bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motion Planning for Deformable Linear Objects Under Multiple Constraints
Authors: Ma Jiangtao , Liu Jianhua , Ding Xiaoyu , Lv Naijing
Published: July 2019

Deformable linear objects (DLOs) have a wide variety of applications in a range of fields. Their key characteristic is that they extend much further in one of their dimensions than in the other two. Accurate motion planning is particularly important in the case of DLOs used in robotics applications. In this paper, a new strategy for planning the motions of DLOs under multiple constraints is proposed. The DLO was modeled as Cosserat elastic rods so that the deformation is simulated accurately and efficiently. The control of the motion of the DLO was enhanced by supplementing one gripper installed at each end with additional supports. This allows DLOs to undergo complex deformations, and thus avoid collisions during motion. The appropriate number of supports and their positions were determined, and then a rapidly exploring random tree algorithm was used to search for the best path to guide the DLO toward its target destination. The motion of the simulated DLO is described as it is controlled using two grippers and specific numbers of supports. To prove that the proposed DLO motion planning strategy can successfully guide relatively long DLOs through complex environments without colliding with obstacles, a case study of the strategy was conducted when guiding a DLO through a puzzle.
GM-VPC: An Algorithm for Multi-robot Coverage of Known Spaces Using Generalized Voronoi Partition
Authors: Nair Vishnu G. , Guruprasad K. R.
Published: July 2019

In this paper we address the problem of coverage path planning (CPP) for multiple cooperating mobile robots. We use a ‘partition and cover’ approach using Voronoi partition to achieve natural passive cooperation between robots to avoid task duplicity. We combine two generalizations of Voronoi partition, namely geodesic-distance-based Voronoi partition and Manhattan-distance-based Voronoi partition, to address contiguity of partition in the presence of obstacles and to avoid partition-boundary-induced coverage gap. The region is divided into 2D×2Dgrids, whereDis the size of the robot footprint. Individual robots can use any of the single-robot CPP algorithms. We show that with the proposed Geodesic-Manhattan Voronoi-partition-based coverage (GM-VPC), a complete and non-overlapping coverage can be achieved at grid level provided that the underlying single-robot CPP algorithm has similar property.We demonstrated using two representative single-robot coverage strategies, namely Boustrophedon-decomposition-based coverage and Spanning Tree coverage, first based on so-called exact cellular decomposition and second based on approximate cellular decomposition, that the proposed partitioning scheme completely eliminates coverage gaps and coverage overlaps. Simulation experiments using Matlab and V-rep robot simulator and experiments with Fire Bird V mobile robot are carried out to validate the proposed coverage strategy.
COOL Music: a ‘bottom-up’ music intervention for hard-to-reach young people in Scotland
Authors: Millar Stephen R. , Steiner Artur , Caló Francesca , Teasdale Simon
Published: July 2019

Community Orientated and Opportunity Learning (COOL) Music was a 12-month collaborative project between researchers at Glasgow Caledonian University and practitioners at the Edinburgh-based social enterprise Heavy Sound. The project began in October 2017 and involved 16 sessions of participatory music making with 32 ‘hard-to-reach’ young people (aged 12–17) aimed at increasing confidence and self-esteem and improving social skills. Using COOL Music as a case study, this article explores some of the challenges faced by community-based arts organisations tasked with delivering such interventions, contrasting COOL Music’s small-scale, targeted, community-based approach with prevailing top-down music interventions in Scotland. We argue that such programmes are particularly suitable in engaging those at the margins of society, reaching them on their own terms through music that resonates with their own lived experience. However, we acknowledge the short-term and transitory nature of such projects may prove problematic for some hard-to-reach groups who require more stability in their lives and may also lead to staff fatigue and burnout. We call for further research in these areas, and greater policy attention to be paid to the sustainability of such projects.
Commentary. In Praise of Studies That Use More Than One Generic Preference-Based Measure
Authors: Feeny David , Furlong William , Torrance George W.
Published: July 2019

Objectives and Background

Generic preference-based (GPB) measures of health-related quality of life (HRQL) are widely used as outcome measures in cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses (CEA, CUA). Health technology assessment agencies favor GPB measures because they facilitate comparisons among conditions and because the scoring functions for these measures are based on community preferences. However, there is no gold standard HRQL measure, scores generated by GPB measures may differ importantly, and changes in scores may fail to detect important changes in HRQL. Therefore, to enhance the accumulation of empirical evidence on how well GPB measures perform, we advocate that investigators routinely use two (or more) GPB measures in each study.

Methods

We discuss key measurement properties and present examples to illustrate differences in responsiveness for several major GPB measures across a wide variety of health contexts. We highlight the contributions of longitudinal head-to-head studies.

Results

There is substantial evidence that the performance of GPB measures varies importantly among diseases and health conditions. Scores are often not interchangeable. There are numerous examples of studies in which one GPB measure was responsive while another was not.

