bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of noise on people and the A-weighting network.
Authors: Kogan Pablo , Arenas Jorge P. , Maur Perotti Ezequiel , Zunino Otermin Ayelen
Published: October 2010

Noise exposure causes many adverse effects on health, including auditory alterations, nonauditory physiological effects, and psycho-social consequences. The extent of each effect depends, among other factors, on the frequency content of the acoustic stimulus. This work analyzes the sound frequencies capable of inducing each one of the effects of noise on humans. The main goal was to evaluate the efficiency of the A-weighting network from the point of view of health. In this direction, an extensive bibliographic review about the effects of noise on people and the frequencies that eventually cause the effects were carried out. The results have shown that some serious effects on health of high noise levels are due to the low-frequency range. Consequently, it is expected that the A-weighting network would not be adequate for evaluating the global effect of noise on humans, in particular when the noise has very high emission levels. It is recommended to measure and to save the third-octave-band noise spectrum or even to record the sound signal without any compression or alteration. It allows a better understanding of the cause-effect relationship and the possibility to apply other frequency weighting networks in the future.
Spatial acoustic measurement in rabbits and humans and neural spatial tuning in the midbrain of the rabbit.
Authors: Kuwada Shig , Bishop Brian , Kim Duck O.
Published: October 2010

There are only a handfull of studies that address the effects of sound source distance on the head-related transfer function (HRTF). We found in rabbits and humans that (1) the spectral shape of the HRTF changed with sound source location; (2) ILD increased with decreasing distance and increasing frequency. ILDs can be substantial even at low frequencies when distance is close; and (3) ITD decreased with decreasing distance and generally increased with decreasing frequency. These findings refute the common notions that ILD is negligible at low frequencies and that ITD is constant across frequency. Neural coding of using virtual auditory space (VAS) stimuli was investigated in the inferior colliculus of the unanesthesized rabbit. The bulk of our neurons were tuned to azimuths on the contralateral side (re: recording site) with best azimuths ranging from 0 to 90 deg. This tuning tended to broaden with stimulus level, although the degree of level tolerance differed among neurons. At low sound levels, the azimuthal tuning was similar regardless of whether the VAS stimuli were presented binaurally or only to the contralateral ear. At high sound levels, the azimuth tuning became broader for contralateral stimulation compared to binaural stimulation, indicating a binaural advantage. [Work supported by NIH Grant DC002178.]
Phonation threshold pressure and frequency in a two-layer physical model of the vocal folds: Comparison between experiment and theory.
Authors: Mendelsohn Abie , Zhang Zhaoyan
Published: October 2010

In an effort to validate previous theoretical studies of phonation onset [Z. Zhang, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (2009); J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (2010)], the dependence of phonation threshold pressure and phonation onset frequency on vocal fold stiffness and geometry was experimentally investigated in a two-layer physical model of the vocal folds. The biomechanical parameters of interest include the medial surface thickness, vocal fold depths of the body and cover layer, and the body layer stiffness. Clinically, changes in these parameters may occur either due to laryngeal muscle activation, vocal pathology, or aging. To isolate the effects of individual parameters, experiments were conducted so that only one variable was varied at a time. Experiments show that phonation threshold pressure increased with increasing body-layer stiffness, increasing medial surface thickness, and decreasing cover layer depth, which was consistent with numerical predictions. Increasing body-layer stiffness also helped to maintain small glottal opening and led to a noticeable phase difference in motion along the medial surface and production of a clearer voice. [Work supported by NIH.]
Steady and unsteady flow patterns in the supraglottal region of excised larynges.
Authors: Murugappan Shanmugam , Lakhamraju Raghava , Khosla Sid , Gutmark Ephraim
Published: October 2010

2-D-particle image velocimetry was used to obtain time averaged and phase locked planar flow mapping of the near field supraglottis in the mid-coronal plane for five excised canine larynges. Time averaged flow fields indicate that jet was either symmetric about the axis or was found to skew to one side. Further investigation using phase locked measurements indicate that the near field supraglottal jet was found to be mostly straight during the entire opening phase of the glottal cycle, whereas during the closing phase of the glottal cycle, two different behaviors were observed. The supraglottal jet was found either to skew to one side or flap like a flag. The direction of skew was found to be arbitrary. Either of these behaviors were found to be exhibited during one phonation trial in a larynx. The angle of skew was found to increase toward the end of closing as compared to early closing. Axial and tangential velocity profiles along with jet spreading rate and centerline axial velocity decay are also compared with synthetic vocal fold model data published by other investigators.
Jitter, shimmer, physiological and behavioral responses to emotional auditory stimuli.
Authors: White Shanna , Aericka Dunn , Molly Boland , Al Yonovitz
Published: October 2010

