bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Bioenergetics Analysis of Diel Vertical Migration by Kokanee Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka
Authors: Bevelhimer Mark S. , Adams S. Marshall
Published: September 2008

Diel vertical migration of fishes is probably a result of the combined effects of several selective forces, including predator avoidance, foraging efficiency, and bioenergetic efficiency. We considered both foraging efficiency and energetic efficiency as a combined effect which we called growth maximization. The importance of growth maximization as a selective force was evaluated with a bioenergetics-based model to estimate growth rates of various migration scenarios of kokanee salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. Environmental parameters (temperature and zooplankton distributions) in the model were obtained from a North Carolina reservoir with an established population of kokanee. The simulations demonstrated that vertical migrations can be energetically advantageous when kokanee and their prey are thermally segregated and that ontogenetic and seasonal differences in the optimal migration strategy should be expected. The general rule for vertical migration as determined from the simulations is to feed where net energy intake is maximized and then reside when not feeding where energetic costs are minimized and food is digested to the point that consumption during the next feeding period is not limited by the amount of undigested food remaining in the stomach. Data obtained from vertical gill nets and hydroacoustics were compared with model predictions.
Growth Zones within the Statolith Microstructure of the Deepwater Squid Moroteuthis ingens (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae): Evidence for a Habitat Shift?
Authors: Jackson George D.
Published: September 2008

Within the statoliths of the onychoteuthid squid Moroteuthis ingens captured off the southeast coast and the Chatham Rise (New Zealand} between 500 and 1239 m depth, there were conspicuous zones consisting of an inner opaque and outer translucent zone; these strikingly resembled zones observed in some teleost fish otoliths. There was no relationship between the number of increments within the opaque zone among individuals of different length and age, but the width of the opaque zone was negatively related to both mantle length and age. The smallest juveniles captured in bottom trawls had a narrow translucent zone relative to the opaque zone which suggested that the translucent zone is laid down after settlement and that settlement takes place probably at or before 160 mm mantle length in this species. This study suggests that the transition observed within the statolith microstructure of M. ingens represents a habitat change from an epipelagic habitat to a demersal habitat. Evidence for the hypothesis is drawn from analogous features observed within teleost otolith microstructure and from available information on Moroteuthis and Onykia.
Mate Preference in Anadromous and Landlocked Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) Females in Two Alaskan Streams
Authors: Maekawa Koji , Hino Teruaki , Nakano Shigeru , Smoker William W.
Published: September 2008

Observations made on spawning anadromous Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) demonstrated that anadromous females were aggressive toward stream-resident mature males but were never aggressive toward subordinate anadromous males. Landlocked females only attacked subordinate males smaller than the α male. The number of times that females spawned in a nest depended on the mating attempts of stream-resident and subordinate males. Such attempts discouraged females from ovipositing. Through this behaviour, female anadromous Dolly Varden possibly increase anadromy and fitness in offspring by choosing anadromous males; female landlocked Dolly Varden possibly increase the size and fitness of offspring by choosing relatively large males.
Adjusting Mercury Concentration for Fish-Size Covariation: A Multivariate Alternative to Bivariate Regression
Authors: Somers Keith M. , Jackson Donald A.
Published: September 2008

Regression-based methods like analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) are frequently used to adjust one variable for the correlated influence of a second less interesting variable (e.g., mercury concentration and fish size). However, the influence of the covariate (i.e., fish size) is not removed unequivocally when regression slopes are not parallel. Using data on tissue-mercury concentration and fish size from 30 populations of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), we show that data adjusted to a common size with bivariate regression can retain information associated with the original size differences. As an alternative, we use univariate and bivariate summary statistics from each population as raw data in a multivariate analysis to search for differences among populations. Ordination axes resulting from this analysis exhibited both small- and large-scale spatial autocorrelation. Localized spatial patterns probably reflect similar geochemical features of the watersheds of neighbouring lakes in small geographic areas. In contrast, regional spatial autocorrelation suggested broad-scale patterns that may implicate atmospheric inputs of mercury. As an extension of this multivariate approach, both regional and local patterns could be compared with environmental variables to reveal correlations that may suggest new cause-and-effect hypotheses.
Mitochondrial DNA Variation among Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) Strains Stocked into Lake Ontario
Authors: Grewe Peter M. , Krueger Charles C. , Aquadro Charles F. , Bermingham Eldredge , Kincaid Harold L. , May Bernie
Published: September 2008

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation was examined in 492 fish representing six lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) strains used for stocking and restoring populations in Lake Ontario. mtDNA was extracted from 432 fish by a total DNA isolation protocol (CTAB). mtDNA was also extracted from 60 additional fish using the purification method of CsCl ultracentrifugation. The more rapid CTAB protocol made feasible analysis of sample sizes (n ≥ 80 per strain) required as baseline data for future mixed-stock analysis (MSA). Restriction enzymes AvaI, BamHI, HinfI, and TaqI resolved seven mtDNA haplotypes and were used to characterize fish from each of six strains (Clearwater, Jenny, Killala, Manitou, Seneca, and Superior). Frequencies of these haplotypes were significantly different among the six strains (p < 0.001). Differences between haplotype frequencies of the Killala and Superior strains were striking and permit greater discrimination of these strains than allozyme data. The level of differentiation observed among strains indicates that mtDNA haplotype information will enhance the ability of MSA to determine the hatchery strains that serve as parents to lake trout fry collected from Lake Ontario.
Energy Reserve Lipids of Zooplanktonic Crustaceans from an Oligotrophic Saline Lake In Relation to Food Resources and Temperature
Authors: Arts Michael T. , Robarts Richard D. , Evans Marlene S.
Published: September 2008

