bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Light Alloys in Aircraft from the Point of View of Corrosion
Authors: Sutton H.
Published: August 2016

A meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society was held in the rooms of the Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, on Thursday, October 18th.

The President (Colonel the Master of Sempill): Dr. Schutte, the President of the German Aeronautical Society, had stated that his Council had scanned the list of lectures to be delivered to the Royal Aeronautical Society during the present session, and had come to the conclusion that Mr. Sutton’s lecture was from their point of view one of the most interesting. That indicated how very closely they were following the Society’s work, and how extremely interested they were in the problem of corrosion. Having in view the increasing popularit} in this country of marine type aircraft, the investigations of light alloys assumed ever greater importance than previously, if that were possible.

He was sorry to be compelled to leave the meeting early in order to represent the Society at a function of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and he asked Mr. Pye (Deputy Director of Scientific Research), Air Ministry, acting for Major H. E. Wimperis (Director of Scientific Research), to preside.
The Immediate aims of Aeronautical Research
Authors: Wimperis H. E.
Published: August 2016

For the purpose of one brief lecture, it is necessary to set close boundaries. In expansive mood one might, with your permission, discuss the aim in general of aeronautical research, the bending of this Force of Nature to the Use and Convenience of Man; a subject so wide and so difficult, especially our critics would say in respect of Convenience, as to call for a series of lectures rather than this single one. The immediate aims can be dealt with more briefly, and it is that which T propose to attempt. They are, in the first place, safety im flight, and, in the second, increase in what is termed performance. No other aim 6f aeronautical research compares in importance with these.
Free Vibration and Hysteretic Damping
Authors: Reid T. J.
Published: August 2016

If the definition that hysteretic damping is proportional to displacement but in phase with velocity be accepted, then the free vibration of a simple oscillator may be treated, without ambiguity, using this concept. The apparent anomaly which Dr. Bishop points out in his paper “ The Treatment of Damping Forces in Vibration Theory ” (November 1955 Journal) arises through confusing three distinct possible mathematical representations of some unspecified vibrating system.
Aerodynamics of a Spinning Sphere
Authors: Maccoll John W.
Published: August 2016

The full equations of motion for the flow of a viscous fluid have proved too complicated for any general solution to be obtained. It is to be doubted if, in. the near future, the problem of fluid motion will be solved in a general manner, although solutions for a few special cases may be found. In view of this it is of some value to investigate experimentally certain cases which are likely to prove of mathematical interest at a later date; this paper deals with such a problem. By means of the results obtained experimentally the mathematical analysis may be guided along the right lines and a satisfactory analytical solutioa of the problem be obtained.

The instrument used in exploring the fluid motion has a special interest of its own as it may prove of use in further aerodynamical investigations where the flow is of three–dimensional character. The development of this instrument, and its performance when tested, are described in Part I.

The experiments for the measurement of the forces on the spinning sphere are described in Part II.
Cirrus Mark III.
Authors: Caple A. N.
Published: August 2016

It may be of interest to give a resume of the Cirrus engine from the time of its conception up to the present period. The main idea actuating the designer was to produce an engine whose features would be reliability, low maintenance costs, and capacity to run for long periods with little more attention than a motorist gives to his car engine, and also so constructed that the average owner driver or motor mechanic could readily understand it and maintain it in perfect running order. The first Cirrus type engine was completed in May, 1925, and was submitted to the 100-hour Air Ministry type tests. These tests were successfully passed. The series of tests laid down by the Air Ministry Form A. P. 840 are of a most exacting nature.
Riveting Methods and Rivet Equipments Used in the German Light Metal Aeroplane Construction
Authors: Pleines Wilhelm
Published: August 2016

For many years there have been used in aircraft construction aluminium alloys to a steadily increasing extent, and particularly alloys of Al.-Cu.-, Mg. and Al.-Cu. capable of being improved by heat treatment. Among the different methods known for permanent connection of structural parts, the rivet is still to-day the most reliable and safest connecting element. According to the special quality of this light metal group, due to their natural material characteristics and owing to the fact that in most cases the connections of aircraft structural parts are very complicated and highly stressed, the rivets are always driven cold. Due to these conditions, the tools, machines and working methods for strengthening of riveting diverge essentially from the commonly known riveting methods of general machine construction. In the course of my lecture I shall give further details regarding these questions.
The Manipulation of the Boundary Layer
Authors: Richardson E. G.
Published: August 2016

