bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schinortriterpenoide: eine Fallstudie in Synthesedesign
Authors: Li Xin , Cheong Paul Ha‐Yeon , Carter Rich G.
Published: January 2017

Seit den Anfängen der Totalsynthese und der retrosynthetischen Analyse haben Chemiker vielfältige Grundprinzipien für die Planung von Syntheseansätzen für komplexe Naturstoffe entwickelt. Durch diese wegweisenden Arbeiten wurde es möglich, immer komplexere Verbindungen zu synthetisieren, indem zuvor gewonnenes Wissen in neuen Szenarien angewendet wurde. Die kürzlich isolierten Naturstoffe aus der Familie der Schinortriterpenoide fanden große Aufmerksamkeit und dienten als exzellente Fallstudien, um das beim Aufbau von komplexen polycyclischen Gerüsten erworbene Wissen zu erproben. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden die Ansätze zur Synthese dieser Naturstoffe detailliert diskutiert und einander gegenübergestellt, im Speziellen unter Berücksichtigung der sechs veröffentlichten Totalsynthesen.
Robuste “Aqua‐Materialien”: eine druckstabile, selbstorganisierte Membran zur Wasserreinigung
Authors: Cohen Erez , Weissman Haim , Shimoni Eyal , Kaplan‐Ashiri Ifat , Werle Kai , Wohlleben Wendel , Rybtchinski Boris
Published: January 2017

“Aqua‐Materialien”, die so stabil sind wie herkömmliche Kunststoffe und dabei überwiegend aus Wasser bestehen, sind eine sehr attraktive Materialklasse, jedoch wurde die Widerstandsfähigkeit dieser Materialien gegenüber rauen Bedingungen, z. B. hohen Drücken bei industriellen Anwendungen, bisher nicht nachgewiesen. Eine Hydrogel‐artige Membran, hergestellt durch Selbstorganisation aus einem aromatischen Amphiphil und kolloidalem Nafion, ist fähig, organische Moleküle (auch Wirkstoffe) sowie Schwermetalle in einem breiten Spektrum an Konzentrationen aus zu reinigendem Wasser zu entfernen. Bemerkenswerterweise behält diese Membran auch bei hohen Drücken ihre Funktion. Die Robustheit und Funktionalität dieser wasserbasierten und selbstorganisierten Membran treibt das Konzept voran, dass auch “Aqua‐Materialien” sehr stabil sein können und damit für anspruchsvolle, großtechnische Anwendungen geeignet sind.
AAZTA: An Ideal Chelating Agent for the Development of 44Sc PET Imaging Agents
Authors: Nagy Gábor , Szikra Dezső , Trencsényi György , Fekete Anikó , Garai Ildikó , Giani Arianna M. , Negri Roberto , Masciocchi Norberto , Maiocchi Alessandro , Uggeri Fulvio , Tóth Imre , Aime Silvio , Giovenzana Giovanni B. , Baranyai Zsolt
Published: January 2017

Unprecedented fast and efficient complexation of ScIII was demonstrated with the chelating agent AAZTA (AAZTA=1,4‐bis(carboxymethyl)‐6‐[bis(carboxymethyl)]amino‐6‐methylperhydro‐1,4‐diazepine) under mild experimental conditions. The robustness of the 44Sc(AAZTA)− chelate and conjugated biomolecules thereof is further shown by in vivo PET imaging in healthy and tumor mice models. The new results pave the way towards development of efficient Sc‐based radiopharmaceuticals using the AAZTA chelator.
Schinortriterpenoids: A Case Study in Synthetic Design
Authors: Li Xin , Cheong Paul Ha‐Yeon , Carter Rich G.
Published: January 2017

Since the pioneering days of total synthesis and retrosynthetic analysis, the community has embraced guiding principles for planning synthetic approaches towards complex natural products. These guideposts have enabled the community to synthesize ever more complex compounds by applying prior knowledge gained in new settings. The recently isolated schinortriterpenoid family of natural products has attracted considerable synthetic attention and provided a rich opportunity to evaluate the lessons learned in the construction of complex, polycyclic scaffolds. In this Minireview, a detailed discussion of the synthetic work within this family is provided, including the six reported total syntheses, as well as a comparative analysis of the approaches utilized in their construction.
Reductive Dehydrogenation of a Stannane via Multiple Sn−H Activation by Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Sindlinger Christian P. , Aicher Frederik S. W. , Schubert Hartmut , Wesemann Lars
Published: January 2017

A bulky substituted stannane Ar*SnH3 (Ar*=2,6‐(2′,4′,6′‐triisopropylphenyl)phenyl) was treated with the well‐known frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) PtBu3/B(C6F5)3 in varying stoichiometries. To some degree, hydride abstraction and adduct formation is observed, leading to [Ar*SnH2(PtBu3)]+ which is rather unreactive toward further dehydrogenation. In a competing process, the FLP proved to be capable of completely striping‐off hydrogen and hydrides to generate the first cationic phosphonio‐stannylene [Ar*Sn(PtBu3)]+. This behavior provides insight into the activation/abstraction mechanism processes involved in these Group 14 hydride derivatives.
Water‐Enabled Catalytic Asymmetric Michael Reactions of Unreactive Nitroalkenes: One‐Pot Synthesis of Chiral GABA‐Analogs with All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereogenic Centers
Authors: Sim Jae Hun , Song Choong Eui
Published: January 2017

