bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of an Arctium lappa (burdock) extract on the labeling of blood constituents with technetium-99m and on the morphology of the red blood cells
Authors: Neves Rosane de Figueiredo , Moreno Silvana Ramos Farias , Rebello Bernardo Machado , Caldas Luiz Querino de Araújo , Fonseca Adenilson de Souza da , Bernardo-Filho Mario , Medeiros Aldo da Cunha
Published: March 2008

Arctium lappa (burdock) has been used to treat inflammatory processes. Blood constituents labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) have been utilized in nuclear medicine. It was evaluated the influence of a burdock extract on the labeling of blood constituents with 99mTc and on the morphometry of red blood cells. Blood samples from Wistar rats were incubated with burdock extract and the radiolabeling procedure was carried out. Plasma and blood cells, soluble and insoluble fractions of plasma and blood cells were separated. The radioactivity in each fraction was counted and the percentages of radioactivity (%ATI) were determined. Morphology and morphometric (perimeter/area ratio) measurements of red blood cells (RBC) were performed. The incubation with burdock extract significantly (p<0.05) altered the %ATI on the blood compartments and the perimeter/area ratio of RBC, as well as, induced modifications on the shape of RBC. Alterations on membrane could justify the decrease of labeling of blood cells with 99mTc obtained in this study.
Technetium-99m-labeled stealth pH-sensitive liposomes: a new strategy to identify infection in experimental model
Authors: Carmo Vildete Aparecida Sousa , Oliveira Mônica Cristina de , Mota Luciene das Graças , Freire Luís Paulo , Ferreira Raphael Ligório Benedito , Cardoso Valbert Nascimento
Published: March 2008

The diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious processes is an important goal in medicine. The use of radiopharmaceuticals for identification of inflammation and infection foci has received considerable attention. The aim of this work was to evaluate the uptake and the imaging potential of stealth pH-sensitive liposomes radiolabelled with 99mTechnetium (99mTc) to identify infection sites in mice. The liposomes containing glutathione were labeled with 99mTc-Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) complex. The 99mTc-labeled stealth pH-sensitive liposomes (99mTc-SpHL) were injected in mice bearing infection in the right thigh muscle induced by Staphylococcus aureus. Biodistribution studies and scintigraphic imaging were performed at different times after injection of radiopharmaceutical. The 99mTc-SpHL was significantly uptaken by abscess when compared to the respective control. The abscess was visualized as early as 0.5 hours after injection of 99mTc-SpHL becoming more prominent with the time. These results indicate that 99mTc-SpHL is a promising radiopharmaceutical for visualizing infection foci in patients.
Abordagem da controladoria em trabalhos publicados no EnANPAD e no Congresso USP de controladoria e contabilidade de 2001 a 2006
Authors: Beuren Ilse Maria , Schlindwein Antônio Carlos , Pasqual Dino Luiz
Published: March 2008

O objetivo do artigo é traçar um perfil da pesquisa em Controladoria nos trabalhos publicados em anais do Encontro da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração (EnANPAD) e do Congresso USP de Controladoria e Contabilidade, no período de 2001 a 2006. A metodologia da pesquisa adotada constituise de um estudo exploratório, com análise documental e abordagem quantitativa. Como resultados da pesquisa realizada têm-se os temas abordados, os métodos de pesquisa adotados, as abordagens da Controladoria estudados, a filiação dos pesquisadores e a bibliografia consultada e referenciada nos trabalhos. Conclui-se que, embora se tenha constatado um maior número de trabalhos publicados em 2005, o volume ainda é pequeno comparativamente a outros temas focalizados nesses eventos. O pequeno número de trabalhos também pode ter sido influenciado pela forma de localização adotada para selecionar os trabalhos com as palavras Controladoria, Controller, Contabilidade Gerencial e Controle Gerencial no título, no resumo ou nas palavras-chave. Todavia, a relevância do estudo está em contribuir para a identificação da evolução quantitativa e qualitativa da pesquisa em Controladoria no Brasil.
Análise das práticas de evidenciação de informações obrigatórias, não-obrigatórias e avançadas nas demonstrações contábeis das sociedades anônimas no Brasil: um estudo comparativo dos exercícios de 2002 e 2005
Authors: Ponte Vera Maria Rodrigues , Oliveira Marcelle Colares , Moura Héber , Carmo Renata Coelho de Almeida do
Published: March 2008

Em todo o mundo se discute sobre a transparência e a qualidade na divulgação das informações contábeis. No sentido de contribuir para esse debate, o presente estudo procura responder à seguinte questão de pesquisa: Quais as mudanças percebidas na evidenciação de informações obrigatórias, não-obrigatórias e avançadas praticada pelas sociedades anônimas no Brasil? Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória-descritiva, cujas amostras são de natureza não-probabilística acidental. Foram analisadas as demonstrações contábeis de 95 empresas, referentes ao exercício de 2002, e 119 alusivas ao exercício de 2005. No tocante aos itens recomendados pelos pareceres nos 15/87, 17/89 e 19/90 da CVM, a pesquisa revela a não-ocorrência de melhoria das práticas de disclosure das companhias estudadas. Com relação às informações contábeis de natureza avançada e não-obrigatória propugnadas pelas práticas de governança corporativa, verifica-se um avanço na sua evidenciação pelas empresas analisadas, que dispensam atenção especial à divulgação de suas práticas de responsabilidade social e do Balanço Social, das Demonstrações do Fluxo de Caixa (DFC) e do Valor Adicionado (DVA).
O fenômeno de retornos anormais decorrentes da inclusão e exclusão das ações na Carteira Teórica do Índice Bovespa
Authors: Salazar José Nicolás Albuja
Published: March 2008

