bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil macropores and compaction control the leaching potential of Escherichia coli O157:H7
Authors: Artz Rebekka R. E. , Townend John , Brown Katie , Towers Willie , Killham Ken
Published: January 2005

The influence of soil structure in controlling leaching of Escherichia coli O157:H7 through soil was investigated under controlled conditions using both intact and repacked soil cores. Leaching rates of E. coli O157:H7 decreased with increasing dry bulk density and were significantly increased by the presence of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) burrows in repacked cores. For intact cores, the percentage of E. coli O157:H7 that leached through replicate cores within 72 h varied from 0.01% to 24%. In contrast, the dry bulk densities of intact cores varied only slightly and were not significantly correlated with leaching. Differences in the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 cells in the leachates were not related to variability in the flow volumes, which were relatively constant as a result of the experimental design, but were strongly correlated with the variations in concentrations of E. coli O157:H7 in the leachates. Relatively small variations in the internal structure of soil cores can therefore significantly affect the pathway that cells can take through soil. Factors such as compaction and the occurrence of pores providing preferential flow are prime determinants in the degree of leaching of E. coli O157:H7 through soil.
Calibration and deployment of custom‐designed bioreporters for protecting biological remediation consortia from toxic shock
Authors: Wiles Siouxsie , Lilley Andrew K. , Philp Jim C. , Bailey Mark J. , Whiteley Andrew S.
Published: January 2005

We have previously described the development of a panel of site‐specific lux‐based bioreporters from an industrial wastewater treatment system remediating coking effluents. The Pseudomonad strains carry a stable chromosomal copy of the luxCDABE operon from Photorhabdus luminescens and display proportional responses in bioluminescence decay with increasing phenol concentration up to 800 mg l−1. In this work we describe their deployment to provide a strategic sensing network for protecting bacterial communities involved in the biological breakdown of coking effluents. This evaluation demonstrated the utility of strategic placement of reporters around heavy industry treatment systems and the reliability of the reporter strains under normal operational conditions. Mono‐phenol or total phenolic variation within the treatment system accounted for > 65–80% of the luminescence response. The reporters exhibited stable luminescence output during normal operations with maximum standard deviations of luminescence over time of c. 5–15% depending on the treatment compartment. Furthermore, deployment of the bioreporters over a 5‐month period allowed the determination of an operational range (OR) for each reporter for effluent samples from each compartment. The OR allowed a convenient measure of toxicity effects between treatment compartments and accurately reflected a specific pollution event occurring within compartments of the treatment system. This work demonstrates the utility of genetic modification to provide ecologically relevant bioreporters, extends the sensing capabilities currently obtained through marine derived biosensors and significantly enhances the potential for in situ deployment of reporting agents.
Disruption of quorum sensing in seawater abolishes attraction of zoospores of the green alga Ulva to bacterial biofilms
Authors: Tait Karen , Joint Ian , Daykin Mavis , Milton Debra L. , Williams Paul , Cámara Miguel
Published: January 2005

Zoospores of the eukaryotic green seaweed Ulva respond to bacterial N‐acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing signal molecules for the selection of surface sites for permanent attachment. In this study we have investigated the production and destruction of AHLs in biofilms of the AHL‐producing marine bacterium, Vibrio anguillarum and their stability in seawater. While wild type V. anguillarum NB10 was a strong attractor of zoospores, inactivation of AHL production in this strain by either expressing the recombinant Bacillus lactonase coding gene aiiA, or by mutating the AHL biosynthetic genes, resulted in the abolition of zoospore attraction. In seawater, with a pH of 8.2, the degradation of AHL molecules was temperature‐dependent, indicating that the AHLs produced by marine bacterial biofilms have short half‐lives. The Ulva zoospores sensed a range of different AHL molecules and in particular more zoospores settled on surfaces releasing AHLs with longer (>six carbons) N‐linked acyl chains. However, this finding is likely to be influenced by the differential diffusion rates of AHLs from the experimental surface matrix. Molecules with longer N‐acyl chains, such as N‐(3‐oxodecanoyl)‐ l‐homoserine lactone, diffused more slowly than those with shorter N‐acyl chains such as N‐(3‐hydroxy‐hexanoyl)‐ l‐homoserine lactone. Image analysis using GFP‐tagged V. anguillarum biofilms revealed that spores settle directly on bacterial cells and in particular on microcolonies which we show are sites of concentrated AHL production.
The incidence of posterior capsule disruption during phacoemulsification and associated postoperative complication rates in dogs: 244 eyes (1995–2002)
Authors: Johnstone Nancy , Ward Daniel A.
Published: January 2005

Objective  The objective of this retrospective study was to report the incidence of posterior capsule disruption during routine phacoemulsification and to document the postoperative outcomes and complications in eyes with posterior capsule disruption compared with eyes with intact posterior capsules.

Procedures  Records of 143 dogs (244 eyes) were reviewed. Data collected included whether the posterior capsule was disrupted, whether the disruption was planned or accidental, whether an intraocular lens was implanted, and visual outcome. Records were reviewed for postoperative complications. Intraocular lens implantation rates, complication rates, and visual outcomes were compared between intact and disrupted posterior capsule groups using Chi‐square analyses.

