bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of immunity to Mecistocirrus digitatus
(Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in calves
Authors: VAN AKEN D. , VERCRUYSSE J. , DARGANTES A. , VALDEZ L. , FLORES A. , SHAW D. J.
Published: September 2019

The importance of the third (L3), fourth (L4 and adult stages of Mecistocirrus digitatus in inducing resistance to reinfection was examined. Three groups of 5 calves (A, B, C) were immunized for 2 consecutive days with a daily dose of 20000 M. digitatus infectious larvae. Group A was treated with ivermectin 7 days post-infection (exposed to L3), group B was treated after 26 days (exposed to L3and L4) and group C after 60 days (exposed to L3, L4 and adults). Thirty days post-treatment, animals were challenged with 30000 M. digitatus L3. Five previously uninfected control animals (group D) also received 30000 L3. All animals were necropsied 75 days post-challenge. Increases in exposure to the immunizing infection resulted in significant increases in the pre-patent period post-challenge; 54 days in the controls, compared with 63, 70 and 72 days for groups A, B and C, respectively. Only adult worms were recovered at necropsy, and the mean number of worms significantly increased with increasing exposure to the immunizing infection: 355 in the controls, compared to 481,
937 and 1174 in groups A, B and C, respectively. No significant changes in worm length were observed. Infection with M. digitatus significantly affects a subsequent challenge infection – stimulation of the immune system by exposure to L3 extends the pre-patent period, and suppression by later stages (L4, adult) leads to higher worm burdens.
Memory complaints as a precursor of memory impairment in older people: a longitudinal analysis over 7–8 years
Authors: JORM A. F. , CHRISTENSEN H. , KORTEN A. E. , JACOMB P. A. , HENDERSON A. S.
Published: September 2019

Background. There is considerable dispute about the validity of memory complaints. While some
studies find that complaints are an early indicator of dementia or cognitive decline, there are also
many studies showing that complaints are more closely associated with negative affect (depression,
anxiety and neuroticism). The present paper used three-wave longitudinal data to test three
hypotheses: (1) that memory complaints reflect an evaluation of present and past memory
performance; (2) that memory complaints predict future memory performance; and (3) that
memory complaints predict current and future negative affect.

Methods. A longitudinal study was carried out with a community sample of people aged 70 and
over. Participants were assessed for memory complaints, memory performance and negative affect
at three waves separated by 3·6 years and 4·0 years. There were 331 persons with data on all relevant
variables. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling.

Results. Significant paths in the structural model were found from memory performance to future
memory complaints, as well as from memory complaints to future memory performance,
supporting hypotheses 1 and 2. Memory complaints were associated with current negative affect,
but did not predict future negative affect.

Conclusions. Memory complaints do reflect perceptions of past memory performance and are also
an early manifestation of memory impairment. However, current negative affect (anxiety and
depression symptoms) shows the greatest association with memory complaints.
Joseph Jefferson: Dean of the American Theatre. By Arthur Bloom. Savannah, GA: Frederic C. Beil, 2000; pp. 506. Illustrations. $35.00 hardcover.
Authors: McArthur Benjamin
Published: September 2019

The first question to pose of Arthur Bloom's fine new biography of Joseph Jefferson is, Why did it take so long? Not Bloom's work, which has been long awaited for the obvious reason of its exhaustive research, but, rather, why has it taken until the new millennium for any scholarly biography to be written of arguably America's most popular comedian of the nineteenth century? Modern studies of Edwin Booth, Edwin Forrest, and Charlotte Cushman have appeared alongside hosts of books on lesser figures, but, for Jefferson, readers had to be content with appreciations by friends such as William Winter, Francis Wilson, daughter-in-law Eugenie Paul Jefferson, and granddaughter Eleanor Farjeon. And, of course, there was the Autobiography. That most delightful of all theatrical memoirs may explain the absence of biographical treatment. It seemed to be all there, a life retold with more charm than any historian could muster.
Susan Glaspell: A Critical Biography. By Barbara Ozieblo. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000; pp 345. $55.00 hardcover, $22.50 paperback.
Authors: Shafer Yvonne
Published: September 2019

The past two decades have witnessed an increasing interest in the work of Susan Glaspell. C. W. E. Bigsby's collection of her plays, published in 1988, introduced many readers to her work for the first time. Reviewing the collection, critic Michael Goldman called Glaspell “the only playwright of her generation worthy of comparison with O'Neill.” Since that time, essays about Glaspell's work have been published in multiple books: Mary E. Papke published the very thorough and useful Susan Glaspell: A Research and Production Sourcebook (1993); a lengthy analysis of Glaspell's plays, with particular emphasis on their expressionistic qualities, appeared in my book American Women Playwrights, 1900 – 1950 (1995); and there have been academic conferences devoted to Glaspell's work. Now Barbara Ozieblo has written an excellent critical biography that will be of value to theatre scholars.
Public Involvement in Social Policy Reform: Seen from
the Perspective of Japan's Elderly-Care Insurance Scheme
Authors: ETO MIKIKO
Published: September 2019

