bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The geological structure of East Poland and West Russia: A summary of recent discoveries
Authors: Sujkowski Zbigniew
Published: October 2009

Recent investigations have yielded the following results.

The extensive Ukrainian granitic massif has been traced some 30 miles farther north beneath the Pripet Marshes, and the primary Archaean massif must have been at least twice as large las the present one. The Donetz Basin, instead of being relatively small and enclosed, proves to be part of a great trough extending northwestwards for at least 1000 miles to the Pripet Marshes. In the middle of this North Ukrainian trough several Permian salt domes have been detected.

The Lower Palaeozoic in Podolia and Volhynia differs in some respects from that of the Baltic countries. The Devonian is more uniform in the two regions. As the younger Palaeozoic rests directly on the granite, the impression is given of two Lower Palaeozoic provinces separated by an Archaean belt.

Three new Carboniferous deposits have been discovered; one of Moscow facies with coal in Polesia (under the Pripet Marshes), one in Volhynia with coal near to anthracite and one in Lithuania without coal measures. The last-mentioned would appear to be a prolongation of the Danzig-Lwow trough.

Of later connexions between the Russian and the West European basins that pass more or less through Poland, probably none existed in the Triassic period. The Upper Cretaceous seas were very extensively connected in Cenomanian times; the connexion was narrower in the Turonian and apparently absent in Senonian time. In the Oligocene it followed approximately the same line as in the Cretaceous, with a slight displacement to the south. The youngest connexion, in the Upper Miocene, is much farther south.

The relation between East and West Europe is much more complicated than has been supposed and Tornquist's hypothetical line does not, in fact, exist. The big syncline passing from Danzig to Lwow is related only to the West European structure although situated east of the hypothetical line. The Lithuanian basin appears to be a side branch of that trough; here the western structure passes slowly into the Russian type. The extensive North Ukrainian basin perhaps marks more completely the line of separation between the two main parts of Europe.
Large-Scale Superficial Structures in the Northampton Ironstone Field
Authors: Hollingworth S. E. , Taylor J. H. , Kellaway G. A.
Published: October 2009

In the discussion of this paper, Mr. F. G. H. Blyth suggests interpretation of the observed structural details by the methods of soil mechanics. In the writer's opinion, the prospects for the success of such an attempt are no better than those of an attempt to explain the tectonics of the Alps on the basis of the current concepts of the strength of materials. Both rocks and clay have a double personality. One of them represents the behaviour of these materials under laboratory conditions. It reflects the standard or technical strength. The other one represents the behaviour under small stress of long duration. It reflects what is sometimes referred to as the fundamental strength, which indicates the smallest stress which does not produce any flow. There is no known relation between these two types of strength. High standard strength may be associated with very low fundamental strength and vice versa. A stress in excess of the standard strength produces fractures which cut across the internal boundaries in composite bodies, whereas a stress above the fundamental strength of the major constituents of composite bodies leads to intricate patterns whose details reveal every local change of the mechanical properties of the material. Minor constituents such as thin, rigid layers whose fundamental strength is greater than the average stress gradually disintegrate, due to local stress concentrations, and the fragments are slowly dragged into a flow pattern. Intense deformation of this type leads to the clay pebble-beds mentioned on p. 11 of the paper.
Notes on the Compressibility of Clays
Authors: Skempton A. W.
Published: October 2009

From
Dr. Karl Terzaghi :—

Mr. Skempton refers to A. Casagrande's method for determining the pre-consolidation load on clays. The method, as such, is based on the empirical fact, illustrated by fig. 10, that the average slope of the recompression curve,
d c
, is smaller than that of the main branch,
b c
. However, the procedure for the quantitative interpretation of the test results has not been derived by correlating pressure/void-ratio curves for undisturbed samples with known field pre-consolidation loads. It is based on the observed effects of short-time pre-consolidations produced in the laboratory and involves the tacit assumption that the effects of the two processes—the short-time pre-consolidation in the laboratory and the long-time pre-consolidation in the field—are at least approximately identical. Conclusive proof for this assumption has not yet been produced.

In order to obtain information on the degree of reliability of the procedure it would be necessary to secure a series of undisturbed samples from different depths in a normally consolidated clay stratum, to submit the samples to consolidation tests and to compare the theoretical pre-consolidation loads with the real ones. So far, all the data of this kind which have been secured by the writer are distinguished by intolerable scattering. Furthermore, they indicate that the theoretical pressures increase with depth much less rapidly than the overburden pressure. However, the writer never had any opportunity to investigate a clay as suitable for such purposes as, for instance, the Gosport clay (fig. 9). Considering the practical and scientific importance
Notes on Cambro-Ordovician fossils collected by the Oxford University Ellesmere Land Expedition 1934-5
Authors: Poulsen Christian
Published: October 2009

To a description of the fossils collected by Mr. Bentham on the Oxford University expedition to Ellesmere Land, the author has added a re-determination and description of some fossils from the same area collected in 1898-9 by Per Schei on the second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in the Fram. All these specimens, mainly brachiopods and trilobites, are from Cambrian and Lower Ordovician sediments exposed along the western side of Kane Basin from Bache Peninsula (latitude 79° N.) to Scoresby Bay (latitude 80° N.).