Results  The posterior capsule was disrupted in 33/244 eyes (14%). Planned capsulotomies accounted for 36% of the disruptions. Intraocular lenses were implanted in 76% of eyes without a disruption of the posterior capsule and in 31% of eyes with a posterior capsule disruption. Intraocular lenses were more likely to be implanted in eyes with a planned disruption of the posterior capsule (7/12; 58%) than in eyes with an accidental disruption (3/20; 15%). There were no significant differences in postoperative complications or visual outcome between eyes with posterior capsule disruption and those without.

Conclusions  The most significant complication of posterior capsule disruption during phacoemulsification is the inability to implant an intraocular lens. Intraocular lenses are more likely to be placed in eyes with intentional disruptions of the posterior capsule than those with accidental ruptures.
A Hybrid Multi‐Agent/Spatial Interaction Model System for Petrol Price Setting
Authors: Heppenstall Alison J , Evans Andrew J , Birkin Mark H
Published: January 2005

This paper examines the use of multi‐agent simulations (MAS) to model the petrol market. The development of a purely agent based model for petrol prices is presented. Failings within this model are discussed and an alternative strategy for controlling the price of each petrol station based on population of customers is considered. Individual level modelling of customers is too computationally intensive; therefore a spatial interaction model was used to estimate the sales and linked to the agent system to create a hybrid model. To evaluate how effective this hybrid model was, a comparison was made with an existing data set of real petrol prices collected over a two month period. This was achieved both statistically and visually with the use of a Geographical Information System (GIS). Experimentation revealed that the hybrid model outperformed the agent model. Investigation into the behaviour and sensitivity of the system (for example, how prices diffuse spatially) was undertaken by means of idealised simulations.
Geocomputation, Geodemographics and Resource Allocation for Local Policing
Authors: Ashby David I , Longley Paul A
Published: January 2005

The field of geodemographics is one of the most fertile applications areas of geocomputation research. Geodemographic profiles of the characteristics of individuals and small areas are pivotal to tactical and strategic resource management in many areas of business, and are becoming similarly central to efficient and effective deployment of resources by public services. In this context, this paper describes research that has been developed in partnership with the Devon and Cornwall Constabulary and Institute of Criminal Justice Studies (ICJS) at the University of Portsmouth to assess the potential use of geodemographics as a policing tool. Crime, the fear of crime and the efficacy of public services are issues that have moved to the top of the UK political agenda and have long been matters of serious public concern. This paper considers the ways in which police forces might use geodemographics to better deploy resources at a variety of spatial scales in England and Wales.
Topical antifungal drugs for the treatment of onychomycosis: an overview of current strategies for monotherapy and combination therapy
Authors: Baran R , Kaoukhov A
Published: January 2005

Background  Onychomycosis is a relatively common disease accounting for up to 50% of all nail disorders and its prevalence rises with age. As onychomycosis is an important medical disorder affecting both patient's health and quality of life, it requires prompt and effective treatment.

Objective  Topical antifungal nail lacquers have been formulated to provide efficient delivery to the nail unit. As both amorolfine and ciclopirox have proved useful as monotherapy for onychomycosis that does not involve the nail matrix area, the purpose of this article is to check if, when combined with oral agents, the effectiveness and scope of treatment can be improved further.

Methods  Combining data for mycological cure with clinical success (nail morphology) provides a more exacting efficacy measure.

Results  Clinical investigations have shown that the combination of oral therapies with antifungal nail lacquer can confer considerable advantage over monotherapy with either drug type.

Conclusion  The improved effectiveness and economic advantages of combined topical/oral therapies benefit both patients and health providers; these treatment regimens therefore have an important role to play in the modern management of onychomycosis.
Acute exacerbation of systemic scleroderma in Borrelia burgdorferi infection
Authors: Wackernagel A , Bergmann AR , Aberer E
Published: January 2005

In recent years a possible aetiological connection between skin sclerosis and an infection with Borrelia burgdorferi has been discussed, but this association has not yet been reported for systemic scleroderma. Several treatment modalities are suggested for systemic scleroderma, but no treatment has yet been found to alter the overall course of the disease. This report describes a 61‐year‐old woman with Raynaud's phenomenon, nail‐fold changes and circulating anticentromere antibodies, who showed an abrupt onset of erythemas and doughy swellings involving the face and upper trunk, followed by thickening and induration of the skin mimicking diffuse systemic scleroderma. Laboratory tests including enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblot and urine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed an infection with B. burgdorferi sensu lato that was successfully treated with intravenous ceftriaxone, an antibiotic recommended for Lyme borreliosis. Fourteen days after the end of treatment the skin was no longer stiff and indurated and had returned to its normal predisease state. This case suggests that Lyme disease should be considered in atypical cases of skin sclerosis in patients predisposed to the development of systemic scleroderma.
Sarcoidosis and pyoderma gangrenosum: an exceptional association. The role of trauma and immunosuppressive agents
Authors: Herrero JE , Mascaró JM , Llambrich A , Herrero C
Published: January 2005

The coexistence of sarcoidosis and pyoderma gangrenosum has rarely been reported. We have found only three cases in our review of the literature. Herein, we report a new case and discuss the role of trauma and immunosuppression in the development of PG, and the efficacy of cyclosporin A in PG and sarcoidosis.
Low serum insulin values in children with multiple lesions of granuloma annulare: a prospective study
Authors: Kakourou T , Psychou F , Voutetakis A , Xaidara A , Stefanaki K , Dacou‐Voutetakis C
Published: January 2005

Background  The relationship between granuloma annularae (GA) and diabetes mellitus (DM) is controversial.

