bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurocognitive Dysfunction Associated with Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: Dian Sofiati , Ong Paulus Anam
Published: October 2024

Cognitive impairment is commonly reported among tuberculous meningitis (TBM) survivors. Motor control, memory, language, attention, and decision-making are a few of the complex functions of the human brain that may be affected by TBM. Focal lesions or diffuse processes due to invasion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis may underline these cognitive deficits. While measuring the function in the acute phase is difficult due to TBM hyperinflammation, it may be relevant for prompt detection and intervention in the post-acute phase preparing for the patients’ long-term function when they return to productive daily activities. The best tools to identify detailed impairment that can guide the clinician toward a personal cognitive rehabilitation program await further research, especially ones that are affordable for the low-resource population where TBM is predominant.
Cerebral Malaria and Its Neuroinflammatory, Cognitive, and Neuropsychiatric Associations
Authors: Boivin Michael J. , Stiles Jonathan K.
Published: October 2024

Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the most common childhood encephalopathies, with severe malaria accounting for a significant number of hospital admissions in endemic malarial areas, the majority of which are in sub-Saharan Africa. The overview provided in this chapter is guided by the assumption that the neuropsychological and neurodevelopmental effects of severe malaria should be considered as part of a syndrome, the severity of which can be related to clinical and immunopathogenic biomarkers during acute illness. This is because the proximal neuropathological mechanisms must be disentangled from the more distal effects of long-term neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive outcomes that implicate a variety of pathways for at-risk children. This systematic review of these brain and behavior effects is embedded within a consideration of the evidence for the use of both adjuvant therapies during the acute phase and behavioral or rehabilitative interventions after recovery for CM survivors. Computerized cognitive rehabilitation training has been used as a sensitive means of characterizing the benefit of such interventions in the remediation of long-term neurocognitive sequelae of CM and of severe malaria anemia in early childhood. The chapter concludes by providing an introductory overview of one of the more promising innovative lines of research for adjuvant therapy, that of the protective role of neuregulin-1 against CM-induced neuronal injury and behavioral sequelae. The scale-up and global accessibility of computerized cognitive rehabilitation training mobile apps might be a potential way to gauge the dynamic neurocognitive functional benefits of such new and innovative therapies in remediating neurocognitive sequelae for CM survivors and other brain infectious prevalent in tropical regions.
Neurocognitive and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Human African Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Ngarka Leonard , Njamnshi Alfred K.
Published: October 2024

Caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species) in sub-Saharan Africa. HAT has two clinical stages: an early or hemolytic stage and a late or neurologic stage, although the two stages generally overlap. HAT can result in abnormalities in the sleep–wake cycle characterized by direct transition from a waking state to rapid eye movement sleep. In addition, HAT can result in deficits in neuropsychiatric function including aggression, mood swings, emotional lability, apathy, mania, confusion, and hallucinations. Sensory deficits including paresthesia can occur, as can pyramidal and extrapyramidal motor symptoms. Although the incidence of HAT is decreasing, additional research into its prevention and treatment are needed.
Effects of Infectious Diseases on Child and Brain Development and Their Association with Poverty
Authors: Gale Shawn D. , Hedges Dawson W.
Published: October 2024

Infectious diseases affect a large number of people including children worldwide, and infections during gestation and childhood can adversely affect brain development, resulting in cognitive and neuropsychiatric deficits. Numerous factors including climate change can increase the risk of maternal and childhood infection particularly in conditions of poverty and in low- and middle-income regions. Maternal and early childhood infections from cytomegalovirus, rubella, Zika virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Lyme disease, malaria, Toxoplasma gondii, toxocariasis, and maternal genital infections can affect fetal and child brain development and result in cognitive and neuropsychiatric dysfunction. Maternal gestational and childhood infections likely contribute to the overall burden of neuropsychiatric disease and cognitive dysfunction, suggesting fetal and early childhood origins for some neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders. Treatment and prevention of maternal infectious diseases provide potentially effective methods of reducing the overall burden of neuropsychiatric disease and cognitive dysfunction.
Leuthen
Authors: Otte T. G.
Published: October 2024

