bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METHODS OF CFD MODELLING OF TWIN-SCREW PUMPS FOR NON-NEWTONIAN MATERIALS
Authors:   VSB Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Hydromechanics and Hydraulic Equipment, Ostrava, Czech Republic, BOJKO MARIAN , HERTL LUKAS ,   VSB Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Hydromechanics and Hydraulic Equipment, Ostrava, Czech Republic, DRABKOVA SYLVA ,   VSB Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Hydromechanics and Hydraulic Equipment, Ostrava, Czech Republic
Published: December 2021

The twin-screw pump is designed for pumping highly viscous materials in the food industry. Rheological characteristics of materials are important in the specification of design parameters of screw pumps. Analysis of flow in the twin-screw pumps with definition of non-newtonian materials can be made by numerical modelling. CFD generally oriented software ANSYS Fluent and ANSYS Polyflow has been used for modelling. In this study those software’s (ANSYS Fluent and ANSYS Polyflow) were defined for solution of flow in the twin-screw pumps. Results were compared for the same boundary conditions on the inlet and outlet of the 3D model. For definition of the viscosity were used the Nonnewtonian power law. Parameters as consistency coefficient and flow exponent for Nonnewtonian power law were analysed by software ANSYS Fluent and ANSYS Polyflow. Postprocessing form ANSYS Fluent and ANSYS Polyflow were made by contours of field and by graphs.
MEASUREMENT OF THE GEOMETRY OF MANUFACTURED DRILLS USING OPTICAL SCANNING
Authors:   Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Institute of Production Technologies, Trnava, Slovakia, HRBAL JAKUB , PETERKA JOZEF ,   Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Institute of Production Technologies, Trnava, Slovakia, BURANSKY IVAN ,   Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Institute of Production Technologies, Trnava, Slovakia, MILDE JAN ,   Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Institute of Production Technologies, Trnava, Slovakia, MARTINOVIC JOZEF ,   Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Institute of Production Technologies, Trnava, Slovakia
Published: December 2021

This article deals with the control of the geometry of manufactured tools. The geometry of the cutting tool has a great influence on the machining process. One of the processes of manufacturing cutting tools is grinding. Grinding cutting tools is a complex process after which it is necessary to check the geometry of the tools. Five solid drilling tools were manufactured for the experiment. The measured parameters were tool diameter, helix angle, point angle, rake angle, relief angle and core diameter of the cutting tools. The geometry of the cutting tools was measured on a non-contact structured 3D scanner ATOS Triple Scan light. The measurement results were evaluated using GOM software. The scanning results were compared with the geometry measurement on an optical measuring device Zoller Genius 3s. It has been found that the use of a non-contact structured 3D scanner is suitable for checking the geometry of cutting tools. Furthermore, the article deals with the roughness arising when grinding a sintered carbide flute.
Vitamin D status before and after metabolic and bariatric surgery at Landspitali
Authors:   Unit for Nutrition Research, University of Iceland, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Landspitali  – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Guðlaugsdóttir Berglind LIlja , Engilbertsdóttir Svava ,   Department of Clinical Nutrition, Landspitali  – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Franzson Leifur ,   Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Landspítali  - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Gíslason Hjörtur ,   Surgical Services - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Gunnarsdóttir Ingibjörg ,   Department of Clinical Nutrition, Landspitali  – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Landspitali  – The National University Hospital of Iceland
Published: December 2021

INTRODUCTION: Long-term results from bariatric surgery amongst individuals with obesity is considered good in general, with regard to weight loss, complications of obesity or quality of life. However, risk of nutrient deficiency might be increased. The aim of the study was to assess vitamin D status of patients before and after metabolic and bariatric surgery at Landspitali. METHODS: Data on 25(OH)D concentration and parathyroid hormone (PTH) was retrieved from medical records for patients undergoing metabolic and bariatric surgery at Landspitali from 2001-2018 (n=539). Insufficient vitamin D status was defined as 25(OH)D concentration <45 nmol/L in 2001-2012 but <50 nnmol/L from 2013-2018, due to changes in analytical method during the study period. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L for both time periods. Guidelines on supplement use are provided before discharge from the hospital and up to 18 months after surgery, RESULTS: Mean concentration of 25(OH)D before surgery was 51 nmol/L (SD 30 nmol/L) and 278 (52%) had insufficient vitamin D status, of which quarter of subjects were defined as being vitamin D deficient. Concentration of 25(OH)D increased after surgery in majority of subjects (85%). However, about third of those defined as having insufficient vitamin D status before surgery still had insufficient status 18 months after surgery. When comparing time periods, 2001-2012 and 2013-2018 it can be seen that insufficient vitamin D status was less common in the second period, although still persistent in about 25% of cases before surgery and 8,5% 18 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: Insufficient vitamin D status is relatively common before metabolic and bariatric surgery at Landspitali. In large majority of subjects, 25(OH)D concentration increased after surgery, following recomendations on supplement intake. The results highlight the need for greater emphasis on correcting possible nutrient deficiencies before surgery.
La construcción de la agenda de la justicia transicional en Chile y los giros del problema de los derechos humanos
Authors: Cubillos Vega Carla
Published: December 2021

