bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthropogenic controls on large wood input, removal and mobility: examples from rivers in the Czech Republic
Authors: Krejčí Lukáš , Máčka Zdeněk
Published: December 2011

Anthropogenic controls on large wood in streams and rivers, and its wider geomorphological and ecological consequences, have come under increasing scrutiny in recent years. However, while the anthropogenic controls on riparian vegetation have been extensively studied, the direct effect of removal of wood from rivers and its mobility have not been widely assessed. This paper specifically considers anthropogenic input, removal and mobility of large wood in rivers. The analysis is based on data from ten semi‐natural rivers in the Czech Republic. An increase in number of large wood pieces because of anthropogenic activity was documented in all of the river reaches studied. Anthropogenic activity was responsible for on average 9 per cent of large wood pieces within rivers, rising to over 20 per cent in extreme cases. Large wood unintentionally recruited to rivers by human activity was of smaller dimensions than natural large wood and therefore does not significantly contribute to total large wood volume. Deliberate removal of large wood was also a significant process and in some river reaches natural large wood loads have been reduced by almost 50 per cent. Large wood removal tends to target the largest wood pieces. All pieces of wood bearing signs of anthropogenic impact were susceptible to transport. This may have a negative effect on the public perception of in‐channel large wood. Despite the fact that the river reaches examined were classified as natural or semi‐natural (based on channel morphology and riparian vegetation), the human impact on large wood loads and dynamics (mobility) was surprisingly high. The results suggest that determination of natural large wood loads and dynamics in rivers flowing through the Central European cultural landscape remain difficult to quantify.
The Fly Ball Effect: A Theoretical Framework for Understanding the Impacts of Short‐Term Seed Grants
Authors: DOUGLAS JAMES W. , HARTLEY ROGER E.
Published: December 2011

The federal government has long used grants‐in‐aid to encourage state and local governments to carry out federal policies. Little research has been done that examines how short‐term seed grants affect program continuation. We propose the “fly ball effect” as a theoretical framework for understanding how seed money should impact program maintenance. Our theory suggests that short‐term seed grants by themselves should result in considerable funding uncertainty and program eliminations or stagnation once the initial grant money expires. We use data from drug court start‐ups in four states to provide empirical support for our theory. We argue that understanding the logic of the fly ball effect can help granting governments to improve the effectiveness of their grant funding systems, at least as measured by strong program continuation and expansion.
Interactions between metabolism and circadian clocks: reciprocal disturbances
Authors: Delezie Julien , Challet Etienne
Published: December 2011

Obesity is a medical condition of excess body fat, recognized as a global epidemic. Besides genetic factors, overconsumption of high‐energy food and a sedentary lifestyle are major obesogenic causes. A newly identified determinant is altered circadian rhythmicity. To anticipate and adapt to daily changes in the environment, organisms have developed an endogenous circadian timing system, comprising a main circadian clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, principally synchronized to the light–dark cycle. Secondary peripheral clocks are found in various tissues, such as the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue. These clocks control the rhythmic patterns of myriad metabolic processes. We will review the evidence that metabolic dysfunction is associated with circadian disturbances at both central and peripheral levels and, conversely, that disruption of circadian clock functioning can lead to obesity. The roots of these reciprocal interactions will be illustrated by transcriptional crosstalk between metabolic and circadian systems. Chronotherapeutic approaches of dieting to maintain or restore a proper circadian alignment could be useful to limit the magnitude of metabolic risks.
Central nervous control of energy and glucose balance: focus on the central melanocortin system
Authors: Xu Yong , Elmquist Joel K. , Fukuda Makoto
Published: December 2011

Studies have suggested that manipulations of the central melanocortin circuitry by pharmacological agents produce robust effects on the regulation of body weight and glucose homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent findings from genetic mouse models that have further established the physiological relevance of this circuitry in the context of glucose and energy balance. In addition, we will discuss distinct neuronal populations that respond to central melanocortins to regulate food intake, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion, respectively. Finally, multiple hormonal and neural cues (e.g., leptin, estrogen, and serotonin) that use the melanocortin systems to regulate energy and glucose homeostasis will be reviewed. These findings suggest that targeting the specific branches of melanocortin circuits may be potential avenues to combat the current obesity and diabetes epidemics.
Diabetes, cancer, and metformin: connections of metabolism and cell proliferation
Authors: Gallagher Emily Jane , LeRoith Derek
Published: December 2011

Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of developing and dying from cancer. This increased risk may be due to hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance or other factors. Metformin has recently gained much attention as it appears to reduce cancer incidence and improve prognosis of patients with diabetes. In vitro data and animal studies support these findings from human epidemiological studies. Metformin has multiple potential mechanisms by which it inhibits cancer development and growth. For example, metaformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis, thus decreasing circulating glucose levels, and it increases insulin sensitivity, thus reducing circulating insulin levels. Intracellularly, metformin activates AMPK, which decreases protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Metaformin also reduces aromatase activity in the stromal cells of the mammary gland. Finally, metformin may diminish the recurrence and aggressiveness of tumors by reducing the stem cell population and inhibiting epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Here, we discuss the metabolic abnormalities that occur in tumor development and some of the mechanisms through which metformin may alter these pathways and reduce tumor growth.
Making progress: preserving beta cells in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Gallagher Mary Pat , Goland Robin S. , Greenbaum Carla J.
Published: December 2011

