bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Rubi-Like Virus in the Pacific Electric Ray (Tetronarce californica) Reveals the Complex Evolutionary History of the Matonaviridae
Authors: Grimwood Rebecca M. , Holmes Edward C. , Geoghegan Jemma L.
Published: March 2021

Rubella virus (RuV) is the causative agent of rubella (“German measles”) and remains a global health concern. Until recently, RuV was the only known member of the genus Rubivirus and the only virus species classified within the Matonaviridae family of positive-sense RNA viruses. Recently, two new rubella-like matonaviruses, Rustrela virus and Ruhugu virus, have been identified in several mammalian species, along with more divergent viruses in fish and reptiles. To screen for the presence of additional novel rubella-like viruses, we mined published transcriptome data using genome sequences from Rubella, Rustrela, and Ruhugu viruses as baits. From this, we identified a novel rubella-like virus in a transcriptome of Tetronarce californica—order Torpediniformes (Pacific electric ray)—that is more closely related to mammalian Rustrela virus than to the divergent fish matonavirus and indicative of a complex pattern of cross-species virus transmission. Analysis of host reads confirmed that the sample analysed was indeed from a Pacific electric ray, and two other viruses identified in this animal, from the Arenaviridae and Reoviridae, grouped with other fish viruses. These findings indicate that the evolutionary history of the Matonaviridae is more complex than previously thought and highlights the vast number of viruses that remain undiscovered.
Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Jumbo Phage from Leaf Litter Compost and Its Suppressive Effect on Rice Seedling Rot Diseases
Authors: Sasaki Ryota , Miyashita Shuhei , Ando Sugihiro , Ito Kumiko , Fukuhara Toshiyuki , Takahashi Hideki
Published: March 2021

Jumbo phages have DNA genomes larger than 200 kbp in large virions composed of an icosahedral head, tail, and other adsorption structures, and they are known to be abundant biological substances in nature. In this study, phages in leaf litter compost were screened for their potential to suppress rice seedling rot disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia glumae, and a novel phage was identified in a filtrate-enriched suspension of leaf litter compost. The phage particles consisted of a rigid tailed icosahedral head and contained a DNA genome of 227,105 bp. The phage could lyse five strains of B. glumae and six strains of Burkholderia plantarii. The phage was named jumbo Burkholderia phage FLC6. Proteomic tree analysis revealed that phage FLC6 belongs to the same clade as two jumbo Ralstonia phages, namely RSF1 and RSL2, which are members of the genus Chiangmaivirus (family: Myoviridae; order: Caudovirales). Interestingly, FLC6 could also lyse two strains of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, suggesting that FLC6 has a broad host range that may make it especially advantageous as a bio-control agent for several bacterial diseases in economically important crops. The novel jumbo phage FLC6 may enable leaf litter compost to suppress several bacterial diseases and may itself be useful for controlling plant diseases in crop cultivation.
High Heterogeneity of Echoviruses in Brazilian Children with Acute Gastroenteritis
Authors: do Socorro Fôro Ramos Endrya , Rosa Ulisses Alves , de Oliveira Ribeiro Geovani , Villanova Fabiola , de Pádua Milagres Flávio Augusto , Brustulin Rafael , dos Santos Morais Vanessa , Bertanhe Mayara , Marcatti Roberta , Araújo Emerson Luiz Lima , Witkin Steven S. , Delwart Eric , Luchs Adriana , da Costa Antonio Charlys , Leal Élcio
Published: March 2021

Echoviruses (E) are a diverse group of viruses responsible for various pathological conditions in humans including aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, and acute flaccid paralysis. The detection and identification of echovirus genotypes in clinical samples is challenging due to its high genetic diversity. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of nine echoviruses, obtained by next-generation sequencing of 238 fecal samples from individuals with gastroenteritis in regions of Brazil. Detected viruses were classified into six genotypes: Three E1 sequences (BRA/TO-028, BRA/TO-069 and BRA/TO-236), one E3 (BRA/TO-018), one E11 (BRA/TO-086), one E20 (BRA/TO-016), two E29 (BRA/TO-030 and BRA/TO-193), and one E30 sequence (BRA/TO-032). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the echoviruses E1 and E29 circulating in Brazil are divergent from strains circulating worldwide. The genotype diversity identified in our study may under-represent the total echovirus diversity in Brazil because of the small sample size and the restricted geographical distribution covered by the survey.
The Portal Vertex of KSHV Promotes Docking of Capsids at the Nuclear Pores
Authors: Dünn-Kittenplon Daniela , Ashkenazy-Titelman Asaf , Kalt Inna , Lellouche Jean-Paul , Shav-Tal Yaron , Sarid Ronit
Published: March 2021

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a cancer-related herpesvirus. Like other herpesviruses, the KSHV icosahedral capsid includes a portal vertex, composed of 12 protein subunits encoded by open reading frame (ORF) 43, which enables packaging and release of the viral genome into the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Capsid vertex-specific component (CVSC) tegument proteins, which directly mediate docking at the NPCs, are organized on the capsid vertices and are enriched on the portal vertex. Whether and how the portal vertex is selected for docking at the NPC is unknown. Here, we investigated the docking of incoming ORF43-null KSHV capsids at the NPCs, and describe a significantly lower fraction of capsids attached to the nuclear envelope compared to wild-type (WT) capsids. Like WT capsids, nuclear envelope-associated ORF43-null capsids co-localized with different nucleoporins (Nups) and did not detach upon salt treatment. Inhibition of nuclear export did not alter WT capsid docking. As ORF43-null capsids exhibit lower extent of association with the NPCs, we conclude that although not essential, the portal has a role in mediating the interaction of the CVSC proteins with Nups, and suggest a model whereby WT capsids can dock at the nuclear envelope through a non-portal penton vertex, resulting in an infection ‘dead end’.
Intra-Event Isotopic Changes in Water Vapor and Precipitation in South China
Authors: Li Xingxian , Tang Changyuan , Cui Jingsi
Published: March 2021

