bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
James Madison
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 5 concentrates on how James Madison led the nation into and through the War of 1812. Madison took power at a time of a weakened presidency, but English and French depredations on US commerce moved him to exert bold leadership. In the ensuing war, the United States suffered numerous setbacks, including the burning of the nation’s capital, and the war ended as a stalemate, but Americans chose to view it as a triumph, especially after Andrew Jackson’s success in New Orleans. During his last months in office, Madison became popular since he was one of the surviving Revolutionary leaders who commanded the respect of younger generations of Americans. The chapter concludes by contending that Madison’s impact on the institution of the presidency depends on his performance in the White House alongside his role as the father of the Constitution.
James Monroe
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 6 focuses on the presidency of James Monroe who demonstrated that he was a true believer in the Republican creed, which survived the trial by fire of the War of 1812. Monroe also cultivated a spirit of national unity—called an “Era of Good Feelings”—far removed from the Federalist-Republican acrimony of 1800. Even though Monroe was scrupulously respectful of the curbs on executive powers mandated by the Constitution, he made a considerable impression on the institution of the American presidency. He made his greatest mark in foreign affairs by enunciating the Monroe Doctrine. He also acquired Florida from Spain and at the end of his tenure US territory or claims extended across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific. America was becoming an empire.
The Importance of Dialogue
Authors: Erstad Ola , Hagtvet Bente Eriksen , Wertsch James V.
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the main ideas and perspectives underlying the book. It presents crucial ideas from Ragnar Rommetveit about the importance of dialogue. The authors see education as a key social system where students learn skills and knowledge that are fundamental to social and cultural development, such as skills in taking the perspective of others, skills of communication, and skills of establishing intersubjectivity (shared “here and now”). A fundamental question is then, to what extent, and how, education systems, curricula, and teachers’ practices may develop a culture of mutual respect that may foster students’ appropriation of attitudes and skills that enable them to cope with ongoing social and cultural transformations. In this chapter the structure of the book is presented in terms of a set of core phenomena.
Layered Attunement
Authors: Bisgaard Christian H. , Antoine Campill Marc , von Fircks Enno , Valsiner Jaan
Published: June 2024

This chapter is a theoretical proposition to a move beyond the original notion of the dialogical self as proposed by Hermans (2001) to the polysemic multivoiced self by relying on Rommetveit’s (1985, 1992) understanding of the inherent dialogical nature of human beings, following his notion of intersubjectivity and attunement and further expanding this approach through semiotic mediation (Valsiner, 2007, 2014, 2020a, 2020b). In this way, we are proposing a hierarchically layered model of the self that allows us to understand the inherent complexity of human meaning-making processes that inevitably consists of negotiation of multiple, simultaneously occurring inter- and intrapsychological dialogues.
Opportunities to Learn and Intersubjectivity
Authors: Snow Catherine , Lawrence Joshua
Published: June 2024

A major theme in Rommetveit’s work was intersubjectivity: a concept with multiple meanings that vary with context of use, but which we define here as the sharing of understandings or knowledge across two minds. We argue that planned attention to generating intersubjectivity is crucial to effective education. Intersubjectivity-promoting activities include engaging in debate and discussion, using worked examples to promote reflection, and collaborative learning with authentic tasks. Unfortunately, such activities are only rarely available to children in typical classrooms or to teachers in preservice or professional development settings. There is ample evidence that these activities generate high motivation and engagement, fluency with academic language forms, and opportunities to hone argumentation skills and perspective-taking capacity among students, as well as a deeper understanding of taught material, more ownership of the content, and better models for teaching when used in professional development and teacher education.
Code-Switching During Shared Reading in Bilingual Families
Authors: Nomat Dilman , Grøver Vibeke , Rydland Veslemøy
Published: June 2024

The benefits of shared reading have been widely documented in research on dual language learners. However, we have yet to understand how bilingual parent–child dyads use and alternate between their languages during shared reading. Anchored in Rommetveit’s dialogism and his term attunement to the attunement of the other, we examined how Kurdish-Norwegian families with a 4–5-year-old child used their languages as dialogic resources during shared reading. We applied a qualitative approach using a three-wave longitudinal case study design with seven parent–child dyads. Data included parental interviews and audio recordings of shared reading sessions. The results indicated: (1) great variation in code-switching patterns (within and between dyads) at the onset of the study, (2) these patterns changed in unique and complex ways over time, and (3) parents employed code-switching as a resource to scaffold dialogues and support their child’s understanding. The findings are discussed in relation to how parents’ language choices reflect their attunement to their children.
Legacies and Prospects of Dialogue
Authors: Erstad Ola , Eriksen Hagtvet Bente , Wertsch James V.
Published: June 2024