Objective  To investigate the relationship between multiple lesions of GA and carbohydrate metabolism in children.

Subjects and methods  Fifteen children (seven boys, eight girls, mean age 4.8 years) with five or more lesions of GA were evaluated. A personal and family history of DM or other autoimmune diseases was obtained and the glycaemic and insulin response during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was determined. Thirteen children with a negative personal and family history of DM served as controls for the OGTT and 100 other children as ‘clinical controls’.

Results  At the 30‐min sampling of the OGTT the mean insulin values were comparable in GA children and controls (P = 0.1), while the mean glucose values were significantly higher in GA children than in controls (P = 0.005). All other insulin values during the OGTT were significantly lower in GA children than in controls, while all other glucose values were comparable in GA children and controls with all indices applied. Eleven out of 15 GA children had a positive family history of DM (73.3% vs. 16% of the clinical controls; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion  Multiple lesions of GA in children are associated with significantly lower serum insulin values than in controls and mildly impaired glucose tolerance.
Persistent unilateral orbital and eyelid oedema as a manifestation of Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
Authors: Cocuroccia B , Gubinelli E , Annessi G , Zambruno G , Girolomoni G
Published: January 2005

Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is a complex neuromucocutaneous disorder characterized by localized orofacial oedema and cranial nerve dysfunction, frequently associated with minor signs, including furrowed tongue. Complete forms are rare whereas mono‐ and oligosymptomatic variants are more common. A 71‐year‐old man presented with a 2‐year history of relapsing and progressively persistent oedema of the right eyelids and periorbital region. A fissured tongue and telangiectatic rosacea had been present since the age of 50 and 60 years, respectively. The patient was also affected by essential hypertension and diabetes mellitus. A skin biopsy showed a marked upper dermal oedema, and small epithelioid cell granulomas arranged in perivascular and perilymphatic location. Collections of small epithelioid cells were occasionally observed within lymphatic spaces. No acid‐fast bacteria, fungi or foreign bodies were detected. Intralesional corticosteroids induced transient improvement, whereas minocycline, clofazimine and dapsone have been ineffective. MRS may present with unilateral eyelid and periorbital swelling. Differential diagnoses of such cases may include a variety of cutaneous, ophthalmic and systemic diseases.
Familial eyebrow diffuse alopecia
Authors: Öztaş P , Çatal F , Dilmen U
Published: January 2005

Eyebrows are important structures both cosmetically and functionally. Diffuse alopecia of the eyebrows (sparseness of the eyebrows) may be seen in many acquired or congenital conditions. In this article, a family with diffuse eyebrow alopecia is reported.
Quality of care in patients with psoriasis: an initial clinical study of an international disease management programme
Authors: De Korte J , Van Onselen J , Kownacki S , Sprangers MAG , Bos JD
Published: January 2005

Background  Patients with psoriasis have to cope with their disease for many years or even throughout their entire life. To provide optimal care, a disease management programme was developed. This programme consisted of disease education, disease management training, and psychological support, together with topical treatment.

Objective  To test a disease management programme in dermatological practice, to assess patients’ satisfaction with this programme, and adherence to topical treatment. Additionally, disease severity and quality of life were assessed.

Methods  An initial clinical investigation was conducted in 10 European treatment centres. A total of 330 patients were included. Patient satisfaction, adherence, disease severity and quality of life were measured with study‐specific and standardized self‐report questionnaires.

Results  Patients reported a high degree of satisfaction with the programme, and a high degree of adherence to topical treatment. Disease severity and quality of life significantly improved. The programme was well received by the participating professionals.

Conclusions  The disease management programme was found to be a useful tool in the management of psoriasis, providing patients with relief from the burden of psoriasis in everyday life. A full‐scale evaluation is recommended.
Keratosis lichenoides chronica and eruptive keratoacanthoma‐like lesions in a patient with multiple myeloma
Authors: Marzano AV , Bellinvia M , Caputo R , Alessi E
Published: January 2005

