bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new ascending sensory tract to the calyces of the honeybee mushroom body, the subesophageal‐calycal tract
Authors: Schröter Ulrike , Menzel Randolf
Published: August 2003

The mushroom bodies of the honeybee are important neuropils for learning and memory. Therefore, knowledge about their input and output connections is essential to understanding how these neuropils function. A newly described input tract to the mushroom body is presented here, which is called the subesophageal‐calycal tract (SCT) and connects the subesophageal ganglion with the calyces of the mushroom bodies. The neuronal somata of the SCT neurons lie in one cluster between the lobula of the optic lobe and a neuropil area that is formed from the fusion of the tritocerebrum and the subesophageal ganglion. Within the subesophageal ganglion, the dendritic fibers of SCT neurons overlap with terminals of sensory neurons from the proboscis1. Therefore, we conclude that the SCT neurons might process gustatory and mechanosensory information from the proboscis. Individual SCT neurons receive unilateral input within the subesophageal ganglion and may connect to either the ipsilateral or the contralateral mushroom body. On their way to the mushroom bodies, the SCT neuron axons meet the roots of the antennocerebralis tracts (ACTs) and from this point follow the same path as the median ACT neurons for a short distance. Within the calyces, the SCT neurons innervate two separate areas, a small area within the dorsal collar just below the lip and a part of the basal ring. Double‐labeling experiments show that the projections of the SCT neurons do not overlap with the projections of the olfactory projection neurons and visual projection neurons from the dorsal medulla. The possible function of the SCT neurons and the relation of the SCT to known input tracts of the mushroom bodies in other insects are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:168–178, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presynaptic membrane of inhibitory crayfish axon terminals is stained by antibodies raised against mammalian GABAA receptor subunits α3 and β2/3
Authors: Feinstein N. , Fritschy J.M. , Parnas I.
Published: August 2003

The opener muscle of the dactyl of the walking leg of crayfish is innervated by one excitatory axon releasing glutamate and one inhibitory axon releasing GABA. Functional GABAA receptors are present postsynaptically on the muscle and presynaptically on terminals and release boutons of the excitatory axon, whereas presynaptic GABAA autoreceptors have not been reported on terminals or release boutons of the inhibitory axon. Using antibodies raised against mammalian GABAA receptor subunits α3 and β2/3, we obtained highly specific staining of the presynaptic membrane of the inhibitory bouton and of the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle. Using pre‐ and postembedding techniques, staining was localized to only presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes of synaptic active zones. We also found extrasynaptic receptor subunit immunoreactivity near (up to 100 nm) to the active zones. Staining with antibodies for the α3 and β2/3 subunits showed colocalization of particles of the two subunits. We suggest that presynaptic inhibitory boutons of the crayfish possess GABAA‐like autoreceptors composed of at least the α3 and β2/3 subunits. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:250–262, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes of immunocytochemical localization of vesicular glutamate transporters in the rat visual system after the retinofugal denervation
Authors: Fujiyama Fumino , Hioki Hiroyuki , Tomioka Ryohei , Taki Kousuke , Tamamaki Nobuaki , Nomura Sakashi , Okamoto Keiko , Kaneko Takeshi
Published: August 2003

To clarify which vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT) is used by excitatory axon terminals of the retinofugal system, we examined immunoreactivities and mRNA signals for VGluT1 and VGluT2 in the rat retina and compared immunoreactivities for VGluT1 and VGluT2 in the retinorecipient regions using double immunofluorescence method, anterograde tracing, and immunoelectron microscopy. Furthermore, the changes of VGluT1 and VGluT2 immunoreactivities were studied after eyeball enucleation. Intense immunoreactivity and mRNA signal for VGluT2, but not for VGluT1 immunoreactivity, were observed in most perikarya of ganglion cells in the retina. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that VGluT1‐ and VGluT2‐immunolabeled terminals made asymmetrical synapses, suggesting that they were excitatory synapses, and that VGluT1‐immunolabeled terminals were smaller than VGluT2‐labeled ones in many retinorecipient regions, such as the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGd) and superior colliculus (SC). Double immunofluorescence study further revealed that almost no VGluT2 immunoreactivity was colocalized with VGluT1 in the retinorecipient regions. After wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) injection into the eyeballs, WGA immunoreactivity was colocalized in the single axon terminals of LGd and SC with VGluT2 but not VGluT1 immunoreactivity. After unilateral enucleation, VGluT2 immunoreactivity in the LGd, SC, nucleus of the optic tract, and nuclei of the accessory optic tract in the contralateral side of the enucleated eye was clearly decreased. Although only a small change of VGluT2 immunoreactivity was observed in the contra‐ and ipsilateral suprachiasmatic nuclei, olivary pretectal nucleus, anterior pretectal nucleus, and posterior pretectal nucleus, moderate reduction of VGluT2 was found in these regions after bilateral enucleation. On the other hand, almost no change in VGluT1 immunoreactivity was found in the structures examined in the present enucleation study. Thus, the present results support the notion that the retinofugal pathways are glutamatergic, and indicate that VGluT2, but not VGluT1, is employed for accumulating glutamate into synaptic vesicles of retinofugal axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 465: 234–249, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Failure criteria for quasi‐brittle materials in lattice‐type models
Authors: Davie C. T. , Bićanic N.
Published: August 2003

