bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpretation and diversity of exoplanetary material orbiting white dwarfs
Authors: Swan Andrew , Farihi Jay , Koester Detlev , Hollands Mark , Parsons Steven , Cauley P Wilson , Redfield Seth , Gänsicke Boris T
Published: August 2019

Nine metal-polluted white dwarfs are observed with medium-resolution optical spectroscopy, where photospheric abundances are determined and interpreted by comparison with Solar system objects. An improved method for making such comparisons is presented, which overcomes potential weaknesses of prior analyses, with numerous sources of error considered to highlight the limitations on interpretation. The stars are inferred to be accreting rocky, volatile-poor asteroidal materials with origins in differentiated bodies, in line with the consensus model. The most heavily polluted star in the sample has 14 metals detected, and appears to be accreting material from a rocky planetesimal, whose composition is mantle-like with a small Fe–Ni core component. Some unusual abundances are present. One star is strongly depleted in Ca, while two others show Na abundances elevated above bulk-Earth abundances; it is speculated that either the latter reflect diversity in the formation conditions of the source material, or they are traces of past accretion events. Another star shows clear signs that accretion ceased around 5 Myr ago, causing Mg to dominate the photospheric abundances, as it has the longest diffusion time of the observed elements. Observing such post-accretion systems allows constraints to be placed on models of the accretion process.
CRISPR/dual-FRET molecular beacon for sensitive live-cell imaging of non-repetitive genomic loci
Authors: Mao Shiqi , Ying Yachen , Wu Xiaotian , Krueger Christopher J , Chen Antony K
Published: August 2019

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genomic imaging systems predominantly rely on fluorescent protein reporters, which lack the optical properties essential for sensitive dynamic imaging. Here, we modified the CRISPR single-guide RNA (sgRNA) to carry two distinct molecular beacons (MBs) that can undergo fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and demonstrated that the resulting system, CRISPR/dual-FRET MB, enables dynamic imaging of non-repetitive genomic loci with only three unique sgRNAs.
Dynamics of the DEAD-box ATPase Prp5 RecA-like domains provide a conformational switch during spliceosome assembly
Authors: Beier David H , Carrocci Tucker J , van der Feltz Clarisse , Tretbar U Sandy , Paulson Joshua C , Grabowski Nikolai , Hoskins Aaron A
Published: August 2019

The DEAD-box family of proteins are ATP-dependent, RNA-binding proteins implicated in many aspects of RNA metabolism. Pre-mRNA splicing in eukaryotes requires three DEAD-box ATPases (Prp5, Prp28 and Sub2), the molecular mechanisms of which are poorly understood. Here, we use single molecule FRET (smFRET) to study the conformational dynamics of yeast Prp5. Prp5 is essential for stable association of the U2 snRNP with the intron branch site (BS) sequence during spliceosome assembly. Our data show that the Prp5 RecA-like domains undergo a large conformational rearrangement only in response to binding of both ATP and RNA. Mutations in Prp5 impact the fidelity of BS recognition and change the conformational dynamics of the RecA-like domains. We propose that BS recognition during spliceosome assembly involves a set of coordinated conformational switches among U2 snRNP components. Spontaneous toggling of Prp5 into a stable, open conformation may be important for its release from U2 and to prevent competition between Prp5 re-binding and subsequent steps in spliceosome assembly.
Laura Poitras
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: August 2019

This is the first career interview with Academy Award–winner, Pulitzer Prize–winner, MacArthur Fellow Laura Poitras, whose shift from cooking to filmmaking brought her first into contact with the avant-garde filmmaking community in the Bay Area, and in particular, with Ernie Gehr; then into contact with Linda Goode Bryant, with whom she made Flag Wars (2003), an Emmy-winning documentary about ethnic collisions in a Columbus, Ohio, neighborhood. Her reaction to the American response to 9/11 instigated her celebrated post-9/11 trilogy of films: My Country, My Country (2006), which explores events during the election in Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein; The Oath (2010), a portrait of Abu Jandal, Osama bin Laden’s one-time bodyguard; and CITIZENFOUR (2014), where Poitras worked with Ed Snowden to reveal unconstitutional surveillance practices. Her feature about Julian Assange, Risk (2016), followed. In 2015, with Charlotte Cook and A. J. Schnack, she founded Field of Vision to provide independent documentary filmmakers with a platform for their work.
Fred Wiseman at the Brattle Theater with Hospital, July 19, 2010
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: August 2019