We describe a 72‐year‐old woman with a 13‐year history of a lichenoid dermatitis, who developed multiple, papular keratoacanthoma (KA)‐like lesions and few crater‐like nodules on the extremities over a period of 6 months before our observation. Her medical history also recorded multiple myeloma diagnosed a few years before. The long‐standing dermatosis was diagnosed, clinically, as keratosis lichenoides chronica (KLC), although, histologically, a lichenoid tissue reaction pattern was not evident. On the other hand, histology from papular and nodular lesions of recent onset was consistent with a possible early phase of KA and spinocellular carcinoma, respectively. Oral acitretin induced regression of KA‐like lesions and improvement of KLC but had no effects on crater‐like nodules, which required surgical excision. KLC is a chronic disorder of keratinization characterized by lichenoid hyperkeratotic papules arranged in a linear pattern, erythematosquamous plaques and seborrhoea‐like dermatitis. We emphasize in our case the association between KLC and multiple possible KAs, never previously reported, and speculate that these two rare conditions may represent here a ‘continuum’ from a pathogenetic point of view.
No association between serum eosinophil cationic protein and atopic dermatitis or allergic rhinitis in an unselected population of children
Authors: Selnes A , Dotterud LK
Published: January 2005

Background  In order to obtain background references when dealing with serum eosinophil cationic protein (s‐ECP) measurements in children with allergic diseases, population‐based studies are important. The objectives of our study were to explore the strength of associations between the s‐ECP level and atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma in an unselected northern Norwegian schoolchildren population.

Methods  s‐ECP was sampled from 396 schoolchildren aged 7–12 years from Sør‐Varanger community, northern Norway as a part of a population‐based study of allergy. In advance, anamnestic information concerning a history of AD, AR and asthma were obtained. The children underwent a clinical investigation, including skin prick tests and peak expiratory flow measurements, where the presence of AD, AR and asthma were evaluated. The associations of these diseases to the s‐ECP values were examined in bivariate statistical analysis.

Results  No statistical significant associations were detected in bivariate analysis between s‐ECP and AD, AR or asthma: the mean s‐ECP in children without self‐reported AD/AR/asthma was 4.6 µg/L [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.0–5.2]. The mean s‐ECP in children with self‐reported AD or AR or asthma was 5.2 µg/L (95% CI 4.1–6.2), 4.6 µg/L (95% CI 3.5–5.7) and 6.4 µg/L (95% CI 4.4–8.3), respectively. The highest mean s‐ECP level was measured in children with clinically diagnosed asthma; 7.1 µg/L (95% CI 4.0–10.3). Above the 75‐percentile level of s‐ECP, only 17.2% of the children had a history of asthma.

Conclusions  In this unselected children population, the occurrence of AD or AR was not reflected by an increase in the s‐ECP level. The s‐ECP was increased in children with asthma, but was not statistically significant. Furthermore, the majority of children with high s‐ECP values were not asthmatics. We conclude that the associations between s‐ECP and allergic diseases are weak in an unselected population of children.
Tissue transglutaminase contributes to disease progression in the R6/2 Huntington's disease mouse model via aggregate‐independent mechanisms
Authors: Bailey Craig D. C. , Johnson Gail V. W.
Published: January 2005

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of CAG repeats within the huntingtin gene and is characterized by intraneuronal mutant huntingtin protein aggregates. In order to determine the role of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in HD aggregate formation and disease progression, we cross‐bred the R6/2 HD mouse model with a tTG knockout mouse line. R6/2 mice that were tTG heterozygous knockouts (R6/2 : tTG+/–) and tTG homozygous knockouts (R6/2 : tTG–/–) showed a very similar increase in aggregate number within the striatum compared with R6/2 mice that were wild‐type with respect to tTG (R6/2 : tTG+/+). Interestingly, a significant delay in the onset of motor dysfunction and death occurred in R6/2 : tTG–/– mice compared with both R6/2 : tTG+/+ and R6/2 : tTG+/– mice. As aggregate number was similarly increased in the striatum of both R6/2 : tTG+/– and R6/2 : tTG–/– mice, whereas only R6/2 : tTG–/– mice showed delayed disease progression, these data suggest that the contribution of tTG towards motor dysfunction and death in the R6/2 mouse is independent of its ability to negatively regulate aggregate formation. Moreover, the combined results from this study suggest that the formation of striatal huntingtin aggregates does not directly influence motor dysfunction or death in this HD mouse model.
The possible relationship between keratoconus and magnesium deficiency
Authors: Thalasselis Anfitritis
Published: January 2005

The cause of keratoconus is unknown. However, an earlier report demonstrated magnesium deficiency in keratoconus patients, and suggested that magnesium deficiency could pathologically affect the mechanisms of the cornea. Experimental and clinical papers concerning a possible relationship between keratoconus and magnesium deficiency were reviewed. These studies have demonstrated molecular and cellular alterations specific to the keratoconic cornea, including: thinning and fragmentation of membranes, degenerated cells and collagen fibres, swelling of the mitochondria, and biochemical abnormalities in protein synthesis. Similar alterations have reportedly been induced by magnesium deficiency. This review suggests a possible relationship between the specific keratoconic disorders and the alteration induced by magnesium deficiency at the intracellular and extracellular levels. Although the etiology of keratoconus is still unknown, this paper may give some new ideas for further experimental and clinical studies on the etiology of keratoconus.
Compensation of aniseikonia with toric intraocular lenses and spherocylindrical spectacles
Authors: Langenbucher Achim , Reese Sven , Huber Stefan , Seitz Berthold
Published: January 2005

Background and Purpose:  Magnification disparity between the two eyes (aniseikonia) is one of the major unresolved problems in modern cataract surgery, potentially degrading binocular visual function or causing diplopia. The purpose of this study is to describe a paraxial computing scheme using 4 × 4 system matrices to simulate a corrected pseudophakic ‘optical system eye’ with a meridional magnification that matches the magnification of a given contralateral eye.

