bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regionalização, Preservação e Inovação em atividades culturais: uma análise exploratória a partir do referencial de Arranjos Produtivos Locais
Authors: Pessoa de Matos Marcelo Gerson , Geremia Fabiano
Published: October 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar, a partir do referencial de Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APL), as perspectivas de desenvolvimento virtuoso e sustentável de atividades culturais no Brasil. Observa-se que os esforços direcionados à inovação, com destaque para a categoria das inovações artísticas e estéticas, e aqueles direcionados à preservação se complementam num processo dinâmico de evolução. Diversos sub-sistemas e as capacitações técnicas/produtivas, organizacionais e artísticas se articulam para a produção de manifestações e produtos com características únicas. O estoque de conhecimentos, majoritariamente tácito, se encontra fortemente enraizado no território local e sua preservação e difusão é fortemente determinada pelos processos interativos. As relações sistêmicas desenvolvidas nos APLs culturais conduzem a significativos incrementos das capacitações, constituindo fatores decisivos para a competitividade / atratividade dos agentes individuais e dos APLs como um todo.
INTEGRAÇÃO ENTRE PESQUISA E DESENVOLVIMENTO E PLANEJAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO: UM ESTUDO EM MONTADORAS AUTOMOBILÍSTICAS.
Authors: Moura Gilnei Luiz de , Fischmann Adalberto Américo , Silva Andressa Hennig , Balsan Laércio André Gassen
Published: October 2014

Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar a ligação entre P&D e planejamento estratégico, como também examinar sua integração e complementaridade por meio dos processos decisórios e alinhamentos estratégicos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória realizada com executivos do alto escalão de sete montadoras automobilísticas. Os resultados apontam a importância da participação da alta direção no processo decisório de P&D e da autonomia nas decisões do pessoal de P&D em suas áreas de atuação e no levantamento dos problemas a serem discutidos e analisados. Existem correlações entre Planejamento Estratégico e P&D das montadoras, baseadas na relação da missão, visão e valores com quatro estratégias tecnológicas. Como conclusão constatou-se que existe progresso na aproximação dos gestores de inovação com os responsáveis pelo processo de planejamento estratégico.
As Gerações em Distintos Contextos Organizacionais
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Cunha da , Dutra Joel Souza , Veloso Elza Fátima Rosa , Trevisan Leonardo Nelmi
Published: October 2014

O objetivo deste estudo consiste em analisar a gestão de pessoas de organizações que atuam no Brasil, no que se refere a questões geracionais. Foi realizado um estudo multicascos, em duas organizações: Dow S.A. e Promon S.A. Apesar de a Dow ter sido caracterizada como um sistema mecânico e a Promon como orgânico, em ambas foram observadas as características de um forte contexto de gestão de pessoas. Entre os resultados, ressalta-se o fato de que as constatações de diferenças geracionais baseadas em idade não implicam adaptações da gestão de pessoas. Constatou-se que a gestão de pessoas de organização com fortes contextos normativos possuem desafios de gerir coortes e papeis dos seus profissionais. De forma geral, nota-se que, apesar da preocupação latente das empresas com a gestão das gerações, a gestão de pessoas de empresas bem estruturadas não apresenta indícios de adaptação consciente de suas práticas às diferenças geracionais.
Anticipating the variance of predicted stand volume and timber assortments with respect to stand characteristics and field measurements
Authors: Kangas Annika , Maltamo Matti
Published: October 2014

Several models and/or several variable combinations could be used to predict the diameter distribution of a stand. Typically, a fixed model and a fixed variable combination is used in all conditions. The calibration procedure, however, makes it possible to choose the measurement combination from among many possibilities, although the model used is fixed. In this study, the usefulness of utilizing additional stand characteristics for calibrating the predicted diameter distribution is examined. Nine measurement strategies were tested in predicting the total stand volume, sawlog volume and pulpwood volume. The observed errors of these variables under each strategy were modeled as a function of basal area, basal area median diameter and number of stems. The models were estimated in three steps. First, an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model was fitted to the observed errors. Then, a variance function was estimated using the OLS residuals. Finally, a weighted Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) analysis was used to model the observed errors, using the estimated variance functions as weights. The estimated models can be used to anticipate the precision and accuracy of predicted volume characteristics for each stand with different variable combinations and, consequently, to choose the best measurement combination in different stands.
Value of complete information on red heartwood formation in beech (Fagus sylvatica)
Authors: Knoke Thomas
Published: October 2014

Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is the most important deciduous tree species in Germany. The wood of beech shows normally a bright colour (white beech) as long as no coloured heartwood has been formed. The facultative heartwood formation is induced when oxygen enters central parts of older trees, where dead or at least less vital parenchyma exist. The coloured heartwood is usually called âred heartwoodâ. Beech without red heartwood can preferably be found in younger trees which show a high water content even in central parts of the stem. The presence of red heartwood is regarded as a severe reduction of timber quality. Numerous studies have investigated opportunities to derive information on the presence and characteristics of red heartwood of standing beech trees. But until now it has not been tested whether such information could be helpful to improve the economics of beech-silviculture. This paper investigates whether complete information on the heartwood of standing beech could be useful to control the proportion of discoloured timber harvested during one rotation. It is also examined, which kind of information on the heartwood could be used to improve the economic results. To verify this, simulations based on simple algorithms were conducted. The general assumption was made that all information on the heartwood would be available. The results show that information which is restricted on the mere existence of red heartwood is neither suited to significantly reduce the amount of coloured timber nor is it possible to improve economic results based on this information. Only based on information on the recent formation of red heartwood of beech, which is actually still white the amount of discoloured timber can be reduced significantly. Consequently the discounted cash flows can only be substantially improved based on information on an expected formation of recent red heartwood.
Comparison of an optimal stomatal regulation model and a biochemical model in explaining CO2 exchange in field conditions
Authors: Aalto Tuula , Hari Pertti , Vesala Timo
Published: October 2014

Gas exchange of Pinus sylvestris L. was studied in subarctic field conditions. Aspects on optimal control of the gas exchange were examined using approach by Hari et al. (Tree Phys. 2: 169â175, 1986). Biochemical model by Farquhar et al. (Planta 149: 78â90, 1980) was utilized to describe the photosynthetic production rate of needles. The model parameters were determined from field measurements. The results from the optimization approach and biochemical model were compared and their performance was found quite similar in terms of R2 calculated using measured exchange rates (0.89 for optimization model and 0.85 for biochemical model). Minor differences were found in relation to responses to intercellular carbon dioxide concentration and temperature.
Optimal stomatal control in relation to leaf area and nitrogen content
Authors: Farquhar Graham , Buckley Thomas , Miller Jeffrey
Published: October 2014

We introduce the simultaneous optimisation of water-use efficiency and nitrogen-use efficiency of canopy photosynthesis. As a vehicle for this idea we consider the optimal leaf area for a plant in which there is no self-shading among leaves. An emergent result is that canopy assimilation over a day is a scaled sum of daily water use and of photosynthetic nitrogen display. The respective scaling factors are the marginal carbon benefits of extra transpiration and extra such nitrogen, respectively. The simple approach successfully predicts that as available water increases, or evaporative demand decreases, the leaf area should increase, with a concomitant reduction in nitrogen per unit leaf area. The changes in stomatal conductance are therefore less than would occur if leaf area were not to change. As irradiance increases, the modelled leaf area decreases, and nitrogen/leaf area increases. As total available nitrogen increases, leaf area also increases. In all the examples examined, the sharing by leaf area and properties per unit leaf area means that predicted changes in either are less than if predicted in isolation. We suggest that were plant density to be included, it too would further share the response, further diminishing the changes required per unit leaf area.
Leaf life span and the mobility of “non-mobile” mineral nutrients – the case of boron in conifers
Authors: Aphalo Pedro , Schoettle Anna , Lehto Tarja
Published: October 2014

Nutrient conservation is considered important for the adaptation of plants to infertile environments. The importance of leaf life spans in controlling mean residence time of nutrients in plants has usually been analyzed in relation to nutrients that can be retranslocated within the plant. Longer leaf life spans increase the mean residence time of all mineral nutrients, but for non-mobile nutrients long leaf life spans concurrently cause concentrations in tissues to increase with leaf age, and consequently may reduce non-mobile nutrient use efficiency. Here we analyze how the role of leaf life span is related to the mobility of nutrients within the plant. We use optimality concepts to derive testable hypotheses, and preliminarily test them for boron (B), a nutrient for which mobility varies among plant species. We review published and unpublished data and use a simple model to assess the quantitative importance of B retranslocation for the B budget of mature conifer forests and as a mechanism for avoiding toxicity.
Reliability of foliar analyses of Norway spruce stands in a Nordic gradient
Authors: Brække Finn , Salih Nagwa
Published: October 2014

Norway spruce stands at eleven sites in Finland, Norway and Sweden have been studied under various climates, atmospheric deposition of N and S and fertilisation regimes. Nitrogen was growth restricting at eight inland sites, while P was growth restricting at three coastal sites. Liming and N fertilisation caused serious B deficiency on some of the inland sites. It is likely that liming affects uptake of B, whereas N fertilisation causes a dilution due to increased growth. Application of S combined with N probably caused K deficiency at one of the sites. The reliability of foliar analyses as a method to diagnose nutrient status and the likely changes after nutrient input to spruce forests in the Nordic countries, are discussed. The CR- and the DOP-method are evaluated for diagnostic purposes. Both methods seem to give reliable conclusions even if the CR-method often produces more specific results. Interpretation based on both current and one year old foliage improved the diagnostic prognoses. The accuracy of diagnosis also relies on knowledge and ability of the interpreter. Based on the results it is reason to be cautious about recommendations of single element fertilisations, e.g. with N alone, because the demand of other elements beyond available pools frequently occurs. Forest trees in the boreal region are probably well adapted to N deficiency, which means that they can handle the physiological consequences rather well, while deficiencies of other elements usually are more detrimental to growth vigour and stress related diseases.
Dynamic interactions between forest structure and fire behavior in boreal ecosystems
Authors: Ryan Kevin
Published: October 2014

