bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assyria in the Late Bronze Age
Authors: Reculeau Hervé
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the history of Assyria between the sixteenth and eleventh centuries BC, which saw a small merchant city-state with little political clout rise to prominence in Upper Mesopotamia and beyond to become one of the leading powers on the Late Bronze Age. Through the study of royal inscriptions, archival documents, and archaeological records, the chapter examines the political, ideological, and cultural evolutions that accompanied the drastic change in the conception of power in Assyria, as well as the accompanying socioeconomic evolutions, both during the kingdom’s apex in the fourteenth and thirteenth centuries BC and in the crisis years in the twelfth and early eleventh centuries BC, at the transition of the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The chapter offers a critical examination of scholarship pertaining to Late Bronze Age chronology, (proto-)imperialism, and socioeconomic decline and its relationship to climatic and environmental change.
Introduction
Authors: Christie Douglas E.
Published: May 2022

The introduction provides a brief outline of the main questions and ideas of the book, including the question of the possible role ancient traditions of mystical darkness can play as we grapple with and respond deeply and honestly to our own losses and darkness. And whether our understanding of these mystical traditions of darkness and unknowing can be deepened by reading and thinking about them in light of our own dislocations and losses. It also describes the dialogical character of the book, in which questions about the meaning of darkness and unknowing and emptiness draw at once on mystical texts from apophatic mystical traditions and on voices of darkness and unknowing arising in contemporary literature, poetry, and film. And it describes how the ideas and language of spirituality, mysticism, and contemplative practice are employed in the book and what it means to retrieve and reinterpret them in light of the widespread experience of loss.
The Night Office
Authors: Christie Douglas E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the main themes and questions of the book, including the question of what it means to enter the night—in ordinary human experience and in moments of heightened awareness to which so many mystics and contemplatives bear witness. Drawing upon the monastic practice of the “night office,” or “nocturns,” the chapter considers different ways of imagining the night as a locus of spiritual experience and asks what it means to enter this space and keep vigil there. It examines also the bewildering sense of loss or absence that Michel de Certeau argues is a critical question for those mystics embarking upon journey into the night, something that continues to surface in much contemporary experience. And it explores the place of love in darkness and considers how the practice of spiritual relinquishment can foster a deeper sense of community—or what the mystics call “the common life.”
A Wild, Wide Oneness
Authors: Christie Douglas E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers what it means to enter the space that Flemish mystic Hadewijch of Antwerp describes as a “wild, wide oneness,” the deepest reaches of spiritual knowing where the poor of spirit live in purity, simplicity, and unity without end or beginning. This chapter takes up the question of how she and other Christian mystics (Francis of Assisi, Marguerite Porete, Thomas Merton), as well as certain modern and contemporary writers (Aldo Leopold, Lauret Savoy, Henry David Thoreau, Branka Arsić), understand the journey toward this wildness, within and without. It examines also how prolonged contact with wild places can help relinquish anthropocentric categories of identity and become open to the voice and presence of the wild other. It considers also how the reconfiguring of identity can contribute to a what Pope Francis, in Laudato Si’, calls ecological conversion.
The Weight of Emptiness
Authors: Christie Douglas E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the question of what it means to respond to profound absence and loss, whether personal or collective, and how such experience can be incorporated into contemplative spiritual practice. It examines the different ways Christian mystical writers struggle with this question, including the sense of being “lost in the darkness or the desert” (Ruusbroec) or of being “exiled, annihilated and forgotten” (Marguerite Porete). And it explores how the weight of historical violence and trauma has impacted the way many contemporary writers and thinkers articulate such experience, contributing to a creative reinterpretation of apophatic language and images (the night, the void, emptiness). Particular attention is given the story of los desaparecidos in Argentina and Chile and to the question of how apophatic expressions of loss and absence might help us grapple with and respond to acute social and political dislocations and become incorporated into the shared practice of solidarity.
The Rise of Platforms
Authors: Nielsen Rasmus Kleis , Sarah Anne Ganter
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on how the rise of platforms is changing our media environment, where publishers still control the production of news content, but platform companies increasingly control the channels through which people access it. It identifies the new, distinct, generative, and relational forms of power that platforms, including Facebook, Google, and Twitter, exercise and examines how news publishers have responded. It argues that previously powerful and relatively independent institutions like the news media are increasingly in a position akin to that of ordinary users—they are simultaneously increasingly empowered by and dependent on a small number of powerful platforms.
“Inextricably intertwined”?
Authors: Nielsen Rasmus Kleis , Sarah Anne Ganter
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyzes how publishers across France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States have adapted to the rise of platforms and how they handle their relationship with these players. It examines the direct and indirect impact platforms have on publishers, as well as publishers’ different strategies, tactical responses, and practical relations with platform companies. It identifies the shared underlying key concerns among publishers, including the fear of missing out on platform opportunities and a deep asymmetry between any one publisher and the different platforms, as well as the main objectives most publishers seek in their relations with platforms.
Technology Transfers in Developing Countries
Authors: Cheng Thomas K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter surveys the different modes of technology transfer and assesses how they relate to and are affected by competition regulation of patent exploitation practices. The different forms of technology transfer can be divided into voluntary or intentional and involuntary or unintentional. Voluntary or intentional technology transfer includes international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and licensing. International trade refers to the importation of technological goods into a developing country. FDI entails a foreign firm investing to set up operational capacity through an affiliate in a host country; technology is transferred intra-firm as part of the FDI process. Licensing takes place when a foreign technology owner licenses its technology to a local firm for royalty payments or a license fee. Meanwhile, involuntary or unintentional technology transfer refers to imitation of the technology. Imitation can be accomplished through outright copying from simple product inspection or reverse engineering, both of which could be curtailed by patent protection.
Reverse Payment Settlements
Authors: Cheng Thomas K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter assesses the issues surrounding the regulation of reverse payment settlements, which have been shown to inflate drug prices, and proposes how developing countries should regulate them. Like excessive pricing enforcement in pharmaceuticals, enforcement against reverse payment settlements will not be easy for developing country competition authorities. The difficulty does not chiefly stem from legal analysis. If developing countries adopt the rule of presumptive illegality, the condemnation of reverse payment settlements should be relatively straightforward. Most reverse payment settlements entail payments that far exceed the patentee–s anticipated litigation costs. While the proliferation of more complex settlement agreements featuring licensing, co-promotion, and other agreements to disguise the value transfer may render the analysis less straightforward, this can be alleviated by shifting the burden to demonstrate the legitimacy of the payment to the defendants. The difficulty arises in exercising jurisdiction over foreign pharmaceutical companies and in crafting and imposing effective remedies.
Public Expenditure in India
Authors: Karnam Gayithri
Published: May 2022

