bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Optisol‐GS and neomycin‐polymyxin B‐gramicidin ophthalmic solution for corneal storage in the dog
Authors: Andrew  , Samuelson  , Lewis  , Kubilis
Published: March 2003

The objective of the research was to compare the efficacy of Optisol‐GS (OGS, Bausch & Lomb Surgical, Irvine, CA, USA) with triple antibiotic ophthalmic solution (neomycin‐polymyxin B‐gramicidin, NPG; Bausch & Lomb, Tampa, FL, USA) in preserving the viability of corneal endothelial cells. The study subjects were thirty young to middle‐aged dogs with no gross corneal pathology that had been euthanized by pentobarbital overdose for reasons unrelated to this project. Corneal tissues were harvested, analyzed, and randomly assigned to treatment groups: one of two media (OGS or NPG), and one of five storage times (1, 7, 14, 21, or 35 days). Six corneas were stored in each medium for each time period. Corneal endothelial cell viability was evaluated pre‐ and poststorage by vital staining (trypan blue and alizarin red S), and endothelial cell morphology was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy. Storage in NPG caused significant loss (100%) of endothelial cells after all storage times. OGS storage maintained a high level of endothelial cell viability up to 21 days (98.9% ± 1.3% viability). A significant decrease in percentage viability was also found for OGS‐stored corneas between 21 and 35 days, when endothelial cell viability decreased to 61.4% ± 45.9%. The conclusions are that NPG storage at −20 °C is a very poor choice of media for corneal tissue banking if graft clarity is the goal. Storage in Optisol‐GS at 4 °C for up to 21 days resulted in significantly higher percentages of viable endothelial cells. Optisol‐GS storage should facilitate corneal preservation for canine keratoplasty patients.
Viscoelastic materials in veterinary ophthalmology
Authors: Wilkie  , Willis
Published: March 2003

Viscoelastic materials have applications in both human and veterinary ophthalmology and orthopedics and for humans in otorhinolaryngology, urinary incontinence, cosmetic surgery and cosmetics. In ophthalmology, viscoelasties are most commonly used in facilitating cataract and other anterior segment surgeries, but also have applications in posterior segment surgery and in the topical management of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Viscoelastics are routinely used during anterior segment surgery in filling and maintaining the anterior chamber, repositioning the iris, and to coat and protect the corneal endothelium, and expand the capsular bag prior to intraocular lens implantation. Viscoelastics can also be essential in the management of intraoperative complications such as miosis, hemorrhage, posterior capsular tears, and vitreous presentation. The most common products available for ophthalmic use include various concentrations of sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. The physical properties of each viscoelastic material are dependent on chain length, and intra‐and interchain interactions. The rheologic properties of viscosity, pseudoplasticity, viscoelasticity, and surface tension dictate the usefulness of each material for a specific purpose.
Orbital neurofibrosarcoma in a dog
Authors: Andrew
Published: March 2003

A young dog was presented with rapidly progressive, unilateral, exophthalmos. Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of the retrobulbar mass resulted in a diagnosis of fibrosarcoma. Magnetic resonance imagery revealed tumor invasion into the brain, and palliative therapy was elected. The dog was euthanized 4 weeks following diagnosis due to progressive neurological signs. The final diagnosis was neurofibrosarcoma involving the pons, brainstem, left orbit and left trigeminal nerve.
Corneal stromal abscess in a horse
Authors: Andrew Stacy E.
Published: March 2003

A thoroughbred yearling presented with a focal, yellow, midstromal corneal opacity with concurrent iridocyclitis which was consistent with a corneal stromal abscess. When continued, appropriate, medical therapy failed to improve the patient’s condition, penetrating keratoplasty was performed for diagnosis and therapy. Histopathology showed that the deep corneal stroma and Descemet’s membrane were severely infiltrated with necrotic neutrophils and numerous, intralesional fungal hyphae. Culture was negative. Bacteria were not isolated, consistent with a fungal corneal stromal abscess. The resultant corneal scar did not interfere with the horse’s racing career.
Bilateral neuroepithelial choristomas of the optic disc in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis): a case report
Authors: Munger Robert J. , Behrana Jensen V. , Bouldin Thomas W. , Peiffer Robert L.
Published: March 2003

A 6‐year‐old intact male cynomolgus monkey of Chinese origin was received at the Sierra Biomedical Facility. While physical examination revealed good body condition with no abnormalities, routine ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral proliferative optic neuropathy involving the dorsal aspect of the optic disc. No changes were noted in the appearance of the lesions over 8 months, and fluoroescein angiography revealed no abnormalities other than obstruction of the view of the retinal vessels by the lesions. Histopathologic studies revealed characteristics consistent with a diagnosis of bilateral neuroepithelial choristoma.
Ocular disease in rats: a review
Authors: Williams David L.
Published: March 2003

The rat Rattus norvegicus is widely used in experimental work, both providing a rodent model for human ocular disease and as a species for toxicologic screening. In addition, the rat is more and more widely kept as a pet, being both friendly and intelligent. Diagnosis and treatment of ocular disease is important for the welfare of individual animals and whole colonies, but also to ensure that spontaneous disease is not compromising experimental work. Here, ophthalmic conditions are reviewed in order to provide a survey of ocular disease in the rat both for veterinary ophthalmologists and for laboratory animal veterinarians and research workers.
Danielopolina kornickeri sp. n. (Ostracoda, Thaumatocypridoidea) from a western Australian anchialine cave: morphology and evolution
Authors: Danielopol Dan L. , Baltanás Angel , Humphreys William F.
Published: March 2003

