bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Narrative Paradigm Theory in Assessing Audience Value Conflict in Image Advertising
Authors: Stutts Nancy B. , Barker Randolph T.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an analysis of an image advertisement using techniques developed from Narrative Paradigm Theory. It is suggested that the nature of postmodern culture makes image advertising an appropriate external communication strategy for generating stakeholder loyalty. A content analysis of Exxon’s “Driver Human” campaign’s introductory television advertisement was performed to explore potential sources of rational and value-laden audience conflicts. Two random samples, one advertising professionals and one upper-division undergraduate business students, participated in this study. Analysis suggests that, used in advance of traditional audience testing, Narrative Paradigm Theory can identify potential sources of audience conflict by illuminating sources of disbelief arising from both values and life experiences that contradict the corporate message.
Research Issues
Authors: Malinski Violet M. , Bournes Debra A.
Published: March 2007

In this column the author synthesizes and discusses the findings of six studies conducted to examine what happens for nurses and patients when human becoming is the guide for practice. In all of the studies, nurse participants’ descriptions led to three main themes: transforming intent, unburdening joy, and struggling with change. Patient and family participants’ descriptions of nursing care guided by human becoming are also summarized. This column concludes with a presentation of the universal and overarching values for knowledge development in nursing that emerged with the synthesis of the findings and that have the potential to ensure personalized, meaningful, and dignified nursing service delivery.
Choosing Life Goals: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Costello-Nickitas Donna M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to uncover the meaning of the lived experience of choosing life goals. Seven married women, nurse administrators between the ages of 27-37, employed in middle management positions in two large metropolitan hospitals, were asked to provide a written description of a situation in which they found themselves choosing life goals. Giorgi's (1975) qualitative method of phenomenology was used to analyze the written descriptions. The major finding of this study was choosing life goals is struggling to fulfill competing ambitions while experiencing paradoxical feelings of calmness-turmoil, success-defeat, and security-insecurity in the process of affirming cherished beliefs. Findings from this study support the value of the phenomenological method for nursing research and enhance the knowledge base of nursing by expanding Parse's theory of human becoming. Findings reveal the importance of understanding more fully the processes of choosing life goals and how choices reflect health.
Using Orem's Theory to Generate Nursing Diagnoses for Electronic Documentation
Authors: Bliss-Holtz Jane
Published: March 2007

If nursing practice is guided by nursing theory, then decision-making processes should be filtered through the theory in such a way that makes the outcomes of the process both unique and useful to nursing. This article presents a discussion of the formulation of a decision-making process based on Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory that produces specific diagnostic statements about the relationship between individuals' therapeutic self-care demand and their self-care agency
Developing a Supportive-Educative Program for Patients with Advanced Heart Failure within Orem's General Theory of Nursing
Authors: Jaarsma Tiny , Halfens Ruud , Senten Marina , Saad Huda Huijer Abu , Dracup Kathleen
Published: March 2007

Recovery from heart failure and coping with the effects of this serious condition has a major impact on the self-care demand of patients with heart failure. To prevent potential self-care deficits, education and support are important issues in nursing care. The purpose of this article is to describe the development of a supportive-educative program that is designed to enhance self-care abilities of patients with heart failure. To structure nursing care for these patients and their families in a consistent systematized way, Orem's general theory of nursing is used as a frame of reference.
The Opportunity to Engage: How Race, Class, and Institutions Structure Access to Educational Deliberation
Authors: Hess Frederick M. , Leal David L.
Published: March 2007