Analysis of the voice as a response to emotional auditory stimuli can be applied to forensics, diagnosis of psychopathological states, digital speech processing, and the theoretical bases of speech production. This experiment used 12 subjects. Each subject heard 60 emotive auditory stimuli. These stimuli were taken from the International Affective Digitized Sounds. The paradigm consisted of 10 s of pre-baseline, 10 s where upon the auditory stimulus was presented, and 10 s of post-baseline. Two seconds prior to the initiation of the auditory stimulus, subjects were informed via a message on a screen to phonate “ah” and to sustain the phonation until an emotive auditory stimulus stopped. Measures of heart rate and skin conductance were obtained for each 10 s interval and were compared to behavioral self-report of valence and arousal. The results of this study indicated that physiological responses (heart rate and skin conductance) were correlated with behavioral self-report. In addition, dependent upon whether the stimuli were pleasant, neutral, or unpleasant (valence) and high or low arousal, differential jitter and shimmer values were obtained. Jitter and shimmer values were different for pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant stimuli.
Effects of language experience on prosodic realization of focus in Southern Min-Mandarin bilinguals.
Authors: Chen Ying , Guion-Anderson Susan , Xu Yi
Published: October 2010

The production of prosodic focus in Quanzhou Southern Min and Mandarin was examined in three groups of bilinguals: older (mean age 57.6), mid-age (mean age 39.8), and younger (mean age 19.9). All groups learned Southern Min first, followed by Mandarin in childhood, but the groups varied in relative language use: the younger the group, the more the Mandarin use. Chen et al. [InterSpeech (2009)] reported Beijing Mandarin has post-focus compression (PFC) of F0 and intensity, whereas Taiwanese (Taiwan Southern Min) and Taiwan Mandarin do not. Thus, Quanzhou bilinguals were expected not to exhibit PFC in Southern Min but may in their Mandarin production. Language experience is predicted to impact the production of PFC in the bilinguals. Specifically, bilinguals with more Mandarin use may show more PFC. The relative use of duration, intensity, and F0 in focused and pre-focus words may also vary by the language spoken (Mandarin versus Southern Min) and the relative use of the two languages. Preliminary results with the younger group indicate Beijing-like production for Mandarin and Taiwanese-like production for Quanzhou Southern Min. Results of the other groups will be presented as well.
A machine learning approach to rhythmic classification of languages.
Authors: Brimhall Cody , Horton Russell , Morgan Emily
Published: October 2010

The Orange machine learning environment was used in four experiments designed to test for distinct language rhythm classes (stress- and syllable-timed) on the basis of scores from three sets of rhythm metrics: ΔC-%V, PVIs, and Varcos. In experiment 1, naive Bayes and decision tree learners were least accurate within classes, and most accurately distinguished stress-timed languages (English, German) from syllable-timed languages (Italian, Spanish); results for unclassified languages (Greek, Korean) were mixed. In experiment 2, a naive Bayes learner compared classification accuracy using each metric against the accuracy obtained using all metrics together. Accuracy did not generally suffer when learning on any single metric, supporting the hypothesis that the metrics overlap in their description of the data. In experiment 3, naive Bayes learners trained on stress-/syllable-timed pairs and had to classify Greek and Korean. The learners disagreed in their classifications. In experiment 4, unsupervised k-means clustering was employed using different combinations of metrics, and all of them at once. The classifier performed poorly: English and German could sometimes be separated out, but not the unclassified languages. Overall, the results add to a growing body of research failing to find evidence of rhythm classes from production.
Averaged transmission loss expressions in shallow water waveguides with sandy-silty sediments.
Authors: Kaczkowski Stephen V. , Carey William M. , Pierce Allan D. , Siegmann William L.
Published: October 2010

Relatively simple approximations for transmission loss in shallow water based on ray theory were presented by Marsh and Schulkin (1962), Weston (1971), Smith (1974), and Rogers (1981). Formulas for averaged transmission loss versus range in stratified shallow water waveguides over sandy-silty sediments are derived entirely from mode theory. Results are contrasted with other mode based expressions obtained by Brekhovskikh (1960) and Grachev (1983). Convenient expressions for loss in Pekeris waveguides are developed by approximating the mode number dependence of the attenuation coefficients as quadratic, which is valid in Westons’s mode stripping region. Similar loss expressions for environments with downward refracting linear sound speed profiles are constructed using modal attenuation coefficient approximations for the “limiting mode” of Denham (1969). This quantity illustrates how changes in environmental parameters, particularly thermocline strength and depth, produce corresponding changes in averaged transmission loss. The loss formulas have several terms, each having a natural physical interpretation, and each is compared with the well known results of Rogers from ray theory. The corresponding expressions have the same parameter dependence, thereby providing a modal foundation for Rogers’s formulas. [Work partially supported by the ONR.]
Properties and approximation of acoustic field and array beam power probability density functions.
Authors: Hayward Thomas J. , Dhakal Sagar , Oba Roger M.
Published: October 2010

