bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poor oral health, a potential new geriatric syndrome
Authors: van der Putten Gert‐Jan , de Baat Cees , De Visschere Luc , Schols Jos
Published: January 2014

This article presents a brief introduction to the medical aspects of ageing and age‐related diseases, and to some geriatric syndromes, followed by a discussion on their impact on general and oral healthcare provision to community‐dwelling older people. Recent investigations suggest that inflammation constitutes a biological foundation of ageing and the onset of age‐related diseases. Multimorbidity and polypharmacy, together with alterations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, make older people at risk of adverse medication reactions. A side effect of several medications is causing xerostomia and hyposalivation, and both the type and number of medications used are relevant. New options of general healthcare provision to community‐dwelling older people are the use of mobility aids and assistive technology devices, domiciliary health care, respite care and telecare. Their oral health status may be jeopardised by frailty, disability, care dependency and limited access to professional oral health care. Recommendations for improvement are the following: better integrating oral health care into general health care, developing and implementing an oral healthcare guideline, providing customised oral hygiene care aids, domiciliary oral healthcare provision, visiting dental hygienists and/or nurses, oral hygiene telecare, easily and safely accessible dental offices, transforming dentistry into medical oral health care and upgrading dentists to oral physicians. In case oral healthcare providers do not take the responsibility of persuading society of the importance of adequate oral health, weakened oral health of community‐dwelling older people will become a potential new geriatric syndrome.
Delivering the evidence – skill mix and education for elder care
Authors: Wolff Mark S. , Schenkel Andrew B. , Allen Kenneth L.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To review the current status of dental curricula on elder care, and the current curricula regarding elder care, and it's effect on altering practitioner behaviors while addressing the needs of a growing North American elder population.

Background

An impending crisis is looming over the oral healthcare of our aging population. At the same moment that life expectancy is being extended through increasingly complex healthcare improvements, the numbers of trained dental providers capable and interested in delivering the needed care is failing to grow at an adequate rate.

Discussion

The skills necessary to manage these increasingly complex patients require an interprofessional approach capable of delivering care to sicker patients, in a variety of living accommodations, while managing a variety of care givers. The dental skills necessary to treat these elderly are modifications of skills students routinely learn in dental school. As a matter of fact, the skills students acquire to treat an adult patient population may be contrary to the basic skills necessary to manage the elderly dependent adult patient. Teaching students the nuance differences needed to properly diagnose and care for this population is a difficult task that must be taught in a contextual environment.

Conclusion

Significant changes in the teaching of dental management of the elderly are critical within much of the education community. Just as teaching students to care for the pediatric population as general dentists, the clinical education must involve a sufficient number of quality experiences to address issues of both competency, that of the graduate to perform care independently, and attitudes, the actually willingness to treat the elderly.
The life course, care pathways and elements of vulnerability. A picture of health needs in a vulnerable population
Authors: Pretty Iain A.
Published: January 2014

Objective

This paper presents a contextual approach to the assessment of dental health needs based on a life course approach with vulnerability integrated within the assessment of need.

Background

Life course approaches to needs assessment,health care planning and commissioning of services are gaining popularity as there is a move away from simpler assessments of need based purely on population demographics such as age. The use of an assessment of vulnerability will be essential in the development of care pathways that are based on patient and population need rather than demand.

Methods

As an example of the health needs of a vulnerable population data are presented on an oral health needs assessment within nursing and residential homes in the North West of England.

Findings

These data serve to demonstrate the challenges of the disease burden within such a population but also the complexities of commissioning and delivering services to this group of patients.

Conclusions

Care pathways designed to assist such patients should consider not only prevention and treatment modalities but also the means of implementing such therapies in varying settings and utilising the whole dental team.
Microhabitat effects on herbaceous nutrient concentrations at the community and species level in Mediterranean open woodlands: the role of species composition
Authors: Rolo V. , Rivest D. , López‐Díaz M. L. , Moreno G.
Published: January 2014

The presence of a woody canopy in open oak woodlands affects not only the nutrition but also the species composition of the herbaceous community. Yet, the contribution of both effects (changes in nutrient concentrations and species composition) to total resources that are captured by the herbaceous community is not well understood. We assessed the mineral nutrition (N, P, K and Ca) of three herbaceous species and the herbaceous community as well as the species composition in contrasting microhabitats (beneath trees, beneath a leguminous shrub and in open spaces). Both trees and shrubs increased the nutrient concentrations of the herbaceous species that were studied, except for Taraxacum officinale. Their effects were less consistent when the entire community was considered and depended upon the nutrient being analysed. Species richness and N, P and K concentrations were positively associated, suggesting that more nutrients are captured by the herbaceous community as diversity increases. Our results suggest a close relationship between species composition and nutritional value at the community level that may explain the discrepancies observed between both levels of analysis (species vs. community). Thus, farm‐level strategies based on the whole herbaceous community may overlook processes operating at the species level, which can be relevant to achieve sustainable management.
Thermal Energy Harvesting Using Bulk Lead‐Free Ferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: Vats Gaurav , Chauhan Aditya , Vaish Rahul
Published: January 2014

