bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF SURFACE MINING ON STORM FLOW AND PEAK FLOW FROM SIX SMALL BASINS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY1
Authors: Bryan B.A. , Hewlett J.D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Hydrologic records from six small Eastern Kentucky watersheds were analyzed to determine the effect of surface mining on storm flows and peak flows. Average storm flow volumes were not changed by surface mining, whereas average peak flows were increased 36 percent. Peak flow increases were only in the summer. Smaller peak flows are doubled; moderate ones are increased by about a third; peak flows around 100 csm seem to be largely unaffected; and the larger peak flows may have been reduced by surface mining. The maximum annual storm flows, usually in winter or spring, appeared slightly reduced. No time trend in either storm flows or peak flows could be detected in five years of postmining record. Surface mining is not a serious floodwater discharge problem.
FISH RESPONSES TO TEMPERATURE TO ASSESS EFFECTS OF THERMAL DISCHARGE ON BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY1
Authors: Cincotta Daniel A. , Stauffer Jay R. , Hocutt Charles H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The applicability of the U.S Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) water temperature criteria in evaluating the impact of a thermal discharge from the P. H. Glatfelter Paper Company, Spring Grove, Pennsylvania, is analyzed. A review of the literature relative to 11 temperature Criteria was conducted for six fish species designated by the USEPA as “representative important species” (RIS) of the West Branch Codorus Creek, Susquehanna River drainage. The species were: Notemigonus crysolcucas (golden shiner), Notropis analostanus (satinfin shiner), Rhinichthys atratulus (blacknose dace), Catostomus comme‐soni (white sucker), Lepomis gibbosus (pumpkinseed). and Micropterous salmoides (largemouth bass). It was found that by applying only USEPA suggested criteria that a complete evaluation was not satisfactory. Temperature behavior data, specifically preference and avoidance information, coupled with field sampliug was needed to properly assess the effects of the thermal effluent. The final analysis indicated that the thermal discharge of the paper company should have minimal effect on the fish community of Codorus Creek.
PESTICIDE ACCUMULATION IN A NEW IMPOUNDMENT IN IOWA1
Authors: Leung Siu‐Yin Theresa , Bulkley Ross V. , Richards John J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Estimates were made of the amounts of selected pesticides entering and leaving Saylorville Reservoir, a new partly filled impoundment on the Des Moines River. Samples were collected at 1– or 2‐week intervals at stations above, in, and below the reservoir. Atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine were found only in the dissolved state, and dieldrin and p, p′ ‐DDE in both the, dissolved and suspended state. Heptachlor epoxide, p,p‐DDT. p, p′ ‐DDD, 2,4‐D, 2,4,5‐TP, endrin, lindane, methoxychlor, propachlor, and toxaphene were not detected or were at very low concentrations. Estimated deposition in the reservoir from September 1977 to October 1978 was 281 kg atrazine, 251 kg alachlor, 26 kg cyanazine, 16 kg dieldrin, and 20 kg p, p′ ‐DDE.
FARMERS’ATTITUDES TOWARD GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN PREVENTING AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION1
Authors: Parent F. Dale , Lovejoy Stephen B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Concern over the pollution of our lakes and streams has become a major issue in the United States. Sedimentation from sigricultural lands has been identified as a significant factor in water pollution. Some citizens suggest that government should force compliance with soil loss standards, while others suggest that we ask farmers to voluntarily comply. Related questions are “DO farmers think government should be involved in controlling erosion and protecting water quality?”“To what extent should government be involved?” What level of government should be involved? Federal? State? Local?“Why should pay for water quality projects?”

Farmers from a small watershed in northeastern Indiana were interviewed before and after a major demonstration project. Their responses suggest that farmers feel that individual landowners should be responsible for controlling erosion and agricultural nonpoint source water pollution. However, over 60 percent of the study fanners indicated that the federal government should play an important role, in terms of both technical and financial assistance.
DESIGN FREEBOARD AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY1
Authors: Yoe Charles E.
Published: June 2007

Design freeboard is an increment of height added to a dam, floodwall, levee, or channel, above and beyond the design flood height, intended to serve as a safety factor to account for unforeseen errors in design. Current policies of the Corps of Engineers with regard to the handling of design freeboard for local flood protection studies in economic analyses lead to economic inefficiency. An analysis of these policies in the case study of a levee raising plan for Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania, reveals that a $200 million project which is considered economically justified under anent policies is in fact not justified under strict economic efficiency criteria Congress has directed that water resources development projects be planned for the objective of National Economic Development. Under current policies that is not being done.
