bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feelings of Unreality: A Conceptual and Phenomenological Analysis of the Language of Depersonalization
Authors: Radovic Filip , Radovic Susanna
Published: February 2007

The paper offers a conceptual and phenomenological analysis
of the language of depersonalization. The depersonalization syndrome or
disorder has no known common pathogenesis and shows no characteristic
behavioral manifestations. A conceptual analysis of the key terms in
the subjective complaints would therefore have consequences for clinical
research into the phenomenon of depersonalization.
Characteristic reports of depersonalization symptoms are arranged
according to their conceptual and psychological kinship. A scheme, which
aims to separate reports that reflect an underlying depersonalization
experience from similar remarks that are common in everyday language but
are not considered to be connected with depersonalization, is outlined.
Further, we focus on the two dominating criteria found in the literature
on depersonalization, the feelings of unreality and the so-called as-if
character. Two different uses of the phrase "I feel unreal" are made
explicit in order to avoid conflation. The as-if element, which usually
accompanies depersonalization complaints, is discussed in the light of
potential epistemologic reservations, which may motivate the use of
as-if locutions. Finally, we suggest how occurrences of metaphorical
language may be understood when patients verbally attempt to articulate
depersonalization symptoms.
Psychopathological Symptoms and Religious Experience: A Critique of Jackson and Fulford
Authors: Marzanski Marek , Bratton Mark
Published: February 2007

The boundary between spiritual experience and mental disorder
remains unclear and should invite collaboration between psychiatry
and other disciplines, including theology. Jackson and Fulford (1997),
using the tools of analytic philosophy, have proposed a model allowing
principled differentiation between spiritual experience and psychotic
symptoms based on the personal values of the subject, a cognitive
problem-solving model. Spiritual experience is described as positively
evaluated psychotic experience, which enables the subject to do more
than he or she normally does. In the present paper, it is claimed that
values and actions cannot alone always discriminate between religious
experience and psychopathology. With reference to three case studies,
drawn from the practice of one of us, it is argued that spirituality
is not all about experience and that it cannot be understood without
reference to the subject's personal history and spiritual tradition,
however implicit or fragmented. This approach would allow an account of
ordinary religious experience in those who have suffered ego disablement
during mental illness. Drawing primarily on the Christian tradition,
we argue that the use of theological criteria may allow levels of
discrimination between spiritual experience and mental disorder not
allowed for by philosophical psychopathology.
Death, Disability, and Dogma
Authors: Clegg Jennifer , Lansdall-Welfare Richard
Published: February 2007

Mourning exists at the nexus between individual experience,
professional discourses, research, and culture, making it a complex
issue for health services that has shown vibrant change in recent
years. By contrast, bereavement discourse in intellectual disability
is suffused by dogmatic assertions about correct intervention: we
describe four vignettes to illustrate bereavement issues in intellectual
disability. Suggestions concerning issues and management are made, but
the article focuses primarily on the conceptual issues that underpin
clinical intervention. The analysis shows how challenges to the meaning
of the disabled life, and to the understandings carers and staff draw on,
tend to be resisted. We hypothesize this is most likely to surround issues
that evoke cultural uncertainty, such as bereavement. The thesis is that
the field of intellectual disability tends to be isolationist because
meaning is difficult to create and easily dissolved, especially when
addressing culturally contested topics. Dialogue with other disciplines
is necessary to stop the field from atrophying, but needs to be carried
out in ways that enable carers and clinicians to continue providing the
support that people with intellectual disability require.
Emotion and Cognition: Recent Developments and Therapeutic Practice
Authors: Lacewing Michael
Published: February 2007

As is widely known, the last twenty-five years have seen an acceleration in the development of theories of emotion. Perhaps less well-known is that the last three years have seen an extended defense of a predominant, although not universally accepted, framework for the understanding of emotion in philosophy and psychology. The central claim of this framework is that emotions are a form of evaluative response to their intentional objects, centrally involving cognition or something akin to cognition, in which the evaluation of the object relates to the concerns, interests, or well-being of the subject. I aim to summarize and review the work of five authors on three of the central themes of this framework, and to note some implications for the understanding of emotion in different psychotherapeutic approaches.
Authorship and Origins of the Seven Propaganda Devices: A Research Note
Authors: Sproule J. Michael
Published: February 2007

The analytic construct of the seven propaganda devices--name calling,
glittering generalities, transfer, testimonial, plain folks, card
stacking, and bandwagon--long has been familiar in the field of
communication. The following documentary account of the seven-devices
framework, extending and focusing my previous explications of the subject,
clarifies who first developed the format, how it came to be published,
why it both captured immediate interest and longstanding attention,
and how later it encountered social and ideological conditions that
variously facilitated or impeded its diffusion and use.
Rhetorical Deliberation and Democratic Politics in the Here and Now
Authors: Ivie Robert L
Published: February 2007

