bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanobodies: site-specific labeling for super-resolution imaging, rapid epitope-mapping and native protein complex isolation
Authors: Pleiner Tino , Bates Mark , Trakhanov Sergei , Lee Chung-Tien , Schliep Jan Erik , Chug Hema , Böhning Marc , Stark Holger , Urlaub Henning , Görlich Dirk
Published: December 2015

Nanobodies are single-domain antibodies of camelid origin. We generated nanobodies against the vertebrate nuclear pore complex (NPC) and used them in STORM imaging to locate individual NPC proteins with <2 nm epitope-label displacement. For this, we introduced cysteines at specific positions in the nanobody sequence and labeled the resulting proteins with fluorophore-maleimides. As nanobodies are normally stabilized by disulfide-bonded cysteines, this appears counterintuitive. Yet, our analysis showed that this caused no folding problems. Compared to traditional NHS ester-labeling of lysines, the cysteine-maleimide strategy resulted in far less background in fluorescence imaging, it better preserved epitope recognition and it is site-specific. We also devised a rapid epitope-mapping strategy, which relies on crosslinking mass spectrometry and the introduced ectopic cysteines. Finally, we used different anti-nucleoporin nanobodies to purify the major NPC building blocks – each in a single step, with native elution and, as demonstrated, in excellent quality for structural analysis by electron microscopy. The presented strategies are applicable to any nanobody and nanobody-target.
Mouse models of human PIK3CA-related brain overgrowth have acutely treatable epilepsy
Authors: Roy Achira , Skibo Jonathan , Kalume Franck , Ni Jing , Rankin Sherri , Lu Yiling , Dobyns William B , Mills Gordon B , Zhao Jean J , Baker Suzanne J , Millen Kathleen J
Published: December 2015

Mutations in the catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PIK3CA)and other PI3K-AKT pathway components have been associated with cancer and a wide spectrum of brain and body overgrowth. In the brain, the phenotypic spectrum ofPIK3CA-related segmental overgrowth includes bilateral dysplastic megalencephaly, hemimegalencephaly and focal cortical dysplasia, the most common cause of intractable pediatric epilepsy. We generated mouse models expressing the most common activatingPik3camutations (H1047RandE545K) in developing neural progenitors. These accurately recapitulate all the key human pathological features including brain enlargement, cortical malformation, hydrocephalus and epilepsy, with phenotypic severity dependent on the mutant allele and its time of activation. Underlying mechanisms include increased proliferation, cell size and altered white matter. Notably, we demonstrate that acute 1 hr-suppression of PI3K signaling despite the ongoing presence of dysplasia has dramatic anti-epileptic benefit. Thus PI3K inhibitors offer a promising new avenue for effective anti-epileptic therapy for intractable pediatric epilepsy patients.
Room-temperature wafer bonded InGaP/GaAs//InGaAsP/InGaAs four-junction solar cell grown by all-solid state molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Dai Pan , Lu Shulong , Uchida Shiro , Ji Lian , Wu Yuanyuan , Tan Ming , Bian Lifeng , Yang Hui
Published: December 2015

An InGaP/GaAs tandem cell on a GaAs substrate and an InGaAsP/InGaAs tandem cell on an InP substrate were grown separately by all-solid-state molecular beam epitaxy. A room-temperature direct wafer-bonding technique was used to integrate these subcells into an InGaP/GaAs//InGaAsP/InGaAs wafer-bonded solar cell, which resulted in an abrupt interface with low resistance and high optical transmission. The current-matching design for the base layer thickness of each cell was investigated. The resulting efficiency of the four-junction solar cell was 42.0% at 230 suns, which demonstrates the great potential of the room-temperature wafer-bonding technique to achieve high conversion efficiency for cells with four or more junctions.
Dielectrophoresis and dielectrophoretic impedance detection of adenovirus and rotavirus
Authors: Nakano Michihiko , Ding Zhenhao , Suehiro Junya
Published: December 2015

The aim of this study is the electrical detection of pathogenic viruses, namely, adenovirus and rotavirus, using dielectrophoretic impedance measurement (DEPIM). DEPIM consists of two simultaneous processes: dielectrophoretic trapping of the target and measurement of the impedance change and increase in conductance with the number of trapped targets. This is the first study of applying DEPIM, which was originally developed to detect bacteria suspended in aqueous solutions, to virus detection. The dielectric properties of the viruses were also investigated in terms of their dielectrophoretic behavior. Although their estimated dielectric properties were different from those of bacteria, the trapped viruses increased the conductance of the microelectrode in a manner similar to that in bacteria detection. We demonstrated the electrical detection of viruses within 60 s at concentrations as low as 70 ng/ml for adenovirus and 50 ng/ml for rotavirus.
Progress in organic integrated circuit manufacture
Authors: Taylor D. Martin
Published: December 2015

This review article focuses on the development of processes for the manufacture of organic electronic circuits. Beginning with the first report of an organic transistor it highlights the key developments leading to the successful manufacture of microprocessors and other complex circuits incorporating organic transistors. Both batch processing (based on silicon integrated circuit technology) as well as mass-printing, roll-to-roll (R2R) approaches are discussed. Currently, the best circuit performances are achieved using batch processing. It is suggested that an emerging, large mass-market for electronic tags may dictate that R2R manufacture will likely be required to meet the high throughput rates needed. However, significant improvements in resolution and registration are necessary to achieve increased circuit operating speeds.
Evaluation ofLeymus chinensisquality using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy with three different statistical analyses
Authors: Chen Jishan , Zhu Ruifen , Xu Ruixuan , Zhang Wenjun , Shen Yue , Zhang Yingjun
Published: December 2015

