bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of eucalyptus wood (Eucalyptus globulus) ash on biomass yield and nutritive value of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) at Habru District, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia
Authors:   Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia., Ashebir Belay Gessesse , Seid Ali ,   Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.
Published: January 2024

The objective of this study was to determine the biomass yield and chemical composition of Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) at two successive harvests using five levels of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) ash as a fertilizer. Thus, a 2 x 5 factorial experiment was used in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The factors considered were successive harvests (first harvest performed after 90 days of planting and second harvest after 70 days of first harvest), and five levels of eucalyptus ash (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg/m2). The highest plant height (2.5 ± 0.14 m) was recorded on plots to which a 2.0 kg/m2 eucalyptus ash was applied. The highest mean value of tiller numbers per plant (41± 1.5), green biomass yield (GB) (5.8 ± 0.2 MT/ha) and CP contents (8.85 %) were significantly increased with an increase in the level of eucalyptus ash with increasing successive harvests. The highest mean dry matter yield (DMY) 6.2 ± 0.16 was attained at the first harvest which receives 2.0 kg/m2 of eucalyptus ash. The highest mean value of ash (20.9 ± 8.4) was recorded at the two higher ash levels at the first harvest. However, the lowest mean value of NDF (53.3 ± 3.35) and ADF (40 ± 0) were recorded at the second harvest with the highest ash levels. All the fiber contents of the forage grass decreased with increase in successive harvests and amount of ash levels. It can be concluded that the second harvest and application of 2.0 kg/m2 of eucalyptus ash improved yield and nutritive value of elephant grass.
Assessing the efficacy of wild basil (Ocimum americanum L. (Walp)) in the management of cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus)
Authors:   Ministry of Agriculture, Kitui County, P.O. Box 33 - 90200, Kitui, Kenya., Mwandikwa Jacob M. , Kamotho Grace N. ,   School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Karatina University, P.O. Box 1957-10101, Karatina, Kenya.
Published: January 2024

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) belongs to the family Fabaceae and is one of the pulses that suffer postharvest losses greatly. The major insect that attacks stored cowpea seed in Kenya is the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). The insect can damage 100% of stored cowpea seeds causing weight loss of up to 60%. Although insecticides are widely available, they have high potential risks to users and also pollute the environment. In drier areas of Kenya where the pest is common, small-scale farmers use botanicals with varying levels of success. This study sought to assess the effectiveness of a locally available botanical, Ocimum americanum, in the management of the cowpea weevil. Different plant parts of O. americanum, the leaves, flowers and whole mature young plants were dried and ground into powder. From each plant part, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 g were used to determine their effectiveness against the weevil in stored cowpea seed. Two controls were used, that is, no protectant and Actellic super dust. For each treatment, 10 g of cowpea seeds were placed in plastic vials containing ten pairs (male and female) cowpea weevil adults. The experiments were laid out in a completely randomized design at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), Nairobi, Entomology Laboratory. Lowest post-harvest weight loss (3.0 g) of cowpea seed and highest mortality (92.5%) of cowpea weevil was recorded when 8 g of leaf powder were used. Since wild basil is a common weed in drier parts of Kenya such as Mbeere, Tharaka-Nithi, Kitui, Makueni and Mwingi, it can be utilized in these areas as a cheap control bioinsecticide for cowpea weevil.
An assessment on adoption of Bordeaux paste and mixture by apple growers in Jumla district, Nepal
Authors:   Department of Horticulture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal., Devkota Tirtha Raj
Published: January 2024

Apple production largely depend upon the orchard management. High hill of Nepal has great potentiality for apple production. Quality products are pre-requisite of today’s market. Quality product is only maintained through proper orchard management by adopting modern technology. This study focused on the determinants of adoption of Bordeaux paste and mixture by apple growers. A census survey was conducted to total 1500 apple growing farmers of Chandannath Municipality (1-10), Jumla in 2021 and interviewed individually with pre-tested structured interview schedules. Chandannath Municipality being the command area of Apple Super-Zone, Prime-minister Agriculture Modernization Project (PMAMP) having potential producing center was selected for study. The collected information was coded and analyzed by using STATA. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and Probit Model of regression. Good explanatory power of probit model was revealed through likelihood ratio chi-square (LR chi2) was statistically significance at 1% level and pseudo R2 value was 0.6618. Variables such as gender, economic status of farmers, training received, experienced of farmers and availability of plant protection equipment were found statistically significant and are positively related to adoption. Others factors such as age of farmers and education status of farmers were positively correlated with adoption whereas factors such as active members of family, access to credit, farm size, family type and distance form extension services were found negatively related with the adoption of Bordeaux paste and mixture and statistically not significant. Providing subsidies to marginalized farmers, provision of training and extension service to rural farmers would increase adoption of Bordeaux paste and mixture for healthy apple production.
Fish processing and marketing among women fish mongers in Ofu Local Government Area, Kogi State, Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Prince Abubakar Audu University, P.M.B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria., Ajibade Y. E. , Onimisi M. M. ,   Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Prince Abubakar Audu University, P.M.B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria., Yusuf A. ,   Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Prince Abubakar Audu University, P.M.B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria., Achor A. F. ,   Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Prince Abubakar Audu University, P.M.B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria.
Published: January 2024

