bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viscous boundary layer properties in turbulent thermal convection in a cylindrical cell: the effect of cell tilting
Authors: Wei Ping , Xia Ke-Qing
Published: February 2013

We report an experimental study of the properties of the velocity boundary layer in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a cylindrical cell. The measurements were made at Rayleigh numbers $\mathit{Ra}$ in the range $2. 4\times 1{0}^{8} \lt \mathit{Ra}\lt 5. 6\times 1{0}^{9} $ and were conducted with the convection cell tilted with an angle $\theta $ relative to gravity, at $\theta = 0. 5, 1. 0, 2. 0$ and $3. {4}^{\circ } $, respectively. The fluid was water with Prandtl number $\mathit{Pr}= 5. 3$. It is found that at small tilt angles ($\theta \leq {1}^{\circ } $), the measured viscous boundary layer thickness ${\delta }_{v} $ scales with the Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}$ with an exponent close to that for a Prandtl–Blasius (PB) laminar boundary layer, i.e. ${\delta }_{v} \sim {\mathit{Re}}^{- 0. 46\pm 0. 03} $. For larger tilt angles, the scaling exponent of ${\delta }_{v} $ with $\mathit{Re}$ decreases with $\theta $. The normalized mean horizontal velocity profiles measured at the same tilt angle but with different $\mathit{Ra}$ are found to have an invariant shape. However, for different tilt angles, the shape of the normalized profiles is different. It is also found that the Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}$ based on the maximum mean horizontal velocity scales with $\mathit{Ra}$ as $\mathit{Re}\sim {\mathit{Ra}}^{0. 43} $ and the Reynolds number ${\mathit{Re}}_{\sigma } $ based on the maximum root mean square velocity scales with $\mathit{Ra}$ as ${\mathit{Re}}_{\sigma } \sim {\mathit{Ra}}^{0. 55} $. Within the measurement resolution neither exponent depends on the tilt angle $\theta $. Several wall quantities are also measured directly and their dependencies on $\mathit{Re}$ are found to agree well with those predicted for a classical laminar boundary layer. These are the wall shear stress $\tau $ (${\sim }{\mathit{Re}}^{1. 46} $), the viscous sublayer ${\delta }_{w} $ (${\sim }{\mathit{Re}}^{0. 75} $), the friction velocity ${u}_{\tau } $ (${\sim }{\mathit{Re}}^{- 0. 86} $) and the skin friction coefficient ${c}_{f} $ (${\sim }{\mathit{Re}}^{- 0. 46} $). Again, all of these near-wall quantities do not exhibit a dependence on the tilt angle within the measurement resolution. We also examined the dynamical scaling method proposed by Zhou and Xia (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 104, 2010, p. 104301) and found that in both the laboratory and the dynamical frames the mean velocity profiles show deviations from the theoretical PB profile, with the deviations increasing with $\mathit{Ra}$. However, profiles obtained from dynamical scaling in general have better agreement with the theoretical profile. It is also found that the effectiveness of this method appears to be independent of $\mathit{Ra}$.
Associations between dietary variety and measures of body adiposity: a systematic review of epidemiological studies
Authors: Vadiveloo Maya , Dixon L. Beth , Parekh Niyati
Published: February 2013

Dietary variety is positively correlated with energy intake in most studies. However, the associations between dietary variety and measures of body adiposity are inconsistent in the literature, which limits the development of clear national nutrition recommendations regarding dietary variety. In the present systematic review, we critically evaluate the associations between dietary variety and measures of body adiposity among healthy adults within the existing literature. We conducted a systematic search of the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement to examine these associations. We identified twenty-six studies in total that investigated the associations between dietary variety and body adiposity measures. Total variety was non-significantly associated with body adiposity in most studies, while variety in recommended foods was either inversely associated (six out of ten studies) or non-significantly associated (three out of ten studies) with body adiposity. Conversely, variety in non-recommended foods (i.e. sources of added sugars and solid fats) increased the likelihood of excess adiposity in most studies (six out of nine studies). Definitions and measurement of dietary variety were inconsistent across studies and contributed to some of the discrepancies noted in the literature. In conclusion, among the studies that met the inclusion criteria for the present review, dietary variety was inconsistently associated with body adiposity in diverse populations. Using consistent and specific definitions of dietary variety may help provide further insight into the associations between dietary variety and excess adiposity before definitive public health messages are made.
The Justiciability of Socio-Economic Rights in Botswana
Authors: Dinokopila Bonolo Ramadi
Published: February 2013

The judicial enforcement of socio-economic rights remains a challenge in many countries. This is generally attributable to the inadequacy of a particular country's legal framework, in particular its constitutional framework. Given the importance of judicial remedies in litigation, in particular public interest litigation, this article considers possibilities for the judicial enforcement of socio-economic rights in Botswana. It discusses the institutional, legal and constitutional framework for the promotion, protection and fulfilment of socio-economic rights in the country. It also tackles the issue of whether the judicial enforcement of socio-economic rights is easily achievable when those rights are not constitutionally entrenched. The article also considers whether the absence of directive principles of state policy within Botswana's Constitution is a hindrance to the judicial enforcement of socio-economic rights in Botswana. Within that context, it highlights the possible means of judicial enforcement of socio-economic rights in Botswana.
White-matter microstructure in previously drug-naive patients with schizophrenia after 6 weeks of treatment
Authors: Wang Q. , Cheung C. , Deng W. , Li M. , Huang C. , Ma X. , Wang Y. , Jiang L. , Sham P. C. , Collier D. A. , Gong Q. , Chua S. E. , McAlonan G. M. , Li T.
Published: February 2013

