bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevating Organizational Competitiveness: Deconstruction of Information System Management Models and Concepts Using Machine Learning
Authors: Danach Kassem , Hassan Jomana Al-Haj
Published: November 2023

This article discusses the role of machine learning in addressing the challenges of Information System (IS) management in today's business environment. It highlights the importance of data analytics, predictive maintenance, and security threat identification in overcoming the complexity of IS management. The article presents a custom framework that modifies paradigms for IS management, including data collection, continuous monitoring, machine learning model selection, and seamless integration. This approach is proven effective in solving problems and boosting competitiveness. The article provides risk mitigation techniques, realistic implementation methodologies, and case studies to help organizations embrace this innovative journey. The article concludes by highlighting the importance of implementing this novel paradigm as a necessary first step towards a data-driven, globally competitive future
Use of Body Armor by EMS Clinicians, Workplace Violence, and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care
Authors: McGuire Sarayna S. , Bellolio Fernanda , Sztajnkrycer Matthew D. , Sveen Michael J. , Liedl Chad P. , Mullan Aidan F. , Clements Casey M.
Published: January 2025

Importance

There is a clear benefit to body armor against firearms; however, it remains unclear how these vests may influence day-to-day patient encounters when worn by emergency medical services (EMS).

Objective

To determine the association of ballistic vests worn by EMS clinicians with workplace violence (WPV) and disparities in care among racial and/or ethnic minority patients.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Prospective cohort study of a volunteer-based sample of EMS clinicians at a large, multistate EMS agency encompassing 15 ground sites across the Midwest from April 1, 2023, to March 31, 2024. Data were analyzed from May to June 2024.

Exposure

External ballistic armor being used by a group of self-selected clinicians on every run.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Prevalence and characteristics associated with WPV and with declines of treatment and/or transport compared between crews with 1 or more vested vs no vested members.

Results

A total of 156 of 415 staff (37.6%) opted in to wear the vests, including 77 male participants (49.4%). Prevalence of WPV was higher for vested crews (1.11 vs 0.85 cases per 100 runs; adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.28; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.50; P = .001) and was due to higher rates of verbal abuse. The presence of 1 or more vested crew members increased the likelihood of all patients declining EMS treatment and/or transport; however, effect size was highest among patients with an unknown race and/or ethnicity (2234 [21.1%] vs 2134 [16.5%] patients; aRR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.27; P < .001), followed by racial and/or ethnic minority patients (708 [16.7%] vs 399 [13.8%] patients; aRR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.33; P = .01). Analyses of individual minority groups revealed a significant increase only in Black or African American patients declining treatment and/or transport by vested crews (461 [17.6%] vs 223 [13.7%] patients; RR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.49; P = .002).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, vested crews experienced increased prevalence of WPV compared with nonvested crews. Use of vests increased the frequency of all patients declining EMS treatment and/or transport. Among minority groups, there was a significant increase in Black or African American patients declining treatment and/or transport. Agencies should consider benefits and unintended consequences of EMS clinicians wearing body armor.
Sensitivity to Environmental Stress and Adversity and Lung Cancer
Authors: Chen Yingxi , Lan Qing , Yu Jing , Godbole Devika , Byun Jinyoung , Amos Christopher I. , Zhang Haoyu
Published: January 2025

Importance

Sensitivity to environmental stress and adversity may influence lung cancer risk, highlighting a critical link between psychosocial factors and cancer etiology.

Objective

To evaluate whether genetically estimated sensitivity to environmental stress and adversity is associated with lung cancer risk.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Data were obtained from a genome-wide association study identifying 37 independent genetic variants strongly associated with sensitivity to environmental stress and adversity and a cross-ancestry genome-wide meta-analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium. Data were extracted between October 2023 and January 2024 and analyzed between February 2024 and June 2024.

Exposures

Genetically estimated sensitivity to environmental stress and adversity.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was lung cancer risk, and odds ratios and 95% CIs were used to assess the association between sensitivity to environmental stress and adversity with lung cancer risk. This genetic association study used a 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate the association between genetically estimated sensitivity to environmental stress and adversity and lung cancer risk across different histologic types.

Results

Using data from 351 827 individuals from the UK Biobank and a cross-ancestry genome-wide analysis of 61 047 lung cancer cases and 947 237 controls from the International Lung Cancer Consortium, sensitivity to environmental stress and adversity was significantly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer among individuals of European ancestry (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.13-1.98; P = .005) and in the cross-ancestry analysis (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.13-1.85; P = .004). There were heterogeneities in the observed associations across histologic subtypes among different population ancestries. Among individuals of European ancestry, a significant association was noted among squamous cell carcinoma (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.06-2.70; P = .03). Among individuals of East Asian ancestry, an increased risk was observed for adenocarcinoma (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.00-4.18; P = .05). Associations were not observed across any of the 3 histologic subtypes among individuals of African ancestry.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this genetic association study, sensitivity to environmental stress and adversity was associated with lung cancer risk. These results underscore the necessity for further research into the nuanced association between psychosocial stress and cancer risk, with a particular focus on diverse populations.
English Learners Benefit from Alternate Grouping Arrangements in Classroom Settings
Authors: Mallette Barbara
Published: January 2025

