bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbidopa is an activator of aryl hydrocarbon receptor with potential for cancer therapy
Authors: Ogura Jiro , Miyauchi Seiji , Shimono Kazumi , Yang Shengping , Gonchigar Sathisha , Ganapathy Vadivel , Bhutia Yangzom D.
Published: September 2017

Carbidopa is used with l-DOPA (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). PD patients exhibit lower incidence of most cancers including pancreatic cancer, but with the notable exception of melanoma. The decreased cancer incidence is not due to l-DOPA; however, the relevance of Carbidopa to this phenomenon has not been investigated. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Carbidopa, independent of l-DOPA, might elicit an anticancer effect. Carbidopa inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Based on structural similarity with phenylhydrazine, an inhibitor of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), we predicted that Carbidopa might also inhibit IDO1, thus providing a molecular basis for its anticancer effect. The inhibitory effect was confirmed using human recombinant IDO1. To demonstrate the inhibition in intact cells, AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) activity was monitored as readout for IDO1-mediated generation of the endogenous AhR agonist kynurenine in pancreatic and liver cancer cells. Surprisingly, Carbidopa did not inhibit but instead potentiated AhR signaling, evident from increased CYP1A1 (cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1), CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 expression. In pancreatic and liver cancer cells, Carbidopa promoted AhR nuclear localization. AhR antagonists blocked Carbidopa-dependent activation of AhR signaling. The inhibitory effect on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and the activation of AhR occurred at therapeutic concentrations of Carbidopa. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay further confirmed that Carbidopa promoted AhR binding to its target gene CYP1A1 leading to its induction. We conclude that Carbidopa is an AhR agonist and suppresses pancreatic cancer. Hence, Carbidopa could potentially be re-purposed to treat pancreatic cancer and possibly other cancers as well.
Bipartite consensus of integrator multi‐agent systems with measurement noise
Authors: Ma Cui‐Qin , Qin Zheng‐Yan , Zhao Yun‐Bo
Published: September 2017

The bipartite consensus problem for integrator multi‐agent systems over signed fixed digraphs is investigated in the presence of measurement noise. A time‐varying consensus gain is introduced and then a stochastic type protocol is proposed, whose performance is analysed using the state transition matrix of the closed‐loop system. Necessary and sufficient conditions for ensuring a mean square bipartite consensus protocol are obtained in the presence of noise. Furthermore, in the absence of noise it is shown that these conditions are also necessary and sufficient for ensuring the bipartite consensus except for the quadratic integrability of the consensus gain. It is found that the signed digraph being structurally balanced and having a spanning tree are the weakest assumptions on connectivity for achieving bipartite consensus regardless of the measurement noise. In particular, if the signed digraph is structurally unbalanced, then under some mild conditions, the states of the closed‐loop system converge to zero in mean square, regardless of the initial states.
Sampled‐data control of fuzzy systems based on the intelligent digital redesign method via an improved fuzzy Lyapunov functional approach
Authors: Kim Han Sol , Park Jin Bae , Joo Young Hoon
Published: September 2017

This study presents a linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach to the sampled‐data control of Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems, based on the intelligent digital redesign (IDR) technique. The objective of the IDR is to design a digital control system whose trajectory closely matches that of a given well‐constructed analogue control system by minimising the state‐matching error. In this study, state‐matching performance is enhanced by using a continuous‐time state‐matching criterion, which guarantees that the state‐matching error is minimised through the entire time interval. Unlike previous studies, mismatched information of membership functions for both analogue and digital control systems is directly manipulated. Moreover, the authors introduce an improved fuzzy Lyapunov functional that consists of both membership functions for analogue and digital control systems, which relaxes the conservativeness of LMI conditions. Finally, two examples demonstrating the effectiveness of the authors' method are provided.
Integral‐based event‐triggered PD control for systems with network‐induced delay using a quadratic generalised free‐weighting matrix inequality
Authors: Koo Baeyoung , Kwon Wookyong , Lee Sangmoon
Published: September 2017

This study investigates event‐triggered proportional–derivative (PD) control for systems with network‐induced delay. Based on the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, the PD sampled‐data controller design condition is derived in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI) which include the integral‐based event‐triggering condition. As the derivative term of the proposed PD control may lead excessively frequent triggering, an integral‐based triggering is firstly adopted to reduce the required sampled control input in this study. The proposed triggering condition with integration is converted as LMI with quadratic augmented vector by applying a new quadratic generalised free‐weighting matrix inequality which provides a free selectable vector. Numerical simulation shows the effectiveness of the proposed event‐triggered PD control with the integral‐based event‐triggering condition.
Multi-technique investigation of the binary fraction of A-F type candidate hybrid variable stars discovered byKepler
Authors: Lampens P. , Frémat Y. , Vermeylen L. , Sódor Á. , Skarka M. , De Cat P. , Bognár Zs. , De Nutte R. , Dumortier L. , Escorza A. , Oomen G. M. , Van de Steene G. , Kamath D. , Laverick M. , Samadi A. , Triana S. , Lehmann H.
Published: September 2017

Context.Hundreds of candidate hybrid pulsators of intermediate type A–F were revealed by recent space missions. Hybrid pulsators allow us to study the full stellar interiors, where both low-orderp- and high-orderg-modes are simultaneously excited. The true hybrid stars must be identified since other processes, related to stellar multiplicity or rotation, might explain the presence of (some) low frequencies observed in their periodograms.

