bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practices of Slur Use
Authors: Hess Leopold
Published: March 2020

Given the apparent nondisplaceability and noncancellability of the derogatory content of slurs, it may appear puzzling that non-derogatory uses of slurs exist. Moreover, these uses seem to be in general available only to in-group speakers, thereby exhibiting a peculiar kind of context-sensitivity. In this paper the author argues that to understand non-derogatory uses we should consider slurs in terms of the kind of social practice their uses instantiate. A suitable theory of social practices has been proposed by McMillan. In typical (derogatory) uses the practice is one of bigotry and discrimination. Non-derogatory uses are only possible to the extent that they consitute acts of an alternative, non-derogatory practice. In the core cases it must be a subversive practice of satire or reappropriation. The social identity of speakers is not an ultimately decisive factor (in-group uses may still be derogatory) but it is an important constitutive condition: most non-derogatory practices of slur-use can only be performed by a member of the target group.
Pride and Prejudiced
Authors: Jeshion Robin
Published: March 2020

The reclamation of slurs raises a host of important questions. Some are linguistic: What are the linguistic conventions governing the slur post-reclamation and how are they related to the conventions governing it pre-reclamation? What mechanisms engender the shift? Others bend toward the social: Why do a slur’s targets have a special privilege in initiating its reclamation? Is there a systematic explanation why prohibitions on out-group use of reclaimed slurs vary from slur to slur? And how does reclamation contribute to shaping social identities and reversing oppressive social norms and stigma? Most analyses of slur reclamation advance a single model to answer these questions. The author argues that there are different varieties of reclamation. Two predominate, what she calls pride reclamation and insular reclamation. While many features unite pride and insular reclamation, they differ with respect to the purpose of the reclamatory act, the linguistic mechanisms reclaimers employ to execute the linguistic change, and the social and grammatical roles of the reclaimed slur. By distinguishing these two types of reclamation and offering a fine-grained characterization of their properties, the author argues that we gain deeper insight into the reasons why slurs may in principle only be ignited by the target group and why pride- but not insular-reclaimed slurs become available for use by out-group members.
A Normative Metastasis?
Authors: Zeno-Zencovich Vincenzo
Published: March 2020

The article presents the argument that contemporary societies are facing an ever-growing over-production of norms which are chocking its efficient functioning. The argument however is subsequently de-constructed, in particular through a comparative (European vs. US) analysis, pointing out that what is of great concern on this side of the Atlantic apparently is not at all on the other side. The article concludes with some possible remedies – admitting that we are facing an illness – to the current over-production.
Outsourcing the Welfare State: The Role of Private Actors in Welfare Fraud Investigations
Authors: Ranchordás Sofia , Schuurmans Ymre
Published: March 2020

This article discusses the growing trend to employ private parties as informants, private detectives and providers of digital technology (e.g., automated risk assessments) to predict and investigate welfare fraud. In this article, we argue that this type of outsourcing is problematic for multiple reasons. First, private actors and governments often have an ill-defined contractual relationship which creates legal uncertainty and promotes the use of unconventional evidence-gathering instruments. This issue also raises concerns regarding the accountability of public bodies and the transparency and fairness of administrative procedure. Second, the private enforcement of anti-fraud regulations is susceptible of endangering the adequate pursuit of the public interest due to the misalignment of public and private interests. Third, the outsourcing of enforcement tasks to private technology companies and their opaque automated systems can be detrimental to the right to due process, the right to non-discrimination, and the privacy of welfare recipients. This article contributes to the literature with a novel critical account of how private actors are reshaping the welfare state.
What geckos are – an ecological-biogeographic perspective
Authors: Meiri Shai
Published: March 2020

Geckos are a hyper-diverse, ancient, and globally distributed group. They have diverged early from other squamates and thus can be expected to differ from them along multiple ecological, life history, and biogeographic axes. I review a wide range of gecko traits, comparing them to those of other lizard taxa, to identify the unique, and unifying, attributes of geckos among lizards, based on comprehensive databases of lizard distributions and biological attributes. Few traits completely separate geckos from other lizard taxa, yet they differ to a large degree along many axes: they are more restricted to low latitudes and altitudes, are especially diverse on islands, but relatively scarce in America. They are small lizards, that lay small, fixed clutch sizes, for which they compensate only partially by laying frequently. Because they mature at relatively similar ages and have similar lifespans to other lizards, geckos produce fewer offspring over a year, and over their lifetimes, perhaps implying that they enjoy higher survival rates. While being the only large lizard clade of predominantly nocturnal lizards a large proportion of species is active by day. Gecko body temperatures and preferred temperatures are lower than those of other lizards –even when they are compared to lizards with similar activity times. Worryingly, most geckos have small ranges that often reside completely outside of protected areas – much more frequently than in other reptile and vertebrate taxa.
A Bedouin Principle of Freedom for the Risorgimento d’Italia: Michele Amari Integrates Ibn Khaldūn with Vico’s filologia
Authors: Messling Markus
Published: March 2020

