bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpreting the Cross: Religion, Structures of Feeling, and Penal Theory and Practice
Authors: Gorringe Tim
Published: May 2021

Religious rituals inculcate structures of feeling which determine our social attitudes. Much Christian theology rests on the projection of guilt and a felt need for punishment. This is especially true of the satisfaction theory. Although retributive assumptions are deeply rooted in Scripture they are not alone. Especially in the teaching of Jesus there are equally profound roots for what today is called restorative justice and the Circles of Support and Accountability through which sex offenders, in particular, are dealt with instantiate this. This grounds a quite different theology of redemption to that implied by satisfaction theory.
The Restorative Gaze
Authors: Stoddart Eric
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the intersection of surveillance and restorative justice. It acknowledges the analysis of personal information integral to criminal justice processes and critiques practices of actuarial justice. The chapter is also cognisant of the shaping effect upon all parties of cultures of surveillance in everyday life. The motif of ‘surveillance from the cross’ is deployed in order to foreground the importance of solidarity with those under unjust and discriminatory surveillance. By considering the sacramental potential of technologies, space is opened for a critical and positive theological evaluation of surveillance in relational contexts. The notion of relational information is therefore proposed to recognise the tension between relational knowledge and digital information. Practical steps towards greater recognition of surveillance in restorative justice are commended.
Who Owns the Earth?
Authors: Wienhues Anna
Published: May 2021

This chapter outlines an implication that a commitment to ecological justice has for theorising environmental justice. One necessary, but not sufficient, criterium for achieving compatibility between the author's framework of ecological justice and theories of social justice between humans is that theories of justice must be based on the premise that the Earth is originally unowned. Thus, the chapter develops a critique of the notion of humanity's original ownership of the Earth that has been influential throughout the history of political thought. The critique of this notion can be seen as an extension of the critical investigation of some environmental ethicists on the relationship between ownership and animals, as well as contributing to a necessary 'denaturalisation' of assumptions within political thought that 'Otherise' the nonhuman. Attributing original ownership of the Earth to humans only creates a similar problematic power asymmetry between agents that matter and objects that cannot own and can potentially even be owned. Such philosophical theories exhibit a form of theoretical exclusion of an Other, which is nonhuman living beings in this case. The problem is that such perspectives exclude nonhumans from mattering in theory which can then translate into not mattering in practice.
Understanding Austerity: Its Reach and Presence in the Changing Context of Work and Employment
Authors: Baines Donna , Cunningham Ian
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter sketches out some of the major debates concerning austerity, neoliberalism, and work. Austerity is viewed as a set of interwoven policies aimed at reducing public debt and expenditure, increasing consumer taxes and purportedly stimulating economic wellbeing through corporate tax cuts and support for private business. Since the 1970s, austerity policies have been closely associated with neoliberalism, a set of policies and processes that valorize the private-market as the solution to all social and economic problems and seek to reduce or eliminate social entitlements and public provision. Evidence confirms that austerity has widened existing inequalities based on the intersecting social relations of class, gender, and race. Indeed, austerity has been characterized as a highly gendered and racialized phenomenon, with public sector retrenchment producing substantial job losses in relatively better paid and more secure female-majority, race-friendly public sector jobs, such as social care, healthcare, education, and general services. Resistance in the era of austerity can be found among all groups of workers, although the adaptability and ideological dominance of late neoliberalism frequently seems to circumvent or defuse the impacts of strategies undertaken to improve the lives and conditions of working people.
Non-Citizenship at Work: Labour Flexibility Behind the Counter in Western Canada
Authors: Polanco Geraldina
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses the role of immigration controls in furthering labour flexibility and worker vulnerability in Canada and the way that this flexibility and vulnerability dovetail with austerity. Non-citizenship is an uneven and contingent category, with social locations amplifying or ameliorating a migrant's experience of precariousness. In addition to a normative political discourse that criminalizes migrants and/or sees them as problems to be 'managed', regulations governing work and citizenship increasingly intersect, generating new and compounding insecurities, with the form of labour precarity depending on the specific immigration controls and labour regulation. The chapter explores how features of a new labour regime in Canada in the era of austerity and the increased presence of 'temporary migrant workers' in the quick-service restaurant industry promote increased labour flexibility and exacerbate migrant workers' vulnerability. Migrant workers face unique challenges, distinct from those of their domestic counterparts, and with their growing presence in low-wage Canadian worksites, the need to organize at the intersection of work and citizenship has become an urgent project.
Austerity and the Irish Non-Profit Voluntary and Community Sector
Authors: O’Rourke Pauric
Published: May 2021

