bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid extracellular matrix design for cartilage‐mediated bone regeneration
Authors: Mikael Paiyz E. , Kim Hyun S. , Nukavarapu Syam P.
Published: January 2017

Recapitulating long bone repair through endochondral ossification (EO) is increasingly becoming a more popular approach. A successful EO Process depends greatly on the establishment of a healthy hypertrophic‐cartilage template (HCT). The aim of this work is to design a hydrogel system, which closely mimics the extracellular matrix of HCT. We examined the combinatorial effect of two commonly used hydrogels for bone and cartilage regeneration strategies, hyaluronan (HA) and fibrin (FB), to induce HCT formation. Hydrogel combinations were evaluated using a clinically relevant cell source, human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The results establish that with increasing HA (50–90%) the chondrogenic and its subsequent hypertrophy trend improved, with 70:30 HA:FB combination showing the highest and most uniform expression of chondrogenic and hypertrophic stage specific markers. This combination also showed superior support for cell micro‐aggregation and differentiation. Thus, 70:30 HA‐FB matrix demonstrated a healthy formation of chondrogenic and hypertrophic stages with rich stage‐specific ECM components. This study demonstrates that with the appropriate hydrogel design it is possible to develop effective tissue engineering therapies for bone defect repair and regeneration through endochondral ossification by establishing a healthy HCT. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 300–309, 2018.
The ability of Achromobacter sp. KW1 strain to biodegrade isomers of chlorotoluene
Authors: Pacholak Amanda , Smułek Wojciech , Jesionowski Teofil , Kaczorek Ewa
Published: January 2017

Background

The isomers of chlorotoluene (2‐chlorotoluene, 3‐chlorotoluene and 4‐chlorotoluene) are considered to be toxic and to have a negative impact on humans and the environment. Therefore, issues related to their removal from the natural environment have become of increasing interest.

Results

The morphology of cells and colonies after long‐term metabolic stress was significantly modified. Metabolic stress is suggested to be a determinant of bacteria cell surface properties. The chlorine atom position in chlorotoluenes has a strong impact on cell surface modification. When the chlorine atom was at the ortho or para position, a large increase in hydrophobicity (from 40% to 73% and from 29% to 49%, respectively) and a decrease in the inner membrane permeability (from 0.31 to 0.24 µmol L−1 min−1 and from 0.52 to 0.13 µmol L−1 min−1) were observed. Moreover, Achromobacter sp. KW1 strain was found to exhibit good ability to degrade chlorotoluenes. The greatest difference in biodegradation between the stressed and non‐stressed strains was observed for the cultures grown on 4‐chlorotoluene and 3‐chlorotoluene.

Conclusions

Both long‐term contact with hydrocarbons and the addition of surfactants demonstrated a beneficial effect on the biodegradation process. However, as a result of long‐term contact with hydrocarbons, the bacteria studied were able to degrade chlorotoluenes faster and more effectively. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Domestic Civil Support Missions Can Aggravate Negative Mental Health Outcomes Among National Guardsmen: The Moderating Role of Economic Difficulties
Authors: Russell Dale W. , Kazman Josh B. , Benedek David M. , Ursano Robert J. , Russell Cristel A.
Published: January 2017

Little research has addressed potentially negative health outcomes associated with domestic civil‐oriented operations, but has focused instead on traditional military operations (e.g., combat). This study, conducted following a United States Defense Support to Civilian Authorities mission undertaken by National Guard forces (N = 330), showed that responding to such missions was linked to more negative mental health outcomes, including posttraumatic stress disorder (β = 0.23) and depression (β = 0.23), but only among those who reported difficulty meeting their basic socioeconomic needs and not among those who did not have difficulty meeting their basic needs. The study offers suggestions for identifying individuals who may be especially vulnerable to stressors.
Polymer Electron Acceptors Based on Iso‐Naphthalene Diimide Unit with High LUMO Levels
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Liu Jun , Han Yanchun , Wang Lixiang
Published: January 2017

The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level (ELUMO) is a key parameter for polymer electron acceptors of all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs). The state‐of‐the‐art polymer electron acceptors based on 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenediimide (NDI) unit suffer from low‐lying ELUMO, which leads to low open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of all‐PSCs. In this manuscript, the authors use 1,2,5,6‐naphthalenediimide (iso‐NDI) unit to develop a series of polymer electron acceptors with high‐lying ELUMO. Their thermal, optical, electrochemical, and charge transporting properties are systematically investigated and their applications in all‐PSCs are explored. The polymer based on iso‐NDI unit and bithiophene unit exhibits the ELUMO of −3.50 eV, which is higher than that of the corresponding polymer based on NDI unit (ELUMO = −3.86 eV) by 0.36 eV. As a result, the all‐PSC devices exhibit VOC enhancement by 0.30 V. All‐PSC devices of these polymer electron acceptors with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) as the electron donor show the VOC of 0.90 V and power conversion efficiency of 0.27%. These results indicate that iso‐NDI unit is a promising building block to design polymer electron acceptors for all‐PSCs with high VOC.

