bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aplicativo Shiny como Suporte de Ensino de Métodos de Previsão
Authors: Konrath Andrea Cristina , Miranda Rodrigo Gabriel de , Nakamura Luiz Ricardo , Henning Elisa , Walter Olga Maria Formigoni Carvalho
Published: December 2019

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de um aplicativo Shiny com foco no ensino de métodos de previsão. O Shiny é uma ferramenta para o desenvolvimento de aplicações em web para usuários do software R, sendo um ambiente para computação estatística. O aplicativo desenvolvido contempla diversos métodos de previsão sendo eles: decomposição clássica (aditiva e multiplicativa); previsão ingênua; suavização exponencial (seleção automática; e o modelo autorregressivo integrado de médias móveis (ARIMA)), permitindo ao acadêmico importar dados de planilhas eletrônicas e produzir gráficos em uma interface amigável, gratuita e acessível. Por meio do aplicativo é possível ainda avaliar a qualidade e adequabilidade dos modelos ajustados utilizando diferentes gráficos de resíduos (dispersão, histograma, função de autocorrelação e função de autocorrelação parcial)e efetuar previsões desses ajustes a partir da TABELA 1 . Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento desse aplicativo no ambiente Shiny pode ser uma alternativa na melhoria do ensino de estatística, bem como para pesquisas aplicadas, no que tange aos métodos de previsão.
Vom Film als Verführer zum Film als Lehrer. Entwicklungslinien in der katholischen Filmarbeit
Authors: Hasenberg Peter
Published: December 2019

Der folgende Beitrag umreißt Entwicklungslinien der katholischen Filmarbeit. Die katholische Kirche, die den Film ursprünglich vor allem als ethisches Problem, als Verführer zu unsittlichem Handeln ansah, versuchte im Laufe der Geschichte die potenziellen schädlichen Wirkungen des Mediums Film zu kontrollieren, durch eigene Einrichtungen in den Bereichen Produktion, Verleih und Abspiel, durch Stellungnahmen und Appelle, vor allem durch publizistische Aktivitäten, die darauf abzielten, das Publikumsverhalten zu steuern. Im Laufe der Entwicklung verschwand der Kontrollgedanke und das Potenzial des Films. Impulse für eine Reflexion über Sinn- und Wertefragen zu geben, wurde zunehmend deutlicher erkannt.
Frankophilie, Germanophilie und „Elsässertum“ in den Jugendbewegungen Straßburgs zwischen 1918 und 1925. Patriotismus – Körpererziehung – Naturbegeisterung
Authors: Fuchs Julien , Jallat Denis , Saint-Martin Jean
Published: December 2019

In Alsace, a region between France and Germany many youth organizations were formed in 1918, for example scouting movements and religious education associations. All these groups followed the same aim, i.e. to support young people and to transmit their values using physical education. These Alsatian associations, which were marked by 50 years of German presence, had to adapt to the expectation of the French government to rebuild a unified territory around a common identity. In doing so, they developed original forms of body culture that corresponded to an “Alsatian identity”. This article shows how youth organizations educated and trained young people under these conditions, and how they succeeded in defending the idea of French national identity as well as promoting an original form of culture based on local particularities.
Die Methodik der islamischen Jurisprudenz - Usul al-Fiqh
Authors: Zeineddine Nora
Published: December 2019

The work is the legal introduction to the methodology of Islamic jurisprudence in German. It introduces the reader to the concepts, systematics and principles of Islamic law and outlines the foundations of Islamic jurisprudence from the genuine internal perspective of Muslim scholarship. The source of the work is the recognised Arabic literature on Islamic legal methodology of the past centuries. All relevant topics of Islamic legal methodology are outlined and a coherent German conceptual system for the Usul al-Fiqh is designed. The spectrum of opinion of Muslim scholarship on individual questions is fanned out and legal-theoretical and -philosophical foundations and intersections of the methodology of Islamic jurisprudence are made clear.
Editor’s Corner
Authors: Sare Laura
Published: December 2019

To continue the legal theme set by the cover photo contest, I am often called on by colleagues to teach strategies for finding legal resources in library instruction sessions. Legal databases and legal materials are often perceived as foreign and overwhelming to undergraduate students as compared to other scholarly resources. Teaching legal materials also often includes having to give a brief overview of the legal system so students understand what types of materials are available to them. When demonstrating how to find legal materials I demonstrate case law relevant to the curriculum in the class, but I find that an active learning session helps reengage the students who are needing a break. I have a collection of “fun laws” for students to find and briefly read so that I know they have learned basic searching techniques. I break down these session to search for case law by citation and by case names.
Paying for America’s Elections: The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 and Information Access
Authors: Condon Rachel
Published: December 2019

This paper provides an overview of the legislative history of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), known popularly as McCain-Feingold. It will also explore the challenges to the act in the courts. The paper will conclude with a review of access to campaign finance reports resulting from the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. With a rich legislative history that spans several Congresses as well as a history of judicial interventions which have shaped the law as it stands today, it is pertinent that the American people have access to information associated with the law so as to better understand the federal election process and assess its strengths and weaknesses in advance of the 2020 elections.
Experiences in translation: the text as a pattern, the pattern as a text
Authors: Tsvigun T. V. , Chernyakov A. N.
Published: December 2019

