bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serjeant Knight's Discourse on the Cross and Flags of St George (1678)
Authors: Knighton C S , Wilson Timothy
Published: April 2011

In January 1678 John Knight, the Serjeant Surgeon of Charles II, sent to Samuel Pepys a ‘Discourse containing the History of the Cross of St. George, and its becoming the Sole Distinction = Flag, Badge or Cognizance of England, by Sea and Land’. Knight argued that St George's cross should become the dominant feature in English flags and supported his argument with a history of the cross.

A manuscript copy of this discourse, with Knight's original drawings, survives in the Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge, and is published here. A brief biography of Knight is presented and an account of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century controversies about St George. The latter was an issue which caused acrimony between Royalists and Puritans. An Appendix reconstructs Knight's library, principally consisting of books concerning heraldry, topography and history.
Excavations at Aksum, Ethiopia, 1993–4
Authors: Phillipson David W.
Published: April 2011

A five-year research programme commenced in 1993, designed to investigate many aspects of the civilization that was centred at Aksum, Ethiopia, during the first seven centuries AD. For the first two excavation seasons work has been concentrated on major tombs in the area of the stelae for which the site is famous. An area of domestic occupation has been explored and will be a focus of future work. The Cathedral precinct has also been surveyed and shown to offer great archaeological potential. The Aksum project, supported by a Major Research Grant from the Society, is expanding and diversifying knowledge of ancient Aksum, as well as contributing to the training of Ethiopian archaeologists, monument conservation and museum development.
‘Greater and More Splendid’: Some Aspects of Romanesque Durham Cathedral
Authors: Jarrett Michael G. , Mason Howard
Published: April 2011

Preliminary study for a group of perspective reconstruction drawings of the exterior of Durham Cathedral has led to a reappraisal of the original design and of its progress towards completion. The west towers may be fifty or more years earlier than the generally accepted date of c. 1200, preceding the Galilee chapel. The paired eastern towers strongly suggest links with the ‘imperial’ churches of the Rhineland, and are not readily paralleled in Normandy. Some English churches with eastern towers are listed, indicating that they were not especially rare.

Durham was built on the largest scale to house the body and shrine of St Cuthbert. It was an avant-garde showpiece indicating the wealth and importance of its bishop and monastic community at both English and European levels.
Monsters and Messages: The Willmott and Braikenridge Manuscripts of Latin Tudor Church Music, 1591
Authors: Blezzard Judith
Published: April 2011

The Willmott and Braikenridge manuscripts (1591) are the survivors from five partbooks containing twenty-seven pieces of Latin church music. Nine composers, most of them English, are represented. The source transmits entire pieces rather than only particular sections. It follows no conventional copying scheme reflecting derivation from other sources, from liturgical or seasonal use, or from groupings by composer, text or number of voiceparts. There are numerous inscriptions and drawings. Their nature, together with the choice and order of the Latin texts, suggests that the source was a statement of allegiance to Roman Catholicism by the scribe, John Sadler, schoolmaster and Anglican priest, of Northamptonshire.
Anniversary Address 2002
Authors: Cramp Rosemary
Published: April 2011

The initial and most congenial task in this, my first anniversary address, is to record, more formally than I could do in taking over from him last year, thanks to my predecessor, Simon Jervis, for his distinguished service to the Society. He guided the Fellowship for six years with great panache, as well as wisdom, and for this we are deeply indebted. I am sure we all miss his benign and learned asides and the wealth of the anecdotes which enlivened his Anniversary Addresses and his comments at the Thursday lectures. Luckily, past Presidents do not immediately disappear, leaving only a smile behind, but they are transmuted into Honorary Vice-Presidents, and, if they are Simon Jervis, they also continue to provide help and comment – for example, during this year as the editor of The Antiquary, which he has revived with considerable success.
The Pre-Reformation Altarpiece of Long Melford Church
Authors: Woods Kim W
Published: April 2011

The remarkable late sixteenth-century account of Long Melford Church written by former churchwarden Roger Martyn includes a description of the carved wooden altarpiece placed at the high altar from 1481 (when, according to an inscription on the exterior of the church, the altarpiece was made) until 1547–8. The author suggests that this altarpiece is likely to have been Netherlandish rather than English and relates its purchase to the links between cloth-producing Long Melford and the Low Countries. The painted altarpiece shutters are known to have survived into Mary' College Chapel, Cambridge, are three shutters from a Brussels-carved altarpiece dating from c 1480 and owned by the college at least since 1717. It is proposed that these could be the Long Melford shutters, perhaps donated to the college after the English Civil War by Master Anthony Sparrow, who as archdeacon of Sudbury had oversight of Long Melford.
Auro et Argento Pulcherrime Fabricatum: New Visual Evidence for the Feretory of St Dunstan at Glastonbury and its Relation to the Controversy over the Relics
Authors: Luxford Julian M
Published: April 2011