Danielopolina kornickeri sp. n. is described from an anchialine cave in Western Australia. This is the first Danielopolina species occurring outside of the Western Hemisphere (Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans and Islands). A cladistic analysis indicates that this species is a primitive taxon of the anchialine cavernicolous clade; the deep‐sea dwelling species Danielopolina carolynae appears more primitive and does not cluster with the other Danielopolina species. The ecological environment of D. kornickeri is described. Detailed discussions consider: (1) the shell ornamentation and its relevance to the phylogeny of the Thaumatocyprididae; (2) the antero‐dorsal node of the Permian Thaumatomma (hypothesized here to be an ocular lens which regressed in the post‐Palaeozoic thaumatocypridids); (3) the distal chaetotaxy of the antennae (hypothesized to perform the chemosensorial function known in the aesthetascs of other myodocopids or podocopids); (4) palaeobiogeographical arguments for a shallow marine origin of cavernicolous species Danielopolina.
AfrotropicalPolypedilumsubgenusTripodura, with a review of the subgenus (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Vårdal Hege , Bjørlo Alfred , Sæther Ole A.
Published: March 2003

Vårdal, H., Bjørlo, A. & Sæther, O. A. (2002). AfrotropicalPolypedilumsubgenusTripodura, with a review of the subgenus (Diptera: Chironomidae). —Zoologica Scripta, 31,331–402.

A subgeneric diagnosis for all stages of the subgenusTripoduraTownes,1945 of the genusPolypedilumKieffer,1912 is given. Nine new Afrotropical species ofTripoduraare described:P.(T.)chelumVårdal sp. n.,P.(T.)amplificatusBjørlo sp. n.,P.(T.)patulumBjørlo sp. n.,P.(T.)spinalveumVårdal sp. n.,P.(T.)eweiBjørlo sp. n.,P.(T.)ogoouenseBjørlo sp. n.,P.(T.)akaniBjørlo sp. n.,P.(T.)dagombaeBjørlo sp. n., andP.(T.)amputatumBjørlo sp. n.; all as male imagines only.P.(T.)alboguttatumKieffer,P.(T.)albosignatumKieffer,P.(T.)tropicumKieffer,P.(T.)pruinaFreeman,P.(T.)quinqueguttatumKieffer,P.(T.) aegyptiumKieffer,P.(T.) tridensFreeman,P.(T.)allansoniFreeman,P.(T.)longicrusKieffer,P.(T.)annulatipesKieffer andP.(T.)abyssiniaeKieffer are re‐described as male and female imagines, whileP.(T.)majiisLehmann,P.(T.)subovatumFreeman,P.(T.)griseoguttatumKieffer,P.(T.)aferumLehmann andP.(T.)kijabenseFreeman are re‐described as male imagines only. Keys to the male and the known female imagines of the 30 Afrotropical species in the subgenus are presented. A phylogenetic analysis based on all available information onTripodurafrom all over the world (135 species) is presented and discussed. The monophyly of the subgenusTripodurais confirmed. The subgenus can be divided into 20 groups with theacifergroup forming the sister group of two larger assemblages of groups in the orderacifer(titicacae(ginzansecundum((aferum(ewei(malickianum(floridense(halterale,pullum)))))) (subovatum(labeculosum((parascalaenum(allansoni(apfelbecki(udominatum,parvum))))) ((((alboguttatum,aegyptium)quinqueguttatum)annulatipes)). Only in thetiticacae,halterale,pullumandapfelbeckigroups are the larvae of more than one species described, while one larva is known in each of thesubovatum,parascalaenum,aegyptiumandquinqueguttatumgroups. Three or more pupae are known only from thehalterale,pullum,apfelbeckiandaegyptiumgroups. Thus, the tentative nature of the group divisions is obvious. Geographical co‐evolutionary analyses (Brooks parsimony analyses) of the subgenus as a whole and of the major groups are performed and the areas most likely to be part of the original areas estimated. Most probably, eastern South America and Africa were part of the ancestral area. There are multiple sister‐group relationships and generalized tracks between South and East Asia and Africa, between Africa and the Palaearctic region, between South and East Asia, between tropical Brazil and Africa, between East Asia and North America across a former Beringian land bridge, and between the Indo‐West Pacific region and New Zealand, but no evidence for transantarctic relationships.
Immunological and virological features of HIV‐infected patients with increasing CD4 cell numbers despite virological failure during protease inhibitor‐based therapy
Authors: Weiss L , Burgard M , Cahen YD , Chaix ML , Laureillard D , Gilquin J , Piketty C , Viard JP , Kazatchkine MD , Girard PM , Rouzioux C
Published: March 2003

Objectives To investigate the extent of functional T cell recovery and to characterize plasma virus and virus producing cells in patients with increasing CD4 cell counts despite virological failure during protease inhibitor (PI) based therapy.

