bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
160 Injectable Vitamin C Prior to Transit and Transit Duration Effects on Feedlot Performance, Inflammation, and Muscle Fatigue of Beef Steers
Authors: Beenken Aubree M , Deters Erin L , Hansen Stephanie L
Published: May 2021

This study examined the effects of injectable vitamin C (VC) before transport and duration of transit on feedlot performance, inflammation, and muscle fatigue in cattle. One hundred thirty-one, Angus-cross steers (409 ± 4 kg) were stratified by bodyweight (BW) to a 2 × 2 factorial of intramuscular injection (INJ; 20 mL/steer): VC (250 mg sodium ascorbate/mL) or saline (SAL) and road transit duration (DUR): 18 (18; 1,770 km) or 8 h (8; 727 km). On d 0, steers were weighed and received INJ of SAL or VC immediately before transport. Upon return (d 1), BW and blood were collected before steers returned to pens with GrowSafe bunks. Steers were weighed on d 0, 1, 7, 15, 30, 31, 54, and 55. Data were analyzed via ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; 32–34 steers/treatment) with fixed effects of INJ, DUR, and the interaction. Blood was collected on d -5, 1, 2, and 3 (9 steers/treatment); blood parameters were analyzed as repeated measures. Average daily gain (ADG) and BW were greater on d 7 and 15 for SAL-18 compared to all other treatments (INJ × DUR, P < 0.01). Final BW, overall ADG, and gain:feed were greater for 18 than 8 (P < 0.01). Injection did not affect BW (P > 0.13) but VC decreased overall dry matter intake compared to SAL (P = 0.03). Steers transported for 18 h had greater serum lactate, haptoglobin, and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations on d 1 compared to steers transported for 8 h (DUR × DAY, P < 0.01). Day 1 plasma ascorbate concentrations were greater for VC and returned to baseline concentrations by d 2 (INJ × DAY, P < 0.01). In contrast to previous work, VC did not improve post-transit performance; however, longer transit duration increased indicators of muscle fatigue and inflammation.
162 Increasing Concentrations of Supplemental Zinc Influence Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Trace Mineral Status of Non-implanted and Implanted Steers
Authors: Messersmith Elizabeth M , Hansen Stephanie L
Published: May 2021

One hundred twenty-eight Angus-cross steers (492 ± 29 kg) were utilized in a 2 × 4 factorial to determine the effects of dietary Zn within implant strategy on performance, carcass characteristics, and Zn status. Factors included Zn supplemented at 0, 30, 100, or 150 mg/kg dry matter ([DM]; Zn0, Zn30, Zn100, Zn150, respectively) from ZnSO4 and implant administered on d 0 as no implant (NoIMP) or Component TE-200 (TE-200; Elanco, Greenfield, IN). Cattle were stratified by bodyweight (BW) to GrowSafe equipped pens of 5 or 6 steers and assigned to pen-wide treatments (experimental unit of steer; n = 16/treatment). Steers were weighed on d -1, 0, 18, and 59 with blood collected on -1, 18, and 40. Via Proc Mixed of SAS, linear and quadratic effects of Zn within implant treatments and assessment of NoIMP vs. TE-200 were tested for performance, carcass characteristics, and plasma data, with initial value covariates. Plasma Zn concentrations on d 18 and 40 linearly increased within NoIMP and TE-200 (P ≤ 0.03) and were lesser for TE-200 than NoIMP on d 18 (P = 0.001). Zinc linearly increased (P ≤ 0.002) d 18 BW and d 0–18 average daily gain (ADG). Within TE-200, Zn increased dressing percentage (P = 0.01) and tended to increase hot carcass weight (P = 0.09) linearly. Carcass-adjusted final BW and overall ADG tended to increase (P = 0.10) linearly within TE-200, with no Zn effects within NoIMP (P ≥ 0.18). Implanting increased carcass-adjusted final BW 13 kg over NoIMP (P < 0.0001). Overall feed efficiency quadratically increased within NoIMP (P = 0.01) peaking at Zn100 with no observed Zn effects within NoIMP or TE-200 for overall DM intake (P ≥ 0.15). These data suggest implant-induced growth in steers may require dietary Zn above current national recommendations.
158 Effect of Mootral™ and Forage Amount on Methane Emissions, Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Steers
Authors: Bitsie Bryce , Osorio Andrea M , Henry Darren D , Silva Breno , Godoi Leticia , Supapong Chanadol , Brand Tassilo , Schoonmaker Jon P
Published: May 2021

One hundred and forty-four Angus x Simmental steers were allotted by body weight (BW; 363 kg, breed composition, and farm origin to a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of 6 treatments (4 pens per treatment) to determine the effect of Mootral (garlic + citrus extract; 0.25% of the diet DM vs. 0.0%) on methane emissions, growth and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. During the first 84 days, cattle were fed three different diets (forage content of 15, 41.5, or 68% corn silage). From day 85 to slaughter, corn silage was included at only 15% of the diet DM. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was an interaction (P = 0.03) between forage content and Mootral for DMI from d 0 to 84, where Mootral decreased DMI of steers fed 15% corn silage, but did not affect DMI of steers fed 41.5 or 68% corn silage. There were no effects (P ≥ 0.22) of forage content or Mootral on BW or average daily gain at any time, or on DMI from d 84 to slaughter and overall. Gain-feed ratio from d 0 to 84 and overall was greater (P = 0.04) for steers fed 68% compared to 15 or 41.5% corn silage. On d 41, steers fed 41.5 and 68% corn silage had increased (P ≤ 0.02) methane emissions compared to steers fed 15% corn silage. There tended to be an interaction (P ≤ 0.09) between forage content and Mootral for methane emissions (g/d) on d 41 and 203, where steers fed Mootral showed lesser methane emissions with 15% corn silage, but not with the 41.5 and 68% corn silage diets. Steers fed Mootral showed lesser (P ≤ 0.03) methane emissions on d 203. Mootral tended to decrease (P < 0.10) fat thickness and yield grade. In conclusion, Mootral decreased methane production in 15% corn silage diets and improved carcass leanness.
250 Effects of Bunk Management and Bulk Density of Steam-flaked Corn on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Liver Score of Finishing Beef Cattle Fed Diets Without Tylosin Phosphate
Authors: Smock Taylor M , Woerner Dale , Hales Kristin E
Published: May 2021