Government is a major player in the development of an economy. Government’s public financial operations involving raising of revenue and its spending have considerable implications on the growth, distribution, and stability, necessitating a careful study to enable informed mid-course policy corrections to the macroeconomic developments. A critical review of public expenditure is imperative in ensuring optimal use of public resources for the maximization of welfare. The present book provides an empirical understanding of historical trends and composition of public expenditure at the central and the sub-national levels; the effectiveness of public expenditure control systems and accountability issues; the political economy of spending decisions; public expenditure reforms undertaken in India; and international best options that can guide the corrective process in India. Given the global shift in focus from ‘outlays’ to ‘outcomes’, it is important to put in place a sound framework to track the results of government expenditure programs to guide the informed expenditure decision-making process. The book documents the features of useful frameworks and steps involved in adopting a robust results framework. Fiscal management of Covid-19 is an important component of the book. The purpose of this volume is to reach out a comprehensive and updated understanding of empirical issues in public expenditure and its management in India to the students of public finance.
Information Infrastructures in India
Authors: Ninan Thomas Pradip
Published: May 2022

Infrastructure has defined India. The British had introduced India to the infrastructures of modernity including railways, roads, the telegraph, and cities. However, these infrastructures were made for purpose for colonial means and ends. Successive governments in post-Independent India were tasked with investing in infrastructures and democratizing access to infrastructures. This volume explores India’s experiences with information infrastructures—beginning with the telegraph in colonial India to broadcasting, satellite, oceanic cables, and information platforms. It highlights the fact that there are continuities in infrastructure, that there is a political-economy related to information infrastructures and that access to infrastructures is by no means universal or straight forward but is undergirded by the politics of power, caste, gender, and class. In the era of the platform economy, there are close correspondences between infrastructures and platforms although it is only recently that attempts have been made to regulate platform infrastructures. This volume explores infrastructure continuities and disruptions, enabling, and disabling infrastructures, the relationship between the State and information infrastructures, and the steady involvement of the private sector in the provisionings of large, public information infrastructures in India. Based on conversations with infrastructure theory, this volume attempts to make “invisible” information infrastructures visible and makes a strong case for information infrastructures to be taken seriously as a focus for academic enquiry.
Kolhapur, Pune, and the Studios
Authors: Ingle Hrishikesh Sudhakar
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents a critical narrative of early Marathi filmmaking as it took root in the studios such as Maharashtra Film Company and Prabhat Film Company. It elaborates on the artisanal, social, and ideological aspects of studio filmmaking in provincial spaces. It identifies instances of Marathi filmmaking in the silent period by briefly considering the career, works, and contribution of Baburao Painter. Then, the chapter elaborates on Prabhat Film Company by explaining its trajectory from Kolhapur to Pune. The coalescing of a Marathi regional cinema is shown in the context of concepts such as regional modernity, vernacular affiliations, bilingual filmmaking, and social respectability, through a textual and contextual analysis of the films: Ayodhyecha Raja, Sant Tukaram, and Manoos. The historical transition of the studios, from artisanal concerns to a modern industrial setup, forms the general theme of the chapter, to develop the argument that the studios forged a networked regional cultural space.
The Kondke Turn
Authors: Ingle Hrishikesh Sudhakar
Published: May 2022

