bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Effects on Potato Brown Center and Hollow Heart
Authors: McCann I. R. , Stark J. C.
Published: September 2022

Significant interactions between irrigation and N management for total yield and for incidence of brown center or hollow heart in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Russet Burbank) were found in field studies conducted in southeastern Idaho during 1987 and 1988. When soil water content was maintained at 80% to 90% available, 30 kg N/ha applied weekly for 3 weeks, beginning shortly after tuber initiation, resulted in a higher incidence of brown center or hollow heart than when the same total amount of N was applied pre-plant or in smaller increments over a longer period of time.
Uniconazole-induced Alleviation of Low-temperature Damage in Relation to Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Upadhyaya Abha , Davis Tim D. , Walser R. H. , Galbraith A. B. , Sankhla N.
Published: September 2022

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Marketer) seedlings were treated with 100 μg of soil-applied uniconazole and then exposed to 22 or − 1C for 8 hours 1 week following treatment. Following exposure to − 1C, electrolyte leakage from leaf tissue of treated plants was about one-third that of the controls, indicating that uniconazole reduced low-temperature damage. Foliar proline content was unaffected by uniconazole at 22C, but, following low temperature exposure, was ≈25% less in treated than in control plants. Following low-temperature exposure, malondialdehyde content was ≈25% less in treated seedlings than in controls, suggesting that uniconazole may have decreased low temperature-induced lipid peroxidation. Uniconazole-induced low-temperature tolerance was accompanied by increased levels or activities of various antioxidants, including glutathione, peroxidase, and catalase. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that triazole-induced stress tolerance is due, at least in part, to increased antioxidant activity that reduces stress-related oxidative damage to cell membranes. Chemical names used: γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione); (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)penten-3-ol (uniconazole, XE-1019).
Slow-release Growth Retardant Tablets for Potted Plants
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C. , Martin Willis C. , Bruce Reed R.
Published: September 2022

The growth retardants ancymidol, flurprimidol, and chlormequat chloride were incorporated into plaster of paris tablets and compared to drenches on various plants. Ancymidol tablets were as effective as drenches in controlling height and increasing racemes of Clerodendrum thomasoniae Balf. (southern bleeding heart). Drenches of ancymidol and flurprimidol reduced the height of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. (Easter lily) more than tablets; flurprimidol reduced Lilium height more than ancymidol. Tablets reduced the height of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch (poinsettia) cvs. Topstar and V-14 Glory, but not C-1 Red. Ancymidol drenches produced shorter ‘C-1 Red’ and ‘V-14 Glory’ plants than tablets. Tablets reduced bract diameter more than drenches. Flurprimidol tablets produced the smallest bracts. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (flurprimidol); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Growth Regulators and Shading Reduce Flowering of Leucospermum cv. Red Sunset
Authors: Napier D. R. , Jacobs G.
Published: September 2022

Gibberellic acid and ethephon treatment reduced the responsiveness of decapitated shoots to inductive short days of winter for flowering in Leucospermum R.Br. cv. Red Sunset (pincushion plant). Shading plants during the reproductive phase caused a rapid loss in responsiveness to inductive short days. Shade-induced loss in responsiveness was enhanced by GA3 and ethephon. Changes in carbohydrate status of shoots on plants grown under shade or in full sun are discussed in relation to flowering. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Production and Storage Factors Influencing Quality of Potted Easter Lilies
Authors: Prince Timothy A. , Cunningham Maria S.
Published: September 2022

Termination of liquid fertilizer application at the visible bud stage or 2 weeks later during production of potted Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Nellie White’ increased foliar chlorosis development relative to fertilization until harvest on plants stored for 3 weeks at 2C in the dark. Drenches of ancymidol applied during early production increased poststorage foliar chlorosis and bud abortion. Polyethylene (PE) lining of boxes used for cold storage and simulated shipment of potted lilies reduced water loss but did not affect subsequent floral longevity, but abortion, or foliar chlorosis. Spermidine application before boxed storage did not influence foliar chlorosis.
Inexpensive Elution of Paper Chromatographs1
Authors: Ballinger W. E. , Maness Eleanor P.
Published: September 2022

Since the techniques of column, paper, thin layer, and gas chromatography are playing a rapidly increasing role in horticultural laboratories and in the interests of horticulturists, two papers on chromatography technique are presented in this issue. W. E. Ballinger and Eleanor P. Maness of North Carolina State University offer an improvement in paper chromatography which has enabled them to materially increase laboratory productivity in the separation of anthocyanins from blueberries. M. Allen Stevens of Campbell Research Institute briefly, but concisely, surveys the principles of gas chromatography and illustrates several horticultural research potentials with this new medium.
Criteria for Breeder Protection
Authors: Jones Charles M.
Published: September 2022

Plant breeders in the U.S. would agree that some modification of the present system of breeder protection is necessary if plant breeding is to continue to perform its role in the development of our agricultural industry. It is clear that plant breeding, like any other type of product development, requires sufficient financial support if it is to be successful. I believe that insufficient resources are allocated to plant breeding at the present time. Furthermore, resources are allocated unevenly with adisproportionate share going to that segment where it is possible for the developer to exert some control over marketing the product.
Discussion Remarks: Breeders’ Rights and Plant Patents
Authors: Loden Harold , Sutherland John I.
Published: September 2022

