bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Models and Studies of Aging: Executive Summary of a Report from the U13 Conference Series
Authors: Hurria Arti , Carpenter Christopher R. , McFarland Frances , Lundebjerg Nancy E. , de Cabo Rafael , Ferrucci Luigi , Studenski Stephanie A. , Barzilai Nir , Briggs Josephine P. , Ix Joachim H. , Kitzman Dalane W. , Kuchel George A. , Musi Nicolas , Newman John C. , Rando Thomas A. , Smith Alexander K. , Walston Jeremy D. , Kirkland James L. , Yung Raymond
Published: January 2019

The American Geriatrics Society convened a conference in Bethesda, Maryland, to explore models and studies of aging. This was the second of three conferences, supported by a U13 grant from the National Institute on Aging, to aid recipients of Grants for Early Medical/Surgical Specialists Transition to Aging Research (GEMSSTAR) in integrating geriatrics into their specialties. Recognizing that aging is the largest risk factor for multiple chronic diseases and age‐related loss of resilience, the conference organizers focused scientific sessions on how targeting age‐related mechanisms can delay, prevent, or reverse geriatric syndromes, age‐related chronic diseases, and loss of resilience. The rationale for studying models of aging as well as study designs, strategies, and challenges of studying human aging were reviewed. This article provides a summary of the full conference report, Models and Studies of Aging: Report from the U13 Conference Series, and summarizes key take‐home messages that were designed to support GEMSSTAR awardees in developing their research careers focused on aging research (see supplementary text for the full report). J Am Geriatr Soc 67:428–433, 2019.
Inclusion of Older Adults in Research: Ensuring Relevance, Feasibility, and Rigor
Authors: Kuchel George A.
Published: January 2019

This Editorial comments on the articles by Vaughan et al, Bowling et al, and Lockett et al. in this issue.
Unerupted permanent incisors and associated dental anomalies
Authors: Tan Chiewee , Ekambaram Manikandan , Lee Gillian H. M. , Yiu Cynthia K. Y.
Published: January 2019

Aim

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between unerupted permanent incisors and dental anomalies among children and adolescents.

Methods

The clinical records of patients between January 2005 and December 2014 were retrieved to identify those with unerupted permanent incisors. A retrospective audit on the presence or absence of any dental anomalies was done from all available records of the included patients.

Results

A total of 266 patients with 320 unerupted permanent incisors were identified from the 15 987 patients in the study. Among the unerupted permanent incisors, 222 (69.4%) were associated with dental anomalies, which was significantly higher than those showing an absence of dental anomalies (N = 98, 30.6%, P < 0.001). For the unerupted maxillary central incisors, a significantly higher proportion was associated with supernumerary teeth (P < 0.001). For the unerupted maxillary lateral incisors, a significantly higher proportion was associated with the ectopic eruption of permanent canines when compared with other dental anomalies (P < 0.001). The presence of the ectopic eruption of permanent canine, double teeth, and hyperdontia was significantly higher among male patients with unerupted permanent incisors.

Conclusions

Unerupted permanent incisors were associated with supernumerary teeth and ectopic eruption of permanent canines. Specifically, a higher proportion of unerupted maxillary central incisors was associated with the presence of supernumerary teeth, whereas a higher percentage of unerupted maxillary lateral incisors was associated with the ectopic eruption of permanent canines.
Preventive effects of carbon dioxide laser and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride varnish on enamel demineralization: A comparative, in vitro study
Authors: Abufarwa Moufida , Noureldin Amal , Azimaie Taha , Campbell Phillip M. , Buschang Peter H.
Published: January 2019

Aim

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) laser and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP)fluoride varnish on enamel demineralization.

Methods

Human teeth were randomly assigned to three groups. The enamel was treated with fluoride varnish, 10.6 μm CO2 laser, or no treatment (control), followed by 9 days of pH cycling. Baseline and final FluoreCam images were used to quantify the area, intensity, and impact of demineralization; cross‐sectional microhardness was used to measure the mechanical properties of the enamel.

Results

There were statistically‐significant changes in the area, intensity and impact of demineralization in the control and laser groups (P < 0.05), but not in the fluoride group. The control group showed a significantly greater area and impact of enamel demineralization compared to the fluoride group. The area of demineralization in the laser group was significantly greater than that of the fluoride group. Enamel demineralization of the laser and control groups was comparable. The fluoride group showed statistically‐significant harder enamel than the control at 20, 40, and 60 μm depths; the laser group enamel was significantly harder than the control at 20 and 40 μm depths. The fluoride group showed statistically‐significant harder enamel than the laser group at 20 μm depth.