PREDICTION OF MEAN ANNUAL FLOWS IN THE FRASER RIVER CATCHMENT, BRITISH COLUMBIA1
Authors: Waylen Peter , Woo Ming‐ko
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method of predicting annual flows is presented and is applied to the Fraser River catchment. Statistical tests show the annual flow records to be stationary and aerially independent and can be adequately approximated by Gaussian distributions. Estimates are made of the Gaussian parameters for each subbasin. The spatial variations of these parameters are described by third order trend surfaces. The fitted surfaces can then be used to predict parameters of ungaged basins using the latitude and longitude of the basin centroids. The predicted parametric values are substituted into the Gaussian distribution to generate flows of various return periods.
EVALUATION OF A LARGE SCALE IRRIGATION SYSTEM – DAIMCHEH, IRAN1
Authors: Miremadi Mehdi
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the existing furrow irrigation system of Karun Agro Industry, a sugar cane plant in Daimcheh, Iran. Although the system is only eight years old, design and operational problems have reduced its efficiency by 50 percent. Lack of skilled irrigation workers, inadequate control of irrigation water, and problems with night irrigation have resulted in substantial revenue losses for the plant.

This study evaluates the existing irrigation system, and recommends modifications and improvements to increase its efficiency. Final recommendations include the use of various irrigation methods, improvements to the existing system, and cancellation of night irrigation.
PREDICTING PEAK STREAM FLOW FROM AN UNDISTURBED WATERSHED IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIANS1
Authors: Brewer Mike S. , Lee Richard , Helvey J. David
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Data from a small forested catchment were used to model peak stream flow as a function of basic hydrologic variables associated with 112 rain storms. Rainfall depth and initial stream flow rate accounted for 87.1 percent of peak flow variability. Forty expressions of rainfall intensity (describing both the temporal sequence of intensity for 20 equal storm intervals, and maximum intensity for 20 separate interval lengths) were used in an attempt to improve the predictability of basic models. None of the intensity parameters improved predictability by as much as 2 percent, apparently because the most intense rainfall bursts generally occurred near the beginning of storm periods. Mean rainfall intensity for entire storms was generally as effective as any of the shorter interval intensities, and its use helped to linearize the relationship between peak flow and rainfall depth and duration.
CONSERVATION PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES AMONG MARYLAND WATER SUPPLY MANAGERS1
Authors: Sawyer Stephen W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In addition to offsetting water supply shortages, water conservation is recognized as serving many purposes, ranging from reduced energy consumption to lower capital costs. Since the discussion of these benefits has been a recent development and has generally excluded local water supply managers, a question arises as to whether supply managers are implementing conservation programs to exploit these benefits. A survey of the managers at 35 Maryland water utilities provides insight into the prevailing attitude toward conservation in a water rich eastern state. The results indicate that most managers continue to view conservation only as a short term response to temporary supply shortages. Only 12 Maryland utilities have undertaken any form of water conservation activity and just two systems have ongoing, comprehensive conservation programs. Institutional, perceptual, economic, political, and time constraints all contribute to the managers’attitudes and general inaction. If water conservation is to be widely practiced, these issues must be addressed and the benefits attributed to conservation must be better documented and articulated to supply managers.
CHLOROPHYLL, PHOSPHORUS, SECCHI DISK, AND TROPHIC STATE1
Authors: Lambou Victor W. , Hern Stephen C. , Taylor William D. , Williams Llewellyn R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The relationship between chlorophyll u, total phosphorus, secchi disk depth, and trophic state were examined using data on U.S. lakes collected by U.S. EPA's National Eutrophication Survey. By comparing predicted secchi disk depths with observed summer secchi disk depths in 757 lakes, it was determined that in many lakes non‐chlorophyll related light attenuation is important in controlling the amount of chlorophyll u produced per unit of total phosphorus. Ranking of 44 lakes by 18 different trophic state measurements and single and multivariable indices were compared with rankings provided by mean summer ambient total phosphorus and chlorophyll u. The trophic state measurements and indices were much more successful in ranking the lakes against total phosphorus than chlorophyll u, indicating that there are differences in the relative trophic rankings of many of the lakes depending upon whether primary nutrients or biological manifestations are used as the ranking mechanism. If the manifestations of nutrients rather than their absolute levels are the primary criteria for beneficial use of lakes, the use of many of the commonly employed trophic state measurements, which assume or imply that there is a constant relationship between total phosphorus or secchi disk and chlorophyll, can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessary costly management controls. Secchi disk measurements may be more useful as a predictor of ambient lake total phosphorus concentrations than of chlorophyll.
DISTRIBUTION AND STOCHASTIC GENERATION OF ANNUAL AND MONTHLY PRECIPITATION ON A MOUNTAINOUS WATERSHED IN SOUTHWEST IDAHO1
Authors: Hanson Clayton L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The 18‐year precipitation record from the dense gage network on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed located in southwest Idaho was used to determine the spatial distribution of annual and monthly precipitation on a mountainous watershed. Analyses of these data showed a linear relationship between annual amounts and elevation. This relationship was best when the gages were grouped into downwind and upwind sites. This grouping was appropriate because most of the winter storms moved over the watershed from the west and southwest, and the heaviest precipitation was on the west (downwind) side of the watershed. Gage sites along the western and southern watershed borders were most representative of the upwind gages on the east side, because they measured the precipitation from the air moving upwind onto the watershed. The maximum annual precipitation on the watershed was just leeward of the western watershed boundary.

