bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Next Level
Authors: Schafer David K. DeBono , LeBlanc Steven A.
Published: January 2019

The first truly successful efforts to automate museum collection records took place in the late 1980s. The goal then was to get the basic paper records (the catalogue cards) into electronic form. This was soon followed by very primitive efforts to have an associated image of the object linked to the computer record. Today, about 25 years later, we can initially feel that “we have done that.” Most museums have some form of automated records. These are extremely useful and it is hard to imagine how we ever functioned with just paper. Yet, technological advances have been so rapid that most museums are still far behind what is potentially well within our grasp. Our goal in this article is to show what can be accomplished, how easily it can be realized, and the benefits of reaching the Next Level. We focus on the Peabody Museum both because we know it well, but also because the Peabody is one of the oldest museums in the country, so we probably have all the problems and issues one is likely to ever encounter (we have records written with quill pens!). Moreover, the collections are large. We have 600,000 catalog records representing six million items and over 400,000 historic photographs, along with vast quantities of archival material. Thus, we have had to find solutions that scale up, and can be done quickly and cheaply enough to make meaningful headway on our collections.
Analyzing the Holes in the Art of Appraising
Authors: Heineman Anna
Published: January 2019

When a client hires an appraiser, he or she often assumes that the appraiser will give the correct value to the object. Yet, in the field of art appraising, when an appraiser misattributes a work of art or places an inappropriate value on an object either through malfeasance or negligence, it is the client whose pocketbook is at stake. The appraiser can be legally found at fault, but the onus is on the client to sue if the appraised value is too high or too low. This article aims to analyze the holes in the art appraisal system that can negatively affect the value placed on objects and offers recommendations of what to look for when commissioning an appraiser.
A Comparative Case Study of the Charleston Museum during its First Formative 150 Years
Authors: Stiefel Barry L.
Published: January 2019

Founded in 1773 in the South Carolina colony, three years prior to American independence, the Charleston Museum was established as the first museum in what would become the United States. Originally, when first instituted by the Charleston Library Society (as a subscription library in 1748), the intent was to model the Charleston Museum on the British Museum. This paper examines the Charleston Museum's trajectory as a collecting institution from its origins in cabinets of curiosities held at library and philosophical societies and small colleges of higher education to its independence as an institution and multiple structures (both historic and modern). In addition to examining the aforementioned connection with the British Museum, this paper compares the Charleston Museum with two other early American institutions—the Library Company and the Peale Museum—in order to draw out an understanding of the evolution of collections and exhibitions.
Establishing Workflows and Opening Access to Data within Natural History Collections
Authors: Orli Sylvia , Bird Jessica
Published: January 2019

The Smithsonian Transcription Center (TC) is a transcription platform for a wide variety of collection items for the Smithsonian museums and units. The National Museum of Natural History (NAANH) collection items present a unique challenge for the TC, as the labels on these items contain a variety of information, requiring a complex transcription template. In addition, the transcribed collection data must be imported back to the NAANH database (EAAu Museum Management System) with prescribed formatting. The Departments of Botany and Entomology at NMNH have worked with the TC through these challenges to create a workflow that addresses these issues while providing high-quality data at a rapid rate. Suggestions for further improvement are examined as well.
Engineering a Digitization Workflow to Accommodate Crowdsourcing
Authors: Ferrante Riccardo
Published: January 2019

Utilizing crowdsourcing to make an organization's cultural heritage material more accessible can be a cumbersome and resource-intensive process. Without a digitization workflow designed to facilitate the use of image sets in multiple ways on a variety of platforms, large-scale crowdsourcing would be out of reach for the Smithsonian Institution Archives (SIA). However, such a workflow can also be a natural extension of regular operations. SIA's incorporation of crowdsourcing preparation into its normal digital preservation and access operations demonstrates how an organization can achieve higher levels of audience engagement and acquire high-quality enriched data while avoiding heavy impacts to existing staff resources. This brief article outlines digitization workflows, material selection, and the underpinning principles and practices that the SIA employs and offers these as one possibility for organizations to consider before embarking on such a project.
More than Merely Transcription
Authors: Rosenfeld Christine
Published: January 2019

This article seeks to understand the practices that digital volunteers of the Smithsonian's Transcription Center (TC) engage in aside from transcribing. A thematic analysis of the Twitter feed @TranscribeSI demonstrates that volunteers are doing much more than just transcribing; they are additionally engaging in critical archival practices regarding reflexivity and filling in gaps in the historical record. Museums that hope to foster deep engagement among volunteers and to create a sustained community of virtual museumgoers may wish to model their digital initiatives on those of the TC. Doing so will ensure that museums move beyond mere data extraction toward building complex relationships with audiences through online initiatives.
Rediscovering Physical Collections through the Digital Archive: The Jesuit Libraries Provenance Project
Authors: Roberts Kyle B.
Published: January 2019

