bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Sensitivity to Context: Implications for Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Bush Nicole R. , Boyce W. Thomas
Published: February 2016

Thenature versus nurturedebate is centuries old, yet accumulating evidence from the past few decades has made real the current position that variation in the onset and course ofmosthuman disorders will be most likely ultimately explained by interactions among biological and environmental forces. This chapter outlines some of the theories and empirical evidence for biology and context interactions in the etiology of healthy and pathological psychosocial development. We review evidence for differential susceptibility to both negative and positive contexts, spanning extreme adversity and psychosocial interventions, conferred by sensitivity across a broad range of biological systems, and occurring throughout development. We also highlight evidence for environmental shaping of physiological reactivity, and the manner in which this conditional adaptation confers both risk and protective factors for organisms in future contexts. Throughout, we highlight the conceptual and methodological controversies in this work and translational implications. Finally, we describe the challenges awaiting a new generation of investigators and theorists poised to bring the nature–nurture discussion into its next evolutionary form.
Animal Models of Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Howell Brittany R. , Neigh Gretchen N. , Sánchez Mar M.
Published: February 2016

In the last decade much progress has been made in research using animal models of developmental psychopathology. The field has moved from the demonstration of long‐term impacts of early adversity on behavioral and physiological development and the role of genetic risks for vulnerability, to including transgenerational transmission of stress‐induced phenotypes through epigenetic modifications. Additional and critical paradigm shifts have also taken place, including increased focus on ecologically and ethologically valid animal models, research on resilience, the adolescent transition as a period of brain and behavioral reorganization, and sex differences. In this chapter we review recent literature using rodent and nonhuman primate animal models that examines the biological mechanisms through which the early environment programs neurobehavioral, cognitive, and physiological development. We discuss the evolutionary role of this plasticity on behavioral development, as it has an adaptive value in changing environments. Because of maternal care's critical role in early environment, we focus on models that study the effects of mother–infant relationship disruption and dissect the mechanisms by which maternal care regulates the development of brain circuits that control emotional and social behaviors of relevance for developmental psychopathology. Finally, we discuss developmental sensitive/critical periods as windows of opportunity for plastic adaptation of developing organisms to the environment that, if taken too far—as in the case of early traumatic experiences such as childhood maltreatment—lead to maladaptive developmental trajectories (psychopathology, pathophysiology). Animal models of early life adversity are paramount to understand the basic mechanisms and principles that translate early experience into developmental outcomes in our own species.
The Role of Early Nutritional Deficiencies in the Development of Psychopathology
Authors: Schmidt Adam T. , Osterholm Erin A. , Georgieff Michael K.
Published: February 2016

Lack of adequate nutrition is a serious public health concern in both developing and developed countries. In developing countries, this condition usually takes the form of generalized malnutrition (including deficiencies in both macronutrients and micronutrients). In developed countries, strict micronutrient deficiencies are more common. Early nutritional deficits are associated with disturbances in cognitive development and to the later development of psychopathology. Following a brief historical overview, the authors present a review of the studies directly linking early malnutrition to the later development of various types of psychopathologies including schizophrenia spectrum disorders, antisocial behavior and other externalizing disorders, substance use disorders, and internalizing disorders such as depression. To provide a wider context, the discussion progresses to a review of the effects of early malnutrition on cognitive development surveying both human and animal studies. This is followed by a brief exploration of the effects of generalized malnutrition on the neurobiology of the developing nervous system including a summary of the effects of specific micronutrient deficiencies. The chapter concludes with an examination of potential mechanisms to explain the contribution of nutritional deficits to the development of psychopathology. Translational implications for the study of developmental psychopathology are also discussed.
Anxiety Regulation: A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective
Authors: Tone Erin B. , Garn Cheryl L. , Pine Daniel S.
Published: February 2016

This chapter examines the cognitive and neural mechanisms through which humans regulate anxiety over the course of the life span. We first define salient terms and concepts that are at the heart of our review and the models on which we rely to describe emotion and anxiety regulation, focusing on common manifestations of anxiety across development. We then review the literature on the regulation of anxiety and fear. In particular, we attend to the ways varied anxiety regulation strategies and their neural correlates vary across development. In the final section, we discuss contexts, both intrapersonal and interpersonal, that may facilitate or inhibit the use of different regulatory mechanisms and strategies among individuals experiencing anxiety across the life span.
Typical and Atypical Brain Development Across the Life Span in a Neural Network Model of Psychopathology
Authors: Ganzel Barbara , Morris Pamela
Published: February 2016

In this chapter, we present a developmentally sensitive diathesis–stress model of psychopathology—triple network allostasis—the core components of which are the canonical large‐scale networks of the brain. In doing so, we highlight the role of the brain in diathesis–stress processes through the integration of two major theoretical advances, the introduction of allostasis in stress research and recognition of the central role of large‐scale neural networks in psychopathology We incorporate these approaches into our life span model of modulated allostasis to produce an allostatic diathesis–stress model based on the large‐scale functional architecture of the brain. Through the concept ofdynamic diathesis, we link life span development, current contextual risk and resources, prior life experience, and stress physiology into a working diathesis–stress model that predicts mental state, psychopathology onset, and future mental health. Predictions from this model are testable and evidence from the extant literature is reviewed.
The Neurodevelopmental Process of Self‐Organization
Authors: Tucker Don M. , Luu Phan , Poulsen Catherine
Published: February 2016

