bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of a Protein Kinase C Activity in Synaptic Plasma Membrane and Postsynaptic Density Fractions Isolated from Canine Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Suzuki Tatsuo , Siekevitz Philip
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Protein kinase C (PKC) activity (phosphorylation increased by addition of Ca2+/phosphatidylserine or Ca2+/ phosphatidylserine/phorbol ester) was found in both a synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) and a postsynaptic density (PSD) fraction. The SPM fraction had as endogenous substrates 87K‐, 60K‐, 50K‐, and 20K‐Mr proteins, whereas the PSD fraction had only the 20K‐Mr protein. The PKC activity was also detected using histone III‐S as a substrate, in SPM but much less in PSD. Phosphorylations of histone and the endogenous substrates of PKC, assayed in the absence of Ca2+, were enhanced in the SPM prepared after treatment of brain homogenate with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (TPA), but very little enhancement was found in PSD after such treatment. The SPM PKC activity (both for endogenous substrate proteins and for histone), which was enhanced by TPA treatment of brain homogenate, was inhibited by calcium (IC50, 3 × 10−7M). The phosphorylations of the 20K‐Mr protein in PSD, and in SPM prepared with and without TPA treatment, were all inhibited by H‐7. The 20K‐Mr protein in the PSD fraction is also phosphorylated by a PSD Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II. The evidence indicates that both SPM and PSD fractions contain a PKC activity. Detergent treatment of SPM, to produce a purified PSD fraction, results in a PSD fraction that has lost most of the endogenous substrates, lost the TPA‐induced enhanced activity assayed in the absence of Ca2+, and lost the inhibitory effect of low Ca2+ concentration
Does the Olfactory System Mediate Water‐ and Mineral‐Regulating Mechanisms? Evidence of Immunoreactive Atrial Natriuretic Factor Within Olfactory Mucosa
Authors: Gutkowska Jolanta , Marcinkiewicz Mieczyslaw
Published: October 2006

Abstract: The immunoreactivity of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) was studied in the rat olfactory mucosa (OM). Endogenous immunoreactive ANF (IR‐ANF) was purified from OM using Vycor glass beads for extraction and reverse‐phase HPLC: two of three IR‐ANF peaks, identified by retention time, were identical to both the circulating form of ANF (Ser99‐Tyr126) and the ANF pro‐hormone (Asn1‐Tyr126). A radioreceptor assay, employing rat renal glomerular membranes, revealed that endogenous IR‐ANF competed with radiolabeled ANF. IR‐ANF was localized by immunocyto‐chemistry in secretory cells of Bowman's gland and in some cells of the epithelial layer. The relatively low concentration of IR‐ANF in the OM (2.5 ng/mg protein) suggests a local role of ANF in this tissue. This hypothesis is supported by the presence in OM of ANF‐binding sites, characterized by a KD of 95 pM and a Bmax of 130 fmol/mg protein. We propose that ANF could be released from the OM and act throughout in a paracrine (if not autocrine) manner on some yet‐unidentified targets containing ANF‐binding sites.
Glutamate Uptake into Synaptic Vesicles: Competitive Inhibition by Bromocriptine
Authors: Carlson Martha D. , Kish Phillip E. , Ueda Tetsufumi
Published: October 2006

Abstract: The ATP‐dependent uptake of l‐glutamate into synaptic vesicles has been well characterized, implicating a key role for synaptic vesicles in glutamatergic neurotransmission. In the present study, we provide evidence that vesicular glutamate uptake is selectively inhibited by the pep‐tide‐containing halogenated ergot bromocriptine. It is the most potent inhibitor of the agents tested; the IC5o was de‐termined to be 22 μM. The uptake was also inhibited by other ergopeptines such as ergotamine and ergocristine, but with less potency. Ergots devoid of the peptide moiety, however, such as ergonovine, lergotrile, and methysergide, had little or no effect. Although bromocriptine is known to elicit dopaminergic and serotonergic effects, its inhibitory effect on vesicular glutamate uptake was not mimicked by agents known to interact with dopamine and serotonin receptors. Kinetic data suggest that bromocriptine competes with glutamate for the glutamate binding site on the glutamate trans‐locator. It is proposed that this inhibitor could be useful as a prototype probe in identifying and characterizing the vesicular glutamate translocator, as well as in developing a more specific inhibitor of the transport system.
Molecular Characterization of GP50: A Neuron‐Specific, Synaptic‐Enriched Glycoprotein
Authors: Paladino Toni , Beesley Philip W. , Gurd James W.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: The molecular properties of the neuron‐specific, synaptic‐enriched glycoprotein GP50 have been investigated with the aid of the monoclonal antibody MabSM‐GP50. GP50 immunoreactivity was detected in the brains of the frog, trout, pigeon, snake, rabbit, mouse, cow, and human, although variation in quantity and electrophoretic mobility of the irnmunoreactive protein between species was apparent. Deglycosylation of synaptic membranes (SMs) with endo‐glycosidase H, peptide.N‐glycosidase F, trifluoromethane‐sulfonicacid, and alkaline sodium borohydride indicated that GP50 is associated primarily, if not exclusively, with high‐man nose and/or hybrid‐type oligosaccharides and lacks complex N‐linked and O‐linked sugar chains. GP50 remained associated with the membrane fraction following extraction of SMs with alkaline sodium carbonate, was partially (55%) present in the detergent phase following the phase partitioning of SMs in the presence of Triton X‐114, and was resistant to proteolytic digestion with trypsin when present as a component of intact membranes. Taken together, these results indicate that GP50 is an integral component of the SM. Sucrose gradient centrifugation of Triton X‐100 extracts of SMs or of forebrain and cerebellar homogenates resolved GP50 into two fractions with sedimentation coefficients of 3.6S and 7.3S, which accounted for 45 and 55% of the total, respectively. The 7.3S form occurred exclusively in the aqueous phase following partitioning with Triton X‐114, whereas the 3.6S species was found in both the aqueous and detergent phases. Following gel exclusion chromatography of Triton X‐100 extracts of SM, GP50 eluted in two fractions with estimated Stokes radii of 5.8 and 6.4 nm. GP50 present in the cerebella of young rats (postnatal day 12) existed predominantly (>75%) as the 3.6S, Triton X‐114‐soluble species. The results indicate that GP50 may exist in two molecular forms within the membrane and that the relative proportion of these two species is under developmental regulation.
Serotonin Levels in the Rabbit Retina Are Elevated Following Intraocular Injection of Forskolin
Authors: Osborne N. N. , Barnett N. L.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Analysis of the mammalian retina for serotonin irnmu‐noreactivity suggests an absence of the amine. However, following an intraocular injection of forskolin (1 μM) into a rabbit eye 1 h before analysis of the retina, serotonin immunoreactivity is associated with a subpopulation of amacrine cells. These cells correspond in size and position to the “indoleamine‐accumulating cells” of the retina. Biochemical experiments show that forskolin treatment produces an increase in levels of endogenous serotonin and 5‐hydroxytrypto‐phan but has no effect on the uptake of serotonin or tryptophan or the metabolism of 5‐hydroxytryptophan. These results suggest that the “indoleamine‐accumulating cells” in the retina are “serotonergic cells” and that the level of amine is elevated sufficiently for localisation following forskolin treatment. It would appear that forskolin either directly or indirectly activates tryptophan hydroxylase.
Developmental Expression of the P0 Glycoprotein and Basic Protein mRNAs in Normal and Trembler Mutant Mice
Authors: Garbay Bertrand , Domec Christine , Fournier Michel , Bonnet Jacques
Published: October 2006

