bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence of fuels management and fire weather influencing fire severity in an extreme fire event
Authors: Lydersen Jamie M. , Collins Brandon M. , Brooks Matthew L. , Matchett John R. , Shive Kristen L. , Povak Nicholas A. , Kane Van R. , Smith Douglas F.
Published: June 2017

Following changes in vegetation structure and pattern, along with a changing climate, large wildfire incidence has increased in forests throughout the western United States. Given this increase, there is great interest in whether fuels treatments and previous wildfire can alter fire severity patterns in large wildfires. We assessed the relative influence of previous fuels treatments (including wildfire), fire weather, vegetation, and water balance on fire‐severity in the Rim Fire of 2013. We did this at three different spatial scales to investigate whether the influences on fire severity changed across scales. Both fuels treatments and previous low to moderate‐severity wildfire reduced the prevalence of high‐severity fire. In general, areas without recent fuels treatments and areas that previously burned at high severity tended to have a greater proportion of high‐severity fire in the Rim Fire. Areas treated with prescribed fire, especially when combined with thinning, had the lowest proportions of high severity. The proportion of the landscape burned at high severity was most strongly influenced by fire weather and proportional area previously treated for fuels or burned by low to moderate severity wildfire. The proportion treated needed to effectively reduce the amount of high severity fire varied by spatial scale of analysis, with smaller spatial scales requiring a greater proportion treated to see an effect on fire severity. When moderate and high‐severity fire encountered a previously treated area, fire severity was significantly reduced in the treated area relative to the adjacent untreated area. Our results show that fuels treatments and low to moderate‐severity wildfire can reduce fire severity in a subsequent wildfire, even when burning under fire growth conditions. These results serve as further evidence that both fuels treatments and lower severity wildfire can increase forest resilience.
System Reduction Method Using Spectrum of Power Oscillation Waveform
Authors: KOSEKI HIDEO , NAGATA MASAKI , HOSOGOE HIDEO , TAKADA HIROSHI , SHUTO TAKANORI , TAKESHITA MITSUHIRO
Published: June 2017

This paper proposes a system reduction method to reduce a bulk power system. Recently, power systems have been affected by tight supply and demand, and are operating in more stringent power flow conditions. Thus, improvements to the accuracy of reduction model (interconnected system) dynamics would be useful. In this paper, we propose a method to create a reduction model and parameters suitable for preserving the dynamics in a bulk power system. The model is determined based on an evaluation function using the power spectrum density of the oscillation waveforms obtained using the original detailed model and a reduced order model. The proposed method has the advantage that it requires only limited necessary data (short circuit capacity, total demand, and reference oscillation waveform) and does not require detailed power system data about the interconnected system. We applied the proposed method to a full‐scale system and verified the accuracy of the dynamics of the system.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Adducts of Phenyldioxophosphorane and Its Heavier Sulfur and Selenium Analogues
Authors: Bockfeld Dirk , Bannenberg Thomas , Jones Peter G. , Tamm Matthias
Published: June 2017

The reactions of the N‐heterocyclic carbene–phenylphosphinidene adducts (NHC)PPh with dioxygen, elemental sulfur or selenium are reported. For NHC = 1,3,4,5‐tetramethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene (IMe), the corresponding complexes (IMe)PE2Ph of phenyldioxophosphorane (PhPO2), phenyldithioxophosphorane (PhPS2) and phenyldiselenoxophosphorane (PhPSe2) were isolated and fully characterised, including determination of their molecular structures by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. For the adducts of the sterically more demanding carbenes 1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazolin‐2‐ylidene (IMes) and 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin‐2‐ylidene (IPr), the reactions with dioxygen afforded the phenyldioxophosphorane complexes (IMes)PO2Ph and (IPr)PO2Ph, and their X‐ray diffraction crystal structures were established. In contrast, their reactions with sulfur and selenium resulted in the cleavage of the NHC–phosphorus bond and the formation of 2,4‐diphenyl‐2,4‐dithioxo‐1,3,2,4‐dithiadiphosphetane, (PhPS2)2, and 2,4‐diphenyl‐2,4‐diselenoxo‐1,3,2,4‐diselenadiphosphetane, (PhPSe2)2 (Woollins' reagent).
Homoleptic Luminescent Lanthanide Frameworks with the Tricyanohydridoborate Anion
Authors: Zottnick Sven H. , Seuffert Marcel T. , Kerpen Christoph , Finze Maik , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus
Published: June 2017

The first lanthanide tricyanohydridoborates have been synthesized from anhydrous lanthanide chlorides and the oxonium salt (H3O)[BH(CN)3]. Thereby, the three‐dimensional, homoleptic coordination polymers 3∞[Ln{BH(CN)3}3] (Ln = Eu, Tb) could be obtained in solvothermal reactions upon complete substitution of the chloride anions by [BH(CN)3]– anions. Both products exhibit intense and characteristic photoluminescence in the visible region through lanthanide‐specific 4f–4f transitions with long luminescence decay times typical for the respective lanthanide ions. [BH(CN)3]– proves to be a suitable linker for new lanthanide coordination polymers.
Scalable Multigram Syntheses of Antimalarial 4(1H)‐Quinolones ELQ‐300 and P4Q‐391
Authors: Namelikonda Niranjan K. , Monastyrskyi Andrii , Manetsch Roman
Published: June 2017

