bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cotranslational Protein Folding and Terminus Hydrophobicity
Authors: Srivastava Sheenal , Patton Yumi , Fisher David W. , Wood Graham R.
Published: April 2012

Peptides fold on a time scale that is much smaller than the time required for synthesis, whence all proteins potentially fold cotranslationally to some degree (followed by additional folding events after release from the ribosome). In this paper, in three different ways, we find that cotranslational folding success is associated with higher hydrophobicity at the N-terminus than at the C-terminus. First, we fold simple HP models on a square lattice and observe that HP sequences that fold better cotranslationally than from a fully extended state exhibit a positive difference (N−C) in terminus hydrophobicity. Second, we examine real proteins using a previously established measure of potential cotranslationality known as ALR (Average Logarithmic Ratio of the extent of previous contacts) and again find a correlation with the difference in terminus hydrophobicity. Finally, we use the cotranslational protein structure prediction program SAINT and again find that such an approach to folding is more successful for proteins with higher N-terminus than C-terminus hydrophobicity. All results indicate that cotranslational folding is promoted in part by a hydrophobic start and a less hydrophobic finish to the sequence.
Thiazolidinone Steroids Impregnated Polyurethane Foams as a Solid Phase Extractant for the Extraction and Preconcentration of Cadmium(II) from Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Makki Mohammad S. Tawfiq , Abdel-Rahman R. Mohammady , Ommar Alfooty K. , El-Shahawi Mohammad S.
Published: April 2012

Two new thiazolidinone steroids namely sulfadiazino‐imino‐ steroid (I) and 3‐sulfonamoyl‐phenyl‐spiro[4‐oxo‐thiazolidin‐2, 2`steroid] (II) were prepared and characterized from their molecular weight determination and spectroscopic measurements. Compound II were physically immobilized onto polyurethane foams (PUFs) for the preconcentration of cadmium(II) from acidic aqueous media containing iodide ions. The kinetics of the retention step of cadmium(II) from aqueous solutions by compound II treated PUFs was studied. Particle diffusion was the most probable operating mechanism and did not control the kinetics of cadmium(II) retention by compound II immobilized PUFs. A preconcentration / separation procedure is presented for the solid phase extraction of trace cadmium(II) from aqueous media as its ternary complex ion associate with compound II in industrial wastewater samples onto compound II treated PUFs prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Compound II treated PUFs sorbent was successfully packed in glass column for complete extraction and / or determination of trace concentrations of cadmium(II) in wastewater samples with satisfactory recovery (95±2.6). The cyclic voltammetry of compound II showed two well defined irreversible redox couples and suggested its possible use as complexing agent in stripping voltammetric determination of trace concentrations of toxic metal ions in wastewater.
In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Neuronal Cell Toxicity of Roots of Ostericum koreanum Maximowicz
Authors: Mahesh Ramalingam , Won Jung Hyo , Hong Park Jun , Park Yong-Ki
Published: April 2012

Ostericum koreanum maximowicz (Umbelliferae), a medicinal herb in Korean Oriental Medicine, has been applied to treat cold, headache, neuralgia and arthralgia. The ethyl acetate fraction of O. koreanum root was subjected to in vitro antioxidant activity with different methods for free radical scavenging activities. In addition, the cell viability and nitric oxide release assays were performed here for the first time in neuroblastoma (Neuro‐2a) cell cultures. Among all the tested methods, the ethyl acetate fraction was expressed very active, exhibiting a good Trolox equivalent values and IC50, comparable to that of the commercial antioxidants, Trolox and ascorbic acid, respectively. The results showed that there was a reduction of cell viability by the fraction in a concentration dependent manner. These results suggest that O. koreanum shows good antioxidant activities in vitro by inhibiting free radicals. These findings provide a rationale for the in vivo testing. Also, the major constituents behind the antioxidant mechanisms of this fraction warrant further study.
A Geriatric Patient: Age Is Not a Factor
Authors: Klodnitskaya Lisa , Harutunian Michele M. , Mareque Buenos Santiago , Estafan Denise , Wolff Mark S.
Published: April 2012

Objective.A patient presented to the dental office expressing dissatisfaction with the appearance of his teeth, and as a result, of his smile. Our objective was to satisfy his initial chief complaint: “I don't like how my teeth look when I smile.”Methodology.Upon completing all initial exams and consultations, an esthetic dental treatment plan was formulated and agreed upon by both the practitioners and the patient.Results.The patient received periodontal treatment first to create esthetic gingival margins. Anterior ceramic crowns followed.Conclusion.The results surpassed all patient's expectations.
Docking and 3D QSAR Studies on p38α MAP Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Babu Jatavath Mohan , Kanth Sivan Sree , Lingala Yamini , Manga Vijjulatha
Published: April 2012

The p38 signaling cascade has emerged as an attractive target for the design of novel chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Three dimensional quantitative structure‐ activity relationship (3D‐ QSAR) studies were performed on a series of 25, 2‐aminothiazole analogs as inhibitors of p38α mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase. The docking results provided a reliable conformational alignment scheme for the 3D‐QSAR model. The 3D‐QSAR model showed very good statistical results namely q2, r2 and r2pred values for both comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA). The CoMFA and CoMSIA models & docking results provided the most significant correlation of steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic, H‐bond donor, H‐bond acceptor fields with biological activities and the provided values were in good agreement with the experimental results. The information rendered from molecular modeling studies gave valuable clues to optimize the lead and design new potential inhibitors.
L as an Efficient Catalyst for Synthesis of Aldimines at Ambient Temperature Condition
Authors: Kottawar S. S. , Goswami S. V. , Thorat P. B. , Bhusare S. R
Published: April 2012

