bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost‐effectiveness of mental health interventions during and after pregnancy: A systematic review
Authors: Verbeke Evelyn , Bogaerts Annick , Nuyts Tinne , Crombag Neeltje , Luyten Jeroen
Published: March 2022

Background

Mental health problems during and after pregnancy such as depression, anxiety, post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or addiction are common and can have lifelong implications for both parents and offspring. This review investigates the cost‐effectiveness of interventions tackling these problems, assesses the methodological quality of included studies, and indicates suggestions for further research.

Methods

Thirteen databases were searched for economic evaluations of interventions related to antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal mental health conditions, published between 2000 and September 2021, in high‐income countries.

Results

Thirty‐nine studies met all inclusion criteria. Interventions considered were screening programs, pharmacological treatments, and various forms of psychosocial and psychological support. Six studies reported that the intervention was cost‐saving. Eighteen were cost‐effective and seven likely to be cost‐effective. Only six studies included health outcomes for the child; one study considered paternal health. The time horizon for which costs and consequences were considered was for most evaluations limited to 1 year (n = 18) or 2 years (n = 11) postpartum.

Conclusions

Given the importance of the subject, a relatively low number of studies have investigated the cost‐effectiveness of interventions tackling mental health problems during and after pregnancy. The scant evidence available suggests good overall value for money. Likely, cost‐effectiveness is underestimated as costly long‐term consequences on offspring are systematically excluded. No evidence was found for several frequently occurring conditions. Further research is required to obtain reliable, long‐term effectiveness data and to address the methodological challenges related to measuring all relevant health outcomes for all parties affected.
Isoquinolines alkaloids and cancer metabolism: Pathways and targets to novel chemotherapy
Authors: Mello Angélica Lauria do Nascimento , Zancan Patricia
Published: March 2022

Cancer is one of the main causes of death in the world. This is a complex disease where the development of resistance to chemotherapy is frequent driving the search for new anticancer compounds. In this sense, isoquinolines have gained attention in the past few years. This review aims to highlight the new advances related to the use of isoquinolines compounds against cancer cells, and we point out targets for their anti‐tumor action. Isoquinolines are compounds found in plants that are important for their protection. In cancer, many representatives of this class of compounds have demonstrated their efficacy against cancer by acting on cancer metabolism, such as triggering cell death, reducing pro‐survival protein expression, inducing ROS production, inhibiting pro‐survival cell signaling pathways, among other effects. The mechanisms triggered by isoquinolines in cancer cells represent robust anticancer strategies, which support that this class of compounds are strong candidates for cancer treatment.
After a decade of tool innovation, what comes next?
Authors: Rawlings Bruce S.
Published: March 2022

A decade ago, now‐seminal work showed that children are strikingly unskilled at simple tool innovation. Since then, a surge of research has replicated these findings across diverse cultures, which has stimulated evocative yet unanswered questions. Humans are celebrated among the animal kingdom for our proclivity to create and use tools and have the most complex and diverse technology on earth. Our capacity for tool use has altered our ecological environments irrevocably. How can we achieve so much, yet tool innovation be such a difficult and late‐developing skill for children? In this article, I briefly summarize what we know about the development of tool innovation, then discuss five outstanding questions in the field. With a focus on different empirical and theoretical perspectives, I argue that addressing these questions is crucial for understanding fully the ontogeny of one of humans’ most notable skills.
A defensive mindset: A pattern of social information processing that develops early and predicts life course outcomes
Authors: Dodge Kenneth A. , Bai Yu , Godwin Jennifer , Lansford Jennifer E. , Bates John E. , Pettit Gregory S. , Jones Damon
Published: March 2022

The hypothesis was tested that some children develop a defensive mindset that subsumes individual social information processing (SIP) steps, grows from early experiences, and guides long‐term outcomes. In Study 1 (Fast Track [FT]), 463 age‐5 children (45% girls; 43% Black) were first assessed in 1991 and followed through age 32 (83% retention). In Study 2 (Child Development Project [CDP]), 585 age‐5 children (48% girls, 17% Black) were first assessed in 1987 and followed through age 34 (78% retention). In both studies, measures were collected of early adverse experiences, defensive mindset and SIP, and adult outcomes. Across both studies, a robust latent construct of school‐age defensive mindset was validated empirically (comparative fit index = .99 in each study) and found to mediate the impact of early child abuse (38% in FT and 29% in CDP of total effect) and peer social rejection (14% in FT and 7% in CDP of total effect) on adult incarceration.
Building an understanding of Indigenous Health Workers’ role in oral health: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Poirier Brianna , Sethi Sneha , Hedges Joanne , Jamieson Lisa
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Indigenous health workers (IHW) play an integral role in the provision of culturally safe care for Indigenous communities. Despite this, IHW involvement in oral health has been limited. Therefore, this qualitative systematic review aimed to build an understanding of IHW insights on oral health.

Methods

Two independent reviewers searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus using a pre‐established search strategy. Qualitative studies that included IHW illustrations about oral health were considered. The search was not limited by geographic setting. Included articles were critically appraised with the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tool for qualitative studies.

