bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Cultural Property to Cultural Data: The Multiple Dimensions of “Ownership” in a Global Digital Age
Authors: Silberman Neil Asher
Published: December 2014

The global digital environment and the continuous expansion of digital information about cultural property necessitate a reevaluation of John Henry Merryman’s tripartite typology of cultural property ideals. Merryman put forth those ideals, namely 1.) ensuring the physical preservation of cultural property, 2.) protecting its even-handed interpretation, and 3.) offering public access to cultural property, as the main bases for the settlement of international cultural property disputes. However, new questions have arisen about the status of cultural property in an era when detailed virtual copies of cultural property are instantaneously available. For example, to what extent is digitized cultural property data should itself be regarded as cultural property? This paper will address some of the ethical issues related to the physical preservation, interpretation, and access to this digitized cultural property data. It will conclude with an examination of another type of cultural heritage data: the increasing use of behavioral data about cultural property consumers and audiences as a marketing tool by cultural institutions. This ominous new turn in the commodification of cultural property, it will be suggested, identifies items of cultural significance not only as objects of ownership and sale, but also as a marketable entertainment experience.
Noninvasive Assessment of Arterial Compliance of Human Cerebral Arteries with Short Inversion Time Arterial Spin Labeling
Authors: Warnert Esther AH , Murphy Kevin , Hall Judith E , Wise Richard G
Published: December 2014

A noninvasive method of assessing cerebral arterial compliance (AC) is introduced in which arterial spin labeling (ASL) is used to measure changes in arterial blood volume (aBV) occurring within the cardiac cycle. Short inversion time pulsed ASL (PASL) was performed in healthy volunteers with inversion times ranging from 250 to 850 ms. A model of the arterial input function was used to obtain the cerebral aBV. Results indicate that aBV depends on the cardiac phase of the arteries in the imaging volume. Cerebral AC, estimated from aBV and brachial blood pressure measured noninvasively in systole and diastole, was assessed in the flow territories of the basal cerebral arteries originating from the circle of Willis: right and left middle cerebral arteries (RMCA and LMCA), right and left posterior cerebral arteries (RPCA and LPCA), and the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). Group average AC values calculated for the RMCA, LMCA, ACA, RPCA, and LPCA were 0.56%±0.2%, 0.50%±0.3%, 0.4%±0.2%, 1.1%±0.5%, and 1.1%±0.3% per mm Hg, respectively. The current experiment has shown the feasibility of measuring AC of cerebral arteries with short inversion time PASL.
Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Impedance and Wave Reflection in Mouse by Ultrasound
Authors: Macgowan Christopher K , Stoops Sarah Joy , Zhou Yu-Qing , Cahill Lindsay S , Sled John G
Published: December 2014

Genetic and surgical mouse models are commonly used to study cerebrovascular disease, but their size makes invasive hemodynamic testing technically challenging. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate a noninvasive measurement of cerebrovascular impedance and wave reflection in mice using high-frequency ultrasound in the left common carotid artery (LCCA), and to examine whether microvascular changes associated with hypercapnia could be detected with such an approach. Ten mice (C57BL/6J) were studied using a high-frequency ultrasound system (40 MHz). Lumen area and blood flow waveforms were obtained from the LCCA and used to calculate pulse-wave velocity, input impedance, and reflection amplitude and transit time under both normocapnic and hypercapnic (5% CO2) ventilation. With hypercapnia, vascular resistance was observed to decrease by 87%±12%. Although the modulus of input impedance was unchanged with hypercapnia, a phase decrease indicative of increased total arterial compliance was observed at low harmonics together with an increased reflection coefficient in both the time (0.57±0.08 versus 0.68±0.08, P=0.04) and frequency domains (0.62±0.08 versus 0.73±0.06, P=0.02). Interestingly, the majority of LCCA blood flow was found to pass into the internal carotid artery (range=76% to 90%, N=3), suggesting that hemodynamic measurements in this vessel are a good metric for intracerebral reactivity in mouse.
Ferrets exclusively synthesize Neu5Ac and express naturally humanized influenza A virus receptors
Authors: Ng Preston S.K. , Böhm Raphael , Hartley-Tassell Lauren E. , Steen Jason A. , Wang Hui , Lukowski Samuel W. , Hawthorne Paula L. , Trezise Ann E.O. , Coloe Peter J. , Grimmond Sean M. , Haselhorst Thomas , von Itzstein Mark , Paton Adrienne W. , Paton James C. , Jennings Michael P.
Published: December 2014

Mammals express the sialic acids N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) on cell surfaces, where they act as receptors for pathogens, including influenza A virus (IAV). Neu5Gc is synthesized from Neu5Ac by the enzyme cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH). In humans, this enzyme is inactive and only Neu5Ac is produced. Ferrets are susceptible to human-adapted IAV strains and have been the dominant animal model for IAV studies. Here we show that ferrets, like humans, do not synthesize Neu5Gc. Genomic analysis reveals an ancient, nine-exon deletion in the ferret CMAH gene that is shared by the Pinnipedia and Musteloidia members of the Carnivora. Interactions between two human strains of IAV with the sialyllactose receptor (sialic acid—α2,6Gal) confirm that the type of terminal sialic acid contributes significantly to IAV receptor specificity. Our results indicate that exclusive expression of Neu5Ac contributes to the susceptibility of ferrets to human-adapted IAV strains.
Extraction of fatty compounds from fingerprints for GCMS analysis
Authors: Cadd S. J. , Mota L. , Werkman D. , Islam M. , Zuidberg M. , de Puit M.
Published: December 2014

