bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of ultrathin two-dimensional nanosheets and van der Waals heterostructures from non-layered γ-CuI
Authors: Yao Kangkang , Chen Peng , Zhang Zhengwei , Li Jia , Ai Ruoqi , Ma Huifang , Zhao Bei , Sun Guangzhuang , Wu Ruixia , Tang Xuwan , Li Bo , Hu Jiawen , Duan Xidong , Duan Xiangfeng
Published: June 2018

Two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets have attracted considerable recent interest for their atomically thin geometry and unique thickness-dependent electronic properties. The 2D nanosheets studied to date are generally limited to intrinsically layered materials, in which the covalently bonded atomic layers are held together by weak van der Waals forces and can be readily exfoliated to single or few-atom thick nanosheets. To prepare 2D nanosheets from non-layered materials can greatly expand the scope of 2D materials, but is much less straightforward. Here, we report the successful synthesis of ultrathin nanosheets from non-layered γ-CuI on SiO2/Si substrate using a facile physical vapor deposition process. The resulting γ-CuI nanosheets display a triangular and hexagonal geometry with the lateral dimension up to 5 μm and thickness down to 1 nm. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrate the resulting nanosheets retain single-crystalline γ-CuI phase. Additionally, we further show the γ-CuI nanosheets can be readily grown on other 2D materials (e.g., 2D-WSe2, 2D-WS2) to form van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs). Optical microscopy images and Raman intensity mappings confirm the formation of γ-CuI/WS2 and γ-CuI/WSe2 vertical heterostructures. The electrical transport studies show that γ-CuI nanosheets exhibit a low resistivity of ~0.3 Ω cm and γ-CuI/WS2 vertical heterostructures display a p-n diode behavior with distinct current rectification. The synthesis of γ-CuI nanosheets and heterostructures open a pathway to ultrathin nanosheets and van der Waals heterostructures from non-layered materials and could open up exciting opportunities in electronics and optoelectronics.
A low-cost integrated biosensing platform based on SiN nanophotonics for biomarker detection in urine
Authors: Martens D. , Ramirez-Priego P. , Murib M. S. , Elamin A. A. , Gonzalez-Guerrero A. B. , Stehr M. , Jonas F. , Anton B. , Hlawatsch N. , Soetaert P. , Vos R. , Stassen A. , Severi S. , Van Roy W. , Bockstaele R. , Becker H. , Singh M. , Lechuga L. M. , Bienstman P.
Published: June 2018

We present a low-cost integrated nanophotonic lab-on-a-chip platform suitable for point-of-care (POC) biomarker analysis.
Nanostructured TaON/Ta3N5 as a highly efficient type-II heterojunction photoanode for photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Pei Lang , Wang Hongxu , Wang Xiaohui , Xu Zhe , Yan Shicheng , Zou Zhigang
Published: June 2018

A heterostructured TaON/Ta3N5 photoanode exhibits a 350 mV negative shift of photocurrent onset potential to 0.65 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode.
Cobalt catalysed reduction of CO2viahydroboration
Authors: Tamang Sem Raj , Findlater Michael
Published: June 2018

We report an operationally convenient reduction of CO2to methanolviacobalt catalysed hydroboration which occurs under mild reaction conditions.
Seeds screening aqueous synthesis, multiphase interfacial separation and in situ optical characterization of invisible ultrathin silver nanowires
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Yang , Xue Xiao-Mei , Zhou Huan-Li , Zhao Ning , Shan Feng , Su Dan , Liu Yi-Ran , Zhang Tong
Published: June 2018

Synthesis and in situ optical characteristic investigation of ultrathin silver nanowires with ∼100% transparency in the whole visible range.
Exploring the novel donor-nanotube archetype as an efficient third-order nonlinear optical material: asymmetric open-shell carbon nanotubes
Authors: Muhammad Shabbir , Nakano Masayoshi , Al-Sehemi Abdullah G. , Irfan Ahmad , Chaudhry Aijaz Rasool , Tonami Takayoshi , Ito Soichi , Kishi Ryohei , Kitagawa Yasutaka
Published: June 2018

Open-shell diradical effects on carbon nanotubes. Fascinating nonlinear optical response properties are observed for modified asymmetric open-shell carbon nanotubes.
The anti-adhesive effect of glycoclusters onPseudomonas aeruginosabacteria adhesion to epithelial cells studied by AFM single cell force spectroscopy
Authors: Zuttion Francesca , Ligeour Caroline , Vidal Olivier , Wälte Mike , Morvan François , Vidal Sébastien , Vasseur Jean-Jacques , Chevolot Yann , Phaner-Goutorbe Magali , Schillers Hermann
Published: June 2018

Anti-adhesive glycoclusters hinder LecA adhesin fromPseudomonas aeruginosaand destabilize the cell–bacteria interaction at the single cell level.
Carbon nanofiber interlayer: a highly effective strategy to stabilize silicon anodes for use in lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Li Weihan , Li Minsi , Shi Jin-an , Zhong Xiongwu , Gu Lin , Yu Yan
Published: June 2018

Carbon nanofiber interlayer improves the cycling stability of commercial silicon nanoparticles as anode for lithium-ion batteries.
A simple strategy to achieve shape control of Au-Cu2−xS colloidal heterostructured nanocrystals and their preliminary use in organic photovoltaics
Authors: Wang Huan , Ming Shouli , Zhang Liren , Li Xin , Li Wenhua , Bo Zhishan
Published: June 2018

