bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lightweight Transmission Line Fault Detection Method Based on Leaner YOLOv7-Tiny
Authors: Wang Qingyan , Zhang Zhen , Chen Qingguo , Zhang Junping , Kang Shouqiang
Published: January 2024

Aiming to address the issues of parameter complexity and high computational load in existing fault detection algorithms for transmission lines, which hinder their deployment on devices like drones, this study proposes a novel lightweight model called Leaner YOLOv7-Tiny. The primary goal is to swiftly and accurately detect typical faults in transmission lines from aerial images. This algorithm inherits the ELAN structure from YOLOv7-Tiny network and replaces its backbone with depthwise separable convolutions to reduce model parameters. By integrating the SP attention mechanism, it fuses multi-scale information, capturing features across various scales to enhance small target recognition. Finally, an improved FCIoU Loss function is introduced to balance the contribution of high-quality and low-quality samples to the loss function, expediting model convergence and boosting detection accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate a 20% reduction in model size compared to the original YOLOv7-Tiny algorithm. Detection accuracy for small targets surpasses that of current mainstream lightweight object detection algorithms. This approach holds practical significance for transmission line fault detection.
Digital Signal Compensation and Sounding Depth Analysis of Portable Frequency-Domain Electromagnetic Exploration System
Authors: Liu Huipeng , Liu Jianxin , Wang Fang , Qian Leiyun , Liu Rong
Published: January 2024

Low-resistivity objects produce eddy currents when excited with electromagnetic waves of a certain frequency and then generate an eddy electromagnetic field. A portable frequency-domain electromagnetic exploration system can be used to identify this eddy electromagnetic field, and then the low-resistivity objects can be positioned. At present, portable frequency-domain electromagnetic method (FEM) exploration systems use analog signal compensation, and the sounding depth is generally calculated using empirical formulas. In order to improve the rationality of signal compensation, this paper puts forward a digital signal compensation technology, including a device design, an information extraction method, and a primary field calibration method, and makes an exploration prototype based on the digital signal compensation technology. Using 10 nV as the minimum potential detection capability, the sounding depth of the portable FEM was analyzed, and it was found that when investigating a target with the same depth, a lower frequency required a larger emission current. If this could not be met, the sounding depth became smaller, and a phenomenon appeared in which the lower the operating frequency, the smaller the sounding depth. Through the detection of known underground garages, the apparent conductivity and normalized secondary field anomalies with higher sensitivity were obtained, which indicates that the detection system based on the digital signal compensation technology is effective in practical exploration. Via long-distance detection experiments on cars, it was confirmed that the sounding depth of the portable multi-frequency FEM in practical work indeed decreases with a decrease in the operating frequency.
Sydnone Imines as a New Class of Promising Plant Growth and Stress Tolerance Modulators—A First Experimental Structure–Activity Overview
Authors: Cherevatskaya Maria , Cherepanov Ilia , Kalganova Natalia , Erofeeva Natalia , Romanovskaya Ekaterina , Frolov Andrej , Bilova Tatiana , Moiseev Sergey , Wessjohann Ludger A.
Published: January 2024

Due to the oncoming climate changes, various environmental stresses (drought, salinity, heavy-metals, low or high temperatures, etc.) might dramatically affect crop yields and the quality of produced foods. Therefore, to meet the growing food demand of the human population, improvement of stress tolerance of the currently cultured crops is required. The knowledge of the molecular underlying mechanisms provides a versatile instrument to correct plant metabolism via chemical tools and to thereby increase their adaptive potential. This will preserve crop productivity and quality under abiotic stress conditions. Endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO) is one of the key signaling factors activating stress tolerance mechanisms in plants. Thus, the application of synthetic NO donors as stress-protective phytoeffectors might support maintaining plant growth and productivity under stressful conditions. Sydnone imines (sydnonimines) are a class of clinically established mesoionic heterocyclic NO donors which represent a promising candidate group for such phytoeffectors. Therefore, here, we provide an overview of the current progress in the application of sydnone imines as exogenous NO donors in plants, with a special emphasis on their potential as herbicides as well as herbicide antidotes, growth stimulants and stress protectors triggering plant tolerance mechanisms. We specifically address the structure–activity relationships in the context of the growth modulating activity of sydnone imines. Growth stimulating or antidote effects are typical for 4-α-hydroxybenzyl derivatives of sydnone imines containing an alkyl substituent in position N-3. The nature of the substituent of the N-6 atom has a significant influence on the activity profile and the intensity of the effect. Nevertheless, further investigations are necessary to establish reliable structure–activity relationships (SAR). Consequently, sydnone imines might be considered promising phytoeffector candidates, which are expected to exert either protective effects on plants growing under unfavorable conditions, or herbicidal ones, depending on the exact structure.
Systematic Review (2003–2023): Exploring Technology-Supported Cross-Cultural Learning through Review Studies
Authors: Shadiev Rustam , Sintawati Wayan , Kerimbayev Nurassyl , Altinay Fahriye
Published: January 2024

