bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospective clinical evaluation of 1920 Morse taper connection implants: results after 4 years of functional loading
Authors: Mangano C. , Mangano F. , Piattelli A. , Iezzi G. , Mangano A. , La Colla L.
Published: February 2009

Purpose: This study evaluated the survival rate and the clinical, radiographic and prosthetic success of 1920 Morse taper connection implants.

Material and methods: One thousand nine hundred and twenty Morse taper connection implants were inserted in 689 consecutive patients, from January 2003 until December 2006. Implants were clinically and radiographically evaluated at 12, 24, 36 and 48 months after insertion (mean follow‐up per implant: 25.42 months). Modified plaque index (mPI), modified sulcus bleeding index, probing depth (PD) and the distance between implant shoulder and first crestal bone–implant contact (DIB) were measured in mm. Success criteria included the absence of suppuration and clinically detectable implant mobility, PD<5 mm, DIB<1.5 mm after 12 months of functional loading and not exceeding 0.2 mm for each following year, the absence of recurrent prosthetic complications at the implant–abutment interface. Prosthetic restorations were fixed partial prostheses (364 units), single crowns (SCs: 307 units), fixed full‐arch prostheses (53 units) and overdentures (67 units).

Results: The overall cumulative implant survival rate was 97.56% (96.12% in the maxilla and 98.91% in the mandible). The cumulative implant success rate was 96.61% (95.25% in the maxilla and 98.64% in the mandible). Only a few prosthetic complications were reported (0.65% of loosening at implant–abutment interface in SCs).

Conclusion: The use of Morse taper connection implants represents a successful procedure for the rehabilitation of partially and completely edentulous arches. The absence of an implant–abutment interface (microgap) is associated with minimal crestal bone loss. The high mechanical stability significantly reduces prosthetic complications.
A molecular analysis of biclonal follicular lymphoma: further evidence for bone marrow origin and clonal selection
Authors: Nakamura Yuichi , Sato Yasutaka , Yoshida Katsuhiko , Kakegawa Emi , Ito Yoshihiro , Seyama Atsushi , Kayano Hidekazu , Bessho Masami
Published: February 2009

We report a follicular lymphoma (FL) case presenting the coexistence of two tumor cell subpopulations in lymph node (LN) and bone marrow (BM), which exhibited an inverse pattern of immunoglobulin light (IgL) chain gene rearrangement and expression: Igκ−λ+ in LN and Igκ+λ− in BM. These tumor clones shared an identical BCL2‐IgH recombination, accompanying t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocation, and an identical variable, diversity and joining segments joining with clone‐specific VH somatic hypermutations on the untranslocated IgH allele. Our study provides further evidence that FL clones, originating from common progenitor cells, can be developed independently at different sites and with different IgL expression after immune selection.
Family‐based association analysis of S100A8 genetic polymorphisms with aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Ren X. Y. , Xu L. , Meng H. X. , Zhao H. S. , Lu R. F. , Chen Z. B. , Feng X. H. , Shi D. , Zhang L. , Tian Y.
Published: February 2009

Background and Objective:  It is known that S100A8, a member of the S100 calcium‐binding protein family, is associated with inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. Our previous population‐based study found an association between two polymorphisms, rs3795391 (A > G) and rs3806232 (A > G), in the upstream region of the S100A8 gene and aggressive periodontitis (AgP) in Chinese people. Based on those results, this investigation set out to analyze and corroborate whether the association also exists within families.

Material and Methods:  Two hundred and four subjects from 73 nuclear families were recruited. All probands and their relatives were diagnosed according to the 1999 classification of periodontal diseases. Anticoagulated peripheral blood samples were collected from all the subjects, and DNA was extracted. The two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs3795391 and rs3806232) were detected and analyzed by standard polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) assay. Analysis of genotype/allele was performed by Family‐Based Association Test (FBAT) software (http://www.biostat.harvard.edu/~fbat/default.html).

Results:  There was a statistically significant association of the SNP rs3795391 with AgP in the additive genetic model (χ2 = 3.9836, d.f. = 1, p = 0.0459). Allele A showed significantly preferential transmission to the AgP affected individuals (Z = 1.996, p = 0.0459). The other SNP, rs3806232, showed no significant results in all models.

Conclusions:  This family‐based association study supports the previous findings that SNP rs3795391 (A > G) of the S100A8 gene might contribute to AgP susceptibility. This is, to our knowledge, the first investigation about AgP using FBAT in genetic analysis.
Effect of dietary omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on experimental periodontitis in the mouse
Authors: Bendyk A. , Marino V. , Zilm P. S. , Howe P. , Bartold P. M.
Published: February 2009

Background and Objective:  Periodontitis is an infective disease caused predominantly by gram‐negative anerobes. The host inflammatory response to these bacteria causes alveolar bone loss, which characterizes periodontitis. Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have recognized anti‐inflammatory effects; their oxygenated derivatives are key mediators in reducing inflammation. In this study we tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with tuna fish oil rich in the n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, would reduce alveolar bone loss in mice inoculated with periodontopathic bacteria.