The clinical care of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) has greatly improved over the past few decades; however, it remains impossible to completely normalize blood sugar utilizing currently available tools. Research is underway with a goal to improve the care and, ultimately, to cure T1D by preserving beta cells. This review will outline the progress that has been made in trials aimed at preserving insulin secretion in T1D by modifying the immune assault on the pancreatic beta cell. Although not yet ready for clinical use, successful trials have been conducted in new‐onset T1D that demonstrated utility of three experimental agents with disparate modes of action (anti‐T cell, anti‐B cell, and costimulation blockade) to preserve insulin secretion. In contrast, prevention studies have so far failed to produce positive results but have shown that such studies are feasible and have identified new promising agents for study.
C. H. Patterson: The Counselor's Counselor
Authors: GOODYEAR RODNEY K. , WATKINS C. EDWARD
Published: December 2011

C. H. Patterson, spokesperson for client‐centered therapy and for counseling itself, was interviewed. The focus of the interview was on him as a person and as a professional.
Advising and Counseling Students Who Have Unrealistic Academic Objectives
Authors: ALTHEN GARY , STOTT FRANCES W.
Published: December 2011

This study explores the motivation of United States and foreign students who have academic or career aspirations that seem beyond their reach and suggests approaches for working with them.
Group Interventions with Perfectionistic Thinking
Authors: BARROW JOHN C. , MOORE CAROL A.
Published: December 2011

The cognitive pattern of perfectionistic thinking is described and its development discussed. The stages and strategies of a group intervention for this pattern are described.
Guidance Services for Children and a Right to Education Law: Results of a Longitudinal Study
Authors: ANASTAS JEANE W. , GORDON ALAN L. , REINHERZ HELEN , GRIFFIN CAROL LEE
Published: December 2011

A sizeable proportion of elementary school children studied received guidance services for emotional and behavioral problems. Differences emerged between children with transitory and persistent problems.
Identifying the Counseling Needs of the Siblings of Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: WASSERMAN RONA
Published: December 2011

The needs of the siblings of mentally retarded children are often overlooked. This article explores those needs and encourages the development of programs to meet them
Occ‐U‐Sort Kit: Educational and Career Guidance Through the Library
Authors: JONES LAWRENCE K.
Published: December 2011

Public, school, and college libraries have an important career guidance role. The Occ‐U‐Sort kit can maximize their efforts and strengthen the use of other career resources.
Alternative Living Arrangements for Older Persons
Authors: Barry John R.
Published: December 2011

Billings, G. Alternatives to Nursing Home Care: An Update. Aging, 1982, Nos. 325–326, 2–11.

Brill, R.S. New York City Home Care Project: A Coordinated Health and Social Service Approach. Aging, 1982, Nos. 325–326, 12–15.

Gray, P.J. State Experiences with Long‐term Care. Aging, 1982, Nos. 325–326, 28–33.

Sager, A. Improving the Provision of Long‐term Care. Aging, 1982, Nos. 325–326; 16–27.
Styles in Intimate Relationships: The A‐R‐C Model
Authors: L'ABATE LUCIANO
Published: December 2011

From a continuum of differentiation in intimate or close and prolonged relationships the author derives a model based on three styles: Abuse‐Atrophy (A); Reactive‐Repetitive (R), and Conductive‐Constructive (C).
The University and College Counseling Center and Malpractice Suits
Authors: SLIMAK RICHARD E. , BERKOWITZ STANLEY R.
Published: December 2011

This article provides the university and college counseling center with management suggestions for and discussion of malpractice suits regarding issues that refer to sexual abuse, potentially dangerous, and suicidal clients.
The Fighting, Risk‐Taking Counselor
Authors: WRENN C. GILBERT
Published: December 2011

Counselors must fight politically and professionally for their continued existence and, in view of major social changes, risk entering new fields of work.
Two Critical Issues in Primary Prevention: What It Is and How To Do It
Authors: CONYNE ROBERT K.
Published: December 2011

Definition of primary prevention and of end‐state and stressful life variable models are presented to guide the design and conduct of primary prevention activities.
Client Choice of Therapist or Therapy
Authors: MANTHEI ROBERT J.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a rationale for client choice of therapist or therapy as an alternative method of matching. It discusses implications for clients, therapists, and helping agencies and reviews the limited research on the topic.
Description and Subjective Evaluation of an Objectively Successful Study Improvement Program
Authors: MALETT SHELDON D. , KIRSCHENBAUM DANIEL S. , HUMPHREY LAURA L.
Published: December 2011

This article describes the process of selecting and training the group leaders, the specific goals for each session, and subjective evaluations from each session of the Study Improvement Program.
Limitations of Projections of Occupational Outlook: Users Beware
Authors: RUGG EDWIN A.
Published: December 2011

