bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autism and Advance Directives: Determining Capability and the Use of Health-Care Tools to Aid in Effective Communication and Decision-Making
Authors: Satkoske Valerie , Migyanka Joann M. , Kappel David
Published: November 2019

With the growing number of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) reaching the age of consent, health-care providers must be prepared to bridge gaps in their knowledge of ASD. This is especially true for clinicians who may have to determine if a person with ASD has the capacity to engage in end-of-life decision making, complete advance directives, or act as a surrogate decision maker for someone else. This paper provides an overview of the unique characteristics of autism as related to the communication, cognitive processing, and the capability to participate in advance care planning and, when acting as a surrogate decision maker, to consider the values and preferences of others. In addition, we examine the roles and responsibilities of clinician as facilitator of shared health-care decision making communication with the individual who has autism. Consideration is given to determining capacity, planning for atypical responses, the impact or lack of influence of the framing effect, and strategies for presenting information. Finally, we will offer health-care providers information and examples for adapting their existing end-of-life decision-making tools and conversation guides to meet the communication needs of persons with ASD.
Pyriform Costal Cartilage Graft Improves Cleft-Side Alar Asymmetry in Secondary Cleft Rhinoplasty
Authors: Moore Meredith L. Grogan , Nguyen Thu-Hoai C. , Day Kristopher M. , Weinfeld Adam B.
Published: November 2019

Objective:

The asymmetry of a retrusive cleft-side ala positioned posterior, lateral, and inferior relative to the noncleft ala is exacerbated by ipsilateral deficiency of the pyriform aperture. We describe use of pyriform costal cartilage grafts for enhanced structural foundation and alar symmetry in secondary cleft rhinoplasty.

Design:

Retrospective case series.

Patients:

All pyriform aperture paranasal augmentation secondary cleft rhinoplasty cases performed between May 2013 and February 2018 were included. Clinical photos were analyzed, and these results are provided in addition to a detailed description of the augmentation technique.

Results:

Twelve total cleft patients, 10 (83.3%) unilateral cleft lip and palate, 1 (8.3%) unilateral cleft lip, and 1 cleft palate (8.3%) were included. Age averaged 18.6 ± 6.0 years with 3 (25.0%) males and 9 (75.0%) females. Costal cartilage grafting to the pyriform aperture through the gingivobuccal sulcus was used to reposition the alar base and nasal sill to a more anatomic anterior position, thereby enhancing symmetry in secondary cleft rhinoplasty. Average rib graft donor site incision was 2.5 cm. Follow-up ranged from 3.2 to 48.2 months, average 15.3 ± 14.4 months. No complications related to the pyriform cartilage graft were observed, other than one minor intraoperative breach of parietal pleura.

Conclusions:

We observed improvement in the anatomic contour of the cleft-side ala with costal cartilage grafting to the pyriform rim. This resulted in improved cleft-side alar form and thus overall alar symmetry. These results were obtained consistently, without significant complications. This technique is safe and provides a powerful tool to reposition the ala in secondary cleft rhinoplasty. Further studies will quantify the enhancement in nasal base symmetry.
Challenges in Diagnosis in Couple and Family Systems Work
Authors: Asfaw Amanuel Haile , Warren Jane , Zakaria Noor Syamilah
Published: November 2019

Choosing to use a formal diagnosis in couples and family counseling can be a treatment conundrum for counselors who believe they must provide a diagnosis. To create a diagnosis for financial reimbursement is a fraudulent and an unethical practice. This article addresses diagnosis in couples and family work and offers strategies to use when not diagnosing.
Ergonomic Analysis of An Affordance Tool for Modern Kitchen Knives
Authors: Stone Richard T. , Janusz Olivia , Schnieders Thomas M.
Published: November 2019

The focus of this study was on how different knife characteristics affect the consumer’s ability to slice vegetables. There are many variables to a knife and there are beliefs about what makes a better knife. There are two common multipurpose knives used for slicing vegetables: the chef knife and the santoku knife. For this study, an affordance tool was designed, manufactured and tested. This tool was designed to be placed on the knife to create an affordance for users to hold the knife in a pinch grip. This grip aligns the wrist and forearm and decreases fatigue and increases stability and control while cutting. The tool was tested with 16 participants to ensure it did not require more muscle activation, time, discomfort, or cause lower slice performance. Ultimately, the designed affordance tool provided an affordance without negatively effecting a cutting task compared to using a knife without the affordance tool.
Hierarchical Task Analysis for Driving under Divided Attention
Authors: Yang Xiaonan , Hyup Kim Jung , Nazareth Roland
Published: November 2019