The understanding of neural development can now be framed in general, organismic terms that allow psychological development to be described in the same framework as brain development. The mechanisms of brain growth and differentiation are regulated by both genetic factors and epigenetic factors that are highly responsive to the child's environment. The embryological differentiation of the brain is a process of self‐organization. Similarly, the development of the child's personality after birth continues this process, with each experience consolidated in the synaptic architecture of the child's brain—the self—in a way that shapes the capacity for further self‐organization. Developmental psychopathology can therefore be understood most clearly in relation to disorders of the normal ontogenetic process. We suggest that this ontogenetic process involves specific mechanisms of self‐regulating neural activity, and thus neural plasticity, that are commonly recognized in psychological terms as patterns of externalizing and internalizing in relation to the social environment.
Integration of Developmental Neuroscience and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Adolescent Psychopathology
Authors: Monahan Kathryn C. , Guyer Amanda E. , Silk Jennifer , Fitzwater Tamara , Steinberg Laurence
Published: February 2016

Adolescence is a period of transformation, marked by significant changes in biology, cognition, and contextual experiences. In recent years, advances in neuroscience have increased our understanding of how developmental changes at the biological level place adolescents at risk for psychopathology. Paradoxically, these same changes that place a youth at risk for psychopathology are also indicative of increased plasticity during the adolescent years, potentially signaling adolescence as a key developmental period for potential intervention efforts. The present chapter integrates the last ten years of research on developmental neuroscience with the study of contextual influences on psychopathology. We hope to stimulate an active line of new research that integrates the study of developmental neuroscience with context, promoting better understanding of effective means of preventing psychopathology during adolescence.
Stress Neurobiology and Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Jacoby Noémie , Overfeld Judith , Binder Elisabeth B. , Heim Christine M.
Published: February 2016

Early‐life stress (ELS), such as childhood abuse and neglect is a well‐established risk factor for the development of psychiatric and medical conditions. In the present chapter, we will focus on the biological embedding of maltreatment during development, which is thought to underlie the increased long‐term risk for several disorders. Specifically, we will discuss the effects of ELS on the functioning of the main stress regulatory systems resulting in a persistent dysregulation of stress processing. Further, we will discuss findings that focus on structural and functional changes of brain regions that are involved in the regulation of stress and emotion. Given that some individuals remain resilient despite of significant exposure to ELS, whereas others develop disorders, we next focus on factors that mediate the emergence of interindividual differences in the effects of ELS including the role of sensitive periods, sex, and the individual genotype. Finally, we will discuss more recent insights into the molecular mechanisms of gene regulation by stress that may account for the development of altered stress responsiveness and risk for psychiatric and medical disorders after ELS, including epigenetic programming with long‐term impact on gene expression. We will conclude this chapter by discussing the implications of insights from neurobiological research on the long‐term consequences of ELS for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to prevent or reverse the detrimental long‐term consequences and thereby reduce the manifestation of negative health outcomes in these victims.
Psychophysiological Methods and Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Zisner Aimee R. , Beauchaine Theodore P.
Published: February 2016

Psychophysiology—the study of interactions between physiological systems and psychological states and traits—has a long history of use in psychopathology research. Developmental psychopathologists routinely use psychophysiological methods to investigate how individual‐level vulnerabilities (e.g., neural, autonomic) interact with environmental risk factors (e.g., familial, social) to shape and maintain maladaptive behavior. Two overarching goals of such research are to (1) elucidate the etiology and course of psychopathology, including mechanisms of equifinality and multifinality; and (2) prospectively identify individuals who are most vulnerable to psychopathology. In this chapter, we describe several peripheral psychophysiological methods (e.g., cardiovascular, electrodermal, pupillary, electromyographic), review research contexts in which these methods are used, and offer suggestions for designing and executing developmentally sensitive quasi‐experiments aimed at furthering our understanding of emerging psychopathology.
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Bernier Raphael , Dawson Geraldine
Published: February 2016

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term that refers to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social communication and a restricted range of interests and behaviors. The core social communication impairments, identified through the application of developmental principles to understanding psychopathological presentation, include disruptions in social attention, joint attention, face and emotion perception, and imitation that result in reduced social‐emotional reciprocity and use of nonverbal behaviors as well as impaired peer relationships. Core characteristics also include disruptions in play, atypical language use and repetitive and restricted interests and behaviors. The clinical presentation of ASD is highly heterogeneous reflecting the now understood conception that ASD is likely a collection of complex developmental disabilities. This clinical variability reflects different etiological contributions, individual differences in the age of onset and treatment response, and developmental symptom profiles of social‐emotional development that have been observed among individuals with ASD. Etiological research has highlighted the contribution of genetic and environmental risk factors while brain studies have illuminated several neural systems structured and functioning atypically in ASD. Despite the variability in clinical presentation, behaviorally based treatments have emerged as an effective treatment for many children with ASD.
Childhood Exposure to Interpersonal Trauma
Authors: Lieberman Alicia F. , Chu Ann T.
Published: February 2016

