bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations among the communities of soil-borne pathogens, soil edaphic properties and disease incidence in the field pea root rot complex
Authors: Zitnick-Anderson Kimberly , del Río Mendoza Luis E. , Forster Shana , Pasche Julie S.
Published: October 2020

Background and aims

Field pea production is greatly impacted by multiple soil-borne fungal and oomycete pathogens in a complex. The objectives of this research were to 1) identify the soil-borne pathogens associated with field pea in North Dakota and; 2) develop prediction models incorporating the occurrence of the soil-borne pathogen communities, soil edaphic properties and disease incidence.

Methods

Soil and plants were sampled from 60 field pea fields in North Dakota during 2014 and 2015. Plants (1500 across two years) were rated for both root rot and soil-borne pathogens isolated from roots. Soils were analyzed for edaphic properties. Indicator species analysis was used to identify soil-borne pathogen communities. Logistic regression was used to determine associations and develop prediction models.

Results

Survey results from 2014 and 2015 indicated that the most prevalent soil-borne pathogens identified in field pea fields were Fusarium spp. and Aphanomyces euteiches. Five soil-borne pathogen communities were identified; three of which had statistically significant associations characterized by (1) Fusarium acuminatum, (3) A. euteiches, and (4) Fusarium sporotrichioides. The occurrence of the three communities were associated with clay content, soil pH, Fe2+, and K+. Disease incidence was associated with the presence of either community 1 or 3 and K+.

Conclusions

The results generated from this research will contribute to the development of management strategies by providing a soil-borne pathogen community prediction tool.
The Ethics of Economic Sanctions: Why Just War Theory is Not the Answer
Authors: Ellis Elizabeth
Published: October 2020

On 24 December 2017, the UN Security Council imposed its toughest sanctions yet on North Korea. The measures, intended to thwart nuclear ambitions, are some of the most extensive sanctions imposed in recent times. They place severe restrictions on the export of crude oil and refined petroleum to that state, ban the export of arms, dual use equipment, rocket fuel, natural gas, luxury goods and financial services, ban the import of coal, iron, gold, seafood and textiles from North Korea, and include asset freezes and travel bans for targeted individuals. Economic sanctions raise serious moral issues, not least because if properly enforced they can cause significant harm to their targets. How should we assess their moral permissibility? Several authors have pointed out analogies between economic sanctions and war and then applied the just war principles (just cause, proportionality, etc.) to the problem. This approach has faced little critical scrutiny. I argue that the straightforward application of just war principles to sanctions is misguided. There is a significant difference between war and economic sanctions: war is constituted by bombing, shooting or stabbing but economic sanctions are constituted by refusing to trade. While there is a strong pro tanto duty to not bomb, shoot or stab individuals, there is no comparable pro tanto duty to trade. That does not mean sanctions are always morally permissible, only that the moral issues involved are very different. We have no reason to believe that moral principles developed to govern war are also appropriate for governing sanctions. This approach to the ethics of economic sanctions ought to be abandoned.
Work, Domination, and the False Hope of Universal Basic Income
Authors: Lazar Orlando
Published: October 2020

Universal basic income (UBI) is increasingly proposed as a simple answer to the problem of domination at work—one policy whose knock-on effects will transform the balance of power between workers and employers. I argue against such ‘UBI-first’ approaches. Compared to UBI proposals for other purposes, a UBI sufficient or near-sufficient for minimising domination at work would be especially demanding in two ways. First, the level of the grant would be more demanding compared to UBIs suitable for other purposes, in order for workers to be able to credibly threaten to leave their jobs. Secondly, the maintenance of the grant must also meet strict criteria. The demanding level of the grant must be effectively secured against reduction, allowing workers to plan on its long-term acceptability; and in order to avoid increased state domination it must assume the status of an entitlement rather than a gift that may be withdrawn, through stabilisation against political change or some other means. These difficulties render UBI-first approaches doubtful at best, and an unhelpful distraction from other, more fruitful strategies at worst.
EHSMu: a New Ecohydrological Streamflow Model to Estimate Runoff in Urban Areas
Authors: Cristiano Elena , Deidda Roberto , Viola Francesco
Published: October 2020

A conceptual lumped ecohydrological streamflow model (EHSMu) is presented as a promising tool to simulate runoff in urban catchments. The model, based on the interaction between a soil bucket and two linear reservoirs, enables also evapotranspiration and aquifer recharge to be estimated. Notwithstanding its minimalism, EHSMu describes interactions among soil moisture dynamics, hydrological fluxes and ecological processes. The model was calibrated and validated within two densely urbanized sub-basins in Charlotte (US). A Monte Carlo procedure is used to investigate the efficiency of random sets of 8 model parameters. Results show the high model performance (NSE = 0.72). The influence of land use change is evaluated, by varying the imperviousness and crop coefficients. Synthetic experiments show that increasing urbanization triggers a linear decrease in evapotranspiration and aquifer recharge, while it increases the fast runoff. An opposite response is achieved by installing vegetation with higher potential evapotranspiration, which would contribute to the actual evapotranspiration making up 50–55% of the total water balance.
Modeling n-alkane solubility in supercritical CO2 via intelligent methods
Authors: Songolzadeh Reza , Shahbazi Khalil , Madani Mohammad
Published: October 2020

Injection of carbon dioxide is a familiar, cost-effective and influential technology of enhancing oil recovery whose application has been limited owing to the low n-alkane solubility in supercritical CO2. Thus, determining the amount of dissolved n-alkane in supercritical CO2 is of importance. Accordingly, in this study, least-squares support vector machine (LSSVM), tuned with two different optimizing algorithms, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) and cross-validation-assisted Simplex algorithm (CV-Simplex), has been used for this simulation process. Based on the results, the predicted values for dissolved n-alkane mole fraction in supercritical CO2 by PSO–LSSVM model were quite in line with experimental data. Furthermore, the accuracy of these models was compared with Chrastil correlation. Absolute average relative error for PSO–LSSVM, CV-Simplex–LSSVM and Chrastil was calculated to be 3.88%, 13.49% and 18.22% for total dataset, respectively, which leaves PSO–LSSVM as the superior model with the highest accuracy. Finally, the statistical parameters of absolute average relative error, mean square error and determination coefficient equal to 3.88%, 0.0164 and 0.994 for total dataset, respectively, proved that PSO–LSSVM model is an efficient method that can predict n-alkane solubility in supercritical CO2 with high precision within 8.99–45.90 MPa pressure and 308.15–344.15 K temperature range.
Seismic Policy, Operations, and Research Uses for a Building Inventory in an Earthquake-Prone City
Authors: Elwood Ken , Filippova Olga , Noy Ilan , Pastor Paz Jacob
Published: October 2020

After the 2016 New Zealand Kaikoura Earthquake, the absence of information about the state of buildings in Wellington proved to be a source of significant policy uncertainty. Authorities did not know what damages to expect and therefore how to react, and policies needed to be formulated without a clear quantification of the risks. Moreover, without detailed knowledge of the existing buildings, it was difficult to assess what the available legal and regulatory tools can achieve and choose among them. We describe the creation of a building inventory database for Wellington initiated by the authors. This database aims to assist the generation of research on the risks, impacts, and viable solutions for reducing future seismic risk in Wellington’s central business district (CBD). The database includes structural, economic, and market information on virtually every significant building in the CBD. Its primary purposes are: to collate and provide the best available information about the expected seismic performance of the existing building stock; to assess the impact of possible multiple building failures due to a seismic event; to describe a viable cost-effective path for seismic retrofitting; and to inform the design of a regulatory structure that can facilitate this resilience-building agenda.
The role of sexual orientation in the relationships between body perception, body weight dissatisfaction, physical comparison, and eating psychopathology in the cisgender population
Authors: Meneguzzo Paolo , Collantoni Enrico , Bonello Elisa , Vergine Mariantonietta , Behrens Simone C. , Tenconi Elena , Favaro Angela
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Body weight dissatisfaction (BWD) and visual body perception are specific aspects that can influence the own body image, and that can concur with the development or the maintenance of specific psychopathological dimensions of different psychiatric disorders. The sexual orientation is a fundamental but understudied aspect in this field, and, for this reason, the purpose of this study is to improve knowledge about the relationships among BWD, visual body size-perception, and sexual orientation.

Methods

A total of 1033 individuals participated in an online survey. Physical comparison, depression, and self-esteem was evaluated, as well as sexual orientation and the presence of an eating disorder. A Figure Rating Scale was used to assess different valences of body weight, and mediation analyses were performed to investigated specific relationships between psychological aspects.

Results

Bisexual women and gay men reported significantly higher BWD than other groups (p < 0.001); instead, higher body misperception was present in gay men (p = 0.001). Physical appearance comparison mediated the effect of sexual orientation in both BWD and perceptual distortion. No difference emerged between women with a history of eating disorders and without, as regards the value of body weight attributed to attractiveness, health, and presence on social media.

Conclusion

This study contributes to understanding the relationship between sexual orientations and body image representation and evaluation. Physical appearance comparisons should be considered as critical psychological factors that can improve and affect well-being. The impact on subjects with high levels of eating concerns is also discussed.

Level of evidence

Level III: case–control analytic study.
Mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium ameliorates diabetic serum‐induced insulin resistance in 3T3‐L1 cells
Authors: Sanap Avinash , Bhonde Ramesh , Joshi Kalpana
Published: October 2020

Background

Pharmacological factors used to induce insulin resistance (IR) in in vitro models may not mimic the full in vivo features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to examine the ability of diabetic serum (DS) to induce IR and investigate whether adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (ADMSC‐CM) reverses DS‐induced IR.

Methods

DS was obtained from newly diagnosed T2DM patients. IR was induced in differentiated 3T3‐L1 cells by employing dexamethasone, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), palmitate and DS. Glucose uptake (2‐[N‐[7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl] amino]‐2‐deoxyglucose(2‐NBDG) uptake assay), intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and superoxide radicals (O2−) (fluorescence microscopy and fluorometry) were analyzed in control and experimental samples. mRNA expression of key genes involved in glucose transport and inflammation were analyzed by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Pro‐inflammatory cytokines and phospho‐insulin receptor substrate (IRS) (Ser‐307) protein expression were analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. Statistical significance was determined by using one‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison tests.