Due to a boom in the dairy industry in Northeast China, the hay industry has been developing rapidly. Thus, it is very important to evaluate the hay quality with a rapid and accurate method. In this research, a novel technique that combines near infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) with three different statistical analyses (MLR, PCR and PLS) was used to predict the chemical quality of sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis) in Heilongjiang Province, China including the concentrations of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Firstly, the linear partial least squares regression (PLS) was performed on the spectra and the predictions were compared to those with laboratory-based recorded spectra. Then, the MLR evaluation method for CP has a potential to be used for industry requirements, as it needs less sophisticated and cheaper instrumentation using only a few wavelengths. Results show that in terms of CP, ADF and NDF, (i) the prediction accuracy in terms of CP, ADF and NDF using PLS was obviously improved compared to the PCR algorithm, and comparable or even better than results generated using the MLR algorithm; (ii) the predictions were worse compared to laboratory-based spectra with the MLR algorithmin, and poor predictions were obtained (R2, 0.62, RPD, 0.9) using MLR in terms of NDF; (iii) a satisfactory accuracy with R2 and RPD by PLS method of 0.91, 3.2 for CP, 0.89, 3.1 for ADF and 0.88, 3.0 for NDF, respectively, was obtained. Our results highlight the use of the combined NIRs-PLS method could be applied as a valuable technique to rapidly and accurately evaluate the quality of sheepgrass hay.
Sound signatures and production mechanisms of three species of pipefishes (Family: Syngnathidae)
Authors: Lim Adam Chee Ooi , Chong Ving Ching , Wong Chiow San , Muniandy Sithi Vinayakam
Published: December 2015

Background.Syngnathid fishes produce three kinds of sounds, named click, growl and purr. These sounds are generated by different mechanisms to give a consistent signal pattern or signature which is believed to play a role in intraspecific and interspecific communication. Commonly known sounds are produced when the fish feeds (click, purr) or is under duress (growl). While there are more acoustic studies on seahorses, pipefishes have not received much attention. Here we document the differences in feeding click signals between three species of pipefishes and relate them to cranial morphology and kinesis, or the sound-producing mechanism.

Methods.The feeding clicks of two species of freshwater pipefishes,Doryichthys martensiiandDoryichthys deokhathoidesand one species of estuarine pipefish,Syngnathoides biaculeatus, were recorded by a hydrophone in acoustic dampened tanks. The acoustic signals were analysed using time-scale distribution (or scalogram) based on wavelet transform. A detailed time-varying analysis of the spectral contents of the localized acoustic signal was obtained by jointly interpreting the oscillogram, scalogram and power spectrum. The heads of bothDoryichthysspecies were prepared for microtomographical scans which were analysed using a 3D imaging software. Additionally, the cranial bones of all three species were examined using a clearing and double-staining method for histological studies.

Results.The sound characteristics of the feeding click of the pipefish is species-specific, appearing to be dependent on three bones: the supraoccipital, 1st postcranial plate and 2nd postcranial plate. The sounds are generated when the head of theDorichthyespipefishes flexes backward during the feeding strike, as the supraoccipital slides backwards, striking and pushing the 1st postcranial plate against (and striking) the 2nd postcranial plate. In theSyngnathoidespipefish, in the absence of the 1st postcranial plate, the supraoccipital rubs against the 2nd postcranial plate twice as it is pulled backward and released on the return. Cranial morphology and kinesis produce acoustic signals consistent with the bone strikes that produce sharp energy spikes (discrete or merged), or stridulations between bones that produce repeated or multimodal sinusoidal waveforms.

Discussion.The variable structure of the sound-producing mechanism explains the unique acoustic signatures of the three species of pipefish. The differences in cranial bone morphology, cranial kinesis and acoustic signatures among pipefishes (and seahorses) could be attributed to independent evolution within the Syngnathidae, which warrants further investigation.
Bioactivities by a crude extract from the GreenlandicPseudomonassp. In5 involves the nonribosomal peptides, nunamycin and nunapeptin
Authors: Michelsen Charlotte F. , Jensen Helle , Venditto Vincent J. , Hennessy Rosanna C. , Stougaard Peter
Published: December 2015

Background.Bioactive microbial metabolites provide a successful source of novel compounds with pharmaceutical potentials. The bacteriumPseudomonassp. In5 is a biocontrol strain isolated from a plant disease suppressive soil in Greenland, which produces two antimicrobial nonribosomal peptides (NRPs), nunapeptin and nunamycin.

Methods.In this study, we usedin vitroantimicrobial and anticancer bioassays to evaluate the potential bioactivities of both a crude extract derived fromPseudomonassp. In5 and NRPs purified from the crude extract.

Results.We verified that the crude extract derived fromPseudomonassp. In5 showed suppressive activity against the basidiomyceteRhizoctonia solaniby inducing a mitochondrial stress-response. Furthermore, we confirmed suppressive activity against the oomycetePythium aphanidermatumby thePseudomonassp. In5 crude extract, and that the purified nunamycin and nunapeptin displayed distinct antimicrobial activities. In addition to the antimicrobial activity, we found that treatment of the cancer cell lines, Jurkat T-cells, Granta cells, and melanoma cells, with thePseudomonassp. In5 crude extract increased staining with the apoptotic marker Annexin V while no staining of healthy normal cells, i.e., naïve or activated CD4 T-cells, was observed. Treatment with either of the NRPs alone did not increase Annexin V staining of the Jurkat T-cells, despite individually showing robust antimicrobial activity, whereas an anticancer activity was detected when nunamycin and nunapeptin were used in combination.