Failure criteria for quasi‐brittle materials are considered in the context of a lattice‐type modelling framework. The criteria are implemented and assessed in macro‐scale lattice‐type models realised through bonded, linked particle assemblies constructed in a DEM framework. Several simple strategies consider failure of individual lattice elements based either on the local conditions at link elements or on the ‘homogenized’ conditions at an associated continuum point, with both elastic‐brittle and elastic‐ softening plasticity models employed. In spite of observed solution noise, model performance in coarse, macro‐scale triangular lattice‐type assemblies supports the importance of including both softening and homogenized failure criteria in order to objectively reproduce softening behaviour of an equivalent continuum. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Master–slave approach for the modelling of joints with dependent degrees of freedom in flexible mechanisms
Authors: Muñoz J. , Jelenić G. , Crisfield M. A.
Published: August 2003

The analysis of multibody systems requires an exact description of the kinematics of the joints involved. In the present work the master–slave approach is employed and endowed with the possibility of including several more complex types of joints. We present the formulation for joints where some relation between the different released degrees of freedom exists such as the screw joint, the rack‐and‐pinion joint or the cam joint. These joints are implemented in conjunction with geometrically exact beams and an energy‐momentum conserving time‐stepping algorithm. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling coupled heat and mass transfer in drying non‐hygroscopic capillary particulate materials
Authors: Malan A. G. , Lewis R. W.
Published: August 2003

The modelling of the coupled heat and mass transfer processes prevalent in drying non‐hygroscopic capillary particulate materials is dealt with. An improved unstructured vertex‐centred edge‐based finite volume algorithm is employed for this purpose. Enhancements include reformulation of boundary integral flux‐averaging as well as the use of a compact stencil in the computation of diffusive terms. A notable increase in accuracy is demonstrated. The developed algorithm is further validated against experimental data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete dynamics of implicit time integration schemes for a dissipative system
Authors: Bornemann P. B. , Galvanetto U.
Published: August 2003

A dissipative one degree of freedom dynamical system is investigated. Three time integration schemes are applied to the time continuous system leading to time discrete systems. Their energy dissipation and phase space contraction behaviour is analysed and differs from the properties of the differential equation. One of the schemes guarantees energy dissipation, whereas another is characterized by phase space contraction; the third scheme does not accurately discretize both properties. It was found that the scheme with unconditional phase space contraction and the standard scheme possess spurious steady states, higher order fixed points, as a result of tangled stable and unstable manifolds of a saddle. However, the consistently energy dissipative scheme exhibits no spurious steady states. It was concluded that the property of correct energy dissipation has a beneficial influence on the quality of the numerical solution. This result is analogous to that obtained for Hamiltonian mechanical systems for which algorithms with energy‐conservation are often considered preferable to symplectic schemes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Locking in the incompressible limit: pseudo‐divergence‐free element free Galerkin
Authors: Vidal Yolanda , Villon Pierre , Huerta Antonio
Published: August 2003

Locking in finite elements has been a major concern since its early developments. It appears because poor numerical interpolation leads to an over‐constrained system. This paper proposes a new formulation that asymptotically suppresses locking for the element free Galerkin (EFG) method in incompressible limit, i.e. the so‐called volumetric locking. Originally it was claimed that EFG did not present volumetric locking. However, recently, performing a modal analysis, the senior author has shown that EFG presents volumetric locking. In fact, it is concluded that an increase of the dilation parameter attenuates, but never suppresses, the volumetric locking and that, as in standard finite elements, an increase in the order of reproducibility (interpolation degree) reduces the relative number of locking modes. Here an improved formulation of the EFG method is proposed in order to alleviate volumetric locking.Diffuse derivatives are defined in the thesis of the second author and their convergence to the derivatives of the exact solution, when the radius of the support goes to zero (for a fixed dilation parameter), it is proved. Therefore, diffuse divergence converges to the exact divergence. Since the diffuse divergence‐free condition can be imposed a priori, new interpolation functions are defined that asymptotically verify the incompressibility condition. Modal analysis and numerical results for classical benchmark tests in solids corroborate this issue. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plane wave basis finite‐elements for wave scattering in three dimensions
Authors: Laghrouche O. , Bettess P. , Perrey‐Debain E. , Trevelyan J.
Published: August 2003