Leuthen (1757) is one of the best-known battles of the Seven Years’ War, the most consequential conflict in continental Europe between the Thirty Years’ War and the wars of Revolutionary and then Napoleonic France. Leuthen confirmed the reputation of Frederick II of Prussia as one of history’s greatest military commanders. His victory rested on superior drill and firepower, intelligent use of the terrain, and his perfecting of the ‘oblique battle order’. But faulty intelligence and flawed decision-making on the Austrian side were no less important. Leuthen was of profound significance for the war and for the future course of European history. Frederick’s victory reversed the military dynamic of the current conflict. It kept Prussia in the war, preserved the existence of the Prussian state, and laid the foundations of its further rise. It also ensured Britain’s final commitment to what was becoming a global conflict. The significance of Prussia’s victory extended beyond the military sphere. The ‘Leuthen myth’, encapsulated in the evocative image of Frederick’s exhausted grenadiers intoning the church hymn ‘Now thank ye all our Lord’, shaped political and historical disputes in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Germany. It also influenced the intellectual assumptions that underpinned Prusso-German war planning before the First World War. The ‘Chorale of Leuthen’ provided the accompanying chords of German cultural developments up to the collapse of the Third Reich in the burning ruins of Berlin. But even to the present day its echo can still be heard. As with other great battles, Leuthen is constantly reassessed and rewritten as an element of national culture and identity.
War in the Holy Roman Empire
Authors: Otte T. G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the contemporary context of the Seven Years’ War, the bellicosity of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in general, and the developments in Central Europe in particular, in both their internal (German) and their wider (European) contexts. Further, it examines the rise of Brandenburg-Prussia and the emergence of the Austro-Prussian antagonism in the affairs of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. This is followed by an analysis of the different patterns of military conscription and bureaucratic centralization in the two leading German states, before concluding with a discussion of contemporary warfighting doctrines and practices.
European blame games
Authors: Heinkelmann-Wild Tim , Rittberger Berthold , Zangl Bernhard , Kriegmair Lisa
Published: October 2024

This chapter spells out the book’s main theoretical assumptions and arguments, as well as its research strategy. We conceive of the public as the stage where blame attributions are voiced and their plausibility assessed by various political and societal actors. The chapter outlines two mechanisms—the learning and the constraining mechanism—which cause blame games to gravitate towards true responsibilities. It then conceptualizes three different types of European blame games—scapegoat games, renegade games, and diffusion games—which are characterized by their distinct blame targets and their concomitant blame narratives. Subsequently, the chapter outlines the book’s empirical strategy to analyse European blame games.
Glorification Spells from a Priestly Milieu in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Gill Ann-Katrin , Smith Mark
Published: October 2024

This volume presents the first comprehensive edition of an ancient Egyptian ritual composition entitled the Glorification Recited on Each Due Occasion of the Embalming Place, a collection of glorification spells attested in five papyri from around 300 bce. These spells preserve and transmit religious ideas which resonated with the ancient Egyptians for millennia. The collection and adaptation of them into a single coherent ritual work bear witness to the remarkable creativity of the priests and scribes of the latest periods of Egyptian history. Much of this process may be attributable to members of a single family or a small circle of colleagues living in a particular place during a circumscribed period of time, highlighting the importance of individual or small-group agency, not only in preserving and transmitting religious traditions, but in transforming them as well. Glorification spells were recited in the embalming place and elsewhere. They were intended not only to revivify those to whom they were addressed, restoring their mental and physical faculties, but to secure their elevation to a new, exalted status, that of an akh, or glorified spirit, as well, which integrated the beneficiary within the hierarchy of gods and other glorified spirits in the next world. The book places the Glorification Recited on Each Due Occasion of the Embalming Place in its wider historical, religious, and sociological context. It should be of interest not only to Egyptologists but to scholars in a wide range of neighbouring disciplines as well.
Bathild of Francia
Authors: Moreira Isabel
Published: October 2024

Slave, Merovingian queen, regent, and banished widow, Queen Balthild (d. 680) was a Catholic saint to the French, and murderer and “Jezebel” to the English. She was an important figure in her time. Yet, because of the remote time period, and the specialized nature of the sources, she is little known outside the field of Merovingian studies. This book (Balthild of Francia) seeks to remedy that obscurity through a cultural biography that explores the life and times of a queen who lived at the end of the late Roman era when the Frankish elite were connected by trade, religion, and political aspirations to the Mediterranean and Byzantine world. Balthild was a slave bought for a “low price” who, as queen regent, prohibited the slave trade in her kingdom and undertook policies aimed at mitigating the suffering of those who, like herself, had experienced dislocation from home and loss of protection. The documentary and material sources for the life and times of this seventh-century queen are exceptionally well preserved. Indeed, as a result of new scientific methods and new approaches to archaeology, she is someone about whose life and environment we continue to know more.
Abolitionist Icon
Authors: Moreira Isabel
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the evolution of Balthild’s reputation from royal founder to proto-abolitionist. In the early modern era her convent, Chelles, became an important royal institution at a time when the rise of slave ownership in the colonies worked in parallel with the French myth that there were no slaves in France. Balthild’s life and actions contributed to this myth. After the destruction of the convent of Chelles in the French Revolution, Balthild’s cult and relics survived through the actions of the nuns and priests of Chelles. Under Napoleon her life was given a gothic, romantic form. Mid-century, her life became a favored subject of pious biography. In the last years of the July monarchy, King Louis-Philippe commissioned the sculptures of illustrious women for the Luxembourg Gardens in Paris. The commission of Balthild’s statue was undertaken by Victor Thérasse, who presented her as an abolitionist. Monuments recognizing France’s role in the slave are few and contentious: Balthild’s statue is a strange but historic attempt to project abolitionist sentiment into the public space.
Introduction
Authors: Wilks Jennifer M.
Published: October 2024