Conclusions

Investigators should use two (or more) GPB measures. Study protocols should designate one measure as the primary outcome measure; the other measure(s) would be used in secondary analyses. As evidence accumulates it will better inform the relative strengths and weaknesses of alternative GPB measures in various clinical conditions. This will facilitate the selection and interpretation of GPB measures in future studies.
The quality of child-directed speech depends on the speaker's language proficiency
Authors: HOFF Erika , CORE Cynthia , SHANKS Katherine F.
Published: July 2019

Many children learn language, in part, from the speech of non-native speakers who vary in their language proficiency. To investigate the influence of speaker proficiency on the quality of child-directed speech, 29 mothers who were native English speakers and 31 mothers who were native speakers of Spanish and who reported speaking English to their children on a regular basis were recorded interacting with their two-year-old children in English. Of the non-native speakers, 21 described their English proficiency as ‘good’, and eight described their English proficiency as ‘limited’. ANCOVAs, controlling for differences in maternal education and child language level, revealed significant effects of group on lexical and grammatical properties of child-directed speech that the literature has identified as positive predictors of child language development. These results suggest that the child-directed speech of native speakers and non-native speakers with good proficiency provide a richer database for language acquisition than the child-directed speech of speakers with limited proficiency.
Hilbert’s 16th problem on a period annulus and Nash space of arcs
Authors: FRANÇOISE JEAN–PIERRE , GAVRILOV LUBOMIR , XIAO DONGMEI
Published: July 2019

This paper introduces an algebro-geometric setting for the space of bifurcation functions involved in the local Hilbert’s 16th problem on a period annulus. Each possible bifurcation function is in one-to-one correspondence with a point in the exceptional divisorEof the canonical blow-upBIℂnof the Bautin idealI. In this setting, the notion of essential perturbation, first proposed by Iliev, is defined via irreducible components of the Nash space of arcsArc(BIℂn,E). The example of planar quadratic vector fields in the Kapteyn normal form is further discussed.
Classifying spaces for commutativity of low-dimensional Lie groups
Authors: ANTOLÍN–CAMARENA OMAR , GRITSCHACHER SIMON PHILIPP , VILLARREAL BERNARDO
Published: July 2019

For each of the groups G = O(2), SU(2), U(2), we compute the integral and $\mathbb{F}_2$-cohomology rings of BcomG (the classifying space for commutativity of G), the action of the Steenrod algebra on the mod 2 cohomology, the homotopy type of EcomG (the homotopy fiber of the inclusion BcomG → BG), and some low-dimensional homotopy groups of BcomG.
Do contact languages influence the distribution of prepositions in Estonian dialects?
Authors: Ruutma Mirjam
Published: July 2019

The origins of prepositional phrase structure in Finnic languages shows little evidence of being contact-induced. However, whether language contact has influenced the structure at a later stage is debatable. The current paper provides new findings on the topic of contact-induced change by comparing the distribution of prepositions in Estonian dialects with the respective contact languages. The purpose is to determine whether the usage frequency of prepositions is higher in areas mainly in contact with prepositional Indo-European languages. The topic is approached from a corpus-based, frequency-driven viewpoint. The results show a small, gradual decrease in the use of prepositions from the northeastern to the western dialect areas. Thus, the uneven but regular distribution of prepositions in Estonian dialects cannot be explained with language contact. This evidence supports the general understanding that adpositions are an unlikely class to be influenced by contact.
Marketing the Research Missions of Academic Medical Centers: Why Messages Blurring Lines Between Clinical Care and Research Are Bad for both Business and Ethics
Authors: YARBOROUGH MARK , HOUK TIMOTHY , PERRAULT SARAH TINKER , SCHENKER YAEL , SHARP RICHARD R.
Published: July 2019

Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) offer patient care and perform research. Increasingly, AMCs advertise to the public in order to garner income that can support these dual missions. In what follows, we raise concerns about the ways that advertising blurs important distinctions between them. Such blurring is detrimental to AMC efforts to fulfill critically important ethical responsibilities pertaining both to science communication and clinical research, because marketing campaigns can employ hype that weakens research integrity and contributes to therapeutic misconception and misestimation, undermining the informed consent process that is essential to the ethical conduct of research. We offer ethical analysis of common advertising practices that justify these concerns. We also suggest the need for a deliberative body convened by the Association of American Medical Colleges and others to develop a set of voluntary guidelines that AMCs can use to avoid in the future, the problems found in many current AMC advertising practices.
Research Ethics and Justice: The Case of Finland
Authors: TAKALA TUIJA , HÄYRY MATTI
Published: July 2019

This paper explores how Finnish research ethics deals with matters of justice on the levels of practical regulation, political morality, and theoretical studies. The bioethical sets of principles introduced by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in the United States and Jacob Dahl Rendtorff and Peter Kemp in Europe provide the conceptual background, together with a recently introduced conceptual map of theories of justice and their dimensions. The most striking finding is that the internationally recognized requirement of informed consent for research on humans can be ideologically tricky in a Scandinavian welfare state setting.
Term evaluation metrics in imbalanced text categorization
Authors: Naderalvojoud Behzad , Akcapinar Sezer Ebru
Published: July 2019