Mice affected by the autosomal dominant Trembler mutation exhibit a severe hypomyelinization of the PNS. Previous biochemical studies have shown that the accumulation of the major PNS myelin proteins, P0 and myelin basic protein (MBP), is strongly diminished in Trembler sciatic nerves during postnatal development. We performed Northern blots which showed that the size of mRNA species for P0 and MBP in normal and mutant mice are indistinguishable. Densitometric analysis of Northern blots showed that, in normal mice, the proportion of P0 mRNA increases up to the 12th day, then decreases slowly. At day 40, the proportion is 60% of the maximal value. In the mutant, the proportion of P0 mRNA increases up to the 12th day and then decreases much faster than in the control. At days 12 and 40, the P0 mRNA proportion measured in Trembler sciatic nerves rep resents only 40% and 7%, respectively, of the proportion measured in control littermates. The MBP mRNA proportion in the normal mice increases up to the 16th day, and then decreases to attain 45% of the maximum level at day 40. In the Trembler mouse, there is a maximum level at day 12, representing 25% of the normal level, but the MBP mRNA is barely detectable at days 8 or 40. Thus, these data seem to indicate that in the Trembler sciatic nerves, the proportions of P0 and MBP mRNAs are too small to allow the synthesis of normal levels of the corresponding proteins.
Investigations on the Incorporation of a Tritiated Ganglioside, GM1, in the Injured and Intact Sciatic Nerves of the Rat
Authors: Lang W. , Stotzem C. D.
Published: October 2006

Following injury of their left sciatic nerves by means of a standardized procedure, male rats received intravenous injections of a tritiated ganglioside, GM1, on different days during the process of regeneration. The rats were killed at two different times after the injection and the concentrations of the total radioactivity, nonvolatile radioactivity, and labelled GM1 were estimated in six segments of the crushed and intact sciatic nerves. The segments of the damaged nerves showed higher concentrations of radioactivity and a higher content of GM1 than the corresponding segments of the contralateral nerves. Within the immediate area of the lesion the highest levels were found on the 3rd and 6th days after the injury; the segments distal from the lesion showed the highest levels of activity on days 9 and 12. The nerve segments proximal to the site of the injury showed a low rate of radioactivity incorporation. The higher concentrations of [3H]GM1 in damaged nerves as well as the rate of incorporation as a function of time indicate that exogenous gangliosides may be involved in the processes of regeneration and have a bearing on the latter.
γ‐Aminobutyric AcidB Receptor Activation Modifies Agonist Binding to β‐Adrenergic Receptors in Rat Brain Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Scherer Roberta W. , Ferkany John W. , Karbon E. William , Enna S. J.
Published: October 2006

The interaction of isoproterenol with β‐adrenergic receptor (βAR) binding sites was measured in membranes prepared from rat brain cerebral cortical slices previously incubated in the presence or absence of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists. Both GABA and baclofen, but not isoguvacine, altered βAR agonist binding by increasing the affinity of both the low‐ and high‐affinity binding sites and by increasing the proportion of low‐affinity receptors. The response to baclofen was stereoselective, and the effect of GABA was not inhibited by bicuculline. The results suggest that GABAB, but not GABAA, receptor activation modifies the coupling between βAR and stimulatory guanine nucleotide‐binding protein, which may in part explain the ability of baclofen to augment isoproterenol‐stim‐ulated cyclic AMP accumulation in brain slices.
Postnatal Development of a Granule Cell‐Enriched, Neurone‐Specific Glycoprotein, gp50, in Normal and Thyroid‐Deficient Rats
Authors: Beesley Philip W. , Paladino Toni , Hill Irene , Gravel Claude , Hawkes Richard B. , Gurd James W.
Published: October 2006

