bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coagulopathy, Venous Thromboembolism, and Anticoagulation in Patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Dobesh Paul P. , Trujillo Toby C.
Published: October 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has led to a worldwide pandemic, and patients with the infection are referred to as having COVID‐19. Although COVID‐19 is commonly considered a respiratory disease, there is clearly a thrombotic potential that was not expected. The pathophysiology of the disease and subsequent coagulopathy produce an inflammatory, hypercoagulable, and hypofibrinolytic state. Several observational studies have demonstrated surprisingly high rates of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in both general ward and intensive care patients with COVID‐19. Many of these observational studies demonstrate high rates of VTE despite patients being on standard, or even higher intensity, pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis. Fibrinolytic therapy has also been used in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Unfortunately, high quality randomized controlled trials are lacking. A literature search was performed to provide the most up‐to‐date information on the pathophysiology, coagulopathy, risk of VTE, and prevention and treatment of VTE in patients with COVID‐19. These topics are reviewed in detail, along with practical issues of anticoagulant selection and duration. Although many international organizations have produced guidelines or consensus statements, they do not all cover the same issues regarding anticoagulant therapy for patients with COVID‐19, and they do not all agree. These statements and the most recent literature are combined into a list of clinical considerations that clinicians can use for the prevention and treatment of VTE in patients with COVID‐19.
Do pill organisers improve medication adherence?
Authors: Dowden Angela
Published: October 2020

Multi‐compartment compliance aids (MCAs) are pill boxes or blister packs that organise medication according to the day and time it needs to be taken. On the surface of it, they seem like the ideal way to ensure older patients take their medications as prescribed, but there is actually very little evidence to support their use and they may have adverse effects. This article looks at research into the effectiveness of MCAs, and discusses factors affecting medication adherence in general.
Interface Engineering in Organic Electronics: Energy‐Level Alignment and Charge Transport
Authors: Li Peicheng , Lu Zheng-Hong
Published: October 2020

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic solar cells are new members of trillion‐dollar semiconductor industry. The structure of these devices generally consists of a stack of several organic layers sandwiched between two electrodes. The electronic processes such as the energy‐level alignment at and charge transport across these interfaces play a key role to the overall performance of the organic devices. Thus, interface physics is important for design and engineering of organic devices. Herein, recent progress in energy‐level alignment at and charge transport across organic interfaces is reviewed. In addition, basic material physics of organic semiconductors such as energy levels, energy disorder, and molecular orientation is introduced. Recent progress in theories and experiments on energy‐level alignment at and charge transport across molecular heterojunctions is then discussed. Case studies of applying interface physics for guiding fabrication of ideal devices are also provided.
Effect of main and side chain length change of polycarboxylate‐ether‐based water‐reducing admixtures on the fresh state and mechanical properties of cementitious systems
Authors: Özen Süleyman , Altun Muhammet Gökhan , Mardani‐Aghabaglou Ali , Ramyar Kambiz
Published: October 2020

In this study, the effect of both main and side chain length changes of the admixtures on some properties of cementitious systems were investigated. Three different polycarboxylate‐ether‐based water‐reducing admixtures (WRA) having constant molecular weights and different main and side chain lengths were synthesized. Single type of raw material and carboxylate functional group were used in all WRAs. The molecular weights, free nonionic contents, and anionic/nonionic ratios of the admixtures were kept constant. Test results showed that degree of fluidity was observed in cement paste and mortar mixtures in case the admixture main and side chain length is more or less than a critical value. This negative effect is thought to be due to the weakening of the adsorption ability by the chain length change of the admixtures, the being tendency of polymers to intertwine and the adsorbing of admixture on several cement particles simultaneous. Admixtures having excessive long or short main chain and side chain improved the time‐dependent slump‐flow retention of the mortar mixtures. The admixtures with short main and side chains had insufficient adsorption ability and the admixture with excessive long main and side chains had the interlacing risk of polymers. In both cases, time‐dependent behavior improved because the amount of free admixture in solution increased. The change in the chain lengths of the WRAs affected the 1‐day compressive strength of the mortar mixtures.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Luminescence of Metal Iodide Cluster Compounds (nBu4N)2[M6I8(NCO)6] with M = Mo, W
Authors: Fuhrmann Arin‐Daniel , Pachel Florian , Ströbele Markus , Enseling David , Jüstel Thomas , Meyer Hans‐Jürgen
Published: October 2020

Molybdenum and tungsten iodide clusters with the [M6I8] cluster core show versatile photophysical properties that strongly depend on the nature of six apical ligands (L) in [M6I8L6]2–. In course of our syntheses we report a new efficient preparation of Cs2[Mo6I14] as precursor. Target compounds (nBu4N)2[M6I8(NCO)6] with M = Mo, W with cyanate ligands were synthesized and structurally characterized to study their photophysical properties. (nBu4N)2[M6I8(NCO)6] compounds appear as deep red (Mo) and light yellow (W) crystal powders showing strong phosphorescence. Compared to other cluster compounds of this type there is no significant concentration quenching obtained by the presence of molecular oxygen.
How Can China Overcome the “Middle Income Trap”?
Authors: Zhou Shaojie , Hu Angang
Published: October 2020

