bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Ruvalcaba‐Sil Jose Luis , García‐Bucio Maria Angélica
Published: December 2018

Raman spectroscopy has been used as a specific, nondestructive microanalytical technique for identification of materials in art and archaeology since the 1980s. The technique is based on the characteristic energy dispersion of a laser beam impinging on the sample or the object surface, in order to obtain a fingerprint spectrum of the compounds of the material. Extensive databases of spectra of reference materials allow the identification of the material by comparison with the sample spectrum. Moreover, with such chemical information, Raman spectra can provide data about the structure of the material. The Raman technique is more suitable for identification of pigments, minerals, pottery, and glass, as well as organic materials such as resins and dyes. Nevertheless, some limitations exist due to low sensibility of the technique and high fluorescence background due to laser interaction with the material. Special methods of Raman, such as surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), may overcome these limitations for sample analysis. Also, Raman instrumentation can be used in the laboratory for microanalysis or in the field using portable equipment for punctual analysis or even surface mapping. These features make the Raman technique a powerful method for archaeological applications.
Repatriation
Authors: Simpson Moira
Published: December 2018

Heritage protection legislation and international treaties prohibit looting and trafficking of art and antiquities, facilitating restitution of materials illicitly removed from sites, monuments, or collections. However, human remains, antiquities, and cultural materials acquired prior to the introduction of relevant laws and treatiesoften during colonial occupationare afforded no such protection, and some have become subject to repatriation claims based upon moral and ethical arguments. Since the 1960s, indigenous people, UNESCO, and activists in the fields of archaeology, anthropology, heritage management, and museology have increasingly emphasized the importance of heritage for communities and the need for inclusive practices in research and heritage management, and called for museums to work collaboratively with communities. This entry provides a brief overview of the legislation, treaties, government policies, and professional guidelines that have been introduced in some countries to provide the mechanisms for claimants and museums to resolve repatriation claims.
River Systems
Authors: Howard Andy J.
Published: December 2018

Rivers provide arteries of varying scale, allowing freshwater, sediments, and soluble elements to move from terrestrial uplands to the seas, thereby completing the hydrological cycle. Since water is essential for all life, rivers have provided resource‐rich environments and corridors for animal and human migration and settlement since the earliest habitation of our planet. As natural conveyors of sediment, they provide significant opportunities for archaeologists to reconstruct landscapes and to elucidate the nature of human activity. However, the underlying geomorphological processes that shape river evolution are complex, and understanding the location and preservation potential of archaeological remains within such environments requires the use of airborne and ground‐based remote‐sensing technologies and geoarchaeological techniques.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Schreiner Manfred , Melcher Michael
Published: December 2018

Electron microscopic techniques based on backscattered and/or secondary electrons and combined with energy‐ or wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (SEM/EDX or SEM/WDX) have gained an important role in the material identification of an archaeological finding. The applicability of these analytical methods in the investigation of historic materials, their benefits, and also their inherent limitations are discussed here.
Science and Feminism
Authors: Bickle Penny
Published: December 2018

Since the 1980s, archaeology has confronted the feminist critique of both its tools for studying the past and the experience of women participating in the discipline. Gender archaeology grew explicitly from feminism, increasing the visibility of women in the past and challenging the use of modern gender norms to interpret archaeological data. Third‐wave feminism expanded definitions of identity and resulted in this becoming a major area of research. The archaeological sciences have made strong contributions to both these areas of study. Philosophies of archaeological thought have also been influenced by feminist critiques of science, first drawing on debates about whether objectivity is possible in scientific practice and, more latterly, as inspiration for the “material turn.” Although specific discussion of the feminist perspective in archaeological science has been minimal over recent years, it undoubtedly has, and will continue to, inform both the aims and methods of archaeological research.
Scientific Practice
Authors: Roberts Patrick , Hendy Jessica , Boivin Nicole
Published: December 2018

Scientific practice in archaeology, defined here as the application of laboratory‐based scientific methods in archaeological practice, encompasses a diversity of interest groups, methodologies, and challenges. In this entry, we argue that archaeological science is inseparable from social, political, and economic contexts, and thus scientific practice in this field requires navigation of diverse interests while also maintaining robust scientific frameworks and procedures.
Sea‐Level Change
Authors: Ward Ingrid A. K.
Published: December 2018

Sea level has fluctuated dramatically over the past hundred millennia, from a sea‐level highstand several meters above present approximately 125,000 years ago to 120 m below present about 20,000 years ago, with much of the evidence for early humans now under water. Across the globe, the archaeological dimension of sea‐level change and changing coastal configuration is manifest in the human settlement of continents and islands, and development of early coastal economies. New insights on the antiquity and importance of changing marine ecosystems in human evolution are emerging from submerged archaeological sites, modern and ancient human DNA, and human (isotopic) biochemistry. With modern sea‐level trends indicating an increase in the rate of sea‐level rise relative to the last few thousand years, the archaeological record provides a useful insight into how humans may have responded to past changes in sea level.
History and Sociology of Science
Authors: Delley Géraldine , Plutniak Sébastien
Published: December 2018

The relationship between archaeology and other sciences has only recently become a research topic for sociologists and historians of science. From the 1950s to the present day, different approaches have been taken and the aims of research studies have changed considerably. Besides methodological textbooks, which aim at advancing archaeological knowledge, historians of archaeology have tackled this question by exploring the development of archaeology as a scientific discipline. More recently, collaborations between archaeologists and other scientists have been examined as a general phenomenon regarding transfers of knowledge and power relationships between specialists, organizations, and scientific tools, where archaeology is considered as a scientific practice. Adopting a sociohistorical perspective, this entry examines the specificity of aims, facts, and procedures shared by archaeologists and other scientists regarding the crucial question of measuring time and computations.
Soil Penetrometry
Authors: Graesch Anthony P.
Published: December 2018

Despite its longstanding importance in geotechnical studies, the application of soil penetrometry is somewhat new to archaeological field research. A growing body of scholarship makes it evident that data collected with different kinds of penetrometers are pertinent to an array of archaeological topics, including the reconstruction of paleolandscapes, archaeological prospection, methods for distinguishing among anthropogenic strata, and site preservation.
Spices
Authors: Karg Sabine
Published: December 2018

Spices comprise many plants such as pepper, cinnamon, ginger, chili, and vanilla that are endemic to subtropical and tropical climates. The origin and use of most of these “exotic” spices remains to be fully explored archaeologically, whereas many of the European spices like mustard, parsley, dill, marjoram, and thyme have been frequently recorded at archaeological sites, illustrating their use over thousands of years. Spices were important commodities that influenced socioeconomic life in many parts of the world. Globalized modern food culture and growth in herbal medicine has led to an increase in the use of both exotic spices and herbs.
Symmetrical Archaeology
Authors: Witmore Christopher
Published: December 2018

This entry sketches the project and aims of symmetrical archaeology. It begins with a brief history and moves on to discuss the principle of symmetry and the definition of things in contrast to common misconceptions. Overall, this article explores symmetrical archaeology with respect to three questions: (1) what does archaeology study; (2) what does archaeology achieve; and (3) how does archaeology study and achieve?
Texture Modeling of Accumulative Roll‐Bonding Processed Aluminum Single Crystal {1 2 3}<6 3 4> by Crystal Plasticity FE
Authors: Wang Hui , Lu Cheng , Tieu Kiet , Wei Peitang , Yu Hailiang
Published: December 2018

Texture modeling of accumulative roll‐bonding (ARB) is challenging due to the involved cutting, stacking, and roll‐bonding. In the present study, the crystal plasticity finite element model is used to study the texture evolution in an ARB processed aluminum single crystal. The predictions, after being validated by the experimental observations, are analyzed, and an inhomogeneous through‐thickness deformation, in terms of slip system activation, crystal rotation, and shear strain, is revealed. It is found that the cutting‐stacking causes shear strain reversal and crystal rotation reversal. The dynamic balance between the formed and destroyed (4 4 11)[11 11 ] and (0 0 1)[1 1 0] makes them stable in area fraction. Besides, another modeling skill, Submodel, is used to improve the texture prediction by increasing the mesh resolution in smaller regions, and microbands associated with the primarily activated slip systems are predicted in the Submodel.
3D Molecularly Functionalized Cell‐Free Biomimetic Scaffolds for Osteochondral Regeneration
Authors: Li Lan , Li Jiayi , Guo Jiamin , Zhang Huikang , Zhang Xin , Yin Caiyun , Wang Liming , Zhu Yishen , Yao Qingqiang
Published: December 2018

Clinically, cartilage damage is frequently accompanied with subchondral bone injuries caused by disease or trauma. However, the construction of biomimetic scaffolds to support both cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration remains a great challenge. Herein, a novel strategy is adopted to realize the simultaneous repair of osteochondral defects by employing a self‐assembling peptide hydrogel (SAPH) FEFEFKFK (F, phenylalanine; E, glutamic acid; K, lysine) to coat onto 3D‐printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. Results show that the SAPH‐coated PCL scaffolds exhibit highly improved hydrophilicity and biomimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) structures compared to PCL scaffolds. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the SAPH‐coated PCL scaffolds promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rabbit bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) and maintain the chondrocyte phenotypes. Furthermore, 3% SAPH‐coated PCL scaffolds significantly induce simultaneous regeneration of cartilage and subchondral bone after 8‐ and 12‐week implantation in vivo, respectively. Mechanistically, by virtue of the enhanced deposition of ECM in SAPH‐coated PCL scaffolds, SAPH with increased stiffness facilitates and remodels the microenvironment around osteochondral defects, which may favor simultaneous dual tissue regeneration. These findings indicate that the 3% SAPH provides efficient and reliable modification on PCL scaffolds and SAPH‐coated PCL scaffolds appear to be a promising biomaterial for osteochondral defect repair.
Oxidizing Vacancies in Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Enhance Air‐Cathode Activity
Authors: Wang Mengfan , Wang Weipeng , Qian Tao , Liu Sisi , Li Yutao , Hou Zhufeng , Goodenough John B. , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Yan Chenglin
Published: December 2018

Oxidizing vacancies in nitrogen‐doped carbon have recently been reported to enhance the oxygen reaction activity of air cathodes, but their specific role has remained elusive and controversial. Herein, the critical role of oxidizing the vacancies in enhancing the oxygen reduction reaction for metal–air battery is identified with density functional theory. Deliberate introduction of oxygen‐enriched vacancies in nitrogen‐doped carbon is shown experimentally to provide superior oxygen reduction activity. In situ X‐ray powder diffraction gives direct observation of the oxygen reactions in a zinc–air battery catalyzed by vacancy‐enriched oxidized carbon; the intensity changes of the carbon peak show continuous chemisorption of oxygen intermediates on the carbon cathode during discharge. The air‐cathode performance is shown to exceed that with Pt/C+IrO2 catalysts.
Biomaterial‐Based “Structured Opals” with Programmable Combination of Diffractive Optical Elements and Photonic Bandgap Effects
Authors: Wang Yu , Li Wenyi , Li Meng , Zhao Siwei , De Ferrari Fabio , Liscidini Marco , Omenetto Fiorenzo G.
Published: December 2018

Naturally occurring iridescent systems produce brilliant color displays through multiscale, hierarchical assembly of structures that combine reflective, diffractive, diffusive, or absorbing domains. The fabrication of biopolymer‐based, hierarchical 3D photonic crystals through the use of a topographical templating strategy that allows combined optical effects derived from the interplay of predesigned 2D and 3D geometries is reported here. This biomaterials‐based approach generates 2D diffractive optics composed of 3D nanophotonic lattices that allow simultaneous control over the reflection (through the 3D photonic bandgap) and the transmission (through 2D diffractive structuring) of light with the additional utility of being constituted by a biocompatible, implantable, edible commodity textile material. The use of biopolymers allows additional degrees of freedom in photonic bandgap design through directed protein conformation modulation. Demonstrator structures are presented to illustrate the lattice multifunctionality, including tunable diffractive properties, increased angle of view of photonic crystals, color‐mixing, and sensing applications.
Exact Multipolar Decompositions with Applications in Nanophotonics
Authors: Alaee Rasoul , Rockstuhl Carsten , Fernandez‐Corbaton Ivan
Published: December 2018

The multipolar decomposition of electromagnetic sources is an important tool for the study of light–matter interactions in general, and optical materials in particular. Here, a report is given on recent progress in the multipolar decomposition of electromagnetic sources. First, the exact and simple expressions for the multipolar moments of electric current density distributions are reviewed, and then, the results are extended to multipolar moments of magnetization current density distributions due to intrinsic spin. The consideration of both electric and magnetic sources allows to establish the conditions for sources of pure handedness. Scripts are provided that facilitate the computation of multipolar moments of arbitrary order. The work and the included examples of use are placed in the context of nanophotonics and metamaterials, and an outlook for applications in these and other fields is provided.
Systemic inflammation and causal risk for Alzheimer's dementia: Possibilities and limitations of a Mendelian randomization approach
Authors: Tsui Alex , Davis Daniel
Published: December 2018

Epidemiological studies have implicated systemic inflammation in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, these observations have been subject to residual confounding and reverse causation. We applied Mendelian randomization approaches to address this. We did not identify any causal associations between serum interleukin (IL)‐18, IL‐1ra, IL‐6, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) concentrations and AD. Our findings are limited by the low number of available instruments, though some of those identified (e.g., IL‐6) were of sufficient power to indicate true negative results. Taken together, it appears there is no evidence for a causal association between these serum inflammatory cytokines and AD.
A Pedagogical Response to Decoloniality: Decolonial Atmospheres and Rising Subjectivity
Authors: Bell Deanne
Published: December 2018

The neoliberal academy is, at its core, an apparatus through which coloniality sustains itself. Despite the academy's self‐promotion as a catalyzing institution that prepares students to become agents of social change and transformation, some students and faculty experience it as a crucible of oppression. In this essay I trace the beginnings of a project I was a part of in which I worked alongside students who demanded that a psychology program in the university be transformed into a force for decoloniality. I reflect on some of the conditions of coloniality that students actively resisted at one college and that exist elsewhere within the university. Juxtaposed against manifestations of coloniality in the university are synopses of student's experience of them. These synopses provide insight into why students have chosen to resist coloniality in the academy. I also outline a pedagogical response to coloniality that I created given students’ desire for decoloniality. Finally, and with the permission of student artists, two liberation psychology student art projects are included to make visible the rise in subjectivity that becomes possible when a decolonial atmosphere is created within the university.
Efficiency of autocoding programs for converting job descriptors into standard occupational classification (SOC) codes
Authors: Buckner‐Petty Skye , Dale Ann Marie , Evanoff Bradley A.
Published: December 2018

Background

Existing datasets often lack job exposure data. Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) codes can link work exposure data to health outcomes via a Job Exposure Matrix, but manually assigning SOC codes is laborious. We explored the utility of two SOC autocoding programs.

Methods

We entered industry and occupation descriptions from two existing cohorts into two publicly available SOC autocoding programs. SOC codes were also assigned manually by experienced coders. These SOC codes were then linked to exposures from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET).

Results

Agreement between the SOC codes produced by autocoding programs and those produced manually was modest at the 6‐digit level, and strong at the 2‐digit level. Importantly, O*NET exposure values based on SOC code assignment showed strong agreement between manual and autocoded methods.

Conclusion

Both available autocoding programs can be useful tools for assigning SOC codes, allowing linkage of occupational exposures to data containing free‐text occupation descriptors.
Solving for X: Evidence for sex‐specific autism biomarkers across multiple transcriptomic studies
Authors: Lee Samuel C. , Quinn Thomas P. , Lai Jerry , Kong Sek Won , Hertz‐Picciotto Irva , Glatt Stephen J. , Crowley Tamsyn M. , Venkatesh Svetha , Nguyen Thin
Published: December 2018

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a markedly heterogeneous condition with a varied phenotypic presentation. Its high concordance among siblings, as well as its clear association with specific genetic disorders, both point to a strong genetic etiology. However, the molecular basis of ASD is still poorly understood, although recent studies point to the existence of sex‐specific ASD pathophysiologies and biomarkers. Despite this, little is known about how exactly sex influences the gene expression signatures of ASD probands. In an effort to identify sex‐dependent biomarkers and characterize their function, we present an analysis of a single paired‐end postmortem brain RNA‐Seq data set and a meta‐analysis of six blood‐based microarray data sets. Here, we identify several genes with sex‐dependent dysregulation, and many more with sex‐independent dysregulation. Moreover, through pathway analysis, we find that these sex‐independent biomarkers have substantially different biological roles than the sex‐dependent biomarkers, and that some of these pathways are ubiquitously dysregulated in both postmortem brain and blood. We conclude by synthesizing the discovered biomarker profiles with the extant literature, by highlighting the advantage of studying sex‐specific dysregulation directly, and by making a call for new transcriptomic data that comprise large female cohorts.
Einfluss geringer Querkraftbewehrung auf die Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetonbalken unterschiedlicher M/V‐Kombinationen
Authors: Tue Nguyen Viet , Ehmann Rainer , Betschoga Christoph , Tung Nguyen Duc
Published: December 2018

Es wurden Schubversuche mit Querkraftbewehrungsgraden zwischen dem 0,6‐ und 1,6‐Fachen der Mindestquerkraftbewehrung ρw,min nach EC2 durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden vier Einfeldbalken unter Einzellast und drei Einfeldträger sowie vier Kragarme unter Gleichstreckenlast getestet. Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigen einen erheblichen Einfluss des statischen Systems und der Belastungsart auf die Traglast und das Rissbild der untersuchten Balken. Während ein Bewehrungsgrad unterhalb der Mindestquerkraftbewehrung kaum Einfluss auf die Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetonbalken unter Einzellast hat, führt bereits eine sehr geringe Querkraftbewehrung (≈ 0,6 ρw,min) zu einer erheblichen Steigerung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit bei Balken unter Gleichstreckenlast. Neuartige Messmethoden wie z. B. photogrammetrische Verformungsmessung erweisen sich als geeignetes Werkzeug zur Ermittlung der Änderung des Kraftflusses im Bauteil in Abhängigkeit vom Belastungslevel.
Effects of Danhong injection, a traditional Chinese medicine, on nine cytochrome P450 isoforms in vitro
Authors: Zhang Jing‐Xian , Qi Mei‐Juan , Shi Mei‐Zhi , Chen Jun‐Jun , Zhang Xiang‐Qi , Yang Jiao , Zhang Ke‐Zhi , Han Yong‐Long , Guo Cheng
Published: December 2018

Danhong injection (DHI) is made from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. and Carthamus tinctorius L. extract and is widely used in the clinical treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of DHI on cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes in vitro to predict drug–drug interactions based on CYP450 as combination therapy. To assess the inhibitory effect of DHI on CYP450, we detected the IC50 value of DHI on CYP450 in vitro by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Simultaneously, the induction effect of DHI on CYP450s was also evaluated. The relative induction ratios of DHI on CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 activity were calculated by LC–MS/MS. The expression level of CYP3A4 mRNA was determined by reverse transcription PCR (RT‐PCR). The LC–MS/MS data showed DHI intensively inhibit CYP2A6 activity and the intensity of inhibition was followed by CYP2C8, CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2C9 in vitro. The results of RT‐PCR showed that there is a certain induction of DHI on CYP3A4 mRNA in human primary hepatocytes in vitro. The study suggested that drug–drug interactions might occur in clinical co‐administration of drugs owing to the CYP2A6 inhibition and CYP3A4 induction.
Implicit but not explicit extinction to threat‐conditioned stimulus prevents spontaneous recovery of threat‐potentiated startle responses in humans
Authors: Oyarzún Javiera P. , Càmara Estela , Kouider Sid , Fuentemilla Lluis , de Diego‐Balaguer Ruth
Published: December 2018

Introduction

It has long been posited that threat learning operates and forms under an affective and a cognitive learning system that is supported by different brain circuits. A primary drawback in exposure‐based therapies is the high rate of relapse that occurs when higher order areas fail to inhibit responses driven by the defensive circuit. It has been shown that implicit exposure of fearful stimuli leads to a long‐lasting reduction in avoidance behavior in patients with phobia. Despite the potential benefits of this approach in the treatment of phobias and posttraumatic stress disorder, implicit extinction is still underinvestigated.

Methods

Two groups of healthy participants were threat conditioned. The following day, extinction training was conducted using a stereoscope. One group of participants was explicitly exposed with the threat‐conditioned image, while the other group was implicitly exposed using a continuous flash suppression (CFS) technique. On the third day, we tested the spontaneous recovery of defensive responses using explicit presentations of the images.

Results

On the third day, we found that only the implicit extinction group showed reduced spontaneous recovery of defensive responses to the threat‐conditioned stimulus, measured by threat‐potentiated startle responses but not by the electrodermal activity.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that implicit extinction using CFS might facilitate the modulation of the affective component of fearful memories, attenuating its expression after 24 hr. The limitations of the CFS technique using threatful stimuli urge the development of new strategies to improve implicit presentations and circumvent such limitations. Our study encourages further investigations of implicit extinction as a potential therapeutic target to further advance exposure‐based psychotherapies.
Functionalized Black Phosphorus Nanocomposite for Biosensing
Authors: Zhuge Zhen , Tang Yi‐Hong , Tao Jian‐Wei , Zhao Yun
Published: December 2018

A functionalized black phosphorus (BP) nanocomposite was synthesized by non‐covalently combining ionic liquid (IL) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) with BP. The resultant nanocomposite exhibited good biocompatibility, favorable solubility, and enhanced electric conductivity to facilitate the immobilization of hemoglobin (Hb) and realize fast direct electron transfer with a rate constant (kET) of 15.36 s−1. The immobilized Hb displayed desirable electrocatalytic activity toward nitrite reduction in the range of 80 μM to 3.8 mM with a detection limit of 3.65 μM. The present work advances a new way to construct novel biofriendly BP‐based biosensors, biofuel cells, and bioelectronics with excellent sensitivity and stability.
Selective Encapsulation and Separation of Dihalobenzene Isomers with Discrete Heterometallic Macrocages
Authors: Zhang Hai‐Ning , Lu Ye , Gao Wen‐Xi , Lin Yue‐Jian , Jin Guo‐Xin
Published: December 2018

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Guo‐Xin Jin at Fudan University. The image depicts the discrete heterometallic macrocage based on half‐sandwich rhodium(III) fragments as an efficient template for separation of para‐dihalobenzene from mixtures of dihalobenzene isomers. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201805383.
Enantioselective vinylation of aldehydes with the vinyl Grignard reagent catalyzed by magnesium complex of chiral BINOLs
Authors: Wang Pei , Ma Guo‐Rong , Yu Sheng‐Li , Da Chao‐Shan
Published: December 2018

Enantioselective vinylation of aldehydes via direct catalytic asymmetric Grignard reaction of aldehdyes and the vinyl Grinard reagent is a long‐standing challenge. This work demonstrated that the magnesium (S)‐3,3′‐dimethyl BINOLate enantioselectively catalyze the direct vinylation of aldehydes with the deactivated vinylmagnesium bromide by bis(2‐[N,N′‐dimethylamino]ethyl) ether (BDMAEE) in the addition of n‐butylmagnesium chloride. The highest ee of 63% was achieved up to date.
A comparison between CO2 gasification of various biomass chars and coal char
Authors: Hu Yuyan , Yu Hangqin , Zhou Fanglei , Chen Dezhen
Published: December 2018

In this paper, municipal solid waste (MSW), sewage sludge (SS), and rice straw (RS) were pyrolyzed under N2 atmosphere and at 550 and 600 °C, and then the produced biochars were used for gasification in a CO2 atmosphere. The effects of pyrolysis temperature, gasification temperature, and CO2/C ratio on the product composition and yield were studied. The results were compared with those from coal char gasification. The CO2 gasification kinetics were determined under CO2 flow by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). CO concentration in the syngas of the gasification experiments can be organized in the following order: MSW char > RS char > SS char > coal char. Considering the energy consumption and CO yield, the recommended gasification temperature for the biomass chars is 900 °C. The activation energies of CO2 gasification calculated from the TGA data based on the most fitted reaction models can be organized in the following order: coal char > RS char > SS char > MSW char, which is consistent with the experimental results. For higher syngas field and lower CO2/C ratio, MSW char is recommended as the best feedstock for in the combined pyrolysis‐gasification process.
Effects of drag force correlations on the mixing and segregation of polydisperse gas‐solid fluidized bed by CFD‐DEM simulation
Authors: Zhang Yong , Li Yanjiao , Gao Zhonglin , Li Guofeng , Zhao Yuemin , Duan Chenlong , Dong Liang
Published: December 2018