To deal with the cultural and linguistic diversity in our schools, classroom teachers must possess a repertoire of instructional strategies effective with these students. The increasing academic and social pressures on English learners should be recognized, particularly in core area subjects. English learners are challenged by the quantity and complexity of content present in upper elementary, middle, and high school classrooms. Teachers can structure instruction to enable academic success for these students by manipulating grouping arrangements. This entry discusses two alternate grouping structures with demonstrated effectiveness in impacting academic performance and the social accept‐ability of English learners.
L2 Students' Engagement with Written Corrective Feedback
Authors: Ma Maggie
Published: January 2025

While L2 teachers devote much attention to language accuracy in providing feedback, the effectiveness of their written corrective feedback depends largely on learners' engagement with it. This entry examines the multifaceted construct of learner engagement from cognitive, behavioral, and affective dimensions. It also explores individual differences and contextual factors affecting L2 students' engagement with written corrective feedback. Based on research findings, this entry provides pedagogical implications that enable teachers to adopt feedback and classroom practices that facilitate learners' appropriate engagement with WCF.
The Novice Years of TESOL Teaching
Authors: Farrell Thomas S. C.
Published: January 2025

Many educators assume that once novice TESOL teachers have graduated they will be able to apply what they have learned in the teacher preparation program during their first year of teaching. However, the transition from the teacher education program to the first year of teaching has been characterized as a type of “reality shock” because of the collapse of the missionary ideals formed during teacher training, caused by the harsh and rude reality of classroom life and by the realities of the social and political contexts of the school. In addition, of those novice teachers who survive their first year, their “transition traumas” can have serious repercussions on their future commitment to the profession during the next crucial early years because of built‐up feelings of stress, anxiety, and self‐doubt. This being so, novice TESOL teachers have special needs and interests that are different from their more experienced colleagues.
Advances in Shape‐Memory Polymers and Composites for Biomedical Device Applications
Authors: Zeng Chengjun , Liu Liwu , Zhao Wei , Xin Xiaozhou , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong
Published: January 2025

Over the past two decades, remarkable advancements have been achieved in stimulus‐responsive shape‐memory polymers (SMPs), which exhibit desirable properties such as shape‐memory characteristics, deformability, and biocompatibility, while responding to external stimuli. The development of shape‐memory polymer composites (SMPCs) leads to high recovery forces and novel functionalities, including electrical actuation, magnetic actuation, and biocompatibility. The enhanced remotely controllable properties and functionality further expand the application of SMPs in biomedical areas, such as surgical applications for replacing handheld surgical instruments and drug delivery systems. In this review, the biomedical device applications of SMPs and SMPCs are focused on and their recent advancements in bone tissue scaffolds, lumen stents, and drug delivery carriers are examined. Furthermore, the bottlenecks and challenges encountered by SMPCs in biomedical devices are elucidated. The future development trend of SMPs and SMPCs is also discussed, aiming to provide valuable insights for broadening their applications in biomedical fields.
Barium Ferrite with High Anisotropy for Ultra‐Broadband Microwave Absorption
Authors: Li Nan , Zong Ze , Zhang Feng , Shi Jun‐Feng , Li Zhuo‐Yang , Xu Hui‐Kang , Zhang Yi‐Fan , Chen Yue‐Ming , Lei Jun , Xu Ling , Wang Yue‐Yi , Yan Ding‐Xiang , Li Zhong‐Ming
Published: January 2025

In the 5G era, Barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) has a pivotal position in both fundamental research and frontier applications, such as magnetic recording, microwave absorption, and 2D spintronic devices. Currently, BaFe12O19 is hard to achieve a desirable broadband microwave absorption (MA) because of the underutilized magnetic property limited by Snoek limit, though some efforts have been made by improving the dielectric property to enhance microwave attenuation. The structural design of high anisotropy is deemed an efficient strategy to break the intrinsic Snoek limit of BaFe12O19. The high‐anisotropy 2D nanosheets and 1D nanotubes via ordered growth and assembly can elevate magnetic properties and resonance response. Such optimized spatial structure arrangement can realize ultrawide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) up to 8.7 and 3.0 GHz, respectively, superior to 0 GHz for conventional BaFe12O19 powders. The morphologies and microstructures of BaFe12O19 effectively trigger shape and magnetic anisotropy, which not only breaks the intrinsic Snoek limit to induce magnetic loss‐dominated MA mechanism, but also promotes dielectric‐magnetic cooperative loss via improved magnetoelectric mutual inductance effect in 1D/2D structures. These results allow for the management of magnetic properties and controllable structural designs of BaFe12O19, providing a reliable means toward ultra‐convenient preparation of high‐anisotropy magnetic materials for more frontier applications.
Development of a Poly(cation‐π) Antibacterial Agent for Thermal and Moisture Managing in PET Fabrics
Authors: Gao Simeng , Guo Hongyu , Jin Qianpeng , Cheng Kan , Zhu Ruishu , Wang Xueli , Yu Jianyong
Published: January 2025

