bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microwave‐Assisted Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 3‐[(4‐Substituted Piperazin‐1‐yl)alkyl] Imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]benzothiazol‐2(3H)‐ones as Serotonin3 (5‐HT3) Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Mahesh R. , Perumal R. Venkatesha , Pandi P. V.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of 1‐Amino‐4‐methylpiperazine.
Authors: Kushakova P. M. , Chernobroviy A. N. , Kuznetsov V. A. , Garabadgiu A. V.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fused Heterocyclic Systems with s‐Triazine Ring. Part 2. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Fluorinated 2‐Amino‐4‐aryl‐3,4‐dihydro[1,3,5]triazino[1,2‐a]benzimidazoles.
Authors: Dolzhenko Anton V. , Chui Wai‐Keung , Dolzhenko Anna V. , Chan Lai‐Wah
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Synthesis of Multisubstituted Vinylsilanes via Ynolates: Stereoselective Formation of β‐Silyl‐β‐lactones Followed by Decarboxylation.
Authors: Shindo Mitsuru , Matsumoto Kenji , Shishido Kozo
Published: August 2005

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Alkenyl‐ and Aryl[2‐(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]dimethylsilanes: An Entry to Tetraorganosilicon Reagents for the Silicon‐Based Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Nakao Yoshiaki , Imanaka Hidekazu , Sahoo Akhila K. , Yada Akira , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: August 2005

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Reactions in the Chrysenequinone—Phenylacetylene—Phosphorus Trichloride System: Formation and Crystal Structure of 2,7‐Dichloro‐2‐oxo‐4‐phenylbenzo[o]‐1,2‐oxaphosphatriphenylene.
Authors: Bogdanov Andrey V. , Mironov Vladimir F. , Krivolapov Dmitry B. , Litvinov Igor A. , Musin Rashid Z. , Latypov Shamil K. , Konovalov Alexander I.
Published: August 2005

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Regioselective Chlorination of 4‐ and 5‐Methyl‐2,2,2‐trichlorobenzo[d]‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholes.
Authors: Varaksina Elena N. , Mironov Vladimir F. , Shtyrlina Alfia A. , Dobrynin Alexey B. , Litvinov Igor A. , Konovalov Alexander I.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
DABCO‐Catalyzed Addition of Selenosulfonates to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Shi Yong‐Ling , Shi Min
Published: August 2005

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New Triterpenic Esters of Oleanene‐Series from the Flowers of Calendula officinalis Linn.
Authors: Naved T. , Ansari S. H. , Mukhtar H. M. , Ali M.
Published: August 2005

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Caesaldecan, a Cassane Diterpenoid from the Leaves of Caesalpinia decapetala.
Authors: Kiem Phan Van , Minh Chau Van , Huong Hoang Thanh , Lee Jung Loon , Kim Young Ho
Published: August 2005

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Vigulariol, a New Metabolite from the Sea Pen Vigularia juncea
Authors: Su Jui‐Hsin , Huang Ho‐Cheng , Chao Chih‐Hua , Yan Liang‐Yu , Wu Yang‐Chang , Wu Chin‐Chung , Sheu Jyh‐Horng
Published: August 2005

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Methyl ent‐16α‐Dichlorophosphitobeyeran‐19‐oate as the First Example of Phosphorylated Diterpenoid Derivatives of the Beyerane Series.
Authors: Mamedova Vera L. , Nikitina Kristina A. , Mamedov Vakhid A. , Kataev Vladimir E. , Alfonsov Vladimir A.
Published: August 2005

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Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of α‐Chloro Esters in Asymmetric Nucleophilic Substitution Using Diacetone‐D‐glucose as a Chiral Auxiliary.
Authors: Kim Hyun Jung , Shin Eun‐kyoung , Chang Ji‐yeon , Kim Yongtae , Park Yong Sun
Published: August 2005

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New Heterocyclic Derivatives of 2‐Amino‐1,6‐anhydro‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐glucopyranose Containing 1,4‐Oxazepane or Azepane Ring.
Authors: Trtek Tomas , Cerny Miloslav , Budesinsky Milos , Trnka Tomas , Cisarova Ivana
Published: August 2005

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Stereoselective Synthesis of C1‐C5 and C4‐C5 Linked Deoxy Disaccharides via a Ring Closing Metathesis Protocol.
Authors: Sharma G. V. M. , Begum Asra , Kumar K. Raman , Krishna Palakodety Radha , Prabhakar A. , Kunwar A. C.
Published: August 2005

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Diastereoselective [4 + 2] Annulation of Vinyl Carbodiimides with N‐Alkyl Imines. Asymmetric Synthetic Access to the Batzelladine Alkaloids.
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , Duron Sergio G. , Gin David Y.
Published: August 2005

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Studies on Phytochemicals. Part 48. A Substituted Imidazole Derivative from Jatropha curcas.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Reddy M. Ravinder , Ravindranath N. , Kishore K. Hara , Murthy U. S. N.
Published: August 2005

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Identification and Antibacterial Activity of a New Oleandomycin Derivative from Streptomyces antibioticus.
Authors: Kim Beom Seok , Oh Hyuncheol , Kim Sun Young , Park Jeong Ah , Yoon Yeo Joon , Lee Sang Kil , Kim Bo Yeon , Ahn Jong Seog
Published: August 2005

