bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination Compounds of Electron‐Deficient Boron Cluster Anions BnH2‐n (n = 6, 10, 12)
Authors: Malinina E. A. , Avdeeva V. V. , Goeva L. V. , Kuznetsov N. T.
Published: June 2011

Review: 163 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Single‐Site Heterogeneous Catalysts: Design Strategies and Catalytic Potential
Authors: Xuereb David , Dzierzak Joanna , Raja Robert
Published: June 2011

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Aza‐ and Phosphaferrocenes and Related Compounds in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Marion Nicolas , Fu Gregory C.
Published: June 2011

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient, Asymmetric Synthesis of Odanacatib, a Selective Inhibitor of Cathepsin K for the Treatment of Osteoporosis, Using an Enzyme‐Mediated Dynamic Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Truppo Matthew D.
Published: June 2011

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of a 2‐Isopropylcinnamic Acid Derivative en route to the Blood Pressure‐Lowering Agent Aliskiren
Authors: Boogers Jeroen A. F. , Sartor Dirk , Felfer Ulfried , Kotthaus Martina , Steinbauer Gerhard , Dielemans Bert , Lefort Laurent , de Vries Andre H. M. , de Vries Johannes G.
Published: June 2011

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural Disesquiterpenoids
Authors: Zhan Zha‐Jun , Ying You‐Min , Ma Lie‐Feng , Shan Wei‐Guang
Published: June 2011

Review: 368 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Localized, Targeted, and Sustained siRNA Delivery
Authors: Krebs Melissa D. , Alsberg Eben
Published: June 2011

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solar Fuel Oroduction Based on the Artificial Photosynthesis System
Authors: Amao Yutaka
Published: June 2011

Review: 108 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanopore‐Based Sensing of Individual Nucleic Acid Complexes
Authors: Singer Alon , Meller Amit
Published: June 2011

Review: 38 refs.
Thermo‐elektrische Verbindungen. Strom aus Abwärme
Authors: Zeier Wolfgang , Panthöfer Martin , Janek Jürgen , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: June 2011

Thermoelektrische Materialien bieten die Möglichkeit, thermische Gradienten in elektrische Energie umzuwandeln um somit Abwärme aus verschiedensten Prozessen zur Energieerzeugung zu nutzen. In diesem Artikel werden die physikalischen Hintergründe der thermoelektrischen Effekte beschrieben sowie Aufbau und Wirkungsgrad thermoelektrischer Generatoren erläutert. Um eine Brücke zwischen der Physik und Chemie in Festkörpern zu schlagen, werden die unterschiedlichen physikalischen Transportprozesse in Festkörpern mit Hilfe chemischer Konzepte erläutert. Anhand von Beispielen für thermoelektrische Materialien werden die Ansätze zur Maximierung des thermoelektrischen Wirkungsgrades und der Einfluss der chemischen und strukturellen Faktoren beschrieben.
Eutrophierung der Ostsee. Meeresverschmutzung und Meeresschutz
Authors: Nausch Günther
Published: June 2011

Die Eutrophierung, d.h. die erhöhte Versorgung mit den Pflanzennährstoffen Stickstoff und Phosphor durch menschliche Aktivitäten in den Einzugsgebieten und ihre nachteiligen Folgen ist nach wie vor eines der wesentlichsten Probleme der Ostsee. Im Zeitraum 2001–2006 wurden im Mittel 30000 t Phosphor und 841000 t Stickstoff je Jahr eingetragen. Dies entspricht einer Zunahme der Phosphorbelastung in den letzten 100 Jahren um das 8fache, die Stickstoffbelastung hat sich im gleichen Zeitraum vervierfacht, was auch zu einer deutlichen Erhöhung der Nährstoffkonzentrationen in der Ostsee geführt hat. Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt den gegenwärtigen Eutrophierungszustand der Ostsee sowie Schutz‐ und Sanierungsmaßnahmen, die das Ziel haben, das ökologische Gleichgewicht der Ostsee wiederherzustellen.
Die tödliche Brechnuss. Strychnin – von der Isolierung zur Totalsynthese
Authors: Roth Klaus
Published: June 2011

Strychnin, eines der giftigsten Alkaloide, hat Wissenschaftler seit seiner ersten Isolierung im Jahr 1818 fasziniert. Es dauerte über 130 Jahre bis die chemische Struktur zweifelsfrei gesichert werden konnte und weitere 7 Jahre bis zur ersten Totalsynthese durch Robert B. Woodward. Auch heute noch werden neue Synthesestrategien für diese faszinierend komplexe Verbindung entwickelt. Einige chemische Aspekte und persönliche Erfahrungen bei der Synthese Nr. 17 von 2010 werden berichtet.
Genomsequenzierer. Die dritte Generation
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: June 2011

Die lebende Zelle kann ihre genetische Gebrauchsanweisung von einem einzelnen DNA‐Doppelstrang ablesen. Forscher brauchten zum Entziffern des Erbmaterials bisher vergleichsweise riesige Mengen. Drastische Verbesserungen kamen erst nach der Erstsequenzierung des menschlichen Genoms zum Einsatz und führten zu einer hunderttausendfachen Verbesserung der Kosteneffizienz. Erst die jetzt vor der Einführung stehenden Sequenzierer der dritten Generation können einzelne DNA‐Moleküle direkt lesen, was die Kosten weiter reduzieren und dadurch weitreichende Auswirkungen auf Medizin und Gesellschaft haben wird.
Dithiophosphatester zur Addition an Dien‐Bindungen
Authors: Jaenicke Lothar
Published: June 2011