Background

It is not clear whether the progressive changes in brain microstructural deficits documented in previous longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies might be due to the disease process or to other factors such as medication. It is important to explore the longitudinal alterations in white-matter (WM) microstructure in antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia during the very early phase of treatment when relatively ‘free’ from chronicity.

Method

Thirty-five patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 22 healthy volunteers were recruited. High-resolution diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was obtained from participants at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment. A ‘difference map’ for each individual was calculated from the 6-week follow-up fractional anisotropy (FA) of DTI minus the baseline FA. Differences in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores between baseline and 6 weeks were also evaluated and expressed as a 6-week/baseline ratio.

Results

Compared to healthy controls, there was a significant decrease in absolute FA of WM around the bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus and the right anterior corona radiata of the frontal lobe in first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia following 6 weeks of treatment. Clinical symptoms improved during this period but the change in FA did not correlate with the changes in clinical symptoms or the dose of antipsychotic medication.

Conclusions

During the early phase of treatment, there is an acute reduction in WM FA that may be due to the effects of antipsychotic medications. However, it is not possible to entirely exclude the effects of underlying progression of illness.
Negative psychotic symptoms and impaired role functioning predict transition outcomes in the at-risk mental state: a latent class cluster analysis study
Authors: Valmaggia L. R. , Stahl D. , Yung A. R. , Nelson B. , Fusar-Poli P. , McGorry P. D. , McGuire P. K.
Published: February 2013

Background

Many research groups have attempted to predict which individuals with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis will later develop a psychotic disorder. However, it is difficult to predict the course and outcome based on individual symptoms scores.

Method

Data from 318 ARMS individuals from two specialized services for ARMS subjects were analysed using latent class cluster analysis (LCCA). The score on the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS) was used to explore the number, size and symptom profiles of latent classes.

Results

LCCA produced four high-risk classes, censored after 2 years of follow-up: class 1 (mild) had the lowest transition risk (4.9%). Subjects in this group had the lowest scores on all the CAARMS items, they were younger, more likely to be students and had the highest Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score. Subjects in class 2 (moderate) had a transition risk of 10.9%, scored moderately on all CAARMS items and were more likely to be in employment. Those in class 3 (moderate–severe) had a transition risk of 11.4% and scored moderately severe on the CAARMS. Subjects in class 4 (severe) had the highest transition risk (41.2%), they scored highest on the CAARMS, had the lowest GAF score and were more likely to be unemployed. Overall, class 4 was best distinguished from the other classes on the alogia, avolition/apathy, anhedonia, social isolation and impaired role functioning.

Conclusions

The different classes of symptoms were associated with significant differences in the risk of transition at 2 years of follow-up. Symptomatic clustering predicts prognosis better than individual symptoms.
Association between cortisol awakening response and memory function in major depression
Authors: Hinkelmann K. , Muhtz C. , Dettenborn L. , Agorastos A. , Moritz S. , Wingenfeld K. , Spitzer C. , Gold S. M. , Wiedemann K. , Otte C.
Published: February 2013

Background

While impaired memory and altered cortisol secretion are characteristic features of major depression, much less is known regarding the impact of antidepressant medication. We examined whether the cortisol awakening response (CAR) is increased in depressed patients with and without medication compared with healthy controls (HC) and whether CAR is associated with memory function in each group.

Method

We examined 21 patients with major depression without medication, 20 depressed patients on antidepressant treatment, and 41 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy subjects. We tested verbal (Auditory Verbal Learning Task) and visuospatial (Rey figure) memory and measured CAR on two consecutive days.

Results

Patient groups did not differ in severity of depression. We found a significant effect of group (p = 0.03) for CAR. Unmedicated patients exhibited a greater CAR compared with medicated patients (p = 0.04) with no differences between patient groups and HC. We found a significant effect of group for verbal (p = 0.03) and non-verbal memory (p = 0.04). Unmedicated patients performed worse compared with medicated patients and HC in both memory domains. Medicated patients and HC did not differ. Regression analyses revealed a negative association between CAR and memory function in depressed patients, but not in HC.