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Generation of New Epothilones by Genetic Engineering of a Polyketide Synthase in Myxococcus xanthus.
Authors: Tang Li , Chung Loleta , Carney John R. , Starks Courtney M. , Licari Peter , Katz Leonard
Published: August 2005

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Prunustatin A, a Novel GRP78 Molecular Chaperone Down‐Regulator Isolated from Streptomyces violaceoniger.
Authors: Umeda Yukiko , Chijiwa Shuhei , Furihata Kazuo , Furihata Keiko , Sakuda Shohei , Nagasawa Hiromichi , Watanabe Hidenori , Shin‐ya Kazuo
Published: August 2005

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Deoxyverrucosidin, a Novel GRP78/BiP Down‐Regulator Produced by Penicillium sp.
Authors: Choo Soo‐Jin , Park Hae‐Ryong , Ryoo In‐Ja , Kim Jong‐Pyung , Yun Bong‐Sik , Kim Chang‐Jin , Shin‐ya Kazuo , Yoo Ick‐Dong
Published: August 2005

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Myrothenones A and B, Cyclopentenone Derivatives with Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity from the Marine‐Derived Fungus Myrothecium sp.
Authors: Li Xifeng , Kim Min Kyung , Lee Uk , Kim Se‐Kwon , Kang Jung Sook , Choi Hong Dae , Son Byeng Wha
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High Yield Method for Nanocrystalline Zeolite Synthesis.
Authors: Song W. , Grassian V. H. , Larsen S. C.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Route to Nanorods of Cadmium Sulfide.
Authors: Christian Paul , O'Brien Paul
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Potent and Selective Nonpeptide Antagonist of the Melanocortin‐4 Receptor Induces Food Intake in Satiated Mice.
Authors: Chen Chen , et al. et al.
Published: August 2005

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Far‐Field Optical Microscopy of Single Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: van Dijk Meindert A. , Lippitz Markus , Orrit Michel
Published: August 2005

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Polyoxometalate Complexes of Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Hu Changwen , Li Danfeng
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis of Stable Carbohydrate Mimetics as Potential Glycotherapeutics
Authors: Postema Maarten H. D. , Piper Jared L. , Betts Russell L.
Published: August 2005

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α‐Lithiated Aryloxiranes: Useful Reactive Intermediates
Authors: Capriati Vito , Florio Saverio , Luisi Renzo
Published: August 2005

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Recent Developments in the Nazarov Process
Authors: Pellissier Helene
Published: August 2005

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Synthesis of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Incorporating a Fused Thiophene Ring
Authors: Pradhan Tarun Kanti , De Asish
Published: August 2005

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High Oxidation State Alkylidene and Alkylidyne Complexes
Authors: Schrock Richard R.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cucurbitacins and Cucurbitane Glycosides: Structures and Biological Activities
Authors: Chen Jian Chao , Chiu Ming Hua , Nie Rui Lin , Cordell Geoffrey A. , Qiu Samuel X.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Furanoflavonoids: An Overview
Authors: Maurya Rakesh , Yadav Prem P.
Published: August 2005

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Linear π‐Conjugated Systems Derivatized with C60‐Fullerene as Molecular Heterojunctions for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Roncali Jean
Published: August 2005

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Enantioselective C—C Bond Synthesis Catalyzed by Enzymes
Authors: Sukumaran Joly , Hanefeld Ulf
Published: August 2005