This article presents an overview of the methodology underlying the formulation of occupational outlook projections and an analysis of projection limitations for career counseling and academic planning.
Counseling Concerns for the Individual With Bulimia
Authors: LECLAIR NORMA J. , BERKOWITZ BELINDA
Published: December 2011

Characteritics of bulimia, medical concerns, treatment alternatives, and family issues are presented for the counselor working with clients in a nonhospitalized setting.
Recent Court Decisions: A Quiz For APGA Members
Authors: TALBUTT LOU C.
Published: December 2011

Counselors must keep up with changing laws and court rulings. This article presents a short quiz for APGA members to test their current legal knowledge.
Feelings of Loss in Response to Divorce: Assessment and Intervention
Authors: HUBER CHARLES H.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a cognitively based model to use as a basis for assessment and intervention strategies for assisting individuals to cope with feelings of loss they may experience in response to divorce.
Counseling and Juvenile Justice Education
Authors: ROUSH DAVID W.
Published: December 2011

Independent surveys of juvenile justice personnel in Michigan indicate counseling as a priority curriculum for graduate education. Implications for counselor education programs are discussed.
Inundating the School Board with Support for Counselors: An Eleventh Hour Strategy for Saving an Endangered Species
Authors: ATKINSON DONALD R. , SKIPWORTH DON , STEVENS FRANK
Published: December 2011

Counselors in the Santa Barbara (California) High School District recently faced the threat of abolishment of all counseling positions. This article describes how a guidance task force, consisting of counselors and teachers, sought and obtained community and professional support needed to defeat the proposed staff realignment plan.
Burnout and Commitment: A Theoretical Alternative
Authors: MAHER ELLEN L.
Published: December 2011

Discussions of burnout generally offer little explicit theoretical foundation, but most seem to assume an energy scarcity model. An alternative model based on the assumption that energy is highly expendable is offered here.
Technology and Work: Future Issues for Career Guidance
Authors: CIANNI‐SURRIDGE MARY
Published: December 2011

Advances in communication and microcomputer technologies are having a dramatic impact on our personal and vocational lives. This article focuses on possible consequences for career guidance professionals.
Counselor Acting Out in the Counseling Situation: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: WATKINS C. EDWARD
Published: December 2011

Five categories of counselor acting out are explored. Also several intervention measures are presented as means of preventing or reducing counselor acting out.
A Training Model that Stresses the Dynamic Dimensions of Counseling
Authors: LEVINE ELAINE
Published: December 2011

This training model aids students in practicing the “core conditions” and selecting approaches appropriate for varied stages of the counseling process.
The Use of Hypnotic Elements and Audio Recordings with the Fantasy Relaxation Technique
Authors: CERIO JAMES E.
Published: December 2011

The Fantasy Relaxation Technique, developed by Hugh Gunnison in 1976, is a simple method of gaining control over panic and anxiety. Two new components have been added to the original technique and they seem to enhance students' self‐control during tests.
Guidance and Counseling in Socialist Ethiopia
Authors: YUSUF  , BRADLEY RICHARD W.
Published: December 2011

Historical and contemporary economic, educational, psychological, and sociological factors that influence development of counseling and guidance indigenous to Ethiopia are explored.
Guidance and Counseling Services in Nigeria
Authors: OKON SAMUEL E.
Published: December 2011

This article focuses on the major factors responsible for the recognition of the need for guidance. It reviews the historical development, philosophical bases, and trends.
Guidance and Counselling Services in the Republic of South Africa
Authors: DOVEY KEN
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the present guidance and counselling services within South Africa and concludes that political and economic interests have influenced these services more than psychological theory.
The Evolution of Counseling and Guidance in Australia: Or, as yet no Counseling Kangaroos?
Authors: KHAN JANET A.
Published: December 2011

Cultural similarities between Australia and the United States are explored to determine the extent to which Australia has evolved an indigenous counseling model.
Cross‐Cultural Awareness: A Framework for Interaction
Authors: WEBB MICHAEL W.
Published: December 2011

In order to facilitate cross‐cultural understanding, a framework for interaction is provided by focusing on personal experience and on attrition theory and the W‐curve,
On Borrowing Guidance Theory and Practice: Some Observations of an American Participant in the British Guidance Movement
Authors: STEWART LAWRENCE H.
Published: December 2011

Possible factors contributing to the difficulties experienced by the British guidance movement are discussed. Special attention is given to the heavy reliance on American ideas concerning counseling theory and practice.
Synthesis: Or Is It Distillation?
Authors: SUPER DONALD E.
Published: December 2011

The 17 articles that constitute this special issue have been analyzed for important recurrent themes that may be common to all of the 16 countries covered, or to only some.
Philosophy and Counseling: A Metatheoretical Analysis
Authors: LEE D. JOHN
Published: December 2011

This article deals with the relationship between philosophy and counseling theory as outlined in a metatheoretical model. The model's implications for comparing theories and value orientations are also reviewed.
Sources of Psychological Disturbance Among Siblings of Handicapped Children
Authors: SELIGMAN MILTON
Published: December 2011

Professionals who provide services to handicapped children and their parents often ignore the impact a chronically disabled child may have on normal siblings. This article explores the potential sources of sibling maladjustment.
Work and Leisure Orientations Among University Students: Implications for College and University Counselors
Authors: WEINER ANDREW I. , HUNT SHARON L.
Published: December 2011

