bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Judgment and Social Policy
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

This book introduces a new topic; a critical researched-based analysis of the role of human judgment in social policy formation. It applies what has been learned from research on human judgment to specific examples - from the Challenger disaster to present-day debates on health care. Human judgment can be a source of both hope and fear in the creation of social policy. Yet this important process has rarely been examined because research on human judgment has been scarce. Now, however, the results of 50 years of empirical work offer an unprecedented opportunity to examine human judgment and the basis of our hopes and fears. Numerous examples from law, medicine, engineering, and economics are used throughout to demonstrate these and other features of human judgment in action.
Introduction
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Judgment as a topic of study gained the attention of scholars as soon as they began to wonder about how their minds worked, and it has occupied a central place in the history of thought ever since. Yet there were hardly any empirical attempts to study human judgment until the late nineteenth century, as psychologists were beginning to do laboratory experiments. Then it became one of the first topics on the research agenda. But all experiments require technology, and the limited technology of the nineteenth century restricted the researchers to asking their subjects to “judge,” for example, whether they felt one skin prick or two—that is, to discriminate between stimuli, a pursuit that developed into a science known as psychophysics. Psychophysics may have been exciting to those early psychologists because at last they could see that they were doing real science. But by the middle of the twentieth century, psychophysics no longer attracted much enthusiasm; indeed it was deemed to be such a dull topic that it was believed to drive students—particularly the good ones—away from psychology rather than induce them to study it.
A Sample of Clifford Algebra in Minkowski 4-Space
Authors: Snygg John
Published: November 2023

When the speed of sound is measured, it is found that the speed is independent of direction only if it is measured with respect to the air. If the air is moving at a rate of 20 kilometers per hour, an observer on the ground will discover that sound moving in the direction of the wind will move 20 kilometers per hour faster than it would when the air is still. Similarly sound moving against the wind will be slowed down.
Curved Spaces Embedded in Higher Dimensional Flat Spaces
Authors: Snygg John
Published: November 2023

If you have a cursory knowledge of differential geometry, you may wish to skip this chapter. This chapter is devoted to looking at some aspects of m-dimensional surfaces embedded in n-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean spaces. Much of the chapter is further specialized to 2-dimensional surfaces embedded in E We discuss these surfaces to introduce such notions as curvature, Christoffel symbols, and parallel transport. Also on these surfaces, it is possible to motivate the requirement that a derivative operator be torsion free. Nonetheless, if you have encountered these concepts elsewhere, you should be able to skip this chapter without loss of continuity.
The Use of Fock-Ivanenko 2-Vectors to Obtain the Schwarzschild Metric
Authors: Snygg John
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 10, it will be shown how to construct a system of orthonormal Dirac matrices for an arbitrary signature matrix. That is, given any signature matrix njk, it is possible to construct a set of Dirac matrices such that Using this result, it is not too difficult to construct a set of coordinate Dirac matrices for a more general metric tensor.
Dirac’s Equation for the Electron
Authors: Snygg John
Published: November 2023

The usual approach is to introduce specific 4 x 4 matrix representations for the Clifford numbers and then look for four component column vector solutions. The disadvantage to this approach is that the components of these vector wave functions depend on the matrix representation chosen for the Clifford numbers. This means that the components do not lend themselves to physical interpretation.
Matrix Representations and Classifications of Clifford Algebras
Authors: Snygg John
Published: November 2023

In the first nine chapters, the intimate connection between differential geometry and Clifford algebra has been emphasized. However, some physicists have found applications for Clifford algebras which are virtually divorced from any underlying geometry. For example, in his book Lie Algebras in Particle Physics, Howard Georgi uses elements of a Clifford algebra to construct creation and annihilation operators (1982, pp. 209-219).
Natural hybridization: Outcomes
Authors: Arnold Michael L
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3 we considered the frequency and taxonomic distribution of natural hybridization in plants and animals. It was concluded that hybridization is extensive in many groups, yet overall is patchily distributed. In this chapter I will consider the effects of natural hybridization on the fitness of individuals and the formation of novel evolutionary lineages. Thus, the outcome, rather than the frequency, of reticulate events will be considered. Included in the effects are introgression and both polyploid and diploid speciation. I will consider (i) the role of positive selection for alleles or genotypes in the introgression of nuclear or cytoplasmic genetic elements, (ii) how hybrid speciation (both diploid and polyploid) may occur (e.g., recombinational speciation, multiple origins of polyploid derivatives; Stebbins, 1950, 1957; Grant, 1963; Soltis and Soltis, 1993; Soltis et al., 1995), (iii) the genetic constitution of particular diploid and polyploid hybrid species, and (iv) the implications of natural hybridization for conservation biology. Topic (iv) will include a consideration of a number of issues related to the effects of hybridization on rare taxa.
The Evolution and Ecology of Avian Brood Parasitism An Overview
Authors: Rothstein Stephen I , Robinson Scott K
Published: November 2023