This chapter evaluates whether austerity can be interpreted as a continuation of an established neoliberal ideology or as a not-to-be-wasted opportunity that is unique to a particular era in time. Using the case of the Irish Non-Profit Voluntary and Community Sector (NPVCS), it draws on a qualitative-based empirical study within the sub-sector of Physical and Sensory Disabilities, built around two principal service providers. The chapter argues that government funding and service-level agreements created the conduit for New Public Management (NPM)-orientated thinking and practices to enter the sector and exert downward pressures on how it manages people and work. Coincidentally, this conveniently aligned with austerity ideology and gave new impetus to NPM. The findings show strong evidence of NPM-orientated changes in work and human resources management, propelled by strong isomorphic pressures that had accelerated and intensified during the era of austerity. The study uses the explanatory lens of institutional theory and labour-process theory to explicate how the state–NPVCS relationship became institutionalized through the isomorphism of NPM and how austerity reinforced and expedited this process.
‘The most striking progressive achievement in labor and employment policy’? The Scottish Living Wage in Social Care during Austerity
Authors: Baluch Alina M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter details the Scottish Government's implementation in 2016 of the Scottish Living Wage (SLW) for front-line workers in adult social care in an effort to address cost and quality tensions in the market as well as recruitment and retention difficulties. After briefly outlining the literature on minimum and living wages and on austerity in social care, the chapter presents findings on local authorities' and providers' experiences with SLW implementation. Drawing on interviews with voluntary and private social care providers across Scotland, representatives of lead employer bodies, union officials, commissioning authorities, and civil servants, the findings suggest that the re-regulation of pay has, paradoxically, prompted greater insecurity in market relations in social care. Local authorities' experiences highlight several unintended consequences of the policy, including an uneven distribution of funding to poorer payers that disadvantages fair employers, bringing services in-house and making cuts to other services. The chapter then discusses the experiences and impact of SLW implementation on social care organizations, such as providers making efficiencies and withdrawing from or declining to enter unviable contracts. It concludes with implications for the sustainability of the SLW and service provision in adult social care.
Anarchist Cybernetics
Authors: Swann Thomas
Published: May 2021

Through a focus on control (self-organisation) and communication (alternative social media platforms), Anarchist Cybernetics explores the structures and functions of radically participatory and democratic organisation. Discussing some of the structures that organisations can build that allow their members to directly control how the organisation behaves, the book takes inspiration from an often-misunderstood concept: cybernetics. Building of the work of cybernetician Stafford Beer and providing a radical reading of his Viable System Model, Anarchist Cybernetics makes a unique and timely contribution both to academic debates around anarchist organisation and radical politics more generally and to broader public debates about how organisations can be democratised to allow for more participation by their members. With continuing discussions around the world about popular sovereignty and ‘taking back control’, the book outlines a clear set of proposals for how organisations can function effectively in radically democratic ways. While other contributions to these discussions often priorities one side of the communication-organisation relationship over the other, Anarchist Cybernetics addresses both and show how they are interrelated and that effective organisation demands a consideration of both.
2011: The Year Everything Nothing Changed
Authors: Swann Thomas
Published: May 2021

Chapter One introduces the connections between anarchism and cybernetics against the backdrop of what will be referred to throughout the book as the 2011 uprisings (Occupy, the Arab Spring, 15M/Indignados, the UK riots). The chapter highlights the apparent role of leaderless self-organisation in these uprisings and the perceived use of social media as an organising tool therein. It is argued that the examples of the 2011 uprisings show that there is a need for an in-depth understanding of how self-organisation and social media-backed organisation can and do operate.
Anarchism and Cybernetics: A Missed Opportunity Revisited
Authors: Swann Thomas
Published: May 2021