We present a two step method to obtain a broad spectrum of sebaceous materials from fingerprints in high yields with good reproducibility.
Degeneracy in cryptophane–xenon complex formation in aqueous solution
Authors: Korchak Sergey , Kilian Wolfgang , Mitschang Lorenz
Published: December 2014

Degenerate exchange prevails in the cryptophane-A–xenon host–guest system in aqueous solution.
Extinction measurements for optical band gap determination of soot in a series of nitrogen-diluted ethylene/air non-premixed flames
Authors: Adkins Erin M. , Miller J. Houston
Published: December 2014

The critical PAH size for particle inception in the soot formation mechanism has been defined by correlating the experimentally determined optical band gap with calculated HOMO–LUMO gaps for a range of pericondensed PAHs. The observed optical band gap is consistent with a PAH of about 14 rings.
Radical anionic versus neutral 2,2′-bipyridyl coordination in uranium complexes supported by amide and ketimide ligands
Authors: Diaconescu Paula L. , Cummins Christopher C.
Published: December 2014

A series of 2,2′-bipyridyl uranium complexes shows that bipy is found as a radical anion or a neutral ligand such that uranium is in the +4 oxidation state.
A significant enhancement of water vapour uptake at low pressure by amine-functionalization of UiO-67
Authors: Ko Nakeun , Hong Jisu , Sung Siyoung , Cordova Kyle E. , Park Hye Jeong , Yang Jin Kuk , Kim Jaheon
Published: December 2014

The functionalization of the metal–organic framework, UiO-67, with –NH2 groups is proven effective for increasing the water uptake capacity at low relative pressure at 298 K.
Technetium-99m and rhenium-188 complexes with one and two pendant bisphosphonate groups for imaging arterial calcification
Authors: Bordoloi Jayanta Kumar , Berry David , Khan Irfan Ullah , Sunassee Kavitha , de Rosales Rafael Torres Martin , Shanahan Catherine , Blower Philip J.
Published: December 2014

The synthesis of the first technetium-99m and rhenium-188 complexes with two pendant bisphosphonate groups is described, along with their in vivo use in imaging the skeleton and arterial calcification.
In situ synthesized 3D heterometallic metal–organic framework (MOF) as a high-energy-density material shows high heat of detonation, good thermostability and insensitivity
Authors: Feng Yaya , Liu Xiangyu , Duan Linqiang , Yang Qi , Wei Qing , Xie Gang , Chen Sanping , Yang Xuwu , Gao Shengli
Published: December 2014

A 3D heterometallic metal–organic framework has been synthesized in situ using Mtta formed from acetonitrile and azide, and structurally characterized.
Binary lanthanide(iii)/nitrate and ternary lanthanide(iii)/nitrate/chloride complexes in an ionic liquid containing water: optical absorption and luminescence studies
Authors: Ansari Seraj A. , Liu Lisheng , Rao Linfeng
Published: December 2014

Thermodynamic and spectroscopic data indicate that nitrate and chloride are stronger ligands than water for lanthanides in water saturated BumimTf2N.
Preparation of 1-methyl-3-phenylisoquinoline derivatives from oximes using polyphosphoric esters
Authors: Niemczak Michał , Czerniak Kamil , Kopczyński Tomasz
Published: December 2014

1-Methyl-3-phenylisoquinoline derivatives were synthesized with high efficiency from oximesviaBeckmann rearrangement, isomerization and condensation, all promoted by polyphosphate ester.
Binding modes of a core-extended metalloporphyrin to human telomeric DNA G-quadruplexes
Authors: Rubio-Magnieto Jenifer , Di Meo Florent , Lo Mamadou , Delcourt Cécile , Clément Sébastien , Norman Patrick , Richeter Sébastien , Linares Mathieu , Surin Mathieu
Published: December 2014

A novel π-extended NiII-porphyrin shows a high selectivity towards human telomeric G-quadruplexes.
Understanding the domino reaction between 3-chloroindoles and methyl coumalate yielding carbazoles. A DFT study
Authors: Domingo Luis R. , Sáez José A. , Emamian Saeed R.
Published: December 2014

The elimination of HCl and CO2 in the corresponding cycloadducts makes the unfavourable polar Diels–Alder reaction of 3-chloroindole irreversible.
Biofixation of a high-concentration of carbon dioxide using a deep-sea bacterium: Sulfurovum lithotrophicum 42BKTT
Authors: Kwon Hyuk-Sung , Lee Jae-Hyuk , Kim Taekyung , Kim Jae-Jeong , Jeon Philip , Lee Chang-Ha , Ahn Ik-Sung
Published: December 2014

Biological conversion of high-concentration CO2in the emission gases using a deep-sea sulfur oxidizing bacterium.
A first principles study of H2S adsorption and decomposition on a Ge(100) surface
Authors: Teng Tsung-Fan , Nachimuthu Santhanamoorthi , Hung Wei-Hsiu , Jiang Jyh-Chiang
Published: December 2014

