bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topographic vorticity generation, submesoscale instability and vortex street formation in the Gulf Stream
Authors: Gula J. , Molemaker M. J. , McWilliams J. C.
Published: May 2015

Meanders and eddies are routinely observed in the Gulf Stream along the South Atlantic Bight. We analyze here the instability processes that lead to the formation of submesoscale eddies on the cyclonic side of the Gulf Stream at the exit of the Florida Straits using very high resolution realistic simulations. The positive relative vorticity and potential vorticity on the cyclonic side of the Gulf Stream are strongly intensified in the Straits due to topographic drag along the continental slope. The bottom drag amplifies the cyclonic shear by generating large positive vertical vorticity values within the sloped turbulent bottom boundary layer. Downstream from the Straits the current becomes unstable to horizontal shear instability, rolls up, and forms a street of submesoscale vortices. The vortices expand as they propagate northward along the shelf, where they can generate large vertical displacements and enhance cross‐shelf exchanges.
PKP precursors: Implications for global scatterers
Authors: Waszek Lauren , Thomas Christine , Deuss Arwen
Published: May 2015

Precursors to the core phase PKP are generated by scattering of seismic energy from heterogeneities in the mantle. Here we examine a large global data set of PKP precursors in individual seismograms and array data, to better understand scattering locations. The precursor amplitudes from individual seismograms are analyzed with respect to the inner core phase PKIKP and mantle phase PP. We find and correct for a hemispherical asymmetry in the precursor/PKIKP amplitudes, resulting from inner core structure. Using ray tracing, we locate scatterers in our array data and use these to infer scattering locations in the individual data. The scattering strength displays regional variation; however, we find no relationship with long‐scale core‐mantle boundary velocity structure. Scattering is observed in all regions of data coverage, as are paths with no precursors. This indicates that scattering occurs from various small‐scale heterogeneities, including but not limited to ultralow velocity zones or partial melt, and slabs.
Systematic large‐scale secondary circulations in a regional climate model
Authors: Becker Nico , Ulbrich Uwe , Klein Rupert
Published: May 2015

Regional climate models (RCMs) are used to add the effects of nonresolved scales to coarser resolved model simulations by using a finer grid within a limited domain. We identify large‐scale secondary circulations (SCs) relative to the driving global climate model (GCM) in an RCM simulation over Europe. By applying a clustering technique, we find that the SC depends on the large‐scale flow prescribed by the driving GCM data. Evidence is presented that the SC is caused by the different representations of orographic effects in the RCM and the GCM. Flow modifications in the RCM caused by the Alps lead to large‐scale vortices in the SC fields. These vortices are limited by the RCM boundaries, causing artificial boundary‐parallel flows. The SC is associated with geopotential height and temperature anomalies between RCM and GCM and has the potential to produce systematic large‐scale biases in RCMs.
Average thermodynamic and spectral properties of plasma in and around dipolarizing flux bundles
Authors: Runov A. , Angelopoulos V. , Gabrielse C. , Liu J. , Turner D. L. , Zhou X.‐Z.
Published: May 2015

Recent observations have suggested that spatially localized flows of high‐temperature, low‐density plasma carrying a dipolarized magnetic field (dipolarizing flux bundles, DFBs) play a key role in hot plasma transport toward the inner magnetosphere. What controls plasma heating in DFBs and how do thermodynamic parameters (such as density, temperature, pressure, and specific entropy) and spectral properties of the DFB population depend on ambient plasma sheet properties and geocentric distance R remains unknown. By statistical analysis of 271 DFB events detected by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms mission during the 2008–2009 tail seasons, we find that on average, plasma inside DFBs is a factor of 0.6 less dense and a factor of 1.5 to 2 hotter than ambient tail plasma. The radial profiles of average thermodynamic parameters inside and outside DFBs are similar; when fitted by the κ‐function, their energy spectra have similar κ‐exponents, but a factor of 2 larger peak energies inside DFBs. Our analysis suggests that average DFB plasma properties are closely linked to those of the ambient plasma sheet population. Estimations show that on average, adiabatic heating of the ambient plasma in the increased magnetic field is the major factor in DFB plasma heating.
Carbon export efficiency and phytoplankton community composition in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Le Moigne Frédéric A. C. , Poulton Alex J. , Henson Stephanie A. , Daniels Chris J. , Fragoso Glaucia M. , Mitchell Elaine , Richier Sophie , Russell Benjamin C. , Smith Helen E. K. , Tarling Geraint A. , Young Jeremy R. , Zubkov Mike
Published: May 2015

