bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences between pH of indwelling sensors and the pH of fluid and solid phase in the rumen of dairy cows fed varying concentrate levels
Authors: Neubauer V. , Humer E. , Kröger I. , Braid T. , Wagner M. , Zebeli Q.
Published: January 2017

Feeding of high‐concentrate diets to cattle increases the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Indwelling wireless pH sensors have become popular as an early diagnostic tool for SARA recently. However, the recommended pH thresholds of SARA derive from measurements taken from free‐rumen liquid (FRL) in the ventral rumen, and not from the reticulum, where the mentioned sensors are located. The aim of this study was to evaluate commercially available indwelling pH boli for the accuracy and precision in predicting ruminal pH of FRL and the particle‐associated rumen liquid (PARL) under varying dietary concentrate levels. An additional aim was to define SARA pH thresholds of indwelled pH boli, which can be used for SARA diagnostics. The experiment was conducted with eight nonlactating rumen cannulated Holstein cows fed 0% or 65% concentrate. Data showed that the mean pH of indwelled boli was consistently higher than in FRL and PARL (pH 6.62 ± 0.02, 6.43 ± 0.02 and 6.18 ±0.02, respectively) across feeding regimens. Interestingly, the diurnal differences in pH among indwelled boli, FRL and PARL became greater during concentrate feeding, especially at 8 h after the morning feeding, suggesting that with high‐concentrate diets a particular adjustment of reticular sensor pH vs. ruminal pH in FRL and PARL is needed. The concordance correlation coefficient analysis, representing the reproducibility of the bolus measurements, was high for bolus‐FRL (0.733) and moderate for bolus‐PARL (0.510) associations. Furthermore, the quantitative relationship of the pH in FRL and PARL to the pH of the boli was described by linear regression analysis. The study determined that the common SARA threshold of pH 5.8 in FRL corresponds to a bolus pH of 6.0.
Buyer Power and Supplier Relationship Commitment: A Cognitive Evaluation Theory Perspective
Authors: Chae Sangho , Choi Thomas Y. , Hur Daesik
Published: January 2017

Our study investigates how buyer power affects supplier relationship commitment. When a buyer exerts power on a supplier, the supplier response can be either simple compliance or commitment at a deeper level. Theoretically, the latter pertains to a supplier's intrinsic motivation. Building on cognitive evaluation theory, our model proposes the distinctive yet interactive nature of reward power and coercive power, commonly considered together as mediated powers. It also posits that nonmediated powers (expert, referent, and legitimate) amplify the influences of reward and coercive powers. An empirical investigation, based on large‐scale multinational survey data, provides support for our theoretical arguments. We discuss the practical implications for how buyers can use reward and coercive powers to improve supplier relationship commitment.
Myopathology in times of modern imaging
Authors: Jungbluth H.
Published: January 2017

Over the last two decades, muscle (magnetic resonance) imaging has become an important complementary tool in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of inherited neuromuscular disorders, particularly in conditions where the pattern of selective muscle involvement is often more predictive of the underlying genetic background than associated clinical and histopathological features. Following an overview of different imaging modalities, the present review will give a concise introduction to systematic image analysis and interpretation in genetic neuromuscular disorders. The pattern of selective muscle involvement will be presented in detail in conditions such as the congenital or myofibrillar myopathies where muscle imaging is particularly useful to inform the (differential) diagnosis, and in disorders such as Duchenne or fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy where the diagnosis is usually made on clinical grounds but where detailed knowledge of disease progression on the muscle imaging level may inform better understanding of the natural history. Utilizing the group of the congenital myopathies as an example, selected case studies will illustrate how muscle MRI can be used to inform the diagnostic process in the clinico‐pathological context. Future developments, in particular, concerning the increasing use of whole‐body MRI protocols and novel quantitative fat assessments techniques potentially relevant as an outcome measure, will be briefly outlined.
Dusting off the looking‐glass: A historical analysis of the development of a nursing identity in Chile
Authors: Ayala Ricardo A. , Núñez E. Rocío
Published: January 2017

Histories of nursing that disregard their linkage to broader historical movements often lead to historically detached versions of nursing identity that omit the perspective of their sources and the ideas of their time. Drawing on materials retrieved through a multilayered research strategy comprising internal and external sources, this article examines the development of a nursing identity in Chile during the period starting in the 1950s through the early 2000s. We analysed the sociopolitical contexts in which the nursing profession grew, the changing direction of its role and how the nursing identity transformed itself. Through the use of historical sources and oral testimonies, we aim to give a nuanced account of how the history of public health and that of the country more broadly changed the object of identification of nurses, creating only relatively recently a sense of nursing community. Processes of identification, fragmentation and integration are highlighted, which challenge usual notions of history as a linear process.
Effect of methylnaltrexone and naloxone on esophageal motor function in man
Authors: Scarpellini E. , Pauwels A. , Vos R. , Rommel N. , Tack J.
Published: January 2017

Background

Endogenous opioids (EO) acting on μ‐opiod receptors in central and enteric nervous system (ENS) control gastrointestinal motility but it is still unclear whether EO in ENS may control esophageal function in man, thus we will study the effects of methylnaltrexone (MNTX), a peripherally selective, and naloxone (NA), a non‐selective μ‐opiod receptor antagonist, on esophageal motility in healthy subjects.

