bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the Proposed Expansion of the Fire Engine Priority Signal System to Ensure Golden Time
Authors: Park Tae-Hee , Lee Ji-Hyang , Lee Jun , Lee Sang-Jo , Kwon Jin-Suk
Published: July 2022

The golden period is a concept in disaster response target-time management. It refers to the centralized response time required to maximize lives saved in an emergency. The National Fire Agency estimates that the golden period arrival time of fire engines is seven minutes. However, the arrival rate has dropped by about 68% in the last five years. Concessions and special provisions for the violation of laws are permitted to enable the swift response of fire engines. Despite this, the vehicles still cannot reach their destinations timeously. In this study, the effectiveness of the priority signal system was investigated using construction status and dispatch data. VISSIM, a traffic flow simulation software, was used to simulate the effectiveness of the priority signal system introduced to Cheong-ju city. This study can be used as the basis for the systematic construction of priority signal systems and further investigation on the topic.
The Safety of Hydrogen Jet-flame Suppression Training
Authors: Lee Kyu-Min , Kwon Minjae , Kang Sungwook , Choi Joung-Yoon , Kim Yang-Kyun , Lim Ohk Kun
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this study was to reproduce hydrogen gas leakage and jet flame accidents that can occur in hydrogen gas storage facilities to obtain basic data and apply the gained knowledge to firefighter training facilities, thereby improving safety and the response to accidents. A total of 11 scenarios were explored. In scenarios 1∼5, the hydrogen leakage and jet flame types for high (70 MPa), medium (55 MPa), and low pressures (40 MPa) were visualized with the Schlieren system. With the aid of a high-speed camera, it was confirmed that the spraying angle and length were 18∼20° and approximately 10∼12 m, respectively. In addition, in scenarios 4 and 5, the damage caused by the radiant heat was recorded to be slightly higher in the arm/hand and thigh/leg regions. The noise of jet flames was measured in scenarios 6∼11 using a sound level meter, indicating a 10 dB louder flame at medium pressure (52 MPa, 130 dB) than at low pressure (17 MPa, 120 dB) Therefore, long-term exposure is may damage hearing.
Español como lengua materna: ¿cuál es la mejor ecuación para desarrollar aspectos formales y funcionales de la competencia lingüística en los traductores en formación?
Authors:   Departamento de Lenguas, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Weinberg Jimena , Caamaño Raúl ,   Departamento de Lenguas, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad Católica de Temuco
Published: July 2022

La formación de traductores se ha fundamentado tradicionalmente sobre la base de competencias, entre las que se declara como esencial la competencia lingüística en las lenguas de trabajo. El foco práctico de esta competencia ha estado en la o las lenguas extranjeras y no ha contemplado a la lengua materna con un espacio particular de desarrollo. En el caso del español como lengua materna, desde hace un tiempo, se han evidenciado, en los estudiantes de traducción, dificultades en el manejo de aspectos formales y funcionales de la lengua al momento de redactar textos en contextos formales, lo que revela dificultades en la adquisición de la competencia lingüística en lengua materna. El origen de esta problemática se instalaría principalmente en dos ámbitos: el de la comunicación, con la digitalización de las prácticas de comunicación, el uso de las redes sociales, el empleo de recursos multimodales, entre otros, y el de la formación, con la disminución en la práctica de la escritura, la falta de lectura, la baja exposición a géneros textuales formales, principalmente. Frente a esta situación, se busca hacer un análisis riguroso de la literatura que está emergiendo para abordar el problema a la luz de casos concretos identificados en aprendices de traducción, con el objetivo de plantear propuestas metodológicas para la formación de traductores cuya lengua materna es el español. En un intento por dar con la mejor ecuación, los resultados de esta primera revisión nos han permitido abordar los ámbitos micro- y macrocurriculares de la enseñanza de la lengua materna para traductores.
La traducción en Chile a 50 años del inicio de la formación de traductores profesionales y a 30 años de la creación del Colegio de Traductores e Intérpretes de Chile
Authors:   Programa de Traducción, Facultad de Letras, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diéguez María Isabel
Published: July 2022