In the New Science (1744), Giambattista Vico defined filologia as “the doctrine of all the institutions that depend on human choice” of the mondo civile. When nineteenth-century European nationalism was on the rise, supported by narratives of cultural homogeneity and specificity, philological comparatism was the state-of-the-art and it, often, legitimated the obsessions with the purity of origins and genealogies. Italy, characterized by internal plurality and its Mediterranean entanglements, is a model case. Whereas many discourses of the Risorgimento aspired to shape a new Italian nation after the classical model, Michele Amari’s History of the Muslims of Sicily (1854–1872) marked an astonishing exception. For him, going back to Islamic-Sicilian history, its literary, rhetorical and linguistic culture, meant to resume, on a higher level of incivilmento (Vico), what had been obscured by cultural decline: the spirit of freedom and equality, which Ibn Khaldūn had attributed to the Bedouins and their dynamics in history.
The City and the Law. Aspects of Ibn Khaldūn’s Critique of the Philosophers
Authors: Capezzone Leonardo
Published: March 2020

The history of Khaldunian readings in the twentieth century reveals an analytical capacity of non-Orientalists definitely greater than that demonstrated by the Orientalists. The latter, at least until the 1950s, prove to be prisoners of that syndrome denounced by Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978), which projected on Islamic historical development a specificity and an alterity, which make it an exception in world history. Orientalist scholarship has often wanted to see in Ibn Khaldūn’s critical attitude to the philosophy of al-Fārābī and Averroes only the confirmation of the primacy of the sharīʿa over Platonic nomos. This article seeks to highlight some aspects of Ibn Khaldūn’s critique of classical political thought of Islamic philosophy. His critique focuses on the importance given to the juridical dimension of social becoming, and to the role of the political body of the jurists in the making of the City. Those aspects witness Ibn Khaldūn’s effort to interpret change and fractures as factors which make sense of history and decadence.
The Cistercian Abbeys of Zaraka and Isova in the Principality of Achaia
Authors: Olympios Michalis , Schabel Chris
Published: March 2020

The publication of a collective volume on the history, archaeology, and architectural history of the Cistercian abbey of Zaraka in the Peloponnese provides an opportunity to clarify the identification and dating of Zaraka (ca. 1226-ca. 1263) and its sister abbey in the Principality of Achaia, Isova (ca. 1211-1263), both probably founded by Prince Geoffrey I of Villehardouin. This review essay is meant to function as a companion piece to the volume itself, problematizing certain issues while identifying areas for further research.
Structural Forces: Perception and Vulnerability Factors for Tornado Sheltering within Mobile and Manufactured Housing in Alabama and Mississippi
Authors: Ash Kevin D. , Egnoto Michael J. , Strader Stephen M. , Ashley Walker S. , Roueche David B. , Klockow-McClain Kim E. , Caplen David , Dickerson Maurya
Published: March 2020

Southeastern U.S. mobile and manufactured housing (MH) residents are the most tornado-vulnerable subset of the population because of both physical and socioeconomic factors. This study builds upon prior MH resident tornado vulnerability research by statistically and geographically analyzing responses from a survey administered to these residents in the Southeast. Specifically, 257 Alabama and Mississippi MH residents were administered a survey with questions pertaining to their perceived tornado risk and vulnerability, protective action and decision-making, and beliefs about the structural integrity of their homes. Results indicate that, despite the weather and emergency management enterprises consistently suggesting that MH residents evacuate their homes for sturdier shelter during tornado events, more than 50% of MH residents believe their homes are safe sheltering locations. The prevalence of larger MHs in northern Alabama partially influences willingness to shelter within one’s MH, while higher levels of negative affectivity stemming from recent impactful tornadoes in northern Alabama influences people to evacuate their MHs for safety. Study findings also uncovered a perception and vulnerability paradox for these residents: Those who have the means to evacuate their MH often feel they have no need to do so, whereas those who recognize the potential peril of sheltering in their home and want to evacuate often lack the resources and/or self-efficacy to carry out more desirable sheltering plans. Overall, study results provide valuable information for National Weather Service forecasters, emergency managers, and media partners so that they may use it for public outreach and MH resident education.
Implementing a peer support program for improving university student wellbeing: The experience of program facilitators
Authors: Crisp Dimity A , Rickwood Debra , Martin Bridgette , Byrom Nicola
Published: March 2020