A three‐dimensional finite‐element model for the solution of Helmholtz problems is presented. The element is based on the Melenk and Babuška technique which uses a plane wave basis in combination with conventional polynomial shape functions. This element offers the possibility to compute many wavelengths per nodal spacing. It is constructed by multiplying the shape functions by plane waves propagating in different directions in space. A standard Galerkin–Bubnov weighting is used. The problem of a plane wave scattered by a sphere is presented and the numerical results are compared to the analytical results obtained from the closed‐form series solution. This paper represents the first application of this approach to three dimensions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High pressure die casting simulation using a Lagrangian particle method
Authors: Kulasegaram S. , Bonet J. , Lewis R. W. , Profit M.
Published: August 2003

Mould filling simulation in high pressure die casting has been an attractive area of research for many years. Several numerical methodologies have been attempted in the past to study the flow behaviour of the molten metal into the die cavities. However, many of these methods require a stationary mesh or grid which limits their ability in simulating highly dynamic and transient flows encountered in high pressure die casting processes. In recent years, the advent of meshfree methods have expanded the capabilities of numerical techniques. Hence, these methods have emerged as an attractive alternative for modelling mould filling simulation in pressure die casting processes. In the present work, a Lagrangian particle method called corrected smooth particle hydrodynamics (CSPH) is used to simulate fluid flow in the high pressure die casting cavity. This paper mainly focuses on deriving the fundamental governing equations based on a variational formulation and presents a number of mould filling examples to demonstrate the capabilities of the CSPH numerical model. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coronary atherosclerosis in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Birmingham Carl Laird , Lear Scott A. , Kenyon Jennifer , Chan Sammy Yat Man , Mancini G.B. John , Frohlich Jiri
Published: August 2003

Background

Chest pain is a common complaint in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). Of those who experience chest pain, about 20% meet the diagnostic criteria for typical or atypical angina.

Methods

We compared the intima‐medial thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery measured by ultrasound in AN with controls and found no difference.

Results and Discussion

Although clinically relevant atherosclerosis can occur in patients with a normal IMT, there is a strong correlation between carotid IMT and coronary atherosclerosis. This suggests that an atherosclerotic origin of chest pain in AN patients is unlikely. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 375–377, 2003.
Bone density 11 years after anorexia nervosa onset in a controlled study of 39 cases
Authors: Wentz Elisabet , Mellström Dan , Gillberg Christopher , Sundh Valter , Gillberg I. Carina , Råstam Maria
Published: August 2003

Objective

To evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition 11 years after the onset of anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

Thirty‐nine AN subjects (36 females, 3 males), selected from a population‐based sample, and 46 matched controls (COMP; 43 females, 3 males) were examined by using double‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Only 2 women still had AN. None of the men had AN.

Results

The females in the AN and COMP groups did not differ regarding BMD, nor was there a difference across female groups concerning body mass index (BMI). The female AN group had a significantly lower percentage of body fat. BMD among females in the AN group was related to lowest BMI ever. There was an inverse relationship between lumbar BMD and AN duration.

Discussion

Low BMD is not overrepresented among weight‐restored AN patients at long‐term follow‐up compared with healthy women. However, the inverse relationship between BMD and AN duration may be indicative of a risk for osteopenia in patients with subchronic and chronic AN. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 314–318, 2003.
Influence of sexual orientation and age on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in women
Authors: Moore Fiona , Keel Pamela K.
Published: August 2003

Objective

We evaluated the influence of age on the association between sexual orientation and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in women.

Method

Heterosexual (n = 47) and homosexual (n = 45) women recruited from the community completed self‐report questionnaires including the Body Esteem Scale, the Eating Disorders Inventory‐2, the Reasons for Exercise Inventory, and the Self Esteem Scale.

Results

A multivariate analysis of variance of eating disorder variables revealed a main effect for sexual orientation on drive for thinness and exercise to control weight and a main effect for age on body mass index (BMI) and body dissatisfaction, but it did not reveal a significant interaction between sexual orientation and age.

Discussion

Sexual orientation may influence certain types of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in women such as endorsing an extreme ideal of thinness. However, homosexual and heterosexual women reported more similarities than differences. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 370–374, 2003.
Predictors of childbirth following treatment for bulimia nervosa
Authors: Carter Frances A. , McIntosh Virginia V.W. , Frampton Christopher M. , Joyce Peter R. , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: August 2003

Objective

This study examined women who had babies during 5 year follow‐up after having been treated for bulimia nervosa.

Methods

One hundred twenty‐five heterosexual women participated in a randomized controlled trial that evaluated cognitive‐behavior therapy. They attended at least one follow‐up assessment over 5 years of follow‐up.

Results

Poor functioning following treatment for bulimia nervosa, in combination with demographic variables, was strongly predictive of not conceiving a baby.