Water enables new catalytic reactions for otherwise unreactive substrate systems. Under the “on water” reaction conditions, extremely unreactive β,β‐disubstituted nitroalkenes smoothly underwent enantioselective Michael addition reactions with dithiomalonates using a chiral squaramide catalyst, affording both enantiomers of highly enantioenriched Michael adducts with all‐carbon‐substituted quaternary centers. The developed “on water” protocol was successfully applied for the scalable one‐pot syntheses of chiral GABA analogs with all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic centers at the β‐position, which might show highly interesting pharmaceutical properties.
Bifunctional Brønsted Base Catalyst Enables Regio‐, Diastereo‐, and Enantioselective Cα‐Alkylation of β‐Tetralones and Related Aromatic‐Ring‐Fused Cycloalkanones
Authors: Urruzuno Iñaki , Mugica Odei , Oiarbide Mikel , Palomo Claudio
Published: January 2017

The catalytic asymmetric synthesis of both α‐substituted and α,α‐disubstituted (quaternary) β‐tetralones through direct α‐functionalization of the corresponding β‐tetralone precursor remains elusive. A designed Brønsted base‐squaramide bifunctional catalyst promotes the conjugate addition of either unsubstituted or α‐monosubstituted β‐tetralones to nitroalkenes. Under these reaction conditions, not only enolization, and thus functionalization, occurs at the α‐carbon atom of the β‐tetralone exclusively, but adducts including all‐carbon quaternary centers are also formed in highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective manner.
Closing the Cycle: How South Australia and Asia Can Benefit from Re‐inventing Used Nuclear Fuel Management
Authors: Heard Ben P. , Brook Barry W.
Published: January 2017

A large and growing market exists for the management of used nuclear fuel. Urgent need for service lies in Asia, also the region of the fastest growth in fossil fuel consumption. A logical potential provider of this service is acknowledged to be Australia. We describe and assess a service combining approved multinational storage with an advanced fuel reconditioning facility and commercialisation of advanced nuclear reactor technologies. We estimate that this project has the potential to deliver a net present value of (2015) AU$30.9 billion. This economic finding compares favourably with recent assessment based on deep geological repository. Providing service for used nuclear fuel and commercialisation of next generation nuclear technology would catalyse the expansion of nuclear technology for energy requirements across Asia and beyond, aiding efforts to combat climate change. Pathways based on leveraging advanced nuclear technologies are therefore worthy of consideration in the development of policy in this area.
Gold‐Catalyzed Suzuki Coupling of ortho‐Substituted Hindered Aryl Substrates
Authors: Dwadnia Nejib , Roger Julien , Pirio Nadine , Cattey Hélène , Ben Salem Ridha , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille
Published: January 2017

A method that allows hindered ortho‐substituted aryl iodides to be efficiently coupled to phenylboronic acid using a gold‐catalyzed C−C bond formation is presented. The use of a molecularly‐defined dinuclear gold chloride catalytic precursor that is stabilized by a new tetradentate (N,N′)‐diamino‐(P,P′)‐diphosphino ferrocene hybrid ligand in a Suzuki‐type reaction is described for the first time. Electron‐rich isopropyl groups on phosphorus were found essential for a superior activity, while the performances of a set of analogous gold dinuclear complexes that were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and XRD analysis, were investigated. Therefore, arylation of para and ortho‐substituted iodoarenes bearing electron‐rich, electron‐poor functional groups, and even hindered polycyclic aromatic compounds is described.
Bringing 3D tumor models to the clinic – predictive value for personalized medicine
Authors: Halfter Kathrin , Mayer Barbara
Published: January 2017

Current decision‐guiding algorithms in cancer drug treatment are based on decades of research and numerous clinical trials. For the majority of patients, this data is successfully applied for a systemic disease management. For a number of patients however, treatment stratification according to clinically based risk criteria will not be sufficient. The most effective treatment options are ideally identified prior to the start of clinical drug therapy. This review will discuss the implementation of three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture models as a preclinical testing paradigm for the efficacy of clinical cancer treatment. Patient tumor‐derived cells in 3D cultures duplicate the individual tumor microenvironment with a minimum of confounding factors. Clinical implementation of such personalized tumor models requires a high quality of methodological and clinical validation comparable to other biomarkers. A non‐systematic literature search demonstrated the small number of prospective studies that have been conducted in this area of research. This may explain the current reluctance of many physicians and insurance providers in implementing this type of assay into the clinical diagnostic routine despite potential benefit for patients. Achieving valid and reproducible results with a high level of evidence is central in improving the acceptance of preclinical 3D tumor models.
Juror Decision‐making in Death Penalty Sentencing when Presented with Defendant's History of Child Abuse or Neglect
Authors: Bell Holleran Lisa L. , Vaughan Tyler J. , Vandiver Donna M.
Published: January 2017

