bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of the ICD-11 Beta Draft from the German Perspective: Evaluation Based on the Alphabet of ICD-10-GM 2017
Authors: Stausberg Jürgen
Published: September 2018

Objectives: The German Association for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology implemented a field test for the ICD-11 Beta Draft. Aim was to analyze completeness and appropriateness of the ICD-11 Beta Draft in its entire breadth.

Methods: Starting point was the synonym thesaurus (“Alphabet”) of the German modification of ICD-10. The Alphabet included a list of diagnoses terms that supports the coding of diagnoses with ICD-10. A sample of 60,328 diagnosis terms was drawn to be mapped to the ICD-11 Beta Draft. A subsample of 13,975 diagnosis terms was prepared for assessing reliability. First, the coders had to assign a diagnosis term from the sample to an appropriate English one. This included the automatic selection of the respective code from the ICD-11 Beta Draft. Secondly, the coders had to answer questions regarding completeness, appropriateness, and other issues.

Results: Finally, 49,184 results from 36 coders were available for the analysis. Problems with completeness were indicated in 4.7% of the results, problems with appropriateness in 5.3%. On the level of chapters, Cohen’s kappa reached grade “fair” at a maximum. The coders agreed in 31.4% of the terms.

Conclusions: Problems with the ICD-11 Beta Draft appeared to be moderate. Completeness was high, reliability was low as it is known for ICD-10. Concerns with the structure of the ICD-11 Beta Draft were noted, e. g. for neoplasms. A post processing of the ICD-11 Beta Draft seems to be sufficient with regard to the content. Methodologically, a thorough review of the structure might be advisable.
ALMA Observations of Polarized Emission toward the CW Tau and DG Tau Protoplanetary Disks: Constraints on Dust Grain Growth and Settling
Authors: Bacciotti Francesca , Miquel Girart Josep , Padovani Marco , Podio Linda , Paladino Rosita , Testi Leonardo , Bianchi Eleonora , Galli Daniele , Codella Claudio , Coffey Deirdre , Favre Cecile , Fedele Davide
Published: September 2018

We present polarimetric data of CW Tau and DG Tau, two well-known Class II disk/jet systems, obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) at 870 μm and 0.″2 average resolution. In CW Tau, the total and polarized emission are both smooth and symmetric, with polarization angles almost parallel to the minor axis of the projected disk. In contrast, DG Tau displays a structured polarized emission, with an elongated brighter region in the disk’s near side and a belt-like feature beyond about 0.″3 from the source. At the same time, the total intensity is spatially smooth, with no features. The polarization pattern, almost parallel to the minor axis in the inner region, becomes azimuthal in the outer belt, possibly because of a drop in optical depth. The polarization fraction has average values of 1.2% in CW Tau and 0.4% in DG Tau. Our results are consistent with polarization from self-scattering of the dust thermal emission. In this hypothesis, the maximum size of the grains contributing to polarization is in the range 100–150 μm for CW Tau and 50–70 μm for DG Tau. The polarization maps combined with dust opacity estimates indicate that these grains are distributed in a geometrically thin layer in CW Tau, representing a settling in the disk midplane. Meanwhile, such settling is not yet apparent for DG Tau. These results advocate polarization studies as a fundamental complement to total emission observations, in investigations of the structure and the evolution of protoplanetary disks.
The Expansion of the Young Supernova Remnant 0509-68.7 (N103B)
Authors: Williams Brian J. , Blair William P. , Borkowski Kazimierz J. , Ghavamian Parviz , Hendrick Sean P. , Long Knox S. , Petre Robert , Raymond John C. , Rest Armin , Reynolds Stephen P. , Sankrit Ravi , Seitenzahl Ivo R. , Winkler P. Frank
Published: September 2018

We present a second epoch of Chandra observations of the Type Ia Large Magellanic Cloud supernova remnant (SNR) 0509-68.7 (N103B) obtained in 2017. When combined with the earlier observations from 1999, we have a 17.4 year baseline with which we can search for evidence of the remnant’s expansion. Although the lack of strong point source detections makes absolute image alignment at the necessary accuracy impossible, we can measure the change in the diameter and the area of the remnant, and find that it has expanded by an average velocity of 4170 (2860, 5450) km s−1. This supports the picture of this being a young remnant; this expansion velocity corresponds to an undecelerated age of 850 years, making the real age somewhat younger, consistent with results from light echo studies. Previous infrared observations have revealed high densities in the western half of the remnant, likely from circumstellar material, so it is probable that the real expansion velocity is lower on that side of the remnant and higher on the eastern side. A similar scenario is seen in Kepler’s SNR. N103B joins the rare class of Magellanic Cloud SNRs with measured proper motions.
Analysis of Heat Transfer in a Cylindrical Spine Fin with Variable Thermal Properties
Authors: Fallo Nkejane , Moitsheki Raseelo Joel , Makinde Oluwole Daniel
Published: September 2018

