bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Clinical & Etiological Profile of Children with Seizures
Authors: Jagannath H.N
Published: October 2020

Background: Seizures are a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms resulting from abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Better understanding of seizures in terms of clinical presentation and etiology is required not only for abortion of acute attack but also for long term control of epilepsy.Subjects and Methods: This retrospective observational study included those children who were admitted with seizures within last 1 year time period of our study. Variables including age, sex, type of seizure, laboratory test results, neuroimaging, EEG findings, duration of hospital stay, diagnosis and final outcome were studied.Results: Incidence of seizures decreased with increasing age with less than 5 years age group most commonly involved. Generalized tonic clonic seizure were the most common type of seizure with febrile seizures being most common. etiology followed by CNS infections. Febrile seizures had best outcome while CNS infections had highest morbidity and mortality.Conclusion: We found CNS infections to be the most common etiology and a poor outcome. Acute episode of seizures is one of the commonest causes of hospitalization with high morbidity and mortality. Being a developing nation, strict measures to prevent infection can reduce the occurrence of seizures in children thus preventing long term neurological sequelae in children.
Effect of Home Base Glucose Monitoring & Self Dose Adjustment of Insulin on Glycosylated Hemoglobin
Authors: Maulik Shah  , Triya Malde  , Falgun Gondalia  , Sonal Shah
Published: October 2020

Background: Type1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is the most common endocrine metabolic disorder of childhood casing significant mortality and morbidity in childhood. Home Monitoring of Blood Glucose (HMBG) and Supplements of insulin as required depending on the blood glucose level at that time is a very important aspect of management in T1DM. The Goal of this study was to determine whether frequent checking of home base blood glucose (HMBG) levels accompanied with insulin self dose adjustment, will lead to improved metabolic control as assessed by reduction in the Glycosylated hemoglobin values (HbA1c).Subject and Method:This study was conducted in G.G.Hospital,,M.P.Shah Medical college,Jamanagar between October 2012 to September 2013 for a period of 1 year including OPD and ward patients. Retrospective analysis of clinical profile of 37patients with T1DM attending our OPD between the age group of 2 to 16 years.A detailed clinical and family history, educational level of parents and insulin regime and insulin dose was recorded. Result:Age distribution in our study showed that 62% cases in the age of more than 10 years, 32% cases in the age group 5-10years and  2 % cases falling in the age group 0-2 years, with male to female ratio of a 1:1.7. The most frequently seen symptoms were polyuria (53%), breathlessness (48%),polydipsia (46%), vomiting (29%) of cases and 82%of the patients were ketotic at the time of presentation. In family members most common associated co-morbidity is type 2 DM(21% ) , hypertension(21%) & thyroid dysfunction (19%). split regimen was observed in (70%)and basal bolus regime in (30%). split mix regime 11(42%) had good(<7GHb) wheaeas Basal bolus regime 6(54%) of them had good control p=0.0308(<0.05). Conclusion:Regular Home monitoring of Blood glucose(HMBG) along with education on diabetes self management and regular contact with a member of a medical team for insulin dose adjustments with advice on meal planning and physical activity improve the metabolic control (as assessed by HbA1c levels) in children with T1DM.
Bedside Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Surgery- Myth or Reality!
Authors: Sinha Shandip Kumar , Neogi Sujoy
Published: October 2020

Neonatal transport is associated with complications, more so in sick and unstable neonates who need immediate emergency surgery. To circumvent these problems, surgery in Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is proposed for these neonates. This article reviews the literature regarding feasibility of this novel concept and based on the generated evidence, suggest the NICU planners to always include infrastructure for this. Also neonatal surgical team can be developed that could be transported.
Dentale Sedierung
Authors: Mathers Frank G.
Published: October 2020

Entspannte Patienten

Ängstliche Patienten stellen Zahnärzte und Mitarbeiter vor große Herausforderungen. Trotz guter

Möglichkeiten der Schmerzausschaltung bei zahnärztlichen Behandlungen haben viele Menschen Angst

vor dem Zahnarzt. Unter den Möglichkeiten der Sedierung von Patienten kommt der Lachgas-Sedierung

eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Richtig angewendet, ist sie besonders gut geeignet, ängstliche Kinder zu

beruhigen und zu entspannen. Bei den Patienten genießt die privat zu liquidierende Leistung zudem hohe

Akzeptanz.

Vorgestellt werden alle gängigen Verfahren zur Anästhesiologie und Sedierung von Patienten:

- Lachgas-Sedierung

- Orale und intravenöse Sedierung

- Not- und Sonderfälle

- Rechtliche Aspekte der Sedierung

Effektive Behandlung für Sie und Ihr Team
Bentuk-bentukK Penafsiran Rasulullah SAW
Authors: Firdaus Firdaus
Published: October 2020

Al-Qur'an diturunkan dalam tujuh huruf yaitu tujuh jenis bahasa Arab yang tidak merubah keabsahan makna suatu kalimat, Rasulullah menafsirkan Al-Qur'an dan menjelaskannya kepada para sahabat dengan mengarahkannya penjelasan ayat-ayat yang terkait dengan hukum-hukum tertentu, atau menjelaskan lafzd-lafadz yang jarang ditemukan (garib al-alfadz), Nasikh dan mansukhnya ayat, ayat-ayat yang bersifat global (mujmal), umum, mutlak dan ayat-ayat yang mebutuhkan penuat (ta'kid)
KONSEP CIPTAAN BARU N.T. WRIGHT SEBAGAI PARADIGMA TEOLOGI PUBLIK KAUM INJILI DI INDONESIA
Authors: Febrianto
Published: October 2020