The introduction positions the original versions of Carmen not as master narratives but as palimpsests, multifaceted, multilayered texts whose adaptations have taken on lives of their own and themselves inspired new work. The chapter sketches the origins of Prosper Mérimée’s novella and Georges Bizet’s opera before offering a brief survey of the most well-known productions and adaptations on stage and screen. It then delves into the histories of race in Spain and France, where the experiences of the Roma and people of African descent have paralleled each other and intersected in striking ways. Nineteenth-century Paris, for example, was home to a diverse, vibrant artistic community that included both Spanish expatriates and Black French notables. The chapter concludes by considering Carmen as an infinitely adaptable figure whose story has become an interpretive tool, one that is particularly apt for examining shifting notions of race, gender, and freedom in locations around the African diaspora.
Carmen in Context
Authors: Wilks Jennifer M.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 1 centers the issue of context to explore how Carmen has been a story of adaptation and difference from its inception. Although the now canonical status of Bizet’s opera and iconic quality of its principal character suggest stability, examining the time and place in which Mérimée and Bizet created their respective works reveals otherwise. Nineteenth-century French identity was continually in flux and under construction, and the Paris of Mérimée and Bizet’s times, especially within their respective artistic circles, was dynamic and diverse. How, then, might one use the artists’ biographies to reframe their depictions of Carmen? In Mérimée’s case, his extensive study and travel were complemented by his friendship with Spanish noblewoman (and mother of the future French Empress Eugénie) Doña María Manuela Kirkpatrick, Countess of Montijo, as well as by his regular engagement of sex workers. Bizet, in turn, traveled less widely, and his perceptions of gender and society were influenced by a group of women closer to home: his mother Aimée, his wife Geneviève and mother-in-law Léonie, and public figures such as Célestine Galli-Marié, the star mezzo-soprano who originated the role of Carmen and, in the process, became Bizet’s champion at the Opéra-Comique. Consequently, while Mérimée’s and Bizet’s most famous protagonist has become an emblem of stereotyped Romani womanhood, the character also reflects the former’s negotiation of the ethno-racial, gender, and socioeconomic differences of his time and the latter’s reconsideration of and, eventually, deep appreciation for, the unconventional women in his personal and professional circles.
“Black Bohemia”
Authors: Wilks Jennifer M.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores how Harlem Renaissance authors Wallace Thurman, author of The Blacker the Berry (1929), and Claude McKay, author of Banjo (1929) and Romance in Marseille (2020), use Carmen to challenge the bourgeois, heteronormative dictates of New Negrohood. Their respective engagements with Bizet’s opera illustrate the elements that contributed to its transformation from unconventional work to canonical one: the magnetism of its title character, the adaptability of her story, and the capacity of both to evoke stereotypes as well as transcend them. One of the most striking components of the novels is that their citations of Carmen leave the figure’s emblematic rebellion largely inaccessible to their women of color protagonists; instead, it is white women and men of color who embody the liberatory spirit of transatlantic modernism as refracted through the iconic character. On the streets of Thurman’s Harlem and in the alleys of McKay’s Marseille, then, emerges what I call “Black Bohemia,” a name borrowed from the African American theatrical community in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century New York. In Thurman and McKay, Black Bohemia exists as an imagined site in which authors and characters resist the constraints of gender, nationality, race, and class yet refuse to grant full access to women of color. This complicated resistance looks back, recalling how Mérimée and Bizet challenged social conventions in their personal lives in ways that resonated with Carmen, and forward, foreshadowing how subsequent artists would mobilize the story and character as a means of creative, professional, and social reinvention.
“No more than the others”
Authors: Wilks Jennifer M.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 4 shifts the focus of the book from North America to Africa and explores how the iconic character becomes a relatable yet nonetheless revolutionary everywoman. In situating Joseph Gaï Ramaka’s 2001 feature Karmen Geï and Mark Dornford-May’s 2005 film U-Carmen “in diaspora,” the chapter follows the example of scholars who prioritize the conception of diasporic cultural flows as multidirectional phenomena that travel across the Atlantic between Africa and North America. The work of Ramaka, Dornford-May, and their casts proves that Africa is more than a cultural or metaphorical reference for Carmen. On the contrary, the continent is an important site in its adaptation history. When Karmen Geï and U-Carmen conclude, they have not only encouraged viewers to rethink notions of gender, love, and belonging; they have also reinvigorated the Carmen myth with approaches that are at once more inclusive and more incisive.
Music as Representation of Bodily Striving and Failure
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: October 2024

