bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of reducing sugars and protein‐to‐sugar ratios on volatile profile, pH, and browning intensity of Maillard‐reacted nutritional yeast hydrolysate
Authors: Theng Alicia Hui Ping , Osen Raffael , Chiang Jie Hong
Published: July 2024

This study investigated the effects of reducing sugars and protein‐to‐sugar ratios on generating volatile compounds from nutritional yeast hydrolysates after Maillard reaction. Nutritional yeast extract (NYE) was cleaved using Flavourzyme® at an enzyme‐to‐substrate ratio of 0.5% w/w, followed by heat treatment with varying concentrations of reducing sugars (i.e., hexoses: glucose and fructose and pentoses: xylose and ribose). The results showed that pentoses generate higher numbers and concentrations of volatiles than hexoses, especially furans, Strecker aldehydes, and sulphur‐containing compounds such as dimethyl disulphide. However, hexoses produced higher concentrations of pyrazines. Strecker aldehydes and pyrazines served as key aroma‐active compounds in meat aroma. Likewise, sulphur‐containing compounds played an important role in meat aroma due to their low detection threshold. The results showed that reducing sugars significantly impacts the volatile profile of NYE, potentially influencing the formation of meaty aroma compounds. These findings demonstrate the potential of MRPs to enhance meaty flavours due to the presence of volatile compounds with characteristics of cooked meat.
Australian and New Zealand Society of Respiratory Science position statement for arterial blood gas sampling
Authors: Seccombe Leigh M. , Keatley Donna R. , Robles Robert A. , Reesor Shawna R. , Brazzale Danny J.
Published: July 2024

The assessment of gas exchange under varying ambient and metabolic conditions is an important and fundamental investigation of respiratory function. The gold standard is an arterial blood gas (ABG) sample; however, the procedure is not universally performed by medical scientists, is not standardised, and is typically taught by a subjective Halsted ‘see one, do one’ approach. The Australian and New Zealand Society of Respiratory Science recognised the need to create an ABG position statement that includes the required pre‐requisite education, an evidence‐based procedure and the minimum reporting and competency assessment requirements. This position statement aims to minimise patient discomfort, to improve puncture success rate and reduce the potential for sample handling and analysis error. Importantly, this position statement translates to all relevant health professionals, including medical officers, scientists, nursing staff and allied health.
NME4 suppresses NFκB2‐CCL5 axis, restricting CD8+ T cell tumour infiltration in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zheng Shutao , He Shuo , Liang Yan , Liu Qing , Liu Tao , Tan Yiyi , Peng Tianyuan , Huang Conggai , Gao Haidong , Lu Xiaomei
Published: July 2024

Thought of as a metastasis‐associated gene, however, NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 4 (NME4) has rarely been described in the context of the tumour microenvironment. To understand the immunological implications of NME4 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we used multiplex immunohistochemistry to analyse the clinicopathological and prognostic importance of NME4 expression. Then, after establishing a syngeneic tumour model with a C57BL/6 mouse strain that can recapitulate the tumour microenvironment of humans, we examined the immunological involvement of NME4 expression. To explore the underlying molecular mechanism, via quantitative proteomics and protein microarray screening, we investigated the potential signalling pathways involved. The clinicopathological and prognostic importance of NME4 expression is limited in ESCC patients. In vivo, single‐cell RNA sequencing showed that NME4 strikingly prevented CD8+ T cells from infiltrating the tumour microenvironment in murine ESCC. Mechanistically, we mapped out the NFκB2‐CCL5 axis that was negatively controlled by NME4 in the murine ESCC cell line AKR. Collectively, these data demonstrated that regulation of NFκB2‐CCL5 axis by NME4 prevents CD8+ T cells infiltration in ESCC.
Achieving consensus on the key elements of a nurse‐led multidisciplinary chronic heart failure service in Thailand: An e‐Delphi study
Authors: Koontalay Apinya , Botti Mari , Hutchinson Anastasia
Published: July 2024

Aims

To describe the outcomes of an e(electronic)‐Delphi survey used to achieve consensus on the essential elements that should be included in a multidisciplinary, nurse‐led service for patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).

Design

The study design was based on a three‐round e‐Delphi survey.

Methods

A series of three survey rounds were used to gather expert opinions and achieve consensus on the key elements that should be included in a CHF disease management program from a sample of healthcare professionals and organizational leaders with expertise in existing CHF services. Consensus for each item was defined as at least 90% agreement.

Results

There were 20 participants (18 healthcare professionals and 2 organizational leaders) in round‐1, 22 (20 healthcare professionals and 2 organizational leaders) in round‐2, and 17 (15 healthcare professionals and 2 organizational leaders) in round‐3. Fifteen participants attended a final online meeting (13 healthcare professionals and 2 organizational leaders). Consensus was obtained on five essential components: (i) consumer education, (ii) treatment optimization using a multidisciplinary approach, (iii) discharge planning, (iv) provision of supportive community care and (v) mechanisms to respond to early symptoms of decompensated CHF.