Lower and Middle Cambrian rocks rest upon a peneplaned Archaean surface on the south shore of Bache Peninsula, and Middle Cambrian rocks are represented in Per Schei's collection from a locality at the south-east tip of the peninsula. Collections from the remaining seven of Mr. Bentham's localities, and other of Per Schei's specimens, indicate rocks of Lower Ordovician age. The sequence for North-West Greenland as developed on the opposite side of Kane Basin (in Washington Land and Inglefield Land) is more completely known and includes formations not yet recognized in Ellesmere Land and Grinnefi Land, and the lowest Cambrian horizon of Ellesmere Land (Bache Peninsula) has not yet been found in Greenland; but the two columns correspond perfectly in most respects.

In the palaeontological section, descriptions are given of four new genera and 10 new species of trilobites, and of two new brachiopod species.

The thanks of the Society were unanimously voted to Prof. A. E. True-man, retiring from the office of Vice-President and from the Council; to Mr. W. N. Edwards, retiring from the office of Secretary; and to Dr. L. R. Cox, Prof. H. P. Lewis, Dr. F. J. North and Dr. J. Phemister, retiring from the Council.
The textural features of the granites and invaded rocks of the Singo batholith of Uganda and their petrogenetic significance
Authors: King Basil Chables
Published: October 2009

The batholith invades quartzites, sandstones, sandy shales and shales of the Karagwe-Ankolean System, which were sharply folded before the emplacement of the granite. The structures show that the invaded rocks were not swept aside, but that areas formerly occupied by country rocks are now occupied by granite.

The granite is remarkably uniform in character over the greater part of the batholith and is principally a pink or reddish, coarse-grained, porphyritic rock, with large felspar phenocrysts. A finer- and more even-grained marginal variety is often found.

The Karagwe-Ankolean sediments, in addition to showing increasing metamorphism of regional type towards the southern part of the area, are also contact-metamorphosed by the granite. Progressive recrystallization of original clastic grains of quartz to form a quartz mosaic, and reconstitution of other constituents into sericite and muscovite, are traceable.

Certain of the marginal “granites” contain sericite in place of felspar and are only distinguishable from contact-altered sediments by the absence of bedding. The sericite always exhibits replacement relations towards the quartz and is believed, in part at least, to represent an intermediate stage in the development of felspar.

Even in the coarse-grained granites, quartz was always the earliest mineral to form and was replaced successively by two generations of potash felspar as well as by oligoclase. The various felspars also show mutual replacement relations, while the phenocrysts of perthite were formed at a late stage in the development of the granite.

It is believed that the granite never existed wholly as a magma or melt, but that it evolved by a series of replacements, effected by differential fixation in time and place of a succession of introductions from below and of materials displaced within the body itself.
The sequence of geochemical changes leading to granitization
Authors: Reynolds Dorris L.
Published: October 2009

If we agree that in science the emphasis is placed on the interpretation of facts, then it is obvious that Dr. D. L. Reynolds's paper will eventually occupy a very important place in the history of petrogenetic ideas. The value of this work is twofold. On the one hand, Dr. Reynolds “tolls the knell ”of the passing theory of “magmatism ” as an all-embracing explanation of the origin of all plutonic rocks, and, on the other hand, she provides a new and most powerful support to “ transformism ” as applied to the processes of granitization. It is important to remember, however, that “ transformism ” in relation to the origin of granite is well over a hnndred years old, whilst “ magmatism ”, which was first developed by Iddings, Rosenbusch, BrSgger and Vogt in the nineties of the last century, is barely sixty years old. Thus “ transformism ” is not a revolutionary innovation, but is rather a restoration of an old and more balanced opinion which has been known to petrogenesis since the time of Ami Bout. Present-day petrologists, nurtured on pure magmatism, are usually oblivious of the saying of James Hutton that people often “ judge of the great operations of the mineral kingdom, from having kindled a fire, and looked into the bottom of a little crucible ”

“ Transformism ” does not deny the existence of magma or migma, hob-ever, but it does restrict its field and function. “ Transformism ” postulates a wide cycle
A Revision of the Genus
Pentamerus
James Sowerby 1813 and a Description of the New Species
Gypidula Bravonium
from the Aymestry Limestone of the Main Outcrop
Authors: Alexander Frances Elizabeth Somerville
Published: October 2009

The history of the genera
Pentamerus
and
Conchidium
is reviewed, and the conclusions reached that, according to the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, the generic name
Conchidium
is inadmissible,
Pentamerus
should be applied to forms congeneric with
P. knightii
J. Sowerby, and a new generic name is required for brachiopods congeneric with
P. oblongus
J. de C. Sowerby. In order to avoid the confusion which would follow this strict observance of the rules, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has been asked to suspend the
Régles internationales
in this case. The genera
Pentamerus
(type
P. oblongus
J. de C. Sowerby 1839) and
Conchidium
(type
C. bilocularis
[Hisinger 1799]) are re-defined by the author in accordance with her application.

A new species,
Gypidula bravonium
from the Aymestry Limestone, is described and figured.