Con motivo de la celebración en nuestro país de los 50 años de formación de traductores y de los 30 años de la creación del Colegio de Traductores e Intérpretes de Chile (Cotich), en este artículo se describe la situación actual de la formación de traductores, se presenta un panorama histórico de las actividades de investigación en la disciplina y se exponen ciertos aspectos profesionales, gremiales y jurídicos que caracterizan esta práctica en nuestro país. En primer lugar, nos abocamos a la descripción de la oferta de formación de traductores al año 2020 por parte de universidades e institutos profesionales y, a continuación, exponemos una síntesis del desarrollo de la investigación sobre traducción y áreas afines desde mediados de los años 80. En segundo lugar, describimos la labor que realiza Cotich como entidad gremial, las características del mercado laboral y algunos aspectos profesionales que caracterizan la traducción jurídica en Chile. Finalizamos el análisis con la discusión de los datos, considerando su evolución histórica en estos últimos 50 años y sus proyecciones futuras. Este panorama general de la traducción, desde el comienzo de su proceso de institucionalización a principios de la década de los 70, puede contribuir a la formación de traductores y servir de instrumento de consulta para estudiantes, académicos y traductores profesionales.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Related to the Use of Nutraceuticals for Prophylaxis against COVID-19 among Undergraduate Medical and Nursing Students in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Bihar, India
Authors: Singh Shruti , Singh Soni, CM , Lohani Pallavi , Singh Sunil Kumar , Singh Pratibha
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Nutritional supplements modify immune response and protect against viral infections. Health related behaviour of medical and nursing students governs their attitude towards counselling patients. This study assessed the differences in the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) between undergraduate medical and nursing students regarding the role of nutraceuticals in Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Aim: To assess the differences in the KAP between undergraduate medical and nursing students regarding the role of nutraceuticals in COVID-19. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Patna, Bihar, India in September 2020. A questionnaire was administered to assess the KAP of 265 medical and 150 nursing undergraduates regarding nutraceuticals. The total knowledge score varied between 0 and 12. The score of the attitude was based on 5 points Likert scale. The data was collected through self-administered google forms. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the difference in categorical data. Results: There were total 273 (65.8%) participants with good knowledge and only 47 (11.3%) with positive attitude. About 68.7% medical students and 82.7% nursing students felt that regular intake of nutraceuticals has a positive role in protecting against COVID-19 (p=0.007). Out of 415, 264 participants (63.6%) had used nutraceuticals. About 156 (58.9%) medical students and 103 (68.7%) nursing students felt that the safety of nutraceuticals is a grave concern. Two- fifth of the participants (202, 48.7%) had consumed a dietary supplement to maintain good health. Conclusion: Although the knowledge score was good, but positive attitude was lacking. Thus, Health Care Personnels (HCP)s should be trained regarding proper usage and recommendations of nutraceuticals.
Adoption behaviour of Farmers and Constraints towards Improved Sugarcane Cultivation Practices in Dimapur District of Nagaland
Authors: Chishi Pitokali , Mazhar Syed H.
Published: July 2022

Adoption of the improved technology is the ultimate aim for enhancing the production and income of the farming system. This study was conducted in Kuhuboto block of Dimapur district, Nagaland during the session 2021-22. Through proportionate random sampling procedure, a total number of 120 respondents from 4 villages were selected. The findings revealed that around 54.1 per cent of the respondents were middle aged group with a primary level education of 42.5 per cent had medium level annual income of 68.33 per cent and medium size land holding of 45.84 per cent. Majority of the respondents have a nuclear type of family having upto five members and semi-cemented type of house had medium (10-20) years of farming experience, use of sources of information, mass media exposure and level of extension contact. The findings also revealed that around 71.66 per cent of respondents are medium category adopters. In respect of correlation analysis between adoption level and the independent variables like age, occupation, annual income, farming experience and source of information are significantly associated with adoption of sugarcane growers. The major problems experienced by the respondents were lack of proper resources and capital, costly critical inputs, lack of proper market facilities, lack of credit facility at time, lack of technical knowledge, unavailability of seed at time, lack of knowledge about major insect- pest diseases & their control, lack of training program related with improved practices etc. Thus, the study suggests for immediate attention of the extension functionary for convincing the sugarcane growers which would result in the higher adoption and income.
Strategic Plans to Improve Production Processes in the Fishing Sector of Chimbote, Peru
Authors: Estrada Iván Saldaña
Published: July 2022

The research aimed to determine if the strategic plans improve production processes in the fishing sector of Chimbote, 2020. The research focus is quantitative, applied type and non-experimental cross-sectional causal correlational design. The exhibition is composed of 165 people including businessmen and leaders of the fishing sector of Chimbote, 2020; two valid questionnaires with a reliability of 0.862 and 0.868 were used.  Data analysis was performed using frequency tables and Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient.  It was determined that the strategic plans significantly improve production processes in the fishing sector of Chimbote, 2020; being the Rho = 0.958 (high degree of correlation and positive) (p < 0.01). It was identified that the strategic plans have a regular level according to 63% of the entrepreneurs and leaders of the fishing sector of Chimbote, 2020. It was identified that the productive processes have a regularly efficient level according to 61.8% of the entrepreneurs and leaders of the fishing sector of Chimbote, 2020. The development of strategic plans could influence the development of fishing activities in an efficient manner, aiming to achieve the maximum use of raw materials, promoting high quality production processes.
An Assessment of Constraints Faced by Cabbage Growers in the East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya: India
Authors: Sri Karuna , Choudhury Anju , Yumnam Anjoo , Singh Rishikantha , Dek Niveditha
Published: July 2022

Aims: The study aimed to analyze the common, technical, economical, and marketing constraints faced by the cabbage farmers in East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya (2019-2020).

Study Design: Purposive random sampling was employed in this study.  One District and two blocks were selected purposively on the basis of their highest contribution to the area and production of cabbage further villages and respondents were selected randomly.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Mawrykneng and Mawkynrew blocks of East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya. Five villages namely Umphyrnoi, Sohryngkhem, Rapleng, Tynroit and Tangsning were selected and 80 cabbage growers were selected for the study. The data was collected for the period of 2019-to 2020.