This paper reviews and synthesizes literature on fire as a disturbance factor in boreal forests. Spatial and temporal variation in the biophysical environment, specifically, vegetative structure, terrain, and weather lead to variations in fire behavior. Changes in slope, aspect, elevation, and soil affect site energy and water budgets and the potential plant community. These terrain features also have a major influence on fire-caused disturbance through their role in determining moisture conditions and flammability of fuels on hourly, seasonal, and successional time-scales. On fine time scales (minutes to hours), changes in weather, specifically wind and relative humidity, significantly affect a fireâs intensity and aboveground effects. Normal seasonal changes in dryness and periodic drought influence fire intensity and severity principally by affecting the depth of burn and belowground effects. On decades-long time scales changes in vegetative structure affect the mass of fuel available for burning and therefore the potential energy that can be released during a fire. The severity of fire varies in time and space depending not only on the biophysical environment, but also on the location on the fireâs perimeter (head vs. flank vs. rear). Spatial and temporal variation in severity within a fire can have long-lasting impacts on the structure and species composition of post-fire communities and the potential for future disturbances. Characteristic temperature histories of ground, surface, and crown fires are used to illustrate variations in fire severity. A soil-heating model is used to illustrate the impact of varying depth of burn on the depth at which various fire effects occur in the soil profile. A conceptual model is presented for the effects of fire severity on fire-plant regeneration interactions. The conceptual model can be used by restoration ecologists to evaluate the differential effects of controlled or prescribed fires and wildfires and to plan and implement fire treatments to conserve biodiversity.
Natural variability of forests as a reference for restoring and managing biological diversity in boreal Fennoscandia
Authors: Kuuluvainen Timo
Published: October 2014

In Fennoscandia, use of the natural forest as a reference for restoration and management of forest biodiversity has been widely accepted. However, limited understanding of the structure and dynamics of the natural forest has hampered the applications of the natural variability approach. This is especially the case in areas, where the natural forests have almost totally vanished. This review was motivated by the idea that despite these difficulties the essential features of the natural forest can be reconstructed based on biological archives, historical documents, research done in adjacent natural areas, and modeling. First, a conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between forest structure, dynamics and biodiversity is presented. Second, the current understanding of the structure and dynamics of natural forests at different spatiotemporal scales in boreal Fennoscandia is reviewed. Third, the implications of this knowledge, and gaps in knowledge, on research and on practical restoration and management methods aimed at forest biodiversity conservation are discussed. In conclusion, naturally dynamic forest landscapes are complex, multiscaled hierarchical systems. Current forest management methods create disturbance and successional dynamics that are strongly scale-limited when compared with the natural forest. To restore some of the essential characteristics of the natural forestâs multiscale heterogeneity, diversification of silvicultural and harvesting treatments, as guided by natural disturbance dynamics, is needed to produce more variation in disturbance severity, quality, extent, and repeatability.
Natural fire regime: a guide for sustainable management of the Canadian boreal forest
Authors: Bergeron Yves , Leduc Alain , Harvey Brian , Gauthier Sylvie
Published: October 2014

The combination of certain features of fire disturbance, notably fire frequency, size and severity, may be used to characterize the disturbance regime in any region of the boreal forest. As some consequences of fire resemble the effects of industrial forest harvesting, conventional forest management is often considered as a disturbance that has effects similar to those of natural disturbances. Although the analogy between forest management and fire disturbance in boreal ecosystems has some merit, it is important to recognise that it also has its limitations. Short fire cycles generally described for boreal ecosystems do not appear to be universal; rather, important spatial and temporal variations have been observed in Canada. These variations in the fire cycle have an important influence on forest composition and structure at the landscape and regional levels. Size and severity of fires also show a large range of variability. In regions where the natural matrix of the boreal forest remains relatively intact, maintenance of this natural variability should be targeted by forest managers concerned with biodiversity conservation. Current forest management tends to reduce this variability: for example, fully regulated, even-aged management will tend to truncate the natural forest age distribution and eliminate over-mature and old-growth forests from the landscape. We suggest that the development of strategic-level forest management planning approaches and silvicultural techniques designed to maintain a spectrum of forest compositions and structures at different scales in the landscape is one avenue to maintain this variability. Although we use the boreal forest of Quebec for our examples, it is possible to apply the approach to those portions of the boreal forest where the fire regime favours the development of even-aged stands in burns.
Amount and diversity of coarse woody debris within a boreal forest landscape dominated by Pinus sylvestris in Vienansalo wilderness, eastern Fennoscandia
Authors: Karjalainen Leena , Kuuluvainen Timo
Published: October 2014

