bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An adventurous journey toward and away from fern apomixis: Insights from genome size and spore abortion patterns
Authors: Ekrt Libor , Férová Alžběta , Koutecký Petr , Vejvodová Kateřina , Hori Kiyotaka , Hornych Ondřej
Published: May 2024

Premise

Apomixis in ferns is relatively common and obligatory. Sterile hybrids may restore fertility via apomixis at a cost of long‐term genetic stagnation. In this study, we outlined apomixis as a possible temporary phase leading to sexuality and analyzed factors relating to transitioning to and away from apomixis, such as unreduced and reduced spore formation in apomict and apo‐sex hybrid ferns.

Methods

We analyzed the genome size of 15 fern species or hybrids (“taxa”) via flow cytometry. The number of reduced and unreduced gametophytes was established as a proxy for viable spore formation of either type. We also calculated the spore abortion ratio (sign of reduced spores) in several taxa, including the apo‐sex hybrid Dryopteris × critica and its 16 apomictically formed offspring.

Results

Four of 15 sampled taxa yielded offspring variable in genome size. Specifically, each variable taxon formed one viable reduced plant among 12–451 sampled gametophytes per taxon. Thus, haploid spore formation in the studied apomicts was very rare but possible. Spore abortion analyses indicated gradually decreasing abortion (haploid spore formation) over time. In Dryopteris × critica, abortion decreased from 93.8% to mean 89.5% in one generation.

Conclusions

Our results support apomixis as a transitionary phase toward sexuality. Newly formed apomicts hybridize with sexual relatives and continue to form haploid spores early on. Thus, they may get the genomic content necessary for regular meiosis and restore sexuality. If the missing relative goes extinct, the lineage gets locked into apomixis as may be the case with the Dryopteris affinis complex.
Counting the days: Exploring the post‐mortem interval factors in sexual homicides
Authors: Chai April Miin Miin , Reale Kylie S.
Published: May 2024

This study explores the offender, victim, and environmental characteristics that significantly influence the number of days a sexual homicide victim remains undiscovered. Utilizing a sample of 269 cases from the Homicide Investigation Tracking System database an in‐depth analysis was conducted to unveil the factors contributing to the delay in the discovery of victims' bodies. The methodological approach involves applying a negative binomial regression analysis, which allows for the examination of count data, specifically addressing the over‐dispersion and excess zeros in the dependent variable ‐ the number of days until the victim is found. The findings reveal that certain offender characteristics, victim traits, and spatio‐temporal factors play a pivotal role in the time lag experienced in locating the bodies of homicide victims. These findings have crucial implications for investigative efforts in homicide cases, offering valuable insights that can inform and enhance the efficacy and efficiency of future investigative procedures and strategies.
Thermal Stability Analysis of Formamidinium–Cesium‐Based Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated under Air Ambient Conditions
Authors: Boro Binita , Mishra Snehangshu , Singh Paulomi , Lahiri Basudev , Varshney Shailendra Kumar , Singh Trilok
Published: May 2024

The instability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remains a major bottleneck for their commercialization, with thermal instability posing a major concern, given the inevitable presence of heat in photovoltaic devices. Mixed‐cation/halide perovskites demonstrate enhanced stability and efficiency compared to single‐cation/halide perovskites. Identifying the optimal perovskite composition capable of withstanding high temperatures for longer durations is crucial for the development of thermally stable PSCs. This study provides valuable insights into the optimization of mixed‐cation/halide perovskites to enhance the thermal and structural stability of perovskite films. By systematically varying the Cs content in FA1−yCsyPb(I0.85Br0.15)3 (0 < y < 25)‐based perovskite, it is observed that controlling the Cs content allows precise modulation of crystal orientation in perovskite film with 10% Cs obtained as the optimal value. The perovskite film containing 10% Cs not only exhibits reduced microstrain but also demonstrates enhanced thermal stability during testing at 85 °C under controlled humidity. Furthermore, planar PSCs are fabricated using FA0.90Cs0.10Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3 as the absorber layer and TOP‐3 as the hole‐transporting material, achieving a promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.70%. Impressively, the unencapsulated devices retain 95% of their initial PCE after 1000 h of dark storage under ambient conditions.
Tailoring Spinel with Perovskite: Sr Substitution in the Perovskite Phase of CoFe2O4–LaCoO3 Nanocomposite for Oxygen Evolution and Methanol Oxidation in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Parihar Reena , Mishra Prakhar , Yadav Pradeep Kumar , Singh Narendra Kumar
Published: May 2024