Historic library collections offer a rich and underexplored resource for teaching undergraduate and graduate students about new digital approaches, methodologies, and platforms. Their scope and scale can make them difficult to analyze in their physical form, but remediated onto a digital platform, they offer valuable insights into the process of archive creation and the importance of making their content available to audiences that cannot normally access it. The Jesuit Libraries Provenance Project (JLPP) was launched by students, faculty, and library professionals in 2014 to create an online archive of marks of ownership—bookplates, stamps, inscriptions—contained within books from the original library collection of St. Ignatius College, precursor to Loyola University Chicago. The project grew out of student work for a university museum exhibition commemorating the bi-centennial of the restoration of the Society of Jesus (more commonly known as the Jesuits). Utilizing the popular social media image-sharing site Flickr, the JLPP seeks to foster a participatory community of students, scholars, collectors, and the broader public interested in the history of early and modern Catholic print and the intellectual framework and approach of 19th-century Jesuit education. Initially intended to provide students with the chance to learn how to conceptualize, plan, and build a digital archive, the JLPP has proven equally effective for teaching about digital scholarship, shared authority, and, rather unexpectedly, about the materiality of collections in the digital age
Crossroads and Intersections in the Post-Physical Archival Landscape: A Case Study at Middle Tennessee State University
Authors: Knowles Susan W.
Published: January 2019

This article traces the development of Southern Places, an online digital collection developed by Middle Tennessee State University's Center for Historic Preservation (CHP) and the James E. Walker Library for the purpose of creating a digital presence for the Center's work over the past thirty years. After outlining previous digitization projects undertaken by the CHP in partnership with the Walker Library and other institutions, attention is paid to the technical decisions made in terms of the selection of a content management system and Web hosting, metadata protocols, and the place of shared authority in the contemporary, post-physical archival landscape. The article also describes recent digitization and access efforts at Middle Tennessee State University and partnerships with other universities, libraries, and archives across the state.
Engaging the Materiality of the Archive in the Digital Age
Authors: Tebeau Mark
Published: January 2019

This article asks how public audiences are negotiating the material world of archives and artifacts in the digital age. The digital age would seem to have diminished the physical experience of the archive and artifact, creating a world of pure information. However, the binary of virtual and physical obscures more than it explains. In recent years, digital tools have begun to reconnect public audiences to the physical world in sometimes surprising ways. This article draws examples from interpretive projects using mobile devices, crowdsourcing in museum environments, and explorations of digital audio to show how physical experiences of cities, museums, and sound have taken on greater interpretive weight and salience as a result of digital interventions. Finally, it considers the implications of such digital interventions for curatorial practice, asking how digital tools can accentuate the ways that history is both contained in and expressed through material archives and artifacts.
20th-century Bronx Childhood: Recalling the Faces and Voices
Authors: Munch Janet Butler
Published: January 2019

A popular photographic exhibit on childhood, originally featured in the Lehman College Art Gallery in the Bronx, New York, was brought to life two decades later through a library digitization grant. The website Childhood in the Bronx ( http://www.lehman.edu/library/childhood-bronx/home.htm ) features 61 photographs of boys and girls with family or friends, at play, on streets, and in parks, schools, shelters, hospitals, and other locales. Oral history sound excerpts about their childhood, not heard in the original exhibit, complement the 18 vintage photographs shown. The combination of images with the spoken word enhances the user's sensory experience with deeper meaning and enjoyment. This article discusses how the project was accomplished and what can be learned from the Lehman digitization team's experience.
The Louisiana State Museum Music Collection Oral Histories: Digitization, Preservation, and Use
Authors: Kunian David
Published: January 2019

The Louisiana State Museum, a statewide network of National Historic Landmarks, architecturally significant structures, and half a million artifacts, has a robust collection of oral histories with New Orleans jazz originators, revival figures, and other New Orleans and Louisiana musicians. This collection of oral histories consists of more than 300 interviews in the following formats: reel-to-reel and cassette tapes, digital audiotape, videotape, CD and DVD, and assorted digital file formats, such as WAV, MP3, and MP4. This article examines the range of the Music Collection, explains its value, and makes the case for digitization and preservation. Finally, the article provides examples of use in on-site exhibitions as well as online dissemination through the New Orleans Jazz Museum.
Research method of vehicle rollover mechanism under critical instability condition
Authors: Li Bo , Bei Shaoyi
Published: January 2019

In this article, a novel rollover prediction algorithm is developed for application on vehicles with large lateral velocity and high center of gravity. Lateral energy is the direct cause of rollover. Rollover prediction model is proposed by taking full account of the impact of the pavement, tire, and suspension and realizes the estimation of the vehicle lateral energy. By calculating the ratio of real-time lateral energy reserve and rollover threshold, the degree of rollover risk is obtained. The double-shift experiment and the Fishhook experiment are performed to verify the accuracy and suitability of the proposed model, and the proposed prediction is 0.2 s ahead of the actual liftoff situation and 0.45 s ahead of the actual rollover situation; therefore, the proposed rollover model can be regarded as an effective method.
Rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model of a flexible planar parallel robot for modal characteristics research
Authors: Sheng Lianchao , Li Wei , Wang Yuqiao , Yang Xuefeng , Fan Mengbao
Published: January 2019

The increasing applications of flexible parallel robots in industrial production have presented the advantages of light weight and high speed, but at the same time, the elastic vibration problem has emerged. By investigating the modal features of flexible parallel robots so as to suppress the elastic vibration, with pinned-pinned as flexible intermediate links boundary conditions, this article analyzes the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic mathematical model of the 3-RRR (3-Rotate-Rotate-Rotate) flexible planar parallel robot with flexible intermediate links. The effect of the extremity concentrated rotation inertia of flexible intermediate links is considered in the mathematical model. Besides, the effect of inertia and coupling force on the dynamic model and the first three-order vibration responses of flexible intermediate links were discussed based on the established model. The corresponding spectrum characteristics were studied using fast Fourier transform. Comparing the frequency characteristics obtained by theoretical model and modal experiment, it was found that the results obtained by the dynamic mathematical model are quite close to the test results. Less dynamic parameters make it convenient to carry out the control program.
An assessment of the relationship between driving skills and driving behaviors among Chinese bus drivers
Authors: Zhang Zuobo , Ma Tianshan , Ji Nuoya , Hu Zhe , Zhu Wenying
Published: January 2019

To provide helpful suggestions to bus companies regarding reducing the number of bus accidents and improving public transportation safety, we further researched the relationship between driving skills and driving behaviors; bus drivers from six bus companies of the Hefei Bus Group were investigated. The reliability and validity of the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire, the Driver Skill Inventory, and 287 valid questionnaires were tested; the relationships between the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire and Driver Skill Inventory factors were explored; and their influence on traffic accidents was analyzed by structural equation modeling. Significant positive associations were found between driving experience and safety motive, whereas negative relationships were found between errors and safety motive. Safety motive has a negative effect on violations, and violations are the most important factor leading to traffic accidents. Therefore, bus companies should enhance safety education, and interventions should not only directly relate to the involvement of bus drivers in traffic accidents but also consider the role played by violations.
Not Having Been Breastfed May Protect Chinese Women From Developing Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis: Results From Subgroup Analyses of the FEELING Study
Authors: Dai Yi , Zhang Xinmei , Xue Min , Zhou Yingfang , Sun Pengran , Leng Jinhua
Published: January 2019

Background:

This study aimed to investigate potential factors, especially early-life exposures, associated with endometrioma (OMA) and/or deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) in Chinese women.

Methods:

This is a subgroup analyses of the FEELING study, which was a case–control study that investigated the clinical, lifestyle, and environmental factors associated with OMA and/or DIE in China, Russia, and France. In this subgroup analysis, the data for the Chinese participants were further analyzed using logistic regression model.

Results:

All women (N = 546) had fully completed the questionnaire. The mean age of the participants was 31.8 (range: 18-41) years. Univariable analysis showed that noncyclic chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea intensity class, and whether breastfed during infancy were distributed differently between patients with OMA or DIE and those with no endometriosis (non-EM) or superficial peritoneal endometriosis (SUP; P < .05). Multivariable analysis revealed that not having been breastfed was a protective factor against OMA and DIE (odds ratio [OR] = 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16-0.69). Further analysis indicated not having been breastfed was a protective factor for DIE compared with non-EM (OR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.02-0.88) and with OMA + SUP (OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04-0.85) but was not a protective factor for OMA compared with non-EM (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.32-1.36) and with SUP (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.31-1.30).

Conclusion:

This is the first study suggesting that not having been breastfed might protect against DIE in Chinese women.
Hyponatremia at discharge is associated with adverse prognosis in acute heart failure syndromes with preserved ejection fraction: a report from the JASPER registry
Authors: Sato Yu , Yoshihisa Akiomi , Oikawa Masayoshi , Nagai Toshiyuki , Yoshikawa Tsutomu , Saito Yoshihiko , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Takeishi Yasuchika , Anzai Toshihisa
Published: January 2019

Introduction:

Hyponatremia predicts adverse prognosis in patients with heart failure in particular with reduced ejection fraction. In contrast, it has recently been reported that hyponatremia on admission is not a predictor of post-discharge mortality in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. We investigated the prognostic impact of hyponatremia at discharge in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and its clinical characteristics.

Methods and results:

The Japanese Heart Failure Syndrome with Preserved Ejection Fraction (JASPER) registry is a nationwide, observational, prospective registration of consecutive Japanese patients hospitalised with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and left ventricular ejection fraction of 50% or greater. Five hundred consecutive patients were enrolled in this analysis. We divided the patients into two groups based on their sodium serum levels at discharge: hyponatremia group (sodium <135 mEq/L, n=50, 10.0%) and control group (sodium ⩾135 mEq/L, n=450, 90.0%). This present analysis had two primary endpoints: all-cause death and all-cause death or rehospitalisation for heart failure. At discharge, the hyponatremia group had lower systolic blood pressure (110.0 mmHg vs. 114.5 mmHg, P=0.014) and higher levels of urea nitrogen (31.9 mg/dL vs. 24.2 mg/dL, P=0.032). In the Kaplan–Meier analysis, more patients in the hyponatremia group reached the primary endpoints than those in the control group (log rank <0.01, respectively). In the Cox proportional hazard analysis, hyponatremia at discharge was a predictor of the two endpoints (all-cause death, hazard ratio 2.708, 95% confidence interval 1.557–4.708, P<0.001; all-cause death or rehospitalisation for heart failure, hazard ratio 1.829, 95% confidence interval 1.203–2.780, P=0.005).

Conclusions:

Hyponatremia at discharge is associated with adverse prognosis in hospitalised patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
A novel injectable thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system for facilitating endoscopic submucosal dissection procedure
Authors: Zhu Yan , Xu Jia-Xin , Cheng Jing , Zhang Zhen , Zhu Bo-Qun , Chen Tian-Yin , Xu Xiao-Yue , Wang Yun , Cai Ming-Yan , Zhou Ping-Hong
Published: January 2019

Background and aims

Making an optimal and lasting submucosal cushion is critical for endoscopic submucosal dissection. The thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system composed of poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188 might be an excellent submucosal injection solution considering the unique feature that it remains liquid at room temperature and becomes gelatinous after being injected in the submucosa of the digestive tract. The present study focuses on preparing the thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system and testing its capacity in mucosal lifting and its role in the endoscopic submucosal dissection procedure.

Methods

Various concentrations of poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188 were added to normal saline. The gelation temperature viscosity of the thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system was measured to choose the best formula. The thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system and normal saline were first compared in extracted porcine stomach. For in vivo study, the thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system and normal saline were compared for facilitating the endoscopic submucosal dissection procedure.

Results

Among the 46 kinds of thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system, gelation temperatures of the thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system I (poloxamer 407/poloxamer 188, 17%/0.5%, w/w) and the thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system II (poloxamer 407/poloxamer 188, 18%/2%, w/w) were among the ideal range of gelation temperature. The injecting pressure in vitro study of thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system II was significantly higher than that of thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system I and normal saline (p < 0.001). Sixteen gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection procedures were performed in a porcine model. The initial volume of normal saline injection (13.88 ± 3.91 ml vs 5.88 ± 3.44 ml, p = 0.001) was significantly larger than the thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system group. The postoperative wound showed a significant difference in the two groups (p = 0.023) indicating that the thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system can create a cleaner wound.

Conclusions

Considering the gelation temperature, viscosity, injection pressure, and the height of the mucosal elevation, the thermo‐sensitive binary hydrogels system I was the better submucosal injection solution.
Estimates of Ripple-Density Resolution Based on the Discrimination From Rippled and Nonrippled Reference Signals
Authors: Nechaev Dmitry I. , Milekhina Olga N. , Supin Alexander Ya
Published: January 2019

Rippled-spectrum stimuli are used to evaluate the resolution of the spectro-temporal structure of sounds. Measurements of spectrum-pattern resolution imply the discrimination between the test and reference stimuli. Therefore, estimates of rippled-pattern resolution could depend on both the test stimulus and the reference stimulus type. In this study, the ripple-density resolution was measured using combinations of two test stimuli and two reference stimuli. The test stimuli were rippled-spectrum signals with constant phase or rippled-spectrum signals with ripple-phase reversals. The reference stimuli were rippled-spectrum signals with opposite ripple phase to the test or nonrippled signals. The spectra were centered at 2 kHz and had an equivalent rectangular bandwidth of 1 oct and a level of 70 dB sound pressure level. A three-alternative forced-choice procedure was combined with an adaptive procedure. With rippled reference stimuli, the mean ripple-density resolution limits were 8.9 ripples/oct (phase-reversals test stimulus) or 7.7 ripples/oct (constant-phase test stimulus). With nonrippled reference stimuli, the mean resolution limits were 26.1 ripples/oct (phase-reversals test stimulus) or 22.2 ripples/oct (constant-phase test stimulus). Different contributions of excitation-pattern and temporal-processing mechanisms are assumed for measurements with rippled and nonrippled reference stimuli: The excitation-pattern mechanism is more effective for the discrimination of rippled stimuli that differ in their ripple-phase patterns, whereas the temporal-processing mechanism is more effective for the discrimination of rippled and nonrippled stimuli.
What evidence exists relating to effectiveness of ecotechnologies in agriculture for the recovery and reuse of carbon and nutrients in the Baltic and boreo-temperate regions? A systematic map protocol
Authors: Haddaway Neal R. , Piniewski Mikołaj , Macura Biljana
Published: January 2019

Background

The degradation of the water quality of the Baltic Sea is an ongoing problem, despite investments in measures to reduce external inputs of pollutants and nutrients from both diffuse and point sources. Excessive inputs of nutrients coming from the surrounding land are among the primary causes of the Baltic Sea eutrophication. Diffuse sources, of which most originate from agricultural activities, are two dominant riverine pollution pathways for both nitrogen and phosphorus. Recently, there is growing attention on the reuse of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural waste streams. However, to our knowledge, no comprehensive and systematic assessment of ecotechnologies focusing on recovery or reuse of these substances in the agricultural sector is available.