Methods The study group included 13 patients who were treated for at least 12 months with a PI based regimen and were selected on the basis of a sustained immunological response (increase of > 70 CD4 cells/μL) despite virological failure (< 1 log10 copies/mL decrease in HIV‐1 RNA plasma levels).

Results Compared to a historical series of 11 complete responders with less advanced disease, the proportion of memory CD4 T cells was significantly higher (67.8±17.8 vs. 52.8±11.0; P=0.045) and the proportion of naive CD4 T cells significantly lower (30.5±14.8 vs. 45.0±10.4, P=0.021) in patients who were immunological responders/virological nonresponders. In those patients, ongoing viral replication was associated with a strong activation of circulating CD8 T lymphocytes; interleukin‐2 production remained decreased. CD4 T cell reactivity to cytomegalovirus proteins was observed in nine of 11 patients tested. In the study group, the proportion of infectious virus present in plasma as well as the levels of intracellular viral replication were similar to those measured in untreated patients. Virological failure in this group of patients probably resulted from pre‐existing mutations in the reverse transcriptase gene.

Conclusions This study of patients with increasing CD4 cell numbers despite virological failure shows the persistence of immune activation and partial immune restoration with no evidence of specific viral dynamics in vivo.
Gibberella fujikuroi mating population E is associated with maize and teosinte
Authors: Steenkamp E. T. , Coutinho T. A. , Desjardins A. E. , Wingfield B. D. , Marasas W. F. O. , Wingfield M. J.
Published: March 2003

Isolates of Fusarium subglutinans mating population E are usually found on maize. This fungus forms part of the so‐called Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Previously, F. subglutinans has been associated with two additional mating populations (B and H) and a variety of plant hosts. This was mainly due to a lack of diagnostic morphological characters, but the use of DNA sequence information showed that the strains making up mating populations B, E and H, as well as those associated with the different plant hosts, represent separate species. Recently, another putative mating population has been reported on the wild teosinte relatives of maize. Based on sexual compatibility studies, these isolates were apparently closely related to the pitch canker fungus, F. subglutinans f. sp. pini (= F. circinatum;G. fujikuroi mating population H). The aim of the current study was to determine whether the population of F. subglutinans from teosinte constitutes a new or an existing lineage within the G. fujikuroi complex. For this purpose, portions of the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA, calmodulin and β‐tubulin genes from the fungi were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses and comparison with sequences from public domain databases indicated that the F. subglutinans isolates from teosinte are most closely related to strains of G. fujikuroi mating population E. These results were confirmed using sexual compatibility studies. The putative mating population from the wild relatives of maize therefore forms part of the existing E‐mating population and does not constitute a new lineage in the G. fujikuroi species complex.
Type III secretion and in planta recognition of the Xanthomonas avirulence proteins AvrBs1 and AvrBsT
Authors: Escolar Lucia , Van Den Ackerveken Guido , Pieplow Sylvia , Rossier Ombeline , Bonas Ulla
Published: March 2003

summary

The hrp gene cluster of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) encodes a type III secretion system required for the delivery of virulence and avirulence proteins into the plant. Some of these effector proteins, e.g. AvrBs1 and AvrBsT, are recognized by pepper plants carrying corresponding resistance genes, triggering the hypersensitive reaction (HR). In this study, epitope tagged AvrBs1 and AvrBsT proteins were detected in culture supernatants only in the presence of a functional type III apparatus and not in a hrcV mutant, showing that both proteins are secreted by Xcv in an hrp‐dependent manner. Expression of both avirulence genes is constitutive and independent of the hrp gene regulators, hrpG and hrpX. Transient expression of avrBs1 and avrBsT in resistant host plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated gene transfer resulted in the induction of a specific HR. This indicates that recognition occurs intracellularly, and suggests that during the Xcv infection, AvrBs1 and AvrBsT are translocated from Xcv into the plant cell. We describe a conserved protein motif which is present in the N‐terminal region of all known Xcv avirulence proteins and discuss its potential role in translocation into plant cells.
Developing a programme‐review process for a baccalaureate nursing programme in Jordan
Authors: Thomas B. , Rajacich D. , Ma'aitah R. Al , Cameron S. J. , Gharaibeh M. , Delahunt T. D.
Published: March 2003

Programme review is one way of monitoring the quality of a programme of study and promoting the growth of nursing education. The Faculty of Nursing at the Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) demonstrated its professional maturity by participating in an international collaborative project with the University of Windsor in Canada, to review its baccalaureate programmes. This article outlines the rationale for undertaking a programme review and discusses key principles for inclusion in the development of such a process. It highlights some strategies for success, and suggests ways in which programmes can benefit from reviews and evaluations. This process has the potential to be used as a prototype for future reviews.
Planning for change: developing a policy framework for nursing labour markets
Authors: Ma J. Buchan
Published: March 2003