This paper proposes four novel term evaluation metrics to represent documents in the text categorization where class distribution is imbalanced. These metrics are achieved from the revision of the four common term evaluation metrics:chi-square,information gain,odds ratio, andrelevance frequency. While the common metrics require a balanced class distribution, our proposed metrics evaluate the document terms under an imbalanced distribution. They calculate the degree of relatedness of terms with respect to minor and major classes by considering their imbalanced distribution. Using these metrics in the document representation makes a better distinction between the documents of the minor and major classes and improves the performance of machine learning algorithms. The proposed metrics are assessed over three popular benchmarks (two subsets of Reuters-21578 and WebKB) by using four classification algorithms: support vector machines, naive Bayes, decision trees, and centroid-based classifiers. Our empirical results indicate that the proposed metrics outperform the common metrics in the imbalanced text categorization.
Neither past nor present : Authenticity and late twentieth-century architectural heritage
Authors: Mager Tino
Published: July 2019

It was the present moment. No one need wonder that Orlando started, pressed her hand to her heart, and turned pale. For what more terrifying revelation can there be than that it is the present moment? That we survive the shock at all is only possible because the past shelters us on one side and the future on another. But we have no time now for reflections.

(Virginia Woolf, Orlando)

How long does the present moment last? Where and when does the past begin and how does the present end? In physics – or more precisely in the special theory of relativity – the present can be defined as the coordinate origin in a spacetime diagram – an unextended point that separates an observer’s past and future light cones. From that point of view, the present has no duration at all; the past instantly assimilates the future without any hesitation in between. However, time perception tells us that we actually experience a ‘here and now’. Psychologists believe that the time range we perceive as the present, the socalled specious present, lasts about three seconds – the interval duration after which the brain may be said to reset its attention. This is already infinitely more than no duration at all but this recognition is still not enough to explain concepts like the present time or ‘today’ as an indicator of the contemporary. In the domain of history, the present seems to be a much more complex construction. When we speak of phenomena as contemporary, we place them in an extended present. We concede that the present encompasses the recent past and the near future – a temporal range that provides a stage for the actions and reactions that shape our world.
English orthographic forms affect L2 English speech production in native users of a non-alphabetic writing system
Authors: Sokolović-Perović Mirjana , Bassetti Bene , Dillon Susannah
Published: July 2019

There is growing evidence that the orthographic forms (spellings) of second language words affect second language (L2) speech production, but it is not known whether orthography affects L2 phonology in native users of a non-alphabetic writing system. To answer this question, this study tested the effects of number of letters on the duration of consonants and vowels in the EnglishL2speech production of Japanese–English sequential bilinguals. JapaneseL1–EnglishL2bilinguals and English native speakers (bothn= 16) performed a delayed word repetition task, producing 16 English word pairs in which the same consonant or vowel was spelled either with a single letter or with double letters, as incity-kitty. The bilinguals produced the same English sound as longer or shorter depending on the number of letters in its spelling, confirming that L2 orthographic forms affect L2 speakers’ phonological representations of L2 words even when their L1 writing system is not alphabetical.
Global conversations: Relationality, embodiment and power in the move towards a Global IR
Authors: FIERKE KARIN M , JABRI VIVIENNE
Published: July 2019

The ‘global turn’ in International Relations (IR), like postcolonial and decolonising approaches, moves away from the Eurocentric dominance of the discipline, and towards the inclusion of plural perspectives on global politics. The article investigates what such a call means in epistemological and ontological terms by focusing on the concept of ‘global conversations’. In section I, we show that the concept of ‘global’ conversations necessarily shifts from an individual ontology to a relational ontology of intra-action within a global space. In section II we explore why ‘conversation’, as distinct from dialogue fits more comfortably with this relational shift and has practical implications for how the engagement takes place. The third section engages in an exploration of some of the obstacles to global conversation, and not least the emotional obstacles, in light of historically embedded and embodied relations of power that shape who can speak and who is silenced or heard. The final section then engages in a discussion of the types of practical engagement and research that might flow from this analysis. In moving beyond ‘dialogue’, the article reveals the intersection of power, language, emotion and embodiment in the constitution of ‘global conversations’, and how these in turn come to constitute the global, its normative structuring, contestations and transformation.
Water Migration in the Subduction Mantle Wedge: A Two‐Phase Flow Approach
Authors: Wang Hongliang , Huismans Ritske S. , Rondenay Stéphane
Published: July 2019

