bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anal Fissures in Pediatrics, and Its Non-Surgical Management, A Review Study
Authors: Ali Al Baazi Alaa Mohammed , Kadium Athir Ahmed , Mahmood Mahmood Mosa
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study is to show the effect of conservative therapy in management of anal fissures in pediatrics.Study samples were patients presenting to Central Teaching Hospital of Paediatrics between Feb. 2012 to Mar.2013. In prospective descriptive-analytical study,50 cases with anal fissures were evaluated in the pediatricsurgery outpatient clinic. All cases were subjected to medical history and clinical examination. The collecteddata were classified in tables. In history we focused on dietary habits , bowel habits , rectal bleeding, painfuldefecation & constipation. The collected data consisted of age, sex, presentation & location of fissure. In clinicalexamination we assessed the site , presence of skin tags & PR if needed. All cases underwent conservativetreatment for anal fissure by using proctocidar ointment locally 2-3 times daily for 3-6 weeks & lidocaine gel2% applied 10 minutes before defecation to minimize the pain. Lactulose syrup was given 2-3 times dailywith meal to soften the stool & Purgative (Dulcolax) orally in addition to dietary habit instructions. Twopatients only not responded to this regimen , so underwent anal dilatation under general anaesthesia. In ourstudy a total of 50 cases (30 cases 60% Males & 20 cases 40% Females) at age between (6 months - 3years)presented in central teaching hospital of pediatrics mainly as pain during defecation. All were evaluated ,diagnosed & managed during the period from Feb.2012 to Mar. 2013 & followed up for 3-6 weeks. In about48 cases (96%) associated with constipation & 2 cases (4%) associated with diarrhea. 34 cases (68%) hadpain during defecation & 27 cases (54%) had bleeding per rectum (streaks of blood or small drops of blood).All Patients were diagnosed clinically by history from parents & local examination. 45 cases of fissures inano were located posteriorly, 3 were anteriorly located & only 2 cases have fissures on both sides. 48 caseshad history of developing symptoms within 2 weeks period & underwent medical management in the formof laxatives e.g. lactulose & purgatives e.g. dulcolax in addition to lidocaine gel 2% which is topicallyapplied for about 3 to 6 weeks resulting in complete healing. 2 cases (4%) only were not responded to thisregimen & needed anal dilatation. We found that an acute anal fissure is more common than chronic inpediatrics. The most common presenting symptoms were pain during defecation & constipation.

Conclusion: Anal fissures can be simply and effectively treated medically by topical proctocidar ointmentand lidocaine gel 2% in addition to lactulose syrup & purgative. These are an excellent combination,associated with a low recurrence rate and minimal side effects.
The Effect of L- Carnitine on Cardiac Output in Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease on Regular Hemodialysis
Authors: Mahdi S. Abdul-Hassan , A.A. Abdul-Aziz
Published: June 2021

Background: L- carnitine deficiency is common in patients with chronic kidney disease, especially thosewho are in regular dialysis. L- carnitine deficiency associated with high incidence of oxidative stress,dyslipidemia and impaired cardiac performance. The present study tends to evaluate the effect of L-carnitinesupplement on cardiac output in patients with chronic kidney disease on regular hemodialysis.Methods: the current study included 105 patients with chronic kidney disease, they were randomly selectedfrom patients attending artificial kidney unit at Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Thiqar city for regularhemodialysis. They were divided into two groups, group I include 35 patients with chronic kidney diseasewho did not receive L- carnitine and considered as control group, group II include 70 patients with chronickidney disease who receive L- carnitine. patients of group II further divided into two subgroups depending ondose of L- carnitine. Group II(A), include 35 patients with chronic kidney disease who received L- carnitine10/kg body weight one time daily and group II(B): include 35 patients with chronic kidney disease whoreceived L- carnitine 10/kg body weight two time daily. Ejection fraction was determined by transthoracicechocardiography. Frequency, percentage, association, paired t-test were used for analysis of variables. Allvariables represented by mean ± SD. P value of < 0.05 considered statistically significant.Results: There was statistically significant increase in the mean of EF% (P<0.001) among patients withchronic kidney disease who receive L- carnitine in a dose of 10mg/Kg body weight twice daily (group IIB)after six months of treatment in comparison with the baseline values. There was a slight but significant (p<0.05) increase in the mean of EF% in patients with chronic kidney disease who received single daily doseof L- carnitine 10mg/Kg body weight (group IIA) after six months in comparison with the initial values atthe beginning of the study.

