bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive new insights on the potential use of SiC as plasma-facing materials in future fusion reactors
Authors: Sizyuk T. , Brooks J.N. , Abrams T. , Hassanein A.
Published: June 2024

The performance of silicon carbide as an alternative plasma facing material (PFM) was studied at various irradiation conditions relevant to ion energies and fluxes of a fusion reactor. This analysis involves detailed modeling of subsurface plasma/material interactions, sputtered particle transport above the surface and redeposition, and related changes in material composition and microstructure induced by steady-state and Edge Localized Mode ion fluxes. Transition of a crystalline SiC surface to semi-crystalline and amorphous phases was analyzed based on advanced modeling of DIII-D tokamak experiments where SiC was irradiated in single- and multiple- L-mode and H-mode discharges. This analysis shows that displacement damage, particle deposition/redeposition, and D accumulation on the SiC divertor surface can lead to significant microstructural changes that result in enhanced sputtering erosion in comparison with the original crystalline material. However, the resulting total net erosion rate for a full-coverage, advanced tokamak, SiC coated divertor may well be acceptably low. Moreover, the C sputtering yield from the evolved SiC surface can be seven times lower than from a pure graphite surface; this would imply significantly reduced tritium co-deposition rates in a D-T tokamak reactor, compared with a pure carbon surface. It was also determined that chemical sputtering of both C and Si should not result in any noticeable effect on the net erosion, for attached plasma regimes. Our results thus show encouraging results overall for use of SiC as a PFM in tokamaks.
Quasidiscrete spectrum Cherenkov radiation by a charge moving inside a dielectric waveguide
Authors: Saharian A.A. , Dabagov S.B. , Khachatryan H.F. , Grigoryan L.Sh.
Published: June 2024

We investigate the Cherenkov radiation by a charge uniformly moving inside a dielectric
cylindrical channel in a homogeneous medium. The expressions for the Fourier components of the
electric and magnetic fields are derived by using the electromagnetic field Green tensor. The
spectral distribution of the Cherenkov radiation intensity in the exterior medium is studied for
the general case of frequency dispersion of the interior and exterior dielectric functions. It is
shown that, under certain conditions on the dielectric permittivities, strong narrow peaks appear
in the spectral distribution. The spectral locations of those peaks are specified and their
heights and widths are estimated analytically on the base of the dispersion equation for the
electromagnetic eigenmodes of the cylinder.
The LHCb VELO Upgrade module construction
Authors: Akiba K. , Alexander M. , Bertella C. , Biolchini A. , Bitadze A. , Bogdanova G. , Borghi S. , Bowcock T.J.V. , Bridges K. , Brock M. , Burke A.T. , Buytaert J. , Byczynski W. , Carroll J. , Coco V. , Collins P. , Davis A. , De Aguiar Francisco O. , De Bruyn K. , De Capua S. , De Roo K. , Doherty F. , Douglas L. , Dufour L. , Dumps R. , Dutta D. , Eklund L. , Elvin A. , Farry S. , Fernandez Prieto A. , Franco Lima V. , Freestone J. , Fuzipeg C. , Galati M.D. , Gallas Torreira A. , Geertsema R.E. , Gersabeck E. , Gersabeck M. , Grant F. , Halewood-leagas T. , Hennessy K. , Hulsbergen W. , Hutchcroft D. , Hynds D. , Jans E. , John D. , John M. , Jurik N. , Ketel T. , Klaver S. , Kopciewicz P. , Kostiuk I. , Kraan M. , Langstaff M. , Latham T. , Leflat A. , Lemos Cid E. , Lukashenko V. , Merk M. , Milovanovic M. , Monk M. , Murray D. , Nasteva I. , Oblakowska-Mucha A. , Pajero T. , Parkes C. , Pazos Alvarez A. , Perez Trigo E. , Perry M. , Reiss F. , Rinnert K. , Rodriguez Rodriguez E. , Rovekamp J. , Sanders F. , Scantlebury Smead L.G. , Schiller M. , Shears T. , Smith N.A. , Snoch A. , Švihra P. , Szumlak T. , van Beuzekom M. , van Overbeek M. , Vazquez Regueiro P. , Volkov V. , Wormald M. , Zunica G.
Published: June 2024

The LHCb detector has undergone a major upgrade for LHC
Run 3. This Upgrade I detector facilitates operation at higher
luminosity and utilises full-detector information at the LHC
collision rate, critically including the use of vertex
information. A new vertex locator system, the VELO Upgrade, has been
constructed. The core element of the new VELO are the double-sided
pixelated hybrid silicon detector modules which operate in vacuum
close to the LHC beam in a high radiation environment. The
construction and quality assurance tests of these modules are
described in this paper. The modules incorporate
200 μm thick, n-on-p silicon sensors bump-bonded to
130 nm technology ASICs. These are attached with high precision to
a silicon microchannel substrate that uses evaporative CO2 
cooling. The ASICs are controlled and read out with flexible printed
circuits that are glued to the substrate and wire-bonded to the
chips. The mechanical support of the module is given by a carbon
fibre plate, two carbon fibre rods and an aluminium plate. The
sensor attachment was achieved with an average precision of
21 μm, more than 99.5% of all pixels are fully
functional, and a thermal figure of merit of
3 Kcm2W-1 was achieved. The production of the
modules was successfully completed in 2021, with the final assembly
and installation completed in time for data taking in 2022.
A scoping review of equitable climate adaptation research in U.S. cities
Authors: VanBuskirk Olivia G , Mullenbach Lauren E
Published: June 2024