Synchronous observations of the isotopic composition of water vapor and precipitation for 24 rain events were performed. Rain events driven by low-level jets exhibited similar isotopic changes in precipitation and water vapor. The vertical activity of water vapor in convection causes the isotopic variation in precipitation to be opposite to that of water vapor. Isotopic changes of precipitation in low-pressure systems were partially synchronized with that of water vapor at high but not low water vapor concentrations. Changes in microphysical meteorological properties in stratiform precipitation give rise to different patterns of isotopic changes in water. The re-evaporation of raindrops can be determined by the enrichment ratio of heavy isotopes in the water under the cloud base, which is closely related to the raindrop radius. Stratiform precipitation, with small raindrop sizes, was prone to kinetic fractionation under the cloud base. The raindrop radius of low-level jets was small, favoring exchange with surrounding air and re-evaporation. The moist air mass in convection facilitates isotopic exchange of raindrops with surrounding water vapor, leading to low enrichment ratios. The lowest enrichment ratios in low-pressure systems were due to environments characterized by large-scale water vapor convergence.
Relationship between Phase Composition and Mechanical Properties of Peat Soils Stabilized Using Oil Shale Ash and Pozzolanic Additive
Authors: Rikmann Ergo , Zekker Ivar , Teppand Tõnis , Pallav Vello , Shanskiy Merrit , Mäeorg Uno , Tenno Toomas , Burlakovs Juris , Liiv Jüri
Published: March 2021

Construction of road embankments in peatlands commonly involves replacement of the peat with a fill-up soil of an adequate load-bearing capacity. This usually requires a lowering of the water level, turning a peatland from a carbon sink to a source of greenhouse gases. Thus, alternatives are sought that are less costly in both economic and ecological terms. Mass-stabilization technology can provide a cheap substitute for Portland cement. Calcareous ashes (waste materials), supplemented with pozzolanic and alkali additives to facilitate and accelerate the setting and hardening processes, are attractive alternatives to soil excavation or replacement techniques. Silica fume and waterglass were used as pozzolanic agents and KOH as a soil-alkalizing agent. X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses and stress–strain tests were performed for the hardened samples. Crystallization of alkali feldspars was observed in all test samples. Comparable hardening of peat soil was achieved for both ashes. It was shown that the ashes of Estonian kukersite (oil shale) from both pulverized firing and a circulating fluidized bed incineration process (produced in energy sector as quantitatively major solid waste in Estonia) can be used as binding agents for peat stabilization, even without the addition of Portland cement. Hardened peat soil samples behaved as a ductile material, and the cellulose fibers naturally present in peat gave the peat–ash composite plasticity, acting mechanically in the same way as the steel or glass fiber in ordinary reinforced concrete. The effect of peat fiber reinforcement was higher in cases of higher load and displacement of the composite, making the material usable in ecological constructions.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Nourishment in Decadal Barrier Island Morphological Resilience
Authors: Passeri Davina L. , Bilskie Matthew V. , Hagen Scott C. , Mickey Rangley C. , Dalyander P. Soupy , Gonzalez Victor M.
Published: March 2021

Nourishment has shown to be an effective method for short-term storm protection along barrier islands and sandy beaches by reducing flooding, wave attack and erosion. However, the ability of nourishment to mitigate the effects of storms and sea level rise (SLR) and improve coastal resilience over decadal time scales is not well understood. This study uses integrated models of storm-driven hydrodynamics, morphodynamics and post-storm dune recovery to assess the effectiveness of beach and dune nourishment on barrier island morphological resilience over a 30-year period, accounting for storms and a moderate amount of SLR. Results show that at the end of the 30 years, nourishment contributes to maintaining island volumes by increasing barrier height and width compared with a no-action scenario (i.e., no nourishment, only natural recovery). During storms where the collision regime was dominant, higher volumes of sand were lost from the wider beach in the nourishment scenario than in the no-action scenario. During stronger storms, nourishment reduced dune overtopping compared with the no-action scenario, allowing the island to maintain height and width. Additionally, nourishment was particularly effective in reducing breaching during back-to-back storms occurring in the same year.
Evaluating the Performance of Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-2 in Small Waterbody Mapping over Urban and Mountainous Regions
Authors: Jiang Hao , Wang Mo , Hu Hongda , Xu Jianhui
Published: March 2021