Conclusion: carnitine supplement in a suitable dose seem to improve cardiac performance among patientswith chronic kidney diseases on regular hemodialysis.
The Effect of the Thermal Frequency Device for Shock Waves on the Efficiency of the Knee Joint and the Skill of Rotating The Cord Backward by Bounce for Female Students with Simple Rupture of the Lateral Collateral Ligament
Authors: Abd Alazem Rehab Nabeel , Hadi Ammar Hamza , Alwan Mayson Hussien
Published: June 2021

The research problem lies in the injury of the collateral ligament of the knee joint and what causes this injuryof pain. This pain increases in cases of bending and extending the knee joint for any movement and byinforming researchers about the physical therapy units, they found that rehabilitation of the injury is usuallythrough traditional rehabilitative exercises, such as weights, for example, which are often unwanted by theinjured who prefer the faster and easier method of performance and by using modern devices, including thethermal frequency device and the shock waves because it generates the desire and the rehabilitation andpsychological effect on the injured, therefore, the researchers decided to go into this experiment by usingrehabilitative exercises in a scientifically studied manner accompanied by a thermal frequency device andvibrational waves to rehabilitate the collateral ligament injury for students by strengthening the musclessurrounding the joint, in addition, the development of some rope skills in rhythmic gymnastics for students,and the research aims to prepare rehabilitative exercises accompanied by a thermal frequency device forvibrational waves in the efficiency of the knee joint and the skill of rotating the rope backward with reboundfor students with a simple tear of the lateral ligament, the researchers used the experimental approach inthe method of (one group) with the two pre and post-tests due to its suitability to the nature of the problem,the sample was chosen by the intentional method of (7) students with partial tearing of the lateral ligamentof the knee joint based on a medical report from the specialist doctor, and after a medical examination andan (MRI) scan. In light of the results reached by the researchers, the following conclusions came out: Therehabilitative exercises have a positive effect in rehabilitating the partial tear of the lateral ligament forstudents with rhythmic gymnastics.
The Activity of an Educational Field by Means of Assisting in the Development the Speed Movement and Shooting Skill of Football For Youth
Authors: Jawad Husam Kadhim , Abd Alrazaq Asaad Hussein
Published: June 2021

The importance of the research lies in preparing an educational field in developing motor speed and footballscoring skill for cubs, depending on the stock of motor abilities and skills that were learned in a previousperiod and which are prerequisites for motor learning and achieving good technical performance that securesa level of performance. the researchers decided to prepare an educational field by means of assisting in thedevelopment of kinematic speed and football scoring skill for cubs in order to reach the desired and intendedachievement. The research objective : Preparing an educational field with assistive means to develop motorspeed and soccer scoring skill for young players. The researchers used the experimental approach in solvingthe research problem, and on the research community, the research community was identified with youngplayers of ages (13-14) years for the football school to foster the sporting talent in football for the Kothadistrict / Babil governorate, whose number is (22) players, and they were divided equally by the method,simple randomness. As for the most important conclusions, they were: The educational field contributed bymeans of assisting in the development of motor velocity and the skill of scoring football for young players.
Effect of Video Games on Psychological Development of the Child in Primary Schools in Baghdad
Authors: Hammo Siham A.
Published: June 2021

Objectives: To review scientific studies of the effect of video games on child psychological development.And to examine the evidence that playing video games plays a role on child psychological development.Design: A descriptive analytical study starting from December 2016 to May 2017 such an assessmentapproach is apply to achieve the objectives of the study.Methodology: A simple random sample of 300 students selected from a probability-stratified sample ofprimary school for both sexes in Baghdad Al – Rasafa, starting from December 2016 to May 2017. Aquestionnaire constructed for the purpose of the present study throughout a review of relevant literature,previous studies and consultation from panel of experts. To begin, answer the questions using the scale, Know,Uncertain, Don’t Know. The questionnaire consist of two main parts, Part one included the demographicinformation (15) items, part two included the items of psychological effect which consist of (13) items.The overall items which were included in the questionnaire were (28) items. Reliability and validity of thequestionnaire were determined through a pilot study. Data collected using the questionnaire fromFebruary 27 2017 to 14th of March 2017 through the utilization of the semi - structured technique as amean of data collection. Data analyzed through descriptive statistical data analysis approach (frequency,percentage and mean) and inferential statistical data analysis approach.Results: The results showed that the effect of video games on the psychological development of the childhad a mild significant effect resulting from playing video games.Conclusion: It is clear that the effect of video game is a serious problem for the generation of children andfuture builders in our society, when there is no aware towards the impact of the problem.