In this paper we analyse the heat transfer in a cylindrical spine fin. Here, both the heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity are temperature dependent. The resulting 2+1 dimension partial differential equation (PDE) is rendered nonlinear and difficult to solve exactly, particularly with prescribed initial and boundary conditions. We employ the three dimensional differential transform methods (3D DTM) to contract the approximate analytical solutions. Furthermore we utilize numerical techniques to determine approximate numerical solutions. The effects of parameters, appearing in the boundary value problem (BVP), on temperature profile of the fin are studied.
Penetrative Internally Heated Convection in Magnetic Fluids
Authors: Mahajan Amit , Ram Paras , Makinde Oluwole Daniel
Published: September 2018

Convection in an internally heated magnetic fluid is analyzed for rigid – rigid and rigid – free boundary surfaces with zero temperature at top and no heat flux at the lower surface. Linear stability analysis is performed for a variety of internal heat source models and the corresponding Eigen value problem is solved by Chebyshev Pseudospectral method.
Predicting the Temperature Distribution in Longitudinal Fins of Various Profiles with Power Law Thermal Properties Using the Variational Iteration Method
Authors: Ndlovu Luyanda Partner , Moitsheki Raseelo Joel
Published: September 2018

In this article, the variational iteration method (VIM) is used to analyze heat transfer in longitudinal fins of various profiles with temperature dependent thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient. In order to show the efficiency of the VIM, the results obtained using the VIM are compared with the previously obtained results using the differential transform method (DTM) and Lie group analysis of a fin problem with the rectangular profile. After establishing confidence in VIM, heat transfer is analyzed to determine the temperature profiles in longitudinal fins of various profiles with power law thermal properties. The temperature distribution is compared between various profiles. The effects of some physical parameters such as the thermo-geometric fin parameter and thermal conductivity gradient on temperature distribution are illustrated.
Numerical Investigation of Developing Natural Convection in Vertical Double-Passage Porous Annuli
Authors: N. Girish , Makinde Oluwole Daniel , Sankar M.
Published: September 2018

The present study deals with the numerically investigation of developing laminar natural convection in the vertical double-passage porous annuli formed by three vertical concentric cylinders of which the middle cylinder is a thin and perfectly conductive known as baffle. In this analysis, two thermal conditions are considered namely, either inner or outer cylindrical wall is constantly heated while the opposite wall is insulated. An implicit finite difference technique is employed to solve the boundary layer equations in both the annular passages. The temperature profiles and velocity profiles in axial as well as radial directions have been presented for different values of Grashof number, Darcy number, baffle position and radius ratio. The results reveal that both physical and geometrical parameters have profound influence on the development of velocity and thermal fields as well as heat transfer rate.
Rotating Slip Flow in a Shrinking Permeable Channel Considering Hall Current Effects
Authors: Das Sanatan , Tarafdar Bikarna , Makinde Oluwole Daniel , Jana Rabindra Nath
Published: September 2018

A mathematical model is proposed to the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) slip flow in a shrinking permeable channel to simulate and scrutinize the effects of Hall current in a rotating frame of reference. The lower plate of the channel is shrinking permeable and subjected to uniform suction. The partial differential equations governing the flow are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformation. Numerical computations are performed with the shooting iteration scheme alongside Runge-Kutta fourth-order method. The physical behavior of obtained solution are investigated diagrammatically by considering the effects of various pertinent parameters. Numerical results reveal that an increase in Hall parameter leads to an increase in secondary flow. Results also reveal that rotation and slip at the surface of sheet substantially influence the flow, and control the shear stress.
Spectral Relaxation Method for Powell-Eyring Fluid Flow Past a Radially Stretching Heated Disk Surface in a Porous Medium
Authors: Gangadhar K. , Babu P.R. Sobhana , Makinde Oluwole Daniel
Published: September 2018

In this study we use a spectral relaxation method to investigate heat transfer in axisymmetric slip flow of a MHD Powell-Eyring fluid over a radially stretching surface embedded in porous medium with viscous dissipation. The transformed governing system of nonlinear differential equations was solved numerically using the spectral relaxation method that has been proposed for the solution of nonlinear boundary layer equations. Results were obtained for the skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number as well as the velocity and temperature profiles for the same values of the governing physical and fluid parameters. Validation of the results was reached by the comparison with limiting cases from previous studies in the literature. We show that the proposed technique is an efficient numerical algorithm with assured convergence that serves as an alternative to common numerical methods for solving nonlinear boundary value problems. We show that the convergence rate of the spectral relaxation method is significant improved by using the method in conjunction with the successive over - relaxation method.
MHD Flow of a Carreau Fluid Past a Stretching Cylinder with Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux Using Spectral Relaxation Method
Authors: Gangadhar K. , Ramana K.V. , Makinde Oluwole Daniel , Kumar B. Rushi
Published: September 2018

