bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spiral Motion of Paramecium caudatum in a Small Capillary Glass Tube
Authors: FUKUI KEIJI , ASAI HIROSHI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The behavior of Paramecium caudatum in small capillary glass tubes was investigated under various ionic conditions and at the various tube diameters. Along the inner walls of the tubes ciliates undergo regular spiral motion, which is completely different from natural spirallings or random walk‐like movements observed usually in large vessels. The curvature calculated from the tracks of spiral motions was independent of the inner diameters of capillary tubes, but depend specifically on ionic conditions.

A plausible law governing such regular spiral motions of Paramecium caudatum is proposed. A definite part of the anterior end of a ciliate seems to contact the curved surface of the inner wall of a capillary tube during the motion so that the organism receives a constant tactile stimulus, and the direction of motive force keeps a certain angle against the surface.
Pulse‐Labeling of Kinetoplast DNA: Localization of 2 Sites of Synthesis Within the Networks and Kinetics of Labeling of Closed Minicircles*
Authors: SIMPSON AGDA M. , SIMPSON LARRY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Short pulse‐labeling of log phase Crithidia fasciculata cells with [3H]thymidine allowed the autoradiographic visualization of 2 sites of replication of kinetoplast DNA situated at the periphery of the networks and separated by 180°. Longer pulse‐labeling led to the previously reported total peripheral labeling pattern. Pulse‐labeled networks possess an intermediate density in ethidium bromide‐CsCl equilibrium gradients between the densities characteristic of closed networks and open or linear DNA. Removal of ethidium bromide by several methods and treatment of intermediate band networks with RNase and pronase had no effect on the equilibrium rebanding pattern. Closed minicircles of Leishmania tarentolae are not labeled by a short pulse of intact cells with [3H]thymidine. A chase of ∼ 3–4 hr is required for the appearance of radioactivity in closed minicircles, a time delay which implies the existence of intermediate events between replication and eventual covalent closure of the minicircles.
Major Evolutionary Trends in Animal Protists*
Authors: HANSON EARL D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Phylogenetic relations are ultimately determined by homologous relationships, including both structural and functional data. Following the establishment of those relationships, the direction of evolutionary change must be determined using paleontologic, developmental, and especially morphocline, data. From that perspective the direction of subsequent development becomes clearer and the problems of origins become more explicit.

Using the foregoing methodology it has been possible to identify plausibly monophyletic groups of animal protists or protozoa. Allowing for attendant difficulties, there nevertheless emerges certain fairly convincing generalities: (a) the predominantly pseudopodial forms, with a few minor exceptions, have direct origins from apochlorotic algae; (b) the predominantly kinetidal forms (zooflagellates and ciliates), though also derived originally from apochlorotic algae, give evidence of extended evolutionary development with the especially noteworthy emergence of a permanent ingestatory structure; (c) both groups have increased size, a tendency towards multinuclearity and polyploidy, cytoplasmic differentiations of various sorts, and complex life cycles.

In terms of further evolution, namely the emergence of multicellular animals, the pseudopodial forms are almost certainly a dead end while the kinetidal forms are arguably the ancestors of at least 2 metazoan phyla.
Search for Clues to the Evolutionary Meaning of Ciliate Phylogeny*†
Authors: HUTNER S. H. , CORLISS JOHN O.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Progress in ciliatology and in allied fields may demystify ciliate phylogenetics. Concentration on hymenostomes (mainly Tetrahymena and Paramecium) may have obscured directional features of ciliate physiology in phylogenetic problems. Therefore, means are suggested for “domesticating” the presumptively primitive, predominantly marine, sand‐dwelling gymnostomes having nondividing diploid macronuclei. The prize quarry is the marine psammophile Stephanopogon whose homokaryotic condition may mark it as a living fossil. Eventual axenic cultivation of these “primitive” ciliates may be aided by use as food of easily grown photosynthetic prokaryotes, some isolated from the marine sulfuretum or adjacent aerobic muds and sands where “karyorelictid” ciliates flourish.