In the 1970s, and leading well into the early years of 1990s, the dominant trend of the Marathi film industry was defined by the films of Dada Kondke, who was instrumental in sustaining audience interests in the Marathi cinema. His films though are considered to be in the populist category, where aesthetic merit is generally overlooked in favour of comic performance. In the 1980s, a new trend of urban-comedy films took shape. Sachin Pilgaonkar and Mahesh Kothare were the two actor-filmmakers who brought about this trend. The urban-comedy films were about situational complexities that dovetailed with the type which Gerald Mast has described as a comedy that ‘upholds the values and assumptions of society, urging the comic character to reform his ways and conform to the societal expectation’. This chapter analyses the social significance of the comic turn of the Marathi cinema till the end of the 1980s.
Wisdom in Christian Tradition
Authors: Plested Marcus
Published: May 2022

This book provides a comprehensive and sustained treatment of the theme of wisdom in the Christian tradition. Following a survey of the biblical and classical background, it offers a detailed exploration of the theme of wisdom in patristic, byzantine, and medieval theology up to and including Gregory Palamas and Thomas Aquinas in Greek East and Latin West, respectively. Three principal levels of Christian wisdom discourse are distinguished: wisdom as human attainment, wisdom as divine gift, and wisdom as an attribute or quality of God. This journey through Wisdom in Christian Tradition is undertaken in conversation with modern Russian Sophiology, one of the most popular and widely discussed theological movements of our time, characterized by the idea of a primal pre-principle of divine-human unity (‘Sophia’) manifest in both uncreated and created forms. Sophiology is a complex phenomenon with multiple sources and inspirations, including the Church Fathers. Fidelity to patristic tradition became an ever-increasing feature of its self-understanding and self-articulation, above all in the work of Fr Sergius Bulgakov (1871–1944). Sophiology’s ‘unmodern turn’ to patristic sources has, however, long been fiercely contested. This book is the first to thoroughly evaluate the nature and substance of this claim to patristic continuity. The final chapter offers a radical re-thinking of sophiology in line with patristic tradition. This re-oriented sophiology maintains sophiology’s most distinctive insights and most pertinent applications while divesting it of some its more problematic elements
Modern Russian Sophiology and Its Discontents
Authors: Plested Marcus
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the origins of modern Russian Sophiology including proximate and more general sources from neo-Platonism and medieval mysticism to Jakob Boehme and German Idealism. It introduces the principal Sophiologists: Vladimir Soloviev, Pavel Florensky, and Sergius Bulgakov and provides an outline of their distinct articulations of Sophiology and understanding of tradition. It shows the arc of Sophiology’s ‘unmodern turn’—its increasing appeal to Church tradition, especially the Church Fathers and discusses principal patristic sources used and appeals to other aspects of the tradition, notably iconographic. It particularly focusses on Bulgakov including his immediate philosophical context and the notion of antinomy. Close treatment is given of the growing emphasis on the Church Fathers in Bulgakov’s works above all in relation to St Gregory Palamas; the ‘Sophia Controversy’ of the 1930s with its attendant condemnations of Bulgakov; neo-patristic and neo-Palamite criticisms of Sophiology in Vladimir Lossky, Georges Florovsky (including the notion of the ‘Sophia of the Church’), and John Meyendorff; and Pavel Evdokimov, a disciple of Bulgakov who incorporates key aspects of the neo-patristic critique and thus points the way to new articulation of sophiology firmly rooted in patristic tradition.
The Role of Nucleic Acid Analysis in Understanding Infectious Diseases
Authors: Primrose Sandy B.
Published: May 2022

The advent of whole genome sequencing has enabled microbiologists to determine the relationships between different pathogens, how these pathogens evolved, and to identify the key genes involved in pathogenicity. The sequence of 16S (bacterial) and 18S (eukaryotic) rRNA can be used to identify related organisms and the analysis of DNA from skeletons or tissue samples of known age can be used to determine when these organisms diverged (molecular clock analysis). DNA analysis also can be used to detect horizontal gene transfer, the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by reproduction, and the most important factor in the evolution of many microorganisms. The evidence for horizontal gene transfer includes the detection of bacteriophage remnants, differences in %GC composition, and groups of genes involved in pathogenicity flanked by insertion sequences (genomic islands, pathogenicity islands).
A Multifaceted Pathogen: Escherichia coli
Authors: Primrose Sandy B.
Published: May 2022

Escherichia coli normally behaves as a commensal organism and constitutes about 0.1% of the normal flora of the human gut where its beneficial properties include synthesis of vitamin K. Some strains of Escherichia coli can cause disease and these pathogenic strains have acquired various pathogenicity determinants, most likely by horizontal gene transfer. The diseases caused by Escherichia coli fall into two types: intestinal diseases and non-intestinal diseases. The latter type includes urinary tract infections and neonatal meningitis. There are seven different types of intestinal disease caused by Escherichia coli and each type is caused by a different pathovar with unique virulence determinants. Based on genome analysis, the bacteria formerly classified as Shigella species are simply pathovars of Escherichia coli. Some Escherichia coli strains can increase their virulence by inactivating certain chromosomal genes, a process known as pathoadaptation, and this may occur by movement of insertion sequences.
A Surprising Pathogen: Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Primrose Sandy B.
Published: May 2022

The natural habitat of Vibrio cholerae is warm, nutrient-rich water, particularly estuarine water. Vibrio cholerae produces a chitinase that degrades the exoskeletons of insects and shellfish. The presence of chitin induces competence for genetic transformation that will permit horizontal gene transfer. Most strains of Vibrio cholerae do not cause disease but those that do acquired their virulence by horizontal gene transfer. Pathogenic strains mostly belong to the O1 serotype of which there are two biotypes: classical and El Tor. Disease-causing strains have at least two pathogenicity islands (VPI-1 and VPI-2) and carry the prophage CTXΦ‎. The prophage genome encodes cholera toxin. CTXΦ‎ resemble coliphage M13 and the cholera toxin is similar to that found in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Therefore, pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae may have acquired some of their virulence characteristics from Escherichia coli by horizontal gene transfer. The first six major epidemics of cholera were caused by the classical biotype of Vibrio cholerae. The seventh epidemic was caused by the El Tor biotype. The original El Tor isolates were of low virulence compared with the 7PET strain and the genetic changes that led to the creation of the 7PET strain have been identified.
Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Ulcers
Authors: Primrose Sandy B.
Published: May 2022

Gastritis and peptic ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori and can be treated with antibiotics. Helicobacter pylori is the only bacterium that can cause cancer. To grow at the pH of the stomach, the bacterium produces urease that cleaves urea to ammonia and bicarbonate. The ammonia neutralizes the stomach acid and damages the gastric mucosa. The urease requires nickel for action and Helicobacter produces nickel-scavenging proteins. The increased pH caused by ammonia liquefies the mucus layer and allows the bacteria to attach to the gastric epithelium where it uses a type VI secretion system to inject effectors. The key effectors are CagA, which is pro-inflammatory, and Vac A, which induces necrosis. Different populations of Helicobacter pylori exist in different parts of the world and analysis of these populations suggest that the bacterium evolved out of Africa alongside human migrations.
A Tale of Two Pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas syringae
Authors: Primrose Sandy B.
Published: May 2022

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas syringae are opportunistic pathogens, the former of animals and the latter of plants, that usually enter their hosts through wounds. They share many features relating to virulence. The two bacteria have a core genome that is similar in size to the postulated ‘minimal bacterial genome’. The non-core genome is very large and reflects the metabolic and ecological diversity of the genus. Both species produce a wide range of virulence factors that are controlled by quorum sensing and many are injected into cells by a type III secretion system. Two virulence factors that are shared are the production of exoenzymes to destroy host tissue and the polysaccharide alginate that promotes biofilm formation. The latter plays a key role in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of patients with cystic fibrosis. The production of Pf bacteriophages is a key virulence determinant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There is no counterpart in Pseudomonas syringae.
Phytoplasmas: Bacteria that Manipulate Plants and Insects
Authors: Primrose Sandy B.
Published: May 2022