Arctic primary production is sensitive to reductions in sea ice cover, and will likely increase into the future. Whether this increased primary production (PP) will translate into increased export of particulate organic carbon (POC) is currently unclear. Here we report on the POC export efficiency during summer 2012 in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean. We coupled 234‐thorium based estimates of the export flux of POC to onboard incubation‐based estimates of PP. Export efficiency (defined as the fraction of PP that is exported below 100 m depth: ThE‐ratio) showed large variability (0.09 ± 0.19–1.3 ± 0.3). The highest ThE‐ratio (1.3 ± 0.3) was recorded in a mono‐specific bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii located in the ice edge. Blooming diatom dominated areas also had high ThE‐ratios (0.1 ± 0.1–0.5 ± 0.2), while mixed and/or prebloom communities showed lower ThE‐ratios (0.10 ± 0.03–0.19 ± 0.05). Furthermore, using oxygen saturation, bacterial abundance, bacterial production, and zooplankton oxygen demand, we also investigated spatial variability in the degree to which this sinking material may be remineralized in the upper mesopelagic (<300 m). Our results suggest that blooming diatoms and P. pouchetii can export a significant fraction of their biomass below the surface layer (100 m) in the open Arctic Ocean. Also, we show evidence that the material sinking from a P. pouchetii bloom may be remineralized (>100 m) at a similar rate as the material sinking from diatom blooms in the upper mesopelagic, contrary to previous findings.
Identification of a neurovascular signaling pathway regulating seizures in mice
Authors: Fredriksson Linda , Stevenson Tamara K. , Su Enming J. , Ragsdale Margaret , Moore Shannon , Craciun Stefan , Schielke Gerald P. , Murphy Geoffrey G. , Lawrence Daniel A.
Published: May 2015

Objective

A growing body of evidence suggests that increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability can contribute to the development of seizures. The protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been shown to promote BBB permeability and susceptibility to seizures. In this study, we examined the pathway regulated by tPA in seizures.

Methods

An experimental model of kainate‐induced seizures was used in genetically modified mice, including mice deficient in tPA (tPA−/−), its inhibitor neuroserpin (Nsp−/−), or both (Nsp:tPA−/−), and in mice conditionally deficient in the platelet‐derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα).

Results

Compared to wild‐type (WT) mice, Nsp−/− mice have significantly reduced latency to seizure onset and generalization; whereas tPA−/− mice have the opposite phenotype, as do Nsp:tPA−/− mice. Furthermore, interventions that maintain BBB integrity delay seizure propagation, whereas osmotic disruption of the BBB in seizure‐resistant tPA−/− mice dramatically reduces the time to seizure onset and accelerates seizure progression. The phenotypic differences in seizure progression between WT, tPA−/−, and Nsp−/− mice are also observed in electroencephalogram recordings in vivo, but absent in ex vivo electrophysiological recordings where regulation of the BBB is no longer necessary to maintain the extracellular environment. Finally, we demonstrate that these effects on seizure progression are mediated through signaling by PDGFRα on perivascular astrocytes.

Interpretation

Together, these data identify a specific molecular pathway involving tPA‐mediated PDGFRα signaling in perivascular astrocytes that regulates seizure progression through control of the BBB. Inhibition of PDGFRα signaling and maintenance of BBB integrity might therefore offer a novel clinical approach for managing seizures.
A de novo 0.63 Mb 6q25.1 deletion associated with growth failure, congenital heart defect, underdeveloped cerebellar vermis, abnormal cutaneous elasticity and joint laxity
Authors: Salpietro Vincenzo , Ruggieri Martino , Mankad Kshitij , Di Rosa Gabriella , Granata Francesca , Loddo Italia , Moschella Emanuela , Calabro Maria Pia , Capalbo Anna , Bernardini Laura , Novelli Antonio , Polizzi Agata , Seidler Daniela G. , Arrigo Teresa , Briuglia Silvana
Published: May 2015

Deletions of the long arm of chromosome 6 are rare and are characterized by great clinical variability according to the deletion breakpoint. We report a on 6‐year‐old girl with a de novo 0.63 Mb deletion on chromosome 6q25.1 who demonstrated multiple congenital anomalies including a ventricular septal defect and an underdeveloped cerebellar vermis. She presented with severe pre‐ and post‐natal growth failure, hyperextensible small joints (Beighton scores = 8/9; with normal parental scores), and an abnormally elastic, redundant skin. Abnormally high upper/lower segment ratio (i.e., 1.34 = > 3SD), mild dysmorphic facial features and developmental delay were also present. The girl's phenotype was compared with: (i) two girls, each previously reported by Bisgaard et al. and Caselli et al. with similar albeit larger (2.6–7.21 Mb) deletions; (ii) seven additional individuals (6 M; 1 F) harboring deletions within the 6q25.1 region reported in the literature; and (iii) ten further patients (5 M; 4 F; 1 unrecorded sex) recorded in the DECIPHER 6.0 database. We reported on the present girl as her findings could contribute to advance the phenotype of 6q deletions. In addition, the present deletion is the smallest so far recorded in the 6q25 region encompassing eight known genes [vs. 41 of Bisgaard et al., and 23 of Caselli et al.,], including the TAB2 (likely responsible for the girl's congenital heart defect), LATS1 gene, and the UST gene (a regulator of the homeostasis of proteoglycans, which could have played a role in the abnormal dermal and cartilage elasticity). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Positive effects of early androgen therapy on the behavioral phenotype of boys with 47,XXY
Authors: Samango‐Sprouse Carole , Stapleton Emily J. , Lawson Patrick , Mitchell Francie , Sadeghin Teresa , Powell Sherida , Gropman Andrea L.
Published: May 2015