Conclusion

Participants focused on mechanisms to improve treatment effectiveness, patient and family knowledge, communication between healthcare providers and supportive care in the community. The proposed model of care may be useful to other health service providers who are designing or adapting CHF models of care for the South‐East Asian environment.

Impact

This research provides a solid basis for using a Delphi method to resolve the challenges and issues of transferring global model‐based recommendations in CHF knowledge. The Delphi method proved successful as an important step in developing a culturally acceptable model of chronic care that meets the goals of local healthcare providers.
Evaluation of education initiatives to increase delivery of age‐friendly care in retail clinics
Authors: Schiltz Nicholas K. , Armstrong Grace Q. , Foradori Megan A. , Ball Sarah , Duffy Evelyn G. , McCormack Mary E. , Pino Lilia , Pohnert Anne M. , Dolansky Mary A.
Published: July 2024

Background

The Age‐Friendly Health Systems model, encompassing four key elements (4Ms)—What Matters, Medication, Mentation, Mobility—is integral to delivering high‐quality care to older adult patients. In May 2020, the MinuteClinic at CVS implemented the 4Ms model in all 1100+ store locations nationwide. To prepare healthcare providers to deliver 4Ms care, educational modules were developed to provide an understanding of the gerontology principles that support the 4Ms model of care. Our goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of these education modules on improving reliable 4Ms delivery during retail clinic visits.

Methods

Educational modules were provided to nurse practitioners and physician associates to complete in a self‐directed manner. These included an orientation module with scenarios comparing usual care and 4Ms care, 12 monthly grand rounds focusing on 4Ms case studies, and 10 video vignettes on 4Ms integration. We examined the association between number of education modules completed with the average number of Ms delivered per visit (M‐Score) using descriptive statistics and a generalized linear mixed‐effects model.

Results

Over 70% of 2783 providers completed at least one education module. Rates of 4Ms care delivery were 1.37 (1.36–1.39, p < 0.001) times higher among those that completed an orientation course compared to those that did not. Higher uptake of education exhibited a dose–response relationship with rate ratios between 1.77 (1.74–1.80, p < 0.001) for 1–2 modules beyond orientation, up to 2.94 (2.90–2.99, p < 0.001) for eight or more modules.

Conclusions

The self‐directed learning environment (e.g., providers self‐select the number and type of courses) reflects real‐world variation in engagement. Despite this variation, significant improvements in 4Ms delivery were observed at any level of educational exposure, underscoring the value of prioritizing education time with quality improvement initiatives.
Asymmetric Effects of Monetary Policy on Firms
Authors: KURT EZGI
Published: July 2024

This paper documents firm‐level evidence on the asymmetric effects of monetary policy in the United States. Focusing on the 1980q3–2019q4 period, I find that monetary tightenings show larger effects on firms' employment and sales than monetary easings. In comparison, investment rate does not generate significant asymmetry in response to sign‐dependent monetary policy shocks. I interpret these findings in the context of downward nominal wage rigidity and investment irreversibility channels. Furthermore, I exploit cross‐sectional variation and show that employment of small, nondividend payer, low credit rating, and young firms displays larger contractions in response to a monetary tightening.
Using dermal filler to camouflage forehead osteoma: A case report
Authors: Lee Kar Wai Alvin , Chan Lisa Kwin Wah , Hung Lee Cheuk , Wu Raymond , Wong Sky , Siew Tuck Wah , Wan Jovian , Yi Kyu‐Ho
Published: July 2024

Objective

To review the technique and outcomes of using dermal filler to camouflage forehead osteoma, providing a minimally invasive alternative to surgical excision.

Background

Forehead osteoma, commonly known as a forehead bump or bone spur, can be a cosmetic concern. Surgical excision, while effective, carries risks of scarring and postoperative complications. An innovative approach using dermal filler offers a potential solution.

Methods

A hyaluronic acid‐based filler is injected into the deep subcutaneous plane over the bony prominence using a cannula. The fanning technique ensures even distribution of the filler. The procedure's safety, patient selection, and communication between the injector and patient are emphasized to achieve optimal results.

Results

The technique provides immediate aesthetic improvement with results that can last up to 12 months, depending on the filler used. While generally safe, potential complications include infections, swelling, asymmetry, and lumpiness. Proper technique, patient selection, and good communication between the injector and patient are critical to achieving optimal outcomes.