Japan has undergone drastic demographic changes in the past few
decades. To cope with the needs of being an ageing society, the government
has enacted a Long-term Care Insurance Law for the elderly that
was implemented from 1 April 2000. The new legislation was conceived
as a political compromise to appease two strongly opposed forces:
reformists and the old guard. In the process of drafting reform, new political
players, including ordinary citizens and mayors of small-scale municipal
governments, have emerged. Two citizen action groups participated
in the reform process, and succeeded in reflecting their preferences in its
policymaking. The mayors who supported the new system started
reforming social welfare administration systems, challenging traditional
local politics. This article focuses on a few of these groups and how they
have changed the Japanese political scene. It concludes that their political
activities have contributed not only to promoting social policy reform,
but also to revitalising politics in this country.
The Slow Demise of Foster Care in South Australia
Authors: BARBER JAMES G.
Published: September 2019

In December 1997, South Australia's alternative care system was radically
restructured along ‘funder-purchaser-provider’ lines. A recent
progress report into the workings of the new system (Barber, Cooper and
Delfabbro, 1999) identified high levels of frustration and dissatisfaction
throughout the sector. This article argues that the current problems in
alternative care are a legacy of policy decisions by successive state governments,
some of which date back many years. The most important of
these are the nationwide demise of residential care, the unhelpful role of
the state under the ‘funder-purchaser-provider’ model, and the decision
to outsource the entire foster care service through competitive tender.
The article concludes that the state's policy preference for distancing
itself from service delivery is incompatible with the community's growing
reluctance to volunteer.
Jean Quigley, The grammar of autobiography:
A developmental account. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, 2000. Pp. xiv, 232. Hb $49.95.
Authors: Wortham Stanton
Published: September 2019

In The grammar of autobiography, Jean Quigley
makes a claim that one often hears nowadays: that the self is
constructed in autobiographical narrative discourse. Two dimensions
of the work distinguish her analysis of narrative self-construction
from many other treatments of the subject. First, she offers
a genuinely interdisciplinary account, drawing on functional
linguistics, theoretical and developmental psychology, and accounts
of language development. Second, she studies a particular category
of linguistic forms – modals – as the key to narrative
self-construction.
Gary B. Palmer and Debra J. Occhi (eds.), Languages
of sentiment: Cultural constructions of emotional substrates.
Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1999. Pp. vi, 272. Pb $34.95.
Authors: Matsuki Keiko
Published: September 2019

One of the reasons why the area of language and emotion
attracts many of us lies in the continuing endeavor –
whether implicitly or explicitly conducted – to overcome
our own persistent assumptions concerning such dichotomies as
nature vs. culture, individuality vs. society, and emotion vs.
cognition. In other words, our focus on language and its
constitutive role in the creation of what seems to be so
“natural” and “individual” has led to
the deconstruction of our own epistemology, as well as contributing
to our better understanding of how people's emotive meanings
are situated in the midst of complex social relations and
interactions. Languages of sentiment can be located
within this long intellectual engagement. Although its contributors
particularly explore Asian languages of sentiment, illustrated
by Tamil, Bangla, Javanese, Japanese, and Tagalog cases, the
aim of the book is not to essentialize “the” Asian
sentiment. Instead, all the chapters try to capture the pragmatics
of language and emotion that interact with global politics as
well as with local social relations and interactions.
Michael Clyne & Sandra Kipp, Pluricentric
languages in an immigrant context: Spanish, Arabic and
Chinese. (Contributions to the Sociology of Language, no.
82). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999. Pp. xxi, 360. Hb DM 248.00,
$160.00.
Authors: Lee-Wong Song Mei
Published: September 2019

This volume is a highly detailed and thoughtful analysis
of the language use of Spanish, Arabic, and Chinese speakers
in one of the major cities of Australia, Melbourne. Bringing
together census findings and other empirical data, this study
addresses the issues of pluricentricity and language maintenance
and language shift in an immigrant context. Australia, as one
of the world's more successful countries in its national
bilingual policy, has been a catalyst for local research in
community languages. The present volume complements the earlier
works of both authors, for instance, Clyne 1991 and Kipp 1981.
Purposes and methods
Authors: Baron Jonathan
Published: September 2019

The methods of experiments in the social sciences should depend on their purposes. To support this claim, I attempt to state some general principles relating method to purpose for three of the issues addressed. (I do not understand what is not a script, so I will omit that issue.) I illustrate my outline with examples from psychological research on judgment and decision making (JDM).
Financial incentives do not pave the road to good experimentation
Authors: Betsch Tilmann , Haberstroh Susanne
Published: September 2019

Hertwig and Ortmann suggest paying participants contingent upon performance in order to increase the thoroughness they devote to a decision task. We argue that monetary incentives can yield a number of unintended effects including distortions of the subjective representation of the task and impaired performance. Therefore, we conclude that performance-contingent payment should not be generally employed in judgment and decision research.
Structural descriptions in HIT – a problematic commitment
Authors: Graf Markus , Schneider Werner X.
Published: September 2019