Glycoprotein gp50 is a neurone‐specific, granule cell‐enriched glycoprotein that is also a major component of isolated synaptic membranes. Here, we describe the use of a monoclonal antibody, mab SM gp50, to study the postnatal development of gp50 in the brain of normal and thyroiddeficient rats. Radioimmunoassay, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting show that gp50 is not detectable in brain until postnatal day 4 (P4) in both forebrain and cerebellum. In forebrain, the rate of increase of gp50 levels is maximal between P12 and P20. It is somewhat later in cerebellum, where peak levels are attained between P30 and P35. Immunocytochemical studies show little detectable gp50‐like immunoreactivity before P16, and the staining is still weak, relative to adult tissue, at P25. The intense staining of the granule cell layer characteristic of adult cerebellum predominantly appears after P25. Development of gp50 is severely retarded in the cerebellum of thyroid‐deficient rats, particularly during the second and third postnatal weeks. However, by the fourth postnatal week, gp50 levels in normal and hypothyroid animals are comparable. The results indicate that significant alterations in the pattern of gp50 expression continue to occur at a late stage of cerebellar development. In particular, the increase in immunocytochemical staining of the granule cells after P25 is striking in that by this time most major events associated with cerebellar development are essentially complete.
Differentiation of Erythroleukemic Cells in the Presence of Inhibitors of DNA Synthesis
Authors: Leder Aya , Orkin Stuart , Leder Philip
Published: October 2006

Erythroid differentiation can be readily induced by butyric acid in cultured erythroleukemic cells in the presence of inhibitors of DNA synthesis and in the absence of cell division. This result appears to rule out more complex models for globin gene expression which require gene replication or cell division (or both).
Social Modification of Alcohol Consumption in Inbred Mice
Authors: Randall Carrie L. , Lester David
Published: October 2006

The strain-specific "preference" for, or "aversion" to, an alcohol solution in a choice situation on the part of C57BL and DBA mice is believed to be under genetic control. But social rearing conditions are now shown to alter the voluntary consumption of alcohol, so that DBA weanling mice housed for 7 weeks with adult C57BL mice increase—and C57BL weanling mice housed with DBA adults decrease—their alcohol intake. Although substantial and highly significant changes in alcohol self-selection occur, strain-specific phenotypes are not reversed.
Vitamin B
6
-Responsive and -Unresponsive Cystathioninuria: Two Variant Molecular Forms
Authors: Pascal T. A. , Gaull G. E. , Beratis N. G. , Gillam B. M. , Tallan H. H. , Hirschhorn K.
Published: October 2006

Cystathionase activity in a lymphoid cell line extract from a vitamin B
6
-responsive patient with cystathioninuria was increased strikingly by pyridoxal phosphate. Immunodiffusion with antiserum to human hepatic cystathionase showed identity between this cystathionase protein and cystathionase from an extract of normal lymphoid cells. Neither an increase in cystathionase activity nor immunochemical identity was found using extract of cells from a B
6
-unresponsive patient.
Effect of Some Steroid Compounds on Ovine Rumen Function
Authors: Brooks C. C. , Garner G. B. , Muhrer M. E. , Pfander W. H.
Published: October 2006

(i) Stilbestrol (10 or 20 ppm) increased cellulose digestion by ovine rumen microorganisms
in vitro
and
in vivo
but could not be tolerated by wethers at these high levels. (ii) Cholesterol and estrone increased cellulose digestion by rumen microorganisms
in vitro
.
Experiments in Microevolution
Authors: Gerard R. W.
Published: October 2006

In summarizing this symposium, I expressed to our hosts, the Office of Naval Research and the University of Pennsylvania, our deep appreciation for their hospitality and for what all agreed was the great success and stimulation of this meeting. It was rather good to see Government, and particularly military science, tied up with civilian science. It was also good to see the applied so deeply woven with the theoretical. We were concerned, of course, on the one hand, with the enormously important specific problems of the antibiotics, herbicides, and insecticides, with drug resistance and addiction, with the development of resistance to epidemics due to bacteria and other organisms. Yet, on the other hand, these very practical matters do reduce, I think, to the general theory of the interaction of systems with their environment over the course of time; and this is a problem of microevolution. So we were dealing, for those 2½ days, with modern experiments in the general field of evolution.
Food for the Future
Authors: Harrar J. G.
Published: October 2006

There is ample justification for concern about adequate food supplies for future generations of mankind, but this concern should be broadened to include the immediate problem of an adequate standard of living for the world's present population. The successful solution of the immediate problems would furnish the best background of experience for meeting those that will arise in the future. First steps include the acceptance by society of responsibilities for the extension of the benefits of education throughout the world and provision for the type of scientific, economic, social, political, and religious leadership necessary to assure food for all on a continuing basis.

