bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in the requirement for early surgery in inflammatory bowel disease in the era of biological agents
Authors: Guasch Montserrat , Cañete Fiorella , Ordás Ingrid , Iglesias‐Flores Eva , Clos Ariadna , Gisbert Javier P. , Taxonera Carlos , Vera Isabel , Mínguez Miguel , Guardiola Jordi , Rivero Montserrat , Nos Pilar , Gomollón Fernando , Barrio Jesús , de Francisco Ruth , López‐Sanromán Antonio , Martín‐Arranz M. Dolores , Garcia‐Planella Esther , Camargo Raquel , García‐López Santiago , de Castro Luisa , Calvet Xavier , Esteve Maria , Mañosa Míriam , Domènech Eugeni ,   GETECCU‐ENEIDA registry
Published: April 2020

Background and Aim

Biological therapies may be changing the natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), reducing the need for surgical intervention. We aimed to assess whether the availability of anti‐TNF agents impacts the need for early surgery in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods

Retrospective, cohort study of patients diagnosed within a 6‐year period before and after the licensing of anti‐TNFs (1990–1995 and 2007–2012 for CD; 1995–2000 and 2007–2012 for UC) were identified in the ENEIDA Registry. Surgery‐free survival curves were compared between cohorts.

Results

A total of 7370 CD patients (2022 in Cohort 1 and 5348 in Cohort 2) and 8069 UC patients (2938 in Cohort 1 and 5131 in Cohort 2) were included. Immunosuppressants were used significantly earlier and more frequently in both CD and UC post‐biological cohorts. The cumulative probability of surgery was lower in CD following anti‐TNF approval (16% and 11%, 22% and 16%, and 29% and 19%, at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively P < 0.0001), although not in UC (3% and 2%, 4% and 4%, and 6% and 5% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively; P = 0.2). Ileal involvement, older age at diagnosis and active smoking in CD, and extensive disease in UC, were independent risk factors for surgery, whereas high‐volume IBD centers (in both CD and UC) and immunosuppressant use (in CD) were protective factors.

Conclusions

Anti‐TNF availability was associated with a reduction in early surgery for CD (driven mainly by earlier and more widespread immunosuppressant use) but not in UC.
The conditions of possibilities for recovery: A critical discourse analysis in a Danish psychiatric context
Authors: Jørgensen Kim , Praestegaard Jeanette , Holen Mari
Published: April 2020

Aims and objectives

This paper explores the conditions for the possibilities of recovery in a Danish mental healthcare practice, expressed from the perspective of nurses. The results and discussion of the study help to make visible and explore the muddle of conceptualisations of recovery in mental healthcare practice.

Background

Few studies examine the possibilities of recovery for inpatients and outpatients in mental health centres from a nursing perspective.

Design

A qualitative design using a critical social constructionist frame of understanding, in which the real world is considered as a series of social constructions.

Method

A Fairclough‐inspired critical discourse analysis was chosen as the analytical strategy. The analysis is comprised of ten interviews in mental health care and notes, written by nurses, in medical records of ten patients with a mental illness admitted to a mental healthcare centre in 2016–2017. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist was used as a guideline to secure accurate and complete reporting of the study (See Appendix S1).

Results

From the findings of the textual analysis and the analysis of the discourse practice, it seems clear that the social relations and structures relating to recovery in Danish psychiatry are steered and controlled by discourses that reflect, in general terms, the essence of the core of neoliberal ideology.

Conclusion

Recovery is generally articulated from an overall discourse of neoliberalism with its embedded discourses of paternalism, biomedicine, self‐care and holism. All these discourses coexist in nursing practice, but the paternalistic discourse becomes the framework for the conditions for the possibility of how recovery is expressed in practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses need to be supported to seek clarity in the understanding and operationalisation of a recovery‐oriented approach, if the agenda is to be truly adopted and strengthened.
Tropisetron improves pancreas function and increases insulin synthesis and secretion in the STZ-induced diabetic rats: involvement of UCP2/ZnT8 pathway
Authors: Naderi Roya , Shirpoor Alireza , Samadi Mahrokh , Pourheydar Bagher , Moslehi Azam
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases. Tropisetron, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, has a considerable role in the inflammation and oxidative stress lowering. This study aimed to investigate the effect of this 5-HT3 receptor antagonist on insulin secretion in male diabetic rats and the possible mechanisms.

Methods

Animals were divided into five equal groups; the control, tropisetron, diabetes, tropisetron–diabetes and glibenclamide–diabetes (7 in each group). Tropisetron and glibenclamide were administrated for 2 weeks after inducing type 1 diabetes.

Key findings

We demonstrated that insulin secretion improved robustly in diabetes–tropisetron compared with the diabetic group. Oxidative stress biomarkers were lower in a diabetes–tropisetron group than in diabetic rats. Simultaneously, tropisetron administration promoted the expression of ZnT8 and GLUT2 and also beta-cell mass in pancreatic tissue, while the expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was restrained. The histological evaluation confirmed our results. These effects were equipotent with glibenclamide, indicating that tropisetron can protect islets from the abnormal insulin secretion and morphological changes induced by type 1 diabetes.