Humphreys and Forde conceptualize object representations as structural descriptions, without discussing the implications of structural description models. We argue that structural description models entail two major assumptions – a part-structure assumption and an invariance assumption. The invariance assumption is highly problematic because it contradicts a large body of findings which indicate that recognition performance depends on orientation and size. We will delineate relevant findings and outline an alternative conception.
Selection and the unification of science
Authors: Eacker Jay N.
Published: September 2019

Selection in behavior analysis fits the criteria of replication, variation and interaction proposed by the authors except for information under replication. If information requires physical structure, behavior analysis does not fit that model because functional analysis may provide parallels between behavior, neurology, and biochemistry but not sequencing. The three sciences are not unified by the model but another is available.
The contribution of game theory to experimental design in the behavioral sciences
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: September 2019

Methodological practices differ between economics and psychology because economists use game theory as the basis for the design and interpretation of experiments, while psychologists do not. This methodological choice explains the “four key variables” stressed by Hert-wig and Ortmann. Game theory is currently the most rigorous basis for modeling strategic choice.
Mutual access and mutual dependence of conceptual components
Authors: Pulvermüller Friedemann
Published: September 2019

The HIT model comes close to a view suggested by Donald Hebb, that cognitive representations are organized as distributed neuron webs, cell assemblies, whose components are mutually connected and whose internal connections provide continuous information exchange among sub-components of the representation. Two questions are asked related to (1) the organization of internal connections of a concept representation and (2) the conditions under which information exchange between components are assumed in the HIT model.
Further evidence in support of a distributed semantic memory system
Authors: Saffran Eleanor M. , Coslett H. Branch
Published: September 2019

We offer additional points that support a distributed semantic memory: (1) the activation of representations that are modality-specific; (2) patients with inferotemporal lesions fail to activate visual object representations in semantic tasks, although normal subjects do; (3) direct activation of action systems from pictorial information, but not from words; (4) patients who demonstrate superiority with abstract words fail to access perceptual representations.
Where are object properties? In the world or in the mind?
Authors: Tanaka James
Published: September 2019

This commentary questions whether the category properties of an object can be determined independent of the experience of the categorizer. Expertise studies have shown that the judged properties of an object can differ from expert to novice and from expert to expert. The expertise findings indicate that object properties exist not only in the world, but in the mind of the categorizer.
Category specificity in mind and brain?
Authors: Humphreys Glyn W. , Forde Emer M. E.
Published: September 2019

We summarise and respond to the main points made by the commentators on our target article, which concern: (1) whether structural similarity can play a causal role in normal object identification and in neuropsychological deficits for living things, (2) the nature of our structural knowledge of the world, (3) the relations between sensory and functional knowledge of objects, and the nature of our functional knowledge about living things, (4) whether we need to posit a “core” semantic system, (5) arguments that can be marshalled from evidence on functional imaging, (6) the causal mechanisms by which category differences can emerge in object representations, and (7) the nature of our knowledge about categories other than living and nonliving things. We also highlight points raised in our article that seem to be accepted.
A more pluralist typology of selection processes
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: September 2019

Instead of using only one notion of selection I argue for a broader typology of different types of selection. Three such types are differentiated, namely simple one-step selection, iterated one-step selection, and multi-step selection. It is argued that this more general and more inclusive typology might face more effectively the possible challenges of a general account of selection.
Selection without multiple replicators?
Authors: Pepper John W. , Knudsen Thorbjørn
Published: September 2019

Hull et al.'s construction of operant learning as an instance of selection gives rise to problems that weaken this application of selection theory beyond acceptable limits. We point out that most fundamental is a disregard for the need to include multiple concurrent replicators in any definition of selection and indicate how this problem may be solved.
Theorize it both ways?
Authors: Rakow Tim
Published: September 2019

Psychologists' lack of methodological uniformity reflects their greater breadth of enquiry than experimental economists. The need for a theoretical understanding of one-shot decisions validates research undertaken without the repetition of trials. Theories tested only with financial incentives may not reliably predict some classes of decision such as those involving health. Undue emphasis on the importance of replication risks the proliferation of theories with limited generalizability.
The game-theoretic innocence of experimental behavioral psychology
Authors: Ross Don
Published: September 2019

Hertwig and Ortmann imply that failure of many behavioral psychologists to observe several central methodological principles of experimental economics derives mainly from differences in disciplinary culture. I suggest that there are deeper philosophical causes, based (ironically) on a legacy of methodological individualism in psychology from which economists have substantially cured themselves through use of game theory. Psychologists often misidentify their objects of study by trying to wrench subjects out of their normal behavioral contexts in games.
From old issues to new directions in experimental psychology and economics
Authors: Smith Vernon L.
Published: September 2019