The topic of breeders’ rights, plant patents and variety protection is very timely. It has been a major area of activity by ASTA and is of vital interest to not only the seed industry, but to the total agricultural economy of the United States.
A New Method of Stool Bed Layering
Authors: Hogue E. J. , Granger R. L.
Published: September 2022

Layering is a common commercial method of propagating plant material, particularly plants such as currants and gooseberries, which reproduce naturally in this manner. European nurserymen have used layering extensively for the propagation of ornamental schrubs and trees (5). Mound or stool layering (stooling) is a method which involves cutting a plant back to the ground during the dormant season and mounding soil or other media around the base of the newly developing shoots to encourage roots to form on them (1, 2). Stooling is the most common method of propagating clonal rootstocks (4) especially for material, such as some East Mailing, Malling-Merton and Malus robusta apple stocks that are not always easily rooted as cuttings.
Potassium Needs - Diagnosis and Use on Vegetable Crops
Authors: Wilcox Gerald E.
Published: September 2022

Vegetables have high K needs because of the succulent nature of the harvested portion of the crop. The K removal is highest for leafy vegetables when the entire plant is removed, as with celery, and least for the seed crops such as peas and lima beans. The amount of K removed in the crop varies from 80 lbs/A for peas to 350 lbs/A for celery while the majority of vegetables remove in the range of 100-150 lbs/A K.
Potassium in Horticulture: Symposium Summary
Authors: King S. MacCallum
Published: September 2022

The excellent papers presented in this Symposium show us the scope of the subject, “Potassium in Horticulture.” Some questions have been answered, but there are still more that require answers. Some will be asked in this “summary statement.”
Sap Stress and Water Uptake in Detached Shoots of Wilt-Diseased and Normal Rhododendrons1
Authors: De Roo H. C.
Published: September 2022

The water economy of plants often is seriously unbalanced by root destruction or vascular occlusion induced by various rot organisms. Water absorption by the roots and water transport within the plants is impeded and wilting follows. Beckman (1) reviewed the literature on the histological and physiological changes in host plants infected with pathological wilts. Dimond and Edgington (2), studying the mechanics of water transport in healthy and Fusarium-vrilted tomato plants, pointed out the tremendous pressure deficits that are required to maintain normal water flow into leaves through partially plugged vessels.
The Relationship of Anthocyanin Content to Cold Hardiness of Hedera Helix1,2
Authors: Steponkus Peter L. , Lanphear F. O.
Published: September 2022

Cold hardiness of Hedera helix L. var. Thorndale was ultimately unaffected by photoperiod. Anthocyanin accumulation was a photoperiodic-high light intensity response. There was no correlation between anthocyanin content and cold hardiness in plants exposed to different photoperiods and light intensities.
Mineral Relationships Between Yellow and Green Peas Grown for Freezing
Authors: Tompkins D. R. , Baker A. S. , Woodbridge C. G.
Published: September 2022

Yellow or blond peas are a serious problem during some years for growers and processors of dark green peas grown for freezing in the Pacific Northwest. Previous reports (6, 10) indicate that most yellow peas in varieties grown for freezing result from insufficient light reaching the developing ovules before they have reached half-size. The senior author has found (unpublished data) that off-color peas are usually in the lower shaded pods and that gibberellin applied at full bloom resulted in more vegetative growth, lodging, and yellow peas.
Evolving Ethylene from Calamondin Fruits and Seedlings Treated with Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Rasmussen G. K. , Jones J. W.
Published: September 2022

Concentrations of 1% and 2% ascorbic acid stimulated evolution of ethylene from mature fruit of ‘calamondin’ (Citrus reticulata var. austera ? X Fortunella sp?) enclosed in flasks and from 2-year-old trees bearing mature fruit. Prolonged exposure of the trees to the evolved ethylene increased abscission of fruit and leaves. Low levels of ethylene bubbled into the containers also increased abscission of fruit and leaves.
Evaluation of Light Source and Temperature on Tomato Color Development During Ripening
Authors: Worthington J. T. , Penney R. W. , Yeatman J. N.
Published: September 2022

Two lighting experiments, conducted in the summer of 1967 at Beltsville, Maryland, were designed to evaluate different light sources for tomato color development during ripening. In late winter 1968, additional tests were conducted to determine temperature rise over ambient due to light source.
Plant Responses to Near-Ultraviolet Light
Authors: Nilsen Karl N.
Published: September 2022

Although man has effectively accelerated genetic alteration among crop plants in the direction of greater suitability for intensive culture, this has been a comparatively recent and minor genotypic rearrangement as compared to the accumulated contribution of millions of years of prior evolutionary selection. Man's concern with plants has from the beginning been based on their unique photosynthetic capability through which light energy, the ultimate source of life-sustaining free energy, is converted to biologically available chemical energy. In addition, light has been a primary environmental factor within the total regime of selection pressures which have shaped the morphogenic character of plants. It is permissable to anticipate terrestrial plants as responsive in a variety of ways (many yet undescribed) to all wavelength regions of the earth-impinging solar irradiance spectrum. This could be especially true within the shorter wavelength regions (ultraviolet) due to greater photon energies enabling greater possible photochemical and thus greater photobiological activity (39). With the foregoing in mind, how do common light sources vary and is this of any consequence?
The Influence of Ethylene on the Development of 5° C-Precooled ‘Apeldoorn’ Tulips during Forcing1
Authors: de Munk W. J. , de Rooy M.
Published: September 2022

