bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment Mediates Mortality in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage With Impaired Consciousness
Authors: Alkhachroum Ayham , Bustillo Antonio J. , Asdaghi Negar , Marulanda-Londono Erika , Gutierrez Carolina M. , Samano Daniel , Sobczak Evie , Foster Dianne , Kottapally Mohan , Merenda Amedeo , Koch Sebastian , Romano Jose G. , O’Phelan Kristine , Claassen Jan , Sacco Ralph L. , Rundek Tatjana
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose:

Impaired level of consciousness (LOC) on presentation at hospital admission in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may affect outcomes and the decision to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatment (WOLST).

Methods:

Patients with ICH were included across 121 Florida hospitals participating in the Florida Stroke Registry from 2010 to 2019. We studied the effect of LOC on presentation on in-hospital mortality (primary outcome), WOLST, ambulation status on discharge, hospital length of stay, and discharge disposition.

Results:

Among 37 613 cases with ICH (mean age 71, 46% women, 61% White, 20% Black, 15% Hispanic), 12 272 (33%) had impaired LOC at onset. Compared with cases with preserved LOC, patients with impaired LOC were older (72 versus 70 years), more women (49% versus 45%), more likely to have aphasia (38% versus 16%), had greater ICH score (3 versus 1), greater risk of WOLST (41% versus 18%), and had an increased in-hospital mortality (32% versus 12%). In the multivariable-logistic regression with generalized estimating equations accounting for basic demographics, comorbidities, ICH severity, hospital size and teaching status, impaired LOC was associated with greater mortality (odds ratio, 3.7 [95% CI, 3.1–4.3],
P
<0.0001) and less likely discharged home or to rehab (odds ratio, 0.3 [95% CI, 0.3–0.4],
P
<0.0001). WOLST significantly mediated the effect of impaired LOC on mortality (mediation effect, 190 [95% CI, 152–229],
P
<0.0001). Early WOLST (<2 days) occurred among 51% of patients. A reduction in early WOLST was observed in patients with impaired LOC after the 2015 American Heart Association/American Stroke Association ICH guidelines recommending aggressive treatment and against early do-not-resuscitate.

Conclusions:

In this large multicenter stroke registry, a third of ICH cases presented with impaired LOC. Impaired LOC was associated with greater in-hospital mortality and worse disposition at discharge, largely influenced by early decision to withhold or WOLST.
Role of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Gradient Within Diffusion Lesions in Outcomes of Large Stroke After Thrombectomy
Authors: Gwak Dong-Seok , Choi WooChan , Shim Dong-Hyun , Kim Yong-Won , Kang Dong-Hun , Son Wonsoo , Hwang Yang-Ha
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose:

The outcome of endovascular treatment in stroke patients with a large ischemic core is not always satisfactory. We evaluated whether the severity of baseline diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities, as assessed by different apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) thresholds, correlates with the clinical outcome in these patients after successful endovascular treatment.

Methods:

In 82 consecutive patients with a large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation admitted ≤24 hours after onset, a baseline diffusion lesion volume (ADC ≤620×10
−6
mm
2
/s [ADC
620
]) ≥50 mL and successful recanalization by endovascular treatment were retrospectively investigated. Lesion volumes of 3 ADC thresholds (ADC
620
, ADC ≤520×10
−6
mm
2
/s [ADC
520
], and ADC ≤540×10
−6
mm
2
/s [ADC
540
]) were measured using an automated Olea software program. The performance of the ADC
520
/ADC
620
and ADC
540
/ADC
620
ratios in predicting the functional outcome was assessed by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The ADC ratio with optimal threshold showing better receiver operating characteristic performance was dichotomized at its median value into low versus high subgroup and its association with the outcome subsequently evaluated in a multivariable logistic regression model.

Results:

The median baseline diffusion lesion volume was 80.8 mL (interquartile range, 64.4–105.4). A good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, ≤2) was achieved in 35 patients (42.7%). The optimal threshold for predicting the functional outcome was identified as ADC
540
/ADC
620
(area under the curve, 0.833) and dichotomized at 0.674. After adjusting for age, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator, baseline diffusion lesion volume, and onset-to-recanalization time, a low ADC
540
/ADC
620
was independently associated with a good functional outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 10.72 [95% CI, 3.06–37.50];
P
<0.001).