Striking improvements in the food supply can be readily made through the application of present knowledge, if the foregoing conditions are met. The rapid pace of modern science, both pure and applied, gives promise that future benefits may be much greater than those thus far experienced. Current advances do not signal the end of a technical road but rather that the great scientific developments still lie ahead. If we have the intelligence and wisdom to recognize human responsibilities and to make constructive use of our natural and human resources, we can look forward to a better world in the future and improved standards of living for all.
Diphenylhydantoin: Action of a Common Anticonvulsant on Bursting Pacemaker Cells in
Aplysia
Authors: Johnston Daniel , Avala Giovanni F.
Published: October 2006

A commonly used anticonvulsant, diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin), decreases the bursting pacemaker activity in certain cells of
Aplysia
. Dilantin decreases this bursting activity whether it is endogenous to the cell or induced by a convulsant agent. The sodium-dependent negative resistance characteristic which is essential for bursting behavior is reduced in the presence of Dilantin.
Independence of "On" and "Off" Responses of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Levine Michael W. , Shefner Jeremy M.
Published: October 2006

Recordings of action potentials from retinal ganglion cells that are stimulated repetitively demonstrate two properties: (i) variability introduced during the stimulus is not evident in the response that occurs at stimulus offset and (ii) variability in the ON response shows a different temporal structure than variability in the dark. Our findings demonstrate that these responses are generated independently.
On the Mitotic Movements of Chromosomes
Authors: Carlson J. Gordon
Published: October 2006

My conclusions, which, I confess, are tentative and based mainly on studies of one kind of cell, the grasshopper neuroblast, may be summarized as follows.

The late prophase orientation of the chromosomes is a carry-over from the late telophase orientation. It is apparently maintained by means of the centromeres, which appear to be attached within a limited region of the nucleus throughout telophase, interphase, and prophase.

Metaphase orientation of the chromosomes may be explained as the resultant of two forces: a force involving the centromere and spindle, which is responsible for keeping the centromeres in the equatorial plane of the spindle, and a repulsion force involving the noncentromeric portion of the chromosomes, which results in a tendency toward uniform spacing of the chromosomes outside the spindle.

Anaphase separation of sister chromatids and their subsequent movement toward the poles of the spindle involves at least four distinct phases: (i) the initial poleward movement of the centromeres, which may be due to intrinsic repulsion or to a force acting between spindle and centromeres that produces an angle of almost 90 degrees between the separated and unseparated portions of the chromatids; (ii) the autonomous separation of the noncentromeric part of the chromosome; (iii) elongation of the spindle, beginning just after the sister chromatids are separated proximally and ending when the longer chromatids are about to lose contact distally; and (iv) the later movement apart of the daughter chromosomes, probably resulting from a pushing force exerted by elongation of the interzonal fibers.
Cytoplasmic Microtubule Organizing Centers Isolated from
Polytomella agilis
Authors: Stearns Mark E. , Connolly Joe A. , Brown David L.
Published: October 2006

Basal body rootlets in
Polytomella
function as organizing centers for cytoplasmic microtubules in vivo. A method is described to isolate intact basal body-rootlet complexes. The integrity of the isolated complexes is confirmed by electron microscopy, and the rootlets are shown to be competent as initiation sites for the in vitro polymerization of brain microtubule protein.
Habituation of Reflexes in
Aplysia
: Contribution of the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems
Authors: Peretz Bertram , Jacklet Jon W. , Lukowi Kenneth
Published: October 2006

We studied the contribution of the
Aplysia
peripheral nervous system, in the siphon and gill, to habituation of the gill withdrawal reflex. After removal of one central ganglion, the parietovisceral, repeated stimulation of the siphon caused habituation of the reflex as it had with the ganglion intact, showing that there is a peripheral pathway between the siphon and gill with competence to mediate habituation. Repeated electrical stimulation of two efferent nerves to the gill, after removal of the parietovisceral ganglion, resulted in habituation of withdrawal movements, which shows that the terminals of the ganglion neurons in the gill are a site of habituation. Also, stimulation of one nerve dishabituates the withdrawal movements elicited by the other. These results identify two sites of habituation in the gill in addition to sites in the parietovisceral ganglion.
Lens Culinaris Lectin Immobilized on Sepharose: Binding and Sugar-Specific Release of Intact Tissue Culture Cells
Authors: Kinzel Volker , Kübler Dieter , Richards James , Stohr Michael
Published: October 2006

Lens culinaris lectin (LCL) covalently linked to 2B Sepharose binds tissue culture cells to the matrix. This is prevented by hapten sugars specific for LCL. Unlike other immobilized lectins, lens culinaris lectin allows the removal of bound cells from the matrix on addition of the specific sugars in a concentration-dependent manner. Binding and release occur under physiological conditions. Released cells continue to grow.
Sodium Arachidonate Can Induce Platelet Shape Change and Aggregation Which Are Independent of the Release Reaction
Authors: Kinlough-Rathbone R. L. , Reimers H. J. , Mustard J. F. , Packham M. A.
Published: October 2006

Sodium arachidonate causes shape change and aggregation of rabbit or human platelets that have been washed and then degranulated by treatment with thrombin. Since these platelets do not contain releasable adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and the aggregation is not inhibited by the creatine phosphate-creatine phosphokinase system, sodium arachidonate must be able to cause aggregation that is independent of the release of ADP. Since aggregation of these platelets induced by sodium arachidonate is inhibited by acetylsalicylic acid or indomethacin, it seems likely that products (such as prostaglandin G
2
) formed from sodium arachidonate are responsible for aggregation. Thus, sodium arachidonate-induced shape change and aggregation of platelets may be caused (i) by the release of ADP by products of sodium arachidonate metabolism and (ii) directly by the products of sodium arachidonate metabolism, independently of released ADP.
Basic Research in Europe
Authors: Gates David M.
Published: October 2006

