bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decade Differences in Personality of Junior College and University Freshmen
Authors: Southern Mara L. , Plant Walter T.
Published: September 2011

Random samples of freshmen at a junior college and a university were administered 5 scales from the California Psychological Inventory in 1958–60, and to similarly obtained samples from the same institutions in 1970–71. The Ns were 75 males and 75 females each time at the junior college, and 100 males and 100 females each time at the university. Significant decade differences in mean scores by sex group were obtained for 12 of the 20 comparisons with 1970-71 groups having the lower means. The differences were generally toward a less psychologically mature direction.
Long-Term Retention of Heat Training in Mongolian Gerbils
Authors: Neylon Ann , Brosgole Leonard
Published: September 2011

Escape from heat was used to produce a black-white discrimination response in 60 gerbils. The animals were retested after 2, 4, or 6 calendar months from the date of original learning. The retest consisted of reversal learning for half the group and retraining for the other half. The relearning group showed significant savings and differed reliably from the reversal group which demonstrated no transfer at all. The originally learned response persisted, being unaffected by the passage of time. It was concluded that heat training results in the long-term retention of an acquired response.
Effectiveness of Marathon Group Psychotherapy with Hospitalized Female Narcotics Addicts
Authors: Ross Wesley F. , McReynolds William T. , Berzins Juris I.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of marathon group psychotherapy vs daily group psychotherapy was examined by comparing changes in the personality test scores of small matched groups of hospitalized female narcotic addicts. Although both treatments reduced scores on the “neurotic triad” of the MMPI, the marathon treatment also appeared to change specific attitudes toward criminal and drug subcultures.
An Abbreviated MMPI for Use with College Students
Authors: Newmark Charles S. , Boas Barbara , Messervy Thomas
Published: September 2011

The ability of Faschingbauer's shorter form to predict standard MMPI scores in a college population was investigated. Results showed close statistical correspondence, high comparability in identifying valid and invalid profiles as well as high correspondence with respect to high-point codes and general profile elevations.
Women as Marginals
Authors: Walstedt Joyce Jennings
Published: September 2011

The concept of marginality is applied to women after reviewing its meaning and applicability to other groups. A discussion of females' Altruistic Other orientation and more open sex-role-identity ensues. Suggestions are made to foster the goal of reducing women's marginal status.
Forer Revisited: Acceptability of a Fake Personality Sketch
Authors: Verberne Tom J. P.
Published: September 2011

Prior administration of a personality test appears to account for less than one-fifth of the variance involved in the accuracy ratings of a pseudo-personality sketch presented to 53 medical students.
Selectivity, Resistance to Distraction and Shifting as Three Attentional Factors
Authors: Sack Sallyann Amdur , Rice Charles E.
Published: September 2011

To assess whether degree of selectivity, ability to resist distraction, and capacity for voluntary shifting are separate, identifiable attention processes, 164 eighth-grade students were given three adaptations of the Gottschaldt Embedded-figures Test. Distraction was represented by three tasks devised by Karp, called Cancellation, Arithmetic Operations, and the Distracting Contexts Test 2B. Shifting was defined by an anagrams task and one requiring the drawing of alternately placed triangles. A group version of the Stroop Color-Word Test was predicted to load both selectivity and shifting. Data were subjected to a principal components analysis, followed by an oblique rotation which permits comparison of the degree to which an obtained factor matrix approximates a hypothesized pattern matrix. Tests load as predicted. Results support the hypothesis of three separate attention factors underlying the performance of tests used.
Effects of a Domiciliary Restoration Program on State-Trait Anxiety and Self-Ideal Concepts
Authors: Knox Wilma J.
Published: September 2011

An experimental and a control group of domiciled veterans showed a significant increase in state anxiety over a period of approximately 4 mo. Trait anxiety decreased in the control group and increased in the experimental group. Neither group showed changes in self-ideal concepts.
Two Fixed-Ratio Schedules and Their Impact on Aggression in Humans
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew , Ross Ian D.
Published: September 2011

Ss were paid for performing a simple knob-pulling task either after every pull (FR 1 schedule) or after every 200 pulls (FR 200). The frustrative delay in reinforcement experienced by Ss rewarded on the FR 200 schedule resulted in higher rates and magnitudes of punching responses to terminate an aversive tone.
Group-Contingent Time-out and Behavior on a School Bus
Authors: Campbell Douglas P. , Adams Robert M. , Ryabik James E.
Published: September 2011

A school bus on its evening route was stopped (time-out) following any instance of standing, incorrect in-seat posture, or fighting. Frequency and duration of the target behaviors declined to zero or near-zero during the time-out treatment, increased slightly during a second baseline series, and declined again during time-out.
Communication of Intentions and Requests, and the Availability of Punitive Power in a Mixed-Motive Situation
Authors: Enzle Michael E. , Morrison Bruce John
Published: September 2011