We assume that: (a) the macronucleus evolved as a coordinator of chemical and physical signals, for efficient detection of food and toxins; (b) oral structures evolved meanwhile as sensors as well as mechanical food‐gatherers. This conjunction enabled complexity of adaptive behavior and evolutionary success. Ciliate origins cannot be considered apart from origin(s) of phagotrophy and its underlying versatile heterotrophy. Because of the well developed heterotrophy in some photosynthetic prokaryotes (including several proposed as food organisms), they are viewed as alternatives to blue‐green algae as forebears of eukaryotes. Nor can ciliate origins be considered apart from origin(s) of eukaryotes. A check of these assumptions—that Stephanopogon and gymnostomes with nondividing macronuclei are primitive—may be forthcoming from sequencing amino acids in certain key enzymes, given an adequate sampling of ciliates, flagellates (especially dinoflagellates and cryptomonads), lower fungi, and photosynthetic prokaryotes other than blue‐green algae.
Fine Structure of Plasmodium gallinaceum in Embryonic and Neonate Chicks*
Authors: LUSHBAUGH WILLIAM B. , McGHEE R. BARCLAY , SINGH SUNITA D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium gallinaceum in chicken embryos injected with parasitized blood either from a syringe‐passaged infection in chickens or from a chicken infected with sporozoites, were characterized by abnormal structure. Particularly evident were large, unstained vacuoles within the cytoplasm; these occurred with greatest frequency in schizonts. The presence of myelin bodies within these vacuoles was revealed by transmission electron microscopy; abnormal cytokinesis and aberrant merozoites provided additional evidence of the parasite's inability to develop naturally within the milieu of the embryonic erythrocytes. Fifty‐five passages were necessary to restore normal structure of the parasites in embryos, while only 5 passages were required for such restoration in neonate chicks. The probable adaptation of the parasite to the proportions of hemoglobin of the adult chicken may be responsible for the abnormal growth in the immature host.
The Structure and Development of the Dorsal Bristle Complex of Oxytricha fallax and Stylonychia pustulata*
Authors: GRIMES GARY W. , ADLER JOSEPH A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Oxytricha fallax and Stylonychia pustulata possess 6 rows of dorsal bristle units. Each dorsal bristle unit consists of a pair of kinetosomes; the anterior kinetosome has a cilium and the posterior kinetosome a ciliary stub. The kinetosome pair, located at the bottom of a cortical pit surrounding the cilium and ciliary stub, is surrounded by an asymmetrical fibrillar mass. Future rows 1‐4 are formed from 2 sets of primordia originating within mature dorsal rows 1‐3. Rows 5 and 6 originate from the anterior regions of both right marginal cirral primordia. Old dorsal bristle units utilized in formation of primordia are presumably maintained in the new rows of the proter and opisthe; those outside the primordia are resorbed. The morphogenetic pattern of the Oxytrichidae is similar to those of the Urostylidae and Holostichidae, but quite different from that of the Euplotidae.
The Effect of Temperature on the Fatty Acid Composition of Tetrahymena pyriformis WH‐14
Authors: CONNER ROBERT L. , STEWART BARBARA Y.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A reduction in the growth temperature of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain WH‐14 from 35 C to 15 C resulted in distinct alterations in the fatty acid composition of the glycerophospholipids. The proportion of normal saturated acids declined from 26 to 19%; palmitoleic acid increased by 6%, and the composition of the polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in 18:2 Δ6,11(n) and decreased in 18:2 Δ9,12(n) and 18:3 Δ6,9,12(n). The unsaturation index (the average number of double bonds/100 molecules) did not change with a shift in temperature.

Two biosynthetic pathways exist in Tetrahymena for the formation of unsaturated fatty acids. The observed changes in fatty acid composition that accompany a lowering of the environmental temperature can be accounted for by a reduction in the accumulation of products of the fatty acid pathway leading to the formation of γ‐linolenic acid [16:0(n) → 18:0(n) → 18:1 Δ9(n) → 18:2 Δ9,12(n) → 18:3 Δ6,9,12(n)] and an increase in the components of the pathway leading to the formation of 18:2 Δ6,11(n) [16:0(n) → 16:1 Δ9(n) → 18:1 Δ11(n) → 18:2 Δ6,11(n)]. The data suggest that the regulatory mechanism in Tetrahymena differs from that found in some bacteria where a simple substitution of unsaturated fatty acids for saturated fatty acids occurs at low culture temperatures.
Eimeria galateai sp. n. from the Paradise Kingfisher, and Eimeria duncani sp. n. from the Sacred Kingfisher in Papua New Guinea
Authors: VARGHESE THOMAS
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria galateai sp. n. from the paradise kingfisher (Tanysiptera galatea Gray) and Eimeria duncani sp. n. from the sacred kingfisher (Halcyon sancta Vigors & Horsfield) have been described from Papua New Guinea. Four of 11 paradise kingfishers were infected with E. galateai oocysts, measuring 13 (11–16) × 9 (8–11) μm. The oocysts were ovoid with nipple‐like protrusion at one pole. Micropyle and polar granule were absent, while oocyst residuum (5 × 4 μm) was present. Sporocysts, measuring 5 (4–6) × 2 μm, were elongate‐ovoid, and had a distinct convex Stieda body; the sporocyst residuum was absent. Two of 9 sacred kingfishers were infected with ovoid‐truncated, 22 (19–25) × 16 (12–18) μm oocysts of E. duncani. Polar granule (5 × 2) was present in the oocysts, but there was no micropyle or oocyst residuum. Sporocysts were ovoid, measuring 9 (8–10) × 5 (4–6) μm, with a prominent Stieda body, and granular sporocyst residuum. Eimeria galateai and E. duncani are the first species of this genus to be described from birds of the order Coraciiformes.
Five New Species of Henneguya (Protozoa: Myxosporida) from Ictalurid Fishes*
Authors: MINCHEW C. DOUGLAS
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Four new species of Henneguya (myxosporidan) are described from Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque (channel catfish). They are as follows: Henneguya postexilis sp. n. and Henneguya longicauda sp. n. from the gills; Henneguya adiposa sp. n. from the adipose fin; and Henneguya diversis sp. n. from the liver, kidney, connective tissue of muscles and fins, and tumor‐like external growths. Henneguya pellis sp. n. is described from the dermis of Ictalurus furcatus (LeSueur) (blue catfish). The development stages of all described species are discussed. Henneguya exilis Kudo was found on the gills of one I. punctatus; notes on its spore characteristics are presented.
N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine and UV induced mutants of the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii*
Authors: TUTTLE† ROBERT C. , LOEBLICH ALFRED R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mutant strains were chemically induced by treatment with N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (NTG) and UV irradiation. UV and NTG mutation rates were obtained that were both consistent with the organism being haploid. Three types of mutants were produced: (a) strains deficient in both β‐ and γ‐carotene, the only carotenoids found in the wild type; phenotypes include albinos (translucent, dull white, “snow white”) and cream‐colored on agar as compared to the yellow‐orange color of wild type colonies; (b) strains requiring adenine, guanine or cytosine in addition to the minimal medium for growth; (c) mutants that grow at a rate less than 40% of the wild type in minimal medium.
New Culture Medium for Maintenance of Tsetse Tissues and Growth of Trypanosomatids*
Authors: CUNNINGHAM ISABEL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new culture medium (SM), based on the amino‐acid composition of tsetse hemolymph and containing fetal bovine serum, was designed for the maintenance of tsetse organs and the cultivation of various trypanosomatids. For optimum growth 20% (v/v) serum was required. The medium supported prolonged peristalsis of the alimentary tract and salivary glands of pre‐emerged Glossina morsitans morsitans. In established cultures, derived from bloodstream forms of pleomorphic Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense strains, inocula of ∼ 106 procyclics/ml yielded 4–5 × 107 organisms/ml after 4 or 5 days of incubation at 28 C. Bloodstream forms of a cloned monomorphic T. b. brucei strain were also able to transform into procyclics, which, however, multiplied at a lower rate, with maximum yields of ∼ 2 × 107 after 5 days. Cultures of Trypanosoma congolense and of a nearly monomorphic Trypanosoma brucei gambiense strains could be established in SM medium only in the presence of tsetse alimentary tract. The procyclic trypomastigotes of these species, adapted to SM medium and able to grow in it without Glossina organs, gave maximum populations of ∼ 4.5 × 107 cells/ml.

Promastigotes of Leishmania donovani, cultivated routinely in a diphasic Table's medium, multiplied actively upon being transferred into SM medium, producing yields of ∼ 4 × 107 cells/ml.
On Food Vacuoles in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL
Authors: NILSSON JYTTE R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The following problems concerning food vacuoles were studied by in vivo observations of Tetrahymena: (A) Formation of food vacuoles. The process may be divided into 4 stages. Stage 1—gradual growth of the limiting membrane of the open food vacuole (of short duration). Stage 2—“filling up” of the fully expanded vacuole (of long duration). Stage 3—“closing off” of the vacuole (of brief duration). Stage 4—initial movement of the detached vacuole away from the cy‐tostome. The possible role of the oral components (apart from membranellar beating) in the process is discussed. (B) Change of pH in the food vacuole. After ingestion of heat‐killed yeast stained with indicator dyes (neutral red, bromcresol purple, bromcresol green, bromphenol blue), the observed color changes indicate that pH is neutral in the forming vacuole as well as in newly formed vacuoles; that a pH value of 6.0–5.5 is reached after ∼ 5 min; and that the lowest pH value between 4.0 and 3.5 is reached after 1 hr. Before egestion the pH again increases. (C) Length of the digestive cycle. A determination of the time required to deplete the cells of labeled vacuoles formed during a short exposure, was attempted. Defecation was observed after 1/2 hr and it was frequent after 2 hr. About 25% and 50% of the labeled vacuoles were removed after 1 hr and 2 hr, respectively; however, labeled vacuoles may still be seen in some cells 6 hr after ingestion. The conclusion is that the digestive cycle lasts ∼ 2 hr and that egestion of undigestible material is a random process.
The Nutrition of Parauronema acutum*
Authors: SOLDO A. T. , MERLIN E. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A symbiote‐free strain of Parauronema acutum, 110–3, a small marine hymenostome ciliate has been cultured in a synthetic medium consisting of amino acids, purine derivatives, vitamins, lipids and artificial sea water. Populations of ∼ 1.3 × 106 per ml were obtained in 5 to 6 days at 27 C in the dark in medium prepared in sea water, density = 1.015 g/cc at a surface to volume ratio of 5 cm2/ml. The pH optimum was 7.2. The following amino acids were determined to be essential for the growth of this strain: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine (or glycine), threonine, tryptophan and valine: guanine, guanosine or guanylic acid, but not adenine, adenosine, adenylic acid, hypoxanthine, inosine, inosinic acid, xanthine, xanthosine, or xanthylic acid, satisfied the need for a purine for growth of this organism. Pyrimidines were not required for growth. Of the vitamins tested, folic acid, nicotinamide, d‐pantothenic acid, pyridoxal HCl, riboflavin, thiamine HCl and thioctic acid were essential for growth; biotin was not. Growth in the absence of lipids was transplantable, but amounted to ∼ 3% that obtained in medium containing a mixture of asolectin, animal cephalin and Tween 80. Asolectin alone at high concentrations was almost as effective as the lipid mixture in supporting growth. Purified phospholipids such as phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol were less effective on an individual basis. In minimal medium containing only the “essential” amino acids, growth was less than 5% that obtained in the complete medium, but could be restored to maximal by the addition of either glutamic acid or aspartic acid. A number of substances, including sugars, amino acids and Krebs cycle intermediates, partially restored growth under these conditions. Only glycogen, starch and glucose‐1‐phosphate, tested individually, were as effective as glutamic acid or aspartic acid in restoring growth to optimal levels.
Fine Structure of the Endogenous Stages of Eimeria labbeana. 5. Schizonts and Merogony, with Special Reference to the Rhoptry‐Microneme System*
Authors: VARGHESE THOMAS
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The fine structure of the 3 generations of meronts, merogony, and merozoites of Eimeria labbeana Pinto from the ileal mucosa of experimentally infected pigeons, Columba livia Linnaeus, was described and compared to that of similar stages in other species of Eimeria. Sporozoite‐trophozoite transition stages, trophozoites (5.8 × 4.2 μm), young meronts (10.1 × 8.4 μm), and mature meronts with free merozoites of the first generation, were observed at 20, 28, 36, and 48 hr post‐infection, respectively. The 2nd and 3rd generation merogony were completed at 96 and 144 hr. Merogony was essentially of the ectomerogonous type without cytomere formation, as in most species. The average number of merozoites per meront in the 3 generations was 10 (5–15), 14 (8–19), and 7.5 (6–16); and the average size was 4.4 × 2.1 (4.1–5.9 × 1.8–2.2) μm, 4.2 × 1.8 (4.0–4.8 × 1.5–2.0) μm, and 5.4 × 1.8 (5.2–7.8 × 1.6–2.0) μm, respectively. Aggregation and subsequent degeneration of micronemes within membrane‐bounded vesicles in the sporozoite‐trophozoite stage, was observed as a possible mode of eliminating certain organelles present in the motile stages. Centrioles with (9 + 1) microtubular composition, and centrocones, were frequently seen in early meronts. Anlagen of micronemes, without any apparent association with the Golgi complex and the merozoite bud, were seen to develop in the cytoplasm of the meront. A single, median structure, probably representing the anlage of the rhoptry‐microneme system was observed within the conoid of an early merozoite bud. Connections between the micronemes and the bulbous portion of the rhoptries, and a branched (interconnected ?) structure of the rhoptries observed in the present study, substantiate the present contention that the micronemes and rhoptries are functional forms of the same complex of organelles, the rhoptry‐microneme system.
Effect of Berenil on Growth, Mitochondrial DNA and Respiration of Leishmania tarentolae Promastigotes*
Authors: LEON WILSON , BRUN RETO , KRASSNER STUART M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Incubation of Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes in 1.0 μg/ml Berenil for 96 hr resulted in 33% inhibition of cell growth and 42.5% dyskinetoplasty in the cell population. The buoyant density of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), ρ= 1.703 g/ml, remained unchanged after 96‐hr exposure to the drug. Endogenous respiration as well as proline‐ and glucose‐induced respiration dropped markedly after 36‐hr exposure to Berenil. This drop occurred 12 hr before the onset of dyskinetoplasty, a result which suggests that this drug adversely affects mitochondrial respiratory activity of the promastigotes.
Specific Labeling of Intracellular Toxoplasma gondii with Uracil*
Authors: PFEFFERKORN E. R. , PFEFFERKORN LORRAINE C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Radioactive uracil was not significantly incorporated into the nucleic acids of human fibroblast cells. Infection of these cells with Toxoplasma gondii resulted in an exponential increase in the rate of uracil incorporation that paralleled the exponential growth of the parasite. One day after infection the rate of uracil incorporation was increased 100‐fold. It was established by autoradiography that all of the [3H] uracil was incorporated into the intracellular parasites. A possible explanation for this difference in ability to use uracil is our observation that the specific activity of uridine phosphorylase was 100‐fold greater in partially purified parasites than in the host cell.
Inter‐strain Variability of Structural Proteins in Tetrahymena*
Authors: VAUDAUX P. E. , WILLIAMS N. E. , FRANKEL J. , VAUDAUX C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The high molecular weight proteins found in isolated pellicles of Tetrahymena have been compared in several individual strains within the genus using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three variants of the B‐protein of epiplasm (MW 174,000; 155,000; 145,000) and 2 of the C‐protein (MW 140,000; 122,000) were found among the strains examined. No variation was observed in the major kinetodesmal fiber protein (MW 250,000). The variation found between strains in the proteins of a structure which is (as far as we know) the same in all strains indicates a disjunction between evolutionary change at the 2 levels of organization. The taxonomic implications of the observed variation in structural proteins in Tetrahymena are discussed.
Nosema parkeri sp. n., a Microsporidan from the Argasid Tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley
Authors: KRINSKY WILLIAM L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Nosema parkeri sp. n. is described from nymphs and adults of the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, from a laboratory colony. Schizogonic and sporogonic stages are described from various tick tissues. Spores are binucleate, measuring 3.2 (3–4) × 1.9 (1.8–2.5) μm. Transmission is transovarial and transstadial. The parasite does not appear to affect adversely the development or reproduction of the tick. Dermacentor andersoni Stiles was experimentally infected. Attempts to infect Swiss mice by tick feeding or by injection of infected tick suspensions were unsuccessful. The microsporidan differs in structure from Encephalitozoon ixodis Weiser) and Nosema slovaca Weiser & Reháček, the only other microsporidans known from ticks.
Chronologie des Modifications Ultrastructurales au Cours de la Croissance de Gregarina blaberae*
Authors: TRONCHIN G. , SCHREVEL J.
Published: May 2007