One hundred ninety-two beef steers (BW = 332 ± 8.2 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of differing bunk management and bulk density of steam-flaked corn (SFC) in a randomized complete block design. A factorial arrangement of treatments was used with: 1) slick bunk management (SBM) + 335 g/L SFC; 2) modified ad libitum bunk management (MAL) + 335 g/L SFC; 3) SBM + 425 g/L SFC; 4) MAL+ 425 g/L SFC. Steers were randomly assigned to treatment within BW block, with 12 pen replications per treatment. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with fixed effects of bunk management, SFC bulk density, and their interaction. Block was included as a random effect. Bunk management strategy did not affect growth performance, carcass characteristics, or liver abscess score (P > 0.10). The average daily gain (ADG) of steers fed 425 g/L SFC was greater (P = 0.05) from days 35 to 105 than those fed 335 g/L SFC; however, overall ADG did not differ (P = 0.36). The DMI of steers fed 425 g/L SFC was greater (P ≤ 0.05) than those fed 335 g/L SFC. Gain-to-feed of steers fed 425 g/L SFC tended (P = 0.10) to be lesser from days 0 to 35 but did not differ overall (P ≥ 0.12). Steers fed 425 g/L SFC tended to have greater backfat and calculated empty body fat (P ≤ 0.07) than those fed 335 g/L SFC and had a greater calculated yield grade (P = 0.05). Steers fed 425 g/L SFC had 43.51% fewer (P = 0.04) liver abscesses. Bunk management strategy did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics; whereas, SFC processed to 425 g/L increased DMI, fat thickness, and yield grade while resulting in a decreased proportion of liver abscesses.
279 Evaluation of Green Grass Inclusion on Digestibility and Fatty Acid Flow in Finishing Diets of Beef Cattle
Authors: Wiseman Aksel , Spore Tyler , Norman Mitch , Wilson Hannah , MacDonald James C , Watson Andrea K , Erickson Galen E
Published: May 2021

Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers were utilized in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square experiment to determine duodenal fatty acid (FA) flow. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of Green Grass (GG, Sunseo Omega 3; Chungcheong Duk-Do, South Korea), a feed comprised of sesame meal, giant kelp, cassava, and sorghum, at 0, 15, and 30% of diet DM. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment and period as fixed effects and animal as a random effect. There were no differences in DMI, organic matter (OM) intake, total tract DM or OM digestibility (P ≥ 0.16). Intake of NDF and ADF increased linearly (P < 0.01) from 0 to 30% GG inclusion. Total tract digestibility of NDF was the poorest (P ≤ 0.02) for GG0 with no differences between GG30 and GG15 (P = 0.33). Total tract ADF digestibility was poorest for GG30 (P < 0.01) while GG0 and GG15 were not different (P = 0.17). Fatty Acid values were reported as relative abundance of the total FA present in duodenal samples. The lowest (P < 0.01) concentration of saturated FA was GG30 (70.3%) while GG0 and GG15 were not different (P = 0.83; 78.2%). The concentration of unsaturated, mono-unsaturated, poly-unsaturated, and trans FA responded quadratically (P < 0.01) with no difference between GG0 and GG15 and increasing to GG30. Omega-6 FA tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.06) from 0 to 30% GG inclusion (4.91 and 3.85 g/d, respectively). Omega-3 FA increased linearly (P < 0.01) from 0 to 30% GG inclusion (1.84 and 10.78 g/d, respectively). These data suggest increasing inclusion of GG up to 30% of diet DM does not affect DM or OM digestibility. Greater inclusions of GG resulted in more unsaturated and omega-3 FA concentrations in the duodenum.
68 Utility of 3-NOP in Beef Production Systems
Authors: Beauchemin Karen A
Published: May 2021

Ruminant production systems need to embrace the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to be in sync with other sectors of society that are adopting net-zero emission goals. The major greenhouse gas from ruminants is enteric methane, which contributes 3% to 5% of total global greenhouse gases. A broad range of potential mitigation strategies has been proposed to decrease methane emissions from ruminants. One promising strategy is the investigational methane inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Kaiseraugst, Switzerland), which when fed to beef cattle, has decreased methane yield (g methane/kg dry matter intake) by 20% to 80%, depending upon the diet composition and dose. Furthermore, the decrease in methane production persists over several months. 3-NOP reduces methanogenesis in the rumen by inactivating the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase used by archaea. 3-NOP is most effective when incorporated into a total mixed ration. Some advantages of 3-NOP are: only a small dose is required (1–2 g/d); no negative effects on digestibility, animal health or carcass characteristics; rapid degradation to compounds naturally occurring in the rumen (e.g., nitrate, nitrite and 1,3-propanediol); sustained efficacy over time; and risk assessments indicate residues in meat and milk are unlikely. However, 3-NOP is not yet approved for commercial use. Research studies in small pens indicate up to 5% improvement in gain:feed ratio for backgrounding and finishing cattle, although recently completed studies at a commercial feedlot indicate improvements in feed conversion may be less. This presentation will highlight the current findings of beef cattle research using 3-NOP to decrease methane emissions, with emphasis on its potential for decreasing the carbon footprint of beef.
PSI-11 Evaluation of Electronically Controlled Cooling Pad Flush Rates on Heat Stressed Gilts
Authors: Cleaver Kristen N , Shirley Larissa K , Field Tyler , Hill Brooklyn A , Kpodo Kouassi R , Johnson Jay S , Stwalley Robert , Schinckel Allan P
Published: May 2021