In this article, we discuss the methodological prospects of using the term ‘pattern’ in the analysis of a literary text. We identify the semantic and categorial field of the term, propose a definition of ‘pattern’ as projected on language material, and correlate the terms ‘pattern’, ‘repetition’, ‘recurrence’, and others. The linguistic ontology of the pattern as a text-generating mechanism is determined by the fact that the pattern problematizes the relation­ship between repetition and variation, singular and plural, a norm and a deviation. A text has a pattern nature if its basic pattern does not coincide with its textual realizations, provided the latter are very similar at the prototype or model level. Therefore, the relationship between the pattern and a resultant text is isomorphic to the relationship between language and speech. Our analysis of poetic texts by Andrey Monastyrsky and Dmitri Prigov demonstrates the possibilities of studying a text as the realization of a pattern from the perspective of vari­ous literary strategies adopted by authors.
Periodization of creative self-realization
Authors: Mutafova Mariya Encheva
Published: December 2019

People are sensitive in communication and they undergo relationship problems. They are influenced by others’ evaluation striving for adequate personal self-realization. A periodization of personal creative self-realization is presented, based on psychosexual developmental stages and psychosocial developmental stages for achievement of personal growth and life goals. The proposed periodization of creative self-realization comprises nine stages - Pre-natal stage (from conception to birth); Stage of creative longing (from new-born to 1 year and 7 months); Creative verbal stage (from 1 year and 7 months to 2 years and 7 months); Stage of creative and innovative attitudes (from 2 years and 7 months to 6 years); Stage of creative and innovative self-determination (from 6 years to 11 years); Stage of choice of creative self-realization (from 11 years to 19 years); Inspired creative self-realization stage (from 19 years to 24 years); Stage of conscious intentional creative self-realization (from 24 years to 33 years); and Stage of satisfying creative self-realization (after 33 years).
The development of fault bars in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) increases with acute stressors and individual propensity: implications for animal welfare
Authors: Arrazola A , Torrey S
Published: December 2019

Negative experiences during feather growth can result in fault bar formation. Fault bars are malformations perpendicular to the rachis of the feather caused by stressful experiences during feather growth. However, there are little data on the causal effect of psychological stress on the formation of fault bars in chickens. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of acute stress in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) on fault bar formation to validate this measure as a welfare indicator. Thirty broiler breeder pullets were housed in six cages at 21 days of age. Three cages were exposed to an acute stress protocol while the other three were the unstressed control. Feathers were marked as close as possible to the growing follicle at 21 (wing feathers) and 60 (all feathers) days of age. Acute stress came in the form of three procedures (unpredictable feed delivery, induction of tonic immobility, and crowding) repeated twice, 3-8 days apart and randomly, from 28 to 60 days of age. Wing, tail, and cover feathers were removed and measured at 60 days of age for weight, length, and number of fault bars. Exposure to acute, unpredictable stress increased the number of fault bars in wing feathers of chicks with a high number of initial fault bars. Feather growth decreased for the stressed group compared to the control. These results suggest that feather traits, including fault bars and feather growth, can be used as indicators of negative welfare in chickens.
Editorial
Authors: Robaina Igor Martins Medeiros , Ribeiro Leticia Parente
Published: December 2019

Editorial
Integrating Language and Literature: A Text World Theory Approach
Authors: Cushing Ian
Published: December 2019

In UK schools, there remains a compartmentalisation of English into ‘language’ and ‘literature’, evident in the ways that the subject is taught and examined and in the degrees to which teachers perceive themselves as being either a ‘language’ or a ‘literature’ teacher. In this paper, we suggest that an approach informed by cognitive linguistics and cognitive stylistics offers a wealth of affordances to the teacher who wishes to integrate aspects of linguistic and literary studies into their teaching. We argue that, in particular, the cognitive discourse grammar Text World Theory provides an accessible and usable set of pedagogical principles, and present two case studies of collaborative research with teachers in which they drew upon Text World Theory as a model for thinking about grammar teaching, literature teaching, lesson design, classroom talk and their own identity as a teacher of English. The data suggests that this approach may have positive benefits for students engaging in high-level linguistic analysis and the developing of responses to literature, and for teachers thinking about lesson and activity design.
¿Tiene cabida el justiciero en las sociedades democráticas? Una respuesta desde el mundo del cómic
Authors: Fandos Marí Francisco
Published: December 2019

En el presente artículo se reflexionará entorno a la figura del justiciero y su posible encaje en las actuales sociedades democráticas. Se abordará la relación de incompatibilidad entre la idea del Estado legitimado para el uso de la violencia y la figura del justiciero. Cómo desde el mundo del cómic ha sido representado no como un defensor de la justicia sino como alguien que actúa al margen de la ley.
The Past and Future of Analytic Philosophy in Spain: XX Years of Taller d’Investigació en Filosofia
Authors: Cabrera Marta , Gimeno-Simó Joan , Pérez-González Saúl
Published: December 2019

Introduction to the Special Issue for the XX Years of TIF, ed. by M. Cabrera, J. Gimeno-Simó and S. Pérez-González
Introdución al Número Monográfico que conmemora los XX años del TIF, editado por M. Cabrera, J. Gimeno-Simó y S. Pérez-González
Introdució al Número Monogràfic que commemora els XX anys del TIF, editat per M. Cabrera, J. Gimeno-Simó i S. Pérez-González
Los límites exteriores del capitalismo en la «crítica de la economía política» de Marx. Sobre la interpretación de César Ruiz Sanjuán de la articulación de historia y sistema en Marx
Authors: Cubo Oscar
Published: December 2019

The Outer Limits of Capitalism in Marx's «Critique of Political Economy». On César Ruiz Sanjuán's Interpretation of the Articulation of History and System in Marx.

