bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Hyperglycemia in Very Preterm Infants Is Associated with Reduced White Matter Volume and Worse Cognitive and Motor Outcomes at 2.5 Years
Authors: Naseh Nima , Canto Moreira Nuno , Vaz Tânia F. , Gonzalez Tamez Karla , Ferreira Hugo , Kaul Ylva Fredriksson , Johansson Martin , Diderholm Barbro , Ahlsson Fredrik , Ågren Johan , Hellström-Westas Lena
Published: September 2022

Introduction: Hyperglycemia in very preterm infants is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate potential associations between early hyperglycemia, neonatal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neurodevelopment at 2.5 years. Methods: The study population included 69 infants with gestational age (GA) 22.3–31.9 weeks (n = 29 with GA <28 weeks), born 2011–2014. Plasma glucose concentrations during the first week were checked according to clinical routines. Hyperglycemia was defined as glucose concentrations above 8.3 mmol/L (150 mg/dL) and above 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL), respectively, categorized as the highest glucose days 0–2, number of days above 8.3 and 10 mmol/L, and prolonged (yes/no) 2 days or more above 8.3 and 10 mmol/L. The MRI analysis included morphological assessment, regional brain volumes, and assessment of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) developed in 13 of 67 infants with available outcomes, of which 57 were assessed with the Bayley-III. Univariate and multiple linear and logistic regressions were performed with adjustments for GA, birth weight z-scores, and illness severity expressed as days on mechanical ventilation. Results: Hyperglycemia above 8.3 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L was present in 47.8% and 31.9% of the infants. Hyperglycemia correlated independently with lower white matter volume, but not with other regional brain volumes, and was also associated with lower ADC values in white matter. Hyperglycemia also correlated with lower Bayley-III cognitive and motor scores in infants with GA <28 weeks, but there was no significant effect on NDI. Conclusion: Early hyperglycemia is associated with white matter injury and poorer neurodevelopment in very preterm infants.
Acute Kidney Injury and Diastolic Dysfunction: Opportunity for Targeted Intervention?
Authors: Soranno Danielle E. , Gist Katja M.
Published: September 2022

Background/Aims: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common, results in nonrenal sequelae, and predisposes patients to long-term cardiovascular disease. The long-term systemic effects of AKI remain unclear. Sex is an important biological variable in ischemia-reperfusion AKI, and the protective role of estrogen has stymied the inclusion of both sexes in preclinical AKI studies. ITF2357 is a nonspecific histone deacetylase inhibitor that has been shown to improve cardiac outcomes in murine models of hypertension. Here, we review recent work that provides new insight into our understanding of cardiovascular sequelae following AKI. Methods: Adult male and female C57BL/6J mice underwent 25 min (males) and 34 min (females) of bilateral ischemia-reperfusion AKI or sham procedure. A male treatment arm received chow containing the nonspecific histone deacetylase inhibitor ITF2357 starting 3 days after AKI. Serial renal function, echocardiograms, and blood pressure assessments were performed throughout the 1-year study; renal histology and cardiac and plasma metabolomics were evaluated at 1 year. Results: Measured glomerular filtration rates throughout the 1-year study showed that the female model of AKI matched the male model. Untreated males developed depressed diastolic function after AKI, whereas females and males treated with ITF2357 maintained normal diastolic function. Both untreated males and females developed hypertension after AKI; males treated with ITF2357 remained normotensive. Conclusions: Ischemic AKI results in long-term cardiovascular sequelae with sex as an important biological variable in outcomes. Histone deacetylase inhibition affects cardiovascular outcomes after AKI.
Demographic Gaps and Requirements for Participation: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trial Designs in Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Authors: James JaBreia Fanita , Madray Victoria M. , Salame Nicole , Hasan Samar Babikir , White Mia Sohn , Barron Jason Richard , Kirby Joslyn , Ingram John Robert , Orenstein Lauren Anne Vigil
Published: September 2022