Technology-supported cross-cultural learning (TSCCL) is essential for effective intercultural communication, fostering global understanding, and facilitating collaboration in an interconnected world. Although previous studies and review articles have explored this field, a comprehensive analysis of trends and key findings in these reviews is lacking. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting a thorough examination of existing review studies. We employed a narrative synthesis approach consisting of three phases: preparation, organization, and abstraction. We selected and systematically reviewed thirty-one review articles published in twenty-five journals between 2003 and 2023. Our findings highlight key aspects of the reviewed articles, such as keywords, databases, selection criteria, theoretical foundations, content analysis, research questions, findings, and limitations related to technology-supported cross-cultural learning. We found that the researchers used various strategies for literature searches, including single, double, or multiple keywords depending on the study’s focus. The most commonly used keywords were telecollaboration, intercultural, communication, competence, language learning, and technology, indicating their significance in current research and practice. The number of papers reviewed varied across studies, as did the timeframe coverage, ranging from a few years to several decades. Researchers employed different databases, with Web of Science, ERIC, Scopus, and Google Scholar being the most popular choices. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established to ensure methodological rigor and relevance. Theoretical foundations, such as the telecollaboration model and intercultural communicative competence model, were frequently employed. Open coding was the dominant content analysis approach used. Research questions were present in some studies but not explicitly stated in others. These findings shed light on the strategies and considerations used by researchers in conducting review studies on technology-supported cross-cultural learning, providing guidance for future research. The study presents a reference table encompassing all previously published reviews, which can be valuable for future scholars. By gaining insights from past studies and identifying unexplored research avenues, researchers can benefit from this report. Additionally, the implications and suggestions derived from this review study are valuable for educators and researchers in the TSCCL field. This review addresses gaps in the existing literature and contributes to advancing knowledge in the field of TSCCL.
Effects of Urban Landmark Landscapes on Residents’ Place Identity: The Moderating Role of Residence Duration
Authors: Zhang Fan , Sun Xiumin , Liu Chang , Qiu Bing
Published: January 2024

Landmark landscapes, as visual representations of cities, are readily identifiable to urban residents. Observing and visiting these landscapes fosters a cultural connection and identity with the locale, enhances urban character, and promotes tourism. A place’s identity is instrumental in urban development and improvement. Urban planners and managers should thus prioritize fostering residents’ place identity within city environments. In this study, we explored the influence of landmark landscapes on the place identity of residents in Nanjing—a rapidly urbanizing city with both historic and modern districts. Our methodology included on-site surveys and the application of a structural equation model to discern the relationships between various landmark landscape elements and place identity. The findings revealed the following: (1) landmark landscapes positively influence residents’ construction of place identity; (2) the characteristics, function, and historical–cultural importance of these landmark landscapes contribute to place identity formation; and (3) the duration of residence moderates the relationship between historical–cultural importance and place identity. These insights elucidate the role of landmark landscapes in shaping place identity, which in turn enhances urban characteristics and bolsters residents’ sense of belonging. The strategic planning and design of landmark landscapes are instrumental in building public consensus, fostering distinctive urban characteristics, and strengthening residents’ sense of identity, thereby catalyzing tourism development.
Explorative Study into Alkali-Activated Repair Mortars Using Blast Furnace Slag and Glass Waste
Authors: Krajnović Ivana , Komkova Anastasija , Barragán Bryan , Tardy Gérard , Bos Léo , Matthys Stijn
Published: January 2024

The repair of concrete structures is increasing in prevalence. Conventional repair mortars are expensive materials rich in Portland cement (PC) and other organic and inorganic components that question their economic efficiency and carbon footprint. Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are an eco-friendly alternative to PC that possess properties desirable for repair mortars. The article presents the mix design, mechanical, bond, and shrinkage properties of alkali-activated binary mortars intended for structural concrete repair. Mix optimisation based on mechanical properties of repair mortar and utilisation of glass waste (GW) is presented together with total and restrained shrinkage, pull-off bond tests, and life cycle assessment (LCA) for selected configurations. Results demonstrate good compressive and flexural strength, exceeding 45 N/mm2 and 7 N/mm2, an excellent pull-off bond strength (1.8–2.3 N/mm2) of the alkali-activated mortar to the concrete substrate, in spite of extensive shrinkage, with an order of magnitude of a couple of thousands of microstrains, which is also reported. Shrinkage appears to increase with the increase of the applied GW in the mixture. LCA revealed that alkali-activated mortars have up to 54% lower CO2 eq. emissions compared to PC-based repair mortar.
Geological Disaster Susceptibility Evaluation Using a Random Forest Empowerment Information Quantity Model
Authors: Li Rongwei , Tan Shucheng , Zhang Mingfei , Zhang Shaohan , Wang Haishan , Zhu Lei
Published: January 2024