When tulip bulbs infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. tulipae are present in the soil, ethylene concns up to 10 ppm can be measured in the soil atm. The greater the distance from the diseased bulbs, the lower the local concn of ethylene detected. The amounts of ethylene present in the soil can account for the observed growth inhibition of the shoots and roots and the blasting of the flower buds.
Responses of Mugho Pine Roots to Soil Temperature and of Bolleana Poplar Roots to Light1
Authors: Hilton R. J. , Mason G. F.
Published: September 2022

Root growth of pine (Pinus mugo var. mughus (Scop.) Zen.) was studied at a rhizotron (underground root observation laboratory) on an in situ basis. Greater root elongation occurred in peat than in mineral soil and when there were sustained periods of temperature extremes, root growth increased or decreased 2 to 5 days following increases or decreases in soil temperature.

Roots of poplar (Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bunge), grown in glass-sided boxes under controlled growth conditions, suberized more quickly when exposed to natural and artificial light than when kept in the dark.
A Guide to Terminology for the Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.)1
Authors: De Hertogh A. A. , Roberts A. N. , Stuart N. W. , Langhans R. W. , Linderman R. G. , Lawson R. H. , Wilkins H. F. , Kiplinger D. C.
Published: September 2022

The impetus to compile a guide to terminology for the Easter lily was provided by a series of joint meetings between lily researchers and various industry representatives. During the course of these meetings, it became obvious that some terms did not relate the same phenomenon to all individuals. As a result, it was decided that an effort should be made to compile a list of terms directly related to Easter lily production and research. The glossary which follows is a result of those efforts. Hopefully, the guide will aid students, researchers, and industry representatives.
Effects of Ethyl Hydrogen 1-Propylphosphonate on Seedlings of Tea Crabapple1
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H.
Published: September 2022

Sprays of ethyl hydrogen 1-propylphosphonate (EHPP) at concns of 1.2-9.6 g/liter reduced shoot and root growth of tea crabapple (Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.) seedlings. Leaves developed after spraying were severely malformed. Shoot growth produced during the second growing season was not reduced, but leaves were malformed on the new shoots, particularly at the highest concns of EHPP.
Breeding Peaches For Warm Climates
Authors: Bowen Hollis H.
Published: September 2022

The peach as an item of commerce has developed primarily in the temperate regions of the world, the equatorial boundaries being limited by minimum accumulated chilling temperatures and the polar boundaries by minimum winter temperatures. Native temperate climate peaches contained combinations of desirable characteristics with which suitable cultivars could be developed with relative ease. Among such characteristics large fruit size, suitable acid-sugar ratio and flesh firmness are particularly important in commercial varieties.
Effect of Mechanical Harvesting on Keeping Quality of Florida Citrus Fruit for the Fresh Fruit Market1
Authors: Rackham Robert L. , Grierson W.
Published: September 2022

‘Hamlin,’ ‘Pineapple,’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges and ‘Marsh’ grapefruit were harvested by hand and with either the limb clamp shaker, foliage (coil) shaker, or vacuum tube picker's aid. Harvesting trials were combined with tests of abscission sprays, pre- and postharvest fungicides, and simulated fresh fruit marketing. All mechanical shaker harvesting increased losses from cuts and punctures, but “plugging” was so reduced that percentage of sound fruit sometimes did not differ significantly from that in the hand picked controls. When mechanical harvesting was followed by the fungicide thiabendazole (TBZ) decay in ‘Hamlin’ oranges during simulated fresh fruit marketing was not significantly higher than in the hand harvested controls treated with diphenyl only. Mechanically harvested fruit from trees sprayed with benomyl (Benlate) always had less decay than hand harvested fruit without the benomyl spray, differences usually being significant. Abscission sprays were helpful only for crops intended for cannery use. Long stems on mechanically harvested fruit remain a problem.
Effect of Rootstock on Fire Blight in Several Apple Cultivars1
Authors: Thompson J. M.
Published: September 2022

Under conditions of natural infection in the third year of planting, fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al. was less severe on the same cultivars grafted on seedling roots than on ‘EM VII’, ‘MM 104’ and MM 106’. The most susceptible cultivars appeared to be ‘Tydeman's Red’ and ‘Raritan’. ‘Williams Red’ was the only cultivar that escaped fire blight entirely.
Potato Protein Crystals
Authors: Hoff J. E.
Published: September 2022

A 10 μ cubical protein crystal and a prominent ovoid starch grain are seen resting on the wall of the hollow interior of a cell from the subphellogen layer of a potato tuber. The photograph was obtained by scanning electron microscopy (× 1,750) of a tissue slice without the benefit of heavy metal coating. Evidently, the cell electrolytes provide sufficient electrical conductivity to make such studies possible, but the amount of information obtained by this technique is rather limited. The high vacuum utilized causes complete dehydration of the cell with consequent collapse of internal structures. The membrane-like film surrounding the crystal is probably an artifact due to coalescing cytoplasmic protein.
Influence of Bulb Temperature on Floral Initiation in the Amazon Lily, Eucharist grandiflora Planch1
Authors: Adams D. G. , Urdahl W. A.
Published: September 2022