Previous studies have found aggravating, mitigating, and null effects of defendant histories of abuse and neglect on punishment preferences in capital sentencing. Perceiving these defendants as more dangerous, jurors may be more likely to favor the death penalty when such evidence is presented. This is counter to the intuition that abuse or neglect reduces culpability, and therefore mitigates the severity of punishment. We investigated the effect of defendant childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect on the probability of a prospective juror preferring the death penalty in an between‐subject experimental design. Using vignettes and two large samples (students and jurors), defendant histories were found to mitigate the probability that the hypothetical defendant received the death penalty, with sexual abuse having the most salient effect. Further, the effects were conditioned by preference for the death penalty – larger mitigating effects were observed among individuals who favor the death penalty. These findings suggest that initial judgments of abuse and neglect are related to juror leniency, and further research on the interaction of jury instructions and defendant histories is needed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collaborative filtering recommendation for MOOC application
Authors: Pang Yanxia , Jin Yuanyuan , Zhang Ying , Zhu Tao
Published: January 2017

With the fast development of MOOC in recent years, one MOOC platform has more than millions of learners and thousands of courses. Personality course recommendation is necessary to help people discover potentially interested courses by analyzing user behaviors. Collaborative Filtering (CF) has been shown to be effective on recommending items according to users in same interests on same items. In this paper, considering the effectiveness and efficiency of CF, we proposed a method called Multi‐Layer Bucketing Recommendation (MLBR) to recommend courses on MOOC. MLBR changes learner vectors into same length dimension and scatters them into buckets which contain similar learners with more courses in common. At the same time, MLBR reduces the time cost of online, offline and update computation in CF recommendation. Furthermore, we extend MLBR with map‐reduce technique to improve the efficiency. Extensive experiments on real‐world MOOC datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 25:120–128, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21785
Cancer‐associated fibroblasts promote M2 polarization of macrophages in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhang Aibin , Qian Yigang , Ye Zhou , Chen Haiyong , Xie Haiyang , Zhou Lin , Shen Yan , Zheng Shusen
Published: January 2017

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by remarkable desmoplasia with infiltration of distinct cellular components. Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has been shown to be among the most prominent cells and played a significant role in shaping the tumor microenvironment by interacting with other type of cells. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of CAFs in modulating phenotype of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM). Under treatment of CAFs conditioned medium (CM) or direct co‐culture with CAFs, monocytes exhibited enhanced expression of CD206 and CD163 compared with control group (P < 0.01). The induction of M2 polarization was mediated by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in monocytes as ROS elimination abolished the effect of CAFs (P < 0.05). The supernatant analysis showed that pancreatic CAFs produced increased macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF). Upon treatment of M‐CSF neutralizing antibody, the ROS generation and M2 polarization of CAFs CM‐stimulated monocytes were significantly inhibited (P < 0.05). In addition, the CAFs‐induced M2 macrophages significantly enhanced pancreatic tumor cell growth, migration, and invasion. Collectively, our data revealed that pancreatic CAFs were able to induce a tumor‐promoting TAM phenotype partly through secreted M‐CSF and enhanced ROS production in monocytes, indicating possible treatment strategies by targeting stromal cell interaction within PDAC microenvironment.
Anion–π Interactions in Flavoproteins Involve a Substantial Charge‐Transfer Component
Authors: Yurenko Yevgen P. , Bazzi Sophia , Marek Radek , Kozelka Jiří
Published: January 2017

Anion–π interactions have been shown to stabilize flavoproteins and to regulate the redox potential of the flavin cofactor. They are commonly attributed to electrostatic forces. Herein we show that anion–flavin interactions can have a substantial charge‐transfer component. Our conclusion emanates from a multi‐approach theoretical analysis and is backed by previously reported observations of absorption bands, originating from charge transfer between oxidized flavin and proximate cysteine thiolate groups. This partial covalency of anion–flavin contacts renders classical simulations of flavoproteins questionable.
Role of the Edge Properties in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on MoS2
Authors: Lazar Petr , Otyepka Michal
Published: January 2017

Molybdenum disulfide, in particular its edges, has attracted considerable attention as possible substitute for platinum catalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The complex nature of the reaction complicates its detailed experimental investigations, which are mostly indirect and sample dependent. Therefore, density functional theory calculations were employed to study how the properties of the MoS2 Mo‐edge influence the thermodynamics of hydrogen adsorption onto the edge. The effect of the computational model (one‐dimensional nanostripe), border symmetry imposed by its length, sulfur saturation of the edge, and dimensionality of the material are discussed. Hydrogen adsorption was found to depend critically on the coverage of extra sulfur at the Mo edge. The bare Mo‐edge and fully sulfur‐covered Mo‐edge are catalytically inactive. The most favorable hydrogen binding towards HER was found for the Mo‐edge covered by sulfur monomers. This edge provides hydrogen adsorption free energies positioned around −0.25 eV at up to 50 % hydrogen coverage, close to the experimental values of overpotential needed for the HER reaction.
Biodegradation of Malachite Green by the Ligninolytic Fungus Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Barapatre Anand , Aadil Keshaw Ram , Jha Harit
Published: January 2017