En el presente trabajo se analizan los giros del proceso por el cual las violaciones de derechos humanos ocurridas en Chile durante la dictadura cívico-militar de 1973-‍1990 se fueron construyendo como un problema social que requería una respuesta del Estado. Para ello, se analizan los discursos presentes en el debate sobre la justicia transicional en la arena pública desarrollado en el país a partir de la transición a la democracia, en base al enfoque construccionista social y al modelo de la historia natural de los problemas sociales. El análisis permite entrever las diversas conceptualizaciones que han ido delineando el debate público en torno a las nociones de verdad y justicia y su articulación en las políticas públicas transicionales. Las conclusiones obtenidas apuntan al rol decisivo del movimiento de derechos humanos en la promoción de respuestas alternativas y contribuyen a visibilizar a las víctimas como actores activos en la arena política.
La ineludible monitorización pública y civil de la transparencia informativa en España
Authors: Díez-Garrido María
Published: December 2021

España cuenta con una escasa cultura de la transparencia, por lo que la «Ley 19/2013 de transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno» tardó en llegar más que en otros países. Desde entonces, ha habido un esfuerzo por parte de las instituciones públicas por abrir portales de datos accesibles. En este contexto, la evaluación de la transparencia se vuelve necesaria para asegurar que se cumple el derecho de los ciudadanos a acceder a la información pública y para asegurar que esta sea de calidad. En España, existen modelos muy diferentes de monitorización de la transparencia. Desde el punto de vista público, está el Consejo de Transparencia y Buen Gobierno y los diferentes comisionados de transparencia puestos en marcha en algunas comunidades autónomas. Por otro lado, existen diversos índices de transparencia que evalúan con indicadores la información publicada por las instituciones. En este artículo, estudiaremos la situación actual de la evaluación de la transparencia en España, analizaremos los fallos y destacaremos mejoras necesarias en este sistema.
Improvement of the Technology of Meat Products Manufacturing with the use of Phytopreparations
Authors:   Department of Hotel-Restaurant and Tourism Business, Kherson State University, Kherson, Ukraine, Burak Valentyna , Vitriak Oksana , Valko Mykola , Mamai Olga , Zubkova Kateryna , Stoianova Olha , Spryn Oleksandr , Reshnova Svitlana , Holiaka Serhiy , Shinkaruk Mariya
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the improvement of the technology of meat products manufacturing with the usage of phytopreparations. The phytopreparation “Health”, on the basis of herbal additives of Chamomile, Hypericum, Oregano, Thyme and Calendula (marigolds) as preservatives in the production of cooked sausages, is developed. The ingredient composition is substantiated and the recipe of sausages is optimized with the usage of the developed phytopreparation. It is found that its use can increase the shelf life of sausages by 35%, increase the pH level and the proportion of bound moisture. Finished sausage products have acceptable organoleptic properties, higher nutritional value and meet safety requirements. The economic efficiency of production is determined, which increases the net profit by 14.3% and the level of profitability by 30.9%. The social effect of the use of such sausage products, which is to protect human health by the biological risk reduction associated with exposure to toxic microorganisms, is also found.
Calculating Fuzzy Inverse Matrix Using Linear Programming Problem: An Improved Approach
Authors: Babakordi Fatemeh , Taghi-Nezhad Nemat Allah
Published: December 2021

Calculating the matrix inverse is a key point in solving linear equation system, which involves complex calculations, particularly  when the matrix elements are  (Left and Right) fuzzy numbers. In this paper, first, the method of Kaur and Kumar for calculating the matrix inverse is reviewed, and its disadvantages are discussed. Then, a new method is proposed to determine the inverse of  fuzzy matrix based on linear programming problem. It is demonstrated that the proposed method is capable of overcoming the shortcomings of the previous matrix inverse. Numerical examples are utilized to verify the performance and applicability of the proposed method.
A Novel Generator of Continuous Probability Distributions for the Asymmetric Left-skewed Bimodal Real-life Data with Properties and Copulas
Authors: Shehata Wahid A. M. , Yousof Haitham , Aboraya Mohamed
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a novel two-parameter G family of distributions. Relevant statistical properties such as the ordinary moments, incomplete moments and moment generating function are derived.  Using common copulas, some new bivariate type G families are derived. Special attention is devoted to the standard exponential base line model. The density of the new exponential extension can be “asymmetric and right skewed shape” with no peak, “asymmetric right skewed shape” with one peak, “symmetric shape” and “asymmetric left skewed shape” with one peak. The hazard rate of the new exponential distribution can be “increasing”, “U-shape”, “decreasing” and “J-shape”. The usefulness and flexibility of the new family is illustrated by means of two applications to real data sets. The new family is compared with many common G families in modeling relief times and survival times data sets.
INFÂNCIA E POBREZA EM ARAGUAÍNA/TO NA PANDEMIA DA COVID-19
Authors: Ribeiro da Cruz Luciana , Pontes Borges Thelma
Published: December 2021