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of electronically controlled cooling pads on measures of physiological responses in HS gilts. The study utilized 12 gilts randomly assigned into one of three treatment groups [Control(CN), flush 2.0 L cool water over 30 s every 4 min(F4), or flush 2.0 L over 30 s every 8 min(F8)] in a Latin Square design and replicated 12 times(2 repetitions/d over 6 d). Gilts were housed in farrowing crates and fed 1.2 kg at 0700 and 1300 h daily. On d 1 to 3(6 repetitions) the room was gradually heated from 18ºC to 32ºC, while on d 4 to 6 the room was gradually heated from 18ºC to 35ºC starting at 0730 or 1330 h. Once the temperature was achieved, cooling pads were turned on and the temperature was maintained for 2.5 h. Two baseline measurements were taken of respiration rates(RR), skin temperature through thermal imaging(IRTemp), and vaginal temperature(VTemp) before room heating began and then recorded every 20 minutes after pads were turned on. Measurements at the end of HS(PostH) and the change in values during the HS period(DIFF) were evaluated using PROC mixed of SAS. Gilts in F4 and F8 had lower RR than CN for PostH for both 32ºC and 35ºC (P< .05). DIFF in RR was less in F4 and F8 than in CN[(32ºC, P=.097) and (35ºC, P=.005)]. There was a tendency for DIFF in Vtemp at 32ºC between treatments (P=.064) but had no effect by treatment for PostH (P=.534). There was no effect in PostH and DIFF for IRTemp between treatments for 32ºC and 35ºC. PostH and DIFF for VTemp were significant at 35ºC (P=.009 and P=.001). PostH for RR was different at 35 ºC and 32 ºC (P=.0074; P=.0472) with F4 and F8 lesser and CN. In conclusion, cooling pads, regardless of flush rate, had positive impacts on physiological indicators of HS.
238 Vaccination with an E. coli F4/F18 Vaccine for the Prevention of F4-ETEC Post-weaning Diarrhea Resulted in Reduced Post-weaning Mortality and Antibiotic Use
Authors: Vangroenweghe Frédéric A
Published: May 2021

Post-weaning Escherichia coli diarrhea (PWD) remains a major cause of economic losses for the pig industry. PWD, caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), typically provokes mild to severe watery diarrhea between 5–10 days after weaning, which may result in mortality. Most common adhesins in ETEC are F4 and F18 fimbriae. Therapy to combat PWD typically consists of antibiotic treatment in combination with ZnO (3,000 ppm). Recently, an oral live bivalent E. coli F4/F18 vaccine (Coliprotec® F4/F18; Elanco) was approved on the European market, which reduces the impact of PWD provoked by F4-ETEC and F18-ETEC. The objective was to evaluate mortality and antibiotic use following E. coli F4/F18 vaccination under field conditions. A 160-sow farm (weaning at 26 days) with diagnosed problems of PWD due to F4-ETEC was selected. Piglets were vaccinated at 21 days with the oral live bivalent E. coli F4/F18 vaccine. At weaning, no standard group medication (ZnO and antibiotics) was applied for prevention of PWD. Several performance parameters were collected: treatment incidence (TI100), mortality and days in nursery. Vaccination (n = 3 groups) was compared to a historical control (n = 3 groups) Oral E. coli F4/F18 vaccination significantly reduced TI100 (18.6 ± 6.3 days to 2.4 ± 1.9 days; P < 0.05) due to the reduction in days of antimicrobial group treatment. Mortality rate significantly reduced (11.2 ± 2.6% in control to 4.5 ± 1.5% in vaccinated group; P < 0.05) following vaccination. Days in nursery (48.5 ± 0.3 days) remained constant throughout the trial. The results show that live E. coli F4/F18 vaccination against PWD has significantly impacted mortality, in combination with a reduction in medication use. In conclusion, control of PWD through oral vaccination is a successful option in order to prevent piglets from the negative clinical outcomes of F18-ETEC infection during the post-weaning period.
12 Equipping Humans--Optimizing Performance: The Role of Technology in Human Capital
Authors: Hoek Jonathon , Miller Monty
Published: May 2021

Human capital influences 100% of the production and business performance achieved in swine production. “Five years from now 35% of the of important workforce skills will have changed.” according to Digital Transformation 1. To meet the coming digital transformation in swine production, the need for innovative human capital strategies has never been greater. Boessen, Artz, and Schutlz 2 found labor is a critical issue for the industry. High performing swine farms achieve it because of their people. Swan 3 noted that “pigs do not achieve excellence; people achieve excellence through their pigs.” Agriculture has been slow to adapt soft skill strategies due to the ambiguity in the value proposition. Cost metrics of turnover, poor performance, and safety are traditionally buried within the P&L under labor with labor impacting 100% of the value chain in pig and pork production. The need to analyze the human impact has never been more crucial, and this led to the 2019 Labor intel Study by sponsors and Summit SmartFarms. Schmidt and Hunter‍ 4 found that the use of general mental ability testing improves the predictability and utility of hiring the right person. The increased validity can be as high as 20% vs. traditional means of recruitment. Assessments have proven to provide intelligence on humans for many years through the principles of industrial psychology. Platforms like Cloverleaf and the Organizational Cultural Inventory have harnessed all the attributes of digital transformation to provide human intelligence for predictive and prescriptive human optimization. Pigmanship training has accelerated the value of assessments through precision training. The next step is to integrate these platforms into an analysis tool that combines production, human resource, and assessment data to quantify the value of organizational health.1. Digital Transformation by Thomas Siebel Rosetta Books 2 National Pork Board. Employee Compensation and HR Practices in Pork Production.3 Swan, M.K. Swine Human Resources: Managing Employees. 4 Schmidt FL, Hunter JE. The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology
155 Opportunities and Challenges of Teaching Laboratory Content of a Swine Discipline-focused Course with Limited Swine Access
Authors: Austin Adrian G , Wiegert Jeff G
Published: May 2021