The monthly precipitation and elevation relationship was also best represented by grouping the gage sites into upwind and downwind sites. However, during the summer when there are only small amounts of pre cipitation and thunderstorms are the source of most precipitation, one equation can be used to represent the elevation relationship. This study also showed that the log‐normal distribution could be used to generate the annual synthetic series, and the cube‐root‐normal distribution could be used to generate monthly synthetic series for all locations on the watershed.
WATER CONSERVATION KITS: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF A CONSERVATION POLICY1
Authors: Morgan W. Dough
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The effect on water usage of installing water conservation kits in the city of Oxnard, California, is statistically evaluated. Using binary multiple regression analysis on a large sample of residential units, water consumption was compared before and after receipt of the kit. For this sample, installers reduced water consumption by 4.2 percent each billing period. Income (wealth) and household size elasticities are reported along with the Characteristics of the installing households.
AN APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING TO WATER RESOURCES PLANNING: AN ECONOMIC VIEW1
Authors: Lindsay Bruce E. , Dunn Daniel L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Individuals involved in state water resource planning generally have avoided any development of a comprehensive public water planning investment model that would set the stage for quantitative recommendations of a “what ought to be” tone for future water strategies. Three New Hampshire towns were selected to illustrate the usefulness of a mixed integer multiperiod programming model that utilizes hydrologic and economic data for identifying the discounted least cost of water supply, distribution, and scheduling. Comparisons are made regarding the feasibility of a regional water system approach versus independent “town by town” water supplies that presently prevail. To analyze the sensitivity of optimal water planning solutions to projected water demands, variations in these demands are made.
STORM RELATED DILUTION OF CONDUCTANCE IN THREE HYDROLOGICALLY DIFFERENT WATER BODIES1
Authors: Ferro Valarie A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Three hydrologically different water bodies located at the urban fringe of Metropolitan Syracuse, New York, were monitored using field equipment to determine the effect of dilution on water quality in response to precipitation events during Summer 1980. Conductivity was the primary parameter since the portable meter used to obtain readings provided an immediate indication of dilution of the dissolved solids content of base flow. Results show that water quality is a complex function of hydrologic, precipitation, and watershed characteristics. In the ground water pond, dilutions ranged from 50 to 150 micromhos/cm as a result of direct precipitation and overland flow. These dilutions along with increasing conductance as evaporation losses increased were indicative of the role of the pond as a “sink,” as opposed to being a part of a flow through steady state system. Watershed orientation governed dilution of base flow in Butternut Creek. The westerly summer storm track moves across the narrow Butternut Creek. The watershed, the orientation of which is northerly, so that the drainage area exposed to precipitation was minimal. Dilution ranged from 50 to 200 micromhos/cm. In the Butternut Feeder Canal (created by withdrawal from Butternut Creek), extreme fluctuations reflected the localized land use, in particular the imperviousnes of adjacent urbanized hillsides. This investigation suggests guidelines to further assess the impact of Meadow Brook and storm sewer input on the Feeder Canal. The water level in a section of Old Erie Canal State Park is maintained by the Feeder Canal. Therefore, it is imperative that jurisdictional agencies complete this assessment. On a broader scale, this study demonstrated the value of field equipment as a viable alternative to expensive instrumentation if the data to be generated are of general, descriptive use.
Water Resources Research Prioritization and Management‐Problems and Perspectives1
Authors: James L. Douglas , Messer Jay
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: At a time when productive water resources research is essential to protecting the quality of and wisely using our limited water resources, pervasive trends toward consumerism, fiscal restraint, centralized management, and using research for other social objectives threaten research productivity. The research prioritization and management structure that these trends have created was examined in the microcosm of its application at the Utah Water Research Laboratory. The result indicated that ephemeral prioritization and the failure of research users to target researchers to their own particular needs is diluting productivity. Incremental research prioritization and greater use of advisory councils in facilitating user‐researcher interaction are suggested as corrective approaches, but the only firm conclusion at this point in time must be that empirical studies of the performance of alternatives in research management structure are solely needed.
FILTERING OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN DATA IN STREAM WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS1
Authors: Liu Clark C. K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In this study a set of equations was developed which can be used to separate the time varying effects from observed dissolved oxygen (DO) data. A steady state DO profile thus derived allows a reasonable stream stimulation such that both the model and the data used in its formulation do not contain DO due to biological activities. Biological DO production and consumption are complex phenomena. By excluding these highly variable processes, this method simplifies stream DO modeling considerably. The net oxygen input due to these processes exist only part of the day, but, in the stream waste assimilative capacity analysiis and waste load allocation, one would focus his attention on critical condition. Hence, unless the change of stream ecology is the main concern, it is desirable to formulate a stream water quality model without this time varying term.