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Liposome‐Containing Mechanoresponsive Hydrogels
Authors: Stalder E. , Zumbuehl A.
Published: January 2017

The direct injection of a drug into a joint can relieve osteoarthritic pain for a short period of time. The problem is that the drug will not stay at the allocated location. Therefore, a proof‐of‐concept in situ is designed forming hydrogel containing liposomes that are covalently linked to the hydrogel network. When the liposomes are filled with a cargo, the formed hydrogel is thus loaded with this cargo, too. Due to the link between the hydrogel and the liposomes, a compression or other mechanical force applied to the hydrogel will rupture the liposomes and release a small percentage of the cargo. Overall, a long‐term intra‐articular drug release is feasible.

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Pediatric laryngeal carcinoma in a heterozygous carrier of Fanconi anemia
Authors: D'Souza A. M. , Mark J. , Demarcantonio M. , Leino D. , Sisson R. , Geller J. I.
Published: January 2017

A case of invasive, keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx in an 8‐year‐old female treated with laryngectomy is presented. Perinatal exposure to human papilloma virus and constitutional heterozygosity for a FANCC mutation were identified, though FANCC heterozygosity is not known to be cancer predisposing. An additional tumor‐associated mutation in NOTCH1 was also identified potentially contributing to oncogenesis. This case illustrates an exceedingly rare type of cancer in the pediatric population and discusses diagnostic workup, evaluation of risk factors for head and neck cancer, and treatment options.
Immunohistochemical and molecular profile of salivary gland cancer in children
Authors: Locati Laura D. , Collini Paola , Imbimbo Martina , Barisella Marta , Testi Adele , Licitra Lisa F. , Löning Thomas , Tiemann Katharina , Quattrone Pasquale , Bimbatti Emanuela , Chiaravalli Stefano , Casanova Michela , Tamborini Elena , Carta Roberto , Gasparini Patrizia , Guzzo Marco , Massimino Maura , Ferrari Andrea
Published: January 2017

Background

Pediatric salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) are very rare. They differ from the adult SGCs in terms of epidemiologic and clinical behavior, being generally limited only to selected histotypes (e.g. low‐grade mucoepidermoid [LG‐MEC] and acinic cell cancer [AcCC]) and characterized by very good outcome. Our aim was to investigate therapeutic targets on a series of pediatric SGCs by immunohistochemical and molecular analysis.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed to search for cases of pediatric SGCs in the database of the Pediatric Oncology Unit at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori and in the Pathology database at the Gerhard‐Seifert‐Reference‐Centre. The expressions of the most common tyrosine‐kinase receptors (TKRs) reported in adult SGCs as EGFR, HER2, KIT and hormonal receptors (HRs) (estrogen α and β, progesterone as well as androgen receptors) were investigated. CRTC1/MAML2 and MYB/NFIB were also analyzed in MEC and adenoid cystic carcinoma cases, respectively.

Results

Twenty‐nine cases were identified: 22 MECs, 4 AcCCs, 1 adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), 1 adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified and 1 sialoblastoma. EGFR was the most expressed TKR, whilst HRs were negative in all cases except for ER‐β in four cases of MEC. CRTC1/MAML2 was present in 15 out of 17 evaluable MEC cases and MYB/NFIB was identified in the ACC case.

Conclusions

The immunohistochemical and molecular profiles of pediatric SGCs analyzed in our series are similar to that observed in adults, especially for MEC, supporting a common biological background.
Epitope mapping of Borrelia burgdorferi OspC protein in homodimeric fold
Authors: Norek Adam , Janda Lubomír
Published: January 2017

In current work, we used recombinant OspC protein derived from B. afzelii strain BRZ31 in the native homodimeric fold for mice immunization and following selection process to produce three mouse monoclonal antibodies able to bind to variable parts of up to five different OspC proteins. Applying the combination of mass spectrometry assisted epitope mapping and affinity based theoretical prediction we have localized regions responsible for antigen‐antibody interactions and approximate epitopes' amino acid composition. Two mAbs (3F4 and 2A9) binds to linear epitopes located in previously described immunogenic regions in the exposed part of OspC protein. The third mAb (2D1) recognises highly conserved discontinuous epitope close to the ligand binding domain 1.
Evaluation of combined use of Oxyma and HATU in aggregating peptide sequences
Authors: Caporale Andrea , Doti Nunzianna , Sandomenico Annamaria , Ruvo Menotti
Published: January 2017

Polypeptides are finding increasing applications as therapeutics because of their specificity that often translates into excellent safety, tolerability, and efficacy profiles in humans. New synthetic methodologies for their preparation are thereby continuously sought to reduce the costs associated to chain assembly and purification. Although solid‐phase peptide synthesis has become one of the most advanced synthetic procedures at both laboratory and industrial scale, the process is often complicated by aggregation phenomena originating from the combined occurrence of intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, or other effects. Altogether, these effects cause accumulation of many side products and synthetic mixtures extremely hard to separate and purify, strongly affecting the costs of the final material. In the attempt to optimize the coupling steps of some well‐known aggregating or otherwise difficult to obtain peptides, we have comparatively investigated the use of Oxyma/DIC and HATU/Sym‐collidine as second coupling reagents in double coupling settings for the preparation of some model peptides. Comparative analytical data obtained on the unpurified products with the two different protocols clearly show that the use of Oxyma/DIC largely improves the content of the target molecules in the final crude materials, making the synthesis more convenient and cost‐effective. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the reaction dynamics of O(3P)+ (X2)→OH+(X3Σ−)+ H(2S) reaction with time‐dependent wave packet method
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Cao En , Gao Shoubao , Huang Xin , Meng Qingtian , Song Yuzhi
Published: January 2017