Conclusion

Using dermal filler to camouflage forehead osteoma is a minimally invasive alternative to surgical excision, offering immediate and long‐lasting results with minimal downtime and fewer risks. Further studies are needed to refine the technique and optimize outcomes.
Competitive federalism, individual autonomy, and citizen sovereignty
Authors: Vanberg Viktor J.
Published: July 2024

The paper examines the theory of competitive federalism, focusing specifically on Hayek's and Buchanan's significant contributions to this theory. Looking at the rivalry between sub‐units in federal systems and drawing an analogy between market competition and intergovernmental competition, the theory of competitive federalism stresses the critical role viable exit options play as operating force in both arenas. The principal claim argued for in this paper is that by exclusively focusing on exit in its territorial dimension, the theory of competitive federalism obfuscates the fact that “exit” can mean two critically different things in federal systems. It can mean exiting from the territory over which a government exercises its assigned authority, and it can mean exiting from a polity in the sense of giving up one's membership status in the respective community. The paper discusses the nature, the significance, and the implications of the difference between these two kinds of exit.
Environmental and anthropogenic factors mediating the functional connectivity of the mesquite lizard along the eastern Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt
Authors: Romero‐Báez Óscar , Murphy Melanie A. , Díaz de la Vega‐Pérez Aníbal H. , Vázquez‐Domínguez Ella
Published: July 2024

Functional connectivity, the extent to which a landscape facilitates or impedes the dispersal of individuals across the landscape, is a key factor for the survival of species. Anthropogenic activities, such as urbanization, agriculture and roads, negatively impact functional connectivity of most species, particularly low‐vagility species like lizards. Here, we examine how a landscape modified by anthropogenic activities affects the functional connectivity, at both broad and fine scales, of a widely distributed generalist lizard Sceloporus grammicus in the eastern Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt, Mexico. We estimated for the first time the species' genetic structure, gene flow and functional connectivity in agricultural and forest zones using genomic data, a comprehensive landscape characterization and novel methods including gravity models. Our results showed not only marked genetic differentiation across the study region but also that functional connectivity is maintained for tens of kilometres despite S. grammicus low vagility. Specifically, we found that substrate and air temperature facilitated connectivity over broad and fine scales, respectively, while agricultural cover, relative humidity and slope were important for connectivity and gene flow. Contrastingly, forest cover and roads favoured (broad‐scale) and limited (fine‐scale) connectivity, likely associated with movement facilitated by small forest patches and with thermoregulation. Altogether, these results support that S. grammicus alternates its thermoregulatory behaviour depending on the distance travelled and the habitat environmental conditions, and that it can disperse through relatively modified landscapes, mainly using agricultural zones. The information obtained is crucial to understanding the response of lizards to current anthropogenic pressures and their potential to adapt.
Enhancement of in situ detection and imaging of phytohormones in plant tissues by MALDI‐MSI using 2,4‐dihydroxy‐5‐nitrobenzoic acid as a novel matrix
Authors: Chen Lulu , Zhang Yue , Hao Qichen , Fu Jinxiang , Bao Zhibin , Bu Yufen , Sun Na , Wu Xinyuan , Lu Liang , Kong Zhaosheng , Qin Liang , Zhou Yijun , Jing Yanping , Wang Xiaodong
Published: July 2024

Phytohormones possess unique chemical structures, and their physiological effects are regulated through intricate interactions or crosstalk among multiple phytohormones. MALDI‐MSI enables the simultaneous detection and imaging of multiple hormones. However, its application for tracing phytohormones is currently restricted by low abundance of hormone in plant and suboptimal matrix selection.

2,4‐Dihydroxy‐5‐nitrobenzoic acid (DHNBA) was reported as a new MALDI matrix for the enhanced detection and imaging of multiple phytohormones in plant tissues. DHNBA demonstrates remarkable sensitivity improvement when compared to the commonly used matrix, 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), in the detection of isoprenoid cytokinins (trans‐zeatin (tZ), dihy‐drozeatin (DHZ), meta‐topolin (mT), and N6‐(Δ2‐isopentenyl) adenine (iP)), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and 1‐aminocyclo‐propane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) standards.

The distinctive properties of DHNBA (i.e. robust UV absorption, uniform matrix deposition, negligible background interference, and high ionization efficiency of phytohormones) make it as an ideal matrix for enhanced detection and imaging of phytohormones, including tZ, DHZ, ABA, indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA), and ACC, by MALDI‐MSI in various plant tissues, for example germinating seeds, primary/lateral roots, and nodules.

Employing DHNBA significantly enhances our capability to concurrently track complex phytohormone biosynthesis pathways while providing precise differentiation of the specific roles played by individual phytohormones within the same category. This will propel forward the comprehensive exploration of phytohormonal functions in plant science.
Modelling and projecting regional electricity demand for Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mikayilov Jeyhun I. , Darandary Abdulelah
Published: July 2024

