bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local Culture, Technological Change and Riverine Fisheries Management in Kerala, South India
Authors: Santha Sunil D.
Published: September 2009

This article primarily examines the role of cultural components in riverine fisheries management. Components of culture, in this article, are defined as those values, norms, beliefs, sanctions, knowledge systems and technology that influence fishing practices of riverine fisherfolk. It also examines the modifications that take place to these cultural components and their implications on fisheries management. The findings signify that cultural components aid in judicious use of resources. However, the primary purpose of these components could be in ensuring fairness in distribution or in regulating conflicts among different stakeholders. The findings also reflect on the dynamics of culture. Cultural components evolve, modify or disappear due to the influence of contextual factors such as technological change. This article is based on an ethnographic fieldwork among two riverine fishing communities along the Pamba–Achankovil river basin in Kerala, India. Interview guides and focused group discussion are the primary tools of data collection.
Good Governance Practices by Local Administration in Jordan and USA
Authors: Yaghi Abdulfattah
Published: September 2009

Practicing good governance is a way of strengthening democracy. Good governance from citizens’ perspective means to receive quality public services by democratic means. The aim of this article is to explore how citizens evaluate the performance of local administration in providing them with basic services, and whether Jordanians and Americans perceive good governance practices differently. To this end, a random sample of 790 residents in 10 municipalities is surveyed during 2005 and 2006. Using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) reveals that the Jordanians and Americans have different opinions about good governance. Findings suggest that the Jordanians evaluate the overall performance of local administration more favourably than the Americans. However, there are differences in citizens’ evaluation of the itemized services delivered to them as well as in the way good governance is maintained in Jordan and the United States of America (USA). Finally, citizens in both countries report unfavourable evaluation of governments’ performance in handling financial matters and in the ability of local officials to fulfil their campaign promises.
Expanding People's Might—Putting Social Infrastructure into the hands of the Community
Authors: Kumar Arun
Published: September 2009

There is increasing evidence of the social infrastructure failing the rural poor. In view of the failure of the responsible agency to deliver on various fronts; it is essential to examine possible solutions to bridge the gaps in the provision of social infrastructure and services. Possible solutions like technological innovation and social mobilization through communitarian responses present challenges in replication and extension. Greater centralization or decentralization to address service delivery failure is limited, in that, it is known to lead to entrenchment of power—either at the global or local levels. These limitations enforce the quest for alternatives. This article presents one such alternative—of expanding people's control, by transferring infrastructure directly into the hands of the people, through community organizations. It also explores the necessary amendments and regulations that need be made before such transference takes place; and the necessary caveats.
Technological Capital and Sustainable Livelihood
Authors: Mohapatra Biswajit , Suar Damodar
Published: September 2009

This study examines whether technological capital influences livelihood of people in watersheds. Data were collected from 130 watersheds of Orissa (India). Information on dimensions of technological capital and sustainable livelihood was collected using interview schedules and questionnaires. Measures of economic, psychological, social and ecological sustainability assessed sustainable livelihood. Technological capital was assessed on adequacy, professional support, understanding of measures and land use. Results suggest that better technological capital improves sustainable livelihood in the watershed. Understanding of measures increases economic well-being of people, better land use enhances psychological well-being of people and professional support promotes social equity among people. Adequacy of measures, understanding of measures, adequacy of professional support and better use of land improve ecological upkeep of the watershed. Understanding of measures, land use and professional support received are critical technological parameters for influencing more than one sustainability dimension. Ecological sustainability of the watershed enhances psychological well-being of people.
A Couple’s Activity for Understanding Birth Order Effects: Introducing the Birth Order Research-Based Questionnaire (BORQ)
Authors: Eckstein Daniel , Sperber Mark A. , Miller Kristen Aycock
Published: September 2009

In an effort to explore the role of family of origin (or equivalent) issues as they affect a couple’s relationship, the authors introduce the Birth Order Research-Based Questionnaire (BORQ). Couples will also be asked to participate in other interview questions to assess each individual’s birth order effects and family of origin. A brief review of the birth order literature is included as well as an appendix documenting the birth order traits for oldest, only, middle, and youngest. The article concludes with the implications of the couple’s activity.
‘Friending’: London-based undergraduates’ experience of Facebook
Authors: Lewis Jane , West Anne
Published: September 2009

Facebook offers the possibility of increased social contact via a process known as ‘friending’, whereby users create personal profiles and accumulate ‘friends’ on a reciprocal basis. The making and maintaining of friendships has been shown to be particularly important to young adults, but there is a strong debate in the literature on computer-mediated communication about the value of the often weak ties that are created. Relatively little is known about the kind of contact that is made on Facebook in the UK context. This study interviewed 16 second-and third-year undergraduates who all joined Facebook soon after it was launched in UK universities in October 2005. This article explores the extent to which the nature of the Facebook site fosters particular kinds of social interaction, and how students seek to manage their Facebook ‘friendships’. It finds that Facebook promotes mainly weak, low-commitment ties.
Botulinum Toxin to Treat Upper-Limb Spasticity in Hemiparetic Patients: Grasp Strategies and Kinematics of Reach-to-Grasp Movements
Authors: Bensmail Djamel , Robertson Johanna , Fermanian Christophe , Roby-Brami Agnès
Published: September 2009