Pancasila adalah falsafah hidup yang menaungi kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara di Indonesia. Falsafah ini tidak lepas dari kemajemukan yang menjadi sebuah realitas identitas bangsa Indonesia. Namun sejarah menunjukkan ruang publik Indonesia diwarnai konflik-konflik antar agama. Dalam menyikapi masalah ini, ada dua praksis yang umumnya menjadi reaksi orang Kristen di Indonesia. Respons yang pertama adalah praksis yang menekankan pentingnya dialog dan kehidupan bersama, namun cenderung mengabaikan pemberitaan Injil. Sedangkan respons yang kedua adalah reaksi yang cenderung menarik dan menutup diri. Dalam makalah ini, penulis mencoba memberikan proposal teologi publik injili menggunakan konsep ciptaan baru menurut N.T. Wright sebagailandasan praksis hidup kaum injili di Indonesia. Berporos pada kematian dan kebangkitan Kristus, Wright melihat bahwa karya Kristus membawa pengharapan eskatologis dunia hadir pada masa kini. Kisah tentang karya keselamatan ini adalah kisah Allah di ruang publik. Model yang dibangun Wright berfokus pada cara hidup orang Kristen mula-mula yang mempertontonkan Injil pengharapan itu di hadapan publik yang menggenapkan pengharapan dunia yang sedang jatuh dalam dosa. Dengan demikian, orang percaya yang sudah dipersatukan dalam kematian dan kebangkitan Kristus dipanggil untuk menjadi agen kerajaan Allah yang membawa kisah itu lewat hidupnya di ruang publik.
MARTIN LUTHER’S PASTORAL CARE FOR CHRISTIANS ATTACKED BY DEVIL DISGUISED AS AN ANGEL OF LIGHT
Authors: Schneider Carolyn
Published: October 2020

Serangan Iblis yang paling berbahaya bagi umat Kristen adalah mematahkan iman dengan membangkitkan keputusasaan dan menanamkan perasaan tidak layak di hadapan Tuhan. Iblis yang menyamar sebagai malaikat terang itu menyerang hati nurani umat Kristen dalam “kesedihan spiritual” (seperti yang pernah dirasakan Martin Luther). Untuk menghadapi serangan iblis ini, pastoral care Martin Luther sangat berguna bagi pertahanan rohani umat Kristen. Firman Tuhan dalam Yesus Kristus adalah satusatunya kekuatan untuk melawan serangan iblis. Untuk itu, umat Kristen harus menjaga intimasi dengan Tuhan baik dalam iman, doa dan komunitas umat percaya lainnya.
MEMAHAMI KISAH PENCIPTAAN MANUSIA DAN ALAM SEMESTA: Sebuah Pendekatan Literer Terhadap Kejadian 1-2
Authors: Heri Lim
Published: October 2020

Abstrak: Teks Alkitab dibuka dengan sebuah narasi tentang penciptaan, sebuah teks yang menggambarkan keagungan Allah, sekaligus juga menjadi sebuah topik diskusi di dalam dan di luar kekristenan. Dalam pandangan kekristenan, berbagai penafsiran berbeda disodorkan untuk menjelaskan narasi penciptaan manusia dan kosmos. Artikel ini mencoba untuk menawarkan sebuah sudut pandang yang diharapkan dapat berdialog dengan penafsiran yang lain, tetapi tetap tidak meninggalkan kesetiaan Injili. Artikel ini bukan merupakan eksegesis ayat per ayat kitab Kejadian 1-2, tetapi lebih merupakan sebuah cara untuk memahami narasi penciptaan dalam Kejadian 1-2 secara utuh. Dalam hal ini penulis mencoba untuk mengajukan sebuah pendekatan literer dalam membaca dan memahami narasi penciptaan dalam Kejadian 1-2.

 

Abstract: The biblical text is opened with a narrative about creation. a text that illustrates the majesty of God, as well as becomes topic of discussion within and outside Christianity. In the Christian poin of view, many interpretations are offered to explain the narrative of the human and the cosmos creation. This article tries to offer a perspective that is expected to make a dialogue with other interpretations, but still does not leave evangelical commitment. This article is not a verse by verse exegesis of Genesis 1-2, but rather a way to understand the creation narrative in Genesis 1-2 as a whole. In this case the writer tries to propose a literary approach in reading and understanding the narrative of creation narrative in Genesis 1-2.
KEKRISTENAN DAN NASIONALISME DI INDONESIA
Authors: Aritonang Arthur
Published: October 2020

