bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zirconium‐based metal–organic framework and functionalized carbon black composite for simultaneous electrochemical detection of tert‐butylhydroquinone and butylhydroxyanisole
Authors: Feng Junhui , Wang Hongyu , Liu Yangyu , Liu Wannaiyi , Lin Xiaoyun
Published: June 2024

In this paper, a porous zirconium‐based metal–organic framework (NH2‐UiO‐66) and functionalized carbon black (FCB) composite was prepared through a one‐pot hydrothermal method, and a novel electrochemical sensor based on NH2‐UiO‐66@FCB modified glassy carbon electrode (NH2‐UIO‐66@FCB/GCE) was developed for the simultaneous sensoring of butylhydroxyanisole (BHA) and tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). The morphology and structure of NH2‐UiO‐66@FCB were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectrum. The electrochemical behaviors of the NH2‐UiO‐66@FCB/GCE were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Under optimized experimental conditions, the linear ranges for TBHQ and BHA detection were determined to be 0.12–460 μM and 0.7–420 μM, respectively, with their corresponding detection limits of 0.072 μM and 0.29 μM. Furthermore, the sensor exhibited excellent selectivity, repeatability and stability, and successfully used for the simultaneous detection of TBHQ and BHA in food samples.
Maximum weighted correntropy filters for nonlinear non‐Gaussian systems
Authors: Liu Jingang , Zhang Wenbo , Song Shenmin
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we focus on the filtering issue for nonlinear non‐Gaussian systems. Considering the limitations of the Gaussian function with a single kernel bandwidth, we design a novel extended version called weighted Gaussian function, which consists of a weighting coefficient and two distinct kernel bandwidths. The additional coefficient can directly balance two kernel bandwidths, which improves the flexibility and performance of the correntropy. We develop a cost function utilizing the suggested weighted Gaussian function and statistical linearization method, followed by deriving a maximum weighted correntropy filter based on the maximum correntropy criterion. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated to converge to a Gaussian filter as the kernel bandwidths approach infinity. In addition, we derive the corresponding information filter, which takes the form of information matrix and information vector. It is computationally efficient and easier to generalize to multisensor systems. The performance of the proposed algorithms is compared with other filters based on the third‐order spherical cubature rule and the fixed point iteration technique in a target tracking system. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the new approaches.
Novel Caputo fractional differential approach and hybrid control scheme for finite‐time synchronization of nonidentical delayed reaction–diffusion neural networks
Authors: Zhang Hai , Wang Chen , Ye Renyu , Cao Jinde
Published: June 2024

This work focuses on the finite‐time synchronization (F‐TS) for nonidentical delayed neural networks (DNNs) including Caputo fractional partial differential operator and reaction–diffusion terms. A novel F‐TS lemma is proposed by constructing a new Caputo differential inequality. Applying the new lemma and designing two hybrid controllers with time delay and the sign function, the F‐TS criteria on the introduced Caputo reaction–diffusion nonidentical DNNs under the Neumann boundary condition are derived by making use of the Filippov differential inclusion, Green's theorem, and fractional Razumikhin theorem. The conditions are expressed through the algebraic inequality which can greatly decrease the computation in checking the F‐TS performance. Moreover, the validity and correctness of the F‐TS results are illustrated by selecting various orders, spatial positions, and diffusion parameters.
Adaptive fuzzy tracking control for multiple‐input multiple‐output nonlinear systems with sensor faults and experiment in the flexible‐joint robot
Authors: Yuan Junhao , Sun Wei
Published: June 2024

This paper is centered on the adaptive asymptotic tracking control of multi‐input multi‐output uncertain strict‐feedback nonlinear systems in the presence of both multiplicative and additive sensor faults. Through adaptive accommodation techniques, the proposed control scheme can dynamically compensate for sensor faults, thereby ensuring precise and stable control. The control scheme is devised using the backstepping design that incorporates positive integrable time‐varying functions, thereby ensuring the boundedness of all signals in the closed‐loop system and guaranteeing that the output tracking error asymptotically converges to zero. Additionally, extensive simulations and experimental evaluations conducted on the Quanser platform with 2‐link flexible‐joint robots demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed control scheme in mitigating the impact of sensor faults and achieving accurate tracking performance.
Identifying barriers and good practices for implementing circular economy principles in small and medium enterprises
Authors: Palombi Giulia , Schiaroli Valerio , Fraccascia Luca , Nonino Fabio
Published: June 2024

Recently, the new industrial paradigm of circular economy (CE) has acquired increasing attention. In a CE, the value of materials is preserved by keeping them for as long as possible in the economic system, overcoming the “traditional” linear model (take‐waste‐disposal). Despite its benefits in terms of sustainability, there are still numerous barriers to the implementation of CE principles for companies, and specifically, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) find it difficult to integrate CE principles within their business models due to a shortage of resources. Hence, a qualitative multiple‐case study involving four Italian companies implementing CE principles is conducted. The findings contribute to the development of CE principles in SMEs by proposing good practices, such as encouraging SMEs to engage in research projects to secure initial investments, expanding suppliers' networks to reduce the risk of limited by‐product availability, and implementing organizational training on CE to enhance employees' awareness and skills.
PD‐1 blockade enhances the effect of targeted chemotherapy on locally advanced pMMR/MSS colorectal cancer
Authors: Pei Fengyun , He Wan , Duan Yinghua , Yao Qijun , Zhao Yandong , Fan Xinjuan , Liu Shuai , Chen Haiyang , He Fang , Liu Tingzhi , Chen Jiaoting , Zheng Yijia , Li Heping , Guo Xiaofang , Shi Lishuo , Ling Li , Chen Yaoxu , He Jiapeng , Liu Miao , Huang Mengli , Bai Yuezong , Wang Jianping , Huang Meijin , Huang Jun
Published: June 2024