Conclusions

While in unmedicated depressed patients the magnitude of CAR is associated with impaired memory, medicated patients showed a smaller CAR and unimpaired cognitive function compared with HC. Our findings are compatible with the idea that antidepressants reduce CAR and partially restore memory function even if depressive psychopathology is still present.
Turning South before Swinging East: Geopolitics and Geopolitical Imagination in the Southwestern Caribbean after the American Revolution
Authors: Bassi Ernesto
Published: February 2013

On July 21, 1786 a secret meeting took place in the office of the Spanish ambassador in Paris, Count of Aranda. The ambassador, aided by the Irish abbot O'Sullivan (who acted as translator), met John Brooks, a British captain who introduced himself as a loyalist veteran of the American Revolution. Brooks had come to Paris from London, all expenses covered by the Spanish government, to inform Aranda of an expedition projected in Britain to invade the northern coast of South America in the vicinity of the port of Cartagena. According to Brooks, Juan Blommart, a French veteran of the American Revolution, was the leader of the projected expedition. With official British backing—Brooks declared that the Marquis of Buckingham was sponsoring the expedition—and the participation of military adventurers John Cruden and Francisco de Miranda, the expedition was scheduled to sail before the end of the year. After receiving Aranda's report, the Spanish Ministry of the Indies sent the information across the Atlantic to New Granada's Viceroy Antonio Caballero y Góngora for him to make all the necessary preparations to face this potential threat.
Corpus linguistic work on Black South African English
Authors: van Rooy Bertus
Published: February 2013

Black South African English (henceforth BSAfE) has received more attention from corpus linguists than any other variety in the country. In the early 2000s, two corpus projects were initiated more or less simultaneously: the corpus of spoken Xhosa-English, compiled by Vivian de Klerk at Rhodes University, and the Tswana Learner English corpus that I compiled. A number of further corpora have also been compiled in the more recent past, many of which are available in the public domain for research purposes.
Corpus evidence of anti-deletion in Black South African English noun phrases
Authors: Botha Yolande
Published: February 2013

Black South African English (BSAfE) is now generally regarded as an independent variety of English rather than an interlanguage on the way to Standard English (Van Rooy, 2008: 274, 300 and in this issue). Mesthrie (2006: 115) demonstrates that many of the characteristic features of BSAfE can be ascribed to the overarching tendency of anti-deletion. Anti-deletion is a term coined by Mesthrie (2006: 115) to encompass three kinds of linguistic phenomena that are the opposite of deletion in generative analyses of English, namely undeletion, non-deletion and insertion. Undeletion ‘restores an element that is often assumed to be deleted or to have an empty node in generative analyses of English’ (Mesthrie, 2006: 125), e.g. She made me to go (Mesthrie, 2006: 111) in which the infinitive marker to is undeleted. Insertion entails the addition of grammatical morphemes, e.g. can be able (Mesthrie, 2006: 139–40). After examination of a number of undeletion phenomena in interviews with 12 mesolectal speakers of BSAfE, Mesthrie (2006: 129) arrives at the following principle: ‘If a grammatical feature can be deleted in [Standard English], it can be undeleted in [Black South African English] mesolect.’ He points out that such undeletions are not mandatory and adds the following corollary to the principle of undeletion: ‘If a grammatical feature can be deleted in StE, it can also be (variably) deleted in [Black South African English] mesolect, at a lower rate of frequency’ (Mesthrie, 2006: 129).
‘Every day a new shop pops up’ – South Africa's ‘New’ Chinese Diaspora and the Multilingual Transformation of Rural Towns
Authors: Deumert Ana , Mabandla Nkululeko
Published: February 2013

In this paper we will provide a preliminary overview of the Chinese diaspora in South Africa, with particular focus on non-metropolitan, rural contexts.

The migrations of the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries have produced a complex array of Chinese communities around the world. While we know a fair amount about the Chinese diasporas in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and also diasporic communities within Asia, Africa's Chinese community remains a vastly understudied aspect of this larger Chinese diaspora (Ma & Cartier, 2003). Yet there have been long-standing ties between Africa and China, going back to the fifteenth century, and presently China is one of Africa's biggest trade partners and investors (Rotberg, 2008).
Cerebral basis of posttraumatic stress disorder following the Chernobyl disaster
Authors: Loganovsky Konstantin N. , Zdanevich Nataliya A.
Published: February 2013

Background

Whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following radiation emergency has psychopathological, neurocognitive, and neurophysiological peculiarities is at issue.

Objective

The goal was to explore the features and cerebral basis of “radiation” PTSD in the survivors of the Chernobyl accident.

Subjects and Methods

The cross-sectional study included 241 people, 219 of whom have been diagnosed with PTSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) criteria, among them 115 clean-up workers of the Chernobyl accident (34 with acute radiation sickness), 76 evacuees from the Chernobyl exclusion zone, 28 veterans of the war in Afghanistan, and 22 healthy unexposed individuals. Psychometric examinations, neurocognitive assessments, computerized electroencephalography, and cerebral vascular Doppler were used.

Results

“Radiation” PTSD includes “flashforward” phenomena and anticipating stress (projection of fear and danger to the future); somatoform disorders (depression, trait and state anxiety); and neurocognitive deficit (impaired memory and attention, auditory-verbal memory and learning, proactive and retroactive interference, cerebellar and stem symptoms, intellectual changes). The intima-media component, thickness of common carotid arteries, and common and left internal carotid arteries stenosis rates are increased in the liquidators. Changes of bioelectrical brain activity as a decrease of beta- and theta-power, together with an increase of alpha-power, were found in the Chernobyl accident survivors with PTSD.

