bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of treatment-free remission in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia revealed by a computational model of CML evolution
Authors: Lai Xiulan , Jiao Xiaopei , Zhang Haojian , Lei Jinzhi
Published: May 2022

In the past few years, international treatment guidelines for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have incorporated recommendations for attempting discontinuation of treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) outside of the setting of a clinical trial with the aim of treatment-free remission (TFR). Multiple clinical studies have shown consistent results that 40%-50% patients can achieve long-term TFR after TKI discontinuation, and most relapse patients undergo molecular recurrence within 6 months after TKI discontinuation, however the underling mechanisms remain unclear. To understand the mechanism of TFR in patients with CML, we consider the competition between leukemia stem cell and bone marrow microenvironment, and develop a mathematical model to investigate the CML progression dynamics. Model simulations are consistent with clinical observation of CML progression, and reveal a mechanism of dimorphic response after TKI discontinuation. Our model predicts that neoplasitic microenvironment is significant for CML occurrence and progression. We furthermore discuss the prediction of TFR based on the change rates of microenvironment index and leukemia stem cells ratio prior TKI discontinuation.
Radiation and diversification of GATA-domain-containing proteins in the genus Caenorhabditis
Authors: Darragh Antonia C. , Rifkin Scott A.
Published: May 2022

Transcription factors are defined by their DNA-binding domains (DBDs). The binding affinities and specificities of a transcription factor to its DNA binding sites can be used by an organism to fine-tune gene regulation and so are targets for evolution. Here we investigate the evolution of GATA-type transcription factors (GATA factors) in the Caenorhabditis genus. Based upon comparisons of their DBDs, these proteins form 13 distinct groups. This protein family experienced a burst of gene duplication in several of these groups along two short branches in the species tree, giving rise to subclades with very distinct complements of GATA factors. By comparing extant gene structures, DBD sequences, genome locations, and selection pressures we reconstructed how these duplications occurred. Although the paralogs have diverged in various ways, the literature shows that at least eight of the DBD groups bind to similar G-A-T-A DNA sequences. Thus, despite gene duplications and divergence among DBD sequences, most Caenorhabditis GATA factors appear to have maintained similar binding preferences, which could create the opportunity for developmental system drift. We hypothesize that this limited divergence in binding specificities contributes to the apparent disconnect between the extensive genomic evolution that has occurred in this genus and the absence of significant anatomical changes.
Epitranscriptomic Modification of MicroRNA Increases Atherosclerosis Susceptibility
Authors: He Ming , Dong Jianjie , Zhang Yuqing , Han So Yun , Wang Chen , Gongol Brendan , Kang Jian , Huang Hsi-Yuan , Shyy John Y-J.
Published: May 2022

Emerging evidence indicates that oxidative stress causes the hydroxylation of guanine (G) to generate 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro guanosine (8OH-G) in microRNAs (miRs), which induces the guanine-to-uracil (G-to-U) transversion and thus changes the miR targetomes. However, whether and how the 8OH-G-modified miRs are involved in vascular endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis were unexplored. Using 8OH-G crosslinking immunoprecipitation miR sequencing (8OH-G CLIP-miR-seq), we found that 8OH-G miR-483 were among the most enriched 8OH-G miR species in ECs induced by ox-LDL. Transcriptomic profiling by RNA-seq indicated that the G-to-U transversion of miR-483 altered the original mRNA targeting efficacy and allows 8OH-G miR-483 to recognize new mRNA target sites. A reduced ratio of 8OH-G miR-483 to miR-483 in lung ECs was found in the endothelial-specific miR-483 transgenic (EC-miR-483 Tg) mice. Moreover, reduction of atherosclerosis was significant in EC-miR-483 Tg mice administrated AAV8-PCSK9 and fed an atherogenic diet. In situ miR hybridization revealed an increased 8OH-G miR-483 level in the intima of human atherosclerotic arteries. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the redox burden incurred by cardiovascular risk factors is a culprit of the miR-483 to 8OH-G miR-483 transversion. Such epitranscriptomic modification of miR-483 causes endothelial dysfunction and increases atherosclerosis susceptibility via its targetomes shift.
S. cerevisiae cells can grow without the Pds5 cohesin subunit
Authors: Choudhary Karan , Itzkovich Ziv , Alonso-Perez Elisa , Bishara Hend , Dunn Barbara , Sherlock Gavin , Kupiec Martin
Published: May 2022