Methodology: The Garette ranking technique was worked out to analyze the constraints.

Results: The major economical constraints observed were high initial investment with the garette score of (77.95), followed by costly plant material (76.39).  The major marketing constraints were high fluctuations in the market prices (63.22), and a lack of cooperative market (55.11). The top technical constraints were control of pests and diseases (53.35), water management (52.63), and the common constraints were lack of knowledge on the recommended package of practices (59.43) and labor problems (52.08).

Concluding remarks: Adequate need-based training programs may enhance the production of cabbage and thereby increases the farm income. Proper marketing channels and infrastructural development will help the growers fetch remunerative price for their produce.
Determining the Impact of Entrepreneurship Financing Methods on Collective Participation in Knowledge-Based Businesses
Authors: Golshani Ali
Published: July 2022

The necessity for finance during the start-up phase of new firms as well as advancements in information technology have led to a rapid global expansion of the crowd funding method. There have been a number of financing platforms built in Iran to date, some of which have been successful and others of which have not. Therefore, it is important to examine the elements affecting this strategy in order to aid in its development. Given that mass finance is a relatively new phenomena, it is important to appropriately raise public awareness of it while identifying the variables that influence this approach. Their most important characteristics are technology, skilled labour, and advanced management; they are connected to global networks and production chains; thus, the development of knowledge-based companies appears to be the key to the next decade's economic development. As a result, the primary goal of this article is to look into the impact of entrepreneurial financing methods on collective participation in knowledge-based businesses. The current article's research method is practical, and the data collection method is a survey.
Ripples of Change in Honduran Communities
Authors:   Grand Canyon University, Seeley Charles ,   The Leadership Center (Honduras), Solórzano Elida Florentina Sierra ,   The Leadership Center (Honduras), Ramirez Karen ,   The Leadership Center (Honduras), Alvarez Osorno Norbentina ,   Little Hands, Big Hearts Foundation (Honduras), Maldonado Mary ,   The Leadership Center (Honduras), Garcia Lenis ,   The Leadership Center (Honduras)
Published: July 2022

Electronic news media from around the world declare the problem: “Honduran migrant group treks north as US calls for tighter borders” (Palencia, 2018), and “Trump warns Honduras over migrant caravan now in Guatemala” (Perez, 2018). Thousands flee poverty and crime in Honduras to pursue the dream of a better life in the US; a life that few of these determined migrants will ever enjoy. While it is commendable that news outlets highlight this dire situation, few will publish stories of those who remain in Honduras, overcome the day-to-day challenges, and take steps to change their lives, the lives of family members, the lives of community members, and ultimately the country of Honduras. This community engagement portfolio fills a gap in the literature and in the global news media. This paper describes a portfolio of community engagement initiatives that begins at The Leadership Center in rural Honduras with ripples continuing out to communities across Honduras. Three graduates and two students of The Leadership Center serve as co-authors on this paper, telling their personal stories and the stories of their engagement in their communities.
Development of a variant of dinutuximab with enhanced antitumor efficacy and reduced induction of neuropathic pain
Authors: Liu Xin‐Yuan , Chen Yi‐Li , Liu Guo‐Jian , Deng Xiang‐Nan , Cui Yue , Tan Jie , Dong Xing‐Chen , Li Hua‐Ying , Chen Gan‐Jun , Ou Zhi‐Min , Wang Chun‐He
Published: July 2022

Dinutuximab (ch14.18) was the first approved monoclonal antibody against the tumor‐associated antigen disialoganglioside GD2. Despite its success in treating neuroblastoma (NB), it triggers a significant amount of neuropathic pain in patients, possibly through complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). We hypothesized that modifying ch14.18 using antibody engineering techniques, such as humanization, affinity maturation, and Fc engineering, may enable the development of next‐generation GD2‐specific antibodies with reduced neuropathic pain and enhanced antitumor activity. In this study we developed the H3‐16 IgG1m4 antibody from ch14.18 IgG1. H3‐16 IgG1m4 exhibited enhanced binding activity to GD2 molecules and GD2‐positive cell lines as revealed by ELISA, and its cross‐binding activity to other gangliosides was not altered. The CDC activity of H3‐16 IgG1m4 was decreased, and the antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity was enhanced. The pain response after H3‐16 IgG1m4 antibody administration was also reduced, as demonstrated using the von Frey test in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. In summary, H3‐16 IgG1m4 may have potential as a monoclonal antibody with reduced side effects.
Total Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Containing Natural Products Based on Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Functionalization
Authors: Tsukano Chihiro , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: July 2022

CH functionalization has witnessed remarkable recent advances and has been widely employed in key reactions in the total synthesis of natural products. In this article, we present the palladium‐catalyzed total synthesis of nitrogen‐containing natural products using CH functionalization as the key reaction.
Inter‐operator and inter‐device reproducibility of shear wave elastography in healthy muscle tissues
Authors: Vuorenmaa Anna S. , Siitama Eetu M. K. , Mäkelä Katri S.
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The study aimed to assess whether the more limiting factor in reproducibility of shear wave elastography (SWE) would be the operator dependency or the incompatibility of different ultrasound (US) devices. The interrater agreement with less experienced operators was studied.