This paper is a revision of a paper read before the Geological Society of London and published in abstract in July, 1936 (Alexander 1936). Publication in full was unavoidably delayed, and in 1938 Dr. St. Joseph (1938, pp. 256–65) published a history of the genera
Conchidium
Linnaeus auctt. and
Pentamerus
J. Sowerby auctt. Though I agree with Dr. St. Joseph's conclusions in general, I differ from him in details of interpretation and I consider it worth while restating the case. The question of the nomenclature of this group of brachiopods has been referred to the International Committee of Zoological Nomenclature but it is not expected that an opinion will be obtained for some time.
Major tectonic phenomena and the hypothesis of convection currents in the earth
Authors: Meinesz Felix Andries Vening
Published: October 2009

The cooling of the earth in its relation to the formation of convection currents is a subject which has long occupied the attention of geologists and geophysicists. Jeffreys, Holmes, Schwinner, Pekeris and Griggs have all studied the subject, which is one of the major problems of the history of the earth. It is clear that such currents, if they were formed, must have subjected the earth's crust to drag-forces which may hold the explanation of tectonic phenomena. Certain other phenomena may likewise thus be accounted for.

The hypothesis of convection currents, besides assuming that the earth is indeed cooling, is based on the supposition that below the rigid crust there exists a plastic and homogeneous layer sufficiently thick to allow of the formation of such currents. There can be no doubt that at a depth of a few tens of kilometres below the surface, the material has a plastic character, since otherwise it would be impossible to explain isostasy in areas where erosion has removed great surface masses or sedimentation has added them; for the readjustment of the isostatic balance after these changes of load we must assume mass movements at depths less than 50 kilometres, and this assumption requires the presence of currents flowing under the effect of relatively small pressure differences. As we shall presently argue, the lower limit of the resulting shear-stress cannot be much more than 10 kg/cm
2
.

The question is, however, whether the layer below the rigid crust is homogeneous to a sufficient depth. The
Notes on the geology of the Elburz Mountains, north-east of Tehran, Iran
Authors: Bailey Edward Battersby , Jones Robert Cyril Briscoe , Asfia S.
Published: October 2009

Cretaceous outcrops have been traced for the first time in the Lar valley. Two earth-movements are distinguished. The earlier, not previously recognized, is of late Cretaceous, or earliest Tertiary, date; the later, late Miocene. Both are intense. Their periods were separated by great early Tertiary erosion. Effects of the early movement, involving thrusting of Old Red Sandstone over Lias, are well seen near Latiyan and Ab Ali. The direction was probably northwards. Effects of the later movement are beautifully illustrated in steep folding of Oligocene Green Beds, with irregularly directed asymmetry. The Green Beds, 3000 metres thick, are a submarine volcanic accumulation, abounding in radiolaria. Much interest attaches to the Quaternary volcano of Demavend, which grew, like a mushroom overnight, among the eroded mountains of the Elburz. It deflected drainage and led to the production of Lake Lar, now emptied by down-cutting of its spillway.
A multi-layered dolerite complex of laccolithic form, Near Llandrindod Wells, Radnorshire
Authors: Jones Owen Thomas , Pugh William John
Published: October 2009

The paper gives an account of an area near Llandrindod Wells, Radnorshire, which includes albite-dolerites. It was mapped by the Geological Survey about a hundred years ago as a single intrusion of roughly triangular form, two miles long and three-quartors of a mile wide, trending in the direction of the general strike of the country rocks. Detailed mapping on the scale of 25 inches to the mile has shown that the area includes no less than 315 dolerite masses, each surrounded by black shales of the Llandeilo zone of
Nemagraptus gracilis
. Several quarries clearly that there is no difficulty in mapping the separate intrusions. If an envelope were drawn so as to surround the area containing dolerites, its form would suggest comparison with a laccolith, but the envelope contains only about 25 per cent of dolerite, the rest being shale. The name laccolith is applied to the Llandrindod intrusion because of the occurence of many forms transitional between it and the ideal laccolith of Gilbert. One of the remarkable features of the area is that quarrying has disclosed several small plug-like masses at right angles to the bedding in the shales above which the dolerites have been removed. It is evident that these served as feeders to the over-lying dolerites. Small masses of oval or circular outline occur among larger ovoid masses and from their size and form these also are believed to be feeders; over 100 of them have been counted. The area has been tilted, so that the rocks now dip in a northerly or north-westerly direction at about 40°.
A revision of the brachiopod species
Anomia Reticularis
Linnaeus, genolectotype of
Atrypa
Dalman
Authors: Alexander Frances Elizabeth Somerville
Published: October 2009

The results contained in this paper are based on the examination of numerous specimens of
Atrypa
from various parts of Europe and America and on the detailed study of many hundreds of British specimens. A type specimen for
Atrypa reticularis
(Linnaeus) has been selected from the five syntypes in the Linnaean collection.