Young children are too often exposed to interpersonal trauma, with deleterious consequences in multiple areas of functioning that manifest over a lifetime. This paper outlines the prevalence of childhood abuse and witnessing domestic violence in the context of single traumatic events as well as chronic exposure to cumulative trauma. We review research findings on various outcomes of experiencing interpersonal trauma in childhood including manifestations in biological and psychosocial domains. As research methodology has advanced, the field is accumulating knowledge in biological correlates including brain anatomy and physiology, the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, and gene by environment interactions. Additionally, the field is moving beyond broad correlates to examining how psychosocial variables might interact with a range of contextual factors such as demographic variables and caregiving relationships. We conclude with a review of prevention and intervention programs that have demonstrated efficacy or effectiveness in ameliorating the negative impact of childhood exposure to interpersonal trauma. Together, the literature point to the urgent need to address the development and implementation of effective clinical treatments and in public policy initiatives to protect maltreated children.
Child Maltreatment and Developmental Psychopathology: A Multilevel Perspective
Authors: Cicchetti Dante , Toth Sheree L.
Published: February 2016

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the historical issues accompanying the study of child maltreatment and address advances and challenges that have emerged over decades of research in this area. A developmental psychopathology perspective provides a framework for discussing etiological models, psychological and biological sequelae, and methodological considerations, as well as for highlighting implications for intervention and social policy. The utilization of a multilevel perspective that integrates socioemotional, cognitive, psychophysiological, neurobiological, and genetic levels of analysis infused throughout our discussion of research. We conclude by proffering recommendations for research initiatives that will continue to advance the field and ultimately improve the lives of children who have been victimized by abuse and neglect.
Alcohol Use and the Alcohol Use Disorders Over the Life Course: A Cross‐Level Developmental Review
Authors: Zucker Robert A. , Hicks Brian M. , Heitzeg Mary M.
Published: February 2016

We review the diagnostic criteria and core defining characteristics of the alcohol use disorder (AUD) phenotype and briefly characterize the epidemiology of alcohol use, problems, and disorder. We also describe the heterogeneity that exists in emergence and course of both nonspecific and alcohol‐specific risk, and summarize the evidence for cross‐level causal influences for these multiple phenotypes from early childhood to late adulthood. Separate sections address the genetic etiology of behavioral risk, and the salience of individual differences in the neural circuitry of risk for underlying problem use and addiction. Last, we assemble the empirical findings that have individually characterized segments of the dense causal network of gene x brain x behavior x environment x development pathways that define the multilevel, interactive matrix for behavioral undercontrol, alcohol problems, and alcohol use disorder.
Bipolar Disorder from a Developmental Psychopathology Perspective: Focusing on Phenomenology, Etiology, and Neurobiology
Authors: Klimes‐Dougan Bonnie , Kennedy Kevin P. , Cullen Kathryn R.
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to consider how a developmental psychopathology perspective can advance our understanding of bipolar disorder. In this chapter we start by discussing the phenomenology of the disorder. As this is a field in which scientific controversies abound, this section begins by placing bipolar disorder in a historical context. We consider the origins of current clinical diagnostic approaches and evaluate newly emerging empirical approaches that utilize dimensions of symptoms, behaviors, and neurobiological indexes. We then review prominent etiological theories of the illness, including work on environmental stressors and hazards as well as behavioral and genetic approaches. We highlight some of the most promising theories that account for both environmental and biological mechanisms of bipolar disorder. Additionally, because bipolar disorder can be considered a neurodevelopmental disorder, biological mechanisms are also discussed in the context of brain imaging research. We conclude the chapter with suggestions for translational research by considering how these developmental and neurodevelopmental models can inform intervention science and help identify promising new directions for future research.
Childhood Adversity and Adult Physical Health
Authors: Ehrlich Katherine B. , Miller Gregory E. , Chen Edith
Published: February 2016

The experience of early adversity is a risk factor for a diverse set of poor outcomes across development, including poor physical health in adulthood. This chapter provides a critical review of studies examining the connections between exposure to adversity in childhood and physical health in adulthood. We discuss the varied ways that children encounter stressful experiences and adverse conditions in their daily lives, focusing on chronic and severe stressors. We then review evidence for links between childhood adversity and chronic diseases of aging, with a focus on cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. We describe conceptual models that help guide empirical investigation of the processes through which early adversity influences later health. We also review biological mechanisms that play an intermediary role in translating psychosocial stress into health problems, which can help explain how early adversity “gets under the skin” and influences the onset of disease in adulthood.
Poverty and the Development of Psychopathology
Authors: Wadsworth Martha E. , Evans Gary W. , Grant Kathryn , Carter Jocelyn S. , Duffy Sophia
Published: February 2016

Poverty and low socioeconomic status (SES) play a profound role in the etiology and trajectories of child psychopathology. In order to better understand how poverty/SES can influence child psychopathology, we first describe the individual and social costs of SES‐related psychopathology before summarizing the internalizing and externalizing symptoms associated with childhood deprivation across the life stages of early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Next, underlying mediating processes that help explain how deprivation leads to psychopathology as well as moderating factors that alter the course of SES impacts on child and youth psychopathology are discussed. Primary mediators include parenting, stress, executive functioning and coping, as well as the brain. Moderators discussed include gender, ethnicity, social support, coping, and social context (e.g., school, community). Implications for intervention science and policy are presented and an outline of future directions is presented.
Determinants of Parenting
Authors: Bornstein Marc H.
Published: February 2016

