bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
H2S Corrosion control of steel by using pyridine compounds
Authors: Chatterjee P. , Singh D.D.N.
Published: February 2008

Pyridine and some of its derivatives have been evaluated as inhibitors for the corrosion of API‐45 steel in NACE sour solution. Amongst the various methyl and halogen substituted pyridine compounds, 2,4,6‐trimethyl pyridine is found to afford maximum protection followed by 2,6‐dimethyl pyridine, >2,4‐dimethyl pyridine, >3‐bromopyridine, >2‐methyl pyridine, 4‐methyl pyridine, 3,5‐dimethyl pyridine, >2 and 3‐chloropyridine>pyridine. These results have been discussed in the light of availability of the electron densities with the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring. The inhibitive periormance of all the inhibitors is found to deteriorate with increase in temperature from 30 to 60°C and with passage of time. The values of heat of absorption and free energy of absorption indicates that the inhibitors have a chemical type of absorption at the metal/electrolyte interface. Polarization diagrams and shift in open circuit potential in the presence of inhibitors indicate that these compounds retard the cathodic as well as anodic reaction process.
Cold curing epoxy systems for protection against heavy corrosion
Authors: Klein D.H.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Most corrosion protection systems used for maintenance, as well as binders for the building and civil engineering industries, are cold‐curing formulations. Elevated temperature cure is usually excluded by the size and shape of the substrate to be coated. Consequently, the selection of binders that are suitable for these surface protection systems is limited to those that combine the following properties:
Essentials of petroleum refinery corrosion control
Authors: Emenike C.O.
Published: February 2008

Legislative pressures emanating from the recent Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act and “Carbon tax” have introduced complications to the management of refineries. This situation is exacerbated by the instability in oil prices which makes long term corporate forecasting and planning an arduous responsibility. Added to these explicit concerns are the costs associated with compliance of these environmental regulations which is causing US oil companies to look to other countries for their refining needs and/or open up subsidiaries abroad. In fact, many an African country has reported a surge in US oil activities. Recent indications are the erosion of profit margins of US oil business in contrast to foreign activities.
Development of a mathematical treatment for electrochemical impedance data obtained from coated metals: Part 2
Authors: Ambrosi V. , Di Sarli A.
Published: February 2008

Mathematical correlations For obtaining the described parameters, the general model of equivalent circuit used in studying painted metals must be simplified. Within a determined range of high enough frequencies the impedance afforded by Cm is small, therefore, the simplified circuit is reduced as shown in Fig. 18.
Phosphate pretreatment processes — the practical application
Authors: Carroll Brian
Published: February 2008

Many articles have been written on the chemistry of phosphate pretreatment processes and the subject has been well documented. The aim of this article is to cover the practical application of phosphate pretreatments prior to wet paint and powder coat finishing.
Effect of Some Substituted Anilines on the Corrosion of Iron in Nitric Acid Solutions
Authors: Al‐Suhybani A.A. , Al‐Hwaidi I.H.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The corrosion of iron has been extensively studied in various media. In nitric acid solutions, the corrosion of iron is much faster than in other mineral acids at comparable concentrations. This is attributed to an autocatalytic process involving some nitrogen oxides, nitrous acid and/or some iron complexes. At high nitric acid concentrations, passivation of iron takes place. The factors affecting the dissolution and the passivation processes are not fully understood. The effect of various inhibitors on the corrosion of iron in acid media has been studied. Thus Ammar et al. have studied the passivation of iron and the effect of some anions, e.g. Br− and I− on the passive film. The effect of amides as inhibitors for iron in nitric acid has been reported by Fouda and Gouda. These authors have found that the corrosion process is controlled by the reaction of amides with HNO3 and not by the surface reaction. The effect of aniline and some aminobenzoic acids on the rate of corrosion of iron has been reported. The present work is aimed at examining the efficiencies of some aniline substitutes as corrosion inhibitors for the corrosion of iron in concentrated nitric acid solution.
Phenylthiourea as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in simulated flue gas desulphurization systems
Authors: Rajendran N. , Ravichandran K. , Rajeswari S.
Published: February 2008

The emission of sulphur dioxide, a dangerous atmospheric pollutant, is the major problem with the increasing use of coal as a fuel in various industries. A variety of methods in minimizing the sulphur dioxide emission have been reported, among which the desulphurization of the flue gas generated by combustion of the coal receives much attention and it is termed as flue gas desulphurization (FGD).
Galvanizing — past, present and future
Authors: Savage Terry
Published: February 2008

