bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The fluorescence properties of aerosol larger than 0.8 μm in an urban and a PBA-dominated location
Authors: Gabey A. M. , Stanley W. R. , Gallagher M. W. , Kaye P. H.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Dual-wavelength Ultraviolet light-induced fluorescence (UV-LIF) measurements were performed on ambient environmental aerosol in Manchester, UK (urban city centre, winter) and Borneo, Malaysia (remote, tropical), which are taken to represent environments with negligible and significant primary biological aerosol (PBA) influences, respectively. Single-particle fluorescence intensity and optical equivalent diameter were measured with a Wide Issue Bioaerosol Sensor, version 3 (WIBS3) in the diameter range 0.8 μm≤DP≤20 μm for 2–3 weeks and filters were analysed using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, which revealed mostly non-PBA dominated particle sizes larger than 1 μm in Manchester. The WIBS3 features three fluorescence channels: Fluorescence excited at 280 nm is recorded at 310–400 nm and 400–600 nm and fluorescence excited at 370 nm is detected at 400–600 nm. In Manchester the primary size mode of fluorescent and non-fluorescent material was at 1.2 μm. In Borneo non-fluorescent material peaked at 1.2 μm and fluorescent at 3–4 μm. The fluorescence intensity at 400–600 nm generally increased with DP at both sites, as did the 310–400 nm intensity in Borneo. In Manchester the 310–400 m fluorescence decreased at DP>4 μm, suggesting this channel offers additional discrimination between fluorescent particle types. Finally, the ratio of fluorescence intensity in two pairs of channels was investigated as a function of particle diameter and this varied significantly between the two environments, demonstrating that the fluorescent aerosol in each can in principle be distinguished using a combination of fluorescence and elastic scattering measurements.
Scavenging of biomass burning refractory black carbon and ice nuclei in a Western Pacific extratropical storm
Authors: Stith J. L. , Twohy C. H. , DeMott P. J. , Baumgardner D. , Campos T. , Gao R.-S. , Anderson J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. In situ airborne sampling of refractory black carbon (rBC) particles and Ice Nuclei (IN) was conducted in and near an extratropical cyclonic storm in the Western Pacific Ocean during the Pacific Dust Experiment, PACDEX, in the spring of 2007. Airmass origins were from Eastern Asia. Cloud hydrometeors were evaporated by a counterflow virtual impactor and the residue was sampled by a single particle soot photometer (SP2) instrument and a continuous flow diffusion chamber ice nucleus detector. Clouds associated primarily with the warm sector of the storm were sampled at various locations and altitudes. In storm midlevels at temperatures where heterogeneous freezing is expected to be significant (here −24 to −29 °C), IN measurements from ice particle residues generally agreed well with simultaneous measurements of total ice concentrations provided that the measurements were made at ambient temperatures similar to those in the CFDC chamber, suggesting heterogeneous freezing as the dominant ice formation process in the mid levels of these warm sector clouds. Lower in the storm, at warmer temperatures (−22 to −6.4 °C), ice particle concentrations were similar to IN concentrations at CFDC chamber temperatures representative of colder temperatures. This is consistent with ice particles forming at storm mid-levels by heterogeneous freezing on IN, followed by sedimentation to lower altitudes. Homogeneous freezing did not appear to contribute significantly to midlevel ice concentrations and rime-splintering was also unlikely due to the absence of significant supercooled liquid water in the warm sector clouds. IN number concentrations were typically about a~factor of five to ten lower than simultaneous measurements of rBC concentrations in cloud.
An analysis of cloud overlap at a midlatitude atmospheric observation facility
Authors: Oreopoulos L. , Norris P. M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. An analysis of cloud overlap based on high temporal and vertical resolution retrievals of cloud condensate from a suite of ground instruments is performed at a mid-latitude observational facility. Two facets of overlap are investigated: cloud fraction overlap, expressed in terms of a parameter "alpha" indicating the relative contributions of maximum and random overlap, and overlap of horizontal distributions of condendsate, expressed in terms of the correlation coefficient of condensate ranks. The degree of proximity to the random and maximum overlap assumptions is also expressed in terms of a decorrelation length, a convenient scalar parameter that emerges under the assumption that overlap parameters decay exponentially with separation distance. Both cloud fraction overlap and condensate overlap show significant seasonal variations with a clear tendency for overlap to be closer to maximum for summer months. A tendency for more maximum overlap is also observed as the size of the domain used to define cloud fractions increases. These dependencies are significantly weaker for rank correlations. Hitherto unexplored overlap parameter dependencies are investigated by analyzing mean parameter value differences at fixed separation distance within different layers of the atmospheric column, and by searching for possible systematic relationships between alpha and rank correlation. We find that for the same separation distance the overlap parameters are significantly distinct in different atmospheric layers, and that a tendency exists for random cloud fraction overlap to be generally in sync with more random overlap of condensate ranks.
Analysis on the impact of aerosol optical depth on surface solar radiation in the Shanghai megacity, China
Authors: Xu J. , Li C. , Shi H. , He Q. , Pan L.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. This study investigated the decadal variation of the direct surface solar radiation (DiSR) and the diffuse surface solar radiation (DfSR) during 1961–2008 in the Shanghai megacity as well as their relationships to Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) under clear-sky conditions. Three successive periods with unique features of long term variation of DiSR were identified for both clear-sky and all-sky conditions: a "dimming" period from the late 1960s to the mid 1980s, a "stabilization"/"slight brightening" period from the mid 1980s to the mid 1990s, and a "renewed dimming" period thereafter. During the two dimming periods of DiSR, DfSR brightened significantly under clear-sky conditions, indicating that change in atmospheric transparency resulting from aerosol emission has an important role on decadal variation of surface solar radiation (SSR) over this area. The analysis on the relationship between the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrieved AOD and the corresponding hourly measurements of DiSR and DfSR under clear-sky conditions clearly revealed that AOD is significantly correlated and anti-correlated with DfSR and DiSR, respectively, both above 99% confidence in all seasons, indicating the great impact of aerosols on SSR through absorption and/or scattering in the atmosphere. In addition, both AOD and the corresponding DiSR and DfSR measured during the satellite passage over Shanghai show obvious weekly cycles. On weekends, AOD is lower than the weekly average, corresponding to higher DiSR and lower DfSR, while the opposite pattern was true for weekdays. Less AOD on weekends due to the reduction of transportation and industrial activities results in enhancement of atmospheric transparency under cloud free conditions so as to increase DiSR and decrease DfSR simultaneously. Results show that aerosol loading from the anthropogenic emissions is an important modulator for the long term variation of SSR in Shanghai.
