bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential neuroimaging indices in prefrontal white matter in prenatal alcohol‐associated ADHD versus idiopathic ADHD
Authors: O'Neill Joseph , O'Connor Mary J. , Yee Victor , Ly Ronald , Narr Katherine , Alger Jeffrey R. , Levitt Jennifer G.
Published: January 2019

Background

Attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) but also in patients without prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Many patients diagnosed with idiopathic ADHD may actually have ADHD and covert PAE, a treatment‐relevant distinction.

Methods

We compared proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI; N = 44) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI; N = 46) of the anterior corona radiata (ACR)—a key fiber tract in models of ADHD—at 1.5 T in children with ADHD with PAE (ADHD+PAE), children with ADHD without PAE (ADHD−PAE), children without ADHD with PAE (non‐ADHD+PAE), and children with neither ADHD nor PAE (non‐ADHD−PAE, i.e., typically developing controls). Levels of choline‐compounds (Cho) were the main MRSI endpoint, given interest in dietary choline for FASD; the main DTI endpoint was fractional anisotropy (FA), as ACR FA may reflect ADHD‐relevant executive control functions.

Results

For ACR Cho, there was an ADHD‐by‐PAE interaction (p = 0.038) whereby ACR Cho was 26.7% lower in ADHD+PAE than in ADHD−PAE children (p < 0.0005), but there was no significant ACR Cho difference between non‐ADHD+PAE and non‐ADHD−PAE children. Voxelwise false‐discovery rate (FDR)‐corrected analysis of DTI revealed significantly (q ≤ 0.0101–0.05) lower FA in ACR for subjects with PAE (ADHD+PAE or non‐ADHD+PAE) than for subjects without PAE (ADHD−PAE or non‐ADHD−PAE). There was no significant effect of ADHD on FA. Thus, in overlapping samples, effects of PAE on Cho and FA were observed in the same white‐matter tract.

Conclusions

These findings point to tract focal, white‐matter pathology possibly specific for ADHD+PAE subjects. Low Cho may derive from abnormal choline metabolism; low FA suggests suboptimal white‐matter integrity in PAE. More advanced MRSI and DTI—and neurocognitive assessments—may better distinguish ADHD+PAE from ADHD−PAE, helping identify covert cases of FASD.
Hypospadias risk is increased with maternal residential exposure to hormonally active hazardous air pollutants
Authors: Sheth Kunj R. , Kovar Erin , White Jeffrey T. , Chambers Tiffany M. , Peckham‐Gregory Erin C. , O'Neill Marisol , Langlois Peter H. , Seth Abhishek , Scheurer Michael E. , Lupo Philip J. , Jorgez Carolina J.
Published: January 2019

Background

With the increasing birth prevalence of hypospadias, there is growing concern for pollutant exposure interfering with normal penile development. We assess the association between hypospadias and hormonally active hazardous air pollutants (HAHAPs) through a nationwide database of hazardous air pollutants and the Texas Birth Defects Registry (TBDR).

Methods

Using the TBDR, we identified 8,981 nonsyndromic isolated hypospadias cases from 1999 to 2008. Birth certificate controls were matched for birth year at a 10:1 ratio to cases. Estimated HAHAP concentrations from the 2005 U.S. EPA National‐Scale Air Toxics Assessment were used to assign exposure based on maternal residence at birth. Exposure levels were categorized as quintiles based on the distribution in controls. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each increasing exposure category of selected HAHAPs.

Results

Of the 10 HAHAPs studied, seven were significantly associated with hypospadias risk. The HAHAP that was most strongly associated with hypospadias was phenol, which was associated with risk in all groups except the high exposure group. Cumulative HAHAP exposure demonstrated a modest increase in hypospadias risk (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07–1.24, p < 0.001) in the medium and medium–high quintiles.

Conclusions

While maternal exposure to some HAHAPs was significantly associated with the risk of hypospadias in male offspring, the effects were modest, and no dose–response effects were observed. Future work should employ biomarkers of exposure to better delineate the relationship.
Ratiometric fluorescent detection of Cu2+ based on dual‐emission ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Nan , Hao Juan , Chen Lili , Song Yonghai , Wang Li
Published: January 2019

Zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) loading rhodamine‐B (ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B) nanocomposites was proposed and used as ratiometric fluorescent sensor to detect copper(II) ion (Cu2+). Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms and fluorescence emission spectroscopy were employed to characterize the ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B nanocomposites. The results showed the rhodamine‐B was successfully assembled on ZIF‐8 based on the π‐π interaction and the hydrogen bond between the nitrogen atom of ZIF‐8 and –COOH of rhodamine‐B. The as‐obtained ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B nanocomposites were octahedron with size about 150–200 nm, had good water dispersion, and exhibited the characteristic fluorescence emission of ZIF‐8 at 335 nm and rhodamine‐B at 575 nm. The Cu2+ could quench fluorescence of ZIF‐8 rather than rhodamine‐B. The ZIF‐8 not only acted as the template to assemble rhodamine‐B, but also was employed as the signal fluorescence together with the fluorescence of rhodamine‐B as the reference to construct a novel ratiometric fluorescent sensor to detect Cu2+. The resulted ZIF‐8@rhodamine‐B nanocomposite fluorescence probe showed good linear range (68.4 nM to 125 μM) with a low detection limit (22.8 nM) for Cu2+ combined with good sensitivity and selectivity. The work also provides a better way to design ratiometric fluorescent sensors from ZIF‐8 and other fluorescent molecules.
Cyclooctatetraenes through Valence Isomerization of Cubanes: Scope and Limitations
Authors: Houston Sevan D. , Xing Hui , Bernhardt Paul V. , Vanden Berg Timothy J. , Tsanaktsidis John , Savage G. Paul , Williams Craig M.
Published: January 2019