This chapter lays the philosophical foundation for the musical analyses to follow, asking how (Western classical) music approaches the depiction of war. Arthur Schopenhauer provides a valuable starting point—he proposes that music, more than other arts, can represent the Wille, the force of striving in all beings. Listening to a musical work, we can understand this (bodily) striving without being distracted by our own involvement in its operations. Schopenhauer also believed that this striving was always doomed to ignominious defeat and that we learn from music to detach ourselves from our lives’ goals. This chapter offers a critique of his “pessimism” while retaining his description of how music operates, and the chapter argues that Britten too rejects the idea that striving is always squalid and fruitless.
Britten, Auden, and the Spirit of War: Persecuting Bodies
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: October 2024

This chapter studies a group of early works of Britten, written in collaboration with poet W. H. Auden, that offer insights into the later War Requiem. The core idea that Britten and Auden explore is that the aggression that leads nations to war is often rooted in an unwillingness to accept our embodiment and even a disgust with our bodies. This disgust leads dominant classes to persecute groups whom they stereotype as more bodily than others: racial minorities, Jews, and homosexuals. The chapter studies this theme in the early song cycle Our Hunting Fathers (1936), and, more briefly, in other works of the 1930s, including the opera Paul Bunyan (1941).
Research, the Foundation of Psychobiography
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: October 2024

Research is the basis of psychobiography; a work cannot be better than the information on which it rests. Materials such as letters, diaries, and interviews with the subject and interviews about the subject are invaluable. Authors who limit themselves to easily accessible published materials will not do as well as authors who are enterprising in obtaining evidence about their subjects. One example is Leon Edel scouring the archives in studying novelist Henry James. Another is Joseph Ponterotto, who, writing about chess champion, Bobby Fischer, managed to interview Fischer’s sister’s husband and study the thick FBI file on Fischer’s mother. This chapter provides several examples of the research experiences of psychobiographical authors, including Doris Kearns Goodwin studying Lyndon Baines Johnson, Sigmund Freud studying Leonardo da Vinci, Deirdre Bair studying Simone de Beauvoir, and James Anderson studying William James and Woodrow Wilson.
Narrative Identity for Psychobiographers
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: October 2024

Narrative identity refers to a person’s story of herself or himself, a story that is internalized and that evolves over time. Narrative identity brings together the person’s construction of the past with the person’s imagination of the future. Narrative identity is expressed when a person tells stories in which the person is an actor. Psychobiographers benefit when they pursue an understanding of narrative identity. Leon Edel developed a similar concept, the “life myth” that a person has about himself or herself. There are three aspects to consider in looking at narrative identity: the identity that a person shows to others, the identity that is conscious to the person, and the largely unconscious constellation of forces that motivates the conscious identity. Narrative identities explored in this chapter include those of George W. Bush, Oprah Winfrey, Harriet Jacobs, Miles Davis, Elliott Smith, Hemingway, Truman Capote, and Lincoln.
Analysis and Interpretation in Psychobiography
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: October 2024

The ultimate challenge for psychobiographers, once they have gathered information about the subject and have guidelines in mind, is to analyze their subjects. There are some interpretative schemes they can draw on. The best-known one is Irving Alexander’s “identifiers of salience,” which Amy Demorest, who has done research on the identifiers, explains in this chapter. For some subjects, it can be helpful to identify a “prototypical scene,” which is an important memory that is central to a person’s sense of self and life experience. There are also general criteria, developed by William Runyan, for determining which explanations are better than others. The chapter describes an approach psychobiographers can use called “multiplex analysis” that results in creating an explanatory structure that is an interacting, reinforcing whole. Examples of psychobiographers using this approach are Leon Edel studying Henry James and Ruthellen Josselson studying Carol Gilligan.
Why Might a Psychobiography Go Wrong?
Authors: Anderson James William
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides a short summary of the book and does so in an unusual way. It imagines that a poor psychobiography was written about the book’s author. The chapter explores what might have gone wrong with that study and, in the process, describes the reasons why a psychobiography might fail. The research may have been inadequate. The imagined author may have idealized or loathed the subject of the psychobiography. That imagined author may have misused psychological theory, perhaps by foisting dogmatic theory onto the subject’s life, or may have had little understanding of the subject’s cultural surround. The imagined author may have had little skill at analyzing a person’s inner life, perhaps due to lacking in empathy and psychological mindedness. Although obstacles to writing sound psychobiography exist, there are strategies for overcoming those obstacles.
Revolution and Migration
Authors: Morales Daniel
Published: October 2024