As cities continue to prepare for climate change by developing adaptation plans, previous research has examined the content, creation, and considerations of equity and justice in these plans, particularly across United States cities. Climate adaptation activities create the potential for undue harm on marginalized populations, therefore it is important to understand the state of knowledge on equitable climate adaptation as cities begin implementing their plans. We conducted a scoping review of 15 journal articles on equitable adaptation in United States cities to document theoretical frameworks used and major findings. Studies included in our sample primarily used three different theoretical frameworks, including environmental justice theory, neoliberal urban governance, or just sustainabilities, to analyze how plans were created and their contents. Studies we analyzed indicate that cities were successful at identifying problems or challenges but struggled with articulating how to best engage residents and community members or to grapple with systemic issues. We also developed best practices for adaptation based on recommendations from the studies: have clear implementation guidelines, invest in frontline communities, regulate the private sector, work with community-based organizations, and develop regional planning initiatives. Overall, the state of knowledge is such that cities have taken the first step of creating adaptation plans, but how these plans are implemented will make the true difference for equitable outcomes.
Transformation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent: Simulating High-Purity Biogas Production Process for Power Generation
Authors: Maulana Hidayatullah Ibnu , Majdia Hasna , Yusuf Efendi Mochamad , Amir Nizar , Pertiwiningrum Ambar , Fahriz Perdana Harahap Andre , Gozan Misri
Published: June 2024

As the largest palm oil producer in the world, Indonesia is currently facing environmental challenges associated with the produced Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), which can pollute the environment. To address this issue, one practical approach is to convert POME into a valuable resource through appropriate techniques. POME contains high organic content that can be processed and utilized for biogas power generation. This study aims to design an effective biogas production process from POME for industrial-scale high-purity biogas power generation. The design process uses SuperPro Designer v13 to simulate the production process and economic evaluation. Decomposing organic materials in POME to produce biogas uses anaerobic microorganisms. This process involves several stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. The result from this study shows that the plant can operate 182.5 batches/year with a batch time of 42.50 h, producing biogas with the composition of 3.86% carbon dioxide, 0.164% hydrogen sulfide, 0.089% hydrogen, 78.51% methane, and 2.028% water. Based on the analysis of economic indicators, such as Net Present Cost (NPC), Internal Return Rate (IRR), and Payback Period (PBP), it has been suggested that these projects are economically feasible. By utilizing methane gas generated from POME as biogas power generation, the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere can be significantly reduced. The Biogas power plant from POME can be an alternative solution for electricity generation and sustainable palm oil industrial waste management.
The economic price of biomass energy plantation in the implementation of cofiring in Indonesia
Authors: Hendrasetiafitri C , Nugroho B , Hermawan D , Tiryana T
Published: June 2024

Biomass pricing plays an important role in ensuring the success of cofiring programs in coal-fired power plants. Higher prices will increase production costs, while setting lower prices may affect the sustainability of the biomass supplies. Therefore, determining the right price for biomass can provide a mutually beneficial solution between PLN and biomass industries. To determine the optimal price, it is necessary to calculate the price of biomass from the supply side (industry). It should have the minimum price that can still bring profits for the biomass industries. Fair economic prices are keys to creating an environment and business security that supports business development in the energy plantation (HTE) ecosystem for the implementation of cofiring.
Application of Microwaves in the Production Process of Biodiesel from Bulk Oil
Authors: Hartulistiyoso Edy , Farobie Obie , Wulandarni Dyah , Akmal Saladdin Muhammad
Published: June 2024

Using bulk oil as biodiesel fuel is a waste reduction opportunity that creates economic value and creates alternative fuels to replace diesel fuel. The research was conducted through the transesterification reaction of bulk oil and methanol in batches using microwave heating to speed up the reaction time. The research is expected to show the right performance and response time to achieve optimal biodiesel yield and biodiesel properties, according to the Indonesian Nasional Standard (SNI). The experiment used two power levels (100 and 400 watts) and three reaction times (5, 10 and 15 minutes). Based on the analysis of variance and extended Duncan’s test, microwave power and response time were found to have a significant <0.05 impact on product yield. The highest yield was 93.3%, achieved with a variation of 100 watts and a process time of 10 minutes. The results showed that, except for total glycerol, all quality criteria (density, acid number, saponification rate, methyl ester content, and iodine) met the SNI 7182:2015 standard [17]. It can be concluded that the use of microwaves has the potential to shorten the reaction time of biodiesel production while at the same time achieving high yield and good biodiesel quality.
Cloud point and oxidation stability analysis of turpentine oil and ethanol in b40 biodiesel blend using response surface methodology
Authors: Kirana Fadilah Achmad Anisa , Ilham Khatamy Ade , Arrayyan Billal , Sri Kunarti Eko , Anggarani Riesta , Setyo Wibowo Cahyo , Allif Fathurrahman Nur
Published: June 2024

