bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodontal growth factors and tissue carriers: Biocompatibility and mitogenic efficacy in vitro
Authors: Cesari Claudio , Gatto Maria Rosaria , Malucelli Francesco , Raspanti Mario , Zucchelli Giovanni , Checchi Luigi
Published: October 2005

Clinical research has long been testing techniques of integrating biomaterials with many external factors, such as simple proteins or more complicated devices, in order to achieve the restitutio ad integrum of periodontium. This study assessed the in vitro effectiveness of platelet derivate growth factor‐BB (PDGF) and insulin growth factor I (IGF); the biocompatibility of materials like Paroguide, Oclastim membranes, Gingistat sponges, Surgiplaster, and Capset; and their efficacy as carriers for the platelet derivate growth factor‐BB (PDGF) and insulin growth factor I (IGF). Fibroblasts from the human periodontal ligament were incubated with growth factors free or vehiculated. Mitogenic effect was evaluated by measuring the growth rate and biocompatibility by observing cell morphology at SEM. PDGF was the most effective in stimulating cell proliferation both in solution (p < 0.001) and vehiculated (p < 0.01). Surgiplaster and Capset were more biocompatible; however, final analysis to assess their efficacy as carriers failed to disclose significant differences between experimental findings and control. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Interaction of PP2A catalytic subunit with Rb2/p130 is required for all‐trans retinoic acid suppression of ovarian carcinoma cell growth
Authors: Purev Enkhtsetseg , Giordano Antonio , Soprano Dianne Robert , Soprano Kenneth J.
Published: October 2005

All‐transretinoic acid (ATRA) treatment causes CAOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells to growth arrest in the G0/G1 phase and to elevate the level of Rb2/p130 protein. PP2A, a serine/threonine phosphatase, binds and dephosphorylates Rb2/p130, thereby increasing the half‐life of Rb2/p130 in the cell. In order to further characterize the interaction between Rb2/p130 and PP2A upon ATRA treatment, we examined the posttranslational modification of PP2A. ATRA treatment leads to hypophosphorylation of PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) that correlates with increased PP2A activity. In addition, the N‐terminus of PP2Acbinds directly to NLS sequences located in the C‐terminus of Rb2/p130. Furthermore, CAOV3 cells transfected with a truncated Rb2/p130 construct consisting of only the wt C‐terminus grew more aggressively and were less sensitive to ATRA treatment when compared to parental CAOV3 cells. In contrast, CAOV3 cells transfected with a truncated Rb2/p130 construct consisting of only the C‐terminus in which the NLS sites were mutated and which could not interact with PP2A, were as sensitive to ATRA treatment as parental CAOV3 cells. These studies suggest that ATRA treatment suppresses the growth of CAOV3 cells via a novel posttranscriptional mechanism involving PP2A. J. Cell. Physiol. 206: 495–502, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental maturation of intestinal and renal thiamin uptake: Studies in wild‐type and transgenic mice carrying human THTR‐1 and 2 promoters
Authors: Reidling Jack C. , Nabokina Svetlana M. , Balamurugan Krishnaswamy , Said Hamid M.
Published: October 2005

Thiamin (B1) is an essential micronutrient for normal growth and development. Mammals obtain thiamin through intestinal absorption, while in the kidney thiamin is reabsorbed to prevent its loss in the urine, both processes are specialized, carrier‐mediated and involve thiamin transporters‐1 and 2 (THTR‐1 and THTR‐2, respectively; products of the SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 genes). Although thiamin appears to play an important role in neonatal growth, little is currently known about the possible regulation of intestinal and renal thiamin uptake during developmental maturation. We addressed these issues by examining intestinal and renal thiamin uptake and expression of THTR‐1 and THTR‐2 during early stages of life. We utilized wild‐type mice (mice express orthologues of both thiamin transporters) and transgenic mice expressing human SLC19A2 or SLC19A3 promoter‐reporter transgenes as a model system and examined carrier‐mediated thiamin uptake, mTHTR‐1 and 2 protein and mRNA levels and luciferase activity in suckling (13 days), weanling (25–27 days), and adult (60–65 days) mice. Carrier‐mediated thiamin uptake by jejunal and renal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) both decreased with maturation (suckling > weanling > adult) and were associated with a reduction in mTHTR‐1 and mTHTR‐2 protein, mRNA levels, and the activity of human SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 promoter‐reporter constructs in the intestines and kidneys of transgenic mice. These results are the first to demonstrate that intestinal and renal thiamin uptake are developmentally regulated during early stages of life, mediated through mTHTR‐1 and mTHTR‐2, and suggest the possible involvement of transcriptional regulatory mechanism(s) in this regulation. J. Cell. Physiol. 206: 371–377, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ki‐67 protein is associated with ribosomal RNA transcription in quiescent and proliferating cells
Authors: Bullwinkel Jörn , Baron‐Lühr Bettina , Lüdemann Anja , Wohlenberg Claudia , Gerdes Johannes , Scholzen Thomas
Published: October 2005