Results

The search identified 1856 articles eligible for inclusion; a total of 10 articles were included. Four synthesized findings were identified during the meta‐aggregation: oral health challenges in community, systemic barriers limiting IHW ability to support oral health, benefits of IHW involvement in oral health and avenues to increase IHW involvement in oral health.

Conclusion

The prioritization of Indigenous leadership in oral health has the potential to address many of the current challenges Indigenous communities face. Future works need to determine the capacity of IHW to provide oral health care and explore opportunities to create specific oral health roles for IHW.
A predicting model of child‐bearing‐aged women’ spontaneous abortion by co‐infections of TORCH and reproductive tract
Authors: Zuo Qun , Gao Zhangquan , Cai Li , Bai Linlin , Pei Yu , Liu Mengchao , Xue Hongmei , Xu Juan , Wang Shusong
Published: March 2022

To develop a predicting model of child‐bearing‐aged women’ spontaneous abortion (SA) by co‐infections of TORCH and reproductive tract, in order to provide a reference tool for accurately predicting the risk of SA and guide the early prevention, diagnosis and treatment of SA. A prospective cohort study was designed based on 218 958 child‐bearing‐aged women following up in Hebei province in China from 2010 to 2017. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to select candidate predictive variables. Fisher's discriminant analysis was performed to build a predictive model, and the validity of the model was evaluated. The incidence rate of SA was 2.4%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR = 3.507), adverse pregnancy history (OR = 1.509), co‐infections status of Candida and HBsAg (ORCandida positive×HBsAg negative = 4.091, ORCandida negative×HBsAg positive = 3.327, and ORCandida positive×HBsAg positive = 13.762), and co‐infections status of HBsAg, Rubella (IgG) and CMV (IgG) (ORHBs‐Ag negative×Rubella (IgG) negative×CMV (IgG) positive = 1.789, ORHBs‐Ag positive×Rubella (IgG) positive×CMV (IgG) negative = 3.809, and ORHBsAg positive×Rubella (IgG) positive×CMV (IgG) positive = 11.919) were the independent predictors of SA. The total discriminant rate reached 91%, with 82% of the sensitivity and 91% of the specificity. The predicting model of child‐bearing‐aged women’ SA by co‐infections status has a good performance. The co‐infection status of TORCH and reproductive tract are suggested to be considered in pre‐pregnancy physical examination.
Vertical ridge augmentation feasibility using unfixed collagen membranes and particulate bone substitutes: A 1‐ to 7‐year retrospective single‐cohort observational study
Authors: Lee Jung‐Seok , Park Jin‐Young , Chung Hye‐Min , Song Young Woo , Strauss Franz‐Josef
Published: March 2022

Aim

To determine whether vertical ridge augmentation (VRA) can be obtained through guided bone regeneration (GBR) using exclusively resorbable collagen membranes and particulate bone substitutes without additional stabilization.

Materials and Methods

This study retrospectively examined 22 participants who underwent VRA with staged or simultaneous implant placement. The vertical defects of all participants were filled with particulate bone substitutes and covered with resorbable collagen membranes. The augmented sites were stabilized with unfixed collagen membranes and the flap without any additional fixation. The augmented tissue height was assessed using cone‐beam computed tomography at baseline, immediately after surgery, and at annual follow‐ups.

Results

The vertical bone gain of the 22 augmented sites amounted to 6.48 ± 2.19 mm (mean ± SD) immediately after surgery and 5.78 ± 1.72 mm at 1‐ to 7‐year follow‐up. Of the 22 augmented sites, 18 exhibited changes of less than 1 mm, while the other 4 showed changes of greater than 1 mm. Histological observation of three representative cases revealed new bone apposition on the remaining material.

Conclusion

The present findings indicate that GBR procedures using exclusively collagen membranes and particulate biomaterials without any additional fixation are feasible options for VRA.
A way forward for wild fungi in international sustainability policy
Authors: Oyanedel Rodrigo , Hinsley Amy , Dentinger Bryn T.M. , Milner‐Gulland E.J. , Furci Giuliana
Published: March 2022

A series of international sustainability policies currently in negotiation will shape biodiversity conservation for decades to come. However, discussions of current sustainability policy have a huge blind spot: the absence of Fungi, one of the eukaryotic Kingdoms. Wild fungi are a key component of natural ecosystems (e.g., through parasitic symbiosis), maintain soil fertility by decomposing organic matter, and facilitate uptake of water and nutrients through mycorrhizal association with plant roots, enhancing carbon sequestration. Moreover, the harvest, use, and trade of wild fungi are essential economic and cultural activities, supporting livelihoods and providing food and medicinal ingredients. Still, the sustainability of wild fungi use is hard to assess because there is a lack of attention from research, legislation, and society at large. Here, we present a way forward for including wild fungi in international sustainability policy. We layout four key steps to foster a much‐needed policy and societal transformation: acknowledge the existence of Fungi as an independent Kingdom; tailor sustainability policy targets to include Fungi; implement comprehensive monitoring of wild fungi status and trends; and promote responsible use of wild fungi as a livelihood opportunity in rural areas. These steps can facilitate a transition toward better recognizing, valuing, and conserving the ecosystem services wild fungi provide.
Cytological features of NUT‐carcinoma harbouring an NSD3‐NUTM1 fusion
Authors: Argyropoulos Kimon V. , Lin Lawrence Hsu , Moreira Andre L. , Krock Bryan , Simsir Aylin , Brandler Tamar C.
Published: March 2022