The changing and accumulating societal barriers to dialogue are of key importance for understanding the human condition in contemporary societies. An important message throughout this book is the emphasis on the facilitators of true dialogue and the dangers of taking it for granted. While the collection of the volume's chapter topics was largely preplanned, the times we have lived through during the delivery of this book have presumably strengthened our awareness of the ideals of authentic dialogue being an urgently important, yet fragile, quality of living. On this background, this book is also a defense of authentic dialogues and the need to nurse them in school. In this final note of the book we point back to the legacies from Ragnar Rommetveit that all chapters refer to, from macro- to micro-perspectives. The chapter end with a quote from an interview with Rommetveit where he explains some of his key ideas.
White Desirability and the Violent Radicalization of Andrew Cunanan
Authors: Milton Ducusin Marc
Published: June 2024

Diverse media representations of gay, biracial spree killer Andrew Cunanan situate him within overlapping cultural understandings of queer violence, male sex work, and Asian-American identity. Infamous for the 1997 murder of Gianni Versace, Cunanan exerts a fraught fascination for scholars and artists of color. While his mixed-race identity embodied the mestizo physical ideal privileged in Filipino culture, his victimization of white men violently overturned the power dynamics through which white American culture and gay communities marginalize queer Asian bodies. The racist specter of white desirability thus haunts his tragic crimes in ways little explored in pop cultural depictions, news coverage, and academic studies. Through a mix of intersectional cultural analysis, close reading, and personal reflections, this chapter interrogates the social realities of sexual racism in the much-scrutinized media narrative of one of modern pop culture’s most notorious Asian-American figures.
Sexual Racism and Asian American Egg Donation
Authors: Yom Ellen
Published: June 2024

Assisted reproductive technologies have advanced significantly in the past four decades. While egg donation has been a welcome solution for many people who are unable to conceive through other means, the unregulated way in which it is practiced in the United States has created a marketplace with mixed sociocultural implications. This chapter outlines the gendered and racialized dynamics of egg donation, highlighting how such practices reify bioessentialist understandings of kinship and procreation. In particular, the chapter explores how bioessentialism and the “model minority” stereotype casts Asian American egg donors as desirable, ultimately assigning commercial value to race. As a researcher of this topic, the author examines these complexities and draws on their positionality as an Asian American mother married to a white man. Applying methods of reflexivity, they unpack their own and other’s ambivalence toward sexual racism and the contradictory feelings that can arise from being desired for one’s race.
Approaching Chord Tones by Two Notes
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Chapter 6 introduces multiple approach tones. Lesson Plan 8 combines the techniques introduced in chapters 4 and 5. In preparation for improvising on the entire chord or scale in chapter 8, a new melodic shape is applied to diatonic 3rds. Recommendations are given for ways in which to create rhythmic variety with diatonic 3rds. In Lesson Plan 9, approaches from two notes above or two notes below are introduced. The importance of slow, steady tempo is emphasized. Chromatic approaches are also covered.
Improvising on the Entire Chord/Scale (Part 2)
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Chapter 9 considers two main issues: ways in which to create longer lines with 3rds, and how to connect lines that move between different chords. Lesson Plan 14 introduces implied cross-rhythms: implied 3/4 in 4/4 time and implied 5/4 in 4/4 time. The chapter then considers ways in which to move between three chords. It also looks at rewriting chord/scales to start on or near common tones, and how to move from one chord or scale to another while starting on the same note, or moving from chord to chord by step. Movements from chord to chord are improvised using diatonic 3rds.
A Guide to Transcribing (Learning by Ear)
Authors: McNeil John , Nielsen Ryan
Published: June 2024

Chapter 16 offers a step-by-step approach to transcription – that is, imitating recorded solos by ear and learning them by heart. It considers the creative value of transcription and imitation, and offers some preparatory steps to get started. It goes on to discuss how to creatively practice what you learn from the process of transcription. Several examples of creative practice inspired by transcription are presented.
Postgraduate Research in Music
Authors: Rogers Victoria
Published: June 2024

Postgraduate Research in Music: A Step-by-Step Guide to Writing a Thesis is an essential text for music students who are undertaking postgraduate research. Unique in its approach and scope, this is a “how to” book, a practical guide that sets out, step-by-step, how to write a thesis. It discusses all key aspects of the research process in the order in which they are encountered, from the initial stages of a research project to completion of a thesis. It also offers a music-specific focus, with explanations and examples that are immediately relevant for all music research and which take into account the special characteristics of music as a discipline. Lastly, it provides a teaching framework for lecturers. All key concepts are illustrated with music-relevant examples. Exercises, and in some chapters class seminar topics as well, are included to reinforce the concepts being discussed. Reading lists are appended at the end of most chapters, enabling students to explore topics in greater depth. Valuable supplementary information, such as referencing examples, is provided in the appendices. Postgraduate Research in Music is based on the premise that there are certain principles that underpin good scholarship, regardless of the area in which the research is conducted. In distilling and discussing these principles, this book speaks to all scholars working within the discipline of music.
Writing a Literature Review
Authors: Rogers Victoria
Published: June 2024

