bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contending Orders
Authors: Swenson Geoffrey
Published: October 2022

Legal pluralism matters. It shapes how people order their lives and interact with their fellow citizens and with state officials. Often in developing countries, for instance, non-state justice systems handle most disputes and operate with real autonomy from the state. Robust legal pluralism challenges conventional notions of sovereignty because it undercuts the state’s claim to a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence within its territory. This book examines the role of legal pluralism in state-building, particularly efforts to establish democratic governance and the rule of law. State and non-state justice may largely work in tandem, while clashing legal systems can generate prolonged and potentially even violent conflict. The book proposes four new, distinct legal-pluralism archetypes—combative, competitive, cooperative, and benign—to better understand how legal pluralism functions in practice and how state and non-state authorities interact. It posits five main strategies used by domestic and international actors to influence the relationship between state and non-state justice systems: bridging, harmonization, incorporation, subsidization, and repression. Case studies from two countries with extensive legal pluralism, Afghanistan and Timor-Leste, illustrate why legal pluralism matters for attempts to promote democracy and the rule of law. These show divergent outcomes influenced by how the state engaged with non-justice actors: efforts in Afghanistan failed, but Timor-Leste has made impressive progress. While the case studies focus on post-conflict states, the theory presented can help improve efforts to promote the rule of law and good governance in all legally pluralist settings.
The Selfobject Transferences
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

The concept of the selfobject is central to Heinz Kohut’s psychology of self. The term, however, often obscures its intended meaning. In the introduction to this chapter, the term selfobject is reviewed and contrasted with other analytic uses of the term object. Kohut theorized that from birth to death, we use the functions of others to maintain our own cohesive self. The chapter discusses two of those functions—idealization and grandiosity (Kohut’s aphorism was that “I am perfect and you reflect that back to me, and you are perfect but you are a part of me”). Clinical examples illustrate the significance of idealization and grandiosity and how a self psychological approach includes an understanding of both functions in selfobject longings and the way both correspond with specific stages of development.
Sketches of Flamenco
Authors: Fraser Benjamin
Published: October 2022

Chapter 1 contextualizes and critiques the expectation of mid-century international jazz listeners that jazz from Spain was synonymous with flamenco jazz. It includes an analysis of the cover art, liner notes, and music of the album Sketches of Spain, by Miles Davis and Gil Evans, and incorporates scholarly work by Juan Zagalaz and Iván Iglesias. It delves into Tete Montoliu’s beginnings in jazz and his high-profile performance and uncredited recording with vibraphonist Lionel Hampton in the 1950s. It includes a close reading of the cover art, liner notes, and music of Hampton’s Jazz Flamenco LP. Discussion of Tete’s selection for the European All Stars 1961 album further contributes to an assessment of his growing reputation in Europe.
The Urban Soundscapes of Modern Jazz
Authors: Fraser Benjamin
Published: October 2022

Chapter 2 makes the argument for urbanizing the study of jazz by exploring how the urban experience shaped Tete Montoliu’s career and his modernist piano style. It blends statements on jazz by E. Taylor Atkins, Burton W. Peretti, Robert Witkin, Andrew Berish, Eric Lott, and Fumi Okiji with insights from spatial and urban thinkers Henri Lefebvre, Jane Jacobs, Louis Wirth, Lewis Mumford, Georg Simmel, and Manuel Delgado Ruiz. It explores the presence of urban toponyms and imagery in Tete’s jazz work as well as how the urban experience becomes represented aesthetically in his piano style. Discussion focuses on the speed, spontaneity, and shifting conditions of the modern urban experience; the artistic movements that evolved in parallel to the jazz form in Europe; and in particular on Tete’s collaborations with saxophonist Rahsaan Roland Kirk, clarinet player Perry Robinson, and free jazz pioneer Archie Shepp.
Conclusion
Authors: Giotis Chrisanthi
Published: October 2022

The many tasks of decolonization required for reporting borderlands starts with simple actions of asking what is next. Drawing on Fanon’s thesis for a strengthened humanism, in part using the tools of the colonizers against them, this chapter argues that in a shared world of unequal risks, to see the human without losing sight of the politics is the path to a shared global polity. This then brings us back to Emmanuel Levinas. This concluding chapter looks at the literature around Levinas’s philosophy as applied to professional contexts and draws lessons from past mistakes. It argues that foreign correspondence can work toward a global polity by focusing on the building block of the profession and cultivating a philosophically informed understanding of the face-to-face interview.
Finding a Way Forward
Authors: Simko Christina
Published: October 2022