The nuclear Ki‐67 protein (pKi‐67) has previously been shown to be exclusively expressed in proliferating cells. As a result, antibodies against this protein are widely used as prognostic tools in cancer diagnostics. Here we show, that despite the strong downregulation of pKi‐67 expression in non‐proliferating cells, the protein can nevertheless be detected at sites linked to ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis. Although this finding does not argue against the use of pKi‐67 as a proliferation marker, it has wide ranging implications for the elucidation of pKi‐67 function. Employing the novel antibody TuBB‐9, we could further demonstrate that also in proliferating cells, a fraction of pKi‐67 is found at sites linked to the rRNA transcription machinery during interphase and mitosis. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays provided evidence for a physical association of pKi‐67 with chromatin of the promoter and transcribed region of the rRNA gene cluster. These data strongly suggest a role for pKi‐67 in the early steps of rRNA synthesis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in separation techniques: Recent trends in phosphorus speciation
Authors: Shah Monika , Caruso Joseph A.
Published: October 2005

Inductively coupled plasma‐MS (ICP‐MS) and its combined use with molecular mass spectrometric techniques have become the most promising detection techniques in speciation studies. High sensitivity and element specificity of ICP‐MS has the advantage of detecting trace amounts of the species of interest in complex matrices. This review is divided into two parts. In the first part, suitable use of ICP‐MS either online or offline with currently used separation techniques such as HPLC, CE, and gel electrophoresis in speciation analysis is briefly discussed. In the second part, recent applications (1999–2005) of phosphorus speciation is presented to elucidate the importance of ICP‐MS in separation methods and to illustrate its importance in nonmetal detection.
New hyphenated methodologies in high‐sensitivity glycoprotein analysis
Authors: Novotny Milos V. , Mechref Yehia
Published: October 2005

High‐sensitivity glycoprotein analyses are of particular interest in modern biomedical and clinical research, as well as in the development of recombinant protein products. The evolution of new hyphenated methodologies in high‐sensitivity glycoprotein analysis is highlighted in this thematic review. These methodologies include, in particular, capillary LC/MALDI/TOF/TOF MS in conjunction with online permethylation platform, and silica‐based lectin microcolumns interfaced to MS. The potential of these methodologies in glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis is demonstrated for model glycoproteins as well as total glycomes and glycoproteomes derived from biological samples. Additionally, the applications of CE‐MS, CEC, and nanoLC with graphitized carbon in the areas of glycomics and glycoproteomics are described.
Ion–dipole interaction effects in isobutylene‐based ammonium bromide ionomers
Authors: Parent J. Scott , Liskova Andrea , Whitney Ralph A. , Resendes R.
Published: October 2005

Dilute solution viscosity, solid‐state rheometry, and 1H‐NMR linewidth analyses are used to assess the effect of ion–dipole (R′OH/NRBr−) interactions on the intensity of ion‐pair aggregation within a series of new isobutylene‐based tetraalkylammomium bromide ionomers. While inductive/field effects on hydroxyl group polarization exert no appreciable influence on ionomer properties, sparingly‐soluble, hydrogen‐bonding additives are shown to relieve heightened aggregation by interacting selectively with bound ion‐pairs as opposed to the bulk polymer matrix. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5671–5679, 2005
Improving mechanical properties and chemical resistance of ink‐jet printer color filter by using diblock polymeric dispersants
Authors: Chang Chi‐Jung , Chang Shinn‐Jen , Shih Kuo‐Chen , Pan Fu‐Lung
Published: October 2005

The diblock copolymers of polystyrene and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PSt‐b‐PtBA) with various molecular weights and hydrophobic/hydrophilic (styrene/acrylic acid) chain length were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Selective hydrolysis of the diblock copolymers (PSt‐b‐PtBA) resulted in amphiphilic block copolymers of polystyrene and poly(acrylic acid) (PSt‐b‐PAA). The amphiphilic block copolymers of PSt‐b‐PAA with average molecular weight (Mn) <7500 were proved to be critical in dispersing the pigments of UV curable ink‐jet inks for manufacturing the color filter. Incorporating DB2 diblock copolymer dispersants with styrene/acrylic acid ratio at 1.5 allowed more UV curable compositions in the red and blue inks without deteriorating pigment dispersing stability and jetting properties of the ink‐jet inks. The ink drops can be precisely ejected into the tiny color area. Better properties of the cured red stripe such as nanoindentation hardness and chemical resistance were found. The competing absorption of UV light by the blue pigment hindered the through cure of monomers near the interface between glass substrate and the blue stripe. This leads to lower hardness and poor chemical resistance of the UV cured blue stripe. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3337–3353, 2005
New free‐volume‐related activity model for polymer solutions
Authors: Liu Qing Lin , Cheng Zhen Feng
Published: October 2005

