bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arguing with Seals
Authors: Antonello Alessandro
Published: June 2019

This chapter analyzes the scientific and diplomatic debates on the question of sealing and seal conservation from 1964 to 1972, particularly the negotiation of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals. Because the Antarctic Treaty did not apply to the high seas, both scientists and diplomats noted that their 1964 conservation efforts did not cover animals, such as seals and penguins, when they were in the ocean. This gap seemed problematic when there was a push in the mid-1960s to renew commercial sealing in the Antarctic. The Antarctic Treaty parties thus committed to negotiating a treaty to cover seals in the high seas. They persisted in negotiating this agreement even when the prospect of renewed sealing lapsed, because seals and sealing became a useful subject by which the treaty parties, and scientists within SCAR, could continue to mark out their authority and positions for the Antarctic.
Epilogue
Authors: Antonello Alessandro
Published: June 2019

This epilogue reflects on Antarctic diplomacy and science after 1980 in light of the greening of Antarctica that occurred after 1959. It suggests ways in which the failed ratification of the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA) of 1988 and the successful negotiation of the Madrid Protocol of 1991 closely followed the intellectual and conceptual contours laid down between 1959 and 1980 in the major environmental agreements following the Antarctic Treaty. It also reflects on the seeming absence of ice—the dominant natural element in Antarctica—from early and recent Antarctic geopolitics and how ice might affect future Antarctic diplomacy and geopolitics.
Grasping for a Great New Future
Authors: Wempe Sean Andrew
Published: June 2019

Chapter 4 examines fragmentation within the colonial lobbies in Germany and their efforts to unify the language of imperial internationalism by the Colonial German bloc in the interwar period during the lead-up to the Locarno Conferences of 1925. What follows is an analysis of the adaptation and reimagining of the three largest and most vocal of the German colonial societies in the Weimar period: the German Colonial Society, the Women’s League, and the Kolonial Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft (Imperial Working Group on the Colonies, KoRAG). Each of these organizations made an effort at retooling itself to serve the needs of Colonial Germans in the Weimar era. Yet despite all their efforts, the DKG and other colonialist organizations in Germany never managed to unite the German colonial bloc. Former officials, missionaries, and German settlers in and from Africa opportunistically adapted their understandings of nationality in pursuit of their own self-interests. The most difficult challenges that the German colonial lobbies faced in the wake of the loss of the empire did not come from the German government or even from the League and the new mandatory powers, but rather from the cacophony of demands placed upon them by a diverse constituency.
The Faithful Hounds of Imperialism?
Authors: Wempe Sean Andrew
Published: June 2019

The presence of former German colonial officials as part of the League’s bureaucracy was not confined to the Permanent Mandates Commission, but also came into play in special emergency inquiry committees, most notably in the League’s investigation of the Manchurian Crisis. In November 1931, the League of Nations called for a Commission of Enquiry to determine the causes of the conflict, hoping to diffuse the tensions between Japan and China, which ran counter to many world powers’ and League member states’ interests in the Far East. The five-man commission headed by the second Earl of Lytton of the United Kingdom included Major General Frank Ross McCoy (United States), Count Aldrovandi Marescotti (Italy), General Henri Claudel (France), and Dr. Heinrich Schnee. It was in this venue that Heinrich Schnee—the last governor of German East Africa and the most outspoken detractor of the Allies, the League, and the new Mandates System—somewhat ironically was able to benefit from growing internationalism. His role on the Lytton Commission became the crowning—and final—event in his efforts to revive his career and renown as an authority on imperialism. Despite the loss at Locarno of any hope of a return of Germany’s former overseas possessions, the involvement of a prominent Colonial German in the Manchurian discussions suggests that although no longer citizens of an imperial power, Germans made continued contributions to the international discourse on empire and nation, as well as to international decision-making on these matters.
Adult Mental Disorders in Association with Socioeconomic Position, Race/Ethnicity, and Sexual and Gender Minority Status
Authors: Johnson Renee M. , Linton Sabriya , Mortensen Preben Bo , Reisner Sari L. , Martins Silvia , Eaton William W.
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents information about differences in risk for mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders across three demographic factors that are tied to social disadvantage: socioeconomic position, race/ethnicity, and sexual and gender minority status. It summarizes key results from studies of the general population, and presents information on prevalence and risk based on our analyses of national data sets. Systematic population subgroup differences exist. Persons in low socioeconomic position and sexual and gender minorities have higher odds of mental and behavioral disorders. Findings for racial/ethnic minorities were mixed. Although several studies showing that Black and Hispanic people have lower risk than Whites for mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, research also shows that disorders among these groups are more severe and more persistent.
Islam in Central Asia and the Caucasus Since the Fall of the Soviet Union
Authors: Balci Bayram
Published: June 2019

