bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating stigma as stress in social interactions of parents
Authors: BAXTER C.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. A new approach to the study of stigma was introduced and applied in an exploratory study designed to investigate the parental experience of stigma within the theoretical framework of the stress process. Interviews were conducted with 131 mothers and fathers of mentally retarded children in three age cohorts. Parentperceived stress attributed to social attitudes was measured on a 5‐point, Liken‐type scale. Three deviating characteristics of the child were identified as ‘stressors’. ‘Noticeability’ of the child's speech and behaviour, and also behaviour management problems were found to be significantly associated with parental stress. No association was found between ‘noticeability’ of the child's appearance and parental stress. Distressing reactions of others, such as staring, displaying discomfort, inappropriately ignoring and drawing attention to the child were also identified as stressors. Multiple regression analysis showed that these two sets of variables accounted for 57% of the variance in explaining parental stress. The concept of stigma as stress was assessed as offering a promising direction for further research.
Social cognition and impaired social interaction in people with severe learning difficulties*
Authors: CLARE I. , CLEMENTS J.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. Social skills training has focused on ‘performance’ or overt behaviour, rather than on the other components of successful social functioning: motivation and goals, analysis of social information, and performance feedback, Some basic aspects of this ‘analysis’ or ‘social cognition’ component were compared in a preliminary study of 25 teenagers and young adults with severe learning difficulties, whose social interaction was categorized as either ‘impaired’ or ‘appropriate’. As predicted from the literature on autistic children, there were no differences between the groups on tasks involving recognition of the visual aspects of the concept of self or perceptual role‐taking. It is suggested thai social impairments do not reflect social cognitive abilities which are‘lower level’(i.e. can be solved on the basis of information available to the senses). Contrary to expectations, on the four individual tasks of affective role‐taking, which is ‘higher level’, since it requires inferences to be made about the inner emotional state of another person, the differences between the groups were not significant. However, the results were in the predicted direction, and when scores on the tasks were combined, the overall performance of the socially impaired group was significantly poorer (P<0.05). It is suggested that the results from this aspect of social cognition might be attributed either to methodological difficulties or to differences between autistic children and the present sample. The clinical implications of the findings of the study are discussed.
The family system of moderately mentally retarded children
Authors: SHULMAN S. , MARGALIT M. , GADISH O. , STUCHINER N.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. Families of 39 moderately mentally retarded children (behaviourally disordered and non‐behaviourally disordered) were classified according to the Reiss Card‐Sort procedure. Thirty‐four out of the 39 families were found to have a faulty family system according to Reiss' typology, distant sensitive or consensus sensitive Though behaviour disorders in the moderately mentally retarded child were not found to be related to the type of faulty family, parental perceptions of their child's behavioural disorder were different in the distant sensitive and consensus sensitive types. Results are discussed in the context of the interface between the family system and the adaptation of the mentally retarded child.
Incest and mental handicap
Authors: JANCAR J. , JOHNSTON S. J.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. This is probably the first retrospective study of an adult mentally handicapped population of incestuous parentage. Eleven known incestuous unions were identified with 38 offspring, of whom 15 were admitted to the Stoke Park group of hospitals. Incest and its legal definition in different societies are considered. The effects of close inbreeding on mortality, morbidity, mental function and adoption are examined. The study also reaffirms that incest is one of the causes of mental handicap in a high percentage of offspring.
Clients' community and social contacts: results of a 5‐year longitudinal study
Authors: LOWE K. , DE PAIVA S.
Published: July 2010