The effects of opportunities to communicate intentions and requests and the possession of punitive power in a Prisoner's Dilemma game were assessed with a 2 × 2 × 3 design. The results indicated that the availability of power and communication opportunities, with some exceptions, mitigated competition between pairs for 208 college students.
Use of Long-Term Memory in Impression Formation
Authors: Rywick Thomas , Schave Paul
Published: September 2011

Based on a dual-process theory of memory, it was hypothesized that the primacy effects often observed in impression-formation studies are due to a reliance on information in long-term, as opposed to short-term, memory storage. Variables which have been shown to affect either long-term or short-term memory were therefore manipulated in two impression-formation experiments. It was found that a delay following stimulus presentation (which reduces short-term memory) had no effect on impressions while inclusion of an irrelevant task during stimulus presentation (which reduces long-term memory) significantly reduced the degree of impression primacy.
Case Studies in Development of Masculinity and Femininity in Male Children
Authors: Rosen Alexander C. , Teague James
Published: September 2011

This paper presents case data on the fathers of boys who display feminine behavior and who express the wish, fantasy or desire to become little girls. Although not physically absent from the home, these fathers were non-participants psychologically. The quality of their relationship with their boys, their own personality needs, and the nature of the relationship between mother and child provide the major basis for the boys' difficulty in achieving an adequate masculine identity and displaying feminine behavior and interests.
Accelerating Dissertation Writing: Case Study
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: September 2011

In an application of Zimmerman's productive avoidance technique, to accelerate dissertation writing, an S who had postponed writing her dissertation for 2 yr. deposited $50 in cash with E. Five dollars was returned each week to S contingent on 5 pages of writing being submitted; otherwise the money was mailed to a church organization S intensely disliked. After the eighth week a draft was complete, and S's committee requested only minor revisions; treatment was suspended. As revisions had not been made 6 wk. later, contingencies were reinstated. A complete final draft was finished within a week.
Dogmatism, Dogmatism Factors, and Liberalism-Conservatism
Authors: Steininger Marion , Lesser Harvey
Published: September 2011

Dogmatism scores, dogmatism factor scores, and two indices of liberalism-conservatism were interrelated for 78 male students, 89 female students, 108 of their fathers, and 138 of their mothers. The six major dogmatism factors found in the literature were belief in one truth, belief in a cause, alienation, virtuous self-denial, self-proselytization, and authoritarianism; the content of the items measuring the factor usually called “alienation” suggests that it may instead measure “derogation of others.” The two indices of liberalism-conservatism were scores on a questionnaire and preference in the 1972 presidential election; neither was related to dogmatism in any of the samples, but Nixon supporters had more conservative attitudes than McGovern supporters in all four samples. Both indices of liberalism-conservatism were related to belief in one truth among the students; among the parents only the questionnaire scores were, and less than among the students. This difference between the groups of parents and students suggests that attitudes toward social issues may be more normative among the parent groups, mote personal among the student groups. In all four samples, the six dogmatism factors tended to have low positive intercorrelations, and every factor correlated significantly with total dogmatism. Total scores on the 15 items measuring the six factors correlated approximately .90 with total dogmatism in all four samples; these items may therefore be a theoretically meaningful brief dogmatism scale.
High-Intensity Ultrasonic Sound: A Better Rat—A Reply to Pinel (1972)
Authors: Morley Barbara J. , Abelson Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The suggestion by Pinel (1972) that ultrasonic sound might serve as a rat control method by its properties as an aversive and seizure-producing stimulus is evaluated in light of data on the complexity of audiogenic seizures and selective breeding for noise escape behavior in rats. It is proposed that the rat may have sufficient genetic diversity to result in a population of rats which neither escape from high-intensity sounds nor die as a result of the sound.
Responses of Rhesus Monkeys to Reunion after Long-Term Separation: Cross-Sexed Pairings
Authors: Erwin J. , Flett M.
Published: September 2011

12 5½-yr.-o!d rhesus monkeys, 6 of each sex, were reunited with other-sexed peers with which they had been paired for 6 mo. during early adolescence. Responses of Ss to reunion with familiar animals were compared with their responses to pairing with unfamiliar other-sexed peers. The members of familiar pairs had been separated for nearly 2 yr. prior to the reunion described here. Familiar animals never aggressed one another, but males aggressed unfamiliar females. Ss directed more threats toward unfamiliar than familiar animals. Males mounted familiar females more often than unfamiliar ones, but it was apparent that heterosexual attractiveness in general was not based exclusively on familiarity.
Effects of CUE-Reward Congruity on Retardates' Learning under Varying Conditions of S-R Contiguity
Authors: Wunderlich Richard A.
Published: September 2011