The amount, variability, quality and spatial pattern of coarse woody debris (CWD) on mineral soil sites was studied within a natural Pinus sylvestris L. dominated boreal forest landscape in Russian Viena Karelia. Data on the total CWD was collected on 27 sample plots (20 m x 100 m) and data on large CWD was surveyed along four transects (40 m wide and up to 1000 m long). The mean volume of CWD (standing and down combined) was 69.5 m3 haâ1, ranging from 22.2 m3 haâ1 to 158.7 m3 haâ1 from plot to plot. On average, 26.9 m3 haâ1 (39%) of CWD was standing dead wood and 42.7 m3 haâ1 (61%) down dead wood. The CWD displayed a wide range of variation in tree species, tree size, stage of decay, dead tree type and structural characteristics, creating a high diversity of CWD habitats for saproxylic organisms. Large CWD was almost continuously present throughout the landscape and its overall spatial distribution was close to random, although a weak autocorrelation pattern was found at distances less than about 50 m. On small spatial scales total CWD showed wide variation up to a sample area of about 0.1 ha, beyond which the variation stabilized. The fire history variables of the sample plots were not related to the amount of CWD. This and the spatial pattern of CWD suggest that the CWD dynamics in this landscape was not driven by fire, but by more or less random mortality of trees due to autogenic causes of death.
Spatial tree age structure and fire history in two old-growth forests in eastern Fennoscandia
Authors: Wallenius Tuomo , Kuuluvainen Timo , Heikkilä Raimo , Lindholm Tapio
Published: October 2014

Two near natural old-growth forests, one dominated by Picea abies and the other by Pinus sylvestris, were studied for their fire history, and spatial patterns of trees and tree ages. The spatial tree age structure and the disturbance history of the forests were examined by drawing age class maps based on mapped and aged trees and by dating fires based on fire scars, and by using spatial analyses at tree scale. The tree age structures of the Picea and Pinus dominated forests were different, mainly due to differences in fire history and sensitivity of the dominant tree species to fire. Fire histories and tree age structures of both sites have probably been affected by human in the ancient past. However, in the Picea dominated site, the fires had been severe, killing most of the trees, whereas in the Pinus dominated site the severity of fires had been more variable, leaving some Pinus and even Picea trees alive. In the Pinus dominated site, the tree age distribution was multimodal, consisting of two Pinus cohorts, which were established after fires and a later Picea regeneration. The Picea dominated site was composed of four patches of different disturbance history. In the oldest patch, the tree age distribution was unimodal, with no distinct cohorts, while a single cohort that regenerated after severe fire disturbances dominated the three other patches. In both sites the overall spatial patterns of living and dead trees were random and the proportion of spatially autocorrelated variance of tree age was low. This means that trees of different age grew more or less mixed in the forest without forming spatially distinct regeneration patches, even in the oldest patch of Picea dominated Liimatanvaara, well over 200 years after a fire. The results show that detail knowledge of disturbance history is essential for understanding the development of tree age structures and their spatial patterns.
Forest age distribution and traces of past fires in a natural boreal landscape dominated by Picea abies
Authors: Wallenius Tuomo
Published: October 2014

Forest age distribution and occurrence of traces of past fires was studied in a natural Picea abies -dominated landscape in the Onega peninsula in north-west Russia. Forest age (maximum tree age) was determined and charcoal and fire scars were searched for in 43 randomly located study plots. In 70% of the study plots (30/43) trees older than 200 years existed. The largest 50-year age class consisted of plots with 251â300 year old forests. Traces of fires were found in all types of study plots, in forests on mineral soil as well as on peatlands. However, fire has been a rare disturbance factor, as traces of fires could not be found in 35% of the study plots (15/43). Estimated from the forest age class distribution, the fire rotation time for the whole area has been at least 300 years, but possibly considerably longer. This fire rotation time is much longer than fire history studies (largely based on examination of fire scars) commonly have reported for the average time between successive fires in Fennoscandia and Northwest Russia. The results suggest that the often stated generalisations about the importance and natural frequency of fire disturbance in boreal forests do not apply in landscapes dominated by Picea abies.
Spatial ecology of the three-toed woodpecker in managed forest landscapes
Authors: Pakkala Timo , Hanski Ilkka , Tomppo Erkki
Published: October 2014

The effects of landscape structure and forestry on the abundance and dynamics of boreal forest bird species have been studied widely, but there are relatively few studies in which the spatial structure and quality of the landscape have been related to the spatial ecology of bird species. In this paper, we present methods to measure territory and landscape quality for the three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) and similar territorial forest bird species based on data from the Finnish multi-source national forest inventory and metapopulation theory. The three-toed woodpecker was studied with territory mapping within an area of 340 square km in southern Finland in 1987â2000. Altogether 195 breeding territory sites were observed. The spatial occurrence of the territories was aggregated, and the highest densities were observed in spruce-dominated old-growth forest areas. Both territory and landscape quality had significant consequences for the occurrence of the three-toed woodpecker. The spatial patterning and permanence of breeding and non-breeding territories were influenced by a combination of spatial dynamics of the species and the quality of the landscape, the latter being much influenced by forestry. The landscape-level spatial occurrence of the three-toed woodpecker in the study area may represent source-sink dynamics. The results of this paper suggest the presence of threshold values at different spatial scales, which may determine the occurrence of the three-toed woodpecker and similar species in managed forest landscapes.
Anthropogenic effects on understorey vegetation in Myrtillus type urban forests in southern Finland
Authors: Malmivaara Minna , Löfström Irja , Vanha-Majamaa Ilkka
Published: October 2014