Antimalarial compounds ELQ‐300 and P4Q‐391 are highly potent against the blood and the liver stages of the Plasmodium parasite and also possess potent transmission‐blocking activity. Gram amounts of these two compounds were required for extensive assessment of in vivo efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and safety. Several deficiencies existed in the original synthetic routes of ELQ‐300 and P4Q‐391 including reliance on toxic heavy‐metal reagents, harsh reaction conditions, and several low‐yielding steps. Herein, we report the development of two alternative syntheses, which are reliable, high yielding, scalable, and have the potential to become a route of choice at process scale.
Help students avoid default with prevention efforts
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: June 2017

NEW ORLEANS — A high cohort default rate for student loans could threaten your institution's ability to offer federal financial aid. And borrowing more than they need or can repay can have long‐term negative consequences for students.
Care for the whole student to retain student‐veterans
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: June 2017

Cody Nicholls has more than nine years of experience in the military, and he brought that personal experience with him to his role as the assistant dean of students for military and veteran engagement at the University of Arizona. He shared tips for recruiting and retaining student‐veterans on your campus.
Numerical modelling of downstream migrating antidunes
Authors: Olsen Nils Reidar B.
Published: June 2017

A numerical model is presented that compute the geometrical dimensions and movement of downstream migrating antidunes. The model solves the Navier–Stokes equations together with the k‐epsilon turbulence model to find the water flow field over the bedforms. A two‐dimensional width‐averaged grid is used. The bed elevation changes are computed by solving the convection–diffusion equation for suspended sediments and bedload, together with the Engelund–Hansen sediment transport formula. The free surface is computed with an algorithm based on water continuity in the surface cells. Non‐orthogonal adaptive grids were used, moving vertically with the computed location of the bed and the free water surface. The numerical model was tested on data from a physical model study where regular downstream migrating antidunes had been observed. The numerical model started out with a flat bed and the trains of antidunes formed over time. Many of the physical processes observed in earlier studies were replicated by the numerical model. Four dune parameters were computed in the current tests: The antidune wavelength, height and celerity, together with the average water depth. The antidune wavelengths were best predicted with an accuracy of 3 to 8% compared with the measurements. The antidune heights were computed with a deviation of 11 to 25% compared with an empirical formula. The water depths over the antidunes were predicted with an accuracy of 3 to 9% related to the measured values. The average antidune celerity was the parameter with largest deviation: For the coarsest grid it was overpredicted with 37%. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the needs of older people in urban settings: integration of emotive, physiological and built environment data
Authors: Walford Nigel , Phillips Judith , Hockey Ann , Pratt Susan
Published: June 2017

Design of the built environment for navigability and walkability is an increasingly important aspect of urban planning. This focus derives in part from increasing interest in lifestyles and behaviours, including level of physical activity and health outcomes. Geographical information systems and virtual realities are playing a significant role in advancing this agenda: examples exist of integrating qualitative data (words about or visual images of places) and quantitative data (numerical descriptions of places). However, there remain opportunities for exploring alternative ways of linking different types of data (physiological measurements, emotional response, street walkability and urban design quality) to address issues of urban planning and renewal. Using a case study approach this paper explores the application of geographic information science and systems to participatory approaches in built environment planning with the aim of exploring older people's response to an unfamiliar urban environment. It examines different ways of combining temporally and spatial referenced qualitative and quantitative data. The participants in the study were a group of 44 older people (60+) from Swansea, Wales, who viewed a filmed walking route around Colchester, England. While viewing the film they gave an oral commentary and physiological readings were made, which have been integrated with primary data collected on the built environment along the walking route. Proximity and inverse distance weighting approaches for combining these datasets produce complementary results in respect of older people's physiological and emotive response to variation in the walkability and design quality of a walking route through an unfamiliar town centre. The results reveal participants experienced an elevated average heart rate close to Colchester Town railway station and expressed a comparatively negative emotional response to this location. Conversely participants experienced lower average heart rate, indicating reduced stress, in Brook Street where the overall Urban Design Quality score was relatively low.
Exploring perspectives of young onset dementia caregivers with high versus low unmet needs
Authors: Millenaar Joany K. , Bakker Christian , van Vliet Deliane , Koopmans Raymond T.C.M. , Kurz Alexander , Verhey Frans R.J. , de Vugt Marjolein E.
Published: June 2017

Background

This study is part of the Research to Assess Policies and Strategies for Dementia in the Young project. Information about specific needs in young onset dementia (YOD) will provide the basis for the development of an e‐health intervention to assist caregivers in coping with YOD in several European countries.

Objective

The aim was to investigate the issues caregivers of people with YOD face.

Methods

A qualitative content analysis method was used to analyse interviews with YOD caregivers. Quantitative data of the Needs in Young Onset Dementia study were used to select caregivers based on a ranking of unmet needs, to capture differences and similarities between caregivers that experienced high levels of unmet needs versus those with low levels of unmet needs. Needs were assessed with the Camberwell Assessment of Needs in the Elderly.

Results

Findings revealed the following themes: (i) acceptance; (ii) perception of the relationship; (iii) role adaptation; (iv) Availability of appropriate services; (v) social support; and (vi) awareness in the person with dementia and acceptance of help. Several factors seemed more apparent in the caregivers who experienced few unmet needs opposed to the caregivers who experienced more unmet needs.