This essay advances the notion that democratic
deliberation at its best in the here and now is primarily rhetorical. A
"rowdy" rhetorical conception of deliberation, in the reconstructive
spirit of the mythical figure of Old Man Coyote, is well adapted to
meeting the present conditions of what Chantal Mouffe calls agonistic
pluralism. The democratic deficit created in the absence of such a
conception is illustrated with reference to the so-called "war" on
terrorism following the attack of September 11, 2001.
Kennedy's Romantic Moon and Its Rhetorical Legacy for Space Exploration
Authors: Jordan John W
Published: February 2007

This essay critiques John F. Kennedy's address at Rice University on
the nation's space effort and its rhetorical construction of romantic,
transcendent appeals designed to motivate audiences toward participating
in massive and ambiguous space goals. The essay examines the influence
such appeals have had on subsequent presidential and administrative
space program rhetoric.
Juxtaposition in Environmental Health Rhetoric: Exposing Asbestos Contamination in Libby, Montana
Authors: Schwarze Steve
Published: February 2007

This essay argues that juxtaposition is an important rhetorical
convention for overcoming uncertainty and institutional inertia in
relation to environmental health hazards. The essay illustrates the
rhetorical dynamics of this convention in the public discourse that
exposed the problem of asbestos contamination in Libby, Montana, and
contends that the dichotomous moral framing of this problem was an
effective and morally appropriate example of "ecospeak."
Faculty Attitudes Toward Regulating Speech on College Campuses
Authors: Hurtado Sylvia , Dey Eric L
Published: February 2007

This study examines faculty support for different types of policies
designed to regulate speech on campus. The authors examine data
from a recent national survey of college faculty for individual and
institutional correlates of support. The results show complex
patterns. For example, more than half of the faculty support the
prohibition of racist and sexist speech, while only about one-quarter
support policies designed to ban extreme speakers from campus.
The Academic and Social Integration of Hispanic Students into College
Authors: Kraemer Barbara A
Published: February 2007

Academic and social integration into college is key to persistence
in models of student attrition. This study operationally defined
academic and social integration to fit a Hispanic 2-year college
population and examined psychometric properties of the measures
through confirmatory factor analyses. Findings confirmed the
importance of appropriate and culturally sensitive operational
definitions of academic and social integration when including these
constructs in persistence studies of Hispanic students at 2-year
institutions.
Sex Differences in Faculty Salaries: A Cohort Analysis
Authors: Perna Laura W
Published: February 2007

This study draws upon human capital and structural perspectives to explore the extent to which the lower salaries observed for full-time faculty women compared to their male colleagues vary across different rank/experience cohorts. Descriptive and regression analyses are used to address the research questions. Data are from the 1993 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty. The analyses reveal that, among the ÒolderÓ faculty at each rank, women receive lower salaries than men even after controlling for other variables.
Historically Black vs. White Institutions: Academic Development among Black Students
Authors: Kim Mikyong Minsun
Published: February 2007

Using national longitudinal data, this study compares the academic development among African American students attending historically Black and White institutions of higher education. It also compares and contrasts African American student characteristics and institutional resources. The analyses of hierarchical linear modeling demonstrate no significant differences on self-reported academic ability, writing, and mathematics. However, students at Black institutions tend to be more socio-economically disadvantaged. White institutions tend to have better and more academic resources.
Exploring the Satisfaction of Part-time College Faculty in the United States
Authors: Antony James Soto , Valadez James R
Published: February 2007

Researchers who have examined satisfaction among non-tenure-track part-time faculty members have studied only single institutions or used a limited definition of satisfaction. This study uses nationally representative data to provide a comprehensive comparative picture of the satisfaction between full- and part-time faculty members (both tenure-track and non-tenure-track) within and across American two-year and four-year post-secondary institutions. It also develops a richer definition of role satisfaction.
Academic Motherhood: Managing Complex Roles in Research Universities
Authors: Ward Kelly (Kelly Anne) , Wolf-Wendel Lisa
Published: February 2007