We employed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine the adsorption configurations and possible reaction paths for H2S on a Ge(100) surface.
A practical, catalytic and selective deprotection of a Boc group in N,N′-diprotected amines using iron(iii)-catalysis
Authors: López-Soria Juan M. , Pérez Sixto J. , Hernández J. Nicolás , Ramírez Miguel A. , Martín Víctor S. , Padrón Juan I.
Published: December 2014

A selective, catalytic and practical method for removing a Boc group from several N,N′-diprotected amino acids and amine derivatives using iron(iii) salts as sustainable catalysts is described.
Covalent triazine-based framework as an efficient catalyst support for ammonia decomposition
Authors: Chang Fei , Guo Jianping , Wu Guotao , Liu Lin , Zhang Miao , He Teng , Wang Peikun , Yu Pei , Chen Ping
Published: December 2014

Covalent triazine-based framework supported Ru nanoparticles show enhanced performance for ammonia decomposition comparing with the benchmark Ru/CNTs.
Selective thioacylation of amines in water: a convenient preparation of secondary thioamides and thiazolines
Authors: Pathak Uma , Bhattacharyya Shubhankar , Mathur Sweta
Published: December 2014

Preparation of secondary thioamides and thiazolines via formation of β-hydroxythioamides from primary thioamides and aminoethanol in water.
Electrochemical detection of N-homocysteinylated BSA in the fetal bovine serum medium
Authors: Eksin Ece , Erdem Arzum
Published: December 2014

The immobilization of bovine serum albumin (BSA), homocysteine-thiolactone (HTL) andN-homocysteinylated BSA (N-Hcy-BSA) onto the surface of each PGE was performed by passive adsorption and the electrochemical detection of these components was investigated individually.
Al-doped LiMn2O4 single crystalline nanorods with enhanced elevated-temperature electrochemical performance via a template-engaged method as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Zhan Dan , Liang Ying , Cui Ping , Xiao Zuoan
Published: December 2014

Highly crystalline Al-doped LiMn2O4 nanorods shows capacity retention ratio of 70% with 3 C current rate at 50 °C, maintaining the spinel structure and the nanorod morphology with highly crystallinity after 500 discharge/charge cycles.
Oxidation- and thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) hydrogels cross-linked via diselenides for controlled drug delivery
Authors: Cheng Xinfeng , Jin Yong , Sun Tongbing , Qi Rui , Fan Baozhu , Li Hanping
Published: December 2014

A novel diselenide crosslinked poly(NIPAM-co-HEA) hydrogel was successfully synthesized, which exhibits a dual-stimuli-responsive drug release behaviors,i.e., thermo-induced slow sustained release and oxidation-induced quick burst release.
Function of substituents in coordination behaviour, thermolysis and ligand crossover reactions of phosphine oxides
Authors: Pavankumar B. B. , Goud E. Veerashekhar , Selvakumar R. , Kumar S. K. Ashok , Sivaramakrishna Akella , Vijayakrishna Kari , Rao C. V. S. Brahmananda , Sabharwal K. N. , Jha Prakash C.
Published: December 2014

Some selected aminophosphine oxides (AmPOs) and their corresponding La(iii) and Th(iv) complexes are synthesized and analyzed by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 31P{1H}-NMR, elemental analysis and TGA data.
On the structure of the Nx phase of symmetric dimers: inferences from NMR
Authors: Hoffmann Anke , Vanakaras Alexandros G. , Kohlmeier Alexandra , Mehl Georg H. , Photinos Demetri J.
Published: December 2014

NMR measurements of the LC dimer CB-C9-CB show that the low temperature nematic phase has a uniformly oriented director.
The effect of oxygen induced degradation on charge carrier dynamics in P3HT:PCBM and Si-PCPDTBT:PCBM thin films and solar cells
Authors: Karuthedath Safakath , Sauermann Tobias , Egelhaaf Hans-Joachim , Wannemacher Reinhold , Brabec Christoph J. , Lüer Larry
Published: December 2014

Photooxidation of organic solar cells reduces charge extraction rates more strongly than recombination rates, thus causing electrical performance loss.
pH- and redox-triggered synergistic controlled release of a ZnO-gated hollow mesoporous silica drug delivery system
Authors: Wu Shanshan , Huang Xuan , Du Xuezhong
Published: December 2014

Hollow mesoporous silica spheres gated with ZnO quantum dots via covalent linkages containing disulfide bonds were constructed for the controlled release of drugs in response to pH and disulfide reducing agents.
Evidence for a General Auditory Processing Deficit in Developmental Dyslexia From a Discrimination Paradigm Using Speech Versus Nonspeech Sounds Matched in Complexity
Authors: Christmann Corinna A. , Lachmann Thomas , Steinbrink Claudia
Published: December 2014

Purpose

It is unknown whether phonological deficits are the primary cause of developmental dyslexia or whether they represent a secondary symptom resulting from impairments in processing basic acoustic parameters of speech. This might be due, in part, to methodological difficulties. Our aim was to overcome two of these difficulties: the comparability of stimulus material and task in speech versus nonspeech conditions.

Method

In this study, the authors (a) assessed auditory processing of German vowel center stimuli, spectrally rotated versions of these stimuli, and bands of formants; (b) used the same task for linguistic and nonlinguistic conditions; and (c) varied systematically temporal and spectral parameters inherent in the German vowel system. Forty-two adolescents and adults with and without reading disabilities participated.