The ability of zinc to inhibit the rusting of steel depends on a natural phenomenon — the electrical reaction between dissimilar metals, first noted by an Italian scientist named Luigi Galvani. A French chemist discovered in 1740 that zinc could protect steel from the effects of rust. However, it would be almost 100 years before the practical problems of coating steel with zinc would be solved. In 1887 Stanislaus Sorel, a French engineer, secured a patent for hot dip galvanizing. It is basically on this method that today's techniques have been developed. Recognizing Galvani's earlier discovery, Sorel called his process Galvanization.
Cinnamic acid derivatives as inhibitors for dissolution of copper in phosphoric acid
Authors: El Batouti Mervette
Published: February 2008

Although much work has been done on the rate of diffusion‐controlled corrosion under forced convection (moving solution), little has been done on the rate of diffusion‐controlled corrosion under natural convection which takes place in stagnant solutions. In diffusion‐controlled corrosion, the rate of corrosion is determined by the rate of transfer of the depolarizer or by the rate of removal of the corrosion products to or from the corroding surface respectively. In the case of stagnant solutions, transfer of the depolarizer to the corroding surface and removal of the corrosion products take place by diffusion and natural convection which arises from the density difference between the bulk solution and the interfacial solution, the interfacial solution being more dense than the bulk solution owing to the dissolution of the metal at the interface. This density difference result in a downward flow which enhances the rate of diffusion controlled corrosion. According to the hydrodynamic boundary layer theory the magnitude of natural convection depends on the physical properties of the solution us well as the geometry and orientation of the solid surface. Diffusion‐controlled metallic dissolution of vertical and horizontal surfaces has been studied earlier.
Facets of anti‐corrosive coating technology
Authors: Norton Brian
Published: February 2008

The Indestructible Paint Company Limited is a manufacturer and supplier of paint to industry in general and specializes in advanced surface coatings for the aerospace industry in particular.
Welding duplex and super duplex stainless steels
Authors: Karlsson Leif
Published: February 2008

Duplex stainless steels have become important competitors to austenitic stainless steels in many applications and a great deal of attention has focused on the welding aspects. The introduction of modern grades with improved properties and a competitive price level have increased their use in the offshore, petrochemical and shipbuilding industries, for example. In particular the newer grades, with their higher nitrogen content and improved weldability, have moved duplex stainless steels from a position as “interesting” materials to one of “useful in practice”. However, duplex stainless steels differ from austenitic grades in some respects, and know‐how combined with the use of appropriate welding procedures and consumables is therefore the key to successful welding.
Corrosion of titanium and zircalloy in Dead Sea water
Authors: Al‐Abdallah M.M.
Published: February 2008

Addresses the effect of Dead Sea water on the electrochemical behaviour of titanium metal and zircalloy‐4 and evaluates the stability of the oxide films in such a medium, by way of an experiment which uses the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique, i.e. a three‐electrode electrochemical cell assembly. Presents and discusses the results.
Welding of FERRALIUM alloy SD40 super duplex stainless steel
Authors: Doggett Robert D.
Published: February 2008

Discusses some aspects of welding of FERRALIUM alloy SD40 and considers differences from the penultimate alloy refinement FERRALIUM alloy 255–3SF. Gives details relating to the metallurgy of FERRALIUM SD 40, noting that it has approximately equal amounts of ferrite and austenite. Reports on methods of achieving the optimum composition after hot working. Also notes methods of accomplishing welding of FERRALIUM alloy and parameters that must be adhered to.
Electropolishing of copper plates in water‐acetone mixtures
Authors: El‐Batouti M.
Published: February 2008

Reports on the determination of rates of electropolishing of copper by measuring the limiting current of anodic dissolution of copper in phosphoric acid and in (water‐acetone) ‐phosphoric acid mixtures. Notes that the rate of electropolishing is decreased in (water‐acetone) ‐phosphoric acid mixtures and that the percentage inhibition of dissolution depends on the mole fraction of acetone, and its dielectric constant. Concludes with calculation of the thermodynamic parameters of activation.
Heat‐resistant anticorrosive paints based on Egyptian manganese ore
Authors: Youssef E.A.M
Published: February 2008

Highly efficient heat‐resistant paint formulations based on Egyptian manganese ore (high and medium grades) and silicon resin were prepared. The heat‐resistance efficiency as well as the physico‐mechanical properties of the painted films were evaluated. Promising results were deduced, showing that manganese ore imparts heat‐resistance protection for painted substrate up to 450°C. The anticorrosive properties of these paint formulations were moderate but their efficiency as heat‐resistant anticorrosive paints was improved by adding 1 per cent of melamine to the paint constituents.
INHIBITION OF 70/30 BRASS IN AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Desai M.N. , Shah V.K.
Published: February 2008