Clients’ contacts with a range of community amenities and with their friends and relatives were examined to assess the impact of a new community‐based service. Results over a 5‐year period were compared for clients in different residential settings: supported ordinary housing, mental handicap hospital and private family homes. Findings indicated increased use of community amenities for those in supported housing and in their family homes. Little change was noted in clients’ contact with relatives, and the paucity of social contact with friends was highlighted. Use of community amenities in relation to the development of social networks is dicussed.
Comparative effects of gentle teaching and visual screening on self‐injurious behaviour
Authors: JONES L. J. , SINGHM N. N. , KENDALL K. A.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. Gentle teaching and visual screening procedures have been used to control severe behaviour problems in persons with mental retardation. An alternating treatments design was used to compare gentle teaching, visual screening and a tasktraining condition in the reduction of high levels of self‐injury of an adult with profound mental retardation. Following baseline, a task‐training condition using standard behavioural techniques was implemented to establish the effects of training the subject on age‐appropriate tasks. Results showed a modest reduction in self‐injury. This was followed by an alternating treatments phase in which visual screening, gentle teaching and no‐treatment control conditions were compared. Both procedures were superior to the control condition in reducing self‐injury, with visual screening being more effective than gentle teaching. When visual screening was implemented across two and then all three daily conditions, self‐injury was further reduced to near‐zero levels. Bonding occurred at the same low levels under both treatments, contrary to the predictions of gentle teaching's proponents.
What parents think about parenting and teaching
Authors: McConachie H. R.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. What parents of young mentally handicapped children think about parenting and teaching can affect their response to services offered, particularly programmes of advice on how to boost their child's rate of development. The paper presents a descriptive study of 40 mothers’and fathers’perceptions of their role in their child's activities, and how these relate to daily patterns of family interaction. The individual variations have implications for intervention strategies.
Underweight and overweight cases among the mentally retarded
Authors: SIMILA S. , NISKANEN P.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated at the age of 20 for all the 132 survivors (83%) out of the 159 mentally retarded individuals born in 1966 in Northern Finland. Reliable information was acquired for 112 cases (84.8%). The mean BMI for these cases did not deviate significantly from that for an average Finnish population at age 20‐29 years. It was found that 41.5% of the slightly retarded cases (IQ 35‐70) and 28‐6% of the seriously retarded ones (IQ<35) were of ideal weight (BMI 20‐24), while 9‐8% of all the retarded individuals were moderately obese (BMI>30) and 7‐1% seriously so (BMIS32). Ninety‐one per cent of the seriously obese cases lived with their parents and did not participate in any occupational therapy or work. A total of 29‐5% of the mentally retarded subjects were underweight (BMI<20), a condition which would seem to be above all a problem for seriously retarded individuals and an obvious consequence of the different feeding and dietary problems connected with their multiple disabilities.
Serotonergic treatment for aggression in a Down's syndrome adult showing signs of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: GEDYE A.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT.Sudden‐onset, unprovoked aggression has typically been difficult to reduce or eliminate in persons with mental handicaps or dementia. Several medications have been reported in the literature with varying success, though some risk serious side effects. This study tested the effectiveness of a low dose antidepressant (trazodone) with a serotonin‐enhancing diet to reduce aggression while not risking serious side effects. Aggression decreased by 96% in a mentally handicapped adult with Down's syndrome showing signs of Alzheimer‐type dementia. The benefit was robustly demonstrated using an on‐off‐on‐again design wtih detailed recording for nearly 4 months.
Development of diurnal bladder control in severely and profoundly mentally handicapped residents
Authors: DUKER P. C. , DEKKERS M.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. At two time points, separated by an interval of 7 years, the level of diurnal bladder control of 198 severely and profoundly mentally handicapped individuals was assessed. A slight, but statistically significant increase of bladder control between the two time points was found. Difference scores of level of control were submitted to an ANOVA. Age at admission and duration of institutionalization proved to be related to individuals' level of diurnal bladder control. The results were discussed in relation to the use of toilet training procedures with mentally handicapped individuals.
The use of a low phenylalanine diet with amino acid supplement in the treatment of behavioural problems in a severely mentally retarded adult female with phenylketonuria
Authors: HOSKIN R. G. , SASITHARAN T. , HOWARD R.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. If phenylketonuria is untreated in infancy, it causes irreversible brain damage. No dietary treatment can alter this brain damage. However, it has been shown that dietary treatment can reduce behaviour disturbances often associated with the condition. In this study, a subject's behaviour was monitored over 18 weeks while on a low phenylalanine diet. Results demonstrate a significant reduction in the level of her disturbed behaviour.
Hepatitis B screening and immunization for people with a mental handicap in Southampton: costs and benefits
Authors: ARULRAJAN A. E. , TYRIE C. M. , PHILLIPS K. , O'CONNELL S.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. The residential population in a long‐stay hospital and its associated local‐based hospital vinits was screened for markers of hepatitis B infection. An immunization programme was then undenaken for residents found to be at risk. The authors found that an initial screening gives valuable information, is cost effective and better than a blanket immunization policy for all residents. Other benefits included opportunities to emphasize the imponance of vaccination for staff members, and for staff education in infection control measures, especially in relation to hepatitis B.
Mental retardation and WAIS‐R scatter analysis
Authors: ATKINSON L.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. In an earlier article, the psychometric properties of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Revised (WAIS‐R) subtest difference scores were explored using a sample with IQ <80. Data were offered which allowed the practitioner to determine whether the difference between two subtests was statistically reliable. This article represents an extension of the earlier work. It presents a set of reliability estimates for the difference between a single WAIS‐R subtest and the mean of all subtests, and permits the clinician to determine whether the difference obtained by a particular examinee is statistically significant.
Visual problems in people with severe mental handicap
Authors: CASTAÑE M. , PERIS E.
Published: July 2010

The incidence of visual problems in people with mental handicaps is very high. Nine severely mentally handicapped patients were studied. Several objective and subjective oprometric tests were performed. The results showed the presence of different kinds of visual problems that were compensated for by optical methods. The subjects showed a general change in their behaviour. It is essential to give optometric care to such people.
Hepatitis B in the non‐residential mentally handicapped population
Authors: DEVLIN J. B. , MULCAHY M. , CORCORAN R. , RAMSAY L. , TYNDALL P. , SHATTOCK A.
Published: July 2010