NUT (Nuclear protein of the testis)‐carcinomas are uncommon malignancies that are even less frequently encountered as cytological specimens. Presented here is a case of pulmonary NUT‐carcinoma diagnosed on wash cytology with cell block preparation, characterised by the unusual NUT fusion variant, NSD3‐NUTM1. Given the limited information on the cytological features of NUT‐carcinomas, including partners beyond the classic BRD4 or BRD3 genes and especially NUTM1 fusion variants, it is important to provide more of these cases in the literature so that they can be readily distinguished from morphologically and immunohistochemically similar neoplasms.
Monitoring early neuromotor performance using the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination to predict later cognition
Authors: Cao Jianguo , Huang Meihuan
Published: March 2022

This commentary is on the original articles by Romeo et al. To view this paper visit https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15191 and https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.15201.

This commentary is also available in Chinese. To view this paper.
Changing trends in cerebral palsy prevalence: an opportunity to consider etiological pathways
Authors: Villamor Eduardo
Published: March 2022

This commentary is on the original article by Smithers‐Sheedy et al. on pages 1114–1122 of this issue.
Socio‐economic inequalities in glycaemic control in recently diagnosed adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Seidel‐Jacobs Esther , Ptushkina Violetta , Strassburger Klaus , Icks Andrea , Kuss Oliver , Burkart Volker , Szendroedi Julia , Müssig Karsten , Bódis Kálmán , Karusheva Yanislava , Zaharia Oana‐Patricia , Roden Michael , Rathmann Wolfgang ,   for the GDS Group
Published: March 2022

Background and aims

It is unclear whether socio‐economic status (SES) is associated with glycaemic control in people with recently diagnosed diabetes. The aim was to investigate whether SES is related to haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) during the first year after diagnosis in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and if metabolic, quality of care or mental factors may explain the association.

Methods

In the German Diabetes Study, people with type 1 (n = 274, median age 36 [25th; 75th percentile: 28; 48] years) and type 2 diabetes (n = 424, 54 [47; 60] years) underwent detailed metabolic characterisation within the first year after diagnosis. SES was documented using a standardised questionnaire. Associations between SES and HbA1c were assessed using multivariable linear regression and restricted cubic spline regression analyses. Additional covariables were patient characteristics, laboratory measurements, health behaviour, quality of care and depression variables. Models were separately fitted for diabetes type, SES and its dimensions (income, education, occupation).

Results

Higher SES score was associated with lower HbA1c (−0.7 mmol/mol per unit increase in SES, 95% CI: −1.1; −0.2 mmol/mol [−0.1%, 95% CI: −0.1; 0.0%]) in people with type 1 diabetes. Included covariates did not attenuate this association. In people with type 2 diabetes, effect estimates were close to zero indicating no relevant difference.

Conclusion

Socio‐economic inequalities in HbA1c already exist during the first year after diagnosis in people with type 1 diabetes. The absence of association between glycaemic control and SES in type 2 diabetes could be due to the lower complexity of diabetes therapy compared to type 1 diabetes.
Jobs, Crime and Votes: A Short‐run Evaluation of the Refugee Crisis in Germany
Authors: Gehrsitz Markus , Ungerer Martin
Published: March 2022

Millions of refugees made their way to Europe between 2014 and 2015, with over one million arriving in Germany alone. Yet little is known about the impact of this inflow on labour markets, crime and voting behaviour. This paper uses administrative data on asylum seeker allocation and provides an evaluation of the short‐run consequences of the refugee inflow. Our identification strategy exploits the fact that a scramble for accommodation determined the assignment of asylum seekers to German counties, resulting in exogenous variation in the number of asylum seekers per county within and across states. Our estimates suggest that those migrants have not displaced native workers but have themselves struggled to find gainful employment. We find moderate increases in crime, and our analysis further indicates that while at the macro level increased migration was accompanied by increased support for anti‐immigrant parties, exposure to asylum seekers at the micro level had a small negative effect.
Diabetic visceral neuropathy of gastroparesis: Gastric mucosal innervation and clinical significance
Authors: Tseng Ping‐Huei , Chao Chi‐Chao , Cheng Ya‐Yin , Chen Chieh‐Chang , Yang Ping‐Hao , Yang Wei‐Kang , Wu Shao‐Wei , Wu Yen‐Wen , Cheng Mei‐Fang , Yang Wei‐Shiung , Wu Ming‐Shiang , Hsieh Sung‐Tsang
Published: March 2022

Background and purpose

The pathogenesis of diabetic gastroparesis due to visceral neuropathy involves multidimensional mechanisms with limited exploration of gastric mucosal innervation. This study aimed to examine quantitatively this topic and its relationship with gastroparesis symptoms and gastric emptying in diabetes.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 22 patients with type 2 diabetes and gastroparesis symptoms and 25 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls for comparison. The assessments included: (i) neuropathology with quantification of gastric mucosal innervation density (MID) on endoscopic biopsy; (ii) clinical manifestations based on the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI) questionnaire; and (iii) functional tests of gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES).