The scope and limitations of Eaton's rhodium(I)‐catalyzed valence isomerization of cubane to cyclooctatetraene (COT) were investigated in the context of functional group tolerability, multiple substitution modes and the ability of cubane‐alcohols to undergo one‐pot tandem Ley–Griffith Wittig reactions in the absence of a transition metal catalyst.
Solvent‐Dependent Nanostructures Based on Active π‐Aggregation Induced Emission Enhancement of New Carbazole Derivatives of Triphenylacrylonitrile
Authors: Maity Santu , Aich Krishnendu , Prodhan Chandraday , Chaudhuri Keya , Pramanik Ajoy Kumar , Das Siddhartha , Ganguly Jhuma
Published: January 2019

In the present study, the carbazole and 2,3,3‐triphenylacrylonitrile (TPAN) nanostructures (2‐CTPAN and 2,2′‐CTPAN) have been designed and synthesized by Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction. CTPAN exhibit aggregation‐induced emission enhancement (AIEE) behavior in water with high fluorescence quantum yield. Both the compounds show tunable self‐assembly in water as well as in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) by extended π–π stacking interactions. CTPAN can be self‐assembled into spherical particles in water and the structures of these self‐assemblies have been investigated using X‐ray diffraction. Interestingly, 2‐CTPAN and 2,2′‐CTPAN form organogels with a critical gelation concentration (CGC) of 11 and 15 mg mL−1, respectively, in DMF and exhibit acicular and rod shaped morphology, respectively. The single‐crystal structure of 2‐CTPAN shows that the intermolecular C−H⋅⋅⋅π interactions lock the molecular conformation into a staircase‐shaped supramolecular assembly. These AIEE active compounds reveal high water dispersibility, strong yellow fluorescence with high quantum yield, promising photostability and excellent biocompatibility, which make them potential bioimaging agents.
Experimental validation of hindered settling models and flux theory applied in continuous flow process for harvesting Acutodesmus obliquus
Authors: Hanashiro Raí H. R. , Stoco Caroline B. , de Oliveira Thamayne V. , Lenzi Marcelo K. , Mariano André B. , Vieira Rafael B.
Published: January 2019

Batch settling and flux theory were used to predict the best working conditions in a continuous flow process for havesting Acutodesmus obliquus using a tannin‐basis flocculant. From batch tests, a settling velocity model was proposed. Three different models were tested: two exponential functions; and one power‐law function. The power‐law function presented a lower variance (1.356 × 10−9) and R2 equal to 0.995. This suggested model was applied in flux theory, and the system performance was predicted by feed flowrate and initial microalgae concentration in continuous flow process. In experimental tests, a pilot settler (0.045 m3) was used to validate the proposed model. Nine different experimental conditions of feed flowrate and initial microalgae concentrations were used to evaluate the settling behaviour of the unit. The flux theory predicted better results when the applied solids flux was near limiting the solids flux. Experimental results showed that in the proposed working condition of 10−5 m3 s−1 feed flowrate and 58 kg · m−3 initial microalgae concentration, the highest biomass removal was 98.3 %, and sludge concentration profiles could stabilize over time. Overall, these results demonstrate a potential application of the batch tests and theory flux to predict a continuous flow process, considering biomass purification.
Review of fluid‐solid reaction analysis—Part 2: Single porous reactant solid
Authors: Sohn Hong Yong
Published: January 2019

Part 1of this series covered the reaction of a non‐porous solid.[1] In this Part 2 of the series, we present a review on the reactions involving a porous solid, which is the most widely encountered type of fluid‐solid reactions. The major difference between the reactions of a non‐porous and a porous solid is the fact that in the latter, the fluid reactant can reach the interior of the porous solid through the pores even through a portion that contains unreacted solid reactant. The rate expression for the solid at any point depends on, among others, how the area of reaction interface changes with the conversion of the solid. The governing equations, in general, require numerical solution. In this article we describe an approximate closed‐form solution to this problem that yielded Sohn's law of additive reaction times. The result is simple to apply and has many useful features, especially for the design and modelling of a multi‐particle system.
A computational study of lateral phase separation in biological membranes
Authors: Yushutin Vladimir , Quaini Annalisa , Majd Sheereen , Olshanskii Maxim
Published: January 2019

Conservative and non‐conservative phase‐field models are considered for the numerical simulation of lateral phase separation and coarsening in biological membranes. An unfitted finite element method is proposed to allow for a flexible treatment of complex shapes in the absence of an explicit surface parametrization. For a set of biologically relevant shapes and parameter values, the paper compares the dynamic coarsening produced by conservative and non‐conservative numerical models, its dependence on certain geometric characteristics and convergence to the final equilibrium.
Global Solutions to Nonlinear Two‐Phase Free Boundary Problems
Authors: De Silva Daniela , Savin Ovidiu
Published: January 2019