The first section of this chapter on determinants of parenting presents a brief overview of cognitions and practices that principally instantiate parenting and then discusses parents, the principal actors in the human drama of caregiving. As a transition to the main focus of the chapter on the multiple determinants of parenting, the chapter next addresses a series of methodological concerns useful in understanding and unpackaging determinants of parenting and point to some gaps in the literature that suggest future directions of research in the field. The chapter then turns to its main concern:— a in‐depth review of the multiple determinants of parenting in parents, in children, and in diverse contexts. The chapter then tackles translational implications of the multilevel approach to determinants of parenting and concludes with a concise overview of central considerations in the field.
Resilience in Development: Progress and Transformation
Authors: Masten Ann S. , Cicchetti Dante
Published: February 2016

This chapter reviews origins and progress in resilience science, with an emphasis on progress over the past decade in theory, findings, and translational applications for strategic intervention. In alignment with prevailing concepts in developmental systems theory, human resilience is defined as the potential or manifested capacity of an individual to adapt successfully through multiple processes to experiences that threaten his or her function, survival, or development. Resilience pathways, developmental cascades, gene‐environment interactions, and other models salient in current resilience theory are delineated, including new approaches to testing resilience‐related processes in such models. Findings on promotive and protective effects are discussed, focusing on widely replicated adaptive processes that develop in children, their families, other relationships, and key contexts as children develop. Resilience processes involving families, schools, peers, culture, and other socioecological systems are highlighted. Genetic and neurobiological processes are reviewed as a growingedge of resilience science. Intervention research based on resilience theory is discussed, together with translational implications for practice and policy based on the expanding body of knowledge about resilience processes. The chapter concludes with a review of enduring controversies, a summary of progress, and directions for the future.
Advances in Prevention Science: A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective
Authors: Toth Sheree L. , Petrenko Christie L. M. , Gravener‐Davis Julie A. , Handley Elizabeth D.
Published: February 2016

We utilize a perspective derived from developmental psychopathology to guide our discussion of advances that have been made in the field of prevention science over the last decade. After addressing definitional perspectives on prevention, we review programmatic preventive initiatives that are consistent with the goals of a developmental psychopathology perspective. We then direct our attention to conceptual and methodological considerations in the field of prevention science, paying particular attention to the incorporation of multilevel investigations into randomized controlled trials. In the penultimate section of this chapter, we discuss the importance of translational research and of dissemination efforts. We conclude by preferring recommendations for future directions for prevention science in the decades ahead.
Radiation‐Induced Synthesis of Copper/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanocomposites and Their Catalytic Activity
Authors: Ali Z. I. , Ghazy O. A. , Meligi G. , Saleh H. H. , Bekhit M.
Published: February 2016

Copper/poly(vinyl alcohol) (Cu/PVA) nanocomposites were synthesized using gamma radiation‐induced method and characterized by various analytical techniques. UV–vis absorption spectra showed that the surface plasmon resonance bands of the Cu nanoparticles around 580 nm were redshifted with increasing both irradiation dose and Cu2+ ion concentration The FTIR spectrum provides sufficient evidences for the involvement of PVA in stabilizing the Cu nanoparticles. The X‐ray diffraction patterns show the formation of the Cu nanoparticles in a face cubic structure with different sizes as a function of either irradiation doses or Cu2+ ion concentrations. The size of the as‐prepared Cu nanoparticles ranged from 13.9 to around 19 nm. On the other hand, the transmission electron microscopy showed that the obtained Cu nanoparticles were monodispersed and had uniform particle size distribution. The rate of the catalytic degradation for a methyl orange dye was found to increase with increasing amount of the Cu nanoparticles content, which could be attributed to higher dispersity and small size of the nanoparticles. Also, the conductivity of PVA increases with incorporation of Cu nanoparticles into PVA matrix.
2D Tin Monoxide—An Unexplored p‐Type van der Waals Semiconductor: Material Characteristics and Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Saji Kachirayil J. , Tian Kun , Snure Michael , Tiwari Ashutosh
Published: February 2016

2D materials are considered promising candidates for developing next‐generation high‐performance energy efficient electronic, optoelectronic, and valley‐tronic devices. Though metal oxides are widely used in the fabrication of many advanced devices, very little work has been reported on their properties in 2D limit. This article reports the discovery of a new 2D materials system, 2D tin monoxide (SnO). Layer by layer growth of SnO on sapphire and SiO2 substrates is demonstrated using a pulsed laser deposition method. The number of SnO layers is controlled by controlling the number of laser shots during the deposition process. Raman spectroscopic and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis confirms the formation of phase pure SnO layers. Field effect transistors (FETs) using few layer SnO channels grown on SiO2 substrates are successfully fabricated. These FETs show typical p‐channel conduction with field effect mobility ranging from 0.05 to 1.9 cm2 V−1 s−1. Field effect mobility varies with the number of SnO layers and decreases on either sides of the optimum layer numbers (12), which is explained based on charge screening and interlayer coupling in layered materials.
(Über)leben ohne Sauerstoff
Authors: Mustroph Angelika , Sauter Margret , Geigenberger Peter , van Dongen Joost
Published: February 2016

Obwohl Pflanzen Sauerstoff durch Photosynthese produzieren, benötigen sie während der Nacht oder in Wurzeln Sauerstoff für den Energiestoffwechsel. Sauerstoffmangel, wie er zum Beispiel bei Überflutungen auftritt, kann sie daher schädigen bzw. sogar zum Absterben bringen. Vielfältige Anpassungsreaktionen der Pflanzen auf diesen Stress sind schon länger bekannt. Einige Pflanzen können Sauerstoffmangel vermeiden, indem sie sich morphologisch anpassen, zum Beispiel durch die Ausbildung von Durchlüftungsgeweben (Aerenchymen) oder durch verstärktes Streckungswachstum von Blättern und Stängeln.