Material and Methods:  Adult mice were fed experimental diets containing either 10% tuna oil or Sunola oil for 57 d. After 14 d, 35 mice on each diet were inoculated orally with Porphyromonas gingivalis, with a mixture of P. gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, with carboxymethylcellulose or remained untreated. The mice were killed, and soft tissue biopsies from the oral cavity of treated mice were used to determine the polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. The maxilla was removed, stained and digitally imaged to assess bone loss around the upper molars.

Results:  n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were significantly higher in oral soft tissues of mice fed tuna oil compared with the control group. Mice fed tuna oil and inoculated with P. gingivalis or with the combination of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis exhibited 72% and 54% less alveolar bone loss respectively, compared with the treatment control group.

Conclusion:  Alveolar bone loss was inversely related to n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid tissue levels. In conclusion, fish oil dietary supplementation may have potential benefits as a host modulatory agent in the prevention and/or adjunctive management of periodontitis.
Mammalian Wnt3a is Released on Lipoprotein Particles
Authors: Neumann Sylvia , Coudreuse Damien Y. M. , Van Der Westhuyzen Deneys R. , Eckhardt Erik R. M. , Korswagen Hendrik C. , Schmitz Gerd , Sprong Hein
Published: February 2009

Little is known about the release and intercellular transport of Wnt proteins from mammalian cells. Lipoproteins may act as carriers for the intercellular movement and gradient formation of the lipid‐linked morphogens Wingless and Hedgehog in Drosophila. To investigate whether such a mechanism can occur in mammals, we have studied Wnt release in cultured mammalian cells. Wnt3a associated with lipoproteins in the culture medium and not with extracellular vesicles or exosomes. Although Wnt3a was associated with both high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) and low‐density lipoproteins, only HDL allowed Wnt3a release from mouse fibroblasts. Remarkably, Wnt3a lacking its palmitate moiety was released in a lipoprotein‐independent manner, demonstrating the dual role of palmitoylation in membrane and lipoprotein binding. We additionally found that Wnt3a can be released from enterocyte cell lines on endogenously expressed lipoproteins. We further discuss the physiological implications of our findings.
Intraphagosomal Measurement of the Magnitude and Duration of the Oxidative Burst
Authors: VanderVen Brian C. , Yates Robin M. , Russell David G.
Published: February 2009

Generation of an oxidative burst within the phagosomes of neutrophils, dendritic cells and macrophages is an essential component of the innate immune system. To examine the kinetics of the oxidative burst in the macrophage phagosome, we developed two new assays using beads coated with oxidation‐sensitive fluorochromes. These assays permitted quantification and temporal resolution of the oxidative burst within the phagosome. The macrophage phagosomal oxidative burst is short lived, with oxidation of bead‐associated substrates reaching maximal activity within 30 min following phagocytosis. Additionally, the extent and rate of macrophage phagosomal substrate oxidation were subject to immunomodulation by activation with lipopolysaccharide and/or interferon‐γ.
Cervico‐facial necrotizing fasciitis
Authors: Ord R , Coletti D
Published: February 2009

Necrotizing fasciitis of the cervical facial region is a rare entity that has seen an increasing prevalence in the last 20 years. It is most common in patients with an underlying systemic disease leading to immunosuppression, but can be seen in healthy adults and children. It is characterized by soft tissue destruction which is disproportionate to its clinical symptoms and signs, with rapid progression and fatal outcome, if not treated rapidly and radically. We present a review of the etio‐pathogenesis and management of this challenging disease.
Stipa tenacissima as a nurse plant of the endemic species Haplophyllum bastetanum near Granada, SE Spain
Authors: Navarro F.B. , Lorite J. , Fernández‐Ondoño E. , Ripoll M.A. , Jiménez M.N.
Published: February 2009

Question: What is the role of Stipa tenacissima as a nurse plant of the rare and threatened endemic species Haplophyllum bastetanum?

Location: Semi‐arid steppe of the Guadix‐Baza basin (SE Spain).

Methods: In the two H. bastetanum populations known, we (1) estimated the number of individuals and (2) analysed the influence of the factors ‘site’ (S1 = Hernán Valle, S2 = Alicún), ‘microhabitat’ (inside and below the canopy of the S. tenacissima tussocks vs. open areas), ‘life stage’ (vegetative, reproductive), ‘aspect’ (N, S, E, W, flat) and ‘damage’ (yes or no), in relation to the distribution of individuals and to the height, number of flowers, number of capsules, and edaphic variables.

Results: The total number of individuals was estimated at 3135. S. tenacissima was found to have a positive and significant effect on the distribution of H. bastetanum, more pronounced in the sample taken at S2 than S1, where 83.8% of the plants were growing in association with S. tenacissima. Similarly, there were more H. bastetanum individuals that became reproductive inside S. tenacissima tussocks than in the open areas, and H. bastetanum individuals had a greater production of flowers and fruits, especially in the sample taken at S1. Organic carbon, nitrogen, and carbon:nitrogen ratio were related to the height and number of flowers and capsules of the plants.

