bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural flexibility of the heme cavity in the cold‐adapted truncated hemoglobin from the Antarctic marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125
Authors: Giordano Daniela , Pesce Alessandra , Boechi Leonardo , Bustamante Juan Pablo , Caldelli Elena , Howes Barry D. , Riccio Alessia , di Prisco Guido , Nardini Marco , Estrin Dario , Smulevich Giulietta , Bolognesi Martino , Verde Cinzia
Published: June 2015

Truncated hemoglobins build one of the three branches of the globin protein superfamily. They display a characteristic two‐on‐two α‐helical sandwich fold and are clustered into three groups (I, II and III) based on distinct structural features. Truncated hemoglobins are present in eubacteria, cyanobacteria, protozoa and plants. Here we present a structural, spectroscopic and molecular dynamics characterization of a group‐II truncated hemoglobin, encoded by the PSHAa0030 gene from Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 (Ph‐2/2HbO), a cold‐adapted Antarctic marine bacterium hosting one flavohemoglobin and three distinct truncated hemoglobins. The Ph‐2/2HbO aquo‐met crystal structure (at 2.21 Å resolution) shows typical features of group‐II truncated hemoglobins, namely the two‐on‐two α‐helical sandwich fold, a helix Φ preceding the proximal helix F, and a heme distal‐site hydrogen‐bonded network that includes water molecules and several distal‐site residues, including His(58)CD1. Analysis of Ph‐2/2HbO by electron paramagnetic resonance, resonance Raman and electronic absorption spectra, under varied solution conditions, shows that Ph‐2/2HbO can access diverse heme ligation states. Among these, detection of a low‐spin heme hexa‐coordinated species suggests that residue Tyr(42)B10 can undergo large conformational changes in order to act as the sixth heme‐Fe ligand. Altogether, the results show that Ph‐2/2HbO maintains the general structural features of group‐II truncated hemoglobins but displays enhanced conformational flexibility in the proximity of the heme cavity, a property probably related to the functional challenges, such as low temperature, high O2 concentration and low kinetic energy of molecules, experienced by organisms living in the Antarctic environment.

Database

Structural data have been submitted to the Protein Data Bank under accession numbers 4UUR and R4UURSF
Circulating knowledge, marketization and norm‐making: international developers and construction firms in Eastern Europe since 2000
Authors: GRUBBAUER MONIKA
Published: June 2015

In this article, I explore how international actors in the development of real estate projects affect building practices in local markets. The focus is on the dynamics of interaction and exchange of knowledge between the disciplines of architecture and construction. Using the German ECE group and its expansion in the region as a case study, I look at shopping centre development in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) over the past two decades. I seek to show that the implementation of globally circulated design and planning solutions relies heavily on the particular construction practices and technologies available in a local market. I also argue that the role of marketization in diffusing building practices in the construction sector is as powerful as the work of global architects. Nonetheless, judging from the existing links and feedback between architectural practices and the construction industry, there is a definite need for further research to bridge the gap between analysis of knowledge mobility within the field of urban studies on the one hand and construction studies research on the other.
Self‐limited coeliac‐like enteropathy: a series of 18 cases highlighting another coeliac disease mimic
Authors: Brown Ian S , Bettington Andrew , Bettington Mark , Rosty Christophe
Published: June 2015

Aims

To describe the clinical and pathological features of a series of patients with biopsy findings of a coeliac disease‐like enteropathy in the setting of an acute illness.

Methods and results

Eighteen cases of an abrupt‐onset, self‐limited illness with coeliac‐like enteropathy (SLCE) were collected prospectively. Medication reaction, immune disorder, food allergy and parasitic infection were excluded. Coeliac disease was excluded by the transient nature of the illness and absence of tissue transglutaminase (TTG) elevation (nine of nine) or human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐DQ2/DQ8 haplotype (eight of nine). Clinical symptoms were recorded and histopathological findings in all gastrointestinal sites were quantified. Findings in the duodenum were compared to a coeliac disease control group. In 12 cases the clinical diagnosis was infective enteritis, probably viral in type. In six cases, a definite diagnosis was not established. Histological differences from coeliac disease included intra‐epithelial neutrophil infiltration (P < 0.001), fewer intra‐epithelial lymphocytes (P = 0.038) and uniform or crypt predominant intra‐epithelial lymphocytosis in SCLE. One case displayed pan‐gastrointestinal tract lymphocytosis. All resolved within 6 months.

