bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Growth
Authors: Behr John
Published: October 2011

Irenaeus asserts that God has not created man according to man's passions. He argues that the notion of man's ingratitude comes from those who lack an understanding of the divine economy. Man has to allow God to mold him in order for him to truly become human. Irenaeus introduces the concept of apostasy, the refusal to submit to God's will. He also points out that despite Adam's disobedience, and unlike Cain, Adam took the initiative to repent and ask God for forgiveness. In this chapter, Irenaeus emphasizes how man would have been able to grow the way God meant them to, had he not taken control of himself. He also asserts that God, despite Adam and Eve's apostasy, adapts a way in which Adam and Eve can still live according to God's original plan of growth for them.
Rebirth and Christian Life
Authors: Behr John
Published: October 2011

The main themes of Paedagogus include the significance of rebirth and the childhood of the people of God and the divine paideia or character formation. Clement gives emphasis on baptism and two of its features: first, newly baptized people possess characteristics of perfection and second, how this granted perfection lasts. A neophyte, a newly baptized person, would then have a twofold life, his natural life and a supernatural life in Christ. Clement explains that being baptized does not mean simply following Christ's actions; this means that the Christian would have a union with Christ. Through rebirth in Christ, Christians are able to live an eternally youthful life anew. Clement asserts that the practice of this asceticism relies on man's own ability; it is in man's power to decide whether he would obey God's commandments and plans for him.
General Introduction
Authors: Evans T. V.
Published: October 2011

This study involves three interconnecting spheres of research, treating the Greek verbal system in general, translation-technical issues and the verb in the Greek Pentateuch, and specific features of Pentatcuehal verbal syntax in relation both to the underlying Hebrew and the history of the Greek language. This is accordingly presented in three parts. Part l is largely concerned with theoretical issues. Part II assembles and analyses complete data for the Masoteric Text (MT) formal matches of all verbal forms in the Greek Pentateuch. Part III contains four detailed studies on features of verbal syntax in the Greek Pentateuch. Aside from describing the aims of the study, this chapter also describes previous studies of verbal syntax in the LXX (Septuagint), general tools for study of the Koine Greek verb, and the questions concerning the text of the Greek Pentateuch.
The Optative Mood
Authors: Evans T. V.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the Pentateuchal optative, reassessing its relationship both to the Hebrew and to the usage of non-translation Greek. The use of the optative mood, showing delicacy in the adaptation of Hebrew context to bring out special Greek nuances, provides clear evidence of independent verbal syntax in the Greek Pentateuch. Only the volitive function is directly motivated by features of the Hebrew text. Yet it is always employed idiomatically and can be regarded as exhibiting bilingual interference only in terms of its frequency comparative to the optative's other functions. The general vigour of the optative mood in the Pentateuch points towards early Koine composition. Though an insufficiently sensitive guide for precise dating, it suggests the period of the 3rd to 2nd century bc and is certainly compatible with the consensus view that the Pentatetich was translated in the 3rd century bc.
Certainty and Uncertainty
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J.
Published: October 2011

Natural theology supposedly explains how religious beliefs can be justified. Although theology has acknowledged the uncertainties that entail these beliefs, this may not be enough to meet circumstances' demands. The certainties have become uncertainties because of the lack of necessary links between pattern and purpose. Reasoning about uncertainty is not the same as uncertain reasoning; because it has become difficult for such beliefs to coincide with science, the beliefs have to be expressed in terms of probabilities. Since science deals with observations and consistency, one would have to consider whether the scientific method should be used in exploring something beyond science. Another way to realize something's existence is through revelation, which is essential to supernatural religion, though this is not without uncertainty. This chapter introduces the notions of certainty and uncertainty by presenting different approaches to analyzing supernatural or religious beliefs.
The Credibility Barrier
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J.
Published: October 2011

In attaining certainty, it is essential to establish that the proposition in question is not incredible. Though it is difficult to achieve certainty, hypotheses can be falsified, and these cases are simply deemed false. Given that the supernatural aspect of any hypothesis is based on speculation, we have to judge which hypotheses are more acceptable than those that are more far-fetched. This chapter points out one of science's weaknesses — the supposed incompleteness of the scientific account of reality. Chance, what seemed to replace the notion of God, is seen to work at all levels and stages of evolution. This takes us back to the notion of probability as a measure of degree of belief; there is, then, no means of knowing the causal mechanism and no means of predicting with certainty.
Belief and Behaviour
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J.
Published: October 2011