Este trabalho procura medir os retornos extraordinários das ações que experimentam a ocorrência de inclusão e exclusão da Carteira Teórica do Índice Bovespa, por meio do uso da metodologia de Event Study e do Modelo de Precificação de Ativos de Capital - CAPM - como benchmark. Conclui-se que as ações da Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo que são afetadas pela recomposição da Carteira apresentaram evidências de mudança em seus preços, durante a primeira metade da década de 1990.
Rodízio de firmas de auditoria: a experiência brasileira e as conclusões do mercado
Authors: Oliveira Alexandre Queiroz de , Santos Neusa Maria Bastos Fernandes dos
Published: March 2008

O rodízio de firmas de auditoria foi introduzido no Brasil por ocasião dos escândalos corporativos de instituições financeiras na emissão das demonstrações contábeis e adotado pela CVM - Comissão de Valores Mobiliários às empresas registradas na Bolsa de Valores do Brasil. Tendo como objetivo a preservação da independência do auditor e a diminuição dos erros contábeis e fraudes relacionados ao processo de auditoria das demonstrações contábeis, o rodízio de firmas é um assunto polêmico, pois afeta a relação comercial e profissional dos auditores com seus clientes bem como toda a estrutura de mercado das firmas de auditoria. O artigo foi desenvolvido com base na evolução histórica do conceito de rodízio de firmas de auditoria, na avaliação das pesquisas realizadas sobre o assunto em outros países e nas estruturas filosóficas que determinam os princípios éticos que são atrelados à Contabilidade e à Auditoria. Além disso, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo sobre os aspectos inerentes do rodízio de firmas de auditoria. Essa pesquisa coletou a opinião de 127 profissionais do mercado financeiro, sendo 84 executivos de empresas que trabalham ou influenciam na elaboração das demonstrações contábeis e 43 auditores independentes que atuam diretamente no processo de auditagem das contas contábeis. A principal conclusão obtida foi a confirmação de que o rodízio de firmas de auditoria não tem capacidade de assegurar a independência do auditor no seu trabalho e não diminui os riscos de erros contábeis e de fraudes na elaboração das demonstrações contábeis.
A preferência por subscrições privadas de ações no Brasil
Authors: Rêgo Ricardo Bordeaux , Ness Jr. Walter Lee
Published: March 2008

Este artigo investiga a preferência de empresas brasileiras não financeiras por emissões particulares de ações ou por emissões públicas no período de 1995 a 2002. Apresenta-se evidência estatística descritiva, e em seguida são desenvolvidos modelos de análise discriminante múltipla e de regressão logística. Os resultados apontam maior propensão à emissão privada de ações por empresas com menor rentabilidade ou maiores prejuízos, que realizaram emissões de menor porte, apresentam maior concentração de propriedade, maior endividamento, menor liquidez por negócio em Bolsa de Valores, e empresas estatais ou holdings.
Relações de trabalho e regimes de emprego no Canadá e no Brasil: um estudo comparativo
Authors: Costa Márcia da Silva
Published: March 2008

Em um ambiente de competição econômica global, empresas e Estados focaram suas estratégias de ajuste competitivo no princípio de flexibilidade e desregulamentação do trabalho e da redução dos gastos sociais. Em muitos países, estas políticas significaram o abandono das metas de pleno emprego e o aumento dos regimes de emprego precários ou não-regulamentados. O artigo analisa os elementos institucionais e políticos centrais dos sistemas de relações de trabalho do Canadá e do Brasil e as recentes mudanças nos regimes de emprego e na estrutura do mercado de trabalho destes países. Ainda que devam ser consideradas suas especificidades, a pesquisa revela que as experiências de flexibilização do mercado de trabalho em ambos os países resultaram em redução de direitos, o que contribuiu para o aumento da desigualdade social no Canadá e para a deterioração das condições de emprego e pobreza no Brasil.
Modification of the Mantel-Haenszel and Logistic Regression DIF Procedures to Incorporate the SIBTEST Regression Correction
Authors: DeMars Christine E.
Published: March 2008

The Mantel-Haenszel (MH) and logistic regression (LR) differential item functioning (DIF) procedures have inflated Type I error rates when there are large mean group differences, short tests, and large sample sizes. When there are large group differences in mean score, groups matched on the observed number-correct score differ on true score, contributing to inflated Type I error rates. The simultaneous item bias test procedure has incorporated an adjustment for this difference, originally using a linear regression correction and later using a nonlinear correction. In this study, these adjustments are applied to the MH and LR procedures. They effectively reduce the Type I error inflation for the MH and the LR test of uniform DIF, but not the LR test of nonuniform DIF. For large samples and large group mean differences, the Δ effect size is estimated with greater accuracy using these adjustments.
Catalyst Stability Determines the Catalytic Activity of Non‐Heme Iron Catalysts in the Oxidation of Alkanes
Authors: England Jason , Davies Catherine R. , Banaru Maria , White Andrew J. P. , Britovsek George J. P.
Published: March 2008