Background. Poor control of grasping in spastic, hemiparetic patients could be because of a combination of poor individuation of joints, weakness, spasticity, and sensory loss. Objective. To investigate the effect of botulinum toxin injections (BTIs) on grasping objects of different shapes and to assess the effect on upper-limb function, reach-to-grasp kinematics, and hand position and orientation at the time of grasp. Methods. We included 15 patients with spastic hemiparesis and 9 healthy controls in this open labeled study, in which the patients were assessed before (M0), 1 month after a first (M1), and 1 month after a second BTI (M4, at 4 months). A motion capture system recorded movements. Kinematic variables were computed as well as hand position and orientation at the time of grasping, and finger configurations were coded from video recordings. Results. In contrast with healthy participants, hemiparetic patients rarely used multipulpar grasps but used specific strategies combined with various directions of approach to the object. BTIs did not alter finger configuration but improved the final direction of the approach and the hand posture during the grasp. No significant changes in kinematic parameters were found using post hoc analysis, although a session effect was found for peak hand velocity. Individual analysis showed that the patients with the best potential for functional improvement are those with good proximal and moderate distal motor command. Conclusions. BTIs can modify hand kinematics as well as the approach and posture of reach-to-grasp movements. Function and grasping strategies are probably more dependent on motor recovery.
An association between lunate morphology and scaphoid–trapezium–trapezoid arthritis
Authors: MCLEAN J. M. , TURNER P. C. , BAIN G. I. , REZAIAN N. , FIELD J. , FOGG Q.
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine if an association exists between scaphoid–trapezium–trapezoid arthritis and lunate morphology. Plain neutral posteroanterior radiographs were evaluated for 48 patients with STT arthritis and 96 patients from a control group. Lunate type was determined using capitate–triquetrum (C-T) distance. A type I lunate was defined as a C-T distance ≤2 mm. A type II lunate was defined as a C-T distance ≥4 mm. Lunate type was recorded and compared between those with STT arthritis and a control group. The groups were similar with regard to age, gender and handedness. Type II lunates were found in 83% of cases with STT arthritis and in 64% of controls. STT OA was associated with type II lunate wrists ( P = 0.02; OR = 0.35; CI: 0.15–0.82). We postulate that variations in scaphoid motion secondary to lunate morphology may contribute to the development of STT OA.
Strength enhancement of the interlocking mechanism in cross-stitch peripheral sutures for flexor tendon repair: biomechanical comparisons by cyclic loading
Authors: Takeuchi N. , Mitsuyasu H. , Hotokezaka S. , Miura H. , Higaki H. , Iwamoto Y.
Published: September 2009

The fatigue strength of three peripheral suture techniques for flexor tendon repair was compared by cyclic loading of repairs in a cotton dental roll tendon model. Thirty pairs of dental roll were sutured using only peripheral sutures with 6-0 polypropylene. An initial cyclic load of 5 N for 500 cycles was applied and increased by 5 N for an additional 500 cycles at each new load until rupture. The fatigue strength of an interlocking cross-stitch suture was 113% greater than a running suture and 36% greater than a standard cross-stitch suture. Interlocking the cross-stitch prevented shortening of the transverse portions under load and appears to be a useful technique for increasing the strength of the peripheral suture.
Correlation between range of motion and implant fracture: a 5 year follow-up of 72 joints in 18 patients in a randomized study comparing Swanson and Avanta/Sutter MCP silicone prosthesis
Authors: TÄGIL M. , GEIJER M. , MALCUS P. , KOPYLOV P.
Published: September 2009

Eighteen out of 18 rheumatoid patients (at one centre of a two-centre 30 patient study previously reported) with a mean age of 56 years, and 72/72 operated joints were randomized to Avanta/Sutter or Swanson MCP prostheses and followed for 5 years. Both ulnar deviation and extension lag were improved already at 6 weeks and remained improved at 5 years. The Avanta prosthesis had a better range of motion (ROM) than the Swanson. Six of nine patients with Avanta/Sutter implants had at least one implant fracture compared to 1/9 patients with the Swanson implant ( P = 0.05) but fracture did not change the outcome subjectively. The ROM at 3 months correlated with the occurrence of an implant fracture at 5 years and a greater early ROM may be related to implant fracture. At 5 years patients remained satisfied and the deformities remained corrected.
Narakas classification of obstetric brachial plexus palsy revisited
Authors: AL-QATTAN M. M. , EL-SAYED A. A. F. , AL-ZAHRANI A. Y. , AL-MUTAIRI S. A. , AL-HARBI M. S. , AL-MUTAIRI A. M. , AL-KAHTANI F. S.
Published: September 2009

