bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Road to Modernization
Authors: Burrows Geoff G.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 4 considers some of the New Deal’s most critical public works projects in Puerto Rico such as the construction of hurricane-proof houses, schools, roads, hospitals, health clinics, sanitation systems, water delivery infrastructure, recreation facilities, agricultural and craft industry cooperatives, and rural rehabilitation centers. By examining how cement from Cataño was used to build a modern public health infrastructure, this chapter shows how Puerto Rican engineers and planners working for the PRRA sought to make long-range interventions into daily life for residents in both urban and agrarian areas of the island.
Recognizing Women at Cahokia
Authors: Fritz Gayle J.
Published: October 2024

Recent research at Cahokia and other Mississippian societies in the greater American Bottom region spotlights a diverse society in which rights and responsibilities necessary for successful food production and distribution were well understood and coordinated. The importance of women as both symbols and actors has become more apparent than ever. Women’s influence stemmed from their roles as farmers, economic decision makers, spiritual leaders, and agents of social integration in an urban, multiethnic society. Although corn (Zea mays ssp. mays) is usually emphasized as the most important crop, the archaeological record documents a diverse agricultural system, with Eastern Agricultural Complex crops persisting as staples along with corn throughout Cahokia’s period of maximum population density. The heterogeneity of Cahokia’s fields and its communities adds unique dimensions to the discussion of Mississippian women in the American Bottom.
Earth Mother and Her Children
Authors: Sharp Robert V.
Published: October 2024

In the regions in which they have been predominantly located—southeast Missouri, northeast Arkansas, and the Middle Cumberland region (MCR) of Tennessee—the production of ceramic female effigy bottles constitutes one of the most significant bodies of artistic expression of the Mississippian era. That these ceramic vessels and figurines are believed to have been made by women, that they are thought to represent the supernatural deity or other-than-human personage generally referred to as Earth Mother, and that they are almost exclusively found as mortuary objects interred in the graves of infants, children, and subadults makes them an extremely rich subject for an edited volume devoted to Mississippian women. This chapter presents an examination of what is known about female effigy bottles and female figurines in the Middle Cumberland region and especially the most highly ornamented examples, which are negative-painted representations of a female figure wearing a negative-painted shawl—textiles being another notable responsibility of Mississippian women. Such figures were a dominant class of ritual sacra for more than a century and a half, and their crafting by skilled potters and their use in mortuary practices knit together communities of women across the MCR.
Gender, Craft Production, and Emerging Power in Mississippian Hierarchical Societies
Authors: Meyers Maureen S.
Published: October 2024

The control of craft specialization is used in hierarchical societies to both attain and maintain power. For example, in the Mississippian world shell bead production at Cahokia and Moundville was located near or on mounds, suggesting chiefly control of production. At the same time, most Mississippian chiefdoms did not resemble Cahokia or Moundville. That is, Mississippian chiefly power varied and so did the role of crafting in that power. While craft specialization is a hallmark of hierarchical societies, its beginnings lie in craft production that includes ceramics, shell working, and fiber. In the Southeast many of these activities were likely done by women. The important role of craft specialization in Mississippian hierarchies begs the question then, what role did women play in the transformation of craft production into craft specialization and therefore what role did they play in Mississippian hierarchical power? At Mississippian frontiers power was more autonomous and gender roles may have been less rigid. This chapter explores the evidence for women’s craft production at a Mississippian frontier and discuss how craft production there played a key role in emerging power. It will also compare regional data to identify the range of women’s roles during the Mississippian period of Southern Appalachia.
Introduction
Authors: García Christina M.
Published: October 2024

The introduction provides an overview of the book’s interventions in Cuban studies and Caribbean studies, its main theoretical lenses, historical and environmental contexts, as well as individual chapter summaries. The author lays out a practice of reading for engaging texts and images that works against a politics of representation and, instead, attends to corporeality, materiality, and disarticulations of the human. By tracing aesthetic tendencies that insist on ecological entanglements, the author argues that Cuban writers and artists disrupt dominant systems of meaning and value. The introduction also distinguishes the project from traditional ecocriticism, as it treats creative production itself as ecological material, rather than simply a mirror of planetary issues.
Reading as Touching
Authors: García Christina M.
Published: October 2024

This chapter pairs Nicolás Guillén’s Afro-Cuban poetry collection, Motivos de son (1930), with Severo Sarduy’s neo-vanguard novel, Gestos (1963), and draws from sound studies, critical race studies, ecofeminism, and poststructuralism, as well as other Caribbean poets, philosophers, and thinkers in Afro-Cuban studies. Against the grain of reading these two canonical writers as producing expressions of Cubanidad, the author traces an impenetrable materiality in their texts that works against identity formation. A critical question that guides this chapter is the relationship between ethics and aesthetics; specifically, how literary and visual forms conditioned by their historical contexts are implicated in an ethics and politics of community. The author argues that Guillén’s and Sarduy’s formal experimentations change the coordinates of dominant perception so that race, class, gender, sexuality, or species material differences are made palpable while sustaining their irreducibility to a politics of representation. In marking moments of impenetrability, the author also elaborates an ethics of reading that suspends the production of knowable content.
Eat Me
Authors: García Christina M.
Published: October 2024