Accurate waterbody mapping can support water-related environment monitoring and resource management. The Sentinel series satellites provide high-quality Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and optical observations that are commonly used in waterbody mapping. However, owing to the 10-m spatial resolution of Sentinel data, previous studies mostly focused on the mapping of large waterbodies. In this work, we evaluated the performance of small waterbody mapping over urban and mountainous regions with two datasets, the average annual VH backscatter coefficients (VHavg), derived from the Sentinel-1A series, and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), derived from cloud-free Sentinel-2. A proven framework of waterbody mapping based on watershed segmentation and noise reduction was employed to assess the performance of the two datasets in waterbody identification. The validation was performed by comparing their results with 1-m spatial resolution reference waterbody data. Assessment metrics, including Precision, Recall, and F-measure, were employed. Results showed that: (1) the MNDWI outperformed the VHavg by 9 percentage points of the F-measure; (2) there was more room for results of VHavg to improve the accuracy through a combination with noise reduction; and (3) the potential smallest identifiable waterbody area (recall rate larger than 0.8) was larger than 104 m2.
Enhancing a Transition to a Circular Economy in the Water Sector: The EU Project WIDER UPTAKE
Authors: Mannina Giorgio , Badalucco Luigi , Barbara Lorenzo , Cosenza Alida , Di Trapani Daniele , Gallo Giuseppe , Laudicina Vito , Marino Giuseppe , Muscarella Sofia , Presti Dario , Helness Herman
Published: March 2021

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) require an urgent transition from a linear to a circular economy operation/design concept with a consequent resource recovery and more sustainable waste management. Natural resources have to be preserved, and wastes have to become an opportunity for recovering resources and materials (water reuse, energy, sludge reuse). However, the transition toward a circular economy is a complex and long process due to the existence of technical, economic, social and regulatory barriers. These existing barriers are critical challenges for a modern and sustainable WWTP concept. The recovery of resources must be considered a strategic target from the earliest process-design phase. In this context, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 project “Achieving wider uptake of water-smart solutions—WIDER UPTAKE” aims to overcome the existing barriers (technological, regulatory, organizational, social and economic) toward the transition from a linear to a circular economy model for WWTPs. This study is aimed at increasing the awareness of the existing barriers to a circular economy and summarizes the key contributions of the WIDER UPTAKE project in terms of water reuse, sludge reuse and nutrient recovery.
Long-Term Analysis of Precipitation in Slovakia
Authors: Repel Adam , Zeleňáková Martina , Jothiprakash Vinayakam , Hlavatá Helena , Blišťan Peter , Gargar Ibrahim , Purcz Pavol
Published: March 2021

Precipitation and its development over time is an important indicator of climate change. Research on long-term precipitation totals is absent in the Slovak Republic. This paper deals with the statistical analysis of daily precipitation from 48 precipitation stations in Slovakia. The paper evaluates the spatial distribution of precipitation in Slovakia and also presents analyses of stationarity and trends using the Mann-Kendall test. Emphasis is placed especially on the evaluation of the trends in total annual precipitation, maximum daily precipitation and also the number of days without precipitation in the year. By evaluating the trends in these three indicators, it is possible to assess the impact of potential change in the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation on hydrological drought and floods. The results show that there are currently no significant changes in precipitation in Slovakia. The problem of floods and hydrological drought seems to be more complex and is mainly due to surface water drainage from the landscape and the change in its use in connection with the increase in the average annual temperature.
Analysis of Fluid–Structure Coupling Vibration Mechanism for Subsea Tree Pipeline Combined with Fluent and Ansys Workbench
Authors: Wu Gongxing , Zhao Xiaolong , Shi Danda , Wu Xiaodong
Published: March 2021

In the process of oil exploitation, subseatrees sometimes vibrate. In this paper, fluid–structure coupling software was used to study the causes of subsea tree vibration. First, the complex subsea tree model was simplified, and ageometric grid model was established for software calculation. Then, under the given two working conditions, the software Fluent was used to analyze the pressure and velocity distribution of the subsea tree pipeline’s flow field. It was found that the pressure of the flow field changed greatly at the variable diameter and right-angles. Using Ansys Workbench software, flow-structure coupling calculations and modal analysis of the subsea tree were carried out. The results showed that the vibration of the long straight pipeline section was severe. Finally, the paper puts forward the measures to reduce the vibration of subsea tree pipelines and provides construction advice for the safe production of subsea trees.
Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effects of Geometric Appendance Elements on Energy Dissipation over Stepped Spillway
Authors: Ghaderi Amir , Abbasi Saeed
Published: March 2021

In the stepped spillway, the steps, by providing an artificial roughening bed, dissipate the flow of energy more than other types of spillways, so the construction costs for stilling basin are reduced. However, what is important in this type of spillway is increasing the effectiveness of steps in the rate of energy dissipation. The present study deals with experimental and numerical simulations regarding the influence of geometric appendance elements on the steps and its impact on the energy dissipation performances, flow patterns properties, turbulent kinetic energy, flow resistance and the Darcy roughness. The localization of inception point of air entrainment is also assessed. To this aim, different configurations are taken into account. The computational procedure is validated with experimental results and then used to test the hydraulic behavior of different geometric configurations. The results showed that the appendance elements on the steps increased the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) values and Darcy–Weisbach friction and the energy dissipation increased significantly. By reducing the height of the elements, energy dissipation and the TKE value increase more significantly. With the appendance elements on step, the air entrainment inception locations a positioning further upstream than the flat step stepped spillway.
Assessing Natural Background Levels in the Groundwater Bodies of the Apulia Region (Southern Italy)
Authors: Masciale Rita , Amalfitano Stefano , Frollini Eleonora , Ghergo Stefano , Melita Marco , Parrone Daniele , Preziosi Elisabetta , Vurro Michele , Zoppini Annamaria , Passarella Giuseppe
Published: March 2021

