bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single Crankshaft Opposed Piston Heat Rejection Measurement and
Simulation on High Power Density Engines for Future Ground Combat Vehicle Power
Pack Configurations
Authors: Kacynski Ken , Johnson S. Arnie , Huo Ming , Yancone J. , Katech Chris Meszaros
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses inherent advantages and additional design changes that can
be made to a single crankshaft opposed piston engine (SCOPE) in order to satisfy
military engine heat rejection-to-power requirements of 0.45.

The paper starts off with a discussion of the currently demonstrated heat
rejection to power levels being obtained with the commercial version of the
SCOPE configuration. Here, it is seen that heat rejection-to-power ratios are
approximately 0.69. Tests are ongoing and this value is considered preliminary
in nature.

Analytical results are then presented that decompose where the heat is being
generated - for the intake air system, the coolant system, and also the oil
lubrication system. The model includes consideration of heat generated from the
engines turbochargers, cylinders, pistons, and gear train. The model is anchored
to measurements made with a commercial version of the SCOPE engine. Engine heat
rejection results for this baseline configuration (experimentally measured
and/or predicted values) are made for all of the critical heat rejection areas
of interest, including a decomposition of heat rejection areas within the gear
train.

The heat rejection model is then extended to an engine configurations of military
interest – those satisfying the 0.45 heat generation to power ratio. To
facilitate various options available, identification of potential reductions in
various heat generating areas of the engine are reviewed, including
identification of technology limitations in each areas. In every particular heat
generating regime, various design options, features and considerations are
described, and the down-selected configuration is selected

Finally, a SCOPE engine configuration is presented that satisfies military engine
heat rejection-to-power ratio requirement of 0.45, while at the same time
utilizing engine design and manufacturing technologies that are of relatively
low development risk.

The paper highlights that SCOPE engines offer lower heat rejection than
conventional V-shaped reciprocating engines, in addition to their inherent
packaging efficiency and power density. Additionally, design modifications that
improve the heat rejection-to-power ratio of the engine tend to be more
advantageous for the SCOPE engine than a V-shaped engine, thereby resulting in
the ability to meet military engine heat rejection requirements without the need
to pursue high risk technologies or design concepts.
POWER CAPABILITY AND PROGNOSIS SIMULATION FOR BB-2590 LITHIUM ION BATTERIES ON SMALL UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES BY SEMI-EMPIRICAL MODEL
Authors: Takeda Yoichi , Skalny David , Zwally John , Toomey Laurence
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a semi-empirical model for predicting capability and life
span of small size Lithium ion battery packs. The model consists of a simple
Battery Management System (BMS) model, an existing electro-thermal model as well
as calendar and cycle aging models. In this work we aimed to realize both fast
calculation and high flexibility by using a simplified thermal and cycle aging
model with Rainflow method, a method usually used for evaluating material
fatigue. This paper details the mathematical structure of the model. The
methodology is applied to a LiCoO2/carbon BB-2590 type battery pack
utilized for small Unmanned Ground Vehicles. Moreover, simulation results of a
capability test of an on-board battery, a 10 year calendar life test and a cycle
test with 500 charging and discharging cycles are shown.
INTUITIVE ROBOTIC OPERATOR CONTROL (IROC): INTEGRATION OF GESTURE
RECOGNITION WITH AN UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE AND HEADS UP DISPLAY
Authors: Baraniecki Lisa , Vice Jack , Brown Jonathan , Nichols Josh , Stone Dave , Dahn Dawn
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Currently, fielded ground robotic platforms are controlled by a human operator
via constant, direct input from a controller. This approach requires constant
attention on the part of the operator, decreasing situational awareness (SA). In
scenarios where the robotic asset is non-line-of-sight (non-LOS), the operator
must monitor visual feedback, which is typically in the form of a video feed
and/or visualization. With the increasing use of personal radios, smart
devices/wearable computers, and network connectivity by individual warfighters,
the need for an unobtrusive means of robotic control and feedback is becoming
more necessary. A proposed intuitive robotic operator control (IROC) involving a
heads up display (HUD), instrumented gesture recognition glove, and ground
robotic asset is described in this paper. Under the direction of the Marine
Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL) Futures Directorate, AnthroTronix, Inc.
(ATinc) is implementing the described integration for completion and
demonstration by 30 September 2016.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SUPER COMPACT, HIGH EFFICIENCY, 32-SPEED
TRANSMISSION FOR TRACKED VEHICLES
Authors: Marquardt Brent , Brown Michael
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The objective of Ker-Train Research Inc.’s 850hp, Gemini III transmission
development program is to demonstrate leap ahead transmission technology
utilizing a fully geared, highly efficient (>90%) 32-Speed Binary
Logic transmission design which has unrivaled power density.
USE OF ELECTRIC MACHINE SCALING TECHNIQUES FOR MILITARY VEHICLE POWERTRAIN DESIGN
Authors: Wang Yuanying , Hofmann Heath , Ivanco Andrej , Rizzo Denise
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