Conclusion

The current study provides an in‐depth perspective on the caregiver's experiences and emphasizes specific themes that could be addressed in future interventions. This might contribute to a caring situation in which the caregiver experiences less unmet needs. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methacrylate‐based root canal sealer containing chlorexidine and α‐tricalcium phosphate
Authors: Collares Fabrício Mezzomo , Leitune Vicente Castelo Branco , Portella Fernando Freitas , Santos Paula Dapper , Balbinot Gabriela de Souza , dos Santos Luís Alberto , Parolo Clarissa Cavalcanti Fatturi , Samuel Susana Maria Werner
Published: June 2017

The aim of this study was to develop and to characterize a methacrylate‐based root canal sealer containing chlorhexidine (CHX) and α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP). Experimental dual cure methacrylate‐based sealer was produced containing 0, 2.5, or 5 wt% of CHX and 0, 25, or 50 wt% of α‐TCP. Experimental sealers were evaluated based on flow, film thickness, radiopacity, degree of conversion (DC), degradation in water, pH and antibacterial activity. Flow ranged from 15.09 ± 0.11 to 17.47 ± 0.42 mm. All groups presented mean film thickness lower than 50 µm and had radiopacity equivalent to 3 mmAl. DC was higher than 60% for all compositions. The weight loss (WL) ranged 0.12–3.47%. The groups containing 5% of CHX presented the highest WL and the lower pH values after 28 days of water immersion. All chlorexidine‐compositions exhibited antibacterial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis on direct contact and agar diffusion tests. CHX and α‐TCP addition at an experimental methacrylate‐based root canal sealer influenced the physicochemical properties and provided antibacterial properties. The incorporation of CHX and α‐TCP could be an alternative to antibacterial sealers with potential to improve periapical healing in endodontic treatments. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomater Res Part B: 106B: 1439–1443, 2018.
Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences
Authors: Rehman Kanwal , Fatima Fiza , Waheed Iqra , Akash Muhammad Sajid Hamid
Published: June 2017

Even in the current era of growing technology, the concentration of heavy metals present in drinking water is still not within the recommended limits as set by the regulatory authorities in different countries of the world. Drinking water contaminated with heavy metals namely; arsenic, cadmium, nickel, mercury, chromium, zinc, and lead is becoming a major health concern for public and health care professionals. Occupational exposure to heavy metals is known to occur by the utilization of these metals in various industrial processes and/or contents including color pigments and alloys. However, the predominant source resulting in measurable human exposure to heavy metals is the consumption of contaminated drinking water and the resulting health issues may include cardiovascular disorders, neuronal damage, renal injuries, and risk of cancer and diabetes. The general mechanism involved in heavy metal‐induced toxicity is recognized to be the production of reactive oxygen species resulting oxidative damage and health related adverse effects. Thus utilization of heavy metal‐contaminated water is resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates all over the world. Thereby, feeling the need to raise the concerns about contribution of different heavy metals in various health related issues, this article has discussed the global contamination of drinking water with heavy metals to assess the health hazards associated with consumption of heavy metal‐contaminated water. A relationship between exposure limits and ultimate responses produced as well as the major organs affected have been reviewed. Acute and chronic poisoning symptoms and mechanisms responsible for such toxicities have also been discussed.
Effect of TET1 regulating MGMT on chemotherapy resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma stem cells
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Xin , Wang Fan , Sun Xiang‐Yu
Published: June 2017

The study was to evaluate the effect of ten‐eleven translocation 1 (TET1) regulating o6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) in chemotherapy resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) stem cells. OSCC stem cells were divided into the blank, negative control (NC), TET1‐siRNA, TET1‐siRNA + MGMT‐OE, and MGMT‐OE groups. Methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), qRT‐PCR and Western blotting were conducted to detect the methylation status of MGMT, expressions of TET1, MGMT, ABCG2, and Oct‐4. Cell proliferation, cisplatin chemosensitivity, and cell cycle and apoptosis, were detected using CCK8 and flow cytometry. A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was employed for detecting the link between TET1 and MGMT gene promoters. In comparison to the NC group, the TET1‐siRNA group exhibited increased levels of MGMT methylation, the number of apoptotic cells and cisplatin chemosensitivity consisting of varying concentrations, however, decreased levels of mRNA and protein expressions of TET1 as well as MGMT, cell viability, the number of cells in the S phase, and protein expressions of ABCG2 and Oct‐4 were all have diminished amounts. The TET1‐siRNA + MGMT‐OE and MGMT‐OE groups had higher MGMT mRNA and protein expression, as well as increased protein expressions of ABCG2 and Oct‐4, greater cell activity, higher number of cells in the S phase, decreased apoptotic rates in cells and decreased cisplatin chemosensitivity with different concentrations. Our study provided evidence that low‐expression of TET1 in OSCC stem cells may stimulate MGMT promoter methylation, while inhibiting MGMT mRNA expression, this ultimately strengthens the sensitivity of OSCC stem cells in regards to chemotherapeutics.
Activated proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 regulates meiotic spindle assembly in the mouse oocyte
Authors: Meng Xiao‐Qian , Cui Bing , Cheng Dong , Lyu Hui , Jiang Li‐Gang , Zheng Ke‐Gang , Liu Shu‐Zhen , Pan Jie , Zhang Cong , Bai Jing , Zhou Jun
Published: June 2017

Proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2), a member of the protein tyrosine kinase family, plays an important role in various cellular processes. PYK2 can be phosphorylated on tyrosine 402 by diverse stimuli at the cell surface, and recent studies have shown that this activated form of PYK2 is enriched in oocytes and required for fertilization. However, the subcellular localization and functions of activated PYK2 in oocytes remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that the localization of p‐PYK2 undergoes dynamic changes during in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes. The signal of p‐PYK2 is initially dispersed in the cytoplasm, but begins to decorate organized microtubules after the germinal vesicle breakdown and localizes to spindle poles at metaphase. Our data further show that p‐PYK2 colocalizes with γ‐tubulin from the germinal vesicle stage through the end of meiosis in mouse oocytes. Nocodazole treatment and washout experiments confirm that p‐PYK2 associates with the oocyte spindle and spindle poles. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of PYK2 activity dramatically alters the morphology of the bipolar spindle and prevents oocyte maturation. Together, these data suggest that activated PYK2 may function as a component of the microtubule organizing center to regulate spindle assembly during the meiotic process of mouse oocytes.
Microglia‐targeted stem cell therapies for Alzheimer disease: A preclinical data review
Authors: Shen Zhiwei , Li Xueyuan , Bao Xinjie , Wang Renzhi
Published: June 2017

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a severe, life‐threatening illness characterized by gradual memory loss. The classic histological features of AD include extracellular formation of β‐amyloid plaques (Aβ), intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and synaptic loss. Recently, accumulated evidence has confirmed the critical role of microglia in the development and exacerbation of AD. When Aβ forms deposits, microglia quickly respond to restore brain physiology by activating a series of repair mechanisms. However, prolonged microglial activation is considered detrimental and may aggravate AD progression. To date, there are no curative therapies for AD. The advent of stem cell transplantation offers novel strategies to treat AD in animal models. Furthermore, studies have reported that transplanted stem cells might ameliorate AD symptoms by regulating microglial functions, from detrimental to protective. This review focuses on the crucial functions of microglia in AD and examines the reactions of microglia to transplanted stem cells.
Spatial and temporal analysis of trends in extreme temperature indices in Iran over the period 1960–2014
Authors: Rahimi Mohammad , Hejabi Somayeh
Published: June 2017

The recent years have witnessed a rapid increase in frequency, severity, duration and geographical extent of extreme weather events. Having an area of 1 648 195 km2, Iran spans over a wide latitudinal range and enjoys a diverse terrain in terms of topography and elevation. The combination of this topographic complexity with the effects of extensive water bodies in the north and the south plays a major role in the distribution of temperature over this country. This study analysed the temporal trend of extreme temperature indices observed in 33 synoptic stations across Iran over the period 1960–2014, and then examined their relationship with elevation and latitude. The results showed a significant warming trend in extreme temperature indices of many stations, especially the indices that are based on daily minimum temperature. At low elevations, the trends of indices exhibited the features of a warming climate, but at higher elevations, these indices showed a mixture of positive and negative trends. Examining the relationship between the trends of indices and elevation showed that in the altitudinal band E1 [elevations lower than 23 m above sea level (ASL)], only the trend of growing season length is correlated with elevation; but in the altitudinal band E2 (elevations higher than 700 m ASL), elevation exhibited significant correlation with the trends of percentage of cool nights, frequency of frost days, diurnal temperature range, cold spell duration, percentage of warm nights and frequency of tropical nights. The analysis did not show any meaningful relationship between extreme temperature indices trends with latitude. Considering the high heterogeneity of the trends of indices and the limited number of stations with sufficient data, generalizing the results and predicting the wider trend patterns require further studies using a denser network of stations.
Accelerated Tests for Lifetime Prediction of PE‐HD Pipe Grades
Authors: Nezbedová Eva , Pinter Gerhard , Frank Andreas , Hutař Pavel , Poduška Jan , Hodan Jiří
Published: June 2017

Pipe failure in long‐term applications is characterized by creep crack initiation and creep crack growth. Both can be determined by fracture mechanics based tests of the pipe materials. Nowadays, several accelerated tests are available: PENT (Pennsylvania Edge Notch Tensile test), FNCT (Full Notch Creep Tensile test), CRB (Cracked Round Bar test) or SHT (Strain Hardening Test) and NCBT (Notched Cylindrical Bars Test). The PENT, CRB and SHT were applied to one unimodal polyethylene (PE 80), four bimodal polyethylene (three of PE 100 and one of PE 100‐RC) and one PE‐BF (for blow molding). The contribution is focused mainly on two topics: (i) difference in specimen's preparation and test conditions and (ii) comparison of the experimental results obtained using different accelerated tests.
Ultimate Toughness of Polypropylene Reactor Copolymer Blends under Impact Conditions, the Role of Morphology
Authors: Deblieck Rudy A. C. , Remerie Klaas
Published: June 2017

The role of rubber particle size, − distribution, and the constitutive behaviour of the isotactic Polypropylene matrix has been studied by combining the Lazerri‐Dompas energy criterion for cavitation and the Van der Sanden, Meier, Tervoort ligament model, adapted for impact conditions. It is concluded that optimising the morphology offers great potential to achieve ultimate properties with far less rubber and hence achieve a superior Stiffness‐Toughness‐Processing balance.
Combination of citrus polymethoxyflavones, green tea polyphenols, and Lychee extracts suppresses obesity and hepatic steatosis in high‐fat diet induced obese mice
Authors: Pan Min‐Hsiung , Yang Guliang , Li Shiming , Li Ming‐Yi , Tsai Mei‐Ling , Wu Jia‐Ching , Badmaev Vladimir , Ho Chi‐Tang , Lai Ching‐Shu
Published: June 2017

Scope

SlimTrym® is a formulated product composed of citrus polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), green tea extract, and lychee extract. We investigated the effect of dietary SlimTrym® on diet‐induced obesity and associated non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice.