The way that nations commemorate their pasts has profound implications for the futures they are able to imagine and, ultimately, enact. This chapter compares three temporalities—ways of mapping the relationships among past, present, and future—that compete for predominance in U.S. memory today. Former President Donald Trump’s “Make America Great Again” slogan revived a nostalgic temporality grounded in monumental images of the nation’s past, such as South Dakota’s Mount Rushmore. By contrast, his predecessor, Barack Obama, advanced a progressive retelling of U.S. history, a narrative reinforced in the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC. Finally, the nonprofit Equal Justice Initiative (EJI) rose to prominence with a traumatic narrative, articulated at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama, and in public interviews and appearances by EJI founder Bryan Stevenson. Both progressive and traumatic narratives offer crucial resources for responding to the resurgence of White nationalism. Whereas progressivism provides the uplift and inspiration that have often sustained successful social movements, an emphasis on trauma is a crucial antidote for the distortions of nostalgia, bringing the ongoing legacies of past violence clearly into view.
Persistence of Collective Memory over 3,000 Years
Authors: Dudai Yadin
Published: October 2022

Collective memory is a set of historical narratives, beliefs, and customs shared by a social group, such as a community, culture, or nation, over generations. This chapter presents observations concerning the collective memory of the Jewish culture from the vantage point of the science of memory. Evidence for what later came to be regarded as Jewish culture can be traced back more than 3,200 years (i.e., more than 130 generations) ago. The early history of the culture amalgamated fact with fiction over scores of generations in orally reliant communities before being put in writing more than 2,300 years ago in a textual epitome, or credo, of only 63 Hebrew words. The long-term cultural persistence of this foundation core of the collective memory was set at the outset to rely on procedures to ensure regular semantic recitation combined with episodic re-enactment. Since then and up to the present time, memories of a number of major collective traumas have been added to the repertoire of Jewish collective memory. In recent centuries, the ancient credo has contributed to the revitalization and realization of a national movement; yet in doing so, it has also contributed to a rather fast evolution of Jewish collective memory, manifested in its ongoing differentiation into subnarratives that differ, inter alia, in their attitudes toward nationalism and in geographical distribution, religious hue, and populist flavor.
Advocacy Terminology
Authors: Hancher-Rauch Heidi , Brookins-Fisher Jodi
Published: October 2022

Health professionals are required to engage in advocacy in a variety of ways, and this chapter allows one to explore what goes into advocacy work, where it happens, and how to identify and understand when they are engaged in advocacy efforts. The framework in this chapter includes terminology and a foundational understanding of the settings health professionals advocate within and how to know the first steps and processes to start. The chapter also introduces key stakeholders, agencies, and organizations that become instrumental in this advocacy work. Advocates must first familiarize themselves with the common lexicon used by their colleagues, policymakers, and partner or opposition organizations. A strong grasp of the language around advocacy will allow health advocates to better maneuver the various roles, challenges, and professional responsibilities of this skill.
Ethics of Public Policy Frameworks
Authors: Finger Sara , McKyer E. Lisako J.
Published: October 2022

In the health education profession, advocates and leaders will face numerous ethical scenarios on the local or global level. This chapter provides an intricate understanding of ethics in policy work and advocacy. A keen understanding of the ethical principles, theories, and applications allows the reader to fully engage in the professional code of ethics. It is critical for public health professionals to consider the ethical implications of policies we seek to enact and/or evaluate. In public health, ethics are about making decisions and upholding standards of behavior based on a common “code.” This chapter identifies the systems change process and how environmental changes impact the work in public health education.
The Fossil Fuel Industry
Authors: van Schalkwyk May CI , Maani Nason , Petticrew Mark
Published: October 2022

Companies involved in the extraction and processing of fossil fuels are among the largest and most consolidated in the world, with commercial interests in direct opposition to the scientific consensus on the harms associated with climate change. Yet, with few exceptions, research on the corporate political activity of fossil fuel companies is much more limited compared to that of other harmful products. The future of climate change will depend on the extent to which society and science can accurately perceive the conflicts of interest, strategies, and tactics of fossil fuel companies in research, policy, and public discourse and be guided accordingly. This represents in some ways the sentinel challenge of research in the commercial determinants of health, with a great deal of research and scholarship remaining to be done.
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
Authors: Crosbie Eric , Schmidt Laura , Krieger Jim , Nestle Marion
Published: October 2022

Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption has been independently associated with noncommunicable diseases, and it accounts for a disproportionate proportion of calorie intake, particularly among young adults. Sugar-sweetened beverage companies have been successful by building on a legacy of reaching consumers through marketing spending. In recent years, such companies have sought to associate their products with a wide variety of global cultural and sporting events, while also actively funding physical activity research and participating in global development organizations. This is part of a deliberate strategy to shift debate away from their products as major drivers of obesity and preventable diseases. This has been accompanied by evidence of strong, coordinated opposition to so-called sugar taxes and significant efforts to influence government and policy in emerging markets. As the noncommunicable disease burden increases, there is a strong imperative to assess the proximal and distal health effects of sugar-sweetened beverages.
The Bible After Deleuze
Authors: Moore Stephen D.
Published: October 2022

The impact of Gilles Deleuze on critical thought in the opening decades of the twenty-first century rivals that of Jacques Derrida or Michel Foucault on critical thought in the closing decades of the twentieth. The “Deleuze and . . .” industry is in overdrive in the humanities, the social sciences, and beyond, busily connecting Deleuzian philosophy to everything from literature to architecture, metaphysics to mathematics, ethics to physics, sexuality to technology, and ecology to theology. What of Deleuze and the Bible? What does the Bible become when it is plugged into the Deleuzian corpus? An immense affective assemblage, among other things. And what does biblical criticism become in the process? A practice of close reading that is other than interpretation and renounces the concept of representation. The book begins with an extended exposition of Deleuzian thought, and proceeds to unexegetical explorations of five successive themes: Text (how to make yourself a Bible without Organs, and why); Body (why there are no bodies in the Bible, and how to read them anyway); Sex (a thousand tiny sexes, a trillion tiny Jesuses); Race (Jesus and the white faciality machine); and Politics (democracy, despots, pandemics, ancient prophets). Cumulatively, these explorations limn the fluid contours of a Bible after Deleuze.
Dream Palaces
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

To become a real writer, Purdy thought, he needed to gather experiences in the big city. He set his sights on the Midwestern metropolis of Chicago. He was accepted for a master’s program at the University of Chicago in English, where he wrote a thesis on the English high camp novelist, Ronald Firbank. He met three key friends, painters Gertrude Abercrombie and Norman MacLeish, and writer Wendell Wilcox, and entered a jazzy, arty bohemian world. His literary strategy was influenced by the Midwestern magic realism of Abercrombie and painters like the hipster Karl Priebe. He also met the writer and English professor Sam Steward, who later became known as a tattooist and sexual revolutionary. They all became models for Purdy characters—in Abercrombie and Wilcox’s cases, multiple times. He had his first publication with a story in a small Chicago magazine in 1939.
The Sun at Noon
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

This chapter narrates the reception of Eustace Chisholm and the Works (1967), a shocker set in Depression-era Chicago, based on the friends Purdy had known there. Eustace received strong reviews but also excoriating ones. Purdy was pained by a homophobic hatchet-job review by FSG author Wilfrid Sheed in the New York Times and requested Roger Straus to respond by taking out an ad, as he had done with Cabot Wright. Purdy drafted Jeremy’s Version, but his dissatisfaction with FSG grew, even though he had an excellent editor in Giroux. Purdy even suspected that the Sheed obloquy was an inside job designed to promote Straus’s friend, Susan Sontag. The chapter narrates complicated maneuvers between Purdy, his publisher, and his agent, whom he was trying to shake in a ruse. But then Doubleday offered a large advance, FSG could or would not match it, and a dissatisfied Purdy left the FSG fold.
On Glory’s Course
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

The 1980s started strong. Purdy signed to Viking and Mourners Below was praised in the New York Times. He wrote short plays that were performed in small venues in New York, often involving his friend John Uecker. In 1982 Purdy traveled to Israel, Finland, and Germany, sponsored by the United States Information Agency. In 1983 he joined Edward Albee in Texas to oversee a student production of Albee’s Malcolm, but he lost his good friend, Tennessee Williams. His next novel On Glory’s Course divided critics but found fans among women. Purdy placed pieces in the “gay New Yorker,” Christopher Street, even though he rejected the label of gay writer. Purdy went to Weidenfeld and Nicolson for In the Hollow of His Hand, which featured Native American characters, and a story collection. Switching to City Lights, Purdy published Garments the Living Wear, a satire of New York wealth and patronage.
The Acolytes
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