Conclusions

PTSD following radiation emergency is characterized by comorbidity of psychopathology, neurocognitive deficit, and cerebrovascular pathology with increased risk of cerebral atherosclerosis and stroke. The cerebral basis of this PTSD is proposed to be an abnormal communication between the pyramidal cells of the neocortex and the hippocampus, and deep brain structures. It is recommended that a system of emergency and long-term psychological and psychiatric care be organized for the survivors in Fukushima Daichi, Japan
Adequacy of vitamin D intakes in children and teenagers from the base diet, fortified foods and supplements
Authors: Black Lucinda J , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert , Kiely Mairead
Published: February 2013

Objective

To describe vitamin D intakes in children and teenagers and the contribution from supplements and fortified foods in addition to the base diet.

Design

Analysis of 7 d weighed food records collected during the Children's and Teens’ National Nutrition Surveys in Ireland. Food composition data for vitamin D were updated from international analytical sources.

Setting

Nationally representative cross-sectional dietary surveys.

Subjects

Children (n594; 5–12 years) and teenagers (n441; 13–17 years).

Results

Median vitamin D intakes were 1·9, 2·1 and 2·4 μg/d in 5–8-, 9–12- and 13–17-year-olds, respectively. The prevalence of vitamin D-containing supplement use was 21, 16 and 15 % in 5–8-, 9–12- and 13–17-year-olds and median intakes in users ranged from 6·0 to 6·7 μg/d. The prevalence of inadequate intakes, defined as the percentage with mean daily intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement of 10 μg/d, ranged from 88 to 96 % in supplement users. Foods fortified with vitamin D, mainly breakfast cereals, fat spreads and milk, were consumed by 71, 70 and 63 % of 5–8-, 9–12- and 13–17-year-olds. Non-supplement users who consumed vitamin D-fortified foods had median intakes of 1·9–2·5 μg/d, compared with 1·2–1·4 μg/d in those who did not consume fortified foods.

Conclusions

It is currently not possible for children consuming the habitual diet to meet the US Institute of Medicine dietary reference intake for vitamin D. In the absence of nationally representative 25-hydroxyvitamin D data in children, the implications of this observation for prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and health consequences are speculative.
Coffee intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: the Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Doo Taisha , Morimoto Yukiko , Steinbrecher Astrid , Kolonel Laurence N , Maskarinec Gertraud
Published: February 2013

Objective

We evaluated the influence of coffee consumption on diabetes incidence among the Hawaii component of the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC).

Design

Prospective cohort.

Setting

Population-based sample residing in Hawaii.

Subjects

After exclusions, 75 140 men and women of Caucasian, Japanese American and Native Hawaiian ancestry aged 45–75 years were part of the current analysis. All participants provided information on diet and lifestyle through an FFQ. After 14 years of follow-up 8582 incident diabetes cases were identified using self-reports, medication questionnaires and health plan linkages. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated using Cox regression while adjusting for known covariates.

Results

The risk for diabetes associated with total coffee consumption differed by sex (Pinteraction < 0·0001). Women consuming ≥3 cups of any type of coffee daily had a significantly lower risk (HR = 0·66; 95 % CI 0·58, 0·77; Ptrend < 0·0001) than those reporting <1 cup/d, whereas the relationship in men was borderline (HR = 0·89; 95 % CI 0·80, 0·99; Ptrend = 0·09). The same difference by sex was seen for regular coffee consumption, with HR of 0·65 (95 % CI 0·54, 0·78; Ptrend < 0·0001) and 0·86 (95 % CI 0·75, 0·98; Ptrend = 0·09) in men and women, respectively. No significant association with diabetes was apparent for decaffeinated coffee in women (HR = 0·85; 95 % CI 0·72, 1·01; Ptrend = 0·73) or men (HR = 1·07; 95 % CI 0·93, 1·23; Ptrend = 0·71). Despite small differences by ethnicity, the interaction terms between coffee intake and ethnicity were not significant.

Conclusions

In this multiethnic population, regular, but not decaffeinated, coffee intake was much more protective against diabetes in women of all ethnic groups than in men.
Gene expression profiling in treatment-naive schizophrenia patients identifies abnormalities in biological pathways involving AKT1 that are corrected by antipsychotic medication
Authors: Kumarasinghe Nishantha , Beveridge Natalie J. , Gardiner Erin , Scott Rodney J. , Yasawardene Surangi , Perera Antoinette , Mendis Jayan , Suriyakumara Kanishka , Schall Ulrich , Tooney Paul A.
Published: February 2013