Five illustrations of the feretory of St Dunstan at Glastonbury appear in the margins of Cambridge, Trinity College MS R 5 16, a copy of John of Glastonbury's chronicle of the abbey. They provide a unique visual record of a major monument of English Gothic metalwork previously known only through documentation. The feretory of St Dunstan stood at the centre of one of Glastonbury's most important cults. Its form was more wholeheartedly architectural than other known English examples, and may be compared with contemporary Continental feretories. The illustrations also inform current understanding of the controversy surrounding the true location of St Dunstan's relics. Palaeographical analysis of accompanying inscriptions places them in the context of Archbishop William Warham's well-known attempt to claim the relics definitively for Canterbury (1508). The illustrations may be understood as part of Glastonbury's reaction to this attempt.
Victorian Excavation Methodology: The Society of Antiquaries at Silchester in 1893
Authors: Fulford Michael , Clarke Amanda , Eckardt Hella , Shaffrey Ruth
Published: April 2011

The excavations of the Roman town of Silchester, Hampshire, undertaken under the auspices of the Society of Antiquaries between 1890 and 1909, are reconsidered in the light of renewed excavation on the site of insula IX, first explored in 1893. The excavation methodology of trial-trenching followed by area excavation of masonry buildings thus located is reviewed alongside the evidence of policy for the recovery and retention of finds. It is estimated that about 95 per cent of the archaeological resource survives for future research.
A Viking Scabbard Chape from Chatburn, Lancashire
Authors: Edwards B J N
Published: April 2011

A copper-alloy scabbard chape of Viking-period type and date was found by a metal-detector user at Chatburn, Lancashire, in 1993. It has been acquired, through the good offices of the finder, Mr Steve Owen, and the landowners, the Trustees of The Hon R C Assheton's Settlement, by Blackburn Museum, where its registration number is 1995.14. Assistance is acknowledged from the following bodies with the costs of acquisition and conservation: the MGC/V&A Purchase Grant Fund, the National Art Collections Fund and the North West Museums Service. Conservation has been carried out by the York Archaeological Trust.
Regional Variation in Irish Pre-Romanesque Architecture
Authors: Carragáin Tomás Ó
Published: April 2011

This paper demonstrates that the five Irish early medieval church types have markedly differential distributions. In particular, most of those with antae are in the east, while most of those without antae are in the west. It is shown that this regionalism cannot be interpreted as a deliberate strategy of material differentiation on the part of particular politico-cultural groups. A reconsideration of the chronology suggests that many of the antae-less churches are relatively late, and so the division is primarily indicative of differences in the period and rate of mortared church construction, something that is influenced by both environmental and cultural factors. It is suggested that differences in church dimensions between east and west are indicative of subtle economic differences; and a range of archaeological evidence is used to sketch other economic and cultural variations. These patterns highlight the importance of exploring regionality, even when studying relatively cohesive entities such as early medieval Ireland.
Mapping Space, Mapping Time: the Thirteenth-century Vault Paintings at Salisbury Cathedral
Authors: Reeve Matthew M , Turner Olivia Horsfall
Published: April 2011

This paper provides a new interpretation of the date, form, meanings and theological sources of the former painted cycle on the vaults of Salisbury Cathedral. As the cycle is now known predominantly from antiquarian evidence, we begin with a discussion of the nature and significance of that evidence, namely the series of sketches, drawings and notes produced by Jacob Schnebbelie in the late eighteenth century before the whitewashing of the medieval paintings. Through consideration of the archaeological and stylistic evidence, we propose a date for the cycle between c 1235 and 1245, thus contemporary with the new building campaign begun in 1220. Two connected interpretations of the cycle are offered: first, we argue that the painted cycle was designed to function as a map of the major liturgical sites of the eastern arm; second, we suggest that the imagery was designed to structure an allegory of religious experience and personal salvation in accord with reform-minded thinking in the post-Lateran period.
Gift Giving at the Court of Henry VIII: the 1539 New Year's Gift Roll in Context
Authors: Hayward Maria
Published: April 2011

The exchange of gifts at the New Year was a very significant social, political and financial event at the court of Henry VIII, just as it would have been at the courts of his English predecessors and European contemporaries. The process of gift exchange, including who made, received and gave gifts, was recorded each year in the gift roll. This article presents a detailed analysis of the 1539 gift roll, now in the Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, DC, in the context of the other extant rolls for 1528, 1532 and 1534. Areas for discussion include a consideration of the range and significance of the gifts given and received by Henry and the role of the goldsmiths who made the king's gifts, including the weight, style and shape of the pieces commissioned. The article is supported by a full transcript of the 1539 gift roll, which is accompanied by extensive references comparing this gift roll to the other surviving gift rolls.
The Bishop's Palace at Mirepoix (Ariege) and French Renaissance Oak Panelling in a Scottish House
Authors: Tracy Charles
Published: April 2011