The O(3P)+
reaction has been investigated by employing time‐dependent quantum wave packet with split operator method on potential energy surface of the doublet ground‐state H2O+(12A″). The reaction probabilities and integral cross sections are calculated using centrifugal sudden approximation, which basically agree with the quasi‐classical results of Paniagua et al. [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 23594]. Moreover, the effect of vibrational and rotational excitation of reactant is investigated. The results show that the vibrational and rotational excitation effects on the integral cross section are not obvious. The little differences between Coriolis coupling results and centrifugal sudden approximation ones show that the cheaper centrifugal sudden calculations here reported are effective for this reaction.
GreCo: Green code of ethics
Authors: Moraga Ma Ángeles , García‐Rodríguez de Guzmán Ignacio , Calero Coral , Johann Timo , Me Gianantonio , Münzel Harald , Kindelsberger Julia
Published: January 2017

Background

Codes of ethics (CoE) are widely adopted in several professional areas, including that of Software Engineering. However, contemporary CoE do not pay sufficient attention to one of the most important trends to have appeared in the last years environmental issues.

Aim

The aim of this study is to establish a Green CoE for software engineering and Professional Practices (GreCo). Our intention is to cover a wide range of aspects related to sustainability, such as economic, environmental, social, and technical features. We are additionally interested in encouraging software engineers to adopt these aspects.

Methods

The Green CoE presented is the result of the interaction of several experts in the area. A first version of GreCo, whose starting point was a discussion at the GInSEng workshop, was created by identifying key principles and adapting them to the Green area. Next, various important CoE were reviewed so as to gather the existing references to sustainability or to detect new ones. These elements would then possibly be incorporated into the new code or stimulate the creation of new sustainable principles.

Results

The final result is the GreCo code, which has been produced by modifying existing principles or by the introduction of new ones.
NOTCH1-Dependent Nitric Oxide Signaling Deficiency in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Revealed Through Patient-Specific Phenotypes Detected in Bioengineered Cardiogenesis
Authors: Hrstka Sybil C. L. , Li Xing , Nelson Timothy J. ,   Wanek Program Genetics Pipeline Group
Published: January 2017

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe congenital heart defect (CHD) attributable to multifactorial molecular underpinnings. Multiple genetic loci have been implicated to increase the risk of disease, yet genotype-phenotype relationships remain poorly defined. Whole genome sequencing complemented by cardiac phenotype from five individuals in an HLHS-affected family enabled the identification of NOTCH1 as a prioritized candidate gene linked to CHD in three individuals with mutant allele burden significantly impairing Notch signaling in the HLHS-affected proband. To better understand a mechanistic basis through which NOTCH1 contributes to heart development, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were created from the HLHS-affected parent-proband triad and differentiated into cardiovascular cell lineages for molecular characterization. HLHS-affected hiPSCs exhibited a deficiency in Notch signaling pathway components and a diminished capacity to generate hiPSC-cardiomyocytes. Optimization of conditions to procure HLHS-hiPSC-cardiomyocytes led to an approach that compensated for dysregulated nitric oxide (NO)-dependent Notch signaling in the earliest specification stages. Augmentation of HLHS-hiPSCs with small molecules stimulating NO signaling in the first 4 days of differentiation provided a cardiomyocyte yield equivalent to the parental hiPSCs. No discernable differences in calcium dynamics were observed between the bioengineered cardiomyocytes derived from the proband and the parents. We conclude that in vitro modeling with HLHS-hiPSCs bearing NOTCH1 mutations facilitated the discovery of a NO-dependent signaling component essential for cardiovascular cell lineage specification. Potentiation of NO signaling with small therapeutic molecules restored cardiogenesis in vitro and may identify a potential therapeutic target for patients affected by functionally compromised NOTCH1 variants.
A Dimeric Gallium Hydrazide as an Active Lewis Pair – Complexation and Activation of Me2GaH and Various Heterocumulenes
Authors: Uhl Werner , Willeke Matthias , Hepp Alexander , Pleschka Damian , Layh Marcus
Published: January 2017

Treatment of the dimeric gallium hydrazide [Me2Ga‐N(2‐Ad)‐NC5H10]2 (5) with Me2GaH resulted in the formation of an adduct 6 by Ga–N bond cleavage and coordination of the metal hydride via a Ga–N and a 3c–2e Ga–H–Ga bond. This reaction reflects the typical behavior of frustrated Lewis pairs. Reactions with heterocumulenes R–N=C=X (R = Ph, CMe3, Dipp, X = O; R = Ph, X = S) or X=C=X (X = O, S) resulted in the formation of the cyclic Ga–N insertion products Me2Ga–N(R)C(O)N(2‐Ad)‐NC5H10 (7a–c), Me2GaS2C‐N(2‐Ad)‐NC5H10 (8) or Me2GaX2C‐N(2‐Ad)‐NC5H10 [X = O (9); S (10)] in moderate to good yields. Three different structural motifs were observed in the solid state: Five‐membered GaNCN2 heterocycles with exocyclic C=O bonds for compounds 7a–c, four‐membered GaSCN or GaSCS heterocycles for compounds 8 and 9 (chelating coordination of the Ga atoms by SCN and CS2 ligands) and an eight‐membered (GaOCO)2 heterocycle for the dimeric CO2 insertion product 10. Treatment of 5 with PhCN or Ph2CO resulted in a completely different reaction and afforded a dimeric Ga imide 11a or an alcoholate 11b. These reactions may start by retro‐hydrogallation with the formation of H10C5N–N=C(C9H14) and Me2GaH and proceed by addition of the metal hydride to the polar multiple bonds of the nitrile or ketone.
A Multispecialty Evaluation of Thiel Cadavers for Surgical Training
Authors: Yiasemidou Marina , Roberts David , Glassman Daniel , Tomlinson James , Biyani Shekhar , Miskovic Danilo
Published: January 2017