During DNA replication, the newly created sister chromatids are held together until their separation at anaphase. The cohesin complex is in charge of creating and maintaining sister-chromatid cohesion (SCC) in all eukaryotes. In S. cerevisiae cells, cohesin is composed of two elongated proteins, Smc1 and Smc3, bridged by the kleisin Mcd1/Scc1. The latter also acts as a scaffold for three additional proteins, Scc3/Irr1, Wpl1/Rad61, and Pds5. Although the HEAT-repeat protein Pds5 is essential for cohesion, its precise function is still debated. Deletion of the ELG1 gene, encoding a PCNA unloader, can partially suppress the temperature-sensitive pds5-1 allele, but not a complete deletion of PDS5. We carried out a genetic screen for high copy number suppressors and another for spontaneously arising mutants, allowing the survival of a pds5Δ elg1Δ strain. Our results show that cells remain viable in the absence of Pds5 provided that there is both an elevation in the level of Mcd1 (which can be due to mutations in the CLN2 gene, encoding a G1 cyclin), and an increase in the level of SUMO-modified PCNA on chromatin (caused by lack of PCNA unloading in elg1Δ mutants). The elevated SUMO-PCNA levels increase the recruitment of the Srs2 helicase, which evicts Rad51 molecules from the moving fork, creating ssDNA regions that serve as sites for increased cohesin loading and SCC establishment. Thus, our results delineate a double role for Pds5 in protecting the cohesin ring and interacting with the DNA replication machinery.

IMPORTANCE

Sister chromatid cohesion is vital for faithful chromosome segregation, chromosome folding into loops, and gene expression. A multisubunit protein complex known as cohesin holds the sister chromatids from S-phase until the anaphase stage. In this study, we explore the function of the essential cohesin subunit Pds5 in the regulation of sister chromatid cohesion. We performed two independent genetic screens to bypass the function of the Pds5 protein. We observe that Pds5 protein is a cohesin stabilizer, and elevating the levels of Mcd1 protein along with SUMO-PCNA accumulation on chromatin can compensate for the loss of the PDS5 gene. In addition, Pds5 plays a role in coordinating the DNA replication and sister chromatid cohesion establishment. This work elucidates the function of cohesin subunit Pds5, the G1 cyclin Cln2, and replication factors PCNA, Elg1 and Srs2 in the proper regulation of sister chromatid cohesion.
Colony size frequency distribution across gradients of reef health in disturbed coral reefs in Northeast Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Bernard Gilles Gael Raphael , Kellam Alexandra Lucie , Szereday Sebastian
Published: May 2022

Coral reefs globally are experiencing chronic stress leading to the deterioration of health and functionality. Analysis of size frequency distribution (SFD) of hard corals enables post hoc assessments of major demographic events (e.g., recruitment and mortality) that follow ecological disturbances. Here, we present an evaluation of current reef health, SFD and recruitment of 37 morpho-taxa in Northeast Peninsular Malaysia. Results highlight stress viable demographic structure of massive taxa (e.g., massivePorites) and significant differences of SFD across gradients of reef health, whereby degraded sites were predominantly characterized by negatively skewed (e.g., large colonies) and leptokurtic (e.g., high population turnover) distribution of dominant hard coral taxa. Ultimately, results suggest that locally coral reef degradation can exceed tipping points, after which annual monsoon conditions and degraded reef substrates interact to reinforce and manifest negative feedback loops, thereby impeding demographic recovery, and altering coral SFD and population assemblage.
Contrasting parental roles shape sex differences in poison frog space use but not navigational performance
Authors: Pašukonis Andrius , Serrano-Rojas Shirley Jennifer , Fischer Marie-Therese , Loretto Matthias-Claudio , Shaykevich Daniel A. , Rojas Bibiana , Ringler Max , Roland Alexandre-Benoit , Marcillo-Lara Alejandro , Ringler Eva , Rodríguez Camilo , Coloma Luis A. , O’Connell Lauren A.
Published: May 2022

Sex differences in vertebrate spatial abilities are typically interpreted under the adaptive specialization hypothesis, which posits that male reproductive success is linked to larger home ranges and better navigational skills. The androgen spillover hypothesis counters that enhanced male spatial performance may be a byproduct of higher androgen levels. Animal groups that include species where females are expected to outperform males based on life-history traits are key for disentangling these hypotheses. We investigated the association between sex differences in reproductive strategies, spatial behavior, and androgen levels in three species of poison frogs. We tracked individuals in natural environments to show that contrasting parental sex roles shape sex differences in space use, where the sex performing parental duties shows wider-ranging movements. We then translocated frogs from their home areas to test their navigational performance and found that the caring sex outperformed the non-caring sex only in one out of three species. In addition, males across species displayed more explorative behavior than females. Furthermore, androgen levels correlated with explorative behavior and homing accuracy. Our findings suggest that poison frog reproductive strategies shape space use patterns but not navigational performance, providing counterevidence to the prevailing view of adaptive sex differences in spatial abilities.
Reliable detection of pyrazinamide antitubercular activity in vitro
Authors: Gouzy Alexandre , Healy Claire , Schnappinger Dirk , Ehrt Sabine
Published: May 2022

Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a pivotal antibiotic for the chemotherapy of tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). PZA is notorious for its poor in vitro activity which complicates phenotypic PZA-susceptibility testing (PPST) and likely causes inappropriate treatment of TB patients. Here, we show that PZA activity can be reliably detected using an acidic and lipid-rich culture medium mimicking conditions Mtb encounters during an infection. Our growth model could facilitate PPST to improve the treatment of TB patients and ameliorate the global surveillance of PZA resistance.
Hetero-oligomerization of TDP-43 carboxy-terminal fragments with cellular proteins contributes to proteotoxicity
Authors: Kitamura Akira , Fujimoto Ai , Kawashima Rei , Lyu Yidan , Sasaki Kotetsu , Hamada Yuta , Moriya Kanami , Kurata Ayumi , Takahashi Kazuho , Brielmann Reneé , Bott Laura C. , Morimoto Richard I. , Kinjo Masataka
Published: May 2022