Floral initiation was induced by heating leafy bulbs for 3 weeks at 70 or 75°F, or 2 weeks at 80, 85 or 90°. Bulbs held at 65° remained vegetative. Heating bulbs for periods longer than 2 weeks (5 weeks max) merely extended the time to flower and indicated that little floral development took place until plants were removed from heating.
Earlier Flowering of Geranium cv. Carefree Scarlet by High Intensity Supplemental Light Treatment1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Rodriguez R. C.
Published: September 2022

Geraniums (Pelargonium hortorum Bailey) grown under constant supplemental lighting using 105 watt Wide Spectrum Gro-Lux fluorescent lamps at 14 lamp watts/ft2 for periods of 0 to 4 weeks flowered in approximately the same no. of days from seeding and the terminal stems had similar no. of nodes. Plants lighted 6 to 10 weeks also flowered uniformly but 24-55 days (21-33%) earlier and with 2-6 fewer nodes than those receiving no supplement light or lighted for less time.
A Correlation Between Severity of Hail Damage in Potato Cultivars and the Nature of the Calcium in the Leaf and Stem Tissues1
Authors: Kamal A. L. , Tayih A. G.
Published: September 2022

On May 17, 1969 a severe hail storm hit the Agricultural Research and Educational Center (A.R.E.C.) of the American University of Beirut located in the Beqa'a plain 80 km east of Beirut. Remarkable differences were observed in the rate of damage to plants in an evaluation trial of 22 potato cultivars planted in randomized complete block design.
Importance of the Phosphorus-Zinc Interaction in Okra Production1
Authors: Hipp Billy W. , Cowley W. R.
Published: September 2022

Zn deficiencies in field grown okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) were induced with band P applications of 29 and 58 kg/ha. Okra yields were slightly increased with these elements applied alone but P and Zn in combination resulted in highest yields. Yields of okra were reduced when P and Zn concn in 10 to 15 day old plants were less than 0.30% and 40 ppm, respectively.
An Integrated Tomato Seedling System1
Authors: Wilcox G. E. , Johnson P. E.
Published: September 2022

An integrated tomato seedling system was developed by assembling components to regulate plant population, apply starter fertilizer, and promote seedling emergence. Plant population was regulated by the release of 4-7 seeds per clump at the desired spacing in the row. Starter fertilizer was sprayed on the seed as a 2-3-0, N-P-K (2-7-0 oxide form) solution at 500 ml per 30 m (1 pint per 100 ft) of row. An anticrustant was applied into the seed furrow and firmed by a press wheel with a concave surface. The system was adapted to several commercial seeders and enabled the establishment of dependable stands on soils with crusting tendencies.
An Evaluation of the Use of Grafted Fruit for Study of Carotenoid and Chlorophyll Changes in Regreening ‘Valencia’ Orange Peel1
Authors: Lee T. H. , Erickson L. C. , Chichester C. O.
Published: September 2022

Green ‘Valencia’ oranges grafted singly onto seedling trees were placed in a lathhouse to lose chlorophyll and then transferred back to the higher temperatures of the greenhouse where the peel commenced to regreen. The peel carotenoid content of the regreened fruit declined rapidly during the first 4 weeks - a concomitant rise in peel chlorophyll content was recorded. Similar peel pigment changes were measured in regreening orchard-grown ‘Valencia’ oranges. The pulp composition of regreened fruit as measured by soluble solids and acidity showed similar trends to that of the orchard-grown fruit. The data indicate that the grafted fruit provide a convenient system for further studies of the regreening process.
Effect of Light on Cold-Hardening of Citrus Seedlings1
Authors: Yelenosky George
Published: September 2022

Cultivars of citrus, having a wide range in cold tolerance, were conditioned in controlled-environment rooms with and without light: Plants conditioned in the light were injured less than plants conditioned in the dark during subsequent freeze tests. The effect of light was more pronounced at a conditioning temperature of 15°C than at 5°C.
Influence of Summer Application of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on Firmness of ‘Delicious’ Apples in Storage1
Authors: Bartram R. D. , Olsen K. L. , Williams M. W.
Published: September 2022

‘Delicious’ apples treated with a 1,000 ppm spray of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at 70 to 80 days after full bloom were firmer than control fruit at harvest and remained firmer throughout the 9-month storage period.
Abscission: Regulation of Senescence, Protein Synthesis, and Enzyme Secretion By Ethylene
Authors: Abeles F. B. , Leather G. R. , Forrence L. E. , Craker L. E.
Published: September 2022