Defining natural background levels (NBL) of geochemical parameters in groundwater is a key element for establishing threshold values and assessing the environmental state of groundwater bodies (GWBs). In the Apulia region (Italy), carbonate sequences and clastic sediments host the 29 regional GWBs. In this study, we applied the Italian guidelines for the assessment of the NBLs, implementing the EU Water Framework Directive, in a south-European region characterized by the typical Mediterranean climatic and hydrologic features. Inorganic compounds were analyzed at GWB scale using groundwater quality data measured half-yearly from 1995 to 2018 in the regional groundwater monitoring network (341 wells and 20 springs). Nitrates, chloride, sulfate, boron, iron, manganese and sporadically fluorides, boron, selenium, arsenic, exceed the national standards, likely due to salt contamination along the coast, agricultural practices or natural reasons. Monitoring sites impacted by evident anthropic activities were excluded from the dataset prior to NBL calculation using a web-based software tool implemented to automate the procedure. The NBLs resulted larger than the law limits for iron, manganese, chlorides, and sulfates. This methodology is suitable to be applied in Mediterranean coastal areas with high anthropic impact and overexploitation of groundwater for agricultural needs. The NBL definition can be considered one of the pillars for sustainable and long-term groundwater management by tracing a clear boundary between natural and anthropic impacts.
India’s Commitments to Increase Tree and Forest Cover: Consequences for Water Supply and Agriculture Production within the Central Indian Highlands
Authors: Clark Benjamin , DeFries Ruth , Krishnaswamy Jagdish
Published: March 2021

As part of its nationally determined contributions as well as national forest policy goals, India plans to boost tree cover to 33% of its land area. Land currently under other uses will require tree-plantations or reforestation to achieve this goal. This paper examines the effects of converting cropland to tree or forest cover in the Central India Highlands (CIH). The paper examines the impact of increased forest cover on groundwater infiltration and recharge, which are essential for sustainable Rabi (winter, non-monsoon) season irrigation and agricultural production. Field measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) linked to hydrological modeling estimate increased forest cover impact on the CIH hydrology. Kfs tests in 118 sites demonstrate a significant land cover effect, with forest cover having a higher Kfs of 20.2 mm h−1 than croplands (6.7 mm h−1). The spatial processes in hydrology (SPHY) model simulated forest cover from 2% to 75% and showed that each basin reacts differently, depending on the amount of agriculture under paddy. Paddy agriculture can compensate for low infiltration through increased depression storage, allowing for continuous infiltration and groundwater recharge. Expanding forest cover to 33% in the CIH would reduce groundwater recharge by 7.94 mm (−1%) when converting the average cropland and increase it by 15.38 mm (3%) if reforestation is conducted on non-paddy agriculture. Intermediate forest cover shows however shows potential for increase in net benefits.
Porosity Models for Large-Scale Urban Flood Modelling: A Review
Authors: Dewals Benjamin , Bruwier Martin , Pirotton Michel , Erpicum Sebastien , Archambeau Pierre
Published: March 2021

In the context of large-scale urban flood modeling, porosity shallow-water models enable a considerable speed-up in computations while preserving information on subgrid topography. Over the last two decades, major improvements have been brought to these models, but a single generally accepted model formulation has not yet been reached. Instead, existing models vary in many respects. Some studies define porosity parameters at the scale of the computational cells or cell interfaces, while others treat the urban area as a continuum and introduce statistically defined porosity parameters. The porosity parameters are considered either isotropic or anisotropic and depth-independent or depth-dependent. The underlying flow models are based either on the full shallow-water equations or approximations thereof, with various flow resistance parameterizations. Here, we provide a review of the spectrum of porosity models developed so far for large-scale urban flood modeling.
Hydroclimatic Variability and Land Cover Transformations in the Central Italian Alps
Authors: Balistrocchi Matteo , Tomirotti Massimo , Muraca Alessandro , Ranzi Roberto
Published: March 2021

Extreme streamflow nonstationarity has probably attracted more attention than mean streamflow nonstationarity in the assessment of the impacts of climate change on the water cycle. Nonetheless, a significant decrease in mean streamflow could lead to conditions of scarcity of freshwater in the long-term period, seriously compromising the sustainability of the demand for civil, agricultural, and industrial uses. Regional analyses are useful to better characterize an area’s nonstationarity, since a clear trend at a global scale has not been detected yet. In this article, long-term and high-quality series of streamflow discharges observed in five rivers in the Central Italian Alps, including two multicentury series and two new precipitation and streamflow series not analyzed before, are investigated to statistically characterize individual trends of mean annual runoff volumes. Nonparametric pooled statistics are also introduced to assess the regional trend. Additional climatic and nonclimatic factors, namely, precipitation trends and land cover transformations, have also been considered as potential change drivers. Unlike precipitation, runoff volumes show a marked and statistically significant decrease of −1.45 mm/year, which appears to be homogeneous in the region. The land cover transformation analysis presented here revealed extensive woodland expansions of 510 km2 in 2018 out of the 2650 km2 area measured in 1954, representing 38% of the area investigated in this study: this anthropic driver of enhanced hydrologic losses can be recognized as an additional likely cause for the regional runoff volume decrease.
Study of the durability of the working body the dryer
Authors: Chernysh A. P.
Published: March 2021