Functional textiles that inhibit bacterial proliferation while providing advanced moisture and thermal management are increasingly in demand for regulating personal microclimates and enhancing thermal‐wet comfort. However, traditional wet‐processing technologies face challenges in terms of specific functionalities and limited wash durability, accompanied by severe water waste pollution. In this study, a scalable Janus polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric comprising a molecular engineering poly(cation‐π)‐based macromolecule (PXDAG) is developed through an ultrasonic‐assisted spray approach. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveals the formation of cation‐π and hydrogen interactions between the PXDAG with cationic nitrogen and aromatic PET, synergistically boosting the antibacterial persistence. The obtained fabric exhibits efficient and sustained antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus (>99.99%), even after 30 wash cycles. Furthermore, the Janus fabrics with PXDAG anchored on one side demonstrates a capacity for directional sweat transport, while maintaining a skin temperature 6.0 °C lower than that of the surrounding environment. Further NMR analysis indicates that intermolecular interactions contributed to robust non‐covalent cohesion and effectively dissipated the fracture energy to improve the interfacial fracture threshold. Combined with the advantages of low cost, eco‐friendliness, and safe operation, the design offers promising solutions for applications in comfortable sportswear, health textiles, and thermal wet comfort.
Steering CO2 Electroreduction to Methane Production Over Copper via Polymer‐Regulated Hydrolysis
Authors: Jiang Jiarui , Lian Juhong , Xu Zhuo , Wang Yuqin , Dong Yi , Yan Junqing , Li Deng , Liu Shengzhong
Published: January 2025

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) electroreduction in aqueous electrolytes is a complex electrochemical process that involves the transfer of multiple electrons and protons, resulting in various reaction pathways and products. A critical step in this process is the dissociation of water, which provides protons and significantly affects *CO hydrogenation pathways, as well as hydrogen evolution. In this study, copper‐based catalysts are modified through in situ polymerization of dopamine to create intimate polymer coatings that regulate the surface water dissociation process. This modification leads to a notable shift in the product distribution of CO₂ electroreduction, from predominantly multicarbon compounds to methane, accompanied with the ratio of CH4/C2+ changing from 0.5 to 1.8. At high current densities, the polymer‐modified catalyst exhibited stable methane production with a Faradaic efficiency of up to 60%. Kinetic isotopic effects, in situ infrared spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations revealed that polydopamine plays a crucial role in altering product selectivity by regulating hydrolysis. This work signifies the importance of polymer‐regulated hydrolysis to steer the electrochemical CO2 reduction pathways.
Fluoropolymer‐Single Crystal Nanocomposite Based Transducer Fabrication for Bio‐Imaging
Authors: Singh Nagendra , Biswas S K
Published: January 2025

Fluoropolymer alone, as an alternative to lead‐based piezoelectric materials, has shown multiple challenges to develop useful sensors for solving real‐world problems such as photoacoustic, ultrasound pulse echo, and other non‐destructive testing. This work demonstrates the fabrication of high frequency and wide bandwidth transducers with fluoropolymer and highly polarizing cubic single crystal Barium titanate (BaTiO3) ceramic composite for high resolution in‐vivo photo‐acoustic and ultrasound imaging. For transducer fabrication, a customized bio‐compatible nanocomposite sensor film of PVDF‐TrFE (Polyvinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene)/BaTiO3 (BTO) is synthesized by drop and dry in heating‐cum‐electro‐poling system for advancing polarization, crystallinity, and higher charge generation. The ratio of nanofiller cubic single crystal BTO and PVDF‐TrFE is optimized using characterization techniques such as FTIR, XRD and electrometer. Thereafter, SEM and TGA analyses are performed to study the surface morphology and thermal stability of the sensing film. Transducers with central frequencies varying from 17 to 42MHz are fabricated and tested for both pulse‐echo mode and receiving photoacoustic signals. These transducers are used for sensing photoacoustic signals generated from hemoglobin and eumelanin and further for ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging. The imaging results are compared with the results obtained using a commercial ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging device. To the best of the knowledge and available literature, for the first time, the fabrication of ultrasound/photoacoustic transducers with cubic single‐crystal nanofiller and fluoropolymer nanocomposite is showed. The detailed transducer fabrication method, characterization results, and imaging of biological tissue using photoacoustic and ultrasound are presented.
Engineered Cell Membrane‐Coated Keratin Nanoparticles Attenuated Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Remodeling the Disc Microenvironment
Authors: Xing Hongyuan , Li Run , Huang Zizhan , Gao Zhongyang , Mao Qijiang , Shen Yifan , Huang Guanrui , Chu Guangyu , Wang Yue
Published: January 2025