In spring semester, 2020, ANSC 412: Swine Production and Management (4 credits, lecture and laboratory) was offered in the Department of Animal Science at Texas A&M University following a period of nonappearance in the curriculum. Simultaneously, planned renovation of the campus swine teaching farm required depopulation of the existing herd. Hence, animal access for course laboratories was restricted for the 2020 spring and fall semesters. The objective is to present strategies to achieve effective laboratory learning objectives with limited livestock access. Average course enrollment in 2020 spring and fall semesters was 11 students of junior and senior standing. The course laboratory was held for two hours weekly for fifteen weeks. COVID-19 interruption of the spring semester, and arrival of pigs to the campus swine teaching farm in the fall semester, necessitated creation of ten equivalent laboratory sessions per semester. Example laboratory sessions include: panels with swine industry professionals, Pork Quality Assurance version 4.0 certification, virtual farm tours, evaluating genetic merit with National Swine Registry Swine Testing and Genetic Evaluation System EPD data and indexes, understanding least-cost diet formulation with diet formulation software, creating and implementing a Secure Pork Supply enhanced biosecurity plan for the campus swine farm, and multiple case study models of troubleshooting reproductive deficiencies with the US Pork Center of Excellence National Swine Reproduction Guide. Laboratory session execution facilitated achievement of TAMU Department of Animal Science programmatic learning outcomes, specifically: understanding animal breeding programs, animal husbandry, reproductive management, and nutrient conversion, and assessing business models and application of animal management strategies. In future semesters with unrestricted swine access for teaching, live-animal handling will be emphasized in the syllabus, yet preservation of effective classroom-based laboratories will persist. These methods have value for instructors operating without campus swine resources and those whose laboratory content has been impacted by COVID-19 disruption.
51 Observing the Effect of Creep Feeding on Calf Behavior Before and After Weaning
Authors: Heidtke Madelyn , Redden Miles D , Shike Daniel W , McCann Joshua C
Published: May 2021

The objective was to determine the effect of creep feeding on calf behavior before and after weaning. Cow-calf pairs (n = 54) were stratified by cow age, cow and calf BW, and allotted to 9 pastures. Pastures were randomly assigned to 3 treatments: unsupplemented control (CON), lower protein pellet (14.3% CP; LP), and a higher protein pellet (18.6% CP; HP) for 82 d. Pre-weaning calf behaviors were observed for 9 h on d 60, 64, and 74: position (standing or lying), location (pen, pasture, shade, creep), and consumption (creep, grass, milk, water, none). Post-weaning calf behaviors were observed for 12 h on d 83 and 84: position, walking, drinking, eating, and vocalizations. Prior to weaning, an interaction (P £ 0.01) occurred for consumption behaviors; CON calves spent the greatest percentage of time grazing at h 7 and 8 and not consuming at h 11. Also, LP calves had the greatest percentage of time nursing at h 8 and 11, with CON calves being intermediate, and HP calves being the least. On the day after weaning (d 83), an interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for time spent eating; CON calves spent the greatest time eating at h 10 and LP calves were the greatest at h 11. An interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for time spent walking on d 83; HP calves spent the greatest percentage of time walking at h 9 and 13. On d 84, an interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for time eating on d 84; CON calves spent the greatest percentage of time eating at h 7, 9, 11, 14, and 16 as well as overall (P = 0.05). An interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for number of vocalizations on d 84; CON calves had the greatest number of vocalizations at h 16–18 as well as overall (P < 0.01). Overall, creep feeding altered calf behaviors before and after weaning.
55 Sow Milk Lipidome Study Reveals Changes in Fatty Acyl Residues in Triglycerides and Phosphatidylglycerol, but Not in Plasma Membrane Phospholipids Across Lactation
Authors: Luecke Sarah , Suarez-Trujillo Aridany , Logan Lea , Stewart Kara R , Ferreira Christina , Casey Theresa
Published: May 2021