Given the prevalence of women faculty entering the profession, many of childbearing age, it is important to understand how women juggle the often-conflicting demands of children and tenure. Interviews with 29 faculty from research universities find them reporting joy in their professional and personal roles, the "greedy" nature of academic and family life, the need to watch the clock, and the perspective that having children imposes on life as a junior faculty member.
Splitting Water: The Geopolitics of Water Resources in the Caspian Sea
Authors: Bahgat Gawdat
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Since the breakup of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, the Caspian
Sea has emerged as a potentially significant energy reservoir. The
full utilization of the basin's hydrocarbon resources, however, has been
slowed down by the disagreement on the legal status of the Caspian. By the
early 2000s, the five coastal states—Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan,
Russia, and Turkmenistan—have yet to agree on a formula to divide
the sea between them. A critical examination of the political and legal
stance of each of the five littoral states as well as the U.S. position
is crucial to understanding the geopolitical implications of the ongoing
dispute with regard to sovereignty over the Caspian. Despite the absence
of a legal agreement on how to divide the Caspian, a de facto regime that
is likely to accelerate the exploration and development of the region's
oil and gas resources is slowly emerging.
Integrative Conservation
Authors: Esposito Lauren
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Developing countries have become the primary proponents of integrative
conservation—conservation that relies on the enhanced participation
of local people to achieve the sustainable management of natural
resources. The case studies of Zimbabwe and Costa Rica support the
idea that integrative conservation allows governments to gain greater
political influence while sucessfully administering conservation. Both
cases suggest that local people demand greater access to natural resources
to bolster their livelihoods and their autonomy. Governments, in turn,
acquiesce to these demands because relinquishing control of resources
to the local level confers the benefit of a wider and more positive
political influence in marginal areas. Integrative conservation emerged
in these two countries because it served both the interests of local
people and those of the governing bodies.
Coffee Production in a Time of Crisis: Social and Environmental Connections
Authors: Rice Robert
Published: February 2007

The coffee industry rests upon the production of a global commodity
that has grown two-fold in volume and 3.5 times in value since the 1960s,
generating in the process billions of annual export dollars. This article
discusses coffee's history as a global commodity, and its environmental
and social implications. Occupying some 10 million hectares globally,
millions of small producers and their families depend upon coffee as their
major source of income. Their livelihood is threatened today by a price
crisis brought on by overproduction. But, innovative market initiatives
linked to social equity and ecological or conservation concerns have
the potential to lift producers out of the devastation caused by low
prices. Government and private sector actors also have a role to play
in solving the crisis.
Thomson's Poetry of Reverie and Milton
Authors: Reid David Stuart
Published: February 2007

Milton's God makes the world by dividing chaos and by pouring himself into it. It is Milton's second process of creation that Thomson seizes on and develops in The Seasons, both for the subject of his reverie of Nature and for his stylistic effects suggesting an �lan vital running through things, a divine process at once sportive and sublime that unites seer and scene, writer and world written about. The divinity of Nature is also the ground of Thomson's ethical ideas and idea of British liberty, ideas that at once develop and contradict Milton's.
Contemporary Scribes: Jewish American Cartoonists
Authors: Schlam Helena Frenkil
Published: February 2007

The list of artists who defined and shaped American
cartoon art includes many Jewish names. America has offered many immigrant
groups the possibilities of achievement, and Jews, coming from a strong
literary tradition which nurtured both a comic and an ironic view of the
world, have been drawn to this fast-developing and uniquely American
art form since the beginning of the twentieth century. At every point
in the history of cartoon arts in America some Jewish cartoonists
were able to contribute their talents and ability to innovate. They
brought the sharpened perspective and the moral anxiety of the outsider
to this artistic expression, and, from Rube Goldberg to Al Capp, Will
Eisner, and Art Spiegelman, to mention only several of the giants, they
have strongly influenced the cartoon arts. The cartoonist at his/her
drawing board brings to mind the image of the scribe, an old and revered
profession in Judaism. Jewish cartoonists in their depiction of modern
life have in some ways become contemporary scribes in a distinctly
American form of communication that combines both written and visual
expression.
Moses in Midian, According to Philo
Authors: Feldman Louis H
Published: February 2007

In his De Vita Mosis Philo, by building up the personality of
Moses, seeks to answer antisemitic charges, notably that the Jews had
produced no great men. He defends Moses against the charge that he had
not sufficiently helped the Israelites during their oppression in Egypt
and justifies his slaying of an Egyptian overseer. While emphasizing
the value of his career as a shepherd in preparing him for the role of
leadership of the Israelites, he adds that he also devoted himself in
Midian to the study of philosophy. In his aid to Jethro's daughters in
drawing water for their sheep Philo's Moses, prophetically inspired, shows
his tremendous concern for justice. To make the account of the burning
bush more credible Philo presents it as a vision and the bush itself
as symbolizing the oppressed Israelites. He is careful to omit Moses'
self-doubt. When Moses draws his hand from his bosom it is whiter than
snow, according to Philo, but not leprous, as in the Bible. He presents
a more scientific interpretation of the miracle of turning water into
blood. He explains Moses' speech impediment as due to his view that he
considered human eloquence to be dumbness as compared with G-d's. For
apologetic reasons Philo omits Moses' failure to circumcise his son.
Variable Subject Presence in ASL Narratives
Authors: Wulf Alyssa , Dudis Paul , Bayley Robert , Lucas Ceil
Published: February 2007