This study describes seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B in seven centres caring for non‐residential mentally handicapped individuals. Overall, 11% were hepatitis B marker seropositive and 4% had the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Male sex and increasing age were associated with seropositive status, and Down's syndrome was associated with the presence of HBsAg. Immediate family members of those with hepatitis B markers were screened and 22% had evidence of heptatitis B markers. Forty‐one family members were identified when the mentally handicapped individual was HBsAg positive and of these 13 (32%) were seropositive. This study demonstrates that hepatitis B is a problem for the non‐residential mentally handicapped population and confirms the risk of infection to their immediate families.
Erotomanic delusions in a male with a mental handicap
Authors: BHAUMIK S. , COLLACOTT R. A.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. A case report of a male mentally handicapped patient who developed delusions of passion is described. The relationship of this case to de Clerambault's syndrome and its pathogenic features are described.
Somatic sexual hallucinations and erotomanic delusions in a mentally handicapped woman
Authors: MCGUIRE* B. E. , AKUFFO E. , CHOON G. L.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. A case of erotic delusion and concurrent somatic sexual hallucination is described in a 66‐year‐old mentally handicapped woman. The history, mental state and biological investigations convey the impression of erotomania, or de Clerambault's syndrome. Treatment with Pimozide has resulted in a remarkable improvement such that the patient has been symptom free for 8 months at the time of reporting. In the authors' opinion, the case lends support to the argument that erotomania exists as a mono‐delusional disorder and is equivalent to the DSM‐III‐R classification of Paranoid Disorder, Erotomanic Type.
Medical concerns in people with severe learning difficulties: report on a vision week and symposium at the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, Scotland, 8–12 March 1993
Authors: KERR A. M.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. Over the course of a week, vision clinics were conducted in the wards of Lennox Castle, one of the largest remaining mental handicap institutions in Scotland. Receptions and a seminar encouraged participation by staff and local services. A day Symposium at the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons in Glasgow presented recent developments in medical care and facilitated discussion on methods of ensuring effective health surveillance, assessment and advisory services.
Oral zinc supplementation in Down's syndrome subjects decreased infections and normalized some humoral and cellular immune parameters
Authors: LICASTRO F. , CHIRICOLO M. , MOCCHEGIANI E. , FABRIS N. , ZANNOTI M. , BELTRANDI E. , MANCINI R. , PARENTS R. , ARENA G. , MASI M.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. The effect of 4 months of oral zinc supplementation on immune functions in non‐institutionalized young female and male Down's syndrome (DS) subjects was studied. Along with plasma levels of zinc, the immune parameters, measured before and after zinc treatment, were plasma levels of thymulin, the percentage and the absolute number of circulating white blood cells, total lymphocytes, lymphocyte subpopulations, the mitogen‐induced lymphocyte proliferation, the production of interleukin‐2, and the activity of stimulated granulocytes. Some immune parameters were significantly influenced by zinc treatment. In particular, a normalization of thymulin and zinc plasma levels were found in these subjects after zinc supplementation. At the end of the clinical trial, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and polymorphonuclear activity also increased and reached normal values. Zinc administration exerted a positive clinical effect in these children, since a reduced incidence of infections was found.
Down's syndrome and the acquisition of phonology by Cantonese‐speaking children
Authors: SO L. K. H. , DODD B. T.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT.The phonological abilities of two groups of 4–9‐year‐old intellectually impaired Cantonese‐speaking children are described. Children with Down's syndrome did not differ from matched non‐Down's syndrome controls in terms of a lexical comprehension measure, the size of their phoneme repertoires, the range of sounds affected by articulatory imprecision, or the number of consonants, vowels or tones produced in error. However, the types of errors made by the Down's syndrome children were different from those made by the control subjects. Cantonese‐speaking children with Downs syndrome, as compared with controls, made a greater number of inconsistent errors, were more likely to produce non‐developmental errors and were better in imitation than in spontaneous production. Despite extensive differences between the phonological structures of Cantonese and English, children with Downs syndrome acquiring these languages show the same characteristic pattern of speech errors. One unexpected finding was that the control group of non‐Down's syndrome children failed to present with delayed phonological development typically reported for their English‐speaking counterparts. The argument made is that cross‐linguistic studies of intellectually impaired children's language acquisition provide evidence concerning language‐specific characteristics of impairment, as opposed to those characteristics that, remaining constant across languages, are an integral part of the disorder. The results reported here support the hypothesis that the speech disorder typically associated with Down's syndrome arises from impaired phonological planning, i.e. a cognitive linguistic deficit.
Influence of mental retardation severity and respondent characteristics on self‐reported attitudes toward mental retardation and eugenics
Authors: Antonak R. F. , Mulick J. A. , Kobe F. H. , Fiedler C. R.
Published: July 2010

Eugenics refers to the investigation of means of social control to improve the mental or physical qualities of future generations. The present study investigated whether the self‐reported attitudes toward mental retardation and eugenics of a sample of 572 respondents would vary as a function of (1) severity of the mental retardation attitude referent; and (2) respondent sociode‐mographic characteristics. Among the respondents, 380 were health and human service providers (66% upper division undergraduate students and 34% graduate level professionals) and 192 were upper division undergraduate students majoring in fields other than health and human services. The results supported these conclusions: (1) psychometric characteristics of the scales used to measure attitudes were adequate; (2) increasing mental retardation severity was related to increasing endorsement of eugenic principles, independent of global attitudes toward people with mental retardation; and (3) respondent education was related to the expression of eugenic attitudes toward mild mental retardation, while familiarity with people with mental retardation was related to the expression of eugenic attitudes toward moderate and profound mental retardation.
Sequence of cognitive decline in dementia in adults with Down's syndrome
Authors: Devenny D. A. , Krinsky‐McHale S. J. , Sersen G. , Silverman W. P.
Published: July 2010