Conclusions

CPP‐ACP fluoride varnish is more effective than CO2 in preventing enamel demineralization.
Automated E‐FRET microscope for dynamical live‐cell FRET imaging
Authors: ZHANG C. , LIU Y. , SUN H. , LIN F. , MA Y. , QU W. , CHEN T.
Published: January 2019

Acceptor‐sensitised 3‐cube fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging (also termed as E‐FRET imaging) is a popular fluorescence intensity‐based FRET quantification method. Here, an automated E‐FRET microscope with user‐friendly interfaces was set up for dynamical online quantitative live‐cell FRET imaging. This microscope reduces the time of a quantitative E‐FRET imaging from 12 to 3 s. After locating cells, calibration of the microscope and E‐FRET imaging of the cells can be performed automatically by clicking ‘Capture’ button on interfaces. E‐FRET imaging was performed on the microscope for living cells expressing different FRET tandem constructs. Dynamical E‐FRET imaging on the microscope for live cells coexpressing CFP‐Bax and YFP‐Bax treated by staurosporine (STS) revealed three Bax redistribution stages: Bax translocation from cytosol to mitochondria within 10 min, membrane insertion with conformational change on mitochondrial membrane within about 30 min, and subsequent oligomerisation within about 10 min. Because of excellent user‐friendly interface and stability, the automated E‐FRET microscope is a convenient tool for quantitative FRET imaging of living cell.

Lay Description

Acceptor‐sensitised 3‐cube fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging (also termed as E‐FRET) is a popular fluorescence intensity‐based FRET quantification methods. E‐FRET measurements are currently performed manually, and a complete FRET measurement takes about 12 s. E‐FRET measurement necessitates not only a skilled operator and specialised equipment but also expertise in the interpretation of FRET signals, a considerable challenge in the application of FRET technology in living cells. Furthermore, manual E‐FRET microscope is hard to perform dynamical quantitative FRET measurement, the ever‐increasing applications in mapping the biochemical signal transduction within cells.

Here, an automated E‐FRET microscope with user‐friendly interfaces was set up for dynamical online quantitative live‐cell FRET imaging. This microscope reduces the time of a quantitative E‐FRET imaging from 12 to 3 s. After locating cells, calibration of the microscope and E‐FRET imaging of the cells can be performed automatically by clicking ‘Capture’ button on interfaces. Because of excellent user‐friendly interface and stability, the automated E‐FRET microscope is a convenient tool for quantitative FRET imaging of living cell.
DATA GAPS, DATA INCOMPARABILITY, AND DATA IMPUTATION: A REVIEW OF POVERTY MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR DATA‐SCARCE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Dang Hai‐Anh , Jolliffe Dean , Carletto Calogero
Published: January 2019

Questions that often come up in contexts where household consumption data are unavailable or missing include: what are the best existing methods to obtain poverty estimates at a single snapshot in time? and over time? and what are the best available methods to study poverty dynamics? A variety of different techniques have been developed to tackle these questions, but unfortunately, they are presented in different forms and lack unified terminology. We offer a review of poverty imputation methods that address contexts ranging from completely missing and partially missing consumption data in cross‐sectional household surveys, to missing panel household data. We present the various existing methods under a common framework, with pedagogical discussion on their intuition. Empirical illustrations are provided using several rounds of household survey data from Vietnam. Furthermore, we also offer a practical guide with detailed instructions on computer programs that can be used to implement the reviewed techniques.
EXPLAINING DIFFERENCES IN EFFICIENCY: A META‐STUDY ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT LITERATURE
Authors: Aiello Francesco , Bonanno Graziella
Published: January 2019

This paper reviews the literature on local government efficiency by meta‐reviewing 360 observations retrieved from 54 papers published from 1993 to 2016. The meta‐regression is based on a random‐effects model estimated with the two‐step random‐effects maximum likelihood (REML) technique proposed by Gallet and Doucouliagos. Results indicate that the study design matters when estimating a frontier in local government. We find that studies focusing on technical efficiency provide higher efficiency scores than works evaluating cost efficiency. The same applies when using panel data instead of cross‐section data. Interestingly, studies that use the Free Disposal Hull (FDH) approach yield, on average, higher efficiency scores than papers employing the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, thereby suggesting that in this literature the convexity hypothesis of the production set is a matter. Finally, the efficiency of local government increases with the level of development of the analysed countries and is positively related to the national integrity of the legal system. The opposite holds when considering the corruption.
Effect of Bonding and Rebonding on the Shear Bond Strength of Two‐Piece Implant Restorations
Authors: Putra Armand , Chung Kwok‐Hung , Guilherme Nuno Marques , Cagna David R.
Published: January 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the rebonding strength of ceramics to titanium alloy after disassembling by heat treatment.

Materials and Methods

A total of 40 titanium alloy (titanium‐6 aluminum‐4 vanadium) disks (4.0 × 6.6 mm) and 20 zirconia (Lava Plus) disks were manufactured using computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. Twenty heat‐pressed lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic (IPS e.max Press LT) disks were fabricated and used as controls. Bonding protocol for each specimen surface was performed according to manufacturer's instructions. Specimens (n = 10) of zirconia/titanium alloy (ZR) and lithium disilicate/titanium alloy (LD) were bonded using adhesive resin cement (RelyX Ultimate) and then subjected to a heat treatment (HT, 320°C, 2 minutes) to disassemble the bonding complex, cleaned with aluminum oxide airborne‐particle abrasion, and rebonded following the initial protocol, group ZRHT and group LDHT, respectively. After 5000 cycles of thermal cycling, a shear bond test was conducted. A universal testing machine was used at a 5 mm/min crosshead speed. Failed specimens were examined with stereomicroscopy at 10× magnification to identify the mode of failure. One‐way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests were applied for statistical analysis of the shear bond strength data, with statistical significance at α = 0.05.