Background

Changes in UK legislation allow for surgical procedures to be performed on cadavers. The aim of this study was to assess Thiel cadavers as high‐fidelity simulators and to examine their suitability for surgical training.

Methods

Surgeons from various specialties were invited to attend a 1 day dissection workshop using Thiel cadavers. The surgeons completed a baseline questionnaire on cadaveric simulation. At the end of the workshop, they completed a similar questionnaire based on their experience with Thiel cadavers. Comparing the answers in the pre‐ and post‐workshop questionnaires assessed whether using Thiel cadavers had changed the surgeons’ opinions of cadaveric simulation.

Results

According to the 27 participants, simulation is important for surgical training and a full‐procedure model is beneficial for all levels of training. Currently, there is dissatisfaction with existing models and a need for high‐fidelity alternatives. After the workshop, surgeons concluded that Thiel cadavers are suitable for surgical simulation (p = 0.015). Thiel were found to be realistic (p < 0.001) to have reduced odour (p = 0.002) and be more cost‐effective (p = 0.003). Ethical constraints were considered to be small.

Conclusion

Thiel cadavers are suitable for training in most surgical specialties.
Association Between Lifetime Headache and History of Suicide Attempts in the Elderly
Authors: Calati R. , Courtet P. , Norton J. , Ritchie K. , Artero S.
Published: January 2017

Background

Pain-related conditions have been reported to play a key role among risk factors for suicide. Headache in particular has been repeatedly associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The aims of this study were: 1) to assess the association between lifetime headache (both non-migrainous headache and migraine) and lifetime suicide attempts (SA); 2) to differentiate, within subjects with lifetime SA, patients with and without lifetime headache in terms of socio-demographic and clinical features.

Methods

We studied 1965 subjects from a cohort of community-dwelling persons aged 65 years and over without dementia (the ESPRIT study), divided in two groups: those with (n = 75), and those without a lifetime SA (n = 1890). Logistic regression analyses were used to compare these groups according to lifetime headache status.

Results

After adjusting for gender, living alone, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and depressive, manic/hypomanic and anxiety disorders, lifetime headache frequency was significantly higher in subjects with a lifetime SA compared with controls (OR = 1.92 [1.17–3.15]). Additionally, different factors were identified as being associated with lifetime SA in participants with lifetime headache (female gender, a lower level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insomnia, lifetime major depression) versus participants without headache (glycemia and lifetime major depression).

Conclusions

Lifetime headache was associated with lifetime SA. Subjects who are women and report the co-occurrence of headache and insomnia as well as lifetime major depression require higher attention and a careful screening for suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
Firm Heterogeneity and Trade-Policy StancesEvidence from a Survey of Japanese Producers
Authors: Plouffe Michael
Published: January 2017

Recent research in international political economy has begun to explore the implications of producer heterogeneity for trade politics. Variations in productivity and size lead to systematic variations in market behaviors, especially with respect to firms’ abilities to engage foreign markets. This heterogeneity similarly leads to systematic variations in policy stances: Highly productive firms are more likely to favor trade liberalization than their less productive counterparts. I test the role of firm heterogeneity on trade-policy stances using original and representative survey data of Japanese manufacturers. I find that highly productive firms are more likely to favor liberalization than others, while a large portion of producers is indifferent to trade-policy reform. Other producers do not know how they would be impacted by liberalization; these tend to be smaller than their counterparts. The relationship between productivity and pro-trade attitudes is robust, even when controlling for a wide range of internationalization modes.
Red Barns Palaeolithic site
Authors: Wenban-Smith Francis F.
Published: January 2017

The Lowed/Middle Palaeolithic site at Red Barns, Portchester, on the outskirts of Portsmouth (SU 608063), was re-investigated in summer 1999. Three test-pits succeeded in relocating and exposing the artefact-bearing horizon first discovered in 1973 by J.C. Draper of Fareham and last seen in 1975 when a rescue excavation took place. This excavation produced a massive (in every sense) lithic collection including seven sediment samples, 8678 flint artefacts, 2058 flint nodules and a staggering 18,423 thermally fractured flint pieces (Gamble & ApSimon 1986). Recent study of the 1975 material (Wenban Smith et al. forthcoming) has demonstrated that the site is older than previously thought, dating to at least 200,000 BP and probably to nearer 400,000 BP, and that lithic technology at the site was dominated by the production of pointed plano-convex handaxes. Study of the organizational structure of the lithic production gave an insight into the patterning of Archaic hominid behaviour, with the site serving as a locale were handaxes were regularly made, but from which they were normally removed before being used and abandoned elsewhere.
New Roman and prehistoric aerial discoveries at Grandford, Cambridgeshire
Authors: Potter T. W. , Robinson B.
Published: January 2017