Adults with Down's syndrome (DS) are known to be at risk of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), but because of their lifelong intellectual deficits, it is difficult to determine the earliest signs and characteristics of age‐associated decline and dementia. In a longitudinal study in which all participants were healthy at the time of their entry into the study, the present authors compared the amount of decline on the subtests of the WISC‐R to determine the sequence of cognitive decline associated with varying stages of dementia. Twenty‐two individuals with varying degrees of cognitive decline were compared to 44 adults with DS who have remained healthy. All participants functioned in the mild or moderate range of intellectual disability at initial testing. On each subtest of the WISC‐R, the amount of change experienced by the healthy participants over the study period was compared to the amount of change found for each of the groups with decline. Out of the individuals who showed declines, 10 adults with DS were classified as having ‘questionable’ decline based on the presence of memory impairment, and five and seven adults with DS were classified as in the ‘early stage’ and ‘middle stage’ of DAT, respectively, based on the presence of memory impairment, score on the Dementia Scale for Down Syndrome and a physician's diagnosis. It was found that participants who were identified as ‘questionable’, in addition to the memory loss that determined their classification, also showed significant declines on the Block Design and Coding subtests. The five adults in the early stage of dementia showed declines on these subtests, and in addition, on the Object Assembly, Picture Completion, Arithmetic and Comprehension subtests. The seven adults in the middle stage of dementia showed declines on these subtests, plus declines on Information, Vocabulary and Digit Span subtests. The Picture Arrangement and Similarities subtests were not useful in distinguishing between the groups because of baseline floor effects for a substantial proportion of participants. The present longitudinal study showed a sequence of cognitive decline associated with DAT, beginning with a possible ‘pre‐clinical’ stage, and progressing through the early and middle stages. This approach begins to define the sequence of declining cognitive capacities that contributes to the observed functional deterioration caused by Alzheimer's disease and that is likely to reflect the involvement of cortical areas as the disease progresses.
Olanzapine for chronic, stereotypic self‐injurious behaviour: a pilot study in seven adults with intellectual disability
Authors: McDonough M. , Hillery J. , Kennedy N.
Published: July 2010

Dopamine one (D1) receptor supersensitvity in the corpus striatum is said to be the primary mechanism within the dopamine model proposed for chronic, refractory self‐injurious behaviour (SIB), which may explain why conventional neuroleptics have proven largely ineffective. In common with other atypical antipsychotic agents, olanzapine has more affinity for the D1 receptor. The present study explored whether olanzapine could reduce rates of the stereotypic form of chronic SIB, a subtype where dopamine dysfunction is the most likely underlying mechanism. A clinical sample of seven patients with various levels of learning disability who displayed features of stereotypic SIB were assessed over a 6‐week period of baseline measurement and a 15‐week treatment phase during which olanzapine was added to existing medication. Both SIB and other aberrant behaviours were measured by daily nurse rating and the Self‐Injury Trauma Scale (SITS). All measurements were unblind. Doses ranged from 5 to 15 mg. Out of the seven subjects, three showed a clear improvement, one showed a marginal improvement, one deteriorated, and the data was equivocal for the remaining two individuals. The means of the SITS Number and Severity Indices (NI and SI, respectively) reduced significantly from baseline during both the 5‐ and 10‐mg treatment phases, and taking treatment as a whole, by 53% and 48%, respectively (NI: mean = 0.7 units reduction,P= 0.02; SI: mean = 0.9 units reduction,P= 0.04). The risk index also reduced, but did not reach significance. A modest reduction in mean nurse‐rated SIB was not significant for either phase or for treatment as a whole. At doses above 5mg, mean scores deteriorated on balance, although two responders showed a marginal additional improvement. Olanzapine was well tolerated with one adverse event reported (somnolence) which was mild and transient. The present pilot study suggests that olanzapine can reduce stereotypic SIB. A larger trial is indicated.
Does allergy impair innate immunity? Leads and lessons from atopic dermatitis
Authors: Mrabet‐Dahbi S. , Maurer M.
Published: July 2010

To cite this article: Mrabet‐Dahbi S, Maurer M. Does allergy impair innate immunity? Leads and lessons from atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2010; 65: 1351–1356.

Host defence responses against invading pathogens are well‐balanced, inflammatory processes of the innate and adaptive immune system. Impaired development or abnormal function of either system can result in failure to control pathogens and to clear infections. Infections have been claimed to modulate the onset and course of allergic diseases. This so‐called hygiene hypothesis is still an active area of research. In contrast, the effects of allergies on infections and pathogen‐directed immune responses are less well understood. Here, we have reviewed the existing evidence that allergies result in impaired innate immunity and we discuss recent observations that may explain why and how innate immunity is dysfunctional in allergic patients. With a focus on atopic dermatitis as a model of allergic disease, we speculate that one of the key features of allergic conditions, namely Th2 polarization, leads to several independent inhibitory effects on host defence and consequently to a higher risk of infections in allergic patients. A better understanding of impaired host defence and its mechanisms in allergic subjects will help to improve the management of these diseases.
SET(BP1)‐ing the stage for a better understanding of Schinzel—Giedion syndrome
Authors: Taubert S
Published: July 2010