The rhetoric of hypothesis testing implies that game theory is not testable if a negative result is blamed on any auxiliary hypothesis such as “rewards are inadequate.” This is because either the theory is not falsifiable (since a larger payoff can be imagined, one can always conclude that payoffs were inadequate) or it has no predictive content (the appropriate payoff cannot be prespecified).
Self-interest as self-fulfilling prophecy
Authors: Van Vugt Mark
Published: September 2019

The adoption of experimental methods from economics, in particular script-enactment, performance-related payment, and the absence of deception, will turn experimental social psychology into a trivial science subject. Such procedures force participants to conform to a normative expectation that they must behave rationally and in accordance with their self-interest. The self-fulfilling prophecy inherent in these procedures makes it more difficult to conduct innovative social-psychological research.
Is operant selectionism coherent?
Authors: Tonneau François , Sokolowski Michel B. C.
Published: September 2019

Hull et al.'s analysis of operant behavior in terms of interaction and replication does not seem consistent with a genuine selection model. The putative replicators do not replicate, and the overall process is more reminiscent of directed mutation than of natural selection. General analogies between natural selection and operant reinforcement are too superficial to be of much scientific use.
Resisting the ‘mask’ of old age?: the
social meaning of lay health beliefs in later life
Authors: CONWAY STEPHEN , HOCKEY JENNY
Published: September 2019

While the substantial literature on lay health beliefs gives some
consideration
to older people's conceptions of health and illness, it is material
which has yet
to be examined from the perspective of postmodern theory. This article,

therefore, critically examines the value of using ideas from postmodernism
in
such a context and focuses on data obtained from a series of in-depth
interviews with a sample of fifteen older people. During the interviews
they
were asked to talk about themselves in relation to issues which included
health,
illness, disease, death and dying. What they said revealed that, while
medicine
remained a location of power and knowledge, many of their health beliefs
were
nonetheless at odds with conventional medicine and indeed with the
traditionally passive role of the NHS patient. In conclusion, we suggest
that,
whilst not always in an explicit or conscious sense, interviewees were

discovering self-empowering strategies by questioning the meta-narratives

through which the social world is fabricated.
A Profile of the Labor Force in Early Nineteenth-Century Istanbul
Authors: K[icy   ]rl[icy   ] Cengiz
Published: September 2019

This article attempts to offer a detailed profile of the labor force in early nineteenth-century Istanbul. The primary source upon which this study is based is the register of an original Ottoman survey, conducted in the Istanbul districts of the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn, where some 2,000 shops along with their work force of 6,000 people as well as 1,500 peddlers (working as, among other things, boatmen, fishermen, and water carriers) were listed in a comprehensive fashion. Through an examination of the register, this article seeks to illuminate the general characteristics of employment and shop sizes, the ethno-religious profile of the labor force, occupational patterns in connection with religious allegiances and migration networks, and the degree to which the military corps were involved in commercial activities. It also questions the supposed existence of an “ethnic division of labor” in labor market and commercial activities, and demonstrates the centrality of regional allegiances in occupational specializations.
The Role of Women in the Urban Economy of Istanbul, 1700–1850
Authors: Zarinebaf-Shahr Fariba
Published: September 2019

This article examines the role of women in manufacturing and the urban economy of Istanbul during the premodern period. It shows that Ottoman women engaged in a variety of economic activities, and invested in the real estate market. They participated in the textile industry of Bursa, Ankara, and Istanbul as weavers, dyers, and embroiderers. Their labor, however, remained marginal to artisanal production through the guilds. Very few women were accepted into the guilds. They were hired by the putting-out merchants to produce secretly at home. Their input to manufacturing increased in the second half of the nineteenth century when the guilds were losing their monopoly over production.
Padraic Kenney, Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists, 1945–1950. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997. xv + 360 pp. $42.50 cloth.
Authors: Nekola Peter
Published: September 2019

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, Poland, one of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's newest members and poised to enter the European Union sometime in the next few years, has begun perhaps one of its most stable periods in recent history. Divided for centuries between Russian, Prussian, and Austrian empires, Poland was able to preserve its language and cultural identity until its independence in 1918. Of nations involved in the Second World War, Poland was perhaps the most thoroughly devastated by that conflict, emerging only to be locked under the strict gaze of Moscow until the beginning of the last decade. In the wake of 1989 and the opening of borders and archives across Central and Eastern Europe, the experience of Poland has much to teach us.
Labor and the New Millennium: Class, Vision, and Change. The Twenty-second North American Labor History Conference
Authors: Witwer David
Published: September 2019

On October 19–21, 2000, scholars gathered for this annual labor history conference at Wayne State University in Detroit, this year focusing on the issues confronting working people in the so-called new economy. Globalization, growing corporate power, the need for diverse working populations to form effective alliances—all of these issues provided the context in which historians and other scholars presented and discussed a range of papers. Over the course of three days, sessions approached these issues from a number of different directions. While some panels explored the ways in which past labor struggles prefigured current dilemmas, others focused on the very recent. A third group of papers approached these issues by debating changes in methodology that would create a history of working people more responsive to the current dilemmas and more reflective of the past experiences of working people. These themes, however, did not impose any straitjacket on the proceedings. With over sixty-five formal papers and presentations, the conference provided a rich assortment of subjects, from papers offering a comparative perspective on slave labor to a profile of strikebreaking state militiamen in turn-of-the-nineteenth-century Colorado.
English as a lingua franca: From theory to practice
Authors: Chen Yuan-shan , Ren Wei , Lin Chih-Ying
Published: September 2019

English as a lingua franca (ELF) refers to ‘any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the communicative medium of choice, and often the only option’ (Seidlhofer, 2011, p. 7*). ELF research started relatively recently. It was only discussed occasionally in the last century. Landmark changes were the publications of Jenkins (2000*) and Seidlhofer (2001*). These works inspired more research into ELF, as witnessed by a dramatically increased interest in ELF since then, resulting in a large number of journal articles, monographs, edited books (e.g. Mauranen & Ranta, 2009*) and large corpora (e.g. the Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English, the Corpus of English as a Lingua Franca in Academic Settings, and the Asian Corpus of English). In addition, ELF researchers have launched the annual conference series (International Conference of English as a Lingua Franca), the Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, and the De Gruyter book series Developments in English as a Lingua Franca. These publications move from an initial understanding of ELF as a ‘variety’ or ‘varieties’ to a later conceptualisation of ELF as a dynamic, fluid and variable phenomenon. ELF has become a major focus of discussions and activities among both applied linguists and English language teaching professionals (Jenkins, Cogo, & Dewey, 2011).
PRIVATE PHARMACY PRACTICE AND REGULATION
Authors: Stenson Bo , Syhakhang Lamphone , Lundborg Cecilia Stålsby , Eriksson Bo , Göran
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of government regulation of private pharmacy practice in a low-income country.

Methods: The intervention comprised inspections of the pharmacies, information, and distribution of documents to drug sellers and sanctions. It was implemented at two different intensity levels, active and regular intervention. The methods used to assess the effect of the interventions were interviews with the district drug inspectors, drug sellers and customers, inspection of drug purchases, and indicator surveys of pharmacies. Indicators for pharmacy-specific quality as well as for dispensing quality were developed.

Results: The main finding was one of strong overall improvements from initially low levels. The improvements were particularly marked by increases in the availability of essential materials for dispensing by 34% and in order in the pharmacy by 19%. Information given to customers increased from 35% to 51% and the mixing of different drugs in the same package went down from 17% to 9%. The pharmacies in the active intervention districts showed greater improvements for four of the six indicators, although statistically significant compared with the regular intervention districts only for the essential materials indicator.

Conclusions: It was concluded that the regulatory activities have probably been an important factor behind the service quality improvements. It appeared feasible as well as effective to regulate private pharmacy practice in this particular low-income setting.
WHO USES SELF-CARE BOOKS, ADVICE NURSES, AND COMPUTERS FOR HEALTH INFORMATION?
Authors: Wagner Todd H. , Hibbard Judith H.
Published: September 2019

Objectives: While evaluating the effect of a community-wide informational intervention, this study explored access, health, and demographic factors related to the use of medical reference books, telephone advice nurses, and computers for health information.

Methods: A random sample of households in the intervention city (Boise, Idaho) and two control cities were surveyed about their use of health information in 1996. Shortly thereafter, the Healthwise Communities Project (HCP) distributed health information to all Boise residents. A follow-up survey was conducted in 1998. Overall, 5,909 surveys were completed for a 54% response rate.

Results: The HCP intervention was associated with statistically significant increases in the use of medical reference books and telephone advice nurses. The increased use of computers for health information was marginally significant. Few access, health, or demographic factors were consistently associated with using the different resources, except that people with depression used more of all three information resources, and income was not a significant predictor.

Conclusion: Providing free health information led to an increase in use, but access, health, and demographic factors were also important determinants. In particular, poor health status and presence of a chronic illness were associated with health information use. These results suggest that healthy consumers are less interested in health information, and it may take other incentives to motivate them to learn about prevention and healthy behaviors.
A COST-MINIMIZATION STUDY OF TELEMEDICINE
Authors: Pelletier-Fleury Nathalie , Gagnadoux Frédéric , Philippe Carole , Rakotonanahary Dominique , Lanoé Jean-Louis , Fleury Bernard
Published: September 2019

Objectives: In a context where sleep laboratories are overwhelmed by a growing demand to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), efficient substitutive solutions to in-laboratory polysomnography should be found. To compare the effectiveness and costs of home unattended polysomnography (Hpsg) and telemonitored polysomnography (TMpsg), a cost minimization study was performed.