Atrypa reticularis
s.s. does not seem to occur in the British Isles, where the species is represented by an evolutional series of six varieties, and two local varieties found only at Dudley. Each member of the main series becomes predominant in one of the six main subdivisions of the Silurian, though occurring also in other subdivisions. At Dudley, local varieties are developed at the Wenlock and “Aymestry” limestone horizons. Thus it is possible to use this extremely common brachiopod for rough zonal work in this country. In Poland and Sweden also
Atrypa reticularis
appears to develop forms of stratigraphical significance. The British forms of
Atrypa
are closely related to the Continental species, which, however, show a certain amount of local variation. American forms on the whole show a more vigorous and extravagant development than European forms.
Redescription of the trilobite
Eoharpes
Raymond 1905
Authors: Whittington Harry Blackmore
Published: October 2009

Hitherto trilobites of the family Harpidae have been referred to either the genus
Eoharpes
or to
Harpes
. These genera were originally differentiated on the characters of the hypostome by Novák. Hypostomes of harpids are very rarely preserved, and thus do not afford a suitable basis for generic distinctions. An unpublished study of British and Bohemian harpids has shown that by the use of a combination of cephalic characters, similar to that employed in the Trinucleidae, several genera can be discriminated within the Harpidae, including
Eoharpes
and
Harpes
s.s. In this paper the genus
Eoharpes
is redefined, and the genotype species and one other redescribed. Both are from Bohemia, and are of Llanvirnian and Llandeilian age respectively.
Grinnellaspis
, new name for
Actinopeltis
Poulsen, non Hawle and Corda
Authors: Poulsen Christian
Published: October 2009

Dr. F. Prantl and Dr. A. Přibyl have called my attention to the fact that the name
Actinopeltis
, recently proposed by me for a genus of Ordovician trilobites (
Q.J.G.S.
cii, 1946, p. 324) has been used previously by Hawle and Corda, 1847, for a genus of the cyrtometopoid Cheiruridae. I therefore propose to substitute for
Actinopeltis
Poulsen, non Hawle and Corda, the new generic nane
Grinnellaspis
, the genotype becoming
Grinnellaspis feildeni
(Poulsen 1946).
The geology of the eastern part of the English Channel
Authors: King William Bernard Robinson
Published: October 2009

The paper is an attempt to bring together the existing information about the geology and structure of south-eastern England and north-western France, together with the few fragments of information concerning the rocks forming the floor of the eastern part of the English Channel.

The fold pattern on the two sides of the Channel is discussed and the evidence for a continuance of the echelon arrangement of the folds is emphasized. By plotting the axes on a map and taking the outcrops at 100 feet below sea-level on the land areas, together with the few records from soundings for the sea areas, a map has been constructed showing the probable outcrops on the floor of the Channel.

The most interesting and probably most controversial point is the presumed presence of a large outcrop of Triassic rocks in mid-Channel south of the Isle of Wight. Much of the evidence for this has been obtained from Admiralty sources.

This
paper is an attempt to bring together and to interpret the present information regarding the geology of the eastern part of the English Channel.

On most maps the geological boundaries of the English side end at the coast, and the same may be said of the French side., Dangeard's work (1929), however, gives some important information regarding the age of the solid rocks forming the floor of the Channel. His samples were obtained by dredging. Admiralty charts are also informative, and the Hydrographer has been most helpful in attempting to obtain some confirmatory samples.
The problem of mantled gneiss domes
Authors: Eskola Pentti Eelis
Published: October 2009

In many orogenic zones there occur domes having a superincumbent mantle of sedimentary strata layered parallel to the dome contacts and the foliation of the gneiss. In the Karelidic zone of East Finland are numerous domes showing somewhat different development. In some, the lowest horizon of the mantle consists of basal conglomerate with boulders of the same gneiss that forms the dome; in others, the basement stratum is a layer of quartzite, above which follow dolomite and micaschist; and in still others, dolomite forms the basement. Ivariably the domes are more or less inclined according to the general tilt of the orogenic zone. In some domes the gneiss, or rather granite, has apparently been preserved as it was when the sediments were deposited upon the croded surface of the plutonic mass. In most cases, however, it has become migmatized and granitized during the doming, and now shows a veined structure and has a potash-rich ideal-granitic composition, although its original composition may have been granodioritic or quartz-dioritic. In some cases massive granites break through the domes, and at the contacts the palingenic gneissose granite may display an intrusive relation to the mantle rocks. On this account certain domes were formerly thought to be younger intrusions.

Migmitized domes of exactly the same character as the Finnish examples, and likewise mantled with sediments, occur in Maryland and elsewhere within the Appalachian range of North America. Very similar also are the Variscan gneiss masses in the Alps, such as the St. Gotthard, Aar, and Mont Blanc massifs. Other Alpine mantled domes have been deformed and drawn out into extensive nappes, as is illustrated by the Simplon Tunnel profile.

The manteld domes apparently represent earlier granite intrusions related to a orogenic period. The plutonic mass was later eroded and levelled, and thereafter followed a period of sedimentation. During a subsequent orogenic cycle the pluton was mobilized anew and new granite magma was injected into the plutonic rock at the same time as it was deformed into gneiss, causing its migmatization and granitization, or palingenesis.

It seems that a neccessary condition foth the formation of mantled domes is that the area in which they occur should have been subjected to two orogenic revolutions: in Finland the Svecofennidie and Karelidie, in eastern North America the late Pre-Cambrian (or ? Taconic)and the Appalachian, in the Alps the Variscan and the Alpidie. The repeated upheaval of such rather small plutons, a few tens of kilometres in maximum diameter, is a remarkable fact that throws light upon the nature of orogeny, as well as on the genesis of granites, and invites interesting speculations upon the original source of the granitic material.
The Cretaceous ammonite genera
Discohoplites
Spath and
Hyphoplites
Spath
Authors: Wright Claud William , Wright Edward Vere
Published: October 2009

The discovery in the uppermost Albian of the Dorset coast of some new species of two genera of ammonites belonging to the last of the hoplitid stock led to re-examination, and redescription where necessary, of all the species of the two genera,
Discohoplites
Spath and
HyphopUtes
Spath.

