bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards 6G wireless communication networks: vision, enabling technologies, and new paradigm shifts
Authors: You Xiaohu , Wang Cheng-Xiang , Huang Jie , Gao Xiqi , Zhang Zaichen , Wang Mao , Huang Yongming , Zhang Chuan , Jiang Yanxiang , Wang Jiaheng , Zhu Min , Sheng Bin , Wang Dongming , Pan Zhiwen , Zhu Pengcheng , Yang Yang , Liu Zening , Zhang Ping , Tao Xiaofeng , Li Shaoqian , Chen Zhi , Ma Xinying , I Chih-Lin , Han Shuangfeng , Li Ke , Pan Chengkang , Zheng Zhimin , Hanzo Lajos , Shen Xuemin (Sherman) , Guo Yingjie Jay , Ding Zhiguo , Haas Harald , Tong Wen , Zhu Peiying , Yang Ganghua , Wang Jun , Larsson Erik G. , Ngo Hien Quoc , Hong Wei , Wang Haiming , Hou Debin , Chen Jixin , Chen Zhe , Hao Zhangcheng , Li Geoffrey Ye , Tafazolli Rahim , Gao Yue , Poor H. Vincent , Fettweis Gerhard P. , Liang Ying-Chang
Published: December 2020

The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks are being deployed worldwide from 2020 and more capabilities are in the process of being standardized, such as mass connectivity, ultra-reliability, and guaranteed low latency. However, 5G will not meet all requirements of the future in 2030 and beyond, and sixth generation (6G) wireless communication networks are expected to provide global coverage, enhanced spectral/energy/cost efficiency, better intelligence level and security, etc. To meet these requirements, 6G networks will rely on new enabling technologies, i.e., air interface and transmission technologies and novel network architecture, such as waveform design, multiple access, channel coding schemes, multi-antenna technologies, network slicing, cell-free architecture, and cloud/fog/edge computing. Our vision on 6G is that it will have four new paradigm shifts. First, to satisfy the requirement of global coverage, 6G will not be limited to terrestrial communication networks, which will need to be complemented with non-terrestrial networks such as satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication networks, thus achieving a space-air-ground-sea integrated communication network. Second, all spectra will be fully explored to further increase data rates and connection density, including the sub-6 GHz, millimeter wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz), and optical frequency bands. Third, facing the big datasets generated by the use of extremely heterogeneous networks, diverse communication scenarios, large numbers of antennas, wide bandwidths, and new service requirements, 6G networks will enable a new range of smart applications with the aid of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technologies. Fourth, network security will have to be strengthened when developing 6G networks. This article provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances and future trends in these four aspects. Clearly, 6G with additional technical requirements beyond those of 5G will enable faster and further communications to the extent that the boundary between physical and cyber worlds disappears.
Historical Epistemology: a Research Approach in Psychiatry
Authors: Marková Ivana S.
Published: December 2020

Drawing on a key issue raised in the paper by Scardigno and Mininni (2021), this commentary explores the question of historical research in psychiatry. Firstly, the importance of historical research is highlighted for both psychiatry as a medical discipline, and for descriptive psychopathology, the language of psychiatry. Of significance has been the construction of psychiatry as a hybrid discipline formed through the deep participation of both the natural and the social sciences. This in turn brings to light the fundamental difference in epistemological basis to psychiatry and medicine, with ensuing consequences for our understanding of mental disorders and for the development of further research methodology. Likewise conceptually hybrid, the special role carried by mental symptoms in psychiatry places them, as concepts, in the position of crucial research tools. Secondly, given some of the complexities raised in carrying out historical research in this area, the issue of how this should be approached is examined. The method proposed here is that of historical epistemology. This is an approach that focuses on concepts, on mapping their biographies in order to clarify their structures, their roles, their discontinuities, their relationships and interactions with other concepts and so on. Given the central role of concepts in psychiatry and descriptive psychopathology, this approach to their study is most likely to provide valid and meaningful results.
Influence of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine series initiation and completion on influenza vaccination among adolescents
Authors: Beeninga F. Trent , Cortright Lindsay , Buckman Cierra , Tumin Dmitry , Syed Salma
Published: December 2020

Background:

Influenza vaccine participation in adolescents is low. Barriers to the influenza vaccine may be shared with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine.

Methods:

We studied adolescents aged 13—17 years who participated in the National Immunization Survey-Teen between 2011 and 2017 (N = 129,200). Data were analyzed to determine whether MMR vaccination status was associated with being up-to-date on the influenza vaccination.

Results:

A total of 49% adolescents received at least one dose of the influenza vaccine within the past 3 years, and 92% completed the MMR series. In multivariable analysis, not initiating or not completing the MMR series was associated with lower odds of being up-to-date on influenza vaccination.