Narakas classified babies with obstetric palsy into four groups: upper Erb’s, extended Erb’s, total palsy, and total palsy with a Horner. Over the last 15 years, it was noted at our obstetric palsy clinic that good spontaneous recovery in newborns with extended Erb’s palsy (C5, C6, C7 injury) was more likely if they recovered active wrist extension against gravity before 2 months of age. A hypothesis was made that newborns with extended Erb’s palsy (Narakas Group II) may be subclassified into two groups according to this ‘early recovery of wrist extension.’ In a retrospective study of 581 cases with strict inclusion criteria, the hypothesis was found to be true: patients with extended Erb’s and ‘early recovery of wrist extension’ have significantly higher percentages of good spontaneous recovery of limb function than those with extended Erb’s and ‘no early recovery of wrist extension’ ( P<0.0001 by chi-squared test).
Review: Management of the returning traveler with diarrhea
Authors: de Saussure Philippe P. H.
Published: September 2009

Traveler’s diarrhea (TD) strikes 20—60% of travelers visiting developing countries. It occurs shortly after the return and can be distinguished into two categories: acute and persistent TD. Acute TD, mostly caused by bacterial and viral pathogens, is usually mild and self-limited, and deserves empirical symptomatic and/or antibiotic therapy in selected cases. Fluoroquinolones are progressively superseded in this indication by azithromycin, a well tolerated macrolide active against most bacteria responsible for TD, including the quinolone-resistant species of Campylobacter jejuni that are now pervasive, especially in Southeast Asia and India. Persistent TD in the returning traveler is much rarer than its acute counterpart and may be associated with three types of causes. Persistent infections, among which Giardia and possibly Entamoeba predominate, account for a significant proportion of cases. Postinfectious processes represent a second cause and comprise temporary lactose malabsorption and postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome, now considered a major cause of persistent TD. Finally, apparently unrelated chronic diseases causing diarrhea are occasionally unmasked by TD and represent a third type of persistent TD, among which the well established case of incident inflammatory bowel disease poses intriguing pathogenesis questions. This review discusses recent advances in the field and provides practical recommendations for the management of TD in adult, immunocompetent returning travelers.
Review: Identifying patient subtypes in multiple sclerosis and tailoring immunotherapy: challenges for the future
Authors: De Jager Philip L.
Published: September 2009

The accelerating pace of technological and analytical development in the fields of genetic and phenotypic profiling has ushered in an era of great promise for multiple sclerosis (MS) research. As we continue to identify modest but meaningful associations to MS susceptibility, disease course, treatment response, and other clinical or paraclinical phenotypes, we must begin to (1) embark on the challenging set of studies that will integrate disparate observations into clinical algorithms, and (2) validate their clinical utility. Genetic data are receiving much of the attention today, but they are unlikely to be sufficient to offer a personalized approach to disease management in MS. Rather, the genetic architecture of the disease, once uncovered, will offer a fixed platform upon which more dynamic molecular profiles can be assembled to deconstruct the structure of the patient population that we label with a diagnosis of MS. The tools and methods to gain insight into the heterogeneity of MS patients are available today; we must now realize their potential in enhancing the care of MS patients.
Review: Cyclophosphamide in multiple sclerosis: scientific rationale, history and novel treatment paradigms
Authors: Awad Amer , Stüve Olaf
Published: September 2009

For patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), there are currently six approved medications that have been shown to alter the natural course of the disease. The approved medications include three beta interferon formulations, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab and mitoxantrone. Treating aggressive forms of RRMS and progressive disease forms of MS still presents a great challenge to neurologists. Intense immunosuppression has long been thought to be the only feasible therapeutic option. In patients with progressive forms of MS, lymphoid tissues have been detected in the central nervous system (CNS) that may play a critical role in perpetuating local inflammation. Agents that are currently approved for patients with MS have no or very limited bioavailability in the brain and spinal cord. In contrast, cyclophosphamide (CYC), an alkylating agent, penetrates the blood-brain barrier and CNS parenchyma well. However, while CYC has been used in clinical trials and off-label in clinical practice in patients with MS for over three decades, data on its efficacy in very heterogeneous groups of study patients have been conflicting. New myeloablative treatment paradigms with CYC may provide a therapeutic option in patients that do not respond to other agents. In this article we review the scientific rationale that led to the initial clinical trials with CYC. We will also outline the safety, tolerability and efficacy of CYC and provide neurologists with guidelines for its use in patients with MS and other inflammatory disorders of the CNS, including neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Finally, an outlook into relatively novel treatment approaches is provided.
Review: Diagnosis and treatment of cerebral vasculitis
Authors: Berlit Peter
Published: September 2009