Conclusions:

A low ADC
540
/ADC
620
, which may reflect less severe ischemic stress inside a diffusion lesion, may help to identify patients who would benefit from endovascular treatment despite having a large ischemic core.
Ethogram of non-verbal behaviours associated with emotional regulation and stress response in children and adolescents with complex trauma
Authors: Granados Ana Violeta , Sabogal Juan Camilo , Muñoz Pablo , Caicedo Juan Carlos , Martínez-Cotrina Jorge , Aponte Canencio Mauricio
Published: September 2021

Complex trauma is a clinical concept developed to address the nature and effects of interpersonal traumatic experiences over the development of children and adolescents. To contribute to the development of ecologically valid diagnostic tools and a better understanding of the effects of complex trauma, an ethogram of emotional regulation and stress response behaviours was proposed and used as the main instrument in the Crossed-Puzzles Game. In total 84 children and adolescents aged 6–14 (50% of children with complex trauma in state protective care) were selected from institutions and the community. Both groups were matched by age, sex, and socioeconomic status. PCA, PERMANOVA, Mann-Whitney’s U, Pearson correlations, and logistic regression analyses were performed. The ethogram’s category ‘Externalising of frustration’ was identified as one of the strongest predictors for the complex trauma group. The ethogram’s validity as a research and assessment instrument from a clinical ethology perspective of complex trauma in psychology was discussed.
Chemically mediated self-recognition in sibling juvenile common gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) reared on same or different diets: evidence for a chemical mirror?
Authors: Burghardt Gordon M. , Partin Adam M. , Pepper Harry E. , Steele Jordan M. , Liske Samuel M. , Stokes Allyson E. , Lathan Ariel N. , Springer Cary M. , Jenkins Matthew S.
Published: September 2021

Although self-recognition or self-awareness has been studied with the visually-based mirror test, passed by several species, primarily apes, the possibility of a chemically-based analogue is controversial. Prior studies suggested that chemical self-recognition may occur in some squamate reptiles. To evaluate this possibility, we studied 24 individually housed gartersnakes, Thamnophis sirtalis, raised from birth on either earthworm or fish diets and tested 12 male and 12 female snakes with cage liners that were either clean, their own, or from same-sex siblings fed their own or the opposite diet. Tongue flicking and activity were recorded in 30-minute video-recorded trials in a balanced design. After initial habituation to the stimuli, male, but not female, snakes discriminated between their own stimuli and those from littermates fed the same diet. Combined with other data and studies, the possibility that a chemical ‘mirror’ form of self-recognition exists in squamate reptiles is supported.
The Role of Tree Domestication in Green Market Product Value Chain Development in Africa
Authors: Van Damme Patrick
Published: September 2021

Internationally, there is increasing interest in acquiring ‘green’ market, organic and/or fair trade products, also sourced from the wild. The latter is expected to come from well-managed (forest) systems. This has led to the development and implementation of programmes designed to reduce deforestation and forest degradation (for mitigation of climate change, and sustainable provision of environmental goods and services) (REDD and REDD+). Crucially, this approach needs to be extended to the many poor, hungry and marginalized smallholder farmers in developing countries so that they can benefit from this increased market interest, but also to allow them to improve their natural resource (management) basis. In this context, agroforestry tree domestication has made considerable progress in the last 20 years, especially in Africa, in providing planting materials of many new tree crops for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries and consumer markets across many agro-ecological zones. Tree domestication is an important element and the first necessary step in the development of sustainable tree production for introduction in agroforestry systems. These trees can then form the basis of Non-Timber Forest Production (NTFP) that can feed into livelihood development. In contrast to wild trees, planted trees can offer a more regular and continuous supply of NTFPs that then feed into local-to-global value chains and highly sophisticated markets that demand higher quality and greater uniformity. Together with research institutes, local farmers are now developing new, more performant cultivars of species of interest. They thus eventually help to create direct benefits from the processing and subsequent marketing of food and non-food products in local, regional and international markets. The latter activities also create business and employment opportunities in local cottage industries. Similarly, through the indirect environmental and ecological services provided by trees, food security can be greatly enhanced as agroforestry may improve the production environment of crops and thus close the yield gap (i.e. the difference between the potential and actual yield) of modern crop varieties. In this way, agroforestry adds income generation to agro-ecological approaches which together reverse the cycle of land degradation and social deprivation whilst at the same time transforming the lives of poor farmers. However, these benefits do not come without some risks: the loss of genetic diversity and local rights over genetic resources, and exploitation by unscrupulous entrepreneurs. Agroforestry developments should therefore focus on better access to ‘green’ business opportunities for poor smallholder farmers in Africa by maximizing the benefits and minimizing the risks.
Well Informed Farmers and Consumers are Positive About Gm Crops in Europe and Africa
Authors: Gheysen G. , Maes J. , Valcke M. , Sanou E.I.R. , Speelman S. , Heijde M.
Published: September 2021

