bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overload capacity of a Wolfrom type planetary system
Authors: Mihailidis Athanassios , Nerantzis Ioannis , Athanasopoulos Emmanouil
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to introduce an alternative approach to the FE modelling and simulation of complex gear trains, such as the Wolfrom planetary system, in order to study their overload capacity. This is a challenging task because of the following: first, multiple contacts occur between complex geometric parts. Second, the model has to be solved for many instances in order to determine the relative position of the planetary system members at which the maximum bending stress and surface pressure occur. Third, the maximum allowable overloading torque has to be determined iteratively.

Design/methodology/approach

– A Wolfrom planetary system with transmission ratio 19.2 is modelled and simulated using the finite element method. The optimum element size is selected by modelling and solving key areas of the system. Then, a complete model is built using balanced element length at the flanks and roots, with respect to low solution time and result accuracy. A single loading torque is applied at the input shaft and the load distribution results from the solution when equilibrium is achieved. The input torque is increased until the maximum allowable stress or pressure is reached.

Findings

– Combining the load distribution derived from a mixed density mesh with Hertzian pressure calculations, improves the accuracy of the results and decreases the total evaluation time of overload conditions. Furthermore, meshing disturbances due to the elastic deformation of the matting tooth pairs can be identified. It is shown that in the Wolfrom reducer analysed, the limiting mode of failure is the tooth breakage, which occurs when the input torque is increased by a factor of 3.8.

Research limitations/implications

– The balanced element length meshing requires individually meshed key areas and additional workflow steps. In this way, the complexity is increased but the solution time minimised. Automation tools can improve the simulation process.

Originality/value

– The balanced element length model and the result evaluation provides an improved approach of the overload capacity estimation where analytical methodologies cannot be applied.
Stabilizing institutions for new venture investment decisions
Authors: Crum Michael , Nelson Thomas E.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to examine the relationship between aspects of a country’s institutional environment and entrepreneurial investors’ overall rate of return.

Design/methodology/approach

– Specifically, monetary stability and property rights are tested against both entrepreneurs’ and angel investors’ expected financial returns and payback periods, respectively. Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey including years 2004 through 2006 and encompassing 50 countries are aggregated and examined using random coefficient multilevel modeling.

Findings

– We find that strong property rights encourage both angel investors and entrepreneurs to invest in new ventures with longer payback periods and encourage angel investors to invest in ventures with lower expected financial returns.

Practical implications

– This suggests that one key to increasing entrepreneurial investment in a country is to guarantee strong property rights. Therefore, both entrepreneurs seeking funding and countries seeking entrepreneurs should incorporate property rights issues into their decision-making.

Originality/value

– This finding moves the “attracting entrepreneurs” conversation beyond the typical tax-abatement, infrastructure building, business cluster recommendations prevalent in academic and professional literature and points to one of the more fundamental reasons entrepreneurial “cultures” develop some places, but not others.
Rural enterprise in Mexico: a case of necessity diversification
Authors: Bosworth Gary , McElwee Gerard , Smith Rob
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to consider the challenges facing small rural businesses in Mexico in their efforts to be enterprising and sustainable when confronted with severe exogenous pressures. Extant literature on farm diversification has a developed economy focus (Pyysiäinenet al., 2006; McElwee, 2008; McElwee and Smith, 2013), but relatively little has been published in developing economies.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper considers diversification activities of Mexican farmers. It uses case studies, workshops and interviews to determine the barriers facing farmers and farm advisors.

Findings

– Farm businesses, particularly those located in drought-prone regions, have benefited from government-sponsored support, but this support needs to now be targeted to develop the entrepreneurial potential of individuals and collectives.

Research limitations/implications

– Carried out in one region of Mexico only, and thus, the findings may not be transferable to other regions.

Practical implications

– Recruitment of well-qualified, honest farm advisors with entrepreneurial skills is necessary. Farmers need to be given additional training and support to develop both technological and entrepreneurial skills.

Social implications

– Encouraging and supporting rural enterprises in Mexico helps to provide opportunities for regions to be economically and socially sustainable.

Originality/value

– A first attempt to look at farmers ' diversification strategies using an entrepreneurial framework.
Addressing gender disparities through farming organisations in Malawi
Authors: Ager Charlie
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to explore how Farming Organisations (FOs) have utilised collective action to overcome the barriers that undermine women farmers’ participation in the agrarian economy in Malawi.

Design/methodology/approach

– Key informant interviews were conducted with 17 stakeholders from across relevant governmental departments, non-governmental agencies, commercial agricultural organizations and FO officials. Focus groups discussions were conducted with women participants from five FOs.

Findings

– Analysis identified barriers to women farmer’s full participation in the agricultural sector in three domains: structural (concerning land ownership and control), material (concerning access to agricultural services and markets) and socio-cultural (regarding gender roles and responsibilities). Malawian FOs demonstrated strength in addressing material barriers and in fostering re-alignment of socio-cultural conventions, but have not, to date, effectively engaged in structural issues of land reform.