Vasculitides are characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel wall. Large vessels including the aorta are affected in giant-cell arteritis, medium-size arteries in classic polyarteritis nodosa. The small-vessel vasculitides are separated in those with antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA) and those without. The primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare disorder affecting both medium- and small-sized vessels. Major symptoms of cerebral vasculitis are stroke, headache and encephalopathy. Diagnosis is based on laboratory and imaging findings. When cerebral affection occurs in systemic vasculitis an acute inflammatory response with raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate and increased values of C-reactive protein is present. In many cerebral vasculitides including PACNS, CSF studies reveal inflammatory findings. Magnetic resonance imaging, including ADC maps, diffusion and gradient echo sequences, is the investigation of choice to detect and monitor cerebral involvement. Certain MRI techniques and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography allow the visualization of vessel wall inflammation when the lumen is still unaffected on angiography. The treatment recommendations for cerebral angitis are derived from protocols for systemic vasculitides. In general, a combination of steroids and pulse cyclophosphamide (CYC) is recommended for induction treatment. An alternative option is the use of the anti- CD20 antibody rituximab. Methotrexate, azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil are recommended as alternatives to CYC once remission is achieved.
Role of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in the mechanism of endorepellin angiostatic activity
Authors: Nyström Alexander , Shaik Zabeena P. , Gullberg Donald , Krieg Thomas , Eckes Beate , Zent Roy , Pozzi Ambra , Iozzo Renato V.
Published: September 2009

Endorepellin, the C-terminal domain of perlecan, is a powerful angiogenesis inhibitor. To dissect the mechanism of endorepellin-mediated endothelial silencing, we used an antibody array against multiple tyrosine kinase receptors. Endorepellin caused a widespread reduction in phosphorylation of key receptors involved in angiogenesis and a concurrent increase in phosphatase activity in endothelial cells and tumor xenografts. These effects were efficiently hampered by function-blocking antibodies against integrin α2β1, the functional endorepellin receptor. The Src homology-2 protein phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) coprecipitated with integrin α2 and was phosphorylated in a dynamic fashion after endorepellin stimulation. Genetic evidence was provided by lack of an endorepellin-evoked phosphatase response in microvascular endothelial cells derived from integrin α2β1−/− mice and by response to endorepellin in cells genetically engineered to express the α2β1 integrin, but not in cells either lacking this receptor or expressing a chimera harboring the integrin α2 ectodomain fused to the α1 intracellular domain. siRNA-mediated knockdown of integrin α2 caused a dose-dependent reduction of SHP-1. Finally, the levels of SHP-1 and its enzymatic activity were substantially reduced in multiple organs from α2β1−/− mice. Our results show that SHP-1 is an essential mediator of endorepellin activity and discover a novel functional interaction between the integrin α2 subunit and SHP-1.
MICA-129 genotype, soluble MICA, and anti-MICA antibodies as biomarkers of chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Boukouaci Wahid , Busson Marc , Peffault de Latour Régis , Rocha Vanderson , Suberbielle Caroline , Bengoufa Djaouida , Dulphy Nicolas , Haas Philippe , Scieux Catherine , Amroun Habiba , Gluckman Eliane , Krishnamoorthy Rajagopal , Toubert Antoine , Charron Dominique , Socié Gérard , Tamouza Ryad
Published: September 2009

The MHC class I–related chain A (MICA) molecules exist as membrane-bound and soluble isoforms and are encoded by a polymorphic gene. Their genetic and phenotype characteristics have been studied in various pathologic settings but not in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Here, we evaluated whether MICA-related features namely MICA-129 gene polymorphism, serum levels of soluble MICA (sMICA) and anti-MICA antibodies (MICA Abs) before and after HSCT could influence the incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) and relapse of their disease in 211 HLA-identical sibling pairs and in a subset of 116 recipients, respectively. Although the MICA-129 val/val genotype and elevated sMICA serum levels after HSCT are independently associated with the incidence of cGVHD (P = .002 and .001) regardless of history of acute GVHD, the presence of MICA Abs before transplantation confers protection against cGVHD (P = .04). There is an inverse relationship between MICA Abs and sMICA, suggesting an antibody-based neutralization of deleterious effects of sMICA. Similarly, these genetic and phenotype characteristics of MICA influence the incidence of relapse. Altogether, these data suggest that the studied MICA genotype and phenotype specificities could be used as relevant biomarkers for cGVHD monitoring.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Chronic NMDA administration to rats increases brain pro-apoptotic factors while decreasing anti-Apoptotic factors and causes cell death
Authors: Kim Hyung-Wook , Chang Yunyoung C , Chen Mei , Rapoport Stanley I , Rao Jagadeesh S
Published: September 2009

Background

ChronicN-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) administration to rats is reported to increase arachidonic acid signaling and upregulate neuroinflammatory markers in rat brain. These changes may damage brain cells. In this study, we determined if chronic NMDA administration (25 mg/kg i.p., 21 days) to rats would alter expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors in frontal cortex, compared with vehicle control.

Results

Using real time RT-PCR and Western blotting, chronic NMDA administration was shown to decrease mRNA and protein levels of anti-apoptotic markers Bcl-2 and BDNF, and of their transcription factor phospho-CREB in the cortex. Expression of pro-apoptotic Bax, Bad, and 14-3-3ζ was increased, as well as Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining, a marker of neuronal loss.

Conclusion

This alteration in the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors by chronic NMDA receptor activation in this animal model may contribute to neuronal loss, and further suggests that the model can be used to examine multiple processes involved in excitotoxicity.
MoccaDB - an integrative database for functional, comparative and diversity studies in the Rubiaceaefamily
Authors: Plechakova Olga , Tranchant-Dubreuil Christine , Benedet Fabrice , Couderc Marie , Tinaut Alexandra , Viader Véronique , De Block Petra , Hamon Perla , Campa Claudine , de Kochko Alexandre , Hamon Serge , Poncet Valérie
Published: September 2009

Background

In the past few years, functional genomics information has been rapidly accumulating on Rubiaceae species and especially on those belonging to the Coffea genus (coffee trees). An increasing number of expressed sequence tag (EST) data and EST- or genomic-derived microsatellite markers have been generated, together with Conserved Ortholog Set (COS) markers. This considerably facilitates comparative genomics or map-based genetic studies through the common use of orthologous loci across different species. Similar genomic information is available for e.g. tomato or potato, members of the Solanaceae family. Since both Rubiaceae and Solanaceae belong to the Euasterids I (lamiids) integration of information on genetic markers would be possible and lead to more efficient analyses and discovery of key loci involved in important traits such as fruit development, quality, and maturation, or adaptation. Our goal was to develop a comprehensive web data source for integrated information on validated orthologous markers in Rubiaceae.

Description

MoccaDB is an online MySQL-PHP driven relational database that houses annotated and/or mapped microsatellite markers in Rubiaceae. In its current release, the database stores 638 markers that have been defined on 259 ESTs and 379 genomic sequences. Marker information was retrieved from 11 published works, and completed with original data on 132 microsatellite markers validated in our laboratory. DNA sequences were derived from three Coffea species/hybrids. Microsatellite markers were checked for similarity, in vitro tested for cross-amplification and diversity/polymorphism status in up to 38 Rubiaceae species belonging to the Cinchonoideae and Rubioideae subfamilies. Functional annotation was provided and some markers associated with described metabolic pathways were also integrated. Users can search the database for marker, sequence, map or diversity information through multi-option query forms. The retrieved data can be browsed and downloaded, along with protocols used, using a standard web browser. MoccaDB also integrates bioinformatics tools (CMap viewer and local BLAST) and hyperlinks to related external data sources (NCBI GenBank and PubMed, SOL Genomic Network database).

Conclusion

We believe that MoccaDB will be extremely useful for all researchers working in the areas of comparative and functional genomics and molecular evolution, in general, and population analysis and association mapping of Rubiaceae and Solanaceae species, in particular.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumanniion computer interface surfaces of hospital wards and association with clinical isolates
Authors: Lu Po-Liang , Siu LK , Chen Tun-Chieh , Ma Ling , Chiang Wen-Gin , Chen Yen-Hsu , Lin Sheng-Fung , Chen Tyen-Po
Published: October 2009

Background

Computer keyboards and mice are potential reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens, but routine disinfection for non-water-proof computer devices is a problem. With better hand hygiene compliance of health-care workers (HCWs), the impact of these potential sources of contamination on clinical infection needs to be clarified.

Methods

This study was conducted in a 1600-bed medical center of southern Taiwan with 47 wards and 282 computers. With education and monitoring program of hand hygiene for HCWs, the average compliance rate was 74% before our surveillance. We investigated the association of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, three leading hospital-acquired pathogens, from ward computer keyboards, mice and from clinical isolates in non-outbreak period by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and antibiogram.

Results

Our results revealed a 17.4% (49/282) contamination rate of these computer devices by S. aureus, Acinetobacter spp. or Pseudomonas spp. The contamination rates of MRSA and A. baumannii in the ward computers were 1.1% and 4.3%, respectively. No P. aeruginosa was isolated. All isolates from computers and clinical specimens at the same ward showed different pulsotypes. However, A. baumannii isolates on two ward computers had the same pulsotype.

Conclusion

With good hand hygiene compliance, we found relatively low contamination rates of MRSA, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii on ward computer interface, and without further contribution to nosocomial infection. Our results suggested no necessity of routine culture surveillance in non-outbreak situation.
A proposed prognostic 7-day survival formula for patients with terminal cancer
Authors: Chiang Jui-Kun , Lai Ning-Sheng , Wang Mei-Huang , Chen Shi-Chi , Kao Yee-Hsin
Published: September 2009

Background

The ability to identify patients for hospice care results in better end-of-life care. To develop a validated prognostic scale for 7-day survival prediction, a prospective observational cohort study was made of patients with terminal cancer.

Methods

Patient data gathered within 24 hours of hospital admission included demographics, clinical signs and symptoms and their severity, laboratory test results, and subsequent survival data. Of 727 patients enrolled, data from 374 (training group) was used to develop a prognostic tool, with the other 353 serving as the validation group.

Results

Five predictors identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis included patient's cognitive status, edema, ECOG performance status, BUN and respiratory rate. A formula of the predictor model based on those five predictors was constructed. When probability was >0.2, death within 7 days was predicted in the training group and validation group, with sensitivity of 80.9% and 71.0%, specificity of 65.9% and 57.7%, positive predictive value of 42.6% and 26.8%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 91.7% and 90.1%, respectively.

