bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shared Similes in the Homeric Epics
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: November 2017

Our Homeric poets strove to display their competence by doing what their predecessors and peers did. To discover the shared similes in the Iliad and the Odyssey, the chapter first reviews the (nearly) verbatim short vehicle portions and similar long vehicle portions found (a) in the Iliad and Odyssey or (b) in the Iliad or Odyssey and in other archaic Greek hexameter poems or lyric poems. The chapter then discusses “scenarios” to get at the mental templates underlying many of our Homeric poets’ vehicle portions, templates that reveal the extent of their use of shared vehicle portions. By linking this model of scenarios with an approach from cognitive linguistics known as Frame Semantics, one can detect the ease with which a Homeric poet learned the scenarios. Our poets’ demonstrations of their use of shared elements also comes to the fore when one examines their similes as two-part equations, each composed of a tenor and a vehicle.
Monte Carlo methods
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J.
Published: November 2017

The estimation of integrals by Monte Carlo sampling is introduced through a simple example. The chapter then explains importance sampling, and the use of the Metropolis and Barker forms of the transition matrix defined in terms of the underlying matrix of the Markov chain. The creation of an appropriately weighted set of states in the canonical ensemble is described in detail and the method is extended to the isothermal–isobaric, grand canonical and semi-grand ensembles. The Monte Carlo simulation of molecular fluids and fluids containing flexible molecules using a reptation algorithm is discussed. The parallel tempering or replica exchange method for more efficient exploration of the phase space is introduced, and recent advances including solute tempering and convective replica exchange algorithms are described.
Some tricks of the trade
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter concentrates on practical tips and tricks for improving the efficiency of computer simulation programs. This includes the effect of using truncated and shifted potentials, and the use of table look-up and neural networks for calculating potentials. Approaches for speeding up simulations, such as the Verlet neighbour list, linked-lists and multiple timestep methods are described. The chapter then proceeds to discuss the general structure of common simulation programs; in particular the choice of the starting configuration and the initial velocities of the particles. The chapter also contains details of the overall approach to organising runs, storing the data, and checking that the program is working correctly.
How to analyse the results
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J.
Published: November 2017

In this chapter, practical guidance is given on the calculation of thermodynamic, structural, and dynamical quantities from simulation trajectories. Program examples are provided to illustrate the calculation of the radial distribution function and a time correlation function using the direct and fast Fourier transform methods. There is a detailed discussion of the calculation of statistical errors through the statistical inefficiency. The estimation of the error in equilibrium averages, fluctuations and in time correlation functions is discussed. The correction of thermodynamic averages to neighbouring state points is described along with the extension and extrapolation of the radial distribution function. The calculation of transport coefficients by the integration of the time correlation function and through the Einstein relation is discussed.
Quantum simulations
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter covers the introduction of quantum mechanics into computer simulation methods. The chapter begins by explaining how electronic degrees of freedom may be handled in an ab initio fashion and how the resulting forces are included in the classical dynamics of the nuclei. The technique for combining the ab initio molecular dynamics of a small region, with classical dynamics or molecular mechanics applied to the surrounding environment, is explained. There is a section on handling quantum degrees of freedom, such as low-mass nuclei, by discretized path integral methods, complete with practical code examples. The problem of calculating quantum time correlation functions is addressed. Ground-state quantum Monte Carlo methods are explained, and the chapter concludes with a forward look to the future development of such techniques particularly to systems that include excited electronic states.
Farm Colonies for the Irrational in Britain and Canada
Authors: Arneil Barbara
Published: November 2017

In Chapter 6, the volume examines the implementation of farm colonies for the mentally disabled and ill in Britain and the justifications provided for them by Winston Churchill, G.A. Auden, and Anthony Langdon Downs as well as the members of the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-Minded in 1905; before turning to examine domestic colonies in Canada, and their defenders including Tommy Douglas, Frank Hodgins, Helen MacMurchy, William Penfield, along with members of multiple Royal Commissions and Mental Hygiene committees. Like America, the farm colony was proposed as preferable to the asylum both therapeutically and financially. Even more than the labour colony, the economic benefits of the farm colony were emphasized, as members of the colony produced agricultural goods and subsidized the costs of their own maintenance, thus reducing what was seen as a growing burden on states of institutional care.
Inverse agreement in Hungarian
Authors: Bárány András
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to object agreement with personal pronouns in Hungarian. Pronouns are interesting because they do not always trigger agreement with the verb: first person objects never trigger object agreement (morphology), and second person pronouns only do with first person singular subjects. It is proposed that the distribution of object agreement is a morphological effect and argues that all personal pronouns do in fact trigger agreement, but agreement is not always spelled out. This means that Hungarian has an inverse agreement system, where the spell-out of agreement is determined by the relative person feature (or person feature sets) of the subject and the object. A formally explicit analysis of the syntax and the morphological spell-out of agreement is provided.
A parameter hierarchy for agreement
Authors: Bárány András
Published: November 2017