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Axially Modified Gallium Phthalocyanines and Naphthalocyanines for Optical Limiting
Authors: Chen Yu , Hanack Michael , Araki Yasuyuki , Ito Osamu
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxygen Transport as a Solid‐State Structure Probe for Polymeric Materials
Authors: Hiltner A. , Liu R. Y. F. , Hu Y. S. , Baer E.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Kinetic Comparison of Ethylene and Propylene Polymerization Reactions with Ziegler—Natta Catalysts
Authors: Kissin Yury V.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Amino Sugars and Glycosylamines as Tools in Stereoselective Synthesis
Authors: Knauer S. , Kranke B. , Krause L. , Kunz H.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biological Activity and Chemical Prospects of Inositol Derivatives
Authors: Rahman A. U. , Dahot M. Umar
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Imidazolylidine Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Burgess Kevin , Perry Marc C. , Cui Xiuhua
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: Different Classes and Physical Properties
Authors: Handy Scott T.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Advances on the Synthesis and Reactivity of Isoxazoles
Authors: Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acid Treatment of Arylpropanoid and Arylethanoid Derivatives: Access to Natural and Synthetic Biologically Active Polyphenols
Authors: Cotelle Philippe
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation
Authors: Nishiyama Hisao
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Four‐Membered Rings
Authors: Roth Hermann J.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Bond Cleavage Reactions
Authors: Komiya Sanshiro , Hirano Masafumi
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium‐Promoted Radical Reactions
Authors: Nagashima Hideo
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Murahashi Shun‐Ichi , Komiya Naruyoshi
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Kitamura M. , Noyori R.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two Approaches to Multimetallic Catalysis: Combined Use of Metal Complexes and Multinuclear Complex Catalysts
Authors: Ishii Youichi , Hidai Masanobu
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rare Earth Bimetallic Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Kanai Motomu , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Group 13‐Alkali Metal Heterobimetallic Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Ohshima Takashi , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polymer‐Supported Olefin Metathesis Catalysts for Organic and Combinatorial Synthesis
Authors: Kingsbury Jason S. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metathesis‐Based Polymers for Organic Synthesis and Catalysis
Authors: Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dendritic Polymers as High‐Loading Supports for Organic Synthesis and Catalysis
Authors: Haag Rainer , Roller Sebastian
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Supported Reagents and Scavengers in Multi‐Step Organic Synthesis
Authors: Baxendale Ian R. , Storer R. Ian , Ley Steven V.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fullerenes
Authors: Dorn Harry C. , Duchamp James C.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Reactions with CO and CO2
Authors: Mitsudo Take‐aki , Kondo Teruyuki
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electrochemical Behavior of Alkanediols
Authors: Inam‐ul‐Haque Inam‐ul‐Haque
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in O‐Hydroxyaryl Schiff Bases
Authors: Filarowski Aleksander
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Large Scale Quantum Mechanical Calculations on the Benzene Vibrational System
Authors: Rashev Svetoslav
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Single‐Molecule RNA Folding
Authors: Bokinsky Gregory , Zhuang Xiaowei
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Role of Sulfur Chirality in the Chemical Processes of Biology
Authors: Bentley Ronald
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidative Stress and Uremia
Authors: Floccari Fulvio , Aloisi Carmela , Crasci Eleonora , Sofi Tito , Campo Susanna , Tripodo Donatella , Criseo Manila , Frisina Nicola , Buemi Michele
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bioreactors
Authors: Kleijntjens Rene H. , Luyben Karel Ch. A. M.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Calcineurin Inhibitor Induced Nephrotoxicity and Renal Expression of P‐Glycoprotein
Authors: Joy Melanie S. , Nickeleit Volker , Hogan Susan L. , Thompson Bawana D. , Finn William F.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Energy Dissipation in Multichromophoric Single Dendrimers
Authors: De Schryver F. C. , Vosch T. , Cotlet M. , Van der Auweraer M. , Muellen K. , Hofkens J.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alternating‐Laser Excitation of Single Molecules
Authors: Kapanidis Achillefs N. , Laurence Ted A. , Lee Nam Ki , Margeat Emmanuel , Kong Xiangxu , Weiss Shimon
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nonlinear Optical Chromophores as Nanoscale Emitters for Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy
Authors: Willets Katherine A. , Nishimura Stefanie Y. , Schuck P. James , Twieg Robert J. , Moerner W. E.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Probing Single‐Molecule Protein Conformational Dynamics
Authors: Lu H. Peter
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rotational Motions of Macromolecules by Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Rosenberg Stephanie A. , Quinlan Margot E. , Forkey Joseph N. , Goldman Yale E.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Barbara Paul F. , Gesquiere Andre J. , Park So‐Jung , Lee Young Jong
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereolabile Chiral Compounds: Analysis by Dynamic Chromatography and Stopped‐Flow Methods
Authors: Wolf Christian
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Molecular Tennis: Mass Spectrometric Study of Self‐Assembling Molecular Capsules
Authors: Schalley Christoph Andreas
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: 5 years later
Authors: van der Zwan Sanne M. , DeMatteo Ronald P.
Published: September 2005

There is now considerable interest in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) because it can be treated effectively with a targeted molecular agent. The majority of GISTs contain an activating mutation in the KIT protooncogene or, occasionally, in the platelet‐derived growth factor‐α (PDGFRA) gene. Five years ago, imatinib mesylate, a specific molecular inhibitor of the protein products of these 2 genes, was applied to metastatic GIST. Approximately 80% of patients with metastatic GIST benefit from imatinib, although acquired resistance to the agent may develop. For patients with primary GIST, surgery remains the treatment of choice, and whether outcome is improved by adjuvant imatinib is currently under broad investigation. A combination of imatinib therapy and surgery also may be effective in a subset of patients with metastatic or unresectable primary GIST. In this review, the authors summarize the new multimodality approach to GIST. The integration of surgery and molecular therapy in GIST will serve as a prototype for the management of other solid tumors for which targeted agents become available. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Tuning of Copper(I)–Dioxygen Reactivity by Bis(guanidine) Ligands
Authors: Herres‐Pawlis Sonja , Flörke Ulrich , Henkel Gerald
Published: August 2005