Background

Patients with DNA mismatch repair‐proficient/microsatellite stable (pMMR/MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC), which accounts for 85% of all CRC cases, display a poor respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (i.e., anti‐PD‐1 antibodies). pMMR/MSS CRC patients with locally advanced cancers need effective combined therapies.

Methods

In this pilot study, we administered six preoperative doses of each 2‐week cycle of the anti‐PD‐1 antibody sintilimab (at a fixed dose of 200 mg), oxaliplatin, and 5‐FU/CF (mFOLFOX6) combined with five doses of bevacizumab (the number of doses was reduced to prevent surgical delays) to patients with cT4NxM0 colon or upper rectal cancers. And radical surgery was performed approximately 2 weeks after the last dose of neoadjuvant therapy. The primary endpoint was a pathologic complete response (pCR). We also evaluated major pathologic response (MPR, ≤10% residual viable tumor), radiological and pathological regression, safety, and tumor mutation burden (TMB), and tumor microenvironment (TME) characteristics.

Results

By the cutoff date (September 2023), 22 patients with cT4NxM0 pMMR/MSS colon or upper rectal cancers were enrolled and the median follow‐up was 24.7 months (IQR: 21.1–26.1). All patients underwent R0 surgical resection without treatment‐related surgical delays. pCR occurred in 12 of 22 resected tumors (54.5%) and MPR occurred in 18 of 22 (81.8%) patients. At the cutoff date, all patients were alive, and 21/22 were recurrence‐free. Treatment‐related adverse events of grade 3 or higher occurred in of 2/22 (9.1%) patients. Among the pCR tumors, two were found to harbor POLE mutations. The degree of pathological regression was significantly greater than that of radiological regression (p = 1.35 × 10−8). The number of CD3+/CD4+ cells in the tumor and stroma in pretreated biopsied tissues was markedly lower in pCR tumors than in non‐pCR tumors (p = 0.038 and p = 0.015, respectively).

Conclusions

Neoadjuvant sintilimab combined with bevacizumab and mFOLFOX6 was associated with few side effects, did not delay surgery, and led to pCR and non‐pCR in 54.5% and 81.8% of the cases, respectively. Downregulation of CD3/CD4 expression in the tumor and stroma is related to pCR. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PD‐1 blockade‐enhanced targeted chemotherapy require further investigation.
Structures and Protein Engineering of the α‐Keto Acid C‐Methyltransferases SgvM and MrsA for Rational Substrate Transfer
Authors: Sommer‐Kamann Christina , Breiltgens Juliane , Zou Ziruo , Gerhardt Stefan , Saleem‐Batcha Raspudin , Kemper Florian , Einsle Oliver , Andexer Jennifer N. , Müller Michael
Published: June 2024

S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine‐dependent methyltransferases (MTs) are involved in the C‐methylation of a variety of natural products. The MTs SgvM from Streptomyces griseoviridis and MrsA from Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae catalyze the methylation of the β‐carbon atom of α‐keto acids in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic natural products viridogrisein and 3‐methylarginine, respectively. MrsA shows high substrate selectivity for 5‐guanidino‐2‐oxovalerate, while other α‐keto acids, such as the SgvM substrates 4‐methyl‐2‐oxovalerate, 2‐oxovalerate, and phenylpyruvate, are not accepted. Here we report the crystal structures of SgvM and MrsA in the apo form and bound with substrate or S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine. By investigating key residues for substrate recognition in the active sites of both enzymes and engineering MrsA by site‐directed mutagenesis, the substrate range of MrsA was extended to accept α‐keto acid substrates of SgvM with uncharged and lipophilic β‐residues. Our results showcase the transfer of the substrate scope of α‐keto acid MTs from different biosynthetic pathways by rational design.
Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma‐induced intussusception: A case report and literature review
Authors: Chang Hao‐Cheng , Kang Jung‐Cheng , Pu Ta‐Wei , Su Ruei‐Yu , Chen Chao‐Young , Hu Je‐Ming
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

Adult intussusception necessitates early surgical intervention. We emphasis the significance of considering diffuse large B‐Cell lymphoma in differential diagnoses for adult intussusception, particularly in the colon, to ensure precise diagnosis and optimal management.
Re‐Examination of Self‐Decay Chemistry of Phthalimide‐N‐oxyl Redox‐Organocatalyst for Free‐Radical CH‐Functionalization – Puzzle Begins to Come Together
Authors: Lopat'eva Elena R. , Krylov Igor B. , Subbotina Irina R. , Nikishin Gennady I. , Terent'ev Alexander O.
Published: June 2024