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that disproportionally affects women, as well as Black and biracial individuals. While adalimumab remains the only therapy approved by the Food and Drug Administration for HS, many HS clinical trials for novel and re-tasked therapies are ongoing or upcoming. To optimize treatment equity, reflect the patient population, and facilitate trial participation, it is important to elucidate aspects of clinical trial protocols that may systematically exclude specific patient groups or impose hardships. Objective: The study aimed to systematically review inclusion and exclusion criteria as well as participant demographics in HS clinical trials. Methods: A literature search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, and Web of Science databases was conducted. Peer-reviewed publications of randomized controlled trials that were written in English and had at least 10 participants were included. Title and abstract screening and data extraction were completed by two independent reviewers, with disagreements resolved by a third. Results: Twenty-three studies totaling 1,496 adult participants met the inclusion criteria. Race and ethnicity were not reported in 473/1,496 (31.6%) and 1,420/1,496 (94.9%) trial participants, respectively. Trial participants were predominantly white (811/1,023, 79.3%) and female (1,057/1,457, 72.5%). The median of each study’s average age was 35.7 years (IQR 33.5–38.0), and 17/23 (73.9%) trials excluded pediatric patients. Nearly all participants had Hurley Stage II (499/958, 52.0%) or Hurley Stage III (385/958, 40.2%) disease. Many trials excluded patients who were pregnant (19/23, 82.6%) and breastfeeding (13/23, 56.5%), or who had HS that was “too severe” (8/23, 34.8%) or “too mild” (16/23, 70.0%). Frequently, trial protocols required prolonged washout periods from HS therapies, relatively long duration in the study’s placebo arm, and prohibited concurrent analgesic use. Conclusions: This systematic review of 23 HS clinical trials totaling 1,496 participants identified substantial hardships imposed by trial participation, high rates of missing race and ethnicity data, and low representation of key patient groups, including those who identify as Black. Future trials with pragmatic study designs, broader inclusion criteria, and study sites in diverse communities may alleviate burdens of trial participation and improve enrollment of diverse patient groups.
Long-Term Trends in Obesity Prevalence by Socio-Economic Group in Five European Countries and the USA: The Relevance of the Diffusion of Innovations Theory
Authors: Kagenaar Eva , Van Hemelrijck Wanda Monika Johanna , Kunst Anton E. , Janssen Fanny
Published: September 2022

Introduction: Cross-national comparison suggests that the timing of the obesity epidemic differs across socio-economic groups (SEGs). Similar to the smoking epidemic, these differences might be described by the diffusion of innovations theory, which states that health behaviours diffuse from higher to lower SEGs. However, the applicability of the diffusion of innovations theory to long-term time trends in obesity by SEG is unknown. We studied long-term trends in the obesity prevalence by SEG in England, France, Finland, Italy, Norway, and the USA and examined whether trends are described by the diffusion of innovations theory. Methods: Obesity prevalence from 1978 to 2019 by educational level, sex, and age group (25+ years) from health surveys was harmonized, age-standardized, Loess-smoothed, and visualized. Prevalence rate differences were calculated, and segmented regression was performed to obtain annual percentage changes, which were compared over time and across SEGs. Results: Obesity prevalence among lower educated groups has exceeded that of higher educated groups, except among American men, in all countries throughout the study period. A comparable increase across educational levels was observed until approximately 2000. Recently, obesity prevalence stagnated among higher educated groups in Finland, France, Italy, and Norway and lower educated groups in England and the USA. Discussion: Recent trends in obesity prevalence by SEG are mostly in line with the diffusion of innovations theory; however, no diffusion from higher to lower SEGs at the start of the epidemic was found. The stagnation among higher SEGs but not lower SEGs suggests that the latter will likely experience the greatest future burden.
Accurate and Clear Quantitative Precipitation Nowcasting Based on a Deep Learning Model with Consecutive Attention and Rain-Map Discrimination
Authors: Ashesh Ashesh , Chang Chia-Tung , Chen Buo-Fu , Lin Hsuan-Tien , Chen Boyo , Huang Treng-Shi
Published: September 2022

Deep learning models are developed for high-resolution quantitative precipitation nowcasting (QPN) in Taiwan up to 3 h ahead. Many recent works aim to accurately predict relatively rare high-rainfall events with the help of deep learning. This rarity is often addressed by formulations that reweight the rare events. However, these formulations often carry a side effect of producing blurry rain-map nowcasts that overpredict in low-rainfall regions. Such nowcasts are visually less trustworthy and practically less useful for forecasters. We fix the trust issue by introducing a discriminator that encourages the model to generate realistic rain maps without sacrificing the predictive accuracy of rainfall extremes. Moreover, with consecutive attention across different hours, we extend the nowcasting time frame from typically 1 to 3 h to further address the needs for socioeconomic weather-dependent decision-making. By combining the discriminator and the attention techniques, the proposed model based on the convolutional recurrent neural network is trained with a dataset containing radar reflectivity and rain rates at a granularity of 10 min and predicts the hourly accumulated rainfall in the next three hours. Model performance is evaluated from both statistical and case-study perspectives. Statistical verification shows that the new model outperforms the current operational QPN techniques. Case studies further show that the model can capture the motion of rainbands in a frontal case and also provide an effective warning of urban-area torrential rainfall in an afternoon-thunderstorm case, implying that deep learning has great potential and is useful in 0–3-h nowcasting.
Comparison of Intraseasonal Variation of the Meridional Displacement of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High in Early and Late Summer
Authors: Zhou Peihao , Li Xiuzhen
Published: September 2022

The meridional displacement of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) on an intraseasonal time scale is investigated, with emphasis on differences between early (May–June) and late (July–August) summer. The intraseasonal variation (ISV) of the meridional displacement of the WNPSH is dominated by the 10–30-day period, and the variation amplitude is larger in late summer. The ISV of the WNPSH is attributed mainly to the evolution of an anomalous cyclone/anticyclone north of the WNPSH in early summer, whereas it is due to a south-to-north dipole of an anomalous anticyclone and cyclone over East Asia in late summer. Moreover, the WNPSH tends to shift westward when it moves northward, and vice versa, especially in early summer. Both tropical convection and mid- to high-latitude teleconnection across Eurasia are responsible for the ISV of the meridional displacement of the WNPSH in early and late summer. The role of mid- to high-latitude teleconnection is more important in early summer, whereas tropical convection over the South China Sea is more crucial in late summer, through triggering a Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern. In early summer, as the WNPSH shifts northward, rainfall increases over the Yangtze River valley and decreases over Southeast China, and vice versa. In late summer, deficient rainfall over North China persists when the WNPSH is at its southernmost location and during its northward shift, and vice versa. The characteristics, underlying processes, and impacts of the 10–30-day meridional displacement of the WNPSH are significantly different in early and late summer.
P-step Kalman-like unbiased FIR algorithm for detecting anomalies of atomic clocks
Authors: Yan Ran , Liu Junliang , Wu Jianfeng , Hu Yonghui
Published: September 2022

An extended measurement model anomaly detection algorithm for atomic clocks is proposed based on the p-step Kalman-like iterative Unbiased finite impulse response (UFIR) algorithm. The novel of the proposed algorithm is that it breaks the disadvantage of initializing the noise matrix in the traditional Kalman filter improved algorithms. By accumulating the prediction residuals generated by the process of p-step Kalman-like iterative, the detection statistics are constructed to realize the weaker phase and frequency jump detection of atomic clocks. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, and Monte-Carlo (M-C) experiment is used to verify the theoretical calculation of detection probability. We also analyze the measured data of a cesium atomic clock in our timekeeping laboratory, and the results show that the new method is more sensitive to weak frequency jump than the improved algorithm based on the Kalman filter.
China–Africa Relations in The Economist, 2019–2021
Authors: Obeng-Odoom Franklin
Published: September 2022

The ‘Scramble for Africa’ has historically been a concept used to describe the plunder of Africa by colonial powers, their subsequent economic capture of African resources, their political control and their racial domination of Africans. But, in recent times, many writers have pointed to Chinese ‘Scramble for Africa’. Of these depictions, The Economist’s has been both categorical and relentless. But is the set of relationships between China and African countries imperial? Does it amount to a Chinese ‘Scramble for Africa’? If so, what can be done; if not, why not? Neither content nor institutional analyses of 27 stories, sampled from 132 issues of The Economist from 2019 to 2021, show conclusive evidence that the relationship between China and Africa is imperial. Evidence of African indebtedness to China, Chinese opaque resource transactions in Africa, and the controlling effect of China’s Belt and Road Initiative typically emphasised by The Economist is serious. But it does not amount to economic plunder, political control, military destabilisation or racial domination. The Economist’s characterisation of China–Africa relations reflects wider processes of Westernisation. Its features include the use of mainstream economic analysis, (mis)representation of the Global South to maintain Western hegemony and inhibiting Southern struggle to break the Western chokehold on global development. As an elite newspaper, The Economist’s ‘frame analysis’ not only presents news, but also produces views that caricature Global South agendas, especially those that threaten Western liberalism and imperialism.
Mechanical and thermal behaviors of Ti36-Al16-V16-Fe16-Cr16 high entropy alloys fabricated by spark plasma sintering: An advanced material for high temperature/strength applications
Authors: Ujah Chika O , Popoola Patricia A , Popoola Olawale , Uyor Uwa O
Published: September 2022

Conventional superalloys possess high strength, high oxidation resistance and high creep resistance. Nonetheless, some lose strength at elevated temperatures, while others suffer high temperature oxidation and creep. This work was aimed at developing high entropy alloy (HEA) of Ti36-Al16-V16-Fe16-Cr16 at near equi molar configuration using spark plasma sintering technique which would be able to address the challenges of conventional superalloys. The powders were mixed with Turbular mixer at 69 rpm for 10 h. The sintering was carried out with the same sintering pressure of 40 MPa, time of 10 min, heating rate of 100°C/mins on all the samples. Only the sintering temperature was varied. The temperatures used included 700°C, 800°C, 900°C, 1000°C and 1100°C, respectively. The powders and sintered samples were characterized with Scanning electron microscopy connected to Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometer. The mechanical properties were tested with Nano indenter using ASTM D785 standard; while the thermal stability was investigated with thermogravimetric analyzer. Results showed that HEA sintered at 1000°C possessed the best nanomechanical, thermal and microstructural properties while that sintered at 700°C had the weakest properties. The best developed alloy had an improved elastic modulus of 671.17 ± 50 GPa and 930.12 ± 38 GPa at darker flakey phase and white phase, respectively. It had creep resistance of 1.82%, densification of 98.96% and porosity of 1.04%. It was concluded that the developed alloy can perform much better than most superalloys in high temperature and high strength and applications.
The economic and environmental analysis of solar energy development under climate impacts
Authors: Zhang Liguo , Zhang Qin , Rafiq Muhammad Aftab
Published: September 2022

Solar energy is a promising renewable technology to secure energy security and reduce emissions. While there are several solar energy studies, the intensified climate change has altered the climate pattern such as regional sunny hours and the strength of solar radiation. To investigate the impact of climate change on the regional solar energy potential, this study analyses the average sunny hour and solar radiation from monthly data from Jan. 2009 to Apr. 2021 and applies the ARIMA and ARDL models to predict the potential changes of these factors for the period of May 2021 to Dec. 2025. The results show the impact of climate change on solar energy generation potential is geographically different. Based on the historical data, the estimated electricity generation potential from conventional PV, PV/PCM, and PVT/PCM technologies are 2,636, 2,747, and 2868 kWh per m2, respectively. However, under climate impacts, their power potential will be greatly reduced to 2,422, 2,525, and 2636 kWh per m2. Specifically, the future power potential will decline up to 8%, and thus the policymakers should incorporate the climate influence on solar energy development and application to minimize power fluctuation.
Preschool Educators’ Opinions and Practices on School Gardening
Authors: Deniz Umay Hazar , Kalburan Nilgün Cevher
Published: September 2022

This qualitative study examines definitions of school gardening used by preschool educators and examines their views on the value of school gardening in their curriculum. The participants consisted of school principals and teachers working in two different types of preschools as traditional and nature-based. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and content analysis technique was used. Findings showed that the educators routinely implemented school gardening, both outdoors and in greenhouse. School gardening was integrated with other curriculum activities. Its positive effects on children's development were expressed with emphasizing the need for additional space, time, financial support, and collaboration with experts.
Planning for social distancing: How the legacy of historical epidemics shaped COVID-19's spread in Madrid
Authors: Manzano Gómez Noel A
Published: September 2022

This paper combines historical and contemporary sources to examine ‘epidemic urban planning’ from the first decades of the 20th century through to the present day. It considers how infamous early 20th-century epidemics triggered the development of several urban regulations that profoundly shaped the city’s future. To reduce the risk of contagion in bourgeois space, the city began displacing and spatially segregating the urban poor, leading to deprived neighbourhoods in the city’s suburbs. The social and urban structure of these deprived, ‘vulnerable’ neighbourhoods remains to this day. Madrid was also greatly impacted by the COVID-19 crisis, and the initial distribution of COVID geographies seemed to reflect these historical legacies. Epidemic-influenced segregation kept wealthy neighbourhoods relatively safe during the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, concentrating the disease in poorer areas.
An intelligent system for multi-topic social spam detection in microblogging
Authors: Abu-Salih Bilal , Qudah Dana Al , Al-Hassan Malak , Ghafari Seyed Mohssen , Issa Tomayess , Aljarah Ibrahim , Beheshti Amin , Alqahtani Sulaiman
Published: September 2022

The communication revolution has perpetually reshaped the means through which people send and receive information. Social media is an important pillar of this revolution and has brought profound changes to various aspects of our lives. However, the open environment and popularity of these platforms inaugurate windows of opportunities for various cyber threats, thus social networks have become a fertile venue for spammers and other illegitimate users to execute their malicious activities. These activities include phishing hot and trendy topics and posting a wide range of contents in many topics. Hence, it is crucial to continuously introduce new techniques and approaches to detect and stop this category of users. This article proposes a novel and effective approach to detect social spammers. An investigation into several attributes to measure topic-dependent and topic-independent users’ behaviours on Twitter is carried out. The experiments of this study are undertaken on various machine learning classifiers. The performance of these classifiers is compared and their effectiveness is measured via a number of robust evaluation measures. Furthermore, the proposed approach is benchmarked against state-of-the-art social spam and anomalous detection techniques. These experiments report the effectiveness and utility of the proposed approach and embedded modules.
A new finding for the obesity paradox? Evaluation of the relationship between muscle and adipose tissue in nuclear grade prediction in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Demirel Emin , Dilek Okan
Published: September 2022

Background

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but paradoxically there is a positive association between obesity and surveillance.

Purpose

To investigate the relationship between nucleus grade classification and body composition in patients with matched co-morbid conditions with non-metastatic ccRCC.

Materials and Methods

A total of 253 patients with non-metastatic ccRCC were included in the study. Body composition was assessed with abdominal computed tomography (CT) using an automated artificial intelligence software. Both adipose and muscle tissue parameters of the patients were calculated. In order to investigate the net effect of body composition, propensity score matching (PSM) procedure was applied over age, sex, and T stage parameters. In this way, selection bias and imbalance between groups were minimized. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the association between body composition and WHO/ISUP grade (I–IV).

Result

When the body composition of the patients was examined without matching the conditions, it was found that the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) values were higher in patients with low grades ( P = 0.001). Normal attenuation muscle area (NAMA) was higher in high-grade patients than low-grade patients ( P < 0.05). In the post-matching evaluation, only SAT/NAMA was found to be associated with high-grade ccRCC (univariate analysis: odds ratio [OR]=0.899, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.817−0.988, P = 0.028; multivariate analysis: OR=0.922, 95% CI=0.901−0.974, P = 0.042).

Conclusion

CT-based body composition parameters can be used as a prognostic marker in predicting nuclear grade when age, sex, and T stage match conditions. This finding offers a new perspective on the obesity paradox.
Bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis in adult patients with cystic fibrosis: a single-center retrospective study
Authors: Roussel Alexandre , Sage Edouard , Roux Antoine , Guth Axel , Mellot François , Gravel Guillaume
Published: September 2022

Background

Hemoptysis is a severe complication of cystic fibrosis (CF) for which bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is an efficient primary therapeutic option. However, recurrence is more frequent than for other etiologies of hemoptysis.

Purpose

To assess the safety and efficacy of BAE in patients with CF and hemoptysis and predictive factors for recurrent hemoptysis

Material and Methods

This retrospective study reviewed all adult patients with CF treated by BAE for hemoptysis in our center from 2004 to 2021. The primary endpoint was the recurrence of hemoptysis after bronchial artery embolization. Secondary endpoints were overall survival and complications. We introduced the vascular burden (VB) defined as the sum of all bronchial artery diameters measured on pre-procedural enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans.

Results

A total of 48 BAE were performed in 31 patients. A total of 19 recurrences occurred with a median recurrence-free survival of 3.9 years. In univariate analyzes, percentage of unembolized VB (%UVB) (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.034, 95% confidence interval [CI=1.016–1.052; P < 0.001) and %UVB vascularizing the suspected bleeding lung (%UVB-lat) (HR = 1.024, 95% CI=1.012–1.037; P < 0.001) were associated with recurrence. In multivariate analyzes, only %UVB-lat remained significantly associated with recurrence (HR = 1.020, 95% CI=1.002–1.038; P = 0.030). One patient died during follow-up. No complication of grade 3 or higher was reported according to the CIRSE classification system for complications.

Conclusion

When possible, unilateral BAE seems sufficient in patients with CF with hemoptysis even in such a diffuse disease involving both lungs. The efficiency of BAE could be improved by thoroughly targeting all arteries vascularizing the bleeding lung.
The Nature and Types of Community Palliative and end-of-Life Care Services: A Content Analysis of Service Provider Websites in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheng Hui-Lin , Leung Doris Yin Ping , Chung Ming Wai , Ko Po Shan
Published: September 2022

Objective

To analyze the nature and types of community palliative and end-of-life care (PEoLC) services in Hong Kong in order to inform future service development.

Methods

This cross-sectional descriptive study systematically searched the eligible websites of service providers concerning community PEoLC services for patients and their family caregivers using the Hong Kong version of the Google Search engine in August 2021. Search terms included different traditional Chinese translations of palliative care, end-of- lifecare, and hospice care. For the included websites, information regarding the characteristics and types of PEoLC services were extracted and coded using content analysis.

Results

Sixteen websites providing community PEoLC services were included in this analysis, which were almost all provided by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Around half of the service providers targeted the geriatric group and served the population in some major geographic areas and districts only. Ten types of services were identified, including (1) information and advice; (2) psychological support; (3) dying and bereavement care; (4) spiritual support; (5) medical and nursing care; (6) leisure and social well-being activities; (7) support with household and other practical tasks; (8) referral resources; (9) financial support; and (10) caregiving skills training.

Conclusion

Existing community PEoLC services in Hong Kong are provided mainly by NGOs, with a focus on comprehensive care for patients in some areas and districts but few support services for caregivers. There is a need for continued efforts to optimize the PEoLC services to support patients and caregivers locally.
Teaming up for long-term care: Recognizing all long-term care staff contribute to quality care
Authors: Armstrong Pat , Armstrong Hugh , Bourgeault Ivy L.
Published: September 2022

When looking to promising international approaches to improve quality care in long-term care, it is necessary to avoid cherry-picking specific dimensions ignoring the integrated nature of what makes these approaches promising in the first place. In looking at promising Scandinavian or Green House models, attention is often paid to the size of facility. This often overlooks the importance of higher level of staffing, mix, and compensation of direct care staff and the integration of dietary, laundry, and housekeeping staff to care teams. Other overlooked considerations include recognition of family and friends and policies supporting care continuity.
A Review of Dentinogenesis Imperfecta and Primary Dentin Disorders in Dogs
Authors: Mack Wilson Jessica , Bell Cynthia , Queck Katherine , Scott Kristin
Published: September 2022

This review describes the clinical, radiographic and histologic characteristics of dentinogenesis imperfecta diagnosed in two unrelated young dogs without evidence of concurrent osteogenesis imperfecta. The dentition was noted to have generalized coronal discoloration ranging from grey-blue to golden brown. Clinical pulp exposure, coronal wear and fractures were observed as was radiographic evidence of endodontic disease, thin dentin walls or dystrophic obliteration of the pulp canal. The enamel was severely affected by attrition and abrasion despite histologically normal areas; loss was most likely due to poor adherence or support by the underlying abnormal dentin. Histologically, permanent and deciduous teeth examined showed thin, amorphous dentin without organized dentin tubules and odontoblasts had dysplastic cell morphology. Primary dentin disorders, including dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia, have been extensively studied and genetically characterized in humans but infrequently reported in dogs. Treatment in human patients is aimed at early recognition and multi-disciplinary intervention to restore and maintain normal occlusion, aesthetics, mastication and speech. Treatment in both humans and canine patients is discussed as is the documented genetic heritability of primary dentin disorders in humans.
For or against the molecularization of brain science?: Cybernetics, interdisciplinarity, and the unprogrammed beginning of the Neurosciences Research Program at MIT
Authors: Shin Youjung
Published: September 2022

It was no accident that the first neuroscience community, the Neurosciences Research Program (NRP), took shape in the 1960s at MIT, the birthplace of cybernetics. Francis O. Schmitt, known as the founding father of the NRP, was a famous biologist and an avid reader of cybernetics. Focusing on the intellectual and institutional context that Schmitt was situated in, this article unveils the way that the brain was conceptualized as a distinct object, requiring the launch of a new research community in the US. In doing so, this article moves beyond the dominant narratives on the triumph of molecularization of the brain at the beginning of neuroscience. Instead, it argues that what brought researchers together in the name of neuroscience was not just a molecule but an aspiration to develop biological theories of the brain/mind, which resonated with biologists in a postwar context and was materialized through support for basic research. The article highlights the tension over the computerization and molecularization of the brain, which shaped the interdisciplinary gathering of neuroscientists in the context of growing interest in basic research. Thereby, this article reveals the rise of theoretical concerns in brain science that reflect the distinct desires and concerns of biologists in the US at an intellectual and institutional level. By revisiting the launch of the NRP with a focus on Schmitt, the article sheds light on the historical contingencies in launching the new community as neuroscience in the US and their meaning for the locality and transiency of (inter)disciplinarity in brain science.
Numerical modeling and constitutive model verification for high-strength automotive steel
Authors: Liang Xiao , Li Chunlin , Lin Li , Xu Xin , Zhang Ruikun , Liu Rendong
Published: September 2022

In this paper, the quasi-static and dynamic tensile tests with a gauge length of 20 mm for dual-phase (DP) 780 steel were conducted under strain rates ranging from 10−3 to 103/s. The neglected details and differences between the quasi-static and dynamic tensile test conditions were investigated to develop an accurate numerical modeling method. A high-precision combination method for the empirical constitutive model was proposed and utilized in the developed numerical model to verify the ability of the constitutive model to reproduce the experimental data at different strain rates. The excellent results indicate that the adjusted determination coefficient of the constitutive model, the adjustable range of the extrapolation curves, and the proportion factor P in the combined constitutive model are the key parameters for accurately describing the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical behavior before and after the necking.
Study on failure assessment and experimental validation of automotive steering knuckle in McPherson front suspension system
Authors: Zhou Yifu , Li He
Published: September 2022

The failure phenomenon of automotive components within the service life is one of the most concerning issues in the automotive industry. In this paper, the concept of deformation gradient is introduced into the CAE simulation results to obtain the critical strain of the component under large deformation conditions. Subsequently, a complete quasi-static failure prediction method combined with the Johnson-Cook criterion is proposed. In addition, considering the cyclic hardening effect of the components’ material, the subcritical plane model is improved based on the Fatemi-Socie model to make the fatigue life prediction more accurate. According to the assembly relationship of the McPherson front suspension system, the proposed method and the improved model are used to predict the failure of the steering knuckle. Finally, the predicted results are compared with the rig test results. The comparison results validate the applicability and accuracy of the proposed quasi-static failure prediction method and fatigue failure prediction model.
Sensitivity of muscle force response of a two-state cross-bridge model to variations in model parameters
Authors: Ortes Faruk , Jinha Azim , Herzog Walter , Ziya Arslan Yunus
Published: September 2022

Muscle models based on the cross-bridge theory (Huxley-type models) are frequently used to calculate muscle forces for different contractile conditions. Dynamic and nonlinear characteristics of muscle forces produced during isometric, concentric, and eccentric contractions can be represented to a limited extent by using cross-bridge models. Cross-bridge models use various parameters to simulate force responses. However, there remains uncertainty as to the effect of changes in model parameters on force responses in Huxley-type models. In this study, we aimed to analyze the sensitivity of force response to changes in model parameters in Huxley-type models. A two-state Huxley model was used to determine the cross-bridge attachment distributions and forces for shortening and lengthening contractions. Sensitivity of muscle force to changes in attachment rate, detachment rate, and cross-bridge binding distance was examined within a range of ±20% of the nominal value using Monte Carlo simulations. Changes in the detachment rate influenced the predicted muscle forces the most for lengthening contractions, while changes in attachment rate and binding distance affected forces the most for shortening contractions. These results show once more the asymmetry between shortening and lengthening contractions and the difficulty in using a single cross-bridge model to predict forces during shortening and elongation accurately.
Building resilience from risk: Interactions across ENSO, local environment, and farming systems on the desert north coast of Peru (1100BC–AD1460)
Authors: Caramanica Ari
Published: September 2022

The arid desert coast of northern Peru has traditionally been viewed either as existing in stasis, or as experiencing punctuated change from sudden flood events, followed by a return to system equilibrium. Despite these environmental extremes, the region was home to agriculture-based societies for millennia, and the success of these farming systems is considered an early example of irrigation technology transforming marginal landscapes. However, a closer examination of the long-term human-environment history of the Chicama Valley, one of the largest valleys in the coastal region, demonstrates that this landscape is the product of protracted interactions across at least three systems: the local environment, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and farming. Here, El Niño floods, typically considered high-risk events, are fundamental to local biodiversity and renewal, resulting in a desert ecosystem that is both robust and elastic. The prehispanic farmland known as the Pampa de Mocan (1100BC–AD1460), is presented as a case study to observe the co-evolution of agricultural technology and an ENSO-hyper-arid environment. This ancient farming system developed the capacity to toggle between sudden floodwater inputs and periods of water scarcity. Alongside water and soil conservation practices, prehispanic agriculturalists implemented technologies that were designed to mitigate El Niño flooding and incorporate its byproducts to supplement available resources. The convergence of these interacting systems on the Pampa de Mocan offers new insights into the role of risk in building resilience.
My Department or My Company? Group Status, Identity Configurations, and Citizenship Behaviors
Authors: Harush Raveh , Loewenstein Jeffrey , Klang Motti , Rubin Matthew
Published: September 2022

Organizations consist of multiple groups nested at different levels, meaning organization members have choices about where to identify and to contribute. We examine whether subgroup status shapes identity configurations, or the pattern of members’ identifications across multiple organizational groups. A military field study used status differences across battalions within brigades to reveal that soldiers from high status battalions identified more with their battalions whereas those from low status battalions identified more with the brigade. Total strength of identification combined across battalion and brigade was associated with citizenship behaviors contributing to both organizational groups. Similarly, a university study found students from high status colleges identified more with their particular colleges, whereas those from low status colleges identified more with the university. Further, students from high status colleges were more likely to choose citizenship behaviors serving their college and those from low status colleges were more likely to serve the university. Linking subgroup status, identity configurations, and citizenship behaviors provides insights into what guides individuals’ choices on where to identify, offers new reasons to consider the importance of identity configurations within organizations, and leads to new suggestions for organizational leaders.
Becoming TikTok Famous: Strategies for Global Brands to Engage Consumers in an Emerging Market
Authors: Wahid Risqo , Karjaluoto Heikki , Taiminen Kimmo , Asiati Diah Isnaini
Published: September 2022

This study examines the effects of content characteristics (i.e., informational and emotional characteristics), language, and nonverbal information on social media engagement (SME; i.e., likes, shares, and comments) in the context of global brands operating in an emerging market and implementing TikTok as a tool for social media marketing. The data set comprised 680 posts, 1,527,340 likes, 58,529 shares, and 18,743 comments collected from global smartphone brands’ TikTok accounts specifically targeting Indonesian consumers. The findings confirm that informational content mainly generates higher SME than emotional content. English and code-switched languages generally improve SME, whereas nonverbal information mostly has no significant effects. Furthermore, English and code-switched languages mainly have negative moderating effects on the relationship between content characteristics (both informational and emotional characteristics) and SME. Theoretically, this study provides a preliminary understanding of effective SME enhancement strategies for global brands targeting consumers on TikTok in emerging markets. Practically, the results of this research can provide guidelines for global brands engaging with consumers in emerging markets. These insights can also assist global brands in creating TikTok-famous content.
Watching the Watchdogs: Examining the Adoption and Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Communication on Diversity in News Organizations
Authors: Kosterich Allie , Ziek Paul
Published: September 2022

This article examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication and the commitment to CSR in practice, specifically on the topic of employee diversity. A large-scale textual analysis is used to investigate CSR communication and the factors that differentiate news organizations. By integrating the scholarship on CSR communication, journalism, and management, the article furthers the understanding of ways news organizations publicly signal the implementation of diversity practices. In addition, the article proves useful as news organizations seek ways to institutionalize their CSR communications and evaluate their own commitments to diversity initiatives as an organizational priority.
How Humor Reduces the Impact of Negative Feedback on Social Media
Authors: Yu Ying , Huang Li , Qing Ping , Chen Tong
Published: September 2022

The advent of social media has dramatically changed the way consumers communicate with others. How to communicate appropriately with mass audiences on social media has become an urgent topic in crisis communication. This article investigates the use of humor in crisis communication within a social media context. Across three studies using multisource data, the authors find that humorous responses to negative publicity can lead to more favorable consumer responses than nonhumorous responses do. This effect is moderated by the type (defensible vs. not defensible) of negative event. These findings have important implications both theoretically and managerially.
Evaluation of a new paclitaxel-coated balloon catheter in an in vivo porcine peripheral venous model: Feasibility, safety, and drug deliverability
Authors: Reppas Lazaros , Spiliopoulos Stavros , Kitrou Panagiotis , Katsanos Konstantinos , Papadimatos Panagiotis , Vaiou Maria , Lampropoulos George , Moulas Anargyros N , Karnabatidis Dimitrios , Brountzos Elias
Published: September 2022

Purpose:

To evaluate in vivo the feasibility, safety, and paclitaxel (PTX) deliverability of a newly developed non-commercially available Paclitaxel-Coated Balloon (PCB) catheter in the swine healthy peripheral vein model.

Materials and methods:

In total 12 PCBs were deployed in 12 venous segments. Primary feasibility endpoint was the successful application of the devices to the veins of the animals. Primary efficacy endpoint was the determination of the drug content in the venous tissue at 24 h and 7 days after balloon expansion, as assessed by analysis of the vein tissue with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Primary safety endpoint was freedom from any major adverse event. Secondary endpoint was the investigation of any independent factor affecting the primary endpoints.

Results:

Paclitaxel was detected in five out of six tissue samples 24 h post-intervention and five out of six tissues at 7 days following the procedure (10 tissue samples out of 12). The mean weight of tissue that was examined was 0.20604 ± 0.29822 g (range: 1.02823–0.03377 g) and the mean PTX concentration detected was 8.4 ± 13.1 μg/g (range: 0–36.1 μg/g). The average drug content detected at 24 h (17.1 ± 17.1 μg/g) was numerically superior, but non-statistically significant, compared to 7 days (3.1 ± 3.6 μg/g). An average of 33.8% of the drug remained on the balloon after retrieval. According to the multiple linear regression analysis, there was no significant correlation between transition time, PTX remaining on the balloon, time of analysis (24 h/7 days) and PTX tissue concentration. No abnormalities were noted during autopsy.

Conclusion:

The newly developed PCB successfully delivered within the healthy venous wall a dose of Paclitaxel that inhibits neointimal hyperplasia. No safety issues were raised at short-term follow-up.
Inhaled CO2 Concentration While Wearing Face Masks: A Pilot Study Using Capnography
Authors: Acuti Martellucci Cecilia , Flacco Maria Elena , Martellucci Mosè , Violante Francesco Saverio , Manzoli Lamberto
Published: September 2022

Background:

Face masks are recommended based on the assumption that they protect against SARS-CoV-2 transmission, however studies on their potential side effects are still lacking. We aimed to evaluate the inhaled air carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, when wearing masks.

Methods:

We measured end-tidal CO2 using professional side-stream capnography, with water-removing tubing, (1) without masks, (2) wearing a surgical mask, and (3) wearing a FFP2 respirator (for 5 minutes each while seated after 10 minutes of rest), in 146 healthy volunteers aged 10 to 90 years, from the general population of Ferrara, Italy. The inhaled air CO2 concentration was computed as: ([mask volume × end-tidal CO2] + [tidal volume − mask volume] × ambient air CO2)/tidal volume.

Results:

With surgical masks, the mean CO2 concentration was 7091 ± 2491 ppm in children, 4835 ± 869 in adults, and 4379 ± 978 in the elderly. With FFP2 respirators, this concentration was 13 665 ± 3655 in children, 8502 ± 1859 in adults, and 9027 ± 1882 in the elderly. The proportion showing a CO2 concentration higher than the 5000 ppm (8-hour average) acceptable threshold for workers was 41.1% with surgical masks, and 99.3% with FFP2 respirators. Adjusting for age, gender, BMI, and smoking, the inhaled air CO2 concentration significantly increased with increasing respiratory rate (mean 10 837 ±3712 ppm among participants ⩾18 breaths/minute, with FFP2 respirators), and among the minors.

Conclusion:

If these results are confirmed, the current guidelines on mask-wearing should be reevaluated.
Environmental chauvinism? Explaining issue expansion among non-mainstream parties
Authors: Spoon Jae-Jae , Williams Christopher J
Published: September 2022

Do non-mainstream parties respond to other non-mainstream parties’ owned issues? Whereas a great deal of extant research has examined the owned issues of non-mainstream parties and when mainstream parties take on these issues, little research has been done to explore when non-mainstream parties expand their issue focus to include the owned issues of other non-mainstream parties. We argue that non-mainstream parties will expand their issue focus as the public salience on the issue increases, but that this expansion is conditioned by the type of issue. In particular, we posit that non-mainstream parties will expand on issues on which there is agreement among their supporters. To test our claims, we examine radical-left, radical right and green parties’ issue expansion on the environment and immigration in 15 West and East European countries from 1980–2018 using data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, national election studies, and the Comparative Manifestos Project. Our findings have important implications for non-mainstream parties’ issue evolution and party competition more generally.