Through close readings of two novels by Cuban Ahmel Echevarría, Búfalos camino al matadero (2013) and Caballo con arzones (2017), this chapter destabilizes tropes of a colonial legacy in the Latin American imaginary. If the figure of the lettered man has been the sign par excellence of civilization and cannibalism the figure of barbarism, in Echevarría’s narrative fictions this binary is collapsed. This chapter teases from Echevarría’s highly poetic prose an ethics of reading and writing as cannibalism. Accordingly, it also considers subjectivity as always constituted in a hosting or consuming of the Other, as a kind of hospitality. Echevarría’s narrator in Búfalos, for example, is a US Iraq war veteran, who refuses to be interpolated by the “hermandad” of his fellow veterans. Instead, he describes himself as part of a herd that emerged from the “bellies” of military aircrafts “cooked at a simmering temperature.” “Una manada” becomes a recurring trope through which notions of fraternal belonging and human exceptionalism are consistently undermined. Consuming literature, this chapter suggests, does not redeem the soul but transforms the body. As such, this chapter addresses pertinent issues to Latin American studies and Cuban literary studies.
From Sediment to Sentiment
Authors: Hsu Hui-Lin
Published: October 2024

Chapter 3 discusses the novel’s construction of national identity by establishing a connection between the flood experience and national sentiment. The chapter begins with a discussion of the novel’s allusion to earlier literature, illustrating that the novel develops the idea of saving the nation through flood taming by rooting the idea in canonical works in poetic and narrative traditions. It then analyzes how the ancient analogy between water flow and emotion informed Liu E’s way of crafting a narrative of national salvation through a story about flood trauma and its healing. It goes on to investigate the expression of flood trauma as shaped by hydraulic criticism and a technology-based morality before examining the novel’s narrative of trauma healing as resonant with river engineering technology and the history of hydraulics of the Yellow River. The chapter concludes by exploring how the novel’s narrative of trauma and healing participates in the literary national identity construction executed through newspaper layout editing in reporting a 1907 flood in northern China and its aftermath.
Foraging Kentucky
Authors: Barnett George
Published: October 2024

With rich soils, thousands of creeks, and twelve major river basins, the state of Kentucky is abundant with wild edibles that not only are delicious but also can be useful for medicinal purposes. Various species of wildflowers such as spring beauty, edible fungi like chanterelles, and tree crops such as hickory nuts may be foraged and pickled, steamed, candied, or stir-fried to create an enticing, healthy, and substantial meal.
Foraging Kentucky is an expansive beginners' guide to safely and ethically foraging in the state. The species covered in the book are divided into three categories: herbaceous plants, fungi, and woody plants. Author, forager, and environmental educator George Barnett shares his extensive knowledge on the proper identification of the featured species, where and when they grow, and how to harvest and prepare them for consumption. Complete with high-definition color photographs, recipes, and short history lessons, this guide is chock-full of crucial information for readers who want to forge an enlightening relationship with the delectable foods naturally available in Kentucky's great outdoors.
Introduction
Authors: Scott Rebecca , McNeill Zane
Published: October 2024

As a marginalized place in America, Appalachia is often imagined as culturally backward, economically exploited, and politically conservative compared to more wealthy parts of the country, while leftist representations of the region often remain caught between uplifting a unique rural place-based culture and decrying an environmental sacrifice zone. This collection of essays examines how these economic and cultural practices are not simply marginalizing but are also linked to some basic American ideologies of white supremacism, settler colonialism, and environmental destruction. Eco-normative views of the region emphasize the region's status as a straight space, characterized by extractive hetero masculinities. In contrast to this constrained vision, the essays in this volume highlight the region's complexity as a promising terrain for the production of a more sustainable and inclusive future. The book presents a collection of underrepresented voices, examples of political activism, and diverse experiences to illuminate the multiplicity of Appalachian lives and communities. It offers a provocation challenging the white-centric, middle-class, and heteronormative conceptions of nature that shape environmentalism and environmental activism in the US. The same discourses that contribute to the marginalization of Appalachia also contribute to white supremacist and heteropatriarchal visions of the place that contribute to its environmental exploitation. The authors of these essays explore queer disruptions, alternative visions, and liberatory movements towards a future of flourishing in what is currently known as Appalachia.
Queers Embracing Place in Appalachia
Authors: Rogers Baker A.
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines queer people embracing place identities in locations where queers are expected to flee, specifically Appalachia and the Southeastern United States. By embracing place identities, some queer Appalachian people can overcome the pull of the gay imaginary, the metronormative story that says queer people must move to the city to find safety and happiness. Further, this chapter delves into the continued connections between rural environments and masculinities. The chapter proposes that the ability to fully embrace Appalachian place identities, as well as Southern and rural identities, while being queer may still be based on the condition of masculinities leaving many queer people feeling like outsiders. These stories of queer people in Appalachia demonstrate that happiness is more likely to be found where one feels at home, than where one is "supposed to be."
Masculinities in the Decline of Coal
Authors: Schwartzman Gabe
Published: October 2024