With the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, a major turning point in all former Soviet Republics, Central Asian and Caucasian countries began to reflect on their history and identities. As a consequence of their opening up to the global exchange of ideas, various strains of Islam and trends in Islamic thought have nourished the Islamic revival that had already started in the context of glasnost and perestroika—from Turkey, Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, and from the Indian subcontinent, the four regions with strong ties to Central Asian and Caucasian Islam before Soviet occupation. Bayram Balci seeks to analyze how these new Islamic influences have reached local societies and how they have interacted with pre-existing religious belief and practices. Combining exceptional erudition with rare first-hand research, Balci's book provides a sophisticated account of both the internal dynamics and external influences in the evolution of Islam in the region.
Inherited Islam
Authors: Balci Bayram
Published: June 2019

Muslims from Central Asian and the Caucasus have played a central role in the development of a bright Islamic civilization, thanks to several thinkers like Al Buhari and Al Farabi. With the decline of this civilization and the domination of the region by Russian and Soviet rules, local Islam has been completely transformed. A Soviet—and unique—style of Islam has emerged among local societies. Glasnost and perestroika made an Islamic revival possible in the middle of the 1980s. The end of the Soviet Union represented a new turning point for this Islam: local Central Asian and Caucasian Muslims developed various connections and cooperation with diverse Islamic trends from Turkey, Iran, Arab countries and the Indian subcontinent. In sum, with the independence and the emergence of new Republics, Soviet Islam met global Islam and was transform by it.
Theory of the Image
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: June 2019

We live in the age of the mobile image. Our world is now saturated with moving images of all kinds, both analog and digital. This sea change in image production and circulation is nothing less than the Copernican revolution of our time. The centrality of the movement and mobility of the image has never been more dramatic. And just like the Copernican revolution, the aesthetic revolution of the image has consequences not only for the way we think about the contemporary image but also the way we think about all previous images. Theory of the Image offers a new and systematic philosophy of art and aesthetics from the perspective of movement—the first of its kind. Throughout history, the image has been understood in many ways, but rarely has it been understood to be, primarily and above all, in motion. Thus, Theory of the Image offers not only the first aesthetics of motion but also the first history of the mobility of the image in the Western art tradition, from prehistory to the present.
Armed Groups Human Resource Manual
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: June 2019

Using criteria that she developed and elaborates, the author classifies rebel groups on a continuum from extreme to moderate. She shows that extreme Islamist groups were able to attract fighters away from initial moderate groups because they had better internal organization, took better care of fighters (physically and monetarily), and experienced less internal corruption. The author explains how extreme groups benefited from Islamist ideology, which helped ensure, among other things, that only the most dedicated fighters joined their ranks. However, one unforeseen side effect of using ideology as a central factor was attracting fighters more interested in Islamic ideology than fighting. With time, such individuals wasted group resources and caused internal splits and power struggles over the goals of the conflict. For ISIS, handling these issues became a major part of their decline.
Leaving, Staying, Fighting
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: June 2019

In any civil war, the local population first separates into two groups: those who go (refugees) and those who stay. Those who stay further split into those who take up arms (fighters) and those who do not (civilians). This chapter examines those who find themselves in the midst of war, especially in Syria. Why do some people leave the war zone as refugees while others choose to stay despite the dangers? Among those who stay, why do some take up weapons and become fighters while others remain civilians? Finally, why do some local fighters eventually stop participating and demobilize?
Finding a Group That Fits
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses how prospective fighters choose a group to join and why (and when) some choose to switch groups. While the decision to take up arms is based on a person’s individual grievances, the decision to join a particular group is made rationally by comparing different groups fighting for the same goal based on their organizational qualities. Individual benefits for fighters are divided into immediate benefits and insurance. Although such things as salary and aid-in-kind are important, there also are long-term problems a fighter relies on a group to solve, such as medical care for wounded fighters, postmortem arrangements for deceased fighters, and support for families. Since there are no official insurance guarantees (and little power to enforce any in a war-torn country even if there were), fighters have to rely on a group’s reputation in this matter.
Help from Abroad
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: June 2019

This chapter covers the involvement in the Syrian civil war by foreigners, some of whom went to Syria and took up arms and others who stayed home and supported the group by other means. For foreigners with an interest in a civil war, their choice is not whether to leave or fight as it is with locals, but whether to go or not. While there are people who come with a positive perspective (going to the foreign battlefield), others went with a negative perspective (getting away from something back in their home country). Some foreigners decided to take a risk and go to the frontline, but other supporters did not. Instead, like local civilians, they actively helped armed groups with media outreach, raising funds, buying and sending equipment, and helping potential fighters move to the battlefield.
Introduction
Authors: Hutchings Robert
Published: June 2019