We address the shortcomings associated with modelling national aggregate electricity consumption in a large and diverse country with unique regional characteristics. Focusing on Saudi Arabia, we employ an econometric approach to analyse the distinct responses of its regions to electricity prices and income levels. The study employs a general to specific modelling approach, utilizing data from 1990 to 2019 within the conventional energy demand theoretical framework. Our region‐specific estimations reveal income and price as the primary drivers, with the southern region exhibiting a higher sensitivity to income, while the eastern region shows a comparatively smaller response to prices attributed to its significant industrial presence. Elasticities for the central and western regions align with previous research, while eastern and southern regions exhibit larger elasticities. Weather impacts are observed only in the warmest western region, characterised by a substantial share of residential electricity consumption. Furthermore, we utilise our estimated model to project a regional baseline demand for electricity in Saudi Arabia and demonstrate how prices affect regions differently. This information is important for an oil‐exporting country like Saudi Arabia, considering the diverse fuel mix used for electricity generation across regions. Assuming moderate economic growth and no price change, our baseline projections indicate a total electricity demand of 366 terawatt hours (TWh) by 2030.
A Journey Towards a Non‐Western International Relations Theory: Non‐Western Conceptualization of the English School
Authors: Yoochul Lee
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this study is to examine non‐Western international relations theory (IRT) and explore, at the theoretical level, the potential for epistemological autonomy from the confines of Western‐centered epistemology prevalent in existing IRT. As a consequence, the non‐Western world, subjected to colonialist expansion and modernization and often regarded as merely the leaves, has been relegated to a passive role within the international system, becoming a disengaged object of little interest. However, what has existed cannot be entirely erased. While it is undeniable that international politics was predominantly developed based on a Western‐centric epistemology, other ancient civilizations had diverse international systems and orders that molded their identities as regional international societies. Consequently, the study provides a crucial backdrop for theoretical endeavors aimed at integrating the voices and experiences of the Global South into IRT, which has traditionally been dominated by Western perspectives. This study seeks to explore the potential for transcending Western intellectual hegemony by critiquing the limitations of a singular worldview and expanding and transforming the English School Theory (EST). It seeks to investigate the possibility of moving beyond Western‐centricity in international relations theory by conducting a historical comparison of civilizations across countries and the associated disciplines within civilizations as a field.
Viral and non‐viral episodes of wheezing in early life and the development of asthma and respiratory phenotypes among urban children
Authors: Havens Tara N. , LeBeau Petra , Calatroni Agustin , Gern James E. , O'Connor George T. , Wood Robert A. , Lamm Carin , Krouse Rebecca Z. , Visness Cynthia M. , Gergen Peter J. , Jackson Daniel J. , Bacharier Leonard B.
Published: July 2024

Background

Viral wheezing is an important risk factor for asthma, which comprises several respiratory phenotypes. We sought to understand if the etiology of early‐life wheezing illnesses relates to childhood respiratory and asthma phenotypes.

Methods

Data were collected prospectively on 429 children in the Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma (URECA) birth cohort study through age 10 years. We identified wheezing illnesses and the corresponding viral etiology (PCR testing of nasal mucus) during the first 3 years of life. Six phenotypes of respiratory health were identified at 10 years of age based on trajectories of wheezing, allergic sensitization, and lung function. We compared the etiology of early wheezing illnesses to these wheezing respiratory phenotypes and the development of asthma.

Results

In the first 3 years of life, at least one virus was detected in 324 (67%) of the 483 wheezing episodes documented in the study cohort. Using hierarchical partitioning we found that non‐viral wheezing episodes accounted for the greatest variance in asthma diagnosed at both 7 and 10 years of age (8.0% and 5.8% respectively). Rhinovirus wheezing illnesses explained the most variance in respiratory phenotype outcome followed by non‐viral wheezing episodes (4.9% and 3.9% respectively) at 10 years of age.

Conclusion and Relevance

Within this high‐risk urban‐residing cohort in early life, non‐viral wheezing episodes were frequently identified and associated with asthma development. Though rhinovirus wheezing illnesses had the greatest association with phenotype outcome, the specific etiology of wheezing episodes in early life provided limited information about subsequent wheezing phenotypes.
From eradication to conservation: identifying areas for restoration and management of a Pliocene relic in a changing climate
Authors: Pennartz Katie J. , Tanner Evan P. , Carroll J. Matthew , Elmore R. Dwayne , Davis Craig A. , Fuhlendorf Samuel D.
Published: July 2024

By 1985, approximately 400,000 ha of the keystone species Shinnery oak's (Quercus havardii) historic distribution had been eliminated for agricultural purposes across the southwestern United States. These trends indicate a need for targeted conservation and restoration efforts, especially considering the increased attention received for its role in providing habitat for endangered fauna. Setting spatially explicit conservation targets can be challenging for species with limited distributions, as the change in climate conditions over time may disconnect the relationship between environmental suitability and static, topo‐edaphic factors. Our objective was to identify areas for Shinnery oak restoration and conservation and explore the role climate plays in determining these areas while considering topo‐edaphic relationships. We constructed ecological niche models to estimate Shinnery oak's distribution under current climate conditions and temporally transferred our model using an ensemble‐mean of general circulation models to identify areas predicted to retain environmental suitability for Shinnery oak through 2100. The current distribution model was best informed by one climate and two topo‐edaphic variables. We created a second distribution model excluding topo‐edaphic variables to estimate future plant–climate relationships. Incorporating insights from models informed by both static (e.g. soil) and dynamic (e.g. climate) variables, we identified areas for conservation characterized by persistent climate suitability and high soil type suitability. Lastly, we incorporated data on land use and ownership to explore socio‐ecological influences on management decisions. By identifying areas of agreement between our modeled distributions and considering social context, we prioritized conservation areas where environmental suitability persists under changing conditions to facilitate restoration success.
Efficacy of invasive plant control depends on timing of herbicide application and invader soil seedbank density
Authors: Rodriguez Clarissa S. , McDonald Christopher J. , Bean Travis M. , Larios Loralee
Published: July 2024

