bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Muslim Peace‐Building Actors in Africa and the Balkan Context: Challenges and Needs
Authors: Abu‐Nimer Mohammed , Kadayifci‐Orellana S. Ayse
Published: September 2008

Religion and conflict resolution in general, and Islam in particular, have become a main area of research since the September 11 attacks. This article argues that, to develop effective conflict resolution models and practices for sustainable peace in the Muslim world, it is not only necessary to understand how religious and cultural traditions can contribute to peace, but also to work together with and incorporate local peace‐building actors, as their legitimacy and knowledge can contribute to the effectiveness of peace‐building initiatives. Although there is a growing literature exploring Islamic principles of peace and conflict resolution, research analyzing how these principles are put to use by Muslim actors to resolve their conflicts is lagging behind. This gives the impression that there are no actors working toward peace in these communities. The authors argue to the contrary, which is based on an analysis of data collected from the Balkans and the Great Lakes region and includes a combination of interviews and surveys submitted by more than fifty Muslim peace actors that describe their efforts and perception of Islamic peace. This essay analyzes the unique characteristics of Muslim peace‐building actors, who are doing critical work under extremely difficult conditions, and evaluates their strengths and weaknesses to inform the development of effective conflict resolution and peace‐building models in these regions.
Coventry—Memorializing Peace and Reconciliation
Authors: Kaczka‐Valliere Jeanne , Rigby Andrew
Published: September 2008

Motorists and others coming into Coventry, a medium‐sized city in the center of the U.K., find themselves greeted by boundary markers that read “Welcome to the City of Coventry: City of Peace and Reconciliation.” The sign points to a local collective and municipal identity that is grounded in a particular interpretation of the history of the city. This representation constitutes an example of the manner in which a city's experience of the barbarism of war has been used to create a “peace message.” The aim of this paper is to explain how this particular mode of memorializing past suffering for peaceful purposes came about and how the particular interpretation and narrative associated with the peace identity of the city was reproduced throughout the latter half of the last century.
A study of the volume and bounce decrease in hair with ageing using bending elasticity measurements
Authors: Mamada Akira , Nakamura Koichi
Published: September 2008

Hair diameters and bending stresses were measured for chemically untreated regions of hair close to the scalp, collected from 38 Japanese female (age range: 26–51) and 35 Caucasian female (age range: 20–40) volunteers. For the bending stress measurements, a new methodology to obtain averaged Young's modulus has been developed in which 50 fibres are measured together to give reproducible data, overcoming the individual differences in each hair fibre. By comparing the resulting data of the fibres collected from the panelists younger than 40 years of age, no significant difference in Young's modulus between Japanese and Caucasian hair was recognized, and the modulus was c. 10 GPa, regardless of the hair diameter. On the other hand, there existed cases in which fibres showed lower Young's moduli, and these fibres were from senior panelists who were conscious of the decrease in hair volume and bounce with ageing. This result indicates that the decrease in volume and bounce in hair with ageing is not only caused by a decrease in hair diameter and fewer hairs per square centimetre of scalp but also by some internal change in the hair.
Hair colouring systems delivering colour with reduced fibre damage
Authors: Marsh Jennifer M. , Flood Janine , Domaschko Dirk , Ramji Niranjan
Published: September 2008

The possible metal‐induced formation of free radical species such as the hydroxyl radical (HO*) during the use of permanent hair colouring products has been demonstrated. These highly reactive species are formed from the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with redox metals such as copper, which are thought to be absorbed by the hair from the tap wash water. Formation of such radical species has been shown to lead to measurable keratin fibre damage. The incorporation of chelants such as N,N′ ‐ethylenediamine disuccinic acid has been demonstrated to prevent this metal‐induced radical formation and thus significantly reduce the fibre damage. This chelant is highly effective because of its ability to specifically bind low levels of copper in the presence of relatively high levels of calcium, as is found in hair.
The inhibitory effect of the components of Cornus officinalis on melanogenesis
Authors: Nawa Yasuhiko , Endo Junko , Ohta Tomihisa
Published: September 2008

Five known compounds were isolated from a Cornus officinalis 50% ethanol extract (C. officinalis extract) and a hot water extract. We investigated the photochemical and pharmacological active compounds of C. officinalis hot water extract and ethanol extract. We understood that C. officinalis is a medicinal plant with potent free‐radical‐scavenging activity not only against reactive oxygen species (H2O2, superoxiside anion, hydroxyl radical, etc.) in a narrow sense, but also against many other free radicals (peroxynitrate, peroxyradical). It is estimated that the reduction effect with C. officinalis extract can block oxidative reaction on melanogenesis. Loganin and cornuside, the components in C. officinalis, showed a significant free‐radical‐scavenging activity and inhibitory effects on melanogenesis. We report to prove the inhibitory effect of UVB‐induced pigmentation in C. officinalis extract through its radical scavenging activity.
The differences in human cumulative irritation responses to positive and negative irritant controls from three geographical locations
Authors: Trimble Mingyi W. , Kaul Nalini , Wild John E. , Bowman James P.
Published: September 2008

A retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate whether studies from three geographically diverse locations have similar response profiles to the positive and negative controls in a standard 14‐day cumulative irritation study. The positive irritant control (0.1% sodium lauryl sulphate) and the negative control (0.9% sodium chloride, saline) data from seventeen 14‐day cumulative irritation studies were reviewed. The studies were compiled from three locations representing dry/hot, humid/hot, and dry/cold environments (Scottsdale, Arizona; St Petersburg, Florida; and Winnipeg, Manitoba, respectively). Irritation scores were generated by trained skin graders from a total of 442 subjects studied between 1999 and 2005. Cumulative irritation scores were reviewed and compared between study locations. The irritation scores for the positive and negative controls were not significantly different between locations. Temperature and relative humidity variation did not correlate significantly with overall irritation. However, the dryer climate (i.e. negative or low dew point) had a tendency to induce a higher overall irritation level for both positive and negative controls.
Water management of human hair
Authors: Wortmann F.‐J. , Hullmann A. , Popescu C.
Published: September 2008

Citation: IFSCC Magazine, 10 (2007) (4) 317–320

Temperature dependent isotherms for the water ab‐ and desorption of human hair were determined (25–65°C) together with the related diffusion coefficients and hysteresis effects. Special care was taken to standardize the physical history of the samples. With increasing temperature, isotherms, while preserving their shape, shift to lower regains while the hysteresis effect decreases. This is in accordance with expectations derived from the Rosenbaum‐model for water sorption. The differential heat of water sorption changes from dry to wet hair between 1020 and 50 J/g H2O. Diffusion coefficients are of the order of 10‐9 cm2/s. The coefficients increase with temperature and show a pronounced maximum in the range of medium regains. The temperature dependence follows the Arrhenius equation and exhibits activation energies that change from dry to wet hair between 55 and 30 kJ/mol. The sorption performance of strongly bleached hair, with and without an additional treatment with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, was investigated. No significant effects either of the cosmetic treatment or of the ingredient were found. It is concluded that human hair exhibits a rather robust static and dynamic water sorption performance that, against initial expectations, is not readily changed by cosmetic processes and ingredients.

Keywords: cosmetic treatments, diffusion coefficients, human hair, hysteresis, water sorption

Paper presented at the IFSCC Conference 2007, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
My first year of experience in the cosmetic field – problems and future hopes
Authors: Mutasa M. G.
Published: September 2008

Citation: IFSCC Magazine, 10 (2007) (4) 331–3336

Where do I begin to tell my adventures as a new research and development chemist? It has been a mixed bag of excitement, frustration, hope, pride in achievement and much potential. Before I take you through the obstacle course that I have been exposed to in the cosmetic industry let me give you background information on myself. I have always been inclined towards the sciences. I took up science subjects for my A‐Level Cambridge exams, but surprised my father for a little while by registering for a BA in psychology. After two weeks I decided that was not for me and registered for a BSc in natural and environmental sciences with biochemistry and psychology as my majors with the notion that one day after my studies I would become a neuropsychologist. When I had to decide between taking my honors in psychology or biochemistry, I chose biochemistry mainly because I thought I had better prospects of finding a job soon after completing the degree, which would free my parents from the financial burden of paying for tuition through to a PhD in psychology (you have to be a doctor first before earning any real money in psychology, I had been told). Boy was I wrong! The carefree, self‐assured graduate with the world at her feet slowly changed into a grasping‐at‐straws, ‘I will do anything to pay the bills’ nobody until nearly 2 years after graduation the advertisement for a junior R&D chemist magically appeared in my email! That opened up the floodgates for my childhood dreams of making people feel better by making them look better through makeup and fashion, my adult inclination towards psychology with a scientific twist. I felt this was the opportunity I had been waiting for but had not known it! Thus, my adventure began…

This essay won the 2007 Maison G. de Navarre Young Scientist Prize that is awarded for either the first or second paper in cosmetic science or a specially written essay on a topic selected by the 2006–2007 IFSCC President for an author of 35 years or younger. This Prize was awarded to Muchaneta G. Mutasa during the Openings Ceremony of the 2007 IFSCC Conference »Building on Water«, Amsterdam, The Netherlands on 24 September 2007.