Resumen: Se ha publicado recientemente en castellano una investigación rigurosa y pionera acerca de la compleja articulación que mantienen la historia y la exposición del sistema capitalista en el proyecto de una «crítica de la economía política» de Marx. Este trabajo pretende exponer y discutir las aportaciones interpretativas abiertas por el libro deCésar Ruiz Sanjuán: Historia y sistema en Marx. Hacia una teoría crítica del capitalismo, publicado en 2019 en la editorial Siglo XXI España. Al final de nuestra exposición profundizamos en esta articulación entre historia y sistema con vistas a presentar el proyecto político del Marx maduro como un desarrollo consecuente de su «crítica de la economía política».
Palabras clave: Historia, sistema y crítica de la economía política.
 
Abstract: A groundbreaking and rigorous research has recently been published in Spanish on the complex articulation between history and the exposure of capitalist system in Marx's project of a «Critique of Political Economy».  This work aims to present and discuss the interpretative contributions opened by César Ruiz Sanjuán's book Historia y sistema en Marx. Hacia una teoría crítica del capitalismo, published in 2019 by Siglo XXI España. At the conclusion of this paper, we delve into this articulation between history and system in order to present Marx's mature political project as a consequent development of his «Critique of Political Economy».
Keywords: History, system and critique of political economy.
Insurance Behaviour of Insured Farmers under Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (PMFBY) in Central India
Authors: Niranjan H. K. , Chouhan R. S. , Sharma H. O. , Kuri Akhilesh , Thaku S. S.
Published: December 2019

To identify insurance behaviour of insured farmer’s, the study was carried out by Agro Economic Research Centre, JNKVV, Jabalpur. Umaria, Jabalpur and Sagar districts have been selected randomly under the ICICI-Lombard, AIC and HDFC-ERGO were found to be major implementing agencies of PMFBY in Madhya Pradesh. From each agency 40 respondents were selected from the respective districts constituting sample size of 120 respondents. District Cooperative Bank was found to be the main implementing bank in the area under study. 90 per cent of the HHS availed crop insurance facility under PMFBY. More than 80 per cent HHs were found to be aware of PMFBY and the main source of awareness was found to be TV/Newspaper and relatives/friends (>35%) followed by government awareness programmes (>20%) and insurance companies (>10%) among HHs. The major events of losses were found to be yield loss (36.67%) followed by prevented sowing/planting due to deficit rainfall or adverse weather (3.33%). The compensation secured in Kharif was found to be more in case of loanee insured (Rs. 8236/-) as compared to non-loanee insured (Rs. 6379/-) HHs. The majority of HHs did not know the complete feature of PMFBY in totality and opined that this is the same as the previous scheme (90%). It was also observed that 44 and 66 per cent of loanee and non-loanee insured HHs used to inform the event of losses to bank officials (>35%) and local government officials (>57%).
Comparative Studies on Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing in Nigeria Case Study: Helical Gear in a Juice Extractor
Authors: Nwaeche C. F. , Fagunwa A. O. , Olokoshe A. A. , Aderowmu A. E. , Uzondu V. C. T. , Salami O. , Asiru W. B.
Published: December 2019

All over the world, additive and subtractive manufacturing are the two basic manufacturing methods used for the development of engineering goods and products. In most cases, the method adopted by the manufacturers usually depends on its cost-effectiveness. However, most of the manufacturing industries in Nigeria have little or no information on the relative advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. This had led to many industries adopting one particular method hook, line and sinker without considering the merits that would be offered by the alternative manufacturing method. This paper, therefore, compared the two methods of manufacturing by carrying out reverse engineering of worn-out helical gears (components of a juice extractor) developed using additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques. The parts of the equipment were developed using a lathe, milling and deburring machines to carry out the drilling, turning, grinding, milling and deburring for subtractive manufacturing and 3-D printing machine for additive method. Two gears A and B were developed by both subtractive and additive methods using the dimension of two old gears, which serve as the basis for determining the variation of the nomenclatures of the developed gears from the standard. The time used for product development, cost of production and the energy expended during the production of the two gears using additive and subtractive manufacturing methods were also determined using appropriate methods.

The study also showed that it is less expensive to produce both gears A and B using the additive method than the subtractive method. Similarly, in term of energy used, less energy was used during fabrication of the gears using additive method than subtractive method but in general, when you want to print a whole component at once the 3D printer volume could be a major constraint.