In three zooplankton species examined over a 2-yr period in an oligotrophic saline (22 g∙L−1) lake, triacylglycerols (energy reserve lipids) were the most abundant lipid class followed by phospholipids and sterols. Marked seasonal differences in patterns of total and energy reserve lipid content in the herbivorous calanoid Leptodiaptomus sicilis were correlated with temporal patterns in edible algal biomass and temperature. The appearance of particular algal species, or groups of similar-sized species, occurred synchronously with changes in lipid content of both L. sicilis and Daphnia pulex. These periods of changing lipid content were used to infer nutritional suitability or inadequacy (unavailability) of specific algae for wild populations of zooplankton. Energy transfer from phytoplankton to the carnivorous calanoid Hesperodiaptomus nevadensis through L. sicilis involved a time lag of approximately 1–2 mo; this was hypothesized to result from a feeding dependency on L. sicilis copepodites due to a gape limitation of the predator. Demographics of D. pulex in this lake were unusual because the species was consistently absent during spring. In addition, total lipids and triacylglycerols were low (<15% and <4.5 μg∙animal−1, respectively), suggesting that D. pulex had been pushed into a subsistence niche by the rising salinity levels.
Estimation of Effective Effort from Catch-at-Age Data
Authors: Paloheimo J. E. , Chen Yong
Published: September 2008

We present a method for estimating effective efforts or fishing mortality rates based on a linearized version of the catch equation. Catch-at-age for at least two age groups over a series of years is required. The method presupposes a value for natural mortality rate (M). The method is validated using simulated data with an appropriate error structure. The algorithm always converges to a set of effective efforts that are compatible with the known catches. Nevertheless, the solution to the basic equations is not unique although the different solutions are typically highly correlated. If the M assumed by the algorithm is the same as the actual M the iterated effective efforts are typically very close to the true effective efforts or fishing mortality rates. If the assumed M is too high or too low the pattern of effective efforts is still recovered to a high degree of accuracy, typically 0.90 < r < 1.00, even though M may be off by as much as 60%. When data for three or more age groups are available the method is extended to at least squares procedure that takes into account the increasing uncertainty of catches with age.
Pup Production of Harp Seals, Phoca groenlandica, in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Stenson G. B. , Myers R. A. , Hammill M. O. , Ni I- H. , Warren W. G. , Kingsley M. C. S.
Published: September 2008

Northwest Atlantic harp seal, Phoca groenlandica, pup production was estimated from aerial surveys flown off eastern Newfoundland ("Front") and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ("Gulf") during March 1990. One visual and two independent photographic estimates were obtained at the Front; a single photographic estimate was obtained in the Gulf. Photographic estimates were corrected for misidentified pups by comparing black-and-white photographs with ultraviolet imagery. Estimates were also corrected for pups absent from the ice at the time of the survey using distinct age-related developmental stages. Stage durations in the Gulf appeared consistent with previous studies but were increased by 30% to improve the fit to staging data collected at the Front. The best estimate of pup production at the Front was obtained from the visual surveys. A total of 467 000 (SE = 31 000) pups were born in three whelping concentrations. The photographic estimates were comparable. Pup production estimates for the southern (Magdalen Island) and northern (Mecatina) Gulf whelping patches were 106 000 (SE = 23 000) and 4 400 (SE = 1300), respectively. Thus, total pup production was estimated to be 578 000 (SE = 39 000).
Seasonal Variation in Plasma Nonesterified Fatty Acids of Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in the Vicinity of Hydroelectric Facilities
Authors: McKinley R. S. , Singer T. D. , Ballantyne J. S. , Power G.
Published: September 2008

To establish the effects of hydroelectric generation on the health of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), seasonal variations in plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) upstream and downstream from hydroelectric stations were measured over a 2-yr period. Plasma NEFA profiles were also compared up- and downstream of the stations for differences in utilization of individual NEFA species as substrates for lipid oxidation. Significantly higher levels of total plasma NEFA were found in lake sturgeon upstream (2355 ± 395.9 nmol/mL) compared with those downstream (798 ± 133.5 nmol/mL) of the generating stations during the spring. The NEFA profiles for several key fatty acid species differed significantly among seasons up- and downstream of the facilities. In particular, during spring and summer, the levels of oleic acid (18:1n9) were highest upstream of the stations and levels of a polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3), were higher below rather than above the stations. The differences in plasma NEFA concentration may be attributed to altered nutritional status due to the varying flow regime located downstream of the hydroelectric stations.
Importance of Condition Factor and the Influence of Water Temperature and Photoperiod on Metamorphosis of Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus
Authors: Youson J. H. , Holmes J. A. , Guchardi J. A. , Seelye J. G. , Beaver R. E. , Gersmehl J. E. , Sower S. A. , Beamish F. W. H.
Published: September 2008