In this chapter, I investigate the evolution of so-called 'pro-coal' politics as public discourse about Appalachia's future increasingly centers on the region's economic transition. This chapter focuses on one trend evident in certain online forums: a vocalization of grievance and nostalgia. Across rural America, scholars discuss 'rural resentment' as a backlash against perceived urban-centric politics. However, studying Appalachia, I find that such politics also stem from shifts in the gendered order of regional political economy. I examine grievance, nostalgia, and discourses of economic transition through the cultural politics of coal mining and the family in Appalachia. Engaging Feminist Political Economy and Queer Theory, I understand the regionally specific cultural politics of pro-coal nostalgia as a reaction to the feminization of labor under neoliberalism, and the threat that a shifting political economy poses to heteronormative temporality. Building on Ada Smith's concept of 'Appalachian Futurism,' I consider post-coal nostalgia as a fear of the future.
No Other Horses Will Do
Authors: Hudelson Emma
Published: October 2024

The narrator travels to Shelbyville, Kentucky, to interview Mitch at the Shelby County Fair. This chapter also engages with the American Saddlebred's dark history with slavery and wonders how to redeem the breed. The narrator reflects on her years away from horses and what brought her back. In 1982, Sky Watch seems bound for the big one, the Five-Gaited World's Grand Championship stake, and Mitch is eager to ride in the class his grandfather once commanded. Sadly, Garland Bradshaw never gets to see his son ride in the primetime Saturday night class. He dies in March 1982, months before the bugler's call to the ring, and the whole Saddlebred community mourns. In the meantime, Sky Watch continues to rack up victories.
A Dance of Sensation
Authors: Hudelson Emma
Published: October 2024

In summer 1982, tragedy strikes Kentucky again. Just weeks before Louisville, Sky Watch is badly injured in his stall. The narrator watches a horse deal with a stall injury. Mitch Clark nurses Sky Watch back to health and decides he's sound enough to enter the championship to battle reigning champion Imperator, ridden by grand showman and world-class trainer Don Harris. Both horses have their own fan clubs, and both trainers are convinced they have the better horse. Imperator and Sky Watch compete for the Five Gaited World's Grand Championship title, bringing Freedom Hall to its feet in a two-horse duel. It's a close call, but Sky Watch earns the victory pass. The audience is so impressed with him, they block the exit and demand a second pass.
The Horse He’d Wanted to Beat
Authors: Hudelson Emma
Published: October 2024

Fans, friends, and family mob Mitch Clark in Sky Watch's stall after his win in Freedom Hall. The landscape of his life has changed forever, but so has the landscape of the World's Championship Horse Show. After Sky Watch and Mitch Clark decline to face Imperator again at the American Royal, letting the gelding slow-gait away with the championship, Don Harris makes a plan. Over the winter, Don improves Imperator's trot and improves his endurance and speed. Mitch plans his next show season to avoid a head-to-head confrontation until Louisville. Again, right before Louisville, Sky Watch is injured. As the narrator prepares for the upcoming vasectomy reversal that could lead to a pregnancy, she convinces her mother to move back to Indiana to be closer to her—and tries to convince her to buy a horse. After his vasectomy reversal, the narrator's husband visits a horse show with her. She debuts My Queen Bee under Mike McIntosh stables.
The Duel
Authors: Hudelson Emma
Published: October 2024

This chapter engages with the decline in spectators at American Saddlebred horse shows over the years and considers the future of the industry. On the green shavings, Sky Watch and Imperator duke it out, each horse better than he was last year. Sky Watch comes out on top again and the noise shakes the rafters of Freedom Hall. The narrator revisits the hotly contested class on video, picturing what it would be like to be Michele Macfarlane, standing on the sidelines while her incredible horse performs. The narrator takes a pregnancy test and gets a positive result. Despite her husband's nerves, she shows her horse the next day to lackluster results.
Rubble and Smoke
Authors: Hudelson Emma
Published: October 2024