Europe, traditionally the breeding ground for basic scientific research until the 1930's, is only now approaching full recovery from the devastating effects of the war. Great Britain has a more stimulating climate for research, a more progressive graduate-school program, and a more flexible professorship structure than any other country of Europe. Germany still has several years to go before the effects of the war will be obliterated. In most northern European countries, the organization and support of academic research ranges from good to excellent, and a stimulating intellectual atmosphere exists. Germany is rapidly contending for the lead in basic research along with England and Sweden, which are now in the forefront. The Netherlands is typified by superb organization, and most of the Scandinavian countries are high in quality if not always in quantity of research. France is characterized by brilliant individual contributions but over-all falls far short of her potential for scientific research. Switzerland, a highly industrialized country, is geared primarily for engineering and does not compete as highly on basic research as might otherwise be expected. Italian research is good in certain areas but is plagued by a number of difficulties that retard progress. Nevertheless, there are encouraging efforts being made in Italy to develop some good scientific programs. In the south of Europe the situation is generally discouraging and will continue to be so, except where a few dedicated, brilliant individuals are making good contributions with the meager resources available.

Europe will continue to be a tremendous scientific manpower reserve for the United States, and, despite accusations of proselyting, the fact remains that in many European countries the employment possibilities are not commensurate with the production rate of scientists and engineers. If the universities of Europe would realign the professional structure of their departmental staffs and extend their graduate curricula they would give far more opportunity to young research scientists and make better use of their facilities. America can indeed be grateful to Europe for a great cultural and academic heritage, and one can sincerely hope that close cooperation in science will take place for many years to come.
Activation Energy of Ventricular Contraction in Anionically Modified Solutions
Authors: Feigen George A. , Devor Daniel , Taketa S. Tom
Published: October 2006

The activation energy of ventricular contraction and relaxation in chloride and nitrate-Ringer's solution was studied on the driven rat ventricle strip by measurement of the specific contraction and relaxation velocities over a 17°C range of temperature. Nitrate ion produced a small but significant reduction in the activation energy of contraction.
Use of Borosilicate Glass in Ozonizer Tubes
Authors: Grossman Richard F. , Bluestein Allen C.
Published: October 2006

The surfaces of borosilicate glass deteriorate in the presence of ozone. The formation and accretion of silica particles in the glass ozone generating tube of a laboratory ozonizer, of the silent discharge type, are responsible for electric breakdown at high secondary voltages on the transformer.
Condylostoma—an Enemy of Bivalve Larvae
Authors: Loosanoff V. L.
Published: October 2006

In laboratory cultures, where larvae of such bivalves as oysters and clams were kept together with large ciliates of the family Condylostomidae, the latter were seen ingesting the larvae. A single
Condylostoma
could contain as many as six larvae. Related species may destroy many bivalve larvae in nature.
Antigenicity of Steroid-Protein Conjugates
Authors: Beiser Sam M. , Erlanger Bernard F. , Agate Frederic J. , Lieberman Seymour
Published: October 2006

Testosterone, cortisone, deoxycorticosterone, estrone, and progesterone act as haptens when they are conjugated with bovine serum albumin. Antibodies with steroid specificity are formed in rabbits immunized with each of the five steroid hormone-protein conjugates.
Efficient Method for Selection of Auxotrophic Mutants of
Neurospora
Authors: Lester Hugh E. , Gross S. R.
Published: October 2006

A technique for the selection of induced and spontaneous auxotrophic mutants of
Neurospora
in relatively high frequency is described. The method takes advantage of the reduced rate of death of germinating conidia of an inositol-requiring strain when a secondary mutation is imposed.
Tenderness, Climate, and Citrus Fruit
Authors: Monselise S. P. , Turrell F. M.
Published: October 2006

Tenderness of coastal-grown citrus fruit to fumigation, spray, and storage practices, and to frost, as compared with fruit grown in the drier interior districts of southern California, is correlated with lower puncture-pressures and higher moisture content of peel. The hardening effect of moisture stress is also exhibited by fruit from tree tops.
Half-Life of Sulfur-35
Authors: Cooper Raymond D. , Cotton Eugene S.
Published: October 2006

A new determination has been made of the half-life of the beta emitter sulfur-35. Approximately 400 measurements were taken over a period of a year and a half. These data were corrected for the dead time of the counter and then treated statistically. The half-life was found to be 86.35 ± 0.17 days.
Voltage Clamp of Motoneuron Soma
Authors: Frank K. , Fuortes M. G. F. , Nelson P. G.
Published: October 2006

Concentric microelectrodes were used to voltage-clamp spinal motoneurons. With depolarizing voltage steps, current transients often appear, with some latency and in all-or-none fashion. Voltage-current relations indicate a two- to threefold reduction in resistance between inside and outside when the cell fires. These results suggest that activity does not involve the whole soma-dendritic membrane.
Phenotypic Effects of Heterozygous, X-ray-Induced Mutations in
Drosophila
Authors: Herskowitz Irwin H. , Baumiller Robert C.
Published: October 2006