Conclusions

This effect might be partly related to the modulated UCP2/ZnT8 signal pathway and improved oxidative stress-induced damage.
Situational judgement test validity for selection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Webster Elin S. , Paton Lewis W. , Crampton Paul E. S. , Tiffin Paul A.
Published: April 2020

Context

Situational judgement tests (SJTs) are widely used to evaluate ‘non‐academic’ abilities in medical applicants. However, there is a lack of understanding of how their predictive validity may vary across contexts. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to synthesise existing evidence relating to the validity of such tools for predicting outcomes relevant to interpersonal workplace performance.

Methods

Searches were conducted in relevant databases to June 2019. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. Results were pooled using random effects meta‐analysis and meta‐regressions.

Results

Initially, 470 articles were identified, 218 title or abstracts were reviewed, and 44 full text articles were assessed with 30 studies meeting the final inclusion criteria and were judged, overall, to be at moderate risk of bias. Of these, 26 reported correlation coefficients relating to validity, with a pooled estimate of 0.32 (95% confidence interval 0.26 to 0.39, P < .0001). Considerable heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 96.5%) with the largest validity coefficients tending to be observed for postgraduate, rather than undergraduate, selection studies (β = 0.23, 0.11 to 0.36, P < .001). The correction of validity coefficients for attenuation was also independently associated with larger effects (β = 0.13, 0.03 to 0.23, P = .01). No significant associations with test medium (video vs text format), cross‐sectional study design, or period of assessment (one‐off vs longer‐term) were observed. Where reported, the scores generally demonstrated incremental predictive validity, over and above tests of knowledge and cognitive ability.

Conclusions

The use of SJTs in medical selection is supported by the evidence. The observed trend relating to training stage requires investigation. Further research should focus on developing robust criterion‐relevant outcome measures that, ideally, capture interpersonal aspects of typical workplace performance. This will facilitate additional work identifying the optimal place of SJTs within particular selection contexts and further enhancing their effectiveness.
Adenosine kinase inhibition enhances microvascular dilator function and improves left ventricle diastolic dysfunction
Authors: Davila Alec , Tian Yanna , Czikora Istvan , S. Weissman Amanda , Weinand Nicholas , Dong Guangkuo , Xu Jiean , Li Jie , Su Huabo , Kapuku Gaston , Huo Yuqing , Bagi Zsolt
Published: April 2020

Objective

Inhibition of adenosine kinase (ADK), via augmenting endogenous adenosine levels exerts cardiovascular protection. We tested the hypothesis that ADK inhibition improves microvascular dilator and left ventricle (LV) contractile function under metabolic or hemodynamic stress.

Methods and Results

In Obese diabetic Zucker fatty/spontaneously hypertensive heart failure F1 hybrid rats, treatment with the selective ADK inhibitor, ABT‐702 (1.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injections for 8‐week) restored acetylcholine‐, sodium nitroprusside‐, and adenosine‐induced dilations in isolated coronary arterioles, an effect that was accompanied by normalized end‐diastolic pressure (in mm Hg, Lean: 3.4 ± 0.6, Obese: 17.6 ± 4.2, Obese + ABT: 6.6 ± 1.4) and LV relaxation constant, Tau (in ms, Lean: 6.9 ± 1.5, Obese: 13.9 ± 1.7, Obese + ABT: 6.0 ± 1.1). Mice with vascular endothelium selective ADK deletion (ADKVECKO) exhibited an enhanced dilation to acetylcholine in isolated gracilis muscle (lgEC50 WT: −8.2 ± 0.1, ADKVECKO: −8.8 ± 0.1, P < .05) and mesenteric arterioles (lgEC50 WT: −7.4 ± 0.2, ADKVECKO: −8.1 ± 1.2, P < .05) when compared to wild‐type (WT) mice, whereas relaxation of the femoral artery and aorta (lgEC50 WT: −7.03 ± 0.6, ADKVECKO: −7.05 ± 0.8) was similar in the two groups. Wild‐type mice progressively developed LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction when they underwent transverse aortic constriction surgery, whereas ADKVEC‐KO mice displayed a lesser degree in decline of LV function.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that ADK inhibition selectively enhances microvascular vasodilator function, whereby it improves LV perfusion and LV contractile function under metabolic and hemodynamic stress.
Thriving? Or Surviving? An Approach–Avoidance Perspective on Adult Language Learners’ Motivation
Authors: HENRY ALASTAIR , DAVYDENKO SOFIA
Published: April 2020

Learning a language is a long‐term undertaking. In this endeavor, motivation is served by patterns of regulation that steer and control behavior. Regulation can be focused on possibilities and opportunities (an approach pattern), or the implications of failure (an avoidance pattern). Responding to calls for work with a focus on regulation (Papi et al., 2019), and with the aim of developing insights into second‐language perseverance, this study explores the regulation profiles of highly motivated adult learners of Swedish. Using the directed motivational currents construct as a template, analyses of interview data from 18 participants revealed distinct patterns of approach‐ and avoidance‐focused regulation. While approach orientations were associated with enjoyment and well‐being, avoidance orientations were associated with worry and stress. The effects of regulatory orientations on motivational sustainability are discussed, and implications for theory and practice are considered.
Could our epistemic reasons be collective practical reasons?
Authors: Dyke Michelle M.
Published: April 2020