We classify global Lipschitz solutions to two‐phase free boundary problems governed by concave fully nonlinear equations as either two‐plane solutions or solutions to a one‐phase problem. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly Sensitive CO Sensor Based on Thickness‐Selective ZnO Thin Film: Device Fabrication and Packaging
Authors: Prajapati Chandra Shekhar , Bhat Navakanta
Published: January 2019

In this report, the thickness‐dependent carbon monooxide (CO)‐sensing characteristics of sputtered zinc oxide (ZnO) films are investigated, followed by their morphological and electrical characterizations. ZnO films, ≈21 nm, show repeatable and high change in their resistances on exposure to CO and the observed maximum response is ≈52.2%, whereas ≈219 nm films fail to show reproducibility in sensing performance. Response and recovery time of ≈21 nm films are ≈28 and 250 s, which are faster than the time observed in case of ≈219 nm films. An ≈21 nm film is able to resolve 100 parts‐per‐billions (ppb) CO concentration in air. Later, on‐chip integration of ≈21 nm film is successfully implemented on specifically designed Micro‐Electro‐Mechanical‐System (MEMS) platform, inbuilt with microheater and utilizes power of ≈23.7 Milliwatts (mW) (375 °C). The packaged sensor chip is further tested and qualified for indoor and outdoor detection of CO gas in the atmosphere.
Controls of depositional facies patterns on a modern carbonate platform: Insight from hydrodynamic modeling
Authors: Purkis Sam J. , Harris Paul (Mitch) , Cavalcante Georgenes
Published: January 2019

Recent studies of Holocene deposits on Great Bahama Bank (GBB) have focused on mapping of sediment distribution, an analysis of the variable filling of accommodation space, a comparison between ooid sandbodies and an examination of whitings and mud production. Collectively, these studies provide insight into the variability in depositional facies that challenge outcrop and subsurface interpretations. Missing from these analyses, however, has been a scrutiny of the physical controls over deposition. To partially explore these controls, a hydrodynamic model forced by prevailing ocean hydrodynamics, tides, winds and atmospheric pressure was developed. Current intensity and direction can be examined at short time steps over 1 year, and GBB can be partitioned into zones of mean annual hydrodynamic energy. Areas of vigorous tidal exchange correspond to localities where platform margin ooid sand shoals have developed. There is a predictive relationship between increasing peak current velocity and increasing area of the sandbody for the Cat, Joulter and Schooners Cays and Tongue of the Ocean sites. A connection between platform‐top hydrodynamics and the formation/suppression of whitings is evidenced west of Andros, suggesting a relationship between the production/deposition of platform‐top muds and off‐platform circulation. Filling of accommodation space can be partially related to platform topography and hydrodynamic flow. For instance, accommodation filling occurs locally along the platform margin by grainstones in areas of high tidal exchange as well as by mud accumulation leeward of islands. Conversely, the development of hiatal surfaces (sites of non‐deposition) occurs in areas not sheltered by islands, such as the southern GBB, where platform‐top currents are persistently vigorous. A broader understanding of platform‐top currents and their diverse controls can aid interpretation of the rock record, including the type and distribution of platform‐top sediments, the distribution of hiatal surfaces and, therefore, identification of locations which have the potential to host more complete depositional cycles.
Is adolescence the missing developmental link in Microbiome–Gut–Brain axis communication?
Authors: Flannery Jessica , Callaghan Bridget , Sharpton Thomas , Fisher Philip , Pfeifer Jennifer
Published: January 2019

Gut microbial research has recently opened new frontiers in neuroscience and potentiated novel therapies for mental health problems (Mayer, et al., 2014). Much of our understanding of the gut microbiome's role in brain function and behavior, however, has been largely derived from research on nonhuman animals. Even less is known about how the development of the gut microbiome influences critical periods of neural and behavioral development, particularly adolescence. In this review, we first discuss why the gut microbiome has become increasingly relevant to developmental cognitive neuroscience and provide a synopsis of the known connections of the gut microbiome with social–affective brain function and behavior, specifically highlighting human developmental work when possible. We then focus on adolescence, a key period of neurobiological and social–affective development. Specifically, we review the links between the gut microbiome and six overarching domains of change during adolescence: (a) social processes, (b) motivation and behavior, (c) neural development, (d) cognition, (e) neuroendocrine function, and (f) physical health and wellness. Using a developmental science perspective, we summarize key changes across these six domains to underscore the promise for the gut microbiome to bidirectionally influence and transform adolescent development.
Extensive secondary contact among three glacial lineages of Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) in Labrador and Newfoundland
Authors: Salisbury Sarah J. , McCracken Gregory R. , Keefe Donald , Perry Robert , Ruzzante Daniel E.
Published: January 2019

Aim

The Pleistocene glaciation event prompted the allopatric divergence of multiple glacial lineages of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), some of which have come into secondary contact upon their recolonization of the Holarctic. While three glacial lineages (Arctic, Atlantic, and Acadian) are known to have recolonized the western Atlantic, the degree of overlap of these three lineages is largely unknown. We sought to determine the distribution of these three glacial lineages in Labrador and Newfoundland at a fine spatial scale to assess their potential for introgression and their relative contribution to local fisheries.