With the development of the next generation of military vehicles, the demand for
significant amounts of electrical power is increasing, making the design of
electrical machines, such as the vehicle alternator, integral to the powertrain
design. This shows the importance of the machines’ size and efficiency,
and the great influence they will have on the vehicle powertrain design process.
In this paper, a finite-element-based scaling technique, capable of quickly
generating torque-speed curves and efficiency maps for new machine designs, is
improved to have two dimensional scaling factors instead of scaling the
dimensions uniformly, thus increasing the flexibility of the tool. First, a
magnetostatic finite-element-analysis (FEA) is conducted on a base machine,
producing data such as torque, flux linkage, and demagnetizing field intensity
in the permanent magnets, over a wide range of current magnitudes and phase
angles. Then, based on the dimensional and winding scaling factors of the new
design, the data is scaled to generate the corresponding torque-speed curves and
efficiency maps through post-processing techniques. Finally, the applications of
this technique are discussed.
Modeling of Landmine Loading of Armored Vehicles and Extension to
Field Testing Assessment
Authors: Stevens David J. , Barsotti Matt A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Protection Engineering Consultants (PEC) developed a soil model and landmine
modeling strategy for LS-DYNA that resulted in excellent agreement with data
from carefully controlled, precision tests. A traditional all-ALE approach and a
less conventional all-SPH approach were evaluated, as well as hybrid
formulations. Regardless of the modeling strategy used, the accuracy of landmine
blast load predictions is strongly driven by the fidelity of the soil material
model. PEC has developed a sandy soil model specifically for landmine
simulations, which requires only two inputs: dry sand density and moisture
content. Comparisons with data from two precision test series were exceptionally
strong and the average error for predicted impulse was less than 2.5%, using a
priori material parameter settings. This approach was employed to study the
effects of disturbed soil above the landmine as occurs in live fire tests, where
a hole is excavated, the landmine placed and the soil backfilled above the
mine.
DIRECT COMPARISON OF WIDE-AREA HULL DEFORMATION FROM DYNAMIC
MEASUREMENT DURING BLAST VS. NUMERICAL SIMULATION
Authors: Walker James D. , Grosch Donald J. , Chocron Sidney , Grimm Matt , Carpenter Alexander J. , Moore Thomas Z. , Weiss Carl , Bigger Rory P. , Mathis James T. , McLoud Katie
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Tools have been developed to compare the dynamic deformation of vehicle hulls as
they undergo blast-testing with numerical simulations. These tools allow
quantitative comparisons and measurements over a wide area of the hull surface,
rather than point comparisons as have been performed in the past. The
experimental measurements are performed with the Dynamic Deformation
Instrumentation System (DDIS) that was developed for TARDEC. Numerical
simulations of the test article attached to Southwest Research
Institute’s Landmine Test Fixture were performed with LS-DYNA using an
empirical blast-loads model. The specific example highlighted in this paper is
the deformation by blast testing of a hull component.
Comparative Study Using LS-DYNA ALE & S-ALE Methods for under
body Mine Blast Simulations
Authors: Hsieh Ching , Vunnam Madan , Bhalsod Dilip , Chen Hao
Published: November 2024

Full-vehicle, End-to-End Underbody Blast (UB) simulations with LS-DYNA ALE
(Arbitrary Lagrange-Eulerian) method have been common practice at the Tank
Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) for the last
several years to support Program Managers in the Army Acquisition and Science
& Technology (S&T) Community of military ground vehicles. Although the
method has been applied extensively and successfully, the demand for reducing
the simulation time has been very high. Very recently a new method, Structured
ALE (S-ALE), was developed in LS-DYNA by taking advantage of structured mesh to
speed up the calculation time. In this paper several case studies for underbody
mine blast simulations were analyzed by both ALE and S-ALE methods. The
comparative results show the new method is very promising in improving the
simulation time as well as the Massively Parallel Processing (MPP)
scalability.
SAFER LI-ION BATTERIES THROUGH BETTER THERMAL
MANAGEMENT
Authors: Fogg David , Kaszeta Richard , Yang Chuanbo
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are increasingly targeted for electrical energy
storage due to their exceptional energy and power density. However, Li-ion
batteries operating in the hostile military environments are prone to
catastrophic thermally induced failures or reduced lifetime if not maintained
within narrow operating windows. There is great interest in advanced thermal
management to optimize battery pack performance and enhance safety. In this
numerical study, we examine the performance and safety benefits afforded by
thermal management systems with effective thermal conductivities beyond the
limits of traditional conductive cooling. Thermal runaway simulations based on
NREL’s multi-scale multi-domain (MSMD) model illuminate how advanced
thermal management can improve power density, while mitigating thermal runaway
and cell fratricide potential. More efficient cooling increases the margin of
safety, allowing end users to extend the pack operating envelope over an
interrelated three parameter space encompassing the maximum permissible
discharge rate, ambient operating temperature, and/or thermal runaway pack
protection thresholds. Enhanced battery cooling will make Li-ion batteries safer
for next generation military vehicles.
NEXT-GENERATION IN-WHEEL ELECTRIC HUB DRIVES
Authors: Mackey J. , Goldsack S. , Dick S.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The series Hybrid-Electric Drive (HED) architecture brings a significant range of
potential benefits to military ground platforms. Electric-drive wheeled vehicles
can feature electric traction motors in a conventional driveline, but also offer
potential for motor incorporation into the axle or the wheel hub. The
implementation of in-wheel hub drives presents challenges both in their design
and to the overall vehicle system. However, by overcoming these challenges, the
vehicle designer is rewarded with greatly increased freedom in vehicle hull and
suspension design and numerous other benefits arising from the elimination of
much of the mechanical driveline and the provision of individual wheel
control.