RESUME. L' étude ultrastructurale de la grégarine Gregarina blaberae a été entreprise après mise au point d'un protocole d'infestation expérimentale de larves vierges de Blattes, Blaberus craniifer. Les observations en microscopie électronique, effectuées en fonction du temps, ont permis de suivre le développement du sporozoïte, ainsi que la croissance et l' évolution du trophozoïte.

La croissance est spectaculaire puisqu'en 18 jours elle entraîne la transformation du germe infectieux ou sporozoïte (L = 15 μm, φ=1 μm) en un céphalin—trophozoïte fixéà l' épithélium intestinal—de 250 μm de longueur pour un diamètre de 65 μm. L'organisation ultrastructurale du sporozoïte ne diffère pas de celle de la plupart des sporozoïtes des autres sporozoaires étudiés jusqu' à présent, le conoïde et les corps denses sont présents. La paroi est trimembranaire. toutefois le complexe membranaire interne présente quelques interruptions. Les premiers dictyosomes s' élaborent à partir de l'enveloppe nucléaire. La migration du noyau et des corps denses, puis la régression de toutes les formations caractéristiques du sporozoïte et l' établissement d'une zone corticale venant coiffer l' épimérite, ont lieu dans les 48 heures suivant l'infestation et marquent la transformation sporozoïte‐céphalin.