This article demonstrates the energy harvesting capabilities of bulk lead‐free ferroelectric materials using Olsen cycle. Lead‐free compositions K[(Nb0.90Ta0.10)0.99Mn0.01]O3 (KNTM) and 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3‐0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BZT‐50BCT) have been explored for their energy harvesting capabilities. Further, we studied the variation in energy density over wide range of applied temperature and electric field. The maximum harness‐able energy density for KNTM and BZT‐50BCT compositions are found to be 629 J/L (629 kJ/m3) and 87 J/L (87 kJ/m3), respectively. This estimated energy density, obtained for the bulk samples, is comparable with the highest energy density reported to‐date (888 J/L for lanthanum‐doped lead zirconate titanate (8/65/35 PLZT) thick films).
Effect of Alumina Reactivity on the Densification and Properties of Al2O3–Cr2O3 Refractories
Authors: Nath Mithun , Reddy Vakiti Pradeep , Sinhamahapatra Somnath , Dana Kausik , Ghosh Arup , Tripathi Himansu Sekhar
Published: January 2014

Alumina‐chrome (Al2O3–Cr2O3) refractories with Al2O3:Cr2O3 molar ratio 1:1 were synthesized in the temperature range of 1400–1700°C by conventional solid–oxide reaction route. The effect of different aluminas (viz., hydrated and calcined) on the densification, microstructure, and properties of Al2O3–Cr2O3 refractories was investigated without changing the Cr2O3 source. The starting materials were analyzed to determine the chemical composition, mineralogy, density, surface area, and particle size. Sintered materials were characterized in terms of densification, phase assemblage, and mechanical strength at room temperature and at higher temperatures. Microstructural evolution at different sintering temperature was correlated with sintering characteristics. It can be concluded that the Al2O3–Cr2O3 refractories prepared with hydrated alumina as Al2O3 source show better densification and hot mechanical strength than corresponding calcined variety.
Evolution of Hot Corrosion Behavior of YSZ‐Ta2O5 Composites with Different YSZ/Ta2O5 Ratios
Authors: Habibi Hamed , Guo Shengmin
Published: January 2014

This study compares the hot corrosion performance of yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ)‐Ta2O5 composite mixtures (TaYSZ) in the presence of molten mixture of Na2SO4 + V2O5 at 1100°C. The tested compositions vary from pure YSZ (0TaYSZ) to a Ta2O5‐dominating (70 wt% Ta2O5+ balance YSZ, 70TaYSZ) composite mixture with a gradual increase of Ta2O5. 50TaYSZ (50 wt% Ta2O5 + balance YSZ) sample forms a highly stable zirconium tantalum oxide. 50TaYSZ is more stable, both thermally and chemically in Na2SO4+V2O5 media at 1100°C, than other tested YSZ‐Ta2O5 (TaYSZ) composites, and shows a good hot corrosion resistance.
Evaluation of the chemical composition and colour in long‐life tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) dehydrated by combined drying methods
Authors: Jorge Aline , Almeida Denise Milleo , Canteri Maria Helene Giovanetti , Sequinel Thiago , Kubaski Evaldo Toniolo , Tebcherani Sergio Mazurek
Published: January 2014

When tomatoes are submitted to treatments of drying, depending on the parameters and methods used, the concentration or degradation of nutrients can occur. The changes in the composition and colour were verified when different drying processes were used. Freeze drying, oven drying, the combination of both and also the effect of the pretreatment (blanching) using steam were studied. The fresh tomato composition was compared with the composition of dehydrated tomato powder. After dehydration, the moisture content reduced 78% from the total initial moisture. In addition, a nutrient concentration was observed with an increase of about 57% of citric acid content and 3% in the pH. The ash content also increased from 0.53% to 8% (15 times) and 60%, the carbohydrates from 3.94% to 60% (15 times) and the proteins were increased from 1% to 11% (10 times). The blanching resulted in different types of changes, such as greater stability for the proteins, carbohydrates, fat, lycopene and β‐carotene.
Effect of health on knowledge, self‐efficacy and health behaviours of women with urinary tract infection
Authors: Tehrani Fereshteh Javaheri , Nikpour Soghra
Published: January 2014

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections affecting about 40% of women in some points in their lives. UTI can cause serious potential consequences such as life‐threatening sepsis, if it is not treated by primary health care providers. Health behaviours play an important role in causing UTI. Self‐efficacy, as an important moderator of the relationship between knowledge and behaviour, is an important prerequisite for behaviour change. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of health education on knowledge, self‐efficacy and health behaviours of women with UTI. This is a quasi‐experimental study of the intervention and comparison groups, with pre‐test and post‐test design, conducted with 170 married women with UTI; referred to selected hospital laboratories in Tehran. The data collection tool was a self‐made questionnaire which was answered by both groups, prior to the intervention and 12 weeks thereafter. The intervention was performed on the intervention group samples. On the basis of the study results, after the intervention the average score of the knowledge (p = 0·002), self‐efficacy (p < 0·001) and health behaviours (p < 0·001) of the intervention group had significantly increased compared to the comparison group. The findings showed that health education was effective in promotion of the knowledge, self‐efficacy and health behaviours of women with UTI.
TAPBPR isoforms exhibit altered association with MHC class I
Authors: Porter Keith M. , Hermann Clemens , Traherne James A. , Boyle Louise H.
Published: January 2014