Many hub drive development programs of the previous two decades that have
produced demonstrator vehicles have been typified by a large wheel rim size in
order to accommodate a traction motor of sufficient power to achieve both peak
output torque requirements and peak rotational output speed through a single
reduction ratio. In some cases, traction motor rating has also been driven by
the need to provide full vehicle braking capability by absorbing energy in
regeneration. The need for a large wheel rim limits the further development and
adoption of hub drives, as it implies excessive un-sprung mass, reduced off-road
tire performance, and limited off-the-shelf tire compatibility. Large motor size
also implies proportionately large power electronics.

QinetiQ Limited are developing next-generation hub drives as part of
DARPA’s Ground-X Vehicle Technologies program, as well as under QinetiQ
IRAD, with the aim of overcoming these obstacles by integration of a small,
power-dense permanent magnet motor with a three-speed planetary reduction
gearbox and liquid-cooled friction disk brake, packaged within the space-claim
of the standard 20” wheel rim. The motor design has demonstrated
capability to deliver power to exceed the power-to-weight ratio of present-day
military platforms. Incorporation of a multi-ratio integrated gearbox allows the
hub performance envelope to extend to both high-tractive torque at low speed for
obstacle crossing/gradability, and to high vehicle speeds for on-road use. Using
a cooled integrated friction brake allows for dissipation of braking energy far
in excess of the rated power of the traction motor to ensure full braking
capability. This system has been successfully demonstrated to TRL-5 within the
space claim of a standard 20” military wheel rim. This effort takes the
state of the art a significant step closer toward wide adoption of hub drives as
a critical building block in the HED vehicle architecture.
CAM-7®/LTO Lithium-Ion Cells for Logistically Robust 6T Vehicle Batteries
Authors: Ofer David , Kaplan Daniel , Menard Mark , Yang Celine , Dalton-Castor Sharon , McCoy Chris , Barnett Brian , Sriramulu Suresh
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

CAMX Power is developing Li-ion pouch cells and batteries based on its
proprietary CAM-7® cathode material and commercially
available lithium titanate (LTO) anode material to provide high power, high
charging rate capability, long life, safety and configurational flexibility in
military vehicle batteries. The CAM-7®/LTO technology can be
discharged to 0 V with no loss in performance, has excellent tolerance for cell
voltage reversal and cell overcharge as well as having excellent
elevated-temperature storage stability, making it ideally suited for batteries
that can be logistically managed with little or no maintenance or environmental
controls. These same properties make CAM-7®/LTO technology
well-suited for implementing in damage-tolerant, minimally managed, batteries
that are structurally distributed and integrated in military vehicles.
ADVANCED MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION FOR VIRTUAL CALIBRATION OF
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Authors: Gutjahr Tobias , Kruse Thomas , Huber Thorsten
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Due to the high complexity of modern internal combustion engines and powertrain
systems, the proper calibration of the electronic control unit’s (ECU)
parameters has a strong impact on project targets like fuel consumption,
emissions and drivability, as well as development costs and project duration.
Simulation methods representing the system behavior with a model can support the
calibration process considerably. However, standard physics-based models are
often not able to describe all effects with sufficient accuracy, or the effort
to set up a detailed model is too high. Physics-based models can also have a
high computational demand, so that their simulation is not real-time capable.
More suited for ECU calibration are data-driven models, combined with Design of
Experiment (DoE). The system to be calibrated is identified with few specific
test bench or vehicle measurements. From these measurements, a mathematical
regression model is built. This paper describes recently developed machine
learning methods based on Gaussian processes. In contrast to polynomial models
or neural network regression, Gaussian processes are able to model strongly
nonlinear systems with high accuracy, and are robust against measurement noise
and outliers. No expert knowledge is required for their practical application,
all model parameters are determined automatically by probabilistic principles.
The data-driven model replaces the real engine or vehicle in the calibration
process, and combined with optimization methods, the best set of ECU parameters
with respect to the project targets is identified. The short response time of
Gaussian process models further enables their use in real-time environments,
e.g. Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) test systems or even directly on the ECU. This
paper shows the application of the data-driven approach in the calibration
process on several examples.
Simple Terramechanics Models and their Demonstration in the Next
Generation NATO Reference Mobility Model
Authors: McCullough Michael , Preston-Thomas Jon , Shoop Sally , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Hodges Henry
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In 2014, a NATO Applied Vehicle Technology (AVT) Exploratory Team 148 (ET-148)
was formed to explore the development of an improved Next-Generation NATO
Reference Mobility Model (NG-NRMM)[1]. A
development path forward was identified and initiated in a subsequent NATO
research task group (AVT-248) to implement ET-148 recommendations. One key area
for improvement was the vehicle-terrain interaction (Terramechanics) models
defining important performance metrics for off-road performance in differing
soils, and environmental conditions. The near term implementation focuses on
existing “Simple” Terramechanics models as a practical
improvement to the incumbent NRMM Cone Index (CI) empirically based method,
without requiring the computational power of the large scale complex discrete
element model (DEM) methods that are the targeted long term solution. Practical
approaches and limitations to the implementation of these existing Simple
Terramechanics models in 3D vehicle models are described along with parameter
identification approaches and their limitations.
CALIBRATION AND VERIFICATION OF DETAILED HYBRID III 50TH
PERCENTILE MALE ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICE (ATD) BASED ON EXTENSIVE MINE BLAST
TESTS
Authors: Jensen Morten Rikard , Honaker Mike , Boglaev Alex
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The work presented here comprises preliminary results for calibrating the IMPETUS
Afea Hybrid III 50th percentile Male ATD for a blast scenario. The
calibration of the ATD model based upon the requirements defined for frontal
crash impact are presented followed by a discussion of the blast survivability
tests that were performed at General Dynamics Edgefield Test Center in South
Carolina. The model setup for the calibration based upon the blast tests are
presented which includes a discussion of the seating and blast models.
Preliminary numerical results for Lumbar and Lower Tibia forces are compared
with the experimental results. The correlation was good and calibration of the
remaining critical parameters continues.
ASSESSING THE TRADEOFF BETWEEN COST AND AVAILABILITY USING
SIMULATION
Authors: Vergenz Peter , Banghart Marc
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