The purpose of the Maison G. de Navarre Young Scientist Prize is to stimulate young cosmetic scientists to write scientific papers/essays. The prize covers all expenses to attend the first IFSCC Congress or Conference that is held after the prize was awarded.
The perception threshold measurement can be a useful tool for evaluation of sensitive skin
Authors: Kim S.‐J. , Lim S.‐U. , Won Y.‐H. , An S.‐S. , Lee E.‐Y. , Moon S.‐J. , Kim J.
Published: September 2008

Synopsis

Sensitive skin is characterized by subjective symptoms that are hard to quantify. However, a neurobiological approach could improve our understanding of the nature of skin sensitivity. In this study, we measured the sensory perception of well‐controlled electric currents on the skin that stimulated sensory nerve fibres such as the myelinated A fibre, A delta fibre and unmyelinated c‐fibre. The sensory perception thresholds were obtained quantitatively from subjects with sensitive‐prone skin and controls. Application of 0.075% capsaicin, known to stimulate the nociceptor c‐fibre, was topically applied; then the sensory perception thresholds were measured to determine whether the exposure to nociceptive stimulation could affect the subsequent sensory perception. The results showed that the perception thresholds of skin sensitive‐prone subjects were low for the c‐fibre measurements at 5 Hz electric current stimulation. Furthermore, a wide variation in sensory perception was noted in the skin sensitive‐prone subjects after topical application of capsaicin. In conclusion, the abnormal sensory perception in individuals with sensitive skin appears to be related to neurological instability, where c‐fibre nociception plays a role. Thus, quantitative sensory perception threshold measurement was found to be a useful method for the identification of skin sensitive‐prone subjects.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 58, 621–627 (November/December 2007) High‐pressure differential scanning calorimetry of colorant products
Authors: Marsh J. M. , Clarke C. J. , Meinert K. , Dahlgren R. M.
Published: September 2008

Accepted for publication July 16, 2007

Synopsis

High‐pressure differential scanning calorimetry (HPDSC) can be used to gain information on both the degree of crystallinity in the intermediate filaments (IFs) and the structural rigidity of the surrounding matrix or intermediate filament associated proteins (IFAP) of the hair cortex (1–3). We have used HPDSC to measure changes in the denaturation temperature (TD) and enthalpy (ΔHD) of the crystalline components after multiple treatments with permanent hair colorant products. We have observed that after three repeat treatments both the denaturation enthalpy and peak temperature are significantly decreased vs. the untreated starting substrate. However, on dialysis of the fibers in deionized water this decrease is shown to be completely reversible, returning the enthalpy and temperature to that of the untreated hair. It is proposed that the decrease is due to the incorporation of formulation components such as the alkalizer and surfactants etc. and metal ions such as calcium and magnesium from the tap wash water. These components are predicted to have a non‐permanent effect on the salt bridges and hydrogen bonds and hence the rigidity or viscosity of the matrix. We have compared the denaturation temperature with the tensile properties of the fiber after treatment both before and after removal of actives from the fiber.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 158, 637–650 (November/December 2007) Use of quaternized cassia galactomannan for hair conditioning
Authors: Staudigel J. A. , Bunasky K. , Gamsky C. J. , Wagner M. S. , Stump K. J. , Baker J. M. , Marple R. L. , Thomas J. H.
Published: September 2008

Accepted for publication May 22, 2007

Synopsis

There is a continuing need for hair care formulas to deliver superior conditioning benefits with highly efficient deposition of hair‐enhancing components. In this paper, we describe high‐charge‐density (3.0 mEq/g) cassia hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride (cassia HPTC), a quaternized galactomannan from the endosperm of Cassia tora and Cassia obtusifolia. Cassia HPTC is shown to participate in the coacervate phase of conditioning shampoos, from which it is deposited onto hair to provide conditioning benefits. Cryoscanning electron microscopy and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry were used to observe and characterize the cassia HPTC deposits left on hair. The high‐charge‐density cassia HPTC resulted in improved deposition efficiency compared with a quaternized guar‐containing formula. Cassia HPTC offers benefits as an alternative to traditional cationic polymers as conditioning agents or as an adjunct conditioner to decrease the amount of cationic polymer needed to achieve the desired conditioning performance.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 158, 651–662 (November/December 2007) Water‐handling properties of vernix caseosa and a synthetic analogue
Authors: Tansirikongkol A. , Visscher M. O. , Randall Wickett R.
Published: September 2008

Accepted for publication May 14, 2007

Synopsis

A naturally occurring barrier cream, vernix caseosa, is the viscous material synthesized by the sebaceous glands in the late gestational human fetus. Vernix functions as a moisturizer by increasing the skin hydration and water‐holding capacity of treated skin. Vernix films are semi‐permeable, i.e., in the range that facilitates barrier repair. Antioxidant, disinfectant, and skin cleansing functions are also present. Premature infants have a markedly immature epidermal barrier and the excessive water loss can lead to fluid and electrolyte imbalances, along with high evaporative heat loss. Application of petrolatum‐based, low‐water creams on these infants has decreased TEWL and improved the skin condition. However, in infants of 500–750 g, this treatment was associated with an increased incidence of late‐onset nosocomial infection, and questions regarding efficacy and safety have been raised. The water‐handling properties, semi‐permeability and multi‐functionality, suggest that application of vernix may promote the development and restoration of premature or other compromised skin. The present study focuses on the development of barrier creams to simulate the water‐handling properties of native vernix. Barrier creams were prepared as high‐water‐phase emulsions containing various lipid mixtures. Several stable creams with high water content exhibited slow water release and water vapor transport rates in the range to facilitate barrier repair. The results showed the importance of emulsion type in preventing water release. Preparations with vernix‐like lipids demonstrated water release profiles closer to the native vernix benchmark than those with conventional lipids. The work resulted in a synthetic vernix barrier cream prototype for evaluation on skin and to which additional functionality, e.g., anti‐infective and antioxidant activity, could be added.