Given the availability and the potential of bioresources as blending components of diesel blends, the synergy of turpentine oil and ethanol in the B40 biodiesel blend is presented in this work. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the influence of both bioresources on the important characteristics of B40 biodiesel blends, i.e., cloud point and oxidation stability. Based on the result, the relationship between turpentine oil and ethanol on cloud point was best expressed with a two-factor interaction (2FI) model. Meanwhile, the quadratic model was more suitable for oxidation stability The most ideal cloud point was found at 10.6 °C in 8% v/v and 0.5% v/v of turpentine oil and ethanol concentration, respectively and the most ideal oxidation induction time was found at 250 minutes in 5% v/v and 0.7% v/v of turpentine oil and ethanol, respectively. It is believed that the rigid structure of turpentine oil is responsible for preventing crystal formation and the ethanol-biodiesel blend attraction also enhances their liquid-phase stability. Furthermore, the oxidation stability of B40 biodiesel blends continues to be maintained at sufficient levels.
Experimental Analysis of Palm-Oil Biodiesel Oxidation Stability on the Aging Characteristics of Diesel-Biodiesel Blends
Authors: Ginanjar Kemal , Kuntolaksono Satrio , Widya Iskandar Anne , Joelianingsih  , Zaelani Rizal , Abdurrojaq Nurmajid , Anggarani Riesta , Setyo Wibowo Cahyo , Allif Fathurrahman Nur
Published: June 2024

The utilization of biodiesel-diesel blends has gained significant momentum in recent years. However, the unique properties of palm oil biodiesel demand careful handling compared to conventional diesel fuel whereas the most important is the preservation of oxidation stability. It is related to the resistance of biodiesel and its blends against heat and oxygen-induced oxidation reactions. This study focuses on the aging characteristics of palm oil biodiesel-diesel blends (B10 to B50) which were impacted by varying pristine biodiesel oxidation stability by aging with air and heat exposure. The experiment of biodiesel and its blend aging was set up using the Accelerated method (EN 14112 / EN 15751) and Rapid Smale Scale Oxidation Test method (ASTM D7545). Furthermore, the effects of diesel fuel aging on high and low biodiesel oxidation stability were examined, including density, kinematic viscosity, water content, acid number, and lubricity. Based on the results, it was found that the aging time of palm oil biodiesel significantly influences the oxidative parameters of the biodiesel-diesel blends (B10 to B50). Moreover, prolonged aging resulted in decreased oxidation stability and increased viscosity, total acid number, and lubricity. These outcomes highlight how crucial it is to handle and store palm oil biodiesel properly in order to maintain the quality of biodiesel-diesel blends.
Synthesis of Fe3O4/ZnO from Zinc Dross Waste as an Active Material for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Listianto Raharjo Mohammad , Jaya Budiarso Indra , Jaya Diguna Lina , Danang Birowosuto Muhammad , Wibowo Arie
Published: June 2024

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an attractive active material in emerging solar cell technologies, such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), due to its high stability and electron mobility. The activity of ZnO can be enhanced by adding a small amount of impurity, such as iron oxide. Since zinc dross contains Zn as the primary element and Fe as the minor element, it can be used as a precursor to obtain iron oxide/ZnO. In this study, ZnO was prepared from zinc dross through a hydrometallurgy process and utilized as the active material for DSSCs. For comparison, pure ZnO was also prepared using zinc acetate as the precursor through the sol-gel process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that pure ZnO was observed in the sample prepared using zinc acetate as the precursor, while ZnO with a Fe3O4 phase was observed in the sample prepared using zinc dross. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations reveal that the thickness of ZnO layer that was deposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide glass was 11.3 ± 0.4 μm. The solar cell performance tests showed that the presence of dyes that adsorbed on ZnO synthesized from zinc dross could increase the efficiency of DSSCs up to 26.5 times while the ZnO synthesized from zinc acetate has 11.5 higher efficiency compared to the non-sensitized counterpart. Moreover, ZnO from zinc dross exhibited 1.2 times higher efficiency than ZnO from pure Zn precursor, indicating the feasibility of converting zinc dross waste into valuable materials.
Effectiveness of Carica (Carica pubescens) marinade on buffalo meat physicochemical
Authors: Patriani P , Irgiadi A , Desnamrina K C
Published: June 2024

Carica (Carica pubescens) is a type of mountain papaya that contains the enzyme papain and is proteolytic. Carica fruit also contains flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and tannins that have antibacterial properties. Buffalo meat has a rough texture, is tough, dark red, and has a distinctive flavour. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Carica marination on the physicochemical quality of buffalo meat. This study used a completely randomised design with 4 treatments and 6 replicates. The treatments in the study consisted of C0: without Carica marination, C1: buffalo meat marination using 15% Carica, C2: buffalo meat marination using 30% Carica, and C3: buffalo meat marination using 45% Carica. The results showed that marinating buffalo meat using Carica had a very significant effect (P˂0.01) on pH and tenderness and a significant effect (P˂0.05) on protein content, moisture content and cooking shrinkage. The best treatment was sample C2 with pH 5.65, cooking loss 26.3%, moisture content 69.3%, protein content 20.8% and tenderness 0.0560 mm/g/s. This study concluded that 30% Carica marinade effectively improves the physicochemical quality of buffalo meat. Carica can potentially develop as a tenderiser in the meat product industry in a sustainable manner.
Vermicompost from Spent Coffee Grounds as a Nutrient-Rich Organic Fertilizer
Authors: Erdawati  , Pratiwi Yussi , Saefurahman Ganjar
Published: June 2024