Research limitations/implications

– Research was conducted with a limited number of stakeholders and FOs identified through snowball sampling. There is potential for findings to be non-representative of the country as a whole, and more systematic study of FOs in Malawi is warranted to determine the generalisability of observed trends.

Practical implications

– The study draws attention to the crucial importance of action regarding land reform if women are to be more effectively and equitably engaged in the agrarian economy in Malawi.

Originality/value

– The paper is an examination of the experience of women farmers in Malawi and speaks to the potential contribution of FOs in addressing the challenges they face.
Supply chain and total quality management framework design for business performance-case study evidence
Authors: Sharma Sanjay , Modgil Sachin
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify the importance of integration of supply chain management practices with total quality management (TQM) practices to augment business performance. The objective of paper is to focus on the two important dimensions, namely, supply chain and TQM of an organization with special reference to the concepts: exploration and exploitation.

Design/methodology/approach

– In total, 20 variables have been identified (independent variables) which impact business performance (dependent variable). Variables have been extracted into four categories with a combination of two orientations, i.e., exploitation and exploration, with respect to quality management and supply chain practices.

Findings

– Configurationally four different combinations concerning supply chain and TQM were identified in which an enterprise can operate. This is supported with the four different case studies.

Practical implications

– This study leads to some interesting practical implications for practicing managers as it offers a framework in which the supply chain and TQM practices can be implemented with respect to an organizational structure (mechanistic or organic structure), environmental conditions (uncertain environment and rapidly changing product life cycle) and identification of customer orientations (whether customer is price sensitive or customer makes buying decision on account of trust or relation to the product).

Originality/value

– The concept of supply chain exploitation and supply chain exploration with different orientations of quality management is not studied comprehensively before. This paper provides a background for establishing a framework of strategies for supply chain and quality practices, with respect to the exploitation and exploration scenario.
Mortgage Loan Characteristics, Unobserved Heterogeneity and the Performance of United Kingdom Securitized Subprime Loans
Authors: Lanot Gauthier , Leece David
Published: October 2015

We estimate a competing risk model of mortgage terminations on samples of U.K. securitized subprime mortgages. Given the role of these loans in the recent financial crisis it is important to understand their performance and supposed idiosyncratic behavior. We use a flexible modelling of unobserved heterogeneity over several dimensions, controlling for selection issues involving initial mortgage choices and dynamic selection over time. We estimate the characteristics of the unobserved heterogeneity and determine the correlation between the unobserved components of default and prepayment. The paper demonstrates the need to estimate initial household choices and the durations to default or prepayment jointly.
Enforcement uniquely predicts reductions in alcohol‐impaired crash fatalities
Authors: Yao Julie , Johnson Mark B. , Tippetts Scott
Published: October 2015

Background and aims

Alcohol‐impaired driving contributes to more than 10 000 fatalities in the United States each year. This research estimated the unique effect of enforcement intensity on reductions in alcohol‐impaired fatal crashes.

Design

We collected data from 30 states (including the District of Columbia) that experienced the greatest changes in alcohol‐impaired fatal crashes from 1996 to 2006. Mixed‐model regression was used to examine the extent to which year‐over‐year changes in the intensity of impaired driving enforcement predicted year‐over‐year reductions of drivers killed in alcohol‐involved fatal crashes.

Setting

Data from 30 states were obtained online.

Participants

Aggregate state‐level data from a total of 279 state‐year combinations were analyzed.

Measures

Our dependent measure was the ratio of drivers involved in fatal crashes with blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) ≥ 0.08 g/dl over drivers involved in fatal crashes with BACs = 0.00 g/dl. Per capita driving under the influence (DUI) arrests and traffic enforcement funding were the primary predictors. Covariates were estimated vehicle miles traveled (VMT); the proportional distributions of gender and racial/ethnic; geographic distribution; the proportion of drivers aged 21–34 years; median family income; and education level.

Findings

Analysis revealed that DUI arrests per capita uniquely and significantly predicted reductions in the ratio of fatal crashes (β = –0.753, t(238) = 2.1, P < 0.05) after controlling the covariates. Exploratory analysis suggests the increase in arrest rates was associated with stronger reductions in urban versus rural settings.

Conclusions

Drunk driving enforcement intensity uniquely contributes to reductions in alcohol‐impaired crash fatalities after controlling for other factors.
Intradural–extramedullary haemangioblastoma with paraspinal extension in a dog
Authors: Binanti D , De Zani D , Fantinato E , Allevi G , Sironi G , Zani DD
Published: October 2015

Case report

An 8‐year‐old spayed female cross‐breed dog was evaluated following a 2‐month history of thoracic limb weakness. Neurological examination revealed a spinal cord lesion between C1 and C5 segments. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that almost 70% of the spinal canal between C1 and C2 was occupied by an intradural extramedullary mass that was connected to a paraspinal mass from the cranial aspect of C2 to the cranial aspect of C3. The dog was anaesthetised and a dorsal, right‐sided hemilaminectomy was performed. A durotomy was performed to expose a multilobular mass located principally along the right dorsal–lateral aspect of the spinal cord. The mass did not appear to infiltrate the cord parenchyma. The abnormal tissue was removed as completely as possible using gentle dissection and submitted for histological evaluation. The histological findings were consistent with an intradural–extramedullary haemangioblastoma with paraspinal extension. Following surgery, no neurological deterioration was detected. A metronomic‐dosing chemotherapy protocol was administered to prevent progression or recurrence of the tumour. Follow‐up MRI studies were performed 3, 6 and 12 months after the surgery, confirming complete tumour removal and the absence of recurrence.

