bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis of Concrete Pavements
Authors: Zaghloul Sameh , White Thomas
Published: January 2025

This study presents a comprehensive non-linear dynamic analysis of concrete pavements, introducing a three-dimensional dynamic finite element model (3D-DFEM) for evaluating the behavior of rigid pavements under moving loads. Traditional methods, often based on linear elastic assumptions and static loads, fall short in accurately predicting pavement responses due to their simplifications such as infinite slab dimensions and neglect of non-linear material properties. This research, funded by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), leverages the 3D-DFEM to consider both linear and non-linear material properties across different pavement layers (concrete slab, subbase, and subgrade) and simulate the effects of truck loads moving at various speeds. The study confirms the model's accuracy by comparing its predictions with actual pavement deflections measured under moving trucks, demonstrating high correlation and validating the model's suitability for analyzing actual pavement responses to moving loads. Sensitivity analyses highlight the significant impact of vehicle speed, load position, subbase courses, dowel bars, joint width, axle loads, and slab thickness on pavement performance. The results emphasize the importance of considering dynamic loads and non-linear material behaviors in pavement design and analysis to accurately predict pavement life and optimize maintenance strategies. This work sets a new precedent in pavement analysis, offering insights into the complex interactions between pavements and moving loads, and suggesting that higher quality pavement layers can mitigate severe damage from repetitive heavy loads.(Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
PERFORMANCE OF A CONCRETE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTED UNDER EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS
Authors: Molina P.F. , Jorge M. , Josa A. , Jofre C. , Carrascón S.
Published: January 2025

During the summer of 1985, a concrete pavement was constructed under extreme weather conditions, in Arag6n, in the NE of Spain and special measures were taken to avoid the possible negative effects. Many checks were carried out during construction. The temperature of materials, grading of aggregates, slump and strength of concrete, evenness, etc. were frequently checked every day. In addition, special monitoring of cracking and opening of joints was carried out. By this study, the evolution of opening of joints with time, as well as their spacing were obtained. No correlation was observed between weather conditions and checking results, which means that the measures taken were adequate. Apart from normal maintenance (so far practically unnecessary), specific studies of the pavement's performance were effected in 1986, 1987 and 1992. Concrete strength, evenness, texture, faulting and cracking were specially checked and, in general, satisfactory results have been obtained.
PREDICTION OF FAULTING OF JOINTS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Wu Chung-Lung , Mack James W. , Okamoto Paul A. , Packard Robert G.
Published: January 2025

This study, led by Chung-Lung Wu, James W. Mack, Paul A. Okamoto, and Robert G. Packard, advances the understanding of faulting in concrete pavements by refining the erosion criteria introduced by the Portland Cement Association in 1984. Recognizing that heavy-axle loads contribute to slab corner and edge deflections, leading to pumping, erosion, and ultimately faulting of pavement joints, the research aimed to update these criteria with performance data available post-1984, considering various climatic and drainage conditions. The methodology encompassed incorporating mechanistic-based erosion criteria into thickness design procedures, focusing on slab deflections caused by heavy-axle loads. Using a refined erosion prediction model, the study correlated deflection criteria to AASHO Road Test performance data, adjusting for different slab thicknesses and support values. The model successfully predicts faulting by considering the rate of work done on the pavement, factoring in slab-foundation interface pressure, slab corner deflection, and the radius of relative stiffness. The results showed that environmental factors such as annual precipitation and joint spacing significantly impact joint faulting, with the use of edge drains being crucial for undoweled pavements. The research highlights the importance of considering local conditions in pavement design, demonstrating that adjustments to the PCA erosion criteria can effectively account for the effects of shoulders, aggregate interlock, and the use of dowel bars. This contribution is vital for developing more accurate and locally adaptable design guidelines for concrete pavements, ensuring their long-term performance and sustainability. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
STUDIES ON COMPATIBILITY AND ITS TEST METHOD OF EXTREMELY DRY CONCRETE USED FOR ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Kokubu Katsuro , Ueno Atsushi , Kondoh Takuya
Published: January 2025

As extremely dry concrete for roller compacted concrete (RCC) pavements, maximum stiffness is preferred for the operation of vibratory rollers. On the other hand, a less stiff mix is appropriate for attaining full consolidation. Accordingly, it is very difficult to select consistencies suitable for RCC. This paper reports a fundamental study on the compactibility of RCC. Samples of RCC were consol­idated with a magnetic table vibrator. The settle­ ment of fresh concrete during vibration was meas­ ured at very short intervals of time and was input into a personal computer. Then the data was converted to consolidation curves, which show the process of the increase in the filled volume ratio due to the vibrating energy. The consolidation curves vary depending on the materials used and the mix proportions, and are ex­pressed as a function. The consolidation behavior can be explained by four indices derived from the consolidation function.
THE CONCRETE MIXTURE: THE KEY TO PAVEMENT DURABILITY
Authors: Shilstone James M.
Published: January 2025

