bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Issues related to the retrieval of stratospheric aerosol particle size information based on optical measurements
Authors: von Savigny Christian , Hoffmann Christoph
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Stratospheric sulfate aerosols play an important role for the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere. Key fundamental properties of the aerosols are their size and particle size distribution. Despite extensive research spanning several decades, the scientific understanding of these properties of stratospheric aerosols is incomplete. The particle sizes reported in different studies cover a wide range – even under background stratospheric conditions – and particle sizes retrieved from satellite solar occultation measurements in the optical spectral range show a tendency to be systematically larger than retrievals based on other optical methods. In this contribution we suggest a potential reason for these systematic differences. Differences between the actual aerosol particle size distribution and the size distribution assumed for aerosol size retrievals may lead to systematic differences in retrieved aerosol size. We demonstrate that these systematic differences may differ significantly for different measurement techniques, which is related to the different sensitivities of these measurement techniques to specific parts of the aerosol particle population. In particular, stratospheric aerosol size retrievals based on solar occultation observations may yield systematically larger particle size estimates compared to, e.g., lidar backscatter measurements. Aerosol concentration – on the other hand – may be systematically smaller in retrievals based on occultation measurements compared to lidar measurements. The results question the overall significance of stratospheric aerosol size retrievals based on optical satellite or lidar measurements, as long as the actual aerosol particle size distribution is not well known.
Scaling laws in Hall inertial-range turbulence
Authors: Narita Yasuhito , Baumjohann Wolfgang , Treumann Rudolf A.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. There is an increasing amount of observational evidence in space plasmas
for the breakdown of inertial-range spectra
of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence
on spatial scales smaller than the ion-inertial length.
Magnetic energy spectra often exhibit a steepening,
which is reminiscent of dissipation of turbulence energy,
for example in wave–particle interactions.
Electric energy spectra, on the other hand,
tend to be flatter than those of MHD turbulence,
which is indicative of a dispersive process
converting magnetic into electric energy
in electromagnetic wave excitation.
Here we develop a model of the scaling laws and the power spectra
for the Hall inertial range in plasma turbulence.
In the present paper we consider a two-dimensional geometry with no wave vector component
parallel to the magnetic field as is appropriate in Hall MHD.
A phenomenological approach is taken.
The Hall electric field attains an electrostatic
component when the wave vectors are perpendicular to the mean magnetic field.
The power spectra of Hall turbulence are steep for the magnetic field
with a slope of -7/3 for compressible magnetic turbulence;
they are flatter for the Hall electric field with a slope of -1/3.
Our model for the Hall turbulence gives a possible explanation
for the steepening of the magnetic energy spectra in the solar wind
as an indication of neither the dissipation range
nor the dispersive range but as the Hall inertial range.
Our model also reproduces
the shape of energy spectra in Kelvin–Helmholtz turbulence
observed at the Earth's magnetopause.
Analysis of the frequency conversion of spurious tones in frequency dividers and development of an event-driven model for system simulations
Authors: Beyerstedt Christoph , Meier Jonas , Speicher Fabian , Wunderlich Ralf , Heinen Stefan
Published: September 2019

Abstract. This paper presents a frequency domain analysis of spurious tones in
frequency dividers. The results of the analysis are used to develop an
event-driven model for system simulations which work entirely in the
frequency domain. The proposed approach is able to provide a fast and
accurate model in a SystemVerilog/C++ environment which takes the frequency
conversion effects of the spurious tones into account. A virtual prototype
which includes the model was simulated and due to the fast simulation speed
it was possible to determine the influence of spurious tones on the bit error
rate in a complex receive scenario.
Disturbing impact of multiple wind turbines on the indicated DVOR bearing
Authors: Sandmann Sergei , Garbe Heyno
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Radio navigation aids, like the Doppler Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Radio Range (DVOR), provide their navigation service by specific radiation of electromagnetic waves depending on the direction in space and according to their specific antenna characteristics. Therefore, these navigation aids are reliant on undisturbed wave propagation in their operation range. Certainly, a propagation disturbance can be implicated by the presence of scattering objects like large buildings or wind turbines (WT) in the surrounding area of the DVOR, which potentially leads to deviations of the transmitted navigation content. In order to comply with the specified flight safety limits, especially respecting WTs, there is a necessity to predict the prospective bearing error due to installations not only of individual WTs but also of additional ones in a present wind farm or repowering projects. Accordingly, this paper is aimed at ascertaining the bearing deviations' dependency on the quantity of WTs in a realistic wind farm close to a DVOR, calculated in space areas of practical relevance.
Application of Kramers-Kronig transformations to increase the bandwidth of small antennas
Authors: Bakry Mostafa , Klinkenbusch Ludger
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The internally stored electric energy (Q-energy) of a disk monopole antenna increases as compared to a monopole antenna without a top disk. Recently it was shown that the Q-energy can be significantly reduced and the bandwidth increased by shielding the disk monopole antenna using a thin magnetic material. In the present paper we consider the same structure to explain another method to increase the bandwidth by using a shield made of dispersive magnetic material. We apply the Kramers-Kronig transforms to derive physically correct real and imaginary parts of the dispersive magnetic material. We do not aim at a reduction of the internal energy but at a compensation of the electric by a magnetic stored energy for a wide frequency range. Disk monopole antennas with shells consisting of such dispersive permeability are finally numerically evaluated by means of a commercial frequency-domain field simulator.
Climate Induced Speleothem Radiocarbon Variability on Socotra Island from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Younger Dryas
Authors: Therre Steffen , Fohlmeister Jens , Fleitmann Dominik , Matter Albert , Burns Stephen J. , Arps Jennifer , Schröder-Ritzrau Andrea , Friedrich Ronny , Frank Norbert
Published: September 2019