Results

The mean ± SD bond strength values ranged from 28.3 ± 7.2 to 45.9 ± 9.7 MPa. Statistically significant lower shear bond strength values were obtained from the LD group (p = 0.002, F = 5.89), while no statistically significant differences in bond strength were observed between the ZR and ZRHT groups (p > 0.05). Failure mode was predominantly mixed‐type failure pattern for all specimens.

Conclusions

Heat and abrasion surface treatment increased the bond strength of lithium disilicate glass‐ceramics cemented to titanium alloy, but no effect was observed on zirconia/titanium alloy bonding.
Effects of iron glycine chelate on laying performance, antioxidant activities, serum biochemical indices, iron concentrations and transferrin mRNA expression in laying hens
Authors: Xie Chao , Elwan Hamada A. M. , Elnesr Shaaban S. , Dong Xinyang , Feng Jie , Zou Xiao‐ting
Published: January 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of iron glycine chelate (Fe‐Gly) on laying performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, serum biochemical indices and iron concentrations in laying hens. A total of 810 laying hens (Hy‐Line Variety White, 26 weeks old) were randomly assigned to six groups with five replicates of 27 layers. Hens in the control group received diet supplemented with 60 mg Fe/kg as FeSO4, while hens in other five groups received the diet supplemented with 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg Fe/kg from Fe‐Gly respectively. The results showed that dietary Fe‐Gly treatments significantly influenced (p < 0.01) the laying rate and egg weight of layers, compared with the control group. Concerning to CuZn‐superoxide dismutase (CuZn‐SOD) and total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity, Fe‐Gly groups (60, 80 mg Fe/kg) were promoted significantly (p < 0.01) compared with 0 mg Fe/kg group. The concentrations of Fe in serum, liver, kidney, spleen and ovary were increased significantly with the level dietary Fe‐Gly raised where Fe‐Gly groups (60, 80 mg Fe/kg) had observably higher Fe concentration than the control (p < 0.01) in serum, kidney and spleen. There was a trend that transferrin mRNA expression was decreased with the increase of Fe as Fe‐Gly in diets, and compared with the control, the expression was lower in the group fed diet with 60 mg/kg Fe as Fe‐Gly. In conclusion, Fe‐Gly (60 mg Fe/kg) had improved laying rate, egg weight, SOD enzyme activity, Fe absorption and protein synthesis in body and promoted iron metabolism in laying hens. Moreover, Fe‐Gly (40 mg/kg Fe) had the similar effect with control group. It revealed that FeSO4 could be substituted by lower concentration of Fe‐Gly and Fe‐Gly may be superior to FeSO4 for iron fortification to laying hens.
Flora colonization and oral care in high‐risk newborns
Authors: Ahn Youngmee , Jun Yonghoon , Kim Namhee , Sohn Min
Published: January 2019

Purpose

A randomized intervention study was conducted to explore the impact of oral care with sterile normal saline to oral flora colonization of high‐risk newborns at the third day after birth.

Design and Methods

Ninety‐two newborns were allocated to either intervention or control group. After obtaining oral secretion for prepoint data, the intervention group received oral care with sterile normal saline only. Oral secretions for postpoint data were obtained 8 hr after the prepoint. Total 179 specimens were obtained during the study period.

Results

Among the total 92 newborns, 44.6% were female and 57.6% were premature. Mean gestational age and weight was 35.9 ± 3.2 weeks and 2,545 ± 697.5 g. The most common colonized flora included Streptococcus (26.3%), methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, 16.2%), and coagulase‐negative Staphylococci (CNS, 13.4%). The oral care with normal saline did not change the number of flora type of newborns. The statistic results were not significant by group (F = 0.918, p = 0.514), time (F = 0.322, p = 0.672), and the interaction between time and group (F = 0.519, p = 0.472).

Practice Implications

Oral care with sterile saline did not change oral flora colonization among high‐risk newborns at early period of life. This intervention can be safely delivered to high‐risk newborns when they are at risk of infection and particularly breast milk is not available.
Hierarchical species distribution models in support of vegetation conservation at the landscape scale
Authors: Mateo Rubén G. , Gastón Aitor , Aroca‐Fernández María José , Broennimann Olivier , Guisan Antoine , Saura Santiago , García‐Viñas Juan Ignacio
Published: January 2019

Questions

Species distribution models (SDMs) based on habitat suitability and niche quantification are powerful tools in vegetation science. Recent findings suggest that they could be applied at the landscape scale as vegetation conservation tools, but that some environmental dimensions (e.g., climate) need to be considered at larger scales. What is the importance of applying hierarchical SDMs combining information from different scales to ensure consistent local vegetation management decisions?