The book begins by tracking the formation of an economy of migrant labor across northern Mexico and the American Southwest as it disrupted older forms of production. This new economy was intensified by the Mexican Revolution, which unleashed further cycles of displacement, refugees, and relocation. Mass migration took off with the pull of industrialization (and its relatively high wages) in northern Mexico and the resulting push of economic and social instability in Mexico. Violence further limited people’s choices and drove them to leave home for safety and survival. Two states in the heart of migrant-sending north-central Mexico, Guanajuato and San Luis Potosí, illustrate the preconditions of land alienation, mining industrialization, and railroad construction that fueled migratory patterns. Town-based networks provided the transportation, capital, and information migrants needed to travel north.
Tejas, Afuera de México
Authors: Morales Daniel
Published: October 2024

Texas was home to the largest number of Mexicans in the United States. In San Antonio, migrants formed webs of social, economic, and political institutions that connected them to each other, American institutions, and back to Mexico. This chapter looks at the formation of Mexican identity based on the nationalist rhetoric of the Mexican Revolution and the institutions that supported it in San Antonio—the La Prensa newspaper, the mutualistas, and the Mexican consulate—to understand how the ideology of México de Afuera worked on the ground. More than simply a conservative ideology, México de Afuera, or Mexicanidad, enjoyed widespread support because it fit most migrants’ worldview. Central to this idea was the belief that people would return to Mexico one day. The Great Depression put this assumption to the test and led nearly every Mexican organization in Texas to support and organize repatriation. México de Afuera ultimately hindered the creation of a forceful defense of Mexican migrants as members of the US polity.
Epilogue
Authors: Morales Daniel
Published: October 2024

There was never a time when Mexico’s economy was strong enough to dissuade people from leaving for El Norte. If the Mexican public and critics were not reconciled to migration, the political elite was. The Bracero Program marked the acceptance of mass migration as part of the political economy of Mexico, at least by the Institutional Revolutionary Party. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Mexican elite saw Mexico as the rightful place for all Mexicans; they viewed migration as desertion and sought the return of migrants. The Bracero Program, once underway, created its own dynamics, driving more people, both documented and undocumented, across the border. Officials increasingly saw migration as economically and politically necessary, a political safety valve, and used it to bolster their state-building project. The program formalized and provided state sanction for the political economy of migrant labor between the two countries while drawing a distinction between “legal” migration (migration organized by the Bracero Program) and “illegal” or undocumented and unsanctioned labor migration.
The Big Steal
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: October 2024

For almost two decades, U.S. courts, legislators, and antitrust regulators have consistently taken actions to reduce the strength of intellectual property rights in technology and creative markets. This policy trajectory has reflected the influence of an “accidental alliance” of two core constituencies that have common commitments to relaxed enforcement (or, in some cases, abolition) of intellectual property rights. These constituencies include, on the one hand, thought leaders in the scholarly and advocacy communities who resist robust intellectual property rights on ideological or other intellectual grounds, and on the other hand, digital intermediaries and vertically integrated firms that have an economic interest in reducing the cost of acquiring content or technology assets. This policy consensus reflects overstated or incomplete assertions concerning the impact of robustly enforced intellectual property rights and overlooks the enabling function played by intellectual property rights in facilitating investment, innovation, and competition in technology and creative environments. In both patent and copyright law, policy groupthink has resulted in a truncated property-rights regime that threatens the long-term performance of the U.S. and global innovation ecosystem by favoring technology platforms and content aggregators over “stand-alone” innovation specialists in biopharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and other critical sectors in technology and creative markets.
The Political Economy of Patent Law
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: October 2024

Since approximately the mid-2000s, the Supreme Court and Congress have taken actions that have reduced the strength of patent protections in the life sciences and information technology markets. This policy shift reflects a convergence of views among significant portions of the scholarly and advocacy communities, which have ideological or other intellectual commitments to curtailing patent enforcement, and platform-based technology firms and vertically integrated firms that have an economic interest in reducing the cost of acquiring technology inputs.
How Free Stuff Distorts Innovation and Competition
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: October 2024