Results

ADMSC‐CM significantly increased the DS‐mediated decrease in 2‐NBDG uptake (11.01 ± 0.50 vs. 7.20 ± 0.30, P < 0.01) and reduced DS‐driven ROS (fluorescence count, 6.35 ± 0.46 vs. 9.80 ± 0.10, P < 0.01) and O2− (fluorescence count, 3.00 ± 0.10 vs. 4.60 ± 0.09, P < 0.01) production. Further, the ADMSC‐CM restored DS‐induced down regulation GLUT4 (1.52‐fold, P < 0.05) as well as the up‐regulation of PPARγ (0.35‐fold, P < 0.01), and IKKβ (0.37‐fold, P < 0.01) mRNA, and phospho‐IRS (Ser‐307) protein expression compared to the baseline (median fluorescence intensity, 88,192 ± 2720 vs. 65,450 ± 3111, P < 0.01). DS induced IR, similar to the traditionally used pharmacological factors, namely dexamethasone, TNF‐α, and palmitate, which can be attributed to the significantly higher pro‐inflammatory cytokines levels (TNF‐α (2.28 ± 0.03 pg/mL vs. 2.38 ± 0.03 pg/mL, P < 0.01), interleukin 6 (IL)‐6 (1.94 ± 0.02 pg/mL vs. 2.17 ± 0.04 pg/mL, P < 0.01), IL‐17 (2.16 ± 0.02 pg/mL vs. 2.22 ± 0.002 pg/mL, P < 0.05), and interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) (2.07 ± 0.02 pg/mL vs. 2.15 ± 0.04 pg/mL, P < 0.05)) in DS.

Conclusions

DS can be explored as a novel inducer of IR in in vitro studies with further standardization, substituting the conventionally used pharmacological factors. Our findings also affirm the validity of ADMSC‐CM as a prospective insulin sensitizer for T2DM therapy.
Privacy at the Margins
Authors: Skinner-Thompson Scott
Published: October 2020

Limited legal protections for privacy leave minority communities vulnerable to concrete injuries and violence when their information is exposed. In Privacy at the Margins, Scott Skinner-Thompson highlights why privacy is of acute importance for marginalized groups. He explains how privacy can serve as a form of expressive resistance to government and corporate surveillance regimes - furthering equality goals - and demonstrates why efforts undertaken by vulnerable groups (queer folks, women, and racial and religious minorities) to protect their privacy should be entitled to constitutional protection under the First Amendment and related equality provisions. By examining the ways even limited privacy can enrich and enhance our lives at the margins in material ways, this work shows how privacy can be transformed from a liberal affectation to a legal tool of liberation from oppression.
Ensuring Elderly Well-Being During COVID-19 by Using the Internet of Things
Authors: Pandey Prateek , Litoriya Ratnesh
Published: October 2020

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases continue to surge, and the world must learn from this disaster. Most of the world economies are shattered due to this pandemic. The development of infrastructure to counter such deadly viral attacks in the future is the wisest investment that can be made. The elderly population is the most vulnerable age group affected by the pandemic, and the threat to their lives becomes manifold if they are living alone. Thus, a well-formed elderly support framework is required to safeguard this vulnerable population from COVID-like disasters in the future. We report here on the research findings we conducted by laying out a mitigation system for elderly well-being during disastrous times. The proposed system demands a sound collaboration between software, hardware devices, the state, and social agencies.
Leadership Principles to Decrease Psychological Casualties in COVID-19 and Other Disasters of Uncertainty
Authors: Everly George S. , Wu Albert W. , Cumpsty-Fowler Carolyn J. , Dang Deborah , Potash James B.
Published: October 2020

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a “disaster of uncertainty” with ambiguity about its nature and trajectory. These features amplify its psychological toxicity and increase the number of psychological casualties it inflicts. Uncertainty was fueled by lack of knowledge about the lethality of a disaster, its duration, and ambiguity in messaging from leaders and health care authorities. Human resilience can have a buffering effect on the psychological impact. Experts have advocated “flattening the curve” to slow the spread of the infection. Our strategy for crisis leadership is focused on flattening the rise in psychological casualties by increasing resilience among health care workers. This paper describes an approach employed at Johns Hopkins to promote and enhance crisis leadership. The approach is based on 4 factors: vision for the future, decisiveness, effective communication, and following a moral compass. We make specific actionable recommendations for implementing these factors that are being disseminated to frontline leaders and managers. The COVID-19 pandemic is destined to have a strong psychological impact that extends far beyond the end of quarantine. Following these guidelines has the potential to build resilience and thus reduce the number of psychological casualties and speed the return to normal – or at least the new normal in the post-COVID world.
COMPUTABILITY, ORDERS, AND SOLVABLE GROUPS
Authors: DARBINYAN ARMAN
Published: October 2020

The main objective of this paper is the following two results. (1) There exists a computable bi-orderable group that does not have a computable bi-ordering; (2) there exists a bi-orderable, two-generated computably presented solvable group with undecidable word problem. Both of the groups can be found among two-generated solvable groups of derived length $3$.

(1) [a]nswers a question posed by Downey and Kurtz; (2) answers a question posed by Bludov and Glass in Kourovka Notebook.

