bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Consumption Decreases the Protection Efficiency of the Antioxidant Network and Increases the Risk of Sunburn in Human Skin
Authors: Darvin M.E. , Sterry W. , Lademann J. , Patzelt A.
Published: November 2012

In recent years, epidemiological data has demonstrated that alcohol consumption is a risk factor for sunburn, melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. We hypothesized that if the concentration of the antioxidants in the skin has already decreased due to alcohol consumption, then an adequate neutralization of the free radicals induced by ultraviolet light cannot be performed. Based on this hypothesis, we determined the carotenoid concentration in the skin and the minimal erythema dose (MED) of 6 male human volunteers before and after consumption of alcohol or alcohol and orange juice combined. The results showed a significant decrease in the carotenoid concentration in the skin and the MED after alcohol consumption, but no significant decrease after a combined intake of alcohol and orange juice.
Glycated Albumin, Not Hemoglobin A1c, Predicts Cardiovascular Hospitalization and Length of Stay in Diabetic Patients on Dialysis
Authors: Murea Mariana , Moran Timothy , Russell Gregory B. , Shihabi Zak K. , Byers Joyce R. , Andries Lilian , Bleyer Anthony J. , Freedman Barry I.
Published: November 2012

Background: The utility of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glycated albumin (GA) in diabetic dialysis patients remains unknown. GA was previously associated with all-cause hospitalization and patient survival. Relationships between GA, HbA1c, and casual plasma glucose (PG) with cause-specific cardiovascular (CV) disease, infectious disease (ID), and vascular access- (VA) related hospitalization rates and length of stay (LOS) were assessed. Methods: 444 prevalent diabetic dialysis patients had monthly PG, quarterly GA, and all HbA1c values recorded for 2.33 years; hospitalizations within 17 and 30 days of testing were evaluated. Best-fit, time-dependent Cox models were constructed in unadjusted, case-mix-adjusted (age, sex, race, BMI, diabetes duration, dialysis vintage), and case-mix- plus lab-adjusted (hemoglobin, albumin, phosphorus) models. Results: Mean ± SD diabetes duration was 18.5 ± 10.8 years and dialysis vintage 2.9 ± 2.6 years. In fully adjusted models, CV hospitalization rates were associated with increasing GA (HR 1.32; 95% CI 1.11–1.57; p = 0.002 at 17 days; HR 1.21; p = 0.02 at 30 days) and PG (HR 1.10; 95% CI 1.02–1.17; p = 0.01 at 17 days; HR 1.07; p = 0.03 at 30 days), not HbA1c (HR 1.24; 95% CI 0.89–1.73; p = 0.21 at 17 days; HR 1.26; p = 0.10 at 30 days). LOS for CV admissions was positively associated with GA (HR 1.18; 95% CI 1.01–1.39; p = 0.03), not PG (HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.99–1.10; p = 0.15) or HbA1c (HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.92–1.15; p = 0.21). Admissions due to ID and VA complications (and LOS) did not correlate with these assays. Conclusions: Improved glycemic control based on GA and PG predicted CV-related hospitalizations; GA also predicted CV hospitalization LOS. HbA1c did not predict cause-specific hospitalizations in dialysis populations.
Cardiorenal Syndrome
Authors: Lekawanvijit Suree , Kompa Andrew R. , Wang Bing H. , Kelly Darren J. , Krum Henry
Published: November 2012

Cardiorenal syndrome is a condition in which a complex interrelationship between cardiac dysfunction and renal dysfunction exists. Despite advances in treatment of both cardiovascular and kidney disease, cardiorenal syndrome remains a major global health problem. Characteristic of the pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndrome is bidirectional cross-talk; mediators/substances activated by the disease state of 1 organ can play a role in worsening dysfunction of the other by exerting their biologically harmful effects, leading to the progression of the syndrome. Accumulation of uremic toxins is a hallmark of renal excretory dysfunction. Removal of some toxins by conventional dialysis is particularly problematic because of their high protein binding. In this review, we demonstrate that protein-bound uremic toxins may play an important role in progression of cardiovascular disease in the setting of chronic kidney disease. The highly protein-bound uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate has emerged as a potent toxin adversely affecting both the kidney and heart. Direct cardiac effects of this toxin have been recently demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, potent fibrogenic and prohypertrophic effects, as well as oxidative stress-inducing effects, appear to play a central role in both renal and cardiac pathology. Many of these adverse effects can be suppressed by use of a gut adsorbent, AST-120. Potential mechanisms underlying indoxyl sulfate−induced cardiorenal fibrosis are discussed. Future research and clinical implications conclude this review.
Loss of AngiomiR-126 and 130a in Angiogenic Early Outgrowth Cells From Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Jakob Philipp , Doerries Carola , Briand Sylvie , Mocharla Pavani , Kränkel Nicolle , Besler Christian , Mueller Maja , Manes Costantina , Templin Christian , Baltes Christof , Rudin Markus , Adams Heiner , Wolfrum Mathias , Noll Georg , Ruschitzka Frank , Lüscher Thomas F. , Landmesser Ulf
Published: November 2012

Background—

MicroRNAs are key regulators of angiogenic processes. Administration of angiogenic early outgrowth cells (EOCs) or CD34
+
cells has been suggested to improve cardiac function after ischemic injury, in particular by promoting neovascularization. The present study therefore examines regulation of angiomiRs, microRNAs involved in angiogenesis, in angiogenic EOCs and circulating CD34
+
cells from patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and the role for their cardiac repair capacity.