Results

In patients with diabetes, stomach fullness, bloating and feeling excessively full after meals constituted the most common GCSI symptoms. Seven patients with diabetes (32%) had prolonged gastric emptying patterns. In diabetes, gastric MID was significantly lower in all the regions examined compared with the controls: antrum (294.8 ± 237.0 vs. 644.0 ± 222.0 mm/mm3; p < 0.001), body (292.2 ± 239.0 vs. 652.6 ± 260.9 mm/mm3; p < 0.001), and fundus (238.0 ± 109.1 vs. 657.2 ± 332.8 mm/mm3; p < 0.001). Gastric MID was negatively correlated with gastroparesis symptoms and total scores on the GCSI (p < 0.001). Furthermore, gastric MID in the fundus was negatively correlated with fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels. Gastric emptying variables, including half emptying time and gastric retention, were prolonged in patients with diabetes, and gastric retention at 3 h was correlated with fasting glucose level.

Conclusion

In diabetes, gastric MID was reduced and GES parameters were prolonged. Both were correlated with gastroparesis symptoms and glycemic control. These findings provide pathology and functional biomarkers for diabetic visceral neuropathy of gastroparesis and underlying pathophysiology.
Role of altered IL‐33/ST2 immune axis in the immunobiology of Guillain‐Barré syndrome
Authors: Sharma Praveen P. , Seshagiri Doniparthi V. , Nagappa Madhu , Mullapudi Thrinath , Sreenivas Nikhitha , Dey Saikat , Shivaram Sumanth , Wahatule Rahul , Kumawat Vijay , Sreekumaran Nair Binu V. , Kamath Sriganesh , Sinha Sanjib , Taly Arun B. , Debnath Monojit
Published: March 2022

Background

The IL‐33/ST2 immune axis plays crucial roles in infection and immunity. A dysregulated IL‐33/ST2 axis can induce autoimmune reaction and inflammatory responses. Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute peripheral neuropathy, mostly caused by post‐infection autoimmunity. The role of IL‐33/ST2 axis is not known in GBS. This study aimed to explore the role of IL‐33/ST2 axis in GBS.

Methods

Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Il33 gene (rs16924159, rs7044343, rs1342336) and three SNPs of Il1rl1 gene (rs10192157, rs1041973, rs10206753) coding for suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) were genotyped in 179 GBS patients and 186 healthy controls by TaqMan Allelic Discrimination Assay. Plasma levels of IL‐33 and sST2 were measured in a subset of GBS patients (n = 80) and healthy controls (n = 80) by ELISA.

Results

The frequencies of CC genotype of rs10192157 (p = 0.043) and TT genotype of rs10206753 (p = 0.036) SNPs of Il1rl1 gene differed significantly between GBS patients and healthy controls. Gene–gene interaction between Il33 and Il1rl1 genes also conferred significant risk for GBS. In addition, the plasma sST2 levels were significantly elevated in GBS patients compared to healthy subjects (24,934.31 ± 1.81 pg/ml vs. 12,518.97 ± 1.51 pg/ml, p < 0.001). Plasma sST2 levels showed a significant correlation with the disability scores at the peak of neurological deficit in GBS patients.

Conclusions

The IL‐33/ST2 axis is suggested to influence the immunopathogenesis of GBS. Genetic variants of Il1rl1 gene might serve as a risk determinant of GBS and plasma sST2 levels might emerge as a biomarker of severity of GBS, if replicated further by other studies.
Big data analysis of ASM retention rates and expert ASM algorithm: A comparative study
Authors: Håkansson Samuel , Zelano Johan
Published: March 2022

Objective

Only 50% of patients with new‐onset epilepsy achieve seizure freedom with their first antiseizure medication (ASM). A growing body of data illustrates the complexity of predicting ASM response and tolerability, which is influenced by age, sex, and comorbidities. Randomized data with sufficient resolution for personalized medicine are unlikely to emerge. Two potential facilitators of ASM selection are big data using real‐world retention rates or algorithms based on expert opinion. We asked how these methods compare in adult‐onset focal epilepsy.

Methods

ASM retention rates were determined by cross‐referencing data from comprehensive Swedish registers for 37 643 individuals, with identified comorbidities. Eight fictive cases were created and expert advice was collected from the algorithm Epipick. We compared Epipick suggestions in representative patient subgroups, and determined whether ranking based on retention rate reflected expert advice.

Results

The Epipick algorithm suggested six ASM alternatives for younger patients and three ASM alternatives for older patients. In the real‐world data, retention rates for the ASMs ranked as best options by Epipick were high; 65%–72% for young patients and 71%–84% for older patients. The lowest retention rate for Epipick suggestions was 42%–56% in younger cases, and 70%–80% in older cases. The ASM with the best retention rate was generally recommended by Epipick.