The tapasin‐related protein TAPBPR is a novel component of the antigen processing and presentation pathway, which binds to MHC class I coupled with β2‐microglobulin. We describe six alternatively spliced TAPBPR transcripts from the TAPBPL gene and investigate three of these at a protein level. TAPBPR transcripts lacking exon 5 result in loss of the membrane proximal IgC domain and loss of ability to bind to MHC class I. Alternative acceptor and donor splice sites in exon 4 of TAPBPR altered the reading frame in the IgV domain and produced a truncated TAPBPR product. An additional exon in the TAPBPL gene was identified that encodes extra residues in the cytoplasmic tail of TAPBPR. This longer TAPBPR protein interacted with MHC class I but was attenuated in its ability to down‐regulate surface expression of MHC class I. The abundance of these alternative transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and dendritic cells suggests an important role of TAPBPR isoforms in vivo.
Serum and supplement optimization for EU GMP‐compliance in cardiospheres cell culture
Authors: Chimenti Isotta , Gaetani Roberto , Forte Elvira , Angelini Francesco , De Falco Elena , Zoccai Giuseppe Biondi , Messina Elisa , Frati Giacomo , Giacomello Alessandro
Published: January 2014

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) isolated as cardiospheres (CSs) and CS‐derived cells (CDCs) are a promising tool for cardiac cell therapy in heart failure patients, having CDCs already been used in a phase I/II clinical trial. Culture standardization according to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) is a mandatory step for clinical translation. One of the main issues raised is the use of xenogenic additives (e.g. FBS, foetal bovine serum) in cell culture media, which carries the risk of contamination with infectious viral/prion agents, and the possible induction of immunizing effects in the final recipient. In this study, B27 supplement and sera requirements to comply with European GMPs were investigated in CSs and CDCs cultures, in terms of process yield/efficiency and final cell product gene expression levels, as well as phenotype. B27− free CS cultures produced a significantly reduced yield and a 10‐fold drop in c‐kit expression levels versus B27+ media. Moreover, autologous human serum (aHS) and two different commercially available GMP AB HSs were compared with standard research‐grade FBS. CPCs from all HSs explants had reduced growth rate, assumed a senescent‐like morphology with time in culture, and/or displayed a significant shift towards the endothelial phenotype. Among three different GMP gamma‐irradiated FBSs (giFBSs) tested, two provided unsatisfactory cell yields, while one performed optimally, in terms of CPCs yield/phenotype. In conclusion, the use of HSs for the isolation and expansion of CSs/CDCs has to be excluded because of altered proliferation and/or commitment, while media supplemented with B27 and the selected giFBS allows successful EU GMP‐complying CPCs culture.
The peripheral chimerism of bone marrow–derived stem cells after transplantation: regeneration of gastrointestinal tissues in lethally irradiated mice
Authors: Filip Stanislav , Mokrý Jaroslav , Vávrová Jiřina , Šinkorová Zuzana , Mičuda Stanislav , Šponer Pavel , Filipová Alžběta , Hrebíková Hana , Dayanithi Govindan
Published: January 2014

Bone marrow–derived cells represent a heterogeneous cell population containing haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. These cells have been identified as potential candidates for use in cell therapy for the regeneration of damaged tissues caused by trauma, degenerative diseases, ischaemia and inflammation or cancer treatment. In our study, we examined a model using whole‐body irradiation and the transplantation of bone marrow (BM) or haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to study the repair of haematopoiesis, extramedullary haematopoiesis and the migration of green fluorescent protein (GFP+) transplanted cells into non‐haematopoietic tissues. We investigated the repair of damage to the BM, peripheral blood, spleen and thymus and assessed the ability of this treatment to induce the entry of BM cells or GFP+lin−Sca‐1+ cells into non‐haematopoietic tissues. The transplantation of BM cells or GFP+lin−Sca‐1+ cells from GFP transgenic mice successfully repopulated haematopoiesis and the haematopoietic niche in haematopoietic tissues, specifically the BM, spleen and thymus. The transplanted GFP+ cells also entered the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) following whole‐body irradiation. Our results demonstrate that whole‐body irradiation does not significantly alter the integrity of tissues such as those in the small intestine and liver. Whole‐body irradiation also induced myeloablation and chimerism in tissues, and induced the entry of transplanted cells into the small intestine and liver. This result demonstrates that grafted BM cells or GFP+lin−Sca‐1+ cells are not transient in the GIT. Thus, these transplanted cells could be used for the long‐term treatment of various pathologies or as a one‐time treatment option if myeloablation‐induced chimerism alone is not sufficient to induce the entry of transplanted cells into non‐haematopoietic tissues.
The flood recovery gap: a real‐time study of local recovery following the floods of June 2007 in Hull, North East England
Authors: Medd W. , Deeming H. , Walker G. , Whittle R. , Mort M. , Twigger‐Ross C. , Walker M. , Watson N. , Kashefi E.
Published: January 2014