Results

Group differences were found for all linguistic and nonlinguistic conditions for both temporal and spectral parameters. Auditory deficits were identified in most but not all participants with dyslexia. These deficits were not restricted to speech stimuli—they were also found for nonspeech stimuli with equal and lower complexity compared with the vowel stimuli. Temporal deficits were not observed in isolation.

Conclusion

These results support the existence of a general auditory processing impairment in developmental dyslexia.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170498
Near-infrared and ultraviolet induced isomerization of crotonic acid in N2 and Xe cryomatrices: First observation of two high-energy trans C–O conformers and mechanistic insights
Authors: Kuş Nihal , Fausto Rui
Published: December 2014

E-crotonic acid was isolated in cryogenic solid N2 and xenon matrices, and subjected to Laser ultraviolet (UV) and near-infrared (NIR) irradiations. In the deposited matrices, the two low-energy cis C–O E-cc and E-ct conformers, which are the only forms significantly populated in the gas phase, were observed. UV irradiation (λ= 250 nm) of the compound in N2 matrix allows for experimental detection, not just of the two low-energy cis C–O isomers of Z-crotonic acid previously observed in the experiments carried out in argon matrix [Z-cc and Z-ct; R. Fausto, A. Kulbida, and O. Schrems, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 91, 3755–3770 (1995)] but also of the never observed before high-energy forms of both E- and Z-crotonic acids bearing the carboxylic acid group in the trans arrangement (E-tc and Z-tc conformers). In turn, NIR irradiation experiments in the N2 matrix allow to produce the high-energy E-tc trans C–O conformer in a selective way, from the initially deposited E-cc form. The vibrational signatures of all the 6 rotameric structures of the crotonic acids experimentally observed, including those of the new trans C–O forms, were determined and the individual spectra fully assigned, also with support of theoretically obtained data. On the other hand, as found before for the compound isolated in argon matrix, the experiments performed in xenon matrix failed to experimental detection of the trans C–O forms. This demonstrates that in noble gas matrices these forms are not stable long enough to allow for their observation by steady state spectroscopy techniques. In these matrices, the trans C–O forms convert spontaneously into their cis C–O counterparts, by tunnelling. Some mechanistic details of the studied processes were extracted and discussed.
Coincidence ion imaging with a fast frame camera
Authors: Lee Suk Kyoung , Cudry Fadia , Lin Yun Fei , Lingenfelter Steven , Winney Alexander H. , Fan Lin , Li Wen
Published: December 2014

A new time- and position-sensitive particle detection system based on a fast frame CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductors) camera is developed for coincidence ion imaging. The system is composed of four major components: a conventional microchannel plate/phosphor screen ion imager, a fast frame CMOS camera, a single anode photomultiplier tube (PMT), and a high-speed digitizer. The system collects the positional information of ions from a fast frame camera through real-time centroiding while the arrival times are obtained from the timing signal of a PMT processed by a high-speed digitizer. Multi-hit capability is achieved by correlating the intensity of ion spots on each camera frame with the peak heights on the corresponding time-of-flight spectrum of a PMT. Efficient computer algorithms are developed to process camera frames and digitizer traces in real-time at 1 kHz laser repetition rate. We demonstrate the capability of this system by detecting a momentum-matched co-fragments pair (methyl and iodine cations) produced from strong field dissociative double ionization of methyl iodide.
Dielectric response from lattices of dipoles with fixed orientation
Authors: Thuresson Axel , Karlström Gunnar
Published: December 2014

The properties of dipolar cubic lattices are studied and the paradox of how to obtain a long range polarization in such lattices is resolved by choosing a proper shape of the total system. It has been shown that large but finite number of aligned dipoles prefer to exist as needle shaped macroscopic particles [M. Yoon and D. Tománek, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 22, 455105 (2010)]. The total energy for a particle in such a system has one short range contribution depending on the packing (the chosen lattice) and one long range term depending on the dipole density of the system. We show that the latter term corresponds exactly to the polarization term from a dielectric medium embedding a sphere of the considered system. There is no need to include a dielectric medium in this modeling and the “dielectric stabilization” is generated solely by the dipoles of the system.
Full kinetic simulations of plasma flow interactions with meso- and microscale magnetic dipoles
Authors: Ashida Y. , Usui H. , Shinohara I. , Nakamura M. , Funaki I. , Miyake Y. , Yamakawa H.
Published: December 2014