A series of bis(guanidine) ligands designed for use in biomimetic coordination chemistry, namely bis(tetramethylguanidino)‐, bis(dipiperidinoguanidino)‐, and bis(dimethylpropyleno)propane (btmgp, DPipG2p and DMPG2p, respectively), has been extended to include bis(dimethylethyleneguanidino)propane (DMEG2p), which has both Namine atoms of each guanidine functionality connected by a short ethylene bridge, as a member. From this series, a family of novel bis(guanidine)copper(I) compounds – [Cu2(btmgp)2][PF6]2 (1), [Cu2(DPipG2p)2][PF6]2 (2), [Cu2(DMPG2p)2][PF6]2 (3), and [Cu2(DMEG2p)2][PF6]2·2MeCN (4) – has been synthesised. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of 1–4 demonstrated that these compounds contain dinuclear complex cations that contain twelve‐membered heterocyclic Cu2N4C6 rings with the Cu atoms being more than 4 Å apart. Each copper atom is surrounded by a set of two N‐donor functions from different ligands, resulting in linear N–Cu–N coordination sites. Depending on their individual substitution patterns, the guanidine moieties deviate from planarity by characteristic propeller‐like twists of the amino groups around their N–Cimine bonds. The influence of these groups on the reactivity of the corresponding complexes 1–4 with dioxygen was investigated at low temperatures by means of UV/Vis spectroscopy. The reaction products can be classified into μ‐η2:η2‐peroxodicopper(II) or bis(μ‐oxo)dicopper(III) complex cations that contain the {Cu2O2}2+ core portion as different isomers. The electronic properties of the specific bis(guanidine) ligands are discussed from the viewpoint of their σ‐donor and π‐acceptor capabilities, and it is shown that μ‐η2:η2‐peroxodicopper(II) complexes are stabilised relative to the bis(μ‐oxo)dicopper(III) ones if π conjugation within the guanidine moieties is optimised. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Stable Nickel Catalysts for Fast Norbornene Polymerization: Tuning Reactivity
Authors: Casares Juan A. , Espinet Pablo , Martín‐Alvarez José M. , Martínez‐Ilarduya Jesús M. , Salas Gorka
Published: August 2005

The air‐stable complexes trans‐[Ni(C6Cl2F3)2L2] (L = SbPh3, 1; AsPh3, 2; AsCyPh2, 3; AsMePh2, 4; PPh3, 5) have been synthesized by arylation of [NiBr2(dme)] (dme = 1,2‐dimethoxyethane) in the presence of the corresponding ligand L (for compounds 1–4) or by ligand substitution starting from 1 (for compound 5). The structures of 1, 2, and 5 have been determined by X‐ray diffraction and show an almost perfect square‐planar geometry in all cases. Their catalytic activity in insertion polymerization of norbornene have been tested showing a strong dependence of the yield and molecular mass of the polymer on the ligand used and the solvent. High yield and high molecular mass values are obtained using complexes with ligands easy to displace from NiII (SbPh3 is the best) and noncoordinating solvents. Complexes 1–3 are suggested as convenient bench‐catalysts to have available in the lab. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Zirconium and Hafnium Complexes with (Allylsilyl)(η‐amidosilyl)‐η5‐cyclopentadienyl Ligands: Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity
Authors: Ramos Cristina , Royo Pascual , Lanfranchi Maurizio , Pellinghelli Maria Angela , Tiripicchio Antonio
Published: August 2005

The disubstituted cyclopentadiene C5H4(SiMe2Cl)[SiMe2(CH2CH=CH2)] was isolated by reaction of the lithium salt [Li{C5H4SiMe2(CH2CH=CH2)}] with SiMe2Cl2. It was then treated with NH2tBu and LiNH(2,6‐Me2C6H3) to give the (aminosilyl)cyclopentadienes C5H4[SiMe2(CH2CH=CH2)][SiMe2(NHR)], which were further deprotonated to their dilithium salts [Li2{1‐SiMe2NR‐3‐SiMe2(CH2CH=CH2)C5H3}] (R = tBu, 2,6‐Me2C6H3). Reactions of the metal halides ZrCl4(THF)2 and HfCl4 with these dilithium salts, followed by alkylation of the resulting dichloro complexes, afforded the (η1‐amidosilyl)‐η5‐cyclopentadienyl complexes [M{η5‐C5H3(SiMe2‐η1‐NR)[SiMe2(CH2CH=CH2)]}X2] (R = tBu, 2,6‐Me2C6H3; X = Cl, Me, CH2Ph; M = Zr, Hf). Only the bis(iminoacyl) complexes [M{η5‐C5H3(SiMe2‐η1‐NtBu)[SiMe2(CH2CH=CH2)]}{η2‐CR=N(2,6‐Me2C6H3)}2] (M = Zr, Hf; R = Me, CH2Ph) could be isolated when the dialkylzirconium and ‐hafnium complexes were treated with CN(2,6‐Me2C6H3); these were slowly transformed into the C–C‐coupled diazametallacyclopentene compounds [M{η5‐C5H3(SiMe2‐η1‐NtBu)[SiMe2(CH2CH=CH2)]}{η1‐N(2,6‐Me2C6H3)‐CR=CR‐η1‐N(2,6‐Me2C6H3)}] (R = Me, CH2Ph, M = Zr; R = Me, M = Hf) when their toluene solutions were heated to 70 °C–80 °C for long periods (2–4 d). The structural characterisation of all of the new compounds is described and the molecular structure of the dimeric dichlorozirconocene [ZrCl(μ‐Cl){η5‐C5H3(SiMe2‐η1‐NtBu)[SiMe2(CH2CH=CH2)]}]2, was determined by X‐ray diffraction methods. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis, Structure, and Spectral Properties of Bis(pyrrol‐2‐yl)pyridines
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Vasil'tsov Alexander M. , Schmidt Elena Yu. , Zorina Nadezhda V. , Afonin Andrey V. , Mikhaleva Al'bina I. , Petrushenko Konstantin B. , Ushakov Igor A. , Krivdin Leonid B. , Belsky Vitaly K. , Bryukvina Lyubov I.
Published: September 2005