Methods and results

Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HFD) or HFD containing 0.1% or 0.5% SlimTrym® for 16 weeks. Dietary SlimTrym® significantly reduced weight gain and relative perigonadal, retroperitoneal, mesenteric fat weight as well as the size of adipocyte in HFD‐fed mice. SlimTrym® supplementation also effectively diminished hepatic steatosis and the serum levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), triacylglycerol (TG), and total cholesterol (TCHO). Down‐regulation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)γ, sterol regulatory element‐binding protein (SREBP)‐1, and the activation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling by SlimTrym® in both adipose tissue and liver may be responsible for the observed anti‐obesity effects.

Conclusion

SlimTrym® supplementation potentially diminished diet‐induced obesity and hepatic steatosis via regulating AMPK signaling and molecules involved in lipid metabolism.
Supplement 2 for the 2004 update of theAAPMTask Group No. 43 Report: Joint recommendations by theAAPMandGEC‐ESTRO
Authors: Rivard Mark J. , Ballester Facundo , Butler Wayne M. , DeWerd Larry A. , Ibbott Geoffrey S. , Meigooni Ali S. , Melhus Christopher S. , Mitch Michael G. , Nath Ravinder , Papagiannis Panagiotis
Published: June 2017

Since the publication of the 2004 update to the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group No. 43 Report (TG‐43U1) and its 2007 supplement (TG‐43U1S1), several new low‐energy photon‐emitting brachytherapy sources have become available. Many of these sources have satisfied theAAPMprerequisites for routine clinical purposes and are posted on the Brachytherapy Source Registry managed jointly by theAAPMand the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core Houston Quality Assurance Center (IROCHouston). Given increasingly closer interactions among physicists in North America and Europe, theAAPMand the Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie‐European Society for Radiotherapy & Oncology (GEC‐ESTRO) have prepared another supplement containing recommended brachytherapy dosimetry parameters for eleven low‐energy photon‐emitting brachytherapy sources. The current report presents consensus datasets approved by theAAPMandGEC‐ESTRO. The following sources are included:125I sources (BEBIGmodel I25.S17,BEBIGmodel I25.S17plus,BEBIGmodel I25.S18, Elekta model 130.002, Oncura model 9011, and Theragenics model AgX100);103Pd sources (CivaTech Oncology modelCS10,IBt model 1031L,IBt model 1032P, and IsoAid modelIAPd‐103A); and131Cs (IsoRay Medical modelCS‐1 Rev2). Observations are included on the behavior of these dosimetry parameters as a function of radionuclide.

Recommendations are presented on the selection of dosimetry parameters, such as from societal reports issuing consensus datasets (e.g.,TG‐43U1,AAPMReport #229), the jointAAPM/IROCHouston Registry, theGEC‐ESTROwebsite, the Carleton University website, and those included in software releases from vendors of treatment planning systems. Aspects such as timeliness, maintenance, and rigor of these resources are discussed.

Links to reference data are provided for radionuclides (radiation spectra and half‐lives) and dose scoring materials (compositions and mass densities). The recent literature is examined on photon energy response corrections for thermoluminescent dosimetry of low‐energy photon‐emitting brachytherapy sources. Depending upon the dosimetry parameters currently used by individual physicists, use of these recommended consensus datasets may result in changes to patient dose calculations. These changes must be carefully evaluated and reviewed with the radiation oncologist prior to their implementation.
The effect of concomitant fields in fast spin echo acquisition on asymmetric MRI gradient systems
Authors: Tao Shengzhen , Weavers Paul T. , Trzasko Joshua D. , Huston John , Shu Yunhong , Gray Erin M. , Foo Thomas K.F. , Bernstein Matt A.
Published: June 2017

Purpose

To investigate the effect of the asymmetric gradient concomitant fields (CF) with zeroth and first‐order spatial dependence on fast/turbo spin‐echo acquisitions, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of their real‐time compensation.

Methods

After briefly reviewing the CF produced by asymmetric gradients, the effects of the additional zeroth and first‐order CFs on these systems are investigated using extended‐phase graph simulations. Phantom and in vivo experiments are performed to corroborate the simulation. Experiments are performed before and after the real‐time compensations using frequency tracking and gradient pre‐emphasis to demonstrate their effectiveness in correcting the additional CFs. The interaction between the CFs and prescan‐based correction to compensate for eddy currents is also investigated.