Subduction zones are the main entry points of water into Earth's mantle and play an important role in the global water cycle. The progressive release of water by metamorphic dehydration induces important physical‐chemical processes, including subduction zone earthquakes. Yet, how water migrates in subduction zones is not well understood. We investigate this problem by explicitly modeling two‐phase flow processes, in which fluids migrate through a compacting and decompacting solid matrix. Our results show that water migration is strongly affected by subduction dynamics, which exhibits three characteristic stages in our models: (1) an early stage of subduction initiation; (2) an intermediate stage of gravity‐driven steepening of the slab; and (3) a late stage of quasi steady state subduction. Two main water pathways are found in the models: trenchward and arcward. They form in the first two stages and become steady in the third stage. Depending on the depth of water release from the subducting slab, water migration focuses in different pathways: a shallow release depth (e.g., 40 km) leads the water mainly through the trenchward pathway, a deep release depth (e.g., 120 km) promotes an arcward pathway and a long horizontal migration distance (~300 km) from the trench, and an intermediate release depth (e.g., 80 km) leads water to both pathways. We compare our models with seismic studies from southeast Japan (Saita et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063084) and the west Hellenic subduction zone (Halpaap et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB015154) and provide geodynamical explanations for these seismic observations in natural subduction environments.
Variation in Magnetic Fabrics at Low Shock Pressure Due to Experimental Impact Cratering
Authors: Agarwal Amar , Kontny Agnes , Kenkmann Thomas , Poelchau Michael H.
Published: July 2019

Magnetic fabrics provide important clues for understanding impact cratering processes. However, only a few magnetic fabric studies for experimentally shocked material have been reported so far. In the framework of MEMIN (Multidisciplinary Experimental and Modeling Impact Research Network), we conducted two impact experiments on blocks of Maggia gneiss with the foliation oriented perpendicular (A38) and parallel (A37) to the target surface. Maggia gneiss has plenty of biotite bands forming a strong rock foliation. The bulk magnetic susceptibility varies from 0.376 × 10−3 to 1.298 × 10−3 SI in unshocked and from 0.443 × 10−3 to 3.940 × 10−3 SI in shocked gneiss. The thermomagnetic curves reveal a Verwey transition at −147 °C and a Curie temperature between 576 and 579 °C in unshocked and shocked samples, indicating nearly pure magnetite, which carries the magnetic fabrics. In A37 and A38 kinking is prominent from the point source down to a depth of 2 and 4.2 dp (projectile diameter) or 1 and 2.1 cm, respectively. Kinking, folding, and fracturing changed the position of magnetite grains with respect to each other to reorient the magnetic fabrics. Reorientation of magnetic fabrics is conspicuous down to 20 dp (10 cm) in A38, where no other impact‐related deformation is visible. The reorientation of magnetic fabrics may, therefore, aid in identifying impact processes at very low pressures, starting at 0.1 GPa, when other common indicators are absent.
Garnetite and Pyroxenite in the Mantle Wedge Formed by Slab‐Mantle Interactions at Different Melt/Rock Ratios
Authors: Su Bin , Chen Yi , Guo Shun , Chen Si , Li Yi‐Bing
Published: July 2019

Mantle wedge hybridization by crust‐derived melt is a crucial mechanism responsible for arc lavas. However, how the melt‐rock reactions proceed in the mantle wedge and affect melt compositions is poorly understood. Garnet peridotites from Jiangzhuang in the Sulu orogen (eastern China) host garnetite and pyroxenite veins formed by slab‐mantle interactions at different melt/rock ratios. The Jiangzhuang peridotites consist mainly of garnet lherzolites and minor harzburgites and represent a fragment of the mantle wedge influenced by ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism (5.2–6.1 GPa) in the subduction channel. Petrography, major and trace element geochemistry, and in situ clinopyroxene Sr isotope values of the garnetite and pyroxenite veins reveal their derivation from interactions between mantle wedge peridotites and deeply subducted crust‐derived melts. The two veins share a common metamorphic and metasomatic history and have similar mineral assemblages and compositions, enriched isotope signatures, and formation P‐T conditions, indicating the same source for their reacting melts. The different mineral proportions and microtextures between the garnetite and pyroxenite veins are ascribed to different melt/rock ratios. The garnetite vein formed at relatively high melt/rock ratios (>1:1), which would likely produce hybrid slab melts with Mg‐rich, high‐silica adakitic signatures. In contrast, the pyroxenite vein formed at low melt/rock ratios (<1:1), and the expected hybrid slab melts would evolve into high‐Mg andesites. Moreover, recycled heterogeneous garnetite and pyroxenite could contribute to the mantle sources of intraplate magmas. Therefore, slab‐mantle interactions at different melt/rock ratios could be an important crustal input to lithological and geochemical heterogeneities in the mantle.
Thermodynamic and Elastic Properties of Grossular at High Pressures and High Temperatures: A First‐Principles Study
Authors: Duan Longyu , Wang Wenzhong , Wu Zhongqing , Qian Wangsheng
Published: July 2019