A new activity model was developed with the use of the Gibbs–Helmholtz relation at constant pressure and composition. This model consists of combinatorial and residual terms. The residual term is the same as that in the UNIQUAC method, but the total area fraction of molecules is introduced on account of the hole effect. The combinatorial part takes into account the free volume (FV) effect, which plays a significant role in polymer systems. The validity of this model is demonstrated by calculating the solvent activities in 36 polymer solutions in comparison with Entropic‐FV (EFV) and UNIFAC‐FV methods. The total average absolute deviations (AAD) from the experimental observations are 8.27, 6.38, and 1.64 for EFV, UNIFAC‐FV, and the present method, respectively. It is found that the fit to these experimental data by the present model is quite good over a wide range of concentration. An estimation of the infinite dilution activity coefficients also proves the validity of the new method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3299–3307, 2005
Insecticidal spider venom toxin fused to snowdrop lectin is toxic to the peach‐potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Down Rachel E , Fitches Elaine C , Wiles Duncan P , Corti Paola , Bell Howard A , Gatehouse John A , Edwards John P
Published: October 2005

The SFI1/GNA fusion protein, comprising of snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, GNA) fused to an insecticidal spider venom neurotoxin (Segestria florentina toxin 1, SFI1) was tested for toxicity against the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and the peach‐potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) by incorporation into artificial diets. Significant effects on the mortality of N. lugens were observed, with 100% of the insects fed on the SFI1/GNA fusion protein diet dead by day 7. The survival of the aphid M. persicae was also reduced when fed on the SFI1/GNA fusion protein. After 14 days, only 49% of the aphids that were fed on the fusion protein were still alive compared with approximately 90% of the aphids fed on the control diet or on diet containing GNA only. The SFI1/GNA fusion protein also slowed the development of M. persicae, and the reproductive capacity of the aphids fed on the SFI1/GNA fusion protein was severely reduced. The ability of GNA to act as a carrier protein, and deliver the SFI1 neurotoxin to the haemolymph of N. lugens, following oral ingestion, was investigated. The successful delivery of intact SFI1/GNA fusion protein to the haemolymph of these insects was shown by western blotting. Haemolymph taken from the insects that were fed on the fusion protein contained two GNA‐immunoreactive proteins of molecular weights corresponding to GNA and to the SFI1/GNA fusion protein. © 2005 British Crown Copyright. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resistance and cross‐resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides and spinosad in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Mota‐Sanchez David , Hollingworth Robert M , Grafius Edward J , Moyer Dale D
Published: October 2005

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), has developed resistance to many insecticides used for its control, recently including imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid compound. Other neonicotinoids are now being deployed to control this pest. A key point in the strategies of resistance management is the monitoring of resistance and cross‐resistance. In the summer of 2003, imidacloprid‐resistant adult Colorado potato beetles collected from Long Island, New York, USA were bioassayed using topical applications of imidacloprid and nine other neonicotinoids. Compared to a standard susceptible strain, the Long Island beetles showed 309‐fold resistance to imidacloprid, and lower levels of cross‐resistance to all other neonicotinoids, despite these never having been used in the field, i.e., 59‐fold to dinotefuran, 33‐fold to clothianidin, 29‐fold to acetamiprid, 28‐fold to N‐methylimidacloprid, 25‐fold to thiacloprid, 15‐fold to thiamethoxam, 10‐fold to nitenpyram, but less than 2‐fold to nicotine. In injection bioassays, high resistance to imidacloprid was also found (116‐fold). Piperonyl butoxide partially suppressed resistance to imidacloprid, but the resistance level was still over 100‐fold, indicating that other mechanisms were primarily responsible for resistance. Low levels of resistance (8‐ to 10‐fold) were found to the nicotinic activator, spinosad, in an imidacloprid‐resistant strain collected from the same field in 2004. The cross‐resistance seen with all the neonicotinoids tested suggests that the rotation of imidacloprid with other neonicotinoids may not be an effective long‐term resistance management strategy. Rotation with spinosad also carries some risk, but it is unlikely that spinosad resistance in this case is mechanistically related to that for the neonicotinoids. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
SrWO4 at high pressures
Authors: Grzechnik A. , Crichton W. A. , Hanfland M.
Published: October 2005

Room‐temperature high‐pressure behaviour of SrWO4 scheelite (I41/a, Z = 4) has been studied to 20.7 GPa in a diamond anvil cell using synchrotron angle‐dispersive X‐ray powder diffraction. Above 10 GPa, it transforms to the fergusonite structure (I2/a, Z = 4). Both scheelite and fergusonite types are ordered superstructures of fluorite (Fm$ \bar 3 $m, Z = 4). There is no significant volume collapse at the scheelite‐fergusonite phase transition. However, the compression data including both phases of strontium tungstate cannot be fitted by a common Birch–Murnaghan equation of state. An onset of decomposition into component oxides occurs at about 15 GPa. The pressure‐induced transformations are irreversible. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic excitations in solids: Density functional and Green's function theory
Authors: Pulci O. , Marsili M. , Luppi E. , Hogan C. , Garbuio V. , Sottile F. , Magri R. , Del Sole R.
Published: October 2005

Theoretical approaches for ab initio studies of the electronic and optical properties of matter are here reviewed. Examples within Density Functional Theory, Many‐Body perturbation Theory and Time Dependent Density Functional Theory are presented and discussed, pointing out advantages and drawbacks of the different schemes. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
IR spectroscopy of adsorbates on ultrathin metal films
Authors: Pucci Annemarie
Published: October 2005