The effects of weakening intellectual property protections—“free stuff”—vary since different firms and industries have different capacities to extract value from innovation through strategies that are not dependent on intellectual property rights. In the simplest case, which generally applies to the pharmaceutical industry and high-cost forms of content production, robust intellectual property rights are a precondition for eliciting investment given the low cost of high-quality imitation. In more complex cases, which encompass much of the information technology industry, innovation may sometimes proceed without robust intellectual property protection but will tend to take place within larger integrated firms that can monetize innovation within “walled gardens” or vertically integrated supply chains. Firms that specialize in R&D and seek to extract returns through licensing and “stand-alone” business models are likely to exit or never attempt entry in the first place. This distortion in the feasible range of business models for monetizing new technologies and original content is likely to have adverse effects as a matter of both innovation and competition policy.
How Weak IP Rights Shield Incumbents and Impede Entry
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: October 2024

Four case studies involving leading firms in key technology and creative markets show how weaker intellectual property rights can adversely impact competitive conditions in innovation ecosystems by distorting the range of business models for converting innovation assets into commercially viable products and services. Two case studies involving Google, Sonos, Netflix, and YouTube show how weakening intellectual property rights can shield incumbents that monetize innovation through vertically or systems-integrated structures while raising entry costs for firms that monetize innovation through stand-alone business models. Two case studies involving Microsoft, Apple, and Dolby show how strengthening intellectual property rights promotes both innovation and competition by enabling licensing-based business models that lower entry costs in both the innovation and production segments of the innovation ecosystem.
Parrhêsia
Authors: Saxonhouse Arlene W.
Published: October 2024

The chapter explores the ambivalent status of parrhêsia in fifth-century bce Athens, when it was a central practice and ideal for its democratic regime. The Athenian commitment to isêgoria ensured that every citizen had an equal opportunity to speak in the Assembly, but parrhêsia entailed the broader principle of daring to speak openly—without regard for tradition or hierarchy. However, two challenges confronted parrhêsia. First, there is no assurance that speaking freely means saying what one truly believes, rather than trying to control and manipulate others. Second, parrhêsia’s uncovering of the truth may challenge the traditions of a society, destabilizing that society and threatening the regime that has fostered it. After considering the status of parrhêsia in several public speeches presented in Thucydides’s History, the chapter turns to Plato and Aristophanes, who suggest an alternative venue for the exercise of parrhêsia, removing it from the public life of the deliberative Assembly.
Rhetoric and Republicanism in the Thought of Brunetto Latini
Authors: Nederman Cary J.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the thought of the leading Florentine republican Brunetto Latini. While the question of whether Latini can be classified as a populist remains a subject of debate, his admiration for Cicero is indisputable. Throughout the thirteenth century, many Italian cities grew in size, economic stature, and political self-confidence. In many cases, the long-held dominance of lords was displaced by populist, self-governing communes, some of which styled themselves on the model of the Roman Republic. Accordingly, political theories emerged that centered on normative and practical issues associated with those cities—among which Latini’s was one of the most influential. To clarify Latini’s republicanism, the chapter distinguishes two strands of Ciceronian thought: “rhetorical republicanism,” drawing on Cicero’s account of rhetoric; and “rationalist republicanism,” denoting Cicero’s conception of a just political order derived from the ability of reason to apprehend natural law. The chapter places Latini squarely in the rhetorical camp.
Republicanism and Populism in Early Modern Italian Political Thought
Authors: Mulieri Alessandro
Published: October 2024

This chapter contributes to ongoing debates on early modern republicanism, especially regarding its relationship to populism. Recent years have seen a “plebeian” or “radical republican” turn within this scholarship. This chapter aims to contribute to those debates, focusing on how late medieval and early modern Italian political writers, including Machiavelli, resume the Aristotelian definition of democracy as the rule of the poor. By comparing Aristotle to some late medieval and early modern thinkers, including Machiavelli, the chapter shows that the latter’s support for popular republics marked an important rupture with the Aristotelian condemnation of democracy. However, the chapter also argues that Machiavelli’s account of the relationship between democracy and poverty shares important similarities with other contemporary republicans who tackled the same theme. This leads to the hypothesis that a crucial feature of the Italian popular/populist republican tradition is its tendency to draw on the most populist ideas of Aristotelianism.
On the Battlefield of Rhetoric
Authors: Ragazzoni David
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the political theories of rhetoric developed by the humanists of the Italian Renaissance, a topic seldom explored by political theorists. It shows that a new kind of institutio was envisioned as the first step in the reform of political institutions. Eloquentia turned into an article of faith among a new generation of thinkers who emphasized the need for educated political leaders to address their fellow citizens as equals. Relatedly, the chapter draws renewed attention to the moral connotation acquired by the humanist study of eloquence, as an indispensable tool for political leadership. In this regard, the chapter unpacks two implications of this moral reading of eloquence. First, the constitutional specifics of regime types were much less important than the intellectual texture of those trained to rule. Second, the humanist rhetorical program was meritocratic and, at least in its driving ambition, profoundly egalitarian.
Vilfredo Pareto on Rhetoric and Populism
Authors: Damele Giovanni
Published: October 2024