Conclusions

Histopathologists need to be aware that a coeliac disease‐like enteropathy may occur in the setting of an acute gastrointestinal illness and resolve without sequelae.
Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of Nickel‐Doped Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 Ceramics Fabricated by Solgel Method
Authors: Kakumani Asa Deepthi , Ruthramurthy Balachandran , Wong Hin Yong , Ong Boon Hoong , Tan Kar‐Ban , Yow Ho Kwang
Published: June 2015

A study of phase transition, microstructure, and dielectric properties of Ba0.7Sr0.3Ti1–xNixO3 (BSTN) ceramics prepared by slow‐injection solgel technique with x ranging from 0 to 1 mol% is reported in this article. The as‐prepared BSTN material was calcined at 800 and 1000°C and subsequently sintered at 1100 and 1200°C, respectively. The optimized condition was found to be Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 doped with 1 mol% nickel calcined at 1000°C and sintered at 1200°C having the lowest dielectric loss of 0.02 with a dielectric constant of 1603 which was measured at a frequency of 1 kHz at room temperature.
Effects of abscisic acid on glucosinolate content, isothiocyanate formation and myrosinase activity in cabbage sprouts
Authors: Wang Zhiying , Yang Runqiang , Guo Liping , Fang Mengwei , Zhou Yulin , Gu Zhenxin
Published: June 2015

Effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on glucosinolate content, isothiocyanate formation and myrosinase activity in cabbage sprouts were investigated. Subsequently, their distributions in different organs were evaluated. ABA (50 μmol L−1) significantly increased glucosinolate content, isothiocyanate formation and myrosinase activity by 72.65%, 268.15% and 67.69%, respectively, in 5‐day‐old sprouts. Application of ABA alleviated the decrease rate of glucosinolate content and increased the myrosinase activity during germination. Besides, isothiocyanate formation rapidly increased after germinating for 3 days. The glucosinolate content and isothiocyanate formation reduced by 46.51% and 38.01%, respectively, in fluridon (Flu)‐treated sprouts. Cotyledon of ABA‐treated sprouts had the highest glucosinolate content and isothiocyanate formation, indicating that ABA was necessary to enhance the isothiocyanate formation in cabbage sprouts by increasing glucosinolate content and myrosinase activity.
Modelling osmotic dehydration of lemon slices using new sweeteners
Authors: Rubio‐Arraez Susana , Capella Juan V. , Ortolá M. Dolores , Castelló M. Luisa
Published: June 2015

Lemon slices were osmotically dehydrated using the following healthy sweeteners as osmotic agents: tagatose, isomaltulose, oligofructose and aqueous extract of stevia. A kinetic study using a Fickian approach was performed, which also analysed the changes in water activity, total mass, mass of water and mass of soluble solids in lemon slices. The results showed that the greatest value of effective diffusivity (De) in osmodehydrated lemon slices was obtained from a combination of oligofructose and stevia [De = (10.2 ± 0.3) × 10−9 m2·s−1]. However, the level of water activity (aw) reached with this syrup was the highest (aw = 0.978 ± 0.004 after 1440 min) meaning that the product might be less stable. Additionally, isomaltulose favoured the total mass loss, whereas tagatose did the opposite. Finally, the syrup recommended for dehydrating lemon slices would be a combination of tagatose, oligofructose and aqueous extract of stevia as its De was similar to the value obtained when only oligofructose and stevia were used, but aw values were lower.
SMARTer indicators for decent work in a post‐2015 development agenda: A proposal
Authors: OSTERMEIER Martin , LINDE Sarah , LAY Jann , PREDIGER Sebastian
Published: June 2015

The MDG employment indicators suffer from major shortcomings, including measurement problems, inappropriate use of aggregate statistics, ambiguous interpretability, and assumptions that do not apply to developing countries. Based on this critique, the authors propose a new set of four indicators for productive employment and decent work, namely: the growth of labour value added per worker, the working poverty rate, the share of workers receiving less than an absolute minimum labour income, and the share of workers receiving less than 60 per cent of the median labour income. They demonstrate the empirical application of these indicators using the country cases of Uganda and Peru.
Targeting Stroke Treatment to the Individual
Authors: Vliet Paulette van , Carey Leeanne , Nilsson Michael
Published: June 2015

Stroke motor rehabilitation is typically generic rather than being tailored to the individual and yet individuals may require different rehabilitation strategies according to the brain regions and networks damaged by the stroke and the impact of the lesion on remote locations and networks. Training may be targeted at facilitating neuroplasticity of these networks and towards utilizing the residual architecture that may be accessed in therapy. Careful analysis of the impact of the lesion on brain networks as well as knowledge of viable brain networks, via in vivo neuroimaging technologies has potential to guide rehabilitation clinicians in individualized stroke rehabilitation. More studies are needed, which combine knowledge of the integrity of brain regions and networks with measures of motor deficit and/or effectiveness of learning-based interventions to inform the direction for individualized therapy.
Identifying the key predictors for retention in critical care nurses
Authors: Sawatzky Jo‐Ann V. , Enns Carol L. , Legare Carol
Published: June 2015

Aims

The aim of this study was to explore the key predictors of retention in nurses working in critical care areas.

Background

The shortage of critical care nurses is reaching crisis proportions in Canada and throughout the industrialized world. Identifying the key influencing (i.e. person and organizational) factors and intermediary factors (i.e. job satisfaction, engagement, professional quality of life and caring) that affect intent to leave is central to developing optimal retention strategies for critical care nurses.

Design

As part of a larger mixed‐methods study, we used a quantitative, cross‐sectional research design. A novel framework: the Conceptual Framework for Predicting Nurse Retention was used to guide this study.

Methods

On‐line survey data were collected from on a convenience sample of 188 registered nurses working in critical care areas of hospitals in the province of Manitoba, CANADA in 2011.