Thermodynamic and elastic properties of grossular (Ca3Al2(SiO4)3, the calcium‐aluminium end‐member of garnet) at high pressures and temperatures are obtained using the first‐principles calculations based on the density functional theory. Our calculated results agree well with available experimental data. The elastic moduli and wave velocities of grossular exhibit the nonlinear pressure and temperature dependences. Although the bulk moduli of grossular are similar to those of pyrope (Mg3Al2(SiO4)3) and almandine (Fe3Al2(SiO4)3), its shear moduli are significantly larger than those of pyrope and almandine. Combining our calculated results with previously calculated elasticity of other upper‐mantle minerals, we estimated density and wave velocity profiles for the pyrolitic and eclogitic compositions along different mantle geotherms. We find that a pyrolitic composition along the normal geotherm can well reproduce the reference velocities and densities for the upper mantle, supporting a pyrolitic upper mantle. Although an eclogitic composition also has similar velocities to reference seismic models above 300 km, it is significantly denser than the pyrolitic composition and the ambient mantle. However, the velocities of eclogite along the cold geotherm are relatively larger than those of the pyrolitic composition, indicating that the presence of eclogite in subduction zones could produce high‐velocity anomalies. In addition, the decomposition of grossular to calcium perovskite and corundum at the conditions of the mantle transition zone can produce considerable velocities and density jumps, which probably provides an interpretation for the seismically observed multiple reflections at ~660 km.
Introduction to Special Collection on Arctic Ocean Modeling and Observational Synthesis (FAMOS) 2: Beaufort Gyre Phenomenon
Authors: Proshutinsky A. , Krishfield R. , Timmermans M.‐L.
Published: July 2019

One of the foci of the Forum for Artic Modeling and Observational Synthesis (FAMOS) project is improving Arctic regional ice‐ocean models and understanding of physical processes regulating variability of Arctic environmental conditions based on synthesis of observations and model results. The Beaufort Gyre, centered in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean, is an ideal phenomenon and natural laboratory for application of FAMOS modeling capabilities to resolve numerous scientific questions related to the origin and variability of this climatologic freshwater reservoir and flywheel of the Arctic Ocean. The unprecedented volume of data collected in this region is nearly optimal to describe the state and changes in the Beaufort Gyre environmental system at synoptic, seasonal, and interannual time scales. The in situ and remote sensing data characterizing ocean hydrography, sea surface heights, ice drift, concentration and thickness, ocean circulation, and biogeochemistry have been used for model calibration and validation or assimilated for historic reconstructions and establishing initial conditions for numerical predictions. This special collection of studies contributes time series of the Beaufort Gyre data; new methodologies in observing, modeling, and analysis; interpretation of measurements and model output; and discussions and findings that shed light on the mechanisms regulating Beaufort Gyre dynamics as it transitions to a new state under different climate forcing.
Introduction to the Special Section on Fast Physics in Climate Models: Parameterization, Evaluation, and Observation
Authors: Liu Yangang
Published: July 2019

This is a summary of the papers published in the Special Section titled “Fast Physics in Climate Models: Parameterization, Evaluation, and Observation” (https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/toc/10.1002/(ISSN)2169‐8996.FASTPHYS1), as requested by the JGR‐Atmosphere Chief Editor, Professor Minghua Zhang.
Modeling Wildfire Smoke Feedback Mechanisms Using a Coupled Fire‐Atmosphere Model With a Radiatively Active Aerosol Scheme
Authors: Kochanski Adam K. , Mallia Derek V. , Fearon Matthew G. , Mandel Jan , Souri Amir H. , Brown Tim
Published: July 2019

During the summer of 2015, a number of large wildfires burned across Northern California in areas of localized topographic relief. Persistent valley smoke hindered fire‐fighting efforts, delayed helicopter operations, and exposed communities to extreme concentrations of particulate matter. It was hypothesized that smoke from the wildfires reduced the amount of incoming solar radiation reaching the ground, which resulted in near‐surface cooling, while smoke aerosols resulted in warming aloft. As a result of increased inversion‐like conditions, smoke from wildfires was trapped within mountain valleys adjacent to active wildfires. In this study, wildfire smoke‐induced inversion episodes across Northern California were examined using a modeling framework that couples an atmospheric, chemical, and fire spread model. Modeling results examined in this study indicate that wildfire smoke reduced incoming solar radiation during the afternoon, which lead to local surface cooling by up to 3 °C, which agrees with cooling observed at nearby surface stations. Direct heating from the fire itself did not significantly enhance atmospheric stability. However, midlevel warming (+0.5 °C) and pronounced surface cooling was observed in the smoke layer, indicating that smoke aerosols significantly enhanced atmospheric stability. A positive feedback associated with the presence of smoke was observed, where local smoke‐enhanced inversions inhibited the growth of the planetary boundary layer, and reduced surface winds, which resulted in smoke accumulation that further reduced near‐surface temperatures. This work suggests that the inclusion of fire‐smoke‐atmosphere feedback in a coupled modeling framework such as WRF‐SFIRE‐CHEM can forecast the dispersion of wildfire smoke and its radiative feedback, and potentially provide decision‐support for wildfire operations.
El Niño‐Southern Oscillation‐Induced Variability of Terrestrial Gross Primary Production During the Satellite Era
Authors: Zhang Yulong , Dannenberg Matthew P. , Hwang Taehee , Song Conghe
Published: July 2019

Terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) is the largest carbon flux entering the biosphere from the atmosphere, which serves as a key driver of global carbon cycle and provides essential matter and energy for life on land. However, terrestrial GPP variability is still poorly understood and difficult to predict, especially at the annual scale. As a major internal climate oscillation, El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences global climate patterns and thus may strongly alter interannual terrestrial GPP variation. Using a remote sensing‐driven ecosystem model with long‐term satellite and climate data, we comprehensively examined the impacts of ENSO on global GPP dynamics from 1982 to 2016, focusing on lag effects of ENSO and their spatial heterogeneity. We found a clear seasonal lag effect of previous‐year ENSO indices on current‐year global GPP variability. The composite Oceanic Niño Index in the previous‐year's August‐October showed the strongest correlation with global annual GPP (R = −0.51, p < 0.01). Spatially, 20.1% and 11.7% of vegetated land area showed significant negative and positive correlations with the ENSO cycle, respectively. ENSO effects on annual GPP exhibited diverse seasonal evolutions, and the timings of peak ENSO influences were heterogeneous across the globe. Annual GPP from TRENDY land surface model ensemble did not capture the major lag effects of ENSO identified in the satellite‐derived GPP and top‐down‐based land sink. Despite the complexity of the climate system, our efforts linking ENSO with global GPP dynamics provide a simple framework to understand and project climatic influences on the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Excitotoxic targeting of Kidins220 to the Golgi apparatus precedes calpain cleavage of Rap1-activation complexes
Authors: López-Menéndez Celia , Simón-García Ana , Gamir-Morralla Andrea , Pose-Utrilla Julia , Luján Rafael , Mochizuki Naoki , Díaz-Guerra Margarita , Iglesias Teresa
Published: July 2019

Excitotoxic neuronal death induced by high concentrations of glutamate is a pathological event common to multiple acute or chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Excitotoxicity is mediated through overactivation of the N-Methyl-D-aspartate type of ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Physiological stimulation of NMDARs triggers their endocytosis from the neuronal surface, inducing synaptic activity and survival. However almost nothing is known about the internalization of overactivated NMDARs and their interacting proteins, and how this endocytic process is connected with neuronal death has been poorly explored. Kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (Kidins220), also known as ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning (ARMS), is a component of NMDAR complexes essential for neuronal viability by the control of ERK activation. Here we have investigated Kidins220 endocytosis induced by NMDAR overstimulation and the participation of this internalization step in the molecular mechanisms of excitotoxicity. We show that excitotoxicity induces Kidins220 and GluN1 traffic to the Golgi apparatus (GA) before Kidins220 is degraded by the protease calpain. We also find that excitotoxicity triggers an early activation of Rap1-GTPase followed by its inactivation. Kidins220 excitotoxic endocytosis and subsequent calpain-mediated downregulation governs this late inactivation of Rap1 that is associated to decreases in ERK activity preceding neuronal death. Furthermore, we identify the molecular mechanisms involved in the excitotoxic shutoff of Kidins220/Rap1/ERK prosurvival cascade that depends on calpain processing of Rap1-activation complexes. Our data fit in a model where Kidins220 targeting to the GA during early excitotoxicity would facilitate Rap1 activation and subsequent stimulation of ERK. At later times, activation of Golgi-associated calpain, would promote the degradation of GA-targeted Kidins220 and two additional components of the specific Rap1 activation complex, PDZ-GEF1, and S-SCAM. In this way, late excitotoxicity would turn off Rap1/ERK cascade and compromise neuronal survival.
Molecular basis of egg coat cross-linking sheds light on ZP1-associated female infertility
Authors: Nishimura Kaoru , Dioguardi Elisa , Nishio Shunsuke , Villa Alessandra , Han Ling , Matsuda Tsukasa , Jovine Luca
Published: July 2019

Mammalian fertilisation begins when sperm interacts with the egg zona pellucida (ZP), whose ZP1 subunit is important for fertility by covalently cross-linking ZP filaments into a three-dimensional matrix. Like ZP4, a structurally-related component absent in the mouse, ZP1 is predicted to contain an N-terminal ZP-N domain of unknown function. Here we report a characterisation of ZP1 proteins carrying mutations from infertile patients, which suggests that, in human, filament cross-linking by ZP1 is crucial to form a stable ZP. We map the function of ZP1 to its ZP-N1 domain and determine crystal structures of ZP-N1 homodimers from a chicken homolog of ZP1. These reveal that ZP filament cross-linking is highly plastic and can be modulated by ZP1 fucosylation and, potentially, zinc sparks. Moreover, we show that ZP4 ZP-N1 forms non-covalent homodimers in chicken but not in human. Together, these data identify human ZP1 cross-links as a promising target for non-hormonal contraception.
Dual-color fluorescent nanoparticles showing perfect color-specific photoswitching for bioimaging and super-resolution microscopy
Authors: Kim Dojin , Jeong Keunsoo , Kwon Ji Eon , Park Hyeonjong , Lee Seokyung , Kim Sehoon , Park Soo Young
Published: July 2019