L' évolution du céphalin, se poursuit par la formation des ébauches des plis épicytaires qui s'effectue à partir du 3éme jour du développement à la base du deutomérite. Un système régulier de plis longitudinaux ou épicyte s' établit ainsi sur toute la partie extra‐cellulaire de la grégarine. Dès les 4éme‐5éme jours de développement, un réseau vacuolaire et un chondriome important se différencient dans l' épimérite, tandis qu'un septum de nature fibrillaire isole le protomérite du deutomérite. Le stade suivant—à partir du 6éme jour—est marqué par une ségrégation du matériel glucidique au niveau de ces 2 segments.

Le modèle étudié permet de préciser le rôle de l' épimérite dansla nutrition du parasite, l' évolution du chondriome et des membranes corticales au cours de la phase de croissance végétative des grégarines polycystidées.
Discotricha papillifera: Structure and Morphogenesis of a Marine Interstitial Ciliate*
Authors: WICKLOW BARRY J. , BORROR ARTHUR C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Discotricha papillifera Tuffrau, a marine interstitial ciliate, is redescribed with the aid of light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy from cells collected at a New Hampshire beach. Presence of primitive membranelles as well an an advanced stomatogenesis is demonstrated. The ultrastructure, including a unique membrane‐bounded septate structure, is described. The cell is tentatively placed in the nassulid suborder Microthoracina, but affinities with other groups are discussed.
Stomatogenic Events Accompanying Binary Fission in Blepharisma*
Authors: SAWYER H. R. , JENKINS R. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Stomatogenesis was studied in the heterotrich ciliate Blepharisma japonicum stained with protargol. During binary fission not only is a new oral apparatus made for the posterior daughter, but the already existing oral apparatus of the parent cell is reorganized, i.e. partially disassembled and then subsequently reassembled to provide a functional feeding apparatus for the anterior daughter cell. These morphogenetic events, requiring 21/2 to 3 hr, are complete by the time the anterior and posterior daughters separate.

In preparation for division, an oral anlage is formed by the rapid proliferation of kinetosomes along 4–5 stomatogenic kinetics directly subtending the cytostome. This field of randomly oriented kinetosomes ultimately gives rise to the feeding apparatus of the posterior daughter cell. Early in division, the oral anlage separates into 2 longitudinal fields of kinetosomes: one is destined to give rise to the undulating membrane and the other forms the adoral zone of membranelles. Shortly after the anlage is established posterior to the cytostome, reorganization of the existing functional mouth is initiated. The morphologic changes associated with this dedifferentiation‐redifferentiation sequence lead to the formation of an oral apparatus for the anterior daughter and cannot be distinguished from those characteristically seen during physiologic reorganization.
Some Biochemical Properties of Mitochondria Isolated from Euglena gracilis*
Authors: DATTA DIPAK B. , KAHN JOSEPH S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mitochondria were isolated from Euglena gracilis strain Z by pressure‐breakage of the cells and sucrose‐cushion centrifugation. Multiple peaks (2‐4) were observed in the rate of phosphorylation with Mg‐ADP‐phosphate concentration curves. The phosphorylative and oxidative activities were highest with NADH as the substrate, moderate with succinate, and lowest with glutamate. Inhibition of phosphorylation with 2,4‐dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide, m‐chlorophenylhydrazone gave sigmoidal concentration curves, with the extent of inhibition by DNP depending on the substrate used. Inhibition of phosphorylation by valinomycin, atractyloside, or carboxyatractyloside was only ∼ 60%. Oligomycin inhibited phosphorylation in 2 phases at low and high concentrations; it inhibited Mg‐ATPase in a sigmoidal fashion. Both phosphorylation and oxidation had discontinuities in Arrhenius plots at 34 C and 18 C.

The relative Mg2+‐dependent nucleoside triphosphatase activity was: 1 for ATP and GTP, 0.6 for ITP, 0.15 for CTP and and UTP; with Ca2+ in place of Mg2+ this activity was 0.35. Both DNP and CCCP stimulated the Mg‐ATPase 50‐200%. The optimal pH for the stimulation was ∼ 7 regardless of the uncoupler used, and ∼ 8 without the uncouplers.