In this paper I have endeavoured to give an account of the various methods which have been employed in the past ten years to alter—for better or worse— the conditions in the boundary layer of a body in turbulent flow. I have refrained from speaking of “ control ” in reference to the-boundary layer, since in the minds of most people, this implies an amelioration of the flow and a reduction of drag. As will appear in what follows, some of the devices in which I and other experimenters have been concerned have just the opposite effect. Nevertheless, following the principles current in clinical research in medicine, I think we should find both what conditions will cause “ deterioration ”—if one may use the term—as well as those which will cause “ improvement ” of the flow round a body, if we are to progress in our knowledge of the state of affairs in the boundary layer. Working rather on my own in aerodynamics and not being committed to any rigid programme of research, I have followed my bent to explore unorthodox paths of experiment, the results of which I present with some diffidence in the hope that engineers may pursue them further with better equipment. I am afraid I have not gone deeply into the vexed question of the efficiency—in the engineering sense—of the devices I am going to describe to you, since, as a physicist that—nevertheless, important—aspect of the question does not interest me.
The Use of Barometric Charts in the Navigation of Airships
Authors: Silvester Norman L.
Published: August 2016

Experience has shown how dependent is the airship upon weather conditions —more particularly for a safe ascent and descent. The numerous experiments with windscreens, tractors, mooring posts and landing gear emphasise the difficulty of handling an airship on the ground and of manoeuvring it in and out of its shed.

It is in the endeavour to minimise these risks that this study has been undertaken. In the discussion as to the most advisable course for an airship to adopt for its own safety when surprised by unfavourable weather, it should be remembered that in all the examples which follow, it is a case of “making the best of a bad job”; and that no pilot would wittingly leave his base with the knowledge of such bad weather impending except under pressure of war time necessity. It is hoped to demonstrate that in some cases it might be possible by skilful navigation, aided by the frequent communication of isobaric charts by wireless telegraphy and by accurate positions given frequently by the same means, for a pilot to keep in the air during the passage of bad weather and thus avoid the risk of wreck by attempting a premature landing.
Performance Testing and Analysis
Authors: Capon R. S.
Published: August 2016

The first public account of the methods and principles of performance testing of aircraft is, it is believed, that presented to this Society in a paper read by Mr. H. T. Tizard in 1917. Since that paper appeared there have been few changes in testing methods—a fact which indicates how very well the requirements had been met by the proposals therein described. During the period of nearly ten years which has intervened, however, attention has been directed to the analysis of the data provided by the tests. At that early date, the designer was no doubt content to check his predicted performance by the information as to rates of climb and speeds made available by the work of the R.F.C. Testing Squadron; and if he found discrepancies, they were probably attributed to scale effect or to some other of those conveniently indefinite agencies which sometimes enable the theoretician who has been rash enough to predict a performance to evade the consequences.
The Use of the Wind Channel for Performance Prediction
Authors: Pierson R. K.
Published: August 2016

In general, the designer of an aeroplane has fixed for him the engine, the useful load, the strength factors, and the landing speed.

A weight estimate is prepared, in the process of which it would appear that the power loading, and the wing loading for the chosen section, fix themselves automatically; in practice, as we all know, the designer has a certain scope for variation of these, in addition to the choice of wing section.
X-ray powder diffraction data for menthyl lactate, C13H24O3
Authors: Liao Xiaoxiang , Tang Jianguo , Yuan Dalin , Huang Yanmei , Yang Hongqin , Zhao Wei , Yang Ji , Fan Ying , Li Hui
Published: August 2016

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for menthyl lactate, C13H24O3, are reported [a = 5.522(6) Å, b = 11.795(8) Å, c = 17.780(6) Å, α = 50.632(3)°, β = 90.000(0)°, γ = 117.632(4)°, unit-cell volume V = 716.392(0) Å3, Z = 2, and space group P−1]. All measured lines were indexed and no detectable impurities were observed.
Epidemiological features and spatio-temporal clusters of hand-foot-mouth disease at town level in Fuyang, Anhui Province, China (2008–2013)
Authors: MAO Y. J. , SUN L. , XIE J. G. , YAU K. K. W.
Published: August 2016

Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a frequently occurring epidemic and has been an important cause of childhood mortality in China. Given the disease's significant impact nationwide, the epidemiological characteristics and spatio-temporal clusters in Fuyang from 2008 to 2013 were analysed in this study. The disease exhibits strong seasonality with a rising incidence. Of the reported HFMD cases, 63·7% were male and 95·2% were preschool children living at home. The onset of HFMD is age-dependent and exhibits a 12-month periodicity, with 12-, 24- and 36-month-old children being the most frequently affected groups. Across the first 60 months of life, children born in April [relative risk (RR) 8·18], May (RR 9·79) and June (RR 8·21) exhibited an elevated infection risk of HFMD relative to January-born children; the relative risk compared with the reference (January-born) group was highest for children aged 24 months born in May (RR 34·85). Of laboratory-confirmed cases, enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackie A16 (Cox A16) and other enteroviruses accounted for 60·1%, 7·1% and 32·8%, respectively. Spatio-temporal analysis identified one most likely cluster and several secondary clusters each year. The centre of the most likely cluster was found in different regions in Fuyang. Implications of our findings for current and future public health interventions are discussed.
Depositional history of sedimentary sterols around Penguin Island, Antarctica
Authors: Ceschim Liziane M.M. , Dauner Ana L.L. , Montone Rosalinda C. , Figueira Rubens C.L. , Martins César C.
Published: August 2016