In all, five new species and four new chronological subspecies and varieties are described. The Cenomanian species of
Hyphoplites
, which have nowhere been methodically described, are dealt with in detail and figured.

With the knowledge of the new forms it has proved possible to trace with reasonable certainty the Albian ancestors of the well-known Cenomanian species falcatus and curvatus and their allies. The phylogeny of the two genera is discussed in detail.
On lineation and petrofabric structure and the shearing movement by which they have been produced
Authors: Anderson E. M.
Published: October 2009

From
Dr. F. R. von Gaertner :—

The problem of lineation discussed in the paper is a general one. The lineation is in most cases the expression of elongation; the longer axis of the strain-ellipsoid runs parallel to the lineation, at least in the sense of this discussion. According to the principle, that a considerable difference in viscosity does not affect the formulae developed, a stick in water will preferably flow in
p
direction. But it will change its course into
q
direction if the flow is too slow or turbulent. In boulder-clay, K. Richter has observed that the longer axis of the boulders strikes approximately in
p
direction. In some special cases, however, he found the pebbles with the longer axis in
q
.

In slowly flowing soils on the steep slopes of the Schwarzburger Sattel, Thuringia, I found the longer axis of slate pebbles in the muddy clay of wet steep inclines running in
p
direction, while gentle, dry inclines with slower movement predominantly showed the axis strike in
q
direction. Sander found the lineation on slickensides in
a
( =
p
), in folds in
b
( =
q
). W. Schmidt discovered in the Muglgneis of the Leoben region the lineation in
y
as well ( =
b
=
q
); the direction of
b
in this case being no more subject to discussion as all the folds, small and large, strike east and west. There is nothing that points to an east-west movement. In the Radstädter Tauern, however, the
A synopsis of the stratigraphy and geological history of Cyprus
Authors: Henson Francis Roger Spencer , Browne Richard Vernon , McGinty James
Published: October 2009

Cyprus lies in the eastern Mediterranean region and its northern (Kyrenia) mountain range, trending approximately west-east and thrust to the south, forms part of the southernmost loop of the Tauric arc of Suess, which extends towards the north-east through Hatay (Alexandretta) and north-western Syria.

The island is divisible into the following belts, trending approximately west-east and differentiated by their geomorphology and stratigraphy.

(1) A narrow, northern, coastal belt of Upper Senonian, Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene marine sediments dipping unconformably off the Kyrenia range to the south.

(2) The Kyrenia mountain-range with upthrust slices of Triassic red beds and radiolarites, slightly metamorphosed Jurassic limestones, green igneous rocks, and tectonically displaced, unconformable younger sediments.

(3) The Mesaoria plain, with sharply folded, marine foredeep deposits ranging at least from Upper Cretaceous to Pliocene, and unconformably overlapping the south flank of the Kyrenia range.

(4) The central, basic igneous massif of the Troodos mountains, with plutonic, hyperbyssal and eruptive rocks, giving evidence of recurrent igneous activity in Mesozoic and (?)Tertiary times. Eocene to Pliocene marine sediments of the Mesaoria basin overlap unconformably on the north flank of Troodos.

(5) The southern foothill belt of buckled Upper Senonian, Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene marine beds, flanking Troodos unconformably to the south and exposing intensely faulted inliers of Triassic red beds, limestones, contorted radiolarites, and contemporaneous volcanic rocks. Post-Triassic basic igneous extrusions penetrate these inliers.

Thus the exposed geology of Cyprus shows marine Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments resting unconformably on a Mesozoic (pre-Cretaceous) foundation.

Kober (1915) includes the island in the border zone of the Tauric nappes, but the authors regard Cyprus, south of the Kyrenia range, as a fragment of the Syrian foreland now separated by submerged
graben
from its continuation on the Syrian mainland, which it resembles in its stratigraphy.

The stratigraphy has been considerably revised in detail.

Marine sedimentary cycles, separated by unconformities, were as follows : Triassic-Jurassic, with some doubt as to the relationship between formations of the two periods; Upper Senonian-Oligocene, with a local regression between Maestrichtian and Lutetian; Miocene, with a transgressive maximum in Vindobonian times; Pliocene, with an intermediate regression.

The main thrusting of the Kyrenia range corresponds with the Savian and Attic movements; general emergence followed the Pliocene.

