bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the Mode Choice Intention of the Elderly for Autonomous Vehicles Based on the Extended Ecological Model
Authors: Sun Huiqian , Jing Peng , Zhao Mengxuan , Chen Yuexia , Zhan Fengping , Shi Yuji
Published: December 2020

Due to the elderly’s limited physical ability, their mode choice behavior with particular demand for the traffic system is significantly distinguished compared to young people. The emergence of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs) will allow the elderly to travel independently and offer more mode choices. However, emerging vehicles will continue to coexist with other traditional modes such as public transport. This paper aims to explore the internal mechanism of the elderly’s choice behavior among public transport, AVs, and SAVs. We integrated the relevant factors by expanding the ecological model and used the Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model to analyze the constructs’ relationship. The results show that the elderly believe that public transport, AVs, and SAVs are useful and convenient travel modes for themselves, affecting intention significantly. In addition, the elderly’s well-being and social influence during travel are also significant constructs for their behavioral intention. The research could provide academic supports for the traffic management departments when making relevant policies and measures for the elderly.
A Systematic Literature Review of Historic Garden Management and Its Economic Aspects
Authors: Funsten Cassandra , Borsellino Valeria , Schimmenti Emanuele
Published: December 2020

Historic gardens are important parts of humanity’s built heritage within the designed landscape, providing many environmental, economic and socio-cultural benefits. Management is a key part of their conservation, perhaps the most difficult because it is costly, must be continual, and requires a skilled workforce. This systematic review looks at the literature addressing historic garden management, with special attention regarding the social, economic and environmental aspects of sustainability. Academic studies on this subject come from many different disciplines, making it both stimulating and fragmented. It is now time to consolidate these interdisciplinary efforts into a clear vision, including a framework of key themes and research methods so as to better coordinate efforts and make the information and innovation generated more accessible to the garden managers “in the trenches”. With this aim, reviewed studies are classified according to 10 criteria: supply or demand orientation; management phase involved; primary sustainability processes addressed; geographic criteria; number of sites covered; policy documents referred to; kind of data collected; study methods employed; possibility of bias specifically regarding historic gardens; garden use. An analysis of these criteria shows that historic garden management literature focuses on describing the gardens themselves, with few studies interested in the people supporting them. Future research should follow recent policy documents’ lead and pay more attention to community value and involvement.
Planetary Systems and the Hidden Symmetries of the Kepler Problem
Authors: Cseh József
Published: December 2020

The question of whether the solar distances of the planetary system follow a regular sequence was raised by Kepler more than 400 years ago. He could not prove his expectation, inasmuch as the planetary orbits are not transformed into each other by the regular polyhedra. In 1989, Barut proposed another relation, which was inspired by the hidden symmetry of the Kepler problem. It was found to be approximately valid for our Solar System. Here, we investigate if exoplanet systems follow this rule. We find that the symmetry-governed sequence is valid in several systems. It is very unlikely that the observed regularity is by chance; therefore, our findings give support to Kepler’s guess, although with a different transformation rule.
Industrial Applications of Dinoflagellate Phycotoxins Based on Their Modes of Action: A Review
Authors: Cho Kichul , Heo Jina , Han Jinwook , Hong Hyun Dae , Jeon Hancheol , Hwang Hyun-Ju , Hong Chang-Yu , Kim Daekyung , Han Jong Won , Baek Kyunghwa
Published: December 2020

Dinoflagellates are an important group of phytoplanktons, characterized by two dissimilar flagella and distinctive features of both plants and animals. Dinoflagellate-generated harmful algal blooms (HABs) and associated damage frequently occur in coastal areas, which are concomitant with increasing eutrophication and climate change derived from anthropogenic waste and atmospheric carbon dioxide, respectively. The severe damage and harmful effects of dinoflagellate phycotoxins in the fishing industry have been recognized over the past few decades, and the management and monitoring of HABs have attracted much attention, leaving aside the industrial application of their valuable toxins. Specific modes of action of the organisms’ toxins can effectively be utilized for producing beneficial materials, such as Botox and other therapeutic agents. This review aims to explore the potential industrial applications of marine dinoflagellate phycotoxins; furthermore, this review focuses on their modes of action and summarizes the available knowledge on them.
Tolerability and Efficacy of Customized IncobotulinumtoxinA Injections for Essential Tremor: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Jog Mandar , Lee Jack , Scheschonka Astrid , Chen Robert , Ismail Farooq , Boulias Chris , Hobson Douglas , King David , Althaus Michael , Simon Olivier , Dersch Hanna , Frucht Steven , Simpson David M.
Published: December 2020