Effects of precipitation on soil acid phosphatase activity in three successional forests in Southern China
Authors: Huang W. , Liu J. , Zhou G. , Zhang D. , Deng Q.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Phosphorus (P) is often a limiting nutrient for plant growth in tropical and subtropical forests. Global climate change has led to alterations in precipitation in the recent years, which inevitably influences P cycling. Soil acid phosphatase plays a vital role in controlling P mineralization, and its activity reflects the capacity of P supply to ecosystems. In order to study the effects of precipitation on soil acid phosphatase activity, an experiment of precipitation treatments (no precipitation, natural precipitation and doubled precipitation) in three forests of early-, mid- and advanced-successional stages in Southern China was carried out. Results showed that driven by seasonality of precipitation, changes in soil acid phosphatase activities coincided with the seasonal climate pattern, with significantly higher values in the wet season than in the dry season. Soil acid phosphatase activities were closely linked to forest successional stages, with enhanced values in the later stages of forest succession. In the dry season, soil acid phosphatase activities in the three forests showed a rising trend with increasing precipitation treatments. In the wet season, no precipitation treatment depressed soil acid phosphatase activity, while doubled precipitation treatment exerted no positive effects on it, and even significantly lowered it in the advanced forest. These indicate the potential transformation rate of organic P might be more dependent on water in the dry season than in the wet season. The negative responses of soil acid phosphatase activity to precipitation suggest that P supply in subtropical ecosystems might be reduced if there was a drought in a whole year or more rainfall in the wet season in the future. NP, no precipitation; Control, natural precipitation; DP, double precipitation.
Spatial distribution of pingos in northern Asia
Authors: Grosse G. , Jones B. M.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Pingos are prominent periglacial landforms in vast regions of the Arctic and Subarctic. They are indicators of modern and past conditions of permafrost, surface geology, hydrology and climate. A first version of a detailed spatial geodatabase of 6059 pingo locations in a 3.5×106 km2 region of northern Asia was assembled from topographic maps. A first order analysis was carried out with respect to permafrost, landscape characteristics, surface geology, hydrology, climate, and elevation datasets using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Pingo heights in the dataset vary between 2 and 37 m, with a mean height of 4.8 m. About 64% of the pingos occur in continuous permafrost with high ice content and thick sediments; another 19% in continuous permafrost with moderate ice content and thick sediments. The majority of these pingos are likely hydrostatic pingos, which are typical of those located in drained thermokarst lake basins of northern lowlands with continuous permafrost. About 82% of the pingos are located in the tundra bioclimatic zone. Most pingos in the dataset are located in regions with mean annual ground temperatures between −3 and −11 °C and mean annual air temperatures between −7 and −18 °C. The dataset confirms that surface geology and hydrology are key factors for pingo formation and occurrence. Based on model predictions for near-future permafrost distribution, about 2073 pingos (34%) along the southern margins of permafrost will be located in regions with thawing permafrost by 2100, which ultimately may lead to increased occurrence of pingo collapse. Based on our dataset and previously published estimates of pingo numbers from other regions, we conclude that there are more than 11 000 pingos on Earth.
Snow characteristics, distribution and disappearance in a subtropical volcano (Teide, Canary Islands)
Authors: Martín Moreno R.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. An analysis is carried out of the snow characteristics, distribution and disappearance on a subtropical volcano. Teide (28° 16′ N–16° 38′ W), is a stratovolcano with the highest altitude in Spanish territory at 3718 m a.s.l. It is characterized by an arid climate, with only 12.7 days of snow per year and very clear skies during most of the year. The snow cover is rarely continuous even during the cold season. In addition, the particular geothermal conditions of its ground, the layout of the lava flows from the crater, and not only its subtropical latitudinal position, are responsible for its special snow distribution and ablation processes, such as the banded and radial snow pattern, the hollows in the base layer of the snowpack and snow penitents. These features create a unique snow cover within the high mountain environments.
A model study of the energy and mass balance of Chhota Shigri glacier in the Western Himalaya, India
Authors: Pithan F.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The impact of climate change on Himalaya mountain glaciers is increasingly subject of public and scientific debate. However, observational data are sparse and important knowledge gaps remain in the understanding of what drives changes in these glaciers' mass balances. The present study investigates the glacier regime on Chhota Shigri, a benchmark glacier for the observation of climate change in the monsoon-arid transition zone of Western Himalaya. Results of an energy-balance model driven by reanalysis data and the observed mass balances from three years on 50 m altitude intervals across the glacier display a correlation coefficient of 0.974. Contrary to prior assumptions, monsoon precipitation accounts for a quarter to a third of total accumulation. It has an additional importance because it lowers the surface albedo during the ablation season. Results confirm radiation as the main energy source for melt on Himalaya glaciers. Latent heat flux acts as an important energy sink in the pre-monsoon season. Mass balance is most sensitive to changes in atmospheric humidity, changing by 900 mm w.e. per 10% change in humidity. Temperature sensitivity is 220 mm w.e.K−1. Model results using 21st century anomalies from a regional climate model based on the SRES A2 scenario suggest that a monsoon increase might offset the effect of warming.
The effect of gaze cues on attention to print advertisements
Authors: Hutton S. B. , Nolte S.
Published: January 2011

Print advertisements often employ images of humans whose gaze may be focussed on an object or region within the advertisement. Gaze cues are powerful factors in determining the focus of our attention, but there have been no systematic studies exploring the impact of gaze cues on attention to print advertisements. We tracked participants' eyes whilst they read an on‐screen magazine containing advertisements in which the model either looked at the product being advertised or towards the viewer. When the model's gaze was directed at the product, participants spent longer looking at the product, the brand logo and the rest of the advertisement compared to when the model's gaze was directed towards the viewer. These results demonstrate that the focus of reader's attention can be readily manipulated by gaze cues provided by models in advertisements, and that these influences go beyond simply drawing attention to the cued area of the advertisement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eye movements reveal distinct search and reasoning processes in comprehension of complex graphs
Authors: Körner Christof
Published: January 2011

Hierarchical graphs (e.g. file system browsers, family trees) represent objects (e.g. files, folders) as graph nodes, and relations (subfolder relations) between them as lines. In three experiments, participants viewed such graphs and carried out tasks that either required search for two target nodes (Experiment 1A), reasoning about their relation (Experiment 1B), or both (Experiment 2). We recorded eye movements and used the number of fixations in different phases to identify distinct stages of comprehension. Search in graphs proceeded like search in standard visual search tasks and was mostly unaffected by graph properties. Reasoning occurred typically in a separate stage at the end of comprehension and was affected by intersecting graph lines. The alignment of nodes, together with linguistic factors, may also affect comprehension. Overall, there was good evidence to suggest that participants read graphs in a sequential manner, and that this is an economical approach of comprehension. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Degradation of Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitute Materials is influenced by Phase Composition and Porosity
Authors: Schaefer S. , Detsch R. , Uhl F. , Deisinger U. , Ziegler G.
Published: January 2011

The chemical composition of calcium phosphate (CaP) materials for the regenerative therapy of large bone defects is similar to that of bone. Additionally, calcium phosphates show an excellent biocompatibility. Besides the support of defect healing calcium phosphate implants should be completely degraded within an adequate time period to be replaced by newly formed bone. Although degradation of CaP‐implants occurs mainly by dissolution of the material, it is important to characterize the osteoclastic resorption as well, which is involved in native bone remodeling. The degradation of bone substitutes made of calcium phosphate ceramics is influenced by various parameters, such as defect size and localization, the general health situation, and age of the patient, but also material properties are important. Especially, the calcium phosphate composition is crucial for the degradation behavior of a calcium phosphate material. Additionally, at the cellular level the micro‐ and macroporosity, including interconnecting pores, influences both, the dissolution and the osteoclastic resorption. In our study, three different calcium phosphate materials (hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and a biphasic calcium phosphate) and two different geometries (dense 2D samples and porous 3D scaffolds) are compared regarding their dissolution and resorption behavior. The results show, that the dissolution of CaP‐ceramics, as examined by the incubation in a degradation solution, depends mainly on the calcium phosphate phase but also on the porosity of the implant. Regarding the resorption, cell proliferation and differentiation of a monocytic cell line as well as the formation of resorption lacunas are analyzed. Cell proliferation is comparable on all phase compositions. Cell differentiation and resorption, however, are influenced by the calcium phosphate phase composition and by the implant porosity as well. By understanding these two mechanisms of degradation, bone substitute materials and, as a result, the bone regeneration of large bone defects using CaP‐ceramics can be improved.
Influence of Backpressure During ECAP on the Monotonic and Cyclic Deformation Behavior of AA5754 and Cu99.5
Authors: Böhner Andreas , Kriebel Florian , Lapovok Rimma , Höppel Heinz Werner , Göken Mathias
Published: January 2011

Ultrafine‐grained (UFG) metals produced by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) exhibit outstanding mechanical properties. They show high strength under monotonic loading as well as strongly enhanced fatigue lives in the Wöhler S–N‐plot compared to their coarse grained (CG) counterparts. It could be shown that the fatigue lives can be significantly enhanced further by applying backpressure during ECAP. Besides the positive effect of backpressure on the processability of hard to deform materials via ECAP, the hydrostatic stress induced by backpressure also influences the mechanical properties under monotonic and cyclic loading. Therefore the influence of backpressure on ECAPed Cu99.5 and on the ECAPed aluminum alloy AA5754 was investigated. It is shown that backpressure has no effect on the hardness and grain size in Cu99.5 but changes the grain boundary misorientation to higher fractions of low angle grain boundaries. Also the temperature dependency of the yield strength as well as the hardening behavior under monotonic compression is affected. The cyclic deformation behavior of Cu99.5 is not strongly influenced by backpressure, but the mean stress level changes drastically. The fatigue life increases with the application of backpressure at low plastic amplitudes due to a change in the crack initiation and propagation.
Neutrons and Photons in Materials Research for Thin Film Solar Cells
Authors: Schorr Susan , Stephan Christiane , Mainz Roland , Rodriguez‐Alvarez Humberto , Tovar Michael
Published: January 2011

The understanding of the interplay between structural and electronic properties of photovoltaic materials as well as a deeper insight into growth pathways and phase formation kinetics of the absorber layer in a thin film solar cell give a crucial contribution to the continuous improvement of the solar cell efficiency. Among the various experimental methods used for the investigation of the structure and microstructure of photovoltaic materials, neutron, and X‐ray (photon) scattering are key techniques of choice. Both techniques are complementary, which is demonstrated in the present paper. Neutron powder diffraction is used to detect different kinds of intrinsic point defects in chalcopyrite type and kesterite type semiconductors. The calculated defect concentrations may lead to the expectation of a clustering of anti‐site defects and vacancy to the electrical inactive defect pairs (2 VCu + InCu) and (InCu + CuIn). By the means of energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction (EDXRD) phase formations and grain growth in thin films are studied in real time. The potential of EDXRD for in situ studies of reactions during the formation of chalcopyrite thin films is demonstrated.
Spark Plasma Sintered Hydroxyapatite/Graphite Nanosheet and Hydroxyapatite/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites: Mechanical and in Vitro Cellular Properties
Authors: Zhu Jiangtao , Wong Hoi Man , Yeung Kelvin Wai Kwok , Tjong Sie Chin
Published: January 2011

Hyroxyapatite (HA) and its nanocomposites reinforced with 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt% graphite nanosheets (GNs) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are fabricated by means of spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. The effects of MWNT and GN additions on the morphology, mechanical behavior, cell adhesion, and biocompatibility of HA were studied. Three‐point‐bending test shows that the bending strength of MWNT/HA nanocomposites increases with increasing MWNT content. However, the bending strength of GN/HA nanocomposites initially increases by adding 0.5 wt% GN, and then decreases markedly as the filler content increases. Cell culture and viability test results demonstrate that the GNs with diameters of several micrometers retard osteoblast cell adhesion and proliferation on the GN/HA nanocomposite. In contrast, the addition of 2 wt% MWNT to HA is beneficial to promote osteoblast adhesion and proliferation, thereby enhancing the biocompatibility of MWNT/HA nanocomposite.
Energy optimization of bioethanol production via gasification of switchgrass
Authors: Martín Mariano , Grossmann Ignacio E.
Published: January 2011

In this article, we address the conceptual design of the bioethanol process from switchgrass via gasification. A superstructure is postulated for optimizing energy use that embeds direct or indirect gasification, followed by steam reforming or partial oxidation. Next, the gas composition is adjusted with membrane‐PSA or water gas shift. Membrane separation, absorption with ethanol‐amines and PSA are considered for the removal of sour gases. Finally, two synthetic paths are considered, high alcohols catalytic process with two possible distillation sequences, and syngas fermentation with distillation, corn grits, molecular sieves and pervaporation as alternative dehydration processes. The optimization of the superstructure is formulated as an mixed‐integer nonlinear programming problem using short‐cut models, and solved through a special decomposition scheme that is followed by heat integration. The optimal process consists of direct gasification followed by steam reforming, removal of the excess of hydrogen and catalytic synthesis, yielding a potential operating cost of $0.41/gal. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Plant Polyphenols: Chemical Properties, Biological Activities, and Synthesis
Authors: Quideau Stéphane , Deffieux Denis , Douat‐Casassus Céline , Pouységu Laurent
Published: January 2011

Eating five servings of fruits and vegetables per day! This is what is highly recommended and heavily advertised nowadays to the general public to stay fit and healthy! Drinking green tea on a regular basis, eating chocolate from time to time, as well as savoring a couple of glasses of red wine per day have been claimed to increase life expectancy even further! Why? The answer is in fact still under scientific scrutiny, but a particular class of compounds naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables is considered to be crucial for the expression of such human health benefits: the polyphenols! What are these plant products really? What are their physicochemical properties? How do they express their biological activity? Are they really valuable for disease prevention? Can they be used to develop new pharmaceutical drugs? What recent progress has been made toward their preparation by organic synthesis? This Review gives answers from a chemical perspective, summarizes the state of the art, and highlights the most significant advances in the field of polyphenol research.
Purification of lactic acid from fermentation broth by spherical anion exchange polymer
Authors: Zhou Jun , Bi Wentao , Row Kyung Ho
Published: January 2011

Lactic acid, as a versatile chemical, was purified from fermentation broth by solid phase extraction with a spherical porous poly(4‐vinylpyridine). Adsorption isotherm of lactic acid on poly(4‐vinylpyridine) was first investigated with model solutions. The factors which affect the performance of separation and purification were then investigated. The obtained results indicate that the sorbent had a high adsorption capability of lactic acid, of which the maximum adsorbed lactic acid was 180.0 mg g−1. Under the optimal condition the lactic acid was purified from fermentation broth by solid phase extraction with the purity of 88% and recovery yield of 95%. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A “Second Life” for gross anatomy: Applications for multiuser virtual environments in teaching the anatomical sciences
Authors: Richardson April , Hazzard Matthew , Challman Sandra D. , Morgenstein Aaron M. , Brueckner Jennifer K.
Published: January 2011

This article describes the emerging role of educational multiuser virtual environments, specifically Second Life™, in anatomical sciences education. Virtual worlds promote inquiry‐based learning and conceptual understanding, potentially making them applicable for teaching and learning gross anatomy. A short introduction to Second Life as an anatomical educational tool is provided, along with description of existing anatomy applications and future directions for this innovative teaching modality. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Versuche zur Querkrafttragfähigkeit von gevouteten Stahlbetonbalken ohne Querkraftbewehrung
Authors: Rombach Günter , Nghiep Vu Hong
Published: January 2011

Bei der Bestimmung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetonträgern mit veränderlicher Höhe ist bislang unzureichend geklärt, in wie weit der Einfluss eines geneigten Druck‐ oder Zuggurts (Vccd bzw. Vtd) bei Balken bzw. Platten ohne Schubbewehrung berücksichtigt werden kann. Zu dieser Problematik wurde eine umfangreiche Versuchsserie mit 18 gevouteten Balken durchgeführt, deren Ergebnisse in diesem Beitrag erläutert werden. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass bislang kein Rechenverfahren existiert, welches das Querkrafttragverhalten von gevouteten Stahlbetonbalken zutreffend beschreibt. Die im Versuch erreichten Traglasten waren bei Berücksichtigung der Vertikalkomponente eines geneigten Druck‐ bzw. Zuggurts (Vtd and Vccd) teilweise geringer als die Rechenwerte der DIN.

Shear Strength of Haunched Concrete Beams without Transverse Reinforcement

The shear capacity of concrete members without transverse reinforcement is still under debate. Within this paper one aspect, the favourable contribution of inclined tension and compression chords (Vtd and Vccd) of members with variable depth, like haunched beams, will be discussed in detail. A series of 18 tests on 9 different specimens was performed to examine the real shear capacity of haunched beams without shear reinforcement. The evaluation of the test results revealed, that none of the available design methods can describe the shear behaviour of haunched beams. The vertical component of the inclined compression chord Vccd leads in some cases to unsafe values.
Einfluss der Einbau‐ und der Betontechnologie auf die Faserverteilung und ‐orientierung in Wänden aus Stahlfaserbeton
Authors: Gröger Johannes , Nehls Norbert , Silbereisen Rolf , Tue Nguyen Viet
Published: January 2011

Dem Baustoff Stahlfaserbeton wurden in den vergangenen Jahren vielfältige Anwendungsgebiete erschlossen. Dazu gehören neben Industrieböden und Betonfertigteilen auch Bodenplatten und Wände für wasserundurchlässige Kellerkonstruktionen. Allen Bauteilen aus Faserbeton ist gemein, dass ihre Eigenschaften entscheidend von der Faserverteilung und ‐orientierung abhängen. Im Rahmen eines Projekts der Universität Leipzig und der CEMEX Deutschland AG wurde der Frage nach möglichen Auswirkungen der Einbau‐ und der Betontechnologie auf die Faserverteilung und ‐orientierung in Wänden aus Stahlfaserbeton nachgegangen. Hierzu wurden zwei Wände mit praxisähnlichen Abmessungen unter Variation der Betonkonsistenz und Einbautechnologie hergestellt und anschließend Bohrkerne gezogen. Mit Hilfe des fotooptischen Verfahrens wurden die Verteilung und die Orientierung der Stahlfasern in den Schnittflächen der Bohrkerne ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen große Streuungen der Faserverteilung und ‐orientierung innerhalb des Bauteils. Darüber hinaus lassen sich die beiden wichtigen Faktoren des Faserbetons durch die gewöhnliche Einbauund Betontechnologie nicht wesentlich beeinflussen.
UHPC mit alternativen Zusatzstoffen – Rheologie und Faserverbund
Authors: Stengel Thorsten , Lowke Dirk , Mazanec Oliver , Schießl Peter , Gehlen Christoph
Published: January 2011

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie wurde der Einfluss von Zusatzstoffen auf das Herstellen sowie die rheologischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften von UHPC untersucht. Zum Einsatz kamen Quarz‐, Kalkstein‐ und Hüttensandmehl sowie zwei Silikastäube. Die Zusatzstoffe beeinflussten die Mischzeit und den zur Erreichung der Zielfließfähigkeit notwendigen Fließmittelgehalt deutlich. Auch bei den rheologischen Eigenschaften, welche für die praktische Anwendung wichtig sind, konnte ein deutlicher Einfluss des verwendeten Zusatzstoffes nachgewiesen werden. Am günstigsten erwiesen sich hier der Silikastaub mit geringerer spezifischer Oberfläche sowie das feine Kalksteinmehl. Auf Seiten der mechanischen Eigenschaften, vor allem aber bei dem Faserverbund‐ und dem Biegetragverhalten der faserbewehrten Betone konnte kein nennenswerter Einfluss der Zusatzstoffe festgestellt werden. Demnach ist der Austausch unter mechanischen Gesichtspunkten unproblematisch.

UHPC Made with Alternative Additions – Rheology and Fibre Bonding

The effect of additions on the production of UHPC and its rheological and mechanical properties was investigated. Quartz, limestone and granulated blast‐furnace slag flour as well as two silica fumes were used. The additions affected significantly mixing time and amount of superplasticizer needed to achieve target flowability. A pronounced affect of the additions on the rheological properties relevant to practical application was also observed. Silica fume with low specific surface and limestone flour proved to be the most favourable additions. Regarding the mechanical properties, no appreciable effect of the additions was observed on, in particular, fibre bonding and flexural strength of fibre reinforced concretes. Thus additions replacement is unproblematic from a mechanical point of view.
Der Eurocode 2 für Deutschland – Auswirkungen auf den Betonfertigteilbau
Authors: Tillmann Mathias
Published: January 2011

Die europäische Harmonisierung der technischen Regelwerke im Bauwesen schreitet nicht nur bei den Produktnormen, sondern auch bei den Bemessungsnormen für den konstruktiven Ingenieurbau unaufhaltsam voran. Während die meisten europäischen Länder jedoch schon im Laufe des Jahres 2010 die Umstellung auf die europäischen Bemessungsnormen vollzogen haben, wird die Anwendung der Eurocodes in Deutschland erst 2012 verbindlich werden. Der folgende Beitrag befasst sich mit den Auswirkungen auf Betonfertigteile bei einer Bemessung nach Eurocode 2 Teil 1‐1 und Teil 1‐2 und gibt einen Überblick, wie sich die europäischen Produktnormen für Betonfertigteile in das neue Regelwerk einordnen lassen.

The Eurocode 2 for Germany – Impacts on Precast Concrete Constructions

The accelerating harmonization of European technical standards does not only concern the product standards, but also the standards for the design of structures. Whereas most European countries have implemented the European design standards during 2010, in Germany the application of the structural Eurocodes will be mandatory not until 2012. The following article deals with the impacts on precast concrete constructions resulting from the application of the new Eurocode 2 part 1‐1 and part 1‐2 also regarding the harmonized European standards for precast concrete products.
Rates of responding measured by continuous recording in applied behavioral research
Authors: Mudford Oliver C. , Locke Janine M. , Jeffrey Kylie
Published: January 2011

There is no published source that can inform behavioral measurement research about typical response rates measured by continuous recording in applied behavior analysis. The present study was designed to determine the distribution of data on rate of responding reported across a recent 10‐volume (1998–2007) sample of research articles from the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. Rate of responding was measured for 20 553 datapoints in 360 sets of data (one participant in one graph) presented in 60 research articles. The majority of datapoints showed response rates of less than 1.0 response per minute, with 28.3% at zero. The highest rate reported was 104.5 responses per minute. The maximum response rate in datasets was more than 1.0 response per minute in 96.7% of datasets, indicating that continuous recording has been employed in research in which a relatively high rate of responding was recorded at some time during the study. The data from this report will assist researchers to determine empirically the representativeness of response rates in studies of measurement in applied behavior analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgery in early Jewish history
Authors: Loukas Marios , Bilinsky Ester , Bilinsky Samuel , Abrahams Peter , Diamond Mark , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: January 2011

The Hebrew writings in early history are dedicated primarily to the explanations and elucidations of Jewish law. In the context of such laws, several medical and anatomical references are made that provide some clues to the medical practices of the day. In particular, this article serves to compile references made to surgical interventions within these texts. Particular attention is paid to the possible use of anesthetics, the environment and equipment utilized in surgery, as well as the indication of knowledge of infection and hygienic practices. An understanding of human morphology was necessary for many of these surgical practices. Clin. Anat. 24:151–154, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves with observations of their spinal nerve contributions
Authors: Klaassen Zachary , Marshall Ewarld , Tubbs R. Shane , Louis Robert G. , Wartmann Christopher T. , Loukas Marios
Published: January 2011

Proper anesthesia and knowledge of the anatomical location of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves is important during hernia repair and other surgical procedures. Surgical complications have also implicated these nerves, emphasizing the importance of the development of a clear topographical map for use in their identification. The aim of this study was to explore anatomical variations in the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves and relate this information to clinical situations. One hundred adult formalin fixed cadavers were dissected resulting in 200 iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve specimens. Each nerve was analyzed for spinal nerve contribution and classified accordingly. All nerves were documented where they entered the abdominal wall with this point being measured in relation to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). The linear course of each nerve was followed, and its lateral distance from the midline at termination was measured. The ilioinguinal nerve originated from L1 in 130 specimens (65%), from T12 and L1 in 28 (14%), from L1 and L2 in 22 (11%), and from L2 and L3 in 20 (10%). The nerve entered the abdominal wall 2.8 ± 1.1 cm medial and 4 ± 1.2 cm inferior to the ASIS and terminated 3 ± 0.5 cm lateral to the midline. The iliohypogastric nerve originated from T12 on 14 sides (7%), from T12 and L1 in 28 (14%), from L1 in 20 (10%), and from T11 and T12 in 12 (6%). The nerve entered the abdominal wall 2.8 ± 1.3 cm medial and 1.4 ± 1.2 cm inferior to the ASIS and terminated 4 ± 1.3 cm lateral to the midline. For both nerves, the distance between the ASIS and the midline was 12.2 ± 1.1 cm. To reduce nerve damage and provide sufficient anesthetic for nerve block during surgical procedures, the precise anatomical location and spinal nerve contributions of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves need to be considered. Clin. Anat. 24:454–461, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supernumerary and absent limbs and digits of the lower limb: A review of the literature
Authors: Klaassen Zachary , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios
Published: January 2011

Anatomical history over centuries includes description of a wide variety of malformations involving the lower limbs. This article offers an organized review of these diverse abnormalities, including new understanding of mechanisms through recent discoveries in genetics and molecular biology. In 19th century Europe, a number of unique anomalies were reported, as well as evidence of foot amputations occurring in ancient Peruvian culture. Embryologically, the limbs develop early, with the lower limb being recognizable for the first time at stage 13 of development. By stage 23, the toes are clearly defined and by birth, although the legs appear bowed, the tibia and fibula are straight. Removal of the apical ectodermal ridge results in cessation of limb development, conversely, a second apical ectodermal ridge results in duplication of distal structures. Supernumerary limbs have been documented to occur as part of a teratoma with unique morphology and accompanying blood supply. Additionally, many examples of polydactyly occur in the foot postulating that deletion of chromosome 22q11 is involved in postaxial polydactyly. Such deletions occur near the middle of the chromosome at a location designated q11.2 (i.e., on the long arm of one of the pair of chromosomes 22) and this syndrome is also referred to as DiGeorge syndrome, which has a prevalence estimated at 1:4,000. Absence of the lower limbs has also been noted, with hypoplasia of the fibula being the most common manifestation of congenital bone absences in the lower limb. In addition to fibular aplasia, cases of tibial aplasia have been reported. This article is important for surgeons attempting correctional repair of lower limb anomalies, as well as providing analysis of the historical, anatomical and clinical aspects of supernumerary and absent limbs and digits for the lower limb. Clin. Anat. 24:570–575, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new variation: An anterior cruciate ligament attached to the accessory ossicle
Authors: Sarsilmaz Aysegul , Gelal Fazil
Published: January 2011

Anatomic variations of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are very rare. The prevalence of congenital aplasia or hypoplasia of the ACL is 0.017 per 1,000 live births. The normal ACL consists of the anteromedial (AMB) and posterolateral bundles (PLB). Together, they attach to a fossa on the posteromedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle. The PLB fibrils are smaller and shorter than those of the AMB. We report an ACL variation that had not been previously described, in which the PLB was attached to an intraarticular accessory ossicle, without causing knee instability. The large accessory ossicle caused pain. We reviewed the anatomy, anomalies, and variation in the ACL. Clin. Anat. 24:991–993, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aberrant bile ducts, ‘remnant surface bile ducts,’ and peribiliary glands: Descriptive anatomy, historical nomenclature, and surgical implications
Authors: El Gharbawy Ramadan M. , Skandalakis Lee J. , Heffron Thomas G. , Skandalakis John E.
Published: January 2011

The term “aberrant bile ducts” has been used to designate three heterogeneous groups of biliary structures: (1) bile ducts degenerating or disappearing (unknown etiology, diverse locations); (2) curious biliary structures in the transverse fissure; and (3) aberrant right bile ducts draining directly into the common hepatic duct. We report our observations on these three groups. Twenty‐nine fresh human livers of stillborns and adults were injected differentially with colored latex and dissected. Adult livers showed portal venous and hepatic arterial branches, and bile ducts not associated with parenchyma, subjacent to and firmly adherent with the liver capsule: elements of ramifications of normal sheaths were present on the liver's surface. These ramifications, having lost parenchyma associated with them, then sequentially lost their portal branches, bile ducts and arterial branches. This process affected the ramifications of the sheaths in the left triangular ligament, adjacent to the inferior vena cava, in the gallbladder bed and anywhere else on the liver's surface and resulted in the presence of bile ducts accompanied by portal venous and/or hepatic arterial branches and not associated with parenchyma for a period of time. This first group represented normal bile ducts that do not meet the criteria of aberration and could be appropriately designated “remnant surface bile ducts.” Such changes were not found in the transverse fissures and review of the literature revealed that the curious biliary structures are the microscopic peribiliary glands. The third group met the criteria of aberration and the anatomy of a representative duct is described. Clin. Anat. 24:429–440, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accessory suprascapular artery
Authors: Chen D. , Adds P.
Published: January 2011

During the dissection of a 94‐year‐old female cadaver, an accessory suprascapular artery (SSA) was found in addition to the SSA proper. Clin. Anat. 24:498–500, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An electric simulator to solve education engineering problems in fluid mechanics
Authors: Zueco Joaquín
Published: January 2011

Electrical analogy, which is used to solve numerical problems in fluid mechanics, is used here to solve the classical problem of Couette flow between two parallel plates, Hagen–Poiseuille flow in a pipe and the transient free convection flow along a semi‐infinite vertical wall. The nonlinear system of partial differential equations is numerically solved by the Network Simulation Method, based on thermo‐electric analogy. A simulator of electrical devices, permits the direct visualization of the local and/or integrated transport variables (temperatures, velocities, concentrations, and fluxes) at any point or section of the medium. At the same time, the solution for both transient and steady‐state problems is obtained, the only requirement being finite‐difference schemes for the spatial variable. This educational tool is seen to be very useful for solving numerical problems in engineering and can be used to graduate in the University. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 748–757, 2013
Tandem Carboxylation‐Hydration Reaction System from Methanol, CO2 and Benzonitrile to Dimethyl Carbonate and Benzamide Catalyzed by CeO2
Authors: Honda Masayoshi , Kuno Shintaro , Sonehara Satoru , Fujimoto Ken‐ichiro , Suzuki Kimihito , Nakagawa Yoshinao , Tomishige Keiichi
Published: January 2011

CeO2 is an effective catalyst for a new tandem reaction system; The synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from methanol+ CO2 and benzonitrile hydration to benzamide. In combination with benzonitrile hydration, the yield of DMC was drastically promoted even at CO2 pressures as low as 0.1 MPa. The yields of methanol‐ and CO2‐based DMC were as high as 47 % and 70 %, respectively. Calcination of the catalyst at 873 K after the reaction, enables the catalyst to be reused without any structural change, although benzamide, produced by the benzonitrile hydration, poisons of the catalyst. This reaction system can be applied to the synthesis of other dialkylcarbonates from their corresponding alcohols and CO2.
Highly Efficient Visible Light Plasmonic Photocatalysts Ag@Ag(Cl,Br) and Ag@AgCl‐AgI
Authors: Wang Peng , Huang Baibiao , Zhang Xiaoyang , Qin Xiaoyan , Dai Ying , Wang Zeyan , Lou Zaizhu
Published: January 2011

New plasmonic photocatalysts Ag@Ag(Cl,Br) and Ag@AgCl‐AgI were synthesized by the ion‐exchange process between AgCl and a potassium halide (KBr, KI), then by reducing some Ag+ ions in the surface region of Ag(Cl,Br) and AgCl‐AgI particles to Ag0 species. The Ag nanoparticles were formed from Ag(Cl,Br) and AgCl‐AgI by a light‐induced chemical reduction. The Ag@Ag(Cl,Br) and Ag@AgCl‐AgI particles have irregular shapes and their sizes vary between 100 nm and 1.3 μm. The as‐grown plasmonic photocatalysts show strong absorption in the visible‐light region, owing to the plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles. The ability of this compound to oxidize methylic orange and reduce CrVI under visible light was compared with those of other reference photocatalysts. These plasmonic photocatalysts have been shown to be highly efficient under visible‐light irradiation.
Prediction of Saturated Air Dew Points at Elevated Pressures Using a Simple Arrhenius‐Type Function
Authors: Bahadori A.
Published: January 2011

In compressed air systems, condensed water vapor can have corrosive effects on metals and wash out protective lubricants from tools, equipments, and pneumatic devices. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to predict the dew point temperature of atmospheric air and the air dew point at elevated pressures in order to design and apply the appropriate type of drying. A simple tool is presented here for the prediction of the dew point of atmospheric moist air as a function of temperature and relative humidity and of the compressed saturated air dew point as a function of pressure and dew point of atmospheric moist air at a given temperature using an Arrhenius‐type asymptotic exponential function. The developed tool can be of immense practical value for engineers and scientists as a quick check of the dew points of atmospheric moist air and relative humidity and compressed saturated air under various conditions.
Modeling and Behavior Analyses of Internal Thermally Coupled Air Separation Columns
Authors: Yan Z. B. , Liu X. G.
Published: January 2011

The internal thermally coupled air separation column (ITCASC) is a frontier of air separation energy savings research. The first principles model of the ITCASC is proposed and is based on the material balance, energy balance, and the related thermal coupling relationship which can be used for further control and design studies. The related solution procedures are given. Detailed behavior analyses are carried out. The research results reveal that the ITCASC process has the perfect separation effect and exhibits different behaviors compared to the conventional air separation column (CASC). The optimization model and the related operation optimization are further explored to gain insight on the energy saving potential of the ITCASC process. Optimization research results show that the ITCASC has about 47 % energy saving potential compared to the CASC process.