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
58, 663–666 (November/December 2007)

Abstracts

International Journal of Cosmetic Science, Vol. 29, No. 4, 2007*

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
58, 667–668 (November/December 2007)

Abstracts

Journal of the Polish Society of Cosmetic Science, “Wiadomości PTK” Vol. 10, No 2, 2007*

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
58, 669–678 (November/December 2007)

Author Index To Volume 58

J. Cosmet. Sci.,
58, 679–685 (November/December 2007)

Subject Index To Volume 58
A review of ageing and an examination of clinical methods in the assessment of ageing skin. Part I: Cellular and molecular perspectives of skin ageing
Authors: Callaghan T. M. , Wilhelm K.‐P.
Published: September 2008

Synopsis

The ageing process is noticeable within all organs of the body and manifests itself visibly in the skin. Skin ageing is influenced by several factors including genetics, environmental exposure, hormonal changes and metabolic processes. Together these factors lead to cumulative alterations of skin structure, function and appearance. The functioning of the central nervous, immune, endocrine and cardiovascular systems, as well as the skin is also impaired with age. Chronologically, aged skin is thin, relatively flattened, dry and unblemished, with some loss of elasticity and age‐related loss of architectural regularity. General atrophy of the extracellular matrix is reflected by a decrease in the number of fibroblasts. Reduced levels of collagen and elastin, with impaired organization are primarily because of decreased protein synthesis affecting types I and III collagen in the dermis, with an increased breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins. Oxidative stress is considered of primary importance in driving the ageing process. The original free radical theory of ageing purported that the molecular basis of ageing was derived from a lifetime accumulation of oxidative damage to cells resulting from excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced as a consequence of aerobic metabolism. Although the skin possesses extremely efficient anti‐oxidant activities, during ageing, ROS levels rise and anti‐oxidant activities decline. The ROS are necessary in multiple MAP kinase pathways and the induction of AP‐1, in turn, up‐regulates expression of matrix‐metalloproteinases providing a plausible mechanism for the increased collagen degradation in aged human skin.
A review of ageing and an examination of clinical methods in the assessment of ageing skin. Part 2: Clinical perspectives and clinical methods in the evaluation of ageing skin
Authors: Callaghan T. M. , Wilhelm K.‐P.
Published: September 2008

Synopsis

With the advancement of skin research, today’s consumer has increased access to technological information about ageing skin and hair care products. As a result, there is a rapidly increasing demand for proof of efficacy of these products. Recognizing these demands has led to the development and validation of many clinical methods to measure and quantify ageing skin and the effects of anti‐ageing treatments. Many of the current testing methods used to research and evaluate anti‐ageing product claim to employ sophisticated instruments alongside more traditional clinical methods. Intelligent use of combined clinical methods has enabled the development of technologically advanced consumer products providing enhanced efficacy and performance. Of non‐invasive methods for the assessment and quantification of ageing skin, there is a plethora of tools available to the clinical researcher as defined by key clinically observed ageing parameters: skin roughness and surface texture; fine lines and wrinkles; skin pigmentation; skin colour; firmness and elasticity; hair loss; and proliferative lesions. Furthermore, many clinical procedures for the evaluation of ageing skin treatments are combined with invasive procedures, which enable added‐value to claims (such as identification and alteration of biochemical markers), particularly in those cases where perception of product effect needs additional support. As discussed herein, clinical methods used in the assessment of skin ageing are many and require a disciplined approach to their use in such investigations.
Validation of HPLC method for quantitative determination of Tinosorb®S and three other sunscreens in a high protection cosmetic product
Authors: Dencausse L. , Galland A. , Clamou J. L. , Basso J.
Published: September 2008