Significance

We found a large overlap between expert advice and real‐world retention rates. Notably, Epipick did suggest some ASMs with more modest retention rates. Conversely, clearly inappropriate ASMs (not recommended by Epipick) had high retention rates in some cases, showing that decision systems should not rely indiscriminately on retention rates alone. In future clinical decision support systems, expert opinion and real‐world retention rates could work synergistically.
Interior long‐life‐fatigue cracking behavior and life prediction of a selective laser melted GH4169 superalloy at different temperatures and stress ratios
Authors: Sun Rui , Li Wei , Zhang Yucheng , Wang Ping , Hu Tianyi , Lashari Muhammad Imran , Sakai Tatsuo , Zhang Wen
Published: March 2022

The axial fatigue tests at elevated (650°C) temperature with stress ratios of 0.1 and −1 were conducted under the loading cycle range of 104–108 cycles to investigate interior cracking mechanism at elevated temperature of one selective laser melted GH4169 superalloy. Results showed that the interior fatigue crack nucleation was the main failure mode with both stress ratios at 650°C in the long‐life regime. The interior crack nucleation region consisting of many facets was formed under shear stress and strain according to the 3D morphology restructure of the fracture surface. Combined with the evaluation of the threshold stress intensity factor, the transition lengths from a small crack to a long crack for interior failure at both stress ratios were evaluated. Based on the above analysis, the microstructure‐related interior failure mechanism was summarized. Finally, crack nucleation and propagation lives were predicted to obtain the total fatigue life, which showed that the prediction and experimental data scattered between the factor‐of‐three boundaries.
Fund names versus family names: Implications for mutual fund flows
Authors: Karoui Aymen , Ghoul Sadok El
Published: March 2022

An emerging literature shows that investors are sensitive to mutual fund names. Using a sample of US equity funds over the period 1993–2017, we provide evidence that funds with names that are closer to those of their families attract more flows and display a stronger performance‐flow relationship. This name bias is more persistent among old and large fund families and in retail funds. Our results are in line with the literature on social biases and costly searches and show that seemingly innocuous differences in fund attributes, such as fund names, can translate into significant differences in investor decisions.
The relationships among self‐regulation, emotional intelligence, willingness to communicate, and reading comprehension of Persian foreign language learners: Structural equation modeling
Authors: Taherkhani Reza , Moradi Reza
Published: March 2022

This nationwide mixed methods study investigated the relationships among self‐regulation (S‐R), emotional intelligence (EI), willingness to communicate (WTC), and reading comprehension ability of Persian foreign language (PFL) learners in Iran. Therefore, 141 non‐Persian students, from 28 different countries studying at 12 universities across Iran were selected to participate in the study. The participants were asked to answer S‐R, EI, WTC scales, and a reading comprehension test. To deeper understand the constructs in the questionnaires and to triangulate the data, structured interviews were conducted with 45 participants. Besides, for checking the strengths of the causal relationships among the variables, structural equation modeling was utilized. The three independent variables were strong predictors of reading comprehension, with WTC being the strongest predictor. Considering the increasing number of PFL learners, implications focus on how second language practitioners, especially those concerned with PFL can benefit from the results of this study.
Mapping definitions of co‐production and co‐design in health and social care: A systematic scoping review providing lessons for the future
Authors: Masterson Daniel , Areskoug Josefsson Kristina , Robert Glenn , Nylander Elisabeth , Kjellström Sofia
Published: March 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to explore how the concepts of co‐production and co‐design have been defined and applied in the context of health and social care and to identify the temporal adoption of the terms.

Methods

A systematic scoping review of CINAHL with Full Text, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus was conducted to identify studies exploring co‐production or co‐design in health and social care. Data regarding date and conceptual definitions were extracted. From the 2933 studies retrieved, 979 articles were included in this review.

Results

A network map of the sixty most common definitions and—through exploration of citations—eight definition clusters and a visual representation of how they interconnect and have informed each other over time are presented. Additional findings were as follows: (i) an increase in research exploring co‐production and co‐design in health and social care contexts; (ii) an increase in the number of new definitions during the last decade, despite just over a third of included articles providing no definition or explanation for their chosen concept; and (iii) an increase in the number of publications using the terms co‐production or co‐design while not involving citizens/patients/service users.

Conclusions

Co‐production and co‐design are conceptualized in a wide range of ways. Rather than seeking universal definitions of these terms, future applied research should focus on articulating the underlying principles and values that need to be translated and explored in practice.

Patient and Public Contribution

The search strategy and pilot results were presented at a workshop in May 2019 with patient and public contributors and researchers. Discussion here informed our next steps. During the analysis phase of the review, informal discussions were held once a month with a patient who has experience in patient and public involvement. As this involvement was conducted towards the end of the review, we agreed together that inclusion as an author would risk being tokenistic. Instead, acknowledgements were preferred. The next phase involves working as equal contributors to explore the values and principles of co‐production reported within the most common definitions.
Humanizing harm: Using a restorative approach to heal and learn from adverse events
Authors: Wailling Jo , Kooijman Allison , Hughes Joanne , O'Hara Jane K.
Published: March 2022

Background

Healthcare is not without risk. Despite two decades of policy focus and improvement efforts, the global incidence of harm remains stubbornly persistent, with estimates suggesting that 10% of hospital patients are affected by adverse events.

