bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolomic Response of Skeletal Muscle to Aerobic Exercise Training in Insulin Resistant Type 1 Diabetic Rats
Authors: Dotzert Michelle S. , Murray Michael R. , McDonald Matthew W. , Olver T. Dylan , Velenosi Thomas J. , Hennop Anzel , Noble Earl G. , Urquhart Brad L. , Melling C. W. James
Published: May 2016

The etiology of insulin resistance in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is unknown, however it affects approximately 20% of T1D patients. Intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) have been identified as a mechanism of insulin resistance. We examined skeletal muscle of T1D rats to determine if alterations in lipid metabolism were evident and whether aerobic exercise training improves IMCL and insulin resistance. To do so, 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control (C), sedentary diabetes (D) and diabetes exercise (DX) groups. Following multiple low-dose Streptozotocin (STZ) injections (20 mg/kg), glycemia (9–15 mM) was maintained using insulin treatment. DX were treadmill trained at high intensity (~75% V02max; 5days/week) for 10 weeks. The results demonstrate that D exhibited insulin resistance compared with C and DX, indicated by decreased glucose infusion rate during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (p < 0.05). There were no differences between C and DX, suggesting that exercise improved insulin resistance (p < 0.05). Metabolomics analysis revealed a significant shift in lipid metabolism whereby notable fatty acid metabolites (arachidonic acid, palmitic acid and several polyunsaturated fatty acids) were significantly elevated in D compared to C and DX. Based on the intermediates observed, insulin resistance in T1D is characterized by an insulin-desensitizing intramyocellular fatty acid metabolite profile that is ameliorated with exercise training.
Highly Sensitive Homogeneous Immunoassays Based on Construction of Silver Triangular Nanoplates-Quantum Dots FRET System
Authors: Zeng Qinghui , Li Qin , Ji Wenyu , Bin Xue , Song Jie
Published: May 2016

With growing concerns about health issues worldwide, elegant sensors with high sensitivity and specificity for virus/antigens (Ag) detection are urgent to be developed. Homogeneous immunoassays (HIA) are an important technique with the advantages of small sample volumes requirement and pretreatment-free process. HIA are becoming more favorable for the medical diagnosis and disease surveillance than heterogeneous immunoassays. An important subset of HIA relies on the effect of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) via a donor-acceptor (D–A) platform, e.g., quantum dots (QDs) donor based FRET system. Being an excellent plasmonic material, silver triangular nanoplates (STNPs) have unique advantages in displaying surface plasmon resonance in the visible to near infrared spectral region, which make them a better acceptor for pairing with QDs in a FRET-based sensing system. However, the reported STNPs generally exhibited broad size distributions, which would greatly restrict their application as HIA acceptor for high detection sensitivity and specificity purpose. In this work, uniform STNPs and red-emitting QDs are firstly applied to construct FRET nanoplatform in the advanced HIA and further be exploited for analyzing virus Ag. The uniform STNPs/QDs nanoplatform based medical sensor provides a straightforward and highly sensitive method for Ag analysis in homogeneous form.
Synthesis of hexagonal mesoporous silicates functionalized with amino groups in the pore channels by a co-condensation approach
Authors: Li Yunping , Xiong Wei , Wang Chun , Song Bo , Zhang Guolin
Published: May 2016

Mesoporous silicates functionalized with amino groups in the pore channels have been made by the co-condensation of tetraethoxyl siloxide (TEOS) with precursors of P–Si through a triblock copolymer-templated sol–gel process under acidic conditions.
A dual-mode turn-on fluorescent BODIPY-based probe for visualization of mercury ions in living cells
Authors: Wang Yue , Pan Fuchao , Zhang Yuanlin , Peng Fangfang , Huang Zhentao , Zhang Weijuan , Zhao Weili
Published: May 2016

An 8-amino BODIPY-based probe carrying a thiourea unit as the Hg2+ recognition unit based on mercury ion-promoted cyclization and subsequent hydrolysis.
A stepwise bulk-to-cluster-to-particle transformation toward the efficient synthesis of alkynyl-protected silver nanoclusters
Authors: Guo Hui , He Xin , Wan Chong-Qing , Zhao Liang
Published: May 2016

We report herein the efficient synthesis of alkynyl-protected silver nanoclusters in terms of macrocycle-assisted bulk-to-cluster-to-nanoparticle transformation. Different substituted phenylacetylide ligands are applied to stabilize the silver nanoclusters by metal–carbon bonds and meanwhile to determine the size of silver nanoclusters.
Synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted naphthalenes through a cascade reaction triggered by silyl acetal activation
Authors: Yanai Hikaru , Ishii Nobuyuki , Matsumoto Takashi
Published: May 2016

Through a fluoride-induced cascade reaction of lactol silyl ethers, 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted naphthalenes were synthesized in a regioselective manner.
Three-dimensional ruthenium-doped TiO2 sea urchins for enhanced visible-light-responsive H2 production
Authors: Nguyen-Phan Thuy-Duong , Luo Si , Vovchok Dimitriy , Llorca Jordi , Sallis Shawn , Kattel Shyam , Xu Wenqian , Piper Louis F. J. , Polyansky Dmitry E. , Senanayake Sanjaya D. , Stacchiola Dario J. , Rodriguez José A.
Published: May 2016

