bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
London in the Roman World
Authors: Perring Dominic
Published: December 2021

This original study draws on the results of latest discoveries to describe London’s Roman origins. It presents a wealth of new information from one of the world’s most intensively studied archaeological sites, introducing many original ideas concerning London’s economic and political history. The archaeological discoveries are used to build a narrative account that explains how recent investigations in London challenge our understanding of the ancient world. The Roman city was probably converted from a fort built on the north side of London Bridge at the time of the Roman conquest, and is the place where the emperor Claudius arrived en route to claim his victory in AD 43. It was rebuilt as the commanding site for Rome’s rule of Britain. A history of social, architectural, and economic development is reconstructed from precise tree-ring dating, and used to show that investment in the urban infrastructure was provoked by the needs of military campaigns and political strategies. The story also shows how the city suffered violent destruction in resistance to Roman rule, and was brought to the verge of collapse by pandemics and political insecurity in the second and third centuries. These events had a critical bearing on the reforms of late antiquity, from which London emerged as a defended administrative enclave. Always a creature of the centralized Roman administration, and largely dependent on colonial immigration, the city was subsequently deserted when Rome failed to maintain political control. This ground-breaking study brings new information and arguments drawn from urban archaeology to our study of the way in which Rome ruled, and how empire failed.
A supply-base (c. AD 43–52)
Authors: Perring Dominic
Published: December 2021

The archaeology of the first permanent settlement of London is described. New roads were laid out c. AD 48 leading to a site that may have served as a supply-base on the north bank of the Thames. This was set out following a grid-plan around a central area where the forum was later established. Various features illustrate the importance of the managed traffic of military supplies. The topographic, ritual, and political importance of the Thames crossing at London Bridge is stressed, and the evidence of foundation burials and deposits associated with the early layout of the settlement summarized.
Antonine contraction (c. AD 165–80)
Authors: Perring Dominic
Published: December 2021

London appears to have shrunk significantly in the Antonine period, although the evidence remains contested. A major concern has been expressed over whether bioturbation and disturbance has removed the evidence of slightly built timber structures, leaving us with an exaggerated idea of the scale of contraction. This chapter looks to the detail of this evidence, including the formation of a dark-earth horizon that may mark the conversion of abandoned buildings to urban wastelands, to conclude that 57 per cent of sites show evidence of contraction that cannot be accounted for by later disturbance. It is consequently estimated that London’s population may have reduced from over 30,000 to under 20,000. Depopulation was perhaps hastened by an evacuation of the military garrison from the Cripplegate fort, and is reflected in reduced settlement densities in London’s rural hinterland and the cessation of some industrial production. There were no signs of this contraction before c. AD 165, but little evidence of routine urban maintenance in the following decades. Factors that might have contributed to London’s depopulation are considered. One of the most important may have been urban flight and manpower shortages following the epidemic known as the plague of Galens. Anxiety over the effects of this plague is attested by an amulet inscribed with a magical phylactery from the Thames foreshore, and the popularity of a London cult of Apollo the archer. The potential importance of such a pandemic to the changed mentalities of later antiquity is considered.
City of emperors (c. AD 285–350)
Authors: Perring Dominic
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores the archaeological evidence from London for the short-lived ‘British Empire’ of Carausius and his successor Allectus, when the city gained the pretensions of an imperial capital. Allectus commissioned a massive new public building complex along the riverside. This appears to have incorporated two unusually late examples of classical temples, which were perhaps attached to an imperial palace. In addition to summarizing previously published work, the text includes new speculations as to the character and identity of these temples. The suggestion that the boat found at County Hall in 1910 had been built as part of Carausius’ fleet is tentatively revived. The mint established at this time continued in operation after Constantius’s reconquest of Britain and Constantine’s subsequent assumption of power. The archaeological remains of this period are described to show that London remained an important administrative centre, but power was exercised from private houses and compounds. The city was no longer a port of consequence, and several of London’s most important public buildings were made redundant, quarried for buildings materials, and replaced by workshops.
Conceptualising Corruption in Office
Authors: Knights Mark
Published: December 2021

This chapter tracks the evolution of the word and concept of ‘corruption’. Having explored personal, institutional and systemic types of corruption, the next two sections outline key influences on pre-modern ways of thinking about it, highlighting the role of religion and civic humanism or the ‘republican tradition’. These influences put different emphases on personal, institutional, and systemic corruption, even if they shared a common moral purpose. Focus on that moral dimension leads to a discussion about the relationship between corruption and sexual immorality, and between anti-corruption and campaigns for the reformation of manners. The second half of the chapter focuses on the legal framework to show changes in the legal definitions of corruption, which increasingly defined corruption in terms of various forms of monetary forms of crime.
The Politics of Social Cohesion
Authors: Holtug Nils
Published: December 2021