The azo class of synthetic dyes represents one of the most industrially used dyes as well as a major class of environmental contaminants, which possess one or more azo bonds (NN) along with aromatic rings and sulfonic groups. Due to its recalcitrant nature and toxicity for animals and human beings, the elimination of these dyes from the environment is essential. The present study focuses on the biodegradation of such azo dye, malachite green (MG), through a potent ligninolytic fungus, Aspergillus flavus (F10). A. flavus (F10) completely decolorized MG (150 mg L−1) within 6–8 days in optimized Kirk's basal medium under static aerobic conditions at pH 5.8. Sucrose and sodium nitrate were efficient carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The products obtained after degradation were examined using UV‐vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography‐mass spectroscopy. The metabolic intermediate products were identified as N‐demethylated and N‐oxidized metabolites, including primary and secondary arylamines, which confirms the involvement of laccase and manganese peroxidase in decolorization and degradation of MG. The end products of MG degradation were nontoxic. A. flavus (F10), immobilized by entrapment on natural and synthetic polymeric matrices was found to be a more efficient degrader of MG as compared to free cells.
The impact of childhood cancer: Perceptions of adult survivors
Authors: Willard Victoria W. , Klosky James L. , Li Chenghong , Srivastava Deo Kumar , Brinkman Tara M. , Robison Leslie L. , Hudson Melissa M. , Phipps Sean
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to describe perceptions and associated risk factors of the impact of cancer on functional outcomes, including social relationships, exercise, finances, and religion, among adult survivors of childhood cancer.

METHODS

Evaluable participants included 3001 adult survivors (mean age, 32.5 years; range, 18.3‐63.8 years; 24.1 years from diagnosis; 50.8% male; 84.9% Caucasian) who were enrolled in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort study. Perceptions of the impact of cancer were assessed using the Brief Cancer Impact Assessment (BCIA). Regression models were used to evaluate risk factors for functional outcomes.

RESULTS

The median response on the BCIA was a perception that cancer had minimal impact on the domains assessed. Approximately 33.1% to 46.6% of survivors indicated this response across the 4 subscales, although responses ranged from very positive to very negative impact. Other than diagnosis (with survivors of brain tumors generally indicating a more negative impact of cancer, with subscale estimates of −1.25 for caregiving and finance and −1.01 for social and emotional and an odds ratio of 1.83 for exercise and diet), most variability was because of demographic factors, including sex, age, race, education, and employment.

CONCLUSIONS

The current findings highlight that many long‐term adult survivors perceive minimal impact of childhood cancer on functional aspects of adulthood, including caregiving, finances, exercise, social‐emotional relationships, and religion. This suggests that survivors may not be focusing on the influence of likely physical and psychological late effects of their disease in their day‐to‐day lives. For those who do perceive a negative impact, variability in responses suggests that there are of survivors who may benefit from interventions focused on the achievement of functional goals. Cancer 2017;123:1625–1634. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Biocatalytic Reduction of HMF to 2,5‐Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan by HMF‐Tolerant Whole Cells
Authors: Li Yan‐Mei , Zhang Xue‐Ying , Li Ning , Xu Pei , Lou Wen‐Yong , Zong Min‐Hua
Published: January 2017

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Min‐Hua Zong at South China University of Technology. The image shows the selective synthesis of 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan from 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) using highly HMF‐tolerant whole cells. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201601426.
Xenopus laevis as a model system to study cytoskeletal dynamics during axon pathfinding
Authors: Slater Paula G , Hayrapetian Laurie , Lowery Laura Anne
Published: January 2017

The model system, Xenopus laevis, has been used in innumerable research studies and has contributed to the understanding of multiple cytoskeletal components, including actin, microtubules, and neurofilaments, during axon pathfinding. Xenopus developmental stages have been widely characterized, and the Xenopus genome has been sequenced, allowing gene expression modifications through exogenous molecules. Xenopus cell cultures are ideal for long periods of live imaging because they are easily obtained and maintained, and they do not require special culture conditions. In addition, Xenopus have relatively large growth cones, compared to other vertebrates, thus providing a suitable system for imaging cytoskeletal components. Therefore, X. laevis is an ideal model organism in which to study cytoskeletal dynamics during axon pathfinding.
Maternal messages to live by: a personal historical perspective
Authors: King Mary Lou
Published: January 2017