“Kekristenan dan Nasionalisme di Indonesia” membahas mengenai sejarah kekristenan di Indonesia yang diasumsikan sebagai agama yang pro terhadap penjajah dari Barat namun asumsi itu tidak benar sebagai bukti ada banyak tokoh Kristen yang ikut memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Indonesia dengan didasarkan semangat nasionalisme. Kemudian pasca-kolonial Belanda kekristenan ingin menampilkan wajah baru yang sungguh-sungguh keindonesiaan dengan lahirnya organisasi DGI/PGI. Namun seiring waktu ketika berakhirnya era orde baru dan memasuki era reformasi, kekristenan dan masyarakat lainnya di Indonesia menghadapi arus gelombang yang mengatas-namakan agama yang pergerakannya cukup masif dibandingkan di era orde lama diantaranya: kelompok Islam fundamentalis yang ingin menjadikan NKRI bersyariat Islam, adanya gerakan politik transnasional HTI yang ingin menghidupkan kembali kejayaan Islam pada abad ke-6 dan faham Wahabisme yang sarat dengan kekerasan. Persoalan lainnya ialah adanya kemiskinan yang terstruktur akibat dari krisis moneter yang melanda di Indonesia tahun 1997. Melalui masalah ini, setiap agama-agama di Indonesia harus melakukan konvergensi atas dasar keprihatinan yang sama.

Abstract: Christianity and Nationalism in Indonesia” discuss the history of Christianity in Indonesia, which is assumed to be a religion that is pro to Western colonialism. Still, this assumption is incorrect as evidence that many Christian figures fought for Indonesian independence based on the spirit of nationalism. Then post-colonial of Dutch, Christianity wanted to be presented a truly Indonesian face with the birth of the DGI / PGI organization. But over time when the end of the new order and entering the era of reform, Christianity and the other societies in Indonesia faced challenges in the name of religion whose movements were quite massive compared to the old order including fundamentalist Islamic groups who wanted to make the Republic of Syariat Muslim Indonesia, a transnational HTI political movement that wanted to revive the glory of Islam in the 6th century and the ideology of Wahhabism which is loaded with violence. Another problem is the existence of structured poverty due to the monetary crisis that hit Indonesia in 1997. Through this problem, every religion in Indonesia must converge on the basis of the same concerns.
MODEL ORTODOKSI-ORTOPRAKSI-ORTOPATI: Usulan Model Berteologi sebagai Cara Hidup Kaum Injili di Dunia Pascakebenaran
Authors: Yohanes Hendra
Published: October 2020

Era pascakebenaran (post-truth) ditandai dengan pudarnya relevansi kebenaran dan verifikasi fakta digantikan dengan preferensi pribadi dan tarikan emosional. Dalam konteks pemilihan umum Indonesia pada tahun 2014 dan 2019, berbagai hoaks bernuansa SARA yang bermunculan mengancam kohesi sosial di bangsa ini. Dengan demikian, pascakebenaran tidak lagi sekadar menjadi isu di kalangan akademisi, tetapi juga dipertunjukkan secara masif di ruang publik. Bagaimana kaum injili menanggapi problematika pascakebenaran yang kompleks ini? Artikel ini mengusulkan sebuah model teologi yang integratif dalam menghadapi tantangan-tantangan di dunia pascakebenaran, yakni model Ortodoksi-Ortopraksi-Ortopati sebagai cara hidup kaum injili. Di akhir artikel ini, model berteologi ini diimplementasikan untuk menanggapi problematika post-truth yang berkembang dewasa ini di Indonesia.

Abstract: The post-truth era is indicated by the eclipsing of the relevance of truth and fact verification replaced by personal preference and emotional appeal. In the context of Indonesia's national elections in 2014 and 2019, multitude of hoaxes emerged with respect to tribal affiliations, religion, race and societal groups and threatened social cohesion in this nation. Correspondingly, post-truth not merely an issue in the academia but also is massively demonstrated in the public sphere. How do the evangelicals respond to the complex problem of post-truth? This article proposes an integrative theological model in facing challenges in a post-truth world, namely the Orthodoxy-Orthopraxis-Ortopathy Model as the evangelicals' way of life. At the end of this article, this theological model implemented to respond post-truth problems that recently emerged in Indonesia.
PENGARUH DOMINAN CASH RATIO DAN DEBT TO ASSET RATIO TERHADAP RETURN ON EQUITY DAN RETURN ON ASSETS PADA PERUSAHAAN ASTRA OTOPARTS DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA
Authors: Nasyaroeka Jhon
Published: October 2020

This research is to find out which influence is the most dominant between cash ratio and debt to assets ratio to return on equity and return on assets on astra otoparts companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This research also provides information on the dominant influence of cash ratio on return on equity and Return on Assets and the dominant influence of debt to assets ratio to return on equity and return on assets. The results obtained from this study are the dominant influence of cash ratio and debt to assets ratio to return on assets. This shows the amount of contribution of company assets.

Keywords:

Dominant influence, Cash ratio, Debt to asset ratio, Return on equity, Return on assets.

 

A B S T R A K:

Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh mana yang paling dominan antara rasio kas dan rasio hutang terhadap aset terhadap return on equity dan return on asset pada perusahaan astra otoparts yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga memberikan informasi tentang pengaruh dominan rasio kas terhadap pengembalian ekuitas dan Imbal Hasil Aset dan pengaruh dominan rasio utang terhadap aset terhadap pengembalian ekuitas dan laba atas aset. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah pengaruh dominan rasio kas dan rasio hutang terhadap aktiva terhadap pengembalian aktiva. Ini menunjukkan besarnya kontribusi aset perusahaan.