Vermicompost is an organic fertilizer produced from organic waste with the support of earthworms. The type of earthworm commonly used is the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. Organic waste that can be used to produce vermicompost includes coffee grounds, cow manure, and agricultural waste. In this study, the effects of the amount of medium, the number of worms, and the composting time on the vermicompost production from spent coffee grounds was examined. The vermicompost with different concentrations was also tested to grow Aglaonema flowers. The results showed that the factors affecting the vermicompost production were the amounts of medium, composting time, and the number of worms. The results of the linear regression test showed that the regression coefficient for the amount of medium was 0.34, for composting time was 0.522, and for the number of worms was 0.623. The application of vermicompost as a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer was also successfully tested on Aglaonema brevispathum planting.
Transverse and Longitudinal Optical Phonon Analysis of Silicon dioxide (SiO2) from Rice Husk Charcoal
Authors: Patonah Har Nazopatul , Irzaman  , Asri Nurani Hanifan Rahmah , Hajar Siti , Prasta Jenie Renan , Hardhienata Hendradi , Zuhri Mahfuddin , Siskandar Ridwan , Syafutra Heriyanto , Pratama Erdiansyah , Arif Setiawan Ardian , Alatas Husin
Published: June 2024

Rice husk is one of the biggest wastes from rice production. Rice husk can be used as an alternative in producing silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon dioxide is widely used in various industries, such as glass, ceramics, tires and electronics. In this paper, charcoal from rice husks is annealed at various temperatures of 800 °C, 850 °C and 900 °C and then characterized using FTIR. In previous studies, analysis using FTIR was able to show the functional groups of Silicon dioxide found in rice husk charcoal. FTIR data modified with the Kramers-Kronig (KK) equation can produce Longitudinal Optics (LO) and Transverse optics phonon (TO) values. The LO and TO values are the optical properties of the Silicon dioxide from rice husk charcoal. In addition, the value of the dielectric function can also be obtained. Based on the results, it shows that the LO values for each treatment were 907.47 cm−1, 958.62 cm−1, and 986.67 cm−1. The TO values for each treatment were 903.61 cm−1, 954.00 cm−1 and 964.41 cm−1. The dielectric function values of each treatment were 512.00 cm−1, 962.48 cm−1 and 1007.00 cm−1. By analyzing the optical-phonon parameters of Transverse Optics (TO) and Longitudinal Optics (LO), we succeeded in characterizing the SiO2 properties with the variations of annealing temperature. We determined that the TO and LO were not-monotonously affected by the variation in annealing temperature, which was determined by studying the optical-phonon wavelengths.
Development of solid recovery fuel for power generation with bacterial bio-drying of municipal solid waste in Lombok Island West Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Soleh Mochamad , Hidayat Yudi , Abidin Zaenal
Published: June 2024

The growth of waste in big cities in Indonesia increases sharply every year. The Government’s ability to manage solid waste only reaches 40.09% in urban areas and 1.02% in rural areas, so the right policies are needed so that Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) does not save potential problems that will impact the future. The waste problem is no longer just a matter of cleanliness and the environment but has become a social problem that has the potential to cause conflict. The most likely solution to solving the MSW problem is to use it as a source of alternative fuel, which can be done by a mechanical-biological treatment technology into Solid Recovery Fuel (SRF).

The proposed SRF processing method is straightforward and requires a little technology; thus, it could be developed at the community level. The MSW is collected and processed by communities and then sold to power plants or factories or used in communities to replace solid fuels such as wood or charcoal. Compared with the standard RDF and SRF specifications, MSW SRF falls under medium-grade Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) or SRF specifications. Further comparison with coal, water hyacinth SRF, and sorghum shows that MSW SRF has several advantages, such as low fixed carbon, sulfur, and moisture, that could be beneficial for combustion performance, which concludes that MSW has potential and meet the specification as an alternative fuel for thermal power plant or other industry that utilizes thermal energy.

This paper proposes a processing methodology for municipal solid waste into alternative energy. The method could guide local people in using biomass resources to improve local economic prosperity.
Numerical Analysis for Predicting the Rate of Graphitization on Wood Biomass During the Plasma-Assisted Pyrolysis
Authors: Purawiardi Ibrahim , Kismanto Agus , Hijrah Handayani Airine , Maddu Akhiruddin , Elbersen Wolter , Kartono Agus , Widya Sari Yessie , Dimyati Arbi
Published: June 2024

The plasma-assisted pyrolysis process is a powerful treatment for converting wood biomass to graphitic carbon. In order to make this process more precise and effective in time, the rate of graphitization data is needed, especially for predicting the effective time of treatment. In this study, numerical analysis is conducted to predict the rate of graphitization. An explicit finite difference method is applied for the numerical analysis. Some initial parameters used are the wood thickness (5 mm), coefficient of diffusivity (0.082 mm2/s), input plasma temperature (4,000 C), initial wood temperature (35 C), and room temperature (27 C). The analysis was conducted with a variation of time differences of 1 s, 2 s, 3 s, 4 s, and 5 s. The assumption used in this analysis is that the minimum temperature for graphitic carbon conversion is 2,000 C. The result of this study is the values of graphitization rates and exposure times summarized in TABLE 1. Therefore, this numerical analysis can successfully be used to predict the rate of graphitization and plasma exposure time for different wood biomass thicknesses.
Extraction of Pigments and Antioxidant Activity from the Red Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii
Authors: Farobie Obie , Sukmawanti Putri Nurmalia , Bayu Dani Nandiyanto Asep
Published: June 2024