Potassium chromate, potassium ferrocyanide, potassium thiocyanate, sodium sulphite, and sodium thiosulphate have been investigated as inhibitors for the corrosion of 70/30 brass in ammonium chloride solutions. All the substances are predominantly cathodic inhibitors
ADVANTAGES OF TOTAL ANTI‐CORROSION METHODS AND SYSTEMS: CONCEPTION TO COMPLETION
Authors: Halfnight J.
Published: February 2008

Engineers today have a bewildering range of materials available for their use, coupled with their optimum selection responsibility to provide their clients with the most effective use of capital related to a cost/life factor.
Control of blast cleaning process brings short and long term economies: Part 2
Authors: Torrie Alex
Published: February 2008

Concluded from the April issue The shotblasting of steel plate and sections is done most economically on a continuous basis, the work being transported through the blast chamber on a roller conveyor. Monorail systems are possible (and common) for fabrications that can be carried on hooks. The monorail itself and the trolleys and drive are above the blast chamber (with only the hooks projecting through a labyrinth of strip rubber roof seals).
Pipeline Protection: the role of the coating contractor
Authors: Nowers M.J.
Published: February 2008

The dramatic increase in pipeline construction in and around the United Kingdom in recent years has created an upsurge in demand for protective coating. Factories designed for large‐scale treatment of internal and external surface of pipe stock have sprung up and there can be no doubt that the bulk of pipe coating work is now carried out in this type of specialised plant.
Rust‐inhibiting chlorinated rubber primers based on non‐toxic active pigments
Authors: Marchese A. , Papo A. , Torriano G.
Published: February 2008

Summary Chlorinated rubber primers formulated with active pigments, which are claimed to be non‐toxic and non‐polluting, are investigated; they are designed for the protection of ships (above the waterline), port installation, industrial plants, bridges, etc.
Corrosion and Off‐Shore Operations
Authors: Britton C.F.
Published: February 2008

INTRODUCTION All off‐shore operations are subjected to limited space. These activities, normally carried out in unlimited area when oil/gas is extracted on‐shore, are subject to a small platform area requiring considerable ingenuity for their incorporation. Apart from the well, power‐generating facilities and living accommodation for the crew, space is required on the platform for oil/gas separation, condensate storage, waterflood equipment and transportation equipment.
Corrosion of steel in sea‐water due to alternating current at 50 Hz
Authors: Radeka R. , Dabic M. , Zorovic D. , Barisin D.
Published: February 2008

With the transition from supplying ships with direct current to alternating current, plus the increase in the number of electricity consumers within the coastline region, as well as with the construction of steel quays and docks and reinforced steel quays, the conditions have been created for the occurrence of wandering exchange currents in the sea. Corrosion due to these currents considerably exceeds all expectations. In this work, the rate of steel corrosion in synthetic sea‐water has been investigated in an alternating electric field. Electro‐chemical parameter measurements determining corrosion rate were performed on samples in sea‐water in an alternating current field and compared with the sample — applying a “blind test” — without an electric field. All measurements were performed at an electrolyte temperature of 20°C. Corrosion rate was investigated in dependence on the current density. The following factors were applied as measures of corrosion rate: specific concentration of Fe ions in the electrolyte and the change of potential of the steel electrode polarized within alternating electric field. Measurement results shown that in the sea‐water with an alternating electric field an increase in the corrosion of steel takes place, exceeding expected amounts. The change of steel potential in alternating current field is proportional to the corrosion rate and can be very simply applied for estimation of corrosion rate due to alternating currents.
Heat treatment, structure and properties of the corrosion‐resistant martensitic precipitation hardenable steel X5 CrNiMoCuNb 145 (14–5PH)
Authors: Brezina P. , Sonderegger B.
Published: February 2008

The parameters solution temperature, intermediate treatment and cooling rate (from high temperature and after tempering) were examined by statistical multiple factor analysis. Tempering temperature (200 to 650°C) and duration (4 to 64 h) were graded exhaustively.
Soil in the corrosion process
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Although the soil as a corrosive environment is probably of greater complexity than any other environment, it is possible to make some generalisations regarding soil types and corrosion. It is necessary to emphasise that corrosion in soils is extremely variable and can range from the rapid to the negligible. This can be illustrated by the fact that buried pipes have become perforated within one year, while archaeological specimens of ancient iron have probably remained in the soil for hundreds of years without significant attack.
REFORMS OF EEC FOOD LAWS
Authors: Painter A.A.
Published: February 2008