Abstract. In this study, the dead carbon fraction (DCF) variations in stalagmite M1-5 from Socotra Island in the western Arabian Sea were investigated through a new set of high-precision U-series and radiocarbon (14C) dates. The data reveal an extreme case of very high and also climate dependent DCF values. For M1-5 an average DCF of 56.2 ± 3.4 % is observed between 27 and 18 kyr BP. Such high DCF values indicate a high influence of aged soil organic matter (SOM) and nearly completely closed system carbonate dissolution conditions. Towards the end of the last glacial period decreasing Mg/Ca ratios suggest an increase in precipitation which caused a marked change in the soil carbon cycling as indicated by sharply decreasing DCF. This is in contrast to the relation of soil infiltration and reservoir age observed in stalagmites from temperate zones. For Socotra Island, which is influenced by the East African–Indian monsoon, we propose that more humid conditions and enhanced net-infiltration after the LGM led to denser vegetation and thus lowered the DCF by increased 14CO2 input into the soil zone. The onset of the Younger Dryas (YD) is represented in the record by the end of DCF decrease with a sudden change to much higher and extremely variable reservoir ages. Our study highlights the dramatic variability of soil carbon cycling processes and vegetation feedback on Socotra Island manifested in stalagmite reservoir ages on both long-term trends and sub-centennial timescales, thus providing evidence for climate influence on stalagmite radiocarbon. This is of particular importance for studies focussing on 14C calibration and atmospheric reconstruction through stalagmites which relies on largely climate independent soil carbon cycling above the cave.
FACTORES ASOCIADOS A MORTALIDAD NEONATAL EN LOS HOSPITALES DE SANTA BÁRBARA E INTIBUCÁ
Authors: Santos Zerón Luis Fernando , Martínez Murcia German Humberto , Meza Maldonado Rossmery Adelmy , Valencia Calderón Diana Elizabeth , Manchamé Morales Jacqueline Desireé
Published: September 2019

La mortalidad neonatal es un problema de salud mundial y un indicador de la atención materno infantil. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad neonatal en pacientes atendidos en los Hospitales de Santa Bárbara e Intibucá de marzo 2017 a febrero 2018. Pacientes y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, de corte transversal. El muestreo fue no probabilístico, con una muestra de 32 pacientes. La recolección de datos fue mediante cuestionario validado por el alfa de Cronbach con fiabilidad de 0.709. Los datos fueron procesados en SPSS versión 22.0. Las variables estudiadas fueron los factores de riesgo socio demográficos, natales, rela- cionados al parto y los asociados al riesgo postnatal de las madres. Resultados: 53% de las madres tenían una edad entre 12 a 19 años; 44% eran analfabetas, 84% de procedencia rural y 56% no tuvieron controles prenatales. Asimismo, el 93% presentó vaginosis. El porcentaje de neonatos fallecidos en Santa Bárbara fue del 62.5% y en Intibucá 37.5%. Conclusión: Los factores de riesgo identificados en mortalidad neonatal fueron el analfabetismo, embarazos en adolescentes y ser procedente del área rural. Más de la mitad no tuvieron controles prenatales y casi todas tuvieron vaginosis. Las causas de muerte neonatal fueron: sepsis, prematurez, asfixia, síndrome de aspiración meconial y malformaciones congénitas.
Coudertism
Authors: Feffer Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the origins of the Rapp-Coudert probe in the battles between teachers and fiscal conservatives over the 1940 state budget, just before the Assembly and Senate authorize the investigation that March. The chapter also introduces two key leaders of the union, legislative representative Bella Dodd and Local 5 President Charles Hendley.
Far from the Ivory Tower
Authors: Feffer Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter recounts the increasingly bitter contest between communists and liberals in the American Federation of Teachers, as the Popular Front dissolved in the wake of the Hitler-Stalin Pact in August 1939. As Local 5’s offshoot, the College Teachers Union, under communist and radical socialist leadership, successfully established tenure rights for New York’s municipal colleges in 1938. The New York locals were challenged in the AFT by social democrats like George Counts, whose anti-communist campaign won the presidency of the national union, setting the stage for the Rapp-Coudert probe the following year.
Bad Faith
Authors: Feffer Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter recounts the full takeover of the AFT leadership by Counts and his liberal supporters, who by 1940, as Coudert’s inquisition unfolded, were able to push an anti-communist agenda on the entire union on the claim that communist teachers act in bad faith and must be expelled not only from the union, but from the schools as well. Supporting this campaign were liberals and social democratic intellectuals in New York City, who fashioned a justification of the emerging anti-communist crusade around the claim that communists inherently act in bad faith.
Flirting with the Right
Authors: Feffer Andrew
Published: September 2019