Recent work [Finette, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120] investigated the application of polynomial chaos expansions (PCEs) to the computation of acoustic field uncertainties. In the present work, benchmark studies are performed to investigate the functional properties of acoustic field and array beam power probability density functions (PDFs) in uncertain ocean environments and the convergence and numerical accuracy of PCE based approximations of those PDFs. For these studies, a stratified ocean waveguide model is assumed. The field and beam response PDFs are computed directly from given acoustic parameter PDFs using the normal-mode expansion and the change of variables theorem of probability theory. For low-dimensional acoustic parameter uncertainties, the field and beam power PDFs exhibit irregular functional behavior and singularities associated with features of the mapping from the parameter space to the field or beam power space. Computational examples using PCE associate the properties of the PDFs with the convergence rates of the polynomial chaos expansions as a function of range. PDF properties and PCE convergence are then investigated for higher-dimensional acoustic parameter uncertainties. Finally, results using the parabolic-equation approximation are compared with the normal-mode benchmarks. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]
Using directional frequency sonobouys to localize singing humpback whales.
Authors: Rudd Alexis B. , Au Whitlow W. L. , Murphy Seibert , Jones Christopher
Published: October 2010

For many years, the navy has been using directional frequency analysis and recording (DIFAR) sonobouys to record and track ships. DIFAR sonobouys compute the acoustic particle velocity for two bimodal perpendicular hydrophone elements which, with an omnidirectional hydrophone and magnetic compass, gives a directional bearing to the sound. The omnidirectional hydrophone is also used to record sounds. DIFAR can be more accurate for low-frequency whale calls than time of arrival methods, and only requires the three co-located elements, which can function autonomously without a ship. In this study, we used two moored DIFAR sonobouys over a period of 4 days to record and track multiple singing humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off of Kaena Point, Oahu, HI. The distance between the two sonobouys was 1100 m. The digital acoustic signal was recoded at the sonobouy to preserve full dynamic range before multiplexing, and was analyzed in the laboratory using custom MATLAB programs. DIFAR localizations were correlated with visual observations from both the vessel and a 950 elevation land-based location. Relative locations of singing humpbacks and durations of song were recorded. In addition, source levels for singing whales were also calculated.
Depth and acoustic call relationship of gray whales in breeding and reproduction areas of San Ignacio Lagoon, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
Authors: Lopez Anaid , Urban Jorge
Published: October 2010

Gray whale ecosystems are continuously threatened by natural and anthropogenic factors. For instance, recent studies show that gray whales have been delaying migration to Mexican coasts, and this could be related to global warming effects. Moreover, in ecotourism areas, such as San Ignacio Lagoon, anthropogenic noise might also be affecting the gray whales’ natural behavior. It is suspected that anthropogenic induced noise due to observational boats might be changing their acoustic behavior. This study seeks to establish if there is a relationship between call type and rate, among mothers and singles in relation to their position in the water column. From 2008 to 2010, 24 tags (Bio-Probe) recording pressure levels and sounds were attached to gray whales on San Ignacio Lagoon. 1591 min were recorded and 1250 calls were identified and classified in five types over three water column strata. For the most common call, significant differences (p = 0.009) in the number of pulses and minimum frequency (p = 0.05) were found. The relationship between demographic groups and vocalizations suggests that breeding and reproduction behavior might be related to the water column strata. Such studies might prove valuable to lay the ecology and conservation plans required for this species in their breeding and reproduction areas.
Acoustic surveys in the Alboran Sea to map the presence and distribution of Cuvier’s beaked whales.
Authors: Pavan Gianni , Fossati Claudio , Francia Cristina , Zardin Francesca
Published: October 2010

In 2008 and 2009, visual and acoustic surveys were organized by NURC and other institutions to estimate the diversity, abundance, and distribution of marine mammals in the Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean Sea). The mapping of the presence of Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) with wideband towed arrays of hydrophones was particularly successful and further demonstrated the efficacy of passive acoustic surveys conducted with a quiet dedicated platform, the NRV Alliance, equipped with high-quality detection and monitoring instruments connected to a real-time GIS system. Techniques and constraints for the detection and classification of echolocation clicks from beaked whales are discussed. [Research Cruises SIRENA08 and MED09. Work supported by ONR Award No. N00014-09-1-0804.]
The acoustic features of the long distance advertisement call produced by Panthera tigris altaica, the Amur (Siberian) tiger.
Authors: Walsh Edward J. , Armstrong Douglas L. , Smith Adam B. , McGee JoAnn
Published: October 2010

The long distance advertisement call (LDAC) frequently referred to as a moan, an intense mew or a territorial roar, is commonly exchanged by adult members of Panthera tigris living both in captivity and in the wild. While the functionality of the call is not understood ethologically, its social nature is unambiguous, and isolated individuals living in captivity exchange the call repeatedly over extended periods of time. In this report, we concentrate on LDACs produced by P. tigris altaica. The average duration of the LDAC was just under 2 s. The average fundamental frequency, f0, was 0.155 kHz, ranging from ∼0.113 to 0.176 kHz. Spectrograms were dominated by distinct harmonically related frequency modulated frequency sweeps, although subharmonics were also observed. Overall peak frequency, the frequency exhibiting maximum acoustic power, was centered at ∼0.330 kHz and instantaneous peak frequency frequently shifted from one harmonic to another throughout the call’s time course. The bulk of broadcast energy was contained in a band of frequencies ranging from ∼0.1 to 0.8 kHz at 20 dB down from the peak frequency, and bandwidth expanded to ∼3.7 and 4.9 octaves at the 30 and 40 dB down points, respectively. [Funding provided by NSF Grant 0823417.]
Speaker and listener variables affecting second language vowel intelligibility.
Authors: Thomson Ron I.
Published: October 2010