Phthalimide‐N‐oxyl radicals (PINO) are catalytically active hydrogen abstracting species generated from N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) – one of the most efficient and widely used organocatalysts for free‐radical oxidative CH‐functionalization processes. The self‐decay of PINO is one of the main limiting factors of NHPI usage, but currently there is no consensus on the mechanism of this important process. In the present work, quantitative EPR and NMR monitoring of PINO generation and degradation along with decay product analysis and control experiments allowed us to build a consistent picture of PINO decay chemistry and put together previously contradictory results. PINO yields achievable employing various oxidants were measured and compared for the first time. At least two PINO decay pathways were revealed: “trimerization” (with partial fragmentation, favored by high PINO concentrations at initial stage of decay), and medium oxidation favored by low PINO concentrations. The main PINO decomposition product, the “trimer” can easily be recycled back to NHPI.
Atomistic Insights Into the Surface Dynamics of Ni(111) During Reverse Water gas Shift Reaction
Authors: David Roey Ben , Andres Miguel A. , Shalom Bat‐Or , Karagoz Burcu , Held Georg , Eren Baran
Published: June 2024

The conversion of CO2‐H2 mixtures on Ni‐based catalysts can proceed through either the reverse water gas shift reaction (RWGS) path to produce CO or the CO2 methanation path to produce CH4. The balance between these competing reactions depends on both the reaction conditions and catalyst structure. In this study, using surface‐sensitive infrared and ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies, we investigate the effect of reaction conditions on the interaction between CO2 and H2 on a Ni(111) model catalyst. Our findings highlight the occurrence of RWGS, involving direct dissociation of CO2 to CO and atomic oxygen, followed by oxygen reacting with hydrogen to form H2O, and CO and H2O desorption. Hydrogen affects the distribution of CO between hollow and top sites by displacing oxygen from the energetically preferred hollow sites. The overall balance between oxygen production from CO2 dissociation and oxygen removal by hydrogen governs the oxygen coverage and consequently the distribution of CO between top and hollow sites. This balance is significantly influenced by the reaction temperature and the H2/CO2 partial pressures.
Enhancing Secondary Alkaline Battery Performance: Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of Zn Anodes, Based on ZnO@C Core‐Shell Nanoparticles
Authors: Emanuele Elisa , Li Bassi Andrea , Macrelli Andrea , Magagnin Luca , Bozzini Benedetto
Published: June 2024

While alkaline Zn batteries, like traditional rechargeable aqueous batteries, boast an advantage in terms of energy density, their progress has been hampered by concerns related to the anode. These concerns include issues like Zn dendrites, self‐corrosion, passivation, shape change, and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). To tackle these challenges, we have introduced a nanostructuring approach for the anode, employing carbon‐coated ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO@C) as the active material. In this study, we synthesized ZnO@C nanoparticles in an environmentally sustainable and scalable manner to address passivation and dissolution issues jointly. Nanoscale ZnO particles effectively prevent passivation, while carbon shell slows down the dissolution of zincate. The Zn anode exhibits a significant performance boost when compared to Zn foil and bare ZnO nanoparticles, even when subjected to demanding conditions (without the use of ZnO‐saturated electrolyte). This rechargeable Zn anode marks a significant step toward the realization of practical, high‐energy rechargeable aqueous batteries, such as Zn‐air batteries.
Moving Down Group 1: Analytical Challenges and Current Trends for Solid Polymer Electrolytes in Post‐Li Battery Applications
Authors: Jeschull Fabian
Published: June 2024

The solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) field has traditionally struggled with sufficiently high cation conduction at room temperature. The reason for this is that ion transport is usually coupled to polymer chain mobility and as such is strongly temperature dependent. The diversification of battery technologies from Li‐ion into Na‐ and K‐ion batteries has revived efforts in the 80s and 90s to develop a broad conceptional understanding and to find overarching trends of the ion transport properties of SPEs based on Group 1 elements, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+ (i. e. beyond Li). This development brings its own set of challenges, starting from additional constraints to measure heavier cations. With a clearer aim towards tangible battery applications, particularly electrochemical stability and interphase formation, and together with a rising sensibility of sustainability aspects, other parameters have gained more relevance and opened new vectors of research. The associated scientific challenges and recent developments of Group 1 based SPEs shall be reviewed.
Pyridinethiolate‐Capped CdSe Quantum Dots for Red‐Light‐Driven H2 Production in Water
Authors: Wei Zuting , Yang Shuang , Lei Jingxiang , Guo Kai , Yuan Huiqing , Ming Mei , Du Jiehao , Han Zhiji
Published: June 2024

The utilization of low‐energy sunlight to produce renewable fuels is a subject of great interest. Here we report the first example of metal chalcogenide quantum dots (QDs) capped with a pyridinethiolate carboxylic acid (pyS‐COOH) for red‐light‐driven H2 production in water. The precious‐metal‐free system is robust over 240 h, and achieves a turnover number (TON) of 43910±305 (vs Ni) with a rate of 31570±1690 μmol g−1 h−1 for hydrogen production. In contrast to the inactive QDs capped with other thiolate ligands, the CdSe‐pyS‐COOH QDs give a significantly higher singlet oxygen quantum yield [ΦΔ (1O2)] in solution.
An In‐Depth Exploration of Six Decades of the Kröhnke Pyridine Synthesis
Authors: Francisco Telmo N. , Albuquerque Hélio M. T. , Silva Artur M. S.
Published: June 2024