Some new aldimines were synthesized from substituted 2‐amino thiazoles and different aromatic aldehydes using L‐proline as an efficient catalyst. The structure elucidation of aldimines has been made on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data. The easy work up, higher yield and shorter reaction time are the advantages of the method.
Spectrscopic and Conductometric Analysis of Gabapentin
Authors: Anis Sara M. , Hosny Mervat M. , Abdellatef Hisham E. , El-Balkiny Mohamed N.
Published: April 2012

Four simple, sensitive and reproducible methods were developed for the determination of gabapentin (GPT) in pure form and in pharmaceutical preparations. Methods A and B are based on the reaction of cupric chloride with gabapentin to form stable complex, which could be measured spectrophotometrically at λmax 246 nm (method A) or by using conductometric technique (method B). While method C and D depends on the formation of ion pair complex between the studied drug and bromothymol blue, bromocresol green respectively this was extractable with methylene chloride. The concentration ranges were 40‐95 μg mL-1, 1‐15 mg, 100‐800 and 10‐150 μg mL-1 for methods A, B, C and D respectively .The optimization of various experimental conditions were described .The results obtained showed good recoveries, Ringbom optimum concentration ranges were calculated, in addition to molar absorptivity and sandell’s sensitivity, detection and quantification limits. The methods were successfully applied to the determination of GPT in bulk and pharmaceutical preparations. The results were favorably comparable with the official method. The molar combining ratio for methods (A‐B) was found to be (2:1) (drug: reagent) while for method (C‐D) it was found to be (1:1).
Corrosion Study of Iron and Copper Metals and Brass Alloy in Different Medium
Authors: Samina Memon , Karim Abdul , Venkatachalam A.
Published: April 2012

The corrosion of iron, copper and brass alloy has been investigated in different medium i.e. HNO3, H3PO4, H2SO4, HCl, CH3COOH. The study reveals that corrosion rate increases in the order iron > copper > brass and for the medium the corrosion follows the order HNO3 > H3PO4 > H2SO4 > HCl > CH3COOH. The rate of corrosion increases with increasing concentration of acid and with increase in time.
Decolorization Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Auramine Lake Yellow O on Expanded Graphite Loaded with Titania
Authors: Pang Xiu-Yan
Published: April 2012

In order to investigate the decolorization characteristics of expanded graphite (EG) loaded with titania for auramine lake yellow O adsorbate, the adsorbent is prepared with 50 mesh natural graphite as raw materials, potassium permanganate as oxidant and vitriol, tetranbutyl titanate as intercalation compound. The expanded volume of EG loaded with titania is 320 mL/g. We detect the equilibration time, influence of ionic strength and initial concentration of the adsorbate on decolorization rate. Based on pseudo first‐order and second‐order kinetic model, the decolorization model is discussed. Decolorization rate and activation energy were calculated. Studies show that decolorization rate of EG loaded with titania for auramine lake yellow O decrease with the increase of the adsorbate initial concentration and increase with the increase of ionic strength; the decolorization process can be well described by the pseudo second‐order kinetic model; decolorization equilibrium time and half decolorization time decrease with the increase of temperature.
Synthesis of 11‐(Piperazin‐1‐yl)‐5H‐dibenzo[b,e] [1,4]diazepine on Kilo Scale
Authors: Kalhapure Rahul S. , Patil Bhushan P. , Jadhav Mahantesh N. , Kawle Laxmikant A. , Wagh Sanjay B.
Published: April 2012

A synthesis of 11‐(piperazin‐1yl)‐5 H‐dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine on kilo scale without any chromatographic purification step is reported. Key steps involved are Ullmann condensation, catalytic hydrogenation, and catalyzed cyclization.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Preliminary Antimicrobial Studies of Mn(II) and Cu(II) Complexes of two Thiolates; S,S’‐(2,6‐Diaminopyridine‐3,5‐diyl) Dibenzenecarbothioate (DBCT) and S‐Benzyl Benzenecarbothioate (BBCT)
Authors: Ukoha P. O. , Alioke C.U. , Obasi N.L> , Chah K.F.
Published: April 2012

S,S’‐(2,6‐Diaminopyridine‐3,5‐diyl)dibenzenecarbothioate was formed by condensing 2,6‐diamino‐3,5‐dithiopyridine and benzoyl chloride in the presence of pyridine. Also S‐benzyl benzenecarbothioate was prepared by the condensation of benzoyl chloride and phenylmethanethiol in the presence of pyridine. The complexes of these compounds were prepared using copper(II) and manganese(II) chloride salts. The thiolates were characterized on the basis of their electronic, infrared and NMR spectra whereas the complexes were characterized via electronic and infrared studies. The IR spectral studies indicate that the ligands coordinated through the carbonyl oxygen, the sulphur atom and also with the amino group in DBCT. Antimicrobial studies on the ligands and their complexes showed varying degrees of inhibition on the growth of the following microorganisms; Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Candida albicans (ATCC 2091). The compounds showed no activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)
Non‐Isothermal Decomposition of 2‐(2‐Hydroxybenzylideneamino)‐3‐phenylpropanoic Acid in Nitrogen Atmosphere
Authors: Vennila M. , Manikandan G. , Thanikachalam V. , Jayabharathi J.
Published: April 2012

The non‐isothermal decomposition properties of 2‐(2‐hydroxy‐ benzylideneamino)‐3‐phenylpropanoic acid [HBAPPA] have been studied using microanalysis, FT‐IR, UV, DTA, DTG and TG techniques. The TG studies were carried out at different heating rates of 10, 15 and 20 K/min. The Schiff base decomposed in three stages. The kinetic parameters were deduced for each stage. A probable mechanism has been proposed for the decomposition process.
Replication of Alphaviruses: A Review on the Entry Process of Alphaviruses into Cells
Authors: Leung Jason Yat-Sing , Ng Mary Mah-Lee , Chu Justin Jang Hann
Published: April 2012

Alphaviruses are small, enveloped viruses, ~70 nm in diameter, containing a single-stranded, positive-sense, RNA genome. Viruses belonging to this genus are predominantly arthropod-borne viruses, known to cause disease in humans. Their potential threat to human health was most recently exemplified by the 2005 Chikungunya virus outbreak in La Reunion, highlighting the necessity to understand events in the life-cycle of these medically important human pathogens. The replication and propagation of viruses is dependent on entry into permissive cells. Viral entry is initiated by attachment of virions to cells, leading to internalization, and uncoating to release genetic material for replication and propagation. Studies on alphaviruses have revealed entry via a receptor-mediated, endocytic pathway. In this paper, the different stages of alphavirus entry are examined, with examples from Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus, Chikungunya virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus described.
Fumigant Components from the Essential Oil of Evodia Rutaecarpa Hort Unripe Fruits
Authors: Liu Zhi Long , Du Shu Shan
Published: April 2012

Essential oil of chinese medicinal herb, Evodia rutaecarpa unripe fruits was found to possess insecticidal activity against maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais and red flour beetles Tribolium castaneum. The essential oil of E. rutaecarpa was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). A total of 38 components of the essential oil were identified. The principal compounds in E. rutaecarpa essential oil were β‐myrcene (17.7%), (Z)‐β‐ocimene (14.8%), α‐phellandrene (14.7%), γ‐terpinene (6.4%), linalool (5.7%) and β‐thujene (5.1%). Bioactivity‐guided chromatographic separation of the essential oil on repeated silica gel columns led to isolate three volatile components (β‐myrcene, β‐ocimene and α‐phellandrene) from the essential oil. α‐Phellandrene was strongest fumigant against S. zeamais adults, T. castaneum adults and T. castaneum larvae with LC50 values of 15.61, 19.78 and 47.96 mg/L air, respectively. β‐Myrcene and β‐ocimene also possess fumigant activity against the two species of insects but weaker fumigant activity than the crude essential oil.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of Some Schiff Bases
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed N. , Sharif Salaheddin A. I. , EL-Tajory Ahmad N. , Elamari Asma A.
Published: April 2012

Schiff bases p‐hydroxybenzylidene‐2‐carboxyaniline, p‐nitrobenz‐ylidene‐2‐carboxyaniline, p‐(N, N‐dimethyl)aminobenzylidene‐2‐carboxyaniline, N‐(4‐hydroxybezylidene)‐benzene‐1,2‐diamine, N-‐(4‐nitrobezylidene)benzene‐1,2‐diamine, N‐(4‐(N, N‐dimethylaminobezylidene)benzene‐1,2‐diamine, N‐(4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)benzylidene)naphthalen‐1‐amine,N‐(4‐nitrobenzylidene)naphthalen‐1‐amine,N-‐(4‐chlorobenzylidene)naphthalen‐1‐amine,sodium‐4‐(4‐(N,N‐dimethyl amino)benzylideneamino)naphthalene‐1‐sulfonate,sodium ‐4‐(4‐nitrobenzylidene‐amino)naphthalene‐1‐sulfonate and sodium‐4‐(4‐chlorobenzylideneamino) naphthalene‐1‐sulfonate obtained by condensation of aniline and naphthyl‐amine derivatives with some aromatic aldehydes were characterized by physical and spectral methods. The biological activity of these products were as antibacterial agents against three species of human pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella sp. Nearly 50% of these compounds showed reasonable activity against the bacterial species investigated and we found that the antibacterial activity is dependent on the molecular structure of the compounds.
Spectrophotometric Microdetermination of Thorium(IV) and Uranium(VI) with Chrome Azurol‐S in Presence of Cationic Surfactant
Authors: Upase A. B. , Zade A. B. , Kalbende P. P.
Published: April 2012

Cationic surfactant, cetyldimethylethylammonium bromide (CDMEAB), sensitize the color reactions of Th(IV) and U(VI) with chrome azurol‐S(CRAS). Formation of water soluble deeply colored ternary complexes of metal ions show large bathochromic shift. Same stoichiometric composition of ternary complexes with 1:2:4 molar ratio (M‐CRAS‐CDMEAB) have been observed for both the metal ions and are responsible for enhancement in molar absorptivities and sensitivities at shifted wavelength. The ternary complexes of thorium(IV) and uranium(VI) exhibit absorption maxima at 640 and 620 nm with molar absorptivities 85500 and 69600 L.mol-1.cm-2 respectively. Beer’s law were obeyed in concentration range 0.12‐0.185 ppm for Th(IV) and 0.13‐0.162 ppm for U(VI) in presence of CDMEAB. Conditional formation constants and various analytical parameters have been evaluated and compared the results of binary and ternary complexes. Enhancement in the molar absorptivities in presence of CDMEAB clearly indicated the usefulness of these colored reactions for microdetermination.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Diethanolamine and Triethanolamine by Potassium Ferrate
Authors: Jinhuan Shan , Jiying Zhang
Published: April 2012

The kinetics of oxidation of diethanolamine and triethanolamine by potassium ferrate(VI) in alkaline liquids at a constant ionic strength has been studied spectrophotometrically in the temperature range of 278.2 K‐293.2 K. The reaction shows first order dependence on potassium ferrate(VI), first order dependence on each reductant, The observed rate constant (kobs) decreases with the increase in [OH-], the reaction is negative fraction order with respect to [OH-]. A plausible mechanism is proposed and the rate equations derived from the mechanism can explain all the experimental results. The rate constants of the rate‐determining step and the thermodynamic activation parameters are calculated.
Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Analysis of a New Acetic Acid (2‐Hydroxy‐benzylidene)‐hydrazide and its Complexes with Hg(II) and Pd(II)
Authors: Sahebalzamani Hajar , Ghammamy Shahriare , Dexhkam Shaghayegh , Moghadam Alireza Hemati , Siavoshifar Farhod
Published: April 2012

The new complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of Hg(II) and Pd(II) with acetic acid(2‐hydroxy‐benzylidene)‐ hydrazide (L). These new complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, H NMR spectroscopy and UV spectral techniques. The changes observed between the FT‐IR, H NMR and UV‐Vis spectra of the ligands and of the complexes allowed us to establish the coordination mode of the metal in complexes. Thermal properties, TG‐DTA of these complexes were studied. TG‐ DTA and other analytical methods have been applied to the investigation of the thermal behavior and structure of the compounds [M(L)2]Cl2 M= Hg, Pd. Thermal decomposition of these compounds is multi‐stage processes.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Bidentate Ligand 5‐Substituted‐(2‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐1‐imidazomethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐thione and its Metal Complexes of Ag(I), Cu(II) and Zn(II)
Authors: Kazi Shabbir A. A.
Published: April 2012

A new ligand (2‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐1‐imidazomethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐thione (L) and its Ag(I),Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes were synthesized. The authenticity of the ligand and its transition metal complexes were established by elemental analyses, conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements, as well as spectroscopic (IR, 1H NMR, electronic, mass and ESR) and thermal studies. The IR spectral studies revealed the existence thiol‐thione tautamerism in the ligand molecule. The magnetic and electronic spectral studies suggest an octahedral geometry for Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes. The ligand acts as a bidentate coordinating through the N‐3 nitrogen and the exocyclic sulfur atoms of oxadiazole rings. Antimicrobial screening of the ligand and its metal complexes were determined against the bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella paratyphiA.
Coordination Modes of a Schiff Base Derived from Substituted 2‐Aminothiazole with Chromium(III), Manganese(II), Iron(II), Cobalt(II), Nickel(II) and Copper(II) Metal Ions: Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Antimicrobial Studies
Authors: Thakar Ambit , Joshi Krishnakant , Pandya Kishor , Pancholi Arvind
Published: April 2012

Transition metal complexes of Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal ions with general stoichiometry [ML2.2H2O] and [ML3], where M= Mn(II), Cr(III), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II), L= Schiff base derived from the condensation of 2‐amino‐4(4’‐phenyl/methylphenyl)‐5‐methyl‐thiazole with 4‐acetyl‐1(3‐chloro phenyl)‐3‐methyl‐2‐pyrazoline‐5‐ones, have been synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, magnetic susceptibility measurements and spectral techniques like IR, UV, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass Spectra. All the complexes were found to be octahedral geometry. The ligand and its complexes have been screened for their antifungal and antibacterial activities against three fungi, i.e. Alternaria brassicae, Aspergillus niger and Fesarium oxysporum and two bacteria, i.e. Xanthomonas compestris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Simultaneous Detemination of Atorvastatin Calcium and Amlodipine Besylate by Spectrophotometry and Multivariate Calibration Methods in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Sarrafi Amir H. M. , Konoz Elahe , Ghiyasvand Maryam
Published: April 2012

Resolution of binary mixture of atorvastatin (ATV) and amlodipine (AML) with minimum sample pretreatment and without analyte separation has been successfully achieved using a rapid method based on partial least square analysis of UV–spectral data. Multivariate calibration modeling procedures, traditional partial least squares (PLS‐2), interval partial least squares (iPLS) and synergy partial least squares (siPLS), were applied to select a spectral range that provided the lowest prediction error in comparison to the full‐spectrum model. The simultaneous determination of both analytes was possible by PLS processing of sample absorbance between 220‐425 nm. The correlation coefficients (R) and root mean squared error of cross validation (RMSECV) for ATV and AML in synthetic mixture were 0.9991, 0.9958 and 0.4538, 0.2411 in best siPLS models respectively. The optimized method has been used for determination of ATV and AML in amostatin commercial tablets. The proposed method are simple, fast, inexpensive and do not need any separation or preparation methods.
Bioethanol Production from Paper Fibre Residue Using Diluted Alkali Hydrolysis and the Fermentation Process
Authors: Geetha G. Sathya , Gopalakrishnan A. Navaneetha
Published: April 2012

The state of art for the bioethanol production from paper fibre residue using diluted alkali hydrolysis and fermentation processes was evaluated. Hydrolysis of paper fibre residue with diluted sodium hydroxide at various time period, temperature and concentration were investigated. The paper fibre residue was pre‐steamed, impregnated with diluted NaOH (0 to 25%) and subsequently hydrolyzed in a reactor at temperatures that ranged between 30 to 50 oC, for reaction time between 30 minutes to 150 minutes. The highest yield of monosaccharide (indicating the efficient hydrolysis of cellulose and hemi cellulose) was found at a temperature of 35 oC for a reaction time of 90 minutes. Fermentability of hemicelluloses hydrolysate was tested using monosaccharide fermenting microorganism Penicillium chrysogenum and Saccharomyces cereviacea. The fermentability of the hydrolysate decreased strongly for hydrolysate produced at temperature higher than 50 oC. The ethanol concentration of monosaccharide hydrolysate was found to be 34.06 g/L and the ethanol yield was 0.097 g/g.
Study on the Corrosion Kinetics of Iron in Acid and Base Medium
Authors: Patil D. B. , Sharma A. R.
Published: April 2012

The kinetics of corrosion of iron in acid and base medium by weight loss method was investigated. The corrosion kinetics was studied in sulphuric acid, nitric acid and potassium hydroxide by weight loss method at different time intervals at 25.0 °C to 40.0 °C. The result showed that the corrosion rate vary with different time interval and different acid – base concentration. The order of corrosion of iron in these media was found to be nitric acid > sulphuric acid > potassium hydroxide. Further the specific reaction rate, half‐life time, energy of activation, entropy of activation and enthalpy of activation was also evaluated.
Nitrogen Mineralization in Soil Amended with Crop Residue: An Incubation Experiment Under Flooding Conditions
Authors: Vimlesh K. , Giri A. K.
Published: April 2012

Incubation studies were carried out to investigate the release of nitrogen in soils. The domestic sewage and soil were analyzed for their physical, chemical characteristics in view of evaluating their suitability for irrigation to agricultural lands in a laboratory experiment. The effluents were added to a soil and incubated at 30±1 0C microbial population, NH4+‐N and NO3-‐N concentration were determined for 0,15,30,60 and 90 days. The purpose of this study was to determine nitrogen mineralization of domestic sludge in soils comparing leached and non leached incubation procedures
Effect of Aquo‐glycolic Media and Added Anions on the Anodization of Zircaloy‐4 in Sulphamic Acid
Authors: Shukla Viplav Duth , Anjaneyulu CH.
Published: April 2012

Anodization of zircaloy‐4 in 0.1 M sulphamic acid has been carried out. Kinetics of anodic oxidation of zircaloy‐4 has been studied at a constant current density of 8 mA/cm2 and at room temperature. Thickness estimates were made from capacitance data. The plots of formation voltage vs. time, reciprocal capacitance vs. time, reciprocal capacitance vs. formation voltage and thickness vs. formation voltage were drawn and rate of formation, current efficiency and differential field were calculated. The addition of solvent (ethylene glycol) showed better kinetic results. For 25%, 50% and 75% aquo‐glycolic media, the dielectric constant values are low leading to a marked improvement in the kinetics. In 80% ethylene glycol, though the dielectric constant value of solution is less, the kinetics was slow which may be attributed to the fact that the electrolyte becomes highly non‐polar. Improvement in the kinetics of oxide film formation was observed by the addition of millimolar concentration of anions (CO32-, SO42-, PO43-). The presence of phosphate ions improved the kinetics of anodization to better extent.
Morphological Characterization of Soot from the Atmospheric Combustion of Kerosene
Authors: Dikio Ezekiel Dixon
Published: April 2012

Kerosene has been used as a precursor for the production of carbon nanomaterial without a catalyst precursor. Nanomaterials formed in the process have been analysed by Raman, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), x‐Ray diffraction (XRD) and by Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Carbon nanomaterial produced show the morphology of carbon nanospheres with diameters of about 0.3 µm.
Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminium in Acid Media By Citrullus Colocynthis Extract
Authors: Chauhan Rajkiran , Garg Urvija , Tak R. K.
Published: April 2012

Inhibition of corrosion of aluminium in acid solution by methanol extract of Citrullus colocynthis plant has been studied using mass loss and thermometric measurements. It has been found that the plant extract act as a good corrosion inhibitor for aluminium in all concentrations of sulphuric and hydrochloric acid solution. The inhibition action depends on the concentration of acid and inhibitor. Results for mass loss and thermometric measurement indicate that inhibition efficiency increase with increasing inhibitor concentration. The inhibition action of the plant extract is discussed in view of Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It has been observed that the adsorption of the extract on aluminium surface is a spontaneous process. The plant extract provides a good protection to aluminium against corrosion.
Nonenzymatic NADH‐Dependent Reduction of Keggin‐Type 12‐Tungstocobaltate(III) in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Kumari Prabla , Das Alaka , Baral Dillip Kumar , Pattanaik A. K. , Mohanty P.
Published: April 2012

The kinetics of the electron transfer reaction of NADH with 12‐tungstocobaltate(III) has been studied over the range 5.07 ≤ 104 [NADH] ≤ 15.22 mol dm-3, 7.0 ≤ pH ≤ 8.0 and 20 ≤ t ≤ 35 oC in aqueous medium. The electron transfer reaction showed first‐order dependence each in [NADH]T and [12‐tungstocobaltate(III)]T. The products of the reaction were found to be NAD+ and 12‐tungstocobaltate(II). The activation parameters ΔH# (kJ mol-1) and ΔS# (JK-1mol-1) of the electron transfer reactions were found to be 64.4±1.8 and ‐48.86±6.0. Negative value of ΔS# is an indicative of an ordered transition state for the electron transfer reaction.
Mechanism of Oxidation of (p‐Substituted Phenylthio)acetic Acids with N‐Chlorosaccharin
Authors: Alhaj N. M. I. , Mohideen A. M. Uduman , Mary S. Sofia Lawrence
Published: April 2012

The kinetics of oxidation of (phenylthio)acetic acid (PTAA) with N‐chlorosaccharin (NCSA) have been studied potentiometrically in 80:20 (v/v) acetonitrile‐water medium at 298 K. The reaction is first‐order each with respect to PTAA and NCSA and shows a negative dependence on [H+]. NCSA itself is shown to be the active oxidizing species. Effects of ionic strength variation, added saccharin, added acrylonitrile, added NaCl and solvent composition variation have been studied. Effect of substituents on the reaction rate has been analysed by employing various (p-sustituted phenylthio)acetic acids. The electron‐releasing substituent in the phenyl ring of PTAA accelerates the reaction rate while the electron‐withdrawing substituent retards the rate. The excellently linear Hammett plot yields a large negative ρ value, supporting the involvement a chlorosulphonium ion intermediate in the rate‐determining step.
Synthesis, Computational Studies and Preliminary Pharmacological Evaluation of New Arylpiperazines
Authors: Kumar Sushil , Wahi A. K. , Singh Ranjit
Published: April 2012

A series of novel arylpiperazines were synthesized and the target compounds evaluated for atypical antipsychotic activity in apomorphine induced climbing behavior (D2 antagonism), 5‐HTP induced head twitches (5‐HT2A antagonism) and catalepsy studies in albino mice. The physicochemical similarity of the target compounds with respect to standard drugs clozapine, ketanserine and risperidone was assessed by calculating from a set of physiochemical properties using software programs. The test compounds (3a-j) demonstrated good similarity values with respect to the standard drugs. Among them, compound 3d has emerged as an important lead compound showing potential atypical antipsychotic like profile.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of Some New 3‐Isoxazoline Substituted Phthalazine Methylsulfonyl Oxadiazoles
Authors: Sridhara A. M. , Reddy K. R. Venugopala , Keshavayya J. , Ambika D. S. , Goud Sanathkumar , Peethambar S. K.
Published: April 2012

A series of new 3‐isoxazoline substituted phthalazine methylsulfonyl‐oxadiazoles were prepared from methyl 2‐(4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydrophthalazin‐1‐yl) acetate. The structure of synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral data and screened for their antimicrobial activities against various bacteria and fungi strains. Several of these compounds showed antimicrobial activity.
Efficient, One‐Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen‐11‐ones and Dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes Using Trichloroacetic Acid as a Solid Heterogeneous Catalyst Under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Jaber Zahed Karimi , Abbasi S. Zoleykha , Pooladian Baharak , Jokar Marziyeh
Published: April 2012

A simple and efficient method have been described for the synthesis of 12‐aryl‐8,9,10,12‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen‐11‐one derivatives employing a one‐pot, three‐component reaction of aryl aldehydes, 2‐naphthol and dimedone in the presence of trichloroacetic acid under solvent‐free conditions. Also the condensation of 2‐naphthol with alkyl or aryl aldehydes in the presence of trichloroacetic acid under solvent‐free media to afford the corresponding 14‐aryl or alkyl ‐14H‐dibenzo [a.j]xanthenes in excellent yields and short reaction times is described.
An Efficient Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran Derivatives Using Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Silica as an Efficient Catalyst
Authors: Ziarani Ghodsi Mohammadi , Abbasi Alireza , Badiei Alireza , Aslani Zeinab
Published: April 2012

Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives were efficiently synthesized by the reaction of appropriated aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile and dimedone in the presence of SiO2‐Pr‐SO3H as a nanoporous and recoverable solid acid catalyst, in good to excellent yields. Single crystal x‐ray analysis conclusively confirmed the structure of the 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐7,7‐dimethyl‐4‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐5‐oxo‐4H-5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐benzopyran.
Synthesis and Structural Studies of Some Inorganic Polymers of Succinoyl Carboxymethyl Cellulose
Authors: Juneja H. D. , Joshi Manisha , KhatiI N. T.
Published: April 2012

The inorganic polymers containing transition metals such as Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were synthesized by using succinoyl carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) in aqueous media. The newly synthesized polymers were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, TG analysis, UV reflectance spectra and magnetic moment. On the basis of these studies, the composition of the polymeric unit was found to be [M(II)L]n, [Mʼ(II)L.2H2 O]n, {[Mˮ(II)L.2H2O]n H2O}, where M= Zn(II), Mʼ = Mn(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) and Mˮ = Co(II), L = SCMC ligand. On the basis of instrumental techniques, it has been found that the [Zn(II)(SCMC)]n inorganic polymer has tetrahedral geometry, whereas {[Cu(II)(SCMC)].2H2O}n has square planar geometry and [Mn(II)(SCMC).2H2O]n, {[Co(II)(SCMC).2H2O)].H2O}n and [Ni(II) (SCMC).2H2O]n have octahedral geometry. The decomposition temperatures of the inorganic polymers have been determined by TGA. The TGA reveal that the Mn(II) polymer of SCMC is highly thermally stable than rest of the polymers and these polymers can be used as thermal resisting materials.
RP‐HPLC Determination of Three Anti‐Hyperlipidemic Drugs in Spiked Human Plasma and in Dosage Forms
Authors: Abdallah Ola. M.
Published: April 2012

Sensitive, simple and accurate high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for the determination of atorvastatin (AT), fluvastatin (FL) and pravastatin (PV) have been developed. The proposed methods involve the use of a 150 mmx4.6 mm Zorbax Extend‐C18 column (5 μm particle size) and different chromatographic conditions for the separation of the three statins. Linearity range was 5‐40, 5‐30 and 10‐60 μg mL-1 for AT, FL and PV respectively. The developed methods proved to be successful in the determination of all studied drugs in spiked human plasma samples.
Determination of Trace Amount of Pd(II) and Ni(II) with Newly Synthesized Pyrozlon Azo Bromo Phenol by Spectrophotometric Methods
Authors: Mohammed Hussain J , Muhi Azhar Y , Al Meisslemaw Hayder
Published: April 2012

A sensitive and selective method has been developed for the determination of palladium(II) and nickel(II). A new reagent and two complexes have been prepared in aqueous solutions. The method is based on the chelation of metal ions with 4‐(4′‐ antipyriyl azo ) ‐2‐bromo phenol (APBP) to form an intense color soluble products, that are stable and have a maximum absorption at 498 nm and at 433.5 nm and εmax of 0.21×104 and.0.38×104 Lmole-1cm-1 for Pd(II) Ni(II) respectively. A linear correlation of (0.2 ‐ 3) and (0.6 ‐2.2) ppm for Pd(II) Ni(II) respectively. The stoichiometry of both complexes was found to be 1:2 (metal:ligand). The effect of various cations and anions on Pd(II) and Ni(II) determination have been investigated. The stability constants Pd(II) and Ni(II) were 0.37×108, 0.38×108 L mol-1 respectively. The conductivity measurements for complexes are consistent with those expected for an electrolyte. The optimum conditions for full color development for described methods were applied satisfactorily to synthetic mixtures samples and biological samples.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Isobutylamine and 1,4‐Butanediamine by Potassium Ferrate
Authors: Jinhuan Shan , Yafeng Yang
Published: April 2012

The kinetics of oxidation of isobutylamine and 1,4‐butanediamine by home‐made potassium ferrate(VI) at different conditions has been studied spectrophotometrically in the temperature range of 288.2 ‐303.2 K. The results show first order dependence on potassium ferrate(VI) and on each reductant. The observed rate constant (kobs) decreases with the increase of [OH-], the reaction was negative fraction order with respect to [OH-]. A plausible mechanism was proposed and the rate equations derived from the mechanism can explain all the experimental results. The rate constants of the rate‐determining step and the thermodynamic activation parameters were calculated.
New Estimation of the Dosage of Scale Inhibitor in the Cooling Water System
Authors: Jiaomei Jiang , Yanhua Xu
Published: April 2012

In the cooling water system, excessive use of organic phosphate scale inhibitors is harmful to environment. Reducing the dosage of the organic phosphate scale inhibitor is important. A self‐made jacketed crystallizer was used in this experiment. The critical pH values have been determined in cooling water systems with series of Ca2+ concentrations by adding different concentration of the scale inhibitor ATMP (Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid) according to the calcium carbonate Metastable zone theory. A model equation at 45 °C and pH=9 was proposed to estimate the lowest dose of the scale inhibitor ATMP. The measured pH value was approximate to the expected pH value in two cooling water systems through verification test.
Calculation of pH Values for Mixed Waters
Authors: Hui Qian , Xiuling Song , Xuedi Zhang , Chao Yang , Peiyue Li
Published: April 2012

Mixing of waters with different compositions is a common phenomenon. The pH of mixed water can be calculated by introducing charge neutrality equation into the equations for equilibrium distribution calculation of species in water. In this paper, the equations thus obtained were solved by golden section method. To verify the calculation method, laboratory experiments were done for three sets of mixing water. The results showed the calculated pH values are in good agreement with measured ones.
24-Epibrassinolide, a Phytosterol from the Brassinosteroid Family, Protects Dopaminergic Cells against MPP+-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis
Authors: Carange Julie , Longpré Fanny , Daoust Benoit , Martinoli Maria-Grazia
Published: April 2012

Oxidative stress and apoptosis are frequently cited to explain neuronal cell damage in various neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson' s disease. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are phytosterols recognized to promote stress tolerance of vegetables via modulation of the antioxidative enzyme cascade. However, their antioxidative effects on mammalian neuronal cells have never been examined so far. We analyzed the ability of 24-epibrassinolide (24-Epi), a natural BR, to protect neuronal PC12 cells from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium- (MPP+-) induced oxidative stress and consequent apoptosis in dopaminergic neurons. Our results demonstrate that 24-Epi reduces the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and modulates superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. Finally, we determined that the antioxidative properties of 24-Epi lead to the inhibition of MPP+-induced apoptosis by reducing DNA fragmentation as well as the Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio and cleaved caspase-3. This is the first time that the potent antioxidant and neuroprotective role of 24-Epi has been shown in a mammalian neuronal cell line.
Study of the Influence of Alkyl Chain Cation‐Solvent Interactions on Water Structure in 1,3‐Butanediol‐Water Mixture by Apparent Molar Volume Data
Authors: Pathak R. N. , Saxena Indu , Archna  , Mishra Anoop Kumar
Published: April 2012

The densities of 1,3‐butanediol‐water mixtures and some tetraalkylammonium iodide salt solutions in these solvent mixtures at different concentrations (0.02 M‐0.14 M) have been determined at 298.15 K using magnetic float densitometer technique. Then apparent molar volumes ΦV of the electrolytes in above solvent mixtures were calculated. The apparent molar volumes of transfer ∆ΦV° (tr) were also calculated and the ion‐ion / ion‐ solvent interactions are then discussed on the basis of changes in the Masson′s slope and apparent molar volumes of transfer data.
Thermodynamic and Calorimetric Study of Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) and Ibuprofen
Authors: Moreno-Piraján Juan Carlos , García-Cuello Vanessa Silenia , Giraldo-Gutierréz Liliana
Published: April 2012

Enthalpies of solution and dilution of aqueous solutions of sodium acetylsalicylic acid salt and ibuprofen salt were measured with an isoperibolic calorimeter at 293.15 K, 298.15 K, 303.15 K, 308.15 K and 318.15 K. The concentration of the electrolyte was restricted to the solubility of the salt at various temperatures and did not exceed 0.035–0.057 mol kg-1, depending on the temperature studied. The Virial coefficients were derived from Pitzer′s model and the excess thermodynamic functions of both the solution and the components of the solution were calculated. An analysis of the thermodynamic characteristics of the solution in terms of concentration and temperature interval was carried out and discussed. Additionally, an analysis was performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Synthesis and Microbiological Activity of Some Newly Synthesized Derivatives of 2‐Oxo‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one
Authors: Daci-Ajvazi Majlinda , Govori Sevdije , Omeragiq Shuhreta
Published: April 2012