This chapter takes on how these supernatural or religious beliefs are reasonable enough for people to allow this supernaturalism to affect their behaviour, especially in terms of commitment. It points out how we must first recognize the limitations of the scientific method before we use it as a basis of knowledge for rational behaviour. This chapter discusses the elements of decision making to further explain how some Christians take their religious beliefs into account when making ordinary everyday decisions. Because decisions are possibly based on whatever values that are instilled with beliefs, the chapter also introduces a ‘game’ theory to emphasize conflicts that decision makers face.
Aim and Achievement
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J.
Published: October 2011

This final chapter gives an overview of the book's discussions. The author establishes a hierarchical approach in answering whether there is more to reality in the world that science reveals or not. The author makes a final point regarding how belief is worth considering; he emphasizes C. S. Lewis's ‘sense of the fitness of things’ as support for this point. The author asserts how belief in such themes does not only involve judgement, but it also involves action. Believers, even if charged with irrationality, can now confidently say that human reason is not the setter of truth.
Means and Mechanisms
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael
Published: October 2011

Chapter 5 discussed the extent to which people’s commitment to principles influenced the actions they would take when confronted with specific scenarios that raised practical issues of rights and liberties. This chapter focuses on the institutional mechanisms of liberty and equality rather than specific issues and policies. Egalitarians may not care too much about the mechanisms by which they achieve their goals. But liberals care intensely.
Introduction: Telecommunications in Britain and France, National Institutions, and Change
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: October 2011

This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine the ability of nations to maintain dissimilar institutional arrangements in the face of powerful transnational forces of change. It then analyses the impacts of those national institutional arrangements on policy making and economic outcomes. It discusses the conditions under which countries enjoy stable, different institutions and the limits to the consequences of cross-national contrasts. A national institutionalist analytical framework is used to structure the study: it provides claims and hypotheses that are tested emprically; it allows the conclusions of the case study to be related to broader debates about institutions and to refine national institutionalist claims. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
The Roots of History: Telecommunications in Britain and France before 1969
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: October 2011

This chapter sets out the history of telecommunications in Britain and France, establishing the similarities in institutional arrangements and policy questions that existed in the two countries by 1969. It establishes that there was a common institutional starting point for the comparison, and that there existed many other long-standing similarities in telecommunications policy.
The Institutional Framework of the Telecommunications Sector in Britain and France 1969–1979: Divergence, Reform, and Standstill
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: October 2011

This chapter analyzes two sets of issues concerning the institutional framework of telecommunications between the late 1960s and the end of the 1970s. First, it looks at institutional reform, and in particular, whether Britain and France maintained their long-standing institutional frameworks in the face of domestic pressures for change, the processes of change, and the conditions for institutional modification. A second area of investigation centres on cross-national comparison and looks at whether, from a position of relative institutional similarity, but facing common external pressures for change, the two countries followed similar or different institutional paths, and the reasons for any differences.
The Institutional Framework of Telecommunications 1980–1997: National Change, Divergence, and Differences
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: October 2011

This chapter analyzes institutional reforms in the 1980s and 1990s, notably those that took place in Britain in 1984 and in France in 1990 and 1996–97. It finds increasing institutional divergence until 1990, but thereafter a degree of convergence, notably due to changes in France in 1996–7.
The Coalfields of Britain
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the coalfields of Britain including those in the Northeast, Scotland, Cumberland, Lancashire, Yorkshire, North Wales, South Wales, the West Midlands, the East Midlands and the Southwest.
Labour Relations and Work Discipline
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the relations between managers and colliers. Coal-owners and managers had frequently to deal with workmen who were aware of their scarcity value. Colliers fully justified their reputation as hardy and independent men, and many of their customs and work habits were inimical to the standards of efficiency which employers sought to impose in their collieries. A priority of management was that labour should work when required, and in many collieries regular working was demanded. Yet colliers, especially well-paid hewers, had their own preferred patterns of working, which often included broken weeks. Moreover, underground labour was inherently difficult to supervise. In addition to the normal conflicts of interest between employers and employees, there was in coalmining a deeper clash of cultures, which was heightened by the boom conditions which often prevailed, and during which the bargaining strength of coal-owners was often severely diminished.
Measuring the Coal Trade
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