Au-Cu2−xS nanostructures with polyhedron or badminton tail shaped Cu2−xS are created and used as dopants in polymer solar cells.
Silver-catalyzed regioselective hydroamination of alkenyl diazoacetates to synthesize γ-amino acid equivalents
Authors: Ueda Jun , Harada Shingo , Nakayama Hiroki , Nemoto Tetsuhiro
Published: June 2018

A simple protocol to directly access γ-amino acid derivatives by intermolecular regioselective hydroamination of trichloroethyl alkenyldiazoacetates with carbamate using a silver tetrafluoroborate catalyst is described.
On the dual reactivity of a Janus-type mesoionic dipole: experiments and theoretical validation
Authors: de la Concepción Juan García , Ávalos Martín , Cintas Pedro , Jiménez José L. , Light Mark E.
Published: June 2018

A mesoionic bicycle, easily synthesized from a proteinogenic amino acid,l-leucine, behaves as both thiazolium-olate and diazolium-olate dipoles, as unveiled by its dipolar cycloadditions.
Correction: pH and reduction-activated polymeric prodrug nanoparticles based on a 6-thioguanine-dialdehyde sodium alginate conjugate for enhanced intracellular drug release in leukemia
Authors: Wan Yanming , Bu Ying , Liu Jiaming , Yang Jia , Cai Weiquan , Yin Yihua , Xu Wenjin , Xu Peihu , Zhang Jingli , He Meng
Published: June 2018

Correction for ‘pH and reduction-activated polymeric prodrug nanoparticles based on a 6-thioguanine-dialdehyde sodium alginate conjugate for enhanced intracellular drug release in leukemia’ by Yanming Wan et al., Polym. Chem., 2018, DOI: 10.1039/c8py00577j.
Size-dependence of the flow threshold in dense granular materials
Authors: Liu Daren , Henann David L.
Published: June 2018

A size-dependent flow threshold is measured in discrete-element method simulations of dense granular flow across several different flow configurations and may be quantitatively captured using a nonlocal continuum model for dense granular flow.
Block‐sparsity‐aware LMS algorithm for network echo cancellation
Authors: Wei Ye , Zhang Yonggang , Wang Chengcheng
Published: June 2018

Network echo path impulse response is single‐block‐sparse in nature. In order to obtain a single‐block‐sparse estimate of the unknown echo path, a new least mean squares (LMS) algorithm is proposed by introducing the penalty of single block sparsity, which is the difference between the mixed norm and norm of the uniformly partitioned filter tap‐weight vector, into the original mean‐square‐error cost function. This is motivated by the fact that the difference between the mixed norm and norm of a vector is minimised only when there is at most one non‐zero block in the vector. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively estimate and track the unknown echo path, outperforming existing block‐sparsity‐induced LMS algorithms.
Effect of finite disk-thickness on swing amplification of non-axisymmetric perturbations in a sheared galactic disk
Authors: Ghosh S. , Jog C. J.
Published: June 2018

A typical galactic disk is observed to have a finite thickness. Here, we present the study of the physical effect of introduction of finite thickness on the generation of small-scale spiral arms by swing amplification in a differentially rotating galactic disk. The galactic disk is modelled first as a one-fluid system, and then as a gravitationally-coupled two-fluid (stars and gas) system where each fluid is taken as isothermal, and corotating with each other. We derived the equations governing the evolution of the non-axisymmetric perturbations in a sheared frame of reference while incorporating the effect of finite thickness of a galactic disk. We found that the finite thickness of a galactic disk has a generic trend of suppressing the growth of the non-axisymmetric perturbations via swing amplification. Moreover, even the observed range of disk-thickness values (∼300–500 pc) can lead to a complete suppression of swing amplification forQ∼ 1.7, whereas for an infinitesimally-thin disk, the corresponding critical value isQ∼ 2. For a two-fluid (stars and gas) system, the net amplification is shown to be set by the mutual interplay of the effect of interstellar gas in promoting the spiral features and the effect of finite thickness in preventing the spiral arms. The coexistence of these two opposite effects is shown to be capable of giving rise to diverse and complex dynamical behaviour.
Fragmentation and disk formation during high-mass star formation
Authors: Beuther H. , Mottram J. C. , Ahmadi A. , Bosco F. , Linz H. , Henning Th. , Klaassen P. , Winters J. M. , Maud L. T. , Kuiper R. , Semenov D. , Gieser C. , Peters T. , Urquhart J. S. , Pudritz R. , Ragan S. E. , Feng S. , Keto E. , Leurini S. , Cesaroni R. , Beltran M. , Palau A. , Sánchez-Monge Á. , Galvan-Madrid R. , Zhang Q. , Schilke P. , Wyrowski F. , Johnston K. G. , Longmore S. N. , Lumsden S. , Hoare M. , Menten K. M. , Csengeri T.
Published: June 2018

Context. High-mass stars form in clusters, but neither the early fragmentation processes nor the detailed physical processes leading to the most massive stars are well understood.

Aims. We aim to understand the fragmentation, as well as the disk formation, outflow generation, and chemical processes during high-mass star formation on spatial scales of individual cores.

Methods. Using the IRAM Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) in combination with the 30 m telescope, we have observed in the IRAM large program CORE the 1.37 mm continuum and spectral line emission at high angular resolution (~0.4″) for a sample of 20 well-known high-mass star-forming regions with distances below 5.5 kpc and luminosities larger than 104 L⊙.