This article explores the crucial role of concrete mixtures in the durability of pavement, emphasizing non-quantitative factors often overlooked in traditional approaches. The author, James M. Shilstone Sr., critiques the conventional reliance on structural solutions and quantitative specifications for ensuring durability, highlighting the limitations of such practices in accounting for environmental deterioration and variability in materials and conditions. Instead, Shilstone proposes a focus on qualitative factors like low water-cement ratios, adequate cement content, strength, consolidation, air-entrainment, aggregate quality, and curing methods—elements crucial for a pavement's long-term resilience but challenging to quantify. The text criticizes current practices for their broad, sometimes politically motivated specifications and outdated mixture proportioning, leading to variability and potential durability issues in concrete pavements. Shilstone argues for an "engineering" approach to mixture design, emphasizing the selection and proportioning of materials to create a durable composite. He identifies permeability, freeze/thaw resistance, shrinkage, material reactivity, and abrasion resistance as key durability factors, offering recommendations to address each through better understanding and control of mixture components. By combining insights from decades of field experience and observations worldwide, the article advocates for a more nuanced, performance-oriented approach to concrete pavement durability. Shilstone calls for further research and a shift in engineering practices to develop mixtures tailored to specific environmental challenges and material characteristics, ensuring pavements that are not only structurally sound but also durably resistant to the diverse forces they encounter. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
THE LOSS OF LOAD-TRANSFER CAPACITY AT JOINTS OF AIRFIELD CONCRETE PAVEMENTS UNDER REPETITIVE LOAD
Authors: Xue Jun Deng , Xiao Ming Huang , Jia Jun Zhao , Yide Wang
Published: January 2025

Joints are the weak parts of the airfield concrete pavement structure. When joints are working in better state, they have a fairly high capacity of load transfer. Generally, the load transfer capacity decreases with the increase number of repetition of loads, which leads to the loss of design bearing capacity of pavement. This process is called the loss of load transfer capacity. of joint. This may result the increase of edge stress and then the edge cracks, pumping. Then loss of support will appear. It is important to study deeply the loss of load- transfer capacity for several joints types under repetitive loads, and this is very important for improving the performance and durbility of concrete pavement of airfield. For this purpose, Transportaion Research Institute of Southeast University and China Airport construction company, Guangzhou Branch have made an experimental pavement which has five types of joints and is constructed in circular track road test platform in laboratory of Southeast University. The Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) is used to measure the loss of load transfer capacity of joint under loads. Through test and analysis, we have found the relationships of the loss of load transfer capacity of joints and the edge displacement with the loading repctetition numbers. And also the analysis indicates that the dowelled joint and the engaged joint are the best types of joints among the five.
THE PASTERNAK FOUNDATION An Attractive Alternative for the Winkler Foundation
Authors: Pronk A.C.
Published: January 2025

In this paper the Pasternak Foundation model is described. In this two parameter model the reaction of the foundation is determined by a vertical spring constant k (the modulus of subgrade reaction in the Winkler Foundation) in combination with a parameter k0 which can be seen as a horizontal linkage of the vertical springs (comparable to the function of the Poisson ratio in the Burmister Model). The influence of the constant k0 on the response is larger than the influence of the Poisson ratio in the Burmister Model on the response. This increases the flexibility of this model in matching the observed and calculated responses of a construction. For the calculations of the deflections and stresses in the Pasternak and Westergaard Model we used the Hankel­ Bessel transformation. Only the case of interior loading has been considered. Solutions are given for the deflection bowls and the maximum bending stress for a (thin) plate, resting without friction on the foundation. An overview of the Hankel-Bessel transforms is given for other types of load distributions and subgrade reactions. It is shown that with the aid of the Pasternak Foundation a large range of possible subgrade reactions can be simulated. This range includes the normal Westergaard Model (k' = 0) as well as the extreme caseof the Westergaard Supplementary Theory, in which the subgrade reaction is assumed to be that of a linear elastic halfspace (Hogg's / Jeuffroy Model). Even more 'damped' reactions than the elastic halfspace can be simulated with this model. Regarding the larger flexibility of this simple two parameter model, the Pasternak Foundation forms an attractive alternative for the Winkler Foundation. Finally, aspects of interpretation methods are discussed for the evaluation of deflection measurements on the several types of foundations.
THE PERFORMANCE OF RCC PAVEMENTS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Brett D.M. , Petrie R. Edwin , Matthews Scott
Published: January 2025