Characterized by a cascade of profound changes in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), and biomechanics, intervertebral disc degeneration is a common multifactorial condition that may lead to various degenerative lumbar disorders. Therapeutic strategies targeting a single factor have shown limited efficacy in treating disc degeneration, and approaches that address multiple pathological ingredients are barely reported. In this study, engineered cell membrane‐encapsulated keratin nanoparticles are developed to simultaneously alleviate NP cell senescence and promote ECM remodeling. To achieve this, salivary acid glycoengineered adipose mesenchymal stem cell membranes are used to coat keratin, a core protein for structural support and cellular protection. The synthesized cell membrane‐coated keratin nanoparticles (MKNs) effectively protected mitochondrial integrity in NP cells from oxidative stress‐induced damage. Moreover, MKNs modulate mitochondrial metabolism and attenuate NP cell senescence. In addition, MKNs activate integrins at the cell membrane and enhance the interactions between NP cells and ECM, resulting in increased ECM anabolism and decreased catabolism. The proposed multi‐targeted strategy to block the degenerative cycle inside the disc is efficacious for treating disc degeneration and may have the potential for clinical application.
Rheological Tunable Solid–Liquid Two‐Phased Binary Metals Enable Thermoplastic and Electronic Conductive Composites for Conductive Adhesives and Conductive Wires
Authors: Xin Yumeng , Cheng Yi , Zhou Biao , Ren Haidong , Yang Bingfu , Lou Yang , Zhou Jiancheng , Tao Chuanzhou
Published: January 2025

Thermoplastic conductive composites are significant materials in modern electronic technologies due to their universal fabrication conditions, phenomenal electrical conductivity, and remarkable mechanical properties. However, due to the heavy phase separation occurs during thermo‐processing between conductive inorganic fillers and polymer matrixes. Conventional thermoplastic conductive composites exhibit low electrical conductivity, and undesirable mechanical properties, which significantly restrict their applications. This work successfully arrives at the solution for the phase segregation by combining gallium‐stannum binary metal (Ga/Sn BM) and commercial ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer to successfully realize thermoplastic conductive composites. The thermoplastic conductive Ga/Sn BM‐EVA composites which exhibit remarkable thermal processability, ultrahigh electrical conductivity, and considerable mechanical performance. Rheological tunable solid‐liquid two‐phased Ga/Sn BM with tunable viscosities is the key to achieve excellent miscibility between fillers and polymers. The rheological measurement results demonstrate the critical viscosity matching between Ga/Sn BM and EVA copolymer for the successful fabrication of thermoplastic conductive composites. More importantly, the Ga/Sn BM‐EVA composites are adapted with classic polymer melt‐processing, which indicates the scalable production. The thermoplastic conductive Ga/Sn BM‐EVA composites emerge as an exciting substitute for electronic conductive hot melt adhesives and conductive wires in intelligent electronic technologies.
Top–Down Strategy Enabling Elastic Wood Nanocarbon Sponges with Wrinkled Multilayer Structure and High Compressive Strength for High‐Performance Compressible Supercapacitors
Authors: Wei Song , Wan Caichao , Li Xingong , Jia Shanshan , Chen Ruwei , He Guanjie , Wu Yiqiang
Published: January 2025

3D porous carbon electrodes have attracted significant attention for advancing compressible supercapacitors (SCs) in flexible electronics. The micro‐ and nanoscale architecture critically influences the mechanical and electrochemical performance of these electrodes. However, achieving a balance between high compressive strength, electrochemical stability, and cost‐effective sustainable production remains challenging. Here, a superelastic wood nanocarbon sponge (WNCS) with a wrinkled multilayer structure is developed via a facile “top–down” design on natural wood. These unique wrinkled nanolayers effectively alleviate stress concentration through elastic deformation, resulting in a high compressive strength of 580.6 kPa at 70% reversible strain. The significantly increased specific surface area, coupled with abundant micro‐mesopores and highly graphitized nanocarbon, promotes rapid ion/electron transport, enabling the WNCS to achieve an ultrahigh capacitance of 4.21 F cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2, along with excellent cyclic stability and rate capability. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) using a WNCS anode and a NiCo‐layered double hydroxide cathode retains 71.8% of its initial capacitance after 1000 compression cycles and withstands stress up to 1.03 MPa without capacitance degradation. This sustainable, cost‐effective WNCS shows great promise for flexible, compressible, and wearable electrochemical energy systems.
Regional brain iron correlates with transcriptional and cellular signatures in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Yang Aocai , Luan Jixin , Xu Manxi , Du Lei , Lv Kuan , Hu Pianpian , Shu Ni , Yuan Zhen , Shmuel Amir , Ma Guolin
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

The link between overload brain iron and transcriptional/cellular signatures in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains inconclusive.

METHODS

Iron deposition in 41 cortical and subcortical regions of 30 AD patients and 26 healthy controls (HCs) was measured using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). The expression of 15,633 genes was estimated in the same regions using transcriptomic data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA). Partial least square (PLS) regression was used to identify the association between the healthy brain gene transcription and aberrant regional QSM signal in AD. The biological processes and cell types associated with the linked genes were evaluated.

RESULTS

Gene ontological analyses showed that the first PLS component (PLS1) genes were enriched for biological processes relating to the “protein phosphorylation” and “metal ion transport”. Additionally, these genes were expressed in microglia (MG) and glutamatergic neurons (GLUs).

DISCUSSION

Our findings provide mechanistic insights from transcriptional and cellular signatures into regional iron accumulation measured by QSM in AD.

Highlights

Spatial patterns of iron deposition changes in AD correlate with cortical spatial expression genes in healthy subjects.

The identified gene transcription profile underlies aberrant iron accumulation in AD was enriched for biological processes relating to “protein phosphorylation” and “metal ion transport”.