We examined the plasma flow response to meso- and microscale magnetic dipoles by performing three-dimensional full particle-in-cell simulations. We particularly focused on the formation of a magnetosphere and its dependence on the intensity of the magnetic moment. The size of a magnetic dipole immersed in a plasma flow can be characterized by a distance L from the dipole center to the position where the pressure of the local magnetic field becomes equal to the dynamic pressure of the plasma flow under the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) approximation. In this study, we are interested in a magnetic dipole whose L is smaller than the Larmor radius of ions riL calculated with the unperturbed dipole field at the distance L from the center. In the simulation results, we confirmed the clear formation of a magnetosphere consisting of a magnetopause and a tail region in the density profile, although the spatial scale is much smaller than the MHD scale. One of the important findings in this study is that the spatial profiles of the plasma density as well as the current flows are remarkably affected by the finite Larmor radius effect of the plasma flow, which is different from the Earth's magnetosphere. The magnetopause found in the upstream region is located at a position much closer to the dipole center than L. In the equatorial plane, we also found an asymmetric density profile with respect to the plasma flow direction, which is caused by plasma gyration in the dipole field region. The ion current layers are created in the inner region of the dipole field, and the electron current also flows in the region beyond the ion current layer because ions with a large inertia can closely approach the dipole center. Unlike the ring current structure of the Earth's magnetosphere, the current layers in the microscale dipole fields are not circularly closed around the dipole center. Since the major current is caused by the particle gyrations, the current is independently determined to be in the direction of the electron and ion gyrations, which are the same in both the upstream and downstream regions. The present analysis on the formation of a magnetosphere in the regime of a microscale magnetic dipole is significant for understanding the solar wind response to the crustal magnetic anomalies on the Moon surface, such as were recently observed by spacecraft.
High-efficiency acceleration in the laser wakefield by a linearly increasing plasma density
Authors: Dong Kegong , Wu Yuchi , Zhu Bin , Zhang Zhimeng , Zhao Zongqing , Zhou Weimin , Hong Wei , Cao Leifeng , Gu Yuqiu
Published: December 2014

The acceleration length and the peak energy of the electron beam are limited by the dephasing effect in the laser wakefield acceleration with uniform plasma density. Based on 2D-3V particle in cell simulations, the effects of a linearly increasing plasma density on the electron acceleration are investigated broadly. Comparing with the uniform plasma density, because of the prolongation of the acceleration length and the gradually increasing accelerating field due to the increasing plasma density, the electron beam energy is twice higher in moderate nonlinear wakefield regime. Because of the lower plasma density, the linearly increasing plasma density can also avoid the dark current caused by additional injection. At the optimal acceleration length, the electron energy can be increased from 350 MeV (uniform) to 760 MeV (linearly increasing) with the energy spread of 1.8%, the beam duration is 5 fs and the beam waist is 1.25 μm. This linearly increasing plasma density distribution can be achieved by a capillary with special gas-filled structure, and is much more suitable for experiment.
Controlled removal of amorphous Se capping layer from a topological insulator
Authors: Virwani Kumar , Harrison Sara E. , Pushp Aakash , Topuria Teya , Delenia Eugene , Rice Philip , Kellock Andrew , Collins-McIntyre Liam , Harris James , Hesjedal Thorsten , Parkin Stuart
Published: December 2014

We report on the controlled removal of an amorphous Se capping layer from Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3 topological insulators. We show that the Se coalesces into micron-sized islands before desorbing from the surface at a temperature of ∼150 °C. In situ Auger Electron Spectroscopy reveals that Se replaces a significant fraction of the Te near the top surface of the Bi2Te3. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy show that after heating, Se has been incorporated in the Bi2Te3 lattice down to ∼7 nm from its top surface while remaining iso-structural.
Atomic-scale imaging correlation on the deformation and sensing mechanisms of SnO2 nanowires
Authors: Sun Yong , Liu Jie , Blom Douglas , Koley Goutam , Duan Zhiyao , Wang Guofeng , Li Xiaodong
Published: December 2014

We demonstrate direct evidence that the strain variation induced by local lattice distortion exists in the surface layers of SnO2 nanowires by coupled scanning transmission electron microscopy and digital image correlation techniques. First-principles calculations suggest that surface reduction and subsurface oxygen vacancies account for such vigorous wavelike strain. Our study revealed that the localized change of surface atomistic configuration was responsible for the observed reduction of elastic modulus and hardness of SnO2 nanowires, as well as the superior sensing properties of SnO2 nanowire network.
Historic Food Regimes and the Middle East
Authors: Woertz Eckart
Published: December 2014

This chapter analyses how different food regimes have affected Middle Eastern countries. A food regime describes a system that allocates food resources via two institutions that have shaped modernity — markets and states. From the 1870s to 1930s, colonial export trade in grain supplies from Australia, the United States, Canada, Russia and India to the UK and other industrialising countries was the defining characteristic of the first food regime. Following the Great Depression, the second food regime emerged after the Second World War. Subsidised agriculture in industrialised countries and surplus disposal to the developing world were at its core. By the 1970s, all countries in the Middle East were dependent on grain imports. World Trade Organization-sponsored liberalisation, deregulation of agriculture, speculation, financial markets’ demands, and increased corporatisation of value chains in global food production helped precipitate the global food crisis, producing what can be argued to be a third food regime.
The War on Terror and the Laws of War
Authors: Corn Geoffrey S. , Schoettler, Jr. James A. , Brenner-Beck Dru , Hansen Victor M. , Jackson Dick , Jensen Eric Talbot , Lewis Michael W. , Dunlap, Jr. Charles J.
Published: December 2014