Heterozygous mutations produced by 3000 r delay pupation in about 9 percent of larvae of
Drosophila melanogaster
under nutritional stress and kill approximately 6 percent. The effects are less, though appreciable, when there is excess nutrient; no effects are detectable after oögonia are irradiated. Irradiated sperm and oöcytes cause detriment, partly via different types of mutations, in approximately equal amounts.
Fate of Frog Embryos Implanted into Forelimbs of Adults
Authors: Malinin Theodore I.
Published: October 2006

No teratoma formation and very little growth and differentiation followed implantation of late gastrula-stage frog embryos into forelimbs of adults. This is attributed to poor blood supply and rigid walls of muscle and bone surrounding the implants. The fate of embryos in nonamputated limbs is compared with that of regeneration-promoting implants in amputated limbs.
Effect of Anxiety on the Akerfeldt Test
Authors: Persky Harold , Grosz Hanus J.
Published: October 2006

Acute anxiety episodes do not significantly alter the lag time of the Akerfeldt test, serum ceruloplasmin level, or serum ascorbic acid level in man.
Radiation-Induced Crystallization of Sucrose
Authors: Susich G. , King A. O. , Dogliotti L. M.
Published: October 2006

In the presence of gelatine, sucrose crystallizes after a relatively short time (minutes, hours) when exposed to the radiation of an x-ray tube with copper target, or of a medical microwave unit. The formation of sucrose spherulites, visible with the naked eye, was observed.
Procedure for Studying Olfactory Discrimination in Pigeons
Authors: Michelsen Wolfgang J.
Published: October 2006

A discrimination, based on olfactory stimuli, was established in two pigeons by an operant conditioning procedure. Results from control sessions demonstrate that the discrimination can be attributed only to the presence or absence of olfactory stimuli.
Ocean Water as a Source of Ice Nuclei
Authors: Brier Glenn W. , Kline Dwight B.
Published: October 2006

Preliminary tests indicate that ocean water may release an abundance of ice nuclei to the atmosphere. These results may explain the observation that marked anomalies often accompany an influx of marine air in the Washington, D. C., area and the fact that abnormal counts are often associated with widespread precipitation.
Uridine Isomer (5-Ribosyluracil) in Human Urine
Authors: Adler Max , Gutman Alexander B.
Published: October 2006

A substance isolated from human urine by anion exchange absorption and paper chromatography was found to correspond in its ultraviolet absorption spectrum and chromatographic mobilities with a uridine isomer (5-ribosyluracil) recently described as a component of yeast ribonucleic acid.
Acid Mucopolysaccharide of the Crustacean Cuticle
Authors: Meenakshi V. R. , Scheer Bradley T.
Published: October 2006

The acid mucopolysaccharide found in the crab
Hemigrapsus nudus
and containing glucose, galactose, and fucose residues is found both in the cuticle and in the digestive gland of the crab. The concentration of mucopolysaccharide is somewhat higher in the cuticle, where it is the only soluble polysaccharide, than in the digestive gland, where it makes up 10 to 25 percent of the total polysaccharide content.
Bregmatic Bones in North American Lynx
Authors: Manville Richard H.
Published: October 2006

Anomalous bregmatic fontanelle bones were present in 279 of 1790 skulls of
Lynx rufus
examined, but with no apparent correlation with age, sex, or place of origin of the specimens. Examination of 472 skulls of
Lynx canadensis
disclosed only one possessing bregmatic bones.
Structural Similarities between Hemoglobins A and F
Authors: Katz Arnold M. , Chernoff Amoz I.
Published: October 2006

A striking similarity has been found between the composition of peptides obtained from tryptic digestion of normal adult hemoglobin (hemoglobin A) and fetal hemoglobin (hemoglobin F).
Stimulation of
Striga asiatica
(Witchweed) Seed Germination by 6-Substituted Purines
Authors: Worsham A. D. , Moreland D. E. , Klingman G. C.
Published: October 2006

Kinetin [6-(2-furfuryl) aminopurine] and certain other 6-substituted aminopurines stimulated germination of seed of
Striga asiatica
(L.) Kuntze. Optimum concentration for most active compounds was in the range of 5 to 25 mg/lit. Derivatives which showed high activity possessed an adenine nucleus with a phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, or furfuryl radical substituted on the amino group.
Orientation of Migratory Restlessness in the White-Crowned Sparrow
Authors: Mewaldt L. Richard , Rose Richard G.
Published: October 2006

Individuals of two migratory races of white-crowned sparrows (
Zonotrichia leucophrys
) caged under an open sky showed a pronounced orientation in their night restlessness during normal periods of migration for the species. In August and September 1958 most birds showed a southerly orientation at night; daytime activity was random to somewhat northerly. In April and May 1959 most birds showed a strong northerly orientation at night; daytime activity was random to somewhat southerly (
1
).
Cosmic Neutrino Radiation
Authors: Marx Georg , Menyhárd Nora
Published: October 2006

New and more powerful methods for eliminating background intensity are needed in order to make possible the development of neutrino astronomy into a new, far-reaching branch of science.
Magnetic Damping of Rotation of the Vanguard I Satellite
Authors: LaPaz Lincoln
Published: October 2006

Explicit integration of integrals of the type basic to comparison of observed and predicted values of the earth's mean total magnetic field reveals an error in the numerical integration recently employed by Raymond H. Wilson, Jr., in making such a comparison for the special case of Vanguard I. Correction of this error destroys the satisfactory agreement he found between the value implied by rotational damping and the theoretical value.
Selecting Bacterial Mutants by the Penicillin Method
Authors: Gorini Luigi , Kaufman Harriet
Published: October 2006