For large populations of vehicles, it is often difficult to estimate how changes
to scheduled maintenance plans will impact future operational availability,
especially when component failure rates may not be known precisely or the
operational environment changes. The primary objective of this contribution is
to illustrate a Modeling and Simulation (M&S) approach which determines the
minimum amount of maintenance necessary to keep a given threshold of operational
availability. The analysis was performed using discrete-event simulation,
maintenance data, and anecdotal information from technicians. The information
was combined within a model containing over 15 variables including labor and
process constraints. The analysis yielded a decision tool that can be utilized
to assess several potential long term storage maintenance policies, focused on
cost minimization while meeting readiness requirements.
DEMONSTRATION OF A 75 kW SILICON-CARBIDE BASED GENERATOR CONTROLLER
FOR POWER DENSE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Beem Earnie , Nedic Velimir
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The latest military vehicles have been developed with on-board high voltage
(600Vdc) power generation systems. The generator controller is an essential part
of such a power generation system. It interfaces and converts generator 3-phase
ac voltages into vehicle dc bus voltage and is the primary component responsible
for vehicle bus stability. Compliance of the controller’s output dc
voltage with MIL-PRF-GCS600A(ARMY) is a prerequisite for stability. This paper
presents the design, and test results of a 75kW continuous operation power
converter achieving a volumetric power density above 7kW/liter at an
85°C coolant temperature. Details regarding power quality and thermal
management are discussed. Performance results will be provided, including
assessment of the voltage regulation requirements as part of MIL-PRF-GCS600A,
efficiency (97%), and temperature results.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR DATA-CENTRIC, CAPABILITY FOCUSED APPROACH
TO FACILITATE THE ARCHITECTURE, MODELING, AND INTEROPERABILITY OF CHALLENGING
SYSTEM-OF-SYSTEMS, (SoS).
Authors: Cameron George A. , Mendenhall George , Futch Don , Cunningham Jeffery C.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A data-centric capability focused on meeting the strategic need for the rapid
configuration of interoperability among and between different end-points such as
applications, military vehicle onboard systems, modules and sensors represents a
glaring capability gap facing the Army. This agile network layer is required for
the standardization and interpretation of data into actionable intelligence. A
capability that is essential for the Army to successfully facilitate complex
“systems-of-systems” (SoS) engineering requirements for process
improvement, superior products, and reduced cost.
DRIVING SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Peterson Troy
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