4 groups of retardates were presented a blue-yellow discrimination. Two groups responded directly to panels containing the color cues and the remaining two made their response to other panels spatially separated by 15 in. from the stimulus panels. Also, half of the groups received a reward which was identical to the cues and half received a reward which had no dimension congruous with the cues. Results showed cue-reward congruity facilitated learning by retardates but its effect was contingent upon S-R contiguity, whereas contiguity promoted maximum achievement regardless of the presence of congruous properties between cue and reward.
Errors in Interpreting Regression toward the Mean: Reply to Lytton, Croxen, and Pysh
Authors: Asher William , Vockell Edward L.
Published: September 2011

A summary of regression toward the mean errors is made both with reference to the Croxen and Lytton (1973) research on reading and in a more general context. Readers of research articles are alerted to this common error.
Concept Formation and the Identification of Poetic Style
Authors: Lindauer Martin S. , Arcamore Amelia
Published: September 2011

It was demonstrated that the poems of 5 unidentified contemporary poets could be successfully identified after a relatively brief exposure to several identified examples of their work. The concept learning of poetic styles, using a transfer paradigm with 2 groups of 27 Ss, extends earlier findings on the learning of artistic styles to prose materials. The results have implications for both aesthetic issues and the study of verbal learning.
Some Semantic Properties in Sentence Perception
Authors: Muma John R. , Perry Mary Elizabeth Adams , Gallagher Joseph W.
Published: September 2011

Recent developmental and experimental evidence indicates that a semantic strategy probably has priority over a linguistic strategy in sentence perception and comprehension by adults. This investigation was carried out under the assumption that differential effects would obtain in semantic strategy when a task is contrived with major constraints on semantic strategy in the context of a constant operation in syntactic processing. In two studies systematic semantic manipulations were made on the noun in NP2 for unmodified transitive sentences which underwent active to passive transformations in a communicatively sterile context. Plurality, single or double syllables, and derivation type (topical) were not significant morphemic variations on the noun in NP2. However, variations of animateness on the noun in NP3 constituted significant semantic properties in perceiving sentences that underwent active to passive transformations.
Information-Deprivation and Creativity
Authors: Levin James , Brody Nathan
Published: September 2011

An experiment tested the hypothesis that highly creative Ss have more need for information than Ss low in measured creativity. 36 Ss were selected from the extremes of a larger group who had taken the Remote Associates Test (RAT). 22 Ss scored high (highly creative) and 14 Ss scored low (low-creatives) on the RAT. All Ss were deprived of information, i.e., placed in a lightproof and relatively soundproof chamber, for 8 hr. After 1 to 5 hr. one-half the Ss at each level of creativity were given access to information (a choice between two sequences of photic stimulation differing as to their informational content). An instrumental response activated the apparatus and caused brief flashes of light to appear in the ceiling of the experimental chamber. Results support the hypothesized motivational effect.
Effects of Manipulative Activities on Arithmetic Achievement and Retention
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Purser Jerry D. , Frantz Nevin R.
Published: September 2011

Two sets of learning packages involving 339 7th grade Ss were used to teach fractions and decimals; one set (experimental) stressed manipulative activities, the control set used comparable paper-pencil exercises. The dependent variables were posttest and retention tests (after an interval of four weeks or longer) on Basic Skills in Arithmetic Test. A treatment-by-levels-by-sex analysis of covariance design was used with pretest performance on the Basic Skills Test prior to the experiment as covariate. Manipulative activities produced greater gain on both posttest and retention. Ability differences were obtained on posttest but not on retention test. No sex differences were found on posttest but girls scored significantly higher on the retention test.
An Apology to Darwin
Authors: Harrison Patrick R. , Reynierse James H.
Published: September 2011

We provide critical comments on a recent paper by Barash (1972) in which he describes the seating preferences and frequencies of looking up by students in a cafeteria. While we do not quarrel with his data, we reject the evolutionary assumptions and ethological identifications which are explicitly introduced throughout Barash's paper.
Effects of False Heart Rate Feedback and Sex-Guilt upon Attitudes toward Sexual Stimuli
Authors: Botto Ronald W. , Galbraith Gary G. , Stern Robert M.
Published: September 2011

60 male Ss differing in sex-guilt were shown slides of semi-nude girls while they simultaneously heard pre-recorded sounds perceived to be either (a) their own heart rates, (b) extraneous sounds, or (c) extraneous sounds requiring close attention. The pre-recorded sounds increased in tempo to 3 slides, decreased to 3 slides and remained constant for 3 slides. Slides accompanied by an increase in perceived heart rate were rated more attractive than those accompanied by decrements and constancy in perceived heart rate, while changes in the rate of extraneous sounds had no effect upon subsequent attractiveness ratings. The effect for the sound patterns accompanying the slides of semi-nudes was present among high sex-guilt Ss but nor low sex-guilt Ss.
Attributions of Success and Failure
Authors: Ender Philip B. , Bohart Arthur C.
Published: September 2011