This article examines key aspects of change in European nursing labour markets, and highlights an integrated policy framework intended to improve nurse recruitment, retention and utilization in European health care. Health care is labour intensive. Staffing costs are often a major focus of the health sector. There is a tendency for staffing to be regarded as part of the ‘problem’ of cost containment, and staffing costs are often a major focus of health sector reform. This report argues that it is more appropriate to regard staffing in general, and nurses in particular, as part of the solution to improving quality, access and cost of care. The major elements in nurse workforce planning are discussed, and the need for planning to be integrated with service delivery is emphasized. With projected increases in the demand for healthcare, and concern about staff shortages, policy attention across Europe and in other countries must focus on improving the methods of recruiting, retaining and utilizing nursing resources. A policy‐based framework for sustained improvement is presented, based on five areas of action: improve ‘conventional’ recruitment; improve recruitment from ‘non‐conventional’ sources; identify and apply incentives to improve staff retention and motivation; improve staff deployment; and improve utilization/skill mix.
The right‐to‐die and the duty‐to‐die: perceptions of nurses in the West and in Japan
Authors: Konishi E. , Davis A. J.
Published: March 2003

Abstract

The right‐to‐die means that the terminally ill person has the right to refuse further treatment. The duty‐to‐die means that terminally ill persons feel that they have no choice and must refuse treatment because of social factors such as family burden or financial cost to society. This article describes the perceptions of a sample of 72 Japanese nurses and 71 counterparts from the West. The right‐to‐die received support from all of the western and from a majority of the Japanese sample. However, the duty‐to‐die received weaker support from the West and rather strong disagreement from Japan. Themes emerged in the two groups from a content analysis of their reactions to the major concepts of right‐to‐die and duty‐to‐die, and these included autonomy, values surrounding life, justice, family as a possible coercive agent and family as a partner in decision making. Differences and similarities across the cultures in the meaning of these themes were explored.
Quality of maternity care for adolescent mothers in Mbabane, Swaziland
Authors: Mngadi P. T. , Thembi I. T. , Ransjö‐Arvidson A. ‐B. , Ahlberg B. M.
Published: March 2003

Early pregnancy and unplanned childbirth may have far‐reaching physical, psychological and social consequences for the adolescent girl and her offspring and are therefore public health issues of concern. A number of evidence‐based maternity practices might, if properly applied, prevent unnecessary health‐related problems in mothers and newborns, postnatally. In order to identify the areas of maternity practice that require improvement in Swaziland, the overall aim of this study was to generate systematic data on the maternity care and social support provided by health professionals (for adolescent mothers and their children) on admission, in the labour ward, and during and after delivery. The study was carried out during a 3‐month period from April to June 1998. All pregnant adolescents with an uneventful term pregnancy, admitted to the Mbabane Government Hospital maternity ward in the morning of the study days, were informed about the purpose of the study and asked if they would like to participate. A total of 33 pregnant adolescents agreed and in‐depth interviews were conducted with those participants. Observations and checklists were used to assess the maternity care given to the study participants. Results revealed that on admission to the labour ward, verbal communication and interaction between the midwife and the adolescent were minimal, and none of the adolescents was encouraged to bring a social support person to remain with them during labour. During the progress of labour, nearly 50% of the adolescent mothers developed complications and ≈27% had a lower‐segment Caesarean section. Special attention should therefore be paid to adolescent sexual and reproductive health service needs. These should include contraceptive counselling in order to prevent pregnancy at a young age and also to improve their sexual and reproductive health statuses.
The telling and knowing of dying: philosophical bases for hospice care in Japan
Authors: Davis A. J. , Konishi E. , Mitoh T.
Published: March 2003

This article describes the historical and cultural factors that led to the modern definition of hospice in the United States and Japan. It also raises questions about the import of western hospice philosophy into Japan by examining some traditional values and cultural norms of behaviour surrounding dying in that country. The ethics of disclosure and open discussion, as a prerequisite to and foundational value in western hospice care, differs in Japan. If traditional Japanese values remain strong, expectations regarding hospice care based on this western ethics may be misplaced. This report ends with a suggestion of replacing the western imported hospice philosophy with an (as yet not explicated) Japanese philosophical ethic of the good.
Using cost‐analysis techniques to measure the value of nurse practitioner care
Authors: Vincent D.
Published: March 2003

Nurse practitioners are in a unique position to deliver high‐quality care to a variety of populations and are being utilized in many countries worldwide. Although certain aspects of the nurse practitioner role may differ from country to country, limited financial support and competition for access to patients make it incumbent on nurse practitioners to document the cost‐effectiveness of their care. Cost analysis, a business tool that can be used by any practitioner in any health care system, was used to examine business practices of an academic‐based nurse‐managed centre. In order for this tool to be effective, nurse practitioners must become comfortable with using cost‐analysis techniques in their practices. Linking outcome data with cost data was found to be one method for explicating the value of nurse practitioner practice. Nurse practitioners must also recognize that they are competing with primary‐care physician practices and other primary health‐care practices. It is vital for nurse practitioners to document both the quality and the costs of their care in order to compete with physicians and other health care providers, in order to influence policy and other health‐care decision makers.
The phenomenological ethics of K. E. Løgstrup – a resource for health care ethics and philosophy?
Authors: Holm Søren
Published: March 2003

Abstract This paper gives a presentation and critical assessment of the phenomenological philosophy and ethics of the Danish theologian and philosopher K. E. Løgstrup (1905–1981). It is argued that although the ethics of Løgstrup contain valuable insights, an uncritical appropriation as the main source for a health care ethics or a philosophy of caring, is problematic. Løgstrup's philosophy contains a number of internal problems, and does not adequately deal with some problems raised by work in the modern health care setting.
Clinical autonomy and contractual space*
Authors: Cash Keith
Published: March 2003