This interview is an edited version of a public discussion with filmmaker Fred Wiseman at the Brattle Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts, about his film, Hospital (1970). Wiseman discusses his filmmaking approach and his belief that shooting film footage is research, while the actual filmmaking is done in the editing. During the shooting of each of his features, Wiseman takes sound and directs his cinematographers. In his editing, he is more interested in presenting an experience of the places he films than in developing particular socio-political arguments. Wiseman has been remarkably prolific, making at least one feature film a year since Titicut Follies (1967). He is understood as the epitome of “fly-on-the-wall” observational cinema-verite documentary and has used his approach to explore a considerable panorama of American institutions—“institutions” in the broadest sense. Hospital remains among the most engaging of his films.
Bill Morrison
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: August 2019

This is the first extensive interview with the “Orpheus of nitrate,” Bill Morrison, whose forte is finding interesting imagery, often imagery with obvious film decay, in celluloid film archives, then fashioning this material into works of his own. Morrison has explored American archives—most often, the paper print collection in the Library of Congress and the Moving Image Research Collections housed at the University of South Carolina, which archive the outtakes of the newsreels Fox Movietone produced for theatrical exhibition between 1928 and 1963; and recently, a collection of early silent films unearthed in the permafrost in Dawson City, Canada. Morrison is particularly drawn to moments when obvious film decay seems related to the content or implications of the imagery that remains uncorrupted. Morrison’s breakthrough feature, Decasia (2002), like nearly all his subsequent works, was produced in collaboration with accomplished composer/musicians from around the world. Morrison’s films are to be understood as image-music experiences.
Lois Patiño
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: August 2019

This is the first extensive, career interview in English with Lois Patiño. After several years making films and installation work about mental illness and the moment of death, Patiño found his métier as a landscape artist, focusing on landscape as a spiritual entity. Patiño works in the tradition of place-oriented cinema pioneered by Larry Gottheim, James Benning, Sharon Lockhart, and Peter Hutton. In Patiño’s films human beings are seen as parts of the landscape, sometimes in a more literal sense, as in Costa da morte (2013) his feature about the Galician coast of Spain, and at other times in more mythic senses. Patiño’s films are stunningly beautiful and demonstrate that digital filmmaking can compete with even the most visually remarkable celluloid works.
Carlos Adriano
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: August 2019

When Bernardo Vorobow—Brazil’s “Mr. Cinematheque” and filmmaker Carlos Adriano’s life partner and filmmaking collaborator—died, Adriano struggled to recover from his loss by making what became a series of cine-elegies that reflect on his life with Vorobow and their immersion in world cinema of all kinds. Adriano recycles image, sound, and poetry from a wide variety of films and writers into complex and engaging montages that are simultaneously deeply personal and cine-globally aware—poignant and challenging homages to Vorobow and to the creative spirit energizing Adriano’s recovery from his loss (and, as is clear in his most recent video, his discovery of a new partner). This is the first career interview with Adriano, who is dedicated to honoring, and creating, Brazilian contributions to world film history.
Ben Russell on Good Luck
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: August 2019

Ben Russell’s Good Luck (2018), a feature about miners working in two very different mining operations—an underground copper mine Serbia, an open-pit gold mine in Suriname—immerses the viewer within two forms of difficult labor and the visual/auditory spaces within which this labor takes place. Good Luck is made up of imagery of the miners at work and of intimate silent, hand-processed portraits of individual workers. Though the two forms of mining occur in very distant locations and very different climates, Russell’s diptych creates a series of echoes between the two groups of miners. And Russell has described himself as working between ethnography and psychedelia, a diptych of concerns that combines an exploration of how the miners and mining activities look and how surreal they can seem.
Documentary Educational Resources
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: August 2019

Any important contribution to the history of cinema requires more than accomplished filmmakers. Indeed, filmmaking accomplishment itself is nearly always dependent on the availability of exhibition venues and distribution organizations. Documentary Educational Resources (DER) is a crucial distributor for a wide range of ethnographic films from across the world. Founded by John Marshall and Timothy Asch in 1971 in order to make their own films available, DER now makes available to colleges and universities, schools, and festivals, eight hundred films by hundreds of nonfiction filmmakers from across the globe who are committed to cinema as a form of cultural education and immersion. This interview with the three women who have served as DER’s executive directors over recent decades traces the evolution of a model independent distributor.
Introduction
Authors: Glanzer Perry L. , Alleman Nathan F. , Marsden George
Published: August 2019

Teachers are not just teachers. They may also be spouses, parents, members of specific religious, political, and ethnic groups and many other identities. Each of these identities orients them morally and sometimes metaphysically. When people try to become excellent in any of these identities, they will also need to learn how to integrate the moral tradition of a particular identity with the moral traditions associated with other identities. One’s professional, teaching identity is no different. Professors must then undertake the merging of this professional identity with their Christian identity thoughtfully, and for Christians, “Christianly.” This requires a complex approach. This book explores the argument that faith does make a difference in terms of how faculty teach and provides examples of this integration. Overall, this chapter sets the stage for the book’s argument by explaining these conflicts, defining key terms used throughout the book, clarifying the focus of the argument, and providing an outline of the remainder of the argument.
An Invitation to Feminist Ethics
Authors: Lindemann Hilde
Published: August 2019

An Invitation to Feminist Ethics is a hospitable approach to the study of feminist moral theory and practice. Designed to be small enough to be used as a supplement to other books, it also provides the theoretical depth necessary for stand-alone use in courses in feminist ethics, feminist philosophy, women’s studies, or other courses where feminism is studied. The Overviews section surveys feminist ethical theory and the Close-ups section looks at three topics—bioethics, violence, and the globalized economy—that help students to put the theories presented in the Overviews section to good use.
Southern White Patriarchy
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Shields Todd
Published: August 2019

The pedestal upon which southern white womanhood stands is buttressed by an equally sacred southern white masculinity characterized by a distorted notion of honor, a penchant for violence, and male righteousness and superiority. Thus, Second-Wave Feminism spurred not only a defiant anti-feminism with which many white southern men and women identified, but also a men’s rights campaign that portrayed men as victims of reverse discrimination and promoted a dominant and defensive masculinity that was very familiar to southern white audiences. This misogyny, along with a religious assertion of manhood that was popular in southern evangelical churches, provided Republicans with an opportunity to build their partisan brand among white southerners. Often masked by romanticized notions of chivalry, southern white masculinity depends upon a patriarchal system and the traditional gender roles inherent in that system. The GOP would appeal to both as it chased southern white voters throughout the Long Southern Strategy.
Pope Night in America
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

The popular Gunpowder Treason Day crossed the Atlantic with the first English settlers both to Jamestown and to New England. As early as 1623 we find William Bradford reporting a bonfire by “roistering” seamen that burned out of control. Still farther north, in Newfoundland, Governor Robert Hayman in 1628 wrote a poem celebrating the “joyfull Holy-day” inadvertently created by “Guy Vaux, and his mates.” In Boston, for decades North Enders battled South Enders on November 5, each group trying to grab the other’s effigy of the pope, the victors then burning both. Throughout the colonies, Pope Day grew to its height in the 18th century. But then came the American Revolution. George Washington scolded the Boston brawlers for “that ridiculous and childish custom of burning the Effigy of the pope,” at a time of seeking the alliance of Catholic Canada. With American colonists aiming more or less at what Guy Fawkes had intended, with religious toleration established in the First Amendment of the Constitution, and with Guy Fawkes increasingly distant and unknown, almost all celebrations of Pope Day disappeared in the 19th century.
The Language of Inner Imagination
Authors: Moland Lydia L.
Published: August 2019

Unlike sculpture’s use of marble or painting’s use of color, poetry, according to Hegel, uses inner images as its material. In using words to evoke these inner images, poetry enables us to recognize them as jointly produced human creations: as having a history, cultural nuances, and evolving social significance. Through poetry, that is, humans can pause to consider their own concepts through the words they themselves jointly invent to signify those concepts. Poetry allows us, then, to become aware of our own minds. Hegel traces the development of poetry and then its evolution into prose. Modern poetry, he suggests, must overcome prose through a combination of word choice, meter, and rhyme scheme. It can fail to be art if it is too didactic or too florid. It also ceases to be art if it becomes too philosophical. At that point, poetry reaches its conceptual end.
The Big Values
Authors: Olberding Amy
Published: August 2019

This chapter offers two complementary approaches to Confucian accounts of manners. It contrasts Confucian views with those more commonplace in contemporary and historical Western sources. It outlines the approach to human dependency embedded in Confucian sources, emphasizing the material, social, and emotional needs we have of others. A first account of Confucian manners rests on these supporting dependencies as a source of well-being, using both childhood and the film Cast Away as illustration. A second Confucian account is rooted in the ills of dependencies that chafe and the risks of misanthropy, and uses care of corpses as an analogy. In this more pessimistic account, manners work against impulses to find humanity repellent and dependencies burdensome.
Introduction
Authors: Raines James C.
Published: August 2019

Approximately 10–20% of students experience a mental health problem during their school-age years. The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) assumes school-based mental health providers will serve these students in schools. The DSM-5 made five significant changes from previous editions. Enabling students with mental disorders to be eligible for school-based services requires familiarity with the assessment requirements of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. School counseling can be provided using a multitiered system of supports ranging from universal prevention to intensive intervention. The best way to serve students is to collaborate with teachers, parents, community providers, and even school administrators. Finally, students’ progress toward general education goals should be monitored regularly so that they can graduate on time, become employed, and be engaged citizens.
Depressive Disorders
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: August 2019