Results

It is demonstrated that, unlike the second‐order CFs on conventional gradients, the additional zeroth/first‐order CFs on asymmetric gradients cause substantial signal loss and dark banding in fast spin‐echo acquisitions within a typical brain‐scan field of view. They can confound the prescan correction for eddy currents and degrade image quality. Performing real‐time compensation successfully eliminates the artifacts.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that the zeroth/first‐order CFs specific to asymmetric gradients can cause substantial artifacts, including signal loss and dark bands for brain imaging. These effects can be corrected using real‐time compensation. Magn Reson Med 79:1354–1364, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Ultra‐short echo time images quantify high liver iron
Authors: Doyle Eamon K. , Toy Kristin , Valdez Bertin , Chia Jonathan M. , Coates Thomas , Wood John C.
Published: June 2017

Purpose

1.5T gradient echo‐based
estimates are standard‐of‐care for assessing liver iron concentration (LIC). Despite growing popularity of 3T, echo time (TE) limitations prevent 3T liver iron quantitation in the upper half of the clinical range (LIC
20 mg/g). In this work, a 3D radial pulse sequence was assessed to double the dynamic range of 3T LIC estimates.

Theory and Methods

The minimum TE limits the dynamic range of pulse sequences to estimate
. 23 chronically‐transfused human volunteers were imaged with 1.5T Cartesian gradient echo (1.5T‐GRE), 3T Cartesian gradient echo (3T‐GRE), and 3T ultrashort TE radial (3T‐UTE) pulse sequences; minimum TEs were 0.96, 0.76, and 0.19 ms, respectively.
was estimated with an exponential signal model, normalized to 1.5T equivalents, and converted to LIC. Bland–Altman analysis compared 3T‐based estimates to 1.5T‐GRE.

Results

LIC by 3T‐GRE was unbiased versus 1.5T‐GRE for LIC
25 mg/g (sd = 9.6%); 3T‐GRE failed to quantify LIC > 25 mg/g. At high iron loads, 3T‐UTE was unbiased (sd = 14.5%) compared to 1.5T‐GRE. Further, 3T‐UTE estimated LIC up to 50 mg/g, exceeding 1.5T‐GRE limits.

Conclusion

3T‐UTE imaging can reliably estimate high liver iron burdens. In conjunction with 3T‐GRE, 3T‐UTE allows clinical LIC estimation across a wide range of liver iron loads. Magn Reson Med 79:1579–1585, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Eltrombopag use in a patient with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
Authors: Gabelli Maria , Marzollo Antonio , Notarangelo Lucia Dora , Basso Giuseppe , Putti Maria Caterina
Published: June 2017

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an inherited X‐linked disorder characterized by microthrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency, and eczema. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the treatment of choice. Eltrombopag, a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, may be useful to prevent bleeding while awaiting HSCT. We present a case of a male with WAS, profound thrombocytopenia, and bleeding diathesis successfully managed with eltrombopag before HSCT. Eltrombopag was given for 32 weeks obtaining a stable platelet count without any platelet transfusion. The patient did not experience any bleeding symptom. Eltrombopag may be a suitable therapeutic option for patients with WAS and severe thrombocytopenia as “bridge” to definitive cure.
Towards the synthesis of poly(azafulleroid)s: main chain fullerene oligomers for organic photovoltaic devices
Authors: Bregadiolli Bruna A , Ramanitra Hasina H , Ferreira Rodrigo Marques , Corcoles Laura , Gomes Milton S , Kang Lauren , Combe Craig MS , Silva Hugo Santos , Lavarda Francisco C , Bégué Didier , Dagron‐Lartigau Christine , Rocco Maria Luiza M , Luscombe Christine K , Olivati Clarissa A , Graeff Carlos FO , Hiorns Roger C
Published: June 2017

For the first time, imino chemistry is explored for the synthesis of main chain fullerene oligomers and low‐molecular‐weight polymers. Oligo(aziridinofullerene)s and low‐molecular‐weight poly(aziridinofullerene)s (PAFs) are prepared by 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of bis(azidoalkyl) comonomers to C60. The effect of the steric bulk of the comonomer is studied and it is found that PAF solubilities and molecular weights are increased with longer comonomer side‐chains. Initial and promising photovoltaic characterizations show commensurate improvements in properties. Interestingly, the PAFs exhibit lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals close to those of phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester. Routine characterizations are correlated with DFT/B3LYP/6‐31G(d) to understand structural and electronic behaviours. It is expected that higher molecular weights may be obtained through comonomer variations and that this novel methodology will open a route to interesting materials for optoelectronics. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Exploring the latent structure of the Luria model for the KABC‐II at school age: Further insights from confirmatory factor analysis
Authors: McGill Ryan J.
Published: June 2017

The present study examined the factor structure of the Luria interpretive model for the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children‐Second Edition (KABC‐II) with normative sample participants aged 7–18 (N = 2,025) using confirmatory factor analysis with maximum‐likelihood estimation. For the eight subtest Luria configuration, an alternative higher‐order model with Pattern Reasoning being permitted to cross‐load on the Planning and Simultaneous Processing factors provided the best fit to the normative sample data. Variance apportionment suggests that additional consideration, beyond the omnibus Mental Processing Index, of the contribution of the first‐order factor‐based scores (i.e., SQ, SM, P, and L), and in some cases the individual subtests themselves, may be warranted. Implications for clinical interpretation and the anticipated normative update of the measurement instrument are discussed.
The relationship among achievement goals, standardized test scores, and elementary students’ focus in school
Authors: Jones Martin H. , Mueller Christian E.
Published: June 2017