In contemporary liberal democracies, it is difficult to find a policy issue as divisive as immigration. A common worry is that immigration poses a threat to social cohesion, and so to the social unity that underpins cooperation, stable democratic institutions, and a robust welfare state. At the heart of this worry is the suggestion that social cohesion requires a shared identity at the societal level. The Politics of Social Cohesion considers in greater detail the impact of immigration on social cohesion and egalitarian redistribution. First, it critically scrutinizes an influential argument, according to which immigration leads to ethnic diversity, which again tends to undermine trust and solidarity and so the social basis for redistribution. According to this argument, immigration should be severely restricted. Second, it considers the suggestion that, in response to worries about immigration, states should promote a shared identity to foster social cohesion in the citizenry. It is argued that the effects of immigration on social cohesion do not need to compromise social justice and that core principles of liberty and equality not only form the normative basis for just policies of immigration and integration, as a matter of empirical fact, they are also the values that, if shared, are most likely to produce the social cohesion among community members providing the social basis for implementing justice. This argument draws heavily on both normative political philosophy and empirical social science. The normative framework defended is cosmopolitan, liberal egalitarian, and to some extent multicultural.
Exiles as Principled Disobedients
Authors: Vasanthakumar Ashwini
Published: December 2021

This chapter begins an enquiry into political methods, focusing on disruptive protest and principled disobedience, which has featured in the different case studies examined in the book. Standardly, principled disobedience is justified because of its role in enhancing democratic deliberation and justice in the society it disrupts. Exile protest targets wrongdoing in another society that might have no connection to the place in which the protest takes place. I argue that, even though the paradigm case of exile disobedience does not fit the standard case, it can still perform these ameliorative functions in receiving communities and still be justified. And, even when it does not, I argue that exiles’ communities of residence have a duty to accommodate exile protest. Exile politics may also perform a corrective function in exiles’ communities of residence, which also present constraints on how exile politics ought to be carried out.
The Internal History
Authors: Frede Michael
Published: December 2021

This chapter addresses the internal history of philosophy. This is the history of philosophy explained in terms of the philosophical enterprise itself, as it is conceived and pursued at each time; that is, the history of philosophy explained in terms of the actual philosophical considerations that made philosophy evolve the way it did, to the extent that the history can be explained this way. It can be called ‘internal’ because it tries, as far as possible, to explain the course of development in terms of considerations internal to philosophy, as opposed to factors outside philosophy; for instance, social pressures of some kind or another. In contrast to the internal history of philosophy, one may call a history of philosophy ‘external’ if it describes and explains the history of philosophy insofar as it is shaped by social factors outside philosophy. This distinction is not supposed to be exhaustive of all work on the history of philosophy, though it could easily be redefined to be exhaustive by just subsuming everything that does not belong to the internal history (e.g. psychological or biological studies) under the heading of ‘external history’.
Global Trends for Accessible Technologies in the Developing World
Authors: Luis Gallegos H. E. , Gould Martin , Leblois Axel
Published: December 2021

In June 2020, the Global Initiative for Inclusive Information and Communication Technologies (G3ict) announced the release of the Digital Accessibility Rights Evaluation (DARE) Index. Conducted in collaboration with Disabled Peoples’ International (DPI), national organizations of persons with disabilities, and local advocates, the survey covers 137 countries in eight regions around the world and was made possible by the original research work and reports received from more than 137 expert members of its International Research Panel.
The Role of Ugandan Public Universities in Promoting Accessible Information and Communications Technology
Authors: Ojok Patrick
Published: December 2021

Information and communications technology is indispensable for many aspects of life. Information and communications technology design, however, often overlooks the needs of users with disabilities. And even when accessible apps are available for purchase, they can be unaffordable for individuals and institutions in developing countries. Information and communications technology (ICT) is a legislative priority in Uganda, but little is known about the availability and use of accessible ICT services by persons with disabilities in its public universities. Hence, this cross-sectional survey explored the use of accessible ICT by 32 teaching and non-teaching staff in four public Ugandan universities. Positively, findings revealed that most of the staff were aware of national ICT laws and policies. Yet the provision of accessible ICT services remains low, with the most available accessible ICT services being the establishment of separate ICT laboratories; library environments; e-learning platforms; and payment systems. The major barriers to accessible ICT services in the universities were insufficient provision of computers; outdated computers; not enough internet-connected computers; dearth of technical support; meager ICT skills; and meager space. The findings reveal a clear need for collaboration on ICT infrastructure to ensure availability, accessibility, and affordability of ICT for persons with disabilities in higher-education institutions in Uganda.
Accessible Mobile Banking in India
Authors: Kushalnagar Raja
Published: December 2021