This chapter reviews the literature on depression in youth. Prevalence rates, which increase in the middle and high school years, are discussed, as is the importance of addressing depression in youth. The school social worker’s role in assessment and prevention/intervention is explored given the current research status in the field. Targeted programs treating those who are at risk of depression are more effective than universal prevention, although these might be more difficult to deliver, given issues surrounding consent and potential stigma. Interventions shown to be effective for depressive disorders include cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy. A case study is provided.
Technological Affordances Can Promote Misinformation
Authors: Molina Maria D. , Sundar S. Shyam
Published: August 2019

The nature of news reporting and data gathering has changed with the advent of social media, equipping journalists with new methods of uncovering news stories and providing the necessary background and context for their readers. Even though a presence online is indispensable for journalists, there are risks from these practices. Affordances of media technologies can influence a journalist´s decision to cover an event, select sources, or engage in conversations, but they also result in cues and residues that can reduce a journalist’s credibility. In this chapter, we use the four classes of technological affordances outlined by the MAIN model (Sundar 2008)—modality, agency, interactivity, and navigability—to examine the various actions and cues in social media that both aid and ensnare journalists. We discuss how interface cues trigger cognitive heuristics (or mental shortcuts) that lure journalists, sometimes to their detriment. We provide recent examples of journalistic misadventure and potential solutions.
Wooing, 1840–1844
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 4 examines the crucial four-year period from the rise of the Whig Party to national power in 1840 to the dissolution of the bachelor’s mess of Buchanan and King in 1844. During this period of intense partisanship, the friendship of Buchanan and King grew increasingly intimate. First in 1840 and again in 1844, each man aspired for his party’s presidential and vice presidential nominations, respectively. The struggle occasioned a great deal of personal gossip from their political enemies, including Sarah Childress Polk, wife of future president James Polk. In April 1844, King’s appointment as the American minister to France ended his mess with Buchanan. Nevertheless, the separation brought on a regular, if one-sided correspondence. The chapter devotes special attention to the surviving letters from this critical period of their relationship, including an especially revealing post from Buchanan in which he complains of his failure to woo new members to join him in his solitary congressional mess. Ultimately, Buchanan’s failure to attract new messmates paralleled the earlier failed efforts to obtain the Democratic presidential and vice presidential nominations in 1840 and 1844.
Defining Field Epidemiology
Authors: Goodman Richard A. , Buehler James W. , Mott Joshua A.
Published: August 2019

This chapter defines field epidemiology as investigations initiated in response to urgent public health problems. The key characteristics of field epidemiology remain unchanged over time in that a timely response is required to an unexpected problem, and public health epidemiologists must work rapidly in the field to gather enough evidence needed to guide a timely intervention to prevent illness or death. This chapter also discusses how the tried and true methods of field epidemiology must be adapted to the modern context of changing public expectations, the large amounts of new data and technologies that epidemiologists must be able to understand, expanding communications systems that can support or hinder an ongoing investigations, and a growing need to maintain close coordination with many domestic and international partners.
Evolution, Ideology, and Human Nature
Authors: Eisler Riane
Published: August 2019

If, as some evolutionary psychologists claim, we are inexorably driven by evolutionary imperatives of ruthless selfishness, it follows that we cannot solve problems such as violence and oppression. If genes trap us in nasty and cruel behaviors, there is no point in trying to build societies that are more humane. This chapter explores a very different evolutionary perspective that recognizes the human capacities for change and choice and emphasizes biocultural interactions over determinism. This emerging perspective on human origins and behavior hypothesizes, on the basis of much data, that the default tendencies in our species are toward prosocial helping and caring behaviors and concludes that, although we cannot create a world that is totally free of violence and cruelty, we can construct cultures with low levels of violence and oppression where our capacities for creativity, caring, and consciousness are allowed to develop and flourish. It points to a plethora of evidence—from ethnography, history, and psychology to genetics, neuroscience, and ethology—that provides a shock-and-awe set of counter-arguments to the assumption that selfishness and violence govern human nature (including what Darwin had to say about this) and uses the Biocultural Partnership-Domination Lens to show how gene-environment interaction differs in cultures orienting to either end of the partnership-domination social continuum. This chapter melds what we are learning about brain development and functioning with multiple avenues of scholarship to reveal otherwise invisible patterns that can help us move forward.
Love, the Brain, and Becoming Human
Authors: Eisler Riane
Published: August 2019

This chapter introduces a new perspective on the role of love in human evolution and human development. The bonds of love, whether between parent and child, lovers, or close friends, may all have a common biological root, activating neurochemicals that make us feel good. Like other human capacities, such as consciousness, learning, and creativity, love has a long and fascinating evolutionary history. Indeed, the evolution of love appears to be integral to the development of our human brain and hence to much that distinguishes us from other species. Moreover, love plays a vital, though still largely unrecognized, role in human development, with evidence accumulating about the negative effects of love deprivation as well as the benefits of love. But whether or not our needs for meaning and love are met, and whether or not our capacities for creativity and love are expressed, are largely determined by the interaction of biology and culture—specifically, the degree to which a culture or subculture orients to the partnership or domination end of the continuum.
The Benefits of Partnership and the Costs of Domination
Authors: Eisler Riane
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on the tension between domination systems and partnership systems as two ends of a continuum along which human societies can be organized, regardless of whether they are Eastern or Western, Northern or Southern, religious or secular, rightist or leftist, and so on. It describes the core components of each system, how these interact, and how growing up in societies that orient to one or the other differently affects neurological development and hence our perceptions, cognitions, emotions, and behaviors—which in turn affect human health, happiness, well-being, and the types of societies we create. The chapter provides examples of how domination systems produce high levels of stress—from the artificial creation of economic scarcity to stressful early family experiences—and how this plays out in the neurochemistry of the brain, tending to keep people at a less advanced level of overall human development that interferes with the full flourishing of those very qualities that make people happiest: security, empathy, consciousness, creativity, and love. On the other hand, partnership environments—as illustrated by descriptions of conditions in Nordic nations—enhance the expression of human capacities for health, happiness, well-being, consciousness, and creativity.
Touch, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Partnership and Domination Environments
Authors: Eisler Riane
Published: August 2019

How people are touched, especially as children and in sexual and other intimate relations, affects and is in turn affected by cultural factors. This chapter explores how patterns of touch, intimacy, and sexuality differ at opposite ends of the domination-partnership continuum and why understanding this is important for moving forward. Studies show that we read other’s intentions and emotions by how we are touched and that the confluence of caring with coercion and pain is one of the most effective mechanisms for socializing people to suppress empathy and submit to domination as adults—whether through the painful binding of girls’ feet once traditional in China, or so-called Christian parenting guides that today admonish parents not to “overindulge” children and instead follow “God’s way” by forcing eight-month-old babies to sit with their hands on their trays or laps through threats and violence. Sexuality, too, is distorted in domination systems through the erotization of domination and violence, for example, by inculcating the belief that males are entitled to sex; through the mass shootings of women in the United States and Canada by men who call themselves incel (involuntarily celibate); and by the enslavement of women by Muslim fundamentalist groups like ISIS. The chapter contrasts these unhealthy interactions with healthy ones supported by partnership-oriented cultures.
Origin of the Innovation Trajectory
Authors: Potts Jason
Published: August 2019

This chapter explains how innovation commons work, in terms of the mechanisms of entrepreneurial discovery through institutions to pool information, and what specific problems they solve in order to discover entrepreneurial opportunities. It introduces the proto-entrepreneurs in the innovation commons, who are people exploring a new technology but who have not yet figured out the entrepreneurial opportunity. It introduces the dual-discovery problem, which is the problem of finding the people who will pool ideas into the innovation commons as well as the problem of finding the entrepreneurial opportunity. And this chapter also introduces the concept of the fundamental transformation, which is the institutional transformation when the innovation commons collapses in its extant form (although many institutional pathways are possible from this point onwards). It defines the innovation commons analytically as a higher-order discovery mechanism in institutional space.
Toward a Relational Cosmopolitanism
Authors: McLaren Margaret A.
Published: August 2019

This chapter argues that cosmopolitanism as a framework for global gender justice fails to capture the rich diversity and the power differences among women. It evaluates two prominent cosmopolitan positions, individualist cosmopolitanism and institutional cosmopolitanism. Individualist cosmopolitanism relies on an abstract and atomistic notion of the self. Abstracting from social and cultural context diminishes the significance of identity, and holding a strongly individualist notion of the self obscures the power relationships that undergird structural inequality. Institutional cosmopolitanism accounts for our interconnections through unequal global economic and political relationships, but it leaves aside issues of gender and culture. The chapter draws on the work of Rabindranath Tagore to construct a new type of cosmopolitanism, relational cosmopolitanism, that recognizes our interdependence, appreciates diversity, and criticizes power relationships. Supplemented by feminist ideas of world traveling and difference as a creative resource, relational cosmopolitanism is a promising framework for feminists interested in global gender justice.
The Onslaught of Civilization
Authors: Pollock Ethan
Published: August 2019

Despite the concerns of doctors about the horrendous conditions in them, banyas remained popular with a broad spectrum of the population. The banya became a battleground on which the process of the modernization and urbanization of the fin-de-siècle empire played out. Literary and artistic figures such as Bely, Chekhov, Kuzmin, Rozanov, and Serebriakova explored anonymity, community, belief, belonging, and sex. Grigory Rasputin, the monk and advisor to the tsar, saw the banya as curative not of physical ailments but of the spiritual void at the center of elite society. He also saw it as a place to take prostitutes.
The Evolutionary Biology of Species
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G.
Published: August 2019