In this chapter, the role of anti-Semitism in the Coudert probe is explored. Of the teachers and staff targeted by the investigation, a disproportionate number were Jewish, prompting critics to argue that the inquiry motives were tainted by anti-Jewish bigotry. The chapter places the investigation in the context of growing racism and anti-Semitism on the streets and in the schools of the city, led by such organizations as the Christian Front and the German-American Bund.
Two Problems, Two Miracles
Authors: Heim S. Mark
Published: September 2019

Section one, “What to Study?”, describes the choice of comparative topics in the two traditions. Section two, “Bridging Gaps,” explains the structural similarity in the role of the Bodhisattva and of Christ in that each addresses and resolves a key paradox constituted by the distinctive analysis of the human condition in Buddhism and Christianity. Section three reviews the basics of the bodhisattva’s role and significance in Buddhism in relation to enlightenment. Section four reviews the basics of Christ’s role and significance in Christianity in relation to salvation. The final section discusses the way in which these two figures are “too similar to be contrary, too distinct to be exchanged.”
The Bodhisattva Path
Authors: Heim S. Mark
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins with discussion of the term “bodhisattva” and its evolution from a simple designation of the proto-Buddha in his earlier lives to the title for the fullest state of realization and the goal of every Mahāyāna practitioner. It then begins an exposition of the bodhisattva path through a careful reading of the first seven chapters of Śāntideva’s Bodhicaryāvatāra. These chapters focus on how to cultivate awakening mind, or bodhichitta.
Angst and Attunement
Authors: Wood David
Published: September 2019

Nietzsche’s essay (Uses) sets us up to consider in his terms how we might negotiate the burden of history, transposed onto a geological scale, in the age of the Anthropocene. We have privileged critical history and given a positive role to what Heidegger called Angst. This leaves us with two unanswered questions. First, how precisely can Angst play the positive role attributed to it? Is it not both primarily individual and debilitating? And second, if attunements condition our engagement with the world, if we find ourselves mired in resignation and ressentiment, and if we cannot just press the mood reset button, what can we do? Who are we? Eight different considerations are laid out. And what of the future? Heidegger’s sense of the possibility of a different attunement is endorsed.
The Unthinkable and the Impossible
Authors: Wood David
Published: September 2019

Various scenarios are proposed, consequent on serious climate change, some apocalyptic, some not. To avoid the un-hinkable, we will have to imagine the impossible, indeed welcome and embrace it. By the unthinkable we mean mass death, disease, regular genocide, war, military dictatorship. What we suppose to be impossible (such as utopian visions) may chart the shape of the possible. Alternatives to consumerism build on the idea that it mostly satisfies false desire. New shapes of identity and family structure are not implausible. What is the price of “control” when our need for control is out of control? And, as Heidegger would say, if we cannot bring about what we seek, we can, in some respects, prepare the way.
What Is to Be Done? Democracy and Beyond
Authors: Wood David
Published: September 2019

Democracy has long had its critics and is now under threat in many developed countries. Is democracy, anyway, up to the challenge of climate change? Probably not. The international order has little to do with democracy. So what options do we have to avoid disaster? Green consumerism—voting with our wallets—offers some limited hope. The information technology revolution is fraught with danger but it opens up possibilities for identity-formation, resistance, organization, and information-sharing that just might open a way forward. It can overcome classical problems of collective participation.
Būlus al-Būshī on Revelation 1–3
Authors: Talia Shawqi , Davis Stephen J.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 1 begins with an introduction to the life and works of Būlus al-Būshī, the thirteenth-century bishop of Old Cairo. After a discussion of the author’s Commentary on the Apocalypse, including its reception and the scriptural text on which it is based, the chapter investigates in more depth Būlus al-Būshī’s theological program (especially his Christology and apologetics) and the way in which it was shaped by his Islamic context.
Colonial Modernity as a Historical Context
Authors: Drexler-Dreis Joseph
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the concept Aníbal Quijano has developed as the “coloniality of power” in view of how it might be useful for theologians. It sets up the coloniality of power as one way of understanding the long history that shapes the contemporary historical context to which theological reflection must respond. It specifically considers historical iterations of the coloniality of power on the levels of being, knowledge, and eschatology. These historical manifestations of the coloniality of power ultimately shape the central theological image of salvation and indicate the historical structures that decolonial theological options and a decolonized image of salvation must unsettle. The chapter culminates with the question of what sort of theological reflection can unsettle colonial relations of power.
Decolonial Openings in Theologies of Liberation
Authors: Drexler-Dreis Joseph
Published: September 2019