Genetically modified (GM) crops are cultivated globally on more than 185 million hectares, but the use of GM crops in Europe and Africa is very limited. Politicians are reluctant to allow such crops because they fear negative public reaction. The political hostility in the EU towards GM crops also has a significant impact on how African policy makers form their opinions for accepting GM crops in their own countries. However, studies reveal that specific types of GM food are welcomed by consumers and that few Europeans avoid GM labels when buying food. Similarly, African farmers and consumers are generally positive about GM crops. Policy makers should take these results into account when a decision needs to be made on whether or not to allow GM crop cultivation in their country.
Comparative Study of Maize Agronomics Performance Under Low Nitrogen Soil Availability, in Southern Savanna of Dr Congo
Authors: Tshiabukole Jean Pierre Kabongo , Khonde Gertrude Pongi , Kankolongo Amand Mbuya , Jadika Carcy Tshimbombo , Vumilia Roger Kizungu
Published: September 2021

To determine the growing and yield performance of low nitrogen tolerant maize varieties under fertilized and unfertilized conditions, a study was conducted at the Mvuazi Research Center. Nine varieties were tested with and without fertilizer using the micro-dosing method, following the randomized complete block design with two factors. The results showed a difference among varieties in both crop conditions. The average yield with fertilizer was higher than the yield without fertilizer. The varieties LNTP-W C4 and LNTP-Y C7 registered 5.9 t/ha and 3.6 t/ha respectively under fertilized crop conditions and 7.14t/ha and 7.12t/ha under unfertilized crop conditions. Thus, using Low-N can minimize production costs by improving the productivity of soils low in Nitrogen typical of conditions of the southwestern savanna.
Befriending the Enemy: The Effects of Observing Brand-to-Brand Praise on Consumer Evaluations and Choices
Authors: Zhou Lingrui , Du Katherine M. , Cutright Keisha M.
Published: September 2021

Consumers have grown increasingly skeptical of brands, leaving managers in a dire search for novel ways to connect. The authors suggest that focusing on one's relationships with competitors is a valuable, albeit unexpected, way for brands to do so. More specifically, the present research demonstrates that praising one's competitor—via “brand-to-brand praise”—often heightens preference for the praiser more so than other common forms of communication, such as self-promotion or benevolent information. This is because brand-to-brand praise increases perceptions of brand warmth, which leads to enhanced brand evaluations and choice. The authors support this theory with seven studies conducted in the lab, online, and in the field that feature multiple managerially relevant outcomes, including brand attitudes, social media and advertising engagement, brand choice, and purchase behavior, in a variety of product and service contexts. The authors also identify key boundary conditions and rule out alternative explanations, further elucidating the underlying mechanism and important implementation insights. This work contributes to the understanding of brand perception and warmth, providing a novel way for brands to connect to consumers by connecting with each other.
Attribute Sentiment Scoring with Online Text Reviews: Accounting for Language Structure and Missing Attributes
Authors: Chakraborty Ishita , Kim Minkyung , Sudhir K.
Published: September 2021

The authors address two significant challenges in using online text reviews to obtain fine-grained, attribute-level sentiment ratings. First, in contrast to methods that rely on word frequency, they develop a deep learning convolutional–long short-term memory hybrid model to account for language structure. The convolutional layer accounts for spatial structure (adjacent word groups or phrases), and long short-term memory accounts for the sequential structure of language (sentiment distributed and modified across nonadjacent phrases). Second, they address the problem of missing attributes in text when constructing attribute sentiment scores, as reviewers write about only a subset of attributes and remain silent on others. They develop a model-based imputation strategy using a structural model of heterogeneous rating behavior. Using Yelp restaurant review data, they show superior attribute sentiment scoring accuracy with their model. They identify three reviewer segments with different motivations: status seeking, altruism/want voice, and need to vent/praise. Surprisingly, attribute mentions in reviews are driven by the need to inform and vent/praise rather than by attribute importance. The heterogeneous model-based imputation performs better than other common imputations and, importantly, leads to managerially significant corrections in restaurant attribute ratings. More broadly, the results suggest that social science research should pay more attention to reducing measurement error in variables constructed from text.
Mechanical properties of the surface membrane of lattice spacer-fabric flexible inflatable composites
Authors: Yang Tong , Luo Min , Zou Zhuanyong , Ma Pibo
Published: September 2021

The surface membrane plays a vital role in bearing loads of flexible inflatable composites. In this work, the mechanical properties of the upper and lower surfaces of inflatable composites and spacer fabrics were studied. It focused on the changes in mechanical properties of surfaces of spacer fabrics with different structures after coating and damage characteristics. The results show that the PVC resin improves the mechanical properties of the surface, which penetrates into the structure to make the yarns bond to each other and adhere to the resin on the surface. And compared with knitted structures, composite membranes with a woven structure have the characteristics of specific strength. This provides data accumulation for performance research of flexible inflatable composites, finite element calculation analysis, and the experimental reference for broadening the application in military pontoons and marching tents.
A Group Intervention for Motivational Deficits: Preliminary Investigation of a Blended Care Approach Using Ambulatory Assessment
Authors: Thonon Bénédicte , Levaux Marie-Noëlle , van Aubel Evelyne , Larøi Frank
Published: September 2021