Methods:  Based on the definition of a centred optical system in the paraxial Gaussian space containing astigmatic surfaces using 4 × 4 refraction and translation matrices, we derived a methodology for calculating the refractive power and axis of toric intraocular lenses and spherocylindrical spectacle corrections for (i) fully correcting the optical system eye and (ii) realizing an arbitrary meridional magnification by solving a linear equation system.

Results:  The capabilities of this computing scheme are demonstrated with two examples. In example 1 we calculate a toric lens and a spherocylindrical spectacle correction for compensation of a corneal astigmatism to realize a predefined iso‐meridional magnification. In example 2 we first determine the meridional magnification of the contralateral eye, which has been treated with cataract surgery and toric lens implantation, and then we compute the appropriate combination of a fully correcting toric lens and spherocylindrical spectacle refraction, which exactly matches the meridional magnification of the contralateral eye.

Conclusion:  We presented an en bloc matrix based strategy for the calculation of an optical system eye containing an astigmatic cornea, a toric lens implant and a spherocylindrical spectacle correction, where the toric lens and the spherocylindrical spectacle correction are determined to fully correct the system and to realize an arbitrary meridional magnification i.e. to eliminate aniseikonia.
Foveal blur discrimination of the human eye
Authors: Wang Bin , Ciuffreda Kenneth J.
Published: January 2005

Although the effect of retinal defocus on the foveal blur detection threshold has been well investigated, knowledge regarding the foveal blur discrimination threshold is limited. In the present study, both thresholds were assessed psychophysically using the ascending method of limits at the fovea with accommodation paralyzed. The unidirectional blur detection threshold was 0.87 ± 0.18 D (±1 S.E.M.). The subsequent blur discrimination thresholds were relatively constant and significantly smaller than the blur detection threshold, with an average value of 0.48 ± 0.006 D (±1 S.E.M.). We speculate that the difference in magnitude between these two thresholds may be attributed to the defocus‐related change in the ocular modulation transfer function (MTF) and its interaction with contrast discrimination ability, as well as to the presence of a neuroperceptual blur buffering mechanism.
Accuracy of intraoperative retinoscopy in corneal power and axial length estimation using a high plus soft contact lens
Authors: Ahmed I. , Toufeeq A.
Published: January 2005

Aim:  To assess the accuracy of intraoperative retinoscopy with high plus soft contact lens (CL) in estimating corneal power and the axial length compared with standard keratometry and biometry measurement.

Methods:  Intraoperative retinoscopy was performed in 30 eyes prior to the implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL). A +10 D disposable soft contact lens was applied on the cornea to minimize retinoscopic error. Corneal power was derived from refraction using biometric axial length while the axial length was derived using keratometric measurement. Refraction derived corneal powers and axial lengths from 26 eyes within ±1.00 D of the target postoperative refraction were compared with preoperative standard keratometry and biometry measurements.

Results:  In the 26 eyes, the mean difference between the corneal powers derived from refraction and keratometry was 0.35 D (S.D. = 1.678). The 95% limits of agreement were −3.006 to +3.706. The mean difference between the axial lengths derived from refraction and biometry was 0.15 mm (S.D. = 0.721). The 95% limits of agreement were −1.292 to 1.542.

Conclusion:  Intraoperative retinoscopy with a high plus soft contact lens after phacoemulsification is useful but not accurate in estimating corneal power or axial length of the eye. It should be used cautiously in IOL power calculation as a substitute for standard keratometry or biometry machines when either of these is not available or in error.
Visual acuity in 5–7‐year‐old children: individual variability and dependence on observation distance
Authors: Rozhkova Galina I. , Podugolnikova Tatiana A. , Vasiljeva Nadezhda N.
Published: January 2005

Accurate measurements of uncorrected binocular and monocular visual acuity were performed in 65 children aged 5–7 years at five viewing distances in the range 0.5–5.0 m by means of the test charts containing widely spaced E stimuli in four orientations. It was found that, in most children of this age, visual acuity (V) changed with test distance, as had been reported previously with older subjects. Visual acuity could be considered as practically independent of observation distance (Vmax−Vmin ≤ 0.2 decimal units) in <50% of children. The remaining children demonstrated evident distance dependence of visual acuity but the shape of the acuity–distance curve varied. The acuity–distance curve of most children peaked at an intermediate distance (1–2 m), the typical difference Vmax−Vmin being 0.4 decimal units. To explain the existence of an optimal observation distance in the majority of children, a number of developmental and environmental factors could be proposed that adjust the parameters of the visual system to the parameters of operational visual space and prevailing activity.
Advancing Human Rights Policy: Does Grassroots Mobilization and Community Dispute Resolution Matter? Insights from Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Lopez Linda
Published: January 2005