Conclusion

This predictor model showed a relatively high sensitivity and NPV for predicting 7-day survival among terminal cancer patients, and could increase patient satisfaction by improving end-of-life care.
Identification and classification of high risk groups for Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis using an artificial neural network based on occupational histories: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Liu Hongbo , Tang Zhifeng , Yang Yongli , Weng Dong , Sun Gao , Duan Zhiwen , Chen Jie
Published: September 2009

Background

Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) is a preventable, but not fully curable occupational lung disease. More and more coal miners are likely to be at risk of developing CWP owing to an increase in coal production and utilization, especially in developing countries. Coal miners with different occupational categories and durations of dust exposure may be at different levels of risk for CWP. It is necessary to identify and classify different levels of risk for CWP in coal miners with different work histories. In this way, we can recommend different intervals for medical examinations according to different levels of risk for CWP. Our findings may provide a basis for further emending the measures of CWP prevention and control.

Methods

The study was performed using longitudinal retrospective data in the Tiefa Colliery in China. A three-layer artificial neural network with 6 input variables, 15 neurons in the hidden layer, and 1 output neuron was developed in conjunction with coal miners' occupational exposure data. Sensitivity and ROC analyses were adapted to explain the importance of input variables and the performance of the neural network. The occupational characteristics and the probability values predicted were used to categorize coal miners for their levels of risk for CWP.

Results

The sensitivity analysis showed that influence of the duration of dust exposure and occupational category on CWP was 65% and 67%, respectively. The area under the ROC in 3 sets was 0.981, 0.969, and 0.992. There were 7959 coal miners with a probability value < 0.001. The average duration of dust exposure was 15.35 years. The average duration of ex-dust exposure was 0.69 years. Of the coal miners, 79.27% worked in helping and mining. Most of the coal miners were born after 1950 and were first exposed to dust after 1970. One hundred forty-four coal miners had a probability value ≥0.1. The average durations of dust exposure and ex-dust exposure were 25.70 and 16.30 years, respectively. Most of the coal miners were born before 1950 and began to be exposed to dust before 1980. Of the coal miners, 90.28% worked in tunneling.

Conclusion

The duration of dust exposure and occupational category were the two most important factors for CWP. Coal miners at different levels of risk for CWP could be classified by the three-layer neural network analysis based on occupational history.
Seasonal distribution of anti-malarial drug resistance alleles on the island of Sumba, Indonesia
Authors: Asih Puji BS , Rogers William O , Susanti Agustina I , Rahmat Agus , Rozi Ismail E , Kusumaningtyas Mariska A , Krisin  , Sekartuti  , Dewi Rita M , Coutrier Farah N , Sutamihardja Awalludin , Ven Andre JAM van der , Sauerwein Robert W , Syafruddin Din
Published: September 2009

Background

Drug resistant malaria poses an increasing public health problem in Indonesia, especially eastern Indonesia, where malaria is highly endemic. Widespread chloroquine (CQ) resistance and increasing sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance prompted Indonesia to adopt artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as first-line therapy in 2004. To help develop a suitable malaria control programme in the district of West Sumba, the seasonal distribution of alleles known to be associated with resistance to CQ and SP among Plasmodium falciparum isolates from the region was investigated.

Methods

Plasmodium falciparum isolates were collected during malariometric surveys in the wet and dry seasons in 2007 using two-stage cluster sampling. Analysis of pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfmdr1 gene copy number, dhfr, and dhps genes were done using protocols described previously.

Results and Discussion

The 76T allele of the pfcrt gene is nearing fixation in this population. Pfmdr1 mutant alleles occurred in 72.8% and 53.3%, predominantly as 1042D and 86Y alleles that are mutually exclusive. The prevalence of amplified pfmdr1 was found 41.9% and 42.8% of isolates in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The frequency of dhfr mutant alleles was much lower, either as a single 108N mutation or paired with 59R. The 437G allele was the only mutant dhps allele detected and it was only found during dry season.

Conclusion

The findings demonstrate a slighly higher distribution of drug-resistant alleles during the wet season and support the policy of replacing CQ with ACT in this area, but suggest that SP might still be effective either alone or in combination with other anti-malarials.
Discovery and identification of potential biomarkers of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Fan Yuxia , Shi Linan , Liu Qiuliang , Dong Rui , Zhang Qian , Yang Shaobo , Fan Yingzhong , Yang Heying , Wu Peng , Yu Jiekai , Zheng Shu , Yang Fuquan , Wang Jiaxiang
Published: September 2009

Background

Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy and a common cancer among the malignancies of head and neck. Noninvasive and convenient biomarkers for diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) as early as possible remain an urgent need. The aim of this study was to discover and identify potential protein biomarkers for PTC specifically.

Methods

Two hundred and twenty four (224) serum samples with 108 PTC and 116 controls were randomly divided into a training set and a blind testing set. Serum proteomic profiles were analyzed using SELDI-TOF-MS. Candidate biomarkers were purified by HPLC, identified by LC-MS/MS and validated using ProteinChip immunoassays.