This article deals with a study of the work and leisure orientations of 516 university students and provides support for the enhanced role of leisure in career and lifestyle. Implications for college and university counselors engaged in the career‐counseling process are also discussed.
Counseling in a Government Agency: Interventions for Employees and Supervisors
Authors: BLIMLINE CAROL A. , THORN MARLENE , WILSON JANET C. , WILCOX JAMES
Published: December 2011

This article describes an organizational counseling and career development program that serves both employees and their supervisors. Program components include counseling, workshops, and a career resource center.
A Viconian Interpretation of Psychological Counseling
Authors: HERSHENSON DAVID B.
Published: December 2011

Western culture moves through cycles in which faith, logic, and power succeed each other as the dominant structuring principles. Therefore, counseling evolved in this sequence.
Adolescent Pregnancy: A Model for Intervention
Authors: MILLER ELAINE KING , MILLER KIMBALL AUSTIN
Published: December 2011

This article reviews current demographic data regarding adolescent pregnancy in conjunction with current approaches to family planning and presents an interdisciplinary (counselor‐physician) intervention model.
The Pregnant Client: Understanding and Counseling Her
Authors: BASSOFF EVELYN SILTEN
Published: December 2011

To help the pregnant client manage her transition to motherhood, counselors need to understand and to build on the normal psychological changes of pregnancy.
A Family Systems Approach for the Career Counselor
Authors: ZINGARO JOSEPH C.
Published: December 2011

Career counselors may find a systems perspective and strategies beneficial for the indecisive adult client who seems to be drowning in a sea of possibilities.
Coupling and Careers: A Workshop for Dual Career Couples at the Launching Stage
Authors: AMATEA ELLEN S. , CROSS E. GAIL
Published: December 2011

The authors describe a short‐term workshop designed to assist young dual career couples in developing effective personal and couple‐based lifestyle coping strategies.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Implications and Counseling Considerations
Authors: ELLIOTT DAVID J. , JOHNSON NORBERT
Published: December 2011

This article presents the special considerations in counseling fetal alcohol syndrome children and their mothers.
A Proven Approach to Licensure
Authors: EDGAR THOMAS E. , DAVIS ENID LEE
Published: December 2011

This article is about how counselor licensure is moving ahead slowly, and those who wish to promote licensure bills in the states need specific and workable “guidelines” for successful efforts.
Does a Turned‐Off Light Bulb Lose its Potential to Glow?
Authors: DILLEY JOSIAH S.
Published: December 2011

Counselors can help discouraged people regain their sense of strength and potential to cope with their problems. Various techniques for doing this are described.
May Your Force Be with You
Authors: ROBERDS‐BAXTER SHARON
Published: December 2011

Confronting self‐limiting language is a potent technique for inviting clients to realize their personal power and to take responsibility for their lives.
Acronym Soup: How Many Do You Know?
Authors: STEINHAUSER LARRY
Published: December 2011

The human services field is so fill of acronyms that it is a wonder we all understand each other. How many do you know?
Assertiveness Through Semantics
Authors: ZUERCHER NANCY T.
Published: December 2011

Connotations of assertiveness do not convey all of its meanings, particularly the components of positive feelings, communication, and cooperation. Applying semantics can help restore the balance.
Pairs for Pairs: A Theoretical Base for Co‐Therapy as a Nonsexist Process in Couple Counseling
Authors: REESE‐DUKES JUDSON L. , REESE‐DUKES CAROLYN
Published: December 2011

A synthesis of contemporary literature provides a theoretical base for female‐male co‐therapy teams as the most likely modality to mediate sex bias in couple counseling.
Sex Bias in Counseling: A Reply and Critique
Authors: LICHTENBERG JAMES W. , HECK EDWARD J.
Published: December 2011

The social importance of the gender‐bias issue in counseling implores that our beliefs about the issue be predicated on evidence rather than on ideological considerations.
Taking the 10‐Year‐Old Offender to Jail: An Alternative to “Scared Straight”‘
Authors: PRESBURY JACK H. , MOORE HELEN B.
Published: December 2011

Young boys ages 8–12 were taken to jail following law offenses. This program is contrasted to the Lifer's Program at Rahway State Prison.
Increasing Human Potential: Relaxation and Imagery Training (RIT) with Athletic and Performing Art Teams
Authors: McWHIRTER J. JEFFRIES , McWHIRTER MARY C.
Published: December 2011

This article describes a program to aid in performance improvement. Two case studies illustrate the usefulness of relaxation and imagery training (RIT) with performers.
Sexual Assault: The Female Victim, Her Male Partner, and Their Relationship
Authors: ORZEK ANN M.
Published: December 2011

Using the Crisis model of Fox and Scherl, treatment issues for the female sexual assault victim and her male partner are proposed.
The Trend Toward Eclecticism and the Development of Comprehensive Models to Guide Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: WARD DONALD E.
Published: December 2011

Models dealing with metatheory, group work, and client functioning level are described, and suggestions are presented for integrating the models into a comprehensive system.
The Preservation of Counseling in an Era of Cutback Management
Authors: BERGER MICHAEL A.
Published: December 2011