The dense gas‐solid fluidized beds with polydisperse particles are commonly encountered in the chemical industry. In this study CFD‐DEM simulation of ternary particles in a bubbling fluidized bed were studied to assess four polydisperse drag correlations, using experimental data from Olaofe et al.[1] as the benchmark. The following was shown: (i) the drag force models of Sarkar et al.,[2] Cello et al.,[3] and Rong et al.[4] can correctly predict the minimum fluidization velocity of the mixture of ternary particles, but Gidaspow's model significantly over‐predicts this;[5] (ii) no model can accurately predict the experimental segregation degree at different gas velocity, but for the cases that were studied, the models from Cello et al.[3] and Sarkar et al.[2] correlated relatively better with Olaofe et al.'s[1] experimental data than others; and (iii) detailed force analysis found that the collisional force of each type of particles is on average not equal to zero, especially for a system that is strongly segregated. In addition, the differences of drag force for different sizes of particles are the key reason for size segregation rather than pressure gradient force.
Self‐management intervention for head and neck cancer couples: Results of a randomized pilot trial
Authors: Badr Hoda , Herbert Krista , Chhabria Karishma , Sandulache Vlad C. , Chiao Elizabeth Y. , Wagner Timothy
Published: December 2018

Background

Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) experience significant physical and psychological morbidity during radiotherapy (RT) that contributes to treatment interruptions and a poor quality of life. Although spouses/partners can help by encouraging patient self‐management (eg, self‐care) during RT, they often experience high psychological distress rates, lack basic health care knowledge and skills, and report increased marital conflict regarding patient self‐management. The current pilot study examined the feasibility and acceptability of a 6‐session telephone‐based intervention called Spouses coping with the Head And neck Radiation Experience (SHARE), which teaches self‐management, communication, and coping skills to patients with HNC and their spouses. The treatment effects of SHARE compared with usual medical care (UMC) in controlling patient physical symptoms and improving patient/spouse psychological and marital functioning also were examined.

Methods

Thirty patients who initiated RT and their spouses (60 participants; 40% of whom were racial/ethnic minorities) were randomized to SHARE or UMC, and preintervention and postintervention assessments were completed.

Results

Solid recruitment (70%) and low attrition rates (7%) demonstrated feasibility. Strong program evaluations and homework completion rates (72%) supported acceptability. Significant treatment effects (medium in magnitude) were observed for SHARE compared with UMC with regard to HNC‐specific physical symptom burden (Cohen’s d, ‐0.89) and symptom interference (Cohen’s d, ‐0.86). Medium to large effects favoring SHARE also were found for patient and spouse depressive symptoms (Cohen’s d, ‐0.84) and cancer‐specific distress (Cohen’s d, ‐1.05).

Conclusions

The findings of the current study support the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of SHARE. They also suggest that programs that empower HNC couples with the necessary skills to coordinate care and manage the challenges of RT together hold great promise for controlling a patient’s physical symptoms and improving the psychological functioning of both partners.
Atlas of the telencephalon based on cytoarchitecture, neurochemical markers, and gene expressions in Rhinogobius flumineus [Mizuno, 1960]
Authors: Kawaguchi Masahumi , Hagio Hanako , Yamamoto Naoyuki , Matsumoto Koji , Nakayama Kei , Akazome Yasuhisa , Izumi Hironori , Tsuneoka Yousuke , Suto Fumikazu , Murakami Yasunori , Ichijo Hiroyuki
Published: December 2018

Gobiida is a basal subseries of percomorphs in teleost fishes, holding a useful position for comparisons with other orders of Percomorpha as well as other cohort of teleosts. Here, we describe a telencephalic atlas of a Gobiida species Rhinogobius flumineus (Mizuno, Memoirs of the College of Science, University of Kyoto, Series B: Biology, 1960; 27, 3), based on cytoarchitectural observations, combined with analyses of the distribution patterns of neurochemical markers and transcription factors. The telencephalon of R. flumineus shows a number of features distinct from those of other teleosts. Among others, the followings were of special note. (a) The lateral part of dorsal telencephalon (Dl), which is known as a visual center in other teleosts, is composed of as many as seven regions, some of which are conspicuous, circumscribed by cell plates. These subdivisions of the Dl can be differentiated clearly by differential soma size and color with Nissl‐staining, and distribution patterns of neural markers. (b) Cell populations continuous with the ventral region of dorsal part of ventral telencephalon (vVd) exhibit extensive dimension. Especially, portion 1 of the central part of ventral telencephalon appears to represent a cell population laterally translocated from the vVd, forming a large cluster of small cells that penetrate deep into the central part of dorsal telencephalon. (c) The magnocellular subdivision of dorsal part of dorsal telencephalon (Ddmg) contains not only large cells but also vglut2a‐positive clusters of small cells that cover a wide range of the caudal Ddmg. Such clusters of small cells have not been observed in the Ddmg of other teleosts.
Human paleoneurology: Shaping cortical evolution in fossil hominids
Authors: Bruner Emiliano
Published: December 2018