Although researchers have made various models of driving behavior, the behavior model under divided attention is not well studied. In this paper, the driver’s behavior differences under divided-attention were studied in a simulated driving environment. A driving scenario was developed to simulate hazards on the highway in dynamic driving conditions. Based on crash and non-crash cases through eye tracking videos from the experiment, Hierarchical task analysis (HTA) was conducted, and decomposed different complex driving behaviors into drivers’ perception, cognition, and decision. Also, their reaction times were compared by using the cognitive-perceptual model in GOMS. Through this study, different driving behaviors and corresponding cognitive factors, which contributed to a slower reaction were identified. The results from this study could be as a valuable input to develop advanced driver assistance systems which could provide smart collision warnings based on the driver’s attention.
2019 Product Design Technical Group: Stanley Caplan User-Centered Product Design Award
Authors: Shames Adam , Kremer Kathleen
Published: November 2019

The Product Design Technical Group (PDTG) presented its 18th annual User-Centered Product Design Award. The award recognized excellence in both product design and in the methods used to specify and achieve the design. This special session consisted of presentation of the award to the winners and the winners’ presentation about the design and development of the product. The award is named after Stanley Caplan, an HFES fellow, for all his efforts and accomplishments over the years at promoting the importance of user-centered design and research within industry and mentoring others to do the same.

The Product Design Technical Group (PDTG) continued its successful award program in 2019 by sponsoring the 18th annual user-centered product design competition. Over the years, the Award has honored a wide variety of products and companies.
Modelling postural discomfort perception using CHAID decision tree algorithm
Authors: Hyun Soomin , Park Woojin
Published: November 2019

Developing quantitative models that predict discomfort levels of working postures has been an important ergonomics research topic. Such modeling not only has practical applications, but also may serve as a useful research method to improve our understanding of the human postural discomfort perception process. While the existing models have focused on achieving high prediction accuracy, less attention has been given to model interpretability, which is vital for understanding a process through modeling. Research is needed to identify the model types or modeling methods that offer high interpretability as well as good prediction accuracy. The goal of this study was to evaluate the utility of the Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) decision tree modeling method in developing postural discomfort prediction models. Ten individual-specific decision tree models were developed, which predicted overall upper-body discomfort from local body part discomfort ratings. The prediction models were found to achieve high prediction accuracy and interpretability. (150 words)
Simulator Sickness Coping Strategies: Findings From Reddit
Authors: Beadle Sarah
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine trends in online postings about at-home VR users’ simulator sickness coping strategies. Virtual reality devices have gained in popularity, with an estimated 8% of people having a dedicated VR headset at home. These devices, referred to as head-mounted displays (HMDs), can be used for gaming, education, and social purposes at home. One of the challenges associated with these devices is the incidence of simulator sickness that people experience when wearing them, particularly for extended periods of time. 310 comments from Reddit forums specifically about simulator sickness in gamers were analyzed. A total of eight themes emerged in reporting coping strategies: behavioral methods, cognitive methods, schedule-based exposure, pharmacological/dietary methods, environmental factors, avoiding games that were sickening, and identifying computer system factors that contributed to sickness. This showed some divergence from the larger body of literature on motion sickness coping. Studying simulator sickness in VR users over time is a challenge for laboratory based work, but online communities can help bridge that gap. In the future, these known strategies could be used to inform VR users of coping methods and improve games that are particularly nauseating.
Spatial Auditory Cueing for a Dynamic Three-Dimensional Virtual Reality Visual Search Task
Authors: Cunio Rachel J. , Dommett David , Houpt Joseph
Published: November 2019

Maintaining spatial awareness is a primary concern for operators, but relying only on visual displays can cause visual system overload and lead to performance decrements. Our study examined the benefits of providing spatialized auditory cues for maintaining visual awareness as a method of combating visual system overload. We examined visual search performance of seven participants in an immersive, dynamic (moving), three-dimensional, virtual reality environment both with no cues, non-masked, spatialized auditory cues, and masked, spatialized auditory cues. Results indicated a significant reduction in visual search time from the no-cue condition when either auditory cue type was presented, with the masked auditory condition slower. The results of this study can inform attempts to improve visual search performance in operational environments, such as determining appropriate display types for providing spatial information.
Traffic and Ratings of Driver Workload: The Effect of the Number of Vehicles and Their Distance Headways
Authors: Liu Ke , Green Paul , Liu Yili
Published: November 2019

This experiment examined how variations in traffic affected driver workload. Some 24 subjects, 12 younger, 12 older, drove a driving simulator. There were eight scenarios that involved a lead vehicle, a following vehicle, and up to two vehicles in an adjacent lane, one ahead, one behind. Depending on the condition, the subject rated the workload of driving or the visual scene was periodically occluded (visible for 0.5 s after each button press). Ratings were obtained by showing looped clips of expressway scenes (anchors) below the center channel of the simulator. This paper only discusses the rating data, which were extremely stable and seemingly unaffected by age. The workload increased when distance headway (DHW) decreased. In terms of effect on workload, from greatest to least, they were: lead vehicle, vehicle in adjacent lane – ahead, vehicle in adjacent lane – behind, follow vehicle in the same lane.
How Nurse Experience Influences the Patterns of Electronic Medical Record Documentation in an Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Guo Wenbin , Kim Jung Hyup , Smith Benjamin , Despins Laurel
Published: November 2019