Documents issued by the Commission of the European Communities presenting forthcoming EEC food law policy are discussed. The issues are of major importance to United Kingdom food manufacturers, processors and retailers, and include such subjects as: mutual recognition of food products; compositional standards; additives; labelling; food for particular nutritional uses; materials and articles in contact with food and irradiated foods. It is acknowledged that an urgent case for completing the internal market in food products exists but there is much concern about the inability of the UK government to protect food manufacturers and retailers under the new system.
Dairy Farming in Europe
Authors: Amey Gene
Published: February 2008

Production of milk in the EEC during the last decade has caused surpluses, resulting in major problems for the Community. The US National Technical Information Service (NTIS) has produced a lengthy document, European Community Dairy Sector: Policies, Problems and Prospects, which is the basis of this article. It describes the history of dairy expansion in the EEC — the world's largest exporter of dairy products — and effects on feed.
FOOD AND THE NATIONAL CONSUMER COUNCIL
Authors: Foster Ann
Published: February 2008

The National Consumer Council, financed by a grant from the Department of Trade and Industry, aims to independently research, report, persuade and campaign on issues concerning consumers. Its work in the food activity has focused recently on three main issues: labels on food products to inform consumers about food contents in an easily understood manner; irradiation and its effect on consumers, particularly on their right to know whether food has been subject to irradiation; harmonisation in the EEC; food policy, particularly the representation of consumer organisations in industry.
The Food Intolerance Databank
Authors: Nullis Clare
Published: February 2008

The first databank to combine the resources and expertise of the Royal College of Physicians, the British Dietetic Association and the British Nutrition Foundation, the Leatherhead Food Research Association was launched on 15 September 1987. The article describes it and its implications. It points out that public concern over additives has been unwarranted, but that a service needs to exist to keep consumers and manufacturers informed.
Logistics strategy and inventory decisions
Authors: Schary Philip
Published: February 2008

The log‐normal distribution provides a powerful decision tool for assessing the impact of marketing policies upon inventory allocations.
THE STAFF CONTROLLER FUNCTION IN PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT
Authors: Leslie Livingstone J. , Sathe Vijay
Published: February 2008

Distribution costs are an important element in the total cost picture of most companies. Broadly speaking, distribution costs include all costs associated with the transfer of finished goods to the consumer. Profitable operation requires that these costs be analysed and controlled efficiently. While there are difficult technical problems in the area of cost‐determination for physical distribution, techniques for coping with them may be spotted by looking at other areas where cost‐estimation appears to be equally elusive. We note that multiple regression analysis (MRA) has been used to study the distribution of consumer credit. Application of other newer techniques includes use of computer simulation in providing more effective emergency ambulance service and statistical work sampling to estimate costs incurred by the Post Office Department in handling mail prior to delivery, classified by class of mail and service. These applications are in areas at least as complex and difficult as distribution costing and suggest to us that technical problems in this area are not necessarily any more or less difficult than those in other areas of costing.
DISTRIBUTION DYNAMICS:
Authors: Kenny‐Levick C.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this paper is twofold.
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT IN A CENTRALLY‐CONTROLLED BLOOD BANKING SYSTEM
Authors: Newman R.L.
Published: February 2008

Blood banking involves the collection of blood from donors and the storage of that blood until it is required for transfusion. It is usual to distinguish, in a blood banking system, between central blood banks whose functions are primarily those of collection and distribution, and hospital blood banks which perform the process of cross‐matching. In order to ensure that the donor's blood will be compatible with that of the recipient, blood is cross‐matched by mixing a sample of the recipient's blood with a sample of stored blood of the same group and subjecting the mixture to certain tests.
THE SYSTEMS APPROACH TO IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY IN DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Bloom Gordon
Published: February 2008

The slowdown in the rate of productivity improvement in recent years in the United States has led to some speculation that the American economy may be running out of technological steam and that it will be difficult in the years ahead to achieve an accelerated rate of productivity growth. In other industrialised nations, although rates of productivity advance have in recent years exceeded that registered in the American economy, nevertheless increasing concern has been voiced concerning the lag of manhour output behind escalating wage rates. The fact is that in all industrialised economies, recent economic developments have made businessmen, statesmen, and labour leaders increasingly aware of the need for an accelerated rate of improvement in manhour output if inflation is to be held within limits compatible with economic and political stability.
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION ORGANISATION AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT:
Authors: Lancioni Richard , Grashof John
Published: February 2008

The physical distribution function of a firm is a complex process. It consists of all the activities involved in the flow of goods from the raw material supplier to the final consumer and incorporates the major activity centres of purchasing, warehousing, transportation, order processing, and inventory control. The goal of a firm's distribution operation is to insure that established customer service levels are achieved at a minimum total cost.
CONTRACTUAL MARKET EXPANSION—A SHORT RUN PHENOMENON?
Authors: Parker Lawrence L.
Published: February 2008