The Romano-British settlement at Grandford lies northwest of the town of March, in the heart of the Fens of eastern England. It straddles the ‘Fen Causeway’, a Roman road that ran west—east across the Fens, and which probably originated at the legionary vexillation fortress at Longthorpe, near Peterborough, held between c. AD 48 and 61/62. Small-scale excavations between 1958 and 1968 demonstrated occupation for much of the Roman period, down to the later 4th century, beginning at least as early as c. AD 65 (Potter & Potter 1982). It was suggested on various grounds that the settlement niay have started life as a Roman fort, constructed in the aftermath of the great rebellion of AD 60-61, led by Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni (Potter 1981: 85-7).
Romanization, Christianization and Islamicization in southern Lusitania
Authors: Teichner Felix , Neville Ann
Published: January 2017

The study of Roman urban centres in Portugal (ancient Lusitania) is now well developed, but the rural landscape has remained little known. A new collaborative European project (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität Frankfud/Main, National University of Ireland Galway and University College Dublin) is investigating the rural landscape and its economy — with the support of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation Cologne and the Instituto Portugues do Patrimonio Arquitectonico — from the Romanization of coast and hinterland, its Christianization and subsequent Islamicization.
Burnt mounds in the East Midlands
Authors: Beamish Matt , Ripper Susan
Published: January 2017

Within the last decade the emphasis of burnt mound research has been refocused on the prehistoric landscapes in which they are set in an attempt to evade just the perennial enigma of ‘function’. In the East Midlands, gravel quarrying in the major river valleys has provided an opportunity to examine large areas that have hitherto been masked by alluvium and the resulting wealth of archaeological information has included five burnt mound sites.
The International Ancient Egyptian Mummy Tissue Bank at the Manchester Museum
Authors: Lambert-Zazulak Patricia
Published: January 2017

The Mummy Tissue Bank at Manchester Museum provides a new resource for Egyptian research. As Dr Lambert-Zazulak explains, new techniques of analysis and the spate of new questions about ancient diseases place this initiative at the front line.
Radiocarbon calibration and Late Glacial occupation in northwest Europe
Authors: Blockley S. P. E. , Donahue R. E. , Pollard A. M.
Published: January 2017

Various methods of analysing the dating of the late Glacial suggest various interpretations. Here, in answer to a paper from 1997, radiocarbon dates are calibrated and used to reconsider the dating of this contentious period.
Archaeology and education in Postsoviet Russia
Authors: Berezkin Yuri E.
Published: January 2017

In the mid 1980s, anthropologists such as Marcus & Fischer (1986) called for a ‘repatriation’ of anthropology, bringing the tools of the discipline to bear on the ‘home’ situations of Euro-America rather than focusing on ‘alien, exotic’ traditions.
Archaeology and history for Welsh primary classes
Authors: Mytum Harold
Published: January 2017

The history Curriculum for Wales is a distinctive and politically sensitive document that has attempted to highlight features which will be of cultural relevance to those in the Principality. Unlike the English curriculum, there is a clear opportunity to consider some elements of prehistory, and this has been seized with enthusiasm by schools at Key Stage 2, for children aged between 7 and 11 (Welsh Office 1991; Howell 1994). Study Unit 1, the Earliest Peoples, runs up to the Bronze Age, but it is provision for Study Unit 2, The Celts, which is of particular interest here.
A model graduate training programme in public archaeology
Authors: Weisman Brent R. , White Nancy Marie
Published: January 2017

As cultural resource management (CRM) in the United States struggles through another period of introspection, one need for improvement consistently identified is in the area of graduate training of future practitioners of CRM archaeology (Fagan 1996; Green & Doershuk 1998; Schuldenrein 1998; Messenger et al. 1999). To what extent training in the practicalities of the field needs to be embodied in curricular coursework, the relative role of research versus applied emphases in the graduate programme, the most appropriate terminal degree for CRM practice, and the very specifics of what constitutes adequate preparation for the diverse and dynamic challenges that constitute contemporary archaeology in the United States, all provide points for the emerging discussion between professionals operating in the field and those in academia who design programmes (e.g. Society for American Archaeology 1995).
Facts and skills: archaeology in teacher training
Authors: Pretty Kate
Published: January 2017

Most archaeologists start with the premise that the more people who know about archaeology the better. When challenged to justify this premise they have a number of responses ranging from the conservative ‘to know more is to understand more’, or the conservational ‘to preserve our heritage’, to the enlightened self-interest of ‘public knowledge or interest means public spending’ and thus the preservation of the archaeologist as well as of the archaeological record. Whatever the justification there is no consensus about how to enable people to know more, let alone a general agreement about what should be known, given that all human activity in the past lies within the scope of archaeological enquiry. There is, however, an assumption that to be effective we should capture the interest of the young and therefore that knowledgeable teachers will produce a knowledgeable future public.
Islamic archaeology in the Iberian peninsula and Morocco
Authors: Meulemeester Johnny De
Published: January 2017