Results

A total of 3 peaks (m/zwith 9190, 6631 and 8697 Da) were screened out by support vector machine (SVM) to construct the classification model with high discriminatory power in the training set. The sensitivity and specificity of the model were 95.15% and 93.97% respectively in the blind testing set. The candidate biomarker withm/zof 9190 Da was found to be up-regulated in PTC patients, and was identified as haptoglobin alpha-1 chain. Another two candidate biomarkers (6631, 8697 Da) were found down-regulated in PTC and identified as apolipoprotein C-I and apolipoprotein C-III, respectively. In addition, the level of haptoglobin alpha-1 chain (9190 Da) progressively increased with the clinical stage I, II, III and IV, and the expression of apolipoprotein C-I and apolipoprotein C-III (6631, 8697 Da) gradually decreased in higher stages.

Conclusion

We have identified a set of biomarkers that could discriminate PTC from non-cancer controls. An efficient strategy, including SELDI-TOF-MS analysis, HPLC purification, MALDI-TOF-MS trace and LC-MS/MS identification, has been proved successful.
Vulvar fibroadenoma: a common neoplasm in an uncommon site
Authors: Cantú de Leon David , Perez Montiel Delia , Vázquez Hugo , Hernández César , Cetina Lucely , Lucio Martha Hernandez
Published: September 2009

Vulvar fibroadenomas are sporadic lesions informed in the literature and a controversy about origin has been discussed widely. We report a case of a 19 years old woman with a large slow growing mass in the right labia majora with the final diagnosis of fibroadenoma with mammary tissue surrounding it and positive hormone receptors. In this case, we support the origin in ectopic mammary tissue.
Update and review of the multidisciplinary management of stage IV colorectal cancer with liver metastases
Authors: Abdel-Misih Sherif Raafat Zikry , Schmidt Carl R , Bloomston Paul Mark
Published: September 2009

Background

The management of stage IV colorectal cancer with liver metastases has historically involved a multidisciplinary approach. In the last several decades, there have been great strides made in the therapeutic options available to treat these patients with advancements in medical, surgical, locoregional and adjunctive therapies available to patients with colorectal liver metastases(CLM). As a result, there have been improvements in patient care and survival. Naturally, the management of CLM has become increasingly complex in coordinating the various aspects of care in order to optimize patient outcomes.

Review

A review of historical and up to date literature was undertaken utilizing Medline/PubMed to examine relevant topics of interest in patients with CLM including criterion for resectability, technical/surgical considerations, chemotherapy, adjunctive and locoregional therapies. This review explores the various disciplines and modalities to provide current perspectives on the various options of care for patients with CLM.

Conclusion

Improvements in modern day chemotherapy as allowed clinicians to pursue a more aggressive surgical approach in the management of stage IV colorectal cancer with CLM. Additionally, locoregional and adjunctive therapies has expanded the armamentarium of treatment options available. As a result, the management of patients with CLM requires a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach utilizing various modalities and a more aggressive approach may now be pursued in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer with CLM to achieve optimal outcomes.
The influenza A(H1N1) epidemic in Mexico. Lessons learned
Authors: Córdova-Villalobos José A , Sarti Elsa , Arzoz-Padrés Jacqueline , Manuell-Lee Gabriel , Méndez Josefina Romero , Kuri-Morales Pablo
Published: September 2009

Several influenza pandemics have taken place throughout history and it was assumed that the pandemic would emerge from a new human virus resulting from the adaptation of an avian virus strain. Mexico, since 2003 had developed a National Preparedness and Response Plan for an Influenza Pandemic focused in risk communication, health promotion, healthcare, epidemiological surveillance, strategic stockpile, research and development. This plan was challenged on April 2009, when a new influenza A(H1N1) strain of swine origen was detected in Mexico. The situation faced, the decisions and actions taken, allowed to control the first epidemic wave in the country. This document describes the critical moments faced and explicitly point out the lessons learned focused on the decided support by the government, the National Pandemic Influenza Plan, the coordination among all the government levels, the presence and solidarity of international organizations with timely and daily information, diagnosis and the positive effect on the population following the preventive hygienic measures recommended by the health authorities. The international community will be able to use the Mexican experience in the interest of global health.
Delayed Onset of Changes in Soma Action Potential Genesis in Nociceptive A-Beta DRG Neurons in Vivo in a Rat Model of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Wu Qi , Henry James L
Published: September 2009

Background

Clinical data on osteoarthritis (OA) suggest widespread changes in sensory function that vary during the progression of OA. In previous studies on a surgically-induced animal model of OA we have observed that changes in structure and gene expression follow a variable trajectory over the initial days and weeks. To investigate mechanisms underlying changes in sensory function in this model, the present electrophysiological study compared properties of primary sensory nociceptive neurons at one and two months after model induction with properties in naïve control animals. Pilot data indicated no difference in C- or Aδ-fiber associated neurons and therefore the focus is on Aβ-fiber nociceptive neurons.