Understanding the underlying temporal dynamics influencing invasive plant control outcomes is essential to achieve restoration and land management goals. Within grasslands, herbicides are commonly used as the main method for invasive plant control, but the efficacy of management may be dependent on seasonal dynamics, as well as the number of applications. Additionally, assessments to quantify invasive plant control are often limited to aboveground plant composition, overlooking the potential repository of propagules stored in the soil seedbank, and additional impacts on nontarget species. To ensure that an herbicide method is effectively controlling invader populations, while limiting impacts on the resident plant communities, both above‐ and belowground species responses must be assessed. We established an herbicide field experiment across different sites and years in Riverside, CA, U.S.A., to assess the control of a global annual invasive forb, Oncosiphon pilulifer. We investigated how seasonal herbicide management (early‐season vs. late‐season) and repeated annual herbicide applications (1 vs. 2 years) influenced cover and seedbank density of our focal invader and the resident plant community 1 year after treatment. We found that although late‐ and early‐season‐applied herbicides reduced invader cover, early‐season applications were the only strategy to reduce invader seedbank density, indicating potential longer term management control. Lastly, native cover was limited in post‐treated areas, suggesting that additional management strategies may be needed to overcome native establishment limitations in invaded grasslands.
Upland vegetation removal as a potential tool for facilitating landward salt marsh migration
Authors: Raposa Kenneth B. , Weber Robin L. J. , Durant Daisy , Mitchell Jon C. , Rasmussen Scott , McKinney Richard A. , Wigand Cathleen
Published: July 2024

To increase the resilience of salt marshes subject to sea‐level rise impacts, managers can focus on interventions within current marsh footprints or in adjacent uplands to facilitate landward marsh migration. The latter approach may be more appropriate when degradation is severe and in situ intervention options are limited. Strategies for facilitating marsh migration include removing artificial barriers, soil grading to reduce steep topography, and manipulating adjacent upland vegetation that can hinder migration, but experiments testing the effectiveness of these activities are limited. We therefore conducted a field experiment to determine if physically removing three upland vegetation types (forest, shrub, and Phragmites australis) adjacent to a Rhode Island salt marsh facilitates short‐term marsh migration. Upland vegetation removal led to increased ambient light in all habitats, significantly enhanced marsh plant cover, extent, and elevation in shrub habitat, and declines in total bird abundance in forest and shrub habitats. Enhanced migration did not occur in forest or Phragmites habitats, and in shrubs, marsh plants only colonized where Baccharis halimifolia, common in upper marsh borders, had been removed. Five years after removal, all upland habitats and associated vegetation were indistinguishable from initial conditions. Our study suggests that upland plant removal might provide a limited window for facilitating salt marsh migration and that more intensive methods may be needed for sustained, longer‐term benefits. It also demonstrates that there may be ecological trade‐offs to consider when altering upland habitats to enhance landward marsh migration.
Associations of lipids in adolescence and adulthood with self‐ and other‐directed compassion in adulthood
Authors: Pihlaja Sofia , Jääskeläinen Erika , Heikkilä Laura , Hintsanen Mirka
Published: July 2024

Self‐ and other‐directed compassion have been linked with better mental and physical health but research on factors contributing to their development is scarce. Previous studies indicate a possible causal relationship of lipids with personality and socioemotional functioning. As an extension to earlier research, in the present study we examine whether lipids assessed in adolescence and adulthood are associated with self‐compassion and other‐directed compassion in adulthood. The study utilizes data on lipids from two follow‐ups in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 at ages 15–16 and 33–35. In the latter follow‐up also self‐compassion and other‐directed compassion were assessed with the self‐compassion scale – short form and the subscale for compassion in the dispositional positive emotions scale, respectively. The sample for the cross‐sectional associations of lipids in adulthood with the compassion variables in adulthood includes 1,459 participants, whereas the sample for the longitudinal associations of lipids in adolescence and the compassion variables in adulthood consists of 1,509 participants. The associations were examined with hierarchical linear regression (lipids as continuous variables) and univariate general linear model (lipids as categorical variables). The results suggest that in women, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in adolescence is associated with high empathic concern (a component of other‐directed compassion) in adulthood. The results show further that, in women, an HDL cholesterol level above 1.2 mmol/L in adulthood is associated with high other‐directed compassion and empathic concern in adulthood. The present study provides tentative evidence that biological factors such as lipids might play a role in the development of empathic concern and other‐directed compassion.
Food insecurity: The resilient, but “silent poverty” perspectives of older ethnic minority individuals within UK communities
Authors: McEachern Morven G. , Ellahi Basma , Muzahid Khan D. L.
Published: July 2024