CoFe2O4–La1−xSrxCoO3 (x = 0.2, 0.6, 0.8) composites have been synthesized using a two‐step, low‐temperature wet chemical approach that combines coprecipitation and sol–gel techniques. The composite materials have been physicochemically analyzed using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. The electrocatalytic properties of the composite materials have been assessed in terms of their performance in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in alkaline medium. Cyclic voltammetry has been used for analyzing the redox behavior of the materials in 1 M KOH solution. The electrocatalytic activity of the materials has been assessed using anodic polarization curves on Ni substrate and the CoFe2O4–La0.2Sr0.8CoO3 film electrode demonstrates excellent activity, with current densities of 11.1 mA cm−2 for OER and 47.4 mA cm−2 for MOR at 650 mV. Also, the CoFe2O4–La0.2Sr0.8CoO3 film electrode has the maximum specific activity of 1.1 × 103 mA cm−2 g−1 at 650 mV toward OER. The electrodes’ stability has been assessed through chronoamperometric experiments and additional insight into the enhancement of electrocatalytic activity gained through the electrochemical surface area estimations using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. From chronoamperometric experiment, it has been observed that the CoFe2O4–La0.2Sr0.8CoO3 film electrode attains stability within 114 s with a current density of 108.7 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters, including the standard enthalpy of activation (ΔH°#), standard entropy of activation (ΔS°#), and standard electrochemical energy of activation (), have been estimated by anodic polarization curve recorded in KOH as well as KOH with CH3OH solutions at various temperatures.
Thermodynamical Analysis of the Distillation Column for Targeting Minimum Energy in Ammonia–Water Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
Authors: Huang Jiangbo , Chen Xin , Qing Shanqiang , Wang Haowen
Published: May 2024

In this study, a comprehensive method to optimize distillation columns in ammonia–water absorption refrigeration, power, and cogeneration cycles is introduced. The novelty of this work lies in a comprehensive analysis of the distillation column's thermal performance and the introduction of a new design framework that maximizes heat integration. Key findings include the critical role of the solution heat exchanger, especially at lower generation and evaporation temperatures. Using a saturated liquid or two‐phase feed can achieve up to 80% efficiency at a feed composition of 0.3. Moreover, in the results, the substantial potential for improving the coefficient of performance (COP) through strategic design is highlighted. Notably, minimizing the pinch point temperature difference to 0 °C can boost the COP by 6%, while optimal feed placement can increase it by 9%. Incorporating feed preconditioning and side exchangers can lead to a 22% COP enhancement, indicating the significance of heat integration to the distillation column. In this study, a graphic guideline for selecting cycles that can achieve a minimum of 10% COP improvement without introducing unnecessary complexity is delivered and it suggests that distillation columns can be simplified by using a combination of separators, heaters, and coolers in certain cases.
First‐Principles Investigations of Lithium Manganese Phosphate Cathode Materials: Advances and Prospects
Authors: Jie Mengling , Han Xianying , Chen Tongtong , Guo Zhiwu , Li Jiangang , He Xiangming
Published: May 2024

Lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnPO4) has been considered as promising cathode material for electric vehicles and energy storage. However, its durability and capability still face challenges. The first‐principles calculations are a powerful tool to explore the fundamentals of LiMnPO4 cathode materials. Hereby, the recent advances and prospects in the application of first‐principles calculations boosting LiMnPO4 cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries are analyzed and reviewed. Based on the results from density functional theory calculation and experimental research verification, the micromechanism research progress of the influence of ion doping on the electronic conductivity, lithium‐ion diffusion, working voltage, and stability of LiMnPO4 are summarized in detail. On top of a brief outlook, further elaboration is made on the direction of continuing relevant research.
Assessment of Ecofriendly Zeotropic Working Fluids in Organic Rankine Cycle for Renewable Energy Harvesting
Authors: Sharma Bhawandeep , Pan Yifei , Kannaiyan Kumaran
Published: May 2024

The shift toward renewable energy has drawn significant attention to zeotropic mixtures in the organic Rankine cycle (ORC). However, synthetic zeotropic mixtures are detrimental to the environment due to high global warming potential. In this context, this study explores the potential of natural zeotropic binary mixtures as an alternative to synthetic zeotropic mixtures in a transcritical ORC system. The performance of two natural zeotropic mixtures and three synthetic zeotropic mixtures (hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins) are analyzed and compared using turbine inlet pressure and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration as objective functions. The comprehensive thermodynamic analysis focuses on energy (first‐law) and exergy (second‐law) efficiencies, heat transfer, environmental performance, and economic aspects. The thermal and exergy efficiencies of the natural zeotropic mixture consistently outperform other mixtures by a maximum of 8% and 18%, respectively, for the conditions studied. The net power‐to‐environmental impact ratio of natural zeotropic mixture outweighs other zeotropic mixtures by more than 50%. The heat transfer analysis also favors natural zeotropic mixture at CO2 concentrations below 60% while maintaining cost parity with synthetic zeotropic mixtures. The results emphasize a holistic approach involving performance, heat transfer, environmental impact, and cost as parameters while choosing zeotropic mixtures for sustainable energy harvesting.
Nickel Decoration Promotes Pure Hydrogen Release from Sodium Zinc Borohydride
Authors: Salman Muhammad Saad , Aguey‐Zinsou Kondo‐Francois
Published: May 2024