Hence, the adaptation of additive manufacturing method as a whole or part with the existing subtractive method will help to improve manufacturing industries in Nigeria.
Distributive Leadership and Work Commitment among Secondary School Leaders: Initial Evidence from Malaysia
Authors: Husin Rosliza , Mohamad Mua’azam
Published: December 2019

Ministry of Education Malaysia is improving the quality of education by emphasising on quality of teacher’s leadership and their commitment. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between distributive leadership practices and work commitments among the school leaders in Malaysia. In addition, the levels of distributive leadership practices and the level of work commitment among the school leaders was also studied. This study was carried out using a quantitative cross-sectional survey method using questionnaire as a research instrument of data collection. A total of 120 school leaders comprising principals, senior assistant teachers, assistant teachers and committee leaders were involved as respondents of this study. Two types of measuring tools used in this study were the Distributed Leadership Inventory (DLI) and the Teachers' Organizational Commitment Scale. The findings showed that there is a strong positive relationship between distributive leadership practice and work commitment. The findings also showed that the level of leadership of distributive leadership and work commitment are at high level. The findings also showed that there is no significant difference in distributive leadership practices and the level of commitment of school leaders based on gender factors. However there is a significant difference based on age and teaching experience. Thus, distributive leadership is critical to school leadership towards achieving the objectives of the Malaysian education as outlined in the Malaysian Education Blueprint (2013-2025).
Assessment of Heat and Mass Transfers by the Evaporation of a Large Impoundment under Dry and Hot Climate: Case of Burkina Faso
Authors: Alfred Bayala , B. Kossi Imbga , Amadou Konfe , Xavier Chesneau , Belkacem Zeghmati , P. Florent Kieno , Joseph Bathiebo
Published: December 2019

This paper aims to report a numerical study of the assessment of heat and mass transfers by evaporation of a large impoundment under Burkina Faso climate conditions. This impoundment is considered as a parallelepiped which upper face, in contact with the ambient environment and subject to solar radiation, is the seat of a natural convection-based evaporation. The intensity of this evaporation is modeled by a correlation in the literature. Transfers into water are made by natural convection. They are caused by temperature differences due to solar radiation and ambient conditions (wind, hygrometry of the air,) on water. These transfers are described by the Navier-Stokes equations and energy and the initial and boundary conditions associated with them. The finite volume method and the SIMPLE algorithm were used for speed-pressure coupling. The systems of algebraic equations deduced from the discretization of transfer equations and boundary conditions associated with them are solved with Thomas’ algorithm, the SIMPLE algorithm and an iterative procedure because evaporated water quantity depends on the temperature and concentration of water vapor at the surface of the impoundment which are the unknowns of the problem. The numerical model developed is validated in relation to previous work and experimental data from Burkina Faso meteorology. The results obtained concern the evolution of the evaporated water flux under dense solar flows, a relative humidity of the air proportional to the wind speed and also the evolution of the evaporated water flux against the solar flux density for high relative moisture content. Also the evolution of the evaporated water flow against the depth of the impoundment for a solar flux density, relative humidity and the temperature of the surface of the body of water is given. The determination of evaporated water flux for typical years was calculated on a 10-year period. The results obtained show that the flux of evaporated water increases with a high solar flux rate and decreases for a high relative humidity level.
Microsatellite instability and survival after adjuvant chemotherapy among stage II and III colon cancer patients: results from a population‐based study
Authors: Alwers Elizabeth , Jansen Lina , Bläker Hendrik , Kloor Matthias , Tagscherer Katrin E. , Roth Wilfried , Boakye Daniel , Herpel Esther , Grüllich Carsten , Chang‐Claude Jenny , Brenner Hermann , Hoffmeister Michael
Published: December 2019

Previous studies have reported conflicting results regarding the benefit of administering 5‐FU‐based chemotherapy to colon cancer (CC) patients with microsatellite‐instable (MSI‐high) tumors, and results from stage‐specific analyses are scarce. Patients with stage II or III CC were recruited as part of a population‐based study between 2003 and 2015. The Cox regression models including propensity score weighting were used to calculate hazard ratios and confidence intervals for the association between chemotherapy and cancer‐specific (CSS), relapse‐free (RFS), and overall survival (OS) by stage of disease and MSI status of the tumor. Median follow‐up was 6.2 years. A total of 1010 CC patients were included in the analysis (54% stage II, 46% stage III, 20% MSI‐high). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 48 (8.7%) stage II and 366 (79%) stage III patients. Overall, patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy had better CSS [HR = 0.65 (0.49–0.86)] than those who received surgery alone. Among stage II patients, only 64 (12%) cancer‐related deaths occurred, none of which in MSI‐high patients who received chemotherapy. Patients with MSI‐high tumors who received adjuvant treatment showed better CSS and a tendency toward better RFS compared to MSI‐high patients who did not receive chemotherapy [HRCSS = 0.36 (0.15–0.82), HRRFS = 0.49 (0.22–1.06)]. Patients with microsatellite‐stable (MSS) tumors receiving adjuvant chemotherapy also had significantly better survival [HRCSS = 0.65 (0.48–0.87) and HRRFS = 0.68 (0.52–0.88)]. In this population‐based study including stage II and III CC patients, we observed a survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for both MSS and MSI‐high tumors. Adjuvant chemotherapy seemed to be beneficial among high‐risk stage II patients with MSI‐high tumors.
“Dose of the day” based on cone beam computed tomography and deformable image registration for lung cancer radiotherapy
Authors: Yuan Zilong , Rong Yi , Benedict Stanley H. , Daly Megan E. , Qiu Jianfeng , Yamamoto Tokihiro
Published: December 2019

Purpose

Adaptive radiotherapy (ART) has potential to reduce toxicity and facilitate safe dose escalation. Dose calculations with the planning CT deformed to cone beam CT (CBCT) have shown promise for estimating the “dose of the day”. The purpose of this study is to investigate the “dose of the day” calculation accuracy based on CBCT and deformable image registration (DIR) for lung cancer radiotherapy.