Lipid biomarkers are potential tools for identifying the sources, diagenesis and reactivity of organic matter (OM) in marine systems, including in Antarctica where the particular environmental characteristics have motivated several studies of organic markers. Sedimentary sterol distributions were determined in two sediment cores (PGI-1 and PGI-2) collected from the marine environment around Penguin Island, Antarctica, during the 2007–08 summer. The cores were sectioned at 1 cm intervals and the sterols were analysed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The results indicate that the sterols were subjected to decades of degradation and transformation with depth in both cores. However, an expected progressive conversion of stenols to stanols (evaluated by 5α-stanols/Δ5-stenols ratio) within the deepest sediment layers was not clear, suggesting low degradation rates. In PGI-1, the deposition of large quantities of penguin guano affected the distribution of sterols and, consequently, primary production was favoured by the ornithogenic soil input. The results contribute to the understanding of the current processes associated with primary sources and transformation of OM in this important region of the Antarctic environment.
Loading Strategies in Acute Mania
Authors: Carroll Brendan T. , Thalassinos Arthur , Fawver Jay D.
Published: August 2016

Treatment of acute mania has been greatly influenced by loading strategies. Loading has potential benefits, including rapid symptom reduction in mania and a shortened length of stay. Disadvantages include an increased likelihood of adverse effects of the medications. Loading strategies for lithium, valproic acid (divalproex sodium), carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, olanzapine, and haloperidol decanoate in the treatment of acute mania are discussed. Recent studies high-light this treatment option for selected patients. It is the unique properties of the medications that influence their use in loading. Issues in patient selection for loading strategies with each medication are also considered.
What Would It Take for Electrophysiology to Become Clinically Useful?
Authors: Somoza Eugene , Kim Sunme
Published: August 2016

In this article we discuss the procedures that should be followed in order to develop diagnostic tests based on electro-physiologic parameters that would be useful to practicing psychiatrists in their efforts to diagnose mental disorders. To do this, we start by giving an overview of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, with which a candidate diagnostic test can be characterized mathematically. This methodology allows for an estimate of the overall discriminating power of the diagnostic test and thus can be used to compare the performance of one diagnostic test with that of another. However, ROC analysis cannot be used for optimizing a given diagnostic test (ie, determining the “best” cut-off) and, because it does not incorporate Bayes' theorem, it cannot be used to compare the performances of diagnostic tests when it is given to different risk groups for the target disorder. Both of these problems can be solved by using the concept of information theory. The equation for information gain automatically takes Bayes' theorem into consideration and also provides an intrinsic criterion for finding the cutoff that best discriminates between individuals who do and those who do not have the target disorder. Neither ROC analysis nor information theory are model dependent; however, if the equation for the frequency distribution of the electrophysiologic variable is known for the disease-positive and disease-negative populations, the calculations are greatly simplified. Therefore, the assumption is often made that both of these distributions (or transformations of the distributions) are Gaussian. However, studies have shown that the results of ROC analysis are quite robust to deviations from normality of the underlying distributions.
Radioligands for PET and SPECT Imaging of the Central Noradrenergic System
Authors: McConathy Jonathan , Kilts Clinton D. , Goodman Mark M.
Published: August 2016

In the central nervous system, the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is involved in normal physiology, neuropsychiatric disorders, and the effects of numerous drugs. Although alterations of the central noradrenergic system are involved in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of mood disorders, the basis and nature of these changes remain unresolved. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging agents will be valuable for further elucidating the roles of norepinephrine in health and disease. This review discusses PET and SPECT radioligands that have been developed for the enzymes, receptors, and transporters involved in noradrenergic neurotransmission. Currently, imaging agents that exhibit specific in vivo uptake in the brain have been described for monoamine oxidase A and β-adrenergic receptors, but have not undergone detailed evaluation or experimental application. Based on the successful development and utilization of in vivo imaging agents for elements of the central dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems, PET and SPECT radioligands are expected to serve as new tools for studying the physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology of the central noradrenergic system.
Environmental Stress and the Brain's Reaction
Authors: Gorman Jack M.
Published: August 2016

For neurologists and psychiatrists, this month's edition of CNS Spectrums contains both original research articles and review papers surrounding a central theme of enormous importance: how the environment can harm brain function and how the brain can repair itself. We are extremely fortunate to have Jeremy Coplan as our guest editor. Dr. Coplan, with whom I have enjoyed years of collaboration on many projects of mutual interest, is professor of psychiatry at the State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn and senior scientist in the Department of Clinical Psychobiology at the New York State Psychiatric Institute in New York City. Let me now summarize why I believe the area covered this month is so vital.
An Immunologic Theory for the Development of Some Cases of Autism
Authors: Warren Reed P.
Published: August 2016

Autism is a severe developmental disorder likely resulting from a combination of biologic and genetic mechanisms including an environmental stimulus. This article presents an immunologic theory for the development of some cases of autism and circumstantial biologic evidence in support of this theory. A summary of some of the latest related findings obtained in the laboratory of the author is also presented. The intent of this article is to stimulate interest in the concept that abnormalities of the immune system are involved in autistic symptoms and to provide an impetus for additional studies in this area. Such studies may provide a novel approach to the treatment of some autistic individuals.
The Unified Theory of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Yaryura-Tobias José A.
Published: August 2016

Various theories exist concerning the philosophical, biopsychosocial, and anatomic aspects of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The heterogeneous symptomatology of OCD and the complex interaction between the brain as a physical structure and the mind demands a theory fo OCD that recognizes the disorder as a unified emergent property. A unified theory of OCD is proposed, which incorporates the neurochemical, neuroanatomic, and psychatric underpinnings of this disorder, explor the methods by which OCD pathologies impact the neuroanatomic circuits of the brain, and explains how, through its symptmatology, OCD is “communicated” by the mind to the outside world.
Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects Related to 5-HT1B/1D Receptors
Authors: Briley Mike , Moret Chantal
Published: August 2016

The lack of selective agonists and antagonists for serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptors has made it difficult to determine the neurochemical, behavioral, and clinical effects controlled by 5-HT1B/1D receptors. However, by combining data from various compounds with different receptor affinity profiles, it is possible to tentatively determine those effects that result from interactions at the 5-HT1B/1D receptors.

This discussion contains a review of the in vitro and in vivo neuropharmacology of the 5-HT1B/1D group of receptor subtypes, and attempts to identify their possible functions and potential implications in central nervous system disorders.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Oxytocin Levels in Trichotillomania
Authors: Epperson C. Neill , Carpenter Linda , North William G. , McDougle Christopher J.
Published: August 2016

Several lines of evidence suggest that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) may be involved in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive behavior in humans and repetitive grooming behavior in animals. Trichotillomania (TTM), which is characterized by chronic hair pulling, may be conceptualized as a disorder of pathologic grooming. To investigate the role of OT in TTM, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of OT in nine women with TTM and nine healthy female controls were measured. Early findings from this ongoing study fail to demonstrate a significant difference in CSF OT levels between women with TTM and healthy female controls.
Trazodone Augmentation in OCD: A Case Series Report
Authors: Marazziti Donatella , Gemignani Alfredo , Dell'Osso Liliana
Published: August 2016

Based on previous evidence that trazodone may have antiobsessional properties, the authors assessed trazodone augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) therapy in five cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder. All patients showed symptomatic improvement after trazodone was added to treatment with various SSRIs, and in many cases, trazodone also improved the tolerability of SSRI therapy.
Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Cross Culture and Economy
Authors: Black Donald W.
Published: August 2016

This manuscript summarizes the presentations of an international panel of experts, representing France, Hungary, India, South Africa, and the United States, on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is culturally universal but probably heterogeneous. New data presented concern a follow-up study from a joint Yale-Brown clinical project; a prevalence study in Hungary; a molecular genetics study from South Africa; a comorbidity study from India; a clinical study from Paris comparing OCD with subclinical OCD; a discussion of compulsive buying as a cross-cultural phenomenon; and survey results showing the impact of OCD on quality of life and economic variables. A roundtable discussion led to a consensus that researchers must continue to: (1) investigate the prevalence of OCD in non Western samples and in less developed countries; (2) collect clinical data on OCD in child and adolescent samples, as well as in off-spring of adults with OCD; (3) refine the concept of age of onset; (4) study the impact of OCD on quality of life and the economy; (5) investigate the validity of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum in epidemiologic and clinical samples and develop appropriate instruments for its assessment; (6) study personality disorder and how it affects treatment response, and examine its prevalence in epidemiologic samples; (7) explore the concept of OCD heterogeneity, which may reflect differing etiologies but may also suggest differential treatment strategies; (8) conduct follow-up studies, particularly now that effective treatments may alter course of illness; and, finally, (9) investigate treatment response and whether certain subtypes demand unique approaches.
Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Montgomery Stuart A.
Published: August 2016