Learning to live with flood requires learning to manage flood recovery. While in the United Kingdom much attention has been given to improving preparedness to flood events – from more sophisticated warning systems to the development of flood event planning – we bring attention to in‐depth research on the processes of recovery and the challenges of addressing what we call the flood ‘recovery gap’. A growing body of research has documented the social, economic and health impacts of flooding, and the relationship between social and physical parameters of community resilience and preparedness. However, there remains a dearth of understanding about the processes people go through in recovering from flood disasters in the United Kingdom and the ways in which improving the experience of recovery can enhance resilience. Indeed, because resilience is defined in part by the time it takes to recover, it is imperative that more effective recovery is established. This article reports on the findings of a real‐time longitudinal study using an action research model to document and understand the everyday experiences of individuals following the floods of June 2007 in Hull. We argue that recovery involves a more varied process than is assumed within current accounts, one which falls between institutional boundaries. We conclude with suggestions for addressing the ‘recovery gap’.
Post‐liver transplantation sarcopenia in cirrhosis: A prospective evaluation
Authors: Tsien Cynthia , Garber Ari , Narayanan Arvind , Shah Shetal N , Barnes David , Eghtesad Bijan , Fung John , McCullough Arthur J , Dasarathy Srinivasan
Published: January 2014

Background and Aim

Pre‐transplant sarcopenia (reduced skeletal muscle mass) predicts poor outcome in cirrhosis. In contrast, whether muscle mass increases post‐orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is not known and was studied prospectively.

Methods

Consecutive patients who underwent a comprehensive nutritional evaluation in a liver transplant nutrition clinic were included. Core abdominal muscle area was measured on abdominal computed tomography obtained pre‐ and post‐OLT. Age‐ and gender‐based controls were used to define sarcopenia. Measures of body composition pre‐transplant were correlated with computed tomography measurements. Predictors and clinical impact of post‐OLT change in muscle area were examined. In three subjects post‐OLT and three controls, expression of genes regulating skeletal muscle mass were quantified.

Results

During the study period, 53 patients (M:F 41:12; age 56.9 ± 7.5 years) were followed up after OLT for 19.3 ± 9 months. Five patients died and another five had acute graft rejection. Pre‐OLT sarcopenia was present in 33 (66.2%). Pre‐transplant clinical characteristics including Child's score, MELD score, and nutritional status or post‐transplantation immunosuppression regimen did not predict post‐transplant change in muscle mass. New onset post‐OLT sarcopenia developed in 14 patients. Loss of muscle mass post‐OLT increased risk of diabetes mellitus and a trend toward higher mortality. Skeletal muscle expression of myostatin was higher and that of ubiquitin proteasome proteolytic components lower post‐OLT than in controls.

Conclusions

Post‐transplantation sarcopenia is common and could not be attributed to pre‐transplant characteristics or the type or duration of post‐OLT immunosuppression. Post‐transplant sarcopenia contributes to adverse consequences and strategies targeting myostatin may be beneficial.
IsInclusiveEducation a Human Right?
Authors: Gordon John-Stewart
Published: January 2014

The widespread view — proclaimed by proponents of disability studies, some disability federations, and many disabled people — that there is a human right to inclusive education, was eventually substantiated by international law with the UN Disability Convention (CRPD) in 2006. One of the most discussed issues in disability studies concerns the CRPD; the contributions are legion. Surprisingly, there are hardly any substantial contributions that pay particular attention to the important question of whether inclusive education is amoralhuman right, and, if so, how this particular human right could be morally justified. A related topic that is frequently discussed concerns the question of whether inclusive education is compatible with the International Bill of Human Rights. Other scholars, such as Theresia Degener, wholeheartedly support the idea that inclusive education is a substantial legal and moral human right.
Human Rights, Civil Rights: Prescribing Disability Discrimination Prevention in Packaging Essential Health Benefits
Authors: Silvers Anita , Francis Leslie
Published: January 2014

Health care insurance schemes, whether private or public, are notoriously unaccommodating to individuals with disabilities. While most nonelderly nondisabled persons in the U.S. are insured through private sources, coverage sources for nonelderly persons with disabilities have traditionally been a mix of private and public coverage. For all age groups, the employment-to-population ratio is much lower for persons with a disability than for those with no disability. Moreover, employed persons with a disability were more likely to be self-employed than those with no disability. As a group, therefore, nonelderly people with disabilities have not been as well positioned as others to obtain private health care insurance because in the U.S., acquiring such coverage usually is employer based.
A Place for All at the Global Health Table: A Case Study about Creating an Interprofessional Global Health Project
Authors: Rowthorn Virginia
Published: January 2014

Many ideas grow better when transplanted into another mind than the one where they sprang up.
Weight of the Nation — Moving Forward, Reversing the Trend
Authors: Hunter Alicia S.
Published: January 2014

Weight of the Nation (WON) is a national forum for obesity prevention leaders who are “game changers” — those who are leading the field of innovative obesity prevention practice — to provide opportunities to expand and advance evidence-based and emerging solutions to the epidemic and brainstorm on collaborative efforts to apply these solutions in settings that reach individuals across the lifespan. WON is hosted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP), Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity (DNPAO). WON is unique for its conference style which focuses participants on population-level approaches that can be implemented in select settings and sectors and in its use of social media and long-distance training to increase participation and information dissemination.
Mindfulness‐Based Relationship Education for Couples Expecting their First Child—Part 2: Phenomenological Findings
Authors: Gambrel Laura Eubanks , Piercy Fred P.
Published: January 2014

This phenomenological study is the second phase of a larger mixed methods study of a relationship‐enhancement program for couples expecting their first child (see Gambrel & Piercy, this issue). The 4‐week Mindful Transition to Parenthood Program uses mindfulness practices and interpersonal activities to develop skills of internal and interpersonal attunement. Based on semi‐structured interviews with thirteen couples, four overarching themes emerged: (a) positive changes for self, (b) improvements in couple relationship, (c) more prepared for baby, and (d) male involvement. Participants stated that the program increased their acceptance and awareness, deepened connections with their partners, and led them to be more confident about becoming parents. Male participants felt they became more identified as fathers. The authors discuss the clinical implications of these findings.

Video Abstract
An Integrative Review of Knowing the Patient
Authors: Zolnierek Cynthia Diamond
Published: January 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to characterize the concept knowing the patient as reflected in the contemporary nursing literature and to consider implications for nursing practice.

Organizing Construct

A literature review was conducted to identify primary source publications concerned with knowing the patient within the nursing discipline.

Methods

Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were queried using the phrase knowing the patient to identify relevant peer‐reviewed literature from 1996 through 2013.

Findings

The review produced 21 publications; knowing the patient was the topic of inquiry in only 5 of these. Knowing the patient emerged as a finding in 16 investigations and was described as affecting nurses’ ability to provide safe care, develop positive relationships, and engage in expert practice. Patterns identified across studies were illustrated in a model representing the process of knowing the patient, including factors of the nurse's internal environment, information practices to develop knowledge and create meaning, and the nurse's response. The process of knowing the patient occurs within the context of relationship with the patient and in an environment that is temporal in nature.

Conclusions

While knowing the patient continues to be a prominent concept in the nursing literature, practice environments may not provide the conditions necessary to support the process, particularly temporal factors of time availability, sustained contact, continuity, and consistency.

Clinical Relevance

Findings inform the development of professional practice models that support knowing the patient.
Differences in the knowledge and compliance with secondary prevention of stroke between transient ischaemic attack patients with and without subsequent stroke
Authors: Zhao Jingjing , Zhou Muke , Guo Jian , Zhang Jingjing , Yang Yaqiong , Yu Fan , He Li
Published: January 2014

Aims and objectives

To evaluate the differences in the knowledge and compliance with secondary prevention of stroke between transient ischaemic attack patients with and without subsequent stroke.

Background

No previous study has demonstrated whether there are differences in the knowledge and compliance with secondary prevention of stroke between transient ischaemic attack patients with and without subsequent stroke. If there are differences, the health education regarding the stroke knowledge should be conducted separately and differently for the two groups.

Methods and design

We consecutively recruited 355 transient ischaemic attack patients with/without subsequent stroke from our hospital from 1 December 2008–31 December 2011. There were 304 patients receiving health education both upon hospital discharge and 90 days after discharge. Through telephone interviews, six months after discharge, only 180 patients completed the survey to determine in detail their general knowledge and compliance with secondary prevention of stroke.

Results

The transient ischaemic attack patients with subsequent stroke exhibited a higher identification rate of speech disorder, weakness and decreased sensation or inability to feel things, compared with those without subsequent stroke (76·1 vs. 66·3%, p < 0·05; 91·5 vs. 73·5%, p < 0·05; 62·2 vs. 46·9%, p < 0·05). The compliance rates to antiplatelet agents and statins therapy were higher in transient ischaemic attack patients with subsequent stroke compared with those without subsequent stroke (80·5 vs. 65·3%, p < 0·05; 53·7 vs. 35·7%, p < 0·05).

Conclusions

The transient ischaemic attack patients with subsequent stroke exhibit a higher identification rate of most of the warning signs of stroke and a better compliance with antiplatelet agents and statins therapy of stroke compared with those without subsequent stroke. Thus, we suggest that transient ischaemic attack patients should receive additional health education to increase their awareness of the harms of stroke.