‘Species’ are central to understanding the origin and dynamics of biological diversity; explaining why lineages split into multiple distinct species is one of the main goals of evolutionary biology. However, the existence of species is often taken for granted, and precisely what is meant by species and whether they really exist as a pattern of nature has rarely been modelled or critically tested. This novel book presents a synthetic overview of the evolutionary biology of species, describing what species are, how they form, the consequences of species boundaries and diversity for evolution, and patterns of species accumulation over time. The central thesis is that species represent more than just a unit of taxonomy; they are a model of how diversity is structured as well as how groups of related organisms evolve. The author adopts an intentionally broad approach to consider what species constitute, both theoretically and empirically, and how we detect them, drawing on a wealth of examples from microbes to multicellular organisms.
Self and Intersubjectivity
Authors: Milnes Tim
Published: August 2019

This chapter argues that Ciceronian, ‘Academic’ scepticism provides a model for Hume’s attempts to harmonise rationality and sentiment. It enables Hume to engage in the language game of reader participation through which essayists such as Addison and Steele had already begun to model a sociable public sphere. Hume’s conversion from ‘difficult’ to ‘easy’ empiricism is connected to a broader tension within Enlightenment thought between the value systems associated respectively with modern Newtonian science and classical ideas of virtue and eudemonia. While Hume bases judgement upon feelings rooted in custom and habit, common-sense thinkers such as Thomas Reid ground it in a form of intuition that is philosophically foundational. Cutting across this difference, however, is a shared belief that society underpins rationality. In Hume’s ‘intercourse of sentiments’, Reid’s ‘prescience’ and Stewart’s notion of the ‘stamina’ of intellect, sociability, conversation, association, and correspondence become the natural and social conditions of meaningful thought.
Romantic Essayism
Authors: Milnes Tim
Published: August 2019

This chapter argues that the Romantic familiar essay privatizes and idealizes the essay’s inherent epistemological ambiguity. While for Addison, Hume, and Johnson, the essayist moderates communication at the borderline of systematic science and the public sphere, for Hazlitt and his contemporary Charles Lamb, the ‘public’ could no longer function as the ground for epistemic solidarity. Once the social intellect of the Scottish Enlightenment was moved into the private domain of consciousness and individual imagination, the essayist was increasingly seen as mediating between idealized phenomenological realms of ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ experience. Consequently, the ludic indeterminacy of the Romantic imagination is oriented by a purely aesthetic purposiveness: its playfulness expresses not the pragmatic presuppositions of communication, but the dark foundations of experience. In aestheticizing the communicative intellect of the eighteenth-century essayists, the identity doublings and performances of the Romantic familiar essay acquire significance as the hypostatized others of a lost wholeness.
The Idea of the Heroic
Authors: Waddell Nathan
Published: August 2019

This chapter re-investigates the influence of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century musicology on the representation of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony in E. M. Forster’s Howards End (1910). Concentrating on the idea of the musical heroic, the chapter suggests that Howards End affirms and investigates what was in 1910 a century-old interpretation of a piece whose ‘narrative’, according to E. T. A. Hoffmann, is concerned with ‘the pain of infinite yearning’. Howards End does not simply echo such rhetoric, which by 1910 had been thoroughly institutionalized. Rather, the novel highlights the fact of that very same process of institutionalization. It reveals the normalization of a subjective reading (the claim that this or that piece by Beethoven is heroic) as an inevitable truth (the view that this music is in some sense already constituted by the heroic prior to being interpreted as such).
Introduction
Authors: Waddell Nathan
Published: August 2019

This introductory chapter suggests that the customary critical focus on formal correspondences between literary and musical art works doesn’t help us grasp how the modernists knew that so many references to Beethoven’s life and music in and around 1900 were references to conventional ways of talking and writing about his life and music, references which had by that point long since become part of the cultural vernacular. It argues that once we allow for a modernist musicality in this sense, we open up the possibility of a new way of talking about the place of the Beethovenian in early twentieth-century literature—we make it feasible to see modernist writers not only as the inheritors of Beethovenian rebelliousness, but also as critics of the very rhetorical means with which the rebelliousness of Beethoven acquired legendary status.
One Size Does Not Fit All
Authors: Ginsburg Tom , Elkins Zachary
Published: August 2019

Our chapter elaborates the distribution of term limit provisions across time and space. We draw on the Comparative Constitutions Project, which records data from written constitutions for independent states since 1789. We show that term limits have become more common in presidential systems, and that there are regional variations to the patterns. We also examine internal variations in the design of executive term limits. There is relatively little variation across written constitutions in length of executive term, even though the time required to develop, implement, and evaluate policies would probably depend on a number of variables that differ across time and space. We also note the role of both courts and constitutional amendments in modifying the provisions.
Presidential Term Limits as a Credible-Commitment Mechanism
Authors: Neto Octavio Amorim , Acácio Igor P.
Published: August 2019