This chapter models some of the results of the previous chapter. It builds on the recently developed notion of parameter hierarchies. Parameter hierarchies are sets of dependent parameters giving rise to chains of implicational relations among languages. The languages discussed in this book are positioned on a parameter hierarchy of ϕ‎-probes: some languages do not show any kind of agreement, others with a single ϕ‎-probe can agree with one argument, yet others with more than one probe with more arguments. It is argued that this hierarchy restricts agreement across languages in some ways, but that other parameters are needed to account for the full range of data studied in the book. This chapter concludes that there is no single parameter that governs differential object and differential subject marking.
Authority by Association
Authors: Hernandez Rebecca Skreslet
Published: November 2017

In another controversial fatwa, al-Suyūṭī claims to represent a consensus of scholars opposed to the study of Greek logic on the grounds that it can lead to philosophical speculation of a heretical nature. While ostensibly a condemnation of logic, upon closer examination this fatwa serves to bolster al-Suyūṭī’s own claim to have achieved the rank of mujtahid (scholar capable of independent reasoning) in spite of his own lack of expertise in the discipline of logic. He tries to position his own opinion as being in line with those of the great scholars of the past or, in other words, with his “community of practice.” In fact, no such consensus against the study of logic existed during al-Suyūṭī’s time, thus making the “logic” of al-Suyūṭī’s logic fatwa even more tortured.
Conclusion
Authors: Hernandez Rebecca Skreslet
Published: November 2017

The response to a speech made by Egypt’s President ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ al-Sīsī in January 2015 on the occasion of the Prophet Muḥammad’s birthday celebrations that asked for “religious revolution” demonstrates the continuing importance of examining discursive trends in Islamic thought. The strategies of a fifteenth-century scholar, al-Suyūṭī, who framed his own identity as a jurist in his legal writing casts light on how contemporary scholars are using his legacy to define who they are in a time of crisis and upheaval in modern Egypt. Understanding how Islamic thinkers justify their interpretation of Sharīʿa can inform a positive response to the geopolitical realities that the Muslim world faces today.
Scriptural Authority and Biblical Criticism in the Dutch Golden Age
Authors: Nellen Henk
Published: November 2017

Did innovative textual analysis reshape the relations between Christian believers and their churches in early modern confessional states? This volume explores the hypothesis that in the long seventeenth century humanist-inspired biblical criticism contributed significantly to the decline of ecclesiastical truth claims. Historiography pictures this era as one in which the dominant position of religion and church began to show signs of erosion under the influence of vehement debates on the sacrosanct status of the Bible. Until quite recently, this gradual but decisive shift has been attributed to the rise of the sciences, in particular astronomy and physics. This book looks at biblical criticism as, on the one hand, an innovative force and, on the other, the outcome of developments in philology that had started much earlier than scientific experimentalism or the New Philosophy. Scholars began to situate the Bible in its historical context. The seventeen chapters show that even in the hands of pious, orthodox scholars philological research not only failed to solve all the textual problems that had surfaced, but even brought to light countless new incongruities. This supplied those who sought to play down the authority of the Bible with ammunition. The conviction that God’s Word had been preserved as a pure and sacred source gave way to an awareness of a complicated transmission in a plurality of divergent, ambiguous, historically determined and heavily corrupted texts. This shift took place primarily in the Dutch Protestant world of the seventeenth century.
Biblical Philology and Hermeneutical Debate in the Dutch Republic in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Touber Jetze
Published: November 2017