Discussion.Our results suggest that the bioactivity of a crude extract derived fromPseudomonassp. In5 involves the presence of both nunamycin and nunapeptin and highlight the possibility of synergy between multiple microbial metabolites.
El ideal de Galanterie en los escritos musicales de Johann Mattheson (1681-1764)
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Lucas Mônica
Published: December 2015

Este artículo se centra en los escritos musicales del compositor y teórico Johann Mattheson (1681-1764), autor del corpus más importante de textos pertenecientes a la musica poetica –género de escritos que conciben la música como un arte persuasivo, análogo al discurso verbal –. El propósito de este texto es situar sus escritos, especialmente su último y más importante tratado –Der Vollkommene Capellmeister (El maestro de capilla perfecto, 1739)– en el contexto de la galantería. Para ello, inicialmente trazamos el camino del ideal vir bonus desde la retórica latina hasta su emulación en los manuales humanistas de cortesía y galantería. A continuación, se discute el tránsito de Johann Mattheson por los espacios propios de la galanterie y su autorrepresentación como tipo galante, para, finalmente, observar elementos específicamente galante en sus escritos musicales.
El cuatro venezolano: continuidad y evolución con respecto a la guitarra renacentista
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Battaglini Suniaga Oscar
Published: December 2015

Desde su temprana introducción en América, a principios del siglo XVI, la guitarra renacentista de cuatro órdenes (el instrumento acompañante del humilde conquistador español) floreció de tal manera en nuestro continente que se constituyó, desde ese momento, en el punto de partida para el desarrollo de una amplia familia de instrumentos de cuerdas pulsadas, “guitarras americanas” que, con sus similitudes y diferencias, se yerguen hoy como fecunda descendencia de aquel remoto antepasado. En el caso venezolano, el cuatro –denominación, por cierto, relativamente reciente–, en su periplo histórico, parece haberse mantenido al margen, en muchos de sus elementos constitutivos, de la evolución operada por la guitarra española a ambos lados del Atlántico durante casi quinientos años. Así, podría afirmarse que en su versión criolla más extendida (cuatro órdenes simples), el cuatro representa una curiosa demostración de continuidad –en tanto elemento vivo en las tradiciones venezolanas– de un instrumento que hace ya mucho tiempo desapareció de las prácticas musicales del pueblo llano español, salvo por su lógica permanencia en ensambles e intérpretes dedicados actualmente a la ejecución de la música antigua europea.
Rolling between Burial and Shrine
Authors: Shi Jie
Published: December 2015

Chulan Tomb 2 (dated to 171 C.E.) in present-day Suxian, Anhui province, offers the rare opportunity to study the hitherto unknown relationship between multiple depictions of chariot processions—one of the most popular pictorial motifs in Eastern Han funerary art—at different locations in a single cemetery. Comparing this tomb’s two chariot processions in stylistic, iconographic, and positional terms, this paper draws attention to a special dragon motif that ornaments a few special chariots and argues that these “dragon chariots,” unique among stone carvings of the Eastern Han, were meant to carry the deceased couple, who were buried separately but received joint sacrifices in their shared shrine. Unlike previous studies, which focus on either the shrine or the burial as self-contained units, this paper approaches the entire cemetery as an organic architectural and pictorial nexus without breaking the narrative link between its units. This case study of depictions of chariot processions presents a dynamic view of the afterlife during the Eastern Han dynasty: the burial and the shrine formed two temporary stops rather than permanent homes for the deceased souls, which were ceaselessly traveling on the posthumous road.
New Rule in Vedic Metrics
Authors: Beguš Gašper
Published: December 2015

In this paper I propose a new rule of Vedic meter. The glides *v and *y are regularly lost before the corresponding high vowels ū̆ and ̆ī in Vedic. I argue that the word-initial glides *v and *y before the short vowels ŭ and ĭ still “make position” and that they should be restored for metrical purposes. This means that word-final syllables of the shape -V̆ C should be scanned long if the following syllable begins with a u- or i- that goes back to *vu- or *yi-. This new rule has consequences for the general metrical shape of the Rigveda, as cadences previously scanned as irregular will be repaired to their canonical shape. The rule can also be employed as etymologically decisive for words that can potentially go back to forms with or without an initial glide.
Brahui and the Zagrosian Hypothesis
Authors: McAlpin David W.
Published: December 2015

This paper is an extension of McAlpin (2003) and follows the same conventions I used there, particularly for the citations of Kurux. My earlier monograph (McAlpin 1981) is, at this point, largely out-of-date, not so much wrong as bypassed by more complete sources and better argumentation. However, the portion on the velars, PED *k, is completely mistaken and is superseded by this article. The underlying assumption that we understood Proto-Dravidian phonology proved premature. The separation of the old velars into palatals, velars, and uvulars has had a major impact on the comparative statements. This paper is restricted to the dorsal consonants (palatals, velars, uvulars) and their immediate extensions. This is primarily because this information is new, but it also keeps the body of data small enough that a complete set of the data can be presented in a reasonably sized paper.
Dawn of Egyptian Art. Edited by Diana Craig Patch
Authors: Peck William H.
Published: December 2015

Dawn of Egyptian Art. Edited by Diana Craig Patch. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012. Pp. xii + 275, illus. $60. [Distributed by Yale University Press]
Ancient Fortifications of the Tamil Country as Recorded in Eighteenth-Century French Plans. By Jean Deloche
Authors: Simpkins Robert
Published: December 2015

Ancient Fortifications of the Tamil Country as Recorded in Eighteenth-Century French Plans. By Jean Deloche. Collection Indologie, vol. 120. Pondicherry: Institut Français De Pondichery, École Française D’Extreme-Orient, 2013. Pp. 139, 111 photos, 41 figs., 6 pls.
Front Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: December 2015