After Imperator's loss at Louisville in 1983, he's purchased by Billy Dutel and shipped to Louisiana to perform in the amateur equestrian ranks. Tragedy strikes the farm off of Highway 127 again and Mitch Clark loses all his tack, his training barn, and fifteen horses in a barn fire. Sky Watch survives. Mitch is forced to start over with nothing but nine horses and the knowledge his grandfather passed on. The 1984 Five Gaited World's Grand Championship isn't the same without Imperator, who sweeps the amateur ranks but is subjected to very amateur riding. The narrator explains the difference between a stake horse and an amateur horse and the way the amateur leagues have grown. In 1985, another amateur buys Imperator and returns him to Don Harris for training. The narrator shows My Queen Bee and receives a surprising ribbon. Her mother buys a show horse of her own.
Epilogue
Authors: Hudelson Emma
Published: October 2024

In the epilogue, the narrator finds herself back a the Kentucky Horse Park imagining Sky Watch's last few years and pondering about the "so what?" of Saddlebreds. Her victory at a local horse show in Indiana aboard My Boogie Nights, a descendant of Sky Watch, culminates her and her family's three-generation Saddlebred legacy.
Appalachian Ghost
Authors: Thomas Raymond , Altman Rebecca , Venable Moore Catherine
Published: October 2024

In the early days of the Great Depression, the search for steady work drove thousands of migrant laborers—many of whom were African American—from all over Appalachia to a rural area near Fayetteville, West Virginia. Union Carbide Corporation had begun construction on a three-mile tunnel to divert the New River, and many hands were needed. Toiling for five years in confined spaces with poor ventilation, no means of dust control, and limited use of personal breathing protection, the workers were repeatedly exposed to pure silica dust. Many developed silicosis, an incurable and debilitating lung disease that is estimated to have caused the deaths of nearly eight hundred workers, two-thirds of whom were Black. Soon after, the US House of Representatives Committee on Labor classified silicosis as an occupational hazard. Despite the disaster's impact, information about its severity was largely suppressed—a decision that ensured the event faded quickly from public memory. Aside from a small plaque at Hawk's Nest State Park, which inaccurately admits to only 109 victims, there is little to mark the site of the worst industrial accident to date in the United States. In Appalachian Ghost: A Photographic Reimagining of the Hawk's Nest Tunnel Disaster, author Raymond Thompson Jr. explores the possibilities of that tragedy by reviving the faces and spaces of Hawk's Nest. Using primary source materials to re-create the workers' experiences in photographs, Thompson recontextualizes archival images to present a counter-archive that positions the Black experience at Hawk's Nest within the larger story of the American labor landscape. His photographs and poetry give voice to the silenced, resisting revisionist narratives that often ignore the sacrifices of African Americans and erase their instrumental role in the development of America's infrastructure.
The Grave Site
Authors: Thompson Raymond
Published: October 2024

Poem by Norman Jordan, a native of Ansted, West Virginia, about the Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster
The Powerhouse
Authors: Thompson Raymond
Published: October 2024

Song (lyrics and music) written by Josh White, also known as Pinewood Tom and Tippy Barton, in 1936 in protest to the Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster.
Introduction
Authors: Ravalli Richard
Published: October 2024

This introductory essay briefly explains the need for systematic study of George Lucas's contributions to American film history. The challenges and opportunities of studying the filmmaker and entrepreneur are discussed. Short chapter descriptions are offered.
Marcia Lucas
Authors: Kaminski Michael
Published: October 2024

Though practically erased from the history books at Lucasfilm, Marcia Lucas was an instrumental part in the shaping of George Lucas's early scripts, and was a primary force behind their final form in the editorial stage. Moreover, she had a successful career of her own as a professional editor, and was a key figure in the New Hollywood movement of the 1970s. When their marriage ended on bad terms in 1983, Marcia retired and George went into a state of professional and personal depression. This chapter examines her life and career as an editor, but perhaps more importantly, it investigates the influence Marcia had on her husband and his films, where her vital contributions to film history remain unappreciated, and where her absence changed the direction of George Lucas as a person and a filmmaker.
American Graffiti and More
Authors: Sprengler Christine
Published: October 2024

With American Graffiti (1973), George Lucas crafted a nascent visual standard that inflected later cinematic engagements with the 1950s. The film also opened up questions about the complex imbrication of nostalgia and history, personal and cultural memory. Starting with a close visual analysis of how Lucas accomplished the look of the film, this chapter considers its reception in the context of the 1970s nostalgia economy. This involves a consideration of how More American Graffiti (1979), released at the end of the decade, adapted and applied some of the deliberately archaic tactics pioneered by Lucas to a different past, namely, the mid 1960s. Finally, it concludes by tracking American Graffiti's legacy and impact on evolving representations of the 1950s.
“Archaeology Is the Search for Fact … Not Truth”
Authors: Liedl Janice
Published: October 2024