This article identifies several unique problems and survival strategies to enable counselors to preserve the level and quality of counseling services under conditions of declining resources.
A Three‐Step Model for More Effective Presentations
Authors: KIRKPATRICK JAMES D.
Published: December 2011

The need is discussed and a model presented to aid in effective presentations. Three stages involve presenting, personalizing, and enabling participant interaction with the material.
Schools and Newcomers: A National Survey of Innovative Programs
Authors: CORNILLE THOMAS A. , BAYER ALAN E. , SMYTH CHARLOTTE K.
Published: December 2011

This article presents the findings of a national survey of coordinators of counseling services in public middle schools concerning American children who change residence.
Improving the Counseling Relationship
Authors: HUTCHINS DAVID E.
Published: December 2011

The TFA System is a practical method counselors can use to adapt theories, techniques, and their personal style to working relationships with clients.
Health‐Related School Guidance: Practical Applications in Primary Prevention
Authors: KLINGMAN AVIGDOR
Published: December 2011

Health‐related guidance adopting a primary prevention intervention is delineated to present a role model for school counseling.
Macrosystemic Approaches To Drug Treatment
Authors: BOKOS PETER J. , LIPSCOMB SALLY T. , SCHWARTZMAN JOHN
Published: December 2011

Observations of methadone clinics show that the treatment system itself, following natal family dynamics, fosters addictive behavior. Changes within clinics and the macrosystem are recommended.
Counseling and Culture: Some Issues
Authors: LEE D. JOHN
Published: December 2011

Counseling educators are alerted to three issues central to the relationship between counseling and culture: the etic‐emit distinction, the sociology of knowledge, and modernity.
The Perceived Influence of a Peer Advisement Program on a Group of its Former Peer Advisers
Authors: FRISZ RUTH H.
Published: December 2011

Peer advisers were surveyed regarding perceived effects of a peer advisement program on choice of major and selection of a career or graduate/professional training.
The Impact of Virginia's Career Information Delivery System
Authors: SNIPES JUANITA K. , McDANIELS CARL
Published: December 2011

The Virginia VIEW Career Information Delivey System has served as an impetus for generating excitement and new activities in local guidance programs.
A Bridge Too Far: Incompatibilities of Rational‐Emotive Therapy and Pastoral Counseling
Authors: WESSLER RICHARD L.
Published: December 2011

The inappropriateness of pure rational‐emotive therapy (RET) for pastoral counseling is discussed and a modified version (cognitive appraisal therapy) proposed to replace RET.
Healthy Aspects of Passivity and Gendlin's Focusing
Authors: BASSOFF EVELYN SILTEN
Published: December 2011

The author describes healthy aspects of passivity and explores Gendlin's focusing, emphasizing its usefulness in cultivating receptive passivity.
Developing Support for Alcohol and Drug Education: A Case Study of a Counselor's Role
Authors: ERICKSON LAUREL , NEWMAN IAN M.
Published: December 2011

A small group of individuals successfully helped a rural community deal with its adolescent drug problems and illustrated important roles for counselors and community leaders.
Bridging the High School—College Gap for Early Admitted Students
Authors: KELLY GARY F.
Published: December 2011

Trends toward early admissions require that counselors give increasing attention to the special needs and expectations of students who enter college environments at younger ages.
Deliberate Psychological Education Revisited: A Conversation with Norman Sprinthall
Authors: HATFIELD TIM
Published: December 2011

After a brief overview of the major constructs of DPE, this article presents an extensive interview with Norman Sprinthall about DPE's evolution and future directions.
Encountering Carl Rogers: His Views on Facilitating Groups
Authors: LANDRETH GARRY L.
Published: December 2011

Carl Rogers's views on facilitating groups are presented as expressed in a telephone dialogue seminar with graduate students in the Counselor Education Division at North Texas State University.
The Social Influence Model: A Social Psychological Approach to Counseling
Authors: DORN FRED J.
Published: December 2011

Social influence theory suggests that counseling is an interpersonal influence process. This article reviews the literature on the model and suggests future directions for research.
Profiling an Invisible Minority in Higher Education: The Chicana
Authors: CASAS J. MANUEL , PONTEROTTO JOSEPH G.
Published: December 2011

This article presents data on Chicanas in higher education that challenge stereotypes and contribute to an accurate profile and understanding of this group.
Cognitive‐Behavioral Interventions with Type A Faculty
Authors: THURMAN CHRISTOPHER W.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the use of cognitive‐behavioral techniques in reducing Type A behavior among university faculty.
Adjusting to Disability: Behavioral Correlates and Intervention Strategies
Authors: LIVNEH HANOCH , EVANS JOHN
Published: December 2011

Twelve phases of adustment to physical disability and their observable behavioral correlates are described. Intervention strategies appropriate for each phase are also suggested.
A New Approach to Outreach Services: Cable Television
Authors: SCHENK GEORGE E. , WISCONS BRADLEY J.
Published: December 2011