47, XXY occurs in up to 1 in 650 male births and is associated with androgen deficiency, neurodevelopmental delays, and atypical social‐behaviors. Previously, we showed that young boys with 47, XXY who received early hormonal therapy (EHT) had significantly improved neurodevelopment. The objective of this follow‐up study was to examine the effects of EHT on social behavior in boys with 47, XXY. The study consisted of boys prenatally diagnosed with 47, XXY who were referred for evaluations. Twenty‐nine boys received three injections of 25 mg testosterone enanthate and 57 controls did not receive EHT. Behavioral functioning was assessed using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd Ed., and the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6–18. The hypothesis that EHT may affect behavior was formulated prior to data collection. Questionnaire data was prospectively obtained and analyzed to test for significance between two groups. Significant differences were identified between group's scores over time in Social Communication (P = 0.007), Social Cognition (P = 0.006), and Total T‐score (P = 0.001) on the SRS‐2; Initiation (P = 0.05) on the BRIEF; and Externalizing Problems (P = 0.024), Affective Problems (P = 0.05), and Aggressive Behaviors (P = 0.031) on the CBCL. This is the third study revealing positive effects of EHT on boys with XXY. There was a significant improvements associated with the 47, XXY genotype in boys who received EHT. Research is underway on the neurobiological mechanisms, and later developmental effects of EHT. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The ticking clock of Cayo Santiago macaques and its implications for understanding human circadian rhythm disorders
Authors: Zhdanova Irina V. , Rogers Jeffrey , González‐Martínez Janis , Farrer Lindsay A.
Published: May 2015

The circadian clock disorders in humans remain poorly understood. However, their impact on the development and progression of major human conditions, from cancer to insomnia, metabolic or mental illness becomes increasingly apparent. Addressing human circadian disorders in animal models is, in part, complicated by inverse temporal relationship between the core clock and specific physiological or behavioral processes in diurnal and nocturnal animals. Major advantages of a macaque model for translational circadian research, as a diurnal vertebrate phylogenetically close to humans, are further emphasized by the discovery of the first familial circadian disorder in non‐human primates among the rhesus monkeys originating from Cayo Santiago. The remarkable similarity of their pathological phenotypes to human Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (DSPD), high penetrance of the disorder within one branch of the colony and the large number of animals available provide outstanding opportunities for studying the mechanisms of circadian disorders, their impact on other pathological conditions, and for the development of novel and effective treatment strategies. Am. J. Primatol. 78:117–126, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Primatology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of Interactions between the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Soluble Ligands on the Basis of Single‐Molecule Diffusivity in the Membrane of Living Cells
Authors: Kim Do‐Hyeon , Zhou Kai , Kim Dong‐Kyun , Park Soyeon , Noh Jungeun , Kwon Yonghoon , Kim Dayea , Song Nam Woong , Lee Jong‐Bong , Suh Pann‐Ghill , Lee Nam Ki , Ryu Sung Ho
Published: May 2015

We present a single‐molecule diffusional‐mobility‐shift assay (smDIMSA) for analyzing the interactions between membrane and water‐soluble proteins in the crowded membrane of living cells. We found that ligand–receptor interactions decreased the diffusional mobility of ErbB receptors and β‐adrenergic receptors, as determined by single‐particle tracking with super‐resolution microscopy. The shift in diffusional mobility was sensitive to the size of the water‐soluble binders that ranged from a few tens of kilodaltons to several hundred kilodaltons. This technique was used to quantitatively analyze the dissociation constant and the cooperativity of antibody interactions with the epidermal growth factor receptor and its mutants. smDIMSA enables the quantitative investigation of previously undetected ligand–receptor interactions in the intact membrane of living cells on the basis of the diffusivity of single‐molecule membrane proteins without ligand labeling.
Single Benzene Green Fluorophore: Solid‐State Emissive, Water‐Soluble, and Solvent‐ and pH‐Independent Fluorescence with Large Stokes Shifts
Authors: Beppu Teruo , Tomiguchi Kosuke , Masuhara Akito , Pu Yong‐Jin , Katagiri Hiroshi
Published: May 2015

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon with a six‐membered ring. It is one of the most basic structural units for the construction of π conjugated systems, which are widely used as fluorescent dyes and other luminescent materials for imaging applications and displays because of their enhanced spectroscopic signal. Presented herein is 2,5‐bis(methylsulfonyl)‐1,4‐diaminobenzene as a novel architecture for green fluorophores, established based on an effective push–pull system supported by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. This compound demonstrates high fluorescence emission and photostability and is solid‐state emissive, water‐soluble, and solvent‐ and pH‐independent with quantum yields of Φ=0.67 and Stokes shift of 140 nm (in water). This architecture is a significant departure from conventional extended π‐conjugated systems based on a flat and rigid molecular design and provides a minimum requirement for green fluorophores comprising a single benzene ring.
Effects of size and shape originated synergism of carbon nano fillers on the electrical and mechanical properties of conductive polymer composites
Authors: Kasgoz Alper , Akın Dincer , Durmus Ali
Published: May 2015