This research examines the impact of grassroots organizing at the community level in Chiapas, Mexico, to address problems associated with human rights advocacy and implementation. Traditionally, the nation‐state has had the primary responsibility to address issues pertaining to human rights violations and the enforcement of international human rights principles and treaties. Local political struggles and acts of resistance by disenfranchised groups in Mexico offer insight to understand the impact of indigenous and other social movements in furthering human rights. Indigenous populations in the state of Chiapas use local community dispute resolution to contest the inadequacy of the state in responding to the problems that give rise to poverty, lack of human dignity, educational access, racial and ethnic discrimination, lack of political participation in government and the right to equality in economic, social, and political sectors. Drawing from research based on participant observations in Chiapas, Mexico, there is some evidence to suggest that since the 1994 EZLN (Zapatista National Liberation Army) uprising several micro‐level political and social movements have contested the power of the state through symbolic and pragmatic organizing efforts. These groups include, but are not limited to, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), women's groups, and indigenous groups. After the Zapatista uprising, these groups were instrumental in making claims against the state through numerous activities: protests to end the war, the development of NGOs to observe human rights violations, civilian‐based Zapatista support groups (base de apoyo), peace camps, and open dialogue with the EZLN. I argue that collective mobilization in local communities serves both symbolic and pragmatic efforts in helping disenfranchised groups empower themselves to address economic, social, and political inequality. Local‐level activism has fueled a sense of self‐empowerment to change state institutional responses and to involve sectors of civil society domestically and internationally to initiate a proper resolution of issues that are fundamentally related to human rights.
Health related quality of life in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing a double transplantation
Authors: Uyl‐de Groot C. A. , Buijt I. , Gloudemans I. J. M. , Ossenkoppele G. J. , van den Berg H. P. , Huijgens P. C.
Published: January 2005

Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the subjective well‐being of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who were treated in a tandem transplantation programme.Methods: Fifty‐one patients participated in the prospective, longitudinal questionnaire study. The EORTC QLQ‐C30 and the EuroQol‐5D were administered 2 wk after completion of vincristine, adriamycin and dexamethason/vincristine, adriamycin and methyl prednison (VAD/VAMP) chemotherapy, both at hospital discharge after treatment with high‐dose melphalan (HDM) and 1 month after this hospital discharge, at hospital admission, at the day of hospital discharge for peripheral stem cell transplantation (PSCT) and at 6 and 12 months following discharge after PSCT.Results: Overall, patients’ functioning improved during treatment and follow‐up, with significant decreases shortly following PSCT. Shortly after HDM and PSCT, patients reported a considerable increase in levels of soreness in the mouth (+26/+36 points on a scale ranging form 0 to 100;P < 0.01), change of taste (+23/+21 points;P < 0.05/NS), nausea/vomiting (+26/+27 points;P < 0.01/< 0.05), appetite loss (+40/+43 points;P < 0.001) and diarrhoea (+25/+36 points;P < 0.01). However, none of these symptoms persisted during follow‐up.Conclusion: The intensive treatment programme was subjectively being well tolerated by the majority of patients. The duration of declined quality of life after administration of HDM seemed to be short. The duration of subjective recovery after PSCT remained uncertain, but in any case was present at the 6 month follow‐up. Together with the rather good results in survival, the evaluation of quality of life invites further exploration of double transplantations in multiple myeloma.
Early and tardive skin adverse events in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients treated with imatinib
Authors: Breccia M. , Carmosino I. , Russo E. , Morano S. G. , Latagliata R. , Alimena G.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Imatinib related non‐haematological side‐effects are reported in <10% of chronic myeloid leukaemia patients and include oedema, weight gain, nausea, vomiting and muscle cramps. Cutaneous reactions are well‐recognized events occurring mostly in patients treated at doses of 600 mg/d and higher, either in stable or progressive disease. We report on our experience relating to dermatological toxicities in imatinib treated CML patients showing a spectrum of skin reactions ranging from rashes to cutaneous carcinoma.
A case of disseminated Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis treated with thalidomide
Authors: Mauro E. , Fraulini C. , Rigolin G. M. , Galeotti R. , Spanedda R. , Castoldi G.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) seems to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (LCH). Thalidomide is an immunomodulator agent of inflammatory cytokines including TNF‐α. To our knowledge this is the first case of disseminated LCH successfully treated with thalidomide.
Conventional versus reduced‐intensity conditioning regimen for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with hematological malignancies
Authors: Valcárcel D. , Martino R. , Sureda A. , Canals C. , Altés A. , Briones J. , Sanz M. A. , Parody R. , Constans M. , Villela S. L. , Brunet S. , Sierra J.
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Background:  Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐compatible sibling donors is a potential curative treatment for hematological and non‐hematological malignancies. Nevertheless, high mortality rates may be associated with this therapy, especially in older patients, those with other comorbidities or who receive a second HSCT. Patients and methods: We analyzed the factors associated with transplant‐related mortality (TRM) and overall survival in 157 consecutive adult patients (104 males and 53 females) who received a HSCT [29 bone marrow (BM) transplantation and 128 peripheral blood (PB) transplantation] from a HLA‐identical sibling between January 1995 and March 2002 in our institution. One hundred patients received a standard conditioning prior to HSCT (STAND) and 57 patients received a reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC) HSCT. Fifty‐eight patients were in an early phase at transplant and 99 in a non‐early phase. Median age was 46 yr (16–66), and 90 patients (57%) were >45 yr of age. Results: Patients in the RIC group were older than those in the STAND group, and had a higher proportion of non‐early disease phases including a prior autologous HSCT in 39%. Median follow‐up for survivors was 28 and 15 months in the STAND and RIC groups (P < 0,001), respectively. Cumulative incidence of TRM at 2 yr was 30% [95% confidence interval (CI) 22–41%] for the STAND group and 22% (95% CI 13–37%) for the RIC group [non‐significant (NS)]. Factors associated with a higher TRM in multivariate analysis were: STAND vs. RIC conditioning regimen [relative risk (RR) 5.4; 95% CI 2.3–12.8; P < 0.001]; age ≥45 yr vs. <45 yr (RR 5; 95% CI 2.4–10.8, P < 0.001); second vs. first HSCT (RR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3–6.3, P = 0.01) and non‐T‐cell‐depleted vs. T‐cell‐depleted graft (RR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3–5.8, P = 0.009). Overall survival (OS) at 2 yr was 52.5 ± 10.4% for STAND group and 59 ± 16.8% in RIC group. Factors associated with poorer OS in multivariate analysis were: STAND vs. RIC conditioning regimen (RR 3.4, 95% CI 1.7–6.9, P = 0.001); age ≥45 vs <45 yr (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4–4.5, P = 0.002) and diagnosis [other than chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) vs. CML] (RR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2–5.7 P = 0.02). Conclusions: Our results indicate that the introduction of RIC allogeneic HSCT for patients at high risk for TRM (advanced age, prior HSCT and non‐T‐cell depletion) leads to a reduction in the TRM and improvement in the OS.
Serum ferritin level as a predictor of impaired growth and puberty in thalassemia major patients
Authors: Shalitin Shlomit , Carmi Doron , Weintrob Naomi , Phillip Moshe , Miskin Hagit , Kornreich Liora , Zilber Rama , Yaniv Isaac , Tamary Hannah
Published: January 2005