This article examines variation between null and overt subject pronouns in ASL. In ASL, information about the subject is sometimes provided through morphology. Certain verbs allow changes in form (i.e., in their use of space) that indicate the person and/or number of the subject. In the case of �plain verbs� (Padden 1988), however, the verb form itself includes no information about the subject. Although we might expect plain verbs to require separate manual subjects, they also show variable subject presence. In this study, based on spontaneous narratives produced by signers ranging from 16 to 84 years of age, we use multivariate analysis to examine the behavior of subjects of plain verbs. All possible sites of pronominal subjects occurring with plain verbs were coded for a number of factors, including person and number, switch reference, sentence type, age, and gender. We also coded for whether the token occurred within constructed action or dialogue or within utterances marked by obvious English influence. Overall, results indicate that ASL subject pronoun presence with plain verbs is systematic and constrained by a range of factors that exhibit remarkable similarity to constraints found in studies of spoken languages. Results for age, however, need to be interpreted in light of the social history of the U.S. Deaf community.
Frequency Characteristics of American Sign Language
Authors: Morford Jill Patterson , MacFarlane James
Published: February 2007

When signers communicate with one another, they use some signs, such as finish, more frequently than others, such as eagle. The frequency of occurrence affects both the way that languages are processed and the way they change over time. It is important to be aware of the frequency characteristics of a language when pursuing either psycholinguistic or linguistic analyses. This article reports the findings of a pilot study of sign frequency in American Sign Language. A corpus of over four thousand signs was analyzed, and some of the frequency characteristics that were uncovered are reported here. Appendix 1 lists the most frequent signs in the database.
The African Experience in Early Spanish America
Authors: Restall Matthew , Landers Jane
Published: February 2007

Of the five great African diasporas of historical record, as recently described by Colin Palmer, the fourth includes the story of Blacks in Spanish America. It remains the best studied of the “five major African diasporic streams,” thanks to pioneering work by scholars such as Palmer, Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán, Frederick Bowser, Herbert Klein, Rolando Mellafe, and others, as well as a flurry of recent and forthcoming publications by a new generation studying this diaspora—among them the contributors to this special issue of The Americas, and the late Kimberly Hanger, to whom the issue is hereby dedicated.
Marriage as Slave Emancipation in Seventeenth-Century Rural Guatemala
Authors: Lokken Paul
Published: February 2007

On the 17th of August 1671, Manuel de Morales, a 49-year-old Angolan slave employed on a Dominican-owned sugar plantation in the Pacific coastal hotlands of what is now the republic of Guatemala, came before a priest and declared his intention to marry. Accompanying Morales was his proposed spouse, Inés Hernández, an Indian widow from the nearby town of Escuintla, capital of the colonial Guatemalancorregimientoof Escuintepeque in which the Dominicaningeniolay. Four male witnesses testified to the soundness of the proposed marriage between Morales and Hernández, two on behalf of eachcontrayente, or prospective spouse. Three of the witnesses were slaves: Silvestre Ramírez, defined as mulatto, and Jacinto Pereira and Miguel de la Cruz, both identified as black. The fourth was Diego de Arriasa, mulatto and free.
From “Punks” to Geopoliticians: U.S. and Panamanian Teenagers and the 1964 Canal Zone Riots
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: February 2007

In 1964, U.S. civilian teenagers managed a rare feat by sparking a major foreign policy crisis. Even more remarkable, they were abroad when they did it, and they caused the crisis out of what many consideredtoo muchpatriotism. The riots that rocked Panama beginning on 9 January of that year started as a scuffle between Panamanian and U.S. high school students in front of Balboa High School (BHS), a “Zonian” institution mostly for U.S. citizens. The immediate circumstances were complicated: teenagers from Panama City marched into the town of Balboa in the U.S.-controlled Panama Canal Zone to protest the fact that BHS was not flying the Panamanian flag. Balboa High students, in turn, were already demanding thattheirflag continue to fly. President John Kennedy had ordered that both nations' flags be hoisted in the Zone, but implementation was slow. Then, local administrators decreed thatneitherflag would fly at BHS. The flag dispute seemed trivial, but its resolution could change which nation enjoyed sovereignty over the Zone. On 9 January, in the scuffle between Panamanian and U.S. students, the Panamanians' flag was torn. Then came the crisis. Within hours of the altercation, thousands of adults unleashed a bloody violence that lasted four days and killed twenty-one Panamanians and four U.S. soldiers. The U.S. Army took control of the Zone and Panama suspended diplomatic relations with the U.S. government. Panamanians further insisted on the scrapping of the 1903 Treaty that had established U.S. control over the Canal Zone. After years of negotiations, these riots led to the Panama Canal treaties in the 1970s and to the transfer of the Canal from U.S. to Panamanian hands in 1999.
The Burden of Citizenship: Artisans, Elections, and the Fuero Militar in Santiago de Chile, 1822-1851
Authors: Wood James A.
Published: February 2007