Geological hazard susceptibility assessment (GSCA) is a crucial tool widely utilized by scholars worldwide for predicting the likelihood of geological disasters. The traditional information quantity model in geological disaster susceptibility evaluation, which superimposes the information quantity of each evaluation factor without considering their weights, often negatively impacts susceptibility zoning results. This paper introduces a method employing random forest (RF) empowerment information quantity to address this issue. The method involves calculating objective weights based on a parameter-optimized random forest model, assigning these weights to each evaluation factor, and then conducting a weighted superimposition of the information. Utilizing the natural discontinuity method, the resulting comprehensive information volume map was segmented. The proposed method was applied in Kang County, Gansu Province, and its performance was compared with that of traditional methods in terms of geological disaster susceptibility zoning maps, zoning of statistical disaster point density, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve accuracy. The experimental findings indicate the superior accuracy and reliability of the proposed method over the traditional approach.
Optimising Mechanical Ventilation for Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort in a Mediterranean School Building
Authors: Rizzo Krista , Camilleri Mark , Gatt Damien , Yousif Charles
Published: January 2024

The growing concern over indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort in classrooms, especially post-COVID-19, underscores the critical need for optimal ventilation systems to bolster students’ health and academic performance. This study explores the potential for improving indoor air quality and thermal comfort in the most energy- and cost-optimal manner using a demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) system coupled with a carbon dioxide control sensor. This is achieved through precooling via night purging in summer and by introducing warmer corridor air into the classroom in winter. The methodology employs both computer simulation and a real-world case study. The findings reveal that while natural ventilation in winter can achieve IAQ standard (EN 16798-1) thresholds for classrooms under favourable outdoor conditions, it results in uncontrolled and excessive energy loss. The retrofitted DCV system, however, maintained CO2 levels below the recommended thresholds for at least 76% of the year depending on classroom orientation and only exceeded 1000 ppm for a maximum of 6% of the year. This study also indicates that utilising the external corridor as a sunspace can further enhance the system’s efficiency by preheating incoming air. This comprehensive study highlights the significant potential for integrating mechanical and passive solutions in school ventilation systems. This contributes to the attainment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11 and ensures healthier and more energy-efficient learning environments that benefit both students and the environment.
The Propensity to Adopt Electric Vehicles in the United Arab Emirates: An Analysis of Economic and Geographic Factors
Authors: Bridi Robert Michael , Ben Jabra Marwa , Al Hosani Naeema , Almurshidi Ahmed Hassan
Published: January 2024

In 2022, the increased utilization of electric vehicles (EVs) curtailed global carbon dioxide emissions by 13 gigatons. While EV ownership has been on the rise in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), accounting for approximately 1.3% of passenger car vehicles in 2022, it has not yet attained a level of economic feasibility compared to petroleum vehicles. The authors examined consumers’ opinions in the UAE toward adopting EVs for light-duty transport from the economic and geographic perspectives. The main research question was the following: to what extent do economic and geographic factors affect consumers’ opinions toward adopting EVs in the UAE? The objectives were to determine if a relationship exists between economic factors, such as saving money on petroleum, the cost of car maintenance, the cost of purchase, and income level, and geographic factors, including 14 cities across the seven Emirates that affect consumers’ opinions toward adopting EVs. We designed a survey that was distributed to a sample of 5459 respondents to examine this relationship. Descriptive and inferential statistics as well as PyData analytical techniques complemented by the application of data visualization tools such as Seaborn, Plotly, and Matplotlib were employed to examine the dataset. The findings demonstrated that respondents across all income levels have a positive outlook regarding the appeal of EVs for saving money on petroleum, while their interest in saving money on car maintenance and the initial cost of purchase became more pronounced in the higher income levels. Moreover, there were variations in preferences in highly populated Emirates (e.g., Dubai and Abu Dhabi) compared to Emirates with lower populations (e.g., Ras Al Khaimah and Umm al Quwain), confirming that much more emphasis is required to promote EVs in rural areas. When comparing multiple income groups to determine the impact of different factors, the ANOVA confirmed the prevailing patterns evident in the associations.
A Comparative Management Analysis on the Performance of Different Solar Drying Methods for Drying Vegetables and Fruits
Authors: Radhakrishnan Ganesh , Breaz Teodora Odett , Al Mahrouqi Al Waleed Ahmed , Al Zakwani Nasser Ahmed , Al Fahdi Mohammed Hamed , Al Shuraiqi Ahmed Said , Al Awamri Said Almur , Al Aamri Rashid Sultan , Karthikeyan Kadhavoor R.
Published: January 2024