The palace at Mirepoix (Ariege), erected by Bishop Philippe de Lévis in the 1520s, still stands today at the west end of the cathedral, its two-storey chapel and offices intact. With its original room layout still easily discernible, it is a unique survivor for its period, offering more information about the domestic arrangements of a bishop than can be deduced from the palaces at either Rouen or AIM. This paper proposes that a set of carved panelling, which for the past 150 years has found shelter in a Scottish baronial mansion, was almost certainly made for the gallery of the Mirepoix palace. A closely reasoned physical argument for this claim is adduced. The work is analysed and discussed in terms of its subject matter, function and style. An attempt is made to put it into the context of early Renaissance art in south-west France, the Loire valley and northern Italy. Its unique significance for the study of the early French Renaissance will become apparent. Finally, the monument's intriguing post-Revolutionary afterlife contributes important new information about the mechanisms of European and British nineteenth-century antiquarianism.
Antiquarian Gleanings in the North of England
Authors: Jervis Simon Swynfen
Published: April 2011

William Bell Scott (1811-90) was active as painter, poet, designer, teacher and pundit. His littleknown Antiquarian Gleanings (1851), a wide-ranging anthology of Northern antiquities, with thirty-eight colour plates, is here re-published in its entirety, with a new index, as an appendix to a paper which explores its design and content, and the networks of collectors, many of them associated with the Antiquarian Society of Newcastle, whose treasures Scott illustrated. Scott is presented neither as a great scholar, nor as a pioneering archaeologist, but his book is a distinguished artefact in its own right and his choice of subjects has stood the test of time, as well as presenting a vivid reflection of the interests and activities of provincial antiquaries in the period after the coming of the railways and immediately before the Great Exhibition of 1851.
Impressed in Metal: the Seals of a Devon Tax Collector
Authors: Elizabeth  , Forrest Mark
Published: April 2011

With the exception of papal bullae and royal golden seals, metal seals were very rare in northern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern period. This paper explores a rare example of the use of lead as a medium into which to impress a seal, something that is not only of considerable interest in the context of medieval sigillography, but which provides an insight into the concerns and motives of an individual who in other circumstances would have remained an anonymous member of the Elizabethan gentry and county bureaucracy.
The Religion of William Stukeley
Authors: Hutton Ronald
Published: April 2011

During recent years a new consensus of opinion seems to have grown up concerning the career of the eighteenth-century antiquary William Stukeley: that his ideas underwent no significant alteration in the course of his adult life, and that Stuart Piggott's famous characterization of Stukeley — that he changed from an objective field archaeologist into a religious crank — was completely wrong. While there is much to commend this revisionist approach, it also presents certain difficulties. It fails to account for the apparent speed and drama of Stukeley's decision to seek ordination as an Anglican minister, or for pronounced differences in emphasis and tone between his earlier and later writings, and it fails to address some important textual difficulties in the dating and interpretation of his manuscript works. This paper is intended to address those problems. It examines the changes in his religious attitudes, and their implications for his scholarship, over the six decades in which he carried out antiquarian researches. In the process, it is intended to make a contribution to the cultural history of the eighteenth century, and also to the early story of the discipline of archaeology.
The Articulation of Rib Vaults in the Romanesque Parish Churches of England and Normandy
Authors: Hoey Lawrence R.
Published: April 2011

Rib vaults appear in English architecture at the end of the eleventh century and by the early part of the next had spread throughout most parts of the country and across the Channel into Normandy. Rib construction was pioneered by the builders of great churches, first apparently at Durham, and was then developed and elaborated at sites such as Winchester, Gloucester, Peterborough, Lessay, Saint-Etienne in Caen, and many others. Although it is impossible to pinpoint the precise moment, by the second quarter of the twelfth century ribs were also being constructed in smaller churches in many areas of England and Normandy. Anglo-Norman parish church masons might construct ribs under towers or in porches, but the majority of survivals are in chancels, where the presence of ribs was clearly the result of a desire to distinguish and embellish the functionally most important and most sacred part of the church.
The African Lords of the Intercontinental Gold Trade Before the Black Death: al-Hasan bin Sulaiman of Kilwa and Mansa Musa of Mali
Authors: Sutton J. E. G.
Published: April 2011

Where we are able to combine external sources of the ‘medieval’ period with local African ones – oral and linguistic, ethnographic and archaeological – we can begin to discern the place of Africa, or of parts of it, in world history. At the same time, we begin to gain chronological perceptions for regions where otherwise we are apt to fall back on synchronic notions of ‘traditional’ cultures and societies living as if in a permanent ethnographic present. The occasional allusion bearing a calendar date of universal applicability presses questions of correlation over broad distances, in a way that radiocarbon measurements (which we should hesitate to call ‘dates’) cannot do. Notwithstanding the importance of the latter technique for the study of the African Iron Age, the individual results are inherently imprecise (whether ‘calibrated’ or not) and, being run on specific samples, bear frequently an uncertain relationship to the historical event or episode in question.
Some Eighteenth Century Ferryhouses in Appin, Lorn, Argyll: the Development of the Single-Storeyed Mortared Stone Cottage in the West Highlands
Authors: MacKie Euan W.
Published: April 2011

The evolution of the single-storeyed mortared stone cottage in the western highlands of Scotland seems to mirror that of the upper strata of late seventeenth and eighteenth century clan society in the region, and in particular to reflect a little of the disintegration of that society after the two failed Stuart uprisings and its consequent gradual integration with the lowland economy. An analysis of the architectural history of the Ferry House (let to the ferryman as a combined inn and home for his family) at Port Appin provides a foundation for the survey. The earliest part of the building, probably thatched, may well date from the 1740s but already it had lintelled hearths with flues in each gable wall - a lowland urban feature. A major extension with a slate roof was built in about 1770 and the earlier part was probably also slated at this time and subdivided inside to provide rooms for wealthier guests. Thereafter only relatively minor internal improvements were made, in the newer half, until the early 1950s when piped water was introduced and a separate bathroom and kitchen built. The cottages were sold to incomers not long after.