By the action of 2‐amino‐5‐methylthio‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole, 3‐amino‐5‐methylisoxazole, 2‐amino‐6‐fluorobenzothiazole, 2‐amino‐5‐chloropyridine, respectively, on 4‐chloro‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromene‐3‐sulfonyl chloride, the corresponding 9‐methylthio‐7,7‐dioxo‐7,7a‐dihydro‐5‐oxo‐7λ6,10‐dithia‐8,11‐diaza‐cyclopenta[b] phenantren‐6‐one, 9‐methyl‐7,7‐dioxo‐7H‐5,8‐dioxa‐7λ6‐thia‐7a,11‐diaza‐cyclopenta[b] phenantren‐6‐one, 9‐fluoro‐7,7‐dioxo‐7H‐5‐oxa‐7λ6,12‐dithia‐7a,13‐diaza‐indeno[1,2‐b] phenantren‐6‐one and 9‐Chloro‐7,7‐dioxo‐7H‐5‐oxa‐7λ6‐thia‐7a,12‐diaza‐benzo[α]anthracen ‐6‐one were formed and they have been isolated in satisfying yields. Based on the biological activity of chromene‐2‐ones and heterocyclic compounds condensed in position 3 and 4, we also studied microbiological activity of these new compounds (5-8), against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Aeromonas Salmonicida, Bacillus spp and some of them exhibited significant activity.
Design and Synthesis of Small Molecules Based on a Substructural Analysis of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors TSA and SAHA
Authors: Ekou Lynda , Ekou Tchirioua , Garcia Javier , Opalinski Isabelle , Gesson Jean Pierre
Published: April 2012

Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) are patent inducers of differentiation and bear considerable potential as drugs for chemoprevention and treatment of cancer. In this paper, we have investigated three synthetic, inhibitors A1a,b, A2a. Analogue hybrid trichostatine A (TSA), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid SAHA, in order to seek new histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors.
Characterization of Fly Ash Generated from Parichha Thermal Power Station in Jhansi, India
Authors: Vimlesh K. , Giri A. K.
Published: April 2012

Ash samples were collected from a dumping site (fly ash) and an electronic precipitator (ESP) of a 640MW thermal power station for characterization. Analysis of ash sample showed that the major matrix elements in fly ash were Si and Al together with significant percentage of K, Fe, Ca and Mg. Some of the biologically toxic elements Ni, Cr, Pb, B and Mo, were also present in substantial amounts. The saturation moisture percentages of both ashes were higher, but bulk density lower, than the normal cultivated soils.
Combination of First Derivative Spectrophotometry and H‐Point Standard Addition Method for Simultaneous Determination of Guaifenesin and Theophylline in Cough Syrup
Authors: Hajian R. , Shams N. , Davarpanah Z.
Published: April 2012

Combination of first derivative spectrophotometric and H‐point standard addition method (HPSAM) has been applied for simultaneous determination of guaifenesin and theophylline. First derivative signals at the two pairs of wavelengths, 282.0‐290.2 nm and 277.4‐287.8 nm were monitored with the addition of standard solutions of both guaifenesin and theophylline in the ratio of 1:1. The method is able to accurately determine guaifenesin and theophylline (1:5 to 10:1) mole ratios. Accuracy and reproducibility of the determination method on the various amounts of guaifenesin and theophylline with known concentrations were evaluated in their binary mixtures. The recommended procedure was successfully applied to some cough syrups and synthetic mixtures with satisfactory results.
Spectrofluorimetric Method for the Estimation of Erlotinib Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Rajesh V. , Jagathi V. , Sindhuri K. , Rao G. Devala
Published: April 2012

A simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the estimation of erlotinib hydrochloride in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Erlotinib hydrochloride exhibits maximum fluorescence intensity in methanol and the Beer′s law was obeyed in the range of 1‐5 µg/mL at an excitation wavelength (λex) of 295 nm and an emission wavelength (λem) of 339 nm. Stability studies with respect to time and temperature were also carried out. The results obtained were in good agreement with the labelled amounts of the marketed formulations. This method has been statistically evaluated and found to be accurate and precise.
Facile Condensation of Aromatic Aldehydes with Chroman‐4‐ones and 1‐Thiochroman‐4‐ones Catalysed by Amberlyst‐15 under Microwave Irradiation Condition
Authors: Mandal Tapas K. , Pal Rammohan , Mondal Rina , Mallik Asok K.
Published: April 2012

Different aromatic aldehydes and cinnamaldehyde undergo cross‐aldol condensation with chroman‐4‐ones and1‐thiochroman‐4‐ones in the presence of amberlyst‐15 under microwave irradiation in solvent free condition to afford rapidly the corresponding E‐3‐arylidene and E‐3‐cinnamylidene derivatives, respectively, in high yield. This process is simple, efficient and environmentally benign.
Prophylaxis of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Adolescent Patients: A Review with Emphasis on Combination of Fixed-Dose Ondansetron and Transdermal Scopolamine
Authors: Pergolizzi Joseph V. , Raffa Robert , Taylor Robert
Published: April 2012

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a relatively common occurrence (20–30%) that delays discharge and, if persistent, can lead to serious complications. The incidence of PONV is a function of patient characteristics, the type and duration of surgery, the type of anesthesia, and the choice of pre-, intra-, and postoperative pharmacotherapy. There are no completely effective antiemetic agents for this condition, but recommendations for treatment strategies are separately available for pediatric and adult patients. Left unclear is whether adolescents should be guided by the pediatric or the adult recommendations. We review the developmental physiology of the relevant physiological factors (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination). We also review the clinical evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of a fixed-dose combination of ondansetron (4 mg, i.v.) and transdermal scopolamine (1.5 mg).