Sow milk fat content is crucial to neonatal survival, as it is utilized for thermogenesis and nutrition. However, fat is the most variable component of milk in concentration and lipid species. Characterizing lipid changes across the course of a sow’s lactation may help identify molecules or systems to target to help enhance milk fat quality and quantity for neonatal survival and growth. Percent fat variation is greatest in colostrum, the first milk. Little is known regarding colostrum synthesis, other than it accumulates in the gland beginning in mid-late pregnancy, which is prior to the initiation of fatty acid synthesis in lactocytes. The objective of this study was to characterize changes in lipid composition of milk across the course of lactation and determine if there was a relationship between fat percent and lipid species in colostrum and mature milk. Milk was collected from 9 multiparous sows on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 relative to birth. Percent fat was determined by creamatocrit, and found to be different (p< 0.05) between day 0 (12.36 ± 5.90%) and day 3 (16.22 ± 3.65%) but not between day 7 (13.13 ± 2.19%) and 14 (12.13 ± 2.45%). Fat was extracted from milk using the Bligh-Dyer method and profiled using multiple reaction monitoring. Amounts of lipid species were calculated relative to standards and data analysis was performed using Metaboanalyst 4.0. Principle component analysis revealed lactation day had a significant effect on distribution of fats. Triacylglycerides (TAG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and plasma membrane lipids were modified from colostrum to mature milk, with a significant increase in PGs and TAGs across the course of lactation. Correlation analysis of percent fat with lipid concentration indicated strong relationships (P < 0.05; |r| >0.80) with eight lipids. No differences are found in the abundance of plasma membrane phospholipids, sphingomyelin, or cholesterol esters across lactation days.
PSIII-2 Effect of Piglet Characteristics on Blood Glucose Levels at Birth
Authors: Rivas Rafael Ovidio Bautista , Willard Naomi C , Vande Pol Katherine D , Morris Jenny R , Espinal Alicia Olivo , Moest Nicole K , Shull Caleb M , Ellis Michael
Published: May 2021

Blood glucose levels in piglets at birth are potentially associated with survival, however, there has been limited research to quantify these and to establish any associations with piglet characteristics. This study, which evaluated the effects of a number of piglet characteristics on blood glucose levels at birth, was conducted as a cross-sectional survey involving 32 litters. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet was a sub-sample of litter. At birth, piglets were weighed and assigned a vitality score [1 = high vitality; 2 = low vitality (limited mobility and/or respiration)]. Piglets were then dried with a cellulose-based desiccant, and blood samples were collected from half of the piglets in each litter with a vitality score of 1 (n = 226) and all piglets with a vitality score of 2 (n = 7). Samples (1.2 μL) were collected from the vena subcutanea abdominis; blood glucose was measured using a glucometer (Accuchek Aviva; Roche Diabetes Care, Inc., Indianapolis, IN). Effects of piglet characteristics and relationships with blood glucose levels were analyzed using PROC MIXED, PROC GLIMMIX, and PROC REG of SAS, as appropriate. There were no effects (P > 0.05) of piglet birth weight or gender on blood glucose levels. Piglets with a vitality score of 2 had higher (P < 0.05) blood glucose levels than those with a score of 1. Blood glucose levels increased linearly (P < 0.05) with birth order (0.8 mg/dL for each piglet increase). In conclusion, blood glucose levels at birth were higher for piglets with low compared to high vitality and for those born later in the birth order. Further research is needed to establish relationships between blood glucose levels in piglets at birth and subsequent survival.
PSIII-6 Gene Expression Profile of Beef Heifer Placental Caruncles Is Affected by Pre-breeding and Early Gestation Micronutrient Supplementation
Authors: Da Silva Diniz Wellison Jarles , Reynolds Lawrence P , Ward Alison K , Borowicz Pawel P , Sedivec Kevin K K , McCarthy Kacie L L , Kassetas Cierrah J J , Baumgaertner Friederike , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri T T , Neville Tammi L , Forcherio J Chris , Scott Ronald , Caton Joel , Dahlen Carl R
Published: May 2021

Vitamins and minerals are essential for proper fetal and placental development and function. However, the impact of micronutrient supplementation on placental function and gene expression remains unclear. Herein, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to determine the impact of pre-breeding maternal micronutrient supplementation on the gene expression of placental caruncles (CAR; maternal placenta). Crossbred Angus beef heifers were supplemented (VTM, n = 7) or not (CON, n = 7) with 113 g•heifer-1•d-1 of mineral premix (Purina® Wind & Rain® Storm® All-Season 7.5 Complete) from d 71 to 148 before breeding and until d 83 of gestation. After breeding, heifers were fed a diet to gain 0.79 kg/d. Uteroplacental tissues were collected at d 83. The largest placentome closest to the fetus was collected, and CAR was manually dissected from the cotyledon. Total RNA was isolated from CAR, and gene expression was measured with RNA-Seq. After data quality control and read mapping, differential expression was performed using DESeq2. We identified 46 upregulated and 19 downregulated genes in the VTM group (adj.Pval < 0.1). ShinyGO pathway analysis software was used to identify genes in the Ca and CGMP-PKG signaling pathways, including CALM2 and CAMK2G, which were down and upregulated, respectively. Calcium-mediated systems may activate steroidogenic activity in bovine placentomes, while the cGMP-PKG pathway plays a key role in vascular homeostasis mediated by nitric oxide and decreased Ca concentrations. Furthermore, biological processes underlying blood circulation were among those over-represented. Previous studies report that maternal nutrition may impact placental vascularity and uterine blood flow. ATP2B, that is upregulated in the VTM group, is a calcium/calmodulin-regulated, magnesium-dependent protein involved in intracellular Ca homeostasis. In summary, pre-breeding and early gestation maternal micronutrient supplementation leads to differential expression of genes involved in Ca homeostasis and has a putative effect on placenta vascular function.
PSIII-15 Effect of the Pelleting Process on Diet Formulations with Varying Levels of Crystalline AA and Reducing Sugars on Nursery Pig Growth Performance
Authors: Dunmire Kara M , Braun Michaela B , Zhang Yiqin , Jones Cassandra K , Li Yonghui , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , Fahrenholz Adam C , Stark Charles R , Paulk Chad B
Published: May 2021