The Kröhnke Pyridine Synthesis has been discovered about six decades ago (1961), by Fritz Kröhnke and Wilfried Zecher at the University of Giessen. The original method involved the reaction of α‐pyridinium methyl ketone salts with α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of a nitrogen source, frequently ammonium acetate. Since its discovery, the Kröhnke methodology has been demonstrated to be suitable for the preparation of mono‐, di‐, tri‐ and tetra‐pyridines, with important applications in several research fields. Over the years, a number of modifications to the original approach have been developed and reported, enabling for the broad applicability of these methods even in modern days, also for the synthesis of non‐pyridine compounds. In this critical and tutorial review, we will thoroughly explore and discuss the potential of the original method, the refinements that have been made over the years, as well as some applications arising from each type of pyridine and/or non‐pyridine compounds produced by Kröhnke's approach.
Effect of Rare Earth Ion Substitution on Phase Decomposition of Apatite Structure
Authors: Sharma Geeta , Loganathan Sarathkumar , Barimah Eric K. , Georgopoulou Paraskevi , Taylor Esther , Scott Andrew J. , Strafford Simon , Jha Animesh
Published: June 2024

The paper describes an investigation of phase decomposition of apatite lattice doped with rare earth ions (cerium, samarium, and holmium) at temperatures ranging from 25–1200 °C. The rare‐earth ion‐doped apatite minerals were synthesized using the sol‐gel method. In situ high‐temperature powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was used to observe the phase changes and the lattice parameters were analyzed to ascertain the crystallographic transformations. The expansion coefficient of the compounds was determined, and it was found that the c‐axis was the most expandable due to relatively weak chemical bonds along the c‐crystallographic axis. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to examine the decomposition properties of the materials. Due to rare earth ion doping, the produced materials had slightly variable decomposition behaviour. The cerium and samarium ions were present in multiple oxidation states (Ce3+, Ce4+, Sm3+, Sm2+), whereas only Ho3+ ions were observed. Rare earth ion substitution affects tri‐calcium phosphate proportion during decomposition by regulating concentrations of vacancies. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that cerium and samarium ion‐doped apatite yielded only 25 % tricalcium phosphate during decomposition. This finding advances our understanding of apatite structures, with implications for various high‐temperature processes like calcination, sintering, hydrothermal processing, and plasma spraying.
Trends in genetic gain for yam in the IITA breeding program
Authors: Asfaw Asrat , Agre Paterne A. , Dieng Ibnou , Adebola Patrick , Obidiegwu Jude E. , Chamba Emmanuel , Darkwa Kwabena , Otoo Emmanuel , Dansi Alexandre , Dibi Konan Evrard Brice , Kouakou Amani Michel , Asiedu Robert
Published: June 2024

Monitoring genetic gain is crucial to ensure breeding programs' effectiveness and identify potential challenges and areas for their improvement. Our study provides a first overview of the trends in genetic gain for tuber yield and disease resistance traits in the IITA's (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture) yam breeding program. We used historical data (2010–2022) from multiple generations of past breeding cycles evaluated at 31 sites in the white Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) breeding pipeline and 28 sites in the water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) breeding pipeline of IITA and its national partners in West Africa. Our result shows positive genetic trends in fresh tuber yield while recording a gain of 1.38% or 99.17 kg ha−1 per year in the white Guinea yam and 2.18% or 252.41 kg ha−1 per year in the water yam breeding pipelines. Genetic trends for virus and anthracnose resistance were in the desired direction but negligible in white Guinea yam, while significant for virus and nonsignificant for anthracnose resistance in water yam. Our findings indicate that while the breeding program has succeeded in enhancing tuber yield, post‐harvest tuber dry matter content and disease resistance (yam mosaic virus and anthracnose) did not follow a similar trend in the material being developed. This implies that the yam breeding program needs to strike a balance between various traits, ensuring that increased yield does not come at a cost to food quality or disease resistance. Our results highlight the importance of continually monitoring and assessing the performance of a breeding program and making informed decisions about which traits to focus on for future improvement.
Design of a transistor‐based broadband high‐efficiency class‐F−1 rectifier
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Gu Chao , Xuan Xuefei , Zhang Luyu , Wang Chenlu
Published: June 2024

This brief proposes an innovational method to design a broadband high‐efficiency transistor‐based rectifier with high rectification efficiency. The theory of the class‐F−1 rectifier with the input second harmonic component is explored. Moreover, the mathematical variations of rectification efficiency and load/source impedances versus several crucial design parameters are established. The variation relationships indicate that the rectification efficiency can roughly maintain constant across a large input second harmonic range, resulting in more available design impedances. Thus, this provides the possibility to design wideband rectifiers. For validation, a broadband high‐efficiency class‐F−1 rectifier (operating in 1.6–2.6 GHz) using a GaN transistor is designed, assembled, and measured. Measurements indicate a rectification efficiency of between 72.1% and 82.4% under the condition of Rdc = 67 Ω and Pin = 40 dBm. The realized rectifier exhibits the largest relative bandwidth compared with transistor‐based rectifiers reported before. The methodology presented in this brief provides a promising approach for broadband high‐efficiency GaN HEMT‐based rectifiers.
Deep learning for predicting synergistic drug combinations: State‐of‐the‐arts and future directions
Authors: Wang Yu , Wang Junjie , Liu Yun
Published: June 2024