Location

Labrador and Newfoundland, Canada.

Methods

We sequenced a portion of the D‐loop region in over 1,000 Arctic char (S. alpinus) samples from 67 locations across Labrador and Newfoundland.

Results

Within Labrador, the Arctic and Atlantic lineages were widespread. Two locations (one landlocked and one with access to the sea) also contained individuals of the Acadian lineage, constituting the first record of this lineage in Labrador. Atlantic and Acadian lineage individuals were found in both eastern and western Newfoundland. Multiple sampling locations in Labrador and Newfoundland contained fish of two or more different glacial lineages, implying their introgression. Glacial lineage did not appear to dictate contemporary genetic divergence between the pale and dark morph of char present in Gander Lake, Newfoundland. Both were predominately of the Atlantic lineage, suggesting the potential for their divergence in sympatry.

Main conclusions

Our study reveals Labrador and Newfoundland to be a unique junction of three glacial lineages which have likely hybridized extensively in this region.
IL‐10 promotes malignant pleural effusion in mice by regulating TH1‐ and TH17‐cell differentiation and migration
Authors: Wu Xiu‐Zhi , Zhai Kan , Yi Feng‐Shuang , Wang Zhen , Wang Wen , Wang Yao , Pei Xue‐Bin , Shi Xin‐Yu , Xu Li‐Li , Shi Huan‐Zhong
Published: January 2019

The role of IL‐10 in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) remains unknown. By using murine MPE models, we observed that an increase in pleural IL‐10 was a significant predictor of increased risk of death. We noted that TH1‐ and TH17‐cell content in MPE was higher in IL‐10–/– mice than in WT mice, and IL‐10 deficiency promoted differentiation into TH1 but not into TH17 cells. A higher fraction of TH1 and TH17 cells in the MPE of IL‐10–/– mice expressed CXCR3 compared with WT mice. We also demonstrated that Lewis lung cancer and colon adenocarcinoma cells secreted large amounts of CXCL10, a ligand of CXCR3, which induced the migration of TH1 and TH17 cells into the MPE, and IFN‐γ could promote this signaling cascade. Furthermore, intrapleural injection of mice with CXCL10‐deficient tumor cells led to decreased TH1‐ and TH17‐cell content in MPE, increased MPE volume, and reduced survival of MPE‐bearing mice. Taken together, we demonstrated that IL‐10 deficiency promoted T‐cell differentiation into TH1 cells and upregulated the CXCR3‐CXCL10 signaling pathway that recruits TH1 and TH17 cells into MPE, ultimately resulting in decreased MPE formation and longer survival time of mice‐bearing MPE.
Carbon‐based Nanosensors for Salicylate Determination in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Abdel‐Haleem Fatehy M. , Salah Azza , Rizk Mahmoud S. , Moustafa Hussein , Bechelany Mikhael , Barhoum Ahmed
Published: January 2019

Thiourea derivative‐based carbon paste electrode (TUD1‐CPE) was constructed as a potentiometric sensor for the determination of salicylate anion in pharmaceutical formulations, Aspocid® and Aspirin®. The optimized CPE contained 45.5 % graphite, 0.5 % reduced graphene oxide (rGO), 46.0 % nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) plasticizer, 5.0 % TUD1 ionophore, and 3.0 % tridodecylmethyl ammonium chloride as additive. The incorporation of NPOE of high dielectric constant, and rGO in electrode caused better performance of the sensor; Nernstian response of 59.0 mV decade−1in the concentration range of 10−1–10−5 mole L−1, a detection limit of 1×10−5 mole L−1in a very short response time of 6 seconds. The prepared sensor showed high selectivity against similar anions (i. e., benzoate, I−, SCN−). Selectivity was confirmed by calculating the formation constant (Kβ) using sandwich membrane method, where Kβfor TUD1‐salicylate is 100.43. Theoretical calculations at DFT‐B3LY/6‐31G** level of theory were performed to find interaction mechanism, Energies of HOMO and LUMO orbitals, non‐linear optical (NLO) properties (the electronic dipole moment (μ), first‐order hyperpolarizability (β), the hyper‐Rayleigh scattering (βHRS) and the depolarization ratio (DR)), and other global properties; these calculations showed lower values of β and DR, higher value of βHRS, and the shortest lengths of the four N−H bonds between TUD1 and salicylate which confirm their strong complexation and salicylate‐selectivity. Also, all the studied anion‐TUD1 exhibited relatively high NLO properties, and these results were considered as a preliminary study for investigating new types of NLO bearing materials. The sensors were applied successfully for the determination of salicylate anion in Aspocid® and Aspirin®.
Dietary intervention for canine epilepsy: Two case reports
Authors: Masino Susan A. , Freedgood Natalie R. , Reichert Hannah R. , Director Chris J. , Whittemore Vicky H. , Zupec‐Kania Beth
Published: January 2019