2,6‐Bis(pyrrol‐2‐yl)pyridine (4), 2‐(pyrrol‐2‐yl)‐6‐[2‐(1‐vinylpyrrol‐2‐yl)]pyridine (5), 2,6‐bis[2‐(1‐vinylpyrrol‐2‐yl)]pyridine (6), 2,6‐dimethyl‐3,5‐bis[2‐(1‐vinylpyrrol‐2‐yl)] pyridine (9), 3‐acetyl‐2,6‐dimethyl‐5‐[2‐(1‐vinylpyrrol‐2‐yl)]pyridine (10), and 2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐(pyrrol‐2‐yl)‐5‐[2‐(1‐vinylpyrrol‐2‐yl)]pyridine (11) have been synthesized from the oximes of the corresponding diacetylpyridines in a one‐pot procedure by treatment with acetylene in MOH/DMSO systems (M = Li, K) at 80–140 °C under pressures of 25–30 atm, thus illustrating the applicability and general character of the reaction for synthesis of diverse dipyrrole‐pyridine assemblies and their N‐vinyl and acetyl derivatives. A stable 4·DMSO complex with bifurcated NH···O···HN bonding has been isolated and its X‐ray structure determined. Quantum chemical analysis at the B3LYP/6‐311G* level shows that the cis‐cis conformation of 4 is most stable, with the cis‐trans and trans‐trans forms accordingly less favorable by 3.2 and 7.8 kcal mol–1. Activation barriers of cis‐cis‐to‐cis‐trans and cis‐trans‐to‐trans‐trans dynamics are 8.3 and 9.5 kcal mol–1, respectively, which means that internal rotation of the pyrrole rings in 4 is essentially hindered. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
An “Attachment Through Coordination” Approach to Side Chain Dendritic Polymers
Authors: Andreopoulou Aikaterini K. , Kallitsis Joannis K.
Published: September 2005

This paper reports the synthesis of side chain dendritic polymers by a newly developed “attachment through coordination” methodology. Initially, aromatic/aliphatic polyethers bearing two uncomplexed terpyridine (tpy) groups per repeating unit are prepared, and dendritic fragments core‐functionalized with tpy‐RuIIICl3 moieties are afterwards attached onto these free tpy side groups. The two second‐generation alkoxy‐decorated side dendrons employed here provided solubility in the final polymeric system and potential for the development of ordered structures. Selective complexation between terpyridines and ruthenium ions proved to be an efficient tool for the complete coverage of all initial polymeric‐tpy groups. Perfectly substituted dendronized polymers carrying two (dendritic)tpy‐RuII‐tpy side moieties per repeating unit were thus synthesized, as demonstrated by their 1H NMR characterization. A polymerizable macromonomer diol already carrying the side (dendritic)tpy‐RuII‐tpy moieties was synthesized at the same time, enabling subsequent polymerization through the “macromonomer” growth approach. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis of Glycidol‐ and Sugar‐Derived Bicyclic β‐ and γ/δ‐Amino Acids for Peptidomimetic Design
Authors: Danieli Elisa , Trabocchi Andrea , Menchi Gloria , Guarna Antonio
Published: September 2005

Constrained bicyclic β‐ and γ/δ‐amino acids using glycidol and sugar derivatives were developed. The synthetic strategies involved epoxide ring opening of a glycidol derivative, and subsequent coupling with sugar‐derived amines, leading to di‐ or trisubstitued bicyclic scaffolds after cyclisation with trifluoroacetic acid. Achievement of β‐ or γ/δ‐amino acids was accomplished by changing the protecting group strategy of the starting materials. Compatibility of the scaffold with solid‐phase peptide synthesis was assessed by preparing model peptidomimetics using acid‐ and base‐labile resins, thus giving a new tool for peptidomimetic design. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Efficient and Copper‐Free Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2/Pyrimidines Catalytic System
Authors: Li Jin‐Heng , Zhang Xu‐Dong , Xie Ye‐Xiang
Published: September 2005

An efficient and copper‐free catalyst system for Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction is presented. In the presence of 3 mol‐% of Pd(OAc)2 and 6 mol‐% of 2‐aminopyrimidine‐4,6‐diol, various aryl iodides and bromides can be coupled smoothly with terminal alkynes to afford the corresponding coupled alkynes in moderate to excellent yields under mild conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Determination of Cadmium by Differential Pulse Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry in the Present of Captopril
Authors: Gholivand Mohammad Bagher , Nassab Hamid Rashidi , Mosavat Ali reza
Published: August 2005

A new method is presented for determination of cadmium based on cathodic adsorptive stripping of the complex of cadmium with captopril,1‐[(2S)‐3‐mercapto‐2‐methylpropionyl]‐L‐praline (CPL) at a hanging mercury drop electrode(HMDE). The most suitable operating conditions and parameters, such as pH, deposition potential, deposition time, ligand concentration, and others were selected and the determination of cadmium from aqueous solutions using the standard additions method was possible. Under the optimum conditions and for an accumulation time of 60 s, the measured peak current is proportional to the concentration of cadmium over the range of 1–300 nM. The limit of detection at S/N ratio of 3 was 0.3 nM and a relative standard deviation of 2.5% at 0.1 μM was achieved. The interference of other cations and anions was studied. The method was designed in order to determination of Cd in four analytical grade salts, with satisfactory results.
The Use of Thin‐Layer Electroanalysis in the Study of the Chemisorption and Anodic Oxidation of Aromatic Molecules at Smooth Polycrystalline Palladium
Authors: Chen Xiaole , Sanabria‐Chinchilla Jean , Soriaga Manuel P.
Published: August 2005