On December 13, 1845 the recently founded Santiago newspaperEl Artesano Opositor(The Opposition Artisan) published a letter submitted by “twenty artisan friends of Cerda.” The letter related the tragic case of José Agustin Cerda, a young tailor, soldier in the civic militia, and member of an electoral association called theSociedad de Artesanos de Caupolicán(Caupolicán Artisans Society), who had been arrested on November 12 by the city's military prosecutor on the charge that he was involved in an anti-government “conspiracy.” Claiming innocence, Cerda, according to his companions, denied his involvement in the alleged conspiracy “with noble arrogance.” As a result he was locked in iron shackles in a military prison, causing his legs to swell up and his illness-weakened lungs to struggle for air. A follow-up article in the newspaper announced that Cerda was still being held in that “unjust and inhumane” condition two months later, along with several other city residents who were linked to the electoral associations of the liberal opposition in Santiago. While the outraged authors of the letter toEl Artesano Opositorsingled out the Cerda case for its malicious effects on their friend, they clearly saw the incident as part of a larger problem: the routine and systematic mistreatment of all artisan militiamen by the conservative governing regime. Not content simply to demand the release of their colleague, the “friends of Cerda” demanded the complete reform of a political system that denigrated the honor, dignity, and patriotism of all the city's artisans. “Understand,” continued the letter in a provocative flourish, “that by attacking the innocent life of Cerda you attack the lives of all the artisans of the Republic.” “We should expect more,” it concluded solemnly, “from the men we elevate with our votes, defend with our blood, and maintain with our sweat and labor.”
Afro-Mexican Slave Labor in the Obrajes de Paños of New Spain, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Proctor Frank T.
Published: February 2007

On April 5, 1723, Juan Joseph de Porras, a mulatto slave laboring in anobraje de paños(woolen textile mill) near Mexico City, appeared before the Holy Office of the Inquisition for blasphemy. According to the testimony of six slaves, including Porras’ wife, while his co-workers prepared to bed down for the night in the obraje Porras had blasphemed over a beating he had received from themayordomo(overseer) earlier in the day. Señor Pedregal, the owner of the obraje, testified that Porras was one of nearly thirty workers, all Afro-Mexican slaves or convicts, who lived and labored in his obraje without the freedom to leave.

The case against Juan Joseph de Porras and dozens of others like it in the Mexican archives raise important questions, not only about the makeup of the colonial obraje labor force, but also about the importance of Afro-Mexican slavery in the middle of the colonial period. Was the Pedregal labor force, composed entirely of slaves and convicts, the exception or the rule within obrajes of New Spain? If it was not exceptional, how important were slaves to that obraje and others like it? What exactly was the demographic makeup of the obraje labor force in the middle of the colonial period? And, how might the answers to those questions change our understanding of the histories of labor and slavery in colonial Mexico?
Introducing La Reina Del Carnaval: Public Celebration and Postrevolutionary Discourse in Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Wood Andrew Grant
Published: February 2007

Following the revolution of 1910-1917, a new era took shape in the port of Veracruz, Mexico as residents (porteños) took to a variety of recreational pursuits that included baseball, social dances and, increasingly, film. No one activity proved more significant, however, than the revival of Carnival in 1925. That year, members of the Veracruz railroad workers union (Alianza de Ferrocarrileros) along with a coordinating committee made up of representatives from various community associations organized the first public celebration of Carnival in nearly five decades. Assembling just outside the union hall on the afternoon of Saturday February 21, 1925, hundreds joined in an afternoon parade that circulated through the central city. Carrying assorted musical instruments and noisemaking gadgets, an enthusiastic throng engaged in a hunt to capture a ritualistic “enemy of the people” known as Mal Humor. After members of the procession seized their prey, a tribunal headed by King Juan Carnaval tried the offender and sentenced him to death.
Constructing the Future: Advocating Energy Technologies in the Cold War
Authors: Laird Frank N
Published: February 2007

The future matters, and never more than when advocates argue for their favored technologies. Conflicts over public policy for energy reflect broader conflicts over technology and the shape of future society because people advocate for systems that they believe will maintain or create the societies they desire. Between World War II and 1980, advocates for solar energy, now called renewable energy, sought to develop new energy technology systems to replace those running on fossil fuels. In particular, solar advocates critical of the broader society used energy policy as a political arena in which to contest the dominant values that undergirded conventional energy policy and, they believed, society more generally. They failed because they could not change the values that dominated energy policy and the rest of society. This historical analysis focuses on key debates over policy that took place within and between policy communities--collections of experts, activists, industry representatives, and government officials.
"What These People Need Is Radio": New Technology, the Press, and Otherness in 1920s America
Authors: Patnode Randall
Published: February 2007

In the 1920s, American newspapers and magazines enthusiastically promoted the new technology of radio broadcasting in part by focusing on how the technology was adopted by farmers. The popular press depicted farmers, isolated from the urban centers and cut off from urban-based entertainment, as the ideal benefactors of what radio did best: bridge large distances and provide an abundance of information and amusement. In focusing on the farmer's potential for redemption through the adoption of radio, however, the press accounts amplified the shortcomings of farm life, casting the farmer as an anti-modern "other." These conclusions emerge from the news coverage and advertising discourse appearing in both urban and rural publications of the period.
"Should One Applaud?" Breaches and Boundaries in the Reception of New Technology in Music
Authors: Pinch T. J. (Trevor J.) , Bijsterveld Karin
Published: February 2007