A study of other ferries in the area confirms that mortared cottages almost identical to those in Port Appin, and in identical situations, are still to be found at two of these. The one on the south side of the abandoned Rugarve ferry over Loch Creran can also be dated to between about 1750 and 1770 from historical evidence. Also at Rugarve, on the north side, are the remains of a more primitive thatched drystone cottage, probably an early ferry house, which is smaller than the others and lacks hearths with chimneys.
The Economy of Dürrnberg-Bei-Hallein: An Iron Age Salt-mining Centre in the Austrian Alps
Authors: Stöllner Thomas , Aspöck Horst , Boenke Nicole , Dobiat Claus , Gawlick Hans-Jürgen , Waateringe Willy Groenman-van , Irlinger Walter , von Kurzynski Katharina , Lein Richard , Lobisser Wolfgang , Löcker Klaus , Megaw Vincent , Megaw Ruth , Morgan Graham , Pucher Erich , Sormaz Trivun
Published: April 2011

For the first time in English, we present a summary of the international programme of excavation work carried out between 1990 and 2001 in and around the Iron Age salt-mining complex of the Diirrnberg region, south of Salzburg. First we describe the results of excavation in the prehistoric adits, and of work to locate and survey associated settlements. This is followed by a series of specialist reports embracing floral and faunal remains, palaeodiet and parasitology, leather and woodworking and other crafts. The evidence suggests that a complex inter-relationship existed between the Diirrnberg and other communities in the Alpine foreland. It is assumed that the Diirrnberg was under the control of an elite – perhaps a local dynasty whose wealth is reflected in the graves.
The Congresbury Carvings – An Eleventh-century Saint's Shrine?
Authors: Oakes Catherine M , Costen Michael
Published: April 2011

The discovery of a small group of sculpted fragments at Congresbury in Somerset seven years ago set in motion a period of research, reflection and analysis that has given rise to this paper. It opens with an account of the circumstances of their discovery and a description of their appearance. Then follows a proposed date and provenance. It is suggested that the quality of the sculptures and the evident scale of the monument to which they once belonged indicate a structure and a site of high status, possibly the shrine of the Welsh missionary saint Cyngar, whose cult enjoyed some popularity in the high and late Middle Ages. A review of the history of the site and evidence from its placename and from archaeological investigations corroborate this thesis.

The style of the sculptures when compared with dated manuscript illuminations and with sculptural fragments surviving from Anglo-Saxon Wessex is in line with a late tenth- to mid-eleventh-century dating. The historical circumstances of Congresbury at this time further suggest that this date may be narrowed down to the period between 1033 and 1060. The original structure of the shrine to which the fragments may have belonged is considered in the light of contemporary documentary evidence and research carried out on the remains of comparable shrine structures.
Queen Elizabeth's Coaches: The Wardrobe on Wheels
Authors: Munby Julian
Published: April 2011

The origins of the coach in England have never been clearly documented, but the very complete records of the royal wardrobe in the reign of Queen Elizabeth reveal her part in their introduction, and the extent of her lavish expenditure on the creation and repair of coaches from 1564 until her death four hundred years ago. Detailed descriptions of eleven new coaches, and the repairs to a number of gifts from her courtiers, record the astonishing richness and quality of these machines. This suggests that the furnishings, decoration and trappings of both horse and carriage were both an extension of the queen's costume, and also a significant part of the public persona of the monarch.
The Will and Probate Inventory of John Holmes (d 1629): Instrumental Music at Salisbury and Winchester Cathedrals Revisited
Authors: Payne Ian
Published: April 2011

The recent discovery of probate material relating to John Holmes (d 1629), a provincial Jacobean cathedral organist and composer, provides three valuable references to the use of musical instruments at Salisbury Cathedral before the Civil War. These prove that the Choristers' House, where Holmes lived, contained in 1629 a consort of viols, with other (unspecified) instruments, four virginals and an organ. This evidence, though fragmentary and circumstantial, may be read in the context of what is known about the practice of instrumental music in other English cathedrals. The references can then be used to support three generally accepted theses: first, that viols were used for teaching purposes (and possibly also in a flourishing adult musical circle centred on Salisbury Cathedral, for which there is strong circumstantial evidence), rather than in liturgical contexts; second, that sackbutts and cornetts most probably doubled the voices in the choir; and third, that the organ remained the principal instrument of choral accompaniment even in the first decade of the Restoration period. Holmes had previously served as organist and master of the choristers at Winchester Cathedral, where there is also circumstantial evidence of viol-teaching activity since 1618, where wind instruments were employed (probably liturgically) in the sixteenth century, and where Holmes may have composed at least one piece of instrumental consort music, most probably for teaching purposes.
Three Tudor Silver Dress-Hooks
Authors: Thornton Dora , Mitchell David
Published: April 2011