Drying is the process of moisture removal which is applied to many foodstuffs including fruits and vegetables for preservation and storage purposes. Since solar energy is one type of environmentally friendly renewable energy, open-type solar dryers, natural convective type solar dryers and greenhouse type solar dryers were designed and fabricated in this study for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. A comparative study among various solar drying methods was performed to study the drying performance by maintaining the quality and texture of the dried foodstuffs. Factors such as solar radiation, ambient temperature, moisture in the air, materials used for glazing, inclination, etc., were considered during the fabrication of the solar dryer so that a better estimate of the performance of the solar dryer could be obtained. The lowest drying rate was observed when convective drying was used as an indirect mode of heating. The maximum drying rate observed in open drying was 0.088 kg/kgh, whereas in convective drying under the same conditions, it was 0.03 kg/kgh, which was almost 65% less. This in turn also resulted in the dried samples displaying a better texture and better color. The shrinkage effect on the samples was less pronounced for those samples in the convective dryer than it was for those in the open and greenhouse dryers, as the method uses indirect drying. Comparing convective and greenhouse drying, more shrinkage and a greater browning effect were observed for the open drying method. Out of three types of solar dryers, the greenhouse dryer was selected to study thermal performance because of its better drying rate. DHT11 sensors controlled through Arduino programming were employed in this study to record the temperature and moisture at various locations in the greenhouse dryer setup. The range of energy efficiency of the greenhouse solar dryer was estimated to be from around 15% to 25% on average. This might be due to a greater extent of energy losses. No significant difference was observed in the energy efficiency with respect to the samples used for drying.
Artificial Intelligence Alone Will Not Democratise Education: On Educational Inequality, Techno-Solutionism and Inclusive Tools
Authors: Bulathwela Sahan , Pérez-Ortiz María , Holloway Catherine , Cukurova Mutlu , Shawe-Taylor John
Published: January 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education claims to have the potential for building personalised curricula, as well as bringing opportunities for democratising education and creating a renaissance of new ways of teaching and learning. Millions of students are starting to benefit from the use of these technologies, but millions more around the world are not, due to the digital divide and deep pre-existing social and educational inequalities. If this trend continues, the first large-scale delivery of AI in Education could lead to greater educational inequality, along with a global misallocation of educational resources motivated by the current techno-solutionist narrative, which proposes technological solutions as a quick and flawless way to solve complex real-world problems. This work focuses on posing questions about the future of AI in Education, intending to initiate the pressing conversation that could set the right foundations (e.g., inclusion and diversity) for a new generation of education that is permeated with AI technology. The main goal of our opinion piece is to conceptualise a sustainable, large-scale and inclusive AI for the education ecosystem that facilitates equitable, high-quality lifelong learning opportunities for all. The contribution starts by synthesising how AI might change how we learn and teach, focusing on the case of personalised learning companions and assistive technology for disability. Then, we move on to discuss some socio-technical features that will be crucial to avoiding the perils of these AI systems worldwide (and perhaps ensuring their success by leveraging more inclusive education). This work also discusses the potential of using AI together with free, participatory and democratic resources, such as Wikipedia, Open Educational Resources and open-source tools. We emphasise the need for collectively designing human-centred, transparent, interactive and collaborative AI-based algorithms that empower and give complete agency to stakeholders, as well as supporting new emerging pedagogies. Finally, we ask what it would take for this educational revolution to provide egalitarian and empowering access to education that transcends any political, cultural, language, geographical and learning-ability barriers, so that educational systems can be responsive to all learners’ needs.
Trimming the Plate: A Comprehensive Case Study on Effective Food Waste Reduction Strategies in Corporate Canteens
Authors: Orr Lia , Goossens Yanne
Published: January 2024

This case study analyses food waste reduction measures in a corporate canteen, addressing environmental, economic, and social sustainability dimensions. By implementing seven actions such as raising awareness among kitchen staff, providing smaller portions and preparing soup from overproduction, food waste was reduced by 46% in two canteens serving up to 1800 people daily over the time period of six months. This preserved 343 kg of food waste, conserving over 450,000 kcal in nutritional value and yielding net economic savings of over 15,500 Euros, as well as environmental savings of over 31 tonnes CO2 eq. and 213 mPt PEF. The Benefit-to-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 0.03 kg of food waste saved per 1 Euro invested, along with the associated savings of 40.78 kcal, 2.74 kg CO2 eq., 0.02 mPt PEF, and 2.37 Euros, exemplifies the overall success of these actions. Therefore, this business case offers valuable insights into how (corporate) canteens can enhance sustainability and resource conservation by reducing food waste.
Relevant Skills for Employment and Entrepreneurship in the Agri-Food Sector
Authors: Bodescu Dan , Sîrghea Alina , Raţu Roxana Nicoleta , Chiruţă Ciprian , Mălăncuş Răzvan-Nicolae , Donosă Dan , Robu Alexandru-Dragoș
Published: January 2024

In the current social, economic, natural and geopolitical context, there is an acute need for research on professional and entrepreneurial skills in line with the challenges and opportunities of the rapidly changing global economy. The aim of this study was to determine the skills required by employees and entrepreneurs in the agri-food sector. This research study consisted of interviews, questionnaires and focus groups on a sample of 111 employers, 288 students and 139 teachers from the North-East Development Region of Romania. The most important skills needed by higher education graduates in the agri-food sector were communication, learning and social skills, with values of 90.5, 74.3 and 70.6 points, respectively. The least appreciated skills were cultural, linguistic and mathematical skills, with values of 17.5, 36.9 and 43.8 points. For developing and running an entrepreneurial activity, the subjects appreciated communication (91.0 points), as in the case of employment-related skills, followed by economic skills (81.4 points) and learning skills (75.4 points). Additional efforts are needed to increase the relevance of practical activities in correlation with the skills required by the market, and it is necessary to strengthen the current partnerships and create new partnerships between universities and the economic environment by employing public and research entities.
Further Stability Criteria for Sampled-Data-Based Dynamic Positioning Ships Using Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Models
Authors: Zheng Minjie , Su Yulai , Yan Changjian
Published: January 2024

This article discusses the stability problem of sampled-data-based dynamic positioning ships (DPSs) using Takagi–Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy models. Firstly, dynamic equations for sampled-data DPSs are established. Simultaneously combining several symmetric matrices with new integral terms, a novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii function (LKF) is constructed, which allows the information of a sampling pattern to be fully captured. Next, via the constructed LKF, the positive definiteness requirements of a LKF are further relaxed, and the conservatism of the result can be reduced. Consequently, stability criteria are given, and fuzzy sampled-data controllers are designed in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI). Finally, a simulation example is provided to verify the superiority and applicability of the developed methods.
Zootoxins and Domestic Animals: A European View
Authors: Nagy Andras-Laszlo , Ardelean Sabrina , Chapuis Ronan J. J. , Bouillon Juliette , Pivariu Dalma , De Felice Beatrice , Bertazzo Mirko , Fossati Paola , Spicer Leon J. , Dreanca Alexandra Iulia , Caloni Francesca
Published: January 2024

Zootoxins are produced by venomous and poisonous species and are an important cause of poisoning in companion animals and livestock in Europe. Little information about the incidence of zootoxin poisoning is available in Europe, with only a few case reports and review papers being published. This review presents the most important zootoxins produced by European venomous and poisonous animal species responsible for poisoning episodes in companion animals and livestock. The main zootoxin-producing animal species, components of the toxins/venoms and their clinical effects are presented. The most common zootoxicoses involve terrestrial zootoxins excreted by the common toad, the fire salamander, the pine processionary caterpillar, and vipers. The lack of a centralized reporting/poison control system in Europe makes the evaluation of the epidemiology of zootoxin-induced poisonings extremely difficult. Even if there are many anecdotal reports in the veterinary community about the exposure of domestic animals to terrestrial and marine zootoxins, the number of published papers regarding these toxicoses is low. Climate change and its consequences regarding species distribution and human-mediated transportation are responsible for the emerging nature of some intoxications in which zootoxins are involved. Although new venomous or poisonous animal species have emerged in regions where they were previously unreported, zootoxins produced by native species remain the main concern in Europe. The diversity of poisonous and venomous animal species and the emerging nature of certain poisonings warrant the continuous update to such knowledge by veterinary professionals and animal owners. This review offers an overview about zootoxin-related poisonings in domestic animals in Europe and also provides important information from a health perspective.
Assessing the Adoption of One Health Approaches in National Plans to Combat Health Threats: The Pilot of a One Health Conceptual Framework in Armenia
Authors: Milano Alessia , Robbiati Claudia , Declich Silvia , Calistri Paolo , Pediconi Ombretta , Amato Laura , Paronyan Lusine , Avetisyan Lilit , Manucharyan Arsen , Avetisyan Georgi , Yesayan Tigran , Gevorgyan Arman , Markosyan Tigran , Dente Maria Grazia
Published: January 2024

Due to several factors, such as environmental and climate changes, the risk of health threats originating at the human–animal–environment interface, including vector-borne diseases (VBDs) and zoonoses, is increasing. Low-resource settings struggle to counter these multidimensional risks due to their already-strained health systems and are therefore disproportionally affected by the impact caused by these changes. Systemic approaches like One Health (OH) are sought to strengthen prevention and preparedness strategies by addressing the drivers of potential threats with a multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach, considering the whole system at the human–animal–environment interface. The integration of OH in national plans can be challenging due to the lack of effective coordination and collaboration among different sectors. To support the process of knowledge coproduction about the level of OH integration in prevention and preparedness strategies against health threats in Armenia, a situation analysis was performed on Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever/virus and anthrax (identified by local stakeholders as priorities to be addressed with the OH approach), and actions to strengthen the national OH system were identified with the support of a OH conceptual framework. The study highlighted that multidisciplinary and multisectoral efforts towards prevention and preparedness against VBDs and zoonoses threats need to be strengthened in Armenia, and priority actions to integrate the OH approach were identified.
Development of Stable Infectious cDNA Clones of Tomato Black Ring Virus Tagged with Green Fluorescent Protein
Authors: Zarzyńska-Nowak Aleksandra , Minicka Julia , Wieczorek Przemysław , Hasiów-Jaroszewska Beata
Published: January 2024

Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) is a member of the Nepovirus genus in the Secoviridae family, which infects a wide range of important crop species worldwide. In this work, we constructed four cDNA infectious clones of the TBRV tagged with the green fluorescent protein (TBRV-GFP), which varied in (i) the length of the sequences flanking the GFP insert, (ii) the position of the GFP insert within the RNA2 polyprotein, and (iii) the addition of a self-cutting 2A protein. The presence of the GFP coding sequence in infected plants was verified by RT-PCR, while the infectivity and stability of the constructs were verified by mechanical inoculation of the host plants. The systemic spread of TBRV-GFP within plants was observed under UV light at a macroscopic level, monitoring GFP-derived fluorescence in leaves, and at a microscopic level using confocal microscopy. The obtained clones are a valuable tool for future studies of TBRV-host interactions, virus biology, and the long-term monitoring of its distribution in infected plants.
Functional Impacts of Epitranscriptomic m6A Modification on HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Phillips Stacia , Mishra Tarun , Huang Siyu , Wu Li
Published: January 2024

Epitranscriptomic RNA modifications play a crucial role in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification of eukaryotic RNA and plays a pivotal role in RNA fate. RNA m6A modification is regulated by a group of cellular proteins, methyltransferases (writers) and demethylases (erasers), which add and remove the methyl group from adenosine, respectively. m6A modification is recognized by a group of cellular RNA-binding proteins (readers) that specifically bind to m6A-modified RNA, mediating effects on RNA stability, splicing, transport, and translation. The functional significance of m6A modification of viral and cellular RNA is an active area of virology research. In this review, we summarize and analyze the current literature on m6A modification of HIV-1 RNA, the multifaceted functions of m6A in regulating HIV-1 replication, and the role of viral RNA m6A modification in evading innate immune responses to infection. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the future directions and therapeutic implications of mechanistic studies of HIV-1 epitranscriptomic modifications.
Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 1 (CLIC1) Is a Critical Host Cellular Factor for Influenza A Virus Replication
Authors: Rashid Mahamud-ur , Coombs Kevin M.
Published: January 2024

(1) Background: Influenza A Virus (IAV) uses host cellular proteins during replication in host cells. IAV infection causes elevated expression of chloride intracellular channel protein 1 (CLIC1) in lung epithelial cells, but the importance of this protein in IAV replication is unknown. (2) In this study, we determined the role of CLIC1 in IAV replication by investigating the effects of CLIC1 knockdown (KD) on IAV viral protein translation, genomic RNA transcription, and host cellular proteome dysregulation. (3) Results: CLIC1 KD in A549 human lung epithelial cells resulted in a significant decrease in progeny supernatant IAV, but virus protein expression was unaffected. However, a significantly larger number of viral RNAs accumulated in CLIC1 KD cells. Treatment with a CLIC1 inhibitor also caused a significant reduction in IAV replication, suggesting that CLIC1 is an important host factor in IAV replication. SomaScan®, which measures 1322 proteins, identified IAV-induced dysregulated proteins in wild-type cells and in CLIC1 KD cells. The expression of 116 and 149 proteins was significantly altered in wild-type and in CLIC1 KD cells, respectively. A large number of the dysregulated proteins in CLIC1 KD cells were associated with cellular transcription and predicted to be inhibited during IAV replication. (4) Conclusions: This study suggests that CLIC1 is involved in later stages of IAV replication. Further investigation should clarify mechanism(s) for the development of anti-IAV drugs targeting CLIC1 protein.
Dynamic Successive Assessment of Water Resource Carrying Capacity Based on System Dynamics Model and Variable Fuzzy Pattern Recognition Method
Authors: Sun Xinguo , Peng Anbang , Hu Suduan , Shi Yi , Lu Lu , Bi Aorui
Published: January 2024

The water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) system comprises multiple complex and non-linear interactions related to society, economy, water resources, and the water environment. A comprehensive comprehension of its internal mechanisms is essential for the continual enhancement of the regional WRCC. This study concentrates on the temporal and spatial variability of the WRCC to investigate a method for dynamic successive assessment. Firstly, the pressure–state–response (PSR) framework is used to develop a systematic and causal indicator system. Then, the variable fuzzy pattern recognition (VFPR) model and an analytic hierarchy process—entropy (AHP-E) model are combined to successively and dynamically assess WRCC. The proposed method is applied to the dynamic successive assessment of WRCC in Hebei Province, and it is obtained that the poor water resource carrying capacity in Hebei Province is mainly due to the basic attribute of the decision on the water resource shortage, but Hebei Province actively adopts a variety of measures to save water and pressurize mining, which has made the province’s water resource carrying capacity tend to become better gradually. Simultaneously, a system dynamics model (SD) for water resource carrying capacity was established based on an analysis of the model structure. Moreover, three scenarios were designed, including existing continuation, high-efficiency water saving, and cross-regional water transfer. Subsequently, each scenario is further categorized into high- and low-speed economic development and population growth schemes. Afterward, simulations and predictions were conducted for a total of six schemes spanning from 2023 to 2030. The results indicate that if the current development model is adopted, the water resource carrying capacity will continue to maintain low levels. It was concluded that the high-speed development of the economy and population, the efficient water conservation, and the interbasin transfer scenario (scenario 2 with high speed) are the best choices for the sustainable development of water resources and social economy in Hebei.
Enhancing Methane Yield in Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Primary Sewage Sludge: A Comprehensive Review on Potential Additives and Strategies
Authors: Sakaveli Foteini , Petala Maria , Tsiridis Vasilios , Darakas Efthymios
Published: January 2024

Traditionally, anaerobic digestion has been applied to mixed sludge, combining primary sludge (PS) with secondary sludge. However, recent research has unveiled the advantages of dedicated PS digestion due to its higher energy content. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of primary sewage sludge can offer a sustainable solution for managing sewage sludge while generating renewable energy. The present study provides a comprehensive examination of the current state of knowledge regarding the anaerobic digestion of PS. Co-digestion of PS with organic substrates, including food waste and agro-industrial residues, emerges as a promising approach to boost biogas production. Additionally, the utilization of additives such as glucose and clay minerals has shown potential in improving methane yield. Critical factors affecting AD, such as pretreatment methods, carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, temperature, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) levels, organic loading rates (OLR), inoculum-to-substrate ratio (ISR), and the role of additives, have been meticulously studied. Finally, this review consolidates existing knowledge to advance our understanding of primary sewage sludge anaerobic digestion, fostering more efficient and sustainable practices in sludge management and renewable energy generation.
Quad-Rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Path Planning Based on the Target Bias Extension and Dynamic Step Size RRT* Algorithm
Authors: Gao Haitao , Hou Xiaozhu , Xu Jiangpeng , Guan Banggui
Published: January 2024

For the path planning of quad-rotor UAVs, the traditional RRT* algorithm has weak exploration ability, low planning efficiency, and a poor planning effect. A TD-RRT* algorithm based on target bias expansion and dynamic step size is proposed herein. First, random-tree expansion is combined with the target bias strategy to remove the blindness of the random tree, and we assign different weights to the sampling point and the target point so that the target point can be quickly approached and the search speed can be improved. Then, the dynamic step size is introduced to speed up the search speed, effectively solving the problem of invalid expansion in the process of trajectory generation. We then adjust the step length required for the expansion tree and obstacles in real time, solve the opposition between smoothness and real time in path planning, and improve the algorithm’s search efficiency. Finally, the cubic B-spline interpolation method is used to modify the local inflection point of the path of the improved RRT* algorithm to smooth the path. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional RRT* algorithm, the number of iterations of path planning of the TD-RRT* algorithm is reduced, the travel distance from the starting position to the end position is shortened, the time consumption is reduced, the path route is smoother, and the path optimization effect is better. The TD-RRT* algorithm based on target bias expansion and dynamic step size significantly improves the planning efficiency and planning effect of quad-rotor UAVs in a three-dimensional-space environment.
What helps, what hinders antidepressant discontinuation? Qualitative analysis of patients’ experiences and expectations
Authors: Meißner Carina , Meyrose Ann-Katrin , Nestoriuc Yvonne
Published: January 2024

Background: Many patients with depressive disorders use antidepressants longer than clinically indicated. Long-term use is associated with high individual and societal costs. Patients often perceive antidepressant discontinuation as challenging. Aim: To understand patients’ expectations towards discontinuation, document their experiences with long-term use and discontinuation, and identify factors that can help or hinder discontinuation. Design and Setting: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews via telephone with adult patients in Germany. Method: Thirty-two patients with remitted Major Depressive Disorder and long-term antidepressant use were interviewed. We analysed transcripts with content analysis aided by MaxQDA to derive thematic categories. Results: Patients expected to eliminate side effects or regain independence following discontinuation. Such positive expectations were perceived as facilitators and motivated patients’ discontinuation wish. However, patients also had negative expectations such as recurrence or discontinuation symptoms. Patients’ negative expectations were often fuelled by negative experiences, persisted despite a wish to stop antidepressants, and hindered discontinuation. Most patients perceived antidepressants as effective, but experienced side effects and further hassles. Patients felt inadequately informed about treatment duration and methods for discontinuation. Further barriers and facilitators included a stable environment, availability of support, and treatment information. Conclusion: Patients prefer to discontinue antidepressants within structured frameworks that provide information and support. Identified facilitators and barriers may help optimise appropriate use and discontinuation of antidepressants in routine practice. The utility of functional expectations and specification of individualised approaches to minimise dysfunctional expectations, adapted to patients’ previous experiences, appear to be especially important.
Challenges and enablers to implementation of the Additional Roles Reimbursement Scheme in primary care: a qualitative study
Authors: Jones Bethan , Anchors Zoe , Voss Sarah , Walsh Nicola
Published: January 2024

Background

The Additional Roles Reimbursement Scheme (ARRS) was set up to recruit 26 000 additional staff into general practice by 2024, with the aim of increasing patient access to appointments. Despite the potential benefits of integrating ARRS practitioners into primary care, their implementation has not always been straightforward.

Aim

To explore the challenges and enablers to implementation of the ARRS including its impact on primary and secondary care systems.

Design and setting

Qualitative interview study with ARRS healthcare professionals and key professional stakeholders involved in staff education or scheme implementation across three integrated care systems in England.

Method

Participants (n= 37) were interviewed using semi-structured individual or paired interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Data were analysed using framework analysis until data saturation occurred.

Results

Using framework analysis, 10 categories were identified. Three were categorised as successes: staff valued but their impact unclear; multiple and certain roles maximise impact; and training hub support. Seven were categorised as challenges: scheme inflexibility; creating a sustainable workforce with career progression; managing scope and expectations; navigating supervision and roadmap progression; infrastructure and integration challenges; ARRS roles impact on wider systems; and tensions and perspectives of existing staff.

Conclusion

Most ARRS staff felt valued, but the scheme broadened expertise available in primary care rather than reducing GP burden, which was originally anticipated. Some PCNs, especially those in areas of high deprivation, found it difficult to meet the population’s needs as a result of the scheme’s inflexibility, potentially leading to greater health inequalities in primary care. Recommendations are proposed to optimise the effective implementation of the primary care workforce model. Further research is required to explore administrative role solutions, further understand the impact of health inequalities, and investigate the wellbeing of ARRS staff.
Cost-utility analysis of molnupiravir for high-risk, community-based adults with COVID-19: an economic evaluation of the PANORAMIC trial
Authors: Png May Ee , Harris Victoria , Grabey Jenna , Hart Nigel D , Jani Bhautesh D , Butler Daniel , Carson-Stevens Andrew , Coates Maria , Cureton Lucy , Dobson Melissa , Dorward Jienchi , Evans Philip , Francis Nick , Gbinigie Oghenekome A , Hayward Gail , Holmes Jane , Hood Kerenza , Khoo Saye , Ahmed Haroon , Lown Mark , McKenna Micheal , Mort Sam , Nguyen-Van-Tam Jonathan S , Rahman Najib M , Richards Duncan B , Thomas Nicholas PB , van Hecke Oliver , Hobbs Richard , Little Paul , Yu Ly-Mee , Butler Christopher C , Petrou Stavros ,   on behalf of the PANORAMIC Trial Collaborators
Published: January 2024

Background

The cost-effectiveness of molnupiravir, an oral antiviral for early treatment of SARS-CoV-2, has not been established in vaccinated populations.

Aim

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of molnupiravir relative to usual care alone among mainly vaccinated community-based people at higher risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19 over 6 months.

Design and setting

An economic evaluation of the PANORAMIC trial in the UK.

Method

A cost-utility analysis that adopted a UK NHS and personal social services perspective and a 6-month time horizon was performed using PANORAMIC trial data. Cost-effectiveness was expressed in terms of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses assessed the impacts of uncertainty and heterogeneity. Threshold analysis explored the price for molnupiravir consistent with likely reimbursement.

Results

In the base-case analysis, molnupiravir had higher mean costs of £449 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 445 to 453) and higher mean QALYs of 0.0055 (95% CI = 0.0044 to 0.0067) than usual care (mean incremental cost per QALY of £81 190). Sensitivity and subgroup analyses showed similar results, except for those aged ≥75 years, with a 55% probability of being cost-effective at a £30 000 per QALY threshold. Molnupiravir would have to be priced around £147 per course to be cost-effective at a £15 000 per QALY threshold.

Conclusion

At the current cost of £513 per course, molnupiravir is unlikely to be cost-effective relative to usual care over a 6-month time horizon among mainly vaccinated patients with COVID-19 at increased risk of adverse outcomes, except those aged ≥75 years.