Ru-doped rutile TiO2 composed of radially aligned nanorods exhibits good H2 production from water under visible light irradiation.
On-line separation of strontium from a matrix and determination of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio by Ion Chromatography/Multicollector-ICPMS
Authors: Karasinski Jakub , Bulska Ewa , Wojciechowski Marcin , Krata Agnieszka Anna , Halicz Ludwik
Published: May 2016

In this work a high throughput, robust and sensitive method for the precise isotopic analysis of 87Sr/86Sr by coupling Ion Chromatography (IC) and Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) is presented.
Selective targeting of MAPK family kinases JNK over p38 by rationally designed peptides as potential therapeutics for neurological disorders and epilepsy
Authors: Zhuo Zhi-Hong , Sun Yi-Zhen , Jin Pei-Na , Li Feng-Yan , Zhang Yi-Le , Wang Huai-Li
Published: May 2016

A systematic strategy is described to optimize peptide selectivity between the MAPK family kinases JNK and p38 for epilepsy therapy.
Structure and reactivity of sulfonamide- and acetate-chelated ruthenium alkylidene complexes
Authors: Sabbasani Venkata R. , Yun Sang Young , Lee Daesung
Published: May 2016

The formation of chelated ruthenium alkylidenes with the oxygen of sulfonamides and acetates and their complexation with carbon monoxide have been studied.
Decolorization enhancement by optimizing azo dye loading rate in an anaerobic reactor
Authors: Cui Min-Hua , Cui Dan , Liang Bin , Sangeetha Thangavel , Wang Ai-Jie , Cheng Hao-Yi
Published: May 2016

An up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was developed to investigate the effect of azo dye loading rate on the decolorization performance and microbial community.
Development of nanostructure–activity relationships assisting the nanomaterial hazard categorization for risk assessment and regulatory decision-making
Authors: Chen Guangchao , Peijnenburg Willie J. G. M. , Kovalishyn Vasyl , Vijver Martina G.
Published: May 2016

Developed nano-SARs based on the state-of-art of ecotoxicity testing of metallic nanomaterials.
An optical ratiometric temperature sensor based on dopant-dependent thermal equilibrium in dual-emitting Ag&Mn:ZnInS quantum dots
Authors: Huang Guangguang , Wang Chunlei , Xu Xiaojing , Cui Yiping
Published: May 2016

A novel optical sensor for ratiometric temperature detection is devised via Ag&Mn:ZnInS quantum dots (QDs). The temperature can be read via the PL ratios of Ag-related and Mn-related PL intensity.
Novel green and red autofluorescent protein nanoparticles for cell imaging and in vivo biodegradation imaging and modeling
Authors: Ma Xiaoyu , Hargrove Derek , Dong Qiuchen , Song Donghui , Chen Jun , Wang Shiyao , Lu Xiuling , Cho Yong Ku , Fan Tai-Hsi , Lei Yu
Published: May 2016

Novel biocompatible and biodegradable green and red autofluorescent BSA nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. Their applications in cell imaging andin vivobiodegradation tracking/modeling were also successfully demonstrated.
A modeling study by response surface methodology (RSM) on Sr(ii) ion dynamic adsorption optimization using a novel magnetic ion imprinted polymer
Authors: Liu Yan , Liu Fangfang , Ni Liang , Meng Minjia , Meng Xiangguo , Zhong Guoxing , Qiu Jian
Published: May 2016

In this paper, response surface methodology (RSM) was successfully applied to optimize the dynamic adsorption conditions for the maximum removal of Sr(ii) ion from aqueous solutions using Sr(ii) ion imprinted polymers (Sr(ii)-IIPs) as adsorbents.
Enhanced room-temperature phosphorescence of triphenylphosphine derivatives without metal and heavy atoms in their crystal phase
Authors: Xue Pengchong , Wang Panpan , Chen Peng , Ding Jipeng , Lu Ran
Published: May 2016

Two simple triphenylphosphine derivatives have weak phosphorescence in solution, but the emissions were enhanced by 6.5 and 27 times, respectively, in crystals.
Dimethyl ether steam reforming to produce H2over Ga-doped ZnO/γ-Al2O3catalysts
Authors: Zhou Shuang , Ma Kui , Tian Ye , Meng Ming , Ding Tong , Zha Yuqing , Zhang Tianyong , Li Xingang
Published: May 2016

Doping of ZnO with Ga enhances the catalytic performance of the ZnO/γ-Al2O3catalyst for dimethyl ether steam reforming with high CO2selectivity.
Conformal and non-conformal surface modification of honeycomb-patterned porous films via tunable Cassie–Wenzel transition
Authors: Zhong Qi-Zhi , Yu Xiang , Cui Ming-Xu , Wan Ling-Shu , Xu Zhi-Kang
Published: May 2016

We describe here a facile and robust approach to conformal and non-conformal surface modification by tuning the wetting transition between the Wenzel state and the Cassie state.
An efficient WSe2/Co0.85Se/graphene hybrid catalyst for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Huang Yanmin , Ma Zhuo , Hu Yunxia , Chai Dongfeng , Qiu Yunfeng , Gao Guanggang , Hu PingAn
Published: May 2016