Front matter
An ice‐rich flow origin for the banded terrain in the Hellas basin, Mars
Authors: Diot X. , El‐Maarry M. R. , Guallini L. , Schlunegger F. , Norton K. P. , Thomas N. , Sutton S. , Grindrod P. M.
Published: December 2015

The interior of Hellas Basin displays a complex landscape and a variety of geomorphological domains. One of these domains, the enigmatic banded terrain covers much of the northwestern part of the basin. We use high‐resolution (Context Camera and High‐Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) Digital Terrain Models to show that most of the complex viscous flowing behavior exhibited by the banded terrain is controlled by topography and flow‐like interactions between neighboring banded terrain. Furthermore, the interior of the basin hosts several landforms suggestive of the presence of near‐surface ice, which include polygonal patterns with elongated pits, scalloped depressions, isolated mounds, and collapse structures. We suggest that thermal contraction cracking and sublimation of near‐surface ice are responsible for the formation and the development of most of the ice‐related landforms documented in Hellas. The relatively pristine form, lack of superposed craters, and strong association with the banded terrain, suggest an Amazonian (<3 Ga) age of formation for these landforms. Finally, relatively high surface pressures (above the triple point of water) expected in Hellas and summertime temperatures often exceeding the melting point of water ice suggest that the basin may have recorded relatively “temperate” climatic conditions compared to other places on Mars. Therefore, the potentially ice‐rich banded terrain may have deformed with lower viscosity and stresses compared to other locations on Mars, which may account for its unique morphology.
The Emerging Field of Executive and Organizational Coaching: An Overview
Authors: Ciporen Rachel
Published: December 2015

In recent years coaching has become an increasingly popular intervention used in both personal and professional development spheres. This chapter draws on industry research from scholars as well as professional organizations to map the history, definitions, and trends of executive and organizational coaching to provide clarity on a complex and still‐emerging discipline.
Coaching Adult Volunteers Through the Lifespan
Authors: Banz Martha L.
Published: December 2015

This chapter considers how the assumptions, principles, and overall mind‐set of coaching may be useful as organizations seek to foster lifelong relationships with their volunteer constituents.
Managerial Coaching
Authors: Bommelje Rick
Published: December 2015

This chapter explores how coaching equips managers and supervisors to be successful in the 21st‐century workplace. Coaching has benefited these professionals by providing them with viable tools to enhance the leadership and managerial tools they already possess.
Preparation and Properties of Carbon Dot‐Grafted CaAl12O19:Mn4+ Color‐Tunable Hybrid Phosphor
Authors: Li Wei , Zhang Haoran , Chen Shi , Liu Yingliang , Zhuang Jianle , Lei Bingfu
Published: December 2015

A series of carbon dots (CDs) grafted CaAl12O19:Mn4+ (CAO) color‐tunable hybrid phosphors have been synthesized via a facile sol‐gel method. Through the hydrolysis and condensation reactions of the silica precursor, CDs can be incorporated into highly flexible hybrid materials through combining with a CaAl12O19:Mn4+ phosphor within silica gel networks for the fabrication of flexible displays and multicolor luminescent materials. By tuning the mass ratio of CDs/CAO and by adjusting the excitation wavelength, the color of the luminescence can be systematically tailored from purplish‐red (0.504, 0.250) to greenish‐blue (0.238, 0.192). Furthermore, the temperature‐dependent luminescent properties of the CDs/CAO phosphors makes them suitable as thermometers with a wide linear temperature sensing range from 80 to 300 K.
Enhancing Low‐Bias Performance of Hematite Photoanodes for Solar Water Splitting by Simultaneous Reduction of Bulk, Interface, and Surface Recombination Pathways
Authors: Cho In Sun , Han Hyun Soo , Logar Manca , Park Joonsuk , Zheng Xiaolin
Published: December 2015

For a hematite (α‐Fe2O3) photoanode, multiple electron/hole recombination pathways occurring in the bulk, interfaces, and surfaces largely limit its low‐bias performance (low photocurrent density at low‐bias potential) for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Here, a facile and rapid three‐step approach is reported to simultaneously reduce these recombinations for hematite nanorods (NRs) array photoanode, leading to a greatly improved photocurrent density at low bias potential. First, flame‐doping enables high concentration of Ti doping without hampering the morphology and surface properties of the hematite NRs, which reduces both the bulk and surface recombinations effectively. Second, the addition of a dense‐layer between the hematite NRs and fluorine‐doped SnO2 substrate effectively reduces the interfacial recombination by suppressing the electron back‐injection into electrolyte. Finally, the sequential oxalic acid etching and FeOOH deposition improves both the interface quality between FeOOH electrocatalyst and hematite NRs and the surface catalytic activity. Significantly, the combination of flame‐doping, dense‐layer deposition, surface etching, and electrocatalyst deposition effectively reduces the multiple electron/hole recombination pathways in a hematite NRs photoanode, which decreases the photocurrent onset potential from 1.02 V
RHE to 0.64 VRHE, a reduction of 380 mV.
Die elektrochemische Synthese polykationischer Cluster
Authors: Schulz Christopher , Daniels Jörg , Bredow Thomas , Beck Johannes
Published: December 2015