The few differences observed between mitochondria from Euglena and those from other sources are probably due to the fragmentation of the reticular mitochondrial structure during isolation and not to unique characteristics of these mitochondria.
Cell Size, Macromolecular Composition, and O2 Consumption During Agitated Cultivation of Naegleria gruberi*
Authors: WEIK R. R. , JOHN D. T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cell size, macromolecular composition, carbohydrate utilization patterns, and O2 concentrations were measured throughout the growth stages of Naegleria gruberi in agitated cultures in a complex medium. Biphasic logarithmic growth occurred during the initial 83 hr of growth and the mean generation time was 7.0 hr and 19 hr during initial and secondary log growth stages, respectively. The maximum yield was 5 × 10* amebaeJml. The pH rose rapidly (1 pH unit) during the secondary log growth phase (52‐83 hr) and continued into the stationary growth phase (83‐120 hr). Dry weight, total protein, carbohydrate, and RNA per ameba increased just before the secondary log growth phase. RNA increased 31% to 35% per ameba at the end of each phase of log growth. DNA increased ∼ 2‐fold throughout the different growth phases. Average cell size increased 90% during biphasic log growth then decreased during stationary phase. O2 tension decreased from 100% to 18% of saturation during the biphasic growth phase, then increased during stationary growth to near 100% saturation. Glucose and total carbohydrate assays showed little utilization of those substrates throughout the growth stages. Naegleria gruberi presumably has a predominantly aerobic metabolism, also its metabolism may change during the different growth phases.
Development of Eimeria meleagrimitis Tyzzer from Sporozoites and Merozoites in Turkey Kidney Cell Cultures*
Authors: AUGUSTINE P. C. , DORAN D. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sporozoites and 1st‐, 2nd‐, and 3rd‐generation merozoites of Eimeria meleagrimitis were inoculated into primary cultures of turkey kidney cells. In vitro‐excysted sporozoites developed into mature macrogamonts in 8 days; in vivo‐excysted sporozoites developed into 2nd‐ or 3rd‐generation schizonts within 5 to 7 days. First‐generation merozoites obtained from infected turkeys produced mature 2nd‐generation schizonts within 24 h. Second‐generation merozoites from turkeys produced mature macrogamonts and oocysts within 72 h, whereas 3rd‐generation merozoites produced these stages within 48 h. The oocysts that developed from 3rd‐generation merozoites sporulated at 25 C and were infective for turkeys.

The timing of the early stages and the intervals between schizogonic generations in cultures were comparable with those in turkeys. Morphologic parameters, however, indicated that some differences existed between in vitro and in vivo development. Second‐ and 3rd‐generation schizonts and gamonts that developed after inoculation of cultures with merozoites were similar to stages in turkeys. Oocysts, however, were significantly smaller (P < 0.05) in cultures. All stages that developed after inoculation of cultures with sporozoites were smaller (P < 0.05) than their in vivo counter parts.
Checklist, Host Index, and Annotated Bibliography of Plasmodium from Reptiles*
Authors: AYALA STEPHEN C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. World literature on Plasmodium of squamate reptiles (1909–1975) includes 156 published accounts on 54 valid species and subspecies. AFRICA: 30 reports on 9 species; AUSTRALIA, ASIA & OCEANIA: 12 reports on 6 species and 2 subspecies; AMERICAS: 116 reports on 37 species. More than half of these reports and new species descriptions appeared during the last 10 years. Most concern plasmodia in lizards of the Neotropics, Georgia (Plasmodium floridense, a Neotropical‐Caribbean parasite) and California (Plasmodium mexicanum). African host species are all lizards: 4 agamids, 3 skinks, 2 chamaeleonids, one chordyline, and one gerrhosaurine. Australasian host species are also all lizards: 6 agamids, 9 skinks, 2 lacertids, one (or two?) gekkonids, and one varanid. Known American host species include 12 snakes and 87 lizards: 34 anoline species, 12 sceloporines (plus 11 others experimentally infected), 4 basiliscines, 5 tropidurines, 2 iguanines, 2 skinks (one questionable), 2 anguids (a total of 4 animals), 4 sphaerodactylines, 2 gekkonines and 11 teiid species.
Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Observations on Sporogenesis of Myxobolus sp. (Myxosporida: Myxobolidae) from the Common Shiner Notropis cornutus*
Authors: DESSER SHERWIN S. , PATERSON W. BROCKLEY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The structure and cytochemistry of spores of Myxobolus sp. from plasmodia which occur in the gill filaments of the common shiner Notropis cornutus were studied by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The thin‐walled valves of the pyriform spores are thickened in the lateral sutural and apical regions. Mucous material is associated predominantly with the posterior end of many spores. The plasmodium is surrounded by a syncytial wall bounded by 2 membranes. Pinocytotic channels are formed by the inner membrane and numerous dense vesicles are pinched off at the distal ends of the channels. Sporogenesis is initiated by the envelopment of one vegetative cell by another. The larger, enveloped cell divides to form a disporous pansporoblast, which contains 2 pairs of capsulogenic and valvogenic cells and 2 binucleate sporoplasm cells. Each capsular primordium and connecting external tubule gives rise to a polar capsule which houses a helically coiled polar tubule. The apical end of each polar capsule is plugged by a stopper. The valvogenic cells surround the capsulogenic and posteriorly situated sporoplasm cells to form the spore valves. Iodinophilic (glycogen) inclusions were not seen in spores stained with iodine or Best's carmine. A darkly stained band was observed around the posterior region of most spores stained with Best's carmine. In the electron microscope large aggregates of β glycogen particles were seen in the cytoplasm of sporoplasm cells in mature spores.
Three‐Dimensional Structure of Macronuclei from Paramecium Determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy*
Authors: CUMMINGS DONALD J. , KOTASEK WILLIAM E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Macronuclei of Paramecium primaurelia were isolated and examined by scanning electron microscopy. These nuclei consisted of a closely packed array of chromatin bodies measuring ∼ 0.2 μm in diameter. We estimated there were ∼ 30,000 such bodies/macronucleus, 20 times more than the number of unit genome equivalents. This suggests that a unit genome is physically shared by several chromatin bodies.
Particle‐Based Axenic Media for Tetrahymenids*
Authors: KEENAN KATHERINE , ERLICH EDWARD , DONNELLY KATHLEEN H. , BASEL MITCHELL B. , HUTNER S. H. , KASSOFF ROBERT , CRAWFORD SARAH A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Autoclavable, natural particulate media simplify axenic cultivation of tetrahymenid ciliates and presumably favor selection for phagotrophy. Viability is at least 2 months at room temperature (24–26 C) for the lipid‐sensitive tetrahymenids Tetrahymena setosa, T. corlissi, T. paravorax, T. limacis, and T. patula, also for T. rostrata and (at 12 C), for strains of the T. pyriformis complex and Glaucoma chattoni. A typical medium consists of crude soy “lecithin”+ skim milk powder +Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Other useful particules readily available commercially are: whole liver powder, cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Escherichia coli, and powdered residue of liver which had been extracted with 70% ethanol (liver #2). Preliminary experiments indicate that some of these media are suitable for the maintenance of Paramecium octaurelia stock 299S and Colpidium campylum. Such mixtures may serve as points of departure for devising media for more fastidious phagotrophs.
Continuous Cultivation of Trypanosoma theileri at 37 C in Bovine Cell Culture*
Authors: McHOLLAND‐RAYMOND LINDA E. , KINGSTON NEWTON , TRUEBLOOD MALCOLM S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma theileri was cultivated at 37 C in bovine bone marrow cell culture through 50 consecutive subcultures. Medium 199, supplemented with Bacto‐peptone, vitamin B12, and fetal bovine serum, was utilized both for primary and continuous cultivation. The number of trypanosomes produced in culture averaged 8 × 106 (1–26 × 106) trypanosomes/ml. In each subculture the organisms divided as epimastigotes and transformed into trypomastigotes; a round form was observed during the stationary and declining phase of growth. Gradual changes such as increased generation time, size reduction, and decreased trypomastigote production were observed as subculturing progressed. Cultured trypanosomes were infective for the bovine through the 48th serial transfer and could be cultivated at 26 C.
Fine Structure of the Oocyst Wall of Eimeria nieschulzi
Authors: MARCHIONDO ALAN A. , DUSZYNSKI DONALD W. , SPEER CLARENCE A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi from the laboratory rat, Rattus, norvegicus, were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Oocysts had a rough outer wall with apparent random depressions. The oocyst wall is composed of 2 layers: an osmiophilic outer layer consisting of a rough external and smooth internal surface, and a relatively thick, electron‐lucent inner layer. The outer layer is composed of a dense, coarsely granular matrix. The inner layer consists of homogeneous fine granular material interspersed with coarse osmiophilic granules and contains one closely applied membrane on the outermost surface. Several raised lenticular areas are seen on the coarse outer surface of the inner layer. These layers are 102 (75–128) and 176 (135–204) nm thick, respectively.