All the research to date implicates serotonin as the major neurotransmitter involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Much of the evidence has come from clinical treatment studies, which have shown the specific antiobsessional effect of drugs that are potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake. Only the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake have been shown to be effective in treating patients with OCD. Serotonin receptor inhibitors and SSRIs have been thoroughly investigated in short- and long-term placebo-controlled studies and all have been found to be effective in OCD.
Government Initiatives in Autism Clinical Trials
Authors: Vitiello Benedetto , Wagner Ann
Published: August 2016

Randomized clinical trials remain the most valid method of testing the efficacy and safety of treatments. While efforts to elucidate the genetic and neurodevelopmental bases of autism are underway, clinicians and families are in need of scientifically valid information on how to best treat patients with autism. The effectiveness of many interventions currently used in communities has not been adequately tested. Given the high public health relevance of autism treatment research and the low interest of the pharmaceutical industry in autism, the role of the National Institutes of Health in supporting this research is paramount. Among recently launched initiatives in autism clinical trials, there are the Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network and the network of centers for Studies to Advance Autism Research and Treatment. These and other government activities in the area of autism clinical trials are here briefly reviewed.
Electroretinogram B-Wave Amplitude in Panic Disorder
Authors: Castrogiovanni Paolo , Pieraccini Fulvio , Iapichino Sonia , Pacchierotti Claudia , Bossini Letizia , Truglia Elisabetta , Malpassi Claudio , Natale Bruno
Published: August 2016

Abnormal light-related behaviors have been described for patients with panic disorder (PD). The present study was undertaken to investigate the retinal light response in PD using electroretinography (ERG). The authors conducted bwave ERG measurements with a bright light (after dark adaptation) in 28 patients with PD and 28 control subjects. There were no significant differences in the mean b-wave amplitude between the two groups, but the retinal response to light in PD patients was generally lower than in healthy subjects. A large interindividual variability was found; also noted was a significant difference in the mean b-wave amplitude between the right and left eyes in the control group. The data indicate subtle variation of retinal photosensitivity in a subgroup of patients with PD. Because dopaminergic retinal activity affects b-ERG amplitude, the authors hypothesize that the dopaminergic system is involved in the response to light in PD patients.
Recognition of Facial Emotions in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Kohler Christian G. , Turner Travis H. , Gur Raquel E. , Gur Ruben C.
Published: August 2016

Recognition of facial emotions represents an important aspect of interpersonal communication and is governed by select neural substrates. We present data on emotion recognition in healthy young adults utilizing a novel set of color photographs of evoked universal emotions. In addition, we review the recent literature on emotion recognition in psychiatric and neurologic disorders, and studies that compare different disorders.
Neuroreceptor Imaging of Stress and Mood Disorders
Authors: Kennedy Susan E. , Zubieta Jon-Kar
Published: August 2016

Techniques such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography allow for the imaging of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters in the brain. These tools have been used to investigate serotonergic, dopaminergic, and opioidergic function in healthy subjects as well as in patients with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and other mood disorders. Pharmacologic challenges, such as amphetamine challenge, and physiologic stressors, such as pain challenge, have been used to further examine the function of these neurotransmitter systems. Neuroimaging of patient populations before and after medication treatment may be useful to understand changes in neurotransmission that accompany disease remission. As new radiotracers with higher selectivity for the various receptors and transporters are developed, imaging techniques may provide new insights into the pathophysiolagy of mood disorders, leading to improved diagnosis and treatment.
Adult Psychopathology In Epilepsy
Authors: Stonnington Cynthia M.
Published: August 2016

The risk of psychopathology is greater in persons with epilepsy than it is in the general population. This increased risk is related to a variety of factors including neurobiologic differences associated with epilepsy, medication-related effects, and disease-related psychosocial factors. Choice of appropriate psychoactive therapy must take into consideration effects on seizure threshold and potential interactions with antiepileptic drugs. Identification of psychopathology and effective treatment can reduce unnecessary morbidity in patients already suffering from a chronic disorder.
New Medications for Epilepsy
Authors: Kerrigan John F.
Published: August 2016

The last 4 years have seen a rapid burst of development of medications used to treat epileptic seizures. While none of these medications has replaced the “standards” in the field, they collectively offer additional treatment options for patients, particularly for those with difficult-to-control seizures. As experience with these novel medications grows, each will occupy its own niche in the treatment strategy for patients with epilepsy.
Psychological Aspects of Infertility
Authors: Bashford Robert A.
Published: August 2016

The science of infertility has advanced rapidly over the past decade, in many respects without regard to the enormous demands that are placed on all participants undergoing an infertility work-up and treatment. Among these demands are a variety of potential psychological effects that must be addressed in the initial patient visit with continued counseling throughout the infertility work-up process. This article reviews the psychological factors that may affect individual patients and couples experiencing infertility, with special attention given to the common manifestations of stress. The need for physicians to provide early and ongoing attention to emotions is emphasized, and a biopsychosocial approach to infertility evaluations is outlined.
Understanding the Genetic Basis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Nicolini Humberto , Cruz Carlos , Camarena Beatriz , Páez Francisco , De La Fuente Juan Ramón
Published: August 2016

