bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Can Anti-Imperialism Not Be Anti-Racist?The North American Anti-Globalization Movement
Authors: Starr Amory
Published: September 2015

The anti-globalization movement is resolutely anti-imperialist, and increasingly says so. It works on issues of economic, political, and cultural justice and autonomy of indigenous people and the Global South, as well as workers and oppressed people in the Global North. Despite this good work, the North American segment of the movement has been harshly criticized by anti-racists within and outside the movement. This paper examines the anti-racist discourse about the movement. It begins with a comprehensive survey of the data available on these issues. The following analysis pursues a number of dimensions, ?nding that movement framing by activists as well as outsiders has played a powerful role in alienating anti-racists from the anti-globalization movement, thatanti-racists are not satis?ed by the way in which the anti-globalization movement connects the global and the local, that it is organizing strategy (neither goals nor tactics) that is often a source of con?ict, that this strategic di?erence re?ects assumptions of how empowerment happens and of subjectivities of proto-activists, that the anti-globalization movements assumptions are rooted in a white cultural individualism, and that this individualism also explains why countercultural politics are often experienced as exclusionary by activists of colour. The paper concludes by suggesting the use of Massimo deAngelis re-articulation of the meanings and practices of responsibility and solidarity in the anti-globalization movement.
Blue-Green Coalitions: Constraints and Possibilities in the Post 9-11 Political Environment
Authors: Gould Kenneth A. , Lewis Tammy L. , Roberts J.  Timmons
Published: September 2015

Workers and environmentalists in the United States have often found themselves on opposite sides of critical issues. Yet at the WTO meeting in Seattle in November 1999, they came together in a historic protest many see as a watershed in the formation of a new blue-green Seattle Coalition. However the two camps are again in con?ict over substantive issues, and in the changed political climate of post 9-11, the question arises of the coalitions durability. The paper ?rst brie? y reviews the history of labor-environment interactions in the United States. It then examines a series of problems and potential areas of promise for the movements: di?culties of coalition-building, expectations of reciprocation, local vs. national connections, and the question of di?ering class cultures and interests. Finally, three areas of potential research and action are suggested: new roles for the mainstream environmental groups, just transition alliances and climate justice alliances. We propose that the environmen-tal justice and environmental health wings of the green movement are more suited to making long-term coalitions with labor than are habitat-oriented green groups.
Social Evolution and the Future of World Society
Authors: Chase-Dunn Christopher
Published: September 2015

The idea of world society implies a fully articulated complex culture and consciousness. This has been emerging on a global scale, but the old world-system of multiple cultures continues to exist at the same time that a global culture is in formation. This article discusses the historical evolution of world orders, the coming dark age of deglobalization and the potential for the eventual emergence of a collectively rational and democratic global commonwealth.
Contact, Incorporation, and the North American Southeast
Authors: Hollis Shirley A.
Published: September 2015

The broadening of the world-system, which involves the geographic expansion into previously external areas and integration of new economies into its network of economic relationships, is represented in world-system scholarship by two competing views. On the one hand, Wallerstein and his associates treat incorporation as being specifically contingent on the routine and systematic economic exchange for durable goods produced in the previously external area to the benefit of the core. In contrast, Hall and Chase-Dunn contend that incorporation is a synchronous process that takes different forms depending onthe relative locations within the hierarchical world-economy of both the previously external areas and the incorporating area. Using the sixteenth-century North American Southeast as an episode of incorporation, this study examines the contact relationship between early European explorers and the indigenous groups in the formerly external area. My goal is to illuminate more fully how contact may permanently alter the social organization and relations within the region and, consequently, the form taken by subsequent integration into the world-system.
The Centrality of Finance
Authors: Tabb William K.
Published: September 2015

In the contemporary conjuncture financialization is driving a fundamentalreorganization of American capitalism and increasingly that of other economiessignificantly impacting the trajectory of the world-system. This paper interrogates the nature and extent of financialization, the ways it is adding to systemic risk with attention to the future of the dollar, and implications for the relationship between US based finance and new emerging centers of the world-system.
NEGOTIATION AND INCORPORATION ON THE MARGINS OF WORLD-SYSTEMS:EXAMPLES FROM CYPRUS AND NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Kardulias Nick
Published: September 2015