Distinct gene expression profiles can be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with schizophrenia; however, little is known about the effects of antipsychotic medication. This study compared gene expression profiles in PMBCs from treatment-naive patients with schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic drug treatment. PBMCs were obtained from 10 treatment-naive schizophrenia patients before and 6 wk after initiating antipsychotic drug treatment and compared to PMBCs collected from 11 healthy community volunteers. Genome-wide expression profiling was conducted using Illumina HumanHT-12 expression bead arrays and analysed using significance analysis of microarrays. This analysis identified 624 genes with altered expression (208 up-regulated, 416 down-regulated) prior to antipsychotic treatment (p < 0.05) including schizophrenia-associated genes AKT1, DISC1 and DGCR6. After 6–8 wk treatment of patients with risperidone or risperidone in combination with haloperidol, only 106 genes were altered, suggesting that the treatment corrected the expression of a large proportion of genes back to control levels. However, 67 genes continued to show the same directional change in expression after treatment. Ingenuity® pathway analysis and gene set enrichment analysis implicated dysregulation of biological functions and pathways related to inflammation and immunity in patients with schizophrenia. A number of the top canonical pathways dysregulated in treatment-naive patients signal through AKT1 that was up-regulated. After treatment, AKT1 returned to control levels and less dysregulation of these canonical pathways was observed. This study supports immune dysfunction and pathways involving AKT1 in the aetiopathophysiology of schizophrenia and their response to antipsychotic medication.
The democratizing effects of multilateral organizations: a cautionary note on the WTO
Authors: ELSIG MANFRED
Published: February 2013

The field of international relations has been obsessed with democracy and democratization and its effects on international cooperation for a long time. More recently, research has turned its focus on how international organizations enhance democracy. This article contributes to this debate and applies a prominent liberal framework to study the ‘outside-in’ effects of the World Trade Organization. The article offers a critical reading of democratization through IO membership. It provides for an assessment of the dominant framework put forward by Keohaneet al.(2009). In doing so, it develops a set of empirical strategies to test conjectured causal mechanisms with respect to the WTO, and illustrates the potential application by drawing on selected empirical evidence from trade politics. Finally, it proposes a number of analytical revisions to the liberal framework and outlines avenues for future research.
The Domestic Politics of International Religious Defamation
Authors: Henne Peter S.
Published: February 2013

From 2005 to 2010, the Organization for Islamic Cooperation attempted to ban the defamation of religion internationally through a series of United Nations resolutions. Although many opposed the resolutions for their potential effects on political rights, numerous non-Muslim states supported them. What explains the dynamic of this support, especially the resolutions' religious nature and significant non-Muslim backing? I argue that non-democratic states that restrict religion have an incentive to take action on contentious international issues — such as the religious defamation resolutions — to gain support from religious groups and justify their restrictive policies, even though Muslim religious defamation concerns and developing country solidarity also contributed to support. I demonstrate this through a mixed-method study, with a quantitative analysis of states' votes on the resolutions and case studies of Belarus and Pakistan. The article contributes to the study of religion and politics, as well as studies on the dynamics of United Nations voting.
State Religion and Freedom: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Kettell Steven
Published: February 2013

State religions form one of the main features of the international political landscape, but scholarly research into their dynamics and effects remains limited. This article aims to address this deficiency through a comparative examination of state religions and levels of political and religious freedom. The findings show that countries with a state religion have substantially lower levels of freedom across a range of measurements than countries with no state religion. The absence of any clear correlation to levels of human development, religious diversity and religiosity indicates a key causal role for the institutional mechanics of state religion itself.
Are Religious People More Compassionate and Does This Matter Politically?
Authors: Blouin David D. , Robinson Robert V. , Starks Brian
Published: February 2013

Analyzing a unique module of the General Social Survey, we test hypotheses that three religion dimensions — affiliation with specific religious traditions (belonging), service attendance (behaving), and religious orthodoxy (believing) are associated with compassionate feelings, and that these feelings carry over into support for government efforts to help the poor, blacks, and the sick. The religiously orthodox report more compassionate feelings toward others than do modernists and, partly because of this, are more supportive of government intervention to help the poor. Yet attending religious services frequently does not increase compassionate feelings and makes people less supportive of government efforts to help the poor. There are no differences among religious traditions in compassionate feelings, and the only difference on economic policy preferences is for Black Protestants to support government assistance to blacks. Compassionate feelings have comparable effects to political ideology and party identification on support for government assistance to the disadvantaged and misfortunate. We conclude that people of faith, variously defined, do not constitute a monolithic “Religious Right” and are potentially open to policy appeals from both political parties.
The Know Nothing Party: Three Theories about its Rise and Demise
Authors: Ramet Sabrina P. , Hassenstab Christine M.
Published: February 2013

The 19th century was a time of rapid population growth in the United States, and much of it was due to immigration from Europe. In the 1840s and 1850s, the largest proportion of immigrants came from Ireland and Germany, and most were Catholic. The Germans spread across small communities as far west as Wisconsin and Texas, but the Irish concentrated in the larger cities on the eastern seaboard, especially Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Local third- and fourth-generation Protestant immigrants from England resented the new arrivals and organized “Nativist” associations. Among these was the anti-Catholic American Party, better known as the Know Nothing Party, which enjoyed spectacular success in Massachusetts and other states during 1854–1855. But, by 1862, the party was dead. This article examines how moral panic theory, the theory of persistent cultural patterns and cycles, and revitalization theory may offer insights into the Know Nothing Party. Each of these theories explains both the emergence of the party and its rapid demise, and suggest that each can make a contribution to understanding anti-Catholicism in nineteenth-century America, and the Know Nothing Party in particular.
Accommodation of Islamic Religious Practices and Democracy in the Post-Communist Muslim Republics
Authors: Shaykhutdinov Renat
Published: February 2013