The study examined whether an academic, social, or both an academic and social focus might relate with achievement goals and academic achievement. Participants were 412 urban elementary school students. Results suggest that students with an academic focus toward school have more mastery‐approach and less mastery‐avoid achievement goals. Academic achievement (standardized test scores) did not relate with boys’ or girls’ focus toward school. These findings suggest that academic motivation, but not achievement, correspond with self‐perceptions of school as being a place to learn or school as a place for social interactions.
Phenotypic Analysis of Organoids by Proteomics
Authors: Gonneaud Alexis , Asselin Claude , Boudreau François , Boisvert François‐Michel
Published: June 2017

The development of 3D cell cultures into self‐organizing organ‐like structures named organoids provides a model that better reflects in vivo organ physiology and their functional properties. Organoids have been established from several organs, such as the intestine, prostate, brain, liver, kidney and pancreas. With recent advances in high‐throughput and ‐omics profiling technologies, it is now possible to study the mechanisms of cellular organisation at the systems level. It is therefore not surprising that these methods are now used to characterize organoids at the transcriptomic, proteomic, chromatin state and transcription factor DNA‐binding levels. These approaches can therefore provide a wealth of information regarding both the mechanisms involved in different diseases, and those involved in cell responses to different conditions, in a more in vivo setting. The authors provide an overview of the potential applications of quantitative mass spectrometry with organoid culture, and how the use of large‐scale proteome measurements is emerging in different organoid systems.
Random multiacceptor poly(2,7‐carbazole) derivatives containing the pentacyclic lactam acceptor unit TPTI for bulk heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Ekiz Seyma , Thompson Barry C.
Published: June 2017

Here, a family of donor/acceptor (D/A) alternating copolymers and random two‐acceptor and three‐acceptor copolymers were synthesized via Suzuki polymerization based on heptadecan‐9‐yl substituted carbazole as a donor and 4,7‐Bis(5‐bromothiophene‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (DTBT), 2,5‐diethylhexyl‐3,6‐bis(5‐bromothiophene‐2‐yl)pyrrolo[3,4‐c]‐pyrrole‐1,4‐dione (DPP) and 2,8‐dibromo‐4,10‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)thieno[2′,3′:5,6] pyrido[3,4‐g]thieno[3,2‐c]isoquinoline‐5,11(4H,10H)‐dione (TPTI) as acceptors. For the first time, a relatively new electron‐deficient TPTI unit was used as an acceptor in carbazole‐based conjugated polymers. Introduction of the electron‐deficient TPTI unit into the polymer backbone increased the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of the resulting polymer solar cells up to 0.96 V. PCTPTI and PCDTBT‐TPTI exhibited external quantum efficiencies (EQE) up to 75%. All random two‐acceptor copolymers showed broadened absorption profiles compared to the D/A alternating analogues. In order to further improve the light absorption, a random three‐acceptor copolymer was synthesized for the first time, resulting in the broadest absorption in the range of 350–750 nm. Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies and Voc values of the resulting polymers could be successfully tuned by introducing different monomer units into the polymer backbone in different ratios. These results indicate that TPTI is a promising acceptor unit for conjugated polymers and that the random copolymer approach is a successful tool for fine tuning of polymer properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2781–2786
Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of LY2510924 in Patients With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Bihorel S , Raddad E , Fiedler‐Kelly J , Stille JR , Hing J , Ludwig E
Published: June 2017

The objectives of this study were to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) of LY2510924, a potent peptide antagonist of the CXCR4 receptor, after subcutaneous administration in patients with advanced cancer forms and quantify LY2510924 stimulatory effects on the mobilization of cells bearing the cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34) as an indirect reflection of the chemokine C‐X‐C motif ligand 12/CXCR4 axis inhibition. LY2510924 PK were best characterized by a two‐compartment model with first‐order absorption and dose‐dependent clearance predicting steady state after three daily doses and little accumulation (accumulation ratio <1.17). The dynamics of CD34+ cell counts were best characterized with a precursor model with reversible transfer from the precursor to the central compartment and LY2510924‐driven stimulation of cell mobilization. Model‐based simulations show that once‐daily doses of 20 mg LY2510924 produce maximum CD34+ cell response and that peak effect typically occurs after three daily doses and slowly wanes over time.
Cationic Cytosine Morpholino‐Based Transporters: Synthesis and Regulation of Intracellular Localization
Authors: Nandi Bappaditya , Khatra Harleen , Khan Pragya Paramita , Bhadra Jhuma , Pattanayak Sankha , Sinha Surajit
Published: June 2017

Cationic guanidinium and phosphonium functionalized cytosine morpholino tetramer (G3) and trimer (P3) have been reported for the first time. They show efficient cellular uptake properties in full growth medium, quantified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and visualized by fluorescence microscopy. An interesting feature of these transporters is their localization in the nucleolus or the rest of nucleus, determined by the nature of cationic moieties attached with cytosine base. Co‐staining with MitoTracker Deep Red depicts their ability to penetrate mitochondrial membrane. Fluorescence imaging displays their uniform distribution throughout zebrafish larvae with no significant toxicity. FACS analysis at 4°C indicated that transfection of G3 transporter is energy dependent whereas P3 is energy independent. When covalently conjugated, G3 is capable of transporting a 25‐mer phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) into the cells. It exhibits antisense effect against Gli1 gene in hedgehog pathway, confirmed in preliminary β‐glactosidase assay performed in Ptch1–/– cells. Further antisense effect was confirmed when G3‐conjugated zebrafish Gli1‐PMO was injected into embryo to obtain Gli1‐dependent phenotypes. To the best of our knowledge, herein, we first report that molecular transporters with a minimum number of three cationic groups are capable of efficiently passing through plasma, nuclear and mitochondrial membranes and show distribution in zebrafish larvae.
An Insight into a Fascinating DMF‐Water Mixed Solvent System: Physicochemical and Electrochemical Studies
Authors: Pandit Sarwar Ahmad , Rather Mudasir Ahmad , Bhat Sajad Ahmad , Jan Roohi , Rather Ghulam Mohd , Bhat Mohsin Ahmad
Published: June 2017