In the 1980s, the study of localized maternal mRNAs was just emerging as a new research area. Classic embryological studies had linked the inheritance of cytoplasmic domains with specific cell lineages, but the underlying molecular nature of these putative determinants remained a mystery. The model system Xenopus would play a pivotal role in the progress of this new field. In fact, the first localized maternal mRNA to be identified and cloned from any organism was Xenopus vg1, a TGF‐beta family member. This seminal finding opened the door to many subsequent studies focused on how RNAs are localized and what functions they had in development. As the field moves into the future, Xenopus remains the system of choice for studies identifying RNA/protein transport particles and maternal RNAs through RNA‐sequencing.
New‐generation mass spectrometry expands the toolbox of cell and developmental biology
Authors: Lombard‐Banek Camille , Portero Erika P. , Onjiko Rosemary M. , Nemes Peter
Published: January 2017

Systems cell biology understanding of development requires characterization of all the molecules produced in the biological system. Decades of research and new‐generation sequencing provided functional information on key genes and transcripts. However, there is less information available on how differential gene expression translates into the domains of functionally important proteins, peptides, and metabolites, and how changes in these molecules impact development. Mass spectrometry (MS) is the current technology of choice for the detection and quantification of large numbers of proteins and metabolites, because it requires no use of antibodies, functional probes, or a priori knowledge of molecules produced in the system. This review focuses on recent technologies that have improved MS sensitivity for proteins and metabolites and enabled new functionalities to assess their temporal and spatial changes during vertebrate embryonic development. This review highlights case studies, in which new‐generation MS tools have enabled the study of hundreds‐to‐thousands of proteins and metabolites in tissues, cell populations, and single cells in model systems of vertebrate development, particularly the frog (Xenopus), zebrafish, and mouse. New‐generation MS expands the toolbox of cell and developmental studies, raising exciting potentials to advance basic and translational research in the life sciences.
Transcriptional dynamics of tail regeneration in Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Chang Jessica , Baker Julie , Wills Andrea
Published: January 2017

In contrast to humans, many amphibians are able to rapidly and completely regenerate complex tissues, including entire appendages. Following tail amputation, Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles quickly regenerate muscle, spinal cord, cartilage, vasculature and skin, all properly patterned in three dimensions. To better understand the molecular basis of this regenerative competence, we performed a transcriptional analysis of the first 72 h of tail regeneration using RNA‐Seq. Our analysis refines the windows during which many key biological signaling processes act in regeneration, including embryonic patterning signals, immune responses, bioelectrical signaling and apoptosis. Our work provides a deep database for researchers interested in appendage regeneration, and points to new avenues for further study.
Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride as a Mild and Versatile Reagent for Cleaving Boroxazolidones to Their Corresponding Free α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Poulie Christian B. M. , Bunch Lennart
Published: January 2017

Protection of α‐amino acids with 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN) to give their corresponding boroxazolidones is highly attractive, as it concurrently masks both the amino and the carboxylic acid functionalities. However, the harsh methods required for deprotection of these boroxazolidones have limited their use. Herein, we report that tetrabutylammonium fluoride serves as a mild and versatile reagent that can be used to cleave boroxazolidones to their corresponding free α‐amino acids. The reaction conditions were explored, including the use of various nucleophilic fluoride sources, solvents, and reaction temperatures. Nucleophilic fluoride sources comprising an ammonium cation proved superior to other countercations. The scope of the reaction was extended to the cleavage of B,B‐diphenyl‐ and B,B‐diethyl boroxazolidone complexes. Furthermore, a wide range of α‐amino acid side‐chain functionalities were shown to be compatible, including acids, esters, amides, thiols, thioethers, alkynes, phenols, basic heterocycles, and important biorelevant molecules such as glutathione, (S)‐adenosyl‐l‐homocysteine, and l‐biocytin.
A Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for the Quantitative Analysis of Quality Parameters in Wastewater
Authors: Martínez‐Bisbal M. Carmen , Loeff Edwin , Olivas Estela , Carbó Noèlia , García‐Castillo F. Javier , López‐Carrero Javier , Tormos Isabel , Tejadillos Francisco José , Berlanga José Guillermo , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón , Alcañiz Miguel , Soto Juan
Published: January 2017

The use of a voltammetric electronic tongue for the quantitative analysis of quality parameters in influent wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) that treats domestic and industrial wastewater is proposed. The electronic voltammetric tongue consists of a set of four noble electrodes (iridium, rhodium, platinum and gold) housed inside a stainless steel cylinder. These noble metals have high durability and are low maintenance‐demanding, as required for developing future automated equipment. A pulse voltammetry study was conducted in 35 wastewater samples to determine ammonia (NH4+‐N), nitrates (NO3−‐N), total phosphate (tot‐P), soluble chemical oxygen demand (CODs) and conductivity. These parameters were also determined in these samples by routine analytical methods in the WWTP laboratory. A partial least squares (PLS) analysis was run to obtain a model to predict each parameter. Twenty‐five samples were included in the calibration set and 10 in the validation set. Calibration and validation sets were selected randomly, except for the extreme values of each parameter, which were included in the calibration set. Variable selection was performed on the voltammetric data using Genetic Algorithms in the calibration data set for each parameter. The electronic tongue showed good predictive power to determine the concentrations of NH4+‐N, NO3−‐N and tot‐P and CODs.
Softening effects of RC nonstructural flat walls on ductile concrete buildings
Authors: Sanada Yasushi , Yoon Rokhyun , Akahori Takumi , Ojio Yuto , Choi Ho , Kim Yousok
Published: January 2017