The debate surrounding the introduction of new musical instruments is examined as a way to elicit norms underlying musical practice and culture. The paper details the introduction of three twentieth century instruments: the player piano, the "noise instruments" of the futurists and the electronic music synthesizer. The responses to these new instruments both among classical performers and in the realm of popular culture reveal how traditional norms of musical creativity associated with personal achievement have been supplemented with new norms of democratized leisure and how with the emergence of the noise instruments and synthesizer a new value has been placed upon "uncertainty recontrolled". The paper explores the tension between continuity and change in regard to these musical norms and values.
"Avoiding Equally Extravagance and Parsimony": The Moral Economy of the Ocean Steamship
Authors: Smith Crosbie , Higginson Ian , Wolstenholme Phillip
Published: February 2007

Founded by the brothers Alfred and Philip Henry Holt in 1865, the Ocean Steam Ship Company of Liverpool (better known as the Blue Funnel Line) has been widely celebrated by maritime historians and historians of marine engineering as the line which introduced the compound engine into long distance steam navigation to the Far East and which thereby killed the famous China tea clippers. In this paper we argue that the local culture within which the Holts constructed their steamship line was characterized by a "moral economy" shared with fellow-members (especially merchants and shipowners) of Renshaw Street Unitarian Chapel in Liverpool. Embedding a moral economy of minimum waste in the engineering and business arrangements that constituted their Company, the Holts sought to design and operate vessels whose "scientific" characteristics of economy and reliability would aspire to, and reflect, the natural and moral perfections of God's Creation. Reading earlier lessons of steamship practice in the light of their Unitarianism, they above all worked to steer a course that would avoid equally extravagance and parsimony.
Blacktop: How Asphalt Paving Came to the Urban United States
Authors: Holley I. B. (Irving Brinton)
Published: February 2007

Asphalt was first used as a paving material in U.S. cities in the 1860s. Early applications were largely unsuccessful because its chemical composition was ill-understood and methods as well as machinery had to be developed to apply it with success. Competent chemists and increasingly experienced contractors gradually led to a mastery which by the early twentieth century made asphalt the commonest paving material, surfacing 90 percent of U.S.streets and highways. Nationwide contacting firms, the appearance of railroad mixing plants, and the invention of tank cars to distribute plentiful Western petroleum cheaply played a crucial role in the success of asphalt.
Intelligent Uses of Engineering and the Legitimacy of State Power
Authors: Mukerji Chandra
Published: February 2007

The destruction of the World Trade Center on 9/11 not only brought terrorism to the forefront of politics, but also made visible the political significance of engineering. The targeting of a skyscraper and use of commercial airplanes for the attack were frightening because they displayed not just political rage, but an unexpected intelligence. Osama Bin Laden raised the scary specter of a terrorist engineer. Scholars in Science and Technology Studies have argued before that hybrids and built environments could be tools of power, but the significance of these analyses became newly evident on 9/11.
Guilds, Patents, and the Circulation of Technical Knowledge: Northern Italy during the Early Modern Age
Authors: Belfanti Carlo
Published: February 2007

The technological history of early modern Europe was marked by "the spread of technical knowledge through the movement of people" and "the creation by almost all the European states of laws and regulations intended to reward and safeguard invention," writes Carlo Marco Belfanti in "Guilds, Patents and the Circulation of Technical Knowledge." The mobility of the skilled workforce in this era was "regulated by the actions of two institutions dedicated to opposing objectives (or at least appearing to be so): the urban craft guilds and the patent laws." Rich historical literatures on the patent system and on guilds exist mainly in isolation from each other, but Belfanti draws on both to argue "that patents and guilds were not always in conflict but rather were two aspects of the same institutional setup." Their interaction was a crucial feature of the institutional context for technological diffusion that prevailed until the eighteenth century, "when the objective of the competition between manufacturing centers changed from acquiring secrets related to the production process to adopting product innovations in response to market demand."
Unmasking the Holy Jester Dario Fo
Authors: Scuderi Antonio
Published: February 2007

Throughout his long and successful career, Dario Fo has based his theater on popular theatrical forms and the oral tradition. In many ways, this was at the heart of the controversy surrounding the decision to award him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1997. Influenced by the writings of Antonio Gramsci, Fo's mission has been to give dignity back to folk culture. A close look at his 1999 giullarata (one-man show) about Saint Francis of Assisi, The Holy Jester Francis (Lu santo jull�re Fran�esco), illustrates how he takes the liberty to retell history, which he believes has been molded to fit the ideology of the ruling class. The fact that Saint Francis, as well as other holy men of his day, used techniques of the giullari or street performers in order to communicate with the illiterate masses has been well established. Fo, however, recasts Francis in the mold of the giuillare that he defined for himself in his first giullarata, Mistero Buffo, that is, as a proto-Marxist voice of the disenfranchised lower classes. This essay focuses on the ways in which Fo deviates from official history in order to define his Saint Francis and frame his performance.
Disposable Wars, Disappearing Acts: Theatrical Responses to the 1991 Gulf War
Authors: Colleran Jeanne M. (Jeanne Marie)
Published: February 2007