Dual-emissive systems showing color-specific photoswitching are promising in bioimaging and super-resolution microscopy. However, their switching efficiency has been limited because a delicate manipulation of all the energy transfer crosstalks in the systems is unfeasible. Here, we report a perfect color-specific photoswitching, which is rationally designed by combining the complete off-to-on fluorescence switching capability of a fluorescent photochromic diarylethene and the frustrated energy transfer to the other fluorescent dye based on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process. Upon alternation of UV and visible light irradiations, the system achieves 100% switching on/off of blue emission from the diarylethene while orange emission from the ESIPT dye is unchanged in the polymer film. By fabricating this system into biocompatible polymer nanoparticles, we demonstrate microscopic imaging of RAW264.7 macrophage cells with reversible blue-color specific fluorescence switching that enables super-resolution imaging with a resolution of 70 nm.
Evolution of tropical cyclone genesis regions during the Cenozoic era
Authors: Yan Qing , Korty Robert , Zhang Zhongshi , Wang Huijun
Published: July 2019

How the substantial climate shifts of the Cenozoic era shaped the geographical distribution of tropical cyclone genesis remains unknown. Through a set of coupled model simulations, we demonstrate that conditions during the warmer Early Eocene are more favorable for storm formation over the Southern Hemisphere, particularly the South Indian Ocean. As the climate cools, there is an increasing favorability for genesis in the Northern Hemisphere and a coincident decrease in the Southern Hemisphere over time, with the locations most conducive to storms migrating equatorward in both hemispheres. A shift in the most favorable conditions to the western North Pacific likely occurs during the Pliocene, largely due to the closure of the tropical seaways, and marks the final establishment of modern tropical cyclone distribution. The substantial variations of genesis regions in the Cenozoic may affect upper-ocean vertical mixing and hence tropical/global climate, but are missed in most current deep-time simulations.
Long-term imaging of dorsal root ganglia in awake behaving mice
Authors: Chen Chao , Zhang Jinhui , Sun Linlin , Zhang Yiling , Gan Wen-Biao , Tang Peifu , Yang Guang
Published: July 2019

The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain the somas of first-order sensory neurons critical for somatosensation. Due to technical difficulties, DRG neuronal activity in awake behaving animals remains unknown. Here, we develop a method for imaging DRG at cellular and subcellular resolution over weeks in awake mice. The method involves the installation of an intervertebral fusion mount to reduce spinal movement, and the implantation of a vertebral glass window without interfering animals’ motor and sensory functions. In vivo two-photon calcium imaging shows that DRG neuronal activity is higher in awake than anesthetized animals. Immediately after plantar formalin injection, DRG neuronal activity increases substantially and this activity upsurge correlates with animals’ phasic pain behavior. Repeated imaging of DRG over 5 weeks after formalin injection reveals persistent neuronal hyperactivity associated with ongoing pain. The method described here provides an important means for in vivo studies of DRG functions in sensory perception and disorders.
Author Correction: The Wolbachia mobilome in Culex pipiens includes a putative plasmid
Authors: Reveillaud Julie , Bordenstein Sarah R. , Cruaud Corinne , Shaiber Alon , Esen Özcan C. , Weill Mylène , Makoundou Patrick , Lolans Karen , Watson Andrea R. , Rakotoarivony Ignace , Bordenstein Seth R. , Eren A. Murat
Published: July 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Hall coefficient signals orbital differentiation in the Hund’s metal Sr2RuO4
Authors: Zingl Manuel , Mravlje Jernej , Aichhorn Markus , Parcollet Olivier , Georges Antoine
Published: July 2019

The Hall coefficient RH of Sr2RuO4 exhibits a non-monotonic temperature dependence with two sign reversals. We show that this puzzling behavior is the signature of two crossovers, which are key to the physics of this material. The increase of RH and the first sign change upon cooling are associated with a crossover into a regime of coherent quasiparticles with strong orbital differentiation of the inelastic scattering rates. The eventual decrease and the second sign change at lower temperature are driven by the crossover from inelastic to impurity-dominated scattering. This qualitative picture is supported by quantitative calculations of RH(T) using the Boltzmann transport theory in combination with dynamical mean-field theory, taking into account the effect of spin–orbit coupling. Our insights shed new light on the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient in materials with strong orbital differentiation, as observed in Hund’s metals.
Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive mac-2 binding protein as an age-independent fibrosis marker in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Tamaki Nobuharu , Higuchi Mayu , Kurosaki Masayuki , Kirino Sakura , Osawa Leona , Watakabe Keiya , Wang Wan , Okada Mao , Shimizu Takao , Takaura Kenta , Takada Hitomi , Kaneko Shun , Yasui Yutaka , Tsuchiya Kaoru , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Itakura Jun , Takahashi Yuka , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Izumi Namiki
Published: July 2019