Carboxy terminal fragments (CTFs) of TDP-43 contain an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) and form cytoplasmic condensates containing amyloid fibrils. Such condensates are toxic and associated with pathogenicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the molecular details of how the domain of TDP-43 CTFs leads to condensation and cytotoxicity remain elusive. Here, we show that truncated RNA/DNA-recognition motif (RRM) at the N-terminus of TDP-43 CTFs leads to the structural transition of the IDR, whereas the IDR itself of TDP-43 CTFs is difficult to assemble even if they are proximate intermolecularly. Hetero-oligomers of TDP-43 CTFs that have recruited other proteins are more toxic than homo-oligomers, implicating loss-of-function of the endogenous proteins by such oligomers is associated with cytotoxicity. Furthermore, such toxicity of TDP-43 CTFs was cell-nonautonomously affected in the nematodes. Therefore, misfolding and oligomeric characteristics of the truncated RRM at the N-terminus of TDP-43 CTFs define their condensation properties and toxicity.
Opsin-free optical neuromodulation and electrophysiology enabled by a soft monolithic infrared multifunctional neural interface
Authors: Meneghetti Marcello , Kaur Jaspreet , Sui Kunyang , Sørensen Jakob F. , Berg Rune W. , Markos Christos
Published: May 2022

Controlling neuronal activity with high spatial resolution using multifunctional and minimally invasive neural interfaces constitutes an important step towards developments in neuroscience and novel treatments for brain diseases. While infrared neuromodulation is an emerging technology for controlling the neuronal circuitry, it lacks soft implantable monolithic interfaces capable of simultaneously delivering light and recording electrical signals from the brain while being mechanically brain-compatible. Here, we have developed a soft fibre-based device based on high-performance thermoplastics which are >100-fold softer than silica glass. The presented fibre-implant is capable of safely neuromodulating the brain activity in localized cortical domains by delivering infrared laser pulses in the 2 μm spectral region while recording electrophysiological signals. Action and local field potentials were recorded in vivo in adult rats while immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue indicated limited microglia and monocytes response introduced by the fibre and the infrared pulses. We expect our devices to further enhance infrared neuromodulation as a versatile approach for fundamental research and clinically translatable therapeutic interventions.
Deep mutational scanning of essential bacterial proteins can guide antibiotic development
Authors: Dewachter Liselot , Brooks Aaron N. , Noon Katherine , Cialek Charlotte , Clark-ElSayed Alia , Schalck Thomas , Krishnamurthy Nandini , Versées Wim , Vranken Wim , Michiels Jan
Published: May 2022

Deep mutational scanning is a powerful approach to investigate a wide variety of research questions including protein function and stability. We performed deep mutational scanning on three essentialE. coliproteins (FabZ, LpxC and MurA) involved in cell envelope synthesis using high-throughput CRISPR genome editing. This allowed us to study the effect of the introduced mutations in their original genomic context. Using more than 17,000 variants of FabZ, LpxC and MurA from the saturation editing libraries constructed here, we have interrogated protein function and the importance of individual amino acids in supporting viability. Additionally, we have exploited these libraries to study resistance development against antimicrobial compounds that target the selected proteins. Our results show that, among the three proteins studied, MurA is the superior antimicrobial target due to its low mutational flexibility which decreases the chance of acquiring resistance-conferring mutations that simultaneously preserve MurA function. Additionally, we were able to rank anti-LpxC lead compounds for further development guided by the number of resistance-conferring mutations against each compound. Our results show that deep mutational scanning studies can be used to guide drug development, which we hope will contribute towards the development of urgently needed novel antimicrobial therapies.
Genome-wide promoter assembly in E. coli measured at single-base resolution
Authors: John Jordan , Jabbar Javaid , Badjatia Nitika , Rossi Matthew J. , Lai William K.M. , Pugh B. Franklin
Published: May 2022

When detected at single-base-pair resolution, the genome-wide location, occupancy level, and structural organization of DNA-binding proteins provide mechanistic insights into genome regulation. Here we use ChIP-exo to provide a near-base-pair resolution view of the epigenomic organization of the Escherichia coli transcription machinery and nucleoid structural proteins at the time when cells are growing exponentially and upon rapid reprogramming (acute heat shock). We examined the site specificity of three sigma factors (RpoD/σ70, RpoH/σ32, and RpoN/σ54), RNA polymerase (RNAP or RpoA, -B, -C), and two nucleoid proteins (Fis and IHF). We suggest that DNA shape at the flanks of cognate motifs helps drive site specificity. We find that although RNAP and sigma factors occupy active cognate promoters, RpoH and RpoN can occupy quiescent promoters without the presence of RNAP. Thus, promoter-bound sigma factors can be triggered to recruit RNAP by a mechanism that is distinct from an obligatory cycle of free sigma binding RNAP followed by promoter binding. These findings add new dimensions to how sigma factors achieve promoter specificity through DNA sequence and shape, and further define mechanistic steps in regulated genome-wide assembly of RNAP at promoters in E. coli.
Utilizing a 3D printed model of the mediastinum to teach thoracic anatomy and its visual-spatial relationships to medical trainees
Authors: Patel Deven , Schmiederer Ingrid , Anderson Tiffany , Bhandari Prasha , Gifford Kyle , Lin Dan , Guo H. Henry , Lui Natalie
Published: May 2022

