bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of international partnerships in improving urethral reconstruction in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Haider Maahum , Jalloh Mohamed , Yin Jiaqi , Diallo Amadou , Puttkammer Nancy , Gueye Serigne , Niang Lamine , Wessells Hunter , McCammon Kurt
Published: June 2019

Purpose

To explore the impact of education and training in international surgical partnerships on outcomes of urethral stricture disease in low- and middle-income countries. To encourage data collection and outcomes assessments to promote evidence-based and safe surgical care.

Methods

Qualitative data were collected through observation of a reconstructive surgical workshop held by IVUmed at a host site in Dakar, Senegal. Quantitative data were collected through a retrospective review of 11 years of hospital data to assess surgical outcomes of urethral stricture disease before and after IVUmed started reconstructive workshops at the site.

Results

In the 11-year study period, 569 patients underwent 774 surgical procedures for urethral strictures. The numbers and types of urethroplasty techniques increased after IVUmed started its workshops. The average number of urethroplasties increased from 10 to 18.75/year. There was a statistically significant improvement in the mean success rate of urethroplasties from 12.7% before to 29% after the workshops. Anastomotic urethroplasty success rates doubled from 16.7 to 35.1%, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). The improved success rate was sustained in cases performed without an IVUmed provider.

Conclusions

Urethral stricture disease treatment in low- and middle-income countries is fraught with challenges due to complex presentations and limited subspecialty training. Improper preoperative management, lack of specialty instruments, and suboptimal wound care all contribute to poor outcomes. International surgical groups like IVUmed who employ the “teach-the-teacher” model enhance local practitioner expertise and independence leading to long-term improvements in patient outcomes. Tailoring practice guidelines to the local resource framework and encouraging data collection and outcomes assessment are vital components of providing responsible care and should be encouraged.
The effect of episodic retrieval on inhibition in task switching: a diffusion model analysis
Authors: Kowalczyk Agnieszka W. , Grange James A.
Published: June 2019

Inhibition in task switching is inferred from $$n-2$$

n
-
2

task repetition costs: slower response times and poorer accuracy for ABA task switching sequences compared to CBA sequences, thought to reflect the persisting inhibition of task A across an ABA sequence. Much work has examined the locus of this inhibition effect, with evidence that inhibition targets response selection processes. Consistent with this, fits of the diffusion model to $$n-2$$

n
-
2

task repetition cost data have shown that the cost is reflected by lower estimates of drift rate, suggesting that inhibition impairs information processing efficiency during response selection. However, we have shown that the $$n-2$$

n
-
2

task repetition cost is confounded with episodic retrieval effects which masquerade as inhibitory costs. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of diffusion model fits to new data within a paradigm that controls for episodic interference. Across four experiments (total $$N = 191$$

N
=
191

), we find evidence that the reduction of drift rate for $$n-2$$

n
-
2

task repetition costs is only evident under conditions of episodic interference, and the cost is absent when this interference is controlled for. In addition, we also find evidence that episodic retrieval influences task preparation processes and response caution. These findings provide important constraints for theories of task switching that suggest inhibition selectively targets response selection processes.
Establishing a typology of open innovation strategies and their differential impacts on innovation success in an Asia-Pacific developed economy
Authors: Cheng Colin C. J. , Shiu Eric C.
Published: June 2019

Firms use open innovation strategy to explore external knowledge or exploit internal knowledge to benefit their product/service innovations, and thus enhance their innovation performance. However, a lack of relational mechanisms makes it more difficult for collaborative partners to share their knowledge assets. Existing literature lacks a clear explanation of how knowledge and relational mechanisms simultaneously function for innovation success. In response, this study attempts to answer: (1) Can archetypes of open innovation strategies be identified by knowledge and relational mechanisms simultaneously? And, (2) Do they differ in their ability to predict innovation success under the condition of innovation process characteristics? An exploratory study of 78 open innovation firms reflects four archetypes of open innovation strategies. A subsequent cross-industry survey of 248 open innovation firms in Taiwan reveals that the four archetypes of open innovation strategies result in varying degrees of innovation success, and innovation process characteristics positively moderate such associations.
Seismological analyses of the seismic microzonation of 138 municipalities damaged by the 2016–2017 seismic sequence in Central Italy
Authors: Priolo E. , Pacor F. , Spallarossa D. , Milana G. , Laurenzano G. , Romano M. A. , Felicetta C. , Hailemikael S. , Cara F. , Di Giulio G. , Ferretti G. , Barnaba C. , Lanzano G. , Luzi L. , D’Amico M. , Puglia R. , Scafidi D. , Barani S. , De Ferrari R. , Cultrera G.
Published: June 2019