This paper reviews the performance of roller compacted concrete (RCC) pavements in Australia, detailing the progression in design, detailing, and construction techniques from the late 1980s. It provides an in-depth analysis of several early Australian projects, examining their performance characteristics, including wear, cracking, structural failures, and more. The study reflects on construction and design methodologies, proposing improvements and highlighting the economic success and challenges of RCC pavements. The paper covers case histories from various projects such as Duncan Colliery Haul Road, Tea Tree Road, and Westgate Transport Company's container yard, among others. It discusses the issues encountered, such as construction faults, early structural failure, and the need for expansion joints and adequate anchorage. Recommendations for future projects include considering positional restraint, accounting for thermal expansion, and improving rideability through technological advancements in machinery and operator skill. The paper concludes that while RCC is not a "forgiving" material, requiring precise design and careful construction, the experience in Australia has been positive, with RCC pavements performing adequately and expected to find a niche as a viable, economic rigid pavement system. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
THE REVISION OF THE CONCRETE PAVEMENT THICKNESS DESIGN PROCEDURE OF CHINA
Authors: Iao Zukang , Zhou Deyun , Tan Zhiming
Published: January 2025

In the pursuit of advancing concrete pavement design practices in China, this paper discusses a significant revision of the thickness design procedure for concrete pavements. Initiated due to the extensive application and subsequent research findings from nearly 10,000 kilometers of concrete roads built since 1984, this revision aims to incorporate accumulated design experiences and research insights. The original design specification, focusing on preventing fatigue cracking by limiting stress induced by design axle loads, is expanded to address combined fatigue damage from both traffic loads and temperature gradients. This includes the introduction of a new fatigue equation derived from flexural fatigue tests, the consideration of stress reduction factors based on load transfer efficiency at joints, and the integration of inner stress and thermal curling stress effects due to temperature gradients. The revised methodology acknowledges the crucial impact of fluctuating temperature gradients alongside traffic loads on pavement durability. It employs a comprehensive approach by considering various factors such as the cumulative fatigue damage, the efficiency of load transfer across joints, and the non-linear distribution of temperature within the slab. The adoption of a fatigue thermal stress factor enables the quantification of cumulative effects from daily and annual temperature fluctuations. This abstract presents a succinct overview of the methodology's enhancements, demonstrating a holistic approach to concrete pavement thickness design. It underscores the integration of empirical data and practical observations into a refined model that aims to enhance the longevity and performance of concrete pavements under complex operational and environmental conditions. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
THIN CONCRETE INLAYS ON OLD CONCRETE ROADS
Authors: Silfwerbrand Johan , Petersson Orjan
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate thin concrete overlays as a repair method on out worn concrete roads. A test section has been carried out in south of Sweden. Fibre reinforced high strength concrete was used. Bond strength tests indicate a good bond between old and new concrete. Creep and shrinkage tests are discussed.
THIN CONCRETE OVERLAYS ON OLD ASPHALT ROADS
Authors: Petersson Orjan , Silfwerbrand Johan
Published: January 2025

"Thin Concrete on Asphalt" is a joint-venture project involving the Stockholm Regional Road Administration, Cementa AB (a Swedish cement producer) and the Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute (CBI). The project aims at building a test road in the Stockholm area in 1993. This presentation is a summary of a state-of-the-art report developed for the project.
THIN STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE OVERLAYS AND INLAYS ON OLD PAVEMENTS A TEN-YEAR BELGIAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Verhoeven K. , Vancraeynest Y.
Published: January 2025

This article documents Belgium's decade-long experience with Thin Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) overlays and inlays on old pavements. SFRC, a composite known globally for its exceptional technical characteristics, allows for thinner, more efficient use under the same load compared to traditional reinforced concrete, finding its application in various sectors including roadways, industrial flooring, and tollbooth paving. Belgium's foray into thin SFRC overlays between 1982 and 1987 involved the construction of 129,000 m^2 of test sections, leading to decrees and practical implementations based on these evaluations. SFRC's blend of cement, coarse aggregate, sand, water, and steel fibers enhances flexural toughness, crack strength, energy absorption, fatigue resistance, and shear strength. Belgium's application of glued and hooked Dramix fibers has proven effective, with standards set for SFRC's performance evaluation. Test sections from 1982 to 1987 showcased SFRC's potential in overlaying old pavements, leading to varied success. Direct overlays on old concrete showed the critical role of bond strength and the need for an intermediate bituminous layer for successful application. Post-1987 constructions have adapted by reducing slab length and employing bituminous layers to improve outcomes. Evaluations up to ten years post-construction show that sections with intermediate bituminous layers or on partially planed old asphalt pavements performed best. Issues such as corner cracks due to curling were noted, with recommendations including slab breaking, a not too thin bituminous separation layer, and careful preparation to ensure adhesion. For future applications, ensuring clean, milled off surfaces and using bituminous emulsion for better adhesion are suggested for successful thin SFRC overlays or inlays on old pavements. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
Ultra-Thin Concrete Overlays on Existing Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Risser Robert J. , LaHue S.P. , Voigt Gerald F. , Mack James W.
Published: January 2025

In 1991 an experimental project was built on a Louisville, Kentucky landfill access road. The purpose was to evaluate the feasibility of concrete whitetopping overlays less than 4 inches thick for residential streets, parking and other low-volume applications. The landfill site provided accelerated loading conditions and weight-monitored truck traffic data. Two sections with different thicknesses were built, one 2 inches and the other 3.5 inches. The experiment also employed unconventional 6 foot and 2 foot joint patterns. These constituted the major variables of the test project. The landfill traffic conditions necessitated "Fast Track" construction of the thin overlay experiment. The access road was only closed over one weekend and provided just a 4L5 hour window to complete the construction work. This paper includes a description of the ultra-thin overlay performance. As of September 1992, both sections on the project are performing well and have carried over 585,000 Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESAL's). The designs have out-lived predictions by conventional pavement theory and models. The authors will discuss the influence of the joint spacing and the overlay bonding on the bending stress conditions within the overlay slabs. This paper will also document the design and construction of this project. The cooperation of all parties involved was a major factor and an outstanding tool for innovation. The ultra-thin concrete whitetopping concept could induce major changes to the construction and resurfacing of asphalt roads, streets and parking areas throughout the United States. The promise shown by this initial experiment warrants further experimentation and discussion.
WIDENING WORKS ON THE MOTORWAY E 40 AT LEUVEN AND BERTEM (BELGIUM)
Authors: Caestecker Chris
Published: January 2025

In response to the persistent traffic congestion during peak hours on the motorway E 40 near Leuven, Belgium, particularly at the junction of the A2 and A3 motorways towards Brussels, a project was initiated to expand the capacity of the A3 (E40) motorway. The solution entailed adding an additional lane to the existing three, transforming the hard shoulder into a 3.75 m wide full cement concrete lane, and constructing a new hard shoulder where necessary. This expansion also designated the new fourth lane as a slow lane for freight traffic, thus aiming to alleviate congestion and improve traffic flow. Environmental considerations were paramount, with a focus on minimizing noise pollution—a common issue with dense road infrastructures. To achieve this, a noiseless cement concrete pavement was chosen, incorporating specific construction techniques and materials designed to reduce tire vibrations and noise while ensuring skid resistance and durability against frost and thaw cycles. The widening works involved meticulous planning and execution, including the integration of the new lane with the existing pavement, ensuring structural integrity and a seamless transition between the old and new sections. Additionally, the project showcased a commitment to environmental sustainability by repurposing milled bituminous material from the original hard shoulder for the new bituminous hard shoulder, emphasizing both economic and ecological efficiency. This infrastructure development not only addressed immediate traffic concerns but also incorporated advanced engineering and environmental practices to mitigate long-term impacts on the surrounding environment. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
A Temperature Prediction Model In New Concrete Pavement
Authors: Yang Sungchul , Zollinger Dan G. , Rasmussen Robert O.
Published: January 2025

This study develops a model to predict temperature in newly placed concrete pavement, taking into account factors like environmental conditions and cement's heat of hydration. By solving a boundary value equation, the model estimates temperature distributions, crucial for concrete quality over its lifespan. It presents methods for determining material properties influencing hydration heat and correlates these with measured temperature distributions in lab specimens and field pavements under different curing conditions. The findings help in understanding how early-age temperature affects concrete quality, offering insights for improved construction practices and material selection. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
APPLICATION OF EMPIRICAL AND MECHANISTIC-EMPIRICAL PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURES TO Mn/ROAD CONCRETE PAVEMENT TEST SECTIONS
Authors: Burnham T.R.
Published: January 2025

Current pavement design procedures are based principally on empirical approaches. The introduction of new materials and the significant increase in traffic volumes have brought uncertainty to their prediction of pavement behavior. The current trend toward developing more mechanistic-empirical type pavement design methods led Minnesota to develop the Minnesota Road Research Project (Mn/ROAD). The project consists of 40 heavily instrumented test sections, 14 of which are jointed plain concrete (JPC) designs. The predicted lives of the Mn/ROAD mainline concrete test sections were determined using design and as-built data applied to three currently accepted concrete pavement design methods: Minnesota Department of Transportation's (Mn/DOT) rigid pavement design guidelines, AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures 1993, and the PCA Thickness Design for Concrete Highway and Street Pavements (1984). The analysis began with determination of the applicable as-built parameter values for each respective design method. Application of the as-built parameters into the three methods resulted in widely varied predictions of pavement life. For the 1993 AASHTO design method, reliability levels of 50% and 95% were applied for comparison. An experimental procedure for converting PCA method fatigue and erosion results to AASHTO type CESALs demonstrated unsuitability. Validation of the predictions presented will occur as the test cells reach their terminal serviceability.
ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAY EFFECT ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLABS CURLING
Authors: Balay J.M. , Machet J.M. , Martin J. , Salasca S.
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the influence of asphalt concrete overlays on the curling and warping of concrete pavement slabs, particularly in response to temperature effects. Conducted at Paris airports, the research addresses the failure of plain concrete pavements due to underestimation of temperature impacts, leading to premature cracking and deformation. The study explores whether asphalt overlays act as thermal shields, thereby mitigating temperature variations and altering slab curling and warping. Experimental data from Orly airport, analyzed using the finite element program Cesar-Lcpc, indicates that medium-thickness asphalt overlays can significantly reduce warping effects compared to non-overlaid slabs. Initial findings suggest that such overlays not only improve the temperature resilience of concrete pavements but also have implications for pavement design and rehabilitation strategies. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
BACKCALCULATION OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENT
Authors: Fwa T.F. , Li S. , Tan K.H.
Published: January 2025

This paper describes the development of a closed-form backcalculation procedure that yields a unique set of solutions for the layer moduli of a concrete pavement. The procedure is applicable to analyzing concrete pavements consisting of a concrete slab supported on an elastic foundation. For concrete pavement construction that involves a subbase layer, the backcalculation procedure computes the combined effective modulus of the subgrade and the subbase layer. The procedure makes use of surface deflection measurements obtained from falling weight deflectometer tests or any other nondestructive surface deflection measuring equipment. The algorithms use theoretical relationship between surface deflections and applied loads for rigid slabs supported on either a Winkler foundation or an elastic foundation. Numerical integration is performed to compute pavement surface deflections under loads in the forward calculation phase of the backcalculation analysis. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the versatility of the algorithm in backcalculation analysis, such as assessing the reliability of backcalculated layer moduli and detecting erroneous deflection measurements from faulty sensors.
BELGIAN APPLICATIONS OF CONCRETE INLAYS ON MOTORWAYS
Authors: Jasienski A. , Debroux R. , Fuchs F. , Lejeune J.
Published: January 2025

The article presents the application of concrete inlays on motorways in Belgium as a solution to rutting caused by heavy traffic, especially by heavy goods vehicles. Initiated in 1993, the technique involves replacing asphalt surfacing in slow lanes with cement concrete pavement. Highlighting four specific implementations, the paper discusses the design process, construction techniques, and outcomes. Results indicate improved durability and performance, with specific attention to the bond between concrete and asphalt, compressive strength, and resistance to de-icing salts. The inlay technique is shown to offer significant benefits in terms of structural strengthening, safety, surface evenness, and reduced rolling noise, suggesting its promising future in road construction and maintenance under heavy traffic conditions.(Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
CONCRETE MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN FOR ASSURING DURABLE PAVEMENTS
Authors: Forster Stephen W.
Published: January 2025

This article by Stephen W. Forster for the Federal Highway Administration explores materials-related factors influencing the durability of concrete pavements, focusing on mix design, the role of concrete in structural performance, environmental impacts, and the construction process. It revisits historical perspectives on concrete durability, emphasizing the importance of aggregate properties, cementitious components, and additives in achieving optimal mix designs. The paper also highlights the critical role of the water-to-cementitious material ratio in producing strong, low-permeability concrete. Structural design considerations for different pavement types and the impact of environmental factors on concrete performance are discussed. Construction practices are identified as crucial for realizing the designed pavement quality, emphasizing proper material selection, environmental considerations, and execution. The article concludes that comprehensive understanding and integration of materials selection, design, environmental, and construction factors are vital for durable, high-performance concrete pavements. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND FINDINGS OF THE RETEXTURING OF A MAJOR CONCRETE FREEWAY THE SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Van der Walt J.C. , Kannemeyer L , Kotze H
Published: January 2025

The main aims of retexturing the continuously reinforced concrete pavement, were to improve the surface drainage and skid resistance whilst also keeping the noise levels down. Retexturing was done by cutting grooves across the road surface, in areas where drainage and skid resistance were poor. Noise levels increased by only 0,9dBA after the retexturing. Drainage improved to such an extent that spray from traffic in wet weather almost disappeared on retextured sections.
EARLY OPENING OF PORTLAND CEMENT PAVEMENT USING MATURITY
Authors: Grove James D. , Cable James K.
Published: January 2025

This article investigates the application of the maturity method to expedite the opening of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavements to traffic. Initiated by the Iowa Department of Transportation, the technique was developed to meet the urgent need for rapid pavement strength gain, enabling roads to be opened hours after concrete placement instead of days or weeks. The maturity method assesses concrete strength based on temperature and time, offering a reliable alternative to traditional destructive testing. It has been successfully applied in various projects, demonstrating significant benefits in reducing construction time and costs, while improving motorist safety through quicker project completion. The evolution of this method, from its initial use in Fast Track projects to standard practice for primary paving projects, exemplifies its efficacy and potential for widespread adoption in PCC pavement construction. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
EFFECT OF BASE TYPE ON CONCRETE SLABS RESPONSE TO LOADING
Authors: Wu Shie-Shin , Qian Yu
Published: January 2025

Concrete pavement slabs curl and warp due to changes in the moisture and/or temperature gradient of the slab. In general, the moisture content changes slowly and does not fluctuate- frequently. On the other hand, the temperature change from day to night causes slabs to change shape daily. Slab curling and warping changes the status of support provided by the base layer. This effect may be more significant when·the relative stiffness of the slab and the base increases. If this is true, slabs on different types of bases will have different mechanical response under the same load. Concrete pavements with different design features and base types were constructed. Instrumentation was installed to measure deflection and strain of the slab under controlled loading. Test results are summarized in this report. Data collected indicates that slabs with different base types response differently to loading.
EFFECTS OF SLAB SIZE ON FIELD PERFORMANCE OF AIRPORT PAVEMENT INDICATED BY PAVEMENT CONDITION INDEX(PCI)
Authors: Guo Edward H. , Rice John L.
Published: January 2025

This article investigates the impact of slab size on airport pavement performance through statistical analysis of Pavement Condition Index (PCI) data and numerical analysis. It examines data from 174 airports, assessing the relationship between slab size and pavement performance. The findings reveal that smaller slab sizes generally result in better pavement performance across various pavement types and ages. The study suggests that current FAA standards, which often favor larger slabs, might benefit from a reconsideration towards smaller sizes, especially for apron pavements. The research highlights the need for further studies to optimize slab size for enhanced pavement longevity and performance. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE ARTICULATED CONCRETE PAVEMENT
Authors: Shackel B. , O'Keeffe L.J. , Gwynne P.W. , Arisdianto I.
Published: January 2025

This paper describes the development and laboratory testing of a new form of articulated concrete pavement comprising precast concrete slabs linked at their corners by plastic connectors. This form of paving is designed to be laid over sand subgrades with minimal base preparation and to carry a full range of vehicular traffic up to and including light aircraft. The pavement is intended for use where vehicular access must be provided to delicate, environmentally-sensitive sand terrain or where construction must be carried out in remote or inaccessible areas using unskilled labour, simple plant and minimal importation of materials. The paper begins by briefly describing the paving system. Its application in exploratory field trials on Fraser Island, Australia, is described. The paper then reports detailed laboratory evaluations of the paving under laboratory conditions. In these tests the paving slabs were subjected to dynamic repeated loading whilst installed on fully instrumented sand subgrades. Factors studied included the contributions of the plastic connectors to structural performance, the position and magnitude of the applied loads and the effects of load repetition. Measurements included surface deformations and deflections and the distribution of subgrade stresses. The experimental data backed by field experience confirmed that this form of paving is viable for loads and numbers of repetitions similar to those likely to be applied by both trucks and medium size aircraft.
EVALUATION OF A BLENDED CEMENT AND A MINERAL ADMIXTURE CONTAINING CALCINED CLAY NATURAL POZZOLANS FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
Authors: Barger Gregory S. , Lukkarila Mark R. , Martin David L. , Lane Steve B. , Hansen Erik R. , Ross Matt W. , Thompson Jimmie L.
Published: January 2025

A blended cement system (Duracem™) meeting the requirements of ASTM C 595 (IP, IPMS) and C 1157 (GU, MS AND HS) was developed and commercially produced in 1993 by Ash Grove Cement Company in its efforts to address the durability problems related to alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) and sulfate attack in concrete pavement. The cement product is manufactured by combining a calcined clay manufactured pozzolan, gypsum and Portland cement. In 1995 the mineral admixture (Durapoz™) which meets ASTM C 618 was produced and subsequently introduced into the market. Careful selection of the raw clay materials followed by proper thermal activation, and finish grinding are used to "engineer in" the desired performance properties. Ash Grove Cement Company was issued a patent for the above mentioned products in May of 1997. During the last three years, more than 110 miles of highway and municipal pavements have been placed in Nebraska, Kansas, and Iowa using these new products. The manufactured pozzolan addition rate in the blended cement is typically 16-21%. Paving operations managers have been pleased with the workability of the concrete mixes when compared to Type I mixes. Long term testing of both the Type IP cement and the mineral admixture confirms their ability to mitigate ASR using ASTM methods C 227, C 441, C 1260, and C 1293. Excellent sulfate resistance characteristics are shown using the ASTM C 1012 test method when comparing specimens of Type V, Type IP and Type IP with 10% Class C Fly Ash substitution. Significant reductions in concrete permeability are shown with data from method ASTM C 1202, as well as, corroborative testing by AASHTO T 259, chloride ponding, and diffusion coefficient calculation comparisons. Freezing and thawing resistance, and deicer scaling resistance data were similar to the control Type I concrete mixes when tested using the ASTM C 666 and C 672 methodologies, respectively. In summary, the calcined clay modified blended hydraulic cements and manufactured mineral admixtures can provide many benefits to highway paving, public works, and other structural applications. When compared to Type I Portland cement concrete, a few of the benefits of the calcined clay modified systems are: 1. Reduced susceptibility to ASR when used with potentially reactive aggregates. 2. Improved sulfate resistance. 3. Reduced permeability. 4. Lower Heat of Hydration. 5. Increased ultimate compressive and flexural strengths. 6. Improved workability. 7. Cost effectiveness.
OPEN-GRADED DRAINAGE LAYERS: PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS UNDER CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN ILLINOIS
Authors: Heckel Laura
Published: January 2025

Illinois has constructed fourteen pavement sections that contain open-graded drainage layers (OGDLs) in the past few years. The pavement types include continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCPs), jointed concrete pavements, and full-depth asphalt concrete pavements. Three of the CRCPs have begun to show a higher level of distress than would be expected from pavements of that cross section and age. An in-depth investigation into the cause of the distress has begun. The investigation to date has included: visual distress surveys; core analysis; analysis of Shelby tube samples; analysis of OGDL gradations, separation layer gradations; and subgrade gradations; deflection tests; and inspection of slabs removed in patching operations. The state placed a moratorium on the construction of new OGDLs pending the outcome of the investigation. The distresses evident on these pavements may be related to the characteristics of the OGDL, separation layer, and subgrade. The bonding of the CRCP to the OGDL, as well as crack spacing, may have contributed to the poor performance of these pavements. The current maintenance plan includes patching and undersealing of problem areas. Until the investigation is concluded, ODGLs should not be constructed under CRCPs.
PERFORMANCE-BASED PAYMENT ADJUSTMENT FACTOR FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENT
Authors: Grater Stefan F. , McCullough B. Frank
Published: January 2025

The increasing adoption of adjustable payment plans in road construction has prompted the exploration of a performance-based pay factor for concrete pavement, focusing on the discrepancy between designed and actual pavement performance due to variations in material and construction factors. This research proposes a rational methodology to adjust contractors' bid prices based on the impact of quality deviations on the pavement's total life cycle cost, including initial construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and user costs. Utilizing performance modeling to predict pavement performance, the study introduces a formula for calculating payment adjustments that consider predicted lifespan, annual maintenance costs, and the real discount rate.
The approach centers on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) rigid pavement thickness design equation, which integrates the variance of input and output factors in performance prediction. By focusing on controllable construction variables like concrete thickness and strength, the methodology aims to equate the annualized life cycle costs of designed and constructed pavements, thereby determining the payment adjustment.
Simulation data supports the proposed payment adjustment factor, indicating its effectiveness in generating reasonable estimates for as-constructed pavement value. While the study acknowledges the benefits of incorporating the time value of money and a comprehensive life cycle cost analysis, it emphasizes the fundamental fairness of its method, which is based on expected pavement performance. Applied on a shadow specification basis to concrete paving projects in Texas, the research demonstrates the potential of tying material variability to actual performance, offering a foundational method for adjusting contractor payments based on expected pavement outcomes. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
PREDICTION MODELS OF DISTRESS FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS: A EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Tsohos G. H. , Kokkalis A. G.
Published: January 2025

This study presents the development and modification of distress models for concrete pavements in Europe, specifically focusing on Switzerland's contribution under the Technical Committee 7 of the PIARC. The research aimed to adapt models based on U.S. experience to European conditions, involving collaboration with experts from Belgium, Great Britain, Italy, France, and Switzerland. Data collection covered various climatic conditions, construction types, and traffic loads across 106 homogeneous road sections spanning 120 km, to evaluate and modify existing models or develop new ones for predicting concrete pavement performance. The evaluation highlighted the significance of factors such as concrete slab thickness and traffic loads, while factors like mean annual rainfall and frost index showed lesser influence. Modifications were made to models for pumping, joint distress, and faulting, among others, to better match observed field data. The modified models provide a basis for evaluating concrete pavement performance in Europe and for updating design procedures. The study underscores the need for localized calibration of distress models due to climatic and regional differences, highlighting the extensive data requirements for model development and modification. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
PREVENTION OF JOINT FAULTING BASED ON FIELD PERFORMANCE MODELING
Authors: Jiang Y. Jane , Darter Michael I.
Published: January 2025