Motivational deficits are an important predictor of functional outcomes in individuals with a serious mental illness such as schizophrenia and mood spectrum disorders. The aim of the present study was to explore the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a group version of “Switch,” an intervention that targets motivational deficits, enriched with an ecological momentary intervention (EMI) approach (i.e., prompts on the participants’ smartphone to encourage the use of trained strategies in their daily life). Eight participants with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or major depressive disorder entered the study. The intervention took place twice a week for 2 months. Assessment measures included traditional evaluations of motivational negative symptoms, apathy, quality of life and daily functioning, in addition to ambulatory assessment methods strategies, including the experience sampling method (ESM) to assess motivation and related processes, and actigraphy (daily step-count) to assess participants’ activity level. Four participants were considered as non-completers (followed less than 2/3 of the program) and four were considered as completers. Only completers presented a decrease in amotivation/apathy and an improvement in functional outcomes after the intervention and at follow-up. Furthermore, mixed-effects ESM models showed significant interaction effects on multiple processes related to motivation, indicating improvements only in completers: heightened motivation, increased engagement in meaningful and effortful activities, better mood, higher levels of confidence, increased frequency of projection into the future (pleasure anticipation), and of positive reminiscence. This preliminary investigation provides evidence that Switch may be an effective intervention, with specific effects on motivation and associated processes.
Sacrificing Animals in the Name of Scientific Authority: The Relationship Between Pro-Scientific Mindset and the Lethal Use of Animals in Biomedical Experimentation
Authors: Bègue Laurent , Vezirian Kevin
Published: September 2021

The present research investigated how scientific authority increases the lethal use of animals in biomedical experimentation. In two behavioral studies ( N = 151 and 150), participants were required to incrementally administer 12 doses of a toxic chemical to a 53-cm fish (in reality, a biomimetic robot) for research on animal learning. Consistent with the Engaged Followership Theory on obedience, participants placed in a pro-scientific mindset more severely harmed the laboratory animal. In a cross-sectional study ( N = 351), participants in medical fields endorsed a more pro-scientific attitude than those in paramedical fields, which mediated their support for animal experimentation. Drawing on a representative European sample ( N = 31,238), we also confirmed the specificity of this link by controlling for potential demographic and ideological confounds. In a final study ( N = 1,598), instrumental harm was shown as mediating the link between a pro-scientific attitude and support for animal experimentation.
Book review: Ishmeet Kaur Chaudhary (Ed.), Black November: Writings on the Sikh Massacres of 1984 and the Aftermath
Authors: Wayal Amar Ramesh
Published: September 2021

Ishmeet Kaur Chaudhary (Ed.), Black November: Writings on the Sikh Massacres of 1984 and the Aftermath (New Delhi: Speaking Tiger Books, 2019), xi + 292 pp.
Book review: Gitanjali Nain Gill, Environmental Justice in India: The National Green Tribunal
Authors: Singh Siddharth
Published: September 2021

Gitanjali Nain Gill, Environmental Justice in India: The National Green Tribunal (Abingdon and New York, NY: Routledge, 2017), xxv + 238 pp.
Relationship of the platelet distribution width/platelet count ratio with thyroid antibody levels in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Authors: Demir Aslıhan Dilara
Published: September 2021

Objective

I investigated whether the platelet distribution width/platelet count (PDW/PC) ratio, which is an inexpensive and simple test performed for almost all patients, is applicable in the follow-up of patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and examined the relationship of this ratio with thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin antibody levels.

Materials and methods

The study groups consisted of 67 patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and 17 controls. All participants were aged 20 to 75 and treated the Internal Medicine outpatient clinic of my institution. The PDW/PC ratio and thyroid antibody levels were retrospectively evaluated in patients with normal liver and renal function and normal white blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit levels.

Results

Thyroid antibody levels were significantly higher in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis than in controls. PC was higher in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, whereas the PDW/PC ratio was lower. However, these differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

In this study, I did not find a statistically significant relationship between thyroid antibody levels and PDW/PC. However, a weak correlation between these variables was identified.
Spontaneous hemothorax caused by concomitant low-dose rivaroxaban and itraconazole in a 95-year-old patient: case report and literature review
Authors: Liu Mei , Liu Wenwen , Jiao Hongmei
Published: September 2021