De novo mutations of SETBP1 cause Schinzel–Giedion syndrome

Hoischen et al. (2010)

Nature Genetics 42: 483–485
Modulation of the H‐2 Antigenicity on the Surface of Murine Peritoneal Cells
Authors: SCHLESINGER MICHAEL , CHAOUAT MALKA
Published: July 2010

Incubation of peritoneal cells in H‐2 antisera abrogated specifically their sensitivity to the cytotoxic effect of these H‐2 antisera and complement. Incubation of the cells in antisera to either the O‐ or Ly alloantigens did not affect their sensitivity to H‐2 antisera. In F1 hybrid cells, H‐2 antigens determined by one of the parental strains could be modulated by H‐2 antibodies, without affecting the expression of the allelic H‐2 antigens determined by the other parent. Modulation of the H‐2 antigenicity of peritoneal cells resulted from an active metabolic process in the treated cells. The phenomenon was inhibited by exposure of the cells to sodium azide, 2,4 dinitrophenol, iodoacetate, corticosteroid hormones, or colchicine. In contrast, cytosine‐arabinoside, cycloheximide, puromycin, and chloramphenicol had no significant inhibitory effect. It is suggested that modulation of the H‐2 antigenicity of peritoneal cells results from redistribution of the H‐2 antigenicity as a result of pinocytosis.
Phenotypic Suppression of H‐2 Antigens and Topography of the Cell Surface
Authors: LENGEROVÁ ALENA , POKORNÁ ZORA , VIKLICKÝ VLADIMÍR , ZELENÝ VLADIMÍR
Published: July 2010

Mouse leukaemia EL4 and bone marrow cells sensitized with specific H‐2 antibodies could be made cytotoxicity‐resistant when incubated, before their exposure to complement, with rabbit‐anti‐mouse Ig at 37° C, but not at 0° C. The “modulated” cells gave a positive polar immunofluorescence with goat‐anti‐mouse Ig whose frequency was positively correlated with the degree of modulation. H‐2 heterozygous bone marrow cells were specifically modulated towards a hemizygous phenotype and tested in vivo for their relative capacities to form spleen colonies in syngeneic and semisyngeneic hosts. Their performances indicated a partial phenotypic suppression of the target antigens. By using alloantibodies directly conjugated with peroxidase, cellular distribution of H‐2 antigens was studied electronmicroscopically. In cells labelled at 37° C there were numerous peroxidase‐lined vacuoles whose formation could be traced back to engulfments of the outer cell membrane. At 0° C there was a continuous labelling of the cell surface. The data are discussed in regard to dynamics of the cell membrane and possible secondary changes induced by the antibody‐mediated attachment of a visual label.
Investigation and Standardization of the Conditions for Micro‐Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: du Bois M. J. G. J. , Huismans D. R. , Schellekens P. Th. A. , Eijsvoogel V. P.
Published: July 2010

Experiments were performed to establish optimal conditions for specific and non‐specific lymphocyte transformation in vitro, in cultures containing 1–3 × 105 human lymphocytes. The stimulation as measured by 14C‐thymidine incorporation was evaluated when using various methods of lymphocyte purification and different numbers of contaminating erythrocytes, different kinds of tubes, serum from different sources, and varying PHA concentrations.

Furthermore, the dependence of the 14C‐thymidine incorporation on the thymidine concentration in the medium and on the total number of lymphocytes present per culture was determined.

Two methods of harvesting the cells to measure the 14C‐thymidine incorporation were compared.

On the basis of this analysis, conditions for maximal sensitivity and reproducibility could be defined in measuring lymphocyte reactivity to PHA, allogeneic lymphocytes and antigens in a miniaturized culture system.
Isolation of Soluble HL‐A Antigens from Normal Human Sera by Ion Exchange Chromatography
Authors: Billing R. J. , Mittal K. K. , Terasaki P. I.
Published: July 2010

Soluble HL–A antigens have been isolated from normal human sera by QAE Sephadex ionexchange chromatography. The antigen preparations were tested for specificity by inhibition of lymphocytotoxicity of 25 well‐characterized HL–A alloantisera. The soluble antigen preparations inhibited only those specificities corresponding to or strongly cross‐reacting with the HL–A antigens present in the respective serum donor.
The Histocompatibility Complex of Rhesus Monkeys. I. Serology and Genetics of the RhL‐A System
Authors: Balner H. , Gabb B. W. , Toth E. K. , Dersjant H. , van Vreeswijk W.
Published: July 2010

Rhesus monkeys have a major system of serologically defined histocompatibility antigens, called RhL–A. Like the analogous human system (HL–A), RhL–A is highly polymorphic, and its antigens are controlled by two closely linked segregant series of alleles. About 50% of the gene products of both allelic series can now be identified serologically. Recombination frequency within the RhL–A region is approximately 1%.

The relevance of RhL–A to histocompatibility was proved by intersib skin grafting experiments. The influence of matching for RhL–A on graft survival in unrelated host/donor combinations is equivocal.

