bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efektifitas Penggunaan E-Modul Berbasis Project Based Learning Terhadap Kompetensi Peserta Didik Pada Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar
Authors: Rahmawati Yulianto
Published: March 2024

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keefektifan E-Modul berbasis project based learing pada mata pelajaran informatika terhadap kompetensi belajar siswa kelas X SMAN 10 Bandung yang disesuaikan dengan kurikulum merdeka belajar. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian dan pengembangan (Reasearch and Development) dengan menggunakan model ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil pre test dan post test terdapat peningkatan presentasi sebesar 29,3%. Hasil awal pre test adalah 54,5% dan Hasil post test 84%. Maka dari itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa E-Modul berbasis project based learing pada mata pelajaran informatika untuk meningkatkan kompetensi siswa kelas X SMAN 10 Bandung yang sudah menerapkan kurikulum Merdeka.
Manajemen Pembelajaran Guru SMP Karya Bunda Mandiri Kec. Percut Sei Tuan KAB. Deli Serdang
Authors: Nurdalila  , Rohman Fatkhur
Published: March 2024

This study aims to describe the management of teacher learning at Karya Bunda Mandiri Middle School, kec. Precut Sei Tuan, Kab. Deli Serdang. This study uses a description method with qualitative data analysis. This method aims to intensively study the background of the current situation and the environmental interactions of a social unit, be it individuals, groups, institutions or society. A descriptive research with a qualitative approach was carried out by digging up data sourced from the location. Data collection was collected through a qualitative analysis approach, by means of interviews, observation, and documentation. This research was conducted at Karya Bunda Mandiri Middle School, Kec. Percut Sei Tuan, Kab. Deli Serdang. The subject of this research is the teacher. This research is collaborative between researchers and teachers. The results of this study indicate that in the learning process, of course there is learning management under the teacher.
Pengaruh Pemberian Reward terhadap Minat Belajar Siswa Kelas IV di SDK Wae Belang
Authors: Laurentius Ni  , Yohannes Marryono Jamun  , Zephisius Rudiyanto Eso Ntelok
Published: March 2024

The learning process based on learning interest is crucial in schools. Reward is one of the methods that teachers can use to enhance students' learning interest. Relevant and meaningful rewards can have a positive impact on students' learning interest. This study aims to determine the relationship between reward and learning interest among fourth-grade students at SDK Wae Belang. A quantitative approach with a correlational research design was employed. The population of this study consisted of all students at SDI Wae Belang (N=221), with a sample of 29 fourth-grade students. Data collection was done using a questionnaire after ensuring validity and reliability. Regression and simple linear correlation analyses were conducted in this study. The data analysis revealed a strong correlation (r = 0.897) between the X variable (reward) and the Y variable (learning interest). The simple linear regression equation was Y = a + bX = 12.219 + 0.763X, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.805 and an adjusted R square value of 0.798 (79.8%). The correlation analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between reward and learning interest among fourth-grade students at SDI Wae Belang. Furthermore, based on the correlation test results, it was found that the calculated t-value (3.638) exceeded the critical t-value (2.051) at a significance level of 5% with N=29. Thus, it can be concluded that the provision of reward has a significant and positive relationship with the learning interest of fourth-grade students at SDK Wae Belang.
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif Berdiferensiasi untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Peserta Didik
Authors: Dewi Ni Made Ayu Sukma , Ardana I Made , Sudiarta Phill I Gusti Putu
Published: March 2024

Hasil belajar matematika peserta didik di SMK Negeri 5 Denpasar saat ini masih tergolong rendah, salah satu penyebabnya adalah kurangnya minat dan motivasi belajar peserta didik. Ada peserta didik yang memiliki gaya belajar visual (belajar melalui indera penglihatannya), gaya belajar auditori (belajar melalui indera pendengaran) dan gaya belajar kinestetik (belajar melalui pengalaman langsung). Ketiga jenis media tersebut disiapkan secara bersamaan untuk satu Kompetensi Dasar yaitu peluang suatu kejadian, sehingga peserta didik dapat memilih sendiri media pembelajaran yang cocok dengan gaya belajar masing-masing. Kualitas media pembelajaran yang dikembangkan diukur berdasarkan validitas, kepraktisan dan efektifitasnya dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar baik dalam ranah kognitif (pengetahuan), ranah afektif (aktivitas dan motivasi belajar) serta ranah psikomotorik (keterampilan). Memenuhi syarat validitas isi berarti media pembelajaran telah sesuai dengan prosedur pengembangan Plomp dan karakteristik pembelajaran berdiferensiasi. Untuk validitas konstruk dinilai oleh dua orang pakar media pembelajaran dengan kategori sangat valid karena skor rata-rata berada pada rentang  Untuk tingkat kepraktisan penggunaan media pembelajaran berdasarkan angket respon peserta didik dan pendidik memiliki kategori praktis karena skor rata-rata berada pada rentang . Tingkat efektifitas media dalam ranah kognitif yaitu 67,25 dengan kategori sangat baik, ranah afektif dengan rata-rata skor aktivitas peserta didik 3,51 dengan kategori sangat aktif dan ranah psikomotorik ketuntasan klasikal peserta didik sebesar 90%.
CSE—Comprehensive Sexuality Education: Urgensi dan Implementasinya pada Pembelajaran Sosiologi di SMA
Authors: Ratih Tyas Arini  , Nasution  , Sarmini
Published: March 2024