Indonesia is one of the world’s significant producers of seaweed and marine macroalgae, accounting for 38% of the global seaweed market. Marine macroalgae contain natural pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycoerythrin, and phycobilin, which have the potential as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents. However, pigment extraction and antioxidant analysis of the red macroalga Eucheuma cottonii have not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate pigment extraction from E. cottonii and analyze the potential antioxidant compounds. The extraction was conducted using a phosphate buffer solution at a ratio of 1:10 (b/v). The mixture was ultrasonicated at 3,000 and 3,600 rpm and various times (10, 20, and 30 min). The results showed that phycoerythrin concentration increased during ultrasonication at a lower frequency of 3,000 rpm. The crude extract of phycoerythrin (PE) increased from 201.66 to 306.68 μg/mL when ultrasonication was increased from 0 to 30 min. Interestingly, in a shorter time (10 min extraction), the extraction using ultrasonication produced a higher concentration of phycoerythrin than the control, which was carried out without ultrasonication.
Preliminary Study Effect of by-products of Biodiesel Glycerol in Increasing the Elasticity of Film sheets for Seaweed Derivative-Based Soft Capsules
Authors: Hidayat T. , Syamsu K. , Candra Sunarti T. , Nurilmala M. , Parulian Manalu L.
Published: June 2024

Glycerol is a by-product in the production of biodiesel that has the potential to be used as a material for making films for soft capsules. This study aims to determine the effect of glycerin on the elasticity of film sheets for soft capsules. The method used is the determination of glycerin concentration based on trial and error, film solution preparation by casting technology, and physical testing of the sheet including tensile strength, elasticity, tackiness, and viscosity. The results showed that the best concentration in the manufacture of film for soft capsules was 15 % with a tensile strength of 2.3 MPa, elasticity of 3.4 MPa, and stickiness of 1500 gf. The appearance of the resulting film sheet is very clear and slightly elastic. The addition of glycerol can improve the quality of film sheets for soft capsules
Effect of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) biomass on organoleptic quality of goat meat during shelf life
Authors: Patriani P , Hafid H , Hutajulu S F B
Published: June 2024

Cinnamon is an herbal spice that contains antioxidants and antimicrobials. The use of cinnamon in the postharvest industry of agricultural products has been widely practised and provides economic benefits. Goat meat is a postharvest product with high protein levels, making it susceptible to damage due to microbial growth during its shelf life. Goat meat also has a distinctive aroma that is less favoured by consumers. Appropriate methods are needed to improve the organoleptic quality of goat meat. This study aims to determine cinnamon’s effect on the organoleptic quality of goat meat. The design used was a factorial, completely randomised design. The factor I is Cinnamon concentration (K0:0%; K1:5%; K2:10%; K3:15%), and Factor II is the length of storage (H1:24 hours, H2:48 hours). The results showed that cinnamon marinade had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on taste and aroma but no significant effect (P>0.05) on texture and colour. The hedonic test showed that marination using 10%-15% cinnamon on goat meat was preferred in terms of aroma and flavour. The H2S test showed that samples marinated in cinnamon and stored for 48 hours did not show spoilage. Cinnamon has the potential to be a sustainable preservative.
Application of Sacha Inchi Oil and Deterpenated Nutmeg Oil as Natural Antiaging in Facial Cream Formulation
Authors: Muna Neli , Setyaningsih Dwi , Syahbana Rusli Meika , Amanah Nurul , Tarida Ina
Published: June 2024

Sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is rich in essential nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid), omega-6 (linoleic acid), omega-9 (oleic acid) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol and δ -tocopherol) which acts as a good skin barrier and reduces skin inflammation due to UV exposure. On the other hand, deterpenated nutmeg oil was reported to have antioxidant activity (IC50) stronger than native nutmeg oil. This study aims to utilize sacha inchi oil and deterpenated nutmeg oil as natural antiaging in facial cream formulations. Before used, sacha inchi oil is subjected to chemical glycerolysis to improve consumer acceptance. The physic-chemical properties between sacha inchi native oil and after pre-treatment were not significantly different. However, the hedonic test showed that the glycerolysis pre-treatment at 80°C had a better acceptance than native sacha inchi oil. The facial cream formulation used 5% sacha inchi oil and 1% deterpenated nutmeg oil with 1 – 5% niacinamide. All formulations showed oil in water (o/w) emulsion type. Facial cream with 5% niacinamide was the best formulation based on the hedonic test. It has a pH of 7.58, spreadability of 5.51 cm, and globule size of 7.11 μm
Effect of the addition of essential oils-based bio-additive on biodiesel B30 performance during durability and field tests
Authors: Syahbana Rusli Meika , Setiapraja Hari , Agustian Egi , Farobie Obie
Published: June 2024