Food insecurity is acknowledged as a key social determinant of health among older adults. Despite recording significantly higher levels of poverty in comparison to white ethnic groups, older individuals from ethnic minorities are under‐represented as recipients of food aid. Thus, there are knowledge gaps in our understanding of older people and their experiences of food insecurity within ethnic minority communities. Through the theoretical lens of Individual and Community Resilience, we empirically advance our understanding of food security and resilience within South Asian communities via in‐depth interviews with community stakeholders and older individuals from Bangladeshi and Pakistani communities across the Greater Manchester region. Our findings reveal that the integration of temporal, environmental and social constructs within a resilience framework reveals significant potential for further negative social, cultural and economic impact on older ethnic minorities in the future, especially as current food support services do not appear to cater for ethnic dietary preferences, language accessibility and/or cultural norms regarding asking for help/charity outside the home. We predict therefore, in combination with the identified persistent stressors, that food insecurity issues within older ethnic minority communities are likely to get much worse, resulting in the need for extensive resilient capacities to cope with future cost‐of‐living challenges. In acknowledging previous limitations within previous resilience frameworks, we propose an incremental contribution to theory and conclude by identifying culturally and operationally appropriate food support system approaches, which can be used to address the increasing prevalence of “silent poverty” within ethnic minority communities.
Transforming waste to wealth: Impact of food waste‐derived soil amendments and synthetic nitrogen fertilizer on soil dynamics
Authors: O'Connor James , Mickan Bede S. , Gurung Sun K. , Siddique Kadambot H. M. , Leopold Matthias , Bühlmann Christopher H. , Bolan Nanthi S.
Published: July 2024

Approximately one‐third of all food produced globally goes to waste, highlighting the need for sustainable waste management technologies like composting and anaerobic digestion. These technologies convert food waste into soil amendment products such as compost, liquid digestate (LD) and solid digestate (SD). However, these food waste‐derived soil amendments have relatively low nutrient contents compared with synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers such as urea, making their agricultural use challenging. Despite this, food waste‐derived soil amendments can enhance the physical and biological properties of soil, potentially creating synergistic effects when combined with synthetic N fertilizers. This study aimed to investigate effects of food waste‐derived amendments in soil applied at 50 kg ha−1 total N (compost, LD or SD) and synthetic N fertilizer [urea ammonium nitrate (UAN)] at 50 and 100 kg ha−1 total N. Over 56 days of soil incubation, greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O), soil chemistry (–N, –N, pH) and microbial biomass C (MBC) were measured. Results showed that LD + UAN 50 reduced cumulative N2O emissions by 23% compared with UAN 100, despite having the same total N and similar available N rate applied to soil. Replacing UAN with LD in farming practices can supply equivalent available N while lowering N2O emissions, offering a sustainable nutrient strategy. Moreover, applying food waste‐derived soil amendments can enhance N retention in soils, reducing the need for increased applications of synthetic N fertilizers to compensate for N deficits in farming. Food waste‐derived soil amendments can also act as a slower N release compared with UAN, reducing nitrogen run‐off. SD had the highest CO2 emissions, followed by LD and compost. SD + UAN 50 increased MBC levels because of higher carbon content and labile carbon, and available N because of the application of UAN. The major drawback of using SD compared with LD is that the process of evaporating LD to form SD causes high ammonia volatilization (ammonium in solution into ammonia gas) rates, reducing the available N in SD. Therefore, future studies should explore strategies to reduce ammonia volatilization of LD.
Identification of the new allele HLA‐C*04:01:01:186 in a Greek individual using next generation sequencing
Authors: Mantzios Petros , Athanassiades Theofilos , Kouniaki Diamanto , Kitsiou Vasiliki , Tsirogianni Alexandra
Published: July 2024

The newly discovered HLA‐C*04:01:01:186 allele differs from HLA‐C*04:01:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution in intron 3.
The I in logic
Authors: Russell Gillian
Published: July 2024

This paper argues for the significance of Kaplan's logic LD in two ways: first, by looking at how logic got along before we had LD, and second, by using it to bring out the similarity between David Hume's thesis that one cannot deduce claims about the future on the basis of premises only about the past, and the so‐called "essentiality" of the indexical.
Lexical variation of woods and bush in Ontario English
Authors: Tagliamonte Sali A. , Jankowski Bridget L.
Published: July 2024

This paper examines ongoing lexical variability among words that describe areas with trees, such as woods, bush and forest, among others. The historical perspective shows ongoing semantic evolution of these terms, from wood(s) (c.825) to the emergence of bush in the late 16th century or early 17th century. We assess regional, social and linguistic patterns of variation in 1849 tokens, from individuals born in the late 1800s to early 200s across 21 communities in Ontario, Canada. The most common word is bush; use of woods is moderate while forest is rare. Ancestry and migration play key roles in their distribution, demonstrating that ancestral roots, migration and language contact play into the selection of a word. We argue that lexical variation, when analysed in a comparative sociolinguistic perspective in the context of social typology, history and geographic location, offers important insights into language use and human behaviour.
The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Viola labradorica (Violaceae)
Authors: GO Ah-Reum , YOO Ki-Oug
Published: July 2024