Em uma década atípica em que a pandemia da COVID-19 atinge toda a população, de forma particular os mais vulneráveis, faz-se necessário refletir sobre os retrocessos nas agendas 2030, uma dura realidade potencializada com a crise sanitária, social, econômica e ambiental. Este artigo, resulta da observância de um dos indicadores globais transcritos nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável – ODS 01: Erradicação da Pobreza. A análise se circunscreveu a partir de dados secundários, no recorte espacial de Araguaína, cidade considerada de porte médio, localizada na região Norte do Estado do Tocantins, na Amazônia Legal e objetivou-se a pormenorizar as áreas geográficas em que residem famílias com crianças da primeira infância em situações de pobreza e extrema pobreza, matriculadas em CEIs/Creches e Pré-escolas municipais. Para tanto foram considerados dados de 43 unidades escolares, sendo 31 creches e 12 pré-escolas. Para extrema pobreza os dados foram emitidos pelas unidades de ensino e os de pobreza dos relatórios de módulos das crianças/famílias beneficiárias do programa social Bolsa família. Os resultados apontam que escolas mais distantes tem um percentual maior de crianças na primeira infância em situação de pobreza e extrema pobreza necessitando de um olhar diferenciado à ODS 01 e aos novos desafios impostos à infância frente a erradicação da pobreza. Uma atenção especial por parte da sociedade civil e dos governantes à urgente execução de planos específicos, ações fortalecidas e políticas públicas que alcancem as crianças de até 06 (seis) anos de idade e as suas famílias.
Uprawianie hazardu wśród piłkarzy śląskiej IV ligi a ich stan cywilny
Authors: Szymański Andrzej
Published: December 2021

Badania stanowią opis uprawiania hazardu w grupie 583 piłkarzy grających w IV lidze śląskiego makroregionu. Celem badań było rozpoznanie udziału piłkarzy w uprawianiu hazardu oraz znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy ze względu na posiadany stan cywilny sportowcy, będący w związkach formalnych, różnią się od piłkarzy nie będących w takich związkach w sposobie podejścia do gry. Badania przeprowadzono za pomocą autorskiego kwestionariusza ankiety, który poszerzono o Kanadyjski Indeks Gier Hazardowych CPGI. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że respondenci statystycznie częściej biorą udział w grze hazardowej niż przeciętny Polak w wieku powyżej 15 lat. Upodobaną formą gry wśród badanych zawodników był udział w obstawianiu zakładów bukmacherskich. Piłkarze należą do grupy podwyższonego ryzyka uzależnienia się od hazardu. Problem ten dotyczy ponad 12% przebadanych zawodników. Istotnym predykatorem uprawiania hazardu przez piłkarzy był ich aktywny kontakt z grą w dzieciństwie. Badania dowodzą, że zawodnicy, którzy zawarli związek małżeński, są bardziej ostrożni w uprawianiu hazardu od swoich kolegów żyjących w związkach nieformalnych lub będących stanu wolnego.
A Pastoral Reading of the Directory for Catechesis
Authors: Sultana Carl-Mario
Published: December 2021

The recently published Directory for Catechesis by the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelisation is the handbook for all those who are involved in the catechetical ministry, ranging from Bishops and Bishops’ Conferences to pastors, priests and lay catechists. This article seeks to take a pastoral glance at the Directory which offers a vision for catechesis which is founded on the theology of Evangelii Gaudium, with an openness to a more kerygmatic catechesis. Moreover, the Directory seeks to situate catechesis within the contemporary digital culture, whilst not neglecting traditional stances such as the Catechumenate and mystagogy. The Directory also taps into innovative methodological aids such as the value given to the way of beauty.
Aktywizacja młodzieży szkół ponadpodstawowych w nauczaniu religii – między tradycją a współczesnością
Authors: Zellma Anna
Published: December 2021