Peer support programs offer a promising approach to addressing the high levels of stress and psychological distress reported by university students. However, few studies have considered the impact of implemented programs on the wellbeing and skill development of student facilitators. This study examines the experiences of student facilitators of a guided peer support program for reducing and preventing stress and low mood in student participants. Benefits to student facilitators, anticipated and actual, include the development of skills and experience in group facilitation, and a greater sense of community and belonging. While challenges exist in establishing initiatives, peer support and mentoring programs can offer valuable benefits by increasing wellbeing and fostering skill development for both participants and student facilitators. It is important that university-based peer support programs consider the student facilitator experience in both program development and evaluation and ensure training addresses facilitator concerns, prepares students adequately for the role, and considers the benefits for individual professional development.
The Impact of Adult Prison Transfer on the Recidivism Outcomes of Blended-Sentenced Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Trulson Chad R. , Craig Jessica M. , Caudill Jonathan W. , DeLisi Matt
Published: March 2020

Juvenile justice systems today have various methods to sanction serious, violent, and chronic delinquents. One of these methods is through blended sentencing. Broadly, blended sentencing processes allow for juvenile justice sanctioning first and then, if needed, criminal justice sanctioning—including placement in adult prisons. The current study examines the recidivism outcomes of blended-sentenced youth transferred to adult prisons following a period of state juvenile incarceration compared with a matched group of blended-sentenced youth that avoided adult prison transfer following state juvenile incarceration. Drawing on data from 905 serious delinquent offenders sentenced between 2005 and 2013 in Texas, the current study used Propensity Score Matching and found no post-release recidivism differences between those transferred to adult prison following a period of state juvenile incarceration and those who were released from state juvenile incarceration to the community without experiencing adult prison incarceration.
Le scrittrici della rivista La Difesa delle Lavoratrici
Authors: Cattaneo Marina
Published: March 2020

Partendo dall’esperienza che alcune scrittrici socialiste lombarde avviano fondando, nel 1912, la rivista La Difesa delle Lavoratrici, viene effettuata un’analisi della produzione letteraria e politica di intellettuali donne che in quella rivista opereranno a vario titolo. Si tratta di: Anna Kuliscioff, Angelica Balabanoff, Rosa Genoni, Maria Gioia, Maria Giudice, Linda Malnati, Abigaille Zanetta, Enrica Viola, Maria Perotti Bornaghi. Alcune, come Kuliscioff e Balabanoff, sono ricordate soprattutto per il contributo dato alla lotta politica, anche se la poesia di Angelica Balabanoff è anche un riferimento obbligato nella storia letteraria del primo Novecento. Altre soprattutto per i valori che trasfondono nella loro narrativa, in particolare quando fanno scorrere le storie all’interno dei rapporti di classe dell’epoca, improntati all’atteggiamento padronale dei ceti più favoriti. La guerra, il dolore umano, la famiglia, il ruolo della donna nella società, la situazione di povertà di tanti bambini, sono tra i temi maggiormente trattati. Molti i riferimenti al proprio vissuto, anche quando non assumono la veste formale di vere e proprie autobiografie. Il fatto che la funzione pedagogica mostri, nel lavoro delle scrittrici qui presentato, una evidenza maggiore di quella estetica e puramente narrativa è inevitabile, data l’epoca e il contesto al quale i testi fanno riferimento.
The Battle of Žižkov: Urban Planners’ Transition from Heritage Protection to Neoliberal Discursive Planning
Authors: Roubal Petr
Published: March 2020

On the example of working-class Prague quarter of Žižkov, the article studies the interrelation between heritage protection of late nineteenth-century tenement housing and neoliberal city policies after 1989. It locates the common root of both phenomena in the strong sense of crisis of socialist modernist urbanism among urban planners and architects since the early 1970s. The criticism of socialist urbanism culminated shortly before the Velvet Revolution of 1989 in a public struggle against demolition and redevelopment of the entire Žižkov quarter, led by a group of young architects. The article concludes by describing a bitter victory as the quarter’s architecture was eventually saved, while neoliberal urban policies and gentrification eroded its working-class nature. This process illustrates a major shift in urban expertise from social planning under socialism to neoliberal discursive planning in which a “story” of a city is constructed through preservation of belle-époque tenement housing.
Redefining Modernism: The Conversion of the Ankara Exhibition Hall into the Turkish State Opera
Authors: Sancar Ayça
Published: March 2020

The conversion of the Ankara Exhibition Hall into the Turkish State Opera in 1948 was one of the most debated incidents of the architectural and urban history of Early Republican Turkey. During this conversion, the modernist aesthetic of the exhibition hall was replaced by a classicistic and monumental language, which transformed the facet of its urban context in an irreversible way. Departing from this background, the study describes the mentioned conversion process and discusses the politico-cultural approaches leading to and accompanying this transformation. The focus of this discussion is the political role attributed to the art of opera and to the opera house as an urban center. While describing the conversion process, the focus is also set on discussions on nationalism, modernism, and aesthetic value in Early Republican architecture with respect to a global context as well as the emergence of a new understanding of modern architecture in postwar Europe.
Sexual Nostalgia as a Response to Unmet Sexual and Relational Needs: The Role of Attachment Avoidance
Authors: Muise Amy , Kim James J. , Debrot Anik , Impett Emily A. , MacDonald Geoff
Published: March 2020