Although direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) decrease the bleeding risk compared with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), DOACs might cause spontaneous hemothorax in very elderly patients, even at a very low dose. Interactions between drugs might increase the risk of bleeding. In this article, we report a case of a 95-year-old man who developed spontaneous hemothorax while taking rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily, 3 days after concomitant use of itraconazole. Rivaroxaban was discontinued, and thoracentesis was performed to drain grossly bloody pleural effusion. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of spontaneous hemothorax that might have been caused by concomitant low-dose rivaroxaban and azole anti-fungal agents. This case highlights the potential risk of spontaneous hemothorax in very elderly patients while taking rivaroxaban and azole anti-fungal agents simultaneously. Special attention should be paid to interactions between drugs that might increase the risk of bleeding. Drugs that have competing metabolic pathways should be avoided. Closer monitoring, including testing for anti-Xa and additional reassessment, should be considered in high-risk patients.
A critical review of child perfectionism as it relates to music pedagogy
Authors: Jeong Stella Se Young , Ryan Charlene
Published: September 2021

Perfectionism as a construct has received increasing attention in recent years, in particular with regard to its potentially debilitating effects. In this critical literature review, the prevalence and development of perfectionism in school-age musicians are examined, with an eye to the implicit values of neoliberalism and settler colonialism represented in music curricula. Parent, teacher, and cultural influences are considered, as well as the role of perfectionism in children’s experience of music performance anxiety. Suggestions that perfectionism in this context may be a product of punitive methods in education and inequitable distribution of resources are discussed. Recommendations are made for pedagogical practices and research with children, as well as implications for parents, with specific attention focused on the need to deviate from the idea that perfect performances are the only measurements of success in music.
Pilot Evaluation of Pharmacists’ and Pharmacy Technicians’ Knowledge and Understanding of a Medication Synchronization Program
Authors: Pham Janet N. , Robertson Amy D. , Melton Brittany L. , Rohling Brent J. , Newell Bradley J.
Published: September 2021

Background: Medication synchronization (MS) improves adherence by allowing patients to pick up all medications at the same time. Pharmacy staff need training to utilize a MS program effectively. Objective: Evaluate the impact of a video tutorial with decreased extraneous and intrinsic load on pharmacists’ and pharmacy technicians’ knowledge and understanding of a MS program. Study Method: Participants completed a prequestionnaire to assess knowledge and understanding of the MS process. They then watched a step-by-step video tutorial and were reassessed by a postquestionnaire 2 weeks later. Study participants included pharmacists and pharmacy technicians employed at 1 of 2 pharmacies in 1 regional division of a large community-based chain pharmacy. Participants were eligible if they were registered and in good standing with the Kansas Board of Pharmacy and employed for greater than 30 days since July 1, 2018. Results: Twenty participants were included in the final analysis. The median age was 36 years, 14 (70%) were female, 13 (65%) were pharmacy technicians, and each study site had equal representation. Most participants, 15 (75%), had previously completed the standard MS training. There was a significant improvement in number of correct responses after the intervention with a prequestionnaire score of 61.3% to postquestionnaire score of 70% ( P=.002). Significant improvement in knowledge was seen in participants who completed the previous training as well as first-time learners of the MS process. Conclusion: Optimizing training on MS processes by decreasing extraneous and intrinsic load improved the pharmacy team’s knowledge and understanding of the MS process.
Optimal design of a commercial rubber isolator based on creep and creep-resistance analyses
Authors: Leng Dingxin , Yang Yi , Li Demin , Ma Yong , Liu Guijie , Li Zhixiong
Published: September 2021

Creep is a common important physical phenomenon in rubber material, which induces the instability of geometrical dimension and deteriorates the mechanical performances. The present work develops an optimal design approach of a commercial rubber isolator based on creep analysis. First and foremost, a nonlinear creep constitutive model of rubber material is established, which can capture the hyper-elastic and time-dependent creep behaviors. Complete mechanical and creep tests of rubber materials are conducted, and material parameters are identified according to the experimental data. Then, the parametric finite element model of a rubber isolator is established, with which the time-dependent creep analysis based on the proposed creep constitutive model is conducted. The accuracy of the numerical creep analysis is validated at material level and structural component level. For engineering application, a sensitivity analysis and optimization design for creep-resistance of the rubber isolator is developed by combing finite element simulation and optimization method. The results show that creep-resistance characteristics of the optimal rubber isolator is largely improved, which provides a long-term stable behavior in vibration attenuation. The proposed method may provide an efficient tool for predicting the creep performance and optimal analysis of other commercial rubber-base products.
The tensile deformation behavior of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet under intermittent pulse current
Authors: Guo Ju , Cui Xiao-Lei , Zhao Wen-Kai , Chi Cheng-Zhong , Cao Xiao-Qing , Lin Peng
Published: September 2021