Spinoza’s time was rife with conflicts. Historians tend to structure these by grouping two opposing forces: progressive Cartesio-Cocceian-liberals versus conservative Aristotelian-Voetian-Orangists. Moderately enlightened progressives, so the story goes, endorsed notions such as human dignity, toleration, freedom of opinion, but shied away from radicalism, held back by the conservative counterforce. Yet the drift was supposed to be inevitably towards the Enlightenment. This chapter tries to capture theological conflicts in the Dutch Republic of the Early Enlightenment in a triangular scheme, that covers a wider range of conflicting interests. Its corners are constituted by ‘dogmatism’ (Dordrecht orthodoxy), ‘scripturalism’ (Cocceianism), and ‘rationalism’ (theology inspired by Cartesianism, Spinozism, or any other brand of new philosophy). Dogmatics and rationalists battled in terms of philosophy, whereas the scripturalists and their respective opponents fought each other rather in the field of biblical scholarship. This multilateral conflict within Dutch Calvinism made the ideal of a unified church untenable.
Worker Choices About Payouts in Public Pensions
Authors: Clark Robert L. , Cowell Janet Raye
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews available data on the annuity choices offered to retirees who participate in defined benefit (DB) plans. DB plans are most commonly offered by state and local governments to their employees, and information on annuity options is readily available. The authors examine all state pension plans that cover general state employees and teachers, and develop a table showing the similarities and differences across these approximately eighty separate state retirement plans. The authors determine the proportion of retirees selecting each of the annuity options. Where possible, annuity options in the public sector are compared to those offered by private sector employers. The chapter also reviews the empirical literature on who chooses the various annuity options offered in DB plans. Finally, the authors consider the policy implications of plan design and how this affects the types of annuities offered to retirees.
Introduction
Authors: Levin Frank S.
Published: November 2017

By surveying aspects of the book, the Introduction invites readers to prepare their mental surfboards for surfing the challenging waves of the quantum world. Max Planck’s weird use of the quantum concept is identified as the origin of the quantum revolution of the first part of the twentieth century. It is pointed out that mental muscles will be stretched by a variety of mind-bending quantum concepts and phenomena, both microscopic and macroscopic. These include the analogy between the behavior of a particle in a so-called quantum box and the vibrations of a musical string, and the role of quantum mechanics in determining the maximum heights of mountains. It is noted that the fundamental principles of quantum theory are the underpinning for explaining the mystery with two-slit experiments, while the book’s final chapters explore two features that have been referred to in non-scientific contexts: entanglement and Schrödinger’s cat.
Quantum Theory
Authors: Levin Frank S.
Published: November 2017

The subject of Chapter 8 is the fundamental principles of quantum theory, the abstract extension of quantum mechanics. Two of the entities explored are kets and operators, with kets being representations of quantum states as well as a source of wave functions. The quantum box and quantum spin kets are specified, as are the quantum numbers that identify them. Operators are introduced and defined in part as the symbolic representations of observable quantities such as position, momentum and quantum spin. Eigenvalues and eigenkets are defined and discussed, with the former identified as the possible outcomes of a measurement. Bras, the counterpart to kets, are introduced as the means of forming probability amplitudes from kets. Products of operators are examined, as is their role underpinning Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. A variety of symbol manipulations are presented. How measurements are believed to collapse linear superpositions to one term of the sum is explored.
Introduction
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: November 2017

Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics brings together new work on various dimensions of normative ethical theory. This seventh volume features thirteen chapters dealing with practical reasoning, Bernard Williams’s ‘one thought too many’ complaint about impartial ethical theories, the concept of moral right, the wrongness of lying, moral choice under uncertainty, the notion of subjective obligation, commendatory reasons, desire satisfaction and time, a challenge to contractualism, the nature of creditworthiness, partiality toward oneself, the relation between virtue and action, and monism versus pluralism about non-derivative value....
Rethinking ‘One Thought Too Many’
Authors: Baron Marcia
Published: November 2017

“But that would be one thought too many.” This assertion, common in moral philosophy ever since Bernard Williams coined the phrase, is often used as if we all know what it means. It is used as if we all know that it is a bad thing if there is one thought too many and also why it is a bad thing. This paper addresses what ‘That would be one thought too many’ means. What is the thought that would be one too many and why would it be too many?
The Moral Concept of Right as Adjudication
Authors: Cureton Adam
Published: November 2017

Rawls proposes that the moral concept of ‘right’ is defined by the functional role it has of properly adjudicating conflicting claims that persons make on one another and on social practices. Substantive moral theories of right and wrong are supposed to provide more specific principles, criteria, values, and ideals for interpreting and resolving this fundamental moral problem. It is not immediately apparent, however, what moral problem Rawls thinks substantive theories of right are supposed to interpret and address. The aim of this chapter is to offer a fuller account of what Rawls could have meant by defining the concept of right as the proper adjudication of conflicting claims that persons make on one another or on social practices. Three implications of this expanded definition of right are explained, and two reasons are then offered in its defense.
For Better or Worse
Authors: Little Margaret Olivia , Macnamara Coleen
Published: November 2017