Die elektrochemische Auflösung elementaren Tellurs in ionischen Flüssigkeiten (ionic liquids, ILs) oder flüssigem SO2 wird als eine neue Methode zur Synthese polykationischer Chalkogencluster vorgestellt. Die benutzten ILs sind Ethylmethylimidazoliumtriflat und Tetraalkylammoniumtriflylimid. Triflylmethanid wurde in Form von [BuMeIm][CTf3] als Elektrolyt in flüssigem SO2 eingesetzt. Auf diesem Weg gelang die Isolierung von [Te4][CTf3]2, [Te6][OTf]4 und [Te8][NTf]2, welche das quadratische [Te4]2+, das prismatische [Te6]4+ und das neuartige [Te8]2+ mit Barrelan‐Struktur enthalten. Diese Verbindungen haben neuartige Zusammensetzungen, da sie nicht die üblichen Halogenidometallat‐Anionen, sondern gebräuchliche, schwach koordinierende Anionen enthalten. Das 125Te‐NMR‐Spektrum einer IL‐Lösung, die das [Te8]2+‐Ion enthält, zeigt nur ein breites Signal bei +2700 ppm. DFT‐Rechnungen zeigen, dass geringe konzertierte Lageverschiebungen innerhalb des [Te8]2+‐Clusters zu einer fluktuierenden Molekülstruktur führen. Die Valenzisomerisierung ist schnell und weist eine geringe Aktivierungsbarriere von etwa 8 kJ mol−1 auf.
Synthese aufwärtskonvertierender 10 nm großer β‐NaYF4:Yb,Er/NaYF4‐Kern/Schale‐Nanokristalle mit 5 nm großen Partikelkernen
Authors: Rinkel Thorben , Raj Athira Naduviledathu , Dühnen Simon , Haase Markus
Published: December 2015

Wir stellen eine neue Methode zur Herstellung sehr kleiner aufwärtskonvertierender Kern/Schale‐Nanokristalle vor, die ohne zusätzliche Kodotierung der Kernpartikel auskommt und Partikel im Gramm‐Maßstab liefert. Durch die Reaktion von Natriumoleat, Seltenerdoleat und Ammoniumfluorid werden zunächst ca. 5 nm große β‐NaYF4:Yb,Er‐Kernpartikel gebildet, wobei ein hohes Verhältnis von Natrium‐ zu Seltenerdionen die Nukleation einer großen Anzahl von Keimen der β‐Phase begünstigt. Anschließend wird eine ca. 2 nm dicke Schale aus β‐NaYF4 aufgewachsen, wobei 3–4 nm große α‐NaYF4‐Partikel als Vorläuferpartikel für das Schalenmaterial dienen. Im Gegensatz zu den Kernpartikeln werden diese Partikel der α‐Phase jedoch mit einem geringen Verhältnis von Natrium‐ zu Seltenerdionen hergestellt, welches die unerwünschte Nukleation von β‐NaYF4‐Partikeln während des Schalenwachstums wirksam unterdrückt.
Ortho‐Trialkylstannylarylphosphane über C‐P‐ und C‐Sn‐Bindungsknüpfung in Arinen
Authors: Li Yuanming , Chakrabarty Shyamal , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Studer Armido
Published: December 2015

Wir beschreiben eine neue und effiziente Methode zur Synthese von ortho‐Trialkylstannylarylphosphanen durch Insertion von in situ erzeugten Arinen in die Sn‐P‐Bindung von stannylierten Phosphanen (R3Sn‐PR2). Die simultan ablaufenden C‐P‐ und C‐Sn‐Bindungsknüpfungen ergeben die stannylierten Produkte in hohen Ausbeuten. Diese lassen sich leicht in synthetisch wertvolle ortho‐substituierte Arylphosphane überführen. Die Reaktion verläuft hoch effizient, mit guten Regioselektivitäten und ist praktisch in der Durchführung.
Ortho‐Trialkylstannyl Arylphosphanes by C–P and C–Sn Bond Formation in Arynes
Authors: Li Yuanming , Chakrabarty Shyamal , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Studer Armido
Published: December 2015

A novel and efficient approach to ortho‐trialkylstannyl arylphosphanes by the reaction of arynes generated in situ with stannylated phosphanes (R3SnPR2) is described. Concurrent CP and CSn bond formation occurs with high yields, and stannylated products are easily transformed into valuable ortho‐substituted arylphosphanes. The reaction features high efficiency, good regioselectivity, and excellent practicality.
Understanding the current anatomical competence landscape: Comparing perceptions of program directors, residents, and fourth‐year medical students
Authors: Fillmore Erin P. , Brokaw James J. , Kochhar Komal , Nalin Peter M.
Published: December 2015

A mixed methods survey of fourth‐year medical students, resident physicians, and residency program directors at the Indiana University School of Medicine gathered perceptions of anatomical competence—defined as the anatomical education necessary for effective clinical practice. The survey items explored numerous aspects of anatomical competence, including the most effective modes of instruction, perceptions of readiness for clinical practice, and specific suggestions for improving anatomical education during medical school and residency. The response rate was 46% for fourth‐year medical students, 47% for residents (as graduates from 137 medical schools), and 71% for program directors. A majority of students and residents reported that their course in Gross Anatomy prepared them well for clinical practice; that cadaveric dissection was important in the early development of their anatomical competence; and that placing a greater emphasis on clinical relevance in medical school would have improved their anatomical competence even further. However, in terms of anatomical preparedness upon entering residency, the program directors rated their residents less prepared than the residents rated themselves. All three groups agreed that there is need for additional opportunities for anatomical educational during medical school and residency. Suggestions for improving anatomical education included the following: providing more opportunities for cadaveric dissection during medical school and residency; more consistent teaching of anatomy for clinical practice; more workshops that review anatomy; and better integration of anatomy with the teaching of other subjects during medical school. Anat Sci Educ 9: 307–318. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
Systematic microcarrier screening and agitated culture conditions improves human mesenchymal stem cell yield in bioreactors
Authors: Rafiq Qasim A. , Coopman Karen , Nienow Alvin W. , Hewitt Christopher J.
Published: December 2015