In this first, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled exploratory trial, we evaluate the efficacy and safety of incobotulinumtoxinA and feasibility of using kinematic tremor assessment to aid in the planning of muscle selection in a multicenter setting. Reproducibility of the planning technology to other clinical sites was explored. In this trial (NCT02207946), patients with upper-limb essential tremor (ET) were randomized 2:1 to a single treatment cycle of incobotulinumtoxinA or placebo. A tremor kinematic analytics investigational device was used to define a customized muscle set for injection, related to the pattern of the wrist, forearm, elbow, and shoulder tremor for each patient, and the incobotulinumtoxinA dose per muscle (total ≤ 200 U). Fahn–Tolosa–Marin (FTM) Part B motor performance score, Global Impression of Change Scale (GICS), and kinematic analysis-based efficacy evaluations were assessed. Thirty patients were randomized (incobotulinumtoxinA, n = 19; placebo, n = 11). FTM motor performance scores showed greater improvement with incobotulinumtoxinA versus placebo at Week 4 (p= 0.003) and Week 8 (p= 0.031). The physician-rated GICS score indicated improvement with incobotulinumtoxinA versus placebo at Week 4 (p < 0.05). IncobotulinumtoxinA also decreased accelerometric hand-tremor amplitude versus placebo from baseline to Week 4 (p= 0.004) and Week 8 (p < 0.001), with persistent tremor reduction up to 24 weeks post-injection. IncobotulinumtoxinA produced a slight and transient reduction of maximal grip strength versus placebo; two patients reported localized finger muscle weakness. Customized incobotulinumtoxinA injections decreased tremor severity and improved hand motor function in patients with upper-limb ET after a single injection cycle, with a favorable tolerability profile. The study showed that tremor kinematic analytics technology could be successfully scaled for use in other clinical sites.
In Vitro Evaluation of a Phage Cocktail Controlling Infections with Escherichia coli
Authors: Korf Imke H. E. , Kittler Sophie , Bierbrodt Anna , Mengden Ruth , Rohde Christine , Rohde Manfred , Kroj Andrea , Lehnherr Tatiana , Fruth Angelika , Flieger Antje , Lehnherr Hansjörg , Wittmann Johannes
Published: December 2020

Worldwide, poultry industry suffers from infections caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Therapeutic failure due to resistant bacteria is of increasing concern and poses a threat to human and animal health. This causes a high demand to find alternatives to fight bacterial infections in animal farming. Bacteriophages are being especially considered for the control of multi-drug resistant bacteria due to their high specificity and lack of serious side effects. Therefore, the study aimed on characterizing phages and composing a phage cocktail suitable for the prevention of infections with E. coli. Six phages were isolated or selected from our collections and characterized individually and in combination with regard to host range, stability, reproduction, and efficacy in vitro. The cocktail consisting of six phages was able to inhibit formation of biofilms by some E. coli strains but not by all. Phage-resistant variants arose when bacterial cells were challenged with a single phage but not when challenged by a combination of four or six phages. Resistant variants arising showed changes in carbon metabolism and/or motility. Genomic comparison of wild type and phage-resistant mutant E28.G28R3 revealed a deletion of several genes putatively involved in phage adsorption and infection.
Spatiotemporal Variation in Relative Humidity in Guangdong, China, from 1959 to 2017
Authors: Liu Zhanming , Yang Hong , Wei Xinghu
Published: December 2020

Despite the marked influence of relative humidity (RH) on ecosystems and human society, the spatiotemporal pattern of RH is far from clearly understood. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal variation in RH in Guangdong Province, South China, in the period of 1959–2017. The RH data were collected from 74 national standard meteorological stations. The spatiotemporal variation in RH was evaluated using rotate empirical orthogonal function (REOF) zoning, Mann–Kendall test, and wavelet transform methods. Based on the REOF decomposition situation of monthly RH field, Guangdong was divided into six subareas. The annual mean of RH in the whole province was 78.90%. In terms of spatial variation, overall annual mean RH decreased from southwest to northeast in the province. Temporally, annual mean RH showed a declining trend in the last six decades. Particularly, the RH in the Pearl River Delta area declined at the rate of 1.349%/10a. Mann–Kendall tests showed that mutation points of annual mean RH mostly appeared in the 1990s, especially in the early 1990s. Continuous wavelet transforms of annual mean RH displayed that inland subareas have similar cycle characteristics, and the east coast and Pearl River Delta have no significant period in most time domains. The results provide new understanding of RH variation in the last six decades in South China, which is valuable for detecting climate change, monitoring hazardous weather, and predicting future environmental change.
Urban Water Management: A Pragmatic Approach
Authors: Brunone Bruno , Franchini Marco
Published: December 2020

When the 4th edition of the International Electronic Conference on Water Sciences (ECWS-4), sponsored by Water and MDPI, was launched, the COVID-19 pandemic did not exist at all [...]
Echinococcosis and Other Parasitic Liver Diseases
Authors:   Volgograd State Medical University, Skvortsov V.V. , Levitan B.N. , Gorbac A.N. ,   Astrakhan State Medical University
Published: December 2020

This article provides information on the epidemiology and etiopathogenesis of echinococcosis and other parasitic diseases affecting the liver. The modern classification of liver echinococcosis, clinical manifestations of this disease, as well as methods of laboratory and instrumental diagnostics, basic approaches to therapy are presented
Kanserli Hastalarda Hastalık Algısı ve Yaşam Kalitesi
Authors: MENEKLİ Tuğba , DOĞAN Ferhan , ELKIRAN Emin Tamer
Published: December 2020

Amaç: Bu araştırma kanserli hastalarda hastalık algısını ve yaşam kalitesini incelemek amacıyla tanımlayıcı olarak yapılmıştır.Materyal ve metod: Araştırmanın örneklemini Aralık 2019-Şubat 2020 tarihleri arasında bir eğitim araştırma hastanesinin onkoloji kliniğinde yatarak ve ayaktan tedavi gören 151 kanserli hasta oluşturmuştur. Veriler Kişisel Tanıtım Formu, Hastalık Algısı Ölçeği (HAÖ), Yaşam Kalitesi İndeksi –Kanser Versiyonu-III (QOL-CV) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Veriler SPSS 25 programında tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Independent Samples t, Kruskal Wallis ve Mann- Whitney U ile değerlendirilmiştir.Bulgular: Hastaların % 58.3’ ünün kadın, %29.1’inin kolon kanseri olduğu ve %11.9’unun hastalık hakkında bilgi sahibi olmadığı bulunmuştur. HAÖ alt ölçeklerinden hastaların kişisel kontrol algısı puan ortalamasının (23.00 ± 3.35), QOL-CV alt ölçeklerinden ise aile alt ölçeği puan ortalamasının en yüksek (26.97±5.04) olduğu bulunmuştur. Toplam QOL-CV puan ortalaması ise 23.44±4.42 olarak saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Hastaların kişisel kontrol algısı ve yaşam kalitesi aile alt boyutu en yüksek, toplam yaşam kalitesi ise orta düzeydedir.
РЕПЕРТУАР НЕЗАВИСИМЫХ ТЕАТРОВ В РОССИИ: МНОГООБРАЗИЕ ВИДОВ И ТВОРЧЕСКИЙ ПОИСК
Authors:   Российский институт театрального искусства - ГИТИС, ЗАСЛАВСКИЙ Г. А. , ИВАНОВ О. В. ,   Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, КАРПУШКИН И. С. ,   Евразийский центр территориального развития имени П. А. Столыпина
Published: December 2020

В статье приведены результаты, полученные в ходе научно-прикладного исследования репертуара независимых театров на территории Российской Федерации. Это продолжение серии работ Лаборатории будущего театра ГИТИСа по анализу деятельности российских театров в современных условиях, проводимой этой Лабораторией при поддержке Фонда «Вольное дело». К независимым отнесены театры, чьими учредителями не являются государственные и муниципальные органы власти, они не имеют статуса подразделений тех или иных организаций и учреждений культуры и образования. Деятельность независимых театров вносит свой колорит в культурный ландшафт современных городов, они постепенно становятся заметным явлением как для публики, так и для профессионального театрального сообщества. Основной предмет исследования – спектакли, составляющие репертуар независимых театров, и их характеристики. Проведен количественный и качественный анализ более четырех тысяч наименований спектаклей более чем 570 независимых театров, находящихся в Москве, СанктПетербурге, Свердловской, Новосибирской, Московской, Нижегородской областях, Республике Татарстан, Пермском и Краснодарском краях и других регионах. Данные о репертуаре независимых театров в сезоне 2019/2020 г. собраны в марте-апреле 2020 г. Поскольку завершение исследования совпало с периодом пандемии, ряд выводов относится также к новым театральным инициативам и росту активности независимых театров в Интернете.
Specification of the density of the mudflow mixture taking into account the clay-colloidal fraction
Authors:   Georgian Technical University, Kupravishvili Maia
Published: December 2020

As a result of laboratory research, was obtained a formula for calculating the density of the mudflow mixture, taking into account the clay-colloidal fraction. The conditions for the formation of mudflows with different particle size distribution are determined. It was found that the formation and decay of the mudflow largely depend on certain ratios between the clay-colloid and rocky components of the mudflow, and not on the density of the mudflows and the percentage (weight) of water, as was presented in early scientific works. It is advisable to use the empirical formula, obtained in the work, to accurately calculate the density of mudflow mixtures for the prediction of mudflow phenomena in order to conduct effective and environmentally sound antimudflow measures.
The role of military engineering science in total defense
Authors:   Georgian Technical University, Buishvili Irakli
Published: December 2020

The introduction of the article briefly discusses the current situation of Georgia against the background of geopolitical events in the region. There are underlined the actions of the adversary in the occupied regions after the 2008 August war and the urgent need of "total defense" against the background of today's threats and challenges. The main part of the article discusses the elements of total defense, which are presented in the diagram. The Georgian model of total self-defense should consist of military, civilian and institutional defense components that depend on economic and psychological factors. Special attention is paid to the components of military defense, as well as on the role of military engineering science. While discussing the elements of military defense, the priorities of preparing Georgian territories, the need of preparation of military and civilian facilities, as well as training of personnel and reserves are emphasized.
Determining the type of mudflow mixture using the Gibbs–Roseboom diagram
Authors:   Georgian Technical University, Kupravishvili Maia
Published: December 2020

The Gibbs–Roseboom diagram was used in determining and generalizing the type of mudflow mixture as well as new boundaries between viscous stream and fluid stream were determined in the article. The latter is due to the percentage of solid-liquid component in the mudflow, as well as from fractions of less than one millimeter.Thus, the typification of mudflows is convenient and expedient, since the structure of the mixture is determined by clay-colloidal fractions, and not by the amount of water components in it. Using the proposed diagrams, it is possible to determine the type of mudflow still in the outbreaks and take appropriate preventive measures.
Comparative competitive strategy
Authors:   Georgian Technical University, Otinashvili Ramaz
Published: December 2020

The Comparative competitive strategy of a business depends on the introduction of modern management practices. According to competitive strategy, business objects can be classified as market leaders, challengers, followers, and objects, with own market niches. The key aspects of their competition are analyzed as well. It is noted that the competition strategies are difficult to implement and require a considerable amount of resources. Considering the examples of successful companies around the world, there is no universal model of competitive strategy for a particular business. Each firm must individually select the strategy that suits it, based on its goals, challenges, and opportunities.
The Relationship between Academic Procrastination and Academic Performance of Freshmen Students from a Teacher Education Institution
Authors: Asio John Mark R.
Published: December 2020

The academic environment is full of challenges and obstacles. With this idea, students promote some unconventional practices in studying. One of which is academic procrastination. This study analyzed the relationship between academic procrastination and academic performance of freshmen students from a teacher education institution. The researcher used a descriptive-correlational research design for this study. Ninety (90) freshmen students took part in the survey using a convenience sampling technique in the academic year of 2018-2019. This study used an adapted instrument for data gathering through a survey. The study also utilized SPSS 20 to analyze the data. Results showed that the respondents procrastinate in their academic activities. In terms of academic performance, professional education subjects got the lowest rating score and the major subjects got the highest. In addition, the program, scholarship status, and religion of the respondents got significant statistical differences. Furthermore, the study also obtained a low indirect relationship between academic procrastination, general education subjects, and professional education subjects. From the findings of the study, the researcher provided pertinent recommendations for parents, students, instructors, and the institution.
Propostas de Atividades em grupo para estudantes com altas habilidades/superdotação
Authors: Espanhol Fernanda Celestino dos Santos
Published: December 2020

The present research was based on the experience of proposals for group activities with students with High Abilities / Giftedness, constituting an exemplary approach, demystifying misconceptions regarding the attendance of the Multifunctional Resource Rooms. It also lays emphasis on the importance of collective dynamics as a contributor to socio-emotional development, attending to the individuality and empowerment of MI (Multiple Intelligences) in social attributions, avoiding isolation and intellectual disparity. In gereral, it aims to analyze and enhance IM and socio-emotional skills in groups. The specific objectives include identifying the possibility of group activities that promote appropriate interaction. Research and practice with the students the proposed activities. Establish self-assessment based on constructed activities. The result consisted in activity proposals converging to the the requirements of enrichment of students with High Abilities / Giftedness, printing an effective educational approach with dynamism and practicality.
 
Keywords: Group activities. High Abilities / Giftedness. Multiple intelligences. Socioemotional.
Comportamiento Agressivo en Estudiantes de Educación secundaria con aptitudes sobresalientes
Authors: BELTRÁN Salvador Bobadilla , Letty Leticia Carreño Saucedo , JIMÉNEZ Daniel Cardoso
Published: December 2020

The objective of the research presentation was to identify the level of aggressiveness in high school students, with outstanding skills. The population was classified as 30 students studying First, Second and Third grade, of these 15 men and 17 women; ages range between 12 and 15 years, with a low and medium socioeconomic level, agricultural children, peasants and professionals. The type of study was descriptive, the variables were overt aggression and relational aggression. The Little et al. (2003) School Violent Behavior Scale was found. The design was non-experimental; Descriptive statistics were analyzed and the data were processed in the SPSS Version 20 statistical package. The arithmetic mean, frequencies and percentages were calculated so that the graphical representation of the results can be performed.According to the analysis of the data in general, 48.7% were located at a medium level of aggression. For Pure Manifest Aggression (46.1%) and Manifest Reactive Aggression (59.2%) it is located at a medium level of aggression; Instrumental Aggression manifests 44.7% presented a high level of aggression. While Pure Relational Aggression (51.3%), Reactive Relational Aggression (56.6%) and Instrumental Relational Aggression (55.3%) all threats of a medium level of aggressiveness. Based on these results, it is recommended to implement workshops for the prevention of aggressive behaviors.
Wood ashes from electrostatic filter as a replacement for the fly ashes in concrete
Authors:   University of Stuttgart, Lazik Piotr-Robert , Garrecht Harald ,   University of Stuttgart
Published: December 2020

Many concrete technologists are looking for a solution to replace Fly Ashes that would be unavailable in a few years as an element that occurs as a major component of many types of concrete. The importance of such component is clear - it saves cement and reduces the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere that occurs during cement production. Wood Ashes from electrostatic filter can be used as a valuable substitute in concrete. The laboratory investigations showed that the wood ash concrete had a compressive strength comparable to coal fly ash concrete. These results indicate that wood ash can be used to manufacture normal concrete.
COMPREHENSIVE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF URINARY INCONTINENCE IN CHILDREN
Authors:   Tashkent pediatric medical institute, Khamidov B. , Khurramov F. , Nazarov N. , Nazirova M. ,   Termez branch of the Tashkent Medical Academy
Published: December 2020

The article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence in children. The etiological factors of urinary incontinence in children are considered in detail. Practical recommendations are given to doctors on the choice of approaches to diagnosis and effective medications for treatment and pharmacological methods of therapy. As one of the effective medications for the treatment of monosymptomatic nocturnal urinary incontinence, the drug Driptan (oxybutynin hydrochloride) is recommended.
Extension Quiver for Lie Superalgebra q(3)
Authors:   University of Chicago, USA, Grantcharov Nikolay , Serganova Vera ,   University of California at Berkeley, USA
Published: December 2020

We describe all blocks of the category of finite-dimensional q(3)-supermodules by providing their extension quivers. We also obtain two general results about the representation of q(n): we show that the Ext quiver of the standard block of q(n) is obtained from the principal block of q(n-1) by identifying certain vertices of the quiver and prove a virtual BGG-reciprocity for q(n). The latter result is used to compute the radical filtrations of q(3) projective covers.
Eccentricity Driven Climate Effects in the Kepler-1649 System
Authors: Kane Stephen R. , Li Zhexing , Wolf Eric T. , Ostberg Colby , Hill Michelle L.
Published: December 2020

The discovery of terrestrial exoplanets is uncovering increasingly diverse architectures. Of particular interest are those systems that contain exoplanets at a variety of star–planet separations, allowing direct comparison of exoplanet evolution (comparative planetology). The Kepler-1649 system contains two terrestrial planets similar both in size and insolation flux to Venus and Earth, although their eccentricities remain largely unconstrained. Here we present results of dynamical studies of the system and the potential effects on climate. The eccentricities of the Kepler-1649 system are poorly constrained, and we show that there are dynamically viable regions for further terrestrial planets in between the two known planets for a limited range of eccentricities. We investigate the effect of eccentricity of the outer planet on the dynamics of both planets and show that this results in high-frequency (1000–3000 years) eccentricity oscillations in long-term stable configurations. We calculate the resulting effect of these eccentricity variations on insolation flux and present the results of 3D climate simulations for the habitable zone planet. Our simulations demonstrate that, despite large eccentricity variations, the planet can maintain stable climates with relatively small temperature variations on the substellar hemisphere for a variety of initial climate configurations. Such systems thus provide key opportunities to explore alternative Venus/Earth climate evolution scenarios.
Is NGC 5824 the Core of the Progenitor of the Cetus Stream?
Authors: Chang Jiang , Yuan Zhen , Xue Xiang-Xiang , Simion Iulia T. , Kang Xi , Li Ting S. , Zhao Jing-Kun , Zhao Gang
Published: December 2020

The complicated story of the Cetus Stream (CS) is recently revealed by its newly discovered ∼150 members with 6D kinematics from the cross-matched catalog of the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) DR5 K giants and Gaia DR2. It exhibits a very diffuse structure at heliocentric distances between 20 and 50 kpc, extending over at least 100°, and crossing the Galactic plane. Interestingly, The CS is dynamically linked to a massive globular cluster, NGC 5824. A suggestive scenario is that NGC 5824 was the nuclear star cluster of the dwarf progenitor of the CS. We explore this scenario by modeling the disruption process of a dwarf galaxy in the Milky Way potential, on the orbit of NGC 5824, using a suite of N-body simulations. Our results show that the simulated stream can marginally recover the main component of the CS, which is the densest part of the observed stream. Inspired by this mismatch, we use a dwarf progenitor following the representative orbit of the main component members, and find it can reproduce the general morphology of the CS. This gives us a more favorable scenario of the CS progenitor, in which NGC 5824 was not the core, but located off-center. Our fiducial model also predicts a vast extension of the CS in the South, surprisingly coincident with a newly discovered wide southern stream “Palca.” Another more diffuse substructure, the Eridanus–Phoenix overdensity is also likely to be related to the CS progenitor.
Modeling the Galactic Foreground and Beam Chromaticity for Global 21 cm Cosmology
Authors: Hibbard Joshua J. , Tauscher Keith , Rapetti David , Burns Jack O.
Published: December 2020

In order to characterize and model the beam-weighted foreground for global 21 cm signal experiments, we present a methodology for generating basis eigenvectors that combines analytical and observational models of both the galactic spectral index and sky brightness temperature with simulations of beams having various angular and spectral dependencies and pointings. Each combination creates a unique beam-weighted foreground. By generating optimal eigenvectors to fit each foreground model using singular value decomposition (SVD), we examine the effects of varying the components of the beam-weighted foreground. We find that the eigenvectors for modeling an achromatic, isotropic beam—the ideal case—are nearly identical regardless of the unweighted foreground model used, and are practicably indistinguishable from polynomial-based models. When anisotropic, chromatic beams weight the foreground; however, a coupling is introduced between the spatial and spectral structure of the foreground that distorts the eigenvectors away from the polynomial models and induces a dependence of the basis upon the exact features of the beam (chromaticity, pattern, pointing) and foreground (spectral index, sky brightness temperature map). We find that the beam has a greater impact upon the eigenvectors than the foreground models. Any model that does not account for its distortion may produce rms uncertainties on the order of

K for six-parameter, single-spectrum fits. If the beam is incorporated directly using SVD and training sets, however, the resultant eigenvectors yield milli-Kelvin level uncertainties. Given a sufficiently detailed description of the sky, our methodology can be applied to any particular experiment with a suitably characterized beam for the purpose of generating accurate beam-weighted foreground models.
GRB Fermi-LAT Afterglows: Explaining Flares, Breaks, and Energetic Photons
Authors: Fraija N. , Laskar T. , Dichiara S. , Beniamini P. , Duran R. Barniol , Dainotti M. G. , Becerra R. L.
Published: December 2020

The Fermi-LAT collaboration presented the second gamma-ray burst (GRB) catalog covering its first 10 years of operations. A significant fraction of afterglow-phase light curves in this catalog cannot be explained by the closure relations of the standard synchrotron forward-shock model, suggesting that there could be an important contribution from another process. In view of the above, we derive the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) light curves from the reverse shock in the thick- and thin-shell regime for a uniform-density medium. We show that this emission could explain the GeV flares exhibited in some LAT light curves. Additionally, we demonstrate that the passage of the forward shock synchrotron cooling break through the LAT band from jets expanding in a uniform-density environment may be responsible for the late time (≈102 s) steepening of LAT GRB afterglow light curves. As a particular case, we model the LAT light curve of GRB 160509A that exhibited a GeV flare together with a break in the long-lasting emission, and also two very high energy photons with energies of 51.9 and 41.5 GeV observed 76.5 and 242 s after the onset of the burst, respectively. Constraining the microphysical parameters and the circumburst density from the afterglow observations, we show that the GeV flare is consistent with an SSC reverse-shock model, the break in the long-lasting emission with the passage of the synchrotron cooling break through the Fermi-LAT band, and the very energetic photons with SSC emission from the forward shock, when the outflow carries a significant magnetic field (R
B ≃ 30) and it decelerates in a uniform-density medium with a very low density (

).
Flare Expansion to a Magnetic Rope Accompanied by Rare Radio Bursts
Authors: Zemanová Alena , Karlický Marian , Kašparová Jana , Dudík Jaroslav
Published: December 2020

We present multispectral analysis (radio, Hα, ultraviolet (UV)/extreme ultraviolet (EUV), and hard X-ray) of a confined flare from 2015 March 12. This flare started within the active region NOAA 12 297 and then it expanded into a large preexisting magnetic rope embedded with a cold filament. The expansion started with several brightenings located along the rope. This process was accompanied by a group of slowly positively drifting bursts in the 0.8–2 GHz range. The frequency drift of these bursts was 45–100 MHz s−1. One of the bursts had an S-like form. During the brightening of the rope we observed a unique bright EUV structure transverse to the rope axis. The structure was observed in a broad range of temperatures and it moved along the rope with the velocity of about 240 km s−1. When the structure dissipated, we saw a plasma further following twisted threads in the rope. The observed slowly positively drifting bursts were interpreted considering particle beams and we show that one with the S-like form could be explained by the beam propagating through the helical structure of the magnetic rope. The bright structure transverse to the rope axis was interpreted considering line-of-sight effects and the dissipation-spreading process, which we found to be more likely.
Photometric Classification of 2315 Pan-STARRS1 Supernovae with Superphot
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Griffin , Dauphin Frederick , Villar V. Ashley , Berger Edo , Jones David O. , Challis Peter , Chornock Ryan , Drout Maria R. , Foley Ryan J. , Kirshner Robert P. , Lunnan Ragnhild , Margutti Raffaella , Milisavljevic Dan , Pan Yen-Chen , Rest Armin , Scolnic Daniel M. , Magnier Eugene , Metcalfe Nigel , Wainscoat Richard , Waters Christopher
Published: December 2020

The classification of supernovae (SNe) and its impact on our understanding of explosion physics and progenitors have traditionally been based on the presence or absence of certain spectral features. However, current and upcoming wide-field time-domain surveys have increased the transient discovery rate far beyond our capacity to obtain even a single spectrum of each new event. We must therefore rely heavily on photometric classification—connecting SN light curves back to their spectroscopically defined classes. Here, we present Superphot, an open-source Python implementation of the machine-learning classification algorithm of Villar et al., and apply it to 2315 previously unclassified transients from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey for which we obtained spectroscopic host-galaxy redshifts. Our classifier achieves an overall accuracy of 82%, with completenesses and purities of >80% for the best classes (SNe Ia and superluminous SNe). For the worst performing SN class (SNe Ibc), the completeness and purity fall to 37% and 21%, respectively. Our classifier provides 1257 newly classified SNe Ia, 521 SNe II, 298 SNe Ibc, 181 SNe IIn, and 58 SLSNe. These are among the largest uniformly observed samples of SNe available in the literature and will enable a wide range of statistical studies of each class.
Ubiquitous Molecular Outflows in z > 4 Massive, Dusty Galaxies. II. Momentum-driven Winds Powered by Star Formation in the Early Universe
Authors: Spilker Justin S. , Aravena Manuel , Phadke Kedar A. , Béthermin Matthieu , Chapman Scott C. , Dong 董 Chenxing 辰兴 , Gonzalez Anthony H. , Hayward Christopher C. , Hezaveh Yashar D. , Litke Katrina C. , Malkan Matthew A. , Marrone Daniel P. , Narayanan Desika , Reuter Cassie , Vieira Joaquin D. , Weiß Axel
Published: December 2020