Methods: In a crossover trial, 99 patients underwent on two consecutive nights TMpsg and Hpsg according to a randomized order. A legibility recording criterion was retained to measure effectiveness. A microcosting study of TMpsg and Hpsg was performed. The risks to adopt home strategy or telemonitored strategy, according to different scenario chosen to reach the diagnosis in case of failure of Hpsg or TMpsg, were analyzed.

Results: The recording was considered to be ineffective in 11.2% of TMpsg (95% CI, 4.9–17.4) and in 23.4% (95% CI, 19.12–27.68) of Hpsg. The effectiveness differential was 12.2% (95% CI, 1.8–22.6) (p = .02). Assuming that in case of failure PSGs would be re-realized in the same condition to reach the diagnosis, then TMpsg could be selected if Hc/TMc (cost of Hpsg/cost of TMpsg) > 0.97; Hpsg could be selected if Hc/TMc < 0.76. If 0.76 ≤ Hc/TMc ≤ 0.97, the choice of TMpsg would be ambiguous. TMc was estimated to be $244, while Hc was $153 (Hc/TMc = 0.63).

Conclusion: Unless some specific geographical situations generate significant transport costs, the implementation of a strategy based on unattended polysomnography at home is cost-saving compared to a telemonitoring strategy.
COMPARISON OF LITERATURE SEARCHES ON QUALITY AND COSTS FOR HEALTH
TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT USING THE MEDLINE AND EMBASE DATABASES
Authors: Topfer Leigh-Ann , Parada Antoni , Menon Devidas , Noorani Hussein , Perras Christine , Serra-Prat Mateu
Published: September 2019

Biomedical databases are an important source of information for health
technology assessment. However, there is considerable variation in the costs
of accessing commercial databases. We sought to measure the quality, amount of
overlap, and costs of information retrieved from two of the main database
sources — MEDLINE and EMBASE. Librarians at two health technology
assessment agencies ran a total of eight literature searches on various
medical technologies, using both databases. All search results were
independently reviewed by two researchers. The researchers were asked to
identify relevant references and to rank each of these according to a level of
evidence scale. The results were tabulated to show the number of references
identified by each database, the number of relevant references ranked by level
of evidence, and the number of these references that were unique to one or the
other database. The cost of retrieving references from each source was also
calculated. Each database contained relevant references not available in the
other. Because of the longer time lag for indexing in MEDLINE, many of the
references that originally appeared to be unique to EMBASE were subsequently
available in MEDLINE as well. Since our study was conducted, MEDLINE has been
made available worldwide, free of charge, via the Internet. Hence, the cost
difference between the databases is now even greater. However, notwithstanding
the costs, it appears that literature searches that rely on only one or the
other database will inevitably miss pertinent information.
EXAMINING THE INFLUENCE OF PICTURE ARCHIVING COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND
OTHER FACTORS UPON THE LENGTH OF STAY FOR PATIENTS WITH TOTAL HIP AND TOTAL
KNEE REPLACEMENTS
Authors: Watkins Jessamy R. , Bryan Stirling , Muris Nicole M.A. , Buxton Martin J.
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To examine the influence of a picture archiving and
communication system (PACS) on the length of stay (LOS) for patients receiving
total hip replacement (THR) or total knee replacement (TKR) procedures.

Methods: A before-and-after design was used. Data were collected
on all THR and TKR procedures at Hammersmith Hospital from 1993–96. A
regression approach was used to examine the influence of PACS on LOS. Factors
such as patient age, sex, and physician were controlled for.

Results: Type of admission and discharge, month of procedure,
complications, and number of procedures all significantly influenced LOS for
patients undergoing THR. For patients receiving TKR, age, sex, admission,
prosthetic complications, number of procedures, and PACS significantly
influenced LOS.

Conclusions: While this study shows an apparent reduction of 25%
in the average LOS for TKR patients at the time PACS was introduced, this is
unlikely to be a true PACS effect and no similar reduction in LOS was shown
for THR patients.
THE DIFFUSION OF NEW MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR OF THE
U.K. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
Authors: Doyle Yvonne G. , McNeilly R. H. M.
Published: September 2019

Eleven percent of the U.K. population holds private health care insurance,
and £2.2 billion are spent annually in the acute sector of private
health care. Although isolated from policy discussions about new medical
technology in the National Health Service, the private sector encounters these
interventions regularly. During 18 months in one company, a new medical
technology was encountered on average every week; 59 leading edge technologies
were submitted for authorization (18 on multiple occasions). There are certain
constraints on purchasers of health care in the private sector in dealing with
new technology; these include fragmentation of the sector, differing
rationalities within companies about limitations on eligibility of new
procedures while competing for business, the role and expertise of the medical
adviser, and demands of articulate customers. A proactive approach by the
private sector to these challenges is hampered by its independence. Poor
communication between the public and private sectors, and the lack of a more
inclusive approach to policy centrally, undermine the rational diffusion and
use of new medical technology in the U.K. health care system.
ASSESSMENT AND REGULATION OF HEALTH CARE TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Boer Albert
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To evaluate the characteristics, methods, and results
of the Dutch Investigative Medicine Program
(“ontwikkelingsgeneeskunde”) in policy and health care.