The study analysed fish processing and marketing among women fish mongers in Ofu Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of women fish mongers, various processing activities carried out by women fish mongers in fish processing and marketing, costs and returns of women fish mongers, factors affecting the profitability of women fish mongers and constraints faced by the respondents in fish processing and marketing. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to randomly select a total of 120 respondents from three major markets from the Local Government Area. Primary data was used for the study through the use of a well-structured questionnaire. Data obtained was analysed using descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis, multiple regression model and mean score. Majority (75.0%) of the respondent were married with an average age of 43 years. Also, the results indicated an average household size of 6 persons per household and a mean marketing experience of above 10 years. Furthermore, 55.0% of the marketers had primary education. Sorting (100%), washing (100%), packaging (100%), smoking (100%), salting (82.50%), marketing (94.17%), transporting (98.33%), storage (91.67%), folding (93.33%) and slaughtering (72.5%) were major activities carried out by fish mongers. The total return for small fish was ₦12,580.55, ₦15,820.00 for big fish, and ₦20,250.55 for bigger fish per month. This indicates that an average fish monger earned ₦9,281.97 for small fish, ₦8,309.44 for big fish while ₦10,603.12 for bigger fish as gross margin per annum, suggesting that fish marketing is a profitable venture in the study area. Out of the five independent variables included in the model, marketing experience and household size had a significant influence on fish profitability. The major constraint is inadequate credit facility with a mean score of 3.0. Therefore, the Government should encourage fish mongers by giving them soft loans.
Anti-nutrient composition of fluted pumpkin leaf grown in different NPK solutions
Authors:   Department of Plant Science & Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt,  River State, Nigeria., Agogbua J. U. , Okonwu K. ,   Department of Plant Science & Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt,  River State, Nigeria., Akonye L. A. ,   Department of Plant Science & Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt,  River State, Nigeria., Mensah S. I. ,   Department of Plant Science & Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Port Harcourt,  River State, Nigeria.
Published: January 2024

The study evaluated the anti-nutrient composition of fluted pumpkin, Telfairia occidentalis Hooker fil. leaf grown in different NPK 20-10-10 hydroponic solutions. The solutions varied in the amount of NPK (20-10-10) granules (25, 50, 75, 100g, 125 and 150 g) dissolved in water containing micronutrients. The growth media were designated as: M25NPK, M50NPK, M75NPK, M100NPK, M125NPK, M150NPK, and Control. Two-week old seedlings of fluted pumpkin raised using River-sand were transferred into the growth media in four replicates. The hydrogen cyanide, oxalate, phytate, tannin, saponin, trypsin-inhibitor, alkaloid, and flavonoids were determined 5 weeks after planting following standard procedures. Waters 616/626 HPLC was used to determine alkaloid and flavonoid contents. The result showed that the proportion of phytochemicals in the leaves among the growth media range thus: phytate (3.445 – 15.837%), tannin (0.729 – 1.974%), oxalate (3.279 – 8.882%), trypsin-inhibitor (1.018 – 2.756%), saponin (6.075 – 7.558%) and hydrogen cyanide (0.014 – 0.020 ppm). Higher values of phytochemical in the leaves were recorded at M100NPK growth media (for tannin, oxalate, saponin and trypsin-inhibitor). The most abundant group of alkaloids present in the leaves was pyridine with percentage occurrence with respect to the total alkaloids across the growth media as thus: 35.72% (Control), 32.36% (M25NPK), 16.80% (M50NPK), 60.83% (M75NPK), 34.68% (M100NPK), 38.69% (M125NPK), and 61.28% (M150NPK). The most abundant flavonoid was luteolin (9.153 g/100g) followed by eriodictyol (7.573 g/100g) at M50NPK medium, while the lowest value (0.004 g/100g) was epicatechin and anthocyanine at M150NPK and M125NPK media, in that order. The study revealed that appropriate proportion of NPK 20-10-10 in solution could be used in growing fluted pumpkin.
Impact of newly introduced liquid fertilizer as fertilizer for raising oil palm seedlings
Authors:   Agronomy Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil-Palm Research (NIFOR), Edo State, Benin City, Nigeria., Imogie A. E. , Inikio S. ,   Agronomy Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil-Palm Research (NIFOR), Edo State, Benin City, Nigeria., Ugbah M. M., ,   Agronomy Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil-Palm Research (NIFOR), Edo State, Benin City, Nigeria., Eruaga A. ,   Agronomy Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil-Palm Research (NIFOR), Edo State, Benin City, Nigeria., Aondona O. ,   Agronomy Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil-Palm Research (NIFOR), Edo State, Benin City, Nigeria., Nwawe A. K. ,   Agronomy Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil-Palm Research (NIFOR), Edo State, Benin City, Nigeria.
Published: January 2024