Results

Twenty‐four per cent of the respondents reported that they would probably/definitely leave critical care in the next year. Based on bivariate and regression analyses, the key influencing factors that were significantly related to the intermediary factors and intent to leave critical care and nursing included: professional practice, management, physician/nurse collaboration, nurse competence, control/responsibility and autonomy. Of the intermediary factors, all but compassion satisfaction were related to intent to leave both critical care and nursing.

Conclusion

This study highlights the importance of exploring multiple organizational and intermediary factors to determine strategies to retain critical care nurses. The findings also support the Conceptual Framework for Predicting Nurse Retention as a theoretical basis for further research.
Competence and warmth stereotypes prompt mental illness stigma through emotions
Authors: Sadler Melody S. , Kaye Kimberly E. , Vaughn Allison A.
Published: June 2015

Public stigma toward mental illness subgroups (11 mental illness subgroups and 2 subgroups perceived to have mental illness) was examined. Competence and warmth stereotypes were used to predict emotional reactions posited to mediate behavioral inclinations ranging from passive to active harm or facilitation. Fear mediated the relationship between low competence and warmth stereotypes and passive harm. Anger, and to a lesser extent fear, mediated the relationship between low warmth and active harm. Pity mediated the relationship between warmth and active facilitation. Neither envy nor admiration linked stereotypes to behavioral reactions. Results suggest that emotions share motivational direction with behavior, to approach or to avoid, rather than simply sharing valence. Implications for research on stigma toward mental illness subgroups are discussed.
Persistence of learning gains from computer assisted learning: Experimental evidence from China
Authors: Mo D. , Zhang L. , Wang J. , Huang W. , Shi Y. , Boswell M. , Rozelle S.
Published: June 2015

Computer assisted learning (CAL) programs have been shown to be effective in improving educational outcomes. However, the existing studies on CAL have almost all been conducted over a short period of time. There is very little evidence on how the impact evolves over time. In response, we conducted a clustered randomized experiment involving 2741 boarding students in 72 rural schools in China to evaluate impacts of CAL programs over the long term. Our results indicate that a CAL program that was implemented for one year and a half increased math scores by 0.25 standard deviations for third graders and 0.26 standard deviations for fifth graders. In addition, we have shown that students gained in math learning in both CAL Phase I (which ran for one semester in spring 2011) and CAL Phase II (which ran for both semesters of the 2011–2012 academic year) programs. By testing for heterogeneous effects, we find that the CAL intervention worked well for both the poorer performing and better performing students in the third and fifth grades. We also find that the third grade girls seem to have improved more than the boys in math in the short term (CAL Phase I).
Younger children experience lower levels of language competence and academic progress in the first year of school: evidence from a population study
Authors: Norbury Courtenay Frazier , Gooch Debbie , Baird Gillian , Charman Tony , Simonoff Emily , Pickles Andrew
Published: June 2015

Background

The youngest children in an academic year are reported to be educationally disadvantaged and overrepresented in referrals to clinical services. In this study we investigate for the first time whether these disadvantages are indicative of a mismatch between language competence at school entry and the academic demands of the classroom.

Methods

We recruited a population sample of 7,267 children aged 4 years 9 months to 5 years 10 months attending state‐maintained reception classrooms in Surrey, England. Teacher ratings on the Children's Communication Checklist‐Short (CCC‐S), a measure of language competence, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire‐Total Difficulties Score (SDQ), a measure of behavioural problems, and the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile (EYFSP), a measure of academic attainment, were obtained at the end of the reception year.

Results

The youngest children were rated by teachers as having more language deficits, behaviour problems, and poorer academic progress at the end of the school year. Language deficits were highly associated with behaviour problems; adjusted odds ratio 8.70, 95% CI [7.25–10.45]. Only 4.8% of children with teacher‐rated language deficits and 1.3% of those with co‐occurring language and behaviour difficulties obtained a ‘Good Level of Development’ on the EYFSP. While age predicted unique variance in academic attainment (1%), language competence was the largest associate of academic achievement (19%).

Conclusion

The youngest children starting school have relatively immature language and behaviour skills and many are not yet ready to meet the academic and social demands of the classroom. At a population level, developing oral language skills and/or ensuring academic targets reflect developmental capacity could substantially reduce the numbers of children requiring specialist clinical services in later years.
Diagnostic dilemmas in chronic urticaria
Authors: Toubi E. , Grattan C. , Zuberbier T.
Published: June 2015

The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)/Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN)/European Dermatology Forum (EDF)/World Allergy Organization (WAO) recently published updated recommendations for the classification, diagnosis and management of chronic urticaria (CU). This article discusses several cases of CU that provide examples of how the recommendations in the guidelines can be implemented in the diagnosis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) (also called chronic idiopathic urticaria [CIU]), chronic inducible urticaria (CINDU) or CU with comorbidities.
Treatment dilemmas in chronic urticaria
Authors: Sussman G. , Gonçalo M. , Sánchez‐Borges M.
Published: June 2015