Production of human mesenchymal stem cells for allogeneic cell therapies requires scalable, cost‐effective manufacturing processes. Microcarriers enable the culture of anchorage‐dependent cells in stirred‐tank bioreactors. However, no robust, transferable methodology for microcarrier selection exists, with studies providing little or no reason explaining why a microcarrier was employed. We systematically evaluated 13 microcarriers for human bone marrow‐derived MSC (hBM‐MSCs) expansion from three donors to establish a reproducible and transferable methodology for microcarrier selection. Monolayer studies demonstrated input cell line variability with respect to growth kinetics and metabolite flux. HBM‐MSC1 underwent more cumulative population doublings over three passages in comparison to hBM‐MSC2 and hBM‐MSC3. In 100 mL spinner flasks, agitated conditions were significantly better than static conditions, irrespective of donor, and relative microcarrier performance was identical where the same microcarriers outperformed others with respect to growth kinetics and metabolite flux. Relative growth kinetics between donor cells on the microcarriers were the same as the monolayer study. Plastic microcarriers were selected as the optimal microcarrier for hBM‐MSC expansion. HBM‐MSCs were successfully harvested and characterised, demonstrating hBM‐MSC immunophenotype and differentiation capacity. This approach provides a systematic method for microcarrier selection, and the findings identify potentially significant bioprocessing implications for microcarrier‐based allogeneic cell therapy manufacture.
Purification and Formulation of Xanthophyll for Pharmaceutical Use: Current Strategies and Future Trends
Authors: Gómez‐Loredo Alma , Benavides Jorge , Rito‐Palomares Marco
Published: December 2015

The increasing attention to biological activities of dietary xanthophylls demands the establishment of attractive and easy‐to‐implement purification protocols for their recovery from different sources. Bioengineering strategies that involve alternative isolation and purification techniques have gained interest since they offer practical benefits in comparison to traditional column chromatography methods. Furthermore, the use of these techniques has resulted in compound purities from 50 to 98 %. Besides purification, it is important to keep in mind that xanthophyll bioavailability is limited due to their low solubility in digestive fluids. Therefore, there is also the need to enhance xanthophyll bioavailability through formulations of the purified compounds. Several formulation techniques have been employed to obtain products for bioavailability or stability studies. However, there is a lack of studies that address the effect of the formulation upon the bioavailability and stability of these compounds. In the present review, emerging purification and formulation technologies that have shown potential for xanthophyll isolation and bioavailability enhancement are critically discussed. This analysis is presented in order to discuss the current trends in the purification and formulation technologies of xanthophylls, particularly for pharmaceutical use.
Room‐Temperature Hydration of Alkynes Catalyzed by Different Carbene Gold Complexes and their Precursors
Authors: Xu Yun , Hu Xingbang , Zhang Shufeng , Xi Xiuxing , Wu Youting
Published: December 2015

The room‐temperature hydration of alkynes catalyzed by NHC‐gold(I) (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene), NAC‐gold(I) (NAC=nitrogen acyclic carbene), and isocyanide gold(I) complexes was investigated carefully in the presence of different weakly coordinating anions. NHC(IPr)‐AuCl/KB(C6F5)4 (NHC(IPr)=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) was found to be the most active catalyst at room temperature, and the room‐temperature hydration of different alkynes could be completed in 7 h using only 0.5 mol % NHC(IPr)‐AuCl/KB(C6F5)4. It was further demonstrated that the catalyst system could be simply reused at least six times without a noticeable loss of catalytic activity.
Co‐Immobilization of a Palladium–Bisphosphine Complex and Strong Organic Base on a Silica Surface for Heterogeneous Synergistic Catalysis
Authors: Motokura Ken , Saitoh Koki , Noda Hiroto , Uemura Yohei , Chun Wang‐Jae , Miyaji Akimitsu , Yamaguchi Sho , Baba Toshihide
Published: December 2015

Co‐immobilization of a palladium–bisphosphine complex and a strong organic base, 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), on a silica support was successfully achieved. The new catalyst structure was characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Although the local structure of the Pd–bisphosphine complex was unaffected by the presence of DABCO on the same silica surface, its catalytic activity in allylation reactions of nucleophiles was significantly enhanced, achieving turnover numbers (TON) up to >10 000, owing to dual‐activation of substrate molecules by the Pd complex and DABCO.
Development of a Replaceable Microreactor Coated with a CuZnFe Nanocatalyst for Methanol Steam Reforming
Authors: Mahmoudizadeh Masoud , Irankhah Abdullah , Irankhah Reza , Jafari Mehran
Published: December 2015

A methanol steam microreactor with a replaceable catalytically coated plate structure was designed. A splitting‐jointing flow (SJF) design was proposed to increase the efficiency. Stainless‐steel plates were coated with a Cu/Zn/Fe nanocatalyst. Electrophoretic deposition served as a uniform and controllable coating technique to evaluate the performance of the nanocatalyst and the microchannel design. The functioning of the SJF design for methanol conversion was found to be only slightly dependent on the plate length. The yield of H2 varied with different lengths in the SJF, while the direct parallel microchannel showed a lower performance by reducing the plate length. Comparing a quartz packed‐bed reactor with a microreactor proved the strong dependency of methanol conversion on the accessibility of the reactants to the nanocatalyst sites.
Improved Mixing in a Magnetite Iron Ore Tank via Swirl Flow: Lab‐Scale and Full‐Scale Studies
Authors: Wu Jie , Wang Steven , Nguyen Bon , Marjavaara Daniel , Eriksson Ola
Published: December 2015