Since 1981, archaeologists have recognized an inspiring, if occasionally troubling, colleague: the whip-wielding adventurer Indiana Jones. The character has become synonymous with archaeology even as his action-hero impulses undercut professional practices. It is easy to recognize in Dr. Jones an homage to both the reality as well as the fiction of early twentieth century digs and discoveries. George Lucas's own appreciation of disciplines such as archaeology, anthropology, and history also inform the character of Indiana Jones, often in tension with the leading man's swashbuckling transgressions of preservation norms. Archaeologists have been energized by how Indiana Jones brought new interest to their field. Many see this character as having a positive impact, even as they critique how the fictional figure has fostered a very distorted understanding of their work.
Researching the Lucasfilm Yearbooks
Authors: Turnock Julie
Published: October 2024

There is one, and to date only one, readily available cache of primary Lucasfilm information outside of corporate hands—the former Industrial Light and Magic General Manager Thomas G. Smith's Papers at the Ransom Center at the University of Texas, Austin. Most relevant in the Smith papers for this study are the Lucasfilm yearbooks, which cover 1982–1991. These yearbooks served a number of purposes to Lucasfilm employees, not unlike house organs during the studio era. They even frequently included personal information such as people's occupational and educational history, romantic status, and astrological signs. While the yearbooks are hardly uncut raw data, they are a goldmine of minimally massaged information for internal use. Alongside the good times, one glimpses accounts of turmoil and rancor in the ranks. Perhaps not surprisingly, this information frequently conflicts, especially when one adds in other unpublished sources such as personal interviews and less authorized discourse of former employees.
The Audience Is Listening
Authors: Andriano-Moore Stephen
Published: October 2024

The chapter illuminates George Lucas and his company's relationship to the history of film sound. Lucas' early industrial experiences in the 60s and 70s influenced his production practices and perspectives on sound in film. These experiences led his filmmaking and companies to usher in the golden era of film sound in the late 1970s through mid-1980s. A discussion of his collaborative production practices with sound designers and re-recording mixers Walter Murch, Ben Burtt, Randy Thom, and Gary Rydstrom will show how his companies, Sprocket Systems and Skywalker Sound, fostered a new approach to film sound where the sound designer is both the single person in charge of the sound throughout the entire filmmaking process and is the re-recording mixer. The chapter also illuminates the history and contributions to viewing experience through the THX company that set the standard for audio/visual quality assurances.
George Lucas in Museums
Authors: Munson Kim
Published: October 2024

George Lucas is one of the first filmmakers to recognize museum exhibitions as an important source of fan participation and as an extension of the Star Wars brand with exhibitions of props, costumes, and concept art traveling the world. Lucas is also an important collector of "art that tells a story," or narrative art. This chapter explores the history and goals of this two-pronged approach to museums and exhibitions. From the first Lucasfilm exhibition of props, costumes and concept art from Star Wars to Lucas's collection of the iconic American illustrators Norman Rockwell and Maxfield Parrish, the chapter summarizes Lucas's contributions to museums and to visual storytelling. In particular, it details the difficulties that he has had to overcome in the art world with the founding of the Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, scheduled to open in 2023.
Guantanamo Bay and Captain’s Mast
Authors: Green Reuben Keith
Published: October 2024

In this chapter, the author describes attending the Legal Clerk Course at Naval Justice School, Newport Rhode Island, and performing duties as the Base Legal Yeoman in Guantanamo Bay Cuba, replacing two more senior personnel due to a reduction in force. There, the author experienced a crushing workload, a race riot at the base club while he was assigned as a shore patrolman, and discrimination against Black sailors, which was documented in quarterly official reports. He also earned access to leadership which helped him manage his workload and perform his duties. Finally, he describes his decision to become an Equal Opportunity Program Specialist due to the discrimination he witnesses in the military justice system.
Engineer Officer, USS Boone
Authors: Green Reuben Keith
Published: October 2024

In this chapter the author describes reporting for duty as Engineer Officer aboard USS Boone and being the only minority officer assigned for his entire tour. References are made to the negative perceptions of Black officers throughout the Navy, as documented by the CNO in national news sources and described by the author based on personal experiences of blatant disrespect, resource denial, extraordinary measures to obtain equal treatment (discrimination spreadsheet), equipment casualties, fires and explosions, and a debilitating hostile command climate. This chapter presents a time when the author was set up to fail and then held accountable for those failures. These overwhelmingly negative experiences culminated with the author nearly quitting from sheer exhaustion and mental fatigue in the weeks following the ship's scheduled Persian Gulf deployment
Cruising, Crashing, and Other Disasters
Authors: Green Reuben Keith
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes the six-month Persian Gulf deployment, a helicopter crash in the Mediterranean Sea, the investigation of that crash, and the racial dynamics involved. For the latter, the author specifically describes experiencing some form of disrespect or conflict approximately every three weeks. It was during this time that the author put a chief petty officer on report for disobeying a lawful order and disrespect, receiving little support from his command. Suffering an instance of physical assault from a junior officer, the author reciprocated the attack and once again describes being set up to fail while being held accountable in his detaching fitness report. Lastly, this chapter goes into detail about the Navy's failure to substantiate formal discrimination complaints.
Executive Officer, USS Gemini , the Hydrofoil Navy
Authors: Green Reuben Keith
Published: October 2024