This chapter presents statistics on the production and trade of coal. Topics covered include coal shipments from north-eastern ports, patterns of distribution of the north-eastern trade, imports of coal into London, imports of coal into provincial ports, the Irish coal trade, and the export trade.
The Organization of Innovation
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses technical progress and social change and the role of innovation. It underlines the importance of the institutional context of industrial innovation and points out the ways in which it has significantly changed. It describes how the increasing pace of innovation makes it inevitable for individual firms in many industries to provide more support for research and development as a condition of their own survival. It also discusses two major changes in the social circumstances affecting the production of innovations. First, industrial concerns have increased in size: ever greater administrative complexity has brought a wide range of bureaucratic positions and careers into being; control has moved from owners to management. The other change has occurred in the form of institutional relationships and roles within which invention has been possible.
Management Structures and Systems
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides empirical evidence with regard to the system of management as a dependent variable. It considers the structure and management in an organization for which technical and market conditions approximated very closely to stability. The main focus of this chapter is the system of management in the electrical engineering industry. It also describes different management systems operating in various concerns and presents the state of affairs at points in a continuum extending from extremely mechanistic to extremely organic systems.
Working Organization, Political System, and Status Structure within the Concern
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter addresses the adjustment of the working organizations to conditions of change in the self-interest of members of concerns, whether they are pursued individually or in combination with others. Conceived as ‘pure’ working organizations, concerns might be considered capable of adjusting their system spontaneously to fit their external and technical circumstances. This is expected in the firms which entered the Scottish Council's electronic scheme. This presumption is based on the differences observed in the management systems of two firms in the preliminary study, the one manufacturing textiles in a very stable set of technical and commercial conditions, and the other committed to research and development in electronics.
The Laboratory and the Workshop
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses research and development in laboratories and ‘research departments’. Research and development refers to the use and cost of technical information as an industrial resource, as a factor in production. There is a good deal of confusion prevalent in industry about what kinds of activity are comprehended within ‘research and development’. This chapter attempts to clarify those kinds of activities involved by analyzing the research laboratories of different firms.
Industrial Scientists and Managers: Problems of Power and of Status
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the personalities of industrial scientists and managers as well as the relationships between laboratory workers and management. Industrial scientists and other laboratory workers in the industry appear to possess in common certain characteristics which colour their relationships with other members of staff and affect their conduct. This chapter also describes the social conflicts and political divisions within the working organization. It also discusses the particular style and manner of laboratory workers and their claims for special treatment and special privileges, which are manifestations of demands that are not compatible with the social and political structure existing within the industry.
The Savage Freud: The First Non-Western Psychoanalyst and the Politics of Secret Selves in Colonial India
Authors: Nandy Ashis
Published: October 2011

Marxism and psychoanalysis are perceived to be attributed with the most influential critiques of European schools of thought that emerged during the nineteenth century and that have played no small part in shaping our self-definition. Because both foster a certain degree of ambivalence towards their cultural origins, they attempt to examine the institutional and normative inconsistencies brought about by the Enlightenment. Such schools of thought are expected to own up to their cultural origins through reinforcing the theoretical and aggressive critiques that are apparently Eurocentric towards non-Western cultures. Both schools, however, have also expressed self-doubts and have come up with ideas such as regression and primitive communism. This chapter attempts to look into how culture is dealt with by psychoanalysts by examining the cultural meanings acquired in the early years of such thought in India that are derived from personal experiences, intellectual concerns, and other such aspects.
Context and Methods of the Study
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