Galactic outflows of molecular gas are a common occurrence in galaxies and may represent a mechanism by which galaxies self-regulate their growth, redistributing gas that could otherwise have formed stars. We previously presented the first survey of molecular outflows at z > 4 toward a sample of massive, dusty galaxies. Here we characterize the physical properties of the molecular outflows discovered in our survey. Using low-redshift outflows as a training set, we find agreement at the factor of 2 level between several outflow rate estimates. We find molecular outflow rates of 150–800

yr−1 and infer mass loading factors just below unity. Among the high-redshift sources, the molecular mass loading factor shows no strong correlations with any other measured quantity. The outflow energetics are consistent with expectations for momentum-driven winds with star formation as the driving source, with no need for energy-conserving phases. There is no evidence for active galactic nucleus activity in our sample, and while we cannot rule out deeply buried active galactic nuclei, their presence is not required to explain the outflow energetics, in contrast to nearby obscured galaxies with fast outflows. The fraction of the outflowing gas that will escape into the circumgalactic medium (CGM), though highly uncertain, may be as high as 50%. This nevertheless constitutes only a small fraction of the total cool CGM mass based on a comparison to z ∼ 2–3 quasar absorption line studies, but could represent ≳10% of the CGM metal mass. Our survey offers the first statistical characterization of molecular outflow properties in the very early universe.
Nonlinear Color–Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. IX. Different Radial Number Density Profiles between Blue and Red Clusters
Authors: Lee Sang-Yoon , Chung Chul , Yoon Suk-Jin
Published: December 2020

The optical colors of globular clusters (GCs) in most large early-type galaxies are bimodal. Blue and red GCs show a sharp difference in the radial profile of their surface number density in the sense that red GCs are more centrally concentrated than blue GCs. An instant interpretation is that there exist two distinct GC subsystems having different radial distributions. This view, however, was challenged by a scenario in which, due to the nonlinear nature of the GC metallicity-to-color transformation for old (≳10 Gyr) GCs, a broad unimodal metallicity spread can exhibit a bimodal color distribution. Here we show, by simulating the radial trends in the GC color distributions of the four nearby giant elliptical galaxies (M87, M49, M60, and NGC 1399), that the difference in the radial profile between blue and red GCs stems naturally from the metallicity-to-color nonlinearity plus the well-known radial metallicity gradient of GC systems. The model suggests no or little radial variation in GC age even out to ∼20 R
eff. Our results provide a simpler solution to the distinct radial profiles of blue and red GCs that does not necessarily invoke the presence of two GC subsystems and further fortify the nonlinearity scenario for the GC color bimodality phenomenon.
Probing Jet Launching in Neutron Star X-Ray Binaries: The Variable and Polarized Jet of SAX J1808.4–3658
Authors: Baglio M. C. , Russell D. M. , Crespi S. , Covino S. , Johar A. , Homan J. , Bramich D. M. , Saikia P. , Campana S. , D’Avanzo P. , Fender R. P. , Goldoni P. , Goodwin A. J. , Lewis F. , Masetti N. , Zanon A. Miraval , Motta S. E. , Muñoz-Darias T. , Shahbaz T.
Published: December 2020

We report on an optical photometric and polarimetric campaign on the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar (AMXP) SAX J1808.4–3658 during its 2019 outburst. The emergence of a low-frequency excess in the spectral energy distribution in the form of a red excess above the disk spectrum (seen most prominently in the z, i, and R bands) is observed as the outburst evolves. This is indicative of optically thin synchrotron emission due to a jet, as seen previously in this source and in other AMXPs during outburst. At the end of the outburst decay, the source enters a reflaring state. The low-frequency excess is still observed during the reflares. Our optical (BVRI) polarimetric campaign shows variable linear polarization (LP) throughout the outburst. We show that this is intrinsic to the source, with low-level but significant detections (0.2%–2%) in all bands. The LP spectrum is red during both the main outburst and the reflaring state, favoring a jet origin for this variable polarization over other interpretations, such as Thomson scattering with free electrons from the disk or the propelled matter. During the reflaring state, a few episodes with stronger LP levels (1%–2%) are observed. The low-level, variable LP is suggestive of strongly tangled magnetic fields near the base of the jet. These results clearly demonstrate how polarimetry is a powerful tool for probing the magnetic field structure in X-ray binary jets, as for active galactic nuclei jets.
Long-lived Eccentric Modes in Circumbinary Disks
Authors: Muñoz Diego J. , Lithwick Yoram
Published: December 2020

Hydrodynamical simulations show that circumbinary disks become eccentric, even when the binary is circular. Here we demonstrate that, in steady state, the disk’s eccentricity behaves as a long-lived free mode trapped by turning points that naturally arise from a continuously truncated density profile. Consequently, both the disk’s precession rate and eccentricity profile may be calculated via the simple linear theory for perturbed pressure-supported disks. By formulating and solving the linear theory, we find that (i) surprisingly, the precession rate is roughly determined by the binary’s quadrupole, even when the quadrupole is very weak relative to pressure; (ii) the eccentricity profile is largest near the inner edge of the disk and falls exponentially outward; and (iii) the results from linear theory indeed agree with what is found in simulations. Understanding the development of eccentric modes in circumbinary disks is a crucial first step for understanding the long-term (secular) exchange of eccentricity, angular momentum, and mass between the binary and the gas. Potential applications include the search for a characteristic kinematic signature in disks around candidate binaries and precession-induced modulation of accretion over long timescales.
Probing Particle Acceleration through Broadband Early Afterglow Emission of MAGIC Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 190114C
Authors: Asano Katsuaki , Murase Kohta , Toma Kenji
Published: December 2020

Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cerenkov Telescopes (MAGIC) detected the gamma-ray afterglow of GRB 190114C, which can constrain microscopic parameters of the shock-heated plasma emitting non-thermal emission. Focusing on the early afterglow of this event, we numerically simulate the spectrum and multi-wavelength light curves with constant and wind-like circumstellar medium using a time-dependent code. Our results show that the electron acceleration timescale at the highest energies is likely shorter than 20 times the gyroperiod to reproduce the GeV gamma-ray flux and its spectral index reported by Fermi. This gives an interesting constraint on the acceleration efficiency for Weibel-mediated shocks. We also constrain the number fraction of non-thermal electrons f
e, and the temperature of the thermal electrons. The early optical emission can be explained by the thermal synchrotron emission with f
e ≲ 0.01. On the other hand, the X-ray light curves restrict efficient energy transfer from protons to the thermal electrons, and f
e ∼ 1 is required if the energy fraction of the thermal electrons is larger than ∼10%. The parameter constraints obtained in this work give important clues to probing plasma physics with relativistic shocks.
The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Observations and Narrowband Timing of 47 Millisecond Pulsars
Authors: Alam Md F. , Arzoumanian Zaven , Baker Paul T. , Blumer Harsha , Bohler Keith E. , Brazier Adam , Brook Paul R. , Burke-Spolaor Sarah , Caballero Keeisi , Camuccio Richard S. , Chamberlain Rachel L. , Chatterjee Shami , Cordes James M. , Cornish Neil J. , Crawford Fronefield , Cromartie H. Thankful , DeCesar Megan E. , Demorest Paul B. , Dolch Timothy , Ellis Justin A. , Ferdman Robert D. , Ferrara Elizabeth C. , Fiore William , Fonseca Emmanuel , Garcia Yhamil , Garver-Daniels Nathan , Gentile Peter A. , Good Deborah C. , Gusdorff Jordan A. , Halmrast Daniel , Hazboun Jeffrey S. , Islo Kristina , Jennings Ross J. , Jessup Cody , Jones Megan L. , Kaiser Andrew R. , Kaplan David L. , Kelley Luke Zoltan , Key Joey Shapiro , Lam Michael T. , W. Lazio T. Joseph , Lorimer Duncan R. , Luo Jing , Lynch Ryan S. , Madison Dustin R. , Maraccini Kaleb , McLaughlin Maura A. , Mingarelli Chiara M. F. , Ng Cherry , Nguyen Benjamin M. X. , Nice David J. , Pennucci Timothy T. , Pol Nihan S. , Ramette Joshua , Ransom Scott M. , Ray Paul S. , Shapiro-Albert Brent J. , Siemens Xavier , Simon Joseph , Spiewak Renée , Stairs Ingrid H. , Stinebring Daniel R. , Stovall Kevin , Swiggum Joseph K. , Taylor Stephen R. , Tripepi Michael , Vallisneri Michele , Vigeland Sarah J. , Witt Caitlin A. , Zhu Weiwei ,   (The NANOGrav Collaboration)
Published: December 2020

We present time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements and timing models of 47 millisecond pulsars observed from 2004 to 2017 at the Arecibo Observatory and the Green Bank Telescope by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav). The observing cadence was three to four weeks for most pulsars over most of this time span, with weekly observations of six sources. These data were collected for use in low-frequency gravitational wave searches and for other astrophysical purposes. We detail our observational methods and present a set of TOA measurements, based on “narrowband” analysis, in which many TOAs are calculated within narrow radio-frequency bands for data collected simultaneously across a wide bandwidth. A separate set of “wideband” TOAs will be presented in a companion paper. We detail a number of methodological changes, compared to our previous work, which yield a cleaner and more uniformly processed data set. Our timing models include several new astrometric and binary pulsar measurements, including previously unpublished values for the parallaxes of PSRs J1832−0836 and J2322+2057, the secular derivatives of the projected semimajor orbital axes of PSRs J0613−0200 and J2229+2643, and the first detection of the Shapiro delay in PSR J2145−0750. We report detectable levels of red noise in the time series for 14 pulsars. As a check on timing model reliability, we investigate the stability of astrometric parameters across data sets of different lengths. We also report flux density measurements for all pulsars observed. Searches for stochastic and continuous gravitational waves using these data will be subjects of forthcoming publications.
On the numerical solution of Fisher's equation by an efficient algorithm based on multiwavelets
Authors: Jebreen Haifa Bin ,   Department of mathematics, College of science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Published: December 2020

In this work, we design, analyze, and test an efficient algorithm based on the finite difference method and wavelet Galerkin method to solve the well known Fisher's equation. We employed the Crank-Nicolson scheme to discretize the time interval into a finite number of time steps, and this gives rise to an ordinary differential equation at each time step. To solve this ODE, we utilize the multiwavelets Galerkin method. The $ L^2 $ stability and convergence of the scheme have been investigated by the energy method. Illustrative examples are provided to verify the efficiency and applicability of the method.