Impact of newly introduced liquid fertilizers on growth and development on oil palm seedlings was investigated at the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research Main Nursery, Benin City for two cropping seasons 2013 and 2014 respectively. The fertilizers investigated are Operon 22:0:0, Advantage 20:20:10, Boost Xtra 20:20:20 and conventional fertilizer NPKMg 12:12:17:2. The trial consists of 9 treatments laid down in Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) in three replicates at zero application (control), 28 g, and 56g per seedling respectively. Treatments were applied at 3, 5 and 8 months after planting and data were collected on seedling height, girth, number of frond production, dry matter yield and percentage of transplantable seedlings at 3, 6 and 12 months after planting. Data collected were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and their mean compared with Turkey’s Honest Significance Difference (THSD) at 5% level of probability. At 3 and 6 months after planting, seedlings treatments had no significant effects on palm height, girth and number of frond production. However, at 9 and 12 months after planting, applied treatments had significant effects on palm height, girth, dry matter yield and the number of transplantable seedlings. The highest palm height (138.5 cm), girth (23.5cm), number of frond production (12), transplantable percentage (97.7%) and dry matter yield (198.5.7 g) were obtained in seedlings that received application of 28 g NPKMg 12:12:17:2, while the least palm height (75.5 cm), number of frond production (11), transplantable percentage (68%) and dry matter yield (105.8 g) was obtained from the control. The performance of seedlings that received fertilizers were all significantly different from the control, this is an indication that the liquid fertilizers Operon 22:0:0, Advantage 20:20:10 and Boost Xtra 20:20:20 could be used as an alternate fertilizer for raising oil palm seedlings when the conventional NPKMg is not readily available.
Effect of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) biochar on soil chemical properties and agronomy of soybean (Glycine max L. merril)
Authors:   Department of Agricultural Technology, Niger State College of Agriculture, Mokwa, Nigeria., Sodah M. Gwam , Jayeoba O. J. ,   Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria., Amana S. M. ,   Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria., Jibrin I. M. ,   Department of Agronomy, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria.
Published: January 2024

The experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Shabu-Lafia during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons to evaluate the effects of different levels of biochar on soil properties, growth and yield of soybean. The experiments were laid in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Biochar at the rates of 0, 4, 8 and 12 tons/ha were incorporated into the ridges of soybean at planting. The results showed that soil organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, potassium, available phosphorus, calcium, sodium and base saturation decreased with soil layers. Soil pH (4.67 and 4.69), magnesium (1.52 and 1.62 cmol/kg), exchangeable acidity (0.67 and 0.75 cmol/kg) and cation exchange capacity (5.18 and 5.23 cmol/kg) increased with soil depth. Biochar at the rate of 12 tons/ha showed consistently the highest values of soil properties over other rates. The results also showed that biochar at the rate of 8 tons/ha recorded significantly (p<0.05) the tallest soybean plant height at 8 weeks (40.4 and 42.7 cm) and 10 (43. 0 and 49.2 cm) after planting in 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons respectively while the highest number of branches (4.5 and 4.5) was recorded in 2018 cropping season only. The results further revealed that biochar at the rate of 8 tons/ha recorded the highest weight per 100 seed (16.9 and 14.9 g) and seed yield (1304.0 and 1316.7 kg) per hectare in both cropping seasons. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that biochar at the rates of 12 and 8 tons/ha positively influenced soil and soybean plant parameters evaluated. Therefore, biochar at the rate of 8 tons/ha is considered as the optimum rate for sustainable soybean production in the study area.
Factors affecting risk attitudes of small scale poultry farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria., Adebayo C. O. , Suberu O. F. ,   Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria., Mohammed U. S. ,   Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria.
Published: January 2024

Small-scale farmers are risk averse in order to avoid any discomfort in their livelihoods. Hence, this study analyzed the risk attitudes and their determinants among poultry farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select a total of 192 respondents in the study area on which semi-structured questionnaires were administered to extract relevant information. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics such as safety first model, ordered logit regression as well as Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression model. The results showed that the major risks associated with poultry production were disease outbreak, lack of medication and lack of vaccination health programmes. Majority (57%) were risk averse with aggregate frequency score of 109. Furthermore, the factors influencing farmers’ risk attitude in poultry production were educational level, primary occupation, cooperative membership, marital status, labour in man days and investments. It was therefore recommended that poultry farmers need to strengthen their membership of cooperative societies so that they can have more access to veterinary services and risk sharing opportunities. The farmers need to be involved in other income generating enterprises in order to cushion the effect of production shocks inherent in poultry production.
Length–weight relationship of Tilapia mariae in Lower Ogun River, Akomoje Water Reservoir, Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Agricultural Science Education, University of Ilesa, Ilesa, Nigeria., Oyekanmi F. B. , Adeosun O. M. ,   Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria., Adeosun F. I. ,   Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria., Akin-Obasola B. J. ,   Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Management, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria., Olemoh O. E. ,   Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria.
Published: January 2024

The length-weight relationships and the condition factor of the fish Tilapia mariae were examined in the laboratory. The fish species attained a mean standard length in the range of 13.12±0.61 cm in male, while it was 19.83±0.76 cm in female. The growth in length relative to weight was negative allometric. There was variation in condition factor (k) for both sexes. The females were in better condition than the males whose k-values were higher during the dry and wet seasons. The sex ratio of Tilapia mariae in the reservoir was 1:3.12 (M: F), with September showing the highest sex ratio of 1:3.17 (M:F) and October showing the least 1:2.05 (M:F).
The meaning of recreational sports for modern society as a lifestyle to stay active and fit
Authors: Wibowo Cahyo , Messakh Sanfia Tesabela , Tarigan Rival Aruna
Published: January 2024

(English)This research explores the meaning of recreational sports for modern society as a lifestyle to stay active and fit. This qualitative research uses a phenomenological approach in Salatiga City in several open and closed sports venues and open sports facilities provided by the city government. The population is an urban community that does recreational sports. Random sampling in this study totaled twenty-five respondents from various sports community groups and individually. Data collection techniques used in-depth interviews. The data analysis technique uses the method from Milles and Huberman, which is divided into four stages: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results found are that modern society does not know the definition of recreational sports well; they do recreational sports in their free time to maintain fitness, recreational sports are used as a lifestyle with the family, and the environment and mass media are supporting factors in understanding and accessibility in doing recreational sports. This research concludes that modern society needs to understand recreational sports better. However, they consciously do it with internal motivation and support from the environment, including family and mass media.(Indonesian)Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali makna olahraga rekreasi bagi masyarakat modern sebagai gaya hidup untuk tetap aktif dan bugar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi dilakukan di Kota Salatiga di beberapa tempat olahraga terbuka dan tertutup juga di fasilitas olahraga terbuka yang disediakan oleh pemerintah kota. Partisipan merupakan masyarakat Kota Salatiga yang melakukan olahraga rekreasi. Partisipan yang diambil dalam penelitian ini berjumlah total dua puluh lima  responden dari berbagai kelompok komunitas olahraga maupun secara individu. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan in-dept interview. Teknik analisis data menggunakan  metode dari Milles dan Huberman yang dibagi menjadi 4 tahapan yaitu pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil yang ditemukan adalah masyarakat modern belum mengetahui definisi olahraga rekreasi dengan baik, mereka melalukan olahraga rekreasi di waktu luang untuk menjaga kebugaran, olahraga rekreasi dijadikan gaya hidup bersama keluarga, lingkungan dan media masa menjadi faktor pendukung dalam pemahaman dan aksesibilitas dalam melakukan olahraga rekreasi. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah masyarakat modern belum memaknai dengan baik olahraga rekreasi, namun secara sadar mereka melakukannya dengan motivasi internal dan juga dukungan dari lingkungan termasuk keluarga dan media masa. Copyright © The Author (s) 2023Journal of Sport Education (JOPE) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Survival Rate Lemon Fish (Rachycentron canadum) Larvae in Lampung Marine Aquaculture Center
Authors: Oktaviany Tengku Rany , Saputra Suryadi , Effendi Irwan , Batubara Ummi Mardhiah
Published: January 2024

Cobia fish (Rachycentron canadum) is one of the marine carnivorous fish that is relatively new and has the potential to be cultuvited. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of larval rearing and nursery cobia fish found in the Center for Marine Aquaculture (BBPBL) Lampung. Held 20 January to 19 February 2021. The mature fish were mated in a 2x2x1 m concrete tank filled with 4,000 L of water. The eggs produced were harvested using an egg collector, counted and hatched in a 0.8x0.6x0.5 m aquarium. After hatching, the larvae were moved into nursery tanks with a density of 5-7 fish/liter. Larvae were reared until they were 25 days old and fed naturally with Branchionus sp, Nannochloropsis sp, and artemia. The larvae were then counted, weighed, measured, graded and their growth analyzed. The results of this study showed that not all of these cobia eggs were fertilized by male cobia sperm at the time of spawning. Spawning was carried out on January 16, 2022. Total eggs was 648,000, total fertilized eggs was 480,000 and fertilization rate was 74.04 %. The results of the initial larval count were 75,000, 17,040 were harvested with a survival rate of 22.72%. Water quality (pH, DO, temperature, salinity, nitrite and ammonia) during the research was still normal.
Facility Utilization Study Fish Landing Base Dumai Riau Province
Authors: Limbong Ulva Uziel Hasiholan , Yani Alit Hindri , Zain Jonny
Published: January 2024