“Truth to power”: it is a stirring phrase, but what does it mean? It certainly does not mean that US intelligence believes itself to possess the Truth with a capital T, but the phrase grows out of the initial mandate given by President Harry Truman: “to accomplish the evaluation and dissemination of strategic intelligence” and to do so independent of the principal policy agencies. This mandate created a built-in and deliberate tension between intelligence and policy—sometimes friendly and constructive, other times conflictual. The Office of National Estimates, set up in the immediate aftermath of World War II, produced some highly regarded national intelligence estimates but acquired a reputation for “Olympian detachment” that led in the 1970s to its replacement by a National Intelligence Council composed of around a dozen national intelligence officers led by a chairman or chairwoman.
America at War: 2003–2005
Authors: Hutchings Robert
Published: June 2019

Robert Hutchings arrived as chairman just a month before the US invasion of Iraq, a move that he privately felt was a major mistake, for reasons that proved all too accurate. Once combat operations gave way to a heavy-handed US occupation regime, the analysis the NIC provided—that the anti-American insurgency was intensifying, and that this was because of the occupation itself—was badly received by policymakers. Such can be the consequences of telling truth to power. Moreover, when no WMD were found in Iraq, criticism mounted, some of it justified but some pure scapegoating. The perceived “intelligence failures” of 9/11 and Iraqi WMD crystallized in pressure toward major reforms to US intelligence. Nonetheless, during this period the NIC did seminal work in reassessing the nature of the terrorist threat and in producing the pathbreaking report, Mapping the Global Future, the newest iteration of the Global Trends series.
From Afghanistan to Trump: 2014–2017
Authors: Treverton Gregory
Published: June 2019

A friend who had been deputy national intelligence officer when Gregory Treverton was vice-chairman under Joseph Nye cautioned him that “this is not your father’s National Intelligence Council”. And indeed it wasn’t. Substantively, the biggest change was in mission—the enormous addition of current intelligence support to the government’s policy committees. That meant the NIC was in the thick of things, but it also meant than finding time for more strategic work was a constant frustration—all in the context of an administration trying to cope with crises from Ukraine to ISIS, from Afghanistan to Ebola. Procedurally, the biggest change was the creation, first of the director of national intelligence, and later of the national intelligence managers. The latter, especially, will remain a work in progress: it does let the NIC focus on what it does best, analysis, but at some cost in prestige and time spent in bureaucratic jockeying—the “black Suburban” issue: who goes to White House policy meetings.
The Evolution of Work and Family
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna
Published: June 2019

In Chapter 4, we move beyond the first-time experiences of early motherhood to consider how life as a working mother shifts as a family structure evolves. There has been a predominant focus on pregnancy and women’s initial transition to becoming a working mother, yet as children age and careers shift, working mothers face new work and home decisions. This next series of transitions differ from those of early motherhood. While the anxiety and uncertainty of “will I be a good working mother?” may have diminished, working mothers often face increased complexity associated with managing a household with multiple children. At the same time, women may be experiencing more pressure to take on new opportunities in their careers. In exploring how women manage these competing pressures, we focus on how women can lean on relationships within the family, at work, and in the community to forge their positive path.
Older, Wiser, But Still a Working Mother
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna
Published: June 2019

Chapter 5 considers how working mothers navigate work and family as they move from the daily responsibilities of raising children to parenting adult children to retirement. As working mothers’ parenting role shifts in conjunction with midlife changes, they may begin a process of career recalibration as they consider what they want to do that is meaningful and engaging in this next life phase. The varied ways working mothers approach this issue is a key focus of this chapter. We go on to discuss some of the late-stage transitions women may experience, including grown children returning home and leaving paid work permanently. Each of these experiences presents women with new choices as they craft the final chapters of their work/life paths.
What to Expect from the Unexpected in Work and Family Life
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna
Published: June 2019

Chapter 8 introduces the more common life disruptions working mothers may experience. These disruptions include navigating one’s own health and well-being, managing situations with one’s children or spouse, and responding to unexpected caregiving responsibilities with one’s extended family. Unfortunately, these disruptions occur more frequently than most women expect, which is why this chapter is particularly important. We explore life disruptions that relate to the working mother herself, her nuclear family, and her extended family as we introduce ways women can get support at home and at work to manage these disruptions. We hope that by raising the unexpected and sometimes undiscussed aspects of navigating work and life, we can help working mothers become a bit more prepared for tackling these unexpected transitions.
Allies, Not Enemies
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna
Published: June 2019