The Indonesia Government has implemented the mandatory B30 program or mixing 30% biodiesel with 70% diesel oil since January 2020, and it has become one of the priority programs to reduce emissions and dependency on fossil fuels. Researchers have reported that the use of biodiesel has an impact on engine filter clogging and fuel performance. This problem can be overcome by bio-additives addition. Several researchers also reported that essential oils can function as fuel bio-additives. This study aimed to identify B30 performance with and without the addition of bio-additives during engine durability and field tests. In this study, the bio-additives used were formulations of a mixture of essential oils (turpentine, rhodinol, and clove terpenes). B30 with a mixture of essential oil-based bio-additive formulas was applied directly to the diesel engine, and then analysis was carried out in the form of engine RPM, fuel consumption, filter pressure difference, and smoke emission before and after the durability test. The durability test results for up to 100 hours showed that the values for RPM and power of the engine, fuel consumption, filter pressure differences, and smoke emissions tended to be the same or identical to the values at the beginning phase of the measurement. Field test results showed that the addition of bio-additives can reduce particulate levels in the main tank by up to 60% after 4 days of use, and the same result was obtained in the measurement of water content. The fuel filter with the addition of bio-additives was cleaner than without the addition of bio-additives. The use of bio-additives improves the B30 and still comply with the technical specifications required by the Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Indonesia.
Synthesis of Biodegradable Plastic Film from Chitosan-Glycerol with Cellulose Nanowhiskers of Coconut Coir as Reinforcing Agent
Authors: Said Lestari , Lisdiana Hayyun , Saefurahman Ganjar
Published: June 2024

This research was conducted to synthesize biodegradable plastic films from chitosan and glycerol with the addition of cellulose nanowhiskers as a reinforcing agent. Cellulose synthesis of nanowhiskers from coconut husks was carried out with 3 phases, i.e., pre-treatment, bleaching, and sulphuric acid hydrolysis with a concentration of 55%. The result of cellulose hydrolysis in the form of needle-like nanowhiskers with an average of 223.6 nm particle size and a crystallinity index of 34.27% were shown through the results of FTIR, SEM, PSA, and XRD. Plastic film was made by blending method, which was mixing whole material then stirred until homogeneous and printed at room temperature. This study showed that the addition of cellulose nanowhiskers 3% can increase the tensile strength value up to 50 MpA, water resistance by 88.86%, and the biodegradation rate by 0.51 mg/day, but the value decreased if the addition of cellulose nanowhiskers was more than 3%. This was influenced by the rigid properties of cellulose nanowhiskers and experienced aggregation if it was added in excess. In conclusion, the addition of cellulose nanowhiskers with precise concentration can increase the tensile strength, water resistance, and the rate of biodegradation in the plastic film from chitosan-glycerol.
The Influence of Precursor and Seminyak (Champeria sp.) Leaf Extract Concentrations in Microwave-Assisted Silver Nanoparticle Fabrication
Authors: Bagas Ananda Muhammad , Bachrurozy Tami , Adilah Azmi Sarah , Wibowo Arie
Published: June 2024

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess remarkable characteristics, including high antibacterial efficacy, excellent thermal conductivity, and superior electrical conductivity. However, conventional methods employed for AgNPs synthesis still rely on the use of hazardous chemicals, which pose significant threats to the environment and human health. Recently, the synthesis of AgNPs using green and sustainable methods has gained considerable attention. In this study, concentration of AgNO3 (1; 10 and 100 mM) and Seminyak (Champeria sp.) leaf extract (1 and 2 wt%) were varied to know their influence on the fabrication of AgNPs through a microwave-assisted synthesis approach. The results demonstrated that the precursor and Seminyak leaf extract concentrations significantly influenced the AgNPs properties. Visual and UV-Vis spectroscopy results suggested that AgNPs might only form at 100 mM AgNO3, which is indicated by darker appearance of sample and the presence of broad peak at 400-500 nm. Based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results, increasing the Seminyak leaf extract concentrations exhibited enhanced stability and monodispersity of the nanoparticles with the average particle size of 26.8 ± 10.9 nm and 17.8 ± 7.6 nm for 1 and 2 wt%, respectively. The optimized precursor and Seminyak leaf extract concentrations can be utilized to tailor the size and morphology of AgNPs, making them suitable for various applications such as catalyst, electronics, and medicine.
Formulation of Solid Soap of Kaolin Clay Using Sucrose Ester
Authors: Fauzia Salsabila Naila , Hambali Erliza , Purnawati Rini
Published: June 2024

Kaolin solid soap is one of the soaps that can be used to remove heavy dirt (Najis mughalladzah). Sucrose esters are a unique group of emulsifiers that are non-ionic surfactants and completely biodegradable. They are obtained by the transesterification of methyl ester with sucrose. This research aims to obtain the best concentration of sucrose ester and kaolin clay and to know the characteristics and quality of soil soap. Soap was made by finding the suitable concentration for the ingredients used to make soap based on Islamic Sharia law, where the amount of soil based on the edict (fatwa) of the Ulama Council is a minimum of 5 In this study, variations in the concentration of sucrose ester used were 2, 4, and 6%, while the concentrations of kaolin clay were 20, 25, and 30%. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) with nine treatments and three replications. Observations of the soil soap bar include pH, foam test, hardness level, moisture content, free fatty acids, and organoleptic tests. The best formulation of soil soap based on organoleptic test results is soap with a concentration of 25% kaolin and 4% sucrose ester.
The Properties of Xylan Extracted from Corncob Using Deep Eutectic Solvent
Authors: Agustinisari Iceu , Herawati Heny , Widaningrum  , Hernani  , Harimurti Niken , Rienoviar  , Hermiati Euis , Sunarmani  , Zahrina Ida
Published: June 2024