Study Site

Mainland Spain and Biosphere Reserve of Sierra del Rincón (central Spain).

Methods

We generated SDMs for five tree species at the regional scale (mainland Spain) using climatic variables plus presence/absence data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory; and at the landscape scale (Sierra del Rincón Biosphere Reserve) using local environmental variables plus locally gathered vegetation presence/absence data. Predictions of both regional and landscape models were combined at the landscape scale following two different hierarchical approaches. The four resulting predictions were compared with correlation coefficients and independently evaluated with the AUC statistic and data collected in the study area.

Results

The regional SDMs depict suitable climatic conditions for the tree species, while the landscape SDMs capture important local ecological drivers that influence habitat suitability at finer scales. Expectedly, the regional SDMs predict larger suitable areas than the landscape SDMs. The predictions from the hierarchical approaches are reliable and provide on average better results than non‐hierarchical ones.

Conclusions

SDMs can be valuable tools for local plant conservation programs. We present examples of the applicability of a hierarchical modeling approach and conceptual and methodological solutions related to the use of these tools in local vegetation conservation programs. For example, we show that landscape SDMs could be used to determine the current distribution of endangered plant species, while a hierarchical approach would be better suited to define areas to re‐vegetate within a local restoration program.
The Price of Civil Rights: Black Lives, White Funding, and Movement Capture
Authors: Francis Megan Ming
Published: January 2019

What influence do funders have on the development of civil rights legal mobilization? Fundraising is critical to the creation, operation, and survival of rights organizations. Yet, despite the importance of funding, there is little systematic attention in the law and social movements and cause lawyering literatures on the relationship between funders and grantees. This article recovers a forgotten history of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP) campaign to protect black lives from lynchings and mob violence in the early twentieth century. I argue that funders engaged in a process of movement capture whereby they used their financial leverage to redirect the NAACP's agenda away from the issue of racial violence to a focus on education at a critical juncture in the civil rights movement. The findings in this article suggest that activists tread carefully as the interaction between funders and social movement organizations often creates gaps between what activists want and what funders think movements should do.
How Their Laws Affect our Laws: Mechanisms of Immigration Policy Diffusion in the Americas, 1790–2010
Authors: Cook-Martín David , FitzGerald David Scott
Published: January 2019

Why do laws become similar across countries? Is the adoption of similar laws and policies due to factors operating independently within each country? Do countries develop similar rules in response to similar challenges? Or is the similarity of laws and policies due to the interdependent responses that scholars have referred to as processes of policy convergence, transfer, and diffusion? We draw on an analysis of immigration and nationality laws of 22 countries throughout the Western Hemisphere from 1790 to 2010, and of seven case studies of national and international policymaking, to show that policies are often interdependent, even in the domain of immigration law, which scholars have presumed to be relatively immune to external influence. We argue that specific mechanisms of diffusion explain the rise of racist immigration policies in the Americas, their subsequent decline, and the rise of an anti-discriminatory norm for policies. Most striking among our findings is that at key junctures after 1940, weaker countries effectively advanced an anti-discriminatory policy agenda against the desires of world powers. We identify the conditions under which weaker countries were able to reach their goals despite opposition from world powers.
Acceptability of locally‐produced Ready‐to‐Use Supplementary Food (RUSF) for children under two years in Cambodia: A cluster randomised trial
Authors: Borg Bindi , Mihrshahi Seema , Griffin Mark , Sok Daream , Chhoun Chamnan , Laillou Arnaud , Wieringa Frank T.
Published: January 2019

In Cambodia, existing food products for treating or preventing undernutrition have met with limited success. Therefore, in 2014, alternative ready‐to‐use foods were developed. This trial aimed to assess the acceptability of the novel ready‐to‐use supplementary food (RUSF) as a snack or mixed with borbor (white rice porridge), compared with corn–soy blend plus plus (CSB++) and borbor fortified with micronutrient powder (MNP). The nonblinded, randomised 4 × 4 crossover trial recruited 95 children aged 9–23 months from communities in peri‐urban Phnom Penh. Small quantities (100 g for porridges, 42 g for snack) of each food were offered for three consecutive days at testing sites (homes of health volunteers). Main outcomes were children's consumption, caregivers' assessment of children's preferences, and caregivers' ranking of the foods. Median percentage consumed of the test food servings ranged from 21 to 50% (p = 0.003). The odds of children consuming over 50% were greatest for borbor fortified with MNP versus RUSF snack (unadjusted OR = 6.79, CI = 2.80–16.47, p < 0.001). However, the median energy children received when consuming the RUSF with borbor (57 kcals) or as a snack (48 kcals) was greater than with CSB++ (15 kcals) or borbor fortified with MNP (18 kcals; p < 0.001). Therefore, although children ate less RUSF, it provided approximately three times more kilocalories. Caregivers reported that their children had the highest preference for borbor fortified with MNP. Caregivers themselves ranked the novel RUSF snack highest. Thus, the innovative RUSF was considered sufficiently acceptable to proceed to an effectiveness trial.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens divisome proteins regulate the transition from polar growth to cell division
Authors: Howell Matthew , Aliashkevich Alena , Sundararajan Kousik , Daniel Jeremy J. , Lariviere Patrick J. , Goley Erin D. , Cava Felipe , Brown Pamela J.B.
Published: January 2019