Methods

Fifteen HV (6 M; 34.1 ± 0.6 years; BMI: 22.1 ± 0.1 kg/m2) underwent three esophageal high‐resolution manometry impedance (HRiM) studies with 10 saline swallows administered every 30 minutes: drug was administered after 30 minutes (MNTX subcutaneously/NA or saline intravenously), a solid meal after 90 minutes; measurements continued for 120 minutes postprandially.

Key Results

Methylnaltrexone did not significantly decrease the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) percentage of relaxation preprandially (72.5 ± 5 vs 66.9 ± 4.6 and 73 ± 3.8%, ANOVA between placebo, MNTX and NA, P=NS) and postprandially (60 minutes: 68.2 ± 5.6 vs 61 ± 5.5 and 67.1 ± 5.6%; 120 minutes: 68 ± 5.9 vs 59.3 ± 5.2 and 67.7 ± 4.7%; ANOVA between placebo, MNTX and NA, P=NS). MNTX and NA did not significantly alter preprandial and postprandial LES resting pressures and integrated relaxation pressure (ANOVA between placebo, MNTX and NA, all P=NS). Peak front velocity and distal contractile integral were not altered pre‐ and postprandially by MNTX and NA (ANOVA between placebo, MNTX and NA, P=NS). Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs’) number was not altered by MNTX and NA (ANOVA between placebo, MNTX and NA, all P=NS).

Conclusions and Inferences

The peripheral selective and non‐selective μ‐opioid receptor antagonists MNTX and NA, respectively, do not alter TLESRs occurrence and esophageal peristalsis.
Regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis in green algae has evolved to enable rapid stress‐induced response via the VTC2 gene encoding GDP‐l‐galactose phosphorylase
Authors: Vidal‐Meireles André , Neupert Juliane , Zsigmond Laura , Rosado‐Souza Laise , Kovács László , Nagy Valéria , Galambos Anikó , Fernie Alisdair R. , Bock Ralph , Tóth Szilvia Z.
Published: January 2017

Ascorbate (vitamin C) plays essential roles in stress resistance, development, signaling, hormone biosynthesis and regulation of gene expression; however, little is known about its biosynthesis in algae.

In order to provide experimental proof for the operation of the Smirnoff–Wheeler pathway described for higher plants and to gain more information on the regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we targeted the VTC2 gene encoding GDP‐l‐galactose phosphorylase using artificial microRNAs.

Ascorbate concentrations in VTC2 amiRNA lines were reduced to 10% showing that GDP‐l‐galactose phosphorylase plays a pivotal role in ascorbate biosynthesis. The VTC2 amiRNA lines also grow more slowly, have lower chlorophyll content, and are more susceptible to stress than the control strains. We also demonstrate that: expression of the VTC2 gene is rapidly induced by H2O2 and 1O2 resulting in a manifold increase in ascorbate content; in contrast to plants, there is no circadian regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis; photosynthesis is not required per se for ascorbate biosynthesis; and Chlamydomonas VTC2 lacks negative feedback regulation by ascorbate in the physiological concentration range.

Our work demonstrates that ascorbate biosynthesis is also highly regulated in Chlamydomonas albeit via mechanisms distinct from those previously described in land plants.
The effects of body weight status on orthostatic intolerance and predisposition to noncardiac syncope
Authors: Christou G.A. , Kiortsis D.N.
Published: January 2017

Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is frequently the mechanism underlying the occurrence of noncardiac syncope (NCS) and is associated with substantial risk for injury. Body weight status appears to be a modifier of orthostatic responses and possibly influences the propensity to NCS. The majority of cross‐sectional studies have found that the lower the body mass index (BMI) the greater the predisposition to OI is, accompanied with both down‐regulation of sympathetic nervous system activity and up‐regulation of parasympathetic nervous system activity. These changes appear to occur across the whole spectrum of BMI values from underweight to obesity, while they may be associated more strongly with central body fat than total body fat. Weight loss following bariatric surgery has been consistently found to increase OI, attributed first to the effects of weight loss per se, second to the specific type of surgical procedure and third to the potential postoperative autonomic neuropathy due to vitamin deficiency. The increased OI following bariatric surgery renders this intervention not easily tolerable for the affected individuals, mandating increased fluid and salt intake, pharmacological measures or surgical adjustments to attenuate OI. All future studies investigating orthostatic responses and NCS should implement a matching of the population arms for BMI and ideally for body fat.
Bring Me Three Large Beers: Wooden Tankards at Roman Vindolanda
Authors: Sands Rob , Horn Jonathan A.
Published: January 2017

This paper presents, and places in context, two tankard staves and part of a lathe‐turned tankard base, all made from yew wood (Taxus baccata), identified as part of a review of over 1500 wooden small finds from the Roman fort of Vindolanda. These were originally part of large, skilfully produced, communal drinking vessels of a type that has recently been the subject of a major review. Wooden tankards of this type are currently considered to be at their earliest a Late Iron Age phenomenon but one which extends well into the Roman period and which has, so far, been recognized predominantly within Britain. The three elements, found at Vindolanda, must have derived from three separate vessels and come from different periods within the site. This paper explores, adds to and amplifies current thinking on the construction, use and discard of these vessels and, in particular, considers how the tankards were perceived within the context of a Roman fort.
An advanced reference genome of Trifolium subterraneum L. reveals genes related to agronomic performance
Authors: Kaur Parwinder , Bayer Philipp E. , Milec Zbyněk , Vrána Jan , Yuan Yuxuan , Appels Rudi , Edwards David , Batley Jacqueline , Nichols Phillip , Erskine William , Doležel Jaroslav
Published: January 2017

Subterranean clover is an important annual forage legume, whose diploidy and inbreeding nature make it an ideal model for genomic analysis in Trifolium. We reported a draft genome assembly of the subterranean clover TSUd_r1.1. Here we evaluate genome mapping on nanochannel arrays and generation of a transcriptome atlas across tissues to advance the assembly and gene annotation. Using a BioNano‐based assembly spanning 512 Mb (93% genome coverage), we validated the draft assembly, anchored unplaced contigs and resolved misassemblies. Multiple contigs (264) from the draft assembly coalesced into 97 super‐scaffolds (43% of genome). Sequences longer than >1 Mb increased from 40 to 189 Mb giving 1.4‐fold increase in N50 with total genome in pseudomolecules improved from 73 to 80%. The advanced assembly was re‐annotated using transcriptome atlas data to contain 31 272 protein‐coding genes capturing >96% of the gene content. Functional characterization and GO enrichment confirmed gene expression for response to water deprivation, flavonoid biosynthesis and embryo development ending in seed dormancy, reflecting adaptation to the harsh Mediterranean environment. Comparative analyses across Papilionoideae identified 24 893 Trifolium‐specific and 6325 subterranean‐clover‐specific genes that could be mined further for traits such as geocarpy and grazing tolerance. Eight key traits, including persistence, improved livestock health by isoflavonoid production in addition to important agro‐morphological traits, were fine‐mapped on the high‐density SNP linkage map anchored to the assembly. This new genomic information is crucial to identify loci governing traits allowing marker‐assisted breeding, comparative mapping and identification of tissue‐specific gene promoters for biotechnological improvement of forage legumes.
Vegetating Candidiasis: A Mimicker of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Keratitis Ichthyosis Deafness Syndrome
Authors: Calderón‐Castrat Ximena , Vega‐Zuñiga Julio , Velásquez Felipe , Ballona Rosalía
Published: January 2017

Keratitis ichthyosis deafness (KID) syndrome is a rare genodermatosis with a high risk of cutaneous malignancy and infections. Infections can induce pseudocarcinomatous epidermal hyperplasia, leading to erroneous diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. We present a pediatric case of KID syndrome with vegetating plantar and acral candidiasis and highlight the importance of correct biopsy technique and clinicopathologic correlation in appropriate management.
In situ immunopathological changes in cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania donovani
Authors: Manamperi N. H. , Oghumu S. , Pathirana N. , de Silva M. V. C. , Abeyewickreme W. , Satoskar A. R. , Karunaweera N. D.
Published: January 2017

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka is a newly established parasitic disease caused by the usually visceralizing Leishmania donovani. Skin lesions manifest as non‐itchy, non‐tender papules, nodules or ulcers. In situ cytokine expression provides clues for immunopathogenesis of this localized form of disease. Skin biopsies from 58 patients were analyzed for histological appearance and in situ cytokine expression of T‐helper 1 (Th1) and T‐helper 2 (Th2) cytokines, namely interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐12A, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐4 and IL‐10 by real‐time RT‐PCR. Significant up‐regulation of the Th1 cytokine IFN‐γ and down‐regulation of the Th2 cytokine IL‐4 were seen in patients compared to healthy controls. Significantly elevated tissue expression of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α was seen in lesions that presented later than 6 months from the time of onset, while IL‐4 expression was more prominent in lesions that responded poorly to antimony therapy. A prominent Th1 response appears to support resolving of lesions, whereas a Th2‐biased milieu tends to favor poor responsiveness to antimony and delayed lesion healing in L. donovani infections in Sri Lanka.
The N2pc component reliably captures attentional bias in social anxiety
Authors: Reutter Mario , Hewig Johannes , Wieser Matthias J. , Osinsky Roman
Published: January 2017

We systematically compared different measures of attentional bias (i.e., reaction times, the N2pc component in the EEG, and explicit stimulus ratings) on their ability to reveal attentional engagement to threatening versus neutral facial stimuli in a Dot Probe Task and tested their relation to trait measures of general and social anxiety. We found that the N2pc component reflects a bias toward angry faces with excellent internal consistency. Similar results were obtained for explicit ratings. Reaction time (RT) differences, however, were not indicative of attentional biases and showed zero odd‐even reliability. We further found that both higher (i.e., more negative) N2pc amplitudes and earlier peak latencies were associated with more severe symptoms of social anxiety even when controlling for general trait anxiety. The explicit rating biases were also specifically associated with social anxiety. Conversely, the RT bias was not related to social anxiety levels but to general trait anxiety. This highlights the importance of valid and reliable outcome measures for interventions such as attentional bias modification protocols. Mutual exclusivity of different bias operationalizations is discussed.
Localized component filtering for electroencephalogram artifact rejection
Authors: DelPozo‐Baños Marcos , Weidemann Christoph T.
Published: January 2017

Blind source separation (BSS) based artifact rejection systems have been extensively studied in the electroencephalogram (EEG) literature. Although there have been advances in the development of techniques capable of dissociating neural and artifactual activity, these are still not perfect. As a result, a compromise between reduction of noise and leakage of neural activity has to be found. Here, we propose a new methodology to enhance the performance of existing BSS systems: Localized component filtering (LCF). In essence, LCF identifies the artifactual time segments within each component extracted by BSS and restricts the processing of components to these segments, therefore reducing neural leakage. We show that LCF can substantially reduce the neural leakage, increasing the true acceptance rate by 22 percentage points while worsening the false acceptance rate by less than 2 percentage points in a dataset consisting of simulated EEG data (4% improvement of the correlation between original and cleaned signals). Evaluated on real EEG data, we observed a significant increase of the signal‐to‐noise ratio of up to 9%.
Testosterone serum profile, semen characteristics and testicular biometry of Mangalarga Marchador stallions in a tropical environment
Authors: Waddington B , Penitente‐Filho JM , Neves JGS , Pinho RO , Chaya AY , Maitan PP , Silveira CO , Neves MG , Guimarães SEF , de Carvalho GR , Guimarães JD
Published: January 2017

Contents

This study was conducted to characterize the daily profile of testosterone secretion and its mean concentrations in the four seasons as well as to evaluate the semen characteristics and testicular biometry of Mangalarga Marchador stallions throughout the year in a tropical region. Three stallions were submitted to semen collections and evaluation of testicular biometry every 14 days along a year. Blood samples were collected once at the middle of each season, in a 20‐min interval during 24 hr in order to evaluate the testosterone secretion profiles among seasons. Testosterone concentrations along the day were higher at the beginning of the afternoon (from 12:00 to 15:00 hr), but a circadian secretion was not clearly observed. Mean testosterone concentrations did not differ among seasons (p > .05), but a pattern of secretion along the day showed variations with higher concentrations in the afternoon during the winter. Ejaculate volume was higher during summer; however, sperm motility decreased in summer and spring. Total sperm in ejaculate, sperm morphology and testicular biometry kept constant along the year showing no differences among the seasons. The results demonstrated that in a tropical region, reproductive aspects of stallions did not show a clearly defined seasonal variation, and months of autumn and winter were not unsuitable for reproduction of the males.
Dynamic contact strain measurement by time‐resolved stroboscopic energy dispersive synchrotron X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Mostafavi M. , Collins D. M. , Peel M. J. , Reinhard C. , Barhli S. M. , Mills R. , Marshall M. B. , Dwyer‐Joyce R. S. , Connolley T.
Published: January 2017

Recent developments of synchrotron X‐ray sources and dedicated high‐energy beamlines are now enabling strain measurements from large volumes of industrially relevant metallic materials. Such capability is allowing the validation of novel and alternative nondestructive experimental methods of strain measurement or computational models of complex deformation processes. This study describes the first dynamic contact strain measurement of a ball bearing using stroboscopic energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction. The experiment probed the dynamic contact strain in the outer raceway of a test bearing. The inner raceway of the bearing was attached to a shaft rotating at 150 revolutions per minute, and the outer raceway, where the measurements were made, was fixed in a stationary bearing housing. A triggering system was used to synchronise the data acquisition of the energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction detector with the bearing rotation. Specifically, diffraction data were acquired, stroboscopically, from the material volume within the raceway, in a known location, when the ball was positioned directly below it. A total of 20 s of accumulated diffraction signal was recorded, acquiring 2 ms of data per revolution, providing diffraction patterns of sufficient quality for the dynamic contact strain to be measured. Macromechanical stress field was calculated from the micromechanical strains measured from five lattice planes. This allowed a comparison of the experimentally measured stress field and that of finite element simulations. Good agreement was observed between the finite element results and experimental measurements indicating the applicability of this novel dynamic strain measurement technique for tribological systems.
Identification of the novel HLA‐DRB1*14:54:06 allele by sequencing‐based typing in a Chinese bone marrow donor
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Yang , Jiang Ping , Zhang Li‐Qun , Cai Jian‐Ping
Published: January 2017

HLA‐DRB1*14:54:06 differs from
HLA‐DRB1*14:54:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 492.
Label‐free deep shotgun proteomics reveals protein dynamics during tomato fruit tissues development
Authors: Szymanski Jedrzej , Levin Yishai , Savidor Alon , Breitel Dario , Chappell‐Maor Louise , Heinig Uwe , Töpfer Nadine , Aharoni Asaph
Published: January 2017

Current innovations in mass‐spectrometry‐based technologies allow deep coverage of protein expression. Despite its immense value and in contrast to transcriptomics, only a handful of studies in crop plants engaged with global proteome assays. Here, we present large‐scale shotgun proteomics profiling of tomato fruit across two key tissues and five developmental stages. A total of 7738 individual protein groups were identified and reliably measured at least in one of the analyzed tissues or stages. The depth of our assay enabled identification of 61 differentially expressed transcription factors, including renowned ripening‐related regulators and elements of ethylene signaling. Significantly, we measured proteins involved in 83% of all predicted enzymatic reactions in the tomato metabolic network. Hence, proteins representing almost the complete set of reactions in major metabolic pathways were identified, including the cytosolic and plastidic isoprenoid and the phenylpropanoid pathways. Furthermore, the data allowed us to discern between protein isoforms according to expression patterns, which is most significant in light of the weak transcript‐protein expression correspondence. Finally, visualization of changes in protein abundance associated with a particular process provided us with a unique view of skin and flesh tissues in developing fruit. This study adds a new dimension to the existing genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic resources. It is therefore likely to promote translational and post‐translational research in tomato and additional species, which is presently focused on transcription.
Calcium‐dependent protein kinase CPK28 targets the methionine adenosyltransferases for degradation by the 26S proteasome and affects ethylene biosynthesis and lignin deposition in Arabidopsis
Authors: Jin Yu , Ye Nenghui , Zhu Fuyuan , Li Haoxuan , Wang Juan , Jiang Liwen , Zhang Jianhua
Published: January 2017

S‐adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) is synthesized by methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT), and plays an essential role in ethylene biosynthesis and other methylation reactions. Despite increasing knowledge of MAT regulation at transcriptional levels, how MAT is post‐translationally regulated remains unknown in plant cells. Phosphorylation is an important post‐translational modification for regulating the activity of enzymes, protein function and signaling transduction. Using molecular and biochemical approaches, we have identified the phosphorylation of MAT proteins by calcium‐dependent protein kinase (CPK28). Phenotypically, both MAT2‐overexpressing transgenic plants and cpk28 mutants display short hypocotyls and ectopic lignifications. Their shortened hypocotyl phenotypes are caused by ethylene overproduction and rescued by ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatment. Genetic evidence reveals that MAT2 mutation restores the phenotype of ectopic lignification in CPK28‐deficient plants. We find that total MAT proteins and AdoMet are increased in cpk28 mutants, but decreased in CPK28‐overexpressing seedlings. We also find that MATs in OE::CPK28 are degraded through the 26S proteasome pathway. Our work suggests that CPK28 targets MATs (MAT1, MAT2 and MAT3) for degradation by the 26S proteasome pathway, and thus affects ethylene biosynthesis and lignin deposition in Arabidopsis.
Assessment of tuber coxae bone biopsy in the standing horse
Authors: Mitchell Colin F. , Richbourg Heather A. , Goupil Brad A. , Gillett Ashley N. , McNulty Margaret A.
Published: January 2017

Objective

To describe a biopsy technique in standing horses with minimal morbidity that consistently provides a substantial bone biopsy with intact, undamaged architecture.

Study Design

Experimental, prospective study.

Animals

Ten Thoroughbred horses.

Methods

Biopsies were obtained from the tuber coxae of 10 sedated, standing horses using an oscillating saw. Bilateral biopsies, separated by 60 days, were evaluated with micro‐computed tomography (microCT). The first biopsy was prepared for decalcified histology; the second for undecalcified histology. Both biopsies were evaluated qualitatively for histologic quality.

Results

The biopsy technique did not result in any significant complications, was well tolerated and all biopsies were of good histologic quality.

Conclusion

Cortical and trabecular bone biopsies can be successfully collected from the tuber coxa using a simple technique that creates minimal morbidity and allows sequential samples to be collected. The biopsies were larger than those described previously, provided adequate bone for multiple histologic sections, and had intact, undamaged architecture on examination with microCT and light microscopy.
Aciertos y fallas en la implementación de la Política de Mujeres y Equidad de Género de Bogotá
Authors: Muñoz Eraso Janeth Patricia , Barón Mesa Génesis Fernanda
Published: January 2017

Para explicar los aciertos y las fallas en la implementación de las políticas públicas, se analiza el caso de la Política Pública de Mujeres y Equidad de Género de Bogotá en el periodo 2004-2013. Tomando como marco de análisis la fase de implementación de las políticas públicas, se demuestra que esta Política ha logrado avances importantes en el reconocimiento, la garantía y la restitución de los derechos de las mujeres y crea espacios relevantes para el fortalecimiento de los procesos de participación y organización de la población femenina, pero también indica fallas relacionadas con la dificultad de introducir el enfoque de género y derechos en los procesos de planeación e institucionalización de algunos sectores de la Administración distrital, así como dificultades en la asignación de presupuestos específicos para su puesta en marcha
Negociaciones de paz en Colombia: una mirada en perspectiva de construcción de paz
Authors: Hernández Delgado Esperanza
Published: January 2017

Este artículo es producto de un ejercicio de investigación para la paz, centrado en la caracterización y los aprendizajes del actual proceso de paz entre el Gobierno del presidente Juan Manuel Santos y el movimiento insurgente de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia. Destaca que este proceso representa una importante ventana de oportunidad para la terminación y transformación del prolongado conflicto armado interno de este país. Asimismo, ofrece una mirada sobre la relación entre construcción de paz y negociaciones de paz, señala que Colombia cuenta con un significativo acumulado en este tipo de negociaciones, y analiza el empoderamiento pacifista de las negociaciones de paz en referencia. Concluye destacando la importancia de este empodera-miento en lo que resta de las negociaciones de paz, para que puedan lograr el objetivo trazado, y también frente al acuerdo final, con el propósito de posibilitar que el posacuerdo se convierta en una oportunidad para los cambios constructivos que permitan la transformación del conflicto, evite su recaída, al encontrar alternativas para una paz estable y duradera.
Barreras geográficas de acceso a los servicios de salud oral en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia
Authors: Caicedo-Rosero Ángela Viviana , Estrada-Montoya John Harold
Published: January 2017

Estudio de corte trasversal cuyo objetivo fue identificar presencia de barreras geográficas de acceso a salud y elaborar un inventario de prestadores de salud oral del departamento de Nariño, con información de 64 municipios. Metodología: se desarrolló un sistema de medida de distancia y tiempo, identificando el tiempo de viaje que toma el desplazamiento de un municipio hasta la capital en diferentes medios de transporte. Como determinante de barrera de acceso: tiempo de viaje mayor a cuatro horas y distancia mayor a 25 km. Resultados: se identificaron 305 prestadores públicos, 1062 privados; en salud oral 670 prestadores. Nariño cuenta con primer nivel de atención en todos los municipios, segundo en cuatro y tercero en Pasto. De los 64 municipios tres no tienen barrera de acceso. Conclusiones: el tiempo de viaje y el medio de transporte son determinantes de barrera de acceso a salud, especialmente en las áreas del Pacífico de Nariño. 
Comprensión de la gestión de la política pública de protección integral de la infancia en Chile
Authors: Arcos-Griffiths Estela , Vollrath-Ramírez Antonia , Muñoz-González Luz Angélica , Sánchez-Segura Ximena
Published: January 2017

La desigualdad social afecta desfavorablemente el desarrollo infantil, por esto fue relevante comprender las experiencias vividas por los profesionales en la gestión de procesos del Sistema de Protección Integral de la Infancia en una comuna de la Región Metropolitana, Chile. Método: investigación descriptiva, cualitativa. Fueron entrevistados doce profesionales con cargos y funciones en un centro de salud familiar público. Se utilizó la entrevista en profundidad y para la interpretación de los datos el método fenomenológico desde la perspectiva de Schütz. Hallazgos: se develó el rol relevante que se atribuyeron en la implementación del sistema y resaltaron la complejidad y las dificultades en la gestión sistémica que requiere la política. Emergieron vivencias sobre la resistencia al cambio, la fragmentación de la gestión, la hegemonía del paradigma biomédico y la importancia de la participación ciudadana. La información reportada justifica el desarrollo de competencias para instalar una nueva gestión sanitaria sistémica en la red intersectorial del territorio local.
Zoonosis y otros problemas de salud pública relacionados con los animales: reflexiones a propósito de sus aproximaciones teóricas y metodológicas
Authors: Acero-Aguilar Myriam
Published: January 2017

Se identifican las limitaciones y los obstáculos del enfoque de riesgo en la comprensión e intervención de las zoonosis y de otros problemas de salud pública relacionados con los animales, bajo el argumento de que la epidemiología clásica, como disciplina principal de la salud pública, es un paradigma insuficiente para abordar el carácter social y complejo de la relación entre naturaleza y salud. Se presenta, en primer lugar, una reflexión sobre los modelos o enfoques predominantes y luego se exponen sus limitaciones en diálogo con algunos de los contenidos de la medicina social y la salud colectiva latinoamericanas. Finalmente, se invita a construir otras aproximaciones teóricas y metodológicas que complejicen el estudio de la interfaz animales, ambiente y salud.
Labyrinth Seal Leakage Degradation Due to Various Types of Wear
Authors: Dogu Yahya , Sertçakan Mustafa C. , Gezer Koray , Kocagül Mustafa , Arıcan Ercan , Ozmusul Murat S.
Published: January 2017

This paper systematically presents a complete leakage comparison for various types of wear experienced by labyrinth seals. Labyrinth seals used in turbine engines are designed to work at a clearance during steady-state engine operations. The tooth tip rubs the stator and wears either itself or the stator surface during transient operations, depending on the material properties of the tooth and stator. Any type of wear that increases clearance or deforms the tooth tip will cause permanent and unpredictable leakage degradation. This negatively affects the engine's overall efficiency, durability, and life. The teeth have been reported to wear into a mushroom profile or into a rounded profile. A rub-groove on the opposing surface may form in several shapes. Based on a literature survey, five rub-groove shapes are considered in this work. They are rectangle, trapezoid (isosceles and acute), triangle, and ellipse. In this work, leakage degradation due to wear is numerically quantified for both mushroomed and rounded tooth wear profiles. It also includes analyses on rounded teeth with the formation of five rub-groove shapes. All parameters are analyzed at various operating conditions (clearance, pressure ratio, number of teeth, and rotor speed). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses are carried out by employing compressible turbulent flow in a 2D axisymmetrical coordinate system. CFD analyses show that the following tooth-wear conditions affect leakage from least to greatest: unworn, rounded, and mushroomed. These are for an unworn flat stator. It is also observed that rub-groove shapes considerably affect the leakage depending on the clearance. Leakage increases with the following groove profiles: triangular, rectangular, acute trapezoidal, isosceles trapezoidal, and elliptical. The results show that any type of labyrinth seal wear has significant effects on leakage. Therefore, leakage degradation due to wear should be considered during the engine design phase.
Use of Rib Turbulators to Enhance Postimpingement Heat Transfer for Curved Surface
Authors: Hossain Jahed , Curbelo Andres , Garrett Christian , Wang Wenping , Kapat Jayanta , Thorpe Steven , Maurer Michael
Published: January 2017

The present study aims to investigate the heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics for multiple rows of jets impinging on a curved surface in the presence of rib turbulators. The target plate contains a straight section downstream of the impingement section. The rib turbulators are added only over the straight section, in an attempt to enhance the heat transfer while minimizing the pressure loss. The jet plate configuration in this study has fixed jet hole diameters and hole spacing. For the curved plate, the radius of the target plate is 32 times the diameter of the impingement holes. Impingement array configuration was chosen such that validation and comparison can be made with the open literature. For all the configurations, crossflow air is drawn out in the streamwise direction. Average jet Reynolds numbers ranging from 55,000 to 125,000 were tested. Heat transfer characteristics are measured using steady-state temperature-sensitive paint (TSP) to obtain local heat transfer distribution. The experimental results are compared with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. CFD results show that CFD simulations predict the heat transfer distribution well in the postimpingement area with turbulators.
Technical Brief: Knockdown Factor for the Buckling of Spherical Shells Containing Large-Amplitude Geometric Defects
Authors: Jiménez Francisco López , Marthelot Joel , Lee Anna , Hutchinson John W. , Reis Pedro M.
Published: January 2017

We explore the effect of precisely defined geometric imperfections on the buckling load of spherical shells under external pressure loading, using finite-element analysis that was previously validated through precision experiments. Our numerical simulations focus on the limit of large amplitude defects and reveal a lower bound that depends solely on the shell radius to thickness ratio and the angular width of the defect. It is shown that, in the large amplitude limit, the buckling load depends on an single geometric parameter, even for shells of moderate radius to thickness ratio. Moreover, numerical results on the knockdown factor are fitted to an empirical, albeit general, functional form that may be used as a robust design guideline for the critical buckling conditions of pressurized spherical shells.
Energy-Aware Material Selection for Product With Multicomponent Under Cloud Environment
Authors: Bi Luning , Zuo Ying , Tao Fei , Liao T. W. , Liu Zhuqing
Published: January 2017

Energy consumption in manufacturing has risen to be a global concern. Material selection in the product design phase is of great significance to energy conservation and emission reduction. However, because of the limitation of the current life-cycle energy analysis and optimization method, such concerns have not been adequately addressed in material selection. To fill in this gap, a process to build a comprehensive multi-objective optimization model for automated multimaterial selection (MOO–MSS) on the basis of cloud manufacturing is developed in this paper. The optimizing method, named local search-differential group leader algorithm (LS-DGLA), is a hybrid of differential evolution and local search with the group leader algorithm (GLA), constructed for better flexibility to handle different needs for various product designs. Compared with a number of evolutionary algorithms and nonevolutionary algorithms, it is observed that LS-DGLA performs better in terms of speed, stability, and searching capability.
Optimizing Stiffness and Dexterity of Planar Adaptive Cable-Driven Parallel Robots
Authors: Abdolshah Saeed , Zanotto Damiano , Rosati Giulio , Agrawal Sunil K.
Published: January 2017

Adaptive cable-driven parallel robots are a special subclass of cable-driven systems in which the locations of the pulley blocks are modified as a function of the end-effector pose to obtain optimal values of given performance indices within a target workspace. Due to their augmented kinematic redundancy, such systems enable larger workspace volume and higher performance compared to traditional designs featuring the same number of cables. Previous studies have introduced a systematic method to optimize design and trajectory planning of the moving pulley-blocks for a given performance index. In this paper, we study the motions of the pulley blocks that optimize two performance indices simultaneously: stiffness and dexterity. Specifically, we present a method to determine the pulley blocks motions that guarantee ideal dexterity with the best feasible elastic stiffness, as well as those that guarantee isotropic elastic stiffness with the best feasible dexterity. We demonstrate the proposed approach on some practical cases of planar adaptive cable-driven parallel robots.
Development of Aspiration-Assisted End-Cut Coaxial Biopsy Needles
Authors: Wu Pei-Ying , Kahraman Hamit , Yamaguchi Hitomi
Published: January 2017

Needle biopsy procedures, such as fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy, are used to extract tissue samples for diagnosis, and collection of larger samples allows for more accurate diagnosis of cancers. The combination of lower needle insertion force, less needle deflection, and reduced friction between the tissue and needle surface also leads to a more efficient biopsy procedure. In this research, a new end-cut-type coaxial needle with a modified aspiration mechanism has been developed to extract large tissue with minimal damage. The study shows that the clearance between the inner stylette and external needle and the insertion speed are the key factors affecting the biopsy performance including syringe friction force and amount of tissue extracted. Larger tissue samples (gelatin and chicken breast are used as samples here) can be obtained when inserting at lower speeds and using coaxial needles with smaller clearances between the external needles and inner stylettes. For solid samples (gelatin), the space inside the external needle is nearly filled with the solid sample. For samples consisting of both solid (chicken meat) and liquid components, a slower needle insertion results in extraction of more liquid than solid. To extract larger solid samples, high-speed needle insertion is required. This paper presents the design and manufacture of the system, protocol to evaluate the needle biopsy, and evaluation of the needle biopsy performance using gelatin and chicken breast as tissue samples.
Detection of Cracks in 25Cr35NiNb Ethylene Pyrolysis Furnace Tubes by Metal Magnetic Memory Technique
Authors: Guo Pengju , Chen Tao , Lian Xiaoming , Ye Juan , Guan Weihe , Chen Xuedong
Published: January 2017