Chapter Three provides a historical and conceptual overview of both anarchism and cybernetics, focusing on recent developments in anarchist social movement practice and Stafford Beer’s organisational cybernetics respectively. The chapter argues that the core cybernetic principles of complexity, control and autonomy, understood through the overarching idea of self-organisation, can help elaborate a detailed understanding of anarchist organisation. To do so, the chapter develops Beer’s Viable System Model for anarchist social movement organising and uses the example of Occupy to show how the functional hierarchy of Beer’s model can be applied to forms of organisation that are typically understood as rejecting hierarchy. The chapter builds on an important article written by John D. McEwan to show how functional roles in an organisation can be realised on structurally non-hierarchical ways that reinforce the radically democratic and participatory practices of anarchism.
‘Iron Rod’ or ‘Colander’? Welfare Regimes in England and Italy
Authors: Chase Elaine , Allsopp Jennifer
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores core differences in how young people experienced the asylum/immigration and social care nexus in Italy and the United Kingdom. Both systems had intrinsic advantages and inadequacies that created different kinds of opportunities for individuals at different points in their migration journeys. Of most significance is the fact that the two countries' immigration and welfare regimes differed so substantially in the first place. This finding challenges the notion of a common European asylum system, and common standards across the European Union (EU) for upholding the rights of unaccompanied minors and children more broadly. The experiences of the young people in the study also challenge several assumptions regarding the traditional welfare regime typologies that have been used by some to account for differences in support provision between EU member states.
Constructing Viable Futures as ‘Adults’
Authors: Chase Elaine , Allsopp Jennifer
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates how young people seek to construct viable futures through the process of migration. While many young people arriving in England, and to some extent in Italy, alluded to the expanding futures emerging in Europe, they frequently saw these new horizons shrinking as they approached adulthood, particularly if they still had uncertain legal status. At the juncture between institutionally defined childhood and adulthood, the notion of vulnerability, used by immigration and social care structures and systems as a sorting mechanism for deciding who is and is not eligible to support, takes on very different economic, social, and political meanings. No longer meeting the institutional criteria of the 'vulnerable child', young people may paradoxically become more vulnerable as they encounter the multiple uncertainties of having an undetermined immigration status or, even when they do have status, are propelled towards independence with little preparation or support. Refocusing the lens away from individualized factors and circumstances typically associated with vulnerability towards more fundamental questions of the precarity forces a reconsideration of policies and practices and how they fundamentally determine young people's wellbeing outcomes, and whether or not they can construct the sorts of futures they aspire to.
Emotional and Mental Wellbeing
Authors: Chase Elaine , Allsopp Jennifer
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses the central importance of health, and in particular mental health, to a sense of wellbeing. It considers the factors that negatively impact mental wellbeing of migrant young people not so much in terms of presenting symptoms and biomedical responses, but largely as products of systems and structures that are incompatible with their lives and aspirations. The chapter highlights not only how poor health outcomes are often products of immigration and social care structures, but also how health services are no longer safe, neutral spaces. Instead, in the contemporary hostile environment, health services can act as additional arms of immigration control and surveillance systems. The chapter then discusses the controversial logic in the clinical use of anti-depressants and other drugs to manage conditions that are essentially socially and politically constructed, as well as the incursion of the criminal justice system into the arena of addiction and behavioural disorders.
The Political Project of Austerity
Authors: Dabrowski Vicki
Published: May 2021

This chapter takes a look on the social and political history of austerity in the UK. It begins with a historical contextualization of austerity as a repeating political project, exploring how the state has been put to use during different times of crisis and state regimes. This genealogy provides a gendered analysis of the workings of the state, highlighting how women have continually been used and/or blamed. It then shifts on the present era of UK austerity. Through the examination of policy documents and political discourse, it investigates how moral discourses that emanate from the state both justify changes to the welfare state and reinforce gendered, classed and 'racial' divisions inside the population. Ultimately, the chapter situates the present context of austerity within historical legacies that structure, reproduce and legitimize material and symbolic violence. In doing so, it analyses how the state has crafted and shaped gender and class relations within these different periodizations.
Austerity Talk
Authors: Dabrowski Vicki
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates how women who are significantly affected by austerity and welfare reform and who are devalued and made abject by the symbolic and institutional violence of the austerity programme — single mothers, women reliant on welfare, migrant women and women with disabilities or health conditions — talk about the austerity agenda. It unpacks the role of the state in reinforcing and producing social divisions, processes of discrimination, stigmatization, prejudice, exclusion and blame in the everyday. The chapter explores the complex, contradictory and nuanced ways in which women who are closer to the stigmatized position of the 'bad citizen' simultaneously reproduce and reinforce moralistic narratives of economic productivity and moral worth and, at the same time, question and talk back to existing discourses through processes of distancing, blame, boundary formation and creation of alternative values.
Austerity and Feminism(s)
Authors: Dabrowski Vicki
Published: May 2021

This chapter draws on feminist identification to further examine austerity's moral discourses. Feminism, as this chapter illustrates, is a productive site through which to examine austerity practices. The chapter also exposes how feminism becomes an active force field that reinforces and questions certain aspects of the austerity project, and a way through which moral, classed and racialized differences are opposed and further reproduced. It highlights that some women do not claim a feminist position, or are unsure about the label, however, this does not mean that feminism is rejected by all. Some women's locations do not mediate feminist consciousness in predictable ways and their struggle is not narrated solely in terms of gender relations. The chapter argues that many women, on the other hand, do claim a feminist position. Some women identify with a particular form of neoliberal feminism which converges with, and reinforces austerity policies and discourses. Ultimately, it shows how women are identifying with and advocating for antineoliberal forms of feminism. Making interventions in the austerity project, collective action was seen as necessary to aid social justice and the common good.
Austerity Future(s)?
Authors: Dabrowski Vicki
Published: May 2021