This chapter considers the historical context and contemporary relevance of Vilfredo Pareto’s early twentieth-century work on democracy, plutocracy, and rhetoric, focusing on the rule of “speculators”, understood as a stage in the wider process of circulation of the elites. In this stage, the governing elite accelerates the demagogic dynamics always present in the political sphere. In doing so, it gradually loses the ability to defend their position, through the use force. Thus, Pareto’s analysis not only warns us against the risks inherent in the “demagogic” phases of politics, and about the “discursive” characteristics of these phases. It also draws our attention to the role of force, whether it is used to protect a political position or to conquer it. To develop Pareto’s critique as a resource for contemporary democratic politics, the chapter makes two further interventions. First, it emphasizes that the theory of elite circulation plays a crucial, rather than subsidiary, role in Pareto’s thought. Second, it stresses the pivotal function attributed by Pareto to emotions and “sentiments” in politics. Combined, these concepts enable Pareto to demonstrate how demagogic rhetoric can emerge from intra-elite competition under plutocratic regimes.
Reconstructing Pluralism and Populism
Authors: Wenman Mark
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the relationship between populism and pluralism. Through a reconstruction of the term “pluralism,” and a consideration of populist and pluralist rhetoric, it argues that pluralism can help address the challenges of populism—but that it is misleading to construe the two as “opposites.” In support of this argument, it disaggregates various meanings of the term “pluralism” and shows why one iteration in particular, which associates pluralism with an anti-political version of liberalism, is harmful to attempts at countering populism. While populism (especially right-wing populism) presents a danger to individual liberty and the rule of law, the chapter contends that instead of placing too much emphasis on liberal values, we should look for a more political response. This response is found in the account of pluralism that emerged in the mid-twentieth-century United States: an account focused on preventing unhealthy concentrations of power and facilitating citizens’ control over government.
How Hip Hop Became the Leading Music Genre in the Digital Streaming Era
Authors: Gamble Steven
Published: October 2024

This chapter takes its cue from data that indicates that hip hop is the global market leader in the music economy. It adopts a wide-ranging approach to trace how the culture took form as a recorded genre and transformed along with shifts in the music economy—digitalization then platformization—to hold such a prominent position today. It addresses how hip hop thrives in the internet era, suggesting that hip hop’s ideas about public sharing resemble a complementary logic to networked conventions in mainstream online culture. To exemplify hip hop’s online prevalence, the chapter highlights the presence of hip hop in memes. It closes by addressing recent trends in music consumption, informed by the online context, and providing the foundation for subsequent chapters’ areas of investigation.
Conclusion
Authors: Gamble Steven
Published: October 2024

This concluding chapter summarizes the strands flowing throughout the book and situates hip hop’s online mediation as a development following its globalization and digitalization. Online hip hop is, this chapter argues, the most contemporary form the culture takes, having encountered challenges, opportunities, and transformations in the process of its onlining. The chapter reflects on the scope of the overall study and suggests some pathways for future research. With new online creative technologies quickly developing, and 2023 dubbed ‘the year of AI transformation’, the book closes by gesturing to potential futures of hip hop and the internet.
Introduction
Authors: Beisel Hollenbach Katie
Published: October 2024

The Introduction begins with a description of the 1944 Looney Tunes short film Swooner Crooner, which serves as a recurring case study throughout the book to examine how American media in the 1940s represented Frank Sinatra, popular culture, girlhood, race, and female sexuality. Swooner Crooner is just one example of how popular media portrayed Sinatra as a weak, vulnerable, and ethnically ambiguous pop idol who drew shockingly hysterical behavior from female youth, fueling accusations that both Sinatra and teen girls were inappropriately distracted and disengaged from the international crisis at hand. The Introduction then situates the book at the intersection of fan studies, music history, and reception, posing questions the rest of the book explores—questions such as, from whose perspectives do we currently remember World War II? Whom do we consider to be reputable music and cultural critics? Why should we study music history through teenage fandom?
Teenage Social Organizations
Authors: Beisel Hollenbach Katie
Published: October 2024

Chapter 2 explores the social organizations American teens created around popular music. Teenagers who desired to strengthen their sense of community with peers participated in Teen Canteens, local spaces where both boys and girls could gather after school to dance, listen to music, socialize, and pursue opportunities to contribute to the war effort. Despite the success of Teen Canteens, some were forced to shut down due to conflicts surrounding racial intolerance and fears regarding interactions between boys and girls. The chapter then moves into a detailed look into the world of Frank Sinatra fan clubs, the membership of which was primarily teenage girls, prompting questions regarding why teenage girls sought their own spaces outside of organizations like Teen Canteens, what they got out of them, and what teenage girls were able to do within the safety of these communities that they couldn’t do in public.
Finding “the Voice”
Authors: Beisel Hollenbach Katie
Published: October 2024