This chapter covers the author's assignment as executive officer in a Navy Hydrofoil (PHM) as the junior executive officer in the squadron and the only Black officer assigned within the squadron. Here, the author details his experiences with a discriminatory and racist enlisted senior member of the support squadron, and recalls helping the only Black chief, a female, file a discrimination complaint. From there, the chapter goes on to detail the author's experiences under two different commanding officers and his experiences during a maintenance availability period at a shipyard in Mobile, Alabama. Lastly, the author tells of using his hard-earned knowledge to help the ship excel during inspections and key events.
Training the Fleet
Authors: Green Reuben Keith
Published: October 2024

This chapter details the author's time spent as Training Officer for a sea-going squadron, Destroyer Squadron Eight, in Mayport, Florida. As the junior department head assigned to the staff, with the fewest subordinates yet having responsibility for the most programs, the author excelled under great leadership and supportive actions taken by them. This chapter also presents the innovative actions and procedures that resulted in substantial training improvements. On the other hand, the author recalls a shouting and cursing match that took place between himself and a senior officer from a maintenance command, precipitated by the discriminatory behavior of one of his subordinates. This serious incident of insubordination by the author was resolved and the discriminatory behavior revealed when the author proved the discriminatory behavior by the other command's responsible personnel using written documentation.
Epilogue
Authors: Green Reuben Keith
Published: October 2024

In the epilogue, the author reflects on the impact his naval career had on his life. In describing the lessons he learned, the author connects these to his father's initial disapproval and presumes that his father was trying to shield him from regarding racism and discrimination in the Navy. The author details the profound effect his naval career had on his physical, emotional and psychological well-being and reports on his efforts to cope following his naval service. With this the author also describes his efforts to hold the Navy accountable for failing to act appropriately on formal discrimination complaints, and the need to do so. Lastly, the author restates the need to address institutional racism in the Navy by renaming the aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis, an avowed racist and segregationist.
The Kentucky Oaks
Authors: Hunter Avalyn
Published: October 2024

No Thoroughbred race in the state of Kentucky holds a more hallowed place in the national and international consciousness than the Kentucky Derby. Its fame is richly deserved, yet there are other equally important and historic races whose significance deserves a larger share of the spotlight—none more so than the Derby's sister race, the Kentucky Oaks. Inaugurated on May 19, 1875—just two days after the first Kentucky Derby—and run annually at Churchill Downs since then, the Kentucky Oaks is America's most prestigious race for three-year-old fillies and the second-oldest continuously run horse race in North America. Always cherished by horsemen as a test for the future mothers of the Thoroughbred, the Oaks has in recent years become a major charity and fashion gala in addition to its significance as a sporting event. Yet, although multiple books have been published about the Kentucky Derby, popular and academic historians alike have largely overlooked the Oaks.
In The Kentucky Oaks: 150 Years of Running for the Lilies, author Avalyn Hunter sets out to recover the history of one of the most watched and highly attended events in Thoroughbred racing. Beginning with Meriweather Lewis Clark Jr.'s creation of a race designed to parallel England's historic Oaks Stakes, Hunter traces the evolution of the Kentucky Oaks through the stories of the men, women, and fillies that have made the Kentucky Oaks a symbol for women's growing participation in the sport at all levels.
Introduction
Authors: Hunter Avalyn
Published: October 2024

The introduction presents a picture of the current status of the Kentucky Oaks as a regional holiday, an important horse race, and a major charity event. The symbolic use of the color pink in the decorations and in emblems associated with the race ties together Oaks Day's emphasis on the feminine, from the fleet three-year-old fillies gathered to contest the "Lilies for the Fillies" to the Survivors March and other activities raising awareness and money for women's health issues. This gala event is contrasted with the race's modest beginnings, setting the stage for a history told in the stories of some of the most noteworthy animals and humans associated with the race.
Tragedy, Turmoil, and Trickery
Authors: Hunter Avalyn
Published: October 2024

Beginning with a section outlining the racing career and unfortunate death of 1885 Kentucky Oaks winner Lizzie Dwyer, the chapter touches on the influence of Woodburn Stud on Kentucky Oaks history and on the decline of racing at Churchill Downs after a conflict with powerful breeder-owner James Ben Ali Haggin. Moving from there to 1886 Oaks winner Pure Rye and a sketch of the career of her jockey, Snapper Garrison, the chapter concludes with the suspicious events surrounding the Oaks wins of Florimore in 1887 and Tenpenny in 1888.
Black and White
Authors: Hunter Avalyn
Published: October 2024