Die Addition an aliphatische Doppelbindungen folgt der jetzt gerade 140 Jahre alten Markownikoff‐Regel in streng orthodoxer Gläubigkeit ganz Matth.13, 12 “wer da hat, dem wird gegeben”. Seit Olefine mit zu den wichtigsten Edukten der chemischen Großindustrie gehören, steht eine solche Reaktion mit ihren Abwandlungen im Zentrum synthetischer Mühen, also seit 140 Jahren. Es gibt ganze Bibliotheken über diese Additionen und ihre regelrechten ortho‐ oder regelwidrigen Antimarkownikoff‐Variationen. Aus naheliegenden Gründen braucht man meist stark saure Metallkomplex‐Katalysatoren. Dagegen stehen ökologische, auch ökonomische, Bedenken. Nun gelang es, als chirale Brønsted‐Katalysatoren Ester der Dithiophosphorsäure zur Aktivierung des Diens zu verwenden.
Computational fluid dynamic simulation of ethylene hydrogenation in a fluidised bed of porous catalyst particles
Authors: Yusuf Rahel , Halvorsen Britt , Melaaen Morten Christian
Published: June 2011

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to study the flow behaviour and conversion in a freely bubbling bed of porous cracking catalyst particles fluidised by a mixture of ethylene and hydrogen on the in‐house code FLOTRACS‐MP‐3D. The solid phase viscosity and pressure are modelled on the basis of kinetic theory of granular flows (KTGF). An effective solid density is calculated to account for the inherent porosity of particles. The cohesive inter‐particle forces are incorporated into the CFD model by using an empirical approach proposed in literature. Qualitatively, the CFD model captures the flow behaviour and heat transfer in the bed quite well. On the quantitative front, the variation of conversion with gas velocity is predicted fairly well with the deviation between the predicted and measured conversion remaining within 20%. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Automated classification of multicolored rolling circle products in dual‐channel wide‐field fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Gavrilovic Milan , Weibrecht Irene , Conze Tim , Söderberg Ola , Wählby Carolina
Published: June 2011

Specific single‐molecule detection opens new possibilities in genomics and proteomics, and automated image analysis is needed for accurate quantification. This work presents image analysis methods for the detection and classification of single molecules and single‐molecule interactions detected using padlock probes or proximity ligation. We use simple, widespread, and cost‐efficient wide‐field microscopy and increase detection multiplexity by labeling detection events with combinations of fluorescence dyes. The mathematical model presented herein can classify the resulting point‐like signals in dual‐channel images by spectral angles without discriminating between low and high intensity. We evaluate the methods on experiments with known signal classes and compare to classical classification algorithms based on intensity thresholding. We also demonstrate how the methods can be used as tools to evaluate biochemical protocols by measuring detection probe quality and accuracy. Finally, the method is used to evaluate single‐molecule detection events in situ. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Exacerbated egg‐induced immunopathology in murine Schistosoma mansoni infection is primarily mediated by IL‐17 and restrained by IFN‐γ
Authors: Rutitzky Laura I. , Stadecker Miguel J.
Published: June 2011

In schistosomiasis, the severity of CD4+ T‐cell‐mediated hepatic granulomatous inflammation against parasite eggs varies considerably in humans and among mouse strains. In C57BL/6 mice, pronounced exacerbation of immunopathology induced by immunization with schistosome egg Ag in CFA (SEA/CFA) substantially recapitulates the natural high pathology seen in CBA mice; both are associated with a significant elevation of Th17‐ and Th1‐cell‐derived proinflammatory cytokines. We now investigated the relative contribution of the effector cytokines IL‐17 and IFN‐γ in pathology development of 7 wk‐infected, SEA/CFA‐immunized, IL‐17−/−, IFN‐γ−/−, and IL‐17/IFN‐γ−/− mice. In IL‐17−/− mice there was significant reduction of immunopathology despite increased levels of IFN‐γ, whereas in IFN‐γ−/− mice, markedly exacerbated immunopathology correlated with an increase in IL‐17. In IL‐17/IFN‐γ−/− mice, complete resistance to SEA/CFA‐induced disease exacerbation was associated with a reduction in IL‐23p19, IL‐1β, CXCL1 and iNOS, and with an increase in IL‐5, IL‐10 and Relmα. IL‐17 and IFN‐γ were derived from distinct CD4+ T cells in which production of each cytokine was suppressed by the other. Our results indicate that severe immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis is mainly driven by IL‐17 and regulated by IFN‐γ; however, in the absence of IL‐17, IFN‐γ is capable of exerting a limited, yet significant, pathogenic function.
Iron(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Acetophenone
Authors: Flückiger Michelle , Togni Antonio
Published: June 2011