Recommendation: Educating children about media effects generally and about video game effectsspecifically, so that children can learn to make informed choices. In addition, encouraging children to playpro-social and educational video games in preference to violent games.
The Effect of Stress-Playing Style Exercises on the Development of Some Biomotor Abilities of Young Football Players
Authors: Ali Hazim Qasim Muhammad , Hamzah Ahmed Abdulameer
Published: June 2021

The football game has witnessed a great development in terms of the speed of play, possession and pressureon the ball carrier. Those involved in the game have to keep pace with this development through the useof integrated training programs that contain basic and advanced exercises that take care of most detailsof the game in addition to paying attention to the physical and movement that the player needs duringthe performance, such as Strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, ability, agility, coordination. and whatis associated with it, especially during defensive or offensive football performance, which contributes tocontrolling the course of the game. The importance of the research is that it is a research attempt that isconcerned with consolidating the idea of a stress playing style in the reality of Iraqi clubs and teams trainingthrough this defensive method to achieve the desired goal, as well as experimenting with the use of defensiveexercises characterized by rapid application and high accuracy together, and to know the extent of the impactof exercises in the style of compressive play on the development of some biomechanical capabilities of youngfootball players in a step aimed at strengthening the sports field with practical experiments and service toresearchers in the sports field. The research aims to identify the impact of exercises with a stress playing styleon the development of some biomechanical capabilities of young football players. The researchers identifiedthe research community, who are the (23) players of the Al-shuohda football Club, and the research samplewas chosen by a random method (lottery) of (10) players, appropriate statistical means were used to finddifferences in the pre and post-tests. The researchers came out with the following conclusions: Compressiveplay style exercises developed some biomechanical capabilities (movement speed, agility and compatibility)for the experimental group under discussion, compressive play exercises simulated the player for the sameconditions of the match.
The Effect of Concentrated Liquids Before Physical Exertion on Some Physiological Variables of 10,000 Meters for Young Runners
Authors: Fadhil Ahmed Abdulrazzaq , Kaittan Emad Amanah , Kaittan Mohammed Amanah
Published: June 2021

The objective of the research is to identify the effect of concentrated fluids before physical exertion onsome of the physiological variables of the 10,000-meter runners of youth for the individuals of the researchsample, to identify the speed of the hostile response 10,000 meters to the concentrated fluids before thephysical exertion of the individuals of the research sample. The research sample was determined by thedeliberate selection of young runners in athletics age (18-19 years) according to the classification of theInternational Athletics Federation, as the research sample included (21) runners representing Baghdad clubsand the National Center for Sports Giftedness, they were distributed randomly (by drawing lots) into threegroups, each group consisting of (7) runners, energy and speed of recovery, thus increasing the maximumoxygen consumption and total energy drainage, sugar and sodium chloride have a great effect on energyproduction and thus increase the maximum oxygen consumption and total energy drainage, as for water, itdid not have a significant effect in increasing the maximum oxygen consumption and total energy drainage.The researcher recommended using concentrated liquids with water an hour and a half before running longdistances. From fatigue and increases the speed of recovery, drinking concentrated fluids before, during, andafter long-distance runs reduces the incidence of fatigue, thus delaying the onset of lactic acid and increasesenergy production.
The Effect of Pulmonary Ventilation Exercises and some Respiratory Indicators in the Preparation for Olympic Lift and Achievement for Advanced Lifters
Authors: Abd Hayder Jabbar
Published: June 2021

The research aims to identify the effect of pulmonary ventilation exercises and some respiratory indicatorson the preparation of the Olympic jacks and achievement for the advanced fourths, so the experimentalapproach was adopted to treat the research problem, the research sample was intentionally chosen from (20)different players, they were divided into two experimental and control groups using the method of randomdivision.(1) The homogeneity and equivalence processes were performed to initiate one point for the data ofthe two research samples, after taking pre-measurements for them (height, age, ve. Vs. vo2 max), a trainingapproach was designed to develop pulmonary ventilation and know its effect on other research variables,and the results of the tribal arithmetic media were compared And the dimensionality of the two groups andtreating them statistically, as the most important conclusions were reached which are the void filling wheninhaling and holding the breath with the need to take adequate inhalation at a rate of (RR10) inhalation andexhalation operations before lifting that lead to the best achievement. .(2)
Haplotyping of Echinococcus granulosus Isolates From Human, Sheep and Cattles Hydatid Cysts in Some Central Euphrates Provinces, Iraq
Authors: Shani Al-Hasnawi Nabaa Zahid Sabri , Al-Hamairy Ahmed Khudhair , Altameme Huda Jasim M.
Published: June 2021

This study included nine samples collected from the infected (liver and lung) divided into three equalsamples (sheep, cattle and humans) collected from some Central Euphrates Provinces for the period from thebeginning August 2019 till February 2020. PCR technique was performed for in detection and genotypingof Echiococcus granulosus hydatid cyst based on mitochondrial Cox1 gene and Nad1 genes in isolates.This technique was carried out according to method described by Nikmanesh et al. (2014). The presentstudy aimed to showed haplotype genetic and the frequency percentage of it in the Central Euphratesregion.the result showed the H15 haplotype was a higher frequency followed it ( H10, H11) and then (H5).The frequency percentage of the haplotype genetic in the current study of the taken samples (8) that theprevalence and frequency of haplotype genetic H15 was 37.5%, followed by the genotype ( H10,H11) at25% for both them , and the lowest was the genotype (H5) at 12.5% The human samples registered 100%for (H15) , the sheep registered 50 % for H5, H10.While cattle samples registered 33.3 % for H10 and 66.6for H11 . Isolation H15 is the essential in the infection to humans as a result of dogs were fed hydatid cystsof cattle origin, and there is no relationship between sheep and humans, while there is a relationship betweensheep and cattle in the Haplotype (H10).
The Protective Effect of Cladophora glomerate Algae Ethanolic Extract on Some Biochemical Parameters in Rats Experimental Induced Diabetes
Authors: Abbas Amal K. , Ali Lubab G. , Awad Osama, I. , Ezaldeen Shaymaa, A.
Published: June 2021