The mechanisms that restrict peptidoglycan biosynthesis to the pole during elongation and re‐direct peptidoglycan biosynthesis to mid‐cell during cell division in polar‐growing Alphaproteobacteria are largely unknown. Here, we explore the role of early division proteins of Agrobacterium tumefaciens including three FtsZ homologs, FtsA and FtsW in the transition from polar growth to mid‐cell growth and ultimately cell division. Although two of the three FtsZ homologs localize to mid‐cell, exhibit GTPase activity and form co‐polymers, only one, FtsZAT, is required for cell division. We find that FtsZAT is required not only for constriction and cell separation, but also for initiation of peptidoglycan synthesis at mid‐cell and cessation of polar peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Depletion of FtsZAT in A. tumefaciens causes a striking phenotype: cells are extensively branched and accumulate growth active poles through tip splitting events. When cell division is blocked at a later stage by depletion of FtsA or FtsW, polar growth is terminated and ectopic growth poles emerge from mid‐cell. Overall, this work suggests that A. tumefaciens FtsZ makes distinct contributions to the regulation of polar growth and cell division.
(Non‐)Participation in deliberation at work: a case study of online participative decision‐making
Authors: Schiavo Gianluca , Villafiorita Adolfo , Zancanaro Massimo
Published: January 2019

Social media are implemented by organisations to enhance productivity and knowledge sharing among employees, but they can also support group deliberation and employee voice. This paper presents a case study of an online deliberation initiative involving the discussion of a contentious internal policy within an organisation of around 550 knowledge workers. The deliberation process lasted 5 weeks and actively involved 167 employees. Different sources of information (user interaction logs, activity patterns, questionnaire responses) were analysed to investigate the impact of participation, or non‐participation, on the level of satisfaction with the deliberation, and on the understanding of the issue discussed. The findings suggest that (1) interest is a driver for participation, but it does not explain active participation, (2) participation, either active or passive, positively influences the understanding of the issue and (3) satisfaction with the outcome is not related to participation, but it may support participation in future initiatives.
On Wittgenstein's and Carnap's Conceptions of the Dissolution of Philosophical Problems, and against a Therapeutic Mix: How to Solve the Paradox of the Tractatus
Authors: Kuusela Oskari
Published: January 2019

In this article, I distinguish Wittgenstein's conception of the dissolution of philosophical problems from that of Carnap. I argue that the conception of dissolution assumed by the therapeutic interpretations of the Tractatus is more similar to Carnap's than to Wittgenstein's for whom dissolution involves spelling out an alternative in the context of which relevant problems do not arise. To clarify this I outline a non‐therapeutic resolute reading of the Tractatus that explains how Wittgenstein thought to be able to make a positive contribution to logic and the philosophy thereof without putting forward any (ineffable) theses. This explains why there is no paradox in the Tractatus.
A New Paradox of Time Travel
Authors: Kelly Connor R. , Kincanon Eric A.
Published: January 2019

Time travel and its associated paradoxes are a topic of academic discussion that has historically been of interest only in physics and philosophy. This paper presents a new paradox of time travel that puts psychological issues at the forefront. The new time traveller faces conflicts between agency and agency awareness that are not addressed in other paradoxes. Further, in considering these other paradoxes it is seen how concerns about the time traveller's psychological state can lead to new challenges to the accepted deterministic paradox resolutions.
Evolution, controversies and the future of prostate cancer grading
Authors: Egevad Lars , Delahunt Brett , Yaxley John , Samaratunga Hemamali
Published: January 2019

Histological grading of prostate cancer is one of the most important tissue‐based parameters for prediction of outcome and treatment response. Gleason grading remains the foundation of prostate cancer grading, but has undergone a series of changes in the past 30 years, often initiated by consensus conference decisions. This review summarizes the most important modifications that were introduced by the 2005 and 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) revisions of Gleason grading and discusses the impact that these have had on current grading practices. A considerable inflation in Gleason scores has been observed, especially following the ISUP 2005 revision, and the effects of this are discussed. ISUP 2014 grading recommendations are described, including the reporting of ISUP grades 1–5. Controversial issues include methods for reporting of grades on needle biopsies, reporting of percent Gleason grades 4/5 and grading of cribriform and intraductal carcinoma of the prostate. Educational programs developed recently to promote standardization of grading are described and their results assessed.
Variations on the same theme: Environmental objectives of the Water Framework Directive in environmental permitting in the Nordic countries
Authors: Kymenvaara Sara , Baaner Lasse , Anker Helle Tegner , Leino Laura , Belinskij Antti
Published: January 2019