Research investigating the development of second language (L2) phonology often relies on native speaker evaluation of L2 productions. However, listener variables that might affect these judgments remain little understood. For example, Levi et al. (2007) argued that the lexical frequency of L2 speech tokens influences listeners. However, they used somewhat incommensurate measures to compare listener vis-a-vis speaker variables. The present study investigates the impact of speaker and listener variables on English vowel intelligibility using three distinct listening tasks and compares three speaker groups: first language (L1) English, L1 Mandarin, and L1 Slavic. Speakers repeated a word list comprising 10 target English vowels, each embedded in three separate monosyllabic verbs and varying in terms of lexical familiarity for speakers and lexical frequency for listeners. L1 English judges identified the recorded vowels in two conditions that included lexical information, and one condition in which the vowel portions of the recorded words were presented in isolation, preventing listener reference to the vowels’ lexical context. Results indicate an interaction between lexical familiarity for speakers, speaking prompt type, and intelligibility scores. Lexical frequency for listeners did not impact intelligibility scores.
Acoustical Society of America Silver Medal in Signal Processing in Acoustics
Authors: Sullivan Edmund J.
Published: October 2010

The Silver Medal is presented to individuals, without age limitation, for contributions to the advancement of science, engineering, or human welfare through the application of acoustic principles, or through research accomplishment in acoustics.
Nuclear Emancipation: A Platelet Tour de Force
Authors: Spinelli Sherry L. , Maggirwar Sanjay B. , Blumberg Neil , Phipps Richard P.
Published: October 2010

Transcription factors find new functions in these anucleated cells.
Anti-Inflammatory Benefits of Antibiotic-Induced Neutrophil Apoptosis: Tulathromycin Induces Caspase-3-Dependent Neutrophil Programmed Cell Death and Inhibits NF-κB Signaling and CXCL8 Transcription
Authors: Fischer Carrie D. , Beatty Jennifer K. , Zvaigzne Cheryl G. , Morck Douglas W. , Lucas Merlyn J. , Buret A. G.
Published: October 2010

Clearance of apoptotic neutrophils is a central feature of the resolution of inflammation. Findings indicate that immuno-modulation and induction of neutrophil apoptosis by macrolide antibiotics generate anti-inflammatory benefits via mechanisms that remain obscure. Tulathromycin (TUL), a new antimicrobial agent for bovine respiratory disease, offers superior clinical efficacy for reasons not fully understood. The aim of this study was to identify the immuno-modulating effects of tulathromycin and, in this process, to establish tulathromycin as a new model for characterizing the novel anti-inflammatory properties of antibiotics. Bronchoalveolar lavage specimens were collected from Holstein calves 3 and 24 h postinfection, challenged intratracheally with liveMannheimia haemolytica(2 × 107CFU), and treated with vehicle or tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg body weight). Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that tulathromycin treatment significantly increased leukocyte apoptosis and reduced levels of proinflammatory leukotriene B4inM. haemolytica-challenged calves.In vitro, tulathromycin concentration dependently induced apoptosis in freshly isolated bovine neutrophils from healthy steers in a capase-3-dependent manner but failed to induce apoptosis in bovine fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells, as well as freshly isolated bovine blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. The proapoptotic effects of TUL were also, in part, drug specific; equimolar concentrations of penicillin G, oxytetracycline, and ceftiofur failed to cause apoptosis in bovine neutrophils. In addition, tulathromycin significantly reduced levels of phosphorylated IκBα, nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, and mRNA levels of proinflammatory interleukin-8 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bovine neutrophils. The findings illustrate novel mechanisms through which tulathromycin confers anti-inflammatory benefits.
Host DNA Repair Proteins in Response to
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in Lung Epithelial Cells and in Mice
Authors: Wu Min , Huang Huang , Zhang Weidong , Kannan Shibichakravarthy , Weaver Andrew , Mckibben Molynda , Herington Danielle , Zeng Huawei , Gao Hongwei
Published: October 2010

Although DNA repair proteins in bacteria are critical for pathogens' genome stability and for subverting the host defense, the role of host DNA repair proteins in response to bacterial infection is poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that infection with the Gram-negative bacterium
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
significantly altered the expression and enzymatic activity of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) in lung epithelial cells. Downregulation of OGG1 by a small interfering RNA strategy resulted in severe DNA damage and cell death. In addition, acetylation of OGG1 is required for host responses to bacterial genotoxicity, as mutations of OGG1 acetylation sites increased Cockayne syndrome group B (CSB) protein expression. These results also indicate that CSB may be involved in DNA repair activity during infection. Furthermore, OGG1 knockout mice exhibited increased lung injury after infection with
P. aeruginosa
, as demonstrated by higher myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxidation. Together, our studies indicate that
P. aeruginosa
infection induces significant DNA damage in host cells and that DNA repair proteins play a critical role in the host response to
P. aeruginosa
infection, serving as promising targets for the treatment of this condition and perhaps more broadly Gram-negative bacterial infections.
It shouldn't happen to a vet…
Authors: Tindall John
Published: October 2010