Conclusion: Although new patches were established, with a larger number of individuals, H. bastetanum continues to be Critically Endangered (CR). The results support the hypothesis of the facilitation effect of S. tenacissima on this rare, endemic species. Facilitation of species of interest in conservation is an aspect that has not previously been clearly reported. We propound this important process as a valuable tool for rehabilitation of populations of threatened plant species in conservation biology projects.
The effects of habitat edges and trampling on understorey vegetation in urban forests in Helsinki, Finland
Authors: Hamberg Leena , Lehvävirta Susanna , Malmivaara‐Lämsä Minna  , Rita Hannu , Kotze D. Johan
Published: February 2009

Question:How do habitat edges and trampling affect mesic (Myrtillustype) understorey vegetation in fragmented urban forests, and what are the relative strengths and spatial extent of these effects?

Location:The city of Helsinki, southern Finland.

Methods:Vegetation sample plots were placed at different distances from the forest edge. At each distance we selected plots on, next to and away from paths of different levels of wear, and the covers and frequencies of plant species were sampled. We used generalized linear mixed models and ordination techniques to test our hypotheses.

Results:The effect of the edge penetrated up to 50 m into the forest interior. Only light effects of trampling were found in seemingly untrampled areas, in addition to the direct effects of trampling on the paths. Both trampling and edge effects changed the forest understorey species composition. Trampling changed plant species composition locally on paths, and provided opportunities for new species to establish in previously unbroken forest vegetation. Urban forest edges were characterised by species better adapted to sunny, warm and dry conditions. These species, such as grasses, replaced more sensitive forest species, such as dwarf shrubs and mosses. We observed a large number of light demanding deciduous trees at the edges, which may be one of the factors increasing soil fertility and consequently promoting the high abundance of fast growing species, such as grasses and herbs related to more fertile site types.

Conclusions:We recommend that urban forest fragments left within urban development should be at least 2–3 ha in size and that the shape of the patch and the number of potential recreational users should be taken into account when preserving true forest understorey vegetation from the effects of edges and trampling.
The transition from invasive species control to native species promotion and its dependence on seed density thresholds
Authors: Reinhardt Adams Carrie , Galatowitsch Susan M.
Published: February 2009

Question: Does the seed density of invasive species affect establishment by native species in a bare ground context (following invasive species control efforts), and is it possible to promote transition to a native species dominated state by manipulating sowing density of the native community?

Location: Experimental wetland basin in Chanhassen, Minnesota, USA.

Methods: A mesocosm experiment investigated the influence of Phalaris arundinacea (invasive species) propagule pressure on establishment of native wet meadow species in the context of a newly restored wetland. Mesocosms were sown with P. arundinacea (0, 10, 50, 100, or 500 seeds/m2) and a mix of native species (3000 or 15000 seeds/m2).

Results: When planted at densities > 100 seeds/m2, P. arundinacea increased suppression of native species. Also, high native seed density suppressed P. arundinacea biomass production. This effect was more pronounced when P. arundinacea seed density was high (> 100 seeds/m2), but high native seed density (15000 seeds/m2) did not suppress recruitment of P. arundinacea from seed.

Conclusions: The transition from post‐control bare ground (a common result of efforts to control invasive species) to native species establishment depends on both native species and invader seed density. These results suggest that a threshold of P. arundinacea propagule pressure exists, beyond which transition to a native community is less likely without management intervention. P. arundinacea can establish in the presence of a newly developing native plant community, even at very low densities of P. arundinacea seed. Invader control (following initial site clearing efforts) is essential to native species establishment.
Vegetation recovery after fuel management in Mediterranean shrublands
Authors: Baeza M.J. , Vallejo V.R.
Published: February 2009

Question: What is the effect of fuel management practices in the recovery capacity of seeder‐dominated shrublands?

Location: Ulex parviflorus shrubland localities in Mediterranean regions of eastern Spain.

Methods: We applied prescribed burning and brush‐chipping as fuel management techniques in three young and three mature shrublands, and evaluated the effects in the following four years.

Results: Canopy opening by the treatments allowed increasing species richness through the four years of secondary succession. The treatments produced a change in community structure and dominant species, from the woody seeder Ulex parviflorus to the resprouter grass Brachypodium retusum. Vegetation response was conditioned by both shrubland developmental stage and treatment applied. Burning resulted in more severe modification of the ecosystem, increasing bare soil cover. Four years after fuel management in different aged Mediterranean gorse shrublands, vegetation response followed a similar pattern with the exception of the young, brush‐chipped shrublands. The treatments applied for controlling Ulex parviflorus were seen to be very effective, with the exception of brush‐chipping in young shrublands.

Conclusions: Selective brush‐chipping in middle‐aged or mature gorse shrublands would combine a drastic reduction in fire hazard with ecosystem conservation and regeneration.
Interalar Distance to Estimate the Combined Width of the Six Maxillary Anterior Teeth in Oral Rehabilitation Treatment
Authors: GOMES VANDERLEI LUIZ , GONÇALVES LUIZ CARLOS , COSTA MARCIO MAGNO , DE LIMA LUCAS BARBARA
Published: February 2009

Statement of the Problem:  The face's architecture of dentate subjects has been studied to find a reliable guide for the selection of artificial anterior teeth. However, there is no consensus of data regarding a reference to estimate the width of artificial teeth.

Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to analyze whether there is a consistent relationship between the interalar distance (IAD) and the combined mesiodistal width of the six maxillary anterior teeth.

Methods:  Standardized digital photographs of 81 dentate Brazilian subjects were included in the sample. They were 37 men and 44 women (age 17 to 33). Through image processing software, the IAD and the distance between the tips of the maxillary canines were measured when viewed from the frontal aspect. Accurate casts were made to quantify the distance between the distal surfaces of the maxillary canines on a curve, by use of a flexible millimeter ruler. Nonparametric statistics were performed to analyze the results (p < 0.05).

Results:  The IAD when compared with the width of the six maxillary anterior teeth, on a straight line and on a curve, presented a ratio of 0.914 and of 1.305, respectively. The Wilcoxon test showed no significant difference between the calculated width values and the mesiodistal width measured on a curve and on a straight line (p = 0.986).

Conclusion:  The IAD, when increased by 31% of its value, can suggest the circumferential distance of the six maxillary anterior teeth.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The width of the nose, when measured in digital photographs, can be utilized as a reliable guide for the selection of the maxillary anterior teeth width. It can improve the esthetic result of the oral rehabilitation treatment for the edentulous patient by offering a natural dentofacial relation.
Concurrence Between the Maxillary Midline and Bisector to the Interpupillary Line
Authors: ESKELSEN EVANIA , FERNANDES CAMILA BORGES , PELOGIA FERNANDA , CUNHA LEONARDO GONÇALVES , PALLOS DÉBORA , NEISSER MAXIMILIANO PIERO , LIPORONI PRISCILA CHRISTIANE SUZY
Published: February 2009

Purpose:  Symmetry is one of the factors that contributes to facial harmony, and in oral rehabilitation it determines the success of esthetic treatment. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the axial symmetry between the bipupillar midline and maxillary central incisors midline of 102 dental students (both genders) distributed across five Brazilian dental schools.

Materials and Methods:  Students with no teeth missing and who had never been subjected to any dental treatment were selected. Photographs were taken with a Dental Eye III camera with a 100‐mm macro objective and ratio of 1 : 10 from natural size, recorded on an Ektachrome ASA/ISO 100 film. The images were developed and applied to Microsoft Office Power Point 2007 software. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance and Student's t‐test (α = 0.05).

Results:  There was no significant correlation between bipupillar midline and the maxillary dental midline, irrespective of gender.

Conclusion:  No significant coincidence was observed between the interpupillary and dental midline. However, the interpupillar distance and its relationship with other anatomic structures may be used as a reference in treatment, but measurements must be assessed individually.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Anatomic measurements and facial proportions can be helpful during the planning of esthetic oral rehabilitation.
Predictors of Response to Sildenafil Citrate Following Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Teloken Patrick E. , Parker Marilyn , Mohideen Najeeb , Mulhall John P.
Published: February 2009

Introduction

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5) use is a treatment strategy for prostate cancer patients with post-radiation therapy (RT) erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim

To define the predictors of sildenafil response in men treated with RT for prostate cancer.

Main Outcome Measures

International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF).

Methods

Patients were enrolled prospectively if they met the following criteria: (i) either a three-dimensional conformal external beam (EBRT) or brachytherapy (BT) with or without androgen deprivation (AD) for prostate cancer; (ii) self-reported ability to have sexual intercourse prior to RT; (iii) experienced onset of ED following RT; (iv) candidates for sildenafil citrate use; (v) followed-up periodically; and (vi) completed the IIEF at least 12 months after RT. Failure to respond to sildenafil was defined as IIEF-erectile function (EF) domain score of <22.

Results

One hundred fifty-two patients met all the criteria: 110 in the EBRT group and 42 in the BT group. Mean age was 62 years. The mean follow-up was 38 months. Mean radiation dose for EBRT was 78 Gy and for BT was 101 Gy. Thirty-five patients received AD, 25% of EBRT, and 62% of BT patients. Sixty-one percent of the patients receiving AD had exposure only pre-RT, whereas 39% had pre- and post-RT AD exposure. The mean duration of AD was 4.6 months. Post-RT IIEF-EF domain score at >24 months was 17. Successful response to sildenafil occurred in 68% of men at 12 months after RT, 50% at 24 months, and 36% at 36 months. On multivariable analysis, predictors of failure to respond to sildenafil were: older age, longer time after RT, AD > 4 months duration, and RT dose > 85 Gy. Modality of radiation delivery was not predictive of sildenafil failure.

Conclusions

A steady decrease in sildenafil response was seen with increasing duration after RT. Several factors were predictive of sildenafil failure.
Concept Analysis of Loneliness With Implications for Nursing Diagnosis
Authors: ElSadr Cheryl Bombassei , Noureddine Samar , Kelley Jane
Published: February 2009

PURPOSE.  This study aims to explore the concept of loneliness using Walker and Avant's concept analysis framework. In addition, the overlap and potential confusion of the factors related to the nursing diagnoses Social Isolation and Risk for Loneliness were noted and discussed.