The incidence of metamorphosis of larval sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, was strongly affected by water temperature but not photoperiod. In a 1991 experiment, the development of metamorphosing animals in 13 °C water was retarded about 1 mo relative to animals metamorphosing at 21 °C and to a population from the Chippewa River, Michigan; the minimum length, weight, and condition factor (CF) of metamorphosing experimental animals were 117 mm, 2.8 g, and 1.50, respectively, and only 4% metamorphosed at 13 °C and 18.9% at 21 °C. In 1992, with a population from the Great Chazy River, New York, 66% of the animals at 13 °C and 84% at 21 °C metamorphosed. The higher incidence of metamorphosis in 1992 is partly related to the use of larvae that were larger than the minima established in 1991. We predicted, using criteria defined below, that 74 and 72% of the animals at 13 and 21 °C, respectively, would metamorphose. Our predictions were consistent with observations at 13 °C and for five of seven replicate tanks at 21 °C. We suggest that a presumptive metamorphosing sea lamprey in landlocked populations should be at least 120 mm long, weigh 3.0 g, and have a CF ≥ 1.50 and that these criteria must be used in conjunction.
Effect of Age on the Seasonality of Maturation and Spawning of Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua, in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A. , Myers Ransom A.
Published: September 2008

Analysis of 46 yr of research trawl survey data from seven regions in the Northwest Atlantic (Newfoundland and Labrador) indicated that older individuals of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, of both sexes initiated and completed spawning later, and spawned for a greater length of time, than younger individuals. Within regions, males were in spawning condition for longer periods than females. Among regions, spawning duration of males (age = 11 yr) averaged 43.5 ± 13.6 d and was significantly longer than that of females (age = 11 yr; 25.2 ± 8.4 d). The strong association between age and time of spawning provides empirical evidence of size-specific, assortative mating in cod. The decline in recruitment of cod in NAFO Division 2J3KL since 1962 is associated with a dramatic reduction in the fecundity contribution of older (15–20 yr) relative to younger (7–9 yr) individuals. Our results indicate that this increase in proportional abundance of younger individuals should be concomitant with a decline in the duration of spawning time, reducing the probability that larval emergence will match peak abundances of zooplankton. Thus, age dependence of maturation and spawning times provides a mechanism by which size-selective mortality against larger, older individuals can increase variability in recruitment in Atlantic cod.
Scale Characteristics of Wild and Hatchery Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Rakaia River, New Zealand, and Their Use in Stock Identification
Authors: Unwin M. J. , Lucas D. H.
Published: September 2008

To distinguish between fish with potentially desirable behavioural or genetic traits, we examined scales from wild and hatchery chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Rakaia River, New Zealand, and a tributary, Glenariffe Stream. Scales from wild chinook with a "stream-type" life history corresponded closely to those from 1+ juveniles, but the mean size of the freshwater zone for scales from "ocean-type" adults was significantly larger than for age 0+ juveniles. Scales from fish of hatchery origin lacked a distinct freshwater zone but were distinguishable from scales from wild fish by the location of the first annulus. Linear discriminant function analysis (DFA) based on the location of the first annulus correctly identified 82–90% of the fish in a mixed adult population, increasing to 88–92% when fork length and age were included. Estimates of the number of hatchery fish entering Glenariffe Stream from 1989 to 1992, based on DFA, were consistent with independent estimates derived from coded-wire tag returns.
Estimation of Trap Selectivity for Male Snow Crab (Chionoecetes opilio) Using the SELECT Modeling Approach with Unequal Sampling Effort
Authors: Xu Xucai , Millar Russell B.
Published: September 2008

An experiment was conducted to study trap selectivity for male snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) in St. Mary's Bay, Newfoundland. The finishing effort of large-mesh commercial traps and small-mesh control traps was not equal because two commercial traps were fished for every control trap. We show how the SELECT (Share Each Length's Catch Total) method extends to this situation and, more generally, to selectivity trials in which catches are sampled in unequal proportion. Application to the crab data showed that a good fit was provided by the logistic selection curve under the assumption of unequal fishing efficiencies of commercial and control traps. The carapace widths at the retention probabilities of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 were estimated to be 86.4, 94.6, and 102.9 mm, respectively, and the retention probability at the minimum legal size of 95 mm was estimated to be 0.51. The commercial traps had almost twice the fishing efficiency of the control traps and consequently caught more legal-sized crabs per trap.
Analytical Structuring of Periodic and Regular Cascading Solutions in Self-Pulsing Lasers
Authors: Meziane Belkacem , Aïssani Ahmed
Published: September 2008

A newly proposed strong harmonic-expansion method is applied to the laser-Lorenz equations to analytically construct a few typical solutions, including the first few expansions of the well-known period-doubling cascade that characterizes the system in its self-pulsing regime of operation. These solutions are shown to evolve in accordance with the driving frequency of the permanent solution that we recently reported to illustrate the system. The procedure amounts to analytically construct the signal Fourier transform by applying an iterative algorithm that reconstitutes the first few terms of its development.
Shannon Wavelets Theory
Authors: Cattani Carlo
Published: September 2008