This paper describes the seismological analyses performed within the framework of the seismic microzonation study for the reconstruction of 138 municipalities damaged by the 2016–2017 sequence in Central Italy. Many waveforms were recorded over approximately 15 years at approximately 180 instrumented sites equipped with permanent or temporary stations in an area that includes all the damaged localities. Site response was assessed using earthquake and noise recordings at the selected stations through different parameters, such as spectral amplification curves, fundamental resonance frequencies, site-specific response spectra, and average amplification factors. The present study was a collaboration of many different institutions under the coordination of the ItalianCenter for Seismic Microzonation and its applications. The results were homogenized and gathered into site-specific forms, which represent the main deliverable for the benefit of Italian Civil Protection. It is remarkable that the bulk of this study was performed in a very short period (approximately 2 months) to provide quantitative information for detailed microzonation and future reconstruction of the damaged municipalities.
Printed carbon based interface for protein immobilization
Authors: Wróblewski Grzegorz , Janczuk-Richter Marta , Wolkowicz Tomasz , Jakubowska Malgorzata , Niedziolka-Jonsson Joanna
Published: June 2019

The aim of the investigations was to find a method of protein immobilisation in screen printed graphite layers. Three commonly used graphite powders were used to prepare conductive layers via screen printing. Several printing pastes with different carbon to polymer resin (polymethylmethacrylate) ratios were tested and the composition with the best electrical properties was selected for further investigations related to green fluorescent protein immobilisation. Six different procedures of protein immobilisation were examined including physical adsorption, electrochemical generation of carboxylic groups and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide activation, graphite functionalisation with succinic anhydride and graphite functionalisation with 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylsuccinic anhydride. Some of the functionalisation procedures were done before printing (functionalisation of graphite powders) and the others were done on printed and cured coatings. Printed graphite layers with immobilised green fluorescent proteins were studied with confocal fluorescent microscopy to assess the efficiency of the immobilisation procedures. The best results were observed for graphite functionalisation with succinic anhydride and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide activation of carboxylic groups.
Whales, fish and Alaskan bears: interest-relative taxonomy and kind pluralism in biology
Authors: Taylor Henry
Published: June 2019

This paper uses two case studies to explore an interest-relative view of taxonomy and how it complements kind pluralism in biology. First, I consider the ABC island bear, which can be correctly classified into more than one species. I argue that this classificatory pluralism can be explained by reference to the range of alternative explanatory interests in biology. In the second half of the paper, I pursue an interest-relative view of classification more generally. I then apply the resultant view to a second case study: whether whales are fish. I argue that this question is not one about scientific vs folk usage, as has been assumed. I also develop a new view: that Fish should be rejected as a category, both from the point of view of biological science, and from the point of view of folk taxonomy. Along the way, I use the interest-relative view to shed light on the circumstances under which higher taxa should be accepted as legitimate categories for biological science.
Moderate‐ to high‐intensity exercise does not modify cortical β‐amyloid in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Frederiksen Kristian S. , Madsen Karine , Andersen Birgitte B. , Beyer Nina , Garde Ellen , Høgh Peter , Waldemar Gunhild , Hasselbalch Steen G. , Law Ian
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Animal models of Alzheimer's disease show that exercise may modify β‐amyloid (Aβ) deposition. We examined the effect of a 16‐week exercise intervention on cortical Aβ in patients with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Methods

Thirty‐six patients with Alzheimer's disease were randomized to either one hour of aerobic exercise three times weekly for 16 weeks or usual care. Pre and post intervention, 11Carbon‐Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography was carried out to assess cortical Aβ, and quantified using standardized uptake value rations (SUVRs).

Results

The intervention showed no effect on follow‐up SUVRs in a covariance analysis with group allocation, baseline intervention SUVR, age, sex, and baseline Mini–Mental State Examination as predictors. Change in SUVRs did not correlate with changes in measures of physical or aerobic fitness.

Discussion

The present findings do not support an effect of exercise on Aβ. However, the relatively short intervention period may account for a lack of efficacy. Further studies should test earlier and longer interventions.
Regulation of inflammation by selenium and selenoproteins: impact on eicosanoid biosynthesis
Authors: Mattmiller S. A. , Carlson Bradley A. , Sordillo L. M.
Published: June 2019

Uncontrolled inflammation is a contributing factor to many leading causes of human morbidity and mortality including atherosclerosis, cancer and diabetes. Se is an essential nutrient in the mammalian diet that has some anti-inflammatory properties and, at sufficient amounts in the diet, has been shown to be protective in various inflammatory-based disease models. More recently, Se has been shown to alter the expression of eicosanoids that orchestrate the initiation, magnitude and resolution of inflammation. Many of the health benefits of Se are thought to be due to antioxidant and redox-regulating properties of certain selenoproteins. The present review will discuss the existing evidence that supports the concept that optimal Se intake can mitigate dysfunctional inflammatory responses, in part, through the regulation of eicosanoid metabolism. The ability of selenoproteins to alter the biosynthesis of eicosanoids by reducing oxidative stress and/or by modifying redox-regulated signalling pathways also will be discussed. Based on the current literature, however, it is clear that more research is necessary to uncover the specific beneficial mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory properties of selenoproteins and other Se metabolites, especially as related to eicosanoid biosynthesis. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in Se-mediated regulation of host inflammatory responses may lead to the development of dietary intervention strategies that take optimal advantage of its biological potency.
Reactive lysine content in commercially available pet foods
Authors: van Rooijen Charlotte , Bosch Guido , van der Poel Antonius F. B. , Wierenga Peter A. , Alexander Lucille , Hendriks Wouter H.
Published: June 2019

The Maillard reaction can occur during processing of pet foods. During this reaction, the ε-amino group of lysine reacts with reducing sugars to become unavailable for metabolism. The aim of the present study was to determine the reactive lysine (RL; the remaining available lysine) to total lysine (TL) ratio of commercial pet foods and to evaluate whether RL levels meet minimal lysine requirements (MLR). Sixty-seven extruded, canned and pelleted commercially available dog and cat foods for growth and maintenance were analysed for proximate nutrient composition, TL and RL. RL was expressed on a metabolisable energy basis and compared with the MLR for maintenance and growth. In dog foods, average RL:TL ratios were 0·87 (se0·02) for extruded, 0·97 (se0·02) for canned and 0·85 (se0·01) for pelleted foods, with the lowest ratio of 0·77 in an extruded diet for growing dogs. In extruded and canned cat foods, the average ratio was 0·91 (se0·02) and 0·90 (se0·03), respectively, with the lowest ratio being 0·67 in an extruded diet for growing cats. Variation in the RL:TL ratio between and within processing type indicate that ingredients rather than processing might be the key factor influencing RL content in pet foods. Eight dry foods for growing dogs had RL contents between 96 and 138 % of MLR, indicating that RL has to be between 62 and 104 % digestible to meet the MLR. Considering the variability in RL digestibility, these foods could be at risk of not meeting the MLR for growing dogs. Ingredients and pet foods should be characterised with respect to the RL content and digestibility, to avoid limitations in the lysine supply to growing dogs.
Energy requirements for racing endurance sled dogs
Authors: Loftus John P. , Yazwinski Molly , Milizio Justin G. , Wakshlag Joseph J.
Published: June 2019

Endurance sled dogs have unique dietary energy requirements. At present, there is disparity in the literature regarding energy expenditure and thus energy requirements of these dogs. We sought to further elucidate energy requirements for endurance sled dogs under field conditions. Three sled dog teams completing the 2011 Yukon Quest volunteered to provide diet history. Nutritional content was evaluated and a mock meal was analysed for each team. Race data were obtained fromwww.yukonquest.com. Dogs were weighed at the start of the race in Whitehorse Yukon (WH), a mid-way checkpoint in Dawson Yukon (DS) and at the finish in Fairbanks Alaska. Data are average value per dog or per dog per d. Linear regression compared average weight loss to average kcal/dog consumed daily. Diets and feeding regimes were similar for all three teams. The average daily energy intake and nutrient content was similar for all diets. During leg one (WH to DS), team 1 gained weight overall, whereas the other two teams experienced weight loss. Linear regression revealed 37 638 kJ/dog/d (8995 kcal/dog/d) was required for weight maintenance. During leg two (DS to Fairbanks Alaska), average weights decreased for all three teams. The extrapolated kcal requirement was approximately 57 734 kJ/dog/d (13 799 kcal/dog/d). The carbohydrate contents of these diets also suggest that presumed fat intake for endurance sled dogs may be slightly less than previously thought. Finally, these data support the concept that dietary energy requirements vary substantially with additional variables such as load pulled, terrain and ambient temperature.
Prediction of crude protein digestibility of animal by-product meals for dogs by the protein solubility in pepsin method
Authors: Kawauchi Iris M. , Sakomura Nilva K. , Pontieri Cristiana F. F. , Rebelato Aline , Putarov Thaila C. , Malheiros Euclides B. , Gomes Márcia de O. S. , Castrillo Carlos , Carciofi Aulus C.
Published: June 2019

Animal by-product meals have large variability in crude protein (CP) content and digestibility. In vivo digestibility procedures are precise but laborious, and in vitro methods could be an alternative to evaluate and classify these ingredients. The present study reports prediction equations to estimate the CP digestibility of meat and bone meal (MBM) and poultry by-product meal (PM) using the protein solubility in pepsin method (PSP). Total tract CP digestibility of eight MBM and eight PM samples was determined in dogs by the substitution method. A basal diet was formulated for dog maintenance, and sixteen diets were produced by mixing 70 % of the basal diet and 30 % of each tested meal. Six dogs per diet were used to determine ingredient digestibility. In addition, PSP of the MBM and PM samples was determined using three pepsin concentrations: 0·02, 0·002 and 0·0002 %. The CP content of MBM and PM ranged from 39 to 46 % and 57 to 69 %, respectively, and their mean CP digestibility by dogs was 76 (2·4) and 85 (2·6) %, respectively. The pepsin concentration with higher Pearson correlation coefficients with the in vivo results were 0·0002 % for MBM (r 0·380; P = 0·008) and 0·02 % for PM (r 0·482; P = 0·005). The relationship between the in vivo and in vitro results was better explained by the following equations: CP digestibility of MBM = 61·7 + 0·2644 × PSP at 0·0002 % (P = 0·008; R2 0·126); and CP digestibility of PM = 54·1 + 0·3833 × PSP at 0·02 % (P = 0·005; R2 0·216). Although significant, the coefficients of determination were low, indicating that the models were weak and need to be used with caution.
Association of signalment parameters with activity of pet dogs
Authors: Michel Kathryn E. , Brown Dorothy C.
Published: June 2019