A striking feature of the life of practical agency is the substantial latitude it includes. One suggestion for how to explain this latitude is that such latitude points to pluralism in the very way that reasons favor: some reasons favor deontically, and other reasons only commend. However, there is a critical question about the comparative lives of such reasons. They presumably admit of different strengths, and are thus capable of ordering options. While one might agree that we have latitude to decline following the direction of a reason that merely commends, it seems that once we face two or more such reasons that offer competing recommendations, only the action supported by the better reason is a candidate for action. Against this challenge, this chapter argues that commendatory reasons have the ability to defend, in the cases we care about, the moral and rational acceptability of doing the less worthy.
Contractualism and the Counter-Culture Challenge
Authors: Suikkanen Jussi
Published: November 2017

T. M. Scanlon’s contractualism attempts to give an account of right and wrong in terms of the moral code that could not be reasonably rejected. Reasonable rejectability is then a function of what kind of consequences the general adoption of different moral codes has for different individuals. It has been shown that moral codes should be compared at a lower than 100% level of social acceptance. This leads to the counter-culture challenge. The problem is that the cultural background of the individuals who have not internalized the majority code affects the consequences of the codes and furthermore there does not seem to be a non-arbitrary way of choosing the minority cultures. This chapter first surveys and critically evaluates different responses to this challenge. It then outlines a version of ‘Real World Contractualism’, which offers the best response to the counter-culture challenge.
The African Union, the Security Council, and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Jalloh Charles Chernor
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyses the controversies surrounding the work of the African Union, the Security Council, and the International Criminal Court. It examines whether the legal justifications offered for the Security Council’s involvement in matters of international criminal justice, as administered by the ICC, match the emerging practice. The chapter reviews the drafting history of the Rome Statute to identify the initial benchmark against which to assess the Chapter VII referral and deferral resolutions and their impacts, if any, on the world’s only permanent international penal tribunal. The chapter situates the ICC within a new post-Cold War global paradigm that is not only concerned with ensuring the collective peace, which is the classical responsibility of the UN, but also ensures that international criminal justice is meted out to at least some of the leaders who foment the world’s worst atrocities.
The Development of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice in Africa from Pre-Colonial Rule to the Present Day
Authors: Weldesellasie Kebreab Isaac
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the development of criminal law and substantive, procedural, and relevant institutions on the African continent from antiquity to the present day. It demonstrates the existence of a well-knit and contextual criminal justice system throughout Africa, which was later infused with elements of Islamic law to serve the needs of the newly converted populations. The key characteristic of pre-colonial African criminal law is its customary, unwritten nature, with a focus on serving community rather than individual pursuits. Incarceration and punishment were unknown and instead efforts were made to compensate the victim, whose role was central to the process. This customary law served the continent until the advent of colonialism, whose protagonists enforced their conception of social control by reducing or even eliminating the application and influence of customary norms. As a result, even following decolonization, the new African nations retained colonial criminal legislation.
The Insider Narrative
Authors: Finck Michèle
Published: November 2017

The Insider Narrative captures the thesis that beyond the formal letter of EU law a parallel yet distinct narrative can be identified according to which SNAs are insiders of supranational law and its substantive development. This becomes apparent if we shift our attention away from ‘formal status’ and towards the manifold functional interconnections that have emerged between various levels of public authority over the past decades. This chapter traces polycentricity and porosity in various areas of EU law and charts distinct dynamics that frame SNAs’ insider status. SNAs have taken on a pivotal role in the administration of EU law and the development of the supranational legal order. As a result they have in some respects acquired an insider status that is in many ways analogous to that of the Member States.
Introduction
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: November 2017