In Purdy’s final decade, he enjoyed adulation but also suffered neglect. To fill a new collection, John Uecker helped Purdy find old story manuscripts, which he completed or revised. These joined a novella and stories he published in magazines in the 1990s. Moe’s Villa and Other Stories, published in Britain in 2000, was ignored by British critics and didn’t find an American publisher until 2004. Don Weise at Carrol & Graf published that book, reissued four Purdy titles, and befriended the author. In 2005, Gore Vidal celebrated Purdy and his new book in the New York Times. More recognition arrived with the Mercantile Library’s Clifton Fadiman Award for Excellence in Fiction for Eustace Chisholm and the Works (1967), nominated by Jonathan Franzen, who read it at Paula Fox’s urging. Purdy’s Selected Plays were published in 2009. Purdy died in March of that year.
Introduction
Authors: Snyder Saskia Coenen
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the nineteenth-century transatlantic diamond trade and explains the particularly opportune moment that brought together an unprecedented supply of and high demand for gems, as well as new mining technologies and imperial infrastructures connecting Africa, Europe, and North America. Jews were heavily involved in this budding industry. Long experience in commercial trades, geographic mobility, and economic need, as well as access to ethnic and familial networks offered advantages. Geographically well-situated to play instrumental roles at a historically opportune time, Jewish entrepreneurs, diamantairs, brokers, retailers, and manufacturers became dynamic agents of imperial capitalism. The introduction also explains the structure of the book, briefly outlining topics and aims of subsequent chapters. Readers will follow the trajectory of the stone from mine to market.
Eternity and Fatalism (2011)
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

It is tempting to think that if propositions are timelessly true rather than true in the past, the logical fatalist argument collapses, and if God’s knowledge is timeless rather than in the past, the theological fatalist argument collapses. This paper argues that escaping fatalism by escaping time succeeds only if the timelessness move can overcome two hurdles: (1) There must be no temporal counterpart that permits a reformulation of the fatalist argument. The timeless truth of propositions cannot overcome this hurdle. The timeless knowledge of God can overcome this hurdle, but it means that there must be restrictions on the knowledge of an incarnate God, Jesus Christ. (2) There must be no reason to think that the timeless realm shares with the past the feature of being outside our control. The paper argues that neither argument overcomes this hurdle.
Religious Luck (1994)
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

Moral luck occurs when a person’s degree of moral responsibility for an act or a personal trait goes beyond the degree to which she controls it. If it exists, people are the proper objects of moral evaluation, including praise and blame and reward and punishment, because of something that is partly due to luck. This paper argues that the problem of moral luck, made famous by Joel Feinberg, Thomas Nagel, and Bernard Williams, exists for Christian moral theory and practice, and it is magnified by certain aspects of Christian theology, including the doctrine of grace, and the doctrine of an eternal heaven and hell. The paper then considers five solutions to the problem, all of which involve modifying in one way or another either traditional Christian doctrines or common views on the grounds of moral evaluation.
The Virtues of God and the Foundations of Ethics (1998)
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

This 1998 paper outlines an early form of Divine Motivation (DM) theory. In this theory, all moral concepts are derivative from the concept of a good motive, the most basic component of a virtue, where a motive is an emotion that initiates and directs action toward an end. The paper then argues that the motivations of one person in particular are the foundation of all moral values: God. The theory is structurally parallel to Divine Command theory, but it has several advantages over DC theory without the well-known problems. DM theory does not face a dilemma parallel to the famous Euthyphro problem, nor does it have any difficulty in answering the question whether God could make cruelty morally right. Unlike DC theory, it explains the importance of Christology in Christian ethics, and it provides a unitary account of all evaluative properties, divine and human.
A Modern Defense of Religious Authority (2016)
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

This paper uses well-known principles of authority proposed by Joseph Raz in his defense of political authority on a liberal basis, and then argues that those principles show that religious authority can be defended under the modern liberal assumption that the ultimate authority over the self is the self. According to Raz’s Normal Justification principle, the normal way to show that one person has authority over another is to show that the subject is more likely to act for her own ends if she accepts the directives of the alleged authority and tries to follow them, rather than to try to act for those ends directly. When this principle is formulated in the first person, we see how the subject’s own self-direction can justify her acceptance of authority in the moral and religious domains as well as in the political domain.
Constitutional Limitations
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: October 2022

This chapter describes “due process,” a constitutional restriction on governmental actions, in the context of public health. It outlines the doctrines of procedural and substantive due process, including the legal tests that courts apply to decide whether individuals’ due process rights have been violated. It uses examples from Supreme Court cases that have defined due process in the context of public health, including those that struggle to define the scope of reproductive rights. It also examines two cases where public health principles were raised as a justification for governmental action: one about involuntary sterilization and one about Ebola. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the “state action doctrine” that defines which public health actors may be challenged on due process grounds.
Defending Lawsuits
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: October 2022