Kata kunci:

Pengaruh dominan, Rasio kas, Rasio utang terhadap aset, Laba atas ekuitas, Laba atas aset
Observing the timescales of aerosol-cloud interactions in snapshot satellite images
Authors: Gryspeerdt Edward , Goren Tom , Smith Tristan W. P.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The response of cloud processes to an aerosol perturbation is one of the largest uncertainties in the anthropogenic forcing of the climate. It occurs at a variety of timescales, from the near-instantaneous Twomey effect, to the longer timescales required for cloud adjustments. Understanding the temporal evolution of cloud properties following an aerosol perturbation is necessary to interpret the results of so-called "natural experiments" from a known aerosol source, such as a ship or industrial site. This work uses reanalysis windfields and ship emission information matched to observations of shiptracks to measure the timescales of cloud responses to aerosol in instantaneous (or "snapshot") images taken by polar-orbiting satellites. As found in previous studies, the local meteorological environment is shown to have a strong impact on the occurrence and properties of shiptracks, but there is a strong time dependence in their properties. The largest droplet number concentration (Nd) responses are found within three hours of emission, while cloud adjustments continue to evolve over periods of ten hours or more. Cloud fraction is increased within the early life of shiptracks, with the formation of shiptracks in otherwise clear skies indicating that around 5–10 % of clear-sky cases in this region may be aerosol-limited. The liquid water path (LWP) enhancement and the Nd-LWP sensitivity are also time dependent and strong functions of the background cloud and meteorological state. The near-instant response of the LWP within shiptracks may be evidence of a retrieval bias in previous estimates of the LWP response to aerosol derived from natural experiments. These results highlight the importance of temporal development and the background cloud field for quantifying the aerosol impact on clouds, even in situations where the aerosol perturbation is clear.
Snapshots of mean ocean temperature over the last 700,000 yr using noble gases in the EPICA Dome C ice core
Authors: Haeberli Marcel , Baggenstos Daniel , Schmitt Jochen , Grimmer Markus , Michel Adrien , Kellerhals Thomas , Fischer Hubertus
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Together with the latent heat stored in glacial ice sheets the ocean heat uptake carries the lion’s share of glacial/interglacial changes in the planetary heat content but little direct information on the global mean ocean temperature (MOT) is available to constrain the ocean temperature response to glacial/interglacial climate perturbations. Using ratios of noble gases and molecular nitrogen trapped in the Antarctic EPICA Dome C ice core we are able to reconstruct MOT for peak glacial and interglacial conditions during the last 700,000 years and explore the differences between these extrema. To this end, we have to correct the noble gas ratios for gas transport effects in the firn column and gas loss fractionation processes of the samples after ice core retrieval using the full elemental matrix of N2, Ar, Kr and Xe in the ice and their individual isotopic ratios. The reconstructed MOT in peak glacials is consistently about 3.3 ± 0.4 °C cooler compared to the Holocene. Lukewarm interglacials before the Mid Brunhes event 450 kyr ago are characterized by 1.6 ± 0.4 °C lower temperatures in the ocean than the Holocene, thus, glacial/interglacial amplitudes were only about 50 % of those after the Mid Brunhes event, in line with the reduced radiative forcing by lower greenhouse gas concentrations and their Earth system feedbacks. Moreover, we find significantly increased MOTs at the onset of Marine Isotope Stage 5.5 and 9.3, which are coeval with CO2 and CH4 overshoots at that time. We link these CO2 and CH4 overshoots to a resumption of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which is also the starting point of the release of heat previously accumulated in the ocean during times of reduced overturning.
Access-centred virtual conferencing for planetary science and beyond: reflections from Space Science in Context 202
Authors: Persaud Divya M , Armstrong Eleanor S
Published: October 2020

There is a pressing need for climate-friendly conferences that are accessible to different people and which can still connect scholars meaningfully. The pressure on virtual conferencing technology in a COVID-19 era, as well as the many years of disabled activism around remote access and virtual meetings, make this an even more important issue. Furthermore, the need for dynamic intersection and collaborative work between the spheres of science and technology studies (STS), environmental and other justice-based activism, and the space sciences around issues of space ethics, governance, and human rights grows more urgent.We will discuss Space Science in Context (14th May, 2020), an experimental virtual conference aiming to bring together space scientists, activists, and STS scholars, funded through the UCL Researcher-Led Initiative Award. The conference used a flipped-classroom model for 12 invited talk videos and ~30 multimedia e-posters across three primary sessions and two e-poster sessions, and engaged ~450 attendees worldwide. Invited talks were provided with full transcripts and closed captioning by Academic Audio Transcription, a company committed to the fair employment of disabled people. On the day of the conference, the five sessions were hosted at different times in video-chat hybrid formats. We reflect on the different access-centred aspects of this experimental format and their efficacy in facilitating cross-disciplinary conversations.
Widest broadband transmission spectra (0.38-1.71 micrometer) obtained through ground based chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin observations
Authors: Oshagh Mahmoudreza
Published: October 2020