Shannon wavelets are studied together with their differential properties (known as connection
coefficients). It is shown that the Shannon sampling theorem can be considered in a more general
approach suitable for analyzing functions ranging in multifrequency bands. This generalization
coincides with the Shannon wavelet reconstruction of L2(ℝ) functions. The differential properties
of Shannon wavelets are also studied through the connection coefficients. It is shown that Shannon
wavelets are C∞‐functions and their any order derivatives can be analytically defined by some kind of
a finite hypergeometric series. These coefficients make it possible to define the wavelet reconstruction
of the derivatives of the Cℓ‐functions.
A Game-Theoretic Approach for Run-Time Distributed Optimization on MP-SoC
Authors: Puschini Diego , Clermidy Fabien , Benoit Pascal , Sassatelli Gilles , Torres Lionel
Published: September 2008

With forecasted hundreds of processing elements (PEs), future embedded systems will be able to handle multiple applications with very diverse running constraints. Systems will integrate distributed decision capabilities. In order to control the power and temperature, dynamic voltage frequency scalings (DVFSs) are applied at PE level. At system level, it implies to dynamically manage the different voltage/frequency couples of each tile to obtain a global optimization. This paper introduces a scalable multiobjective approach based on game theory, which adjusts at run-time the frequency of each PE. It aims at reducing the tile temperature while maintaining the synchronization between application tasks. Results show that the proposed run-time algorithm requires an average of 20 calculation cycles to find the solution for a 100-processor platform and reaches equivalent performances when comparing with an offline method. Temperature reductions of about 23% were achieved on a demonstrative test-case.
Chaos in Ecology: The Topological Entropy of a Tritrophic Food Chain Model
Authors: Duarte Jorge , Januário Cristina , Martins Nuno
Published: September 2008

An ecosystem is a web of complex interactions among species.
With the purpose of understanding this complexity, it is necessary to study basic food chain dynamics with preys, predators and superpredators interactions. Although there is an elegant interpretation of ecological models in terms of chaos theory, the complex behavior of chaotic food chain systems is not completely understood. In the present work we study a specific food chain model from the literature. Using results from symbolic dynamics,
we characterize the topological entropy of a family of logistic‐like Poincaré return maps that replicates salient aspects of the dynamics of the model. The analysis of the variation of this numerical invariant, in some realistic system
parameter region, allows us to quantify and to distinguish different chaotic regimes. This work is still another illustration of the role that the theory of dynamical systems can play in the study of chaotic dynamics in life sciences.
A Simple Method for Forming Hybrid Core‐Shell Nanoparticles Suspended in Water
Authors: Daigle Jean-Christophe , Claverie Jerome P.
Published: September 2008

Core‐shell hybrid nanoparticles, where the core is an inorganic nanoparticle and the shell an organic polymer, are prepared by a two‐step method. Inorganic nanoparticles are first dispersed in water using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) prepared by reversible
addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization as dispersant. Then, the resulting dispersion is engaged in a radical emulsion polymerization process whereby a hydrophobic organic monomer (styrene and butyl acrylate) is polymerized to form the shell of the hybrid nanoparticle. This method is extremely versatile, allowing the preparation of a variety of nanocomposites with metal oxides (alumina, rutile, anatase, barium titanate, zirconia, copper oxide), metals (Mo, Zn), and even inorganic nitrides (Si3N4).
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in the Management of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Authors: Cendron Marc
Published: September 2008

Antibiotic prophylaxis has been, since 1960s, one of the management options in treating vesicoureteral reflux. The purpose of this review article is to provide a concise overview of the rational for antiobiotic prophylaxis and to discuss the various agents used. Some of the current controversies regarding use of antibiotics for reflux will also be presented.
Acute Pancreatitis Complicating Intragastric Balloon Insertion
Authors: Mohammed AbdulRahman Elsheikh , Benmousa Ali
Published: September 2008

We present a case of acute pancreatitis that happened as a complication of intragastric balloon insertion used for weight reduction in a young obese lady. Although many complications can happen with this type of procedure, this presentation is very rare and may not have been reported previously. The patient responded well to removal of the balloon since her pain resolved completely and her serum amylase normalized. She did not have any obvious cause of pancreatitis other than a significant radiologically proven compression of the pancreas by the balloon.
Urachus Fistula: A Rare First Presentation of Diverticulitis
Authors: Dickhoff C. , Campo M.M. , Ophof P.J.A. , Makkus A.F.C. , Tan K.G. , Plaisier P.W.
Published: September 2008

Urachus fistulas are rare, especially in adulthood. In grown-ups urachus fistulas are usually a reflection of Crohn’s disease. We present a patient in whom an urachus fistula was the first presentation of diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon. The need for proper preoperative diagnostic imaging is discussed.
A Case of Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct with Stromal Invasion
Authors: Nanashima Atsushi , Sumida Yorihisa , Tomoshige Kouichi , Takeshita Hiroaki , Shibata Kenichirou , Sawai Terumitsu , Yasutake Toru , Kinoshita Naoe , Hayashi Tomayoshi , Nakanuma Yasuni , Nagayasu Takeshi
Published: September 2008

Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) represents biliary papillary tumors mainly growing and is considered to be of relatively low-grade malignancy. Here we report a case of IPNB in whom the poorly differentiated component deeply infiltrated the bile duct wall. A 77-year-old male had an invasive carcinoma of the bile duct 3 cm in size. He underwent right hemihepatectomy with combined resection of the extrahepatic bile duct. Papillary growing tumor was observed in the common bile duct and the right posterior Glisson’s pedicle was invaded. Histologic finding showed papillary adenocarcinoma in the surface layer superficially extending to the epithelium of the surrounding bile duct. In the subserosal layer, the tumor represented poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The tumor was diagnosed as invasive bile duct carcinoma arising from IPNB.
Effect of Betadine Vaginal Preparation during Oocyte Aspiration in in vitro Fertilization Cycles on Pregnancy Outcome
Authors: Hannoun Antoine , Awwad Johnny , Zreik Tony , Ghaziri Ghina , Abu-Musa Antoine
Published: September 2008

Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the effect of two methods of vaginal scrubbing before egg retrieval on the outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles. Method: 721 consecutive cycles of IVF-ET, at the American University Hospital of Beirut, were randomized prospectively into one of two groups. In the study group the betadine used to scrub the vagina, prior to egg retrieval, was not washed out, whereas in the control group this betadine was cleansed by saline irrigation. The two groups were compared as to the outcome of their IVF-ET cycles. Result: Both groups were similar in age, mean dose of FSH received, the number of oocytes and embryos obtained, the number of grade 1 embryos obtained, and the fertilization rate. There was no difference in the total pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, missed abortion, and multiple pregnancy rates between the two groups. However, the chemical pregnancy rate was higher in the study group as compared to controls. Conclusion: Vaginal preparation by betadine does not seem to affect the results of IVF. However, because it is associated with an increase in the rate of chemical pregnancy, it is advisable to cleanse before oocyte aspiration.
Effect of Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists on Streptozotocin-Induced Hyperalgesia in Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Bujalska Magdalena
Published: September 2008

The effect of CB-1 and CB-2 receptor agonists, as well as an influence of a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), L-NOArg, and an inhibitor acting preferentially on cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), indomethacin, on the action of cannabinoid receptor agonists in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced neuropathic model was investigated. When administered alone, a non-selective cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN 55,212-2, a potentially selective CB-1 cannabinoid receptor agonist, Met-F-AEA, and a selective CB-2 cannabinoid receptor agonist, AM1241, dose-dependently reduced STZ-induced hyperalgesia. The results of the present study also demonstrated that inhibitors of COX and NOS increase antihyperalgesic activity of low doses of CB-1 and CB-2 receptor agonists. Hypothetical consequences of this phenomenon are discussed.
On Some Phonoarteriographic Aspects of Peripheral Arterial Murmurs Due to Hyperactivity and to Obliterating Arteriopathies
Authors: Pennetti V. , Di Renzi L.
Published: September 2008

Data collected by us call for the following conclusions:1. Phonoarteriographic findings observed on the femoral artery at the inguinal fold, in young normal subjects, after muscular work, are represented by the tone-interval-murmur sequence. The average duration of the arterial murmur is 0.11 sec with extreme values of 0.05 and 0.08 sec.
Fibrinolytic Activity of Shunt Arterial Blood in Patients on Regular Dialysis Treatment
Authors: Rastogi S.P. , Menon I.S.
Published: September 2008

When fibrinolytic activity of arterial blood from arteriovenous shunts in patients on regular dialysis treatment was compared with arterial blood of age-matched subjects without renal disease no statistically significant difference was observed. It is suggested that this may be due either to the damaged kidneys continuing to produce plasminogen activator or to the smaller amount of activator produced by the diseased kidneys being compensated by a reduced removal of it in the lungs.
The Prevention of Lymphostatic Exophthalmus by Pantothenic Acid and Pyridoxine
Authors: Polgár J. , Börcsök Ethel , Györi I. , Földi Katherine , Zoltán Ö.T. , Földi M.
Published: September 2008

Lymphostatic Exophthalmus, brought about by cervical lymphatic blockage in the rat, can be treated successfully by the administration of Pantothenic acid and Pyridoxine.
Dissecting Aneurysm of the Descending Aorta: A Frequently Unrecognized Condition with Overrated Fatality
Authors: Verstraete M. , Collen D.
Published: September 2008

Clinical symptoms are variable and prognosis poor in patients with dissecting aneurysm of the ascending or descending aorta. Dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta is almost always an acute condition with limited survival, since most patients die in the first few days from rupture into the pericardium or thorax. Surgical repair under controlled hypotension should be initiated. Aneurysm of the descending aorta can be an acute complication of hypertension or a more chronic and often unrecognized condition. The early and late prognosis of this group is far better, and hypotensive treatment should be initiated. Secondary re-entry is not unusual. Surgical repair is only considered if the aneurysm extends despite reduction of blood pressure to normal.
Blood Fibrinolytic Activity in Skin Diseases
Authors: Menon I.S. , Cunliffe W.J.
Published: September 2008