This article describes delivery of counseling center presentations via cable television. Uses and production of tapes are detailed.
Peer Attributions and Action Plans for Underachievement: Implications for Peer Counseling
Authors: RITTENHOUSE JOAN , STEPHAN WALTER G. , LeVINE ELAINE
Published: December 2011

Students playing the role of peer counselors blamed failing students for their poor performances by attributing them to internal, controllable factors.
Using Sibling Dyads to Understand Career Development
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD W.
Published: December 2011

A clinical example is provided that illustrates the use of sibling pairings to understand the career development process.
Stresses and Satisfactions of the Parental Role
Authors: PASLEY KAY , GECAS VIKTOR
Published: December 2011

Stresses and satisfactions of parenting by stage in the family life cycle were examined. Adolescence was the most difficult stage because of problems of control and independence. Implications for counselors are offered.
An Easy and Practical Approach to Data Management
Authors: HOGREBE MARK C. , DWINELL PATRICIA L.
Published: December 2011

This article demonstrates the usefulness and practicality of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) (1979, version 79.5) as a data base management system for a developmental studies program. SAS is available on IBM computers at educational institutions across the county, and it provides an effective tool for data management.
The Counselor as “Chicken”
Authors: WALKER JIMMY R. , AYCOCK LAURIE
Published: December 2011

Is the counselor a wrestler who struggles with a client—adversary? This article argues for taking a one‐down position rather than fighting or confronting.
Live‐In Family Counseling: An Integrated Approach
Authors: VASS MOLLY , JACOBS E.D. , SLAVEK NATHALIE
Published: December 2011

This article presents an integrated family counseling approach that utilizes observation and intervention in the home setting.
Tomorrow's Resources are in Today's classroom
Authors: ASPY DAVID , ROEBUCK FLORA , ASPY CHERYL BLALOCK
Published: December 2011

The National Consortium for Humanizing Education conducted training and research in 42 states and seven foreign countries. Its procedures were effective in increasing both emotional and academic indexes.
The Child Development Specialist: A Prevention Program
Authors: SHELDON CAROLYN , MORGAN CLAUDE D.
Published: December 2011

The Child Development Specialist Program makes use of a new professional specialist and is designed to provide intervention before the child develops personal or learning problems.
Primary Prevention and Assessment
Authors: BARCLAY JAMES R.
Published: December 2011

Prevention is related to the need for a comprehensive assessment technology. The failure of training programs to prepare counselors for assessment is viewed as one of the major problems.
A General Structural Model for Primary Prevention Program Development in Mental Health
Authors: COWEN EMORY L.
Published: December 2011

A five‐step structural model for primary prevention program development work in mental health is proposed. Each step is defined and illustrated.
Easing the Transition: A Career Planning Course for College Students
Authors: SWAIN ROBIN
Published: December 2011

This article outlines the role a career planning course can play in assisting college students with college‐related developmental tasks.
Stress Management and Wellnesss Reaching Beyond the Counselor's Office
Authors: ROMANO JOHN L.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the use of a course offering academic credit as a vehicle for a health‐oriented primary prevention strategy within a university.
Primary Prevention and High Risk Populations
Authors: D'ANDREA MICHAEL
Published: December 2011

A primary prevention program designed to promote the personal development of individuals in a particular high risk population is discussed.
Use of Lay Home Visitors: A Primary Prevention Strategy for Families with a Newborn
Authors: BARQUEST KAREN , MARTIN HELEN KINGSTON
Published: December 2011

This article describes a primary prevention program designed to reach every family with a newborn in a specified geographic area, providing support and linking families with community resources.
Chronic kidney disease: cardiac and renal angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) 2 expression in rats after subtotal nephrectomy and the effect of ACE inhibition
Authors: Burrell L. M. , Burchill L. , Dean R. G. , Griggs K. , Patel S. K. , Velkoska E.
Published: December 2011

Renin–angiotensin system blockade slows but does not prevent the cardiovascular complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is differentially regulated in acute kidney injury, with increased cardiac ACE2 but decreased kidney ACE2 levels. This study investigated the effect of long‐term ACE inhibition on cardiac and renal ACE2 in rats with CKD induced by subtotal nephrectomy (STNx). Sprague–Dawley rats had sham (control) or STNx surgery. Control rats received vehicle (n= 9) and STNx rats ramipril (1 mg kg−1 day−1; n= 10) or vehicle (n= 10) for 28 days. Subtotal nephrectomy resulted in impaired creatinine clearance (P < 0.05), proteinuria (P < 0.05), renal fibrosis (P < 0.05) and reduced renal cortical ACE2 mRNA (P < 0.05) and activity (P < 0.05). In rats with CKD, ramipril improved creatinine clearance (P < 0.05) and was associated with an increase in cortical but not medullary ACE2 activity (P < 0.05). Compared with control rats, STNx rats were hypertensive (P < 0.01), with increased left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP; P < 0.01), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH; P < 0.05) and interstitial (P < 0.05) and perivascular fibrosis (P < 0.01). In rats with CKD, ramipril decreased blood pressure (P < 0.001) and reduced LVEDP (P < 0.01), LVH (P < 0.01) and perivascular fibrosis (P < 0.05) but did not significantly reduce interstitial fibrosis. There was no change in cardiac ACE2 in rats with CKD compared with control rats. In rats with CKD, ACE inhibition had major benefits to reduce blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy and to improve creatinine clearance, but did not significantly impact on cardiac ACE2, cardiac interstitial fibrosis, renal fibrosis or proteinuria. Thus, in rats with CKD, renal ACE2 deficiency and lack of activation of cardiac ACE2 may contribute to the progression of cardiac and renal tissue injury. As long‐term ACE inhibition only partly ameliorated the adverse cardio‐renal effects of CKD, adjunctive therapies that lead to further increases in ACE2 activity may be needed to combat the cardio‐renal complications of CKD.
Cerebellar theta burst stimulation impairs eyeblink classical conditioning
Authors: Hoffland Britt S. , Bologna Matteo , Kassavetis Panagiotis , Teo James T. H. , Rothwell John C. , Yeo Christopher H. , van de Warrenburg Bart P. , Edwards Mark J.
Published: December 2011

Key points 

Theta burst stimulation (TBS) protocols of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have after‐effects on excitability of motor areas thought to be due to LTP‐ and LTD‐like processes at cortical synapses. TBS protocols have significant advantages over other rTMS techniques in time and intensities used.

Eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC) is a form of associative motor learning in which paired presentation of a conditioned (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) leads to the production of a conditioned eyeblink response (CR). EBCC, with its heavy dependence on cerebellar function, is an ideal protocol with which to assess and potentially quantify the possible influence of TBS on the cerebellum.

We show that cerebellar TBS has clear effects on EBCC in humans, providing evidence that TBS can influence cerebellar function despite the low intensities of stimulation used and the anatomical constraints of the posterior fossa.
Acute stress induces down‐regulation of large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated potassium channels in the lateral amygdala
Authors: Guo Yan‐yan , Liu Shui‐bing , Cui Guang‐Bin , Ma Lan , Feng Bin , Xing Jiang‐hao , Yang Qi , Li Xiao‐qiang , Wu Yu‐mei , Xiong Li‐ze , Zhang Weiqi , Zhao Ming‐gao
Published: December 2011

Key points

Stress can lead to the development of behavioural disorders associated with cognitive impairments, depression and anxiety.

Large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated potassium channels (BKCa) are highly expressed in the brain. Here we found that acute stress induced a significant reduction in BKCa channel expression in the amygdala of mice, which accompanied anxiety‐like behaviours.

Activation of BKCa channels in the amygdala could reverse the stress‐induced anxiety‐like behaviours. This research may help us understand the underlying mechanisms of anxiety‐like behaviour induced by acute stress.
Regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism during and after exercise
Authors: Jensen Thomas E. , Richter Erik A.
Published: December 2011

Abstract  Utilization of carbohydrate in the form of intramuscular glycogen stores and glucose delivered from plasma becomes an increasingly important energy substrate to the working muscle with increasing exercise intensity. This review gives an update on the molecular signals by which glucose transport is increased in the contracting muscle followed by a discussion of glycogen mobilization and synthesis by the action of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase, respectively. Finally, this review deals with the signalling relaying the well‐described increased sensitivity of glucose transport to insulin in the post‐exercise period which can result in an overshoot of intramuscular glycogen resynthesis post exercise (glycogen supercompensation).
One-Dimensional Model for Propagation of a Pressure Wave in a Model of the Human Arterial Network: Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Results
Authors: Saito Masashi , Ikenaga Yuki , Matsukawa Mami , Watanabe Yoshiaki , Asada Takaaki , Lagrée Pierre-Yves
Published: December 2011

Pulse wave evaluation is an effective method for arteriosclerosis screening. In a previous study, we verified that pulse waveforms change markedly due to arterial stiffness. However, a pulse wave consists of two components, the incident wave and multireflected waves. Clarification of the complicated propagation of these waves is necessary to gain an understanding of the nature of pulse waves in vivo. In this study, we built a one-dimensional theoretical model of a pressure wave propagating in a flexible tube. To evaluate the applicability of the model, we compared theoretical estimations with measured data obtained from basic tube models and a simple arterial model. We constructed different viscoelastic tube set-ups: two straight tubes; one tube connected to two tubes of different elasticity; a single bifurcation tube; and a simple arterial network with four bifurcations. Soft polyurethane tubes were used and the configuration was based on a realistic human arterial network. The tensile modulus of the material was similar to the elasticity of arteries. A pulsatile flow with ejection time 0.3 s was applied using a controlled pump. Inner pressure waves and flow velocity were then measured using a pressure sensor and an ultrasonic diagnostic system. We formulated a 1D model derived from the Navier-Stokes equations and a continuity equation to characterize pressure propagation in flexible tubes. The theoretical model includes nonlinearity and attenuation terms due to the tube wall, and flow viscosity derived from a steady Hagen-Poiseuille profile. Under the same configuration as for experiments, the governing equations were computed using the MacCormack scheme. The theoretical pressure waves for each case showed a good fit to the experimental waves. The square sum of residuals (difference between theoretical and experimental wave-forms) for each case was <10.0%. A possible explanation for the increase in the square sum of residuals is the approximation error for flow viscosity. However, the comparatively small values prove the validity of the approach and indicate the usefulness of the model for understanding pressure propagation in the human arterial network.
‘Wading through treacle’: quality improvement lessons from the frontline
Authors: Roueche Alice , Hewitt Jocelyn
Published: December 2011

In a time of financial uncertainty and structural reform, the National Health Service (NHS) in England needs clinical leadership to help improve the quality of patient care. Increasingly, leadership development is being targeted at doctors in postgraduate training to help prepare them for their future leadership roles as consultants and general practitioners. However, there is a risk that we are missing an opportunity here by failing to recognise the role that doctors in training can play now, during their training. As our frontline clinicians they have a unique view of the health service and the inefficiencies therein. The London Deanery has been running an educational programme called Beyond Audit to provide doctors in training with quality improvement skills. During this programme we have been given a unique insight into NHS systems as viewed by junior doctors. They have identified a wide range of small system problems that, when combined, result in large-scale inefficiency and prevent the delivery of high quality patient care. These problems they identify have implications for cost, efficiency, patient safety, team-working and patient experience. Any attempt to improve the quality of care delivered in the NHS needs to look at the system from the point of view of those delivering the care, including our doctors in postgraduate training. By empowering them to make improvements to the systems that they see, there is the potential to make significant improvement in the quality of patient care that they deliver.
Discovering environmental causes of disease
Authors: Rappaport Stephen M
Published: December 2011

Although chronic diseases are primarily environmental (ie, not genetic) in origin, the particular environmental causes of these diseases are poorly understood. A WHO study of worldwide cancer mortality identified nine diverse environmental factors, including pollution, diet, lifestyle factors and infections. However, the joint effect of these nine factors accounted for only about one-third of cancer mortality, indicating that about two-thirds are of unknown aetiology. One problem relates to the community of epidemiologists, which sorts environmental factors into marginally overlapping domains, thereby creating gaps in coverage. Also, information about environmental exposures in epidemiologic studies is generally derived from questionnaires that are ill suited for assessing thousands of potentially causative exposures. Finally, the few studies that rigorously estimate exposure levels focus upon a handful of pollutants of regulatory importance and thus are unsuited for finding hitherto unrecognised exposures from both exogenous and endogenous sources. The concept of the ‘exposome’—representing the totality of exposures from gestation onwards—has recently been introduced as a complement to the genome in studies of disease aetiology. The exposome concept promotes environmental analogues of genome-wide association studies, which employ untargeted omic methods to compare biospecimens from diseased and healthy subjects. The goal of such investigations is to discover key biomarkers of exposure that enable follow-up hypotheses to be explored regarding sources of exposure, dose–response relationships, mechanisms of action, disease causality and public health interventions. Examples of this approach are cited from recent metabolomic studies of several complex chronic diseases.
EXACT SOLUTIONS OF BRANS–DICKE WORMHOLES IN THE PRESENCE OF MATTER
Authors: GARCIA NADIEZHDA MONTELONGO , LOBO FRANCISCO S. N.
Published: December 2011

A fundamental ingredient in wormhole physics is the presence of exotic matter, which involves the violation of the null energy condition. Although a plethora of wormhole solutions have been explored in the literature, it is useful to find geometries that minimize the usage of exotic matter. In this work, we find exact wormhole solutions in Brans–Dicke theory where the normal matter threading the wormhole satisfies the null energy condition throughout the geometry. Thus, the latter implies that it is the effective stress–energy tensor containing the scalar field, that plays the role of exotic matter, that is responsible for sustaining the wormhole geometry. More specifically, we consider a zero redshift function and a particular choice for the scalar field and determine the remaining quantities, namely, the stress–energy tensor components and the shape function. The solution found is not asymptotically flat, so that this interior wormhole spacetime needs to be matched to an exterior vacuum solution.
The role and pathophysiological relevance of membrane transporter PepT1 in intestinal inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Ingersoll Sarah A. , Ayyadurai Saravanan , Charania Moiz A. , Laroui Hamed , Yan Yutao , Merlin Didier
Published: December 2011

Intestinal inflammation is characterized by epithelial disruption, leading to loss of barrier function and the recruitment of immune cells, including neutrophils. Although the mechanisms are not yet completely understood, interactions between environmental and immunological factors are thought to be critical in the initiation and progression of intestinal inflammation. In recent years, it has become apparent that the di/tripeptide transporter PepT1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of such inflammation. In healthy individuals, PepT1 is primarily expressed in the small intestine and transports di/tripeptides for metabolic purposes. However, during chronic inflammation such as that associated with inflammatory bowel disease, PepT1 expression is upregulated in the colon, wherein the protein is normally expressed either minimally or not at all. Several recent studies have shown that PepT1 binds to and transports various bacterial di/tripeptides into colon cells, leading to activation of downstream proinflammatory responses via peptide interactions with innate immune receptors. In the present review, we examine the relationship between colonic PepT1-mediated peptide transport in the colon and activation of innate immune responses during disease. It is important to understand the mechanisms of PepT1 action during chronic intestinal inflammation to develop future therapies addressing inappropriate immune activation in the colon.