Natalie S. Lui
Regenerative urbanism: a causal layered analysis
Authors: Camrass Kimberly
Published: May 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to analyse both traditional and regenerative fields across four layers, litany, systems, worldviews and myth/metaphor. It aims to provide in-depth insight into the beliefs, values epistemologies and assumptions that scaffold thinking and practice. As a result of this analysis, future implications for regenerative urban practice are also considered.

Design/methodology/approach

Prevailing sustainability approaches seek to mitigate further harm in urban centres by increasing efficiency and minimising resource consumption and impact. They are primarily underpinned by a reductionist worldview that separates human objectives from those of the natural world. In contrast, regenerative approaches to urban sustainability have emerged out of an ecological worldview and aim to achieve net positive outcomes as a result of co-evolutionary relationships between social and ecological systems. This paper explores both approaches in urban communities through futures thinking tool, causal layered analysis.

Findings

As a result of the causal layered analysis undertaken, this paper provides insights into regenerative thinking and practice in urban settings. These insights cover four main thematic categories: purpose, place, practice and progress. Moving to the deeper layers of worldview and myth metaphor analysis, in particular, has significant implications for ongoing practice, including facilitating processes by which communities can reflect upon, unpack and reconstruct their concepts of future “success”.

Originality/value

Anthropogenic climate change continues to deliver worsening ecological, social and economic impacts globally. Urban centres are particularly central to this crisis given their massive resource consumption and rapid population growth. This paper provides an alternative, deep analysis to consider thinking and practice required for urban regeneration. It reveals the need for a shift in purpose and a deeper understanding of place, illustrating the roles that futures tools may place in this transition.
Temporary sheltering areas in case of earthquakes: engineering design, implementation and policy experiences. The case of Quito – Ecuador
Authors: Yépez Fabricio , Villacreses Juan Pablo
Published: May 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to present implementation of temporary sheltering areas (TSAs), in case of earthquakes for Quito, as a low-cost mitigation project in developing countries. Four pilot TSAs were built and a limited communication effort was implemented by municipality. Years after, effectiveness of the project was evaluated.

Design/methodology/approach

TSA locations were chosen considering technical aspects, using a weighted decision matrix through an analytical hierarchy process defined with private and public sector professionals. Four pilot TSAs were built and information about them was spread including a hazard signage program targeted to the population.

Findings

After a year, communication effort conceived by the municipality ended, decision-makers changed and a M5.1 local earthquake hit the city, causing few casualties and structural damage. Population and municipality officials had forgotten about the project. TSA facilities were out of service. Four years later, authorities changed again, TSA changed their use, hazard signage program was abandoned and population was completely unaware about the project.

Practical implications

TSA project is a suitable low-cost disaster management initiative for developing countries. However, if a sustainable communication is not performed, suitable mitigation projects could be ineffective in time.

Originality/value

This paper demonstrates how to implement TSAs in cities with limited resources and following a rational decision procedure. It remarks benefits and mistakes detected years after that could improve decisions in similar preparedness initiatives against earthquakes in other developing countries.
Transfer of knowledge from universities to organizations in the Ecuadorian context
Authors: Vega Chica Mayra Liuviana , De la Vega Hernández Iván Manuel
Published: May 2022

Purpose

This study aims to examine the influence of absorptive capacity and learning motivation in the process of knowledge acquisition in students of higher education institutions and subsequently evaluate its effect on the transfer of knowledge in the companies where students work, and the possible moderating effect of students’ social skills and the level of work autonomy.

Design/methodology/approach

The research design is non-experimental, cross-sectional correlational-causal, with a quantitative approach and the data collected are from primary sources. The variables autonomy and social skills are used on the perceptions of students in continuing education in programs related to third- or fourth-level business and administration careers in universities in Ecuador.

Findings

With the results obtained, it can be concluded that knowledge absorption capacity and learning motivation, as reflective constructs, have a significant effect on knowledge acquisition, and knowledge acquisition has a significant effect on transfer of knowledge, in part-time students, of the administrative area, studying in higher education institutions in Ecuador and working full time.

Originality/value

This study identifies the significant relationship between the variables of job autonomy and social skills and between the acquisition and transfer of knowledge. In addition, it is evident that the variables of job autonomy and social skills are significantly related.
The effect of inoculation messages on service recovery
Authors: Ma Ke , Qian Si
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Service failure is detrimental for both enterprises and customers; therefore, it is particularly important and cost effective for service enterprises to take precautionary measures rather than provide recovery after service failure. Based on the inoculation theory, this research examines the impact and the boundary conditions of inoculation messages on the effectiveness of service recovery.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed research model is examined through two scenario-based experimental studies. A total of 627 datasets was collected and analyzed with the SPSS program with the PROCESS tool to examine the moderation (Model = 1) and three-way interaction (Model = 4) effects.