Methods and Results—

Angiogenic EOCs and CD34
+
cells were isolated from patients with CHF caused by ischemic cardiomyopathy (n=45) and healthy subjects (n=35). In flow cytometry analyses, angiogenic EOCs were largely myeloid and positive for alternatively activated M2 macrophage markers. In vivo cardiac neovascularization and functional repair capacity were examined after transplantation into nude mice with myocardial infarction. Cardiac transplantation of angiogenic EOCs from healthy subjects markedly increased neovascularization and improved cardiac function, whereas no such effect was observed after transplantation of angiogenic EOCs from patients with CHF. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of 14 candidate angiomiRs, expressed in angiogenic EOCs, revealed a pronounced loss of angiomiR-126 and -130a in angiogenic EOCs from patients with CHF that was also observed in circulating CD34
+
cells. Anti–miR-126 transfection markedly impaired the capacity of angiogenic EOCs from healthy subjects to improve cardiac function. miR-126 mimic transfection increased the capacity of angiogenic EOCs from patients with CHF to improve cardiac neovascularization and function.

Conclusions—

The present study reveals a loss of angiomiR-126 and -130a in angiogenic EOCs and circulating CD34
+
cells from patients with CHF. Reduced miR-126 expression was identified as a novel mechanism limiting their capacity to improve cardiac neovascularization and function that can be targeted by miR-126 mimic transfection.
Assessing the Growth of Gifted Students
Authors: McCoach D. Betsy , Rambo Karen E. , Welsh Megan
Published: November 2012

This Methodological Brief gives an overview of statistical methods used to gauge academic growth and discusses issues surrounding the measurement of growth in gifted populations. To illustrate some of these issues, we describe a growth model that examines differences in summer lag between gifted and nongifted students. We also provide recommendations for educators and researchers who are interested in documenting the academic growth of gifted students.
Quasi-static and fatigue tensile behavior of a 3D rotary braided carbon/epoxy composite
Authors: Carvelli Valter , Pazmino Juan , Lomov Stepan V , Bogdanovich Alexander E , Mungalov Dimitri D , Verpoest Ignaas
Published: November 2012

This paper presents an experimental study of the quasi-static and fatigue behaviour of a three-dimensional braided carbon/epoxy composite. The study involves a three-dimensional braided carbon preform and composite samples produced at 3TEX Inc. on their 576-carrier rotary braiding machine. The first part of the paper describes the preform and composite sample fabrication procedures, the fiber volume fraction determination and the porosity evaluation using micro-computed tomography three-dimensional observation. The second part is devoted to experimental study of the quasi-static tensile response of the material, including the acoustic emission monitoring and the microscopic damage detection. The third part is dedicated to the fatigue tensile–tensile behaviour illustrated by the fatigue life curve and the micro-computed tomography images of the damage imparted after different number of cycles. The fourth part presents results of the quasi-static tensile tests of preliminarily cyclically loaded specimens. These results provide significant insight into the influence of the damage imparted during fatigue loading on the subsequent quasi-static behaviour.
Fatigue behavior of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete under constant and variable amplitude loading
Authors: Mohamadi MR , Mohandesi J Aghazadeh , Homayonifar M
Published: November 2012

In this study, fatigue behavior of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete has been studied under constant and variable amplitude loading. Crack length was measured during flexural fatigue test under three loads. Accordingly, damage curves were determined as function of stress levels. The results ascertained that the presence of 1 wt% polypropylene fibers considerably increases resistance against fatigue crack growth under constant amplitude loading. Under variable amplitude loading, it was found that the damage curve approach predicts the fatigue life with 13–15.8% estimation error, whereas linear model predicts the fatigue life with 36.8–56.5% estimation error.
Efficient and effective automated surveillance agents using kernel tricks
Authors: Ahmed Tarem , Wei Xianglin , Ahmed Supriyo , Pathan Al-Sakib Khan
Published: November 2012