A total of 360 pigs (DNA 200×400; initially 11.3 kg) were used in an 18-d study to determine the effect of pelleting diets with or without increased concentrations of free amino acids (AA) and reducing sugars (RS) on pig growth performance. There were 9 replications/treatment and 5 pigs/pen. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2×2 factorial with main effects of diet form (mash vs. pellet), crystalline AA (low vs. high), and RS (low vs. high) provided by dried distillers grain with solubles and bakery meal included at 20% and 15%, respectively. Diets were pelleted to achieve a conditioning temperature of 86.7°C using a 22.4 kW pellet mill equipped with a 4.7 x 34.9-mm die. Data were analyzed as a CRD using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There were no 3-way interactions observed. For the main effect of feed form, ADFI decreased (P=0.001) and G:F and caloric efficiency improved (P=0.001) in pigs fed pelleted diets compared to mash diets. For the main effect of crystalline AA, pigs fed diets with high crystalline AA had increased (P< 0.024) ADFI compared to those fed diets with low crystalline AA. For the main effect of RS, pigs fed high RS diets had decreased (P< 0.041) ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency compared to those fed low RS. In conclusion, there was no evidence of interactions between treatments, indicating that increasing amounts of crystalline AA and RS did not influence the response to pelleted diets. Pigs fed the high RS diets had reduced feed intake which resulted in reduced gain and improved feed and caloric efficiency.
PSIII-23 Feeding In-shell Hazelnuts (Corylus Spp) to Pigs Alters Fatty Acid Profile of Pork Fat
Authors: Lammers Peter J , Pralle Ryan S , Wellnitz Krista R
Published: May 2021

The study objective was to examine the effects of feeding growing pigs in-shell hazelnuts (Corylus spp). Barrows (n = 36; 58.0 ± 0.73 kg body weight) were sorted into pens (6 pigs/pen; 4.05 m2/pig) across two study replicates. Pens were randomly assigned (n = 3 pens/treatment/replicate) to receive a balanced corn-soybean meal diet (control) or a diet diluted with in-shell hazelnuts (HAZEL; 90% control and 10% hazelnuts). Hazelnuts were pulverized using a roller mill before incorporation into the diet. Composition of the hazelnuts was 7.11% CP, 19.84% crude fat, and 53.32% ADF; C18:1 accounted for 74.93% of the total fat. Pigs were individually weighed every 28 days and feed disappearance by pen was recorded. Within replicate, all pigs were harvested on the same day after either 68 or 69 days of feeding. Two chops (last-rib location; 2.54 cm thick) were collected from each carcass to assess pork quality. One cube (2.54 cm3) of fat was removed from half of the chops (1 sample/pig) and analyzed for fatty acid profile. The R software (v. 4.0.2) package afex (v. 0.28) was used for statistical analysis by GLM (ADG, ADFI, G:F) or mixed models with subsampling (carcass traits and fatty acids). All models included fixed effects of treatment, replicate, and their interaction; mixed models included the random effect of pen and P-values were determined by parametric bootstrapping. Control pigs grew 6% more efficiently than HAZEL pigs (P = 0.03), but ADG and ADFI were not affected by treatment (P > 0.05). Depth of backfat, hot carcass weight, chop color, intramuscular fat, and pH were not impacted by treatment (P > 0.05). Fat from HAZEL pigs had more C18:1 and less C16:0 (P = 0.01) than control pigs. Supplementation of hazelnuts to pigs may alter pork fat composition.
PSIII-21 Optimum SID Threonine to Lysine Ratio in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Mercado Aileen Joy , Weeden Terry , Otto-Tice Emily , Tran Huyen , Rao Murali Raghavendra , Tsai Tsung Cheng , Maxwell Charles , Haydon Keith , de Rodas Brenda
Published: May 2021

A total of 270 pigs (PIC 1050 x DNA 600, 6.0 kg) were used in a 42-d nursery trial to determine the optimum SID threonine to SID lysine (SID Thr/Lys) ratio for young pigs. Pigs were sorted by sex and initial BW, and were allotted to each pen (3 barrows, 3 gilts). Pens were then randomly assigned to diets containing incremental levels of SID Thr/Lys ratio (0.55, 0.60, 0.65, 0.70, 0.75), achieved using THRPRO 80 (CJ America, CA) as the source of L-threonine. Each treatment consisted of 45 piglets and 9 replicates per treatment. There were 3 dietary phases (2 weeks each) and the same levels of SID Thr/Lys were tested for each phase. All performance data (ADG, ADFI, and Gain to Feed (G:F)) were analyzed using Proc Mixed in a RCBD model with SID Thr/Lys ratio as fixed effect and weight block as random effect. Orthogonal contrasts were performed to test for linear and quadratic effects of SID Thr/Lys ratio on all performance parameters. Final BW averaged around 20.8 kg (±0.6) and was not influenced by SID Thr/Lys ratio (P>0.20). It was however lower than previously observed from previous nursery batches and might be due to pig infection with Lawsonia intracellularis and Streptococcus suis. A linear trend on ADG was observed during the last phase of nursery (P=0.10) but this response was not significant for the overall study (P>0.15). SID Thr/Lys ratio had no significant effect on ADFI during any phase or overall experimental period (P>0.20). Increasing SID Thr/Lys ratio, however, linearly increase G:F of nursery pigs overall (P< 0.05). The results of this study suggest that there is value in terms of increasing efficiency of gain with higher level of SID Thr/Lys as compared to current NRC recommendation (0.59), especially under disease challenge conditions.
PSIV-12 Evaluation of the Effect of Benzoic Acid with or Without a Direct Fed Microbial on the Performance and Health of Growing and Finishing Pigs
Authors: Humphrey Dalton C , Bergstrom J R R , Calvo Estefania Perez , Greiner Laura L
Published: May 2021