A theoretical investigation of a hydromagnetic boundary layer flow of Carreau fluid over a stretching cylinder with surface slippage and temperature jump is presented in this paper. It is assumed that heat transfer characteristics of the flow follows Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model base on conventional Fourier’s law with thermal relaxation time. The spectral relaxation method (SRM) is being utilized to provide the solution of highly nonlinear system of coupled partial differential equations converted into dimensionless governing equations. The behaviour of flow parameters on velocity, temperature distributions are sketched as well as analyzed physically. The result indicates that the temperature distribution decay for higher temperature jump and thermal relaxation parameters respectively.
Apoyo a la toma de decisión en una red de evaporadores industriales
Authors: Kalliski Marc , Pitarch José Luis , Jasch Christian , De Prada César
Published: September 2018

La planificación de la producción y tareas de mantenimiento en una red de  equipos es una tarea cuya complejidad aumenta exponencialmente con el número de productos, equipos y tareas. Encontrar soluciones óptimas económicas o de eficiencia de recursos) se hace especialmente difícil para un planificador humano, más aún cuando se requiere tomar decisiones en breves periodos de tiempo. Este trabajo aborda el problema de distribución de carga en tiempo real y programación de limpiezas en una red de evaporadores industriales mediante herramientas de ayuda a la decisión basadas en optimización mixta entera con modelos. Las herramientas propuestas tienen en cuenta las preferencias de visualización de los operarios y están integradas con el sistema de supervisión de la planta. Además de proporcionar recomendaciones para la operación óptima de la red, se incluye un sistema semiautomático de actualización de modelos basado en datos históricos de operación.
Optimización de Funciones de Coste para Control Predictivo de Máquinas de Inducción Multifásicas
Authors: Arahal Manuel R. , Kowal G. Agnieszka , Barrerro Federico , Castilla María del Mar
Published: September 2018

El control de máquinas de inducción multifásicas avanza con la incorporación de controladores predictivos que actúan directamente sobre el inversor sin mediar moduladores. Se lleva a cabo en tiempo discreto, mediante una optimización exhaustiva de los estados posibles del inversor. La optimización utiliza una función de coste que penaliza desviaciones de la referencia y otros efectos indeseados, por lo que su diseño tiene gran importancia en el comportamiento en bucle cerrado. En este artículo se presenta una nueva estrategia para el diseño de funciones de coste y su optimización. Se presentan resultados de simulación correspondientes a una máquina de cinco fases y se compara con el método tradicional, todo ello en el contexto de control predictivo de corrientes de estátor.
Policy, Belief and Practice in the Secondary English Classroom
Authors: Marshall Bethan , Gibbons Simon , Hayward Louise , Spencer Ernest
Published: September 2018

Studies of comparative classroom practice in the teaching of secondary English are limited, especially when it comes to exploration of the day-to-day practice of English teachers in the secondary classroom. This book presents a case study analysis of secondary classroom practice in three countries: Canada, England and Scotland. Each country has had different degrees of state involvement within the secondary English curriculum over the last twenty years. England has had the highest degree of state involvement in that it has had several statutory national curricula and a variety of assessment regimes. Scotland has had a non- statutory curriculum and no national tests and Canada has had no national curriculum at all, with education being determined at province level, and each province varying its policies.

The research adopts a case study approach involving both classroom observation and interviews with teachers. Through this, the authors explore the impact of state involvement on the reality of what happens in secondary English classrooms. The book invites readers to consider the applicability of the findings to their own contexts, to examine their own practice in the light of this and to consider the nature of the relationships between policy, personal belief and practice in the teaching of English.
Black Litigants in the Antebellum American South
Authors: Welch Kimberly M.
Published: September 2018

In the antebellum Natchez district, in the heart of slave country, black people sued white people in all-white courtrooms. They sued to enforce the terms of their contracts, recover unpaid debts, recuperate back wages, and claim damages for assault. They sued in conflicts over property and personal status. And they often won. Based on new research conducted in courthouse basements and storage sheds in rural Mississippi and Louisiana, Kimberly Welch draws on over 1,000 examples of free and enslaved black litigants who used the courts to protect their interests and reconfigure their place in a tense society. To understand their success, Welch argues that we must understand the language that they used—the language of property, in particular—to make their claims recognizable and persuasive to others and to link their status as owner to the ideal of a free, autonomous citizen. In telling their stories, Welch reveals a previously unknown world of black legal activity, one that is consequential for understanding the long history of race, rights, and civic inclusion in America.
A Shabby Meanness
Authors: Walsh Camille
Published: September 2018