The law code of the book of Deuteronomy is capped with a series of curses that threaten harm upon the individual subject to the legislation, should they fail to keep the Deuteronomic laws. While this method of divine encouragement to keep the commandments of God might seem surprising from a theological point of view, curses were an integral part of the legal, political, and religious life of the ancient Near East. This introduction considers some of the key interpretative questions associated with the curses in Deuteronomy 28, encompassing the apparently paralleled ancient Near Eastern material (and related to this, the problem of the comparative method in biblical and ancient Near Eastern studies), and the ritual dimension inherent to the pronouncement of curses and the formulation of treaties in the ancient world.
The Futility Curse as a Northwest Semitic Trope
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the possibility that a Northwest Semitic tradition of curses circulated in the Levant in the first millennium, with a description and analysis of examples of the futility curse from the Old Aramaic inscriptions, encompassing the Tell Fakhariyah bilingual inscription, the Sefire Treaties, and the Bukān inscription. This has implications for the reconstruction of a putative Aramaic literary tradition, something often hypothesized but little attested due to the scant material finds which have survived antiquity. Ultimately it is shown that a tradition of cursing expressed in terms of lexical, ideational, and syntactic consistency was shared between these Old Aramaic epigraphs.
The Composition of the Tell Fakhariyah Inscription and Deuteronomy 28
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the composition of Deuteronomy 28, noting a parallel to the Tell Fakhariyah bilingual inscription. Scholars have developed a textual history for the Tell Fakhariyah inscription, reconstructing a complex compositional process based upon division of this inscription into parts stemming from a West Semitic hand and parts with East Semitic origin. By exploring the translation technique that governed the production of this inscription, this chapter demonstrates that it stems from a single hand who could mediate between traditions of East and West. This new understanding of the compositional process of the Tell Fakhariyah inscription is then proposed as a model for understanding the composition of Deuteronomy 28, which also seems to reflect a complex interplay between Mesopotamian and Levantine traditions. Deuteronomy 28 makes use of the futility curse as a culturally Levantine product, but juxtaposes this with curses drawn from the East Semitic world, such as Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaties.
Introduction
Authors: Fabbrini Federico
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the book by mapping out the key issues, including the background and the events leading up to the referendum vote on June 23, 2016, which are then examined in depth in the remaining chapters. Specifically, it sets the context of the June 2016 Brexit referendum, analyzes the follow-up to the referendum and the ensuing litigation, discusses the UK notification of withdrawal in March 2017, and examines the start of the negotiations between the UK and the EU in June 2017 and its uncertainties. In addition, the chapter explains the book’s structure and outlines the content of the other chapters of this volume.
Introduction
Authors: Winkler Emily A.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 1 introduces the core argument of the book, which is that twelfth-century writers of history in England accorded more individual responsibility, both causal and moral, to eleventh-century English kings than did their historical sources. In their conquest narratives, the four historians redistribute responsibility away from the English as a collective, revealing proportionally high expectations for English kings. This change, which occurs across the four historians’ diverse genres of writing, arose from their wide reading, experience with Anglo-Norman rule, and the precedents for foreign kings of England set by the Danish and Norman Conquests of the eleventh century. The chapter examines the nature of explanation in twelfth-century historical narratives (including the role of fortune and Providence), outlines the careers of the four writers (William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, John of Worcester, and Geffrei Gaimar), and provides an overview of each writer’s approach to narrating the English past.
Conditional Kingship
Authors: Winkler Emily A.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 7 argues that a legitimate English king, once on the throne, could fulfil the criteria for kingship, including piety, military leadership, character, and behaviour. It considers accounts of King Cnut and King William I as case studies for how a foreigner and conqueror could rule well and legitimately regardless of the circumstances of his assumption of power. It examines the relative importance of faults in critiques of reigning kings, arguing that whereas faults of leadership (especially military leadership, as William of Malmesbury’s critique of Edward the Confessor shows) were inexcusable, personal flaws could be forgiven if the king exerted himself to overcome them. A key implication of this chapter is that the Norman Conquest was not the lens through which the four historians viewed expectations for kings: in their view, the Danish Conquest set the important precedent whereby a foreign conqueror could rule legitimately as a quintessentially English king.
Equal Concern
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: November 2017

Inequality can be objectionable because it results from an agent providing a higher level of a benefit to some people than to others to whom it owes the same obligation to provide this benefit. Although this objection to inequality presupposes an obligation on the part of an agent to provide a benefit to members of a group, it remains an essentially comparative objection, an objection to unequal responsiveness to the obligation rather than simply to a failure to fulfill this obligation. This requirement of equal concern is neither empty nor irrational, as some critics have charged.
Equality, Liberty, and Coercion
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: November 2017

It is frequently objected that the pursuit of equality involves objectionable interference with individual liberty, depriving individuals of options that they have reason to want and putting them under the control of others in an objectionable way. The pursuit of equality seems most clearly in conflict with liberty when equality is to be promoted through redistributive taxation, taking income from some in order to give it to others. But the main means of promoting equality lies in changing the institutions of property and exchange that generate inequality in pretax incomes. These institutions of predistribution also determine the extent of legitimate taxation: how much of what is gained from various transactions individuals are entitled to keep. These institutions need to be justified, taking into account considerations of liberty, as well as objections to inequality, among other factors.
Royal Progress
Authors: Hone Joseph
Published: November 2017

Chapter 3 addresses the hitherto neglected political dimension of Anne’s first royal progress to Oxford and the West Country. The contention of this chapter is that the sophisticated rhetorical displays and entertainments associated with Elizabethan progresses persisted into the eighteenth century. By unpicking the partisan messages embedded into entertainments and verse addresses performed to Anne on her first progress, the chapter demonstrates how royal hosts attempted to guide the queen and government on policy matters. But they also hoped to garner patronage from prominent local and national politicians. Anne also used the progress as an opportunity to revive older modes of sacral monarchy.
Introduction
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2017