The ludicrous sight of a fledgling cuckoo or cowbird being fed by an adult host less than half its size (cover of book) makes it easy to see why parasitic birds have attracted so much attention. A person would have to be devoid of all curiosity to not wonder how such a relationship arose between two very different species and why hosts allow themselves to be part of the whole process. Much of this book addresses such questions about brood parasites, which are individuals that lay eggs in the nests of other individuals. The latter individuals, the hosts, then raise the parasitic young, usually at the expense of part or all of their own clutch. This sort of breeding biology has generated a great deal of fascination since it was first described formally-in the western world by Aristotle, and even earlier, in about 2000 B.c., in India (Friedmann 1964a).
Cuckoos versus Hosts Experimental Evidence for Coevolution
Authors: Davies N B , Brooke M De L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we review work on the interactions between the cuckoo Cuculus canorus and its hosts, to show how simple field experiments combined with comparative studies can be used to dissect the stages of coevolution between two parties. Living organisms bear the scars of their evolutionary history and comparative studies can be used to help reconstruct past events. We begin by assessing the evidence that Cuculus canorus is divided into distinct host-specific races. Next, we describe the behavior involved in parasitizing hosts. Then we summarize experimental evidence for cuckoohost coevolution, showing first how the cuckoo has responded to selection pressures from the hosts and second how the hosts, in turn, have responded to selection from cuckoos. Finally, we speculate on the time course of the evolution of the various adaptations and counteradaptations.
Why Do House Wrens Accept Shiny Cowbird Eggs?
Authors: Kattan Gustavo H
Published: November 2023

Because brood parasitism usually depresses reproductive success of the host, hosts are expected to evolve defenses against parasitism (Payne 1977; Rothstein 1990). One such defense is rejection of parasitic eggs. Hosts of parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus spp.) can be classified into two discrete groups, “accepters” and “rejecters,” according to their responses to natural and experimental parasitism (Rothstein 1975a; Mason 1986). Parasitic eggs may be rejected by ejecting the egg, deserting the nest, or constructing a new nest floor over the parasitized clutch.
Patterns of Parasitic Egg Laying and Typical Nesting in Redhead and Canvasback Ducks
Authors: Sorenson Michael D
Published: November 2023

Most studies of obligate brood parasitism have focused on the dynamics of host-parasite interactions. Of particular interest has been the coevolution of adaptations in the parasite that increase the effectiveness of parasitism with counter-adaptations in the host that minimize its negative effects (e.g., Davies and Brook 1988, 1989a,b; Rothstein 1990). Although similar issues can be addressed in cases of facultative brood parasitism (e.g., Lombardo et al. 1989; Power et al. 1989), there are perhaps two more basic questions about parasitic egg laying in species that both parasitize and nest.
Egg Discrimination and Egg-Color Variability in the Northern Masked Weaver
Authors: Jackson Wendy M
Published: November 2023

Many species of the Ploceus weaverbirds of Africa and Asia exhibit a dramatic degree of intraspecific egg-color variability (Mackworth-Praed and Grant 1955; Moreau 1960; Freeman 1988; W. Jackson, pers. obs.). Within a species, eggs can range from white to blue to brown and can be immaculate or have various types of speckling. Freeman (1988) reported variable eggs in 16 of the 34 Ploceus species whose eggs he examined in collections. These species differ from most species of birds, in which one egg looks very much like any other egg of that species and which typically show variability only in the speckling pattern. Even those birds that have been noted for their variable eggs, such as the common murre (Uria aalge), arguably do not compare with the weaverbirds in this regard.
Introduction
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A
Published: November 2023

Computing power improved by a factor of one million in the period 1955-1990, and it is expected to improve by that factor again just within the next decade. How can this accelerated improvement be sustained? The answer is found in the parallel computer architectures: multiple, semiautonomous processors coordinating for the solution of a single problem. The late 1980s have witnessed the advent of massive parallelism whereby the number of processors that are brought to bear on a single problem could be several thousands. This rapid technological development is transforming significantly the exact sciences, the social sciences and all branches of engineering. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences devoted the winter 1992 issue of its journal, Daedalus, to these developments, referring to what was termed a “New Era of Computation.”
Iterative Methods for Convex Feasibility Problems
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we present several iterative methods for the convex feasibility problem, aiming at a description of both the methods and some of the apparent connections between them. We start with the method of successive orthogonal projections (SOP) of Gubin, Polyak, and Raik, also known in recent literature on image recovery as the method of projections onto convex sets (POCS). As the names suggest, this method performs or thogonal projections successively onto the individual convex sets Qi (see Example 2.1.1); therefore, it is a sequential row-action algorithm, according to the classification in Section 1.3.
Decompositions in Interior Point Algorithms
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A
Published: November 2023

In 1984 N. Karmarkar of AT&T Bell Laboratories introduced an interior point algorithm for linear programming. The algorithm has a polynomial time complexity bound and has been established, following extensive computational experimentation, as a viable competitor to the classic simplex algorithm for the solution of large-scale linear programs. A flurry of re search activities followed Karmarkar’s work and several interior point algorithms were developed for linear programming, convex quadratic programming, convex programming, linear complementarity problems, and nonlinear complementarity problems. Different mathematical tools have been employed to develop and analyze these algorithms. Depending on the theory underlying the mathematical analysis the algorithms are classified as potential reduction algorithms, path following algorithms, barrier function algorithms, affine scaling algorithms, and projective scaling algorithms.
Planning Under Uncertainty
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A
Published: November 2023

The winners of tomorrow will deal proactively with chaos, will look at the chaos per se as the source for market advantage, not as a problem to be got around. Chaos and uncertainty are (will be) market opportunities for the wise.Tom Peters, Thriving on Chaos, 1987 The analyst who attempts to build a mathematical model for a real world system is often faced with the problem of uncertain, noisy, incomplete or erroneous data. This is true for several application domains. In business applications noisy data are prevalent. Returns of financial instruments, demand for a firm’s products, the cost of fuel, and consumption of power and other resources are examples of model data that are known with some probabilistic distribution at best. In social sciences data are often incomplete-for example, partial census surveys are carried out periodically in lieu of a complete census of the population. In the physical sciences and engineering data are usually subject to measurement errors, as in models of image restoration from remote sensing experiments.
The Print Press—Making an Issue of Race
Authors: Reeves Keith
Published: November 2023

I did not have to make any references to race because the newspaper said, “Mickey Michaux, black attorney from Durham, North Carolina, seeking to become the.first black congressman,”-! mean every newspaper article, every TV story. The media made an issue of race.
Realism, Precision, and Generality in Experimental Ecology
Authors: Morin Peter J
Published: November 2023

The continuing debate among ecologists over where and how to conduct experiments stems from a failure to appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches. Much of the current debate revolves not around the value of ecological experiments but around the choice of experimental setting: laboratory, field, or something intermediate. Experiments done in laboratory or field settings differ unavoidably in precision and realism. Hybrid experiments, such as those conducted in various kinds of mesocosms (Morin 1983, Naeem et al. 1994), can be argued to have either the best or worst features of laboratory and field experiments. The distinctions among these experimental settings have been discussed in depth by others (Diamond 1986, Hairston 1989a) and will not be belabored here. Instead, I want to focus on the trade-offs imposed by working with different kinds of organisms and different experimental settings. Richard Levins (1968) made a similar point in a different context, regarding trade-offs encountered in building mathematical models of ecological processes. It is impossible to build a model that is at once realistic, precise, and general. Similar constraints apply to ecological experiments. Nelson Hairston Sr. (1989a), used similar logic in his discussion of experimental design in ecology, emphasizing the inevitable trade-offs between precision and realism, particularly when comparing laboratory and field experiments. Some of these ideas are abstracted in Figure 3-1, which portrays a sort of precision-realism continuum running from laboratory microcosms to field experiments.
The Dual Role of Experiments in Complex and Dynamic Natural Systems
Authors: Peckarsky Barbara L
Published: November 2023

Ecology is the study of patterns and processes that explain the distribution, abundance, and interactions among organisms and the influence of organisms on the flux of energy and materials through ecosystems. A healthy debate has been raging over the past two decades regarding the role and utility of manipulative experiments in ecology (e.g., Simberloff 1978, Diamond and Gilpin 1982, Lehman 1986, Peters 1986, Hairston 1989). Underwood (1990, 1991) illustrates a simple scheme (Fig. 16-1) in which experiments are part of a sequence of approaches that begins with observation (description of patterns, puzzles, or problems in nature) and proceeds to development of explanatory models (theory) and predictions from those models (hypotheses) of potential processes that could explain observed patterns. The role of experiments in this scheme is to evaluate model predictions by methodically testing them with the goal of falsifying their logical antitheses (null hypotheses). Failure to falsify the null hypothesis results in rejection of the model and generation of new models, new hypotheses, and perhaps new observations.
Anatomical Basis for Presynaptic Inhibition of Primary Sensory Fibers
Authors: Alvarez Francisco J
Published: November 2023

To see is to believe. Not surprisingly, the major thrust for anatomical studies in search of a morphological basis for presynaptic inhibition has been to confirm or deny functional models originally proposed from observations made with physiological and pharmacological techniques. Anatomical findings were used to dispute or modify these theoretical models, but more importantly, they also uncovered a wealth of new possibilities for communication between spinal cord structures.
Chloride Transport, Osmotic Balance, and Presynaptic Inhibition
Authors: Alvarez-Leefmans Francisco Javier , Nani Andrés , Márquez Sergio
Published: November 2023

It is now well established that GABA is the predominant neurotransmitter mediating primary afferent depolarization (PAD) and presynaptic inhibition via axoaxonic synapses in vertebrate spinal cord. Since presynaptic inhibition and PAD are both reduced by the GABA antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline, it has been suggested that the effects of this amino acid are mediated through GABAA-type receptors, i.e., GABA receptors coupled to chloride (CI-) channels. According to this view, primary afferent terminals are depolarized by GABA that is released from intemeurons making axoaxonic contacts with primary afferent terminals (see Figs. 2.5 and 2.6).
What Is Mathematics?
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert
Published: November 2023

For more than two thousand years a familiarity with mathematics has been regarded as an indispensable part of the intellectual equipment of every cultured person. Today, unfortunately, the traditional place of mathematics in education is in grave danger. The teaching and learning of mathematics has degenerated into the realm of rote memorization, the outcome of which leads to satisfactory formal ability but does not lead to real understanding or to greater intellectual independence. This new edition of Richard Courant’s and Herbert Robbins’s classic work seeks to address this problem. Its goal is to put the meaning back into mathematics. Written for beginners and scholars, for students and teachers, for philosophers and engineers, What is Mathematics?, Second Edition is a sparkling collection of mathematical gems that offers an entertaining and accessible portrait of the mathematical world. Covering everything from natural numbers and the number system to geometrical constructions and projective geometry, from topology and calculus to matters of principle and the Continuum Hypothesis, this fascinating survey allows readers to delve into mathematics as an organic whole rather than an empty drill in problem solving. With chapters largely independent of one another and sections that lead upward from basic to more advanced discussions, readers can easily pick and choose areas of particular interest without impairing their understanding of subsequent parts. Brought up to date with a new chapter by Ian Stewart, What is Mathematics?, Second Edition offers new insights into recent mathematical developments and describes proofs of the Four-Color Theorem and Fermat’s Last Theorem, problems that were still open when Courant and Robbins wrote this masterpiece, but ones that have since been solved. Formal mathematics is like spelling and grammar--a matter of the correct application of local rules. Meaningful mathematics is like journalism--it tells an interesting story. But unlike some journalism, the story has to be true. The best mathematics is like literature--it brings a story to life before your eyes and involves you in it, intellectually and emotionally. What is Mathematics is like a fine piece of literature--it opens a window onto the world of mathematics for anyone interested to view.
Quantities
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep
Published: November 2023

To forage efficiently, primates not only must be able to locate, manipulate, and identify food, they must also be able to estimate its quantity. Individuals sometimes must decide such things as which of several food sources they should return to on a given morning based on an assessment of the quantities observed at each location the day before, or even whether to travel a short distance for a small amount of food or a long distance for a larger amount of food. Other situations in which estimating quantity may be important include estimating the number of potential opponents one might have in a fight or the amount of foliage available for making a nest. In all of these situations there are different ways of making such estimates, and the skills needed to do so do not necessarily include a humanlike concept of number or complex arithmetic operations. Again, because teasing apart the different cognitive processes involved in primate estimation of quantities is a somewhat delicate affair, most of the research has been done in the laboratory, much of it in the form of discrimination learning experiments.
Social strategies and communication
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep
Published: November 2023

Primates’ knowledge of their social fields enables them to anticipate and predict the specific behaviors of specific individuals in a variety of social circumstances. But primates may also use their social knowledge in more active, even proactive, ways as they formulate social and communicative strategies designed to actually manipulate or influence their groupmates. These social and communicative strategies, like the strategies employed in foraging, tool use, and other domains of physical cognition, potentially involve various types of insight and foresight into the social problems they are designed to solve.
Coordination Stories
Authors: Sternberg Robert J
Published: November 2023

In coordination stmies, love is viewed as evolving as partnw work together to create or maintain something. In a travel story, the partners view their relationship as a journey, with or without a clearly specified destination. In a sewing and knitting story, the part­ners view themselves as sewing or knitting together their relation­ship, usually designing the relationship as they piece it together; or one person may do the sewing for the other. In a garden story, the couple views the relationship as being like a garden, which needs to be carefully watered and tended in order to nurture it and make sure it grows. In a business story, the partners see the relationship much as they would see a business, and they act as business partners trying to develop a successful, flourishing business enterprise. In an addiction story, an addict and a codependent feed off each other, basing the relationship around the addict’s desperate need for the codependent, and the codependent’s need for someone to be addicted to him or her.
Narrative Stories
Authors: Sternberg Robert J
Published: November 2023

In narrative stories, the pannm believe thne is some kind of real or imagined text, which exists outside the relationship but which is prescriptive in many ways of how the relationship should proceed. In a fantasy story, the text is a fairy tale in which a prince or knight in shining armor rescues or otherwise enters the life of a princess, after which the couple lives happily ever after. In a history story, the text is a history text in which the past provides the guidelines for and the directions to the future. In a science story, scientific laws and principles drive the relationship and what people feel, think, and do in the relationship. In a cookbook story, there exists a recipe that contains all the ingredients for a happy and successful relationship; one need merely follow the recipe to achieve a lifetime of bliss.
Policy Issues
Authors: Fechter Alan
Published: November 2023

Setting the stage for a meeting of the minds through a demographic framework is a mean task, especially since most of us have been grappling with the knowledge of the exigencies of the numbers. Because no matter how you look at the participation of women and people of color in science, engineering and mathematics (SEM), the numbers are simply not there to suggest that our journey toward parity is proceeding faster than a snail’s pace.
The Policy Perspective
Authors: Carson Nancy
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade, given the increasing attention paid to participation in science and math, a good deal has been learned about the exposure, achievement, experience, and attitudes of minority children-as well as all children-from the fourth through the eighth grades. This is where the pipeline (to use a somewhat unfashionable but still sound metaphor) tends to narrow precipitously. By the end of this period (and sometimes even at the beginning), many children have slipped below grade level in achievement. Research dearly shows that once a child falls behind, he or she is unlikely to recover. Many children who have thus far not failed in achievement now acquire negative attitudes about the utility or appropriateness of the math/science/engineering path. High-ability minority children must prove themselves yearly to new, sceptical teachers. Peer pressure and gender issues strike with a vengeance, and schools are faced with complex structural problems. Children in the sixth or seventh grades are making choices that directly limit their futures-often without realizing it. In short, from the policy perspective this is where it breaks your heart.
Reflection on the State of Research: What Next?
Authors: Tinto Vincent
Published: November 2023

Reginald Vilson has very effectively summarized what we know about the underrepresentation of minorities in science, mathematics, and engineering at least as it is observed in the undergraduate years plus one. His review makes clear that we have had a good deal of research on both the scope of underrepresentation in undergraduate education and its various individual and institutional roots. In th is regard, it is fair to say that our understanding of the nature and causes of underrepresentation has become increasingly detailed over the past ten years. It might even be said that on a number of topics we have had enough research and that action rather than more study is now called for. The same, of course, cannot be said for the graduate years.
Critical Issues
Authors: George Campbell
Published: November 2023

Nacme’s fundamental mission and role in preparing African American, Latino, and American Indian students to enter the engineering workforce, coupled with its historical partnerships with the corporate sector, make it uniquely sensitive to the issues faced by minority graduates embarking on careers in industry. Its undergraduate programs provide not only financial aid hut comprehensive support, which must take into account the barriers and impediments faced by minority students. It’s essential for us to know what the critical issues are and to understand them in a comprehensive way.
Heal Thyself
Authors: Orme Nigel
Published: November 2023

When the republic of cells is threatened by physical damage, a panoply of responses explodes into action. The body has a 911 Rescue Squad, a SWAT team, a Rapid Deployment Force, a Red Cross, and a few other emergency response mechanisms that spring into coordinated action. A variety of specialized cells—some that were patrolling in the bloodstream and some that were waiting patiently in a kind of dormancy while nestled among the working cells of any given tissue—take emergency measures. The rescuer cells stop the bleeding, then clean up the debris of dead, dying, and damaged cells, and finally set about repairing and replacing whatever structures were lost.
Geochronology and Theromochronology By The 40 Ar/39 Ar Method
Authors: McDougall Ian , Harrison T Mark
Published: November 2023

Argon isotopic dating is one of the most important techniques for estimating the ages of rocks and can be used on very small samples. It has been used to assign reliable ages to the Earth and numerous meteorites. This second edition covers the standard principles and methods and incorporates many of new developments from the last decade. It covers the basis of the method, technical aspects, data presentation, diffusion theory, thermochronology, and many applications and case studies.
Dark Nights and Moonlight
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

Fifty wildebeest, large and black, crowded at the water’s edge, calves bleating anxiously from somewhere within the jostling mass. We watched from the top of the Land Rover and nibbled a dinner of canned fruit, peanut butter, and Pro-Vita crackers. Our preliminary work in Etosha National Park was beginning. We were at a water hole, checking how well our night vision equipment worked without much moonlight and whether many rhinos drank there. The name of the water hole was a mouthful, Ozonjuitji M’Bari, M’Bari for short.
Mom
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

Although it was the weekend, a few people were working at the Institute. We slipped through the unlocked back entrance into the dim research hall. Low voices rumbled down the corridor. Joel and Sonja stood a few feet away looking at articles and photographs posted on the wall while I sorted through the small pile of mail in the visitor’s compartment. A small yellow envelope caught my attention. “That’s strange, someone sent me a telegram.” Tiny cramped handwriting filled just a few lines, but I only made out the first five or six words. JB must have seen the shock in my face. He stared intently at me until I choked out, “Joel, my mom died.” “What?!” “My mom died.” “Come on,” he said, and gently nudged me toward the doors, outside, and away from offices and people.
The Unforgiving Desert
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

Ways passed. Carol’s mother had been cremated in San Diego even before we received the news of her death. There was no point in flying back. We headed to the desert, depressed but with hopes of finding rhinos. In Khorixas we stopped to see Blythe and, over a customary cup of tea, we asked about the rhino records that she had shown us during the dehorning operation. As head of Save the Rhino Trust, she coordinated rhino monitoring and maintained records of individual rhinos, horned and dehorned.
Through the Eyes of a Poacher
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel
Published: November 2023

The Zessfontein oasis ... has lured me for years like a Saharan legend. Zessfontein is a self-contained world, one of those sanctuaries I am always seeking on my travels. There beside the water from the six fountains live the people of a dying race.... They are on their way out; but at least they have chosen a tranquil and remote spot ... well over 200 miles from Outjo, the nearest village. [They] have few possessions apart from their cattle; so that unless lions burst into the kraals, or elephants loot the gardens, they have few worries. wrote Lawrence Green in his classic Lords of the Last Frontier. “It is no easy journey. Zessfontein ... is ringed by nameless mountain ranges. Men, on foot, pack-animals, and sometimes jeeps, find several ways in and out of this ‘lost’ world.”
Introduction
Authors: Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

“Phil, stop acting like a worm, The table’s not a place to squirm” Thus speaks the father to the son, Severely says, not in fun. Mother frowns and looks around, But Philip will not take advice, He’ll have his way at any price. He turns, And chums, He wiggles And giggles Here and there on the chair; “Phil, these twists I cannot bear.” (After which he leans backwards in his chair, and as he is falling grabs the tablecloth, tumbling him, the dishes, and the chair to the floor.)
Disturbance, Diversity, and Species Interactions in Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: Collins Scott L , Steinauer Ernest M
Published: November 2023

previous four chapters have described the kinds of plants and animals found on Konza Prairie (Chapters 5, 7) and discussed the basic structure of plant and animal communities in this grassland (Chapters 6, 8). In this chapter, we will focus explicitly on how community structure responds to disturbances such as fire and grazing. Over the past 15 years, research at the Konza Prairie LTER site has greatly increased our understanding of the factors that control community and ecosystem dynamics in tallgrass prairies (Chapters 12, 13, this volume). In general, fire and grazing are the overriding, large-scale factors that drive dynamics in this tallgrass ecosystem. A third important factor that overlays fire and grazing is climate variability (Anderson 1982; Bragg 1995). The direct effects of fire, in particular, on biotic and abiotic environments have been documented extensively (Vogl 1974; Wright and Bailey 1982; Collins and Wallace 1990; Whelan 1995), yet fire interacts with climate, grazing, and topography to create a complex set of indirect effects in prairies (Seastedt and Knapp 1993), the consequences of which are not well understood. Although much remains to be learned regarding basic community and ecosystem processes in tallgrass prairie, the history of research on fire at Konza provides a solid foundation for future studies of the interactive effects of multiple driving variables on pattern and process at all hierarchical levels.
The Dynamic Tallgrass Prairie Synthesis and Research Opportunities
Authors: Collins Scott L , Knapp Alan K , Hartnett David C , Briggs John M
Published: November 2023

The overarching goal of the Konza Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program is to understand pattern and process in tallgrass prairie ecosystems. The conceptual framework guiding this research program is that fire, grazing, and climatic variability are essential and interacting factors responsible for the structure and function of tallgrass prairie. Collectively, the chapters in this volume describe more than 15 years of research on Konza Prairie devoted to understanding how these essential factors affect this complex, variable, and sometimes baffling ecosystem.
Summary
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre
Published: November 2023

Chapters 2–8 covered the sequence typical of a geostatistical study, beginning with exploratory data analysis, then quantitative modeling of spatial continuity, prediction of attribute values at unvisited locations, and, last, assessment of local and spatial uncertainty about unsampled values. This final chapter provides a synopsis of previous chapters and points out topics that deserve further attention.
Remembering to Perform Actions: A Different Type of Memory?
Authors: Guynn Melissa J , McDaniel Mark A , Einstein Gilles O
Published: November 2023

People remember and forget numerous things every day. If I asked you to tell me the last thing you forgot, perhaps you would say that you forgot to do some task that you had intended to do, like take a vitamin, run an errand, or give someone a message. In keeping with earlier terminology (e.g., Harris, 1984), we will call this type of memory (remembering to perform actions) prospective memory. Prospective memory can be contrasted with remembering actions previously performed or, more generally, previously encountered episodes, called retrospective memory.
The Role of Action-Based Structures in Activity Memory
Authors: Foley Mary Ann , Ratner Hilary Horn
Published: November 2023

Memory for simple action descriptions like “lift a spoon” or “close the curtain” is improved when a person enacts the action specified during encoding. Many explanations have been offered to account for why it is that performed actions are remembered better than action descriptions (Backman & Nilsson, 1984; Engelkamp & Zimmer, 1994; Cohen, 1989), but what intrigues us about these explanations is what they share in common. Each alternative is a derivative of an explanation offered to account for factors influencing verbal recall. Moreover, the study of performed actions has been influenced by this shared origin, which has served to guide the kinds of questions asked about action memory. Numerous factors have dramatic consequences for verbal memory, including presentation rate, list length, position of items in a list, and list content (e.g., mixed or not with respect to categorical structure). In turn, in the last 20 years, the effect of these kinds of factors on action memory has been the focus of considerable study (for reviews, see Cohen, 1981; Engelkamp & Zimmer, 1994). From our point of view, this approach to the study of action memory has diverted attention away from the study of one of action memory’s most distinguishing characteristics, its goal-directed nature. In this chapter, we evaluate these alternative explanations for action memory within the context of our theoretical framework for activity memory, providing evidence for our approach. In the process, we summarize our framework whose central focus is the inherent goal-directed nature of activities (Ratner & Foley, 1994). We close by suggesting new directions for framing questions about activity memory.
The Logic of Proverbs
Authors: Seitel Peter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I begm to present and illustrate an interpretive method based in the powers of genre. Proverbs demonstrate that compositional finalization produces a logical form-the characteristic shape of truth in the world defined by a genre. This single, simple shape can be transformed in a number of ways to create a myriad of texts and to interpret them. It is the skeletal support of non¬ narrative genres like proverbs as well as narrative genres and is crucial to interpretation in both. To an insider, it is a compass-rose that indicates dimensions within a literary horizon, showing the headings in which significance may lie. To an outsider, compositional form not only assists an initial sorting and clasifying of texts but also, much more important, is both the Archimedean fulcrum that levers an understanding of an imagmed world and the surveyor’s transit that keeps an elaborate interpretive edifice plumb, level, and square.
Heroic Society in lnterlacustrine Africa
Authors: Seitel Peter
Published: November 2023

These points have already been made with respect to proverbs, but they bear repeating. In the Haya proverb, “He who doesn’t travel says, ‘My mother cooks (best)”‘ (Atagencla ati, ‘Mae achumba’), insufficient experience and deficient judgment are implicitly contrasted with adequate experience and judgment to artiulate a theme more blandly expressed as “experience teaches.” The proverb’s theme creates meaning in conversation. Thus, from my analytic point of view, the theme of the quoted proverb is the causal relationship between experience and judgment rather than mother, child, nurturance, or any archetypal constellation of these symbols. Themes are culture-specific, abstract categories; they entail semantic associations and contrasts; they create meanings when used in performances.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Seitel Peter
Published: November 2023

Where are genres? Are they only ideal frameworks, particular kinds of linguistic competences one uses to create and interpret utterances? Or are genres also texts out there-printed on paper, recorded in various media, or vibrating on the air-which use those frameworks? I say they are both outside and inside, just as speech is. Every utterance is new, generated from linguistic competences of various kinds, including genre; and a speaker utters it into an environment that already contains other utterances. The latter affect what the speaker says and how she or he is interpreted. Genres do this-they shape what is said and what is understood in situations that happen frequently in society. Genres are part of both the (always-growing) already-said and the (ever-changing) frameworks for creating and understanding.
Hand in Hand
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

First, we examine the archery paradox of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea (490-430 B.C.). Zeno’s outrageous conclusion, that motion of any kind is impossible, contradicts the evidence of our senses. Here we show that Zeno’s paradox also fails logically under mathematical thinking that today is elementary but was out of reach in Zeno’s time. Then, Zeno’s paradox leads to a puzzle that asks, At what time are the hands of a clock precisely lined up? Algebra enables us to discover the answer.Zeno’s paradox states that an arrow can never reach its target. Zeno’s idea is that the distance between the archer and the target can be dissected into infinitely many smaller and smaller distances. Before arriving at the target, the arrow must traverse each of these subintervals. Therefore, the total time of flight must be the sum of the times to traverse each of these subintervals. Because there are infinitely many of them, Zeno claims that the total flight time of the arrow must be infinite-in other words, the arrow never reaches its target.
Tenpins, and Counting
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

It is not hard to imagine that the Knights of the Round Table drank a toast at their high feast. The following problem deals with an unlikely sequel to the toast. Problem 5.1. If each knight touched glasses with every other one of the 150, how many clinks were heard? In this chapter we will find a connection between this problem and the following seemingly disparate matters. In the sixth century B.C., the Pythagoreans discovered how to count the number of objects in triangular arrays of arbitrary size. In his youth, Isaac Newton (1642-1727) discovered the binomial theorem,a method of expanding certain algebraic expressions.
Chance Encounter
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

The universe of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the sample spacefor that experiment. For example, we define the sample space of the possible outcomes of throwing two dice, a red die and a blue die. The sample space S1, shown in Figure 11.1, consists of 36 ordered pairs showing the number on the red die first and the number on the blue die second. Note that the pairs (1,2) and (2, 1) are represented by two different points of the sample space. The important reason for keeping these pairs distinct is to ensure that the points in this sample space represent equally likely events.
Seesaw, Marjorie Daw
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

The lever is a practical tool of the workaday world, but, as we will see in this chapter and the next, it is also an intellectual tool in the world of mathematics. The Lever A seesaw is a long plank balanced on a central support called a fulcrumso that when there is a child on each end, one end goes up as the other goes down. It is possible for the seesaw to be in equilibrium even though two different-sized children are riding it. For the seesaw to be balanced, there must be a certain relationship between the weights of the two children and their distances from the central fulcrum. In mechanics, the seesaw is called a lever.
Be Wise, Optimize
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

In 1939, the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics began its work at the University of Chicago. It was charged with researching economics in a more mathematical way than had yet been attempted. The Cowles Commission was the prime mover in the development of the new science of econometrics, the application of mathematical methods to problems of economics. Their work continued through World War II because it appeared that problems of military strategy and tactics are similar to problems of economics. The new sciences of mathematical programming and operations research were born. As we will see, these new sciences occasionally achieved mathematical elegance.
What Infants Learn About
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most exciting change that goes on over the first year of life is the development of locomotion. As infants begin to move around the world on their own power, parents watch proudly, offer encouragement and erect protective barriers. But the real excitement belongs to infants themselves. Babies manifest a remarkable urge to go someplace even before mobility becomes a reality, rocking and squirming in an effort to move ahead. This highly motivated activity seems at first to have no particular goal except to keep moving, but as skill is attained, goals become more specific, more numerous, and more diverse. This chapter tracks the way locomotion develops, from simple change of position, to crawling, and finally to walking on two legs, a feat of balance accomplished by few creatures. It goes on to show how locomotion comes to serve strategically the achievement of multiple goals, coping with all kinds of surfaces of support, steering around barriers and through gaps, taking the shortest routes when choices are possible.
Electrodermal Activity in Cognitive Neuroscience: Neuroanatomical and Neuropsychological Correlates
Authors: Tranel Daniel
Published: November 2023

Electrodermal activity (EDA) is arguably the most popular, and in many respects the most informative, psychophysiological measure that has been used to study cognition, particularly emotion. This chapter begins with a review of recent evidence that has shed light on neural substrates of EDA. I then summarize several of our recent investigations which have used EDA to study emotion and other higher order cognitive processes in a variety of lesion-based neuropsychological studies. Our work, and that of a number of other contributors to this book (Bradley, Lang, Öhman; see also Hugdahl, 1995), illustrates how the integration of psychophysiology and cognitive neuroscience has allowed important new insights into emotion and memory.
The Negative/Irrealis Category in Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit
Authors: Leer Jeff
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I survey the morphology and semantics of the Athabaskan-Eyak negative and the Tlingit irrealis. Sections 6.1-6.3 describe the morphology of these verbal categories and describe the salient features of their syntax and/or semantics. Section 6.4 presents a morphological comparison of the verbal morphology in Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit (AET). Sample verb conjugations are given in section 6.5. Section 6.6 addresses the problem of how to reconstruct the Athabaskan negative imperfective stem of open roots.