Over 100 years ago, German investigators reported that defoliation was associated with the proximity of leaking illuminating gas mains (15), and it remained for Neliubov to show that the active component of illuminating gas was ethylene (23). Later, La Rue (20) reported that auxin played a role in abscission because addition of auxin delayed the separation of plant parts. Support for the central role for auxin in abscission stems from the observation that a reduction of auxin content precedes abscission (22). Ethylene was shown to be produced by plant tissue by Gane (14), and increases in the rate of ethylene production during ripening and fruit abscission was shown by Nelson (24) and, during leaf abscission, by Jackson and Osborne (18). A third abscission regulator was introduced when Ohkuma and Addicott (25) demonstrated the presence of abscisic acid (ABA) in rapidly abscissing cotton bolls.
The Correlative Effect of Competition on Abscission in Apricot and Pistachio
Authors: Crane Julian C.
Published: September 2022

The phenomenon of abscission in plants is influenced by several environmental factors (1). Leaf abscission in deciduous trees, for example, is associated with short photoperiods. Also, temperature, moisture, and mineral supply have all been noted to influence the abscission process. Environmental factors appear to act through their effects on the synthesis, utilization and/or depletion of nutrient substrates and hormones within the plant. Addicott (2) recently reviewed the evidence pointing to the fact that, in addition to hormones, soluble nutrients are important regulatory factors of abscission. They serve as substrates for synthesis of the hormones and are involved in the maintenance of chemical equilibria within the plant.
The Nature and Chemical Promotion of Abscission in Maturing Cherry Fruit1
Authors: Bukovac Martin J.
Published: September 2022

The abscission of maturing fruit is an important process which has not been extensively studied. Earlier reports on fruit abscission in the cherry have stressed premature drop associated with failures in fruit-set (2, 20). With the development of various mechanical harvesting devices and the rapid commercial adoption of machine harvesting (14, 15), attention has now been focused on abscission of mature fruit.
1,1,5,5-Tetramethyl-3-dimethylaminodithiobiuret, A Promising New Peach Thinner1
Authors: Keil Harry L. , Fogle Harold W.
Published: September 2022

Sprays of 1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-3-dimethylaminodithiobiuret (MATB), when applied to peach trees during cytokinesis, thinned fruits without causing excessive leaf chlorosis or defoliation during 3 years of testing. The concn that thinned fruits satisfactorily in the cultivars tested varied between 100 and 300 ppm. MATB at 100 ppm thinned ‘Ranger’ fruits without excessive damage to leaves while at 200 and 300 ppm it produced comparable results in normal and vigorous trees, respectively, of the ‘Earlired’ cultivar. ‘Rio Oso Gem’ was thinned satisfactorily by 300 ppm. MATB appears to be a promising peach fruit-thinner for such commercially important, hard-to-thin cultivars as ‘Earlired’, ‘Rio Oso Gem’, ‘Redskin’, and ‘Redhaven’.
Calcium Level of Pear Tissues Affected with Cork and Black End1
Authors: Woodbridge C. G.
Published: September 2022

Low Ca level was found to be associated with the incidence of the fruit disorders “cork” or “pit” in ‘Beurre ‘d’Anjou’ (‘Anjou’) and “black end” in ‘Bartlett’ pear. Differences in the Ca level of normal and affected fruits were greatest in the peel and the stem portion of the core for ‘Anjou’ cork, and in the core portions for black end. Mg levels were not well correlated with either disorder. Affected fruit usually had higher levels of K and B than did normal fruit.
Use of 6-Benzylamino Purine and Adenine to Induce Bottom Breaks in Greenhouse Roses1
Authors: Parups E. V.
Published: September 2022

The growth of lower buds and the development of bottom breaks, for the rejuvenation of greenhouse grown roses (Rosa hybrida L. cvs. Forever Yours and Regal Gold), was induced by treating buds with 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and adenine in lanolin paste in both pruned and unpruned plants.
Growth Regulator Induced Branching of Non-Pinched Poinsettias1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Rodriguez R. C. , Carlson W. H.
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA) at 200 or 300 ppm and 6-benzylamino purine (BA) at 500 or 1000 ppm, caused the development of 90% or more of the lateral branches of ‘Annette Hegg’ and ‘Dark Red Annette Hegg’ poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) while 2 to 4 lateral branches developed from terminal stems of “Eckespoint C-l Red” near the position of the apical meristem. (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) sprays increased lateral branch development significantly above the control treatment but less than PBA or BA while 2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) produced only slightly more branches than the control.
Industry Needs In Relation To Postharvest Horticulture - Processing
Authors: Floate Ray
Published: September 2022

The assigned title suggests the enumeration of specific research needs in the area of postharvest horticulture. I question my qualifications to summarize such information so that it would prove interesting and meaningful. Instead I will use a couple of research areas in postharvest horticulture to point up the kind of relationship I would like to see exist between tax-supported horticultural research institutions and industry management.
Scrubbed Diesel Exhaust for Carbon Dioxide Enrichment of Greenhouse Vegetables1
Authors: Eisa H. M. , Leggio V. J. , Jensen M. H.
Published: September 2022