Genetic study holds potential for understanding the etiology of a number of serious psychiatric disorders. In the case of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), many investigators agree that there is a strong genetic component to its development. In this article, we review the scientific evidence gleaned from different types of studies that has led to a better understanding of the nature of the inherited factors in OCD.
Psychopharmacologic Treatments for Nonparaphilic Compulsive Sexual Behaviors
Authors: Kafka Martin
Published: August 2016

This article reviews the use of pharmacologic agents to treat nonparaphilic compulsive sexual behaviors (paraphilia-related disorders). Recent data suggest that serotonergic antidepressants, especially serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), may be effective in treating nonparaphilic sexual behaviors characterized by hypersexuality. The rationale, prescriptive use, and limitations of SRIs are reviewed, as are the proposed mechanisms of action, prescriptive use, and side effects of medications that lower serum testosterone (including triptorelin and the antiandrogens medroxyprogesterone acetate and cyproterone acetate). The potential use of psychostimulants, mood stabilizers, and atypical antipsychotics for paraphilia-related disorders in specific clinical situations is discussed. Practical guidelines, augmentation strategies with adjunctive psychopharmacologic agents, and indications regarding pharmacologic combinations of the above medications are suggested.
The Universal Field Hypothesis of Catatonia and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Authors: Carroll Brendan T.
Published: August 2016

Catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) are uncommon disorders that can be life-threatening. Many researchers consider them as clinically divergent entities; however, they share similar and overlapping literature on causative agents, phenomenology, and treatment response. This hypothesis considers both disorders as a single entity that result from variable combinations of the following: 1) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) hypoactivity at the GABAA receptor; 2) dopamine hypoactivity at the D2 receptor; 3) serotonin hyperactivity at the 5-HT1A receptor and hypoactivity at the 5-HT2A receptor; and 4) glutamate hypoactivity at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NDMA) receptor. In this paper, evidence to support this hypothesis is limited to retrospective human studies of catatonia and NMS. The four components of the hypothesis are: 1) GABAA agonists have been shown to alleviate catatonia and NMS; 2) D2 antagonism is proportional to the relative likelihood of NMS and catatonia; 3) 5-HT1A agonism with 5-HT2A antagonism is implicated in catatonia and NMS; 4) NMDA receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine and ketamine, reduce glutamate transmission. This hypothesis proposes that it is the interaction of these systems that prediposes, initiates, and maintains the twin syndromes of catatonia and NMS.
Catatonic Signs in Medical and Psychiatric Catatonias
Authors: Carroll Brendan T. , Kennedy John C. , Goforth Harold W.
Published: August 2016

Patients with psychiatric catatonias vs those with medical catatonias may differ in catatonic phenomenology. To determine if these could be distinguished, the following methods were used: 1) a review of the literature; 2) a chart review; and 3) a prospective series. The literature review of 467 report of medical catatonias yielded 240 cases that met research criteria. A chart review of 47 episodes of catatonia revealed a higher frequency of negativism in patients with medical catatonias. Prospective data obtained from rating scales revealed an increased frequency of echophenomena in patients with medical catatonias; however, no discriminate pattern of catatonic signs for medical catatonias arose. Overall, catatonic signs appear to share a similar distribution. These findings suggest that psychiatric and medical catatonias are indistinguishable based upon catatonic signs.
DT-MRI of Central Nervous System: Clinical Applications
Authors: Li Xiaoming , Leclerc Xavier , Huisman Thierry , Sorensen A. Gregory
Published: August 2016

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) represents a relatively novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique in which image contrast is related to differences in translational motion of water molecules within the tissue, rather than to differences in total water content. The rate of water motion is characterized by the apparent diffusion coefficient. In addition, full tensor DWI (diffusion tensor imaging, DT-MRI) samples the full diffusion tensor and therefore allows estimation of isotropic and anisotropic diffusion. The degree of anisotropic diffusion is thought to be determined by the local tissue characteristics or tissue architecture and can be quantified by DT-MRI. DWI has proven its clinical effectiveness in the early detection of acute cerebral ischemia. Multiple reports have discussed the value of DWI in a wide variety of other diseases of the central nervous system. DT-MRI appears to be especially promising in the evaluation of diseases that affect the integrity of white matter, in particular of white matter tracts. Herein, the current applications of DWI in clinical neurology are reviewed, with special attention to applications of DT-MRI.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Depression
Authors: Baran Alp Sinan , Richert Allen C.
Published: August 2016