In this study, microstructural features, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity behaviors of thermoplastic composites prepared by using of cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) as matrix and various types of carbon nano materials, expanded graphite (EG), carbon nanofiber (CNF), and multi walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) as conductive fillers were investigated. Effects of using of double and triple filler combinations on the electrical properties of composites were also quantified in detail by measuring the bulk resistance of samples under alternating current with an impedance spectrometer. The electrical percolation values of fillers were found to be 20, 10, and 5 phr for the series of composites prepared with the EG, CNF, and CNT, respectively. It was obtained that the bulk resistances of percolated samples were dramatically decreased from 1014 ohm.cm to 103−104 ohm.cm. On the other hand, it was also found that the using of double and triple filler combinations provided much lower (about 101 ohm.cm) bulk resistance which corresponded to higher conductivity values than the highly filled composites including of 30 and 40 phr of EG. Based on the DMA measurements and the quantifying of elastic modulus values of composites in the rubbery region, it was found that the reinforcing effects of carbon nano fillers on the elastic modulus of composites decreased in the order of CNT>CNF>EG, depending on the aspect ratio (Af) values of fillers into the matrix. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42313.
A novel method for preparation of epoxy resins using thiol–ene click reaction
Authors: Zhang Daohong , Hu Peng , Xu Zhicai , Chen Sufang , Zhang Junheng , Zhang Aiqing , Miao Menghe
Published: May 2015

Epoxy resins (EPs) have a wide range of applications due to their remarkable performances. A major issue about them is the associated serious environmental pollution and high manufacturing cost because of the tedious synthetic procedure and the large amount of organic solvents used in production. Here, we report a facile, highly efficient approach to addressing these challenges using thiol–ene click reaction. The new synthesis process is based on mass‐produced materials including triols, diols, mercaptopropionic acid and glycidyl methacrylate and involves only two steps, that is, esterification and thiol–ene click reaction. Three types of high purity sulfur‐containing EPs are synthesized at high yields. The chemical structures and molecular weights of the newly synthesized EPs were characterized by Fourier translation infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Using the methyl nadic anhydride as crosslinker, these resins have shown excellent heat‐resistance due to the absence of hydroxyl groups. They demonstrate high thermal decomposition temperatures, showing no dehydration decomposition at 260°C and therefore are suitable for applications as solvent‐free resins. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42316.
Electrical conduction in plasma polymerized thin films of γ‐terpinene
Authors: Ahmad Jakaria , Bazaka Kateryna , Vasilev Krasimir , Jacob Mohan V.
Published: May 2015

Plasma polymerized γ‐terpinene (pp−GT) thin films are fabricated using RF plasma polymerization. MIM structures are fabricated and using the capacitive structures dielectric properties of the material is studied. The dielectric constant values are found to be in good agreement with those determined from ellipsometric data. At a frequency of 100 kHz, the dielectric constant varies with RF deposition power, from 3.69 (10 W) to 3.24 (75 W). The current density–voltage (J−V) characteristics of pp–GT thin films are investigated as a function of RF deposition power at room temperature to determine the resistivity and DC conduction mechanism of the films. At higher applied voltage region, Schottky conduction is the dominant DC conduction mechanism. The capacitance and the loss tangent are found to be frequency dependent. The conductivity of the pp−GT thin films is found to decrease from 1.39 × 10−12 S/cm (10 W) to 1.02 × 10−13 S/cm (75 W) and attributed to the change in the chemical composition and structure of the polymer. The breakdown field for pp–GT thin films increases from 1.48 MV/cm (10 W) to 2 MV/cm (75 W). A single broad relaxation peak is observed indicating the contribution of multiple relaxations to the dielectric response for temperature dependent J−V. The distribution of these relaxation times is determined through regularization methods. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42318.
Effect of the structure of polymer inclusion membranes on zn(II) transport from chloride aqueous solutions
Authors: Baczyńska Monika , Regel‐Rosocka Magdalena , Nowicki Marek , Wiśniewski Maciej
Published: May 2015

This article presents application of polymer inclusion membranes (PIM) containing polymer matrices: cellulose triacetate (CTA) or poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC), o‐nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) as a plasticizer and phosphonium ionic liquids, i.e., trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride (Cyphos IL 101), bis(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (Cyphos IL 104) and tributyltetradecylphosphonium chloride (Cyphos IL 167), as carriers for Zn(II) transport from chloride medium. Cyphos IL167 application as an ion carrier in PIMs is reported for the first time. The membrane composition is found to affect Zn(II) transport significantly. SEM and AFM images show the differences in the surface morphology of PVC and CTA based membranes. Better transport abilities of CTA membranes (Zn(II) recovery factors exceed 80%) compared with those of PVC, indicate that the structural differences between the two polymers play a crucial role for the membrane permeability. The best initial flux and permeability coefficient are obtained for the membranes with Cyphos IL 101 and Cyphos IL 104 as carriers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42319.
Batch foaming of carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube/poly(ether imide) nanocomposites: The influence of the carbon nanotube aspect ratio on the cellular morphology
Authors: Yu Haitao , Lei Yajie , Yu Xuejiang , Wang Xianzhong , Liu Tao , Luo Shikai
Published: May 2015