One of the technical tools used to obtain the main results is a computational extension of an embedding theorem of B. Neumann that was studied by the author earlier. In this paper we also compliment that result and derive new corollaries that might be of independent interest.
Firm Growth Performance and Relative Innovation Orientation of Exploration vs Exploitation: Moderating Effects of Cluster Relationships
Authors: Li Zhendong , Zhang Marina Yue , Zhang Huiying
Published: October 2020

This article studies the latent mechanisms underlying the non-linear correlation between a firm's relative innovation orientation of exploration vs exploitation and performance. We also investigate the moderating effects of cluster relationships on this relationship. Using a sample of 638 SMEs in four industry clusters in Tianjin, China, we confirm an inverted U-shaped correlation between a firm's relative innovation orientation and performance, and explicate the latent mechanisms underlying such an inverted U shape. We find that the number and strength of a firm's cluster relationships can moderate this inverted U-shaped curve: the former moves the turning point of the inverted U shape toward exploratory orientation, and the latter moves the turning point toward exploitative orientation. For improved performance, we discuss appropriate innovation balancing strategies for cluster firms with different cluster relationships, and optimal cluster strategies under different innovation-balancing conditions. This study adds to the increasing scholarly effort on latent mechanisms behind U-shaped relationships and moderating effects on such relationships in management research.
The Modern Periphery-Making Machine in the Early Twenty-First Century
Authors: Alonso-Fradejas Alberto
Published: October 2020

Cultural, discursive, and technological differences notwithstanding, the peripheralization effects of plantation agriculture-based development pathways seem to be as vibrant today as during the height of the modern era's imperialism. This, at least, is what Bosma suggests, and I fully agree with him. The plantation, that modern labour-expelling periphery-making machine, is alive and kicking hard amid convergent socioecological crises nowadays. And this is an analytically but also politically salient phenomenon. Most often, development models which rely on predatory extractivism not only leave the majority of the population behind the well-being bandwagon, thereby turning a deaf ear to the pledge of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to “leave no one behind”; they also erode the ecological base, socioeconomic fabric, and institutions that enable more just and environmentally sound life projects to blossom. Thus, the careful examination of the complex and generative interplay between the model and intensity of resource extractivism and the broader political economy, as developed by Bosma in The Making of a Periphery, calls into question any non-transformative climate stewardship and sustainable development efforts, like the “business as usual” one represented by the flex crops and commodities complexes of the twenty-first century.
Contributions to the linear and nonlinear theory of the beam–plasma interaction
Authors: Carlevaro Nakia , Del Prete Matteo , Montani Giovanni , Squillaci Fabio
Published: October 2020

We focus our attention on some relevant aspects of the beam–plasma instability in order to refine some features of the linear and nonlinear dynamics. After a re-analysis of the Poisson equation and of the assumption dealing with the background plasma in the form of a linear dielectric, we study the non-perturbative properties of the linear dispersion relation, showing the necessity for a better characterization of the mode growth rate in those flat regions of the distribution function where the Landau formula is no longer predictive. We then upgrade the original

$N$

-body approach in O'Neil et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 14, 1971, pp. 1204–1212), in order to include a return current in the background plasma. This correction term is responsible for smaller saturation levels and growth rates of the Langmuir modes, as result of the energy density transferred to the plasma via the return current. Finally, we include friction effects, as those due to the collective influence of all the plasma charges on the motion of the beam particles. The resulting force induces a progressive resonance detuning, because particles are losing energy and decreasing their velocity. This friction phenomenon gives rise to a deformation of the distribution function, associated with a significant growth of the less energetic particle population. The merit of this work is to show how a fine analysis of the beam–plasma instability outlines a number of subtleties about the linear, intermediate and late dynamics which can be of relevance when such a system is addressed as a paradigm to describe relevant nonlinear wave–particle phenomena (Chen & Zonca, Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 88, 2016, 015008).
“Haven't I Told You Not to Take Yourself outside of the Law?”: Rabbi Yirmiyah and the Characterization of a Scholastic
Authors: Wolf Sarah
Published: October 2020

The paper looks at several episodes in which R. Yirmiyah is rebuked for questions that are portrayed as epistemologically destabilizing to the rabbinic legal project. I argue that R. Yirmiyah is portrayed as a caricature of late rabbinic scholastic thought, and that his characterization enables the writers of the Bavli to hold their own scholastic tendencies up to critique while also drawing protective boundaries around the analytical direction their legal culture has taken. I also read the passages together to demonstrate that the Bavli functions as a unified literary work in previously unacknowledged ways. These episodes form a sort of nonlinear plot, a web of stories that produce a character with his own “history.” There may be no historical rabbinic nuisance named R. Yirmiyah, but there is certainly a constructed literary one, whose reappearance throughout the Talmud plays an important role in working out tensions within the rabbinic legal project.
Clinical descriptors of pneumothorax following chest tube removal in paediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: LaGrasta Christine , McLellan Mary , Connor Jean
Published: October 2020

Background:

There is limited data describing the characteristics of paediatric post-operative cardiac surgery patients who develop pneumothoraces after chest tube removal. Patient management after chest tube removal is not standardised across paediatric cardiac surgery programmes. The purposes of this study were to describe the frequency of pneumothorax after chest tube removal in paediatric post-operative cardiac surgical patients and to describe the patient and clinical characteristics of those patients who developed a clinically significant pneumothorax requiring intervention.