The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)/Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN)/European Dermatology Forum (EDF)/World Allergy Organization (WAO) recently published updated recommendations for the classification, diagnosis and management of chronic urticaria (CU). This article discusses several case histories that provide examples of how these recommendations can be implemented in the treatment of CU in a variety of real‐life patients.
Probiotics in Milk as Functional Food: Characterization and Nutraceutical Properties of Extracted Phenolics and Peptides from Fermented Skimmed Milk Inoculated with Royal Jelly
Authors: Alu'datt Muhammad H. , Rababah Taha , Obaidat Mohammad M. , Ereifej Khalil , Alhamad Mohammad N. , Mhaidat Nizar , Andrade Juan E. , Johargy Ayman , Ayadi Wafa
Published: June 2015

This study evaluated the biological properties of milk fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus with and without several amounts of royal jelly including: total viable count, pH, titratable acidity, antioxidant activity and inhibitory activities of angiotensin 1‐converting enzyme (ACE), α‐amylase, and growth of colorectal (SW480) and skin (MV3) cancer cell lines. The bound phenolic extract after acid hydrolysis had better biological properties. The antioxidant activities increased after 4 h of fermentation time in skimmed milk fortified with royal jelly. Contents of aromatic compounds decreased along fermentation time in skimmed milk with royal jelly. The in vitro inhibitory activities against skin and colorectal cancer growth of fermented skimmed milk were not dependent on fermentation time and concentration of royal jelly. Results revealed the accumulation of hydrolytic bioactive peptides with inhibitory activity of ACE at 24 h.

Practical Applications

Inoculated skimmed milk with different ratios of royal jelly has potential application to manage chronic human diseases including hyperglycemia (type 2 diabetes), hypertension, and breast and skin cancers.
Comparison of Oxygen‐ and Nitrogen‐Enriched Atmospheres on the Growth of Listeria Monocytogenes Inoculated on Poultry Breast Fillets
Authors: Herbert Ulrike , Kreyenschmidt Judith
Published: June 2015

The growth behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in the presence of typical spoilage microorganisms on poultry breast fillets (Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermosphacta, Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillus spp., total viable count) was investigated. The aim of the study was to compare the growth of L. monocytogenes under oxygen‐ and nitrogen‐enriched atmospheres and to figure out possible interactions between L. monocytogenes and typical spoilage microorganisms on skinless poultry breast fillets. Therefore, the natural meat surface was inoculated with L. monocytogenes and packed under two commonly used gas atmospheres (70% O2/30% CO2 and 70% N2/30% CO2). The atmosphere was monitored over the storage period and typical sensory attributes (color, odor, texture, drip loss and general appearance) were evaluated. The results show that the storage under 70% N2/30% CO2 favored the growth of L. monocytogenes in comparison with the 70% O2/30% CO2. Under nitrogen, L. monocytogenes reached a maximal bacterial count of 5.7 (log10 cfu/g) after approximately 500 h of storage, but no specific microorganism could be identified responsible for the favored growth. The growth of L. monocytogenes was suppressed in the oxygen‐enriched atmosphere, whereas B. thermosphacta dominated the spoilage flora. The results indicate that the combination of high oxygen with carbon dioxide and possible interactions with the spoilage background flora cause a delay of the L. monocytogenes growth under 70% O2/30% CO2.

Practical Applications

Fresh poultry meat has become an increasingly popular food during the last 10 years due to its beneficial nutritional composition. From the microbiological point of view, raw poultry meat is sensitive for microbial growth because of its physical and chemical properties. In this context, the prediction of the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria e.g., Listeria monocytogenes is of vital importance to ensure a safe poultry production. Therefore, packaging under modified atmosphere conditions is widely established to improve the quality, shelf life as well as safety aspects. Taking into account that the growth of L. monocytogenes is also influenced by the natural spoilage flora of poultry reflects that interactions between the microorganisms have to be considered while packaging poultry filets under modified atmosphere conditions. The present study shows how two commonly used gas mixtures for poultry influence the outgrowth of L. monocytogenes in the presence of the natural background flora.
In Vitro Removal of T‐2 Toxin by Yeasts
Authors: Zou Zhongyi , Sun Jianli , Huang Fei , Feng Zhi , Li Minji , Shi Ruiting , Ding Junxia , Li Hongjun
Published: June 2015

Five yeast strains were tested for their ability to remove T‐2 toxin from yeast extract peptone dextrose medium. The ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1221 (SC1221) was the strongest among five strains, and 36.50 ± 1.40% of T‐2 toxin was removed after incubation at 30C for 96 h. The mode of removal was physical binding rather than biotransformation. The total amount of T‐2 toxin released from viable Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1221 cell–toxin complexes was 37.39 ± 0.48% of total bound T‐2 toxin, respectively, after three times of washing with phosphate buffered saline, which was 8.17 ± 0.75% after incubation with simulated gastric fluid at 37C for 4 h, and which was 13.22 ± 0.61% after incubation with simulated intestinal fluid at 37C for 4 h, respectively.