Sodium zinc borohydride (NaZn(BH4)3) is an attractive hydrogen storage material due to its ease of preparation and hydrogen release aligning well with the operational conditions of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. However, a critical limitation of NaZn(BH4)3 is the loss of boron as diborane (B2H6) during hydrogen release. Herein, this work presents a straightforward approach to address this challenge. NaZn(BH4)3 is stabilized in the form of nanorods and decorated with nickel (Ni) as a catalyst. Notably, Ni‐decorated NaZn(BH4)3 exhibits pure hydrogen release at a significantly lower temperature (50 °C) compared to pristine material, which releases a substantial amount of B2H6 alongside hydrogen at 100 °C. In‐depth structural analyses reveal that Ni decoration facilitates the decomposition of B2H6 (into B and H2) near the interfaces between the shell and borohydride core within the NaZn(BH4)3 nanorods. These findings pave the way for the development of novel strategies to achieve pure hydrogen generation from various mixed‐metal complex hydrides.
Reinforced nanowrinkle electrospun photothermal membranes via solvent‐induced recrystallization
Authors: Chang Jinlin , Wang Weiling , Li Zhaoxin , Wang Yujiao , Hou Yacong , Cao Zhiyuan , Liang Zhenwei , Ma Yuan , Weng Ding , Song Jun , Yu Yadong , Chen Lei , Wang Jiadao
Published: May 2024

Wearable photothermal materials can capture light energy in nature and convert it into heat energy, which is critical for flexible outdoor sports. However, the conventional flexible photothermal membranes with low specific surface area restrict the maximum photothermal capability, and loose structure of electrospun membrane limits durability of wearable materials. Here, an ultrathin nanostructure candle soot/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes/poly (L‐lactic acid) (CS/MWCNTs/PLLA) photothermal membrane is first prepared via solvent‐induced recrystallization. The white blood cell membrane‐like nanowrinkles with high specific surface area are achieved for the first time and exhibit optimal light absorption. The solvent‐induced recrystallization also enables the membrane to realize large strength and durability. Meanwhile, the membranes also show two‐sided heterochromatic features and transparency in thick and thin situations, respectively, suggesting outstanding fashionability. The nano‐wrinkled photothermal membranes by novel solvent‐induced recrystallization show high flexibility, fashionability, strength, and photothermal characteristics, which have huge potential for outdoor warmth and winter sportswear.

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Treating eating disorders by professionals with similar experiences: A systematic review
Authors: Bijkerk C. A. (Charlotte) , Nooteboom L. A. (Laura) , de Beer C. B. (Carolijn) , de Vos J. A. (Jan Alexander) , Vermeiren R. R. J. M. (Robert)
Published: May 2024

Objective

Although a significant number of professionals who provide eating disorder (ED) treatment have lived experience with an ED in the past, there is no consensus on whether these professionals should use these experiences in treatment. This review aims to evaluate current literature on recovered professionals with an ED past treating ED patients, unravelling advantages and disadvantages in treatment, the impact on professionals and their surroundings, and implications for practice.

Method

A systematic literature search was conducted which included 10 articles. We analysed qualitative data through a systematic synthesis. Strength of evidence was calculated for each subtheme.

Results

Three themes and 14 subthemes were divided into categories. The category ‘treatment (patient‐professional interaction)’ was divided into: advantages, disadvantages and other implications for treatment. Additionally, the category ‘professionals themselves’ included subthemes that directly impact or relate to ED professionals: recovery as a non‐linear process, the significant role of self‐care and adverse feelings of professionals. Finally, the category ‘work settings’ included: company culture and training, supervision and professional development.

Discussion

Recovered ED professionals are a promising addition to ED treatment due to the enhanced expertise of the professional. However, attention should be paid to the risk of distorted boundaries between patient and professional.
Establishing a new efficiency descriptor for methanol oxidation reaction and its validation with commercially available Pt‐based catalysts
Authors: Deshpande Pooja S. , Radhakrishnan Thulasi , Prasad Bhagavatula L. V.
Published: May 2024

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have received a lot of attention in recent years as promising technology for generating clean and efficient energy. In DMFC, the anode catalyst is a vital component because it is involved in the oxidation of methanol, which produces electrons that can be used as an energy source. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is commonly used to test the characteristics of the electrode materials before they are employed in the actual fuel cell. Interestingly in the case of DMFCs CV also is a useful technique to obtain vital information about the performance and expected efficiency of the electrodes. In general, the CV of methanol electrooxidation for Pt‐based catalysts has two peaks, If in the forward scan (anodic scan) and Ib in the backward scan (cathodic scan). The ratio of these two peaks (If/Ib) is the most commonly used criterion for investigating CO poisoning in catalysts. However, there is a great deal of ambiguity surrounding this criterion, owing to the genesis of Ib. Addressing this we present here a new criterion to evaluate the efficiency of the catalyst using the same CV technique. We validate this newly proposed criterion with commercial Pt/C (comm. Pt/C) and other commercially available alloy catalysts.
Collaborative governance in a primary health care partnership in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Dove Georgina , Craig Adam , Usurup Jethro , O’Keeffe Annmaree , Scahill Geoff , Harris‐Roxas Ben , Kelly‐Hanku Angela
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Collaboration in primary health care is recommended to achieve global health goals. Public‐private partnerships (PPP) are one means of collaboration. Our study examined collaboration in a case study PPP for primary health care in Western Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG).

Methods

Interviews with key informants involved in the PPP were conducted and key programme documents were reviewed. Data were coded and deductively analysed using the collaborative governance model developed by Emerson, Nabatchi and Balogh.

Results

The key features of the case study PPP that were highlighted by the collaborative governance model were: identification of partners, trust, procedural arrangements, and leadership.