During the 1980s, the financial services sector had an impact on performance and employment in the economy of the United Kingdom as a whole. The sector also had a paradoxical combination of technological potential and organizational conservatism that made the management of expertise a problem of acute importance. On the one hand, it already had the highest level of investment in information technology (IT) and the forecast impact of future IT use was staggering. On the other, those who joined the swelling ranks of information systems (IS) workers in financial services found their employing organizations dominated by conservative professional groupings like bankers and actuaries. Much of the competition between IS functions and other expert groups was expressed in the organizational shaping of innovation processes, but the sector itself played an important part in defining the terrain of competition. This chapter describes that sectoral context and presents case studies on the retail end of financial services to explain the forms of innovation within the sector.
The Case Studies
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

This chapter presents case studies on project management in the banking, insurance, and credit card sectors, focusing on four main types of projects: large-scale branch automation systems, out-of-branch banking, bought-in processing packages, and management information systems. During the research, a potential shift in the type of project being developed was observed, from a kind of stand-alone medium-scale development (such as home banking) which seemed to be typical of the mid-1980s, towards much larger scale and extensive projects (like branch automation) more typical of the later 1980s. But both of these types of project development are covered in the case firms. At the end of the day, the case studies did seem to provide a good cross-section of the information technology activities in the sector current at the time of the research. The firms examined in this chapter are the Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank of Scotland, Clydesdale Bank, Mutual Life, Home and Auto, and Premier Financial Services.
Structural Position of the IS Function
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

The last chapter saw the financial services sector being internalized and negotiated through the actions of expert groups. This chapter extends the analysis from the firm-in-sector level to the structural relationships within which the negotiation takes place. These structures of expertise involve relations of dominance and subordination between different forms of expertise, and reflect societal biases favouring professionalism as a mode of deploying expertise. They have evolved to favour certain organizational competencies and specialist forms of knowledge. At the organizational level, the structure of expertise is expressed through political coalitions that keep various forms of expertise in states of tension or cooperation with each other. In addition to exploring the organizational structure of expertise, this chapter looks at the changing position of information systems within broader structures of expertise.
Strategy and Innovation
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the ways in which sectoral and technological change is negotiated within structures of expertise. At the same time, expertise, including information systems (IS) expertise, influences the interpretation of strategic change through knowledge networks and coalitions of interest. In this sense, innovation provides a critical juncture for the negotiation and reconstruction of the financial services sector, whereby preconceptions and alliances may be challenged, and new avenues of knowledge deployment and occupational mobility opened up. Innovation projects may involve attempts to renegotiate the position of the IS function within expertise structures. As can be seen from the case studies discussed at some length in this chapter, project development and the rationales constructed to manage it were influenced by the uncertainties generated by particular projects. These were a function of project scope, and also how this interacted with existing structures of expertise in the organization. In some cases, uncertainty has more to do with organizational politics surrounding a particular project and the symbolic resources that groups mobilize in making strategic claims.
Information Technology and Financial Services
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

The historic links between financial services and information technology (IT) reveal very well the active role the sector has played as a source of innovation in commercial computing via the user-led mechanism. This chapter examines this relationship, together with the state of the art in IT and its applications in financial services. Major artefactual instrumentalities in the sector, like customer-service automation and decision support, are surveyed. As late as the 1970s, the majority of applications software in the financial sector was written in-house. Today, the range of packages continues to grow, demonstrating that the gap between products and requirements remains and necessitates the retention of in-house IT skills by organizations. This chapter traces the development of financial sector IT and considers the impact on the types of expertise organizations have had to deploy in order to make applications viable.
User Relations and IT Integration
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

One of the most important changes in the nature of systems development in recent years reflects the forms of user knowledge being brought within the development process. As has already been mentioned, systems expertise is increasingly differentiated and distributed. Bringing together this complex of knowledges and controlling the relations between user groups and information technology (IT) departments represent key aspects of the management of expertise. We might ask why user participation in development should be singled out at all. This chapter examines user-led innovation, focusing on the role played by users in decision-making around IT. It has long been recognized that ‘user involvement’ is a problematic (and political) activity. A composite typology of users is developed on the basis of dimensions of organizational power and the possession of systems skills. This chapter argues that many questions of the nature and role of user innovation reflect the issue of user relations within the broader organization and the crisis of integration of IT functions; this in turn reflects an occupational transition from service function to strategic role.
Gender, Patriarchy, and Development in Africa: The Zimbabwean Case
Authors: Parpan Jane L.
Published: October 2011