Chapter 4 explores the next step in the research process: writing a literature review. The first part of the chapter sets out the reasons for writing a review of the literature, the sources it includes, and the skills that are needed. The second part provides guidelines for writing a review, dealing in turn with ten elements: (1) where the review is located in a thesis; (2) how many references are included; (3) clustering the references; (4) organizing the references within each cluster; (5) how to begin; (6) reviewing the sources; (7) providing citations; (8) the style of a review; (9) how to end a review; and (10) six common pitfalls. The remainder of the chapter sets out guidelines for writing an annotated bibliography, an exercise that is often undertaken as preparation for the literature review itself. Six elements are discussed: (1) clustering the references; (2) how to begin; (3) reviewing the sources; (4) style; (5) how to end an annotated bibliography; and (6) comparing a literature review and an annotated bibliography. There are three exercises at the end of the chapter. The first two are designed to cultivate critical thinking skills; the third entails the preparation of an annotated bibliography.
Writing a Thesis Part 3
Authors: Rogers Victoria
Published: June 2024

Musical terminology is a frequent source of discombobulation for music scholars. Not only is it unique in the concepts and structures it describes; it is also documented in different ways. Whether to capitalize major and minor, the church modes, and scale degrees; how to document artists’ names and the titles of musical works; how to refer to notes and note names . . . these are just some of the many confusions that arise when writing about music. Chapter 8 brings clarity to the issue by discussing nine key elements within the musical lexicon: (1) capitalization; (2) artists’ names; (3) titles of musical works; (4) notes and note names; (5) time signatures; (6) chords; (7) non-English terms; (8) numbers; and (9) abbreviations. The chapter includes one exercise: a deeply flawed text that is presented for editorial emendation.
Governed By Affect
Authors: Pettit Michael
Published: June 2024

Governed by Affect offers a new history of psychology’s contradictory and contested public life in the United States and beyond since World War II, with a special emphasis on a series of transformations that have occurred since the 1970s. For both policymakers and ordinary people, the discipline of psychology has come to furnish a seemingly inexhaustible array of tools and concepts for making individuals healthier, wealthier, and happier. At the heart of this psychologized neo-liberalism is the notion that attention or the will exists as a scarce resource in a distracted and tempting world. Breaking with the austere and deliberative rationality of Cold War cognitive science, the new psychology depicts individuals as beholden to their unbridled passions and wants. At the same time of this unprecedented cultural influence, psychologists’ expertise came under greater scrutiny than ever before, with the discipline finding itself mired in a pair of moral and epistemological crises which threaten to overturn the field’s self-image as an objective science and a helping profession. The book traces a series of key transformations: a switch from psychology identifying as a social science to a health science; the greater engagement of psychological scientists in the realms of self-help and public policy; and the overshadowing of cognitive science by theories of affect. These three transformations—in psychology’s political economy, in its public engagement, and in its theories of the self—constitute distinct but interconnected areas of analysis for constructing a new history of the psychological society. Such a perspective offers a critical genealogy of the stakes and public face of psychology at a time when the provision of mental health services and the use of behavioral interventions to improve both personal and social well-being are acute matters of concern.
The Tragedy of American Psychology
Authors: Pettit Michael
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the ranks of clinical psychologists who eclipsed the academic scientists in the discipline. The 1970s saw two competing strategies for expanding clinical psychology by politicizing mental health. The first was “the battle for professionalism” represented by the “Dirty Dozen,” a coterie of white, male clinicians in private practice seeking to seize control of the American Psychological Association to transform it into a lobby for securing compensation from insurance providers. In contrast, the Black psychologists affiliated with the Westside Community Mental Health Center in San Francisco offered a radical alternative to professionalism grounded in community participation and control. These two groups articulated very different visions of training, credentialing, and compensation as well as psychology’s relationship to the law. Professionalism’s triumph over community control proved something of a pyrrhic victory, given the growth of psychopharmacology and the fissure of the APA in the 1980s.
“Guile in the Garden”
Authors: Reeder Tyson
Published: June 2024