While complex systems transform the landscape, the Systems Engineering discipline
is also experiencing a transformation to a model-based discipline. In alignment
with this, one of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE)
strategic objectives is to accelerate this transformation. INCOSE is building a
broad community that promotes and advances model based methods to manage the
complexity of systems which seamlessly integrate computational algorithms and
physical components across domains and traditional system boundaries. This paper
covers contextual drivers for transformation as well as challenges, enablers,
and INCOSE resources aligned with accelerating the transformation of Systems
Engineering to a model-based discipline.
DESIGN FOR A DUAL PURPOSE LIQUID LEVEL SENSOR (PATENT
PENDING)
Authors: Swenson David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Traditional engineering concerns such as lubrication and cooling are still
present even as vehicle functions become more complex. The established solution
to monitor fluid levels has been a sight glass or a dipstick. More complex
machines demand continuous knowledge of fluid levels without adding to operator
workload. Remote monitoring of vehicle health will become normal and expected by
owners and operators of evolving vehicle designs. This dual function fluid level
sensor provides both electronic and operator monitoring of vehicle fluids, as
well as redundancy in the event of electronic failure. Grouping of sensor
components that are considered more likely to fail into one group, aids
replacement when necessary. By incorporating a traditional dipstick into a
continuous electronic monitoring solution, either method of level monitoring is
facilitated.
AUTOMATED OPTIMIZATION OF PHYSICS-BASED SENSOR MODELS FOR EMBEDDED CONTROL SYSTEMS
Authors: Gutjahr Tobias , Kleinegraeber Holger , Kruse Thomas
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Modern electronic control units (ECUs) typically contain many physically based
models represented by a complex structure of maps, curves and scalar parameters.
The purpose of these models is to monitor or predict engine values that are
normally measured by actual sensors. If the model structure is a good
representation of the physical system and the parameters are well fitted, such a
model can replace the sensor and serve as a virtual sensor to reduce the cost
and complexity of the overall system. Virtual sensors are commonly used in the
ECU for predicting engine torque, air pressure and flow, emissions, catalyst
temperature, and exhaust gas temperatures. To ensure an optimal prediction
quality of these models, their parameters need to be calibrated using real
measurement data collected, e.g., in the vehicle or in the test cell. Due to the
models’ complexity and the high number of parameters, a manual
calibration is very time consuming or even impossible. Instead, iterative
multivariate optimization algorithms are more efficient. The optimization of the
model parameters can be performed offline on a PC and doesn’t require
access to the physical target which helps to save time and costs throughout the
entire calibration process.

This paper presents the implementation of an automated calibration procedure in a
generic tool framework, ETAS ASCMO-MOCA, to enable a broad use in function
calibration and virtual sensor development. The ECU model can be provided in the
proprietary formats of MATLAB Simulink® and ETAS ASCET. A formula editor
is also available to recreate the function in ASCMO-MOCA, in case the source
model is not available. Recorded measurement data stimulates the model inputs
for the optimization. The difference between the actual sensor values in the
data set and the model output represents the optimizer’s cost function.
A gradient descent algorithm is used to find optimal calibration parameters
while minimizing the deviation of the model prediction from the desired output
behavior. For practical reasons, additional constraints can be considered during
the optimization for calibration curves and maps, such as smoothness factors or
gradient limitations. Once the final optimized and verified model is available,
it can be integrated into the ECU control strategy. Several examples from ECU
function development are shown throughout the paper.
A Demonstration of Noise and Vibration Reduction Techniques For Zero
Rare-Earth Magnet Integrated Starter-Generators Used In Military Vehicle
Applications
Authors: Sozer Yilmaz , Tylenda Joshua , Kutz John , Wright Ronnie L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Due to the recent fluctuations in the rare-earth magnet pricing and availability
demands, switched reluctance machines (SRMs) have gained significant interest to
be used in automotive and military applications. SRMs are known to have high
power density/efficiency, low cost, easy manufacturability, wide constant power
region, robust structure and high reliability. On the other hand, high acoustic
noise and torque ripple have limited their wide spread usage in the past. This
paper investigates the analyses, design and experimental verification of various
acoustic noise reduction techniques for SRMs. The prototypes of 100 kW SRMs for
military ground vehicles have been built with the implemented acoustic noise
reduction techniques and were tested using a dynamometer special for electric
and hybrid vehicle testing.
HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING FRAMEWORK FOR CO-SIMULATION OF
VEHICLE–TERRAIN INTERACTION
Authors: Serban Radu , Olsen Nicholas , Negrut Dan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Current modeling and simulation capabilities permit tackling complex
multi-physics problems, such as those encountered in ground vehicle mobility
studies, using high-fidelity physics-based models for all involved subsystems,
including the vehicle, tires, and deformable terrain. However, these come at
significant computational burden; research and development on new software
architecture and parallelization techniques is crucial in enabling such
predictive simulation capabilities to be useful in design of new vehicles or in
operational settings.