Methods

A total of 24 healthy volunteers participated in the study (18 females, 6 males; range of age 27–55 years). SWE of biceps brachii (BB) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles was performed on both sides from all participants in both longitudinal and transverse orientation of the transducer in respect to muscle fibers. Two operators repeated the SWE with two different US devices from different manufacturers (scanners 1 and 2).

Results

Intraclass correlation coefficient between the two operators was 0.91 (CI 0.88–0.93) for scanner 1 and 0.81 (CI 0.74–0.86) for scanner 2, respectively. Instead, there were significant differences in the SWE measurements between the two scanners, emphasizing in transverse orientation of the transducer. In the transverse transducer orientation, the mean shear wave velocity (SWV) in TA was 1.45 m/s (standard deviation [SD] ± 0.35 m/s) with scanner 1 and 2.35 m/s (SD ± 0.83 m/s) with scanner 2 (p < 0.001). In BB, the mean transverse SWV was 1.49 m/s (SD ± 0.35 m/s) with scanner 1 and 2.29 m/s (SD ± 0.63 m/s) with scanner 2 (p < 0.001). In longitudinal transducer orientation, the mean SWV in TA was 3.00 m/s (SD ± 0.73 m/s) with scanner 1 and 3.26 m/s (SD ± 0.42 m/s) with scanner 2 (p = 0.050). In BB, the mean longitudinal SWV was 3.60 m/s (SD ± 0.77 m/s) with scanner 1 and 3.96 m/s (SD ± 0.62 m/s) with scanner 2 (p = 0.019). The presented mean values were obtained by operator 1, there were no significant differences in the SWE measurements performed by the two operators.

Conclusion

The results implicate that the reproducibility of the SWE measurements depends rather on the used US device than on the operator. It is recommendable that clinics collect reference values with their own US device and consider threshold values presented in previous studies only directional.
Consistency in Change: Architecture for Optimistic Living
Authors: de Ostos Ricardo
Published: July 2022

Beacons of inspiration for generations of architects, Peter Cook’s drawings often have similar but differently expressed architectural preoccupations. Concerned with transparency, time and change, they choreograph ‘growies’ or ‘veggies’ and a wealth of typologies and topologies. Bartlett School of Architecture and Architectural Association design tutor Ricardo de Ostos takes us through some of his recent work.
Shallow to Deep: Drawing as Close Encounter
Authors: McGarry Michael
Published: July 2022

Taking inspiration from a Frank Gehry sketch, Belgian architect Riet Eeckhout, through her process of ‘drawing out’, has produced a series of abstract works of considerable scale. Michael McGarry, Professor of Architecture at Queen's University Belfast, links her practice to the psycho‐geography of the Belgian landscape and the internal geometries of her house and street in Flanders.
A Moving Grove: Our Climate Future and Its Branching Possibilities
Authors: de Monchaux Nicholas
Published: July 2022

MIT Professor and Head of Architecture there, Nicholas de Monchaux explores the recent forays of Bartlett School of Architecture professors Mark Smout and Laura Allen into forestry, regreening and ecology, for example their ‘Rescue Lines’ drawing/table project, conceived in conjunction with LA‐based critic Geoff Manaugh and presented at the Venice Architecture Biennale in 2021. De Monchaux's wide‐ranging exposition offers further thoughts on the nature of drawing relative to Smout Allen's work, with reference to the underwater forest made by the timber piles below Venice.
An Unusual Carbon–Ceramic Composite with Gradients in Composition and Porosity Delivering Outstanding Thermal Protection Performance up to 1900 °C
Authors: Yan Meng , Hu Chenglong , Li Jian , Zhao Rida , Pang Shengyang , Liang Bin , Tang Sufang , Liu Gang , Cheng Hui–Ming
Published: July 2022

Developing materials that do not ablate, which are thermally insulating and strong at temperatures above 1650 °C, is of prime importance for the thermal protection of aerospace vehicles, but remains a great challenge. Carbon aerogels (CAs) are attractive candidates for thermal protection due to their excellent thermostability and thermal insulation. However, their poor anti‐oxidative performance and difficulty in producing an anti‐oxidative refractory coating, as well as brittleness and low mechanical strength severely limit their practical use, especially in oxidizing environments. Here, an unusual carbon fiber‐reinforced carbon–ceramic composite with gradual changes in composition and pore size is reported. On the top is a carbon fiber‐reinforced SiCC modified by mullite‐Al2O3 and at the bottom is a carbon fiber‐reinforced analogous CA. The resulting material shows excellent ablation resistance, outstanding thermal insulation, extremely high thermostability, and strong load‐carrying capacity. Compared with conventional porous non‐ablative and thermal insulating materials with a working temperature of 1600 °C and a specific strength of 10 MPa g–1 cm–3, its respective values are increased to 1900 °C and 119 MPa g–1 cm–3. This work provides a new way to improve the ablation resistance property of nano‐porous carbon monoliths, and the carbon‐ceramic composite developed has great promise for ultra‐high temperature thermal protection in aerospace.
Facet Strain Strategy of Atomically Dispersed FeNC Catalyst for Efficient Oxygen Electrocatalysis
Authors: Yuan Yang , Zhang Qing , Yang Lin , Wang Liguang , Shi Wenbo , Liu Pengfei , Gao Rui , Zheng Lirong , Chen Zhongwei , Bai Zhengyu
Published: July 2022

Increasing the portion of highly active metal centers in atomically dispersed MNC catalysts is significant for the overall oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance. A “facet strain strategy” is designed by using a trans‐layer compressive strain of the {110} facet of FeCo nanoparticles encapsulated in graphitic FeNC layers to further activate the primitive FeN4 catalytic centers on the graphitic sub‐layer that are omitted in commonly direct access activation strategies. Using X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure, the highly active FeN4 type is detected with compressed FeN bonds. Density functional theory calculation discloses that, in virtue of lattice mismatch, FeCo {110} facets transmit a trans‐layer compressive strain to reconstruct the FeN4 sites on surrounding graphitic sub‐layers to optimize the Fe‐OH* adsorption energy in the rate‐determining step. The redesigned catalyst exhibits enhanced ORR activity, outperforming the primitive FeNC and commercial Pt/C benchmarks. This study will enrich insights toward developing MN4 and nanoparticle composite electrocatalysts.
Tunable Strong Coupling in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanowires
Authors: Li Jingang , Yao Kan , Huang Yun , Fang Jie , Kollipara Pavana Siddhartha , Fan Donglei Emma , Zheng Yuebing
Published: July 2022

Subwavelength optical resonators with spatiotemporal control of light are essential to the miniaturization of optical devices. In this work, chemically synthesized transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanowires are exploited as a new type of dielectric nanoresonators to simultaneously support pronounced excitonic and Mie resonances. Strong light–matter couplings and tunable exciton polaritons in individual nanowires are demonstrated. In addition, the excitonic responses can be reversibly modulated with excellent reproducibility, offering the potential for developing tunable optical nanodevices. Being in the mobile colloidal state with highly tunable optical properties, the TMDC nanoresonators will find promising applications in integrated active optical devices, including all‐optical switches and sensors.
Flexible Intelligent Sensing System for Plane Complex Strain Monitoring
Authors: Wan Yixin , Tao Juan , Dong Ming , Zhang Li , Peng Zhengchun , Bao Rongrong , Pan Caofeng
Published: July 2022

Flexible strain sensing system has a broad application prospect in the field of personalized monitoring. Here, a flexible intelligent sensing system based on the synergistic effect of sensor technology, communication technology, and computer technology has been designed to monitor the strain distribution of the measured objects directly. The system consists of several sensing modules that can be customized according to actual needs, each of which is composed of flexible sensing arrays that can be closely attached to the surface of the object in different directions to obtain tiny strain signals. The single sensor using PDMS as the flexible substrate and Ni‐Au metal thin film as the sensing layer is easy to prepare and adjust the performance. By artificially fabricating bioinspired parallel cut‐through channel cracks on the metal thin film, high sensitivity in a small sensing range (gauge factor value up to 4500 for 1.4% strain), fast response time (25 ms), and excellent mechanical stability of nearly 2000 cycles of strain sensors are achieved. Meanwhile, combined with a PI‐based ultra‐thin flexible signal processing circuit, the system exhibits promoted flexibility, higher sensitivity, better adaptability to complex environments, and finally displays the 2D mapping of strain distribution precisely in each part of the measured object in real‐time on a computer. This flexible intelligent strain sensing system can work for deformation detection, damage monitoring, motion tracking, and other strain sensing fields.
Understanding the Origin of Degradation of InP‐Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Shin Dong Hyun , Lampande Raju , Kim Su Jeong , Jung Young Hun , Kwon Jang Hyuk
Published: July 2022

The origin of degradation of InP‐QLED (quantum dot LED) is reported by comparing the stability of Cd‐QDs and organic Bebq2:Ir(mphmq)2(tmd) emissive layers (EMLs). The degradation causes of InP‐QLED are checked by measuring the stability of hole and electron only devices (HOD and EOD) against hole/electron, exciton stress, and hole/electron‐exciton stress conditions. The results show that the InP‐QDs layer is more vulnerable to exciton and electron‐exciton stress compared to the Cd‐QDs and Bebq2:Ir(mphmq)2(tmd) due to the increase of surface defects in the InP‐QDs after exciton and electron‐exciton stress, which increases non‐radiative Auger recombination process. However, InP‐QDs are relatively less stable against electron and hole stress than the Cd‐QDs and Bebq2:Ir(mphmq)2(tmd). To reduce the electron‐exciton stress on the InP‐QDs, an inverted red QLED with InP‐QDs:DBTA EML is fabricated. The QLED with InP‐QDs: hole transport layer (DBTA) shows a low driving voltage of 5.7 V, high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 10.2%, and longer lifetime (T50:557 h at 1000 cd m−2) than the reference InP‐QDs device (T50: 29 h at 1000 cd m−2).
First‐year Acacia seedlings are anisohydric “water‐spenders” but differ in their rates of water use
Authors: Cory Scott T. , Smith William K. , Anderson T. Michael
Published: July 2022

Premise

First‐year seedlings (FYS) of tree species may be a critical demographic bottleneck in semi‐arid, seasonally dry ecosystems such as savannas. Given the highly variable water availability and potentially strong FYS–grass competition for water, FYS water‐use strategies may play a crucial role in FYS establishment in savannas and, ultimately, in tree–grass competition and coexistence.

Methods

We examined drought responses in FYS of two tree species that are dominant on opposite ends of an aridity gradient in Serengeti, Acacia (=Vachellia) tortilis and A. robusta. In a glasshouse experiment, gas exchange and whole‐plant hydraulic conductance (Kplant) were measured as soil water potential (Ψsoil) declined. Trajectory of the Ψleaf/Ψsoil relationship during drought elucidated the degree of iso/anisohydry.

Results

Both species were strongly anisohydric “water‐spenders,” allowing rapid wet‐season C gain after pulses of moisture availability. Despite being equally vulnerable to declines in Kplant under severe drought, they differed in their rates of water use. Acacia tortilis, which occurs in the more arid regions, initially had greater Kmax, transpiration (E), and photosynthesis (Anet) than A. robusta.

Conclusions

This work demonstrates an important mechanism of FYS establishment in savannas: Rather than investing in drought tolerance, savanna FYS maximize gas exchange during wet periods at the expense of desiccation during dry seasons. FYS establishment appears dependent on high C uptake during the pulses of water availability that characterize habitats dominated by these species. This study increases our understanding of species‐scale plant ecophysiology and ecosystem‐scale patterns of tree–grass coexistence.
Mixed models for the relationship between latitude, temperature, and human postcranial form
Authors: Savell Kristen R. R. , Katz David C. , Weaver Timothy D. , Auerbach Benjamin M.
Published: July 2022

Objectives

The global distribution of human body proportions has long been attributed to thermoregulatory adaptation to climate. However, latitude has been the most common proxy for climate across ecogeographic studies. If thermoregulation was driving post‐cranial evolution, temperature should provide a better explanation for the morphological patterns observed than latitude, which encompasses temperature and other variables, as well as major events in human migration history. We investigate relationships between latitude, temperature, and postcranial form by distinguishing the strength of these potential selective factors from population structure.

Materials & Methods

Quantitative genetic multivariate mixed models were used to estimate morphological effects associated with latitude, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature using osteometric data from 31 globally distributed groups, geographically matched genetic data from 54 groups, and geographically matched temperature data.

Results

Dimensions reflecting body size (bi‐iliac breadth/femoral head size) show independent evolutionary responses from limb lengths. In models including population history, only dimensions reflecting body size show evidence of response to directional selection. Model results indicate that selection in response to minimum temperature has shaped evolution in body breadth and femoral head size. Models for limb length evolution accounting for population history match results of prior studies, but do not indicate responses to temperature‐driven directional selection.

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of considering multiple potential sources of selection within a multivariate evolutionary model, demonstrating the possible synergistic effects of selective pressures. These results complicate the classic thermoregulatory model of human postcranial evolution and show that factors other than temperature may have shaped post‐cranial evolution in humans.
Toward rational use of cognitive training in those with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Hampstead Benjamin M. , Stringer Anthony Y. , Iordan Alexandru D. , Ploutz‐Snyder Robert , Sathian K.
Published: July 2022

The term cognitive training includes a range of techniques that hold potential for treating cognitive impairment caused by neurologic injury and disease. Our central premise is that these techniques differ in their mechanisms of action and therefore engage distinct brain regions (or neural networks). We support this premise using data from a single‐blind randomized‐controlled trial in which patients with mild cognitive impairment were randomized to either mnemonic strategy training (MST) or spaced retrieval training (SRT) as they learned ecologically relevant object‐location associations. Both training approaches were highly effective in the short term, but MST demonstrated a clear advantage after days to weeks. MST also increased activation in and functional connectivity between frontal, temporal, and parietal regions as well as the hippocampus. In contrast, patterns of reduced activation and functional connectivity were evident following SRT. These findings support the rational development of cognitive training techniques.
Modulation of the Itaconate Pathway Attenuates Murine Lupus
Authors: Blanco Luz P. , Patino‐Martinez Eduardo , Nakabo Shuichiro , Zhang Mingzeng , Pedersen Hege L. , Wang Xinghao , Carmona‐Rivera Carmelo , Claybaugh Dillon , Yu Zu‐Xi , Desta Equar , Kaplan Mariana J.
Published: July 2022

Objective

Itaconic acid, a Krebs cycle–derived immunometabolite, is synthesized by myeloid cells in response to danger signals to control inflammasome activation, type I interferon (IFN) responses, and oxidative stress. As these pathways are dysregulated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we investigated the role of an itaconic acid derivative in the treatment of established murine lupus.

Methods

Female (NZW × NZB)F1lupus‐prone mice were administered 4‐octyl itaconate (4‐OI) or vehicle starting after clinical onset of disease (30 weeks of age) for 4 weeks (n = 10 mice /group). At 34 weeks of age (peak disease activity), animals were euthanized, organs and serum were collected, and clinical, metabolic, and immunologic parameters were evaluated.

Results

Proteinuria, kidney immune complex deposition, renal scores of severity and inflammation, and anti‐RNP autoantibodies were significantly reduced in the 4‐OI treatment group compared to the vehicle group. Splenomegaly decreased in the 4‐OI group compared to vehicle, with decreases in activation markers in innate and adaptive immune cells, increases in CD8+ T cell numbers, and inhibition of JAK1 activation. Gene expression analysis in splenocytes showed significant decreases in type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokine genes and increased Treg cell–associated markers in the 4‐OI group compared to the vehicle group. In human control and lupus myeloid cells, 4‐OI in vitro treatment decreased proinflammatory responses and B cell responses.

Conclusions

These results support targeting immunometabolism as a potentially viable approach in autoimmune disease treatment, with 4‐OI displaying beneficial roles attenuating immune dysregulation and organ damage in lupus.
Recent Advances in Electrocarboxylation with CO2
Authors: Wang Siyi , Feng Tian , Wang Yanwei , Qiu Youai
Published: July 2022

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an abundant, inexpensive, renewable C1 resource and the main component of greenhouse gas, thereby the research for its sustainable and efficient conversion has received notable attention in recent years. Electrochemical organic synthesis, as a green and efficient synthetic method, is convinced to be an ideal approach for CO2 utilization. In this review, recent advances in electrocarboxylation with CO2 were summarized through different reaction types, which would disclose the great potential of electrocarboxylation in green organic synthesis.
Adaptive event‐triggered tracking control for a class of stochastic nonlinear systems with full‐state constraints
Authors: Lu Hang , Jiang Yan , Luo Shixian
Published: July 2022

This paper proposes an adaptive event trigger‐based sample‐and‐hold tracking control scheme for a class of strict‐feedback nonlinear stochastic systems with full‐state constraints. By introducing a tan‐type stochastic Barrier Lyapunov function (SBLF) combined with radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs), which is used to approximate the nonlinear functions in backstepping procedures, an adaptive event‐triggered controller is designed. It is shown with stochastic stability theory that all the states cannot violate their constraints, and Zeno behavior is excluded almost surely. Meanwhile, all the signals of the closed‐loop systems are bounded almost surely and the tracking error converges to an arbitrary small compact set in the fourth‐moment sense. A simulation example is given to show the effectiveness of the control scheme.
Predictive capacity of a miRNA panel in identifying teratoma in post‐chemotherapy consolidation surgeries
Authors: Moore Joseph A. , Lehner Michael J. , Anfossi Simone , Datar Saumil , Tidwell Rebecca S. , Campbell Matthew , Shah Amishi Y. , Ward John F. , Karam Jose A. , Wood Christopher G. , Pisters Lois L. , Calin George A. , Tu Shi‐Ming
Published: July 2022

Objectives

To investigate the utility of a novel serum miRNA biomarker panel to distinguish teratoma from nonmalignant necrotic/fibrotic tissues or nonviable tumours in patients with NSGCT undergoing post‐chemotherapy consolidation surgery.

Patients and methods

We prospectively collected pre‐surgical serum samples from 22 consecutive testicular NSGCT patients with residual NSGCT after chemotherapy undergoing post‐chemotherapy consolidation surgery. We measured serum miRNA expression of four microRNAs (miRNA‐375, miRNA‐200a‐3p, miRNA‐200a‐5p and miRNA‐200b‐3p) and compared with pathologic findings at time of surgery. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to assess the ability of these miRNA to differentiate between teratoma and necrosis or viable malignancy.

Results

Twenty‐two patients with NSGCT were split into two groups based on pathology at time of post‐chemotherapy consolidation surgery (teratoma group vs. necrosis/fibrosis/viable tumour group, i.e., NFVT). Patients with teratoma were older at diagnosis compared with those patients with NFVT (median age 28.7 vs. 23.9). Patients with NFVT were more likely to have embryonal carcinoma in their primary tumour (81.8% vs. 27.3%; p = 0.01). The majority of patients in both groups were stage III (63.6% vs. 72.7%). In this analysis, none of the miRNAs had good sensitivity or specificity to predict teratoma. There was no significant association between the expression levels of the miRNAs and the presence of teratoma. There was no statistically significant correlation between any of the miRNAs and teratoma size.

Conclusion

This novel miRNA panel (miRNA‐375, miRNA‐200a‐3p, miRNA‐200a‐5p and miRNA‐200b‐3p) did not distinguish teratoma from nonmalignant necrotic/fibrotic tissues or nonviable tumours in patients with NSGCT undergoing post‐chemotherapy consolidation surgery.
Doing good for society! How purchasing green technology stimulates consumers toward green behavior: A structural equation modeling–artificial neural network approach
Authors: Ashfaq Muhammad , Tandon Anushree , Zhang Qingyu , Jabeen Fauzia , Dhir Amandeep
Published: July 2022

Many countries have recognized the urgent need to address environmental problems, such as air pollution, waste disposal, global warming, and natural resource depletion, through the application of green technology. ANT Forest is one such technological initiative that has gained academic attention for its potential to minimize adverse environmental impacts and promote sustainable green behavior by involving people in eco‐friendly activities. We built an integrated framework to understand users' continuance intention (CI) toward ANT Forest based on the expectation‐confirmation model (ECM) and the task–technology fit model (TTFM). Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we analyzed survey data from 353 ANT Forest users. We then included the SEM results as components of an artificial neural network (ANN) to understand users' CI toward ANT Forest. The results from the SEM analysis revealed a series of sequential associations: (a) green habit as an individual characteristic and perceived entertainment as a technology characteristic significantly affect perceived green task–technology fit (GTTF), (b) perceived GTTF strongly and positively influences confirmation and CI, (c) confirmation is positively associated with users' satisfaction and delight, (d) delight significantly impacts satisfaction, and (e) perceived usefulness (PU) and satisfaction are strong determinants of CI. An ANN analysis further confirmed these findings. The study discusses managerial implications along with future research directions.
Cytokine‐ and chemokine‐induced inflammatory colorectal tumor microenvironment: Emerging avenue for targeted therapy
Authors: Bhat Ajaz A. , Nisar Sabah , Singh Mayank , Ashraf Bazella , Masoodi Tariq , Prasad Chandra P. , Sharma Atul , Maacha Selma , Karedath Thasni , Hashem Sheema , Yasin Syed Besina , Bagga Puneet , Reddy Ravinder , Frennaux Michael P. , Uddin Shahab , Dhawan Punita , Haris Mohammad , Macha Muzafar A.
Published: July 2022

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a predominant life‐threatening cancer, with liver and peritoneal metastases as the primary causes of death. Intestinal inflammation, a known CRC risk factor, nurtures a local inflammatory environment enriched with tumor cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, cancer‐associated fibroblasts, immunosuppressive cells, and secretory growth factors. The complex interactions of aberrantly expressed cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and matrix‐remodeling enzymes promote CRC pathogenesis and evoke systemic responses that affect disease outcomes. Mounting evidence suggests that these cytokines and chemokines play a role in the progression of CRC through immunosuppression and modulation of the tumor microenvironment, which is partly achieved by the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells. These cells impart features such as cancer stem cell‐like properties, drug resistance, invasion, and formation of the premetastatic niche in distant organs, promoting metastasis and aggressive CRC growth. A deeper understanding of the cytokine‐ and chemokine‐mediated signaling networks that link tumor progression and metastasis will provide insights into the mechanistic details of disease aggressiveness and facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for CRC. Here, we summarized the current knowledge of cytokine‐ and chemokine‐mediated crosstalk in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, which drives immunosuppression, resistance to therapeutics, and metastasis during CRC progression. We also outlined the potential of this crosstalk as a novel therapeutic target for CRC. The major cytokine/chemokine pathways involved in cancer immunotherapy are also discussed in this review.
Acid and Base Water Coexists in a Micro‐Structured Ionic Liquid and Catalyzes Organic Reactions in One‐Pot
Authors: Leyva‐Pérez Antonio , Bilanin Cristina , Bacic Matea , Greco Rossella
Published: July 2022

The most paradigmatic example of antagonist chemical species are protons and hydroxyls, and their coexistence in a liquid system is of high interest. Here we show that commercial ionic liquids stabilize microdroplets of water with pH<0 and pH>14, concomitantly and without any additive, and that this micro‐structured liquid medium catalyzes organic reactions in one‐pot.
The Surface Potential of Zero Charge Controls the Kinetics of Diazonium Salts Electropolymerization
Authors: Li Tiexin , Ciampi Simone , Darwish Nadim
Published: July 2022

One of the central fundamental properties of solid/liquid interfaces is the potential of zero charge (pzc), where no excess charge prevails at the electrode surface. Applying potential on either side of the pzc can control adsorption of molecules on surfaces and is paramount for any interfacial process. However, the impact of pzc on electrode processes has been only demonstrated for reactions involving the adsorption of inorganic ions and gases. Here, the direct relationship between the pzc and electropolymerization rate of a small organic molecule was reported. The electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts, which are the most commonly used molecules to form thin films of molecules on electrode surfaces, was tested. The kinetics of the surface reaction and the reduction potential in electrochemical measurements depended on the pzc of the surface following the order of gold>platinum>carbon>indium‐tin‐oxide>fluorine‐doped tin‐oxide>silicon hydride. The immediate consequence of this finding was that the concentration of the diazonium salt molecules became critical in defining the electrochemical reduction mechanism. At higher concentrations, the mechanism was pzc‐controlled adsorption‐dominated inner‐sphere electron transfer whereas at lower concentrations, diffusion‐based outer‐sphere electron transfer dominated.
Visualization of confusion matrices with network graphs
Authors: Gilbraith William E. , Celani Caelin P. , Booksh Karl S.
Published: July 2022

The use of network analysis as a means of visualizing the off‐diagonal (misclassified) elements of a confusion matrix is demonstrated, and the potential to use the network graphs as a guide for developing hierarchical classification models is presented. A very brief summary of graph theory is described. This is followed by an explanation and code with examples of how these networks can then be used for visualization of confusion matrices. The use of network graphs to provide insight into differing model performance is also addressed.