Aims.We measured the radial velocities of 50 candidateδScuti −γDoradus hybrid stars from theKeplermission with theHermesandacespectrographs over a time span of months to years. We aim to derive the fraction of binary and multiple systems and to provide an independent and homogeneous determination of the atmospheric properties andvsinifor all targets. The long(er)-term objective is to identify the (probable) physical cause of the low frequencies.

Methods.We computed one-dimensional cross-correlation functions (CCFs) in order to find the best set of parameters in terms of the number of components, spectral type(s), andvsinifor each target. Radial velocities were measured using spectrum synthesis and a two-dimensional cross-correlation technique in the case of double- and triple-lined systems. Fundamental parameters were determined by fitting (composite) synthetic spectra to the normalised median spectra corrected for the appropriate Doppler shifts.

Results.We report on the analysis of 478 high-resolutionHermesand 41acespectra of A/F-type candidate hybrid pulsators from theKeplerfield. We determined their radial velocities, projected rotational velocities, and atmospheric properties and classified our targets based on the shape of the CCFs and the temporal behaviour of the radial velocities. We derived orbital solutions for seven new systems. Three preliminary long-period orbital solutions are confirmed by a photometric time-delay analysis. Finally, we determined a global multiplicity fraction of 27% in our sample of candidate hybrid stars.
Migration of Guidewire: A Rare Complication during Arterial Cannulation in a Patient on Intra-arterial Balloon Pump
Authors: Das Sucharita , Kanchi Muralidhar , Khanolkar Uday
Published: September 2017

Seldinger's technique is frequently used for percutaneous vascular access. This technique has been used for several years successfully for placement of cannulae/catheters into the arterial or venous system without the need for cut-down and with minimal trauma to surrounding structures. In fact, this technique has been adapted to introduce angiography catheters, chest tubes, cricothyroidotomy, tracheostomy, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, etc. Though inherently safe, this technique may be associated with several complications and guidewire-related complication that may be potentially serious, though rare.
Cardiac Three-Dimensional Printing Using Noninvasive Modalities: Will It Revolutionize Cardiac Care?
Authors: Ahmad Amier , Nanda Navin , Bartel Thomas , McElwee Samuel
Published: September 2017

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a tool for clinicians to understand the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology of these disorders in a simulated setting. Three-dimensional printing consists of manipulating a two-dimensional (2D) image obtained via noninvasive modalities, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or 3D echocardiography, to a 3D dataset and then finally into a physical model. Three-dimensional printing allows for creation of specific models in a variety of diseases such as cardiac shunts that can be visualized by surgeons prior to device placement in a matter of hours. Further, cardiac tumors, which typically invade the myocardium, have been replicated to allow surgeons the ability to plan procedures prior to any incision. This creates the potential for propagation of error within the health field. Three-dimensional printing has emerged as a tool for clinicians to understand the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology of these disorders in a simulated setting though standardization of the technique is yet awaited.
Management of the Cephalically Malpositioned Lower Lateral Crus in Aesthetic Rhinoplasty
Authors: Kovacevic Milos , Friedman Oren , Riedel Frank , Wurm Jochen , Bran Gregor
Published: September 2017

Cephalic malposition of the lower lateral cartilages (LLC) gained increasing awareness as a distinct anatomical entity within the last years. It has become clear that this type of deformity is not amenable to traditional rhinoplasty techniques. Repositioning of the lateral crus of the LLC enables the surgeon to achieve significant and reliable changes in the shape and function of the nose. The authors present their technique for repositioning of the cephalically malpositioned LLC. Their method is based on a turn-in flap that is positioned along the caudal margin of the repositioned LLC. This flap straightens a convex LLC and gives reliable structural support to the caudal alar margin. In this article, they discuss the various indications of this technique, introduce a new, more precise concept for evaluation of the axis of the lateral crus of the LLC, and highlight additional details of this reliable technique.
Comprehensive Diagnosis and Planning for the Difficult Rhinoplasty Patient: Applications in Ultrasonography and Treatment of the Soft-Tissue Envelope
Authors: Kosins Aaron
Published: September 2017