American revolutionaries eked out victory in their war for independence, but their country remained surrounded by hostile foreign nations. They feared that foreign actors might jeopardize American sovereignty by plotting against them or stunting their westward expansion. Plagued by political uncertainty, social unrest, and economic suffering, Americans fretted that foreign powers would dismantle the new, loosely united country. Few Americans felt that alarm as keenly as James Madison. The future president linked America’s domestic discord with its international weakness. Hamstrung by the Articles of Confederation, Congress remained a bickering diplomatic assembly rather than a national government. If disagreements and divisions persisted, the confederacy might dissolve. If the confederacy dissolved, foreign powers would intervene, and Americans would surrender the sovereignty they had just won.
“The Election of Mr. Madison”
Authors: Reeder Tyson
Published: June 2024

As war raged between Britain and Napoleon’s France, the two European powers caught Americans in the middle. They imposed blockades that devastated American exports. Each empire oscillated between flattery and threats to pressure Americans to their side. The British and Federalists attempted to discredit the Jefferson administration and keep Madison out of the White House. Political paranoia increased on all sides during the election of 1808 as Britain and France violated US neutrality, increasing the stakes of US political debates. Madison took office with partisans primed to believe the worst about each other. Federalists saw him as Napoleon’s stooge. In turn, Madison misread the discontented mumblings of extreme Federalists as a full-fledged conspiracy to invite British dominion over the United States. Both sides feared that unless they routed the political opposition, foreign enemies would destroy US independence.
Mission Driven Bureaucrats
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: June 2024

Mission Driven Bureaucrats argues that the performance of our governments can be transformed by managing bureaucrats for their empowerment rather than for compliance. Aimed at public sector workers, leaders, academics, and citizens alike, it contends that public sectors too often rely on a managerial approach that seeks to tightly monitor and control employees, and thus demotivates and repels the mission-motivated. The book suggests that better performance can in many cases come from a more empowerment-oriented managerial approach—which allows autonomy, cultivates feelings of competence, and creates connection to peers and purpose—which allows the mission-motivated to thrive. Arguing against conventional wisdom, the volume argues that compliance often thwarts, rather than enhances, public value—and that we can often get less corruption and malfeasance with less monitoring. It provides a handbook of strategies for managers to introduce empowerment-oriented strategies into their agency. It also describes what everyday citizens can do to support the empowerment of bureaucrats in their governments. Interspersed throughout this book are featured profiles of real-life Mission Driven Bureaucrats, who exemplify the dedication and motivation that is typical of many civil servants. Drawing on original empirical data from a number of countries and the prior work of other scholars from around the globe, the volume argues that empowerment-oriented management and how to cultivate, support, attract, and retain Mission Driven Bureaucrats should have a larger place in our thinking and practice.
Systems All the Way Down
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: June 2024

This chapter describes the importance of collectives and teams to public performance. It first presents evidence that peer networks can influence an employee’s motivation and job satisfaction. Peer networks can also improve employees’ performance at work through peer learning and peer accountability tools, such as peer discussions. The chapter then describes how norms and culture can influence a team’s performance. Employees are likely to act in mission-driven ways if their team upholds deliberative and mission-oriented norms. However, undesirable norms of corruption or risk conservatism may derail a team’s performance. Fortunately, management can play a role in shifting the norms of their team.
Pathways from Managing for Empowerment and Managing for Compliance to Results
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines when and where empowerment-oriented (Route E) reforms are likely to improve performance, as compared to compliance-oriented (Route C) reforms. It first highlights a link between high-performing agencies and empowerment-oriented management. It then describes the potential benefits and risks of Route C managerial reforms. It examines various empirical studies of Route E and Route C reforms—first exploring the effects of the same managerial approach across different agencies, then comparing both approaches in the same context. It finds that Route E is indeed preferable to Route C in agencies that are intractable to monitoring. Route E may even be beneficial within easily monitored agencies that have underutilized empowerment-oriented strategies. The chapter also introduces performance possibility frontiers (PPFs) as useful thinking tools to map the connection between management strategies and performance, using Delhi schools as a case study. Finally, it describes the benefits of hybrid reform strategies, which combine Route E and C elements.
Rethinking Accountability for Mission Driven Bureaucrats
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores how managers can build accountability in the public service without suffocating the motivation of Mission Driven Bureaucrats. It first describes the massive costs of traditional, compliance-oriented oversight in government programs. It argues that bureaucrats are often even more mission-driven than their principals, who can themselves be corrupt—especially when these principals are politicians. Mission-motivated agents can act as a buffer against corrupt principals. It then explores the relationship between corruption and performance. While compliance-oriented accountability regimes may reduce corruption, they may also impair performance by demotivating bureaucrats. The chapter advocates for empowerment-oriented approaches to accountability, which rely on cultivating mission-driven employees and norms. It explores ways to shift the direction of accountability relationships toward peers and citizens. It then examines ways to shift from accounting-based accountability regimes toward account-based accountability approaches, which provide a more holistic depiction of employee performance.
Strategies to Improve Performance
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: June 2024

This chapter outlines how managers can decide if their agencies would benefit from empowerment-oriented (Route E) reforms and offers strategies for them to put Route E in practice. It first describes the factors a manager should consider when envisioning their agency’s ideal managerial approach. It suggests ways for managers to characterize the current state of management. It then recommends drafting a Performance Possibility Frontier to visualize a reform path. The chapter presents a menu of ideas for managers to put Route E to practice. These range from manager-level reforms, to team-level reforms, to agency-wide reforms. Finally, the chapter discusses what actors outside the bureaucracy, such as foreign aid donors, can do to help improve public sector management. It argues that they may be most helpful in diagnostics—aiding public agencies to assess their needs and consider how management may be influencing their employees’ motivation.
Occasionalisms
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

In its most extreme version, occasionalism is the view that God is the only genuine causal agent in the cosmos. Minds and bodies serve only as “occasions” for God to exercise its causal efficacy. After examining why neither Descartes nor Clauberg can be considered occasionalists, despite some scholarly traditions, this chapter surveys the varieties of occasionalism among Cartesians in the period and the different arguments offered for the doctrine, especially by Geulincx and Cordemoy.
The World of Bodies
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

There is a good deal of scholarly debate as to whether La Forge was an occasionalist and, if so, to what degree. This chapter considers his occasionalism in the realm of bodies alone; and here it is quite clear that he was indeed an occasionalist. The chapter also examines his various arguments that bodies, as purely geometrical extension, lack any causally efficacious powers, and that God is the sole cause of motions in the world, operating in accordance with the laws of physics.
Lost Decade
Authors: Blackwill Robert , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

For more than two centuries, the United States was a Europe-first power. In 2011, however, the Obama administration announced a change: Asia would now serve as America’s priority region. The notion quickly won support among policymakers in both parties and across the Trump and Biden administrations. Not all went according to plan. This book tells the story of Washington’s attempted strategic reorientation during a period of rising of Chinese power and assertiveness. It examines the impulse behind the Pivot, analyzes challenges the policy has posed for America’s global commitments, and investigates where and how it faltered. The book assesses responses to the Pivot across regions and strategic trendlines in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. It details China’s growing might and aggressive actions throughout the 2010s and beyond. More than ten years after the policy’s announcement, careful examination indicates that the United States did not, in fact, pivot to Asia. This “lost decade” coincided with a massive expansion of Chinese power and assertiveness, a deepening of America’s domestic divisions, and rising doubts about US intentions, staying power, and competence. Yet even after a lost decade, the Pivot remains America’s proper strategic orientation, and one that should ground US foreign policy. Critical to the endeavor is a strategic concept that aligns American objectives—in Asia and elsewhere—with the policies, resources, and activities necessary to achieve them. In articulating such a concept, this book applies lessons from the recent past to chart a new course for the future.
We Will Build in Any Case
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter analyzes both China’s response to the Pivot and its rise through the 2010s. Beijing views the concept of the Pivot as a direct challenge to its own power and influence. Throughout the decade, China under Xi Jinping’s leadership pursued military modernization, sought to upend the balance of power in the Pacific, weakened norms that form the basis of the liberal international system, and intensified repression at home. China’s bright star began, however, to dim in the early 2020s as its economy slowed, its global image worsened, and its population declined. Overall, across more than a decade, China systematically increased its power and influence in Asia and internationally, while there was comparatively little American response.
The Marqués, the Divas, and the Castrati
Authors: Stein Louise K.
Published: June 2024

In a crucial period of opera’s development as genre and business, a flamboyantly libertine Spanish aristocrat, voracious collector of books and antiquities, and famed connoisseur of visual art influenced operatic practices and productions for both Italian and Hispanic operas. This book advances our understanding of seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century opera and cultural encounter, traversing opera’s geography (Madrid, Rome, Naples, Lima, Mexico) by tracing the trajectory of Gaspar de Haro y Guzmán, Marquis de Heliche and del Carpio (1629–87), the first producer whose energetic patronage and legacy shaped opera in two worlds. Carpio’s unusual temperament and aesthetic sensibility were essential to his celebrated success as a producer of musical plays and opera. This book explains how conventions of musical dramaturgy developed within a consistent politics of production for private and public opera across the administrative centers of the Spanish territory in Spain, Italy, and the Americas (1650–1730). Fully-sung opera in Spanish was an extraordinary, epithalamic genre, while Italian operas produced in Naples in the 1680s, including those of Alessandro Scarlatti, also served specific dynastic celebrations. The final chapter illuminates a striking dual operatic legacy in the Americas with examples from the first surviving American opera. The association between opera and dynastic survival permeated the political and cultural work of opera under the Spanish crown.
Culture, Cognition, and Ritual
Authors: Xygalatas Dimitris
Published: June 2024