Methods

A total of 12 lung cancer patients were identified, for which daily CBCT imaging was performed for treatment positioning. A re‐planning CT (rCT) was acquired after 20 Gy for all patients. A virtual CT (vCT) was created by deforming initial planning CT (pCT) to the simulated CBCT that was generated from deforming CBCT to rCT acquired on the same day. Treatment beams from the initial plan were copied to the vCT and rCT for dose calculation. Dosimetric agreement between vCT‐based and rCT‐based accumulated doses was evaluated using the Bland‐Altman analysis.

Results

Mean differences in dose‐volume metrics between vCT and rCT were smaller than 1.5%, and most discrepancies fell within the range of ± 5% for the target volume, lung, esophagus, and heart. For spinal cord Dmax, a large mean difference of −5.55% was observed, which was largely attributed to very limited CBCT image quality (e.g., truncation artifacts).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated a reasonable agreement in dose‐volume metrics between dose accumulation based on vCT and rCT, with the exception for cases with poor CBCT image quality. These findings suggest potential utility of vCT for providing a reasonable estimate of the “dose of the day”, and thus facilitating the process of ART for lung cancer.
Atomic‐Level Passivation of Individual Upconversion Nanocrystal for Single Particle Microscopic Imaging
Authors: Min Qiuhong , Lei Jing , Guo Xin , Wang Ting , Yang Qihua , Zhou Dacheng , Yu Xue , Yu Siu Fung , Qiu Jianbei , Zhan Qiuqiang , Xu Xuhui
Published: December 2019

Lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have significant applications for single‐molecule probes and high‐resolution display. However, one of their major hurdles is the weak luminescence, and this remains a grand challenge to achieve at the single‐particle level. Here, 484‐fold luminescence enhancement in LuF3:Yb3+, Er3+ rhombic flake UCNPs is achieved, thanks to the Yb3+‐mediated local photothermal effect, and their original morphology, size, and good dispersibility are well preserved. These data show that the surface atomic structure of UCNPs as well as transfer from amorphous to ordered crystal structure is modulated by making use of the local photothermal conversion that is generated by the directional absorption of 980 nm light by Yb3+ ions. The confocal luminescence images obtained by super‐resolution stimulated emission depletion also show the great enhancement of individual LuF3:Yb3+, Er3+ nanoparticles; the high signal‐to‐noise ratio images indicate that the laser treatment technology opens the door for single particle imaging and practical application.
Cellulose Silica Hybrid Nanofiber Aerogels: From Sol–Gel Electrospun Nanofibers to Multifunctional Aerogels
Authors: Pirzada Tahira , Ashrafi Zahra , Xie Wenyi , Khan Saad A.
Published: December 2019

Aerogels are considered ideal candidates for various applications, because of their low bulk density, highly porous nature, and functional performance. However, the time intensive nature of the complex fabrication process limits their potential application in various fields. Recently, incorporation of a fibrous network has resulted in production of aerogels with improved properties and functionalities. A facile approach is presented to fabricate hybrid sol–gel electrospun silica‐cellulose diacetate (CDA)‐based nanofibers to generate thermally and mechanically stable nanofiber aerogels. Thermal treatment results in gluing the silica‐CDA network strongly together thereby enhancing aerogel mechanical stability and hydrophobicity without compromising their highly porous nature (>98%) and low bulk density (≈10 mg cm−3). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ Fourier‐transform infrared studies demonstrate the development of strong bonds between silica and the CDA network, which result in the fabrication of cross‐linked structure responsible for their mechanical and thermal robustness and enhanced affinity for oils. Superhydrophobic nature and high oleophilicity of the hybrid aerogels enable them to be ideal candidates for oil spill cleaning, while their flame retardancy and low thermal conductivity can be explored in various applications requiring stability at high temperatures.
Gelatin Templated Polypeptide Co‐Cross‐Linked Hydrogel for Bone Regeneration
Authors: Qiao Yusen , Liu Xingzhi , Zhou Xichao , Zhang Hongbo , Zhang Wen , Xiao Wei , Pan Guoqing , Cui Wenguo , Santos Hélder A. , Shi Qin
Published: December 2019

Polypeptides with short chains of amino acid monomers have been widely applied in the clinic because of their various biological functions. However, the easily‐inactivated characteristics and burst releasing of the peptides limit their application in vivo. Here, a novel osteogenic polypeptide hydrogel (GelMA‐c‐OGP) is created by co‐cross‐linking template photo‐cross‐linked gelatin (GelMA) with photo‐cross‐linkable osteogenic growth peptides (OGP) using ultraviolet radiation. GelMA enables the formation of hydrogel with photo‐cross‐linkable OGP with good mechanical properties and also promotes bone regeneration. GelMA‐c‐OGP hydrogel accelerates the bone formation procedure of osteogenic precursor cells by significantly enhancing the expression of osteogenic‐related genes BMP‐2, OCN, and OPN, and increasing the precipitation of calcium salts in osteoblasts. Similarly, GelMA‐c‐OGP hydrogel promotes bone regeneration in vivo. Furthermore, it is observed that more collagen fibers connect cortical bones in the GelMA‐c‐OGP implanted group than the control group by hematoxylin‐eosin and immunohistochemical staining of Collagen I and TGF‐β. The co‐cross‐linked OGP polypeptide converts from liquid to solid hydrogel with transient UV light in situ, which also can strengthen the mechanical property of the defect bone and avoid burst osteogenic peptide, releasing during the bone defect healing period. Overall, this hydrogel delivering system has a significant impact on bone defect healing compared with traditional methods.
Subtle Molecular Tailoring Induces Significant Morphology Optimization Enabling over 16% Efficiency Organic Solar Cells with Efficient Charge Generation
Authors: Zhou Zichun , Liu Wenrui , Zhou Guanqing , Zhang Ming , Qian Deping , Zhang Jianyun , Chen Shanshan , Xu Shengjie , Yang Changduk , Gao Feng , Zhu Haiming , Liu Feng , Zhu Xiaozhang
Published: December 2019