DATA SOURCES.  A literature review was conducted by searching Google, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and MEDLINE databases using the keywords “loneliness,”“concept analysis,” and “loneliness concept analysis” in the title. Only those sources that directly addressed loneliness were used (27).

DATA SYNTHESIS.  Dictionary definitions, various uses, and critical attributes were identified; model, borderline, related, and contrary cases were developed; and antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents were determined. Data were evaluated and summarized to reach conclusions and recommendations.

CONCLUSIONS.  The authors concluded with a recommendation that Loneliness replace Social Isolation as the primary nursing diagnosis in the NANDA International taxonomy.
An Oncology Case Study Demonstrating the Use of Rogers's Science of Unitary Human Beings and Standardized Nursing Languages
Authors: Farren Arlene T.
Published: February 2009

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this paper is to present an oncology case study focusing on a woman's journey through breast cancer treatment and survivorship and a nurse's journey to provide wholistic care using standardized nursing languages and Rogers's Science of Unitary Human Beings (SUHB).

DATA SOURCES.  Published literature, experience, and expertise of the author were used as data sources.

DATA SYNTHESIS.  The data were clustered to formulate oncology nursing care based on the standardized nursing languages of NANDA International, Nursing Outcomes Classification, and Nursing Interventions Classification (NNN) from the theoretical foundation of Rogers's SUHB.

CONCLUSIONS.  The use of Rogers's SUHB, NNN, and the extant literature provided a theoretical, evidence‐based, and practical approach to providing holistic care for a woman journeying through breast cancer treatment and survivorship.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  Nurses can use standardized nursing languages and Rogers's SUHB to facilitate personal well‐being and quality of life for breast cancer survivors.
The Ozone Component of Global Change: Potential Effects on Agricultural and Horticultural Plant Yield, Product Quality and Interactions with Invasive Species
Authors: Booker Fitzgerald , Muntifering Russell , McGrath Margaret , Burkey Kent , Decoteau Dennis , Fiscus Edwin , Manning William , Krupa Sagar , Chappelka Arthur , Grantz David
Published: February 2009

The productivity, product quality and competitive ability of important agricultural and horticultural plants in many regions of the world may be adversely affected by current and anticipated concentrations of ground‐level ozone (O3). Exposure to elevated O3 typically results in suppressed photosynthesis, accelerated senescence, decreased growth and lower yields. Various approaches used to evaluate O3 effects generally concur that current yield losses range from 5% to 15% among sensitive plants. There is, however, considerable genetic variability in plant responses to O3. To illustrate this, we show that ambient O3 concentrations in the eastern United States cause substantially different levels of damage to otherwise similar snap bean cultivars. Largely undesirable effects of O3 can also occur in seed and fruit chemistry as well as in forage nutritive value, with consequences for animal production. Ozone may alter herbicide efficacy and foster establishment of some invasive species. We conclude that current and projected levels of O3 in many regions worldwide are toxic to sensitive plants of agricultural and horticultural significance. Plant breeding that incorporates O3 sensitivity into selection strategies will be increasingly necessary to achieve sustainable production with changing atmospheric composition, while reductions in O3 precursor emissions will likely benefit world food production and reduce atmospheric concentrations of an important greenhouse gas.
The Traditional Medicines Predicament: A Case Study of Thailand
Authors: Robinson Daniel , Kuanpoth Jakkrit
Published: February 2009

The ongoing use and protection of traditional medicines presents unique challenges for authorities, practitioners and stakeholders. With changes in the international intellectual property environment and biodiversity regulation, the Thai government has responded to ensure that traditional medicines, texts, traditional medical formulas, medicinal plants and herbs are protected through the development of a sui generis law. Drafted in 1999, the Act on Protection and Promotion of Thai Traditional Medicinal Intelligence is now being implemented in stages. Recent incidents, including controversies surrounding local and foreign patents over a Thai medicinal herb named kwao krua (Pueraria mirifica), have given impetus to traditional medicines protection, but have also tested the utility and implementation of the act by the Thai Department of Public Health. This article discusses the issues and implications in Thailand, while also reflecting on the approaches for traditional medicines protection internationally and in other countries.
The Reform of Copyright Protection in the Networked Environment: A Hong Kong Perspective
Authors: Wan Charn Wing
Published: February 2009