Rituals are abundant in nature and ubiquitous across human cultures. At first glance, they appear wasteful because they require significant investments of time, effort, and resources but offer no directly obvious benefits. Yet, they are deeply meaningful to practitioners and tightly integrated in cultural normative systems. Although social scientific theories have argued that they play important roles, those theories have only recently been tested. This chapter discusses what ritual is and what it does, both at an individual and at a group level, drawing from an interdisciplinary research program that combines ethnographic and experimental methodologies. It argues that rituals are pervasive because they constitute useful mental and social technologies that can be employed to solve important problems for practitioners and their communities.
Brusseling language, bustling friction
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen
Published: June 2024

Although Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is officially bilingual, it does not provide bilingual education. This chapter explains the history behind this situation as well as the effects that the recent growing interest in Dutch-French bilingualism is having on Dutch-medium schools in that city. Since these schools have become magnets for speakers of other languages, they have become the scene where acute linguistic and pedagogical tensions play out: accepting pupils’ primary varieties, and their use of French as a lingua franca, runs counter to concerns about protecting Dutch as a minority language in Brussels, while imposing Dutch monolingualism at school raises questions about where teachers stand in relation to demands that they display a friendly rather than authoritarian persona. Such tensions have been observed in linguistic-ethnographic fieldwork in five secondary Dutch-medium schools in Brussels. The chapter provides more detail about each of these settings.
Imposing, restricting, and alluding to monolingualism
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen
Published: June 2024

Teachers in Brussels Dutch-medium schools at first blush seem to be mindlessly reproducing a monolingual ideology, given their severe imposition of Dutch. This chapter gradually deconstructs this image by showing that these teachers did not impose Dutch unthinkingly. Two intervening levels interfaced with that imposition: the tension between authoritarian and egalitarian pedagogies, and the interactional organization of classroom order and flow. As a result, moments of eye-catching policy imposition alternated with attenuated requests, humorous hints, and restrictions of the area for policy application. It will be suggested that, rather than revealing their reactionary nature, these teachers were demonstrating their modernity—that is, their adherence to current, egalitarian pedagogies. The argument will be that this adherence creates dilemmas when pupils massively fail to comply with the egalitarian expectation that they self-regulate their language use: this causes a punitive response from teachers but also discomfort about their use of power.
Making Punches Count
Authors: Bacchus Emily Beaulieu , Batto Nathan F.
Published: June 2024

This book seeks to explain why individual legislators engage in parliamentary brawls. In addition to extensive description of this phenomenon, the authors offer a political theory of brawling that draws on the logic of contentious politics and signaling theory to explain why individual legislators might brawl in an attempt to further their political careers. The authors argue that individuals make brawling decisions in a specific institutional context, where the strength of political parties is particularly important for determining the brawler’s audience. With research drawn from Taiwan and Ukraine, book chapters follow major implications of the authors’ theory including identifying who brawls, establishing that brawling is covered by the media, offering evidence of the audience for brawls, and finally evaluating re-election prospects of brawling legislators. While the bulk of the authors’ theory and evidence focus on instances of brawling when opposition parties disrupt legislative proceedings, they also discuss a smaller but impactful subset of brawls that they call honor brawls.
Conclusion
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Bae Suhyen , Sanders Bailey K.
Published: June 2024