Results. We present the overall survey scope, the selected sample, the observational setup, and the main goals of CORE. Scientifically, we concentrated on the mm continuum emission on scales on the order of 1000 AU. We detect strong mm continuum emission from all regions, mostly due to the emission from cold dust. The fragmentation properties of the sample are diverse. We see extremes where some regions are dominated by a single high-mass core whereas others fragment into as many as 20 cores. A minimum-spanning-tree analysis finds fragmentation at scales on the order of the thermal Jeans length or smaller suggesting that turbulent fragmentation is less important than thermal gravitational fragmentation. The diversity of highly fragmented vs. singular regions can be explained by varying initial density structures and/or different initial magnetic field strengths.

Conclusions. A large sample of high-mass star-forming regions at high spatial resolution allows us to study the fragmentation properties of young cluster-forming regions. The smallest observed separations between cores are found around the angular resolution limit which indicates that further fragmentation likely takes place on even smaller spatial scales. The CORE project with its numerous spectral line detections will address a diverse set of important physical and chemical questions in the field of high-mass star formation.
TheGaia-ESO Survey: properties of newly discovered Li-rich giants
Authors: Smiljanic R. , Franciosini E. , Bragaglia A. , Tautvaišienė G. , Fu X. , Pancino E. , Adibekyan V. , Sousa S. G. , Randich S. , Montalbán J. , Pasquini L. , Magrini L. , Drazdauskas A. , García R. A. , Mathur S. , Mosser B. , Régulo C. , de Assis Peralta R. , Hekker S. , Feuillet D. , Valentini M. , Morel T. , Martell S. , Gilmore G. , Feltzing S. , Vallenari A. , Bensby T. , Korn A. J. , Lanzafame A. C. , Recio-Blanco A. , Bayo A. , Carraro G. , Costado M. T. , Frasca A. , Jofré P. , Lardo C. , de Laverny P. , Lind K. , Masseron T. , Monaco L. , Morbidelli L. , Prisinzano L. , Sbordone L. , Zaggia S.
Published: June 2018

Aims. We report 20 new lithium-rich giants discovered within theGaia-ESO Survey, including the first Li-rich giant with an evolutionary stage confirmed by CoRoT (Convection, Rotation and planetary Transits) data. We present a detailed overview of the properties of these 20 stars.

Methods. Atmospheric parameters and abundances were derived in model atmosphere analyses using medium-resolution GIRAFFE or high-resolution UVES (Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph) spectra. These results are part of the fifth internal data release of theGaia-ESO Survey. The Li abundances were corrected for non-local thermodynamical equilibrium effects. Other stellar properties were investigated for additional peculiarities (the core of strong lines for signs of magnetic activity, infrared magnitudes, rotational velocities, chemical abundances, and Galactic velocities). We usedGaiaDR2 parallaxes to estimate distances and luminosities.

Results. The giants haveA(Li) > 2.2 dex. The majority of them (14 of 20 stars) are in the CoRoT fields. Four giants are located in the field of three open clusters, but are not members. Two giants were observed in fields towards the Galactic bulge, but likely lie in the inner disc. One of the bulge field giants is super Li-rich withA(Li) = 4.0 dex.

Conclusions. We identified one giant with infrared excess at 22μm. Two other giants, with large v sini, might be Li-rich because of planet engulfment. Another giant is found to be barium enhanced and thus could have accreted material from a former asymptotic giant branch companion. Otherwise, in addition to the Li enrichment, the evolutionary stages are the only other connection between these new Li-rich giants. The CoRoT data confirm that one Li-rich giant is at the core-He burning stage. The other giants are concentrated in close proximity to the red giant branch luminosity bump, the core-He burning stages, or the early-asymptotic giant branch. This is very clear from theGaia-based luminosities of the Li-rich giants. This is also seen when the CoRoT Li-rich giants are compared to a larger sample of 2252 giants observed in the CoRoT fields by theGaia-ESO Survey, which are distributed throughout the red giant branch in theTeff-loggdiagram. These observations show that the evolutionary stage is a major factor for the Li enrichment in giants. Other processes, such as planet accretion, contribute at a smaller scale.
Un cas de myopathie myofibrillaire infantile dû à une mutation dans le gène FLNC
Authors: Janin Alexandre , Manel Véronique , Millat Gilles , Streichenberger Nathalie
Published: June 2018

Les myopathies myofibrillaires sont un groupe de pathologies cliniquement et génétiquement hétérogènes mais partageant des caractéristiques histologiques communes. On retrouve au niveau du muscle des modifications de la structure des myofibrilles associées à une accumulation intracellulaire de protéines. Les manifestations cliniques sont variables d’un individu à l’autre mais marquées par une faiblesse musculaire généralement lentement progressive. À l’heure actuelle, neuf gènes codant des protéines faisant partie de la strie Z ont été identifiés à ce jour comme responsables de myopathie fibrillaire.
L’interdisciplinarité, ça marche ! Une enquête et un colloque révèlent des facteurs de succès
Authors: Timmermans Benoît , Baret Philippe , Hiernaux Quentin , Lugen Marine , Nonclercq Antoine , Zaccai Edwin
Published: June 2018

Le 27 octobre 2016 s’est tenu à l’Université libre de Bruxelles un colloque qui avait pour titre « Interdisciplinarité : discours et réalités ». Il avait été précédé d’une enquête auprès de chercheurs francophones sur leur pratique effective à cet égard. Les 104 réponses collectées ont été traitées de façon approfondie et les résultats, situés dans l’état de l’art relatif aux enquêtes sur l’interdisciplinarité, ont été présentés pendant ce colloque. En outre, des orateurs internationaux ont partagé leur expérience dans différents domaines lors de cette journée. L’un des enseignements de ces nombreux échanges est qu’il existe aujourd’hui une pratique riche et diversifiée, qui contraste quelque peu avec l’image de difficulté souvent associée à l’interdisciplinarité. Cet article expose ces résultats et y ajoute des analyses et des propositions qui découlent de ces échanges. La journée était organisée dans le cadre des séminaires Prigogine « Penser la science ».
Praktisches Vorgehen beim Phlebo-Lymphödem und Ulcus cruris
Authors: Cornelsen H.
Published: June 2018

Eine 53-jährige Patientin mit einem beidseitigen Phlebo-Lymphödem und einem beidseitigen Ulcus cruris mixtum (Abb. 1 a, b und Abb. 2 a, b) stellte sich bei uns in der Praxis vor.

Die Größenzunahme der Ulcera crurum und die stetige Zunahme des Exsudats, der Geruchsbelastung und der Schmerzsymptomatik veranlassten die Patienten, sich bei uns in der Praxis vorzustellen. Die Behandlung wurde erfolgreich in unserer Praxis durchgeführt, sodass uns die Patientin mit deutlich reduzierten Ödemen der Beine sowie komplett abgeheilten Ulcera crurum verlassen konnte (Abb. 1 a, b und Abb. 2 a, b).

Eine Behandlung in unserer Praxis dauerte 60 – 80 Minuten, dies beinhaltete: manuelle Lymphdrainage, wundreinigende Maßnahmen, lokale Wundtherapeutika, lymphologische Kompressionsverbände und die krankengymnastischen und entstauenden Maßnahmen sowie die entsprechende Dokumentation, sowie zum Abschluss eine flachgestrickte Kompressionsbestrumpfung.
Biologika-Therapien in Österreich. Daten aus dem Österreichischen Biologika-Register BioReg
Authors: Leeb Burkhard , Singer Franz , Stummer Otto , Herold Manfred
Published: June 2018

In Österreich wurde vergleichsweise spät im Jahre 2009, das „Biologikaregister für entzündlich rheumatische Erkrankungen e. V.“, kurz BioReg, gegründet, mit den auch in anderen Ländern verfolgten Zielen, jene PatientInnen, die mit Biologika behandelt werden, hinsichtlich Tolerabilität und Effektivität zu dokumentieren. Aus dem Vereinsmodell ergibt sich die Freiwilligkeit der Teilnahme von Verschreibern, vergleichbar dem deutschen RABBIT Register. Mit Ende Mai 2017 waren insgesamt 2132 PatientInnen in die Datenbank eingeschlossen, davon waren 1157 PatientInnen mit Rheumatoider Arthritis (RA), 497 mit Spondylitis ankylosans (SpA), 401 mit Arthritis psoriatica (PsA) und 77 PatientInnen mit sonstigen rheumatischen Erkrankungen (SERE). Österreichs Rheumatologen initiieren – im Vergleich zu europäischen Kollegen – eine bDMARD-Therapie bereits bei RA Patienten mit hoch moderater Krankheitsaktivität. Der Behinderungsgrad der Patienten unter Biologika-Therapie kann insgesamt niedrig gehalten werden, was natürlich auch für den Erhalt der Berufsfähigkeit von Bedeutung ist. Außergewöhnliche Nebenwirkungen wurden bisher nicht beobachtet, die in BioReg aufgetretenen Nebenwirkungen entsprechen den bereits aus Studien bekannten. Die Häufigkeit der Anwendung der einzelnen Präparate ist durchaus mit der in Deutschland vergleichbar, auch die Retentionsraten sind nicht wesentlich unterschiedlich. Register, wie auch BioReg, zeigen den „heimlichen“ Normalfall der Behandlung von Patientinnen und Patienten mit entzündlich rheumatischen Erkrankungen und liefern damit einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Qualitätssicherung.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Dysfunction
Authors: Franz Daniela , Syväri Jan , Weidlich Dominik , Baum Thomas , Rummeny Ernst , Karampinos Dimitrios
Published: June 2018

Background Adipose tissue has become an increasingly important tissue target in medicine. It plays a central role in the storage and release of energy throughout the human body and has recently gained interest for its endocrinologic function. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an established method for quantitative direct evaluation of adipose tissue distribution, and is used increasingly as the modality of choice for metabolic phenotyping. The purpose of this review was the identification and presentation of the currently available literature on MRI of adipose tissue in metabolic dysfunction.

Method A PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) keyword search up to August 2017 without starting date limitation was performed and reference lists of relevant articles were searched.

Results and Conclusion MRI provides excellent tools for the evaluation of adipose tissue distribution and further characterization of the tissue. Standard as well as newly developed MRI techniques allow a risk stratification for the development of metabolic dysfunction and enable monitoring without the use of ionizing radiation or contrast material.

Key points 

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Oblique Sagittal Images Prevent Underestimation of the Neuroforaminal Stenosis Grade Caused by Disc Herniation in Cervical Spine MRI
Authors: Kintzelé Laurent , Rehnitz Christoph , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich , Weber Marc-André
Published: June 2018

Purpose To identify whether standard sagittal MRI images result in underestimation of the neuroforaminal stenosis grade compared to oblique sagittal MRI images in patients with cervical spine disc herniation.

Materials and Methods 74 patients with a total of 104 cervical disc herniations compromising the corresponding nerve root were evaluated. Neuroforaminal stenosis grades were evaluated in standard and oblique sagittal images by one senior and one resident radiologist experienced in musculoskeletal imaging. Oblique images were angled 30° towards the standard sagittal plane. Neuroforaminal stenosis grades were classified from 0 (no stenosis) to 3 (high grade stenosis).

Results Average neuroforaminal stenosis grades of both readers were significantly lower in standard compared to oblique sagittal images (p < 0.001). For 47.1 % of the cases, one or both readers reported a stenosis grade, which was at least 1 grade lower in standard compared to oblique sagittal images. There was also a significant difference when looking at patients who had neurological symptoms (p = 0.002) or underwent cervical spine surgery subsequently (p = 0.004). Interreader reliability, as measured by kappa value, and accordance rates were better for oblique sagittal images (0.94 vs. 0.88 and 99 % vs. 93 %).

Conclusion Standard sagittal images tend to underestimate neuroforaminal stenosis grades compared to oblique sagittal images and are less reliable in the evaluation of disc herniations within the cervical spine MRI. In order to assess the potential therapeutic consequence, oblique images should therefore be considered as a valuable adjunct to the standard MRI protocol for patients with a radiculopathy.

Key Points 

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Vascular Anomalies (Part I): Classification and Diagnostics of Vascular Anomalies
Authors: Sadick Maliha , Müller-Wille René , Wildgruber Moritz , Wohlgemuth Walter
Published: June 2018

Background Vascular anomalies are a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. They require dedicated interdisciplinary management. Optimal patient care relies on integral medical evaluation and a classification system established by experts in the field, to provide a better understanding of these complex vascular entities.

Method A dedicated classification system according to the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) and the German Interdisciplinary Society of Vascular Anomalies (DiGGefA) is presented. The vast spectrum of diagnostic modalities, ranging from ultrasound with color Doppler, conventional X-ray, CT with 4 D imaging and MRI as well as catheter angiography for appropriate assessment is discussed.

Results Congenital vascular anomalies are comprised of vascular tumors, based on endothelial cell proliferation and vascular malformations with underlying mesenchymal and angiogenetic disorder. Vascular tumors tend to regress with patient’s age, vascular malformations increase in size and are subdivided into capillary, venous, lymphatic, arterio-venous and combined malformations, depending on their dominant vasculature. According to their appearance, venous malformations are the most common representative of vascular anomalies (70 %), followed by lymphatic malformations (12 %), arterio-venous malformations (8 %), combined malformation syndromes (6 %) and capillary malformations (4 %).

Conclusion The aim is to provide an overview of the current classification system and diagnostic characterization of vascular anomalies in order to facilitate interdisciplinary management of vascular anomalies.

Key Points 

Citation Format
How Do Experienced Physicians Access and Evaluate Laboratory Test Results for the Chronic Patient? A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Torsvik Torbjørn , Lillebo Børge , Hertzum Morten
Published: June 2018

Background Electronic health records may present laboratory test results in a variety of ways. Little is known about how the usefulness of different visualizations of laboratory test results is influenced by the complex and varied process of clinical decision making.

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate how clinicians access and utilize laboratory test results when caring for patients with chronic illness.

Methods We interviewed 10 attending physicians about how they access and assess laboratory tests when following up patients with chronic illness. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed qualitatively.

Results Informants preferred different visualizations of laboratory test results, depending on what aspects of the data they were interested in. As chronic patients may have laboratory test results that are permanently outside standardized reference ranges, informants would often look for significant change, rather than exact values. What constituted significant change depended on contextual information (e.g., the results of other investigations, intercurrent diseases, and medical interventions) spread across multiple locations in the electronic health record. For chronic patients, the temporal relations between data could often be of special interest. Informants struggled with finding and synthesizing fragmented information into meaningful overviews.

Conclusion The presentation of laboratory test results should account for the large variety of associated contextual information needed for clinical comprehension. Future research is needed to improve the integration of the different parts of the electronic health record.
Chondroitin Sulphate Attenuates Atherosclerosis in ApoE Knockout Mice Involving Cellular Regulation of the Inflammatory Response
Authors: Melgar-Lesmes Pedro , Sánchez-Herrero Alvaro , Lozano-Juan Ferran , de la Torre Hernández Jose , Montell Eulàlia , Jiménez Wladimiro , Edelman Elazer , Balcells Mercedes
Published: June 2018

Chondroitin sulphate (CS) has long been used to treat osteoarthritis. Some investigations have also shown that the treatment with CS could reduce coronary events in patients with heart disease but no studies have identified the mechanistic role of these therapeutic effects. We aimed to investigate how the treatment with CS can interfere with the progress of atherosclerosis. The aortic arch, thoracic aorta and serum were obtained from apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice fed for 10 weeks with high-fat diet and then treated with CS (300 mg/kg, n = 15) or vehicle (n = 15) for 4 weeks. Atheromatous plaques were highlighted in aortas with Oil Red staining and analysed by microscopy. ApoE knockout mice treated with CS exhibited attenuated atheroma lesion size by 68% as compared with animals receiving vehicle. Serum lipids, glucose and C-reactive protein were not affected by treatment with CS. To investigate whether CS locally affects the inflamed endothelium or the formation of foam cells in plaques, human endothelial cells and monocytes were stimulated with tumour necrosis factor α or phorbol myristate acetate in the presence or absence of CS. CS reduced the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and ephrin-B2 and improved the migration of inflamed endothelial cells. CS inhibited foam cell formation in vivo and concomitantly CD36 and CD146 expression and oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake and accumulation in cultured activated human monocytes and macrophages. Reported cardioprotective effects of CS may arise from modulation of pro-inflammatory activation of endothelium and monocytes and foam cell formation.
A Disintegrin and Metalloproteases (ADAMs) in Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Inflammatory Diseases: Aspects for Theranostic Approaches
Authors: van der Vorst Emiel , Weber Christian , Donners Marjo
Published: June 2018

A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) are membrane-bound enzymes responsible for the shedding or cleavage of various cell surface molecules, such as adhesion molecules, cytokines/chemokines and growth factors. This shedding can result in the release of soluble proteins that can exert agonistic or antagonistic functions. Additionally, ADAM-mediated cleavage can render these membrane proteins inactive. This review will describe the role and association of ADAMs in various pathologies with a main focus on ADAM10 and ADAM17 in atherosclerosis, including a brief overview of atherosclerosis-related ADAM substrates. Furthermore, ADAMs involvement in other metabolic and inflammatory diseases like diabetes, sepsis, Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis will be highlighted. Subsequently, we will briefly discuss an interesting emerging field of research, i.e. the potential implications of ADAM expression in extracellular vesicles. Finally, several ADAM-based therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic) opportunities will be discussed, while focusing on key questions about the required specificity and selectivity.
A coupled mechanical-chemical model for reflecting the influence of stress on oxidation reactions in thermal barrier coating
Authors: Chen Lin , Yueming Li
Published: June 2018

In this paper, a coupled mechanical-chemical model is established based on the thermodynamic framework, in which the contribution of chemical expansion to free energy is introduced. The stress-dependent chemical potential equilibrium at the gas-solid interface and the stress gradient-dependent diffusion equation as well as a so-called generalized force which is conjugate to the oxidation rate are derived from the proposed model, which could reflect the influence of stresses on the oxidation reaction. Based on the proposed coupled mechanical-chemical model, a user element subroutine is developed in ABAQUS. The numerical simulation of the high temperature oxidation in the thermal barrier coating is carried out to verify the accuracy of the proposed model, and then the influence of stresses on the oxidation reaction is investigated. In thermally grown oxide, the considerable stresses would be induced by permanent volumetric swelling during the oxidation. The stresses play an important role in the chemical potential equilibrium at the gas-solid interface and strongly affect the oxidation reaction. The gradient of the stresses, however, only occurs in the extremely thin oxidation front layer, which plays a very limited role in the oxidation reaction. The generalized force could be divided into the stress-dependent and the stress-independent parts. Comparing with the stress-independent part, the stress-dependent part is smaller, which has little influence on oxidation reaction.
A new hybrid turbulence model applied to highly turbulent Taylor-Couette flow
Authors: Luo Guohu , Yao Zhenqiang , Shen Hong
Published: June 2018

A hybrid Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)/Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model based on the k equation is proposed with the quadratic stresses to stimulate the quick growth of resolved turbulence around the RANS/LES interface and remove the artificial buffer layer. The proposed hybrid model is applied to simulate the Taylor-Couette (TC) flow with different RANS/LES interface locations and Taylor numbers. The model is verified by comparing with the direct numerical simulation results and validated by experimental torques with different Taylor numbers. The model is insensitive to the interface location owing to the effect of the quadratic stress in adjusting the energy backscatter. By means of the proposed model, the shift of the mean velocity profile around the RANS/LES interface is diminished. It is revealed that the contribution of the Reynolds shear stress to transporting angular velocity in the annular gap center region rises from 20% to 50% as the radius ratio reduces from 0.909 to 0.5 in the TC flow. The tilting angle of herringbone streaks in the TC flow decreases with increasing Ta number, while varying non-monotonically with respect to the radius ratio.
AuNP-PE interface/phase and its effects on the tensile behaviour of AuNP-PE composites
Authors: Wang Yue , Wang Ruijie , Wang Chengyuan , Yu Xiaozhu
Published: June 2018

A comprehensive study was conducted for a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-polyethylene (PE) composite. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were employed to construct the AuNP-PE systems, achieve their constitutive relations, and measure their tensile properties. Specifically, the AuNP-PE interface/phase was studied via the mass density profile, and its effect was evaluated by comparing the composite with a pure PE matrix. These research studies were followed by the study of the fracture mechanisms and the size and volume fraction effects of AuNPs. Efforts were also made to reveal the underlying physics of the MD simulations. In the present work, an AuNP-PE interface and a densified PE interphase were achieved due to the AuNP-PE van der Waals interaction. Such an interface/phase is found to enhance the Young's modulus and yield stress but decrease the fracture strength and strain.
Rapid evaluation of 1-kestose producing β-fructofuranosidases from Aspergillus species and enhancement of 1-kestose production using a PgsA surface-display system
Authors: Fujii Tadashi , Tochio Takumi , Hirano Katsuaki , Tamura Keisuke , Tonozuka Takashi
Published: June 2018

1-Kestose is a key prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (FOS) sugar. Some β-fructofuranosidases (FFases) have high transfructosylation activity, which is useful for manufacturing FOS. Therefore, obtaining FFases that produce 1-kestose efficiently is important. Here, we established a rapid FFase evaluation method using Escherichia coli that display different FFases fused to a PgsA anchor protein from Bacillus subtilis. E. coli cell suspensions expressing the PgsA-FFase fusion efficiently produce FOS from sucrose. Using this screening technique, we found that the E. coli transformant expressing Aspergillus kawachii FFase (AkFFase) produced a larger amount of 1-kestose than those expressing FFases from A. oryzae and A. terreus. Saturation mutagenesis of AkFFase was performed, and the mutant G85W was obtained. The E. coli transformant expressing AkFFase G85W markedly increased production of 1-kestose. Our results indicate that the surface display technique using PgsA is useful for screening of FFases, and AkFFase G85W is likely to be suitable for 1-kestose production.

Abbreviations: AkFFase: Aspergillus kawachii FFase; AoFFase: Aspergillus oryzae FFase; AtFFase: Aspergillus terreus FFase; FFase: β-fructofuranosidase; FOS: fructooligosaccharide; fructosylnystose: 1F-β-fructofuranosylnystose
Trapped in informality? A study of informal politics in Georgia’s Javakheti
Authors: Kopeček Vincenc
Published: June 2018

The article focuses on Javakheti, Georgia’s historical region with a predominantly ethnic Armenian population, in which informal political institutions play a crucial role. The article is largely based on field research which was conducted in three stages in 2011, 2015, and 2017. At first, I introduce the concept of informal politics. Contrary to the popular perception of informality as something negative and undesirable, I argue that informality is neither negative, nor positive, and that it is rather some of the byproducts of informal institutions, such as corruption, clientelism, blackmailing etc., which can be perceived as negative. Then, on the examples of five exogenous shocks, I demonstrate how the formal and informal in Javakheti coexists in a form of dynamic equilibrium. Finally I argue that the prevalence of informal politics in Javakheti should be seen as the second best strategy of Javakheti’s political elite as well as of the Tbilisi-based government, whose demands on the formal institutional arrangement in Javakheti were incompatible.
Mechanism of how augmin directly targets the γ-tubulin ring complex to microtubules
Authors: Song Jae-Geun , King Matthew R. , Zhang Rui , Kadzik Rachel S. , Thawani Akanksha , Petry Sabine
Published: June 2018

Microtubules (MTs) must be generated from precise locations to form the structural frameworks required for cell shape and function. MTs are nucleated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), but it remains unclear how γ-TuRC gets to the right location. Augmin has been suggested to be a γ-TuRC targeting factor and is required for MT nucleation from preexisting MTs. To determine augmin’s architecture and function, we purified Xenopus laevis augmin from insect cells. We demonstrate that augmin is sufficient to target γ-TuRC to MTs by in vitro reconstitution. Augmin is composed of two functional parts. One module (tetramer-II) is necessary for MT binding, whereas the other (tetramer-III) interacts with γ-TuRC. Negative-stain electron microscopy reveals that both tetramers fit into the Y-shape of augmin, and MT branching assays reveal that both are necessary for MT nucleation. The finding that augmin can directly bridge MTs with γ-TuRC via these two tetramers adds to our mechanistic understanding of how MTs can be nucleated from preexisting MTs.
Modeling: Neutral, Null, and Baseline
Authors: Bausman William C.
Published: June 2018

Two strategies for using a model as “null” are distinguished.Null modelingevaluates whether a process is causally responsible for a pattern by testing it against a null model.Baseline modelingmeasures the relative significance of various processes responsible for a pattern by detecting deviations from a baseline model. When these strategies are conflated, models are illegitimately privileged as accepted until rejected. I illustrate this using the neutral theory of ecology and draw general lessons from this case. First, scientists cannot draw certain conclusions using null modeling. Second, these conclusions follow using baseline modeling, but doing so requires more evidence.
Causal Selection and the Pathway Concept
Authors: Ross Lauren N.
Published: June 2018

Most philosophical work on causal selection examines the selection of single causes and aims to clarify what grounds, if any, justify this selection. Such analyses overlook the fact that in scientific contexts multiple factors are often selected as the important causes of some outcome. This analysis examines a multicausal case in which factors in causal pathways are selected in biological explanations. This work provides a novel analysis of the pathway concept, its role in causal selection, and the rationale behind this selection. It is argued that this rationale is guided by principled considerations, which have been overlooked in the extant literature.
Existence results of totally real immersions and embeddings into ℂ^{ℕ}
Authors: Slapar Marko , Torres Rafael
Published: June 2018

We prove that the existence of totally real immersions of manifolds is a closed property under cut-and-paste constructions along submanifolds including connected sums. We study the existence of totally real embeddings for simply connected

5
5

-manifolds and orientable

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6

-manifolds and determine the diffeomorphism and homotopy types. We show that the fundamental group is not an obstruction for the existence of a totally real embedding for high-dimensional manifolds in contrast with the situation in dimension four.
Sharing and reusing cell image data
Authors: Zaritsky Assaf
Published: June 2018

The rapid growth in content and complexity of cell image data creates an opportunity for synergy between experimental and computational scientists. Sharing microscopy data enables computational scientists to develop algorithms and tools for data analysis, integration, and mining. These tools can be applied by experimentalists to promote hypothesis-generation and discovery. We are now at the dawn of this revolution: infrastructure is being developed for data standardization, deposition, sharing, and analysis; some journals and funding agencies mandate data deposition; data journals publish high-content microscopy data sets; quantification becomes standard in scientific publications; new analytic tools are being developed and dispatched to the community; and huge data sets are being generated by individual labs and philanthropic initiatives. In this Perspective, I reflect on sharing and reusing cell image data and the opportunities that will come along with it.
RECK isoforms have opposing effects on cell migration
Authors: Lee Ha Neul , Mitra Mithun , Bosompra Oye , Corney David C. , Johnson Elizabeth L. , Rashed Nadine , Ho Linda D. , Coller Hilary A.
Published: June 2018