Is there an association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and depression? OSA is a common breathing-related sleep disorder. There have been reports that depressive symptoms can be associated with this sleep disorder. A number of investigations have addressed this issue. Although some have found no correlation, most studies have concluded that there is an association between OSA and depressive symptoms. Other investigations have shown that depressive symptoms improve with treatment of OSA, and that untreated OSA may contribute to treatment resistance in some cases of mood disorders. Within the framework of current psychiatric diagnostic criteria, the depressive symptoms associated with OSA can be viewed as a combination of a mood disorder secondary to a primary medical condition and an adjustment disorder with depressed mood. The question of whether OSA causes depressive symptoms can perhaps be best answered by viewing OSA and depression as having certain symptoms that are common to both disorders.
New Lessons From Knockout Mice: The Role of Serotonin During Development and Its Possible Contribution to the Origins of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Gingrich Jay A. , Ansorge Mark S. , Merker Robert , Weisstaub Noelia , Zhou Mingming
Published: August 2016

Serotonin (5-HT) modulates numerous processes in the central nervous system that are relevant to neuropsychiatric function and dysfunction. It exerts significant effects on anxiety, mood, impulsivity, sleep, ingestive behaviors, reward systems, and psychosis. Serotonergic dysfunction has been implicated in several neuropsychiatric conditions but efforts to more clearly understand the mechanisms of this influence have been hampered by the complexity of this system at the receptor level. There are at least 14 distinct receptors that mediate the effects of 5-HT as well as several enzymes that control its synthesis and metabolism. Pharmacologic agents that target specific receptors have provided clues regarding the function of these receptors in the adult brain. 5-HT is also an important modulator of neural development and several groups have employed a genetic strategy to ablate specific components of the 5-HT system in order to understand the role of different serotonergic in development of brain systems relevant to behavior. Several inactivation mutations of specific 5-HT receptors have been generated producing interesting behavioral phenotypes related to anxiety, depression, drug abuse, psychosis, and cognition. In many cases, knockout mice have been used to confirm what has already been suspected based on pharmacologic studies. In other instances, mutations have demonstrated new functions of serotonergic genes in development and behavior.
International Society for Transcranial Stimulation Consensus Statement: Managing the Risks of Repetitive Transcranial Stimulation
Authors: Belmaker Bob , Fitzgerald Paul , George Mark S. , Lisanby Sarah H. , Pascual-Leone Alvar , Schlaepfer Thomas E. , Wassermann Eric
Published: August 2016

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), defined as the administration of a series of magnetic stimuli to the brain for the purpose of altering brain function, is an experimental medical intervention. rTMS currently is used to probe various aspects of brain function in the context of research studies approved by local ethics committees. rTMS also is under investigation as a potential treatment for various neurologic and psychiatric disorders. In light of the growing interest in using rTMS in a variety of experimental and therapeutic settings, the International Society for Transcranial Stimulation has recognized the need to formulate a consensus statement to assist the field in developing guidelines for its safe application. Whether the intended use is experimental or therapeutic, certain principles regarding the safety of rTMS apply. This statement is not aimed at guiding the therapeutic use of rTMS in any given condition or its application in any research paradigm, but rather is meant to apply broadly wherever rTMS is used.

rTMS has significant risks, most importantly that of producing epileptic seizures. The degree of risk varies with the dosing parameters and individual subject factors. Therefore, rTMS should be administered only under a licensed physician's orders (ie, by prescription or through some other mechanism that makes a physician directly responsible for its administration to the individual patient or research subject). Because rTMS has potential behavior-changing effects, undesirable side effects, and therapeutic impact, careful assessment of the risk and appropriateness of rTMS in each clinical or scientific context is critical and can only be made by, or in consultation with, a physician knowledgeable and experienced in the use of rTMS and fully trained in neurology, psychiatry, or another appropriate specialty.
Relationship of Personality to Dissociation and Childhood Trauma in Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Nelson Dorothy , Elias Rachela , Greenberg Jennifer , Hollander Eric
Published: August 2016

Background:

Dissociation is a prominent feature in some individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), yet our understanding of the meanings and implications of prominent dissociation in BPD remains limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dissociation and childhood trauma in BPD and to explore the relationships of dissociation and trauma to various personality features of BPD.

Methods:

Twenty BPD subjects and 24 healthy comparison subjects of similar age and gender were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire—short form, the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Relationship Style Questionnaire, and the Schema Questionnaire.

Results:

The BPD group exhibited greater dissociation and childhood trauma, as well as greater pathology in most personality variables, compared with the healthy group. Dissociation in BPD was not significantly related to total childhood trauma, but only to emotional neglect, which accounted for 23% of the variance in dissociation scores.