Transmission spectroscopy has been proven to be the most powerful
technique in detecting and characterizing atmospheres of exoplanets.
So far, mostly ground and space-based multi-band transit photometry
have been used to retrieve the exoplanets' broadband transmission
spectra. An alternative technique has been proposed for retrieving the
broadband transmission spectra using chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin
observation. This technique has been used only once for exoplanet
HD189733b using HARPS observation in the visible range. I will present
the result we obtained from our new CARMENES spectroscopic observation
(both VIS and NIR arms) during one transit of HD189733b. We found a
strong agreement between the retrieved transmission spectra from
CARMENES and HARPS in the overlapping wavelength range. By combining
HARPS and CARMENES VIS and NIR observations, for the first time, we
obtained the widest broadband transmission spectra from ground-based
observations which is comparable to the one obtained from HST and
Spitzer observations. We found a clear signature of haze in the
atmosphere of HD189733b as indicated by the presence of Rayleigh
scattering slope in transmission spectra, however our result suggested
much hazier atmosphere in comparison to the previous studies.
Moreover, we demonstrated how a single transit CARMENES observation
could provide important information about the stellar active
regions’ properties (such as their temperature contrast), which are
crucial information in order to mitigate the stellar activity effect
on the retrieved transmission spectra.
Preliminary investigation of the Juventas CubeSat landing on asteroid Dimorphos
Authors: Van wal Stefaan , Karatekin Ozgur , Moreno Villa Victor Manuel , Goldberg Hannah
Published: October 2020