Analizy, podjęte w niniejszym opracowaniu, koncentrują się wokół jakości aktywizacji młodzieży szkół ponadpodstawowych, którą zaleca się w obowiązującej Podstawie programowej katechezy Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce (2018). Zwrócono uwagę na obowiązkowy zestaw celów katechetycznych – wymagań ogólnych, treści nauczania religii – wymagania szczegółowe, postawy, jakie należy kształtować w młodzieży, korelację nauczania religii z edukacją szkolną, zalecane warunki i sposoby realizacji założeń programowych oraz współpracę środowisk wychowawczych (rodziny, parafii). Analizując wymienione kwestie próbowano dowieść, że wszystkie elementy merytoryczne i metodyczne, zapisane w podstawie programowej nauczania religii, mogą odgrywać ważną rolę aktywizującą młodzież. Zauważono, że dominuje przekaz wiadomości teologicznych i katechizmowych oraz język teologiczny. Wymienione rozwiązania merytoryczne zostają wzbogacone o korelację z edukacją szkolną, która może przyczynić się do aktywizacji młodzieży. Mało uwagi poświęca się jednak doświadczeniu ludzkiemu oraz wiedzy osobistej uczniów, co nie sprzyja aktywizacji. Również niedowartościowane są nowe technologie informacyjno-komunikacyjne, o których wspomina się bardzo ogólnie. Dominują natomiast propozycje zastosowania tradycyjnych metod aktywizujących młodzież, takich jak metody problemowe, poszukujące, eksponujące. Brakuje propozycji dotyczących form i metod ewangelizacji młodzieży. Takie podejście do aktywizacji młodzieży oscyluje między tradycją a współczesnością. Więcej przy tym jest akcentów tradycyjnych. Stąd też analizowane propozycje aktywizacji młodzieży szkół ponadpodstawowych wymagają uzupełnienia na poziomie tworzenia programów i podręczników do nauczania religii.
A master clock for the Speed School impulse clock system using WWV time information
Authors:   ,   University of Louisville, Pfeifer John
Published: December 2021

Since approximately February of 1979, the Speed School impulse clock system has not functioned due to a worn-out master clock that was never replaced because of a lack of fund. For this thesis project, a solid-state master clock that performs the same functions as the old mechanical master clock was built for less than $200. The new clock features accuracy traceable to the National Bureau of Standards, automatic reset after a power-down and subsequent power-up, and a daylight savings time provision. A decoder that recovers time information broadcast by radio station WWV from Fort Collins, Colorado was built and interfaced to the master clock to provide the accuracy traceable to the National Bureau of Standards.
The problem of defining the women’s status in sugar-refining industry: “woman” – “half-worker” – “worker” (on an example of sugar factories of Kyiv province, 1880s–1900s)
Authors: Karpenko Ihor
Published: December 2021

This article regards the problem of defining the women’s status in the sugar-refining industry of the Russia Empire post-reform period. Based on the cases of sugar factories of Kyiv province during the 1880s–1905s, the author illustrates a complicated process of determining the role and the place of female laborers in the professional structure of industrial institutions which relate to this type of industry. Due to the fact that women had been recruited to unqualified parts of the working class (in the majority of cases), they remained at the bottom of the hierarchy of industrial labor. In contrast to men-laborers, who were distributed by the qualification parameter and professional skill (qualified/unqualified labor force), women-laborers were distributed by the gender parameter.
Based on the archival materials of the factory inspection funds and in-factory documentation, it was found that working women were most often identified into the category “women” (“zhenschina”), less often as “part-time workers” (“polurabochaya”), and even less often as “workers” (“rabochaya”). It is possible to say that such division differed significantly from the distribution among the male part of the working class (“rabochiy/polurabo- chiy”). After all, a woman working in an industrial space was generally perceived not as a full-fledged unit of labor but as a supplement to qualified male labor. However, the model proposed by the author of this study: “woman” – “semi-worker” – “worker”, opened a different angle, according to which a woman’s professional position was not clearly fixed and could de facto change, regardless of the type of the performed work (qualified or unqualified). As a result, all these sources and evidence allow us to state that the period of industrialization and modernization provided for women (though not significant) a space for opportunities to realize their own work.
“Director of Ukraine”. Behavioral mechanisms and specifics of professional relations of Petro Shelest, the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine
Authors: Bazhan Oleh
Published: December 2021

Based on a detailed study and analysis of archival sources and testimonies of contemporaries, the characteristics of Petro Shelest’s methods and principles of personnel selection for key positions in the Ukrainian SSR, his relations with subordinates in the process of work, formation of the closest circle of colleagues are presented. The analysis of the personnel of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in 1963-1972 has been made. Based on memoir sources, character traits have been studied; personal qualities, as well as originality of relations of the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party both with subordinates and the top leadership of the Soviet state and family members have been de- scribed. The author of the article clarifies the main trends in the development of the system of privileges and the privileges of the Soviet nomenklatura in the period of “stagnation”. The pro-Ukrainian course of the leader of the republican party organization was reflected in the author’s book OUR SOVIET UKRAINE, which was published in 1970. At first glance, the openly ideological propaganda work of Petro Shelest clearly demonstrated the attention of the republican party-state elite to the social economic problems of Ukraine, and the interest in its history and culture. Sometimes Shelest defended individual Ukrainian cultural figures who were subjected to ideological persecution. At the same time, Petro Shelest remained a typical expression of the Soviet command-administrative system. It was during his leadership of the republic that mass punitive operations against the Ukrainian national movement took place. In August 1968, Shelest was one of the initiators of the suppression of the “Prague Spring” which, in his opinion, contributed to the spread of anti-Soviet sentiment in Ukraine.However, P. Shelest’s pursuit of an autonomist course, his independence in resolving issues, and “localism and manifestations of nationalism” could not please the allied leadership. In April 1973, a campaign was inspired against his book OUR SOVIET UKRAINE. The book, which had a circulation of 100,000 copies, was withdrawn from sale and libraries. Shelest was removed from the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee “for health reasons” and was forced to take retirement.
Comparative history in humanities’ teaching in Ukraine
Authors: Kirsenko Mykhailo , Balabushevych Tetiana
Published: December 2021