Conclusions:

Adolescents who do not initiate or complete the MMR vaccine series have lower odds of being up-to-date on their influenza vaccination. Lower influenzavaccine participation is associated with lower socioeconomic status, lack of insurance, increased time since last child visit, and higher maternal education.
The Study of US State Policy Diffusion
Authors: Mooney Christopher Z.
Published: December 2020

In 1969, political scientist Jack Walker published 'The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States' in the American Political Science Review. 'Walker 1969' has since become a cornerstone of political science, packed with ideas, conjectures, and suggestions that spawned multiple lines of research in multiple fields. In good Kuhnian fashion, Walker 1969 is important less for the answers it provides than for the questions it raises, inspiring generations of political scientists to use the political, institutional, and policy differences among the states to understand policymaking better. Walker 1969 is the rock on which the modern subfield of state politics scholarship was built, in addition to inspiring copious research into federalism, comparative politics, and international relations. This Element documents the deep and extensive impact of Walker 1969 on the study of policymaking in the US states. In the process, it organizes and analyzes that literature, demonstrating its progress and promise.
National Constitutional Courts as Guardians of the Charter: A Comparative Appraisal of the German Federal Constitutional Court'sRight to Be ForgottenJudgments
Authors: RAUCHEGGER Clara
Published: December 2020

The binding legal force that the Charter acquired with the Treaty of Lisbon has led some national constitutional courts to adopt an entirely new approach to EU fundamental rights. Most notably, the Austrian Constitutional Court, the Italian Constitutional Court, and the German Federal Constitutional Court have explicitly made the Charter a yardstick of constitutional review. This article compares and contrasts the approaches of these three courts to the Charter. It shows that the strategies of the Austrian and German Constitutional Courts have many characteristics in common, including that national constitutional rights are treated as a primary source and the Charter as a mere secondary benchmark in the majority of cases. The most distinctive feature of the Italian Constitutional Court's strategy is that it mainly aims to prevent ordinary courts from circumventing constitutionality refences by directly applying the Charter. The article concludes by arguing that it has many advantages when national constitutional courts adopt the Charter as a yardstick of constitutional review. It is for the constitutional courts and the CJEU to ensure that these benefits are not outweighed by some serious drawbacks of constitutional review in light of the Charter.
Trans Justice and the Law: From Then to Now, From There to Here: A Conversation between Dr. Viviane Namaste and Dalia Tourki
Authors: Namaste Viviane , Tourki Dalia
Published: December 2020

The following is an edited transcription of the keynote presentation at the SSHRC-funded conferenceOn the Margins of Trans Legal Change.This public conference was hosted by McGill University’s Faculty of Law and Institute for Gender, Sexuality and Feminist Studies, in partnership with Thompson Rivers University’s Faculty of Law. The keynote presentation was a conversation between Dr. Viviane Namaste and Dalia Tourki, where they asked each other questions.
A short report of satisfaction levels amongst Irish trainees in psychiatry with out of hours and emergency assessments
Authors: O’Donovan D. , McGrane J. , Barry H. , Cannon M. , Cotter D.
Published: December 2020

Objectives:

On-call and crisis psychiatry is a very challenging aspect of psychiatric training. This study aimed to describe the experiences of psychiatric trainees on-call in hospitals, emergency departments and psychiatric units in Ireland.

Methods:

In total, 193 psychiatric trainees in Ireland were emailed a survey in 2017. The survey included questions regarding the duties expected of the trainee, frequency of on-call obligations, un-rostered hours worked, level of senior support, assessment facilities available and doctors’ satisfaction with the on-call experience.

Results:

Overall, 68 trainees responded to the survey. In total, 35% of respondents reported dissatisfaction with their experience of on-call and crisis psychiatry, 46% reported that they were not provided with training in risk assessment and 21% of respondents stated that there was not a suitable room available to perform their assessments.

Conclusions:

This survey has raised important issues facing those on the frontline of psychiatric services in Ireland. Of particular concern are resource issues faced by trainees and the need for further training and support related to risk assessment when on-call. Remedying these issues may lead to a decreased rate of dropout as well as a safer and better environment for patients and doctors alike.
Spatiotemporal variability of surface velocities of monsoon temperate glaciers in the Kangri Karpo Mountains, southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wu Kunpeng , Liu Shiyin , Xu Junli , Zhu Yu , Liu Qiao , Jiang Zongli , Wei Junfeng
Published: December 2020

Influenced by the Indian monsoon, the Kangri Karpo Mountains (KKM) of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau is the most humid part of the plateau, and one of the most important regions with numerous monsoon temperate glaciers. Glacier mass balance estimates have been strongly negative in the KKM over recent decades, but the spatiotemporal characteristics of surface velocity are poorly understood. Using phase-correlation feature tracking on Landsat images, this study estimates spatiotemporal variabilities of monsoon temperate glaciers for the period of 1988–2019. Results show that a significant slowdown was observed below an elevation of 4900 m, while an accelerated ice flow was found at an elevation of 4900–5800 m over the past 30 years. The trend of slowdown was −0.1 m a−1dec−1during 1988–2000, and then it increased to −0.5 m a−1dec−1during 2001–2019.
Revealing the past through modelling? Reflections on connectivity, habitation and persistence in the Dutch Delta during the 1st millennium AD
Authors: van Lanen Rowin J.
Published: December 2020