The Hera mission will launch in 2023/2024 and explore binary asteroid Didymos after the kinetic impact of the DART spacecraft. It carries two 6U CubeSats, one of which is the Juventas CubeSat developed by GomSpace Luxembourg with the Royal Observatory of Belgium as principal investigator. The spacecraft will attempt to characterize the internal structure of Didymos’s secondary body, Dimorphos, over a period of roughly 2 months using a low-frequency radar. Afterwards, it will attempt a ballistic landing on Dimorphos, during which the spacecraft is expected to perform several bounces. Juventas is equipped with high-rate accelerometers and gyros with which it aims to characterize the interactions with Dimorphos’s surface. Once landed, Juventas will also use its gravimeter to obtain in-situ measurements of the surface acceleration on Dimorphos along two of its orbits around the primary body.In this research, we perform preliminary investigations of the bouncing of Juventas on Dimorphos. Unlike the previous dedicated asteroid lander spacecraft MINERVA-II and MASCOT, Juventas has two solar array wings, each consisting of three panels connected with torsional springs, that extend from its bus. These are expected to interact with the asteroid surface during the bouncing process. Using Lagrangian mechanics, we model the flexing and surface interaction of the spacecraft bus including these flexible solar arrays. This model is used to perform dynamical simulations of the Juventas bouncing, which allows us to estimate the settling time, settling distance, and settling attitude of the spacecraft, as a function of different surface properties and initial impact conditions.By tracking the simulated accelerations experienced by the spacecraft, we also gain preliminary insight into the structure of the signals that will be measured by the accelerometers and gyros during landing. This will inform the next phases of system and mission design of Juventas and provides context to a dedicated test campaign in which we will experimentally characterize the impact behavior of the CubeSat.
Atmospheric aerosol, gases and meteorological parameters
measured during the LAPSE-RATE campaign
Authors: Brus David , Gustafsson Jani , Kempinen Osku , de Boer Gijs , Hirsikko Anne
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) are becoming very popular as affordable and reliable observation platforms. The Lower Atmospheric Process Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE), conducted in the San Luis Valley of Colorado (USA) between July 14th – 20th, 2018, gathered together numerous sUAS, remote sensing equipment and ground based instrumentation. Flight teams from the Finnish Meteorological Institute and the Kansas State University co-operated during LAPSE-RATE to measure and investigate the properties of aerosol particles and gases at the surface and in the lower atmosphere. During LAPSE-RATE the deployed instrumentation operated reliably, resulting in a scientifically sound observational dataset. Our observations included aerosol particle number concentrations and size distributions, concentrations of CO2 and water vapor, and meteorological parameters. All data sets have been uploaded to the Zenodo LAPSE-RATE community archive (https://zenodo.org/communities/lapse-rate/). The dataset DOIs for FMI airborne measurements and surface measurements are available here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3993996, Brus et al. (2020a), and for KSU airborne measurements and surface measurements are available here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3736772, Brus et al. (2020b).
Development of smart boulders to monitor mass movements via the Internet of Things: A pilot study in Nepal
Authors: Dini Benedetta , Bennett Georgina L. , Franco Aldina M. A. , Whitworth Michael R. Z. , Cook Kristen L. , Senn Andreas , Reynolds John M.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Boulder movement can be observed not only in rock fall activity, but also in association with other landslide types such as rock slides, soil slides in colluvium originated from previous rock slides and debris flows. Large boulders pose a direct threat to life and key infrastructure, amplifying landslide and flood hazards, as they move from the slopes to the river network. Despite the hazard they pose, boulders have not been directly targeted as a mean to detect landslide movement or used in dedicated early warning systems. We use an innovative monitoring system to observe boulder movement occurring in different geomorphological settings, before reaching the river system. Our study focuses on an area in the upper Bhote Koshi catchment northeast of Kathmandu, where the Araniko highway is subjected to periodic landsliding and floods during the monsoons and was heavily affected by coseismic landslides during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. In the area, damage by boulders to properties, roads and other key infrastructure, such as hydropower plants, is observed every year. We embedded trackers in 23 boulders spread between a landslide body and two debris flow channels, before the monsoon season of 2019. The trackers, equipped with accelerometers, can detect small angular changes in boulders orientation and large forces acting on them. The data can be transmitted in real time, via a long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN®) gateway to a server. Nine of the tagged boulders registered patterns in the accelerometer data compatible with downslope movements. Of these, six lying within the landslide body show small angular changes, indicating a reactivation during the rainfall period and a movement consistent with the landslide mass. Three boulders, located in a debris flow channel, show sharp changes in orientation, likely corresponding to larger free movements and sudden rotations. This study highlights that this innovative, cost-effective technology can be used to monitor boulders in hazard prone sites, identifying in real time the onset of movement, and may thus set the basis for early warning systems, particularly in developing countries, where expensive hazard mitigation strategies may be unfeasible.
Understanding the development of systematic errors in the Asian
Summer Monsoon
Authors: Martin Gill M. , Levine Richard C. , Rodriguez José M. , Vellinga Michael
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Despite the importance of monsoon rainfall to over half of the world’s population, many of the current generation of climate models struggle to capture some of the major features of the various monsoon systems. Studies of the development of errors in several tropical regions have shown that they start to develop very quickly, within the first few days of a model simulation, and can then persist to climate timescales. Understanding the sources of such errors requires the combination of various modelling techniques and sensitivity experiments of varying complexity. Here, we demonstrate how such analysis can shed light on the way in which monsoon errors develop, their local and remote drivers and feedbacks. We make use of the seamless modelling approach adopted by the Met Office, whereby different applications of the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) use essentially the same model configuration (dynamical core and physical parametrisations) across a range of spatial and temporal scales. Using the Asian Summer Monsoon as an example, we show that error patterns in circulation and rainfall over the East Asia Summer Monsoon (EASM) region in the MetUM are similar between multi-decadal climate simulations and seasonal hindcasts initialised in spring. Analysis of the development of these errors on both short-range and seasonal timescales following model initialisation suggests that both the Maritime Continent and the oceans around the Philippines play a role in the development of EASM errors, with the Indian summer monsoon region providing an additional contribution. Regional modelling with various lateral boundary locations helps to separate local and remote contributions to the errors, while regional relaxation experiments shed light on the influence of errors developing within particular areas on the region as a whole.
Geophysical and geotechnical factors in urban planing: Bursa (Nilüfer, Osmangazi, and Yildirim) cases
Authors: Özçep Ferhat , Boyraz Guldane , Tezel Okan , Alp Hakan , Alpaslan Nuray , Karabulut Savaş
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The study area covers the Central of Bursa, Osmangazi, Yildirim, Gürsü, Kestel and Nilüfer District boundaries in Bursa. The seismic process deals with the occurrence of an earthquake event and the process of wave propagation from the source to the site. Local amplification caused by surficial soft soils is a significant factor in destructive earthquake motion. In the first phase of this study, it is investigated the ground motion level and soil amplifications for Bursa city. For his aim, probabilistic and deterministic earthquake hazard analysis (including acceleration estimations) will be carried out for the region. Local amplification caused by surficial soft soils is a significant factor in destructive earthquake motion. In the first phase of this study, it is investigated the ground motion level and soil acharacterization for the region. For his aim, probabilistic earthquake hazard analysis (including acceleration estimations) was carried out for the region. Then, soil shear wave velocities were estimated from data obtained by MASW measurements. Soil liquefaction is a natural event in which the strength and stiffness of a soil are reduced by earthquake vibrations or other dynamic loadings. As it is known, liquefaction occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space between individual particles is completely filled with water. One of liquefaction evaluation methods is based on the cyclic stress approach. In this method, a safety factor is defined as CRR/CSR. CRR is a cyclic resistance ratio that represents soil liquefaction susceptibility, and CSR is the cyclic stress ratio that represents the earthquake effect. In the second phase of this study, possible soil potential index (PL) and ground induced settlements were estimated by using Isihara ve Yoshimine (1990) approach. All results on liquefaction potential index (Pl), liquefaction induced settlements and soil shear wave velocities in Bursa (Turkey) City were compared with each other. Finally, a seismic microzonation map was prepared by the integration of geophysical and geotechnical data for urban planning purposes.
Frictional properties and microstructural evolution of dry and wet calcite-dolomite gouges
Authors: Demurtas Matteo , Smith Steven A.F. , Spagnuolo Elena , Di Toro Giulio
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Calcite and dolomite are the two most common minerals in carbonate-bearing faults and shear zones. Motivated by field examples from exhumed seismogenic faults in the Italian Central Apennines, we investigated the frictional and microstructural evolution of gouge mixtures consisting of 50 wt % calcite and 50 wt % dolomite using a rotary-shear apparatus. The gouges were sheared at a range of slip rates (30 µm s−1–1 m s−1), displacements (0.05–0.4 m), and normal loads (17.5–26 MPa), under both room humidity and water-dampened conditions. The frictional behaviour and microstructural evolution of the gouges were strongly influenced by the presence of water. At room humidity, slip strengthening behaviour was observed up to slip rates of 0.01 m s−1, which was associated with gouge dilation and the development of a 500–900 µm wide slip zone cut by Y-, R-, and R1-shear bands. Above a slip rate of 0.1 m s−1, dynamic weakening accompanied the development of a localised <100 µm thick principal slip zone preserving microstructural evidence for calcite recrystallization and dolomite decarbonation, while the bulk gouges developed a well-defined foliation consisting of organized domains of heavily fractured calcite and dolomite. In water-dampened conditions, evidence of gouge fluidization within a fine-grained principal slip zone was observed at a wide range of slip-rates from 30 µm s−1 to 0.1 m s−1, suggesting that caution is needed when relating fluidization textures to seismic slip in natural fault zones. Dynamic weakening in water-dampened conditions was observed at 1 m s−1, where the principal slip zone was characterised by patches of recrystallized calcite. However, local fragmentation and reworking of recrystallized calcite suggests a cyclic process involving formation and destruction of a heterogeneous slip zone. Our microstructural data show that development of a well-defined gouge foliation at these experimental conditions is limited to high-velocity (>0.1 m s−1) and room humidity, supporting the notion that some foliated gouges and cataclasites may form during seismic slip in natural carbonate-bearing faults.
Estimating a New Keynesian Wage Phillips Curve for South Africa
Authors: Dadam Vincent , Viegi Nicola
Published: October 2020