The sporocyst wall is thin, consisting of 3 to 4 unit membranes, and measures 27 (18–34) nm thick.
Ultrastructure of the Fusion Area during Conjugation in the Suctorian Heliphrya erhardi (Rieder) Matthes*
Authors: LANNERS H. NORBERT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The suctorian Heliophrya erhardi (Rieder) Matthes is attached to the substrate by the flattened ventral side of the cell body. The dorsal is covered by a pellicle composed of 3 unit membranes. Below the pellicle is a 0.4–0.8‐μm thick epiplasm composed of 6–8‐nm thick fibrils. Microtubules form a network beneath the epiplasm. The epipalsm is penetrated by tube‐like pellicular pits, which are lined by the cell membrane and end beneath the epiplasm in a saccule‐like enlargement. During conjugation, 2 neighboring organisms form cytoplasmic processes which come into contact and fuse, thus forming a cytoplasmic bridge between the 2 cells. Around the bridge the pellicles of both organisms fuse, and the partners become united by a continuous common membrane system. Across the entire conjugation bridge the 2 fused epiplasms form a septum. Tube‐like structures can be seen lying partly in the epiplasmic septum and partly in the adjacent cytoplasm. These structures are open at both ends and represent remnants of the pellicular pits. No trace of the original pellicular membranes can be found at the fusion area within the epiplasmic septum. The cytoplasm of the conjugation partners is separated only by the fused epiplasms forming the epiplasmic septum.
Glycoproteins Released by Leishmania donovani: Immunologic Relationships with Host and Bacterial Antigens and Preliminary Biochemical Analysis*
Authors: DECKER‐JACKSON JOAN E. , HONIGBERG B. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The antigenically active glycoproteins (AAGP) released by Leishmania donovani strain 3S promastigotes into growth media and by amastigotes of this strain into the tissues, e.g. blood, of infected hamsters was found to consist of 6 to 7 antigenically distinct components. The antigenic activity of these glycoproteins was resistant to freeze‐thawing, protease treatment, and purification by column chromatography using Sephadex G‐100. This activity, however, was destroyed by Na periodate and altered by boiling; AAGP adhered firmly to Amicon filter (UM2). The antigenically active substances absorbed UV at 230, 260, 280 nm and gave positive Folin phenol, phenol sulfuric acid, and orcinol reactions. By gel diffusion, the component glycoproteins were found to form lines with concanavalin A and to give reactions of identity and partial identity with human red cells and Mycobacterium butyricum. The possible involvement of the antigenically active glycoproteins in pathogensis of kala azar is discussed.
Competition among Serologically Different Clones of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in vivo*
Authors: SEED JOHN RICHARD
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. When different antigenic variant clones are injected in equal numbers into white mice one variant clone always replaces the other. This phenomenon appears to be a predictable one, even under conditions analogous to a chronic infection. It is hypothesized that a constant ratio is approached between the number of cells of different antigenic serotypes present in a single population, in such a manner that there is always a major antigenic variant and minor populations of different antigenic variants. It is further suggested that these ratios can undergo rapid changes in response to changes in the environment, e.g. nutritional status of the host, changes in body temperature, antibody synthesis, etc. The changes in these ratios are discussed in relation to the mechanism(s) of antigenic variation.
Glycogen in the Marine Protozoon Parauronema acutum*
Authors: KAREEM H. A. , SOLDO A. T.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The carbohydrate which accumulates in the cytoplasm of the marine protozoon, Parauronema acutum, during normal growth was isolated, purified and characterized chemically. The highly purified material yielded only glucose residues following hydrolysis in 0.6 N HCl for 3 h at 100 C; measurement of total carbohydrate by the phenol‐sulfuric acid method and by treatment with amylo‐glucosidase and glucose oxidase gave similar values. Aqueous solutions of the purified material reacted with iodine to form a complex which exhibited an absorption peak at 456 nm with a shift to 484 nm in the presence of 50% saturated (NH4)2SO4. Digestion with α‐amylase, β‐amylase, and isoamylase yielded 71%, 45% and 8.3% hydrolysis, respectively. Treatment sequentially with both isoamylase and β‐amylase gave complete hydrolysis of the polymer. The average chain length (CL) determined by the isoamylase procedure was 12. These observations are consistent with the view that the carbohydrate isolated from the protozoan is a polymer consisting of α‐D‐glucose residues arranged in chains containing α‐(1→4) linkages with branch points containing α‐(1→6) linkages occurring once on the average of ∼ 12 glucose residues and, as such, is indistinguishable from glycogen isolated from mammalian sources.
Herpetomonas, with Bacterium‐like Inclusions, in Malaysian Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus*
Authors: WEINMAN DAVID , CHEONG W. H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Herpetomonas sp. was found repeatedly in the Malpighian tubules of laboratory‐reared male and female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Malaysia. The flagellates occurred irregularly, in batches, and were absent during long periods. The data suggest an exogenous source of infection for the mosquitoes, presumably from another insect, probably of another genus.