Nonstructural reinforced concrete flat walls architecturally designed as exterior/partition walls in concrete buildings were severely damaged by the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku. This damage was observed in the monolithic nonstructural flat walls of relatively old ductile concrete buildings. Although these flat walls might affect the overall seismic performance and behavior of a building, the nonstructural wall effects have not been clarified because of the complex interactions among the structural components. To understand these effects, this paper conducts an experimental and numerical investigation of the nonstructural wall effects, focusing on a typical residential building damaged by the 2011 earthquake. A single‐story, one‐bay moment‐resisting frame model of the building with a nonstructural flat wall was tested to clarify the fundamental behavior. The results reveal that the wall significantly contributed to the seismic performance of the overall frame until it failed in shear, subsequently losing structural effectiveness. Such experimental wall behavior could be simulated by the isoparametric element model. Moreover, the structural effects of the nonstructural flat walls on the global seismic performance and behavior of the investigated building were discussed through earthquake response analyses using ground motions recorded near the building site and pushover analyses. Consequently, the building damage could be simulated in an analytical case considering the nonstructural flat walls, showing larger inter‐story drifts in the lower stories due to softening of the walls. The analytical results also indicated that the softening of the nonstructural flat walls decreased the building ductility, as defined by ultimate inter‐story drifts. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental results of split flow process using AMP/PZ solution for post‐combustion CO2 capture
Authors: Krótki Aleksander , Tatarczuk Adam , Stec Marcin , Spietz Tomasz , Więcław‐Solny Lucyna , Wilk Andrzej , Cousins Ashleigh
Published: January 2017

The goal of reducing energy consumption of the CO2 removal process from flue gas may be pursued by developing new solvents as well as by modifying the technological process itself. This paper provides a discussion of the experimental results obtained from a process development unit (PDU) using an aqueous 2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanol (AMP) solution activated with piperazine (PZ) for post‐combustion carbon capture located at the Clean Coal Technologies Centre in Poland. The results are compared for two distinct process setups, namely one with the lean amine stream being split – a solution referred to as split flow, and a system with standard configuration. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perirhinal cortex involvement in allocentric spatial learning in the rat: Evidence from doubly marked tasks
Authors: Ramos Juan M.J.
Published: January 2017

It has recently been suggested that the different cortices of the medial temporal lobe support a mixture of object and spatial processing functions, challenging the anterior model that emphasized a strict functional differentiation between regions. However, for some structures, the perirhinal cortex (Prh) for example, a number of studies using lesion methods have shown a profound deficit exclusively in tasks involving object learning but not allocentric spatial learning. It may be that the learning paradigms used in previous studies have not been sensitive enough to detect a possible allocentric deficit in Prh‐lesioned animals. To examine whether Prh lesions critically affect allocentric spatial learning, experimental and control rats were trained in two doubly marked navigation tasks. In experiment 1, the use of either one of two different memory systems, allocentric versus egocentric, made it possible to locate the goal arm in a four‐arm radial maze. In experiment 2, rats had to choose between an allocentric versus a S‐R/habit strategy, both of which predicted the location of the goal arm. Results showed that both experimental and control animals learned both navigation tasks well, reaching the same level of performance at the end of training. However, a probe test performed 1 day after the learning ended revealed that Prh‐damaged animals learned both tasks predominantly using a non‐allocentric strategy. Specifically, in lesioned subjects the percentage of egocentric correct responses (experiment 1) and the percentage of habit‐based correct responses (experiment 2) was significantly higher than in the control rats. On the other hand, in both experiments, control rats in the probe test presented a significantly higher number of allocentric correct responses than the lesioned subjects. These results clearly suggest that Prh is normally needed for using allocentric strategies in order to solve a navigation problem. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preliminary validation of the opposing view method for quantitative gamma camera imaging
Authors: Eary Janet F. , Appelbaum Frederick L. , Durack Larry , Brown Paul
Published: January 2017

We perform gamma camera imaging to generate data for estimation of internal radiation dose in our radioimmunotherapy candidates. Because of the inability of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to account for patient attenuation variability without serious error, quantitative planar imaging was performed to estimate the radioactive content of normal organs. We undertook the following studies to further validate this method. A realistic fillable human phantom was used to determine the accuracy of I‐131 filled organ estimation. A transmission scan of the unfilled phantom was produced with an I‐131 filled flat flood source. Anterior and posterior planar images of the filled organs were acquired with region of interest determination of the activity in the organ. Correction by the attenuation factor and a camera calibration factor yielded the MBq in the organ. The procedure was also performed in a simple phantom. Three dogs were imaged and sacrificed to validate the technique in vivo. A high degree of accuracy in estimation of organ radioactive content was found to be present using the phantom and dog models. Use of this method requires further validation but provides a solid basis for estimation of internal radiation dosimetry in radioimmunotherapy planning.
Sulfamic Acid‐functionalized Nano‐titanium dioxide as a Novel and Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst for One‐pot and Solvent‐free Synthesis of Hexahydroquinolines
Authors: Tabrizian Elham , Amoozadeh Ali
Published: January 2017

