bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frenetic Romanticism
Authors: Manzini Francesco
Published: July 2016

Frenetic Romanticism developed as a specifically French hybrid form, tracing its lineage back to Bandello and Rosset, via such eighteenth-century intermediaries as Jacques Cazotte—the author ofLe Diable amoureux(1772), traditionally regarded as the first important example of theconte fantastique. However, it also derived from the more recent literary and historical models variously provided by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Sade, German Romanticism in its many forms, the English, Scottish, and Irish Gothic novel, Byron, Polidori, the Shelleys, and the French Revolutionaries, particularly the Jacobins. Frenetic Romanticism in all its various forms produces what Artaud refers to as a psychic phosphorescence that serves to break down psychic barriers. This made (and continues to make) Frenetic Romanticism appear profound and liberating to some, but extravagant and ephemeral to others.
Implicature
Authors: Huang Yan
Published: July 2016

The concept of implicature (both conversational and conventional) has its origin in the work of the late English philosopher H. P. Grice, though some proto-Gricean ideas can be traced back to classical times. Since its inception, the notion of conversational implicature has become one of the single most important pragmatic ideas in linguistics and the philosophy of language. It has spurred numerous new concepts such as explicature, the ‘pragmatically enriched said’, and impliciture in various neo- and post-Gricean enterprises. This chapter provides a critical overview of the current state of play in implicature (both conversational and conventional) and its related concepts in linguistics and the philosophy of language.
Translation
Authors: Bellos David
Published: July 2016

This essay seeks to place translation within a broad spectrum of bilingual practice. It shows the basic distinction but also the substantial overlap between oral and written transmission in the ancient and modern worlds, and focuses on issues of trust, prestige and cultural mixing in the history of translation practice. It argues that Roman translation models continue to shape modern approaches to the field. Discussion on why resistance may lie behind the paucity of translations in some languages. Issues raised by the transmission of religious texts have had special impact on the idea of translation, which nonetheless has remained as ‘fuzzy’ in practice in modern times as it was under the Roman Empire.
Cigarette Smoking and Nicotine Dependence in Adolescence
Authors: Myers Mark G. , MacPherson Laura
Published: July 2016

Despite declines in adolescent cigarette smoking prevalence, rates remain high, with approximately 11% of high school seniors reporting current cigarette smoking. Moreover, use of other tobacco products has soared, with prevalence of electronic cigarettes and little cigars exceeding that of cigarettes. The present chapter reviews patterns of adolescent cigarette use, other tobacco use, adolescent nicotine dependence, factors associated with the etiology of cigarette smoking, and smoking cessation. Despite decades of research on adolescent smoking cessation, the development and progression of nicotine dependence are just beginning to be understood. Similarly, little is known regarding adolescent smoking cessation. Significant progress has been made in addressing and preventing adolescent cigarette use. However, critical gaps exist in the current knowledge base that must be addressed in order to improve efforts at halting the progression of adolescent nicotine dependence and enhancing interventions for smoking cessation.
Prevention in School, Primary Care, and Community-Based Settings
Authors: D'Amico Elizabeth J. , Feldstein Ewing Sarah W.
Published: July 2016

Across all races and ethnicities, alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use increases during the middle school and high school years. The current chapter discusses ATOD use and adolescent development, cultural considerations for ATOD use, and factors that may affect ATOD use during this developmental period. It also reviews the prevention and intervention work with this population across a variety of settings, including schools, primary care settings, homeless shelters, and juvenile justice. Overall, the research in this area emphasizes the importance of identifying adolescence as a distinct neurodevelopmental period, with its own set of specific prevention and intervention needs.
The Politics of Development in Latin America and East Asia
Authors: McGuire James W.
Published: July 2016

This article examines the politics of development in Latin America and East Asia, focusing on eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Thailand. It begins by analyzing levels and changes of GDP per capita and income inequality in these countries from 1960 to 2010, showing that the capitalist economies of Latin America grew more slowly and had higher income inequality than their East Asian counterparts. It considers the reasons for this development divergence, including government policies in such areas as land tenure, education, promotion of manufactured exports, and macroeconomic management. The article also looks at historical legacies and social-structural factors that help explain these cross-regional (as well as some intra-regional) policy differences, including colonial heritage, the geopolitical situation after World War II, natural resources, and class structure.
Brentano, Twardowski and Stout
Authors: van der Schaar Maria
Published: July 2016

This article was commissioned as a supplement to theOxford Handbook of the History of Analytic Philosophy, edited by Michael Beaney. It focuses on the psychological origins of analytic philosophy. Analytic psychology influenced the emergence of a new method in philosophy and the crucial changes to the notions of judgement and intentionality at the end of the nineteenth century. In particular, G. F. Stout’s analytic psychology played an important role in the formation of Moore’s and Russell’s early analytic philosophy. Through Stout, the account of judgement and intentionality given by Brentano and Twardowski also had a significant influence on the development of early analytic philosophy.
The Shapes of Romance in the Renaissance
Authors: Moore Helen
Published: July 2016