On 15 April 2008, the Hong Kong government released its preliminary proposals on Copyright Protection in the Digital Environment, which cover the civil and criminal liabilities of online infringers and the role of online service providers (OSPs) in combating internet piracy. The preliminary proposals favor OSPs and users more than copyright owners. The government proposes that the OSPs, the content industries and users should voluntarily create a code of practice which defines the role and scope of OSPs in the fight against online piracy. The OSPs oppose any rules making them liable for copyright infringement and the safe harbor provisions. The content industries, in contrast, insist that, in line with international norms, both OSP liability and safe harbor provisions be written into the code of practice. I argue that, in the absence of any assignment of legal right to any party, the Coase theorem predicts that negotiations will fail. The key issue is which party should bear the transaction costs of copyright enforcement, because there are millions of online infringers; however, if the transaction costs of enforcing copyright in the networked environment are prohibitively high, the credibility of the copyright system will be undermined and online piracy will become commonplace.
Kernel density estimates of alongshore home range of Hector's dolphins at Banks Peninsula, New Zealand
Authors: Rayment William , Dawson Steve , Slooten Elisabeth , Bräger Stefan , Fresne Sam Du , Webster Trudi
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Knowledge about home ranges is essential for understanding the resources required by a species, identifying critical habitats, and revealing the overlap with anthropogenic impacts. Ranging behavior of Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori) was studiedviacoastal photo‐ID surveys in the Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary (BPMMS) between 1985 and 2006. Univariate kernel density estimates of alongshore home range were calculated for 20 individuals with 15 sightings or more. For each individual, sighting locations were transformed into a univariate data set by projecting sightings onto a line drawn 1 km from the coast and measuring the distance along this line relative to an origin. Sightings were weighted by survey effort. Ninety‐five percent (K95) of the density estimate was used as a measure of alongshore home range, and 50% of the estimate (K50) was used to reveal core portions of coastline where dolphins concentrated their activity. The mean estimates ofK95andK50were 49.69 km (SE = 5.29) and 17.13 km (SE = 1.89), respectively. Four distinct hubs were apparent where the core areas of different individuals coincided. Three of the dolphins' alongshore ranges extended beyond the current northern boundary of the BPMMS, raising fresh concerns that the sanctuary is not large enough. Proposed changes to gill netting regulations, if enacted, will result in the alongshore ranges of all the dolphins in our study being protected.
Correlation between mothers' perceptions/expectations and the behavior of children with HIV during dental treatment
Authors: Abdelnur Juliana Pires , Drugowick Rayen Millanao , Guimarães Lizandra Ferrari , De Moura Neide Gomes , Maia Lucianne Cople , De Souza Ivete Pomarico Ribeiro
Published: February 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mothers' perceptions and expectations of the behavior of their children who were HIV positive, during dental treatment. The sample was composed of 40 mother and child pairs. The mothers answered seven questions during two different appointments (M1, the child's initial appointment, and M2, the child's treatment appointment) in order to identify their perceptions and expectations about their children's behavior during dental treatment. In addition, child's behavior during the appointments was evaluated. The results of the mothers' interviews were then correlated with their children's behavior using Spearman's correlation test (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the mothers' perceptions and expectations and the behavior displayed by their children during dental treatment (p > 0.05).
Oral findings in adults with osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Sæves Rønnaug , Wekre Lena Lande , Ambjørnsen Eirik , Axelsson Stefan , Nordgarden Hilde , Storhaug Kari
Published: February 2009

This paper describes oral findings in an adult population with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) in Norway (n = 94).

All participants underwent a structured interview and an oral examination. Panoramic radiographs were analyzed. The findings were compared with data from other Nordic epidemiological studies.

Seventeen individuals (19%) had clinical signs of dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI). Persons with OI had twice as many missing teeth as the general population, and the number of endodontically treated teeth was higher than in the general population. All persons in the study had an acceptable state of tooth tissue loss. Almost all (97%) of the participants in the study group visited a dentist or a dental hygienist regularly. The results of the study indicated a low prevalence of clinical DI compared with previous reported studies. Oral health was not as good in the population with OI when compared with the general population, although daily oral health habits were good and dental visits were regular.
Isolation, characterization and PCR multiplexing of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the edible dormouse,Glis glis
Authors: HÜRNER H. , MARTIN J. F. , RIBAS A. , ARRIZABALAGA A. , MICHAUX J. R.
Published: February 2009

We isolated and characterized 10 dinucleotide microsatellite loci in the edible dormouse,Glis glis(Linnaeus). Four multiplex panels were developed. Loci were amplified in samples from two geographically distant populations (Torgny in Belgium and Montseny in Spain). All loci were polymorphic in Spain but four were monomorphic in Belgium. Individuals from Belgium and Spain exhibited an average allelic diversity of 1.9 and 3.3 and an observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.08 to 0.47 and from 0.04 to 0.72, respectively.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci in Pinus cembra L.
Authors: SALZER K. , SEBASTIANI F. , GUGERLI F. , BUONAMICI A. , VENDRAMIN G. G.
Published: February 2009

We developed eight polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers for the Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.), of which seven may be amplified in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Allelic polymorphism across all loci and 40 individuals representing two populations in the Swiss Alps was high (mean = 7.6 alleles). No significant linkage disequlibrium was displayed between pairs of loci. Significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was revealed at three loci in one population. Cross–amplification was achieved in two related species within the genus (P. sibirica and P. pumila). Thus, the markers may be useful for population genetic studies in these three pine species. They will be applied in ongoing projects on genetic diversity and patterns of gene flow in P. cembra.
Digital image analysis of plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Aslam Tariq , Fleck Brian , Patton Niall , Trucco Manuel , Azegrouz Hind
Published: February 2009