Chapter 20 explores the strategic reasons why entities may challenge public health laws, and uses the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company v. FDA case to walk through the steps of a legal challenge to a public health law. The chapter also identifies the attorneys involved in defending public health laws on behalf of local, state, and federal government entities and explains how legal technical assistance from public health organizations can support their efforts. Finally, the chapter defines the role of amicus curiae briefs and how they may effectively contribute to the defense of public health laws and regulations.
Scientific Evaluation in Transdisciplinary Public Health Research and Practice
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores how public health law has evolved over time and introduces important legal processes. The chapter first describes evaluation of laws and policies through legal epidemiological principles. Then the chapter explores how to best evaluate laws and policies in order to test their effects, how they impact behavior, and whether or not they serve their purpose; the ultimate goal is to determine if the law is effectuating its purpose. Next, the chapter discusses legal mapping and policy surveillance: the process of mapping public health laws in an ongoing, systematic, scientific manner so that policymakers can catalogue laws between jurisdictions. The chapter closes with a summary of the five essential public health law services.
Normalizing Coercion
Authors: Lawrence Regina G.
Published: October 2022

This chapter looks at “Is Police Brutality a Myth?” by media critic Jon Katz, which appeared in the July 1994 issue of New York magazine. This article examined what Katz called an increasingly familiar urban ritual and highlighted a survey of police officials which found that most people believed that news coverage of police brutality was sensationalized, unfair, and inaccurate. The chapter counters this argument by looking at decades of scholarly research which suggests that the news typically represents most faithfully the perspectives of officials and other elites. The chapter shows that the typical news story about use of force is brief, episodic, and structured around claims provided by police spokesmen and politicians. It demonstrates how the vast majority of incidents receiving any coverage at all disappear quickly from the news pages and are successfully contained by official communication strategies.
The Ohio State Constitution
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

The Ohio Constitution begins with a detailed essay on the history of the Ohio Constitution, including the prestatehood Northwest Ordinance and the 1802 Constitution, which resulted in Ohio’s admission as the seventeenth state in the union. Detailed attention is given to the state and national politics surrounding Ohio’s admission to the union, the consideration of African American rights, the emergence of a legislative-dominated state government, and Ohio’s 1807 impeachment/judicial review controversy. The political and economic events leading to Ohio’s 1851 Constitution, Ohio’s current constitution, are covered in depth. The chapters also review the work of the Progressive-era 1912 Constitutional Convention, which resulted in the adoption of thirty-four amendments, including the initiative/referendum and home rule. Finally, the chapters cover the use of the initiative to amend the constitution since 1913, the modern efforts to use commissions to revise the constitution, and the emergence of the new judicial federalism in Ohio. In addition to the historical essay, the book contains detailed commentaries on 220+ sections of the constitution, and each of the nineteen articles begins with a general discussion of the article.
Bill of Rights
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article I contains the Ohio Bill of Rights, which is based largely on the Bill of Rights that had been in Article VIII of the 1802 Constitution. Article I, which has been amended only infrequently, includes all the rights from the Northwest Ordinance (Ordinance of 1787) and most of the rights that are in the federal Bill of Rights. This Article contains provisions addressing: equal protection and benefit, right to bear arms, religious freedom, slavery, search and seizure, cruel and unusual punishment, excessive fines, self-incrimination, double jeopardy, due process, health care, and takings. It also addresses the new judicial federalism and constitutional interpretation.
County and Township Organizations
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article X, which addresses county and township organization, had its origins in the 1851 Ohio Constitution, but counties and townships existed in Ohio before statehood. The Northwest Ordinance referred to both in directing the territorial governor “to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into counties and townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the legislature.” Unlike municipalities, counties and townships are agencies or administrative arms of the state and have no inherent powers independent of the General Assembly. The 1851 Article was a bare-bones article giving the General Assembly the power to create counties and townships but not defining their powers other than giving them “the power of local taxation for public purposes as may be prescribed by law.” In 1933, however, the voters approved a constitutional amendment, proposed by initiative petition, to restructure this article completely, to repeal all its existing sections, and to give counties (but not townships) the option of adopting home rule. Townships also have the option of adopting limited home rule, which was given to them by the General Assembly and not the constitution.
Amendments
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article XVI contains two of the three ways the Ohio Constitution can be amended. Under this article, proposed constitutional amendments can be submitted to the voters by the General Assembly or by a constitutional convention, which may be called at any time by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the General Assembly or by an affirmative vote on a mandatory statewide referendum every twenty years. The third way, by initiative petition, is described in Article II. The 1851 Constitution allowed the General Assembly to submit amendments directly to the voters, but until the 1912 amendments to this article, amendments proposed by the General Assembly (but not by conventions) had to be approved by a majority of all persons voting in the election rather than by a simple majority of those voting on the amendments.
Municipal Corporations
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article XVIII, more popularly known as the “Home Rule Amendment,” was one of the highest priorities of the Progressives at the 1912 Convention. They wanted to give municipalities the power to govern themselves. In describing its importance, Herbert S. Bigelow, the president of the 1912 Constitutional Convention, stated that “[i]t is second only to the initiative and referendum in importance. Its adoption will bring a great, peaceful, and beneficent revolution. It will set the cities of Ohio free.” Before the adoption of this article, Ohio law treated municipalities as creatures of the state, and under the prevailing Dillon’s Rule municipalities could exercise only those powers delegated to them by the General Assembly. The three key purposes of the Home Rule Amendment were (1) to permit municipalities to frame charters to provide the type or form of organization for municipal business as it desires, (2) to reverse the presumption against the power of municipalities exercising power (the so-called Dillon’s Rule), and (3) to expressly empower municipalities to operate public utilities.
Congressional Redistricting
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article XIX addresses congressional redistricting, which had been the responsibility of the General Assembly since the 1802 Constitution. In 2018, the voters approved an amendment to revise completely the process for drawing congressional district lines. Though continuing to rely in the first instance on the General Assembly, the new amendment included supermajority bipartisan voting requirements, detailed standards for drawing district lines, a prohibition on partisan gerrymandering, and the use of the Ohio Redistricting Commission. In addition to seeking to end partisan gerrymandering, the 2018 amendment sought to create a fair, bipartisan, and transparent process for congressional redistricting with districts that were compact and that kept local communities together. The decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in 2019 holding that partisan gerrymandering was a nonjusticiable political question in the federal court underscored the wisdom of the path chosen in Ohio for addressing both apportionment and redistricting.
Introduction
Authors: Pihkala Panu
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the overall aim and scope of this anthology, providing a survey of recent research into various expressions of eco-anxiety and other ecological emotions, particularly as they pertain to climate change and the coronavirus pandemic. Several possible frameworks are discussed, including “global anxieties” and “macrosocial worries”. The author points out that eco-anxiety can manifest both in adaptive and maladaptive forms. The phases of how societies reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic are compared with the phases of societal reaction to climate change. The impacts of COVID-19 on people who experience climate anxiety are discussed. Various forms of coping and resilience are briefly explored. The chapter also includes summaries of the chapters in this book, which include international and interdisciplinary perspectives on the challenges that the climate crisis and the pandemic pose to mental and environmental health.
The House of Man
Authors: Haris Susan , Puri Bharati
Published: October 2022