Volcanic activity occurred in the Triassic, Jurassic-Middle Cretaceous interval, Senonian, and Vindobonian (slight).
Diagnoses of East African Miocene Hominoidea
Authors: Le Gros Clark W. E. , Leakey L. S. B.
Published: October 2009

Owing to an inevitable delay in the publication of our monograph on the Miocene Hominoidea of East Africa (which is now in the press), it seems desirable for purposes of reference to record here the diagnoses of genera and species which we have listed in the monograph. These diagnoses are as follows.
1

Anthropoid apes showing considerable variation in size, ranging from animals smaller than a chimpanzee to animals the size of a gorilla. In the upper premolars (particularly P
3
) the labial cusp tends to project well beyond the lingual cusp. Upper molars all characterized by a pronounced development of the internal cingulum which (particularly in the larger species) tends to be elaborately crenated. In M
1
and M
2
the trigon is clearly demarcated, and the hypocone is well developed. A protoconule is developed (to a variable degree) on the crest connecting the protocone to the paracone. There is usually a trace of the external cingulum. The last upper molar shows retrogressive changes, particularly in the smaller species. Lower molars showing the
Dryopithecus
pattern and with a distinct external cingulum. M
x
markedly smaller than M
2
. M
3
elongated with a narrowing talonid. Upper central incisors spatulate and lacking the antero-posterior thickness of recent Ponginae. Incisor region of jaws narrow. Symphysis of mandible relatively massive, but lacking the "simian shelf". Canines strongly developed (at least in the male), the upper being marked anteriorly by a deep vertical furrow.

Holotype
.—Portion of right maxilla with the upper dentition (M14084) described by A. T. Hopwood (1933).

Locality.
The stratigraphy of the Dovedale area, Derbyshire and Staffordshire
Authors: Parkinson Donald
Published: October 2009

The paper describes the sequence, facies changes and structure of the Carboniferous rocks situated on both sides of the River Dove between the villages of Hartington and Thorpe. It is shown that there are three facies, (1) block (massif or shelf), (2) reef and (3) basin, in each of the three zones C, S and D
1
(B
2
). Standard D
2
(massif facies) is not reached within the area, the equivalent beds (P
1
) being of basin facies. The strata lying on the Rigid Block are undisturbed, but those to the south-west are folded along approximately north-north-west and south-south-east axes. The main faults run parallel to the fold-axes and are intersected by cross-faults. Between C2-S! and T>1 time the margin of the massif receded towards the east-north-east. Evidence is given of earth-movement at three periods : (1) low Viséan, with earlier minor phases, (2) mid-Viséan and (3) post-Viséan. Following the early movements, the S beds formed an overlapping series on the C
2
reefs. It is shown that the mid-Viséan movement was a simple north-south uplift with the axis lying to the east, the effect of which within the area itself was an overstep of 1000 feet of S beds. Following the post-Viséan uplift, probably also a north-south movement, the Carboniferous Limestone along the western margin of the Rigid Block was eroded into a hilly landscape which sank rapidly and was infilled during the Namurian transgression.
The Carboniferous System in North County Dublin
Authors: Smyth Louis Bouvier
Published: October 2009

The Loughshinny Black Shales, P
2
, represented the highest known Carboniferous horizon in County Dublin until 1939. A survey since then of the upland stretching west-north-westwards from Loughshinny has shown that Arnsbergian beds, E
2
, cover about eight square miles. It is considered that the zones present are those of
Cravenoceratoides nitidum
and
Eumorphoceras bisulcatum s.s.
They consist of a lower Balrickard Sandstone series, about 100 feer, and an upper Walshestown Shale series, about 320 feet. The former are dark-grey, micaceous, calcareous sandstone interspread with black limestones and shales and yield
Eu. bisulcatum
. The shale series consists mainly of black shale, often with goniatites and marine lamellibranchs. There are two limestone bands and several mudstone, siltstone and clay-ironstone beds. Near the top
Ct. stellarum
occurs, indicating the uppermost subzome of the
Ct. nitidum
zone E
2b
.

No indication of an E
1
fauna was found. The Upper Bollandrian, P
2
, which on the coast is represented by black shales, consists inland of black argillaceous limestone with a little shale containing
Paragonialites subcircularis
and abundant
Posidonia membranacea
. No trace of
Pd. becheri
or P
1
gonitites was seen inland.
Probascidella
found at one localit probably indicates the base of P
1
.

Below the black P
2
beds are at least 600 feet of grey limestones, some of them cherty, considered to represent the
Cyathaxonia
Beds, and the Kate, Carlyan and Holmpatrick limestones of the coast section C
2
-D
1
.

The area is on the south margin of the Ballbriggan Lower Palaeozoic massif and seems to include basin and back-reef facies. Absence of E
1
and overlap of E
2
upon the Lower Palaeozoic represent the Sudetian movements. The mid-Avonian disturbances (Nassauian phase) are indicated inland by basement fragmental beds, as on the coast by the well-known Rush and Lane conglomerates.

One north-east and south-west fault was observed and three others with a similar trend are inferred. There are two main anticlines in the Carboniferous rocks with north-east and south-west axes pitching north-eastwards, one of which is evidently continuous with that at Oldtown to the south-west and possibly also with the east-and-west anticline pitching east in the Lower Palaeozoic seen in the islands at Skerries. Its curved course would thus be parallel to that of the Swords-Portrane anticline to the south.
Foraminifera from the Lower Lias of the Dorset Coast
Authors: Barnard Tom
Published: October 2009

A systematic study of the foraminifera from the Lower Lias of one was undertaken with a view to establishing a range-chart of the various species for application to other areas.

The problems of nomenclature and synonymy, although studied, are outside the scope of the present paper and are consequently only briefly mentioned.

The difficulties in correctly assigning specimens of
Lenticulina
to previously described species are dealt with, and it was found that examining the trends within a "plexus" gave best results.