A genetic locus exerting a major influence on mixed lymphocyte reactivity has been identified and found to be closely linked to the RhL–A region3. Genetics and characteristics of this MLR locus and its products are described in an accompanying communication (Balner & Toth 1973).
Histocompatibility Phenotyping by the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
Authors: Bradley B. A. , Edwards J. M. , Franks D.
Published: July 2010

A study of seven pig families enabled the identification of individuals who were homozygous for the gene products identified by the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Homozygotes were engaged as markers to elucidate histocompatibility phenotypes. Thus a system evolved in which histocompatibility phenotypes were assessed independently of serologically dependent techniques.
A Mixed Lymphocyte Culture Micro‐Technique and its Application in Different Family and Unrelated Combinations
Authors: Bondevik H. , Helgesen A. , Thoresen A. B. , Thorsby E.
Published: July 2010

An MLC micro‐test is described, using micro‐plates with 0.15 × 106 responding cells and the same number of stimulating cells per well, in a volume of 0.2 ml. Studies on technical variation and biological reproducibility are reported, as well as the application of the test in related and unrelated combinations. The method was found to be reliable and to have satisfactory discriminative power in different allogeneic combinations. Furthermore, our technique could be used for “LD‐1 locus typing”.
Cell Mediated Lympholysis in Man: An Attempt to Type with Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
Authors: Kristensen Tom , Grunnet Niels , Jøgensen Fritz , Lamm Lars U. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen Flemming
Published: July 2010

From approximately 3,000 CML combinations, originally established in order to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative influence of the serologically defined HLA‐A, B, and C antigens on cellular, complement independent cytolysis, 12 combinations were selected yielding reproducible positive cytolysis on allogenic target cells, although no HLA‐antigenic sharing could be demonstrated between stimulator and targeTlymphocytes.

These 12 CytoToxic Lymphocytes (CTL's) have been tested in parallell as “CML typing combinations” againsTlymphocytes from a random population sample of 100 unrelated Danes. Based on a pairwise analysis 11 of these CTL's could be classified into two groups of significantly ‘ correlated CTL's. These two groups do not define monospecific traits of allelic genetic origin as judged by a mutually positive correlation and a poor fit to Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. The traits defined by these groups may be either partially identical or governed by closely linked loci. The same groups were identified and the same conclusions reached after exclusion of those individuals in the population sample where HLA‐A, B, C, or D antigens may be targets for destruction.

Thus, this study gives direct evidence that known HLA antigens are not sole target determinants in CML or that cytotoxic lymphocytes recognize HLA molecules in a different way than lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The studies underline the immunogenetic complexity of CML although this reaction is most probably governed by genes in the HLA region. It is suggested that cytotoxic lymphocytes may recognize “backbone structures”; of the HLA molecules.
Serological Analysis of the HL‐A10 Complex
Authors: Duquesnoy Rene J. , Schindler Thomas E.
Published: July 2010

In a Caucasian blood donor population largely of Polish and German origin, W25 and W26 were shown to be distinct antigens which comprise the entire specificity of HL‐A10. These antigens were in linkage disequilibrium with W18 and W16 respectively. Multiparous women with antibody against HL‐A10 (W25 – W26) had husbands typing for either W25 or W26, but never both. Other sera against HL‐A11 and W32 had extra antigen reactivity with W26 and W25 respectively. Serological analysis of 21 sera with W25 and W26 reactivity suggested that the broad HL‐A10 complex comprises HL‐A11‐W26‐W25‐W32. The immunogenicity and serological reactivity of the antigens in this complex may be explained with a concept of two paired amino acid substitutions at the antigenic determinant in the HL‐A peptide chain.
HLA Antigens and Acquired Valvular Heart Disease
Authors: Ward C. , Gelsthorpe K. , Doughty R. W. , Hardisty C. A.
Published: July 2010

The frequency of HLA antigens was determined in 133 patients with acquired valvular heart disease and compared with the frequency of HLA antigens in 1,000 normal individuals by the relative incidence ratio method of Woolf (1955). No significant increases were observed. However, when the patients were divided into those with no rheumatic history and those who have had rheumatic fever or chorea, a significant increase in AW 30/31 and A29 was observed in the group with no rheumatic history.
The Joint Report of the Third Japan HLA Workshop
Authors: Miyajima T. , Hasegawa T. , Itakura K. , Juji T. , Mori T. , Nomoto K. , Naito S. , Ohkochi K. , Sekiguchi S. , Tsuji K. , Yoshida T. , Saito S.
Published: July 2010

At the third Japan HLA workshop, Bw40 was unanimously agreed as being split into at least two new subunits, and the existence of the Japanese specific antigen associated with Bw22 was also confirmed again.
Relationship between the HLA Associated Specificities 4a and 4b and the Lymphocyte C3 Receptor
Authors: Frew A. J. , Bright Susan
Published: July 2010

Contrary to previous reports, we have obtained no evidence that 4a and 4b antisera specifically inhibit C3 rosette formation by human lymphocytes. Pretreatment of lymphocytes with various whole 4a and 4b antisera resulted in partial inhibition which was often nonspecific. Ultracentrifugation of the sera to remove immune complexes removed C3 rosette inhibitory activity although specific cytotoxic activity remained. It is probable that immune complexes in antisera will have fixed C3 which will have been converted to C3d and so be able to block the C3d receptor. This is the receptor mainly measured in these and in the previous experiments.
Frequency of HLA‐Dw3 in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Gershwin M. Eric , Opelz Gerhard , Terasaki Paul I. , Castles James J. , Gorman Theresa A.
Published: July 2010