Rhinoplasty is one of the most complicated operations that a plastic surgeon will encounter. In the early history of rhinoplasty, operations were done with a closed approach, and the structures were shrouded in mystery while surgeons relied on surface aesthetics for diagnosis and treatment. Finally, with the advent of the extended open approach, power tools, and piezosurgery, the whole bony pyramid can be directly visualized, shaped, and sculpted. Osteotomies can be done under direct vision with high precision. Using this approach, every part of the osseocartilaginous vault and nasal tip can now be directly observed, diagnosed, and surgically treated. However, this only occurs once the patient is in the operating room. This article will detail the diagnosis and treatment of the difficult soft-tissue envelope of the nose. It will also describe the use of ultrasonography for preoperative planning as well as postoperatively for diagnosis and treatment during the healing period and for planning possible revision and secondary surgery.
Fibrinolytic Therapy Improves Outcomes in Patients with Epidural Hematomas Following Cranioplasty: A Pilot Study
Authors: Peng Aijun , Qi Wentao , Cao Demao , Zhao Yi , Gao Kai , Cheng Cheng , Wu Yongkang
Published: September 2017

Background and Study Aims Cranioplasty is a cosmetic procedure utilized to reconstruct cranial defects in patients following decompressive craniectomy. Epidural hematomas are a common complication of cranioplasty and often require surgical drainage. However, repeated surgery compromises patient safety and delays recovery.

Material and Methods We investigated the development of epidural hematomas among 131 patients who underwent cranioplasty. Then we explored the efficacy of urokinase (UK) injection for the noninvasive treatment of epidural hematomas. We observed that 15 patients presented with epidural hematoma following cranioplasty. UK (30,000 IU/3 mL) was injected into the hematoma cavity twice every 12 hours in the first postoperative day. Next we closed the subgaleal drain for 1.5 hours and connected it with a negative-pressure ball on full vacuum to allow drainage. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors associated with the development of epidural hematomas.

Results Our findings demonstrated that a sunken skin flap was a risk factor for epidural hematoma formation (p = 0.006). The decrease in epidural hematoma volume was 35.27 ± 7.27 mL in the first 12 hours on postoperative day 1 after UK treatment. All treated patients whose Glasgow Coma Scale score did not significantly change despite the epidural hematoma had an uneventful recovery without additional complications and were discharged from the hospital, except for one patient.

Conclusion Fibrinolytic therapy can be considered an optional treatment for postoperative epidural hematoma associated with cranioplasty, especially in patients who refused further operative treatment or who are not optimal candidates for a second surgery.
IVIG-Associated Maternal Pancytopenia during Treatment for Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Herrmann Alyssa , Samelson-Jones Benjamin , Brake Sami , Samelson Renee
Published: September 2017

Background Treatment for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) primarily involves maternal administration of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy and prednisone according to protocols based on risk stratification. While IVIG is generally well tolerated, hematologic side effects are a potential complication.

Case We present the successful management of a rare complication of maternal pancytopenia following standard IVIG treatment. Diagnosis was made during routine obstetric exams. Management included reducing IVIG dosage and adding daily prednisone. Additionally, infusion Lots possibly associated with the event were identified and avoided. Interventions resulted in the resolution of pancytopenia and the birth of a healthy infant without thrombocytopenia.

Conclusion Pancytopenia is a rare complication of IVIG treatment in women with pregnancies complicated by NAIT. Serial complete blood counts at the time of treatment would allow for early detection and timely management of the patient. Additionally, limiting the number of infusion Lots may decrease the chance of the described complications.
Glasgow Blatchford Score of limited benefit for low-risk urban patients: a mixed methods study
Authors: Leiman David , Mills Angela , Shofer Frances , Weber Andrew , Leiman Erin , Riff Brian , Lewis James , Mehta Shivan
Published: September 2017

Background and study aims Most patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) are hospitalized. Risk-stratifying UGIB with scoring tools may decrease avoidable admissions, thereby reducing the cost of care. We sought to describe how frequently low-risk UGIB patients present to urban emergency departments (ED) and the proportion who are admitted to examine how incorporating risk scores into decision support might diminish healthcare utilization in this population.

Patients and methods This is a retrospective cohort study of ED patients presenting from 2009 – 2013 to three urban hospitals that do not use electronic UGIB decision support. We used ED disposition diagnosis codes (ICD-9) to identify patients followed by manual chart review for verification and additional data collection. Patients with a Glasgow Blatchford Score (GBS) of 0 were classified as low risk. We also surveyed ED physicians at these hospitals to assess their beliefs about UGIB decision support.