Normality of Hydrological Data1
Authors: Phien Huynh Ngoc , Sunchindah Apichai , Patnaik Debabrata
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Assessment of normality of hydrological data has been based upon subjective judgments. This paper aims to provide an objective method for such an assessment by introducing three computationally simple statistical tests. Application to some stream flow data indicates that (1) for annual values, at least one of the three sequences‐ original, square root, and logarithmic ‐ can be considered to be normally distributed; and (2) most monthly stream flows are skew and neither the square root nor the logarithmic transformation is able to render their sequences in all the 12 months normal.
Conflict Between Establishment of Instream Flows and Other Water Uses on Western Streams1
Authors: Anderson Raymond L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Establishment of minimum stream flows on most streams in arid areas of the west will create serious water conflicts. Much economic activity is dependent upon a limited water supply. to attempt to reallocate water to maintain minimum flows will cause severe disruption to planned uses of water and to weak segments of the economy such as irrigated agriculture.
Calibrating a Mountain Watershed in Wyoming1
Authors: Spangenberg N. Earl
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A watershed in Wyoming was calibrated using both local climatic data and flow from another watershed. An immediate need for entry forced calibration with a limited number of years of data. Regression equations were tested using noncentral “t” and associated power graphs. The equations were presented with recommendation for great care in use.
Evaluation of a System to Automatically Sample Zooplankton From the Discharge of Dams1
Authors: Rosen Rudolph A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Automatic plankton samplers installed at two dams on the Connecticut River Continuously monitored crustacean zooplankton from October 1977 through 1979 and allowed a significant reduction in man‐hours involved in an extensive sampling program. Automatic samplers efficiently sampled most species and size classes of crustacean zooplankton in a similar, but not consistently identical manner as a commonly used towed‐net plankton sampler. The smallest sized zooplankton were captured more efficiently than the largest. Mesh selection and sampler avoidance exerted different influences on automatic samplers and towed nets. Future use of the samplers and direct comparison of results to results obtained by other methods was supported.
PRICING IRRIGATION WATER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1
Authors: Seagraves James A. , Easter K. William
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Alternative combinations of water pricing and regulations are possible in allocating irrigation water. The best combination will depend on the value of water, ability to control deliveries, desire to subsidize agriculture, ownership traditions, crops grown, return flows, drainage problems, staff training, ability to collect fees, the number of farmers involved, etc. Marginal cost pricing is just one possible alternative and it is more a way of thinking about prices rather than a set system. The possibilities for achieving an equitable and efficient distribution of water are improved if some form of marginal cost pricing is included in the system of water charges.
A DECISION MODEL TO PREDICT SEDIMENT YIELD FROM FOREST PRACTICES1
Authors: Burns R. G. , Hewlett J. D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In order to choose among “best management practices,” forest managers need to predict sediment yield to perennial streams following various forest land operations. The “universal soil loss equation” (USLE) is not directly applicable to forest operations because of the heterogenous soil surface conditions left by harvesting, site preparation, and planting. A sediment hazard index is proposed, to be based on the amount of exposed mineral soil and its proximity to streams. The model offered includes rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility and average land slope, together with the index W. A paired watershed experiment in the central Georgia Piedmont was used to estimate parameters in the model. The experimental basin (80 acres) was clearcut, drum roller chopped twice, and planted by machine. The standard error of estimate of sediment yield was computed to be about 50/lbs/ac per sampling period (four months). Use of William's erogivity index (storm flow times peak flow) reduced the standard error to 33/lbs/ac.
IMPACTS OF SILVICULTURE ON FLATWOODS RUNOFF, WATER QUALITY, AND NUTRIENT BUDGETS1
Authors: Riekerk H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Three forest watersheds were isolated by roads in poorly drained flatwoods of Florida. After 12 months of baseline calibration the forest in one watershed was harvested and regenerated with minimum disturbance, in the second watershed with maximum disturbance from common practices, and in the third watershed left intact as a control.

Water yields from the maximum treatments increased a significant 250 percent while that from the minimum treatments increased 117 percent as compared to the control. Weed vegetation remaining after the minimum treatment continued significant water use. The water yield increases lasted only for one year.

Water quality was reduced by both treatments with the most effect immediately after the maximum disturbance. Absolute levels of suspended sediments, potassium, and calcium remained relatively low. The maximum treatment caused significant changes in net cation balances only for one year.

The information shows relative little effect of silvicultural practices in flatwoods on water quality as compared to data from upland forests. Water yield increases may be manipulated by the degree of harvest and weed control practices.
WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL BY VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ON WESTERN RANGELANDS1
Authors: Hibbert Alden R.
Published: June 2007

Increasing water for onsite and offsite uses can be a viable objective for management of certain western rangelands. One approach utilizes water harvesting techniques to increase surface runoff by preventing or slowing infiltration of rain. An attractive alternative, where applicable, is to replace vegetation that uses much water with plants that use less so that more water percolates through the soil to streams and ground water. Most sites are too dry to increase water yield in this way; probably less than 1 percent of the western rangelands can be managed for this purpose. However, where annual precipitation exceeds about 450 mm (18 inches) and deep‐rooted shrubs can be replaced by shallow‐rooted grasses, there is potential to increase streamflows and to improve forage for livestock. Little or no increase can be expected by eradication of low‐density brush and pinyon‐juniper woodlands. Potentials for improving water yield are reviewed and summarized by vegetation types.
SYSTEMS FOR RAINFALL AND RUNOFF USE, TUCSON, ARIZONA1
Authors: DeCook K. James , Foster Kennith E.
Published: June 2007

Rainfall and runoff in the Tucson, Arizona, urban area can be used to augment residential and municipal water supplies. Residential rainfall‐harvesting systems include a catchment surface, collection and concentration components, separation and treatment units, storage capacity and distribution capability. A system to control runoff can divert water from urban washes for use in parks or other landscaped areas or can be used to enhance recharge to groundwater reservoirs. A reduction in flood hazards or peaks is a concurrent benefit of controlling and diverting runoff.
WATERSHED PLANNING FOR ACID MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT1
Authors: Ferguson Bruce K.
Published: June 2007

Acid drainage from abandoned mines is a widespread problem in old mining regions. Agencies seeking to abate it face the prospect of dealing with hundreds of potential abatement projects, stretching decades into the future. A systematic regional analysis is necessary to establish locations, objectives, priorities, and phasing of such projects. The U.S. Bureau of Mines developed a novel procedure for abatement planning in the 420 square mile Blacklick Creek Watershed in Pennsylvania. The plan sought to direct abatement projects toward pollution sources where degradation was worst and adverse effects greatest. It established abatement priorities by comparing the “supply” of sources to be reclaimed (the degrees of old mines' water quality degradation) with the “demand” for abatement to be done (the natural and cultural values represented by the region's demography, land use and other non‐mining characteristics). Matrices were used to define the relationships among mining and non‐mining factors; maps were developed to show the geographic distribution of the conclusions. The locations, priorities, and phasing of abatement objectives shown on the maps should provide guidance for any abatement effort, no matter what type of technology is applied to achieve the objectives. Over the many years in which abatement projects are to be performed in the Watershed, the plan can be used to define, coordinate, and establish priorities for the projects in a manner that can result in maximum abatement benefits from the application of limited funds.
INTERACTION BETWEEN RIPARIAN VEGETATION, WATER TEMPERATURE, AND SALMONID HABITAT IN THE TUCANNON RIVER1
Authors: Theurer Fred D. , Lines Ivan , Nelson Terry
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This analysis relates physical‐process, ecological, and economic models to: (1) analyze the instream water temperatures with respect to existing and proposed riparian vegetation under natural conditions; (2) use these water temperatures to determine salmon and steel‐head fish populations that were based upon actual field count and known temperature preference data; and (3) determine the economic worth based upon the estimated carrying capacity of the river, the estimated number of return spawners, and the economic value of commercially caught and sport‐caught salmon and steelhead. The economic evaluations are in accordance with procedures outlined by the U.S. Water Resources Council (1983).
ESTIMATING PARAMETERS OF EV1 DISTRIBUTION FOR FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS1
Authors: Jam Deepak , Singh Vijay P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The parameters of the extreme value type 1 distribution were estimated for 55 annual flood data sets by seven methods. These are the methods of (1) moments, (2) probability weighted moments, (3) mixed moments, (4) maximum likelihood estimation, (5) incomplete means, (6) principle of maximum entropy, and (7) least squares. The method of maximum likelihood estimation was found to be the best and the method of incomplete means the worst. The differences between the methods of principle of maximum entropy, probability weighted moments, moments, and least squares were only minor. The difference between these methods and the method of maximum likelihood was not pronounced.
OPTIMIZING NONPOINT SOURCE CONTROLS IN WATER QUALITY REGULATION1
Authors: Milon J. Walter
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A stochastic programming framework is developed to evaluate the economic implications of reliability criteria and multiple effluent controls on nonpoint source pollution. An integrated watershed simulation model is used to generate probability distributions for agricultural effluents in surface and ground water resulting from agricultural practices. Results from the planning model indicate that reliability and multiple effluent constraints significantly increase the cost of nonpoint controls but the effects vary by control alternative. The analysis indicates that an evaluation of multiple water quality objectives can be an important planning tool for designing nonpoint source controls for innovative programs to promote cost‐effective water quality regulation.
USING CROP YIELD AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION RELATIONS FOR REGIONAL WATER REQUIREMENT ESTIMATION1
Authors: Shih S. F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Values of dry biomass of corn, sugarcane, sorghum, rice, taro, millet, cotton, cowpeas, soybeans, and velvet beans as related to the evapotranspiration (ET) were studied. The linear regression model was sufficiently accurate to establish the crop dry biomass and ET relations. A water‐use efficiency index (WUE), which is defined as the additional crop dry biomass per unit ET, is used in this study. The WUE were grouped into high, medium, and low categories. The WUE varied from greater than 35 kg ha‐1/mm for the high category, between 15 and 35 kg ha‐1/mm for the medium category, and less than 15 kg ha‐1/mm for the low category. Application of the established model to the Everglades Agricultural Area, Florida, showed that the regional El can be predicted from the known regional crop yields. The crop yield and ET relations could be used as a potential tool to improve water resources planning and management practices for crop production.
MANAGING ROTATIONAL CANAL WATER SUPPLIES ON THE FARM1
Authors: Tyagi N. K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A procedure to determine optimal irrigation scheduling strategies under rotational water delivery systems is presented. The methodology involves integration of water delivery amount and frequency, irrigation management strategies, evapotranspiration sequences and crop‐evapotranspiration‐production functions to arrive at an optimal irrigation strategy. Application of the methodology to a farm in the service area of Western Yamuna Canal (India) where a two‐stage system of rotation, one among the irrigation channels and the other among the farmers, is in vogue, reveals that maximum production is obtained with water application in a rotational manner (RI) rather than with irrigation in every or alternate supply periods. Increase in mean water supply which can be effected through improvement in on‐farm conveyance and application systems, has a greater effect on yield than decrease in variance of the supply. Benefit cost analyses indicates that precision land leveling is more cost effective in increasing water supply as compared to water‐course lining.
ADVANCES IN THE BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD IN SUBSURFACE FLOW1
Authors: Liggett James A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper explores some of the advances of the boundary element method, as applied to ground‐water problems, during the last five years. Although the method is still somewhat limited compared to solution by finite elements, the range of solutions has increased considerably. Diffusion and advection‐diffusion solutions are done efficiently. These include the incorporation of inhomogeneity, anisotropy, and nonlinear diffusion. The difficult problem of stream‐aquifer interaction is an important application as it is much easier to follow a free surface with its multiple configurations. The application must be able to cycle between ground‐water connection and disconnection with the stream and include seepage surfaces. Flow in fractured media is a natural application where the flow in fractures can usually be treated without a computational exception in spite of extremely high aspect ratios. The case of seawater intrusion forms a type of free surface problem and thus is a case for which the method has special advantages. For these and other applications the boundary element method provides an inexpensive technique for calculation where the data preparation and setup time is minimal. In most of these cases, programs can and have been written on microcomputers.
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR SELECFING INPUTS TO A BASIN SCALE MODEL1
Authors: Arnold J. G. , Sammons N. B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Common constraints in using existing mathematical models are the lack of appropriate input data and inadequate time and money to perform the modeling. A decision support system was developed to aid in selecting inputs to a basin scale soil and water resources model. The system prompts users for input values and formats them in the model input file. The system also accesses large data bases, interfaces with expert systems, gives explanations, suggests default values, and provides graphics. Technology transfer will be enhanced by decreasing the time and money spent during model use and increasing user confidence in the model.
WATER QUALITY IN THE PAWTUXET RIVER: METAL MONITORING AND GEOCHEMISTRY1
Authors: Latimer James S. , Carey Constance G. , Hoffman Eva J. , Quinn James G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Pawtuxet River flows from a relatively rural area through some of the more highly industrialized sections of Rhode Island. During its journey, the river receives many municipal, industrial, and ground water sources of metal constituents. The present report is the first in a two part series in which the water quality of this urban river was evaluated by a chemical monitoring study of the sources, transport mechanisms, and fate of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and nickel in the river. The second paper will use the chemical data to derive and calibrate a steady‐state water quality model for this river.

The metal concentrations In the river tended to increase from the headwaters to the mouth with river stations nearest to point source outfalls showing elevated values. In some sections of the river, levels of a few of the metals could not be explained by the point sources; and other inputs, including sediment resuspension, axe proposed to make up this apparent unbalance. The ability of a municipal secondary treatment plant to remove metals was demonstrated, and the tie‐in of the effluent from a major chemical company to the plant did not cause any observable deterioration in treatment efficiency.
THE EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY ON MONITORING STRATEGIES: METALLOTHIONEINS AS AN EXAMPLE1
Authors: Engel David W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An increasing need exists to determine the relative health of estuarine and coastal systems with respect to their ability to support populations of fishery organisms. Many monitoring programs developed for this purpose utilize physiological and biochemical techniques to determine if marine organisms axe stressed by contaminant exposure. The use of the low molecular weight, metal‐binding protein, metailothionein, is used as a model technique to detect non‐lethal stress in aquatic organisms. Test organisms were the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, and the beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus. The data presented illustrates how natural environmental and physiological factors can affect the mobilization and partitioning of metals by organisms and contribute to observed variability in data sets. The processes that affected trace metal partitioning and accumulation were: in oysters, the reproductive cycle/season of the year; in blue arabs, growth and the molt cycle; and in the whale, the type of food and habitat. To effectively monitor populations of fishery organisms, therefore, it is necessary to identify those factors that control survival, growth, and reproduction so that better predictive models can be formulated that will not be confounded by uncontrolled variables.
WATER QUALITY AFTER LOGGING SMALL WATERSHEDS WITHIN THE BULL RUN WATERSHED, OREGON1
Authors: Harr R. Dennis. , Fredriksen Richard L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Road building, clearcutting 25 percent of the watershed, and slash disposal by broadcast burning or by natural decomposition caused changes in water quality of two small streams in the Bull Run Watershed in Oregon, which supplies water to the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area. Concentrations of suspended sediment increased slightly, primarily owing to construction of a permanent logging road that crossed streams. Changes in nutrient cycling occurred due to logging and slash disposal in both watersheds where cutting was done. NO3‐N concentrations, which increased most where logging residue was left to decompose naturally, increased more than sixfold and commonly exceeded 100 pg/i during the October‐June high‐flow season for seven years after logging. Where logging slash was broadcast burned, NO3‐N concentrations increased roughly fourfold, but rarely exceeded 50 μg/l, and increases had mostly disappeared six years after slash burning. Changes in outflows of cations and other anions were not apparent. Annual maximum stream temperatures increased 2–3°C after logging, but temperature increases had mostly disappeared within three years as vegetation regrowth shaded the streams.
CASA DEL AGUA: A RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION AND REUSE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT IN TUCSON, ARIZONA1
Authors: Foster Kennith E. , Karpiscak Martin M. , Brittain Richard G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A typical single family residence in Tucson, Arizona, was retrofitted to incorporate low‐water‐use fixtures and water reuse systems. The use of municipal water was reduced by 53 percent to 53 gallons per capita per day (gpcd) and total water use at the home was reduced by 33 percent to 74 gpcd.
THE DISCHARGE OF SEDIMENT IN CHANNELIZED ALLUVIAL STREAMS1
Authors: Simon Andrew
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Approximately 400 million cubic feet of channel sediments have been delivered to the Mississippi River from the Obion‐Forked Deer River system in the last 20 years. The discharge of sediment from these channelized networks in West Tennessee varies systematically with the stage of channel evolution. Variations in yields over time reflect the shifting dominance of fluvial and mass‐wasting processes as the networks adjust to lower energy conditions. Maximum bed‐material discharges occur during the initial phases of degradation (Stage III). In contrast, yields of suspended‐sediment peak during the threshold stage (Stage 1V: large‐scale mass wasting) as sediments are delivered from main‐channel banks and tributary beds. Suspended‐sediment yields then decrease as aggradation (Stage V) becomes the dominant trend in the main channels, but remains relatively high through restabiliza‐tion (Stage VI) because of continued degradation and widening in the tributaries. Bed‐material discharges decrease from the degradation stage (III) to Stage V, and increase again during restabiliza‐tion (Stage VI) because secondary aggradation increases gradients and incipient meandering serves to rework bed sediments. This secondary maxima in bed‐material discharge is analogous to those described previously as complex, or oscillatory, response. The trends of sediment production and transport described from these rejuvenated networks are in agreement with experimental and theoretical results of earlier investigations.
DROUGHT EPISODES MANAGEMENT: THE ROLE OF PRICE1
Authors: Moncur James E.T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Municipal water utilities, when faced with drought conditions, typically impose a temporary water use restrictions program to achieve conservation goals. If water is sufficiently price‐elastic, however, at least some of the problems associated with restrictions can be avoided by imposing a drought surcharge and allowing users to adjust voluntarily. This paper develops two sources of evidence on price elasticity in Honolulu, Hawaii, with the evidence suggesting that a drought surcharge will induce much of the desired conservation, especially when used with educational publicity.
MUNICIPAL UTILIZATION OF WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT: THE ONTARIO EXPERIENCE1
Authors: Kreutzwiser R.D. , Feagan R.B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Managing the demand for municipal water supply has become a viable alternative or supplement to traditional supply management responses. Though senior governments in Canada are committed to the concept, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the level of use of the demand management concept and little promotion of water conservation. This paper assesses the extent of the use of this concept as it applies to municipal water supply across southern Ontario and examines factors that influence the variation in use of water conservation strategies. Information from 219 municipalities revealed that the concept is not in wide use in southern Ontario and that existing variation can be partially explained by the extent of problems experienced and the population size served by the municipal water supply system. Suggestions for increasing municipal use of the demand management concept are offered.