Metal films with thickness in the nanometer range are optically transparent. With IR transmittance spectroscopy the in‐plane film conductivity with its correlation to the film‐growth process can be studied without electrical contacts and, on metal‐island films, adsorbate vibrations can be observed because of surface enhanced IR absorption (SEIRA). Their analysis enables insight into the adsorbate‐metal bonding and therefore gives information on the available adsorption sites and the crystalline facets correlated to. As in IR reflection absorption spectra dipole–dipole interaction of molecules on different sites modifies the vibration lines according to the degree of disorder (“atomic roughness”). Depending on that roughness IR spectra of adsorbate vibrations may be further modified because of their interaction with electronic excitations of the film. So, the limited facet size on cold‐condensed metal films leads to additional IR activity: Raman lines of certain centrosymmetric adsorbate molecules (C2H4) are observed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dielectric function and critical points of the band structure for AlGaN alloys
Authors: Buchheim C. , Goldhahn R. , Rakel M. , Cobet C. , Esser N. , Rossow U. , Fuhrmann D. , Hangleiter A.
Published: October 2005

The ordinary complex dielectric function (DF) of AlxGa1–xN alloys with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.53 is determined by fitting spectroscopic ellipsometry data from the infrared to the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region (0.74 eV ≤ E ≤ 9.8 eV). The dispersion of the real part of the DF below the band gap is found to be in excellent agreement with previously published data. The obtained band gap energies are verified by photoluminescence and photoreflectance spectroscopy. In the high‐energy range, three critical points of the band structure are clearly resolved. By applying a third‐derivative based DF line shape analysis, the corresponding transition energies are determined. Their compositional dependences can be described on the basis of small bowing parameters. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Continuous‐flow δ18O measurements: new approach to standardization, high‐temperature thermodynamic and sulfate analysis
Authors: Boschetti Tiziano , Iacumin Paola
Published: October 2005

The continuous‐flow method for the determination of the O‐isotope composition of solid samples has significant advantages over off‐line extraction methods, but the problem has arisen of the standardization of results that has only partially been resolved by the use of water standards. We propose a new approach to standardization that uses carbothermic reduction of calcium carbonate standards catalyzed by high‐purity AgCl. Analytical accuracy, precision, variance homogeneity and long‐term stability are proven. Preliminary data on the barium sulfate δ18O analyses are reported, with a closer look at the different results obtained by off‐line and on‐line methods on intercomparison standards NBS‐127 and MSS3. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do fundamental fears differentially contribute to pain‐related fear and pain catastrophizing? An evaluation of the sensitivity index
Authors: Vancleef Linda M.G. , Peters Madelon L. , Roelofs Jeffrey , Asmundson Gordon J.G.
Published: October 2005

Three fundamental fears—anxiety sensitivity (AS), injury/illness sensitivity (IS) and fear of negative evaluation (FNE) – have been proposed to underlie common fears and psychopathological conditions. In pain research, the relation between AS and (chronic) pain processes was the subject of several studies, whereas the possible role of IS has been ignored. The current research examines the role of IS with respect to various pain‐related variables in two studies. In the first study, 192 healthy college students completed the Sensitivity Index (SI; a composite measure assessing the three fundamental fears) and various pain‐related questionnaires. In a second study, 60 students out of the original sample took part in a pain induction procedure and completed the SI as well. We first examined the properties of the SI. Factor analysis on the SI replicated the proposed factor structure [Taylor S. The structure of fundamental fears, J Behav Ther Exp Psychiat 1993;24:289–99]. However, some items of the ASI did show problematic loadings and were therefore excluded in subsequent analyses. The main hypothesis of the current study states that IS is a stronger predictor than AS of pain catastrophizing and fear of pain as assessed by self‐report measures, and of pain tolerance and anticipatory fear of pain as assessed in a pain induction study. This hypothesis could be confirmed for all variables, except for pain tolerance, which was not predicted by any of the three fundamental fears. The current study can be considered as an impetus for devoting attention to IS in future pain research.
A double DNA approach for identifying Macrorhamphosus scolopax (Pisces, Centriscidae)
Authors: Karaiskou Nikoletta , Triantafyllidis Alexander , Margaroni Maritsa , Karatzas Dimitris , Triantaphyllidis Costas
Published: October 2005

DNA-based methodologies are increasingly used successfully to elucidate cases of misidentification of adult individuals of fish species with morphological similarities. However, the problem of misidentification can arise even earlier than adulthood, between congeneric and even distantly related species with similar morphology in the early developmental stages. Therefore, a double DNA approach was developed for Macrorhamphosus scolopax, to identify and discriminate it from European species of the genus Trachurus. These species overlap geographically and temporally and are characterized by morphologically similar eggs. The approach looks at both mitochondrial and nuclear loci. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA mtDNA gene was followed by restriction analysis with two species-specific enzymes: EcoRV and PmlI. Digestion with these endonucleases yielded species-specific electrophoretic profiles. Additionally, the nuclear multi-copy 5S rRNA gene was selected as an alternative candidate for identifying M. scolopax. The universality of the results was verified by screening a large number of fish from five geographical regions, covering most of the overlapping distribution of the species. The output is a double DNA methodology that can be used for egg identification and which could be of value in the egg production method of biomass assessment.
Non-Dupuytren’s Disease of the Palmar Fascia
Authors: RAYAN G. M. , MOORE J.
Published: October 2005