The study aims to recognize the urgency of comprehensive sexuality education, the implementation of comprehensive sexuality education in the curriculum, and the integration of comprehensive sexuality education through sociological learning in schools. The study uses a qualitative approach with literary analysis techniques. The study used relevant literature from books and national and international journals related to material on CSE—Comprehensive Sexuality Education—and adolescent sexual behavior. The results of the analysis showed that comprehensive sexuality education gives adolescents the strength to exercise their rights, avoid unplanned pregnancies, build relationships that respect each other, and value equality, respect, consent, and diversity. It also helps address issues such as violence against women and girls and patriarchal dominance. Comprehensive sexuality education can be integrated with sociological learning in schools to examine topics related to sexuality, gender discrimination, consent, stereotypes, and gender-based violence. Schools need to implement it through curricula and equip teachers with training, involving parents and the community. The implications of this study are to provide an understanding of the importance of comprehensive sexual education to policymakers and the general public in order to minimize the negative impact of pre-sexual behavior on adolescents
Implementasi Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK) Masa Yesus di Sekolah
Authors: Sitompul Baginda , Manalu Afriani , Sihombing Grace Metaria , Ziraluo Dasriana
Published: March 2024

In the Bible there is a lot of information that writes down the teachings that Jesus did. The fruit of Jesus' teaching is proof that He is a teacher who has a personality, broad insight, role model, both from His words and deeds. The works of Jesus are inseparable from the culture of learning that has been carried out since he was young. This is one factor that makes Him appear as the Great Teacher. After finishing studying from school, Jesus taught with creative and effective methods for His followers. For this reason, in the context of Christian Religious Education (PAK) which is taught in formal schools, it is necessary to refer to Christian Religious Education at the time of Jesus, so that the principles of Christian Religious Education in schools can be specifically maintained from time to time. The researcher will explain how Christian Religious Education was when Jesus was a Jewish boy, starting with His education in the midst of the family, education at Beit Safar, education at Beit Talmud, education at the Beit Midrash stage, to the implementation of Christian Religious Education in schools today. The purpose of writing is to study Christian Religious Education at the time of Jesus in schools and the implementation of Christian Religious Education in formal schools. The method used in writing is a qualitative research method with literature as the main source.
Mengenal Model Kooperatif Numbered Head Together (NHT) Untuk Pembelajaran Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Palupi Diana Indah , Rahmani Emma , Yusnita Erlin , Pertiwi Hikmah , Gustina Hera , Priyanti Nita
Published: March 2024

There are many learning models that can be practiced at all levels of education, one of which is the Numbered Head Together (NHT) cooperative learning model. This article discusses the NHT learning model which explains the history, definition, disadvantages and advantages, main characteristics, principles, and objectives of this NHT model. This article was created considering that the NHT learning model is still rarely used by educators, especially in learning at the unit level of early childhood education. So it is hoped that this article can expand knowledge, especially among educators as parties who have an important role in providing education for early childhood. This research uses a qualitative type of research by referring to descriptive analysis from various relevant sources as well as studies from research results that have applied the NHT learning model to early childhood learning.  The type of study used is a literature study by collecting information from books, journals, article discussions, and others. The results of this study are known that the NHT learning model can improve children's cognitive and social abilities and can influence student interaction patterns and has the aim of improving academic mastery.
Women Who Play Accordion or Female Accordionists?
Authors: Johansson Wictor
Published: March 2024

During the first half of the twentieth century, the accordion was a hugely popular musical instrument that held a strong position within Swedish dance and popular music. Through concerts, record releases and radio performances the accordionists became popular artists, and as skilled musicians, composers and educators they influenced what has come to be defined as accordion music. To most people, the expected image of these accordionists is the one of a male musician. But as a matter of fact, there have been many female accordionists active in Sweden as professional musicians who have been disregarded in music history. In this article, I want to shed light on these women by questioning if and how the stipulations for female accordionists differed from those of their male colleagues. By following about twenty female accordionists, active between the years 1930–1980, I will note that although female accordionists embraced the same repertoire and stylistic ideals as men in accordion music, there have been differences in the qualifications required to be a professional musician. On the one hand, women were expected to combine their musicianship with expected female musical roles such as singers and dancers. On the other hand, they were excluded from areas that were considered reserved for men, such as making records, educational work and composing. I will therefore argue that the phrase “female accordionist” does not just describe a woman playing the accordion. More than that, it sums up societal and patriarchal structures as well as musical ideals that separated female accordion players from the expected male norm of an accordionist. The article is based on interviews, sound recordings, photographs and other archival material from the collections of Svenskt visarkiv (The Centre for Swedish Folk Music and Jazz Research). Printed publications as the magazine Accordion Journalen (1949–1963) and the encyclopedia Svenska dragspelare (1946) have also been used.
Building coherence in the regulation of health research: A reply to Thaldar
Authors: Bronstein V , Nyachowe D T
Published: March 2024