Practical Applications

T‐2 toxin is the most toxic trichothecene, which is commonly found in cereal grains, animal feed and human food produced from contaminated grains. The best solution for decontamination should be detoxification by microorganisms, giving a possibility for removal of mycotoxins under mild conditions, without using harmful chemicals and significant losses in nutritive value and palatability of decontaminated food and feed. Yeasts have immense potential as tools in tackling the problem of mycotoxins in cereal‐based foods and in animal feeds. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of food‐grade yeast strains on the removal of T‐2 toxin in vitro. Results of this study indicated that the strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1221 (SC1221) has a strong ability to remove T‐2 toxin. Therefore, this strain could be potentially applied in food and feed industry for detoxification of T‐2 toxin.
Criticality of Seven Specialty Metals
Authors: Panousi Stefania , Harper E. M. , Nuss Philip , Eckelman Matthew J. , Hakimian Ali , Graedel T. E.
Published: June 2015

Evaluating metal criticality is a topic that addresses future metals supply and that has inspired research in corporations, academic institutions, and governments. In this article, we apply a comprehensive criticality methodology to seven specialty metals—scandium (Sc), strontium (Sr), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), mercury (Hg), thallium (Tl), and bismuth (Bi)—at the national and global levels for 2008. The results are presented along with uncertainty estimates in a three‐dimensional “criticality space” comprised of supply risk (SR), vulnerability to supply restriction (VSR), and environmental implications (EI) axes. The SR score is the highest for antimony over the medium term (i.e., 5 to 10 years), followed very closely by bismuth and thallium; for the long term (i.e., a few decades), the highest SR is for thallium, followed very closely by antimony. Strontium and barium, followed very closely by mercury, have the lowest SR over the medium term, and mercury has the lowest SR over the long term. Mercury has the highest EI score. For VSR, thallium is the most vulnerable at both the national level (for the United States) and global level, followed by strontium at both levels. In general, specialty metals are found to possess a unique mix of sparse data, toxicity concerns (in some cases), and inadequate or nonexistent substitutes for a number of specialized uses, a situation that would seem to demand increased effort in acquiring the information needed to characterize specialty metal criticality with more rigor and transparency than is currently possible.
High doses of caffeine reduce in vivo osteogenic activity in prepubertal rats
Authors: Shin Jiwon , Choi Yuri , Kim Jisook , Yu A‐Ram , Shin Ji‐Soo , Choi Yun‐Young , Roh Jaesook
Published: June 2015

Caffeine adversely affects endochondral ossification during fetal skeletal growth, and results in increased incidence of delayed and abnormal fetal skeletal development. Chronic caffeine intake also decreases growth hormone secretion. Thus, it is conceivable that caffeine may disrupt bone growth during the peripubertal period. This study aimed to investigate the impact of high‐caffeine consumption on bone growth throughout puberty. A total of 51 male rats (21 days old) were divided randomly into three groups: a control group and two groups fed caffeine via gavage with 120 and 180 mg kg−1 day−1 for 4 weeks. After death, the final length and weight of leg bones were measured, and the tibia processed for histomorphometric analysis. Caffeine caused a significant decrease in body mass gain. This was accompanied with proportional decreases in lean body mass and body fat. In addition, bone mass and osteogenic activity in vivo were assessed using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and 18F‐NaF positron emission tomography. The results showed significant decreases of bone mass and in vivo osteogenic activity in the caffeine‐fed groups. Rats fed with caffeine showed a significantly shorter and lighter tibia and femur and the vertebral column compared with controls. In addition, caffeine does not increase the width of the growth plates (GPs), it slows the rate at which the GP closes due to a slower rate of growth. These results demonstrated that caffeine altered osteogenic activity, leading to delayed peripubertal longitudinal bone growth and maturation. Given that osteogenic cells undergo dynamic changes in metabolic activity and that the pubertal growth spurt is mainly stimulated by growth hormone/insulin‐like growth factor‐1 and sex steroids during pubertal development, caffeine could suppress ossification by interfering with both physiological changes in hormonal secretion and osteogenic activity during this critical period. Further study will be needed to investigate the cellular/molecular mechanism by which caffeine affects osteogenesis using in vitro experimental models.
Triangulation and Parent–Adolescent Relationships: Implications for Adolescent Dating Competence and Abuse
Authors: Fosco Gregory M. , Xia Mengya , Lynn Mark G. , Grych John H.
Published: June 2015

This study focuses on family predictors of conflict behavior in adolescent dating relationships, drawing on family systems and socialization perspectives. Mother–adolescent, father–adolescent, and triadic relationships each was examined as predictors of adolescent dating outcomes that hold importance for developmental and prevention science (positive conflict resolution, verbal abuse, and physical abuse). We conducted a longitudinal analysis using a 6‐month longitudinal design with 236 ethnically diverse high school students. Findings indicate that triangulation into parental conflicts was related to increases in positive conflict resolution and with increases in verbally abusive behavior with dating partners over time. Parent–adolescent closeness and conflict each was related to positive conflict resolution and verbal abuse, but these associations were only found for boys.
COPING IN YOUNG PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Authors: Muhammad Shahid , Milford David V. , Carson Amanda , Young Harry , Martin Colin R.
Published: June 2015

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible disease with physiological, psychological and psychosocial challenges, especially for young people.

Objectives

The objective of this phenomenological study was to identify coping strategies in two groups of young people aged 12–18 years. In one group, the young people were healthy and in the other group, the young people had stage 4–5 CKD.