A 20-item questionnaire was administered to 388 Ss. The questionnaire consisted of items involving success or failure. Half the items were about one's self (actor) and half about someone else (observer). For each situation there were four possible causes: (1) task difficulty, (2) luck, (3) ability, and (4) effort. The results showed that effort was rated significantly higher than the other causes, while luck was rated significantly lower. Also, there was a significant actor-observer difference with observers being more internal than actors.
Paradoxical Enhancement of Learned Anxiety Responses
Authors: Woods Donald J.
Published: September 2011

Studies demonstrating paradoxical enhancement, the increase in the magnitude of a conditioned response following exposure to the conditioned stimulus alone, are reviewed. Theories currently used in explaining the phenomenon are discussed. Increased understanding of the parameters involved in the traditional extinction situation have implications for research into the ontogeny of human anxiety syndromes and for differential therapeutic prescriptions in a behavior modification setting.
Naming Mixed Drinks: Alcoholics vs Social Drinkers
Authors: Williams Robert J. , Brown Robert A.
Published: September 2011

A finding by Sobell, et al. (5) that Gamma alcoholics compared with social drinkers were deficient in a response repertoire for names of types of mixed alcoholic drinks was replicated and extended. Significant differences were recorded between alcoholics and social drinkers regardless of sex, alcoholic sub-type, or stated drink preference.
Statistical Substitutes for Experimental Control
Authors: Humphreys Lloyd G.
Published: September 2011

The problem of inadequate control in matched-group designs, frequently described as regression effects, is discussed in terms of the properties of partial correlations. Both correlational analysis and the comparison of matched groups suffer from unreliability and low validity in control measures, but the former does not require discard of cases that cannot be matched. Also, correlational analysis is more flexible and less susceptible to illusions of experimental control than the matching design.
Avoidance Learning in the Lizard Dipsosaurus Dorsalis
Authors: Richardson Ann M. , Julian Sinai M.
Published: September 2011

5 desert iguanas ( Dipsosaurus dorsalis) were given avoidance training on a modified Mowrer-Miller one-way shuttle-box using shock as US and a compound light and buzzer CS. All lizards reached avoidance criterion with a mean of 140 trials. Several procedural factors may account for these results which are in marked contrast to previous reports of failure of lizards in avoidance acquisition. A longer CS-US and inter-trial interval was used in conjunction with high substrate temperature between trials and a more natural pseudo-tunnel one-way escape route.
Self-Disclosure, Participation, and Perceived Cohesiveness in Small Group Interaction
Authors: Johnson David L. , Ridener Larry R.
Published: September 2011

In small, same-sex, undergraduate discussion groups ( N = 23), self-disclosure was associated significantly with perceived group cohesiveness, but not participation. Only males' self-disclosure (Jourard's questionnaire) was associated with perceived cooperation, and only females' self-disclosure was associated significantly with perceived norms and influence. Contrary to expectation, participation was associated significantly only with males' perceived group cohesiveness including perceived cooperation, ideas, norms, liking, and influence.
Research Note on Some Factors Related to Completion Rates in Surveys of Employed Persons
Authors: Carroll Stephen J. , Falthzik Alfred M.
Published: September 2011

80 salesmen were randomly assigned to one of two survey conditions. In one the interviewer represented himself as from a local University and in the other the interviewer said he represented Marketing Facts, a fictitious firm. The more trustworthy source resulted in a significantly higher response rate.
Assessment and Prediction of Creativity in Teaching
Authors: Tan-Willman Conchita
Published: September 2011

A high-creative and a low-creative group of student teachers ( ns = 40) were established on the basis of averaged ranks on a verbal and a nonverbal test of creative thinking Two series of classroom observations showed that high-creative group gave more original but not more fluent nor flexible teaching performance. A teacher-creativity index correlated significantly with more subtests of verbal test than of the nonverbal test of creative thinking.
Influence of Parental Expectancies and Responsiveness on Achievement Motivation of Minimally Brain-Injured and Normal Children
Authors: Touliatos John , Lindholm Byron W.
Published: September 2011

16 families with minimally brain-injured children and 16 families with normal children were matched on a number of characteristics. The two groups differed in regard to mothers' expectancies for achievement, fathers' rewards for success and punishment for failure, and children's need for achievement. Moreover, parents had a significant influence on their children's achievement motivation but patterns of relationships were not the same for the two groups.
Adolescents' Understanding of Logical Connectives
Authors: Bart William M.
Published: September 2011

A 24-item test which measured understanding of logical connectives was administered to a sample of 171 high school adolescents (14 to 19 yr. of age). A set of 3 hypotheses relating to logical connectives was examined. Two of the 3 results such as negated propositions being more difficult to understand than non-negated propositions are consonant with findings from previous research on logical connectives.
Luna I Moon Colony: An Adapted Format for Analysis of Group Decision-Making in a Competitive Setting
Authors: Hunsaker Phillip L. , Hunsaker David M.
Published: September 2011