History as a Magistra Vitae encompasses a lot of mutually complementing research and teaching subjects. It should be taught step by step from local and simple items up to global generalizations taking into account the age, educational level, and professional interests of audience. The pupils at the primary and secondary schools learn at first about their native towns or districts, later in more detail about their motherland as a whole, and common patterns of Europe with just basic names and data of the World. The higher schools are to combine minimal information of history necessary for any civilized human being with emphasized attention at the respective fields’ past separately for future lawyers, physicians, engineers, etc. In Ukraine as an extremely exhausted nation it is crucially important to break deeply rooted complex of inferiority, to prove indivisibility of domestic history with East-Central and the rest of Europe. We should overcome as soon as possible a situation when large territories had been devastated by Holodomor and colonized by alien settlers from other parts of the Soviet Union after this genocide. The newcomers’ offspring gradually will get accommodated to their new homeland yet during Transition they are an easy target for destructive impacts from abroad. To counteract subversive propaganda, we need highly educated teachers and lecturers. The pro-European liberals in Ukraine had been exterminated by notorious totalitarian purges or forced to exile and replaced by mercenaries of Russian revanchist forces. The huge traditional Universities hardly can be reformed and modernized, as they inherited stereotypes and prejudices from the past. Newly created, seemingly more flexible and certainly less corrupted higher schools attract capable and ambitious people yet their alumni feel temptation of more easy opportunities. Ukraine needs patriots now more than ever desperately fighting for survival against aggressor in current Hybrid war. The prospects look optimistic, yet for the time being it requires a lot of efforts. History teaching becomes still more important to promote unity of interdependent philological, historical, political, and state making generations of national rebirth aimed at the repatriation to modernity.
INSTITUTE OF ADMINISTRATIVE CLAIM: CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
Authors: Kostromina O. H. , Babenko H. O.
Published: December 2021

An administrative claim is one of the main institutions of administrative justice. To understand the institution of an administrative claim as a complex legal structure covering the right of a person to apply to an administrative court with a request, it is necessary to clarify the concept, legal nature, types of administrative claim.
The purpose of the article is the theoretical and legal characteristics of the categories of the institution of administrative proceedings, the definition of the concept, the definition of the essence and structure of an administrative claim, the criterion for its classification, making proposals aimed at improving the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine.
The methodological basis of the research is a combination of general scientific and special methods of cognition. The research is based on the dialectical method of scientific cognition of the phenomena of reality in their development and interrelation. The achievement of certain research objectives led to the use of such methods as: the historical and legal method – when analyzing claims in administrative proceedings, the system analysis method made it possible to consider an administrative claim as a single system with its own structure and dynamics of development. The methods of analysis and synthesis, structural-functional, synergetic and other methods were also used, which made it possible to comprehensively explore the problematic aspects of understanding the institution of administrative claims.
An administrative claim is understood as a material claim of the plaintiff for the protection of rights, freedoms and interests in public law relations, addressed to an administrative court. Various approaches to the classification of administrative requirements depending on the content are described. The internal structure of the administrative claim is described, in connection with which the provisions of the legislation are analyzed. The substantive and procedural aspects of the claim are highlighted. Analyzes the legal requirements for an administrative claim. It is noted that within the framework of administrative legislation, in particular in the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, the types of administrative requirements are not directly defined. It has been established that at the scientific and theoretical level, the main criteria for the classification of administrative claims are: the subject of an administrative claim, a method of procedural protection, a method of achieving procedural goals, the nature of material legal relations. The main tasks that an administrative claim solves as a procedural means of protecting rights, freedoms and interests in the field of public relations are determined.
ABOUT FORMS AND METHODS OF INTERNATIONAL VERIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
Authors: Astankevych Yu. I.
Published: December 2021

The forms and methods of international verification, their varieties and related categories are considered in the paper. It is determined that the key feature of verification forms is a body carrying out verification activities. Consequently, it is proposed to understand the verification form as a way of organization and particularities of this activity. It has been found that the category of subject is often also used for a simple division of verification into types, which does not fully reflect the specifics of verification activities. Two main forms of international verification are distinguished: simple (without the formation of a special body) and institutional (with the formation of a special control body).
It is also suggested to distinguish between technologies, methods and procedures of international verification as well, defining verification technologies as tools, mechanisms, devices necessary for control activities, verification methods as ways of applying its means and verification procedures as modes for implementing a verification method or several methods in a combination.
The mechanism of international verification is proposed to be seen as the most general term. It comprises not only methods and technologies, but also procedures of international verification, which determine the implementation mode of a verification method or its several methods in the context of a special verification form.
Methods and tools of international verification are characterized by different level of efficiency, which is due to different factors, such as: the sphere of international relations, the form of international verification, the scope of powers of verification body, the international legal act, which is the source of international obligation. In this regard, a distinction must be made between the international obligations, the source of which is an international treaty, and other international obligations.
ATTRIBUTION OF CYBERATTACKS AS A PREREQUISITE FOR ENSURING RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOR IN CYBERSPACE
Authors: Hrushko M. V.
Published: December 2021