Methods

We explore how current investigative responses can compound the harm for all those affected—patients, families, health professionals and organizations—by neglecting to appreciate and respond to the human impacts. We suggest that the risk of compounded harm may be reduced when investigations respond to the need for healing alongside system learning, with the former having been consistently neglected.

Discussion

We argue that incident responses must be conceived within a relational as well as a regulatory framework, and that this—a restorative approach—has the potential to radically shift the focus, conduct and outcomes of investigative processes.

Conclusion

The identification of the preconditions and mechanisms that enable the success of restorative approaches in global health systems and legal contexts is required if their demonstrated potential is to be realized on a larger scale. The policy must be co‐created by all those who will be affected by reforms and be guided by restorative principles.

Patient or Public Contribution

This viewpoint represents an international collaboration between a clinician academic, safety scientist and harmed patient and family members. The paper incorporates key findings and definitions from New Zealand's restorative response to surgical mesh harm, which was co‐designed with patient advocates, academics and clinicians.
Harmonization of programmed death‐ligand 1 immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression scoring in metastatic melanoma: a multicentre analysis
Authors: Darmon‐Novello Marie , Adam Julien , Lamant Laurence , Battistella Maxime , Ortonne Nicolas , Balme Brigitte , de la Fouchardière A , Chaltiel Leonor , Gerard Emilie , Franchet Camille , Vergier Béatrice
Published: March 2022

Aims

The aim of this multicentre study was to harmonize programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) immunohistochemistry (IHC) and melanoma scoring. To provide a reference for PD‐L1 expression independently of the IHC protocol, PD‐L1 mRNA expression was compared with IHC.

Methods and results

Standardized PD‐L1 assays (22C3, 28–8, SP142, SP263) and laboratory‐developed tests (QR1, 22C3) were evaluated on three IHC platforms with a training set (seven cases). mRNA expression was determined by RNAscope (CD274/PD‐L1 probe) and analysed with image analysis. PD‐L1 IHC findings were scored by seven blinded pathologists using the tumour proportion score (TPS), the combined positive score (CPS), and the MELscore. This method was validated by three blinded pathologists on 40 metastatic melanomas. Concordances among various antibody/platforms were high across antibodies [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) >0.80 for the CPS], except for SP142. Two levels of immunostaining intensity were observed: high (QR1 and SP263) and low (28–8, 22C3, and SP142). Reproducibilities across pathologists were higher for QR1 and SP263 (ICC ≥0.87 and ICC ≥0.85 for the TPS and the CPS, respectively). QR1, SP263 and 28–8 showed the highest concordance with mRNA expression. We developed a standardized method for PD‐L1 immunodetection and scoring, tested on 40 metastatic melanomas. Concordances among antibodies were excellent for all criteria, and concordances among pathologists were better for the MELscore than for other scores.

Conclusion

Harmonization of PD‐L1 staining and scoring in melanomas with good concordance is achievable with the PD‐L1 IHC protocols applied to other cancers; this reproducible approach can simplify daily practice.
DISENTANGLING PERSIANATE SELFHOOD FROM METHODOLOGICAL NATIONALISM
Authors: Naqvi Naveena
Published: March 2022

From the twelfth to the nineteenth century, Persian was used as the language of power and learning across Central, South, and West Asia. Mana Kia's Persianate Selves: Memories of Place and Origin before Nationalism, a searching account of selfhood across this vast region, is novel in its use of Derridean deconstruction to distill shared forms of belonging and affiliation during the political disarray of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Kia is part of a growing and important chorus of scholars who are questioning primordialist conceptualizations of identity by challenging widely held assumptions that Persian is a language that has always belonged to Iran or that its use in India was a foreign import, out of place and unnatural. More broadly, Kia's work holds a mirror up to historians of precolonial contexts, encouraging us to think more carefully about the fundamental conceptual and descriptive language that we use to describe how people inhabited those worlds.
Type 2 diabetes and the clinically normal pulp: An in vitro study
Authors: Alsamahi Shaikhah , Milne Trudy M. , Hussaini Haizal , Rich Alison M. , Friedlander Lara T.
Published: March 2022

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on clinically normal dental pulp tissue by using special stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine the morphology of the coronal pulp and distribution of immune markers in non‐T2D and T2D groups.

Methodology

Ethics approval for this in vitro pilot study was obtained from the University of Otago Human Ethics Committee (16/069). Twenty extracted permanent molar teeth diagnosed as having clinically normal pulp status were collected. Ten teeth were from participants with well‐controlled T2D and ten from participants without diabetes (non‐T2D). Each tooth was sectioned transversely at the cemento‐enamel junction before the crowns were decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Massons trichrome, and van Gieson stains for histological and morphological evaluation. IHC using anti‐CD4, anti‐CD68 and anti‐CD83 and anti‐IL1β, anti‐IL6, anti‐IL17, anti‐TNF‐α, anti‐TLR2, anti‐TLR4 and anti‐FOXP3 identified proteins of interest. Qualitative and semi‐quantitative analyses evaluated the morphology of the dental pulp and protein expression. Data analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism, using Student's t‐test and multiple regression using SPSS at p < .05.