In this chapter we review our major findings. These include the growing numbers and diversity of fundamentals, their increasing individual and, even more, collective relationship to the vote, and their increasing alignment with each other. These findings indicate first that elections are very different in the post-1984 period than before, and, second, that these results indicate that the substantive base to public opinion and voting behavior has increased substantially. These changes often precede other important changes, such as the growing affect associated with the public’s role in politics. Finally, we turn to consider the deepening cleavage in American political life and the concern for American democracy it raises.
Training Camps and the Development of a Global Parivar (Family)
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G.
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers Hindu nationalist training camps, and shows that they are key to the development and growth of the RSS both in India and overseas. It shows that in the diaspora they perform specific functions and have developed innovative new forms. Camps reify the community, providing group unity and strength. Although often clandestine in nature, they also often include a profile-raising “public” element which introduces Hindutva to a wider audience. The chapter also reveals that the diasporic camps provide opportunities for interactions with Hindu nationalist leaders and other luminaries from India and elsewhere. In this sense, the camps provide a striking example of how transnational networks are developed. The chapter then considers, in depth, two new forms of camps developed specifically for the diaspora. First, the Sangh Internship Programme--yearly camps held in Britain, which represent a significant deviation from RSS modus operandi. They reflect a youth-oriented, modernized model, based around “citizenship.” Second, the Vishwa Sangh Shibir--spectacular, large-scale camps held in India every five years. These illustrate the movement’s growth, showcasing India to the diaspora, and the diaspora to India.
Schelling’s Innovations
Authors: Fisher Naomi
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents two of Schelling’s works, his 1797 Ideas and his 1800 System, as consonant with the Neoplatonic elements of his early essays. This chapter thus advances an interpretation of these works as consistent with his earlier texts in their overarching perspective, in contrast to the view that Schelling shifts in his fundamental commitments. Schelling’s philosophy of nature and his transcendental idealism both begin with insight into a primordial unity and proceed via a unification of contrary principles, to the culminating unities of the organism or work of art. Accordingly, Schelling’s Platonism is idiosyncratic in allowing these higher entities to be sensibly material. This chapter argues that Schelling nevertheless can be called a Platonist in his commitment to absolute unity as the ground and telos of all things. Schelling thereby develops a framework that is novel both in his own era and in the tradition of Platonism.
Limit, the Unlimited, and Potency
Authors: Fisher Naomi
Published: June 2024

This chapter demonstrates that Schelling in his 1799 philosophy of nature is drawing on Plato’s Philebus and the subsequent Platonic tradition. The basic concepts at work in his 1799 works, namely, productivity, limitation, nature, and cause, correspond respectively to the four principles in the Philebus: the unlimited, limit, mixture, and cause. Attending to these resonances is instructive and shows how Schelling’s notion of potency has two related meanings. First is “power,” as in mathematical exponent, indicating the level of iterative limitations on productivity. The second is potency as capacity, in which that limitation generates the characteristic capacities of natural objects. These resonances are traced in Schelling’s Platonic philosophical heritage, in Plato, Aristotle, Proclus, and Bruno. Finally, the fundamental structure of Schelling’s nature as grounded in contraries and striving toward unity is rendered intelligible in terms of the Platonic triad of immanence, procession, and return.
Mysticism in Schelling’s 1801–1802 Writings
Authors: Fisher Naomi
Published: June 2024

This chapter argues that Schelling’s works of 1801–1802 successfully address two worries concerning his mysticism: first, that all talk of the absolute is meaningless, and second, that absolute cognition is irrelevant to the system-building projects of philosophy. Schelling draws on the tradition of negative theology to render his mysticism compatible with certain kinds of substantive discussion about the absolute, in accord with one strand of Neoplatonism and with contemporaries such as Maimon and Jacobi. Moreover, in his notion of exhibition, Schelling presents system-building as guided by insight into absolute unity. Schelling’s notion of exhibition is based on an analogy with geometrical construction as well as a repurposing of Kant’s notion of schematism. Schelling’s description of the relation of finite things to the absolute as one of participation connects the distinctive notions of grounding unity and systematicity advanced here to Platonism.
Origins
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

Richard Maltby, Jr. and David Shire meet as freshmen at Yale University, dislike each wother at first, but realize there’s nobody else for them to write musicals with. Their method of collaborating, which remains mostly unchanged for the next sixty years, evolves. They create two musicals, which are produced on campus at the Yale Dramat to great acclaim. The first, Cyrano, yields the song “Autumn,” which remains a classic, largely thanks to its recording by Barbra Streisand. The original cast of Cyrano includes such notable figures as Dick Cavett, Austin Pendleton, and A. Bartlett Giamatti (the future president of Yale). John Badham, who would achieve fame as the director of Saturday Night Fever, was stage manager of Grand Tour, Maltby and Shire’s second musical. The chapter includes a brief analysis of “Had You but Wit,” an early, notably outstanding entry in the Maltby/Shire catalogue. The quodlibet, an example of song form, is also discussed.
The Fair-Haired Boys
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

Both songwriters, by coincidence, had fathers who were bandleaders, Richard Maltby, Sr. and Irving Shire. While at Yale, Maltby Jr. ushered at New Haven’s fabled Shubert Theater and had the chance to observe out-of-town tryouts for Broadway-bound shows such as My Fair Lady and Fiorello. After one semester each in graduate school and brief stints in the National Guard (“David and me in the Army is a hysterical movie all by itself”), Maltby and Shire move to New York and score an early off-Broadway success with The Sap of Life, which attracts the attention of such luminaries as Leonard Bernstein, Harold Prince, and Stephen Sondheim, who will serve as a mentor and lifelong friend of the two writers. This chapter also includes analyses of three songs from The Sap of Life that will later be adapted for the team’s 1977 hit revue, Starting Here, Starting Now.
“I Don’t Remember Christmas”
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