Methods:

A single-institution retrospective descriptive study (1 January, 2010–31 December, 2018) was utilised to review 11,651 paediatric post-operative cardiac surgical patients from newborn to 18 years old.

Results:

Twenty-five patients were diagnosed with a pneumothorax by chest radiograph following chest tube removal (0.2%). Of these 25 patients, 15 (1.6%) had a clinically significant pneumothorax and 8 (53%) did not demonstrate a change in baseline clinical status or require an increase in supplemental oxygen, 14 (93%) required an intervention, 9 (60%) were <1 year of age, 4 (27%) had single-ventricle physiology, and 5 (33%) had other non-cardiac anomalies/genetic syndromes.

Conclusions:

In our cohort of patients, we confirmed the incidence of pneumothorax after chest tube removal is low in paediatric post-operative cardiac surgery patients. This population does not always exhibit changes in clinical status despite having clinically significant pneumothoraces. We suggest the development of criteria, based on clinical characteristics, for patients who are at increased risk of developing a pneumothorax and would require a routine chest radiograph following chest tube removal.
Governmental programmes associated with food insecurity among communities of descendants of enslaved blacks in Brazil
Authors: Cherol Camilla Christine de Souza , Ferreira Aline Alves , Salles-Costa Rosana
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To assess the access to government programmes and their association with food insecurity (FI) in families from quilombolas communities in Brazil.

Design:

An analysis of secondary data from the 2011 Quilombolas Census was performed in Brazilian territories. The Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, EBIA) was used to assess the household FI status. The relationships of governmental programmes with the levels of FI were estimated using logistic regression models.

Setting:

Greater national survey census of food and nutritional security of the recognised Quilombolas Brazilian territories.

Participants:

Totally, 8743 quilombolas families.

Results:

The prevalence of household FI was 86·1 % (moderate/severe FI: 55·9 %, 95 % CI 54·8, 56·9). After adjustment for socio-demographic variables, access to rural development programmes (Food Acquisition Program: OR: 0·6, 95 % CI 0·4, 0·8, P-value < 0·01) and health programmes (Center for Family Health Support: OR: 0·5, 95 % CI 0·5, 0·7, P-value < 0·001) is inversely and significantly associated with moderate/severe FI. The Brazilian conditional cash transfer programme (Bolsa Família) was associated with quilombolas families with moderate/severe levels of FI (OR: 3·3, 95 % CI 2·8, 4·0, P-value < 0·001).

Conclusions:

The prevalence of FI was high among quilombolas families. Despite reduced participation in governmental programmes, rural development, agriculture and conditional cash transfer programmes are fundamental to the autonomy of quilombolas communities. In spite of the low participation, when families are able to access these programmes, the study revealed the importance of these initiatives in reducing the likelihood of severe levels of FI.
Welche Gründe, berufliches Lehramt zu studieren, stehen mit der Sicherheit der Berufswahl in Verbindung?
Authors: Stellmacher Anne , Pfetsch Jan
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Motive für die Wahl des Lehrberufs standen im Fokus vielfältiger Forschung u.a. mit der Begründung, dass die Ausübung des Berufs besonders herausfordernd und beanspruchend sei ( Rothland, 2014 ). Einige Studien beschäftigen sich außerdem mit der Sicherheit der beruflichen Entscheidung, Lehrerin oder Lehrer zu werden. In Deutschland besteht dieser Lehrkräftemangel nicht nur in allgemeinbildenden Schulen, sondern besonders in beruflichen Schulen bei gleichzeitigem Fachkräftemangel in Ausbildungsberufen. Das Problem verstärkt sich dadurch, dass sich bereits zu wenige Personen für ein berufliches Lehramtsstudium entscheiden. Bislang liegen nur wenige Untersuchungen vor, die sich speziell mit den Motiven für die Wahl des beruflichen Lehramts beschäftigen und es fehlt bislang an Befunden zur Sicherheit, mit der die berufliche Entscheidung getroffen wurde. Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte erstmals den Zusammenhang von Berufswahlsicherheit und Berufswahlmotiven im beruflichen Lehramt ( N = 316) unter Kontrolle von Alter, Geschlecht, Studienfortschritt (Bachelor oder Master), studierter Fachrichtung sowie pädagogischen Vorerfahrungen. Die Berufswahlmotive wurden mit dem Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Motivation im Lehramtsstudium (FEMOLA) erhoben. Es zeigte sich der stärkste Zusammenhang zwischen der Berufswahlsicherheit und dem extrinsischen Nützlichkeitsmotiv im Sinne von finanzieller Sicherheit sowie der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Auch die intrinsischen Motive pädagogisches Interesse und Fähigkeitsüberzeugung hingen mit der Berufswahlsicherheit zusammen. Die anderen drei Motivfacetten – fachliches Interesse, soziale Einflüsse sowie geringe Schwierigkeit des Lehramtsstudiums – zeigten im Kontext der übrigen Prädiktoren keine signifikanten Ergebnisse. Insgesamt sind also nicht nur intrinsische, sondern auch extrinsische Motive wichtig für die Berufswahlsicherheit des Lehrberufs für berufliche Schulen. Während für andere Lehramtstypen speziell das fachliche Interesse wichtig erscheint, verweist die vorliegende Studie für das berufliche Lehramtsstudium auf die Nützlichkeit sowie das pädagogische Interesse und die Fähigkeitsüberzeugung als relevante Gründe für die Wahl des beruflichen Lehramts.
Experimental Insights Into the Interplay Between Buoyancy, Convection, and Dissolution Reaction
Authors: Ahoulou A. W. A. , Tinet A.‐J. , Oltéan C. , Golfier F.
Published: October 2020