This paper focuses on unravelling the 1st millennium AD in the present-day Netherlands and the applicability of modelling when studying the past. By presenting the results of several studies analysing changes (or persistence) in connectivity and habitation patterns, the significance of these findings for (spatial) modelling is derived. The transition between the Roman and early-medieval periods is particularly interesting in this respect as it is characterised by severe pan-European political, socio-economic and demographic changes. Additionally, recent studies in geosciences increasingly point to marked climatic and landscape changes, such as river avulsions and floods, occurring at the same time. The extent to which these environmental and cultural dynamics were entwined and mutually influential is generally unknown, especially on larger-scale levels. Lowlands, such as the Netherlands, are especially suited to study these complex interactions since boundary conditions, i.e. the set of conditions required for maintaining the existing equilibrium in a region, in such areas are particularly sensitive to change.

In this paper the combined results of several recently developed landscape-archaeological models are presented. These models spatially analyse natural and cultural dynamics in five manifestations: route networks, long-distance transport, settlement patterns, palaeodemographics and land-use systems. Combined, these manifestations provide information on connectivity, persistence and habitation, key concepts for the cultural landscape as a whole. Results show that only by integrating these modelling outcomes is it possible to reconstruct boundary conditions and high-resolution spatio-temporal frameworks for cultural-landscape change. Equally, these models invite reflection on their applicability and, as such, point to the need for new theoretical framing and the development of more multi-proxy, evidence-based and transdisciplinary research approaches in archaeology. The evident interrelationship between cultural and natural-landscape dynamics necessitates a more integrated and transparent research attitude, covering multiple scales and studying the cultural landscape as a whole. Only then can models reflect historical reality as closely as possible.
THE GENERAL POSITION NUMBER OF THE CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF TWO TREES
Authors: TIAN JING , XU KEXIANG , KLAVŽAR SANDI
Published: December 2020

The general position number of a connected graph is the cardinality of a largest set of vertices such that no three pairwise-distinct vertices from the set lie on a common shortest path. In this paper it is proved that the general position number is additive on the Cartesian product of two trees.
The Early History of Financial Economics, 1478–1776. By Geoffrey Poitras. Cheltenham and Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2000. Pp. x, 522.
Authors: Neal Larry
Published: December 2020

Economic historians usually have to explain to their economist colleagues the difference between economic history, which focuses on facts, and history of economic thought, which focuses on ideas. Our colleagues in finance departments, typically fascinated by episodes in financial history treated by economic historians, are bound to be disappointed in the lack of attention given to the development of ideas in finance by historians of economic thought. Geoffrey Poitras, a professor of finance at Simon Fraser University, makes a valiant effort to remedy these oversights in his collection of vignettes that highlight the sophistication of financial instruments and analysts of financial markets well before the time of Adam Smith. Starting in 1478 with the publication of the Treviso Arithmetic, a typical textbook of commercial arithmetic for Italian merchants, and ending with brief snippets from the Wealth of Nations, Poitras treats the reader to a fascinating potpourri of excerpts from various manuals, brief biographies of pioneers in financial analysis, and historical discursions on foreign-exchange and stock markets.
A systematic review of the impact of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes in otology
Authors: Patel S , Wooles N , Martin T
Published: December 2020

Background

The detrimental systemic effects of cigarette smoking are well established. Though less pronounced in the field of otology, they are proposed to contribute to the global burden of unaddressed hearing loss. Recently, in efforts to stop smoking, individuals have used electronic cigarettes of which the long-term safety data are largely unknown. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of cigarette smoking and electronic cigarette effects in the field of otology.

Method

Relevant articles were identified by a National Institute for Health and Care Excellence healthcare database literature search and by scanning the references of relevant articles and reviews.

Results

A total of 473 articles were identified, with 43 articles included in the review after trials were excluded.

Conclusion

Cigarette smoking is associated with recurrent otitis media, otitis media with effusion and sensorineural hearing loss in children exposed to second-hand smoke. In adults, it is associated with active and aggressive chronic suppurative otitis media, worse tympanoplasty success rates, increased post-operative complications and sensorineural hearing loss that is more pronounced in the long term and at high frequencies. The effects of e-cigarettes in otology are largely unknown.
Comparing audiometric parameters between crushed and intact cartilage tympanoplasty: a double-blinded, randomised, controlled trial study
Authors: Tajdini A , Hatami N , Rahmaty B , Kouhi A , Dabiri S , Aghazadeh K
Published: December 2020

Objective

To investigate hearing and the take rate of crushed cartilage grafts in tympanoplasty.

Methods

In this double-blinded, randomised, controlled trial, 46 patients with tympanic membrane perforation were enrolled. A conchal cartilage graft was used for reconstruction in both intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, crushed cartilage was used. The success rate and hearing results were ascertained every four months over a one-year follow-up period.

Results

A total of 36 patients – 20 in the intervention group and 16 in the control group – completed one year of follow up. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in mean air–bone gap, bone conduction threshold, speech discrimination score or speech reception threshold.