The primary objective of this study is to explore how nurse experience influences the patterns of documenting in electronic medical records (EMR) in an intensive care unit (ICU). To understand the time and work patterns related to EMR documentation, the real-time measurement system data was used. This log data is a representation of actions taken by ICU nurses during EMR documentation. To analyze the ICU nurse’s workflow related to EMR documentation, a hierarchical task analysis (HTA) was conducted. Multiple HTA charts were used to identify different patterns of EMR documentation between more experienced nurses and less experienced nurses. The results revealed that the nurse’s experience had significant impacts on the frequency of updating the assessment result page and reviewing clinical results in EMR. The findings from this study will contribute to revealing unknown usability problems of EMR documentation process.
Exploring the Effect of Communication Patterns and Transparency on Performance in a Human-Robot Team
Authors: Lakhmani Shan G. , Wright Julia L. , Schwartz Michael R. , Barber Daniel
Published: November 2019

Human-robot interaction requires communication, however what form this communication should take to facilitate effective team performance is still undetermined. One notion is that effective human-agent communications can be achieved by combining transparent information-sharing techniques with specific communication patterns. This study examines how transparency and a robot’s communication patterns interact to affect human performance in a human-robot teaming task. Participants’ performance in a target identification task was affected by the robot’s communication pattern. Participants missed identifying more targets when they worked with a bidirectionally communicating robot than when they were working with a unidirectionally communicating one. Furthermore, working with a bidirectionally communicating robot led to fewer correct identifications than working with a unidirectionally communicating robot, but only when the robot provided less transparency information. The implications these findings have for future robot interface designs are discussed.
What Makes a Difference in Patient Safety when Designing, Implementing and Evaluating Clinical Decision Support Systems?
Authors: Ozkaynak Mustafa , Bisantz Ann , Militello Laura , Miller Kristen , Rayo Michael , Slagle Jason
Published: November 2019

Clinical decision support (CDS) has become an important component of all health settings. Despite a long history of research on their design and implementation, their use is still suboptimal. Unique characteristics of specific settings can require highlighting different features and design recommendations for CDS. This panel will focus on various pitfalls in designing and implementing CDS in various clinical settings and strategies to overcome these pitfalls. Each panelist will introduce their work by discussing the design and implementation challenges that prevent achieving the targeted patient and organizational outcomes. Panelists will also discuss potential approaches with their strengths and limitations to address these challenges. The panelists will then interact with audience members to solicit users’ (e.g. clinicians, patients) unfulfilled needs and limitations of existing approaches to create a broad future research agenda at the intersection of human factors approaches and theories, and CDS systems.
Optimizing Surgical Tools for Single-Site Surgery: A Cadaver-Based Design Study
Authors: McCrory Bernadette , Cuevas Alex , Alborano Jacob , Lowndes Bethany R. , Hallbeck M. Susan
Published: November 2019

Background: Laparoendoscopic single site surgery (LESS) is feasible for more complex procedure types, but the technical challenges and learning curve posed by LESS makes traditional multi-incision laparoscopy still the preferred technique. The aims of this study were to understand the restricted mobility and positional requirements of these more complex procedures and to generate innovative instrument designs to overcome these restrictions. Methods: A two-phase study was conducted where three lightly-embalmed (fresh tissue) cadavers were utilized to estimate in vivo mobility restriction and positional requirements. These data were combined to quantifying instrument force and positional requirements to develop a novel design for a LESS-specific grasper. Results: The LESS-specific has an ergonomic curved axial handle and locking mechanism that enables surgeons to relax their grip without the grasper releasing. Conclusion: Further design adaptations are needed to optimize the size, angles, and curvature of the tool, as well as to add two points of articulation for rapid intracorporeal adjustment.
Integration of Currently Available and Emerging Intracorporeal Imaging Technologies in Medicine
Authors: Krause Quinn , McCrory Bernadette
Published: November 2019

Background: Current intracorporeal imaging technologies are not sufficient. Many research studies have developed ways to integrate alternate technologies into existing procedures. To understand the use of these different intracorporeal imaging technologies a systematic literature review was performed to formulate alternative technology-based medical device designs. Methods: Using the keywords of “Ultrasound Vascular Access” a total of 6,402 articles were found. Further refinement using “Intravenous, cannulation, augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality, and peripherally inserted catheters” narrowed the results to 200 articles. Results: Two major themes were identified: advanced intracorporeal imaging used during surgical procedures and those used only to acquire vascular access during a variety of simpler medical procedures (n=35). Conclusion: Based on these initial findings, integrated augmented reality system for ultrasound (mixed reality) appears to be the most promising technology that is effective, reduced cognitive workload and has adequate usability in clinical environments.
Observability of Inter-Organizational Crisis Management Capability
Authors: Oskarsson Per-Anders , Granåsen Magdalena , Olsén Mari
Published: November 2019