Conclusion

Haemangioblastoma is an extremely rare neoplasm in animals and only two cases of this tumour have been reported, but in other anatomical locations. Haemangioblastomas in human patients are more commonly located in the cerebellum and intradural–extramedullary growth is extremely rare. The dog in this study responded favourably to combined surgery and metronomic chemotherapy and was clinically normal 1 year after surgery.
The Effect of the Combined Use of Methylergonovine and Oxytocin during Caesarean Section in the Prevention of Post‐partum Haemorrhage
Authors: Şentürk Şenol , Kağıtçı Mehmet , Balık Gülşah , Arslan Halit , Kır Şahin Figen
Published: October 2015

We aimed to show to patients the benefit of post‐partum haemorrhage prophylaxis treatment and the effectiveness as a uterotonic agent of the combined use of methylergonovine and oxytocin infusion in the prevention of haemorrhage during and after Caesarean section, by comparison with a control group which received oxytocin infusion only. Two groups of patients undergoing Caesarean section at the same clinic were included in the study. A combination of methylergonovine and oxytocin was administered to the first group during the intra‐operative and post‐operative periods. The second group did not receive methylergonovine and was administered only with oxytocin infusion in the intra‐operative and post‐operative periods. Pre‐operative and post‐operative haemogram readings were taken for all patients in each of the groups for comparison. No difference was found between the two groups with regard to mean ages and pre‐operative haemogram values. The decrease in post‐operative haemoglobin values for the group administered with methylergonovine maleate and oxytocin was found to be significantly greater than for the group administered with oxytocin only. Results indicated that prophylactic methylergonovine treatment was clearly successful for the patients and no adverse side effects were found. The routine use of methylergonovine and oxytocin infusion in combination during the intra‐operative period of Caesarean section reduced the level of post‐partum haemorrhage considerably. We believe that this procedure will also reduce the risk of uterine atony, but clearly, prospective studies will be necessary in future to confirm this assumption.
Induced sputum supernatant bioactive lipid mediators can identify subtypes of asthma
Authors: Mastalerz L. , Celejewska‐Wójcik N. , Wójcik K. , Gielicz A. , Ćmiel A. , Ignacak M. , Oleś K. , Szczeklik A. , Sanak M.
Published: October 2015

Background

Induced sputum (IS) allows to measure mediators of asthmatic inflammation in bronchial secretions. The specific role of induced sputum supernatant (ISS) endogenous bioactive lipid mediators in subtypes of asthma is not well understood.

Objective

To investigate the interactions between airway inflammation and clinical phenotypes of asthma, we integrated induced sputum supernatant (ISS) eicosanoids and quantitative assessment of infiltrating cells into new subtypes with the means of latent class analysis (LCA).

Methods

One hundred and thirty‐nine asthmatics with and without aspirin hypersensitivity underwent sputum induction. High‐performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to profile eicosanoids. Nineteen variables covering clinical characteristics, IS inflammatory cells and eicosanoids were considered in the LCA.

Results

Four phenotypic asthma classes were distinguished. Class 1 with mild‐to‐moderate asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), high PGA2 in ISS and almost equal distribution of inflammation cell patterns. Class 3 subjects also had mild‐to‐moderate asthma but without upper airway symptoms. Induced sputum was often paucigranulocytic with low levels of lipid mediators. Classes 2 and 4 represented severe asthma with CRS and impaired lung function despite high doses of steroids. High blood and sputum eosinophilia was in line with high cysteinyl leukotrienes and PGD2 in ISS only in class 2. Class 4 subjects tended to have increased sputum neutrophilia and PGE2 in ISS. Aspirin hypersensitivity was most frequent among class 2 subjects.