The Court of Justice of the European Union's (CJEU) interpretations on the normativity of the Water Framework Directive's (WFD) environmental objectives and derogation for new, important activities clarified certain long‐standing discussions on these matters in the Nordic countries. The WFD's legal narrative formally changed from a planning framework for gradual improvement of water quality in the European Union to one of legally binding character for the environmental objectives. This simultaneously increased the interest for the circumstances under which a derogation from the environmental objectives is applicable for certain new activities. Both of these matters are integrally connected to the authorization of activities under national environmental permitting legislation. This article explores how and to what extent the WFD's environmental objectives are given legal effect in national environmental permitting in Sweden, Finland and Denmark. Although the Nordic countries have chosen different approaches when implementing the WFD, they have all largely kept these legal frameworks separate; legislation establishing a system of river basin management planning pursuant to the WFD on the one hand, and environmental permitting legislation on the other. The article points out certain crucial questions on the reconciliation of these legal frameworks and the development of national legislation as triggered by the CJEU case law. Regarding the provisions implementing the possibility to derogate for new and important activities, the article discusses certain lacking and flawed legal linkages between river basin management planning and environmental permitting in the three countries.
On the exposure of the BRIC countries to global economic shocks
Authors: Belke Ansgar , Dreger Christian , Dubova Irina
Published: January 2019

The financial crisis led to a deep recession in many industrial countries. While large emerging countries recovered relatively quickly, their performance deteriorated in recent years, despite the modest recovery in advanced economies. The higher divergence of business cycles is closely linked to the Chinese economy. During the crisis, the Chinese fiscal stimulus prevented an abrupt decline in GDP growth not only in that country, but also in resource‐rich economies. Due to lower commodity demand, the environment became more challenging for many emerging markets in recent years. This view is supported by Bayesian structural VARs specified for the individual BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries. The results reveal a strong impact of the international economy on GDP growth. However, in contrast to the other countries, China plays a crucial role in determining global trade and oil prices. Therefore, the Chinese economy exerts significant spillovers to the other countries under analysis. The change in the Chinese growth strategy puts additional reform pressure especially in countries with abundant natural resources.
Effect of a mindfulness exercise on stress in veterinary students performing surgery
Authors: Stevens Brenda S. , Royal Kenneth D. , Ferris Kelli , Taylor Abigail , Snyder Amy M.
Published: January 2019

Objective

To determine students' stress while performing surgery and evaluate the ability of a mindfulness intervention to reduce this stress.

Study design

Quasi‐experimental design.

Sample population

Eighteen fourth‐year DVM program students (n = 9 student/group).

Methods

Utilizing a quasi‐experimental design, students were randomly assigned to a control or treatment group. The treatment group performed a 5‐minute breathing (mindfulness) exercise immediately prior to performing surgery. Each student provided 3 samples of saliva, at time 0, at 10 minutes before surgery, and at 10 minutes after surgery. Students' salivary cortisol and α‐amylase levels were compared between groups. Students' self‐reported mood measures were also correlated to levels of salivary biomarkers.

Results

Cortisol and α‐amylase levels of students in both groups greatly exceeded normative reference groups (>90th percentile) prior to surgery and diminished to average levels (50th‐60th percentile) after surgery but did not differ between groups at any time point. Immediately prior to surgery when stress values were likely to peak, salivary α‐amylase levels decreased approximately 30 U/L units for students in the treatment group compared with an increase of approximately 10 U/L units for students in the control group. Students in the treatment group reported being more calm (mean [M] 2.67, SD 1.03, d = 0.75) and relaxed (M 2.33, SD 1.51, d = 0.90) than students in the control group (M 3.44, SD 1.01 and M 3.44, SD 0.88, respectively).

Conclusion

This study provides some evidence that the mindfulness intervention temporarily decreased stress levels and improved students' sense of calmness and relaxation immediately before operating on a live animal.

Clinical impact

Students who are experiencing less stress may be less likely to commit a medical error and negatively impact animal health. This study, the first of its kind in veterinary surgery, may serve as a model for related future studies.
Urethrotomy in combination with or after temporary tube cystostomy for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in male goats
Authors: Jacobs Carrie C. , Fecteau Marie‐Eve
Published: January 2019

Objective

To report the clinical findings, outcome, and complications associated with urethrotomy performed in combination with or after temporary tube cystostomy for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in male goats.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Sample population

Castrated male goats (n = 15).

Methods

The medical records of male goats admitted for obstructive urolithiasis were reviewed. Goats that underwent aurethrotomy performed in combination with or after a temporary tube cystostomy were included in the study population. Follow‐up information was obtained through hospital records and telephone communication.

Results

Thirteen of 15 goats were discharged from the hospital a median of 13 days (range, 7–25) after urethrotomy. Complications related to the urinary system occurred in 5 goats and included recurrent obstruction, urination from open urethrotomy, uroabdomen and intra‐abdominal adhesions after removal of the Foley catheter, and incisional infection. Five of 7 goats with long‐term follow‐up (2–24 months after surgery) were healthy, with normal urinary function. The remaining 2 goats returned to the hospital with signs of reobstruction that were attributed to uroliths at necropsy in 1 goat.