Four new ligands containing a pentasubstituted cyclopentadiene tethered to a stereogenic diamine unit have been prepared and used in the iron‐catalyzed enantioselective hydrosilylation of acetophenone. Catalytically active species have been generated in situ starting from various sources of iron. Fe(acac)2 was the catalyst precursor of choice, whereas other simple FeII or FeIII compounds resulted in significantly lower or no catalytic activity. Quantitative conversions were obtained working with 4 mol‐% Fe at room temp. and phenylsilane as the reducing agent. Under these conditions, ligand 4 afforded an enantioselectivity of 37 % ee. Attempts to isolate the single‐component Fe complexes containing ligands 3–6 have failed so far.
Multivariate adaptation and classification method for characteristic sample properties
Authors: Sartorius Gerhard , Talbot Steven R.
Published: June 2011

Characteristic properties of samples can be measured by spectrometers, cameras or other applicable equipment. To achieve meaningful classification results with a user‐friendly arrangement of the overall system, a new approach is pursued in which principally unaltered input data are reduced to their essential content using a Wavelet transform and are refined with a special smoothing method in such a manner that certain dimension‐reducing techniques can also be employed in a numerically stable way for discontinuous data sets as they occur, for example, in classification tasks. The introduced multivariate adaptive embedding (MAE) process acts as a universal approximator in the adaptation phase, to a very large extent without iterations and parameter adjustments, and deduces a redundancy‐free model with which untrained input data with outstanding generalization properties, in terms of an application, can be processed in the application phase. While taking advantage of the proximity relationships of the data points, the entire information is mapped into a low‐dimensional coordinate system using a supervised learning process and is scaled and adapted to the respective application using an unsupervised learning process. This approach allows classification of highly related and confused data as they may occur in identification/classification setups for bacteria and other substances using spectroscopic methods.
Temporal evaluation of effects of a model 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor on endocrine function in the fathead minnow
Authors: Ankley Gerald T , Cavallin Jenna E , Durhan Elizabeth J , Jensen Kathleen M , Kahl Michael D , Makynen Elizabeth A , Martinovic-Weigelt Dalma , Wehmas Leah C , Villeneuve Daniel L
Published: June 2011

Inhibition of enzymes involved in the synthesis of sex steroids can substantially impact developmental and reproductive processes controlled by the hypothalmic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. A key steroidogenic enzyme that has received little attention from a toxicological perspective is 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). In these studies, we exposed reproductively-active fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to the model 3β-HSD inhibitor trilostane at two test concentrations (300 and 1,500 µg/L) over a 16-d period that included both 8-d exposure and 8-d recovery phases. Plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) in females were depressed within hours of exposure to the drug and remained decreased at the highest trilostane concentration throughout the 8-d exposure. Reductions in E2 were accompanied by decreases in plasma concentrations of the estrogen-responsive protein vitellogenin (VTG). During the recovery phase of the test, plasma E2 and VTG concentrations returned to levels comparable to those of controls, in the case of E2 within 1 d. Up-regulation of ovarian expression of gene products for follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) and aromatase (cyp19a1a) suggested active compensation in trilostane-exposed animals. Effects of trilostane on HPG-related endpoints in exposed males were less pronounced, although, as in females, up-regulation of gonadal fshr was seen. Data from these time-course studies provide insights as to direct impacts, compensatory responses, and recovery from effects associated with perturbation of a comparatively poorly characterized enzyme/pathway critical to sex steroid synthesis. This information is important to the design and interpretation of approaches for assessing the occurrence and effects of HPG-active chemicals in both the laboratory and the field. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2094–2102. © 2011 SETAC
Chronic zebrafish PFOS exposure alters sex ratio and maternal related effects in F1 offspring
Authors: Wang Mingyong , Chen Jiangfei , Lin Kuanfei , Chen Yuanhong , Hu Wei , Tanguay Robert L , Huang Changjiang , Dong Qiaoxiang
Published: June 2011

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is an organic contaminant ubiquitous in the environment, wildlife, and humans. Few studies have assessed its chronic toxicity on aquatic organisms. The present study defined the effects of long-term exposure to PFOS on zebrafish development and reproduction. Specifically, zebrafish at 8 h postfertilization (hpf) were exposed to PFOS at 0, 5, 50, and 250 µg/L for five months. Growth suppression was observed in the 250 µg/L PFOS-treated group. The sex ratio was altered, with a significant female dominance in the high-dose PFOS group. Male gonad development was also impaired in a dose-dependent manner by PFOS exposure. Although female fecundity was not impacted, the F1 embryos derived from high-dose exposed females paired with males without PFOS exposure developed severe deformity at early development stages and resulted in 100% larval mortality at 7 d postfertilization (dpf). Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid quantification in embryos indicated that decreased larval survival in F1 offspring was directly correlated to the PFOS body burden, and larval lethality was attributable to maternal transfer of PFOS to the eggs. Lower-dose parental PFOS exposure did not result in decreased F1 survival; however, the offspring displayed hyperactivity of basal swimming speed in a light-to-dark behavior assessment test. These findings demonstrate that chronic exposure to PFOS adversely impacts embryonic growth, reproduction, and subsequent offspring development. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2073–2080. © 2011 SETAC
Application of AI supported optimal controller for automatic generation control of a restructured power system with parallel AC–DC tie lines
Authors: Sinha Sanjay , Patel Ramnarayan , Prasad Rajendra
Published: June 2011