A series of iron(II) bis(triflate) complexes [Fe(L)(OTf)2] containing linear tetradentate bis(pyridylmethyl)diamine ligands with a range of ligand backbones has been prepared. The backbone of the ligand series has been varied from a two‐carbon linkage [ethylene (1), 4,5‐dichlorophenylene (2) and cyclohexyl (3)] to a three‐carbon [propyl (4)) and a four‐carbon linkage (butyl (5)]. The coordination geometries of these complexes have been investigated in the solid state by X‐ray crystallography and in solution by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy. Due to the labile nature of high‐spin iron(II) complexes in solution, dynamic equilibria of complexes with different coordination geometries (cis‐α, cis‐β and trans) are observed with ligands 2–5. In these cases, the geometry observed in the solid state does not necessarily represent the only or even the major geometry present in solution. The ligand field strength in the various complexes has been investigated by variable temperature magnetic moment measurements and UV‐vis spectroscopy. The strongest ligand field is observed with the most rigid ligands 1 and 2, which generate complexes [Fe(L)(OTf)2] with a cis‐α coordination geometry and the corresponding complexes [Fe(L)(CH3CN)2]2+ display spin crossover behaviour. The catalytic properties of the complexes for the oxidation of cyclohexane, using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant, have been investigated. An increased flexibility in the ligand results in a weaker ligand field, which increases the lability of the complexes. The activity and selectivity of the catalysts appear to be related to the strength of the ligand field and the stability of the catalyst in the oxidising environment.
Efficient and Practical Cross‐Coupling of Arenediazonium Tetrafluoroborate Salts with Boronic Acids Catalyzed by Palladium(0)/Barium Carbonate
Authors: Felpin François‐Xavier , Fouquet Eric
Published: March 2008

The cross‐coupling reaction of arenediazonium tetrafluoroborate salts with boronic acids catalyzed by the unusual palladium(0)/barium carbonate catalyst is described as an extremely practical and highly efficient alternative to classical homogeneous conditions. Reactions are conducted under mild conditions at room temperature without any base and ligand. The opportunity of preparing unsymmetrical terphenyls in a one‐pot process is also demonstrated. Finally, the power of this methodology is highlighted by the synthesis of Bifenazate.
Ring‐Closing Metathesis at Room Temperature within Nanometer Micelles using Water as the Only Solvent
Authors: Lipshutz Bruce H. , Ghorai Subir , Aguinaldo Grant T.
Published: March 2008

Simply mixing a water‐insoluble diolefinic substrate and Grubbs second generation catalyst in pure water containing small amounts of the amphiphile polyoxyethanyl α‐tocopheryl sebacate (PTS) leads to efficient ring‐closing metathesis.
Carboxylic Acids as Substrates in Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Gooßen Lukas J. , Rodríguez Nuria , Gooßen Käthe
Published: March 2008

In organic molecules carboxylic acid groups are among the most common functionalities. Activated derivatives of carboxylic acids have long served as versatile connection points in derivatizations and in the construction of carbon frameworks. In more recent years numerous catalytic transformations have been discovered which have made it possible for carboxylic acids to be used as building blocks without the need for additional activation steps. A large number of different product classes have become accessible from this single functionality along multifaceted reaction pathways. The frontispiece illustrates an important reason for this: In the catalytic cycles carbon monoxide gas can be released from acyl metal complexes, and gaseous carbon dioxide from carboxylate complexes, with different organometallic species being formed in each case. Thus, carboxylic acids can be used as synthetic equivalents of acyl, aryl, or alkyl halides, as well as organometallic reagents. This review provides an overview of interesting catalytic transformations of carboxylic acids and a number of derivatives accessible from them in situ. It serves to provide an invitation to complement, refine, and use these new methods in organic synthesis.
Negative air ions releasing properties of tourmaline contained ethylene propylene diene terpolymer/polypropylene thermoplastic elastomers
Authors: Yeh Jen‐taut , Wei Wei , Hsiung Han‐hsing , Jiang Tao
Published: March 2008

The releasing properties of negative air ions of tourmaline contained polypropylene (PP) and ethylene propylene diene terpolymer/polypropylene (EPDM/PP) composite films under varying testing conditions were investigated in this study. It is interesting to note that the Cion− values of EPDM/PP/tourmaline specimens tested at varying conditions are significantly higher than those of the PP/tourmaline specimens with the same loadings of tourmaline powders. Moreover, all Cion− values of PP/tourmaline and EPDM/PP/tourmaline film specimens tested at dynamic impact mode are significantly higher than those of the corresponding specimens tested at static mode but the same temperature. A beneficial temperature effect on Cion− values of the PP/tourmaline and EPDM/PP/tourmaline film specimens tested at static and dynamic impact conditions was found. To understand these interesting negative air ion properties of PP/tourmaline and EPDM/PP/tourmaline film specimens, energy dispersive X‐rays analysis of the tourmaline powders, scanning electron microscope morphology, and tensile property analysis of the PP/tourmaline and EPDM/PP/tourmaline film specimens were performed. Possible reasons account for the interesting negative air ion properties of the PP/tourmaline and EPDM/PP/tourmaline film specimens are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
New optically active poly(amide‐imide)s based on N,N′‐(pyromellitoyl)‐bis‐L‐amino acid and 1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy) propane: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Faghihi Khalil
Published: March 2008