The growth of urban population in Finland has resulted in increased fragmentation of urban forests and consequently increased recreational pressure on these forests. The effects of fragmentation and trampling on the ground and field layer vegetation were studied in mesic Myrtillus type Norway spruce-dominated urban forest stands of varying size in the greater Helsinki area. The number of residents living in the vicinity of the forest stands was an important factor affecting the understorey vegetation in urban forests. The cover of understorey vegetation in urban forests was remarkably lower than in rural areas, especially the ground layer cover, e.g. cover of Pleurozium schreberi, was significantly lower in urban forests than in the reference areas. Thus, the ground layer proved to be most susceptible to trampling. In the field layer, the cover of dwarf shrubs, especially of Vaccinium myrtillus, was lower in deteriorated than in undeteriorated urban forest stands.
Biomass production of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growing on abandoned farmland
Authors: Johansson Tord
Published: October 2014

Biomass production of forests has been studied for at least a century. Tree biomass is used in Sweden both as industrial raw material and an energy source. Few studies dealing with biomass yield from Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) growing on farmland are published. Practical recommendations are sparsely. The aim of this study was to construct dry weight equations for Norway spruce growing on farmland. Dry weight equations for fractions of Norway spruce trees were made. Biomass production was estimated in 32 stands of Norway spruce growing on abandoned farmland. The stands were located in Sweden at latitudes ranging from 58Â° to 64Â°Â N, and their total age varied from 17 to 54 years. A modified âmean tree techniqueâ was used to estimate biomass production; i.e. the tallest tree was chosen for sampling. The actual mean total dry weight above stump level for the 32 stands was 116 ton haâ1, with a range of 6.0 to 237.4 ton d.w. haâ1. When previous thinning removals were included, the mean biomass value was 127 ton haâ1 (6.0â262.8). In addition to estimating conventional dry weights of trees and tree components, basic density, specific leaf area, total surface area and leaf area index, among other measures, were estimated. Norway spruce biomass yields on plots subjected to different thinning were compared. The total harvested biomass was 75â120 ton d.w. haâ1 in heavy thinnings from below. Stands were thinned four to five times, with the first thinning at 23â27 years and the last at 51â64 years. The harvested biomass obtained in the first thinning was 18â38 ton d.w. haâ1. Total biomass production was 178â305 ton d.w. haâ1. Stands thinned from above supplied 71â130 ton d.w. haâ1 in total and 17â42 ton d.w. haâ1 in the first thinning. The total biomass supply was 221â304 ton d.w. haâ1. Unthinned stands produced a total of 155â245 ton d.w. haâ1.
Optimization bias in forest management planning solutions due to errors in forest variables
Authors: Kangas Annika , Kangas Jyrki
Published: October 2014

The yield of various forest variables is predicted by means of a simulation system to provide information for forest management planning. These predictions contain many kinds of uncertainty, for example, prediction and measurement errors. Inevitably, this has an effect on forest management planning. It is well known that uncertainty in the forest yields causes optimistic bias in the observed values of the objective function. This bias increases with the error variances. The amount of bias, however, also depends on the error structure and the relations between the objective variables. In this paper, the effect of uncertainty in forest yields on optimization is studied by simulation. The effect of two different sources of error, the correlation structure of these errors and relations among the objective variables are considered, as well as the effect of two different optimization approaches. The relations between the objective variables and the error structure had a notable effect on the optimization results.
Effects of different phosphorus fertilisers on the nutrient status and growth of Scots pine stands on drained peatlands
Authors: Silfverberg Klaus , Hartman Markus
Published: October 2014

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of phosphorus fertilisers of different solubility and different phosphorus doses. The material was collected from 8 field experiments situated on drained peatlands in southern and central Finland (60Â°â65Â°N). The sites were drained, oligotrophic pine fens and pine bogs, which had been fertilised between 1961 and 1977 with different combinations of N, K and P. In 1991â94 stand measurements and foliar and peat sampling were carried out on 162 sample plots. Apatite, rock phosphate and superphosphate affected basal area growth to a rather similar extent. However, apatite slightly surpassed superphosphate and rock phosphate at the end of the study period in two hollow-rich S. fuscum bogs. Higher doses of phosphorus did not significantly increase the basal area growth. The foliar phosphorus concentrations clearly reflected the effect of the P fertilisation. Especially on the pine bogs basic fertilisation with 66 kg P/ha maintained the needle phosphorus concentrations at a satisfactory level for more than 25 years after fertilisation. The amount of phosphorus in the 0â20 cm peat layer was not significantly increased either by basic fertilisation or refertilisation. The phosphorus reserves in the peat in the individual experiments were between 88 and 327 kg/ha. There was a strong correlation between the amounts of phosphorus and iron in the peat. Large amounts of iron in peat may reduce the solubility and availability of phosphorus. According to the foliar phosphorus concentrations in the basic-fertilised plots, the need for refertilisation seems to be unnecessary during the 25-year postfertilisation period at least. None of the basic fertilisation treatments seriously retarded the basal area growth compared to the refertilised treatments. There seems to be a greater shortage of potassium than of phosphorus, because the foliar potassium concentrations and the amounts of potassium in the 0â20 cm peat layer were very low in several of the experiments.
The financial and economic profitability of field afforestation in Finland
Authors: Niskanen Anssi
Published: October 2014