Educators have long discussed the value of community engagement in schooling, especially in troubled urban systems. However, most attention has focused on either the consequences of engagement or the willingness of groups or individuals to take existing opportunities for participation. The questions of whether and why there may be systematic variation in how open school systems are to community involvement have been largely overlooked. Using the Council of Urban Boards of Education's 1992 survey and U.S. census data, the authors examined these questions using a sample of 57 urban school districts. It was found that urban communities with larger percentages of African American students provide increased avenues for participation, whereas poorer districts and those in the South offer fewer avenues. These findings have important implications for educational equity and the promise of community participation in school governance.
Public Subsidies for Private Schools: What we Know and how to Proceed
Authors: Witte John F.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews three ways of discussing and analyzing public and private educational choice. The first is theoretical, the second is evaluation of existing choice programs, and the third is to infer from differences between public and private schools as they now exist. The basic argument is that at present, very little is known about the potential impacts of choice and that research should therefore move carefully, experimenting with constrained programs along with other nonchoice options.
Capable of Resisting and Entitled to Lead: On the Historical Conditions of the Neo-Marxist Educational Discourse
Authors: Johannesson Ingolfur A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the assumptions about resistance and leadership in selected literature on critical pedagogy and argues that the idea of resistance in critical pedagogy (as well as its siblings empowerment and voice) is rooted in traditional notions of Marxist vanguard politics that consider the trade-unionized White male working class as the entitled leaders of the revolutionary movement. The article records a "pre-history" of the ways that resistance and leadership were conceived before they were taken up in critical pedagogy and traces out how European traditions and practices that have influenced the production of neo-Marxist educational theory are perpetuated in North American academia. The article draws not only on written sources but on the author's knowledge of the European Marxist-Leninist movement itself Further, the bases for central concepts in critical pedagogy, such as counter hegemony and transformative intellectuals, are examined. Then, attention is paid to aspects of leadership practices in the field of critical pedagogy. It is argued that inside Marxism there is a theory and practice of elitist leadership notions and that this practice is replicated among contemporary critical pedagogues. The article insists that this practice needs to be recognized, abandoned, and retheorized
Unintended Effects of Educational Reform in New York
Authors: Allington Richard L. , McGill-Franzen Anne
Published: March 2007

Trends in the incidence of retention, remediation, and identification of students as handicapped were examined in 12 elementary schools across a period of increased high-stakes assessment and public accountability (1978-1979 to 1988-1989). At the primary grade levels there was a significant increase in the incidence of identification of students as handicapped and a significant increase in the proportion of children retained in grade or identified as handicapped. The increases occur before the administration of the first mandated high-stakes assessments. The implications of these trends for understanding reports of school effectiveness and statewide student achievement in reading are discussed Finally, suggestions for the redesign of large-scale high-stakes assessment reports are offered.
Learner-Centered Schools: A Vision for the Future
Authors: Urbanski Adam
Published: March 2007

What would schools be like 10 years from now if the reforms that we are pursuing were deepened and accelerated? How would teaching and learning change? In what ways would school governance and teachers' unions be different? What must communities do to sustain such a transformed educational system? This article lays out one scenario that is both possible and already in the making. It offers hope that we can begin to build tomorrow today-and that if we can envision it, we can also achieve it.
Justifying the Conservative Restoration: Morals, Genes, and Educational Policy
Authors: Apple Michael W.
Published: March 2007

We are currently witnessing important transformations in what education is for in how it is to be carried out, and in who will benefit the most from these transformations. The ultimate effect of many of these "reforms" will be to exacerbate existing inequalities. The question underlying this article is, How are these inequalities justified publicly? The author provides a suggestive analysis of one of the strands of such logics of justification. In the United States and many other nations, a major strand that surfaces time and again involves the use of moral and biological logics to explain widespread social and educational inequalities. A good deal of the focus of this article will be on the uses of these arguments-such as those crystallized in Herrn stein and Murray 's The Bell Curve-to support conservative policies in education and the larger society.
The Politics of the Production Function: The Influence of Political Bias on the Deductive Process
Authors: Baker Bruce D.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the susceptibility of the traditional theoretical frame-work of the educational production function to political influence and personal bias. Much of this influence and bias is derived form the predominantly deductive approach that is commonly used. In using this approach, researchers are driven to test the statistical significance of preconceived notions, personal or political in origin, of how the education system works. An alternative approach, using an inductive process and nonlinear algorithms, is presented. It is suggested that use of both deductive and inductive approaches will provide a more holistic picture of how schools work.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Through the Life Cycle
Authors: Jackson Cherry Wyant
Published: March 2007

Bipolar disorder is a long-term illness associated with multiple relapses and recurrences throughout the life cycle. Lithium, carbamazepine, and valproate are the mainstays of treatment for this illness. Each of these agents will be reviewed as well as alternatives for patients who fail treatment with lithium, have manic agitation, psychosis, depression, rapid cycling, and mixed mania. Compliance issues will also be dis cussed. Copyright © 1996 by W.B. Saunders Company
Infectious Diarrhea
Authors: Orlando Patricia L.
Published: March 2007