An optimal controller has been designed for automatic generation control (AGC) of two‐area restructured power system. The performance of the controller has been studied for two cases: (a) when the tie line connecting the two areas consists of parallel EHVAC and HVDC lines and (b) when HVDC link is absent and only ac tie line acts as interconnection. The comparison has been done for the two cases in terms of time taken to damp out oscillations of frequency in each area, tie‐line power exchange between the two areas and power generated by each generator when there is change in load. The simulation results indicate that control performance improves when HVDC link is connected in parallel with EHVAC tie line and output of the dc block is considered as additional state for the optimal controller. Detailed simulation studies were carried out for load demand by DISCOs as per cotracted condition as well as for bilateral contract violation condition. Optimal controller gives better dynamic response compared to conventional PI controller. AGC dynamic response is further improved by using combined optimal fuzzy controller. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique has been used for tuning the fuzzy controller. The results of the two area thermal–thermal system indicate better control performance in terms of peak overshoot and settling time by PSO tuned combined optimal fuzzy controller as compared to the un‐tuned controller. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tumor imaging using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Brindle Kevin M. , Bohndiek Sarah E. , Gallagher Ferdia A. , Kettunen Mikko I.
Published: June 2011

Dynamic nuclear polarization is an emerging technique for increasing the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, particularly for low‐γ nuclei. The technique has been applied recently to a number of 13C‐labeled cell metabolites in biological systems: the increase in signal‐to‐noise allows the spatial distribution of an injected molecule to be imaged as well as its metabolic product or products. This review highlights the most significant molecules investigated to date in preclinical cancer models, either in terms of their demonstrated metabolism in vivo or the biological processes that they can probe. In particular, label exchange between hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled pyruvate and lactate, catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase, has been shown to have a number of potential applications. Finally, techniques to image these molecules are also discussed as well as methods that may extend the lifetime of the hyperpolarized signal. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging have shown great promise for the imaging of cancer in preclinical work, both for diagnosis and for monitoring therapy response. If the challenges in translating this technique to human imaging can be overcome, then it has the potential to significantly alter the management of cancer patients. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI of tumor hypoxia
Authors: Egeland Tormod A.M. , Gulliksrud Kristine , Gaustad Jon‐Vidar , Mathiesen Berit , Rofstad Einar K.
Published: June 2011

Patients with highly hypoxic primary tumors show increased frequency of locoregional treatment failure and poor survival rates and may benefit from particularly aggressive treatment. The potential of gadolinium diethylene‐triamine penta‐acetic acid‐based dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI in assessing tumor hypoxia was investigated in this preclinical study. Xenografted tumors of eight human melanoma lines were subjected to dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI and measurement of the fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells and the fraction of pimonidazole‐positive hypoxic cells. Tumor images of Ktrans (the volume transfer constant of gadolinium diethylene‐triamine penta‐acetic acid) and ve (the fractional distribution volume of gadolinium diethylene‐triamine penta‐acetic acid) were produced by pharmacokinetic analysis of the dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI data, and Ktrans and ve frequency distributions of the non‐necrotic tumor tissue were established and related to the extent of hypoxia. Tumors showing high Ktrans values and high ve values had low fractions of hypoxic cells, whereas tumors showing both low Ktrans values and low ve values had high hypoxic fractions. Ktrans differentiated better between tumors with low and high hypoxic fractions than did ve. This study supports the current attempts to establish dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐MRI as a method for assessing the extent of hypoxia in human tumors, and it provides guidelines for the clinical development of valid assays. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optic neuropathy associated with CANOMAD: Description of 2 cases
Authors: Sanvito Lara , Rajabally Yusuf A.
Published: June 2011

CANOMAD is a chronic ataxic neuropathy associated with IgM paraproteinemia and reactivity against disialosyl gangliosides. Ophthalmoplegia is a typical feature, but optic pathway involvement has not been reported previously. We describe 2 cases of CANOMAD associated with optic neuropathy. Severe visual loss was present in 1 case. We postulate that optic nerve damage may be related to antibody reactivity against gangliosides. Our report broadens the spectrum of cranial nerve involvement in this rare entity. Muscle Nerve 44: 451–455, 2011
Fetal therapy: practical ethical considerations
Authors: Ville Yves
Published: June 2011

Progress in prenatal diagnosis can lead to the diagnosis of severe fetal abnormalities for which natural history anticipates a fatal outcome or the development of severe disability despite optimal postnatal care. Intrauterine therapy can be offered in these selected cases. Prenatal diagnosis is the only field of medicine in which termination is an option in the management of severe diseases. Fetal therapy has therefore developed as an alternative to fatalist expectant prenatal management as well as to termination of pregnancy (TOP). There are few standards of fetal care that have gone beyond the stage of equipoise and even fewer have been established based on appropriate studies comparing pre‐ and postnatal care. Several ethical questions are being raised as fetal surgery develops, including basic Hippocratic principles of patients' autonomy and doctors' duty of competence moving the boundaries between experimental surgery, therapeutic innovation and standard care. In addition, the technical success of a fetal intervention can only rarely fully predict the postnatal outcome. Managing uncertainty regarding long‐term morbidity and the possibility for fetal therapy to change the risk of perinatal death into that of severe handicap remains a critical factor affecting women's choice for TOP as an alternative to fetal therapy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 2‐D gel reference map of the basic human heart proteome
Authors: Polden Julie , McManus Ciara A. , Dos Remedios Cris , Dunn Michael J.
Published: June 2011