The literature on state accommodation of Muslim religious practices has focused on the regional context of Western Europe and North America. In this project, I identify and compare state policies toward Islamic religious practices using a sample of 22 former communist Muslim republics of Eurasia. For this purpose, I construct an original dataset collected from a variety of sources. Employing the number of mosques functioning in each post-communist Muslim republic as the measure of state accommodation of religious practices I find that among all factors the level of democracy is the single most important variable in explaining variation in accommodation of Islamic religious practices. To further demonstrate significance of these results I trace the process of democratic influence on state accommodation of religious policies examining in-depth the case of Tatars both in the pre-communist Imperial and revolutionary Russia and the contemporary republic of Tatarstan.
On the Stability of Evaluative Conditioning Effects
Authors: Förderer Sabine , Unkelbach Christian
Published: February 2013

Evaluative conditioning (EC) refers to valence changes in neutral stimuli (CSs) through repeated pairing with liked or disliked stimuli (USs). The present study examined the stability of EC effects in the course of 1 week. We investigated how this stability depends on memory for US valence and US identity. We also investigated whether CSs evaluations occurring immediately after conditioning (i.e., evaluative consolidation) are necessary for stable EC effects. Participants showed stable EC effects on direct and indirect measures, independent of evaluations immediately after conditioning. EC effects depended on memory for US valence but not for US identity. And although memory decreased significantly over time, EC effects remained stable. These data suggest that evaluative consolidation is not necessary, and that conditioned preferences and attitudes might persist even when people do not remember the concrete source anymore.
Playing Video Games Cooperatively Increases Empathic Concern
Authors: Greitemeyer Tobias
Published: February 2013

Two studies addressed whether playing video games cooperatively in a team would increase emphatic concern toward others in need. Study 1 showed that cooperative team-play ameliorates the negative effects of violent video game play on empathy. Both those participants who had played a violent video game cooperatively in a team and participants who had played a neutral video game on their own reported more empathy than participants who had played a violent video game on their own. Study 2 showed that cooperative teamplay does not only ameliorate negative effects of violent video games, but may also foster consideration for others. In fact, playing a neutral video game cooperatively in a team (relative to single-play) increased empathy.
Ethnic Identity and Orientation to White American Culture Are Linked to Well-Being Among American Indians – But in Different Ways
Authors: Schiefer David , Krahé Barbara
Published: February 2013

This study examined the relationship between ethnic identity, orientation toward the White mainstream culture, and psychological well-being among American Indians. In the light of the unique history of American Indians, we investigated the relationship between identification with the American Indian ingroup, orientation toward the dominant White American culture (in terms of showing behavior typical for White mainstream culture as well as positive attitudes and feelings of belonging to White American culture), and self-efficacy and learned helplessness as indicators of psychological well-being. Structural equation analyses with an adolescent and an adult sample revealed a positive relationship between ethnic identity and self-efficacy but no link with learned helplessness. The tendency to show behavior typical for White mainstream culture was associated with higher self-efficacy in both samples and with lower helplessness in the adult subsample. White American orientation in the form of positive attitudes and sense of belonging were associated with higher helplessness in both samples and with lower self-efficacy among adults. The findings are discussed in terms of the role of both ethnic identity and the orientation toward the mainstream culture for well-being among American Indians, focusing on the distinct relations of White American behavior versus White American affiliation with well-being in American Indians.
The Role of the Cerebral Capillaries in Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Extended Penumbra Model
Authors: Østergaard Leif , Jespersen Sune Nørhøj , Mouridsen Kim , Mikkelsen Irene Klærke , Jonsdottír Kristjana Ýr , Tietze Anna , Blicher Jakob Udby , Aamand Rasmus , Hjort Niels , Iversen Nina Kerting , Cai Changsi , Hougaard Kristina Dupont , Simonsen Claus Z , Von Weitzel-Mudersbach Paul , Modrau Boris , Nagenthiraja Kartheeban , Ribe Lars Riisgaard , Hansen Mikkel Bo , Bekke Susanne Lise , Dahlman Martin Gervais , Puig Josep , Pedraza Salvador , Serena Joaquín , Cho Tae-Hee , Siemonsen Susanne , Thomalla Götz , Fiehler Jens , Nighoghossian Norbert , Andersen Grethe
Published: February 2013

The pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia is traditionally understood in relation to reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, a recent reanalysis of the flow-diffusion equation shows that increased capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTTH) can reduce the oxygen extraction efficacy in brain tissue for a given CBF. Changes in capillary morphology are typical of conditions predisposing to stroke and of experimental ischemia. Changes in capillary flow patterns have been observed by direct microscopy in animal models of ischemia and by indirect methods in humans stroke, but their metabolic significance remain unclear. We modeled the effects of progressive increases in CTTH on the way in which brain tissue can secure sufficient oxygen to meet its metabolic needs. Our analysis predicts that as CTTH increases, CBF responses to functional activation and to vasodilators must be suppressed to maintain sufficient tissue oxygenation. Reductions in CBF, increases in CTTH, and combinations thereof can seemingly trigger a critical lack of oxygen in brain tissue, and the restoration of capillary perfusion patterns therefore appears to be crucial for the restoration of the tissue oxygenation after ischemic episodes. In this review, we discuss the possible implications of these findings for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of acute stroke.
Gaining insight into the kinetics of partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons on Rh, through a multiscale methodology based on advanced experimental and modeling techniques
Authors: Beretta A. , Donazzi A. , Groppi G. , Maestri M. , Tronconi E. , Forzatti P.
Published: February 2013