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El Somnium de Justo Lipsio: la presencia de las fuentes clásicas y su uso
Authors: Macías Villalobos Cristóbal
Published: March 2024

El Somnium de Justo Lipsio supuso la recuperación del género de la sátira menipea por el humanismo renacentista, siguiendo el modelo de la Apocolocyntosis de Séneca. Una de sus características es el amplio uso que hace de las fuentes clásicas, especialmente latinas, pero también algunas griegas, en forma de citas más o menos literales, un gran número de loci similes y otras referencias de carácter más genérico, que Lipsio emplea con finalidad diversa. En este artículo, después de contextualizar el Somnium de Lipsio en su época y exponer brevemente su tema y estructura, hacemos un recuento de las fuentes que emplea y con qué objeto.
Piangendo sulle ceneri della città eterna La Canzon ove si narra la strage e il sacco di Roma di Girolamo Pandolfi da Casio
Authors: Ferrando Serena
Published: March 2024

Riassunto in italiano
 
La Canzon ove si narra la strage e il sacco di Roma di Girolamo Pandolfi da Casio, cortigiano, collezionista d’arte e letterato rinascimentale, è opera minore ma dal modello ambizioso: una famosa Canzone di Petrarca (Che debb’io far? Che mi consigli, Amore?). L’imitazione petrarchesca appare tuttavia soprattutto formale. Più stretto sembra invece il rapporto dell’opera con la Canzone, di analogo contenuto, composta dal poeta rivale Pietro Aretino. Da chiarire resta il debito della Canzon rispetto alla tradizione classica latina: in tal senso, l’Ode 1,2 di Orazio sembra offrire interessanti spunti di confronto. Il testo dialoga inoltre con la letteratura oracolare e profetica del tempo, della quale spesso la propaganda asburgica si serviva per sostenere l’idea dell’impero universale di Carlo V. Anche la Canzon è opera di chiaro spirito filo-imperiale: alla fine, l’imperatore è esortato alla crociata e il suo assedio del papa a Castel Sant’Angelo durante il sacco del 1527 è presto dimenticato.
 
Riassunto in inglese
The Canzon ove si narra la strage e il sacco di Roma by Girolamo Pandolfi da Casio, courtier, art collector and Renaissance man of letters, in spite of being a minor work, shows us an ambitious model: the poem Che debb’io far? Che mi consigli, Amore? composed by Petrarca. Petrarch’s imitation, however, appears to be mainly formal. On the other hand, the relationship between this work and that of the rival poet Pietro Aretino, of similar content, seems closer. The debt of the poem to the classical Latin Literature still remains to be clarified: in this sense, Horace's Ode 1,2 seems to offer interesting points of comparison. The text also dialogues with the oracular and prophetic literature of its time, which Habsburg propaganda often used to support the idea of Charles V’s universal empire. This works, moreover, shows a clear pro-imperial spirit: at the end of the text, the emperor is exhorted to go on crusade and his siege of Pope at Castel Sant'Angelo is soon forgotten.
Albert Ferrer Orts, Subtileses renaixentistes valencianes a colp d’ull, Valencia, Ulleye, 2022, 125 pp. [ISBN: 978-84-122272-7-7].
Authors: Ferragut Domínguez Concepción
Published: March 2024

ALBERT FERRER ORTS, Subtileses renaixentistes valencianes a colp d’ull, Ulleye, 2022, 125 pp. [ISBN: 978-84-122272-7-7].
El plany per Salònica de Kaminiatis
Authors: Redondo Jordi
Published: March 2024

Una obra de datació controvertida, que en principi hauria estat composada poc després de la presa i el saqueig de Tessalònica l'any 904, ens ofereix un dels testimoniatges tardans sobre una variació del motiu del plany: aquell que es fa per una ciutat conquerida. El text respon a un model de composició elaborada i que recull elements procedents de diversos gèneres. A la tradició literària el presumpte autor, el ciutadà tessalonicenc ianis Kaminiatis, hi afegeix el pes de les creences cristianes. Dediquem també una breu reflexió a la qüestió de la cronologia relativa de l'obra, que sembla anterior a una de molt semblant d'Eustaci, a les acaballes del segle XII.
¿Qué hacen los legisladores con las leyes? Análisis léxico de términos asociados con la actividad legislativa en Licurgo y Solón de Plutarco
Authors: Sapere Analía Verónica
Published: March 2024

El artículo se propone el estudio de la forma en que Plutarco describe, en sus Vidas paralelas, la labor legislativa de Licurgo y Solón. Se realiza un abordaje discursivo, centrado en el rastreo y análisis de verbos y sustantivos que Plutarco asigna a la tarea de ambos personajes, en vistas a su posterior contraste. Entendemos que el estudio de estos términos resulta un elemento clave para comprender cómo concibe el biógrafo la actividad de uno y otro, así como las implicancias filosófico-políticas que se desprenden de dicha concepción. Sostendremos la hipótesis de que la semblanza que ofrece Plutarco de los personajes está construida sobre la base de un planteo literario que tiende a homologar la actividad legislativa con el resto de la vida, logrando así un efecto cohesivo de alta efectividad didáctica.
D. Tosheva-Nikolovska, Iustinian. Digesti (Izbor od bratsnoto prabo: 23-24), Skopje, 2019. [ISBN 978-608-245-346-8]
Authors: Redondo Jordi
Published: March 2024

Ressenya.
Elilo Antonio de Nebrija, Introductiones Latinae. Recognitio, 2 vols. (Introducción, edición, traducción y notas de Eustaquio Sánchez Salor, Santiago López Moreda, Mª Luisa Harto Trujillo y Joaquín Villalba Álvarez), Cáceres, UNEX, IEH, 2022, XXXVIII +1339 pp. [ISBN: 978-84-9127-172-7]
Authors: Grau Codina Ferran
Published: March 2024

Reseña, Resenya
Dopamine lesions alter the striatal encoding of single-limb gait
Authors: Yang Long , Singla Deepak , Wu Alexander K , Cross Katy A , Masmanidis Sotiris C
Published: March 2024

The striatum serves an important role in motor control, and neurons in this area encode the body’s initiation, cessation, and speed of locomotion. However, it remains unclear whether the same neurons also encode the step-by-step rhythmic motor patterns of individual limbs that characterize gait. By combining high-speed video tracking, electrophysiology, and optogenetic tagging, we found that a sizable population of both D1 and D2 receptor expressing medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) were phase-locked to the gait cycle of individual limbs in mice. Healthy animals showed balanced limb phase-locking between D1 and D2 MSNs, while dopamine depletion led to stronger phase-locking in D2 MSNs. These findings indicate that striatal neurons represent gait on a single-limb and step basis, and suggest that elevated limb phase-locking of D2 MSNs may underlie some of the gait impairments associated with dopamine loss.
Defining cell type-specific immune responses in a mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis by single-cell transcriptomics
Authors: Liu Youxi , Yin Meimei , Mao Xiaoting , Wu Shuai , Wei Shuangping , Heng Shujun , Yang Yichun , Huang Jinwen , Guo Zhuolin , Li Chuan , Ji Chao , Hu Liu , Liu Wenjie , Zhang Ling-juan
Published: March 2024

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), a prevalent inflammatory skin disease, is elicited upon repeated skin contact with protein-reactive chemicals through a complex and poorly characterized cellular network between immune cells and skin resident cells. Here, single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the murine hapten-elicited model of ACD reveals that upon elicitation of ACD, infiltrated CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes were primarily the IFNγ-producing type 1 central memory phenotype. In contrast, type 2 cytokines (IL4 and IL13) were dominantly expressed by basophils, IL17A was primarily expressed by δγ T cells, and IL1β was identified as the primary cytokine expressed by activated neutrophils/monocytes and macrophages. Furthermore, analysis of skin resident cells identified a sub-cluster of dermal fibroblasts with preadipocyte signature as a prominent target for IFNγ+ lymphocytes and dermal source for key T cell chemokines CXCL9/10. IFNγ treatment shifted dermal fibroblasts from collagen-producing to CXCL9/10-producing, which promoted T cell polarization toward the type-1 phenotype through a CXCR3-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, targeted deletion of Ifngr1 in dermal fibroblasts in mice reduced Cxcl9/10 expression, dermal infiltration of CD8+ T cell, and alleviated ACD inflammation in mice. Finally, we showed that IFNγ+ CD8+ T cells and CXCL10-producing dermal fibroblasts co-enriched in the dermis of human ACD skin. Together, our results define the cell type-specific immune responses in ACD, and recognize an indispensable role of dermal fibroblasts in shaping the development of type-1 skin inflammation through the IFNGR-CXCR3 signaling circuit during ACD pathogenesis.
Perturbations in eIF3 subunit stoichiometry alter expression of ribosomal proteins and key components of the MAPK signaling pathways
Authors: Herrmannová Anna , Jelínek Jan , Pospíšilová Klára , Kerényi Farkas , Vomastek Tomáš , Watt Kathleen , Brábek Jan , Mohammad Mahabub Pasha , Wagner Susan , Topisirovic Ivan , Valášek Leoš Shivaya
Published: March 2024

Protein synthesis plays a major role in homeostasis and when dysregulated leads to various pathologies including cancer. To this end, imbalanced expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs) is not only a consequence but also a driver of neoplastic growth. eIF3 is the largest, multi-subunit translation initiation complex with a modular assembly, where aberrant expression of one subunit generates only partially functional subcomplexes. To comprehensively study the effects of eIF3 remodeling, we contrasted the impact of eIF3d, eIF3e or eIF3h depletion on the translatome of HeLa cells using Ribo-seq. Depletion of eIF3d or eIF3e, but not eIF3h reduced the levels of multiple components of the MAPK signaling pathways. Surprisingly, however, depletion of all three eIF3 subunits increased MAPK/ERK pathway activity. Depletion of eIF3e and partially eIF3d also increased translation of TOP mRNAs that encode mainly ribosomal proteins and other components of the translational machinery. Moreover, alterations in eIF3 subunit stoichiometry were often associated with changes in translation of mRNAs containing short uORFs, as in the case of the proto-oncogene MDM2 and the transcription factor ATF4. Collectively, perturbations in eIF3 subunit stoichiometry exert specific effect on the translatome comprising signaling and stress-related transcripts with complex 5’ UTRs that are implicated in homeostatic adaptation to stress and cancer.
Descomposición de la hojarasca en ríos intermitentes: una visión general
Authors: Abril Meritxell , Muñoz Isabel , Menéndez Margarita
Published: March 2024

La descomposición de la hojarasca es un proceso ecosistémico clave aún poco explorado en ríos intermitentes. Durante la fase seca, la hojarasca experimenta diversos modos de procesamiento, ya sea acuático, terrestre o combinado, generando un proceso heterogéneo. En pozas aisladas, las condiciones adversas y la falta de corriente limitan la actividad de hongos acuáticos y fragmentadores, reduciendo la descomposición. En sedimentos emergidos, la sequía prolongada también disminuye la actividad de descomponedores, afectando a la vez su composición. Los fragmentadores acuáticos declinan con la desaparición del agua, mientras los invertebrados terrestres contribuyen limitadamente al procesado de la hojarasca. En estas condiciones de sequía, la descomposición microbiana también se reduce, pero en menor medida, destacando la prevalencia de hongos acuáticos resistentes a la desecación. Durante la fase seca, los procesos abióticos como la temperatura, radiación solar y precipitación aumentan su contribución en la descomposición. En todo caso, la duración de la sequía y las condiciones locales son factores claves que modulan la reducción de la descomposición durante la fase seca. n la posterior fase húmeda, la descomposición también es más lenta que en ríos permanentes, atribuible a cambios durante la sequía en la calidad de la hojarasca y en las comunidades de descomponedores. Es necesario entender la dinámica de la materia orgánica en los ríos intermitentes, y en especial, los procesos que ocurren durante la fase seca en toda su complejidad, para comprender el destino de la materia orgánica terrestre en las redes fluviales.
Bangladesh's second extension and research project
Authors: Ahsan Ekramul , Shamsul Huda A. N. M. , Ahmed Nasiruddin , Rahman Sharifur
Published: July 2007

Bangladesh's Second Extension and Research Project, which was begun in July, 1982, was intended to make the work of the country's leading agricultural research institutes more useful to farmers through a ‘training and visit’ approach funded by the World Bank. Information was to go to and from farmers, contact farmers, block supervisors, local research stations, district technical committees, local councils, the Department of Agricultural Extension staff, the national research and training institutes and top officials of the Ministry of Agriculture. Unfortunately, this communication system has not worked as planned, for various reasons: a change in the local government system, lack of cooperation from local councils and the Ministry of Finance, inadequate availability of vehicles and travel allowances, etc. Until more attention is paid to the need for more careful monitoring and evaluation and correction of the weaknesses found, not much improvement can be expected.
Rural training in Vanuatu
Authors: Makharita Ragaa , O'sullivan Mary , Castello Marguerite
Published: July 2007

Vanuatu is a newly independent chain of South Pacific islands populated almost entirely by Melanesians living in isolated rural villages. Since its independence, the government has emphasized rural development to reduce hyperurbanization and increase the agricultural contribution to the GDP. While the Department of Social Welfare and Community Development has the major responsibility for coordinating and supporting rural training centres, it has so far had difficulty doing so because of inadequacies of staffing, budget, policy formulation, authority, and evaluation, among other problems.
Helping African cities
Authors: Stren Richard E.
Published: July 2007

While African urban populations have been expanding rapidly, there has been a general decline in the availability of resources for essential urban services and facilities. Consequently, African cities have turned from a ‘statist’ model of service delivery to the ‘privatization’ of urban services, including effective local participation. To maximize benefits and reduce the potential problems associated with privatization, African urban policy‐makers should attempt to improve two‐way flows of communication, public sector/private sector coordination, and community participation in the financing and managing of local services.

This article is extracted from Dr. Stren's (1989) presentation ‘Institutional arrangements’, to two workshops held in Poretta Terme, Italy, March 5–17, 1989, available as the ED1 Policy Seminar Report, No. 21. This was prepared jointly by the World Bank and the Istituto Italo‐Africano, under the title, Strengthening Local Governments in Sub‐Saharan Africa. World Bank EDI, Washington, D.C.
Mozambican environmental problems: Myths and realities
Authors: O'Keefe P. , Kirkby J. , Cherrett I.
Published: July 2007

This article assesses the resource potential and environmental problems facing Mozambique at present, pointing to the extreme distortion imposed by the current war upon the development potential of the country. Looking at the long list of environmental problems and issues identified by Timberlake as characterizing the environmental crisis in Africa, it is noted that, at the national level, few of these problems prevail, but that most of them can be identified locally. Both the World Bank and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) have carried out environmental assessment of Mozambique and, whilst not agreeing on what the major environmental issues are, are agreed on the major problem posed by the war. The main environmental threats are almost exclusively located along the coastal littoral. Fleeing the fighting in the interior, the population has concentrated along the coast, and environmental pressures in this area are becoming severe. It is likely that, even when the war ends, the population will remain in these areas. There is great potential for economic development in Mozambique, with substantial unemployed agricultural, energy and mineral resources. However, the traditional cash crop industries have been decimated and statistics indicate an overwhelmingly preindustrial subsistence economy. Half the population has been affected through massive civilian losses, malnutrition, displacement and emigration, and no reasonable environmental management strategy can be initiated under these circumstances.
Explaining success in South Asian rural development: The importance of routine
Authors: Mascarenhas R. C.
Published: July 2007

The article compares the Training and Visit System of Agricultural Extension in India with the Anand‐type dairy cooperatives (India) and the Grameen Bank (Bangladesh) to explain the reasons for their success. In attempting an explanation of such microsuccess in an environment of macrofailure, the article lays emphasis on tailoring the programmes to the needs and social capabilities of the rural people. The services offered are perfected to a routine, thus encouraging the recipients of the services to respond on a regular and systematic basis. The recipients of these programmes see success in terms of increased benefits, greater participation and ultimately increased incomes. Their success has led to their widespread adoption elsewhere in the Third World.
Market‐oriented approaches to capacity building in Africa
Authors: Demongeot Patrick
Published: July 2007

Following a brief review of recent criticism of technical cooperation as an instrument for capacity building in sub‐Saharan Africa, this article examines current strategies for addressing the professional staff retention problem within African governments, and for making the market for technical cooperation more effective by allowing greater substitution of national experts for expatriate experts in project design and implementation. In order to strengthen and effectively use scarce local expertise, while avoiding its diversion to donor‐financed projects, the article proposes capacity‐building strategies aimed at the development of national or regional markets for development analysis and management expertise in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Untersuchungen des Einfangmechanismus von Neutronen im Resonanzbereich
Authors: Gersch Hans‐Ulrich
Published: July 2007

Investigations of neutron capture mechanism in the resonance region.
Cross Sections for Fast Particles and Atomic Nuclei
Authors: Barashenkov V. S. , Gudima K. K. , Toneev V. D.
Published: July 2007

Presently available experimental data on the total cross sections and on the cross sections for the elastic and inelastic scattering of nucleons, antinucleons, π‐ and K‐mesons by atomic nuclei at energies higher than 50 MeV are summarized. The nucleus‐nucleus cross sections for kinetic energies higher than 50 MeV/nucl. are also given.
Energy and Zenith Angle Dependence of Atmospheric Muons
Authors: Maeda Kaichi
Published: July 2007

The recently proposed new process for energetic‐muon production in the atmosphere should be tested at Mt. Chacaltaya, where the atmospheric muons with longest paths in the atmosphere can be observed. For the sake of comparing the experimental results with those of usual atmospheric muons, rigorous calculations of zenith‐angle distribution of atmospheric muons have been made for the altitude of 5200 m above sea level with energy range from 100 GeV to 100 TeV, and for zenith angles from 0° to 92.3°. Calculations are based on the extension of the Chapman function to the case of a non‐isothermal atmosphere, taking into account (i) energy‐dependent nuclear‐interaction mean free path of cosmic‐ray hadrons in air, (ii) different magnitudes of photonuclear cross‐section in the energy‐loss process of muons in the atmosphere, (iii) contributions of atmospheric muons arriving below the horizontal directions, and (iv) atmospheric structure and geomagnetic deflection. Results are compared with those corresponding to sea level. Range straggling, particularly its effect on horizontally incident muons, is investigated by Monte Carlo calculation, indicating that its effects and that of (i) on the zenith‐angle‐dependence of hogh‐energy atmosphere muons are negligible.
On the Dimensions of the Chiral and Dilatation Symmetry Breaking Hamiltonian Densities
Authors: Cornwell D. T. , Genz H.
Published: July 2007

Denoting by lu and lδ the dimensions (if any) of the chiral and dilation symmetry breaking Hamiltonian densities u(x) and δ(x), respectively, the property (4 – lu) (lu – lδ) > 0 (which is already known in special cases) is derived for a much larger class of models. We furthermore obtain a simple and general explicit expression for u(x) in terms of the current divergences, and review the physical applications of this (or an analogous, almost obvious) expression.
Phenomenological Dispersion Theory of pp, p̄p Forward Scattering
Authors: Dumbrajs Olgert , Staszel Magdalena
Published: July 2007

A review is given of the present state of experimental and theoretical knowledge of the proton‐proton and antiproton‐proton forward scattering, with special attention to applications of phenomenological dispersion theory in elucidating this interaction. The topics covered include the treatment of unphysical region, low‐energy parameterizations, dispersion relation calculations of the real parts and the meson‐nucleon coupling constants, analyses of the data by recently developed numerical analytic continuation techniques, high‐energy phenomenology, and evaluation of sum rules.
Signal Parameters in Optical Pumping Experiments
Authors: Dellit L.
Published: July 2007

The features of fluorescence and transmission signals in optical pumping of dilute gases with non‐coherent light sources are discussed in terms of a generalized signal function. Using the spherical tensor operator formalism kinetic equations for the atomic state multipoles as well as rate equations for spontaneous emission and absorption are derived. In these rate equations the kinetics of the atomic system expressed by the, generally, time dependent state multipoles of the atomic distribution in the ground or excited state is weighted by the optical signal parameters to give a signal function, which is explicitly adapted to the experimental conditions of observation.
On the Bosonization of the Many Electron Problem
Authors: Cabo A.
Published: July 2007

The Garbaczewski bosonization procedure is applied to the many‐electron problem. It leads to a non‐local c‐number path integral representation for the trace of the evolution operator which also depends on a mapping of the lattice points in the natural numbers. This mapping is needed for the implementation of the bosonization. We argue that the non‐local interactions and the dependence on the mapping can be disregarded in the limit of small electron c‐number field. We can then discuss the physics of the saddle point contribution. In the discussion the effects of the Pauli exclusion principle are introduced phenomenologically.
Analysis of quality costs for identifying areas of quality improvement—a case study
Authors: Bhadury Bikash , Jain M. K.
Published: July 2007

This paper reports the results of a study carried out in one of the plants of a multi‐plant manufacturer with the objective of evaluating and analysing the quality costs to identify areas of quality improvement and quality cost reduction. The study was carried out in two phases, namely the estimation of quality costs as a ‘one‐shot’ study followed by the identification of the ‘vital few’ defects using Pareto analysis, and this was followed by a further analysis using cause‐and‐effect diagrams to find out the underlying causes of these vital defects. This case study shows that even in situations where inspection and relevant records/data are not available, the necessary data can be obtained through a step‐by‐step analysis of current procedure and methods, and collection of data with regard to defects; and the data, thus obtained, can be used for the evaluation of quality costs. Moreover, an objective analysis of category‐wise and shop‐wise quality costs, with the help of Pareto and cause‐and‐effect analyses can bring out the critical quality problems and subsequently the causes for these critical defects.
Statistical monitoring and control of a low defect process
Authors: Goh T. N.
Published: July 2007

Advanced technologies today are such that it is possible to keep the occurrence of defects in manufactured products at very low levels. The use of the conventional c‐chart for statistical control of defects in such products would encounter serious practical difficulties because the low defect counts would render invalid the theoretical assumptions used in the construction of the chart. Based on reasoning with fundamental probability distributions, this paper offers a simple and reliable solution that is particularly suited to on‐line inspection and testing operations such as those found in an automated manufacturing environment.
Quantitative safety assessment of the ventilation recirculation system in an undersea mine
Authors: Andrews John
Published: July 2007

This paper describes a quantitative safety study carried out on a system which monitors the environmental conditions in an undersea mine. Of particular importance are the concentrations of methane and carbon monoxide present in the mine. Although the presence of these gases is of concern in all mines it is of particular concern in this undersea mine since up to 37 per cent of the return air of the ventilation system is recirculated. When high methane or carbon monoxide levels are detected recirculation is halted.

Fault trees were constructed to represent two system failure modes for each of the trip conditions; failure to trip on demand and spurious trip. These logic diagrams were then analysed to produce the minimal cut sets and the probabilities for the system failure events. From this prediction of system performance the degree of improvement attainable by changing the system design, component repair times or test frequencies was investigated.
Special report survey of the present status on critical reliability issues within europe
Authors: Maes Herman E.
Published: July 2007

In this letter background information is provided regarding the initiative to carry out a survey of the status on critical reliability issues within Europe. The motivation for this study and the overall objectives are discussed. Finally the major issues that were considered in this survey are presented.
The use of early resistance and early tcr changes to predict the reliability of on‐chip interconnects
Authors: D'haeger V. , Stulens H. , de Ceuninck W. , de Schepper L. , Tielemans L. , Gallopyn G. , de Pauw P. , Stals L. M.
Published: July 2007

A new method is presented to evaluate the resistance to electromigration of on‐chip interconnects. The method is based on the high resolution in‐situ electrical resistance technique. During high temperature and high current density stress measurements, two types of processes occur simultaneously: structure‐relaxation and electromigration. In order to study these processes separately, the experimental conditions are adapted. The electrical resistance and TCR is measured before and after structure‐relaxation and/or electromigration. Using Matthiessen's rule, it is possible to separate the contribution of the resistivity variation from the variation in geometry. The first process causes a decrease of the resistivity, whereas the second causes an increase. The influence of Cu‐addition and deposition temperature is also investigated. Correlation of the resistivity variations with conventional mean time to failure (MTTF) data is demonstrated. As a consequence, with our short‐time method, predictions of the resistance to electromigration of on‐chip interconnects can be made after typical test times of 24 to 48 hours.
A comparison of mean and range charts with pre‐control having particular reference to short‐run production
Authors: Tang Pak Fai , Barnett Neil
Published: July 2007

This paper provides a rationale for making a statistical comparison between the techniques of ‘pre‐control’ and traditional X and R charts. Special attention is drawn to the application of both techniques to the short run manufacturing environment where, for the use of X and R charts, parameter estimation is a problem. The total discussion is in the context of the manufacture of discrete items.
Design of low‐power quaternary CMOS logic circuits
Authors: Zukeran Chotei , Afuso Chushin , Kameyama Michitaka , Higuchi Tatsuo
Published: July 2007

If basic quaternary logic circuits with low‐power consumption are designed in a simple way, they will be useful for high‐density VLSI implementations utilizing the feature of multivalued logic. This paper proposes a new low‐power quaternary CMOS logic circuit, which can be fabricated by a multilevel ion implant technique. The basic circuits realize functions defined by “([A‐Z]+)” and “([A‐Z]+)” operators. The circuit has two features which have not been observed so far. One is that the threshold detection of a multilevel input voltage can easily be realized by a multilevel ion implant technique. The other is that the design can be extended to any multivalued logic circuits, preserving the low‐power property, since CMOS analog switches are used for multiplexing the multivalued signals. Through the discussion of the mathematical properties of the basic operators, any combinational logic circuit can be synthesized in a very simple and systematic way. Finally, examples of the network synthesis are shown, and the operations are verified by the electronic circuit analysis program SPICE2.
Interconnection networks for bucket distribution on relational algebra machine GRACE
Authors: Sakai Shichi , Kitsuregawa Masaru , Tanaka Hidehiko , Moto‐oka Tohru
Published: July 2007

Interest has been increasing in the high‐speed large‐capacity database machines. We are presently developing a high‐performance relational algebra machine GRACE, which is a highly parallel computer. Thus the interconnection networks which take part in the communications among its components play an important role. From a functional viewpoint, the interconnection networks of GRACE can be classified into the bucket distribution network which sends data into the staging space, and the bucket collection network which sends data into the set of processors. This paper reports on the former, that is, the method of distributing the bucket generated by the hash is considered, and the realization method of the bucket distribution network is proposed here. We consider primarily the adaptation of the indirect binary n‐cube network, which is a kind of multistage interconnection network. Furthermore, we investigate its reforming to the multiroute network. Evaluations are made by large‐scale simulations whose results indicate that the required transfer performance and the required bucket distribution can both be achieved. Moreover, the proposed method is compared with other realization methods.
A reducing method for set of clauses using matrices
Authors: Nishioka Hiroaki
Published: July 2007

In resolution theory, logical formulas of a theorem and axioms must be converted to a form of a clause set (a set of clauses).

For more efficient proof, it is desirable that an original clause set is a Horn set. Renaming is one of the operations which can convert a given clause set to a logically equivalent Horn set.

To perform the operation for a clause set, negation signs of all literals that have the same predicate symbol should be inverted simultaneously. However, it is difficult to perform the operation systematically and efficiently.

In this paper, a symbolic matrix called “literal reverse matrix” is defined for each literal in a clause. Moreover, the definition of reverse matrix is extended for a clause.

All renamings which convert a given clause to a Horn clause are derived from clause reverse matrix. Consequently, all renamings which convert a given clause set to a Horn set are synthesized from renamings for each clause in the set.
Isomorphisms of group‐matrix type automata
Authors: Katsura Masashi
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses the representation of the strongly connected automaton. Any strongly connected automaton is isomorphic to a regular group‐matrix type automaton on its automorphism group. This paper discusses the isomorphisms among strongly connected group‐matrix type automata. When a finite group G and a strongly connected automaton B are given, a set of representatives of isomorphism classes of strongly connected automata is constructed, in which the factor automaton by the automorphism group is isomorphic to B.
Faster recognition of languages for bounded cellular automata
Authors: Miyajima Hiromi
Published: July 2007

Advancement of VLSI technology accelerates studies in parallel computation. These are studies of such parallel algorithms as recognition of language, sorting, matrix calculations and graph processing, of one‐way cellular automata (systolic arrays), iterative arrays, tree structure cell automata, and bounded cellular automata, etc., the goal of which is to devise simpler and faster networks. So far, systolic arrays have attracted considerable attention from theoretical as well as practical viewpoints. On the other hand, bounded cellular automata seemingly have not stimulated much interest. This paper shows that bounded cellular automata process recognition of languages faster than one‐way automata.
Psychological validity of a model of human associative processor (hasp)
Authors: Hirai Yuzo , Kamijyo Ken‐Ichi
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses the psychological validity of the associative model HASP, which was propsoed by one of the authors. The fan effect and the priming effect are important properties of the retrieval process in human memory. The fan effect is a phenomenon that when the number of items associated with a concept is increased, a longer time is required to select an item from those items. In HASP, one of the multiply matched associative items is selected by the competitive circuit. The fan effect can be ascribed to the delay in the selection due to the increased number of competitions. The priming effect is a phenomenon where the preceding information processing affects the succeeding processing. Depending on the relation between the consecutive information, the effect can be accounted for by the activation of the preceding information left in HASP. It is also shown that the priming effect in the unconscious processing condition, where the cognition of the preceding information is prevented, can also be accounted for. Furthermore, it is shown that the processing in HASP is well matched to the two‐level theory in lexical retrieval, where the semantic selection process for the lexically ambiguous word is composed of the processes of activating all meanings and of selecting the one matched to the context.