This essay examines how the media inaugurated certain practices during the 1991 Gulf War which have persisted and are evident in the coverage of the 2003 war, establishing both a model of reportage and an intertext between the two conflicts. The media, in turn, is inscribed within what Baudrillard has defined as the simulacrum, whereby images, or virtuality, outstrip the real and redefine events in crucial ways. The speed of information transfer, which in turn produced practices of instant narrativization and relentless visibility, operates as a vector of power: images, and how they are conveyed, become informational events in themselves, affecting perception, policy, and strategy. Censorship was an important factor in the formation of public perception about the Gulf War, but more was at work here: specifically, the unreality/hyperreality of images, endemic to postmodern life, which transforms the status of information, the knowledge derived from information, and judgments accordingly made about public events. These dynamics are, obviously, deeply consequential for those cultural products committed to political critique. The second portion of the essay analyzes one such cultural product, a play by Trevor Griffiths, written in the immediate aftermath of the 1991 Gulf War. It is examined for its capacity to offer critical assessment and to stand against the phenomena of de-realizing history into media events.
Myths of Globalisation: Private Regulation and Farm Worker Livelihoods on Western Cape Farms
Authors: Du Toit Andries , Ewert Joachim
Published: February 2007

Andries du Toit and Joachim Ewert look at worker livelihoods on wine farms in the Western Cape, arguing that sustainable livelihoods for farm workers are better served by policies rooted in an understanding of the social dynamics of change on farms.
Research, Counter-text, Performance: Reconsidering the (Textual) Authority of the Dramaturg
Authors: Hopkins D. J
Published: February 2007

Hopkins advances an approach to dramaturgical practice called the "counter-text." This article provides a narrative of Hopkins's work on a production of Naomi Iizuka's Skin, directed by Robert Woodruff in 1995. On this project, Hopkins pursued research that was incorporated into the production in indirect but evocative ways. Conventional approaches to dramaturgical research are compared with the practices of architect Rem Koolhaas. Counter-textual "authority" is twofold: the dramaturg makes productive contributions to the performance text, and is established as an independent and valuable contributor in production.
The Role of Theory in Comparative Politics: A Symposium
Authors: Kohli Atul , Evans Peter , Katzenstein Peter J. , Przeworski Adam , Rudolph Susanne Hoeber , Scott James C. , Skocpol Theda
Published: February 2007

The Center of International Studies at Princeton University organized a symposium during 1993—94 on the role of theory in comparative politics. Presented here is an edited and condensed version of the proceedings. In light of recent challenges posed by both rational choice and post-modern cultural approaches, the symposium helped elucidate the merits of competing theoretical approaches. A group of distinguished scholars presented a variety of views on the subject. In spite of recent intellectual developments, a diverse group of symposium participants adhered to a loosely defined “core,” or to what one participant characterized as the “eclectic center” of comparative politics.
The New Politics of the Welfare State
Authors: Pierson Paul
Published: February 2007

This essay seeks to lay the foundation for an understanding of welfare state retrenchment. Previous discussions have generally relied, at least implicitly, on a reflexive application of theories designed to explain welfare state expansion. Such an approach is seriously flawed. Not only is the goal of retrenchment (avoiding blame for cutting existing programs) far different from the goal of expansion (claiming credit for new social benefits), but the welfare state itself vastly alters the terrain on which the politics of social policy is fought out. Only an appreciation of how mature social programs create a new politics can allow us to make sense of the welfare state's remarkable resilience over the past two decades of austerity. Theoretical argument is combined with quantitative and qualitative data from four cases (Britain, the United States, Germany, and Sweden) to demonstrate the shortcomings of conventional wisdom and to highlight the factors that limit or facilitate retrenchment success.
Explaining Defection from International Cooperation: Germany's Unilateral Recognition of Croatia
Authors: Crawford Beverly
Published: February 2007

In 1991 Germany extended unilateral diplomatic recognition to Croatia and Slovenia in direct contravention of the preferences of its EC partners. In the context of Germany's postwar history of multilateralism in foreign policy, this was an unprecedented decision. As a case of defection from international cooperation, it requires explanation. This article explains how the German preference for recognition was formed and why Germany acted unilaterally when its partners had moved to adjust their policies to coordinate them with Germany's preferences. Defection from cooperation in this case is best explained as a two-level game: the source of Germany's preference for diplomatic recognition of these republics is traced to domestic political factors; its unilateral action is traced to regime weaknesses leading to negotiating failures in a changing post—cold war international environment.
Personal Networks and Postrevolutionary State Building: Soviet Russia Reexamined
Authors: Easter Gerald M.
Published: February 2007