Discussion

We identified four lessons of significance in the practical establishment and implementation of a partnership in a complex and challenging setting such as PNG: the need to (i) prioritise in‐person collaboration and communication, (ii) engage dynamic individuals to lead the partnership, (iii) encourage relationships across all sectors and actors, and (iv) remain flexible and adapt to local cultural and context.

Conclusion

Collaborative governance offers a practical framework to understand, assess and strengthen collaboration in multi‐stakeholder partnerships in the health sector.
Electron beam response corrections for an ultra‐high‐dose‐rate capable diode dosimeter
Authors: Dai Tianyuan , Sloop Austin M. , Schönfeld Andreas , Flatten Veronika , Kozelka Jakub , Hildreth Jeff , Bill Simon , Sunnerberg Jacob P. , Clark Megan A. , Jarvis Lesley , Pogue Brian W. , Bruza Petr , Gladstone David J. , Zhang Rongxiao
Published: May 2024

Background

Ultra‐high‐dose‐rate (UHDR) electron beams have been commonly utilized in FLASH studies and the translation of FLASH Radiotherapy (RT) to the clinic. The EDGE diode detector has potential use for UHDR dosimetry albeit with a beam energy dependency observed.

Purpose

The purpose is to present the electron beam response for an EDGE detector in dependence on beam energy, to characterize the EDGE detector's response under UHDR conditions, and to validate correction factors derived from the first detailed Monte Carlo model of the EDGE diode against measurements, particularly under UHDR conditions.

Methods

Percentage depth doses (PDDs) for the UHDR Mobetron were measured with both EDGE detectors and films. A detailed Monte Carlo (MC) model of the EDGE detector has been configured according to the blueprint provided by the manufacturer under an NDA agreement. Water/silicon dose ratios of EDGE detector for a series of mono‐energetic electron beams have been calculated. The dependence of the water/silicon dose ratio on depth for a FLASH relevant electron beam was also studied. An analytical approach for the correction of PDD measured with EDGE detectors was established.

Results

Water/silicon dose ratio decreased with decreasing electron beam energy. For the Mobetron 9 MeV UHDR electron beam, the ratio decreased from 1.09 to 1.03 in the build‐up region, maintained in range of 0.98–1.02 at the fall‐off region and raised to a plateau in value of 1.08 at the tail. By applying the corrections, good agreement between the PDDs measured by the EDGE detector and those measured with film was achieved.

Conclusions

Electron beam response of an UHDR capable EDGE detector was derived from first principles utilizing a sophisticated MC model. An analytical approach was validated for the PDDs of UHDR electron beams. The results demonstrated the capability of EDGE detector in measuring PDDs of UHDR electron beams.
Preparation of low‐rolling resistance natural rubber composites from pyrolysis carbon black by plasma treatment
Authors: Gong Zheng , Xiao Yao , Li Biao , Huang Yinggang , Diao Pengfei , Wang Chuansheng , Li Wei
Published: May 2024

In this study, the surface of pyrolysis carbon black (CBp) is modified by integrating the ball milling process with plasma treatment. High‐energy mechanical ball milling enabled more uniform contact and sufficient reaction temperature for the silane coupling agent and CBp. In addition, the impact of plasma activated the ash and surface deposits of CBp, reducing its inertness. Herein, the filler dispersion grade, Payne effect, vulcanization characteristics, and mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties are investigated by considering modified CBp/natural rubber (NR) composites. The ball milling plasma process can reduce the polarity of CBp. Compared with untreated CBp/NR composites, the plasma‐treated SCA‐CBp/NR composites exhibited increased CBp dispersion grades, higher processing safety, better processing fluidity, and improved mechanical properties. The reduced Payne effect ensured more filler‐rubber network structure, resulting in a reduction in rolling resistance.

Highlights

The coupling agent and CBp are treated by low‐temperature plasma and ball milling.

The process promotes the formation of the filler‐rubber network.

The dispersion grade of composites increased by 26.29%.

The tensile strength increased by 5.57%, and the rolling resistance decreased by 19.44%.
First‐Principles Investigations of Structural, Electronic, and Elastic Properties of ZrSiO3 Perovskite: Layer Dependence, Surface Termination, and Pressure Effects
Authors: Pokharel Peshal , Yadav Shashit Kumar , Pantha Nurapati , Adhikari Devendra
Published: May 2024

Zirconium silicate (ZrSiO3) perovskite is a promising material for various technological applications. The structural, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of ZrSiO3 perovskite are studied under different conditions, including pressure and layer configuration variations using density functional theory. The present investigation includes a thorough analysis of 2D perovskite derivatives derived from its basic 3D structure. The bulk and surface‐terminated silicon‐dominant SiO2 and zirconium‐dominant ZrO compounds are found to be mechanically stable with an anisotropy factor above 1. The calculated indirect‐bandgap values for the ZrO termination and SiO2 termination are found to be 2.585 and 1.639 eV, respectively. Moreover, the pore size of the SiO2‐terminated slab model of ZrSiO3 is calculated to be 105.39 μm and that for ZrO‐termination to be 129.30 μm. Thus, the material considered for the study can have potential applications in bone regeneration and tissue engineering. Further, the possibilities for modifying ZrSiO3 for uses in electrical devices, sensors, sustainable energy materials, and even biomedical applications like tissue engineering are intriguingly expanded by the present findings.
Barriers to mental health service utilization among African immigrants in the United Kingdom: A systematic review
Authors: Bassey Archibong , Zaka Rachael
Published: May 2024

Background

African immigrants in the United Kingdom (UK) face unique challenges in accessing mental health services (MHSs), in contrast to their peers born in the UK, contributing to their worsening mental and physical health outcomes. This study aims to uncover barriers to MHS utilization and proffer evidence‐based recommendations toward addressing the mental health needs of African immigrants residing in the UK.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted across six databases: Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CIHNAL, Scopus, and Embase published up to September 2022. To assess methodological quality of the included studies, the Critical Appraisal Skills Program qualitative checklist and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool Version 2018 were used. Consecutively, a deductive thematic analysis was employed to group related barriers within overarching themes.

Results

The study selection process yielded eight studies conducted in the UK, encompassing African populations identifying as African/Afro‐Caribbean origin, Somali refugees, and ethnic minorities of Black/British descent. The findings highlight the complex interplay of key barriers such as stigma, residential instability, cultural influences, discrimination, and accessibility issues, among others, that continue to hinder African populations from accessing and utilizing MHSs. These barriers were categorized into predisposing,enabling and need factors (themes), aligning with Anderson's model of health service utilization, reflecting a comprehensive range of challenges affecting this population.

Conclusion

This systematic review illuminates the myriad barriers faced by African immigrants in utilizing MHSs in the UK, underlining the urgent need for targeted interventions. The findings advocate for the development of culturally sensitive, affordable, and accessible MHSs and policies that address the personal, sociocultural, and structural barriers identified. Collaboration across key stakeholders is highly recommended for advancing equitable and inclusive MHSs for all.
Status of infection prevention and control programs in 25 facilities of Rwanda: Results from the WHO infection prevention and control assessment framework
Authors: Irakiza Jean Jacques , Mazimpaka Christian , Ndatimana Dieudonne , Kalach John Baptist , Hatangimbabazi Vincent , Kamuhangire Edouard , Mukamunana Alphonsine , Ntakirutimana Olive , Tengera Joseline , Ruhumuriza Olivier , Manishimwe Onesime , Mwali Assumpta Kayinamura , Rutayisire Erigene
Published: May 2024

Background

Infection prevention and control (IPC) is important in ensuring patient safety, protecting healthcare workers, and reducing healthcare‐associated costs. The World Health Organization (WHO)‐validated Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (IPCAF) was used to evaluate IPC practices in Rwandan healthcare facilities.

Methodology

In this cross‐sectional study, we assessed 25 health facilities across Rwanda, including district and referral hospitals. Using the IPCAF tool, we assessed eight core components (CCs) of IPC programs. We calculated median scores and interquartile ranges to determine the levels of implementation of IPC practices.

Findings

Among the 25 facilities, all showed some degree of IPCAF implementation, with an overall median IPCAF score of 545.0, reflecting an intermediate level. Three facilities (12%) were at a basic level, 16 (64%) at an intermediate level, and 6 (24%) at an advanced level of IPC practices. The presence of IPC guidelines scored the highest among CCs (median: 87.5). About 96% of facilities did not have a dedicated full‐time IPC staff, 64% of facilities did not offer IPC training to new staff, and 84% did not have protocols for multidrug‐resistant pathogens.

Conclusions

This initial IPCAF assessment in Rwanda reveals critical IPC strengths and gaps. These findings highlight the necessity for targeted interventions, such as appointing dedicated IPC staff, strengthening IPC committees, and enhancing IPC training and resources.
Tumor infiltrating B lymphocytes (TIBs) associate with poor clinical outcomes, unfavorable therapeutic benefit and immunosuppressive context in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) patients treated with anti-PD-1 antibody plus Axitinib
Authors: Lin Zhiyuan , Xiao Shuxiu , Qi Yu , Guo Jianming , Lu Lili
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) plus tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has become first-line therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. This study aims to investigate the effect of tumor infiltrating B lymphocytes (TIBs) on the combination therapy.

Methods

The retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical records of 115 metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) patients treated with anti-PD-1 antibody plus Axitinib between March 2020 and June 2023. Observation target: objective response rate (ORR), and overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and immune profile.

Results

Patients with high TIBs portended lower ORR of the combination therapy (p = 0.033). TIBs was an independent predictor for poorer OS (p = 0.013) and PFS (p = 0.021) in mccRCC patients with combination treatment. TIBs infiltration was associated with more CD4+T (p < 0.001), CD8+T (p < 0.001), M2 macrophages (p = 0.020) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) (p = 0.004). In TIBs high patients, the percentages of PD-1, CTLA-4 and TIM-3 positive rate were significantly increased in CD4+T (p = 0.038, 0.029 and 0.002 respectively) and CD8+T cells (p = 0.006, 0.026 and < 0.001 respectively).

Conclusions

Our study revealed TIBs infiltration predicted adverse outcomes in mccRCC patients treated with anti-PD-1 antibody plus Axitinib. As a corollary, TIBs positively associated with M2 macrophages and Tregs, leading to subsequent multiple immune checkpoints related exhaustion of T cells. Thus, only PD-1 blockade are inadequate to reverse T cells exhaustion effectively in high TIBs mccRCC patients.
Characterizations of convex functions by level sets
Authors: Kánnai Zoltán
Published: May 2024

It is shown that a lsc function is convex if and only if the minimal set of any linear perturbation of the function is convex. That fact also yields that the convexity of a function is equivalent to the quasiconvexity of its all linear perturbations.
Cork oak woodlands and decline: a social-ecological review and future transdisciplinary approaches
Authors: Lopes-Fernandes Margarida , Martínez-Fernández Ernesto , Alves Rui , Boa-Nova Daniel , Branquinho Cristina , Bugalho Miguel N , Campos-Mardones Felipe , Coca-Pérez Agustin , Frazão-Moreira Amélia , Marques Marco , Moreno-Ortiz Javier , Paulo Octávio , Príncipe Adriana , Quintero Victoria , Sendim Alfredo , Sobral Hernani , Escalera-Reyes Javier
Published: May 2024

Cork oak woodlands are socio-ecosystems recognized as biodiversity hotspots, a fundamental economic source for companies and local communities as well as an identitarian landscape for residents and visitors. Cork oak woodlands, however, are facing tree mortality and lack of regeneration. Considering the oak decline scenario, we present Iberian cork oak montado/dehesa as a socio-ecosystem facing climate change, management transformations, local knowledge crisis and social uncertainty. We review montados/dehesas research through time and by different scholar perspectives. We defend that from an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary perspective, including the experience and evidence observed in terrain, debate should be stimulated, and novel conceptual approaches may contribute to finding solutions. We argue that the confluence of ecology, genetics, anthropology and local knowledge can be explored to unveil the complexities and the challenges of these socio-ecosystems and contribute to prevent and mitigate threats to it. We propose a methodological approach built together with scientists, managers and workers, that can explore oak translocations, socio-ecological interactions models, knowledge transfer and other ways to overcome Iberian cork oak woodlands socio-environmental crisis.
Use of beta-blockers in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ and risk of invasive breast cancer recurrence: a Swedish retrospective cohort study
Authors: Strell Carina , Smith Daniel Robert , Valachis Antonis , Woldeyesus Hellén , Wadsten Charlotta , Micke Patrick , Fredriksson Irma , Schiza Aglaia
Published: May 2024

Background

Retrospective observational studies suggest a potential role of beta-blockers as a protective strategy against progression and metastasis in invasive breast cancer. In this context, we investigated the impact of beta-blocker exposure on risk for progression to invasive breast cancer after diagnosis of ductal cancer in situ (DCIS).

Methods

The retrospective study population included 2535 women diagnosed with pure DCIS between 2006 and2012 in three healthcare regions in SwedenExposure to beta-blocker was quantified using a time-varying percentage of days with medication available. The absolute risk was quantified using cumulative incidence functions and cox models were applied to quantify the association between beta-blocker exposure and time from DCIS diagnosis to invasive breast cancer, accounting for delayed effects, competing risks and pre-specified confounders.

Results

The median follow-up was 8.7 years. One third of the patients in our cohort were exposed to beta-blockers post DCIS diagnosis. During the study period, 48 patients experienced an invasive recurrence, giving a cumulative incidence of invasive breast cancer progression of 1.8% at five years. The cumulative exposure to beta-blocker was associated with a reduced risk in a dose-dependent manner, though the effect was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Our observational study is suggestive of a protective effect of beta-blockers against invasive breast cancer after primary DCIS diagnosis. These results provide rationales for experimental and clinical follow-up studies in carefully selected DCIS groups.
Development and application of a weighted change score to evaluate interventions for vasomotor symptoms in patients with breast cancer using regression trees: a cohort study
Authors: Cole Katherine Marie , McGee Sharon , Clemons Mark , Liu Michelle , MacDonald Fiona , Vandermeer Lisa , Ng Terry L. , Pond Gregory , Emam Khaled El
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are common among individuals with breast cancer (BC) and poorly managed symptoms are associated with reduced quality of life, treatment discontinuation, and poorer breast cancer outcomes. Direct comparisons among therapies are limited, as prior studies evaluating VMS interventions have utilized heterogeneous change measures which may not fully assess the perceived impact of change in VMS severity.

Methods

We performed a prospective study where BC patients chose one of four categories of interventions to manage VMS. Change in VMS severity at 6 weeks was assessed using the validated Hot Flush Rating Scale (HFRS). A novel weighted change score integrating baseline symptom severity and directionality of change was computed to maximize the correlation between the change score and a perceived treatment effectiveness score. Variables influencing change in VMS severity were included in a regression tree to model factors influencing the weighted change score.

Results

100 baseline and follow-up questionnaires assessing VMS were completed by 88 patients. Correlations between treatment effectiveness and VMS outcomes strengthened following adjustment for baseline symptoms. Patients with low VMS severity at baseline did not perceive change in treatment effectiveness. Intervention category was predictive of change in HFRS at 6 weeks.