Combination therapy has emerged as an efficacy strategy for treating complex diseases. Its potential to overcome drug resistance and minimize toxicity makes it highly desirable. However, the vast number of potential drug pairs presents a significant challenge, rendering exhaustive clinical testing impractical. In recent years, deep learning‐based methods have emerged as promising tools for predicting synergistic drug combinations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of applying diverse deep‐learning architectures for drug combination prediction. This review commences by elucidating the quantitative measures employed to assess drug combination synergy. Subsequently, we delve into the various deep‐learning methods currently employed for drug combination prediction. Finally, the review concludes by outlining the key challenges facing deep learning approaches and proposes potential challenges for future research.
Enhancing wireless sensor network connectivity and coverage using Hybrid GWO‐HSA algorithm
Authors: Subburathinam Karthik , Bakthavatchalam Vijayalakshmi , Pandian Ram Kumar Chenthur , Subramaniam Kavitha Mettupalayam
Published: June 2024

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are essential in environmental monitoring, healthcare, and industrial automation. Persistent connectivity and coverage challenges in WSN stem from intermittent node connectivity due to obstacles, signal interference, node failures, and compromised data reliability. Existing solutions, while useful, exhibit limitations in fully addressing these concerns. To confront these challenges, a proposed system introduces the Hybrid Grey Optimizer–Harmony Search Algorithm (Hybrid GWO‐HSA), merging adaptive routing protocols and efficient deployment techniques. The Hybrid GWO‐HSA system conducts an initial environmental analysis to pinpoint factors affecting node communication. It strategically deploys additional nodes to bridge coverage gaps, using the Grey Wolf Algorithm's capabilities to optimize node placement. Moreover, it employs the Harmony Search Algorithm to dynamically adjust communication paths based on real‐time network conditions, ensuring robust data transmission. The system workflow involves an environmental assessment followed by node deployment guided by the Grey Wolf Algorithm. Subsequently, the Harmony Search adapts communication paths to enhance connectivity. Simulations and practical experiments across diverse environments validate the Hybrid GWO‐HSA system's effectiveness. Results showcase substantial improvements: network lifetime of 13,200 s, a network delay of 37 ms, a coverage rate of 0.88, and an energy consumption of 590 J. This Hybrid GWO‐HSA‐based system establishes a resilient and efficient WSN infrastructure vital for reliable data collection and transmission in challenging settings. The Hybrid GWO‐HSA system offers a comprehensive approach to WSN connectivity and coverage issues by leveraging firefly and genetic algorithms, and it significantly enhances WSN performance and reliability across multifaceted application domains.
The Miocene lacustrine carbonate factory of the Ñirihuau Formation, Ñirihuau Basin, North Patagonian Andes, Argentina
Authors: Santonja Camila , Benavente Cecilia A. , Suriano Julieta , Heredia Arturo M. , Fortunatti Natalia , Rainoldi Ana L. , Kietzmann Diego A. , Bechis Florencia
Published: June 2024

Facies, microfacies and stable isotope analyses of limestone beds in the northernmost Ñirihuau Basin, North Patagonian Andes, Argentina, document and constrain the past hydrological, sedimentological and climate conditions that prevailed during the deposition of a lacustrine system between ca 15 and 13 Ma. This palaeoenvironment is recorded in the middle section of the Ñirihuau Formation, which holds significance because: (1) It was deposited during a transition from an extensional to a compressional tectonic regime; (2) it spans the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum and the beginning of the Middle Miocene Climatic Transition; and (3) it contains limestone beds interbedded within a 600 m thick interval of mudstones and siltstones, along with intercalated sandstone and volcaniclastic bodies. Two detailed sedimentary logs were surveyed along the Arroyo Las Bayas, at the western and eastern flank of the David Syncline. Limestones from both stratigraphic sections were sampled as well as isolated limestone beds from two other sites. One facies association was defined and interpreted as a perennial lake associated with a deltaic system and dominated by detrital clastic material. It comprises Facies 1 (Marginal lacustrine) and Facies 2 (Lower delta plain); in both, the presence of grainstones and calcimudstones stands out. Through petrography and cathodoluminescence studies of these continental carbonates, nine microfacies were identified: (a) Intraclastic grainstone, (b) Homogeneous calcimudstone, (c) Silty grainstone, (d) Disrupted micrite, (e) Birds eye micrite, (f) Bioclastic mudstone, (g) Calcimudstone with sparse detrital grains, (h) Fenestral micrite, (i) Stromatolitic boundstone. These indicate mainly bio‐induced subaqueous carbonate precipitation and subordinate deposition by tractive flows with short‐distance transport on a littoral lacustrine environment. Most of these microfacies exhibit very early diagenesis (eogenesis) effects. These features, and the geochemistry results, indicate that they were deposited in a palaeolake system under temperate to warm and humid conditions.
Recovering predators link aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems: River otters subsidize coyotes with carrion
Authors: Gerraty Francis D. , Carroll Terence , Williams Skyler , Isadore Megan
Published: June 2024