Thirteen years after the United States initiated a military response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the nation continues to prosecute what it considers an armed conflict against transnational terrorist groups. Understanding how the law of armed conflict applies to and regulates military operations executed within the scope of this armed conflict against transnational nonstate terrorist groups is as important today as it was in September 2001. This is because the core purpose of this branch of international law (what was historically known as the law of war) is to strike an effective balance between the necessity of using armed violence to subdue a threat to the nation with the humanitarian interest of mitigating the suffering inevitably associated with that use. How this core purpose of the law of armed conflict has influenced operational decisions related to all aspects of the military response to al-Qaeda and associated forces is the focus of this book. Each chapter will address a specific operational issue, including the national right of self-defense, military targeting and the use of drones, detention, interrogation, and trial by military commission of captured terrorist operatives, and the impact of battlefield perspectives on counter-terror military operations and illustrate how the law of armed conflict influences resolution of that issue. Some chapters will go further. All will reinforce the essential link between respect for the law and strategic legitimacy, perhaps the most enduring lesson from this on-going national challenge.
Targeting of Persons and Property
Authors: Jensen Eric T.
Published: December 2014

This chapter begins by analyzing the current law on targeting in armed conflict. It then considers the unique issues of targeting involved in the war on terror, including the difficulties associated with targeting individuals who are not members of armed forces and who may not be currently involved in active hostilities or residing in an area of active hostilities. It also considers the use of drones, and analyzes not only the legal but also the policy issues associated with the United States’ current targeting methodology. The chapter considers presidential administration statements on the targeting of terrorists abroad, particularly those related to the use of drones, and analyzes the legal approach. The chapter also considers briefly the potential use of drones or other targeting methods against terrorists within the United States.
Treatment of rectal chlamydia infection may be more complicated than we originally thought
Authors: Hocking Jane S. , Kong Fabian Y. S. , Timms Peter , Huston Wilhelmina M. , Tabrizi Sepehr N.
Published: December 2014

Rectal chlamydia diagnoses have been increasing among MSM and may also rise among women as anal sex rates increase among heterosexuals. However, there is growing concern about treatment for rectal chlamydia with treatment failures of up to 22% being reported. This article addresses factors that may be contributing to treatment failure for rectal chlamydia, including the pharmacokinetic properties of azithromycin and doxycycline in rectal tissue, the ability of chlamydia to transform into a persistent state that is less responsive to antimicrobial therapy, the impact of the rectal microbiome on chlamydia, heterotypic resistance, failure to detect cases of lymphogranuloma venereum and the performance of screening tests. If we are to reduce the burden of genital chlamydia, treatment for rectal chlamydia must be efficacious. This highlights the need for randomized controlled trial evidence comparing azithromycin with doxycycline for the treatment of rectal chlamydia.
Long-Term Outcome of Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis: A Cohort Study of 260 Patients
Authors: Gupta Arjun , Kowalski Todd J. , Osmon Douglas R. , Enzler Mark , Steckelberg James M. , Huddleston Paul M. , Nassr Ahmad , Mandrekar Jayawant M. , Berbari Elie F.
Published: December 2014

Background.  The long-term outcome of patients with pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis (PVO) has not been fully assessed.

Methods.  We conducted a retrospective cohort study to describe the long-term outcome of PVO and to assess risk factors for treatment failure in patients evaluated at our institution between 1994 and 2002. Patients were observed until July 1, 2013.

Results.  Two hundred sixty patients with PVO were included in this study. Twenty-seven percent (70) of patients developed their infection after an invasive spinal procedure. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 40% (103) of infections. Forty-nine percent (128) of patients underwent spinal surgery as part of their initial therapy. The median duration of parenteral antimicrobial therapy was 42 days (interquartile range, 38–53). The estimated 2-, 5-, and 10-year cumulative probability of treatment failure-free survival was 72%, 69%, and 69%, respectively. Seventy-five percent of patients who developed treatment failure did so within 4.7 months of diagnosis. Residual neurological defects and persistent back pain were seen in 16% and 32% of patients, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, longer duration of symptoms before diagnosis and having an infection with S. aureus were associated with increased risk of treatment failure.

Conclusions.  Increasing duration of symptoms and infection with S. aureus were associated with treatment failure in patients with PVO. Most treatment failures occurred early after initiation of treatment. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis is associated with a high 2-year failure rate. Persistent neurological deficits and back pain are common after therapy.
Candida Esophagitis in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Positive Elite Controller With Hepatitis C Virus Cirrhosis
Authors: Chen Anders , Shieh Eugenie , Brinkley Sherilyn , Blankson Joel N.
Published: December 2014

We describe a case of Candida esophagitis in a human immunodeficiency virus elite controller with a preserved CD4 count, a population in which opportunistic infections are almost never seen. The patient has hepatitis C virus coinfection and compensated cirrhosis, suggesting a possible multifactorial etiology of immune dysregulation.
VLBI observations of H2O maser annual parallax and proper motion in IRAS 20143+3634: Reflection on the Galactic constants
Authors: Burns Ross A. , Yamaguchi Yoshiyuki , Handa Toshihiro , Omodaka Toshihiro , Nagayama Takumi , Nakagawa Akiharu , Hayashi Masahiko , Kamezaki Tatsuya , Chibueze James O. , Shizugami Makoto , Nakano Makoto
Published: December 2014