The progress of the main narrative of the Odyssey is frequently suspended by the para-narratives told by the poet and his characters. These can take the form of paradigms providing a model of action for imitation or avoidance by a character. They can also guide interpretation of the main narrative by exploring variations on its basic story shape. A veiled hint may be conveyed through an αἶνος‎ purportedly based on personal experience. Previous work on narratives in the Odyssey, including narratology and narrative strategy, is briefly surveyed. The Homeric poems were showcased in the Athenian festival of the Panathenaea, and religious practice becomes a further source of para-narrative as the Athenian rituals of the Plynteria and Arrephoria are evoked by Penelope’s actions and stories as the poem draws to its end. Athenian control of the pan-Ionian festival in Delos may explain the Apollo paradigm used of Odysseus.
Consuming Passions, Wasted Efforts
Authors: Hamera Judith
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Michael Jackson’s fiscal travails from 2002 to the release of This Is It in 2010, reading coverage of his consumption, debt, and attempts at recovery as racialized public melodrama. It begins with a scene of Jackson shopping in Las Vegas taken from Living with Michael Jackson, viewed through both the emerging consumer credit bubble and the temperance melodrama The Drunkard. It then turns to the ways testimony about Jackson’s finances, particularly his debts, played a pivotal role in his child molestation trial, reproducing a financialized melodramatic racial dialectic that emerged again in the subprime mortgage crisis. It concludes by reading parallels between accounts of Jackson’s physical wasting on the set of This Is It and that of the compulsively dancing child in Hans Christian Andersen’s tale “The Red Shoes.” Both represent the process of disciplining past excesses through redemptive contraction as US austerity rhetoric reached a crescendo.
Entropy Maximization
Authors: Golan Amos
Published: November 2017

In this chapter I develop the essential maximum entropy procedure, which is an inversion procedure for inferring an unknown probability distribution function from incomplete information. The formulation here is the root of info-metrics and is grounded in the motivations provided in Chapter 2 and the metrics defined in Chapter 3. Once the basic maximum entropy problem is defined and the solution is derived via the method of Lagrange multipliers, I derive and discuss its dual formulation. I then define and discuss the concept of conjugate variables, which is related to the Lagrange multipliers. Throughout, the mathematical derivations are supported by graphical illustrations and supplemented with heuristic arguments and with numerous examples in ideal settings.
Prior Information
Authors: Golan Amos
Published: November 2017

In this chapter I introduce and quantify prior information and show how to incorporate it into the info-metrics framework. The priors developed arise from fundamental properties of the system, from logical reasoning, or from empirical observations. I start the chapter with the derivation of priors for discrete distributions, which can be handled via the grouping property, and a detailed derivation of surprisal analysis. Constructing priors for continuous distributions is more challenging. That problem is tackled via the method of transformation groups, which is related to the mathematical concept of group theory. That method works for both discrete and continuous functions. The last approaches I discuss are based on empirical information. The close relationship between priors, treatment effects, and score functions is discussed and demonstrated in the last section. Visual illustrations of the theory and numerous theoretical and applied examples are provided.
New Applications Across Disciplines
Authors: Golan Amos
Published: November 2017

In this chapter I provide four detailed, cross-disciplinary case studies, developed for this book. The case studies are from the medical sciences, political science, and finance. In each case, I discuss the empirical background, the input information, the necessary analytics, the inferred solution, and a brief summary of its implications. Each problem highlights one basic issue and demonstrates the advantage and applicability of the info-metrics framework. In each one of the problems analyzed, the constraints are specified as stochastic. Thus, the inference tolerates possible misspecification in the constraints or other possible uncertainties in the data or the model. This chapter demonstrates that the info-metrics framework is general enough to tackle problems across the scientific spectrum, can accommodate all types of uncertainties, can solve problems that other methods are unable to solve, and always allows the use of priors.
“Together” for the Last Time in Since You Went Away
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