Chapter 9 focuses on the important role men can play in supporting women as they create positive paths through work and motherhood. While we have talked about men at home and at work in previous chapters, this is an important enough topic that it warrants a specific chapter. We begin by discussing the benefits for mothers, children, and fathers when men are caregiving partners. Like women, men are beginning to approach their careers differently, with greater interest in making space for life outside of work. Men face different challenges and opportunities when they integrate fatherhood and work. Women need to be aware of these differences as they look to their partners to support their work/life path. Finally, we turn our attention to the workplace and how men can act as allies and support working mothers at work. To get this support from men, women need to give support—a topic we discuss throughout this chapter.
Faisal’s Enduring Imprint; The Shah’s Vaulting Ambition
Authors: Hiro Dilip
Published: June 2019

King Faisal added intelligence-sharing to the existing commercial and military cooperation with Washington. Opposed to pan-Arabism favored by Egypt’s president, Gamal Abdul Nasser, he promoted pan-Islamism. After Egypt’s defeat in the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Nasser ended his rivalry with Faisal. During that war, Arab oil producers stopped supplies to America and Britain for supporting Israel. Though their boycott was brief, it led to the formation of the Organization of Arab Oil Exporting Countries (OAPEC). After the failed attempt by a Christian zealot to set alight Al Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem in August 1969, Faisal was instrumental in the formation of the inter-governmental Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). Next year, following Nasser’s sudden death, he found rapport with his successor, Anwar Sadat. During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Faisal led OAPEC’s oil embargo in response to America’s massive military aid to Israel. The subsequent spike in oil prices provided Faisal with huge funds which he deployed to extend Saudi influence abroad. The Shah extended his influence to Afghanistan by bank-rolling the cash-starved regime of President Daoud Khan, and training his secret agents to murder Marxist leaders. In response, leftist army officers, led by Nur Taraki, mounted a coup in April 1978.
The Arab Spring—Reversed by a Saudi-Backed Counterrevolution
Authors: Hiro Dilip
Published: June 2019

Saudi King Abdullah played a central role in rolling back non-violent, popular movement for democracy and human rights that occurred in early 2011 in Tunisia, Egypt, Bahrain and Yemen. The election of Muhammad Morsi, a Muslim Brotherhood leader, as president in Egypt’s first free and fair election in June 2012, went down badly in Riyadh. It welcomed the military coup against Morsi in July 2013. Abdullah helped to put together a package of $12 billion to shore up the military regime in Cairo. Iran described the popular demonstrations in Tunisia, Egypt and Bahrain as Islamic Awakening, and welcomed Morsi’s victory. But it failed to pin that label on the peaceful protests in Syria under President Bashar Assad, affiliated to the Alawi sub-sect in Shia Islam. In 2013 the Syrian civil war acquired an international dimension when the Assad regime used chemical weapons – described as a red line by US President Barack Obama. His failure to punish Assad for crossing this red line disappointed Abdullah. He ignored the fact that Obama-led tightening of economic sanctions against Iran by the US and the European Union were making Iran’s moderate President Hassan Rouhani amenable to a compromise on the nuclear issue.
Trump Fuels Gulf Rivals’ Cold War
Authors: Hiro Dilip
Published: June 2019

In his 21 May 2017speech to the Arab-Islamic summit in Riyadh, US President Donald Trump conflated Shia radicalism with Sunni jihadism. His thesis fell apart on 7 June when ISIS suicide bombers attacked Iran’s parliament. Undeterred, Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman led a diplomatic and commercial boycott of Qatar for maintaining normal relations with Tehran. His move drew Qatar and Iran closer. After declaring Lebanese Hizbollah a terrorist organization, Bin Salman pressured Saad Hariri, the Sunni prime minister, to dismiss the two Hizbollah ministers in his cabinet. When Hariri dithered, he was summoned to Riyadh where he announced his resignation under duress. Fearing destabilization of Lebanon, holding one million Syrian refugees, America and France pressed Bin Salman to let Hariri return to Beirut, where he withdrew his resignation. On 6 December, Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, thus legitimizing the annexation of East Jerusalem after the 1967 Arab-Israeli War in violation of international law. As
Organization of Islamic Cooperation president, Turkey called a summit in Istanbul to denounce Trump’s move. King Salman was not among the fifty-odd heads of state or government attendees. With that, Saudi Arabia forfeited its claim to be primus inter pares among Muslim nations.
Conclusions
Authors: Hiro Dilip
Published: June 2019