Evolutionary neuroanatomy must integrate two different sources of information, namely from fossil and from living species. Fossils supply information concerning the process of evolution, whereas living species supply information on the product of evolution. Unfortunately, the fossil record is partial and fragmented, and often cannot support validations for specific evolutionary hypotheses. Living species can provide more comprehensive indications, but they do not represent ancestral groups or primitive forms. Macaques or chimpanzees are frequently used as proxy for human ancestral conditions, despite the fact they are divergent and specialized lineages, with their own biological features. Similarly, in paleoanthropology independent lineages (such as Neanderthals) should not be confused with ancestral modern human stages. In this comparative framework, paleoneurology deals with the analysis of the endocranial cavity in extinct species, in order to make inferences on brain evolution. A main target of this field is to distinguish the endocranial variations due to brain changes, from those due to cranial constraints. Digital anatomy and computed morphometrics have provided major advances in this field. However, brains and endocasts can be hard to analyze with geometrical models, because of uncertainties due to the localization of cortical landmarks and boundaries. The study of the evolution of the parietal cortex supplies an interesting case‐study in which paleontological and neontological data can integrate and test evolutionary hypotheses based on multiple sources of evidence. The relationships with visuospatial functions and brain–body–tool integration stress further that the analysis of the cognitive system should go beyond the neural boundaries of the brain.
Distribution, projections, and association with calbindin baskets of motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons in guinea‐pig distal colon
Authors: Smolilo D. J. , Costa M. , Hibberd T. J. , Brookes S. J. H. , Wattchow D. A. , Spencer N. J.
Published: December 2018

Normal gut function relies on the activity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) found within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The structural and functional organization of the ENS has been extensively studied in the guinea pig small intestine, but less is known about colonic circuitry. Given that there are significant differences between these regions in function, observed motor patterns and pathology, it would be valuable to have a better understanding of the colonic ENS. Furthermore, disorders of colonic motor function, such as irritable bowel syndrome, are much more common. We have recently reported specialized basket‐like structures, immunoreactive for calbindin, that likely underlie synaptic inputs to specific types of calretinin‐immunoreactive neurons in the guinea‐pig colon. Based on detailed immunohistochemical analysis, we postulated the recipient neurons may be excitatory motor neurons and ascending interneurons. In the present study, we combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry to examine the projections of circular muscle motor neurons, myenteric interneurons, and putative sensory neurons. We focused on neurons with immunoreactivity for calbindin, calretinin and nitric oxide synthase and their relationship with calbindin baskets. Retrograde tracing using indocarbocyanine dye (DiI) revealed that many of the nerve cell bodies surrounded by calbindin baskets belong to motor neurons and ascending interneurons. Unique functional classes of myenteric neurons were identified based on morphology, neuronal markers and polarity of projection. We provide evidence for three groups of ascending motor neurons based on immunoreactivity and association with calbindin baskets, a finding that may have significant functional implications.
Expression of class III Semaphorins and their receptors in the developing chicken (Gallus gallus) inner ear
Authors: Scott M. Katie , Yue Jia , Biesemeier Deborah J. , Lee Joo Won , Fekete Donna M.
Published: December 2018

Class III Semaphorin (Sema) secreted ligands are known to repel neurites expressing Neuropilin (Nrp) and/or Plexin (Plxn) receptors. There is, however, a growing body of literature supporting that Sema signaling also has alternative roles in development such as synaptogenesis, boundary formation, and vasculogenesis. To evaluate these options during inner ear development, we used in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry to map the expression of Sema3D, Sema3F, Nrp1, Nrp2, and PlxnA1 in the chicken (Gallus gallus) inner ear from embryonic day (E)5–E10. The resulting expression patterns in either the otic epithelium or its surrounding mesenchyme suggest that Sema signaling could be involved in each of the varied functions reported for other tissues. Sema3D expression flanking the sensory tissue in vestibular organs suggests that it may repel Nrp2‐ and PlxnA1‐expressing neurites of the vestibular ganglion away from nonsensory epithelia, thus channeling them into the sensory domains at E5–E8. Expression of Sema signaling genes in the sensory hair cells of both the auditory and vestibular organs on E8–E10 may implicate Sema signaling in synaptogenesis. In the nonsensory regions of the cochlea, Sema3D in the future tegmentum vasculosum opposes Nrp1 and PlxnA1 in the future cuboidal cells; the abutment of ligand and receptors in adjacent domains may enforce or maintain the boundary between them. In the mesenchyme, Nrp1 colocalized with capillary‐rich tissue. Sema3D immediately flanks this Nrp1‐expressing tissue, suggesting a role in endothelial cell migration towards the inner ear. In summary, Sema signaling may play multiple roles in the developing inner ear.
Nervous system characterization during the development of a basal echinoderm, the feather star Antedon mediterranea
Authors: Mercurio Silvia , Gattoni Giacomo , Messinetti Silvia , Sugni Michela , Pennati Roberta
Published: December 2018

Neural development of echinoderms has always been difficult to interpret, as larval neurons degenerate at metamorphosis and a tripartite nervous system differentiates in the adult. Despite their key phylogenetic position as basal echinoderms, crinoids have been scarcely studied in developmental research. However, since they are the only extant echinoderms retaining the ancestral body plan of the group, crinoids are extremely valuable models to clarify neural evolution in deuterostomes. Antedon mediterranea is a feather star, endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. Its development includes a swimming lecithotrophic larva, the doliolaria, with basiepithelial nerve plexus, and a sessile filter‐feeding juvenile, the pentacrinoid, whose nervous system has never been described in detail. Thus, we characterized the nervous system of both these developmental stages by means of immunohistochemistry and, for the first time, in situ hybridization techniques. The results confirmed previous descriptions of doliolaria morphology and revealed that the larval apical organ contains two bilateral clusters of serotonergic cells while GABAergic neurons are localized under the adhesive pit. This suggested that different larval activities (e.g., attachment and metamorphosis) are under the control of different neural populations. In pentacrinoids, the analysis showed the presence of a cholinergic entoneural system while the ectoneural plexus appeared more composite, displaying different neural populations. The expression of three neural‐related microRNAs was described for the first time, suggesting that these are evolutionarily conserved also in basal echinoderms. Overall, our results set the stage for future investigations that will reveal new information on echinoderm evo‐devo neurobiology.
Extensive branching of radially‐migrating neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex
Authors: Martínez‐Martínez Maria Á. , Ciceri Gabriele , Espinós Alexandre , Fernández Virginia , Marín Oscar , Borrell Víctor
Published: December 2018