Transition metal doped layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are regarded as promising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) candidates due to exposed active sites at both edges and basal planes.
3D nano-macroporous structured TiO2-foam glass as an efficient photocatalyst for organic pollutant treatment
Authors: Xu Qingchi , Zeng Jiaxin , Li Xingyun , Xu Jun , Liu Xiangyang
Published: May 2016

3D nano-macroporous structured TiO2-foam glass is developed and it shows high photocatalytic activity and stability, which are attributed to the enhanced light utilization efficiency and more reaction sites generated from its 3D structure.
(CTA)3[SiW12]–Li+–MMT: a novel, efficient and simple nanocatalyst for facile and one-pot access to diverse and densely functionalized 2-amino-4H-chromene derivatives via an eco-friendly multicomponent reaction in water
Authors: Abbaspour-Gilandeh Esmayeel , Aghaei-Hashjin Mehraneh , Yahyazadeh Asieh , Salemi Hadi
Published: May 2016

A simple, facile and highly efficient one-pot synthesis of a pharmaceutically interesting diverse kind of functionalized 2-amino-4H-chromene is reported.
Polyhedral cobaltadiselenaboranes: nido structures without bridging hydrogens
Authors: Attia Amr A. A. , Lupan Alexandru , King R. Bruce
Published: May 2016

The lowest energy CpCoSe2Bn3Hn3 structures (8 ≤ n ≤ 12) have central CoSe2Bn3 nido polyhedra derived from a closo or isocloso deltahedron by removal of a vertex. This leads to an “open” non-triangular face having four to six edges.
Hydrothermal synthesis of a uniform sub-micrometer-spherical Zn0.83Cd0.17S photocatalyst with high activity for photocatalytic hydrogen production
Authors: Yao Zhongping , He Yaqiong , Xia Qixing , Wei Han , Jiang Zhaohua
Published: May 2016

A series of Zn0.83Cd0.17S with high photocatalytic activity was hydrothermally synthesized, the best hydrogen production rate of 45.97 mmol h−1 g−1 was obtained when the hydrothermal temperature was 160 °​C and the dosage was 0.03 g.
Can they succeed? Exploring at-risk students' study habits in college general chemistry
Authors: Ye Li , Shuniak Constantine , Oueini Razanne , Robert Jenay , Lewis Scott
Published: May 2016

A well-established literature base identifies a portion of students enrolled in post-secondary General Chemistry as at-risk of failing the course based on incoming metrics. Learning about the experiences and factors that lead to this higher failure rate is essential toward improving retention in this course. This study examines the relationship between study habits and academic performance for at-risk students in General Chemistry. Students who were in the bottom quartile of SAT math scores were identified as at-risk students. The study habits of General Chemistry students, both those identified as at-risk and those not identified were measured by text message inquiries. The text message asked ‘‘Have you studied for General Chemistry I in the past 48 hours? If so, how did you study?” twice a week throughout a semester. Student responses to the messages were used to calculate the frequency of studying throughout the term. The results from a multiple regression analysis showed that high frequency of studying could mitigate the difference between at-risk and non-at-risk students on final exam scores. Additionally, the quality of studying for six at-risk students was analyzed by student interviews in concert with their text message responses. The results indicated that the quality of studying is not necessarily linked to frequency of studying and both quality and frequency can play a role in at-risk students' academic performance. The results presented offer a path for at-risk students to succeed in General Chemistry and the methodology presented offers a potential avenue for evaluating future efforts to improve student success.
Controlled pore evolution during phase inversion from the combinatorial non-solvent approach: application to battery separators
Authors: Heo Jinwoo , Choi Yunah , Chung Kyung Yoon , Park Jong Hyeok
Published: May 2016

Phase inversion is a simple process to prepare porous thin films for lithium ion battery (LIB) separators.
Exploitation of nanoparticle–protein corona for emerging therapeutic and diagnostic applications
Authors: Palchetti S. , Pozzi D. , Mahmoudi M. , Caracciolo G.
Published: May 2016

Exposure of nanoparticles (NPs) to biological fluids (e.g., plasma, interstitial fluid, and cytoplasm) leads to the absorption of proteins on the NP surface, forming a protein corona (PC) that drastically influences the NP physicochemical properties.
Phase centre performance evaluation for GNSS adaptive array
Authors: Li Lixun , Li Du , Li Baiyu , Chen Huaming , Wang Feixue
Published: May 2016

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) adaptive array suffers from phase distortions owing to beam forming processing which in turn affect the navigation precision. In high precision GNSS applications, the distortions must be evaluated. Traditional phase performance evaluation approach is based on the fixed reception pattern antenna. A new approach to evaluate phase performance of adaptive array is presented. The method takes into account the interfering scenes and the average phase centre variation performance for different adaptive algorithm and array geometry can be obtained.
Random walks colour histogram modification for human tracking
Authors: Zhao Houqiang , Xiang Ke , Cao Songxiao , Wang Xuanyin
Published: May 2016

