bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational Evaluation of Platelet Activation Induced by a Bioprosthetic Heart Valve
Authors: Sirois Eric , Sun Wei
Published: November 2010

It is known that bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) have better hemodynamics and lower thromboembolic events compared with their mechanical counterparts; however, patients implanted with BHVs still face the potential of such complications. The risk of a clinical thromboembolism is on average 0.7% per year in patients with tissue valves in sinus rhythm. In this study, we developed a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model of a BHV implanted in an aortic root and investigated the BHV‐induced platelet activation using a damage accumulation model previously applied to mechanical valves. The CFD model was validated against published experimental data, including the flow velocity profile across the valve and the transvalvular pressure drop, and close matches were obtained. Hemodynamic performance measures such as flow velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and wall shear stress were explored. Lagrangian particle tracking was used to calculate the extent of platelet activation for central bulk flow and flow in the vicinity of the leaflets. A peak flow of 2.22 m/s was observed at 40 msec after peak systole in the vicinity of a fold at the base of the leaflets. With the platelet activation expressed as 0–100% of activation threshold levels, mean damage on one pass was 2.489 × 10−7% and maximum damage on one pass was 8.778 × 10−4%. Our results suggested that the potential for BHV‐induced platelet activation was low and that the leaflet's fully open geometry might play a role in the extent of blood element damage.
Cycle Testing of the MagScrew Total Artificial Heart External Battery Pack: Update I
Authors: Casas Fernando , Weber Stephan , Klatte Ryan , Goel Vikash , Smith William A.
Published: November 2010

MagScrew total artificial heart (TAH) external battery pack (EBP) cycle bench testing continued over a period of 18 months using two fresh Wilson Greatbatch lithium ion EBPs during continuous charge and discharge cycles under a simulated TAH system current requirement. The same electronic load developed for our initial testing was used to simulate the MagScrew current waveforms typically observed during nominal operation. The current load profiles for this test were modified from the ones previously described and applied to the EBP under test during a voltage‐defined discharge cycle. The test ended when EBP#2 reached end of life at 1450 cycles. At that point, EBP#1 remained healthy with a capacity of 175 min until full discharge. Performance of EBP#2 was still within expected ranges. Performance of EBP#1 exceeded expectations. These differences are probably caused by slight manufacturing changes. More tests will provide additional data to define a statistical distribution to better characterize EBP performance. In conclusion, endurance performance of the EBP remained satisfactory.
Bone Marrow Combined With Dental Bud Cells Promotes Tooth Regeneration in Miniature Pig Model
Authors: Kuo Tzong‐Fu , Lin Hsin‐Chi , Yang Kai‐Chiang , Lin Feng‐Huei , Chen Min‐Huey , Wu Chang‐Chin , Chang Hao‐Hueng
Published: November 2010

Growth factors and morphogens secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of bone marrow fluid may promote tooth regeneration. Accordingly, a tissue engineering approach was utilized to develop an economical strategy for obtaining the growth factors and morphogens from BMSCs. Unerupted second molar tooth buds harvested from miniature pigs were cultured in vitro to obtain dental bud cells (DBCs). Bone marrow fluid, which contains BMSCs, was collected from the porcine mandible before operation. DBCs suspended in bone marrow fluid were seeded into a gelatin/chondoitin‐6‐sulfate/hyaluronan tri‐copolymer scaffold (GCHT scaffold). The DBCs/bone marrow fluid/GCHT scaffold was autografted into the original alveolar sockets of the pigs. Radiographic and histological examinations were applied to identify the structure of regenerated tooth at 40 weeks postimplantation. The present results showed that one pig developed a complete tooth with crown, root, pulp, enamel, dentin, odontoblast, cementum, blood vessel, and periodontal ligament in indiscriminate shape. Three animals had an unerupted tooth that expressed dentin matrix protein‐1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and osteopontin; and two other pigs also had dental‐like structure with dentin tubules. This study reveals that DBCs adding bone marrow fluid and a suitable scaffold can promote the tooth regeneration in autogenic cell transplantation.
Deficits in oculomotor performance in pediatric epilepsy
Authors: Asato Miya R. , Nawarawong Natalie , Hermann Bruce , Crumrine Patricia , Luna Beatriz
Published: November 2010

Purpose:  Given evidence of limitations in neuropsychological performance in epilepsy, we probed the integrity of components of cognition—including speed of processing, response inhibition, and spatial working memory—supporting executive function in pediatric epilepsy patients and matched controls.

Methods:  A total of 44 pairs of controls and medically treated pediatric epilepsy patients with no known brain pathology completed cognitive oculomotor tasks, computerized neuropsychological testing, and psychiatric assessment.

Key Findings:  Patients showed slower reaction time to initiate a saccadic response compared to controls but had intact saccade accuracy. Cognitively driven responses including response inhibition were impaired in the patient group. Patients had increased incidence of comorbid psychopathology, but comorbidity did not predict worse functioning compared to patients with no Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Epilepsy type and medication status were not predictive of outcome. More complex neuropsychological performance was impaired in tasks requiring visual memory and sequential processing, which was correlated with inhibitory control and antisaccade accuracy.