Conclusions & Clinical Relevance

The LCA revealed four distinct asthma classes differing in eicosanoid pathways.
Similar risk of exercise‐related hypoglycaemia for insulin degludec to that for insulin glargine in patients with type 1 diabetes: a randomized cross‐over trial
Authors: Heise T. , Bain S. C. , Bracken R. M. , Zijlstra E. , Nosek L. , Stender‐Petersen K. , Rabøl R. , Rowe E. , Haahr H. L.
Published: October 2015

We compared changes in blood glucose (BG) and risk of hypoglycaemia during and after exercise in 40 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) treated with insulin degludec (IDeg) or insulin glargine (IGlar) in a randomized, open‐label, two‐period, crossover trial. After individual titration and a steady‐state period, patients performed 30 min of moderate‐intensity cycle ergometer exercise (65% peak rate of oxygen uptake). BG, counter‐regulatory hormones and hypoglycaemic episodes were measured frequently during and for 24 h after exercise. BG changes during exercise were similar with IDeg and IGlar [estimated treatment difference (ETD) for maximum BG decrease: 0.14 mmol/l; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.15, 0.42; p = 0.34], as was mean BG (ETD −0.16 mmol/l; 95% CI −0.36, 0.05; p = 0.13). No hypoglycaemic episodes occurred during exercise. Post‐exercise mean BG, counter‐regulatory hormone response and number of hypoglycaemic episodes in 24 h after starting exercise were similar with IDeg (18 events in 13 patients) and IGlar (23 events in 15 patients). This clinical trial showed that, in patients with T1D treated with a basal‐bolus regimen, the risk of hypoglycaemia induced by moderate‐intensity exercise was low with IDeg and similar to that with IGlar.
Watch Your Tone: Social Conditions Modulate Singing Strategies
Authors: Ronald Kelly L. , Skillman Tasha , Lin Andy , Li Qingling , Fernandez‐Juricic Esteban , Lucas Jeffrey R.
Published: October 2015

Bird song is typically depicted as a male singing a long‐distance signal to potentially unknown receivers to (1) deter males and (2) attract females. Nevertheless, many songbirds sing from close distances to a known receiver; males of these species may be under more intense selective pressure to modify their songs depending on the sex of the receiver in order to convey different motivational states (aggression versus courtship) to the different sexes. In a laboratory setting, we examined how receiver sex affected within‐song variation of the close‐range singing behavior in the brown‐headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). Although we know that cowbird song is influenced by flock composition, it is still unclear as to how the cowbird modifies his song based on social context. Using a cross‐correlation analysis of each male's different song types, we found that pairs of songs were significantly more dissimilar if they were directed to females compared with songs directed to males. We subsequently tested whether there were any consistent spectral or temporal patterns in the songs males gave to females versus to males. Our results lend support for the Motivational Structural Rules Hypothesis as songs directed toward males had higher entropy (i.e., harshness) than the same song type directed toward females. Our results suggest that cowbirds may have evolved the ability to alter multiple dimensions of their singing behavior based on receiver sex.
Attitudes of experiential education directors regarding tobacco sales in pharmacies in the USA
Authors: Rider Katherine , Kaya Hatice , Jha Vinayak , Hudmon Karen Suchanek
Published: October 2015

Objectives

Accreditation guidelines in the USA suggest that experiential sites for pharmacy students should demonstrate ‘a strong commitment to health promotion and illness prevention’; however, most community pharmacies sell tobacco products. This study aimed to determine the proportion of students rotating through advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) sites where tobacco is sold and experiential education directors' perception regarding the sales of tobacco in APPE sites.

Methods

A brief survey was distributed by mail to experiential education directors at US pharmacy schools. The survey characterized the proportion of students who rotate at practice sites where tobacco is sold, directors' perceptions of tobacco sales in experiential sites, and the number of hours of tobacco education in their pharmacy curricula.

Key findings

Directors (n = 81; 63%) estimated that 69% of students rotate through sites where tobacco is sold. If given the opportunity to choose between two potential sites, where one sells tobacco and the other does not, 40% of directors would be unlikely to choose a site that sold tobacco.

Conclusions

With respect to tobacco sales, pharmacy schools are largely noncompliant with guidelines and resolutions of professional organizations.
Testing Social Preferences for an Economic “Bad”: An Artefactual Field Experiment*
Authors: Keisner Deborah Kerley , Messer Kent D. , Schulze William D. , Zarghamee Homa
Published: October 2015

We test for social preferences over a commodity in an artefactual field experiment using the random price voting mechanism. Subjects are university staff members, and the commodity is water “contaminated” by a sterilized cockroach. Our results suggest that social preferences exist with respect to commodities and “bads”, supporting a more general utility framework for social preferences. Our empirical test allows for the coexistence of three social‐preference models; our results support the models of Fehr and Schmidt (1999) and Charness and Rabin (2002), but not the model of Bolton and Ockenfels (2000). Also, we find that incorporating social preferences improves the efficiency of majority‐rules voting.
Every light has its shadow: a longitudinal study of transformational leadership and leaders’ emotional exhaustion
Authors: Zwingmann Ina , Wolf Sandra , Richter Peter
Published: October 2015

This study investigated the effects of transformational and laissez‐faire leadership on leaders’ own emotional exhaustion over time. Participants were 2,324 subordinates and 76 supervisors of a services company in Germany. Regression analysis revealed direct longitudinal health‐hampering effects of transformational and laissez‐faire leadership on leaders’ emotional exhaustion. Building on Hobfoll's Conservation of Resources theory (1989), our results showed that the longitudinal health‐hampering effects of transformational leadership would be particularly pronounced for leaders with high levels of organization‐based self‐esteem. Our findings extend the research on potential dark sides of transformational and laissez‐faire leadership as well as organization‐based self‐esteem by focusing on leader‐centered outcomes.
Is Africa Really Following Europe? An Integrated Framework for Comparative Regionalism
Authors: Fioramonti Lorenzo , Mattheis Frank
Published: October 2015