As originally formulated, the world-systems model postulated a relationship in which core states exploited peripheries for raw materials and made the latter into dependent satellites. This approach views indigenous people in peripheries as passive recipients at the mercy of political and economic forces beyond their control. While in many cases the impetus for change was from cores to peripheries, there were certainly instances in which the margins actively (and occasionally successfully) resisted incorporation. At times, they also had the ability to select the precise form of their incorporation. While in many cases this did not alter the consequences for indigenous people, there were occasions when natives not only reacted successfully, but also outlined the terms of the encounter. This is a process that I call negotiated peripherality. Underlying this perspective is a biological analogy: just as biological populations experience the greatest change at the borders of their territories where the effects of gene flow are felt first and most dramatically, so too do cultural changes occur at an accelerated rate in contact zones. This paper explores the nature of negotiated change through two case studies. The archaeological example examines how ancient inhabitants of Cyprus selectively adopted features from the Near Eastern and Greek cultures for whose worldsystems the island served as a marginal periphery. The second example is anethnohistoric study of how Native Americans managed the terms of their involvement in the fur trade with Europeans. Both cases demonstrate the active role of peripheral people as decision-makers.
LONG WAVES, INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES, AND HISTORICAL TRENDS: A STUDY OF THE LONG-TERM MOVEMENT OF THE PROFIT RATE IN THECAPITALIST WORLD-ECONOMY
Authors: Li Minqi , Xiao Feng , Zhu Andong
Published: September 2015

In this paper we study the long-term movement of the profit rate and related variables in the UK, the US, Japan, and the Euro-zone. Since the mid-19th century there have been four long waves in the movement of the average profit rate and rate of accumulation. The average profit rate tended to fall between the late 19th century and the late 20th / early 21st century. The average profit share fell substantially in the transition from the UK hegemony to the US hegemony. The fall of the profit rateand profit share reflected rising wage and taxation costs. Our findings raise important questions regarding the future development of the capitalist world economy.
Puzzles in the Comparative Study of Frontiers: Problems, Some Solutions, and Methodological Implications
Authors: Hall Thomas D.
Published: September 2015

This paper examines ways in which world-system analysis can be employed fruitfully to explore frontier social processes. Conversely, it also examines how frontier social processes and events can be very valuable explorations of highly localized processes  geographically and temporally  of world-systems. The study of frontier regions can help to uncover the ways in which many world-systemic contexts shape local human agency. Conversely, the study of these highly localized human practices offers ways to gain insights to how individual actions constantly reconstruct world-systems. Finally, many of the lessons learned here with respect to frontiers, especially in regard to ethnic and national identity formation and transformation can be extended to other social concerns.
Modeling Error in Quantitative Macro-Comparative Research
Authors: Babones Salvatore
Published: September 2015

Much quantitative macro-comparative research (QMCR) relies on a common set of published data sources to answer similar research questions using a limited number of statistical tools. Since all researchers have access to much the same data, one might expect quick convergence of opinion on most topics. In reality, of course, differences of opinion abound and persist. Many of these differences can be traced, implicitly or explicitly, to the different ways researchers choose to model error in their analyses. Much careful attention has been paid in the political science literature to the error structures characteristic of time series cross-sectional (TSCE) data, but much less attention has been paid to the modeling of error in broadly cross-national research involving large panels of countries observed at limited numbers of time points. Here, and especially in the sociology literature, multilevel modeling has become a hegemonic  but often poorly understood  research tool. I argue that widely-used types of multilevel models, commonly known as fixed effects models (FEMs) and random effects models (REMs), can produce wildly spurious results when applied to trended data due to mis-specification of error. I suggest that in most commonly-encountered scenarios, difference models are more appropriate for use in QMC.
Theorizing the Rise of Microenterprise Development in Carribean Context
Authors: Karides Marina
Published: September 2015

Throughout the world development agencies and governments promote micro-enterprise development as a solution to the employment crisis and penury of the global south. But what brought about the unprecedented expansion and worldwide promotion of micro-enterprise development? As a case study on micro-enterprise expansion in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, this paper offers a grounded theory analysis based on semi-structured interviews with national and international officials active in micro-enterprise development. Themes drawn from the interviews demonstrate that the failure of past development policies and the neo-liberal response to these failures help explain why micro-enterprise development expanded vastly in Trinidad and Tobago. Theoretically, I draw from Luxembourgs (1951) and Nashs (1990) studies on subsistence or petty production under capitalism and the world-systems analysis of households (Wallerstein and Scott 1992a; 1992b) to develop a conceptual framework for understanding the expansion of micro-enterprise development under neo-liberalism globally. In this era, micro-enterprise development reflects two separate strategies of dealing with economic crisesinformal or unwaged work and government transfer or social safety netsmerged into one.
Review of "Globalization as Evolutionary Process: Modeling Global Change," by George Modelski, Tessaleno Devezas, and William R. Thompson (eds.)
Authors: Roudometof Victor
Published: September 2015

see text
A Bumper Crop of Fair Trade Coffee Books
Authors: Talbot John M.
Published: September 2015

The history of the world coffee market is a story of cycles of boom and bust. The most recent bust, one of the most severe in history, began in 1998 and started to ease in 2005. This period of severe crisis across the coffee producing countries in the developing world stimulated a growing interest in fair trade coffee as a means of helping the small farmers who were being devastated by historically low prices. As public interest and consumption grew, social scientists, as is their wont, set out to study the phenomenon. The result is the current bumper crop of books analyzing fair trade coffee.
Build Locally, Link Globally: The Social Forum Process in Italy
Authors: Della Porta Donatella , Mosca Lorenzo
Published: September 2015