Many schemes have been presented over the years to develop automated visual surveillance systems. However, these schemes typically need custom equipment, or involve significant complexity and storage requirements. In this paper we present three software-based agents built using kernel machines to perform automated, real-time intruder detection in surveillance systems. Kernel machines provide a powerful data mining technique that may be used for pattern matching in the presence of complex data. They work by first mapping the raw input data onto a (often much) higher-dimensional feature space, and then clustering in the feature space instead. The reasoning is that mapping onto the (higher-dimensional) feature space enables the comparison of additional, higher-order correlations in determining patterns between the raw data points. The agents proposed here have been built using algorithms that are adaptive, portable, do not require any expensive or sophisticated components, and are lightweight and efficient having run times of the order of hundredths of a second. Through application to real image streams from a simple, run-of-the-mill closed-circuit television surveillance system, and direct quantitative performance comparison with some existing schemes, we show that it is possible to easily obtain high detection accuracy with low computational and storage complexities.
Adaptive stabilization of stochastic non-holonomic systems with non-homogeneous uncertainties
Authors: Zhang Dongkai , Wang Chaoli , Chen Hua , Yang Fang , Du Junping
Published: November 2012

This paper discusses the adaptive state-feedback stabilization of stochastic non-holonomic systems with non-homogeneous uncertainties with respect to inputs. Based on the backstepping approach and switching control strategy, we present adaptive state-feedback controllers such that the closed-loop system can be stabilized in probability. In the end, simulation examples are provided to illustrate effectiveness of the controllers.
Bridging the gap between university and the National Health Service ethical scrutiny
Authors: Brown Jeremy M. , Agius Steven J.
Published: November 2012

This paper attempts to identify the procedural gaps around research governance that can create unnecessary barriers to health services, workforce and education research in Universities and NHS. Difficulties lie with research governance process rather than the guiding ethical principles to which different professionals adhere. University research ethics review procedures should work more collaboratively with professional organisations own research governance processes. Up-to-date training across organisations for researchers working within the NHS to enable them to navigate these increasingly labyrinthine arrangements.
Leave Duration After Childbirth
Authors: Whitehouse Gillian , Romaniuk Helena , Lucas Nina , Nicholson Jan
Published: November 2012

In this article, we use longitudinal data on Australian two-parent families to assess the impact of mothers’ leave duration after childbirth on their subsequent mental health, quality of parenting, and couple relationships. We found that 2 to 3 years after the birth, psychological distress was significantly less likely among mothers who took >13 weeks paid leave or >26 to 52 weeks leave in total. However, those who took >26 weeks in total were more likely to register as “distant” in their parenting relationship. The analysis also highlighted the importance of leave supports at the workplace: Mothers who experienced workplace problems during their pregnancy were more likely to report feeling rushed and to rate their couple relationship as unhappy or argumentative 2 to 3 years later. Overall, our study underlined the complexity of leave impact but affirmed the importance of leave duration for maternal mental health and leave takers’ workplace supports for maternal and family outcomes.
Fate, Experience and Tragedy in Simmel’s Dialogue with Modernity
Authors: Button Robert William
Published: November 2012

This article explores the neglected idea of fate in Simmel’s thought. It examines the specific definition of fate present in Simmel’s writings and the relation of this definition to tragic drama. The argument operates under the assumption that tragic drama represents the ‘natural habitat’ for the exploration and expression of the fate problematic. In this context, it is argued that Simmel’s rediscovery of the relevance of fate emphasizes the modernity of tragedy. The article explores Simmel’s translation of fate from drama and philosophy into sociology, but into a sociology replete with a distinctly existential and metaphysical consciousness. It is argued that Simmel’s application of fate to modern social life constitutes a sociologization of fate, but that rather than involving a reduction of fate to society, this sociologization actually involves a form of re-enchantment of the social through life. In relation to this sociologization and building on the argument of Peter Baehr, it is argued that the concept of fate is uniquely endowed with a capacity to encourage a sense of pathos conducive to the development of a reflexive and critical sense of collective social responsibility and of shared future. In this regard, the article examines Simmel’s engagement with Naturalist tragedy and the transition from ancient to modern drama. Throughout, it is argued that the experience of modernity, where ‘all that is solid melts into air’, is conducive to a rediscovery of the relevance of fate and tragedy.
The Monumental Reconstruction of Memory in South Africa: The Voortrekker Monument
Authors: Autry Robyn Kimberley
Published: November 2012

This article addresses debates around the fate of antiquated symbols of colonial domination in postcolonial societies. The handling of apartheid material culture still generates controversy more than 15 years after the country’s first democratic elections. Built in 1949 to commemorate the Great Trek into the interior of the country, the Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria has stood as the embodiment of Afrikaner nationalism and mythology. A number of factors prevented the demolition of the site, including the spirit of national reconciliation. In order to remain relevant and to secure state funding, staff members at the Voortrekker Monument have attempted to map onto the original exclusionary imagery a more inclusive narrative that hinges on the protection of ‘minority rights’ to cultural preservation. This case study sheds light on the way political transitions create openings for the interrogation of colonial monuments – whether they should be destroyed, revised or left untouched – and the development of a postcolonial memorial landscape.
Catecholamine receptors differentially mediate impulsive choice in the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Pardey Margery C , Kumar Natasha N , Goodchild Ann K , Cornish Jennifer L
Published: November 2012

Impulsivity is characteristic of several mental health disorders and is largely mediated by the prefrontal cortex subregions: the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) are known to modulate activity of the prefrontal cortex, however their direct role in impulsive choice is not known. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of microinjecting DA or NE compounds in the mPFC or OFC on impulsive choice as measured by a delayed reinforcement (DR) task in male Wistar Kyoto rats. Following training in the DR task, rats were pretreated with DA D1 and D2 receptor antagonists (SCH23390 3 μg/side, raclopride 3 or 6 μg/side) or NE α1 and α2 receptor agonists (phenylephrine 0.1 or 0.3 μg/side, guanfacine 1 or 3 μg/side, respectively) into the mPFC or OFC and the effect on impulsive behavior was assessed. Pretreatment with raclopride into the mPFC or OFC significantly increased impulsive choice, however only pretreatment with SCH23390 into the mPFC, and not the OFC, significantly increased impulsive choice. Pretreatment with the NE receptor agonists had no effect on impulsive choice. This study suggests that DA receptors, but not NE receptors, differentially mediate impulsive choice in sub-regions of the prefrontal cortex.
Investigating the roles of different monoamine transmitters and impulse control using the 5-choice serial reaction time task
Authors: Humpston Clara S , Wood Christian M , Robinson Emma SJ
Published: November 2012

Previous studies have shown that drugs which block the reuptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters improve impulse control in diseases such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) lack efficacy in ADHD and have been linked to increased suicide risk. The present study investigated drugs with affinity for one or more of the monoamine reuptake transporters using the 5-choice serial reaction time task, a model of attention and impulsivity in rodents. We also tested the effects of the alpha2-adreoceptor antagonist, idazoxan and novel antidepressant, agomelatine, which both increase cortical noradrenaline concentrations through non-reuptake mechanisms. Improvements in impulse control were observed with venlafaxine, a serotonin and noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor (SNRI) but not bupropion (dopamine and noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor). Sibutramine (SNRI) reduced premature responses by ~50% at the highest dose tested but this was not significant. All three of the SSRIs tested reduced premature responding in a dose-dependent manner, although also slowed response and collection latencies. Neither idazoxan nor agomelatine significantly reduced premature responding, suggesting a lack of efficacy at the doses tested. None of the drugs tested improved attention in this task but sibutramine (SNRI), fluoxetine (SSRI) and paroxetine (SSRI) all increased omissions at the highest dose tested. These data suggest that the SNRIs and SSRIs reduce premature responding but tend to be less specific than noradrenaline specific reuptake inhibitors in this model. SSRIs did not induce any specific impairment in impulse control in this model.
Service Coordinators’ Perceptions of Autism-Specific Screening and Referral Practices in Early Intervention
Authors: Pizur-Barnekow Kris , Muusz Marta , McKenna Catherine , O’Connor Emily , Cutler Ann
Published: November 2012

Service coordinators in a statewide early intervention program were surveyed to develop an understanding of screening and referral practices to identify children on the autism spectrum. Quantitative and qualitative data summarizing autism-specific screening and referral practices are reported. More than 50% of the respondents reported that they had never received a referral from a physician or another early intervention provider because a child has failed an autism-specific screening. While service coordinators identified that early intervention providers have a role in conducting autism-specific screening, more than 50% of the respondents indicated that they do not see autism-specific screening completed in early intervention settings. More than 80% of the respondents identified “a lack of knowledge” as the most significant barrier to autism-specific screening. Together, these findings suggest that early intervention providers may benefit from professional development that imparts knowledge, teaches skills, and addresses potential concerns of parents related to autism.
A Psychometric Study of the Infant and Toddler Intervals of the Social Emotional Assessment Measure
Authors: Squires Jane K. , Waddell Misti L. , Clifford Jantina R. , Funk Kristin , Hoselton Robert M. , Chen Ching-I
Published: November 2012

Psychometric and utility studies on Social Emotional Assessment Measure (SEAM), an innovative tool for assessing and monitoring social-emotional and behavioral development in infants and toddlers with disabilities, were conducted. The Infant and Toddler SEAM intervals were the study focus, using mixed methods, including item response theory modeling and classical test theory. Results using a Rasch one-parameter logistic model indicated model fit statistics were consistent for age and item difficulty as well as for ability and item characteristics. Classical test theory analyses generally confirmed the developmental structure; mean scores increased with age and were significantly correlated across 6-month increments. Reliability studies indicated strong internal consistency and moderate interrater agreement between teachers. Test–retest reliability results completed by parents online indicated significant agreement. Overall, 90% of parents reported the SEAM asked appropriate questions and took less than 10 min to complete.
Meeting Report
Authors: Sasseville V. G. , Mansfield K. G. , Mankowski J. L. , Tremblay C. , Terio K. A. , Mätz-Rensing K. , Gruber-Dujardin E. , Delaney M. A. , Schmidt L. D. , Liu D. , Markovits J. E. , Owston M. , Harbison C. , Shanmukhappa S. , Miller A. D. , Kaliyaperumal S. , Assaf B. T. , Kattenhorn L. , Macri S. Cummings , Simmons H. A. , Baldessari A. , Sharma P. , Courtney C. , Bradley A. , Cline J. M. , Reindel J. F. , Hutto D. L. , Montali R. J. , Lowenstine L. J.
Published: November 2012