An experimental simulation is described as a method for measuring and training decision-making by groups under complex conditions and intergroup competition. The method employs a simulation-game including selection of goals, relevance of strategy, risk-taking, consistency, competition, and other potential components. Similarities to a previously described simulation as well as the additional dimensions of the adapted simulation-game are discussed.
Effects of Isolation on Aggression in the Mongolian Gerbil
Authors: Wechkin Stanley , Breuer Leslie F.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of prior isolation upon aggression when gerbils are introduced into the cages of conspecifics. In Exp 1 isolation sharply increased aggression, and in Exp. 2, olfaction was a critical stimulus dimension accounting for this finding. It was also concluded that it was probably the odor of isolates rather than their behavior which was responsible.
Reliabilities and Validities of the Mood Questionnaire
Authors: Ryman David H. , Biersner Robert J. , La Rocco James M.
Published: September 2011

Scales were constructed for a 40-item mood questionnaire administered to a sample of 1140 Navy recruits. The questionnaire was shown to be similar to others in content and reliabilities. Construct, concurrent and predictive validities of the scales with several criteria in a number of testing situations are also presented. The findings emphasize the usefulness of this questionnaire as a criterion measure or as a predictor of objective behavioral criteria under field-testing conditions.
Personality Characteristics of Female Narcotic Addicts
Authors: Kilmann Peter R.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the personality characteristics, as measured by the Adjective Check List, of 84 institutionalized female narcotic addicts with 176 normal females. The addicts checked more adjectives and described themselves as being less defensive, self-controlled, personally adjusted, need-achieving, dominant, enduring, orderly, nurturant, and deferent and more unfavorable, labile, heterosexual, exhibitionistic, autonomous, aggressive, succorant, and attracted to novel experiences. Collectively, the results indicate the female addict engages in immature social interactions. Suggestions for further research involved, among other issues, a therapeutic approach aimed at the development of meaningful interpersonal relationships.
Behavior of Biased and Non-Biased Whites towards Blacks in a Simulated Interaction
Authors: Sappington A. A.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was carried out to determine differences between biased and non-biased whites in their behavior towards blacks in a simulated interaction situation. Behaviors involving various levels of interaction, i.e., description, choice of a hypothetical interaction partner and actual verbal exchanges, were examined. The biased and non-biased whites differed and these differences became more apparent as actual interaction was more closely approximated. Although no openly anti-black remarks occurred, biased whites talked less to blacks than to whites, expressed more negative affect as reflected in non-immediacy of their remarks to blacks, and chose black partners less often. Biased whites described blacks as favorably as did non-biased whites. Possible explanations were discussed.
International Contact, Social Rewards, and Attitudes toward the Country Visited
Authors: Salter Charles A. , Salter Carlota D.
Published: September 2011

33 foreign students at the University of Pennsylvania were asked which kind of experiences most affected their attitudes toward the United States. Although they said that educational considerations were paramount, their satisfaction with entertainment facilities was the main predictor, a finding consistent with social exchange theory.
Some Predictors of Volunteer Participation in Human Relations Training Groups
Authors: Kuiken Don , Rasmussen R. V. , Cullen Dallas
Published: September 2011

Though researchers have investigated the differences between volunteers and non-volunteers for psychological research, little is known about these differences when the research setting is a T-group. In the present study, volunteers and non-volunteers for T-groups were compared on authoritarianism, reported history of self-disclosure, and a series of questions on social relations. Volunteers, especially males, were lower in authoritarianism, whereas no differences were obtained for histories of self-disclosure. Also, female volunteers reported that they were less satisfied with their abilities to relate to others and that they spent less time with others. It was suggested that males may make a choice to volunteer by considering the compatibility of their social and political attitudes and those implied by T-groups. On the other hand, females may make their choice by considering their personal social relationships.
Self-Concepts of Students and a Significant Other, the Teacher
Authors: Edeburn Carl E. , Landry Richard G.
Published: September 2011

The research proposed that a teacher's self-acceptance is related to the development of good self-concepts by students in Grades 3, 4 and 5. An F test was performed to test for a relationship between teacher's self-acceptance and students' self-concept. The evidence suggests that the selection of self-accepting teachers at elementary school levels is critical to the development of children's self-concept.
Longitudinal Study of Achievement Related to Anxiety and Extraversion
Authors: Barton K. , Bartsch T. , Cattell R. B.
Published: September 2011

The High School Personality Questionnaire was administered to over 300 sixth and seventh grade children and 3 mo. later these same children completed standardized achievement tests in social studies, science, mathematics, and reading. Treating the achievement scores as dependent variables and various personality scales as independent variables, analyses of variance were performed for each achievement area. Results indicated several significant main effects and interactions but perhaps most important was the finding that extreme scores on either end of the extraversion or anxiety dimensions were related to high achievement. Possible implications for teachers, counselors, or researchers are discussed.
In Defense of Corporal Punishment
Authors: Killory J. F.
Published: September 2011

In defense of corporal punishment four criteria for punishment are enumerated and side effects both specific to a punishment and common to all procedures are commented on.
Some Methodological Issues in Research on Obesity
Authors: Jeffrey D. Balfour
Published: September 2011

Results of numerous behavior-modification weight-reduction studies have clearly demonstrated that obesity can be controlled. It now seems time to move beyond the demonstration stage that weight can be controlled and to begin studying the problems of patient drop outs, standardized improvement measures, long-term maintenance, cost-effectiveness analysis, research strategies, the development of behavioral predictors, and an analysis of both successes and failures.
Personality of Alcoholics as Measured by Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and House-Tree-Person Color-Choice Characteristics
Authors: Kirchner John H. , Marzolf Stanley S.
Published: September 2011

This report describes four studies of measures of the alcoholic personality by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and the House-Tree-Person. In a sample of 49 male alcoholics support was found for the 16 PF alcoholic personality reported in earlier studies on 4 to 7 scales. Differences in incidence of 20 chromatic characteristics of drawings and in sex of the HTP person drawings between normals and alcoholics were also discovered. Previous research on collegiates reported some low but significant point biserial correlations and discriminant functions between 16 PF traits and trait combinations, and 20 chromatic drawing characteristics. In three instances, alcoholic and college men's drawing characteristics correlated significantly ( p < .05) with the same 16 PF scale. In three other cases, identical findings occurred in correlations of alcoholic men and college women's drawings and traits. Comparison of the data from alcoholics and college students led to the conclusion that in general relationships between drawing characteristics and personality traits may well depend on the type of sample used. Suggestions for further research were made.
College Students' Scores on Torrance's Tests of Creative Thinking
Authors: Johnson David L.
Published: September 2011

54 social work students were given a questionnaire and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Ss' mean fluency, flexibility, and originality scores were analyzed by t tests against own sex, age, birth order, father's occupation, size of home community, class standing, and Torrance test scores from 10 college samples. Significant mean differences were only between (a) sophomores' and seniors' fluency and flexibility, (b) sophomores' and juniors' flexibility, (c) Ss' fluency and that of five other samples of fluency scores, (d) Ss' flexibility and that of five other samples, (e) Ss' originality and that of six other samples, (f) seniors' scores and six other sets of seniors' scores, (g) sophomores' scores and four other sets of sophomores' scores. Generally, the higher Ss' class, the lower the creativity scores. Social work Ss tended to score lower than other college majors on the Torrance tests.
Brief Report of MMPI Characteristics of Sexual Deviation
Authors: Rosen Alexander C.
Published: September 2011

The notion that disturbances in sexual identity and desire for sexual change are accompanied by severe defects in ego structure were examined. Findings from 3 in-depth case studies with psychological tests and MMPI data for 34 individuals who presented problems in gender identity, with choice of sexual partner, and transvestism. Data suggest no consistent MMPI pattern to confirm the above contention. There was evident psychopathology but no clear evidence of personality disorganization in those seeking sexual change or having difficulties in sexual identity It was concluded that the presenting symptom of difficulty in gender identity or a wish for gender change is not prima facie evidence of distortion of reality or conspicuous ego defect.
Freud's Totem Theory as Complement to Max Weber's Theory of Charisma
Authors: Hummel Ralph P.
Published: September 2011

Charisma ascription, described sociologically by Max Weber, can be explained psychologically through the mechanism of projection triggered when the individual is forcibly separated from a loved object. Such separation produces an ambivalence of attitudes based on conflict between opposite feelings, i.e., love and hate. Conflict is resolved by projecting one of the pair of opposites into the external world—onto an individual or object—whence it is perceived as exerting uncanny power through such carriers as charismatic heroes, totems, and spirits. Freud's totem theory provides the basis for this explanation.
Attitudes toward Women: Some Biographical Correlates
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Gerson Arlene
Published: September 2011

382 university students completed a questionnaire concerning attitudes toward the role of women in society. Less traditional attitudes were expressed by individuals who: (1) were females, (2) had more years of college education, (3) were not close to their fathers, (4) had mothers who worked because they wanted to, and (5) had lower levels of family income.
Survival Quotient as a Method for Investigating Psychosocial Aspects of Cancer Survival
Authors: Worden J. William , Johnston Lee C. , Harrison Robert H.
Published: September 2011

Terminally ill cancer patients die at different rates and some of this variance is due to psychosocial differences. In order to discover this variance we developed the Survival Quotient, an index of relative longevity which is applicable across different tumor sites with widely differing life expectancies. The Quotient is based on the difference between Observed Survival, i.e., how long a patient lived from diagnosis to death, and Expected Survival, or how long he was expected to live when compared to a large series of deceased patients with the same tumor site. To obtain an estimate of Expected Survival for six cancer sites (lung, breast, stomach, colon, cervix, lymphoma), six detailed multiple regressions were done. To illustrate the procedure, only one site (lung) is used along with case samples. The Survival Quotient can be useful in research where it is necessary to assess the velocity of dying while controlling for biological differences and similarities.
In vivo Transfer of Behavioral Control from Tangible to Conditioned Social Reinforcers
Authors: Ward William D. , Ward Wanda L.
Published: September 2011