Results Over the study period, 66 patients (13.2 per year) presented to the ED with low-risk UGIB. Of these, 10 patients (15.2 %) were admitted and none required endoscopic hemostasis. Most survey respondents (55.6 %, n = 20) were aware of UGIB risk scores but a minority (19.4 %, n = 7) used one.

Conclusions Low-risk UGIB patients infrequently present to the ED and only a minority are admitted. Despite advocacy to incorporate decision support into routine clinical care, ED physicians independently identified low risk patients. There is insufficient evidence to suggest the magnitude of this problem is large enough to warrant implementation of decision support for low risk UGIB.
The within-participant Correlation between s-RPE and Heart Rate in Youth Sport
Authors: Scantlebury Sean , Till Kevin , Atkinson Greg , Sawczuk Tom , Jones Ben
Published: September 2017

The monitoring of training load is important to ensure athletes are adapting optimally to a training stimulus. Before quantification of training load can take place, coaches must be confident that the tools available are accurate. We aimed to quantify the within-participant correlation between the session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and summated heart rate zone (sHRz) methods of monitoring internal training load. Training load (s-RPE and heart rate) data were collected for rugby, soccer and field hockey field-based training sessions over a 14-week in-season period. A total of 397 sessions were monitored (rugby n=170, soccer n=114 and field hockey n=113). Within-subject correlations between s-RPE and sHRz were quantified for each sport using a general linear model. Large correlations between s-RPE and the sHRz method were found for rugby (r=0.68; 95% CI 0.59–0.75) and field hockey (r=0.60; 95% CI 0.47–0.71) with a very large correlation found for soccer (r=0.72; 95% CI 0.62–0.80). No significant differences were found between the correlations for each sport. The very large and large correlations found between s-RPE and the sHRz methods support the use of s-RPE in quantifying internal training load in youth sport.
Effect of Butyrate and Inulin Supplementation on Glycemic Status, Lipid Profile and Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Level in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Roshanravan Neda , Mahdavi Reza , Alizadeh Effat , Jafarabadi Mohammad , Hedayati Mehdi , Ghavami Abed , Alipour Shahriar , Alamdari Naimeh , Barati Meisam , Ostadrahimi Alireza
Published: September 2017

Studies on humans with diabetes mellitus showed that the crosstalk between the intestinal microbiota and the host has a key role in controlling the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium butyrate and high performance inulin supplementation simultaneously or singly on glycemic status, lipid profile, and glucagon-like peptide 1 level in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sixty patients were recruited for the study. The participants were randomly allocated, using randomized block procedure, to one of the four treatment groups (A, B, C, or D). Group A received sodium butyrate capsules, group B received inulin supplement powder, group C was exposed to the concomitant use of inulin and sodium butyrate, and group D consumed placebo for 45 consecutive days. Markers of glycemia, lipid profile, and glucagon-like peptide 1 were measured pre- and post-intervention. Dietary supplementation in groups A, B, and C significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure in comparison with the placebo group (p<0.05). Also, intra-group statistical analysis showed that only treatment with sodium butyrate + inulin (group C) significantly reduced fasting blood sugar (p=0.049) and waist to hip ratio (p=0.020). Waist circumference in groups B and C reduced significantly after the intervention (p=0.007 and p=0.011; respectively). The post hoc Tukey tests showed significant increase in glucagon-like peptide 1 concentration in groups A and C in comparison with group D (p<0.05). The results suggest that inulin supplementation may be useful to diabetic patients and these effects could be increased with butyrate supplement.
Inhibition of TNF-α-Induced Inflammation by Sesquiterpene Lactones from Saussurea lappa and Semi-Synthetic Analogues
Authors: Choodej Siwattra , Pudhom Khanitha , Mitsunaga Tohru
Published: September 2017

We investigated the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitory activity of sesquiterpenes from Saussurea lappa root extracts. According to the hexane and EtOAc extracts showing significant activity with IC50 values of 0.5 and 1.0 µg/mL, respectively, chromatographic fractionation of the extracts was performed and led to the isolation of 10 sesquiterpenes (1–10). Costunolide (1), a major compound, and dehydrocostus lactone (4) exhibited high efficiency in decreasing TNF-α levels, with IC50 values of 2.05 and 2.06 µM, respectively. In addition, sesquiterpene analogues were synthesized to establish their structure-activity relationship (SAR) profile. Among the semi-synthetic analogues, compounds 6a and 16 showed the most potent activity with IC50 values of 1.84 and 1.97 µM, respectively. More importantly, compound 6a showed less toxicity than costunolide and 16. These results provided the first SAR profile of sesquiterpene lactones and indicated that the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety plays a crucial role in TNF-α inhibition. Additionally, the epoxide derivative 6a might represent a lead compound for further anti-TNF-α therapies, owing to its potent activity and reduced toxicity.
Ion-beam/plasma modes in ultradense relativistic quantum plasmas: Dispersion characteristics and beam-driven instability
Authors: Elkamash I. S. , Haas F. , Kourakis I.
Published: September 2017

A relativistic quantum-hydrodynamic plasma model is proposed, to model the propagation of electrostatic waves in an ultradense quantum electron-ion plasma in the presence of an ion beam. A dispersion relation is derived for harmonic waves, and the stability of electrostatic wavepackets is investigated. Three types of waves are shown to exist, representing a modified electron plasma (Langmuir-type) mode, a low-frequency ion acoustic mode, and an ion-beam driven mode, respectively. Stability analysis reveals the occurrence of an imaginary frequency part in three regions. The dependence of the instability growth rate on the ion beam parameters (concentration and speed) has been investigated.
Observation of enhanced absorption of laser radiation by nanostructured targets in PIC simulations
Authors: Shukla Chandrasekhar , Das Amita
Published: September 2017

It is well known that Brunel's vacuum heating mechanism is operative for laser energy absorption when the target plasma density rises sharply. For non-relativistic laser intensities and planar targets, it is also necessary that the laser should strike the target at oblique incidence. The laser electric field at oblique incidence has a component normal to the surface to extract electrons from the target in the vacuum region for Brunel's mechanism to be operative. At relativistic laser intensities, the oblique incidence is not necessarily required as the J→×B→ force is significant and can extract electrons from the target even when the laser is at normal incidence. In this manuscript, the interaction of short and intense laser pulses with structured overdense plasma targets has been studied using 2D particle-in-cell simulations. It is shown that for structured targets, the absorption increases many fold. A detailed study and understanding of the absorption process for the structured targets in terms of the structure scale length and amplitude have been provided.
A low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope capable of microscopy and spectroscopy in a Bitter magnet at up to 34 T
Authors: Tao W. , Singh S. , Rossi L. , Gerritsen J. W. , Hendriksen B. L. M. , Khajetoorians A. A. , Christianen P. C. M. , Maan J. C. , Zeitler U. , Bryant B.
Published: September 2017

We present the design and performance of a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope (STM) which operates inside a water-cooled Bitter magnet, which can attain a magnetic field of up to 38 T. Due to the high vibration environment generated by the magnet cooling water, a uniquely designed STM and a vibration damping system are required. The STM scan head is designed to be as compact and rigid as possible, to minimize the effect of vibrational noise as well as fit the size constraints of the Bitter magnet. The STM uses a differential screw mechanism for coarse tip—sample approach, and operates in helium exchange gas at cryogenic temperatures. The reliability and performance of the STM are demonstrated through topographic imaging and scanning tunneling spectroscopy on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite at T = 4.2 K and in magnetic fields up to 34 T.
On the structural intricacies of a metabolic precursor: Direct spectroscopic detection of water-induced conformational reshaping of mevalonolactone
Authors: Domingos Sérgio R. , Pérez Cristóbal , Schnell Melanie
Published: September 2017

We use high-resolution rotational spectroscopy to investigate the structural intricacies of the lactone form of mevalonic acid, precursor of the mevalonate pathway. By combining microwave spectroscopy with supersonic expansions and quantum-chemical calculations, we determine the two most stable conformations of the precursor. Complementary micro-solvation studies reveal that aggregation of the first water molecule induces a substantial structural rearrangement comprising a hydroxy rotation and an endocyclic core torsion to create a favourable geometry to accommodate the water molecule. We discuss the conformational aspects of the precursor in isolation and under micro-hydrated conditions.
Design, implementation, and application of 150-degree commutation VSI to improve speed range of sensored BLDC motor
Authors: Ozgenel Mehmet Cihat
Published: September 2017

Permanent magnet brushless dc (BLDC) motors are very convenient for many applications such as industrial, medical, robotic, aerospace, small electric vehicles, and home applications because of their inherent satisfying dynamic characteristics. There are numerous studies about these motors and their control schemes such as sensorless control and different speed and torque control schemes. All electric motors need commutation in order to produce speed and torque. Commutation in brushed DC motors is performed by means of a brush and collector. In BLDC motors, commutation is provided electronically in contrast to the brushed dc motors. In BLDC motors, motor phase windings are energized according to the information of the rotor position by inverter transistors. Rotor position information is used for commutation. Therefore, rotor position information is required to produce speed and torque for BLDC motors. The easiest and cheapest way to obtain rotor position information is to use Hall-effect or optical sensors. BLDC motor manufacturers generally produce BLDC motors equipped with three Hall-effect position sensors. Having three position sensors on BLDC motors provides six-step commutation which ensures two phase windings are energized in each moment. The third phase is empty. In this study, all phase windings are energized in the same time. This commutation method is twelve-step or 150 degrees commutation. So that more speed can be achieved from the same BLDC motor by comparison with six-step commutation. In this paper, both six-step and twelve-step commutation methods applied to the same BLDC motor and obtained experimental results from this study were presented, examined, and discussed.
Solitary wave solutions for singular non-Newtonian filtration equations
Authors: Kong Fanchao , Luo Zhiguo , Chen Fulai
Published: September 2017

This paper is mainly concerned with the solitary wave solutions for the singular non-Newtonian filtration equations. A sufficient criterion for the existence of solitary wave solutions of the considered equation is provided via an innovative method of Lyusternik-Schnirelmann category theory and variational methods. Some recent results in the literature have been complemented and improved.
Four fundamental types of reading during translation
Authors: Hvelplund Kristian Tangsgaard
Published: September 2017

This chapter concerns reading during translation and the cognitive activities which underlie the different types of reading. Its aim is to characterise and discuss different kinds of reading during the translation process, and it does so through the exploration of recordings of eye movement data. The chapter specifically identifies and discusses four types of reading during translation: source text reading, source text reading while typing, reading of existing target text, and reading of emerging target text. The study identifies considerable differences in terms of fixation duration, fixation count and pupil size for the four different types of reading. These differences are explained by the different reading purposes and task objectives underlying each type of reading.
From process to product
Authors: Vieira Lucas Nunes
Published: September 2017

Post-editing of machine translation (MT) is now increasingly implemented in the human translation workflow after studies in both industry and academia have demonstrated the efficacy of this practice. Post-editing still involves open questions, however, such as how best to train post-editors and how to estimate the effort required by post-editing tasks. In attempting to address some of these questions, many previous studies investigate the post-editing process, but less research has focused on the post-edited product. This chapter examines the link between the process and product of post-editing by checking to see how post-editing effort data relates to the quality of post-edited texts, assessed in terms of fluency (linguistic quality) and adequacy (translation accuracy). A statistical analysis indicated that the association between editing operations and the fluency of post-edited texts is dependent on the quality of the raw MT output. Interestingly, a negative association was observed between the number of eye fixations on the text and the quality of the post-edited translations. The chapter shows empirical evidence supporting the distinction between the concepts of translation fluency and adequacy, and postulates that automatic processes play a central role in post-editing performance.
Translation technology and learner performance
Authors: Morin Katell Hernandez , Barbin Franck , Moreau Fabienne , Toudic Daniel , Phuez-Favris Gaëlle
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how a three-dimensional translation quality assessment grid (based on error type, effect and criticality) can be used to assess student translation performance with three different tools (standalone TM system, speech recognition and post-edited machine translation). The study was professionally-oriented, using a technical English-language source text, short deadlines for completion of each translation, and professional quality criteria. Group and individual performance in the translation of five 500-word extracts were assessed for quality and efficiency, with and without translation tools, using our assessment grid. The factors affecting group and individual performance and possible correlations between tool and performance were studied. The potential usefulness of the grid as a fine-grained training and professional assessment tool is discussed.
Symptoms of common mental disorders and related stressors in Danish professional football and handball
Authors: Kilic Özgür , Aoki Haruhito , Haagensen Rasmus , Jensen Claus , Johnson Urban , Kerkhoffs Gino M. M. J. , Gouttebarge Vincent
Published: September 2017

The aim of the study was twofold, namely (i) to determine the prevalence of symptoms of common mental disorders (CMDs) among current and retired professional football and handball players and (ii) to explore the relationship of psychosocial stressors with the outcome measures under study. A total of 1155 players were enrolled in an observational study based on a cross‐sectional design. Questionnaires based on validated scales were set up and distributed among current and retired professional football and handball players by the Danish football and handball players’ union. In professional football, the highest prevalence (4 weeks) of symptoms of CMDs was 18% and 19% for anxiety/depression among current and retired players, respectively. In professional handball, the highest prevalence (4 weeks) of symptoms of CMDs was 26% and 16% for anxiety/depression among current and retired players, respectively. For both the current and retired professional football and handball players, a higher number of severe injuries and recent adverse life events (LE) were related to the presence of symptoms of CMD. Players exposed to severe injuries and/or recent adverse LE were 20–50% times more likely to report symptoms of CMD. The results suggest that it is possible to recognize the population of professional athletes that are more likely to develop symptoms of CMD. This could create the opportunity to intervene preventively on athletes that suffered from severe injury and/or recent adverse LE that could lead to a faster and safer recovery and psychological readiness to return to play.
Human Energy and Vital Substances
Authors: Yang Jingduan , Monti Daniel A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter begins with a thorough discussion of the concepts of human energy, Qi (pronounced Chi), and other vital life substances, the balance of which are the goals of acupuncture. The detailed discussion and elaboration in this chapter includes classifications such as Yuan Qi, Zong Qi, Ying Qi, Wei Qi, Qi of Zang Fu (internal organs), and Jing Luo (energy channels known as meridians), and the origin (prenatal or postnatal), production (participating internal organs), distribution (direction of energy flows), and function of Qi, Blood, Essences (Jing), and Fluid (Jing Ye) that maintain normal physical and mental function throughout life. These concepts parallel modern medical concepts described in electrophysiology and biochemistry and are the first stepping stone in comprehending acupuncture and Chinese medicine.
Pathophysiology of Yin and Yang
Authors: Yang Jingduan , Monti Daniel A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the key concept of Yin and Yang as the main categorization of energies. Evaluating imbalances of Yin and Yang is the focus of this important discussion because the goal of acupuncture treatment, to maintain a healthy body and mind, depends on the balance of Yin and Yang. It describes Yin and Yang deficiencies, such as deficiencies of Heart Yin, Liver Yin, Lung Yin, Spleen Yang, Kidney Yin or Yang, and Stomach Yin. Yang excess is also described, such as Stomach food stagnation; dampness and heat in the Gallbladder, Liver, Bladder, and Intestines; phlegm and heat stagnation in the Heart and Gallbladder; excessive Liver wind or rising fire; and Yang in the Liver.
The Extra Acupuncture Points
Authors: Yang Jingduan , Monti Daniel A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes in detail the location, energetic functions, and clinical indications of extra acupuncture points that are distributed in the head, upper extremities, hands, back, abdomen, lower extremities, and feet. These points do not belong to any of the energy channels and are mostly documented empirically for their unique functions. The functions of each extra point still mainly come from its specific location, its associations with specific organs, and its connection with an energy channel. The clinical indications for treatment of certain mental and physical dysfunctions caused by channel blockage and organ energetic imbalance are discussed in detail as well.
Therapeutic Strategy of Acupuncture
Authors: Yang Jingduan , Monti Daniel A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the development of treatment strategies after readers have learned energetic anatomy, physiology, psychology, pathophysiology, and diagnostic techniques and formulations. It provides details on balancing excesses or deficiencies of Yin, Yang, Qi, and Blood; on managing excesses of wind, heat, phlegm, and dampness; on dealing with stagnation of Qi and stasis of Blood; and on treating multiple organ energy imbalances. It provides advice on how to manage acute and chronic conditions and how to manage symptoms and treat underlying causes simultaneously. It discusses the specifics that are unique to treating women, children, adolescents, and the elderly because their energetic natures are different from one another.
Adjunctive Therapies
Authors: Yang Jingduan , Monti Daniel A.
Published: September 2017

Acupuncture is one of the major therapeutic modalities in the system of ancient Chinese medicine, and it must be used in the context of Chinese medicine as an effective and complete clinical discipline. The other modalities of ancient and modern times that are based on Chinese medical theories and practices are considered here as adjunctive therapies. They include Chinese herbal medicine, moxibustion, Tui Na, Gua Sha, cupping, auricular acupuncture, scalp acupuncture, and neuro-emotional techniques. They are used in conjunction with body acupuncture and as an alternative when acupuncture is not available. Among them, Chinese herbal medicine is discussed in greatest detail because it dominates Chinese medical practice today in China and is often misunderstood and misused by modern medical professionals and consumers.
Modern Studies of Acupuncture
Authors: Yang Jingduan , Monti Daniel A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents some examples of modern research on acupuncture. They include studies on the physiological nature of acupuncture points and of acupuncture’s impact on the functions of the immune, endocrine, nerve, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems. It also includes examples of clinical studies on the safety and efficacy of acupuncture on various clinical medical and psychiatric conditions such as asthma, infertility, gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD), endometriosis, chronic pain, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. It discusses the confusion in research conclusions caused by methodological deficits in study designs and interventions, and it initiates a discussion on the future direction of studies that benefit advances in modern medicine rather than judging acupuncture using pharmaceutical models of research that are unable to visualize and measure human energy.
Musculoskeletal and orthopaedic emergencies
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

A knowledge of bone and soft tissue injuries is required for an emergency medicine trainee. This chapter provides information on the classification and management of different types of fractures and dislocation which may commonly appear in the short-answer question (SAQ) paper. It also covers common rheumatological problems such as gout or infective arthritis and their associated diagnosis and management. The Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum includes both traumatic and atraumatic limb problems, which this chapter reflects. This chapter also covers the diagnosis and management of specific hand injuries and wound infections, which may appear as any aspect of the Intermediate FRCEM examination.
Evaluation of malingering in corrections
Authors: Knoll James L.
Published: September 2017