The third chapter considers how approaches to theological reflection within Latin American liberation theology might open up toward a decolonial project. It specifically focuses on how the work of the liberation theologians Ignacio Ellacuría and Jon Sobrino, unlike that of Clodovis Boff, points to the theoretical possibility of communities speaking theologically from epistemic loci located within the cracks of Western modernity. Ellacuría and Sobrino open up the methodological possibility to decolonize theological images and concepts, and in doing so, offer the possibility for theological reflection to decolonize social-historical structures. A decolonial option requires, but is also more than, a methodological shift that prioritizes the viewpoint of the poor as the starting point in theological reflection. Investigating how Ellacuría and Sobrino are able to open up the epistemic boundaries of theology is thus not an endpoint, but can provide a way forward for a decolonial theology.
Frantz Fanon’s Decolonial Love: A New Humanism in Historical Struggle
Authors: Drexler-Dreis Joseph
Published: September 2019

This chapter reads Frantz Fanon as a dialectical thinker who concretizes his orientation of decolonial love into a historical and intellective praxis. Fanon breaks open the ways ideology is contained and hypostasized within the modern world-system, situates the human person in relation to a reality that transcends the confines of Western modernity, and catalyses a praxis of opening up ruptures in history. This historical praxis of love is perceived as violent from the side of Western modernity. The chapter begins by locating Fanon’s understanding of a new humanism within a dialectical perspective shaped by his Caribbean context, in which race functions as a medium of the universal. It then shifts to exploring how the movement of Fanon’s dialectics was shaped by his involvement in a nationalist movement while working and living in Algeria. In this context violence and national consciousness catalyse dialectical movement against ways relationships get frozen within colonial categories and structures.
Sharpening Decolonial Options in the Present Moment
Authors: Drexler-Dreis Joseph
Published: September 2019

The conclusion draws attention to the intellective praxes of Frantz Fanon, James Baldwin, and liberation theologians within the context of asking the question of what it means to do theology in the present context of global coloniality. It argues that the theological pedagogy of decolonial love offers a particular orientation to theologians as they struggle to apprehend reality: when decolonial love informs a theological image of salvation, it implies a commitment to opposing Western modernity and its ways of delineating ways of being, knowledge, and eschatology, and to living into an alternative eschatological commitment. The theological pedagogy of decolonial love requires investing in new forms of analysis and requires struggling to ground theological language more strongly in historical realities, while doing so in light of the imagination of and commitment to the sacred.
Ecstasy in the Classroom
Authors: Even-Ezra Ayelet
Published: September 2019

Ecstasy in the Classroom explores the interface between academic theology and ecstatic experience in the first half of the thirteenth century, which were formative years in the history of the University of Paris, medieval Europe's “fountain of knowledge.” It considers little known and often unedited texts by William of Auxerre, Philip the Chancellor, William of Auvergne, Alexander of Hales (OFM), Roland of Cremona (OP), Hugh of St Cher, and others, to reconstruct the ways in which they addressed questions about Paul’s rapture and other modes of seeing God. As the book’s subtitle suggests, it seeks to do three things. The first is to map and analyze the scholastic discourse of a group of theologians about rapture and other modes of cognition in the first half of the thirteenth century. The second is to explicate the complex, implicit perception of the self they imply and to locate its echoes in contemporary literature, hagiography and other materials. The third is to read these discussions as a window on the predicaments of a newborn community of medieval professionals and thereby elucidate foundational tensions in the emergent academic culture and its social and cultural context. With this triple aim, Ecstasy in the Classroom challenges the often rigid historiographical boundaries between scholastic thought and medieval cultural history and joins the unified approach to intellectual creation, the conditions of its production, and its key instruments.
Why was Paul ignorant of his own state, and how do various modes of cognizing God differ?
Authors: Even-Ezra Ayelet
Published: September 2019

The chapter revolves around two problems that intrigued medieval masters the most concerning Paul's rapture: how to define his mode of cognition during rapture, while he himself confessed not to have known whether his soul was in or out of his body, and how does his mode of knowing God then differ from others. It examines the attempts of our group of theologians to classify the ecstatic mode of vision, while being aware of the tension between the rational theologian-observer and the experiencing subject. It discusses Augustine’s position as to Paul's self-ignorance, his threefold division of visions into corporeal, imaginative, and intellectual, then twelfth-century further developments, in which Paul's vision was framed between earthly faith and the heavenly, beatific vision. It then shows that in the early-thirteenth century, more cognitions joined the taxonomic parade: the visions of prophets, contemplators, Christ, Moses, scriptural exegetes, angels, and even God's knowledge of himself. This intense preoccupation with taxonomy, together with the perception of the self as both experiencing and observing, it is argued, served this community of theologians to map the field in which they operate and negotiate their position in it.
Introduction
Authors: Glaser Ben
Published: September 2019