The assessment of liver fibrosis is essential because it correlates with mortality risk in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aims to examine whether serum fibrosis markers could identify candidate patients likely to have advanced fibrosis. We enrolled 352 patients with NAFLD and performed liver biopsies in 97 patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of liver stiffness by magnetic resonance elastography for histological advanced fibrosis was 0.910, and the optimal cutoff value was 4.07 kPa. To predict severe liver stiffness (≥4.07 kPa), the AUROC for Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive mac-2 binding protein (WFA+-M2BP) and FIB-4 were 0.897 (cutoff value, 1.08) and 0.880 (cutoff value, 2.53), respectively. After stratification of patients into four age groups as quartile, the optimal cutoff values of WFA+-M2BP for predicting severe liver stiffness were similar in each group (1.09, 1.08, 1.10, and 1.12). On the other hand, those of FIB-4 increased in parallel with age (1.47, 2.19, 2.99, and 3.88). In conclusion, WFA+-M2BP was precise for estimating severe liver stiffness in NAFLD with single cutoff value independent of age. Hence, identifying high-risk cases using WFA+-M2BP from a large number of NAFLD patients is clinically significant.
Insulin resistance and metabonomics analysis of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens induced by a high-energy low-protein diet
Authors: Zhuang Yu , Xing Chenghong , Cao Huabin , Zhang Caiying , Luo Junrong , Guo Xiaoquan , Hu Guoliang
Published: July 2019

Fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) is a widespread metabolic disease in laying hens that causes a decrease in egg production and even death. Insulin resistance is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the relationship between FLHS and the insulin resistance mechanisms underlying FLHS is not well elucidated. Therefore, we established an FLHS model induced by feeding a high-energy low-protein diet. In the current study, we found that the fasting glucose and insulin concentrations were elevated in the FLHS group compared with the control group during the experimental period. The results of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin sensitivity test (IST) showed a high level of insulin resistance in the FLHS model. InsR, 4EBP-1, Glut-1 and Glut-3 mRNA expression were decreased, and TOR, S6K1, and FOXO1 were elevated (P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis with GC/MS identified 46 differentially expressed metabolites between these two groups, and of these, 14 kinds of metabolism molecules and 32 kinds of small metabolism molecules were decreased (P < 0.05). Further investigation showed that glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism blocks in the progression of FLHS by GO functional and pathway analysis. Overall, these results suggest that insulin resistance participated in FLHS; comprehensively, metabolites participated in the dysregulated biological process.
Fracture types affect clinical outcomes of patients managed within the fracture liaison and osteoporosis medication management services
Authors: Chang Chirn-Bin , Yang Rong-Sen , Chang Lo-Yu , Peng Jen-Kuei , Tsai Keh-Sung , Huang Wei-Jia , Yang Tsung-Han , Chan Ding-Cheng
Published: July 2019

Osteoporosis medication in fragility fracture patients is associated with better outcomes. However, limited studies have investigated whether fracture types affect outcomes among patients undergoing treatment. We performed a secondary data analysis on participants from a fracture liaison service and an osteoporosis medication management service. Participants (n = 974) were regrouped into hip fracture (HF), vertebral fracture (VF), HF + VF, and NO HF/VF groups at baseline. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify baseline correlates on one-year mortality, incident refractures, and falls. Baseline characteristics were different among fracture groups. The HF group was oldest, with the lowest body mass index (BMI), lowest FRAX® T-score and had the highest 10-year fracture risk. After intervention, the HF group still had the highest mortality, but the HF + VF group had the highest refracture and incident fall rates. In the multivariate regression analysis, prevalent HF and VF, lower BMI and albumin level, and having chronic kidney disease or cancer were associated with higher mortality rates. HF + VF patients had the highest refracture risk. Prevalent HF and VF, older age and higher BMI, and having cancer or osteoarthritis were associated with a greater fall risk. HF and VF are associated with adverse outcomes, even under an optimal fracture care.
Impact of nutritional stress on the honeybee colony health
Authors: Branchiccela B. , Castelli L. , Corona M. , Díaz-Cetti S. , Invernizzi C. , Martínez de la Escalera G. , Mendoza Y. , Santos E. , Silva C. , Zunino P. , Antúnez K.
Published: July 2019

Honeybees Apis mellifera are important pollinators of wild plants and commercial crops. For more than a decade, high percentages of honeybee colony losses have been reported worldwide. Nutritional stress due to habitat depletion, infection by different pests and pathogens and pesticide exposure has been proposed as the major causes. In this study we analyzed how nutritional stress affects colony strength and health. Two groups of colonies were set in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation at the beginning of the flowering period (autumn), replicating a natural scenario with a nutritionally poor food source. While both groups of colonies had access to the pollen available in this plantation, one was supplemented with a polyfloral pollen patty during the entire flowering period. In the short-term, colonies under nutritional stress (which consumed mainly E. grandis pollen) showed higher infection level with Nosema spp. and lower brood and adult bee population, compared to supplemented colonies. On the other hand, these supplemented colonies showed higher infection level with RNA viruses although infection levels were low compared to countries were viral infections have negative impacts. Nutritional stress also had long-term colony effects, because bee population did not recover in spring, as in supplemented colonies did. In conclusion, nutritional stress and Nosema spp. infection had a severe impact on colony strength with consequences in both short and long-term.