Thin‐layer electroanalytical chemistry has been used in the study of the chemisorption and anodic oxidation of hydroquinone and benzoquinone at smooth polycrystalline palladium electrode surfaces in aqueous sulfuric acid solutions. The results were reminiscent of those obtained previously on smooth polycrystalline platinum: i) At low aqueous‐solution concentrations, the diphenol is oxidatively chemisorbed to form surface‐coordinated benzoquinone oriented parallel to the surface. ii) At higher concentrations, the oxidative chemisorption occurs via CH activation to yield an edge‐oriented diphenolic species. iii) Chemisorption from benzoquinone solutions leads to species identical to those from hydroquinone solutions. iv) The extent of anodic oxidation of the chemisorbed organic depends upon the initial adsorbed‐molecule orientation: the flat‐adsorbed species are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide, whereas oxidation of the edge‐chemisorbed species yields other (unidentified) products that are chemisorbed upon regeneration of the oxide‐free surface.
Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Studies on Cytochrome c/Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Assemblies on Gold Electrodes
Authors: Beissenhirtz M. K. , Kafka J. , Schäfer D. , Wolny M. , Lisdat F.
Published: August 2005

Polyelectrolyte multilayer assemblies containing proteins are of interest for applications such as sensors, bioreactors, and bioelectronics. A multilayer electrode was built up by the layer‐by‐layer strategy consisting of alternating layers of cytochrome c and poly(aniline sulfonic acid). The electrode showed a linear increase of redox active protein with the number of deposited layers. The principle of electrode preparation was transferred from needle electrodes to planar surfaces in order to further the understanding of electron transfer through the layer assembly by means of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies. The deposition process was followed on‐line by detection of the frequency shift of the crystals and was found to be rather fast (minutes). The total mass deposited was found to correlate well with the electrochemical response of the immobilized cyt.c. Furthermore, the influence of the polyelectrolyte was investigated by addition of PSS to the PASA solution. The strong interaction of the former polyelectrolyte seemed to hinder the electron transfer although a multilayer formation was proved. Dilution of the protein solution with redox inactive apo‐cyt.c led to a strong decrease of the voltammetric signal, well beyond the percentage of apo‐cyt.c inside the assembly. Thus, arguments for an electron transfer via protein–protein interaction were found.
Voltammetric Sensing of Trace Metals at a Poly(pyrrole‐malonic acid) Film Modified Carbon Electrode
Authors: Heitzmann Marie , Basaez Luis , Brovelli Francisco , Bucher Christophe , Limosin Danielle , Pereira Eduardo , Rivas Bernabé L. , Royal Guy , Saint‐Aman Eric , Moutet Jean‐Claude
Published: August 2005

The oxidative electropolymerization of the (3‐pyrrol‐1‐ylpropyl)malonic acid monomer 1 is a simple and reproducible one‐step procedure for the synthesis of complexing polymer film modified electrodes, which have been applied to the electroanalysis of Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) ions by preconcentration upon complexation, followed by anodic stripping analysis. The detection limits were determined from square‐wave voltammetry at 0.5 nM, 5 nM, 50 nM and 0.2 μM for Pb(II), Cu(II), Hg(II) and Cd(II), respectively, after 10 min preconcentration. The modified electrodes showed a better selectivity toward copper(II) ions. Analysis of copper in a tap water sample agreed well with ICPMS analysis results.
A Reference Electrode for Electrochemical and Cryoelectrochemical Use in Tetrahydrofuran Solvent
Authors: Paddon Christopher A. , Compton Richard G.
Published: August 2005

We report a reference electrode for direct use in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at low temperatures. A reference solution containing equimolar amounts of ferrocene/ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate (Fc/Fc+) are prepared to give a 4 mM solution in THF that contains tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAF) supporting electrolyte thus, minimizing liquid junction potentials. The reference solution is added to a sealed glass tube with a porous frit at one end, and a platinum wire is inserted into the tube. The reference electrode assembly is then inserted into a THF test solution. Potentiometric measurements show that the system responds in the expected Nernstian fashion over the concentration and temperature ranges, 4 mM to 40 μM and 20 °C to −45 °C respectively. In addition, it is shown by steady–state cyclic voltammetry at a platinum microelectrode that the chemical reactivity of ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate (Fc+) otherwise seen in THF is suppressed by ion‐pairing with PF$\rm{ {_{6}^{-}}}$ using tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAF) as the supporting electrolyte.
Electrochemical Properties and Application of Mixed Silver‐Bismuth Electrodes
Authors: Skogvold Silje M. , Mikkelsen Øyvind , Schrøder Knut H.
Published: August 2005