Whether a country can overcome the “middle income trap” is a test of its governance capability. The above comparative analysis of the practices in various countries shows that tackling the “middle income trap” is only possible when certain conditions are met, which may be summarized as follows.
Thin-shell wormholes in AdS5 and string dioptrics
Authors: Chernicoff Mariano , García Edel , Giribet Gaston , de Celis Emilio Rubín
Published: October 2020

Abstract

We consider string probes in a traversable wormhole geometry that connects two locally AdS5 asymptotic regions. Holographically, this describes two interacting copies of a 4-dimensional gauge theory. We consider string configurations whose endpoints are located either in the same boundary or in the two different boundaries of the wormhole. A string with both endpoints in the same boundary is dual to a quark-antiquark pair charged under the same gauge field, while a string extending through the wormhole describes a pair of colored particles charged under two different gauge fields. When one considers a quark-antiquark pair in each boundary, the system undergoes a phase transition: while for small separation each pair of charges exhibits Coulomb interaction, for large separation the charges in different field theories pair up. This behavior had previously been observed in other geometric realizations such as locally AdS5 wormhole solutions with hyperbolic throats. The geometries we consider here, in contrast, are stable thin-shell wormholes with flat codimension-one hypersurfaces at fixed radial coordinate. They appear as electrovacuum solutions of higher-curvature gravity theories coupled to Abelian gauge fields. The presence of the thin-shells produces a refraction of the string configurations in the bulk, leading to the presence of cusps in the phase space diagram. We discuss these and other features of the phase diagram, including the analogies and difference with other wormhole solutions considered in related contexts.
Ekeland’s variational principle in weak and strong systems of arithmetic
Authors: Fernández-Duque David , Shafer Paul , Yokoyama Keita
Published: October 2020

We analyze Ekeland’s variational principle in the context of reverse mathematics. We find that that the full variational principle is equivalent to $$\Pi ^1_1\text{- }\mathsf {CA}_0$$

Π
1
1

-

CA
0

, a strong theory of second-order arithmetic, while natural restrictions (e.g. to compact spaces or to continuous functions) yield statements equivalent to weak König’s lemma ($$\mathsf {WKL}_0$$

WKL
0

) and to arithmetical comprehension ($$\mathsf {ACA}_0$$

ACA
0

). We also find that the localized version of Ekeland’s variational principle is equivalent to $$\Pi ^1_1\text{- }\mathsf {CA}_0$$

Π
1
1

-

CA
0

, even when restricted to continuous functions. This is a rare example of a statement about continuous functions having great logical strength.
Sea-state contributions to sea-level variability in the European Seas
Authors: Bonaduce Antonio , Staneva Joanna , Grayek Sebastian , Bidlot Jean-Raymond , Breivik Øyvind
Published: October 2020

The contribution of sea-state-induced processes to sea-level variability is investigated through ocean-wave coupled simulations. These experiments are performed with a high-resolution configuration of the Geestacht COAstal model SysTem (GCOAST), implemented in the Northeast Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea which are considered as connected basins. The GCOAST system accounts for wave-ocean interactions and the ocean circulation relies on the NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) ocean model, while ocean-wave simulations are performed using the spectral wave model WAM. The objective is to demonstrate the contribution of wave-induced processes to sea level at different temporal and spatial scales of variability. When comparing the ocean-wave coupled experiment with in situ data, a significant reduction of the errors (up to 40% in the North Sea) is observed, compared with the reference. Spectral analysis shows that the reduction of the errors is mainly due to an improved representation of sea-level variability at temporal scales up to 12 h. Investigating the representation of sea-level extremes in the experiments, significant contributions (> 20%) due to wave-induced processes are observed both over continental shelf areas and in the Atlantic, associated with different patterns of variability. Sensitivity experiments to the impact of the different wave-induced processes show a major impact of wave-modified surface stress over the shelf areas in the North Sea and in the Baltic Sea. In the Atlantic, the signature of wave-induced processes is driven by the interaction of wave-modified momentum flux and turbulent mixing, and it shows its impact to the occurrence of mesoscale features of the ocean circulation. Wave-induced energy fluxes also have a role (10%) in the modulation of surge at the shelf break.
Effect of model calibration strategy on climate projections of hydrological indicators at a continental scale
Authors: Hundecha Yeshewatesfa , Arheimer Berit , Berg Peter , Capell René , Musuuza Jude , Pechlivanidis Ilias , Photiadou Christiana
Published: October 2020

The effect of model calibration on the projection of climate change impact on hydrological indicators was assessed by employing variants of a pan-European hydrological model driven by forcing data from an ensemble of climate models. The hydrological model was calibrated using three approaches: calibration at the outlets of major river basins, regionalization through calibration of smaller scale catchments with unique catchment characteristics, and building a model ensemble by sampling model parameters from the regionalized model. The large-scale patterns of the change signals projected by all model variants were found to be similar for the different indicators. Catchment scale differences were observed between the projections of the model calibrated for the major river basins and the other two model variants. The distributions of the median change signals projected by the ensemble model were found to be similar to the distributions of the change signals projected by the regionalized model for all hydrological indicators. The study highlights that the spatial detail to which model calibration is performed can highly influence the catchment scale detail in the projection of climate change impact on hydrological indicators, with an absolute difference in the projections of the locally calibrated model and the model calibrated for the major river basins ranging between 0 and 55% for mean annual discharge, while it has little effect on the large-scale pattern of the projection.
Role of Non-coding RNAs in Fungal Pathogenesis and Antifungal Drug Responses
Authors: Dhingra Sourabh
Published: October 2020

Purpose of Review

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), constitute a significant part of eukaryotic genomes; however, their roles in fungi are just starting to emerge. ncRNAs have been shown to regulate gene expression in response to varying environmental conditions (like stress) and response to chemicals, including antifungal drugs. In this review, I highlighted recent studies focusing on the functional roles of ncRNAs in pathogenic fungi.