Chapter One introduces the early history of taxpayer civil rights litigation against segregated and unequal education from the post-Civil War era until the turn of the twentieth century. In these 19th century cases and opinions, there was a continual assertion of a legal identity as taxpayers by families of color, and this chapter traces the way taxpayer citizenship became linked to the idea of a right to education in these families' arguments and claims, and even occasionally in the judges' opinions. Nonetheless, even the victories in many of these segregation cases were in name only, as plaintiffs of color continued to struggle without adequate remedy after courts granted a superficial nod to their taxpayer claims.
Snow scavenging and phase partitioning of nitrated and oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons in polluted and remote environments in central Europe and the European Arctic
Authors: Shahpoury Pourya , Kitanovski Zoran , Lammel Gerhard
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N/OPAHs) are
emitted in combustion processes and formed in polluted air. Their
environmental cycling through wet deposition has hardly been studied. Fresh
snow samples at urban and rural sites in central Europe, as well as surface
snow from a remote site in Svalbard, were analysed for 17 NPAHs, 8 OPAHs, and
11 nitrated mono-aromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs), of which most N/OPAHs as well
as nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids, and 4-nitroguaiacol are studied for
the first time in precipitation. In order to better understand the scavenging
mechanisms, the particulate mass fractions (θ) at 273 K were
predicted using a multi-phase gas-particle partitioning model based on
polyparameter linear free energy relationships. ∑NPAH concentrations
were 1.2–17.6 and 8.8–19.1 ng L−1 at urban and rural sites, whereas
∑OPAHs were 79.8–955.2 and 343.3–1757.4 ng L−1 at these sites,
respectively. 9,10-anthraquinone was predominant in snow aqueous and
particulate phases. NPAHs were only found in the particulate phase with
9-nitroanthracene being predominant followed by 2-nitrofluoranthene. Among
NMAHs, 4-nitrophenol showed the highest abundance in both phases. The levels
found for nitrophenols were in the same range or lower than those reported in
the 1980s and 1990s. The lowest levels of ∑N/OPAHs and ∑NMAHs
were found at the remote site (3.5 and 390.5 ng L−1, respectively).
N/OPAHs preferentially partitioned in snow particulate phase in accordance
with predicted θ, whereas NMAHs were predominant in the aqueous phase,
regardless of θ. It is concluded that the phase distribution of
non-polar N/OPAHs in snow is determined by their gas-particle partitioning
prior to snow scavenging, whereas that for polar particulate phase
substances, i.e. NMAHs, is determined by an interplay between gas-particle
partitioning in the aerosol and dissolution during in- or below-cloud
scavenging.
Carbon dioxide emissions in Northern China based on atmospheric
observations from 2005 to 2009
Authors: Dayalu Archana , Munger J. William , Wang Yuxuan , Wofsy Steven C. , Zhao Yu , Nehrkorn Thomas , Nielsen Chris , McElroy Michael B. , Chang Rachel
Published: September 2018

Abstract. China has pledged reduction of carbon dioxide emissions per unit GDP by 60–65 % relative to 2005 levels, and to peak carbon emissions overall by 2030. However, disagreement among available inventories makes it difficult for China to track progress toward these goals and evaluate the efficacy of regional control measures. In this study, we evaluate three anthropogenic CO2 inventories by tracking the fidelity of predicted concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere to observations, focusing on the key commitment period for the Paris accords (2005) and the Beijing Olympics (2008). One inventory is China-specific and two are spatial subsets of global inventories. The inventories differ in spatial resolution, basis in national or subnational statistics, and reliance on global or China-specific emission factors. We use a unique set of historical atmospheric observations from 2005–2009 to evaluate the three CO2 emissions inventories within China's heavily industrialized and populated Northern region accounting for ~33–41 % of national emissions. Each anthropogenic inventory is combined with estimates of biogenic CO2 within a high-resolution atmospheric transport framework to model the time series of CO2 observations. Model-observation mismatch in concentration units is translated to mass units and used to optimize the original inventories in the measurement influence region, largely corresponding to Northern China. Except for the peak growing season, where assessment of anthropogenic emissions is entangled with the strong vegetation signal, we find the China-specific inventory based on subnational data and domestic field-studies agrees significantly better with observations than the global inventories at all timescales. On average, over the study time period, the China-specific inventory has substantially larger (20 %) emissions for all China than the global inventories. Our analysis uses observations to support and justify increased development of China-specific inventories in tracking China's progress towards reducing emissions. Here we are restricted to a single measurement site; effectively optimizing inventories at relevant spatial scales requires multiple high temporal resolution observations. We emphasize the need for a denser observational network in future efforts to measure and verify CO2 emissions for China both regionally and as a whole.
Monitoring potential ionospheric changes caused by Van earthquake (Mw 7.2)
Authors: Inyurt Samed , Peker Selcuk , Mekik Cetin
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Many scientists from different disciplines have studied earthquakes for many years. As a result of these studies, it has been proposed that some changes take place in the ionosphere layer before, during or after earthquakes, and the ionosphere should be monitored in earthquake prediction studies. This study investigates the changes in the ionosphere created by the earthquake with magnitude of Mw=7.2 in the northwest of the Lake Erçek which is located to the north of the province of Van in Turkey on 23 October 2011 and at 1.41 pm local time (−3 UT) with the epicenter of 38.75° N, 43.36° E using the TEC values obtained by the Global Ionosphere Models (GIM) created by IONOLAB-TEC and CODE. In order to see whether the ionospheric changes obtained by the study in question were caused by the earthquake or not, the ionospheric conditions were studied by utilizing indices providing information on solar and geomagnetic activities (F10.7 cm, Kp, Dst). One of the results of the statistical test on the TEC values obtained from the both models, positive and negative anomalies were obtained for the times before, on the day of and after the earthquake, and the reasons for these anomalies are discussed in detail in the last section of the study. As the ionospheric conditions in the analyzed days were highly variable, it was thought that the anomalies were caused by geomagnetic effects, solar activity and the earthquake.
Interannual variability of wind climates and wind turbine annual energy production
Authors: Pryor Sara C. , Shepherd Tristan J. , Barthelmie Rebecca J.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The interannual variability (IAV) of expected annual energy production (AEP)
from proposed wind farms plays a key role in dictating project financing. IAV
in preconstruction projected AEP and the difference in 50th and
90th percentile (P50 and P90) AEP derive in part from variability in
wind climates. However, the magnitude of IAV in wind speeds at or close to wind
turbine hub heights is poorly defined and may be overestimated by assuming
annual mean wind speeds are Gaussian distributed with a standard deviation
(σ) of 6 %, as is widely applied within the wind energy industry.
There is a need for improved understanding of the long-term wind resource and
the IAV therein in order to generate more robust predictions of the financial
value of a wind energy project. Long-term simulations of wind speeds near
typical wind turbine hub heights over the eastern USA indicate median gross
capacity factors (computed using 10 min wind speeds close to wind turbine
hub heights and the power curve of the most common wind turbine deployed in
the region) that are in good agreement with values derived from operational
wind farms. The IAV of annual mean wind speeds at or near typical wind
turbine hub heights in these simulations and AEP computed using the power
curve of the most commonly deployed wind turbine is lower than is implied by
assuming σ=6 %. Indeed, rather than 9 out of 10 years
exhibiting AEP within 0.9 and 1.1 times the long-term mean AEP as implied by
assuming a Gaussian distribution with σ of 6 %, the results
presented herein indicate that in over 90 % of the area in the eastern USA
that currently has operating wind turbines, simulated AEP lies within 0.94 and
1.06 of the long-term average. Further, the IAV of estimated AEP is not
substantially larger than IAV in mean wind speeds. These results indicate it
may be appropriate to reduce the IAV applied to preconstruction AEP
estimates to account for variability in wind climates, which would decrease
the cost of capital for wind farm developments.
Curriculum Vitae: A photographic essay of elderly urban workers from Peru
Authors: Ramos Bonilla Gabriela , Tirado Ratto Erika Jaclyn
Published: September 2018