A series of microcellular poly(ether imide) (PEI) foams and nanocellular carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT‐COOH)/PEI foams were prepared by the batch foaming method. MWCNT‐COOHs with different aspect ratios were introduced into the PEI matrix as heterogeneous nucleation agents to improve the cell morphology of the microcellular PEI foams. The effect of the aspect ratio of the MWCNT‐COOHs on the cellular morphology, and gas diffusion is discussed. The results show that with the addition of MWCNT‐COOH, the sorption curve showed a slight reduction of carbon dioxide solubility, but the gas diffusion rate could be improved. The proper aspect ratio of MWCNT‐COOH could improve the cellular morphology under the same foaming conditions, in which m‐MWCNT‐COOH (aspect ratio ≈ 1333) was the best heterogeneous nucleation agent. When the foaming temperature was 170°C, the cell size and cell density of nanocellular m‐MWCNT‐COOH reduced to 180 nm and increased to 1.58  × 1013 cells/cm3, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42325.
Preparation and characterization of polymethyltrifluoropropylsilicone modified acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber/fluorosilicon rubber blend
Authors: Bian Chao , Tan Jinglin , Ma Depeng , Li Yuling , Zhang Jie
Published: May 2015

The blending of polymethyltrifluoropropylsilicone‐modified acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (MNBR) and fluorosilicon rubber (FSR) at 70 : 30 ratio was investigated. The grafting of mercapto‐functionalized polymethyltrifluoropropylsilicone onto acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) by thiol‐ene reaction was carried out with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator in a Haake torque rheometer. The rheological properties of NBR grafting obtained at varying dosages of polymethyltrifluoropropylsilicone in a Haake torque rheometer were studied using torque curves. Grafting reaction was confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Results of scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis showed better compatibility of MNBR/FSR blend than NBR/FSR reference blend. Meanwhile, the macro‐mechanical properties of the blend significantly improved. The tensile strength and tear strength of MNBR/FSR blend were improved to 14.34 MPa and 44.94 KN/m, respectively, which were 2.92 MPa and 13.03 KN/m higher than those of NBR/FSR reference blend. The low‐temperature brittleness of the blend was improved to −57°C, an increase of −6°C compared with that of NBR. These results indicated that MNBR/FSR blend at 70 : 30 ratio had improved compatibility because of the grafting chains that acted as interfacial agents. The low‐temperature resistance of the blend was also enhanced. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42328.
Metal acetylacetonate–amine and metal nitrate–amine complexes as low‐emission catalysts for rigid polyurethane foam preparation
Authors: Sridaeng Duangruthai , Limsirinawa Alisa , Sirojpornphasut Piyachat , Chawiwannakorn Siriwan , Chantarasiri Nuanphun
Published: May 2015

Six metal–amine complexes, Cu(acac)2(trien), Zn(acac)2(en), Zn(acac)2(trien), Cu(NO3)2(en)2, Cu(NO3)2(trien), and Cu(NO3)2(tetraen), are synthesized from metal acetylacetonates [M(acac)2, where M = Cu and Zn] or metal nitrate [M(NO3)2, where M = Cu] and aliphatic amines (en = ethylenediamine, trien = triethylenetetramine, and tetraen = tetraethylenepentamine). These metal–amine complexes can be used as catalysts in the preparation of rigid polyurethane (RPUR) foams. All metal–amine complexes emit very weak odor when compared with N,N‐dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), which is a commercial catalyst commonly used in the preparation of RPUR foams. DMCHA emits very strong amine odor that affects working environment in RPUR foam processing. Among all metal complexes, Cu(acac)2(trien) has the highest catalytic activity. In comparison with DMCHA, Cu(acac)2(trien) shows slightly higher catalytic activity in gelling reaction but lower catalytic activity in blowing reaction. RPUR foam prepared from Cu(acac)2(trien) has lower density and compressive strength than that prepared from DMCHA. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42332.
Radiation–chemical modification of PTFE in the presence of graphite
Authors: Barylski Adrian , Maszybrocka Joanna , Kupka Marian , Aniołek Krzysztof , Kaptacz Sławomir
Published: May 2015

PTFE with a 15% addition of graphite was subjected to irradiation using an electron beam of 10 MeV energy with absorbed doses of 26, 52, 78, 104, and 156 kGy. The effect of electron‐beam irradiation on the mechanical, sclerometic, and tribological properties, the crystallinity degree, and the morphology of the polymer surface was examined. It was found that the modification through irradiation entailed a gradual increase in the degree of crystallinity, which had a direct influence on the mechanical properties. An increase in the hardness, Young's modulus, and compressive strength of the polymer irradiated with an electron beam was also demonstrated. The electron‐beam irradiation reduced the value of components of the work‐of‐indentation, showing the growing resistance to deformation. An analysis of the scratch test parameters showed a reduced depth of penetration of the indenter into the material, proportionally to the irradiation value, at relatively constant values of the scratch depth after scratching load removal. A stereometric analysis of the scratch traces on the material allowed to determine coefficients of the wear micromechanism, β, and resistance to wear, Wβ. It was found that after irradiation (especially with a dose of 4 × 26 kGy), a significant quantity of the material showed traces of ploughing, which meant a positive effect on the wear mechanism. The value of the wear resistance coefficient Wβ for PTFE subjected to the absorbed irradiation dose increased intensively, which portended a significant reduction of the tribological wear compared to the nonirradiated material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42348.
Question types and intermediary elicitations
Authors: Bodoff David , Raban Daphne
Published: May 2015