Infectious diarrhea constitutes a major source of morbidity and mortality for all age groups. The focus of this article is to identify high risk host and pathogenic risk determinants of enteric infections, discuss pathophysiologic mechanisms for diarrhea, review conventional and upcoming therapeutic managements of bacterial, protozoal or viral-type diarrhea, and describe the integral role of the pharmacist in the overall care of patients having this illness.
The Lived Experience of Ojibwa and Cree Women Healers
Authors: Struthers Roxanne
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this phenomenological research study was to describe the meaning and essence of the lived experience of Ojibwa and Cree women healers. The research question, “What is the experience of being an Ojibwa or Cree woman healer?” was asked of a purposive sample of four indigenous women healers, aged 48 to 59, residing in Canada and the United States. The data were collected and analyzed utilizing methods to preserve integrity within the indigenous community. Seven themes emerged from the data. They are as follows: recognizing and unfolding the healing gift; placing faith in the healing ability; mastering indigenous culture, values and traditions; wholesome use of self; interconnection with all; living a balanced, circular life way; and embracing mankind. These seven themes can be employed by nurse healers and/or holistic nurses to practice the art of holistic nursing.
The Willingness of Family Members of Critically Ill Adults to Learn the Coping Technique of Imagery
Authors: Schweer Diane K. , Hart Laura K. , Glick Orpha J. , Mobily Paula C.
Published: March 2007

Critical care nurses face the challenge of helping anxious families cope with the critical illness of one of their members. The purposes of this exploratory descriptive pilot study were to identify whether adult family members of surgical intensive care unit (SICU) patients were willing and able to learn imagery during the time of their family member’s critical illness, and which factors facilitate the learning. Of the 139 persons invited, 26 (18.7%) indicated willingness to participate, but only 10 participants completed both learning sessions. All 10 subjects achieved increased relaxation with the imaging. Facilitators of their learning were the quiet environment, the investigator’s voice, and the breathing aspect of the technique. Those who participated found imagery beneficial, but further study is needed regarding the basis of both willingness and reluctance to learn relaxation techniques such as imagery to assist with coping during the SICU vigil.
Health-Promoting Lifestyles and Exercise
Authors: Brady Bridget , Nies Mary A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the health-promoting behaviors and exercise behaviors of older African American women above and below poverty level. Fifty-eight African American women completed a demographic form and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP). Results indicated that African American women living above the poverty level had higher overall scores on the total HPLP and higher scores on the exercise subscale of the HPLP than women living below poverty level. Implications include teaching culturally specific, practical, and inexpensive exercise activities in primary care and community settings.
Service Utilization among Disabled Puerto Rican Elders and Their Caregivers
Authors: CalderÓn-Rosado Vanessa , Morrill Allison , Chang Bei-Hung , Tennstedt Sharon
Published: March 2007

Objective:This study examined the relationship between language acculturation of disabled Puerto Rican elderly and their caregivers, their length of residence in mainland United States, and the utilization of formal services. Methods:Language acculturation was measured by language use, understanding, and preferences. The sample of this study consisted of 194 dyads of disabled Puerto Rican elders 60 years and older, and their primary caregivers in an urban center in the northeast. Results:Length of residence in the United States, but not language acculturation, of the disabled Puerto Rican elder and the caregiver was related to elder’s use of formal services. Caregivers, whose own children were born in Puerto Rico as opposed to mainland United States, were more likely to use formal services. Discussion:Language acculturation, although a commonly used measure of acculturation, may be of decreasing importance in explaining service utilization, as bilingual services become increasingly available. Practice implications are discussed.
Health Behaviors and Social Roles among Mature Men and Women
Authors: Antonucci Toni C. , Akiyama Hiroko , Adelmann Pamela K.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between gender, social roles, age, education, number of health problems, and health behaviors in mature adults. Data from a national study focus on women and men ages 54 to 64. Analyses indicate that women are more likely to avoid risk-taking health behaviors; in particular, men are more likely to report that they drink alcohol. There were no gender differences in promotive health behaviors or cancer detection behaviors. Further analyses focus on the relationship of two social roles (marital and employment status), demographic variables (gender, age, education), and number of health problems on promotive health behaviors, risk avoidance behaviors, and cancer detection behaviors. Social roles are related to health behaviors as follows: employed women are less likely to report cancer detection behaviors than are unemployed women; married men are more likely to engage in risk avoidance behaviors than are unmarried men. Demographic comparisons indicate that education and to some extent, age, are associated with promotive health behaviors. Men and women with health problems are more likely to engage in cancer detection behaviors. The small sample size, however, suggests caution in the interpretation and generalization of these findings.
Depression as an Overriding Variable Explaining Caregiver Burdens
Authors: Stommel Manfred , Given Charles W. , Given Barbara
Published: March 2007