A systematic study of electrical conductivity, density and viscosity over solutions of tetraethylammonium bromide(TEAB) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium methylsulfate ([BMIM][MeSO4]) in variedly composed dimethyl formamide (DMF) plus water mixtures was carried to explore the potential advantages of such mixed solvent systems for electrochemical investigations. The estimated transport and bulk characteristics of TEAB and [BMIM][MeSO4] in the mixed solvent revealed strong composition dependent interactions are present in the DMF‐Water mixed solvent systems. Such results intrigued us to study the impact of solution properties of DMF‐water systems on electrochemical behavior of redox probe para‐nitrotoluene (PNT).The estimated transport, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were correlated with the estimated values for viscosity, density and calculated values of dielectric constant for the mixed solvent. The kinetics of PNT was found to be controlled by outer sphere solvent reorganization in DMF‐water solvent system for both the supporting electrolytes viz. TEAB and [BMIM][MeSO4], upto composition range of 0.35 mole fraction of DMF in water.
Approaching Solar‐Grade a‐Si:H for Photovoltaic Applications via Atmospheric Pressure CVD Using a Trisilane‐Derived Liquid Precursor
Authors: Cádiz Bedini Andrew P. , Trieu Long D. , Muthmann Stefan , Rau Uwe , Carius Reinhard
Published: June 2017

The article demonstrates the fabrication of a‐Si:H thin films in a N2‐filled glove box via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) using a vaporized silicon hydride polymer/silicon nanoparticle composite ink prepared from trisilane (Si3H8). It is shown via Raman spectroscopy that the films exhibit good short and mid‐range atomic order. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals a fairly compact microstructure and a hydrogen concentration of 13–18 at.%. Photothermal deflection spectroscopy demonstrates a sub band gap absorption only a factor of ∼6 higher than that of solar‐grade plasma‐enhanced CVD (PECVD) material. As a demonstration of the utility of our ink, c‐Si wafer surface passivation layers are deposited resulting in effective minority charge carrier lifetimes exceeding 400 μs. These lifetimes constitute the as of yet highest reported values achieved using liquid precursors for bifacial coating without subsequent hydrogen radical treatment. The high electronic quality of the layers is shown via the fabrication of a n‐i‐p thin‐film solar cell with an APCVD intrinsic absorber layer exhibiting an efficiency of 3.4% and hence, placing its photovoltaic performance among the highest reported for cells processed from the liquid phase and without a back reflector.
Prediction of severe pre‐eclampsia/HELLP syndrome by combination of sFlt‐1, CT‐pro‐ET‐1 and blood pressure: exploratory study
Authors: Lind Malte A. , Uldbjerg N. , Wright D. , Tørring N.
Published: June 2017

Objectives

To evaluate the performance of a combination of angiogenic and vasoactive biomarkers to predict the development of severe pre‐eclampsia (PE)/HELLP syndrome in the third trimester.

Methods

Included were 215 women referred in the third trimester to an obstetric outpatient clinic with suspected PE (mean gestational age, 35 + 4 weeks), and 94 with normal pregnancy attending a midwife clinic. Cases were categorized as having subclinical PE, essential hypertension, gestational hypertension, moderate PE, and severe PE/HELLP syndrome. Blood samples were analyzed by immunoassay and groups were compared with respect to potential clinical and biochemical biomarkers, with the primary outcome being development of severe PE/HELLP syndrome within 1 week and within 2 weeks of analysis. The most promising markers were also assessed in combination.

Results

In the patients presenting with mild to moderate symptoms of PE, the individual markers which performed best for the prediction of progression to severe PE/HELLP syndrome within 1 week and within 2 weeks of biomarker evaluation were C‐terminal pro‐endothelin‐1 (CT‐pro‐ET‐1) (area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve (AUC), 0.82 and 0.78, respectively), soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1) (AUC, 0.81 and 0.76), systolic blood pressure (AUC, 0.80 and 0.68) and midregional pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide (AUC, 0.79 and 0.77). The combination of biomarkers with the best performance was CT‐pro‐ET‐1, sFlt‐1 and systolic blood pressure, achieving an AUC of 0.94 for prediction of development of severe PE/HELLP syndrome within 1 week and an AUC of 0.83 for prediction of their development within 2 weeks of biomarker evaluation.

Conclusions

The performance of CT‐pro‐ET‐1 for prediction of the development of PE/HELLP syndrome in the third trimester was promising, especially in combination with sFlt‐1 and systolic blood pressure. This was an exploratory study and our findings should be confirmed in further studies. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Cover Image, Volume 6, Issue 4
Authors: Tao Hirotaka , Kawakami Yasuhiko , Hui Chi‐chung , Hopyan Sevan
Published: June 2017

The cover image, by Hirotaka Tao et al., is based on the Advanced Review The two domain hypothesis of limb prepattern and its relevance to congenital limb anomalies, DOI: 10.1002/wdev.270.

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