Following a brief overview of the racial milieu prevailing in Kentucky during the late nineteenth century, the chapter discusses the complex interracial relationship between Major Barak G. Thomas and John Clay, respectively the owner and trainer of 1889 Kentucky Oaks winner Jewel Ban. This relationship is entwined with another complex interracial relationship between Thomas and his longtime housekeeper, Margaret Pryor, who became Thomas's primary heir on his death. The focus throughout is on the deep human connections that were made despite the barriers posed by the participants' involvement on both sides of the history of slavery and an ongoing culture of racial prejudice.
The McDowell Years
Authors: Hunter Avalyn
Published: October 2024

The chapter begins with brief sketches of the Oaks victories and careers of 1894 winner Selika, 1895 winner Voladora, 1896 winner Souffle, 1897 winner White Frost, and 1898 winner Crocket. 1899 winner Rush then introduces Thomas McDowell, who dominated the Kentucky Oaks through 1915, when he scored his fourth and final win as an owner with Waterblossom. He also trained Rush, making him the first man to be breeder, owner, and trainer of a Kentucky Oaks winner, repeated that feat with King's Daughter in 1906, and also scored the breeder-owner-trainer triple in the 1902 Kentucky Derby with Alan-a-Dale, as well as breeding and owning 1908 Oaks winner Ellen-a-Dale.
The Queen of the Oaks
Authors: Hunter Avalyn
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an in-depth look at the career of 1929 Kentucky Oaks winner Rose of Sharon. A feminine counterpart to four-time Derby winner Black Gold, she won four "Oaks" races during her career for owner Johnson N. Camden Jr. and trainer Danny Stewart. She also defeated males several times and was considered second only to champion colt Blue Larkspur among the season's three-year.olds. She concluded her career with a win in the historic Potomac Handicap, but died of pneumonia in November 1929, leaving the question of just how good she could have been unanswered.
Ahoy, Cain Hoy
Authors: Hunter Avalyn
Published: October 2024

After touching on Eddie Arcaro's fourth Kentucky Oaks win and the second Oaks win for Sonny Whitney (both obtained with Bug Brush in 1958), the chapter moves to Cain Hoy Stable, which replaced Calumet as the dominant writer of Oaks history in the late 1950s. The chapter provides brief sketches of owner Harry F. Guggenheim, trainer Woody Stephens (who would train a record five Oaks winners), and jockey Manuel Ycaza (who would tie Arcaro's Oaks record with four winners); Ycaza's feats, in turn, helped Latino riders to become a force in American racing. The chapter also covers a Kentucky Oaks oddity, as the race was split into two divisions in 1959, yielding two winners that year.
A Girl Named Susan
Authors: Hunter Avalyn
Published: October 2024

Following brief mention of the Kentucky Oaks winners of 1969–1971, the chapter focuses on Susan's Girl, the winner of a second Kentucky Oaks for Fred Hooper. Earning the championship of the three-year-old filly division after a dramatic win against the best of her rivals and tough older mares in the Beldame Stakes, Susan's Girl went on to earn two more Eclipse Awards as a champion in the handicap female division. After becoming the first filly or mare to earn over $1 million while racing exclusively in North America, Fred Hooper's favorite became a successful broodmare and a member of racing's Hall of Fame.
The Ruffian Effect
Authors: Hunter Avalyn
Published: October 2024

This chapter presents the Kentucky Oaks winners of 1973–1978 and the race's rise to elite status from a Grade 2 race at the inauguration of the graded stakes system in 1973 to receiving Grade 1 status in 1978. The chapter also reviews the effect that the popularity of the great filly Ruffian had on the stature of the Kentucky Oaks and other important filly races, even though Ruffian did not race in the Oaks. Sonny Whitney gets mention as the winner of his third and fourth Oaks during the decade. The chapter finishes with sketches of three high-class Oaks winners in Optimistic Gal (1976), Sweet Alliance (1977), and White Star Line (1978).
A Tale of Two Fillies
Authors: Hunter Avalyn
Published: October 2024

This chapter centers around the rivalry between the Kentucky Oaks winner and the Kentucky Derby winner of 1980. The former was Bold 'n Determined, winner of six Grade 1 races against fillies and mares over the year. The other was Genuine Risk, only the second filly to win the Kentucky Derby and the first to race in all three legs of the Triple Crown (she was second in both the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes). A loss in the Yellow Ribbon Invitational Handicap after a narrow defeat of Genuine Risk in the Maskette Stakes may have cost Bold 'n Determined the championship of the three-year-old filly division, but both fillies were eventually rewarded for their historic campaigns with membership in the Hall of Fame.
Passing the Baton
Authors: Hunter Avalyn
Published: October 2024

The chapter begins with a sketch of 1981 Kentucky Oaks winner Heavenly Cause, who brought veteran trainer Woody Stephens a record-breaking fifth win in the Oaks. After tracing a sidelight regarding the impact that third-place Oaks finisher Wayward Lass (eventually the season's champion three-year-old filly) had on the running of the 1981 Kentucky Derby, the chapter introduces D. Wayne Lukas, a former champion Quarter Horse trainer who won the first of five Oaks victories of his own with Blush With Pride in 1982. The chapter concludes with a summary of Lukas' career through the end of the 1980s.
Rosie Believed She Could
Authors: Hunter Avalyn
Published: October 2024