Corncob is an abundant agricultural biomass that is generally underutilized and discarded. It has potential to be a resource for high-value products due to its cellulose and hemicellulose content. Xylan, which is the primary constituent of hemicellulose, can serve as a raw material or intermediary in both non-food and food industry. This research aims to study the extraction of xylan from corncob using deep eutectic solvent (DES) for clean processing and analyzes the characteristics of corncob xylan. DES comprises choline chloride and acetic acid with a molar ratio of 1:2. Xylan was extracted from corncobs by immersion in aqueous DES (70% and 90%) and heating using an autoclave at 105°C for 15 minutes. FT-IR and NMR characterized the chemical structures of xylan, while FE-SEM observed the surface. The FT-IR result showed that xylan had a peak range of 1041 cm−1, which is attributed to the glycosidic bond. A delignification process seems to have occurred as indicated by the absorption peak at 1475-1477 cm−1, indicating the presence of lignin in xylan and solid residue. Both types of extracted xylan had similar NMR spectra in the 3-4.3 ppm range, which indicates that they contained xylose. The solid residue structure obtained from extracting two DES concentrations shows the difference in the extraction process. However, the surface morphology of the two types of extracted xylan had a similar irregular shape and roughness. The use of the DES choline chloride-acetic acid could lead to the extraction and separation of xylan from lignocellulosic corncob.
Energy Audit on Coconut Shell Charcoal Briquettes Production, Case Study in PT Tom Cococha, Indonesia
Authors: Endah Agustina S. , Ramadhan Fathan
Published: June 2024

To increase the competitiveness of Indonesian charcoal briquettes in the global market, the production should be using more efficient energy in order to reduce production cost and getting “green product” label. The first step that can be done is to conduct an energy audit that will help the company to find out the patterns of energy use in its production activities and conduct an analysis to see the energy saving opportunities that can be done. This research aims to conduct an energy audit on the charcoal briquette production process at PT Tom Cococha Indonesia. The production stages which were covered in the auditing are grinding and sieving of the coconut shell charcoal, adhesive mixing, molding, drying, and packaging the product.

The result of energy auditing which was conducted in the period of June 22 to 28, 2022, shows that the total energy required for processing coconut shell charcoal into coconut shell charcoal briquettes is 6.00 MJ/kg briquettes. Biomass was the largest energy supplier (42.35% of the total energy required) followed by diesel oil (10.24% of the total energy required), and drying process consumed more than 90% of the total energy required. Due to the high energy demand in the drying stage, a detailed audit has been undertaken on the drying process. There are 2 types of dryer machines which have been used for the drying process. Results of the detailed audit in the drying process shows that the energy required at the drying stage by using a diesel oil-fueled dryer is 3.23 MJ / kg of briquettes with a heat use efficiency rate of 78,6%. As for drying by using a biomass-fueled dryer, it is 3.50 MJ / kg briquettes with a heat use efficiency rate of 76%. According to the findings of a thorough energy audit, the electric motors which were used in the production process have technical efficiency less than 80%. According to the result, energy-saving efforts include implementing an ISO 50001-compliant energy management system and performing regular machine maintenance are strongly recommended to be done.
Urban Waste Management Solution through SRF Cofiring in Coal-Fired Power Plants
Authors: Soleh Mochamad , Hidayat Yudi , Triani Rita
Published: June 2024

Solid Recovery Fuel (SRF) is a highly effective waste product processed through sorting and separation from non-combustible materials in Indonesia. The SRF is then dried to increase its calorific value and ensure homogeneity. Most Indonesian SRF is derived from urban waste, which is predominantly organic material, making it comparable to biomass and having a calorific value akin to lignite coal.

The state-owned electricity company, PLN, collaborates with local governments responsible for waste management to utilize SRF as a fuel source in coal-fired power plants through cofiring. This renewable energy mix is an optimal solution, eliminating the need to construct new power plants and optimize waste management programs and local government budgets without burdening PLN’s operational costs when managed through an appropriate collaborative scheme. PT PLN Indonesia Power has successfully conducted research and development efforts to transform urban waste into SRF through the Waste Treatment Facility program. They have also utilized SRF cofiring in coal-fired power plants up to the heat rate testing stage. This alternative solution benefits all stakeholders in addressing the waste management challenge.