The author reviews the development of Islamic archaeology in Spain, Portugal and Morocco through its publications and fieldwork, identifying research themes such as ceramic studies, fortified settlement and landscape archaeology, irrigation and urban archaeology. Features excavated in Spain or Portugal can best be understood through ethno-archaeological studies of the Moroccan landscape and its living traditions.
Processing of milk products in pottery vessels through British prehistory
Authors: Copley M.S. , Berstan R. , Dudd S.N. , Aillaud S. , Mukherjee A.J. , Straker V. , Payne S. , Evershed R.P.
Published: January 2017

By extracting residues from pottery sherds the authors show that it is possible to say whether they had contained dairy or carcass fat residues. Correlation with faunal assemblages showed a good match between the incidence of dairy fat in pottery which implied a strong dairy fraction in the diet and a milking herd implied by the animal bones. They also show that dairy fat was more likely to be found in the smaller pots while carcass fats occurred in the larger ones. The method has demonstrated dairying in England from the fifth millennium BC, and offers a novel way of studying economies with pottery but few animal bones.
The Dead in the Land: Encounters with Bodies, Bones, and Ghosts in Northwestern Cambodia
Authors: Arensen Lisa J.
Published: January 2017

This article explores one Cambodian village's engagement with the remains of the dead encountered during postwar resettlement. For Khmer Buddhists, the correct material transformation of the bodies of the dead is critical, but these processes were often disrupted in Cambodia's recent troubled past. This article describes the subsequent ramifications of these interrupted processes for both the living and the dead in Reaksmei Songha village in northwestern Battambang. Various residents had encountered the bones of the war dead, and some described sightings of ghosts. Kinship played a vital role in villagers’ responses to unearthed bones. However, residents tended to downplay the impact of these remains and their ghostly counterparts, possibly because of their own affective identification with the plight of the dead.
Hegemonic Nationalism, Subordinate Marxism: The Mexican Left, 1945–7
Authors: BOOTH WILLIAM A.
Published: January 2017

The most significant weakness of the Marxist Left in early Cold War Mexico was that it subordinated itself to post-revolutionary nationalism. Both the Mexican Communist Party and followers of Vicente Lombardo Toledano supported the ruling Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI), avoiding significant criticism before late 1947. Some dissident currents of Marxism did exist, but they were sparsely followed. Mexico provides an extreme case of Left subordination to popular-nationalist ideology, yet is indicative of trends visible elsewhere, e.g. among Marxist groups in post-war Cuba and the United States. Rather than promoting notions of communist political practice, the Mexican Marxist Left consistently advocated the elimination of class conflict and support for the ‘national bourgeoisie’. The Marxist Left held the Mexican government to different standards from those to which they held the governments of other countries. A near-consensus on the Mexican Left equated patriotism with progressive politics. The argument is illustrated with an important case study: the 1947 Marxist Round Table.
Interactions of noradrenaline and cortisol and the induction of indelible memories
Authors: Hurlemann René , Maier Wolfgang , Scheele Dirk
Published: January 2017

The glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects (GANE) model emphasizes the role of focal glutamate–noradrenaline interactions in creating functional hotspots for prioritized processing of salient stimuli. Here, we briefly outline current evidence that synergistic action of noradrenaline and cortisol enables emotional stimuli to gain privileged access to amygdala–hippocampus circuits, eventually resulting in the formation of indelible memories and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Effect of arousal on perception as studied through the lens of the motor correlates of sexual arousal
Authors: Mouras Harold
Published: January 2017

The study of sexual arousal is at the interface of affective and social neurosciences. Recent results regarding the motor correlates of sexual arousal demonstrating an early freezing response are in perfect accordance with the GANE (glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects) model's sustaining the double role of the arousal dimension on emotional processing.
Cognitive control, dynamic salience, and the imperative toward computational accounts of neuromodulatory function
Authors: Warren Christopher Michael , Murphy Peter Richard , Nieuwenhuis Sander
Published: January 2017

We draw attention to studies indicating that phasic arousal increases interference effects in tasks necessitating the recruitment of cognitive control. We suggest that arousal-biased competition models such as GANE (glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects) may be able to explain these findings by taking into account dynamic, within-trial changes in the relative salience of task-relevant and task-irrelevant features. However, testing this hypothesis requires a computational model.
Attention and memory-driven effects in action studies
Authors: Tseng Philip , Lane Timothy , Bridgeman Bruce
Published: January 2017

We provide empirical examples to conceptually clarify some items on Firestone & Scholl's (F&S's) checklist, and to explain perceptual effects from an attentional and memory perspective. We also note that action and embodied cognition studies seem to be most susceptible to misattributing attentional and memory effects as perceptual, and identify four characteristics unique to action studies and possibly responsible for misattributions.
Impact of HIV on inpatient mortality and complications in stroke in Thailand: a National Database Study
Authors: CUMMING K. , TIAMKAO S. , KONGBUNKIAT K. , CLARK A. B. , BETTENCOURT-SILVA J. H. , SAWANYAWISUTH K. , KASEMSAP N. , MAMAS M. A. , SEELEY J. A. , MYINT P. K.
Published: January 2017