The typical Dupuytren’s disease patient is of Northern European descent with bilateral progressive multiple digital contractures and is genetically predisposed, with a family history. Palmar fascial proliferations sometimes present as a different entity without the typical Dupuytren’s disease characteristics. We identified 39 patients (20 women and 19 men) over a 4-year period with “Non-Dupuytren’s palmar fascial disease”, with unilateral involvement, without family history or ectopic manifestations. Twenty-three patients presented with unrelated complaints and were discovered, incidentally, to have the condition. In 28 patients, prior ipsilateral hand surgery or trauma precipitated the condition. Other related factors were diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Ten patients had skin tethering and subcutaneous thickening akin to Dupuytren’s nodules and 29 had palmar fascial thickening into ill-defined pretendinous cords. The diseased tissue was in the line of the ring finger in 30 patients. The time from insult to onset of contracture averaged 3.6 months and from onset to follow-up averaged 5.3 years. The condition was non-progressive, or partially regressive, in 33 patients. Seven patients had operations for unrelated conditions and underwent simultaneous fasciectomy without recurrence. Environmental factors, especially trauma, surgery and diabetes, are important in the pathogenesis of Non-Dupuytren’s palmar fascial disease, but these patients do not appear to be genetically predisposed for Dupuytren’s disease. Typical Dupuytren’s disease and Non-Dupuytren’s palmar fascial disease are two clinical entities that run different courses and do not share a similar prognosis. This should be taken into account in future epidemiological and outcome studies.
Dupuytren’s Disease of the Big Toe
Authors: KULKARNI M. , ELLIOT D.
Published: October 2005

This short paper presents four cases of Dupuytren’s disease of the big toe.
Stratigraphical and Palynological Appraisal of the Late Quaternary Mangrove Deposits of the West Coast of India
Authors: Kumaran K.P.N. , Nair K.M. , Shindikar Mahesh , Limaye Ruta B. , Padmalal D.
Published: October 2005

The organic deposits derived from the mangrove swamps form reliable stratigraphic markers within the Late Quaternary sequence of Kerala–Konkan Basin. Three generations of such deposits have been identified. The older one is dated to around 43,000–40,00014C yr B.P., with a few dates beyond the range of radiocarbon. The younger ones date from the Middle Holocene to latest Pleistocene (10,760–454014C yr B.P.) and the Late Holocene (<400014C yr B.P.). Pollen analyses confirm that the deposits are mostly derived from the mangrove vegetation. Peat accumulation during the period 40,000–28,00014C yr B.P. can be correlated with the excess rainfall, 40–100% greater than modern values, of the Asian summer monsoon. The low occurrence of mangrove between 22,000 and 18,00014C yr B.P. can be attributed to the prevailing aridity and/or reduced precipitation associated worldwide with Last Glacial Maximum, because exposure surfaces and ferruginous layers are commonly found in intervals representing this period. The high rainfall of 11,000–400014C yr B.P. is found to be the most significant as the mangrove reached an optimum growth around 11,00014C yr B.P. but with periods of punctuated weaker monsoons. From the present and previous studies, it has been observed that after about 5000 or 400014C yr B.P., the monsoons became gradually reduced leading to drying up of many of the marginal marine mangrove ecosystems. A case study of Hadi profile provided an insight to the relevance of magnetic susceptibility (χ) to record the ecological shift in Late Holocene.
Microbial–metazoan reefs of the terminal Proterozoic Nama Group (c. 550–543 Ma), Namibia
Authors: GROTZINGER J. , ADAMS E. W. , SCHRÖDER S.
Published: October 2005

Thrombolite and stromatolite reefs occur at several stratigraphic levels within the terminal Proterozoic Nama Group (c. 550–543 Ma) of central and southern Namibia. The reefs form integral parts of several carbonate platforms within the Nama Group, including the Kuibis platform of the northern Nama Basin (Zaris subbasin), and Huns platform (Witputs subbasin) of the southern Nama Basin. The reefs are composed of both thrombolites and stromatolites that form laterally continuous biostromes, isolated patch reefs, and isolated pinnacle reefs ranging in scale from a metre to several kilometres in width. In the majority of cases, the reefs occur stratigraphically as an integral facies within the transgressive systems tracts of sequences making up the Kuibis and Huns platforms. This suggests that a regime of increasing accommodation was required to form well-developed reefs, though reefs also occur sporadically in highstand systems tract settings. Within a given transgressive systems tract, a regime of increasing accommodation through time favours the transition from sheet-like biostromal geometries to more isolated patch and pinnacle biohermal geometries. Similarly, increasing accommodation in space, such as a transect down depositional dip, shows a similar transition from more sheet-like geometries in updip positions to more isolated geometries in downdip positions. Reefal facies consist of thrombolitic domes, columns and mounds with well-developed internal clotted textures, in addition to stromatolitic domes, columns and mounds, with crudely to moderately well-developed internal lamination. Stromatolites are better developed in conditions of relatively low accommodation, and updip locations, under conditions of higher current velocities and greater sediment influx. Thrombolites are better developed in conditions of relatively high accommodation and low sediment influx. Both types of microbialites are intimately associated with the first calcifying metazoan organisms, which may have attached themselves to the sediment surface or otherwise lived within sheltered depressions within the rough topography created by ecologically complex mats. The appearance of thrombolitic textures during terminal Proterozoic time is consistent with colonization of cyanobacterial mats by higher algae and metazoans, which would have been an important process in generating clotted textures. Fabrics in the Nama thrombolites are well preserved and show evidence of thrombolitic mesoclots being overgrown by fibrous marine carbonate, interpreted as former aragonite. This was followed by emplacement of geopetal micrite fills, and precipitation of dolomite as an isopachous rim cement, followed by occlusion of remaining porosity by blocky calcite spar.
Early Cambrian back-arc volcanism in the western Taurides, Turkey: implications for rifting along the northern Gondwanan margin
Authors: GÜRSU S. , GÖNCÜOGLU M. C.
Published: October 2005

The Lower Cambrian (Tommotian) Gögebakan Formation in western Central Anatolia is made up of slightly metamorphosed continental to shallow marine clastic rocks with pillowed and massive spilitic lavas and dolerite dykes. Spilitic lavas, commonly amygdaloidal, are albite- and pyroxene-phyric with the metamorphic mineral paragenesis albite+calcite+sericite±epidote±tremolite±chlorite. Dolerite dykes mainly include plagioclase and pyroxene as primary minerals and tremolite±epidote±chlorite as low-grade secondary minerals. Geochemical data show that the spilitic lavas and dolerite dykes are sub-alkaline, of oceanic tholeiitic basalt character and display a tholeiitic fractional trend, characterized by an increase in FeO/MgO and Zr and TiO2 in variation diagrams. They are characterized by relatively high Zr/Y (2–4.5), relatively high Th/Yb (0.15–1.0) and La/Nb (0.5–2.5). Both show marked negative Nb and Ti anomalies relative to Th and La (Ce), implying a subduction-related chemistry. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns display slight enrichment of light REE (spilitic lavas (La/Yb)N = 0.79–1.56; dolerite dykes (La/Yb)N = 0.89–3.50) fairly comparable with MORB. The geochemical similarity of the spilitic lavas and dolerite dykes suggests a co-genetic origin. La/Nb ratios of both types are slightly higher than average MORB values and were possibly formed in the early stages of back-arc basin development. Petrogenetic modelling suggests the mafic rocks of the formation were formed by 9% batch melting of spinel lherzolite in shallower depths (c. 60 km). Taken together the data suggest that the Early Cambrian mafic rocks of the Taurus units were developed in a back-arc basin along the northern edge of Gondwana above the southward-subducting oceanic lithosphere and may represent initial rifting that resulted in separation of the peri-Gondwanan terranes.
TWO HYPOTHESES ON THE CAUSES OF MALE HOMOSEXUALITY AND PAEDOPHILIA
Authors: JAMES WILLIAM H.
Published: October 2005

This note considers two hypotheses on the causes of homosexuality and paedophilia in men, viz. the hypotheses of maternal immunity and of postnatal learning. According to the maternal immune hypothesis, there is progressive immunization of some mothers to male-specific antigens by each succeeding male fetus, and there are concomitantly increasing effects of anti-male antibodies on the sexual differentiation of the brain in each succeeding male fetus. An attempt is made to assess the status of this hypothesis within immunology. Knowledge of the properties of anti-male antibodies is meagre and there has been little direct experimentation on them, let alone on their effects on the developing male fetal brain. Moreover until the relevant antigens are identified, it will not be possible to test mothers of male homosexuals or paedophiles for the presence of such antibodies. Yet until this experimentation has been done, it would seem premature to regard the hypothesis as more than a very provisional explanatory tool. The evidence in relation to the postnatal learning hypothesis is quite different. There is an abundance of data suggesting that male homosexuals and paedophiles report having experienced more sexual abuse (however defined) in childhood (CSA) than do heterosexual controls. The question revolves round the interpretation of these data. Many (though not all) of these studies are correlational and thus subject to the usual qualifications concerning such data. However, there are grounds for supposing that some of the reports are veridical, and there is support from a longitudinal study reporting a small but significant increase in paedophilia in adulthood following CSA. To summarize: most boys who experience CSA do not later develop into homosexuals or paedophiles. However, the available evidence suggests that a few do so as a result of the abuse.
The Changing Availability of Grandparents as Carers and its Implications for Childcare Policy in the UK
Authors: GRAY ANNE
Published: October 2005

This article addresses the role of grandparents as providers of childcare for their grandchildren, and the importance of this role in helping the mothers to enter the labour market. Several childcare surveys indicate that grandparents make a very important contribution, which appears to be sustained over time. Demographic modelling shows that the chances of young children having a maternal grandmother under 70 have risen since 1981, although she is now less likely to live nearby.

New evidence from the UK Time Use Survey suggests that grandparents' help has an important influence on whether mothers of young children do take employment, especially those with lower earnings potential. This help also enables them to work longer hours and earn more. However, employed older women play a considerably smaller role in childcare for other households than those without jobs. Analysis of childcare trends from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) suggests that help from relatives, of whom the biggest category are known from several other sources to be grandparents, has become an important complement to part-time formal care as pre-school places expanded since the late 1990s. Raising employment rates amongst the over 50s is an established objective of government policy, yet it may conflict with the role of younger grandparents in childcare.
Theorising Partnerships: Governance, Communicative Action and Sport Policy
Authors: McDONALD IAN
Published: October 2005

Under New Labour, partnerships have emerged to become a central mechanism of service delivery in social policy. In response to this development, a number of papers and texts have appeared that have questioned the claims made for the benefits of partnerships by politicians and policy makers. In particular, the gap between the rhetoric of inclusiveness and the practice of exclusion in partnership working has been highlighted. However, as pertinent as these insights are, it is argued here that extant research into partnerships in social policy remains theoretically undeveloped, characterised by one-sided approaches that either lack critical edge or are dismissive of the potential of partnership working. What is required is an approach that addresses the deeper contradictions of partnerships in social policy and the structuring relations of power underpinning the conceptions of partnerships. Drawing on key concepts in social and political theory, this article proposes a theoretical framework that focuses on the dynamic and contextual nature of partnership. In short, a differentiated theory of partnership is offered as a means of facilitating a more realistic understanding of the limits and possibilities of partnership working. A case study on partnerships in sport policy is used to illustrate the analysis.
Governing Through Evidence: Participation and Power in Policy Evaluation
Authors: TAYLOR DAVID
Published: October 2005

This article considers different approaches to policy evaluation within recent writings on governance and evaluation research. Governance theorists locate evaluation within a new ‘mode of regulation’ aimed at managing a ‘dispersed state at arms length’. The strength of this approach is that it places policy evaluation within an explicitly political framework. However, the governance perspective focuses on evaluation as a state-centred activity and tends to underplay its contested nature. Within the evaluation research literature, on the other hand, attempts to deal with the ‘politics of evaluation’ tend to focus on evaluation as a research practice. This misses the discursive construction of evaluation as a political project. While some approaches within the evaluation literature stress the ‘democratising’ role of ‘stakeholder participation’, they are set within a democratic pluralist model of politics, which frequently fails to deal with underlying power relations within which the clash of competing stakeholder interests takes place. This article challenges these constructions. It draws on the strengths of both approaches to propose a critical ‘politics of evaluation’ based on service user control. It suggests some practical strategies drawn from a review of recent evaluation research.
Migrants' Social Rights, Ethnicity and Welfare Regimes
Authors: MORISSENS ANN , SAINSBURY DIANE
Published: October 2005

Comparative welfare state research has devoted little attention to the social rights of migrants or the ethnic/racial dimension, even though societies are becoming more ethnically diverse through international migration. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study for the UK, the USA, Germany, France, Denmark and Sweden, this article represents an initial attempt to compare the social rights of migrants and citizens across welfare regimes. We examine the substantive social rights of migrants and ethnic minorities by focusing on their participation in social transfer programmes, and the impact of transfers on their ability to maintain a socially acceptable standard of living compared with the rest of the population. The analysis shows that there are major disparities between how migrant and citizen households fare in welfare states, and that the discrepancies widen for migrants of colour. When the analysis is confined to citizen households, the results largely correspond to the expected performance of welfare regimes. However, when migrants are incorporated into the analysis, intra-regime variations stand out in the case of the liberal and social democratic countries.
Is the Future American? Or, Can Left Politics Preserve European Welfare States from Erosion through Growing ‘Racial’ Diversity?
Authors: TAYLOR-GOOBY PETER
Published: October 2005

The welfare state is the distinctive contribution of Europe to the modern world. Other places do market capitalism better, and democracy, art and culture at least as well. However, the future of the European welfare state is in question, as a result of economic globalisation, pressures from population ageing and other social changes and the dominance of an EU primarily committed to creating an open market to rival that of the US. An important recent critique of the welfare state project argues that social cohesion and diversity are simply incompatible – with the implication, that as Europe grows more diverse, welfare states will wither. An influential variant of this argument uses statistical modelling to support the argument that greater ethnic diversity accounts for the failure of the US to develop political support for a welfare state on European lines (and implies that Europe's future is American). This article demonstrates that the model used fails to take into account the significance of left politics in European countries. The evidence is that the left substantially counteracts the impact of greater diversity on welfare states in Europe. The case that increased migration will undermine popular commitment to social spending is not proven.
elvis costello, the empire of the e chord, and a magic moment or two
Authors: brackett david
Published: October 2005