In this paper, to investigate the effect of loading method of pulse current on the tensile deformation behavior of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet, the intermittent pulse current with short-time and high-frequency was introduced in uniaxial tensile tests and the influence of duty ratio and loading time of pulse current on the deformation behavior of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet was discussed. The strain and temperature field distributions on the specimens were measured during the intermittent pulse electrically-assisted tension (IPEAT), and the microstructure and fracture morphology under different pulse current conditions were observed. Results shows appropriate pulse current parameters can effectively improve the elongation of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet. The strain of the sample is closely related to temperature distribution. With the deformation of the sample, the temperature on the sample increases gradually and the temperature distribution is non-uniform along the tensile direction, resulting in an inhomogeneous strain distribution of the sample. In addition, grain growth and dynamic recrystallization were observed on the AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet in different degrees under intermittent pulse current. Fracture morphology analysis shows that the number of dimples and tearing edges increased on the fracture obtained under IPEAT. The microhardness analysis shows that when intermittent pulse current is applied in the tensile test, the hardness of the sheet may change. This research provides an effective idea for the forming process of magnesium alloy sheets, which can be used to form large size thin-walled sheet components, and can significantly improve the forming quality of the sheets.
Dimensional optimization of rocker-bogie suspension for planetary rover based on kinetostatics and terramechanics
Authors: Li Jie , He Jun , Xing Yan , Gao Feng
Published: September 2021

Dimensional optimization is important for planetary rovers to reach good performance, such as high mobility, stability, and low energy consumption. The paper presents a dimensional optimization for a planetary rover with rocker-bogie suspension. During the optimization process, the influence of dimensions on the actuation requirements is studied based on kinetostatics and terramechanics. The objective function is built considering the average driving torque requirements in the most common type of windblown terrain in Mars called megaripples. The optimal dimension design is reached through the genetic algorithm, and the influences of dimensional parameters on rover performances are studied by drawing performance atlases. This work realizes the consideration of energy consumption in the design phase of a planetary rover. Finally, the results guide the design of a rover prototype and are validated by a series of experiments.
Prescribed performance-based adaptive sliding mode control for the autopilot design of missile with lateral jets
Authors: Zhang Zhihong , Ma Kemao
Published: September 2021

A novel prescribed performance-based adaptive sliding mode control is investigated for the autopilot design of missile with lateral reaction jets. An integral sliding mode surface is designed for a class of nonlinear systems such that the prescribed output-tracking behavior is incorporated into the sliding mode dynamics. An adaptive algorithm is developed using the concept of equivalent control to attenuate the chattering effect. Then, the method is applied to the autopilot design where the sliding mode control law is allocated to two sets of actuators according to their respective characteristics. The proposed integral sliding surface guarantees that the missile output can track the given reference command with the prescribed performance indices from the very beginning of the time. Moreover, the adaptation laws allow the reduction of the jets consumption. Several simulations conducted at different set-points show the efficacy of the proposed methods.
Management of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell induced cytokine release syndrome: Current and emerging approaches
Authors: Shin Yunjung H , Tian Xiaofan , Park Jiyeon J , Kim Gee Y (Geeny) , Aboujaoude Emily , Sturgill Marc G
Published: September 2021

The most common adverse event associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy is cytokine release syndrome, which is characterized by fever, hypoxia, and hypotension in varying degrees of severity. In severe cases, cytokine release syndrome can result in life-threatening symptoms such as multi-organ failure. The widely accepted first-line therapy for cytokine release syndrome management is tocilizumab with or without corticosteroids, but there is very limited guidance on the proper management of patients unresponsive to this regimen. There are emerging strategies that target cytokine release syndrome through novel mechanisms, showing promise in treating or preventing severe cytokine release syndrome. Although further clinical investigation is necessary to assess the applicability of the emerging approaches, these exploratory therapies may shape the future landscape of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell induced cytokine release syndrome management. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current and emerging therapies for the management of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell induced cytokine release syndrome, especially cases that are refractory to tocilizumab and steroids.
State and trait anxiety in children with incontinence and their parents
Authors: Hussong Justine , Rosenthal Alisha , Bernhardt Annelie , Fleser Sara , Langenbeck Miriam , Wagner Catharina , Anagnostakou Katerina , von Gontard Alexander
Published: September 2021

Background

Maternal anxiety increases the risk for incontinence in children. The aim was to analyze anxiety in children with incontinence and their parents before (t1) and after 6 months of incontinence treatment (t2).

Methods

40 children with incontinence and 40 controls completed the State-trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, their parents the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the State-trait Anxiety Inventory at baseline (t1) and 6 months later (follow-up, t2). Psychiatric disorders were assessed by a standardized parental diagnostic interview (Kinder-DIPS), IQ was tested by a one-dimensional test. All children were neurologically examined. Children with incontinence underwent a guideline-based treatment during the 6 months.

Results

At baseline, child and parental state and trait anxiety scores, as well as all CBCL scores were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group. At t2, parental anxiety, CBCL scores, and child trait anxiety were significantly higher in patients versus controls, whereas child state anxiety decreased, and parental state anxiety increased from t1 to t2.

Conclusions

Incontinence and anxiety are associated. While state anxiety decreases, trait anxiety can remain stable over time. Higher levels of anxiety can influence incontinence treatment and should be assessed in every patient.
Almost Confessional: Managing Emotions When Research Breaks Your Heart
Authors: Reed Kate , Towers Laura
Published: September 2021

Social scientists have increasingly shown how qualitative research can be an emotional experience for researchers. Literature on this subject has tended to focus on the emotionally upsetting impact of data collection, often framing this as a form of emotional labour which can be managed by researchers adopting confessional style narratives throughout the research process. But what about the potentially life-affirming impacts of emotions in research? And what happens when confessional style narratives create, rather than dilute, emotional trauma? We use our experiences of conducting qualitative research on two very emotive topics – baby loss and sibling bereavement – to explore the role of emotions in research. We go beyond the predominant focus on doing research to shed light on emotions in the wider research process (from recruitment to impact). We will highlight the dual-edged nature of emotions in research, emphasising some of the more beneficial impacts. Drawing on the Weberian concept of Verstehen which focuses on the importance of understanding, we will also develop a more nuanced form of emotion management in this context. In doing so, we offer an original contribution to methodological discussions in this field, as well as to more conceptual debates on emotional labour.
Advice to policy-makers for improving services to the drug-death bereaved
Authors: Fjær Svanaug , Dyregrov Kari
Published: September 2021

Aims:

The objective of this study is to contribute to an improvement of bereavement services and experiences for the bereaved after drug-related deaths (DRDs) by investigating their expressed opinions on what would constitute improvements.

Methods:

As part of a larger survey questionnaire, we asked people bereaved by DRDs what advice they would give to politicians to improve bereavement services. Out of 255 respondents, we received 196 written statements of advice, 83 focusing on the time after death. Two-thirds of these respondents were either parents or siblings, the other third were other family members or close friends. A thematic analysis was conducted to examine the written statements.

Results:

We found four central themes: broad-spectrum help, routinised help, respectful help and competent help. The advice represents a long list of psychosocial support to ideally be offered on a regular and long-term basis. Furthermore, the bereaved also discussed the cognitive and normative side of the services by including considerations about stigma and respect, and the need for more research- and experience-based knowledge about their experiences both before and after DRDs.

Conclusions:

Many of the services sought by the bereaved are already in place and described in national guidelines for follow-up strategies after sudden unexpected deaths. DRDs, however, has not been included as a task for the services and are not explicitly mentioned in these guidelines. The scope of research and policymaking on drug problems and DRDs should be broadened to include families and social networks in order to make the group more visible and strengthen their influence on policy.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Acetabular Bone Loss in Revision Hip Arthroplasty: An International Consensus Symposium
Authors: Sculco Peter K. , Wright Timothy , Malahias Michael-Alexander , Gu Alexander , Bostrom Mathias , Haddad Fares , Jerabek Seth , Bolognesi Michael , Fehring Thomas , Gonzalez DellaValle Alejandro , Jiranek William , Walter William , Paprosky Wayne , Garbuz Donald , Sculco Thomas , Abdel Matthew , Boettner Friedrich , Benazzo Francesco , Buttaro Martin , Choi Daniel , Engh Charles Anderson , Garcia-Cimbrelo Eduardo , Garcia-Rey Eduardo , Gehrke Thorsten , Griffin William L. , Hansen Erik , Hozack William J. , Jones Stephen , Lee Gwo-Chin , Lipman Joe , Manktelow Andrew , McLaren Alex C. , Nelissen Rob , O’Hara Lawrence , Perka Carsten , Sporer Scott
Published: September 2021

Despite growing evidence supporting the evaluation, classification, and treatment of acetabular bone loss in revision hip replacement, advancements have not been systematically incorporated into a single document, and therefore, a comprehensive review of the treatment of severe acetabular bone loss is needed. The Stavros Niarchos Foundation Complex Joint Reconstruction Center at Hospital for Special Surgery held an Acetabular Bone Loss Symposium on June 21, 2019, to answer the following questions: What are the trends, emerging technologies, and areas of future research related to the evaluation and management of acetabular bone loss in revision hip replacement? What constitutes the optimal workup and management strategies for acetabular bone loss? The 36 international experts convened were divided into groups, each assigned to discuss 1 of 4 topics: (1) preoperative planning and postoperative assessment; (2) implant selection, management of osteolysis, and management of massive bone loss; (3) the treatment challenges of pelvic discontinuity, periprosthetic joint infection, instability, and poor bone biology; and (4) the principles of reconstruction and classification of acetabular bone loss. Each group came to consensus, when possible, based on an extensive literature review. This document provides an overview of these 4 areas, the consensus each group arrived at, and directions for future research.
Trajectory tracking control for four-wheel independent drive intelligent vehicle based on model predictive control and sliding mode control
Authors: Wu HaiDong , Li ZiHan , Si ZhenLi
Published: September 2021