We have prospectively examined 46 consecutive unrelated children with JRA, 28 females and 18 males, for HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐Dw1, and ‐Dw3 antigens. The data were analyzed according to mode and age of onset, as well as presence of extraarticular features. Patients with JRA were found to have an elevated frequency of HLA‐B27 (26% vs. 8% of controls, P < 0.01). This elevated frequency of HLA‐B27 was noted in patients with either a pauciarticular or polyarticular onset and consistent with previous observations, was more common in males than females. However, the most striking associations in JRA were apparent when the MLC‐defined locus HLA‐Dw3 was studied. The total patient population had a 46% frequency of HLA‐Dw3 as compared with 24% in controls (P < 0.01). Moreover, when the group of 46 children was subdivided, the HLA‐Dw3 frequency of patients with polyarticular disease was 64% as compared with 21% in pauciarticular disease (P < 0.01). Further, although the frequency of HLA‐B8 was similar in JRA to that in the control panel, a significant degree of linkage disequilibrium was shown to exist between HLA‐B8 and HLA‐Dw3. No such linkage was shown to exist between HLA‐B27 and either HLA‐Dw1 or Dw3. Although we have not multiplied the P value by the number of HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐D antigens, we suggest that the presence of the MLC‐defined locus HLA‐Dw3 is significantly elevated in children with polyarticular mode of onset of JRA and suggest that further definition of lymphocyte‐dependent loci may aid in understanding the mechanism of pathogenesis as well as the classification and prognosis of childhood onset arthritis.
HLA and Cancer in South African Negroes
Authors: Hammond M. G. , Appadoo B. , Brain Peter
Published: July 2010

Five hundred patients with cancer were tested for 32 HLA antigens and the antigen frequencies compared with those of 500 control subjects matched for race, sex and age. Although the overall frequencies showed no significant differences, detailed analysis with regard to site of cancer, age and the number of antigens detected at each locus revealed significant differences. Phenotype tables and haplotype frequencies have been included.
The Host Component of the Popliteal Lymph Node Graft‐Versus‐Host (GVH) Reaction
Authors: Rolstad Bent , Fossum Sigbjørn
Published: July 2010

The cellular composition of rat popliteal lymph nodes undergoing a GVH reaction was examined. The great majority of cells isolated from the nodes were lymphocytes, while the contribution of phagocytic cells was negligible (<5%). Both T and B cells were present in GVH nodes. However, the proportion of B cells was higher than in normal lymph nodes (40–50% vs 30%).

Cells synthesizing DNA were enumerated autoradiographically in sections of GVH nodes up to day 7 of the response. A significant increase in the proportion of 3H thymidine labelled cells had already been found on the third day of the GVH response, before lymph node enlargement was apparent. Of the differnt days tested a maximum of 6% labelled cells was found on day 7. Liquid scintillation counting of cell suspension from such nodes showed an even higher increase in 3H thymidine incorporation in GVH vs normal nodes. These findings indicate that cell proliferation is a central mechanism behind the lymph node enlargement.
HLA Antigens in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Kristensen Bent Ø. , Andersen Paul L. , Lamm Lars U. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen Flemming
Published: July 2010

HLA‐typing was performed in 149 patients with essential hypertension, 86 males and 63 females. In 66 patients with significantly elevated serum levels of immunoglobulins, HLA‐B27 was increased to 18%, from 8% in the controls (P < 0.007). This was not significant when correcting the P‐value for the number of antigens analyzed, but confirms reports of an association of this antigen with serum levels of immunoglobulins. HLA‐Bw15 was found to be increased two‐fold in patients with a family history of hypertension (P corrected < 0.05) and in patients with autoantibodies (not significant). This is discussed in relation to the increase of Bw15 in juvenile diabetes and in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, diseases in which vascular damage also occurs.
Limiting Dilution Analysis of Alloantigen‐Reactive Cells which Respond to Allogeneic Lymphocytes in Human MLC and PLT
Authors: Singal D. P. , Naipaul N. , Joseph S.
Published: July 2010

We have determined the frequency of the alloantigen‐reactive cells (ARC) in human MLC and PLT by the limiting dilution analysis. In PLT, the frequency of the ARC to the original sensitizing donor ranged between 1:32 to 1:62, an increase of six to nine‐fold after priming in MLC. The MLC primed populations were also enriched (three to five fold) for the ARC responding to the PL‐positive allogeneic donors. The incidence of the ARC was 1:62 to 1:118 with donors positive for the sensitizing HLA–DRw antigen and 1:77 to 1:144 with donors negative for the specific HLA–DRw determinant. The results from experiments utilizing pooled stimulating cells from the original and allogeneic donors suggest that same subpopulation of cells responds to the sensitizing HLA–DRw determinant, whether it is presented by the specific stimulator or by a third‐party allogeneic donor. On the other hand, different subpopulations of alloreactive cells respond to different alloantigens.