Excitatory neurons of the cerebral cortex migrate radially from their place of birth to their final position in the cortical plate during development. Radially‐migrating neurons display a single leading process that establishes the direction of movement. This leading process has been described as being unbranched, and the occurrence of branches proposed to impair radial migration. Here we have analyzed the detailed morphology of leading process in radially‐migrating pyramidal neurons and its impact on radial migration. We have compared ferret and mouse to identify differences between cortices that undergo folding or not. In mouse, we find that half of radially‐migrating neurons exhibit a branched leading process, this being even more frequent in ferret. Branched leading processes are less parallel to radial glia fibers than those unbranched, suggesting some independence from radial glia fibers. Two‐photon videomicroscopy revealed that a vast majority of neurons branch their leading process at some point during radial migration, but this does not reduce their migration speed. We have tested the functional impact of exuberant leading process branching by expressing a dominant negative Cdk5. We confirm that loss of Cdk5 function significantly impairs radial migration, but this is independent from increased branching of the leading process. We propose that excitatory neurons may branch their leading process as an evolutionary mechanism to allow cells changing their trajectory of migration to disperse laterally, such that increased branching in gyrencephalic species favors the tangential dispersion of radially‐migrating neurons, and cortical folding.
Temperature‐ and Pressure‐induced Structural Transition of Binary Clathrate Hydrates
Authors: Ahn Yun‐Ho , Baek Seungjun , Min Juwon , Cha Minjun , Lee Jae W.
Published: December 2018

We discover new structure II (sII) hydrate forming agents of two C4H8O molecules (2‐methyl‐2‐propen‐1‐ol and 2‐butanone) and report the abnormal structural transition of binary C4H8O+CH4 hydrates between structure I (sI) and sII with varying temperature and pressure conditions. In both (2‐methyl‐2‐propen‐1‐ol+CH4) and (2‐butanone+CH4) systems, the phase boundary of the two different hydrate phases (sI and sII) exists at the slope change of the phase‐equilibrium curve in the semi‐logarithmic plots. We confirm the crystal structures of two hydrates synthesized at low (278 K and 6 MPa) and high (286 K and 15 MPa) temperature and pressure conditions by using high‐resolution powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. 2‐Methyl‐2‐propen‐1‐ol and 2‐butanone can occupy the large cages of sII hydrate at low temperature and pressure conditions; however, they are excluded from the hydrate phase at high temperature and pressure conditions, resulting in the formation of pure sI CH4 hydrate.
A comparative path establishment study on routing performance of MLR WDM optical networks
Authors: Boztok Algin Gul , Tunali Emrullah Turhan
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we investigate the effect of path establishment method priorities over routing performance in mixed line rate (MLR) wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks. The survivable routing with rate and wavelength assignment (SRRWA) problem is presented and an efficient shared backup path protection solution is proposed. We prepared detailed simulation scenarios with all possible prioritizations and observed their performances. The simulation results show that assigning higher priority to single hop methods as compared with multi‐hop methods yields better performance. In both methods, it has been observed that assigning higher priority to grooming reduces the communication cost and the traffic blocking ratio while enhancing the resource utilization.
Impact of transmission techniques in asymmetric RF/FSO system over Nakagami‐m and gamma‐gamma fading channels with pointing errors
Authors: Odeyemi Kehinde O. , Owolawi Pius A.
Published: December 2018

In this paper, the performance of transmission techniques on the fixed‐gain amplify‐and‐forward–based asymmetric radio frequency/free space optical (RF/FSO) communication system is studied. The RF link and FSO link are, respectively, modeled by the Nakagami‐m and Gamma‐Gamma fading channels under the effect of zero boresight and non‐zero boresight pointing errors subject to heterodyne detection. Maximum ratio transmission (MRT) and orthogonal space‐time block coding (OSTBC) techniques are the transmission scenarios considered at the system source while selection combining is used for reception at the relay and destination for the signal detection. Moreover, a unified cumulative density distribution (CDF) of end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio is derived for the system. By utilizing this channel statistical CDF, the closed‐form expressions for the outage probability and average bit error rate for the M‐ary phase shift keying modulation are then obtained for the system. The analysis presented illustrates that both the atmospheric turbulence and pointing error significantly degrade the system performance. Based on this, the MRT transmission technique offers a better performance compared with the OSTBC techniques under the same system conditions. The accuracy of the analytical results is verified by Monte‐Carlo simulations.