Phytoplasmas are mycoplasmas that infect plants and insects. In plants they cause symptoms such as abnormal flower development (virescence, phyllody) and ‘witches’ broom’. Insects acquire phytoplasmas when they feed on infected plants. After ingestion, the phytoplasmas infect the haemolymph and then migrate to the salivary glands ready to be injected into another plant. Different phytoplasmas infect different vectors and different vectors feed on different plants. Infection with a phytoplasma can affect the behaviour of the insect. The phytoplasma genome is about 50% bigger than that of Mycoplasma genitalium but has fewer genes and so phytoplasmas are dependent on their host plants and insects for essential nutrients. Phytoplasmas contain multicopy gene clusters called Potential Mobile Units (PMUs), some of which are on plasmids. The copy number of these PMUs differs in plants and animals showing a host effect on the bacteria. Phytoplasmas have no cell wall and so membrane proteins modulate the interaction with hosts. There are three types of immunomodulatory protein (Imp) found on the membrane. They are non-allelic but most phytoplasmas have just one. The Imp that a phytoplasma has determines which insects can be its vector. In plants, phytoplasmas are restricted to the phloem and so the disease symptoms are produced by small molecule effectors. Some of these effectors are encoded by PMUs, suggesting acquisition by horizontal gene transfer, but their origin is not known.
The Greatest Killer of All Time: The Malarial Parasite
Authors: Primrose Sandy B.
Published: May 2022

There are five species of Plasmodium that can cause malaria in humans but 95% of cases are due to Plasmodium falciparum (Africa) and Plasmodium vivax (south-east Asia and South America). Malaria is transmitted by female mosquitos, usually Anopheles species, when they take a blood meal. The malarial parasite has a complex life cycle but when in humans it spends most of its time in liver and blood cells where it is protected from host defences. This makes the development of an effective vaccine difficult but a potential vaccine that targets the immediate post-infection phase is being trialled. Genomic analysis has shown that Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are only distantly related. Plasmodium falciparum arose following a species jump from gorillas to humans about 10,000 years ago when localized populations were developing following transition from hunter/ gatherer to farmer. It was thought that Plasmodium vivax arose in Asia but the presence of close relatives in African apes plus the natural resistance of Africans to it suggest that it arose in Africa and ‘escaped’ to Asia. The most effective treatment for malaria is artemisinin-based combination therapy but resistance to artemisinin is developing.
Management of Cognitive Dysfunction and Central Nervous System Involvement in Sjögren’s
Authors: Maitz Edward , Maitz Stephen
Published: May 2022

In some patients with Sjögren’s, the central nervous system is compromised. Depending on the area of the brain affected, pathophysiologic changes may affect physical, cognitive, and/or psychological functions. Since a multitude of factors, such as pain, fatigue, medication side effects, psychological factors, and normal aging, can mimic the deficits associated with brain damage, it is important that the patient undergo a comprehensive assessment in order to determine the exact underlying etiology of any neurologic or neuropsychological changes and to assist in the development of the most efficacious treatment program. Sjögren’s patients who present with cognitive problems and complaints should be referred for a neurologic evaluation, imaging studies, and a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Although the treatment of the neurologic and neuropsychological sequelae of these disorders is still in the early stages, a well-informed treatment program can help to reverse some of the areas of impairment or at least help the patient better cope with the neuropsychological sequelae of the illness.
International Collaboration and the Information Technology That Fuels It
Authors: Hammitt Katherine M.
Published: May 2022

As the Sjögren’s Foundation and others bring researchers, clinicians, patients, government, and industry together, advances in Sjögren’s and the resulting benefits will occur at a pace never before seen in history. Collaboration, coupled with technological advances that offer vastly increased storage and speedier and more complex processing, is accelerating the pace of medical and scientific research that will expand our knowledge of Sjögren’s far beyond anything we could have imagined only a few years ago. The rapid speed of progress in Sjögren’s that is projected over the next several decades largely will come from international collaborative efforts in the Sjögren’s community of medical and scientific researchers, healthcare professionals, patients, and the pharmaceutical and biotech industries.
The Founding through Globalization
Authors: Spalding Andrew
Published: May 2022

The human rights and anti-corruption legacy emerged steadily from a series of political, legal, economic, and cultural developments of the last century. While Pierre de Coubertin had complex motives for resurrecting the Olympics in the 1890s, among them was an idea that sports could symbolize, and model, integration through competition based on agreed-upon standards of fairness. This idea would find significant frustration in the next century’s world wars and Cold War. But with globalization came standards of anti-corruption compliance and human rights due diligence that command a historically unprecedented, albeit incomplete and still disappointing, level of international support. In turn, commentators criticized megasports for failing to uphold these standards. Under this criticism, the International Olympic Committee, FIFA, and megasport stakeholders focused their attention on long-term host-country impacts. Each of these developments is a precondition to the human rights and anti-corruption legacy. In the context of the now abundant academic literature on the economic, social, and environmental legacies of megasports, the human rights and anti-corruption legacy is shown to be novel, while bearing many well-established characteristics of other legacies. It consists of the planned, positive, and intangible long-term impacts that megasports accelerate (but do not necessarily cause) and encompasses several recognized “facets” of legacy, including norms and behavior, skills and knowledge, and policy and governance.
Globalized Standards
Authors: Spalding Andrew
Published: May 2022