An emblematic number from the Maltby/Shire canon, the liar’s song “I Don’t Remember Christmas” was written specifically for the show Starting Here, Starting Now. This chapter provides a close analysis of the song, including Shire’s use of a rising stepwise melody, a recurring (and effective) device. It also includes a discussion with the writers about the song, as well as observations from George Lee Andrews, the Starting Here, Starting Now cast member who first performed the number. Maltby introduces the idea of songs having a dramatic action, which is one of the key elements that separate theater songs from pop songs.
At the End of the Song, Everyone’s Pregnant!
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

A suggestion from Francis Ford Coppola leads to Maltby and Shire’s first Broadway show, Baby (1983). After considering other collaborators, the songwriters choose Sybille Pearson as their librettist and book writer. The painful decision is made to cut “The Bear, the Tiger, the Hamster and the Mole,” but the song is resurrected later for Closer Than Ever. The show is rewritten considerably during previews, and Maltby discovers that songs can gain dramatic action if important information is withheld until the end—a reminder that good songwriting is actually playwriting. Maltby and Liz Callaway recall Callaway’s unusual audition process which did not include a formal audition. Baby went on to receive seven Tony Award nominations, although it did not ultimately win in any category. Thanks to Baby, Callaway met her husband, Dan Foster, who attended the first preview of the show and continued to court her throughout the run.
Closer Than Ever
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter contains brief musical analyses of several of the songs from Closer Than Ever, including “If I Sing,” which is about Shire’s relationship with his father (both Maltby and Shire had fathers who were bandleaders); “Back on Base,” a specialty number written for Sally Mayes and the onstage bass player Robert Renino, who later got married in real life; “What Am I Doin’?,” a wild, galvanizing song about obsessive love; “Another Wedding Song,” written by Shire (both music and lyrics) for his marriage to actress Didi Conn, the second wedding for both of them; and “I Wouldn’t Go Back,” originally the closing number of Baby but cut from that show and repurposed to brilliant effect here as the Act I finale.
Introduction
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross
Published: June 2024

Compared to other policy areas like healthcare, education is a relatively empty policy area because the beneficiaries—students and families, and business—are not politically active or relevant. This emptiness allows reform opponents like teacher unions and clientelist politicians to have greater impact, as well as pro-reform groups like civil society, policy networks and technocrats. Governments that managed to overhaul teacher careers took either a bottom-up electoral route (Chile and Ecuador) or a top-down technocratic route (Peru and Colombia). In other cases, machine unions (Mexico) or clientelist politicians (state of Rio de Janeiro) overturned career reforms.
Union Blockage and Clientelist Backlash in Mexico, South Africa, and Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross
Published: June 2024

In three cases of blocked reforms to teacher careers, machine-type teacher unions and/or clientelist politicians managed to prevail once reformers left government. In Mexico, the incoming president in 2019, with support of the teacher unions, reversed all the sweeping reforms of his predecessor over the previous six years. In South Africa, the teacher union, Sadtu was part of the ruling ANC coalition and used that position to block multiple personnel reforms and shore up its machine control of teacher careers. Lastly, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, after successful reforms on multiple dimensions, the following government was in deep political and economic crisis and abandoned prior reforms. Crucially, clientelists in the state assembly undid measures for meritocratic recruitment, especially for school directors.
“I Cannot Pass beyond My Homeland”
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy
Published: June 2024

This second biographical vita turns to Kelpius and the community of radical Pietists that he traveled with as they embarked from Germany to Pennsylvania in 1693–1694. This vita explores the sudden death of Johan Jacob Zimmerman in Rotterdam and the group’s subsequent trip to London. In London, the minutes of the London Quaker meeting show that the group was entirely reliant on Quaker charity during the six months they spent awaiting passage. This vita also reads the available primary material describing their journey across the Atlantic, an eventful trip through active war zones in which Kelpius made detailed journal entries. The vita ends with their arrival in Pennsylvania in 1694.
The Long Shadow of the Enlightenment
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy
Published: June 2024

This chapter turns a corner in this book, moving from Kelpius’s life to his cultural legacy. Here I focuse entirely on what I consider to be the most robust and influential posthumous appearance of Johannes Kelpius: the Philadelphia Quaker novelist Charles Brockden Brown’s 1798 novel Wieland; Or, the Transformation: An American Tale. This chapter explores the ways in which Brown recovers and portrays Kelpius’s memory in his novel, a profound twofold critique of traditional religion and the hubristic excesses of Enlightenment rationality in the eighteenth century, in which the challenge of interpreting paranormal phenomena was placed at the center of early American life.