Manipulating charge generation in a broad spectral region has proved to be crucial for nonfullerene‐electron‐acceptor‐based organic solar cells (OSCs). 16.64% high efficiency binary OSCs are achieved through the use of a novel electron acceptor AQx‐2 with quinoxaline‐containing fused core and PBDB‐TF as donor. The significant increase in photovoltaic performance of AQx‐2 based devices is obtained merely by a subtle tailoring in molecular structure of its analogue AQx‐1. Combining the detailed morphology and transient absorption spectroscopy analyses, a good structure–morphology–property relationship is established. The stronger π–π interaction results in efficient electron hopping and balanced electron and hole mobilities attributed to good charge transport. Moreover, the reduced phase separation morphology of AQx‐2‐based bulk heterojunction blend boosts hole transfer and suppresses geminate recombination. Such success in molecule design and precise morphology optimization may lead to next‐generation high‐performance OSCs.
Porous Strained Pt Nanostructured Thin‐Film Electrocatalysts via Dealloying for PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Hwang Chang‐Kyu , Kim Jong Min , Hwang Sehoon , Kim Joo‐Hyung , Sung Chang Hyun , Moon Byung‐Moo , Chae Keun Hwa , Singh Jitendra Pal , Kim Seung‐Hoon , Jang Seung Soon , Lee Seung Woo , Ham Hyung Chul , Han Seunghee , Kim Jin Young
Published: December 2019

The exploitation of state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is mostly limited, due to high Pt loading and durability issues caused by electrochemical instability of the carbon support in high potential regimes. In this study, the authors report that high‐compressive 3D Pt nanostructured thin films can considerably increase the catalytic activity and electrochemical durability of electrocatalysts under PEMFC device operating conditions. The nanostructure fabrication relies on the dealloying or selective leaching of solid alloys of Pt–C binary film to produce a residual 3D nanoporous thin‐film structure. A very rich structural behavior from the dealloying is shown, in which stress relief plays a governing role; the films possess a 3D structure of randomly interpenetrating ligaments and hierarchical pores with sizes between less than 50 nm and several tens of micrometers. In addition, a significant change is observed in the average lattice constant (1.55% compressive strain), which can tune the structural and electronic states of catalytic sites for enhancing the activity of the Pt electrocatalysts. Electrochemical performance of the fabricated porous strained Pt thin‐film electrocatalysts in both half‐cell and single‐cell analyses has demonstrated activity and durability superior to benchmark carbon support Pt catalysts.
Highly Efficient Sunlight‐Driven Seawater Splitting in a Photoelectrochemical Cell with Chlorine Evolved at Nanostructured WO3 Photoanode and Hydrogen Stored as Hydride within Metallic Cathode
Authors: Jadwiszczak Michal , Jakubow‐Piotrowska Katarzyna , Kedzierzawski Piotr , Bienkowski Krzysztof , Augustynski Jan
Published: December 2019

A seawater splitting photoelectrochemical cell featuring a nanostructured tungsten trioxide photoanode that exhibits very high and stable photocurrents producing chlorine with average 70% Faradaic efficiency is described. Fabrication of the WO3 electrodes on fluorine‐doped tin oxide substrates involves a simple solution‐based method and sequential layer‐by‐layer deposition with a progressively adjusted amount of structure‐directing agent in the precursor and a two‐step annealing. Such a procedure allows tailoring of thick, highly porous, structurally stable WO3 films with a large internal photoactive surface area optimizing utilization of visible light wavelengths by the photoanode. With the application of an anodic potential of 0.76 V versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode (0.4 V below the thermodynamic Cl2/Cl− potential) in synthetic seawater, the designed WO3 photoanodes irradiated with simulated 1 sun AM 1.5G light reach currents exceeding 4.5 mA cm−2. Photocurrents close to 5 mA cm−2 are attained in the case of fresh water splitting using 1 m methane–sulfonic acid supporting electrolyte with oxygen evolved at the WO3 photoanode. The amount of formed hydrogen is determined by discharging the palladium sheet electrode employed as a cathode. Collection of hydrogen in the form of a hydride opens, more generally, the prospect of subsequently using such materials as anodes in batteries employing oxygen reduction cathodes.
Follicular lymphoma: 2020 update on diagnosis and management
Authors: Freedman Arnold , Jacobsen Eric
Published: December 2019

Disease overview

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is generally an indolent B cell lymphoproliferative disorder of transformed follicular center B cells. Follicular lymphoma is characterized by diffuse lymphadenopathy, bone marrow involvement, and splenomegaly. Extranodal involvement is less common. Cytopenias are relatively common but constitutional symptoms of fever, night sweats, and weight loss are uncommon in the absence of transformation to diffuse large B cell lymphoma.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is based on histology from a biopsy of a lymph node or other affected tissue. Incisional biopsy is preferred over needle biopsies in order to give adequate tissue to assign grade and assess for transformation. Immunohistochemical staining is positive in virtually all cases for cell surface CD19, CD20, CD10 and monoclonal immunoglobulin, as well as cytoplasmic expression of bcl‐2 protein. The overwhelming majority of cases have the characteristic t(14;18) translocation involving the IgH/bcl‐2 genes.

Risk stratification

The Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) uses five independent predictors of inferior survival: age > 60 years, hemoglobin <12 g/dL, serum LDH > normal, Ann Arbor stage III/IV, number of involved nodal areas >4. The presence of 0‐1, 2, and ≥ 3 adverse factors defines low, intermediate, and high‐risk disease. There are other clinical prognostic models but the FLIPI remains the most common. Other factors such as time to relapse of less than 2 years from chemoimmunotherapy and specific gene mutations may also be useful for prognosis. Regardless of the prognostic model used, modern therapies have demonstrably improved prognosis.

Risk‐adapted therapy

Observation continues to be appropriate for asymptomatic patients with low bulk disease and no cytopenias. There is no overall survival advantage for early treatment with either chemotherapy or single agent rituximab. For patients needing therapy, most patients are treated with chemoimmunotherapy, which has improved response rates, duration of response and overall survival (OS). Randomized studies have shown additional benefit for maintenance rituximab. Lenalidomide was non‐inferior to chemoimmunotherapy in a randomized front‐line study and, when combined with rituximab, was superior to rituximab alone in relapsed FL. Kinase inhibitors, other immunotherapies, and stem cell transplantation (SCT) are also considered for recurrent disease.
Real‐time hemodynamic effects of 1:100,000 and 1:200,000 injectable epinephrine and placement of topical 1:1000 epinephrine pledgets in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus and skull‐base surgery: a randomized, prospective study
Authors: Ahmed Omar G. , Yu Justin , Choi Jonathan S. , Yim Michael T. , Yoshor Daniel , Takashima Masayoshi
Published: December 2019

Background

Intranasal injection of epinephrine and placement of topical epinephrine pledgets are methods to improve visualization during endoscopic sinonasal surgery. Studies comparing the hemodynamic effects of these vasoconstrictors using intraoperative arterial line monitoring are lacking.

Methods

Twenty‐eight patients undergoing endoscopic skull‐base surgery were enrolled in a prospective, randomized study. Patients were randomized to have either 2 mL of 1:100,000 or 2 mL of 1:200,000 epinephrine injected intranasally. Hemodynamic parameters, including pulse, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP), were collected using intraoperative arterial line monitoring for 5 minutes. Afterward, 1:1000 topical epinephrine‐soaked pledgets were placed in both groups, and the same parameters were collected for another 5 minutes.

Results

There was no statistical difference in change in pulse, SBP, DBP, and MAP between the 1:100,000 and 1:200,000 epinephrine groups. However, epinephrine injections did cause an increase in all hemodynamic parameters when compared with baseline (p < 0.05). Topical epinephrine pledgets placed after injection of epinephrine did not have any significant hemodynamic effects, except for 2 of 28 patients who had a >75‐mmHg increase in SBP. No preoperative characteristics were identified that predicted sensitivity to epinephrine.

Conclusion

There is no statistical difference in changes in hemodynamic parameters between injecting epinephrine 1:100,000 compared with 1:200,000 during endoscopic sinonasal surgery. In a subset of patients, placement of topical 1:1000 epinephrine pledgets had significant hemodynamic elevation requiring intervention and thus should be used judiciously depending on patient comorbidities.
A Supramolecular Stabilizer of the 14‐3‐3ζ/ERα Protein‐Protein Interaction with a Synergistic Mode of Action
Authors: Gigante Alba , Sijbesma Eline , Sánchez‐Murcia Pedro A. , Hu Xiaoyu , Bier David , Bäcker Sandra , Knauer Shirley , Gago Federico , Ottmann Christian , Schmuck Carsten
Published: December 2019

We report on a stabilizer of the interaction between 14‐3‐3ζ and the Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα). ERα is a driver in the majority of breast cancers and 14‐3‐3 proteins are negative regulators of this nuclear receptor, making the stabilization of this protein‐protein interaction (PPI) an interesting strategy. The stabilizer (1) consists of three symmetric peptidic arms containing an arginine mimetic, previously described as the GCP motif. 1 stabilizes the 14‐3‐3ζ/ERα interaction synergistically with the natural product Fusicoccin‐A and was thus hypothesized to bind to a different site. This is supported by computational analysis of 1 binding to the binary complex of 14‐3‐3 and an ERα‐derived phosphopeptide. Furthermore, 1 shows selectivity towards 14‐3‐3ζ/ERα interaction over other 14‐3‐3 client‐derived phosphomotifs. These data provide a solid support of a new binding mode for a supramolecular 14‐3‐3ζ/ERα PPI stabilizer.
Phosphanylalanes and Phosphanylgallanes Stabilized only by a Lewis Base
Authors: Weinhart Michael A. K. , Lisovenko Anna S. , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Scheer Manfred
Published: December 2019

The synthesis and characterization of the first parent phosphanylalane and phosphanylgallane stabilized only by a Lewis base (LB) are reported. The corresponding substituted compounds, such as IDipp⋅GaH2PCy2 (1) (IDipp=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐imidazolin‐2‐ylidene) were obtained by the reaction of LiPCy2 with IDipp⋅GaH2Cl. However, the LB‐stabilized parent compounds IDipp⋅GaH2PH2 (3) and IDipp⋅AlH2PH2 (4) were prepared via a salt metathesis of LiPH2⋅DME with IDipp⋅E′H2Cl (E′=Ga, Al) or by H2‐elimination reactions of IDipp⋅E′H3 (E′=Ga, Al) and PH3, respectively. The compounds could be isolated as crystalline solids and completely characterized. Supporting DFT computations gave insight into the reaction pathways as well as into the stability of these compounds with respect to their decomposition behavior.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Photoenolization/Diels–Alder Reaction of Acid Fluorides
Authors: Mavroskoufis Andreas , Rajes Keerthana , Golz Paul , Agrawal Arush , Ruß Vincent , Götze Jan P. , Hopkinson Matthew N.
Published: December 2019

The combination of light activation and N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) organocatalysis has enabled the use of acid fluorides as substrates in a UVA‐light‐mediated photochemical transformation previously observed only with aromatic aldehydes and ketones. Stoichiometric studies and TD‐DFT calculations support a mechanism involving the photoactivation of an ortho‐toluoyl azolium intermediate, which exhibits “ketone‐like” photochemical reactivity under UVA irradiation. Using this photo‐NHC catalysis approach, a novel photoenolization/Diels–Alder (PEDA) process was developed that leads to diverse isochroman‐1‐one derivatives.
Structural phase transition, electrical and semiconducting properties in a lead‐free 2D hybrid perovskite‐like compound: [Cl‐(CH2)2‐NH3]2[CuCl4]
Authors: Hajlaoui Fadhel , Audebrand Nathalie , Roisnel Thierry , Zouari Nabil
Published: December 2019

A new layered perovskite‐type organic–inorganic hybrid compound: [Cl‐(CH2)2‐NH3]2[CuCl4] (1), in which 2‐chloroethylammonium cation occupies the space enclosed by the CuCl6 octahedra, has been successfully synthesized. It is found that the compound exhibits the semiconducting properties with the optical band gap equal to 1.98 eV, confirmed by AC conductivity measurements, which varies between 10−5 and 10−4 Ω−1 m−1. Also, the low activation energy at low temperatures (0.26 eV) can indicate the electronic conduction of this material. Compound (1) displays phase transitions at T1 = 281 K and T2 = 380 K, confirmed by DSC, electrical and dielectric measurements. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data at variable temperatures reveal that symmetry‐breaking occurs from P21/c (at 296 K ˃ T1) to P‐1 (at 150 K ˂ T1), originating directly from the [Cl‐(CH2)2‐NH3]+ cation conformational changes and the distortions of CuCl64− octahedra caused by the Jahn‐Teller effect in the inorganic layers. Meanwhile, organic 2‐chloroethylammonium moieties display some boat‐like conformation below T1, which transforms to a chair‐like structure above T1. This study paves the pathway to explore new lead‐free hybrid perovskites with targeted properties for thermoelectric, supercapacitors, batteries, environmentally friendly processing and semiconductor applications.
Multifunctional temperature‐responsive polymers as advanced biomaterials and beyond
Authors: Frazar E. Molly , Shah Rishabh A. , Dziubla Thomas D. , Hilt J. Zach
Published: December 2019

The versatility and applicability of thermoresponsive polymeric systems have led to great interest and a multitude of publications. Of particular significance, multifunctional poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) systems based on PNIPAAm copolymerized with various functional comonomers or based on PNIPAAm combined with nanomaterials exhibiting unique properties. These multifunctional PNIPAAm systems have revolutionized several biomedical fields such as controlled drug delivery, tissue engineering, self‐healing materials, and beyond (e.g., environmental treatment applications). Here, we review these multifunctional PNIPAAm‐based systems with various cofunctionalities, as well as highlight their unique applications. For instance, addition of hydrophilic or hydrophobic comonomers can allow for polymer lower critical solution temperature modification, which is especially helpful for physiological applications. Natural comonomers with desirable functionalities have also drawn significant attention as pressure surmounts to develop greener, more sustainable materials. Typically, these systems also tend to be more biocompatible and biodegradable and can be advantageous for use in biopharmaceutical and environmental applications. PNIPAAm‐based polymeric nanocomposites are reviewed as well, where incorporation of inorganic or carbon nanomaterials creates synergistic systems that tend to be more robust and widely applicable than the individual components. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48770.
Synthesis of poly(phenylene methylenes) via a AlCl3‐mediated Friedel–Craft alkylation of multi‐substituted benzyl bromide with benzene
Authors: Teng Dao‐Guang , Wei Xian‐Yong , Yang Zheng , Zhu Qing‐Jiang , Gao Hua‐Shuai , Li Jia‐Hao , Zhang Min , Zong Zhi‐Min , Kang Yv‐Hong
Published: December 2019

A facile AlCl3‐mediated Friedel–Craft alkylation between a multi‐substituted benzyl bromide and benzene is established, in which a wide set of poly(phenylene methylenes) (MMSs) are synthesized through a two‐step strategy under metal‐free conditions with high yields (slightly lower than theoretical yields). The resulting MMSs, characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography, UV–vis and fluorescence spectrometry, feature large molecular mass, outstanding fluorescence, and excellent thermal/chemical stabilities. Moreover, a gram‐scale reaction was carried out under the standard conditions to produce MMSs, exhibiting a promising potential application in industrial practice. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48779.