In this article, the plant for heat treatment of grain material, namely perfo-rated spiral operating part, developed by the authors was chosen as the object of improving the wear resistance. The research was conducted in the laboratory of the Technology of Metals and Machinery Repair Department of Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute. The aim of the research is to select the most appropriate method of hardening the functional surface of perforated spiral operating part with the use of low-cost anti-wear coatings. The basis for choosing the method of surfacing the coating was the use of a method of forming the technological repair units (TRU), which allowed electric spark treatment with unalloyed white cast iron.
Identifying and analyzing John Deere tractor trouble codes based on CAN bus
Authors: Sovin K. G.
Published: March 2021

The article discusses modern technologies for diagnosing the technical condition of agricultural automotive equipment on the example of a John Deere tractor. A description of the John Deere tractor and electronic systems is given. Modern tractors are equipped with microprocessor-based control systems with diagnostic capabilities. This makes it possible to timely inform the operator about possible malfunctions of the working systems of the tractor, for example, the engine or brake system. The system of digital communication and control of the electric devices of the vehicle — the CAN interface — allows you to collect data from all devices, exchange information between them, manage them.
The Relationship Between Size at Maturity and Maximum Size in Cichlid Populations Corroborates the Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT)
Authors: AMARASINGHE UPALI S. , PAULY DANIEL
Published: March 2021

Fish generally mature at a smaller fraction of their maximum sizes than birds and mammals. The farmed tilapia (Family Cichlidae) can tolerate adverse conditions that result in stunting and which also cause the fish to spawn at small size. Such spawning at small size (or ‘early spawning’) is usually perceived as a unique feature of tilapia. The mechanism that explains how stressful environmental conditions tend to reduce the maximum size that fish can reach is very general and should apply to all fish. However, not all fish species are equally hardy, and most fish do not survive in the stunted or dwarf form under stressful environmental conditions. Tilapia, and other cichlids, on the other hand, can handle stressful conditions, if by remaining stunted. The present study shows that tilapia and other cichlids do not spawn ‘earlier’ than other teleosts. Rather, they are exceptionally tolerant of stressful environmental conditions, but with elevated metabolism. By reducing their growth and the maximum size they can reach ‘stunting’, they also reduce the sizes at which their maturity is initiated (‘early spawning’). This corroborates the gill-oxygen limitation theory (GOLT), which identifies spawning as an event rather than a determinant of fish growth.
GAMBARAN PENYAKIT DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM LUBUK PAKAM
Authors: Sundari Yessi
Published: March 2021

DBD is a disease caused by the dengue virus which is transmitted through mosquito bites and reduces the platelet count in the sufferer. This study aims to determine the medical records of dengue hemorrhagic fever at Lubuk Pakam General Hospital. This type of research is descriptive. Data collection methods were medical records for all DHF patients from 2005 to 2009 at Lubuk Pakam General Hospital. Then the medical record data are grouped by age, sex and occupation. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the number of DHF sufferers from 2005 to 2009 increased in the 21-56 year age group with all male sex and work as entrepreneurs. This is due to a narrower environment, increasing population, and inadequate living quarters with no good air ventilation, so that the spread of dengue is increasing.
La notion de mouvement en droit de l’environnement
Authors: Meynier Adeline
Published: March 2021

The notion of movement in environmental law. From air movement to hydrological cycle, through migration of species, oil slick or transboundary movements of wastes, environmental law deals with a moving reality in constant change. The law handles the environmental movements with words, concepts or juridical categories reflecting more or less the environmental reality. Nevertheless, the law often diverges from the complexity of reality, revealing its performative nature. Confronted with this moving environment, the law evolves. First, it is conceptualized in accordance with its object. Then, it goes beyond an empirical approach to turn into a more mature and durable system.
Le mouvement dans les écosystèmes
Authors: Lebreton Philippe
Published: March 2021

The movement in ecosystems. Why do nature and environment fall within the notion of ecosystem ? Why are there no more discussions about « nature protection » ? If there is no doubt that biosystem and technosystem are shifting, it can be different for ecosystems which are physically more stable, like cities and forests. It is necessary « to give time some time » to ecosystems by considering them in a continuum. The ecosystems movement should not really be searched in their environment but rather in themselves.
Les espèces invasives
Authors: Tassin Jacques
Published: March 2021

Invasive species. The term “invasive species” refers to a complex and hybrid intellectual construction, nevertheless reducer, combining biological mechanisms, historical causal factors, and cultural representations of nature. Each invasive specie, as free and wild as disturbing and difficult to control, shakes up our vision of an implicit order of life. Our need to regulate the impetuous extension of a living specie, even when it is not detrimental to our well-being, seems irresistible. However, excluding radical situations, as in islands or in the presence of invasive predators, how should we assess whether an invasive species, either accompanying a change or being responsible for it, is ‘good’ or ‘bad’ inside of dynamic ecosystems that have become inseparable from our culture and our actions ? Aiming to regulate such movements is equivalent to countering the inherent aspiration of living species to adjust to changes, including those operated by man.
La migration animale, un phénomène juridique
Authors: Michallet Isabelle
Published: March 2021

Animal Migration : A Legal Phenomenon. Animal migration is one of the most obvious examples of the existence of movement within nature. This phenomenon is tackled by law, which gives a definition of migratory species and protects them. However, a static vision cannot be sufficient : a law of animal migration is needed, being able to respond to the specific needs of these species, and in particular to the necessary full realization of the migration cycle.
La Responsabilité Sociétale des Entreprises : un système normatif hybride
Authors: Thibout Oriane
Published: March 2021