Effective responses to severe strains and large-scale disasters demand efficient crisis management, i.e., capabilities that depend on inter-organizational collaborations. Inter-organizational exercises are performed to maintain and develop the inter-organizational crisis management (ICM) capability. In a previous review of scientific literature, we identified nine themes (i.e., aspects) of ICM capability (ICMC): interaction, coordination/C2, decision making, relationships, situation awareness (SA), resilience, preparedness, system performance, and information infrastructure. This paper presents empirical testing of the nine ICMC aspects, by observational studies in two ICM exercises. The ICMC aspects were implemented in a structured observation protocol, which allowed observations based on classification of single utterances and actions. All ICMC aspects except system performance were observed. Actions related to SA, interaction, and coordination/C2 were frequently observed, while relations, resilience, and preparedness were observed to a lesser extent. In addition, exercise evaluators rated the relevance of all nine ICMC aspects as high.
Effects of Patient Turning Devices on Muscular Demands of Caregivers
Authors: Hwang Jaejin , Ari Hemateja , Matoo Megha , Chen Jie , Kim Jeong Ho
Published: November 2019

This study evaluated the efficacy of commercially-available patient turning devices (draw sheet, friction-reducing turning sheet, air-assisted lateral transfer device, and air-assisted turning device) in reducing muscular demands of caregivers. A repeated-measures laboratory study with 10 experienced caregivers (8 females and 2 males) was conducted to measure the muscle activity in the upper extremities (biceps, triceps, anterior deltoid, middle deltoid, and upper trapezius) and low back (erector spinae) during standardized patient turning tasks. The results showed that the muscle activities in biceps, triceps, and erector spinae were significantly different by transfer device ( p’s < 0.01). The air-assisted turning device showed the significant reduction (21 to 44%) in muscle activities of all muscles except anterior deltoid compared to the conventional manual turning without assistive device (rotating a patient onto caregivers’ sides by pulling the knee and shoulder of the patient). These findings suggest that the air-assisted turning device can be an effective engineering control to reduce the muscular demands in the upper extremities and low back among caregivers.
Analysis of Crash Reports for Recumbent Bicycles and Tricycles
Authors: Ayres Thomas J.
Published: November 2019

A survey collected 130 crash reports from riders of recumbent bicycles and tricycles, using questions and response categories consistent with data available for bicycle-associated injuries from the Consumer Product Safety Commission. From the results, it appears that recumbents and traditional bicycles are generally subject to the same crash contributory factors – primarily road conditions, rider behavior, and conflict with motor vehicles. Crashes with recumbent tricycles were more likely to involve riding on streets and conflicts with motor vehicles than for recumbent 2-wheelers. Comparison with data from an exposure survey suggest that 3-wheel recumbents may have considerably lower crash risk than 2-wheel recumbents.
Metacognition in Human Factors: The Rewards and Consequences of Repeated Assessment
Authors: Vangsness Lisa , Young Michael E.
Published: November 2019

Recent publications have encouraged researchers to consider how metacognition affects users’ judgments of usability and workload by integrating metacognitive assessments with traditional testing paradigms. However, the repercussions of collecting these measures concurrently are unknown. We used a visual search task to determine how the frequency of metacognitive assessments affected metacognitive accuracy and performance. Frequent assessments did not impact performance on the focal task; however, they did reduce the accuracy of participants’ metacognitive judgments by about 7%. This finding suggests that researchers should consider context when selecting a metacognitive assessment strategy.
The Effect of Information Organization on Cognitive Workload and Visual Search Performance
Authors: Joe Jeffrey C. , Kovesdi Casey R. , Mack Andrea , Miyake Tina
Published: November 2019

This study examined the relationship between how visual information is organized and people’s visual search performance. Specifically, we systematically varied how visual search information was organized (from well-organized to disorganized), and then asked participants to perform a visual search task involving finding and identifying a number of visual targets within the field of visual non-targets. We hypothesized that the visual search task would be easier when the information was well-organized versus when it was disorganized. We further speculated that visual search performance would be mediated by cognitive workload, and that the results could be generally described by the well-established speed-accuracy tradeoff phenomenon. This paper presents the details of the study we designed and our results.
The Influence of Different Weight Carrying Methods On Human Gait and Balance During Obstacle Negotiation
Authors: Yang Fang , Zhang Junxia , Giang Wayne , Yerebakan Mustafa , Hu Boyi
Published: November 2019