Findings

The research findings show that inoculation messages moderate the relationship between recovery measures and customer satisfaction. Specifically, there is a positive relationship between service recovery and recovery satisfaction, which can be further boosted with inoculation messages. Importantly, inoculation messages eliminate the significant difference between the effects of expected recovery and high recovery. However, inoculation messages are only effective for enterprises with high brand equity.

Originality/value

These findings have important theoretical and practical implications for the service recovery practice of service enterprises.
A hierarchical model for jointly assessing ecological and anthropogenic impacts on animal demography
Authors: Riecke Thomas V. , Sedinger Benjamin S. , Arnold Todd W. , Gibson Dan , Koons David N. , Lohman Madeleine G. , Schaub Michael , Williams Perry J. , Sedinger James S.
Published: May 2022

The management of sustainable harvest of animal populations is of great ecological and conservation importance. Development of formal quantitative tools to estimate and mitigate the impacts of harvest on animal populations has positively impacted conservation efforts.

The vast majority of existing harvest models, however, do not simultaneously estimate ecological and harvest impacts on demographic parameters and population trends. Given that the impacts of ecological drivers are often equal to or greater than the effects of harvest, and can covary with harvest, this disconnect has the potential to lead to flawed inference.

In this study, we used Bayesian hierarchical models and a 43‐year capture–mark–recovery dataset from 404,241 female mallardsAnas platyrhynchosreleased in the North American midcontinent to estimate mallard demographic parameters. Furthermore, we model the dynamics of waterfowl hunters and habitat, and the direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic and ecological processes on mallard demographic parameters.

We demonstrate that density dependence, habitat conditions and harvest can simultaneously impact demographic parameters of female mallards, and discuss implications for existing and future harvest management models.

Our results demonstrate the importance of controlling for multicollinearity among demographic drivers in harvest management models, and provide evidence for multiple mechanisms that lead to partial compensation of mallard harvest. We provide a novel model structure to assess these relationships that may allow for improved inference and prediction in future iterations of harvest management models across taxa.
Ideological biases in research evaluations? The case of research on majority–minority relations
Authors: Finseraas Henning , Midtbøen Arnfinn H. , Thorbjørnsrud Kjersti
Published: May 2022

Social science researchers tend to express left‐liberal political attitudes. The ideological skew might influence research evaluations, but empirical evidence is limited. We conducted a survey experiment where Norwegian researchers evaluated fictitious research on majority–minority relations. Within this field, social contact and conflict theories emphasize different aspects of majority–minority relations, where the former has a left‐liberal leaning in its assumptions and implications. We randomized the conclusion of the research they evaluated so that the research supported one of the two perspectives. Although the research designs are the same, those receiving the social contact conclusion evaluate the quality and relevance of the design more favorably. We do not find similar differences in evaluations of a study on a nonpoliticized topic.
Oldest Asian Record of Snapping Shrimps (Malacostraca: Alpheidae) from the Kutch Basin, Western India and Associated Biota: Biostratigraphic, Paleoenvironmental and Paleoecological Significance
Authors: KAPUR Vivesh V. , KUMAR Kamlesh , PANDYA Pranav J. , GHOSH Amit K. , CHAKRABORTY Arindam , SHARMA Anupam , CHAUHAN Gaurav , THAKKAR M. G.
Published: May 2022

The oldest Asian record of alpheid shrimps, assigned to genusAlpheus, based on snapping claw fingertips from the Miocene Khari Nadi Formation in the Kutch Basin, western India reported herein, extends the fossil record of the family Alpheidae from Asia by ∼22 million years. An early Miocene (Aquitanian) age is estimated based on the associated assemblage of calcareous nannofossils,Sphenolithus disbelemnos, Cyclicargolithus floridanus, andReticulofenestra haqii. The co‐occurring microbiota includes bony fish otolith remains, identified as “genus Gobiidarum”, isolated teeth ofDasyatisrays,Sphyrnasharks, and teleosts, ctenoid and placoid scales, ostracods, belonging to the generaParactinocythereis, Alocopocythere, Ruggieria, Aglaiocypris, Bairdoppilata, and echinoid spines. Taken together, the microfossil assemblage and data from chemical analyses using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, X‐Ray Diffraction and Wavelength Dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence of host and associated lithologies suggests prevalence of a shallow (neritic) to coastal marine (intertidal) depositional paleoenvironment. The present investigation also provides the oldest fossil evidence on the co‐occurrence ofAlpheusand gobiids (based on otoliths) that strongly advocates that the mutualistic association between these animal groups had developed by the Aquitanian.
Effect of spatial position on twig resource allocation of Fengdan (Paeonia ostii)
Authors: Wang Chengzhong , Fan Guozhen , Li Qingkui , Hu Yonghong , Qian Jianlin , Yang Ji , Song Zhiping
Published: May 2022