The efficacy of alcoholic extract of Cladophora glomerate(Cg) algae in lowering levels of glucose , cholesteroland triglycerides in male rats with diabetes induced with Alloxan and as will as the histopathology of thepancreas was investigated in this report. The results showed that the alcoholic extract of algae reduced ofglucose cholesterol and triglycerides levels significantly and a histological examination of pancreatic tissuerevealed the therapeutic potential of Cladophora glomerate algae in inhibiting alloxan toxicity of alloxan.
Development and Assessment of New Bioactive Glass Fiber Post. Part II: Ion’s Release
Authors: Altamimi Akram M. A. , Majeed Manhal A.
Published: June 2021

Objectives: This study was designed to develop and assess the ions release property of an innovativeexperimental bioactive fiber-reinforce composite as a new material for an intra-canal post.Study Design: An in vitro studyMaterials and Methods: Surface treated unidirectional E-glass fiber were impregnated and implanted witha triple cure, self-adhesive ACTIVA BioACTIVE resin cement to fabricate an experimental bioactive glassfiber post using hand lay-up moulding technique and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) moulds, The cylindricaland rectangular form specimens were prepared, for each specimen, ensure 3min for self-cure setting, thenlight-cured for the 40s. The specimens were individually immersed in a deionized (DI) water, and sodiumchloride solution to assess the fluoride ion release, and calcium-phosphate ions release sequentially. VirginACTIVA BioACTIVE cement was used as a reference group for all investigations.Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis was achieved by means of independent variable t-test, onewayANOVA, and Bonferroni Pairwise comparisons utilizing IBM-SPSS software.Results: Experimental material recognized a significant reduction in F-, Ca+2, and PO43- release afterreinforcement compared to virgin ACTIVA BioACTIVE.Conclusions: The ACTIVA BioACTIVE cement’s reinforcement process reduced the ion release intensityof the material but not affected the releasing pattern.
Assessment of Neuron Specific Enolase Level and some Related Biochemical Factors in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Authors: Zina J. Ghaib  , Ghudhaib Kadhim K. , Mohsen Firas Y.
Published: June 2021

Background: the disorder of neuron system by the action of hyperglycemia is Diabetic neuropathyconsiders a common diabetic complication which is associated with a wide scope of clinical cases. Peripheralneuropathy (PN) represents a clinical case, wherein the peripheral nervous system is damaged. Accordingly,biochemical parameters have importance to apply as good predictor factors. Accordingly we attempt toassess the biochemical factors of Neuron Specific Enolase NSE, Calpotectin CALP, Xanthine Oxidase XODin patients suffering from this type of diabetes complications as early predictors and study their correlations.Methods: Fifty eight patients are known to have diabetic mellitus, which is classified into three groups.Group I represents DPN of 30 patients, group II referred to 28 diabetic patients without DPN, in additionto 30 healthy subjects as a control group, with range age (38-70) years old. BMI was determined for all thestudied groups. Levels of FBS, lipid categories and HbA1C were estimated. NSE, CALP and XOD levelswere measured by ELISA method. hs-CRP also determine for patients and control.Results: The results revealed that levels of both FBS and HbA1C are increased significantly (p<0.05)in both patients groups rather than healthy subjects. Moreover, results recorded an important increase ofcholesterol, TGs, LDL and VLDL levels (p<0.05). in contrast the HDL decrease in the two patient groupsrelated to healthy group. Increased levels of NSE, CALP, XOD and hs-CRP in DPN group and diabeticgroup compared with control group. The results of this study showed a direct correlation between BMI andFBS, in addition to BMI and hsCRP which possess the same correlation. Analysis by ROC curve showed thatboth NSE and CALP are representing the strongest markers for diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy followedby XOD and hs-CRP respectively.Conclusion: Levels of the studied factors consider good indicators to use them as suitable markers for earlydetection of diabetic sensory neuropathy. The results of ROC curve analysis revealed that NSE and CALP isthe strongest biomarker for diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy.
Effects of Vitex Agnus Castus Leave Extract on Induced Retinal Angiogenesis in Rabbit
Authors: Hadi Sara Wathiq , Shihab Shihab Abdulrahman
Published: June 2021

Retinal pathologic angiogenesis is the leading cause of blindness in human generate from age-relatedmacular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy and premature retinopathy (ROP).The aim of this studyis to investigate the effect of vitex agnus castus leave extract on induced retinal angiogenesis in rabbitsby intravitreal injection of VEGF. Alcoholic extract of vitex agnus castus prepared and formulated forintravitreal injection. Twenty four pigmented rabbits included in this study and allocated into four equalgroups(6 rabbits in each group): Retinal angiogenesis induced group, group treated by bevacizumab, grouptreated by 100mcg of Vitex agnus castus leave extract, and group treated by 50mcg of Vitex agnus castusleave extract as intravitreal injection. Parameters include matrixmetalloproteinase-9, intracellular adhesionmolecule-1. The result of the current study revealed that intravitreal injection of Vitex agnus castus leaveextract was reduced the level of MMP-9 and ICAM-1 in comparison with retinal angiogenesis inducedgroup after one week of retinal angiogenesis induction , although it was non-significant (P>0.05).
Nutritional Assessment of Patients with Liver Cirrhosis in GIT and Liver Hospital, Baghdad, 2020
Authors: Badr Saif M. , Alkhalidi Nawal M. , Aldelfi Mohsin Ahmed , Al-Diwan Jawad K.
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Liver cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long-termdamage which is characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue by scar tissue.Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study to a group of patients with liver cirrhosis. The data collectionwas done between September 25 to November 2020 at the GI and Liver Center in Baghdad Medical City.Convenient sample were chosen and each one was examined individually by a questionnaire designed forthis purpose. Body wight and height was measured, body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each one ofthem.Results: The mean BMI for both genders were within normal range (25±4.86), it was higher in males(25.8±4.56) than in females (22.79±5.11). Underweight was observed in 4 cases (6.7%), Normal BMI wasrecorded in 25 (41%) of cases, overweight was seen in 20 (33.3%) of patients and 15% was obese while onlytwo patients were extremely obese (3.3%), there was no significant difference for BMI between genders.Mean energy intake was 1575.32±381.3 which had a high significant difference compared to recommendedintake.Discussion: This study had shown that mean age is (54.4±13.14). Poor nutritional status is related to worseprognosis and increases the mortality rates in liver cirrhosis, malnutrition is usual in patients and associatedwith poor outcome. Nutritional support decreases nutrition associated complication. Current study revealedthat (51.6 %) of the subjects were alcoholic. The study showed that most of the patients found to takebalanced diet (38, 63.3%) compared to patients take unbalanced diet (22, 36.7%).Conclusion: Most of the patients had malnutrition. The patients need to enhance their knowledge aboutnutrition-related issues as a part of strategies to avoid nutritional inadequacies.Patients had modified dietthat does not meet with their nutritional needs in regarding to their health status.Energy adequacy is presentin more than half had lower than recommended.
Laser Surface Structuring of Commercial Pure Titanium
Authors: Al-Khafaji Aseel Mohammed , Hamad Thekra Ismael.
Published: June 2021

Aim This Study existent laser surface structuring of commercial pure titanium (Ti) grade II dental implant,surface structuring of the titanium implant expected causing decrease the time of implant healing andaccelerated the periimplant bone formation. So the present study aimed was in vitro evaluation of commercialpure titanium when subjected to two laser surface structuring (dot and groove) in different laser scans andcomparing with titanium surface that not subjected to any surface structuring (control) by using opticalmicroscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD) test.Materials and Methods: CNC fiber laser machine laser was used for performing the structuring on thesurface of the commercial pure titanium (CP Ti) disks and then analyzed with the control group by opticalmicroscope, SEM and XRD test. The study groups are: polished CP Ti (control); (5, 15 and 25) CP Ti withdot design laser scans; (5, 15 and 25) CP Ti with groove design laser scans.Results the optical and SEM results showed a uniform homogenous structure on the surface of the CP Ti forthe two design of all tested laser scans (5, 15 and 25). The XRD results show an increasing in the titaniumoxide layer for the disks with laser structuring comparing to the control one which predicted to increasetitanium osseointegration while maintaining biocompatibility characteristics of the CP Ti.Conclusions: CNC fiber laser machine are successful method for CP Ti surface structuring. For both lasersurfaces structuring design, the 25 laser scan showed more promising results follow by 15 laser scan then 5laser scan and lastly the control group.
Quality evaluation for recommendations of the antitrust regulator in the development of the legal system of Ukraine
Authors: Yaroshenko Oleg M. , Sliusar Andrey M. , Zhygalkin Ivan P. , Yakovleva Galina O.
Published: June 2021

The formation of a competitive system in a country’s economy is always determined by the possibilities of using tools that stimulate development and form an independent picture for the external environment. In this regard, the study determines the efficiency of antimonopoly regulatory authorities in establishing the criteria and limits of regulation. At the same time, there are cases when antitrust regulation is understood primarily as a form of economic pressure on business entities. The novelty of the study lies in a new consideration of the limits of antitrust regulation. The authors demonstrate that antitrust regulation in its current capacity constitutes a form of limiting the growth of the company and is aimed primarily at reducing the dependence of the market on one stakeholder. The paper identifies the possibilities of additional consideration of the criteria for limiting antitrust regulation in the context of the formation of economic security of a business entity. The paper covers the aspects of determining the limits of state support of economic security of business entities. The practical significance of the study is determined by the need for a more practical harmonization of the legislation of the country with global business standards and a decrease in the level of regulation of the business environment, coupled with its protection from hostile takeovers. The study presents the structure of economic security assurance in the context of the economic system development
Protection of human rights in the context of the development of the rule of law principle: The international aspect
Authors: Omelchuk Oleh M. , Hrynko Svitlana D. , Ivanovska Alla M. , Misinkevych Anna L. , Antoniuk Viktoriia V.
Published: June 2021

The consolidation of the principle of supremacy in international documents is described. It is established that the rule of law in the work of the UN has become a subject of constant discussion. It has gained significant momentum since 2007, establishing itself as one of the most important areas of the organisation. UN documents define the rule of law as a principle or as a sphere of activity of the Organisation and member countries. In their report, the UN Secretary-General divides the rule of law into three sectors: the rule of law at the international level, the rule of law in the context of conflict and post-conflict situations, and the rule of law in the context of long-term development. The UN Secretary-General’s annual reports continue to work to promote the rule of law at the national and international levels. UN activities and documents demonstrate that strengthening the rule of law at the international level is impossible without the promotion, observance, and implementation of international treaties, the settlement of disputes by peaceful means, and the protection of human rights that are inextricably linked to the rule of law principle. Areas of activity that strengthen the rule of law are identified. The content of the resolutions “ Rule of Law at the national and international levels” was analysed, based on the results of generalisation of the content and direction of the sessions of the General Assembly during the last fifteen years, the directions of activity within this framework were determined. The rule of law is recognised as one of the fundamental principles of the European Community and enshrined in its regional acts. The elements of the principle of the rule of law are identified based on the results of generalisation of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. It is established that in the European region a great role in the development and interpretation of the concept of the rule of law is played by its judicial interpretation, which is engaged in by two international judicial institutions: the ECtHR and the European Court of Justice. The rule of law is represented in the work of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and plays a significant role in the promotion and protection of human rights. A significant contribution to the development of regulations for the implementation of the rule of law at the international level was made by the International Non-Governmental Organisation “World Justice Project”, which developed in 2010 the Rule of Law Index. The indicators of measuring the rule of law index in the country are characterised and their analysis in the dynamics at the international level and the distribution of the rule of law index by factors in Ukraine
Features of legal regulation of human rights in armed conflicts
Authors: Pylypenko Volodymyr F. , Pylypyshyn Pavlo B. , Radanovych Nataliia M.
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify the problems of protecting human rights and freedoms during armed conflicts based on the analysis of existing international legal and national acts, including their features in Ukraine. As one of the main methods of analysis, comparative analysis is used, which compares the Ukrainian practice of implementing the human rights protection system with the legal framework for regulating the object of research in some countries and at the international level, and analyses international humanitarian law and international human rights law. It is noted that international humanitarian law plays a significant role in the observance and regulation of human rights during armed conflicts. The study describes the international acts of humanitarian law and its main differences from international human rights law. The study analyses the protection of human rights within the framework of international human rights law and within the framework of international humanitarian law, and provides a retrospective analysis of their development. According to the comparative analysis results, it is concluded that the vast majority of modern armed conflicts are not of an international nature; therefore, the specific features of protecting human rights in these conditions are determined. The study analyses the establishment of legal regulation and its changes from the very beginning of the armed conflict in Ukraine and the state of human rights protection
EDUKASI PARENTING TERHADAP KAUM MARGINAL KOTA
Authors: Mega Firda Mustika
Published: June 2021

Trough of a social perspective, the portrait of a small family living in a marginal urban area with poor economic conditions forces its residents to work as scavengers, buskers and homeless people. This profession is not only done by parents, but they also involve their children to work on the streets. The weak economic situation of the family has an impact on the growth and development of their children and their right to appreciate education. However, the failure to fulfill the right to proper education for children because poverty can be anticipated by providing education and solutions in care. This happened in the residential area of Kampung Ledhok Timoho Jogjakarta where in-depth assessment and intervention had been carried out on the parenting role of parents. This research is a descriptive qualitative study using the phenomenological approach of Alfred Schutz which has the concept of because of motive and in order to motive into understand parenting education as family education as well as the motives behind and the hopes they want to achieve. As a result, with strong support and desire, the threat of unequal education for marginalized people is broken down and education does not always have to be balanced with high costs.
Sven Nilsson and the Invention of Modern Man
Authors: Hegardt Johan
Published: June 2021

During the early 18th century archaeology was both materialistic and idealistic. Since the end of the century idealism has been excluded. Processual archaeology was, for example, highly materialistic. In this article an idealistic principle is reintroduced, though in a different form. Idealism is instead understood as an ethic.
The Transformative Dragon - The Construction of Social Identity and the Use of Metaphors during the Nordic Iron Age.
Authors: Johansen Birgitta
Published: June 2021

This article deals with how people during the Iron Age constructed their social identity, how they matured and became men and women —a process connected with the ownership and cultivation of landed property. Three different types of ancient monuments - stone walls, hillforts and runestones - are discussed in this context. The theoretical point of departure is that monuments have visual messages of their own, not necessarily identical with how they have been used, and that the metaphor is a useful analytical tool.
New Perspectives on the Pitted Ware Culture in Northern Sweden
Authors: Björck Niclas
Published: June 2021

During the last three years the number of coastal Pitted Ware sites in southern Norrland has increased immensely. The northern border of this cultural expression has been pushed to the northernmost part of Hälsingland, that is as far as our new surveys have reached. In 1993 the site of Fräkenrönningen was excavated. Due to the fact that the cultural layer on this site was excavated in it s totality - not just sampled — an analysis concerning the relation between artefacts and constructions on the site have been possible. These new sourcematerials has enabled us to pose questions about settlement structure and settlement patterns that would have been impossible to pursue without these large and consistent materials.
Activating the Monuments - The Ritual Use of Cairns in Bronze Age Norrland
Authors: Bolin Hans
Published: June 2021

This article deals with cairns and stone-settings in Northern Sweden. The central questions are: what was the meaning of the cairns, who built them, and what were the intentions of the people in doing so? Cairns and stonesettings do not only represent a kind of permanent and completed graveconstruction for individual burials. The ritual use of cairns and cairn-like stone-settings also involved a broad spectrum of ritual activities. It is here suggested that the cairns should be related to kinship groups and considered as long-term monuments, which were continually rebuilt and activated in the local ritual.
Encultured Rocks - Encounter with a Ritual World of the Bronze Age
Authors: Hauptman Wahlgren Katherine
Published: June 2021

There is an intriguing rock-carving place at Flyhov in the province of Västergötland, southern Sweden. The carved images appear on a series of flat rocks in connection to a number of pointed oval hollows, that are linked to each other in rows suggestive of boats joined together stem by stem. It is argued that the hollowed-out boats in the rock made this a significant place for rock-carvings. Certain phenomena of nature were ritually important during the Bronze Age, and some elements like rock and water may have had a transformative character. Metaphoric understanding of images is used to inspire interpretations of the meaning of the Bronze Age rock-carvings.
Cultural Diversity in the Home Ground - How Archaeology Can Make the World a Better Place
Authors: Burström Mats
Published: June 2021

We are separated from the prehistoric past by a cultural distance. In the past, people had different cultural beliefs and ideas from us, and in this respect they lived in another world. Therefore, our home ground wherever it happens to be situated —contains a cultural diversity; to meet the past is to meet the foreign. This realization can hopefully lead away from one-sided searches for the roots of one's own group of people. lnstead it can form the basis for a greater interest in and understanding of cultural pluralism in the past as well as in the present.
The First Seal Hunter Families on Gotland - On the Mesolithic Occupation in the Stora Förvar Cave
Authors: Lindqvist Christian , Possnert Göran
Published: June 2021

The article presents some results of a joint interdisciplinary researchproject, The Stora Förvar Cave and Gotlands peopling, faunal history and subsistence economy/diet development from the Boreal to the Subatlantic, initiated by Christian Lindqvist in 1991. Its objectives include investigations of a number of crucial issues in a long-term perspective, such as the initial settlement, the early faunal history, the early subsistence economy and diet, but also the character of the Mesolithic-Neolithic shift on Gotland, by means of human and zooosteological, carbon isotope and ancient DNA analyses. The article presents and discusses artefact, osteological, and 13C and 14C data and interpretations concerning the duration and character of the Mesolithic occupation —temporary kill/butchering site, seasonal hunting station, semi-sedentary base camp or burial cave —as well as osteobiographical data on the identified human individuals and their burial customs.
Surveying the Cultural Heritage of the Swedish Countryside - Success and Failure during the Twentieth Century
Authors: Gren Leif
Published: June 2021

The surveys of the cultural heritage of the Swedish countryside have been carried out in accordance with different laws. This has led to a great specialisation of certain aspects of the cultural heritage, and the evaluation of them has always been a task for specialists. The same specialisation often has characterised the scientific research on ancient monuments, nature, etc. In general an enormous amount of knowledge has been gained, but the historic understanding of why the remains exist at all has never been given as much attention as their physical appearance. This has caused a major separation between the cultural heritage management and the nature conservation.
Archaeology and Pre-Christian Religion in Scandinavia
Authors: Jennbert Kristina
Published: June 2021

Archaeological research on pre-Christian religion has increased greatly during the last two decades. Studies of ritual and religion appear frequently in scholarly, popular and antiquarian publications of the 1990s. Selected publications in Scandinavian archaeology are presented in order to characterise and discuss different approaches. Central theoretical and methodological questions are discussed, as well as the co-operation with other humanistic disciplines.
Fulfilling the Promise. . . An Essay on Swedish Archaeology and Archaeology in Sweden
Authors: Broadbent Noel D.
Published: June 2021

This paper presents a vision of archaeology in Sweden intended to transcend traditional Nordic and Euroamerican perspectives and build on the potentials of Swedish diversity and geography. Sweden is viewed as the northwestern corner of Eurasia and a meeting ground of longterm European and circumpolar cultural and environmental forces. As a player in world archaeology, Sweden can make major contributions to the growth of new theoretical and methodological perspectives incorporating western and non-western lindigenous) ways of knowing. The subject of archaeology is undergoing post-national reformation and must redefine its institutions, better assert its public roles and clarify its message to achieve its full promise.
Constructions in Space: Framing Similarities between Medieval Churchyards and Towns
Authors: Hed Jakobsson Anna
Published: June 2021

The symbolism present in medieval church buildings and church interiors has been extensively studied. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the less considered space surrounding the churches, that is the churchyards. The layout larchitecture) of the churchyard must have been just as meaningful as the church itself. In the present interpretation it is suggested that the Scandinavian churchyard, due to its form, was associated with the town and its connotations. The churchyard is proposed to have been apprehended as a "piece of town" moved out into the rural landscape, representing some of the things that the town or city stood for: the ideal society, the centre of the world and a manifestation of power (and perhaps also contra-power). The point of departure is the observation that medieval churchyards in their layout resemble in some respects how the contemporaneous towns were spatially organised.
Reindeer Herding and History in the Mountains of Southern Sápmi
Authors: Wennstedt Edvinger Britta
Published: June 2021

During the summers of 1998-2000 four Saami villages in southern Sapmi carried out a survey of traditional reindeer herding sites. Reindeer herding of today engages a small Saami minority, but the reindeer herders are important as bearers of Saami culture and language. Reindeer herding has, however, been called into question from several different directions. In this process, which often leads to court, the ability of the Saami villages to present evidence of previous reindeer herding in a region, either in written records or as remains in the landscape, has become an argument for the continued rights of use of certain winter-grazing areas. As a result, archaeology has acquired a new relevance for the Saami villages. But the procedures of archaeological surveys and of the cultural heritage conservation in Sweden are based on ethnocentric assumptions. In a cultural sense, Sapmi of the past and present-day Sweden belong to two different continents, even though they happen to be situated in the same comer of the world. When working with Saami history it is necessary to do away with the distinction between "nature" and "culture", just like a number of other dualisms that are relevant only in a (modern) Western context. If we replace "nature" and "culture" with "environment", we will increase our possibilities to translate Saami history into the language of archaeology and to make archaeology relevant to local people in the mountain region.
Mats P Malmer: An Intellectual Biography
Authors: Sørensen Marie Louise Stig
Published: June 2021

The article, which is a biography of the Swedish archaeologist Mats P. Malmer, tries to identify some of the characteristics of Scandinavian archaeology. In particular, Malmer's discussion ofthe concept oftypology is of great importance for this tradition. Another intention ofthe article is to supplement the historiographic discussions in Swedish archaeology. In these discussions there is a significant need to investigate the ways in which we have come to think as archaeologists
The Heart of Hearths: Some Reflections on the Significance of Hearths in Nature, Culture and in Human Memory
Authors: Westerdahl Christer
Published: June 2021

Starting from new discoveries of classical Saami hearths in an area where they hitherto have been unknown, the author claims that the organization of the Saami hut can be explained by what can be considered as a shamanistic nomadic tradition common to Eurasia and Greenland. The comparative ethnographic material is supplied by the Evenks at the river Yenisey in Siberia. The expressions of the shamanistic cosmology are to be found in the midpassage or linear structure of the arctic huts with the hearth at the centre. This structure has been used also in the practice ofthe shamans. The metaphoric and cosmological potential ofthe fire and the hearth is furthermore explored in sedentary societies, with examples in Classical Antiquity and in Scandinavia. Some implications concern different types of cairns. Iconographical aspects are also treated. The similarities are tentatively explained as consequences of the archetypes of the transforming and regenerating fire, but also as a means of upholding social boundaries in a literary as well as a figurative sense.
The Symbolism of Water in Early Christian Baptisteries
Authors: Brandt Olof
Published: June 2021

The symbolism of water in the Early Christian baptisteries was not expressed in the architecture of the building but rather in its decoration. This article illustrates the references to water in the sculptures and inscriptions of the fourth and fifth-century phases of the Lateran baptistery in Rome. This decoration shows that the water was a symbol ofboth li fe and death: the death of the sinner and the life of God, to which baptism gave access.