We have undertaken the identification of basic proteins (pH 6–11) of the human heart using 2‐DE. Tissue from the left ventricle of human heart was lysed and proteins were separated in the first dimension on pH 6–11 IPG strips using paper‐bridge loading followed by separation on 12% SDS polyacrylamide gels in the second dimension. Proteins were then identified by mass spectrometry and analysed using Proline, a proteomic data analysis platform that was developed in‐house. The proteome map contains 176 identified spots with 151 unique proteins and has been made available as part of the UCD‐2DPAGE database at http://proteomics‐portal.ucd.ie:8082. The associated mass spectrometry data have been submitted to PRIDE (Accession number ♯10098). This reference map, and the other heart reference maps available through the UCD‐2DPAGE database, will aid further proteomic studies of heart diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy and ischaemic heart disease.
Identification and quantification of glutathione adducts of clozapine using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with orthogonal acceleration time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: MacDonald Cathy , Smith Christopher , Michopoulos Filippos , Weaver Richard , Wilson Ian D.
Published: June 2011

The application of sulphur‐specific detection via ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (UPLC/ICPMS) to detect and quantify the glutathione (GSH)‐adducts produced via the in vitro formation of reactive metabolites is demonstrated. The adducts were formed in human liver microsomes supplemented with unlabelled GSH for clozapine. The calculation of adduct concentration was performed via comparison of the peak areas to calibration curves constructed from omeprazole, a sulphur‐containing compound over the range of 0.156 to 15.62 μM of sulphur with a detection limit of 1.02 ng of sulphur on‐column. Identification of the adducts was performed using conventional UPLC/time‐of‐flight (TOF)‐MS with the calculation of clozapine intrinsic clearance carried out by high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). The use of ICPMS in this way appears to offer a novel, rapid and sensitive means of determining the quantity of GSH conjugates with the combined adducts producing 0.9 μM of reactive metabolite out of a total of 3.5 μM of metabolites. The GSH adduct therefore represents 26% of this total produced as a result of the metabolism of drug to reactive species. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of carbonyl by‐products during Uniblu‐A ozonation by liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight/mass spectrometry
Authors: Amorisco A. , Locaputo V. , Mascolo G.
Published: June 2011

The structural elucidation of carbonyl‐containing by‐products arising from Uniblu‐OH ozonation has been investigated by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) employing a quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The by‐products were derivatized with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine, allowing the formation of [M–H]− ions of the derivatives in the electrospray source. Exact mass measurements of both the [M–H]− ions and their product ions allowed the elemental formulae and related structures of ten by‐products to be determined confidently. The main degradation pathway were decarboxylation followed by further oxidation. It is noteworthy that the experimental procedure employed allowed the identification of both nitrogen‐ and sulphur‐containing carbonyl by‐products during Uniblu‐OH ozonation. This result is of environmental relevance for monitoring the balance of organic nitrogen and sulphur during the ozonation of organic pollutants. These atoms, in fact, do not undergo complete mineralization. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of preservation methods, dyes and acidification on the isotopic values (δ15N and δ13C) of two zooplankton species from the KwaZulu‐Natal Bight, South Africa
Authors: de Lecea Ander M. , Cooper Rachel , Omarjee Aadila , Smit Albertus J.
Published: June 2011

Stable isotope measurements are an important tool for ecosystem trophic linkage studies. Ideally, fresh samples should be used for isotopic analysis, but in many cases organisms must be preserved and analysed later. In some cases dyes must be used to help distinguish organisms from detritus. Since preservatives and dyes are carbon‐based, their addition could influence isotopic readings. This study aims to improve understanding of the effects of sample storage method, dye addition and acidification on the δ15N and δ13C values of zooplankton (Euphasia frigida and Undinula vulgaris). Zooplankton was collected and preserved by freezing, or by the addition of 5% formalin, 70% ethanol, or 5% formalin with added Phloxine B or Rose Bengal, and stored for 1 month before processing. Samples in 5% formalin and 70% ethanol were also kept and processed after 3 and 9 months to study changes over time. Formalin caused the largest enrichment for δ13C and a slight enrichment for δ15N, while ethanol produced a slight depletion for δ13C, and different effects on δ15N depending on the species. In formalin, dyes depleted the δ13C values, but had variable effects on δ15N, relative to formalin alone. Acidification had no significant effect on δ15N or δ13C for either species. Long‐term storage showed that the effects of the preservatives were species‐dependent. Although the effects on δ15N varied, a relative enrichment in 13C of samples occurred with time. This can have important consequences for the understanding of the organic flow within a food web and for trophic studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REGIONAL FRAMEWORKS APPLIED TO HYDROLOGY: CAN LANDSCAPE‐BASED FRAMEWORKS CAPTURE THE HYDROLOGIC VARIABILITY?
Authors: McManamay R. A. , Orth D. J. , Dolloff C. A. , Frimpong E. A.
Published: June 2011