Certain improvements are described in the use of penicillin for isolating auxotrophic mutants of bacteria. By obtaining exponential growth before the penicillin is added, and by minimizing the duration of the treatment, cross-feeding is decreased and much denser populations can be screened. These modifications have made it possible to obtain, with regularity, mutants of
Escherichia coli
blocked in a desired step in arginine biosynthesis.
Thrombin-E as a Fibrinolytic Enzyme
Authors: Seegers Walter H. , Landaburu Ricardo H. , Johnson J. Frederic
Published: October 2006

Thrombin-E has been produced in adequate quantity for pharmacological studies. After intravenous infusion in dogs there were no significant changes in blood pressure, temperature, pulse rate, and respiratory movements. There were drops in platelet and white cell count, and there was an increase in blood-sugar level. Powerful fibrinolytic phenomena were observed.
Nature of the Hormonal Influence in Mouse Mammary Cancer
Authors: Bern Howard A.
Published: October 2006

New findings indicate that hormones may play a permissive role, rather than an inductive one, in mammary tumorigenesis. Hormones supporting normal gland development may result in the emergence of precancerous lesions; hormones maintaining such hyperplastic lesions may result in the emergence of tumors. The "inherited hormonal influence" may rest in genetically determined sensitivity of mammary tissue to somatotropin.
Auditory Thresholds in the Rat Measured by an Operant Technique
Authors: Gourevitch George , Hack Martin H. , Hawkins Joseph E.
Published: October 2006

An adaptation of the Ratliff and Blough technique has been developed for auditory measurement in rats. Thresholds for a 2000-cy/sec tone were determined over a period of weeks. Kanamycin, an ototoxic agent, was then administered, and the gradual rise in threshold was followed.
Behavior and Beliefs during the Recent Volcanic Eruption at Kapoho, Hawaii
Authors: Lachman Roy , Bonk William J.
Published: October 2006

The recent volcanic eruption at Kapoho, Hawaii, resulted in rituals and offerings to the Hawaiian Volcano Goddess, Pele.
Identification of Insecticides and Acaricides by Comparative Bioassay
Authors: Harwood Robert F. , Areekul Sutharm
Published: October 2006

Toxicants in purified form can be identified by applying a base dose, consisting of the amount causing 50-percent mortality in one organism, to other susceptible organisms. This yields a mortality pattern which "fingerprints" the compound. Toxicants related by chemical structure or biological activity tend to possess similar mortality patterns.
Induced Phenotypic Resistance to an Antimetabolite
Authors: Moyed H. S.
Published: October 2006

Resistance to bacteriostasis by 2-thiazole alanine develops rapidly; however, such resistance is lost during growth in the absence of the analog. This induced resistance is accompanied by increased formation of an enzyme sensitive to 2-thiazole alanine. Maintenance of the elevated enzyme levels in growing cells, like resistance, requires the presence of the analog.
A Simple Inexpensive Potometer
Authors: Grobbelaar N.
Published: October 2006

A simple, inexpensive potometer, suitable for student use, is described. It differs from the conventional type mainly in that it does not contain a funnel and stopcock arrangement.
Early Man Site Found in Highland Ecuador
Authors: Mayer-Oakes William J. , Bell Robert E.
Published: October 2006

Field investigations in Ecuador have produced archeological evidence for the occupation of the northern Andes by early nomadic hunters. Surface collections and test excavations have demonstrated a complex of stone tools with typological relationships to level I at Fell's Cave in southern Chile, and technological relationships to the late Pleistocene "fluted point" complexes of North America. The date of these materials is estimated at 7000 to 8000 B.C.
Descending Projections to Spinal Motor and Sesory Cell Groups in the Monkey: Cortex versus Subcortex
Authors: Kuypers Henricus G. J. M. , Fleming William R. , Farinholt John W.
Published: October 2006

In rhesus monkeys, corticospinal fibers have been found to terminate in motor, sensory, and internuncial cell groups. The present study reveals that the subcorticospinal fibers terminate primarily on internuncial neurons. Possible mechanisms involved in transmission of cortical and subcortical influences on motor and sensory cell groups are discussed.
Possible Two-Stage Mechanism in Experimental Leukemogenesis
Authors: Berenblum I. , Trainin N.
Published: October 2006

The augmenting influence of urethan on leukemogenesis by x-radiation in mice has been found to operate when the urethan treatment follows the radiation, but not when the sequence is reversed. The result is in keeping with the idea that urethan acts as a promoting factor in leukemogenesis, as defined by the two-stage mechanism hypothesis of carcinogenesis. It may also have a practical bearing on leukemia development in man.
Effects of Ethyl Alcohol on Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Reynolds G. S. , van Sommers P.
Published: October 2006

Three albino rats, trained to avoid electric shock, were stomach-loaded with from 1 to 5 ml of 32-percent aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol prior to the experimental session. Small doses produced some increases in response rates and a consistent decline in shocks received. Larger doses produced progressive uncoordination, accompanied by lower response rates and an increase in shocks received.
An All-round Soil Percolator
Authors: Gundersen K.
Published: October 2006

A description is given of a soil percolator which has been used both for instructional purposes and for microbiological research and has been found accurate and easy to operate. It could be used for aerobic and anaerobic experiments with a soil under water-saturated conditions.
Spiral Cloud Band Associated with a Tornado
Authors: Sadowski Alexander
Published: October 2006