Hexahydroquinolines are synthesized via one‐pot, four‐component condensation of 1,3‐cyclic diketones, aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and ammonium acetate in the presence of sulfamic acid‐functionalized nano‐titanium dioxide as a novel type of heterogeneous nanocatalyst. The optimized reaction condition is achieved using response surface method (Box–Behnken design [BBD]). Operational simplicity, low cost, nontoxic nature, and high reusability of the catalyst together with simple work‐up and excellent product yields are the main advantages of this methodology. Also, the nanocatalyst can be recovered easily by centrifugation and reused efficiently for at least seven consecutive runs.
The role of various peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors and their ligands in clinical practice
Authors: Derosa Giuseppe , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Maffioli Pamela
Published: January 2017

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand‐activated transcription factors involved in several physiological processes including modulation of cellular differentiation, development, metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and tumorigenesis. The aim of this review is to examine how different PPAR ligands act, and discuss their use in clinical practice. PPAR ligands have a lot of effects and applications in clinical practice. Some PPAR ligands such as fibrates (PPAR‐α ligands) are currently used for the treatment of dyslipidemia, while pioglitazone and rosiglitazone (PPAR‐γ ligands) are anti‐diabetic and insulin‐sensitizing agents. Regarding new generation drugs, acting on both α/γ, β/δ, or α/δ receptors simultaneously, preliminary data on PPAR‐α/γ dual agonists revealed a positive effect on lipid profile, blood pressure, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and anti‐coagulant effects, while the overexpression of PPAR‐β/δ seems to prevent obesity and to decrease lipid storage in cardiac cells. Finally, PPAR‐α/δ dual agonist induces resolution of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis without fibrosis worsening.
Inhibitory effect of blue light emitting diode on migration and invasion of cancer cells
Authors: Oh Phil‐Sun , Kim Hyun‐Soo , Kim Eun‐Mi , Hwang Hyosook , Ryu Hyang Hwa , Lim SeokTae , Sohn Myung‐Hee , Jeong Hwan‐Jeong
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the effects and molecular mechanism of blue light emitting diode (LED) in tumor cells. A migration and invasion assay for the metastatic behavior of mouse colon cancer CT‐26 and human fibrosarcoma HT‐1080 cells was performed. Cancer cell migration‐related proteins were identified by obtaining a 2‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) in total cellular protein profile of blue LED‐irradiated cancer cells, followed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) analysis of proteins. Protein levels were examined by immunoblotting. Irradiation with blue LED inhibited CT‐26 and HT‐1080 cell migration and invasion. The anti‐metastatic effects of blue LED irradiation were associated with inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 expression. P38 MAPK phosphorylation was increased in blue LED‐irradiated CT‐26 and HT‐1080 cells, but was inhibited after pretreatment with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation by SB203580 treatment increased number of migratory cancer cells in CT‐26 and HT‐1080 cells, indicating that blue LED irradiation inhibited cancer cell migration via phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Additionally blue LED irradiation of mice injected with CT‐26 cells expressing luciferase decreased early stage lung metastasis compared to untreated control mice. These results indicate that blue LED irradiation inhibits cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo.
Subclinical alteration of the cervical–vaginal microbiome in women with idiopathic infertility
Authors: Campisciano Giuseppina , Florian Fiorella , D'Eustacchio Angela , Stanković David , Ricci Giuseppe , De Seta Francesco , Comar Manola
Published: January 2017

Biomarkers have a wide application in research and clinic, they help to choose the correct treatment for diseases. Recent studies, addressing the vaginal microbiome using next generation sequencing (NGS), reported the involvement of bacterial species in infertility. We compared the vaginal microbiome of idiopathic infertile women with that of healthy, including bacterial vaginosis affected women and non‐idiopathic infertile women, to identify bacterial species suitable as biomarkers. Information on microorganisms was obtained from the V3‐16S rDNA sequencing of cervical–vaginal fluids of 96 women using the Ion Torrent platform. Data were processed with QIIME and classified against the Vaginal 16S rDNA Reference Database. The analysis revealed a significant beta‐diversity variation (p < 0.001) between the four groups included in the study. L. iners, L. crispatus, and L. gasseri distinguished idiopathic infertile women from the other groups. In these women, a microbial profile similar to that observed in bacterial vaginosis women has been detected. Our results suggest that the quantitative assessment and identification of specific microorganisms of the cervical–vaginal microflora could increase the accuracy of available tools for the diagnosis of infertility and improve the adoption of therapeutic protocols.
Development Shapes a Consistent Inbreeding Effect in Mouse Crania of Different Line Crosses
Authors: Pavličev Mihaela , Mitteroecker Philipp , Gonzalez Paula M. , Rolian Campbell , Jamniczky Heather , Villena Fernando Pardo‐Manuel , Marcucio Ralph , Spritz Richard , Hallgrimsson Benedikt
Published: January 2017