Critical Rhythm asks where the attraction of rhythm comes from, and how it operates (secretly or openly) in the history and present practice of criticism. In large part the essays center on literary and specifically poetic concepts of rhythm, though they engage with cognitive linguistics, anthropology, musicology and scientific acoustics, and continental philosophy. The collection is largely but not exclusively focused on English language poetry and criticism, primarily post-1800.
Sordello’s Pristine Pulpiness
Authors: Jarvis Simon
Published: September 2019

This essay defines a unique poetics of the ugly in Robert Browning’s Sordello and specifically the poem’s virtuosic display of extended verse-composition. The poem’s versification illuminates a persistent antagonism between spontaneity and constraint, between “mere play” and play in friction with labor, central to Immanuel Kant’s definition of poetry in his Critique of Judgment. Browning’s poem turns from skeptical freedom by producing a complexity of “corrugated” verse texture in excess of any possible mimetic or illustrative role for which it could be recuperated. We are invited to “read irresponsibly,” attentive to rhythm as a mode of verse thinking antagonistic toward content (whether propositional, expressive, historical, etc). The essay finds the poem’s most powerful relationship to history in those technical but in fact intimately historical materials, the verse sentences, manners, repertoires, and formulae which it inherits and on which it works by changing them.
Constructing Walt Whitman: Literary History and Histories of Rhythm
Authors: Kappeler Erin
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues that Walt Whitman’s position in literary history as the father of American free verse was not secured until after the 1920s, significantly later than has been recognized. It traces contentious debates about Whitman’s prosody in the American academy in the 1910s and 1920s to show that arguments about Whitman’s rhythm were motivated by concerns about an imagined American race. Recovering these early critical arguments about Whitman’s metrical forms helps to illuminate just how imbricated rhythmic and nationalistic discourses have been in American poetics. This chapter thus suggests how prosodies, as systems of belief, help to create and uphold the imagined continuities and lineages that make up our literary histories, thereby highlighting the importance of attending to the politics as well as the aesthetics of prosody.
How to Find Rhythm on a Piece of Paper
Authors: Cable Thomas
Published: September 2019

For the past two centuries discussions of the meter and rhythm of a line of poetry have often been at cross-purposes because of different assumptions about whether the poem is a temporal object. References to the idiosyncrasies of a “performance” have confused the question by contrasting a specific event with a supposedly independent, enduring, timeless object. The conclusion of this line of thought rejects any reference to temporal features as part of the poem’s structure. By contrast, the ontology of the present essay is firmly temporal. It draws on ideas of “embodiment” in cognitive science to argue that the poem does not exist until it is performed and perceived. These actualizations of a poem may find cues in the conventional written representation of a poem, but the marks on paper are not the poem.
Picturing Rhythm
Authors: Martin Meredith
Published: September 2019

What might theories of syllabic prosody bring to bear on our readings of rhythm? Does syllabic meter even have a rhythm? If so, what might it have to do with imagism? This essay reads poems and poetic theories of Robert Bridges, from his early experiments in “Neo-Miltonic Syllabics” to its development into the long poem The Testament of Beauty. The essay then considers American prosodist Adelaide Crapsey, inventor of the five-line syllabic form the cinquain, and author of a scientific study of syllabics in poetry by Milton and others. Throughout the essay, William Carlos Williams’s contradictory remarks about rhythm and syllables are raised, and the essay opens and closes with a reading of “The Red Wheelbarrow” to ask whether syllabic meter might complicate the at once simplified and obfuscated field of so-called modernist rhythm.
Beyond Meaning: Differing Fates of Some Modernist Poets’ Investments of Belief in Sounds
Authors: Gerber Natalie
Published: September 2019

Modernist American poets Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, and William Carlos Williams insisted on the values of linguistic sound beyond the semantic. Stevens focused on the modulations of the sounds and lexical stresses of individual words within the meter. Frost and Williams focused on the less predictable intonational contours of phrases and sentences (although for Frost, the intonational contours play with and against the metrical pattern, whereas for Williams, lines tend to align with intonational phrases, turning prosodic speech tunes into a prosodic verse measure). Drawing on recent cognitive studies that pertain to the processing of speech sound and birdsong, this article suggests a need to revise critical assessments of the poets’ investments of belief in sound; it also considers why, given this research, Frost’s theory of sentence sounds has, perhaps unfairly, fared a worse critical reception.
Drama, Ecology, and the Ground of Empire The Play of Indigo
Authors: Banerjee Sukanya
Published: September 2019

By reading a mid–nineteenth-century Bengali play about indigo cultivation, Neel Darpan, this essay argues for the salience of drama—an overlooked form in Victorian studies—to ecocritical discussions. The essay also considers how the irreducibly ecological nature of colonialism recalibrates our analytical objects and impulses. In bringing ecology together with drama, the essay arrives at an idiom of “groundedness” as a critical imperative for ecologically minded scholarship, not least on empire.
Signatures of the Carboniferous The Literary Forms of Coal
Authors: Hensley Nathan K. , Steer Philip
Published: September 2019

This essay revises existing accounts of the Victorian novel by locating it within the coal-powered energy system that increasingly made it possible. Revisiting our most familiar accounts of mediation, we explore how coal energy might be visible in cultural productions unable or unwilling to engage this system, as a system, directly. Through readings of Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South and Cranford, J. R. Seeley’s The Expansion of England, and Joseph Conrad’s Nostromo, we argue that “coal form” can be glimpsed in texts that imagine the transgression of bounded systems of belonging, and in formal affinities across what otherwise seem discrete categories of genre and geography. Ultimately, this analysis suggests that coal has also infused, invisibly yet pervasively, some of our most enduring categories of criticism as well.
Mapping the “Invisible Region, Far Away” in Dombey and Son
Authors: Grener Adam
Published: September 2019

This essay analyzes the relationship between empire and ecology in Charles Dickens’s Dombey and Son (1846-48) in order to identify problems of representation that accompany the Victorian novel’s effort to grasp global systems, highlighting the methodological differences between ecological and symptomatic readings of the novel. Although Dombey’s failure to directly represent the “invisible regions” of empire problematizes its rhetoric of economic and domestic reform, this essay argues that its reliance upon the atmosphere and weather as mediating images foregrounds the imaginative structures necessary to understand the imperial underpinnings of domestic locales. The logic of the novel’s atmospheric and meteorological imagery shows the ways in which realism relies upon both metaphor and metonymy to represent systematic interconnection on a global scale.
From Specimen to System
Authors: Voskuil Lynn
Published: September 2019

The discipline of nineteenth-century botany was central both to the British imperial project and to the development of global theory. This article shows how the work of botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911) advanced certain concepts of globalization by exploring scale relationships in two mid-century texts—a systematic botany, Flora Indica (1855), and a travel narrative, Himalayan Journals (1854)—and by analyzing in particular the methodologies that link individual botanical species and their global distribution. In doing so, he drew upon tropes of the sublime and related aesthetic techniques to raise crucial hermeneutical questions and to perform an important scale critique. His contributions underscore the need for new scale critiques in the humanities today and the recognition that such critiques have significant antecedents in the work of nineteenth-century writers and scientists.
They Would Have Ended by Burning Their Own Globe
Authors: Pinkus Karen
Published: September 2019

A speculative essay that asks how we might read Jules Verne’s The Black Indies (Les indes noires) (1877), and especially its fantasies about coal, during the time of climate change. The chapter reflects on the embeddedness of a certain kind of nineteenth-century narrative of progress in the imaginary of humans today, living on the surface of a rapidly changing planet. To cut ourselves off from such a narrative may require acts of violent disruption.
Parchment, Pamphlets, and Plays: Into the Early Stuart Period (c. 1580–1641)
Authors: Hornbeck J. Patrick
Published: September 2019

Chapter 2 begins by exploring the literary fate of George Cavendish’s Life of Cardinal Wolsey from the time of its composition at the end of Queen Mary’s reign through its first appearance in print, in a highly expurgated, theologically and politically partisan edition of 1641. Both manuscripts and printed editions of the Life are analyzed in detail. But the chapter’s broader concern is the representation of Wolsey under the first two Stuart monarchs. The years leading up to the outbreak of the English civil wars witnessed the publication of numerous texts featuring the cardinal, including several pamphlets critical of the churchmanship of Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud. The chapter considers these popular publications alongside early Stuart dramas, especially William Shakespeare’s and John Fletcher’s King Henry VIII, as well as learned texts like the church histories of Francis Godwin (1630) and Edward, Lord Herbert (written 1639, published 1649).
Historical Fiction, Academic History, and Civic Pageantry (c. 1850–c. 1960)
Authors: Hornbeck J. Patrick
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4, which covers the period from c. 1850 to c. 1960, begins with a genre of representation that came into its own in the nineteenth century: historical fiction. The chapter addresses some of the interpretive challenges that historical fictions present and offers new readings of two early stories about Wolsey, both set in his native Suffolk. The emergence of historical fiction occurred contemporaneously with far-reaching developments in academic historiography. With the publication of copious original documents from the Henrician period came new resources for the study of Wolsey. The chapter explores the work of such historians as James Anthony Froude and J. S. Brewer, alongside the Wolsey biographies of Mandell Creighton (1891), Ethelred Taunton (1902), A. F. Pollard (1929), and Hilaire Belloc (1930). It observes how Victorian historians were often zealous about policing the boundaries of their discipline. Finally, since it is from this period that we have the earliest evidence for the public commemoration of Wolsey, the chapter explores the ways in which the cardinal was remembered in early-twentieth-century civic pageants in Oxford and Ipswich, as well as on the anniversaries of his Oxford foundation, currently known as Christ Church.
From A Man for All Seasons to Wolf Hall (c. 1960–present)
Authors: Hornbeck J. Patrick
Published: September 2019

Chapter 5 takes as its starting point the premiere of Robert Bolt’s historical play about the life of Thomas More, A Man for All Seasons. It goes on to consider Wolsey’s representation in academic writings and influential historical fictions in the second half of the twentieth century and the first decades of the twenty-first. The chapter explores the five biographies of the cardinal that appeared during this period, discussing at the same time how Wolsey has been represented in the broader historiography of the early reign of Henry VIII. While revisionists of the 1980s and 1990s demonstrated little interest in Wolsey, their discoveries about the early English Reformation have shaped the most recent academic representations of the cardinal. At the same time, however, some of the most influential representations of Wolsey in the past half-century have been fictional. Therefore, the chapter also analyzes Bolt’s play, the controversial television drama The Tudors, and Hilary Mantel’s Wolf Hall novels.
Forms of a World
Authors: Hunter Walt
Published: September 2019

Forms of a World: Contemporary Poetry and the Making of Globalization shows how the forms of contemporary poetry are forged through the transformations of globalization from 1970 to the present. The book’s inquiry springs from two related questions: what happens when we think of poetry as a global literary form, and when we think of the global in poetic terms? I argue that analyses of globalization are incomplete without poetry and that contemporary poetry cannot be understood fully without acknowledging the global forces from which it arises. Forms of a World contends that poetry’s role is not only to make visible thematically the violence of global dispossessions, but to renew performatively the missing conditions for intervening within these processes. Poetic acts—in this book, the rhetoric of possessing, belonging, exhorting, and prospecting—address contemporary conditions that render social life ever more precarious. I turn to an eclectic group of Anglophone poets, from Seamus Heaney and Claudia Rankine to Natasha Trethewey and Kofi Awoonor, whose poetry and whose lives are, in different but related ways, inseparable from the contemporary global situation. These poets creatively intervene in global processes by remaking their poetry’s repertoire of forms, from experiments in the sonnet to contemporary inventions of the ode.
Society, Sociality, Sociability
Authors: Jaaware Aniket
Published: September 2019

This chapter studies society and sociability. “Society” is a European notion. If the ancient Sanskrit descriptions of the fourfold division have some truth in them, it would mean that there were four societies. Indeed, the word for society, samaj, also means caste, clan, and community. So there are, then, many of what is called samaj. This is not a happy plurality—it is segmentationalist. It becomes clear that there never was “a society.” What can be found is “sociability.” Every moment of interacting with those people one does not know, one has to find that moment's sociability. That is what samaj means. Sociability is a matter of how one relates to “others”—those persons and things that one does not know at all.
Coda
Authors: Jaaware Aniket
Published: September 2019

And always the loud angry crowd,

Very angry and very loud,

Law is We,

And always the soft idiot softly Me.

—W. H. AUDEN, “LAW, LIKE LOVE”

I have written this down as it came to me, off and on, since 1998. There must be in/consistencies in argument, phraseology, and ideas. In lieu of an apology, I would like to say here that writing this has been an exercise in style as much as an exercise in thinking almost by myself, and it has been hard. I have not changed, mostly, what I wrote a long time ago. Changes were made only to make the text readable....
1
Authors: Lacoue-Labarthe Philippe
Published: September 2019

It may seem senseless to seek in Rousseau a thinking of the theater different from the one by which he famously sought to condemn the theater, but this search turns out to reveal in more detail the philosophical dimension of Rousseau’s thought as laid out in the first three chapters. Focusing at first on Rousseau’s short text titled “On Theatrical Imitation,” essentially a paraphrase of arguments on the theater from Plato’s Republic, this chapter situates Rousseau’s discussion of tragic affect, and of catharsis in particular, in relation to both Plato and Aristotle. Lacoue-Labarthe argues that while Rousseau’s critique of the notion of catharsis is based on a false and conventional reading of Aristotle, a closer look at both Aristotle’s and at Rousseau’s language shows that the latter is in fact more faithful to what Aristotle actually says in the Poetics than readers of Rousseau have been able to notice. This is demonstrated as well through a reading of Rousseau’s major text on the theater, the Letter to d’Alembert.
2
Authors: Lacoue-Labarthe Philippe
Published: September 2019

This chapter continues the argument from the previous chapter, developing it through a more detailed reading of the Letter to d’Alembert on the Theater, in which Rousseau’s well known condemnation of the theater occurs. Lacoue-Labarthe argues that Rousseau in fact does not condemn imitation as such, his target being rather imitation that seeks to produce effects of pleasure and complacency by way of flattering identifications. It is in this light that Rousseau critiques catharsis as a harmful illusion of relief from evil that leaves the evil in place. But when one turns to what Rousseau says about tragedy, and Greek tragedy in particular, another perspective emerges: catharsis and Aufhebung as a speculative sublation of historically embedded conflicts. Greek tragedy was not merely theater, but the staging of a originary agon between two kinds of “Greece,” one of which is absolutely anterior to theater as such and so is purely archaic. In this sense, Greek tragedy for Rousseau is a philosophical scene par excellence, the scene of a historical dialectic.
Toward an Aesthetics without Literature
Authors: Maxwell Jason
Published: September 2019