Results

Special stains demonstrated morphological differences in the T2D dental pulp compared with non‐T2D. Qualitative analysis indicated that the pulp in the T2D samples was consistently less cellular, less vascular, showed evidence of thickened blood vessel walls, increased pulp calcification and collagen deposition. Semi‐quantitative analysis of IHC samples showed the T2D pulp had significantly increased expression of macrophage and dendritic cell markers CD68 (p < .001) and CD83 (p = .04), and there was significantly greater expression of inflammatory cytokines IL1β (p = .01), IL6 (p < .0001), IL17 (p < .0001) and TNF‐α (p = .01). T2D samples showed a significant increase in markers of innate inflammation, TLR2 (p < .001) and TLR4 (p < .001) and decreased expression of regulatory T‐cell marker, FOXP3 (p = .01). Multiple regression showed that age‐corrected differences were statistically significant.

Conclusion

Preliminary findings suggest that T2D may exert a similar response in the pulp to complications in other body sites. Hyperglycaemia is associated with changes in the morphology of the clinically normal dental pulp with altered immune cell and cytokine expression.
The glass formation boundary in aluminosilicates
Authors: Lee Hyojin , Carty William
Published: March 2022

The glass formation boundary defines a chemistry space within which compositions prefer to remain amorphous when cooled from a melt. Several studies on alkali aluminosilicates and alkaline earth aluminosilicates have demonstrated that the alumina edge of the glass formation boundary was independent of cooling rate and defined by a fixed molar ratio of 1.2 (±0.1) moles of Al2O3‐1.0 mole of flux – R2O (Na2O or K2O) or RO (CaO or MgO) – over a broad range of silica levels. These results were consistent with the glass composition in porcelains, the grain boundary chemistry in sintered alumina, and the gloss‐matte boundary in whiteware glazes with mixed fluxes.
Juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum: systematic review
Authors: Bazzi Nagham , Salloum Antoine , Chebl Joanna Abi , Hreibe Walid , Bazzi Mariam , Fiani Elias , Benedetto Anthony , Moussa Mohamad
Published: March 2022

Juvenile gangrenous vasculitis of the scrotum (JGVS) is a rare entity with scant reports in the literature. The disease course, treatment, and prevalence have not been well described in the literature. It's hypothesized that JGVS is a variant of pyoderma gangrenosum or a male counterpart of Lipschütz ulcer. This review will analyze the current literature on JGVS and provide a current guide based on the best available data. The initial search of databases yielded 107 studies of which 14 pertained to the topic. The majority of the included studies were case reports (n = 9) reported in Spain. A total of 17 patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 22.45 years (range, 13–35 years). The majority of patients presented with multiple, acute, painful, well‐circumscribed, round scrotal ulcerations. The majority of patients presented with flu‐like symptoms. An increased level of awareness of JGVS diagnosis is now warranted among physicians. Despite the analogies with Lipschütz ulcer, we believe that JGVS is a distinct entity.
Fibre matrices for enhanced gut health: a mini review
Authors: Fang Fang , Junejo Shahid Ahmed , Wang Kai , Yang Xinquan , Yuan Yang , Zhang Bin
Published: March 2022

The contribution of dietary fibre to human gut health has been extensively studied, but there are many questions yet to be resolved in this regime. One of them that has recently caught attention is the physical form and structure of dietary fibre matrix towards gut microbiota modulation. This paper reviews the natural and fabricated fibre matrices for gut health with a focus on changes in gut microbiota and the resulting metabolite production. The fibre matrices reviewed in this study include naturally existing plant cell matrices and fabricated resistant starch (RS) matrices, starch‐entrapped fibre microspheres, water‐soluble cross‐linked arabinoxylan matrices, complex two or more‐component fibre matrices and dietary fibre‐based colon‐targeted delivery systems. Natural fibre matrices (i.e. plant cell wall) showed variations in shaping gut microbiome with the processing‐induced integrity and permeability changes of cell wall. The fabrication on fibre matrices increased structural complexity and decreased fermentation rate compared to individual and un‐fabricated fibres. It was hypothesised that the increases in structural complexity lines up with the increased specificity in boosting a narrow group of gut bacteria. More studies on physical structure of fibre matrices towards microbiota are necessary to foster fibre matrix design and fabrication for the purposes of promoting beneficial microbiota.
Adolescent gambling advertising awareness: A national survey
Authors: Kristiansen Søren , Severin‐Nielsen Majbritt Kappelgaard
Published: March 2022