Development translates genetic variation into a multivariate pattern of phenotypic variation, distributing it among traits in a nonuniform manner. As developmental processes are largely shared within species, this suggests that heritable phenotypic variation will be patterned similarly, in spite of the different segregating alleles. To investigate developmental effect on the variational pattern in the shape of the mouse skull across genetically differentiated lines, we employed the full set of reciprocal crosses (a.k.a. diallel) between eight inbred mouse strains of the Collaborative Cross Project. We used geometric morphometrics and multivariate analysis to capture cranial size and shape changes in 8 parentals and their 54 F1 crosses. The high heterozygosity generated in the F1 crosses allowed us to compare the multivariate deviations of the F1 phenotypes from the expected midparental phenotypes in different haplotype combinations. In contrast to body weight, we found a high degree of nonadditive deviation in craniofacial shape. Whereas the phenotypic and genetic divergence of parental strains manifested in high dimensionality of additive effects, the nonadditive deviations exhibited lesser dimensionality and in particular a strikingly coherent direction in shape space. We interpret this finding as evidence for a strong structuring effect of a relatively small set of developmental processes on the mapping of genetic to phenotypic variation.
Implementing an error disclosure coaching model: A multicenter case study
Authors: White Andrew A. , Brock Douglas M. , McCotter Patricia I. , Shannon Sarah E. , Gallagher Thomas H.
Published: January 2017

National guidelines call for health care organizations to provide around‐the‐clock coaching for medical error disclosure. However, frontline clinicians may not always seek risk managers for coaching. As part of a demonstration project designed to improve patient safety and reduce malpractice liability, we trained multidisciplinary disclosure coaches at 8 health care organizations in Washington State. The training was highly rated by participants, although not all emerged confident in their coaching skill. This multisite intervention can serve as a model for other organizations looking to enhance existing disclosure capabilities. Success likely requires cultural change and repeated practice opportunities for coaches.
Effects of chronic cobalt and chromium exposure after metal‐on‐metal hip resurfacing: An epigenome‐wide association pilot study
Authors: Steinberg Julia , Shah Karan M. , Gartland Alison , Zeggini Eleftheria , Wilkinson Jeremy Mark
Published: January 2017

Metal‐on‐metal (MOM) hip resurfacing has recently been a popular prosthesis choice for the treatment of symptomatic arthritis, but results in the release of cobalt and chromium ions into the circulation that can be associated with adverse clinical effects. The mechanism underlying these effects remains unclear. While chromosomal aneuploidy and translocations are associated with this exposure, the presence of subtle structural epigenetic modifications in patients with MOM joint replacements remains unexplored. Consequently, we analyzed whole blood DNA methylation in 34 OA patients with MOM hip resurfacing (MOM HR) compared to 34 OA patients with non‐MOM total hip replacements (non‐MOM THR), using the genome‐wide Illumina HumanMethylation 450k BeadChip. No probes showed differential methylation significant at 5% false‐discovery rate (FDR). We also tested association of probe methylation levels with blood chromium and cobalt levels directly; there were no significant associations at 5% FDR. Finally, we used the “epigenetic clock” to compare estimated to actual age at sample for all individuals. We found no significant difference between MOM HR and non‐MOM THR, and no correlation of age acceleration with blood metal levels. Our results suggest the absence of large methylation differences systemically following metal exposure, however, larger sample sizes will be required to identify potential small effects. Any DNA methylation changes that may occur in the local periprosthetic tissues remain to be elucidated. © 2017 The Authors. Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 35:2323–2328, 2017.
Effect of sequential fermentations and grape cultivars on volatile compounds and sensory profiles of Danish wines
Authors: Liu Jing , Arneborg Nils , Toldam‐Andersen Torben B , Petersen Mikael A , Bredie Wender LP
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

There has been an increasing interest in the use of selected non‐Saccharomyces yeasts in co‐culture with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this work, three non‐Saccharomyces yeast strains (Metschnikowia viticola, Metschnikowia fructicola and Hanseniaspora uvarum) indigenously isolated in Denmark were used in sequential fermentations with S. cerevisiae on three cool‐climate grape cultivars, Bolero, Rondo and Regent. During the fermentations, the yeast growth was determined as well as key oenological parameters, volatile compounds and sensory properties of finished rosé wines.

RESULTS

The different non‐Saccharomyces strains and cool‐climate grape cultivars produced wines with a distinctive aromatic profile. A total of 67 volatile compounds were identified, including 43 esters, 14 alcohols, five acids, two ketones, a C13‐norisoprenoid, a lactone and a sulfur compound. The use of M. viticola in sequential fermentation with S. cerevisiae resulted in richer berry and fruity flavours in wines. The sensory plot showed a more clear separation among wine samples by grape cultivars compared with yeast strains.

CONCLUSION

Knowledge on the influence of indigenous non‐Saccharomyces strains and grape cultivars on the flavour generation contributed to producing diverse wines in cool‐climate wine regions. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry