenges and Recommendations
Authors: Virapongse Arika , Gupta Rupanwita , Robbins Zachary J. , Blythe Jonathan , Duerr Ruth E. , Gregg Christine
Published: May 2022

Community resilience increases a place-based community's capacity to respond and adapt to life-changing environmental dynamics like climate change and natural disasters. In this paper, we aim to support Earth science's understanding of the challenges communities face when applying Earth science data to their resilience efforts. First, we highlight the relevance of Earth science in community resilience. Then, we summarize these challenges of applying Earth science data to community resilience:

Inequity in the scientific process,

Gaps in data ethics and governance,

A mismatch of scale and focus, and

Lack of actionable information for communities.

Lastly, we offer the following recommendations to Earth science as starting points to address the challenges presented:

Integrate community into the scientific data pathway,

Build capacity to bridge science and place-based community needs,

Reconcile openness with self-governance, and

Improve access to data tools to support community resilience.
Cloud Follow-Up in Patients With Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices: A Single-Region Study in China
Authors: Tong Lin , Xiong Shiqiang , Hou Jun , Li Jin , Qin Shujuan , Zhang Yangchun , Yang Siqi , Qi Lingyao , Chen Xu , Luo Yan , Zhang Zhen , Deng Haoyu , Liu Hanxiong , Cai Lin
Published: May 2022

Background

Due to seriously imbalanced distribution of follow-up clinics in China, routine in-office visits are erratically attended by many cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) patients. Meanwhile, remote monitoring is significantly underutilized. Novel tools to address the current predicament of routine in-office visits in China is urgently needed.

Objectives

To assess the reliability and feasibility of cloud follow-up in CIED patients.

Methods

A total of 325 CIED patients from 13 hospitals in Sichuan Province, China, were enrolled. Information on patients’ sociodemographic and basic clinical characteristics was collected. All devices were tested and programmed with 5G-cloud follow-up platform in a real-time manner. All patients were surveyed about their acceptance of and preferences regarding cloud follow-up compared to routine in-office visits.

Results

Compliance with routine in-office visits in this region was 60.6%. None of the patients were enrolled in remote monitoring services. Clinically important predictors of non-compliance were elderly age (≥75 years old), odds ratio (OR) 2.392 (95% confidence interval, 1.111–5.150); needing notification from a follow-up clinic, OR 2.518 (1.179–5.376); and being beyond 15 months post-implantation, OR 5.440 (2.563–11.543). All cloud follow-up sessions were performed safely and efficiently, without any adverse events. 292 (89.8%) patients preferred cloud follow-up for future device management.

Conclusion

Compliance with routine in-office visits in this region has much room for improvement. Cloud follow-up addresses the limitations of an imbalanced distribution of follow-up clinics and geographic barriers for in-office CIED evaluation. Thus, cloud follow-up provides a potential solution to the current predicament of routine in-office visits in China.
Localized PD-1 Blockade in a Mouse Model of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Pham Ngoc B. , Abraham Nevil , Velankar Ketki Y. , Schueller Nathan R. , Philip Errol J. , Jaber Yasmeen , Gawalt Ellen S. , Fan Yong , Pal Sumanta K. , Meng Wilson S.
Published: May 2022

Herein we report the impact of localized delivery of an anti-mouse PD-1-specific monoclonal antibody (aPD1) on Renca tumors in the resulting T cell responses and changes in broader immune gene expression profiles. Renca is a BALB/c mice syngeneic tumor that has been used to model human renal cell carcinoma In this study, T cell subsets were examined in tumors and draining lymph nodes of mice treated with localized PD-1 with and without the addition of adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme that catabolizes adenosine (ADO), identified as an immune checkpoint in several types of human cancers. The biologics, aPD1, or aPD1 with adenosine deaminase (aPD1/ADA), were formulated with the self-assembling peptides Z15_EAK to enhance retention near the tumor inoculation site. We found that both aPD1 and aPD1/ADA skewed the local immune milieu towards an immune stimulatory phenotype by reducing Tregs, increasing CD8 T cell infiltration, and upregulating IFNɣ. Analysis of tumor specimens using bulk RNA-Seq confirmed the impact of the localized aPD1 treatment and revealed differential gene expressions elicited by the loco-regional treatment. The effects of ADA and Z15_EAK were limited to tumor growth delay and lymph node enlargement. These results support the notion of expanding the use of locoregional PD-1 blockade in solid tumors.
New Insights on the Emplacement Kinematics of the Seymareh Landslide (Zagros Mts., Iran) Through a Novel Spatial Statistical Approach
Authors: Rouhi Javad , Delchiaro Michele , Della Seta Marta , Martino Salvatore
Published: May 2022

The giant prehistoric Seymareh landslide in the Zagros Mountains (Iran) is one of the largest known landslides on the Earth’s surface. The debris with an estimated volume of 44 km3 dammed two rivers, generating three lakes, that persisted for about 3 ka after the event. The post-overflow morphodynamics, characterized by an accelerated and intense stream network erosion, obliterated most of the primary landforms, such as ridges and blocks on the debris surface, making it difficult for scientists to interpret the emplacement kinematics of the landslide. In this regard, a novel spatial statistical approach is proposed here to zone the landslide debris in primary (original) and secondary (modified) regions which are, respectively, attributed to the original shape of the landslide debris and the one reshaped by fluvial erosion. The zonal computation combines the density classes of the mapped primary (ridge and blocks) and secondary (gullies) landforms, according to assumed conditions for representativeness of primary and secondary zones. For validating the model, 62 soil samples taken from the debris surface were classified according to the Unified Soil Classification System standard, and the field density measurements were performed in 28 sites. Based on the classification results, six types of soils were detected, among which 68% of them were ML. The ML samples were aggregated into five subgroups based on their relative proximity, and for each subgroup, four permeability tests were performed. The permeability results demonstrate that the high permeability values are associated with secondary zones, while low values with primary ones, thus confirming the zonation proposed by the statistical approach. The study of the spatial arrangement of the kinematic evidence on the primary landforms allowed to deduce that the landslide was a double-step single event, which infilled a paleo-valley enclosed by two anticline folds. During the emplacement, a part of the debris dissipated its energy over passing the anticlines with divergent directions, NW and NE, while the rest swept back into the Seymareh paleo-valley into the SE direction. The proposed approach represents a promising tool for the detection of primary landforms to assess the emplacement kinematics of landslides.
Relationships Between Undergraduate Student Performance, Engagement, and Attendance in an Online Environment
Authors: Jones Thomas J.
Published: May 2022

Monitoring student attendance and engagement is common practice during undergraduate courses at university. Attendance data typically show a strong positive relationship with student performance and regular monitoring is an important tool to identify students who may require additional academic provisions, wellbeing support and pastoral care, for example. However, most of the previous studies and our framework for monitoring attendance and engagement is based on traditional on-campus, in-person delivery. Accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, our transition to online teaching delivery requires us to re-evaluate what constitutes attendance and engagement in a purely online setting and what are the most accurate ways of monitoring. Here, I show how statistics derived from student interaction with a virtual learning environment, Canvas, can be used as a monitoring tool. I show how basic statistics such as the number and frequency of page views are not adequate and do not correlate with student performance. A more in-depth analysis of video viewing duration, rather than simple page clicks/views is required, and weakly correlates with student performance. Lastly, I provide a discussion of the potential pitfalls and advantages of collecting such data and provide a perspective on some of the associated challenges.