Before megasports could begin leaving human rights and anti-corruption legacies, international anti-corruption and human rights standards had to progress through two distinct steps. First came the international instruments that nearly every country in the world would sign. On the human rights side, this occurred in the 1970s, while the anti-corruption instruments developed during globalization, in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The second step was the application of these human rights and anti-corruption standards not only to states but to private-sector entities. For human rights, this step occurred in 2011 when the UN Human Rights Council endorsed the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. On the anti-corruption side, it occurred with the emergence of anti-corruption compliance standards captured in a variety of public- and private-sector guidance documents. These standards have in turn become integrated into IOC and FIFA policies and are essential to legacy formation. While countries of course vary significantly in their implementation of human rights and anti-corruption standards, megasports provide compelling evidence of their degree of cross-cultural assent. Though the successive megasport hosts of Qatar (2022 FIFA Men’s World Cup) and France (2024 Paris Summer Olympics) present a cultural juxtaposition bordering on the ironic, these hosts agree that their events must comply with fundamental human rights and anti-corruption standards.
The Legal Foundation
Authors: Spalding Andrew
Published: May 2022

The foundation of a proactive, intentional, and two-dimensional legacy is the contract the host city/country and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) or FIFA. As Chapter 6 mentioned, in 2017 the IOC amended its model host-city contract to include, for the first time in history, anti-corruption and human rights obligations. While constituting a significant step forward for the human rights and anti-corruption legacy concept, the clauses are brief and, in some instances, vague or even problematic. This chapter provides the first detailed and specific analysis of these clauses, explicating just what they mean in practice for compliance officers seeking to operationalize them. Drafted at the same time, the two clauses have a parallel structure. However, as indicated in Chapter 2, the legal landscapes of anti-corruption law and human rights compliance are significantly different. While the human rights clause proves to be legally sound and practically feasible, the anti-corruption clause suffers from serious deficiencies. Proposed revisions to this clause are provided in Chapter 10. Unlike the IOC, FIFA does not publicize its model host-country contract. However, based on a limited number of documents FIFA made available to the author of this book, this chapter concludes that FIFA’s human rights host-country obligations, like the IOC’s, are much more robust than its anti-corruption requirements. Accordingly, for both the IOC and FIFA, substantial revisions are necessary if future hosts are consistently able to leave proactive, intentional, and two-dimensional legacies.
A How-To Guide
Authors: Spalding Andrew
Published: May 2022

The book concludes with a series of recommendations. They are designed to help ensure future megasport hosts leave an enduring and positive legacy that is formulated without scandal, intended by megasport organizers and lawmakers, and inclusive of both human rights and anti-corruption dimensions. They are designed for various entities, including: the International Olympic Committee and FIFA; the host entities, to include organizing committees, municipal governments, national sports bodies, and national governments; civil society; and the academy. The recommendations variously take the form of practical tips, detailed contractual provisions, interpretations of applicable laws, and proposed research agendas. It concludes with a plea to all megasport stakeholders to recognize and support this promising legacy opportunity.
The Site as Inspiration for Your Work
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes and explores the sources of inspiration for developing the conceptual structure for a site-specific work—four lenses through which you can consciously investigate a site: its physical design, history, current use, and community. For physical design, exploring the physical site to absorb visual information without judgment or bias is part of a technique described as “site inventory.” For history, researching land use and ownership, architectural history, environmental/ecological history, and past significant historical events can inform the artistic vision. The current use of a site in terms of its utility to its stakeholders and the immediate community can uncover important information that will inform an approach to designing a work. Working from the perspective of community requires that you spend time interacting with the people who live in a neighborhood, town, village, or region and set aside preconceptions to discover what the local population thinks and feels about the site. Artists are encouraged to use all of these lenses when researching a site to generate creative ideas and strengthen a connection to audiences.
Working with a Set Budget after Fundraising
Authors: Koplowitz Stephan
Published: May 2022

This chapter assumes that the production process has been approved and offers strategies to deal with unforeseen contingencies that may arise, requiring strategic revisions to a budget. Suggestions for making the budget more responsive to the current financial reality before and during the production process are discussed. Before production begins, it may be possible to find cost savings by identifying items that could be donated, such as rehearsal space or material goods. Another idea is possibly reducing your fee or entering into competitive bidding for goods and services to find lower prices. During production, it is essential to protect the contingency budget line as much as possible and to be ready to make cuts if needed. Clarifying who can make purchases and the process for making them are other aspects of keeping budgets balanced and on track. Your ability to navigate funding challenges depends on how much direct control you have over the funding process and how a budget is allocated and spent. Creating a strong partnership with the commissioning entity or, if self-producing, being realistic about what is possible within your budget will allow you to make decisions with more ease and rationality.
Introduction
Authors: Gerstle Gary
Published: May 2022