Bestimmte Pflanzenorgane müssen jedoch mit Sauerstoffmangel auskommen können, was durch Veränderungen des Stoffwechsels erreicht wird. Der Mechanismus, mit dem Pflanzen die interne Sauerstoffkonzentration messen, um auf diesen Stress reagieren zu können, wurde erst kürzlich entdeckt. Er beruht auf dem sauerstoffabhängigen Abbau bestimmter Transkriptionsfaktoren, die sich bei einem Rückgang der Sauerstoffkonzentration anreichern und die Transkription von Genen zum Beispiel der Gärungsenzyme induzieren.
Die Immunsysteme der Bakterien
Authors: Kreiner Marina , Schumann Wolfgang
Published: February 2016

Ende der 70er Jahre des letzten Jahrhunderts begann eine neue Technik der gezielten Veränderung von Genen und ihrer Expression mit Hilfe von Restriktionsenzymen und Vektoren (meist Plasmide). Diese Ära wurde Gentechnik genannt und wird jetzt durch eine neue Technik, die CRISPR‐Cas9‐Technik, auch Genom‐Editing genannt, ergänzt. Genom‐Editing ist dabei, durch die gezielte Veränderung von Genen bei allen Organismen, vom Bakterium über Pilze, Pflanzen, Tiere bis hin zum Menschen Biotechnologie und Medizin zu revolutionieren. Sie ermöglicht die gezielte Einführung und die Eliminierung von Punkt‐Mutationen und intakten Genen in allen Organismen. Wichtige Ziele sind die genetische Optimierung von Nutzpflanzen und ‐tieren, die Bekämpfung von Krebs beim Menschen und von menschlichen Viren und multiresistenten pathogenen Bakterien. Allerdings birgt sie auch Nachteile durch OFF‐Targets, die zu Mutationen in beliebigen Genen führen können oder deren Expression beeinflussen.
Shakespeares Pflanzenwelt
Authors: Schneckenburger Stefan
Published: February 2016

William Shakespeare (1564–1616) erwähnt in seinen Stücken etwa 120 Pflanzenarten. Es handelt sich fast ausschließlich um damals in England heimische oder in Gärten kultivierte Sippen. In der Regel werden sie nicht beiläufig‐dekorativ, sondern gezielt eingesetzt – als “Wortkulissen” im kulissenlosen elisabethanischen Theater, als Träger von Botschaften, die wir heute nur noch teilweise verstehen oder als konkrete Objekte wie Gift oder Heilpflanzen. Es verwundert, wie kenntnisreich Shakespeare und sein Publikum waren bzw. gewesen sein müssen, denn andernfalls wäre vieles unverstanden geblieben.
Effective recovery of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biopolymer from Cupriavidus necator using a novel and environmentally friendly solvent system
Authors: Fei Tao , Cazeneuve Stacy , Wen Zhiyou , Wu Lei , Wang Tong
Published: February 2016

This work demonstrates a significant advance in bioprocessing for a high‐melting lipid polymer. A novel and environmental friendly solvent mixture, acetone/ethanol/propylene carbonate (A/E/P, 1:1:1 v/v/v) was identified for extracting poly‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB), a high‐value biopolymer, from Cupriavidus necator. A set of solubility curves of PHB in various solvents was established. PHB recovery of 85% and purity of 92% were obtained from defatted dry biomass (DDB) using A/E/P. This solvent mixture is compatible with water, and from non‐defatted wet biomass, PHB recovery of 83% and purity of 90% were achieved. Water and hexane were evaluated as anti‐solvents to assist PHB precipitation, and hexane improved recovery of PHB from biomass to 92% and the purity to 93%. A scale‐up extraction and separation reactor was designed, built and successfully tested. Properties of PHB recovered were not significantly affected by the extraction solvent and conditions, as shown by average molecular weight (1.4 × 106) and melting point (175.2°C) not being different from PHB extracted using chloroform. Therefore, this biorenewable solvent system was effective and versatile for extracting PHB biopolymers. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:678–685, 2016
A Comprehensive Analysis on the Reactive Dividing‐Wall Column, its Minimum Energy Demand, and Energy‐Saving Potential
Authors: Schröder Moritz , Ehlers Christoph , Fieg Georg
Published: February 2016

The reactive dividing‐wall column (RDWC) combines a reactor and a dividing‐wall column (DWC) in a single column shell. Lately, various reaction systems have been proposed for the RDWC, but only little general knowledge has been published on the RDWC so far. The fundamental mechanisms of the RDWC are analyzed and a profound process understanding is deduced based on principal aspects of reactive distillation and the DWC. Fields of application and insights into the key factors for an energy‐efficient operation are systematically derived. A semi‐shortcut method is proposed to determine the minimum vapor demand of the RDWC and its energy‐saving mechanism is explained. Thereby, process engineers can evaluate already during the process synthesis whether the RDWC is a promising option. Furthermore, they can quantify the energy savings quickly and get an understanding of the key factors for an energy‐efficient column design and operation.
Stereopositional Outcome in the Packing of Dissimilar Aromatics in Designed β‐Hairpins
Authors: Makwana Kamlesh Madhusudan , Mahalakshmi Radhakrishnan
Published: February 2016