In this paper, we describe the architecture, philosophy, and implementation of a
distributed message-passing-based granular terrain simulation capability and its
incorporation into an explicit force–displacement co-simulation
framework to enable effective simulation of multi-physics mobility problems. We
demonstrate that the proposed infrastructure has good parallel scaling
characteristics and can thus effectively leverage available computing resources.
Furthermore, we show that the outer communication layer, also implemented with a
message passing approach, is effective and adds negligible overhead.
EVALUATION OF CANDIDATE METHODS FOR WELDING STEEL TO OTHER STRUCTURAL
LIGHTWEIGHT METALS
Authors: Gould Jerry E. , Eff Michael , Namola Kate
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper addresses candidate technologies for attaching steels to selected
lightweight materials. Materials of interest here include aluminum and titanium
alloys. Metallurgical challenges for the aluminum-to-steel and titanium-to-steel
combinations are first described, as well as paths to overcome these challenges.
Specific joining approaches incorporating these paths are then outlined with
examples for specific processes. For aluminum-to-steel joining, inertia, linear,
and friction stir welding are investigated. Key elements of success included
rapid thermal cycles and an appropriate topography on the steel surface. For
titanium-to-steel joining, successful approaches incorporated thin refractory
metal interlayers that prevented intimate contact of the parent metal species.
Specific welding methods employed included resistance mash seam and upset
welding. In both cases, the process provided both heat for joining and a
relatively simple strain path that allowed significant bond line forging without
rupture of the separating interlayer.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALABLE THERMOMECHANICAL PROCESS (TMP) FOR THICK
BAINITIC ARMOR STEEL
Authors: Chu Henry S. , Lillo Thomas M. , Anderson Jeffrey A. , Zagula Thomas A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A bainite phase-based alloy and associated thermomechanical process were
developed to produce (2.5 to over 5 cm) thick armor-grade steel with uniform
through-thickness high hardness and strength. The alloy composition and the
final-critical (austenite to bainite) isothermal transformation step were
specifically designed to utilize a simple and versatile air-cool/quench method
to keep a low upfront capital cost and to provide the ability to continuously
control the cooling rate in real time, in order to produce maximum volume
fraction of bainite phase, and promote uniformly distributed strength and
hardness. Final thickness of 1.9 cm and 5.7 cm steel plates were fabricated for
characterization, testing and evaluation and found to possess uniform
through-thickness hardness between 53 to 55 HRC and dynamic compressive strength
of up to 2 GPa.
THE INFLUENCE OF RISK ON DRIVER TRUST IN AUTONOMOUS DRIVING SYSTEMS
Authors: Petersen Luke , Zhao Huajing , Tilbury Dawn M. , Yang X. Jessie , Robert Lionel P.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Autonomous driving systems (ADS) in autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles have
the potential to improve driving safety and enable drivers to perform
non-driving tasks concurrently. Drivers sometimes fail to fully leverage a
vehicle’s autonomy because of a lack of trust. To address this issue,
the present study examined the influence of risk on drivers’ trust.
Subject tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of combined internal and
external risk, where participants drove a simulated semi-autonomous vehicle and
completed a secondary task at the same time. Results of this study are expected
to provide new insights into promoting trust and acceptance of autonomy in both
military and civilian settings.
MANAGING NEXT GENERATION OPEN STANDARD VEHICLE ELECTRONICS
ARCHITECTURES
Authors: Jedynak David , Kawasaki Charlie , Gregory David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Given the complexity of existing and anticipated ground vehicle networks it is
necessary to consider a robust communications management software solution -
that consolidates the management plane of networks onto a “single pane
of glass” regardless of the type of technology or vendor – that
is capable of providing distributed, hierarchical, and efficient management of
network attached nodes on multiple platforms and at multiple tiers.
Implementing Cybersecurity Risk Management Framework for the MAPS
Base Kit
Authors: Nowc Matt , Shvartsman Andrey , Moon Ed , Tucker Lucas
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Modular Active Protection System (MAPS) Science and Technology Objective
(STO) program led by the CCDC- Ground Vehicle Systems Center (CCDC-GVSC) has
undertaken and committed to delivering a product baseline that can readily
support performance requirements for Vehicle Protection System (VPS)
capabilities while meeting cybersecurity requirements. DoD investments in a
cyber-secure common kit can provide many benefits to the DoD as each program
(i.e., Abrams, Bradley, Stryker, AMPV) will be able to leverage the initial
investments without having to create their own technical solution per platform.
It is broadly acknowledged that implementing security controls early in the
product’s life cycle provides better capabilities, reduces
vulnerabilities, reduces program schedule, and reduces program cost compared to
attempting to add cybersecurity later in the production and test phases. As the
MAPS open-architecture enables programs to leverage occupant and vehicle
protection capabilities from other current programs, exemplifying Horizontal
Technology Insertion (HTI), it will also support effective and efficient reuse
for cyber-security required by the Risk Management Framework (RMF) to protect
the VPS itself, in turn enhancing overall vehicle protection.
Potential for VICTORY and FACE™ Alignment – Initial
Exploration of Data Interoperability and Standards Compliance /
Conformance
Authors: Elliott Leonard , Jenkins Syltinsy P. , Moore Michael S. , Yee Howell S.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Vehicular Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY) and Future
Airborne Capability Environment (FACE) Standards are two open standards that
support Modular Open System Approaches (MOSA) to U.S. Department of Defense
(DoD) weapon system development and acquisition. Both standards share similar
high-level goals (e.g. interoperability, lower integration costs, and open
competition). Due to differences in the business goals and application
environments, the technical objectives were significantly different. The
airborne avionics business and application space led the FACE™1 approach to define standards to
make software portable and independent of the existing safety-critical and
real-time system architectures in various airborne platforms. The FACE Technical
Standard defines software application program interfaces and architectures for a
flexible, operating environment to host platform independent software
components. The ground vehicle environment led VICTORY to define standards to
create interoperability where there was none previously. VICTORY defines
standards for an in-vehicle network and on-the-wire network interfaces to
integrate C4ISR/EW equipment and interface to vehicle systems. VICTORY and FACE
define different kinds of standards because they had different objectives. This
paper explores methods that could be used to integrate systems using the two
standards, and suggests areas in which alignment is possible and may be mutually
beneficial.