The veterinary surgeon is deemed to be the professional 'in charge' when animals are being treated and is likely to be held liable for any damage or injuries caused to practice staff, clients and, where appropriate, their staff, whether he has been negligent in matters of safety or not. It may help the Veterinary Defence Society in defending an action if the vet has taken appropriate precautions ‐ adequate restraint of the animal, warning the client of unpredictable behaviour, ensuring he has sufficient help, etc ‐ but, as the following tales from the VDS case book show, this may not be enough to avoid liability.
Euthanasia of horses ‐ alternatives to the bullet
Authors: Knottenbelt Derek
Published: October 2010

EUTHANASIA of horses is probably one of the most demanding procedures a veterinary surgeon is likely to face. There are emotive issues involved which make it akin to the euthanasia of small animals and logistics which make it akin to the euthanasia of farm animals. The safety of personnel in the vicinity is paramount and adequate restraint and facilities are vitally important. Notwithstanding these requisites, veterinary surgeons are bound to find themselves in the position of having to compromise and a working knowledge and experience of different techniques is, therefore, useful. The disposal of carcases is also an important consideration but it should in no way be allowed to take precedence over the welfare of the animal or the skill of the operator. If euthanasia is elective, then arrangements should be made in advance (with a knacker, hunt kennels, etc) for immediate carcase disposal.
Scrapie in sheep and goats
Authors: Sargison Neil
Published: October 2010

SCRAPIE is a primary spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats which has been recognised in the United Kingdom since the mid‐18th century. In other species, scrapie‐contaminated material has been suggested as a cause of neurological disease such as transmissible mink encephalopathy and possibly bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Human Creutzfeld‐Jakob disease and kuru, and chronic wasting disease of Rocky Mountain elk, are similar but unrelated diseases. Scrapie in sheep and goats has been notifiable in the UK since January 1, 1993, and is known to be widespread. In endemically infected and genetically susceptible flocks it is an important cause of economic loss. The disease probably originated in Spanish Merino flocks and is now of economic importance in Europe and North America. Although it has on occasions been introduced to Australia and New Zealand, prompt identification and slaughter of imported sheep has kept these countries scrapie‐free.
Artificial insemination in horses
Authors: Watson Elaine
Published: October 2010

THE uptake and widespread acceptance of artificial insemination (Al) in horses has lagged behind that in other species. Most breed societies will now allow registration of progeny conceived by Al, but thoroughbreds produced by Al cannot be registered with Weatherbys. It is important that veterinary surgeons can perform these techniques successfully rather than allow lay personnel to offer what may be a less than adequate service to horse breeders.
Cost‐benefits of upgrading practice premises
Authors: Carter Derek
Published: October 2010

UPGRADING or even rebuilding practice premises represents a major commitment. Here, some of the factors that must be considered before undertaking such a project are explored.
Diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs
Authors: Innes John
Published: October 2010

Osteoarthritis (also known as osteoarthrosis or degenerative joint disease) is a term covering a broad spectrum of poorly understood joint disorders. Although it is preferable to think of osteoarthritis as a disease process with a variety of initiating factors, it may, for the purposes of this article, be defined as a disorder of synovial joints characterised by aberrant repair and eventual degeneration of articular cartilage and also by the formation of new bone at the articular margins, sclerosis of subchondral bone and variable low grade synovial inflammation. While the apophyseal joints of the spine can also be affected, the association between osteoarthritis of these joints, disc disease and the clinical signs is unclear. Discussion will, therefore, be limited to the joints of the appendicular skeleton.
Missing millions ‐ the shrinkage factor
Authors: Williams Gareth
Published: October 2010

THE importance of an efficient stock control system was emphasised in a recent article by Martin Vivian (‘Tightening up on stock control’, In Practice, September 1994, pp 282‐285). Here, Gareth Williams describes his practice's approach to the problem of drugs ‘gone walk about’ and suggests some possible solutions.
It shouldn't happen to a vet. . .
Authors: Tindall John
Published: October 2010

THE two cases described below were reported to the Veterinary Defence Society and emphasise the need to take particular care when prescribing and dispensing medicines. Failure to obtain proper information places the animals being treated at risk and exposes the veterinary practitioner to claims of negligence.
Budgets ‐ a valuable tool in practice
Authors: Bower John
Published: October 2010

IT can come as quite a shock to veterinary surgeons after a full university course in the art and science of veterinary surgery and medicine, to learn that business skills are also needed. This article illustrates why the practice budget is one of the most valuable tools of all.
Training ‐ an invaluable asset
Authors: Derby Steve
Published: October 2010