In this study, the influence of different external weight distribution on human gait and balance during obstacle negotiation maneuvers different age groups was investigated. Eight healthy participants performed different walking tasks on a force plate embedded walkway with different loading while their gait performance was evaluated. Results demonstrated that older adults showed significantly deteriorated gait performance and increased variability during the obstacle crossing phase. In addition, weight distribution also affected human gait performance significantly. Results of the current study provide useful data for new approaches to design improvements which will enhance human performance and prevent falling injuries.
The National Academies Board on Human System Integration (BOHSI) Panel: Explainable AI, System Transparency, and Human Machine Teaming
Authors: Warden Toby , Carayon Pascale , Roth Emilie M. , Chen Jessie , Clancey William J. , Hoffman Robert , Steinberg Marc L.
Published: November 2019

The National Academies Board on Human Systems Integration (BOHSI) has organized this session exploring the state of the art and research and design frontiers for intelligent systems that support effective human machine teaming. An important element in the success of human machine teaming is the ability of the person on the scene to develop appropriate trust in the automated software (including recognizing when it should not be trusted). Research is being conducted in the Human Factors community and the Artificial Intelligence (AI) community on the characteristics that software need to display in order to foster appropriate trust. For example, there is a DARPA program on Explainable AI (XAI). The Panel brings together prominent researchers from both the Human Factors and AI communities to discuss the current state of the art, challenges and short-falls and ways forward in developing systems that engender appropriate trust.
Small Modular Reactor Control Room Workstation Demonstration
Authors: Stevens Jessica , LaFerriere Kevin , Flamand NuScale Ryan
Published: November 2019

A control room simulator was designed to model the operation of a NuScale small modular reactor (SMR) nuclear power plant and provide enough fidelity to perform staffing validation studies for Nuscale’s Nuclear Regulatory Commission Design Certification Application. The simulator serves as a simulated control room with work stations to mimic the operation of an SMR module, turbine generator, and support systems using a proprietary human system interface (HSI) software package. The simulator, which includes all HSI screens, was designed by a team of Human Factors and Plant Operations staff to capitalize on best practices, lessons learned, and operating experience using the Agile development process. Finally, the design process included the development of plant operating procedures and training material as well as a training platform for future plant operators at an SMR nuclear power plant.
The psychological factors that influence successful technology adoption in the oil and gas industry
Authors: Roberts Ruby , Flin Rhona
Published: November 2019

To ensure that the full potential of innovative technology is maximised, it is crucial to understand the psychological factors that influence technology adoption in all industrial consumers. The oil and gas (O&G) industry exemplifies industrial consumers’ reluctance to adopt new technology. Our critical incident interviews identified the key psychological factors that influence technology adoption in the O&G industry. These were personality (innovativeness and risk aversion), attitudes (trust, motivations, “not invented here” syndrome and “engineering mindset”), social (subjective norms and self-image), cognitive (risk perception, uncertainty and familiarity, expertise, and previous experiences) and organizational level factors (leadership, management, organisational culture, adoption culture, and rewards system). In combination with future case studies, these results can be used to develop interventions that support the successful introduction and acceptance of new technology not only in O&G but in other high-risk sectors.
Failing to Plan is Planning to Fail: Capturing the Pre-incident Planning Needs of Firefighters
Authors: Kapalo Katelynn A. , LaViola Joseph J.
Published: November 2019

In a fire suppression operation, seconds can mean the difference between a fatality or successful incident management. There have not been many recent studies that examine the information, tools, and technologies firefighters rely upon to gather facts about the incident scene before arrival. We conducted an international, web-based survey in which 50 firefighters of varying ranks characterized the benefits and challenges of using pre-incident plans, documents that assist firefighters in understanding information about a facility during an emergency. Our analysis showed that despite demographic differences in regions and the size of the population served, most departments reported severe challenges in accessing and retrieving planning information. Based upon participant feedback, we shed light on the problems with existing user interfaces and provide a path forward for the human factors community to build robust technology for first responders operating in dangerous and unpredictable environments.
Estimating Trunk Angles During Lifting Using Computer Vision Bounding Boxes *
Authors: Greene Runyu L. , Lu Ming-Lun , Barim Menekse Salar , Wang Xuan , Hayden Marie , Hen Hu Yu , Radwin Robert G.
Published: November 2019