Banking services have been far more limited in Global South countries than in Global North countries due to resource-constrained infrastructure and inadequate investment and economic incentives in banking infrastructure and banking services. In Global South countries, people with disabilities are often “unbanked” and largely absent from national society. For Global South countries like India with resource-constrained infrastructure, the authors argue that mobile banking accessibility is best addressed through a combination of national accessibility laws and sector-specific regulations that include technology-neutral legal mandates that easily leverage the increase of accessibility in new information and communications technologies, such as speech-to-text or text-to-speech functionality. Regulatory agencies such as the Reserve Bank of India have been more responsive to local best practices and customer desires through prompt incorporation of national accessibility laws into sector-specific regulations. This chapter argues that regulatory agencies can further improve their regulations through mandates for accurate customer- and accessibility-focused metrics so that banks under their jurisdiction can measure and identify accessibility gaps that can be rapidly addressed to improve services for customers with disabilities.
Introduction: Martin Wight and the Political Philosophy of International Relations by David S. Yost
Authors: Yost David S.
Published: December 2021

This volume of Wight’s collected works brings together various writings concerning the political philosophy of international relations. Wight identified three traditions of thinking about international politics since the sixteenth century—Realism, Rationalism, and Revolutionism, which have become well known thanks to his 1991 posthumous volume, International Theory: The Three Traditions. The current volume includes several works on the same ‘international theory’ theme, some previously published and some never-before-published, with ‘Is There a Philosophy of Statesmanship?’ in the latter category. This volume also includes three essays by Wight on the causes and functions of war in international politics. Wight prepared several papers on legitimacy in domestic and international politics, and this volume features five never-before-published papers on this theme. Wight qualified his orderly analyses of traditions of political philosophy, the causes and functions of war, and principles of domestic and international legitimacy by drawing attention to unpredictable ‘wild card’ factors such as fortune and irony in his paper in this collection entitled ‘Fortune’s Banter’. Unintended, unexpected, and ironical consequences abound in international politics, despite efforts to master the dynamics of history. In view of the many factors behind events, including economic and demographic developments, Wight expressed qualifications about the role of ideas. He nonetheless concluded that ‘in historical retrospect, the philosophies of statesmen do seem observably to colour their policies’.
How Confident Should the Religious Believer Be in the Face of Religious Pluralism?
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: December 2021

Chapter 3 explores the prospects for resisting the sorts of arguments in which religious diversity or disagreement seem to support skepticism regarding justified (or rational) religious belief. Those religious believers who would resist can (i) argue that the principles that convict the faithful of irrationality overreach, and would establish a more widespread skepticism about rational belief; (ii) downgrade their disagreeing interlocutor(s); (iii) appeal to epistemic permissivism; or (iv) argue that the believer is no worse off, epistemically speaking, than the atheist or agnostic non-believer. After presenting what the present author regards as the best version of the argument from diversity or disagreement, the chapter argues that any believer who hopes for truth will not get much solace from any of these responses.
Rationalist Resistance to Disagreement-Motivated Religious Skepticism
Authors: Pittard John
Published: December 2021

Many epistemologists argue that responses to disagreement should exhibit a certain kind of epistemic impartiality. “Strong conciliationists” claim that we ought to give equal weight to the views of those who, judged from a dispute-neutral perspective, appear to be our “epistemic peers” with respect to some disputed matter. Using a Bayesian framework, Chapter 8 considers whether there is a plausible epistemic impartiality principle that would require us to give up confident religious (or irreligious) belief in favor of religious skepticism. It is argued that the strong conciliationist’s epistemic impartiality is untenable, at least in contexts like the religious domain where the primary questions under dispute cannot be cleanly separated from questions about what qualifications are needed to reliably assess those primary questions. The chapter recommends instead a rationalist view on which rational insight can sustain justified confidence even when impartial grounds are lacking. It closes by defending the “religious acceptability” of this rationalist epistemology.
Democracy of the Dead? The Relevance of Majority Opinion in Theology
Authors: Choi Isaac
Published: December 2021