An accurate assessment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is essential in ensuring correct and timely treatment of this potentially blinding condition. Current modes of assessment are based upon clinical grading by expert examination of retinal changes. However, this may be subjective, unreliable and difficult and there has been significant interest in alternative means of measurement. These have been made possible through technological advancements in image capture and analysis as well as progress in clinical research, highlighting the specific importance of plus disease in ROP. Progress in these two fields has highlighted the potential for digital image analysis of plus disease to be used as an objective, reliable and valid measurement of ROP. The potential for clinical and scientific advancement through this method is argued and demonstrated in this article. Along with the potential benefits, there are significant challenges such as in image capture, segmentation, measurement of vessel width and tortuosity; these are also addressed. After discussing and explaining the challenges involved, the research articles addressing digital image analysis of ROP are critically reviewed. Benefits and limitations of the currently published techniques for digital ROP assessment are discussed with particular reference to the validity and reliability of outcome measures. Finally, the general limitations of current methods of analysis are discussed and more diverse potential areas of development are discussed.
Calcium Regulating Hormones and Serum Calcium and Magnesium Concentrations in Septic and Critically Ill Foals and their Association with Survival
Authors: Hurcombe S.D.A. , Toribio R.E. , Slovis N.M. , Saville W.J. , Mudge M.C. , MacGillivray K. , Frazer M.L.
Published: February 2009

Background:Disorders of calcium regulation are frequently found in humans with critical illness, yet limited information exists in foals with similar conditions including septicemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether disorders of calcium exist in septic foals, and to determine any association with survival.

Hypothesis:Blood concentrations of ionized calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) will be lower in septic foals with concomitant increases in parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), and parathyroid‐related peptide (PTHrP) compared with healthy foals. The magnitude of these differences will be negatively associated with survival.

Animals:Eighty‐two septic, 40 sick nonseptic, and 24 healthy foals of ≤7 days were included.

Methods:Prospective, observational study. Blood was collected at initial examination for analysis. Foals with positive blood culture or sepsis score ≥14 were considered septic. Foals with disease other than sepsis and healthy foals were used as controls. Hormone concentrations were measured with validated immunoassays.

Results:Septic foals had decreased Ca2+(5.6 versus 6.1 mg/dL,P< .01) and increased serum PTH (16.2 versus 3.2 pmol/L,P< .05), and phosphorus concentrations (7.1 versus 6.3 mg/dL,P< .01). No differences in serum Mg2+, PTHrP, and CT concentrations were found. Nonsurviving septic foals (n = 42/82) had higher PTH concentrations (41.1 versus 10.7 pmol/L,P< .01) than survivors (n = 40/82).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Septic foals were more likely to have disorders of calcium regulation compared with healthy foals, where hyperparathyroidemia was associated with nonsurvival.
Iron injections in mice increase skeletal muscle iron content, induce oxidative stress and reduce exercise performance
Authors: Reardon Trent F. , Allen David G.
Published: February 2009

Iron accelerates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive levels of ROS are thought to accelerate skeletal muscle fatigue and contribute to the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with age. Patients with an iron overload disease frequently report symptoms of weakness and fatigue, which is attributed to reduced cardiac function. The contribution of skeletal muscle to these symptoms is unknown. Using a mouse model of iron overload, we determined the extent of iron accumulation in skeletal muscle and the concentrations of the iron storage protein ferritin. The level of oxidative stress, changes in antioxidant enzymes and exercise performance were also assessed. Compared with control mice, the iron overloaded mice had elevated levels of iron in the tibialis anterior muscle and a fourfold increase in ferritin light chain. The oxidative stress product malondialdehyde was increased in the iron group compared with the control group, as was the antioxidant enzyme activity of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase. The iron group performed less work on an endurance test and produced less force in a strength test. Body weight and skeletal muscle weight were lower in the iron group following the intervention. Iron loading reduced the weight of the fast‐twitch extensor digitorum longus muscle more than the slow‐twitch soleus muscle. In summary, iron accumulation in skeletal muscle may play a significant role in the reduced exercise capacity seen in iron overload disorders and in ageing, and may play an underlying role in skeletal muscle atrophy.
Computational Modeling of the Collapse of a Liquid Column Over an Obstacle and Experimental Validation
Authors: Cruchaga Marcela A. , Celentano Diego J. , Tezduyar Tayfun E.
Published: February 2009

We present the numerical and experimental analyses of the collapse of a water column over an obstacle. The physical model consists of a water column initially confined by a closed gate inside a glass box. An obstacle is placed between the gate and the right wall of the box, inside the initially unfilled zone. Once the gate is opened, the liquid spreads in the container and over the obstacle. Measurements of the liquid height along the walls and a middle control section are obtained from videos. The computational modeling is carried out using a moving interface technique, namely, the edge-tracked interface locator technique, to calculate the evolution of the water-air interface. The analysis involves a water-column aspect ratio of 2, with different obstacle geometries. The numerical predictions agree reasonably well with the experimental trends.
Stabilized Finite Element Methods for the Schrödinger Wave Equation
Authors: Kannan Raguraman , Masud Arif
Published: February 2009