Despite global declines in the abundance and distribution of predators, conservation and reintroduction efforts are increasingly leading to predator recoveries. Unexpected species interactions and ecological consequences often arise when these predator recoveries occur. Here, we describe a novel species interaction in which coyotes (Canis latrans) kleptoparasitize North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) in a region of river otter recovery along the north‐central California coast, USA. We describe eight observations of coyotes scavenging otter‐killed waterbird carrion, including one observation in which river otters aggressively defended their prey from a coyote kleptoparasite. These observations highlight the importance of carrion provisioning as an overlooked pathway through which river otters facilitate nutrient subsidies to terrestrial scavengers. This behavior may have ecological implications including effects on the abundance, behavior, and health of scavengers as well as their interspecific interactions. We propose hypotheses and questions regarding these ecological consequences to guide further investigations into the cross‐ecosystem impacts of recovering river otter populations.
The effect of terrain on the fine‐scale genetic diversity of sub‐Antarctic Collembola: A landscape genetics approach
Authors: Monsanto Daniela Marques , Hedding David William , Durand Sandra , Parbhu Shilpa Pradeep , Adair Matthew Grant , Emami‐Khoyi Arsalan , Teske Peter Rodja , Jansen van Vuuren Bettine
Published: June 2024

Biodiversity patterns are shaped by the interplay between geodiversity and organismal characteristics. Superimposing genetic structure onto landscape heterogeneity (i.e., landscape genetics) can help to disentangle their interactions and better understand population dynamics. Previous studies on the sub‐Antarctic Prince Edward Islands (located midway between Antarctica and Africa) have highlighted the importance of landscape and climatic barriers in shaping spatial genetic patterns and have drawn attention to the value of these islands as natural laboratories for studying fundamental concepts in biology. Here, we assessed the fine‐scale spatial genetic structure of the springtail, Cryptopygus antarcticus travei, which is endemic to Marion Island, in tandem with high‐resolution geological data. Using a species‐specific suite of microsatellite markers, a fine‐scale sampling design incorporating landscape complexity and generalised linear models (GLMs), we examined genetic patterns overlaid onto high‐resolution digital surface models and surface geology data across two 1‐km sampling transects. The GLMs revealed that genetic patterns across the landscape closely track landscape resistance data in concert with landscape discontinuities and barriers to gene flow identified at a scale of a few metres. These results show that the island's geodiversity plays an important role in shaping biodiversity patterns and intraspecific genetic diversity. This study illustrates that fine‐scale genetic patterns in soil arthropods are markedly more structured than anticipated, given that previous studies have reported high levels of genetic diversity and evidence of genetic structing linked to landscape changes for springtail species and considering the homogeneity of the vegetation complexes characteristic of the island at the scale of tens to hundreds of metres. By incorporating fine‐scale and high‐resolution landscape features into our study, we were able to explain much of the observed spatial genetic patterns. Our study highlights geodiversity as a driver of spatial complexity. More widely, it holds important implications for the conservation and management of the sub‐Antarctic islands.
Preference for ground cover when selecting burrow entrances in plateau pikas
Authors: Zhang Rui , Liu Wei
Published: June 2024

Burrow‐dwelling animals such as the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) often seek sturdy entrances for their burrows, which can reduce the need for frequent maintenance. The toughness of the ground surface is often reinforced by the interweaving of plant roots and often varies with the root characteristics. To better understand ground cover preferences when selecting burrow entrances by plateau pikas, we investigated the ratios of different ground covers at the rear of the entrances, as well as their coverage and underlying soil compaction in an undegraded alpine meadow on the Qinghai‐Xizang Plateau. The results indicated a clear preference hierarchy of sedges > forbs > grass > bare soil. This distribution was aligned with the soil compaction hierarchy of the topsoil layer beneath each cover type. The sedge coverage was significantly negatively correlated with burrow density, suggesting that plateau pikas opt for sturdy entrances with a natural inclination toward energy conservation. However, there is consensus that the population density of plateau pikas often reaches its maximum on almost nonvegetated “black soil beaches.” We hypothesized that the survival benefits brought about by vegetation degradation would be higher than the maintenance costs of burrow entrances.
Ocean warming undermines the recovery resilience of New England kelp forests following a fishery‐induced trophic cascade
Authors: Suskiewicz Thew S. , Byrnes Jarrett E. K. , Steneck Robert S. , Russell Robert , Wilson Carl J. , Rasher Douglas B.
Published: June 2024