Concept désormais incontournable pour les entreprises multinationales dans la gestion souvent corrélative des risques juridiques et du risque de réputation afférents à leurs activités économiques ainsi que dans la définition de leurs stratégies commerciales à des fins économiques et concurrentielles, la Responsabilité Sociétale des Entreprises (RSE) participe activement de l’abolition des frontières, d’ores et déjà poreuses, entre normativité publique et normativité privée, entre droit dur et droit souple. Sous-tendant l’intégration des préoccupations du développement durable dans les stratégies d’entreprises et source d’innovations juridiques, la RSE infuse aujourd’hui la quasi-totalité des branches du droit, notamment le droit économique ainsi que le droit des contrats. Elle met dès lors l’accent sur la nécessaire adaptation des instruments juridiques classiques à l’évolution d’un système normatif complexe révélant les réciproques interdépendances des sources du droit dans un contexte économique mondialisé.
Chronique de droit pénal de l’environnement (septembre 2014-décembre 2015)
Authors: Jaworski Véronique
Published: March 2021

La période septembre 2014-décembre 2015 poursuit le mouvement de réforme du droit pénal de l’environnement, qui avait été initié par l’ordonnance du 11 janvier 2012 et qui, désormais, se trouve renforcé par une circulaire du 21 avril 2015 exposant les nouvelles orientations de politique pénale en matière d’atteintes à l’environnement. Le défi lancé par les pouvoirs publics vise de manière générale l’amélioration du contrôle et de la répression de la délinquance écologique, deux enjeux majeurs que l’on retrouve tant dans les textes adoptés (ordonnance du 4 juin 2015 modifiant le Code rural et de la pêche maritime) ou en préparation (projet de loi sur la biodiversité) que dans la jurisprudence relative à la pollution de l’eau, aux déchets, aux installations classées, aux espèces protégées et aux infractions d’urbanisme.
La difficile perception d’une doctrine en droit de l’environnement en Afrique francophone
Authors: Konate Aenza
Published: March 2021

Dans les États d’Afrique francophone, il y a incontestablement une volonté politique d’apporter des réponses juridiques aux questions liées à la protection de l’environnement. Pour la traduction concrète de cette volonté, la doctrine environnementaliste , c’est-à-dire un groupe ayant une autorité savante, devait s’octroyer le pouvoir de lecteur autorisé des textes législatifs et réglementaires, et censeur de la jurisprudence par des commentaires explicatifs. Malheureusement, on observe que dans les États d’Afrique francophone, la doctrine, intéressée par la protection juridique de l’environnement, se fait remarquer par l’absence de son empreinte sur la création du droit de l’environnement, manquant ainsi à une de ses obligations sociétales. Il en est de même au niveau du perfectionnement du droit de l’environnement, à savoir au niveau de l’analyse des décisions de justice.
La doctrine et la Charte de l’environnement, nos choix et leurs conséquences
Authors: Cohendet Marie-Anne
Published: March 2021

Quelle est la doctrine qui écrit sur la Charte de l’environnement ? Qui sont les auteurs d’articles et d’ouvrages sur ce thème ? Quelles sont leurs caractéristiques ? Leurs convictions, leur genre, leur âge, leurs compétences, leur profession ? Quelle est aussi, au moment où ils écrivent, leur posture par rapport à la Charte ? Sont-ils des enseignants-chercheurs a priori relativement objectifs, des avocats plaidant une cause, des juges entendant justifier une position jurisprudentielle ? On constate parfois une confusion des postures, par exemple quand un auteur de doctrine – enseignant ou avocat – plaide dans un sens très commode pour les personnes qu’il conseille. Il ne fait guère de doute que les tentatives massives d’anesthésie de la Charte de l’environnement défendues par des bataillons d’avocats et quelques enseignants-chercheurs avant même l’adoption de la Charte ont exercé une influence sur l’interprétation très timorée de la Charte par le Conseil constitutionnel. Fort heureusement, la clarté du texte et la vigilance d’autres auteurs ont permis d’éviter le pire et devraient contribuer progressivement à une interprétation de la Charte plus respectueuse de la volonté du peuple souverain exprimée dans la Constitution.
Tip 3 Spinal Muskuler Atrofili Olguya Anestezik Açıdan Yaklaşım
Authors: AYDIN KOÇOĞLU Ecem , TOPÇU İsmet , TEZCAN KELEŞ Gönül , ÖZTÜRK Tülün , YENTUR Emin Alp , YERCAN Hüseyin Serhat
Published: March 2021

Özet

Spinal musküler atrofi (SMA); çoğunlukla otozomal resesif geçişli, 1/10.000 sıklıkta görülen, spinal kord ön boynuz hücreleri ve beyin sapı motor nukleuslarının dejenerasyonu sonucu oluşan kalıtsal bir hastalıktır. Hastalık klinik olarak alt ekstremitelerin proksimal kas güçsüzlüğünden, disfaji ve solunum yetmezliğine kadar ilerleyebilen bir seyir gösterebilmektedir. Bu hastaların anestezi uygulamaları; zor havayolu yönetimi, nöromüsküler bloke edici ajanlara karşı aşırı duyarlılık, kas güçsüzlüğü ve respiratuar kapasitedeki bozukluk nedeniyle genellikle zordur. Bu olgu sunumunda; femur fraktürü nedeniyle cerrahi geçirecek Tip 3 SMA’lı bir hastaya anestezi ve postoperatif analjezi amacıyla başarılı bir kombine spinal-epidural anestezi uygulamasının sunulması amaçlandı.
Functional preparedness of women of the first period of mature age under the influence of aquafitness training
Authors: Miroshnichenko V.M. , Brezdeniuk O. Yu. , Holovkina V.V. , Romanenko O.I. , Chekhivska I.S.
Published: March 2021