PEAKING STORAGE TANKS FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS1
Authors: Sabet M. Hossein , Helweg Otto J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Construction of a “peaking storage tank” may reduce the operational cost of municipal water in the availability of a time‐of‐use energy rate. A peaking storage tank is used for storing water that is pumped from wells or other sources of supply during off‐peak periods when energy costs are less for use during periods of on‐peak water demand. The optimal size of a peaking storage tank is that which results in the minimum total cost, which includes both the storage construction cost and the cost of operation of the pumps. The operational cost for a given time‐of‐use rate is determined by help of a pipe network simulation model solved by the Newton‐Raphson technique and a dynamic programming optimization model. A more simplified method is also introduced. Analyses show that low off‐peak energy costs make the construction of peaking storage tanks economically attractive and reduce on‐peak energy use, which results in electrical load leveling.
IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES OF A DOLOMITE AQUIFER IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS1
Authors: Cravens Stuart J. , Wilson Steven D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Irrigation development of the dolomite aquifer in eastera Kankakee and northern Iroquois Counties, Illinois, is extensive and increasing. Interruptions of domestic supplies have been reported with increasing frequency during the 1980's. To address this issue, a regional assessment of the ground‐water resources of the region was conducted in 1987 and 1988. Options for managing the dolomite aquifer were also investigated. Hydrogeology of the dolomite aquifer was determined using five aquifer tests. Tranamissivity values of the dolomite aquifer ranged from 14,000 to 50,000 gpd/ft (168 to 600 m3/m/day). Storage coefficients were between 0.0001 and 0.0002, within the range of a confined (artesian) aquifer. Based on flow‐net analyses, recharge of the dolomite aquifer ranged from 85,000 to 285,000 gpd/mi2 (124.4 to 417.0 m3/day/km2). Water levels of the dolomite aquifer were mapped during five periods in 1987 and 1988 by measuring up to 226 wells completed in the dolomite aquifer. Maximum regional water‐level declines because of irrigation pumpage were 44 feet (13.4 m) in 1987 and 72 feet (21.9 m) during the drought of 1988. Based on ground‐water use data, precipitation records, and hydrogeologic information, the magnitude of water‐level declines can be attributed more to differing hydrogeologic conditions than to pumpage or climatic changes. Existing ground‐water management methods for resolving conflicts over the ground‐water resources of the study area are reviewed and alternative management options explored.
NETWORK DESIGN FOR WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING IN THE WEST1
Authors: Peck Eugene L. , Schaake John C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The objective is to develop techniques to evaluate how changes in basic data networks can improve accuracy of water supply forecasts for mountainous areas. The approach used was to first quantify how additional data would improve our knowledge of winter precipitation, and second to estimate how this knowledge translates, quantitatively, into improvement in forecast accuracy. A software system called DATANET was developed to analyze each specific gage network alternative. This system sets up a fine mesh of grid points over the basin. The long‐term winter mean precipitation at each grid point is estimated using a simple atmospheric model of the orographic precipitation process. The mean runoff at each grid point is computed from the long‐term mean precipitation estimate. The basic runoff model is calibrated to produce the observed long‐term runoff. The error analysis is accomplished by comparing the error in forecasts based on the best possible estimate of precipitation using all available data with the error in the forecasts based on the best possible estimate of winter precipitation using only the gaged data. Different data network configurations of gage sites can be compared in terms of forecast errors.
GROUND AND SURFACE WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF NORTH CAROLINA SANITARY LANDFILLS1
Authors: Borden Robert C. , Yanoschak Thomas M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Ground and surface water quality monitoring data from 71 municipal sanitary landfills in North Carolina were analyzed to determine the nature and extent of current contamination problems and identify any common characteristics associated with this contamination. A total of 322 surface and 411 ground water quality records were analyzed using the SAS data system. Almost all the landfill records included inorganic and heavy metal analyses while approximately half of the records also included organic analyses by CC/MS.

Our analysis indicates that landfills are having measurable impacts on ground and surface water quality, but these impacts may not be as severe as is commonly assumed. Statistically significant increases were detected in the average concentrations in ground water and downstream surface water samples when compared to upstream surface water samples. The largest percentage increases were observed for zinc, turbidity, total organic carbon, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and lead. Violations of ground water quality standards for heavy metals and hazardous organic compounds were detected at 53 percent of the landfills where adequate data existed. The moat common heavy metal violations were for lead (18 percent), chromium (18 percent), zinc (6 percent), cadmium (6 percent), and arsenic (6 percent) (percentage of landfills violating shown in parenthesis). The organic compounds that appear to pose the greatest threat to ground water are the chlorinated solvents (8 percent), petroleum derived hydrocarbons (8 percent), and pesticides (5 percent). A comparison of monitoring data from sanitary landfills and secondary wastewater treatment plants suggests that the concentrations of heavy metal and organic pollutants discharged to surface waters from these two sources are similar.