This chapter updates previous reviews on the catalytic partial oxidation of methane and light hydrocarbons over noble metals; specifically, it focuses on the development of experimental and modeling tools that in recent years allowed to measure with accuracy and formalize the kinetics of the surface process, thus setting the basis for the engineering of short contact time CPO reformers. Such advanced tools include special micro-reactor designs for the kinetic investigation under isothermal conditions, first-principle microkinetic schemes, techniques for the spatially resolved measurement of temperature and concentration profiles inside working adiabatic reactors, detailed reactor models accounting for the role of transport phenomena in structured catalysts as well as that of homogeneous reactions. These contributions pave a multi-scale path, that runs from the fundamentals of surface kinetics to the reactor optimal design.
Applications of electron beam lithography in surface science and catalysis – model-nano-array catalysts
Authors: Burghaus Uwe
Published: February 2013

Applications of electron beam lithography (EBL) in surface science and catalysis are detailed. Advantages and disadvantages of EBL in that field are critically discussed. Emphasis is placed on ultra-high vacuum model studies utilizing so-called model nano array catalysts which consist of a simple predetermined perriodic arrangement of clusters on a support. Discussed are surface reactions as well as the kinetics and dynamics of the interactions of gas-phase species with EBL catalysts. In addition, physical properties of these model catalysts are describes including theire cleaning, thermal stability, and composition.
Stability of transonic characteristic discontinuities in two-dimensional steady compressible Euler flows
Authors: Chen Gui-Qiang , Kukreja Vaibhav , Yuan Hairong
Published: February 2013

For a two-dimensional steady supersonic Euler flow past a convex cornered wall with right angle, a characteristic discontinuity (vortex sheet and/or entropy wave) is generated, which separates the supersonic flow from the quiescent gas (hence subsonic). We proved that such a transonic characteristic discontinuity is structurally stable under small perturbations of the upstream supersonic flow in BV. The existence of a weak entropy solution and Lipschitz continuous free boundary (i.e., characteristic discontinuity) is established. To achieve this, the problem is formulated as a free boundary problem for a nonstrictly hyperbolic system of conservation laws; and the free boundary problem is then solved by analyzing nonlinear wave interactions and employing the front tracking method.
Photovoltaic properties of thin film heterojunctions with cupric oxide absorber
Authors: Dimopoulos T. , Peić A. , Müllner P. , Neuschitzer M. , Resel R. , Abermann S. , Postl M. , List E. J. W. , Yakunin S. , Heiss W. , Brückl H.
Published: February 2013

In this work, we report on the fabrication, characterization, and photovoltaic properties of sputter-deposited, thin film heterojunctions combining p-type cupric oxide (CuO) absorber with n-type ZnO. The structural investigation reveals highly crystalline, columnar growth of the layers and confirms that the absorber's phase is purely CuO, with only negligible traces of Cu2O. The optical characterization yields for CuO an indirect bandgap of 1.2 eV and a direct optical transition at approximately 3 eV. The short circuit current, open circuit voltage, fill factor, and power conversion efficiency of the heterojunction solar cells were extracted as a function of the CuO thickness under AM1.5 G (1 kW/m2) illumination. From the observed dependencies, we conclude that the photovoltaic performance is compromised by a restricted carrier collection efficiency, caused by the small carrier lifetime in CuO. Indeed, the carrier population is found to decay with time constants of 40 and 460 ps. A maximum power conversion efficiency of 0.08% was obtained for the solar cell with CuO thickness of 500 nm.
Electrical detection of surface plasmon resonance phenomena by a photoelectronic device integrated with gold nanoparticle plasmon antenna
Authors: Hashimoto Tatsuya , Fukunishi Yurie , Zheng Bin , Uraoka Yukiharu , Hosoi Takuji , Shimura Takayoshi , Watanabe Heiji
Published: February 2013

We have proposed a concept of a photoelectronic hybrid device utilizing gold nanoparticles (GNPs), which are supposed to function not only as the plasmon antenna but also as the sensing part. The photocurrent in the fabricated device, consisting of a transparent Nb-doped TiO2 channel and Au electrodes, was enhanced more than eight times at a specific wavelength with GNP arrays located between the electrodes, indicating that surface plasmon resonance was electrically detected with the hybrid device. This result will open new doors for ultra-small biosensor chips integrated with multi-functional solid-state devices.
Analysis of deformation twinning in tantalum single crystals under shock loading conditions
Authors: Florando Jeffrey N. , Barton Nathan R. , El-Dasher Bassem S. , McNaney James M. , Kumar Mukul
Published: February 2013