Epilepsy is a common neurologic disorder in humans and domesticated canines. In both species the etiology is diverse and complex, and even with medication a significant portion of the population does not experience sufficient seizure control and/or has unacceptable side effects. Humans often try alternatives such as dietary therapy or brain surgery, but in dogs, brain surgery is rarely an option and, despite potential benefits, there are no standard recommendations for a dietary approach. Herein we describe 2 retrospective case studies detailing the effects of homemade diets prepared for dogs with uncontrolled epileptic seizures and/or toxic side effects of medication. Basic recipes are provided for each formula—a high‐fat “ketogenic” diet and a partial “whole food” diet. Carbohydrate content was reduced or controlled, and in one case this was proven to be essential for seizure control: ingesting carbohydrates would reverse the benefits of the diet and precipitate a seizure. Both dogs experienced fewer seizures and side effects when eating these modified diets compared to when they were administered antiepileptic drugs, including complete cessation of seizures for extended periods. Practical advantages and success of these homemade dietary interventions highlight the potential for diet‐based metabolic therapy as a treatment option for seizures not only in humans but also in dogs.
The efficacy of essential oil components loaded into montmorillonite against Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Bernardos Andrea , Bozik Matej , Alvarez Silvia , Saskova Martina , Perez‐Esteve Edgar , Kloucek Pavel , Lhotka Miloslav , Frankova Adela , Martinez‐Manez Ramon
Published: January 2019

Essential oil components (EOCs) are potent natural antimicrobial agents, but their high volatility and reactivity limit their potential applications. Here, we report the preparation of a series of nanomaterials containing EOCs (i.e., allyl isothiocyanate, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, diallyl disulphide, eugenol and thymol). The materials were prepared by simple adsorption of the EOCs onto a montmorillonite nanoclay. The antimicrobial activities of these materials were assessed against Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus as typical models of agricultural fungal pathogens and foodborne bacterial pathogens, respectively. In addition, the activities of the encapsulated EOCs were compared with those of the corresponding free forms with or without Tween‐80 in two types of assays: microdilution assays for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and agar‐based assays mimicking surface treatment. Enhanced antifungal activity of the encapsulated form was observed for all EOCs. In addition, against S. aureus, the MICs of all EOCs were remarkably lower in encapsulated form than in free form. These results indicate that EOCs encapsulated in low‐cost nanoclays have favourable potential as antimicrobials compared with the pure compounds.
A parameter‐free ε‐adaptive algorithm for improving weighted compact nonlinear schemes
Authors: Zheng Shichao , Deng Xiaogang , Wang Dongfang , Xie Chunhui
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we propose a parameter‐free algorithm to calculate ε, a parameter of small quantity initially introduced into the nonlinear weights of weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) scheme to avoid denominator becoming zero. The new algorithm, based on local smoothness indicators of fifth‐order weighted compact nonlinear scheme (WCNS), is designed in a manner to adaptively increase ε in smooth areas to reduce numerical dissipation and obtain high‐order accuracy, and decrease ε in discontinuous areas to increase numerical dissipation and suppress spurious numerical oscillations. We discuss the relation between critical points and discontinuities and illustrate that, when large gradient areas caused by high‐order critical points are not well resolved with sufficiently small grid spacing, numerical oscillations arise. The new algorithm treats high‐order critical points as discontinuities to suppress numerical oscillations. Canonical numerical tests are carried out, and computational results indicate that the new adaptive algorithm can help improve resolution of small scale flow structures, suppress numerical oscillations near discontinuities, and lessen susceptibility to flux functions and interpolation variables for fifth‐order WCNS. The new adaptive algorithm can be conveniently generalized to WENO/WCNS with different orders.
Effects of putrescine on the postharvest physiology characteristics in cowpea
Authors: Wang Zhen , Wang Yunxiang , Shi Junyan , Zheng Qiuli , Gao Lipu , Wang Qing , Zuo Jinhua
Published: January 2019

The effects of putrescine (Put) treatment on postharvest physiology characteristics in cowpea during cold storage have been investigated. The results indicated that Put with 8 mmol/L treatment greatly delayed aging of the cowpea; the sensory quality of cowpea was well maintained; the increase in weight loss was also inhibited, and the decrease in the content of ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, and total phenol was reduced efficiently. Antioxidant enzyme activities containing POD, CAT, and APX were preserved at higher levels in treated groups than the control during cold storage. In addition, the activity of PPO was restrained with Put. Overall, the quality of cowpea was maintained by 8 mmol/L Put treatment during cold storage.
Bioactive compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Arum maculatum leaves extracts as affected by various solvents and extraction methods
Authors: Farahmandfar Reza , Esmaeilzadeh Kenari Reza , Asnaashari Maryam , Shahrampour Dina , Bakhshandeh Tahmineh
Published: January 2019

The different species of Arum maculatum plant can be found in all over the world, and a wide range of medicinal applications has been mentioned for them. Thus, it can also be valued as a source of natural compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In this study, the effect of solvents (water, ethanol, ethanol:water (50:50)) and extraction methods (maceration and ultrasound) on the extraction yields and bioactive properties of extracts were analyzed. The antioxidant capacity of Arum maculatum leaves extracts was investigated, and the concentrations of total phenolics, tocopherols, tannins and flavonoids were determined. 1,1‐diphenyl 2‐picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH), β‐Carotene bleaching, and oxidative stability index (OSI) were used to determine antioxidant activity. The ability to scavenge radicals was measured in these experiments by the discoloration of the solution. Also, the antimicrobial activity of different extracts against Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was evaluated by using of microdilution and agar diffusion assays. The results demonstrated that ultrasonic extracts (especially ethanol:water (50:50) solvent) had the higher extraction yield and antioxidant potential than maceration extracts. All extracts were effective against all tested bacteria, and Listeria monocytogenes was the most sensitive bacterium with lowest MIC value (12.5 mg/ml) and biggest diameter of growth inhibition zone (13.77 mm). Generally, this Arum maculatum leaves extracts can be suggested as an economical source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents and can be a suitable substitute for artificial and chemical food preservatives.
Chlorogenic acid alleviates obesity and modulates gut microbiota in high‐fat‐fed mice
Authors: Wang Zhengyu , Lam Ka‐Lung , Hu Jiamiao , Ge Shenghan , Zhou Arong , Zheng Baodong , Zeng Shaoxiao , Lin Shaoling
Published: January 2019

To evaluate the anti‐obesity effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA), the mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) upon chlorogenic acid treatment for 6 weeks. The results showed administration of chlorogenic acid (150 mg per kg per day) remarkably promoted body loss, reduced lipid levels in plasma and altered mRNA expression of lipogenesis and lipolysis related genes in adipose tissue. Moreover, chlorogenic acid also reversed the HFD‐induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, including significantly inhibiting the growth of Desulfovibrionaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and raising the growth of Bacteroidaceae, Lactobacillaceae. Overall, the amelioration of HFD‐induced gut microbiota dysbiosis by chlorogenic acid may contribute, at least partially, to its beneficial effects on ameliorating HFD‐induced obesity.
Effect of pasteurization on delayed kimchi ripening and regression analysis for shelf life estimation of kimchi
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Gyu , Jeong Suyeon , Park Ji Yeong , Yoo SeungRan
Published: January 2019

Pasteurization‐mediated delayed kimchi ripening and regression analysis for shelf life estimation were investigated. Various initial kimchi microbial communities were simplified to lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc sp. and Lactobacillus sp. over time, with concomitant pH decrease from 6.39 to 4.34 and acidity increase from 0.06% to 0.35%. Other quality characteristics (organic acid, carbon dioxide, and microbial population) also changed, exhibiting high intercorrelation. Pasteurization decreased the initial bacterial counts from 5.20 to 1.92 log CFU/g, thereby delaying the change in quality characteristics (pH, acidity, organic acid, microbial population, carbon dioxide, and microbial community); however, the texture did not differ significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, the regression equation for the relationship between acidity and carbon dioxide levels suggested that shelf life could be estimated in conjunction with the ideal gas equation. In conclusion, pasteurization and regression analysis for kimchi shelf life estimation may enable the maintenance of quality and effective management during the distribution process.
Edible quality of soft‐boiled chicken processing with chilled carcass was better than that of hot‐fresh carcass
Authors: Wang Huhu , Qin Yue , Li Jihao , Xu Xinglian , Zhou Guanghong
Published: January 2019

Soft‐boiled chicken is widely popular with its flavor and texture. In a traditional view, the edible quality of soft‐boiled chicken producing with hot‐fresh carcass (without any chilled procedure after evisceration) was better than that of chilled carcass. Hot‐fresh groups with 1, 2, or 4 hr and chilled groups with 24, 48, or 60 hr were used to clarify the view in this study. The results indicated that no significant difference in hardness, springiness, cohesiveness of texture profiles and b* value of skin color was observed between each group, although the highest L* value was obtained in hot‐fresh 4 hr group. Higher contents of succinic acid were found in chilled groups when compared to that of hot‐fresh groups, but there was no difference in lactic acid and pH values. Lower contents of adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP), guanosine 5′‐monophosphate (GMP), inosine and hypoxanthine, and higher inosine‐5′‐monophosphate (IMP) (especially for hot‐fresh 1 hr) were observed in hot‐fresh groups. In addition, although no difference in umami amino acids and bitter amino acid was observed between each tested group, higher amounts of Asp, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, and Arg were observed in chilled groups, especially for chilled 60 hr. The finding indicated that the traditional view was lack of scientific evidence, and chilled carcass was suitable for soft‐boiled chicken, substituting for the hot‐fresh carcass.
Genomic analysis of Lactobacillus reuteri WHH1689 reveals its probiotic properties and stress resistance
Authors: Chen Lin , Gu Qing , Li Ping , Chen Su , Li Yanjun
Published: January 2019

Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) WHH1689, which was isolated from Chinese traditional highland barley wine, exhibited high survival period at room temperature in drinkable probiotic yogurt. This article aimed to indicate the genes involved in probiotic function of WHH1689 and reveal potential stress resistance based on genomic analysis. Analysis of comparative genome with closely related L. reuteri strains identified special stress adaptation. MUMmer and ACT softwares were applied for collinear analysis, and OrthoMCL program was used for sequence alignment involved in distribution of protein cluster. We identified genes coding for carbohydrate transport and enzymes, carbon metabolism pathway, gastrointestinal tract resistance, adhesive ability, and folic acid biosynthesis, etc. Genome sequence and comparative genome analysis of L. reuteri WHH1689 demonstrated specific genes for genetic adaptation and stress resistance. Tolerance, adhesion, and folate test indicated the strain had multiple probiotics. L. reuteri WHH1689 has the potential to be a probiotic candidate in dairy foods.
Performance of a 31‐gene expression profile test in cutaneous melanomas of the head and neck
Authors: Gastman Brian R. , Zager Jonathan S. , Messina Jane L. , Cook Robert W. , Covington Kyle R. , Middlebrook Brooke , Gerami Pedram , Wayne Jeffrey D. , Leachman Sancy , Vetto John T.
Published: January 2019

Background

We report the performance of a gene expression profile test to classify the recurrence risk of cutaneous melanoma tumors of the head and neck as low‐risk Class 1 or high‐risk Class 2.

Methods

Of note, 157 primary head and neck cutaneous melanoma tumors were identified. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan‐Meier and Cox methods.

Results

Gene expression profile class and node status stratified tumors into significantly different 5‐year survival groups by Kaplan‐Meier method (P < .0001 for all end points), and both were independent predictors of recurrence in multivariate analysis. Overall, 74% of distant metastases and 88% of melanoma‐specific deaths had Class 2 risk.

Conclusion

The gene expression profile test identifies cases at increased risk for metastasis and death independent of a clinically or pathologically negative nodal status, suggesting that incorporation of this molecular tool could improve clinical management of patients with head and neck cutaneous melanoma, especially in those with a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy.
Follow‐up of large thyroid nodules without surgery: Patient selection and long‐term outcomes
Authors: Cohen Oded , Zornitzki Taiba , Yarkoni Tom Raz , Lahav Yonatan , Schindel Doron , Halperin Doron , Yehuda Moshe
Published: January 2019

Background

The management of large thyroid nodules remains controversial. Mandatory resection is recommended by some authors.

Methods

All patients with thyroid nodules ≥3 cm between January 2009 and January 2013 were followed until August 2017. Follow‐up data were collected using an integrated hospital‐community system.

Results

A total of 141 nodules were included. Of these, 37/141 (26%) nodules were initially referred to surgery, resulting in a 32% malignancy rate (12/37). The remaining 104/141 (74%) were referred to follow‐up. During the follow‐up period, 24 additional operations were done, resulting in a 4% malignancy rate (1/24). An indication of nonbenign cytology was significantly associated with malignancy compared with other indications. Median follow‐up was 53.5 months. No patient developed regional or distal diseases. The mean change in nodule size during the follow‐up period was a 7% reduction, with no significant trend of change over time.

Conclusion

Careful patient selection based on clinical, sonographic, and cytologic features can reduce diagnostic surgery allowing for safe follow‐up of large thyroid nodules without surgery.
Formal [4+1] Cycloaddition of o‐Aminobenzyl Chlorides with Isocyanides: Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐3‐Substituted Indoles
Authors: Jong Jacobus A. W. , Bao Xu , Wang Qian , Zhu Jieping
Published: January 2019

Reaction of substituted o‐aminobenzyl chlorides with isocyanides in the presence of a weak base (NaHCO3) at room temperature afforded the diversely functionalized 2‐aminoindoles in good to excellent yields. A formal [4+1] cycloaddition of the in situ generated aza‐ortho‐xylylenes with isocyanides accounted for the reaction outcome.
Flow field downstream of individual aquatic plants—Experiments in a natural river with Potamogeton crispus L. and Myriophyllum spicatum L.
Authors: Przyborowski Łukasz , Łoboda Anna Maria , Bialik Robert Józef , Västilä Kaisa
Published: January 2019

Flow disturbances generated by individual patches of submerged, flexible aquatic vegetation were investigated for two naturally growing macrophyte species, Potamogeton crispus L. and Myriophyllum spicatum L., in a sandy lowland river. Through acoustic Doppler velocimetry, 24 vertical profiles of the 3D velocity field were recorded downstream of each of the patches. The morphological features and biomechanical properties of the plants were also evaluated. The experiments showed the relationship between biomechanical characteristics and turbulence statistics. M. spicatum, which was stiffer and therefore less prone to dynamic reconfiguration, showed a greater effect on velocity damping, causing an increase in Reynold stresses, turbulence intensities, and turbulent kinetic energy downstream of the patch. These effects were present in regions both above and below plant height. In contrast for P. crispus, these effects were present only below plant height. The stiffer plant produced a mixing layer in its wake similar to that of dense plant canopies. The patch of less stiff and more streamlined P. crispus with longer leaves presented a much weaker effect on the flow. In contrast to previous studies conducted with rigid plant surrogates, we concluded that reconfiguration of the living flexible plants allows the plants to minimize drag forces, and therefore, their influence on the flow field was weaker than the effects reported for rigid surrogates.
Dual oocyte retrieval and embryo transfer in the same cycle for women with premature ovarian insufficiency
Authors: Hatirnaz Safak , Ata Baris , Hatırnaz Ebru , Basbug Alper , Tannus Samer
Published: January 2019

Objective

To compare dual oocyte retrieval with minimal ovarian stimulation and embryo transfer in the same menstrual cycle versus conventional ovarian stimulation among women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).

Methods

A retrospective study of 51 women with POI attending a reproductive center in Turkey between 2013 and 2015. Women with an ovarian follicle of 12 mm or larger early in the follicular phase who underwent oocyte retrieval followed by an immediate cycle of ovarian stimulation (group 1, n=14) were compared with those who received conventional ovarian stimulation (group 2, n=37). Both groups underwent subsequent ovarian stimulation cycles to obtain optimally two embryos for transfer.

Results

The groups had similar baseline parameters. Serum estradiol was higher in group 1 (P<0.001); total number of oocyte retrievals was higher in group 2 (P<0.001); and total number of oocytes retrieved was similar (P=0.192). Group 1 had more higher‐quality embryos (P=0.031). There was a non‐significant trend toward higher live birth rates in the dual trigger group (28% vs 8%, P=0.08).

Conclusion

Rescuing growing follicles early in the follicular phase combined with subsequent ovarian stimulation and embryo transfer in the same cycle resulted in fewer oocyte retrieval cycles and might potentially improve reproductive outcomes.
The experience‐based format of probability improves probability estimates: The moderating role of individual differences in numeracy
Authors: Traczyk Jakub , Sobkow Agata , Matukiewicz Adrian , Petrova Dafina , Garcia‐Retamero Rocio
Published: January 2019

People with low statistical numeracy have difficulties understanding numerical information. For instance, they often misunderstand the probability of experiencing side effects, which could reduce adherence to medical treatments. We investigated whether presenting information about probability using a method based on the direct experience of events influences the accuracy of probability estimates compared to viewing a static numerical description of the same information. Participants completed a numeracy test and were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In the description‐based probability condition, participants were presented with 24 binomial distributions consisting of a target stimulus “X” and a distractor stimulus “·” in the form of odds (the distribution “7 × 13 ·” is an example of a 35% probability: here the target [distractor] stimulus was present 7[13] times in a 20‐stimulus distribution). In the experience‐based probability condition, participants observed the same information but the stimuli were randomly arranged and displayed sequentially. Participants in both conditions estimated the probability of the target stimulus in each trial. In the experience‐based format participants with low numeracy made more accurate probability estimates in comparison to the description‐based format. In contrast, accuracy in participants with high numeracy was similar in the two formats.
Relations of child effortful control to personality, well‐being and parenting
Authors: Slobodskaya Helena R. , Petrenko Evgeniya N. , Loginova Svetlana V. , Kornienko Olga S. , Kozlova Elena A.
Published: January 2019

This study examined effortful control and its relations to personality, parenting and well‐being in a community sample of Russian preschool children (N = 365, 46% girls) using parent‐reported effortful control scale from the very short form of the children's behaviour questionnaire, the inventory of child individual differences–short version, the Alabama parenting questionnaire—preschool revision, the self‐reporting questionnaire, and parent and teacher reports on the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. The findings confirmed the four‐factor structure of effortful control, including inhibitory control, attentional control, low‐intensity pleasure and perceptual sensitivity. Girls demonstrated higher scores than boys on effortful control, perceptual sensitivity, inhibitory control and low‐intensity pleasure. Older children scored higher than younger on inhibitory control and perceptual sensitivity and lower on low‐intensity pleasure. Gender and age accounted for less than 3% of the variance in effortful control. Effortful control was associated with personality traits of conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness, and with positive emotions and low‐negative affect. Higher effortful control was associated with higher levels of prosocial behaviour and lower levels of externalising and internalising problems. Structural modelling showed that the effect of parenting on child prosocial and problem behaviours may be mediated by effortful control.
Joint Association Analysis Identified 18 New Loci for Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Pei Yu-Fang , Liu Lu , Liu Tao-Le , Yang Xiao-Lin , Zhang Hong , Wei Xin-Tong , Feng Gui-Juan , Hai Rong , Ran Shu , Zhang Lei
Published: January 2019

Bone mineral density (BMD) at various skeletal sites have shared genetic determinants. In the present study, aiming to identify shared loci associated with BMD, we conducted a joint association study of a genomewide association study (GWAS) and a meta-analysis of BMD at different skeletal sites: (i) a single GWAS of heel BMD in 142,487 individuals from the UK Biobank, and (ii) a meta-analysis of 30 GWASs of total body (TB) BMD in 66,628 individuals from the Genetic Factors for Osteoporosis (GEFOS) Consortium. The genetic correlation coefficient of the two traits was estimated to be 0.57. We performed joint association analysis with a recently developed statistical method multi-trait analysis of GWAS (MTAG) to account for trait heterogeneity and sample overlap. The joint association analysis combining samples of up to 209,115 individuals identified 18 novel loci associated with BMD at the genomewide significance level (α = 5.0 × 10–8), explaining an additional 0.43% and 0.60% of heel-BMD and TB-BMD heritability, respectively. The vast majority of the identified lead SNPs or their proxies exerted local expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) activity. Credible risk variants, defined as those SNPs located within 500 kilobases (kb) of the lead SNP and with p values within two orders of magnitude of the lead SNP, were enriched in transcription factor binding sites (p = 3.58 × 10–4) and coding regions (p = 5.71 × 10–4). Fifty-six candidate genes were prioritized at these novel loci using multiple sources of information, including several genes being previously reported to play a role in bone biology but not reported in previous GWASs (PPARG, FBN2, DEF6, TNFRSF19, and NFE2L1). One newly identified gene, SCMH1, was shown to upregulate the expression of several bone biomarkers, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type 1 (COL-I), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), in mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, highlighting its regulatory role in bone formation. Our results may provide useful candidate genes for future functional investigations. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.