This chapter pays particular attention to how women's future imaginaries are felt in the present. It explores how austerity affects these imaginaries and asks which types of futures have women begun to imagine in the context of austerity. Women's future imaginings are multiple and are affected particularly by class positioning. The chapter changes its focus to reveal the ways in which austerity affects women's access to different kinds of imagined and real futures. Making interventions into some of the more utopian and post-political futures' research and thinking, this chapter specifically reflects on the different ways in which austerity distributes social distress and anxiety. Ultimately, it presents a nuanced analysis of how women imagine but also plan their future.
Conclusion: The State Women are Now In
Authors: Dabrowski Vicki
Published: May 2021

The concluding chapter reviews the central themes from this book and discusses their implications for the role of the state in continuing to reproduce and legitimize gendered state violence. It mentions the symbiotic relationship between austerity as a gendered state project and its gendered social effects. The chapter also recounts the multiple ways in which austerity is produced and legitimized by the state, and situated austerity within its historical context. It then recalls the interviews and group discussions with 61 women from diverse backgrounds in Leeds, London and Brighton during 2014 and 2015 and how austerity was experienced and articulated in their everyday lives. These discussions thus raise speculative questions about the human complexity of the imposition of austerity and the long-term political and social consequences of creating a generation which has been led to suppose that austerity is somehow essential.
Late to the Party? Legal Practice and Wellbeing
Authors: Jones Emma , Graffin Neil , Samra Rajvinder , Lucassen Mathijs
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the concepts of mental health and wellbeing, with a particular emphasis on their conceptualisation within the legal profession. It explores how the law (and the legal profession) have traditionally prized a rigid and narrow form of analytical reasoning which excludes or ignores the importance of preserving good mental health and wellbeing within practice. In doing so, it draws on evidence that discussion of mental illness and health remains heavily stigmatised within the profession. This chapter also considers how elements of the legal profession have begun to acknowledge the growing concerns around wellbeing through an emphasis on notions such as “emotional intelligence” and “mindfulness”. These are often characterised in a way which places additional pressures on individual practitioners to practice forms of mental hygiene, whilst failing to tackle the underlying causes, in particular, the widespread use of unhealthy working practices, which are creating and exacerbating wellbeing issues.
The ‘S’ Word: Stress and the Legal Profession
Authors: Jones Emma , Graffin Neil , Samra Rajvinder , Lucassen Mathijs
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins by focusing on stress, a key issue raised by many in the study. It considers the theoretical meaning of this term and explores how it is conceptualised within the legal profession. This includes discussing key stressors and destressors and linking these to the themes highlighted in previous chapters. It moves on to focus on the reactions and responses to stress (and other mental health and wellbeing problems) that have been identified by legal professionals, including a number of dysfunctional coping mechanisms such as alcohol and substance abuse. It also considers more positive responses (such as yoga) and explore to what extent these alone can impact on the issues facing the profession.
Conclusion: Challenging the Status Quo – A Manifesto for Change
Authors: Jones Emma , Graffin Neil , Samra Rajvinder , Lucassen Mathijs
Published: May 2021

This conclusion draws together the key themes from each individual chapter to present a final argument on the need for practical and evidence-based changes within the profession. It identifies specific actions and changes that can (and should) be taken by different levels of the legal profession, from key stakeholders to individual practitioners to legal educators, creating paths of action and investigation at all levels of the profession. Overall, it sets out a manifesto for holistic change designed to create a healthier legal profession and preserve its key role within society.
Architectures of Wonder and Dismay
Authors: Miller Jacob C.
Published: May 2021

Despite the spectacle going digital, the physical built environment of cities, infrastructure and everyday space continues to exist, at least for the time being. It is worth noting that the Trump enterprise perfected its post-truth capabilities through the production of these spectacular spaces as well, including hotels, resorts, casinos, shopping centers and other spaces of leisure. Again, the spectacle as an embodied assemblage enrols us in a series of activities that bring us into an uneasy proximity with the consumer world promoted by the Trump family business itself.
From Political Enterprise to the Modern State
Authors: Robé Jean-Philippe
Published: May 2021