Significance:  Pediatric epilepsy may be associated with vulnerabilities that specifically undermine speed of processing and response inhibition but not working memory, and may underlie known neuropsychological performance limitations. This particular profile of abnormalities may be associated with seizure‐mediated compromises in brain maturation early in development.
Depressive Symptoms, Chronic Diseases, and Physical Disabilities as Predictors of Cognitive Functioning Trajectories in Older Americans
Authors: Chodosh Joshua , Miller‐Martinez Dana , Aneshensel Carol S. , Wight Richard G. , Karlamangla Arun S.
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine the concurrent influence of depressive symptoms, medical conditions, and disabilities in activities of daily living (ADLs) on rates of decline in cognitive function of older Americans.

DESIGN: Prospective cohort.

SETTING: National population based.

PARTICIPANTS: A national sample of 6,476 adults born before 1924.

MEASUREMENTS: Differences in cognitive function trajectories were determined according to prevalence and incidence of depressive symptoms, chronic diseases, and ADL disabilities. Cognitive performance was tested five times between 1993 and 2002 using a multifaceted inventory examined as a global measure (range 0–35, standard deviation (SD) 6.0) and word recall (range 0–20, SD 3.8) analyzed separately.

RESULTS: Baseline prevalence of depressive symptoms, stroke, and ADL limitations were independently and strongly associated with lower baseline cognition scores but did not predict future cognitive decline. Each incident depressive symptom was independently associated with a 0.06‐point lower (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.02–0.10) recall score, incident stroke with a 0.59‐point lower total score (95% CI=0.20–0.98), each new basic ADL limitation with a 0.07‐point lower recall score (95% CI=0.01–0.14) and a 0.16‐point lower total score (95% CI=0.07–0.25), and each incident instrumental ADL limitation with a 0.20‐point lower recall score (95% CI=0.10–0.30) and a 0.52‐point lower total score (95% CI=0.37–0.67).

CONCLUSION: Prevalent and incident depressive symptoms, stroke, and ADL disabilities contribute independently to poorer cognitive functioning in older Americans but do not appear to influence rates of future cognitive decline. Prevention, early identification, and aggressive treatment of these conditions may ameliorate the burdens of cognitive impairment.
The Effect of Homebound Status on Older Persons
Authors: Cohen‐Mansfield Jiska , Shmotkin Dov , Hazan Haim
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of homebound status of older persons in Israel on mortality, mental health and function, future homebound status, and institutionalization.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analysis using existing data sets of a national survey.

SETTING: A national survey.

PARTICIPANTS: The analyzed sample was drawn from a representative cohort of 1,191 older persons in Israel (mean age 83.1 ± 5.3) in the first wave of the Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Aging Study and 621 participants in the second wave of the study.

MEASUREMENTS: Homebound status, health, function, environment, mental health, distal events, mortality, activities daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), Orientation‐Memory‐Concentration Test, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Mortality data were recorded from the Israeli National Population Registry.

RESULTS: Homebound participants had a significantly higher risk of mortality than their non‐homebound counterparts, even after controlling for background variables, health, and function (risk ratio=1.33, 95% confidence interval=1.08–1.63). In cross‐sectional analysis, homebound status was related to depressed affect even after controlling for demographics, health, and function. In longitudinal analysis, homebound status predicted future depressed affect and ADL and IADL difficulties when controlling for demographics and health, but only IADL prediction was statistically significant when baseline levels of the outcome variable were entered into the regression.

CONCLUSION: The results highlight the detrimental effects of homebound status, underscoring the importance of preventing this state, of interventions to assist those who are homebound, and of future research to examine the efficacy and coverage of services to this population.
Cognition Moderates the Relationship Between Facility Characteristics, Personal Impairments, and Nursing Home Residents' Activities of Daily Living
Authors: Wang Jye , Chang Ling‐Hui , Eberly Lynn E. , Virnig Beth A. , Kane Robert L.
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether cognition moderates the association between facility‐level characteristics and individual‐level impairments and activity of daily living (ADL) dependency.

DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study.

SETTINGS: Nursing homes (NHs) in Minnesota.

PARTICIPANTS: Four thousand nine hundred forty‐two NH residents admitted to 377 Minnesota NHs during 2004 were followed for 4 to 8 months.

MEASUREMENTS: According to the Minimum Data Set (MDS) Cognition Scale 3,132 residents had high cognitive function, and 1,810 had low cognitive function. Total ADL score and scores on three ADL tasks at follow‐up were used as outcome variables. MDS‐derived impairment measures at admission of pain, depression, incontinence, balance dysfunction, and fall history were used to predict ADL changes. Fifteen resident‐level and eight facility‐level control variables were included in all four ADL models.

RESULTS: Effects of NHs and impairments on ADLs tended to be weaker for residents with low cognitive function. Bladder incontinence significantly predicted more dependence in total ADLs, toileting, and personal hygiene in both cognitive groups. Balance dysfunction significantly predicted worse total ADLs, toileting, and personal hygiene in the high‐cognition group but only worse toileting function in the low‐cognition group. In neither subgroup did any impairment predict worse eating function. Cognition did not modify the relationships between pain, depression, and recent falls and ADLs.