Cracking in 25Cr35NiNb pyrolysis furnace tubes is difficult to detect in engineering production. This paper presents a metal magnetic memory technique for inspecting cracks. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique, positions where abnormal magnetic signals existed were rechecked by penetration testing and scanning electron microscopy. Magnetic memory technique results agree well with penetration testing and scanning electron microscope results, providing an effective method to detect cracks in 25Cr35NiNb pyrolysis furnace tubes. However, further research is required for the magnetic memory technique to attain full maturity for use in engineering applications.
A Hermite Spline Layerwise Time Domain Spectral Finite Element for Guided Wave Prediction in Laminated Composite and Sandwich Plates
Authors: Rekatsinas C. S. , Saravanos D. A.
Published: January 2017

A new time domain spectral plate finite element (FE) is developed to provide fast numerical calculations of guided waves and transient phenomena in laminated composite and sandwich plates. A new multifield layerwise laminate theory provides the basis for the FE, which incorporates cubic Hermite polynomial splines for the approximation of the in-plane and transverse displacement fields through the thickness of the plate, enabling the modeling of symmetric and antisymmetric wave modes. The time domain spectral FE with multi-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) per node is subsequently formulated, which uses integration points collocated with the nodes to yield consistent diagonal lumped mass matrix which expedites the explicit time integration process. Numerical simulations of wave propagation in aluminum, laminated carbon/epoxy and thick sandwich plates are presented and validated with an analytical solution and a three-dimensional (3D) solid element; moreover, the capability to accurately and rapidly predict antisymmetric and symmetric guided waves is demonstrated.
Electroplated Connections Between Carbon Fiber and Nickel
Authors: Bilger Christopher , Bruck Hugh A. , Dasgupta Abhijit
Published: January 2017

Carbon has become an attractive material for electronic packaging applications, such as interconnects, because of its low density and reasonable electrical conductivity. One challenge in these applications is overcoming the inherent chemical incompatibility between carbon and metals that limits adhesion. Recently, we explored a new technique for electroplating carbon fibers with nickel. Electroplated carbon fiber tows were soldered to nickel metal tabs using SAC 305 (Sn3Ag0.5Cu). The electroplated nickel was found to be free of microvoids with (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 forming as intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in an annular region presumed to be Ni3Sn4 at the SAC 305-Ni interface. Mechanical characterization of the carbon fiber–nickel interface revealed bond strengths up to 434 N, which is similar to a 22 gauge high strength copper clad steel. Electrical resistances were found to be as low as 1.1 Ω for a 38.1 mm long connection. Carbon–metal connections prepared using silver epoxy were found to have 80% lower load bearing capacity and 10–20% higher electrical resistance. Battery discharge tests indicated that the carbon connections reduced performance by only 4% compared to conventional copper. The performance drop increased to 7% when the discharge time was increased by 50%, indicating some thermal dependence. The electroplating technique is a fairly simple and inexpensive means of enhancing the wettability of carbon fiber to create scalable carbon-based conductors for low current systems.
Combined Dielectrophoretic and Electrohydrodynamic Conduction Pumping for Enhancement of Liquid Film Flow Boiling
Authors: Patel Viral K. , Seyed-Yagoobi Jamal
Published: January 2017

This paper extends previous liquid film flow boiling studies by including the effect of an additional electrohydrodynamic (EHD) force, namely, the dielectrophoretic (DEP) force. Rather than using only EHD conduction pumping of the liquid film to electro-wet the heater surface, a localized nonuniform electric field above the heater surface is established to generate a DEP force for improved vapor bubble extraction during the nucleate boiling regime. The effects of liquid film height and applied potential are studied as a function of heater superheat and heat flux. A brief analytical study is also used to estimate the expected DEP force magnitude to explain the results. All of the above studies are also used to quantify the enhancement in heat transfer that can be achieved when heat transport systems are driven or augmented by these two EHD mechanisms. The results show remarkable enhancement of up to 1217% in boiling heat transfer coefficient at a given superheat when both mechanisms are used simultaneously. The experimental data are important for applications in thermal management in terrestrial and space conditions.
Analysis of Torque in Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy 5052 by Inverse Problem Method
Authors: Quintana Cuellar Karen Johanna , Silveira Jose Luis L.
Published: January 2017

Torque influences the main phenomena that occur during friction stir welding (FSW) process. However, models for torque have received little attention. In this paper, inverse problem method is used to estimate the parameters for a model for torque, measured during FSW experiments for different combinations of rotational and welding speeds. The experimental results are used as input data to estimate the model parameters. The results showed a good agreement between the experimental data and the model obtained using the inverse problem method. The influence of the tool geometry on torque was observed by comparing previously published experimental results and the experimental data presented.