The Chapter explains how the State evolved from being merely a type of political enterprise to the institution it is today. In its origins, the State is nothing more than a coalition of powerful men controlling a territory via the use of violence if necessary. Property rights in the modern sense hardly exist at this stage of institutional development. Accessorily, violent coalitions of political entrepreneurs provide a service to the population: order. The political enterprise will extend this service, enlarging its jurisdiction and effective control over competing forces and will facilitate and benefit from the progressive development of market exchange. The modern State is intrinsically linked to modern taxes, payable in money and not in kind. Via a very long process, the resources needed by States to be in a position to provide services to their local population will be extracted via taxation and not mere compulsion in the context of the development of a monetary economy developed in part thanks to State action. States developed an inherent interest in protecting property and facilitating market exchange as a means to access to more resources via the taxation of a monetary economy.
The Features of Business Corporations
Authors: Robé Jean-Philippe
Published: May 2021

The Chapter details the fundamental features of business corporations. One key feature is that business corporations have « legal personality »: they are treated by the legal system as « persons » and can own assets, contract and be liable. Corporations can issue shares of stock and raise share capital. The shares are autonomous objects of property and two separate forms of property have gained in importance: the ones owned by corporations over productive assets; and the ones owned by shareholders over shares. Both categories of owners are the decision-makers as a matter of principle over what they own: the productive assets for the corporation, and the shares for the shareholders. Contrary to a widespread mistake, shareholders do not own firms, nor corporations, nor their assets. The asset and liability partitioning deriving from the existence of the corporation is a fundamental feature of modern capitalism. Combined with the locking-in of productive assets in the ownership of corporations, this legal structuring of businesses has concentrated property rights over productive assets into the ownership of potentially eternal corporations. This concentration of power into the hands of firm managers raises the issue of the proper rules of governance applicable to global firms.
The Spreading of the Corporate System and its Consequences
Authors: Robé Jean-Philippe
Published: May 2021

Business corporations developed in the industrializing world in a legal environment which was initially hostile to them. Incorporation was transformed from a privilege into a right. The development of corporate law has led to the advent of Financial Capitalism, in which two forms of capital exist in connection with any given bundle of assets and contracts There is first the capital and contracts required by the productive activity; and there is then the financial capital represented by the financial instruments issued by the corporation. The Chapter provides an example of the evolving relation between firms and States in a globalized economy. The model of a firm adapting its corporate structure to the opportunities offered by the evolving legal rules in an international economy is used. It leads to a reassessment of the necessity to differentiate firms from corporations and to insist on the importance of the rules of corporate governance. The opportunities offered to multinational firms by the international economy combined with an improper mandate to maximize short-term shareholder value, and the biased accounting rules accompanying it, lead to the accounting acknowledgement of « shareholder value creation » even when no real « value » is being created.
Towards a Sustainable World Power System
Authors: Robé Jean-Philippe
Published: May 2021

Finally, we look at some of the tools available to address the issue of climate change in the present World Power System. We must find the way to reengineer multinational enterprises in a way that they address climate change issues in their day-to-day operations. A flawed agency theory has led to improper firm governance, the maximization of shareholder short-term interests leading to a massive production of negative externalities. We need to move to true cost accounting by integrating into the accounts of reporting entities the replacement cost of the CO2 used in their value chains. Using the notion of replacement cost prevents any attempt at pricing environmental services. Pricing would be subjective and/or artificial. The move allows to go beyond the financial sustainability of firms, which is a prerequisite but is insufficient. Firms also need to show that they are compatible with the preservation of natural resources. It is the only way to ensure the sustainability of our kind of society, with strong rights of autonomy, including property rights.
The Age of Low Tech
Authors: Bihouix Philippe
Published: May 2021

As we face a profound environmental crisis, we often think that it can be overcome by smart systems and green innovations, but this is risky since increasingly complex technological solutions rely on less abundant materials. A best-seller in France, this English language edition introduces readers to an alternative perspective on our technological future. The book skilfully goes against the grain to argue that 'high' technology will not solve global problems and envisages a different approach to manage our resources and build a more resilient and sustainable society.
The Rise and Fall of ‘Engineering Miracle-Workers’
Authors: Bihouix Philippe
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews how technology has always responded to shortages of resources. It describes the origins of industrial chemistry, energy technology, food production and storage, and construction materials. It also explains the history of humanity that encompasses a long struggle with resource scarcity wherein every species is constrained by the availability of resources in its environment. The chapter looks at the idyllic vision of energy ending up with nuclear fusion or fast breeder reactor solving the problem of limited reserves of uranium, which is based on a serious misunderstanding of several physical phenomena and of the 'systemic' nature of industrial society. It elaborates how renewable energies are far from being autonomous, resilient, community-based, and controllable by local people and companies.
Daily Life in the Era of Simple Technologies
Authors: Bihouix Philippe
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates what daily life might be like in a low-tech era, including topics on agriculture and food, transport, construction, manufactured products, finance, information technologies, and love and leisure. It speculates the application of the general principles on low-tech without any assumptions about their political, economic, social, or cultural feasibility. It also describes the 'upstream' activities of food production that is needed to feed humanity in decades to come without compromising the capacity to feed for the coming centuries. The chapter looks at the freedom created by motorized individual mobility that came with a high price from the environmental and societal point of view. It probes how the energy issue might be solved in the low-tech world.
Epilogue: A Dream If Ever There Was One
Authors: Bihouix Philippe
Published: May 2021