This study aimed to analyze the utilization study of Dumai Fish Landing Base facilities in Riau Province. This research was conducted in March 2023 at the Fish Landing Base (PPI) in Dumai City, Riau Province. The methods used in the study were surveys and interviews. The results showed that the fishing gear used by fishermen at PPI Dumai were gillnet, longline, sondong, and kurau net. The high percentage of utilization of dock facilities is about 545,45% and the port pool area is 139,98%, which means that the port pool area has exceeded highly utilized, while the utilization rate of the port pool depth is 87,5%, which means that it can still be utilized more optimally by fishermen. The utilization rate of the PPI Dumai auction building facility is 72,98%, which means that the auction building has exceeded being highly utilized
Effect of Mesh Size on Fishing Gear Gill Nets on the Catch in the Sub-District of Teluk Meranti, Pelalawan Regency
Authors: Glaudia Irma , Bustari Bustari , Polaris Polaris
Published: January 2024

The size of the gill net in the waters of Pangkalan Terap Village is 2.5 inches, 3 inches, and 5 inches, but its use is still based on the current season. This study aims to determine the effect of gillnet mesh size on catches, determine the number, type, weight, and size of catches, and determine the size of gill nets that are effectively used to catch fish in Pangkalan Terap Village. This research was conducted in April - June 2022 in Pangkalan Terap Village, Teluk Meranti District, Pelalawan Regency, Riau Province. The method used in this research is an experimental fishing method with a Randomized Group Design. The results showed that the mesh size of 2.5 inches, 3 inches, and 5 inches in the rainy and dry seasons in Pangkalan Terap Village had a significant effect on the number and weight of fish caught (Fcount> FTable). The number of fish caught in the rainy season was 219 fish weighing 46259 g, while in the dry season, 241 fish weighing 79435g. The types of catches in all nets in both seasons were ten species dominated by Cyclocheillichthys sp. 2.5-inch gill nets are more effectively used because they get the most diverse catches compared to other nets
Productivity and Financial Analysis of Fishing Effort with Handline at Kutaraja Oceanic Fishing Port Aceh Province
Authors: Manalu Angga Setia , Zain Jonny , Brown Arthur
Published: January 2024

Production of catches on hand line fishing gear at Kutaraja Ocean Fishing Port has declined. This is seen from the level of fish production produced, which was 2.407.580 tons in 2018, compared to in 2019 which was 2.285.750 tons. The fishing business, which has become one of the livelihoods of the Indonesian people, is a little riskier than other businesses because the fish, which are the play target of this business, are constantly moving dynamically. The research objective was to determine productivity per GT, Trip, and ABK on hand line fishing gear and to determine the financial feasibility analysis of fishing effort on hand line fishing gears at Kutaraja Ocean Fishing Ports. The benefits of this research are to increase knowledge and insight regarding productivity and financial analysis of the fishing line effort. The method used in this study is a survey method. The data analysis method used in this research is descriptive. The results showed that the value of productivity per trip with large-size ships has a high amount of production compared to smaller ship sizes. Hand line fishing with a vessel size >30 GT has a relatively long payback period, <5 years. While ships with a height of 5 GT, 6 GT, 9 GT, 22 GT, and 24 GT have a payback period of <3 years.
The Atmospheric and Oceanic Processes on Thermal Front Variability over the Java Sea
Authors: Hatmaja Rahaden Bagas , Amrullah Rangga , Kusumaningrum Shinta Ayu , Sugianto M. Restu Putra
Published: January 2024

The Java Sea is influenced by various atmospheric and oceanographic factors such as monsoon winds and the inflow of water from adjacent seas, thus leading to the formation of thermal fronts. In this research, the atmospheric process over the thermal front was estimated by using sea surface temperature (SST) gradient and crosswind-SST gradient calculation based on the GLORYS12V1 monthly SST data from Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) and the ERA5 monthly surface wind data from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for 27 years (from 1993 to 2019). Moreover, the oceanic process was determined from the volume transports of three major channels surrounding the Java Sea, which are Karimata Strait, Sunda Strait, and the eastern boundary of the Java Sea. Based on the annual variance analysis, there are four main thermal front areas, such as Northern Java Coast (NJC), Eastern Sumatra Coast (ESC), Western Borneo Coast (WBC), and Eastern Borneo Coast (EBC). The annual variation of the thermal front over the ESC, WBC, and ESC has two peaks in March and October, while the NJC thermal front area has three peaks in March, July, and November. This study results that the thermal front activities over the NJC, WBC, and EBC are significantly correlated to the wind stress curl over those areas, with a coefficient correlation of about 0.62, -0.92, and -0.73, respectively. In addition, the increase in thermal front activity over the NJC area is controlled by negative wind stress curl with no lag time, while the WBC and EBC areas are controlled by positive wind stress curl with a lag time of 1 month (wind stress leads). On the other hand, the thermal front activity over the ESC area is closely related to southward volume transport from the Karimata Strait, with a correlation coefficient of -0.74 and a lag time of 2 months (volume transport leads).
Causes and Consequences of Internal Migration in Bhaktapur District, Nepal
Authors: Bohara Pradeep Kumar
Published: January 2024

This field-based study, titled "Causes and Consequences of Internal Migration in Madhyapurthimi municipality ward 5, Bhaktapur," aimed to assess the demographic profile of in-migrants, understand the reasons for internal migration in the study area, and explore the outcomes of internal migration. The research relied on both primary and secondary data sources, with information gathered from 110 households through structured and semi-structured interviews. Upon collecting and thoroughly reviewing the data, the study revealed several key findings. It was observed that a significant proportion of in-migrants were students and job seekers, primarily falling within the age group of 20 years, which constitutes the economically active population. The analysis of respondents' income sources in their places of origin indicated that 50% relied on agriculture, 26.4% on business, 19.1% on services, and 4.5% on labor for their income. Regarding the demographic composition of the surveyed population, out of a total of 427 individuals across the 110 selected households, 49.18% were male, and 50.82% were female. The predominant religious affiliations were Hinduism (84.3%), followed by Buddhism (7.5%), Christianity (4.7%), and Kirat (3.7%), with the lowest percentage belonging to the Kirat faith. Education-wise, 56.52% of the population was found to have received formal education. The study highlighted that the primary drivers of in-migration were a lack of access to quality education and healthcare services, limited employment opportunities, and challenges in meeting the household's basic needs.
Contribution of Senior Citizens to Employment Generation
Authors: Devkota Balaram
Published: January 2024

The labor market of Nepal is shrinking with the migration of youth to foreign countries in search of employment opportunities. Rapid population ageing further exacerbates the situation, eventually affecting the national economy and development processes. Unlike many nations around the world, Nepal is yet to adopt policies realizing the impacts of population ageing. With less experience and fewer skills, young people often encounter difficulties accessing work. On the other hand, senior citizens have lifetime experience and expertise, which, if transferred to the younger population, can bring changes to the employment scenario among the younger generation and increase their employment rate. It was focused on exploring the skills and expertise of senior citizens in terms of procreating income-generating. The study was conducted in Sindupalchowk, Kavrepalanchowk, and Kathmandu districts with a sample size of 318 senior citizens. Locations were purposively selected keeping in mind the geographical structure of the areas and availability of respondents. Adopting the Snowball Sampling technique, senior citizens active in income-generating activities like agriculture/farming, entrepreneurship, factories, cooperatives, education sector, and others were identified for primary data collection. The snowball sampling was used because it had supported the same cohort of an ageing population and located the old age people in the locality. Besides, qualitative data were gathered through desk review, FGDs, and formal/informal meetings. The majority of the senior citizens interviewed were active in their professions and were contributing to their family economies. They had developed expertise after dedicating a significant portion of their life working in a particular field. Having made progress with their works, the senior citizens see great prospects of their current professions even in the next ten years and highly recommend young generation to involve in similar occupations. Young generations have great prospects ahead of them but require proper guidance.
Learner Participation in Science Learning: Creating a Humanized Science Classroom
Authors: Thapaliya Pratima
Published: January 2024

As science learners, learners can learn science from their enriched cultural life world. However, the disempowering forces embedded in science pedagogical practices demotivate the learners to participate in the active science learning process. In this context, this research addresses the question: How have I explored learner participation in science learning to create a humanized science classroom? I applied auto ethnography as a research method and inquiry to portray the critical reflexive narratives I experienced in my science learning journey. The research shows that the learners’ participation in science learning is in/directly influenced by the in/formal modes of science learning. The rigorous and unjust formal schooling cultures demotivate the learners to participate in science learning autonomously. The science teachers must know the learners’ lived experiences and cultural worlds by creating a dialogic space between teachers and students. It can also support modifying and cultivating their internal selves through individual and collective participation. Therefore, the research also offers to know and value the learners’ creativity and acknowledge the learners’ learning experiences beyond the formal academic settings. Furthermore, science teachers need to view the learners through humanized lenses to motivate learners for their autonomous participation in science learning. It possibly counteracts the rigorous schooling cultures that emphasize the directed participation of learners and transform their dogmatic identities.
Socio-economic and Demographic status of Emigrants’ Households of Baghchaur Municipality
Authors: Raut Rekha
Published: January 2024

This study deals with the “International Labour Migration (A Case Study of Baghchaur Municipality in Salyan District. The primary data was collected from the study area of Baghchaur Municipality. The general objective of the study is to examine the scenario of international labour migration pertaining to study area. Main objectives of the study are to examine the socio-economic and demographic status of emigrant's households, influencing factors, direction and magnitude, and the impact of emigration in the place of origin. The analysis and interpretation of data were carried out by using frequency tables, cross tabulation, with selected dependent and independent variables. International labour migration is seen in direction and destination with increasing volume in study side.

Methods: Simple random sampling procedure was applied to collect the primary data and information about the emigrants by using questionnaire. Descriptive research design was used and the total number of international labor migrants were 118 from 100 households. There are 118 respondents were found whereas 111 were male and 7 were female.

Results: India has the highest volume of emigrants and the flow is increasing now towards Malaysia from Nepal. Skilled migrant workers get high paid jobs. Reliability of human resource agencies have also played the crucial role in finding the work and wage. Amount, frequency and regularity of remittances depend upon the types of works, companies and the destination country. International money express, banks, and western union money transfer are mostly used channels for sending money. The rise in income is evident in the emigrant's household but the expenditure increasing. Unemployment, insufficient agricultural land and poverty are the key factors for emigration associated with origin. Due to the low level of education migrant workers get highly paid in destination countries compared to Nepal. Availability of unskilled works in the destination countries seems appealing to the low educated migrant workers.
दोस्रो भाषाका रूपमा नेपाली भाषा शिक्षण {Teaching Nepali language as a second language}
Authors: अधिकारी Adhikari भारती Bharati
Published: January 2024

सिकारुले अतिरिक्त भाषिक आवश्यकता परिपूर्ति गर्ने हेतुले सिक्ने भाषालाई दोस्रो भाषा भनिन्छ । यो भाषा पहिलो भाषा प्राप्त गरिसकेपछि सिकिने भाषा हो । यसलाई भाषा सिकाइको आर्जन प्रक्रियाका रूपमा परिभाषित गरिएको पाइन्छ । दोस्रो भाषालाई विमातृभाषा, द्वितीयक भाषा तथा सहायक भाषा पनि भन्ने गरिएको पाइन्छ । दोस्रो भाषा औपचारिक, अनौपचारिक एवम्व्यक्तिगत प्रयासबाट सिक्न सकिने हुन्छ । वस्तुतः यो भाषा सिकाइका क्रममा व्यापक र सीमित दुबै प्रकृतिको भाषिक वातावरणको सुविधा सिकारुलाई प्राप्त हुन्छ । प्रस्तुत आलेखमा दोस्रो भाषाका रुपमा नेपाली भाषा शिक्षणको सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणा अनुरेखाङ्कन गरिएको छ । यस आलेखको तयारीका क्रममा गुणात्मक अध्ययन ढाँचाको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । यसमा सामग्रीको विवेचनका लागि वर्णनात्मक तथा विश्लेषणात्मक विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । यसबाट दोस्रोभाषाका रुपमा नेपाली भाषा शिक्षण गर्न रुचि राख्ने सरोकारवाला सवैलाई सहयोग पुग्ने विश्वास लिइएको छ ।
Capital Adequacy and its Influence on Bank Profitability in Nepal
Authors: Balami Sangita , Chalise Dhan Raj
Published: January 2024

Background: Capital is a fundamental component for any organization's existence and operation. It serves as the lifeblood for initiating and sustaining businesses, regardless of their scale. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the financial performance of Nepalese commercial banks' capital adequacy ratios. Considering the performance of Nepalese commercial banks, it explicitly investigates the impact of capital adequacy ratio, cost income ratio, debt to equity ratio, equity capital to assets, bank size, and liquid ratio.Methods: This study investigates the impact of capital adequacy on the profitability of commercial banks in Nepal, utilizing secondary data from all commercial banks spanning 2013 to 2022. Analyzing 20 commercial banks, the research reveals that Nepalese commercial banks, on average, generate a respectable profit with typical return variance. The Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) consistently surpasses the 10% regulatory threshold, ensuring compliance with Basel III requirements and NRB directives. Results: The Average Assets Ratio (AAR) signifies a proactive approach to lending, contributing to enhanced profitability, while the Government Securities to Total Investment Ratio (G-STIR) indicates risk-averse practices with investments in risk-free assets. The Non-Performing Loans Ratio (NPLR) reflects the challenge of balancing low returns and high risk associated with non-performing loans. Correlation coefficients reveal complex relationships, indicating that increased capital, debt, and non-performing loans may lead to reduced profitability for Nepalese commercial banks. Regression analysis reinforces these findings, highlighting significantly negative correlations between Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and spread with capital adequacy determinants, and a positively insignificant relationship between government securities, total investment, and profitability metrics. Conclusions: The study explored capital adequacy determinants (CAR, D-ER, AAR, G-STIR, NPLR) and their impact on bank profitability in Nepal. CAR had no significant effect on ROA, exhibiting a negative correlation. Conversely, D-ER and Advances-to-Assets Ratio positively influenced ROA. G-STIR showed a positive relationship without significance, while NPLR had a significantly negative impact. Non-risk-weighted measures, particularly debt-equity, negatively affected profitability. The study highlighted the limited impact, suggesting a more nuanced capital management approach, emphasizing D-ER and Advances-to-Assets Ratio. Consideration of macroeconomic factors and a balanced capital structure are crucial for commercial banks in Nepal.
Effect on Onset and Duration of Sensory and Motor Block with Single Bolus Dose of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant on Spinal Anesthesia with 0.5% Hyperbaric Bupivacaine in Lower Limb Surgery
Authors: Bhattarai Rupak , Shah Parasmani , Sharma Prabin
Published: January 2024

Background: The hyperbaric bupivacaine is being widely used for spinal anesthesia in lower limb surgeries. Dexmedetomidine can be used intravenously as well as an intrathecal injection along with spinal anesthesia for surgery below the umbilicus.

Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, randomized double blinded study, where 100 patients posted for elective lower limb surgery under spinal anesthesia were divided into two groups. Group A received 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine as spinal anesthesia along with intravenous infusion of 0.5 μg /kg/hour of dexmedetomidine over a period of ten minutes. Group B received 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine as spinal anesthesia along with intravenous normal saline over a period of ten minutes.

Results: The onset of sensory block was 3.19 ± 0.31 minutes in group A whereas 4.5 ± 0.22 minutes in group B. The onset of motor block was 4.28 ± 1.02 minutes in group A whereas 7.12 ± 0.87 in group B.  The onset and duration of sensory and motor block were statistically significant. Regarding duration of sensory block, group A had 186.5 ± 14.04 minutes whereas group B had 148.2 ± 11.31 minutes with p value <0.001. The duration of motor block was 142 ± 11.42 minutes in group A whereas 122.4 ± 8.28 minutes in group B with p value <0.001. The duration of postoperative analgesia was prolonged in group A when compared with group B.

Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine used as a single intravenous injection along with spinal anesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine tends to shortens the onset of both sensory and motor blocks and increases the duration of sensory and motor blocks. It also prolongs the duration of analgesia with minimal or no changes in hemodynamic parameters.
Assessment on Quality of Coarse and Fine Aggregate of Riverbed Quarry as Construction Material Used in Kaski District of Nepal
Authors: Banstola Ramesh , GC Santosh , Pandey Surendra , KC Abit , Koirala Sudeep , Bastola Shirash Kumar
Published: January 2024

Quality of the composite material and ingredient of the materials in composite material plays a vital role in the sustainable infrastructure development. The quality of concrete is conformance to technical requirements as per specification or fitness for uses having minimum acceptance level to use the products. Among the various properties of fine and coarse aggregate of sampled quarry, only physical and mechanical properties of coarse and fine aggregates were tested in the laboratory, analyzed and compared with IS code and Standard Specification for Road and Bridges Works-2073 (with second amendment-2078) of Department of Roads (DoR), Nepal. Results revealed that physical properties of all the sampled quarry on gradation of coarse and fine aggregate lies within the IS code provision, whereas only source of Rato Pairo Mishi Tunda Shanik Ghat and Gahara Ghat comply the specifications defined by Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works -2073 (with second amendment-2078), The specific gravity and water absorption of all the sampled quarry satisfied as per the Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works-2073 (with second amendment-2078). The mechanical properties such as crushing value of coarse aggregate of all sampled quarry satisfied standard value, impact value of sampled aggregate from Babya Tara, Mahari Ghat and Chuina Pahara Ghat dosen't comply within standard value, and abrasion value of sampled aggregate from Mahari Ghat and Chuina Pahara Pasupati Ghumari Ghat does not meet the standards as defined by the Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works-2073 (with second amendment-2078). The properties of fine and coarse aggregate have significant influence on performance, quality and serviceability of concrete mix & finally influence durability of the engineering structures.
Predictors of later COVID-19 test seeking
Authors: Ga’al Amal , Kapsack Abby , Mahmud Abdalla , Estrada-Codecido Jose , Lam Philip , Chan Adrienne , Andany Nisha , Simor Andrew , Kiss Alex , Daneman Nick
Published: January 2024

Background:

Delays in COVID-19 testing may increase the risk of secondary household and community transmission. Little is known about what patient characteristics and symptom profiles are associated with delays in test seeking.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all symptomatic patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and assessed in a COVID Expansion to Outpatients (COVIDEO) virtual care program between March 2020 and June 2021. The primary outcome was later test seeking more than 3 days from symptom onset. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine predictors of later testing including patient characteristics and symptoms (30 individual symptoms or 7 symptom clusters).

Results:

Of 5,363 COVIDEO patients, 4,607 were eligible and 2,155/4,607 (46.8%) underwent later testing. Older age was associated with increased odds of late testing (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.007/year; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.01), as was history of recent travel (aOR 1.4; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.95). Health care workers had lower odds of late testing (aOR 0.50; 95% CI 0.39 to 0.62). Late testing was associated with symptoms in the cardiorespiratory (aOR 1.2; 95% CI 1.05, 1.36), gastrointestinal (aOR = 1.2; 95% CI 1.04, 1.4), neurological (aOR 1.1; 95% CI 1.003, 1.3) and psychiatric (aOR 1.3; 95% CI 1.1, 1.5) symptom clusters. Among individual symptoms, dyspnea, anosmia, dysgeusia, sputum, and anorexia were associated with late testing; pharyngitis, myalgia, and headache were associated with early testing.

Conclusion:

Certain patient characteristics and symptoms are associated with later testing, and warrant further efforts to encourage earlier testing to minimize transmission.