Small‐scale studies were conducted in laboratories with the aim to solve a difficult mixing problem in a life magnetite iron ore slurry tank. The existing 4‐bladed axial flow impeller located close to the bottom can be made to provide improved off‐bottom suspension and dramatically better mixing at approximately same power input when the tank baffles are removed. To maintain the same power input after removal of baffles, extending the impeller diameter or increasing speed was used. This result was implemented at LKAB's full‐scale slurry tank in Sweden, achieving a successful outcome of more consistent blending, which allowed ∼ 50 % increase in the tank surge capacity. The large full‐scale tank provided an opportunity to assess scaling up from the laboratory measurements. This scale‐up confirms that laboratory measurements are in approximate agreement with full‐scale observation based on using the Zwietering correlation.
Stereodynamics in the Collisional Autoionization of Water, Ammonia, and Hydrogen Sulfide with Metastable Rare Gas Atoms: Competition Between Intermolecular Halogen and Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Falcinelli Stefano , Bartocci Alessio , Cavalli Simonetta , Pirani Fernando , Vecchiocattivi Franco
Published: December 2015

Recent experiments on the title subject, performed with a high‐resolution crossed‐beam apparatus, have provided the total ionization cross sections as a function of the collision energy between noble gas atoms, electronically excited in their metastable states (Ng*), and H2O, H2S, and NH3 reagents, as well as the emitted electron energy spectra. This paper presents a rationalization of all the experimental findings in a unifying picture to cast light on the basic chemical properties of Ng* under conditions of great relevance both from a fundamental and from an applied point of view. The importance of this investigation is that it isolates the selective role of the intermolecular halogen and hydrogen bonds, to assess their anisotropic effects on the stereodynamics of the promoted ionization reactions, and to model energy transfer and reactivity in systems of applied interest, such as planetary atmospheres, plasmas, lasers, and flames.
Catalytic Polymer Multilayer Shell Motors for Separation of Organics
Authors: Lin Zhihua , Wu Zhiguang , Lin Xiankun , He Qiang
Published: December 2015

A catalytic polymer multilayer shell motor has been developed, which effects fast motion‐based separation of charged organics in water. The shell motors are fabricated by sputtering platinum onto the exposed surface of silica templates embedded in Parafilm, followed by layer‐by‐layer assembly of polyelectrolyte multilayers to the templates. The catalytic shell motors display high bubble propulsion with speeds of up to 260 μm s−1 (13 body lengths per second). Moreover, the polyelectrolyte multilayers assembled at high pH (pH>9.0) adsorb approximately 89 % of dye molecules from water, owing to the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged polymers and the anionic dye molecules, and subsequently release them at neutral pH in a microfluidic device. The efficient propulsion coupled with the effective adsorption behavior of the catalytic shell motors in a microfluidic device results in accelerated separation of organics in water and thus holds considerable promise for water analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Peculiar Behavior of (U,Am)O2‐δ Compounds for High Americium Contents Evidenced by XRD, XAS, and Raman Spectroscopy.
Authors: Lebreton Florent , Horlait Denis , Caraballo Richard , Martin Philippe M. , Scheinost Andreas C. , Rossberg Andre , Jegou Christophe , Delahaye Thibaud
Published: December 2015

U0.5Am0.5O2.+‐.δ mixed oxides are prepared by the UMACS process comprising the heat treatment of UO2 and AmO2 mixed powders in an Ar/H2/O2 atmosphere (2023 K, 8 h) to achieve an O potential of ‐420 kJ/mol.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescence Properties of Novel Emission‐Tunable NaSr(4‐x‐y)Bax (BO3)3:yEu2+ Phosphors for White Light Emitting Diodes.
Authors: Huang Jun , Dai Jian , Deng Degang , Yu Hua , Li Yinqun , Hua Youjie , Zhao Shilong , Li Chenxia , Xu Shiqing
Published: December 2015

A series of emission‐tunable NaSr(4‐x‐y)Bax (BO3)3:yEu2+ phosphors are prepared by sintering of stoichiometric amounts of SrCO3, BaCO3, H3BO3, Na2CO3, and Eu2O3 under reducing atmosphere (5% H2/N2, 1000 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Combinatorial Discovery of Self‐Color‐Mixing Phosphors Bi4(1‐x)Si3O12:RE4x3+ (RE3+: Dy3+, Eu3+) for Direct White Light Emission.
Authors: Wei Qinhua , Liu Guanghui , Zhou Zhenzhen , Wan Jieqiong , Wang Jiacheng , Liu Qian
Published: December 2015

Combinatorial chemistry is employed in the screening of white light emitting phosphors in the system Bi4‐xSi3O12:Lnx (Ln: Pr3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Er3+).
ChemInform Abstract: Resistive Switching Behavior in Organic—Inorganic Hybrid CH3NH3PbI3‐xClx Perovskite for Resistive Random Access Memory Devices.
Authors: Yoo Eun Ji , Lyu Miaoqiang , Yun Jung‐Ho , Kang Chi Jung , Choi Young Jin , Wang Lianzhou
Published: December 2015

A simple Au/MeNH3PbI3‐xClx/fluorine‐doped tin oxide device exhibits remarkable bipolar and bistable resistive switching behavior with small on‐off voltage of less than 1 V.
ChemInform Abstract: Is NiCo2S4 Really a Semiconductor?
Authors: Xia Chuan , Li Peng , Gandi Appala Naidu , Schwingenschloegl Udo , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: December 2015

Nanostructured powders of the title compound are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous mixtures of Co(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2, and urea (autoclave, 120 °C, 4 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Bismuth Self‐Limiting Growth of Ultrathin BiFeO3 Films.
Authors: Deepak Nitin , Carolan Patrick , Keeney Lynette , Zhang Panfeng F. , Pemble Martyn E. , Whatmore Roger W.
Published: December 2015

Ultrathin BiFeO3 films are deposited by liquid injection metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition on SrTiO3 substrates using a toluene solution of Bi(thd)3 and Fe(thd)3 (thd: 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐3,5‐heptanedionate).
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Benzylic Fluorination of Trichloroacetimidates.
Authors: Zhang Qi , Mixdorf Jason C. , Reynders Gilbert J. , Nguyen Hien M.
Published: December 2015