Ecological theory predicts that kelp forests structured by trophic cascades should experience recovery and persistence of their foundation species when herbivores become rare. Yet, climate change may be altering the outcomes of top‐down forcing in kelp forests, especially those located in regions that have rapidly warmed in recent decades, such as the Gulf of Maine. Here, using data collected annually from 30+ sites spanning >350 km of coastline, we explored the dynamics of Maine's kelp forests in the ~20 years after a fishery‐induced elimination of sea urchin herbivores. Although forests (Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata) had broadly returned to Maine in the late 20th century, we found that forests in northeast Maine have since experienced slow but significant declines in kelp, and forest persistence in the northeast was juxtaposed by a rapid, widespread collapse in the southwest. Forests collapsed in the southwest apparently because ocean warming has—directly and indirectly—made this area inhospitable to kelp. Indeed, when modeling drivers of change using causal techniques from econometrics, we discovered that unusually high summer seawater temperatures the year prior, unusually high spring seawater temperatures, and high sea urchin densities each negatively impacted kelp abundance. Furthermore, the relative power and absolute impact of these drivers varied geographically. Our findings reveal that ocean warming is redefining the outcomes of top‐down forcing in this system, whereby herbivore removal no longer predictably leads to a sustained dominance of foundational kelps but instead has led to a waning dominance (northeast) or the rise of a novel phase state defined by “turf” algae (southwest). Such findings indicate that limiting climate change and managing for low herbivore abundances will be essential for preventing further loss of the vast forests that still exist in northeast Maine. They also more broadly highlight that climate change is “rewriting the rules” of nature, and thus that ecological theory and practice must be revised to account for shifting species and processes.
Porous Organic Polymers Supported Heterogeneous Catalysts for Hydroformylation Reactions
Authors: Wang Hao , Sun Jingya , Cai Xiao , Zhu Yan
Published: June 2024

Since Otto Roelen revealed the accidental discovery of the hydroformylation process while exploring Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis, this chemical process of olefins with syngas has subsequently become the main source of aldehyde products. Compared to homogeneous systems, heterogeneous hydroformylation systems can avoid homogenous separation and lower the loss of valuable metals. Porous organic polymers (POPs) are one of porous materials that are interconnected by strong covalent bonds. By modifying the substrate structures, they may encapsulate various metal atoms and show remarkably high selectivity and activity for hydroformylation processes. In this review, we mainly focus on systematically summarizing recent developments, synthesis, and catalytic research on POPs supported catalysts in hydroformylation reactions. Lastly, we also discuss the prospects and challenges for future studies for the POPs supported metal catalysts.
HFIP‐Promoted Short Total Synthesis of Gochnatiolide D and Ainsliadimer A from Dehydrozaluzanin C
Authors: Kelesidis Antonis , Gennaiou Kyriaki , Zografos Alexandros L.
Published: June 2024

The total syntheses of gochnatiolide D and ainsliadimer A were achieved through a streamlined one‐pot sequence starting from their biogenetic precursor dehydrozaluzanin C. These biomimetic, protecting group‐free syntheses involve the elegant orchestration of the highly diastereoselective hetero‐Diels‐Alder reaction of dehydrozaluzanin C, its subsequent hydrolysis to gochnatiolide D and finally an aldol reaction to ainsliadimer A, all harnessed by the hydrogen bond propensity and acidity of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), which was utilized as the reaction solvent.
Unraveling the Potential of Cyclic N‐Sulfonyl Ketimines in the MCR Universe
Authors: Fragkiadakis Michael , Fotopoulou Eirini , Froudas Konstantinos G. , Neochoritis Constantinos G.
Published: June 2024

Cyclic N‐sulfonyl ketimines constitute an accessible class of lead‐like heterocycles with a vast application in both synthetic organic and medicinal chemistry. In this context, we harness the capabilities of these heterocycles in four different isocyanide‐based multicomponent reactions. Our goal was to create libraries of compounds with functional groups and vectors that are compatible for structural elaboration and optimization of their physical properties. We synthesized 15 unprecedented compounds with high diversity and complexity, whereas we have obtained four single crystal structures of each scaffold, unraveling their geometrical features and potential employment in drug discovery.
Review of Solar Greenhouse Drying Systems in Conjunction with Hybrid Technological Features, Designs, Operations, and Economic Implications for Agro‐Food Product Processing Application
Authors: Khan Shafat Ahmad , Chakraborty Sourav , Dash Kshirod Kumar , Dar Aamir Hussain , Shawl Falak , Dash Santosh Kumar , Singh Sushil Kumar , Dwivedi Madhuresh , Barik Debabrata
Published: June 2024

This review reports recent developments in solar greenhouse drying systems in conjunction with hybrid technological features and their designs, operations, and economic implications as well as application in agro‐food product processing. Solar energy is one of the most efficient renewable energy sources to be used as an alternative to fossil fuels. This form of energy is the finest option for space heating and electricity generation among the available renewable energy sources. Solar energy can be used directly or indirectly for dehydrating agricultural and nonagricultural products. However, the products are susceptible to natural disasters such as rain, insects, and animals in open‐air sun drying. Solar greenhouse drying systems in conjunction with hybrid technological features are one of the most recent applications used in the agro‐food processing sectors. The review shows that the quality of products dried in conservatories is superior to that of products traditionally dried under the sun. Further, higher sustainability of the solar greenhouse‐oriented hybrid drying system in terms of embodied energy, energy return time, CO2 emission, net CO2 mitigation, and carbon credit can also be observed with the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis, i.e., strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of solar dryers. This shows the framework for abundant real‐world applications.
Influence of Instantaneous Shut‐In on the Safety of Tubing String in Ultra‐Deep High‐Temperature and High‐Pressure Gas Well
Authors: Zhang Xuliang , Zheng Yushan , Yang Chengxin , Zhang Yuhan , Liu Huiliang , Chu Shengli , Guo Haiqing
Published: June 2024

In this article, considering the factors such as well trajectory and tubing string structures, the transient shut‐in tubing string pressure fluctuation model of ultra‐deep high‐temperature and high‐pressure (hereinafter referred to as HTHP) gas well is established, the propagation of pressure wave along the well depth is obtained, and the effects of different production and shut‐in time on the fluctuating pressure and its variation range are analyzed. Through calculation and analysis, it can be seen that there are differences in pressure waveforms at different well depths. The closer to the bottom of the well, the more delayed the occurrence of water hammer, and the smaller the water hammer pressure value. The larger the production, the greater the pressure wave velocity, and the closer to the wellhead, the more obvious the change. For well X, the pressure wave velocity in the well section below 6500 m varies greatly with the increase of production. When the production is 140 × 104 m3 D−1, the difference of pressure wave velocity between the bottom hole and the wellhead is 105.19 m s−1. After instantaneous shut‐in, the wellhead pressure increases by 3.2% compared with the initial pressure and the bottom hole pressure increases by 0.6%.
Textile‐based triboelectric nanogenerators integrated with 2D materials
Authors: Ali Iftikhar , Karim Nazmul , Afroj Shaila
Published: June 2024

The human body continuously generates ambient mechanical energy through diverse movements, such as walking and cycling, which can be harvested via various renewable energy harvesting mechanisms. Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) stands out as one of the most promising emerging renewable energy harvesting technologies for wearable applications due to its ability to harness various forms of mechanical energies, including vibrations, pressure, and rotations, and convert them into electricity. However, their application is limited due to challenges in achieving performance, flexibility, low power consumption, and durability. Here, we present a robust and high‐performance self‐powered system integrated into cotton fabric by incorporating a textile‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (T‐TENG) based on 2D materials, addressing both energy harvesting and storage. The proposed system extracts significant ambient mechanical energy from human body movements and stores it in a textile supercapacitor (T‐Supercap). The integration of 2D materials (graphene and MoS2) in fabrication enhances the performance of T‐TENG significantly, as demonstrated by a record‐high open‐circuit voltage of 1068 V and a power density of 14.64 W/m2 under a force of 22 N. The developed T‐TENG in this study effectively powers 200+ LEDs and a miniature watch while also charging the T‐Supercap with 4‐5 N force for efficient miniature electronics operation. Integrated as a step counter within a sock, the T‐TENG serves as a self‐powered step counter sensor. This work establishes a promising platform for wearable electronic textiles, contributing significantly to the advancement of sustainable and autonomous self‐powered wearable technologies.

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Efficacy and safety of add‐on antiseizure medications for focal epilepsy: A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Hesheng , Ou Zhujing , Zhang Enhui , Liu Wenyu , Hao Nanya , Chen Yujie , Liu Yutong , Ye Hui , Zhou Dong , Wu Xintong
Published: June 2024

Objective

Several antiseizure medications (ASMs) have been approved for the treatment of focal epilepsy. However, there is a paucity of evidence on direct comparison of ASMs. We evaluated the comparative efficacy and safety of all approved add‐on ASMs for the treatment of focal epilepsy using network meta‐analysis.

Methods

Data through extensive literature search was retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrial.gov databases using predefined search terms from inception through March 2023. PRISMA reporting guidelines (CRD42023403450) were followed in this study. Efficacy outcomes assessed were ≥50%, ≥75%, and 100% responder rates. Patient retention rate and safety outcomes such as overall treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and individual TEAEs were assessed. “Gemtc” 4.0.4 package was used to perform Bayesian analysis. Outcomes are reported as relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

Literature search retrieved 5807 studies of which, 75 studies were included in the analysis. All ASMs showed significantly higher ≥50% responder rate compared with placebo. Except the ≥75% seizure frequency reduction for zonisamide (2.23; 95% CI: 1.00–5.70) and 100% for rufinamide (2.03; 95% CI: 0.54–11.00), all other interventions showed significantly higher ≥75% and 100% responder rates compared with placebo. Among treatments, significantly higher 100% responder rate was observed with cenobamate compared to eslicarbazepine (10.71; 95% CI: 1.56–323.9) and zonisamide (10.63; 95% CI: 1.37–261.2). All ASMs showed a lower patient retention rate compared to placebo, with the least significant value observed for oxcarbazepine (0.77; 95% CI: 0.7–0.84). Levetiracetam showed a lower risk of incidence (1.0; 95%CI: 0.94–1.1; SUCRA: 0.885067) for overall TEAE compared with other medications.

Significance

All approved ASMs were effective as add‐on treatment for focal epilepsy. Of the ASMs included, cenobamate had the greatest likelihood of allowing patients to attain seizure freedom.

Plain Language Summary

This article compares the efficacy and safety of antiseizure medications (ASMs) currently available to neurologists in the treatment of epileptic patients. Several newer generation ASMs that have been developed may be as effective or better than the older medications. We included 75 studies in the analysis. In comparison, all drugs improved ≥50%, ≥75% and 100% responder rates compared to control, except for Zonisamide and Rufinamide in the ≥75% and 100% responder rate categories. Retention of patients undergoing treatment was lower in drugs than placebo. All drugs were tolerated, the levetiracetam showed the best tolerability. Cenobamate more likely help completely to reduce seizures.