We report the results of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of H2O masers in the IRAS 20143+3634 star-forming region (SFR) using VERA (VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry). By tracking masers for a period of over two years we measured a trigonometric parallax of π = 0.367 ± 0.037 mas, corresponding to a source distance of $D = 2.72 ^{+0.31}_{-0.25}$ kpc and placing it in the Local spiral arm. Our trigonometric distance is just 60% of the previous estimation based on radial velocity, significantly impacting the astrophysics of the source. We measured proper motions of −2.99 ± 0.16 mas yr−1 and −4.37 ± 0.43 mas yr−1 in RA and Dec, respectively, which were used to estimate the peculiar motion of the source as (Us, Vs, Ws) = (−0.9 ± 2.9, −8.5 ± 1.6, +8.0 ± 4.3) km s−1 for R0 = 8 kpc and Θ0 = 221 km s−1, and (Us, Vs, Ws) = (−1.0 ± 2.9, −9.3 ± 1.5, +8.0 ± 4.3) km s−1 for R0 = 8.5 kpc and Θ0 = 235 km s−1. IRAS 20143+3634 was found to be located near the tangent point in the Cygnus direction. Using our observations we derived the angular velocity of Galactic rotation of the local standard of rest (LSR), Ω0 = 27.3 ± 1.6 km s−1 kpc−1, which is consistent with previous values derived using VLBI astrometry of SFRs at the tangent points and Solar circle. It is higher than the value recommended by the International Astronomical Union of Ω0 = 25.9 km s−1 kpc−1 which was calculated using the Galactocentric distance of the Sun and circular velocity of the LSR.
Characterizing the Epidemiology of Postoperative Transfusion-related Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Clifford Leanne , Jia Qing , Subramanian Arun , Yadav Hemang , Wilson Gregory A. , Murphy Sean P. , Pathak Jyotishman , Schroeder Darrell R. , Kor Daryl J.
Published: December 2014

Background:

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion-related death in the United States; however, it remains poorly characterized in surgical populations. To better inform perioperative transfusion practice, and to help mitigate perioperative TRALI, the authors aimed to better define its epidemiology before and after TRALI mitigation strategies were introduced.

Methods:

This retrospective cohort study examined outcomes of adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery with general anesthesia who received intraoperative transfusions during 2004 (n = 1,817) and 2011 (n = 1,562). The demographics and clinical characteristics of transfusion recipients, blood transfusion descriptors, and combined TRALI/possible TRALI incidence rates were evaluated. Univariate analyses were used to compare associations between patient characteristics, transfusion details, and TRALI mitigation strategies with TRALI/possible TRALI incidence rates in a before-and-after study design.

Results:

The incidence of TRALI/possible TRALI was 1.3% (23 of 1,613) in 2004 versus 1.4% (22 of 1,562) in 2011 (P = 0.72), with comparable overall rates in males versus females (1.4% [23 of 1,613] vs. 1.2% [22 of 1,766]) (P = 0.65). Overall, thoracic (3.0% [4 of 133]), vascular (2.7% [10 of 375]), and transplant surgeries (2.2% [4 of 178]) carried the highest rates of TRALI/possible TRALI. Obstetric and gynecologic surgical patients had no TRALI episodes. TRALI/possible TRALI incidence increased with larger volumes of blood product transfused (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Perioperative TRALI/possible TRALI is more common than previously reported and its risk increases with greater volumes of blood component therapies. No significant reduction in the combined incidence of TRALI/possible TRALI occurred between 2004 and 2011, despite the introduction of TRALI mitigation strategies. Future efforts to identify specific risk factors for TRALI/possible TRALI in surgical populations may reduce the burden of this life-threatening complication.
A continuum model of docking of synaptic vesicle to plasma membrane
Authors: Liu Tianshu , Singh Pankaj , Jenkins James T. , Jagota Anand , Bykhovskaia Maria , Hui Chung-Yuen
Published: December 2014

Neurotransmitter release from neuronal terminals is governed by synaptic vesicle fusion. Vesicles filled with transmitters are docked at the neuronal membrane by means of the SNARE machinery. After a series of events leading up to the fusion pore formation, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. In this paper, we study the mechanics of the docking process. A continuum model is used to determine the deformation of a spherical vesicle and a plasma membrane, under the influence of SNARE-machinery forces and electrostatic repulsion. Our analysis provides information on the variation of in-plane stress in the membranes, which is known to affect fusion. Also, a simple model is proposed to study hemifusion.
Gene expression associated with white syndromes in a reef building coral, Acropora hyacinthus.
Authors: Wright Rachel M , Aglyamova Galina V , Meyer Eli , Matz Mikhail V
Published: December 2014

Background Corals are capable of launching diverse immune defenses at the site of direct contact with pathogens, but the molecular mechanisms of this activity and the colony-wide effects of such stressors remain poorly understood. Here we compared gene expression profiles in eight healthy Acropora hyacinthus colonies against eight colonies exhibiting tissue loss commonly associated with white syndromes, all collected from a natural reef environment near Palau. Two types of tissues were sampled from diseased corals: visibly affected and apparently healthy. Results Tag-based RNA-Seq followed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified groups of co-regulated differentially expressed genes between all health states (disease lesion, apparently healthy tissues of diseased colonies, and fully healthy). Differences between healthy and diseased tissues indicate activation of several innate immunity and tissue repair pathways accompanied by reduced calcification and the switch towards metabolic reliance on stored lipids. Unaffected parts of diseased colonies, although displaying a trend towards these changes, were not significantly different from fully healthy samples. Still, network analysis identified a group of genes, suggestive of altered immunity state, that were specifically up-regulated in unaffected parts of diseased colonies. Conclusions Similarity of fully healthy samples to apparently healthy parts of diseased colonies indicates that systemic effects of white syndromes on A. hyacinthus are weak, which implies that the coral colony is largely able to sustain its physiological performance despite disease. The genes specifically up-regulated in unaffected parts of diseased colonies, instead of being the consequence of disease, might be related to the originally higher susceptibility of these colonies to naturally occurring white syndromes.
RHON1 Mediates a Rho-Like Activity for Transcription Termination in Plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Chi Wei , He Baoye , Manavski Nikolay , Mao Juan , Ji Daili , Lu Congming , Rochaix Jean David , Meurer Jörg , Zhang Lixin
Published: December 2014