25 kindergarten children were given tangible rewards for inhibiting inappropriate responses and for engaging in appropriate behavior. The teacher associated her approval with the tangible rewards and, after she withdrew the tangible reinforcers, the desired behavior was maintained for a period of 2 mo. Repeated measures were assessed across 5 conditions using undesired behavior as the dependent variable. The baseline was significantly different, in the expected direction, from each of two acquisition periods and from each of two follow-up periods ( p < .01). It was suggested that the behavioral maintenance occurred as a function of the shifting of behavioral control from tangible to social reinforcement after the reinforcement value of the social cues had developed.
Effect of Witnessing Aggression on Aggressive Guilt in Adult Men and Women
Authors: Perry David G. , Perry Louise C.
Published: September 2011

38 male and 65 female university students were assigned either to an experimental group who witnessed aggressive behavior or to a control group. Subsequently, Ss were tested for behavioral aggression toward another person and were given an inventory designed to assess aggressive guilt. Observing aggression had no effect on overt aggression but significantly decreased male Ss' guilt. The value of including assessment of Ss' guilt-related inhibitions in studies of aggression was noted.
A Short-Short Form of the Wisc-R for Screening Purposes
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

The validity of Vocabulary and Block Design as a short form of the WISC-R was determined, using data from the standardization sample, and a table was presented for converting the sum of scaled scores on these subtests directly to an estimate of Full Scale IQ.
Toward Earlier Identification and Development of Managerial Success
Authors: Rawls James R. , Rawls Donna J.
Published: September 2011

This paper summarizes the results of three published studies, emphasizing similarities among 30 successful and 30 less successful executives and dimensions of success for 350 male college students and for 694 grammar school Ss.
Self-Perceptions of Members of a Graduate Faculty Whose Publication Rates are High or Low
Authors: Bergum Bruce O.
Published: September 2011

Members of a Graduate Faculty with high and low publication rates ( ns = 95) described themselves in terms of a list of 33 adjectives to determine possible differences in their self-perceptions. Seven adjectives discriminated at significant levels between the two groups. The group with a high rate described themselves as more efficient, excitable and original, while those with a low rate chose adjectives indicating more humorous, friendly, dignified and mischievous.
Schedule-Induced Polydipsia and Neocortical Lesions in the Rat
Authors: Bigler Erin D. , Fleming Donovan E. , Shearer Donald E.
Published: September 2011

The effects of frontal, midcortical, or occipital lesions on water intake following 23-hr. water deprivation or under conditions of schedule-induced polydipsia within an operant response paradigm were noted. Water intake in the home cage (control) and bar-pressing rates for food were not reliably affected by any of the lesions. Midcortical lesions placed prior to experimentation did not affect the polydipsia, but frontal or occipital lesions placed at the same time attenuated the development of polydipsia. Frontal or occipital lesions placed following the acquisition of polydipsia did not affect the course of polydipsia.
Effects of a Symbolic Model's Originality, Sex and Doodles on Original Responses
Authors: Harris Mary B. , O'Donnell Michael J.
Published: September 2011

In order to assess the effects of a written model upon the originality of responses to three tasks, 90 male and 107 female college students were randomly assigned to see responses of an original or unoriginal male or female model with or without accompanying doodles. Those seeing an original model gave more original responses and those seeing an unoriginal model gave more common responses, but there were no sex effects or interactions and only slight support for the idea that seeing a model's doodles will increase imitation of his behavior.
Effects of Parathion and Ddt on Open-Field Behavior of Albino Rats
Authors: Bourgeois A. E. , Casey A.
Published: September 2011

75 male albino rats were assigned to five groups: Low DDT (83 mg/kg), High DDT (207 mg/kg), Low Parathion (.74 mg/kg), High Parathion (1.86 mg/kg), and Control (peanut oil vehicle). Ss were placed for a 5-min. trial in a Hall open-field on each of 10 post-injection days. Exposure to parathion and DDT had no significant effect on open-field behavior of albino rats.
Aggression as a Function of Sex of Victim and Male Subject's Attitude toward Women
Authors: Taylor Stuart P. , Smith Lan
Published: September 2011

