bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accounting for Financial Investments in View of International and Local Financial Reporting Standards
Authors: Khalaf Ayad Jumaah , Arkad Omar Mohammed
Published: March 2021

The transformations in the business environment and the opening of markets have led to increased interest in financial investments to revive the national economy and with the emergence of international business and multinational companies، accounting work has become more extensive and complex، which requires improving local accounting standards and in line with international requirements، where the research problem is that Iraq is one of the countries It seeks to use accounting that is largely consistent with the international financial reporting standards through its keenness to apply the unified accounting system and accounting rules and that studying financial investments in the light of both international financial reporting standards and Iraqi accounting regulations and knowing and identifying similarities and differences between them can improve the process of increasing Harmony and increased compatibility Where the importance of research lies in improving the unified accounting system and the Iraqi accounting rules through which financial investments are accounted for and shown in financial statements and communicated to users of financial reports in a way that reflects on the enhancement of investment decisions، and with this the aim of the research is to identify financial investments in the light of each of the reporting criteria International and local financial and accounting treatments in addition to conducting a comparative analytical study to find out the similarities and differences between them and proposing the necessary basis and procedures to help increase harmony and consensus، as the two researchers used the theoretical side and the comparative analytical method based on the sources and references as well as the international and local financial reporting standards related to the research topic Also، tables and illustrations were used، many results were reached، the most important of which is a wide gap between international and domestic financial reporting standards in relation to accounting for financial investments. Financial statements، and among the recommendations of the researchers is the necessity to issue a separate accounting rule for financial investments and another rule for investments in real estate، as well as an accounting base for investment in associates and joint ventures in order to classify financial investments according to what came in the international financial reporting standards.
The Phenomenon of Begging in Andalusian Literature
Authors: Saaed Bashar Khalaf Aboud
Published: March 2021

The study aims at showing the phenomenon of begging in Andalusian literature, as a general phenomenon, it is too broad to be confined to a certain poet or to one age only. The Andalusian poets were not heresies in this phenomenon, but were preceded by a strong movement whose roots were found in the Levant, specifically in the fourth century AH. This phenomenon revealed the material and social foundations of the poor and the disadvantaged class in Andalusian society, and reshaped it. This has led us to use a psychological approach in which we monitor the objectives of Andalusian beggar poets, their methods of begging and their influential methods that they went - repeatedly - more than beggars themselves.
An Analytical Geographical Survey of Indicators for Determining the Levels of Noise Pollution، Due to Electric Generators، and Impaired Air Quality in The City of Ramadi
Authors: AL-Nemrawi Qusay A. Hussain
Published: March 2021

The current study was conducted on the city of Ramadi to find out the noise pollution represented by the sounds of generators on the residents of the city and its effect on the air purity in Ramadi city، in other words، this study aims to highlight the role of generators and their impact on increasing the level of noise pollution and air purity disturbance in the study area. Where the method of the analytical approach was followed، based on the analysis of the data obtained by the questionnaire forms of the generators owners as well as the residents of the study area. This research was divided into an introduction، a study on noise pollution and its concept and the second section dealt with the analysis and interpretation of the answers to the questionnaire forms that included (33) questions which were answered by the generators owners and the residents of Ramadi. Whereas the third section، where the sound and gas measurement device (SVAN955) (Sound Leved Metr) was used. (8) sites of various uses (commercial - residential - industrial - service) were selected and the levels of sounds were determined and compared with the relative determinants. It was clarified through the study that the city of Ramadi includes (453) generators distributing among the neighborhoods. As a result of the study that was conducted in the city of Ramadi، it was found that there are many complaints from residents of the study area which is considered (80%) of the sample size because most of the generators do not contain a silencer. The study also showed that most of the pollutants resulting from the generators are discharged with the sewage network. The study highlighted that the generator sites are located near residential homes and schools and thus have high noise pollution as well as it is considered uncivilized phenomena being not surrounded by fences، isolators or trees. The study also indicated that most of the generators are not designed for this basis (modulated) with many problems and little cost. The study showed the effect of generators on the monthly income of families، as the study showed that the highest average family income is more than (550،000) dinars per month، and the average family spends more than (55) thousand dinars per month، this amount is not including household generators.
Perspective Imam Madzhab on Bughat Elements
Authors: Harissalam Harissalam
Published: March 2021

The research objective in this article is to discuss the elements of the bughat radius according to Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal. The results showed that the elements of Jarimah Bughat were three actions which could show the act as an act of Jarimah Bughat. The three elements are acts of rebellion and not obeying the provisions of the Caliph, acts of rebellion carried out by prioritizing power, and having the goal of taking legitimate power.
A Review Paper on Sociological Perspectives of Leadership regards to Education
Authors: Shrestha Milan
Published: March 2021