After Islamic revolutionary movement’s success in overthrowing Iran’s secular Pahlavi dynasty in 1979, Saudi royals felt that full cooperation between their theocratic kingdom and the Islamic Republic would follow. This was not to be. The basic differences between a republic and a monarchy were compounded by the two nations’ contradictory relations with America. The US, the ultimate protector of Saudi Arabia, was decried as the Great Satan by Khomeini. A détente between the two states, forged in 1994, fell apart in 2002. In the renewed rivalry, Riyadh tried to gain an upper hand by stressing Iran as a country of Shias, a minority sect in Islam. Tehran made gains by default in the aftermath of Washington’s disastrous invasion of Iraq in 2003, and as a result of the Riyadh-led diplomatic and commercial blockade of Qatar in 2017. Its strategic alliance with Syria, ruled by an Alawi president, remained intact. In the Yemeni civil war between Iran-backed Houthi rebels, occupying the capital, and the government of Riyadh-based President al Hadi, the conflict remained unresolved. Bin Salman failed to secure the expulsion of the pro-Iranian Hizbollah ministers from Lebanon’s national unity government. Overall, Tehran enjoyed superiority over Riyadh in the Middle East.
Local Reconciliation in Somalia
Authors: Sanei Abukar , Omar Mohamed A.
Published: June 2019

The last Somali central government was overthrown in 1991 due to grievances among those who felt they were marginalized from the decision-making process. The same grievances have driven the civil war that started in 1991 and continues to this day. To bring stability to Somalia, genuine reconciliation at the local level is vital. This chapter addresses the mechanisms and prospects for local reconciliation. To identify mechanisms for reconciliation it carried out a survey of 114 people, and conducted three in-depth interviews with current and former officials. To resolve grievances, 59 per cent of survey respondents stated that viable options are: creating a format for power sharing, integrating the security forces, using the media to promote peace, and including women and youth in the reconciliation process; 44 per cent of respondents also supported the establishment of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and ending impunity by establishing an effective system of local justice.
Al-Shabaab as a Transnational Security Threat
Authors: Africa Sahan
Published: June 2019

This chapter considers the threat posed by Al-Shabaab both in Somalia and to the Horn of Africa. Al-Shabaab is a composite insurgency, which has exploited local grievances by aligning itself with disaffected clans or minority groups. In 2016, it stepped up efforts to co-opt clan leaders through coercion and incentives, even establishing a new Council of Clan Leaders. Since 2010, Al-Shabaab has sought to establish itself in the Horn of Africa, initiating insurgent activities in six countries of the region and conducting attacks in five of them. In 2013, Al-Shabaab established two transnational military wings: one focusing on Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; the other on Ethiopia. Al-Shabaab's regional unit, Jaysh Ayman, has carried out a campaign of attacks in northern Kenya, while its affiliate Al-Hijra is said to have established a range of networks and operational cells, including in Kenya's prisons.
Community Perspectives Towards Al-Shabaab
Authors: Crouch Joanne , Ali Abdi
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses the results of key interviews with Somalis regarding their perceptions about Al-Shabaab. Respondents expressed concerns about Al-Shabaab's indiscriminate and excessive use of violence, which are considered inconsistent with Islam, and its restrictions on freedom of speech and movement. However, they spoke positively about Al-Shabaab's strict enforcement of rules and their impartial resolution of disputes. They also compared Al-Shabaab favourably to the government in terms of reducing clan influence over politics or the allocation of resources, and in terms of minimizing corruption in ‘tax’ collection, but noted the group's failure to provide social services. Three-quarters of respondents expressed support for a negotiated solution to the conflict, but doubted Al-Shabaab would be willing to engage.
Insights from Network Analysis in Somalia
Authors: Gherghina Mircea , McNeill Sandra , Abdi Khadir
Published: June 2019

This chapter uses network analysis to reveal the dynamics and intricate relationships between business, political elites, and armed actors in Somalia. The prolonged civil war has fostered cooperation, in the form of loose networks between the private sector and those holding power. Network analysis could help uncover informal relationships not necessarily otherwise exposed. By modelling an interpretation of the information which can be generated in this way, it considers the interactions between key actors and shows how network analysis can map a topology of those interactions to unravel how groups interact or diverge in terms of ideological positions or different interests. Through the modelling of an anonymized network, the chapter first assesses the method itself and the often-concealed ties as they exist or otherwise. Then, adding context and analysis from qualitative methods, it considers the implications and applications of the data; finally, it recommends to apply the findings to policy-making.
Christian Righteousness
Authors: Grobien Gifford A.
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents an overview of the question of ethical formation in relation to the Christian teaching of justification by faith alone. Lutherans in particular are seen as struggling with this relation and are often viewed as struggling to present a developed moral theology. The distinction between law and gospel opens up language of “two kinds of righteousness,” which risks separating justification from good works. Both “justification” and ethics are related to righteousness. Their contradistinction has served systematic theology well in emphasizing the graciousness of justification. In moral theology, however, this contradistinction may lead to disjunction, when, in fact, Christian ethics cannot be understood theologically without vigorous roots in justification. Rather than setting justification and ethics separately or at odds, one could investigate how both the activity of God to reconcile humanity to himself, and also the active human response to this reconciliation, give full expression to “righteousness,” theologically understood.
Formation in Christian Worship
Authors: Grobien Gifford A.
Published: June 2019