In a study of a total of 369 patients with skin diseases, decreased blood fibrinolytic activity was found inpatients with herpes simplex, herpes zoster, erythema multi-forme, five out of six patients with chilblain, two out of five patients with Behçet’s syndrome, three out of five patients with polyarteritis nodosa, 40% of patients with erythema nodosum, 43% of patients with psoriasis, 56 % of patients with cutaneous vasculitis, 45 % of the patients with idiopathic Raynauds disease, 54% of patients with venous leg ulcers, 58% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 52% of patients with eczema, 58% of patients with systemic sclerosis and 50% of patients with acne. The possibility that the decreased fibrinolytic activity in the blood may play an important role in the as yet unknown pathogenesis of some of these diseases is suggested.
Immunological Study on Metabolic Changes in Childhood
Authors: Ježková Z. , Krčílková M.
Published: September 2008

A total number of 219 children from three different regions (low land, hill and mountain country) was examined for the presence of antibodies to a panel of antigens used in studies of atherosclerosis. The average percentage of antibodies found in an unselected group of children aged from 6 to 15 years was 31. This finding would assume the abnormal metabolic defect already in the first and second age decades, accompanied by a subsequent formation of antibodies. The authors discuss its causes and assume that the defect is reversible and can be influenced by a later way of life. The complement consumption test was used as a method of examination.
Treatment of Experimental Lymphoedema with the Semi-Synthetic Bioflavonoid O-(β-Hydroxyethyl)-Rutosides (HR)
Authors: Börcsök Ethel , Földi Katherine , Györi I. , Zoltán Ö.T. , Földi M.
Published: September 2008

Similar to pantothenic acid and pyridoxine, O-(β -hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR) were found to prevent significantly the lymphoedema of the neck and muzzle brought about by surgical lymphatic blockage. The mode of action of the vitamin treatment of lymphoedema remains to be elucidated.
Cervical Venous Blockage: Its Failure to Bring About Fine Structural Alterations in the Brain of the Rat in Contrast with Cervical Lymphatic Blockage
Authors: Várkonyi T. , Zoltán Ö.T. , Csillik B. , Földi M.
Published: September 2008

In contrast with cervical lymphatic blockage which results in Lymphogenous Encephalopathy, ligation of the jugular veins brings about no alterations in the fine structure of the brain, thus no secondary venous stasis whatsoever plays any role in the pathomechanism of Lymphostatic Encephalopathy; this experimental disease arises as a direct consequence of cervicocerebral lymph stasis.
Lipid Storage in Cerebral Pericytes in Lymphogenic Encephalopathy
Authors: Joó F. , Várkonyi T. , Zoltán Ö.T. , Csillik B. , Földi M.
Published: September 2008

Intracellular membrane structures are subjected to a continuous renewal. Breakdown products are undoubtedly partly used for resynthesis locally, partly disposed of. The transport of lipoproteins is generally managed by the lymphatics [7]; in the brain, devoid of lymph vessels, prelymphatic pathways (substance of the basement membranes of the blood capillaries → Virchov-Robin’s intraadventitial spaces → intraadventitial spaces of cervical blood vessels → cervical lymphatics; 4) are fulfilling this task. Stasis of lymph-due lipoprotein molecules induces pericytes to incorporate them. In previous histochemical studies performed on the heart muscle, kidney, liver and intestine it has been shown that a regular consequence of lymphostasis is the appearance of ‘invisible’ lipids, derived from breakdown products of desintegrated cellular membrane structures (lipid phanerosis) [2]. The appearance of lipid droplets in pericytes can be regarded as a cerebral equivalent to this lipid phanerosis. In later stages of lymphogenic encephalopathy, collagenous and collagen-like fibers were seen in the substance of basement membranes [3]. Taking into account this fact and the marked alteration in lipid metabolism and the transport described above we feel justified in suspecting that lymphogenic encephalopathy may have some bearings on cerebral artherosclerosis.
Arterial and Venous Circulation in Ischaemic Foci in the Myocardium
Authors: Eliška O. , Elišková M.
Published: September 2008

Blood flow through the anterior interventricular vein was measured in 17 dogs under normal conditions and after ligating the descending artery. In 10 of these dogs retrograde blood flow was measured in the peripheral stump of the descending ramus and in the anterior interventricular vein 10 and 11 min later. After ligating the descending ramus 16.6–70.5% blood flowed through the ischaemic area into the anterior interventricular vein. The origin of the blood is two-fold: (a) arterial – blood reaching the ischaemic area via arterio-arterial anastomoses and the capillary bed into the vein; (b) venous – from veins of the nonischaemic area via venous anastomoses into veins of the ischaemic area. This flow was explained on a morphological basis by veno-venous anastomoses and by finding a venous pressure gradient between the ischaemic and nonischaemic area. In most cases (in 8 dogs), venous flow from the infarcted area was 14–91 % greater (average 47%) than retrograde flow in the peripheral stump of the artery. In two dogs only was venous blood flow the same or less than arterial. In casts of these two hearts, unlike the previous cases, the supply area of the descending artery and the drainage area of the anterior interventricular vein did not coincide and blood was partly drained into veins of the nonischaemic part. The results show that some of the blood flowing through the ischaemic focus is inadequate for the myocardium on account of its place of origin and consequent lack of oxygen. The possibility of influencing the retrograde arterial blood flow by ligating the septal artery or not is dealt with in the discussion.
Arterial and Venous Circulation in the Ischaemic Myocardium in Young Animals
Authors: Eliška O. , Elišková M.
Published: September 2008