Romantic relationships help people meet needs for connection and emotional and sexual fulfillment. In the current research, we investigate an unexplored response to feeling sexually and relationally unfulfilled: reflecting on positive sexual experiences with past partners (or sexual nostalgia). Across three studies, people low in attachment avoidance (i.e., comfortable with closeness) who were (a) single or (b) sexually or relationally dissatisfied reported greater sexual nostalgia, whereas people high in attachment avoidance (i.e., value autonomy) did not calibrate their feelings of sexual nostalgia based on their current relationship status or satisfaction. Sexual fantasies about past partners (i.e., sexual nostalgia) were distinct from other types of sexual fantasies (Study 1) and the effects could not be attributed to general nostalgia (Study 2) or sexual desire (Study 3). Chronic sexual nostalgia detracted from satisfaction over time. The findings have implications for theories of nostalgia and attachment and for managing unfulfilled needs in relationships.
Developing a Family Achievement Guilt Scale Grounded in First-Generation College Student Voices
Authors: Covarrubias Rebecca , Landa Isidro , Gallimore Ronald
Published: March 2020

As the first in their families to attend college, first-generation students plausibly experience family achievement guilt—socioemotional distress related to “leaving family members” to attend college. Family achievement guilt is little studied but a promising indicator of student outcomes. The present work used psychometric methods to develop the family achievement guilt scale. First-generation (46.6%) and continuing-generation (i.e., at least one parent has a 4-year degree, 53.4%) students completed a 41-item guilt measure online. Exploratory factor analysis revealed four factors, including guilt related to Leaving Family Behind, Having More Privileges, Becoming Different, and Experiencing Pressures about not being successful. The scale yielded good internal and test–retest reliability. Moreover, guilt predicted greater engagement in family roles and interdependent motives for college, even after controlling for general negative affect. In measuring guilt in psychometrically sound ways, we validate the voices of first-generation college students and alert institutions to adjust how they serve students.
The Association between Marital Status and Psychological Well-being: Variation across Negative and Positive Dimensions
Authors: Hsu Tze-Li , Barrett Anne E.
Published: March 2020

Marital status is associated with psychological well-being, with the married faring better than the formerly and never-married. However, this conclusion derives from research focusing more on negative than positive well-being. We examine the association between marital status and negative well-being, measured as depressive symptoms, and positive well-being, measured as autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, self-acceptance, and purpose in life. Using Wave 2 of Midlife in the United States (2004–2006; n = 1,711), we find that the continuously married fare better on the negative dimension than do the formerly married. The results for some measures of positive well-being also reveal an advantage for the continuously married, compared with the formerly and the never-married. However, results for other positive measures indicate that the unmarried, and the remarried, fare better—not worse—than the continuously married. Further, some results suggest greater benefits for remarried or never-married women than men.
Fighting or fuelling forced labour? The Modern Slavery Act 2015, irregular migrants and the vulnerabilising role of the UK’s hostile environment
Authors: Hodkinson Stuart N. , Lewis Hannah , Waite Louise , Dwyer Peter
Published: March 2020

Abolishing ‘modern slavery’ has now achieved international policy consensus. The most recent UK initiative – the 2015 Modern Slavery Act (MSA) – includes amongst other aspects tougher prison sentencing for perpetrators and the creation of an independent anti-slavery commissioner to oversee its implementation. However, drawing on research into forced labour among people seeking asylum in England, this article argues that when considered alongside the UK government’s deliberate creation of a ‘hostile environment’ towards migrants, not least in the Immigration Acts of 2014 and 2016, state action to outlaw modern slavery is flawed, counter-productive and disingenuous. We show how the MSA focuses only on the immediate act of coercion between ‘victim’ and ‘criminal’, ignoring how the hostile state vulnerabilises migrants in ways that compel their entry into and continued entrapment within severe labour exploitation.
It Runs in the Family: The Role of Family and Extended Social Networks in Developing Early Science Interest
Authors: Chakraverty Devasmita , Newcomer Sarah N. , Puzio Kelly , Tai Robert H.
Published: March 2020

Research shows that early scientific interest is associated with science degree completion and career selection. However, little is known about the conditions that support early scientific interest. Using a “funds of knowledge” theoretical framework, this study examined the role of parents, family, and extended social networks in fostering early interest in science. Using interview narratives from 116 scientists (physicists and chemists) in the United States, we conducted a qualitative thematic content analysis. Findings suggest that children who become scientists in adulthood often received early, informal opportunities to use and manipulate material objects and discover how the world works. Second, families used a wide variety of scientific terms at home and encouraged children to pursue their interests whether in science or other fields. Third, these future scientists were often networked with extended family members or friends to observe and do science when they were quite young. Collectively, these findings highlight the specific ways in which families fostered early scientific interest and aided in supporting a student-directed learning environment.
Astrocyte metabolism in multiple sclerosis investigated by 1-C-11 acetate PET
Authors: Kato Hiroki , Okuno Tatsusada , Isohashi Kayako , Koda Toru , Shimizu Mikito , Mochizuki Hideki , Nakatsuji Yuji , Hatazawa Jun
Published: March 2020

This study was aimed at evaluating the metabolism of reactive astrocytes in the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis by quantitative 1-C-11 acetate positron emission tomography (PET). Magnetic resonance imaging and 1-C-11 quantitative PET were performed in eight patients with multiple sclerosis and 10 normal control subjects. The efflux rate (k2) of 1-C-11 acetate, which reportedly reflects the metabolic rate of 1-C-11 acetate, was calculated based on the one-tissue compartmental model. Fractional anisotropy was also determined to evaluate the integrity of the neuronal tracts. The values of k2 in the patients with multiple sclerosis were significantly higher than those in the normal control subjects, in both the white matter ( p = 0.003) and the gray matter ( p = 0.02). In addition, the white matter/gray matter ratio of k2 was significantly higher in the multiple sclerosis patients than in the normal control subjects ( p = 0.02). Voxel-based statistical analysis revealed most prominent increase in k2 in the neuronal fiber tracts, as well as decrease in fractional anisotropy in them in the multiple sclerosis patients. The present study clarified that the pathological changes associated with astrocytic reactivation in multiple sclerosis patients could be visualized by quantitative 1-C-11 acetate PET.
Efficient Algorithm for the Traffic Assignment Problem with Side Constraints
Authors: Feng Liyang , Xie Jun , Nie Yu (Marco) , Liu Xiaobo
Published: March 2020

The standard traffic assignment problem (TAP) is often augmented with additional constraints to address non-standard applications. These models are called TAP with side constraints (TAPSC). Despite the rising significance of TAPSC models, the ability to efficiently solve them to satisfactory precision remains limited in real-world applications. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by integrating a recently developed high performance TAP solver, known as the path-based Greedy algorithm, with the augmented Lagrangian multiplier (ALM) method. This paper examines how precisely the subproblems in the ALM method should be solved to optimize the overall convergence performance. It is found that insufficiently converged subproblem solutions sometimes lead to catastrophic failures, although pursuing extremely high precision could also be counterproductive. Accordingly, it is proposed to adjust the precision required to solve the subproblems based on an approximate gap measured by the augmented Lagrangian. Results of numerical experiments show that adaptively adjusting the subproblem precision limit produces a 25% speed-up compared with the algorithm with a fixed limit.
Joint Model of Application-Based Ride Hailing Adoption, Intensity of Use, and Intermediate Public Transport Consideration among Workers in Chennai City
Authors: Devaraj Aravinda , Ambi Ramakrishnan Ganesh , Nair Gopindra Sivakumar , Srinivasan Karthik K. , Bhat Chandra R. , Pinjari Abdul R. , Ramadurai Gitakrishnan , Pendyala Ram M.
Published: March 2020

The introduction of mobile application-based ride hailing services represents a convergence between technologies, supply of vehicles, and demand in near real time. There is growing interest in quantifying the demand for such services from regulatory, operational, and system evaluation perspectives. Several studies model the decision to adopt ride hailing and the extent of the use of ride hailing, either separately or by bundling them into a single choice dimension, disregarding potential endogeneity between these decisions. Unlike developed countries, the literature is sparser for ride hailing in developing countries, where the demand may differ considerably because of differences in vehicle ownership, and availability and patronage of many transit and intermediate public transport (IPT) modes (the shared modes carrying 40% shares in some cases). This study aims to bridge these gaps in the literature by investigating three interrelated choice dimensions among workers in Chennai city: consideration of IPT modes, the adoption of ride hailing services and the subsequent usage intensity of ride hailing services. The main factors influencing these decisions are identified by estimating a trivariate probit model. The results indicate that sociodemographic and locational characteristics and the availability of IPT modes influence ride hailing adoption, whereas work-related constraints and perception of other modes affect its frequency. Work and non-work characteristics affect both the dimensions of ride hailing. Further, endogeneity is observed between ride hailing and IPT adoption after controlling for these variables, whereas evidence of endogeneity is absent among other dimensions. Mainly, the model separates the effect of the exogenous influences on the usage frequency level from their effect on the adoption of ride hailing services.
Using Resilience in Risk-Based Asset Management Plans
Authors: Liu YuanChi , McNeil Sue
Published: March 2020

Each state in the U.S.A. is required to develop and maintain a risk-based transportation asset management plan for the National Highway System (NHS) to improve or preserve the condition of the assets and the performance of the system. Awareness of natural hazards and extreme weather events has also increased with recent catastrophic hurricanes, such as Matthew (October, 2016) and Harvey (August, 2017), which caused significant inland floods in Robeson County, North Carolina, and Houston, Texas, respectively. These recent events and the damage to transportation infrastructure has also focused attention on the resilience of transportation networks. However, an integrated, consistent, well-understood method to assess or quantify the resilience of transportation networks is still lacking. This paper reviews the relevant concepts, legislative requirements that link asset management, risk and resilience, and tools available to support risk-based asset management. Based on a review of the transportation asset management plans developed by 49 state departments of transportation in 2018 and 2019, the paper summarizes the approaches to the risk management section of these asset management plans and the role resilience plays. Opportunities to better integrate resilience into the risk-based asset management plans are then identified. Examples are presented that demonstrate the role of resilience-related technical performance measures that reflect decisions related to flooding in the various stages of the disaster cycle (preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation).
Surgical Management of Chronic Incomplete Proximal Hamstring Avulsion Injuries
Authors: Kayani Babar , Ayuob Atif , Begum Fahima , Khan Natalia , Haddad Fares S.
Published: March 2020

Background:

Chronic incomplete proximal hamstring avulsion injuries are debilitating injuries associated with prolonged periods of convalescence and poor return to preinjury level of function. This study explores the efficacy of operative intervention for these injuries on patient satisfaction, muscle strength, range of motion, functional performance, return to preinjury level of sporting activity, and injury recurrence.

Hypothesis:

Surgical intervention of chronic incomplete proximal hamstring avulsion injuries enables return to preinjury level of sporting function with low risk of clinical recurrence.

Study Design:

Case series: Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

This prospective single-surgeon study included 41 patients with incomplete proximal hamstring avulsion injuries refractory to 6 months of nonoperative treatment. All study patients underwent primary operative repair of the avulsed proximal hamstring tendon and received standardized postoperative rehabilitation. Predefined outcomes were recorded at regular intervals after surgery. Mean follow-up time was 28.2 months (range, 25.0-35.0 months) from date of surgery.

Results:

All patients returned to their preinjury level of sporting activity. Mean ± SD time from surgery to return to full sporting activity was 22.2 ± 6.7 weeks. There were no episodes of clinical recurrence. At 3 months after surgery, 39 patients (95.1%) were satisfied/very satisfied with the outcomes of their surgery, and as compared with preoperative values, improvements were recorded in isometric hamstring muscle strength at 0° (84.9% ± 10.9% vs 40.4% ± 8.8%; P < .001), 15° (89.6% ± 7.6% vs 44.2% ± 11.1%; P < .001), and 45° (94.1% ± 5.1% vs 66.4% ± 9.0%; P < .001); mean passive straight leg raise angle (71.2°± 13.5° vs 45.4°± 11.9°; P < .001); mean lower extremity functional score (70.9 ± 5.1 vs 48.4 ± 5.2; P < .001); and mean Marx activity rating score (5.6 ± 2.8 vs 2.7 ± 1.0; P < .001). High patient satisfaction and functional outcome scores were maintained at 1- and 2-year follow-up.

Conclusion:

Operative repair of chronic incomplete proximal hamstring avulsion injuries enabled return to preoperative level of sporting function with no episodes of clinical recurrence at short-term follow-up. Surgical intervention was associated with high patient satisfaction and improved isometric hamstring muscle strength, range of motion, and functional outcome scores as compared with preoperative values. High patient satisfaction and improved functional outcomes were sustained at 2-year follow-up.
Surface damage reduction of dry milling carbon fiber reinforced plastic/polymer using left–right edge milling tool
Authors: Wang Fu-Ji , Yan Jian-Bo , Zhao Meng , Wang Dong , Wang Xiao-Nan , Hao Jia-Xuan
Published: March 2020

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic/polymer is popular for aerospace structures and these structures require milling with desired configuration and integrity within strict damage tolerance. However, due to the influence of cutting thrust force on the surface materials when milling carbon fiber reinforced plastic/polymer, it is easy to cause surface damages. This article aimed to study the effect of cutting thrust force direction and size on the damages and guided the suitable milling tool and cutting parameters, further to propose a milling method with low damages. The two-dimensional cutting model was established successfully for analyzing the tool–composite contact and the fiber–plastic/polymer interface crack. Based on the model, the cutting direction forward inside and small cutting force are the ways to avoiding the burrs and tears. The thrust force was the main concentrated force causing the damages in milling, so the left–right edge milling tool was proposed to realize cutting fibers to inside for both surfaces. Besides, small feed per tooth is an effective way to reduce the force. Therefore, the left–right edge milling tool with small feed per tooth is low-damages method. Comparative milling experiments are carried out to verify the method, from the result, the burrs, tears and delamination are effectively inhibited.
Does Alternative Route Preparation Meet the Requirements of IDEA Assurance 14? A Policy Analysis
Authors: Myers Jonté A. , Gilbert Kacey , Sindelar Paul
Published: March 2020

Persistent teacher shortages have led states to promulgate policies to support alternative pathways into teaching and hence supplement supply. Such alternatives may differ from traditional preparation in many ways, but each tends to tap non-traditional participants. Currently, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that special education teachers (SET) be fully certified and, if not, that they be enrolled in high-quality alternative preparation. The purpose of this study was to identify state policies supporting alternative route programs and to organize them into mutually exclusive conceptual models. We also determined whether and under what circumstances these models satisfy IDEA Part B assurances concerning SETs who are not fully certified. We identified 174 policies across 48 states and grouped them into eight models, two of which offer good potential for addressing the IDEA assurances. We discuss the implications of these findings for states and, with regard to design, alternative route providers.
Objects and subjects: Strategic use of childhood in the debate over the Canadian contribution to MINUSMA
Authors: Hoban Iuliia
Published: March 2020

The debate over the scope of the Canadian military’s contribution to the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali evolved from the ambitious promise of ground troops to the deployment of narrow support to the mission. This article examines how the strategic use of childhood in political persuasion shaped security discourse and the nature of the Canadian contribution to United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali. This article analyzes political and media genres of discourse to examine mechanisms which (re)constructed, legitimized, and constituted childhoods during the debate on the Canadian peacekeeping deployment to Mali. Looking through the lens of critical discursive analysis, the article demonstrates the policy implications of rendering children as, what Marshall Beier defined, “security anxieties.” Representing children as potential security threats to the Canadian Armed Forces reveals their agency; it also, however, ignores the multiple, fluid roles of children in areas of conflict. This reductionist type of agency calls for correction on behalf of policy actors, furthering the objectification of children as a political problem. Examining how childhood is employed in influencing the debate about the use of military force, this article enhances our understanding of how narratives on childhood have consequences for global security. This article also displays significant opportunities to use the critical discursive approach to explore the diverse and complex experiences of children in conflict zones and (post)conflict societies.
Co-producing land for housing through informal settlement upgrading: lessons from a Namibian municipality
Authors: Delgado Guillermo , Muller Anna , Mabakeng Royal , Namupala Martin
Published: March 2020

This paper summarizes the informal settlement upgrading processes in the Namibian municipality of Gobabis, which are arguably the most accomplished bottom-up developments in the country so far. As these processes were made possible through a broad coalition of partners, we employ the lens of co-production and engage with the more recent literature on it, which focuses on questions of equity and empowerment. We note how co-production achieves more efficient use of resources and decentralizes power in urban development. We argue that in this case, efficiency and equity are aligned. We also note how despite these achievements, the balance of power remains uneven in favour of central and local governments. The paper also briefly describes the context of urban development in Namibia, and concludes with a set of questions for further research on co-production of land for housing the urban poor.
Investigating urban vulnerability and resilience: a call for applied integrated research to reshape the political economy of decision-making
Authors: Patel Ronak , Sanderson David , Sitko Pamela , De Boer John
Published: March 2020

There is growing recognition of the cumulative impact that converging environmental, political, social and economic risks have on the ability of cities to function in times of shocks and stresses. While many frameworks and assessment tools have been developed to assess the technical resilience of the infrastructure of cities, there have been fewer attempts to holistically understand and map all the factors that interact to potentially produce functioning urban systems, including the role of institutions (both formal and informal). Applied integrated research is needed to understand the daily functioning, vulnerability and resilience of these rapidly growing cities amid chronic and acute stresses and shocks; to also understand why and how multiple risks and protective factors converge and interact to constrain or enable cities to fulfil their core functions in times of stability and crisis; and finally to produce operationally relevant recommendations that could inform interventions.
Patients behind the front lines: the exchange of mentally-ill patients in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Authors: Argo Daniel , Fainstein Vladislav , Jones Edgar , Abramowitz Moshe Z
Published: March 2020

The British Mandate in Palestine ended abruptly in 1948. The British departure engendered a complex situation which affected all areas of life, and the country’s health system was no exception. Gradual transition of the infrastructure was almost impossible owing to the ineffectiveness of the committee appointed by the United Nations. The situation was further complicated by the outbreak of the Arab–Israeli War. We relate for the first time the story of 75 Jewish patients who were left in a former British mental hospital in Bethlehem – deep behind the front lines. Despite the hostilities, there were complex negotiations about relocating those patients. This episode sheds light on the Jewish and Arab relationship as it pertained to mental institutions during and immediately after the British Mandate.
Seizure aesthetics: Temporal regimes and medical technology in epilepsy diagnosis
Authors: Marathe Megh
Published: March 2020