This program presents an opportunity to optimize waste management costs implemented by local governments, ultimately saving electricity generation costs. Moreover, it may help reduce the financial burden of constructing and operating conventional solar power plants. SRF cofiring in coal-fired power plants is a reliable and cost-effective renewable energy solution. The successful pilot project showcased the positive outcomes achievable through a collaborative management scheme that utilizes SRF products and environmentally friendly electricity generation for sustainable waste management. This approach effectively reduces greenhouse gas emissions and enhances renewable energy generation capacity, highlighting the significant impact possible through this method.
Electromagnetically induced transparent bimodal to unimodal conversion realized by the nematic liquid crystal
Authors: Gong Jian Yu , Fang Fang Yao , Xiao Rui Lin , Zhang Hai Feng
Published: June 2024

In this paper, under the action of a gigahertz (GHz) band circularly polarized (CP) wave, a kind of CP metastructure (MS) is proposed. Recently, the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) has received great attention, but it is still difficult to realize the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) bimodal to unimodal under the control of NLC. Through the direct mutual coupling of the metal cross resonator, metal ring resonator, and dielectric cross resonator, modes coupling can be formed and generate transparent windows. Two different EIT states (unimodal and bimodal EIT) accompanied by slow light effects can be observed by regulating the NLC with the applied bias voltage (V
bias). When the V
bias is 0 V, two transparent windows can be achieved in the 6.595–8.443 GHz and 8.443–10.161 GHz bands. When V
bias is 20 V, only one transparent window can be achieved in the 6.891–8.682 GHz band. Due to the high symmetry, the MS has the polarization insensitivity to CP waves. These extremely excellent properties make this MS have a wide application prospect. Noteworthy, the theoretical calculation result of EIT is verified by the two-oscillator theory model and circuit model, the results obtained are basically consistent with the simulation results.
Versatile fitting approach for operando spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry of HfS2 oxidation
Authors: Chircă Irina , AlMutairi AbdulAziz , Achinuq Barat , Cai Rongsheng , Haigh Sarah J , Hofmann Stephan
Published: June 2024

Facile mapping of 2D heterostructures and resolving anisotropic formation kinetics down to the monolayer level are critical to developing scalable interfacing solutions and unlocking their application potential in emerging nano-optoelectronics. We adapt a Kramers–Kronig constrained variational fitting algorithm for spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry (SIE) to facilitate multi-scale heterostructure analysis comprising films with unknown complex dielectric functions and demonstrate how this enables non-destructive, scalable mapping and operando capability for the model system of HfS2 oxidation. This methodology proves highly accurate for assessing the thickness of buried HfS2 layers, oxide quality, and lateral and vertical uniformity. We capture dynamic stack evolution during thermal oxidation up to 400 ∘C, providing insights into the temperature and time-dependent nature of self-limiting oxide growth and reaction kinetics that involve the localised trapping and release of sulphur reaction products. Our methodology is versatile in material and device horizons, and advantageously agnostic to the underlying substrate. Combined with the various modes of SIE operation, it unlocks fast, high-throughput, large-area capability to accelerate process development at the atomic scale.
Taguchi-integrated grey relational analysis for multi-response optimization of mix design for alkali-activated concrete
Authors: Sheelavantar Prabhu Gurunathappa , Pandit Poornachandra , Prashanth Shreelaxmi , Nishit Nirav , Jadhav Monika
Published: June 2024

Although alkali-activated concrete (AAC) has gained significant attention as a sustainable alternative to traditional Portland cement-based concrete due to its reduced carbon emissions and improved durability, optimizing AAC mix design still remains a challenging task as it involves complex interactions between various factors, constituent materials, and their proportions. This study presents the performance based multi-response optimization of alkali-activated concrete mix using Taguchi-integrated Grey Relational Analysis aiming for improved workability, mechanical and permeability properties. This study employs Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array to reduce the experimental trials, thereby saving time and resources. The Grey Relational Analysis optimizes factors like binder ratio, solution to binder (Al/b) ratio, and molarity of NaOH and Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio, encompassing alkali-activated concrete’s fresh, mechanical, and durability characteristics with structural grade properties. The results show that binder ratio (FA:GGBS) of 90:10, Al/b ratio of 0.45, 10 M NaOH solution with Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 1 has produced the optimum alkali-activated concrete mix of structural (M40) grade.
Ferrock cement and oxalic acid for enhanced concrete strength and durability against sulphate attack
Authors: Mitikie Bahiru Bewket , Gari Beka Derbe , Elsaigh Walied A
Published: June 2024

Concrete is widely known for being plentiful, durable, and strong, but it can be damaged by different chemicals and environments, that can shorten its lifespan. Consequently, there is a growing interest among researchers to find more durable, stronger, and environmentally friendly cement alternatives. This study focuses on evaluating the workability, strength, durability properties, and morphological aspects of ferrock cement-based concrete, which involves substituting varying percentages of ferrock cement (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) for conventional cement. Ferrock, comprising Iron Powder, Fly Ash, Lime Powder, and glass powder offers pozzolanic potential as a sustainable cement substitute. Additionally, oxalic acid is introduced into the mixes to explore its role in catalyzing reactions between CO2 and water, thereby enhancing the concrete’s strength and durability. Compressive and flexural strength are analyzed after replacing the cement with ferrock, with and without oxalic acid, while durability is assessed through water absorption and resistance to sodium sulphate solution after 28 days of curing. Nine sets of mixes, all with a consistent water-cement ratio of 0.49, are investigated. Results indicate that concrete containing ferrock-based cement, particularly with oxalic acid, exhibits superior strength and enhanced resistance to sulphate attack. The addition of 5% and 10% ferrock with the integration of oxalic acid has 32.28% and 38.7% of compressive strength respectively, the same proportion has 0.2% and 0.1% of mass loss regarding resistance to sulphate attack. Notably, a 10% ferrock replacement with oxalic acid demonstrates the highest performance of concrete as determined by the multi-decision methods.