The authors of this chapter interpret the COVID-19 pandemic in India through the Anthropocene, suggesting that the pandemic had effects similar to the displacement and wide-scale changes caused by the Anthropocene. They describe the different meanings that “home” took on during the pandemic, as well as the difficulties faced by “homeless” migrants and multispecies ethics of care. The home during the pandemic represented a space of action and solidarity because social distancing was one of the few viable community mitigation strategies. No longer just a residence, the home became a space to perform many things, such as work. The authors interpret this crisis through Elias Canetti’s work on crowds and theorize that the pandemic represents a moment of rupture that should make us rethink theories of “slow violence” and “species being.”
The Best of a Bad Bargain, 1789–1793
Authors: Covo Manuel
Published: October 2022

This chapter exposes the contradictions between supposed high politics and merchants’ attitudes to events in Saint-Domingue and on the imperial level. Traders fought to preserve the economic model of Saint-Domingue and creatively speculated on flour, sugar, coffee, cotton, molasses, and other goods. They even expanded the scope of the slave trade. Many of these merchants saw the slave insurrection as a boon, seizing the opportunity to start an intercolonial slave-trading business and securing major provisioning contracts. As an unintended consequence, trade paradoxically and indirectly influenced political developments, not by spreading a liberal discourse of civilization, but by producing explosive conditions.
Aftershocks
Authors: Wallace Jeremy L.
Published: October 2022

The fourth chapter showcases the political difficulties of leaving behind the status quo for a new strategy of justification. China’s reforms were not settled at 1978’s Third Plenum, but aftershocks from that conference reverberated in the decade that followed. After detailing personnel changes as revolutionaries were retired and replaced by technocrats, the chapter presents examples showing how numbers came to define Chinese politics, with emphasis on the deeply quantified nature of the one-child policy. The political waves of loosening and tightening that dominated the 1980s illustrate that mass politics and the macro-economy shaped elite political debates and choices. The aftershocks settled in a two-step of repression against the Tiananmen movement in 1989 and public acknowledgment of the reform trajectory’s developmental success with Deng’s Southern Tour in 1992.
Beyond Count
Authors: Wallace Jeremy L.
Published: October 2022

The book concludes by moving beyond China to the ways its boom has remade the world. First, it dives into the initially dangerous but largely triumphant politics of the COVID-19 pandemic, affirming the fundamental nature of authoritarian information problems. Even with institutions purpose-built specifically for reporting infectious diseases, incentives to misrepresent and control the flow of information dominated. China’s limited quantified vision and censorship apparatus have extended past its borders, prompting concerns about the role of facts in politics and the power held by those shaping their presentation. Finally, Chinese developmental successes have upended beliefs about economic governance, and China has played an underappreciated role in the rise, hegemony, and fall of neoliberalism.
Taiwan and Israel
Authors: Uslaner Eric M.
Published: October 2022

Israel is a polity that has long had deep socioeconomic divisions between the major parties. The religious parties were comfortable forming coalitions with the leftist Labour Party as long as Labour gave them sufficient resources for their own communities. Yet when Benyamin Netanyahu became prime minister, the religious parties defected to the Likud. The new prime minister shifted the terms of the debate to make his party more attractive to the religious parties. Labor in turn shifted to the center, with positions close to the centrist Shinui party that was focused on secular issues. This fundamentally altered the shift from a left-right dimension to a religious one. Taiwan’s politics have never been based upon ideological or religious lines. The I country’s politics are now and have always been based upon ethnic identity with either the island or Taiwan. The politics of both countries are now based not on what policies you support but with your ethnic identity.
Restless Traveler
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

One of the reasons we love Augustine’s Confessions is that he reminds us of us. He tells the secrets of his inner life, including his sins of the flesh. He treats memory as a miraculous source of truth because God dwells within its hidden passages. His life’s journey begins with a very modern-sounding restlessness. He arrives in Carthage on fire for love—and with a sense of unnamable dissatisfaction with himself. He compares his enjoyment of sinning with his childhood theft of some pears. Still searching, he enters a common-law marriage and joins a non-Christian sect, the Manichees. His mother, Monica, is the power behind the curtain—spiritually ambitious for him. She pressures him to give up his common-law wife, and he callously obeys. Because he is a Platonist at heart, Augustine doesn’t yet have a grasp of sin, evil, or grace. He is still searching. In the meantime, he sails for Italy.
Camera Obscura
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

Emily Dickinson and Julian of Norwich are sisters in the Spirit. They each absent themselves from the world in order to cultivate their visions. They are equally inscrutable. Emily wrote no memoir, but her hundreds of poems and letters constitute her “letter to the world.” Emily’s poems hide as much as they reveal. The “Master Letters” create an aura of mystery around a possible love affair. She is both a nature poet and a religious poet. She didn’t much go to church and had no need to be saved, but she did desire union with Christ, as with nature, and in later years wrote of her marriage to Jesus. Like medieval mystic women, she wore only white. Emily and Julian were fascinated with death. It is an essential topic. Like Julian, Dickinson enlarges our souls with the breadth (and focus) of her vision. It is nothing less than immortality, spied from an exceedingly small room.
Persecution and Defiance
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

The young woman, Agnes Beaumont, was converted by the preaching of John Bunyan, and it nearly cost her everything. She lives in a small farmhouse under the rule of her dictatorial father. One day she defies her father and rides behind Bunyan to a meeting in a neighboring village. Enraged, her father locks her out of the house in freezing weather. He admits her only after she promises to attend no more meetings. A few nights later, with the two of them alone, he dies of a heart attack, which Agnes’s narrative recounts in gory detail. Agnes is accused by a nefarious lawyer of poisoning her father but is acquitted by the men of the village. Her narrative bravely exposes the domestic tyranny and hypocrisy of the godly. It offers an intimate, “insider’s” portrait of a tiny, gossip-ridden Puritan village, and a young woman who defies it all.
Ruined
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

Peter Abelard is in his own estimation “the only philosopher in the world,” a star in the academic empyrean of medieval Paris and rakishly handsome to boot. His memoir is the story of his ruin. Planning to bed a brilliant young scholar named Heloise, he succeeds, and the two of them are nabbed in flagrante by her uncle Fulbert. She is pregnant. Fulbert’s revenge is to have Abelard castrated. It is the pivotal event in the story of his “misfortunes,” which, unlike Augustine’s Confessions, is a litany of complaints. His ruin is completed by the infamy of his injury. Heloise enters a convent, and Abelard enters a monastery, whereupon the celebrity monk reinvents himself as a biblical scholar. He is subsequently humiliated by the famed Bernard of Clairvaux, who sees in Abelard’s philosophy something “new” and dangerous to traditional Catholic philosophy. He is right. Abelard’s critical approach to theology is roughly six centuries ahead of his time.
The Radiance of a Yellow Star
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

Etty Hillesum’s intimate diary of the Nazi occupation of Amsterdam captures the writer’s elan like no other modern memoir. Affection for her lover and fantasies for her future gradually shift to a candid exposition of life under Nazi rule. Hers is the spiritual memoir of a Jewish woman trained in law, Russian literature, and psychology, who hungrily searches both testaments of scripture, and is gradually being enveloped into a life of prayer. Every sentence of her diary and every act of generosity toward her fellow Jews are acts of prayer. As the political situation deteriorates, Etty’s relationship to God accelerates. Like the prisoner Dietrich Bonhoeffer, she trades the promise of the future for the demands of the present. She has learned how to be fully human in the most dehumanizing of circumstances. Everywhere she sees “blazing harmonies,” until, at last, her diary goes silent, and she disappears into the black hole of Auschwitz.
Surprised by Death
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

A Grief Observed reveals a “dark” side of C. S. Lewis for which his devoted readers may be unprepared. It is a candid, clinical, and sometimes shocking account of his grief following his wife’s death. The celebrated defender of the faith pulls no punches in accusing God of uncaring cruelty. He asks, what sort of God do we really have? He eventually comes to accept God’s providence in the death of his beloved “H,” but not before he explores the many avenues of loss. Grief has a history. Lewis was introduced to death when as a boy he stood before his mother’s corpse. Growing up, his fantasies and delight in male companionship insulated him from his later experience of passionate love for a woman. Indeed, Surprised by Joy only magnifies the improbability of sexual love, marriage, and the soul-baring grief expressed in his later work.
Introduction
Authors: Gallagher Janice K.
Published: October 2022

The introductory chapter lays out the question, argument, and empirical strategy of the book and also previews the Mexican context. The book asks, how do people, living in settings marked by normalized rights violations, transform into rights-claiming and, ultimately, rights-bearing citizens? This chapter walks through the argument that as people participate in ongoing mobilization and claim-making over time, (1) their legal consciousness shifts, and with this shift, (2) their ability to challenge impunity is likewise transformed. It posits that despite the apparent impossibility of combating impunity without the state, victims have been able to erode impunity—that is, to bootstrap justice—to a surprising degree. It argues that these processes are best understood with a multi-level, temporally situated perspective, and that this approach provides insight into what has been achieved in the past decade, drawing lessons relevant beyond Mexico about what can be achieved in the struggle against impunity.
The Beginnings
Authors: Gallagher Janice K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter lays the theoretical and empirical foundation for understanding why and how legal consciousness shifts over time. It first reviews the central explanations of why people mobilize, including life circumstances, underlying internal motivations, and the nature of the grievance. It argues for the relevance of how a person thinks—about the law, cooperation, their own sense of agency—in shaping whether and how they mobilize. The chapter then explores the salience of each of these logics in understanding the lives and decisions of the three families of focus before and in the immediate aftermath of their loved ones’ disappearance. Finally, it argues that closely reviewing the details of each disappearance improves insight into how the nature of the disappearance as a particularly cruel grievance shapes mobilization: its impetus for action lies in the ongoing uncertainty and possibility that their loved one’s well-being may be contingent on their own actions.
State and Civil Society Responses to Disappearances in Mexico
Authors: Gallagher Janice K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter sets the historical and political context of impunity in Mexico, tracing the shifting terrain of legal and political opportunities for people affected by disappearances. It discusses state-perpetrated disappearances during the Dirty War and the birth of the Mexican human rights movement in response. It shows that after democratization in 2000, advocacy around disappearances was increasingly possible, but the state’s diminishing control over lethal violence, worsened by its weak and decentralized judiciary, overwhelmed Mexico’s legal and political institutions. Mexico’s human rights organizations likewise found themselves unprepared for the unprecedented crisis in lethal violence as the lines between state and non-state perpetrators of violence blurred. This left victims of violence with scarce organizing resources to draw from. In response, a burgeoning of local collectives has occurred in recent years. These collectives form coalition organizations, use social media, hold conferences, and engage in participatory investigations to collectively combat impunity.
The Evolution of Legal Consciousness
Authors: Gallagher Janice K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter traces the transformation of legal consciousness among the three families profiled as they evolve from apolitical citizens to prominent activists and advocates. By following the claim-making and mobilization trajectories of Nancy, Juan Carlos, and Lucia and Alfonso, we see their understandings of legality evolve along with their abilities to challenge the inner workings of impunity. The chapter progressively puts individual stories in relation with one another—both theoretically, as the ways they think and act begin to converge, and in practice, as they meet each other in the national victims’ movement. Despite their initial divergent legal consciousnesses, sustained mobilization draws them to think more similarly over time—gravitating toward a strategic understanding of the law. As the ways they think converge, they are also drawn to a common contentious repertoire.