Rather than one score, Since You Went Away has slightly more than two: a rejected attempt by concert composer Alexandre Tansman and another by Max Steiner that includes multiple versions of many cues. In addition to these scores, Selznick’s notes on the score are voluminous, reflecting his desire to match his two consecutive “Best Pictures” (Gone with the Wind and Rebecca) while also contributing to the war effort through patriotic filmmaking. The result is a mixed but engrossing effort, characterized by biographer David Thomson as Selznick’s most personal film. The producer’s investment is evident throughout the score, and this chapter assesses both positive and negative consequences, including a failed attempt to engage Bernard Herrmann, Alexandre Tansman’s ignominious dismissal, Steiner’s pragmatic reuse of associative themes from earlier Selznick films, and a new, music-based publicity campaign led by Ted Wick.
Food, Nutrients, and Health
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 2 provides an overview of the food consumption patterns in the US relative to dietary recommendations, including the main data sources for food and nutrient intake in the US. It then discusses the connection between food and nutrient intake and the major diet-related chronic conditions and diseases in the US, including obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Food security is also reviewed.
Production and Profit Beyond the Farm Gate
Authors: Davis George C. , Serrano Elena L.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 13 first looks at how changes at one level in the food supply chain may affect prices and quantities at another level via profit maximization. The chapter then considers firms that are closer to the consumer (e.g., restaurants) who will often be able to set their own prices and consider the analytics of profit maximization under this scenario. Utilizing this framework, the chapter considers the question: Are healthier foods more or less profitable than unhealthy foods? This leads naturally to a discussion of market segmentation, the limit of the market, and the distribution of healthy and unhealthy foods in the food system. As there are many calls for food firms to be more socially responsible and offer healthier foods, the chapter utilizes the framework to explore the implications of corporate social responsibility and how compatible that idea is with profit maximization.
Right to Family Environment
Authors: Bajpai Asha
Published: November 2017

Institutionalization of children has to be the last resort. It is the right of a child to a family or in the alternative to family type non-institutional services, such as adoption, foster care, and sponsorship. This chapter commences with tracing the evolution of adoption in history, mythology, and religion. It critically examines Indian adoption laws, such as the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956, the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, the Provisions in the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015, and the CARA guidelines and Procedures, 2015. Select judgements of the courts in India on adoption and surrogacy is also included. Surrogacy Regulation Bill, 2016 is discussed. International law, instruments, and protocols relating to adoption and surrogacy in some other countries are dealt with. It suggests law reform in the areas of adoption and surrogacy. A brief description of non-governmental organizations, government initiatives, programmes, and schemes dealing with non-institutional services are included.
Thermodynamic Limit
Authors: Rau Jochen
Published: November 2017

When one describes systems which are homogeneous, stable, and macroscopic in size, it no longer matters whether macroscopic data are given as sharp constraints or as expectation values. This is the thermodynamic limit. The behaviour of matter in this limit is governed by four laws, pertaining respectively to the properties of equilibrium (zeroth law), energy (first law), entropy (second law), and the ground state (third law). This chapter provides the mathematical criteria for homogeneity and stability and explores their respective consequences. In particular, it discusses the distinction between extensive and intensive variables, as well as the Gibbs–Duhem relation. It introduces the three thermodynamic ensembles—microcanonical, canonical, and grand canonical—and shows their equivalence in the thermodynamic limit. Finally, this chapter shows how, in the thermodynamic limit, the four laws of thermodynamics arise naturally within the statistical framework.
Introduction
Authors: Imlay Talbot C.
Published: November 2017

In the summer of 1951 the Socialist International, grouping together socialist parties from over thirty countries and four continents, held its founding congress in Frankfurt am Main in Germany.* While the dominant tone was celebratory, the delegates found time to reflect on the meaning of internationalism for socialists. Some conceived of it in the traditional language of class. Internationalism, intoned Kurt Schumacher, the fiery leader of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), aims at the ‘equality of rights and status’ for all peoples against the ‘egotism of the wealthy classes, parading as internationalism’. Others, like the French socialist Salomon Grumbach, pointed to a number of guiding principles, among them the promotion of democracy, prosperity, and peace. Almost all delegates integrated the Cold War into their understanding of internationalism. Victor Larock, a Belgian socialist, thus spoke of ‘the internationalism of the working masses who … fight for their liberation and their rights against Stalinist totalitarianism and capitalist exploitation.’ But it was Morgan Phillips, the somewhat staid secretary of Britain’s Labour Party, who offered the most revealing comments:...
International Socialism at War, 1914–1918
Authors: Imlay Talbot C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the efforts of European socialists to revive and recast the Socialist International after August 1914. In so doing, it challenges the view that socialist internationalism suffered a deadly blow on the outbreak of war. Almost from the beginning, socialists from different parties met to discuss various aspects of the war. Although these meetings were initially limited to socialists from the same alliance bloc, over time the pressure mounted to organize an international socialist conference that would bridge the belligerent split. During the war, the French, German, and (to a lesser extent) British parties grew increasingly divided over the question of whether to favour a negotiated or victorious end to the war. As divisions deepened, socialists closely followed developments in other parties, with factions in one party drawing inspiration from those in others in what amounted to a struggle to define the meaning of socialist internationalism.
Reconstituting the International, 1940–1951
Authors: Imlay Talbot C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter traces the revival of international socialism, beginning in the early 1940s and ending with the Socialist International’s founding congress in July 1951. It focuses on the efforts of European socialists to reconstitute the International, the institutional expression of socialist internationalism. Even before the end of the war, European socialists strove to re-energize international socialism, most notably by repairing the inter-party ties that had frayed during the 1930s. The result was a renewed commitment to the practice of socialist internationalism—to working together to identify ‘socialist’ solutions to the pressing challenges of the post-war period. The chapter concentrates on the International in order to highlight debates within and between socialist parties on the nature and meaning of internationalism. The International in 1951 represented a compromise between various and sometimes competing visions of socialist internationalism.
The Subject Matter of Intellectual Property
Authors: Pila Justine
Published: November 2017