Are epistemic reasons merely a species of instrumental practical reasons, making epistemic rationality a specialized form of instrumental practical rationality? Or are epistemic reasons importantly different in kind? Despite the attractions of the former view, Kelly (2003) argues quite compellingly that epistemic rationality cannot be merely a matter of taking effective means to one's epistemic ends. I argue here that Kelly's objections can be sidestepped if we understand epistemic reasons as instrumental reasons that arise in light of the aims held by social collectives of which we are members, rather than being fixed by our own individual goals. This social version of epistemic instrumentalism would not be subject to counterexamples that point to the failure of individual people to possess desires or goals that would account for all of the epistemic reasons we find it natural to attribute to them. I conclude by comparing the proposed view to the alternative version of instrumentalism defended by Kornblith (1993). I argue that the social view I sketch here has one noteworthy advantage. It better accounts for the intuitive distinctness of our practical and epistemic reasons for belief in cases where flouting epistemic norms would better help us to achieve our own individual goals.
Directional auxin fluxes in plants by intramolecular domain–domain coevolution of PIN auxin transporters
Authors: Zhang Yuzhou , Hartinger Corinna , Wang Xiaojuan , Friml Jiří
Published: April 2020

Morphogenesis and adaptive tropic growth in plants depend on gradients of the phytohormone auxin, mediated by the membrane‐based PIN‐FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters. PINs localize to a particular side of the plasma membrane (PM) or to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to directionally transport auxin and maintain intercellular and intracellular auxin homeostasis, respectively. However, the molecular cues that confer their diverse cellular localizations remain largely unknown.

In this study, we systematically swapped the domains between ER‐ and PM‐localized PIN proteins, as well as between apical and basal PM‐localized PINs from Arabidopsis thaliana, to shed light on why PIN family members with similar topological structures reside at different membrane compartments within cells.

Our results show that not only do the N‐ and C‐terminal transmembrane domains (TMDs) and central hydrophilic loop contribute to their differential subcellular localizations and cellular polarity, but that the pairwise‐matched N‐ and C‐terminal TMDs resulting from intramolecular domain–domain coevolution are also crucial for their divergent patterns of localization.

These findings illustrate the complexity of the evolutionary path of PIN proteins in acquiring their plethora of developmental functions and adaptive growth in plants.
Short‐range regulatory chromatin loops in plants
Authors: Gagliardi Delfina , Manavella Pablo A.
Published: April 2020

In all eukaryotic organisms, gene expression correlates with the condensation state of the chromatin. Highly packed genome regions, known as heterochromatins, are associated with repressed loci, whereas euchromatic regions represent a relaxed state of the chromatin actively transcribed. However, even in these active regions, associations between chromatin domains dynamically modify genome topology and alter gene expression. Long‐range interaction within and between chromosomes determines chromatin domains that help to coordinate transcriptional events. On the other hand, short‐range chromatin interactions emerged as dynamic mechanisms regulating the expression of specific loci. Our current capacity to decipher genome topology at high resolution allowed us to identify numerous cases of short‐range regulatory chromatin interactions, which are reviewed in this Insight article.
Optimal control of invasive species with economic benefits: Application to the Typha proliferation
Authors: Dia Ben M. , Diagne Mamadou L. , Goudiaby M. Samsidy
Published: April 2020

We address the management of invasive estuarine herbs providing some economic benefits and characterized by two modes of reproduction affecting the ecosystem. The study began by analyzing the stability of the plant dynamics using an approximate model resulting from the negligence of the seasonality in seedlings production. The optimal control seeks to find strategies with a minimal implementation cost by way of incorporating the plant profit in the payoff function. Optimal strategies were designed and implemented to control proliferation scenarios using a two‐class compartmental model. Furthermore, the optimal control system was derived for the approximate model as well as for the model including the seasonality feature. Finally, numerical simulations were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control laws for both systems.

Recommendations for Resource Managers

The quantification of the benefit of invasive estuarine herbs should be addressed in consultation with biologists, ecologists, and plant users.

Data collection, for a robust empirical estimate of the model parameters, lasts for a year at least.

The cutting‐process is nonselective for the plant classes and the chemical treatment should be as minimal as possible.

Management efforts should be more focused on the birth and death rates of plants.
Psychological characteristics of Chinese patients with genuine halitosis
Authors: He Mei , Lu Haixia , Cao Junyao , Zhang Yu , Wong May Chun Mei , Fan Juan , Ye Wei
Published: April 2020

Objective

The present case–control study aimed to compare the psychological status of patients with and without halitosis, and investigate the association between psychological disorders and halitosis.

Methods

Patients who complained about bad breath and diagnosed with genuine halitosis were assigned to the halitosis group, while patients without genuine halitosis were assigned to the control group (n = 106, each group). Information on the demographics and Symptom Checklist‐90 (SCL‐90) of participants was collected. The organoleptic score and Halimeter measurement were used to measure halitosis.

Results

The mean SCL‐90 score of participants in the halitosis group (0.63) was significantly greater than that in the control group (0.48) (p = .002). The scores of the domains of interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, depression, and paranoid ideation were found to be significantly different between the two groups (p < .05). However, there were no significant differences in SCL‐90 scores between the mild and moderate–severe halitosis groups (p = .479).

Conclusion

The psychological status of genuine halitosis patients was significantly worse than normal patients without halitosis complaint and also without halitosis. The main problems were in the aspects of interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, depression, and paranoia. However, the negative impact was not related to the severity of halitosis.
Severe preschool asthmatics have altered cytokine and anti‐viral responses during exacerbation
Authors: Lejeune Stéphanie , Pichavant Muriel , Engelmann Ilka , Béghin Laurent , Drumez Elodie , Le Rouzic Olivier , Dessein Rodrigue , Rogeau Stéphanie , Beke Timothée , Kervoaze Gwenola , Delvart Céline , Ducoin Héloïse , Pouessel Guillaume , Le Mée Armelle , Boileau Sophie , Roussel Juliette , Bonnel Cécile , Mordacq Clémence , Thumerelle Caroline , Gosset Philippe , Deschildre Antoine
Published: April 2020

Background

Preschool asthma/recurrent wheeze is a heterogeneous condition. Different clinical phenotypes have been described, including episodic viral wheeze (EVW), severe intermittent wheeze (SIW), and multiple‐trigger wheeze (MTW).

Objective

To compare clinical, viral, and inflammatory/immune profiling at exacerbation between MTW, SIW, and EVW phenotypes.

Methods

Multicenter, prospective, observational cohort (VIRASTHMA‐2). Children (1‐5 years) with preschool asthma were enrolled during hospitalization for a severe exacerbation. History and anamnestic data, plasma, and nasal samples were collected at exacerbation (T1) and at steady state, 8 weeks later (T2), and sputum samples were collected at T1.

Results

A total of 147 children were enrolled, 37 (25%) had SIW, 18 (12.2%) EVW, and 92 (63%) MTW. They were atopic (47%), exposed to mold (22%) and cigarette smoke (50%), and prone to exacerbations (≥2 in the previous year in 70%). At exacerbation, at least one virus was isolated in 94% and rhinovirus in 75%, with no difference between phenotypes. Children with MTW and SIW phenotypes displayed lower plasma concentrations of IFN‐γ (P = .002), IL‐5 (P = .020), TNF‐α (P = .038), IL‐10 (P = .002), IFN‐β (P = .036), and CXCL10 (P = .006) and lower levels of IFN‐γ (P = .047) in sputum at exacerbation than children with EVW. At T2, they also displayed lower plasma levels of IFN‐γ (P = .045) and CXCL10 (P = .013).

Conclusion

Among preschool asthmatic children, MTW and SIW, prone to exacerbations, display lower systemic levels of Th1, Th2 cytokines, pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, and antiviral responses during severe virus‐induced exacerbation.
Induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived myeloid cells expressing OX40 ligand amplify antigen‐specific T cells in advanced melanoma
Authors: Kimura Toshihiro , Fukushima Satoshi , Okada Etsuko , Kuriyama Haruka , Kanemaru Hisashi , Kadohisa‐Tsuruta Mina , Kubo Yosuke , Nakahara Satoshi , Tokuzumi Aki , Kajihara Ikko , Makino Katsunari , Miyashita Azusa , Aoi Jun , Makino Takamitsu , Tsukamoto Hirotake , Nishimura Yasuharu , Inozume Takashi , Zhang Rong , Uemura Yasushi , Senju Satoru , Ihn Hironobu
Published: April 2020

Immune checkpoint inhibitors improved the survival rate of patients with unresectable melanoma. However, some patients do not respond, and variable immune‐related adverse events have been reported. Therefore, more effective and antigen‐specific immune therapies are urgently needed. We previously reported the efficacy of an immune cell therapy with immortalized myeloid cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS‐ML). In this study, we generated OX40L‐overexpressing iPS‐ML (iPS‐ML‐Zsgreen‐OX40L) and investigated their characteristics and in vivo efficacy against mouse melanoma. We found that iPS‐ML‐Zsgreen‐OX40L suppressed the progression of B16‐BL6 melanoma, and prolonged survival of mice with ovalbumin (OVA)‐expressing B16 melanoma (MO4). The number of antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells was higher in spleen cells treated with OVA peptide‐pulsed iPS‐ML‐Zsgreen‐OX40L than in those without OX40L. The OVA peptide‐pulsed iPS‐ML‐Zsgreen‐OX40L significantly increased the number of tumor‐infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) in MO4 tumor. Flow cytometry showed decreased regulatory T cells but increased effector and effector memory T cells among the TILs. Although we plan to use allogeneic iPS‐ML in the clinical applications, iPS‐ML showed the tumorgenicity in the syngeneic mice model. Incorporating the suicide gene is necessary to ensure the safety in the future study. Collectively, these results indicate that iPS‐ML‐Zsgreen‐OX40L therapy might be a new method for antigen‐specific cancer immunotherapy.
High herkogamy but low reciprocity characterizes isoplethic populations of Jasminum malabaricum, a species with stigma‐height dimorphism
Authors: Ganguly S. , Barua D.
Published: April 2020

Studies of floral polymorphisms have focused on heterostyly, while stigma‐height dimorphism has received considerably less attention. Few studies have examined the reproductive biology of species with stigma‐height dimorphism to understand how factors influencing mate availability and pollen transfer are related to morph ratios in populations.

Floral morphological traits, especially herkogamy and reciprocity, pollinator visitation, breeding system and spatiotemporal mate availability, are known to affect inter‐morph pollination and morph ratios in species with stigma‐height dimorphism. In this study, we investigated the presence of stigma‐height dimorphism and estimated morph ratios in four naturally occurring populations of Jasminum malabaricum. We quantified morph‐ and population‐specific differences in the abovementioned factors in these populations to understand the observed morph ratios.

The positions of anthers and stigmas were characteristic of stigma‐height dimorphism, the first report of this polymorphism in the genus. All study populations were isoplethic, implying equal fitness of both morphs. Herkogamy was higher in the short‐styled morph, while reciprocity was higher between the long‐styled stigma and short‐styled anthers. Long‐ and short‐tongued pollinators were common floral visitors, and we observed no differences between morphs in spatiotemporal mate availability or pollinator visitation. Neither morph exhibited self‐ or heteromorphic incompatibility.

The short‐styled stigma had lower reciprocity but likely receives sufficient inter‐morph pollen from long‐tongued pollinators, and also by avoiding self‐pollination due to higher herkogamy. These results highlight the importance of sufficient effective pollinators and floral morphological features, particularly herkogamy, in maintaining isoplethy in species with stigma‐height dimorphism.
Biological and genetic characterization of carrot red leaf virus and its associated virus/RNA isolated from carrots in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Yoshida Naoto
Published: April 2020

Carrot motley dwarf (CMD) is caused by mixed infection of carrot red leaf virus (CtRLV) with either carrot mottle virus (CMoV) or carrot mottle mimic virus, and additional infection with CtRLV‐associated RNA (CtRLVaRNA). Here, the author investigated the viruses or virus‐like RNA isolated from carrots with reddening symptoms in Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan. Three types of infections were mainly detected: single infection with CtRLV, which was most prevalent; double infection with CtRLV and CMoV; and triple infection with CtRLV, CMoV, and CtRLVaRNA. Fields with the three agents were severely affected, with diseased plants showing mottling, whereas in fields where disease incidence was low and sporadic, CtRLV was often found alone in plants with mild symptoms. Inoculation tests using carrot plants showed that CMoV enhanced disease severity, and the RNA accumulation of CtRLV. However, in the presence of CtRLVaRNA (+ CMoV), distinct symptoms such as systemic mottling and stunting developed, while the enhancement of CtRLV accumulation was abolished. These results imply that CtRLVaRNA (+ CMoV) antagonizes CtRLV despite its dependence on CtRLV for aphid transmission, and that mixed infection with CtRLVaRNA is involved in the development of the conspicuous mottling. All agents detected in Hokkaido were very similar to European and American isolates in terms of their genomic sequences and host range. This represents the first report of CMD in Japan, and provides further information on the genetic and biological properties of CMD‐associated agents, as well as the aetiology of the disease.
What Geographical Concentration of Industries in the Tunisian Sahel? Empirical Evidence Using Distance‐Based Measures
Authors: Laajimi Rawaa , Le Gallo Julie , Benammou Saloua
Published: April 2020

This paper examines the location patterns of manufacturing industries within the most developed regions of Tunisia, the Sahel. We use detailed micro‐geographic data and the distance‐based approach of Duranton and Overman. While the textile industry shows a high degree of geographical concentration, the high‐tech industries are also among the most concentrated, meaning that the Tunisian Sahel gathers a specialised pool in these industries. We further analyse the location patterns of manufacturing sub‐sectors: totally and partially exporting plants and domestic, mixed and foreign plants and show that totally exporting plants and foreign and mixed plants exhibit strong geographical concentration.
Measuring Job Accessibility Through Integrating Travel Time, Transit Fare And Income: A Study Of The Chicago Metropolitan Area
Authors: Liu Dong , Kwan Mei‐Po
Published: April 2020

Job accessibility, as a crucial social equity indicator, has been primarily measured by travel time/distance and transit fare. However, the effect of income has rarely been integrated with the total travel monetary cost (i.e. the sum of transit fare and travel time monetary cost) in measuring job accessibility. The different sensitivity to travel cost of people with different income levels should be included in job accessibility measures. This study proposes a measure that turns travel time, transit fare and income into a comparable unit and considers the total travel monetary cost as a percentage of income. We measure transit‐based accessibility to low‐pay jobs in Chicago before and after considering the total travel monetary cost as a percentage of income. The results indicate that the job accessibility for low‐income people is overestimated while the job accessibility for non‐low‐income people is underestimated based on the traditional measure. The proposed measure mitigates the overestimation and underestimation effects and helps better inform policy‐makers of the real job accessibility distribution pattern.
Erratum: Mustafa Akyol& Kamil Koç A new species and a new record of the genus Tycherobius (Acari: Camerobiidae) for the Turkish Fauna. Systematic & Applied Acarology 22(1): 21–27 (2017)

Authors: Akypl Mustafa , Koç Kamil
Published: April 2020

Unintentionally, we had mixed up the measurement data of Tycherobius izmirensis Akyol and Koç, 2017 with those of T. anatolicus Uluçay, Koç and Akyol, 2016. The original measurements of T. izmirensis should have been given as follows.
A Study of Preservice Physical Education Teachers’ Content Knowledge of Health-Related Fitness
Authors: Santiago José A. , Morrow James R.
Published: April 2020

Purpose: The authors assessed common content knowledge of health-related fitness in a national representative sample of preservice physical education teachers in the United States. Methods: Six hundred and twenty-one preservice physical education teachers from 68 physical education teacher education (PETE) programs located in different regions in the United States completed the 40 multiple choice items health-related fitness knowledge test during the semester prior to their student teaching. In addition, each PETE program coordinator/department head completed the PETE Program Information Questionnaire. Results: The mean percentage correct on the test was 61.3% (M = 24.5, SD = 4.9). Analyses of variance and t-test analyses indicated that common content knowledge of health-related fitness was not a function of sex, program size, or region of the United States. Discussion/Conclusions: These data suggest that preservice physical education teachers in the United States lack common content knowledge of health-related fitness and warrant the attention of PETE programs.
Antimicrobial peptides: Application informed by evolution
Authors: Lazzaro Brian P. , Zasloff Michael , Rolff Jens
Published: April 2020

Small-molecule defense

Small-peptide defense molecules are produced by most organisms to fend off invasion by bacteria. The antimicrobial peptides that we know about so far show substantial diversity, synergism, and alternative functions. Lazzaro
et al.
review our knowledge of the evolution and diversity of antimicrobial peptides, the rapid pharmacodynamics of which make them promising candidates for translational applications to complement efforts to overcome antibiotic resistance.

Science
, this issue p.
eaau5480
Regenerative potential of prostate luminal cells revealed by single-cell analysis
Authors: Karthaus Wouter R. , Hofree Matan , Choi Danielle , Linton Eliot L. , Turkekul Mesruh , Bejnood Alborz , Carver Brett , Gopalan Anuradha , Abida Wassim , Laudone Vincent , Biton Moshe , Chaudhary Ojasvi , Xu Tianhao , Masilionis Ignas , Manova Katia , Mazutis Linas , Pe’er Dana , Regev Aviv , Sawyers Charles L.
Published: April 2020

Equal opportunity tissue regeneration

Tissue regeneration is thought to be driven primarily by rare stem cells with distinctive properties. Single-cell RNA sequencing allows rigorous testing of this hypothesis. Karthaus
et al.
examined the regeneration of normal prostate tissue in mice after androgen ablation, a common treatment for prostate cancer (see the Perspective by Kelly). Unexpectedly, they found that in addition to rare stem cells, a large population of differentiated cells was a major contributor to prostate regeneration, a result that they confirmed in a study of human prostate tissue. Investigation of the molecular mechanism by which the differentiated cells acquired regenerative potential yielded insights that could potentially lead to improved therapies for prostate cancer.

Science
, this issue p.
497
; see also p.
467
Pervasive ice sheet mass loss reflects competing ocean and atmosphere processes
Authors: Smith Ben , Fricker Helen A. , Gardner Alex S. , Medley Brooke , Nilsson Johan , Paolo Fernando S. , Holschuh Nicholas , Adusumilli Susheel , Brunt Kelly , Csatho Bea , Harbeck Kaitlin , Markus Thorsten , Neumann Thomas , Siegfried Matthew R. , Zwally H. Jay
Published: April 2020

Taking stock of our losses

Earth's ice sheets are melting and sea levels are rising, so it behooves us to understand better which climate processes are responsible for how much of the mass loss. Smith
et al.
estimated grounded and floating ice mass change for the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 2003 to 2019 using satellite laser altimetry data from NASA's ICESat and ICESat-2 satellites. They show how changing ice flow, melting, and precipitation affect different regions of ice and estimate that grounded-ice loss averaged close to 320 gigatons per year over that period and contributed 14 millimeters to sea level rise.

Science
, this issue p.
1239
A general method to synthesize and sinter bulk ceramics in seconds
Authors: Wang Chengwei , Ping Weiwei , Bai Qiang , Cui Huachen , Hensleigh Ryan , Wang Ruiliu , Brozena Alexandra H. , Xu Zhenpeng , Dai Jiaqi , Pei Yong , Zheng Chaolun , Pastel Glenn , Gao Jinlong , Wang Xizheng , Wang Howard , Zhao Ji-Cheng , Yang Bao , Zheng Xiaoyu (Rayne) , Luo Jian , Mo Yifei , Dunn Bruce , Hu Liangbing
Published: April 2020

Speedy ceramic sintering

Synthesizing ceramics can require heating for long times at high temperatures, making the screening of high-through-put materials challenging. C. Wang
et al.
developed a new ceramic-sintering technique that uses resistive heating of thin carbon strips to ramp up and ramp down temperature quickly. This method allows for the quick synthesis of a wide variety of ceramics while mitigating the loss of volatile elements. Ultrafast sintering is ideal for synthesizing many compositions to screen for ideal properties for a variety of applications, including the development of new solid-state electrolytes.

Science
, this issue p.
521
The other public health crisis
Together: The Healing Power of Human Connection in a Sometimes Lonely World
Vivek H. Murthy
Harper Wave, 2020. 352 pp.
Authors: Schug Joanna
Published: April 2020

Social connection is critical, but many struggle to form and maintain meaningful relationships
Glycotyping and Specific Separation of Listeria monocytogenes with a Novel Bacteriophage Protein Tool Kit
Authors: Sumrall Eric T. , Röhrig Christian , Hupfeld Mario , Selvakumar Lavanja , Du Jiemin , Dunne Matthew , Schmelcher Mathias , Shen Yang , Loessner Martin J.
Published: April 2020

Listeria monocytogenes
is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen that presents a major concern to the food industry due to its propensity to cause foodborne illness. The
Listeria
genus contains 15 different serovars, with most of the variance depending on the wall-associated teichoic acid glycopolymers, which confer somatic antigenicity. Strains belonging to serovars 1/2 and 4b cause the vast majority of listeriosis cases and outbreaks, meaning that regulators, as well as the food industry itself, have an interest in rapidly identifying isolates of these particular serovars in food processing environments. Current methods for phenotypic serovar differentiation are slow and lack accuracy, and the food industry could benefit from new technologies allowing serovar-specific isolation. Therefore, the novel method described here for rapid glycotype determination could present a valuable asset to detect and control this bacterium.
Biting Off What Can Be Chewed: Trogocytosis in Health, Infection, and Disease
Authors: Bettadapur Akhila , Miller Hannah W. , Ralston Katherine S.
Published: April 2020

Trogocytosis is part of an emerging, exciting theme of cell-cell interactions both within and between species, and it is relevant to host-pathogen interactions in many different contexts. Trogocytosis is a process in which one cell physically extracts and ingests “bites” of cellular material from another cell. It was first described in eukaryotic microbes, where it was uncovered as a mechanism by which amoebae kill cells. Trogocytosis is potentially a fundamental form of eukaryotic cell-cell interaction, since it also occurs in multicellular organisms, where it has functions in the immune system, in the central nervous system, and during development.
Supplemental Material: Halogens in hydrothermal sphalerite record origin of ore-forming fluids
Authors: Frenzel Max , al. et
Published: April 2020

Appendices S1 (detailed methods and summary of analytical results), S2 (full EPMA dataset), S3 (full LA-ICP-MS dataset), and S4 (fluid database used for Figure 3).
Growth rate of coeliac children is compromised before the onset of the disease
Authors: Auricchio Renata , Stellato Pio , Bruzzese Dario , Cielo Donatella , Chiurazzi Alfredo , Galatola Martina , Castilljeo Gemma , Crespo Escobar Paula , Gyimesi Judith , Hartman Corina , Kolacek Sanja , Koletzko Sybille , Korponay-Szabo Ilma , Mearin Maria Luisa , Meijer Caroline , Pieścik-Lech Malgoscia , Polanco Isabel , Ribes-Koninckx Carmen , Shamir Raanan , Szajewska Hania , Troncone Riccardo , Greco Luigi
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Growth impairment has often been described in children who develop coeliac disease (CD). Based on data from the multicentre, longitudinal PreventCD study, we analysed the growth patterns of infants at genetic risk of CD, comparing those who developed CD by 6 years of age (CD ‘cases’, 113 infants) versus those who did not develop CD by 6 years (no CD ‘controls’, 831 infants).

Methods

Weight and length/height were measured using a longitudinal protocol. Raw measurements were standardised, computing z-scores for length/height and weight; a linear mixed model was fitted to the data in order to compare the rate of growth in the two cohorts.

Results

Neither cases nor controls had significant growth failure. However, when the mean z-scores for weight and height were analysed, there was a difference between the two groups starting at fourth month of life. When the growth pattern in the first year was analysed longitudinally using mixed models, it emerged that children who develop CD had a significantly lower growth rate in weight z-score (−0.028/month; 95% CI −0.038 to −0.017; p<0.001) and in length/height z-score (−0.018/month; 95% CI −0.031 to −0.005; p=0.008) than those who do not develop CD. When the whole follow-up period was analysed (0–6 years), differences between groups in both weight and length/height z-scores were confirmed.

Conclusion

The growth of children at risk of CD rarely fell below ‘clinical standards’. However, growth rate was significantly lower in cases than in controls. Our data suggest that peculiar pathways of growth are present in children who develop CD, long before any clinical or serological signs of the disease appear.
Long-term pain relief following percutaneous steroid treatment of spinal synovial cysts: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Fletcher-Sandersjöö Alexander , Edström Erik , Kuntze Söderqvist Åsa , Grane Per , Elmi-Terander Adrian
Published: April 2020

Background

Spinal synovial cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop after facet joint degeneration and can give rise to radicular pain. If resistant to conservative management, surgical decompression or percutaneous steroid treatment is usually recommended. Percutaneous treatment minimizes the risk of spinal instability, but it has been uncertain whether it provides any long-term symptom relief. Moreover, it is unclear whether cyst rupture provides any added benefit.

Objective

To assess long-term pain relief in patients with spinal synovial cysts who were treated with percutaneous intra-articular steroid treatment without cyst rupture.

Methods

A population-based cohort-study was conducted of all patients with symptomatic synovial cysts who were treated with percutaneous intra-articular steroid treatment without cyst rupture between 1995 and 2014.

Results

Thirty-eight patients were included. All patients had variations of lower back and radicular pain. Intra-articular access was achieved in 35 (92%) patients, and there were no treatment-related complications. At short-term assessment, 30 (79%) had pain relief. During the median follow-up of 11 years, 12 (32%) patients showed sustained pain relief without the need for decompressive surgery.

Conclusions

Percutaneous intra-articular steroid treatment without cyst rupture is a safe treatment for symptomatic spinal synovial cysts and eliminates the need for surgery in a substantial number of patients. It can be suggested as a first line of treatment.
Folic acid affects cardiometabolic, oxidative stress, and immunohistochemical parameters in monocrotaline-induced rat heart failure
Authors: Jakovljevic Uzelac Jovana , Djukic Tatjana , Radic Tanja , Mutavdzin Slavica , Stankovic Sanja , Rakocevic Jelena Kostic , Labudovic Borovic Milica , Milic Natasa , Simic Tatjana , Savic-Radojevic Ana , Djuric Dragan
Published: April 2020

Heart failure (HF) is one of the major cardiovascular causes of death worldwide. In this study, we explored the effects of folic acid (FA) on cardiometabolic, oxidative stress biomarker changes, and the activity of proliferation marker Ki67 in monocrotaline-induced HF. The research was conducted during a 4 week period using five experimental groups (eight animals per group): blank solution exposed controls (C1: 1 mL/kg physiological saline, 1 day; C2: 1 mL/kg physiological saline, 28 days), monocrotaline (MCT) induced HF (50 mg/kg MCT), FA (5 mg·kg−1·day−1FA), and MCT+FA (50 mg/kg MCT, 5 mg·kg−1·day−1FA). Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities together with total glutathione and parameters of oxidative damage of proteins were determined in cardiac tissue as well as cardiometabolic parameters in plasma or serum. The total glutathionylation was determined by Western blot and proliferation marker Ki67 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The right ventricular (RV) wall hypertrophy and Ki67 positivity, accompanied by a significant increase of troponin T, has been shown in MCT-induced HF. The antioxidant effect of FA was reflected through superoxide dismutase activity, reduced Ki67 positivity in the RV wall, and a slightly decreased total glutathionylation level.
Creep prediction of GFRP directors in a multiple launch rocket system under long-term stacking storage
Authors: Sun Tong-Sheng , Yu Cun-Gui , Wang Qi , Zhong Jian-Lin
Published: April 2020

During long-term stacking storage, creep deformation of polymeric composite directors used in multiple launch rocket systems can appear, which affects rocket launch. In this work, E-glass/epoxy 6509 composite laminates were prepared and 60/60 min creep/creep-recovery tests were carried out in the transverse and shear directions at different stress levels. Parameters of the Schapery’s nonlinear viscoelastic equation were obtained based on the test data. Then, a three-dimensional nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model based on Schapery’s equation was implemented in the standard finite element code UMAT and a finite element model was developed to predict the creep deformation of the composite directors after 15 years of stacking storage. The effect of creep deformation on rocket launching was also studied. The results show that the residual deformation of the directors is a saddle-shaped distribution in three-dimensional space, the maximum residual deformation is 0.24 mm, and the minimum residual deformation is 0.22 mm. The creep deformation of the director causes a significant increase in the contact-collision force during launching, resulting in a decrease in the rocket run-off track velocity.
Thin accretion disks and charged rotating dilaton black holes
Authors: Heydari-Fard Mohaddese , Heydari-Fard Malihe , Sepangi Hamid Reza
Published: April 2020

Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theory is an interesting theory of gravity for studying scalar fields in the context of no-hair theorem. In this work, we consider static charged dilaton and charged, slowly rotating dilaton black holes in Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton gravity. We investigate the accretion process in thin disks around such black holes, using the Novikov-Thorne model. The electromagnetic flux, temperature distribution, energy conversion efficiency and also innermost stable circular orbits of thin disks are obtained and effects of dilaton and rotation parameters are studied. For the static and slowly rotating black holes the results are compared to that of Schwarzschild and Kerr, respectively.
Cluster ion polymerization of serine and tryptophan, the water loss channel
Authors: Tiefenthaler Lukas , Kočišek Jaroslav , Scheier Paul
Published: April 2020

We present an experimental study on the stability of cluster cations formed by the assembly of tryptophan or serine moelcules inside charged helium droplets and subsequent droplet evaporation. The stability is probed via collision induced dissociation and mass spectrometry. We focus on the neutral loss of 18 Da that was previously proposed to result in the formation of an amide bond in amino acid clusters. We show that the cluster cations formed by the neutral loss of 18 Da from protonated parent cluster ion precursors are softly, presumably van der Waals, bound similar to the parent and protonated parent cluster cations. Cluster cations formed after neutral loss of 18 Da from the parent cluster cations are strongly bound, indicating the formation of new covalent bonds. Even though we observe a signal at m/z corresponding to dipeptide cations, their collision induced dissociation fragmentation does not allow unambiguous identification of their structure, particularly the amide bond. Our study at cryogenic conditions of He droplets demonstrates that peptide formation by the cluster ion polymerization is not a barrierless process and the formation of amide bonds may depend on activation methods and available catalysts.

Graphical abstract
Cinobufagin Triggers Defects in Spindle Formation and Cap-Dependent Translation in Liver Cancer Cells by Inhibiting the AURKA-mTOR-eIF4E Axis
Authors: Jin Xiaohan , Wang Jiabao , Zou Shuang , Xu Ruicheng , Cao Jin , Zhang Yan , Guo Jia , Wen Xiaochang , Deng Sanmin , Zheng Yupiao , Zhu Yu , Wang Fengmei , Xu Zhongwei
Published: April 2020

Cinobufagin is a Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) inhibitor with excellent anticancer effects to prolong the survival of patients. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the underlying mechanism of the anticancer effects of cinobufagin using overexpression or inhibition of aurora kinase A (AURKA) signaling. First, high expression of Na+/K+-ATPase alpha 1 subunit (ATP1A1) and AURAK resulted in increased malignant transformation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients using the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) data and tissue samples. After treatment with cinobufagin, we successfully screened 202, 249, and 335 changing expression proteins in Huh-7 cells under normal, overexpression, and inhibition of AURKA using tandem mass tags (TMT)-labeled quantitative proteomics coupled to 2D liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these molecules were closely associated with chromosome segregation, DNA damage, and regulation of translation processes. We further confirmed that cinobufagin induced DNA damage and chromosome segregation disorders and suppresses translational processing in oncogenes by decreasing the expression of AURKA, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR), p-mTOR, p-extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), and p-eIF4E, while increasing the expression of p-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) (S65, T37, T46, T45) and increasing the interaction between eIF4 and 4E-BP1. Our results suggested that cinobufagin performed an antitumor effects in liver cancer cells by inhibiting the AURKA-mTOR-eIF4E axis.