The co-existence of stroke and HIV has increased in recent years, but the impact of HIV on post-stroke outcomes is poorly understood. We examined the impact of HIV on inpatient mortality, length of acute hospital stay and complications (pneumonia, respiratory failure, sepsis and convulsions), in hospitalized strokes in Thailand. All hospitalized strokes between 1 October 2004 and 31 January 2013 were included. Data were obtained from a National Insurance Database. Characteristics and outcomes for non-HIV and HIV patients were compared and multivariate logistic and linear regression models were constructed to assess the above outcomes. Of 610 688 patients (mean age 63·4 years, 45·4% female), 0·14% (866) had HIV infection. HIV patients were younger, a higher proportion were male and had higher prevalence of anaemia (P < 0·001) compared to non-HIV patients. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, hypertension and diabetes, were more common in the non-HIV group (P < 0·001). After adjusting for age, sex, stroke type and co-morbidities, HIV infection was significantly associated with higher odds of sepsis [odds ratio (OR) 1·75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·29–2·4], and inpatient mortality (OR 2·15, 95% CI 1·8–2·56) compared to patients without HIV infection. The latter did not attenuate after controlling for complications (OR 2·20, 95% CI 1·83–2·64). HIV infection is associated with increased odds of sepsis and inpatient mortality after acute stroke.
La liaison en diatopie: esquisse d'une typologie
Authors: CÔTÉ MARIE-HÉLÈNE
Published: January 2017

Cet article apporte un éclairage nouveau sur la dimension diatopique de la liaison en français, largement négligée dans la littérature par rapport à la variation sociale ou stylistique. L'analyse de données récentes du corpus PFC montre une variation importante dans l'espace francophone, au-delà d'un ensemble stable de contextes de liaison catégorique. Deux dimensions de la variabilité sont identifiées: (1) la réalisation de la liaison variable, reliée au contact avec des langues qui maintiennent l'autonomie prosodique du mot ; (2) la prégnance des liaisons non standard, associée au poids de la norme dans le développement historique des variétés.
À la recherche d'une norme de prononciation: le modèle des présentateurs de télévision
Authors: PUSTKA ELISSA , CHALIER MARC , JANSEN LUISE
Published: January 2017

La ‘meilleure’ prononciation française se trouve, selon les représentations des locuteurs, chez les présentateurs de télévision. Pour la liaison, cette étude montre, sur la base de plus de 8 heures de parole et 30 locuteurs, que ces locuteurs-modèles constituent un groupe homogène présentant un comportement hétérogène en fonction du médium et de la situation (lecture, présentation de nouvelles, parole spontanée). Les résultats suggèrent entre autres que la liaison entre adjectif et substantif au singulier ainsi quʼaprès préposition monosyllabique devrait toujours être enseignée comme obligatoire, et ce, même si les corpus de locuteurs ʻordinairesʼ présentent des exceptions.
Analyse fréquentielle de la liaison variable dans un corpus de français parlé
Authors: BARRECA GIULIA , CHRISTODOULIDES GEORGE
Published: January 2017

Notre contribution se propose de mener une analyse fréquentielle de la liaison variable à partir des données de parole semi-spontanée extraites du corpus « Phonologie du Français Contemporain » (Durand, Laks et Lyche, 2002; 2009). Les résultats de notre étude confirment la présence d'une distribution de Mandelbrot-Zipf des réalisations, selon laquelle un nombre limité de séquences permet de rendre compte de plus de la moitié des occurrences. Ces données semblent davantage remettre en discussion un traitement unitaire de la liaison basé sur des règles et apporter des arguments en faveur d'une approche exemplariste d’étude de la liaison.
L'acquisition des liaisons après les clitiques préverbaux est-elle spécifique ? Apport d'une expérimentation à grande échelle
Authors: DUGUA CÉLINE , NARDY AURÉLIE , LIÉGEOIS LOÏC , CHEVROT JEAN-PIERRE , CHABANAL DAMIEN
Published: January 2017

L'acquisition des liaisons est bien documentée et a donné lieu à plusieurs théorisations, dont un modèle basé sur l'usage, essentiellement étayé sur des données expérimentales recueillies en contexte déterminant-nom. Notre but est d'examiner si ce modèle est généralisable à la liaison après les clitiques verbaux, deuxième grand contexte de liaison catégorique. Nous observons les productions de 205 enfants âgés de 3 à 6 ans recueillies dans le contexte de tâches expérimentales. L’étude permet de poser des repères sur l'acquisition de la liaison préverbale et de la comparer à la liaison prénominale.
Retrospective Analysis of Patient Presentations at the Sydney (Australia) Royal Easter Show from 2012 to 2014
Authors: Crabtree Nathan , Mo Shirley , Ong Leon , Jegathees Thuvarahan , Wei Daniel , Fahey David , Liu Jia (Jenny)
Published: January 2017

Introduction

Comprehensive studies on the relationship between patient demographics and subsequent treatment and disposition at a single mass-gathering event are lacking. The Sydney Royal Easter Show (SRES; Sydney Olympic Park, New South Wales, Australia) is an annual, 14-day, agricultural mass-gathering event occurring around the Easter weekend, attracting more than 800,000 patrons per year. In this study, patient records from the SRES were analyzed to examine relationships between weather, crowd size, day of week, and demographics on treatment and disposition. This information would help to predict factors affecting patient treatment and disposition to guide ongoing training of first responders and to evaluate the appropriateness of staffing skills mix at future events.