A range-chart shows that certain species are important stratigraphically and these forms are discussed.
Ijolitic rocks near Homa Bay, western Kenya
Authors: Pulfrey William
Published: October 2009

A mass of ijolitic rocks at Usaki, near Homa Bay in South Nyanza, Kenya, is described, together with comparable rocks from Homa Mountain and xenoliths from various parts of the Homa-Ruri area. Modal analyses are given of most of the rocks examined, together with chemical analyses of some of the main rock types and of some of their minerals. The origin of the rocks is discussed, and the suggestion made that their present constitution has developed largely by metasomatic replacement.
Interglacial deposits from the Histon road, Cambridge
Authors: Holling Worth S. E. , Allison Jean , Godwin H.
Published: October 2009

The paper describes the results of the examination of deep sewer trenches in the Middle Terrace of the Cam on the northern outskirts of Cambridge. Extensive aggradation of upwards of 20 feet is indicated by the sequence of organic shelly calcareous muds followed by silt, sand and gravel. The muds and silt yielded abundant molluscan remains and a few mammalian bones, as well as a rich flora. Abundant
Corbicula fluminalis
at one horizon is a noteworthy feature of the extensive faunal lists based on determinations by the late A. S. Kennard. From an analysis of the proportions of land and fresh-water shells (both numbers of individuals and of species) at several horizons an attempt is made to infer the changing flood-water conditions.

Vegetable remains are recorded from several levels. Evidence from both macroscopic remains and from pollen-analysis results, notably the abundance of hornbeam pollen, demonstrates a clear correlation with Jessen's zones
f
and
g
associated with the Eemian transgression of the Last Interglacial of North-West Europe.

There are indications of brackish water conditions in the flora at one level.

There is a striking agreement between the climatic and ecological condition suggested by Kennard from the mollusca, the physical nature of the deposits and the inferences from the flora.

It is concluded that this aggradation phase probably represents a marginal phase of the transgression of the Eem Sea in Britain.

The implication of the new data on the age of the overlying gravel of the terrace is not discussed and no revision of the Cam sequence is attempted.
Wealden Petrology : The Top Ashdown Pebble Bed and the Top Ashdown Sandstone
Authors: Allen P.
Published: October 2009

From
Mr. F. H. Edmunds :—

After the publication of the above paper, the author was asked if he would demonstrate, over a selected route, the field evidence for his fundamental conclusion that the Top Ashdown Pebble Bed is a single Weald-wide stratigraphic unit, and not a series of lenticular pebble-beds at varying horizons. On this conclusion, of course, the validity of his whole argument depends.

He very kindly agreed to do so, and a route embracing Cowden, Penshurst, Wadhurst, Rotherfield, Burwash, Dallington, Battle, Crowhurst, Westfield, Brede, Robertsbridge and Hurst Green (traceable by reference to fig. 2, p. 268 of the paper) was chosen.

Numerous sections—at least one in each of these localities—were examined, all at the junction of the Wadhurst Clay and Ashdown Sand as shown on the one-inch scale Old Series Geological Survey maps. Without exception, Dr. Allen was able to demonstrate the presence of a well-developed pebble bed, varying in thickness from an inch to nine inches and in most instances associated with the swamp soil-bed, containing many rhizomes and stalks of
Equisetites lyelli
, as described in his paper.

Dr. Allen's evidence is clear, for all to see; and his correlation of the various sections—in making which much other field evidence was taken into count, and by virtue of which he concludes the Top Pebble Bed to be everywhere one and the same—is, in the writer's view, fully justified.

The combined occurrence of the Top Pebble Bed, the overlying swamp soil-bed and the
Neomiodon medius
shell-bed should
The Structure of the Wall of the Test in the Foraminifera; its Value in Classification.
Authors: Wood Alan
Published: October 2009

From
Dr. Martin F. Glaessner:—

The new facts discovered in Professor Wood's systematic investigation of the shell-wall in calcareous foraminifera are of great interest. Sufficient work has been carried out to show that the distinction between radial and granulate structure in calcareous perforate foraminifera is taxonomically significant. The granulate structure is apparently confined, with a few unexplained exceptions, to
Nonion, Virgulina, Cassidulina
and closely allied genera, and to the families Chilostomellidae and Ellipsoidinidae. The unravelling of phylogenetic relations and lines of convergence within these groups does not seem to present insuperable difficulties but, as Professor Wood indicates, much work remains to be done. It is noted with regret that the introduction of other matters on which no new observations have been made tends to obscure rather than enhance the importance of the paper under discussion. The repeated statement that " pores can occur in any group " (p. 241 and similarly on p. 245) and that " the hyaline types are more generally perforated than the others " is hardly an adequate expression of the well-known fact that among the calcareous forms
all
hyaline foraminifera possess perforate chamber-walls while only the embryos of two genera of the Miliolidea are perforate (apart from the tubuli of the aberrant
Keramosphaera
). It may be true that " there is no need for all hyaline forms to be perforate " (p. 232), but in actual fact they all possess perforate chamber-walls, hence the classificatory importance of this character. The absence of obvious orientation in
Gravity Data obtained in Great Britain
Authors: White P. H. N.
Published: October 2009

From
Mr. J. S. Turner:—

I regret having been unable to refer to the author's valuable summary when discussing the deeper structure of northern and central England
Proc. Yorks Geol. Soc.
27, 1949, p.280). I note that the anomalies in the East Midlands are referred to density anomalies within the basement, or to buried basement topography, and would ask the author whether he would regard them as consistent with Caledonide structure trending north-west to south-east in that area, such as Professor L. J. Wills and I have indepedently deduced.

The conspicuous zone of steep gradients trending north-east to south-west between Blackpool and Preston seems to confirm my view that the Dent line, with its great pre-Permian uplift of the region to the west from Lancashire to Northumberland, continues underneath the Trias of the Lancashire plain. Can the gravity results be reconciled with a further continuation of the line to pass between the Formby and Scarisbook deep tests? Their stratigraphy, at least, seems consistent with such a view. Such a course would parallel that of the zone of steep gradients reflecting the Boundary Fault to the east. One notes that this latter zone is interrupted from the latitude of Croxteth to that of Chester. Can the same thing have happened to the more westerly zone around Formby?

Mr H. R. Lovely, replying on behalf of Mr. P. H. N. White, states that unfortunately he has not had an opportunity to study Mr. Turner's paper, and is thus not able to offer
New Palaeontological Evidence Bearing on the Evolution of the Hominoidea
Authors: Le Gros Clark W.E.
Published: October 2009

I see from Professor Le Gros Clark's lecture that he was much less positive in his remarks regarding the Australopithecinae than was Dr. Robert Broom when addressing the Royal Society of Edinburgh on the 16th May, 1949. Thus, although Professor Le Gros Clark stressed the Sterkfontein remains (by which I presume that he referred to
Plesianthropus
), as Dr. Broom also did, he reserved his opinion as to their geological age. Dr. Broom, on the other hand, said that they were of Pliocene and “possibly Middle Pliocene” age; which contrasted with his (Dr. Broom's) own earlier opinion that all the Australopithecinae were of Pleistocene age, and Plesianthropus probably belonged to the Upper Pleistocene (
Nature
, Aug. 27, 1938, pp. 377–9).

Since Dr. Broom produced a replica of the skull of
Plesianthropus
, I showed, during the following discussion, that the outer parts of the orbits of this skull are vertical, as in the apes, and are not bent backwards as in human skulls, whether recent or early (cf. the Piltdown, Neanderthal etc. orbits); and these vertical outer sides indicate specialization for vision to the direct front, to a higher degree than in man. This is one of many features which throw the apes out of series between men and lower mammals; and it is correlated with a great reduction of olfactory powers, which is another characteristic ape specialization.

I therefore remarked that the skull of
Plesianthropus
shows that it could not lie in the line of Man's ancestry. Dr. Broom did not dispute
A fossil species of the pterobranch
Rhabdopleura
Authors: Thomas H. Dighton , Davis A. G.
Published: October 2009

The genus
Rhabdopleura Allman
, so far never recorded fossil, is of importance in considering the zoological affinities of the graptolites. For many years we have known a species of
Rhabdopleura
from the English Eocene, which we diagnose thus :—

Diagnosis.—Rhabdopleura
with a creeping stem about 150–95µ in diameter and growth-rings 60–72µ wide; zöoidal tubes recumbent and adherent proximally but free distally, the adherent parts 150–175µ in diameter and their growth-rings 40–55µ wide, the free parts up to 175µ in diameter and with growth-rings 40–45µ wide; pectocaulus about 22µ in diameter.

(The width of the growth-rings is measured at right angles to the sutures.)

Holotype.
—Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), H. 4170a,

Horizon and locality
.—London Clay, Yprésian : Bursledon Brick Company's clay-pit, Lower Swanwick, five-eighths of a mile east-north-east of Bursledon railway station, Hampshire.
Preliminary note on the Tertiary lava succession in North Antrim
Authors: Patterson Edward M.
Published: October 2009

Over much of the extent of the Tertiary plateau basalts of North-East Ireland, a twofold division can be recognized and a lower and an upper series of flows are separated by a well-marked interbasaltic horizon. The latter consists of the products of lateritic weathering and lignite, formed during a prolonged period of volcanic quiescence.

On the north coast of County Antrim the lower and upper series of lavas are excellently exposed in cliff sections near to the Giant's Causeway, and there Tomkeieif has found that the lower lavas are made up of flows of olivine-basalt, while the upper series consist of tholeiitic basalts (
Bull Volc.
ser. 2, vi, 1940, p. 105).

The mapping of approximately 80 square miles of coastal country between Portrush and Ballycastle has shown that the hitherto accepted twofold division of the lava succession is incorrect in that district. The area examined is bounded on the north by the coast-line and on the south by an east-north-easterly fault which extends from Moyarget, near Ballycastle, to Cloyfin, five miles south of Portrush. Three distinct series of lavas can be recognized. The tholeiitic basalts (“Upper Basalts”) are terminated upwards by a second major interbasaltic horizon and are overlain by a series of flows of olivine-basalt.

The suggested revised nomenclature of the North Antrim lava succession is as follows :—

(5) Upper Lava Series (olivine-basalts)

(4) Upper Interbasaltic Horizon (laterite, iron ore, bauxite)

(3) Middle Lava Series (tholeiitic basalts)

(2) Lower Interbasaltic Horizon (laterite, iron ore, bauxite, lignite)

(1) Lower