Understanding how a plant allocates biomass for reproduction and the effect of location position on twigs' biomass partitioning provides essential information on how to maximise fruit yields through pruning. Fengdan (Paeonia ostii) is a variety of oil Peony newly developed in China. In this paper, the pattern of biomass allocation and allometric growth of the modules within twig (fruit twigs) of five populations of Fengdan were investigated by using standardised major axis (SMA) analyses. The ANOVA results showed that the biomass of stem, seed, husk and fruit per twig significantly varied among populations and among twigs growing at different positions within an individual plant. The top twig had the largest stem and fruit biomass. Twig showed an allometric growth relationship between reproduction and growth (SMA slope b ≠ 1). An obvious trade‐off was found between seed number and 100‐seed weight in fruits. These findings demonstrate that the seated position of the Fengdan twig significantly influences its resource allocation pattern and fruit (seed) yield, implying the efficiency of creating a suitable growth environment and optimising tree architecture in increasing oil Peony yield.
Local thermal ablative therapies for extracranial oligometastatic disease of non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Kong Yongmei , Xu Hui , Huang Yahan , Wei Zhigang , Ye Xin
Published: May 2022

Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. Clinically, 40–50% of patients with NSCLC are found to have systemic metastasis at the initial diagnosis. Meanwhile, 30–75% of patients with lung cancer who have undergone radical surgical resection have local recurrence and distant metastases. However, not all distant metastases are multiple, and some are potentially curable. In this study, among the patients with NSCLC having distant organ metastasis, approximately 7% showed extrapulmonary solitary metastasis and remained in this relatively stable state for a long time. This form of metastasis is known as NSCLC oligometastases. This review describes the concept and classification of oligometastases, as well as the local treatment and prognosis of extracranial oligometastases.
From the Earth’s Limits to Greta Thunberg: The Effects of Environmental Crisis Metaphors in China
Authors: Huan Qingzhi , Huan Xincong
Published: May 2022

The metaphors of the environmental crisis have played a considerable role in creating the social basis for modernization in China, with humans and nature in harmony. The idea of the earth’s limits arose from several sources in the early 1970s, including the book The Limits to Growth, and became one of the most‐widely disseminated metaphors of the environmental crisis. It has brought about very positive impacts on China’s academic study, public awareness, and policymaking over the past five decades. By contrast, the rhetoric of Greta Thunberg, known in China as the “Swedish maid for environmental protection,” though successfully propagated in the Western world, is to a large extent an artificial creation of an NGO‐led alliance of various forces. Thus, it is difficult to find a serious audience in today’s China for her speeches for three reasons. First, many Chinese people insist that Thunberg’s remarks about China’s environmental actions are groundless and inappropriate. Second, the pessimistic scenario of the future, as envisioned by Thunberg, is inconsistent with East Asian history and culture. Third, the formulation and implementation of China’s national strategy to develop an ecological civilization has provided a contemporary environmental crisis metaphor with Chinese characteristics. It serves as an alternative to metaphors that feature pessimistic predictions and scary words.
Emphasizing Actions Over Words: A Chinese Perspective on Thunberg’s Protest
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Hongwei , Han Pengjie , Wang Kaiyu , Cao Min
Published: May 2022

Fridays for Future, an environmental protection campaign initiated by Greta Thunberg, has received a lot of attention worldwide. Some have suggested that Greta is a prodigy of climate activism. By analyzing Thunberg’s protests and the Protestant culture behind them, we argue that the climate movement has failed to tackle the climate crisis. We then advance an alternative approach from the perspective of Chinese culture that points to more practical solutions, insisting that political activism must reflect the broader culture if it is to win the support and participation of the people. Whether activism can help resolve the climate crisis or not depends on the will of the people. While protest is sometimes an effective way to address social and political problems, its purpose is ultimately to inspire action. In solving societal problems, Chinese people pay special attention to process, balance, and practical action. The evidence shows that, so long as Chinese people can do so, they will safeguard their homes and protect their environment based on sentiments that are deeply rooted in Chinese culture. The cultural practice embodied by the Chinese adage “change starts with me, change starts now” offers a practical solution to the current climate crisis.
People’s Response to the Climate Emergency in India
Authors: Phukan Rituraj , Nayak Medha
Published: May 2022

Climate change is happening, and we have been forewarned of the consequences. Since it is caused largely by human action, a lot can be done to avert the detrimental consequences. But getting political support for action is difficult because the hardest‐hit people are marginalized groups that have little political power, including indigenous communities. Greta Thunberg and groups that agree with her view are emerging worldwide to promote action; nevertheless, the magnitude of public response and action is inadequate. This article highlights the adversities caused by the climate emergency in India and the efforts of indigenous communities to take effective action. In its conclusion, this article makes suggestions about ways to respond appropriately to the climate emergency.
Population pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole in patients with preterm preeclampsia
Authors: Gebreyesus Manna Semere , Decloedt Eric H. , Cluver Catherine A. , Hunfeld Nicole G. M. , Helgadóttir Hólmfríður , Björnsson Einar S. , Wasmann Roeland E. , Denti Paolo
Published: May 2022

Esomeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor being investigated for treatment of preeclampsia. Esomeprazole pharmacokinetics during pregnancy are unknown. We used data from 10 pregnant participants with preterm preeclampsia, and 49 non‐pregnant participants to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of esomeprazole. A two‐compartment model described the data well. In pregnant participants after single dose, clearance was 42.2% (14.9–61.6%) lower compared to non‐pregnant, most likely due to inhibition of CYP2C19. In non‐pregnant participants after repeated dosing, clearance was 54.9% (48.2–63.5%) lower in extensive metabolizers and bioavailability was 33% (10.0–52.0%) higher compared to single dosing, which could be due to autoinhibition of CYP2C19. During pregnancy, the CYP2C19 autoinhibition effect with repeated dosing is expected to lead to much lower increase in exposure compared to non‐pregnant individuals, since CYP2C19 is already inhibited due to pregnancy.
Music, Insight and the Development of the Thinking Voice in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Authors: Vickers Christine
Published: May 2022

This paper explores insight and the development of the thinking voice in the psychoanalytic process. It begins with music and images, narrating an important Australian historical event. The composers have created a dreaming space, and for this paper, a metaphor for the analytic space and the creative process. At once physical, aural and visual, it also exists within and reflects the patient's and analyst's shared historical and cultural frame. It is a liminal space, for exploration, crossing, and a product of the alchemy created between patient and analyst. Pickering's (2016) and Grier's (2019) consideration of musicality as an essential part of the analytic experience assists recognition of the multidimensional nature of the space created between patient and analyst. Ferro and Civitarese's (2015) conceptualization of the space where patient and analyst dream one another, and Baranger and Baranger's (2008) discussion of the bi personal field are pertinent here. Symington's idea of insight as an essential ‘thing in itself’, within the individual patient helps articulation of insight as a product of an internalized linking, or parental intercourse, enabling movement to a separate third position.
Effect of the buccal gap width following immediate implant placement on the buccal bone wall: A retrospective cone‐beam computed tomography analysis
Authors: Levine Robert A. , Dias Debora R. , Wang Ping , Araújo Maurício G.
Published: May 2022

Background

The effect of the buccal gap width on the clinical outcome of socket graft and immediate implant placement (IIP) at maxillary central incisor sites has not been investigated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the width of the buccal gap on the thickness of the newly formed buccal wall.

Methods

Forty‐two patients and 51 maxillary central incisor sites treated with IIP and ridge preservation by means of graft of the buccal gap at the maxillary central incisor region were included in the study. The width of the buccal gap was measured and filled with deproteinized bovine bone mineral. Implant sites were divided into two groups: wide gap (WG, >2 mm; n = 34) and narrow gap (NG, ≤2 mm; n = 17). After at least 1 year in function (5 ± 4), CBCT scans were obtained and assessed by a calibrated examiner. The thickness of the buccal and palatal bone walls, the percentage of the implant height covered by bone in the buccal and palatal aspects and the position of the buccal and palatal crests were compared between the two groups. A linear regression model was performed to assess predictors of the thickness of the buccal bone.

Results

The buccal bone was significantly thicker in the WG group than the NG group at all levels observed (overall 1.9 ± 0.9 mm and 0.5 ± 0.6 mm, respectively). The thickness of the palatal bone was similar between both groups (>2 mm). The percentage of the implant height covered by bone at the buccal aspect was significantly higher in the WG group (95 ± 16.6%) than in the NG group (59.4 ± 42.3%). The position of the buccal crest in relation to the implant shoulder was significantly more coronal (0.3 ± 2.2 mm) in the WG group than in the NG group (−4.7 ± 5.6 mm). The regression analysis model indicated that the width of the buccal gap was the only predictor of the thickness of the newly formed buccal bone wall (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Grafting of >2 mm‐wide buccal gaps following IIP promoted a thicker buccal bone wall.
Choosing the optimal stent in malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction: What is the most pertinent outcome?
Authors: Perez‐Cuadrado‐Robles Enrique , Becq Aymeric , Rahmi Gabriel
Published: May 2022

This Editorial refers to the article by Y. Yamashita et al., p 938–951 of the issue DEN 34:5.
What the ‘greater good’ excludes: Patients left behind by pre‐operative COVID‐19 screening in an Ethiopian town
Authors: Campelia Georgina D. , Suga Hilkiah K. , Kempen John H. , Kirkpatrick James N. , Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2022

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, bioethical analyses often emphasized population health and societal benefit. Hospital policies frequently focused on reducing risk of transmitting SARS‐CoV‐2 by restricting visitors; requiring protective equipment; and screening staff, patients and visitors. While restrictions can be burdensome, they are often justified as essential measures to protect the whole population against a virus with high rates of transmission, morbidity and mortality. Yet communities are not monolithic, and the impacts of these restrictions affect different groups differently. An ophthalmological unit outreach program in Ethiopia serves to illustrate. Pre‐operative screening policies were designed to protect as many patients as possible but had adverse impacts on underserved communities. As this case study demonstrates, creating hospital policies that truly serve the good of the society may require a more holistic review of impacts on inequitably positioned communities.
Editorial
Authors: Besley Timothy , denHaan Wouter , Ghatak Maitreesh , Gottlieb Daniel , Machin Stephen , Overman Henry , Yuchtman Noam
Published: May 2022

To celebrate the 100th anniversary, the editors of Economica organized a workshop with papers given by a range of economists with links to LSE as former students and faculty members. The papers given at the workshop appear in this centenary issue. All papers were peer‐reviewed.