Oxenfeldt and Kelly argue somewhat tongue in cheek, that franchising as a vertical market structure is advantageous to a successful franchisor primarily in the early stages of his market expansion. They also suggest that this market device has further meaning to a would‐be franchisor for the exploitation of marginal distribution locations. They go on to state that: “If we are correct, it will be clear that the great importance attributed to franchising as a source of investment and employment, and as a haven for independent entrepreneural spirits, is largely mistaken”.
IMPROVED STOCK LOCATION IN THE PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL
Authors: Ballou Ronald H.
Published: February 2008

Visualise a company with 10,000 product items and several warehousing levels in its physical distribution channel. If this company is typical, it is not likely to stock all 10,000 items at all warehouses. But which items should be stocked at which warehouses? Fortunately, there are at least some generalised concepts for dealing with this question. Unfortunately, concepts alone do not make a workable methodology. This article is directed toward extending these generalised concepts into an easy, efficient procedure that a firm can use to provide optimum or near optimum solutions to its stock location problems.
Corporate Planning for Physical Distribution
Authors: HUSSEY D. E.
Published: February 2008

Abstract: Corporate planning is total in outlook, covering the whole company and its dynamic relationship with the environment in which it operates. As a total company operation, it must include the physical distribution function. This monograph describes the corporate planning process and the strategic ways of development open to the company. It discusses the interaction of corporate planning with, and the direct influence of environmental factors on, the physical distribution function, and concludes with a job description for the corporate planner.
A Computer Simulation Model for Port Planning
Authors: Lawrence Peter A.
Published: February 2008

Planning the development of ports and harbours involves many complex, technical tasks. Various facility designs must be outlined and analysed. Facility locations must be evaluated and sites selected. Environmental issues must be recognised and the impact of port facilities on the environment must be estimated. Traffic and trade levels must be forecast. Port operating procedures must be evaluated to insure proper facility design. Men, material and capital resources must be inventoried to support the budgeting and economic analysis required. Finally, an economic evaluation must be made of the costs and benefits of the development project. Port planners must often develop plans under economic, social and political pressures. These pressures may not allow the time necessary to evaluate fully all the possible facility designs which could be included in the development plan. The computer model and planning methodology outlined briefly in this paper are designed to facilitate the development process by providing an automated planning framework for the rapid, accurate and thorough analysis of alternative port development plans. This port planning model is centred around a dynamic, stochastic digital computer simulation program. It is dynamic in that port operations may be simulated for any desired length of time; thereby providing in minutes estimates of the results of port operations simulated for years. The model is stochastic in that processes which vary randomly in actual port operations are represented to vary in the same way during the simulation. This added realism in the model increases the accuracy of its results. By properly specifying input data planners may evaluate the effect of alternative development plans on the port's operation; however, its use is not limited to development planning only.
A Retailer's View on Servicing
Authors: Beale Richard
Published: February 2008

The scene in the 1980s will be, as it has been in the 1960s and early 1970s, a changing one. Retailing is dynamic: the consumer and the economic environment are influencing each other and in turn retailing reacts. The raison d'être of food retailing is simply to feed the nation.
Emerging Retail Units and their Servicing Problems
Authors: Walters David
Published: February 2008

There are a number of environmental pressures working to develop a pattern for future grocery retailing. Urban congestion is forcing re‐development of city centres to exclude the private car, but at the same time restriction of delivery activities is likely. Combined with this is the pressure from retailers to move in to off‐centre areas.
Out of Hours Deliveries
Authors: Banister R.J.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of my paper is not to provide tailor‐made solutions to the problems of making deliveries out of hours but to describe the experience that was gained from two out of hours schemes operated in 1966 and 1968, highlight the problems involved, and finally draw the conclusions which I formed at the time and which have not changed since.
The Potential for EDP in Distribution
Authors: French B.A.
Published: February 2008

The past few years have seen a very marked downward trend in the costs of data processing equipment, particularly for the “heart” of such systems—the logic circuits and storage, where component costs have dropped by 75% over the past 15 years. (This drop is not, of course, directly reflected in the overall cost, because peripheral and input/output units with a high mechanical content have not come down so dramatically in price.)
An Analysis and Evaluation of Data Base Requirements for Physical Distribution Studies
Authors: Lai Andrew W. , La Londe Bernard J.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this monograph is to examine the types of data that are required in the design and analysis of physical distribution systems, and to establish a method for obtaining such data to successfully accomplish the objectives of a distribution study. The development of the data base includes determining: (1) data specification; (2) data collection; (3) data analysis; and (4) data validation. All of these stages in data base construction are analysed and evaluated in this paper. This discussion will probably be of most importance to those managers contemplating a computer‐oriented study; an attempt has been made in the monograph to provide a managerial as opposed to a technical overview of data base requirements.
Increased Profits through Improved Physical Distribution Productivity
Authors: O'Leary Ray , Iredale Ian
Published: February 2008

This article reports on research into the transportation cost element of physical distribution in an Australian packaging materials company. The authors describe how mathematical programming was applied to rationalise the allocation of customers between the company's two plants. The outcome of this research was twofold. Firstly, transportation costs were reduced. And secondly, as a by‐product of the exercise, the marketing research analyst demonstrated to the managerial decision makers the potential contribution that management science could make to their decision making. Thus, a link was forged between the management scientist and the manager.
Containerisation: An Appraisal
Authors: Slijper M.Th.
Published: February 2008

The reasons for going in for containerised shipment were several. First and foremost, there was the attraction of having a unitised form of through‐transport which enabled us to exercise greater care over loading operations. It offered a larger measure of control, because the fragmentation into a number of different links starting from haulage operator, forwarding agent to shipping company, and again the same number of intermediaries in the country of importation, had been eliminated. The transport chain, with the introduction of the container concept, would be shortened and even if the more tangible rewards of containerisation were not always too apparent, there were at least the psychological advantages for the importer, because the new method of transport at least halved the distance between “us and them”. The bright star in the distribution firmament was that traffic flows would be greatly accelerated, and with combined cost savings and reduced damage, new markets would be opened up.
Cash Recycling in Distribution
Authors: Walters David
Published: February 2008

The product portfolio and product life cycle concepts are not recent in management education. Indeed the product life cycle has been around for some considerable time and the product portfolio concept of a range of products at various stages of their respective life cycles with differential market share and growth rate values has been implicit in many companies' policies for some time.
Communications Forum
Authors: Gilmour Peter
Published: February 2008

Saleh and Das rightly point out that both the speed and the reliability of a transport mode are important factors in the modal choice for freight movements. Their assertion that reliability may have been over‐emphasised is confirmed by a recent Australian study into the modal choice for freight movements between Melbourne and Sydney where speed was the second most often mentioned factor while reliability was only the twelfth most often mentioned factor.
Marketing Channels and Economic Development: A Literature Overview
Authors: Mallen Bruce
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and organisation of the literature which deals with the interaction of economic development and marketing channel structure. The interaction between economic development and the structure of marketing channels is a topic worthy of serious study for at least the following reasons: (1) It generates descriptions of actual channels that exist at present in different countries. Such descriptions could be of great use to international marketers. (2) It provides insight into the determinants of channel structure in different countries at different levels of economic development. It thus helps to explain the nature of channels and how present channels came to have the structures that they do. Generalisations may then be developed which will aid in the prediction of changes and directions that channel structure will take in specific areas and nations. This is of use for both managerial and social purposes. (3) It could provide insight into how macro‐channel structure strategy could be used as a tool in economic development.
Cost Tradeoffs in Distribution Management
Authors: Herron D.P.
Published: February 2008

There are a number of new techniques which have recently been developed for improving the design and economic justification of distribution facilities and management systems. These new techniques are important because they provide quantitative methods for handling the real‐life tradeoffs which are usually involved between storage, handling, transporting, information processing, and customer service. In essence, the objective of distribution management is to identify and implement these optimum tradeoffs so as to achieve maximum profit to the firm.
Supplier Control of Distribution Channels
Authors: Lowe J.F.
Published: February 2008

Decisions concerning channels and the physical distribution of goods have received a minimal amount of attention from marketing writers. Drucker once referred to distribution as the “dark continent of the economy”; he found the lack of concern with the subject surprising in view of the very substantial amount of value added that the distribution function accounted for. Marketing decision makers also seem to rate distribution decisions as being relatively unimportant. Udell found in a sample of 200 firms that distribution was only the eighth most important marketing decision. Casual observation might confuse a neutral observer: some industries are integrated forwards into agents, wholesalers, and retailers, whilst other similar industries are not.
Communications Forum
Authors: Keolanui Gus L. , Wood Donald F.
Published: February 2008

Despite the fact that transportation accounts for about 20% of the gross national product of the United States, transportation course offerings‐at both the undergraduate and graduate level‐are rather insignificant at most US colleges and universities. There is apparently no great demand by the transportation industry for students whose major field is transportation. Nor are transportation teachers in demand, and “the doctoral student in transportation and logistics must usually prepare himself to teach in a second field such as marketing or finance because most schools do not need a full‐time transportation and logistics person. This note does not solve the problem; it does little more than reaffirm that it exists. Hopefully, others concerned with college and university level transportation curricula will take a cue from this note and contribute ideas as to what needs to be done to restore transportation education to a more proportionate role.
Distribution Costing
Authors: Ray David
Published: February 2008

The apparent failure on the part of companies to evolve a satisfactory costing scheme for their physical distribution (PD) systems is now giving way before a sustained attempt to rationalise PD costs. The author reviews the legislative and economic changes which have led to a recognition of the need for change, and he suggests that the “Total Distribution” (TD) approach to a solution is the one to be explored. The distinctive nature of the different accounting schemes in use, and their informational requirements, are discussed. The complex nature of PD involves the use of both operational research and statistical techniques. In fact, the need for improved information for PD management is not yet being met, and this hampers decision‐making. The monograph looks at the shortfalls in financial accounting for PD, and at the complex and ambiguous relations between PD and the formal company financial statement. Finally, the profit‐analysis approach may be the answer, and this can be incorporated within the framework of a missions approach. The author concludes that, so far, neither orthodox accounting procedures nor experimental approaches have yet provided a complete answer for PD cost analysis.
Innovation in Retailing
Authors: Ellis R.J.
Published: February 2008

The author of this paper was concerned in predicting the retail structure of accessories in the motor trade. In this research the fundamental importance of innovations was recognised and a discussion of the relevant theory is given in the first part of the paper. In the context of adoption of motor accessory shops by garages a theory of innovations in retailing is developed together with an example of its application in practice. It is further suggested that the content of this paper may assist in the development and refinement of institutional change in retailing and possibly in commerce as a whole.
Time Delay Effects in Computerised Physical Distribution Systems
Authors: Ballou Ronald H.
Published: February 2008

Computerising inventory control procedures is usually an attempt to gain better control over stock availability. The effectiveness of the procedures depends on the time delays imparted by such events as order processing and delivery. Through these time delays, much of a finished goods physical distribution system is linked together through the inventory control procedures. Changing the length of any one time element through changes in inventory stocking rules, order processing methods or selected transportation services impacts on the economics of the entire physical distribution system. Little is understood about the effects of time change in such complex systems. In this article, the actual computer inventory control procedures of a chemical company were computer simulated. Physical distribution system design decisions and their associated time delay effects were explored by interrogating the model. Surprising effects were discovered, some of them being counter‐intuitive to what simple theory would predict. Management guidelines were provided as to the system‐wide economic consequences of change in individual elements of a physical distribution system.
Marketing and Distribution are not Separate
Authors: Bartels Robert
Published: February 2008

At the three‐quarter point in a century of social and economic development in which marketing has played a major role, it is timely to consider the direction which its further evolution may take. The discipline emerged from economic theory to deliver the material products of the world's highest standard of living. The challenges ahead for it may be even greater than those of the past. At this time, however, a tendency to fragment marketing into “marketing” and “distribution” compels concern for whether the full potential of either can be achieved if such separation does occur, either in theory or in fact.
Distribution in a Developing Economy—Some Emerging Trends and Implications for Strategy
Authors: Kacker Madhav P.
Published: February 2008

Several interesting events are taking place in the socio‐economic scene of India which may seriously affect the distribution system operating in an organisation. A discerning marketing manager should be able to read the writing on the wall. For decades, the distribution channels in India, with respect to a large number of consumer and industrial goods, remained overcrowded with a variety of market middlemen. The environmental forces from various directions have already challenged the functioning of such conventional channels and shaken the existence of parasitic middlemen to whom the system offered a sort of social insurance. The channels are now getting shorter. The traditional gap between the manufacturer and consumer is being bridged. Pressures from several directions are paving the way for modification or major changes in the distribution channel of an individual firm.
The Significance of Industrial Logistics
Authors: Slater Alan
Published: February 2008

The objective of this monograph is to describe the industrial logistics structure within consumer goods industries and to provide a framework upon which the significance of the integrated industrial logistics system could be determined. The method of approach adopted is to define those problems which may occur within the logistics structure, define an ideal type of organisational structure and to monitor the effect of each type of decision within the established framework. Since all the elements of logistics add cost to a product, throughout the latter half of the discussion there is considerable emphasis upon methods of achieving the minimum cost throughout the channel.
The Development of a Decision Making Framework for Logistics Management: I. The Systems Approach
Authors: Gregson R.
Published: February 2008

Consideration of logistics, or distribution, operations in their total corporate context usually involves too complex an analysis for use in everyday decision making. During a research programme recently carried out amongst pharmaceutical manufacturing companies, a set of rules was developed as an aid to decision making, which would simplify such an analysis. The details of this step forward in formalised decision making for logistics management are set out in a two‐part article, the first of which appears here.
The Development of a Decision Making Framework For Logistics Management
Authors: Gregson R.
Published: February 2008

An Aid to Decision Making Following on from the earlier article in the previous issue of this Journal, when the systems approach to logistics decision making was introduced, this second and final part describes the development of a set of heuristic rules. Using these as a formalised aid to everyday decision making by manufacturing companies, the total logistics analysis may be simplified. The development and testing of these decision rules were carried out as part of a programme of research work amongst a number of pharmaceutical manufacturing companies.
A Comparative Profile of the United States and Canadian Distribution Managers
Authors: La Londe Bernard J. , Lambert Douglas M.
Published: February 2008

For more than two decades, industrial leaders in many countries, especially the trading nations such as the United States and Canada, have recognised the significant contribution that physical distribution can make toward the total corporate mission. In many companies formal departments have been created in order to manage the distribution activities. However, acceptance of the physical distribution concept is still growing and the associated responsibilities are becoming broadened in the current international climate of economic uncertainty. In an effort to develop a current profile of the distribution executive and his broadened responsibilities, detailed questionnaires were mailed to distribution executives in Canada and the United States. Specifically, the research sought answers to the following questions: (1) How is the distribution function positioned within the firm? (2) What is the scope of responsibility of distribution management? (3) Does the distribution management function involve distinctive career patterns, educational requirements, or job requirements? (4) What are the perceived educational needs of the distribution manager? (5) What does the physical distribution executive perceive as the major factors affecting his future role in the corporation?
Logistics Network Design: A Simulation Study of a Nursery Stock Channel
Authors: McDermott D.R.
Published: February 2008

This study describes a simulation approach to the design of a logistics network involving the processes of growing and distributing a classifica‐tion of forest products. Since this activity represents a new venture for the particular firm involved, the advantage exists of being able to approach the problem in a perspective with few restrictions or limitations from a network design viewpoint. Although the logistics considerations involved in this study relate to a particular industry or product line, i.e., nursery stock, it is felt that the approach to the network design is generalisable, with minor modifications, to other manufactured or agricultural products. For American applications, the adaptation of the PICADAD System as the basis for an automated coding system is emphasised. The scope and objectives of the simulation model include examining the following components of the logistics network: (1) the number and location of facilities, i.e., production or growing points; (2) the product allocations, i.e., which product lines should be grown at which locations; and, (3) the transportation modes within the continental United States. As indicated, the emphasis focuses on the network concerns of nodes and linkages; secondary issues regarding logistics, namely packaging, materials handling, and communication or order processing, are beyond the scope of the study.
A Chance‐constrained Distribution Model—An Application to the Forest Products Industry
Authors: Reese Richard M. , Pruden Henry O.
Published: February 2008

The ascendancy of vertical marketing structures as total systems has brought about considerable interest in designing distribution systems. Various administered and co‐operative alignments have been successful in the marketplace by enabling lower total costs through central buying practices and by producing a more predictable demand pattern. As these planned systems begin to create de facto competition among individual firms, the need for methods of discovering optimal vertical arrangements will increase. One method of finding optimal arrangements of interacting phenomena is by modelling—and linear programming techniques have been found to be particularly useful. The transportation problem or distribution model was one of the first applied special cases of linear programming. Mathematical solutions to this “special case” of linear programming began appearing in the literature during World War II. Since that time, the management science literature has been replete with significant contributions in the transportation area such as those of Hitchcock, Dantzig, Chames and Cooper, and Orden.
The Asset Management Approach to Spares Support
Authors: Basch
Published: February 2008

Asset Management as used here means “the integration of inventory, transportation and warehousing to meet predetermined service levels at minimum costs”. Although this technique can be applied to any distribution problem, the purpose of this paper is to examine its application for spare parts support specifically for the computer/business equipment industry.
Retail Inventory Movement — A Case Study in Rationalisation
Authors: Westwood John B.
Published: February 2008

A great deal of the work in the area of stock management is devoted to identifying optimum values for parameters such as order size, order frequency, safety stock, etc. This is particularly appropriate in manufacturing where a company's stock of raw materials is usually held in one place. As we move towards the retailing sector, however, there may be several points (warehouses and shops) at which inventories can be held. The problem then becomes one of moving available stock around the various alternative locations so as to maximise sales or minimise the likelihood of stock‐out. The emphasis has changed from a static situation of ordering to a dynamic one of stock movement. In this paper we describe a common retailing problem, particularly in fashion markets, of stock transfers between a given set of branches. Stock is required in those outlets where demand is likely to be high, but the number of physical transfers in a given time period must be within the capabilities of the available transport facilities. A simple model of forecasting and allocation is described which, for the company involved, resulted in reduced stock movement and provided satisfactory stock levels.