This article estimates a New Keynesian Wage Phillips Curve for South Africa to investigate the responsiveness of nominal wages to labor market conditions. The estimation is based on a model with staggered nominal wages setting, where all variations in hired labor input are taking place at the extensive margin. First, we estimate the model using aggregate data from 1971 to 2013. Aggregate estimation results show that private sector nominal wages are not very responsive to employment conditions, while they also reveal a certain sensitivity to inflation and quite a good correlation with inflation expectations. On the other hand, the relationship between nominal wage inflation and price inflation is quite strong and robust for the whole sample. However, it becomes quantitatively weak for the inflation targeting period. In that period, trade unions’ inflation expectations are, instead, strongly correlated with nominal wage inflation. In the second part of the article, we assess the response of nominal wages to employment, labor productivity, and output prices, given the reservation wage using a panel of nine industrial sectors over the period 1970–2013. The findings confirm that nominal wage inflation has consistently outpaced the growth in productivity, even after correcting for price inflation, and that employment conditions had little effect on wage dynamics. We also test for the possibility that the dynamic of wages is anchored by an underlined reservation wage to investigate the presence of an error correction term in the wage equation for South Africa. The overall picture that emerges from the analysis is that of a wage formation mechanism that is very insensitive to overall macroeconomic conditions.
Growth and Inequality: The South African Case in International Context—The Central Role of the Labor Market
Authors: Fedderke Johannes W.
Published: October 2020

The relationship between economic growth and inequality has not been settled. Using South African time series data, the core finding of this article is that growth and inequality codetermine one another: growth lowers inequality, and falling inequality in turn serves to stimulate growth. There are additional statistically and substantively significant drivers of inequality in South Africa. Labor absorption (job creation) is the most important of these. The opening of the South African economy post 1990, the lowering of credit rationing in the economy in the 1990s, and the fiscus all prove to exert important influence on the net inequality outcome also. The findings imply that the strongest policy levers suitable for raising average welfare and lowering inequality are policies designed to stimulate growth, increase labor absorption, extend credit to entrepreneurs, ensure household credit is broad-based, and ameliorate the disruptive impacts of globalization on labor markets.
Gestão do bloco cirúrgico em tempos de pandemia: de onde partimos e aonde queremos chegar
Authors: Moriya Giovana Abrahão de Araújo , Pereira Márcia Cristina de Oliveira
Published: October 2020

Editorial
Cultura de segurança do paciente: percepções e atitudes dos trabalhadores de centro cirúrgico
Authors: Júnior José Francisco da Silva , Júnior Pedro José de Jesus , Carvalho Thialla Andrade , Campos Maria Pontes de Aguiar , De Mendonça Simonize Cunha Barreto , Lordelo Daniela de Souza
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: Avaliar a cultura de segurança por meio das percepções e atitudes dos profissionais que atuam no centro cirúrgico de um hospital deensino. Método: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido com 110 profissionais que atuamno centro cirúrgico, utilizando o Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. Resultados: A média geral dos escores evidenciou uma cultura de segurança incipiente.Ao avaliar a cultura por domínios, satisfação do trabalho e percepção do estresse foram avaliados como positivos, e clima de trabalho em equipe, climade segurança, percepção da gerência da unidade/hospital e condições de trabalho, como negativos. Conclusão: O nível de cultura de segurança encontradoestá abaixo do preconizado na literatura. As ações gerenciais e as condições de trabalho foram consideradas os principais fatores que contribuírampara a fragilidade dessa cultura, entretanto os profissionais demonstraram-se satisfeitos com a unidade de trabalho.
Causas institucionais para cancelamento de cirurgias eletivas
Authors: Silva Maria Virginia Godoy da , Canto Karen Corrêa do , Machado Bianca Mondego , Silva Leandro Andrade da , Meneses Ricardo Oliveira , Francisco Marcio Tadeu Ribeiro
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: Analisar as produções científicas sobre cancelamento de cirurgias eletivas pelas causas institucionais. Método: Revisão integrativada literatura, sistematizada pelo acrônimo Participante, Interesse e Contexto (PICo), de acordo com a estratégia PICo e procedimentos definidos peloPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A busca bibliográfica foi realizada em setembro de 2018 e atualizadaem maio de 2020, nas bases de dados Sistema Online de Busca e Análise de Literatura Médica (MEDLINE)/PubMed, Literatura Latino-Americana e doCaribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) e Base de Dados em Enfermagem (BDEnf ) da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Scopus (Elsevier) do Portal dePeriódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Biblioteca Eletrônica Científica Online (SciELO). Foram consideradaspublicações de 2008 até 2020, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados: Foram identificados, na busca bibliográfica, 920 estudos,sendo 263 duplicados, restando 657 para seleção. Ao final, foram incluídos 15 estudos na síntese. Conclusão: As causas institucionais identificadas foramo avanço de horário da cirurgia anterior, gerando a indisponibilidade de salas cirúrgicas, problemas estruturais, falta ou defeitos em equipamentos erecursos humanos insuficientes.
Beam design
Authors: Walpole W. R. , Butcher G. W.
Published: October 2020