Accurate human tracking in surveillance scenes is one of the preliminary requirements for other tasks. However, when the human target is small, the extracted features may not be prominent and thus the tracking performance is unsatisfactory. The colour feature is relatively robust to the change of target size and shape, but it is prone to be affected by the background information. For the above reasons, the authors introduce random walker segmentation into human tracking and determine the background region according to the distribution characteristics of segmentation results. Even if the colour of the target is very similar to that of the background, this algorithm can segment the target. Furthermore, the principal component analysis method is used to distinguish human targets from the background as well. During tracking, the authors prevent the degradation of the target model by adding new target information. In order to overcome the mean‐shift local optimisation problem, the authors search for the candidate target region with the largest weight according to the sum of all probability in each region. Experimental results further show that the authors’ tracking algorithm demonstrates better performance on tracking small human target under some challenging scenes compared with several existing tracking methods.
Efficient vanishing point detection method in unstructured road environments based on dark channel prior
Authors: Ding Weili , Li Yong , Liu Honghai
Published: May 2016

Vanishing point detection is a key technique in the fields such as road detection, camera calibration and visual navigation. This study presents a new vanishing point detection method, which delivers efficiency by using a dark channel prior‐based segmentation method and an adaptive straight lines search mechanism in the road region. First, the dark channel prior information is used to segment the image into a series of regions. Then the straight lines are extracted from the region contours, and the straight lines in the road region are estimated by a vertical envelope and a perspective quadrilateral constraint. The vertical envelope roughly divides the whole image into sky region, vertical region and road region. The perspective quadrilateral constraint, as the authors defined herein, eliminates the vertical lines interference inside the road region to extract the approximate straight lines in the road region. Finally, the vanishing point is estimated by the meanshift clustering method, which are computed based on the proposed grouping strategies and the intersection principles. Experiments have been conducted with a large number of road images under different environmental conditions, and the results demonstrate that the authors’ proposed algorithm can estimate vanishing point accurately and efficiently in unstructured road scenes.
Multi‐step linear representation‐based classification for face recognition
Authors: Mi Jian‐Xun , Liu Tao
Published: May 2016

Error detection is an important approach to improve the robustness of face recognition method. However, it is hard to directly detect the invalid pixels in a facial image. The authors decompose the hard problem into many simpler sub‐problems in this study. That is, the error detection process of pixels is divided into multiple phases and a portion of invalid pixels are detected in each phase. The goal is to decrease the ratio of invalid pixels to the whole pixels in a testing image, which progressively improves the final recognition accuracy. The performance that their method deals with occlusion and corruption problems is evaluated on different databases. In addition, the comparison with other state‐of‐the‐art studies shows that the proposed method achieves the best results in face occlusion and disguise issues.
Built‐in antenna design for 2.4 GHz ISM band and GPS operations in a wrist‐worn wireless communication device
Authors: Chung Ming‐An , Yang Chang‐Fa
Published: May 2016

A compact monopole and inverted‐F antenna design for 2.4 GHz ISM band (2400–2485 MHz) and 1.575 GHz GPS operations suitable to be embedded within a wrist‐worn wireless communication device is presented. Those antennas are fabricated on a polycarbonate and acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene blend substrate with a three‐dimensional etching process for irregular plastic materials. The wrist‐worn device with and without a solid hand phantom model is evaluated. The radiation efficiency of the antennas can reach 80% for the ISM band and 63% for the GPS band without the hand phantom model. With the hand phantom model, the radiation efficiency reduces in half for both the ISM and GPS bands due to lossy materials in the phantom model. Good agreements between simulations and measurements are obtained. Moreover, the specific absorption rate of the device for the ISM band is measured and the results are much lower than the limit required by the FCC. This build‐in antenna design can be applied in the wearable wireless communication device.
Location prediction optimisation in WSNs using Kriging interpolation
Authors: Ali Arshad , Ikpehai Augustine , Adebisi Bamidele , Mihaylova Lyudmila
Published: May 2016

Many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications rely on precise location or distance information. Despite the potentials of WSNs, efficient location prediction is one of the subsisting challenges. This study presents novel prediction algorithms based on a Kriging interpolation technique. Given that each sensor is aware of its location only, the aims of this work are to accurately predict the temperature at uncovered areas and estimate positions of heat sources. By taking few measurements within the field of interest and by using Kriging interpolation to iteratively enhance predictions of temperature and location of heat sources in uncovered regions, the degree of accuracy is significantly improved. Following a range of independent Monte Carlo runs in different experiments, it is shown through a comparative analysis that the proposed algorithm delivers approximately 98% prediction accuracy.
RF channel modelling and multi‐hop routing for wireless sensor networks located on oil rigs
Authors: Soleimani Maliheh , Bhuiyan Mohammad M. , MacGregor Mike H. , Kerslake Rick , Mousavi Pedram
Published: May 2016