Purpose: to identify the features of the impact of aquafitness training on aerobic and anaerobic productivity of women 25-35 years.
Material and methods: The study involved women aged 25-35 in the number of 41 people. For 24 weeks, the subjects were training in an aquafitness program. Training sessions of aquafitness were aerobic and strength. Anaerobic alactate productivity of the organism was determined by the Wingate anaerobic test WAnT 10. Anaerobic lactate productivity of the organism was determined by the Wingate anaerobic test WAnT 30 and bicycle ergometric test by the method of A. Shogy, G. Cherebetin. The threshold of anaerobic metabolism was determined by bicycle ergometric test F. Conconi et al. in the modification of  Yu.M. Furman. The aerobic productivity of the organism was investigated according to the Vo2 max index determined by the method of V.L. Karpman. Absolute and relative indicators were determined for all tests.
Results: Aquafitness is an effective means of correcting the indicators of functional preparedness. The combination of strength and aerobic training in the aquafitness program provides an increase in aerobic productivity, anaerobic lactatic productivity and anaerobic alactatic productivity. Under the influence of training according to the aquafitness program, an increase in all indicators of functional preparedness was revealed. The power of anaerobic alactate productivity of the organism determined by the relative indicator WAnT 10 increased with a statistically significant difference on the level (t = 5.07; p = 0.000). The power of anaerobic lactate productivity of the organism determined by the relative indicator WAnT 30 increased with a statistically significant difference on the level (t=4,68; p=0,000). The power of aerobic productivity of the organism determined by the relative indicator VO2 max increased with a statistically significant difference on the level (t=2,77; p=0,007).
Conclusions: Aquafitness is an effective means of correcting the indicators of functional preparedness. The combination of strength and aerobic training in the aquafitness program provides an increase in aerobic productivity, anaerobic lactatic productivity and anaerobic alactatic productivity.
Bazı Çeltik Çeşitlerinin Demir Noksanlığına Dayanıklılıklarının Belirlenmesi
Authors: AKINOĞLU Güney , KORKMAZ Ahmet
Published: March 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bazı çeltik çeşitlerinin demir noksanlığına dayanıklılıklarının belirlenmesidir. 5 farklı çeltik çeşidine ilişkin fideler %0 ve %4 kireç (CaCO3) içeren 1 kg kuvars kumu dolu plastik saksılara her saksıda 10 bitki olacak şekilde dikilmiştir. Çeltik bitkisine her kireç dozunda 0 ve 45 µM Fe dozlarında Fe-EDDHA içeren bitki besin çözeltisi verilmiştir. Demir noksanlığı şartlarında yetiştirilen 5 farklı çeltik çeşidinin incelenen 22 özellik bakımından 2 ana grupta toplandığı görülmüştür. Bunlardan Biga incisi ve Osmancık-97 çeşitleri birinci grubu; Ronaldo ve Edirne çeşitleri ise ikinci grubu oluşturmuştur. Diğer yandan, Hamzadere çeşidi ise Ronaldo ve Edirne çeşitlerinin oluşturduğu ikinci gruba daha yakın bulunmuştur. Demir noksanlığı şartlarında yetiştirilen çeşitler arasında incelenen özellikler bakımından en yakın iki çeltik çeşidinin Biga incisi ve Osmancık-97 çeşitleri olduğu; buna karşın, birbirine en uzak çeltik çeşitlerinin ise Biga incisi ve Hamzadere çeltik çeşitleri olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Demir noksanlığına en dayanıklı çeşit Biga incisi; buna karşın, en hassas çeşidin ise Hamzadere çeşidi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Demir noksanlığı şartlarında yetiştirilen Ronaldo ve Edirne çeltik çeşitlerinde demir noksanlığını belirleyen en iyi özelliklerinin nisbi glutatyon redüktaz aktiviteleri ve nisbi prolin kapsamına ilişkin değerler olduğu ve bu özellikler yönünden bu çeşitlerin iyi çeşitler oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bu çeşitler aynı grupta toplanmışlardır. Ronaldo çeltik çeşidinde, nisbi glutatyon redüktaz aktivitesi ve nisbi prolin kapsamı sırasıyla %95,39 ve %90,95; Edirne çeşidinde ise sırasıyla %78,94 ve 87,21 bulunmuştur. Demir noksanlığı şartlarında yetiştirilen Osmancık-97 ve Biga incisi çeşitlerinin ise nisbi karotenoid kapsamları yönünden iyi çeşitler oldukları ve bu çeşitlerin aynı grupta bulundukları belirlenmiştir.
Meningkatkan Kompetensi Guru Matematika dalam Menerapkan Model PAKEM melalui Supervisi Klinis
Authors: Jaini Arwin
Published: March 2021

Penelitian tindakan sekolah ini bertujuan mengetahui perubahan kompetensi guru matematika dalam menerapkan model PAKEM setelah mendapatkan supervisi klinis. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan data deskriptif. Penelitian ini menghasilkan dua temuan yakni: (1) secara keseluruhan kompetensi guru mata pelajaran Matematika dalam menerapkan model PAKEM dapat ditingkatkan pada proses pembelajaran. (2) Supervisi klinis terhadap guru akan mampu meningkatkan kompetensi guru mata pelajaran Matematika dalam menerapkan model PAKEM dalam proses pembelajaran.
Toprak ve Bitkilerde Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Araştırılması: Bayburt İli Örneği
Authors: KUL Sinan , GÜL Volkan , CENGİZ İbrahim
Published: March 2021