The leadership mostly roots in sociology and it looks the leadership through different sociological paradigms. This paper confined the sociological paradigm of leadership as a structural functionalist (stable process), constructivist (is built), political conflict (power relationship) and critical humanistic perspective (dignity and worth) respectively. Hence, this study intends to layout the sociological perspectives of leadership in association with education. For this purpose, this paper reviewed the literature associated with a sociological paradigm of educational leadership. Considering it, these paradigms focused on social integration and consensus process (structural functionalism), facilitates the learning process (constructivism), power disparities (politico-conflict), and social commits to organizational change (critical humanistic) in context of school education. Overall, the particular one perspective is not fully suitable for all situations so leaders must adopt these perspective accords to the particular state of affairs in the organization. That's why these all sociological perspective has its distinct implications in educational
leadership.
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: IMPLEMENTATION WITH
EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: Mehta Swati
Published: March 2021

The research paper is an attempt to dwell mainly upon Inclusive Education and effective ways to bridge the gap between the abled and differently abled in the same premises/classroom. In the present world, children learn by hit and trial, imitation and many other different ways. Each child is unique and learning index depends upon child’s interests, experiential learning, prior knowledge and child’s response to them. Conventional modes of teaching are therefore witnessing a paradigm shift. Creativity, communication, and learner centred learning are need of the hour. To be in line with the demands, teachers need to comprehend, create and provide spaces to children at right opportune so that learning becomes joyful. This not only holds true for the able children but also for the differently abled. The gap has been bridged a little by what is called inclusive approach to education. It ensures that all children receive the opportunity of being a part of the same classroom with peers; and in the process get the opportunity to learn the curriculum to their optimal potential
A global viral oceanography database (gVOD)
Authors: Xie Le , Wei Wei , Cai Lanlan , Chen Xiaowei , Huang Yuhong , Jiao Nianzhi , Zhang Rui , Luo Ya-Wei
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Virioplankton are a key component of the marine biosphere in maintaining diversity of microorganisms and stabilizing ecosystems. They also contribute greatly to nutrient cycles/cycling by releasing organic matter after lysis of hosts. In this study, we constructed the first global viral oceanography database (gVOD) by collecting 10 931 viral abundance (VA) data and 727 viral production (VP) data, along with host and relevant oceanographic parameters when available. Most VA data were obtained in the North Atlantic (32 %) and North Pacific (29 %) oceans, while the southeast Pacific and Indian oceans were quite undersampled. The VA in the global ocean was 1.17(±3.31)×107 particles mL−1. The lytic and lysogenic VP in the global ocean was 9.87(±24.16)×105 and 2.53(±8.64)×105 particlesmL-1h-1, respectively. Average VA in coastal oceans was higher than that in surface open oceans (3.61(±6.30)×107 versus 0.73(±1.24)×107 particles mL−1), while average VP in coastal and surface open oceans was close. Vertically, VA, lytic VP and lysogenic VP deceased from surface to deep oceans by about 1 order of magnitude. The total number of viruses in the global ocean estimated by bin-averaging and the random forest method was 1.56×1030 and 1.49×1030 particles, leading to an estimate of global ocean viral biomass at 35.9 and 34.4 Tg C, respectively. We expect that the gVOD will be a fundamental and very useful database for laboratory, field and modeling studies in marine ecology and biogeochemistry. The full gVOD database (Xie et al., 2020) is stored in PANGAEA (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.915758).
Scaling procedure for straightforward computation of sorptivity
Authors: Lassabatere Laurent , Peyneau Pierre-Emmanuel , Yilmaz Deniz , Pollacco Joseph , Fernández-Gálvez Jesús , Latorre Borja , Moret-Fernández David , Di Prima Simone , Rahmati Mehdi , Stewart Ryan D. , Abou Najm Majdi , Hammecker Claude , Angulo-Jaramillo Rafael
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Sorptivity is a parameter of primary importance in the study of unsaturated flow in soils. This integral parameter is often considered for modeling the computation of water infiltration into vertical soil profiles (1D or 3D axisymmetric geometry). Sorptivity can be directly estimated from the knowledge of the soil hydraulic functions (water retention of hydraulic conductivity), using the integral formulation of Parlange (Parlange, 1975). However, it requires the prior determination of the soil hydraulic diffusivity and its numerical integration between the initial and the final saturation degrees, which may be tricky for some instances (e.g., coarse soil with diffusivity functions quasi-infinite close to saturation). In this paper, we present a specific scaling procedure for the computation of sorptivity considering slightly positive water pressure heads at the soil surface and initial dry conditions (corresponding to most water infiltration on the field). The square sorptivity is related to the square dimensionless sorptivity (referred to as cp parameter) corresponding to a unit soil (i.e., unit values of all the scaled parameters and zero residual water content) utterly dry at the initial state and saturated at the final state. The cp parameter was computed numerically and analytically for five current models: delta functions (Green and Ampt model), Brooks and Corey, van Genuchten-Mualem, van Genuchten-Burdine, and Kosugi models as a function of the shape parameters. The values are tabulated and can be easily used to determine any dimensional sorptivity value for any case. We propose brand-new analytical expressions for some of the models and validate previous formulations for the other models. Our numerical results also showed that the relation between the cp  parameters and shape parameters strongly depends on the chosen model, with either increasing or decreasing trends when moving from coarse to fine soils. These results highlight the need for carefully selecting the proper model for the description of the water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions for the rigorous estimation of sorptivity. Present results show the need to understand better the hydraulic model's mathematical properties, including the links between their parameters, and, secondly, to better relate these properties to the physical processes of water infiltration into soils.
Canopy temperature and heat stress are increased by compound high air temperature and water stress and reduced by irrigation – a modeling analysis
Authors: Luan Xiangyu , Vico Giulia
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Crop yield is reduced by heat and water stress and even more when these conditions co-occur. Yet, compound effects of air temperature and water availability on crop heat stress are poorly quantified. Existing crop models, by relying at least partially on empirical functions, cannot account for the feedbacks of plant traits and response to heat and water stress on canopy temperature. We developed a fully mechanistic model, coupling crop energy and water balances, to determine canopy temperature as a function of plant traits, stochastic environmental conditions, and irrigation applications. While general, the model was parameterized for wheat. Canopy temperature largely followed air temperature under well-watered conditions. But, when soil water potential was more negative than −0.14 MPa, further reductions in soil water availability led to a rapid rise in canopy temperature – up to 10 ∘C warmer than air at soil water potential of −0.62 MPa. More intermittent precipitation led to higher canopy temperatures and longer periods of potentially damaging crop canopy temperatures. Irrigation applications aimed at keeping crops under well-watered conditions could reduce canopy temperature but in most cases were unable to maintain it below the threshold temperature for potential heat damage; the benefits of irrigation in terms of reduction of canopy temperature decreased as average air temperature increased. Hence, irrigation is only a partial solution to adapt to warmer and drier climates.
Comparison of Team Based and Traditional Teaching Methods in Forensic Medicine: on the Basis of Assessment Tools
Authors: Kamran Shahid , Khan Muhammad Sajid , Siddiqui Jamil Ahmed , Mustafa Natasha , Shaikh Waqar , Khan Hina
Published: March 2021