A popular strategy in the de novo design of stable β‐sheet structures for various biomedical applications is the incorporation of aromatic pairs at the non‐hydrogen‐bonding (NHB) position. However, it is important to explicitly understand how aryl pair packing at the NHB region is coordinated with backbone structural rearrangements, and to delineate the benefits and drawbacks associated with stereopositional choice of dissimilar aromatic pairs. Here, we probe the consequences of flipped Trp/Tyr pairs by using engineered permutants at the NHB position of dodecapeptide β‐hairpins, proximal and distal to the turn. Extensive conformational analysis of these peptides using NMR and CD spectroscopy reveal that a classic Edge‐to‐Face and Face‐to‐Edge geometry at the proximal and distal aromatic pairs, respectively, in YW‐WY, is the most stabilizing. Such a preferred packing geometry in YW‐WY results in a highly twisted β‐sheet backbone, with Trp always providing a ‘Face’ orientation to its dissimilar aromatic partner Tyr. Flipping the proximal and/or distal aromatic pair distorts the ideal T‐shaped geometry, and results in alternate aryl arrangements that can adversely affect strand twist and β‐sheet stability. Our study reveals the existence of a strong stereopositional influence on the packing of dissimilar aromatic pairs. Our findings highlight the importance of modeling physical interaction forces while designing protein and peptide structures for functional applications.
Highly Efficient Catalysis of Retro‐Claisen Reactions: From a Quinone Derivative to Functionalized Imidazolium Salts
Authors: Visbal Renso , Laguna Antonio , Gimeno M. Concepción
Published: February 2016

A new and efficient method for the preparation of several imidazolium salts containing an ester group in the C4 position of the aromatic ring through a retro‐Claisen reaction pathway between a quinone derivative and several alcohols is described. This new organic transformation proceeds in the absence of a catalyst, but it is greatly catalyzed by different Lewis acids, especially with AgOAc at a very low catalyst loading and in very short reaction times. The process takes place by the nucleophilic attack of the carbonyl groups by the alcohol functionality, thus promoting a double C−C bond cleavage and C−H and C−O bond formation. This reaction represents the first example of this type between a quinone derivative and alcohols.
Dynamic Permutational Isomerism in a closo‐Cluster
Authors: Fu Junhong , Morshedi Mahbod , Moxey Graeme J. , Barlow Adam , Cifuentes Marie P. , Humphrey Mark G.
Published: February 2016

Permutational isomers of trigonal bipyramidal [W2RhIr2(CO)9(η5‐C5H5)2(η5‐C5HMe4)] result from competitive capping of either a W2Ir or a WIr2 face of the tetrahedral cluster [W2Ir2(CO)10(η5‐C5H5)2] from its reaction with [Rh(CO)2(η5‐C5HMe4)]. The permutational isomers slowly interconvert in solution by a cluster metal vertex exchange that is proposed to proceed by Rh−Ir and Rh−W bond cleavage and reformation, and via the intermediacy of an edge‐bridged tetrahedral transition state. The permutational isomers display differing chemical and physical properties: replacement of CO by PPh3 occurs at one permutational isomer only, while the isomers display distinct optical power limiting behavior.
ChemInform Abstract: Pressure‐Induced Structural Transition of Y2Zr2O7.
Authors: Li Hui , Tao Qiang , Li Nana , Tang Ruilian , Zhao Yongsheng , Zhu Hongyu , Zhu Pinwen , Wang Xin
Published: February 2016

F‐type polycrystalline Y2Zr2O7 is prepared by calcination of stoichiometric quantities of Y2O3 and ZrO2 in air (1773 K, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Thermoelectric Properties of Ca3Co4O9 Ceramics Prepared by an Alternative Pressure‐Less Sintering/Annealing Method.
Authors: Schulz T. , Toepfer J.
Published: February 2016

Single phase polycrystalline Ca3Co4O9 (CCO) thermoelectric misfit layer cobaltite is prepared by double calcination of appropriate mixtures of CaCO3 and Co3O4 (900 °C, 15 h) followed by pressureless sintering of pellets at 920 °C (24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Surfactant‐Thermal Syntheses and Characterization of Quaternary Copper Thioantimonates(III) ACu2SbS3 (A: K, Rb, Cs).
Authors: Shen Yaying , Liu Chang , Hou Peipei , Zhi Mingjia , Zhou Chunmei , Chai Wenxiang , Zhang Qichun , Liu Yi
Published: February 2016

Single crystals of the title compounds are hydrothermally grown using 2:0.5:2:2 molar mixtures of KOH (RbOH or CsOH·H2O), Sb2S3, S, and Cu in a N2H4·H2O/PEG‐400 solution (autoclave, 160 °C, 7 d; 68, 52, and 47% yield, resp.).
ChemInform Abstract: Phase Evolution During the Reactive Sintering of Ternary Al—Ni—Ti Powder Compacts.
Authors: Sina Hossein , Surreddi Kumar Babu , Iyengar Srinivasan
Published: February 2016

Phase formations by reactive sintering is studied for 0—40 at.% Al in equiatomic mixtures of Ni and Ti under pure and dry Ar (20—1200 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Optical Property of a One‐Dimensional Selenidostannate: [AEPPH2]2[Sn5Se12] (AEPP = N‐Aminoethylpiperazine).
Authors: Han Xiaohui , Meng Junling , Xu Jin , Liu Xiaojuan , Liu Dan , Wang Cheng
Published: February 2016