In the context of online question‐answering services, an intermediary clarifies the user's needs by eliciting additional information. This research proposes that these elicitations will depend on the type of question. In particular, this research explores the relationship between three constructs: question types, elicitations, and the fee that is paid for the answer. These relationships are explored for a few different question typologies, including a new kind of question type that we call Identity. It is found that the kinds of clarifications that intermediaries elicit depend on the type of question in systematic ways. A practical implication is that interactive question‐answering services—whether human or automated—can be steered to focus attention on the kinds of clarification that are evidently most needed for that question type. Further, it is found that certain question types, as well as the number of elicitations, are associated with higher fees. This means that it may be possible to define a pricing structure for question‐answering services based on objective and predictable characteristics of the question, which would help to establish a rational market for this type of information service. The newly introduced Identity question type was found to be especially reliable in predicting elicitations and fees.
Brandschutz in Parkgebäuden
Authors: Sauerborn Norbert , Brandt Oliver , Enders Frank
Published: May 2015

Tragende Bauteile mehrgeschossiger, oberirdischer Parkgaragen mit Einstufung als offene Garagen können bei beschränkter Größe im Grundriss und ausreichender Querbelüftung nichtbrennbar ausgeführt werden (Feuerwiderstandsklasse R0‐A). Abhängig von der Art der Fassadenkonstruktion ist die Sicherstellung einer ausreichenden Ventilation rechnerisch oder experimentell nachzuweisen.

Liegen bei Parkgaragen besondere, baurechtlich maßgebende Randbedingungen vor, z. B. bei Parkebenen auf Einkaufszentren oder bei Teilnutzung als Versammlungsstätte, resultieren Anforderungen an den baulichen Brandschutz. Mithilfe von Brandsimulationsberechnungen auf Naturbrandbasis können die Bauteilanforderungen auch für die Stahl‐/Verbundbauweise wirtschaftlich beherrschbar umgesetzt werden.

Fire protection in parking garages

Load‐bearing elements of multi‐storey, above‐ground parking garages, classified as open garages, can be executed non‐combustible (fire resistance class R0‐A), if the floor area is limited and if cross ventilation is sufficient. Depending on the type of façade structure a sufficient ventilation has to be proved numerically or experimentally.

Requirements for structural fire protection may result, if there are special regulations in the building legislation for e. g. parking levels on top of shopping malls or for shared space with assembly rooms. The requirements for structural members can be managed economically with the help of fire simulation calculations based on natural fire, even for steel‐/composite structures.
Garment capture from a photograph
Authors: Jeong Moon‐Hwan , Han Dong‐Hoon , Ko Hyeong‐Seok
Published: May 2015

This paper presents a new method which can create the virtual garment from a single photograph of a real garment put on to the mannequin. In solving this problem, we obtain the insight from the pattern drafting theory in the clothing field. We abstract the drafting process into a computer module, which takes the garment type and primary body sizes then produces the draft as the output. Then the problem is reduced to find out the garment type and primary body sizes. We find that information by analyzing the silhouette of the garment with respect to the mannequin. The method works robustly and produces practically usable virtual clothes that can be used for the graphical coordination. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feeder‐free and xeno‐free culture of human pluripotent stem cells using UCBS matrix
Authors: Ding Yan , Yang Hua , Yu Li , Xu Chang Long , Zeng Yi , Qiu Ying , Li Dong Sheng
Published: May 2015

The ideal medium for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) culture should be feeder‐free, xeno‐free, and completely defined. The present study aims to establish a new feeder‐free and xeno‐free system for culturing hPSCs. The system consists of the matrix, which was prepared from human umbilical cord blood serum (UCBS) and used to coat the culture plates, and the xeno‐free medium, which was conventional serum‐free hES medium supplemented with high concentrations of bFGF and Fibronectin. Compared with matrigel and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), the UCBS matrix was proved to be equally suitable for the growth of hPSCs. After a series of experiments with different media and cytokins, the UCBS matrix was found worked the best with the basic medium (BM) supplemented with 20 ng/mL bFGF, 10 ug/mL fibronectin and Y‐27632 for culture of hES cells. The hPSCs maintained normal karyotype, high proliferation rate and self‐renewal ability after continuous culture more than 10 passages in this feeder‐free and xeno‐free system. Furthermore, a new human embryonic stem (hES) cell line was derived from discarded day 3 embryos in this newly developed culture system. In conclusion, this feeder‐free and xeno‐free system could not only be used to the culture hPSCs, but could also be used to derive new hES cell lines.
Ligand‐Controlled CO2 Activation Mediated by Cationic Titanium Hydride Complexes, [LTiH]+ (L=Cp2, O)
Authors: Tang Shi‐Ya , Rijs Nicole J. , Li Jilai , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut
Published: May 2015