The article contends that personal networks may facilitate state-building efforts under postrevolutionary conditions. With the breakdown of formal political structures, personal networks provide an informal social structure along which information may be exchanged, resources may be allocated, and collaborative activities may be planned. To demonstrate this argument, the article returns to the case of Soviet Russia. Using newly available archival sources, the case study shows how informal personal networks intersected with formal political organizations to develop a capacity for territorial administration in the decade following the civil war. The article concludes by suggesting answers to larger questions concerning the success of Soviet state building, the subsequent collapse of the Soviet state, and the implications for comparative state-building theory.
Russia's “Ethnic Revival”: The Separatist Activism of Regional Leaders in a Postcommunist Order
Authors: Treisman Daniel S.
Published: February 2007

Since 1990 Russia has experienced an unexpected “ethnic revival.” Varying widely in geography, culture, economic development, and institutional history, the country's thirty-two ethnic regions offer a chance to weigh the evidence for alternative theories of separatist activism. This paper examines statistically why some—such as Chechnya and Tatarstan—have come to epitomize demands for greater independence, while others—such as Mordovia or Chukotka—have remained largely quiescent. It finds that, while a Muslim religious tradition predisposed a region's leaders to press greater separatist demands, such primordial factors werefilteredthrough a rational calculus of the region's relative bargaining power in negotiations with the center and of the leader's own organizational interests. Contrary to some leading theories, the most developed, resource-rich, and high-income groups and regions were more separatist than more economically backward ones.
The Institutional Roots of American Trade Policy: Politics, Coalitions, and International Trade
Authors: Bailey Michael A. , Goldstein Judith , Weingast Barry R.
Published: February 2007

The 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA) changed the structure of the making of U.S. trade policy and made possible a dramatic reduction in tariffs. The authors demonstrate that the key institutional innovation in the RTAA was its mandate to lower tariffs through reciprocal agreements with foreign nations. The expansion of exports under the RTAA enhanced political support for increasingly lower U.S. tariffs. Evidence that export interests were positively associated with congressional votes for free trade supports this view.
The Populist Road to Market Reform: Policy and Electoral Coalitions in Mexico and Argentina
Authors: Gibson Edward L.
Published: February 2007

Governing parties face two fundamental tasks: they must pursue policies effectively, and they must win elections. Their national coalitions, therefore, generally include two types of constituencies—those that are important for policy-making and those that make it possible to win elections. In effect, governing parties must bring together a policy coalition and an electoral coalition. This distinction sheds light on how the transitional costs of major economic policy shifts can be made sustainable in electoral terms. It also provides a starting point for analysis of how two of Latin America's most important labor-based parties, the Peronist party in Argentina and the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) in Mexico, maintained electoral dominance while pursuing free-market reforms that adversely affected key social constituencies. Peronism and the PRI are conceived of as having encompassed historically two distinctive and regionally based subcoalitions: a metropolitan coalition that gave support to the parties' development strategies and a peripheral coalition that carried the burden of generating electoral majorities. This framework permits a reconceptualization of the historic coalitional dynamics of Peronism and the PRI and sheds light on the current process of coalitional change and economic reform.
Green by Choice? Cross-National Variations in Firms' Responses to EMS-Based Environmental Regimes
Authors: Kollman Kelly , Prakash Aseem
Published: February 2007

Environmental Management Systems (EMSS) represent a new generation of voluntary “beyond compliance” environmental policies that neither set substantive goals nor specify final outcomes. As a result, many stakeholder groups are lukewarm toward them. Since 1993 two major supranational EMSs—ISO 14001 and the European Union's Environmental Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)—have been introduced. Firms receive formal accreditation after their EMS has been certified by outside verifiers. This accreditation can potentially bestow monetary and nonmonetary benefits on these firms.

Firm-level EMS adoption patterns in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States vary, thereby suggesting that national contexts influence firms' responses to them. In Germany and the U.K. a significant number of sites have become either ISO 14001 or EMAS certified, while the take-up of ISO 14001 in the U.S. (EMAS is available only to European sites) has been less enthusiastic.

This article begins with the hypothesis that firms in countries with adversarial economies— where regulators and business are on less than friendly terms—are less likely to adopt EMS-based programs. This hypothesis explains why ISO 14001 take-up has been relatively high in the U.K. and relatively low in the U.S. However, it cannot explain (1) the high rate of take-up of both ISO 14001 and EMAS in Germany, where the stringency of environmental legislation has been a contentious issue between the government and industry and (2) why EMAS has been more popular in Germany than in the U.K. This article argues that the original hypothesis, while largely correct, is underspecified. To better explain the cross-national differences in EMS adoption, one must take into account the type of adversarial economy (adversarial legalism versus prescriptive interventionism) and the nature of the policy regime (procedural versus substantive).