Chapter 3 explores how Sinatra fans used their fan communities to bring their voices into the public sphere on issues such as civil rights and politics. Taking a cue from Sinatra’s public work against racial and religious discrimination and his experiences as an Italian American, his teen fans worked to spread similar messages of tolerance and discussed these ideas within their clubs. Additionally, teenage Sinatra fans cultivated international relationships with foreign Sinatra fans through an organization called the Adopt a Foreign Fan Association (AAFFA). Operating in the middle of international conflict and nationalist mindsets, the attitudes Sinatra’s teenage fans displayed toward embracing internationalism reached far beyond the stereotypes society placed upon them.
Fellow Travelers
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

Humans tend to think of themselves as individuals but are actually a collection of organisms. In fact, they are outnumbered by perhaps 10 to 1 when comparing the number of organisms living on them to the number of their cells. Some are occasional visitors (mosquitoes, cold viruses) that may cause annoyance for a while, but others remain with (parasites) even for a lifetime. Still others have left their mark on human genes (retroviruses), and humans have taken advantage of some of those borrowed genes (Arc protein). Those relationships are mostly beneficial or at least neutral. For example, the microbiome in the human gut is critical to health.
Inside and Outside
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

The concept of inside and outside is fundamental to biology. Many biological processes must be enclosed to maintain reactant concentrations. Interestingly, cellular membranes are based on the same characteristics of the oil and water as in salad dressings. The polar structure of water and the nonpolar properties of oils allow lipid bilayer membranes to form and compartmentalize biochemical reactions. The three-dimensional structure of proteins also has insides and outsides that allow them to function. One of those functions is to cross membranes to allow other molecules to move into and out of different compartments. Insides and outsides are also critical for many other physiological functions, such as digestion, the blood-brain barrier, pregnancy, blood flow, and more.
Inside and Outside of Us
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

The outside of humans is both obvious and not so obvious. The obvious outside is the skin. The less obvious outside is the lining of the intestines. Both are interfaces with the external world, and both are exposed to the environment so that the cells must be continually replaced by new cells. The skin is subjected to numerous environmental insults, such as ultraviolet light, abrasions, parasites, and toxins. The digestive system is likewise attacked by foods, parasites, and toxins. The true inside is contained between the skin and the mucus membranes and contains the organs, bones, muscles, glands, and other tissues.
Food and Eating
Authors: Howard Gary C.
Published: October 2024

Eating is a fundamental biological process for every animal. Sometimes they eat, and sometimes they are eaten. Eating has been a key part of human evolution from hunter-gatherers to cooking to modern diets. For omnivores, humans are fairly picky eaters, focusing mostly on vertebrates and a few plant divisions. Eating involves anatomy, physiology, and the process of eating. For millennia, human ancestors struggled to get enough food, and their genetic processes developed to deal with that. The introduction of cooking made it possible to get more nutrition from our food. Now in most of the developed world, humans are suffering diseases of affluence (e.g., obesity, heart disease, diabetes).
Asian American, Racial Solidarity, and Black Lives Matter
Authors: Cosby Robert , Liu Meirong , Chan Keith T.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores powerful and impactful alliances between Asian and black communities that led to major leaps forward in the pursuit of racial justice and civil rights. The authors focus on shared histories and experiences and provide concrete steps that Asian Americans can take to promote enduring solidarity with African Americans and other marginalized groups to battle racism; the chapter specifically examines the Black Lives Matter movement. This chapter provides a framework to understand the collective empowerment efforts that have built from a united stand for social justice and equity. Social workers can promote racial solidarity by including the history of interracial solidarity in curriculum, promoting conversation across race, recognizing their own racial biases, and engaging in anti-racism community and policy initiatives. White supremacy is the root of racism, and efforts to eliminate racism broadly will work toward freeing oppressed populations from the negative effects of White supremacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Chan Keith T. , Liu Meirong
Published: October 2024

This edited volume represents a collaborative effort by social work scholars brought together by the urgent need to confront the surge in anti-Asian racism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite diverse backgrounds and perspectives, the contributors united in their belief that social work plays a crucial role in dismantling racism and fostering unity. While acknowledging the complexity of addressing all facets of anti-Asian racism, the volume serves to fill a crucial gap in the social work discipline. The authors’ and editors’ goal is to contribute to the ongoing efforts to understand and eradicate anti-Asian racism by advocating for social justice through education, research, practice, and policy.