The introduction presents the concept of political order and argues for its utility. It explains how the neoliberal order differed radically from the New Deal order that had preceded it, tracing the evolution of the neoliberal order from its origins in the 1970s to its decline in the 2010s. It stresses the emancipatory as well as the coercive elements of neoliberal ideology, with the former being crucial to an understanding of its broad appeal. It argues that the neoliberal order drew on two quite different moral perspectives: one celebrating cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism and the other resurrecting Victorian-era values of self-reliance, discipline, and patriarchy. And it insists that the collapse of the Soviet Union, and with it the threat of communism, and the imperative for class compromise between capitalist elites and the working classes in America were crucial factors in facilitating the neoliberal order’s rise.
Populism and Constitutionalism
Authors: Arato Andrew , Cohen Jean L.
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the uneasy relationship of “populism and constitutionalism.” After defining constitutionalism, it considers the antagonism of populist logic to “liberal constitutionalism” and asks whether this means to constitutionalism as such. While on the level of logic the answer here is affirmative, we raise the empirical question of the interest of many populists in constitutions. This interest is manifested in efforts of constitutional replacement, amendment, and court packing projects, promoted by populist movements and parties, and undertaken by populists “in” government, in the process of becoming “the” government. The chapter considers four main theoretical attempts to explain the empirically obvious interest of populists in the constitution: political constitutionalism as the norm of populist attacks on liberal versions (Tushnet, Bugaric), instrumental majoritarian constitutionalism linked to “legal resentment” (Blokker), abusive constitutionalism (Landau and Dixon), and the constitutionalism of the constituent power (Colon Rios and Corias).
Calvinist Conformity in Post-Reformation England
Authors: Salazar Greg A.
Published: May 2022

This work is the first modern full-scale examination of the theology and life of the distinguished English Calvinist clergyman Daniel Featley (1582–1645). It explores Featley’s career and thought through a comprehensive treatment of his two dozen published works and manuscripts and situates these works within their original historical context. A fascinating figure, Featley was the youngest translator of the Authorized Version, a protégé of John Rainolds, a domestic chaplain for Archbishop George Abbot, and a minister of two churches. As a result of his sympathies with royalism and episcopacy, he endured two different attacks on his life. Despite these two attacks, Featley was the only royalist episcopalian figure who accepted his invitation to the Westminster Assembly. Nevertheless, three months into the assembly, Featley was charged with being a royalist spy, imprisoned by Parliament, and died shortly thereafter. While Featley is a central focus of the work, this work is more than a biography. It uses Featley’s career to trace the fortunes of Calvinist conformists—those English Calvinists who were committed to the established church and represented the church’s majority position between 1560 and the mid-1620s, before being marginalized by Laudians in the 1630s and puritans in the 1640s. It demonstrates how Featley’s convictions were representative of the ideals and career of conformist Calvinism, explores the broader priorities and political manoeuvres of English Calvinist conformists, and offers a more nuanced perspective of the priorities and political manoeuvres of these figures and the politics of religion in post-Reformation England.
HEXACO Personality
Authors: Visser Beth A. , Doyle Liam A.
Published: May 2022

Research on the Dark Triad of personality has indicated that this constellation of socially malevolent personality traits is associated with counterproductive workplace behaviors. There are arguably more personality traits that meet criteria to be included in this dark grouping (e.g., sadism, spitefulness, status-driven risk taking), and all are characterized by low HEXACO Honesty-Humility as well as low Big Five/Five-Factor Model Agreeableness. The authors conclude that the future of research into dark personality traits in the workplace includes cross-informant reporting and longitudinal samples, as well as investigating subtle methods of screening for Honesty-Humility, and further exploring the role of narrow personality facets.
Gender and the Dark Side of Leadership
Authors: Eaton Asia A. , Nevicka Barbara
Published: May 2022

Research on the nature and consequences of dark leadership has grown substantially in the last decade, but little work has examined how dark leadership might be affected by other leader characteristics. This chapter examines leader gender as it relates to the prevalence of dark leadership, and the relationship between dark leadership and various social and organizational outcomes. The authors begin by reviewing what is known about gender and the dark-side traits, including the greater prevalence of dark-side traits among men and their connection to gender role beliefs. Next, the authors turn their attention to how dark-side traits operate in men and women leaders, finding that dark-side traits may have less toxic outcomes among women. The authors then review follower perceptions of women and men leaders who possess dark-side traits, and the relationship between follower gender and dark leadership. Finally, the authors discuss future directions for research, such as investigating factors moderating the influence of dark-side traits among women and men, and suggestions for practice, including leader training and support systems for followers.
Leadership and Dark-Side Derailers
Authors: Kaiser Robert B.
Published: May 2022