Predicting the instabilities that occur during the chemical reaction between a percolating fluid and a soluble rock leading to the development of macroscopic channels called wormholes is a key for understanding many geological processes. Their shape and their spatial distribution depend on two dimensionless numbers, namely Damköhler (Da) and Péclet (Pe) numbers. Although the dissolution phenomenon has been extensively studied both in the context of acid stimulation of oil wells in carbonate rocks and carbon capture and storage, few works have focused on the influence of the physical properties of fluids on wormhole patterns. Consequently, through interpretation of images acquired during the injection of pure water into a 2‐D reconstituted salt massif and considering different configurations of injection, we illustrate the buoyancy effects on wormhole formation. Contrarily to observation in fractures, experimental results suggest that dissolution regimes can still be described by the classical dimensionless numbers Da and Pe. As for the regime diagram, it remains practically unchanged for strong Péclet and weak Damköhler and undergoes a slowdown of the propagation of the dissolution front when the number of Richardson's increases. Analysis of morphological descriptors such as area, interface, and tortuosity shows that density contrast has an influence on intermediate‐ to high‐Richardson dissolution regimes that may be explained by the existence of buoyancy effects.
Decadal Strengthening of Interior Flow of North Atlantic Deep Water Observed by GRACE Satellites
Authors: Koelling Jannes , Send Uwe , Lankhorst Matthias
Published: October 2020

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission provides information on changes to the Earth's gravity field, including ocean mass. Long‐term trends in GRACE data are often considered unreliable due to uncertainties in the corrections made to calculate ocean mass from the raw measurements. Here, we use an independent estimate of ocean mass from satellite altimetry and in situ density data from five mooring sites and repeat hydrography to validate trends in GRACE over the North Atlantic, finding substantial agreement between the methods. The root‐mean‐square difference between ocean mass changes calculated with this method from the mooring data and those measured by GRACE is 3.5 mm per decade, much lower than the mean signal of 15.6 ± 1.8 mm per decade for GRACE and 17.8 ± 5.2 mm per decade for the altimetry‐mooring estimate. The GRACE ocean mass data are then used to study the change in the deep circulation of the North Atlantic between the 1 April 2002 to 31 March 2009 and 1 April 2010 to 31 March 2017 periods, revealing a large‐scale anticyclonic circulation anomaly off the North American coast. The change is associated with an increase of 13.9 ± 3.3 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1) of southward North Atlantic Deep Water flow in the interior between 30°N and 40°N, largely balanced by a northward anomaly of 10.7 ± 3.3 Sv for the boundary circulation. This implies an increased importance of interior pathways compared to the Deep Western Boundary Current for the spreading of North Atlantic Deep Water, which constitutes the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Autonomous Observation of Seasonal Carbonate Chemistry Dynamics in the Mid‐Atlantic Bight
Authors: Wright‐Fairbanks Elizabeth K. , Miles Travis N. , Cai Wei‐Jun , Chen Baoshan , Saba Grace K.
Published: October 2020

Ocean acidification alters the oceanic carbonate system, increasing potential for ecological, economic, and cultural losses. Historically, productive coastal oceans lack vertically resolved high‐resolution carbonate system measurements on time scales relevant to organism ecology and life history. The recent development of a deep ion‐sensitive field‐effect transistor (ISFET)‐based pH sensor system integrated into a Slocum glider has provided a platform for achieving high‐resolution carbonate system profiles. From May 2018 to November 2019, seasonal deployments of the pH glider were conducted in the central Mid‐Atlantic Bight. Simultaneous measurements from the glider's pH and salinity sensors enabled the derivation of total alkalinity and calculation of other carbonate system parameters including aragonite saturation state. Carbonate system parameters were then mapped against other variables, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll, over space and time. The seasonal dynamics of carbonate chemistry presented here provide a baseline to begin identifying drivers of acidification in this vital economic zone.
TIMELESS regulates sphingolipid metabolism and tumor cell growth through Sp1/ACER2/S1P axis in ER-positive breast cancer
Authors: Zhang Shan , Huang Peiqi , Dai Huijuan , Li Qing , Hu Lipeng , Peng Jing , Jiang Shuheng , Xu Yaqian , Wu Ziping , Nie Huizhen , Zhang Zhigang , Yin Wenjin , Zhang Xueli , Lu Jinsong
Published: October 2020

Breast cancer is one of the most common female malignant cancers. Biorhythm disorder largely increases the risk of breast cancer. We aimed to investigate the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of circadian gene TIMELESS circadian regulator (TIM) in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer and provide a new therapeutic target for breast cancer patients. Here, we explored that the expression of TIM was elevated in breast cancer, and high expression of TIM in cancer tissues was associated with poor prognosis, especially in the ER-positive breast cancer patients. In addition, we found that TIM promoted cell proliferation and enhanced mitochondrial respiration. TIM interacted with specificity protein 1 (Sp1) which contributes to upregulate the expression of alkaline ceramidase 2 (ACER2). Moreover, ACER2 is responsible for TIM-mediated promotive effects of cell growth and mitochondrial respiration. Collectively, our research unveiled a novel function of TIM in sphingolipid metabolism through interaction with Sp1. It provides a new theoretical explanation for the pathogenesis of breast cancer, and targeting TIM may serve as a potential therapeutic target for ER-positive breast cancer.
Marine plankton show threshold extinction response to Neogene climate change
Authors: Trubovitz Sarah , Lazarus David , Renaudie Johan , Noble Paula J.
Published: October 2020

Ongoing climate change is predicted to trigger major shifts in the geographic distribution of marine plankton species. However, it remains unclear whether species will successfully track optimal habitats to new regions, or face extinction. Here we show that one significant zooplankton group, the radiolaria, underwent a severe decline in high latitude species richness presaged by ecologic reorganization during the late Neogene, a time of amplified polar cooling. We find that the majority (71%) of affected species did not relocate to the warmer low latitudes, but went extinct. This indicates that some plankton species cannot track optimal temperatures on a global scale as assumed by ecologic models; instead, assemblages undergo restructuring and extinction once local environmental thresholds are exceeded. This pattern forewarns profound diversity loss of high latitude radiolaria in the near future, which may have cascading effects on the ocean food web and carbon cycle.
Carotenoids modulate kernel texture in maize by influencing amyloplast envelope integrity
Authors: Wang Haihai , Huang Yongcai , Xiao Qiao , Huang Xing , Li Changsheng , Gao Xiaoyan , Wang Qiong , Xiang Xiaoli , Zhu Yidong , Wang Jiechen , Wang Wenqin , Larkins Brian A. , Wu Yongrui
Published: October 2020

The mechanism that creates vitreous endosperm in the mature maize kernel is poorly understood. We identified Vitreous endosperm 1 (Ven1) as a major QTL influencing this process. Ven1 encodes β-carotene hydroxylase 3, an enzyme that modulates carotenoid composition in the amyloplast envelope. The A619 inbred contains a nonfunctional Ven1 allele, leading to a decrease in polar and an increase in non-polar carotenoids in the amyloplast. Coincidently, the stability of amyloplast membranes is increased during kernel desiccation. The lipid composition in endosperm cells in A619 is altered, giving rise to a persistent amyloplast envelope. These changes impede the gathering of protein bodies and prevent them from interacting with starch grains, creating air spaces that cause an opaque kernel phenotype. Genetic modifiers were identified that alter the effect of Ven1A619, while maintaining a high β-carotene level. These studies provide insight for breeding vitreous kernel varieties and high vitamin A content in maize.
Genetic control of tracheid properties in Norway spruce wood
Authors: Baison J. , Zhou Linghua , Forsberg Nils , Mörling Tommy , Grahn Thomas , Olsson Lars , Karlsson Bo , Wu Harry X. , Mellerowicz Ewa J. , Lundqvist Sven-Olof , García-Gil María Rosario
Published: October 2020

Through the use of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) mapping it is possible to establish the genetic basis of phenotypic trait variation. Our GWAS study presents the first such effort in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L). Karst.) for the traits related to wood tracheid characteristics. The study employed an exome capture genotyping approach that generated 178 101 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) from 40 018 probes within a population of 517 Norway spruce mother trees. We applied a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) based association mapping method using a functional multi-locus mapping approach, with a stability selection probability method as the hypothesis testing approach to determine significant Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs). The analysis has provided 30 significant associations, the majority of which show specific expression in wood-forming tissues or high ubiquitous expression, potentially controlling tracheids dimensions, their cell wall thickness and microfibril angle. Among the most promising candidates based on our results and prior information for other species are: Picea abies BIG GRAIN 2 (PabBG2) with a predicted function in auxin transport and sensitivity, and MA_373300g0010 encoding a protein similar to wall-associated receptor kinases, which were both associated with cell wall thickness. The results demonstrate feasibility of GWAS to identify novel candidate genes controlling industrially-relevant tracheid traits in Norway spruce.
Risk of early neurodevelopmental disorders associated with in utero exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs: a nationwide cohort study in France
Authors: Coste Joël , Blotiere Pierre-Olivier , Miranda Sara , Mikaeloff Yann , Peyre Hugo , Ramus Franck , Zureik Mahmoud , Weill Alain , Dray-Spira Rosemary
Published: October 2020

Information available on the risks of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) associated with in utero exposure to valproate (VPA) and to other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is limited. A nationwide population-based cohort study was conducted based on comprehensive data of the French National Health Data System (SNDS). Liveborn infants without brain malformation, born between January 2011 and December 2014, were followed from birth up to December 2016. NDs were identified based on diagnoses of mental or behavioural disorders and utilization of speech therapy, orthoptic or psychiatric services. The risk of NDs was compared between children exposed in utero to AED monotherapy and unexposed children, using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for maternal and neonatal characteristics. The cohort included 1,721,990 children, 8848 of whom were exposed in utero to AED monotherapy. During a mean follow-up of 3.6 years, 15,458 children had a diagnosis of mental or behavioural disorder. In utero exposure to VPA was associated with an increased risk of NDs overall (aHR: 3.7; 95% CI 2.8–4.9) and among children born to a mother without mental illness (aHR 5.1; 95% CI 3.6–7.3). A dose–response relationship was demonstrated and the risk of NDs was more particularly increased for an exposure to VPA during the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. Among the other AEDs, only pregabalin was consistently associated with an increased risk of NDs (aHR: 1.5; 95% CI 1.0–2.1). This study confirms a four to fivefold increased risk of early NDs associated with exposure to VPA during pregnancy. The risk associated with other AEDs appears much lower.
New intragastric sleeve technique reduces adipose tissue in pig experimental model: tomographic study
Authors: da Silva Ribeiro Mariana , Paiva Araújo dos Scheiba Zorron Ricardo , Quina Silva Saulo José , Ruiz Cadena Silvia Marcela , Borges dos Santos Junior Marcelo , Antunes Fernanda , de Souza Vieira Guilherme , Quirino Celia Raquel , Lacerda de Abreu Oliveira André
Published: October 2020

In order to implement a new bariatric surgery technique, we verify the efficacy of intragastric sleeve to reduce weight gain and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Animals were divided into two groups: G1 (single-port intragastric sleeve) and G2 (sham group). The stomach was surgically reduced by single-port intragastric sutures to fo a gastric sleeve. Animals were submitted to computer tomography (CT) before the surgical procedure and after 18 weeks.
Images were analyzed and measurements of the thickness of SAT, depth and width of the longissimus dorsi muscle and the rib eye area were made. Body weight and CT measurements were analyzed using the GLM PROC. The correlation coefficients were calculated among weight, moments and measures. There was a significant difference in weight gain, in which G1 had an average of 42.803 ± 3.206 kg, lower than G2 (45.966 ± 4.767 kg). The mean values for SAT and muscle measurements differed significantly between groups, in which G1 achieved the lowest values. All variables had significant correlations and high magnitude. Intragastric sleeve surgery induced a significant decrease of SAT. The new intragastric sleeve technique is feasible, safe and effective, mainly in reducing fat deposition, making it an important alternative in bariatric surgical treatment.
Chronic bryostatin-1 rescues autistic and cognitive phenotypes in the fragile X mice
Authors: Cogram Patricia , Alkon Daniel L. , Crockford David , Deacon Robert M. J. , Hurley Michael J. , Altimiras Francisco , Sun Miao-Kun , Tranfaglia Michael
Published: October 2020

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), an X-chromosome linked intellectual disability, is the leading monogenetic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental condition that currently has no specific drug treatment. Building upon the demonstrated therapeutic effects on spatial memory of bryostatin-1, a relatively specific activator of protein kinase C (PKC)ε, (also of PKCα) on impaired synaptic plasticity/maturation and spatial learning and memory in FXS mice, we investigated whether bryostatin-1 might affect the autistic phenotypes and other behaviors, including open field activity, activities of daily living (nesting and marble burying), at the effective therapeutic dose for spatial memory deficits. Further evaluation included other non-spatial learning and memory tasks. Interestingly, a short period of treatment (5 weeks) only produced very limited or no therapeutic effects on the autistic and cognitive phenotypes in the Fmr1 KO2 mice, while a longer treatment (13 weeks) with the same dose of bryostatin-1 effectively rescued the autistic and non-spatial learning deficit cognitive phenotypes. It is possible that longer-term treatment would result in further improvement in these fragile X phenotypes. This effect is clearly different from other treatment strategies tested to date, in that the drug shows little acute effect, but strong long-term effects. It also shows no evidence of tolerance, which has been a problem with other drug classes (mGluR5 antagonists, GABA-A and -B agonists). The results strongly suggest that, at appropriate dosing and therapeutic period, chronic bryostatin-1 may have great therapeutic value for both ASD and FXS.
GLP-1 receptor agonist ameliorates experimental lung fibrosis
Authors: Fandiño Juan , Toba Laura , González-Matías Lucas C. , Diz-Chaves Yolanda , Mallo Federico
Published: October 2020

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and fatal lung disease. This disease is characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix deposition that modify normal lung physiology. Up to date, there are not efficient therapeutic tools to fight IPF. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation plays an essential role in lung functions in normal and in pathological conditions. The aim of the present study was to study the possible beneficial effects of the administration of the GLP-1R agonist, liraglutide, in the pathogenesis of the fibrotic process in an animal model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. We observed that liraglutide decreased mRNA expression of collagen, hydroxyproline and key enzymes for the synthesis of collagen. In addition, GLP-1R activation restored the ACE2 mRNA levels modulating the activities of the RAS components, increased the production of surfactant proteins (SFTPa1, SFTPb, SFTPc) and promoted an improvement in pulmonary and cardiac functionality, including a partial restoration of lung alveolar structure. Liraglutide effects are shown at both the pro-inflammatory and fibrosis phases of the experimental disease. For these reasons, GLP-1 might be regarded as a promising drug for treating pulmonary fibrosis.