Viola labradorica is commonly known as Alpine violet, American dog violet, Dog violet, and Labrador violet. This species is distributed throughout eastern Canada and North America. In the present study, we sequenced the chloroplast genome of V. labradorica for the first time and performed a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Viola. The length of the chloroplast genome of V. labradorica was 158,751 bp. A large single-copy region (87,211 bp), a small single-copy region (17,344 bp), and two inverted repeat regions (27,098 bp each) were identified. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted using 77 protein-coding genes from the chloroplast genomes of 34 Viola. Salix koriyanagi (Salicaceae) was used as an outgroup. The genus Viola forms a monophyletic clade. Among the clades for the genus Viola, the sect. Viola formed a clade and was divided into two subclades: subsect. Viola and subsect. Rostratae. Within the subsect. Rostratae, V. labradorica was placed in a basal position. These results contribute to a clear identification of the phylogenetic position of V. labradorica in the subsect. Rostratae.
Re-evaluation of the taxonomic identity of Angelica fallax (Apiaceae) and its conservation status
Authors: KIM Kyeonghee , SUH Hwa-Jung , JI Heewon , SONG Jun-Ho
Published: July 2024

A re-evaluation of the taxonomic identity of Angelica fallax H. Boissieu (Apiaceae), a species endemic to Jejudo Island is presented. A. fallax has mostly been treated as a synonym of A. polymorpha Maxim. or sometimes as neither a species nor a synonym in Korea. A. fallax should be considered a species distinct from A. polymorpha based on a detailed re-examination of the original morphological description of the type materials. It is clearly distinguishable from A. polymorpha due to its recurved rachides, obsolete calyx teeth, four or five conspicuous bractlets, slightly zygomorphic peripheral flowers, and mericarps bearing thick primary ribs with an inflated base. Especially, A. fallax has larger mericarps than A. polymorpha; the mericarps do not overlap with each other in size. Furthermore, the two species showed significant differences in leaf and mericarp epidermal characteristics, including the arrangement and shape of epidermal cells and cuticular ornamentation. The morphological differences strongly suggest that the two species are taxonomically distinct. Thus, it is recommended that A. fallax be resurrected from the synonymy of A. polymorpha. A full description, illustrations, color photographs, taxonomic note, ecology, phenology of the species, and an identification key for all Korean species of Angelica are provided. Additionally, listing A. fallax as Vulnerable (VU D2) on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List is recommended.
Threats to Journalism Practice in South America Due to Lack of Trauma Literacy in Professional Training: Results of a Survey in Brazil and Colombia
Authors: Rocha Paula Melani , Zauith Gabriella , Manrique-Villanueva Lina María Patricia
Published: July 2024

This discussion is part of the work of the Research Group on Education in Journalism and Trauma (JETREG), focusing on the exposure of Brazilian and Colombian journalists to risks in the exercise of their profession. The article analyzes responses of 50 Brazilian and Colombian professors who participated in the web survey on traumatic coverage and the inclusion of this topic in journalism teaching. The method involves survey. The fact that in Colombia and Brazil most journalism schools are private results in avoiding talking about risks of traumatic situations that the profession involves, as this can affect the demand of young people who want to graduate for this job and have great impact on already offering and distributing dispersed classes in the curriculum. The study pointed: i) gender attacks; ii) coverage of human rights; and iii) attacks on press freedom.
Thermal Spreading Resistance of Surface Adjacent Localized Heating-Induced Size Effects in Semiconductors
Authors: Abdolhosseinzadeh Amir , Donmezer Nazli
Published: July 2024

Localized heating is encountered in various scenarios, including the operation of transistors, light-emitting diodes, and some thermal spectroscopy techniques. When localized heating occurs on a scale comparable to the mean free path of the dominant energy carriers, additional thermal resistance is observed due to ballistic effects. The main objective of this study is to find a relation between this resistance, problem geometry, and material thermal properties in situations involving localized heating. Models based on the solution of the Fourier heat diffusion equation and the gray phonon Boltzmann Transport Equation are solved simultaneously to calculate the additional thermal resistances that arise from surface adjacent localized heating. Subsequently, the results are analyzed to derive the desired relationship. It is noted that in the context of localized heating resistance, the effects of geometrical variables are nonlinear and substantial, particularly when the Knudsen numbers for the boundary and heat source exceed certain thresholds. Specifically, when the Knudsen number for the surface adjacent heat source exceed 1, localized heating resistance is observed. However, when the Knudsen number based on heat source height and width surpasses 8 and 20, respectively the heat source behaves akin to a point source, no longer significantly affecting the localized heating resistance. At this juncture, the maximum resistance limit is reached.
Methodology to Characterize Row Manifolds for High Power Direct to Chip Liquid Cooling Data Centers
Authors: Shahi Pardeep , Heydari Ali , Eslami Bahareh , Radmard Vahideh , Hinge Chandraprakash , Modi Himanshu , Chinthaparthy Lochan Sai Reddy , Tradat Mohammad , Agonafer Dereje , Rodriguez Jeremy
Published: July 2024