Conclusion

The reduction in living cells after crushed cartilage tympanoplasty may decrease the rigidity and the volume of the graft, but may not necessarily improve the hearing results.
Resultatives, goal PPs, and postverbal subjects: From Scotland to Belfast
Authors: WEIR ANDREW
Published: December 2020

This paper investigates postverbal imperative subjects (e.g.,get you to school), ungrammatical in standard English but grammatical in certain contexts in dialects of Scottish and Belfast English. Henry (1995) reports that unaccusative verbs generally allow postverbal subjects in Belfast English, but in the Scottish English (ScotE) dialect considered here, only a very restricted subset of verbs allow it. Moreover, in ScotE, the prepositionawaycan appear without an overt verb (I’ll away to my bed); this also allows a postverbal subject in imperatives (away you to school). The ScotE data cast doubt on Henry’s (1995) proposal that the licensor of postverbal subjects is weak agreement. The paper argues that the subjects in these constructions are actually external arguments of small clauses (of which goal PPs are taken to be a subset following, e.g., Beck & Snyder 2001). The differences between dialects are located in the structure of resultatives; Belfast English allows Case to be assigned to the subject of small clauses in resultative constructions via a functional head endowed with a causation feature, allowing them to remain in situ in imperatives. In standard English, the causation feature is directly merged onto the verb, not allowing for Case assignment and forcing raising of the subject of the small clause. The ScotE data is argued to arise from the availability of a very ‘light’ verb which is realized asgetin some contexts and as silence in others.
Associations between inattention and impulsivity ADHD symptoms and disordered eating risk in a community sample of young adults
Authors: Martin E. , Dourish C. T. , Hook R. , Chamberlain S. R. , Higgs S.
Published: December 2020

Background

Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and trait impulsivity have been associated with disordered eating but are seldom assessed in community studies, or longitudinally and little is known about the mediating mechanisms.

Methods

We tested associations between ADHD symptoms and disordered eating cross-sectionally and between trait impulsivity and disordered eating longitudinally. We utilised data from a normative cohort of young adults (642 participants: 65% female,Mage= 23 years). Participants were classified as high risk or low risk for disordered eating using the SCOFF instrument. In the first two steps of both cross-sectional and longitudinal hierarchical logistic regression models, demographics and covariates were entered. For the cross-sectional regression, Adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS) scores, separated into inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, were entered in the third step. In a separate longitudinal model, Barratt impulsivity scale subscales (attentional, motor and non-planning impulsivity) were entered in the third step. Depression, as assessed by the moods and feelings questionnaire (MFQ), was examined as a mediator.

Results

Cross-sectionally, sex, MFQ score and inattentive symptoms predicted disordered eating risk (modelR2= 20%). Longitudinally, sex, MFQ score and attentional impulsivity predicted disordered eating risk (modelR2= 16%). The relationship between inattentive symptoms and the disordered eating risk was partially mediated by MFQ score, whereas the relationship between attentional impulsivity and the disordered eating risk was fully mediated by MFQ scores.

Conclusions

These data highlight (1) a specific role for inattentive symptoms of ADHD and (2) the importance of both depression and impulsivity in predicting eating disorder risk.
Improved two-step analysis of germination data from complex experimental designs
Authors: Jensen Signe M. , Wolkis Dustin , Keshtkar Eshagh , Streibig Jens C. , Ritz Christian
Published: December 2020

Germination experiments are becoming increasingly complex and they are now routinely involving several experimental factors. Recently, a two-step approach utilizing meta-analysis methodology has been proposed for the estimation of hierarchical models suitable for describing data from such complex experiments. Step 1 involves fitting models to data from each sub-experiment, whereas Step 2 involves combination estimates from all model fits obtained in Step 1. However, one shortcoming of this approach was that visualization of resulting fitted germination curves was difficult. Here, we describe in detail an improved two-step analysis that allows visualization of cumulated data together with fitted curves and confidence bands. Also, we demonstrate in detail, through two examples, how to carry out the statistical analysis in practice.
Stenting of the right ventricular outflow tract as an initial intervention in Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary stenosis and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries
Authors: Abumehdi Mohammad , Sasikumar Deepa , Chaudhari Milind , Bhole Vinay , Botha Phil , Mehta Chetan , Stumper Oliver
Published: December 2020

Objectives:

To assess the role of right ventricular outflow tract stenting as the primary intervention in Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary stenosis and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries.

Background:

The management of a subset of infants with Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary stenosis and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries requires a staged approach including rehabilitation of diminutive native pulmonary arteries, conventionally using an aortopulmonary shunt. We share our experience of pulmonary artery rehabilitation with right ventricular outflow tract stenting.

Methods:

Retrospective review of all patients with Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary stenosis who underwent right ventricular outflow tract stenting as primary intervention over an 8-year period.