Methods

This map will examine what evidence exists relating to effectiveness of ecotechnologies (here defined as ‘human interventions in social-ecological systems in the form of practices and/or biological, physical, and chemical processes designed to minimise harm to the environment and provide services of value to society’) in agriculture for the reuse of carbon and/or nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in the Baltic Sea region and boreo-temperate systems. We will search for both academic and grey literature: English language searches will be performed in 4 bibliographic databases and search platforms, and Google Scholar, while searches in 38 specialist websites will be performed in English, Finnish, Polish and Swedish. The searches will be restricted to the period 2013 to 2017. Eligibility screening will be conducted at two levels: title and abstract (screened concurrently for efficiency) and full text. Meta-data will be extracted from eligible studies including bibliographic details, study location, ecotechnology name and description, type of outcome (i.e. recovered or reused carbon and/or nutrients), type of ecotechnology in terms of recovery source, and type of reuse (in terms of the end-product). Findings will be presented narratively and in a searchable geographically explicit database, visualised in an evidence atlas (an interactive geographical information system). Knowledge gaps and knowledge clusters in the evidence base will be identified and described.
Fracability evaluation of lacustrine shale by integrating brittleness and fracture toughness
Authors: Huang Cheng , Yang Chao , Shen Feng
Published: January 2019

Rock brittleness and fracture toughness are important parameters for evaluating rock fracability. The stress-strain curves indicate that the lacustrine shale is strongly brittle. Brittle failure occurs rapidly when the stress of the lacustrine shale reaches its peak value. In addition, the lacustrine shale has different plastic strains before and after peak stress; this can relax the stress concentration of the crack tips. Therefore, the plastic strain that occurs before and after the peak stress can cause decreasing brittleness, which can be used to distinguish the brittleness and fracability in the formation of the lacustrine shale clearly. Moreover, this further enlarges the difference in the brittleness index. Based on the influence of plastic strain on brittleness, we have developed a new brittleness evaluation method that uses the ratio of linear elastic strain energy to the total strain energy before complete rock failure, which can indicate the difference of the lacustrine shale clearly. Fracture toughness is another important parameter that impacts the fracture extension and influences fracability. Based on the impact of brittleness and fracture toughness on the fracability, we have developed a new fracability evaluation method. The brittleness index increases with increases in the quartz content, and it decreases with increases in the albite feldspar and calcite contents. The fracture toughness decreases with increases in the quartz and clay contents, and it increases with increases in the siderite content. In addition, we established an empirical formula that can evaluate the brittleness index and the fracture toughness using mineral contents obtained from elemental logging. Using the new fracability evaluation method to optimize the fracturing stage, the preliminary field test indicates that the new approach was effective in the lacustrine shale formation.
An offshore Gulf of Mexico case study applying full-waveform inversion
Authors: Vigh Denes , Jiao Kun , Cheng Xin , Sun Dong , Glaccum Kate
Published: January 2019

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a high-resolution earth model-building technique based on recorded seismic data. Conventional FWI usually relies on diving and refracted waves to update the low-wavenumber/background components of the model; however, the update based on transmitted energy is often depth limited due to the limited offset range of the acquired data. To extend the FWI updating depth beyond the transmitted energy limits, we must use reflection data. Recently, industry interest has resumed in the potential for automated subsurface model-building, especially in complex geologic settings (e.g., salts), through data-driven minimization such as FWI. The business impact of such an automatic model-building technique would be significant in that it is proposed to improve the efficiency of any model-building exercise involving structural complexity and high uncertainty in seismic image interpretation. An ultimate expectation for the FWI technique is to build or update the salt geometry because these complex bodies have a first-order impact on image quality. We evaluate several examples using FWI for building a subsurface model, including salt boundary and salt velocity delineation, in geologically complex areas in the western Gulf of Mexico. The geology there comprises rugose and deformed shallow salt bodies with intracanopy high dip and close-proximity structures, resulting from regional basinward gliding and associated compressional mechanisms. Given the challenges for model building in such a complex setting, a data-fitting approach such as FWI with access to the full reflectivity record is proposed to provide practical solutions for an effective salt model update. Improving confidence in the seismic image and subsequent geologic understanding remains the core objective.
Warping least-squares inversion for 4D velocity change: Gulf of Mexico case study
Authors: Li Chang , Meadows Mark , Dygert Todd
Published: January 2019

We have developed a new trace-based, warping least-squares inversion method to quantify 4D velocity changes. There are two steps to solve for these velocity changes: (1) dynamic warping with phase constraints to align the baseline and monitor traces and (2) least-squares inversion for 4D velocity changes incorporating the time shifts and 4D amplitude differences (computed after trace alignment by warping). We have demonstrated this new inversion workflow using simple synthetic layered models. For the noise-free case, phase-constrained warping is superior to standard, amplitude-based warping by improving trace alignment, resulting in more accurate inverted velocity changes (less than 1% error). For synthetic data with 6% rms noise, inverted velocity changes are reasonably accurate (less than 10% error). Additional inversion tests with migrated finite-difference data shot over a realistic anticline model result in less than 10% error. The inverted velocity changes on a 4D field data set from the Gulf of Mexico are more interpretable and consistent with the dynamic reservoir model than those estimated from the conventional time-strain method.
A crucial role for Arf6 in the response of commissural axons to Slit
Authors: Kinoshita-Kawada Mariko , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Hongu Tsunaki , Yanagi Shigeru , Kanaho Yasunori , Masai Ichiro , Mishima Takayasu , Chen Xiaoping , Tsuboi Yoshio , Rao Yi , Yuasa-Kawada Junichi , Wu Jane Y.
Published: January 2019