Conclusion

Baseline symptom severity and the directionality of change (improvement or deterioration of symptoms) influenced the perception of clinically meaningful change in VMS severity. Future interventional studies utilizing the weighted change score should target moderate-high baseline severity patients.
Financing electricity resilience in local communities: a review of the literature
Authors: Thompson Daniel , Pescaroli Gianluca
Published: May 2024

Over the last two decades, research increasingly has paid attention to resilience as a way to strengthen electricity systems against the cascading impacts caused by electricity disruptions. Although much of the electricity resilience literature has focused on scale of large grids, a growing segment of research has focused on smaller-scale electricity systems, particularly with applications for communities. Research on financing these systems could encourage their uptake in local communities, particularly by including community in the ownership or operation of these systems; however, much of this research remains comparatively nascent. This paper seeks to review what previous studies have identified as some of the conditions that shape financing electricity resilience in local communities in G7 countries and how this field uses the term “electricity resilience” compared to broader uses of electricity resilience. The review provides a technical overview of smaller-scale systems for communities and a review of three socio-economic research areas—governance, cost-benefits, and business models—which shape financing electricity resilience in local communities. The discussion section finds that costs and the level of community involvement seem to play a fundamental role in shaping the conditions for financing electricity resilience across much of the research. Comparing this field to broader uses of “electricity resilience” suggests that more work is needed to understand the role of adaptation in financing electricity resilience for local communities, particularly over the long term. We posit that the field’s approach costs and its inclusion of the community in electricity resilience may contribute to its general lack of attention to long-run adaptation. Despite potential benefits of continued advancements from technical research, the maturity of the field and age of some of the early cases suggests that researchers could begin to study adaptation to electricity disruptions at the community level more than in the past.
Ambiguity attitudes for real-world sources: field evidence from a large sample of investors
Authors: Anantanasuwong Kanin , Kouwenberg Roy , Mitchell Olivia S. , Peijnenburg Kim
Published: May 2024

Empirical studies of ambiguity aversion mostly use artificial events such as Ellsberg urns to control for unknown probability beliefs. The present study measures ambiguity attitudes using real-world events in a large sample of investors. We elicit ambiguity aversion and perceived ambiguity for a familiar company stock, a local stock index, a foreign stock index, and Bitcoin. Measurement reliability is higher than for artificial sources in previous studies. Ambiguity aversion is highly correlated for different assets, while perceived ambiguity varies more between assets. Further, we show that ambiguity attitudes are related to actual investment choices.
Vulnerability of pear (Pyrus) genetic resources in the U.S.
Authors: Waite Jessica M. , Gottschalk Christopher , Reinhold Lauri A. , Bassil Nahla V. , Volk Gayle M. , Postman Joseph D. , Elkins Rachel B. , Bell Richard L.
Published: May 2024

Pears (Pyrus) represent an important part of consumer diets, and have the fourth highest production of non-citrus fruits, measured by fresh weight, in the U.S. They are maintained clonally and grown as composite plants, consisting of a scion (fruit bearing) cultivar grafted onto a rootstock cultivar. Up to 98% of existing production relies on only a few scion and rootstock cultivars, leaving the standing crop vulnerable to threats. Pears are faced with a wide range of biotic and abiotic threats and production vulnerabilities, some of which can be limited by integrating resistance and horticultural traits from wild and cultivated materials from around the world. The National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR Corvallis), part of the USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm System, maintains a large Pyrus collection from across the globe, consisting of 2793 Pyrus accessions from 37 species. The collection represents an important resource for preservation, research, and breeding efforts for pears. The crop vulnerability status of pears in the U.S. is currently moderate to high, with increasing threats and challenges. Breeding and preservation efforts, along with genetic, crop protection and production research are, however, actively targeting these needs.
The Ethics of Decentralized Clinical Trials and Informed Consent: Taking Technologies’ Soft Impacts into Account
Authors: van Rijssel Tessa I. , van Thiel Ghislaine J. M. W. , van Delden Johannes J. M. ,   On behalf of the Trials@Home consortium
Published: May 2024

Decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) have the potential to advance the conduct of clinical trials, but raise several ethical issues, including obtaining valid informed consent. The debate on the ethical issues resulting from digitalization is predominantly focused on direct risks relating to for example data protection, safety, and data quality. We submit however, that a broader view on ethical aspects of DCTs is needed to touch upon the new challenges that come with the DCT practice. Digitalization has impacts that go beyond its direct purposes, by shaping behaviors, experiences, social relations, and values. We examine four elements of the informed consent procedure that are affected by DCTs, while taking these soft impacts of technologies into account: (i) informing participants and testing understanding, (ii) freedoms in relation to responsibilities and burdens, (iii) trust in participant-researcher relations, and (iv) impacts on the concept of privacy. Our analysis reveals that a broad view is key for optimal conduct of DCTs. In addition, it provides insight into the ethical impacts of DCTs on informed consent. Technologies such as DCTs potentially have profound impacts which are not immediately addressed by the existing regulatory frameworks, but nonetheless important to recognize. These findings can guide future practices of DCTs to foster the important values of clinical research in this novel approach for conducting clinical trials.
Effects of Stray Magnetic Field on Transition-Edge Sensors in Gamma-Ray Microcalorimeters
Authors: Keller Mark W. , Wessels A. L. , Becker D. T. , Bennett D. A. , Carpenter M. H. , Croce M. P. , Gard J. D. , Imrek J. , Mates J. A. B. , Morgan K. M. , Ortiz N. J. , Schmidt D. R. , Schreiber K. A. , Swetz D. S. , Ullom J. N.
Published: May 2024

Superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs) used in X-ray and $$\gamma$$
γ
-ray microcalorimeters suffer degraded performance if cooled in a magnetic field B sufficient to trap flux in the sensors. We report measurements of $$\gamma$$
γ
-ray TESs before and after implementing measures to reduce stray B fields from sources inside and outside the cryostat. These measurements showed a correlation between anomalous features in TES current–voltage (IV) curves and degraded energy resolution. After reducing internal sources of stray B field and improving shielding against external sources, both IV curves and energy resolution improved. Finally, we placed magnetized screws with remnant fields $$\sim$$
∼
 10 $$\upmu \textrm{T}$$

μ
T

near similar $$\gamma$$
γ
-ray TESs in a different type of detector package and observed the same effects.
Exploring Muslim Communities’ Experiences and Barriers While Accessing Assisted Reproductive Technologies: A Scoping Review of International Literature
Authors: Hammond Kate , Hamidi Nilab
Published: May 2024

This study adopted a scoping review methodology to analyze international literature on the barriers impacting Muslim couples’ access to equitable assisted reproductive technologies (ART). A total of 27 studies were included for review. Results show that Muslim communities face several barriers when accessing ART. These include cultural and religious barriers that impacted which aspects of ART couples were open to adopting, diminished quality of care due to low cultural/religious capacity of practitioners, as well as gendered norms which intersect with experiences of ART treatments. Further research, based in western countries, should be conducted to better understand how these contexts can support Muslim patients accessing ART.
Bifonazole: a missing case of polymorphism
Authors: Sonaglioni Daniele , Capaccioli Simone , Tombari Elpidio
Published: May 2024

Bifonazole, an imidazole-based antifungal drug, can be easily amorphized and crystallizes upon reheating at moderate scanning rate. Driven by recent results in literature reporting for this compound the appearance of polymorphism under different thermal histories, the present study presents an extensive calorimetric characterization of bifonazole in its crystalline and amorphous state. A rich scenario in crystallization behaviour has been found, implying that the behaviour observed on reheating scans can strongly depend on the previous thermal history and on the distribution in number and size of crystalline regions. In particular, the decrease in melting enthalpy during reheating, related to the increase of the heating rate, can be stated to be the result of a partial crystallization of the sample. Additionally, the temperature intervals more favourable to crystal nucleation and growth, respectively, have been determined, thanks to the choice of ad hoc time–temperature profiles. Finally, also the nucleation occurrence in time at high temperature has been investigated using a suitable DSC protocol. The overall results show how complex can be the cold-crystallization behaviour of a molecular liquid.
Ultraslow calorimetric studies of the martensitic transformation of NiFeGa alloys: detection and analysis of avalanche phenomena
Authors: Martín-Olalla José-María , Vidal-Crespo Antonio , Romero Francisco Javier , Manchón-Gordón Alejandro F. , Ipus Jhon J. , Blázquez Javier S. , Gallardo María Carmen , Conde Clara F.
Published: May 2024

We study the thermal properties of a bulk $$\hbox {Ni}_{55}\hbox {Fe}_{19}\hbox {Ga}_{26}$$

Ni
55

Fe
19

Ga
26

Heusler alloy in a conduction calorimeter. At slow heating and cooling rates ($$\sim {1}\,\hbox {K h}^{-1}$$

∼
1

K

h

-
1

), we compare as-cast and annealed samples. We report a smaller thermal hysteresis after the thermal treatment due to the stabilization of the 14 M modulated structure in the martensite phase. In ultraslow experiments ($${40}\,\hbox {mK h}^{-1}$$

40

mK

h

-
1

), we detect and analyze the calorimetric avalanches associated with the direct and reverse martensitic transformation from cubic to 14 M phase. This reveals a distribution of events characterized by a power law with exponential cutoff $$p(u)\propto u^{-\varepsilon }\exp (-u/\xi )$$

p

(
u
)

∝

u

-
ε

exp

(
-
u
/
ξ
)

where $$\varepsilon \sim 2$$

ε
∼
2

and damping energies $$\xi ={370}{\upmu {\rm J}}$$

ξ
=
370

μ
J

(direct) and $$\xi ={27}{\upmu {\rm J}}$$

ξ
=
27

μ
J

(reverse) that characterize the asymmetry of the transformation.
School climate: Using a person–environment fit perspective to inform school improvement
Authors: Aldridge Jill M. , Blackstock Meghan J. , McLure Felicity I.
Published: May 2024

Strong and consistent findings suggest that a positive school climate is related to improved student outcomes. However, assessment of the school climate rarely considers the environmental fit (or misfit) between individuals' actual or lived experiences and their preferred environment. This study drew on a person-environment fit perspective to examine whether: students’ experiences of the school climate (actual environment) differed from their views of their ideal school climate (preferred environment); the views of the actual and preferred environment differed between schools; and the actual–preferred discrepancy (as a measure of the environmental fit) was related to student wellbeing, resilience and reports of bullying. The results from the analysis of data collected from 993 upper primary school students suggest that outcomes were enhanced when the perceived environment more closely matched the preferred environment. Our study’s findings support using a person-environment fit perspective alongside a socio-ecological approach to inform strategic decisions for school improvement efforts.