Abstract:  Objective: Previous studies suggested that in patients with thalassemia major, initiating deferoxamine (DFO) therapy before puberty can prevent iron‐induced failure of growth and puberty. However, early initiation of chelation has also been associated with DFO toxicity. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence rates of endocrine complications and DFO bone toxicity in our thalassemia major patients and to correlate them with the degree of iron chelation. Methods: Thirty‐nine patients with thalassemia major were followed for a median of 16.3 yr (range 2–28). Individual mean serum ferritin level during the study period was calculated using repeated annual measurements. Bone DFO toxicity was assessed by wrist and spine radiographs; endocrine dysfunction by anthropometric measurements and pubertal stage; and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism by lack of luteinizing hormone response to gonadotropin‐releasing hormone. Results: Chelation therapy was initiated at median age 4.9 yr. Mean serum ferritin level during the study period was 2698 ± 1444 ng/mL. Hypogonadism was noted in 59% of the patients who reached pubertal age, and short stature was found in 36% of patients who reached final height. Mean ferritin level of 2500 ng/mL during puberty was the cut‐off for hypogonadism, and ferritin level of 3000 ng/mL during prepuberty was the cut‐off for final short stature. None of the patients who attained final height had signs of DFO bone toxicity. Conclusions: High serum ferritin levels during puberty are a risk factor for hypogonadism, and high serum ferritin levels during the first decade of life predict final short stature. It remains to be determined whether improving chelation by earlier initiation of DFO or by the combined use of DFO and deferiprone will lead to better growth and sexual development without DFO toxicity.
Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin exposure alters radial arm maze performance and hippocampal morphology in female AhR +/– mice
Authors: Powers B. E. , Lin T.‐M. , Vanka A. , Peterson R. E. , Juraska J. M. , Schantz S. L.
Published: January 2005

Perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) has been reported to alter spatial learning in rats tested on a radial arm maze (RAM). TCDD is believed to exert most of its effects through binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). To determine whether the AhR mediates TCDD‐induced alterations in spatial learning, we tested male and female AhR‐knockout (AhR –/–), heterozygous (AhR +/–) and wild‐type (AhR +/+) mice on the RAM. AhR +/– male and female mice were time mated, and treated dams were dosed with 5 μg TCDD/kg body weight on day 13 of gestation. When offspring reached adulthood, male and female AhR +/+, AhR +/– and AhR –/– mice from TCDD‐exposed and unexposed litters were tested on the eight‐arm RAM. After testing, we examined hippocampal morphology as visualized by the Timm's silver sulfide stain. TCDD‐exposed female AhR +/– mice made more errors than their respective controls on the RAM and exhibited a decrease in the size of the intra‐ and infrapyramidal mossy fiber (IIP‐MF) field of the hippocampus. None of the other TCDD‐exposed groups differed from their respective control groups with regard to maze performance or hippocampal morphology. The reduction of IIP‐MF field indicates a possible morphological basis for the learning deficit that was observed in the female AhR +/– mice. It is hypothesized that the effect of TCDD exposure is AhR dependent and that TCDD may alter GABAergic activity in the hippocampus of female mice during development.
Different levels of γ‐synuclein mRNA in the cerebral cortex of dominant, neutral and submissive rats selected in the competition test
Authors: Pinhasov A. , Ilyin S. E. , Crooke J. , Amato F. A. , Vaidya A. H. , Rosenthal D. , Brenneman D. E. , Malatynska E.
Published: January 2005

Synucleins are small proteins regulating the filamentous network that in turn influences the release of dopamine and glutamate neurotransmitters involved in mood and motivation processes. We have studied the pattern of synuclein expression in animal models for mania and depression. Dominant behavior, as defined in a food competition test with dyads of rats, can serve as a model of mania and submissive behavior as a model of depression. The expression of α‐, β‐ and γ‐synuclein was analyzed in four regions of cortex from dominant, neutral and submissive rats using TaqMan reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction technology. The expression levels of γ‐synuclein were elevated consistently in all regions of cerebral cortex of dominant rats (P < 0.05; 23.5 ± 1.1, normalized units) in contrast to the submissive rat group (10.3 ± 1.2). Neutral rats had intermediate cerebral cortex levels of γ‐synuclein expression (15.7 ± 1.4) that were significantly lower than that in dominant rats (P < 0.05). No changes in α‐ or β‐synuclein expression were observed among the groups. These studies indicate that γ‐synuclein levels in the cerebral cortex were differentially associated with dominant and submissive behavior.
The role of nonelastic reactions in absorbed dose distributions from therapeutic proton beams in different medium
Authors: Wroe Andrew J. , Cornelius Iwan M. , Rosenfeld Anatoly B.
Published: January 2005

Many new techniques for delivering radiation therapy are being developed for the treatment of cancer. One of these, proton therapy, is becoming increasingly popular because of the precise way in which protons deliver dose to the tumor volume. In order to achieve this level of precision, extensive treatment planning needs to be carried out to determine the optimum beam energies, energy spread (which determines the width of the spread‐out Bragg peak), and angles for each patient's treatment. Due to the level of precision required and advancements in computer technology, there is increasing interest in the use of Monte Carlo calculations for treatment planning in proton therapy. However, in order to achieve optimum simulation times, nonelastic nuclear interactions between protons and the target nucleus within the patient's internal structure are often not accounted for or are simulated using less accurate models such as analytical or ray tracing. These interactions produce high LET particles such as neutrons, alpha particles, and recoil protons, which affect the dose distribution and biological effectiveness of the beam. This situation has prompted an investigation of the importance of nonelastic products on depth dose distributions within various materials including water, A‐150 tissue equivalent plastic, ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) muscle, ICRP bone, and ICRP adipose. This investigation was conducted utilizing the GEANT4.5.2 Monte Carlo hadron transport toolkit.
Dynamic, three‐dimensional optical tracking of an ablative laser beam
Authors: Gebhart Steven C. , Jansen E. Duco , Galloway Robert L.
Published: January 2005

Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for brain tumors with infiltrating margins but is currently limited by visual discrimination between normal and neoplastic marginal tissues during surgery. Imaging modalities such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, and optical techniques can accurately localize tumor margins. We believe coupling the fine resolution of current imaging techniques with the precise cutting of midinfrared lasers through image‐guided neurosurgery can greatly enhance tumor margin resection. This paper describes a feasibility study designed to optically track in three‐dimensional space the articulated arm delivery of a noncontact ablative laser beam. To enable optical tracking of the laser beam focus, infrared‐emitting diodes (IREDs) were attached to a handpiece machined for the distal end of the articulated arm of a surgical carbon dioxide laser. Crosstalk between the ablative laser beam and the tracking diodes was measured. The geometry of the adapted laser handpiece was characterized to track an externally attached passive tip and the laser beam focus. Target localization accuracies were assessed for both instrument points‐of‐interest and the sources of tracking errors were investigated. Stray infrared laser light did not affect optical tracking accuracy. The mean target registration errors while optically tracking the laser handpiece with a passive tip and the laser beam focus were and , respectively, and were equivalent to the errors tracking a 24‐IRED pen probe from Northern Digital in a side‐by‐side comparison. The majority of error during ablation tracking derived from registration accuracy between physical space and the defined space of the ablation phantom and from an inability to freehand align the laser focus with the target in a consistent manner. While their magnitudes depend on spatial details of the tracking setup (e.g., number and distribution of fiducial points, working distance from the camera, etc.), these errors are inherent to any freehand laser surgery.