For four-wheel independent drive intelligent vehicle, the longitudinal and lateral motion control of the vehicle is decoupled and a hierarchical controller is designed: the upper layer is the motion controller, and the lower layer is the control distributor. In the motion controller, the model predictive control (MPC) is used to calculate the steering wheel angle and the total yaw moment for lateral control, and the sliding mode control (SMC) is used to calculate the total driving force for longitudinal control. In order to improve the control algorithm adaptability and the tracking accuracy at high speed, the UniTire model that can accurately express the complex coupling characteristics of tire under different working conditions are used and the numerical partial derivative of the state equation is used in MPC controller to ensure the feasibility of the algorithm. The control distributor distributes the total yaw moment and driving force calculated by the motion controller of the four wheels through the objective optimization function, and the constraints on road adhesion condition and the constraints on actuators are considered at the same time. A co-simulation platform is built in the CarSim/Simulink environment and the MPC-SMC controller is compared with the previously established MPC controller.
The Effect of Terpenoids of Dipsacus Asperoides Against Alzheimer's Disease and Development of Simultaneous Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Wang Zi Ying , Zhang Xiao Dan , Whang Wan Kyunn
Published: September 2021

Dipsaci Radix has been proved to represent an effective treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the potential active components in Dipsaci Radix have not been evaluated by an AD-related bioassay. In this study, water fraction of Dipsaci Radix had been shown to have highest inhibitory effect on the AD-related activity tests, including inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation. Therefore, a bioassay-guided approach yielded eleven terpenoid compounds (DR1-11) isolated from water fraction of Dipsaci Radix. Compounds (DR2,3,7 and 11) were stronger inhibitors of AChE. The BChE inhibitory effect of saponins was more positive than that of iridoids (DR1,4). Compounds (DR6,7,9-11) were good inhibitors of BACE1. Compounds (DR7-11) were more effective than positive control on the inhibition of AGE formation. Moreover, we firstly suggested concomitant new connections between the structure of Dipsaci Radix's isolated terpenoid compounds with AChE inhibitory activities and AGE formation. The study also represented that Dipsaci Radix was therapeutic for treating AD and dipsacus saponin XI (DR11) might be one of its active components. Our findings significantly provided the new foundation of the potential capacity bioactive components from Dipsaci Radix for AD remedy.
Cognitive, behavioural and familial maintenance mechanisms in childhood obsessive compulsive disorders: A systematic review
Authors: Chessell Chloe , Halldorsson Brynjar , Harvey Kate , Guzman-Holst Carolina , Creswell Cathy
Published: September 2021

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for preadolescent children with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is typically derived from adult cognitive behavioural models of OCD; however, it is unknown whether these adult models apply to preadolescent children. This systematic review examined whether 11 cognitive, behavioural and familial maintenance mechanisms identified from adult cognitive behavioural models of OCD and descriptions of how family factors may maintain OCD applied to preadolescent children with obsessive compulsive symptoms/disorder (OCS/OCD; Prospero:CRD42019153371). PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Science Core Collection were searched in March 2019, with forward citation handsearching conducted in March/April 2020. Twenty-nine studies were synthesised. Studies were identified for only six of the 11 proposed maintenance factors. Of the cognitive and behavioural factors, only inflated responsibility and meta-cognitive beliefs showed evidence of independent and/or specific associations with childhood OCS. Of the family factors, only less frequent displays of parental confidence, positive problem solving and rewarding of children’s independence showed some evidence of specificity to childhood OCD. Notably, findings across studies were inconsistent and existing studies have considerable methodological limitations. Experimental and prospective longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the proposed factors maintain childhood OCS/OCD, to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of CBT for preadolescent children with OCD.
‘What is immediate and obvious feels real’: National identity and emotional vulnerabilities in the field
Authors: Turgo Nelson , Sampson Helen
Published: September 2021

This article provides a critical reflection on methodological issues at the interface of researcher national identity and emotional vulnerability. This aspect of social research is often neglected in discussions of positionality, primarily in relation to emotional risk in the field, and here we address this gap in the literature. Rather than reflecting on access and rapport, or issues related to the complexities of insider or outsider research, the national identity of the researcher is considered alongside emotional entanglements experienced in the field. The emotion work that is performed, and the emotional risks that are experienced by the researcher as a consequence of nationality reveal much about the complexities of identity and power relations in the field. The fieldwork informing this article was undertaken as part of an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)-funded study (ES/N019423/1) that examined how seafarers from different ethnic and faith backgrounds interact with each other on board and how their religious/spiritual and welfare needs are addressed ashore.