In conversation with Oswald Bayer, Bernd Wannenwetsch, and Louis-Marie Chauvet, this chapter explains comprehensively the power of Christian worship ethically to form Christians in union with Christ. Language and ritual theories explain the power of speech and ritual to institute forms or orders of life. Christians who have been united to Christ through God’s justifying word are inaugurated into the ecclesial form of life. In this communion, they are formed by the Holy Spirit to act in accordance with the speech of God and the institution of the Church. Furthermore, as grace-filled speech, preaching and the sacraments form Christians also by the supernatural “inscription” of the Holy Spirit. The particular power of Baptism and the Lord’s Supper to unite Christians to Christ and to each other, and to form Christians ethically, is explored in Luther’s and Philip Melancthon’s writings.
May 68 and Vincennes
Authors: Grosjean François
Published: June 2019

The author was involved in the May 68 events in Paris. He describes how they started, and how faculty and students held numerous meetings and discussions aimed at changing the university. The author was interviewed by the English-speaking media and hence made use of his bilingualism and biculturalism. His first stable teaching position was in a new experimental university center at Vincennes and he specialized in second language oral comprehension. It is there that he met a visiting American professor, Harlan Lane, who introduced him to experimental psycholinguistics and who became his de facto advisor for his Ph.D.
A new life in the United States
Authors: Grosjean François
Published: June 2019

The author and his family left for the United States in July 1974 where he joined the Psychology Department at Northeastern University. He recounts his impressions during their first years there, both at work and in everyday life. The family’s first boy, Cyril, became the conduit to things American. A sojourn that was to last one year became a twelve year stay. The author headed the new Linguistics Program, taught, and did research. It is at MIT that the author developed the gating paradigm which he used to study spoken word recognition. During those years, he met and started doing research with James Gee.
Life with Two Languages
Authors: Grosjean François
Published: June 2019

In 1979, the author taught a course on bilingualism for the first time. Since there was no adequate textbook on the topic, he contacted Harvard University Press and offered to write a book on the subject. They accepted and the book came out in 1982. It was original in many ways, among them the personal testimonies of bilinguals and the many examples of bilingual speech. During this time, the author met with the bilingualism specialist, Einar Haugen. He and his wife, Eva, encouraged the author and helped him accept his own bilingualism. He remained in touch with the couple until they passed away in the 1990s. The author honored them recently at the Einar Haugen lecture in Oslo.
The children become bilingual
Authors: Grosjean François
Published: June 2019

In 1982–83, the author and his family spent a sabbatical year in French-speaking Switzerland, and observed their English-speaking children become bilingual. The author describes how this took place, and how each boy developed a different strategy to do so. The older one emphasized communication, even if it was in broken French, whereas the younger one took his time, and when he finally started speaking, it was error free. The author also describes how every member of the family had to get used to living in a very different culture. When they returned to the US, the parents used a number of approaches to maintain French in the family. They were successful and both boys, now adults, are multilingual.
Conclusion
Authors: Grosjean François
Published: June 2019

I started this book by suggesting that seen from afar, my life, both linguistic and cultural, might appear to be very ordinary…and rather French, Parisian even. Having now finished relating it, I think it is fair to say that this is not so. Yes, it did start in Paris and continued in a little French village outside that city, but then it took a number of twists and turns in four different countries and brought me in contact with a number of languages. Two were acquired sequentially and stayed, but changed their dominance at varying times (French and English) and two others were learned, used and then lost (Italian and American Sign Language). As for the four cultures I came into contact with, and lived in, they have found their place in a mosaic of cultures that characterizes me and that I am proud of....
The Ghost of the Father
Authors: Fletcher Judith
Published: June 2019