The combination of loss of habitat, human population encroachment, and increased demand of select nonhuman primates for biomedical research has significantly affected populations. There remains a need for knowledge and expertise in understanding background findings as related to the age, source, strain, and disease status of nonhuman primates. In particular, for safety/biomedical studies, a broader understanding and documentation of lesions would help clarify background from drug-related findings. A workshop and a minisymposium on spontaneous lesions and diseases in nonhuman primates were sponsored by the concurrent Annual Meetings of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists and the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology held December 3–4, 2011, in Nashville, Tennessee. The first session had presentations from Drs Lowenstine and Montali, pathologists with extensive experience in wild and zoo populations of nonhuman primates, which was followed by presentations of 20 unique case reports of rare or newly observed spontaneous lesions in nonhuman primates (see online files for access to digital whole-slide images corresponding to each case report at http://www.scanscope.com/ACVP%20Slide%20Seminars/2011/Primate%20Pathology/view.apml). The minisymposium was composed of 5 nonhuman-primate researchers (Drs Bradley, Cline, Sasseville, Miller, Hutto) who concentrated on background and spontaneous lesions in nonhuman primates used in drug safety studies. Cynomolgus and rhesus macaques were emphasized, with some material presented on common marmosets. Congenital, acquired, inflammatory, and neoplastic changes were highlighed with a focus on clinical, macroscopic, and histopathologic findings that could confound the interpretation of drug safety studies.
Music and language: Do they draw on similar syntactic working memory resources?
Authors: Fiveash Anna , Pammer Kristen
Published: November 2012

The cognitive processing similarities between music and language is an emerging field of study, with research finding evidence for shared processing pathways in the brain, especially in relation to syntax. This research combines theory from the shared syntactic integration resource hypothesis (SSIRH; Patel, 2008) and syntactic working memory (SWM) theory (Kljajevic, 2010), and suggests there will be shared processing costs when music and language concurrently access SWM. To examine this, word lists and complex sentences were paired with three music conditions: normal; syntactic manipulation (out-of-key chord); and a control condition with an instrument manipulation. As predicted, memory for sentences declined when paired with the syntactic manipulation compared to the other two music manipulations, but the same pattern did not occur in word lists. This suggests that both sentences and music with a syntactic irregularity are accessing SWM. Word lists, however, are thought to be primarily accessing the phonological loop, and therefore did not show effects of shared processing. Musicians performed differently from non-musicians, suggesting that the processing of musical and linguistic syntax differs with musical ability. Such results suggest a separation in processing between the phonological loop and SWM, and give evidence for shared processing mechanisms between music and language syntax.
The effect of subtitles on listeners’ perceptions of expressivity
Authors: Silveira Jason M. , Diaz Frank M.
Published: November 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine what effect, if any, subtitles would have on listeners’ perceptions of expressivity in an operatic performance. Specifically, this study addressed the following research questions: (1) will there be differences in perceived expressivity among three listening conditions (audio only, audio + video, audio + video with subtitles)? (2) Will the listening condition have an effect on listeners’ magnitude of response? (3) Will listening condition have an effect on listeners’ stated focus of attention during the listening task? (4) Where during the stimulus will listeners perceive moments of expressivity? A 13-minute excerpt from a live production of Puccini’s La Bohème was used as the music stimulus. Participants ( N = 103) were randomly assigned to the experimental (audio + video, audio + video with subtitles) and control (audio only) groups. Continuous data were collected via the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI), and summative data were collected via a post hoc questionnaire. Results revealed significant differences in listeners’ continuous data among all three groups, with the audio condition evidencing the highest response magnitude, and the subtitles group receiving the lowest response magnitude. No significant differences were found among the groups with respect to summative perceptions of expressivity or focus of attention. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
A revolution in finance?
Authors: Gippel Jennifer K
Published: November 2012

This paper investigates the nature of the academic field of finance as it looks in the early 21st century. Using Kuhn’s structure of scientific revolutions as a framework, the paper examines the development of the field over the last 50 years with particular emphasis on intellectual shifts in the last decade: shifts emanating from cross-disciplinary research that are manifesting in approaches at odds with the traditional rational expectations paradigm. These approaches are based on previously disparate fields, such as psychology, neuroscience, evolutionary biology, and sociology. By critically examining the nature of the new approaches, the article determines whether they indeed offer ‘alternative’ paradigms as claimed. In light of the variation of these new approaches, the paper also makes a case for finance to engage more meaningfully in dialogue on epistemological issues and engage in self-appraisal as a force for change and innovation.
Is higher choroid plexus ‘load’ an aetiologic factor in idiopathic intracranial hypertension? A clinico-imaging morphometric correlative study
Authors: Horsburgh Avril , Massoud Tarik F
Published: November 2012

Background

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition of raised cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure with normal ventricular size. Although the pathogenesis of IIH remains controversial, increased CSF formation may be important. We hypothesised that if increased CSF formation was an aetiologic factor, it might result in a macroscopic increase in size of the choroid plexus (CP).