Recent Findings

Emerging evidence suggests sRNAs (small RNAs) and lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) play an important role in fungal pathogenesis and antifungal drug response. Their roles include posttranscriptional gene silencing, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling. Fungal pathogens utilize RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms to regulate pathogenesis-related genes and can also transfer sRNAs inside the host to suppress host immunity genes to increase virulence. Hosts can also transfer sRNAs to induce RNAi in fungal pathogens to reduce virulence. Additionally, sRNAs and lncRNAs also regulate gene expression in response to antifungal drugs increasing resistance (and possibly tolerance) to drugs.

Herein, I discuss what is known about ncRNAs in fungal pathogenesis and antifungal drug responses. Advancements in genomic technologies will help identify the ncRNA repertoire in fungal pathogens, and functional studies will elucidate their mechanisms. This will advance our understanding of host-fungal interactions and potentially help develop better treatment strategies.
Facial Masculinity Increases Perceptions of Men’s Age, But Not Perceptions of Their Health: Data From an Arab Sample
Authors: Alharbi Sarah AH , Holzleitner Iris J , Lee Anthony J , Saribay S Adil , Jones Benedict C
Published: October 2020

Masculine characteristics in men’s faces are often assumed to function as health cues. However, evidence for this assumption from empirical tests is mixed. For example, research on Western women’s face perceptions found that masculinized versions of men’s faces were perceived to be older, but not healthier, than feminized versions. Since research on this topic has focused on Western women’s face perceptions, we investigated the effects of masculinizing face images on Arab women’s perceptions of men’s health (study 1, N = 211) and age (study 2, N = 209). Arab women perceived masculinized versions of male face images to be older, but not healthier, than feminized versions. These results add to a growing body of evidence challenging the assumption that male facial masculinity functions primarily as a health cue.
Membrane Filtration Enhanced Hydrometallurgical Recovery Process of Indium from Waste LCD Panels
Authors: Lahti Jussi , Vazquez Sergio , Virolainen Sami , Mänttäri Mika , Kallioinen Mari
Published: October 2020

Insufficient recycling of a continuously increasing amount of liquid crystal display (LCD) waste leads to the waste of potentially recyclable materials, especially rare and critical indium. Moreover, landfilling of LCD waste increases the potential for environmental risk. This paper describes a recycling process combining membrane filtration unit processes to hydrometallurgical indium recovery process. The LCD panels were crushed and leached with 1 M H2SO4. 97.4% yields on average were obtained, and a novel finding was made about fast kinetics (2 min for the maximum indium yield). Ultrafiltration was used to remove the dissolved organic material from the leachate, which was concentrated with nanofiltration before liquid–liquid extraction for indium purification. The results showed that commercial polymeric membranes removed more than 90% (from over 3000 mg/L to under 200 mg/L) of the dissolved organic compounds, thus potentially significantly diminishing the detriments caused by these compounds in the liquid–liquid extraction step. The concentration of the leachate with nanofiltration enables the use of smaller processing equipment and to save chemicals in the further steps of the process. The indium content in the leachate was more than five times higher after nanofiltration than after leaching (126 mg/L vs. 677 mg/L). In liquid–liquid extraction, the phase separation took place in only 34 s with the membrane-treated leachate, while with the untreated leachate it remained incomplete even after three hours. The purity of indium was increased from 10 to 74%. From the obtained HCl solution, a 95.5% pure indium product with 69.3% yield was obtained by cementation.

Graphical Abstract
Looking for a better future: modeling migrant mobility
Authors: Saa Isabella Loaiza , Novak Matej , Morales Alfredo J. , Pentland Alex
Published: October 2020

Massive migrations have become increasingly prevalent over the last decades. A recent example is the Venezuelan migration crisis across South America, which particularly affects neighboring countries like Colombia. Creating an effective response to the crisis is a challenge for governments and international agencies, given the lack of information about migrants’ location, flows and behaviors within and across host countries. For this purpose it is crucial to map and understand geographic patterns of migration, including spatial mobility and dynamics over time. The aim of this paper is to uncover mobility and economic patterns of migrants that left Venezuela and migrated into Colombia due to the effects of the ongoing social, political and economic crisis. We analyze and compare the behavior of two types of migrants: Venezuelan refugees and Colombian nationals who used to live in Venezuela and return to their home country. We adapt the gravity model for human mobility in order to explain migrants’ dispersion across Colombia, and analyze patterns of economic integration. This study is a first attempt at analyzing and comparing two kinds of migrant populations in one destination country, providing unique insight into the processes of mobility and integration after migration.
Influence of ceramic properties on the ballistic performance of the hybrid ceramic–multi-layered UHMWPE composite armour
Authors: Fejdyś Marzena , Kośla Katarzyna , Kucharska-Jastrząbek Agnieszka , Łandwijt Marcin
Published: October 2020

The present research involves studies of the influence of the physico-mechanical properties of the ceramics on the ballistic resistance of the new concept of the hybrid, ceramic–multi-layered UHMWPE composite armour developed using SiC and Al2O3ceramics differing in thickness. Ballistic verification of new design of the ballistic composite armour was conducted in the scope of the protection against more than one shot (multi-hit) using 7.62 × 39 mm MSC and 5.56 × 45 mm SS109 ammunition. Tests of physico-mechanical properties, covering the determination of density, acoustic impedance, Young’s modulus, hardness, and resistance to brittle fracture, were conducted for the ceramic materials. Obtained results show that the ballistic behaviour of the testing system based on ceramic tiles being made of the same materials (SiC or Al2O3) of the different thicknesses does not directly correlate with the hardness, brittle fracturing, or Young’s modulus of ceramics. For ceramic plates of the same thickness being made of different materials in chemical terms, performed studies have shown that the ballistic resistance of the testing system does not only depend on acoustic impedance of ceramic plates, which should be as similar as possible to the acoustic impedance of the backing material in the ballistic armour, but also the resistance to brittle fracturingK1cis an important parameter of the ceramic plates entering the composition of the armour, and it should be as high as possible. Only the combination of these two properties yields the best ballistic protection of the armour when testing using the multi-hit procedure with the use of 7.62 × 39 mm MSC and 5.56 × 45 mm SS 109 ammunition.
Optimizing Pandemic Preparedness and Response Through Health Information Systems: Lessons Learned From Ebola to COVID-19
Authors: Lal Arush , Ashworth Henry C. , Dada Sara , Hoemeke Laura , Tambo Ernest
Published: October 2020

Strengthening health systems and maintaining essential service delivery during health emergencies response is critical for early detection and diagnosis, prompt treatment, and effective control of pandemics, including the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Health information systems (HIS) developed during recent Ebola outbreaks in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) provided opportunities to collect, analyze, and distribute data to inform both day-to-day and long-term policy decisions on outbreak preparedness. As COVID-19 continues to sweep across the globe, HIS and related technological advancements remain vital for effective and sustained data sharing, contact tracing, mapping and monitoring, community risk sensitization and engagement, preventive education, and timely preparedness and response activities. In reviewing literature of how HIS could have further supported mitigation of these Ebola outbreaks and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, 3 key areas were identified: governance and coordination, health systems infrastructure and resources, and community engagement. In this concept study, we outline scalable HIS lessons from recent Ebola outbreaks and early COVID-19 responses along these 3 domains, synthesizing recommendations to offer clear, evidence-based approaches on how to leverage HIS to strengthen the current pandemic response and foster community health systems resilience moving forward.
CENTRAL SEQUENCES IN SUBHOMOGENEOUS UNITAL C*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: HADWIN DON , PENDHARKAR HEMANT
Published: October 2020

Suppose that
$\mathcal {A}$
is a unital subhomogeneous C*-algebra. We show that every central sequence in
$\mathcal {A}$
is hypercentral if and only if every pointwise limit of a sequence of irreducible representations is multiplicity free. We also show that every central sequence in
$\mathcal {A}$
is trivial if and only if every pointwise limit of irreducible representations is irreducible. Finally, we give a nice representation of the latter algebras.
Forum on Elizabeth A. Clark's The Fathers Refounded: Protestant Liberalism, Roman Catholic Modernism, and the Teaching of Ancient Christianity in Early Twentieth-Century America: Introductory Remarks
Authors: Doerfler Maria E.
Published: October 2020

The turn of the twentieth century represents an incisive moment in religious thought and theological education. Scholars across Europe and North America were wrestling with the twin influences of Protestant Liberalism and Roman Catholic Modernism, the questions they raised for how to conceive of the origins of Christianity, and how to make them palatable to a rapidly changing world. In her most recent monograph, The Fathers Refounded: Protestant Liberalism, Roman Catholic Modernism, and the Teaching of Ancient Christianity in Early Twentieth-Century America, Elizabeth A. Clark explores these questions in the lives and work of three of the era's most influential figures. Her work stands at the center of this forum, with four distinguished scholars considering its implications.
How Liberal Protestant Church Historians Helped Turn “Christianity” into a Good White Protestant American Religion in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Orsi Robert A.
Published: October 2020

From the three historians of early Christianity whose lives and careers Elizabeth Clark discusses inThe Fathers Refounded—Arthur Cushman McGiffert of Union Theological Seminary in New York, George LaPiana at Harvard Divinity School, and Shirley Jackson Case from the University of Chicago Divinity School—there breathes a palpable air of white, upper-middle-class liberal Protestant complacency and intellectual superiority. Modernists all, they know they are on the winning side of truth because they are confident that they are on the winning side of time. Summarizing McGiffert's distinction between ancient and contemporary Christianity, Clark writes: “Only in modernity, when God's immanence was championed, was the dualism between human and divine in Christ overcome.” “Christ, if he was human,” McGiffert believed, “must be divine, as all men are.” McGiffert's historiography shimmers with Emersonian confidence and ebullience. In his assumption—his assertion—of “only in,” we hear the ringing sound of modernity's triumphant temporality.
Liberals, Modernists, and Others: A Response
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2020

My thanks to Maria Doerfler for organizing a session at the January 2020 meeting of the American Society of Church History on my book The Fathers Refounded: Protestant Liberalism, Roman Catholic Modernism, and the Teaching of Ancient Christianity in Early Twentieth-Century America, to the editors of Church History for suggesting that the (revised) papers from the session could find a home in print, and, especially, to the panelists for their insightful comments.
Hagiography as a Platform for Internal Catholic Debate in Early Modern Europe: Francisco de Ribera's La Vida de la Madre Teresa de Iesus (1590) and the Defense of a Contemplative Way Inside the Jesuit Order
Authors: Macías Facundo Sebastián
Published: October 2020

By the end of the sixteenth century, the Society of Jesus was redefining its ever-growing organization. Starting with the generals Mercurian and Acquaviva, the order attempted to leave behind the open spaces devoted to retired forms of prayer so as to put the full weight of the institution on its practical ministries. However, such an advance against contemplative prayer did not lack challenges. The present work aims to rescue a hardly studied critical prose in the midst of those changes: the case of the Spanish Jesuit Francisco de Ribera. This article suggests that Salamanca's professor used his words to defend contemplative prayer. For this purpose, he utilized a device of great scope in the Catholic universe during the Counter-Reformation: the hagiographic narrative. It is proposed here that the vita appears as a mechanism of dispute not only outside but also inside Roman Catholicism. In this sense, the hagiography was a platform of debate within the order. Far from being a purely repetitive text, Ribera's biography of the Castilian visionary and reformer Teresa of Ávila shows the exaltation of a form of prayer that he gladly projected to the group of all believers and especially to the Society of Jesus.
The procedure of theSection of Pieces of Areasin Li Ye and Yang Hui’s works: genealogy of diagrams and equations
Authors: Pollet Charlotte-V.
Published: October 2020

Argument

The study of algebra in China has often focused on the algebraic “procedure of the Celestial Source.” Its geometrical ancestors are less known. TheYigu yanduan, authored by Li Ye (1192-1279), presents the procedure alongside its two geometrical counterparts, the “Section of Pieces [of Areas]” and the “Old Procedure.” The three procedures are known to represent three generations of algorithms used to set up quadratic equations. A similar geometrical procedure appears in a treatise written by Yang Hui (second half of thirteenth century). Although the procedures look alike at first glance, the two treatises reveal different moments in their work on the relation between counting materials and geometrical representation. This study challenges their chronology trying to identify the meander of the geometrical roots of the Celestial Source. The construction of negative coefficients plays a pivotal role in this mutation and shows several layers of composition.
Understanding the crisis of refugee law: Legal scholarship and the EU asylum system
Authors: Byrne Rosemary , Noll Gregor , Vedsted-Hansen Jens
Published: October 2020

In 2015 Europe’s refugee protection crisis triggered the effective collapse of the world’s most complex regional framework for asylum. A development both unexpected and unexplained by the hierarchical model of European asylum law that tends to dominate the scholarly field. The abandonment among member states of core obligations under international and EU law and the principles of solidarity and good faith is central to this crisis. This dynamic has been in the making since the accession process when EU membership was offered in exchange for transposing international obligations through the EU asylum acquis, collectivizing external border control and shifting refugee ‘responsibility’ to new member states with minimal standards for refugee protection and weak enforcement mechanisms. Yet, the critical feature of this asylum crisis is its development into a European constitutional crisis, impacting freedom of movement, sincere co-operation, democracy, and the rule of law. A hierarchical model of law offers only a partial explanation of this interplay between refugee protection and European governance. A turn to the methodological debates in international law urges the repositioning of the lens of refugee legal scholarship, offering insights into the evolution towards crisis by looking at law from below against the backdrop of law in history, subregional law-making, and shifting power constellations. This process suggests that refugee law scholarship could benefit from widening its methodological canon by visiting its parent field of public international law.
A meta-analytic evaluation of sex differences in meningococcal disease incidence rates in 10 countries
Authors: Green Manfred S. , Schwartz Naama , Peer Victoria
Published: October 2020

The magnitude and consistency of the sex differences in meningococcal disease incidence rates (IR) have not been systematically examined in different age groups, countries and time periods. We obtained national data on meningococcal disease IR by sex, age group and time period, from 10 countries. We used meta-analytic methods to combine the male to female incidence rate ratios (IRRs) by country and year for each age group. Meta-regression analysis was used to assess the contribution of age, country and time period to the variation in the IRRs. The pooled male to female IRRs (with 95% CI) for ages 0–1, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14 and 15–44, were 1.25 (1.19–1.32), 1.24 (1.20–1.29), 1.13 (1.07–1.20), 1.21 (1.13–1.29) and 1.15 (1.10–1.21), respectively. In the age groups 45−64 and over 65, the IR were lower in males with IRRs of 0.83 (0.78–0.88) and 0.64 (0.60–0.69), respectively. Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression confirmed that the results were robust. The excess meningococcal IR in young males and the higher rates in females at older ages were consistent in all countries, except the Czech Republic. While behavioural factors could explain some of the sex differences in the older age groups, the excess rates in very young males suggest that genetic and hormonal differences could be important.
Stop Burying the Lede: The Essential Role of Indigenous Law(s) in Creating Rights of Nature
Authors: O'Donnell Erin , Poelina Anne , Pelizzon Alessandro , Clark Cristy
Published: October 2020

The rapid emergence of rights of Nature over the past decade across multiple contexts has fostered increasing awareness, recognition, and, ultimately, acceptance of rights of Nature by the global community. Yet, too often, both scholarly publications and news articles bury the lede – namely, that the most transformative cases of rights of Nature have been consistently influenced and often actually led by Indigenous peoples. In this article we explore the ontologies of rights of Nature and earth jurisprudence, and the intersections of these movements with the leadership of Indigenous peoples in claiming and giving effect to their own rights (while acknowledging that not all Indigenous peoples support rights of Nature). Based on early observations, we discern an emerging trend of increased efficacy, longevity, and transformative potential being linked to a strongly pluralist approach of lawmaking and environmental management. A truly transformative and pluralist ecological jurisprudence can be achieved only by enabling, and empowering, Indigenous leadership.
The Magnetic Structure of the Subsolar MPB Current Layer From MAVEN Observations: Implications for the Hall Electric Force
Authors: Boscoboinik G. , Bertucci C. , Gomez D. , Morales L. , Mazelle C. , Halekas J. , Gruesbeck J. , Mitchell D. , Jakosky B. , Penou E.
Published: October 2020

We report on the local structure of the Martian subsolar magnetic pileup boundary (MPB) from minimum variance analysis of the magnetic field measured by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft for six orbits. In particular, we detect a well‐defined current layer within the MPB and provide a local estimate of its current density which results in a sunward Hall electric force. This force accounts for the deflection of the solar wind ions and the acceleration of electrons which carry the interplanetary magnetic field through the MPB into the magnetic pileup region. We find that the thickness of the MPB current layer is of the order of both the upstream (magnetosheath) solar wind proton inertial length and convective gyroradius. This study provides a high‐resolution view of one of the components of the current system around Mars reported in recent works.
Thermal Effects on Flow and Salinity Distributions in Coastal Confined Aquifers
Authors: Pu Li , Xin Pei , Nguyen Thuy T. M. , Yu Xiayang , Li Ling , Barry D. A.
Published: October 2020

Coastal aquifers provide an important hydrologic connection between terrestrial freshwater and oceanic seawater. Understanding the water flow and salinity distributions in those aquifers is essential to manage seawater intrusion and regional groundwater resources. For the last 50 yr, these processes have been extensively examined; however, previous studies typically assumed isothermal conditions and overlooked groundwater‐seawater temperature contrasts, as commonly found along the global coastline. Here, we validated a solute and heat transport model against laboratory experiments and then revisited the classical Henry problem for coastal confined aquifers. We found that as the seawater temperature increases or freshwater temperature decreases, the freshwater‐seawater interface retreats seaward and thus the freshwater storage increases. This occurs as a result of temperature‐induced changes to the fluid density and aquifer hydraulic conductivity. Furthermore, double diffusion of salt and heat can induce two circulation cells in opposing directions in the saltwater wedge once the seawater temperature exceeds that of groundwater by a certain extent. Consequently, the circulating seawater flux and associated travel time change dramatically compared with isotheral conditions. Overall, the effect of thermal forcing can be significant, as demonstrated by a sensitivity analysis considering a large range of groundwater‐seawater temperature contrasts. These results highlight the impact of changing thermal regimes on the flow and salinity distributions in coastal confined aquifers and provide guidance for better assessment of water resources in coastal zones.
Bark beetle outbreak enhances biodiversity and foraging habitat of native bees in alpine landscapes of the southern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Davis Thomas Seth , Rhoades Paul R. , Mann Andrew J. , Griswold Terry
Published: October 2020

Landscape-scale bark beetle outbreaks alter forest structure with direct and indirect effects on plants and animals in forest ecosystems. Using alpine spruce forest and a native bee community as a study system, we tested how tree mortality from bark beetles impacts bee foraging habitats and populations. Bees were collected across the growing season (early-, middle-, and late-season) for two years using passive trapping methods, and collections were used to analyze patterns in species abundances and diversity. Three important findings emerged: (1) forest stands that were post-outbreak had 62% higher floral density and 68% more floral species during peak bloom, respectively, than non-affected stands; (2) bee captures were highest early-season (June) and were not strongly affected by bark beetle outbreak; however, mean number of bee species and Shannon–Weiner diversity were significantly higher in post-outbreak stands and this effect was pronounced early in the growing season. Corresponding analysis of β-diversity indicated higher accumulation of bee biodiversity in post-outbreak stands and a turnover in the ratio of Bombus: Osmia; (3) bee captures were linked to variation in foraging habitat, but number of bee species and diversity were more strongly predicted by forest structure. Our results provide evidence of increased alpine bee biodiversity in post-outbreak stands and increased availability of floral resources. We conclude that large-scale disturbance from bark beetle outbreaks may drive shifts in pollinator community composition through cascading effects on floral resources, mediated via mortality of overstory trees.
Magnetically-driven 2D cells organization on superparamagnetic micromagnets fabricated by laser direct writing
Authors: Paun I. A. , Mustaciosu C. C. , Mihailescu M. , Calin B. S. , Sandu A. M.
Published: October 2020

We demonstrate a proof of concept for magnetically-driven 2D cells organization on superparamagnetic micromagnets fabricated by laser direct writing via two photon polymerization (LDW via TPP) of a photopolymerizable superparamagnetic composite. The composite consisted of a commercially available, biocompatible photopolymer (Ormocore) mixed with 4 mg/mL superparamagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The micromagnets were designed in the shape of squares with 70 µm lateral dimension. To minimize the role of topographical cues on the cellular attachment, we fabricated 2D microarrays similar with a chessboard: the superparamagnetic micromagnets alternated with non-magnetic areas of identical shape and lateral size as the micromagnets, made from Ormocore by LDW via TPP. The height difference between the superparamagnetic and non-magnetic areas was of ~ 6 µm. In the absence of a static magnetic field, MNPs-free fibroblasts attached uniformly on the entire 2D microarray, with no preference for the superparamagnetic or non-magnetic areas. Under a static magnetic field of 1.3 T, the fibroblasts attached exclusively on the superparamagnetic micromagnets, resulting a precise 2D cell organization on the chessboard-like microarray. The described method has significant potential for fabricating biocompatible micromagnets with well-defined geometries for building skin grafts adapted for optimum tissue integration, starting from single cell manipulation up to the engineering of whole tissues.
Association of secondhand smoke exposure with allergic multimorbidity in Korean adolescents
Authors: Lee Ahnna , Lee Sook Young , Lee Kang-Sook
Published: October 2020

This study aimed to examine the health effect of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home, school, and/or public places on allergic multimorbidity using nationwide data among school-attending adolescents in Korea. Allergic multimorbidity was defined as two or more coexisting allergic diagnoses of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and/or atopic dermatitis during the past 12 months. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association of SHS exposure and allergic multimorbidity. Of the study participants, 24.3% were diagnosed as having any allergic disease currently and 66.3% reported SHS exposure. Any SHS exposure that includes public places conferred increased odds of atopic dermatitis in non-current smokers (adjusted odds ratio 1.21–1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–1.66). Moreover, when controlling for current smoking additionally, SHS exposure at the three sites was 1.37 and 1.96 times more likely to be associated with allergic single and multiple morbidities, respectively (95% CI 1.26–1.49 and 1.65–2.31, respectively). In conclusion, this study found positive associations of SHS exposure with single or multiple allergic morbidity compared to no exposure at all. Further studies with longitudinal designs and objective measurement of SHS exposure and allergic diagnosis are warranted.
Cry1C rice doesn’t affect the ecological fitness of rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens either under RDV stress or not
Authors: Chang Xuefei , Sun Linlin , Ning Duo , Dang Cong , Yao Hongwei , Fang Qi , Peng Yufa , Wang Fang , Ye Gongyin
Published: October 2020

The potential risks of Bt rice on non-target arthropods (NTAs) should be evaluated and defined before commercial production. Recently, effects of Bt rice on NTAs under abiotic and biotic stress conditions attracted much attention. Here we reported the effects of Bt rice T1C-19 (Cry1C rice) on the non-target herbivore, Nilaparvata lugens (rice brown planthopper, BPH) with or without RDV (rice dwarf virus) infection conditions. BPH showed no feeding and oviposition preference between Bt rice T1C-19 and its non-Bt parental rice Minghui 63 (MH63), as well as between RDV-infected and RDV-free rice plants. Meanwhile, rice type, RDV infection status, and their interaction had little impacts on the survival, development and fecundity of BPH. By comparison with non-Bt control, Bt rice T1C-19 with or without RDV infection had no significant effects on the life-table parameters of BPH including rm, R0, T, DT and λ. Thus, it could be concluded that Bt rice T1C-19 doesn’t affect the ecological fitness of BPH either under RDV stress or not.
Tetrameric cluster assembled one-dimensional hybrid lead halides with broadband light emission
Authors: Zhang Wei-Feng , Zhao Jian-Qiang , Sun Xing-Yu , Ma Yue-Yu , Pan Hong-Mei , Jing Zhi-Hong , Lei Xiao-Wu , Yao Qing-Xia
Published: October 2020

A series of new types of 1D lead halide perovskites have been synthesized based on [Pb4X16] tetrameric clusters. The 1D crystal lattice exhibits broadband yellow light emission arising from the self-trapped excitons with potential application in WLEDs.
Coordinate bond- and hydrogen bond-assisted electron transfer strategy towards the generation of photochromic metal phosphites
Authors: Liu Ai-Ju , Han Yue , Xu Fei , Han Song-De , Pan Jie , Wang Guo-Ming
Published: October 2020

The introduction of conjugated dipyridine-derivative units into metal phosphite system produces two hybrid zincophosphites driven by the coordinate bond- and hydrogen bond-assisted electron transfer.
Formation and properties of phosphaquinomethane tungsten(0) complexes – isolation and conversion of primary radical coupling products
Authors: Junker Philip , Villalba Franco José M. , Schnakenburg Gregor , Nesterov Vitaly , Boere René T. , Qu Zheng-Wang , Streubel Rainer
Published: October 2020

A rational approach to phosphaquinomethane metal(0) complexes, based on dearomatization of the phenylene unit in [W(CO)5](R)P(Cl)–C6H5–CPh2, is described, including theoretical studies on mechanisms and structures.
The highly selective detecting of antibiotics and support of noble metal catalysts by a multifunctional Eu-MOF
Authors: Li Bo , Jiang Yu-Ying , Sun Ya-Ya , Wang Yan-Jiang , Han Min-Le , Wu Ya-Pan , Ma Lu-Fang , Li Dong-Sheng
Published: October 2020

A new porous MOF, Eu-MOF, can serve as a turn-off sensor for detection of ornidazole /nitrofurantoin antibiotics at different excitation wavelength. Additionally, AgxAu1−x@Eu-MOF composite can remarkably catalyze the reduction of nitrophenol.
Pillared-layered indium phosphites templated by amino acids: isoreticular structures, water stability, and fluorescence
Authors: Mao Yumei , Deng Yuandan , Luan Lindong , Zeng Hongmei , Zou Guohong , Lin Zhien
Published: October 2020

Two amino acid-templated indium phosphites with isoreticular structures show excellent water stability and interesting fluorescent properties.
Natural estrogens in surface waters of a catchment with intensive livestock farming in Switzerland
Authors: Rechsteiner Daniela , Wettstein Felix E. , Warren Benjamin P. , Vermeirssen Etiënne L. M. , Simon Eszter , Schneider Manuel K. , Hollender Juliane , Bucheli Thomas D.
Published: October 2020

Agriculture is a source of natural estrogens such as 17β-estradiol in streams, but in our study concentrations never exceeded European environmental quality standards for more than a day.
Soft-template-assisted synthesis: a promising approach for the fabrication of transition metal oxides
Authors: Poolakkandy Rasha Rahman , Menamparambath Mini Mol
Published: October 2020

The review focuses on the importance of soft-templates in the micro/nanostructure tuning of transition metal oxides.
Preparation of MCM-41 supported nickel NPs for the high-efficiency semi-hydrogenation of acetylene
Authors: Zhao Jieyu , He Liang , Yu Jiangdong , Shi Yuzhen , Miao Rongrong , Guan Qingqing , Ning Ping
Published: October 2020

High-efficiency nonnoble-metal catalysts for acetylene hydrogenation.
The fixation of CO2 by epoxides over nickel-pyrazolate-based metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Wang Zheng , Xie Qianjie , Wang Yajun , Shu Yu , Li Cong , Shen Yehua
Published: October 2020

Ni-based MOFs with Lewis acid sites was developed for CO2 fixation with epoxides into cyclic carbonates, and a comparative study shows that the density and accessibility of the Lewis acid sites in the MOFs greatly influence the catalytic performance.
Resonance levels in GeTe thermoelectrics: zinc as a new multifaceted dopant
Authors: Bhat D. Krishna , Shenoy U. Sandhya
Published: October 2020

Electronic-structure engineering of GeTe:Zn doping enhances thermoelectric properties via synergy of resonance states, increase in band gap and hyper-convergence.
Natural product C-glycosyltransferases – a scarcely characterised enzymatic activity with biotechnological potential
Authors: Putkaradze Natalia , Teze David , Fredslund Folmer , Welner Ditte Hededam
Published: October 2020

Natural product C-glycosyltransferases are forming the rare C-glycosidic bonds that represent a synthetic challenge.
Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of cephalosporin analogues equipped with chemical tethers
Authors: Miller Lisa M. , Herman Reyme , Gyulev Ivan , Krauss Thomas F. , Thomas Gavin H. , Duhme-Klair Anne-Kathrin
Published: October 2020

Tethered β-lactam antibiotics provide insights into designing chemical tools to target specific β-lactamases.
The fabrication and characterization of CeO2/Cu2O nanocomposites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity
Authors: Dong Zheng , Yang Bo , Chang Haibo , Li Li
Published: October 2020

Spherical Cu2O nanocrystals were synthesized and CeO2/Cu2O nanocomposites were successfully prepared from the spherical Cu2O nanocrystals.
Layered black phosphorus as a reducing agent – decoration with group 10 elements
Authors: Plutnar Jan , Sofer Zdeněk , Pumera Martin
Published: October 2020

Nanoparticles or films of group 10 transition metals or their phosphides can be produced on the surface of black phosphorus (BP) from the solutions of the respective M(ii) salts (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) utilizing BP as a reducing agent.
Fe-based metal–organic frameworks as heterogeneous catalysts for highly efficient degradation of wastewater in plasma/Fenton-like systems
Authors: Tao Xumei , Yuan Xinjie , Huang Liang , Shang Shuyong , Xu Dongyan
Published: October 2020

Fe-based metal organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) were successfully synthesized with the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma method and FeSO4·7H2O as the Fe precursor.