CONCLUSION: Current NH environments and care processes may be inadequate to facilitate ADL changes for residents with severe cognitive impairment. More innovative structural designs, higher staffing levels, and better care processes may be indicated.
Correlates of Alcohol‐Related Discussions Between Older Adults and Their Physicians
Authors: Duru O. Kenrik , Xu Haiyong , Tseng Chi‐Hong , Mirkin Michelle , Ang Alfonso , Tallen Louise , Moore Alison A. , Ettner Susan L.
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To identify predictors of alcohol‐related patient–physician discussions.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional study using baseline data from a randomized controlled trial.

SETTING: Community‐based group practice.

PARTICIPANTS: Thirty‐one physicians in Project Senior Health and Alcohol Risk Education and 3,305 of their patients aged 60 and older who use alcohol and completed a survey that included the Comorbidity Alcohol Risk Evaluation Tool (CARET).

MEASUREMENTS: At study baseline, older adults were asked whether alcohol‐related discussions with a physician had occurred in the prior year. This outcome was modeled using logistic regression models with physician random effects. Predictor variables included patient‐level variables such as demographics and seven CARET‐defined risk factors, specifically a medical or psychiatric comorbidity that alcohol might worsen, a potentially alcohol‐related symptom, use of a medication that may interact negatively with alcohol, excessive quantity or frequency of alcohol use, binge drinking, concern from others about drinking, and drinking and driving. Physician‐level predictors (age, sex, years since graduation, specialty) were also included.

RESULTS: The probability of reporting alcohol‐related discussions declined with patient age (e.g., odds ratio (OR)=0.40 for patients aged ≥80) and was significantly lower for Latinos (OR=0.38). Drinking and driving (OR=1.69) or concern from others (OR=6.04) were significantly associated with alcohol‐related discussions; having comorbidities or using medications that may interact with alcohol were not.

CONCLUSION: Although patient demographics, including age and ethnicity, are associated with the occurrence of alcohol‐related discussions, clinical factors that may negatively interact with alcohol to increase risk are not. This suggests that physicians may not be attuned to the entire spectrum of alcohol‐related risks for older adults.
Alcohol Use Trajectories in Two Cohorts of U.S. Women Aged 50 to 65 at Baseline
Authors: Bobo Janet Kay , Greek April A. , Klepinger Daniel H. , Herting Jerald R.
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine drinking trajectories followed by two cohorts of older women over 8 to 10 years of follow‐up.

DESIGN: Longitudinal analyses of two nationally representative cohorts using semiparametric group‐based models weighted and adjusted for baseline age.

SETTING: Study data were obtained from detailed interviews conducted in the home or by telephone.

PARTICIPANTS: One cohort included 5,231 women in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) aged 50 to 65 in 1996; the other included 1,658 women in the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) aged 50 to 65 in 1995.

MEASUREMENTS: Both cohorts reported any recent drinking and average number of drinks per drinking day using similar but not identical questions. HRS women completed six interviews (one every other year) from 1996 to 2006. NLS women completed five interviews from 1995 to 2003.

RESULTS: All trajectory models yielded similar results. For HRS women, four trajectory groups were observed in the model based on drinks per day: increasing drinkers (4.9% of cohort), infrequent and nondrinkers (61.8%), consistent drinkers (25.9%), and decreasing drinkers (7.4%). Corresponding NLS values from the drinks per day model were 8.8%, 61.4%, 21.2%, and 8.6%, respectively. In 2006, the average number of drinks per day for HRS women in the increasing drinker and consistent drinker trajectories was 1.31 and 1.59, respectively. In 2003, these values for NLS women were 0.99 and 1.38, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Most women do not markedly change their drinking behavior after age 50, but some increase their alcohol use substantially, whereas others continue to exceed current recommendations. These findings underscore the importance of periodically asking older women about their drinking to assess, advise, and assist those who may be at risk for developing alcohol‐related problems.
A cluster of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 recombinant form escaping detection by commercial genomic amplification assays
Authors: Foglieni Barbara , Candotti Daniel , Guarnori Irene , Raffaele Livia , Berzuini Alessandra , Spreafico Marta , Orani Anna , Rossotti Roberto , Rossi Davide , Allain Jean‐Pierre , Prati Daniele
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: Nucleic acid testing (NAT)‐based methods for the detection and quantification of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV‐1) RNA are used to increase transfusion safety and to diagnose and manage HIV‐1‐infected patients. We describe a novel HIV‐1 recombinant form associated with lack of reactivity or substantial underestimation of viral load by commercial NAT assays.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We observed a repeat blood donor seroconverting to anti‐HIV in whom HIV RNA was initially undetectable with routine NAT was observed. During donor follow‐up, HIV RNA became detectable, but the viral load was 2 to 3 log lower than measured with other NATs targeting different genome regions. Genome sequencing revealed a novel B/F recombinant with mutations affecting primers and probe annealing accounting for the poor performance of routine NAT. A total of 553 HIV‐1‐infected patients attending the hospital clinic were subsequently tested prospectively using the routine assay and an in‐house assay specifically designed to detect the B/F strains.

RESULTS: The routine assay substantially underestimated viremia (1‐5 log) in 19 cases (3.5%), 11 (58%) of which were infected with the same B/F strain observed in the index donor samples. Two other non‐B circulating recombinant forms of HIV‐1 (A/G, B/G subtypes) were identified as poorly detected. Newly introduced NATs targeting two HIV‐1 regions improved assay performance.