The related genes were predominantly expressed in MG and GLUs.
Cross‐cultural validation of plasma p‐tau217 and p‐tau181 as precision biomarkers for amyloid PET positivity: An East Asian study in Taiwan and Korea
Authors: Lin Yung‐Shuan , Kwon Hyuk Sung , Lee Wei‐Ju , Hwang Mina , Jeong Jee Hyang , Koh Seong‐Ho , Choi Seong Hye , Fuh Jong‐Ling
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

Plasma phosphorylated tau (p‐tau) biomarkers have improved Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis, but data from diverse Asian populations are limited. This study evaluated plasma p‐tau217 and p‐tau181 levels in Korean and Taiwanese populations.

METHODS

All participants (n = 270) underwent amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) and blood tests. Plasma p‐tau model‐derived probabilities of amyloid PET positivity (amyloid beta [Aβ]+) classified participants into low‐, intermediate‐, or high‐risk groups.

RESULTS

In both cohorts, plasma p‐tau217 outperformed p‐tau181, especially in cognitively unimpaired participants (area under the curve = 0.921 [p‐tau217] vs. 0.769 [p‐tau181], Pdifference = 0.022). Including apolipoprotein E status and glial fibrillary acidic protein improved model fit. The negative predictive value of the low‐risk group and positive predictive value of the high‐risk group were 97.5% and 86.0%, respectively.

DISCUSSION

Plasma p‐tau217 and p‐tau181 effectively predict Aβ+ among culturally different Asian populations. P‐tau217 performed better, especially in the early stages of AD. Plasma p‐tau217–based models reduced intermediate‐risk classifications, suggesting fewer amyloid PET scans needed to confirm the diagnosis.

Highlights

The efficacy of plasma phosphorylated tau (p‐tau)217 and p‐tau181 was analyzed in two Asian populations.

Plasma p‐tau217 performs better in predicting amyloid positron emission tomography positivity, especially in cognitively unimpaired subjects.

Adding apolipoprotein E and glial fibrillary acidic protein to p‐tau improved model accuracy.

The models from each cohort were confirmed in the other cohort.

Plasma p‐tau–based risk stratification may reduce the need for confirmatory tests.
Radical Homopolymerization of Arylsulfonylated α‐Olefins to Synthesize Polysulfones – a “SO2‐free” Approach
Authors: An Bang , Sun Lixing , Sun Tingting , Li Yifan
Published: January 2025

Traditionally, α‐olefins have been regarded as non‐homopolymerizable substrates in textbook examples. However, they have the ability to copolymerize with sulfur dioxide, leading to the creation of alternating copolymers. These commodity poly(olefin sulfone)s exhibit a wide array of applications. Nevertheless, the synthesis process involving sulfur dioxide pose considerable hazards and practical difficulties. In this study, we report on the “SO2‐free” radical homopolymerization of sulfonyl α‐olefin monomers, resulting in the production of ABC sequence‐controlled poly(vinylbenzothiazole‐olefin‐sulfone)s. This unique radical polymerization process is enhanced by 1,4/1,5‐aryl migration, facilitated by the sulfonyl radicals involved in propagation. This demonstrated aryl group migration radical polymerization opens up new possibilities for synthesizing polysulfones with unprecedented main chain sequences and structures, which hold great promise as candidates for innovative polymeric materials.
Die Elektrochemische Iodierung von Elektronenarmen Aromaten
Authors: Torabi Sara , Jamshidi Mahdi , Hilt Gerhard
Published: January 2025

Die direkte Iodierung von elektronenarmen Aromaten und Heteroaromaten ist ein seit langer Zeit ungelöstes Problem in der Organischen Synthese. In diesem Beitrag beschreiben wir die elektrochemische Iodierung in Nitromethan mit Bu4NI als Iodid‐Quelle und Leitsalz unter Lewis‐Säure freien Bedingungen in Anwesenheit von katalytischen Mengen von Chlorid‐Ionen. Das elektrochemisch generierte Reagenz konnte für die direkte Iodierung von halogenierten Aromaten, aromatischen Aldehyden, Säuren, Estern, Ketonen sowie von Nitroaromaten genutzt werden, um die gewünschten Produkte in guten bis exzellenten Ausbeuten zu erzeugen.
Ultrasound‐Enhanced Spleen‐Targeted mRNA Delivery via Fluorinated PEGylated Lipid Nanoparticles for Immunotherapy
Authors: Chen Minglong , Cen Jie , Shi Qiangqiang , Shao Bing , Tan Jiajia , Ye Xianjun , He Zhihua , Liu Yang , Zhang Guoying , Hu Jinming , Bao Jianqiang , Liu Shiyong
Published: January 2025