Because of autocratic rule, civil wars, economic decline, and various political and social situations faced in the region, it is difficult to provide an accurate assessment about the subordination and emancipation of women in Africa. Although looking into the relationship between the dominant patriarchal ideologies and the access of women to benefits brought about by development is difficult in terms of providing continent-wide generalizations, this chapter takes on the analysis of one country — Zimbabwe. This chapter examines post-independence issues on the development of women, specifically adopting the gender and development viewpoint and acquiring insights from postmodernist feminism. The chapter attempts to investigate how, from the 1980s onwards, women's educational and employment opportunities have developed and how patriarchal theories were still able to impose certain restrictions to women.
The Interdependence between Environment and Development: Marine Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Musu Ignazio
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the interdependence between the environment and development, as well as the effect of marine pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. The chapter talks about environmental protection and the economic development in the Mediterranean Basin, since the Mediterranean Basin poses concerns that are at once political, economic, and ecological. While these three aspects are linked, they still entail different considerations for the northern and southern shores. The chapter also states that this is a complex area, and that it involves a number of issues such as marine pollution, the degradation of land resources, and the depletion of fresh-water resources. The chapter reviews the aspects of the general problem of environmental pollution in the Mediterranean that would appear most important while focusing on the problem of marine pollution in the basin and attempts to connect the process of economic development in the region to the evolution of marine pollution in the Mediterranean. The chapter also discusses the institutional framework for international environmental action in the Mediterranean.
Population Growth, Physical Resources, and Human Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Caldwell John C. , Caldwell Pat
Published: October 2011

The chapter states that, in terms of both population and economic growth, Sub-Saharan Africa is now the most critical region in the world and that there are no longer the hopes for industrialization that were common thirty years ago. The region is demographically much more distinctive now than it was a generation ago and Sub-Saharan Africa now has a much greater capacity for future population growth. The mortality levels and trends in Sub Saharan Africa are discussed in detail in this chapter, as well as the significance of famine. The impact of AIDS is also explored, as is the persistence of high fertility and population growth and its implications.
What is a National Minority?
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON
Published: October 2011

This chapter considers a working definition of national minority that is well suited to a study focused on the tension between minority rights and sovereign state rights and written in the international society tradition. This objective is pursued in two ways: by surveying the history of how international organisations concerned with minority questions have sought — and as of 1995 failed — to establish a common definition of the term ‘minority’, and by evaluating the various meanings adopted by some of the leading academic commentators on the subject of minority rights. In particular, the kind of criteria these definitions employ is discussed, whether it is objective criteria such as distinctions of race, language, ethnicity, or religion, or alternatively, whether it is subjective distinctions such as group self-identification as a minority. This chapter also explores the relationship between the concept of a minority and the broader and more familiar idea of a nation with a corresponding right to self-determination.
National Minority Rights Provisions (1990–1995)
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON
Published: October 2011

The fundamental dilemma in recognising national minority rights — whether post-1919, post-1945, or post-1989 — concerns that gap which continues to exist between those principles of order that affirm the territorial integrity and sovereignty of existing states and those principles of legitimacy that affirm the right of all nations to independent statehood. The main public policy problem in adopting international standards of national minority rights has unavoidably centred upon the need to determine whose rights — those of states, national minorities, or individuals — should have priority in any given situation where they might come into conflict. This chapter assesses the extent to which these European initiatives of the period 1990–1995 enlarged upon previous international requirements for state conduct towards national minorities. The focus is on whether the measures adopted accorded priority to the rights of states or to the rights of national minorities, and why.
National Minority Rights Enforcement Mechanisms (1990–1995)
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON
Published: October 2011

By the mid-1990s, international society had come to include, alongside those traditional rights which states could claim against one another, a growing number of human and national minority rights men and women could claim against states. However, these humanitarian principles remained subordinate to the preservation of international order defined in statist terms — equal sovereignty, non-intervention, inviolability of borders, etc. National minority rights were acceptable only in so far as they encouraged democratisation in post-communist states, ameliorated national minority/majority tensions, reduced migration to kin-states, and improved bilateral relations between kin-states and those states where their kin-minority resided. Attempting to get the balance correct was the main challenge confronting both the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Council of Europe in their efforts to enforce the emerging European standard of state conduct towards national minorities between 1990 and 1995. This chapter describes and evaluates the various mechanisms of national minority rights enforcement in Europe at that time.
Conclusion
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON
Published: October 2011

This book shows that national minority rights have always been subservient to national interest and security within states, and to international peace and stability within the society of states. In other words, state sovereignty — the organising principle within and between states — is the trump card in the minority rights game. To summarise the argument which supports this claim, this chapter considers the three questions which were raised in the introduction: why national minorities and considerations regarding their status — which, as substate groups, would initially appear to be subjects of domestic rather than international politics — are recurring features of European treaties, conferences, and organisations from 1919 onwards; how, and more importantly, why has the formulation of minority rights changed over time; what these changes suggest about the theory and practice of Europe’s nation-states system.
Information and Incentives: The Economics of Carrots and Sticks
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter mostly discusses ignorance, and begins with an excerpt from Adam Smith's most famous contribution to economics, which is stated in The Theory of Moral Sentiments. It also discusses the concepts of economic equilibrium, the invisible hand, and taxation, among others.
The Optimum Town
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses a proposal of a simple model that would allow discussions on the optimal taxation of land and the optimal pricing of transportation. This proposal was made after it was determined that the current models were not completely suited to the analysis of land use and transportation. The model proposed in this chapter includes two basic indivisibilities that are rather important in geographical economics.
Optimal Tax Theory: A Synthesis
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses and unifies some uncoordinated parts of the theory of optimal taxation. It includes a discussion on the development of methods of analysis that can be quickly and easily applied to all kinds of optimal tax problems. The analysis does not include minor points of rigour, and a number of important details are treated in depth.
Agreeable Plans
Authors: Mirrlees James A. , Hammond Peter J.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the non-existence of optimum growth, the maximal locally optimal path, and the existence of agreeable plans. It is determined that agreeable plans exist in all cases where any kind of solution to the ‘infinite time horizon’ optimum growth problem can occur.
Measurement, Data, and Statistical Analysis
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

This chapter presents and explains the five basic problems of using a quantitative research design and methodology in studying the development and performance of the twenty countries over thirty decades: the use of a single, interval-scaled variable in measuring institutional concepts; how indicators do not reflect validity; the time series properties of the cross-sectional data used in the study; the use of significance tests in analysing the ‘populations’ of the countries involved; and the limited number of variables that can be included. The study takes on a theoretical approach to analyse the impact of internationalization of labour relations and the effects of institutional factors. The study's main focus lies on developing new measures for labour relations that fair comparably better while addressing the issues in question.
Associational Centralization
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

According to some industrial relations accounts like corporatist theory, the ability of unions and employer associations to employ incomes policy depends on their degree of centralization. Despite this, the application of centralization and the collection of comparable data have been given little attention. When looking into associational centralization, the relationship between associations and their members has to be considered. With the occurrence of problems such as the complex multi-level hierarchy and the discrepancy between the formal distribution of powers and the actual relations, centralization, in this chapter, is measured by looking at the following indicators: the formal powers/obligations of the largest structural peak with regard to its affiliates, the formal powers/obligations of the said affiliates to lower associational levels, the formal associational control over the lowest level, and the actual role of the largest peak in bargaining and negotiation.
Associational Power
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

Since the study takes on power as a structural property, this chapter deals with organized power. Organized power is derived primarily and secondarily, from membership strength and resources extracted from third parties respectively. Mutual recognition in collective bargaining has heightened the power of organized business and labor and collective agreements may be used to raise resources. This chapter discusses membership density as one of the main sources of primary associational power and how corporatist regulation can be a key source of secondary associational power. Also, the chapter contains a discussion about the implications of the primary and secondary associational powers on unions and employer associations through analysing mathematical models.
Coordination, Institutions, and Performance
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

Peak-level coordination involves bargaining structures — the most important factor in determining performance — that are most sensitive to wage externalities when under high governability and pattern bargaining. Under the Keynesian regime during the 1970s, the main contribution of labour relations to performance was to limit demand management by keeping price stability compatible with full employment by making use of an incomes policy. In cases like the 1973 oil shock, the need for an incomes policy increased because absorbing income loss required wage increases to be scaled down for investment so that probability could be maintained. It was during this period that only a few countries were able to attain the right combination of incomes policy and centralized structures or corporatism. Other countries tried to apply a state-sponsored wage coordination accompanied by more centralized bargaining. This chapter describes and compares how institutions responded to shifts in the first and last subperiods of the 1970s.
The Metamorphoses of Labour Relations
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

Because of the change from demand-side to supply-side policies, both liberal and corporatist labour relations underwent shifts in the period under consideratin in this book: from pluralism to neoliberalism on one hand, and from classic to lean corporatism on the other. In the 1970s though, the experience of no form of coordinated bargaining did not match with empirical evidence. Nonetheless, uncoordinated bargaining outperformed peak-level coordination under low governability. Decentralized and uncoordinated bargaining and poorly organized labour relations thus proved to be more effective because they were more consistent with supply-side policies than with Keynesianism. The opposite, however, applies to classic corporatism. This chapter attempts to further explain these metamorphoses and shifts while also differentiating the different labour-relations regimes with one another in terms of coordination, bargaining, participation, centralization, and other such criteria.
Corporate Strategy and Environmental Regulation: Corporate Strategy Perspectives
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie
Published: October 2011

In the previous chapter, we developed a framework in which we were able to observe the variety of strategic responses exhibited by firms towards certain environmental regulations. In this chapter, we attempt to document and provide an explanation regarding the said strategic responses available to these forms so that the framework may serve as an explanatory tool. We examine the case of the North American marketplace, where various firms in both Canada and the United States attempted to prevent firms from other NAFTA countries from attaining market access under the administration of environmental regulation. As we look into five different cases, we aim to explore, identify, and describe the government and corporate players in each case, and how these have formed alliances with environmental groups. In the chapter, the firm responses observed may range from foreign direct investments to intensive lobbying.
MMT and Investment Dispute Settlement
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie
Published: October 2011

The new conditions associated with complex institutional responsiveness, specifically the new network established for NAFTA institutions, provide firms with a wide variety of specific incentives for dealing with both local and national environmental regulatory protectionism in foreign markets that will bring about improvements in their competitiveness. In this and the next two chapters, case studies of three environmental regulatory issues that were faced by three North American countries involved in NAFTA's institutions are utilized. In this chapter, attention is drawn to the case of the banned importation by the Canadian government of an environmentally harmful automobile fuel additive referred to as MMT. As such, the US-owned exporter and distributor, Ethyl Corporation, utilized NAFTA's investment dispute-settlement mechanism.
Trade and Environment Regimes in Operation: The North American Auto Industry
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie
Published: October 2011

The new NAFTA regime offers several instruments for capacity building, convergence, coalition building, and regulatory communication. These constitute improved mechanisms for dealing with environmental regulatory protectionism when certain conflicts arise between governments, firms, and environmental non-government organizations (ENGOs). Also, to reduce regulatory barriers, the NAFTA regime entails instruments that advocate proactive cooperation. As such, this regulatory regime not only utilizes international commerce in improving the competitiveness of firms, but also enhances and protects the natural environment. The North American automotive industry demonstrates the creation and implementation of some of these new cooperative instruments. In this chapter, we illustrate the automotive industry case in which vehicle emissions were being reduced, and in which maintenance and operational inspection also proved to be important elements.
Implications for Firm Strategy and Public Policy
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie
Published: October 2011

For firms that are currently doing business in North America, the new conditions of complex institutional responsiveness prove to be the dominant themes. In assuring their competitiveness in the global economy, firms have to consider significant adjustments in both their political and corporate strategies so that they can gain access to foreign markets. Although these new conditions may initially be seen as obstructions, they present new opportunities to North American firms for competing in the global market. In this concluding chapter, we look into how environmental regulatory protectionism is integrated in strategies. We also explore some of the major implications of the NAFTA regime, particularly on public policies and the various corporate strategies.
Knowledge, the Firm, and the Market
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: October 2011

Adam Smith's notion of the ‘invisible hand’ is countered with Chandler's notion of a ‘visible hand’ that replaces market mechanisms in coordination and allocation of resources. Firms continued to grow through the internalization and centralization of their processes until developments in computing and communications offered opportunities for decentralization, cost cutting, and less administrative complexity. Soon after that, the application of IT allowed improved coordination and production. Firms continue to grow and shrink simultaneously. This chapter discusses the types of transactions a firm will make, trends in employment, patterns of ownership, and control in a knowledge economy.
Beyond Employment: Towards a Model of Knowledge Supply
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: October 2011

Because of the advent of this knowledge economy, there have been empirical evidences that suggest that there are also corresponding changes to the character of employment. Despite the trend veering away from full-time employment, opportunities for employment are said to be improving. Although the OECD has reported that there is a 7% decline in unemployment, a shift is occurring towards non-standard work arrangements. With this, a large portion of the workforce is working under these arrangements. This chapter attempts to explain how the shift away from traditional employment practices can be attributed to changing workforce demographics, globalization, technological change, and the need from firms for ‘flexible employment’ resulting from the growing economic value of knowledge.
From Jobs to Careers
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: October 2011

Flexihire is one of the four major sources of knowledge supply outside the firm. Flexihire serves as a starting point for exploring external knowledge supply markets. Also, this marks the first step away from traditional employment arrangements and increasing the variety of work arrangements. A firm's use of flexihire is linked to the need for the firm to have access to individuals who have firm-specific and task-specific knowledge of the firm's process. However, as knowledge specificity reduces, the need of firms for flexihire workers diminishes. This chapter provides an analysis of trends in flexihire arrangements and a discussion regarding the implications of these trends for management, the workers, the government, and other stakeholders of the firm.
The changing National Health Service, user involvement and palliative care
Authors: Small Neil
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses what has changed and what has remained the same in the National Health Service (NHS). It enumerates the crucial developments that have occurred in the NHS since 1997 and highlights key features of the development of consumerist rhetoric. The chapter also considers how changing times and policy initiatives impact on palliative care and how user involvement developed here. It concludes with a consideration of whether the new NHS constitutes an opportunity or a threat for the capacity of palliative care to maximize its achievements and overcome its challenges.
Multi-professional teamwork
Authors: Firth Pam
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses and provides a brief overview of the development of multi-professional working in hospitals and the community. It examines what is meant by teams and teamworking and looks at some of the reasons for conflict. The chapter also considers the development of hospices, specialist palliative care teams, and the ways these operate as systems. It looks at the challenges, opportunities, and dilemmas for multi-professional teamwork.
Palliative care and psychology
Authors: Kalus Christine
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses clinical psychology, a relative ‘latecomer’ to the field of specialist palliative care. It places clinical psychology in the context of the world of the users and potential users, beginning with a brief explanation of how a person becomes a clinical psychologist. This gives a sense of how their professional background may influence the way they work. The chapter also discusses the meaning of the term ‘user’ as understood by the profession.
Conclusions
Authors: Lishman Alwyn
Published: October 2011

This concluding chapter discusses the personal experience of the author in dealing with palliative care and the concept of the user's voice, which is widely welcomed in seeking to refine the way forward. It reveals that the common thread that unites the chapters in this book is a deep humanity, which is focused on improving the lot of the terminally ill. The chapter also shows that palliative care needs to operate within complex structures: organizational and even political. Alliances between diverse groups of people must be formed and financial limitations faced.
Assessment and treatment of psychosocial and spiritual problems
Authors: Randall Fiona
Published: October 2011

WHO defines palliative care as an approach that is not only aimed at improving the quality of life of the patients and their families but also one aimed at the treatment of the physical, psychosocial, and spiritual problems of all the parties involved. This chapter discusses another philosophy of palliative care that focuses on the treatment of the emotional, psychosocial, and spiritual distress of the patients and their families. It examines the responsibility of the health-care professionals in addressing the psychosocial and spiritual problems of the patients and their families. The chapter also explores alternative means to address such needs in the event that treatment of such needs is not possible or desirable.