Thirty to 40% of the flagellates of Aedes contained intracytoplasmic rod‐shaped structures strongly resembling bacteria. These were found often in groups suggesting intracellular multiplication. They were passed to the Herpetomonas daughter cells during division. Parasitism of Aedes by Herpetomonas is extremely unusual, only one previous record, an inconclusive one, having been found. Parasitism by Herpetomonas containing bacterium‐like rods has apparently never been reported.
Fine Structure of the Sporogonic Stages of Nosema parkeri
Authors: KRINSKY WILLIAM L. , HAYES STANLEY F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The fine structure of sporogonic stages of Nosema parkeri Krinsky, a microsporidan from the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, is described. Developmental changes in the spore coat and cytoplasmic organelles are discussed. As a sporoblast transforms into a spore, the organelles become more compact and the membranes surrounding them appear to become more taut. It is suggested that the polaroplast complex is involved in fluid transport during development of the spore. Organelles in the mature spore include 2 contiguous nuclei enveloped in a lattice containing ribosome‐like particles, a polaroplast complex composed of laminar and saccular regions, and a coiled tubular polar filament attached to a polar sac. Sporogonic stages do not appear to have mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, or a posterior vacuole. The fine structure of the spore of N. parkeri is very similar to that of species of Nosema found in insects, crustaceans, and trematodes.
Binding of Trypanosoma congolense to the Walls of Small Blood Vessels*
Authors: BANKS KEITH L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The mesenteric microvasculature was studied in rats and rabbits infected with Trypanosoma congolense. By examining vessels in the living animals, trypanosomes were observed to adhere to vessel walls by their anterior ends. It was evident from stained preparations of the vessels that the microcirculation contained 4–1400 times as many trypanosomes as were free in the cardiac blood. Parasites were more numerous in very small vessels than in larger vessels, and they were clustered in groups within the small vessels. The localization of T. congolense in the microvasculature is demonstrated and it is shown that this localization is established by attachment of the organism to the vessel wall.
Molecular Size and Chain Length Distribution in Acanthamoeba Cellulose*
Authors: BLANTON W. E. , VILLEMEZ C. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Evidence obtained by total hydrolysis, partial acetolysis, periodate oxidation, as well as treatment with amylase, emulsin, and Trichoderma virideβ‐(1→4)‐glucanase, verified that the alkali insoluble component of Acanthamoeba castellanii was pure β‐(1→4)‐glucan. The weight average chain length of the cellulose varied from DP = 3170 to DP = 4130 (mean DP = 3480) with polysaccharide obtained from seven seemingly identical cultures. Isolation of the cyst‐wall cellulose by nondegrading means indicated that alkali extraction was not depolymerizing the polysaccharide. Fractionation of cellulose obtained from a single culture produced fractions from DP = 550 to DP = 4550 (mean DP = 3280; 98.7% of the original cellulose), indicating that the cellulose is polydisperse.
The Size of Macronuclear DNA and Its Relationship to Models for Maintaining Genic Balance*†
Authors: PREER JOHN R. , PREER LOUISE B.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis.

A considerable amount of evidence is now available to indicate that the DNA in the ciliates Oxytricha and Stylonychia undergoes fragmentation when the micronucleus forms a macronucleus. Some evidence suggests that fragmentation may also occur in Tetrahymena and possibly in Paramecium. It is shown that some regulatory or nonrandom segregational mechanism must operate during cell divisions to maintain genic balance in Tetrahymena. Both the hypothesis of macronuclear subunits and also a new hypothesis based on replicative control of DNA are capable of explaining the currently know biochemical, cytological, and genetic facts.