Results

At one month after unilateral derangement of the knee by cutting the anterior cruciate ligament and removing the medial meniscus, the only changes observed in Aβ-fiber dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were in nociceptor-like unresponsive neurons bearing a hump on the repolarization phase; these changes consisted of longer half width, reflecting slowed dynamics of AP genesis, a depolarized Vm and an increased AP amplitude. At two months, changes observed were in Aβ-fiber high threshold mechanoreceptors, which exhibited shorter AP duration at base and half width, shorter rise time and fall time, and faster maximum rising rate/maximum falling rate, reflecting accelerated dynamics of AP genesis.

Conclusion

These data indicate that Aβ nociceptive neurons undergo significant changes that vary in time and occur later than changes in structure and in nociceptive scores in this surgically induced OA model. Thus, if changes in Aβ-fiber nociceptive neurons in this model reflect a role in OA pain, they may relate to mechanisms underlying pain associated with advanced OA.
Involvement of S-Nitrosylation of Actin in Inhibition of Neurotransmitter Release by Nitric Oxide
Authors: Lu Jingshan , Katano Tayo , Okuda-Ashitaka Emiko , Oishi Yo , Urade Yoshihiro , Ito Seiji
Published: September 2009

Background

The role of the diffusible messenger nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of pain transmission is still a debate of matter, pro-nociceptive and/or anti-nociceptive. S-Nitrosylation, the reversible post-translational modification of selective cysteine residues in proteins, has emerged as an important mechanism by which NO acts as a signaling molecule. The occurrence of S-nitrosylation in the spinal cord and its targets that may modulate pain transmission remain unclarified. The “biotin-switch” method and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were employed for identifying S-nitrosylated proteins.

Results

Here we show that actin was a major protein S-nitrosylated in the spinal cord by the NO donor, S-nitroso- N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP). Interestingly, actin was S-nitrosylated, more in the S2 fraction than in the P2 fraction of the spinal homogenate. Treatment of PC12 cells with SNAP caused rapid S-nitrosylation of actin and inhibited dopamine release from the cells. Just like cytochalasin B, which depolymerizes actin, SNAP decreased the amount of filamentous actin cytoskeleton just beneath the membrane. The inhibition of dopamine release was not attenuated by inhibitors of soluble guanylyl cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates that actin is a major S-nitrosylated protein in the spinal cord and suggests that NO directly regulates neurotransmitter release by S-nitrosylation in addition to the well-known phosphorylation by cGMP-dependent protein kinase.
Chromosome territories, X;Y translocation and Premature Ovarian Failure: is there a relationship?
Authors: Lissoni Sara , Baronchelli Simona , Villa Nicoletta , Lucchini Valeria , Betri Enrico , Cavalli Pietro , Dalprà Leda
Published: September 2009

Background

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a secondary hypergonadotrophic amenorrhea occurring before the age of 40 and affecting 1-3% of females. Chromosome anomalies account for 6-8% of POF cases, but only few cases are associated with translocations involving X and Y chromosomes.

This study shows the cytogenetic and molecular analysis of a POF patient came to our attention as she developed a left ovary choriocarcinoma at the age of 10 and at 14 years of age she presented secondary amenorrhea with elevated levels of gonadotropins.

Results

Breakpoint position on X and Y chromosomes was investigated using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH) with a panel of specific BAC probes, microsatellite analysis and evaluation of copy number changes and loss of heterozigosity by Affymetrix® GeneChip platform (Santa Clara, CA, USA). Patient's karyotype resulted 46, X, der(Y)t(X;Y)(q13.1;q11.223). X inactivation study was assessed by RBA banding and showed preferential inactivation of derivative chromosome. The reciprocal spatial disposition of sexual chromosome territories was investigated using whole chromosome painting and centromeres probes: patient's results didn't show a significant difference in comparison to normal controls.

Conclusion

The peculiar clinical case come to our attention highlighted the complexity of POF aetiology and of the translocation event, even if our results seem to exclude any effect on nuclear organisation. POF phenotype could be partially explained by skewed X chromosome inactivation that influences gene expression.
MMP7 expression regulated by endocrine therapy in ERβ-positive colon cancer cells
Authors: Fang Yu-Jing , Pan Zhi-Zhong , Li Li-Ren , Lu Zhen-Hai , Zhang Li-Yi , Wan De-Sen
Published: September 2009

Background

Many studies have shown that colon cancer is an estrogen-dependent carcinoma. This study explored the efficacy of endocrine therapy in colon cancer cells with high metastatic potential (HT29). We investigated the proliferation of HT29 cells after exposure to endocrine therapy (tamoxifen) and 5-FU.

Methods

Apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases 7 (MMP-7) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot. The migration capability of treated cells was determined with wound scratch assay.

Results

Tamoxifen alone, 5-FU alone, and the combination of the two drugs can significantly inhibit HT29 cell proliferation and migration, block the cells in G2/M phase and induce cell apoptosis. These drugs also can down-regulate MMP7 and ERβ expression.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that endocrine therapy is an efficient therapy for inhibiting ERβ-positive colon cancer cell proliferation and migration via down-regulation of MMP7.