The title compound is solvothermally synthesized from a solution of Sn, Se, and CuCl in a 1:1 mixture of N‐aminoethylpiperazine and EtOH (autoclave, 200 °C, 6 d, 38% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Assembly of Tungsten‐Oxide‐Based Pentagonal Motifs in Solution Leads to Nanoscale {W48}, {W56}, and {W92} Polyoxometalate Clusters.
Authors: Zhan Cai‐Hong , Winter Ross S. , Zheng Qi , Yan Jun , Cameron Jamie M. , Long De‐Liang , Cronin Leroy
Published: February 2016

Yields of compounds (II), (III), and (V) are given in g.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of (S)‐Proline‐Containing Dipeptidic Organocatalysts Bound to MBHA Resin in Asymmetric Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Machuca Elizabeth , Granados Giovanna , Hinojosa Bruno , Juaristi Eusebio
Published: February 2016

The (S)‐proline derivative (PRO) is found to be the most efficient catalyst for the asymmetric aldol reaction between cyclohexanone and 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde.
ChemInform Abstract: Strain‐Promoted Reaction of 1,2,4‐Triazines with Bicyclononynes.
Authors: Horner Katherine A. , Valette Nathalie M. , Webb Michael E.
Published: February 2016

The inverse electron‐demand Diels—Alder reaction of triazinylalanine (I) with the strained eight‐membered cycloalkyne (II) is investigated as model reaction for late stage protein‐labelling applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloamidination of Aminoalkenes with Nitriles: Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Imidazolines and Tetrahydropyrimidines.
Authors: Huang Shujian , Shao Yinlin , Zhang Lixin , Zhou Xigeng
Published: February 2016

The first catalytic cycloamidination of aminoalkenes with nitriles is achieved by using an ytterbium complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Ring Expansion of Spirocyclopropanes to Form Caprolactams and Azepanes.
Authors: Rene Olivier , Stepek Iain A. , Gobbi Alberto , Fauber Benjamin P. , Gaines Simon
Published: February 2016

Mechanistic studies reveal a low‐energy palladacyclobutane intermediate that is energetically favored due to the relief of ring strain as a driving force.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Photocatalytic Cyclization of Polyenes: A Visible‐Light‐Mediated Radical Cascade Approach.
Authors: Yang Zhongbo , Li Han , Zhang Long , Zhang Ming‐Tian , Cheng Jin‐Pei , Luo Sanzhong
Published: February 2016

The scalable reaction proceeds with high yields and excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Chlorination and Bromination of Enamides and Enamines via an Electrostatic Attraction Effect Using (1,1‐Diacetoxyiodo)benzene and a Halide Source.
Authors: Xing Linlin , Li Chunbao
Published: February 2016

Chlorination of (E)‐enamines (I) and (III) is achieved with high (Z)‐selectivity using NiCl2 as chlorine source in the presence of PhI(OAc)2.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium and Copper Co‐Catalyzed Markovnikov Hydrothiolation of Terminal Olefins and Alkynes.
Authors: Ma Haojie , Ren Xiaoyu , Zhou Xiaoqiang , Ma Chaowei , He Yongqin , Huang GuoSheng
Published: February 2016

The title reaction allows the synthesis of a wide variety of alkyl and vinyl sulfides.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Promoted Reaction of Trifluoromethylated Allyl Alcohols with Arenes. Stereoselective Synthesis of CF3‐Alkenes and CF3‐Indanes.
Authors: Kazakova Anna N. , Iakovenko Roman O. , Boyarskaya Irina A. , Nenajdenko Valentine G. , Vasilyev Aleksander V.
Published: February 2016

Depending on the nucleophilicity of the arene and the electrophilicity of cationic intermediates, the title reaction leads either to aryl alkenes or indanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Site‐Selective Addition of Maleimide to Indole at the C‐2 Position: Ru(II)‐Catalyzed C—H Activation.
Authors: Lanke Veeranjaneyulu , Bettadapur Kiran R. , Prabhu Kandikere Ramaiah
Published: February 2016

The scope of the title reaction is broadened towards pyrrole (IV) and maleates (VIII) as substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Cellulose‐Supported Chiral Rhodium Nanoparticles as Sustainable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Asymmetric Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions.
Authors: Yasukawa Tomohiro , Miyamura Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Shu
Published: February 2016

Cellulose‐supported chiral rhodium nanoparticles are used as catalysts in the asymmetric 1,4‐addition of arylboronic acids to enones and enoates in the presence of a chiral diene ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Stannylation and Stille Coupling of Base‐Sensitive Tetrahydroxanthones to Heteromeric Biaryls.
Authors: Lindner Stephanie , Nieger Martin , Braese Stefan
Published: February 2016

Stannylations as well as Stille couplings proceed in low to modest yields only.
ChemInform Abstract: Remote para‐C—H Functionalization of Arenes by a D‐Shaped Biphenyl Template‐Based Assembly.
Authors: Maiti Debabrata , et al.
Published: February 2016