Demand is growing for the dense and high-performing IT computing capacity to support artificial intelligence, deep learning, machine learning, autonomous cars, the Internet of Things, etc. This led to an unprecedented growth in transistor density for high-end CPUs and GPUs, creating thermal design power (TDP) of even more than 700 watts for some of the NVIDIA existing GPUs. Cooling these high TDP chips with air cooling comes with a cost of the higher form factor of servers and noise produced by server fans close to the permissible limit. Direct-to-chip cold plate-based liquid cooling is highly efficient and becoming more reliable as the advancement in technology is taking place. Several components are used in the liquid-cooled data centers for the deployment of cold plate-based direct-to-chip liquid cooling like cooling loops, rack manifolds, CDUs, row manifolds, quick disconnects, flow control valves, etc. Row manifolds used in liquid cooling are used to distribute secondary coolant to the rack manifolds. Characterizing these row manifolds to understand the pressure drops and flow distribution for better data center design and energy efficiency is important. In this paper, the methodology is developed to characterize the row manifolds. Water-based coolant Propylene glycol 25% was used as the coolant for the experiments and experiments were conducted at 21 °C coolant supply temperature. Two, six-port row manifolds' P-Q curves were generated, and the value of supply pressure and the flowrate were measured at each port. The results obtained from the experiments were validated by a technique called flow network modeling (FNM). FNM technique uses the overall flow and thermal characteristics to represent the behavior of individual components.
Stoichiometry and architecture of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Authors: Zdanowicz Rafal , Afanasyev Pavel , Pruška Adam , Harrison Julian A. , Giese Christoph , Boehringer Daniel , Leitner Alexander , Zenobi Renato , Glockshuber Rudi
Published: July 2024

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) is a key megaenzyme linking glycolysis with the citric acid cycle. In mammalian PDHc, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding protein (E3BP) form a 60-subunit core that associates with the peripheral subunits pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The structure and stoichiometry of the fully assembled, mammalian PDHc or its core remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the human PDHc core is formed by 48 E2 copies that bind 48 E1 heterotetramers and 12 E3BP copies that bind 12 E3 homodimers. Cryo–electron microscopy, together with native and cross-linking mass spectrometry, confirmed a core model in which 8 E2 homotrimers and 12 E2-E2-E3BP heterotrimers assemble into a pseudoicosahedral particle such that the 12 E3BP molecules form six E3BP-E3BP intertrimer interfaces distributed tetrahedrally within the 60-subunit core. The even distribution of E3 subunits in the peripheral shell of PDHc guarantees maximum enzymatic activity of the megaenzyme.
Dynamic STEM-EELS for single-atom and defect measurement during electron beam transformations
Authors: Roccapriore Kevin M. , Torsi Riccardo , Robinson Joshua , Kalinin Sergei , Ziatdinov Maxim
Published: July 2024

This study introduces the integration of dynamic computer vision–enabled imaging with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). This approach involves real-time discovery and analysis of atomic structures as they form, allowing us to observe the evolution of material properties at the atomic level, capturing transient states traditional techniques often miss. Rapid object detection and action system enhances the efficiency and accuracy of STEM-EELS by autonomously identifying and targeting only areas of interest. This machine learning (ML)–based approach differs from classical ML in that it must be executed on the fly, not using static data. We apply this technology to V-doped MoS
2
, uncovering insights into defect formation and evolution under electron beam exposure. This approach opens uncharted avenues for exploring and characterizing materials in dynamic states, offering a pathway to increase our understanding of dynamic phenomena in materials under thermal, chemical, and beam stimuli.
Electron bifurcation and fluoride efflux systems implicated in defluorination of perfluorinated unsaturated carboxylic acids by
Acetobacterium
spp
Authors: Yu Yaochun , Xu Fengjun , Zhao Weiyang , Thoma Calvin , Che Shun , Richman Jack E. , Jin Bosen , Zhu Yiwen , Xing Yue , Wackett Lawrence , Men Yujie
Published: July 2024

Enzymatic cleavage of C─F bonds in per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is largely unknown but avidly sought to promote systems biology for PFAS bioremediation. Here, we report the reductive defluorination of α, β-unsaturated per- and polyfluorocarboxylic acids by
Acetobacterium
spp. The microbial defluorination products were structurally confirmed and showed regiospecificity and stereospecificity, consistent with their formation by enzymatic reactions. A comparison of defluorination activities among several
Acetobacterium
species indicated that a functional fluoride exporter was required for the detoxification of the released fluoride. Results from both in vivo inhibition tests and in silico enzyme modeling suggested the involvement of enzymes of the flavin-based electron-bifurcating caffeate reduction pathway [caffeoyl-CoA reductase (CarABCDE)] in the reductive defluorination. This is a report on specific microorganisms carrying out enzymatic reductive defluorination of PFAS, which could be linked to electron-bifurcating reductases that are environmentally widespread.
Vulnerable fishes, inattentive humans
Authors: Franks Becca
Published: July 2024

A comprehensive analysis of 2048 species of reef fishes reveals the shortcomings of human interest: The most at-risk species generally receive the least attention.