We previously developed a method for classifying lifting postures using dimensions of a rectangular bounding box drawn tightly around the subject for a single camera view that is more tolerable of conditions encountered in industrial settings than high precision tracking and can be practically implemented on a smart hand-held device. This study explores the use of simple bounding box dimensions to predict trunk angle while lifting. Mannequin poses were generated using the Michigan 3DSSPP software for 105 postures across six anthropometries. A regression model for predicting trunk angle was created (adjusted R2=0.91, p<.001). Predicted trunk angles compared against measured 3D motion capture for five participants (N=180 lifts) had a mean error of 15.85° (SE=0.63°, R2 = 0.80). This algorithm should be useful for calculating trunk kinematic properties that are associated with increased risks of low-back disorders including trunk speed and acceleration using successive video frames of predicted trunk flexion angles.
Automated Speech Recognition Systems and Older Adults: A Literature Review and Synthesis
Authors: Werner Lauren , Huang Gaojian , Pitts Brandon J.
Published: November 2019

The number of older adults is growing significantly worldwide. At the same time, technological developments are rapidly evolving, and older populations are expected to interact more frequently with such sophisticated systems. Automated speech recognition (ASR) systems is an example of one technology that is increasingly present in daily life. However, age-related physical changes may alter speech production and limit the effectiveness of ASR systems for older individuals. The goal of this paper was to summarize the current knowledge on ASR systems and older adults. The PRISMA method was employed and 17 studies were compared on the basis of word error rate (WER). Overall, WER was found to be influenced by age, gender, and the number of speech samples used to train ASR systems. This work has implications for the development of future human-machine technologies that will be used by a wide range of age groups.
Context-Based Visual Aids to Support the Situation Awareness of Field Engineers Conducting Windstorm Risk Surveys
Authors: Agnisarman Sruthy , Madathil Kapil Chalil , Bertrand Jeffery
Published: November 2019

Insurance loss prevention survey, specifically windstorm risk inspection survey is the process of investigating potential damages associated with a building or structure in the event of an extreme weather condition such as a hurricane or tornado. This process is performed by a trained windstorm risk engineer who physically goes to a facility to assess the wind vulnerabilities associated with it. This process is highly subjective, and the accuracy of findings depends on the experience and skillsets of the engineer. Although using sensors and automation enabled systems help engineers gather data, their ability to make sense of this information is vital. Further, their Situation Awareness (SA) can be affected by the use of such systems. Using a between-subjects experimental design, this study explored the use of various context-based visualization strategies to support the SA requirements and performance of windstorm risk engineers. The independent variable included in this study is the type of context-based visualizations used (with 3 levels: no visual aids, checklist based and predictive display based visual aids). We measured SA using SAGAT and performance using a questionnaire. SA and performance were found to be higher for the predictive display and checklist based conditions. The findings from this study will inform the design of context-based decision aids to support the SA of risk engineers.
An ergonomic evaluation of Pop-top can opener design
Authors: Stone Richard , Sobczak Zachary , Fales Colten , Mumani Ahmad , Abdelall Esra , Schnieders Thomas
Published: November 2019

Pop-top cans are simple to use because they do not require tools, but bring inherent problems with opening primarily for the older population. The development of different opening devices aims to improve accessibility for the older population by reducing the frustrations and discomforts associated with this style of packaging. A study of 24 individuals, showed different preferences in opening methods between older and younger individuals. Furthermore, determining time to open, EMG muscle activation, and wrist angle revealed that some objective measures related to subjective preferences. Younger individuals believed that the increased convince of a pop top, greatly outweighed any pain they had to endure. The elderly, however, preferred to use a simple opening device to transfer the movement away from the fingers to the wrist. Because of the reduction of precision movements, the elderly preferred to use the J-popper opening device. The difference in preferred opening methods between age groups shows that packaging designers must consider the needs of all members of the population.
Utilizing Steering Entropy as a Measure of Performance in Head-mounted Augmented Reality
Authors: Sprehn Kelly A. , Endsley Tristan C. , Ryan Kimberly J.
Published: November 2019

The next phase of augmented reality (AR) technologies suggest that as both the hardware and software continue to improve, we can expect that AR will become more commonly used as a tool for a variety of applications in complex operational contexts (i.e. training, manufacturing, mission planning). As new applications are designed and developed within these contexts, there is a necessity to be able to measure the effectiveness of these systems and to understand their impact on human performance and workload, so that only the most appropriate designs are selected for use, growing the technology in usefulness, not novel hindrances. A unique opportunity presented by the Microsoft HoloLens platform, as an example of head-worn AR systems, is the ability to collect positional and movement data, which lends itself to the computation of behavioral (or steering) entropy data, which can be related to human workload and performance within the system environment. However, little reference exists to be able to verify the accuracy of tracking of the device with regards to the output data available for collection. Within this practitioner-oriented paper, we extend current entropy measurement theory typically used in control settings within a heads-up display type ‘controls' environment. Our findings indicate that in-situ measurements of entropy utilizing the onboard sensors within the AR platform are more accurate to those collected within a Motion Capture Facility. Extending this work, these measurements can be used as a correlate of performance.
Task-based Automated Test Case Generation for Human-machine Interaction
Authors: Li Meng , Bolton Matthew L.
Published: November 2019