Contra the conventional wisdom that term limits are meaningless in dictatorships, Brazil’s military regime developed term-limits for its chief executives and managed a durable political order. This chapter argue that term limits moderated intra-elite conflicts, thus contributing to regime stability. Term limits were key to reconcile two warring factions within the armed forces. The authors see term limits as a credible-commitment mechanism. Three elements are jointly sufficient to explain the adoption of term limits: (1) the armed forces’ decision in 1964 to part ways with the decades-old pattern of episodic, short political interventions and stay in office for the long haul; (2) a legalist tradition that led the new regime to keep a façade of constitutionalism through a myriad of political institutions; and (3) the ideological and political cleavages within the armed forces. We corroborate our arguments using a new dataset of tension events between the military and the government in 1946–85.
The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in Mexico
Authors: Klesner Joseph L.
Published: August 2019

In Mexico’s presidential system, the struggle over term limits was at the heart of efforts to institutionalize regimes from 1857 through 1933. Before the 1910 Revolution, Porfirio Díaz both called for his predecessors’ overthrow by appealing to the principle of no-re-election and then manipulated that principle in order to stay in power. The rallying cry of the 1910 Revolution became “Effective Suffrage, No-Reelection.” Despite a late-1920s effort to backpedal from no-re-election, the principle has been scrupulously adhered to. It was extended to all electoral offices in 1933. As a consequence, the revolutionary party was able to avoid one-man rule during its 71 years in power. Term limits promoted the circulation of party militants in electoral office and appointed positions even while it weakened the legislature in its relationship to executive power. Even after the revolutionary party lost power in 2000, it kept reformers from amending non-re-election for legislators until 2014.
Presidential Term Limits in Nicaragua
Authors: Close David
Published: August 2019

Nicaragua is better known for its dictators and revolutions than for its experience with constitutional government. Yet Nicaragua has employed presidential term limits just over half of the time since becoming independent in 1821. Unfortunately, all these efforts were rolled back and the right to unlimited re-election restored. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the change was by coup or revolution, in the twenty-first by constitutional amendment. This chapter examines the four longest-lived examples of Nicaraguan presidential term limits to determine why they were adopted, how they worked, why they were abandoned, and what consequences the rollbacks brought. Although distinct factors were at work in each case, there is one underlying factor common to all: a preference for personal rule among large parts of both the political elite and the citizenry as a whole.
The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in Tunisia
Authors: Bonci Alessandra , Cavatorta Francesco
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses the evolution of the politics of term limits in Tunisia, from independence in 1956 until the approval of the 2014 democratic constitution. Through the observation of the manipulation of term limits, we can retrace the political history of the country. It is interesting to examine how Bourguiba and Ben Ali managed to achieve their goals by stretching term limits, how and in which conditions they were prevented to do so and finally, whether there are some recurring patterns. This study then places in historical perspective the analysis on how term limits in Tunisia today have been discussed and implemented. Tunisians today are still coping with the recent political turmoil, which may lead them not to pay attention to creeping but substantial constitutional changes that might occur in light of the return to presidential practices in what is a semi-presidential system.
The Uses and Abuses of Presidential Term Limits in Russian Politics
Authors: Chaisty Paul
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores how the operation of term limits in Russia is shaped by the interaction between both the formal and informal structures of political authority. First, it describes the evolution of formal rules on term limits from the late Soviet period, through the constitutional debates of the 1990s to the constitutional amendments of 2008, which extended the length of presidential terms from four to six years. Second, it considers how the informal structures of power have influenced the ways in which successive presidents and their supporters have sought to overcome the formal constraints that term limits have placed on their power. Finally, it discusses how the application of term limits has affected the institutional development of the presidency since the early 1990s and support for Russia’s political system more generally.
The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in the United States
Authors: Korzi Michael J.
Published: August 2019