Diesel exhaust was used for CO2 enrichment of vegetable crops in inflated plastic houses. Fuel source and components of the recovery system crucially affected the elimination of other harmful gases. The absence of an activated charcoal filter and the use of fuel high in sulfur content increased ethylene, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and probably others. In the gas-added environment, as compared with the ambient one, lettuce grew more slowly, and leaf size and yield decreased in cucumber and eggplant. Plants were exposed to the gas-added environment for about 5 months, after which the system was discontinued. Plants did not recover, and symptoms continued despite discontinuing gas addition.
Pepper Performance After Transplant Clipping1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Webb R. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Keystone Resistant Giant’ and ‘Hungarian Yellow Wax Hot’ peppers (Capsicum frutescens L.), which were clipped 6 and 12 days before transplant harvest in southern U. S. fields, yielded as well as non-clipped plants. In general, pepper plants clipped 12 days prior to transplant harvest produced the best results and frequently gave significantly higher yields than the non-clipped plants. The clipping technique can be used to regulate transplant size, and transplant harvest schedules without adversely affecting fruit yield, provided the transplants are free of infectious diseases.
Effects of Plant Population, Nitrogen, and Harvest Date on Yield and Maturity of Single-Harvested Broccoli1
Authors: Cutcliffe J. A.
Published: September 2022

The effects of various equidistant plant spacings, rate of N and harvest date on the yield and maturity of single-harvested broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) were investigated during 3 successive cropping seasons. Plant population had only a slight effect on marketable yield. Spear wt decreased and crop maturity was delayed as plant population increased. Yields were increased and maturity was slightly delayed by N top-dressing. The optimum period for single-harvest extended over 3 to 4 days and began when about 11% of the spears were over-mature.
Volatiles of Lowbush Blueberry Nectar1
Authors: Hall I. V. , Forsyth F. R. , Lightfoot H. J. , Boch R.
Published: September 2022

Nectar from flowers of the lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait was found to evolve acetaldehyde at a rate of approx 0.047 μg/g nectar/hr and ethyl alcohol, the only other volatile detected, in smaller amounts.
Seed Number and Berry Volume in Cranberry1
Authors: Rigby Bruce , Dana M. N.
Published: September 2022

Highly significant correlations were found between seed no. and berry vol in 5 cultivars of cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. A formula is given for the calculation of vol from longitudinal and transverse berry diam.
Response of Dwarfed Apple Trees to Stem Injections of Gibberellic and Abscisic Acids1
Authors: Robitaille Henry , Carlson R. F.
Published: September 2022

Injections of 10 ppm of gibberellic acid (GA3) had increasing effects on terminal shoot growth of ‘Red Prince Delicious’ apple as rootstock vigor decreased. Injections of 100 ppm of abscisic acid (ABA) caused all trees to cease growth and to form terminal buds characteristic of summer dormancy. The most dwarfing trees responded more quickly to ABA than did the more vigorous trees.
A Further Report on Blossom Delay of Tung Trees with Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide in Spray Oil1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas
Published: September 2022

Inhibition of flower bud development increased with the concn of naphthenic or paraffinic oil. In some cases, additions of 1 or 2% succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) in oil sprays reduced bud injury and resulted in more flowering terminals and fruit set than oil sprays alone. A January 1969 spray of 50% naphthenic oil with 1% SADH appeared to delay bud activity and prevent freeze injury to the flower buds in early February. Trees that were sprayed with 50% naphthenic oil and 1% SADH on February 18, 1971, withstood a freeze on March 5 and produced a partial fruit crop.
Some Plant Growth Effects under Infra-Red Heating in Greenhouses
Authors: LaCroix L. J. , Westaway S. J. , Ferguson A. C.
Published: September 2022

Infra-red light induced stem elongation of several species of plants. Tomato plants also had reduced fruit yield. Geraniums had wider leaves and longer internodes and flower stalks, but the no. of flower stalks was unaffected by infra-red treatment. These effects should be taken into consideration if infra-red heating is to be used in greenhouse operations.
Size of Softwood Stem Cuttings as Factors in Rooting Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) under Mist.1
Authors: Morsink W. A. G.
Published: September 2022

Juvenile softwood cuttings of sugar maple 35 and 55 cm long rooted between 75 and 89%; cuttings longer or shorter rooted less. Within 15 to 55 cm lengths, thick cuttings rooted better than thin cuttings.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Hollis W. L.
Published: September 2022

“Seed, the germ of life - handle and use with care. ” Perhaps such a statement should appear boldly on all packets, cartons, and bags of seed to emphasize how precious the commodity really is. Agriculture and man's survival depends above all else on seed. As agricultural technology has progressed, greater and greater demands have been placed on seed, specifically with respect to performance. To inaugurate seed quality is not enough, we must also maintain it through to the successful establishment of a successive generation. Performance in the farmer's field is the ultimate test of seed quality.
Propagation of Citrus by Improved Mound Layering1
Authors: Duarte Odilo , Medina Cesar
Published: September 2022

Propagation of a scion cultivar on 3 citrus rootstocks: ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin, rough lemon, and ‘Troyer’ citrange, by using improved mound layering was studied. The mound layered shoots were budded while still attached to the mother plant during the first growing season. ‘Washington’ navel orange buds were used in all cases. This resulted in the production of budded orange plants on any of the above mentioned rootstocks in 1 year. The potential time saved in producing a large number of plants is emphasized.
The Effect of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid on the Yield and Quality of Processing Tomatoes for Juice1
Authors: Massey L. M. , Chase B. R.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied as a dip at 10000 ppm accelerated the ripening of unripe harvested processing tomatoes for juice. Overall processing yield was increased without adversely affecting juice quality.
The Effect of Plants on Microclimate and Noise Reduction in the Urban Environment1
Authors: Mecklenburg Roy A. , Rintelmann William F. , Schumaier Daniel R. , Van Den Brink Ceel , Flores Leonardo
Published: September 2022

Plants have a great impact upon the urban microclimate in contrast to dry structural materials. Infrared surface temp can be substantially modified by evaporative cooling and the interception of radiant energy by plants to reduce the heat island characteristic of the summer urban microclimate.