The para‐olefination of arenes (I) and (XII) containing a (biaryloxy)silyl directing group leads to (E)‐styrenes (III) and (XIII), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Carboxyl Activation via Silylthioesterification: One‐Pot, Two‐Step Amidation of Carboxylic Acids Catalyzed by Non‐Metal Ammonium Salts.
Authors: Lamar Angus A. , Liebeskind Lanny S.
Published: February 2016

In situ generated o‐silylthionoesters react with amines to afford amides in an operationally simple one‐pot procedure without removal of water.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemo‐ and Regioselective Preparation of Zinc Enolate from Thiol Esters by Palladium Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Haraguchi Ryosuke , Ikeda Zenichi , Ooguri Akihiro , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: February 2016

The reaction of thiol esters with bis(iodozincio)alkanes provides an efficient method to generate zinc enolates.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective Cascade C—C Bond Formation via Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation—Carbocyclization—Carbonylation—Alkynylation of Enallenes.
Authors: Zhu Can , Yang Bin , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: February 2016

22 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Sequence Selective Michael Addition for Synthesis of Indeno‐Pyridine and Indeno‐Pyran Derivatives in One‐Pot Reaction Using CuO Nanoparticles in Water.
Authors: Valekar Navanath J. , Patil Prasad P. , Gore Anil H. , Kolekar Govind B. , Deshmukh Madhukar B. , Anbhule Prashant V.
Published: February 2016

Product formation in this efficient, green, three‐component one‐pot reaction is simply controlled by the sequence of addition.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetranitratoethane.
Authors: Fischer Dennis , Klapoetke Thomas M. , Stierstorfer Joerg
Published: February 2016

Tetranitratoethane (C2H2N4O12), which has an oxygen content of 70.1 % is synthesized by nitration of monomeric glyoxal using N2O5 and purified by sublimation.
ChemInform Abstract: Photo‐Induced Formation of Cyclopropanols from α‐Ketoamides via γ‐C—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Ota Eisuke , Mikame Yu , Hirai Go , Koshino Hiroyuki , Nishiyama Shigeru , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: February 2016

α‐Ketoamides of type (I) and (VI) undergo cyclization under irradiation with blue LED‐light to form cyclopropanols through a diradical precursor generated by H‐atom abstraction by the amide group.
ChemInform Abstract: Domino Michael—Michael and Aldol—Aldol Reactions: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclohexanone Derivatives Containing Quaternary Carbon Center.
Authors: Ghorai Manas K. , Halder Sandipan , Das Subhomoy
Published: February 2016

The title compounds are obtained with excellent diastereoselectivity (<99% d.e.) by K‐base mediated domino Michael/Michael reaction of α‐(aryl/alkyl)methylidene‐β‐ketoesters or ‐β‐diketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Intramolecular [5 + 2] Cycloaddition of 3‐Acyloxy 1,4‐Enyne and Alkene.
Authors: Shu Xing‐zhong , Schienebeck Casi M. , Li Xiaoxun , Zhou Xin , Song Wangze , Chen Lianqing , Guzei Ilia A. , Tang Weiping
Published: February 2016

The alkyne moiety may be terminal or internal and the alkene moiety may be 1‐substituted, 1,2‐disubstituted, but not trisubstituted.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light‐Promoted Chloramination of Olefins with N‐Chlorosulfonamide as Both Nitrogen and Chlorine Sources.
Authors: Qin Qixue , Ren Daan , Yu Shouyun
Published: February 2016

White LED strips are used as light source in the regioselective addition of N‐chloro‐N‐alkylarylsulfonamides to styrenes and terminal alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of 1‐Naphthols via Benzannulation Based on the Reaction of Aryl tert‐Butyl Ynol Ethers with Ynamides or Ynol Ethers.
Authors: Bai Yihui , Yin Jing , Liu Zhicheng , Zhu Gangguo
Published: February 2016

A new version of benzannulation featuring the use of aromatic tert‐butyl ynol ethers (I) as convenient precursors for arylketenes is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Efficient Synthesis of Spiroquinolinones via an Unexpected Rearrangement.
Authors: Zou Bin , Leong Seh Yong , Ding Mei , Smith Paul W.
Published: February 2016

The condensation of chlorooxindolines with benzene‐1,2‐diamines affords unexpected spiroquinolinones via an interesting ring rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Strategy: Stereoselective Synthesis of Novel Polycyclic Cage‐Like Systems and Dispiro Compounds.
Authors: Malathi Karuppiah , Kanchithalaivan Selvaraj , Ranjith Kumar Raju , Almansour Abdulrahman I. , Suresh Kumar Raju , Arumugam Natarajan
Published: February 2016

The reaction of an azomethine ylide, generated in situ from ninhydrine and proline, with tetrahydropyridone derivatives (I) results in the formation of unexpected caged products (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Arylation of Saturated Azacycles and N‐Methylamines via Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed C(sp3)—H Coupling.
Authors: Spangler Jillian E. , Kobayashi Yoshihisa , Verma Pritha , Wang Dong‐Hui , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: February 2016

The (hetero)arylation of pyrrolidine thioamide (I) with boronic acids leads selectively to α‐monosubstituted (hetero)arylpyrrolidines [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt Catalyzed sp3 C—H Amination Utilizing Aryl Azides.
Authors: Villanueva Omar , Weldy Nina Mace , Blakey Simon B. , MacBeth Cora E.
Published: February 2016

A dinuclear Co(II) complex is capable of selective C—H amination to form indolines from aryl azides at low catalyst loading.