Activity monitors are increasingly being used to quantify the activity of pet dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate associations between signalment and activity of free-living pet dogs. Healthy pet dogs were recruited to wear an Actical activity monitor on their collars continuously for 2 weeks in their home environment. At least fifteen dogs were enrolled in each of the following weight ranges: <10, 10–20, 21–30, 31–40, >40 kg and their age, sex and reproductive status recorded. Each dog's intensity of activity for each minute of recording was classified using the total counts for that minute and our pre-established cut-points. The percentage of time dogs spent in sedentary, light or moderate/vigorous activity each day was calculated. Median total daily activity counts and median percentages of time dogs spent in activities of differing intensity were used for the analysis. Associations between signalment characteristics and activity parameters were evaluated with the Mann–Whitney test, the Kruskal–Wallis test and Spearman rank correlations. Ninety-eight dogs were enrolled with ≥17 dogs in each weight category. Time that dogs were sedentary correlated positively with age (r 0·50, uncorrected P < 0·001), while the median total daily activity count (r −0·47, uncorrected P < 0·001), time spent in light (r −0·46, uncorrected P < 0·001) and more vigorous activity (r −0·50, uncorrected P < 0·001) were negatively associated with age. No other significant associations between signalment and activity parameters were found. The lack of differences in activity across weight categories may reflect the impact of lifestyle negating any potential behavioural differences across breeds.
How Relational Bonds Influence Strategies for Coping with Guilt
Authors: Nencini Alessio , Meneghini Anna Maria
Published: June 2019

Many studies have shown that guilt is an important moral emotion that motivates reparative actions in order to maintain positive interpersonal relationships. However, when the victim of an offence does not have a close relationship with the transgressor or when the intensity of the whole experience is irrelevant or excessive, people can adopt different strategies to cope with their feelings of guilt. The paper aims to investigate the relation between interpersonal relationships, responsibility taking elicited by moral transgressions and coping strategies. Results show that experiences of guilt vary on the basis of the degree of closeness with the harmed person. The closeness of the relational bond between transgressor and victim also affects the global intensity of the experience of guilt (made of a set of correlated emotions), thus favoring the choice of self or other-oriented strategies to cope with guilt. Global low intensities of guilt tend to favor self-oriented strategies, while wrongdoings that elicit high emotional intensities are often considered too serious and thus irreparable. Medium intensities of guilt experiences are more frequently managed through adaptive, other-oriented strategies.
Glossina swynnertoni, Austen, in Relation to various Vegetation Types
Authors: Vicars-Harris N. H.
Published: June 2019

The writer took over the Shinyanga fly-rounds in November 1934 from Mr. W. H. Potts, Senior Entomologist, under whose charge they had been since June 1932. The Maswa fly-rounds were not taken over until April 1935, when some of them had been in progress for a few months.

The Shinyanga area, its climate, topography, game and vegetation, have been described by Mr. H. M. Lloyd (1935), by Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton (1923 and 1936), and by Mr. W. H. Potts in an hitherto unpublished paper, and no further general account is necessary. Table I gives in summarised form a synopsis of the seasons. The Maswa fly-belt lies to the east of the Shinyanga belt, separated from it by the Sukuma Cultivation Steppe, and was, until recently, part of the main G. swynnertoni belt that stretches from the bottom of the Serengeti Plains to Arusha and Moshi. As the result of reclamation measures carried out by the Tsetse Research Department during recent years, this belt has been severed from the main fly-belt, and the south-eastern section of this severed portion has again been cut off from the remainder by clearings. In this small isolated block of some 150 square miles an experiment in the exclusion of grass fires as a control measure against the tsetse was initiated in 1934, and fly-rounds were started in that area in order that a control might be kept on the progress of the experiment. Owing to administrative difficulties the experiment had to be discontinued in mid-1935, but the writer decided to continue the fly-rounds and to increase them by two additional rounds in the hopes of producing information, complementary and supplementary, to that from the Shinyanga rounds. The results of the fly-rounds from these two areas appear to throw light upon the vegetational preferences of G. swynnertoni and form the subject of this paper.
The Breeding Media of some common Flies
Authors: Thomsen Mathias , Hammer Ole
Published: June 2019

When studying the biology of the house-fly or any other fly annoying to man and domestic animals with a view to practical control, it is obvious that a correct knowledge of the breeding-places of the species is perhaps the most important problem which the investigator has to solve. As to the common house-fly (Musca domestica, L.) it is generally held that this problem has been completely cleared up by several workers years ago, but recent observations in Denmark have convinced the writers that this is not the case. We have arrived at conclusions regarding the chief breeding-places of the house-fly differing from those generally found in text-books.

Our work has not been limited to Musca domestica, for we have as far as possible studied the breeding-places of other flies occurring in houses or connected with domestic animals, first and foremost the stable-fly (Stomoxys calcitrans, L.). The knowledge of the biology of the stable-fly in Europe is surprisingly meagre, though the practical interest of this species as a tormentor of cattle and horses and a possible vector of infectious diseases is generally recognised.