Testing is an effective approach for finding discrepancies between intended and actual system behavior. However, the complexity of modern system can make it difficult for analysts to anticipate all the interactions that need to be tested. This is particularly true for human-interactive systems where humans may do things that were not anticipated by analysts. We address this by introducing a novel approach to automated test case generation for human-machine interaction. We do this by combining formal models of human-machine interfaces with formal models of human task behavior. We then use the robust search capabilities of model checking to generate test sequences guaranteed to satisfy test coverage criteria. We demonstrate the capabilities of our approach with of a pod-based coffee machine. Results and future research are discussed.
Evaluating the Comprehensiveness of VR PLAY Guidelines Using Elder Scrolls: Skyrim VR
Authors: Smith Daniel , Granados Jasmine , Suss Joel
Published: November 2019

Heuristic evaluation is a useful tool for non-usability experts to evaluate their product for usability and produce lists of guidelines for product designers to avoid usability problems early in the development process. However, Nielsen’s 10 original us ability heuristics (Nielsen, 1990) only showed to help users find slightly over 50% of the usability problems found by experts. This highlights the need for domain-specific heuristic lists. An example of one of these domain-specific lists is VR PLAY (Desurvire & Kreminski, 2018), a heuristic list to help virtual-reality game developers evaluate their games and adhere to usability principles. The current research evaluated Elder Scrolls: Skyrim VR for usability problems that were then categorized using VR PLAY. Results showed some missing usability principles in VR PLAY, including guidelines for control design, user interface elements, and navigation. This study proposes changes to VR PLAY to include the principles.
Effects of Sampling Frequency and Sample Window Size on Median Frequency of Surface EMG
Authors: Sarker Pramiti , Mirka Gary
Published: November 2019

Muscle fatigue can be evaluated through the assessment of the downward shift in the median frequency (MDF) of the electromyographic (EMG) signal collected through surface electromyography. Previous research has shown that the value of MDF may be affected by sampling parameters. The purpose of this study was to quantify the combined effect of different sampling frequencies and window sizes on the calculated MDF. A sample of 24 participants performed a simple static elbow flexion exertion (15% MVC) and the EMG activity of the biceps brachii was periodically sampled using surface electrodes for four seconds at a frequency of 4096 Hz as the biceps brachii became fatigued. These collected data were then down-sampled to create a dataset of four window sizes (1s, 2s, 3s, and 4s) and five sampling frequencies (256 Hz, 512 Hz, 1024 Hz, 2048 Hz, and 4096 Hz). Median frequencies were calculated for each combination of sampling frequency and window size and then compared with the 4096 Hz / 4 s condition (considered gold standard) and the errors were calculated. Results suggest the use of a minimum sampling frequency of 512 Hz and a window size of 4s.
Performance on a Natural User Interface Task is Correlated with Higher Gesture Production
Authors: Bailey Shannon K. T. , Johnson Cheryl I.
Published: November 2019

The study examined whether the individual differences of gesture production and attitudes toward gesturing were related to performance on a gesture-based natural user interface. Participants completed a lesson using gesture interactions and were measured on how long it took to complete the lesson, their reported mental effort, and how much they learned during the lesson. The Brief Assessment of Gestures survey was used to determine different dimensions of a participant’s predisposition to gesture, with four subscales: Perception, Production, Social Production, and Social Perception. Only an individual’s propensity to produce gestures was related to higher learning outcomes from the computer-based lesson.
Public’s acceptance of automated vehicles: the role of initial trust and subjective norm
Authors: Zhang Tingru , Tan Haibo , Li Shuling , Zhu Haoyu , Tao Da
Published: November 2019

This study aimed to investigate factors that determine public’s acceptance of automated vehicles (AVs) by proposing and empirically testing an AV acceptance model. The model was developed by incorporating two factors, i.e., trust and subjective norm, into the Technology Acceptance Model. The validity of the model was confirmed with a structure equation modeling analysis based on data collected from 395 survey samples. It was found that trust was the most critical determinant of public’s acceptance of AVs and offered a way for other factors (i.e. perceived usefulness and social norm) to impact AV acceptance. Subjective norm was also identified as an important factor in shaping users’ usage intention, at lease in China, a country dominated by collectivistic culture. Findings from this study provide some guidelines in improving AV products to attract users.
Cross-Cultural Reactions to Peacekeeping Robots Wielding Non-Lethal Weapons
Authors: Bliss James P. , Long Shelby K. , Karpinsky-Mosley Nicole
Published: November 2019