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) based messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics hold immense promise for treating a wide array of diseases, while their nonhepatic organs targeting and insufficient endosomal escape efficiency remain challenges. For LNPs, polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipids have a crucial role in stabilizing them in aqueous medium, but they severely hinder cellular uptake and reduce transfection efficiency. In this study, we designed ultrasound (US)‐assisted fluorinated PEGylated LNPs (F‐LNPs) to enhance spleen‐targeted mRNA delivery and transfection. Through liquid‐to‐gas phase transition, we enabled the controlled shedding of fluorinated PEG lipids from F‐LNPs, facilitating cellular uptake, membrane fusion, and mRNA release. In vivo results demonstrated that US‐assisted F‐LNPs increased mRNA transfection approximately 4.0‐fold in the spleen following intravenous administration. Notably, the F‐LNPs achieved effective mRNA delivery to antigen‐presenting cell subsets, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. The targeted delivery of full‐length ovalbumin‐encoding mRNA vaccine induced significant CD8+ T cell response and exhibited excellent therapeutic effect against the ovalbumin‐transduced B16F10 tumor model. These findings establish a novel strategy for spleen‐specific mRNA delivery through the combination of fluorinated PEG lipids and US treatment, which holds substantial promise for enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy, potentially broadening the scope of clinical applications for mRNA‐based therapy.
Multiple Protophilic Redox‐Active Sites in Reticular Organic Skeletons for Superior Proton Storage
Authors: Zhang Yehui , Song Ziyang , Huang Qi , Lv Yaokang , Gan Lihua , Liu Mingxian
Published: January 2025

Protons (H+) with the smallest size and fastest redox kinetics are regarded as competitive charge carriers in the booming Zn‐organic batteries (ZOBs). Developing new H+‐storage organic cathode materials with multiple ultralow‐energy‐barrier protophilic sites and super electron delocalization routes to propel superior ZOBs is crucial but still challenging. Here we design multiple protophilic redox‐active reticular organic skeletons (ROSs) for activating better proton storage, triggered by intermolecular H‐bonding and π–π stacking interactions between 2,6‐diaminoanthraquinone and 2,4,6‐triformylphloroglucinol nanofibrous polymer. ROSs expose reticular electron delocalization geometries to fully access build‐in protophilic carbonyl sites and promote ultrarapid H+ migration with an ultralow activation energy (0.13 vs. 0.29 eV of Zn2+ ions), thus delivering high capacity (359 mAh g−1) and large‐current survivability (100 A g−1). Moreover, the extended interconnected reticular structures strengthen the anti‐dissolution of ROSs in aqueous electrolytes, affording long‐lasting proton‐storage activity in ZOBs to a superior level (60,000 cycles at 20 A g−1). Systematic studies identify the source of excellent charge storage as high‐kinetics H+‐coupled five‐electron redox process of carbonyl motifs in superstable ROSs. These findings can be of importance for evoking superior proton activity in multiple redox organics to build advanced Zn‐organic batteries.
Putting Charge Transfer Degree as a Bridge Connecting Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Photocatalysis
Authors: Chen Junjie , Li Mengyuan , Wang Xinmeng , Liu Hongye , Jiang Wenji , Zhao Bing , Song Wei
Published: January 2025

To date, few systematic approach has been established for predicting catalytic performance by analyzing the spectral information of molecules adsorbed on photocatalyst surfaces. Effective charge transfer (CT) between the semiconductor photocatalysts and surface‐absorbed molecules is essential for enhancing catalytic activity and optimizing light energy utilization. This study aimed to validate the surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on the CT enhancement mechanism in investigating the CT process during semiconductor photocatalytic C−C coupling model reactions. A copper ion doping strategy was employed to simultaneously enhance the SERS effect and catalytic activity of zinc oxide (ZnO) derived from metal‐organic framework (MOF). By analyzing molecular fingerprint SERS spectra, we calculated the degree of CT (ρCT), revealing that SERS enhancement is attributed to the CT mechanism. In situ SERS spectra confirmed a high correlation between the catalytic activity and ρCT of ZnO with varying copper ion doping levels. A range of photoelectric and spectroscopic tests validated the effectiveness of SERS in linking CT to photocatalytic performance, consistent with first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) simulations. This finding is also validated in other semiconductor materials and catalytic reactions, demonstrating the broad applicability of ρCT for predicting and evaluating SERS and catalytic activity.
Fine‐Tuning NIR‐Absorbing BODIPYs for Photoacoustic Detection of Hypochlorous Ion (OCl−)
Authors: Isar Prosenjit , Mukherjee Tarushyam , Ji Tengfei , Nellessen Alexander , Merkes Jean Michel , Kiessling Fabian , Rueping Magnus , Banala Srinivas
Published: January 2025

Highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) play crucial roles in various pathological conditions. Among them, hypochlorous ion (OCl−), a potent ROS, is associated in numerous oxidative stress‐related disorders. Elevated levels of OCl− are thus recognized as a biomarker for diagnosing inflammatory conditions. To enable selective detection of OCl− via photoacoustic (PA) imaging, we present development of a near infrared(NIR)‐absorbing BODIPY‐based acoustogenic probe. Four regioisomers of methoxyphenols‐conjugated BODIPYs were synthesized to investigate the positional influence on OCl− selectivity over other ROS/RNS. Our study reveals that only one isomer, 4‐methoxy phenol conjugation, exhibited exceptional selectivity for OCl− without any competitive reactions, making it suitable for PA imaging. This study highlights the importance of regioisomers characterization in achieving intricate selectivity among competing reactive species. The fine‐tuning and development of a suitable dye now enable the optimization of physicochemical properties for in vivo OCl− detection using PA imaging.
Near‐surface permafrost extent and active layer thickness characterized by reanalysis/assimilation data
Authors: Liu Zequn , Guo Donglin , Hua Wei , Chen Yihui
Published: January 2025