CO2 activation mediated by [LTiH]+ (L=Cp2, O) is observed in the gas phase at room temperature using electrospray‐ionization mass spectrometry, and reaction details are derived from traveling wave ion‐mobility mass spectrometry. Wheresas oxygen‐atom transfer prevails in the reaction of the oxide complex [OTiH]+ with CO2, generating [OTi(OH)]+ under the elimination of CO, insertion of CO2 into the metal–hydrogen bond of the cyclopentadienyl complex, [Cp2TiH]+, gives rise to the formate complex [Cp2Ti(O2CH)]+. DFT‐based methods were employed to understand how the ligand controls the observed variation in reactivity toward CO2. Insertion of CO2 into the TiH bond constitutes the initial step for the reaction of both [Cp2TiH]+ and [OTiH]+, thus generating formate complexes as intermediates. In contrast to [Cp2Ti(O2CH)]+ which is kinetically stable, facile decarbonylation of [OTi(O2CH)]+ results in the hydroxo complex [OTi(OH)]+. The longer lifetime of [Cp2Ti(O2CH)]+ allows for secondary reactions with background water, as a result of which, [Cp2Ti(OH)]+ is formed. Further, computational studies reveal a good linear correlation between the hydride affinity of [LTi]2+ and the barrier for CO2 insertion into various [LTiH]+ complexes. Understanding the intrinsic ligand effects may provide insight into the selective activation of CO2.
Prediction of Sanchez‐Lacombe equation of state characteristic parameters for plus fractions
Authors: Sadat‐Shojaei Ali , Khorsand Movaghar Mohammad Reza , Mousavi Dehghani Seyyed Ali
Published: May 2015

Sanchez‐Lacombe is one of the main polymeric equations of state that is used to predict thermodynamic properties of polymer solutions. Due to the similarity of the physical behaviour of polymer solutions and black oil, Sanchez‐Lacombe is also recommended to predict the liquid density of hydrocarbon fluids. In conventional thermodynamic equations of state, each component of the fluid is specified with some characteristic parameters such as the acentric factor, critical temperature, and critical pressure. Similarly, in the Sanchez‐Lacombe equation of state each component has some characteristic parameters which are obtained for pure components. Since there are no correlations for plus fractions (unknown fractions), the aim of this study is to present empirical correlations to predict the characteristic parameters of plus fractions based on experimental data. These empirical correlations are then used so that the Sanchez‐Lacombe equation of state can be applied to determine the liquid phase density of hydrocarbon fluids.
Sources of input to the rostromedial tegmental nucleus, ventral tegmental area, and lateral habenula compared: A study in rat
Authors: Yetnikoff Leora , Cheng Anita Y. , Lavezzi Heather N. , Parsley Kenneth P. , Zahm Daniel S.
Published: May 2015

Profound inhibitory control exerted on midbrain dopaminergic neurons by the lateral habenula (LHb), which has mainly excitatory outputs, is mediated by the GABAergic rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), which strongly innervates dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain. Early reports indicated that the afferent connections of the RMTg, excepting its very strong LHb inputs, do not differ appreciably from those of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Presumably, however, the RMTg contributes more to behavioral synthesis than to simply invert the valence of the excitatory signal coming from the LHb. Therefore, the present study was done to directly compare the inputs to the RMTg and VTA and, in deference to its substantial involvement with this circuitry, the LHb was also included in the comparison. Data indicated that, while the afferents of the RMTg, VTA, and LHb do originate within the same large pool of central nervous system (CNS) structures, each is also related to structures that project more strongly to it than to the others. The VTA gets robust input from ventral striatopallidum and extended amygdala, whereas RMTg biased inputs arise in structures with a more direct impact on motor function, such as deep layers of the contralateral superior colliculus, deep cerebellar and several brainstem nuclei, and, via a relay in the LHb, the entopeduncular nucleus. Input from the ventral pallidal‐lateral preoptic‐lateral hypothalamus continuum is strong in the RMTg and VTA and dominant in the LHb. Axon collateralization was also investigated, providing additional insights into the organization of the circuitry of this important triad of structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2426–2456, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aging Drosophila melanogaster display altered pre‐ and postsynaptic ultrastructure at adult neuromuscular junctions
Authors: Wagner Nicole , Laugks Ulrike , Heckmann Manfred , Asan Esther , Neuser Kirsa
Published: May 2015

Although age‐related changes in synaptic plasticity are an important focus within neuroscience, little is known about ultrastructural changes of synaptic morphology during aging. Here we report how aging affects synaptic ultrastructure by using fluorescence and electron microscopy at the adult Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of ventral abdominal muscles. Mainly four striking morphological changes of aging NMJs were revealed. 1) Bouton size increases with proportionally rising number of active zones (AZs). 2) Synaptic vesicle density at AZs is increased in old flies. 3) Late endosomes, cisternae, and multivesicular bodies accumulate in the presynaptic terminal, and vesicles accumulate between membranes of the terminal bouton and the subsynaptic reticulum. 4) The electron‐dense pre‐ and postsynaptic apposition is expanded in aging NMJs, which is accompanied by an expansion of the postsynaptic glutamate receptor fields. These findings suggest that aging is possibly accompanied by impaired synaptic vesicle release and recycling and a potentially compensatory expansion of AZs and postsynaptic densities. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2457–2475, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Delta9‐tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol as potential curative agents for cancer: A critical examination of the preclinical literature
Authors: Fowler CJ
Published: May 2015