Hypothesis

Patient demographics, environmental factors, and attendance would influence the nature and severity of presentations at the SRES, which would influence staffing requirements.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 4,141 patient record forms was performed for patients who presented to St John Ambulance (Australian Capital Territory, Australia) at the SRES between 2012 and 2014 inclusive. Presentation type was classified using a previously published minimum data set. Data on weather and crowd size were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) and the SRES, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v22 (IBM; Armonk, New York USA).

Results

Between 2012 to 2014, over 2.5 million people attended the SRES with 4,141 patients treated onsite. As expected, the majority of presentations were injuries (49%) and illnesses (46%). Although patient demographics and presentation types did not change over time, the duration of treatment increased. A higher proportion of patients were discharged to hospital or home compared to the proportion of patients discharged back to the event. Patients from rural/regional locations (accounting for 15% of all patients) were more likely to require advanced treatment, health professional review, and were more likely to be discharged to hospital or home rather than discharged back to the event. Extremes of temperature were associated with a lower crowd size and higher patient presentation rate (PPR), but had no impact on transfer or referral rates to hospital.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that analyses of patient presentations at an agricultural show provide unique insights on weather, attendance, and demographic features that correlated with treatment and disposition. These data can help guide organizers with information on how to better staff and train health care providers at future mass-gathering events of this type.

CrabtreeN,MoS,OngL,JegatheesT,WeiD,FaheyD,LiuJ.Retrospective analysis of patient presentations at the Sydney (Australia) Royal Easter Show from 2012 to 2014.Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(2)187–194.
Practical Reason and Respect for Persons
Authors: Merritt Melissa McBay
Published: January 2017

My project is to reconsider the Kantian conception of practical reason. Some Kantians take practical reasoning to be more active than theoretical reasoning, on the grounds that it need not contend with what is there anyway, independently of its exercise. Behind that claim stands the thesis that practical reason is essentially efficacious. I accept the efficacy principle, but deny that it underwrites this conception of practical reason. My inquiry takes place against the background of recent Kantian metaethical debate — each side of which, I argue, points to issues that need to be jointly accommodated in the account of practical reason. From the constructivist, I accept the essential efficacy of practical reason; from the realist, I accept that any genuinely cognitive exercise of practical reason owes allegiance to what is there anyway, independently of its exercise. I conclude that a Kantian account of recognition respect enables us to accommodate both claims.
Reflections on Science, Technology and Risk Regulation in Pope Francis’ Encyclical LetterLaudato Si’
Authors: Spina Alessandro
Published: January 2017

The scientific dimension of risk regulation is obvious. It is accepted that a measure banning a pesticide is to be based on toxicology studies and in particular on the data proving harmful effects for human health or the environment. A more subtle determinant of risk regulation is the ethical dimension of the decisions adopted to control the social risks emerging from new technologies. It is in this context that a document such as the Encyclical letterLaudato Si,on care of the common homeof Pope Francis could offer important reflections on how public policy on science and technology could be enriched by including an ethical perspective. The Laudato Si encyclical letter has been accompanied by wide public attention, spurred on by both the huge popularity of Pope Francis and the announced choice of devoting, for the first time in the history of the Catholic Church, an entire document to environmental issues.
Chile's Black STOP Sign for Foods High in Fat, Salt or Sugar
Authors: Carreño Ignacio
Published: January 2017

On 26 June 2015, the Chilean Official Journal published Decree No. 13 of 16 April 2015 (hereinafter Decree 13/2015) amending Decree 977/1996 Reglamento sanitario de los alimentos (hereinafter, the Food Health Regulation, as it is widely referred to in English, although the correct translation would be Food Sanitary Regulation). In particular, Decree 13/2015 requires warning messages in the shape of a black octagon in the form of a STOP sign to be placed on the front-of-pack with the text ‘High in…’ when food products exceed certain levels of energy, sodium, sugars or saturated fats. Although novel in the food sector, Chile's measure is part of a trend of public policies aimed at tackling lifestyle risks by conveying certain information to the public. While warning messages that reduce the visual appeal of the packaging of products are ubiquitous in the tobacco sector, these types of messages are now also gradually being extended to the alcohol and food sectors.
Retinal microvascular plasticity in a premature neonate
Authors: Kandasamy Y. , Hartley L. , Smith R.
Published: January 2017

Dilation and abnormal tortuosity of retinal vessels are the hallmarks of severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in premature infants. The stages of ROP are defined by vessel appearance at the interface between the vascular and avascular retinal areas. Deregulated signaling pathways involving hypoxia-inducible factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are involved in the pathogenesis of ROP. VEGF-antagonists are increasingly being used as ‘off-label medication’ to treat this condition, with some success. We present Baby SM (female), who was born prematurely at 24 weeks gestation in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit, and with a birth weight of 640 g. On screening at 35 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), she was noted to have ROP, which became severe by 37 weeks PMA. She received one dose of intravitreal VEGF antagonist (Bevacizumab), resulting in a decrease in vessel tortuosity and dilation. However, repeat imaging at 4 weeks showed a re-emergence of vessel tortuosity. We believe the observed changes demonstrate an inherent retinal microvascular plasticity in premature neonates. With improved survival of extremely premature neonates and the availability of retinal imaging technology, we are now able to observe this plasticity.