The objective of this study was to determine if benzoic acid in combination of a direct fed microbial could improve grow-finish performance in swine. Three hundred and twenty (DNA 600 X 241, DNA Genetics, Columbus, NE) barrows and gilts were used to evaluate the effect of benzoic acid (BA; VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) with or without a direct fed microbial (DFM; PureGro, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) on the growth performance of pigs from approximately 35 to 125 kg. Pigs were sorted by sex, randomly placed into complete blocks, and equalized by weight (40 pens total). Pigs were fed a common diet for 11 days. Following acclimation, pens were assigned to one of four dietary treatments: standard commercial (PC), 85% PC SID lysine and lowered crude protein (NC), PC plus BA (BA at 0.3% inclusion), and PC plus BA and DFM (BA+DFM at 0.3 and 0.025% inclusion, respectively). Ultrasound was conducted to evaluate body composition on day 81. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Results were considered significant at P≤0.05 and a trend at P >0.05 and P≤0.10. Pigs fed BA had increased ADG compared to pigs fed PC (1.11 vs. 1.07 kg/d, P=0.02) and NC (1.11 vs. 1.07 kg/d, P=0.01), and similar ADG compared to pigs fed BA+DFM (1.11 vs. 1.09, P=0.21). G:F in pigs fed BA tended to be higher compared to pigs fed NC (0.175 vs. 0.172, P=0.06), and similar compared to pigs fed PC (0.175 vs. 0.176, P=0.51) and BA+DFM (0.175 vs. 0.174, P=0.73). There was a tendency in therapeutic intervention frequency across treatments (P=0.07). In conclusion, reducing lysine and crude protein levels resulted in poorer feed efficiency and BA resulted in increased gain in growing and finishing pigs from approximately 35 to 125 kg.
PSIV-17 Effects of Trace Mineral Source and Level on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Grow-finish Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L
Published: May 2021

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of trace mineral source and level for grow-finish pigs. In Exp. 1, 2,168 pigs (initial BW = 23.0 kg) were used in a 117-d trial. There were 5 treatments based on inorganic (sulfates and oxides) or organic (Alltech Bioplex, Lexington, KY) minerals supplemented at different levels as follows: 1) Industry inorganic (120 mg/kg Zn, 100 mg/kg Fe, 40 mg/kg Mn, 10 mg/kg Cu); 2) 100% NRC inorganic (60 mg/kg Zn, 60 mg/kg Fe, 2.2 mg/kg Mn, 4 mg/kg Cu); 3) 33% NRC organic (20 mg/kg Zn, 20 mg/kg Fe, 0.7 mg/kg Mn, 1.3 mg/kg Cu); 4) 66% NRC organic (40 mg/kg Zn, 40 mg/kg Fe, 1.5 mg/kg Mn, 2.6 mg/kg Cu); and 5) 100% NRC organic (60 mg/kg Zn, 60 mg/kg Fe, 2.2 mg/kg Mn, 4 mg/kg Cu). Selenium level was 0.30 mg/kg for all treatments. Treatment 1 had 14 replicates and the other treatments had 18 replicates. Pigs were weighed approximately every three weeks and carcass data was collected at the end of the trial. Data was analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There was no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) for overall ADG, ADFI, G:F, and final BW. Pigs fed 66% NRC organic had the highest (P < 0.05) percentage lean and loin depth. In Exp. 2, 1,188 pigs (initial BW = 25.9 kg) were used in a 120-d trial with two treatments: 1) Industry inorganic and 2) 66% NRC organic, with the same mineral levels as Exp. 1 and 24 replicates per treatment. There was no difference (P > 0.10) in growth performance. Similar to Exp. 1, pigs fed 66% NRC organic had higher (P < 0.05) percentage lean and loin depth. In conclusion, lower levels of organic trace minerals resulted in improved carcass characteristics without compromising growth performance.
PSIV-16 Evaluation of Nutritional Strategies to Reduce Growth Rate of Pigs Beyond 90-kg Body Weight
Authors: Rao Zhong-Xing , Gebhardt Jordan T , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D
Published: May 2021

A total of 356 pigs (241×600; DNA; Columbus, NE; initially 89.0 kg) were used in a 44-d trial to evaluate nutritional strategies to reduce growth rate. Three diets [control, Lys-deficient, and corn (98% corn and 2% vitamins and minerals)] were arranged into 4 nutritional strategies. The three diets contained 0.70, 0.50, and 0.18% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys, respectively, with all nutrients other than amino acids above requirement estimates. From d 0 to 28, pens received one of two diets (control or Lys-deficient). On d 28, pens either remained on their previous treatment or were fed the corn diet from d 28 to 44. Pens were assigned to nutritional strategies in a randomized complete block design based on initial body weight (BW) with 18 pens/treatment from d 0 to 28 and 9 pens/treatment from d 28 to 44. From d 0 to 28, pigs fed the Lys-deficient diet had decreased (P< 0.001) ADG, G:F, and d 28 BW compared to pigs fed the control diet. From d 28 to 44, pigs fed the corn diet had decreased (P< 0.05) ADG and G:F compared to pigs fed the control or Lys-deficient diets. Pigs fed the Lys-deficient diet for 44 days had decreased (P< 0.05) ADG and G:F compared to pigs fed the control diet for 44 days. From d 0 to 44, pigs fed the Lys-deficient diet then corn diet had decreased (P< 0.05) ADG, final BW, and G:F compared to all other treatments. Pigs fed the Lys-deficient diet for 44-d and pigs fed the control diet then corn diet had decreased (P< 0.05) ADG, G:F, and final BW compared to pigs fed the control diet for 44-d. In summary, feeding strategies with lysine deficient diets allow producers to slow growth rate of finishing pigs; however, feed efficiency is also impaired.
PSIV-11 Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Growth Performance Traits of Finishing Swine
Authors: Xue Pengcheng , Giesting Don W , Newcomb Mark D , Pilcher Chad M , Ritter Matthew J
Published: May 2021

This study was conducted at a commercial research facility and utilized 1,092 finishing pigs (PIC® 337 × Camborough®) in a RCBD with 3 dietary treatments to determine the effects of commercially available phytogenic feed additives on growth performance traits in finishing swine for the last 35 d prior to marketing. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1) Control; 2) Aromex Pro® (AP; Delacon) fed at 0.01%; and 3) Ambitine® (AM; PMI) fed at 0.1%. Pens with 13 pigs/pen and 0.66 m2/pig were randomly allotted to treatments on the basis of live weight and gender. Pigs had ad libitum access to corn-soy diets that met or exceeded the pig’s requirements (NRC, 2012). Aromex Pro® and Ambitine® were added to the diets at the expense of corn. Dietary treatments started on day 0 (BW = 97.7 kg; SEM = 1.04) and were fed throughout the 35 d trial period. On d 21, the two heaviest pigs per pen were marketed, while the remaining pigs in each pen were marketed on d 35. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0, 21, and 35. Data were analyzed by using PROC MIXED of SAS® version 9.4, and pen was the experimental unit. The model included the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of replicate. Pre-planned orthogonal contrasts were used to compare AP vs. Control and AM vs. Control. Feeding AP or AM for the last 35 d in finishing both improved (P < 0.05) ADG by 4%, ADFI by 3% and final BW by 1.6 kg over Control, but did not change feed to gain or mortality. These data demonstrate that phytogenic feed additives can improve growth performance traits in finishing swine.
PSV-18 Effect of Feeding Fermented Soybean Meal with Coconut Oil (Cocosoya) on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Fecal Score, Gas Emission and Blood Profile in Weaning Pigs
Authors: Madesh Muniyappan , Park Hyun Ju , Kim Inho , seok Woo Jeong
Published: May 2021

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) with coconut oil on growth performance in weaning pigs. A total of 80 crossbred weanling pigs [42 days old] with average body weight (BW) of 6.52 ± 0.59 kg were used in a 6-week experiment trial. Pigs were blocked based on BW and sex and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments [5 pigs per pen (2 barrows and 3 gilts); 4 pens per treatment]. Treatments consisted of pigs fed: 1) CON, a basal diet with 2% coconut powder; 2) basal diet with a 3% cocosoya 3) basal diet with a 6% cocosoya 4) basal diet with 9% cocosoya. The supplementation of increasing levels of cocosoya to diet weaning pigs linearly increased (P = 0.05) the BW at week 1, 3 and 6 compared with the pigs fed the control diet. The average daily gain (ADG) and gain: feed (G:F) ratio was linearly increased (P < 0.05) during day 1to7. The ADG, average daily feed intake (ADFI) and G: F was linearly increased (P < 0.05) during day 8 to 21 were observed with the increase in the supplemental of cocosoya. The ADG and ADFI linearly increased (P < 0.05) during day 22 to 42. The overall ADG, ADFI and G:F was linearly increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed increasing levels of cocosoya during overall experimental period. The creatinine was linearly increased (P < 0.05) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration were trend to increase (P < 0.05) in pigs fed increasing levels of cocosoya during day 22. Thus, the supplementation of FSMB has beneficial effects on the growth performance and immunity and it may help to overcome the stress faced by the weaning piglets during the transition of liquid to solid feed intake.
PSV-13 The Effect of Supplementing Sows with the Leucine Metabolite Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and Vitamin D3 Pre-parturition and During Lactation on Early Piglet Weight
Authors: Fuller John C , Castro Fabricio , Chaves Rhuan F , Mohr Mike , Rathmacher John A
Published: May 2021

Abstract: Several university studies supplementing calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (CaHMB) to sows have reported benefit to piglets such as a reduction in low birthweight piglets, increased piglet birth weight, and increased weaning weights. This study was designed to determine if these benefits would be observed in a commercial production setting using sows whose genetics are known for having a high number of piglets born, which generally results in lower average piglet birth weights. The study was conducted at a commercial farrow to finish operation (Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil) and sows studies were randomly assigned to either CaHMB/D (n=41, 3 g CaHMB plus 500 IU Vitamin D3) or a control (n=46, Maltodextrin and CaCO3). Treatments were applied as a top-dress to the morning ration and were applied from 10 days pre-farrowing throughout the lactational period. The results were analyzed using GLM in SAS and Least Square Means±SEM were reported. Piglets from CaHMB/D-supplemented sows had a greater average live birth weights (1.39±0.027 versus 1.32±0.026 kg, respectively, p < 0.05) and 24-hour weights (1.48±0.029 versus 1.39±0.028 kg. respectively, p < 0.02). Normal farm practices were utilized in an attempt to equalize piglet numbers across sows by cross fostering piglets after 24 hours. After analysis of the data at the end of the study, the significant early weight advantage for CaHMB/D-supplemented pigs was eliminated during the cross-fostering process. After equalization, the 24-hour average piglet weights were not significantly different (1.53±0.041 versus 1.45±0.039 kg in CaHMB/D and control, respectively) and, therefore, further advantages to supplementation were not observed. Conclusion: This study would appear to support that feeding CaHMB/D in late gestation and early lactation can improve early piglet weights and further studies with controlled cross-fostering and monitoring individual piglet weight gain are necessary to confirm this advantage is continued throughout the lactation period and into the grower phase.