The radarscope photographic sequence, by far the best example on record, reveals a spirally banded structure about 10 miles in diameter which is similar to spiral bands of hurricanes ranging as far as 250 miles and to the banded cloud structure of well-developed storms of 1000 miles as photographed by Tiros I.
Increased Incidence of Tumor Metastases in Female Mice
Authors: Baserga Renato , Kisieleski Walter E.
Published: October 2006

Most of the tumor cells injected into the tail vein of mice fail to survive at the site of arrest in the lungs, but the percentage of surviving cells is higher in females than in males. The surviving cells, however, grow at a similar and constant rate in both sexes.
Simple Technique for Study of Cortical Arousal Response
Authors: Horovitz Zola P. , Papandrianos Dimitris
Published: October 2006

A new method is described for eliciting a stable spindle burst response after the production of unilateral lesions in the reticular formation of the cat. This permits quantifying the effects of stimulation of the reticular activating system, either electrically or by injection of epinephrine, on the cortical arousal response.
Nomenclature of Devices Which Simulate Biological Functions
Authors: van Bergeijk Willem A.
Published: October 2006

The suffix -
mime
is proposed to create generic names for the general class of man-made devices which simulate biological functions. The suffix is used after the stem of the word that describes the organ or cell being simulated; for instance, artificial neurons are described as neuromimes.
Three γ-Globulins in Normal Human Serum Revealed by Monkey Precipitins
Authors: Dray Sheldon
Published: October 2006

Precipitating antibodies specific for three normal human γ-globulins of relatively slow electrophoretic mobility were prepared in monkeys and demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis in conjunction with absorption techniques in which two myeloma globulins were used as absorbents.
Detection of Boundary Films
Authors: Wise W. S. , Munro R. E. C. , King P. P.
Published: October 2006

Results, obtained with a photoelectric refractometer and sucrose solutions, indicate that a concentrated surface layer rapidly builds up when sucrose solutions are allowed to stand under conditions where evaporation can occur from the surface. The phenomenon is similar to the formation of a cool boundary film which has recently been shown to occur on the surface of the ocean.
Zinc-65 and Chromium-51 in Foods and People
Authors: Perkins R. W. , Nielsen J. M. , Roesch W. C. , McCall R. C.
Published: October 2006

Some radioisotopes introduced into the Columbia River via effluent water from reactors at Hanford, Wash., are found in crops irrigated with this water and in sea food harvested near the mouth of the river. Measurements of zinc-65 and chromium-51 in foods and in individuals consuming these foods are reported and are compared with zinc-65 concentrations resulting from fallout.
Alteration of Plasma Proteins at Metamorphosis in the Lamprey (
Petromyzon marinus dosatus
)
Authors: Rall David P. , Schwab Paul , Zubrod Charles G.
Published: October 2006

Coincident with metamorphosis in the lamprey (
Petromyzon marinus dosatus
), a new, more rapidly moving plasma protein component appears. In the mature lamprey this new component is of major quantitative importance. With paper electrophoretic mobility as the sole criterion, the new component is considered to be an alpha globulin rather than albumin.
Incorporation of Heterologous Deoxyribonucleic Acid into Mammalian Cells
Authors: Bensch Klaus G. , King Donald W.
Published: October 2006

Particles containing large molecular heterologous deoxyribonucleic acid have been incorporated into strain L cells in suspension tissue culture. The particles are Feulgen-positive, they are fluorescent under ultraviolet light when stained with acridine orange, and they appear in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in radioautographic preparations.
Electrocardiographic and Behavioral Effects of Emetine
Authors: Marino A.
Published: October 2006

The effects of subacute emetine poisoning on conditioning, spontaneous behavior, and the electrocardiogram of the guinea pig are reported and compared. The depression in spontaneous behavior shown by the animals does not seem to be dependent upon any psychogenic action of emetine; there appears to be a correlation between the cardiac damage and the depression caused by the drug.
Latitudinal Effect in the Transfer of Radiocarbon from Stratosphere to Troposphere
Authors: Tauber Henrik
Published: October 2006

Latitudinal variations in the descent of bomb-produced radiocarbon from the stratosphere is suggested by differences in tropospheric carbon-14 activity. The magnitude of a similar latitudinal effect in the pre-bomb steady state is estimated. This effect may be part of the explanation of the short-term oscillations in carbon-14 activity found in tree-rings from the last 1300 years.
Hemoglobin Types of
Macaca irus
and
Macaca mulatta
Monkeys
Authors: Tuttle Arliss H. , Newsome Frances E. , Jackson Carroll H. , Overman Richard R.
Published: October 2006

Hemoglobin of 30
Macaca mulatta
monkeys and of 15
Macaca irus
monkeys consisted of one electrophoretic component similar to human hemoglobin A. Twenty-one
M. irus
monkeys had two types of hemoglobin. In 20 animals the hemoglobin resembled human hemoglobin AJ, and in one animal it resembled human hemoglobin AI.
Physiological Limits for "Subliminal" Perception
Authors: Schwartz Marvin , Shagass Charles
Published: October 2006

Cortical, subcortical, and peripheral sensory nerve potentials were studied in cats to determine comparative thresholds of response. Stimuli capable of eliciting responses in peripheral nerve also invariably elicited responses from thalamus and cortex. Together with relevant data from human studies, the results indicate that stimuli subthreshold for perception do not affect the nervous system. They also have implications for studies of "subliminal" perception.