Conclusion:

Within the BPD group, dissociation was associated with fearful attachment and immature defenses, while total childhood trauma and emotional neglect were associated with overconnection and disconnection schemata. This is a preliminary study with a small sample size, yet the correlates of dissociation in BPD merit further investigation.
HETEROGENEITY AND REDISTRIBUTION IN FINANCIAL CRISES
Authors: Kobayashi Keiichiro , Shirai Daichi
Published: August 2016

This paper presents a simple model of an economy with heterogeneous agents to show that the redistribution of wealth among such agents can play a significant role in the propagation mechanism of financial crises. In an economy where firms with heterogeneous productivity operate under borrowing constraints, the redistribution reproduces hump-shaped responses for output and labor and procyclicality in observed productivity. In this model, a financial shock generates a persistent and hump-shaped response, whereas a productivity shock does not. Further, the redistribution of wealth significantly amplifies the persistence and hump shape of these responses following a financial shock. This model suggests that redistribution may thus be a key driving force behind the transmission of financial crises.
TAYLOR RULE AND DISCRETIONARY REGIMES IN THE UNITED STATES: EVIDENCE FROM Ak-STATE MARKOV REGIME-SWITCHING MODEL
Authors: Alba Joseph D. , Wang Peiming
Published: August 2016

We examine U.S. monetary policies from 1973 to 2014 with the Taylor rule as a benchmark by utilizing ak-state Markov regime-switching model in which the number and the periods of the regimes are endogenously determined. The model relates the federal funds rate to real time output gaps and inflation forecast. It endogenously identifies the periods of Taylor rule regime and discretionary regimes, consistent with the U.S. experience. The Taylor rule regime also coincides with periods of lower variability in inflation and in real GDP growth.
TWO NOTES ON DARIUS III
Authors: Charles Michael
Published: August 2016

This article presents new insights into two aspects of the life of Darius III. In the first section, Darius’ presentation as a ‘slave’ in one source tradition is argued to be a delegitimising trope aimed at presenting him as an unworthy king, even though all Persians could be regarded as slaves of the monarch. In the second, Justin's use ofcognatito describe those who betrayed Darius is interpreted, in the light of other accounts of Gaugamela's aftermath, as possibly being an allusion not just to blood-relatives but also to the cavalry guard, known as the ‘Kinsmen’ (συγγενεῖς =cognati).
Brief Report on the Psychophysiological Effects of a Yoga	Intervention for Chronic Stress
Authors: Harkess Kaitlin N. , Delfabbro Paul , Mortimer Jane , Hannaford Zara , Cohen-Woods Sarah
Published: August 2016

Abstract. This paper evaluates the results of a longitudinal investigation of the potential benefits of yoga in a nonclinical sample of chronically stressed women (N = 116). Women undertook a twice weekly, hour-long yoga class for a period of 2 months, measuring psychological and physical indicators of health periodically. Changes in both areas were compared against a wait-list control group. The reported energy expenditure between groups was estimated to be similar, which suggests that the control group engaged in physical activities other than yoga. Of the six psychological outcomes measured, we found improvements in three. Specifically, those in the practicing yoga group experienced increases in positive affect, decreases in levels of distress and stress, as well as a decrease in waist circumference and increased flexibility. No between-group differences were found in mindfulness, well-being, and negative affect. These findings are generally consistent with an emerging literature, suggesting that yoga may provide both psychological and physiological effects that extend beyond its more obvious physical benefits, and are discussed in terms of the body’s allostatic load. These results should be considered in light of this study’s limitations, which include its small sample size, lack of an “active” control group, and female-only participants.
Facile fabrication of large-grain CH3NH3PbI3−xBrx films for high-efficiency solar cells via CH3NH3Br-selective Ostwald ripening
Authors: Yang Mengjin , Zhang Taiyang , Schulz Philip , Li Zhen , Li Ge , Kim Dong Hoe , Guo Nanjie , Berry Joseph J. , Zhu Kai , Zhao Yixin
Published: August 2016

Organometallic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown great promise as a low-cost, high-efficiency photovoltaic technology. Structural and electro-optical properties of the perovskite absorber layer are most critical to device operation characteristics. Here we present a facile fabrication of high-efficiency PSCs based on compact, large-grain, pinhole-free CH3NH3PbI3−xBrx (MAPbI3−xBrx) thin films with high reproducibility. A simple methylammonium bromide (MABr) treatment via spin-coating with a proper MABr concentration converts MAPbI3 thin films with different initial film qualities (for example, grain size and pinholes) to high-quality MAPbI3−xBrx thin films following an Ostwald ripening process, which is strongly affected by MABr concentration and is ineffective when replacing MABr with methylammonium iodide. A higher MABr concentration enhances I–Br anion exchange reaction, yielding poorer device performance. This MABr-selective Ostwald ripening process improves cell efficiency but also enhances device stability and thus represents a simple, promising strategy for further improving PSC performance with higher reproducibility and reliability.