Since the Treasure Act (1996) came into force in England and Wales, museums have been able to acquire whole new categories of artefacts. One such category consists of sixteenth-century silver and silver-gilt dress-hooks, which have until now been poorly represented in public collections. In volume 82 of the Antiquaries Journal, Gaimster, Hayward, Mitchell and Parker presented a classification of these ornamental hooks and, through analysis of contemporary inventories and documents, suggested how they were used. In this note, the authors publish three further finds, two recently acquired by the British Museum for its type series, and a further hook, one of only two so far recorded to feature a maker's mark.
Problems of the Urbanization of Pompeii: Excavations 1980–1981
Authors: Arthur Paul
Published: April 2011

Excavations conducted in 1980–81 for the Soprintendenza Archeologica at Pompeii, by the writer, revealed considerable information about conditions in and around the forum from the sixth century B.C. onwards. The results are briefly described and used to indicate hypotheses as to the development of the site. Already in the sixth century the whole 63 ha. appear to have been enclosed by a wall circuit. It is argued that the enceinte may have protected a port of trade sited at a threshold point between Greek, Etruscan and indigenous culture systems, and that the forum area, also possibly enclosed or demarcated, represented the site of formal market activity.

Towards the close of the fourth century, in a changed political milieu, the fortifications were strengthened and evidence of Black Glaze kiln waste indicates the production of consumer commodities, taking the site a stage further from the simple agricultural and market centre suggested. However, it is not until the late third or second century, with its involvement in the ever more complex and expanding Mediterranean market system, that the evidence is clear enough to allow for the application of the term town to the site.
A Thirteenth-Century Hall at Montfort Castle in Western Galilee
Authors: Pringle R. Denys , Leach Peter E.
Published: April 2011

An isolated building in the Wadi al-Qarn below the castle of Montfort has attracted the attention of travellers for over two centuries. Various explanations have been suggested for it. A detailed survey, however, carried out in September 1982, now allows its character to be understood more fully than hitherto. It is suggested that the earliest part of the structure was a mill-house, associated witha masonry dam built across the valley. This phase may be dated to the twelfth or thirteenth century before 1228, when it is possible to identify it with a mill dependent on the village of Trefile, which belonged at that date to the Teutonic Order. The second phase represents a domestic hall, built over the top of the mill-house, which then went out of use. The hall's architecture and masonry marks allow it to be associated with a later phase of the castle itself, datable to some period between 1229 and 1266. It is suggested that it was a guest house, dependent on the castle of the Teutonic Knights, and intended for the use of important secular or ecclesiastical visitors and their households.
Kelmscott: Exoticism and a Philip Webb Chair
Authors: Dufty A. R.
Published: April 2011

The evidence is here reviewed from which to conclude that a chair now at Kelmscott Manor was designed by Philip Webb and exhibited in the Mediaeval Court at the 1862 International Exhibition in London, despite the fact that it has nothing stylistically medieval about it. Analysis of the design does, however, suggest the assimilation of older Egyptian and Japanese ideas and thus that the chair in 1862 was considered derivative.
Antiquarianism and Prehistory in West Mediterranean Islands
Authors: Leighton Robert
Published: April 2011

In the West Mediterranean islands before the mid-nineteenth century, discoveries of fossil bones, prehistoric deposits in caves and megalithic monuments stimulated ideas about the remote past, as in other parts of Europe where similar phenomena were observed. Many of these ideas were characteristic of a pre-scientific age and their sources are sometimes obscure. Their inspiration can often be traced to the Bible, classical texts, folklore, as well as to advances in palaeontology and direct observation of antiquities. The study of fossils and prehistoric remains progressed gradually, following a similar pattern elsewhere. Two lines of enquiry emerged, one closely linked with progress in the natural sciences and the other concerned with ancient monuments and the background to the classical world.
The Excavation of an Early Bronze Age Settlement at St. Veit-Klinglberg, Land Salzburg, Austria: An Interim Report
Authors: Shennan Stephen J.
Published: April 2011

Since 1985 a team under the direction of the author has been carrying out excavations at the site of St. Veit-Klinglberg, Land Salzburg, Austria (see map, fig. 1). This interim report gives an account of the background to the work and the results so far obtained, and outlines current hypotheses concerning the site's function and significance. One more season of work is planned, but more importantly the analysis of the material from the excavation is still only at a very preliminary stage.
The Original Owner of the Fitzwarin Psalter
Authors: Rogers Nicholas
Published: April 2011