After sketching the 2011 Oaks victory of Plum Pretty, the chapter follows the jockey of second-place finisher St. John's River, Rosie Napravnik. Overcoming the usual growing pains as well as male prejudice and injuries from accidents during the early part of her career, she had become one of the most popular jockeys at the Fair Grounds near New Orleans by 2012. She had also become the regular first-call rider for trainer Larry Jones, who partnered Napravnik with his Kentucky Oaks hopeful, Believe You Can. The results made history, as Believe You Can won the 2012 Kentucky Oaks with Napravnik aboard, making her the first woman to ride an Oaks winner. Two years later, Napravnik rode a second Oaks winner in three-year-old champion filly Untapable, trained by Steve Asmussen. Napravnik retired from the saddle after piloting Untapable to victory in the Breeders' Cup Distaff and today focuses on retraining former racehorses into other careers.
Validity and Reliability of the Persian Translation of the World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Self-assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Jafari Farnaz , Nekouei Amir , Kamyabi Homa , Kakoei Shahla
Published: October 2024

Background: Regularly assessing the oral health of children and adolescents is crucial. Researchers seek valid and reliable questionnaires to obtain comparable global data, enabling oral health evaluation in large populations, remote regions, or even during an epidemic like COVID-19, while saving time and money. Objectives: The present study was conducted to translate and validate the Persian version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Self-assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. Methods: In 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Kerman, Iran. The Persian questionnaire was tested on 20 individuals to assess the fluency and clarity of the Persian translation. The questionnaire was then filled out by 40 individuals, and reliability was evaluated using the test-retest method. The final questionnaire was completed by 878 randomly selected participants aged 7 - 18 years online. To establish concurrent validity, the researchers added three questions related to the presence of toothache without dental visits, filled teeth, and teeth with endodontic treatment. Internal consistency was checked by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: A total of 290 students aged 7 to 12 and 588 students aged 13 to 18 participated in the study. Cronbach’s alpha for the entire questionnaire was 0.656 for students under 12 years old and 0.643 for those over 12 years old. The intra-cluster correlation coefficient for both age groups was between 0.81 and 0.87. Examining the concurrent validity of this questionnaire showed that the three additional questions added by the researchers have a significant relationship with the questions describing the health of teeth and gums (oral health), the number of times participants felt toothache in the last 12 months, and the problem of biting and chewing. However, they had no significant relationship with the risk factor related to nutrition. Moreover, the questionnaire is multifactorial. Conclusions: The Persian version of the WHO Oral Health Self-assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents is reliable over time. If the questionnaire is repeated and the responses of people in the same population are collected, it yields similar results. It has internal consistency, but it is a multi-factor questionnaire.
Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Various Factors of the Job Demand-Control-Support Model Among Iranian Nurses: Structural Equation Modeling Modeling Study
Authors: Ramzani Solale , Ghobadi Kosar , Oveisi Elahe , Hosseinnataj Abolfazl , Samaei Seyed Ehsan
Published: October 2024

Background: Stress at work is a significant occupational risk that diminishes performance and job satisfaction. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the relationship between job satisfaction and various factors of the job demand-control-support (JDCS) model among 840 nurses working in public hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Methods: The Job Content Questionnaire and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire were utilized to assess various aspects of the JDCS model and job satisfaction, respectively. The structural equation model (SEM) was employed to explore the relationships between variables. A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered. Results: The findings revealed that the highest average scores were for skill discretion (30.92 ± 10.34) and decision authority (30.82 ± 6.91), while the lowest mean scores were related to social support (21.37 ± 7.60) and job insecurity (7.78 ± 1.49), indicating high levels of job stress among participants. The study identified direct and positive relationships between demand and control (r = 0.58, P = 0.021), control and support (r = 0.51, P = 0.032), and demand and support (r = 0.87, P = 0.009). Social support had a positive influence on job satisfaction (standardized = 0.75, P = 0.008) and a negative effect on job insecurity (standardized = -0.56, P = 0.009). Control negatively impacted job insecurity (standardized = -0.1, P = 0.02) and positively affected job satisfaction (standardized = 0.012, P = 0.012). Additionally, "job insecurity" moderated the effect of "control" on "job satisfaction" (standardized = 0.02, P = 0.005). Conclusions: Higher job demands and control contribute to increased dissatisfaction and insecurity among nurses. Conversely, nurses who receive more social support feel more secure and satisfied. To enhance job satisfaction and reduce insecurity, efforts should focus on increasing support and managing control and demand, as these factors significantly influence job performance and satisfaction.