Growing impunity in cyberspace is cause by the lack of responsibility for the most serious cyberoperations that present a threat to both state and non-state actors. The only possible solution is to trace such cyberoperations to those who stand behind them. Since the seriousness of consequences increases in case of state-committed cyberattacks, the article deals with the issue of attribution of cyberattacks to states with the aim of ensuring responsible behavior of all states in cyberspace.
The existing practice of public attribution and features of cyberoperations, as a rule, requires not only performing legal attribution, but also technical and public (political) attribution. Author thus starts with analyzing the current state of affairs – public attribution of cyberattack, its effectiveness and the role of private sector in attribution (decentralized attribution to support or deny government`s finding). The article also examines the customary basis for attributing state-related cyberattacks contained in the Articles on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts and Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the Application of International Law to Cyberoperations. Although public attribution is, indeed, a step towards responsible behavior in cyberspace, legal attribution may contribute even more.
In this article increased attention is paid to the test of effective control, which is used to attribute internationally wrongful acts to states committed by non-state actors acting under its control or direction. Finally, it concludes that global efforts are needed to ensure responsible behavior in cyberspace, especially in the context of international security. For this, states should get into partnership with private sector in performing attribution of cyberoperations and apply to international bodies, which have jurisdiction over state claims and are able to perform legal attribution for the purpose of establishing state responsibility. Only in this way it will be possible to guarantee responsible behavior of states in cyberspace, and create a common understanding and approach against cyberoperations committed by non-state cyber actors.
Remedios Tradicionales de Ingapirca
Authors: Pillco Nivelo Marco Antonio
Published: December 2021

Marco Pillco (Ukucha) es licenciado en Artes Visuales por la Universidad de Cuenca. Se desenvuelve como ilustrador y es profesor de dibujo y pintura en la Academia Más Arte. Su obra representa diversas especies de flora que habitan en la región andina. Por medio de la ilustración pretende dar a conocer la importancia de cada una de ellas, ya sea por sus propiedades curativas, alimenticias, o de protección y cobijo para los seres vivos.
La dimensión anamnética de la fe: un diálogo entre memoria histórica y escatología después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Authors: Gándara Ricardo Carlos Alonso
Published: December 2021

El objetivo de este artículo fue iniciar un diálogo entre historia y escatología desde la experiencia del sufrimiento humano en Dios. Por tanto, se abordará el método dialéctico para establecer una reflexión hermenéutica que permita comprender el sufrimiento del presente desde la fuerza del pretérito y el compromiso con el futuro. Para ello, será fundamental el pensamiento teológico de Johann Baptist Metz y de otros autores, quien desde su propuesta teológico-política y desde la memoria provocadora en el contexto de un mundo altamente globalizado reivindica el problema de la teodicea desde la experiencia del hombre que sufre y reclama a Dios el fin inminente de este. Ahora bien, dentro del mundo académico de la teología, se han realizado varios esfuerzos por estructurar una teología política que mire al mundo, pues la fe cristiana es fe con los ojos abiertos, pero no ha obtenido la recepción necesaria dentro del mundo académico ni en el contexto eclesial formal. Los esfuerzos realizados después del auge del Concilio Vaticano II despertaron en 1968 un clamor del oprimido, del pobre y del sufriente, que aún se desconoce tanto en el contexto latinoamericano como en el europeo. En consecuencia, nace este diálogo entre historia y escatología, en el cual se abordará, primero, la singularidad de la fe en el contexto de un nuevo nominalismo; segundo, la secularización del fruto del hombre burgués ilustrado y la modernidad, y, finalmente, se esbozará concretamente la relación entre memoria y esperanza en el contexto de Auschwitz.
Las pasiones dolorosas en Aristóteles y su tratamiento en la Retórica
Authors: Covarrubias Correa Andrés
Published: December 2021

Este artículo atiende a la importancia de las pasiones y su componente de dolor y placer en la reflexión ética de Aristóteles. Después, y asumiendo estos antecedentes, analiza la ira y la calma desde el punto de vista de la Retórica, para finalmente ocuparse de una manera más amplia, sobre todo, en busca de aspectos comunes, de las otras pasiones dolorosas descritas en esta obra. Plantea que la Retórica entrega importantes herramientas no solo para provocar o mitigar una pasión, sino para poder reconducirla de manera que sea útil para el buen orador ante el mejoramiento de los ciudadanos. Esto significa concebir las pasiones, que tienen en su origen un carácter eminentemente individual, también como compartidas por una comunidad. A partir del análisis de estos textos y de las consecuencias que se derivan del estudio de las pasiones dolorosas, es posible extraer valiosos elementos que permiten enriquecer nuestra comprensión de aquellos aspectos que influyen en la vida comunitaria y política, sobre todo, en consideración al lugar preponderante que tales pasiones van adquiriendo en condiciones históricas difíciles, como en la práctica ocurre con la actual situación de pandemia que nos ha tocado enfrentar globalmente.
Migración venezolana y trata de personas: análisis del caso colombiano a partir de las relaciones y los instrumentos internacionales
Authors: Coral Díaz Ana Milena , Luna de Aliaga Beatriz Eugenia
Published: December 2021