Robots may represent a safer alternative to using only human peacekeepers. However, it is unclear how civilian populations will react to such robots given the cultural diversity of affected civilians and the possibility of non-lethal or lethal weapon use by robot peacekeepers. We investigated compliance rates to simulated armed peacekeeping robots by native and expatriate Americans, Chinese, and Japanese. We predicted that compliance to robot demands would vary as a function of lethal weapon availability, robot patrol orders, and cultural background of the participants. One hundred and forty participants representing seven cultural groups performed a virtual shopping task. They were randomly interrupted six times by an anthropomorphic robotic peacekeeper requesting personal items. Participants decided to “comply” or “not comply” with the robot after each interaction and indicated their trust of the robot. Results showed that participants were more likely to comply with robotic peacekeepers wielding backup lethal weapons than those armed with only a non-lethal weapon. Chinese participants residing in America complied most; Americans living in China complied least. Older participants and those with greater nonlethal weapon familiarity showed more positive attitudes towards weapons. These results suggest that lethality, culture, and familiarity may influence interactions with armed robotic peacekeepers.
Paying a price for information: Non-optimal decision making and preference for information over expected value outcomes
Authors: Wickens Christopher D. , Smith Charles , Clegg Benjamin , Herdener Nathan
Published: November 2019

The information purchase bias describes a tendency to opt for information that reduces uncertainty, even when the cost of information is associated with a substantial net reduction in expected value. The current experiment quantified the amount of information that could be purchased in terms of increased certainty of finding a target (a downed aircraft) by purchasing a more expensive, but more powerful sensor. In a “good deal” block, the expected financial gain of finding the target with the upgraded purchase clearly exceeded the cost of the purchase. In a neutral deal block the two terms were equal and in the bad deal block the purchase cost far exceeded the expected gain. The neutral deal was purchased 65% of the time (15% bias); and the bad deal purchased 50% of the time, where the optimal strategy would have been to never purchase. Implications for automation and training are discussed.
The Life and Legacy of Professor John Senders
Authors: Hancock P.A. , Hancock Gabriella , Sellen Abigail , Lee John , Sawyer Benjamin , Sheridan Thomas , Milgram Paul , Sanderson Penelope
Published: November 2019

This session looks to serve the purpose of recalling and recounting the life and contributions of Professor John Senders. The contributors to this session include his direct colleagues, his students, his co-authors, those whom he inspired, and even members of his family. These designations are not exclusive! Senders made so many contributions across virtually a century of his lifetime that we are constrained to provide only selective highlights in this memorial session, such as John being named the winner of an “Ig-Nobel” Award. We shall each survey particular works which influenced us, but interweave those observations with personal experiences that can serve to reveal John the character, who was so much more than the simple written record that he has left behind.
A Case Study of a 5-Year-Old’s Elevator Mishap: Conspicuity, Cognitive Capability, and Parental Supervision
Authors: Stephens Benjamin R. , Tutaj Margaret J. , Cox Elizabeth R. , Kivler Morgan
Published: November 2019

We describe a case study of a civil suit involving an elevator incident causing serious injury to a 5-year-old male. We illustrate how scientific principles and measurements of conspicuity, cognitive development and parental supervision inform a human factors analysis of the contributing issues of an unusual incident sequence.
Work Domain Analysis for Control of Medical Simulation Training
Authors: Smith Michael W. , Abarca David , Nystrom Daniel T.
Published: November 2019

Controlling a medical simulation training exercise, especially one that involves an interactive patient simulator, is a demanding job. It requires monitoring, and sometimes intervening in, technical processes and the learner’s cognitive processes. To explore opportunities for better support for the cognitive demands of simulation directors, we conducted a Work Domain Analysis to generate an Abstraction Hierarchy on the area of management of a simulation training exercise. Our results emphasize the complexity involved, including the management of trade-offs between facilitation of learning and maintenance of the learner’s immersion in the scenario. We identify potential methods of cognitive support for managing these trade-offs. Next steps include analysis of control methods.
Introducing the VIMSSQ: Measuring susceptibility to visually induced motion sickness
Authors: Keshavarz Behrang , Saryazdi Raheleh , Campos Jennifer L. , Golding John F.
Published: November 2019

Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) is a specific form of motion sickness caused by dynamic visual content such as Virtual Reality applications. Predicting individual susceptibility to VIMS has proven to be difficult and a reliable method has yet to emerge. Here, we introduce the Visually Induced Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire (VIMSSQ), a modification of the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire uniquely designed to predict the susceptibility to VIMS specifically. Scores on the VIMSSQ are based on incidences of nausea, headache, fatigue, dizziness, and eyestrain during the past use of visual devices. In this proof-of-concept study, 71 adult participants (34 younger, 37 older) engaged in a simulated driving task and VIMS was measured using the Fast Motion Sickness Scale. Strong correlations with the reported level of VIMS were found for the nausea aspects of the VIMSSQ, suggesting that the VIMSSQ may be a useful tool to estimate individuals’ susceptibility to VIMS.