CONCLUSION: HIV‐1 increasing heterogeneity affects the efficiency of NATs and consequently the safety of the blood supply as well as diagnosis and patient management.
Making Place: The Shifting Green Line and the Development of “Greater” Metropolitan Jerusalem
Authors: Shlay Anne B. , Rosen Gillad
Published: November 2010

This paper is about place making in Jerusalem, an important city at the heart of the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. It examines how place making in Jerusalem has had the consequence of shifting what is known as the Green Line. the Green Line represents the armistice or ceasefire boundaries following the end of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Development of different parts of captured territories after the 1967 War has shifted and rendered unstable perceptions of the Green Line and has wreaked havoc with prevailing conceptions over what constitutes Jerusalem. Symbolic and social boundary reconstruction is at the heart of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, a powerfully organized mechanism that tilts power to Israel with the use of bulldozers, bricks, and cranes as well as tanks and weapons. the shifting Green Line represents a battle line of an idea war over Israel's ability to claim legitimacy over a new Jerusalem. This paper examines the dynamic processes of how boundaries are being shifted through narratives of various actors involved in these processes.
Remaking Beirut: Contesting Memory, Space, and the Urban Imaginary of Lebanese Youth
Authors: Larkin Craig
Published: November 2010

Throughout the centuries Beirut has had an endless capacity for reinvention and transformation, a consequence of migration, conquest, trade, and internal conflict. the last three decades have witnessed the city center's violent self–destruction, its commercial resurrection, and most recently its national contestation, as oppositional political forces have sought to mobilize mass demonstrations and occupy strategic space. While research has been directed to the transformative processes and the principal actors involved, little attention has been given to how the next generation of Lebanese are negotiating Beirut's rehabilitation. This article seeks to address this lacuna, by exploring how postwar youth remember, imagine, and spatially encounter their city. How does Beirut's rebuilt urban landscape, with its remnants of war, sites of displacement, and transformed environs, affect and inform identity, social interaction, and perceptions of the past? Drawing on Henri Lefebvre's analysis of the social construction of space (perceived, conceived, and lived) and probing the inherent tensions within postwar youths’ encounters with history, memory, and heritage, the article presents a dynamic and complex urban imaginary of Beirut. An examination of key urban sites (Solidère's Down Town) and significant temporal moments (Independence Intifada) reveals three recurring tensions evident in Lebanese youth's engagement with their city: dislocation and liberation, spectacle and participant, pluralism and fracture. This article seeks to encourage wider discussion on the nature of postwar recovery and the construction of rehabilitated public space, amidst the backdrop of global consumerism and heritage campaigns.
Intraprocedural Imaging of Left Atrium and Pulmonary Veins: A Comparison Study between Rotational Angiography and Cardiac Computed Tomography
Authors: KRIATSELIS CHARALAMPOS , NEDIOS SOTIRIOS , AKRIVAKIS SPYRIDON , TANG MIN , ROSER MATTIAS , GERDS‐LI JIN‐HONG , FLECK ECKART , ORLOV MICHAEL
Published: November 2010

Background:

Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is facilitated by anatomical visualization of the left atrium (LA) and the pulmonary veins (PVs). The purpose of this study was to compare accuracy, radiation exposure, and costs between three‐dimensional atriography (3D‐ATG) and cardiac computed tomography (CCT).

Methods:

Seventy patients with an indication for AF ablation were included. Contrast‐enhanced CCT was performed preoperatively for all patients. In addition, intraoperative 3D‐ATG was performed with contrast medium injection either indirectly into the pulmonary arteries during a breath‐hold (Ind.‐RTA, n = 25) or directly into the LA, during adenosine‐induced asystole (Ad.‐RTA, n = 23), or rapid ventricular pacing (VP‐RTA, n = 22). We evaluated vertical ostial PV diameters and LA volume, time needed to perform, radiation exposure, and procedural cost for each imaging method.

Results:

The correlation coefficient between 3D‐ATG and CCT for the ostial PV diameters was r = 0.83 for Ind.‐RTA, 0.91 for Ad.‐RTA, and 0.88 for the VP‐RTA method (P > 0.05). The volume correlations were r = 0.87 for Ind.‐RTA, 0.82 for Ad.‐RTA, and 0.8 for VP‐RTA (P > 0.05). Time to perform was 13 ± 5 minutes for ATG and 46 ± 9 minutes for CCT (P < 0.05). Effective radiation dose was 2.2 ± 0.2 mSv for ATG and 20.4 ± 7.4 mSv for CCT (P < 0.05). The procedural cost was estimated at 91–95 € for ATG and at 126–151 € for CCT.

Conclusions:

3D‐ATG is an intraprocedural imaging modality that provides anatomical accuracy comparable to that of CCT with significantly lower radiation dose, in less time and at less financial expense (PACE 2011; 34:315–322)
Is ionic dialysance useful for early detection of vascular access dysfunction? Six illustrative cases
Authors: FONTSERÉ Néstor , BLASCO Miquel , ARIAS Marta , MADUELL Francesc , VERA Manel , BURREL Marta , BARRUFET Marta , REAL Maria Isabel , MESTRES Gaspar , CAMPISTOL Josep M.
Published: November 2010

Continuous ionic dialysance monitoring is a useful clinical tool to determine the dialysis dose in real time in each hemodialysis session. We followed up 49 patients for 16 months. Six patients with a Kt reduction of ≥20% in >3 consecutive hemodialysis sessions were identified. Fistulography demonstrated significant stenosis in all 6 patients. Angioplasty was performed in 5 with an excellent angiographic result and optimal Kt levels were restored. Unexplained and persistent Kt reduction in patients with stable chronic kidney disease under hemodialysis could represent, together with an accurate vascular access examination, a practical and additional indirect method for the early detection of vascular access dysfunction.
Up by the Bootstraps: Tourism Development and Single Motherhood in Huatulco, Mexico
Authors: Pankonien Dawn
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
commentary, tourism, development, neoliberalism, gender, single motherhood, Mexico, globalization, Latin America
World Heritage Tourism: UNESCO's Vehicle for Peace?
Authors: Di Giovine Michael A
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
commentary, tourism, cultural resource management, UNESCO, world heritage, heritage‐scape, Cambodia, Angkor Archaeological Park, South‐East Asia, Angkor Wat, historic preservation
Tourism in Local History and Experience
Authors: Thompson Matthew D
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
commentary, tourism, historical memory, economic development, representation, cultural resource management, Cherokee, indigenous peoples, Native Americans, North Carolina, North America
Riding the Tourism Train?: Navigating Intellectual Property, Heritage and Community‐Based Approaches to Cultural Tourism
Authors: Mortensen Lena , Nicholas George
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
commentary, tourism, cultural heritage, intellectual property, community resources, indigenous peoples, cultural resource management, First Nations, Klahowya Village, Aboriginal Tourism Association of British Columbia, development, Canada, North America
Let a Thousand Flowers Bloom: Ethnic Tourism and Poverty Alleviation in Contemporary China
Authors: Graburn Nelson
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
photo feature, tourism, development, ethnicity, minzu, minorities, minority populations, China, Eastern Asia, visual anthropology
Engaging New Orleans: Fostering Publics within and beyond the Meeting Hotels
Authors: Breunlin Rachel , Regis Helen A , Sakakeeny Matt
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
association business, Annual Meeting, 2010 Annual Conference
Farming the Crescent City Tour
Authors: Broom Pamela A , Bubinas Kathleen
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
association business, Annual Meeting, New Orleans, 2010 Annual Conference, food and nutrition
Movements in World Anthropologies
Authors: Ribeiro Gustavo Lins
Published: November 2010

Gustavo Lins Ribeiro and Setha Low are contributing editors of “World Anthropologies,” the AAA Committee on World Anthropologies column in Anthropology News.

Keywords:
association business, Committee on World Anthropologies
Cultural Heritage and Economic Encounters in the Age of Global Tourism
Authors: Wells Christian , Lyon Sarah
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
tourism, economics, heritage, globalization, Society for Economic Anthropology annual meeting
Tourism Ethics
Authors: Smith Valene L
Published: November 2010

Liam Frink is contributing editor of “Ethical Currents,” the AAA Committee on Ethics column in Anthropology News.

Keywords:
tourism, ethics, World Tourism Organization
Opposition in the Time of Avatar: Belo Monte Dam in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Chernela Janet
Published: November 2010

Gretchen E Schafft is contributing editor of “Human Rights Forum,” the AAA Committee for Human Rights column in Anthropology News.

Keywords:
Brazil, South America, economic development, indigenous peoples
Student Development Tourism: A Growing Trend to What End?
Authors: Hudgins Kristen
Published: November 2010

Keywords:
higher education, service learning, graduate student, field work
In a Bowl: Practicing Anthropology in the Public Realm
Authors: Bernstein Bruce
Published: November 2010

Niel Tashima and Elizabeth Briody are contributing editors of “Anthropology Works,” the AAA Committee on Practicing, Applied and Public Interest Anthropology column in Anthropology News.

Keywords:
Southwestern Association for Indian Arts, Santa Fe Indian Market, Native Americans
Challenges in the conservation, rehabilitation and recovery of native stream salmonid populations: beyond the 2010 Luarca symposium
Authors: Piccolo John J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract – In May 2010, I chaired a session on challenges to salmonid conservation at the international symposium ‘Advances in the population ecology of stream salmonids’ in Luarca, Spain. I suggested that in addition to scientific challenges, a major challenge will be improving the links between ecologists, conservationists and policy makers. Because the Luarca symposium focused mainly on ecological research, little time was explicitly devoted to conservation. My objective in this paper is to further discuss the role of ecological research in informing salmonid conservation. I begin with a brief overview of research highlights from the symposium. I then use selected examples to show that ecological research has already contributed much towards informing salmonid conservation, but that ecologists will always be faced with limitations in their predictive ability. I suggest that conservation will need to move forward regardless of these limitations, and I call attention to some recent efforts wherein ecological research has played a crucial role. I conclude that ecologists should take urgent action to ensure that their results are available to inform resource managers, conservation organisations and policy makers regarding past losses and present threats to native, locally‐adapted salmonid stocks.
Ecological stoichiometry of Eurasian perch – intraspecific variation due to size, habitat and diet
Authors: Vrede Tobias , Drakare Stina , Eklöv Peter , Hein Arne , Liess Antonia , Olsson Jens , Persson Jonas , Quevedo Mario , Stabo Henrik Ragnarsson , Svanbäck Richard
Published: November 2010

The turnover and distribution of energy and nutrients in food webs is influenced by consumer stoichiometry. Although the stoichiometry of heterotrophs is generally considered to vary only little, there may be intraspecific variation due to factors such as habitat, resources, ontogeny and size. We examined intraspecific variation in Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis stoichiometry, a common species that exhibits habitat and resource specialization, ontogenetic niche shifts and a large size range. This study investigated the elemental stoichiometry of a wide size range of perch from littoral and pelagic habitats. The mean C:N:P stoichiometry of whole perch was 37:9:1 (molar ratios). However, %C, %P, C:N, C:P and N:P varied with size, morphology, habitat and diet category. These factors together explained 24–40% of the variation in C:N:P stoichiometry. In contrast, perch stoichiometry was not related to diet stoichiometry, suggesting that the former is homeostatically regulated. The results suggest that the high P content of perch may result in stoichiometric constraints on the growth of non‐piscivorous perch, and that piscivory is an efficient strategy for acquiring P. Resource polymorphism, individual diet specialization and intraspecific size variation are widespread among animals. Thus changes in stoichiometry with size, habitat, morphology and resource use, and therefore also stoichiometric demands, are probably common.
Is it possible to reduce the knee joint compression force during level walking with hiking poles?
Authors: Jensen S. B. , Henriksen M. , Aaboe J. , Hansen L. , Simonsen E. B. , Alkjær T.
Published: November 2010

Walking with hiking poles has become a popular way of exercising. Walking with poles is advocated as a physical activity that significantly reduces the loading of the hip, knee and ankle joints. We have previously observed that pole walking does not lead to a reduction of the load on the knee joint. However, it is unclear whether an increased force transmitted through the poles can reduce the load on the knee joint. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate if an increased load transmitted through the arms to the poles could reduce the knee joint compression force during level walking with poles. We hypothesized that an increased pole force would result in a reduction of the knee joint compression force. Gait analyses from 10 healthy subjects walking with poles were obtained. The pole force was measured simultaneously during the gait analyses. The knee joint compression forces were estimated by using a biomechanical knee joint model. The results showed that the subjects were able to increase the pole force by 2.4 times the normal pole force. However, this did not lead to a reduction in the knee joint compressive force and we rejected our hypothesis. In conclusion, the use of poles during level walking does not seem to reduce knee joint compressive loads. However, it is possible that the use of poles in other populations (e.g. osteoarthritis patients) and in terrain would unload the knee joint. This should be investigated in the future.
A conceptual framework of organizational stressors in sport performers
Authors: Fletcher D. , Hanton S. , Mellalieu S. D. , Neil R.
Published: November 2010

In the study reported here, 12 sport performers (six elite and six non‐elite) were interviewed with regard to organizational‐related issues they had experienced in preparation for competition. Grounded theory procedures facilitated the development of a conceptual framework of organizational stressors consisting of five general dimensions: factors intrinsic to the sport, roles in the sport organization, sport relationships and interpersonal demands, athletic career and performance development issues, and organizational structure and climate of the sport. The data indicate that the stressors were encountered proportionately more by elite performers (#EPOS=315) than non‐elite performers (#NPOS=228) with some demands being in common and some unique to each group. The results are discussed in relation to previous research and regarding their implications for professional practice.
Validity and responsiveness of the ankle function score after acute ankle injury
Authors: van der Wees P. , Hendriks E. , van Beers H. , van Rijn R. , Dekker J. , de Bie R.
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine prognostic validity, concurrent validity and responsiveness of ankle function score (AFS) for patients with acute ankle injury. In a prospective cohort study, AFS was compared with Olerud and Molander ankle score (OMAS), patient‐specific complaints (PSC), and global perceived effect. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to estimate prognostic validity; correlation was calculated for concurrent validity. Effect Size, Standardized Response Mean, and Responsiveness Ratio were calculated to estimate responsiveness. The sensitivity of AFS was 76% and the specificity was 57%. Correlation between AFS and OMAS at baseline, end of treatment and difference was 0.82, 0.70 and 0.79, respectively. Outcomes for responsiveness of AFS were comparable to outcomes for OMAS and PSC. This study found limited evidence for the AFS as a prognostic and evaluative instrument. The AFS is a simple instrument based on basic functional outcomes (pain, stability, weight bearing, swelling and gait) and may be used in addition to subjective clinical judgment as a prognostic and evaluative tool for recovery after acute ankle injury.
Antioxidant effect of lemon verbena extracts in lymphocytes of university students performing aerobic training program
Authors: Carrera‐Quintanar L. , Funes L. , Viudes E. , Tur J. , Micol V. , Roche E. , Pons A.
Published: November 2010

Aerobic training is related to an increase in blood oxidation markers. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant capacity of Lippia citriodora extracts (PLX®) on plasma and blood cell oxidative status of university students beginning a 21 days aerobic training routine (3 days/week). Using a double‐blind design, 15 male athletes (21 ± 2.1 years) were assigned to a group consuming 1.8 g/day of the plant extract (PLX®‐group) or a placebo (PLB‐group). Two blood extractions were performed at day 0 and 21, from which lymphocytes, erythrocytes and plasma were isolated. Several circulating parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress markers were measured. The PLX®‐group displayed an increased HDL‐cholesterol, a modest decrease in erythrocyte number and an increased circulating urea. Activation of glutathione (GSH)‐reductase was observed in erythrocytes and lymphocytes of PLX®‐group, accompanied by lower levels of oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls in plasma. The antioxidant action exerted by PLX® on GSH‐reductase seems to be post‐translational and mainly due to verbascoside, a phenylpropanoid that represents 10% (w/w) of extract content. In conclusion, PLX® shows antioxidant properties that could play an important role in modulating GSH‐reductase activity in lymphocytes and erythrocytes and protecting plasma from exercise oxidative damage.
Diving reflex: can the time course of heart rate reduction be quantified?
Authors: Caspers C. , Cleveland S. , Schipke J. D.
Published: November 2010

In this meta‐analysis of diving bradycardia in humans, we sought to quantify any heart rate (HR) reduction using a relatively simple mathematical function. Using the terms “diving reflex,”“diving bradycardia,”“diving response,”“diving plus heart rate,” databases were searched. Data from the studies were fitted using HR=c+aexp(−(t−t0)/τ), where c is the final HR, a is the HR decrease, τ is the time constant of HR decay, and t0 is the time delay. Of 890 studies, 220 were given closer scrutiny. Only eight of these provided data obtained under comparable conditions. Apneic facial immersion decreased HR with τ=10.4 s and in air alone it was less pronounced and slower (τ=16.2 s). The exponential function fitted the time course of HR decrease closely (r2>0.93). The fit was less adequate for apneic‐exercising volunteers. During apnea both with and without face immersion, HR decreases along a monoexponential function with a characteristic time constant. HR decrease during exercise with and without face immersion could not readily be described with a simple function: the parasympathetic reaction was partially offset by some sympathetic activity. Thus, we succeeded in quantifying the early time course of diving bradycardia. It is concluded that the diving reflex is useful to diagnose the integrity of efferent cardiovascular autonomic pathways.
High‐dose inhaled salbutamol has no acute effects on aerobic capacity or oxygen uptake kinetics in healthy trained men
Authors: Elers J , Mørkeberg J , Jansen T , Belhage B , Backer V
Published: November 2010

The prevalence of asthma is higher among elite athletes than in the general population. This has resulted in the frequent use of anti‐asthmatic medication such as beta2‐agonists among asthmatic athletes. Beta2‐agonists are on the prohibited list of WADA. The use of the beta2‐agonist salbutamol is only permitted in therapeutic inhaled doses. Most studies have reported the lack of ergogenic effects of therapeutic doses of inhaled beta2‐agonists measured in maximal oxygen uptake. No previous studies have examined any possible effects of high‐dose inhaled salbutamol on oxygen uptake kinetics. We enrolled nine healthy well‐trained men in a randomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled crossover study. Subjects were randomized to inhalation of 40 puffs of 0.2 mg salbutamol or two placebo tablets and performed an incremental test to exhaustion and three submaximal tests at 75% of peak power to determine oxygen uptake kinetics. During the incremental test, there were no effects of inhaled salbutamol on VO2max in absolute or relative terms, and no effect on peak power and lactate threshold. During the submaximal test, we found no effects on the time constant, time delay, the mean response time or O2 deficit related to oxygen uptake kinetics. In conclusion, no ergogenic effect of a high dose of salbutamol on aerobic capacity was found.
Peroxisome Metabolism and Cellular Aging
Authors: Titorenko Vladimir I. , Terlecky Stanley R.
Published: November 2010

The essential role of peroxisomes in fatty acid oxidation, anaplerotic metabolism, and hydrogen peroxide turnover is well established. Recent findings suggest that these and other related biochemical processes governed by the organelle may also play a critical role in regulating cellular aging. The goal of this review is to summarize and integrate into a model the evidence that peroxisome metabolism actually helps define the replicative and chronological age of a eukaryotic cell. In this model, peroxisomal reactive oxygen species (ROS) are seen as altering organelle biogenesis and function, and eliciting changes in the dynamic communication networks that exist between peroxisomes and other cellular compartments. At low levels, peroxisomal ROS activate an anti‐aging program in the cell; at concentrations beyond a specific threshold, a pro‐aging course is triggered.
Analysis of nonsexual injuries of the male genitals in children and adolescents
Authors: Widni EE , Höllwarth ME , Saxena AK
Published: November 2010

Aim:  This study analysed nonsexual male genital injuries in boys with regards to aetiology, age, management and outcome.

Methods:  Patients were identified from the hospital database (between 1999 and 2009) were analysed retrospectively.

Results:  Seventy‐four patients (2–17 years) were identified which included 24 toddlers and small children (2–5 years), 36 school age children (6–12 years) and 14 adolescents (13–17 years). Traumas were related to falls (n = 14), kicks (n = 11), sport (n = 10), toilet seats (n = 9), motor vehicles (n = 8), bicycle (n = 4), outdoor activities (n = 4) and others causes (n = 14). The leading cause of injuries in (i) toddler and small children was related to toilet seat (n = 7) and falls (n = 7), (ii) school age children to sport (n = 8), kicks (n = 7) and falls (n = 6), and (iii) adolescents to motorcycle accidents (n = 5). There were 45 scrotal and 29 penile injuries ranging from lacerations to contusions. Sixty‐eight patients required hospital stay (0.5–36 days, Σ = 2.4 days). Follow‐up examinations were uneventful, except for one minor wound infection.

Conclusion:  Nonsexual traumas to the male external genitalia occur mostly in 6‐ to 12‐year‐old boys, with sport accidents, kicks and falls being the major causes. Scrotal and penile lacerations and testicular contusions are the most common injuries. Complications after injuries to the male genitals in children are rare.
Gene Expression of Inflammation and Bone Healing in Peri‐Implant Crevicular Fluid after Placement and Loading of Dental Implants. A Kinetic Clinical Pilot Study Using Quantitative Real‐Time PCR
Authors: Slotte Christer , Lennerås Maria , Göthberg Catharina , Suska Felicia , Zoric Neven , Thomsen Peter , Nannmark Ulf
Published: November 2010

Purpose: Early detection of healing complications after placement of dental implants is a pressing but elusive goal. This paper proposes a non‐invasive diagnostic tool for monitoring healing‐ and peri‐implant disease specific genes, complementary to clinical evaluations.

Material and Methods: Eighteen partially edentulous patients were recruited to this pilot study. Three Brånemark TiUnite® implants/patient (Nobel Biocare) were placed in a one‐stage procedure. Abutments with smooth or rough (TiUnite®) surface were placed. The test group (n = 9) received fixed bridges (immediate loading), whereas the control group (n = 9) implants were loaded 3 months after surgery. In addition to clinical measurements, crevicular fluid was collected using paper strips at the implant abutments 2, 14, 28, and 90 days postoperative. mRNA was extracted, purified, and converted to cDNA. Quantitative PCR assays for IL‐1β, TNF‐α, Osteocalcin (OC), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Cathepsin K, Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase, and 18S ribosomal RNA were designed and validated. Relative gene expression levels were calculated.

Results: One implant was lost in the control group and three in the test group. In one test patient, one implant showed lowered stability after 2 to 4 weeks and was unloaded. Later implant stability improved which allowed for loading after 3 to 4 months. TNF‐α and ALP most commonly showed correlation with clinical parameters followed by IL‐1β and OC. The strongest correlation was found for TNF‐α with clinical complications at 2 and 14 days (p = .01/r = −048, and p = .0004/r = −0.56, respectively; test and control groups together). In some cases, gene expression predicted clinical complications (TNF‐α, ALP, CK).

Conclusion: This study is based on samples from few individuals; still, some genes showed correlation with clinical findings. Further studies are needed to refine and optimize the sampling process, to find the appropriate panel, and to validate gene expression for monitoring implant healing.
Decreasing retinol and α‐tocopherol concentrations in human milk and infant formula using varied bottle systems
Authors: Francis Jimi , Rogers Kristy , Dickton Darby , Twedt Roxanna , Pardini Ron
Published: November 2010

Expressing human milk has become a more common alternative for mothers, as the average work demand has increased. As more mothers must work, bottle feeding trends are increasingly common. The handling and storage of human milk introduce the risk of degradation to expressed human milk and infant formula. In following a 20‐minute simulated feeding, Vitamin C has been found to degrade. Vitamin C acts as an anti‐oxidant and is responsible for shielding other nutrients from oxidation, such as retinol and alpha‐tocopherol. By analyzing a 20‐minute simulated feeding, retinol and alpha‐tocopherol each displayed decreases over time significantly different than that of the Control, which was milk not exposed to bottle feeding. In human milk, retinol showed as high as a 9.5% decrease compared to the Control. Similar trends were seen with the infant formula samples. The correlation between degradation and bottle feeding systems was dependent upon the formation of bubbles in the milk as the milk was removed from the bottle. The analysis indicated a decrease of up to 12%, as seen in retinol, and 35%, as seen in alpha‐tocopherol. These decreases in retinol and alpha‐tocopherol should be considered when using a bottle feeding system to deliver either human milk or formula to an infant. More research is necessary to determine the effect of this decrease on the nutritional status of infants, particularly premature infants, who are at higher risk for nutrient deficiencies.
Deepwater Disaster: How the Oil Spill Estimates got it Wrong
Authors: MacDonald Ian
Published: November 2010

“There is no crude emanating from that riser.” Then the official estimate was 1000 barrels a day, then 5000. The true figure was 58 000 barrels of oil a day leaking into the Gulf of Mexico. Why did the authorities so consistently underestimate the flow from the Deepwater disaster, and what damage did those underestimates do?Ian MacDonald reveals the smoking gun behind BP's erroneous statistics.
The Sea, the Census and Statistics
Authors: Solow Andrew R. , Tittensor Derek
Published: November 2010

Plenty more fish in the sea? But how can one tell? And what strange creatures remain to be discovered? The largest ever survey of marine life has just been concluded. Andrew R. Solow and Derek Tittensor tell us of new species and species that are no more, and wonder if we shall ever see a Caribbean monk seal again.
Pictish Symbol Stones: Religious Imagery, Heraldic Arms or a Language?
Authors: Lee Rob , Jonathan Philip , Ziman Pauline
Published: November 2010

The Pictish Symbol Stones are a collection of finely carved stones dating from ca. 300 AD to 843 AD whose meaning has been lost in time. Despite attracting linguists and historians alike, as a collection they have been just too small to surrender their secrets. Now, however, Rob Lee, Philip Jonathan and Pauline Ziman have used a technique based on comparative entropy to unwrap some of the mystery of the stones.