Discussion

Women with bulimia nervosa who wish to have a baby should be encouraged and supported to gain whatever benefit they can from treatment. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 337–342, 2003.
Variance estimation for spatially balanced samples of environmental resources
Authors: Stevens Don L. , Olsen Anthony R.
Published: August 2003

The spatial distribution of a natural resource is an important consideration in designing an efficient survey or monitoring program for the resource. We review a unified strategy for designing probability samples of discrete, finite resource populations, such as lakes within some geographical region; linear populations, such as a stream network in a drainage basin, and continuous, two‐dimensional populations, such as forests. The strategy can be viewed as a generalization of spatial stratification. In this article, we develop a local neighborhood variance estimator based on that perspective, and examine its behavior via simulation. The simulations indicate that the local neighborhood estimator is unbiased and stable. The Horvitz–Thompson variance estimator based on assuming independent random sampling (IRS) may be two times the magnitude of the local neighborhood estimate. An example using data from a generalized random‐tessellation stratified design on the Oahe Reservoir resulted in local variance estimates being 22 to 58 percent smaller than Horvitz–Thompson IRS variance estimates. Variables with stronger spatial patterns had greater reductions in variance, as expected. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On detecting hump‐shaped relationships in ecology: a bootstrap test for monotonicity
Authors: Murtaugh Paul A.
Published: August 2003

Ecologists and environmental scientists are often interested in determining whether a response achieves a maximum at an intermediate value of some explanatory variable. Typically, statistical significance of a quadratic term added to a simple linear regression model is interpreted as evidence for an intermediate maximum. Relationships that are monotone but non‐linear can easily be misclassified by this criterion.

A bootstrap test of the monotonicity of the relationship between two variables is proposed, based on fitting an isotonic regression and examining the curvature of scatterplots generated by adding resampled residuals to that regression function. The test operates at or below the nominal level when applied to data sets simulated from a variety of monotone functions, and it has reasonable power against several non‐monotone alternatives. By comparison, a test of the significance of the second‐order coefficient in a quadratic regression may have very high rejection rates when applied to monotone functions with appreciable curvature. This argues for caution in the interpretation of a significant quadratic regression as strong evidence against monotonicity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fire‐resistant cyanate ester–epoxy blends
Authors: Walters Richard N. , Lyon Richard E.
Published: August 2003

The cure chemistry, thermal stability and fire behaviour of a series of fire‐resistant cyanate ester–epoxy blends were examined. The dicyanate and diepoxide of 1, 1‐dichloro‐2, 2‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethylene (bisphenol‐C, BPC) were combined in various molar ratios and the reaction chemistry was monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The fire behaviour of the BPC cyanate–epoxy blends was studied in flaming and non‐flaming combustion, using OSU calorimetry and pyrolysis‐combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC), respectively. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fire‐resistant elastomers
Authors: Lyon Richard E. , Speitel Louise , Walters Richard N. , Crowley Sean
Published: August 2003

The molecular design of semi‐inorganic polymers has produced polysilphenylene–siloxane and polyphosphazene elastomers having comparable fire safety to heat resistant engineering plastics. In flaming combustion a polyphosphazene rubber had a four times lower peak heat release rate than the polyurethane elastomer currently used in fire‐blocked aircraft seat cushions. The addition of expandable graphite flakes to polyurethane and polyphosphazene elastomers reduces their peak heat release rates by factors of seven and five, respectively. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Descriptive functional analysis of behavioral excesses shown by adults with Down syndrome and dementia
Authors: Millichap David , Oliver Chris , McQuillan Sharna , Kalsy Sunny , Lloyd Vicki , Hall Scott
Published: August 2003

Objectives

The study examined the hypothesis that a functional relationship exists between social environmental events and behavioral excesses in individuals with Down syndrome and dementia.

Design

A case‐series design was employed (n = 4) using an direct observation‐based descriptive functional assessment procedure.

Methods

Observations were conducted in the natural environments of four participants over periods ranging from 11 to 15.4 hours. Data were collected on non‐verbal and verbal behavioral excesses, appropriate engagement and verbal interaction with others. Social environmental events observed including both staff and peer behavior.

Results

Analysis of co‐occurrence for behavioral excesses and social environmental events indicated significant relationships for some behaviours consistent with operant reinforcement processes. Sequential analysis showed that changes in the probability of social contact occurred in the period directly preceding and following verbal behaviors.

Conclusions

Results support the hypothesis that, consistent with literature for older adults with dementia in the general population, some behavioral excesses were functional in nature and not randomly occurring events. No relationship was found between appropriate engagement and staff contact. Evidence of the functional nature of target behavioral excesses indicates that behavioral interventions have potential for this client group. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guideline for the management of late‐life depression in primary care
Authors: Baldwin Robert C. , Anderson David , Black Sarah , Evans Sandra , Jones Rob , Wilson Ken , Iliffe Steve
Published: August 2003

Objective

To develop a guideline for the primary care management of depression in later life based on best practice.

Method

Source material included relevant guidelines, literature reviews and consensus documents coupled with an updated literature review covering 1998–October, 2001. This material was summarised as a series of evidence‐based statements and recommendations agreed by consensus.