Cell migration is a highly conserved process involving cytoskeletal reorganization and restructuring of the surrounding extracellular matrix. Although there are many studies describing mechanisms underlying cell motility, little has been reported about the contribution of alternative isoform use toward cell migration. Here, we investigated whether alternative isoform use can affect cell migration focusing on reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK), an established inhibitor of cell migration. We found that a shorter isoform of RECK is more highly expressed in proliferating fibroblasts, in TGF-β–treated fibroblasts, and in tumors compared with differentiated tissue. Knockdown of this short RECK isoform reduces fibroblast migration through Matrigel. Thus, this short isoform of RECK generated by a combination of alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation plays an opposing role to the canonical RECK isoform, as knockdown of canonical RECK results in faster cell migration through Matrigel. We show that the short RECK protein competes with matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) for binding to the Kazal motifs of canonical RECK, thus liberating MMP9 from an inactivating interaction with canonical RECK. Our studies provide a new paradigm and a detailed mechanism for how alternative isoform use can regulate cell migration by producing two proteins with opposing effects from the same genetic locus.
Species with Potential Arising from Surfaces with Orbifold Points of Order 2, Part II: Arbitrary Weights
Authors: Geuenich Jan , Labardini-Fragoso Daniel
Published: June 2018

Let ${\boldsymbol{\Sigma }}=(\Sigma ,\mathbb{M},\mathbb{O})$ be either an unpunctured surface with marked points and order-2 orbifold points or a once-punctured closed surface with order-2 orbifold points. For each pair $(\tau ,\omega )$ consisting of a triangulation $\tau $ of ${\boldsymbol{\Sigma }}$ and a function $\omega :\mathbb{O}\rightarrow \{1,4\}$, we define a chain complex $C_\bullet (\tau , \omega )$ with coefficients in $\mathbb{F}_2=\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$. Given ${\boldsymbol{\Sigma }}$ and $\omega $, we define a colored triangulation of ${\boldsymbol{\Sigma }_\omega }=(\Sigma ,\mathbb{M},\mathbb{O},\omega )$ to be a pair $(\tau ,\xi )$ consisting of a triangulation of ${\boldsymbol{\Sigma }}$ and a 1-cocycle in the cochain complex that is dual to $C_\bullet (\tau , \omega )$; the combinatorial notion of colored flip of colored triangulations is then defined as a refinement of the notion of flip of triangulations. Our main construction associates to each colored triangulation a species and a potential, and our main result shows that colored triangulations related by a flip have species with potentials (SPs) related by the corresponding SP-mutation as defined in [25]. We define the flip graph of ${\boldsymbol{\Sigma }_\omega }$ as the graph whose vertices are the pairs $(\tau ,x)$ consisting of a triangulation $\tau $ and a cohomology class $x\in H^1(C^\bullet (\tau , \omega ))$, with an edge connecting two such pairs, $(\tau ,x)$ and $(\sigma ,z),$ if and only if there exist 1-cocycles $\xi \in x$ and $\zeta \in z$ such that $(\tau ,\xi )$ and $(\sigma ,\zeta )$ are colored triangulations related by a colored flip; then we prove that this flip graph is always disconnected provided the underlying surface $\Sigma $ is not contractible. In the absence of punctures, we show that the Jacobian algebras of the SPs constructed are finite-dimensional and that whenever two colored triangulations have the same underlying triangulation, the Jacobian algebras of their associated SPs are isomorphic if and only if the underlying 1-cocycles have the same cohomology class. We also give a full classification of the nondegenerate SPs one can associate to any given pair $(\tau ,\omega )$ over cyclic Galois extensions with certain roots of unity. The species constructed here are species realizations of the $2^{|\mathbb{O}|}$ skew-symmetrizable matrices that Felikson–Shapiro–Tumarkin associated in [17] to any given triangulation of ${\boldsymbol{\Sigma }}$. In the prequel [25] of this paper we constructed a species realization of only one of these matrices, but therein we allowed the presence of arbitrarily many punctures.
Migration-driven diversity of super-Earth compositions
Authors: Raymond Sean N , Boulet Thibault , Izidoro Andre , Esteves Leandro , Bitsch Bertram
Published: June 2018

A leading model for the origin of super-Earths proposes that planetary embryos migrate inward and pile up on close-in orbits. As large embryos are thought to preferentially form beyond the snowline, this naively predicts that most super-Earths should be very water-rich. Here we show that the shortest period planets formed in the migration model are often purely rocky. The inward migration of icy embryos through the terrestrial zone accelerates the growth of rocky planets via resonant shepherding. We illustrate this process with a simulation that provided a match to the Kepler-36 system of two planets on close orbits with very different densities. In the simulation, two super-Earths formed in a Kepler-36-like configuration; the inner planet was pure rock while the outer one was ice-rich. We conclude from a suite of simulations that the feeding zones of close-in super-Earths are likely to be broad and disconnected from their final orbital radii.
Regional Spatial-Temporal Spread of Citrus Huanglongbing Is Affected by Rain in Florida
Authors: Shimwela M. M. , Schubert T. S. , Albritton M. , Halbert S. E. , Jones D. J. , Sun X. , Roberts P. D. , Singer B. H. , Lee W. S. , Jones J. B. , Ploetz R. C. , van Bruggen A. H. C.
Published: June 2018

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), associated with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las), disseminated by Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), has devastated citrus in Florida since 2005. Data on HLB occurrence were stored in databases (2005 to 2012). Cumulative HLB-positive citrus blocks were subjected to kernel density analysis and kriging. Relative disease incidence per county was calculated by dividing HLB numbers by relative tree numbers and maximum incidence. Spatiotemporal HLB distributions were correlated with weather. Relative HLB incidence correlated positively with rainfall. The focus expansion rate was 1626 m month−1, similar to that in Brazil. Relative HLB incidence in counties with primarily large groves increased at a lower rate (0.24 year−1) than in counties with smaller groves in hotspot areas (0.67 year−1), confirming reports that large-scale HLB management may slow epidemic progress.