We are also seeking, as part of the 100th anniversary to publish 100 papers by authors with LSE connections. The papers in this issue count towards that goal. We thank the authors of this issue as well as those whose papers will appear in future issues for their contributions to the journal. The 100th anniversary challenge remains open to all those with LSE connections.

The Editors Timothy Besley, Wouter denHaan, Maitreesh Ghatak, Daniel Gottlieb, Stephen Machin, Henry Overman, Noam Yuchtman
Protective neutralizing epitopes in SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Liu Hejun , Wilson Ian A.
Published: May 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented health crisis and economic burden worldwide. Its etiological agent SARS‐CoV‐2, a new virus in the coronavirus family, has infected hundreds of millions of people worldwide. SARS‐CoV‐2 has evolved over the past 2 years to increase its transmissibility as well as to evade the immunity established by previous infection and vaccination. Nevertheless, strong immune responses can be elicited by viral infection and vaccination, which have proved to be protective against the emergence of variants, particularly with respect to hospitalization or severe disease. Here, we review our current understanding of how the virus enters the host cell and how our immune system is able to defend against cell entry and infection. Neutralizing antibodies are a major component of our immune defense and have been extensively studied for SARS‐CoV‐2 and its variants. Structures of these neutralizing antibodies have provided valuable insights into epitopes that are protective against the original ancestral virus and the variants that have emerged. The molecular characterization of neutralizing epitopes as well as epitope conservation and resistance are important for design of next‐generation vaccines and antibody therapeutics.
Forecasting the recovery period of air passenger transportation by using vector error correction model
Authors: Tüzün Tolga İNAN , Neslihan GÖKMEN İNAN
Published: May 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had a significantly negative impact on all transportation modules, especially air passengers. The authors aimed to forecast the air passenger load factor using time series modelling for the affecting variables. After providing general information about this pandemic, the forecasting results regarding getting back into the recovery period were presented by time series modelling. The last five years (2016–2020) and the first eight months of 2021 were examined with the following variables: available seat kilometre, revenue passenger kilometre, passenger load factor, gross domestic product, and domestic and international passenger numbers. The forecast results reveal that the recovery period started in June of 2021 and continues with a robust growth trend until September 2021 due to the vaccination process and the starting of the summer season. This trend changed between September to November 2021 slightly negative, from November 2021 to January 2022 slightly positive, and from January 2022 to March 2022 mildly negative. Correspondingly, passenger load factor (PLF) is affected by itself and domestic transportation in the short‐term period. This effect seems short‐term in domestic and international transport. This research reveals that minimising the economic damage by benefiting from the increasing trend of air passenger numbers increases the recovery period.
Aphid DNA detection by molecular gut content analysis in a natural enemy consuming honeydew
Authors: Owashi Yuta , Hayashi Masayuki
Published: May 2022

In agroecosystems, understanding of predator–prey interactions are a prerequisite for the use of natural enemies of pest arthropods. Molecular gut content analyses using prey‐specific primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been widely developed to identify the essential natural enemies of pests. However, these techniques may include uncertainties: interactions other than predation between the studied organisms and pests could result in the detection of the pest DNA in the gut of a supposed predator. Here, we tested whether the DNA of aphids was detectable in their honeydew and in gut content samples of a natural enemy that had consumed honeydew but had never contacted the aphids. We used the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and larvae of the green lacewing Mallada desjardinsi (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) that prey on aphids and suck honeydew. By using specific primers for the aphid, we detected that 79.2% of honeydew samples tested positive for the aphid DNA. Aphid DNA was detected in 36.7% of lacewing larvae that had consumed honeydew, in the absence of direct contact between lacewing larvae and aphids. Evaluation of aphid predation by DNA‐based gut content analysis, therefore, carries the risk of determining that an arthropod has preyed on aphids when, in fact, it has not. We believe that PCR results should be interpreted with caution when estimating predation.
House Price Markups and Mortgage Defaults
Authors: CARRILLO PAUL E. , DOERNER WILLIAM M. , LARSON WILLIAM D.
Published: May 2022

The transaction price of identical housing units can vary widely due to heterogeneity in buyer and seller preferences, matching, and search costs, generating what we term “markups” above or below the average market price. We measure markups for 3.4 million purchase‐money mortgages and show that they can predict mortgage defaults and credit losses conditional on default even after accounting for collateral coverage (loan‐to‐value ratio) and a comprehensive set of other covariates. The findings suggest that standard collateral coverage estimation may be inaccurate, with implications for both individual and portfolio‐level credit risk assessment.