Methods: Project database analyses of the initial 9 years of the
program; description of characteristics, methods, and effects of the program.

Results: By the end of 1997, 53 projects had been completed,
including implementation in health care policy. In 20 of 53 cases the program
worked as an instrument to prevent the introduction of ineffective,
inefficient, or even harmful medical interventions. In most other cases the
program assisted with proper placement or appropriate application of new
technologies. Apart from new or emerging technologies, already existing
technologies are evaluated.

Conclusion: The Dutch Investigative Medicine Program
(“ontwikkelingsgeneeskunde”) of the Sickness Funds Council is an
effective collaboration of health care providers, medical science, health
economics, and a regulatory body in empirical technology assessment. It is
also an example not only of a substantial contribution of technology
assessment to decision making in practice and policy but also of a means of
regulation of health care by the very activity of technology assessment
itself. It appears that the program has evolved into an instrument to
rationalize health care and health care policy, although some further possible
improvements are identified.
COSTS OF HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL SERVICES DURING THE FIRST YEAR AFTER
ISCHEMIC STROKE
Authors: Porsdal Vibeke , Boysen Gudrun
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Knowledge of resource use and costs can be useful when
evaluating existing services or planning new services. This study investigates
the use of health care and social services during the first year after a
stroke. Total costs are calculated, costs are compared across subgroups of
patients, and resource items of major importance for the total costs are
identified.

Methods: The study is based on a database comprising data on all
stroke patients admitted to a university hospital in Copenhagen, Denmark, over
a 1-year period, 1994–95. Patients were followed for 1 year after the
stroke, and data on resource use during and after hospitalization were
collected prospectively at interviews. This paper focuses on a subset of 385
patients who were admitted because of cerebral infarct or unspecified stroke.

Results: The mean cost, based on all patients, of health care and
social services during the first year was 142,900 DKK (US $25,500). The
hospital care until the first discharge, including acute care and
rehabilitation, cost 101,600 Danish krones (DKK) (US $18,100), i.e., 71% of
the total cost. Major resource items after discharge were nursing homes,
readmissions, outpatient rehabilitation, and home help. The cost during the
first year varied with a number of factors, with the most important being
survival and degree of disability. Patients who survived the acute phase and
who had severe disability (Barthel Activities of Daily Living [ADL]
Index: 0–9) 7–10 days after admission had a total cost during the
first year that was five times as high as patients with no disability (Barthel
ADL Index: 20).

Conclusion: Costs of health care and social services during the
first year after a stroke vary considerably. Disability as measured with the
Barthel ADL Index is a stronger predictor of costs than Scandinavian Stroke
Scale scores and other clinical and demographic variables.
IMPACT OF THE CONSENSUS CONFERENCE ON POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
Authors: Pazart Lionel , Carpentier Françoise , Durocher Alain , Mougeot Chrystelle , Najean Yves , Godeau Pierre
Published: September 2019

Objective: To assess the impact of guidelines on drug use issued
by a consensus conference on polycythemia vera held in Paris in June 1993.
32Phosphorus (32P) was recommended for patients over 70
and/or at risk, whereas pipobroman and hydroxyurea were recommended for
patients under 70.

Methods: A questionnaire was sent to all 119 departments of
nuclear medicine in France 1 year after the conference to find out whether and
how often they measured plasma volume and red cell mass (the recommended
diagnostic tests for polycythemia vera). Time-series analyses were performed
on sales of 32P, pipobroman (both virtually exclusively prescribed
for polycythemia), and hydroxyurea over a 4-year span (January
1992–December 1995).

Results: The average number of plasma volume determinations per
year did not change significantly after the conference (22 ± 26 before
vs 21 ± 25 after). 32P and pipobroman sales were stable
until July 1993, when 32P sales decreased while pipobroman sales
rose steadily. Hydroxyurea sales increased over the whole period with no
change in trend after the guidelines were published.

Conclusions: The guidelines apparently influenced clinical
practice since sales of drugs that are specifically used to treat polycythemia
vera showed clear changes in trend after publication of the guidelines. This
type of study seems to be an effective way of assessing the impact of
consensus conferences.
USING TELEHEALTH INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT PRESSURE ULCERS IN NEWLY
INJURED SPINAL CORD INJURY PATIENTS POST-DISCHARGE
Authors: Phillips V. L. , Temkin Ann , Vesmarovich Susan , Burns Richard , Idleman Lynda
Published: September 2019

Objective: To determine which of three approaches to care produces
the lowest incidence of pressure ulcers, promotes the most effective care of
sores that develop, and leads to the fewest hospitalizations in newly injured
patients with spinal cord injury after discharge.

Methods: Spinal cord injury patients (n = 12) were recruited for a
telehealth intervention after initial injury, and matched cases were recruited
for telephone counseling and standard care groups. Patients were monitored for
6–8 months after discharge.