the phrase ‘this magic moment’ recurs throughout elvis costello's ‘it’s time' (1996). an allusion to pop history – the drifter's ‘this magic moment’ (1960) – is thus used in the service of a fatalistic narrative that manages to evoke both the ‘revenge and guilt’ famously associated with costello's early career and the early 1960's romanticism of brill building pop. the musical ‘magic moment’ of the song arrives in a ringing e major chord at the end of the chorus, played in open position on the electric guitar. the use of this e major chord references another line of pop music history, one that stretches back to the formation of ‘folk-rock’ in the mid-1960s. this paper serves as an example of how one song creates a series of magic moments that resonate densely with simultaneous histories.
white chocolate soul: teena marie and lewis taylor
Authors: neal mark anthony
Published: October 2005

there has been no greater tension within the tradition of black pop music than that associated with the performance of ‘black’ styles by white musicians and performers. in the past, it has been all too easy to identify many of these white artists under the rubric of ‘blue-eyed soul’ – a term that is as much a social construction of raced identities as it is a marketing ploy. using paul c. taylor's essay ‘funky white boys and honorary soul sisters’ as a reference, i'd like to argue that there are artists who transcend, to varying degrees, the kinds of ‘affective obstacles’ that make it difficult for some audiences to derive pleasures from so-called ‘white’ performances of black musical idioms.
writing about music is writing first
Authors: christgau robert
Published: October 2005

by focusing on brief examples from four writers – journalists anthony decurtis and lester bangs, academics sheila whiteley and susan mcclary – this piece is designed to inspire and/or shame readers into paying closer attention to how they use language when they describe or analyse music. an effort was made to keep the tone of the critiques informal and conversational, thus approximating the mood of
the kind of session the author has found effective in more than thirty years of editing at the village voice, and many years of teaching writing to ambitious undergraduates as well as a class full of journalism grad students. in such sessions, the intention is always to better enable the writer to say what he or she wants to say as convincingly as possible. if ideas are called into question, that is because the editor believes them to be overly familiar, inconsistent, or already discarded by the writer's audience. what is at issue is the writing, not the writer. this is not to deny, unfortunately, that sometimes hurt feelings ensue.

it should be added that the references to magic initially addressed the conference theme ‘this magic moment’. given the essay's nuts-and-bolts attitude, however, they retain a more general relevance.
galileo engineer: art and modern science
Authors: lefèvre wolfgang
Published: October 2005

in spite of koyré's conclusions, there are sufficient reasons to claim that galileo, and with him the beginnings of classical mechanics in early modern times, was closely related to practical mechanics. it is, however, not completely clear how, and to what extent, practitioners and engineers could have had a part in shaping the modern sciences. by comparing the beginnings of modern dynamics with the beginnings of statics in antiquity, and in particular with archimedes — whose rediscovery in the sixteenth century was of great consequence — i will focus on the question of which devices played a comparable role in dynamics to that of the lever and balance in statics. i will also examine where these devices came from. in this way, i will show that the entire world of mechanics of that time — “high” and “low,” practical and theoretical — was of significance for shaping classical mechanics and that a specific relationship between art and science was and is constitutive for modern sciences.
hunting the white elephant: when and how did galileo discover the law of fall?
Authors: renn jürgen , damerow peter , rieger simone , giulini domenico
Published: October 2005

we present a number of findings concerning galileo's major discoveries which question both the methods and the results of dating his achievements by common historiographic criteria. the dating of galileo's discoveries is, however, not our primary concern. this paper is intended to contribute to a critical reexamination of the notion of discovery from the point of view of historical epistemology. we claim that the puzzling course of galileo's discoveries is not an exceptional comedy of errors but rather illustrates the normal way in which scientific progress is achieved. we argue that scientific knowledge generally develops not as a sequence of independent discoveries accumulating to a new body of knowledge but rather as a network of interdependent activities which only as a whole makes the individual steps understandable as meaningful “discoveries.”
recent narratives on galileo and the church: or the three dogmas of the counter-reformation
Authors: feldhay rivka
Published: October 2005

this article confronts an old-new orientation in the historiographical literature on the “galileo affair.” it argues that a varied group of historians moved by different cultural forces in the last decade of the twentieth century tends to crystallize a consensus about the inevitability of the conflict between galileo and the church and its outcome in the trial of 1633. the “neo-conflictualists” — as i call them — have built their case by adhering to and developing the “three dogmas of the counter-reformation”: church authoritarianism is portrayed by them as verging towards “totalitarianism.” a preference for a literal reading of the scriptures is understood as a mode of “fundamentalism.” and mild skeptical positions in astronomy are read as expressions of “instrumentalism,” or “fictionalism.” the main thrust of the article lies in an attempt to historicize these three aspects of the catholic reform movement. finally, the lacunae in insufficiently explored historiographical landscape are delineated in order to tame the temptation to embrace the three dogmas, and to modify the radical conflictualist version of the story of galileo and the church.
raffaello caverni and his history of the experimental method in italy
Authors: castagnetti giuseppe , camerota michele
Published: October 2005

raffaello caverni is a controversial figure among the scholars of galileo's work. almost entirely ignored for half a century, his research has been more attentively considered only after his major work (caverni 1891–1900) was reprinted in 1970.