The relative aggressiveness of male subjects who held either liberal or traditional beliefs concerning females was investigated as a function of provocation by male and female opponents. Both groups of male subjects reacted aggressively to provocation by male opponents and unaggressively to female opponents. The traditional male subjects were generally more aggressive to their opponents than the liberal male subjects.
Pre-Release Training of Female Public Offenders
Authors: Bowman James T. , Cook Sherry D. , Whitehead Garry
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the effect of pre-release training on the personalities of 16 incarcerated female inmates of Mississippi State Penitentiary. Pre- and post-training 16 PFs were administered to these inmates and controls. Analysis of covariance gave significant differences between groups on Factors B (Less Intelligent-More Intelligent), E (Humble-Assertive), F (Sober-Happy-Go-Lucky), G (Expedient-Conscientious), O (Placid-Apprehensive), Q3 (Undisciplined-Controlled), and Q4 (Relaxed-Tense). Also, a significant difference was noted for Introversion-Extroversion. Cross-validation is needed.
Philosophy of Science in Contemporary Psychology
Authors: Noble Clyde E.
Published: September 2011

The thesis is presented that behavioral scientists should ideally be principally engaged in performing inductions, in deriving deductions, and in formulating and testing hypotheses. Adopting Peircean terminology, the activities of induction, deduction, and abduction are analyzed and interrelated. It is suggested that the development of psychology might be accelerated by paying more attention to the hypothetical nature of scientific knowledge.
Orienting Tasks Affect Recall Performance More Than Subjective Impressions of Ability to Recall
Authors: Cutting James E.
Published: September 2011

The type of task performed when 354 undergraduates listened to a list of words significantly affected their ability to recall that list. Subjective impressions of ability to recall, however, did not correspond to the number of items which could be recalled. Awareness lagged behind amount of incidental learning.
Stapel Scales versus Semantic Differential Scales: Further Evidence
Authors: Vidali Joseph J. , Holeway Ronald E.
Published: September 2011

This study cross-validated the comparability of the Stapel and Semantic Differential Scales with 208 adults and college students. Data are consistent with the use of the methodologically simpler and more economical Stapel Scale in place of the Semantic Differential.
Social Anxiety and Self-Evaluation of Interpersonal Performance
Authors: Clark Joanne Valentine , Arkowitz Hal
Published: September 2011

High and low socially anxious men participated in two brief conversations with female confederates. Each subject rated his own and other conversations on social skill, anxiety, and female's response. Judges made identical ratings. It was hypothesized that, compared with low-anxious subjects, the high-anxious subjects would underestimate positive aspects of their performance (social skill and favorability of female response) and overestimate negative aspects (social anxiety). Data for the ratings of social skill supported this hypothesis, while the data for the ratings of social anxiety were in the predicted direction. Results for the ratings of the female's response did not support the hypothesis. The results supported the overly negative self-evaluations of the high-anxious group, while the self-evaluations of the low-anxious group were more positive and more consistent with the judges' evaluations. The discussion emphasized the potential role of self-evaluation as a mediator of social anxiety, independent of actual level of social skill.
Consciousness III: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Krus David J. , Tellegen Auke
Published: September 2011

Reich's tripartite theory of social consciousness, as formulated in his book, The Greening of America, was translated into quantitative Consciousness I, II, and III scales, based on a content analysis of pertinent chapters in the book. Subsequent order analysis of these scales indicated only two dimensions, as did factor analysis of the scores, along with Tellegen's Absorption and Authoritarianism scales and Tomkin's Polarity scale. Canonical correlations suggested that a substantial amount of variance in the consciousness scales can be accounted for by traditional conservative-liberal constructs.
Self-Concept and Suicide Intent
Authors: Wetzel Richard D.
Published: September 2011

154 Ss rated the concept myself on a semantic differential. Ratings of myself distinguished between suicidal and non-suicidal Ss and between more and less suicidal Ss. Changes in ratings of myself were significantly associated with changes in suicide risk.
Ability, Home Environment, and Belief in a Just World as Determinants of Allocation of Rewards
Authors: Zuckerman Miron
Published: September 2011

150 subjects were given information about the aptitude and home environment of four hypothetical students they were going to grade. Aptitude was described as being either low or high; home environment was described as being either detrimental or conducive to academic performance. Subjects' beliefs in a just world were also measured on Rubin and Peplau's Just World Scale (1973). With examination performance held constant, low ability and detrimental home environment were related to higher grades. Further, the association between high grades and detrimental home environment was stronger among subjects with high level of belief in a just world than among subjects with low level of belief in a just world. The association between high grades and low ability was not affected, however, by level of belief in a just world. It was suggested that subjects who strongly believed in a just world considered students from “detrimental” home environment, but not students with low ability, as deserving high grades.
Note on Increase of Social Interaction of Mental Patients during a Camp Trip
Authors: Tuttle Lois P. , Terry Douglas , Shinedling Martin M.
Published: September 2011

Use of a camping trip in the mountains as a therapeutic tool to increase social interaction of 25 mental patients was explored. Analysis of social interactions using the Bales interaction matrix indicated a significant increase from the first day to the last one. This suggests camping trips might be an effective means of increasing social interaction, but problems of structure, optimal length and lasting effects need assessment.