Method

We retrospectively studied 50 patients with IIH. Total size of the CP was estimated on computed tomography (CT) venograms from the sum of axial areas measured at three locations. Results were compared with the CP load of 50 matched controls on post-contrast head CTs. Evans Index was measured to exclude ventriculomegaly. Results were analysed using a Student’s t test for independent samples ( p < 0.05), and the effect of ICP was tested on the dependent variable (area of CP) using regression analysis.

Results

There was no significant difference in the size of the CP glomus, total axial areas of the CP between IIH patients (183 mm2) and controls (178 mm2) and no correlation between the ‘load’ of CP and the degree of intracranial pressure (ICP) ( R2 < 0.02).

Conclusion

If increased CSF formation is an aetiologic factor in IIH, this is not reflected in a corresponding raised ‘load’ of CP.
Change in intraindividual ICHD-II headache diagnosis over time: A follow-up of the DMKG headache study
Authors: Khil Laura , Straube Andreas , Evers Stefan , Berger Klaus
Published: November 2012

Background

Change in headache diagnoses over time within the same individual is not well studied in the adult population. In this study, we prospectively examined the individual variation of migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) diagnoses over time.

Methods

As part of the epidemiological Deutsche Migräne und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft (DMKG) headache study, 1312 participants were personally interviewed and 1122 responded to a second mailed questionnaire 2.2 years later. Headaches were assigned to migraine or TTH at two different points in time using the International Headache Classification, ICHD-II. We used broad (definite and probable subtypes) and strict (only definite type) definitions of migraine and TTH.

Results

Using the broad definition increased the reproducibility of migraine diagnosis from 48.0% to 62.0% and of TTH from 59.0% to 65.0%. A constant TTH diagnosis was related to a higher social status (OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.43–5.53) a higher level of education (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.00–3.85) and physical inactivity (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.16–4.49). A constant diagnosis of definite migraine was associated with severe headache (OR 2.64; 95% CI 0.97–7.21) and frequent use of headache medication (OR 4.73; 95% CI 0.95–23.60). The result that coexisting TTH decreased the likelihood of a constant migraine (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.10–0.85) is assumed to indicate response variability.

Conclusions

In epidemiological studies, definite and probable subtypes should be included in the diagnosis to increase the diagnostic accuracy.
Diagnosis of Radiographically Occult Lumbar Spondylolysis in Young Athletes by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi , Kobayashi Tsutomu , Kato Kazuo , Higuchi Hiroshi , Takagishi Kenji
Published: November 2012

Background:

The early stages of spondylolysis are extremely difficult to diagnose on plain radiography. Although several studies have examined changes in active spondylolysis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), no studies to date have determined the onset frequency of active spondylolysis detectable on MRI but occult on plain radiography. Moreover, the clinical features of active spondylolysis described in the literature do not facilitate the differentiation of this condition from other causes of low back pain.

Purpose:

This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of MRI in diagnosing active spondylolysis early and in determining the prevalence of active spondylolysis in cases where findings were not detected on plain radiography. In addition, specific clinical features to aid in the early detection of active spondylolysis were evaluated.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Patients were 200 consecutive young athletes (144 boys and 56 girls; mean age, 14.1 ± 1.5 y) with low back pain. All patients were examined by plain radiography (188 with negative findings and 12 with unclear findings of spondylolysis) and MRI. Computed tomography (CT) was performed only for patients with high intensity changes of the pedicle observed on MRI. The presence or absence of low back pain was examined during lumbar spine extension and flexion. The Kemp test on the right and left sides and percussion of the vertebral spinous process were also performed.

Results:

Ninety-seven (48.5%) patients showed evidence of active spondylolysis on MRI, findings that had been missed by plain radiography. These pars defects were organized into the following categories based on CT findings: nonlysis stage, 52; very early stage, 37; late early stage, 22; progressive stage, 10; and terminal stage, 0. No significant physical examination factors were identified that could assist in the early detection of active spondylolysis.