The world has gone crazy. ‘They’ have gone crazy, and if it continues this way, we will eventually go crazy too! This ‘progress’ that we fail to stop takes daft and unexpected forms. Now, in summer, on Pornichet–La Baule beach in France, a small motorized machine cleans the sand to remove pieces of shell in order to prepare the beach for tourists. … Who could have made such a decision? Elected officials afraid of a class action lawsuit by bathers whose feet have been scratched? Consultants who have benchmarked practice in Cannes or Biarritz? And did nobody point out to them that the sand is partly composed of pieces of shell?...
Introduction: A Process-Sociological Approach to Understanding Civilization
Authors: Linklater Andrew
Published: May 2021

The introduction notes that the concept of civilization first rose to prominence in the late eighteenth century French court society and then spread outward to non-European elites and downward to the rest of society. The idea became central to European self- understandings and to the sense of differentiation from the rest of the world. The dominant notions of civilization shaped the global order through colonial offensives to transform supposedly backward societies. Analyses of the civilizational dimensions of the global order have largely ignored Elias’s explanation of the European civilizing process. The introduction explains its contribution to the classical sociological tradition and discusses its relationship with postcolonial investigations and English School studies of international society. Core elements of the method of Eliasian process sociology are explained including the connection between detached social inquiry and the secular humanism that underpinned Elias’s analysis of human societies and their inter-relations.
Elias’s Explanation of the European Civilizing Process
Authors: Linklater Andrew
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains Elias’s pioneering analysis of the European civilizing process – the process in which they came to regard themselves as uniquely civilized. It discusses his examination of how state formation, internal pacification, and rising interdependencies were linked with the development of new standards of propriety and new expectations of self-restraint. Changing attitudes to violence were integral parts of the overall direction of change. Civilized people came to regard judicial torture and capital punishment as antithetical to their refined ways of life. Changing manners were related developments. Those movements influenced European attitudes to non-European peoples. They underpinned the belief that colonialism was necessary to spread civilization. Elias did not argue that the process of civilization was evidence of human progress. The chapter discusses his analysis of decivilizing processes in Nazi Germany and the argument that sociological inquiry should seek to explain the shifting balances of power between civilizing and decivilizing processes in human
figurations.
The Nation-State, War and Human Equality
Authors: Linklater Andrew
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains Elias’s analysis of the inseparability of intra- and inter-societal relations. It highlights his position on the split within civilization – on the widespread belief that the standards of restraint that are widely observed within civilized societies have to be relaxed in struggles with external enemies. Elias nuanced the point by exploring the duality of nation-state normative codes, namely the co-existence of nationalist-Machiavellian standpoints and the conviction that universal and egalitarian principles should be upheld in intra- as well as inter-societal relations. The duality gave rise to the peculiar entanglements of civilized peoples. The chapter builds on Elias’s argument by showing how those themes influenced doctrines of imperialism and conceptions of a civilized international society.
The Classical European ‘Standard of Civilization’
Authors: Linklater Andrew
Published: May 2021

This chapter develops the thesis that Elias devoted too little attention to colonialism and to civilizing offensives to transform non-European peoples. To extend Elias’s explanation of the civilizing process, it considers discourses of conquest and discovery that shaped civilized self-images. Elias’s focus on the role that manners books played in influencing the dominant standards of propriety can be augmented by investigating the impact of narratives that were centred on colonial encounters. Specific attention is paid to the nineteenth century standard of civilization which was an important bridge between state formation and colonial international society. That legal doctrine embodied distinctions between civilized, semi-civilized and savage peoples that were central to the world-views of the imperial establishment. They were not fixed positions in an unchangeable hierarchy of peoples. They were linked with conceptions of human progress which assumed that societies of lesser worth could be elevated through benign imperial governance. The standard of civilization was fundamental to European attempts to create a global order in their image.
Plasmonic optical fiber for bacteria manipulation—characterization and visualization of accumulation behavior under plasmo-thermal trapping
Authors: Kim Jang Ah , Yeatman Eric M. , Thompson Alex J.
Published: May 2021