The reaction is performed starting from 2‐naphthyl, phenyl, and 3‐pyridyl substituted trichloroacetamidates.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Aerobic Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling via C—H Functionalization of Tertiary Amines Using a Nanoporous Gold Skeleton Catalyst.
Authors: Ho Hon Eong , Ishikawa Yoshifumi , Asao Naoki , Yamamoto Yoshinori , Jin Tienan
Published: December 2015

Zero‐valent nanoporous gold is shown to be a robust and green heterogeneous catalyst for α‐C—H functionalization of various tertiary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stereoselective Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions on Cyclopropane Rings Using 1‐(Methoxycarbonyl)cyclopropylzinc Bromides.
Authors: Sakuma Daichi , Yamada Kenta , Sasazawa Kazuya , Nishii Yoshinori
Published: December 2015

Highly stereoselective Reformatsky and Pd‐catalyzed arylation reactions of cyclopropane derivatives such as (I) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Amino Ketones by Broensted Acid Catalysis.
Authors: Wen Wei , Zeng Yu , Peng Li‐Yu , Fu Li‐Na , Guo Qi‐Xiang
Published: December 2015

A series of optically active α‐amino ketones is prepared via transfer hydrogenation of ketimines (I) or reductive amination of diketones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Non‐Aldol Preparation of Enantiopure Propionate‐Derived Motifs with the Assistance of Chiral Sulfoxides: Application to a Convergent Synthesis of the Lactone Core of Octalactins.
Authors: Bauder Claude
Published: December 2015

Enantiopure diol (V) (as well as its enantiomer) is synthesized from unsaturated β‐keto sulfoxide (III) by two successive diastereoselective reduction reactions and a stereoselective hydroboration.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Carbo‐ and Heterocycles Through a CuH‐Catalyzed Hydroalkylation Approach.
Authors: Wang Yi‐Ming , Bruno Nicholas C. , Placeres Angel L. , Zhu Shaolin , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: December 2015

This method allows the enantioselective synthesis of a variety of substituted carbo‐ and heterocycles via intramolecular hydroalkylation with good yields and high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Opening Fluorination of Cyclobutanols and Cyclopropanols Catalyzed by Silver.
Authors: Ishida Naoki , Okumura Shintaro , Nakanishi Yuuta , Murakami Masahiro
Published: December 2015

Treatment of the title cycloalkanols with Selectfluor and an substoichiometric amount of a silver salt leads to the γ‐ and β‐fluoroalkyl ketones (II) and (IV), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Chelate Resin‐Supported Palladium Catalysts for Chemoselective Hydrogenation.
Authors: Monguchi Yasunari , Ichikawa Tomohiro , Nozaki Kei , Kihara Kensuke , Yamada Yuuko , Miyake Yutaka , Sawama Yoshinari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: December 2015

Two palladium catalysts, i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: (NH4)2S2O8‐Mediated Diiodination of Alkynes with Iodide in Water: Stereospecific Synthesis of (E)‐Diiodoalkenes.
Authors: Jiang Qing , Wang Jing‐Yu , Guo Can‐Cheng
Published: December 2015

Terminal aryl and alkyl alkynes as well as internal alkynes are efficiently transformed according to the scalable title reaction which tolerates numerous functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral 1‐(1,3‐dithian‐2‐yl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐ols: New Scaffolds for Enantiopure α‐Hydroxyaldehydes.
Authors: Akehi Masaru , Kawamoto Mariko , Mandai Tadakatsu
Published: December 2015

Substrates (I) undergo cross‐coupling reactions with aryl‐ and alkyl halides.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective, Zinc‐Catalyzed Alkynylation of α‐Bromo Oxocarbenium Ions.
Authors: Haidzinskaya Tatsiana , Kerchner Hilary A. , Liu Jixin , Watson Mary P.
Published: December 2015

The bromination of dihydropyran (I) in AcOH followed by a Zn‐catalyzed alkynylation of resulting acetal (III) leads to trans‐α‐alkynyl‐β‐bromo tetrahydropyrans (V), which can be converted into derivatives (VI), (VII), and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Regioswitchable Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Kenny Miles , Christensen Jeppe , Coles Simon J. , Franckevicius Vilius
Published: December 2015

A palladium catalyzed chemo‐ and regioselective coupling of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds via an allylic linker is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkyl Group‐Tagged Ruthenium Indenylidene Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Metathesis Activity.
Authors: Yu Baoyi , Hamad Fatma B. , Leus Karen , Lyapkov Alex A. , Van Hecke Kristof , Verpoort Francis
Published: December 2015

Three new ruthenium indenylidene complexes (I) are synthesized and their catalytic performance is examined in different metathesis reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Soft Ruthenium and Hard Broensted Acid Combined Catalyst for Efficient Cleavage of Allyloxy Bonds. Application to Protecting Group Chemistry.
Authors: Tanaka Shinji , Suzuki Yusuke , Saburi Hajime , Kitamura Masato
Published: December 2015

The facile protocol allows the quantitative removal of allyl protecting group from ethers, esters, carbonates, and carbamates.
ChemInform Abstract: MgI2‐Mediated Chemoselective Cleavage of Protecting Groups: An Alternative to Conventional Deprotection Methodologies.
Authors: Berthet Matheo , Davanier Florian , Dujardin Gilles , Martinez Jean , Parrot Isabelle
Published: December 2015

MgI2 as reagent provides efficient methods for the chemoselective cleavage of N‐protected amino acid esters as well as the cleavage of the N‐protecting group by appropriate choice of the reaction conditions.