Objective: To compare two different teaching methods in Forensic Medicine on the basis of assessment tools.Study design and setting: A cross sectional analytical study was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine atAl-Tibri Medical College and Hospital, from February to August 2019Methodology: Total 100 students of third year MBBS were included in this study after taking ethical approval from theethical review committee. These students were randomly divided into two groups of 50 students each, with Group A beingtaught through the traditional didactic lectures and Group B by Team Based Learning (TBL). Both groups were assessedusing different assessment tools. Each assessment was of 25 marks and for comparison of marks, independent “t” test wasapplied comparing the mean value through SPSS version 20.0 and the level of significance was taken at < 0.05.Results: The student’s involved in Team Based Learning performed superior than teacher centered strategy. In Group A,the students were taught via traditional lecture-based method and Group B was introduced to Team Based Learning. Themean score of assignment in Group A and Group B showed P value <0.001 that showed significantly higher grades instudent-centered teaching.Conclusion: Team based learning showed significant successful results in all assessment methods, therefore, it has beenconcluded through our study that Team Based Learning is a more effective method of teaching Forensic Medicine and ithelps in making learner autonomous.
Perception of Halitosis among General Population
Authors: M. Saleem Mahnoor Khawaja , Lal Abhishek , Masood Sabeen , Ghandhi Dinaz , Sitai Anum Arif , Ahmed Naseer
Published: March 2021

Objective: To assess the self-perception of halitosis among general population of Karachi along with the oral hygiene methods used. Secondly, the self-perception of halitosis was compared with predictor variables such as age, gender, level of education, and occupation. Study design and setting: Cross-sectional survey; a total of 401 participants of Karachi were recruited in September 2020, Pakistan. Methodology: Using Google Forms, an online questionnaire was developed and consisted of 27 questions regarding demographics and self-perceived halitosis, which was filled by the participants. For the statistical analysis, a multiple linear regression test was used to analyze any significant relation between predictor variables and self-perceived halitosis. Results: Out of the 401 participants, 168 (41.9%) were males and 233 (58.1%) were females. A total of 184 (45.9%) participants suffered from halitosis, with more prevalence in males. Mostly, 251 (62.6%) participants perceived to have halitosis themselves, with tooth brushing the most common (44.9%) way to reduce it. About 340 (84.8%) respondents brushed daily, with twice a day selected by 250 (62.3%). The coated tongue was seen by 124 (30.9%) of participants themselves. Age was found to be significantly associated with self-perceived halitosis. Conclusion: Halitosis is a frequent problem most prevalent in male gender. It has medical and psychosocial impact. Although in general, people are aware of perceiving bad breath themselves, there is still a need for public awareness campaigns to disseminate more knowledge and management options regarding halitosis. Frequent visits to dental and medical healthcare professionals should be encouraged to mitigate this problem.
PENGARUH PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAERAH DAN SISTEM AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN DAERAH TERHADAP KINERJA PEMERINTAH DAERAH (Studi Empiris Pada Organisasi Perangkat Daerah Kota Jayapura)
Authors: Ireeuw Stevani Veronica M. , Allo Layuk Paulus Kombo , Rante Andika
Published: March 2021

This study aims to determine: (1) The effect of financial management on the performance of local government, as well as (2) The effect of the financial accounting system on the performance of local government areas. This type of research is causative with the population were all working units (OPD) at Jayapura City, using 34 samples obtained with different educational backgrounds. The data collection method was used a questionnaire. By using multiple regression analysis tool such as SPSSversion 16. The result shows that: (1) financial management has a negative significant effect on the performance of local government, and (2) financial accounting system area has positive significant effect on the performance of local governments
ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINGKAT PENGUNGKAPAN LKPD DI PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN-KOTA DI PROVINSI PAPUA
Authors: Kogoya Sria , Salle Agustinus , Wijaya Anthonius H.C
Published: March 2021

The population in this study is regencies / cities in the Papua Province during the last three years, namely the 2015-2017 budget year, the data obtained is the LHP data that has been audited by theBPK. the sample used in all of these studies as many as 87 samples of local government financial reports are all existing populations in the sample. The data analysis method used in this study uses multiple linear regression analysis with the SPSS 16 program. This data is processed from June to the beginning of the 2019 julli in Jayapura City, Papua Province. The results in this study indicate that the age of the Regional Government has a positive effect on the level of disclosure of regional financial statements (LKPD). and on the Local Government Size, the Number of OPD, and also the Dependency Rate have a positive and insignificant effect on the level of disclosure while the auditfindings themselves influence the level of disclosure of the LKPD.
Pengaruh Penerapan Sistem Administrasi Perpajakan Modern, Kualitas Pemeriksaan Pajak Dan Kesadaran Masyarakat Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi Yang Memiliki UMKM di Kota Jayapura
Authors: Duwiri Megezz , Allo Layuk Theo , Bleskadit Novalia
Published: March 2021

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the adoption of the Modern Tax Administration System, the Quality of Tax Examination, and Public Awareness of the Taxpayer Compliance of Individuals Who Own SMEs in Jayapura City. Data collection techniques used in this study were questionnaires (questionnaire) with respondents as many as 100 WPOP who have MSMEs in city of Jayapura. Data analysis in this study carried out quantitatively, using multiple linear regression statistical tools (Multiple Linear Regression) with the help of SPSS 16 statistical software. The results of this study prove that there is a significant influence between the Variables in the Implementation of Modern Tax Administration Systems and the Quality of Tax Examinations. Meanwhile, the Public Awareness variable does not affect the compliance of taxpayers who have MSMEs in city of Jayapura. Keywords: Application of Modern Tax Administration System; Quality of Tax Examination; Public Awareness of Personal Taxpayer Compliance. Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Penerapan Sistem Administrasi Perpajakan Modern, Kualitas Pemeriksaan Pajak dan Kesadaran Masyarakat terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi Yang Memiliki UMKM di Kota Jayapura. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Kuesioner (Angket) dengan responden sebanyak 100 WPOP Yang Memiliki UMKM di Kota Jayapura. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan secara kuantitatif, dengan menggunakan alat statistik regresi linier berganda (Multiple Linier Regresion) dengan bantuan software statistik SPSS 16. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa adanya pengaruh yang signifikan antara Variabel Penerapan Sistem Administrasi Perpajakan Modern dan Kualitas Pemeriksaan Pajak. Sedangkan, Variabel Kesadaran Masyarakat tidak berpengaruh terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Yang Memiliki UMKM di Kota Jayapura. Kata kunci: Penerapan Sistem Administrasi Perpajakan Modern; Kualitas Pemeriksaan Pajak; Kesadaran Masyarakat terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi
Implementasi Bimbingan dan Konseling dalam Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa Kelas XI di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Santa Monika Kabupaten Kubu Raya
Authors: Florentina Florentina
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study is to answer: how is the implementation of guidance and counseling in Class XI Santa Monika Vocational High School, Kubu Raya Regency? What are the supporting and inhibiting factors in an effort to motivate students to learn in Class XI at Santa Monika Vocational High School, Kubu Raya Regency? How are the efforts made by the Guidance and Counseling teacher in providing student motivation in Class XI at the Santa Monika Vocational High School, Kubu Raya Regency? The results showed that the implementation of guidance and counseling in increasing the motivation of class XI students at SMK Santa Monika was carried out in orientation services, information services, distribution placement services, content mastery services, individual counseling services, group guidance services, group counseling services, consulting services, mediation, and advocacy services. The guidance and counseling service program is still not optimal. Supporting factors from the implementation of guidance and counseling by the school and supporting teachers by making guidance and counseling service programs. Inhibiting factors are the shortage of teachers or counselors, limited time, and teachers who teach are not used to teaching in class. Efforts made by guidance and counseling teachers in increasing learning motivation are recording children by filling in student identities, experiencing or approaching students, making individual or group programs and providing suggestions to class XI students at SMK Santa Monika, Kubu Raya Regency.
Revitalisasi Pengelolaan Asrama Dalam Mengembangkan Pendidikan Katolik Bagi Suku Dayak di Wilayah Perbatasan Kabupaten Sanggau
Authors: Suko Suko , Yusmanto Felisitas
Published: March 2021