Regional frameworks have been used extensively in recent years to aid in broad‐scale management. Widely used landscape‐based regional frameworks, such as hydrologic landscape regions (HLRs) and physiographic provinces, may provide predictive tools of hydrologic variability. However, hydrologic‐based regional frameworks, created using only streamflow data, are also available and have been created at various scales; thus, relating frameworks that share a common purpose can be informative. In addition, identifying how the relative importance of variables change in governing streamflow with respect to scale can also be informative. The purpose of this study was to determine whether landscape‐based frameworks could explain variation in streamflow classifications and in the hydrologic variables used in their creation. We also evaluated how climate and watershed‐based variables govern the divergence of different flow classifications at two different scales. HLRs and physiographic provinces poorly predicted flow class affiliation within our study and for the entire USA, although physiographic provinces explained more variability. We also found that HLRs explained very little variation in individual hydrologic parameters. Using variables summarized at the watershed scale, we found that climate will play a larger role in influencing hydrology across the entire US, whereas soils may govern variation in hydrology at smaller scales. Our results suggest that predictor variables, developed at the watershed scale, may be the most appropriate at explaining hydrology and that the variables used in creating regional landscape‐based frameworks may be more useful than the frameworks themselves. In addition, managers should be careful when using landscape‐based regional classifications for stream management because the scale of their construction may be too broad to capture differences in flow variability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bilateral Proximal Delta Phalanges: An Unusual Presentation of Familial Congenital Clinodactyly
Authors: Albright Steven B. , Xue Amy S. , Koshy John C. , Orth Robert C. , Hollier Larry H.
Published: June 2011

We report a unique case of bilateral proximal delta phalanges with secondary distal accessory ossification centers of the long fingers in a 16-month-old boy. The bony anomalies presented as severe ulnar deviation at the proximal interphalangeal joints bilaterally. This is a unique occurrence of congenital clinodactyly which has not been previously reported. Several family members show similar deformity, although to lesser degrees, suggesting an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.
Was Socrates Unwise to Take the Hemlock?
Authors: Anderson Albert
Published: June 2011

It is suitably ironic that Socrates' classic submission to Athenian injustice some centuries before Christ provides, in the face of contemporary criticism of traditional education, amazing relevance for our time. Does citizenship make it immoral to defy the injustices of one's country?
Godly choice: Puritan Decision-Making in Seventeenth-Century England
Authors: Donagan Barbara
Published: June 2011

[We] should … set upon our affairs with looking up to heaven for permission, power, and sufferance. … Let us therefore in all our affairs be holy, and not bind or limit our holiness only to coming to church; but seeing at all times and in all places we are Christians, and ever in the presence of God, let us place ourselves still in his eye, and do nothing but that we would be willing God shall see. … [We] ought not to set upon anything, wherein we cannot expect God's guidance.

Richard Sibbes

In Cromwell's rebellion the cause was managed by whining hypocrites, and no wonder if they cheated.

Roger North
Vergil's Furies
Authors: Edgeworth Robert J.
Published: June 2011

Two decades ago J. H. Waszink proposed in these pages a solution to the puzzle produced by Vergil's use of the phrase agmina sororum of the Furies at Aeneid 6.571–72. His suggestion has received the serious attention which it warranted; but on further reflection his solution to the problem is seen to be unsatisfactory
Self's Sufficiency or God's Sufficiency: 2 Corinthians 2:16
Authors: Fallon Francis T.
Published: June 2011

Paul's question in 2 Cor 2:16 (“Who is sufficient for these things?”) has long puzzled commentators. Many have noted the abruptness of the question in its context, but few have succeeded in relating the question specifically to the situation that Paul faced. More recently, in his monograph on the opponents of Paul in 2 Corinthians, Dieter Georgi has proposed that in this question Paul is adopting a catchword or slogan (“sufficient”/“sufficiency”) of his opponents and using it against them.
Questions of Ethics
Authors: Dyck Arthur J.
Published: June 2011

“Can you tell me, Socrates, whether virtue is acquired by teaching or by practice; or if neither by teaching or practice, then whether it comes to men by nature or in what other way?” These questions were once put to Socrates by Meno. How did Socrates, the patron saint of moral philosophy, reply? Leaving aside his ironic profession of ignorance, he proposed that the answer would only come once the nature of virtue was understood and defined.
The Composition of Mark 4:1–8:26
Authors: Petersen Norman R.
Published: June 2011

Mark 4:1–8:26 is a compositional unit whose external boundaries are determined by its internal structure. Because neither this structure nor the unit it defines has been observed previously I shall concentrate on them, dealing with other views of Mark's composition only when they are relevant to my argument. My purpose is to identify the compositional structure of Mark 4:1–8:26, and to point to some of the hermeneutical implications of the structure. The method to be followed is composition-critical to the extent that it is concerned both with the segmentation of the narrative into its constituent units and with their arrangement as a key to their significance in their Markan literary context. I acknowledge that most of these units originated in pre-Markan traditions, some of which may have been accessible to Mark in the form of collections, and that Mark's dependence upon such material determines the hermeneutical problem of his narrative. This problem can be expressed either as the question of the author's investment in his material or as the question of the literary significance of the once preliterary material. Because the answer to the former question is necessarily an inference from the answer to the latter, my orientation is to the latter, namely, to the question of the relevance of the compositional structure of Mark 4:1–8:26 for understanding the compositional significance of its parts.
Emphases and Silences
Authors: Enslin Morton S.
Published: June 2011