Whilst permafrost change is widely concerned in the context of global warming, lack of observations becomes one of major limitations for conducting large‐scale and long‐term permafrost change research. Reanalysis/assimilation data in theory can make up for the lack of observations, but how they characterize permafrost extent and active layer thickness remains unclear. Here, we investigate the near‐surface permafrost extent and active layer thickness characterized by seven reanalysis/assimilation datasets (CFSR, MERRA‐2, ERA5, ERA5‐Land, GLDAS‐CLSMv20, GLDAS‐CLSMv21, and GLDAS‐Noah). Results indicate that most of reanalysis/assimilation data have limited abilities in characterizing near‐surface permafrost extent and active layer thickness. GLDAS‐CLSMv20 is overall optimal in terms of comprehensive performance in characterizing both present‐day near‐surface permafrost extent and active layer thickness change. The GLDAS‐CLSMv20 indicates that near‐surface permafrost extent decreases by −0.69 × 106 km2 decade−1 and active layer deepens by 0.06 m decade−1 from 1979 to 2014. Change in active layer is significantly correlated to air temperature, precipitation, and downward longwave radiation in summer, but the correlations show regional differences. Our study implies an imperative to advance reanalysis/assimilation data's abilities to reproduce permafrost, especially for reanalysis data.
JWST Imaging of the Closest Globular Clusters—V. The White Dwarfs Cooling Sequence of M4
Authors: Bedin Luigi R. , Libralato Mattia , Salaris Maurizio , Nardiello Domenico , Scalco Michele , Griggio Massimo , Anderson Jay , Bergeron Pierre , Bellini Andrea , Gerasimov Roman , Burgasser Adam J. , Apai Daniel
Published: January 2025

We combine infrared (IR) observations collected by the James Webb Space Telescope with optical deep images by the Hubble Space Telescope taken ~20 years earlier to compute proper‐motion membership for the globular cluster (GC) M4 (NGC 6121) along its entire white dwarf (WD) cooling sequence (CS). These new IR observations allow us, for only the second time in a GC, to compare WD models with observations over a wide range of wavelengths, constraining fundamental astrophysical properties of WDs. Furthermore, we investigate the presence of WDs with IR excess along the WD CS of M4, similar to the recent study conducted on the GC NGC 6397. We also determine the age difference between M4 and NGC 6397 by comparing the absolute F150W2 magnitudes of the luminosity function peak at the bottom of the observed WD CS and find that M4 is slightly younger, by 0.8 ± 0.5 Gyr.
The B±‐Meson Production in High Energy pp Collisions in the Color Dipole Transverse Momentum Representation
Authors: dos Santos G. Sampaio , da Silveira G. Gil , Machado Magno V. T.
Published: January 2025

The color dipole formalism in the transverse momentum framework together with the unintegrated gluon distributions is considered to obtain the differential cross sections in collisions. The theoretical predictions for the B±‐meson production assume the center‐of‐mass energy of the Large Hadron Collider and the rapidities available at the LHCb experiment. The results are compared with the corresponding measurements in terms of the meson transverse momentum.
Untargeted metabolomics reveals biomarkers for the diagnosis of coronary artery plaques as observed by coronary cardiac computed tomography
Authors: Shmet Manar , Amasha Mansor , Khattib Ali , Schweitzer Ron , Khatib Saeed , Hamudi Jihad , Halabi Majdi , Khatib Soliman
Published: January 2025

Atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide; in Israel, ischemic heart disease is the second leading cause of death for both genders aged 45 and above. Atherosclerosis involves stiffening of the arteries due to the accumulation of lipids and oxidized lipids on the blood vessel walls, triggering the development of artery plaque. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common manifestation of atherosclerosis. The prevalence of CAD in the general population remains high, despite efforts to improve the identification of risk factors and preventive treatments. The discovery of new biomarkers is vital to improving the diagnosis of CAD and its risk factors. We aimed to identify novel biomarkers that could provide an early diagnosis of coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques, their type, and the percentage of stenosis. We used an untargeted metabolomics approach to identify potential biomarkers that could enable highly sensitive and specific CAD detection. The study consisted of 109 patients who underwent cardiac computed tomography angiography at the Cardiology Department of Ziv Medical Center. Fifty‐four patients were diagnosed with coronary atherosclerotic plaques (CAD group), and 55 without plaques used control. Untargeted metabolomics using LC–MS/MS revealed 2560 metabolites in the patients' serum: 106 showed statistically significant upregulation in the serum of the CAD group compared with the healthy control group (p < 0.05). These metabolites belonged to the following chemical families: acyl‐carnitines, cyclodipeptides, lysophosphatidylcholine, and primary bile acids. In contrast, 98 metabolites displayed statistically significant downregulation in the serum of the CAD group compared with the control group, belonging to the following chemical families: GABA amino acids and derivatives (inhibitory neurotransmitters), lipids, and secondary bile acids. Our comprehensive untargeted serum metabolomic analysis revealed biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis of patients with CAD. Further cohort studies with a larger number of participants are needed to validate the detected biomarkers.
Proteo‐Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanisms Underlying Escherichia coli Phenotypic Shifts Under Blue Light
Authors: Shi Shuqi , Qi Wenlu , Zhang Jinming , Liang Caice , Liu Wei , Han Hui , Zhuang Wei , Chen Tianpeng , Sun Wenjun , Chen Yong
Published: January 2025