Whether by informal rule or constitutional decree, there has been a two-term limit for virtually all American presidents. While the 1788 Constitution allowed presidents “unlimited reeligibility,” this decision was controversial, as Americans traditionally had distrusted executive power and feared long-serving executives. Not surprisingly, within two decades of the constitution’s ratification, President Thomas Jefferson established the “two-term tradition,” an informal rule that sought to limit presidents to only two four-year terms. This informal tradition generally prevented presidents from seeking—let alone winning—third terms, until Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) won a third term in 1940, and a fourth term in 1944. FDR’s violation of the two-term tradition, however, brought a backlash in the form of the 22nd Amendment (ratified in 1951), formally limiting presidents to two terms, effectively codifying the two-term tradition. This reassertion of the traditional American wariness of long tenure in the executive office has been largely unchallenged.
Presidential Term Limits in Europe
Authors: Elgie Robert
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on the politics of presidential term limits including that of term lengths, in Europe from the nineteenth century onwards. It surveys twenty-three European countries, namely the EU members that currently have a president as their head of state plus Iceland and Switzerland. The main argument is that Europe has not been exempt from the political manipulation of presidential term limits, notably during the interwar period. However, in the modern era, meaning Western Europe after 1945 and Central and Eastern Europe after 1989, the abuse of presidential term limits has not been a live issue. The issue of term lengths, though, has been consequential in the small number of European countries with an executive presidency. The chapter provides information about presidential term limits and term lengths in Europe, examines some of the debates surrounding term limits, and discusses the effect of term lengths on presidential/cabinet conflict.
Presidential Term Limits and the International Community
Authors: Murray Christina , Alston Eric , Wiebusch Micha
Published: August 2019

Proposed changes to presidential term limits are almost always highly contested and have attracted international and regional attention. A central question that faces the external actors is the extent to which it is legitimate to take a position in presidential term limit debates. This chapter considers the policy concerning presidential term limits of three major IGOs, the UN, the AU, and the OAS. It further discusses the way in which IDEA, an IGO with a softer mandate, has responded to the debate on term limits, as well as the role of the Venice Commission, ECOWAS, DRI, the Carter Center, and the West African Civil Society Forum (WACSOF). This review suggests an increasing international consensus that, in countries with a history of authoritarianism and weak democratic institutions, presidential term limits can play an important role in strengthening democratic processes and reducing the likelihood of conflict.
Superior Women
Authors: Edwards Jennifer C.
Published: August 2019

Superior Women examines female monastic authority at the abbey of Sainte-Croix in Poitiers from its foundation by Saint-Radegund in the sixth century through its sixteenth-century reform. Along with the abbey, Radegund established two strategies for her nuns to defend authority they claimed over their community, dependents, properties, tenants, and vassals. First, she secured a network of supporters, allies with extensive authority, to document the abbey’s privileges and defend Sainte-Croix. Their documents became a rich archive useful for recruiting new allies. Over time this network included the king of France, neighboring bishops, and the pope. Second, she used cultural artifacts, symbols, and ideas spotlighting her life story. Poetry commissioned from Venantius Fortunatus helped her win allies in Byzantium who then helped her secure a relic of the True Cross for the abbey. Later abbesses drew upon these cultural artifacts at times of crisis or at the loss of a traditional supporter in order to rebuild the abbey’s reputation and win new allies. These two strategies proved enormously successful for later abbesses at Sainte-Croix. Radegund’s example provided a powerful model of female authority on which the women of Sainte-Croix were able to draw, with the support of male allies. So long as Sainte-Croix was competently governed by abbesses talented in the deployment of Radegund’s strategies, the abbey remained strong, well supported, mostly autonomous, and in firm control of its dependents, and this situation persisted through the sixteenth century.
An Introduction to Landscape Ecology
Authors: With Kimberly A.
Published: August 2019

Landscape ecology provides the scientific basis for the study and management of landscapes, as well as the ecological systems they contain. More generally, landscape ecology investigates the reciprocal interactions between spatial patterns (environmental heterogeneity) and ecological processes across a wide range of scales. This introductory chapter discusses the rise of landscape ecology as a discipline, its regional perspectives, core concepts, and research themes, and provides an overview of the textbook itself. Among its core concepts, landscape ecology asserts that heterogeneity is a defining characteristic of landscapes; that landscapes can be defined and studied at any scale; and that landscapes occur within aquatic and marine systems, as well as terrestrial ones. As such, landscape ecology can benefit the study and management of any ecological system, from populations to ecosystems, through its explicit consideration of how heterogeneity, scale, spatial context, and disturbance dynamics influence critical ecological processes.
Scaling Issues in Landscape Ecology
Authors: With Kimberly A.
Published: August 2019

Spatial patterns are ubiquitous in nature, and ecological systems exhibit patchiness (heterogeneity) across a range of spatial and temporal scales. Landscape ecology is explicitly concerned with understanding how scale affects the measurement of heterogeneity and the scale(s) at which spatial pattern is important for ecological phenomena. Patterns and processes measured at fine spatial scales and over short time periods are unlikely to behave similarly at broader scales and extended time periods. An understanding of pattern-process linkages, a major research focus in landscape ecology, thus requires an understanding of how patterns change with scale, spatially and temporally. The development of methods for extrapolating information across scales is necessary for predicting how landscapes will change over time as well as for ecological forecasting. This chapter explores how scaling issues affect ecological investigations, discusses problems in identifying the correct scale for research, and outlines when and how ecological data can be extrapolated.