With the letter to the Romans our firsthand source of information for Paul's activity and achievements as a devoted supporter of the one whom years before he had bitterly opposed comes to an end. In all probability, Romans, written in Corinth as he planned for his subsequent activity in the West, whither he was soon to go, after a final visit to Jerusalem which he apparently viewed with concern, even reluctance, was the last letter to come from his pen, for the letters commonly styled “Letters of the Captivity”—Philippians, Colossians, Ephesians (if actually written by Paul), and Philemon—were not subsequently written from Rome, but in all probability were the product of his years in and about Ephesus, where in all likelihood he had suffered once again “prisons more abundantly, stripes above measure, deaths oft.”
Eusebius of Caesarea's Commentary on Luke: Its Origin and Early History
Authors: Wallace-Hadrill D. S.
Published: June 2011

Migne, Patrologia Gracca 24, columns 529–605, prints a work of Eusebius which he entitles Eusebii Caesariensis Commentarii in Lucae Evangelium quantum superest in Codicibus Vaticanis, the text of which is that of Angelo Mai, Bibliotheca Nova Patrum iv. 159ff., published in 1847. The work is abstracted from the big Lucan catena of Nicetas of Heraclea, other parts of which were published separately by Mai. No mention of a Commentary on Luke is made by later patristic writers such as Jerome and Photius in their notices of work by Eusebius, and J. Quasten, Patrology iii, does not include it in his description of Eusebius' work. Mai, however, is confident, I believe rightly, that it is a genuine work of Eusebius.
Meaning and Saying in Religion: Beyond Language Games
Authors: Raschke Carl
Published: June 2011

So much commentary and discussion concerning the significance of religious language has been marketed for consumption during the two decades since Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations first altered the grounds of inquiry in contemporary philosophy of religion that any new contribution to the subject is apt to kindle as much excitement as the average Sunday sermon. The progressive exhaustion of the topic, it may be argued, has resulted largely from this shift, inasmuch as philosophers of religion have thereby so narrowed the horizons of their researches in pursuing the “logical” dimensions of religious utterances that, once this side of the issue has been thoroughly charted, nothing substantial is left to explore. It does not require any prophetic cry in the wilderness to contend, therefore, in the manner that I propose here that (1) the “logical” or neo-Wittgensteinian approach to the problem of religious language must be transcended and that (2) any new perspective need not renounce with counter-revolutionary animus the achievements of analytic philosophy in this field, but merely attempt to arrive at a more subtle understanding of how religious language is employed.
Jonathan Edwards on Men and Trees, and the Problem of Solidarity
Authors: Weddle David
Published: June 2011

This essay addresses the problem of the relation between membership and moral responsibility in the interpretation of the doctrines of original sin and atonement by Jonathan Edwards. Focusing on his image of a tree and its branches to typify the solidarity of men as sinners (“in Adam”) and as saints (“in Christ”), I will argue that Edwards defines the “nature” of man in organic and historical terms which modify significantly both the biological images of infection and regeneration in the Augustinian-Calvinist tradition and the juridical terms of federal headship in Puritan covenant theology. Edwards defines “membership” in the race of Adam, as well as in the body of Christ, as a form of participation in a history which is decisively shaped by the disposition of its organizing figure. Yet, in formulating the doctrines of original sin and atonement, Edwards is careful to maintain the balance between disposition as a generic characteristic and action as an individual responsibility. Edwards' theory of solidarity, informed by a sense of history as the medium of ethical relationship, is an instructive attempt to clarify the relation between curse and disobedience, as well as that between grace and faithfulness.
Politics, Tradition, History: Rabbinic Judaism and the Eighteenth-Century Struggle for Civil Equality
Authors: Breuer Edward
Published: June 2011

Sometime in the early summer of 1782, Moses Mendelssohn received word that a pamphlet, entitled Das Forschen nach Licht und Recht (The Searching for Light and Right) and signed only as “S***,” was being prepared for publication. Enunciating the concerns of an Enlightenment-minded Christian writer, this pamphlet explicitly challenged Mendelssohn to clarify two issues of public interest: his increasingly outspoken advocacy for the civil admission of Jews into Prussian society, and the future shape of Judaism within a modern tolerant state. For Mendelssohn, the impending publication of the pamphlet was disconcerting because it insisted on linking his personal religious integrity to the broader political debate over civil integration. Given that his political campaign on behalf of his coreligionists was predicated upon the removal of confessional considerations from the public realm, this particular linkage became a source of no small irritation. Mendelssohn, however, quickly determined that the challenge could not be left unanswered. Indeed, it was in response to this tract and its appended postscript that Mendelssohn penned Jerusalem, his most articulate and enduring statement on religious tolerance and political equality.
Doing Violence upon God: Nonviolent Alterities and Their Medieval Precedents
Authors: Almond Ian
Published: June 2011

The Other resembles God.