Synopsis

A chromatographic method (high performance liquid chromatography) with a diode array detector was developed for simultaneous assay of Tinosorb®S (bis‐ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine) with three other sunscreen agents [benzophenone‐3, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (avobenzone) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate] in high protection sunscreen. Separations were performed on a RP‐18 Nucleodur®Gravity®column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) eluted with a ternary gradient mixture constituted of tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile and an aqueous solution of acetic acid. The quantitative analysis was achieved with internal calibration performed with octyl dimethyl para‐aminobenzoate (PABA) at 330 nm. In accordance with the analytical references (SFSTP, ICH, ISO…), the accuracy of the method was evaluated using a statistical approach of the validation parameters (specificity, response function, linearity, precision and trueness). For each studied ultraviolet filter, an accuracy profile was determined on a predicted range. These profiles show a graphical representation of the recovery percentage and confidence limits centred on 100%. The method is validated and can be used for analysis in cosmetic sunscreen products.
Adaptation of the protocol for determining in vitro the sun protection factor of anti‐solar sticks
Authors: Choquenet B. , Couteau C. , Paparis E. , Coiffard L. J. M.
Published: September 2008

Synopsis

Apart from the protection offered by clothing, the application of sunscreen products suited to each type of skin constitutes one way for decreasing the frequency of skin cancers nowadays. After having adapted an in vitro method for determining the efficacy of sunscreens in emulsion form, we wished to transpose this technique by adapting it for the anti‐solar sticks for the evaluation of sun protection factor (SPF) using a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere. To do this, we tested 14 products in the market as well as sticks that we ourselves fabricated in the laboratory. In a base common to all of these sticks, we added organic (13 filters tested) and inorganic (two filters tested, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide) to their maximum permitted concentration in the European Union. In parallel, emulsions containing the same filters at the same percentage of use were studied; to be in keeping with the results on the products packaging on the one hand, and with the results obtained for the emulsion form on the other hand, we were able to determine the optimal mass which needed to be placed on the support used the in vitro test to determine the SPF.
Simultaneous determination of 21 preservatives in cosmetics by ultra performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Wu T. , Wang C. , Wang X. , Ma Q.
Published: September 2008

Synopsis

An ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 21 preservatives: 2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazoline‐3‐ketone, bronopol, 5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazoline‐3‐ketone, benzyl alcohol, 2‐phenoxyethanol, methyl‐p‐hydroxy benzoate, ethyl‐p‐hydroxy benzoate, methyl benzoate, 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid iso‐propyl ester, propyl‐p‐hydroxy benzoate, 4‐chloro‐3‐methylphenol, ethyl benzoate, 2‐phenylphenol, 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid iso‐butyl ester, butyl‐p‐hydroxy benzoate, 4‐chloro‐3,5‐dimethylphenol, phenyl benzoate, 2,4‐dichloro‐3,5‐dimethylphenol, 2‐benzyl‐4‐chlorophenol, triclocarban and triclosan in cosmetics. A Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column was used with 0.1% formic acid solution as the mobile phase under the condition of gradient elution. Preservatives were extracted with methanol by ultrasonicator, and then they were analysed by UPLC‐PDA detector. All these preservatives were baseline separated in 8.5 min. The pre‐treatment method of samples and the chromatographic condition of analysis were critically examined in this study. The recoveries ranged from 90.5 to 97.8%, with RSD values below 3.2%, and all correlation coefficients (r) were no less than 0.9997. Thus, this method could be used for analysing the preservatives in cosmetic products.
Power, Validity, Bias and Robustness of Family‐based Association Analysis Methods in the Presence of Linkage for Late Onset Diseases
Authors: Nsengimana J. , Barrett J. H.
Published: September 2008

This simulation‐based report compares the performance of five methods of association analysis in the presence of linkage using extended sibships: the Family‐Based Association Test (FBAT), Empirical Variance FBAT (EV‐FBAT), Conditional Logistic Regression (CLR), Robust CLR (R‐CLR) and Sibship Disequilibrium Test (SDT). The two tests accounting for residual familial correlation (EV‐FBAT and R‐CLR) and the model‐free SDT showed correct test size in all simulated designs, while FBAT and CLR were only valid for small effect sizes. SDT had the lowest power, while CLR had the highest power, generally similar to FBAT and the robust variance analogues. The power of all model‐dependent tests dropped when the model was misspecified, although often not substantially. Estimates of genetic effect with CLR and R‐CLR were unbiased when the disease locus was analysed but biased when a nearby marker was analysed. This study demonstrates that the genetic effect does not need to be extreme to invalidate tests that ignore familial correlation and confirms that analogous methods using robust variance estimation provide a valid alternative at little cost to power. Overall R‐CLR is the best‐performing method among these alternatives for the analysis of extended sibship data.
Diversity and similarity of butterfly communities in five different habitat types at Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam
Authors: Vu L. V.
Published: September 2008

Diversity and similarity of butterfly communities were assessed in five different habitat types (from natural closed forest to agricultural lands) in the mountains of Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam for 3 years from 2002 to 2004. The line transect count was used to record species richness and abundance of butterfly communities in the different habitat types. For each habitat, the number of species and individuals, and indices of species richness, evenness and diversity of butterfly communities were calculated. The results indicated that species richness and abundance of butterfly communities were low in the natural closed forest, higher in the disturbed forest, highest in the forest edge, lower in the shrub habitat and lowest in the agricultural lands. The indices of species richness, evenness and diversity of butterfly communities were low in agricultural lands and natural closed forest but highest in the forest edge and shrub habitats. The families Satyridae and Amathusiidae have the greatest species richness and abundance in the natural closed forest, with a reduction in their species richness and abundance from the natural closed forest to the agricultural lands. Species composition of butterfly communities was different among five different habitat types (40%), was similar in habitats outside the forest (68%) and was similar in habitats inside the forest (63%). Diversity and abundance of butterfly communities are not different between the natural closed forest and the agriculture lands, but species composition changed greatly between these habitat types. A positive correlation between the size of species geographical distribution range and increasing habitat disturbance was found. The most characteristic natural closed forest species have the smallest geographical distribution range.
Larval over‐wintering: plasticity in the timing of life‐history events in the common frog
Authors: Walsh P. T. , Downie J. R. , Monaghan P.
Published: September 2008

In ectothermic animals living in temperate regions, winter is a critical time. During early ontogeny, the stage or size an individual reaches at the onset of winter can have a significant effect on its survival and other life‐history characteristics. Generally, temperate amphibian larvae complete metamorphosis in the summer and spend their first winter as juveniles. However, some anuran amphibians show variation in this aspect of their life history, with some individuals remaining as aquatic larvae during winter. We investigated growth and development during the larval period of Rana temporaria at a field where over‐wintering has been recorded. In the laboratory, we investigated whether larval over‐wintering could be induced at temperatures equivalent to those recorded in the field pond; this was done at both high and low food availability. Larvae within the field pond showed a bimodal distribution in developmental stage as early as July, when temperatures were still increasing, separating individuals that would metamorphose and over‐winter as juveniles from those that would spend the winter as larvae. Individuals that over‐wintered as larvae remained at a relatively undeveloped larval stage throughout the summer and autumn. The decision on whether to over‐winter as a larva appears to be made relatively early in the season. Those individuals that adopt this slow developmental trajectory may benefit in being able to metamorphose at a larger size in Spring. In the laboratory, mean temperature and food availability affected development and growth, but did not affect the life‐history stage at which individuals over‐wintered. Our results suggest that there are other factors, in addition to temperature and food availability that contribute to the observed plasticity in development pattern and over‐wintering strategy.
Consumers' switching inertia in a fictitious electricity market
Authors: Gärling Tommy , Gamble Amelie , Juliusson Erlendur Asgeir
Published: September 2008

Consumers in the deregulated Swedish electricity market do not switch from their incumbent supplier to the extent that would be economically beneficial. To examine potential causes for this switching inertia, a mail survey was administered to 540 Swedish electricity consumers who were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions and a control condition. Survey participants in the experimental conditions first made a choice of a supplier; then, they made choices between this alternative (their ‘incumbent supplier’) and other alternatives that differed from the incumbent supplier on price, quality of information, market share and availability of ‘green’ electricity. The results showed that lower price, higher quality of information, medium–large market share, and availability of green electricity increased switching to the alternatives to the incumbent supplier. A remaining general preference for choosing the incumbent supplier was reduced by instructions that removed feelings of loyalty and informed about the economic benefits of switching for all consumers.
Selective induction of calcineurin activity and signaling by oligomeric amyloid beta
Authors: Reese Lindsay C. , Zhang WenRu , Dineley Kelly T. , Kayed Rakez , Taglialatela Giulio
Published: September 2008

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a terminal age‐associated dementia characterized by early synaptic dysfunction and late neurodegeneration. Although the presence of plaques of fibrillar aggregates of the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) is a signature of AD, evidence suggests that the preplaque small oligomeric Aβ promotes both synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. We found that young Tg2576 transgenic mice, which accumulate Aβ and develop cognitive impairments prior to plaque deposition, have high central nervous system (CNS) activity of calcineurin (CaN), a phosphatase involved in negative regulation of memory function via inactivation of the transcription factor cAMP responsive element binding proteins (CREB), and display CaN‐dependent memory deficits. These results thus suggested the involvement of prefibrillary forms of Aβ. To investigate this issue, we compared the effect of monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillar Aβ on CaN activity, CaN‐dependent pCREB and phosphorylated Bcl‐2 Associated death Protein (pBAD) levels, and cell death in SY5Y cells and in rat brain slices, and determined the role of CaN on CREB phosphorylation in the CNS of Tg2576 mice. Our results show that oligomeric Aβ specifically induces CaN activity and promotes CaN‐dependent CREB and Bcl‐2 Asociated death Protein (BAD) dephosphorylation and cell death. Furthermore, Tg2576 mice display Aβ oligomers and reduced pCREB in the CNS, which is normalized by CaN inhibition. These findings suggest a role for CaN in mediating effects of oligomeric Aβ on neural cells. Because elevated CaN levels have been reported in the CNS of cognitively impaired aged rodents, our results further suggest that abnormal CaN hyperactivity may be a common event exacerbating the cognitive and neurodegenerative impact of oligomeric Aβ in the aging CNS.
Enhanced glycogenesis is involved in cellular senescence via GSK3/GS modulation
Authors: Seo Yong‐Hak , Jung Hyun‐Jung , Shin Hyun‐Taek , Kim You‐Mie , Yim Hyunee , Chung Hae‐Young , Lim In Kyoung , Yoon Gyesoon
Published: September 2008