While influence of gambling advertisements on adolescents in some jurisdictions is recognised as an important public health issue, research examining this influence is currently limited. The present study examined gambling advertising awareness among adolescents, how they perceive gambling advertisement's impact, and how gambling advertisement awareness relates to adolescent's gambling behaviour. A sample of Danish adolescents (n = 1137) aged 12–16 were surveyed using a self‐administered web questionnaire. It was found that (a) participants reported high exposure to gambling advertising with males reporting higher exposure to advertising than females, (b) the general self‐perceived impact of these advertisements was relatively low, and (c) self‐perceived impact of gambling advertising was associated with monetary spending on gambling activities and at‐risk or a problematic gambling. Restrictions on gambling advertisements and collaboration between national gambling authorities with social media platforms in order to identify and remove youth‐targeted gambling advertisements were specified as relevant policy implications.
The limits of healthcare reforms in Indonesia: Interrogating the Dutch colonial legacies’ influence within the logic and principles of welfare
Authors: Yuda Tauchid Komara
Published: March 2022

In recent decades, governments in developing countries have been inclined to introduce greater redistributive policies, placing greater emphasis on universal programs than on targeted ones. This article elaborates on the different theoretical perspectives of social policy development in the Global South to explain the emerging features of contemporary healthcare in Indonesia. It is argued that although certain political and structural factors may have collectively created favorable conditions for policy reforms, these factors do not necessarily cause the country to shift toward a universal welfare state. Possible explanations for this may rest on institutional factors, such as the historical‐colonial legacy, which changed the incentive structures within which both new and old welfare institutions operated. Thus, transformation remains stuck at stratified universalism. Moreover, the expansion has not generated a significant reduction in decommodification, defamilization, and declientelization. The case of Indonesia may illustrate the current welfare expansion challenges faced by many developing countries.
Comparative evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound‐guided erector spinae plane block versus intrathecal morphine in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy surgery: A prospective randomized pilot study
Authors: Baishya Madhurjya , Pandey Ravinder Kumar , Sharma Ankur , Punj Jyotsna , Darlong Vanlal , Rewari Vimi , Sinha Renu , Dehran Maya , Goswami Devalina , Bhoi Debesh , Singh Prabhjot , Maitra Souvik , Ranjith Kanil , Nayak Brusabhanu , Yadav Preeti
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Existing research on erector spinae plane block and intrathecal morphine in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy surgery is limited.

Methods

In this prospective, randomized study, 60 patients aged between 18 and 60 years were randomized into two groups (erector spinae plane block and intrathecal morphine). In the erector spinae plane block group, ultrasound‐guided erector spinae plane block was performed, following which a mixture of 20 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine and 0.5 mcg/kg of clonidine was injected. In the intrathecal morphine group, 150 mcg preservative‐free morphine with 2 mL of normal saline was administered intrathecally. The primary outcome was to evaluate the perioperative opioid consumption in the first 24 h. The secondary outcomes were to evaluate hemodynamic response to surgical stimulus, visual analogue scale score, time to first analgesic requirement, postoperative nausea and vomiting, postoperative opioid consumption, urethral irritation, and incidence of drug‐related adverse effects.

Results

Total perioperative opioid consumption in the erector spinae plane block group was 355.0 (265.0, 485.0) μg and 240.0 (145.0, 370.0) μg in the intrathecal morphine group (P = 0.09). However, the patients in the erector spinae plane block group had significantly greater postoperative fentanyl consumption (235.0 [120.0, 345.0] μg) compared with those in the intrathecal morphine group (105.0 [30.0, 225.0] μg). There were no statistically significant differences noted for intraoperative opioid consumption, postoperative visual analogue scale score, time to first analgesic request, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and catheter irritation between the two groups.

Conclusions

Although no statistically significant difference in intraoperative opioid consumption was seen between the erector spinae plane block and intrathecal morphine groups, postoperative opioid consumption was significantly higher in the erector spinae plane block group than in the intrathecal morphine group in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy surgery.
Stock return predictability of the cumulative abnormal returns around the earnings announcement date: Evidence from China
Authors: Sun Ping‐Wen , Wen Zipeng
Published: March 2022

We find that cumulative abnormal returns adjusted by size, book‐to‐market, and momentum around the earnings announcement date (DGTW_CAR3 hereafter) significantly and positively predict stock returns in the 6‐month period from May 2005 to October 2020 in the China's A‐shares market. The monthly equally‐weighted DGTW_CAR3 premiums are 0.47% and 0.67% after risk adjustment. Although stock price delay fails to fully account for the DGTW_CAR3 premium, we find that the DGTW_CAR3 premium is more significant for illiquid stocks and during periods with high investor sentiment. This result suggests that market inefficiency explains the DGTW_CAR3 premium. Further analysis shows that, in addition to earnings information, the optimism reflected in the management discussion and analysis section of the annual or half‐year report also contributes to the DGTW_CAR3 premium. This finding implies that DGTW_CAR3 may contain new fundamental information that correlates significantly and positively with future stock performance. Finally, we find that the institutional ownership change of a stock associated with DGTW_CAR3 also significantly and positively predicts the stock's return, suggesting that institutional investors adjust their holdings according to DGTW_CAR3 and consequently influence the demand for the stock in the China's A‐shares market.