In MLC experiments between HLA–identical siblings, the incidence of the ARC ranged between 1:995 to 1:1673. The responses of the ARC to non‐HLA antigens were observed under conditions where responder cells were limiting. Also, the responses of the limiting numbers of responding cells were inhibited by mitomycin‐treated autologous lymphocytes. Nonresponse in MLC combinations with higher responder cell numbers was not due to small numbers of stimulating cells.
HLA‐linked Control of Susceptibility to Tuberculoid Leprosy and Association with HLA–DR types*
Authors: de Vries René R. P. , Mehra Narinder K. , Vaidya Mahesh C. , Gupte Mohan D. , Khan Pathan Meera , Van Rood Jon J.
Published: July 2010

In an attempt to confirm an HLA–linked effect on the course of Mycobacterium leprae infection observed in families from Surinam (South America), we conducted a similar family study in an endemic area in India. We observed a significant (P < .05) excess of identical HLA–GLO haplotypes only from healthy parents among siblings affected with tuberculoid leprosy. Compared with healthy controls, unrelated patients with tuberculoid leprosy (n = 15) showed a significant heterogeneity at the HLA–DR locus (P < .05). This heterogeneity was caused by an increased frequency of HLA–DRw2 (.93 versus .53, P < .05), particularly of DRw2 homozygotes (.53 versus .11, P < .005), and a decreased frequency of HLA–DRw6 (.07 versus .58, P < .005). We observed a significant (P = .03) preferential segregation of DRw2 from DRw2 heterozygous parents not affected with tuberculoid leprosy to children with the tuberculoid type of the disease.

These data confirm an HLA–linked control of susceptibility to tuberculoid leprosy only, and suggest a recessive inheritance of this trait for which HLA–DRw2 appears to be a genetic marker.
HLA Antigens in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Sulkava Raimo , Koskimies Saija , Wikström Juhani , Palo Jorma
Published: July 2010

The histocompatibility antigens of the A, B, and C loci were typed for 32 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 35 controls of the same age. The results were also compared to the distribution of HLA antigens in a series of 900 healthy blood donors. No statistically significant differences were found between the Alzheimer patients and the controls. HLA–Cw1 was found significantly less frequently in the group comprising the patients with Alzheimer's disease and their controls together, than in the younger blood donor group. This leads us to suggest that an age‐matched control group may be needed, at least when the patients are elderly.
Molecular specificity of a monoclonal anti‐Ik alloantibody identifying a highly conserved determinant on mouse I‐A, I‐E and human DR antigens
Authors: PIERRES MICHEL , LAFUSE WILLIAM P. , DOSSETO MACALI , DEVAUX CHRISTIAN , BIRNBAUM DANIEL Z. , DAVID CHELLA S.
Published: July 2010

We have investigated, using serological and biochemical assays, the specificity of an A.TH anti‐A.TL‐derived monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated 40.B, directed at a highly conserved antigenic determinant expressed on the majority of murine and human MHC class II antigens. In the mouse, mAb 40.B defines a new specificity expressed on the Ia products of the H‐2 haplotypes k, d, b, v, r, p, u, j and w3. Analysis of its reactivity with H‐2 recombinant strains and the results of the competitive binding inhibition of 125I‐labeled mAb 40.B to B10.BR cells with I‐Ak and I‐Ek specific mAb suggested recognition of a shared Ia determinant expressed on both I‐Ak and I‐Ek molecules. This has been confirmed by sequential immunoprecipitation studies which demonstrated the specificity of mAb 40.B for the Aβk Aαk, Aβb Aαb, Aβd Aαd, Eβk Eαk, Eβs Eβk, and Eβd Eαd dimers. In humans, this mAb bound to and immunoprecipitated HLA‐D/DR molecules expressed on lymphoblastoid cell lines carrying the MTl and MT2 supertypic specificities. The possible implications of these findings with regard to an evolutionary model of MHC class II antigens are discussed.
Study of HLA alloantigens of the Navajo Indians of North America:II. HLA–A, B, C, DR and other genetic markers
Authors: Troup G. M. , Schanfield M. S. , Singaraju C. H. , Harvey R. L. , Jameson J. , Capper J. , Baker B.
Published: July 2010

This report presents the antigen frequencies for HLA‐A, B, C, DR, immunoglobulin, and red blood cell systems for the Navajo Indians of North America. HLA‐A‐B, B‐C, and B‐DR haplotype frequencies and significant delta values are given. These data are compared with similar data for other American Indians and major non‐Indian ethnic groups. Very restricted HLA polymorphism is unique for the Navajo as well as American Indians in general and this feature has important implications with regard to disease association and transplantation.
HLA antigen associations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Mourant A. J. , Kafetz K. M. , Brigden W. W. , Awad J. , D'Amaro J. , Yeatman N. W. J. , Festenstein H.
Published: July 2010

Histocompatibility antigen testing has been carried out in 20 unrelated normotensive English Caucasoids with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and in 17 relatives, six of whom also had the disease. A strong association with the HLA‐DRw6 antigen complex was found (P= 0.0036) but it was no longer significant after correction for the 52 antigens tested (P= 0.1701).