Boarding schools combine the residences of students in school institutions away from home and family, religiously taught and taught several subjects according to the educational curriculum. This article aims to de-describe the discussion about the quantity and quality of Dayak students living in dormitories today, find the factors that cause the lack of interest of children to live in dormitories, and the Involvement of the Catholic Church in revitalizing dormitories in developing education for dayak tribes in the Border Region of the Diocese of Sanggau. The method used is qualitative with data sources of dormitory managers, dormitory children sons / daughters and children who do not live in dormitories. Data obtained from observations, interviews, and documentaries. Data is analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study found that the quality and quantity of children who want to live in dormitories is greatly reduced. This is because Catholic schools that have dormitory facilities compete more closely with other educational foundations, lack of guaranteed school and dormitory facilities, weak dormitory discipline, the number of housing offers (boarding schools) or affordable parents/relatives from the school location, catholic school fees that have dormitory facilities are relatively expensive, and the character of students who do not like to be bound by rules that are considered burdensome.
Mecanismos interpersonales de actitud y alineación en un debate
Authors: Hidalgo Downing Raquel
Published: March 2021

En este artículo nos proponemos estudiar el modo en que se marca la alineación en el discurso. Se define alineación o posicionamiento como el punto de vista del hablante, tanto en relación a un objeto (por ejemplo un tema o asunto en la conversación o el debate) como, y principalmente, en relación a los otros participantes en la interacción. El objetivo del estudio es identificar los mecanismos lingüísticos que emplean los hablantes para expresar alineación, así como mostrar que la construcción (inter)subjetiva del discurso se conforma como un proceso interpersonal y negociado en la interacción hablada. Para ello se estudian los procedimientos que sirven para marcar la alineación del hablante, como la repetición parcial, las preguntas, las marcas de acuerdo y desacuerdo, o los marcadores de posicionamiento como los pronombres personales y los verbos de cognición o comunicación.
O legado de Paulo Freire em marcha na Educação e na Escola do Campo
Authors: Lima Iranete Maria da Silva , Hage Salomão Antônio Mufarrej , Souza Dileno Dustan Lucas de
Published: March 2021

his paper is the result of our studies developed within the Study and Research Group on Countryside Education in the Amazon (Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Educação do Campo na Amazônia - GEPERUAZ) about the contributions of Paulo Freire’s legacy to Education and Countryside School. The study is based on the premise that its backgrounds are intrinsically linked to Popular Education. For the elaboration of this text, we counted on a bibliographic and documentary study that supported the evidence presented, on the contributions of Freire’s theory to the understanding of the challenges that are imposed on education and on the Brazilian society today. The existing relations between Popular Education and Countryside Education translate into successful training/schooling initiatives that are underway in the face of the protagonism of the Countryside Education Movement in its 20 years of existence.
Boisguilbert: un pré-physiocrate et un post-oresmien? Un parcours comparé d’histoire de la pensée economique française
Authors: Patriarca Giovanni
Published: March 2021

La crise du XIVème siècle apparaît comme un tournant décisif pour la reformulation de la pensée politique, économique et sociale dans un contexte marqué par le désordre et la désorientation. Le même organon de règles économiques, en effet dérivé des commentaires et des usages devenus coutumiers, est construit de manière désarticulée et parfois contradictoire. Bien qu’il y ait quelques lignes générale dont découlent directement les applica-tions pratiques, ce regroupement de principes apparait disjoint d’un point de vue méthodologique et par conséquent difficile à répartir. La res publica souffre de cette incapacité d’organisation et d’une impasse ingérable; les interventions sont in itinere, mar-quées par la contingence et ne font pas l’objet d’une réflexion à long terme.

Selon M. Chevalier, «de la chute de l’Empire Romain jusqu’à la Révolution Francaise, il y a une sorte d’éclipse totale dans l’esprit des hommes chargés de gouverner les sociétés.»1 Le jugement sur une telle impasse serait peut-être excessive et fils de la culture du siècle des lumières mais il nous présente de manière efficace cette instabilité dangereuse qui caractérise une longue période de l’histoire européenne.
The current unsustainable boom in the Argentine economy
Authors: Ravier Adrián
Published: March 2021

Since 2010, Paul Krugman has been suggesting that Greece, Spain, Ireland and other European countries should consider abando-ning the euro and devalue their currencies in order to solve their fiscal difficulties. In January of 2011 Krugman repeated the same prescription, but added that the Argentine default and devalua - tion of 2001-2002 should be taken as an example of what Greece and other European countries in trouble should do to escape the crisis in which they are immersed.

In Krugman’s own words:

Some economists, myself included, look at Europe’s woes and have the feeling that we’ve seen this movie before, a decade ago on another continent - specifically, in Argentina. […] Argentina didn’t simply default on its foreign debt; it also abandoned its link to the dollar, allowing the peso’s value to fall by more than two-thirds. And this devaluation worked: from 2003 onward, Ar-gentina experienced a rapid export-led economic rebound. (Krug-man, 2011a).1

The Argentinian government could not resist the temptation to use the unfortunate words of this Nobel Prize winner to con-gratulate themselves on the success of policies implemented over the last decade.

My objective is to try to clarify what happened in Argentina’s recent economic history, in order to shed light on a current and controversial topic in the field of economic policy.
Teoría de la Acción y Fundamentos de Economía
Authors: Cerro Javier Aranzadi del
Published: March 2021

This paper sets out from Mises’s theory of action or praxeology to analyze the way in which economic needs are provided for. It explains that economic reality is manifested in personal action in any one society and culture. It is in coexistence and the sharing of values, beliefs and knowledge that the structures of means and ends constituting the raw material of economics take shape.

Palabras clave: Escuela austríaca, praxeología, instituciones, cultura, ética.

Resumen. Este artículo parte de la teoría de la acción o praxeología de Mises para analizar la forma en que se proveen las necesidades económi-cas. Explica que la realidad económica se manifiesta en la acción personal en una sociedad y cultura determinadas. Es en la convivencia y en la parti-cipación común de unos valores, creencias, conocimientos, donde se confi-guran las estructuras de medios y fines que constituyen el quehacer de la economía.
La théorie autrichienne des cycles: une théorie de la récurrence des erreurs collectives d’anticipation
Authors: Facchini François
Published: March 2021

This paper offers an account of the recent development of Austrian Trade Cycle Theory. It focus on the theoretical contributions and argues that the Austrian’s explanation of Trade Cycle is a theory of collective errors of expectations and of their recurrences. Austrian economists agree to explain the errors of individuals by the nationalization of money because it leads to an excess of money supply. Nevertheless, they disagree about the cause of this excess. Two explanations have been suggested. The first one measures the excess in relation with the demand of money. The second one evaluates the excess in relation with monetary saving. They agree, on the contrary, on the reasons of the recurrence of expectation errors and their uniformity. The theory of property rights explains the recurrence of expectation errors by the socialization of risk. The expectation theory explains the collective errors by the centralisation of expectations (big player hypothesis) on the central bank decisions. Therefore, the centralization of expectations explains the instability of market process.

Keywords: cycle, expectations, property rights, central banking, free banking and error

Classification JEL: E32, E58,

Resume: Cet article présente les développements récents de la théorie autrichienne des cycles. Il se concentre sur les apports théoriques et soutient que désormais la théorie autrichienne des cycles est une théorie plurielle de la récurrence des erreurs collectives d’anticipation. Les économistes autrichiens s’accordent pour penser que la nationalisation de la monnaie est à l’origine de l’excès d’offre de monnaie qui crée une distorsion de la structure des taux d’intérêt des prêts et induit la phase de récession. Ils s’entendent aussi sur les raisons de la récurrence des erreurs d’anticipation et sur leur uniformité. La théorie des droits de propriété explique la récurrence des erreurs d’anticipation par la socialisation des risques. La théorie des anticipations explique les erreurs collectives par la centralisation des anticipations autour des décisions de la banque centrale et rend compte ainsi de l’instabilité des systèmes économiques. Les économistes autrichiens se divisent, en revanche, sur les raisons de cet excès d’offre de monnaie. Il y a ceux qui soutiennent que cet excès d’offre se mesure par rapport à l’épargne monétaire et s’explique par la pratique des réserves fractionnaires (école de la libre circulation). Il y a ceux, au contraire, qui estiment que cet excès doit être mesuré par rapport à la demande de monnaie et expliqué par l’absence de concurrence entre les monnaies (école de la banque libre).

Mots clés: cycles, anticipations, droits de propriété, banque centrale, banque libre et erreur
The Problem of Accuracy of Economic Data
Authors: Bagus Philipp
Published: March 2021

In his classic book On the Accuracy of Economic Observation Oskar Morgenstern deals with a common, yet widely neglected problem with which economic historians are faced, namely the quality of economic data. For the economic historian in the Austrian tradition, the quality of economic data is of utmost importance, since false data or belief in inaccurate data can lead the economic historian to faulty interpretations of the past.

The quality of economic data is at least as important for economists who adhere to positivism in economics, since they use economic data to confirm or falsify their models.

Likewise, Morgenstern’s insights are relevant for mathe-matical economists, as it makes sense to perform computations and solve a system of mathematical equations only if one has reliable data.

Morgenstern’s sample equations show the significance of a small error in the observation. Yet, in more complex equations with extensive mathematical operations the extent of error due to unreliable data may increase (or, depending on the equation, the errors may cancel out). It is indeed surprising to note how much the problem of accuracy in economic data has been neglected.

This is not so in the physical sciences. There the error of observation is always explicitly mentioned. Yet in economics there is simply no error estimate. This means that we do not know the accuracy of the economic data presented to us. This is even more troubling when we consider that in social or economic data there are more possible sources of error than in the physical sciences. We therefore face the question of why the problem of accuracy of economic data is rarely mentioned or passed over in silence in economics, while in the physical sciences this problem is widely acknowledged.
La labor de tasación de la propiedad inmobiliaria en tiempos de crisis
Authors: Sarte Ángel Sanz , Alonso Miguel A. , Seifert Alejandro Ruiz-Ayucar
Published: March 2021

En los últimos ocho años hemos vivido lo que muchos consideran la «época dorada» del mercado inmobiliario español. Tiempos en los que el precio de la vivienda ha crecido de manera ininte-rrumpida en torno a ritmos del 15% anual. En estos años, la totalidad de los agentes que han intervenido o influido de una forma u otra en el sector inmobiliario (bancos centrales, bancos comerciales, constructoras, promotores inmobiliarios, tasadores de inmuebles y familias), han participado activamente en este crecimiento desmesurado del sector. Todos hemos contribuido a «inflar la burbuja inmobiliaria».1

Después de examinar el contexto macroeconómico que indu-jo a la creación de la burbuja inmobiliaria a finales de la década de los noventa y primeros años del siglo XXI, el presente traba-jo trata de analizar el comportamiento de uno de los agentes que intervienen en los procesos de compraventa de inmuebles: los tasadores inmobiliarios, tanto en la fase de «exuberancia irra-cional» de los últimos años, como en los actuales tiempos de crisis surgidos tras el reventón de la burbuja de precios en el sector de la construcción. Igualmente, pretende determinar qué instru-mentos requiere el tasador inmobiliario para, con el ejercicio de su profesión, favorecer el buen funcionamiento y la transparen-cia del mercado inmobiliario, eliminando por otro lado algunos de los procedimientos que han contribuido a inflar la burbuja de precios de la propiedad residencial en los últimos años.
La curva de Phillips de pendiente positiva y la crisis de 2008
Authors: Ravier Adrián
Published: March 2021

Abstract: Mainstream economics is in crisis. Both in the Keynesian revolution (which emerged in response to the crisis in the Classical approach) and in the neoclassical counterrevolution (spurred from failures of Keynesianism), there have been significant contributions to the study of the relationships known as the Phillips curve. This paper advances an Austrian approach, rooted particularly in the writings of Friedrich Hayek, to the study of the Phillips curve. The relative superiority of the Austrian approach to account for the current crisis, within the study of the Phillips curve, is analyzed. Only a positive slope of a Phillips Curve can explain this massive destruction of employment all over the world.

Key words: Phillips curve, inflation, unemployment, business cycles, crisis of 2008.

JEL Classification: B25; E24; E32; E58; N12.

Resumen: El paradigma dominante está en crisis. Tanto en la revolución keynesiana (que surge como respuesta a la crisis del enfoque clásico), como en la contrarrevolución neoclásica (que emerge como resultante de la crisis del keynesianismo), han habido aportes significativos en el estudio de la Curva de Phillips. Aquí proponemos un enfoque alternativo al neoclásico, basado en la tradición de la Escuela Austriaca —y en particular en los escritos de Friedrich A. Hayek—. La relevancia del estudio se observa en la utilidad para comprender los acontecimientos de la crisis actual. Sólo una Curva de Phillips de pendiente positiva puede explicar esta destrucción masiva de empleo en todo el mundo.

Palabras clave: Curva de Phillips, inflación, desempleo, ciclos económicos, crisis de 2008.

Clasificación JEL: B25; E24; E32; E58; N12.
Los desarrollos teóricos de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía inspirados en la Escuela de Salamanca. Validez en el estudio de problemas contemporáneos
Authors: Restrepo Carlos Arturo Gómez
Published: March 2021

This paper studies the theoretical contributions of both The School of Salamanca and The Austrian School regarding the theory of value, capital theory and monetary theory. This study permits to understrud the failure of the economic analysis of the mainstream based on the equilibrium, simmetric information, and the narrow concepts of perfect competion and rationality, among others.

Key words: School of Salamanca, Austrian School, free market, theory of capital and interest, value theory, monetary theory.

JEL codes: B11, B25, B53.

Resumen: En este artículo se muestran los concurrentes desarrollos teóricos de la Escuela de Salamanca y de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía, que para efectos de su análisis se agrupan en tres teorías enmarcadas dentro de la concepción del libre mercado: La teoría del valor, la teoría del capital y del interés, y la teoría monetaria, y que permiten evidenciar los fallos del análisis económico de problemas actuales, realizado por la denominada «corriente principal», y desarrollados a partir de los supuestos de mercado en equilibrio, información simétrica, competencia perfecta, y racionalidad económica, entre otros.

Palabras clave: Escuela de Salamanca, Escuela Austriaca de Economía, libre mercado, teoría del capital y del interés, teoría del valor, teoría monetaria.

Códigos JEL: B11, B25, B53.
Destruction and reconstruction of the capital structure
Authors: Rallo Juan Ramón
Published: March 2021

One of the entrepreneurial strategies that, according to Schumpeter, is responsible for the capitalistic process of Creative Destruction is the introduction of a new method of production (Schumpeter 2003, 83).

Austrian economics characterizes a «method of production» as a set of capital goods and original factors of production inserted into an entrepreneurial plan, which is directed to satisfy consumer needs. Therefore, we could say that capital goods do not work in isolation, but as parts of two structures: they develop a role in the individual plan of the entrepreneur and also in the spontaneous social order that unintentionally results from the coordination of the different entrepreneurial plans.

In this context, the introduction of a new method of production implies that at least one entrepreneur tries to modify his plan either by rearranging his combination of capital goods and original factors of production (due to a change in consumer preferences or due to the appearance of some new technology) or by using new capital goods or new original factors of production (due to the discovery of a new technology or due to an increase in savings). Thus, both cases require the entrepreneur to disrupt not only his previous plan, but also the existing links with other plans in the incumbent capital structure.

This obviously raises the question of whether these disruptions lead to a progressive and sustained capital accumulation or if, on the contrary, they cause a necessary destruction of some capital goods.

At least since Cantillon and Turgot economists have taught that progress and growth depend partially on the quantity of capital, which tends to increase gradually with the level of savings. However, Schumpeter’s claim —that the introduction of a new method of production implies a Creative Destruction process— seems to suggest that some capital will be lost with the new investments. We would have, on the one hand, more capital by means of the creation of new plans but, on the other, less capital because of the disruption of the existing plans.

Although this approach may be initially shocking, only by departing from the erroneous idea that all capital goods are homogeneous one could consistently claim that new methods of production do not destroy any capital at all, i.e., only supposing that capital goods combinations and structures are irrelevant in relation to their final output, the view of a non-disturbable capital accumulation could be held. Once heterogeneity of capital goods comes into the picture, it is no longer possible to believe in such a hypothesis.
The economics and ethics of Celtic Ireland
Authors: Canny Brian Gerard
Published: March 2021

For thousands of years the Gaelic speaking territories of north-western Europe were home to a polycentric legal order that has been of great interest to Austro-libertarian theorists in the field of free-market legal reform (Rothbard, For a New Liberty, 1970). This ancient legal system, known as «Brehon law» after the caste of professional judges called Brehons who wrote and upheld the laws, was best preserved on the island of Ireland where it remained in place from pre-history up until the 17th century.

To understand the economics and ethics of this early Irish legal system one must first detach oneself from the modern setting of ultra-individualistic liberal-socialist Europe. It is impossible to explain Brehon law without simultaneously introducing the reader to the social, political and cultural set-up within which the system of Brehon law existed or what Prof von Mises would have called its thymology.2 For example, there were multiple competing legal schools co-existing in ancient Ireland, a point that might instantly confuse many readers unless one explains how such institutions were radically different in both theory and practice from their modern counterparts. The Brehon legal system also advanced a scholarly oral tradition and a unique legal language of its own which took over seven years to master. As a result there are few surviving legal texts so I shall be drawing heavily upon manuscripts from the 14th-16th centuries detailing the period from the 7th-8th centuries. These texts include wisdom texts, sagas, praise-poetry, saints’ lives, and monastic rules which were recorded and preserved by a class of professional poets who held the most powerful position in Irish society at the time.

Let me first introduce the political setting of the period in question. The basic territorial area in ancient Ireland was the túath which may best be understood as the tribal lands of an extended family. There was on average approximately 150 kings or chieftains who ruled their respective túatha. Some kings were the subjects of other kings in a system of over-lordship but many kingdoms formed trade and, as we shall see, rights granting treaties with each other. Although there were at times powerful kings who held whole provinces under their authority, no king ever became the Ard Rí or «high king» of all Ireland. During this time the Irish population hovered around 400,000 inhabitants and the size of each kingdom was typically 3,000 people. Ireland was densely forested until after the English conquest of Ireland and the on-set of the industrial revolution and the population during the reign of Brehon law was largely rural with exceptions for the many monasteries and the occasional Viking settlements in later periods.