The Fitzwarin Psalter (Paris, B.N. MS lat. 765) is one of the most striking English manuscripts of the fourteenth century. Its miniatures are characterized by bold compositional experiment and a mannered figure style of extreme emotional intensity. The conventional name of the manuscript derives from the presence of two shields in the lower border of the Beatus page (fol. 23), which were identified by Francis Wormald as those of the families of Fitzwarin and Clevedon. But he was unable to find any evidence connecting the two families by marriage. He dated the Psalter to the third quarter of the century, and in this has been followed by Lucy Sandler. However, in an important study of the Fitzwarin Psalter and related manuscripts, Lynda Dennison demonstrated that, for stylistic reasons, the Psalter (with the exception of a bifolium, fols. 21-22) must be dated to the mid-1340s. This redating prompts a re-examination of the question of the identity of the original owner.
More Bone Couches
Authors: Nicholls R. V.
Published: April 2011

This paper publishes some Roman bone carvings in the Fitzwilliam Museum collected by Sir Henry Wellcome and given by the Wellcome Trustees in 1982–3. All seem to be from or associated with a range of elaborate couches produced in Italy in Republican and Early Imperial times and found in burials there and in the provinces. They have come to the Fitzwilliam largely because of that museum's earlier initiative in restoring such a couch, described by the author in Archaeologia 106 (1979), 1–32.
English Manuscript Art in the Mid-Eleventh Century: The Decorative Tradition
Authors: Gameson Richard
Published: April 2011

This article provides a critical survey of English manuscript art (in its broadest sense) of the periodc.1030–c.1080, paying particular attention to decorative features and general design. Consideration is first given to the circumstances, distribution, context and main types of decorated book production. The corpus of relevant extant material is then analysed in terms of its continuities with, its development of, and its departures from, the traditions of the previous generations. Finally, one representative aspect of the influence of Anglo-Saxon manuscript art in this period on the work of Continental scriptoria is explored.
The First and Second Churches of San Marco Reconsidered
Authors: Mainstone Rowland
Published: April 2011

That the present San Marco (fig. 1) either incorporates substantial remains of earlier structures or has had its design constrained by structures no longer extant can hardly be doubted. This much is obvious even from the ground plan, especially at the ends of the north and south transepts. Further anomalies apparent in the building itself also suggest that it is not all of a piece. Setting aside obvious later changes that have not affected the basic form, they include the existence of pointed arcades alongside semicircular ones and the curious way in which the barrel vaults to the north and south of the eastern dome oversail the side chapels.
A New Architectural Survey of Qaṣr Burquʽ, Eastern Jordan
Authors: Helms Svend
Published: April 2011

Qaṣr Burqu⃓ is one of the most remote of the Jordanian so-called ‘desert castles’ (quṣūr) of the early Islamic period: it lies some 200km east of⃓Ammān (figs. 1–4). However, it is neither a castle, nor is it in the desert, rather it represents a variety of building types and lies in the dry steppe (areas receiving less than 100mm of rainfall per annum) of the bādiyat al-šām (literally, the steppe lands of Damascus). Furthermore, most of the architectural elements are not necessarily attributable to the early Islamic period, namely the Umayyad Caliphate of the seventh and eighth centuries, despite a ‘building’ inscription (E4: see below, pp. 206–7) of Walīd b. ‘Abd’l-Malik (Caliph AD 705–15), dated AD 700 (H. 81). Rather, the various architectural entities at the site, and their use, span the time from about the third-fourth (probably a little later) to the eighth centuries AD. This time range and the Qaṣr's remote location are significant in relation to the political and economic history of the Near East, particularly in regard of nomad-state relations across the verdant-steppic interface. The time range of the various constructions includes the period following the dissolution of thelimes arabicuswhich had been extensively refurbished and augmented under Diocletian and later under Justinian in the third and sixth centuries AD. Many of the more remote erstwhile fortlets, forts and legionary fortresses were colonized by villagers and nomads, as well as monks and pious hermits. Between the fourth and sixth centuries (particularly in the sixth century under the Ghassānids), purpose-built monasteries and ‘residences’ for hermits were established throughout greater Syria, some of them far out in the steppe. The military station at Nemāras about 80km to the north-east of Qaṣr Burqu⃓, for example, may have become one of several centres, functioning as aπαƍεμβολή νομάδονof the Lakhmids in the region, under the leadership of Imru'l-Qays who was called ‘king of the Arabs’ and who was buried there in AD 328. Places like Qaṣr Burqu⃓ and Deir al-Kinn, on the other hand, may have been founded or re-established as monasteries.
Verb placement in second language acquisition: Experimental evidence for the different behavior of auxiliary and lexical verbs
Authors: VERHAGEN JOSJE
Published: April 2011

This study investigates the acquisition of verb placement by Moroccan and Turkish second language (L2) learners of Dutch. Elicited production data corroborate earlier findings from L2 German that learners who do not produce auxiliaries do not raise lexical verbs over negation, whereas learners who produce auxiliaries do. Data from elicited imitation and sentence matching support this pattern and show that learners can have grammatical knowledge of auxiliary placement before they can produce auxiliaries. With lexical verbs, they do not show such knowledge. These results present further evidence for the different behavior of auxiliary and lexical verbs in early stages of L2 acquisition.
I.—Belgic and Roman Silchester: the Excavations of 1954–8 with an Excursus on the Early History of Calleva
Authors: Boon George C.
Published: April 2011

The excavations were undertaken by the Silchester Excavation Committee supported by donations from public and private bodies and from individuals and by permission of the Duke of Wellington, K.G., F.S.A. Their purpose was the investigation of (a) a previously unsuspected polygonal enclosure of about 85 acres, here named the Inner Earthwork, which lay partly inside and partly outside the line of the familiar Roman town wall; and (b) a western extension to the known line of the Outer Earthwork, which increased the size of this enclosure from about 213 to 233 acres. With the assistance of the Ordnance Survey, the aerial traces of these earthworks, first observed and recorded by Dr. J. K. St. Joseph, F.S.A., were confirmed and extended by field-work and excavation, and have been planned as appears on pl. I.