The competition between dislocation slip and twinning in tantalum single crystals has been investigated utilizing a crystal level twinning model and the results from gas gun recovery experiments conducted at peak normal stresses of 25 and 55 GPa. The recovered samples were characterized using electron back scattered diffraction, and the observed twinning fractions were compared with the model. The experimental results show very low twin fractions in all orientations at 25 GPa, and that among (100), (110), (111), and (123) crystals, the (110) crystals had the largest amount of twinning at 55 GPa. The analysis shows that the general trends observed in the experimental data can be reproduced by the model when an orientation dependent dislocation evolution is used. This analysis gives insight into the possible influence of the dislocation density and its evolution on the observed twinning behavior.
The force distribution probability function for simple fluids by density functional theory
Authors: Rickayzen G. , Heyes D. M.
Published: February 2013

Classical density functional theory (DFT) is used to derive a formula for the probability density distribution function, P(F), and probability distribution function, W(F), for simple fluids, where F is the net force on a particle. The final formula for P(F) ∝ exp(−AF2), where A depends on the fluid density, the temperature, and the Fourier transform of the pair potential. The form of the DFT theory used is only applicable to bounded potential fluids. When combined with the hypernetted chain closure of the Ornstein-Zernike equation, the DFT theory for W(F) agrees with molecular dynamics computer simulations for the Gaussian and bounded soft sphere at high density. The Gaussian form for P(F) is still accurate at lower densities (but not too low density) for the two potentials, but with a smaller value for the constant, A, than that predicted by the DFT theory.
Anomalous thermal conductivity by surface phonon-polaritons of polar nano thin films due to their asymmetric surrounding media
Authors: Ordonez-Miranda J. , Tranchant Laurent , Tokunaga Takuro , Kim Beomjoon , Palpant Bruno , Chalopin Yann , Antoni Thomas , Volz Sebastian
Published: February 2013

The surface phonon-polaritons contribution to the thermal conductivity of a nano thin film of silicon dioxide is investigated based on the Maxwell equations and the Boltzmann transport equation. It is shown that: (1) a small difference between the permittivities of the substrate and superstrate of the film can generate giant propagation lengths and therefore remarkably enhances its thermal conductivity with respect to values obtained for a freestanding one. (2) The propagation of surface phonon-polaritons is present in a broad band of frequencies and exhibits its largest propagation lengths at the frequency where the absorption of energy is minimal. (3) The increase of the thermal conductivity of the film as its thickness decreases is higher when it is deposited on potassium bromide instead of being suspended in air. The difference in the thermal conductivity for these two systems increases with increasing temperature and reducing the film thickness. A thermal conductivity as high as 2.5 W/m K is obtained for a 30 nm-thick thin film at room temperature, which is about 1.8 times larger than its bulk phonon value. The obtained results show that the propagation of surface phonon-polaritons has the potential not only to offset the reduction of the phonon thermal conductivity of a nano thin film, when its sizes are scaled down, but also to enhance it, by choosing properly the permittivity of its substrate.
Effects of finite beam and plasma temperature on the growth rate of a two-stream free electron laser with background plasma
Authors: Mahdizadeh N. , Aghamir F. M.
Published: February 2013

A fluid theory is used to derive the dispersion relation of two-stream free electron laser (TSFEL) with a magnetic planar wiggler pump in the presence of background plasma (BP). The effect of finite beams and plasma temperature on the growth rate of a TSFEL has been verified. The twelve order dispersion equation has been solved numerically. Three instabilities, FEL along with the TS and TS-FEL instabilities occur simultaneously. The analysis in the case of cold BP shows that when the effect of the beam temperature is taken into account, both instable bands of wave-number and peak growth rate in the TS instability increase, but peak growth of the FEL and TS-FEL instabilities decreases. Thermal motion of the BP causes to diminish the TS instability and it causes to decrease the FEL and TS-FEL instabilities. By increasing the beam densities and lowering initial velocities (in the collective Raman regime), growth rate of instabilities increases; however, it has opposite behavior in the Campton regime.
Formation of one-dimensional self-assembled silicon nanoribbons on Au(110)-(2 × 1)
Authors: Rachid Tchalala Mohamed , Enriquez Hanna , Mayne Andrew J. , Kara Abdelkader , Roth Silvan , Silly Mathieu G. , Bendounan Azzedine , Sirotti Fausto , Greber Thomas , Aufray Bernard , Dujardin Gérald , Ait Ali Mustapha , Oughaddou Hamid
Published: February 2013

We report results on the self-assembly of silicon nanoribbons (NRs) on the (2 × 1) reconstructed Au(110) surface under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Upon adsorption of 0.2 monolayer (ML) of silicon, the (2 × 1) reconstruction of Au(110) is replaced by an ordered surface alloy. Above this coverage, a new superstructure is revealed by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), which becomes sharper at 0.3 Si ML. This superstructure corresponds to Si nanoribbons all oriented along the [1¯10] direction as revealed by LEED and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM and high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy indicate that the nanoribbons are flat and predominantly 1.6 nm wide. In addition, the silicon atoms show signatures of two chemical environments corresponding to the edge and center of the ribbons.