This chapter pairs together two important works of criticism in English studies that were published in the 1990s: John Guillory’s Cultural Capital and Susan Miller’s Textual Carnivals. While both works assess the state of the discipline at the turn of the century and diagnose the current relationship between literature and composition, Guillory and Miller each arrive at startlingly different conclusions. Their conflicting accounts provide a useful starting point for reconfiguring our understanding of aesthetics. The chapter then proceeds to illustrate how the current discipline of English can be strengthened through a notion of aesthetics that is not connected to traditional conceptions of literature.
Life in the North
Authors: Mendez James G.
Published: September 2019

When war broke out on April 12, 1861, about two hundred thousand African Americans scratched out a life for themselves in a northern society that was hostile to their very existence. Though a few northern blacks were able to accumulate property and live in a manner similar to white citizens, the majority of African Americans struggled to survive at the bottom of the political, economic, and social structure of northern society. In the decades leading to the Civil War, blacks had to also endure the constant fear of violence and race riots that usually ended with the loss of black property and black lives. Yet despite these many obstacles, blacks found a way to survive in a hostile environment, which they did by building strong social institutions and by organizing and resisting oppressive laws and practices. And in the background were the constant and determined efforts to end slavery.
Information Requests
Authors: Mendez James G.
Published: September 2019

With a lot more northern black men in the military, the everyday effects of the war suddenly affected many more black families. Whatever affected the soldiers would eventually reach their love ones, whether it was reduced pay or the lack of it, battle wounds, capture by the enemy, or death while serving. The letters in 1864, much more so than those in 1863, display these concerns, but with greater intensity, as well as frequency. Families were always sensitive to the whereabouts of their soldiers, and when they did not hear from their soldiers for long periods of time—usually after making numerous attempts through letters to reach him—they made inquiries to Union officials. Throughout the war, these types of letters were the most common from northern families, especially since the resulting uncertainty of not knowing the whereabouts and well being of their soldiers caused much distress to family members.
After the War
Authors: Mendez James G.
Published: September 2019

Even with victory in hand, northern black troops and their families had to wait longer for them to return home. While most white regiments were disbanded and their members mustered out, African-American regiments remained intact because their members had not completed their three years of service. The Union’s plan was for black troops to play a major role in the Union’s reconstruction of the South. Thus, black families would have to carry on long after the war had ended. Black troops worked to keep the peace in the defeated, resentful, and hostile South. In addition, black troops helped to facilitate the transition from slavery to freedom for the freedmen. The continued use of black regiments in the Union army forced their families to have to continue writing letters. What was different after April 1865 was that the goal of a Union victory no longer made sacrifices bearable for Union families.
Conclusion
Authors: Shimabuku Annmaria M.
Published: September 2019

The Conclusion re-engages the words of the so-called “father of Okinawan studies,” Ifa Fuyū, who wrote shortly before his death in 1947 that he was not in a position to “command [his] descendants to be in possession” of the ability to “determine their own fate.” Although this text is usually read as a lamentation of Okinawa’s inability to exercise self-determination, the Conclusion instead repositions it as a problem of how to think about the Okinawa’s alegality, or life unintelligible to the state. Specifically, it considers mixed-race life that was targeted as inimical to the monoethnic Japanese state (Chapter 1), and along with the contention surrounding the circumstances of its birth, continued to haunt Okinawa’s struggle with political representation from 1945 to 2015. It examines Ariko Ikehara’s essay on a mixed-race story in which a grandmother, by proxy of her daughter, claims her mixed granddaughter as a child of Okinawa. She exercises an autonomy irrespective of state recognition, and by doing so, reclaims an Okinawan life that matters.
Blueprints: Invisible Man and the Great Migration to White Flight
Authors: Tucker-Abramson Myka
Published: September 2019

Shortly after Ralph Ellison’s protagonist arrives in New York, he encounters Peter Wheatstraw, a man wearing Charlie Chaplin pants, “pushing a cart piled high with rolls of blue paper,” and singing a blues song that reminds the protagonist of home. Often read as a carrier of blues and vernacular traditions within the novel, Wheatstraw is also a literal carrier of building plans, all of which point to the ascendancy of Robert Moses and his New York City Slum Clearance Committee under the aegis of the Federal Housing Act of 1949. This chapter reads Ellison in relation to this emergent regime of post-war planning to suggest we think about Invisible Man not as a novel about a Jim Crow system passing into history, but about the tensions between the emergent racial regime of racial liberalism and white flight out of which neoliberalism would emerge.