This book offers a study of the subject matter protected by each of the main intellectual property (IP) regimes. With a focus on European and UK law particularly, it considers the meaning of the terms used to denote the objects to which IP rights attach, such as ‘invention’, ‘authorial work’, ‘trade mark’, and ‘design’, with reference to the practice of legal officials and the nature of those objects specifically. To that end it proceeds in three stages. At the first stage, in Chapter 2, the nature, aims, and values of IP rights and systems are considered. As historically and currently conceived, IP rights are limited (and generally transferable) exclusionary rights that attach to certain intellectual creations, broadly conceived, and that serve a range of instrumentalist and deontological ends. At the second stage, in Chapter 3, a theoretical framework for thinking about IP subject matter is proposed with the assistance of certain devices from philosophy. That framework supports a paradigmatic conception of the objects protected by IP rights as artifact types distinguished by their properties and categorized accordingly. From this framework, four questions are derived concerning: the nature of the (categories of) subject matter denoted by the terms ‘invention’, ‘authorial work’, ‘trade mark’, ‘design’ etc, including their essential properties; the means by which each subject matter is individuated within the relevant IP regime; the relationship between each subject matter and its concrete instances; and the manner in which the existence of a subject matter and its concrete instances is known. That leaves the book’s final stage, in Chapters 3 to 7. Here legal officials’ use of the terms above, and understanding of the objects that they denote, are studied, and the results presented as answers to the four questions identified previously.
The Authorial Work
Authors: Pila Justine
Published: November 2017

This chapter seeks to define the term ‘authorial work’ as used by European legal officials, and the corresponding terms (‘original literary work’, ‘original dramatic work’, ‘original musical work’, and ‘original artistic work’) of UK copyright law. To that end, it considers the nature of the objects treated expressly or otherwise by the legislature and courts as authorial works and original literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic (LDMA) works respectively, in the light also of the legal principles of copyright entitlement. In its conclusion, the questions identified in Chapter 3 concerning the categories and essential properties of each subject matter, the method of their individuation, and the relationship between and method of establishing their and their tokens’ existence are answered. To this end, regard is had to other aspects of the law of copyright, including the UK requirement for fixation and the EU and UK tests for copyright infringement.
The Design
Authors: Pila Justine
Published: November 2017

This chapter defines the terms used to denote the subject matter protectable by European and UK registered and unregistered design right with reference to legal officials’ understanding of each type of subject matter. Starting from a recognition of the intersection of the design right and other intellectual property regimes, the chapter considers several aspects of design law before concluding that designs are authorial works within the meaning of European or traditional UK copyright authorities, albeit with a different history of production than that traditionally required of such works by UK legal officials. The chapter concludes with a summary of the categories and essential properties of registered and unregistered designs, an account of legal officials’ methods for individuating them, and a discussion of the relationship between legal officials’ methods of establishing the existence of individual registered and unregistered designs and their tokens respectively.
Nuanced and Dissenting Voices
Authors: Miller Peggy J. , Cho Grace E.
Published: November 2017

Chapter 4, “Nuanced and Dissenting Voices,” examines the nuances diverse parents brought to their understandings of childrearing and self-esteem. Framed within Bakhtinian theory, this chapter gives voice to African American parents, working-class parents, conservative Christian parents, and mothers, particularly women who had experienced low self-esteem. These parents endorsed self-esteem, but refracted the language of the self-esteem imaginary in ways that made sense, given their diverse values and ideological commitments, social positioning, and idiosyncratic experiences. This chapter also describes the perspectives of two groups from the larger study who challenged key elements of the dominant discourse: grandmothers of Centerville children who raised their children in an earlier era, and Taiwanese parents who grew up in a different cultural context but were temporarily residing and raising their children in Centerville. These two groups of dissenters underscore again the book’s theme that self-esteem is rooted in time and place.