Chapter 11 explores whether the majority opinion in Christian theology should be deferred to, or strongly preferred, whether it be the majority opinion over the history of the church (as in G. K. Chesterton’s “democracy of the dead”) or the majority opinion of contemporary theologians. It is argued that because of the vast differences in accessible evidence between past and present-day theologians, diachronic majority opinion is not a good indicator of where the truth lies. In the synchronic case, ignorance of minority arguments, biases, selection effects, and the difficulty to deciding who gets to vote present many opportunities for majorities to be wrong. Finally, it is considered whether the internal testimony of the Holy Spirit could rescue the democracy of the dead, but the conclusion is reached that given the gentle way God corrects us, diachronic majority opinion, apart from belief in a very basic set of truths, is not epistemically bolstered by the Spirit.
Climate, Cultivation, and Household Income
Authors: Toulmin Camilla
Published: December 2021

Maps, figures, and tables present data on rainfall trends and distribution in this Sahelian setting, demonstrating the high level of variability within and between years. The pattern of soils, vegetation and water are described and how these provide the basis for the economy of village and household. Land use, crop choice, and livestock ownership are discussed alongside ownership of other productive assets, such as wells, plough-teams, and donkey-carts. Overall production of the main crop, millet, is described and its allocation to a range of purposes, with a picture of how many days of grain are available from the harvest for different households. Household income and expenditure are shown, the principal sources of income, and cash expenditure by category of purpose, such as purchase of livestock, marriage costs and payment of taxes. It is shown that size of income is partly a function of household size, but also the result of special circumstances, such as whether a marriage is in preparation, or a new ox needs to be bought.
Corporate Capacity
Authors: Micheler Eva
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines the ultra vires doctrine, under which the capacity of companies used to be limited by the objects stated in their memorandum. This doctrine could be justified through a concession style argument as well as through contractual analysis. The doctrine, however, proved unsuitable for the operation of commercial organizations. These organizations need flexibility, and the law adapted to the requirements of organizational action and now mandates that all non-charitable companies have unlimited capacity. The chapter then analyses the recent recommendation for companies to set themselves a purpose discouraging them form making the generation of financial return their primary objective. It argues that the programmatic statement of a corporate purpose is likely to bring about only cosmetic changes. If there is a desire for wider aims to be integrated into corporate decisions these would have to be institutionalized. This can be achieved, for example, by identifying a board member to represent these interests on the board.
Poet of the Medieval Modern
Authors: Brooks Francesca
Published: December 2021

The early Middle Ages provided twentieth-century poets with the material to reimagine and rework local, religious, and national identities in their writing. Poet of the Medieval Modern focuses on a key figure within this tradition, the Anglo-Welsh poet and artist David Jones (1895–1974), and represents the first extended study of the influence of early medieval culture and history from England on Jones and his novel-length late modernist poem The Anathemata (1952). The Anathemata, the second major poetic project after In Parenthesis (1937), fuses Jones’s visual and verbal arts to write a Catholic history of Britain as told through the history of man-as-artist. Drawing on unpublished archival material including manuscripts, sketches, correspondence, and, most significantly, the marginalia from David Jones’s Library, Poet of the Medieval Modern reads with Jones in order to trouble the distinction we make between poetry and scholarship. Placing this underappreciated figure firmly at the centre of new developments in modernist and medieval studies, Poet of the Medieval Modern brings the two fields into dialogue and argues that Jones uses the textual and material culture of the early Middle Ages—including Old English prose and poetry, Anglo-Latin hagiography, early medieval stone sculpture, manuscripts, and historiography—to re-envision British Catholic identity in the twentieth-century long poem. In The Anathemata Jones returned to the English record to seek out those moments where the histories of the Welsh had been elided or erased. At a time when the Middle Ages are increasingly weaponized in far-right and nationalist political discourse, the book offers a timely discussion of how the early medieval past has been resourced to both shore up and challenge English hegemonies across modern British culture.
Spirited Motivation and the Two Faces of Thumos
Authors: Wilburn Josh
Published: December 2021

Chapter 2 provides a survey of the motivations that Plato considers “spirited” by the lights of tripartite theory. It defends a novel interpretation according to which spirit has a two-sided nature, the most primitive expressions of which appear in Socrates’ analogy between guardians and noble dogs at Republic 375a–376c: aggression toward what is “unfamiliar” or “foreign” (allotrion) on the one hand, and gentleness toward what is “familiar” or “one’s own” (oikeion) on the other. On this view, spirit is the source not only of aggressive and competitive motivations like anger and the desire for honor, for which it is already well-known, but also of friendship and affection for others.
Oikeion and Allotrion in the City and Soul
Authors: Wilburn Josh
Published: December 2021

Chapter 7 examines the psychology of the virtue that moral education is designed to produce, as well as the psychology of civic unity that Socrates’ social, political, and economic policies for the Kallipolis are designed to foster. The main thesis is that at both the intrapsychic and the interpersonal levels, Plato’s proposals are designed to exploit the two primitive faces of spirited motivation: its aggression toward the allotrion, and its fondness, protectiveness, and friendship toward the oikeion. His educational program produces psychic harmony in large part by making correct reason “familiar” to spirit and vicious appetites “foreign” to it, and his policies on family and private property promote political harmony by instilling emotional bonds of familiarity and friendship among citizens.
From Flexible Balancing Tool to Quasi-Constitutional Straitjacket—How the EU Cultivates the Constraining Function of the Three-Step Test
Authors: Senftleben Martin
Published: December 2021

This chapter focuses on one of the most important hedges protecting strong intellectual property rights: the three-step test. This test forms part of the TRIPS Agreement and other international treaties, as well as EU law. It regulates the room for the adoption of limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights across different fields of IP. As a flexible compromise formula, the provision plays a crucial role at the intersection between IP protection and areas of freedom that serve competing economic, social, and cultural interests. The chapter then outlines the potential enabling and constraining functions of the three-step test in international and supranational copyright law and explores the way in which a potentially flexible international balancing tool has been converted into a powerful IP hedge. In particular, it looks at the embedding of the constraining function in EU law and the Marrakesh Treaty.
Dying to Act
Authors: Brown Pamela Allen
Published: December 2021

Shakespeareans stereotype the comici as bawdy masked clowns, not knowing that leading Italian companies played prestigious tragedy as well as comedy and pastoral. The unmasked actress capable of stirring pathos and desire enabled them to change their repertory and their fortunes. Most Italian tragedies had female heroines, but they were long and static, so the diva set about cutting and adapting them; they also borrowed tragic stories from romance epics and the novella. They produced showpieces full of extreme passions, plangent laments, and violent words and deeds. This new style reached England and altered tragic playwriting in works by Marlowe, Marston, Webster, and others. Two groundbreaking roles—Bel-imperia in Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy and Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, worlds apart in most ways—share the profile of the audacious, strong-willed, eloquent, and artful innamorata whose spectacular life and death reflect the unusual autonomy and theatrical brilliance of the tragic diva.
Who’s It? Acting the Actress in Shakespearean Comedy
Authors: Brown Pamela Allen
Published: December 2021

Comedy was the mainstay of the Shakespearean stage, which constantly adapted roles, methods, and plot elements from the Italians, who performed and disseminated both scripted and improvised plays. Using Italian sources about the playing and materials of star actresses, this chapter tracks their imprint in the roles of Bianca in The Taming of the Shrew, Julia in The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Beatrice in Much Ado about Nothing, Viola in Twelfth Night, and Helena in All’s Well that Ends Well. Each bears a distinctive comic profile with un-English female traits—such as improvisatory wit, Latin learning, violent passions, delight in acting, and showy poeticism—in ways that stress alien theatricality, agency, and glamour. Some aspects satirize racialized traits, for example Catholic deviousness, Sicilian violence, and Italianate “sexual strangeness.”
Dark Ambition: The Two Faces of Portia
Authors: Brown Pamela Allen
Published: December 2021

Portia in The Merchant of Venice has all the hallmarks of a great diva, such as Isabella Andreini or Vincenza Armani. She is famous beyond Italy, prodigiously intellectual, versatile, and brilliantly clever at devising plots that show off her acting skills, especially cross-gender disguise. Portia banters, plots, and travels with the confidence of a seasoned professional, while suitors and observers extol her golden virtues in paeans like those lavished on star actresses. Yet the diva of Belmont is too good to be true and too theatrical to be good; audiences might well interpret her artful cunning, sophistication, and duplicity as “dark” Italian qualities. In fact, Portia’s zest for acting, wifely insubordination, casual racism, and notable lack of mercy tend to unsettle her mask of moral perfection, as she relishes her diva-like domination of Morocco, Shylock, Bassanio, and Antonio.
Hospitable Friendship
Authors: Kumojima Tomoe
Published: December 2021

Chapter 1 sets up the theoretical questions of female friendship across race, nationality, and gender. It establishes exclusivism in the philosophical discourses of friendship and hospitality and their political and ethical implications demonstrated by Jacques Derrida. It then discusses the practical challenges the three Victorian women travellers to Meiji Japan—Isabella Bird, Mary Crawford Fraser, and Marie Stopes—pose to the male homosocial model of friendship with their praxis of friendship and hospitality through their writing. It highlights the aporias of male philosophical theorizations and addresses them with female literary representations of real-life instances of cultural exchange and congress in a non-Western context. Drawing on feminist theorizations of open subjectivity and affective relationality, it presents alternative models and paradigms of friendship, which the book terms hospitable friendship, and argues for particular political affordances of literature for cross-racial female solidarity.
A Traveller Who Laughs
Authors: Kumojima Tomoe
Published: December 2021

Chapter 2 discusses Unbeaten Tracks in Japan (1880) by Isabella Bird, focusing on textual manifestations of intimacy between Bird and Japanese people, particularly her interpreter-guide Ito. Drawing on theoretical discussions in feminist anthropology and affect theory, it reveals the complexity of the politics between the traveller and hosts as well as Bird’s fluid identity and exceptional openness towards the alterity of Japanese culture. It also carries out a textual analysis of Itō no koi (Itō’s Romance) (2005), a retelling of Bird’s journey from Ito’s perspective by the twenty-first-century Japanese writer Nakajima Kyōko. It argues that Nakajima’s rewriting accords Bird and her contemporary Japanese women literary afterlife through their intergenerational female friendship. It also presents a thorough critique of the traditional androcentric paradigm of survival and friendship. It thus indicates the exciting possibility of travel writing in the field of world literature.
Membership Eligibility in a Europe of Parliamentary Democracies, 1962–1969
Authors: Thomas Daniel C.
Published: December 2021

This chapter uses extensive archival evidence to demonstrate how the membership norm adopted by the community in early 1962—that only parliamentary democracies are eligible for membership—shaped European Economic Community decisions on Spain, Turkey, and Greece in the 1960s. Despite its prior openness to Madrid, the EEC rejected Spain’s quest for association in 1962 after trade union activists and members of the European parliament highlighted the gap between the new norm and the repressiveness of the Spanish regime. Despite deep concerns about the under-developed state of the Turkish economy, the EEC approved an association agreement in 1963 that recognized Turkey’s membership eligibility after the country re-established its democratic institutions. And despite the advanced state of the association agreement with Greece, the EEC froze further developments following that country’s military coup in 1967 and linked further progress to a restoration of democracy in Athens.
Membership Eligibility in a Divided Europe, 2006—2020
Authors: Thomas Daniel C.
Published: December 2021

This chapter uses extensive evidence from press reports to demonstrate how the breakdown of the community membership norm in late 2005 and the EU’s failure to re-converge on a new norm in later years enabled member states to engage in hard bargaining in pursuit of their enlargement preferences, all in stark contrast to the pattern in prior decades. In the Turkish case, hard bargaining among the member states has produced policy deadlock, as member states favourable to Turkish accession or unwilling for other reasons to antagonize Ankara keep the country’s candidacy alive while sceptical member states blocked progress towards accession. Meanwhile, the collapse of the EU’s liberal democracy norm and the rise of hard bargaining among member states made it impossible for Ukraine to be recognized as eligible for eventual membership despite domestic developments that would almost certainly have sufficed in earlier decades.
Rethinking Europe, Rethinking Regions
Authors: Thomas Daniel C.
Published: December 2021

The question of the limits of Europe as a political community has been one of the most persistent questions in European debates. This question cannot be answered with simple references to Europe’s physical geography, its cultural values and practices, the formal rules of the European Union, nor the commercial or security interests of its member states. This chapter offers concluding observations on the book’s findings and their implications. It first summarizes the book’s quantitative and qualitative findings regarding the evolution of EU membership norms since the late 1950s and their contribution to EU decision-making on the enlargement of the community during this period. It then considers the study’s general lessons for our understanding of regions and regional integration. And finally, it combines normative critique and historically-informed speculation in a discussion of salient issues in the future of European governance.
Antagonistic modules regulate photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes via GOLDEN2-LIKE transcription factors
Authors: Li Mengping , Lee Keun Pyo , Liu Tong , Dogra Vivek , Duan Jianli , Li Mengshuang , Xing Weiman , Kim Chanhong
Published: December 2021

GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors drive the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) indispensable for chloroplast biogenesis. Salicylic acid (SA)-induced SIGMA FACTOR-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (SIB1), a transcription coregulator and positive regulator of cell death, interacts with GLK1 and GLK2 to reinforce the expression of PhANGs, leading to photoinhibition of photosystem II and singlet oxygen (1O2) burst in chloroplasts. 1O2 then contributes to SA-induced cell death via EXECUTER 1 (EX1; 1O2 sensor protein)-mediated retrograde signaling upon reaching a critical level. This earlier finding has initiated research on the potential role of GLK1/2 and EX1 in SA signaling. Consistent with this view, we reveal that LESION-SIMULATING DISEASE 1 (LSD1), a transcription coregulator and negative regulator of SA-primed cell death, interacts with GLK1/2 to repress their activities in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Overexpression of LSD1 repressed GLK target genes, including PhANGs, whereas loss of LSD1 enhanced their expression. Remarkably, LSD1 overexpression inhibited chloroplast biogenesis, resembling the characteristic glk1glk2 double mutant phenotype. Subsequent chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with expression analyses further revealed that LSD1 inhibits the DNA-binding activity of GLK1 toward its target promoters. SA-induced nuclear-targeted SIB1 proteins appeared to interrupt the LSD1–GLK interaction, and the subsequent SIB1–GLK interaction activated EX1-mediated 1O2 signaling, elucidating antagonistic modules SIB1 and LSD1 in the regulation of GLK activity. Taken together, we provide a working model that SIB1 and LSD1, mutually exclusive SA-signaling components, antagonistically regulate GLK1/2 to fine-tune the expression of PhANGs, thereby modulating 1O2 homeostasis and related stress responses.
Use of Behavior Change Techniques Alongside Exercise in the Management of Rotator Cuff–Related Shoulder Pain: A Scoping Review
Authors: Bourke Jaryd , Skouteris Helen , Hatzikiriakidis Kostas , Fahey David , Malliaras Peter
Published: December 2021

Objectives

The aims of this scoping review were to: (1) determine the frequency and types of behavior change techniques (BCTs) and education utilized in trials investigating exercise interventions for rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP); (2) subcategorize the BCTs and education found in the trials to summarize all behavior change approaches reported by trials; and (3) compare the frequency, types, and subcategories of BCTs and education utilized in the clinical guidelines for managing RCRSP between the trials.

Methods

Data sources included Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, Google Scholar and PubMed, which were searched from inception to June 2020. Trials assessing exercise interventions for RCRSP were included. Three authors independently determined eligibility and extracted data. The frequency and types of BCTs and education in the trials and clinical practice guidelines were reported and compared descriptively. Two authors assessed the content of the BCTs to develop subcategories.

Results

Most trials reported including at least 1 type of BCT (89.2%), which was most commonly feedback and monitoring (78.5%). There were many different approaches to the BCTs and education; for example, feedback and monitoring was subcategorized into supervised exercise, exercise monitoring, and feedback through external aids, such as mirrors. Clinical guidelines recommend supervision, goal setting, activity modification, pain management recommendations, information about the condition, and exercise education.

Conclusion

Although over two-thirds of trials reported including a BCT alongside exercise interventions for RCRSP, the breadth of these interventions is limited (supervision is the only common one). Future trialists should consider using any type of BCT that may improve exercise adherence and outcomes.

Impact

The findings of this review have: (1) identified gaps in the literature; and (2) contributed to the design of future exercise interventions for RCRSP.
Mobility Levels With Physical Rehabilitation Delivered During and After Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Marker of Illness Severity or an Indication of Recovery?
Authors: Mayer Kirby P , Pastva Amy M , Du Gaixin , Hatchett Sarah P , Chang Mingguang , Henning Angela N , Maher Baz , Morris Peter E , Zwischenberger Joseph B
Published: December 2021

Objective

The aims of this study were to determine whether physical rehabilitation intervention for individuals who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is associated with clinical outcomes and to assess whether the patient mobility response over initial rehabilitation sessions early in the intensive care unit (ICU) course predicts or is associated with survival, lengths of stay, discharge disposition, and 30-day readmissions.

Methods

This study was a 10-year retrospective practice analysis of adults who were critically ill and required ECMO for >72 hours in the cardiothoracic ICU at an academic medical center. Physical rehabilitation implemented during or following the initiation of ECMO was quantified on the basis of timing, frequency, and change in mobility level in response to the intervention over the first 4 consecutive sessions. The primary dependent outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included 30-day readmission and discharge disposition ranked on an ordinal scale.

Results

Three hundred fifteen individuals (mean age = 50 years [SD = 15 years]; 63% men; mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score = 11.6 [SD = 3.3]) met the inclusion criteria. Two hundred eighteen individuals (69%) received at least 1 physical rehabilitation session while requiring ECMO, 70 (22%) received rehabilitation after ECMO was discontinued, and 27 (9%) never received rehabilitation. Individuals discharged alive achieved higher mobility levels and had a steeper, more positive rate of change in mobility over the first 4 sessions than individuals who died in the hospital (2.8 vs 0.38; degrees of freedom = 199, t = 8.24). Those who received rehabilitation and achieved the milestones of sitting on the edge of the bed and walking for >45 m were more likely to survive (47% vs 13%; χ2 = 156) than those who did not (26% vs 3.5%; χ2 = 80).

Conclusion

A positive rate of change in mobility and the ability to achieve mobility milestones with rehabilitation were associated with improved clinical outcomes.

Impact

An individual’s mobility response to physical rehabilitation early in the ICU course is an important indicator of illness and should be used with clinical presentation to guide clinical decision-making and predict outcomes.
Optimal Auctions: Non-expected Utility and Constant Risk Aversion
Authors: Gershkov Alex , Moldovanu Benny , Strack Philipp , Zhang Mengxi
Published: December 2021

We study auction design for bidders equipped with non-expected utility preferences that exhibit constant risk aversion (CRA). The CRA class is large and includes loss-averse, disappointment-averse, mean-dispersion, and Yaari’s dual preferences as well as coherent and convex risk measures. Any preference in this class displays first-order risk aversion, contrasting the standard expected utility case which displays second-order risk aversion. The optimal mechanism offers “ full-insurance” in the sense that each agent’s utility is independent of other agents’ reports. The seller excludes less types than under risk neutrality and awards the object randomly to intermediate types. Subjecting intermediate types to a risky allocation while compensating them when losing allows the seller to collect larger payments from higher types. Relatively high types are willing to pay more, and their allocation is efficient.
Morphology-Based Identification of Bemisia tabaci Cryptic Species Puparia via Embedded Group-Contrast Convolution Neural Network Analysis
Authors: MacLeod Norman , Canty Roy J , Polaszek Andrew
Published: December 2021

The Bemisia tabaci species complex is a group of tropical–subtropical hemipterans, some species of which have achieved global distribution over the past 150 years. Several species are regarded currently as among the world’s most pernicious agricultural pests, causing a variety of damage types via direct feeding and plant-disease transmission. Long considered a single variable species, genetic, molecular and reproductive compatibility analyses have revealed that this “species” is actually a complex of between 24 and 48 morphologically cryptic species. However, determinations of which populations represent distinct species have been hampered by a failure to integrate genetic/molecular and morphological species–diagnoses. This, in turn, has limited the success of outbreak-control and eradication programs. Previous morphological investigations, based on traditional and geometric morphometric procedures, have had limited success in identifying genetic/molecular species from patterns of morphological variation in puparia. As an alternative, our investigation focused on exploring the use of a deep-learning convolution neural network (CNN) trained on puparial images and based on an embedded, group-contrast training protocol as a means of searching for consistent differences in puparial morphology. Fifteen molecular species were selected for analysis, all of which had been identified via DNA barcoding and confirmed using more extensive molecular characterizations and crossing experiments. Results demonstrate that all 15 species can be discriminated successfully based on differences in puparium morphology alone. This level of discrimination was achieved for laboratory populations reared on both hairy-leaved and glabrous-leaved host plants. Moreover, cross-tabulation tests confirmed the generality and stability of the CNN discriminant system trained on both ecophenotypic variants. The ability to identify B. tabaci species quickly and accurately from puparial images has the potential to address many long-standing problems in B. tabaci taxonomy and systematics as well as playing a vital role in ongoing pest-management efforts. [Aleyrodidae; entomology; Hemiptera; machine learning; morphometrics; pest control; systematics; taxonomy; whiteflies.]
Age, Experience, and Business Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Work Unit-Level Effects
Authors: Guzzo Richard A , Nalbantian Haig R , Anderson Nicholas L
Published: December 2021

Adopting an interdisciplinary perspective, this article reports new evidence on the impact of age and experience on work unit performance. Two types of experience that increase with age are “general” and “firm-specific.” The focus here is on the influence of general human capital (which increases with time spent in the workforce) and firm-specific human capital (which increases with tenure with the current employer) on work unit performance. Although age–performance relationships have been investigated extensively in two research literatures, psychology and economics, neither addresses such relationships at the unit-within-organization level of analysis, concentrating instead on age–performance relationships at individual, organizational, or national levels. Using a unique data set comprised of large-sample, long-duration, multivariate studies of unit performance within firms this meta-analysis synthesizes partial effect sizes for the effects of age and tenure. A key finding is that tenure positively affects unit performance whereas age has no effect. Work unit leaders’ tenure but not age was found to positively affect unit performance. The lack of evidence of an age–performance relationship is consistent with psychological research at the individual level but contravenes economics research literature which, at all levels of analysis, generally reports negative relationships between age and performance. Neither the heterogeneity of tenure nor age was related to performance nor was there evidence of nonlinearities in relationships. Practical implications of the findings are discussed regarding ageism and employers’ use of gig or contract workers. Implications for future research and theory focus on interdisciplinary theory development and the scientific contribution of organizationally based research.