The excavations showed that the Inner Earthwork was a defence of Gaulish ‘Fécamp’ type, and that it was erected, on the south, over an area of late pre-Roman occupation, the first clearly identified at Calleva Atrebatum, but one with strong ‘Catuvellaunian’ influences in its pottery-series. It is claimed that the Inner Earthwork was constructed by the client King Cogidubnus in or shortly after A.D. 43–4, as the defence of this, the most important settlement in the north-west of his dominions. It is further suggested that the Inner Earthwork was replaced by the Outer Earthwork also during the reign of Cogidubnus.

The excursus attempts to collate with the results of excavation the earlier discoveries of pre-Conquest material. The total evidence is finally related to the Belgico-Roman topography of Silchester and its neighbourhood, within the historical framework of the century and a half which separated the arrival of the earliest Belgic immigrants in the region from the death of Cogidubnus and the consequent emergence of the Roman Civitas Atrebatum.
II.—The Medieval Pottery Kilns at Laverstock, near Salisbury, Wiltshire
Authors: Musty John , Algar D. J. , Ewence P. F.
Published: April 2011

This medieval industry was operating one mile south-east of Salisbury at Nat. Grid Ref. SU/160298 (fig. 1). It lay in the Royal Forest of Clarendon, within which there are other hints of the medieval pottery industry. Medieval sherds from Laverstock were first reported by Mr. Frank Stevens in 1940 and in 1955 further finds made during levelling of land formerly used as allotments and from road work were brought into Salisbury Museum. The site was then examined, revealing a twelfth-century cesspit and two pits with pottery wasters of the thirteenth century (one associated with what is now identified as a potters' workshop) but still no kilns. The first kiln was found on a new road line in 1958 and further investigation was aided by a grant from the Ministry of Public Building and Works. During six months trial trenches were opened over 1½ acres; six kilns, two buildings, and eighteen pits (some of them twelfth century) were excavated. Another kiln was found in 1960, and two more in 1963 when a bank at the edge of Duck Lane was levelled, making nine kilns in all. Some were stratigraphically interrelated, and were also in sequence with some pits.
III.—The Painted Glass of All Saints’ Church, North Street, York
Authors: Gee E. A.
Published: April 2011

The painted glass at All Saints', North Street, York, is exceptional even in York, and although that of the fourteenth century in two of the windows (II, VIII), is not outstanding, the early fifteenth-century glass is of very high quality. The Prick of Conscience window (III), is unique, and the theme of the Corporal Acts of Mercy, window IV, is rare. The whole medieval body of glass was limited to the church which existed before the penultimate bay, and the tower and the aisles on either side of it, were added by c. 1450. Windows which replaced the previous doorways in the fourth bay, on either side, contained plain glass in the later Middle Ages.
VI.—Royal Sergeants-at-Arms and the Royal Maces
Authors: Sitwell H. D. W.
Published: April 2011

The local government in this country and most countries in Europe is carried out by Corporations of Cities and Boroughs, the head of which is a mayor or corresponding official. One of the most important duties of local government is the preservation of law and order, and for this purpose, in former times, the mayor was usually authorized by charter to enlist men or ‘sergeants’ as they were called, later to be called ‘sergeants-at-mace’. These men were armed with a mace which was both a weapon and a staff of office. Originally a weapon only, it was later replaced by a ceremonial equivalent. There was usually also, from the fourteenth century and probably earlier, a ‘Great’ or mayor's mace, carried by the mace-bearer, usually a sergeant, which represented the authority of the mayor and was carried before him on formal occasions. Both of these types of mace exist in their ceremonial form today and are carried on formal occasions, although the sergeant's former duties have to a great extent now been taken over by the police. The sergeant's maces are small, averaging about one pound: the mayor's are larger, usually about ten pounds. The powers of these sergeants were, of course, limited to within the boundary of the city or borough to which they belonged.
VIII. A Technical Note on some of the Armour of King Henry VIII and his Contemporaries
Authors: Williams A. R.
Published: April 2011

Some of the most famous armours in the Tower of London Armouries are those which belonged to Henry VIII, who came to the throne in 1509. Although there had been an Armourers’ Company in London since the fourteenth century all Englishmen who could afford it bought their armour from the great continental centres of production such as Augsburg, Nuremberg, and Milan. At the commencement of his reign Henry had to obtain his fine armour from the Continent, notably from the Emperor Maximilian (emp. 1493, d. 1519) who, in 1514, presented him with three armours made in Innsbruck by Conrad Seusenhofer whom Maximilian had induced to migrate from Augsburg in 1504. The helmet with ram's-horns and grotesque mask (IV. 22) is, it has been suggested, a survival of one of these Seusenhofer armours.
I. Swords and Sequence in the British Bronze Age
Authors: Brown M. A.
Published: April 2011