This paper presents two stabilized formulations for the Schrödinger wave equation. First formulation is based on the Galerkin/least-squares (GLS) method, and it sets the stage for exploring variational multiscale ideas for developing the second stabilized formulation. These formulations provide improved accuracy on cruder meshes as compared with the standard Galerkin formulation. Based on the proposed formulations a family of tetrahedral and hexahedral elements is developed. Numerical convergence studies are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and convergence properties of the two methods for a model electronic potential for which analytical results are available.
Preconditioning Techniques for Nonsymmetric Linear Systems in the Computation of Incompressible Flows
Authors: Manguoglu Murat , Sameh Ahmed H. , Saied Faisal , Tezduyar Tayfun E. , Sathe Sunil
Published: February 2009

In this paper we present effective preconditioning techniques for solving the nonsymmetric systems that arise from the discretization of the Navier–Stokes equations. These linear systems are solved using either Krylov subspace methods or the Richardson scheme. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques in handling time-accurate as well as steady-state solutions. We also compare our solvers with those published previously.
A Multiscale Finite Element Formulation With Discontinuity Capturing for Turbulence Models With Dominant Reactionlike Terms
Authors: Corsini A. , Menichini F. , Rispoli F. , Santoriello A. , Tezduyar T. E.
Published: February 2009

A stabilization technique targeting the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations is proposed to account for the multiscale nature of turbulence and high solution gradients. The objective is effective stabilization in computations with the advection-diffusion reaction equations, which are typical of the class of turbulence scale-determining equations where reaction-dominated effects strongly influence the boundary layer prediction in the presence of nonequilibrium phenomena. The stabilization technique, which is based on a variational multiscale method, includes a discontinuity-capturing term designed to be operative when the solution gradients are high and the reactionlike terms are dominant. As test problems, we use a 2D model problem and 3D flow computation for a linear compressor cascade.
Design to Maximize Performance of a Thermoelectric Power Generator With a Dynamic Thermal Power Source
Authors: Crane Douglas T. , Bell Lon E.
Published: February 2009

It is a difficult technical challenge to design thermoelectric power generation systems that work optimally over a broad dynamic range of thermal input power. Conventional systems are designed to work optimally for a nominal operating condition, while maintaining the ability to operate at off nominal and extreme operating conditions without damage to the system. For systems that operate in a narrow range of thermal power conditions, thermoelectric waste heat recovery system design is simplified. However, for applications that do have a wide range of operating conditions, designs typically exhibit overall average efficiencies that are reduced by approximately 20% or more compared with that achievable for the thermoelectric material operating at peak efficiency. Both cars and trucks consume significant fuel at low mass flow rates. Since the ultimate goal of waste heat recovery systems is to minimize fuel consumption, it is critical that the recovery system be designed to operate near peak efficiency over the range of mass flow rates that make a significant contribution to overall power recovery. Such performance capability is especially important in city driving, and in hybrid vehicle applications. This paper describes a design concept that maximizes the performance for thermoelectric power generation systems in which the thermal power to be recovered is from a fluid stream (e.g., exhaust gas) subject to varying temperatures and a broad range of exhaust flow rates. The device is constructed in several parts, with each part optimized for a specific range of operating conditions. The thermoelectric system characteristics, inlet mass flow rates and fluid temperatures, and load and internal electrical resistances are monitored and generator operation is controlled to maximize performance. With this design, the system operates near optimal efficiency for a much wider range of operating conditions. Application of the design concept to an automobile is used to show the benefits to overall system performance.
Factors Affecting Sulfur Reactions in High Sulfur Oil Shale Pyrolysis
Authors: Al-Ayed Omar S. , Matouq Moh’d
Published: February 2009

Oil shale samples from the Ellajjun area south of Jordan were pyrolyzed in different conditions and environments. Sulfur of shale oil was determined using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Generated products swept from the retort by several sweeping media; they include nitrogen, water vapor, hydrogen, and mixture of nitrogen and water vapor. Other conditions are 2–11 mm particle size, 1 atm operating pressure, and 410–550°C temperature range. The sulfur content of shale oil was found to be 12 wt % for hydrogen pyrolysis, while water vapor at 1 atm decreased this value to 7 wt %. Hydrogenation of oil shale resulted in 12 wt %. the sulfur content of shale oil being at 420°C, and then reduced to 10.3 wt % at temperatures higher than 470°C. When water vapor is added to nitrogen, the sulfur in the oil shale is increased by 4 wt %. Water vapor sweeping gas increased the sulfur of the shale oil from 6.5 wt % to 8.1 wt % compared with a nitrogen pyrolyzing medium. Retorted shale analysis showed 44 wt %, and 31 wt % is left in the retorted shale of the original 4.5 wt %. Sulfur found in the raw oil shale is unretorted for nitrogen and hydrogen sweeping gases. On the other hand, increasing particle size from 2 mm to 11 mm did not have any significant influence on the sulfur content of the produced shale oil.