Relevance to clinical practice

Clinicians should be aware of conducting different health education to patients with transient ischaemic attack and stroke. Also, it is important to give health education to individualised patients based on their actual risk of stroke.
Recognition of Problem Insufficiency: A Proposed Threshold Concept Emergent in Student Accounts of Memorable Interior Design Educational Experiences
Authors: Smith Kennon M.
Published: January 2014

Students striving to gain design expertise are likely to face significant barriers, some of which may be specific to a given individual, while others are likely shared among many novices in a discipline. Identifying recurrent patterns of such barriers may inform design pedagogy and indicate larger threshold concepts functioning as portals to disciplinary expertise. In this paper, 38 interior design students in their final required studio, representing three different cohort groups, participated in interviews regarding their design school experiences. From these student accounts, themes pertaining to difficulties which may have functioned as barriers in design expertise development were identified. This paper explores two central themes that are the focus of this inquiry: difficulty in seeking out standards to judge the quality of design work and difficulty in time management. Interview excerpts are used to illustrate how these issues were presented by participating students and the interaction of these factors is examined. An argument is presented that these themes may be indicators of a larger threshold concept for these students, here conceptualized as recognition of problem insufficiency. How this idea might relate to established concepts such as “wicked problems,” “problem structuring,” and “primary generators” is discussed and possible implications of such a threshold concept are explored.
Tongue‐mandible coupling movements during saliva swallowing
Authors: Bourdiol P. , Mishellany‐Dutour A. , Peyron M.‐A. , Woda A.
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this study was to measure the tongue and mandible positions and displacements in relation to the maxilla in the midsagittal plane to characterize the different saliva swallowing patterns by recording their kinematics. A 2D electromagnetic articulograph using four transducer coils, three attached to the upper surface of the tongue midline plus one attached to the chin anterior part allowed continuous evaluation of tongue and chin movements in twelve young adults in good general health. During 170 s sequences recorded at a frequency of 100 Hz, subjects were at rest, silently reading a text they had chosen. The subjects were free to swallow during the sequence. Deglutition of accumulated saliva was analysed after averaging all values obtained during successive 250 ms periods. We identified three elementary swallowing patterns. Mean duration of tongue‐mandible movements were 1·51 ± 0·17 s, 1·63 ± 0·14 s and 2·00 ± 0·08 s for the first, second and third patterns respectively. In the light of other studies based on intra‐oral pressure recordings, our results help to understand the tongue‐mandible coupling behaviours involved in managing an in‐mouth saliva bolus during the three elementary swallowing patterns identified.
Personality Trait Changes Among Young Finns: The Role of Life Events and Transitions
Authors: Leikas Sointu , Salmela‐Aro Katariina
Published: January 2014

Recent research has shown that personality traits continue to develop throughout the life span, but most profound changes are typically found during young adulthood. Increasing evidence suggests that life events play a significant role in many of these changes. The present longitudinal study examined the role of work, education, social, and health‐related life events in the development of the Big Five traits among young Finns. Participants were originally recruited in 2004 through elementary schools in a middle‐sized Finnish city. Participants' Big Five traits and life events were measured via self‐reports at ages 20 and 23 (Ns = 597 and 588, respectively). Entering work life, beginning a relationship, and studying in university predicted increases in Conscientiousness, trying drugs predicted increases in Neuroticism, and onset of a chronic disease predicted increases in Neuroticism and Conscientiousness between ages 20 and 23. The results suggest that mature life transitions relate to stronger increases in Conscientiousness in young adulthood, and that non‐normative life choices and events may predict increases in Neuroticism.
Perceptions of Tap Water and School Water Fountains and Association With Intake of Plain Water and Sugar‐Sweetened Beverages
Authors: Onufrak Stephen J. , Park Sohyun , Sharkey Joseph R. , Merlo Caitlin , Dean Wesley R. , Sherry Bettylou
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

Little is known regarding youth perceptions of tap water and school water fountains and how these relate to water and sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) intake.

METHODS

We used national 2010 YouthStyles data to assess perceptions of tap water and school water fountains and associations with water and SSB intake.

RESULTS

Nearly 1 in 5 participants disagreed their tap water was safe and nearly 2 in 5 disagreed school water fountains were clean and safe. Perceived tap water risk was more prevalent among non‐Hispanic (NH) Blacks (26.4%) and Hispanics (28.3%) compared with NH Whites (14.7%, p < .001) and more prevalent among lower‐income youth. Negative water fountain perceptions were more common among high school‐aged youth. Perceived tap water risk was not associated with SSB intake (odds ratio [OR] = 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6, 1.5) or water intake (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 0.9, 2.1). Negative water fountain perceptions were associated with SSB intake only among Hispanics (race/ethnicity interaction p < .001; OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.3, 6.6) but were not associated with water intake.