Chapter 2 looks at the underworld theme in two postmodern works of fiction: John Barth’s 1968 Lost in the Funhouse, which adapts Homer’s Odyssey, and Neil Gaiman’s The Sandman comic series (1989–93), which features a version of Orpheus’ descent. Both authors tap into the tradition of Hades as an intertextual archive and confront the canon by writing fiction that symbolically stages a conflict between fathers and sons. The mythical descent story becomes a metafictional device that pays homage to literary tradition while also critiquing literary forefathers, Milton and James Joyce. The polemical stances of Barth and Gaiman epitomize postmodern literary practices by setting the heroic paradigm in culturally marginal contexts or by using media not conventionally associated with high culture.
Engendering the Haunted Text
Authors: Fletcher Judith
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 explores how two feminist, postmodern novelists, A.S. Byatt and Elena Ferrante, revise a convention in which only male heroes return from Hades as storytellers. Byatt’s Angels and Insects rewrites the Odyssean Nekyia in a Victorian context, as a children’s fable in one novella and a séance in the other, both of which highlight the role of the female storyteller. Set between the analyses of Byatt’s and Ferrante’s novels is a discussion of Gaiman’s children’s novella, Coraline, as a filmic adaptation by Henry Selick, to develop the question of why girls but not women can take trips to the underworld, and to explore the role of the female creator, the Other Mother. The chapter concludes with the work of Elena Ferrante to consider how she incorporates the chthonic female demon and the Persephone myth in the context of female authorship.
Introduction
Authors: Fletcher Judith
Published: June 2019

The Introduction situates the myth of the descent to the underworld (catabasis) in a broad historical context beginning with Ancient Near East traditions, including the Sumerian poem preserved in cuneiform, “The Descent of Inanna,” and extending to medieval treatments such as “The Visions of the Knight Tondal”, and those of the early modern period. It includes a survey of other scholarly treatments of the underworld theme in recent literature. A brief overview of the volume explains how it fills a gap in the scholarship by focusing on the adaptation of the theme of a visit to Hades in postmodern, feminist, and postcolonial fiction.
Locating Death and Burial
Authors: Eastman David L.
Published: June 2019

There was no single story about the deaths of Peter and Paul. Instead, there existed a cluster of traditions with some overlap on basic points, but much variety on other details. This chapter explores the accounts of where the apostles were killed and what happened to their bodies after their deaths. The earliest sources tend to be imprecise or simply silent about the exact locations of the martyrdoms, so the picture is far from clear in the sources. After the executions, the bodies of the apostles travel in divergent ways in different texts, being placed in as many as three different burial places along the way.
Confusing Peter and Paul
Authors: Eastman David L.
Published: June 2019

The stories about the deaths of Peter and Paul display variety on a number of details, but many emphasize the unity of the apostles—the concordia apostolorum. The desire to show unity at times went to the point of making the apostles indistinguishable from each other or even confusing Paul and Peter with each other. This chapter will analyze examples of conflated or reversed descriptions of apostolic speech (particularly Peter speaking with Pauline epistolary language), actions, and fates. It will then explore the influence of these examples on later literary traditions and evidence of similar confusion in early Christian art.
The Apostles versus Rival Christs
Authors: Eastman David L.
Published: June 2019

The martyrdom accounts of Peter and Paul display variety on many details, but all include descriptions of their primary antagonists. This chapter explores the two primary characters described in this way in various texts: the Emperor Nero and Simon the sorcerer (Simon Magus). Both are presented as hostile not just toward the apostles but toward their master, Jesus Christ, for in nearly every martyrdom account one or the other is presented as an antichrist figure. The analysis shows that both Nero and Simon are presented as making divine claims that are ontological and functional, and both suffer their ultimate fates as acts of divine judgment. Thus, the earthly conflicts with Peter and Paul are mere reflections of the true battle between Christ and antichrists.
Climate Variability, Climate Change and Earth System Sensitivity
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: June 2019

This chapter addresses climate variability and climate sensitivity. Understanding climate variability is important for estimating how future climate will respond to changes in the greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. The chapter approaches climate sensitivity as Earth system sensitivity. This makes it possible to investigate sensitivity at both current and geological timescales. Climate change is examined in terms of geological-scale variability, glacial variability and centennial-scale variability. The chapter starts by distinguishing between slow (geological, ice sheets) processes and fast (anthropogenic) processes, where the slow processes may provide boundary constraints to the faster processes. It first analyses Cenozoic temperature variability and then examines the periodical variations in carbon dioxide and temperature that occurred during the glacial–interglacial cycles in the Pleistocene. It concludes by discussing the fundamental changes in the atmosphere that have arisen as a result of both the burning of fossil fuel and the change in land use by humans.
Biogeochemistry and Climate
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: June 2019

This chapter focuses on tools for climate research: biogeochemical observations and models. It discusses physical climate observations, such as temperature and humidity, and in situ observations of atmospheric composition. Turning these into reliable climate records appears to be non-trivial. The chapter describes how isotopes are used to get insight into biogeochemical processes. A special category of observations is biogeochemical proxy observations, used to gain insight into geological processes when no direct observations are possible. The example of climate proxy observations, such as those obtained via ice cores, is described. Models are increasingly used to gain insight into sensitivity of climate to changes in the forcing. Earth system modelling has become increasingly complex over the last two decades, including often detailed biogeochemical processes in the ocean and on land. The parametrization of these remains an important research subject. Inverse modelling is being used to identify sources and sinks of greenhouse gases.
The Future of Climate Change
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: June 2019