The early modern period is often characterized as a time of energetic reshapings in literature, religion, and culture. Starting from the premise that the interrogation and reshaping of human subjects is also one of the key enterprises of late medieval and early modern romance, this article analyzes what Caxton might have meant in ascribing “humanyté” to Malory’sMorte Darthurand considers some of the re-formations practised on human “shapes,” or bodies, in Sidney’sArcadiaand Lodge’sRosalynd. It argues that romance’s exploration of the human, particularly the malleability of body and mind, facilitates the transformation of its own generic “shape.”
Schooling in the English Renaissance
Authors: Enterline Lynn
Published: July 2016

Comparing humanist pedagogical theory with grammar school archives, this article assesses the impact of Latin training on literary production, subjectivity, and gender in the Tudor period. The combined effect of theatricals as well as school training in impersonation and the rhetorical discipline ofactioinstilled a crucial, embodied connection between the Latin past and the social performance of gender. Yet several literary texts by former schoolboys reveal that the identifications unleashed by school training were not always as normatively “masculine” as teachers expected or modern critics assume. The article traces the dynamic interplay among Latinate verbal skill, embodied social performance, and struggles over social distinction. It demonstrates that when the authors of the period draw on the cultural capital of a Latin education, they reveal deep ambivalence about the very language training their schoolmasters claimed would work directly for the benefit of “the commonwealth.”
Manuscript and Print, 1500–1700
Authors: Burlinson Christopher
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses the uses to which manuscripts and printed books were put in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the changing histories and critical traditions that have accounted for them, beginning with the place of Caxton, Pynson, and de Worde in the early English printing trade and the developing copyright law and discourse of authorship at the start of the eighteenth century. It then discusses the ways in which textual editors have accounted for the interaction between manuscript and print and the new authors and texts that have gained critical attention (with renewed scholarly attention to female authors and the social contexts of writing). It ends with a consideration of the ways in which print and manuscript coexisted and of the ways in which attention to annotations and the history of reading might be leading toward the history of books, rather than the history of the book.
Antitrust Compliance
Authors: Sokol D. Daniel
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores compliance in the antitrust context, reviewing both the antitrust and the non-antitrust literatures on compliance and corporate governance to provide a clearer picture of the extant literature and the theoretical and empirical gaps within the antitrust literature to better inform antitrust policy on detecting cartels. This chapter explores the scholarship both within and outside of antitrust to better understand internal detection of wrongdoing and improved compliance in the antitrust cartel context. It explores the organizational environment for antitrust compliance programs, firm and industry indicia that impact antitrust compliance, survey evidence and theoretical models on antitrust compliance, and the use of bounties to encourage compliance.
Knowing When Not to Fight
Authors: Luban David
Published: July 2016

Should military personnel (‘soldiers’) become selective conscientious objectors to an unjust war? This chapter argues, first, that in most cases the fog of war and politics makes it unreasonable to expect soldiers to make fact-intensive judgments about whether the war is just. Second, it argues that even a just-war tribunal, of the sort proposed by Jeff McMahan, will not do the job. It will inevitably lack the legitimacy and fact-finding capacity necessary to reassure soldiers in such a weighty decision. Third, the moral importance of maintaining civilian control of the military means that soldiers should generally obey orders to deploy. Fourth, however, absolute deference to leaders and commanders is morally unacceptable. The chapter defends an intermediate view advanced centuries ago by Cajetan, Suárez, and Vitoria: soldiers must not fight in an unjust war, but may defer to civilian leaders’ judgment of just cause unless the injustice is manifest.
Who Goes to Prison?
Authors: Mears Daniel P. , Cochran Joshua C.
Published: July 2016

This essay discusses changes in the composition of inmate populations in the United States over the past several decades based on legal factors (i.e., types of offenses and offenders) and demographic variables (i.e., race, ethnicity, age, and sex) and examines why variation in inmate composition matters. In particular, black incarceration rates are substantially greater than those of whites and Hispanics, and over time these differences have become more pronounced for black males in particular as compared to other groups. Possible reasons for these changes are considered such as the roles of police and courts in shaping inmate demographics and the implications of the shift from decision-making based on substantive rationality to more “structured“ (formally rational) decision-making.
Introduction to the Handbook
Authors: Bramoullé Yann , Galeotti Andrea , Rogers Brian W.
Published: July 2016