Electrochemical properties of silver electrodes with 2, 4, 6, 10 and 15% bismuth have systematically been investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Increased overpotential towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was found as a result of increasing amount of added bismuth. This was also demonstrated in acid solution where zinc was successfully detected on mixed electrodes, but failed on pure silver electrodes. Formation and decomposition of oxide products formed on the different electrode surfaces were studied by cyclic voltammetry, and in addition to known species found on sliver, also peaks attributed to bismuth were achieved and examined. Zinc, cadmium, and lead were measured in the low μg/L range on the mixed electrodes, and good linearity (r2=0.998) was found for 2 to 10 μg/L. Lead was measured down to 0.1 μg/L. Further it was found in DPASV that the zinc peak significantly shifted towards a more negative value with increasing amount of bismuth in the silver electrodes. The same was also observed for cadmium and lead, but in a less extent. Finally a silver electrode containing 15% bismuth was used for continuous analyses in a polluted river for 6 weeks.
Electrochemical Characterization of Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrodes by Modification with Chitosan Oligomers
Authors: Lee Shyh‐Hwang , Fang Hung‐Yuan , Chen Wen‐Chang
Published: August 2005

The kinetics on the current amplification of the disposable screen‐printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) by modification with chitosan oligomers (COs), coupled with the Fe(CN)$\rm{ {_{6}^{3-/4-}}}$ redox system, were characterized with the variation of electron‐transfer rate constant (k°) and the electroactive area (Aea) at electrode surface. The nonlinear response characteristics of peak currents with increase in Fe(CN)$\rm{ {_{6}^{3-}}}$ bulk concentrations complicated the estimation of Aea in cyclic voltammetric analysis. Upon the modification with COs, the rate constant of SPCEs was not much influenced and the current amplification was characterized with the increase of a better estimated Aea, obtained from electrochemical impedance measurements and verified with the reciprocal of electron‐transfer resistances linearly proportional to the Fe(CN)$\rm{ {_{6}^{3-/4-}}}$ bulk concentrations. It is hereby provided for an evaluation of the carbon based electrodes with modification.
Laccase Biosensor Based on N‐Succinimidyl‐3‐Thiopropionate‐Functionalized Gold Electrodes
Authors: Mena M. L. , Carralero V. , González‐Cortés A. , Yáñez‐Sedeño P. , Pingarrón J. M.
Published: August 2005

A laccase biosensor, in which the enzyme was immobilized on N‐succinimidyl‐3‐thiopropionate (NSTP)‐modified gold electrodes, is reported. Two different approaches for the preparation of N‐succinimidyl‐terminated monolayers were evaluated: a) activation of a preformed 3‐mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) SAM by reaction with 1‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐ 3‐ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) and N‐hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS); b) assembling of dithiobisuccinimidyl propionate (DTSP). NSTP‐modified electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Biosensors prepared by covalent binding of the enzyme and by cross‐linking with glutaraldehyde atop NSTP‐modified electrodes were compared in terms of sensitivity and operational range for caffeic acid. A much better analytical performance was found using the latter approach. Variables affecting the amperometric detection (enzyme loading, pH and applied potential) were optimized. The operational stability and characteristics of functioning of the laccase biosensor in terms of repeatability of the amperometric measurements, reproducibility with different biosensors and useful lifetime, were evaluated. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme reactions and the analytical characteristics of the corresponding calibration plots were calculated for eight phenolic compounds. Limits of detection of 0.07 μM, 0.05 μM and 0.09 μM were obtained for caffeic acid, catechol and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), respectively. The practical usefulness of the developed biosensor was evaluated by estimating the “pool” of phenolic compounds in olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW).
Particle clusters in gravel‐bed rivers: an experimental morphological approach to bed material transport and stability concepts
Authors: Wittenberg Lea , Newson Malcolm D.
Published: September 2005

Structured gravel river beds clearly exert a major influence on bed stability. Indexing structural stability by field measurements of bed strength neglects the processes operating to entrain and transport bed material in different parts of each structure. This study takes a morphological approach to interpreting the critical processes, using particle tracing to determine the movement of individual cluster particles over a range of flood event magnitudes and durations. The experiment was carried out on the River South Tyne, UK; it uses flow hydrographs measured nearby and also benefits from previous studies of historical development, channel morphology and sediment transport at the same site. More than 30 clusters were monitored over a seven‐month period during which clusters occupied 7–16 per cent of the bed. Threshold flows delimiting three apparently contrasting bed sediment process regimes for cluster particles are tentatively set at 100 m3 s−1 and 183 m3 s−1; durations of flow at these levels are critical for cluster development, rather than flow peak values. Wake particles are transported most easily. Flow straightening in the wandering channel planform reduces the stability of clusters, since mechanical strength is markedly reduced by this change of direction. The overall area covered by clusters between significant transport events varies little, implying a dynamic equilibrium condition. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On coupling the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations with two‐equation turbulence model equations
Authors: Lee Seungsoo , Whan Choi Dong
Published: September 2005

Two methods for coupling the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the q–ω turbulence model equations on structured grid systems have been studied; namely a loosely coupled method and a strongly coupled method. The loosely coupled method first solves the Navier–Stokes equations with the turbulent viscosity fixed. In a subsequent step, the turbulence model equations are solved with all flow quantities fixed. On the other hand, the strongly coupled method solves the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations and the turbulence model equations simultaneously. In this paper, numerical stabilities of both methods in conjunction with the approximated factorization‐alternative direction implicit method are analysed. The effect of the turbulent kinetic energy terms in the governing equations on the convergence characteristics is also studied. The performance of the two methods is compared for several two‐ and three‐dimensional problems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tensile deformation of NiTi wires
Authors: Gall Ken , Tyber Jeff , Brice Valerie , Frick Carl P. , Maier Hans J. , Morgan Neil
Published: September 2005