Considered an innovation because of its capacity to develop transnational processes, the World Social Forum however also has strong local roots as well as effects on organizational models and collective identities at the domestic level. Focusing on the Italian case, this article shows how local social forums, as arenas for exchanges of ideas, played a cognitive role in the import, but also the translation of new ideas, as well as helping the emergence of dense network structures and tolerant identities. The first section of the article examines how local social forums contributed to innovation in the organizational formulas of the Global Justice Movementconsidering both structure (organizations) and process (methodologies) aspectsthrough the development of different, more participatory conceptions of internal decision making. It then addresses the innovations in the definition of collective identities, stressing the linkages of local struggles and global framing as well as the development of a cross-issue discourse around an anti-neoliberal frame. The final section will discuss the contribution of local social forums to contemporary social movements, stressing the role of these new arenas for the cross-fertilization among different movement families and spreading a method of working together that becomes part of the repertoire of action of local social movement organizations. The empirical research consists mainly of in-depth interviews and focus groups with activists from social movement organizations which were involved in local social forums.
Cutting the Gordian Knot of World History: Giovanni Arrighi's Model of the Great Divergence and Convergence
Authors: Abbeloos Jan-Frederik , Vanhaute Eric
Published: September 2015

This essay evaluates the new road Giovanni Arrighi paves in Adam Smith in Beijing (2007) in relation to the scholarly debate on Europe's Great Divergence and the remarkable resurgence of East Asia in the global economy at the end of the twentieth century. At the center of Adam Smith in Beijing is the argument that the probability has increased that we are witnessing the formation of an "East Asian-centered world-market society, " rivaling the historical "capitalist world-economy ". We show how Arrighi 's discovery of East Asia has led him to supplement the analysis of historical capitalism he presented in The Long Twentieth Century (1994). This brings about uncertainties and problems. On the one hand, Arrighi is clear in his view on the different paths of economic development followed by the Europe-centered capitalist world-system, and the Chinese-centered market-oriented world-system. These paths remained largely separate until deep into the nineteenth century. On the other hand, Arrighi is less clear on how the Asian market-oriented legacy survived its incorporation into a globalizing capitalist world-economy, a crucial precondition for Arrighi's political message. Characterized as a process of subordination, hybridization, or fusion, it remains difficult to extract from Arrighi an unambiguous understanding of the place of China and East Asia within the capitalist world-system. It is just as hard to understand the nature of that "interstitial" system itself These conceptual and theoretical uncertainties suggest a central question and problem that hangs over Adam Smith in Beijing: What remains of the capitalist world-system as an analytical category that allows us to understand economic history and our possible futures?
New Terra Nullius Narratives and the Gentrification of Africa's "Empty Lands"
Authors: Geisler Charles
Published: September 2015

Extraterritorial ownership and control of sub-Saharan African land have a long and troubledhistory. This research investigates a much-studied practicethe recent enclosure of African landand resourcesbut asks a little-studied question: how are non-Africans reasserting terra nulliusnarratives of the past to justify the present transformation of African landscapes? The answersuggested here lies in a bulwark of de facto terra nullius claims couched in security needs of theglobal North and referenced to the low density of Africas rural population, its land and laborunder-utilization, the ambiguity of its land tenure and related low yields, and its arrestedcivilization. De facto terra nullius is neither narrow in scope nor static in application. It isstirring again as a potent justificatory logic for north-south land relations.
Network Transitions on a Contested Periphery: From Prestige Goods to Bulk Goods (or not) in Northeastern North America, 1600-1760
Authors: Leitner Jonathan
Published: September 2015

This paper examines the Euro-Indigenous fur trade in northeastern North America, following Carlson's use of Chase-Dunn and Hall's nested interaction networks to examine a similar trade during roughly the same time period on the continent's other side. These network interactions took place on what became a contested periphery, and they shaped the development of states and the modem world-system , with Europeans contending with each other and with Native Americans for political and economic control, and at times mere survival. European political-military networks were essential to maintaining colonies, and in contrast to what the general interaction networks model posits, these were made up of or at least coterminous with nested prestige goods networks. Europeans were initially dependent upon prestige goods networks with Native Americans; indeed , the French political military network in North America was arguably formed by ( or at least supported by) the various Franco-Indigenous prestige goods networks. The French, Dutch, and British all attempted to transition their colonial economies from the extractive economies and low settler population densities typically associated with prestige goods networks to the agricultural economies and higher settler population densities of bulk goods networks. The paper traces the attempted colonial interaction network transitions from contested peripheries within Euro-Indigenous prestige goods networks to settled colonies within bulk goods networks and firmly within a given core powers' imperial political military network. The success ( or failure) of these network transitions helped determine the Euroamerican colonies ' geopolitical futures in the world-economy, as well as those of their indigenous neighbors and their struggles for physical survival and political sovereignty.
Naval Stores Extraction in Eastern North Carolina: The Historical Basis of Spatial Inequality within a Core Nation
Authors: Driscoll Adam , Kick Edward
Published: September 2015