A switch in the response of commissural axons to the repellent Slit is crucial for ensuring that they cross the ventral midline only once. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We have found that both endocytosis and recycling of Robo1 receptor are crucial for modulating Slit sensitivity in vertebrate commissural axons. Robo1 endocytosis and its recycling back to the cell surface maintained the stability of axonal Robo1 during Slit stimulation. We identified Arf6 guanosine triphosphatase and its activators, cytohesins, as previously unknown components in Slit-Robo1 signalling in vertebrate commissural neurons. Slit-Robo1 signalling activated Arf6. The Arf6-deficient mice exhibited marked defects in commissural axon midline crossing. Our data showed that a Robo1 endocytosis-triggered and Arf6-mediated positive-feedback strengthens the Slit response in commissural axons upon their midline crossing. Furthermore, the cytohesin-Arf6 pathways modulated this self-enhancement of the Slit response before and after midline crossing, resulting in a switch that reinforced robust regulation of axon midline crossing. Our study provides insights into endocytic trafficking-mediated mechanisms for spatiotemporally controlled axonal responses and uncovers new players in the midline switch in Slit responsiveness of commissural axons.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy in cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review
Authors: Frakulli Rezarta , Buwenge Milly , Macchia Gabriella , Cammelli Silvia , Deodato Francesco , Cilla Savino , Cellini Francesco , Mattiucci Gian C. , Bisello Silvia , Brandi Giovanni , Parisi Salvatore , Morganti Alessio G.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been used in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) but toxicity and clinical results of SBRT in CC are still limited and sparse. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to analyze the results of SBRT in the setting of advanced CC.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane library using the PRISMA methodology. Studies including at least 10 patients with diagnosis of advanced CC regardless of tumor site and other treatments were included. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS) and secondary endpoints were local control (LC) and toxicity rates. The ROBINS-I risk of bias tool was used.

Results

10 studies (231 patients) fulfilled the selection criteria and were included in this review. All but one study showed moderate to serious risk of bias. Median follow up was 15 months (range: 7.8–64.0 months). Pooled 1 year OS was 58.3% (95% CI: 50.2–66.1%) and pooled 2 year OS was 35.5% (95% CI: 22.1–50.1%). Pooled 1 year LC was 83.4%, (95% CI: 76.5–89.4%). The reported toxicities were acceptable and manageable with only one treatment-related death.

Conclusion

The role of SBRT in CC is not yet supported by robust evidence in literature. However, within this limit, preliminary results seem almost comparable to the ones of standard chemotherapy or chemoradiation.

Advances in knowledge

SBRT seems effective in terms of LC with acceptable treatment-related toxicities. Therefore, SBRT can be considered a therapeutic option at least in selected patients with CC, possibly combined with adjuvant chemotherapy (CHT).
Effects of lymph node metastasis of thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma on design of radiotherapy target volume
Authors: Pan Guobing , Pan Haitao , Zhang Yuang , Shuai Haitao
Published: January 2019

Objective: To analyze the correlation between lymph node metastasis of thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), clinical, pathological factors and to provide a reference for the outline of clinical target volume.

Methods: The pathological characteristics of 1034 thoracic ESCC patients after surgery were described, and the correlations between clinical and pathological factors and lymph node metastasis were studied by univariate and Logistic multivariate analyses.

Results: Lymph node metastasis was significantly correlated with tumor length, invasion depth and differentiation degree (P<0.01), but not gender, age, tumor site or pathological type (P>0.05). Logistic multivariate analysis showed that tumor length, invasion depth and differentiation degree were independent risk factors for thoracic ESCC. The lymph node metastasis rates of mid-thoracic ESCC in the middle mediastinum, lower-thoracic ESCC in the lower mediastinum and abdominal cavity were 18.5%, 35.3% and 19.7% respectively in the T1-T2 stage. In the T3-T4 stage, the lymph node metastasis rates of mid-thoracic ESCC in the middle mediastinum and abdominal cavity were 39.6% and 17.4% respectively, and those of lower-thoracic ESCC in middle and lower mediastina and abdominal cavity were 21.1%, 43.4% and 29.8% respectively. Highly/moderately differentiated mid-thoracic ESCC in the middle mediastinum, lower-thoracic ESCC in middle and lower mediastina and abdominal cavity had the lymph node metastasis rates of 34.7%, 15.1%, 33.5% and 23.7% respectively. Lowly differentiated mid-thoracic ESCC in the middle mediastinum and abdominal cavity had the lymph node metastasis rates of 46.9% a 29.6% respectively, and those of lower-thoracic ESCC in middle and lower mediastina and abdominal cavity were 25.5%, 49.1% and 27.3% respectively.

Conclusion: During the outline of radiotherapy target volume for thoracic ESCC, tumor length, invasion depth and differentiation degree should be comprehensively considered to selectively irradiate the regions prone to lymph node metastasis.

How to cite this:Pan G, Pan H, Zhang Y, Shuai H. Effects of lymph node metastasis of thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma on design of radiotherapy target volume. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(1):177-182. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.1.431

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Analysis of CDKN1C in fetal growth restriction and pregnancy loss
Authors: Suntharalingham Jenifer P. , Ishida Miho , Buonocore Federica , del Valle Ignacio , Solanky Nita , Demetriou Charalambos , Regan Lesley , Moore Gudrun E. , Achermann John C.
Published: January 2019

Background: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (CDKN1C) is a key negative regulator of cell growth encoded by a paternally imprinted/maternally expressed gene in humans. Loss-of-function variants in CDKN1C are associated with an overgrowth condition (Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome) whereas “gain-of-function” variants in CDKN1C that increase protein stability cause growth restriction as part of IMAGe syndrome (Intrauterine growth restriction, Metaphyseal dysplasia, Adrenal hypoplasia and Genital anomalies). As two families have been reported with CDKN1C mutations who have fetal growth restriction (FGR)/Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) without adrenal insufficiency, we investigated whether pathogenic variants in CDKN1C could be associated with isolated growth restriction or recurrent loss of pregnancy.

Methods: Analysis of published literature was undertaken to review the localisation of variants in CDKN1C associated with IMAGe syndrome or fetal growth restriction. CDKN1C expression in different tissues was analysed in available RNA-Seq data (Human Protein Atlas). Targeted sequencing was used to investigate the critical region of CDKN1C for potential pathogenic variants in SRS (n=58), FGR (n=26), DNA from spontaneous loss of pregnancy (n= 21) and women with recurrent miscarriages (n=71) (total n=176).

Results: All published single nucleotide variants associated with IMAGe syndrome are located in a highly-conserved “hot-spot” within the PCNA-binding domain of CDKN1C between codons 272-279. Variants associated with familial growth restriction but normal adrenal function currently affect codons 279 and 281. CDKN1C is highly expressed in the placenta compared to adult tissues, which may contribute to the FGR phenotype and supports a role in pregnancy maintenance. In the patient cohorts studied no pathogenic variants were identified in the PCNA-binding domain of CDKN1C.

Conclusion: CDKN1C is a key negative regulator of growth. Variants in a very localised “hot-spot” cause growth restriction, with or without adrenal insufficiency. However, pathogenic variants in this region are not a common cause of isolated fetal growth restriction phenotypes or loss-of-pregnancy/recurrent miscarriages.
HOW TO GET THE CHILDREN'S ATTENTION AT GROUP ENSEMBLE SINGING LESSONS (CHILDREN’S AGE IS FROM 5 TO 7 YEARS)
Authors: Акулова Наталья , Akulova Natalya
Published: January 2019

This article is useful for teachers giving lessons aimed at general development, music and speech therapy. It provides recommendations for working with children with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder).
O uso de ciberataques em eleições e as Relações Internacionais | The use of cyberattacks in elections and International Relations
Authors: Honório Thiago Jacobino
Published: January 2019

Durante a campanha presidencial dos Estados Unidos no ano de 2016 o governo do país acusou agentes de inteligência russa de usarem ataques cibernéticos contra a empresa que produzia softwares que são usados no sistema eleitoral do país. Apesar de interferências em democracias não serem novas, o caso representa uma tendência na qual o meio cibernético torna-se um valioso recurso, pois, com o avanço da tecnologia da informatização os sistemas eleitorais vem se tornando digitalizados acarretando grande vulnerabilidade especialmente para os países em desenvolvimento. O trabalho tem por objetivo expor a questão do uso dos ataques cibernéticos em eleições. Sustenta que haverá uma tendência a este tipo de intervenção como estratégia política de atores internacionais. Como estudo de caso o trabalho irá se basear na eleição dos E.U.A em 2016 e eventos semelhantes no mesmo período.ABSTRACTDuring the United States presidential campaign in 2016, the country's government has accused Russian intelligence agents of using cyber attacks against a company that produces software used in the country's electoral system. Although interference in democracies is not new, the case represents a trend in which the cybernetic medium becomes a valuable resource because the advancement of computer technology electoral systems are becoming digitalised which are causing great vulnerability especially for developing countries. This paper aims to expose the issue of the use of cyber attacks in elections. It sustains that there will be a tendency to this type of intervention as a political strategy of international actors. As a case study the work will be based on the US election in 2016 and similar events in the same period.Palavras-chave: Relações Internacionais; ciberataques; eleiçõesKeywords: International Relations, cyberattacks; elections Recebido em 30 de Janeiro de 2018.
SEGURANÇA HEMISFÉRICA: reformulações e desencontros no pós-Guerra Fria
Authors: Peres Milani Lívia
Published: January 2019

O artigo faz um balanço da reformulação das instituições pan-americanas de Defesa e Segurança Internacional no período posterior à Guerra Fria. O objetivo é analisar o papel dos EUA e contextualizar as modificações no quadro das relações interamericanas. Identifica-se que as reformas resultaram da conjuntura global, partiram de iniciativa dos Estados Unidos e geraram tanto resistência como aceitação na América Latina. O texto divide-se três partes, além da introdução e das considerações finais. Inicialmente, é feito um breve histórico sobre os mecanismos de segurança nas Américas; posteriormente, buscou-se reconstruir em linhas gerais o debate desenvolvido nos fóruns hemisféricos. Por fim, o texto aborda os desencontros entre os países do hemisfério, enfatizando as posições brasileiras e argentinas. O artigo foi produzido com base na revisão de bibliografia, em documentos oficiais dos organismos hemisféricos e, de maneira complementar, em pronunciamentos de representantes dos países da região.
NOVA CONFORMAÇÃO POLÍTICA DO MUNDO E O PAPEL DAS GUERRAS DO GOLFO PÉRSICO E DE KOSOVO: UMA LEITURA A PARTIR DA OBRA IMPÉRIO DE ANTONIO NEGRI E MICHAEL HARD
Authors: Camargo Gabrieli De , Bedin Gilmar Antonio
Published: January 2019

As transformações das últimas décadas, quando vistas em conjunto, estabelecem uma nova conformação do mundo. Essa nova conformação é extremamente complexa e permite várias leituras. O presente texto se preocupa em analisar a interpretação feita Antonio Negri e Michael Hardt na obra Império (2001). Nesse contexto, se preocupa em apresentar alguns pressupostos da obra referida (em especial a ideia de biopoder) e sua interpretação das guerras do Golfo Pérsico, de 1991, e de Kosovo, de 1999. Por fim, destaca-se que o objetivo do texto é tentar compreender as novas formas de governança global estabelecidas e como essa estrutura influência e controla os fluxos do poder sobre os Estados. O método utilizado foi o método compreensivo e a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica.
Qual Escravidão é Enlutada? Uma leitura crítica de Disposable People de Kevin Bales
Authors: De Góes Bezerra Gustavo Alvim
Published: January 2019

No livro "Disposable People: new slavery in the Global Economy", Kevin Bales analisa o trabalho escravo com componente da economia formal em diferentes países e contextos econômicos. Reconhecendo a importância da denúncia desenvolvida por Bales, este trabalho analisa o eurocentrismo na crítica do autor e a possibilidade de uma leitura comparativa da escravidão contemporânea com aquela do século XIX, destacando que mais do que tempos históricos distintos, o que separa as práticas é também os seus significados. Essa crítica está dividida em duas partes: na primeira seção, o foco é a percepção de Bales de que formas de escravidão contemporâneas são mais cruéis que aquelas do século XIX. A segunda parte da critica a diferença que existe entre a escravidão como trabalho e a escravidão como sistema, e como, apesar de ambos envolverem profundas violências contra pessoas essa diferença impossibilita a comparação que o autor pretende fazer.
THIES, Cameron G. & NIEMAN, Mark David. Rising Powers & Foreign Policy Revisionism: Understanding BRICS identity and Behavior Through Time. University of Michigan Press. Ann Harbor, 2017, 206 p. ISBN: 8780472130566
Authors: Martins Fernanda De Castro Brandão
Published: January 2019

A presente resenha visa apresentar o livro de Cameron Thies e Mark Newman cuja singularidade em tratar o processo de formação da política externa dos países emergentes a partir de uma perspectiva construtivista torna o livro uma leitura importante para pesquisadores de tais países, sobretudo os BRICS. Apresenta-se o livro e descreve como acontece o processo de pesquisa é apresentado e suas principais conclusões.
Public health: PART 3 Behaviour change
Authors: Senior Emma , Craig Lynn , Mitchel Michelle
Published: January 2019

Emma Senior, Senior Lecturer/Programme Lead, Adult Nursing ( emma.senior@northumbria.ac.uk ), Lynn Craig, Subject Lead, Adult Nursing, and Senior Lecturer, and Michelle Mitchel, Graduate Teacher, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, discuss the models used to help patients change health-related behaviours
Patient- and relative-activated critical care outreach: a 7-year service review
Authors: Odell Mandy
Published: January 2019

Five years following the introduction of a whole-hospital, 24-hour critical care outreach (CCO) service, an additional service was introduced that enabled patients and their families to directly call the CCO team if they had concerns that were not being acknowledged by the patient's clinical team. The aim of this review was to report on 7 years of patient and family referrals using quantitative and free text data extracted from the CCO referral database. Information on demographics, frequency, nature and reason for the referrals have been reported that highlight the feasibility of such a service, and the potential to prevent patient deterioration. By tapping into the rich source of information from family concerns, future hospital services could be designed that could not only have an impact on patient outcome, but also positively influence the quality of the patient experience.