This handbook represents the frontier of research into the economics of networks: how and why they form, how they influence behavior, how they help govern outcomes in an interactive world, and how they shape collective decision making, opinion formation, and diffusion dynamics. From a methodological perspective, the handbook devotes attention to theory, field experiments, laboratory experiments, and econometrics. Theoretical work in network formation, games played on networks, repeated games, and the interaction between linking and behavior are synthesized. A number of chapters are devoted to studying social process mediated by networks. Topics here include opinion formation, diffusion of information, and disease, and learning. There are also chapters devoted to financial contagion and systemic risk. Next, the handbook includes a section that discusses communities more generally, with applications including social trust, favor exchange, and social collateral; the importance of communities for migration patterns; and the role that networks and communities play in the labor market. A prominent role of networks, from an economic perspective, is that they mediate trade. Several chapters cover bilateral trade in networks, strategic intermediation, and the role of networks in international trade. The authors also discuss the role of networks for organizations. One chapter discusses the role of networks for the performance of organizations, while two other chapters discuss managing networks of consumers and pricing in the presence of network-based spillovers. Finally, the chapter discusses the internet as a network with attention to the issue of net neutrality.
Networks in International Trade
Authors: Chaney Thomas
Published: July 2016

International trade offers a unique environment for the study of large-scale networks for two reasons. First, the structure of international trade intrinsically resembles that of a network: countries are connected to each other by trade linkages; individual exporting firms are connected to other importing firms in foreign countries; migrants personally know people from various countries. Second, most international transactions and transnational migrations are recorded, by customs or immigration authorities, so detailed data are readily available for the empirical study of those large-scale networks. This chapter reviews recent advances in international trade and the economic networks and suggests promising avenues for research on the role networks play in international trade. The author describes both important empirical studies of networks in trade, and powerful theoretical tools that can be used to analyze the micro and aggregate properties of large-scale networks.
Some Challenges in the Empirics of the Effects of Networks
Authors: Boucher Vincent , Fortin Bernard
Published: July 2016

This chapter studies some recent developments and challenges in the empirics of the effects of social networks. The authors focus in particular on researchers’ ability to make policy recommendations based on a standard linear econometric model. The chapter examines the potential compatibility between this type of econometric model and a microeconomic theoretical approach based on fundamentals, such as preferences, technology, and decision processes. The chapter discusses sources of identification for the social multiplier as well as for the identity of the key player. The authors study the possibility of testing endogeneity in network formation. The chapter analyzes the use of proxy variables and their impact for the causal interpretation of peer effect coefficients. This analysis suggests that greater care should be taken in grounding econometric network models to sound and credible theoretical underpinnings.
Community Networks and Migration
Authors: Munshi Kaivan
Published: July 2016

This chapter describes the role that community networks have played, and continue to play, in facilitating migration. Historical case studies are provided from the American South and colonial India. Contemporary case studies describe Mexican migration to the United States and occupational mobility in the recently restructured Indian economy. The statistical problem of identifying network effects is discussed. Potential solutions include instrumental variables and the use of restrictions from the theory to indirectly identify network effects. Migration by select individuals when community networks are active, with its implications for inequality across and within communities, is also discussed. The chapter concludes by suggesting potential areas for future research.
Economic Features of the Internet and Network Neutrality
Authors: Economides Nicholas
Published: July 2016

The chapter discusses the issue of a possible abolition of network neutrality and the introduction of paid prioritization by residential broadband access networks. In short-run analysis where bandwidth is fixed and in the absence of congestion, network neutrality tends to maximize total surplus. When an ISP violates network neutrality and invests the extra profits to bandwidth expansion, the presence of more bandwidth alleviates the allocative distortion, and can even reverse it. The chapter discusses the network neutrality issue under the assumption of congestion, and characterizes the set of utility functions for which network neutrality is optimal, as well as utility functions where it is optimal to prioritize. The chapter also reviews regulatory rules in the United States on network neutrality.
Network Formation Games
Authors: Mauleon Ana , Vannetelbosch Vincent
Published: July 2016

In many economic networks, the network is not exogenous but instead agents decide what links they want to build. A central question is predicting the networks that agents will form. This chapter presents myopic and farsighted concepts for modeling network formation when the formation of a link requires the consent of both agents. The chapter illustrates the bites that these solution concepts have on economic applications and investigates whether the networks formed by farsighted agents are efficient and different from those formed by myopic agents. Three models of network formation are analyzed: networks of R and D collaborations, networks of free trade agreements, and criminal networks. It is shown that, depending on the application, myopia and farsightedness may lead to divergent predictions, and farsightedness can help to support the emergence of efficient networks.
Links and Actions in Interplay
Authors: Vega-Redondo Fernando
Published: July 2016