No Abstract
Rhetorical Listening, Silence, and Cultural (Dis)identifications in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Revisiting the “Raft Episode” Again, Ugh!
Authors: Click Ben
Published: September 2018

This article offers a new interpretation of the thirteen-page “raft episode,” originally intended as part of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn yet never appearing in any edition during Twain's lifetime. The episode has been problematic for both editors and readers, to say the least. Editors must decide whether to include it or not, and readers must decide how to interpret it if it is included. This article focuses on the episode as the longest stretch of Huck's silence in the book and argues that it models the kind of work silence performs in achieving a basic coherence for the narrative. More broadly, it shows how Twain imbues the book with silences wherein the trope of rhetorical listening, as witnessed through and practiced by Huck, enacts a stance of openness for Huck and engenders that stance for the reader in order to encounter and make sense of the cross-cultural exchanges that occur in Huck's silent dialectics. The argument briefly contextualizes the editorial problem and the episode's rhetorical exigence for both Life on the Mississippi and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It then clarifies the theoretical uses of silence, rhetorical listening, and identification. And, finally, it analyzes how silence and rhetorical listening function before, during, and after the raft episode.
The Colorless History of That Dull Country Town: Color-Blind Racism in Pudd'nhead Wilson
Authors: Maresca Virginia
Published: September 2018

This article draws parallels between Twain's critique of racial ideology in Pudd'nhead Wilson and the modern concept of color-blind racism to argue that Twain's seeming avoidance of racial issues actually highlights a new, burgeoning racial ideology. Using Eduardo Bonilla-Silva's four classifications of color-blind racism, the article explores how Twain's characters, narrator, and setting exhibit the frames of naturalization, minimization, cultural racism, and abstract liberalism that enable this ideological bias. Twain diagnoses a social evil that takes shape in the Jim Crow era but continues today, outlining how our institutions not only create and reinforce systemic racism but also our blindness to it.
This Way to the Egress: The Humbug of Barnum and Twain
Authors: Dixon Christine Benner
Published: September 2018

When P. T. Barnum needed to move dawdling spectators out of his museum, he posted signs over the exits that read, “This Way to the Egress.” Standing suddenly on the street, Barnum's gullible patrons were left with two choices: pay for reentry or choose to see the world as the grand spectacle, the ultimate humbug. Barnum's sly redirection of his audience is re-created in Mark Twain's writing. Like Barnum, Twain challenges the boundaries of the joke, the fiction, the text. What begins as a romantic spectacle of fiction bleeds into the more inscrutable (and participatory) spectacle of its context: reality. This article examines this literary tactic in three texts: Pudd'nhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins, The Mysterious Stranger, and Mark Twain's Autobiography. Here, the humbugs of society, self, and celebrity stand under close scrutiny. The exhibition of the Barnumesque real-or-manufactured marvels forces us to the exit without ever admitting that the show is over.
Mark Twain's “Assault of Laughter”: Reflections on the Perplexing History of an Appealing Idea
Authors: Kersten Holger
Published: September 2018

“Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand,” one of Mark Twain's most famous quotes, propounds the idea that humor can serve as a social corrective in American political life. Mark Twain scholars and the general public have tended to regard these words as a condensed version of the writer's credo as a humorist. By retracing the history of the phrase, which first appeared in The Mysterious Stranger, six years after Mark Twain's death, and by placing it in the context of nineteenth-century American political humor, this article draws attention to the tensions between the original meaning and its popular interpretation. At the same time, it illustrates the difficulties and complexities involved in the attempt to portray Mark Twain's concept of humor.
Miles to Go: The Prince and the Pauper in Film and Television
Authors: Davis Hugh H.
Published: September 2018

In its 130-year history, The Prince and the Pauper has held a legacy of being one of Mark Twain's most-popular works, but it has often been dismissed as a children's book or simplistic tale, a likely result of popular culture presentations of the narrative. A survey of the many adaptations of the novel reveals an apparent case of diminishing returns, with successive versions connecting less to Clemens's original vision, and the plot reduced to an outline in which lookalikes switch places and discover some variation of the idea that the grass is not truly greener on the other side. Where more serious versions reveal the social themes of the novel, many adaptations replace the potential for mature commentary with a simplistic comedy of errors. A review of The Prince and the Pauper through its pop cultural transformations reveals the popularity of the story while also showing filmmakers' tendencies to reshape Twain's narrative.
When the Candle Goes Out: The Complexity of Simple Jokes and the Limits of Satire
Authors: Melton Jeffrey
Published: September 2018

Much attention over the decades has been devoted to the nuances of humor in literature, especially regarding the power of satire to comment on American culture. This article focuses on the fragile collaboration between those who produce humor and those who respond to it as audiences to consider, in particular, the limits of laughter and comic satire to affect readers. This article uses two precise examples of humor in Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) as symbolic representations of distinct types of humor, one exhibiting the often overlooked complexity of simple jokes and the other an example of cultural satire. Juxtaposing these two examples exposes the tenuous relationship between humorists and audiences, a fragility that has troubling implications for the persuasive power of satire.
“Scribbling to excite the laughter of God's creatures”: Some Thoughts on “Mere” Humor, Entertainment, and Pleasure
Authors: Wuster Tracy
Published: September 2018

This article posits that entertainment and pleasure should be key aspects of humor studies—both in the study of so-called mere humor and so-called serious humor. Contrary to Satan's formulation—in Mark Twain's work—of humor as a metaphysical weapon (the idea that against “the assault of laughter” nothing can stand), this article argues for the relevance of other metaphors and other experiences in discussing humor and its impacts on human beings and human society.
Mark Twain's “Assault of Laughter” and the Limits of Political Humor
Authors: Kersten Holger
Published: September 2018

Soon after it first appeared in The Mysterious Stranger: A Romance (1916), the phrase “against the assault of laughter nothing can stand” became one of the most popular quotes from the work of Mark Twain. The present article draws attention to the complications that arise in the endeavor to examine the substance of a catch phrase that has enjoyed widespread popularity. To explore this issue, the article places Twain's phrase in the context in which it emerged. Drawing on examples of political humor from different phases of American literary and cultural history, the article then goes on to explore the implications of imagining humor and laughter as a subversive force. By supplementing this material with a brief survey of empirical research on the effects of humor and laughter, the article ultimately challenges the contention that humor and laughter might function as a corrective force in American culture.
Control of Malaria by Blocking Transmission of Plasmodium
Authors: Adejoh Johnson , Egua Maxwell O. , Okoh Michael P.
Published: September 2018

Malaria is a major global health problem with the greatest burden in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA). Unfortunately, Nigeria accounts for 25 percent of the world’s malaria burden and it accounts for more deaths than HIV/AIDS. The causative agent of malaria is plasmodium species. This paper reviews the current approaches to inhibiting plasmodium transmission, and the phyto active compound currently in use in the sSA (particularly in Nigeria) with the goal to ameliorate the high incidence of malaria and to correlating it with recent progress and scientific understanding.

Using search engines, several databases including Google scholar, Pub Med, Academic Resource Index, Scopus, etcetera, were utilized to source for relevant publications and literatures.