This research examines the relationship between caregiver burdens and caregiver depression. Five measures of burdens were designed to capture the specificity of psychological reactions to caregiving tasks and processes. In addition, an attempt was made to develop strictly behavioral measures of caregiving processes (e.g., caregiver involvement or support from others) to explore the sensitivity of burden measures to "objective" caregiving conditions. Finally, we employed the CES-D as our measure of caregiver depression. Major findings include (a) Caregiving processes affect various dimensions of burdens in largely different ways; but (b) Caregiver depression appears to dominate caregiver perceptions of burdens across all burden dimensions. The results lead us to stress that burdens express evaluations of the caregiving situation in light of more general affective states. This analysis is based on the first wave of a longitudinal study of caregiver-patient dyads in lower Michigan (N = 307).
Patient Age, Visit Purpose, and the Ordering of Consultations in a Primary Care Clinic
Authors: Finlay William , Mutran Elizabeth J. , Zeitler Rodney R. , Randall Christina S.
Published: March 2007

In this study we examine what factors determine whether patients seen in a Veterans Administration primary care clinic will be referred to specialty clinics. It is based on a 25% sample of all patients seen by the medical residents in one clinic over an 18-month period. Our dependent variable is whether the patient was referred for a consultation or not. We performed separate regression analyses for patients who visited the clinic with acute complaints, with chronic-flareup complaints, and with chronic-routine complaints. Within each of these three categories, we further subdivided our sample into patients under and over 65. In each of the six regression equations we controlled for the medical diagnosis and for each resident's work load, residency year, and training. Work load and residency year had opposite (and unpredicted) effects for patients over the age of 65 compared to those under the age of 65. Higher work loads were associated with higher consultation rates for patients over 65 and with lower rates for those under 65. Residency year had a negative effect on referrals for patients over 65 and a positive effect for patients under 65.
Do Falls Predict Institutionalization in Older Persons?
Authors: Dunn Julie E. , Furner Sylvia E. , Miles Toni P.
Published: March 2007

Data from the Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA) were analyzed to estimate the subsequent risk of institutionalization associated with a report of one or more falls, and to determine if the association is affected by controlling for demographic traits, chronic conditions, and disabilities present at baseline. Risk was estimated at two time points, 2 years and 4years after baseline interview. A report of multiple falls at baseline was associated with an increased risk of institutionalization at both 2 years (odds ratio [OR] 3.1; 1.9-5.3) and 4 years (OR 2.6; 1.64.4) of follow-up. The risk was decreased but remained significant in a model controlling for age, sex, marital status, and selected chronic conditions associated with both report of falls and institutionalization. However, multiple falls were not significantly associated with institutionalization when measures of disability (number of difficulties with activities of daily living) were added to the model. These analyses suggest that multiple falls should be regarded as an important sentinel event to alert caregivers to the presence of underlying disease and disability that may require intervention.
Remaining Active in Later Life
Authors: Menec Verena H. , Chipperfield Judith G.
Published: March 2007

Although the physical and psychological benefits of feeling in control are well-documented in the research literature, the mechanisms that account for these effects have received less attention. The present study was designed to examine the potential mediating role of exercising and participation in nonphysical leisure activities, such as attending cultural events, involvement in volunteer organizations, and so on, in the relation between perceived control and well-being in seniors. The results indicated that an internal locus of control was positively related to exercising and participation in leisure activities. Exercising and leisure activity participation, in turn, were predictive of better perceived health and greater life satisfaction. These findings point to the potential benefits of increasing seniors' sense of control as a means to promote exercising and to increase leisure activity participation and, consequently, to enhance well-being.
Planning for the Future
Authors: Jagger Carol , Raymond Neil , Morgan Kevin
Published: March 2007

Health expectancy measures incorporating mortality and morbidity may better determine the future needs of older people than current methods solely using mortality rates. Life expectancy with and without visual disability was calculated from two longitudinal studies of the elderly. Various scenarios of changing input transition rates were then explored. Women had a greater probability of transition to disability. Thus, increases in incidence had a larger impact for women than for men on resulting life-years with visual disability, reducing the proportion of remaining disability-free life by 2.1%. When mortality continued to decrease but incidence increased and recovery decreased, there was an increase in life expectancy, although for women this was offset by an even greater increase in years spent with visual disability. Health expectancy calculated from longitudinal data may be useful in exploring potential future variations in incidence, treatment, and mortality rates and their effect on population health.
Cause of Death and Active Life Expectancy in the Older Population of the United States
Authors: Hayward Mark D. , Crimmins Eileen M. , Saito Yasuhiko
Published: March 2007

This study investigates how the major causes of death end active and inactive life among older Americans. Based on data from the Longitudinal Study of Aging, a multistate life-table model of individuals' age-graded mortality and disability experiences reveals that many, and sometimes most, of the deaths occurring among the elderly population happen when people are active relatively close to death. This pattern is especially evident for men. Despite differences between active and inactive elders of a given age in the length of inactive life, few differences occur in the causes of death. Simulations show that many of the gains in life expectancy via the reduction in major diseases are felt in terms of increased active life, especially among the young-old and men. These results point to possible mechanisms in which improvements in mortality extend active life.
London’s Voluntary Hospitals in the Interwar Period: Growth, Transformation, or Crisis?
Authors: Gorsky Martin , Mohan John
Published: March 2007