Bacteria can adapt their lifestyles, including microbial growth, metabolism, and biofilm formation, in response to light signaling. However, the molecular pathways through which blue light affects the lifestyle of Escherichia coli (E. coli) remain incomplete and poorly understood. To address this gap, transcriptomic and proteomic approaches were employed to analyze the physiological differences of E. coli under dark and blue light conditions. Our results indicate that, compared to dark conditions, blue light attenuates flagellar assembly, reduces cell motility and communication, and decreases biofilm formation in E. coli. In addition, this study elucidates the signaling pathways involved in the blue light‐mediated regulation of E. coli behavior, providing a theoretical framework for understanding how E. coli responds to blue light signaling to modulate biofilm formation for the production of food chemicals.
A Journey From Traditional Supply Chain Processes to Sustainability‐Oriented Blockchain Supply Chain: The Critical Role of Organizational Capabilities
Authors: Polas Mohammad Rashed Hasan , Afshar Jahanshahi Asghar , Islam Mohammad Ekramol , Kabir Ahmed Imran , Sohel‐Uz‐Zaman Abu Saleh Md. , Fahad Abdullah Al
Published: January 2025

Blockchain technology has a great potential to transform how businesses approach sustainability by offering transparency, efficiency, and accountability across various processes. By adopting blockchain, businesses can not only meet growing consumer and regulatory demands for sustainability but also create competitive advantages by promoting resource efficiency, fostering trust, and building eco‐conscious operations. Building on dynamic capabilities lens within the resource‐based view (RBV) framework, and in order to know about antecedents and consequences of blockchain technology adoption, this study investigates how three types of organizational capabilities—namely, innovation capability, information‐sharing capability, and technological capability—may facilitate the blockchain technology adoption and most importantly, how such adoption could impact firm performance. To test our research hypotheses, we collected survey data from 198 electronics companies in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The structural equation modelling has been used to test the model hypothesis. The findings showed that all three organizational capabilities—innovation capability, information‐sharing capability, and technological capability—significantly facilitate blockchain technology adoption, which in turn leads to enhanced firm performance in small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises, demonstrating the strategic value of blockchain in driving sustainability and competitiveness in electronics companies.
Artificial Intelligence and Identification of the Deceased: a Narrative Review With Implications in Forensic Science
Authors: Siwan Damini , Rana Akansha , Krishan Peehul , Sharma Vishal , Krishan Kewal
Published: January 2025

Identification of the dead is of utmost importance in mass disasters, war crimes, and forensic examinations. The biological profile, established by a forensic anthropologist is one the necessary steps involved in the identification of the dead. Several parameters can be estimated such as sex, age, stature, biogeographical affinity, and DNA profile of the unknown person. It is crucial to estimate these parameters of identification which may narrow down the investigation process. On the other hand, Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the modern world is showing magical uses in different fields. This communication aims to highlight the uses of AI tools for predicting parameters such as sex, age, stature, biogeographical affinity, and DNA profile of unknown persons with more accuracy and in less time. A literature search was conducted using databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect for analyzing the use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning algorithms for establishing the biological profile in disaster victim identification (DVI) and forensic casework. Moreover, this research foresees a paradigm shift in investigative techniques as technology advances, highlighting the convergence of AI and anthropological ideas for an improved understanding of the biological profiles of unknown deceased individuals.
Establishing a scalable perfusion strategy for the manufacture of CAR‐T cells in stirred‐tank bioreactors using a quality‐by‐design approach
Authors: Hood Tiffany , Springuel Pierre , Slingsby Fern , Sandner Viktor , Geis Winfried , Schmidberger Timo , Bevan Nicola , Vicard Quentin , Hengst Julia , Dianat Noushin , Rafiq Qasim A.
Published: January 2025

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR‐T) therapies show high remission rates for relapsed and refractory leukemia and lymphoma. However, manufacturing challenges hinder their commercial viability and patient accessibility. This study applied quality‐by‐design principles to identify perfusion critical process parameters for CAR‐T expansion in stirred tank bioreactors to maximize yields. A design of experiments in the Ambr® 250 High Throughput Perfusion small‐scale bioreactor revealed that earlier perfusion starts (48 h vs. 96 h post‐inoculation) and higher perfusion rates (1.0 VVD vs. 0.25 VVD) significantly increased cytotoxic CAR‐T cell yields without compromising critical quality attributes. Optimizing perfusion improved growth kinetics and yields across donor samples, achieving densities >21 × 106 cells/mL in 7 days, outperforming traditional fed‐batch and static flask cultures. This study underscores the importance of optimizing perfusion parameters to maximize CAR‐T yields and quality and highlights the utility of scale‐down models in reducing time, costs and risks associated with process development.