CONCLUSION

Negative perceptions of tap water and water fountains among youth are common and should be considered in efforts to provide water in schools.
Ontogeny of vocalization in Jamaican fruit bats with implications for the evolution of echolocation
Authors: Carter R. T. , Shaw J. B. , Adams R. A.
Published: January 2014

A long‐standing question in bat biology is if the evolution of echolocation and flight are associated or if they evolved independently, and if so, which evolved first. We seek to use ontogeny as a surrogate for understanding linkages between flight evolution and echolocation in bats. To do this we quantify the onset of recognizable sonar calls in newborn Artibeus jamaicensis and the tempo of growth and development across several different postnatal flight stages. By dropping individuals from a perch beginning on day 1 postpartum, we recorded vocalizations and quantified their flight ability into five developmental stages (flop, flutter, flap, flight and adult). One‐day‐old individuals were capable of emitting sonar‐like frequency‐modulated (FM) calls during free‐fall that were not significantly different from adult sonar calls in high and low frequency (kHz). However, bandwidth (kHz) did increase significantly with age as did sweep rate (kHz ms−1), whereas call duration significantly decreased. Few bats older than 18 days emitted communication calls as they fell and measured parameters of communication calls did not change significantly with age. Our data support the hypothesis that communication and sonar calls are discrete and independently derived at birth and thus have different evolutionary pathways as well.
Numerical simulation of heat conduction in a random ballistic deposited grain aggregate
Authors: Sirono Sin‐iti
Published: January 2014

A numerical simulation of heat conduction in a grain aggregate is carried out to determine the packing fraction (the spatial fraction occupied by grains or 1‐porosity) dependence of the thermal conductivity of the aggregate. Arrangements of grains are given by random ballistic deposition. It is found that the packing fraction dependence is well approximated by an exponential function. The number of contacts between grains is the crucial quantity in the conduction, and its packing fraction dependence is exponential. Heat conduction is found to be anisotropic, where the conduction along the deposition direction is more efficient than that perpendicular to the deposition direction.
Influence of resource levels, organic compounds and laboratory colonization on interspecific competition between the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Stegomyia albopicta) and the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus
Authors: ALLGOOD D. W. , YEE D. A.
Published: January 2014

The mosquitoes Aedes albopictus (Stegomyia albopicta) (Skuse) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) are common inhabitants of tyres and other artificial containers, which constitute important peridomestic mosquito breeding habitats. We tested the hypotheses that interspecific resource competition between the larvae of these species is asymmetrical, that the concentration of chemicals associated with decomposing detritus affects the competitive outcomes of these species, and that wild and colonized strains of Cx. quinquefasciatus are affected differently by competition with Ae. albopictus. We conducted two laboratory competition experiments wherein we measured survivorship and estimated population growth (λ′) in both species under multiple mixed‐species densities. Under varying resource levels, competition was asymmetrical: Ae. albopictus caused competitive reductions or exclusions of Cx. quinquefasciatus under conditions of limited resources. In a second experiment, which used both wild and colonized strains of Cx. quinquefasciatus, organic chemical compounds associated with decomposing detritus did not affect the competitive outcome. The colonized strain of Cx. quinquefasciatus had greater survivorship and adult mass, and faster development times than the wild strain, but both strains were similarly affected by competition with Ae. albopictus. Competition between these species may have important consequences for vector population dynamics, especially in areas in which tyres and artificial containers constitute the majority of mosquito breeding habitats.
Down‐regulation of MET in hippocampal neurons of Alzheimer's disease brains
Authors: Hamasaki Hideomi , Honda Hiroyuki , Suzuki Satoshi O. , Hokama Masaaki , Kiyohara Yutaka , Nakabeppu Yusaku , Iwaki Toru
Published: January 2014

We found that mRNA of MET, the receptor of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), is significantly decreased in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Therefore, we tried to determine the cellular component‐dependent changes of MET expressions. In this study, we examined cellular distribution of MET in the cerebral neocortices and hippocampi of 12 AD and 11 normal controls without brain diseases. In normal brains, MET immunoreactivity was observed in the neuronal perikarya and a subpopulation of astrocytes mainly in the subpial layer and white matter. In AD brains, we found marked decline of MET in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and granule cells of dentate gyrus. The decline was more obvious in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampi than that in the neocortical neurons. In addition, we found strong MET immunostaining in reactive astrocytes, including those near senile plaques. Given the neurotrophic effects of the HGF/MET pathway, this decline may adversely affect neuronal survival in AD cases. Because it has been reported that HGF is also up‐regulated around senile plaques, β‐amyloid deposition might be associated with astrocytosis through the HGF signaling pathway.
An autopsy case of incipient Pick's disease: Immunohistochemical profile of early‐stage Pick body formation
Authors: Miki Yasuo , Mori Fumiaki , Tanji Kunikazu , Kurotaki Hidekachi , Kakita Akiyoshi , Takahashi Hitoshi , Wakabayashi Koichi
Published: January 2014

There is little immunohistochemical information about the early stage of Pick body formation, due to the extremely limited opportunities of studying Pick's disease at the incipient or subclinical stage. We report a 62‐year‐old man without any clinical manifestations of Pick's disease, who died of B‐cell lymphoma of the brainstem. Post mortem examination revealed many Pick bodies without obvious neuronal loss mainly in the left frontal and temporal lobes. Three brains of patients with typical Pick's disease (disease duration: 7, 11 and 16 years) were also examined. Pick bodies were immunopositive for phosphorylated tau and 3‐repeat tau, and less consistently for p62 in both incipient and typical cases. In the incipient case, borderline positivity for ubiquitin was evident in only a few Pick bodies, whereas in the typical cases many Pick bodies showed obvious positivity for ubiquitin. These findings suggest that Pick bodies are rarely ubiquitinated in the early stage of Pick body formation.
A well‐preserved isopod from theMiddleJurassic of southernGermany and implications for the isopod fossil record
Authors: Etter Walter
Published: January 2014

A new isopod species,Eonatatolana geisingensisgen. et sp. nov., is described fromMiddleJurassic shallow‐water sediments of southernGermany. It shows not only the almost completely preserved dorsal morphology but, in addition, details of the cephalic appendages, the pereiopods, pleopods and uropods. The presence of ambulatory pereiopodsI–VIIof a wide tridentate mandibular incisor with prominently developed posteriormost tooth and a narrow frontal lamina indicates that the new species belongs to the subfamilyConilerinae of familyCirolanidae within the suborderCymothoida. It is closer to the species of the modern genusNatatolanaBruce than to any fossil isopod hitherto described. The isopod fossil record as well as current practices of isopod taxonomy in palaeontology are discussed, and the facies distribution and fossilization of isopods is reviewed with examples from theJurassic.
Wilms tumor: Experience of a hospital in southern Brazil
Authors: Provenzi Valentina Oliveira , Rosa Rafael Fabiano Machado , Rosa Rosana Cardoso Manique , Roehe Adriana Vial , dos Santos Pedro Paulo Albino , Faulhaber Fabrízia Rennó Sodero , de Oliveira Ceres Andréia Vieira , Zen Paulo Ricardo Gazzola
Published: January 2014

Background

Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common renal malignancy of childhood. The aim of this study was to verify the epidemiological profile and prognosis of a sample of patients from Brazil and compare them to similar data from other Latin American studies.

Method

The sample consisted of consecutive patients diagnosed with WT in an oncohematology service of a referral hospital in Southern Brazil, between 1989 and 2009. Clinical, radiological, pathological and survival data were collected from the medical records. Analysis was done using Excel and SPSS version 18.0. The significance level was set at P < 0.05.

Results

The final sample consisted of 45 patients. The male/female ratio was 1.25:1. Mean age at diagnosis was 43.9 months and all patients were of European descent. Thirty‐three patients (73.3%) had both signs/symptoms of abdominal mass and hypertension. Malformation was observed in nine patients (20%) and there was one case of Fanconi's anemia (2.2%). Three patients had bilateral disease (6.7%). The majority of patients had stage III and IV (62.2%). Patients with malformation had an earlier age at diagnosis (P = 0.018) and a higher prevalence of bilateral disease (P = 0.044). Overall survival was 75%. Age at diagnosis was the only significant independent predictor associated with death.

Conclusion

Death is closely related to late diagnosis in WT. Oncologic services should also be concerned about morbidity caused by therapeutic options in cases of late diagnosis, and the consequences for quality of life.
Does Agency Autonomy Foster Public Participation?
Authors: Neshkova Milena I.
Published: January 2014

Allocation of public resources is an area in which considerations of both economic efficiency and democratic legitimacy are likely to be present. Public administrators are often blamed for being too devoted to the norms of bureaucratic ethos, such as efficiency, effectiveness, and top‐down control, and less so to the norms of democratic ethos, such as inclusiveness and bottom‐up decision making. This article examines whether managers in agencies with greater budget autonomy are more likely to include the public when allocating resources. Because participation offers an opportunity for agencies to enhance the legitimacy of their decisions, it is expected that the value of citizen input will increase with the degree of agency autonomy. Using data on the practices of citizen participation in budgeting in two state departments—transportation and environment—this study finds that agencies with a higher degree of autonomy tend to be more open to public comment than agencies with more centralized budget processes.
Lateral Migration of Petroleum in the Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in the Fudong Slope, Junggar Basin, China
Authors: Chen Junqing , Jiang Zhenxue , Pang Hong , Pang Xiongqi
Published: January 2014

New oil reservoirs have been discovered recently in the Jurassic Toutunhe Formation in the Fudong slope, Junggar basin in China. The process and mechanism of lateral petroleum migration in the Jurassic System in the Fudong slope was investigated based on the geological analysis of the strata, porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks and geochemistry on oil–source correlation and oil–oil correlation. The results indicate that hydrocarbons of the Toutunhe Formation were primarily derived from the Middle–Lower Jurassic and Middle Permian source rocks of the western Fukang Depression and migrated along the axis from west to east. The thickness, sand/strata ratio, porosity and permeability of the Toutunhe 2 member are all better than that of the Toutunhe 1 member, making it the main carrier bed of the hydrocarbons lateral migration.