Abstract This paper investigates the idea of clinical autonomy. Whilst there is a considerable literature on moral autonomy there is very little on clinical autonomy except as a sociological phenomenon. Using the results of interviews with Community Psychiatric Nurses in England, the three main theories that they have about clinical autonomy are examined. It is argued that there are substantial problems with these theories and an alternative way of understanding clinical autonomy is proposed, the idea of contractual space.
Professional advocacy: widening the scope of accountability
Authors: Grace Pamela J.
Published: March 2003

Abstract Advocacy has proven a slippery concept for nursing. Although the nursing profession has adopted the term ‘patient advocacy’ to denote an ideal of practice, the meaning, scope and implications of the concept have not yet been adequately defined. Poorly defined concepts lead to practice problems and these ultimately impact patient care. This article clarifies some basic underlying assumptions of the term ‘advocacy’ in the interest of facilitating the goals of nursing. The origins and meanings of the term are traced. It is noted that ‘advocacy’ as descriptive of verbal actions on behalf of others is an expression initially used in legal settings. Nursing's use of this term is explored and because the term is also discovered in the literature of other disciplines to denote either a standard (Law) or ideal (Medicine) of practice it proved helpful to compare the various perspectives. Additionally, the link between advocacy and notions of professional responsibility, obligation and accountability is investigated. Although advocacy for nurses is discovered to be a broad concept it has typically been seen as applying to individual situations and immediate contexts. However, actions taken with the purpose of advocating for a given patient (or group of patients) necessarily affect more than the person for the sake of whom the actions are taken. Thus, patient advocacy commits nurses to an examination both of the immediate practice environment and of the wider context in which nursing occurs. This is because nursing's purpose of furthering ‘health’ extends both to individuals and society. For these reasons it is suggested that the term ‘professional advocacy’ viewed as actions stemming from professional role objectives more accurately captures the scope of nursing responsibilities than does either ‘advocacy’ or ‘patient rights advocacy’.
Rheology of two commercially available cosmetic oil in water emulsions
Authors: Förster A.H. , Herrington T.M.
Published: March 2003

Rheological experiments were performed on two cosmetic O/W creams, CG Clarifying and CG Clean, before and after treatment (temperature, tumbling, centrifugation). Viscometry experiments were conducted in a shear range of 0.48–58 s . Strain sweeps were carried out at 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 Hz. Finally, frequency sweeps were performed in the linear viscoelastic region between 0.1 and 5 Hz. The characteristics of a `good' O/W cream were found to be shear thinning behaviour, low yield stress, and predominately elastic behaviour.
Skin penetration and stabilization of formulations containing microfine titanium dioxide as physical UV filter
Authors: Bennat  , Müller‐Goymann
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

Microfine titanium dioxide (TiO2) has become a frequently used physical UV filter in sunscreen formulations. Penetration of microfine TiO2 into human skin seems to be possible because of the mean particle size of 20 nm. The small particle size results in a high surface activity of the primary particles and causes a formation of agglomerates in the formulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo and in vitro penetration behaviour of the physical UV filter into human skin. Furthermore, a stable sunscreen formulation with microfine TiO2 which does not penetrate into the skin should be developed. According to our experiments, microfine TiO2 penetrates deeper into human skin from an oily dispersion than from an aqueous one. Therefore, an o/w emulsion containing the dispersed micropigment in the aqueous phase was manufactured. Microfine TiO2 cannot penetrate into human skin from this emulsion, but the storage stability of the formulation is very low at different temperatures. The encapsulation of the micropigment into liposomes does not result in a better stability but it causes a higher penetration depth of the particles into the skin.

Résumé

Le dioxyde de titane microfin est devenu un filtre UV physique très fréquemment utilisé dans les crèmes solaires. Une pénétration de dioxyde de titane microfin dans la peau humaine est rendu possible grâce sa granulométrie moyenne de 20 nm. Mais la taille des particules entraîne une activité de surface anormalement élevée, ce qui génère la formation d’agglomérats dans la formulation. L’objet des travaux présentés ici était l’étude de la pénétration du filtre UV physique dans la peau humaine, in vivo et in vitro. En outre, une crème solaire à base de dioxyde de titane microfin, ne pénétrant pas dans la peau, devait être développée. Selon nos investigations, le dioxyde de titane microfin pénètre plus profondément dans la peau à partir d’une dispersion huileuse que d’une dispersion aqueuse. Par conséquent, une émulsion de type huile dans eau (h/e), avec le micropigment dispersé dans la phase aqueuse, a èté réalisée. Il en ressort que le dioxyde de titane ne pénètre pas dans la peau à partir de l’émulsion h/e, mais la stabilité de l’émulsion à différentes température est très limitée. L’encapsulation du micropigment dans des liposomes n’entraîne pas d’amélioration de la stabilité mais génère une pénétration plus importante des particules dans la peau.
Simultaneous determination of four anti‐dandruff agents including octopirox in shampoo products by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Chao L.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

A method based on reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed for the simultaneous identification and quantitative determination of four anti‐dandruff agents such as salicylic acid, ketoconazole, climbazole, octopirox in commercial anti‐dandruff shampoo products. A symmetry C18 column (5 µm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) was used at temperature of 35 °C, mobile phase with flow rate of 0.8 mL min−1 was acetonitrile: water (containing 10 mm potassium dihydrogen phosphate, pH 4.0, adjusted with orthophosphoric acid) = 60 : 40 (V/V) and UV detection at 224 nm and 305 nm. Samples were extracted with mobile phase by stirring and ultrasonic method. The average recoveries of four anti‐dandruff agents were 98.0–104.1%. The relative standard deviations for samples were 0.11–0.90%. The method is simple, rapid and reproducible.
Conjugated linoleic acid
Authors: Kritchevsky David
Published: March 2003

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for metabolic by‐products resulting from the conversion of linoleic acid to oleic acid by rumen bacteria. Consequently CLA is found in foods and fats of animal origin. There is a growing body of information regarding effects of dietary CLA in health and disease, but not yet any definitive mechanisms relating to its mode(s) of action. The review paper by Professor Kritchevsky and accompanying commentary by Professor Williams summarise the recent evidence from animal studies for anti‐tumourigenic, anti‐lipogenic and anti‐atherogenic effects of CLA. These findings may open new avenues of research in several normal and disease states. Furthermore, if the health benefits suggested by animal studies can be shown to apply in human populations, the consequence of advice to reduce fat intakes, may prove to have important public health implications.
Proviral HIV‐1 dynamics and evolution in patients receiving efficient long‐term antiretroviral combination therapy
Authors: Birk M , Aleman S , Visco‐Comandini U , Sönnerborg A
Published: March 2003

Different experimental approaches have shown that, despite plasma viral loads under the threshold of detection, HIV‐1 frequently continues to replicate in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. However, whether this low‐grade viral replication is sufficient for the generation of new major quasispecies has not been studied. Thus, in order to evaluate the extent of variation in the major proviral HIV‐1 population, we monitored proviral DNA sequences in such patients over a time period of up to 30 months.

Methods  DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the V3 region was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and directly sequenced. Additionally, both HIV‐1 RNA and DNA levels and CD4+ T‐lymphocyte counts were monitored.

Results  Analysing the V3 gene sequences of 17 patients, we observed a sequence evolution in nine patients. Interestingly, the majority of these changes (77%) occurred in the first interval following the initiation of therapy and despite signs of ongoing replication the proviral DNA levels continued to decrease in all patients.

Conclusions  Our data suggest that, although available data report that HIV‐1 continues to replicate in patients with undetectable viraemia, the extent of viral replication in many of these patients is not sufficient to result in changes in the major viral population.
Labial tuberculosis: a unique cause of lip swelling complicating HIV infection
Authors: Llyas SE , Chen FF , Hodgson TA , Speight PM , Lacey CJN , Porter SR
Published: March 2003

Background

HIV disease has many oral manifestations including tuberculosis, which most commonly presents as irregular ulceration of the tongue or the palate. We detail an HIV‐infected patient found to have tuberculosis of the lip.

Conclusions

To our knowledge tuberculosis of the lips has never been reported in conjunction with HIV infection, and in this case establishing the oral diagnosis resulted in the diagnosis of disseminated disease.
P‐glycoprotein in blood CD4 cells of HIV‐1‐infected patients treated with protease inhibitors
Authors: Bossi P , Legrand O , Faussat A‐M , Legrand M , Bricaire F , Marie J‐P , Agut H , Diquet B , Katlama C , Huraux J‐M , Calvez V
Published: March 2003

Objective

Many factors are involved in the virological failure of antiretroviral treatments such as low pharmacological plasma levels of drugs, poor adherence to therapy and emergence of viral resistance. P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) has been demonstrated to play a role in multidrug resistance in the therapy of solid tumours, haematological malignancies and Plasmodium falciparum infection. HIV‐1 protease inhibitors (PIs) have been described to be substrates of P‐gp. In vitro and in vivo studies performed in mice have demonstrated that P‐gp may affect the oral bioavailability and intracellular accumulation of PIs. P‐gps have been detected on peripheral CD4 blood cells in HIV‐1‐infected, but antiretroviral‐naive patients.

Method

We quantified P‐gp expression and performed functional tests of P‐gp activity in the CD4 cells in HIV‐1‐infected patients, with and without virological failure, treated with PIs, and in healthy patients (control group).

Result

Out of the 18 HIV‐infected patients studied, P‐gp expression and function were found in the CD4 cells of six patients (four of 10 without, and two of eight with virological failure). Out of the 43 healthy patients studied, P‐gp expression and function were found in the CD4 cells of 11 patients (26%). We found P‐gp in peripheral CD4 cells of patients treated with PIs, with and without virological failure, within the same frequency than in antiretroviral naive patients or than in non HIV‐infected patients.

Conclusions

P‐gp expression in peripheral CD4 blood cells does not seem to be enhanced by PI treatment and does not seem to be linked particularly to virological failures. These facts do not preclude of the role of P‐gp on PI absorption or efficacy in other compartments of the body such as gut, lymph nodes or brain in HIV‐1 PI‐treated patients.
Adhesion molecule profiles in atopic dermatitis vs. allergic contact dermatitis: pharmacological modulation by cetirizine
Authors: Boone M , Lespagnard L , Renard N , Song M , Rihoux Jp
Published: March 2003

Background

Experimental data suggest that there is an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cells in atopic dermatitis (AD) skin compared to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). This imbalance (Th2 and Th1 predominance, respectively) implies the production of different cytokines in these two conditions leading to different expression of adhesion molecules on skin endothelial cells.

Objective

The expression of VCAM‐1 (IL‐4/Th2‐dependent) and ICAM‐1 (INF‐γ/IL‐1) on dermal vessels was compared in six patients with AD and six patients with ACD. The effect of cetirizine, a highly selective H1‐receptor antagonist on the expressions was studied.

Methods

Six patients with AD were challenged with Dermatophagoides pteronyssimus (DPT patch tests applied to clinically normal skin) and six patients with ACD challenged in the same way with allergens of the European standard series. Skin biopsies at challenged sites were performed before and 6, 24 and 48 h after challenge. The experiment was carried out under double‐blind cross‐over conditions during a 4‐day treatment with a placebo and cetirizine.

Results

In AD patients, the scores for both VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1 were high before and after challenge. In ACD patients, the ICAM‐1 score was high at each experimental time, but the VCAM‐1 score, which was significantly lower before challenge, increased at 6, 24 and 48 h after challenge. The administration of cetirizine significantly reduced the VCAM‐1 expression in AD patients at each experimental time.

Conclusion

It is concluded that the increased VCAM‐1 expression in AD patients compared to ACD may reflect greater IL‐4 and/or IL‐13 production in situ. The study also confirms the existence of a modulating effect of cetirizine in vivo on adhesion molecule expression.
The multiple faces of Behçet’s disease and its aetiological factors
Authors: Önder M , Gürer MA
Published: March 2003

Behçet’s disease (BD) is a chronic, inflammatory multisystemic condition of unknown aetiology. It is clinically characterized by recurrent orogenital ulcerations and skin eruptions; ocular manifestations; arthritis; vasculitis and in some cases neurological and large vessel involvement. Aetiology has not been defined, but genetic, environmental, viral, bacterial and immunological factors have been proposed as causative agents. Treatment includes colchicine, thalidomide, steroids and immunosuppressive agents and it is based on the severity of systemic manifestations, such as central nervous system involvement, arterial aneurysms and thrombosis of the major veins. Mortality is related to major system involvement. In this article the different clinical features, the multiple faces of BD and a list of currently suspected aetiological factors of the disease are discussed, and treatment modalities summarized.
Q‐switched Alexandrite laser in the treatment of pigmented macules in Laugier–Hunziker syndrome
Authors: Papadavid E , Walker NPJ
Published: March 2003

We report clearance of pigmented macules on the lips of two subjects with Laugier–Hunziker syndrome using the Q‐switched Alexandrite laser. Recurrence of two macules was noticed in one case 6 months after treatment and the lesions were successfully retreated. This report evaluates the efficacy and side‐effect profile of the Q‐switched Alexandrite laser in the treatment of lentigines in this syndrome.
Molecular analyses of sentinel lymph nodes: an open question
Authors: Bonin S , Niccolini B , Calacione R , Gambardella B , Geatti O , Stanta G , Trevisan G
Published: March 2003

Aims To detect micrometastases in the sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) of melanoma patients the authors analysed 52 lymph nodes (47 SLNs and five non‐sentinel) and 17 corresponding primary skin melanomas using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction assays in paraffin‐embedded tissues to detect the mRNAs of tyrosinase, MAGE1, MAGE3, MIA, MART‐1 and mRNA coding for telomerase catalytic component.

Results Our data show that the use of molecular markers for melanoma micrometastases detection in SLN is still in a very preliminary stage. In comparing the molecular analysis results with the pathological staging we did not find any evident correlation with the expression of the analysed genes in SLN. There are no data for judging the prognostic significance of the detection of circulating tumour cells in patients without clinically recognizable metastases. Despite progress in the field with simultaneous detection of several markers it was assumed that tyrosinase mRNA remains the best target for the detection of metastatic melanoma cells.
Treatment of recalcitrant psoriatic arthritis with anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α antibody
Authors: Wollina U , Konrad H
Published: March 2003

Currently available treatments for psoriatic arthritis are either not completely effective or toxic in some patients. As tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α is involved in both the joint and skin involvement in psoriatic arthritis, blockade of TNF‐α seems a reliable way to treat patients with this disease. We report two patients with progressive recalcitrant psoriatic arthritis treated with low‐dose methotrexate (7.5 mg, once per week) in combination with intravenous chimeric monoclonal anti‐TNF‐α antibody (infliximab, 3 mg/kg body weight). Both showed a dramatic and rapid response in the reduction of pain, followed by improvement of laboratory and clinical signs of joint inflammation. Skin disease also responds after a short delay. The observation shows that infliximab is effective and well tolerated in patients with recalcitrant progressive psoriatic arthritis. Different kinetics of symptom release during treatment suggest a variable role for TNF‐α in disease pathways of pain, joint inflammation and skin involvement.
Tinea pedis in European marathon runners
Authors: Lacroix C , Baspeyras M , De La Salmonière P , Benderdouche M , Couprie B , Accoceberry I , Weill F‐X , Derouin F , Feuilhade de Chauvin M
Published: March 2003

Background Epidemiological studies suggest that 15% of the population in industrial countries suffer from tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) and that persons who do sports are a high‐risk population.

Objective To investigate the responsibility of dermatophytes in interdigital lesions of the feet in European marathon runners and to identify associated risk factors.

Subjects and methods Runners of the 14th Médoc Marathon (n = 147) were interviewed on risk factors for tinea pedis and underwent physical and mycological examinations.

Results Interdigital lesions of the feet were found in 66 runners (45%). A dermatophyte was isolated in 45 runners (31%), 12 of whom were asymptomatic. Trichophyton interdigitale and T. rubrum accounted for 49% and 35.5%, respectively, of the cases of tinea pedis. Thirty‐three (22%) of the 102 runners free of dermatophyte infection had lesions resembling those of tinea pedis. Increasing age and use of communal bathing facilities were predictive of T. rubrum culture.

Conclusions Marathon runners are at high risk for tinea pedis, but dermatophytes are responsible for only half of the foot lesions found in runners. The existence of asymptomatic carriers calls for prophylactic measures.
Transdermal application of prostaglandin E1 ethyl ester for the treatment of trophic acral skin lesions in a patient with systemic scleroderma
Authors: Schlez A , Kittel M , Scheurle B , Diehm C , Jünger M
Published: March 2003

An early clinical symptom in scleroderma patients is Raynaud's phenomenon. Later cutaneous manifestations of the disease include oedematous swelling in the extremities and in more extreme cases often very painful, refractory acral necroses. We report on a 56‐year‐old female patient who participated in a prospective, double‐blind, multicentre comparative pilot study because of her severe Raynaud symptoms, with dystrophic skin lesions on both hands. The goal of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of prostaglandin E1 ethyl ester in a transdermal drug delivery system compared with placebo in patients with secondary Raynaud's phenomenon associated with systemic scleroderma or mixed connective tissue disease. After 2 weeks of verum treatment the patient experienced a marked improvement of Raynaud's attacks, with increased capillary flow velocity, reduced blood stasis and clinical healing of the acral trophic lesions. For this patient the transdermal application of prostaglandin E1 ethyl ester in the form of a medicated patch proved to be a simple and effective therapy for the acral trophic skin lesions associated with systemic scleroderma.
Fatal scleroderma renal crisis caused by gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with scleroderma, Sjögren's syndrome and primary biliary cirrhosis overlap
Authors: Szigeti N , Fábián G , Czirják L
Published: March 2003

A 57‐year‐old female patient presented with a long history of overlapping autoimmune disease, including limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome and primary biliary cirrhosis. Another unusual finding was that the mild skin involvement (limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, subcutaneous calcinosis) was combined with serious internal organ involvement, including honeycombing and finally scleroderma renal crisis. The most important finding was, that two decades later she developed severe telangiectasia of the gastrointestinal and urinary tract. Furthermore, a specific type of vascular malformation, i.e. gastric watermelon stomach was also found. The chronic gastrointestinal bleeding primarily derived from a watermelon stomach caused protein overload, which provoked the onset of the scleroderma renal crisis that finally led to the patient's death.
Gemcitabine‐induced erysipeloid skin lesions in a patient with malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Kuku I , Kaya E , Sevinc A , Aydogdu I
Published: March 2003

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analogue that has shown to have antineoplastic activity in different solid tumours (lung, pancreas, bladder, colon, ovarian, and breast cancer) and malignant mesothelioma. The toxic effects of gemcitabine include myelosuppression, flu–like syndrome, altered liver function tests, bronchospasm, rash, itching, and fever. However, gemcitabine‐induced erysipeloid skin reaction was reported in a small number of patients with previous history of radiotherapy or lymphedema. We reported a male patient who developed erysipeloid skin reaction following gemcitabine treatment in the absence of radiotherapy and lymphedema.
Giant exophytic basal cell carcinoma treated with radiotherapy
Authors: Rossi R , Campolmi P , Giomi B , Massi D , Cappugi P
Published: March 2003

Basal cell carcinomas may attain giant proportions due primarily to recurrence or because the tumour is neglected. We report the case of a 66‐year‐old man who presented with a bleeding, polypoid, cutaneous tumour located on the left shoulder region of 13 years duration. The man had not received any previous treatment. The lesion was biopsied and histopathologically diagnosed as a solid type basal cell carcinoma with focal areas of squamous differentiation and keratinization. The man refused complete surgical removal and therefore was treated with roentgentherapy, with satisfactory results and no complications in the irradiated area. No recurrences had manifested after 1 year follow‐up.
Men in the Lives of Mothers with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Booth Tim , Booth Wendy
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the part played by men in the lives of mothers with intellectual disabilities. The study involved secondary analysis of data from three earlier studies of parenting by people with intellectual disabilities undertaken by the authors. The data challenge the widespread assumption that men are either exploitative or bring troubles of their own to relationships. The findings show that this view presents only a part of the picture and that supportive men were in the majority among the families surveyed. Men's contributions mostly came in the form of increments to their family's human capital rather than through the traditional breadwinner role.