Epilepsy is a neurological condition defined by time; it is characterized by a lifelong tendency for recurrent, unpredictable, and unprovoked seizures, during which people lose control over parts of body-mind function. Diagnosing seizures involves using electroencephalograms to represent and classify brain waves in relation to clock time. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork in a North American teaching hospital, this paper shows that as neurologists learn to diagnose seizures, they internalize clock time norms for normal and abnormal brain waves. The paper demonstrates how these temporal norms work to assign a set of aesthetics to brain waves: patterns that conform to clock-time norms are beautiful, whereas hard-to-classify patterns are ugly. These aesthetic judgments follow diagnostically complex patients in future hospital visits, who become known, for instance, as “the patient with the ugly EEG.” The paper critiques this ascription of labels to patients and situates the role of the electroencephalogram's clock time in this predicament. It concludes with a speculative design project that reorients the relationship between temporality and embodiment by using the heartbeat as a situated and co-produced alternative to the standardized and invariant clock. Ultimately, the paper argues that the aesthetics of medical technology are fundamental to clinical care, thereby opening up new directions for research at the intersection of critical time studies and disability studies.
Health as Experience: Exploring Health in Daily Life Drawing From the Work of Aaron Antonovsky and John Dewey
Authors: Maivorsdotter Ninitha , Andersson Joacim
Published: March 2020

Research has pursued salutogenic and narrative approaches to deal with questions about how everyday settings are constitutive for different health practices. Healthy behavior is not a distinguishable action, but a chain of activities, often embedded in other social practices. In this article, we have endeavored to describe such a chain of activities guided by the salutogenic claim of exploring the good living argued by McCuaig and Quennerstedt. We use biographical material written by Karl Ove Knausgaard who has created a life story entitled My Struggle. The novel is selected upon an approach influenced by Brinkmann who stresses that literature can be seen as a qualitative social inquiry in which the novelist is an expert in transforming personal life experiences into common human expressions of life. The study illustrates how research with a broader notion of health can convey experiences of health, thereby complementing (and sometimes challenging) public health evidence.
Do German Children Differ? A Validation of Conners Early Childhood™
Authors: Türk Selina , Harbarth Simon , Bergold Sebastian , Steinmayr Ricarda , Neidhardt Eva , Kamp-Becker Inge , Equit Monika , Wunsch Katja , Christiansen Hanna
Published: March 2020

Objective: The present study aimed to validate the German version of the Conners Early Childhood (EC)™ among German-speaking children. Method: A total of 720 parental and 599 childcare provider ratings of 2- to 6-year-old children were surveyed throughout Germany. Validity was assessed by calculating exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs), and a series of multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) to analyze associations between Conners EC™ symptom ratings and sociodemographic variables. In addition, parent and childcare provider ratings of Conners EC™ scales were correlated with a number of other well-validated German measures assessing preschoolers’ behaviors. Results: Although the EFA yielded different factors than the original scales, CFA revealed acceptable to good model fits. Conclusion: Overall, we confirmed the factor structure of the Conners EC’s™ American original within the German validation. The use of the American factor structure is justified and can be recommended to facilitate international research on psychopathology in early childhood.
Reciprocal Developmental Relations Between ADHD and Anxiety in Adolescence: A Within-Person Longitudinal Analysis of Commonly Co-Occurring Symptoms
Authors: Murray Aja Louise , Caye Arthur , McKenzie Karen , Auyeung Bonnie , Murray George , Ribeaud Denis , Freeston Mark , Eisner Manuel
Published: March 2020

Objective: Significant anxiety often occurs in the presence of ADHD symptoms; however, the reasons are not well understood. We aimed to establish whether the relations between ADHD symptons and anxiety are bidirectional or unidirectional. Method: Weexamined the developmental relations between ADHD and anxiety symptoms across adolescence (ages 13, 15, and 17) in a community-ascertained, normative longitudinal sample of 1,483 youth (52% male). We used an autoregressive latent trajectory model with structured residuals (ALT-SR) to examine within-person developmental relations between ADHD and anxiety symptoms to determine whether it is ADHD symptoms that lead to anxiety symptoms and/or the reverse. Results: Results suggested that there are reciprocal within-person developmental relations between ADHD and anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Our findings support the recommendation that targeting ADHD symptoms can be fruitful for addressing anxiety symptoms; however, they suggest that targeting anxiety symptoms may also benefit ADHD symptoms. Results also underline the importance of careful assessment for underlying ADHD symptoms among adolescents presenting with anxiety.
Asset Recycling for Social Infrastructure in the United States
Authors: Casady Carter B. , Geddes R. Richard
Published: March 2020

Asset recycling (AR) has gained attention in the United States as a way of improving life cycle asset maintenance and realizing maximum value from existing public infrastructure. In an AR program, proceeds from leases or sales of mature, underutilized public assets are reinvested in much-needed infrastructure improvements. Although the benefits of AR are often noted in both academic and policy circles, the academic literature on AR has not yet explored AR’s application to social infrastructure. To address this gap, we explore the concept of AR and its relevance for U.S. social infrastructure. We first examine the steps and conceptual features of a “fix-it-first” AR approach to social infrastructure. We then use Infrastructure Ontario’s Capital Planning Program as a case study to highlight the potential viability of such programs. Finally, we conclude by discussing the benefits and challenges of adopting AR policies in the United States.