To welcome the Other absolutely is to preserve the Other as a state of irreducible uncertainty, to suspend the desire to ascertain exactly who or what the Other is, to suppress the wish to name, and to avoid assimilating or incorporating the Other into a reassuringly familiar vocabulary. The object of this paper is a tentative comparison between Eckhartian gelâzenheit and Derridean openness. I will compare the Derridean response to the uncertainty of the infinitely Other with that of the German Dominican preacher Meister Eckhart (1260–1329) in order to examine their respective terms of “emptiness” and “openness” and to try to understand how Eckhart's idea of description or conception as doing violence upon the Other is, in part, adopted and, in part, rejected by Jacques Derrida. As some of the most interesting aspects of Derrida's understanding of otherness can be discerned in his early work on Levinas, I will first examine Derrida's initial skepticism toward the idea of a nonviolent phenomenology, in contrast to his more recent reappraisal of his relation to Levinas and the “welcome of the Other.”
Edwards and the Ethical Question
Authors: Holbrook Clyde A.
Published: June 2011

Whereas traditionally the nature of God and his actions have been counted as decisive for man's morality, it has been argued by some contemporary moral philosophers that man's moral autonomy is such that reference to deity in any decisive way is either irrelevant or at best an optional addendum to the moral life. Thus P. H. Nowell-Smith asserts that even if God commands a certain course of action, “it still makes sense … to ask whether or not I ought to do it.” But even the sense of obligation is weakened from its Kantian austerity by this author who insists that “morality is a set of habits of choice determined by the question ‘what life is most satisfactory to me as a whole?’” Outside this teleological reference he professes ignorance as to what the term “ought” means. A similar view is explicitly stated by Kai Nielsen, “The moral agent must independently decide that whatever God wills or commands is good.” Our own moral awareness and sensitivity are used “to decide that God is good and that God ought to be obeyed. We have not derived our moral convictions just from discerning what are the commands of God.” A slightly different position is taken by W. G. MacLagan. It is argued at length that the sense of the moral ought, moral law or moral values is arrived at independently of the theistic hypothesis, although he is willing to employ the notion of moral law as an index to the meaning of the term God. God is not completely shut out of moral calculations, but any independent recourse to deity infringes upon the prior and sui generis character of duty which man directly feels.
Liturgical Traditions in Mic. 7
Authors: Reicke Bo
Published: June 2011

The understanding of Mic.7 was helped considerably in the year 1924, when Hermann Gunkel published a study of 7:7–20. In opposition to the predominant “literary critical” method of separating Biblical material into different sources, Gunkel wanted to use this passage to demonstrate the “literary historical” approach which he wished to carry through in the sphere of Old Testament research. His purpose was not to distinguish between primary written sources of a Biblical book, but to observe the representative forms (Gattungen) which occur in the text, to determine the practical basis for the origin of the textual elements and the milieu in which they were transmitted (the Sitz im Leben), and to deal with the text as a whole organically and not mechanically. His approach was in fact what has later come to be known as “form criticism.” Gunkel brilliantly demonstrated that the whole passage, Mic.7:7–20, can be understood as a homogeneous composition. He thought of a poem in four parts which had been artistically composed and constructed like a liturgy to be used at one of Jerusalem's mourning festivals.
The Common Ground of Wesley and Edwards
Authors: Brantley Richard E.
Published: June 2011

Although evangelicalism is “spiritual” and empiricism is “natural,” the great principle of empiricism, that one must see for oneself and be in the presence of the thing one knows, applies as well to evangelical faith. Each of these two methodologies operates along a continuum that joins emotion to intellect; each joins externality to words through “ideas/ideals of sensation,” that is, through either perception or grace-in-perception or both. Whileempiricismrefers to immediate contact with and direct impact from objects and subjects in time and place,evangelicalismentertains the notions that religious truth is concerned with experiential presuppositions and that experience need not be nonreligious. On the basis of the experiential common denominator between empiricism and evangelicalism, through the “both/and” logic of philosophical theology, I argue that John Wesley (1703–91), founder of British Methodism, and Jonathan Edwards (1703–58), leader of the American Great Awakening, theologize empiricism. They ground transcendentalism in the world, balance religious myths and religious morality with scientific reverence for fact and detail, and ally empirical assumptions with “disciplined” spirit. Above all, they share the simultaneously rational and sensationalist reliance on experience as the avenue to both natural and spiritual knowledge.
Jubilees30: Building a Paradigm for the Ban on Intermarriage
Authors: Werman Cana
Published: June 2011

The question of whether it is permissible for Gentiles to marry Jews appears in scripture itself, which advances divergent views on the subject. Whereas both preexilic literature and the author of Chronicles permitted intermarriage, Ezra and his followers repudiated the practice. This article investigates the status of the question during the Second Temple period, when the impact of a new factor—conversion—further complicated the issue. Given the diversity present even in the Bible, it seems clear that several solutions to the problem would have been viable in the Second Temple period: (a) a total ban on intermarriage; (b) opposition to marriage with Gentiles unless they had abandoned idolatry or converted to Judaism; and (c) retention of the ancient tolerance of intermarriage, even in the absence of conversion.