Conclusion:

The MRI results suggest a high rate of active spondylolysis in young athletes with low back pain who test negative for spondylolysis on plain radiography. Magnetic resonance imaging appears to be useful in the early diagnosis of active spondylolysis, especially as we found no significant physical examination factors that could assist in early detection.
Biocompatibility studies of poly(ethylene glycol)–modified titanium for cardiovascular devices
Authors: Chen Jialong , Wang Juan , Qi Pengkai , Li Xin , Ma Baolong , Chen Zhuoyue , Li Quanli , Zhao Yuancong , Xiong Kaiqin , Maitz Manfred F , Huang Nan
Published: November 2012

The rapid protein adsorption on a material surface causes blood coagulation, platelet activation, and complement system activation, which poses a risk for failure of cardiovascular devices. In this study, a chemically hydroxylated titanium surface was aminosilanized and covalently grafted with poly(ethylene glycol). The reaction conditions on the grafted quantity were studied by the respective amine and carboxyl densities. The blood compatibility of the PEGylated surfaces with different poly(ethylene glycol) densities and chain lengths was evaluated; the PEGylated surfaces with higher grafted density and longer chain length had less fibrinogen adsorption, less fibrinogen γ-chain exposed, less adherent platelets, and lower activation of the adherent platelets. In addition to the influence on blood, the longer chain PEGylated surfaces resisted, not only smooth muscle cell attachment and proliferation, but also macrophage attachment and death. This method is a good candidate for improving cardiovascular implant surfaces.
Tunable drug release profiles from salicylate-based poly(anhydride-ester) matrices using small molecule admixtures
Authors: Ouimet Michelle A , Snyder Sabrina S , Uhrich Kathryn E
Published: November 2012

Poly(anhydride-esters) with salicylic acid, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, chemically incorporated into the polymer backbone provide high inherent drug loading. These poly(anhydride-esters) hydrolytically degrade to release salicylic acid over extended time periods (>30 days); however, an initial lag period of no salicylic acid release is observed. This lag period could be unfavorable in applications where immediate salicylic acid release is desired. Poly(anhydride-esters) with short (2 days) and long (11 days) lag periods were admixed with various small molecules as a means to shorten or eliminate the lag period. Salicylic acid, larger salicylic acid prodrugs, and 1:1 combinations of the two were physically admixed, each at 1%, 5%, and 10% (w/w). All admixtures resulted in immediate salicylic acid release and a decrease in glass transition temperatures compared to polymer alone. By varying the amounts of salicylic acid and salicylic acid prodrugs incorporated into the polymer matrix, immediate and constant salicylic acid release profiles over varied time periods were achieved.
Analysis of perforation process into concrete/metal targets by rigid projectiles
Authors: Khazraiyan N , Liaghat GH , Khodarahmi H , Dashtian-Gerami N
Published: November 2012

In this article, a semi-analytical model has been developed for perforation of a hard projectile into a single- and two-layer concrete targets. The model is based on the dynamic cavity expansion theory and the reflection of compressive waves from the end of the concrete targets. The effect of friction coefficient is also investigated in the analysis. Numerical modeling of the problem has been performed in LS-DYNA code. Holmquist–Johnson–Cook, plastic kinematic, and rigid material models have been employed for the concrete, the backing plate, and the projectile, respectively. The impact velocity range, considered in this study, is between 300 and 800 m/s. No projectile erosion is considered in this velocity range. The analytical results of the investigation for both single- and two-layer concrete targets are in a good agreement with numerical simulations and experimental data.
Arctic climate over the past millennium: Annual and seasonal responses to external forcings
Authors: Crespin E , Goosse H , Fichefet T , Mairesse A , Sallaz-Damaz Y
Published: November 2012

The annual and seasonal temperatures in the Arctic over the past 1150 years are analyzed in simulations performed with the three-dimensional Earth system model of intermediate complexity LOVECLIM forced by changes in solar irradiance, volcanic activity, land use, greenhouse gas concentrations and orbital parameters. The response of the system to individual forcings for each season is examined in order to evaluate the contribution of each forcing to the seasonal contrast. For summer, our results agree relatively well with the reconstruction of Kaufman et al. (2009). Our modelling results suggest that the temperature changes during this period were characterized by large seasonal differences. In particular, while annual mean temperatures display a decreasing trend during the pre-industrial period, spring temperatures appear to rise. The variations in the Earth’s orbital parameters are the main cause for those seasonal differences. Larger climate variations are simulated in autumn compared with the other seasons in response to each forcing, particularly in response to changes in greenhouse gas concentration during the industrial period and in response to land use forcing, which surprisingly has a significant impact on Arctic temperature. These contrasting changes for the different seasons also underline the need for an adequate estimate of the season represented by a proxy.
Comparison of four methods for deriving hospital standardised mortality ratios from a single hierarchical logistic regression model
Authors: Mohammed Mohammed A , Manktelow Bradley N , Hofer Timothy P
Published: November 2012

There is interest in deriving case-mix adjusted standardised mortality ratios so that comparisons between healthcare providers, such as hospitals, can be undertaken in the controversial belief that variability in standardised mortality ratios reflects quality of care. Typically standardised mortality ratios are derived using a fixed effects logistic regression model, without a hospital term in the model. This fails to account for the hierarchical structure of the data – patients nested within hospitals – and so a hierarchical logistic regression model is more appropriate. However, four methods have been advocated for deriving standardised mortality ratios from a hierarchical logistic regression model, but their agreement is not known and neither do we know which is to be preferred. We found significant differences between the four types of standardised mortality ratios because they reflect a range of underlying conceptual issues. The most subtle issue is the distinction between asking how an average patient fares in different hospitals versus how patients at a given hospital fare at an average hospital. Since the answers to these questions are not the same and since the choice between these two approaches is not obvious, the extent to which profiling hospitals on mortality can be undertaken safely and reliably, without resolving these methodological issues, remains questionable.
Self-interested Low-carbon Growth in Brazil, China, and India
Authors: Ward John , Hepburn Cameron , Anthoff David , Baptist Simon , Gradwell Philip , Hope Chris , Krahé Max
Published: November 2012

This article examines the issue of whether low-carbon growth might be in the self-interest of Brazil, India, and China. These countries are the largest member countries of the G20 emerging markets (GEMs), and are also members of the BRIC and BASIC grouping of countries. Individually, they are very important to each other in different ways, not least in that emissions in one country have impacts on citizens in another. Combined, their growth and development trajectories over the next decade have important implications for both the long-term prosperity of their own people and those of others around the world.
Indicators of psychoses or psychoses as indicators: the relationship between Indigenous social disadvantage and serious mental illness
Authors: Hunter Ernest
Published: November 2012

Objective:

To explore the relationship between Indigenous social disadvantage and serious mental illness.

Conclusions:

Rapidly changing patterns of mental disorders in Indigenous populations indicate the importance of social determinants. Canadian research on Native American suicide has demonstrated a clear link between social control factors and one mental health issue – completed suicide – a finding with major social policy implications. This work has not been replicable in Australia, reflecting the particular political and social circumstances of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. Recent research motivated by clinicians’ observations of an increase in psychotic disorders in the Indigenous populations of Cape York and the Torres Strait has demonstrated that the prevalence is high and that there are within-population differences. Given similar exposure to social disadvantage, these findings raise the possibility of utilising Indigenous psychosis prevalence as a metric to inform a more nuanced understanding of the predictors of wider vulnerability and resilience at a setting level, and as a policy and service development lever.
Examining Placement Considerations for Students With Emotional Disturbance Across Three Alternative Schools
Authors: Hoge Matthew R. , Liaupsin Carl J. , Umbreit John , Ferro Jolenea B.
Published: November 2012

The continuum of educational environments exists to ensure the most appropriate and least restrictive educational setting for students with disabilities. One setting schools use to provide services to students with an emotional disturbance (ED) is an alternative school. How schools make decisions regarding student placement into and out of this setting lacks examination. This study identifies factors considered when making placements into and out of three alternative schools for students with ED. A mixed-methods approach was used to collect data from key stakeholders from each school involved with decision-making authority regarding student placement. Findings include (a) limited transitioning of students back to less restrictive settings, (b) greater number of factors considered during exit decisions from alternative schools than entry, and (c) student’s return to a less restrictive setting not contingent on those factors considered when placing the student into the school.
What Works in Youth Violence Prevention
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Catalano Richard F.
Published: November 2012

Objectives: Given the high rates at which adolescents engage in violence, the strong link between adolescent and adult violence, and the financial and social costs of violence, the prevention of violent behavior is a national priority. Methods: The authors conducted a comprehensive review of evaluations utilizing quasi-experimental or experimental research designs to assess violence reduction. Results: Seventeen interventions were identified as producing a significant reduction in youth-perpetrated physical or sexual violence. The interventions were varied in terms of targeted age groups, content, strategies, and length of programming, and included programs focusing on individual, peer, school, family, and community factors. Conclusions: Widespread use of effective interventions such as these, across settings and development, and implemented with fidelity, is likely to substantially reduce youth violence. Continued evaluation of violence prevention programming is also needed to increase the number of options available for replication and establish effects on diverse populations.
Intermittent Subcutaneous Furosemide
Authors: Farless Laura B. , Steil Neal , Williams Beverly Rosa , Bailey F. Amos
Published: November 2012

Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) account for up to 12% of the hospice population and often experience significant symptoms related to volume overload. Diuretic therapy is the cornerstone of treatment but administration (PO) often becomes ineffective and (IV, IM) routes cause discomfort or may not be feasible to ameliorate symptoms. Subcutaneous dosing of furosemide has been explored as a potential alternative for management of CHF symptoms. We report 2 cases of CHF resistant to oral diuretic and examine the clinical utility of subcutaneous furosemide in an inpatient palliative care unit and a home hospice setting. Our case series supports the use of subcutaneous therapy as a potential alternative in palliative care and hospice patients.
The Messy Politics of “Clean Coal”
Authors: Fitzgerald Jenrose
Published: November 2012

Clean coal is a widely used and highly contested term in debates over energy policy and climate change in the United States. While the discourse of “clean coal” originated in industry and government circles, it has been debated, shaped, and contested by a wide range of players, including environmental and social justice groups. In this article, I examine how different local, regional, and national environmental and social justice groups participate in debating and defining these technologies and their implications for the energy future of the region.