We examine the structure and properties of cold drawn Ti‐50.1 at % Ni and Ti‐50.9 at % Ni shape memory alloy wires. Wires with both compositions possess a strong <111> fiber texture in the wire drawing direction, a grain size on the order of micrometers, and a high dislocation density. The more Ni rich wires contain fine second phase precipitates, while the wires with lower Ni content are relatively free of precipitates. The wire stress–strain response depends strongly on composition through operant deformation mechanisms, and cannot be explained based solely on measured differences in the transformation temperatures. We provide fundamental connections between the material structure, deformation mechanisms, and resulting stress–strain responses. The results help clarify some inconsistencies and common misconceptions in the literature. Ramifications on materials selection and design for emerging biomedical applications of NiTi shape memory alloys are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Hydrogel optimization for cultured elastic chondrocytes seeded onto a polyglycolic acid scaffold*
Authors: Terada Shinichi , Yoshimoto Hiroshi , Fuchs Julie R. , Sato Michio , Pomerantseva Irina , Selig Martin K. , Hannouche Didier , Vacanti Joseph P.
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different hydrogels on the production of tissue‐engineered cartilage based on polyglycolic acid (PGA). Chondrocytes were isolated from adult sheep auricles. Alginate, Type I collagen, methylcellulose, and pluronic F127 hydrogels were evaluated, as were controls prepared without hydrogels. Proliferated chondrocytes were mixed with each hydrogel at 20 × 106 cells/mL and seeded onto PGA (1 × 1 × 0.2 cm, n = 60). The constructs were cultured with serum‐free medium containing 5 ng/mL TGF‐β2 and 5 ng/mL des(1‐3)IGF‐I in rotational bioreactors for up to 6 weeks. The cellular morphology, histology, and biochemistry were analyzed. Type I collagen, methylcellulose, and pluronic F127 displayed improved cartilage matrix deposition in terms of histology and biochemistry compared to alginate. It was not concluded that the combined seeding of chondrocytes and hydrogels on a PGA scaffold had significantly better effects than cell seeding without hydrogels. However, the histology and other useful findings in this ECM analyses suggested that Type I collagen and MC hydrogels were the best candidates for cartilage regeneration, because of their stimulation for chondrocyte proliferation in a three‐dimensional culture as well as cartilage regeneration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of novel polyanhydrides with tailored erosion mechanisms
Authors: Torres María P. , Vogel Brandon M. , Narasimhan Balaji , Mallapragada Surya K.
Published: September 2005

We have designed a new synthesis route to create polyanhydrides based on monomers that contain hydrophilic entities within highly hydrophobic backbones. The method results in polyanhydrides that can be easily processed into drug‐containing tablets. The synthesis, characterization, and erosion studies of polyanhydride copolymers based on 1,6‐bis(p‐carboxyphenoxy)hexane (CPH), which is highly hydrophobic, and 1,8‐bis(p‐carboxyphenoxy)‐3,6‐dioxaoctane (CPTEG), which has hydrophilic oligomeric ethylene glycol segments in the monomer unit, was performed using a combination of molecular spectroscopy, thermal analysis, gravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The studies demonstrate that by increasing the CPH content in the CPTEG:CPH copolymers, the erosion of the system can be tailored from bulk‐eroding to surface‐eroding mechanism. These systems have promise as protein carriers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Planning your global strategy
Authors: Sánchez Carol , Goldberg Stephen R.
Published: August 2005

Sound conventional thinking and due diligence aren't enough for international initiatives. When you do business abroad, you've got to grapple with additional cultural, legal, and other challenges. What should you consider before doing business internationally? The authors offer solid advice for planning your global strategy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Going offshore? Try this first!
Authors: Devane Tom
Published: August 2005

Most companies feel intense pressure from global competition. Low offshore labor rates make moving offshore a tempting strategy. But many firms don't consider all the factors success demands before making the leap. And they don't try to improve a process before deciding to go offshore. The author shows how you may be able to avoid going offshore—and if you can't, how to steer clear of common offshoring perils. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The decline of euro M&A
Authors: Benet Bruce A. , Godwin Joseph H. , Goldberg Stephen R.
Published: August 2005

When the European community adopted the euro as a common currency, pundits were optimistic. It was supposed to open the way for beneficial mergers. But much of the expected merger mania never materialized. What happened? © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
World financial update: Resolving reporting conflicts
Authors: Rouse Robert W.
Published: August 2005

The United States and foreign countries have been working for years to “harmonize” our differing financial reporting rules. Where do we stand today? © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SEC, PCAOB Tackle financial reporting crisis
Authors: Rouse Robert W.
Published: August 2005

The last American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Conference set an all‐time attendance record. Our correspondent reports on what was on the regulators' minds as they grappled with the recent financial reporting crisis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How much did audit committees report prior to SOX?
Authors: Pandit Ganesh M. , Subrahmanyam Vijaya
Published: August 2005

Recent corporate scandals—fueled partly by audit failures—have focused attention on how effective audit committees have been. The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX) imposed increased responsibility on audit committees. But how negligent were they prior to SOX? How proactive were they? © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is executive stock option repricing a red flag?
Authors: Hume Evelyn C. , Tokic Damir
Published: August 2005

Repricing the stock options for one of a company's five top‐paid executives may be a serious red flag warning for investors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.