Glycogen biogenesis and its response to physiological stimuli have often been implicated in age‐related diseases. However, their direct relationships to cell senescence and aging have not been clearly elucidated. Here, we report the central involvement of enhanced glycogenesis in cellular senescence. Glycogen accumulation, glycogen synthase (GS) activation, and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inactivation commonly occurred in diverse cellular senescence models, including the liver tissues of aging F344 rats. Subcytotoxic concentrations of GSK3 inhibitors (SB415286 and LiCl) were sufficient to induce cellular senescence with increased glycogenesis. Interestingly, the SB415286‐induced glycogenesis was irreversible, as were increased levels of reactive oxygen species and gain of senescence phenotypes. Blocking GSK3 activity using siRNA or dominant negative mutant (GSK3β‐K85A) also effectively induced senescence phenotypes, and GS knock‐down significantly attenuated the stress‐induced senescence phenotypes. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that augmented glycogenesis is not only common, but is also directly linked to cellular senescence and aging, suggesting GSK3 and GS as novel modulators of senescence, and providing new insight into the metabolic backgrounds of aging and aging‐related pathogenesis.
Parallel lines: nothing has changed?
Authors: Rozing Maarten P. , Westendorp Rudi G. J.
Published: September 2008

The exponential increase in mortality rate with age is a universal feature of aging and is described mathematically by the Gompertz equation. When this equation is transformed semilogarithmically, it conforms to a straight line, the slope of which is generally used to reflect the rate of senescence. Historical and contemporary data of human and nonhuman populations show that adverse environmental conditions do not always change the slope of the log mortality rate over age. From these latter observations it is sometimes mistakenly inferred that the rate of senescence is unaffected by environmental conditions. Current biological inference emphasizes that gene action is dependent on the environment in which it is expressed. Here, we propose using the tangent line of the Gompertz equation to assess whether the rate of senescence has altered. Such an approach unmasks different rates of senescence when parameter G has remained constant, an observation that is in line with the notion that a plastic life history trait such as the rate of senescence results from the interplay of both genes and environment.
Aging is associated with greater nuclear NFκB, reduced IκBα, and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in vascular endothelial cells of healthy humans
Authors: Donato Anthony J. , Black Alexander D. , Jablonski Kristen L. , Gano Lindsey B. , Seals Douglas R.
Published: September 2008

The vascular endothelium may develop a proinflammatory profile with aging, but evidence is limited in humans. Expression of inflammatory proteins was determined in vascular endothelial cells (EC) obtained from peripheral veins of 24 young (23 ± 1 years, mean ± SE) and 36 older (63 ± 1) healthy men and women using quantitative immunofluorescence. The older subjects had lower vascular endothelium‐dependent dilation (forearm blood flow responses to acetylcholine, p < 0.05), and higher plasma concentrations of C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (all p < 0.05), but not tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). Total (O: 0.52 ± 0.04 vs. Y: 0.33 ± 0.05 NFκB/HUVEC intensity, p < 0.05) and nuclear (O: 0.59 ± 0.04 vs. Y: 0.41 ± 0.04) expression of nuclear factor κ B p65 (NFκB), a proinflammatory gene transcription factor, was greater in EC from the older subjects (p < 0.05). EC expression of the inhibitor (of nuclear translocation) of NFκB (IκBα) was lower in the older subjects (O: 0.16 ± 0.02 vs. Y: 0.24 ± 0.03, p < 0.05), whereas IκB kinase (IκK) was not different. EC expression of the proinflammatory proteins IL‐6 (O: 0.42 ± 0.06 vs. Y: 0.29 ± 0.03, p < 0.05), TNF‐α (O: 0.52 ± 0.06 vs. Y: 0.33 ± 0.05, p < 0.05) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) (O: 0.59 ± 0.06 vs. Y: 0.38 ± 0.02, p < 0.05) was greater in the older subjects, whereas cyclooxygenase 2 and the receptor for advanced glycation end‐products did not differ. These findings indicate that impaired function with aging in healthy adults is associated with the development of a proinflammatory phenotype in the vascular endothelium that could be caused in part by reduced IκB‐mediated inhibition of NFκB.
Protein translation, 2008
Authors: Kaeberlein Matt , Kennedy Brian K.
Published: September 2008