Results:

Ten patients underwent right ventricular outflow tract stent insertion at a median age of 61 days (interquartile range (IQR) 8.3–155 days). Median weight at stent deployment was 4.2 kg (IQR 3.2–5.7 kg). Oxygen saturations improved from a median of 79% (IQR 76–80%) to 92% (IQR 90–95%), p = 0.012. The median right and left pulmonary artery z score increased from −3.51 (IQR −4.59 to −2.80) and −2.07 (IQR −3.72 to 0.15) to a median of −1.17 (IQR −2.26 to 0.16) p < 0.05, and 0.24 (IQR −1.09 to 1.84) p < 0.05, respectively, at subsequent angiogram. Nine patients underwent further catheterisation. Four patients underwent complete anatomical repair. Only one patient required unifocalisation, as most patients had a native supply to all-important lung segments.

Conclusion:

Right ventricular outflow tract stenting is a useful procedure in the subset of patients with Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary stenosis and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries, where native pulmonary arterial growth is required to facilitate repair.
Adorno, Kant and Enlightenment
Authors: Cook Deborah
Published: December 2020

Theodor W. Adorno often made reference to Immanuel Kant’s famous essay on enlightenment. Although he denied that immaturity is self-incurred, the first section of this article will show that he adopted many of Kant’s ideas about maturity in his philosophically informed critique of monopoly conditions under late capitalism. The second section will explore Adorno’s claim that the educational system could foster maturity by encouraging critical reflection on the social conditions that have made us what we are. Finally, this article will demonstrate that Adorno links enlightenment to Kant’s idea of a realm of ends.
“You Are a True Progressive”:Red Dead Redemption 2and the Depiction and Reception of Progressive Era Politics
Authors: Locke Hilary Jane , Mackay Thomas Ashley
Published: December 2020

Since its release in October 2018,Red Dead Redemption 2has generated considerable controversy.Redemption 2, Rockstar Games’ highly popular video game set in a sprawling open world that resembles America’s southern and western states at the turn of the twentieth century, has attracted criticism from players who have disliked the perceived political messages the game presents. With numerous interactions with people of color, Native Americans, and feminist (suffragette) characters, the game prompts players to engage with the ongoing effects of colonialism, sexism, and racism, as well as the rising problems of an industrial and financial capitalist society. As such, the game’s depiction of Gilded Age and Progressive Era politics has resulted in a large amount of online criticism from a group of traditionally white, male, right-wing players. This article argues thatRedemption 2utilizes the Progressive Era as a vehicle to capture and speak to the current political climate, and that it is the game’s dual relationship with the past and the present that has aroused animosity from part of the game’s audience. Ultimately, it demonstrates how contemporary mainstream progressive politics can be interpreted within and projected upon the politics of the Progressive Era.
Wann ist es Zeit für einen Gelenkersatz an Knie und Hüfte?
Authors: Calek Anna-Katharina , Behrend Henrik
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung. Der prothetische Ersatz an Knie- und Hüftgelenk gehört zu den erfolgreichsten Operationen in der Orthopädie. Eine differenzierte Indikationsstellung für den Gelenkersatz ist essenziell und orientiert sich an vorhandenen Schmerzen, der Einschränkung der Funktion und damit der Lebensqualität, radiologisch nachweisbaren Veränderungen sowie dem unzureichenden Erfolg konservativer Therapiemassnahmen. Bei realistischen Ansprüchen an das künstliche Gelenk und ärztlich gestellter Indikation zur Knie- oder Hüft-Totalprothesen-(TP)-Implantation, soll letztendlich der individuelle Leidensdruck des Patienten über den genauen Zeitpunkt der Operation bestimmen.
Teilprothesen am Kniegelenk – wann sinnvoll?
Authors: Blatter Samuel Christian , Koch Peter
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Implantation einer unikompartimentellen Knieprothese bleibt ein technisch anspruchsvoller Eingriff und ist mit vielen möglichen Fehlerquellen behaftet. Durch eine geeignete Patientenselektion können jedoch sehr gute Resultate mit hoher Patientenzufriedenheit erzielt werden. Das gute funktionelle Outcome liegt möglicherweise in der Philosophie des Eingriffes begründet, da es sich beim unikompartimentellen Gelenksersatz um einen reinen Oberflächenersatz («Resurfacing») handelt, der darauf abzielt, die individuelle, variable native, respektive prä-arthrotische Ausrichtung der Beinachse, der Gelenkslinien und der Knie-Laxizität wiederherzustellen. Damit wird die Kinematik des nativen Kniegelenkes respektiert. Zudem werden wichtige propriozeptive Strukturen wie Ligamente erhalten. Die Vorteile des unikompartimentellen Gelenksersatzes (minimalinvasiver Eingriff, Erhalt von Ligamenten, Knorpel und Knochen, physiologischere Kinematik, raschere Rehabilitation und einfachere Revidierbarkeit), wiegen die Nachteile dieses Eingriffes (technisch anspruchsvoller, höhere Revisionsrate in nationalen Registern, Risiko der Anschlussdegeneration) auf, weshalb der Teilgelenksersatz in der Behandlung der Gonarthrose seinen wohlverdienten Platz einnimmt.
Visual Model Fit Estimation in Scatterplots and Distribution of Attention
Authors: Reimann Daniel , Blech Christine , Gaschler Robert
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Scatterplots are ubiquitous data graphs and can be used to depict how well data fit to a quantitative theory. We investigated which information is used for such estimates. In Experiment 1 ( N = 25), we tested the influence of slope and noise on perceived fit between a linear model and data points. Additionally, eye tracking was used to analyze the deployment of attention. Visual fit estimation might mimic one or the other statistical estimate: If participants were influenced by noise only, this would suggest that their subjective judgment was similar to root mean square error. If slope was relevant, subjective estimation would mimic variance explained. While the influence of noise on estimated fit was stronger, we also found an influence of slope. As most of the fixations fell into the center of the scatterplot, in Experiment 2 ( N = 51), we tested whether location of noise affects judgment. Indeed, high noise influenced the judgment of fit more strongly if it was located in the middle of the scatterplot. Visual fit estimates seem to be driven by the center of the scatterplot and to mimic variance explained.
How Some Trees Survive the Summer Dry Season
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: December 2020

Oak trees in California seasonally tap moisture in unsaturated soil and weathered bedrock, even when the groundwater table is within reach of their roots.
A Mg Isotopic Perspective on the Mobility of Magnesium During Serpentinization and Carbonation of the Oman Ophiolite
Authors: de Obeso Juan Carlos , Santiago Ramos Danielle P. , Higgins John A. , Kelemen Peter B.
Published: December 2020

Alteration of mantle peridotite in the Samail ophiolite forms secondary minerals, mainly serpentine and Mg‐rich carbonates. Magnesium accounts for ∼25 – 30% of peridotite mass and its mobility can be used to trace this alteration. We report the first set of Mg isotope measurements from peridotites and their alteration products in Oman. Partially serpentinized peridotites have Mg isotope ratios that are indistinguishable from estimates for the average mantle and bulk silicate earth (δ26Mg = −0.25 ± 0.04‰). However, more extensively altered peridotite samples show large shifts in Mg isotopic composition. The range of δ26Mg values for our suite of alteration products from the mantle section is ∼4.5‰ (from −3.39‰ to 1.19‰), or >60% of the total range of terrestrial variability in δ26Mg values. Serpentine veins are typically enriched in 26Mg (max δ26Mg value = 0.96‰) whereas Mg‐carbonate veins are associated with low 26Mg/24Mg ratios (magnesite δ26Mg = −3.3‰, dolomite δ26Mg = −1.91‰). Our preferred explanation for the range in δ26Mg values involves coprecipitation of serpentine and carbonates at water‐to‐rock ratios >103. The coincidence of alteration products characterized by δ26Mg values that are both lower and higher than bulk silicate Earth and the finite 14C ages of the carbonates suggest that both serpentinization and carbonation are ongoing in Oman. Rates of calcite precipitation in travertines inferred from Δ26Mgcal‐fl suggest that travertine formation in Oman sequesters a total of 106–107 kg CO2/yr, consistent with previous estimates.
Intrinsic Elastic Anisotropy of Westerly Granite Observed by Ultrasound Measurements, Microstructural Investigations, and Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Lokajíček T. , Vasin R. , Svitek T. , Petružálek M. , Kotrlý M. , Turková I. , Onysko R. , Wenk H. R.
Published: December 2020

Westerly granite (WG) has been generally accepted as an isotropic homogeneous rock. Here, we return to WG and observe significant elastic anisotropy using multidirectional ultrasonic sounding on spherical samples at pressures up to 400 MPa. Thermal treatment of WG leads to formation of microcracks that reduce elastic wave velocities and increase its elastic anisotropy. The 3D distribution of P‐wave velocities at low pressure is close to orthorhombic symmetry. Application of hydrostatic pressure closes most of thermally induced microcracks and decreases elastic anisotropy of WG, but at high pressure the anisotropy is practically reversed compared to low pressure: maximum P‐wave velocity direction at low pressures is near minimum velocity direction at high pressure and vice versa. To understand this effect, microstructures of the rock were investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Preferred orientations of four major rock‐forming minerals—quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, and biotite—were measured by time‐of‐flight neutron diffraction, which confirms significant crystal alignment. All these data were used to numerically model anisotropic elastic properties of WG. It is shown that WG possesses weak intrinsic elastic anisotropy related mainly to the preferred orientation of feldspars formed during igneous crystallization. Observed microcracks are mostly related to the cleavage planes of feldspars and biotite, and thus also demonstrate preferred orientation. Higher preheating temperatures produce larger quantity of longer microcracks. A numerical model shows that these microcracks act against the weak intrinsic elastic anisotropy of WG, and define the elastic anisotropy at low pressures.
Representing Intercell Lateral Groundwater Flow and Aquifer Pumping in the Community Land Model
Authors: Felfelani Farshid , Lawrence David M. , Pokhrel Yadu
Published: December 2020

Representation of subsurface hydrology in global land surface models has been advanced but outstanding challenges and opportunities remain, especially in better simulating lateral groundwater flow and aquifer pumping for irrigation. This study improves the representation of groundwater in the latest version of the Community Land Model (version 5) by implementing a prognostic groundwater module that accounts for lateral groundwater flow, aquifer pumping, and conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water for irrigation. In particular, we introduce—for the first time—explicit representation of steady‐state well equation in large‐scale hydrological modeling. Simulations are conducted at ∼5 km resolution over the conterminous US. Groundwater level, terrestrial water storage (TWS), and river discharge are evaluated over the major US aquifers and river basins using in situ observations of groundwater and river discharge and the TWS inferred from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites. The implementation of groundwater pumping results in significant improvements in simulation of spatiotemporal water‐level change over the US High Plains and Central Valley Aquifer (CVA) and that of TWS over the CVA. Improvements in river discharge over the major US river basins are also achieved but are not substantial. Furthermore, the representation of pumping leads to certain overestimation in TWS trend compared to GRACE data in regions with high groundwater withdrawals. The consideration of lateral groundwater flow provides improvements in the subsurface response to pumping and natural wet and dry cycles, particularly at the grid cell level. These results provide a basis for improved groundwater modeling over large scales.
A Mahalanobis Distance‐Based Automatic Threshold Selection Method for Peaks Over Threshold Model
Authors: Kiran K. G. , Srinivas V. V.
Published: December 2020

An unresolved problem in statistical analysis of hydrological extremes (e.g., storms, floods) using POT model is identification of optimal threshold. There are various issues affecting performance of different methods available for threshold selection (TS). To overcome those issues, this study contributes a novel Mahalanobis distance‐based automatic TS method. It involves use of proposed transformation to map Generalized Pareto distributed random variable (depicting peaks over tentative thresholds) from the original space to standard exponential (Exp(1)) distributed random variable in a nondimensional space. Optimal threshold is identified as that which minimizes Mahalanobis distance betweenL‐moments of the transformed random variable and those of the population (i.e., Exp(1) distribution) in the nondimensional space. Its effectiveness is demonstrated over four existing automatic TS methods through Monte Carlo simulation experiments and case studies over rainfall and streamflow data sets chosen from India, United Kingdom, and Australia. The four methods include three based on goodness of fit (GoF) test statistics (of Anderson‐Darling and two nonparametric tests), and a recent one based onL‐moment ratio diagram whose potential is unexplored in hydrology. This study further provides insight into properties and effectiveness of the four TS methods, which is scanty in literature. Results indicate that there is inconsistency in performance of GoF test‐based methods across data sets exhibiting fat and thin tail behavior, owing to their theoretical assumptions and uncertainty associated with sampling distribution of test statistics. Issues affecting performance ofL‐moment ratio diagram‐based TS method are also identified. The proposed method overcomes those issues and appears promising for hydrologic applications.
Genetic and epigenetic determinants of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Bakhshi Tanner J. , Georgel Philippe T.
Published: December 2020

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of lymphoma and is notorious for its heterogeneity, aggressive nature, and the frequent development of resistance and/or relapse after treatment with standard chemotherapy. To address these problems, a strong emphasis has been placed on researching the molecular origins and mechanisms of DLBCL to develop effective treatments. One of the major insights produced by such research is that DLBCL almost always stems from genetic damage that occurs during the germinal center (GC) reaction, which is required for the production of high-affinity antibodies. Indeed, there is significant overlap between the mechanisms that govern the GC reaction and those that drive the progression of DLBCL. A second important insight is that some of the most frequent genetic mutations that occur in DLBCL are those related to chromatin and epigenetics, especially those related to proteins that “write” histone post-translational modifications (PTMs). Mutation or deletion of these epigenetic writers often renders cells unable to epigenetically “switch on” critical gene sets that are required to exit the GC reaction, differentiate, repair DNA, and other essential cellular functions. Failure to activate these genes locks cells into a genotoxic state that is conducive to oncogenesis and/or relapse.
When the chains do not break: the role of USP10 in physiology and pathology
Authors: Bhattacharya Udayan , Neizer-Ashun Fiifi , Mukherjee Priyabrata , Bhattacharya Resham
Published: December 2020

Deubiquitination is now understood to be as important as its partner ubiquitination for the maintenance of protein half-life, activity, and localization under both normal and pathological conditions. The enzymes that remove ubiquitin from target proteins are called deubiquitinases (DUBs) and they regulate a plethora of cellular processes. DUBs are essential enzymes that maintain intracellular protein homeostasis by recycling ubiquitin. Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification where ubiquitin molecules are added to proteins thus influencing activation, localization, and complex formation. Ubiquitin also acts as a tag for protein degradation, especially by proteasomal or lysosomal degradation systems. With ~100 members, DUBs are a large enzyme family; the ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs) being the largest group. USP10, an important member of this family, has enormous significance in diverse cellular processes and many human diseases. In this review, we discuss recent studies that define the roles of USP10 in maintaining cellular function, its involvement in human pathologies, and the molecular mechanisms underlying its association with cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss efforts to modulate USPs as therapy in these diseases.
Muscle progenitor specification and myogenic differentiation are associated with changes in chromatin topology
Authors: Zhang Nan , Mendieta-Esteban Julen , Magli Alessandro , Lilja Karin C. , Perlingeiro Rita C. R. , Marti-Renom Marc A. , Tsirigos Aristotelis , Dynlacht Brian David
Published: December 2020

Using Hi-C, promoter-capture Hi-C (pCHi-C), and other genome-wide approaches in skeletal muscle progenitors that inducibly express a master transcription factor, Pax7, we systematically characterize at high-resolution the spatio-temporal re-organization of compartments and promoter-anchored interactions as a consequence of myogenic commitment and differentiation. We identify key promoter-enhancer interaction motifs, namely, cliques and networks, and interactions that are dependent on Pax7 binding. Remarkably, Pax7 binds to a majority of super-enhancers, and together with a cadre of interacting transcription factors, assembles feed-forward regulatory loops. During differentiation, epigenetic memory and persistent looping are maintained at a subset of Pax7 enhancers in the absence of Pax7. We also identify and functionally validate a previously uncharacterized Pax7-bound enhancer hub that regulates the essential myosin heavy chain cluster during skeletal muscle cell differentiation. Our studies lay the groundwork for understanding the role of Pax7 in orchestrating changes in the three-dimensional chromatin conformation in muscle progenitors.
Weak tides during Cryogenian glaciations
Authors: Green J. A. Mattias , Davies Hannah S. , Duarte Joao C. , Creveling Jessica R. , Scotese Christopher
Published: December 2020

The severe “Snowball Earth” glaciations proposed to have existed during the Cryogenian period (720 to 635 million years ago) coincided with the breakup of one supercontinent and assembly of another. Whereas the presence of extensive continental ice sheets predicts a tidally energetic Snowball ocean due to the reduced ocean depth, the supercontinent palaeogeography predicts weak tides because the surrounding ocean is too large to host tidal resonances. Here we show, using an established numerical global tidal model and paleogeographic reconstructions, that the Cryogenian ocean hosted diminished tidal amplitudes and associated energy dissipation rates, reaching 10–50% of today’s rates, during the Snowball glaciations. We argue that the near-absence of Cryogenian tidal processes may have been one contributor to the prolonged glaciations if these were near-global. These results also constrain lunar distance and orbital evolution throughout the Cryogenian, and highlight that simulations of past oceans should include explicit tidally driven mixing processes.
A conserved regulator controls asexual sporulation in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans
Authors: Hernández-Cervantes Arturo , Znaidi Sadri , van Wijlick Lasse , Denega Iryna , Basso Virginia , Ropars Jeanne , Sertour Natacha , Sullivan Derek , Moran Gary , Basmaciyan Louise , Bon Fabienne , Dalle Frédéric , Bougnoux Marie-Elisabeth , Boekhout Teun , Yang Ying , Li Zongwei , Bachellier-Bassi Sophie , d’Enfert Christophe
Published: December 2020

Transcription factor Rme1 is conserved among ascomycetes and regulates meiosis and pseudohyphal growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The genome of the meiosis-defective pathogen Candida albicans encodes an Rme1 homolog that is part of a transcriptional circuitry controlling hyphal growth. Here, we use chromatin immunoprecipitation and genome-wide expression analyses to study a possible role of Rme1 in C. albicans morphogenesis. We find that Rme1 binds upstream and activates the expression of genes that are upregulated during chlamydosporulation, an asexual process leading to formation of large, spherical, thick-walled cells during nutrient starvation. RME1 deletion abolishes chlamydosporulation in three Candida species, whereas its overexpression bypasses the requirement for chlamydosporulation cues and regulators. RME1 expression levels correlate with chlamydosporulation efficiency across clinical isolates. Interestingly, RME1 displays a biphasic pattern of expression, with a first phase independent of Rme1 function and dependent on chlamydospore-inducing cues, and a second phase dependent on Rme1 function and independent of chlamydospore-inducing cues. Our results indicate that Rme1 plays a central role in chlamydospore development in Candida species.
Systematic comparison of sea urchin and sea star developmental gene regulatory networks explains how novelty is incorporated in early development
Authors: Cary Gregory A. , McCauley Brenna S. , Zueva Olga , Pattinato Joseph , Longabaugh William , Hinman Veronica F.
Published: December 2020

The extensive array of morphological diversity among animal taxa represents the product of millions of years of evolution. Morphology is the output of development, therefore phenotypic evolution arises from changes to the topology of the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that control the highly coordinated process of embryogenesis. A particular challenge in understanding the origins of animal diversity lies in determining how GRNs incorporate novelty while preserving the overall stability of the network, and hence, embryonic viability. Here we assemble a comprehensive GRN for endomesoderm specification in the sea star from zygote through gastrulation that corresponds to the GRN for sea urchin development of equivalent territories and stages. Comparison of the GRNs identifies how novelty is incorporated in early development. We show how the GRN is resilient to the introduction of a transcription factor,pmar1, the inclusion of which leads to a switch between two stable modes of Delta-Notch signaling. Signaling pathways can function in multiple modes and we propose that GRN changes that lead to switches between modes may be a common evolutionary mechanism for changes in embryogenesis. Our data additionally proposes a model in which evolutionarily conserved network motifs, or kernels, may function throughout development to stabilize these signaling transitions.