High temp characteristic of surfaces such as artificial turf can be reduced by irrigation. Outdoor athletic areas covered with artificial turf should be either irrigated to permit evaporative cooling or shaded to intercept solar radiant energy.

Coniferous trees appear capable of providing a small amount of attenuation for environmental noises that are either predominantly low or high frequency in composition. However, dense wide plantings are necessary to achieve effective environmental noise attenuation from vegetation alone in urban areas and the practical value of plants as an urban “sound barrier” appears questionable.
Development of a Baccalaureate Curriculum for Horticulture Students Planning to Teach High School Horticultur
Authors: Hodges Clinton F. , Denisen Ervin L.
Published: September 2022

The occupations rilled by students receiving a BS degree in Horticulture are many and varied. Of particular interest is the changing nature of these occupations in recent years. At one time, production oriented curricula sufficed for the vast majority of horticulture students. Today’s occupations, however, require a student to have a broad background in such areas as business, management, economics, education, and sociology. It is not rare in today’s agricultural job market to find employers who may wish to hire a horticulturist, but may relegate his knowledge of horticulture to a position secondary to that of business knowledge, or some other specialty. The changing nature of employment from the predominantly production oriented jobs of some years ago has also resulted in pressures upon the academic world to constantly re-evaluate horticulture curricula and re-tailor it to a rapidly changing job market.
Fitting Junior College Transferees into Baccalaureate Programs in Horticulture
Authors: Joiner J. N.
Published: September 2022

Florida currently has 26 state supported junior colleges and each campus is an autonomous unit which contributes to tremendous variability in administrative philosophy, curricula, and academic standards. All of these colleges have open door admission policies in that all graduates of high schools within the state are eligible for admission. Non-high school graduates may enter many community junior colleges to complete secondary educational programs.

Students wishing to transfer to the University of Florida as juniors must have completed an Associate of Arts (AA) Degree from a junior college with a grade point average (GPA) of 2.0 or better in academic courses based on a 4 point system of evaluation. They might enter without completing such a program provided they had been eligible to have entered the University of Florida as freshmen. The University of Florida requires 300 or higher score on the Florida 12th Grade Test, which usually limits eligibility to the top 2/5 ths of high school graduates in the state.
Herbicidal Control of Weeds in Sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas Poir1
Authors: Peterson Lewis E. , LeRon Robbins M. , Weigle Jack L.
Published: September 2022

Dime thy letrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) and N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid) were effective herbicides for sweetpotato on coarse sand soil. DCPA applied through a sprinkler irrigation system proved effective and reduced costs.
Effect of Day and Night Temperature on Tolerance of Solanaceous Vegetables to Diphenamid1
Authors: Eshel Y. , Katan J.
Published: September 2022

The tolerance of eggplant (Solarium melogena L.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) sown in soil containing N, N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid) in controlled environment chambers was markedly temp dependent. An increase of temp during the light period from 20°C to 30° increased phytotoxicity of diphenamid, while temp increase during the dark period from 15° to 20° decreased phytotoxicity. Although some differences among the 3 species in their response to diphenamid were noticed, all of them were affected similarly by temp regimes.
Effects of Preharvest Applications of Ethephon on Maturity and Quality of Several Apple Cultivars1
Authors: Unrath C. R.
Published: September 2022

Apple trees treated with (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic ethephon applications at 400 ppm, plus 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (fenoprop) at 10 ppm for abscission control, approx 1 month before optimum maturity exhibited increased fruit coloration. On some cultivars, fruit firmness, soluble solids, acidity, and soluble solids-acid ratio were altered. Ethephon accelerated red color development of ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ apples whether or not the trees had been previously treated with succinic acidb-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH); however, the amount of coloration was greater when both SADH and ethephon were used. Ethephon reduced the titratable acidity of ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ fruit resulting in a greater soluble solids-acid ratio. ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit exhibited a definite yellowing of skin color when treated with ethephon but flesh softening was excessive at higher concn. Ethephon treatments applied without an accompanying abscission control chemical resulted in fruit abscission within 2 to 7 days depending on concn. SADH treatment delayed abscission 2 to 3 days as compared to no SADH treatment, where no abscission control was used. Fenoprop was superior to naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in reversing the abscission stimulation of ethephon.
A Role for Ethylene in the Development of Wastage and Off-Flavors in Stored ‘Valencia’ Oranges1
Authors: McGlasson W. B. , Eaks I. L.
Published: September 2022

‘Valencia’ oranges were stored at 10°C in air and in an atm of 5% CO2,3% O2 under flowing and static atmospheric conditions with and without an ethylene absorbent The development of decay, particularly stem-end decay, loss of orange flavor and development of off-flavor appeared to be primarily associated with the presence of ethylene and not with other volatiles in the storage atm.
Ethephon Sprays and Cranberry Fruit Color1
Authors: Rigby Bruce , Dana M. N. , Binning L. K.
Published: September 2022