Five new poly(amide‐imide)s 8a–e were synthesized through the direct polycondensation reaction of five chiral N,N′‐(pyromellitoyl)‐bis‐L‐amino acids 3a–e with 1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy) propane 7 in a medium consisting of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, triphenyl phosfite, calcium chloride, and pyridine. The polycondensation reaction produced a series of novel poly(amide‐imide)s containing trimethylene moiety in the main chain in high yield with inherent viscosities between 0.34 and 0.65 dL/g. The resulted polymers were fully characterized by means of FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, inherent viscosity, and solubility tests. Thermal properties of these polymers were investigated by using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal gravimetric (DTG). All of the polymers were soluble at room temperature in polar solvents such as N,N‐dimethyl acetamide, N,N‐dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. N,N′‐(pyromellitoyl)‐bis‐L‐amino acids 3a–e were prepared in quantitative yields by the condensation reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride (1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylic acid 1,2,4,5‐dianhydide) 1 with L‐alanine 2a, L‐valine 2b, L‐leucine 2c, L‐isoleucine 2d, and L‐phenyl alanine 2e in acetic acid. Also 1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy) propane 7 was synthesized by using a two‐step reaction. At first 1,3‐bis(4‐nitrophenoxy) propane 6 was prepared from the reaction of 4‐nitrophenol 4 with 1,3‐dibromoprapane 5 in NaOH solution. Then, dinitro compound 6 was reduced by using Na2S. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effects of ionizing radiation in ethylene‐vinyl alcohol copolymers and in composites containing microfibrillated cellulose
Authors: Fernández Avelina , Sánchez M. Dolores , Ankerfors Mikael , Lagaron Jose M.
Published: March 2008

This study reports on the effect of gamma radiation on morphological, thermal, and water barrier properties of pure ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH29 and EVOH44) and its biocomposites with the nanofiller microfibrillated cellulose (2 wt %). Added microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) preserved the transparency of EVOH films but led to a decrease in water barrier properties. Gamma irradiation at low (30 kGy) and high doses (60 kGy) caused some irreversible changes in the phase morphology of EVOH29 and EVOH44 copolymers that could be associated to crosslinking and other chemical alterations. Additionally, the EVOH copolymers and the EVOH composites reduced the number of hygroscopic hydroxyl functionalities during the irradiation processing and novel carbonyl based chemistry was, in turn, detected. As a result of the above alterations, the water barrier properties of both neat materials and composites irradiated at low doses were notably enhanced, counteracting the detrimental effect on water barrier of adding MFC to the EVOH matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Swelling and diffusion characteristics of polar and nonpolar polymers in asphalt
Authors: Upadhyay Shivendra , Mallikarjunan Vishwanath , Subbaraj Vaideesh K. , Varughese Susy
Published: March 2008

The swelling and diffusion characteristics of a polar polymer [ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)] and a nonpolar polymer [low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)] were studied with swelling experiments of the polymers in asphalt at different temperatures. The study showed that the diffusion mechanisms for LDPE and EVA were different and temperature‐dependent. In the case of LDPE, the observed diffusion was anomalous at both swelling temperatures (70 and 90°C). LDPE at 90°C showed sigmoidal solvent‐uptake behavior during the initial period of swelling and a sorption overshoot in a later period. EVA showed Fickian transport at 60°C and anomalous diffusion at a higher swelling temperature (70°C) with sigmoidal uptake behavior. An analysis of the diffusion coefficients and the Fourier transform infrared results showed that the diffusing molecules were different in the case of LDPE and EVA, and there were possible polymer–asphalt interactions. Differential scanning calorimetry and swelling studies showed that penetrant‐induced crystallization affected the diffusion process in the case of LDPE. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of solvents in radiation‐induced grafting of 4‐vinyl pyridine onto fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer
Authors: Rath S. K. , Palai A. , Rao Swati , Chandrasekhar L. , Patri M.
Published: March 2008

A wide range of solvents have been examined to find their effect on radiation‐induced grafting of 4‐vinyl pyridine onto fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer by simultaneous irradiation technique. The effect of solvent on percentage of grafting has been monitored by varying monomer concentration and total dose of radiation. Further grafting results have been correlated with the solubility parameter of the solvent and solvent mixtures. Evidence of grafting has been based on characterization of grafted samples in terms of FTIR, EDAX, X‐ray mapping, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Depth profiling of a few representative grafted films were studied by viewing the cross‐sectional distribution of elemental nitrogen using SEM‐EDAX. The results suggest that with increase in grafting the grafting front propagates from the surface toward bulk, thus establishing the frontal mechanism of radiation grafting. Furthermore, the grafted films were characterized for their surface properties using contact angle goniometry. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Seeding as a means of controlling particle size in dispersion polymerization
Authors: Jiang Sheng , Sudol E. David , Dimonie Victoria L. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S.
Published: March 2008

Two distinctively different seeded dispersion polymerization processes employing micron and submicron size seed particles, respectively, have been used to gain a better mechanistic understanding of the dispersion polymerization process. Using monodisperse micron‐size PMMA particles as seed, it was found that when low monomer/polymer ratios (M/P < 2.50) were used in methyl methacrylate (MMA) seeded dispersion polymerizations, particle growth dominates and the number of particles remains unchanged (i.e., narrow distributions are preserved). However, when higher M/P ratios (>2.50) were applied, bimodal or trimodal particle size distributions were produced, which is considered to result from the competition between particle growth and secondary nucleation. When small amounts of submicron seeds were used with the initial intention of gaining a better understanding of the nucleation process, it was surprisingly found that the final number of micron size particles was nearly the same as the initial number of submicron seed particles over a relatively wide range of reaction conditions, including seed, initiator, stabilizer, and monomer concentrations, and the medium composition. These results indicate that within certain limits seeded dispersion polymerization can be a more robust means of controlling particle size thanab initiodispersion polymerization in terms of reproducibly producing a target particle size. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Dispersion characterization in layered double hydroxide/Nylon 66 nanocomposites using FIB imaging
Authors: Zhu Y. D. , Allen G. C. , Adams J. M. , Gittins D. , Herrero M. , Benito P. , Heard P. J.
Published: March 2008

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), a newly emerging 2D host material, consist of cationic brucite‐like layers and exchangeable interlayer anions. In this work, the morphology and dispersion of LDH particles in LDH/Nylon 66 (salt) nanocomposites has been investigated using focused ion beam (FIB) techniques, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The FIB images show that LDHs are present in the polymer phase dispersed to different degrees, with partial intercalation, exfoliation, and aggregation all being observed. The most even dispersion was achieved in nanocomposites with the lowest loading (0.5 wt % LDH). Residual tactoids and agglomerates were most common in the samples made with the highest concentration of LDHs studied here (5 wt %). The dispersion observed using FIB was consistent with TEM and XRD analysis, yet this technique had significant benefits in terms of time and simplicity over these “conventional” technologies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Implications for tooth development on ENU‐induced ectodermal dysplasia mice
Authors: Kim Yeun‐Jung , Kim Jae‐Young , Cho Jae‐Woo , Cha Dal‐Sun , Lee Min‐Jung , Osamu Tadokoro , Kwon Hyuk‐Jae , Cho Kyu‐Hyuk , Lee Joon H. , Song Chang‐Woo , Jung Han‐Sung
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: In this study, the mutated phenotypes were produced by treatment of chemical mutagen, N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU). We analyzed the mutated mice showing the specific phenotype of ectodermal dysplasia (ED) and examined the affected gene. METHODS: Phenotypes, including size, bone formation, and craniofacial morphology of ENU‐induced ED mice, were focused. Tooth development and expression of several molecules were analyzed by histologic observations and immunohistochemistry. We carried out genome‐wide screening and quantitative real‐time PCR to define the affected and related genes. RESULTS: As examined previously in human ectodermal dysplasia, ENU‐induced ED mice showed the specific morphologic deformities in tooth, hair, and craniofacial growth. Tooth development in the ENU‐induced ED mice ceased at early cap stage. In addition, skeletal staining showed retardation in craniofacial development. Finally, the affected gene, which would be involved in the mechanism of ED, was located between the marker D3Mit14 and D3Mit319 on chromosome 3. CONCLUSIONS: The affected gene in ENU‐induced ED mice showed several defects in ectodermal organogenesis and these results indicate that this gene plays an important role in mouse embryogenesis. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐throughput screening of chromatographic separations: III. Monoclonal antibodies on ceramic hydroxyapatite
Authors: Wensel David L. , Kelley Brian D. , Coffman Jon L.
Published: March 2008

High‐throughput screening (HTS) of chromatography resins for identifying optimal protein purification conditions is becoming an integral part of industrial process development. In this work, ceramic hydroxyapatite (cHA) chromatography of 15 humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was examined by HTS. MAb binding, as quantified by partition coefficient (Kp), was measured under 92 combinations of sodium chloride, phosphate, and pH. Binding varied inversely with these variables for all mAbs tested. However, the magnitudes of binding among mAbs under identical conditions varied significantly, showing a >1.5 log range in Kp. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques were used to describe the binding of each mAb as a function of the three screen variables. Linear models relating log Kp to the pH, log[sodium chloride], and log[phosphate] fit the data for each antibody with 93–96% accuracy. From these models, characteristic charge values for the cation exchange and metal coordination components of the multi‐modal mAb/cHA interaction varied twofold across the mAbs, reflecting inherent variability in the number of contacts between a particular mAb and the cHA surface. Furthermore, we reduced the number of test conditions required from 92 to 8 while maintaining an accurate representation of the full binding response surface. This eight‐point modeling method accurately predicted the binding behavior of mAbs as well as mAb aggregates, a common impurity in crude mAb preparations. Using this eight‐point modeling method, binding and selectivity information for mAb and aggregate can be obtained from less than two milligrams of protein, making the method attractive for early manufacturability assessments. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 839–854. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expanding ecological possibilities
Authors: Montagna Erik , Torres Bayardo B.
Published: March 2008

Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF)1 is classically understood as a process restricted to the rhyzosphere and carried out by only few free‐living organisms. Recent reports present a variety of new representatives of diazotrophs as well as the presence of known nitrogen‐fixing organisms in new habitats. These data were systematized to expand the view on the diazotrophs' ecology and capabilities, bringing new insights on the biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen and its implications on the ecologic chain. With these new discoveries regarding BNF occurrence, we herein bring a brief review systematizing the available new data aiming to help teachers and students in updating their view on this subject, which has been underestimated in most textbooks.
Crossing over: An undergraduate service learning project that connects to biotechnology education in secondary schools
Authors: Hark Amy T.
Published: March 2008

The importance of engaging students in science and helping them to become informed citizens has been highlighted by many groups invested in science education. This report describes a project that furthers both academic and civic goals through the integration of a service learning component into an undergraduate course. This nonmajors class covers the biology underlying the use of genetic information in today's society and provides students with the opportunity to discuss related ethical and political issues. The service learning project itself involved the creation of instructional materials dealing with the above topics and issues for use in local secondary school classrooms. Students developed materials in a digital media format to allow for revision in response to peer and community feedback. Outcomes of this pilot project suggest benefits to undergraduates as well as high school educators and students. Interdisciplinary collaborations and local educational partnerships have also been developed and strengthened through this work.
An integrated protein chemistry laboratory
Authors: Arkus Kiani A. J. , Jez Joseph M.
Published: March 2008

Chlorophyll, the most abundant pigment in nature, is degraded during normal plant growth, when leaves change color, and at specific developmental stages. Chlorophyllase catalyzes the first chemical reaction in this process, that is, the hydrolysis of chlorophyll into chlorophyllide. Here, we describe a series of laboratory sessions designed to illustrate a sequence of experiments used as part of the scientific research process and to convey key biochemical concepts. The format guides students through the process of biochemical protein analysis, starting from a recombinant protein expression vector and working through a kinetic analysis of the purified protein. Over the course of these experiments, students learn protocols in basic protein chemistry that allow them to design and conduct a related experiment of their own interest. The described set of laboratories can be tailored to fit either a 4‐ or an 8‐week series of experiments for use in either introductory or advanced biochemistry laboratory courses, respectively.
The accessory heads of flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus: Incidence and morphology
Authors: Pai Mangala M. , Nayak Soubhagya R. , Krishnamurthy Ashwin , Vadgaonkar Rajanigandha , Prabhu Latha V. , Ranade Anu V. , Janardhan Jiji P. , Rai Rajalakshmi
Published: March 2008

Kiloh–Nevin syndrome caused by compressive neuropathy of the anterior interosseous nerve in the forearm is believed to occur because of its compression by the accessory head of flexor pollicis longus (FPLah). Gantzer described two accessory muscles, the more frequent is the FPLah and the less frequently observed is the flexor digitorum profundus accessory head (FDPah). Many studies have reported the prevalence, origin, insertion, nerve supply, and relations of these accessory muscles, most of them focusing on the FPLah. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence, morphology, relation to median and anterior interosseous nerve, and also the coexistence of both the accessory heads. A total of 126 upper limbs of the embalmed cadavers were examined in this study. Fifty‐eight limbs (46.03%) showed the presence of the FPLah and 18 limbs (14.28%) had the FDPah. The most common origin of both the accessory muscle bellies was from the under surface of the flexor digitorum superficialis. The FPLah inserted into the FPL muscle at varying levels with 80% inserting into the proximal third of FPL, whereas the FDPah in all cases ended near the level of the wrist joining with one or more tendons of the FDP. Clinical implication of the variation is discussed. Clin. Anat. 21:252–258, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Selenocysteine and Its Derivatives with an Emphasis on Selenenylsulfide (SeS) Formation
Authors: Wessjohann Ludger A. , Schneider Alex
Published: March 2008

A short survey of historic and current methods for the synthesis of selenocysteine, selenocystine, and derivatives and related compounds is presented, with an additional emphasis on the formation of selenocysteine‐derived SeS bridges. The majority of methods to the amino acid starts with protected and O‐activated serine, but also other concepts are included such as radical or multicomponent strategies, the latter allowing also direct access to peptoids in one pot. Of special importance is the monomeric oxidative cyclization of selenocysteine–cysteine peptides to eight‐membered and larger rings with a selenenylsulfide bridge, a crucial element in several selenoproteins.
Selenium Analogues of Antithyroid Drugs – Recent Developments
Authors: Roy Gouriprasanna , Mugesh Govindasamy
Published: March 2008

Thyroxine (T4), the main secretory hormone of the thyroid gland, is produced on thyroglobulin by thyroid peroxidase (TPO)/H2O2/iodide system and deiodinated to its active form (T3) by a selenocysteine‐containing enzyme, iodothyronine deiodinase (ID). The activation of thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor by auto‐antibodies leads to ‘hyperthyroidism’, a life‐threatening disease which is treated by antithyroid drugs such as 6‐propyl‐2‐thiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI). The present review describes the biological activities of a number of S/Se derivatives bearing the methimazole pharmacophore. It is shown that the isosteric substitutions in the existing drugs lead to compounds that can effectively and reversibly inhibit the heme‐containing lactoperoxidase (LPO). In contrast to methimazole, the selenium analogue, MSeI, does not interfere with the enzyme directly, but it inhibits LPO by reducing the H2O2 that is required for the oxidation of the Fe‐center in LPO. These studies reveal that the degradation of the intracellular H2O2 by the Se analogues of antithyroid drugs may be beneficial to the thyroid gland, as these compounds may act as antioxidants and protect thyroid cells from oxidative damage. Because the drugs with an action essentially on H2O2 can reversibly inhibit the thyroid peroxidase, such drugs could be of great importance in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Enhanced Antioxidant Formula Based on a Selenium‐Supplemented Carotenoid‐Producing Yeast Biomass
Authors: Breierová Emília , Gregor Tomáš , Marová Ivana , Čertík Milan , Kogan Grigorij
Published: March 2008

Carotenoid‐producing yeast species such as Rhodotorula glutinis and Sporobolomyces roseus efficiently accumulated selenium from the growth medium. It was observed that incorporation of selenium into yeast cells during the growth inhibited production of β‐carotenoid and other carotenoid precursors (torularhodin and torulene). The yeasts with high content of the carotenoid pigments and selenium may be used for the preparation of a new type of antioxidant formula that could be directly applied for various human and animal diets. We have demonstrated that such a formula can only be produced by separate processes of the cultivation of red yeasts and a subsequent sorption of selenium into the cells.
Multi‐block methods in multivariate process control
Authors: Kohonen Jarno , Reinikainen Satu‐Pia , Aaljoki Kari , Perkiö Annikki , Väänänen Taito , Höskuldsson Agnar
Published: March 2008

In chemometric studies all predictor variables are usually collected in one data matrix X. This matrix is then analyzed by PLS regression or other methods. When data from several different sub‐processes are collected in one matrix, there is a possibility that the effects of some sub‐processes may vanish. If there is, for instance, mechanic data from one process and spectral data from another, the influence of the mechanic sub‐process may not be detected. An application of multi‐block (MB) methods, where the X‐data are divided into several data blocks is presented in this study. By using MB methods the effect of a sub‐process can be seen and an example with two blocks, near infra‐red, NIR, and process data, is shown. The results show improvements in modelling task, when a MB‐based approach is used. This way of working with data gives more information on the process than if all data are in one X‐matrix. The procedure is demonstrated by an industrial continuous process, where knowledge about the sub‐processes is available and X‐matrix can be divided into blocks between process variables and NIR spectra. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐empirical topological index to predict properties of halogenated aliphatic compounds
Authors: Arruda Anna Celia Silva , Junkes Berenice da Silva , Souza Érica Silva , Yunes Rosendo Augusto , Heinzen Vilma Edite Fonseca
Published: March 2008

This study was carried out to show the predictive capacity of the semi‐empirical topological index (IET) in estimating some important physical properties; melting point, Mp (°C), boiling point, Bp (°C), and experimental log p of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons. The retention index (RI) values of 141 compounds were used in the building of this specific model of the IET. The simple linear regression between RIExp and the IET exhibits high quality with a coefficient of determination of r2 = 0.9995, standard deviation of SD = 8 and leave‐one‐out cross‐validation correlation coefficient of $r_{{\bf cv}}^2 $ = 0.999. The best correlations between experimental melting, Mp (°C), and boiling Bp (°C) points, and I ET were achieved through quadratic polynomial equations. The correlation of Bp (°C) with IET for 86 compounds showed excellent results: r2 = 0.9971, SD = 4.2, $r_{{\bf cv}}^2 $ = 0.997. From this equation the values of 24 compounds not included in the model were calculated (r2 = 0.9931; SD = 7.6). The correlation between Mp (°C) and IET for 43 compounds was very good (r2 = 0.9865; SD = 6.1; $r_{{\bf cv}}^2 $ = 0.985), and experimental values of eight compounds not included in the initial model also showed good correlation with calculated values (r2 = 0.9903; SD = 4.1). Finally, for 19 compounds the correlation between the experimental log p‐value and that calculated using the IET method gave a value of r2 = 0.9871, while the correlation with the value obtained using the most used Fragment Addition Method was r2 = 0.9750. These results show the predictive capacity of the IET for these physical properties. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate strategies for classification of Eucalyptus globulus genotypes using carbohydrates content and NIR spectra for evaluation of their cold resistance
Authors: Castillo Rosario , Otto Matthias , Freer Juanita , Valenzuela Sofía
Published: March 2008

Different strategies of classification are tested and compared over near infrared (NIR) spectra and carbohydrates content data of genotypes of Eucalyptus globulus. Strategies used for the classification were regularized discriminant analysis (RDA) for carbohydrates content data and for the singular NIR spectral data, partial least squares (PLS) for reduction of variables to the scores matrix of NIR spectra plus RDA for classification (PLS/RDA on scores) and PLS‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA). Different types of discriminant functions were tested in PLS/RDA on scores method. Results obtained using NIR scores data outperformed those results obtained with carbohydrate content data. Comparison between specified PLS/RDA on scores strategies showed best classifications of the genotypes when parameters λ and γ pertaining to linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) were used, with 0% risk of misclassification and 100% of correctly assigned samples in the external validation sets for classification of the genotypes by forest company and by cold chamber while external validation for classification of genotypes by cold resistance degree shows 70 and 90% of correctly assigned samples for sensible and tolerant genotypes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing the efficiency of cross‐validation in linear discriminant analysis through selective use of the Sherman–Morrison– Woodbury inversion formula
Authors: Tapp Henri S. , Kemsley E. Katherine
Published: March 2008

Cross‐validation (CV) is a necessary stage in the development of multivariate discriminant models, but is potentially very time‐consuming. Significant time saving is possible by employing update formula to avoid unnecessary recalculations. We show that using the Sherman–Morrison–Woodbury (SMW) inversion formula can sometimes provide additional speed gains. The potential gain depends on the structure of the dataset and CV approach. We recommend comparing rival schemes before starting long computational tasks. Datasets and Matlab® m‐files are available at www.metabolomics‐nrp.org.uk/publications.html Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proton‐Mediated Redox Control in a Nickel(II)–Bisimidazolate Complex: Spectroscopic Characterisation and Density Functional Analysis
Authors: Lassalle‐Kaiser Benedikt , Guillot Régis , Sainton Joëlle , Charlot Marie‐France , Aukauloo Ally
Published: March 2008

The synthesis and characterisation of the pro‐ligand LH4, in which L is the o‐phenylenebisamide‐2‐imidazole and its nickel(II) complexes are reported. The X‐ray structures of the fully protonated [NiLH2] and deprotonated [NiL] complexes are presented. The effects of the deprotonation of the imidazole functions on the electronic structure of the complexes are analysed by 1H NMR, UV/Vis and IR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations support the analysis based on experimental data. The singly oxidised form of the deprotonated complex [NiL] was generated by preparative electrolysis and its electronic structure was investigated. Spectroelectrochemistry shows the appearance of intense transitions in the region λ=600–900 nm with several isosbestic points. X‐band EPR spectroscopy presents an isotropic signal at g=2.03, whereas the Q‐band EPR reveals a weak anisotropic signal characteristic of a metalloradical species. DFT and TDDFT data support the description of the species as a nickel(II)‐radical form, with a major contribution of the spin density on the phenylene ring and the amidate functions with a negligible participation of the imidazolate groups. This finding is in sharp contrast with those obtained from the one‐electron‐oxidised form of nickel(II) complexes containing phenolate groups.1–3
Synthesis, Resolution, and Absolute Configuration of Difunctionalized Tröger's Base Derivatives
Authors: Kiehne Ulf , Bruhn Torsten , Schnakenburg Gregor , Fröhlich Roland , Bringmann Gerhard , Lützen Arne
Published: March 2008

Two racemic derivatives of Tröger's base, the 2,8‐diboronic acid ester 6 and the 3,9‐dibromo‐substituted derivative 5, were synthesized and successfully resolved by HPLC on a chiral stationary Whelk‐01 phase on a semipreparative scale, thereby giving rise to both enantiomers in a pure form. These functionalized C2‐symmetric building blocks are valuable precursors for a variety of further applications. Their absolute configurations were determined by comparison of their quantum chemically calculated CD and UV/Vis spectra with the experimental ones and were independently confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Ternary Rare‐Earth Manganese Bismuthides: Structures and Physical Properties of Ln3MnBi5 (Ln: La—Nd) and Sm2Mn3Bi6.
Authors: Zelinska Oksana Ya. , Mar Arthur
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 2H3O× [Co8(HPO3)9(CH3OH)3] ×2H2O: An Open‐Framework Cobalt Phosphite Containing Extra‐Large 18‐Ring Channels.
Authors: Zhao Lang , Li Jiyang , Chen Peng , Li Guanghua , Yu Jihong , Xu Ruren
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Features and Applications of [Rh(CO)2Cl]2‐Catalyzed Alkylations of Unsymmetrical Allylic Substrates.
Authors: Ashfeld Brandon L. , Miller Kenneth A. , Smith Anna J. , Tran Kristy , Martin Stephen F.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ni‐Catalyzed Cascade Formation of C(sp3)—C(sp3) Bonds by Cyclization and Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Iodoalkanes with Alkyl Zinc Halides.
Authors: Phapale Vilas B. , Bunuel Elena , Garcia‐Iglesias Miguel , Cardenas Diego J.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Dialkyl 4‐Bromo‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐oxohexane‐1,6‐dioates, ‐heptane‐1,7‐dioates with Zinc and Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Shchepin V. V. , Nikitin S. V. , Filimonov S. A. , Russkikh N. Yu. , Silaichev P. S.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.