The establishment of the British National Health Service in 1948 was a watershed for the nonprofit sector, as the voluntary hospitals were taken into public ownership. This article surveys the voluntary hospitals of London in the last two peacetime decades of their existence. Although this was a period of significant expansion for the hospitals, there were also difficulties looming. City-wide data and records of individual institutions are used to explore the risk of deficit, the hospitals’ asset base, the demand for expenditure, and the changing basis of income. The analysis confirms and augments earlier discussion of gathering financial hardship. Finally, the growth of the municipal hospital service is detailed. The London County Council’s enthusiastic development of publicly funded institutions added to the problems of the voluntary sector. Public/nonprofit partnership remained underdeveloped, voluntary fundraising was undermined, and principled opposition was articulated by council members.
A Methodological Comparison of Giving Surveys: Indiana as a Test Case
Authors: Rooney Patrick M. , Steinberg Kathryn S. , Schervish Paul G.
Published: March 2007

Every 4 years, the Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University conducts a telephone survey (called Indiana Gives) of the giving and volunteering behaviors of Indiana citizens. In preparing to conduct Indiana Gives for 2000, a larger methodological question was asked: How much does survey methodology matter in generating accurate measures of giving and volunteering? In this most recent wave of the Indiana survey, conducted in October and November 2000, eight groups of approximately 100 randomly selected Indiana residents were asked to complete one of eight surveys related to giving and volunteering. It was found that the longer the module and the more detailed its prompts, the more likely a household was to recall making any charitable contribution and the higher the average level of its giving. These differences persisted even after controlling for differences in age, educational attainment, income, household status, race, and gender.
Response of Community Organizations to the Civil Unrest in Los Angeles
Authors: Coston Jennifer M. , Cooper Terry L. , Sundeen Richard A.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of four case studies provides evidence of a unique and short-term increase of resource dependence on community organizations by outside institutions in times of emergency. Outside institutions rely on community organizations as the primary service providers, sometimes temporarily replacing traditional service channels; they also depend on the advantages these organizations offer for the distribution of their own resources. A window of opportunity results for these organizations to advocate on behalf of their clientele, establish their own policies for distribution of resources, and expand and create programs. Policy implications are discussed, as well as the possible changes in these relationships in the long run.
The Effect of State Intervention in the Nonprofit Sector: The Case of the New Deal
Authors: Mohr John W. , Guerra-Pearson Francesca
Published: March 2007

This article raises the question of how the influx of federal money during the New Deal affected nonprofit organizations (NPOs) operating in the social welfare sector. Using data on the number of NPOs operating in six service categories in New York City, we demonstrate three distinct trends—some types of organizations fared very poorly, other types remained relatively stable, and a third set actually experienced significant growth in numbers. We hypothesize that two factors explain these variations—the extent to which NPOs were perceived to be doing work that was explicitly related to the immediate crisis appears to have influenced their success in sustaining charitable support. More importantly, the extent to which a class of organizations was excluded from participating infederal relief programs appears to have significantly influenced the overall success and failure rates. Those organizations that were included as partners in the federal relief efforts experienced significant growth.
Balancing Acts: What Charter Schools Teach Us about Government-Nonprofit Contracting
Authors: Hassel Bryan C.
Published: March 2007

When a government agency and a nonprofit organization enter into a contract to provide a public service, each party must perform a delicate balancing act. The nonprofit organization must weigh the benefits of engagement with the public sector against the perils of entanglement. The government agency must afford the nonprofit organization enough autonomy to benefit from its flexibility and creativity, all the while holding the private organization accountable for furthering public purposes. This article develops a typology of technical, organizational, and contextual factors that may affect each party's ability to strike its balance and then uses this typology to analyze the experiences of governments and quasi-nonprofit charter schools in three states: Colorado, Massachusetts, and Michigan.
Text and Turbulence
Authors: FINN JANET L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines constructions of adolescence and pathology and their relation to human service intervention. The author locates a history of discourses of adolescence and pathology along a trajectory of 20th-century capitalism. Particular attention is paid to racialized, gendered and classbased aspects of this history. The historic context sets the stage for a close reading of representations of youth pathology used to market treatment facilities to human service professionals. The author argues that the youth treatment industry may not be preparing adolescents for healthy adulthood but rather for their place in a continuum of care, control and containment.
Inconsistencies
Authors: SGRITTA GIOVANNI B.
Published: March 2007