The descending ramus of the left coronary artery was ligated below the branching off of the septal artery in 15 (2 to 4-month-old) puppies, and 10 and 11 min later retrograde blood flow was measured in the peripheral stump and blood flow in the anterior interventricular vein. Veno-venous anastomoses After ligating the descending ramus 8.7–42% of the initial amount of blood flowed through the ischaemic area in the anterior interventricular vein. The origin of the blood is two-fold: arterial, via artero-arterial anastomoses, and venous, via veno-venous anastomoses. Retrograde blood flow in the peripheral stump of the descending ramus was 0–0.45 ml/min. After ligating the descending ramus in puppies 73–99% (average 91%) of the total blood flow from the infarcted area, measured in the anterior interventricular vein, can be attributed to veno-venous anastomoses. In two puppies arterial flow was zero.The injection of the vessels showed insignificantly formed arterio-arterial anastomoses in contrast to the network of veno-venous anastomoses. Both the blood flow values and the morphological findings are evidence that in puppies it is mostly venous blood which flows through the ischaemic area. The proportion is greater (91%) than in adult dogs (47%).
Effects of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline on Euglobulin Lysis Time and Effects of Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Agents on Shortening of Lysis Time by Adrenaline
Authors: Ishioka T. , Matsumura T. , Shimamoto T.
Published: September 2008

Adrenaline in an intravenous dose of 0.1 µg per kg induced a significant shortening of the euglobulinlysis time in 8 healthy subjects. On the other hand, the euglobulin lysis time was not hastened by intravenous injections of the same dose of 1-noradrenaline in 8 healthy subjects. The shortening of the euglobulin lysis time induced by 0.1 µg per kg of adrenaline was blocked by the pretreatment with 300 mg of nethalide in 8 healthy subjects but not blocked by the pretreatment with 30 mg of phenoxybenzamine in 5 healthy subjects.
Volumen- und «Wasseraviditäts»-Bestimmungen im Gehirn bei der lymphogenen Encephalopathie und beim Triaethylzinnsulphat (TZS)-Hirnoedem der Ratte
Authors: Deák I. , Sonkodi S. , Börcsök Ethel , Györi I. , Szántó F. , Sipos S. , Zoltán Ö.T. , Földi M.
Published: September 2008

1. Durch Hirnvolumenbestimmungen Hess sich das Entstehen eines Hirnoedems bei der durch Unterbindung bzw. Resektion der cervikalen Lymphbahnen herbeigeführten lymphogenen Encephalopathie der Ratte erneut bestätigen. Ein Vergleich des Schweregrades dieses Hirnoedems mit demjenigen, welches bei mit verschiedenen TZS-Dosen vorgenommenen Vergiftungen entsteht, gestattete eine dem funktionellen und neuropathologischen Zustand des Zentral-nervensystems entsprechende Einstufung des Hirnoedems der lymphogenen Encephalopathie in eine Standard-Hirnoedemform. 2. Es wurde ein neues Verfahren zur Messung der «Wasseravidität ) > der Hirnsubstanz beschrieben und gezeigt, dass sich die Hirnsubstanz beim TZS-Oedem im Zustand einer – in unseren Versuchen bis auf das 3,8fache des Normalwertes – erhöhten, bei der lymphogenen Encephalopathie einer subnormalen «Wasseraviditäty > befindet.
Responsiveness of the Terminal Vascular Bed in Fast and Slow Skeletal Muscles to α-Adrenergic Stimulation
Authors: Gray Sarah D.
Published: September 2008

In the light of known differences in bio-chemical, histological, and biophysical characteristics of fast and slow muscle, it was thought feasible to investigate possible differences in vascular properties. The present study has shown that vascular reactivity to α-adrenergic stimulation by both topical application of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and reflex activation of sympathetic nerves, is graded in both fast and slow muscles from precapillary sphincters which are the most sensitive, to small and then larger arterioles. In addition, the vessels of fast muscle are more sensitive to stimulation by those agents than are the vessels of slow muscle. The vascular bed in fast muscle is characterized by vasomotion (intermittency of flow rate and pattern) and many momentarily inactive capillaries (no moving red cells) in the resting state, whereas the flow in slow muscle capillaries is much more steady and uniform.
Influence in vitro d’une série de flavonoïdes sur des enzymes du métabolisme des mucopolysaccharides de veines saphènes humaines et bovines
Authors: Niebes P. , Laszt L.
Published: September 2008

The activity of enzymes, extracted from the varicose human saphenous vein and the normal bovine saphenous vein, which intervene in the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycanhydrolases) is inhibited in vitro by the action of certain fiavonoids (o-β-hydroxyaethylrutosidea, [+] catechine and certain of its derivatives). (+) Catechine, afteroxidation, shows the strongest inhibiting effect.
Die Feinstruktur der Venenwand bei Varikose
Authors: Zwillenberg L.O. , Laszt L. , Zwillenberg Helga
Published: September 2008