Bu çalışma, Bayburt ilinde yol kenarlarında doğal olarak yetişen sarı kantaron bitkisi ve yetiştiği toprağın trafik ve ekolojik faktörlere bağlı olarak ağır metal kirliliğini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bölgede yoğun olarak yetişen kantaron bitkisi göz önüne alınarak 10 farklı noktadan bitki ve toprak örnekleri alınmış ve çalışma alanından elde edilen bitki ve toprak örneklerinde Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd ve Pb ağır metallerin analizleri yapılarak ağır metal kaynakları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Toprak örneklerinin ağır metal içeriği incelendiğinde A1 ve A2 noktalarında belirlenen Ni haricinde diğer ağır metallerin sınır değerlerin altında olduğu, bitki örneklerinin ağır metal içeriği incelendiğinde ise A9 noktasında belirlenen Zn haricinde diğer elementlerin normal sınırlar içerisinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Farklı bölgelerden alınan kantoron örneklerinin tümünün ortalaması alındığında ağır metal konsantrasyonlarının kendi aralarındaki sıralaması Mg > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Co > Pb > Cd olarak, toprak örneklerinin ağır metal konsantrasyonlarının kendi aralarındaki sıralaması Mg > Fe > Mn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu > Co > Zn > Cd olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler sanayileşmenin olmadığı Bayburt ilinde ağır metal kirliliğinin gözerdi edilmemesi ve bu tür çalışmaların belirli sıklıklarda tekrarlanarak kirlenmenin arttığı bölgelerde uygun doğal arıtma yöntemlerinin belirlenmesinde kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
Deforestation in the Kayabi Indigenous Territory: Simulating and Predicting Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: De Alba Martínez Hugo
Published: March 2021

Land use/cover change practices in the Brazilian Amazon, such as cattle ranching, logging, agriculture, mining, and urbanization are the major contributors to deforestation and have major impacts on ecosystems and environmental processes at local, regional and global scales. A simulation of future landscape in the Kayabi Indigenous Territory in the Brazilian Amazon was carried out using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing and the IDRISI’s Land Change Modeler. The model was able to successfully simulate deforestation expansion in the region and identify the main landscape attributes driving anthropogenic disturbance expansion in the studied area. Distance from roads and distance from existing disturbance were found as the key factors driving deforestation in the Kayabi area.
Metodologías de detección de outliers en datos espaciales, temporales y espacio-temporales
Authors: Blasco Fernández Isabel
Published: March 2021

En la obtención de conjuntos de datos se pueden detectar registros con valores mucho mayores o menores a los usuales. Dichos registros, denominados outliers, pueden ser correctos, o ser el resultado de errores de captura o del procesado de los datos. El estudio y la detección de outliers ayuda a revelar información valiosa de los conjuntos de datos, así como a depurar las bases de datos de información que pueda ser errónea. En este trabajo se describen distintos métodos de detección de outliers propuestos recientemente y aplicados al marco espacial y espacio-temporal, junto con los resultados de su aplicación. Entre las propuestas se abordan métodos puramente espaciales, puramente temporales y otros mixtos que han demostrado su valía en ensayos controlados. Entre otros se considerarán: 1) emplear un algoritmo que tiene en cuenta los datos temporales y combina las ventajas del clustering y la aproximación basada en la densidad; 2) comparar el valor obtenido por un sensor con el valor esperado calculado de forma incremental, al tener en cuenta la correlación temporal de los datos que muestran una correlación espacial en el pasado reciente; 3) plantear un algoritmo que detecta outliers en grandes bases de datos espacio-temporales a partir del uso conjunto de la información espacial, no espacial y valores temporales; 4) detectar outliers en bases de datos temporales a partir de reglas de asociación extraídas del comportamiento normal de los objetos de un conjunto de datos, de forma que se definen relaciones entre los atributos y el tiempo; 5) detectar los outliers en las propiedades globales del conjunto de datos, en contraste con la mayoría de métodos existentes que lo aplican de forma local y 6) asignar, para el caso específico de los outliers espaciales, diferentes pesos para diferentes vecinos a la hora de calcular el objeto central, determinando
Análise exploratória da pegada digital dos turistas para a identificação de padrões espaciais e temporais em destinos urbanos
Authors: Encalada Luis , Rocha Jorge , Ferreira Carlos
Published: March 2021

En este artículo se utilizaron las fotos georreferenciadas, compartidas por usuarios de la red “Panoramio” entre 2007 y 2014, como un proxy para analizar la distribución espacial y temporal de los visitantes, en la ciudad de Lisboa. El conjunto total de datos (> 75.000 fotografías) fue segmentado en turistas y locales, con base en las marcas temporales, resultando una muestra de 17.604 fotos tomadas por > 5.000 usuarios. La evidencia empírica sugiere que la distribución espacial de los visitantes no es homogénea. Además, exploramos la relación espacial entre el patrón observado (la aglomeración geográfica de visitantes) y un conjunto de 24 variables asociadas a la oferta turística de la ciudad. A través del análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, se verificó que son los “monumentos de interés público”, los elementos que presentan mayor atractivo, considerando los factores explicativos seleccionados, y que existen áreas del centro histórico cuyo potencial turístico está subestimado.