Conclusion

Goats treated with urethrotomy for persistent urethral obstruction after temporary tube cystostomy generally survived the procedure. Normal long‐term urinary function was obtained in some goats, although recurrence was the most common complication.

Clinical significance

Urethrotomy is a surgical option for male goats with persistent urethral obstruction due to urethral calculi after temporary tube cystostomy.
The effects of magnesium and vitamin E co‐supplementation on wound healing and metabolic status in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Afzali Hassan , Jafari Kashi Amir Hosein , Momen‐Heravi Mansooreh , Razzaghi Reza , Amirani Elaheh , Bahmani Fereshteh , Gilasi Hamid Reza , Asemi Zatollah
Published: January 2019

This study was carried out to determine the effects of magnesium and vitamin E co‐supplementation on wound healing and metabolic status in patients with diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). The current randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was conducted among 57 patients with grade 3 DFU. Participants were randomly divided into two groups to take either 250 mg magnesium oxide plus 400 IU vitamin E (n = 29) or placebo per day (n = 28) for 12 weeks. Compared with the placebo, taking magnesium plus vitamin E supplements reduced ulcer length (β [difference in the mean of outcomes measures between treatment groups] −0.56 cm; 95% CI, −0.92, −0.20; p = 0.003), width (β −0.35 cm; 95% CI, −0.64, −0.05; p = 0.02) and depth (β −0.18 cm; 95% CI, −0.33, −0.02; p = 0.02). In addition, co‐supplementation led to a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose (β −13.41 mg/dL; 95% CI, −20.96, −5.86; p = 0.001), insulin (β −1.45 μIU/ml; 95% CI, −2.37, −0.52; p = 0.003), insulin resistance (β −0.60; 95% CI, −0.99, −0.20; p = 0.003) and HbA1c (β −0.32%; 95% CI, −0.48, −0.16; p < 0.003), and a significant elevation in insulin sensitivity (β 0.007; 95% CI, 0.003, 0.01; p < 0.001) compared with the placebo. Additionally, compared with the placebo, taking magnesium plus vitamin E supplements decreased triglycerides (β −10.08 mg/dL; 95% CI, −19.70, −0.46; p = 0.04), LDL‐cholesterol (β −5.88 mg/dL; 95% CI, −11.42, −0.34; p = 0.03), high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) (β −3.42 mg/L; 95% CI, −4.44, −2.41; p < 0.001) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (β −0.30 μmol/L; 95% CI, −0.45, −0.15; p < 0.001), and increased HDL‐cholesterol (β 2.62 mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.60, 4.63; p = 0.01) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels (β 53.61 mmol/L; 95% CI, 4.65, 102.57; p = 0.03). Overall, magnesium and vitamin E co‐supplementation for 12 weeks to patients with DFU had beneficial effects on ulcer size, glycemic control, triglycerides, LDL‐ and HDL‐cholesterol, hs‐CRP, TAC, and MDA levels.
Danish Translation and Adaptation of the Context Assessment Index With Implications for Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Hølge‐Hazelton Bibi , Bruun Line Zacho , Slater Paul , McCormack Brendan , Thomsen Thora Grothe , Klausen Susanne Hwiid , Bucknall Tracey
Published: January 2019

Background

Healthcare contexts are rapidly changing, with growing demand for health services to accommodate an aging population and financial pressures. Assessment of context in healthcare settings has been the subject of increasing debate. The Context Assessment Index (CAI) examines three interconnected contextual elements derived from the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework to provide practitioners with an understanding of the context in which they work.

Aims

(a) To describe the translation of the CAI into Danish and adapt the instrument for use in Danish hospitals and (b) to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Danish version of the CAI.

Methods

Translation and adaptation included an expert panel and a translation and back‐translation process. The CAI was then sent to 4,416 nurses in the Region Zealand, Denmark.

There are two alternative measurement models to explain the factor structure of the CAI, the five‐factor model and the three‐factor model. To provide the best explanation for the data, both measurement models were examined using confirmatory factor analysis.

Results

The CAI was translated and modified based on expert review and usability testing. Completing the CAI were 2,261 nurses. For both models, factor loadings and fit statistics were acceptable, appropriate, and statistically significant, and the measurement models were confirmed (five‐factor model: root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] 0.07, comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.923; three‐factor model: RMSEA 0.07, CFI = 0.924). Cronbach's alpha scores showed the models to have broadly acceptable scores (five‐factor model 0.64–0.89; three‐factor model 0.72–0.89).

Linking Evidence to Action

The three‐factor model can advantageously be used when the PARIHS framework is part of the project. In a translation process, differences in cultural specificity, language, and working environment have to be considered. By understanding the context of practice, nurses may enable person‐centered care and improve patient outcomes.
The Role of Sport Passion Level of Athletes in Determining Love Attitude and Relation Satisfaction
Authors: Bayköse Nazmi , Şahin Filiz , Eryücel Mehmet Emre , Şahin Ahmet
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the role of sport passion level of athletes in determinig love attitude and relation satisfaction. 218 athletes participated in this study as volunteers, 94 of the mare female (Xage=20,46±3,12), 124 of the mare male (Xage=22,81±4,05) sport experience of athletes dealing with different branches of team and individual sports (football, basketball, volleyball, tennis, track and field, bike… etc.) is 110,15±54,59 monts. To achieve the purpose of the study, Passion Scala was developed by Vallerand and his friends (2003) and it was adapted to Turkish culture by Kelecek (2013). Love Attitudes Scale (short form), was developed by Hendrick and Hendrick’ in (1986, 1990), and it was adapted to Turkish culture by Buyuksahin and Hovardaoglu (2004), Fianlly, Relationship Assessment Scala which were developed by Hendrick (1988) and adapted to Turkish culture by Curun (2001) were used. For solution and interpretation of the datas, descriptive statistical methods; for independent samples T-test, One Way Anova test and Multiple Step wise regression analysis were used. Analysis performed by using SPSS and research significance was accepted as P<0,05. As a result of this study, it has been observed that athletes’ sport passion level sare important determiners of love attitude and relation satisfactions, as well as it has also been observed that athletes love attitude level safe determiners of relation satisfactions.
Fixed point theorems involving numerical invariants
Authors: Haution Olivier
Published: January 2019

We exhibit invariants of smooth projective algebraic varieties with integer values, whose nonvanishing modulo$p$prevents the existence of an action without fixed points of certain finite$p$-groups. The case of base fields of characteristic$p$is included. Counterexamples are systematically provided to test the sharpness of our results.
Metaphors-of-knowing: Exploring Sense Consciousness Through Art
Authors: Gibbons Ruth
Published: January 2019

Exploring people’s everyday lives is central to anthropological participant observation. This article considers a different type of participant observation through art as a process of engaged exploration of the way people know the world. Working collaboratively with a variety of dyslexics in NZ and the UK, we sought to understand the dyslexia experience and what it means to be dyslexic from their perspective. Dyslexia research has a dominant focus on the neurological, abstracting experience into a neuro-self. Through the use of art we were able to refocus back onto everyday embodied experience. Through the act of making, my collaborators’ work evolved into investigations of complex ways-of-knowing, revealing how dyslexia impacted the way they paid attention to and expressed their knowing of the world. I take inspiration from Hogan and Pink (2010) and Rapport and Harris (2007), who have discussed the importance of understanding specific ways of knowing. In this project, art became an exploration of how dyslexics experience and know the world around them. Considering knowing requires being able to express this knowledge in ways which are relevant to what has been reflected. This article engages with embodied knowing and worlding through the artworks created by my collaborators, offering a new way to explore and represent people’s lived experiences.
Filming Ng ā Taonga Pūoro: The Potential of Experimental Film in Anthropological and Ethnomusicological Enquiry
Authors: Lowe Sebastian , Crawford Peter
Published: January 2019

In this article we discuss the potential of experimental film as an extended method of ethnographic enquiry within anthropology and ethnomusicology. Taking a point of departure in Aotearoa/New Zealand, with Māori carvers, composers, and musicians in and around the discourse of ngā taonga pūoro (traditional New Zealand Māori musical instruments), we examine how anthropologists, through the medium of film, may get closer to understanding alternative approaches to music-making within the discourse of the contemporary taonga pūoro tradition. Drawing inspiration from ethnographic film we explore the possibilities and also representational implications regarding the use of experimental film-making as a research tool within the canon of anthropological and ethnomusicological scholarship. We argue that there is space for experimental film in the anthropological discipline, especially when exploring multi-sensorial phenomena, such as music.
Transition Into Care:Experiences of the Elderly as they Move to Residential Aged Care
Authors: McKechnie Roz , Jaye Chrystal , Hale Beatrice , Tordoff June , Robertson Linda , Simpson Jean , Butler Mary
Published: January 2019

A move to residential care represents a significant transition for older people, between their former independent and autonomous lives, and dependence, frailty and death. The concept of transition is valuable in considering the quality of care. We argue that a successful transition to residential care is one measure of quality in care. We used an ethnographic approach that emphasises participant-observation and qualitative interviewing. Analysis of the transcripts revealed several themes, one of which, transition, is discussed in this paper. Transition theory, along with the concept of liminality, i.e. the betwixt and between status of the mostly unanticipated move from home to Residential Aged Care Facilities identifies and explains the complexities involved in the move into residential care for older people and their families.
Semantics and Significance in Everyday Talk and Practice: Is this Care? Am I a Carer?
Authors: Keeling Sally
Published: January 2019

This paper offers an overview of global and local research and policy surrounding the formal and informal care of older people in New Zealand, alongside a commentary from an anthropological perspective. Particular attention is paid to the language of care, by exploring the ways that older people and their family carers talk about the various principles and actions which form part of ‘care’. The paper thus deals with both cultural semantics, and personal meaning making. Then, analysis of policy documents shows contradictory definitions of the role of ‘carer’, while also making the case that this work is undervalued, in both the informal family field, and in the labour market generally.