Within world-systems research there is an overwhelming tendency to treat nation-states as homogenous wholes. With some notable exceptions. this approach downplays the existence and operation of core-periphery relations on the sub-national level and the resultant inequality between different regions of nation-states. This study uses various complementary literatures in an integrative fashion to address this lacuna within the world-systems approach. We argue that uneven geographical development within core nations can at least partially be explained by the historical appropriation of natural capital; a universal process in which site-specific geographic factors and the larger political-economic context of the world-system interact. over time. to produce linked regions of relative accumulation and deprivation. To demonstrate the utility of this approach. we examine eastern North Carolina "s history as the principal producer of naval stores for Great Britain "s navy during Britain "s ascension toward hegemonic status in the world-system during the eighteenth century. We highlight how those initial extractive activities functioned as a "de-generative sector, hindering the region "s overall development. We argue generally for a synthetic approach to development theory and corresponding empirical examinations of modern and historical inequalities.
The Core of the Apple: Degrees of Monopoly and Dark Value in Global Commodity Chains
Authors: Clelland Donald A.
Published: September 2015

The capitalist world-economy takes the form of an iceberg. The most studied part which appears above the surface is supported by a huge underlying structure that is out of sight. Unlike the iceberg, the world-economy is a dynamic system based on flows of value from the underside toward the top. These include drains of surplus (expropriated value) that take two forms: visible monetarized flows of bright value and hidden un(der)costed flows that carry dark value (the unrecorded value of cheap labor, labor reproduction and ecological externalities). Commodity chains are central mechanisms for these surplus drains in the world-economy. At each node of the chain, participants attempt to maximize their capture of bright value through wages, rent and profit. They do this by constructing differential degrees of monopoly (control of the markup between cost and sale price) and degrees of monopsony (control of markdowns of production costs). However, this process depends upon the transformation of dark value into bright value for capture. Via an examination of the Apple iPad commodity chain, I show how the bright value captured by Apple depends on the dark value extracted by its suppliers. Dark value is estimated by measurements of the value of under-payments for wage labor, reproductive labor and environmental damage in Asian countries, especially China. Surprisingly, most dark value embedded in the iPad is captured by final buyers (mostly in the core) as consumer surplus.
Editors Introduction: Commodity Chains in and of the World System
Authors: Bair Jennifer
Published: September 2015

see text.
Notes on the Method of World-System Biography
Authors: Harris Kevan , McQuade Brendan
Published: September 2015

C. Wright Mills boiled the social sciences down to one sentence: “They are attempts to help us understand biography and history, and the connections between the two in a variety of social structures.” This special issue considers biography as an fruitful entry point into macro-historical sociology. With lineages from Marx and Weber to Wallerstein and Bourdieu, the sociology of the individual can produce a clearer path between the muddy oppositions of structure and agency or the longue durée and the event. This special issue unbinds biography from methodological nationalism and the teleology of great men tales. Instead, we aim to show how individuals are "a world within a world," an acting subject structured within world historical time and place.
La Via Campesina: The ‘Peasants' Way’ to Changing the System, not the Climate
Authors: McKeon Nora
Published: September 2015

N/A
Popular Demobilization, Agribusiness Mobilization, and the Agrarian Boom in Post-Neoliberal Argentina
Authors: Lapegna Pablo
Published: September 2015

Based on ethnographic research, archival data, and a catalog of protest events, this article analyzes the relationship between popular social movements, business mobilization, and institutional politics in Argentina during the post-neoliberal phase, which arguably began circa 2003. How did waves of popular mobilization in the 1990s shape business mobilization in the 2000s? How did contentious politics influence institutional politics in the post-neoliberal period? What are the changes and continuities of the agrarian boom that cut across the neoliberal and post-neoliberal periods? While I zoom in on Argentina, the article goes beyond this case by contributing to three discussions. First, rather than limiting the analysis to the customary focus on the mobilization of subordinated actors, it examines the demobilization of popular social movements, the mobilization of business sectors, and the connections between the two. Second, it shows the ways in which the state can simultaneously challenge neoliberal principles while also favoring the global corporations that dominate the contemporary neoliberal food regime. Finally, the case of Argentina sheds light on the political economy of the "Left turn" in Latin America, particularly the negative socio-environmental impacts of commodity booms. The article concludes that researchers need to pay closer attention to the connections between contentious and institutional politics, and to the protean possibilities of neoliberalism to inspire collective actions.
“The road from Mandalay to Wigan is a long one and the reasons for taking it aren’t immediately clear”: A World-System Biography of George Orwell
Authors: McQuade Brendan
Published: September 2015

George Orwell is one the best known and highly regarded writers of the twentieth century. In his adjective form—Orwellian—he has become a “Sartrean ‘singular universal,’ an individual whose “singular” experiences express the “universal” character of a historical moment. Orwell is a literary representation of the unease felt in the disenchanted, alienated, anomic world of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This towering cultural legacy obscures a more complex and interesting legacy. This world-system biography explains his contemporary relevance by retracing  the road from Mandalay to Wigan that transformed Eric Blair, a disappointing-Etonian-turned-imperial-policeman, into George Orwell, a contradictory and complex socialist and, later, literary icon. Orwell’s contradictory class position—between both ruling class and working class and nation and empire—and resultantly tense relationship to nationalism, empire, and the Left  makes his work a particularly powerful exposition of the tension between comsopolitianism and radicalism, between the abstract concerns of intellectuals and the complex demands of local political action. Viewed in full, Orwell represents the “traumatic kernel” of our age of cynicism: the historic failure and inability of the left to find a revolutionary path forward between the “timid reformism” of social democrats and “comfortable martyrdom” of anachronistic and self-satisfied radicals.
La transparencia organizativa y económica en la web de la fundaciones: un estudios empírico para España
Authors: Del Campo Moreno Paloma , Herrador  Alcaide Teresa C. , Segovia San Juan Ana I.
Published: September 2015

A través de los estudios realizados durante las últimas décadas ha quedado demostrado que la transparencia en el sector no lucrativo en general y en las fundaciones en particular, es un elemento clave para la mejora de la confianza de los agentes interesados en la organización. Dicha transparencia puede ser considerada desde diferentes ámbitos y conseguida a través de distintos canales o medios.Este trabajo se centra en el análisis de la transparencia organizativa y económica de las fundaciones, que es mostrada a través de la información que voluntariamente ofrecen estas entidades en sus páginas Web. Antes de pasar a exponer el trabajo empírico, se realiza una revisión teórica de algunos de los estudios publicados sobre el concepto de transparencia y la importancia en el ámbito no lucrativo. Este marco teórico se ha centrado en la rendición de cuentas que realizan, relacionada con su función social y su gestión, desde la perspectiva de la transparencia informativa a través de la Web.Bajo este enfoque se ha diseñado un índice de transparencia que se refiere a la información que las fundaciones ofrecen en sus Webs de forma voluntaria. El índice ha sido elaborado ad hoc y se ha aplicado a un grupo de grandes fundaciones empresariales, obteniéndose datos de carácter descriptivo e inferencial, por cuanto se determina, mediante un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, si hay correlación estadística entre la transparencia económica y la transparencia organizativa obtenida a través de la información publicada on line y cuantificada en las variables resultantes del índice.A la luz del análisis se obtienen conclusiones acerca del nivel de transparencia que tienen las fundaciones en lo que se refiere a su información organizativa y económica y la relación explicativa entre ambos tipos.
The Effect of SFAS No. 131 on the Diversification Discount
Authors: Ahn Seoungpil
Published: September 2015

For a sample of diversified firms, I investigate the impact of the segment reporting rule change from SFAS No. 14 to SFAS No. 131 in 1997. This change in segment-reporting rules to SFAS No. 131 potentially allows more precise estimation of diversification discount. I probe the changes in the diversification discount before and after the reporting rule change in 1997. I find that there is a substantial increase in the diversification discount under SFAS No. 131. Further analysis indicates that the changes in the diversification discount are unrelated to the changes in firm value or investment efficiency. Instead, the measures of diversity appear to be more associated with the changes in excess value. This indicates that excess value is not a clean measure of diversification discount.
Urban-rural difference in patients utilizing the service of telehealthcare
Authors: Chen Lichin , Ho Te-Wei , Shih Chih-Yuan , Lin Fong-Ci , Lai Feipei , Guo Jing-Wen , Zhuang Mei-Hua
Published: September 2015

There are concerns about the unbalanced distribution of healthcare resources between rural and urban areas. There have been attempts to use existing healthcare resources more effectively through telehealthcare. Usability is an important indicator for evaluating patient behavior and determining service improvements. Nevertheless, usability has not been studied extensively enough. This study analyzed the usability differences between urban and rural areas in Taiwan for a web portal used in a telehealthcare program. Data were collected for two years. Usability data includes the frequency of web portal patient logins, the frequency of glucose measurements, whether the records were transmitted to the system through 3G networks automatically or were manually inputted, and the correlation of the mean 3-month daily glucose levels and HbA1c results. Patients in urban areas logged into the web portal more frequently (p < .001) and recorded glucose levels more frequently (p = .003). More patients in the rural area transmitted their daily glucose levels using devices (p < .001). Mean 3-month daily glucose levels and HbA1c results appear to be highly consistent. Patients in urban areas did not readily change glucometer habits but were willing to log in to web portal and record daily glucose levels manually. Patients in rural areas were willing to use the 3G glucometer to transmit data more frequently. For patients in urban areas, web portals should provide more information and smart applications. For patients in rural areas, the application should be simple and easy to use.
Hospital Workers Disaster Management and Hospital Nonstructural: A Study in Bandar Abbas, Iran
Authors: Lakbala Parvin
Published: September 2015

INTRODUCTION: A devastating earthquake is inevitable in the long term and likely in the near future in Iran. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge of hospital staff to disaster management system in hospital and to determine nonstructural safety assessment in Shahid Mohammadi hospital in Bandar Abbas city of Iran. This hospital is the main referral hospital in Hormozgan province with a capacity of about 450 beds and the highest patient admissions.

METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 on 200 healthcare workers at Shahid Mohammadi hospital, in the city of Bandar Abbas, Iran. This hospital is the main referral hospital in Hormozgan province and has a capacity of about 450 beds with highest numbers of patient admissions. Questionnaire and checklist used for assessing health workers knowledge and awareness towards disaster management and nonstructural safety this hospital.

RESULTS: This study found that knowledge, awareness, and disaster preparedness of hospital staff need continual reinforcement to improve self efficacy for disaster management. Equipping health care facilities at the time of natural disasters, especially earthquakes are of great importance all over the world, especially in Iran. This requires the national strategies and planning for all health facilities.

CONCLUSION: It seems due to limitations of hospital beds, insufficient of personnel, and medical equipment, health care providers paid greater attention to this issue. Since this hospital is the only educational public hospital in the province, it is essential to pay much attention to the risk management not only to this hospital but at the national level to health facilities.
Responsabilidade social versus ação social: a percepção de empresas colaboradoras
Authors: Lopes Vinícius Loureiro , Ibdaiwi Thiago Kader Rajeh , Almeida Damiana Machado de , Lopes Luis Felipe Dias , Costa Vânia Medianeira Flores , Alves Clarissa Peterini
Published: September 2015

Esse artigo realizou-se sob a ótica de seis empresas apoiadoras da ONG (Organização Não Governamental) Lar Vila das Flores com o intuito de verificar suas percepções sobre as práticas sociais realizadas em Santa Maria/RS, assim tornou-se possível evidenciar as diferenças entre responsabilidade social e ação social. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como descritiva e bibliográfica, e sua natureza como qualitativa auxiliada por entrevistas semiestruturadas. A população da pesquisa compreendeu-se em seis gerentes de empresas que colaboram com a ONG Lar Vila das Flores. Com os resultados dessa pesquisa pode-se identificar que as empresas preocupam-se em atuar socialmente, e os fundadores são os protagonistas do incentivo e execução das práticas sociais. Isto é, originadas na cultura organizacional, expressas em visão, valores e missão da empresa e difundidas a todos os colaboradores. As empresas praticam apenas ações sociais pontuais em forma de doações. No entanto nota-se a necessidade da ONG de ações mais amplas voltadas à responsabilidade social. Ainda, percebe-se que quatro empresas preocupam-se principalmente com o ganho de visibilidade, ou seja, com o marketing relacionado à causa. Por fim, conclui-se que as empresas pesquisadas ainda não têm clareza quanto à diferença entre ação social e responsabilidade social. Suponha-se que houve uma contribuição a esse assunto por abordar um caso prático de ações sociais atreladas a uma ONG.
Comportamento de consumo verde: uma análise dos consumidores de Campina Grande/PB
Authors: Rodrigues Julianne Dias , Moreira Vinicius Farias , Oliveira Abdinardo Moreira Barreto de , Aguiar Edvan Cruz , Barbosa Ohana Trajano
Published: September 2015

Do ponto de vista teórico, existe um crescente interesse em compreender o comportamento do consumidor diante da perspectiva do consumo verde, e é nesse contexto que o presente estudo se insere, tendo por objetivo identificar a importância da questão ambiental no comportamento de consumo dos moradores de Campina Grande – Paraíba. Para tanto, a corrente pesquisa teve como principal suporte teórico o trabalho desenvolvido por Paço e Raposo (2010), que apresenta nove dimensões teóricas as quais fundamentam o consumo verde. Tal estudo segmenta consumidores que sejam mais adeptos ao consumo verde e apresenta características que os distinguem dos demais. Investigação de natureza quantitativa e de caráter descritivo, utilizou-se o levantamento do tipo survey com base no corte transversal (cross-sectional) para inferir resultados por meio de estatística descritiva dos dados, visando a mensuração de opiniões, hábitos e atitudes do público pesquisado, que correspondeu a consumidores dos gêneros feminino e masculino, maiores de 18 anos e residentes na cidade de Campina Grande (PB). A amostra empregada foi a não probabilística por conveniência, com adoção da técnica bola de neve, cujos participantes iniciais indicam novos participantes. Considerando um universo infinito, extraiu-se uma amostra de 400 respondentes, assegurando assim um nível de confiança de 95% e um erro máximo de 3%. As análises dos dados envolveram estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais (Análise Fatorial Confirmatória - AFC). Quanto aos resultados, de certo modo o perfil amostral aqui investigado adéqua-se para o estudo sobre consumo verde, dado que ele se aproxima dos resultados encontrados por Paço e Raposo (2010) sobre este quesito, especialmente quanto à idade (quanto mais jovem, mais sensível às questões ambientais), à renda (quanto menor à renda, maior a preocupação ambiental) e nível de instrução (quanto maior a escolaridade, maiores as atitudes para um comportamento de compra verde). Os achados indicam uma diminuição do número de variáveis e dimensões previstas por Paço e Raposo (2010), indicando que o nível de percepção sobre o consumo verde no estudo destes autores é ligeiramente diferente da amostra aqui investigada. Este fato reforça a contribuição do estudo, bem como a ideia de revalidação dos constructos teóricos sobre o comportamento do consumidor em cada contexto, dado que os fatores culturais, sociais, pessoais e psicológicos moldam de maneira particular em cada população investigada, dificultando assim uma generalização plena da teoria proposta.
Mapping influenza transmission in the ferret model to transmission in humans
Authors: Buhnerkempe Michael G , Gostic Katelyn , Park Miran , Ahsan Prianna , Belser Jessica A , Lloyd-Smith James O
Published: September 2015

The controversy surrounding 'gain-of-function' experiments on high-consequence avian influenza viruses has highlighted the role of ferret transmission experiments in studying the transmission potential of novel influenza strains. However, the mapping between influenza transmission in ferrets and in humans is unsubstantiated. We address this gap by compiling and analyzing 240 estimates of influenza transmission in ferrets and humans. We demonstrate that estimates of ferret secondary attack rate (SAR) explain 66% of the variation in human SAR estimates at the subtype level. Further analysis shows that ferret transmission experiments have potential to identify influenza viruses of concern for epidemic spread in humans, though small sample sizes and biological uncertainties prevent definitive classification of human transmissibility. Thus, ferret transmission experiments provide valid predictions of pandemic potential of novel influenza strains, though results should continue to be corroborated by targeted virological and epidemiological research.
Effects of aerosol sources and chemical compositions on cloud drop sizes and glaciation temperatures
Authors: Zipori Assaf , Rosenfeld Daniel , Tirosh Ofir , Teutsch Nadya , Erel Yigal
Published: September 2015

The effect of aerosols on cloud properties, such as its droplet sizes and its glaciation temperatures, depends on their compositions and concentrations. In order to examine these effects, we collected rain samples in northern Israel during five winters (2008–2011 and 2013) and determined their chemical composition, which was later used to identify the aerosols' sources. By combining the chemical data with satellite‐retrieved cloud properties, we linked the aerosol types, sources, and concentrations with the cloud glaciation temperatures (Tg). The presence of dust increased Tg from −26°C to −12°C already at relatively low dust concentrations. This result is in agreement with the conventional wisdom that desert dust serves as good ice nuclei (INs). With higher dust concentrations, Tg saturated at −12°C, even though cloud droplet sizes decreased as a result of the cloud condensation nucleating (CCN) activity of the dust. Marine air masses also encouraged freezing, but in this case, freezing was enhanced by the larger cloud droplet sizes in the air masses (caused by low CCN concentrations) and not by IN concentrations or by aerosol type. An increased fraction of anthropogenic aerosols in marine air masses caused a decrease in Tg, indicating that these aerosols served as poor IN. Anthropogenic aerosols reduced cloud droplet sizes, which further decreased Tg. Our results could be useful in climate models for aerosol‐cloud interactions, as we investigated the effects of aerosols of different sources on cloud properties. Such parameterization can simplify these models substantially.
Fibrous Tectonics
Authors: Menges Achim , Knippers Jan
Published: September 2015

Living nature is characterised by ubiquitous and all‐pervading diversity. Over the course of evolution, highly differentiated and infinitely varied systems have emerged in biology. Given the vast range of natural variation, it may come as a surprise that almost all load‐bearing biological structures are fibrous composites. Guest‐Editor Achim Menges, Director of the Institute for Computational Design (ICD), and Jan Knippers, Director of the Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE), both at the University of Stuttgart, have conducted several research projects exploring how the principles of biological fibre systems can be transferred to architecture. Based on advanced design computation, simulation and robotic fabrication, these explorations not only open up a new approach to fibre‐reinforced composite structures, but also enable the discovery of novel fibrous tectonics.
ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2014–15: Fibre Placement on a Pneumatic Body Based on a Water Spider Web
Authors: Doerstelmann Moritz , Knippers Jan , Koslowski Valentin , Menges Achim , Prado Marshall , Schieber Gundula , Vasey Lauren
Published: September 2015

Process‐based biomimetics focuses on the transfer of biological principles to architectural construction. To realise the ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2014 ‐15, presented here by Moritz Doerstelmann, Jan Knippers, Valentin Koslowski, Achim Menges, Marshall Prado, Gundula Schieber and Lauren Vasey of the Institute for Computational Design (ICD) and Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE) research team at the University of Stuttgart, sensor‐driven robotic fabrication was combined with advanced design computation and simulation. This enabled the construction of an architectural fibre structure on a pneumatic mould, drawing on the complex design of the web of a water spider.
Structural Stone Surfaces: New Compression Shells Inspired by the Past
Authors: Block Philippe , Van Mele Tom , Rippmann Matthias
Published: September 2015

Much of our architectural heritage today is built out of unreinforced masonry. It is often unclear why historic masonry structures still stand when conventional analysis tools have predicted their failure. In order to ensure the safety of these existing structures, there is an acute need for innovative tools that can accurately analyse their stability. Associate Professor Philippe Block, Tom Van Mele and Matthias Rippmann of the Block Research Group, part of the Institute of Technology in Architecture at ETH Zurich demonstrate how computational form‐finding methods and design tools for masonry structures that stand in pure compression, such as arches and vaults, make it possible to design expressive and efficient surface structures that can be built with very little or low‐quality material. By studying the techniques of medieval master builders, the Block Research Group has also developed new ways of building with masonry, enhanced by current construction and fabrication technologies. These new tools and reinvented construction methods can be applied in different contexts: for instance, by studying the structure of Gothic cathedrals, they manage to dramatically reduce the use of materials in office construction.
Membrane Morphologies: Heterogeneous Forces and Articulated Material Form
Authors: Ahlquist Sean
Published: September 2015

Material behaviour is induced at the moment a structure, with its accompanying system of energies, is assembled. The research introduced here by Sean Ahlquist, Assistant Professor at the University of Michigan, in textile manufacturing and membrane structures challenges the concept of assembly in an architectural context, where form emanates not only from the integration of forces and differentiated materials, but also through the pervasive influence of structural action at the moment of fibre construction and composition.
Identification of Multiple Dityrosine Bonds in Materials Composed of the Drosophila Protein Ultrabithorax
Authors: Howell David W. , Tsai Shang‐Pu , Churion Kelly , Patterson Jan , Abbey Colette , Atkinson Joshua T. , Porterpan Dustin , You Yil‐Hwan , Meissner Kenith E. , Bayless Kayla J. , Bondos Sarah E.
Published: September 2015

The recombinant protein Ultrabithorax (Ubx), a Drosophila melanogaster Hox transcription factor, self‐assembles in vitro into biocompatible materials that are remarkably extensible and strong. Here, it is demonstrated that the strength of Ubx materials is due to intermolecular dityrosine bonds. Ubx materials autofluoresce blue, a characteristic of dityrosine, and bind dityrosine‐specific antibodies. Monitoring the fluorescence of reduced Ubx fibers upon oxygen exposure reveals biphasic bond formation kinetics. Two dityrosine bonds in Ubx are identified by site‐directed mutagenesis followed by measurements of fiber fluorescence intensity. One bond is located between the N‐terminus and the homeodomain (Y4/Y296 or Y12/Y293), and another bond is formed by Y167 and Y240. Fiber fluorescence closely correlates with fiber strength, demonstrating that these bonds are intermolecular. This is the first identification of specific residues that participate in dityrosine bonds in protein‐based materials. The percentage of Ubx molecules harboring both bonds can be decreased or increased by mutagenesis, providing an additional mechanism to control the mechanical properties of Ubx materials. Duplication of tyrosine‐containing motifs in Ubx increases dityrosine content in Ubx fibers, suggesting these motifs could be inserted in other self‐assembling proteins to strengthen the corresponding materials.
Multifunctional Theranostic Nanoplatform for Cancer Combined Therapy Based on Gold Nanorods
Authors: Chen Wei‐Hai , Yang Cai‐Xia , Qiu Wen‐Xiu , Luo Guo‐Feng , Jia Hui‐Zhen , Lei Qi , Wang Xiao‐Yong , Liu Gang , Zhuo Ren‐Xi , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: September 2015

Nanomaterials that integrate diagnostic and therapeutic functions within a single nanoplatform promise great advances in revolutionizing cancer therapy. A smart multifunctional theranostic drug‐delivery system (DDS) based on gold nanorods (abbreviated as GNR/TSDOX) is designed for cancer‐targeted imaging and imaging‐guided therapy. In this intelligent theranostic DDS, the active targeting ligand biotin is introduced to track cancer sites in vivo. With the aid of photothermal/photoacoustic imaging, GNR/TSDOX can ablate cancer specifically and effectively. When stimulated with a single near‐infrared (NIR) light source, this NIR light energy is effectively absorbed and converted into heat by GNR/TSDOX for localized photothermal therapy and the increase in temperature also further triggers the cascaded release of the anticancer drug for combined thermo‐chemotherapy. More importantly, the in vivo cure effect can be well guided by regulating the irradiation time and intensity of the NIR light.