In this article, we demonstrate a plasmo-thermal bacterial accumulation effect using a miniature plasmonic optical fiber. The combined action of far-field convection and a near-field trapping force (referred to as thermophoresis)—induced by highly localized plasmonic heating—enabled the large-area accumulation of Escherichia coli. The estimated thermophoretic trapping force agreed with previous reports, and we applied speckle imaging analysis to map the in-plane bacterial velocities over large areas. This is the first time that spatial mapping of bacterial velocities has been achieved in this setting. Thus, this analysis technique provides opportunities to better understand this phenomenon and to drive it towards in vivo applications.
Passively Q-switched YVO4 Raman operation with 816 and 890 cm-1 shifts by respective Raman configurations
Authors: Zhang Li , Duan Yanmin , Mao Xuanhe , Li Zhihong , Chen Yuxuan , Zhang Yaoju , Zhu Haiyong
Published: May 2021

Passively Q-switched operation of Nd:YAP/Cr4+:YAG/YVO4 Raman lasers with 816 and 890 cm-1 shifts were demonstrated. A Cr4+:YAG/YAG composite crystal was utilized for the passively Q-switched operation. Using an output coupler with different transmittance at both first-Stokes wavelengths, the single first-Stokes waves at 1183.7 nm and 1194.6 nm were obtained in X(ZZ)X and X(YY)X Raman configurations, respectively. Under an absorbed pump power of 8.21 W, the maximum output power of 0.85 W and 0.76 W were achieved, corresponding to the conversion efficiency of 10.4% and 9.3%, respectively. Experimental results show that although the transmittance losses of both Stokes wavelengths were quite different, their thresholds were similar and very close to that of the passively Q-switched fundamental wave in the cavity. The pulse repetition frequency was mainly determined by the Raman conversion efficiency. These laser output characteristics have some reference value for the design of passively Q-switched Raman lasers.
High numerical aperture imaging systems formed by integrating bionic artificial compound eyes on a CMOS sensor
Authors: Zhai Yueqi , Niu Jiaqi , Liu Jingquan , Yang Bin
Published: May 2021

The compound eyes of natural insects endowed with the merits of a wide field of view (FOV), high sensitivity, and detection of moving targets, have aroused extensive concern. In this work, a large-scale artificial compound eye is fabricated by a high-efficiency and low-cost strategy that involves the combination of the thermal reflow method and pressure deformation. About 30,000 ommatidia are evenly distributed on the surface of a hemisphere with an ultralow surface roughness and a large numerical aperture (NA) of 0.66. Moreover, the FOV of the artificial compound eye investigated is about 120°. The collaboration of the compound eye and CMOS sensor makes the ommatidia capturing multiple images of human organs enabled. This micro-based imaging system has considerable potential in integrated pinhole cameras, medical endoscopes, and drone navigation.
Comparison of two low-noise CEO frequency stabilization methods for an all-PM Yb:fiber NALM oscillator
Authors: Salman Sarper , Ma Yuxuan , Gürel Kutan , Schilt Stéphane , Li Chen , Pfäfflein Philip , Mahnke Christoph , Fellinger Jakob , Droste Stefan , Mayer Aline S. , Heckl Oliver H. , Südmeyer Thomas , Heyl Christoph M. , Hartl Ingmar
Published: May 2021

We present a comparison of two low-noise carrier-envelope offset (CEO) frequency stabilization methods studied using an ytterbium (Yb) fiber laser oscillator based on a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror. We first investigate the phase locking performance achieved with cross-gain modulation (XGM) via injection of an auxiliary low-power continuous-wave (CW) laser into the fiber gain medium. Amplification of the injected CW laser light cross-modulates the gain of the oscillator, resulting in an intra-cavity power modulation, thus providing control of the CEO frequency. The XGM method is then compared with the conventional pump-current modulation scheme. Both stabilization methods provide similar locking performances with sub-200-mrad of integrated residual carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) noise (10 Hz to 1 MHz), suitable for high-resolution comb spectroscopy applications.
Ultra-compact titanium dioxide micro-ring resonators with sub-10-μm radius for on-chip photonics
Authors: Fu Meicheng , Zheng Yi , Li Gaoyuan , Yi Wenjun , Qi Junli , Yin Shaojie , Li Xiujian , Guan Xiaowei
Published: May 2021

Microring resonators (MRRs) with ultracompact footprints are preferred for enhancing the light-matter interactions to benefit various applications. Here, ultracompact titanium dioxide (