Citation: Leonard Elliott, Syltinsy P. Jenkins, Howell S. Yee, PhD,
Michael S. Moore, PhD, “Potential for VICTORY and FACE Alignment
– Initial Exploration of Data Interoperability and Standards Compliance
/ Conformance”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
COMBUSTION STRATEGIES FOR LOW-CETANE FUELS
Authors: Tess Michael , Gingrich Eric , Stoll Steve
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The effects of advanced fuel injection strategies on the combustion behavior of
an unblended low-cetane synthetic jet fuel (Sasol isoparaffinic kerosene, POSF
7629, derived cetane number 31) were investigated in a single-cylinder research
engine (SCRE) at several speeds and loads. The most significant finding of the
current work is that the introduction of a small pulse of fuel prior to the main
fuel injection event, termed a close-coupled pilot (CCP) injection, effectively
mitigates the relatively longer ignition delay time of the DCN 31 fuel.
Therefore, a potential technical solution exists that would permit the use of
low-cetane jet fuels in military ground vehicles if the operational scenario
required it.

Citation: M. Tess, E. Gingrich, S. Stoll, “Combustion
Strategies for Low-Cetane Fuels”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
ADVANCED SIMULATIONS FOR MOBILITY PREDICTIONS IN VARIABLE TERRAIN
PROFILES
Authors: Pesheck Eric , Palmer Tim , Bromwell Tony , Jeganathan Venkatesan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM) is an empirically based tool developed
to facilitate comparisons between vehicle design candidates and to assess their
mobility under specific mission profiles. It was originally established in the
1960s and 1970s, during a time when modern computational methods were in their
infancy. Since its initial development, the NRMM has been revised and updated
several times, but there has always been a deficiency – a thorough
understanding of the vehicle capabilities for each mission profile.

With the advent of modern simulation tools, coupled with the latest in data
visualization and analytics, a new generation of mobility models may be built
that cannot only assess a vehicle’s mobility, but also understand its
extended range in various soil types, and more specific terrains or operational
conditions.

This presentation will discuss the capabilities of advanced simulation and
visualization software and their ability to affect how mission planning and
profiling could be conducted to ensure mission success and improve warfighter
safety.

Citation: E. Pesheck, T. Palmer, T. Bromwell, V. Jeganathan
“Advanced Simulations for Mobility Predictions in Variable Terrain
Profiles”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
THE EFFECTS OF OBSTACLE DIMENSIONAL UNCERTAINTY ON PATH PLANNING IN CLUTTERED ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Tau Seth , Brennan Sean , Reichard Karl , Pentzer Jesse , Gorsich David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This work investigates the effects of obstacle uncertainty on the speed,
distance, and feasibility of a planned traversal path. Simulation results for
artificial and real-world environments are used to numerically quantify how
geometric uncertainty within a map affects path traversal cost. A significant
outcome of this research is the discovery of a relationship between increasing
uncertainty and path cost. As obstacle uncertainty increases, previously planned
routes can become infeasible as they effectively become blocked off due to
uncertainty in the obstacle geometry. This paper illustrates a method that can
serve to increase the speed, simplicity, and reliability of path planning, while
allowing uncertainty to be included in the mobility analysis.

Citation: S. Tau, S. Brennan, K. Reichard, J. Pentzer, D. Gorsich,
“The Effects of Obstacle Dimensional Uncertainty on Path Planning in
Cluttered Environments”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle
Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi,
MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING MODELS FOR AUTONOMOUS GROUND VECHICLES
Authors: Venkatachalam Saravanan , Bansal Manish , Smereka Jonathon M.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Significant advances in sensing, robotics, and wireless networks have enabled the
collaborative utilization of autonomous aerial, ground and underwater vehicles
for various applications. However, to successfully harness the benefits of these
unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) in homeland security operations, it is critical
to efficiently solve UGV path planning problem which lies at the heart of these
operations. Furthermore, in the real-world applications of UGVs, these
operations encounter uncertainties such as incomplete information about the
target sites, travel times, and the availability of vehicles, sensors, and fuel.
This research paper focuses on developing algebraic-based-modeling framework to
enable the successful deployment of a team of vehicles while addressing
uncertainties in the distance traveled and the availability of UGVs for the
mission.