TRAINING courses are frequently offered to staff as a potential 'cure all'. Managers reason that any and all training must be good for the purposes of motivation and improving performance, but often the results are disappointing. Following and adhering to a few simple rules will ensure that practices and their staff derive maximum benefit from courses that they attend.
Hereditary eye disease and the BVA/KC/ISDS Eye Scheme
Authors: Crispin Sheila
Published: October 2010

THE main purpose of the British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club/international Sheep Dog Society (BVA/KC/ISDS) Eye Scheme is to ensure that there is no evidence of hereditary eye disease in dogs which are used for breeding. In order to achieve this aim it is important not only that all dogs which are to be used for breeding are examined under the scheme, irrespective of whether there are known inherited eye problems within the breed, but that the scheme is kept under active review with regard to the inherited eye diseases and breeds which should be included. The conditions currently certified under the scheme are reviewed in this article. They comprise the congenital inherited conditions of goniodysgenesis/primary glaucoma, persistent pupillary membrane, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, retinal dysplasia, collie eye anomaly and congenital cataract, along with non‐congenital inherited types of cataract, primary lens luxation, generalised progressive retinal atrophy and central progressive retinal atrophy. For some of the congenital inherited problems, litters of puppies are screened to establish the status of the whole litter. For dogs of any age, individual certificates are issued with respect to the known inherited eye disease(s) for the breed under examination.
Differential diagnosis of common metabolic disorders of sheep
Authors: Scott Phil
Published: October 2010

THE common metabolic disorders of sheep include pregnancy toxaemia and hypocalcaemia. Hypomagnesaemia occurs much less often. As the morbidity rate of these disorders can be high, it is important to establish an early accurate diagnosis to implement therapy and, more importantly, institute preventive measures for the remainder of the flock at risk.
Equine ocular lavage systems
Authors: Read Tony
Published: October 2010

OCULAR lavage systems are temporary implant devices designed to deliver liquid topical medications to the eye. They are particularly useful in horses, where anatomical features and temperament make frequent ocular topical medication tedious and often dangerous to both the handler and patient. The most common severe equine eye conditions requiring frequent topical medication are ulcerative keratitis and anterior uveitis.
Scaling dermatoses of the dog
Authors: Sture Gordon
Published: October 2010

SCALING dermatoses in the dog have an initially daunting number of potential causes. This article outlines the likely precipitating conditions and highlights clinical features helpful in narrowing the differential diagnosis. In addition, the use of topical therapies is briefly reviewed.
Protecting the health of the pregnant employee
Authors: Nute Jill
Published: October 2010

TO clarify the situation regarding the health and safety of pregnant practice employees, Jill Nute, in conjunction with the BVA, has prepared the following guidelines. The Health and Safety Executive was also consulted in the preparation of this article.
Pounding the locum trail
Authors: Neville Ian
Published: October 2010

ALTHOUGH free to travel the world, the locum veterinary surgeon also has a vital role to play in maintaining clinical veterinary services to the public in Britain. A continually expanding call for veterinary expertise, an apparent shortfall in available manpower and an increased public expectation have thrust the locum from patched tweed obscurity to an essential annual expenditure for all but the largest practices.
Ergot
Authors: Baker Ian
Published: October 2010

ERGOT is the scierotium of the fungus Claviceps purpurea. This fungus is a parasite of various wild grasses and cereals, particularly rye and barley. It attacks the flower heads where it replaces the ovary. The sclerotium then develops as a dark purple horn‐like structure which protrudes from the flower head, varying in length from 1.5 to 3‐5 cm.
Acute pancreatitis in the dog
Authors: Simpson Kenny , Lamb Chris
Published: October 2010

PANCREATITIS is a problem familiar to most small animal practitioners, yet the diagnosis can be difficult to confirm, treatment is non‐specific and the prognosis is guarded because there are no criteria for accurately predicting the outcome. Similar difficulties were encountered in humans with pancreatitis until intensive research enabled an improved understanding of the pathophysiology, more accurate methods of diagnosis and predicting severity, and a rational basis for selecting patients needing surgical treatment. This article describes the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of pancreatitis in the dog, highlighting recent advances influencing patient care.
Endoscopic examination of the equine paranasal sinuses
Authors: Chan Cedric , Munroe Graham
Published: October 2010

THE majority of horses which present with a unilateral nasal discharge will have a disorder of the paranasal sinuses. The history and results of a physical clinical examination are often insufficient for providing a definitive diagnosis of the cause of sinusitis and further evaluation is therefore necessary. At present, radiography, nasal endoscopy and sinocentesis are the most commonly used diagnostic techniques. Recently, the use of direct endoscopic examination of the paranasal sinuses or ‘sinuscopy’ has become a useful adjunct in the evaluation of equine sinus disorders. This article discusses the technique of sinuscopy, using either an arthroscope or flexible endoscope, as well as describing the normal sinus structures and sampling/postoperative options.
An approach to hindlimb lameness 1. History and physical examination
Authors: Dyson Sue
Published: October 2010