This paper is the result of deliberations of the Society's Study Group for the seismic design of steel structures.
Column design
Authors: Butterworth J. W. , Spring K. C. F.
Published: October 2020

This paper is the result of deliberations of the Society's Study Group for the seismic design of steel structures.
The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000: Proposals for Legislative Reform to Promote Equality through Schools and the Education System
Authors: Kok Anton , Xaso Lwando , Steenekamp Annalize , Oelofse Michelle
Published: October 2020

The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000: Proposals for legislative reform to promote equality through schools and the education system

In this article, we focus on how the education system can be used to promote equality in the context of changing people’s hearts and minds – values, morals and mindsets. The duties contained in the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 (‘Equality Act’) bind private and public schools, educators, learners, governing bodies and the state. The Equality Act calls on the state and all persons to promote substantive equality, but the relevant sections in the Equality Act have not been given effect yet, and are therefore currently not enforceable. We set out how the duty to promote equality should be concretised in the Equality Act to inter alia use the education system to promote equality in schools; in other words, how should an enforceable duty to promote equality in schools be fashioned in terms of the Equality Act. Should the relevant sections relating to the promotion of equality come into effect in their current form, enforcement of the promotion of equality will take the form of obliging schools to draft action plans and submit these to the South African Human Rights Commission. We deem this approach inadequate and therefore propose certain amendments to the Equality Act to allow for a more sensible monitoring of schools’ duty to promote equality. We explain how the duty to promote equality should then play out practically in the classroom to facilitate a change in learners’ hearts and minds.
The importance of laboratory tests and Body Mass
Index in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis
Authors: Ozkan Atakan , Gokce Aylin  Hande , Gokce Feridun Suat
Published: October 2020

Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdomen. Delay in diagnosis increases the mortality and morbidity.
Aim: In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the body mass index is useful in diagnosis and whether the neutrophil /lymphocyte and platelet/lymphocyte ratios can help in determining the inflammation level of acute appendicitis.
Meterial and Methods: Cases of appendectomy performed between June 2012 and December 2018 in our clinic were analyzed retrospectively. Based on the pathology results of the cases included in the study, 4 groups were formed, i.e.: Group 1 (initial stage), Group 2 (catarrhal stage), Group 3 (phlegmonous-gangrenous stage) and Group 4 (perforation). The study compared age, body mass index, leukocyte values, red cell distribution width (RDW), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet /lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and mean platelet volume (MPV) between groups.
 Results: 828 cases were included in the study. When compared between groups, the values of Group 3 and Group 4 were higher than those of Group 1 and Group 2 for PLR and NLR. There was no difference in RDW and MPV values in the blood. When Body Mass Index (BMI) was compared between groups, it was found to be significantly higher with increasing histopathological stage.
Conclusion: In acute appendicitis, the blood leukocyte value, elevated PLR and NLR are helpful in diagnosis. We aimed to emphasize that the diagnosis of acute appendicitis is delayed in patients with a BMI above 30 and/or at age of over 40 years, with the perforation rate being determined more frequently.
Surgical Management of Genitourinary Tuberculosis: our Experience and review of literature
Authors: Mittal Ankur , Ranjan Satish , Narain Tushar , Panwar Vikas
Published: October 2020

Background: Genitourinary tuberculosis is one of the commonest forms of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Owing to a myriad of clinical presentations and discrepancies in the diagnostic modalities, patients usually present late, resulting in a large number of them requiring some surgical intervention. The present study aims to retrospectively analyze the role of surgery in genitourinary tuberculosis.
Patients and method: All patients diagnosed with genitourinary tuberculosis at our centre, between October 2017 to September 2019 were included in the study. Mode of presentation, duration of symptoms, investigations done, treatment received, and follow up were studied.
Results: Out of 25 patients diagnosed to have GUTB, there were 15(60%) male and 10(40%) female. The mean age of presentation was 40.84 years. Nineteen (76%) patients underwent some surgical intervention, and many patients required more than one surgical procedure. A reconstructive procedure was done in seven patients. At the median follow up of 12 months, all patients are doing well with no relapse.
Conclusion: Surgery, along with antitubercular treatment, is the key to the management of a case of GUTB presenting with structural damage.However, sugery can be ablative or reconstructive depending on various factors discussed in the present study.This preserves or restore the optimal function of the genitourinary system inflicted by the mycobacterium bacilli.