Treatments with (2-chloroethyl)-phosphonic acid (ethephon) in the field initially caused green berries of cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) to turn pink. Untreated berries increased in redness up to commercial harvest. Preharvest ethephon applications on mature, red berries caused no change in redness, but rather a decrease in yellowness, resulting in a change in hue, which may indicate a difference in relative amounts of the various pigments. Ethephon decreased the L reading of the berries, compared to the controls. Increasing the amount of water, in which the ethephon was dispersed, from 1.87 to 3.74 kliter/ha proved beneficial for coloring berries located deep in the vines not exposed to full sunlight. Ethephon treatments did not result in more rapid breakdown of the berries during storage. Only at extremely high rates of ethephon was berry size reduced. The commerci
Flower Opening, Pollen Shedding, Stigma Receptivity and Pollen Tube Growth in the Cranberry1
Authors: Rigby Bruce , Dana Malcolm N.
Published: September 2022

Cranberry flower development was studied in the greenhouse on uprights thinned to a single flower. Flowers started opening each hour of the day. The interval from petal separation to fully open flowers varied from 2 to 12 hr with 80% of the flowers fully open within 6 hr. Elongation of the style and emergence of the stigma through the anther ring occurred on 94% of the flowers during the 24 - 48 hr period after the petals were fully reflexed. The stigma was pollen receptive at the time of petal separation. The pollen tube had traversed the style 48 hr after pollination in 37% of the flowers examined. Removal of the style 72 hr after pollination no longer prevented fruit development.
Horticultural Science in the Sociosphere
Authors: Day Boysie E.
Published: September 2022

The world social system is composed of all of the people on earth and all of their interrelationships. This has been called the sociosphere2, a concept analogous to the atmosphere or biosphere. A few of the world's people are horticultural scientists and they and their institutes, departments, and associations are components of the sociosphere. Thus horticultural research and horticultural knowledge are social matters and are subject to examination in terms of social values.
Influence of Superior Oil Sprays on Growth and Bark Necrosis of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Wave H. E. , Stiles W. C.
Published: September 2022

Formulations of superior oil applied to the developing buds and bark of ‘Delicious’ apple trees in the greenhouse inhibited bud break and growth. Bud break was significantly affected by oil concn, viscosity, and unsulfonated residue (UR). Total fresh wt of shoots was adversely affected by increasing concn and decreasing UR. Severity of bark injury increased with decreasing viscosities and increasing concn.
Ethylene in the Wood of Stressed Trees1
Authors: Leopold A. C. , Brown K. M. , Emerson F. H.
Published: September 2022

Imposing stress on branches of white pine (Pinus strobus L.), apple (Pyrus malus L.), and peach (Prunus persica Sieb. and Zucc.) trees by tying them in arcs resulted in increases in the ethylene content of the internal atmospheres of the stressed branches.
Seed Onion Temperatures and Their Effect on Stomata1
Authors: Goltz S. M. , Tanner C. B.
Published: September 2022

Temp of seed onion scapes and leaves, measured in the field both in Wise, and in Idaho, showed a min stomatal resistance at about 30°C with a strong increase occurring at lower temp and more moderate increase at higher temp. Daytime measurements in Wise, showed interior scape temp could be as much as 7°C above air temp, while umbel center and mean leaf temp were seldom more than 2° above. During the night, plant and air temp were within 1°.
Response of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat to Foliar and Soil Applications of Ancymidol1
Authors: Larson Roy A. , Kimmins R. Kent
Published: September 2022

α-Cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) applied to inherently tall-growing chrysanthemum cultivars controlled ht at concn of 62 mg/liter (0.06 mg/15 cm pot) when applied as a foliar spray, and 0.12 mg/15 cm pot when applied as a soil drench. An thesis was delayed in plants treated with high concn of the growth retardant but flower size and no., and node no. were unaffected.
The Salinas Valley of California
Authors: Ryder Edward J.
Published: September 2022

The Salinas River1 and the valley through which it flows are deceiving to the casual traveler driving through on a summer day. If he looks down while crossing one of the bridges over it, the river is quite unimpressive. The bed seems to be largely overgrown with weeds. The trickles and pools of water seem to have no movement. The traveler is likely to forego a second look and to relegate it to the far reaches of his mind with all the other dry streambeds of the West.
Guidelines for Reporting Studies Conducted in Controlled Environment Chambers1
Authors: _ _
Published: September 2022

The following guidelines3 are proposed for reporting research conducted in plant growth chambers, especially for physiological studies. Greater detail concerning environmental conditions is being requested because similar studies conducted in different laboratories often result in different rates of plant growth and development. Investigation has demonstrated that these differences can be attributed to variations in certain factors of the environment, including soil temp, humidity, carbon dioxide and air movement, that often are unreported. Only when all factors in the environment are adequately described can studies be compared or the experiment be repeated in another laboratory. Hopefully, use of the following guidelines will enable investigators to achieve these objectives. The model paragraph outlined below can be filled in and utilized for detailing the environmental information in research articles.