Design

Young people with CKD (stages 4–5) (n = 7) (mean age = 11.5 yrs.) and young healthy people (n = 7) (mean age = 14 yrs.) were recruited from a Children's Hospital and Youth Club respectively, and were invited to take part in one face‐to‐face, semi‐structured interview.

Findings

Data analysis showed 11 different coping themes.

Conclusion

It can be concluded from the interviews that young healthy people and those with CKD alike, utilise a range of coping strategies. The themes derived can prompt researchers to potentially develop a coping measure for a young CKD population. However, a longitudinal study would help to recognise coping strategies young people adopt over time and provide a pathway for the development of a formal coping framework.
Intestinal permeability in children with recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms
Authors: Barreto Mario , Evangelisti Melania , Principessa Luigi , Simmaco Maurizio , Negro Valentina , Lionetto Luana , Campisano Martina , Villa Maria Pia
Published: June 2015

Aim

Increased intestinal permeability has been reported in asthmatic subjects as well as in patients with gastrointestinal disease, thus suggesting the involvement of all the mucosal immune system. We aimed to assess intestinal permeability according to recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in children with asthma and children with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs).

Methods

In 108 outpatients aged 3–14 years (45 asthmatic, 63 with FGIDs), we measured the urinary lactulose/mannitol (L/M) ratio, performed allergy skin prick tests and administered questionnaires for recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms starting from at least 2 months which persisted over the previous 4 weeks. L/M ratios were compared with previously reported normal values yielded by our chromatographic method (liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry).

Results

High L/M ratios (>0.030) were less frequent in asthmatic children than in children with FGIDs (9/45: 20% vs. 41/63: 65%, P < 0.001). High L/M ratios were associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in 8/9 asthmatic (P < 0.05) and 39/41 subjects with FGIDs (P < 0.005). L/M ratios were not associated with respiratory symptoms or atopy. In a regression model, a high L/M was predicted by low height, absence of asthma and presence of gastrointestinal symptoms (r = 0.72, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Increased intestinal permeability is associated with recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms rather than with recurrent respiratory symptoms in both asthmatic children and those with FGIDs. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of mucosal intestinal damage following an inflammatory stimulus in the respiratory mucosa.
Prospective surveillance of hospitalisations associated with varicella in New Zealand children
Authors: Wen Sophie Chien‐Hui , Best Emma , Walls Tony , Dickson Nigel , McCay Hamish , Wilson Elizabeth
Published: June 2015

Aim

Varicella is a vaccine‐preventable disease not notifiable in New Zealand (NZ), and varicella vaccine is not funded in the National Immunisation Schedule (NIS). Hospitalisations can occur because of bacterial secondary infection and other complications, which can result in long‐term sequelae. Varicella may not be acknowledged in discharge coding when complications occur weeks after infection. Using the New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit (NZPSU), the aim of this study was to document the hospitalisation burden of this disease.

Methods

Cases (0–14years) of varicella and post‐varicella complications requiring hospitalisation, including stroke syndromes where varicella occurred in the preceding 6 months, were notified to NZPSU between 1 November 2011 and 31 October 2013. Herpes zoster cases were excluded. Questionnaires were used to capture demographics, clinical features, management and short‐term outcomes.

Results

One hundred seventy‐eight notifications were received and 144 were confirmed cases. Overall incidence was 8.3/100 000 children per year. Fifty‐two per cent were women with a median age of 2.4 years. Māori and Pacific Island (PI) children accounted for 74% of hospitalisations, with incidence rate ratios compared with European children of 2.8 and 3.9, respectively (P < 0.01). Complications included: infection (75%), respiratory (11%), neurological (11%), electrolyte disturbance (6%) and haemorrhagic varicella (4%). Nine per cent were immunocompromised. Median duration of hospital admission was 4 days with 9% requiring intensive care admission. There were no reported deaths; however, 19% had ongoing problems at discharge.

Conclusion

Varicella has more associated morbidity than commonly perceived in immunocompetent children. Māori and PI children are more likely to have complications. This surveillance gives support for inclusion of universal varicella vaccine in the NZ NIS.
Shakespeare's Living Law: Theatrical, Lyrical, and Legal Practice
Authors: Strain Virginia Lee
Published: June 2015

This article examines the state of Shakespeare and Law studies in its early twenty‐first century incarnation. Departing from the long tradition of attending to the law's thematic resonance in Shakespeare's plays in order to extrapolate ahistorical ethical questions, critical work of the last decade has instead meticulously contextualized the literary texts in relation to an early modern legal culture that was a significant source of common experiences and accessible modes of analyzing experience. After an introduction to the scope of the field, the article zooms in on several key studies that explore the role of law in the development of Shakespeare's lyric and drama: I highlight works on the neglected topic of legal language in the Sonnets and on legal culture's contribution to dramatic narrative and mimetic innovation. I examine these projects in some detail in order to showcase critical methods that attend to the technicalities of both literary and legal language, concepts, forms, practices, and contexts with exceptional precision. I thereby situate the reader within a field that is rapidly coalescing by means of genuinely transformative contributions to Shakespeare studies and early modern legal history.
Shakespeare and Animal Studies
Authors: Raber Karen
Published: June 2015

This article examines the evolution of criticism that focuses on the representation of animals in Shakespeare. While animals have always been a topic of interest to Shakespeare critics, recent decades have seen the emergence of a coherent body of theoretically informed work that investigates the cultural, material, and ideological work that animals perform. Shakespeare's plays and poems have become the ground from which challenges to the human‐animal divide, Cartesian mind‐body dualism, and other powerful manifestations of “the anthropological machine” can be successfully mounted. The article considers debates within the field and takes account of new directions in the scholarship, arguing that continued and reciprocal engagement between Shakespeare criticism and animal studies enlivens both.
Sociolinguistic Variation and Language Contact
Authors: Ravindranath Maya
Published: June 2015

In a world where most individuals speak more than one language and most languages are in contact with other languages, the study of language in its social context must take into account language contact. Two central questions in the study of language contact and change are (1) whether social or linguistic factors are primary in predicting the outcomes of contact; and (2) whether change in the context of contact is a foregone conclusion. Quantitative studies of sociolinguistic variation provide an effective means of observing change in progress, but the majority of such studies have focused on monolingual speakers/communities. This article gives a brief summary of the study of language contact in variationist sociolinguistics before turning to a discussion of the types of data and approaches best suited to answering the question of how and when contact causes change in multilingual communities. Recognizing that the description of a multilingual community involves more social parameters and more inter‐individual variation than a monolingual one, this article focuses on a core list of social factors to consider in studies of variation and change in multilingual communities, organized so that possible intersections may also be considered.
White Hip‐hoppers
Authors: Cutler Cecelia
Published: June 2015

Adolescence is a time when many young people begin experimenting with and ‘trying on’ different identities. This process manifests itself in the linguistic choices that they make as they try to signal alignments with particular ethnic groups, subcultures, or lifestyles. The phenomenon of European American or ‘White’ youth who style their speech using features of African American English (AAE) and Hip Hop Nation Language (HHNL) to project their orientation to Hip Hop culture illustrates how this process may involve crossing ethnolinguistic boundaries.This article reviews the dynamics of this phenomenon, how it intersects with sociolinguistic theories of style, and the implications of incorporating discussions about language variation, AAE, and Hip Hop in urban, ethnic minority schools.
Hong Kong English: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives
Authors: Sung Chit Cheung Matthew
Published: June 2015

Hong Kong English (HKE) has been the subject of a growing body of research over the last few decades. This article presents an overview of research into HKE from both linguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives. The first section reviews the linguistic features of HKE at phonological, grammatical and lexical levels as documented in the literature. In the second section of the article, the development of HKE as a ‘new’ variety of English is discussed from a sociolinguistic viewpoint, with a view to addressing the question of in which phase HKE is currently situated according to Schneider's (2007) Dynamic Model of evolution for New Englishes. A review of the literature suggests that HKE displays a number of phonological, grammatical and lexical features which makes HKE distinguishable from other varieties of English, with the majority of these features attributable to the influence of Cantonese, the first language of the majority of HKE speakers. With reference to Schneider's model, the article suggests that HKE can be situated in phase 3 and is considered an ‘emergent’ variety with its norms still in the process of developing. While there are signs of increasing awareness of HKE as a distinct variety in the local community, ambivalent attitudes towards the acceptability of HKE as the linguistic norm still exist. It remains to be seen whether HKE will eventually reach phase 4 and become an autonomous variety of English in the near future. This review ends by suggesting several further research directions with respect to the study of HKE.
Aspidistra longgangensis sp. nov. (Asparagaceae) from limestone areas in Guangxi, China
Authors: Lin Chun‐Rui , Nong Zheng‐Quan , Huang Yu‐Song , Meng Tao , Liu Yan
Published: June 2015

Aspidistra longgangensis C. R. Lin, Y. S. Huang & Yan Liu, a new species of Asparagaceae from the limestone areas in Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. It is similar to A. guangxiensis S. C. Tang & Yan Liu in the shape of the flower, but differs by leaf blade pachyphyllous and bigger; the perianth lobes with appendages at base, appendage oblong, 3–5 mm long, apex incurved; stigma upper surface white, with 4(3) radial, bifurcate lines in the center. The new species is currently known only from Longgang National Natural Reserve, situated in southwestern Guangxi, China, near the border with northern Vietnam.
DYNAMICS OF SEDIMENTATION AND USE OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR ESTIMATING SEDIMENT YIELDS IN A RIVER: A CRITICAL REVIEW
Authors: JAIYEOLA ADESOJI T. , BWAPWA JOSEPH K.
Published: June 2015

The presence of sediments in a river is one of the major factors that characterize the river. The presence of sediment in any water resource is detrimental to its design purpose and it scratches any structure such as bridge foundations, conduit pipes, and turbine blades it comes into contact with while in motion and this leads to their eventual failure under load. The correct estimation of sediment yield transported by a river is indispensable in water resources engineering as sediment affects its hydraulic structure. The use of mathematical modeling algorithms such as genetic algorithms (GA) has proved to be very accurate in predicting sediment load in a river. The analogy behind GA is that genes in DNA functions are manipulated in specific ways through specific transcription operations. Therefore, applying the same logical operators to selected parameters relevant to sediment loads in rivers leads to mathematical prediction of the sediment load. This review article discusses the dynamic of sedimentation and analyses the use of GA as a hydrological model for accurately predicting sediment yield in a river, its potentials and shortcomings while recommending its modification.
Just how wide should ‘wide reading’ be?
Authors: Lipscomb Martin
Published: June 2015

Educationalists introduce students to literature search strategies that, with rare exceptions, focus chiefly on the location of primary research reports and systematic reviews of those reports. These sources are, however, unlikely to adequately address the normative and/or metaphysical questions that nurses frequently and legitimately interest themselves in. To meet these interests, non‐research texts exploring normative and/or metaphysical topics might and perhaps should, in some situations, be deemed suitable search targets. This seems plausible and, moreover, students are encouraged to ‘read widely’. Yet accepting this proposition creates significant difficulties. Specifically, if non‐research scholarly sources and artistic or literary (humanities) products dealing with normative/metaphysical issues were included in what are, at present, scientifically orientated searches, it is difficult to draw boundaries around what – if anything – is to be excluded. Engaging with this issue highlights problems with qualitative scholarship's designation as ‘evidence’. Thus, absurdly, if qualitative scholarship's findings are labelled evidence because they generate practice‐relevant understanding/insight, then any literary or artistic artefact (e.g. a throwaway lifestyle magazine) that generates kindred understandings/insights is presumably also evidence? This conclusion is rejected and it is instead proposed that while artistic, literary, and qualitative inquiries can provide practitioners with powerful and stimulating non‐evidential understanding, these sources are not evidence as commonly conceived.
Malignant hyperthermia in the early days of pediatric anesthesia: an interview with anesthesiology pioneer, Dr. John F. Ryan
Authors: King Michael R. , Firth Paul G. , Yaster Myron , Ahmed Zulfiqar , Mai Christine L.
Published: June 2015

Dr. John F. Ryan (1935 ‐ ), Associate Professor of Anaesthesia at the Harvard Medical School, influenced the careers of hundreds of residents and fellows‐in‐training while instilling in them his core values of resilience, hard work, and integrity. His authoritative textbook, A Practice of Anesthesia for Infants and Children, remains as influential today as it did when first published decades ago. Although he had had many accomplishments, he identified his experiences caring for patients with malignant hyperthermia and characterizing the early discovery of this condition as his defining contribution to medicine. Based on a series of interviews with Dr. Ryan, this article reviews a remarkable career that coincides with the dawn of modern pediatric anesthetic practice.
High‐yield production of a human monoclonal IgG by rhizosecretion in hydroponic tobacco cultures
Authors: Madeira Luisa M. , Szeto Tim H. , Henquet Maurice , Raven Nicole , Runions John , Huddleston Jon , Garrard Ian , Drake Pascal M.W. , Ma Julian K‐C.
Published: June 2015

Rhizosecretion of recombinant pharmaceuticals from in vitro hydroponic transgenic plant cultures is a simple, low cost, reproducible and controllable production method. Here, we demonstrate the application and adaptation of this manufacturing platform to a human antivitronectin IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) called M12. The rationale for specific growth medium additives was established by phenotypic analysis of root structure and by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS profiling of the total protein content profile of the hydroponic medium. Through a combination of optimization approaches, mAb yields in hydroponic medium reached 46 μg/mL in 1 week, the highest figure reported for a recombinant mAb in a plant secretion‐based system to date. The rhizosecretome was determined to contain 104 proteins, with the mAb heavy and light chains the most abundant. This enabled evaluation of a simple, scalable extraction and purification protocol and demonstration that only minimal processing was necessary prior to protein A affinity chromatography. MALDI‐TOF MS revealed that purified mAb contained predominantly complex‐type plant N‐glycans, in three major glycoforms. The binding of M12 purified from hydroponic medium to vitronectin was comparable to its Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)‐derived counterpart. This study demonstrates that in vitro hydroponic cultivation coupled with recombinant protein rhizosecretion can be a practical, low‐cost production platform for monoclonal antibodies.
Successful living‐related renal transplantation in a patient with factor H antibody‐associated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome
Authors: Hofer Johannes , Giner Thomas , Cortina Gerard , Jungraithmayr Therese , Masalskiene Jurate , Dobiliene Diana , Mitkiene Renata , Pundziene Birute , Rudaitis Sarunas
Published: June 2015

CFH‐Ab‐associated aHUS requires different diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and then the genetically defined aHUS forms. The risk of post‐transplant recurrence with graft dysfunction in CFH‐Ab aHUS is not well documented. It is suggested that recurrence can be expected if a significant CFH‐Ab load persists at the time of transplantation. A pretransplant procedure to reduce CFH‐Ab titer seems reasonable, but accurate recommendations are lacking. Whether further prophylactic interventions after transplantation are necessary has to be decided on an individual basis. We report the case of a late diagnosed CFH‐Ab HUS with initial ESRD and a successful living‐related renal transplantation over a post‐transplant period of four and a half years on the basis of a prophylactic pretransplant IVIG admission.