TiO

2

) MRRs with sub-10-μm radii are experimentally demonstrated. Thanks to the large refractive index of

TiO

2

, the quality factors up to

∼
7.9
×

10

4

and

∼
4.4
×

10

4

are achieved for

TiO

2

MRRs with radii of 10 μm and 6 μm, respectively, which result in large nonlinear power enhancement factors (

>
113

) and large Purcell factors (

>
56

). The four-wave mixing (FWM) measurements indicate that, compared to the large MRR, the FWM conversion efficiency of the ultracompact

TiO

2

MRRs can be greatly improved (e.g.,

−
25
  
dB

versus

−
31
  
dB

), a harbinger of significant superiorities. Demonstrations in this work provide more arguments for the

TiO

2

waveguides as a promising platform for various on-chip photonic devices.
What do Eulerian and Hamiltonian cycles have to do with genome assembly?
Authors: Medvedev Paul , Pop Mihai
Published: May 2021

Many students are taught about genome assembly using the dichotomy between the complexity of finding Eulerian and Hamiltonian cycles (easy versus hard, respectively). This dichotomy is sometimes used to motivate the use of de Bruijn graphs in practice. In this paper, we explain that while de Bruijn graphs have indeed been very useful, the reason has nothing to do with the complexity of the Hamiltonian and Eulerian cycle problems. We give 2 arguments. The first is that a genome reconstruction is never unique and hence an algorithm for finding Eulerian or Hamiltonian cycles is not part of any assembly algorithm used in practice. The second is that even if an arbitrary genome reconstruction was desired, one could do so in linear time in both the Eulerian and Hamiltonian paradigms.
Incidence and time trends of herpes zoster among patients with head and neck cancer who did and did not undergo radiotherapy: A population-based cohort study
Authors: Lee Peng-Yi , Lai Jung-Nien , Chiu Lu-Ting , Wei Yu-Ting
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This study aimed to determine the risk and time trends of herpes zoster among patients with head and neck cancer, with or without radiotherapy.

Methods

A total of 2160 patients with head and neck cancer were enrolled. The radiotherapy and non- radiotherapy cohorts were frequency-matched at a 1:1 ratio according to sex, age, and index date. Moreover, 1080 matched non-cancer individuals were considered normal controls. Data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database and Cancer Registry. The primary end point was the incidence of herpes zoster, and the adjusted confounding factors were age, sex, comorbidities, oncological surgery, and chemotherapy.

Results

The incidence of herpes zoster was higher in cancer patients than in non-cancer individuals but did not significantly differ (13.67 vs. 8.06 per 1,000 person-years, p = 0.18). The risk of herpes zoster was significantly higher in the radiotherapy cohort than in the non-radiotherapy cohort (18.55 vs. 9.06 per 1,000 person-years, p = 0.03). The 5-year incidence rates in the radiotherapy and non-radiotherapy cohorts were 8.9% and 5%, respectively (p < 0.0001). Survival analysis indicated there was no immortal time bias. The time trends in the radiotherapy cohort persistently showed a high risk within the first 2 years, which decreased thereafter. Only patients with comorbid rheumatoid arthritis showed a significantly high risk of herpes zoster (p = 0.02). Oncological surgery and chemotherapy had no impact on the development of herpes zoster.

Conclusions

This nationwide population-based study showed that patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiotherapy are at an increased risk of herpes zoster. Health care professionals should pay more attention to this vulnerable group to improve their quality of life.
Seeking community water fluoridation information on state health department websites
Authors: Maybury Catherine , Jacob Matt , Flanders Jessica M. , Horowitz Alice M.
Published: May 2021

Community water fluoridation (CWF) is the most effective and equitable approach to preventing dental caries (tooth decay). Yet millions of Americans, especially those at highest risk of caries, do not know what CWF is or its preventive benefits. State health departments are responsible for educating their respective populations. Thus, this study assessed health department websites (N = 50) to determine if CWF content existed, the ease of finding it, and if it was written in plain language and for a consumer audience. We used the web component of the HLE2: The Health Literacy Environment of Hospitals and Health Centers (HLE2) to assess how easy or difficult it was to the navigate a website and find information. Forty-one websites had CWF information; 37 states had content written for a consumer audience. HLE2 scores ranged from 0 to 54 points (60 possible). Only five states had websites with a HLE2 score of 50 or higher. SHDs with higher HLE2 scores were easy to navigate and their content was written for a consumer audience. Study findings suggest most SHDs should improve their website’s CWF content and its accessibility to better promote the role of fluoridated water in preventing dental caries.