The complex life cycle of the Plasmodium species (causative agent of malaria) gives room for measures that can disrupt its completion. Several methods are currently being tested and experimented on to disrupt the parasite transmission. The disruption of a cell surface transport protein, Feline Leukemia Virus subgroup C Receptor (FLVCR) that pumps heme out of the cell; Gene silencing-techniques used to reduce the levels of FLVCR in the mosquito gut; Prevention of the interaction between the plasmodium TRAP and the Anopheles Saglin protein, which aid the malaria parasite invasion of the mosquito salivary gland; Prevention of the Interaction of Surface Enolase and Plasminogen of Mammalian Blood, disrupting an important role in ookinete invasion of the mosquito midgut; the use of Plants with antimicrobial peptides(cyclotide), that possess structural similarities to SM1 peptide, an inhibitor of plasmodium TRAP-saglin binding;and Use of Phyto-Active Compounds to Block Plasmodium Transmission. These approaches are novel methods in the control and transmission of plasmodium species/malaria.

Chemically, phytochemicals with structural similarities to artemisinin, (asesquiteterpene lactone containing an unusual peroxide bridge) is thought of to be present in certain plants with antimalarial and other medicinal value.
Do Elite Coaches from Disability Sport Use Psychological Techniques to Improve Their Athletes’ Sports Performance?
Authors: Bastos Tânia , Corredeira Rui , Probst Michel , Fonseca António M.
Published: September 2018

Goal-setting, imagery, relaxation and self-talk are psychological strategies crucial for successful psychological preparation and consequently for the improvement of the athlete’s sport performance. The coaches have an important role in the implementation of psychological skills training and may contribute to increase the use of psychological strategies by their athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the importance assigned to a group of psychological strategies (i.e., goal-setting, imagery, relaxation and self-talk) and its use in practice and competition setting by top elite coaches from disability sport. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted on ten elite Portuguese coaches. Content analysis was the qualitative methodology used for data analysis. Globally, the coaches acknowledge the importance of all four psychological strategies approached. However, the examination of the coaching routines on the application of psychological strategies suggested an undeveloped use of most of the strategies, specifically in the practice setting. Relaxation and self-talk were the most underused strategies. All the coaches reported the use of goal-setting in both the practice and competition setting. Overall, the present findings raise concerns about the effective contribution of Portuguese elite coaches for the development of successful psychological preparation among athletes with disabilities.
Modelização do clima urbano de Santa Maria, RS
Authors: Sartori Maria Da Graça Barros
Published: September 2018

Urbanization causes changes in the local climate by altering the atmosphere of a city and creating the urban climate. Attempting to verify the existence of urban climate in Santa Maria, climatic analysis was made of temperature, wind and relative humidity of data gathered in the field as well as from the meteorological station, in relaction to the regional atmospheric circulation analysis. The results of this study and samples from national and international finding, together with the local analysis of geoecological and geourban components, help in presenting a simulating model of the urban climate of Santa Maria located in the center of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Efeito do hexametônio sobre a contratilidade de músculo liso de cobaios provocada pelo extrato aquoso do fungo Ramaria Flavo Brunnescens
Authors: Chagas Ana Maria , Tabarelli Zuleica , Boelter Ruben , Kipper Lisandre , Flores Rejane Mello , Vaca José Antônio Aguilar
Published: September 2018

Animals poisoning by ingestion of Ramaria flava brunnescens fungus found in Eucalipto groves is common in Southern Brazil. This poisoning does not have an effective antidote yet and it is common to avoid the toxicity by removing the animals from these fields or by using atropin when fungus intoxication signals appear. Present work was reallized to elucidate the manner and place of action of this fungus aqueous extract on isolated guinea pig ileum. For this purpose, we used Magnus Bath and strain transducer to Physiograph connect. Experiences were realized with 18 ileum tested with 10 mcg Nicotine. 24.600 mcg Ramaria flavo brunnescens fungus' aqueous extract and 30 mcg Hexametonium. Those concentrations were choosen from pilot experiences. The results showed that uses of this fungus extract provokes smooth muscle contraction similar to that of nicotin, the difference between both occurs due to Hexametone blockade impossibility. This fact suggests that the death mechanism of animals that eat this fungus is not due to ganglionar stimulation.
Um modelo computacional para reforço de conteúdo programático no estudo de intervalos
Authors: Ries Lilian Mari Kieling , Cechin Bernadete , Denardin Ceris Baratto
Published: September 2018

This study aims at presenting a model for a computational program which allows students of the first grade in the secondary schools to reinforce the subject content of the operations between two real finite intervals. The operations which are developed are the union and the intersection between two set. A 64 Kb, 8 bits, BASIC language APPLE computer was utilized in the developement of the program.
Illuminating Rectangle Border Challenges
Authors: Coomes Jacqueline
Published: September 2018

Turn a light on the Rectangle Border problem and watch students make connections among multiple representations to better understand structure.
An Application of Mathematics to Computer Programming: Connecting Translation Vectors, the Minkowski Difference, and Collision Detection
Authors: Lee Younhee , Lu Qi , Lim Woong
Published: September 2018

Translation by a vector in the coordinate plane is first introduced in precalculus and connects to the basic theory of vector spaces in linear algebra. In this article, we explore the topic of collision detection in which the idea of a translation vector plays a significant role. Because collision detection has various applications in video games, virtual simulations, and robotics (Garcia-Alonso, Serrano, and Flaquer 1994; Rodrigue 2012), using it as a motivator in the study of translation vectors can be helpful. For example, students might be interested in the question, “How does the computer recognize when a player's character gets hit by a fireball?” Computer science provides a rich context for real-life applications of mathematics-programmers use mathematics for coding an algorithm in which the computer recognizes two objects nearing each other or colliding. The Minkowski difference, named after the nineteenth century German mathematician Hermann Minkowski, is used to solve collision detection problems (Ericson 2004). Applying the Minkowski difference to collision detection is based on translation vectors, and programmers use the algorithm as a method for detecting collision in video games.
Influência da temperatura de secagem do resíduo de Pacú (Piaractus mesopotamicus) para obtenção de óleo
Authors: Rigueto Cesar Vinicius Toniciolli , Loss Raquel Aparecida , Freitas Thainá Stéphanie Martins de , Bevilaqua Nívia Carolina de Oliveira , Brum Fabrício Barros
Published: September 2018

Os resíduos gerados na pesca apresentam altas concentrações de óleo, que pode ser reaproveitado para produção de biodiesel, desenvolvimento de novos produtos voltados para alimentação humana ou fármacos. A temperatura de secagem influencia significativamente na degradação do óleo obtido, interferindo na qualidade do mesmo. Diante disso, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a cinética de secagem de resíduo de pacu, e a caracterização do óleo obtido em relação ao índice de acidez. As amostras do resíduo de pacu trituradas foram submetidas a secagem em estufa com circulação de ar forçada nas temperaturas de 50, 60 e 70ºC, até que atingissem o peso constante das amostras (umidade de equilíbrio). Posteriormente, com as amostras secas, realizou-se a extração do óleo pelo método de soxhlet, utilizando éter de petróleo como solvente e o óleo obtido foi analisado em termos de índice de acidez em ácido oleico (%). Três modelos matemáticos foram utilizados para o ajuste dos dados experimentais da secagem do resíduo, onde o modelo de Page foi o que apresentou o melhor ajuste às curvas de secagem. Na análise do índice de acidez, verificou-se que o aumento da temperatura de secagem do resíduo ocasionou em menores índices de acidez, ou seja, menor degradação do óleo, que foi na temperatura de 70 ºC, com um índice de acidez de 18,27%. Entretanto, de acordo com a legislação vigente, esse valor ainda encontra-se elevado, sendo necessários novos estudos que busquem condições adequadas para secagem e extração do óleo, visando um índice de acidez dentro dos padrões estabelecidos.
Predictive Processing
Authors: Wiese Wanja
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to predictive processing (PP), with a focus on its relation to Bayesian inference and the more general framework provided by Karl Friston’s free-energy principle (FEP). Philosophical implications of PP and FEP are discussed. In particular, it is argued that PP posits genuine representations, and that FEP questions whether the conceptual distinction between action and perception is useful when it comes to understanding their neuro-computational underpinnings. Finally, it is argued that PP supports the view that the mind is to some extent secluded from the external world and that perception is indirect because it is based on genuinely inferential processes.
The Bodily Self
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

How can we be aware of ourselves both as physical objects and as thinking, experiencing subjects? What role does the experience of the body play in generating our sense of self? What is the role of action and agency in the construction of the bodily self?
These questions have been a rich subject of interdisciplinary debate among philosophers, neuroscientists, experimental psychologists, and cognitive scientists for several decades. José Luis Bermúdez been a significant contributor to these debates since the 1990’s, when he authored The Paradox of Self-Consciousness (MIT Press, 1998) and co-edited The Body and the Self (MIT Press, 1995) with Anthony Marcel and Naomi Eilan.
The Bodily Self is a selection of essays all focused on different aspects of the role of the body in self-consciousness, prefaced by a substantial introduction outlining common themes across the essays. The essays have been published in a wide range of journals and edited volumes. Putting them together brings out a wide-ranging, thematically consistent perspective on a set of topics and problems that remain firmly of interest across the cognitive and behavioral sciences.
Public Service Algorithms
Authors: Bennett James
Published: September 2018

A prevailing metaphor for television throughout its history has been as a ‘window on the world’, which enables viewers to explore a variety of different content, viewpoints, debates, and landscapes. This was a function largely fulfilled in the broadcast era by scheduling: providing viewers with a mixed diet of programming, albeit at the scheduler's behest. Crucially, within a public service broadcasting (PSB) remit, this window on the world offered viewers the chance to broaden their horizons — taking them from comedy, to news, to drama, to a music documentary, to current affairs programmes. This chapter argues that this variety of offering is a crucial part of what public service algorithms should aspire to offer. This means thinking differently about the data collected and measured for PSB, and using it to set different objectives that escape some of the bounded thinking of a commercially driven, on-demand digital television market.