Since the establishment of the AU (African Union) in 2002, there have been indications that Africa may be following in Europe's footsteps in the process of regional integration. But is this really so? This article argues that, while there is an increasing focus on comparative regionalism in scholarly debates, we have not yet developed frameworks for empirical comparative research in this field. This often leads analysts to draw general conclusions from cases of institutional isomorphism, thus neglecting other critical dimensions. By applying an integrated framework, which takes into account the multi‐dimensional aspects of old and new regionalisms, this article shows that the most critical features of the European regionalization process, from the gradual stepwise approach towards shared sovereignty to the focus on trade integration and social cohesion, are largely absent from Africa's regionalism, which presents unique characters that are often overshadowed by traditional analyses.
Rural and Urban Differences in Adolescent Alcohol Use, Alcohol Supply, and Parental Drinking
Authors: Chan Gary C. K. , Leung Janni , Quinn Catherine , Kelly Adrian B. , Connor Jason P. , Weier Megan , Hall Wayne D.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

Alcohol use is more prevalent in rural than urban areas in adult populations. Few studies have focused on adolescent drinking. This study investigated if adolescents in regional and rural areas of Australia were more likely to drink alcohol and if there were differences in parental drinking and alcohol supply across regions.

Methods

A subsample from the National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2013, the largest nationally representative household survey on drug use in Australia, was used for this study. Participants who were aged 12‐17 (N = 1,159) and participants who indicated they were parents or guardians of a dependent child (N = 7,059) were included in the analyses. Key measures were adolescent and parental alcohol use, parental supply of alcohol, and drinking location.

Findings

Compared to those living in major cities, adolescents from inner regional and rural areas were at 85% and 121% higher odds, respectively, of obtaining their first alcohol from parents, and at 131% and 287% higher odds of currently obtaining their alcohol from their parents. Those from rural areas were at 126% higher odds of drinking in the past 12 months. Parents from inner regional and rural areas were at 45% and 63% higher odds, respectively, of heavy drinking; at 27% and 52% higher odds of weekly drinking; and at 26% and 37% higher odds of drinking at home.

Conclusions

Adolescents from rural areas were at higher risk of alcohol use. Parents in rural areas were more likely to use alcohol in ways that encourage adolescent drinking.
Koellensteinia dasilvae sp. nov. (Zygopetalinae–Orchidaceae) from the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Hall Climbiê Ferreira , Koch Ana Kelly , Vieira Tiago Luiz , de Barros Fábio
Published: October 2015

A new species of Koellensteinia from the Brazilian Amazon is described and illustrated. Koellensteinia dasilvae C. F. Hall & F. Barros (Orchidaceae) grows as epiphyte or saxicolous, close to streams in upland forests (terra firme) of the state of Amapá, northern Brazil. The new species resembles K. hyacinthoides, sharing morphological affinities with this species, but differs by growing inside forests, smaller plant size, smaller leaves and petiole, larger inflorescence with large peduncle and small rachis, labellum, when spread, broader between the lateral lobes than at the mid‐lobe, margin of labellum minutely erose, and by short wings of the column.
Molecular diagnostics in the differential diagnosis of glandular odontogenic cyst and mucoepidermoid carcinoma – case reports
Authors: Barrett A.W. , Abdullakutty A. , Norris P.M. , Coombes D.M. , Shelley M.J. , Bisase B.S. , Vanecek T. , Skálová A.
Published: October 2015

Glandular odontogenic cyst (sialo‐odontogenic cyst) (GOC) is an uncommon developmental odontogenic cyst. Its clinical significance lies in its tendency to recur, and histopathological features which mimic those of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MC). Molecular methods such as fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) have the potential to identify genetic abnormalities that are specific to MC and thus avoid this diagnostic pitfall. This report describes three cystic lesions of the jaws with a differential diagnosis of GOC and MC. One occurred in the mandibular premolar area of a 49‐year‐old woman and was diagnosed as GOC. The second developed in the maxilla of a man aged 39 in association with an impacted second premolar tooth. This was initially diagnosed as dentigerous cyst, but after recurrence 6 years later, the diagnosis was revised to GOC. The third occurred in the left retromolar area of a 30‐year‐old woman 5 years after the extraction of the left mandibular third molar; a diagnosis of GOC was favoured after two incisional biopsies, but a third showed unequivocal, invasive MC which had infiltrated nerves and bone. Morphologically, the only distinguishing feature was the so‐called epithelial sphere, whorl or plaque‐like thickening, which was identified in both GOC but not in the MC. FISH confirmed the above diagnoses by demonstrating a MAML2 rearrangement in the MC, but in neither of the GOC. While histopathology may reliably distinguish between GOC and MC, the presence of the specific MAML2 rearrangement in the latter clinches the diagnosis.
CULTURAL CHANGE AND POLICY IMAGES IN POLICY SUBSYSTEMS
Authors: ROBINSON ROBERT R.
Published: October 2015

Baumgartner and Jones' theory of conflict expansion highlights the importance of policy imagery in the maintenance of policy subsystems, as a sharp increase in negative imagery can drive conflict expansion and subsystem dissolution. However, we still know relatively little about what drives rapid shifts in image valence. In this study, I examine how cultural change affects receptiveness to policy images, drawing on the cultural theory (CT) developed by Douglas and Wildavsky. Affecting both perception and risk assessment, cultural commitments impact how policy images are received. Returning to the policy subsystem anchored in the Atomic Energy Commission, I find that its imagery – well suited for an earlier cultural milieu – created negative associations for egalitarians, who were increasingly prevalent during this time frame. As my study shows, CT can add to the study of administration by helping us better understand, categorize, and predict which images and institutions may be endangered by specific cultural changes.
Electricity Production in a Hydro System with a Reservoir Constraint*
Authors: Mathiesen Lars , Skaar Jostein , Sørgard Lars
Published: October 2015

In this paper, our purpose is to analyze how market power might affect the allocation of production between seasons (summer and winter) in a hydropower system with reservoir constraints and inflow uncertainty. We find that, even without market power, the price in the summer season might be lower than the expected price in the winter season. In some situations, market power can lead to higher sales and a lower price in summer than would be observed in the competitive outcome; in other situations, it can lead to the opposite result. Furthermore, market power can lead to a smaller price difference between summer and winter.
Net Wage Illusion in a Real‐Effort Experiment*
Authors: Fochmann Martin , Weimann Joachim , Blaufus Kay , Hundsdoerfer Jochen , Kiesewetter Dirk
Published: October 2015

In a controlled laboratory experiment, subjects had to fold letters in order to earn money. While the net income per letter was the same in the three treatments, the gross income varied and the tax rate was 0, 25, and 50 percent. Although work incentives should be the same in all treatments, subjects worked harder and longer when they were taxed. We conclude that this is because of a net wage illusion effect. The existence of this effect demonstrates that not only are the tax rate and the tax base of importance for work incentives, but the perception of a tax is also important.
The Rise and Fall of Centralized Wage Bargaining
Authors: Ortigueira Salvador
Published: October 2015

During the three decades spanning the early 1950s to the early 1980s, the wage‐setting process in most Northern European countries was dominated by centralized bargaining (i.e., peak‐level labor and employer associations set wages nationwide). In the early 1980s, centralized wage bargaining began to collapse. In this paper, we assess a novel explanation for both the initial establishment of a centralized wage‐setting process, and its subsequent collapse. According to our theory, centralized wage bargaining was set up as a response to the spillovers created by the unemployment benefit program. Its collapse was the result of the increase in the productivity gap across workers, brought about by equipment‐specific technological progress and equipment–skill complementarity.
How Much Did Oil Market Developments Contribute to the 2009 Recession in Germany?
Authors: Carstensen Kai , Elstner Steffen , Paula Georg
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we use a structural vector autoregressive model to study the effects of oil market developments on the German economy. We find that higher oil prices are always associated with a decline in private consumption expenditures, but the response of gross domestic product (GDP) crucially depends on the underlying shock. While a disruption in oil supply provokes a recession, positive world demand shocks prompt a temporary increase in exports and investment, which initially outweigh the cutback on consumption. In a counterfactual analysis, we show that the world demand shocks that led to the 2007/2008 oil price rise triggered a delayed 0.8 percent decrease in German GDP in 2009, and therefore notably contributed to the recession of that year.
How Much Does Annuity Demand React to a Large Price Change?
Authors: Bütler Monika , Staubli Stefan , Zito Maria Grazia
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we present new evidence for the effect of changes in annuity prices on the decision to annuitize. We exploit an unprecedented change in policy in several Swiss occupational pension plans. There is an implied 8 percent reduction in the rate at which retirement capital is translated into an annuity, and this represents a net present value loss of CHF 18,500 (around US$ 20,000). To estimate the impact of this change, we use data from companies that changed their prices and from one large company that did not. We find that the price change reduces the propensity to annuitize among affected individuals by 16.8 percentage points.
Vertical Control and Price Cycles in Gasoline Retailing
Authors: Foros Øystein , Steen Frode
Published: October 2015

We examine Norwegian gasoline pump prices using daily station‐specific observations from 2003 to 2006. The four big gasoline companies use a vertical restraint that is adopted industry‐wide (labeled price support). This moves price control from the hands of independent retailers into the hands of the headquarters. Retail gasoline prices follow a fixed weekly pattern, where we observe de facto simultaneous decision‐making by the headquarters (without knowledge of their rivals’ prices) when every Monday around noon they decide to increase pump prices to the same level. The price level on Mondays corresponds to the recommended prices published by the headquarters of the gasoline companies.
Absenteeism, Efficiency Wages, and Marginal Taxes
Authors: Dale‐Olsen Harald
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I test the argument that increased taxes on earnings correspond to increased incentives to shirk, thus causing an increase in the rate of worker absenteeism. After fixed job effects are taken into account, panel register data on prime‐age Norwegian males who work full‐time show that a higher marginal net‐of‐earnings‐tax rate reduces the rate of absenteeism. When the net‐of‐tax rate is increased by 1.0 percent, absenteeism decreases by 0.3−0.5 percent. Injury‐related absences are less affected by tax changes than other absences. Absenteeism becomes more sensitive to tax changes as the occupational unemployment rate increases.
Social Behaviour in Work Absence*
Authors: Hesselius Patrik , Johansson Per , Vikström Johan
Published: October 2015

By making use of a large‐scale randomized experiment, we test whether social behaviour is important for work absence due to illness. The individuals treated in the experiment were exposed to less monitoring of their eligibility to collect sickness insurance benefits, which sharply increased their non‐monitored work absence. This exogenous variation is exploited in two complementary analyses. In both analyses, we find significant social‐behaviour effects. Using detailed data, we conclude that the social‐behaviour effects most likely stem from fairness concerns.
Capital Controls, Global Liquidity Traps, and the International Policy Trilemma*
Authors: Devereux Michael B. , Yetman James
Published: October 2015

The zero bound on interest rates introduces a new dimension to the trilemma in international policy. The openness of the international financial market might render monetary policy ineffective, even within a system of fully flexible exchange rates, because shocks that lead to a liquidity trap in one country are propagated through financial markets to other countries. However, the effectiveness of monetary policy can be restored by the imposition of capital controls. We derive the optimal response of monetary policy to a global liquidity trap in the presence of capital controls. We show that, even though capital controls might facilitate effective monetary policy, capital controls are not generally desirable in terms of welfare.
Monitoring Job Offer Decisions, Punishments, Exit to Work, and Job Quality
Authors: van den Berg Gerard J. , Vikström Johan
Published: October 2015

Unemployment insurance systems include the monitoring of unemployed workers and punitive sanctions if job search requirements are violated. We analyze the causal effect of sanctions on the ensuing job quality, notably on wages and occupational level. We use Swedish data and estimate duration models dealing with selection on unobservables. We also develop a theoretical job search model that monitors job offer rejection versus job search effort. The empirical results show that, after a sanction, the wage rate is lower and individuals move more often to a part‐time job and a lower occupational level, incurring human capital losses.
Property Rights, Public Enforcement, and Growth
Authors: Irmen Andreas , Kuehnel Johanna
Published: October 2015

We study the link between public enforcement of property rights, innovation investments, and economic growth in an endogenous growth framework with an expanding set of product varieties. We find that a government can assure positive equilibrium growth through public employment in the enforcement of property rights, if the economic environment is sufficiently favorable to growth and/or if public enforcement is sufficiently effective. However, in terms of welfare, an equilibrium path without property‐rights protection and growth might be preferable. In this case, the enforcement of property rights involves too much reallocation of labor from production and research towards the public sector.
Effects of Aspirations and Habits on the Distribution of Wealth
Authors: Caballé Jordi , Moro‐Egido Ana I.
Published: October 2015

We analyze how the introduction of habits and aspirations affects the distribution of wealth when the labor productivity of individuals is subject to idiosyncratic shocks and when bequests arise from a joy‐of‐giving motive. In the presence of either bequests or aspirations, labor income shocks are transmitted intergenerationally, and this transmission, together with contemporaneous shocks, determines the distribution of wealth. We show that the introduction of aspirations (habits) decreases (increases) the average wealth, and increases (decreases) both its intragenerational variability and the degree of intergenerational mobility. Therefore, a distinction between aspirations and habits is relevant because they involve different implications for the distribution of wealth.
Foreign Acquisitions, Domestic Multinationals, and R&D
Authors: Bandick Roger , Görg Holger , Karpaty Patrik
Published: October 2015

Our aim in this paper is to evaluate the causal effect of foreign acquisition on research and development (R&D) intensity in targeted domestic firms. We are able to distinguish domestic multinational enterprises (MNEs) and non‐MNEs, which allows us to investigate the fear that the change in ownership of domestic MNEs to foreign MNEs leads to a reduction in R&D activity in the country. Overall, our results give no support to the fears that foreign acquisition of domestic firms leads to a relocation of R&D activity in Swedish MNEs. Rather, in this paper, we find robust evidence that foreign acquisitions lead to increasing R&D intensity in acquired domestic MNEs and non‐MNEs.
Sensitivity of Job Destruction to Vintage and Tenure Effects
Authors: Kilponen Juha , Vanhala Juuso
Published: October 2015

Matching models with endogenous job destruction typically deliver excessively volatile job destruction and moderate volatility of vacancies. In our model, vintage and tenure effects promote the creation of new matches that are temporarily more productive, while reducing the survival of temporarily less productive matches. This cleansing effect produces a counter‐cyclical inflow into unemployment, removes the strong response of job destruction to productivity shocks, and generates a downward‐sloping Beveridge curve, as in the data. The model also generates more volatility in vacancies, the job‐finding rate, and labor‐market tightness.
Optimal Forestry Contracts under Asymmetry of Information
Authors: Tatoutchoup Francis Didier
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I analyze optimal royalty contracts in forestry when the harvesting firm has private information on the cost of harvesting. This infinite horizon forest rotation model with asymmetry of information on the cost parameter results in a dynamic incentive problem. Depending on whether the costs are correlated over time or not, the firm either receives rent or receives no rent, associated with the continuation part of the rotation choice. I characterize the optimal contract explicitly in both cases. I also examine the loss in expected welfare surplus resulting from the use of a linear contract instead of the more general non‐linear contract.
Endogenous Market Structures and International Trade: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Etro Federico
Published: October 2015

Under constant elasticity of substitution (CES) preferences and Cournot (or Bertrand) competition, a larger market induces exits of domestic firms, lower prices, and larger production of surviving firms because of competition from more foreign firms, even without resorting to the selection effects of Melitz. The elasticity of the number of firms to population decreases with substitutability between goods, and it reaches 0.5 under Cournot competition with homogeneous goods: empirical evidence supports this structural relation against the unitary elasticity of monopolistic competition. The results hold also in a Heckscher–Ohlin model with imperfect competition generating inter‐ and intra‐industry trade due to comparative advantage or comparative preferences.
Pay Growth, Fairness, and Job Satisfaction: Implications for Nominal and Real Wage Rigidity
Authors: Smith Jennifer C.
Published: October 2015

Theories of wage rigidity often rely on a positive relationship between pay changes and utility, arising from concern for fairness or gift exchange. Supportive evidence has emerged from laboratory experiments, but the link has not yet been established with field data. This paper contributes a first step, using representative British data. Workers care about the level and the growth of earnings. Below‐median wage increases lead to an insult effect, except when similar workers have real wage reductions or when firm production is falling. Nominal pay cuts appear to be insulting even when the firm is doing badly.
Migration, Friendship Ties, and Cultural Assimilation
Authors: Facchini Giovanni , Patacchini Eleonora , Steinhardt Max F.
Published: October 2015

We study immigrant assimilation by analyzing whether friendship with natives is a measure of cultural assimilation, and by investigating the formation of social ties. Using the German Socio‐Economic Panel, we find that immigrants with a German friend are more similar to natives than those without German friends, along several important dimensions, including concerns about the economy, an interest in politics, and a host of policy issues. Turning to friendship acquisition, we find that becoming employed, time spent in the host country, the birth of a child, residential mobility, and additional education acquired in the host country are significant drivers of social network variation.
Migrants' Home Town Associations and Local Development in Mali
Authors: Chauvet Lisa , Gubert Flore , Mercier Marion , Mesplé‐Somps Sandrine
Published: October 2015

We explore the impact of migrants' Home Town Associations (HTAs) on the provision of public goods in Mali. We combine an original dataset on all the HTAs created by Malian migrants in France from 1981 with census data on public goods in all Malian villages since 1976, and we run double‐difference estimations to compare villages with and without an HTA, before and after the creation of the HTAs. We find robust evidence that the provision of schools, health centers, and, to a lesser extent, water amenities has increased significantly faster in villages targeted by an HTA between 1987 and 2009 than in control villages.
Impact of Low‐Skilled Immigration on Female Labour Supply
Authors: Forlani Emanuele , Lodigiani Elisabetta , Mendolicchio Concetta
Published: October 2015

In this paper, segmenting the market by educational levels, we investigate which native‐born women are more affected by an increase of low‐skilled immigrants working in the household service sector. We present a model of individual choice with home production and, using a harmonized dataset (the Cross‐National Equivalent File), we estimate its main comparative static results. The results suggest that the share of immigrants working in services is positively associated with an increase of native‐born women's labour supply at the intensive margin, if skilled, and at the extensive margin, if unskilled. Moreover, the results show that these effects are larger in countries with less‐supportive family policies.
Migration, Unemployment, and Skill Downgrading
Authors: Muysken Joan , Vallizadeh Ehsan , Ziesemer Thomas
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we analyze the labor market impacts of immigration under flexible and rigid labor market regimes. A general equilibrium framework is developed, accounting for skill heterogeneity and labor market frictions, where unemployed medium‐skilled manufacturing workers are downgraded into low‐skilled service jobs, while low‐skilled service workers might end up unemployed. The analytical analysis shows that medium‐skill immigration decreases low‐skilled unemployment under the flexible regime, indicating a complementarity effect, while the rigid regime induces a substitution effect, leading to low‐skilled unemployment. Moreover, it leads to wage polarization. In a numerical analysis, the economic effects of different migration scenarios are quantified.