Joint faulting has a very significant effect on ride quality. Thus, faulting should be directly considered in design to minimize and control its occurrence. This was accomplished through development of faulting prediction models for doweled and nondoweled joints based on mechanistic concepts and a comprehensive database. Site conditions (traffic, climatic, subgrade) and several design features (dowel diameter, subdrainage, joint spacing, base type, widened slab) were found to have a significant effect on joint faulting. Guidelines and procedures for design are provided.
RHEOLOGY OF FRESH CONCRETE
Authors: Strubel Leslie , Szecsy Richard , Salinas Guy
Published: January 2025

Much is known about the rheology of particulate suspensions, including cement paste and concrete. Recent studies of cement paste using specialized rheological techniques have provided considerable information about the relationships between flow behavior and microstructure, including the effects of hydration on yield stress. Concrete workability is routinely characterized using the slump test, but rheometers are available that provide a more complete characterization of flow behavior. This paper presents some preliminary rheology results for concrete, both ordinary concrete and concrete designed as an airport pavement overlay, and discusses how rheological measurements might be used in concrete technology. Many technological advantages are provided by full characterization of flow behavior, particularly that it provides access to the large body of knowledge concerning the flow behavior of suspensions.
SERVICEABILITY BASED CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN : JSCE METHOD
Authors: Nagataki Shigeyoshi , Kasahara Atsushi , Sato Ryoichi , Hachiya Yoshitaka
Published: January 2025

This article introduces the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) method for serviceability-based concrete pavement design. Developed to address the limitations of traditional design methods, the JSCE approach incorporates serviceability limits, a crucial advancement over simply predicting pavement life based on the avoidance of flexural cracking. It emphasizes designing pavements (for roads, airports, etc.) to maintain their serviceability throughout their intended lifespan by considering both the amplitude and frequency of loads, and allowing for flexural fatigue cracking when necessary. The method categorizes serviceability into two states: one indicating the loss of essential functions and the other representing the loss of intermediate functions. Key to this approach is the acknowledgment that pavement serviceability can be maintained even after cracking occurs, challenging the traditional focus solely on preventing cracks. The JSCE method integrates analytical and empirical methods to predict when and how serviceability issues might arise, enabling designers to ensure pavements meet required serviceability levels. By allowing for a nuanced understanding of pavement performance over time, this method represents a significant step forward in the design of durable, long-lasting concrete pavements. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
A Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) Overlay for the Torrejon By-pass
Authors: Alberola Roberto
Published: January 2025

The article details the assessment and implementation of a Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) overlay for the Torrejon by-pass near Madrid, Spain. Initially built in 1966, this 7 km bypass was a jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) designed without expansion joints, with dowelled contraction joints placed at 6 m intervals. Over the years, various surveys and studies were conducted to assess the pavement's condition and determine the necessity and type of overlay required. The 1986 assessment suggested that the pavement performed better than expected, with no immediate need for an overlay, but recommended several maintenance actions to extend its service life.
By 1994, further distress in the pavement prompted a reevaluation of overlay options. The final choice was a 24 cm CRCP overlay, selected for its long-term durability and economic feasibility compared to other solutions. This decision was made after considering the evolution of pavement distress, including joint and slab conditions, and conducting an economic analysis of potential overlays with lifespans ranging from 10 to 35 years. The chosen solution aimed at addressing the existing pavement's structural issues while ensuring compatibility with the widening necessary for increased traffic demands. The implementation of traffic management measures during construction was also detailed, highlighting the project's comprehensive approach to maintaining traffic flow while enhancing pavement performance and longevity. (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)
The Effect of PCC Strength and Other Parameters on the Performance of PCC Pavements
Authors: Byrum Christopher R. , Hansen Will , Kohn Starr D.
Published: January 2025

This study presents preliminary findings from an ongoing Federal Highway Administration project investigating the impact of increased Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) strength, among other properties, on the performance of PCC pavements. Traditionally, PCC pavement specifications have prioritized aggregate gradation, flexural strength, compressive strength, and air content as indicators of quality. However, this research suggests that other PCC properties could also serve as significant predictors of long-term pavement performance. Through a detailed literature review and preliminary analysis of the Long-Term Pavement Performance data, this paper aims to (1) identify high-strength PCC properties associated with superior pavement performance, particularly in terms of durability near joints and edges; (2) identify testing methods to quantify these properties; and (3) develop revised mix design procedures to produce pavements with these beneficial properties while still satisfying economic and construction requirements. The study observes general trends in PCC strength across different climates and explores their implications for pavement performance, including distress modes such as spalling, faulting, and overall roughness. Initial models for predicting these distresses are presented, highlighting the complex interplay between PCC properties, environmental conditions, and pavement performance. These findings aim to guide the development of more durable and predictable PCC pavements, with further research needed to validate the observed trends and refine predictive models.  (Abstract generated by AI tool ChatGPT 4)