An Internet search with search words “cannabis cures cancer” produce a wealth of sites claiming that cannabis has this effect. These sites are freely accessible to the general public and thus contribute to public opinion. But do delta9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) cure cancer? In the absence of clinical data other than a safety study and case reports, preclinical data should be evaluated in terms of its predictive value. Using a strict approach where only concentrations and/or models relevant to the clinical situation are considered, the current preclinical data do not yet provide robust evidence that systemically administered Δ9‐THC will be useful for the curative treatment of cancer. There is more support for an intratumoral route of administration of higher doses of Δ9‐THC. CBD produces effects in relevant concentrations and models, although more data are needed concerning its use in conjunction with other treatment strategies.
Thermoelectric Properties of Nanowires with a Graphitic Shell
Authors: Lee Jong Woon , Lee Eun Kyung , Kim Byung Sung , Lee Jae Hyun , Kim Hee Goo , Jang Hyeon Sik , Hwang Sung Woo , Choi Byoung Lyong , Whang Dongmok
Published: May 2015

A thermoelectric device that can generate electricity from waste heat can play an important role in a global energy solution. However, the strongly correlated thermoelectric properties have remained a major hurdle for the highly efficient conversion of thermoelectric energy. Herein, the electrical and thermal properties of Si and SiO2 nanowires with few‐layer graphitic shells are demonstrated; these structures exhibit enhanced electrical properties but no increase in thermal conductivity. The main path of the phonons through the structures is the core nanowire, which has a large cross‐sectional area relative to that of the graphitic shell layer. However, the electrical conductivities of the nanowires with shell structures are high because of the good electrical conductivity of the graphitic shell, despite its small cross‐sectional area.
Associations between respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity and effortful control in preschool‐age children
Authors: Sulik Michael J. , Eisenberg Nancy , Spinrad Tracy L. , Silva Kassondra M.
Published: May 2015

We tested whether respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity in response to each of three self‐regulation tasks (bird and dragon; knock‐tap; and gift wrap) would predict self‐regulation performance in a sample of 101 preschool‐age children (M age = 4.49, SD = .64). While controlling for baseline RSA, decreases in RSA from bird and dragon to knock‐tap (but not from baseline to bird and dragon) predicted a latent variable measuring self‐regulation. Furthermore, increases in RSA from the knock‐tap to gift wrap—the only task involving delay of gratification—were related to concurrent task performance while controlling for the relation between RSA reactivity and the latent self‐regulation variable. Results suggest that the relations between RSA reactivity and self‐regulatory ability are influenced by task‐specific demands and possibly by task order. Furthermore, RSA reactivity appears to relate differently to performance on motivationally salient self‐regulation tasks such as delay of gratification relative to cool executive function tasks. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 596–606, 2015.
Somatic and gastrointestinal in vivo biotransformation rates of hydrophobic chemicals in fish
Authors: Lo Justin C. , Campbell David A. , Kennedy Christopher J. , Gobas Frank A.P.C.
Published: May 2015

To improve current bioaccumulation assessment methods, a methodology is developed, applied, and investigated for measuring in vivo biotransformation rates of hydrophobic organic substances in the body (soma) and gastrointestinal tract of the fish. The method resembles the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 305 dietary bioaccumulation test but includes reference chemicals to determine both somatic and gastrointestinal biotransformation rates of test chemicals. Somatic biotransformation rate constants for the test chemicals ranged between 0 d–1 and 0.38 (standard error [SE] 0.03)/d–1. Gastrointestinal biotransformation rate constants varied from 0 d–1 to 46 (SE 7) d–1. Gastrointestinal biotransformation contributed more to the overall biotransformation in fish than somatic biotransformation for all test substances but 1. Results suggest that biomagnification tests can reveal the full extent of biotransformation in fish. The common presumption that the liver is the main site of biotransformation may not apply to many substances exposed through the diet. The results suggest that the application of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for somatic biotransformation rates and hepatic in vitro models to assess the effect of biotransformation on bioaccumulation can underestimate biotransformation rates and overestimate the biomagnification potential of chemicals that are biotransformed in the gastrointestinal tract. With some modifications, the OECD 305 test can generate somatic and gastrointestinal biotransformation data to develop biotransformation QSARs and test in vitro–in vivo biotransformation extrapolation methods. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2282–2294. © 2015 SETAC
Surface coal mining influences on macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams of the Canadian Rocky Mountains
Authors: Kuchapski Kathryn A. , Rasmussen Joseph B.
Published: May 2015

To determine the region-specific impacts of surface coal mines on macroinvertebrate community health, chemical and physical stream characteristics and macroinvertebrate family and community metrics were measured in surface coal mine-affected and reference streams in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Water chemistry was significantly altered in mine-affected streams, which had elevated conductivity, alkalinity, and selenium and ion concentrations compared with reference conditions. Multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated alterations in macroinvertebrate communities downstream of mine sites. In RDA ordination, Ephemeroptera family densities, family richness, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT) richness, and % Ephemeroptera declined, whereas densities of Capniidae stoneflies increased along environmental gradients defined by variables associated with mine influence including waterborne Se concentration, alkalinity, substrate embeddedness, and interstitial material size. Shifts in macroinvertebrate assemblages may have been the result of multiple region-specific stressors related to mining influences including selenium toxicity, ionic toxicity, or stream substrate modifications. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2138–2148. © 2015 SETAC