The aim of the study was to assess the rate of return on invested capital and soil expectation value in field afforestation from the financial (business economic) and economic (national economic) point of views in Finland using 1996 cost and price data. Risks for renewal planting and negative growth impacts of reduction in plantation density were explicitly included in the profitability assessments. Results indicated that due to the subsidies and favorable regulations for obtaining them in 1996, field afforestation was financially profitable for farmers regardless of what species was used for planting. From the national economic point of view, investments in field afforestation provided only substantial return on invested capital, being highest after risk adjustments in Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantations.
Weighting alternative estimates when using multi-source auxiliary data for forest inventory
Authors: Poso Simo , Wang Guangxing , Tuominen Sakari
Published: October 2014

Five auxiliary data sources (Landsat TM, IRS-IC, digitized aerial photographs, visual photo-interpretation and old forest compartment information) applying three study areas and three estimators, two-phase sampling with stratification, the k nearest neighbors and regression estimator, were examined. Auxiliary data were given for a high number of sample plots, which are here called first phase sample plots. The plots were distributed using a systematic grid over the study areas. Some of the plots were then measured in the field for the necessary ground truth. Each auxiliary data source in combination with field sample information was applied to produce a specific estimator for five forest stand characteristics: mean diameter, mean height, age, basal area, and volume of the growing stock. When five auxiliary data sources were used, each stand characteristic and each first phase sample plot were supplied with five alternative estimates with three alternative estimators. Mean square errors were then calculated for each alternative estimator using the cross validation method. The final estimates were produced by weighting alternative estimates inversely according to the mean square errors related to the corresponding estimator. The result was better than the final estimate of any of the single estimators. The improvement over the best single estimate, as measured in mean square error, was 16.9% on average for all five forest stand characteristics. The improvement was fairly equal for all five forest stand characteristics. Only minor differences among the accuracies of the three alternative estimators were recorded.
Carbon dioxide exchange of Scots pine shoots as estimated by a biochemical model and cuvette field measurements
Authors: Aalto Tuula
Published: October 2014

A biochemical model was used to calculate CO2 fluxes to Scots pine shoots in two boreal measurement stations, HyytiÃ¤lÃ¤ in southern Finland (61Â°51âN, 24Â°17âE) and VÃ¤rriÃ¶ in northern Finland (67Â°46âN, 29Â°35âE). The results of the model were compared with cuvette measurements performed in field conditions. A differential equation for change in gas concentration inside a closed cuvette was constructed and solved in order to obtain conductances and fluxes. The results were generally in a good agreement, the correlation coefficients varied from 0.74 to 0.95. Some discrepancies were also found. The model followed more intensively changes in temperature. This could be seen in northern Finland measurements at low temperatures (< 18Â Â°C). The modelled temperature response indicated low fluxes at low temperatures, but measurements did not show any decrease. The irradiation response was relatively similar in both measuring sites and according to the model. Cuvette measurements showed slightly smaller quantum yields as a result from shading of the needles. The temperature dependences of the biochemical model parameters Jmax and Vc(max) were re-evaluated from the field measurements. The results for Vc(max) agreed well with earlier estimations, while the results for Jmax indicated relatively high values at low temperatures especially in northern Finland. Exponential fitting produced also substomatal concentrations of CO2, which agreed quite well with the model. The daily minimum of substomatal/ambient concentration ratio varied from 0.4 to 0.8.
Redistribution of 14C-labelled reserve carbon in Pinus sylvestris seedlings during shoot elongation
Authors: Lippu Jukka
Published: October 2014

This study examined the later use of 14C reserves formed in previous autumn in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. The seedlings were allowed to photosynthesise 14CO2 in early September when shoot and needle growth was over. The following spring the seedlings were harvested in five samplings during the shoot growth period. The distribution and concentration of 14C were determined and the results were compared with the growth data. It was observed that reserves were not used markedly for the new growth. Most of the 14C was found in one-year-old needles (30â40%) and in the root system (40â50%) which was due to both their high activity as a storage sink and their large sink size. The high initial 14C-activity in the finest roots decreased indicating respiration of reserves. Only a small percent of the reserve carbon was found in the new shoots which indicated that reserves are of minor importance in building a new shoot. An allocation of about 15% of the autumn storage to the stem suggested that in seedlings the stem is of minor importance as a storage organ.
Satisfaction and company loyalty as expressed by non-industrial private forest owners towards timber procurement organizations in Finland
Authors: Kärhä Kalle , Oinas Sami
Published: October 2014

The satisfaction and company loyalty as expressed by non-industrial, private forest (NIPF) owners towards timber procurement organizations were clarified via a mail questionnaire. The results denoted that there is a positive correlation between the levels of forest ownersâ expectations (EXP) and perceived performance (PERF). In addition, the lower EXP and the higher PERF were, the greater was the overall satisfaction index (SAT). About two thirds of forest owners were characterized by a negative SAT value or then they were dissatisfied with the performance of the procurement organization in their last timber-sales transaction. Furthermore, the results obtained indicated that the SAT index significantly influences the company loyalty expressed by NIPF owners â their willingness to give favourable reports of the company to the others, and their willingness to engage in future timber-sales transactions with the same company. Nonetheless, the SAT index did not affect the market share of a particular company, and this could be partly accounted for by the similar level of performance among the companies and the lack of competition in the timber trade. Finally, the results revealed several dimensions of timber procurement, and some seller segments to which companies could pay more attention to in order to be able to achieve better satisfaction levels and the loyalty of NIPF owners in the future. One approach to successfully addressing these challenges could be the adopting of a satisfaction decision support system (SatDSS).
Ítems de referencia para publicar Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis: La Declaración PRISMA
Authors: Moher David , Liberati Alessandro , Tetzlaff Jennifer , Altman Douglas G , PRISMA Group The
Published: October 2014

Artículo original: Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097.The original authors have not revised and verified the Spanish translation, and not necessary endorse it. Los autores originales no han revisado ni verificado la traducción del manuscrito al español, y no necesariamente están de acuerdo con su contenido.Publicación del artículo original: 21 Julio 2009 Derechos: © 2009 Moher et al. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo las condiciones de The Creative Commons Attribution License, que permite el uso ilimitado, su distribución y reproducción en cualquier medio, siempre y cuando se acredite el autor y su fuente original.Procedencia: No comisionado; revisión científica externa. Para promover la publicación de la Declaración PRISMA, el artículo se ha publicado como acceso abierto y se puede encontrar en la página web de PLoS Medicine (http://medicine.plosjournals.org/) y también se ha publicado en Annals of Internal Medicine, BMJ, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, y Open Medicine. Los autores tienen unánimemente los derechos de este artículo. Para más detalles de su uso ver la página web de PRISMA (http://www.prisma-statement.org/).Traducción y adaptación al español: Mercedes Sotos-Prieto, Johana Prieto, Maria Manera, Eduard Baladia, Rodrigo Martínez-Rodríguez y Julio Basulto.Autor de correspondencia de la traducción: Mercedes Sotos-Prieto (merchesotosprieto@gmail.com)
Parámetros bioquímicos básicos, hematológicos y hormonales para el control de la salud y el estado nutricional en los deportistas
Authors: Urdampilleta Aritz , López-Grueso Raúl , Martínez-Sanz José Miguel , Mielgo-Ayuso Juan
Published: October 2014

Las competiciones deportivas cada vez más tienen una mayor exigencia en cuanto a la intensidad del esfuerzo, precisando controlar minuciosamente todos los aspectos que afectan al rendimiento deportivo. La alimentación, hidratación y suplementación del deportista, antes, durante y después del entrenamiento o la competición, afecta directamente sobre la salud, la composición corporal y, por consiguiente, sobre el rendimiento y la recuperación del deportista. Para un correcto asesoramiento del deportista, es necesaria la valoración del estado nutricional a través de analíticas sanguíneas para controlar el proceso de adaptación al entrenamiento. El objetivo del presente trabajo es ofrecer una herramienta práctica a los dietistas-nutricionistas para el control de la salud y el estado nutricional de los deportistas, así como para monitorizar su adaptación a las cargas de trabajo y periodos de competición. La realización de pruebas analíticas para el control del metabolismo proteico, perfil lipídico, iones (por su relación con el estado de hidratación del individuo), pruebas hematológicas y metabolismo del hierro pueden ser de gran interés, además de revisar algunos parámetros hormonales con el fin de observar la posible existencia de estados de sobreentrenamiento. La comprensión y la correcta interpretación de los análisis de laboratorio serán de máxima importancia para los dietistas-nutricionistas que realicen asesoramiento dietético-nutricional en deportistas, ya que permitirá determinar el estado del deportista y proponer diferentes estrategias individualizadas de alimentación, en función de la fase de entrenamiento en la que se encuentre y la respuesta al mismo.
Prevalencia de dislipidemia y sus factores de riesgo en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad
Authors: Casavalle Patricia Lucía , Romano Laura , Pandolfo Marcela , Rodriguez Patricia Noemí , Friedman Silvia María
Published: October 2014

Introducción: Debido a que el sobrepeso y la obesidad frecuentemente se acompañan de complicaciones metabólicas, el objetivo del presente estudio es estimar la prevalencia de dislipidemia, sus factores de riesgo (FR) y el grado de concordancia entre los valores de corte de triglicéridos (TG) y HDL-C, según Cook y col. y la Academia Americana de Cardiología en niños y adolescentes con dichas patologías.Material y Métodos: Se estudiaron 139 pacientes con sobrepeso u obesidad, de 8-14 años, que concurrieron a la Sección de Nutrición Pediátrica del Hospital de Clínicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina, desde febrero de 2005 a enero de 2013. Diseño descriptivo, observacional, prospectivo, transversal, de correlación y de comparación a muestras independientes. Se consideró dislipidemia cuando: colesterol total (CT)≥200 mg/dl o HDL-C≤40 mg/dl o TG≥110 mg/dl o LDL-C≥130 mg/dl. Como FR de dislipidemia se evaluó la circunferencia de cintura (CC)≥P90 (percentilo 90) según Freedman y col., bajo peso al nacer (<2,5 kg), antecedentes familiares de dislipidemia e infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). Se estableció la concordancia entre los valores de corte de TG (≥110 y ≥150 mg/dl) y también entre los niveles de corte de HDL-C (≤40 y <35 mg/dl).Resultados: El 50,4% de los pacientes presentaron dislipidemia. Como fracción lipídica más frecuentemente alterada se encontró TG elevados (31,7%). De los FR evaluados, la CC aumentada (≥ P90) fue el de mayor prevalencia (55,4%). La concordancia entre los valores de corte para TG fue débil (Kappa=0.38), mientras que para HDL-C fue moderada (Kappa=0,52).Conclusiones: uno de cada dos pacientes presentó dislipidemia y el FR más frecuente fue la centralización de la grasa. La prevalencia de hipertrigliceridemia y HDL-C disminuido depende del criterio diagnóstico utilizado.
Off-Pump Myocardial Revascularization in a High-Risk Patient with Essential Thrombocythemia
Authors: Darwazah Ahmad K. , Madi Hamad , Zagha Rami , Hawash Yahia
Published: October 2014

Essential thrombocythemia is a rare type of myeloproliferative disorder. Cerebral, myocardial, and peripheral thrombosis are all frequent complications of the disease.

A 71-year-old man presented with severe coronary artery disease, associated with cerebral vascular ischemic changes and erythromelalgia. His platelet count was 1,486 ×103/μL. The patient underwent successful myocardial revascularization by means of an off-pump technique after his platelet count had been reduced by hydroxycarbamide administration.

We conclude that the use of off-pump cardiopulmonary bypass in high-risk patients with essential thrombocythemia is safe. Reducing platelet count via the administration of hydroxycarbamide and the careful balancing of antiplatelets and anticoagulants is crucial in determining the outcome of surgery.
Use of a Melody Pulmonary Valve in Transcatheter Valve-in-Valve Replacement for Tricuspid Valve Bioprosthesis Degeneration
Authors: Filsoof David M. , Snipelisky David F. , Shapiro Brian P.
Published: October 2014

Bioprosthetic heart valves can degenerate and fail over time. Repeat surgery as a means of replacement increases morbidity and mortality rates, and some patients are not candidates for reoperation. A newer treatment, percutaneous transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation, might delay or substitute for invasive procedures. We present the case of a 51-year-old woman, a poor candidate for surgery who had prosthetic tricuspid valve degeneration and stenosis. We successfully performed valve-in-valve placement of a Melody® valve, using a procedure originally intended to treat pulmonary valve conduit obstruction or regurgitation. To our knowledge, this is among the first case reports to describe the use of the Melody pulmonary valve in transcatheter valve-in-valve replacement for prosthetic tricuspid stenosis that was otherwise not correctable. Additional data and longer follow-up periods are necessary to gain an understanding of ideal indications and selection of patients for the percutaneous transcatheter treatment of tricuspid valve stenosis.
Chest Pain Associated with Moderator Band Pacing
Authors: Goli Anil K. , Kaszala Karoly , Osman Mohammed N. , Lucke John , Carrillo Roger
Published: October 2014

A 65-year-old man was evaluated for chronic chest pain that had been present for 8 years after placement of a dual-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator to treat inducible ventricular tachycardia. Previous coronary angiography had revealed nonobstructive coronary artery disease and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.45 to 0.50, consistent with mild idiopathic nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Evaluation with chest radiography and transthoracic echocardiography showed the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead to be embedded within the right ventricle at the moderator band, which had mild calcification. Treatment included extraction of the dual-coil lead and placement of a new single-coil right ventricular lead at the mid septum. The patient had complete relief of symptoms after the procedure. This case shows that chest pain can be associated with the placement of a right ventricular implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead in the moderator band and that symptomatic relief can occur after percutaneous lead extraction and the implantation of a new right ventricular lead to the mid septal region.