Recognizing when someone is not being truthful is challenging. Multiple tests of malingering have been developed for forensic purposes. Malingered mental illness in the correctional setting poses a complicated dilemma. Many factors change the typical presentation and detection strategies, and inaccurate determinations have serious consequences. Detection requires a thorough knowledge of the characteristics of genuine psychiatric illness, a systematic approach to evaluation, identification of objective indicators, and use of scientifically validated psychological tests when necessary. The detection of malingering in corrections is necessary to ensure the judicious use of limited resources, and to bring diagnostic accuracy to assessments. A comprehensive, systematic approach is required. The clinician must assemble evidence from a thorough evaluation, clinical records, collateral data, and psychological testing when necessary. A conclusion of malingering is best supported with multiple factual bases. The correctional setting provides many unique challenges to detecting malingered mental illness. The finding that an inmate patient has malingered symptoms does not rule out the presence of true mental illness, and a determination of malingering should not exclude the inmate from receiving needed mental health services. How structured tests and other clinical skills may be used in treatment decisions in jail and prison settings is the content of this chapter.
Medication administration and management
Authors: Knox Catherine M.
Published: September 2017

The courts and professional organizations recognize access to clinically appropriate and timely treatment with psychotropic medication as an essential element of an adequate correctional mental health system. While receiving treatment, incarcerated patients must be monitored and supervised clinically so that optimal patient outcomes are achieved. For many mentally ill inmates incarceration is an opportunity to receive treatment that was not accessible in the community; in one study only one third of those diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder were receiving medication at the time of arrest compared to two thirds during incarceration. There are many steps, people, and processes involved in getting medication to the patient within a correctional facility. The major components of pharmacy services are prescribing, dispensing, distribution and continuity. The structural aspects of medication administration can also be altered to improve adherence. These include simplifying the medication regime by reducing the number of doses each day, changing to a long acting preparation, and administering medication at times and in ways that are safer and more convenient for the patient and yet clinically acceptable. Reducing reasons for medication discontinuity due to transfers and schedule conflicts also reduces the incidence of adverse events and optimizes treatment efficacy. Almost universally, all medication administration to psychiatric patients in jails and prisons is through directly observed therapy. This allows for opportunities and challenges for correctional patient care in medication lines and on cell blocks or dormitories. This chapter reviews the structural, procedural, and clinical concerns of medication administration and management in jails and prisons.
Applicability of the recovery model in corrections
Authors: Pinals Debra A. , Andrade Joel T.
Published: September 2017

Mental health professionals and substance use providers have worked with “recovery” concepts for many years. President Bush’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health spoke to important aspects of mental health care systems that were challenged, recognizing that “care must focus on increasing consumers’ ability to successfully cope with life’s challenges, on facilitating recovery, and on building resilience, [and] not just on managing symptoms.” Furthermore, the report went on to state that “recovery will be the common, recognized outcome of mental health services.” These words related to general mental health services, and yet correctional settings have become a place where mental health services are increasingly needed. Prisons and jails, however, are built around confinement and the general principles of sentencing that include retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. Thus it might seem that there is such a fundamental distinction between a prison or jail and a place of treatment that a “recovery” orientation seems inappropriate or unrealistic. In this chapter, we address recovery, describing various ways of defining this construct. We also review potential considerations related to recovery-oriented services that may be feasible and even helpful within correctional environments, and describe some of the tensions between recovery and responsibility in the context of working with an offender population. Finally, we present recommendations for combining evidence-based treatments for incarcerated individuals with a recovery based model for inmates with mental health needs.
Aggression
Authors: Trestman Robert L.
Published: September 2017

Managing aggression is a challenge for psychiatry in all settings. Recognizing opportunities for appropriate assessment and intervention in correctional settings is an important component of correctional psychiatry. Studies reflect significant risks of violence for both correctional officers and inmates. Although prison homicides occur at rates below estimated community homicide rates, the rate of non-lethal violence is substantial. The data for assault are less clear, as definitions of what constitutes assault vary. Inmate-on-inmate assault has been estimated to range from 2 per 1000 inmates to as high as 200 per 1000 inmates. However assault is defined, correctional officers who have been the target of offender violence have elevated risk of emotional exhaustion and burnout. Effectively addressing aggression requires a thoughtful and comprehensive approach that may incorporate elements of environmental management, evaluation of potential motivating factors, differential diagnosis, and a coordinated intervention. This always involves includes effective communication among stakeholders including the patient. Recommended milieu changes and psychotherapeutic and / or pharmacologic interventions need to be explicitly defined; available data are described in this chapter. Consistent oversight and follow up to measure the effects of each component of the intervention(s) is critical, as aggressive behavior may be both habitual and episodic. This chapter reviews the factors that contribute to the broad range of assaultive behavior observed in correctional settings, and some of the pragmatic issues and opportunities for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of aggressive behaviors, both impulsive and predatory.