The normal ultrastructure of a large cutaneous vein of the (hind) leg is described in an introductory chapter. This mentions, inter alia, the demonstration of acid mucopolysaccharides periodically attached to collagen fibrils, the immature character of most elastic fibres in the tunica intima and tunica media, and the mature aspect of elastic tissue in the tunica adventitia. Both varicose and non-varicose venous specimens of 60 patients with varicosis were examined. Two thirds of the varices were classified as belonging to the type which we have proposed to call C-type (C for collagen) with normally developed, mature elastic tissue in the tunica adventitia, but with foci of abnormal collagen fibrils in the vicinity of smooth muscle cells. The abnormal fibrils show swelling and helical splitting, resembling the findings of Peracchia and Vassallo (1966) in thromboangiitis obliterans. Collagen fibrils with periodical cloud-like attachments are also found. The relation of the latter to a possible coarsening of the periodically attached structures with acid groups remains unclear. Less than one third of the varices are described as the type which we have proposed to call E-type (E for elastic tissue) with an immature aspect of most elastic tissue of the tunica adventitia and only sparse abnormal collagen fibrils. The E-type cases are generally advanced varices, often with some sclerosis. Five mixed cases were found, showing characteristics both of the C-type and the E-type. Especially in patients with E-type varices, abnormal collagen fibrils were found in the non-varicose specimens, too. Such fibrils could not be demonstrated in the connective tissue of inguinal skin of varicosis patients. In non-varicose venae saphenae magnae of five coronary patients abnormal collagen fibrils were abundantly found. In a control case they occurred sporadically and in the vena tibialis of cattle not at all. In varicose and non-varicose specimens of the great saphenous vein of varicosis patients the vasa vasorum may show multiple laminae densae in the endothelial basement membrane. The discussion includes remarks on a possible pathophysiological enzymic influence of the smooth muscle cells on the surrounding connective tissue.
Einfluss der Muskelkontraktion auf die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit und Dämpfung der Pulswellen
Authors: Hardung V.
Published: September 2008

If we suppose that the smooth muscle of the vessel wall develops an additional stress when the vessel wall is stretched, a mathematical analysis shows that in the absence of a natural positive damping of the pulse wave a negative damping constant might result, whereas the propagating speed of the pulse wave will be but slightly altered. This effect occurs only when the additional stress lags behind the elastic deformation. In reality, the positive damping due to visco-elasticity will generally be greater than the negative one due to muscle activity, in such a way that the positive damping will only be reduced by the latter. But some experiments on dogs let us surmise, that the negative damping exceeded the positive one.
Ontogenic Development of Vascular Reactivity in Fast and Slow Muscles of the Neonatal Rat Hindlimb
Authors: Gray Sarah D.
Published: September 2008

During the first three weeks of postnatal development the pattern of vascular reactivity typical of fast and slow muscle differentiates. In adult rat fast musclarteriolar smooth muscle cells are more sensitive to norepinephrine by several orders of magnitude than are those of slow muscle. In the early postnatal period there are no differences in the two types of muscle as far as vascular reactivity is concerned. At the time of weaning the vascular beds show almost the same reactivity patternas is found in the adult.
‘Seamless’ Endothelia within Fenestrated Capillaries of Duodenal Villi (Rat)
Authors: Wolff J.R. , Moritz A. , Güldner F.-H.
Published: September 2008

In a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the vascular system of a duodenal villus of rat, special endothelia which lack the interendothelial contacts (seamless endothelia) have been studied. They are perforated by the lumen instead of wrapping it. They only occur in the interconnected small capillaries while they are lacking in the main loops. This distribution may be due to the way in which these special endothelia develop.
A Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) Study on the Endothelium of the Normal Rabbit Aorta
Authors: Christensen Collatz , Garbarsch C.
Published: September 2008

In scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies the appearance of the normal endothelial surface of the rabbit thoracic aorta was considered. The intercellular bridges described by other authors as elements of the normal endothelial surface were interpreted as artifacts in this study. In silver stained preparations the endothelial cells appeared as oblong rhombic fields depicted by sinuous silver lines and with their long axes forming acute angles with the coarse longitudinal folds produced by the first elastic lamella. The endothelial surface was smooth, the nuclei were faintly visible and in unstained specimens cell boundaries were not clearly demarcated. Artifacts probably produced by fixation, dehydration, air drying and coating were frequent, appearing as shrinkage, tissue rupture and curling up of the cells.
Escape from Drug-Induced Constriction of Isolated Arterial Segments from Various Vascular Beds
Authors: Fara J.W. , Ross G.
Published: September 2008

The tension response to prolonged noradrenaline exposure was studied in arterial segments from the mesenteric, splenic, hepatic, renal, and femoral vasculatures of the cat. Vessel segments responded to noradrenaline superfusion with an initial, rapid increase intension, which subsequently ‘escaped’ toward control levels during continued noradrenaline exposure. This escape was observed in arteries from all the vascular beds studied, but most frequently in the hepatic, mesenteric, and splenic vessels. Additionally, mesenteric vessels escaped in response to vasopressin, adrenaline, and phenylephrine. Vasoconstrictor escape in the isolated arterial segments closely corresponds with reported in vivo blood flow responses of the respective vasculatures and the mechanism of vasoconstrictor escape is discussed.