This article maintains that the iniquities and the discriminations towards children not only did not end in the year in which the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child was acclaimed as a new sign of civilization and progress, but that they have actually increased. The present condition of childhood in different countries of the ex-Communist bloc and the western world, with particular reference to the levels of well-being and poverty, is examined. Finally, the last part of the article attempts to understand the events that have marked the reforms of these last decades in the light of liberal ideology and theory.
The Self-concept Development of Chinese Primary Schoolchildren
Authors: LAU SING , SIU CAROL K.K. , CHIK MARIA P.Y.
Published: March 2007

The present research was a 2-year longitudinal study of the self-concept development of primary schoolchildren in Hong Kong. Samples of primary grades 1, 3 and 5 students were followed through to primary grades 2, 4 and 6, respectively. Data on students' self-concept in four domains (academic, appearance, social, general) were collected at half-year intervals. The depression level of students and evaluations by teachers and parents on students' self-concept were obtained as well. Younger children were found to be higher in self-concept than older children, and a clear linear and downward trend was observed: the drop in self-concept was most drastic from primary 1 to 3 and leveled off thereafter. Girls were found to be higher than boys in all domains of self-concept, but their drop in self-concept was much greater. Self-concept was highly predictive of depression; primary 3 children were found to be higher in depression than primary 5 children. Evaluations by teachers and parents related closely to the children's self-evaluations on self-concept. In all, the present research was able to show a clear picture of the self-concept development of Chinese primary schoolchildren in Hong Kong. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Does Inadequate Housing Perpetuate Children's Poverty?
Authors: BARTLETT SHERIDAN
Published: March 2007

Increasing numbers of children in the United States live in housing that is considered substandard. However, there is little understanding of the long-term impact of such housing for children. Using a framework provided by prospective studies of resilience, this article draws on ethnographic research to speculate on the significance of unsuitable housing for the long-term capacity of children to break out of poverty. Events and circumstances in the household lives of three young children are examined closely in order to clarify the connections between specific dimensions of housing, parental behavior and the children's sense of identity, trust, autonomy, competence and general development. Evidence gathered through both interviews and observation suggests that inadequate housing contributes, along with other factors, to patterns of behavior and perception that can undermine positive development and perpetuate disadvantage. The implications for policy and practice are discussed.
The `Stolen Generations' and Cultural Genocide
Authors: KRIEKEN ROBERT VAN
Published: March 2007

From around the turn of 20th century up to the 1970s, Australian government authorities assumed legal guardianship of all Indigenous children and removed large numbers of them from their families in order to `assimilate' them into European society and culture. This policy has been described as `cultural genocide', even though at the time it was presented by state and church authorities as being `in the best interests' of Aboriginal children. This article outlines the results of a study of the development of the policy of forced child removal, its antecedents, its surrounding philosophy and politics and the emergence of a more critical understanding of it in recent years, as well as examining the more general implications of this history for the sociology of childhood.
Thirty-Five Years with Silent Spring
Authors: Brjggs Shirley A.
Published: March 2007

Thirty-five years after the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, this article takes stock of the relevance of her message for present-day society. How much progress has been achieved with respect to reducing and regulating pesticides? The answer is a grim one. Not only have Carson's warnings too often gone unheeded, but we are entering a new stage in our understanding of the level of risk that these chemicals pose, beyond the scope even of Silent Spring. More than ever we need to draw on powers of understanding and explanation of the kind that Rachel Carson exemplified.
The Crisis of the Earth
Authors: Foster John Bellamy
Published: March 2007

Any systematic, forward-looking ecological vision must include three elements: (a) a theory of ecological crisis and its relation to human production; (b) a concept of sustainability as a nature-imposed necessity for production; (c) a vision of the transcendence of ecological crisis that establishes sustainability as a core part of any future society. All three elements are to be found in the work of Karl Marx. Marx `s analysis of the crisis of the earth (or soil) in the mid-nineteenth century led him to a concept of sustainability that was central to his vision of communist society. Because this concept of sustainability was rooted both in a critique of capitalism and a vision of a future society, it has a richness and complexity all its own. A close examination of Marx `s concept of sustainability therefore offers important insights into the possibilities for the creation of a more sustainable social order.
The Geometry of Voting Cycles
Authors: Adams James F. , Adams Ernest W.
Published: March 2007

It is well known that when all voters in an electorate have preferences consistent with a single underlying dimension, then the electorate's aggregate preferences must be transitive. However, analyses of historical elections suggest that voters frequently view political alternatives (parties and candidates) arrayed along not one, but two principal dimensions. Building on earlier work by Feld and Grofman, we develop a simple geometric method to represent necessary and sufficient conditions for transitive majority decisions in two-dimensional policy space. This method provides an intuition as to why transitivity in the two-dimensional case is virtually guaranteed, given realistic positioning by parties and candidates. We illustrate and support our conclusions by analyzing data on the spatial distributions of voters and parties in recent French and British elections.
Myths and Meanings of Voting Power
Authors: Holler Manfred J.
Published: March 2007

This is a reply to Dan Felsenthal's and Moshé Machover's verdict on the Holler-Widgrén contribution to the Symposium on `Power Indices and the European Union' in the July 1999 issue of this Journal. It questions the benefits of discussing the game-theoretical nature of power indices and argues that the public good index represents I-power, and not P-power. Moreover, it defends the application of the permutation model to represent preferences behind a veil of ignorance.
The Attitudinal Model and Fluidity Voting on the United States Supreme Court
Authors: Brenner Saul , Dorff Robert H.
Published: March 2007

The attitudinal model, as applied to the United States Supreme Court, posits that voting by a justice on the Court is determined by his or her policy attitudes and by the location along the policy dimension of the stimulus provided by the case. Howard (1968) maintained that there was extensive fluidity in voting between the original vote on the merits and the final vote, that such fluidity deflated the ideological voting and that, as a consequence, the final vote, used in the attitudinal model, is an unreliable indicator of judicial attitudes. We question whether there is extensive fluidity in voting on the Court and argue that the fluidity in voting that takes place usually moves in the expected ideological direction. Nevertheless, Howard's general argument that the attitudinal model does not capture the reality of Supreme Court decision-making seems to be valid. For not all fluidity votes move in the expected direction and the most frequent type, i.e. the minority-majority votes, is also driven by small-group variables.
Games Real Actors Could Play
Authors: Scharpf Fritz W.
Published: March 2007

There is more coordination in the modern world than is plausibly explained by the classical mechanisms of community, market, hierarchy and their commonly discussed variants. This paper explores modalities of non-market coordination whose application is not constrained by the narrow motivational and cognitive limitations of pure forms of hierarchical and negotiated coordination. The focus is on two varieties of negotiated self-coordination under conditions where actual negotiations are embedded in a pre-existing structural context - either within hierarchical organizations or within self-organizing networks of cooperative relationships. Extrapolating from empirical findings in a variety of settings, it is argued that embeddedness will, at the same time, increase the scope of welfare maximizing `positive coordination' and create conditions under which externalities are inhibited through `negative coordination'. In combination, these mechanisms are able to explain much of the de facto coordination that seems to exist beyond the confines of efficient markets and hierarchies.
Committee Gatekeeping and Proposal Power under Single and Multiple Referral
Authors: Young Garry
Published: March 2007

A common feature of the legislative process in several American legislatures - especially the US House - is the referral of legislation to multiple committees. Multiple referral calls into question traditional interpretations of committee power and thus warrants careful theoretical analysis. This paper uses a basic spatial model to analyze the impact that multiple referral has on committee proposal and gatekeeping power. After discussing several implications yielded by the model, the paper tests - and finds support for - the hypothesis that multiple referral increases obstruction.
The Reconstruction and Development Programme
Authors: Cameron Robert
Published: March 2007

The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) is the major policy initiative of the Government of National Unity (GNU). The RDP is an integrated, coherent socio-economic framework which attempts to integrate development, reconstruction, redistribution and reconciliation into a unified programme.

The aim of this paper is to assess the performance of the RDP in the first 18 months of GNU rule. An overview is given of the RDP White Paper as well as the initial RDP projects, the Presidential Lead Projects (PLPs). This is followed by an evaluation of the performance of the RDP. Specific attention is paid to institutional deficiencies, local government, community participation, centralization and budgeting.

The paper concludes that although the RDP has not performed according to expectations, it is too soon to make a definitive evaluation. However, there is heavy pressure on the government to deliver tangible benefits soon. If this is not done the GNU's image will be badly tarnished.
Shepherds and Their Leaders Among the Raikas of India
Authors: Agrawal Arun
Published: March 2007

This article explicates the logic of decision-making among raika shepherds in western India to set the stage for a simple principal-agent model that I deploy to analyze leader-led relations among the raikas. Using detailed information on strategies followed by the shepherds to control their leader, the paper formalizes significant features of the context in which the raikas earn their subsistence. Information and direct monitoring emerge as the chief variables that allow an equilibrium where the agent (leader) seldom cheats and the principals (shepherds) seldom sanction. The article briefly explores the relevance of the findings to other rural contexts where communities are small, and community members periodically select leaders and interact regularly and closely with each other.
Abstract Judicial Review, Legislative Bargaining, and Policy Compromise
Authors: Vanberg Georg
Published: March 2007

The constitutions of many parliamentary democracies provide for abstract judicial review, a proceeding that allows a specified parliamentary minority to initiate judicial review against legislation in the absence of a concrete case. The paper analyzes the impact that this proceeding has on legislative bargaining, using a simple game-theoretic model. The main conclusion is that the most important effects of abstract review are indirect and anticipatory. Furthermore, abstract review results in more moderate legislative proposals than would be expected in its absence. In this sense, it promotes what Lijphart has called `consensus democracy'. Finally, the model reveals that such moderation depends on the degree of judicial deference towards the legislature. Surprisingly, a court that is not deferential will be appealed to less than a deferential court, even though its influence on policy is larger.
Strategic Power in the European Union
Authors: Steunenberg Bernard , Schmidtchen Dieter , Koboldt Christian
Published: March 2007

In this paper we propose a new method to evaluate the distribution of power between decision-making bodies in the European Union. Conventional methods that measure the voting power of players, such as the Banzhaf, Johnston, Holler and Shapley-Shubik indices, are insufficient for this purpose. They take no account, in an endogenous way, of the differences in the abilities of players to affect the outcome of decision-making, which are a result of the existence of political institutions. We propose a different way to measure decision-making power based on the distance between a player's ideal point and the equilibrium outcome of a game. While all previous indices are based on cooperative game theory, the index developed in this paper is based on non-cooperative game theory, which has been the dominant thrust of theoretical politics and economics in the last years. The new index is applied to legislative procedures in the European Union.
'They speak for themselves' or else ... : human voices and the dreams of knowledge
Authors: Myerson George
Published: March 2007

This article is about knowledge and argument. The purpose is to dramatize certain questions of knowledge: how and why does the better knowledge not become the better argument; what are the voices access ible to the claiming of new knowledge; what are the limits and destinies of contemporary expertise? The article is also an experiment in aca demic and intellectual forms, an experiment which corresponds to the central inquiry: how should knowledge speak now? There are three parts. The first part tells a story about enlightenment and persuasion. The second part is a dialogue between two voices which speak for the argumentative ethos of knowledge - Newtonian is a voice of the centre, and Paracelsan speaks from and for the margins. The third part is a dia logue between Critic and Speculator, a dialogue about the fate of know ledge in postmodernity. Throughout, the text includes a range of quotations, synchronized with its arguments. The continuous source of excerpts is the BSE news, which is taken to represent aspects of know ledge in our time. There is a strong association made between questions of contemporary knowledge and ecological crisis. Major reference points include: Beck; Baudrillard; Blanchot; Jabes.
Community groups and non-government organizations in the urban field in Pakistan
Authors: Hasan Arif
Published: March 2007

Community Groups and Non-government Organizations in the Urban Field in Pakistan is based on a study of community organizations and NGOs in five cities. The paper outlines the scale and nature of housing problems in urban areas, and the government's failure to address them. A large, informal private sector has become lower-income groups' main source of land for housing, and of water supply, education and health care. Community action groups formed by residents in low-income areas seek to tackle common problems, and provide cheaper and more effective basic services than the private sector. A concluding section discusses how governments and aid agencies might support and expand the effectiveness of community action groups and the NGOs which help them.
Habitat and health in the municipality of Sao Paulo
Authors: Jacobi Pedro
Published: March 2007

Health and habitat in the municipality of Sao Paulo discusses the health problems associated with the environments in which low income groups find accommodation. The paper considers both the actual and perceived health risks faced by the population because of their immediate living environments, the condition of their neighbourhoods and the transport they take to work.
The changing role of women in families and their housing needs: a case study of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Oruwari Yomi
Published: March 2007

The changing role of women in families and their housing needs: a case study of Port Harcourt shows the significance of the contribution made by low-income women in Nigeria to household income and to meeting household expenditures. Nevertheless, women's needs and priorities are ignored by those planning the design and location of houses, neighbourhoods and services.
Women and development in Peru: old models, new actors
Authors: Barrig Maruja
Published: March 2007

Women and development in Peru: old models, new actors discusses the difficulties in integrating the gender perspective into development concerns through examining the establishment of communal kitchens and the "glass of milk" programme in Lima and the role of women within this. Through these activities, women have become important social actors in Peru during the last decade.