British and continental archaeologists alike have long been beholden to J. D. Cowen for his interpretation of the bronze sword in Europe. His identification in 1951 of Hemigkofen and Erbenheim types among South GermanGriffzungenschwerter, his recognition that these forms were basic to all subsequent sword development in the British Isles, and his dating of them to the Hallstatt A (Ha A) Urnfield phase have remained crucial in any interpretation of the British Late Bronze Age. All will regret that his illness and death prevented his intended presentation of the complete sword series from this country, illuminated as it would have been by his perception. A corpus of British bronze swords is, however, known to be in preparation elsewhere. Meantime, an archive of Cowen papers and photographs has been deposited in the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. The present study based on these (though not always following Mr. Cowen's classifications) attempts a preliminary discussion of the earlier swords he assembled from Britain (excluding Ireland), about which relatively little has yet been published. The work stems from the generosity of Mr. Cowen and his family, in opening the archive for research.
III. Anglo-Saxon Button Brooches
Authors: Avent Richard , Evison Vera I.
Published: April 2011

The term button brooch has been used to describe a variety of different types of small circular Anglo-Saxon brooches. In the past, these have been generally dated to the period beginning in the late fifth century and continuing through to the middle of the sixth. In this paper the term will have a rather more restricted use and apply only to those small saucer-shaped brooches whose main area of ornament consists of a representation of the human face and any other brooches which seem to be derived from this main type. One hundred and eighteen brooches fit into this definition although it has only been possible to examine personally one hundred and six of these. One brooch from Mucking (22.5) was cast in silver before being gilded, otherwise all the brooches were cast in bronze, presumably in a two-piece mould and, with one or two exceptions, were then gilded. The hinge-lug and catchplate were cast in one with the rest of the brooch and the majority of surviving pins indicate that these were made of iron, although six bronze examples have also survived. With the exception of one brooch, the catch section of the catchplate was always bent over in the same direction; to the right if the brooch is placed facedown and turned so that the catch is at the top and the hinge-lug at the bottom. The exception is a brooch from Collingbourne Ducis (11.1) where the turn is to the left.
IV. The Sanctuary Ring of Durham Cathedral
Authors: Geddes Jane
Published: April 2011

The sanctuary ring on the north door of Durham Cathedral is one of the most striking achievements of Romanesque bronze casting. In 1977 concern for its safety was expressed by the cathedral authorities and the decision was eventually taken to remove the familiar animal head and replace it with a copy. There was no evidence on the door that the ring had ever been removed previously and so, for the first time, it was possible to give the ring a thorough examination in laboratory conditions. Preliminary metallurgical tests were carried out in the Victoria and Albert Museum while the British Museum was responsible for making the cast (see Appendix). The original is now displayed in the Durham Cathedral treasury while a copy hangs on the door.
V. The Talbot Casket and Related Late Medieval Leather Caskets
Authors: Cherry J.
Published: April 2011

Late medieval wooden caskets decorated with leather have attracted much greater attention in Germany and Belgium than in England. The Spitzer collection is one of the first that included examples of them, and the first major survey that mentioned them was that of Dr. H. Kohlhausen in 1926. His discussion ofMinnekästchen, the romantic name given in the nineteenth century to caskets with secular subjects, included both caskets of wood alone and wood covered with leather. He discussed leather caskets now in the Deutsches Ledermuseum at Offenbach and in the Cluny Museum, Paris but, since he was solely concerned with secular iconography, he did not discuss other leather caskets whose style and technique indicated that they had a related origin. The whole group of leather caskets, including the two already mentioned and also caskets at Lucca and in the collection of Mr. Robert Martin on loan to the Cloisters, New York, was first discussed as a whole by Dr. G. Gall in his magisterial survey of European leatherwork. He assigned the Offenbach and Cloisters caskets to northern France or Flanders in the second half of the fourteenth century and the Lucca casket to Northern France or Flanders around 1400. Earlier in 1952 Mme A. M. Marien Dugardin reviewed the evidence for a number of leather caskets mainly in Belgium museums but including the example in the Cluny Museum and concluded from their use of Flemish for the inscriptions around their lids that they were Flemish in origin. In 1975 Mr. H. Bober discussed the Martin casket on loan to the Cloisters and concluded that it was of Flemish origin and dated to about 1400 or slightly earlier. In contradiction to the previously expressed views R. Didier in 1978, in the catalogue of the exhibition Die Parler und der Schöne Stil, discussing the lid of a casket preserved at Nivelles rejected a Flemish origin for the group and suggested that the caskets found an origin in the French sphere of influence, probably in Paris. This article will see how far the casket recently acquired by the British Museum (pis. xxviii-xxxina) relates to these caskets and will review the evidence for its place of production.