This study presents a combined analytical and empirical model for predicting the signal loss effects of metallic drilling rig structures on radio‐frequency electromagnetic waves used by wireless sensor networks (WSNs) installed on a drilling rig. The model is based on the combination of free space path loss and the excess loss caused by the metallic structure separately. The authors combine both losses to predict the overall loss of signal strength. The model has been validated against field data collected from multiple drilling rigs. Further modification of the model to include the effects of different signal frequencies is under way. They present simulation results from OMNeT++ based on their model, to establish the packet loss and energy consumption expected for a real WSN. They also present a novel dynamic multi‐hop routing protocol, which improves network performance by removing the constraints of single‐hop forwarding. The algorithm directs packets to their destination via a selected node within a routing ‘cluster’. By combining their channel model and routing protocol, they are able to achieve 100% packet success, while setting transmit power levels appropriately to achieve the longest possible network lifetime.
4.4.21.13 Silylamines (Update 2013)
Authors: Kawachi A.
Published: May 2016

This review, which updates the original Section 4.4.21, published in 2001, discusses the preparation of silylamines bearing dicoordinate, tricoordinate, tetracoordinate, and pentacoordinate silicon centers. Reaction of chlorosilanes with primary or secondary amines is one of the most conventional methods for the syntheses of these compounds. Reactions of halosilanes with lithium amides, lithium β-diketiminates, and other metalated nitrogen species are also useful. A more recent advance is the dehydrogenative condensation of hydrosilanes with primary or secondary amines using transition-metal or Lewis acid catalysts.
5.2.1 Product Subclass 1: Tin Hydrides
Authors: Tchabanenko K.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is a revision of an earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis and synthetic applications of tin hydrides. Synthetic methods based on free-radical chain reactions promoted by tin hydrides are discussed, including cascade reactions that proceed with rearrangement of radical intermediates. Free-radical and transition-metal-catalyzed hydrostannylations of multiple carbon—carbon bonds are also discussed in the chapter.
16.9.5 Cinnolines (Update 2013)
Authors: Krishnamoorthy R.
Published: May 2016

This chapter is an update to the earlier published Science of Synthesis report on the synthesis of cinnolines. The literature on cinnolines published from 2000 onwards is covered.
Application of advanced shearing techniques to the calibration of autocollimators with small angle generators and investigation of error sources
Authors: Yandayan T. , Geckeler R. D. , Aksulu M. , Akgoz S. A. , Ozgur B.
Published: May 2016

The application of advanced error-separating shearing techniques to the precise calibration of autocollimators with Small Angle Generators (SAGs) was carried out for the first time. The experimental realization was achieved using the High Precision Small Angle Generator (HPSAG) of TUBITAK UME under classical dimensional metrology laboratory environmental conditions. The standard uncertainty value of 5 mas (24.2 nrad) reached by classical calibration method was improved to the level of 1.38 mas (6.7 nrad). Shearing techniques, which offer a unique opportunity to separate the errors of devices without recourse to any external standard, were first adapted by Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) to the calibration of autocollimators with angle encoders. It has been demonstrated experimentally in a clean room environment using the primary angle standard of PTB (WMT 220). The application of the technique to a different type of angle measurement system extends the range of the shearing technique further and reveals other advantages. For example, the angular scales of the SAGs are based on linear measurement systems (e.g., capacitive nanosensors for the HPSAG). Therefore, SAGs show different systematic errors when compared to angle encoders. In addition to the error-separation of HPSAG and the autocollimator, detailed investigations on error sources were carried out. Apart from determination of the systematic errors of the capacitive sensor used in the HPSAG, it was also demonstrated that the shearing method enables the unique opportunity to characterize other error sources such as errors due to temperature drift in long term measurements. This proves that the shearing technique is a very powerful method for investigating angle measuring systems, for their improvement, and for specifying precautions to be taken during the measurements.
Mechanistic Insights into Water-Catalyzed Formation of Levoglucosenone from Anhydrosugar Intermediates by Means of High-Level Theoretical Procedures
Authors: Wan Wenchao , Yu Li-Juan , Karton Amir
Published: May 2016

Levoglucosenone (LGO) is an important anhydrosugar product of fast pyrolysis of cellulose and biomass. We use the high-level G4(MP2) thermochemical protocol to study the reaction mechanism for the formation of LGO from the 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-α-d-glucopyranose (DGP) pyrolysis intermediate. We find that the DGP-to-LGO conversion proceeds via a multistep reaction mechanism, which involves ring-opening, ring-closing, enol-to-keto tautomerization, hydration, and dehydration reactions. The rate-determining step for the uncatalyzed process is the enol-to-keto tautomerization (ΔG‡298 = 68.6 kcal mol–1). We find that a water molecule can catalyze five of the seven steps in the reaction pathway. In the water-catalyzed process, the barrier for the enol-to-keto tautomerization is reduced by as much as 15.1 kcal mol–1, and the hydration step becomes the rate-determining step with an activation energy of ΔG‡298 = 58.1 kcal mol–1.
Novel use of in-stream microchip readers to monitor wild platypuses.
Authors: Macgregor J.W , Holyoake C.S. , Munks S. , Connolly J.H. , Robertson I.D. , Fleming P.A. , Warren K.S.
Published: May 2016

A variety of techniques have been used to monitor platypus populations to assess the impacts of the threats they
face, but each technique has limitations. In this study we investigated the novel use of in-stream microchip readers, to
remotely monitor the movements of microchipped wild platypuses. Over 13 months, we recorded movements of 18
microchipped individuals past nine fixed locations in the Inglis Catchment in northwest Tasmania, using three units of
which all were capable of detecting Trovan® unique microchips and two were additionally capable of detecting ISO
microchips. Each site was monitored one or two times, for durations of 8–39 days. We undertook direction of movement
investigations during two monitoring periods, by placing the antennas from two systems in the same creek within 3 m
of each other. In a total of 264 days of monitoring, 528 platypus observations were made from 18 individual platypuses,
consisting of 13 of 18 (72%) platypuses captured at the monitoring sites within 16 months prior to monitoring, two
platypuses captured at other sites in the same time period, and three of seven (43%) individuals microchipped 3–5
years previously. This number of platypus observations, in combination with the stable number of platypuses observed
per day, the range of movement behaviours recorded and the results of the direction of movement investigations,
indicates that at appropriate sites, in-stream microchip readers are an effective method of monitoring the movements
and survivorship of microchipped wild platypuses.
Nature and Farming: Sustaining Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes.
Authors: Lefroy E.C.
Published: May 2016

THIS book is a valuable historic record of the
practices employed by land managers, government
programs and community groups to ensure a place
for nature in farming landscapes. Its strength lies in
the 16 case studies of individual properties and the
14 examples of general approaches to integrating
conservation into production systems.
Those two very practical sections, plus another
describing programs such as Landcare, carbon credits
and offsetting, make up just under half the book.
This practical, real world middle section is
sandwiched between two sections that are quite
different in tone and character to the sympathetic
description of local heroes in the book’s heart.
At the beginning are six chapters that introduce
the concepts of landscape and community ecology to
establish the scientific case for conservation. This
includes analysis of types of farming systems,
patterns of remnant vegetation distribution, and the
functional properties of the agricultural matrix from
the perspective of biodiversity. At the end are four
chapters reflecting on the case studies and their
implications. In both the introductory and concluding
sections, the voice is that of the concerned
ecologist, looking over the farm fence and wondering
aloud ‘is this really going to be enough?’ Right
towards the end is the warning that unless things
change, “…the biodiversity train wreck lying ahead could
exceed even our worse fears.”
An alternative model of sexually transmissible infection testing in men attending a sex-on-premises venue in Sydney: a cross-sectional descriptive study
Authors: Bennett Cherie , Knight Vickie , Knox Douglas , Gray James , Hartmann Gemma , McNulty Anna
Published: May 2016

Background
Sydney Sexual Health Centre (SSHC) partnered with a large sex-on-premises venue, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District HIV and Related Programs Unit and AIDS Council of NSW (ACON) to develop and implement a community-based sexually transmissible infection (STI) screening model co-located in a sex-on-premises venue. This paper describes the process, the outcomes and examines the cost of this model. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of gay and bisexual men (GBM) attending a STI testing service co-located in a sex-on-premises venue in Sydney city between the 1 November 2012 and 31 May 2014. Results: A total of 402 patrons had 499 testing episodes in the study period. Testing patrons were a median of 39.5 years of age, 221 (55%) were born overseas, 85 (21%) spoke a language other than English at home and 54 (13%) had a STI at first testing. A total of 105 (26%) testing patrons had never tested for a STI before. Of the 297 (74%) who had been tested before, 83 (21%) had not been tested within the last 12 months. A total of 77 STIs were detected in 63 people over 499 testing episodes, giving a STI positivity rate of 15% in the testing episodes. The prevalence of rectal chlamydia was the highest at 8% followed by pharyngeal gonorrhoea at 3%. A total of 97% of testing patrons were successfully relayed their results via their preferred methods within a median of 7.5 days. Conclusion: This paper highlights that offering STI screening in a community-based setting was an effective and low-cost alternative to traditional testing services.
Creativity, Collaboration and Development in Jeremy Thurlow's Ouija for Peter Sheppard Skærved
Authors: Clarke Eric , Doffman Mark , Timmers Renee
Published: May 2016

This article documents and analyses a creative collaboration between the composer Jeremy Thurlow and the violinist Peter Sheppard Skærved in the production of Ouija, a work for solo violin and laptop computer. The article situates the account of this creative process within recent literature on distributed and collaborative creativity, and focuses on three aspects of the project: verbal interaction between the two musicians, analysed in terms of ‘creative-talk’ and ‘face-talk’, and the relationship between immediate and more contextual concerns (‘inside/outside the room’); a quantitative analysis of changes in the musical material, focusing on timing; and a qualitative analysis of the role of the violinist's embodied and instrumental engagement with the music. The article discusses the findings in relation to forwards-orientated (process) and backwards-orientated (product) conceptions of creativity, the operation of different social components in creative collaboration and the relationship between craft, history and embodiment.
Locating Project Studios and Studio Projects
Authors: Slater Mark
Published: May 2016

Via a longitudinal case study of a studio project (Middlewood Sessions, 2004–12), this research explores processes of music-making in the increasingly prevalent context of the project studio to give an insight into contemporary music-making practices. Predicated upon technologies of decreasing size but increasing processing power, project studios represent a diversification of musical creativity in terms of the persons and locations of music production. Increasingly mobile technologies lead to increasingly mobile practices of music production, which presents a challenge to the seemingly simple question: where is the project studio? In response, I propose an ontology of project-studio music-making that sets out what conditions have to be met for location, as an active proposition, to take place.
Observations on the Quality Characteristics of Waxy (Amylose‐Free) Winter Wheats
Authors: Graybosch R. A. , Ohm Jae‐Bom , Dykes Linda
Published: May 2016

Previous investigations have suggested waxy (amylose‐free) wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) possess weak gluten properties and may not be suitable for commercial gluten extraction. This limitation could prevent the use of waxy wheat as a source of unique starch, because gluten is a by‐product of the wheat starch purification process. Fifty waxy wheat lines were used to determine the extent to which gluten protein and other grain quality related traits might vary and, consequently, allow the development of waxy wheat with acceptable gluten properties. Among the waxy lines, significant variation was observed for all measured quality traits with the exception of flour protein concentration. No waxy entries statistically equaled the highest ranking nonwaxy entry for grain volume weight, falling number, flour yield, or mixograph mix time. No waxy lines numerically exceeded or equaled the mean of the nonwaxy controls for falling number, flour yield, or mixograph mix time. For grain and flour protein related variables, however, many waxy lines were identified well within the range of acceptability, relative to the nonwaxy controls used in this study. Approximately 50% of the waxy lines did not differ from the highest ranking nonwaxy cultivar for grain and flour protein concentrations. Forty‐three (86%) of the tested waxy lines were not sig‐nificantly different from the nonwaxy line with the highest mixograph mixing tolerance, 22/50 (44%) of the waxy wheat lines did not differ from the highest ranking nonwaxy line in gluten index scores, and 17/50 (34%) did not differ from the highest ranking nonwaxy line in extracted wet gluten. All waxy experimental lines produced gluten via Glutomatic washing. The quality of the gluten, as measured both by mixograph and gluten index, varied widely among the waxy lines tested. These observations suggest that weak gluten is not a natural consequence of the waxy trait, and waxy cultivars with acceptable gluten properties can be developed.
The Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ): evaluation of its utility for presurgical and 1-year postsurgical physical and psychosocial outcomes for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Howard Krista , Gray Avia , Ramos Stephen , Ellis Henry
Published: May 2016

Background:

The Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ) assesses perception of disability in relation to pain. Past research confirmed the utility of the PDQ to assess treatment outcomes for patients with chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorders. This study evaluates the utility of the PDQ in a sample of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods:

One hundred and thirty patients with TKA completed the PDQ, along with physical and psychosocial measures before surgery and at 12-months postsurgically. Patients were classified into three groups based on their total baseline PDQ scores: mild/moderate (0-70), severe (71-100), and extreme (101-150). Analyses determined if the PDQ groups were significantly associated with baseline and 12-month postsurgical physical and psychosocial outcomes.

Results:

Patients with severe and/or extreme levels of perceived pain disability were more likely to be younger (P=0.010), Hispanic (P=0.013), and to have no college education (P=0.005). Patients in the extreme group were more likely to have major depressive disorder (P<001), anxiety disorder (P=0.007) and/or somatization disorder (P=0.038). Patients in the severe/extreme groups had higher levels of pain, stiffness, and poor function (all P<0.001) before surgery and greater pain and poorer function 12-months after surgery (all P<0.001). Patients in the extreme group had worse physical and mental quality of life scores at baseline and 12-months after surgery (all P<0.003). Baseline PDQ was significantly associated with both the 12-month postsurgical Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Arthritis index (WOMAC) (P<0.001) and the 12-month postsurgical Short Form-36 (SF-36) mental composite (P<0.001).

Conclusions:

The PDQ is a useful presurgical measure for assessing both baseline and postsurgical physical and psychosocial outcomes for patients undergoing TKA.

Level of Evidence:

Level II, Prospective Cohort Study.
Inequitable Chronic Lead Exposure
Authors: Leech Tamara G. J. , Adams Elizabeth A. , Weathers Tess D. , Staten Lisa K. , Filippelli Gabriel M.
Published: May 2016

Both historic and contemporary factors contribute to the current unequal distribution of lead in urban environments and the disproportionate impact lead exposure has on the health and well-being of low-income minority communities. We consider the enduring impact of lead through the lens of environmental justice, taking into account well-documented geographic concentrations of lead, legacy sources that produce chronic exposures, and intergenerational transfers of risk. We discuss the most promising type of public health action to address inequitable lead exposure and uptake: primordial prevention efforts that address the most fundamental causes of diseases by intervening in structural and systemic inequalities.
Family Structure Types and Adequate Utilization of Antenatal Care in Kenya
Authors: Owili Patrick Opiyo , Muga Miriam Adoyo , Chou Yiing-Jenq , Hsu Yi-Hsin Elsa , Huang Nicole , Chien Li-Yin
Published: May 2016

Features of the health care delivery system may not be the only expounding factors of adequate utilization of antenatal care among women. Other social factors such as the family structure and its environment contribute toward pregnant women's utilization of antenatal care. An understanding of how women in different family structure types and social groups use basic maternal health services is important toward developing and implementing maternal health care policy in the post-Millennium Development Goal era, especially in the sub-Saharan Africa where maternal mortality still remains high.
Health Status and Residential Exposure to Air Toxics
Authors: Clark-Reyna Stephanie E. , Grineski Sara E. , Collins Timothy W.
Published: May 2016

This article examines the effects of children's subjective health status and exposure to residential environmental toxins on academic performance for the first time, while adjusting for school-level effects using generalized estimating equations. The analysis employs National Air Toxics Assessment risk estimates and individual-level data collected through a mail survey. Results indicate that poorer subjective health status and higher levels of residential air toxins are statistically significantly associated with lower grade point averages, meaning that there is an independent effect of air pollution on children's academic achievement that cannot be explained by poor health alone.
Basic Perforator Flap Hemodynamic Mathematical Model
Authors: Tao Youlun , Ding Maochao , Wang Aiguo , Zhuang Yuehong , Chang Shi-Min , Mei Jin , Tang Maolin , Hallock Geoffrey G.
Published: May 2016

Background:

A mathematical model to help explain the hemodynamic characteristics of perforator flaps based on blood flow resistance systems within the flap will serve as a theoretical guide for the future study and clinical applications of these flaps.

Methods:

There are 3 major blood flow resistance network systems of a perforator flap. These were defined as the blood flow resistance of an anastomosis between artery and artery of adjacent perforasomes, between artery and vein within a perforasome, and then between vein and vein corresponding to the outflow of that perforasome. From this, a calculation could be made of the number of such blood flow resistance network systems that must be crossed for all perforasomes within a perforator flap to predict whether that arrangement would be viable.

Results:

The summation of blood flow resistance networks from each perforasome in a given perforator flap could predict which portions would likely survive. This mathematical model shows how this is directly dependent on the location of the vascular pedicle to the flap and whether supercharging or superdrainage maneuvers have been added. These configurations will give an estimate of the hemodynamic characteristics for the given flap design.

Conclusions:

This basic mathematical model can (1) conveniently determine the degree of difficulty for each perforasome within a perforator flap to survive; (2) semiquantitatively allow the calculation of basic hemodynamic parameters; and (3) allow the assessment of the pros and cons expected for each pattern of perforasomes encountered clinically based on predictable hemodynamic observations.
Gelling Your Dermatology Nursing Practice
Authors: McCann Sue A. , Chase Allister Benjamin , Tawa Marianne C.
Published: May 2016

Mycosis fungoides is the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Stage IA and IB mycosis fungoides cutaneous T-cell lymphoma can be effectively controlled by skin-directed therapies such as the mechlorethamine gel approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Dermatology nurses play a key role in promoting good patient compliance through patient education about mycosis fungoides cutaneous T-cell lymphoma disease, proper administration of mechlorethamine gel, and connecting patients with patient assistance programs or other supportive services. This article provides the dermatology nurse with a background about early-stage mycosis fungoides cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, skin-directed treatment options, questions that a patient may ask about mycosis fungoides cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and mechlorethamine gel, and patient education tools such as questions dermatology nurses may ask of their patients and a patient handout outlining mechlorethamine gel administration.
The evolution of coercive policing in genetically mixed groups: the case of plasmid copy number control
Authors: Kentzoglanakis Kyriakos , Brown Sam P. , Goldstein Richard A.
Published: May 2016

Policing is a widespread mechanism regulating cooperation in both human and animal social groups. Policing can promote the evolution and maintenance of cooperation among non-relatives by tying the reproductive success of individuals to the efficiency and success of the group. In this paper, we investigate the evolution of reproductive policing using a multi-scale computational model inspired by the copy number control system of conjugative bacterial plasmids. Our results show that the repression of competition through policing can evolve across a very broad range of migration (plasmid conjugation) rates, improving system-level performance and bringing efficiency gains to the group beyond those achievable by pure self-restraint. Reproductive policing acts to increase genetic relatedness by reducing variation in group size which, in turn, reduces the heterogeneity of the plasmid population. When among-group migration is high, coercive policing strategies are favoured, characterized by high levels of policing coupled with relatively lower obedience. Coercive policing strategies preferentially limit the reproduction of rival lineages while, at the same time, maintaining effective collective reproductive control.

Author Summary

The emergence and maintenance of cooperation is a topic of great importance in evolutionary biology. The evolution of cooperation has been explained in the context of kin selection when there is sufficient genetic relatedness among interacting individuals. When there is insufficient relatedness, the presence of alternative mechanisms, such as mutual policing, can promote the evolution and maintenance of cooperation by tying the reproductive success of individual to the efficiency and success of the group. In this paper, we investigate the evolution of reproductive policing using an agent-based computational model inspired by a simple and elegant biological example: replication control among conjugative plasmids, a class of molecular symbionts of bacterial hosts. Our results show that the repression of competition through policing evolves and improves plasmid group performance beyond levels achievable by self-restraint, across a very broad range of migration rates. Under conditions of high migration (frequent conjugation), we observe the evolution of coercive policing strategies that limit the reproduction of rival lineages by investing disproportionately in policing relative to their obedience to the policing trait.