Results: The video group had the greatest number of reported and
identified pressure ulcers. Differences in health care utilization between the
video and telephone telehealth groups were small. The standard care group
reported the lowest number of pressure ulcers and lowest frequency of health
care utilization. Substantial differences existed in employment rates before
and after injury. The video group had the lowest pre-injury rate of employment
and the highest post-injury rate of employment.

Conclusions: Tracking pressure ulcer incidence, particularly stage
I sores, is difficult. Self-report is likely to lead to substantial
underreporting. Similarly, self-report on health care utilization over
extended periods may lead to undercounting of encounters. Telehealth
interventions appear to improve ulcer tracking and management of all ulcer
occurrences. Video interventions may affect outcomes, such as employment
rates, which are not conventionally measured.
ESTIMATING ADDITIVE NONPARAMETRIC MODELS BY PARTIAL
Lq NORM: THE CURSE OF FRACTIONALITY
Authors: Linton Oliver
Published: September 2019

We propose a new method for estimating additive nonparametric
regression models based on taking the Lq
median of a sample of kernel estimators. We establish the consistency
and asymptotic normality of our procedures. The rate of convergence
depends on the value of q. For q > 3/2 one has
the usual one-dimensional rate, but if q ≤ 3/2 the rate
can be slower.
A STOCHASTIC BATCHING AND SCHEDULING PROBLEM
Authors: Koole Ger , Righter Rhonda
Published: September 2019

We consider a batch scheduling problem in which the processing
time of a batch of jobs equals the maximum of the processing
times of all jobs in the batch. This is the case, for example,
for burn-in operations in semiconductor manufacturing and other
testing operations. Processing times are assumed to be random,
and we consider minimizing the makespan and the flow time. The
problem is much more difficult than the corresponding deterministic
problem, and the optimal policy may have many counterintuitive
properties. We prove various structural properties of the optimal
policy and use these to develop a polynomial-time algorithm
to compute the optimal policy.
APPLYING VARIANCE REDUCTION IDEAS IN QUEUING SIMULATIONS
Authors: Ross Sheldon M. , Lin Kyle Y.
Published: September 2019

Variance reduction techniques are often underused in simulation
studies. In this article, we indicate how certain ones can be
efficiently employed when analyzing queuing models. The first
technique considered is that of dynamic stratified sampling;
the second is the utilization of multiple control variates;
the third concerns the replacement of random variables by their
conditional expectations when trying to estimate the expected
value of a sum of random variables.
THE EFFECT OF EXPERIENCE ON ADULTS' ACQUISITION OF A SECOND
LANGUAGE
Authors: Flege James Emil , Liu Serena
Published: September 2019

Previous research has suggested that child but not adult immigrants to the United States and
Canada make regular progress learning English as their length of residence (LOR) increases. If
children and adults received the same kind of second language (L2) input, such evidence would
support the existence of a critical period for L2 acquisition. The present study compared groups
of Chinese adults living in the United States who differed in LOR in order to assess the role of
input in adults' naturalistic acquisition of an L2. We assessed the Chinese
participants' identification of word-final English consonants (experiment 1), their scores on
a 144-item grammaticality judgment test (experiment 2), and their scores on a 45-item listening
comprehension test (experiment 3). The Chinese participants were assigned to one of four groups
(n = 15 each) based on LOR in the United States and their primary occupation
(students vs. nonstudents). Significantly higher scores were obtained for the students with
relatively long LORs than for the students with relatively short LORs in all three experiments.
However, the difference between the nonstudents differing in LOR was nonsignificant in each
instance. The results suggested that the lack of an effect of LOR in some previous studies may
have been due to sampling error. It appears that adults' performance in an L2 will improve
measurably over time, but only if they receive a substantial amount of native speaker input.
SOCIOPOLITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING
IN THE USA.Thom Huebner and Kathryn Davis (Eds.). Amsterdam:
Benjamins, 1999. Pp. viii + 360. $90.00 cloth.
Authors: Ricento Thomas
Published: September 2019

This volume is a collection of papers, the majority of which were first presented on a
colloquium at the American Association for Applied Linguistics Conference in 1997. The volume
is dedicated to Charlene Junko (Charlie) Sato, who died in 1996 at the age of 44. Charlie was a
political activist in several domains but was perhaps best known in applied linguistics circles for
her work in support of Hawai'i Creole English (HCE) in communities and schools.
PAPERS IN LABORATORY PHONOLOGY, VOL. V: ACQUISITION AND THE
LEXICON.Michael B. Broe & Janet B. Pierrehumbert (Eds.). New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xiii + 400. $64.95 cloth.
Authors: Hardison Debra M.
Published: September 2019

This volume extends the traditional focus of this series on the phonology-phonetics interface
with papers exploring the contribution of various types of empirical data—including
acoustic, articulatory, and perceptual—to the principal themes embodied in the questions of
what constitutes a possible word and what underlies the human capability to produce language.