Citation: S. Venkatachalam, M. Bansal, J. M. Smereka,
“Stochastic Programming Models for Autonomous Ground Vehicles”,
In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
ANALYSIS OF THE SYNERGY BETWEEN MODULARITY AND AUTONOMY IN AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BASED FLEET COMPETITION
Authors: Li Xingyu , Mitra Mainak , Epureanu Bogdan I.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A novel approach is provided for evaluating the benefits and burdens from vehicle
modularity in fleets/units through the analysis of a game theoretical model of
the competition between autonomous vehicle fleets in an attacker-defender game.
We present an approach to obtain the heuristic operational strategies through
fitting a decision tree on high-fidelity simulation results of an intelligent
agent-based model. A multi-stage game theoretical model is also created for
decision making considering military resources and impacts of past decisions.
Nash equilibria of the operational strategy are revealed, and their
characteristics are explores. The benefits of fleet modularity are also analyzed
by comparing the results of the decision making process under diverse
operational situations.
Applying SC3D to Verify Force Protection with Hard Kill Active Protection Systems
Authors: Bernardo Alex , Buckley Pat
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The main aspect of this investigation is the fast calculation of jet break-up
from incoherent shape charge effects on targets. Several examples are used to
verify force protection with Hard Kill Active Protection Systems. The first
example showed how SC3D can be used to estimate the RHA equivalence of a layered
armor recipe against a shape charge threat at standoff. The RHA equivalence can
then be used in traditional vulnerability assessments. In the second example, a
stochastic analysis was done of an Early Initiated Normal Jet event against a
target vehicle to evaluate occupant survivability. Although Monte Carlo was used
to calculate vulnerability, this was representative of a singular, deterministic
HK-APS intercept of a threat (Pk given an intercept). In the third example, an
additional layer of stochastic analysis evaluated probability of intercept,
accounting for Circle Error Probable of a threat as it is intercepted by an APS
along a protection hemisphere. The resulting Pk is therefore that given a
launch.

Citation: A. Bernardo, P. Buckley, “Applying SC3D to Verify
Force Protection with Hard Kill Active Protection Systems”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
Vehicle Roof Inflatable Impact Bladder (VRIIB)
Authors: Middlebrook Donald , Jude John , Peck Jason
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In order to reduce the frequency and severity of warfighter head, neck, and spine
injuries associated with military vehicle underbody IED and AVL blasts, crash,
and rollover, Hy-Tek Manufacturing Co. Inc. (HMC) has designed, fabricated,
tested, and optimized its Vehicle Roof Inflatable Impact Bladder (VRIIB).
Comprised of two (2) thin and impermeable airbags separated by semi-rigid force
distribution plates; the VRIIB is designed to be mounted on the interior roof
panel of military combat vehicles in a deflated state. During IED or AVL
detonation, the VRIIB inflates by means of a COTS airbag inflator to provide a
significant reduction in the rate at which a warfighter’s head or neck
decelerates against the rigid vehicle roof panel. The VRIIB is designed to
remain inflated and functional for a protracted period of time after its initial
actuation in order to protect vehicle mounted warfighters from follow-on blast
related roof impacts, subsequent vehicle rollover and/or vehicle roof impacts
against the ground or other structures. The stowed (uninflated) VRIIB has a
thickness of only 1.0-inch and is designed to deploy by means of
well-established commercial airbag collision sensor and inflator technology.
When fully inflated, the VRIIB has a thickness of ~3.5-inches. The thin profile
of the inflated VRIIB, along with its moderate gas inflation pressure, makes it
an efficient and flexible platform for integration onto the interior surfaces of
any military vehicle, especially those having an already limited space
claim.

Citation: D. Middlebrook, J. Jude, J. Peck “Vehicle Roof
Inflatable Impact Bladder (VRIIB)”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
RAPID CREATION OF MULTISPECTRAL TERRAINS FOR USE IN IN-BAND SCENE
GENERATION AND OTHER ANALYTICAL TOOLS
Authors: Etheredge Paul , Rigney Matt , Seal Brad , Burns Jamie , Fronckowiak Tom , Walters Josh
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Synthetic terrain generation and scene generation is a critical component of
performing meaningful simulation assessments across many simulation domains. The
U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation and Missile Center
(CCDC AvMC) has developed a process for rapidly generating and characterizing
large-scale, multispectral terrain models and thermal signatures for use in a
wide range of simulation tools from ground vehicles and air platforms to smart
weapons and AI algorithms. This process has allowed the replacement of legacy
terrain generation methods of on-site collections or statistics-based models
with high-fidelity, physics-based terrain signature modeling at a fraction of
the schedule and cost by leveraging modern high-performance computing paradigms
and algorithms. This allows for rapid generation of terrain models of any
location in the world at any time of day or season.

Citation:
P. Etheredge, M. Rigney, B. Seal, J. Burns, T. Fronckowiak, J. Walters,
“Rapid Creation Of Multispectral Terrains for Use in In-Band Scene
Generation and Other Analytical Tools”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi,
MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.