El artículo busca explicar, partiendo de las relaciones y algunos instrumentos internacionales, la migración venezolana a Colombia y la existencia del riesgo de la trata de personas. Se indaga por la actual situación de la migración a partir de los datos, pero además desde los instrumentos internacionales y las relaciones que se generan en el plano regional por cuenta de la cooperación y la acción conjunta en materia de ayuda humanitaria y de la prevención. La metodología utilizada combina aspectos cualitativos y cuantitativos, lo cual permitió realizar la búsqueda de distinta información para analizarla desde lo crítico y lo propositivo. Aunque se reconoce la existencia de instrumentos internacionales, regionales y nacionales para abordar lo migratorio, se identifica la necesidad de una mejor y urgente implementación, comprendiendo, de manera permanente, a la trata de personas como una vulneración de derechos humanos, así como determinando acciones en el campo de la prevención que estén articuladas y proyectadas tanto en el mediano como en el largo plazo, superando el corto tiempo. El artículo contiene cuatro partes; en la primera se mencionan las relaciones internacionales y algunos instrumentos internacionales sobre delincuencia organizada, trata de personas y migraciones; en la segunda se abordan generalidades de la historia migratoria entre Colombia y Venezuela, profundizando en los últimos años; en la tercera, se presenta la migración venezolana hacia Colombia y la trata de personas, analizando las realidades, algunos aspectos del engranaje institucional, las acciones así como ciertos datos y, por último, se encontrará la conclusión y ciertas recomendaciones.
Desamor correspondido. EE. UU. y Rusia con la llegada de Biden
Authors: León Ortega Helen Sugelly
Published: December 2021

La nueva administración estadounidense tiene cuatro años difíciles por delante. Sin embargo, ninguno de los predecesores de la Casa Blanca tuvo una tarea fácil: siempre hay suficientes inconvenientes, pero ahora los problemas que deben enfrentarse no son de carácter oportunista sino sistémico. En este contexto, el legado del ex presidente Trump, en esta área, sigue siendo ominoso y es preocupante que, no solo las relaciones bilaterales terminaron en la crisis más profunda de las últimas décadas, sino que bajo Trump se destruyeron casi todos los mecanismos de negociación, que antes permitían resolver problemas o impedir su desarrollo descontrolado. Entonces, a propósito de ello, este artículo busca analizar la situación a partir del primer discurso de política exterior de Biden, pasando por la evaluación de una posible guerra fría y la tendencia aislacionista de ee.uu. para, al final, ofrecer propuestas para Rusia, con el ánimo de conservar las “buenas” relaciones.
What Is a Research Core? A Primer on a Critical Component of the Research Enterprise
Authors: Bai Yuzhou , Schonfeld Roger
Published: December 2021

As clusters of state-of-the-art instruments and research enablement services, research cores are not only the cornerstone of research activities at university campuses but also critical assets that provide competitive differentiation for their host institutions. However, these research cores are highly expensive for academic institutions to manage. Despite the growing recognition and impact of these research cores, there are few studies that describe the business models for sustaining and funding research cores or their increasing significance to the larger academic community.
Social impacts of IPM-FFS on urban and peri-urban vegetable producers in Cotonou, Benin
Authors:   Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Norway, Lund T , Nyborg I ,   Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway, Rahman MH , Sæthre MG ,   Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Norway
Published: December 2021

Shifting from scientist-led top-down approaches in agricultural development to participatory approaches putting farmers and their knowledge in the center requires scientists and farmers to play new roles, changing social relationships between them, and among farmers themselves. Using mainly qualitative data and analysis, this paper reports social impacts (social relations, social empowerment and sharing of IPM information, and sustainability and institutionalization of IPM) for vegetable producers in an integrated pest management (IPM) project using farmer field schools (FFS) in Cotonou. Forty-three vegetable producers were chosen for semi-structured interviews. The project led to social empowerment of the vegetable producers and initiated a process of creation and sharing of IPM knowledge and building of social relations within and between the vegetable gardens. The participants realized they were sources of information for each other, and IPM knowledge was shared without the benefit or restriction of social networks. However, this study revealed several factors hindering the development of improved social relations among the vegetable producers and between these and the scientists and steering committee members, which in turn may result in lack of continuation and institutionalization of IPM activities. To overcome these obstacles, this research suggests that similar IPM-FFS projects encourage (1) a transparent selection process, (2) improvement of the Trainer of Trainers’ facilitation skills for better quality FFSs and improved sharing of complex information like agro-ecosystem analysis and beneficial insects, (3) building trust and confidence between the participants and scientists, (4) giving the ToT participants, community organizers and farmer organizations ownership of the project by giving them responsibility for creating post project plans to spread and institutionalize IPM of IPM-FFS activities and (5) facilitating the participants during and after the project in improving social relations and accountability. The results also draw lessons on how scientists and vegetable producers have or should have changed their roles to sustain and institutionalize IPM, such as the scientists and project leaders need to focus even more on their interactions with vegetable producers, enhancing their role as facilitators in initiating equitable processes of sustaining and institutionalizing IPM in the vegetable gardens.
Prevalence and risk factors of nutritional anaemia among female school children in Masindi district, western Uganda
Authors:   Makerere University, Uganda, Barugahara EI ,   Kyambogo University, Kikafunda J ,   Makerere University, Uganda, Gakenia WM ,   Regional Centre for Quality Health Care, Kampala, Uganda
Published: December 2021

Anaemia is the most widespread nutrition related public health problem world-wide and yet in Uganda, there is little national data on anaemia and its likely causes amongst school children. The aim of this st udy was to assess the prevalence, dietary and health risk factors of nutritional anaemia amongst 11-14 year old girls attending primary schools in Masindi District of Western Uganda. Two schools, one urban and the other rural, were selected for this cross-sectional study. A total of 109 girls from the upper primary section were randomly selected from both schools. The Lovibond comparator was used to assay Hemoglobin (Hb) level in the whole blood after conversion of Hb to oxyhemoglobin by ammonia. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Incidences of malaria were self reported. The dietary intake of iron, protein, folate, riboflavin, energy, vitamin C, dietary fibre and vitamin A was estimated from the East African food composition table used to analyze the 24-hour dietary recalls. Associations between anaemia and factors under investigation were examined using Pearson’s chi-square test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis. Statistical significance was considered at p< 0.05. The overall prevalence of anaemia was 46%. It was twice as high in the urban school (61%) compared to the rural school (31%). There was a high intake of plant – based diets; majority of the school children with excess intake of fibre, inadequate intake of iron, protein, folate, riboflavin, energy and vitamin A were anaemic (p ≤ 0.001). Malaria incidences were many and though de-worming was common in schools, it was not consistent. Performance of de-worming by nurses had more impact than that of the teachers. Anaemia was positively correlated with inadequate dietary intake (r = 0.61, p < 0.001), malaria incidences (r = 0.54, p = 0.02) and improper de-worming (r = 0.51, p = 0.04). A high prevalence of anaemia was found amongst the girls, particularly in the urban school. Improper de-worming, malaria incidences and poor feeding were the risk factors of nutritional anaemia. There is , therefore, an urgent need for a national anaemia assessment among this age group and the strengthening of the current School Health Program to address aspects of health and feeding in schools in Masindi district and Uganda as a whole.
Concentrations of formaldehyde in rain waters harvested at the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research
Authors:   Benson Idahosa University Benin City, Nigeria, Obahiagbon FI , Erhabor JO ,   Benson Idahosa University Benin City, Nigeria, Uwumarongie-Ilori GE ,   Agronomy Division, NIFOR, Benin City, Nigeria, Agho I ,   Biochemistry Division, NIFOR, Benin City, Nigeria
Published: December 2021

Formaldehyde has been recognized as one of the most important pollutants and a carcinogen that is present in the air, water, foods, soils, fabrics, cosmetics, cigarette smoke and treated wood. Related health effects and hazards are linked to formaldehyde, depending on mode of exposure which includes: weakness, blindness, vomiting et cetera. Additionally, occupational exposure through vapours, results in a temporary reversible decrease in lung function. Ocular exposure to formaldehyde could result in permanent alterations to vision or blindness. At concentrations below maternal toxicity, formaldehyde is considered not to be a reproductive or developmental toxicant. Sufficient evidence is now available for the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in both humans and animals. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classed formaldehyde as a group 1carcinogen. Rain water is harvested and used for domestic and industrial purposes in Nigeria. Scarce information is available in the developing countries like Nigeria, relating to the sources of exposure to formaldehyde and other toxic substances. It was against the above background that samples of rain water were collected between April and October, 2008, 2009 and 2010 at the meteorological research unit of the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) in order to monitor the concentrations of formaldehyde, which were subsequently consumed by ingestion an d thus generate data on same for the populace of the area of study. The chromotropic acid method described by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was adopted for the determination of formaldehyde in the rain waters. Results indicated that the concentration range of the formaldehyde in the rain waters varied from month to month throughout the six months duration of analysis. The values detected were below the toxicity level recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other world bodies for drinking water. In conclusion, the results of the rain waters collected for the period of assay suggests that the values did not cause any toxicity effects and thus were fit for human consumption based on the low formaldehyde concentrations.