As our observations may be of some interest to workers in other countries we have collected them in this paper, which constitutes the third of a series containing the main results of our investigations into the fly problem started under the auspices of the Health Organisation of the League of Nations and the Danish Committee of Rural Hygiene and with the support of the Danish Ministry of Agriculture and several private funds.
A Method of testing Oils and other Chemical Agents for Killing Mosquito Larvae
Authors: Cauchi J. , Sellers W. , Bunkall J. D.
Published: June 2019

In 1933, the late Dr. Drysdale Anderson made a series of laboratory experiments at Onitsha, Southern Nigeria, to study the mosquito larva-killing properties of a number of mineral oils and of some mixtures of these oils. For the experiments he used fresh fourth instar larvae of Anopheles costalis, Giles, which is the most common malaria-carrying species in Nigeria; these larvae he obtained from two temporary pools in the bush, which produced large numbers of larvae in wet weather but dried up after a period of 48 hours without rain.

For his experiments Dr. Anderson used plates marked at a diameter of 19-5 cm. (giving a depth of fluid of 2-5 cm.) with 20 to 30 larvae for each plate and one observer for every 3 plates. An experiment consisted of an average of 200 larvae. The oil was applied by discharging 0·65 cc. from a pipette.

It was suggested that confirmatory experiments in the field were required to check the results of these laboratory experiments. This led to the methods described below being devised by us for testing the efficiency of larvicides under conditions as nearly natural as practicable.

To ensure comparability of results we dug our own breeding-pits, each approximately 2 feet by 2 feet square, on low-lying ground where the ground water is very near the surface. The pits were made of such a depth as to contain 8–12 inches of water and are kept under observation for breeding, and when this occurs its intensity is recorded by measuring out a definite number of dips taken along the four sides of the pit and by counting the larvae captured.

For this “dipping” we made our own rectangular dishes of zinc sheeting with sloping sides 2 inches from rim to bottom, 9 inches by 5½ inches in area at rim level, and 8 inches by 4½ inches in area at the bottom. In practice, such dishes collect about 30 fluid ounces at each complete dip.
On the Relation ofPhlebotomus papatasiito the Temperature and Humidity of the Environment
Authors: Theodor Oskar
Published: June 2019

The bionomics of sandflies (Phlebotomus: Psychodidae) have been studied mainly in relation to the diseases they transmit. Comparatively little experimental work has yet been undertaken on the physiology ofPhlebotomusin the laboratory. In the present paper experiments are described on the thermal limits ofPhlebotomus, on the influence of temperature and humidity on the length of life of adult sandflies and on the loss of water in larvae and pupae. The problem of loss of water in sandflies is of particular interest, since adjustment to a varying humidity under natural conditions appears to be an important factor in the transmission of diseases by these insects.

For the study of sandflies in the laboratory an ample supply of insects raised under uniform conditions is required. In a previous publication (1934) a breeding method has been described which provides any desired number of sandflies. If overcrowding of the breeding pots is prevented the flies are relatively uniform.

The species used in the experiments wasPhlebotomus papatasii, the common sandfly of the Mediterranean, which is the most suitable species for laboratory work; it is comparatively easy to breed and to handle and feeds readily in captivity. The sandflies used in the experiments were bred from females caught in October in Jerusalem. The pots containing the larvae were wrapped in moist cottonwool and survived the transport to London without any damage. The work was commenced, and parts of it completed, in the Department of Entomology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, where I held the Avebury Studentship. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help received from Professor P. A. Buxton and the valuable collaboration of Mr. J. D. Gillett. The work was completed in Jerusalem.
The Problem of Black Scale (Chrysomphalus Ficus, Ashm.) in Palestine
Authors: Schweig C. , Grunberg A.
Published: June 2019

The work which is described in this paper was undertaken owing to the conflicting results of standard fumigation practice in Palestine as it existed up to 1932, so that it became evident that the response of the Black Scale to Palestine conditions called for investigation.

Owing to the difference in climate between the Northern Coastal Plain and the Jordan Valley a series of parallel investigations had to be initiated, with the interesting results which Dr. Schweig and Mr. Grunberg have set forth.

There seems little doubt that the growers in the Jordan Valley will have to change from summer to winter fumigation and that in Acre Sub-District even if the double fumigation now under trial is not practicable (and there is no reason wh y it should not be) fumigation will have to be completed by the end of July—otherwise the fruit of the last fumigated groves will be infested before the gangs can reach them. With regard to biological control, this would be pf more value for keeping down the Black Scale population on alternative hosts, such as Eucalyptus groves and roadside trees. Negotiations for the importation of Comperiella bifasciata are in progress, and if this proves possible it will be given a trial in the Jordan Valley and the Coastal Plain.

It is unfortunate that the pressure of other demands on the time of a small staff precluded the investigation of the behaviour of the Black Scale in Jaffa Sub-District, but general observations show that it tends to react more in the manner of the Jordan Valley race than of that of the Northern Coastal Plain.

All the orange-groves between Jaffa and Haifa are heavily infested with Aonidiella aurantii, and it will be interesting to see, in view of the observations on mutual tolerance contained in this paper, whether Black Scale spreading from Jaffa will drive out the Red Scale or fail to make headway agaipst it.
The Aim of Legal Education
Authors: Wade E. C. S.
Published: June 2019

My first duty is to apologise for the delay which has caused me deliberately to wait until this relatively late date after my return to Cambridge a year ago before I felt able to deliver this inaugural lecture. For six years the locusts of war ate into my all too limited learning in the law, and involved a loss of all contact with academic life which made advisable a period of recovery—not yet completed—before I plucked up courage to say what I want to say to-day—in all too scanty words. I did, however, in the course of last year, address some informal remarks to the Cambridge University Law Society—and I take this opportunity of thanking their Officers for the invitation—on which occasion I put forward some considerations which seemed to justify the conclusion that the effect of the late war had been to stress the importance of public law.
Observations on the First Book of Lucan
Authors: Getty Robert J.
Published: June 2019

The mistranslation by Mr. J. D. Duff of nox ubi sidera condit as ‘where night hides the stars’ is also the interpretation of many commentators from Sulpitius in the last decade of the fifteenth century to Lejay in the last decade of the nineteenth. Lucan is clearly speaking of East and West in 15, of South in 16, and of North in 17–18. How can night be said to hide the stars in the West? Burman saw the difficulty and expressed himself thus: ‘…dubito, an recte dicatur, nox condere sidera, id est, Stellas, quae sole cadente prodeunt, et se spectanda praebent, obscurare et occulere: neque nunc occurrit alius ex veteribus locus, unde ita locutos fuisse Poetas appareat. Nox enim adveniens prodit sidera, praecipitans uero, aurora adveniente, potest recte dici condere, et quasi auferre ex oculis hominum sidera.’ Burman then was tempted to understand sidera as the sun, but could not parallel this use of the plural, although he admitted the use of sidera solis. He cited Ouid. Met. 14, 172–3 caelumque et sidera solis / respicio, as did Haskins, who took the same view with hesitation. Ezra de Clerq van Jever in his Specimen Selectarum Observationum, which he published at Leiden in 1772, definitely understood sidera as the sun, though he could parallel only sidus in the singular from Ouid. A.A. 1, 723–4 aequoris unda / debet et a radiis sideris esse niger. But, it may be said, these Ovidian passages are such that no ambiguity is possible, and are not quite relevant to Lucan's phrase.
The Bâle and Leyden Scholia to Thucydides
Authors: Powell J. Enoch
Published: June 2019

The remarks I wish to make upon the Thucydides scholia in Bâle University MS. no. E III 4 will be clearer if prefaced by an outline history of the scholia to Thucydides in general.

The editio princeps (Aldine, May 1502) contained no scholia. They made their first appearance in the following year as an appendix to the Aldine Gemistius and Herodian. The same scholia were then reprinted in the Juntine edition (Florence 1526) as a frame to the text. In the Hervagian edition of Camerarius (Bâle 1540) they were relegated to the end, and Camerarius claims in his prefatory epistle to have expended some trouble in emending them. Henceforward the same corpus of scholia, unchanged save for occasional emendation, passes on from edition to edition, either framing the text, as in Stephanus ([Geneva] 1564), or beneath it, as in Stephanus ([Geneva] 1588), Hudson (Oxford 1696), Duker (Amsterdam 1731), Gottleber-Bauer-Beck (Leipzig 1790–1804).
Indivisible Lines
Authors: Nicol A. T.
Published: June 2019

The name of Democritus can claim a place in any discussion of indivisibles. Yet its introduction in this paper seems to depend on the lucus a non lucendo principle; for Democritus did not believe in the existence of indivisible lines. Nowhere is the belief ascribed to him and in at least one place it is implicitly denied, the scholion on De Caelo 268a 1, which says he made his elements indivisible solids, as contrasted with lines or surfaces. Two passages, one from Plutarch, the other from Simplicius, will show why he could not believe in indivisible lines.
The Sources of Diodorus Siculus XVI
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: June 2019

The source-criticism2 of Diodorus XVI has been dominated by the principle of argument from detail. Thus, if two details in Diodorus' text are found to conflict, they are assumed to derive from different sources and, if similar, from the same source; and, where a fragment of an ancient historian is found to resemble a passage in Diodorus, that historian is assumed to be the source employed by Diodorus in that passage; finally, when a sufficient mosaic of such details is pieced together, general divisions are drawn to embrace each separate detail. But this principle is of questionable value: for it implies the tacit assumption that Diodorus made no mistake in compressing or transcribing detail, added no colour himself, and could only have derived a given detail, described in a given manner, from the one ancient historian whose description of that detail is preserved. When one remembers that Diodorus is a careless and unintelligent compiler of a compendious narrative, who aimed like Ephorus at lending each book a unity, and that the fragments of the many historians whom Diodorus may have excerpted are very scanty, it is clear that this principle admits of a large margin of error.
The Chorus of Alcman'sPartheneion
Authors: Page Denys
Published: June 2019

The irregular division of vv. 35 sqq. between two semi-choruses seems to bo widely accepted and approved.2 I wish first to discuss the obvious objection that such an irregular division is unparalleled in a strophic chorus,3 and secondly to show that the reasons advanced for the division are themselves insufficient.
Metrical Observations on Aesch. Pers. 922–1001
Authors: Dale A. M.
Published: June 2019

Text, interpretation and metre present a tangled problem in this threnody, and the solutions of editors differ widely. The chief function of detailed metrical study in such corrupt passages of lyric is to weight the scales in favour of—or more often against—certain methods of handling the text. The positive results of this present attempt to apply metrical criteria are necessarily modest and tentative; negatively they are, I think, sometimes decisive.
The Sources of Plutarch's Timoleon
Authors: Westlake H. D.
Published: June 2019

Plutarch's Timoleon has received little attention from scholars who in recent years have studied the sources of his Lives and sought to determine the methods which he followed in their composition. The reasons for this neglect are obvious: the Timoleon is a simple Life, contains few citations, and is universally and justifiably believed to be founded, together with the Timoleon of Cornelius Nepos, upon the tradition established by Timaeus. Scholars of the nineteenth century agreed in further concluding that both authors derived their material directly and almost exclusively from Timaeus. This conclusion does not appear to have been challenged in spite of the well-known contention of Eduard Meyer, which has won considerable approval, that neither biographer was accustomed to use primary historical authorities, each relying mainly upon biographies of the Hellenistic period which have not survived. The validity of Meyer's theory as a general principle of source-criticism will not be expressly discussed in this paper. My purpose is rather to examine the Timoleon only, especially in relation to the Timoleon of Nepos, and to suggest a method of composition here adopted by Plutarch, who, I believe, based his Life upon a secondary biography and supplemented this from a primary historical authority.
Eunomia
Authors: Andrewes A.
Published: June 2019

Eunomia was early personified. Already in Hesiod she is one of the three Horai, the child of Themis and the sister of Dike and Eirene, and from her family we may learn something of her nature. Both mother and sisters are concerned with the individual as the member of a community rather than as persomn in himself. Themis is a complicated character, whose implications cannot here be discussed, but we may without offence call her the mother of the social order and of the organized life of the community; Dike and Eirene are certainly social virtues which cannot usefully be practised by the individual in isolation, but if widespread make possible the collective life of the city. Eunomia too is one of the guardians of the social order, keeping the city from violence and lawlessness.
The Sources of Plutarch's Pelopidas
Authors: Westlake H. D.
Published: June 2019

In a recent paper (C.Q. XXXII pp. 65–74) I attempted to show that Plutarch founded his Timoleon upon a Hellenistic biography and made direct use of Timaeus only for the major episodes, where the material contained in this biography was insufficient. The Pelopidas is similar in colouring to the Timoleon, both belonging to what might be described as the ‘chivalrous hero’ class of Plutarch's Lives. Yet this similarity does not originate from the use of similar authorities; for in writing the Pelopidas he was compelled by the nature of the sources available to him to adopt an entirely different process of composition. The bulk of the Life is, as I hope to show, directly derived from the work of a fourth-century historian, and a considerable amount of supplementary material is added from miscellaneous sources.
Some Late Greek Ghost-Words
Authors: Palmer L. R.
Published: June 2019

In a recent note (Rev. de Phil. 1936, 208) Mr. T. B. Allen had corrected a reading of J. B. Cramer (Anecdota Oxoniensia II 56) βρβειος οὐρ to προβτειος., but in a footnote he adds ‘When I made this correction I was not aware of the word πρβειος. Liddell and Scott and Sophocles share my ignorance. I found it in the Anecdota of Boissonade III 408: κ δ τν κρεν ρνιθας σθειν κα πρβεια κα περιστερς sim. 410, 412, 419. Boissonade quotes the word from a similar treatise by Hierophilus, and the 1851 edition of Stephanus reproduces his note.’ This trisyllabic word πρβειος is obviously a ‘Reimbildung’ to ἄρνειος, μσχειος, ταρειος etc., and its occurrence clears up a papyrus reading which has long puzzled me. In P. Lond. 113, 10, 13 [VII] we read πρωβαων δερμτων, which Preisigke lists as ‘πρβαιος=προβτειος’ Until reading Allen's note I had supposed that the loss of the syllable -ατ- in προβτ-ειος, was a haplography induced by the following δερμ-τ-ων but there are now grounds for regarding the formation as genuine. Only the variation of the adjectival suffix -ειος × -αιος presents a difficulty. In clearing this up we shall be able to lay a number of ghost-words which have spooked in the second edition of Mayser's Grammatik der ptolemäischen Papyri.
The Composition of Josephus' Antiquities
Authors: Richards G. C.
Published: June 2019