Results

Good quality evidence exists for the pharmacological and psychological treatment of depressive episode (major depression), although not specifically in primary care. There is some evidence of efficacy of antidepressants in late‐life dysthymia and minor depression associated with poor functional status. In depressive episode, current evidence suggests acute treatment for at least six weeks and a continuation period of at least 12 months. Both tricyclic antidepressants and Selective Serotonin Re‐uptake Inhibitors are effective in longterm prevention. There is less data on how to manage patients who do not respond in the acute treatment phase. More data is needed on sub‐groups of patients with specific co‐morbid medical conditions and those who are frail. Collaborative care is effective in older depressed primary care patients.

Conclusions

There are effective treatments for depression in primary care. More research is needed to address the optimum treatment of depression with medical co‐morbidity and to elucidate the role of newer psychological interventions. Collaborative care between primary care and specialist services is a promising new avenue for management. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Willingness to pay and size of health benefit: an integrated model to test for ‘sensitivity to scale’
Authors: Yeung Raymond Y.T. , Smith Richard D. , McGhee Sarah M.
Published: August 2003

A key theoretical prediction concerning willingness to pay is that it is positively correlated with benefit size and is assessed by testing the ‘sensitivity to scale (scope)’. ‘External’ (between‐sample) sensitivity tests are usually regarded as less powerful than ‘internal’ (within‐subject) tests. However, the latter may suffer from ‘anchoring’ effects. This paper studies the statistical power of these tests by questioning the distributional assumption of empirical data. We present an integrated model to capture both internal and external variations, while controlling for sample heterogeneity, applied to data from a survey estimating the value of reducing symptom‐days. Results indicate that once data is properly transformed, WTP becomes ‘scale sensitive’ and consistent with diminishing marginal utility theory. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A structural econometric model of family valuation and choice of employer‐sponsored health insurance in the United States
Authors: J. Vanness David
Published: August 2003

This paper estimates a fully structural unitary household model of employment and health insurance decisions for dual wage‐earner families with children in the United States, using data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey. Families choose hours of work and the breakdown of compensation between cash wages and health insurance benefits for each wage earner in order to maximize expected utility under uncertain need for medical care. Heterogeneous demand for the employer‐sponsored health insurance is thus generated directly from variations in health status and earning potential. The paper concludes by discussing the benefits of using structural models for simulating welfare effects of insurance reform relative to the costly assumptions that must be imposed for identification. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of infiltration models
Authors: Mishra Surendra Kumar , Tyagi J. V. , Singh Vijay P.
Published: August 2003

Fourteen popular, representative infiltration models, some physically based, some semi‐empirical and some empirical, were selected for a comparative evaluation. Using the Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency criterion, the models were evaluated and compared for 243 sets of infiltration data collected from field and laboratory tests conducted in India and the USA on soils ranging from coarse sand to fine clay. Based on a relative grading scale, the semi‐empirical Singh–Yu general model, Holtan model and Horton model were graded respectively as 6·52, 5·57 and 5·48 out of 10. The empirical Huggins and Monke model, modified Kostiakov and Kostiakov model were graded as 5·57, 5·30 and 5·22, respectively. The physically based non‐linear and linear models of Smith–Parlange were graded as 5·48 and 5·22, respectively. Other models were ranked lower than these models. All the models generally performed poorly in field tests on Georgia's sandy soils, except the Robertsdale loamy sand. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of rainfall‐runoff relation in paddy fields by diffusive tank model
Authors: Chen Rong‐Song , Pi Lan‐Chieh , Huang Ying‐Hua
Published: August 2003

Due to the occurrence of ponding during the period of rice growth, the analyses of rainfall‐runoff in paddy fields are different from those in general lands. The diffusive tank model has been successfully applied in rainfall‐runoff simulations in paddy fields because it can well describe the features of the local water flow. In most of the applications of this model, although the determination of the related model parameters is important, detailed investigations on each individual parameter are definitely needed to improve the accuracy of the results.

In the study, an improved procedure is proposed to determine certain variables involved in the diffusive tank model and the application is conducted in a field area in Taiwan. In the application, the roughness of the river channel was assessed according to the actual field conditions. Instead of using the observed water levels in each rainfall event, the notch width of the rectangular contracted weir per unit area was evaluated by direct field measurements to calibrate the discharge coefficient. Test results from the selected field in six rainfall events showed that the local average value of the notch width of the rectangular contracted weir per unit area was 1·025 m/ha. Compared to the results of field measurements, the relative errors of the predictions were within 3% in all tests of rainfall events. In addition, for different types of catchment partitions, it was found that the corresponding weir discharge coefficients remained roughly unchanged. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reliability‐based selective index for regional flood frequency analysis methods
Authors: Lin Gwo‐Fong , Chen Lu‐Hsien
Published: August 2003

In this paper, a new index is proposed for the selection of the best regional frequency analysis method. First, based on the theory of reliability, the new selective index is developed. The variances of three regional T‐year event estimators are then derived. The proposed methodology is applied to an actual watershed. For each regional method, the reliability of various T‐year regional estimates is computed. Finally, the reliability‐based selective index graph is constructed from which the best regional method can be determined. In addition, the selection result is compared with that based on the traditional index, root mean square error. The proposed new index is recommended as an alternative to the existing indices such as root mean square error, because the influence of uncertainty and the accuracy of estimates are considered. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating pan‐Arctic runoff with a macro‐scale terrestrial water balance model
Authors: Rawlins Michael A. , Lammers Richard B. , Frolking Steve , Fekete Balàzs M. , Vorosmarty Charles J.
Published: August 2003

A terrestrial hydrological model, developed to simulate the high‐latitude water cycle, is described, along with comparisons with observed data across the pan‐Arctic drainage basin. Gridded fields of plant rooting depth, soil characteristics (texture, organic content), vegetation, and daily time series of precipitation and air temperature provide the primary inputs used to derive simulated runoff at a grid resolution of 25 km across the pan‐Arctic. The pan‐Arctic water balance model (P/WBM) includes a simple scheme for simulating daily changes in soil frozen and liquid water amounts, with the thaw–freeze model (TFM) driven by air temperature, modelled soil moisture content, and physiographic data. Climate time series (precipitation and air temperature) are from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis project for the period 1980–2001.

P/WBM‐generated maximum summer active‐layer thickness estimates differ from a set of observed data by an average of 12 cm at 27 sites in Alaska, with many of the differences within the variability (1σ) seen in field samples. Simulated long‐term annual runoffs are in the range 100 to 400 mm year−1. The highest runoffs are found across northeastern Canada, southern Alaska, and Norway, and lower estimates are noted along the highest latitudes of the terrestrial Arctic in North America and Asia. Good agreement exists between simulated and observed long‐term seasonal (winter, spring, summer–fall) runoff to the ten Arctic sea basins (r = 0·84). Model water budgets are most sensitive to changes in precipitation and air temperature, whereas less affect is noted when other model parameters are altered. Increasing daily precipitation by 25% amplifies annual runoff by 50 to 80% for the largest Arctic drainage basins. Ignoring soil ice by eliminating the TFM sub‐model leads to runoffs that are 7 to 27% lower than the control run. The results of these model sensitivity experiments, along with other uncertainties in both observed validation data and model inputs, emphasize the need to develop improved spatial data sets of key geophysical quantities (particularly climate time series) to estimate terrestrial Arctic hydrological budgets better. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disposition of rainwater under creosotebush
Authors: Abrahams Athol D. , Parsons Anthony J. , Wainwright John
Published: August 2003

In desert shrubland ecosystems water and nutrients are concentrated beneath shrub canopies in ‘resource islands’. Rain falling on to these islands reaches the ground as either stemflow or throughfall and then either infiltrates into the soil or runs off as overland flow. This study investigates the partitioning of rainwater between stemflow and throughfall in the first instance and between infiltration and runoff in the second.

Two series of 40 rainfall simulation experiments were performed on 16 creosotebush shrubs in the Jornada Basin, New Mexico. The first series of experiments was designed to measure the surface runoff and was performed with each shrub in its growth position. The second series was designed to measure stemflow reaching the shrub base and was conducted with the shrub suspended above the ground. The experimental data show that once equilibrium is achieved, 16% of the rainfall intercepted by the canopy or 6·7% of the rain falling inside the shrub area (i.e. the area inside the shrub's circumscribing ellipse) is funnelled to the shrub base as stemflow. This redistribution of the rainfall by stemflow is a function of the ratio of canopy area (i.e. the area covered by the shrub canopy) to collar area (i.e. a circular area centred on the shrub base), with stemflow rate being positively correlated and throughfall rate being negatively correlated with this ratio.

The surface runoff rate expressed as a proportion of the rate at which rainwater arrives at a point (i.e. stemflow rate plus throughfall rate) is the runoff coefficient. A multiple regression reveals that 75% of the variance in the runoff coefficient can be explained by three independent variables: the rainfall rate, the ratio of the canopy area to the collar area, and the presence or absence of subcanopy vegetation. Although the last variable is a dummy variable, it accounts for 66·4% of the variance in the runoff coefficient. This suggests that the density and extent of the subcanopy vegetation is the single most important control of the partitioning of rainwater between runoff and infiltration beneath creosotebush. Although these findings pertain to creosotebush, similar findings might be expected for other desert shrubs that generate significant stemflow and have subcanopy vegetation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Runoff responses to afforestation in a watershed of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Huang Mingbin , Zhang Lu , Gallichand Jacques
Published: August 2003

Afforestation has been suggested as a means of improving soil and water conservation in north‐western China, especially on the Loess Plateau. Understanding of the hydrological responses to afforestation will help us develop sustainable watershed management strategies. A study was conducted during the period of 1956 to 1980 to evaluate runoff responses to afforestation in a watershed on the Loess Plateau with an area of 1·15 km2, using a paired watershed approach. Deciduous trees, including locust (locusta L.), apricot (praecox L.) and elm (ulmus L.), were planted on about 80% of a treated watershed, while a natural grassland watershed remained unchanged. It was estimated that cumulative runoff yield in the treated watershed was reduced by 32% as a result of afforestation. A significant trend was also observed that shows annual runoff reduction increases with the age of the trees planted. Reduction in monthly runoff occurred mainly from June to September, which was ascribed to greater rainfall and utilization by trees during this period. Afforestation also resulted in reduction in the volume and peak flow of storm runoff events in the treated watershed with greater reduction in peak flow. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An epidemiologic study of index and family infectious mononucleosis and adult Hodgkin's disease (HD): Evidence for a specific association with EBV+ve HD in young adults
Authors: Alexander Freda E. , Lawrence Davia J. , Freeland June , Krajewski Andrew S. , Angus Brian , Taylor G. Malcolm , Jarrett Ruth F.
Published: August 2003

Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is an established risk factor for Hodgkin's disease (HD). A substantial minority (33%) of cases of HD have Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA within the malignant cells (are EBV+ve). It is unclear whether risk after IM applies specifically to EBV+ve HD. We report the results of a population‐based case‐control study of HD in adults (n = 408 cases of classical HD, 513 controls) aged 16–74 years; the case series included 113 EBV+ve and 243 EBV‐ve HD. Analyses compared total HD, EBV+ve HD and EBV‐ve HD with the controls and EBV+ve HD with EBV‐ve HD cases using, mainly, logistic regression. Regression analyses were adjusted for gender, age‐group and socioeconomic status, and were performed for the whole age range and separately for young (< 35 years) and old adults (≥ 35 years); formal tests of effect modification by age were included. For the young adults, reported IM in index or relative was strongly and significantly associated with EBV+ve HD when compared to controls (odds ratio [OR] = 2.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–7.98 and OR = 5.22, 95% CI: 2.15–12.68, respectively). These results may be interpreted as indications that late first exposure to EBV increases risk of HD, especially in young adults; this applies primarily to EBV+ve HD. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stromal expression of invasion‐promoting, matrix‐degrading proteases MMP‐1 and ‐9 and the Ets 1 transcription factor in HNPCC carcinomas and sporadic colorectal cancers
Authors: Behrens Peter , Mathiak Micaela , Mangold Elisabeth , Kirdorf Simona , Wellmann Axel , Fogt Franz , Rothe Marcus , Florin Alexandra , Wernert Nicolas
Published: August 2003

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers (HNPCCs) are an important subgroup of colorectal carcinomas. Compared to sporadic variants, they present several particular features, the most important of which are less invasive and metastatic properties linked to a more favorable prognosis. This contrasts to the generally poor differentiation of the epithelial tumor component. Since matrix‐degrading proteases secreted by stromal fibroblasts contribute significantly to tumor invasion, we analyzed the stromal expression of 2 matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1 and ‐9) and of one of their regulators, the Ets 1 transcription factor, by both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in sporadic colorectal carcinomas and HNPCC tumors. We found that MMP‐1 and ‐9 as well as Ets 1 are upregulated in the fibroblastic stroma during the development from sporadic adenomas to invasive carcinomas. HNPCC tumors exhibited a significantly lower expression of Ets 1, MMP‐1 and ‐9. These findings on the basis of lower matrix‐degrading properties of the fibroblastic tumor stroma in HNPCC tumors might help to explain why, in spite of their less differentiated phenotype, HNPCC tumors have a less invasive and metastatic potential compared to sporadic cancers. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpression of the β‐catenin binding domain of cadherin selectively kills colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Pierce Michael , Wang Chunwei , Stump Mark , Kamb Alexander
Published: August 2003

The β‐catenin pathway is involved in growth, differentiation and tumor formation. Suppression of pathway activity by expressed inhibitors can cause growth arrest or apoptosis in certain colon carcinoma lines. We compare the effects of 2 pathway inhibitors, a VE‐cadherin cytoplasmic domain fragment (Cad5CD) and a truncated, dominant‐negative Tcf4 (TcfDN), using a microplate assay for cell death and microarray gene expression analysis. The cell‐lethal assay shows that Cad5CD, when expressed in HT29 human colon tumor cells and 3 non‐colon lines, selectively kills the HT29 cells. Cad5CD overexpression inhibits β‐catenin/Tcf4 transcriptional activity, as determined by results from microarray experiments. Our results support the view that β‐catenin is an attractive anti‐cancer target, especially if the Cad5CD binding site or Cad5CD itself can be exploited for drug development. In addition, therapeutically relevant phenotypes such as drug selectivity may be difficult to predict from gene expression analysis alone. Other more specialized phenotypic tests such as cell‐lethal assays may be required. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ASC/TMS1, a caspase‐1 activating adaptor, is downregulated by aberrant metylation in human melanoma
Authors: Guan Xin , Sagara Junji , Yokoyama Taro , Koganehira Yoko , Oguchi Misae , Saida Toshiaki , Taniguchi Shun'ichiro
Published: August 2003

ASC/TMS1 is an adaptor protein activating caspase‐1 that stimulates processing of proIL‐1β and proIL‐18. ASC was reported to be aberrantly methylated and silenced in human breast cancers. In our present study, ASC expression was examined in 12 melanoma cell lines by Western blot analysis and in 18 benign melanocytic nevi and 32 melanoma tissues by immunohistochemical staining. ASC expression was absent or reduced in 7 of 12 (58.3%) cell lines and in 20 of 32 (62.5%) melanoma tissues, whereas all 18 benign melanocytic nevi showed intensive ASC expression. To investigate whether ASC silencing in melanoma is involved in aberrant methylation, methylation specific PCR was carried out. Five of ten (50%) melanoma tissues exhibited methylation in CpG island of ASC companied with reduced ASC expression. Six of twelve (50%) melanoma cell lines showed aberrant methylation in the ASC gene, and 4 of the 6 (66.7%) methylation positive cell lines exhibited reduced ASC expression. We characterized methylation patterns in melanoma cell lines by using bisulfite genomic sequencing, and found that the degree of aberrant methylation correlated with the level of reductive ASC expression. Treatment with demethylating agent 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine resulted in both demethylation of the ASC gene and the upregulation of ASC expression in the methylation positive melanoma cell lines. Our study shows that ASC is downregulated in melanoma, and that its suppression is partially mediated by aberrant methylation. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CYP17 polymorphisms in relation to risks of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: A population‐based study in China
Authors: Madigan M. Patricia , Gao Yu‐Tang , Deng Jie , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Chang Bao‐Li , Zheng Siqun , Meyers Deborah A. , Stanczyk Frank Z. , Xu Jianfeng , Hsing Ann W.
Published: August 2003

Because androgens likely play a key role in prostate growth and prostate cancer development, variants of genes involved in androgen biosynthesis may be related to prostate cancer risk. The enzyme P450c17α, encoded by the CYP17 gene, catalyzes the conversion of progesterone and pregnenolone into precursors of potent androgens. In the 5′ promoter region of the CYP17 gene, a T (A1 allele) to C substitution (A2 allele) has been hypothesized to increase CYP17 gene expression, resulting in higher levels of androgens. To investigate a possible role of CYP17 in prostate diseases, we evaluated the risk of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in relation to variation in CYP17 genotype in a population‐based case‐control study conducted in Shanghai, China. The study included 174 prostate cancer cases, 182 BPH cases and 274 population controls. We observed no statistically significant overall associations of CYP17 genotypes with prostate cancer risk, although associations of the A1/A1 (odds ratio (OR) =1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83–2.48) and A1/A2 (OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.91–2.17) genotypes with prostate cancer were suggested. A similar association of the A1/A1 genotype with BPH was suggested. We found no associations of CYP17 genotypes with serum sex hormone levels or other biomarkers after correction for multiple comparisons. Large population‐based studies are needed to clarify whether CYP17 plays a role in prostate cancer risk and whether genotype effects vary in different racial/ethnic and other subgroups. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Granulocyte/macrophage‐colony stimulating factor and interleukin‐4 expand and activate type‐1 dendritic cells (DC1) when administered in vivo to cancer patients
Authors: Kiertscher Sylvia M. , Gitlitz Barbara J. , Figlin Robert A. , Roth Michael D.
Published: August 2003

Two rare populations of cells with the features of dendritic cell precursors (preDC) can be identified in human peripheral blood. PreDC1 are HLA‐DR+/CD11c+ cells which mature into DC1 capable of stimulating Th1 responses. In contrast, preDC2 are HLA‐DR+/CD11c−/CD123+ cells that promote Th2 responses when matured into DC2. We hypothesized that administration of GM‐CSF and IL‐4, growth factors for DC1, would specifically augment the number and function of circulating DC1 in vivo. Patients with advanced metastatic cancer were treated with GM‐CSF (2.5 μg/kg/day) and IL‐4 (4 or 6 μg/kg/day) for 7 days. Cytokine administration at the highest IL‐4 dose produced an average 2.3‐fold increase in preDC2 number, but a 6.5‐fold increase in preDC1, resulting in an increased ratio of circulating preDC1:preDC2 from 1.4:1 pre‐treatment to 4.3:1 after cytokine therapy. DC1 precursors identified after in vivo therapy were larger, more complex and expressed higher levels of HLA‐DR, CD11c and CD80 than pre‐treatment cells. DC1 isolated from the peripheral blood of patients receiving GM‐CSF/IL‐4 therapy demonstrated MLR activity comparable to that of monocyte‐derived DC generated in vitro from the patients' pre‐treatment blood using GM‐CSF and IL‐4. We conclude that systemic administration of GM‐CSF and IL‐4 preferentially expands and matures the preDC1 population in vivo. These effects correlate with antigen‐presenting activity, providing a mechanism by which systemic GM‐CSF and IL‐4 might stimulate anti‐tumor immunity in vivo. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.