The role of adaptation and mitigation to climate change is described using the concept of planetary boundaries. The future evolution of the main reservoirs of carbon is described. The role of the land and ocean sink, the permafrost feedback and ocean acidification is described. The challenge to keep Earth’s temperature below 1.5 °C or 2.0 ºC is discussed. As this will involve large amounts of negative emission technologies, such as carbon capture and storage, this may be hard to achieve, as an analysis of their potential and environmental costs shows. Geoengineering has a separate of difficult problems to cope with, which makes the application non-trivial. Decarbonization of societies is discussed and an outline given for a transition path towards a carbon-free society.
Reflections on the Anthropocene
Authors: Dolman Han
Published: June 2019

Humans have dramatically changed Earth’s environment, on the land, in the ocean and in the atmosphere. The rate of change of these perturbations in the Anthropocene is unlike any in our geological past. This also means humans need to develop plans to counter the most severe effects. Geoengineering is probably the best example of the search for a solution to such a self-created problem. However, a long-term solution most likely requires a shift in our thinking towards sustainable development, putting environmental cost before capital gains and developing a more cyclic economy. This requires changes in the way we define and perceive the interaction between the biogeochemistry of Earth system and our own economies.
Twin studies of emotion
Authors: Flom Megan , Saudino Kimberly J
Published: June 2019

The twin design can be applied to the study of emotion in a variety of ways that help illuminate why meaningful individual differences in emotion and related constructs emerge. At its most basic application, the twin design can identify relative genetic and environmental contributions to specific emotions; however, this methodological approach can also inform on (i) etiologic sources of overlap between different emotions; (ii) sources of stability and change in emotion constructs across time; and (iii) genetic and environmental effects shared across emotion constructs and psychopathology. This chapter summarizes findings from twin studies of basic emotions, complex emotions, emotion processes, and emotion and psychopathology. We discuss the implications of this research for intervention and molecular genetic work, and identify potential avenues for future twin research on emotion.
Gene–environment interactions in humans across multiple units of analyses:
Authors: Vrshek-Schallhorn Suzanne , Avery Bradley M , Sapuram Vaibhav
Published: June 2019

Gene–environment interaction (G×E) research in humans seeks to answer how specific genetic variation contributes to marked individual differences in responding to life experiences, primarily in regard to psychological functioning. In this chapter, we highlight theoretical models underlying G×E research, aspects of its history and controversies, the current state of G×E knowledge, and emerging and future directions for G×E research. Throughout this discussion, we show how this work has emerged across multiple units or levels of analyses, ranging from those closer to the biological functioning of the genes involved, such as neural activity in functional imaging, to more distal outcomes such as diagnoses of psychopathology. Important future directions for G×E research are transitioning from single variant to multiple variant approaches, and more carefully conceptualizing and measuring risk environments while also boosting sample sizes. Ultimately, by attending to these issues, G×E research can not only contribute to early detection of individuals with risky genetic and environmental profiles, but can also aid in revealing etiological pathways, thereby elucidating novel treatment approaches to mental illnesses.
Genome-wide association studies
Authors: Mühleisen Thomas W , Cichon Sven
Published: June 2019

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have evolved over the past ten years into a very successful tool for investigating the genetic architecture of multifactorial human traits and disorders. One major advantage of GWAS is that they do not require any a priori knowledge about the biological mechanisms underlying the traits and disorders under study. This chapter describes the scientific and technological developments that made GWAS possible and the underlying basic concept of these studies. The chapter considers what has been learned from GWAS in psychiatric research so far, what are the limitations, and looks forward to the future of GWAS.
Emotional action control:
Authors: Volman Inge , Den Ouden Hanneke , Roelofs Karin
Published: June 2019

Adequate control over emotions and emotional actions is essential for adaptive responding in social and emotional situations, and is critically impaired in various forms of human psychopathology. Variations of the serotonergic system have been associated with variations in action control during emotional and valence specific situations. The present chapter reviews effects of those (genetic) variations on two important aspects of emotional action control: inhibition of action and overriding emotional action tendencies with another action. The chapter discusses literature with regards to emotion action control in general as well as its relation to the serotonergic system, including genetic vulnerability for psychopathologies associated with altered emotional action control. Based on the human literature in this chapter, it is hypothesized that the serotonergic system is critically involved in behavioral flexibility by facilitating inhibition of emotionally driven responses. In order to advance this emerging field of emotional action control, the chapter ends with a research agenda.