After the Jewish War Josephus was taken to Rome by Titus and then enjoyed the favour of Vespasian (Vit. 422–3). The first task set him was to write a history of it in Aramaic for the ‘upper barbarians’, by which he means Parthians, Babylonians, Jews beyond Euphrates and Adiabenians (B.J. I 3, 6). For his work he doubtless had access to the ‘commentarii’ of the emperor. This task may not have taken him long, but the translation into Greek (B.J. I 3) which we possess took longer, and was finished before the emperor's death, but after the dedication of the Forum Pacis (B.J. VII 158). In its leisurely composition he tells us later (c. Ap. I 50) that he had ‘certain assistants’ in the Greek language. As the work is quite uniform and smooth in style, we can only assume that J. turned his Aramaic into Greek himself to start with, and then placed the MS in the hands of assistants who systematically revised it, rewriting where necessary. No other hypothesis is possible; for no assistant could have been found sufficiently familiar with both Aramaic and literary Greek—at least it is highly improbable—and we have no reason to disbelieve J. when he says he translated his original treatise.
Thucydides and the Geographical Tradition
Authors: Pearson Lionel
Published: June 2019

Since geography was one of the accepted branches of Ionian Ίστορíη, it is not surprising that geographical description and discussion should play so large a part in the work of Herodotus. Nor is it surprising that, since he covered so much ground, he should occasionally borrow information from his predecessors. Apart from particular passages where comparison with the fragments of Hecataeus shows that he borrowed from this author's Periegesis, there are numerous others which, although strictly relevant fragments are lacking, by their style and manner betray the influence of Hecataeus. The so-called ΛιβυκῸσ λΌγος for example, in Book IV is full of the conventional formulae familiar to anyone who has studied the fragments; consequently Jacoby is prepared to say that it provides even more valuable material for the method and style of Hecataeus than the treatment of Egypt in Book II, where more specific evidence of borrowing is available. There are countless other passages and isolated sentences where the style suggests, if not actual dependence on the text of Hecataeus, at least adherence to the Hecataean tradition of geographical description.
Martial's Kalendae Nataliciae
Authors: Lucas Hans
Published: June 2019

Histories of Roman literature state under Martial that his birthday was on ist March.1 Martial repeatedly says so himself. But these statements must now be questioned, since they harbour a peculiar difficulty, perhaps even a problem, whose solution is here attempted.
The Portents in Horace, Odes I. 2. 1–20
Authors: Hirst Margaret E.
Published: June 2019

The ancient scholia and various modern editors interpret these lines as a description of the prodigies which followed the death of Caesar. It is bold to criticize a view so widely held, but its acceptance, to me, involves considerable difficulties. The first is the long interval between Caesar's death and the date of the Ode. About this date editors vary, but the general view is that it belongs either to the year 29 or 28 B.C.
Macte, Mactare, Macula
Authors: Palmer L. R.
Published: June 2019

The old ritual word macte was only vaguely understood even in Republican times. As is well known, the ancient critics connected the word with magis, magnus, and explained it as magis auctus (so Servius on Verg. Aen. IX. 641; Nonius 81, 18; Paul. Fest. p. 112, Lindsay). A glance at Walde's Wörterbuch reveals that many attempts have been made in modern times to solve the mystery; but the formidable equipment of the modern philologist has yielded little better results than the popular etymology of the ancients, the most favoured view to-day seeing in mactus the PPP of a verb mago (so L-H p. 405) with macto as the frequentative which replaces it. The supposed semantic development of this verb, originally meaning ‘to increase’, has been set forth by Warde Fowler in a well-known passage (Rel. Exper. 182 f.), to which recent authorities have accorded their assent and praise: ‘the vitality of the deity … was really increased by placing on the altar the organs of life of the victim’. But this is a solution which ignores half the problem: macte and mactare are used not only of the deities but also of the victim (despite Warde Fowler and others, see below). One can perhaps understand lovem mactare as ‘to magnify J.’, but not even by the most superficial analogy can we find a transition from here to the meaning typified in mactare vinum. Yet this is one of the most frequent usages of the word. So deep a gulf lies between the two semantic spheres of the verb that some scholars have sought to find in it two different verbs (so Walde). But this is a counsel of despair which the editor of the Thesaurus dismisses with a non recte. We must agree, then, with Hey (A.f.l.L. XIII, 223 ff.) that the modern explanation is ‘sicher eine unrichtige’ and with Meillet-Ernout that there exists ‘aucune étymologie claire’. It is, therefore, surprising that so ill-founded a preconception should lead investigators to ignore or even dismiss important evidence which the ancient authorities offer for the solution of this problem.
Providentia and Aeternitas
Authors: Charlesworth Martin Percival
Published: June 2019

During the first two centuries of the Roman Empire, as the Principate slowly developed, certain qualities and attributes of the emperor tend to become personified or regarded as permanent elements in the character of the ruler: it may be Clementia, or Indulgentia, or Munificentia, it may be the Greek Philanthropia or Euergesia. In this way they tend to acquire a special meaning, or rather a complex of special meanings. Two such words are Providentia and Aeternitas, and the object of the present study is to review some of the evidence (it would be difficult to collect all) and elucidate the significance which the word Providentia or the word Aeternitas might convey to a citizen of the Empire in the second century.