The important role that regulation of protein translation plays in determining longevity in invertebrate organisms became widely appreciated in 2007, with the publication of several papers discussed in last year's review. During 2008, several studies have further strengthened the idea that regulation of translation is one component of a highly evolutionarily conserved pathway that modifies longevity. Importantly, studies published this year also began to provide insights into specific mechanisms by which altered mRNA translation does (and in some cases does not) slow aging in invertebrate model organisms.
Becoming a geographical scientist: oral histories of Arctic fieldwork
Authors: Powell Richard C
Published: September 2008

This paper examines the development of a geographical sensibility amongst field scientists involved in the Polar Continental Shelf Project (PCSP) during the late 1950s and early 1960s. This is achieved by using oral histories collected from scientists and other field personnel. These oral testimonies reveal a number of important issues for historians of geography. These include the interrelation of scientific practices in the field and the association of an interdisciplinary stance towards Arctic science with a particular understanding of geographical identity. It appears that the community of actors taking vocational and professional meaning from the practice of geography is much larger than is usually considered to be the case. The paper concludes by discussing the implications for debates about disciplinary identity and belonging in geography.
If geography is anything, maybe it's planning's alter ego? Reflections on policy relevance in two disciplines concerned with place and space
Authors: Phelps Nicholas A , Tewdwr‐Jones Mark
Published: September 2008

In this paper we consider the relationship between geography and planning. The apparent distance between the two disciplines that presently exists makes such a review timely. We argue that geography and planning have more in common than is often recognised. We also consider and identify what the two disciplines can learn from each other. It is commonly recognised that planning can learn something of the art of the analytical from geography – that geographical perspectives can lend analytical insight to planning thought and practice. In light of recent concerns over the relevance of geography, we highlight in particular what geography can learn from planning. Here, it is less commonly recognised that geography can learn something of the art of persuasion from planning – a sense of the necessary imperfections and limitations that attend interventions in society.
Rhythmanalysing the coach tour: the Ring of Kerry, Ireland
Authors: Edensor Tim , Holloway Julian
Published: September 2008

This paper utilises and extends Henri Lefebvre's ideas about rhythmanalysis to explore the rhythmic qualities of taking a coach tour. The paper investigates the Ring of Kerry tour in the West of Ireland and reveals both the reproduction and disturbance, through itinerary and narratives of the coach drivers, of anticipated discourses and visual indexes of commodified Irishness. Central to the paper is the ordering of different rhythmic assemblages, which connect and disconnect in multiple ways. It is argued that the rhythmic multiplicity of coach tours involve entanglements of embodiment, affective registers, technologies and materialities. The paper reveals how the myriad tempos and rhythms of the tour take on different consistencies and intensities at different stages of the journey, and investigates the capacities of these rhythms to affect and be affected by the pulse of the spaces moved through and stopped at. In so doing, a supplemented rhythmanalysis is suggested as a productive approach for apprehending tourist spaces, practices and landscapes.
Building differences: material geographies of home(s) among Polish builders in London
Authors: Datta Ayona
Published: September 2008

This paper examines how embodied acts of building home(s) for others shape particular constructions of cultural difference and otherness. It presents a largely unexplored perspective of home – one that is uninhabited by its builders. This perspective becomes relevant through a study of Polish home‐builders who have legally entered the building sector in London since EU expansion in 2004, who put together homes for others, temporarily inhabiting them during building, and moving out as soon as the work is completed. Using participant photo‐diaries and semi‐structured interviews, this paper suggests that the building act – putting together of homes for others as part of a political economy of labour and materials in different localised contexts, produces particular distinctions between the ‘socio‐technical’ nature of homes across national territories. In doing so, it extends different perspectives on homes from cultural geography, anthropology and architecture to suggest a more nuanced material geography of home – as an assemblage of building elements under different contexts which, through the building acts of migrant men, allow scrutiny of cultural difference and otherness. Participants’ own homes left behind in Poland, homes they build for others in London and the future homes that they aspire to, suggest how differences in the ways that they are put together are ascribed cultural meanings of dwelling that are inherently corporal. Building homes is a deeply masculine act – a sexualised and embodied politics of home, which validates particular versions of gendered ethno‐national identities as Polish men, and locates the future home within a Polish home/land. Although inhabiting the future home is uncertain, building this home is seen as an extension of their identity as Polish men who ensure the continuity of the Polish home and family.
‘Sainsbury's is my local’: English alcohol policy, domestic drinking practices and the meaning of home
Authors: Holloway Sarah L , Jayne Mark , Valentine Gill
Published: September 2008

Drinking in England is an issue of public and policy concern. The Government has focused on the city centre in pursuing its twin policy aims of urban regeneration and public order and health. This paper challenges the silences in such debate by focusing on the domestic drinking practices in two case‐study locations. Drawing on insights from wider geographies of home, the empirical sections of the paper explore domestic drinking as a widespread, socially sanctioned practice, which is shaped through diverse social relations, and the home's connections to other time/spaces. The ideological power of home works to obscure the problems that domestic drinking can sometimes cause.