THE diagnosis of causes of hindlimb lameness in the horse has long been shrouded in mystique. However, with a systematic approach to both obtaining a history and performing a physical examination, combined with strategic use of ancillary diagnostic aids, a definitive diagnosis can frequently be reached. This is the first in a series of five articles, to be published in consecutive issues, which aims to describe a simple, logical approach to the investigation of hindlimb lameness.
Basic reptile husbandry, history taking and clinical examination
Authors: Divers Stephen
Published: October 2010

AS reptiles continue to gain popularity as pets, their owners' expectations of their veterinary care are increasing. The expansion in the general knowledge of reptile husbandry, medicine and surgery has resulted in the provision of a comparable level of veterinary care for reptilian patients as is already available for dogs and cats. The aim of this article is to introduce the practitioner to reptiles, and to provide details on taking a comprehensive history and performing a thorough clinical examination that will point the clinician towards further laboratory and ancillary tests and that previously elusive diagnosis.
Leasing and hiring equipment ‐ feasible alternatives to purchase?
Authors: Openshaw Nick
Published: October 2010

OUTRIGHT purchase of expensive equipment may not be a feasible option for many practices. In this article, Nick Openshaw outlines various alternative ways of acquiring equipment and highlights some of the pitfalls to watch out for.
Vasectomy in the ram
Authors: Boundy Terry , Cox John
Published: October 2010

FALLING farm incomes, especially among hill and upland sheep farmers, together with increasing costs, have resulted in a reduced demand by stockmen for veterinary services. Much of the routine work traditionally carried out by veterinarians in sheep flocks has gradually been taken over by the shepherds; this has largely been made possible by the high standard of educational material nowadays available through a variety of sources, and the sterling work carried out by veterinarians under the Agricultural Training Board. An increased emphasis on preventive medicine programmes and the introduction of proven management techniques would be of great benefit to both stock owners and veterinarians and would hopefully bring the two groups closer together. One very important aspect of management that is currently not being used to its full potential is the use of vasectomised rams to produce a compacted lambing period. In the UK, legislation states that vasectomy may only be carried out by a qualified veterinary surgeon.
Surgical approaches in the management of chronic otitis externa
Authors: Little Chris
Published: October 2010

THIS, the third in a series of articles on otitis externa in the dog and cat, briefly reviews the pathological changes which occur in chronic otitis to explain the rationale for surgery, and then goes on to discuss a variety of surgical approaches which aid the management of the condition. The previous articles covered the primary causes and investigation of otitis externa (January 1996, pp 9‐16) and medical treatment (February 1996, pp 66‐71).
Evaluation of cardiac murmurs in horses 1. Clinical examination
Authors: Patteson Mark , Blissitt Karen
Published: October 2010

CARDIAC murmurs are common in horses. Around 60 per cent of horses have murmurs; however, most are functional murmurs which are unrelated to heart disease. The critical part of the clinical examination is to identify those murmurs which are caused by cardiac disease, which may affect the athletic performance or even the riding safety of the animal, from functional murmurs which are of no clinical significance. Without a clear understanding of the genesis of cardiac murmurs, and some guided clinical experience, this can be difficult and, consequently, identification of a murmur in a horse is a common source of concern to vets and owners. This, the first of two articles describing the evaluation of cardiac murmurs, concentrates on identifying the source of a murmur and assessing its effects from a clinical examination. Echocardiographic evaluation of murmurs will be discussed in the next issue.
Calling time on 24 hour service
Authors: Little Geoff
Published: October 2010

SHOULD the veterinary profession be obliged to offer a 24 hour service? Is opting out feasible? This article explores the problem and attempts to identify some possible solutions. It is based on a presentation given by Geoff Little at a 'contentious issues' debate at the 1995 BVA Congress in Winchester. In the pages which follow, Simon Meyer, of the Elizabeth Street Emergency Clinic, describes the arrangements that have been established between practices in part of south London, to provide out of hours emergency cover.
Grass sickness: an update
Authors: Milne Elspeth
Published: October 2010

IN the nine years since the last update on grass sickness in [i]In Practice[/i] (Gilmour 1988), many will consider that no progress has been made as the aetiology of the disease has not been determined. However, research is still ongoing and there has been progress in the understanding of some aspects of the disease. This article reviews some recent findings.
Stress ‐ what exactly is it?
Authors: Dale Charlotte
Published: October 2010

THE concept of stress has now been accepted as part of modern day life. But what, exactly, is stress, what causes it and how do you recognise it in yourself and in the people you work with? In this, the first in a series of articles, Charlotte Dale explores exactly what stress is, how it manifests itself and what causes it. Later articles will go on to explain how stress can be recognised and dealt with, and how you, as an employer, can encourage those you work with to give their best effort ‐ but without causing them more stress by doing so.
Analgesia in cats
Authors: Lascelles Duncan , Waterman Avril
Published: October 2010

ONE of the most gratifying developments in veterinary work in recent years has been the increased awareness among the profession of the need to provide effective pain relief following surgery. However, some veterinarians are still slightly reluctant to administer analgesics to cats routinely following surgery. This article aims to answer some questions and provide information which will encourage the routine use of analgesics in cats as well as dogs.
Recognising stress in yourself and others
Authors: Dale Charlotte
Published: October 2010

STRESS was, originally, solely an engineering concept relating to pressure but it has been transferred into everyday use to describe a kind of interaction between a person and their circumstances. In the last issue of [i]In Practice[/i] (March 1997, p 159), the definition of stress was explored. This article looks at some of the overt symptoms of stress.
Complications associated with the diagnosis and management of canine hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Dunn Katie
Published: October 2010

HYPERADRENOCORTICISM (Cushing's disease) is a syndrome associated with hypercortisolaemia. Spontaneous disease is the result of either increased production of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland (pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism, PDH) or autonomous cortisol production by an adrenal neoplasm (adrenal‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism, ADH). latrogenic Cushing's disease may also be seen following prolonged glucocorticoid administration. This article reviews the diagnosis and management of hyperadrenocorticism in the dog, emphasising the problem areas which may complicate diagnosis and management
Surgical approach to a ruptured diaphragm in the cat
Authors: Burton Carolyn , White Robert
Published: October 2010

DIAPHRAGMATIC rupture is characterised by the protrusion of abdominal viscera into the chest as a result of a breach in the musculotendinous sheet dividing the thoracic and abdominal cavities. This breach is usually the result of blunt trauma involving the abdominal cavity, commonly caused by a blow from a motor vehicle, although falls and attacks from dogs are other possible aetiologies in the cat. Congenital defects in the diaphragm are occasionally found (pericardioperitoneal hernias, hiatal hernias and, more rarely, pleuroperitoneal hernias). This article focuses on the surgical management of traumatic diaphragmatic rupture in the cat.
Remote intramuscular injection in unmanageable horses
Authors: Clutton Eddie
Published: October 2010

INJECTABLE anaesthetics are usually given to horses by intravenous injection because this produces a faster onset of action and a more predictable effect compared with intramuscular administration. Drug doses are lower and so costs are reduced. Unfortunately, in some animals, it may not be easy or safe for a drug to be administered intravenously. In these circumstances, an alternative approach is required. This practice tip describes a remote intramuscular technique used by the author when direct injection is impossible.
Putting refurbishment plans into action
Authors: Worwood Lynne
Published: October 2010

Refurbishing a practice is not something that should be dived into head first. It requires very careful planning to ensure that things go as smoothly as possible. Refurbishment is, however, a task that is never really finished.
Equine respiratory disease: the carrier state
Authors: Wood James , Chanter Neil , Newton Richard
Published: October 2010

QUESTIONS frequently asked by veterinary surgeons involved in the management and control of cases or outbreaks of equine respiratory disease include: What is causing the problem? For how long are animals infectious after they have become sick? How long will the infection take to spread through the group? Should I shut the yard (or stud) down and, if so, for how long? Should I cancel the event? The aim of this article is to provide brief answers to these questions with practical information on specific infections. There is of course no general answer to questions concerning such things as event cancellation, but it is hoped that the article will enable more informed decisions to be made.
Charting the ups and downs of practice in the '90s
Authors: Gunn Dixon
Published: October 2010

ACCORDING to results from recent BVA‐SPVS Practice Surveys, practices appear to be increasingly dependent on drug sales ‐ the value of which has risen from 40 per cent of turnover in 1991 to 45 per cent in 1996. However, costs, in particular overheads and establishment costs, are being contained with a smaller proportion of turnover being used to cover them. This cost control has benefited partners more than assistants, whose remuneration has just kept pace with inflation.
Mycobacterial disease in the cat
Authors: Gunn‐Moore Danielle , Shaw Susan
Published: October 2010

MYCOBACTERIA are a large heterogeneous group of organisms, most of which are saprophytic and usually non‐pathogenic. Several species can cause disease in cats, being either primary pathogens, or becoming pathogenic in certain circumstances. Mycobacterial syndromes seen in cats include classical tuberculosis, feline leprosy and opportunistic mycobacteriosis. All have been reported in the UK, where the majority of cases appear to be cutaneous in nature. All three syndromes can present with nodules, draining tracts and/or ulceration. In some cases, the disease may become generalised secondary to skin inoculation, but only occasional cases present with primary systemic disease. Where systemic disease is seen, infection with a member of the tuberculosis group is most likely. In many cases of feline mycobacteriosis, infection can be related to percutaneous injury, contamination via soil or the presence of devitalised tissue, and these factors tend to be reflected in the distribution of the lesions.
A ‘whole flock’ approach to disease control
Authors: Hindson Jim , Winter Agnes
Published: October 2010

MOST contacts veterinary surgeons have with sheep flocks have traditionally been for emergency work associated with lambing time, accounting for about 90 per cent of visits. Any extension to this type of work is often in response to a particular disease episode in an individual or group of sheep, which is usually regarded by the farmer as an isolated event, rather than as having implications for other age groups or for the flock as a whole. However, restricting veterinary input to the individual or affected group is an often inadequate approach to strategic disease control. Veterinarians should instead be seeking to provide a year‐round flock health programme.