Robert and Joyce Hogan introduced the concept of the dark side of personality to identify common counterproductive dispositions associated with ineffective leadership and career derailment. Dark-side traits are more complex and complicated than the bright-side traits assessed by most personality inventories. This chapter is about untangling the risks and rewards of the dark side for those who conduct executive assessments for (1) hiring, promotion, and succession planning as well as (2) leadership development and executive coaching. First, a brief history of the origins of the dark-side concept is reviewed. Next, distinctions are made between bright-side traits, dark-side traits, and personality disorders. Then a paradox is identified and addressed: Dark-side derailers are associated with both upside potential for effective leadership and downside risks for ineffective leadership. Finally, practical implications are provided with recommendations for executive selection and development.
The Diegesis as Environment
Authors: Hven Steffen
Published: May 2022

The concept of diegesis is essential to film studies and narratology. The first part of the chapter examines the historical trajectory to which the present concept of the diegesis owes its appropriation in film semiology, structuralist narratology, film musicology, and cognitive formalism into a “textual” model detached from narrative experientiality and affect. In reference to recent debates concerning the concept of diegesis, it is evidenced how textual assumptions continue to impede a field trying to move on to more embodied understandings of the filmic experience. This chapter develops the “enactive” and “media-anthropological” concept of the diegesis-as-environment as an alternative to the dominant conception of the diegesis-as-text. In doing so, it returns to the original filmological conception of the diegesis as more than “a series of events” but, rather, the world of the story, including its affective components such as the atmospheres that radiate from it. Consequently, the diegesis-as-environment rejects the semiological reduction of the diegesis to the sum of a film’s “literal” meanings, its denotations. Such a definition effectively identifies filmic signification with linguistic and verbal signification, thereby neglecting cinema’s material and affective modes of communicating their worlds through ambient noises, subtle colorations, editing rhythms, performative techniques, and camera movements that communicate through embodied affects. Proposed instead is an affective semiotics that replaces the Saussurean “sign” with Deleuze’s “signaletic material” as the main constituent of cinematic signification.
Remedies
Authors: Huq Aziz Z.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the ways in which courts can supply remedies for individual violations of the Constitution’s rights provisions. In the middle of the twentieth century, federal courts developed four powerful tools for addressing individual rights violations: the constitutional damages action under the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871; the “habeas corpus” writ for unlawful detention, used to address violations of the Bill of Rights that happen during state criminal trials; the rule that evidence illegally gained by police must be excluded when it comes to trial; and the so-called Bivens remedy for unconstitutional acts by federal officials. The chapter explains why a supportive political coalition at the time backed all of these measures in ways that enabled judicial innovation. The chapter further explores the effect that these new remedial mechanisms had on the extent and use of state power during the twentieth century.
Remains
Authors: Huq Aziz Z.
Published: May 2022

This chapter contrasts the collapse of constitutional remedies in individual rights cases with the robust defense of “structural” constitutional rules, which travel under the rubric of the separation of powers and federalism doctrine. The chapter demonstrates that the US Supreme Court has not applied all the threshold screening rules for used most individual rights cases to litigants who file structural constitutional challenges. As a result, the latter do not need to demonstrate “fault” and are, indeed, sometimes not even required to show that they would be harmed, in a direct, material sense, by an alleged constitutional error. The chapter goes on to explore the effect of combining a fault-based regime for individual rights with a more plenary and open approach to structural questions. The net effect is a regressive one: Regulated firms causing externalities to third parties benefit from these arrangements, while socially marginalized groups commonly on society’s margins are harmed.
Coda
Authors: Huq Aziz Z.
Published: May 2022

This brief conclusion reflects on the linkages between judicial independence, the rule of law, and the vindication of vital human interests. It contends that these linkages are contingent, and in the American context fraying. It further suggests a series of reforms—both to the manner in which judicial independence is conceptualized and put into practice—to restore those values.
Institutional intention
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2022

Institutional, crystallized action-focused outputs will be set to organize thought and action in partnership with relevant cognitive correlates in the direction of what is favored by the output. This chapter argues that this guidance, while it does not ensure corresponding shared intention, does have the structure of guidance that is characteristic of intention. So, within a functional specification approach, these institutional crystallized outputs are institutional intentions. The institutional background of such an institutional intention will involve various shared intentions/shared policies. But such an institutional intention need not itself involve a strictly corresponding shared intention. In an analogous way this leads to a model of institutional acceptance. Further, while institutional acceptance is not institutional belief, this makes room for derived talk of institutional belief.