Although transcription termination is essential to generate functional RNAs, its underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood in plastids of vascular plants. Here, we show that the RNA binding protein RHON1 participates in transcriptional termination of rbcL (encoding large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Inactivation of RHON1 leads to enhanced rbcL read-through transcription and to aberrant accD (encoding β-subunit of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase) transcriptional initiation, which may result from inefficient transcription termination of rbcL. RHON1 can bind to the mRNA as well as to single-stranded DNA of rbcL, displays an RNA-dependent ATPase activity, and terminates transcription of rbcL in vitro. These results suggest that RHON1 terminates rbcL transcription using an ATP-driven mechanism similar to that of Rho of Escherichia coli. This RHON1-dependent transcription termination occurs in Arabidopsis but not in rice (Oryza sativa) and appears to reflect a fundamental difference between plastomes of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. Our results point to the importance and significance of plastid transcription termination and provide insights into its machinery in an evolutionary context.
High-efficiency diffraction and focusing of X-rays through asymmetric bent crystalline planes
Authors: Bellucci Valerio , Paternò Gianfranco , Camattari Riccardo , Guidi Vincenzo , Jentschel Michael , Bastie Pierre
Published: December 2014

The grooving technique was employed for manufacturing a self-standing curved Ge crystal. The crystal focuses hard X-rays with high efficiency by diffraction in Laue geometry through asymmetric bent planes. The sample was tested at the Institut Laue–Langevin (Grenoble, France), undergoing two types of characterization. A monochromatic and low-divergence γ-ray beam was used to test the curvature of asymmetric planes, showing a diffraction performance better than for any mosaic crystal under equal conditions. Then, the focusing capability of the crystal was probed through a polychromatic and fine-focus hard X-ray beam. Asymmetric (220) planes were chosen for analysis because of the impossibility of obtaining a curvature along this family of planesviaany symmetric configuration in focusing crystals. A method for calculating the curvatures induced in any family of lattice planes is also presented.
Advanced grazing-incidence techniques for modern soft-matter materials analysis
Authors: Hexemer Alexander , Müller-Buschbaum Peter
Published: December 2014

The complex nano-morphology of modern soft-matter materials is successfully probed with advanced grazing-incidence techniques. Based on grazing-incidence small- and wide-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (GISAXS, GIWAXS, GISANS and GIWANS), new possibilities arise which are discussed with selected examples. Due to instrumental progress, highly interesting possibilities for local structure analysis in this material class arise from the use of micro- and nanometer-sized X-ray beams in micro- or nanofocused GISAXS and GIWAXS experiments. The feasibility of very short data acquisition times down to milliseconds creates exciting possibilities forin situandin operandoGISAXS and GIWAXS studies. Tuning the energy of GISAXS and GIWAXS in the soft X-ray regime and in time-of flight GISANS allows the tailoring of contrast conditions and thereby the probing of more complex morphologies. In addition, recent progress in software packages, useful for data analysis for advanced grazing-incidence techniques, is discussed.
Evaluating the interaction of faecal pellet deposition rates andDNAdegradation rates to optimize sampling design forDNA‐based mark–recapture analysis of Sonoran pronghorn
Authors: Woodruff S. P. , Johnson T. R. , Waits L. P.
Published: December 2014

Knowledge of population demographics is important for species management but can be challenging in low‐density, wide‐ranging species. Population monitoring of the endangered Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) is critical for assessing the success of recovery efforts, and noninvasiveDNAsampling (NDS) could be more cost‐effective and less intrusive than traditional methods. We evaluated faecal pellet deposition rates and faecalDNAdegradation rates to maximize sampling efficiency forDNA‐based mark–recapture analyses. Deposition data were collected at five watering holes using sampling intervals of 1–7 days and averaged one pellet pile per pronghorn per day. To evaluate nuclearDNA(nDNA) degradation, 20 faecal samples were exposed to local environmental conditions and sampled at eight time points from one to 124 days. Average amplification success rates for sixnDNAmicrosatellite loci were 81% for samples on day one, 63% by day seven, 2% by day 14 and 0% by day 60. We evaluated the efficiency of different sampling intervals (1–10 days) by estimating the number of successful samples, success rate of individual identification and laboratory costs per successful sample. Cost per successful sample increased and success and efficiency declined as the sampling interval increased. Results indicateNDSof faecal pellets is a feasible method for individual identification, population estimation and demographic monitoring of Sonoran pronghorn. We recommend collecting samples >7 days old and estimate that a sampling interval of 4–7 days in summer conditions (i.e. extreme heat and exposure toUVlight) will achieve desired sample sizes for mark–recapture analysis while also maximizing efficiency.