The chapter reviews the recent network literature where both the actions agents choose and the partners with whom they interact are jointly determined. Such an interplay between actions and links can result either from the equilibrium of a corresponding game or as the selection induced by a co-evolutionary adjustment process. The chapter explains how this phenomenon is important in understanding issues of coordination, cooperation, and intermediation. At a more concrete level, it also illustrates its relevance for problems of bargaining, local public goods, learning, and conflict. The general theme running through the analysis of all these different contexts is that an approach that ignores the interplay (and thus co-determination) of links and actions can generate quite misleading conclusions on the phenomena at hand.
Corporeal Creations in Experimental Screendance
Authors: Walon Sophie
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines experimental screendances that disrupt the traditional notion of the body by constructing bizarre corporealities. The chapter analyzes films that display choreo-cinematic experimentations on body representation, such as those of Thierry De Mey, Laurent Goldring, Antonin De Bemels, Wim Vandekeybus, and Pierre Yves Clouin. These films present unconventional bodies that appear in turns animalistic, oversexualized (or differently sexualized), pathological, monstrous, and unidentifiable, undergoing all sorts of transformations and metamorphoses, thus resisting sociocultural, economic, and political processes of standardization of the body. The chapter argues that these screendance bodies are linked to the philosophical and political conceptualizations of the body by Maurice Merleau-Ponty (“openness to the world,” “corporeality”), Michel Foucault (“biopowers,”), and Gilles Deleuze (“body without organs,” “becomings,” “de-hierarchization of the body”). The chapter develops a reflection on screendance bodies, emphasizing that certain screendances also suggest philosophical and political issues that are embedded in their subversive representations of the body.
Dancing in the City
Authors: Jacobson-Konefall Jessica
Published: July 2016

Terrance Houle’s screendance work, Landscape, treats Indigenous aesthetics as a site of the social in Canadian society, and explores the practice of civic consciousness in the domains of dance and new media art. This involves the social geography of Calgary as a Canadian city, the relationship of Indigenous peoples and their powwows to colonial settlers in Calgary, screendance practices, and what Mohawk scholar Taiaike Alfred calls “regeneration” of Indigenous identity. Indigenous media and dance aesthetics, meanwhile, function as practices of cultural resurgence in creative contention with the settler city—what Bernard Stiegler calls geotechnics, which produce spaces "geo-graphically," where “perception and cognition fuse with the writing (graph) of the land (geo).” Technical apparatuses—such as screendance—differentially mediate civic life to produce such sociocultural ecologies. Houle approaches decolonization across spatial and psychosocial realms in the city through creative contention, using screendance to create resurgent Indigenous ecology, and staging and transforming relations of civic consciousness in Calgary.
An Interdisciplinary Reading of the Film Entr’acte
Authors: Kappenberg Claudia
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the 1924 film Entr’acte, by Francis Picabia and René Clair, as an interdisciplinary project that combines ideas of cinematography, music, and choreography. The film constitutes a significant project of the avant-garde of 1920s Paris, driven by a strong conceptual framework and influenced by early twentieth-century discourses which underpinned cultural, social, and economic developments. Dada in particular was part of this tight net of affiliations and differences. Entr’acte also constitutes a key moment in a wider development of twentieth-century film, a significant film in a Deleuzian shift from movement-image to time-image. The film’s choreographic impetus is summed up in George Barber’s claim that the film, and the key shot of the dancer, are informed by Marcel Duchamp’s Large Glass. Entr’acte’s choreographic structure and its relation to the film is highly significant to a twentieth-century map of choreographic practices and screendance.
Influence of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy on Tissue Oxygenation in Diabetic Feet
Authors: Jung Jae-A. , Yoo Ki-Hyun , Han Seung-Kyu , Lee Ye-Na , Jeong Seong-Ho , Dhong Eun-Sang , Kim Woo-Kyung
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE:

Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has become a common wound care treatment modality for a variety of wounds. Several previous studies have reported that NPWT increases blood flow in the wound bed. However, NPWT might decrease tissue oxygenation in the wound bed because the foam sponge of NPWT compresses the wound bed under the influence of the applied negative pressure. Adequate tissue oxygenation is an essential consideration during diabetic foot management, and the foot is more sensitive to ischemia than any other region. Furthermore, the issue as to whether NPWT reduces or increases tissue oxygenation in diabetic feet has never been correctly addressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of NPWT on tissue oxygenation in diabetic feet.

PARTICIPANTS:

Transcutaneous partial oxygen pressures (TcPo
2) were measured to determine tissue oxygenation levels beneath NPWT dressings on 21 feet of 21 diabetic foot ulcer patients.

DESIGN:

A TcPo
2 sensor was fixed at the tarsometatarsal area of contralateral unwounded feet. A suction pressure of −125 mm Hg was applied until TcPo
2 reached a steady state. The TcPo
2 values for diabetic feet were measured before, during, and after NPWT.

MAIN RESULTS:

The TcPo
2 levels decreased significantly after applying NPWT in all patients. Mean TcPo
2 values before, during, and after therapy were 44.6 (SD, 15.2), 6.0 (SD, 7.1), and 40.3 (SD, 16.4) mm Hg (P < .01), respectively.

CONCLUSION:

These results show that NPWT significantly reduces tissue oxygenation levels in diabetic feet.
Major Histopathologic Diagnoses of Chronic Wounds
Authors: Turi George K. , Donovan Virginia , DiGregorio Julie , Criscitelli Theresa M. , Kashan Benjamin , Barrientos Stephan , Balingcongan Jose Ramon , Gorenstein Scott , Brem Harold
Published: July 2016

PURPOSE:

To clarify the histopathology of acute osteomyelitis, chronic osteomyelitis, primary vasculitis, and secondary-type vasculitis.

TARGET AUDIENCE:

This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES:

After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:

1. Describe the parameters and significance of this study.

2. Identify chronic wound diagnosis and treatment.

3. Differentiate the histopathology of osteomyelitis and vasculitis.

OBJECTIVE: The presence of a chronic wound can result in significant morbidity/mortality. Understanding the pathological alterations of wound tissue that are refractory to standard wound therapy is essential for effective wound management and healing. The authors describe 4 wound etiologies, specifically, acute osteomyelitis, chronic osteomyelitis, primary vasculitis, and secondary-type vasculitis.

SETTING: A tertiary care hospital.

DESIGN: A retrospective review of 1392 wound operations performed during a 24-month period at a tertiary care hospital was conducted. Tissue specimens reviewed included soft tissue infections of the lower extremity, sacrum, hip/pelvis, trunk, perineum, and buttocks.

MAIN RESULTS: Acute osteomyelitis is defined as bone tissue with a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, evidence of osteoclast bone resorption with scalloping of the cortical bone edges, and bone detritus. Chronic osteomyelitis is defined as bone tissue with a significant amount of fibrosis surrounding devitalized tissue and heavy infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Primary-type vasculitis is defined primarily as inflammation and necrosis of blood vessel walls. In cutaneous lesions of granulomatosis with polyangiitis, ulceration with numerous inflammatory granulomas is seen in the papillary dermis. Secondary vasculitis is defined by vessel wall infiltration by inflammatory cells and fibrinoid necrosis of the small vessel wall.

CONCLUSIONS: Pathologies of these 4 types of wounds can complicate standard algorithms designed for diagnosis and treatment, and accurate diagnosis through histopathologic analysis can help tailor targeted treatment.
Structural Vulnerability: Operationalizing the Concept to Address Health Disparities in Clinical Care
Authors: Bourgois Philippe , Holmes Seth M. , Sue Kim , Quesada James
Published: July 2016

The authors propose reinvigorating and extending the traditional social history beyond its narrow range of risk behaviors to enable clinicians to address negative health outcomes imposed by social determinants of health. In this Perspective, they outline a novel, practical medical vulnerability assessment questionnaire that operationalizes for clinical practice the social science concept of “structural vulnerability.” A structural vulnerability assessment tool designed to highlight the pathways through which specific local hierarchies and broader sets of power relationships exacerbate individual patients’ health problems is presented to help clinicians identify patients likely to benefit from additional multidisciplinary health and social services. To illustrate how the tool could be implemented in time- and resource-limited settings (e.g., emergency department), the authors contrast two cases of structurally vulnerable patients with differing outcomes. Operationalizing structural vulnerability in clinical practice and introducing it in medical education can help health care practitioners think more clearly, critically, and practically about the ways social structures make people sick. Use of the assessment tool could promote “structural competency,” a potential new medical education priority, to improve understanding of how social conditions and practical logistics undermine the capacities of patients to access health care, adhere to treatment, and modify lifestyles successfully. Adoption of a structural vulnerability framework in health care could also justify the mobilization of resources inside and outside clinical settings to improve a patient’s immediate access to care and long-term health outcomes. Ultimately, the concept may orient health care providers toward policy leadership to reduce health disparities and foster health equity.
Experimental Study on the Efficacy of Site-Specific PEGylated Human Serum Albumins in Resuscitation From Hemorrhagic Shock
Authors: Song Xinlei , Zhang Shu , Cheng Yanna , Zhao Ting , Lian Qianqian , Lu Lu , Wang Fengshan
Published: July 2016

Objectives:

To evaluate the resuscitative efficacy and the effect on reperfusion injury of two site-specific PEGylated human serum albumins modified with linear or branched PEG20kDa, compared with saline, 8% human serum albumin and 25% human serum albumin, in a hemorrhagic shock model.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Subjects:

Male Wistar rats.

Design:

Prospective study.

Interventions:

Rats were bled to hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock and resuscitated with different resuscitation fluids.

Measurements and Main Results:

The mean arterial pressure and blood gas variables were measured. Hemorheology analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of resuscitation on RBCs and blood viscosity. The microvascular state was indirectly characterized in terms of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase that related to shear stress and vasodilation, respectively. The levels of inflammation-related factors and apoptosis-related proteins were used to evaluate the reperfusion injury in lungs. The results showed that PEGylated human serum albumin could improve the level of mean arterial pressure and blood gas variables more effectively at the end of resuscitation. poly(ethylene glycol) modification was able to increase the viscosity of human serum albumin to the level of effectively enhancing the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, which could promote microvascular perfusion. The hyperosmotic resuscitative agents including both 25% human serum albumin and PEGylated human serum albumins could greatly attenuate lung injury. No significant therapeutic advantages but some disadvantages were found for Y shaped poly(ethylene glycol) modification over linear poly(ethylene glycol) modification, such as causing the decrease of erythrocyte deformability.

Conclusions:

Linear high molecular weight site-specific PEGylated human serum albumin is recommended to be used as a hyperosmotic resuscitative agent.
Reproductive Endocrinology in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Authors: KROG MARIA C. , NIELSEN HENRIETTE SVARRE , CHRISTIANSEN OLE B. , KOLTE ASTRID M.
Published: July 2016

Endocrine disruptions may be important in patients experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). This review focuses on data available on RPL and the endocrine system to investigate relevant, and perhaps modifiable, endocrine factors of importance for the disorder. Evidence indicates that some hormones may be important as immune modulators and a better understanding of this interplay has potential for improving pregnancy outcome in RPL. To date there is a lack of consensus on the effect of endocrine treatment options in RPL and there is a strong need for large randomized-controlled trials.
Late-onset Hypotony Maculopathy After Trabeculectomy in a Highly Myopic Patient With Juvenile Open-angle Glaucoma
Authors: Kao Shu-Ting , Lee Shwu-Huey , Chen Yi-Chun
Published: July 2016

Hypotony maculopathy is a sight-threatening complication after trabeculectomy. We report on a 34-year-old man with juvenile open-angle glaucoma and high myopia, who developed hypotony maculopathy 14 years after trabeculectomy without bleb leak. This represents the longest known period from trabeculectomy to the development of hypotony maculopathy without bleb leak. The possible mechanisms for the development of late-onset hypotony maculopathy in the highly myopic patient are progressive scleral thinning, reduced scleral rigidity, and scleral morphologic change with aging. These changes might weaken the biomechanical properties of sclera and then contribute to the collapse of the scleral wall during hypotony. This case serves as a reminder that hypotony maculopathy can happen up to 14 years after tabeculectomy even without bleb leak and hypotony should be avoided after trabeculectomy in highly myopic patients with juvenile open-angle glaucoma.
Interactive Navigation-Guided Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery: The Usefulness of Computed Tomography Angiographic Image Guidance
Authors: Ali Mohammad Javed , Naik Milind N. , Kaliki Swathi , Dave Tarjani Vivek
Published: July 2016

Aim:

The aim of this study was to illustrate the techniques and usefulness of navigation-guided computed tomography angiography in ophthalmic plastic surgery.

Methods:

Stereotactic surgeries using computed tomography angiography as the intraoperative image-guiding tool were performed in 3 patients. One patient had widespread eyelid and orbital vascular malformation and the other 2 had orbital mass lesions located in crucial vascular areas. Two procedures used the external approach and one was performed using the endoscopic orbital approach. All the surgeries were performed using the intraoperative image-guided StealthStation system in the electromagnetic mode. The usefulness of intraoperative angiographic anatomical guidance and the ability to anticipate and avoid vascular injuries at crucial phases of surgery were noted.

Results:

Intraoperative geometric localization of feeder vessels to a lesion could be easily achieved. The cauterization of the direct feeder to the lesion reduced the much anticipated blood loss while operating a widespread vascular malformation. Orbital mass lesions with vessels in the vicinity could be operated upon with utmost vascular safety and precision, thereby avoiding complications. Detailed preoperative navigation-guided planning of risk structures with intraoperative distance control was found to be essential for successful outcomes.

Conclusions:

Computed tomography angiography-guided navigation surgery is very useful in cases with complex vascular malformations and while operating in the vicinity of crucial vascular structures in the orbit.
Surgical Microanatomy of Lower Eyelid Tarsal Ectropion Repair With a Putterman Ptosis Clamp
Authors: Jones Scott T. , Aakalu Vinay K. , Lin Amy Y. , Perez Catherine , Epstein Gil , Putterman Allen M. , Setabutr Pete
Published: July 2016

Purpose:

To examine the changes in microscopic anatomy of the lower eyelid tarsal ectropion repair with the Putterman ptosis clamp and better understand the anatomical changes associated with the eyelid malposition correction.

Methods:

Ten orbits from 5 fresh frozen cadaver heads, ranging in age from 53 to 77 years, were used for the dissection. For each head, a Putterman clamp tarsal ectropion repair was performed on one side, while the contralateral unoperated orbit served as a control. After performing the procedure, both orbits were exenterated and they, along with the resected specimens, were studied microscopically using Verhoeff-Masson trichrome and hematoxylin-eosin stains.

Results:

Conjunctiva, capsulopalpebral fascia, and smooth muscle were present on all tissue specimens incarcerated within the ptosis clamp. Tarsus was present in one specimen. There was a shortening of the posterior lamella of the eyelid with advancement of the capsulopalpebral fascia on all operated specimens when compared with controls.

Conclusion:

The Putterman clamp ectropion repair works by shortening the posterior lamella of the eyelid and advancing the lower eyelid retractors superiorly. This advancement tightens the lower eyelid retractors and thus stabilizes the eyelid in a more vertical position. In addition to a lateral tendon tuck as described in the original article to tighten horizontal eyelid laxity, this procedure addresses both vertical and horizontal laxity of tarsal ectropion.
Efficacy of Muller’s Muscle and Conjunctiva Resection With or Without Tarsectomy for the Treatment of Severe Involutional Blepharoptosis
Authors: Patel Rakesh M. , Aakalu Vinay K. , Setabutr Pete , Putterman Allen M.
Published: July 2016

Purpose:

To determine if Muller’s muscle and conjunctiva resection with or without tarsectomy is an efficacious procedure for the treatment of severe involutional blepharoptosis.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed for all consecutive patients with severe involutional blepharoptosis during a 12-year period treated by a single surgeon (AMP) with a Muller’s muscle and conjunctiva resection with or without tarsectomy. The inclusion criteria was good levator function (≥10 mm eyelid excursion), adequate response to phenylephrine (change in eyelid height ≥1.5 mm), and severe involutional blepharoptosis (margin-to-reflex-distance-1 ≤0 mm).

Results:

One hundred eyelids of 69 patients were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Mean preoperative margin-to-reflex-distance-1 was −0.65 mm and mean postoperative margin-to-reflex-distance-1 was 3.00 mm for all patients. For patients treated with Muller’s muscle and conjunctiva resection without tarsectomy, mean preoperative and postoperative margin-to-reflex-distance-1 was −0.51 mm and 2.98 mm with 97.5% of the patients obtaining a lift greater than 1.5 mm.

Conclusions:

The results demonstrate that Muller’s muscle and conjunctiva resection with or without tarsectomy does provide another alternative to the surgeon for the management of severe involutional blepharoptosis.
Application and Evaluation of Knowledge Retention Related to Advanced Trauma Care for Nurses (ATCN) Course Content: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Canzian Sonya , Nanni Jessica , McFarlan Amanda , Chalklin Kathryn , Sorvari Anne , Barratt Lee , Blanchette Shirley Ann , Li Yangmei , Topolovec-Vranic Jane
Published: July 2016

The Advanced Trauma Care for Nurses (ATCN) course was designed to help nurses increase their knowledge in management of the multiple trauma patient. To determine whether the trauma-related knowledge of ATCN course takers differed from nontakers, assess the factors associated with ATCN content knowledge among course takers, and explore the extent to which the ATCN content was used by course takers in their clinical practice. A cross-sectional online survey of 78 ATCN takers (nurses who had successfully completed the ATCN course within the previous 3 years) and 58 ATCN nontakers (a control group of nurses who had not taken the course but who worked in comparable clinical settings) was conducted. The survey consisted of demographic questions and a 15-item knowledge test spanning the ATCN course content. ATCN takers were also asked about the frequency with which a specific ATCN content had been used in their practice since taking the course. ATCN takers had a significantly higher (mean ±SD= 10.6 ± 2.2) total score on the study test than the ATCN nontakers (mean ±SD= 6.4 ± 2.6);t(134) = −10.0,p< .001. A shorter time since course completion was associated with higher knowledge scores. ATCN takers rated the clinical relevance and applicability of the course content as high. The findings suggest that completing the ATCN course increases knowledge levels of trauma patient management and that the ATCN course content is clinically relevant to the nurses. However, higher knowledge scores were observed for the most recent study participants, suggesting that booster sessions for ATCN course participants may be warranted.
Prevalence of Neovaginal High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Among Transgender Women in The Netherlands
Authors: van der Sluis Wouter B. , Buncamper Marlon E. , Bouman Mark-Bram , Elfering Lian , Özer Müjde , Bogaarts Martijn , Steenbergen Renske D.M. , Heideman Daniëlle A.M. , Mullender Margriet G.
Published: July 2016

Background: Worldwide, transgender women are a high burden population for sexually transmitted diseases. Neovaginal high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection has been documented among transgender women, but its prevalence remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of neovaginal hrHPV in a sample of transgender women in The Netherlands. Methods: Between June 2015 and December 2015, neovaginal samples were obtained from all transgender women who underwent vaginoplasty and attended our outpatient clinic for postoperative follow-up at least 1 year after surgery. High-risk HPV DNA detection and partial genotyping was performed by the HPV-risk assay. Genotyping of non–16/18-hrHPV-positive samples was subsequently performed by GP5+/6+-PCR followed by Luminex suspension array technology. Physical examination and standardized (sexual) history taking was conducted. Results: Valid neovaginal swabs were obtained from 54 transgender women (median age, 40.7 years [range, 19.2–60.3]; median postoperative time, 2.4 years [range, 1.0–34.2]). No transgender women were employed in the commercial sex industry. Of 28 sexually active transgender women, 6 (20%) tested positive for neovaginal hrHPV including types 16, 45, 51, 59, 66, and X. There were no concomitant neovaginal lesions nor neovaginal symptoms. All sexually inactive transgender women tested negative for neovaginal hrHPV. Conclusions: A prevalence of neovaginal hrHPV infection of 20% is observed in Dutch transgender women, who self-reported to be sexually active. The clinical consequences neovaginal hrHPV infection in transgender women require further attention.
Oral Human Papillomavirus in Youth From the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study
Authors: Moscicki Anna-Barbara , Farhat Sepideh , Yao Tzy-Jyun , Ryder Mark I. , Russell Jonathan S. , Van Dyke Russell B. , Hazra Rohan , Shiboski Caroline H.
Published: July 2016

In contrast to high rates of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) found in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, only 2% of 209 perinatally HIV-infected youth had oral HPV. This rate was similar in HIV-exposed but uninfected youth. No association was found with sexual activity; however, low CD4 counts were associated with oral HPV.
A Standardized Classification for Subdural Hematomas— I
Authors: Alves José Luís , Santiago João Gonçalo , Costa Guerreiro , Mota Pinto Anabela
Published: July 2016

Subdural hematomas are a frequent and highly heterogeneous traumatic disorder, with significant clinical and socioeconomic consequences. In clinical and medicolegal practice, subdural hematomas are classified according to its apparent age, which significantly influences its intrinsic pathogenic behavior, forensic implications, clinical management, and outcome. Although practical, this empirical classification is somewhat arbitrary and scarcely informative, considering the remarkable heterogeneity of this entity. The current research project aims at implementing a comprehensive multifactorial classification of subdural hematomas, allowing a more standardized and coherent assessment and management of this condition. This new method of classification of subdural hematomas takes into account its intrinsic and extrinsic features, using imaging data and histopathological elements, to provide an easily apprehensible and intuitive nomenclature. The proposed classification unifies and organizes all relevant details concerning subdural hematomas, hopefully improving surgical care and forensic systematization.
A Survey of Return Visits to the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Augustine Erin M. , Bekker Tatiana D. , Goel Ansha , Breslin Kristen A. , Chamberlain James M.
Published: July 2016

Objective

Approximately 5% of children return to the emergency department within 72 hours of a first evaluation. Previous literature has focused on healthcare utilization and the use of return visits as a quality metric. The goal of this study was to quantify reasons for return visits from the caretaker perspective.

Methods

Caretaker surveys were developed based on previously identified themes from focus groups. When considering reasons for return, multiple answers were allowed. Surveys were administered to a convenience sample of eligible caretakers who returned to the emergency department within 72 hours between June and August 2013. Caretakers were excluded if the return was scheduled or for an unrelated complaint.

Results

Of the 306 eligible caretakers, 83 (27%) participated. A majority returned because of continued (92%) or worsening symptoms (70%). More than half returned because they did not know how to help their child at home (60%), they did not understand their child's illness (59%), and/or they did not expect the persistence of symptoms (58%). Overall, caretakers felt more testing (55%), treatments (45%), medications (41%), and information (28%) should have been provided at the initial visit. Caretakers of children admitted at the second visit were significantly more dissatisfied with care at the first visit (P = 0.05).

Conclusions

The most commonly reported reasons for pediatric return visits were continued symptoms and lack of illness understanding. We plan to use these data to develop targeted interventions to decrease the perceived need for return visits.
Apparent Life-Threatening Events
Authors: Vigo Alessandro , Balagna Roberto , Brazzi Luca , Costagliola Giulia , Gregoretti Cesare , Lupica Maria Maddalena , Noce Silvia
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Apparent
life-threatening event (ALTE) refers to a constellation of unexpected events suddenly occurring in infants that extremely alarm the observers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate 1) intervention of Emergency Service (ES) at home, 2) parental behavior before ES intervention, 3) patients' outcome at follow-up of a minimum of 6 months.

Methods

Retrospective study of infants younger than 12 months whose parents called ES and were evaluated for ALTE from 2005 to 2014. Tactile stimulation (TS) was defined as any maneuver performed by parents or ES staff aimed at rescuing patients without cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was defined according to American Heart Association Guidelines 2010.

Results

One hundred eighty-eight patients were eligible. Emergency Service provided intervention for 178 infants (10 were assisted only by phone). All patients received TS by parents before ES arrival. Mean time for ES to reach patient location was 15 ± 10 minutes. On examination, 136 patients (76.5%) seemed normal and 42 symptomatic. One hundred sixty-three patients were brought to the emergency department where 23 patients were found symptomatic. One hundred six of 163 patients underwent capillary blood gas determination and, in 28 (26%) of 106, alterations were found. No infant had subsequent cardiopulmonary arrest or clinically evident adverse neurological outcome. Six were found to be epileptic. No infant died during the episode or during follow-up.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that ALTE is an alarming but self-limiting phenomenon that can be resolved either spontaneously or by simple TS in most cases. Emergency Service should solicit patients' physiological responses through TS first while considering a cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuver.