bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schools equalizing or exacerbating inequality? Between-school variability in the relationship between socioeconomic background and academic achievement
Authors: Borgen Nicolai T. , Zachrisson Henrik Daae , Sandsør Astrid Marie Jorde
Published: January 2025

Whether schools perpetuate or mitigate social inequality has been debated for decades. However, one crucial aspect that has remained unexplored is whether and to what extent inequalities manifest differently across schools. Using administrative data from Norway, our study uncovers that the link between parental income and academic achievement in 8th grade varies considerably across schools. In some schools, achievement gaps are more than twice as large as in others. This highlights that schools do not function as uniform entities; rather, some may exacerbate inequalities while others may play a more compensatory role. In fact, in some successful schools, family-level risk factors remain largely unmanifested. While the achievement gap variability is largely unrelated to the socioeconomic composition of schools, lower-quality schools tend to have a stronger income-achievement association than those of higher quality. Overall, our findings emphasize the necessity of a nuanced understanding of how inequalities manifest across diverse school contexts to fully grasp the role of schooling in social inequality and to devise effective strategies for reducing disparities.
Indigenous Technologies and their Applicability in Classroom Instructions in Secondary Level
Authors: Bhattarai Taranath
Published: January 2025

Indigenous technologies as local resources reflect definite practical skills that can be applied in classroom in order to bring real life tasks and activities for the students. This study aims at identifying the locally available indigenous technologies in school level classroom instructions and analyzes the applicability of such technologies in classroom instructions for the development of activity-oriented practical education. Based on qualitative method, the data have been collected through PRA, observation, and semi- structured interview. The collected data have been analyzed by carrying out immersion, understanding, abstraction, synthesis, illumination of phenomena and integration and critique of findings. The key finding of this study shows abundances of locally available technologies that can be applied in classroom instructions and can be implemented for the development of task-based, practical classroom instructions in study area and in general.
भाषाको सामाजिक भेद
Authors: सुवेदी Subedi सखिशरण Sakhi Saran
Published: January 2025

भाषा सामाजिक विषय हो । यो समाजमा जन्मन्छ, समाजमै हुर्कन्छ र समाजमै जीवित रहन्छ । समाजबिना भाषाको अस्तित्व रह‘दैन । समाज जुन जाति, वर्ग र स्तरको हुन्छ भाषा पनि त्यसैअनुरूप हुने हुनाले भाषाको सामाज सापेक्ष अध्ययन हुन्छ । समाज जस्तो हुन्छ भाषा पनि त्यतै डोरिन्छ । सामाजिक संरचनाले भाषामा प्रभाव पारी उत्पन्न हुने भिन्नता नै भाषाको सामाजिक भेद हो । भाषाको सामाजिक भेद समाज भाषाविज्ञानले निर्धारण गर्ने विषय हो । समाज जुन जाति, वर्ग र स्तरको हुन्छ भाषा पनि त्यसै अनुरूप हुने गर्दछ । सहभागी, अन्र्तक्रियाको प्रस्तुति वा वातावरण, शीर्षक र कार्यबाट भाषाको सामाजिक भाषिक भेद निर्धारण हुन्छ । समाजका व्यक्तिहरूको व्यक्तिबोलीबाट भाषाको सामाजिक भेद जन्मन्छ । भाषाको सामाजिक भेद सामाजिक भाषिका हुन पुग्दछ । सामाजिक भेद क्षेत्रीय भाषिकाको आधार बन्दछ ।
मेरो प्रतिबिम्ब काव्यमा मानवतावाद
Authors: ढकाल Dhakal चन्द्रप्रसाद  Chandra Prasad
Published: January 2025

मेरो प्रतिबिम्ब काव्य कृतिका रचनाकार सिद्धिचरण श्रेष्ठ हुन् । यस कृतिभित्र सिद्धिचरण श्रेष्ठका वि.सं. २००२ देखि २०१६ सम्मका कवितालाई समेटिएको छ । सिद्धिचरण श्रेष्ठ कवितामा आफ्ना युगका समस्यालाई समावेश गर्ने कवि भएकाले उनको मेरो प्रतिबिम्ब कृतिभित्र नेपाली समाजका समस्यालाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको पाइन्छ । यस अध्ययनलाई पूरा गर्नका लागि प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतबाट सामग्रीको सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा मानवतावादका आधारभूत अवधारणाहरूको अवलम्बन गर्दै विवेच्य कृतिभित्र अन्तर्निहित जातीय छुवाछुतमा मानवता, गरिबप्रति मानवता, सामाजिक विभेद तथा राज्यव्यवस्थाले गरेका मानवता विरोधी कार्यका आधारमा मात्र कृतिको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । उल्लिखित आधारबाहेक मानवतावादसँग सम्बन्धित अन्य आधारबाट विवेच्य कृतिको विश्लेषण गरिएको छैन । यसरी विश्लेषण गर्दा सिद्धिचरण श्रेष्ठको मेरो प्रतिबिम्ब कवितासङ्ग्रहमा जातीय छुवाछुतका आधारमा मानवता विरोधी कार्य गर्न नहुने, गरिबप्रति पनि मानवीय व्यवहार गर्नुपर्ने तथा समाज र राज्यले नागरिकलाई मानवतापूर्ण व्यवहार गर्नुपर्ने धारणा राखेको देखिन्छ । यस अध्ययनबाट यस्तो मानवताको पक्षमा आवाज उठाइएको हुनाले प्रस्तुत कृति मावनतावादी विचारधाराको प्रबलता भएको कृति भएको र यस्तो कृतिका रचनाकार सिद्धिचरण श्रेष्ठ मानवतावादी सोच भएका कवि हुन् भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
The Subjugated Woman ‘SELF’ in Kalidas’s ‘Shakuntala’
Authors: Aryal Kamana
Published: January 2025

This research paper tries to inculcate the epiphany Shakuntala experiences once she is insultingly evicted from the palace of the king, Dusyanta. Although she devoted herself to Dusyanta blindly, he denounces to accept Shakuntala his wife. A disparaged betrayed pregnant wife leaves the palace and births the child in the midst of forest. Her real struggle in quest of her ‘self’ and nurturing her son singly is the most captivating scenario of this epic. The king’s abandoning Shakuntala corroborates novice strength in her which leads to her further recognition about her position as a beloved and a wife. The broader umbrella term called “Feminism” somehow nearly ignores the south Asian and Third World feminine traumas. Thus, this research paper uses several transnational feminist theories to justify Shakuntala’s journey of self evolution.
Awareness of Policyholders towards the Terms and Conditions of Life Insurance Policy
Authors: Ghimire Rabindra , Ghimire Shurendra
Published: January 2025

Life insurance is a long-term investment and risk management tool. Yet policyholders often fail to recall the major attributes of the policy and its terms and conditions. The memory, understand and awareness towards the life insurance policy is influenced by various factors. The research aims to examine the association between the policyholders’ mental states, including their recall of policy characteristics, the value placed on policies, and their retained knowledge with the age and level of education. The study follows quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional research design. Data were gathered from 474 purposively selected policyholders in Gandaki and Bagmati Province using structured questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential tools were employed for analysis. Most policyholders are unaware of the maturity period of their policies, while only 2% cannot recall the purchased year. Memory of terms like premium waivers shows weak correlations, with even weaker links for other contract details. Out of seven tested associations, age has been found to be an insignificant factor, but education significantly influenced recall of some policy aspects. Many policyholders neglect reading terms and conditions, relying heavily on agents or relatives. Factors such as forced selling, policy complexity, and overconfidence in insurers contribute to this behavior, as explained by Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Policyholders tend to avoid engaging with contract details to reduce psychological discomfort, leading to insufficient understanding and potential loss of benefits. The findings emphasize the need for insurers to implement better education and communication strategies to enhance policyholders’ awareness and engagement with their insurance products.
Exploring Issues for Sustainable Smart City Development: A Resident-Centric Case Study in Hetauda
Authors: Khatiwada Shreeraj , Aryal Uttam
Published: January 2025

This study explores the challenges and opportunities for sustainable smart city development in Hetauda, Nepal, through a resident-centric approach. Using surveys and interviews, it investigates urban issues, residents’ preferences for smart solutions, and their readiness to adopt new technologies. The findings reveal critical challenges, including inadequate healthcare, traffic congestion, poor drainage systems, lack of higher education institutions, and limited digitization in government services. Residents emphasized the need for smart healthcare systems, advanced traffic management, and improved public transportation, highlighting a preference for solutions that address both social and environmental concerns. The study underscores the importance of resident engagement in planning and decision-making, recommending mechanisms like public forums and citizen advisory boards to ensure inclusive development. It also calls for capacity building within local governments and transparent communication to address resident anxieties. By prioritizing public needs and integrating green technologies, Hetauda can create a smart city framework that enhances quality of life while promoting sustainability. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, emphasizing a resident-driven approach to urban transformation. Its implications extend beyond Hetauda, offering lessons for other underdeveloped regions seeking to balance technological advancements with social and environmental goals in their journey towards sustainable urban development.
भाँडो कथामा बाह्य सीमित दृष्टिविन्दुगत पद्धति {An External Limited Viewpoint Approach to Bhando}
Authors: त्रिभुवन Tribhuwan बरई Barai
Published: January 2025

प्रस्तुत लेखमा दृष्टिविन्दुको सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधारको केन्द्रीयतामा गोविन्दबहादुर मल्लद्वारा लिखित ‘भाँडो’ कथाको मूल्याङ्कन गरिएको छ । उक्त कथामा प्रयुक्त बाह्य सीमित दृष्टिविन्दुगत पद्धतिहरूको खोजी गर्नाका निम्ति यो अध्ययन गरिएको हो । प्राथमिक एवम्द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्रीको उपयोग गरी बाह्य सीमित दृष्टिविन्दुको सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधारलाई आधार मानी पाठविश्लेषणात्मक अनुसन्धान विधि अपनाई यस लेखलाई पूर्ण बनाइएको छ । सीमितदर्शी असंलग्न समाख्याताको आबद्धता, कथानकनिर्मितिमा एकल पात्रको केन्द्रीयता, पात्रविधानमा एकल पात्रको सर्वोपरिता, सारवस्तुको प्रस्तुतीकरण र बोधको माध्यममा एकल पात्रको केन्द्रीयता तथा एकल पात्रको मनोविश्लेषण गरी पाँचओटा सूचकको केन्द्रीयतामा प्रस्तुत कथाको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस लेखको अन्त्यमा एकमात्र तृतीय पुरुष पात्रको केन्द्रीयतामा कथाका समाख्याता, कथानक, पात्र, सारवस्तुर मनोविश्लेषणजस्ता पक्षहरूको विधान गर्ने पद्धतिको अनुसरणमा निर्मित प्रस्तुत कथा लघु, सुगठित र प्रभावान्वितिपूर्ण बनेको एवम्यस्तो बाह्य सीमित दृष्टिविन्दुगत पद्धतिको प्रयोग गर्ने विशिष्ट सामथ्र्य कथाकार गोविन्दबहादुर मल्लमा रहेको तथा यस अध्ययनले स्रष्टालाई एकमात्र तृतीय पुरुष पात्रको केन्द्रीयतामा आख्यानात्मक कृति रचना गर्ने, समालोचक र अध्ययनकर्तालाई आख्यानात्मक कृतिको मूल्य पहिल्याउने एवम् पाठकलाई कृतिको संरचनात्मक र सारवस्तुगत पक्षको आस्वादन गर्ने कार्यमा सघाउने सार प्राप्त हुनुलाई निष्कर्षका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।
प्रसंगः स्थानीय सरकार सञ्चालनको सातवर्ष प्रमुख प्रशासकीय अधिकृतको भूमिका र अभिमत
Authors: बास्कोटा Baskota कृष्णहरि Krishnahari , हुमागाई Humagain संजिब Sanjib
Published: January 2025

नेपालको संघीय प्रणाली र स्थानीय सरकारहरूको सञ्चालनमा प्रमुख प्रशासकीय अधिकृतहरूको महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका र कर्तव्यहरूको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । संघीय संरचनामा तीन तहका सरकारहरूको स्थापना भएको छ र स्थानीय सरकारहरू यी तहहरूको महत्वपूर्ण अंगका रूपमा काम गर्दैछन् । नगर प्रमुख र गाउँपालिका अध्यक्षहरूले राजनैतिक नेतृत्व प्रदान गर्दै स्थानीय जनताको समस्याहरूलाई सम्बोधन गर्छन् भने, वडाध्यक्षहरू वडास्तरमा प्रशासनिक कार्यहरूमा सक्रिय छन् । प्रमुख प्रशासकीय अधिकृतहरूले संघीय सरकारका प्रतिनिधिहरूको रूपमा स्थानीय प्रशासनको नेतृत्व गर्दछन् र सरकारका कार्यक्रमहरूको कार्यान्वयनमा पारदर्शिता र दक्षता कायम राख्ने प्रयास गर्छन् । लेखमा प्रमुख प्रशासकीय अधिकृतहरूको जिम्मेवारीहरूको पनि चर्चा गरिएकोछ, जसमा स्थानीय सरकार सञ्चालन ऐन, २०७४ अनुसार आर्थिक विकास, गरिबी निवारण, महिला, बालबालिका र पिछडिएका समुदायलाई प्रत्यक्ष लाभ पुर्याउने कार्यक्रमहरूको कार्यान्वयन गर्नुपर्ने कुरा उल्लेख गरिएको छ । यसका साथै, दीर्घकालीन र आवधिक योजनाहरूको निर्माण र बजेट निर्माणको महत्व पनि वर्णन गरिएको छ । अन्त्यमा, प्रमुख प्रशासकीय अधिकृतहरूको कानूनी जिम्मेवारीहरू, तिनीहरूको भूमिका र कार्यप्रणालीका बारेमा अभिमत प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । यसले सार्वजनिक प्रशासनमा रहेका समस्याहरू, जस्तै असारे विकास र न्यून पुँजीगत खर्चको समस्या समाधानमा सहयोग पुर्याउन सक्छ ।
Inclusive Governance in Nepalese Civil Service: A Comparative Study in South Asia
Authors: Bhul Baburam
Published: January 2025

Purpose - This paper examines the landscape of inclusive governance in the civil service of Nepal, utilizing comparative analysis with other South Asian countries. Through a systematic analysis of policies, practices, and outcomes, the paper seeks to identify key factors influencing inclusive governance and to offer insights into potential strategies for improvement.
Methodology - To fulfil the purpose of this paper based on a quantitative descriptive approach by reviewing existing literature and using secondary data and information provided by the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Various articles in the field of inclusive governance were collected and published between 2000 and 2023.
Findings/Results - In terms of inclusive governance, Nepal has been adopted since 2007, after the second amendment of the Civil Service Act, 1993 to bring the disadvantaged groups such as women, and other minorities, who are socially, economically and politically marginalized into the governing system. Until 2023, only 27% of Nepal's public sector employees are women, with men making up the remaining 73% (NIC, 2022). According to data, the government service employs up to 63.50% Khas/Aryas, but only 0.60% Muslims, 2.50% Dalits, 15.40% Madhesis, and 19.5% Indigenous people are represented (Bhul, 2021). Comparative research reveals a fundamental issue with inclusive governance in South Asia, emphasizing considerable gaps in the representation of women and minority groups across the region. While Bangladesh leads in female representation and Sri Lanka in minority representation, inequities continue, emphasizing the importance of specific initiatives to promote diversity. Nepal faces challenges when transforming legal mandates into real results, widening the gap between policy goals and actual successes in inclusive governance. Corruption remains a major obstacle to governance and social integration across South Asia where Bhutan rating highest and Afghanistan ranking lowest.
Originality/value - This paper is a unique effort to review the state of inclusive governance initiative experiences in the field of civil service in South Asia and Nepal.
Analisis Korelasi Peningkatan Pendapatan dan Kegiatan Reforma Agraria di Desa Candi, Kecamatan Bandungan, Kabupaten Semarang
Authors: Aisiyah Nuraini , Mujiati Mujiati , Idawijayanti Tri
Published: January 2025

Candi Village is the location for implementing agrarian reform activities that aim to improve the welfare and prosperity of the people through more effective use of agrarian resources. Increased welfare is expected to be achieved through the implementation of the agrarian reform program, but in practice, the results can vary depending on a number of factors. This research aims to analyze the relationship between agrarian reform activities and increasing community income in Candi Village. The research method used was a quantitative approach with a sample of 30 agrarian reform program participants. Data was collected through direct surveys and observations and then analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. The analysis results show a correlation value of 0.861 with a significance level of 0.000. The high correlation value and minimal significance indicate that there is a strong and significant relationship between agrarian reform activities and increasing people's income. Thus, it can be concluded that agrarian reform activities in Candi Village have had a significant positive influence on improving community welfare. This research also shows that the agrarian reform program not only increases income but also contributes to increasing people's knowledge and understanding of management.
 
Desa Candi merupakan lokasi pelaksanaan kegiatan reforma agraria yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan dan kemakmuran rakyat melalui pemanfaatan sumber daya agraria secara lebih efektif. Peningkatan kesejahteraan diharapkan tercapai dari pelaksanaan program reforma agraria, namun dalam prakteknya, hasilnya bisa bervariasi tergantung pada sejumlah faktor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan kegiatan reforma agraria terhadap peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat di Desa Candi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dengan sampel sebanyak 30 peserta program reforma agraria. Data dikumpulkan melalui survei langsung dan observasi, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis korelasi Pearson. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai korelasi sebesar 0,861 dengan tingkat signifikansi 0,000. Nilai korelasi yang tinggi dan signifikansi yang sangat kecil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang kuat dan signifikan antara kegiatan reforma agraria dengan peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan reforma agraria di Desa Candi memberikan pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa program reforma agraria tidak hanya meningkatkan pendapatan tetapi juga berkontribusi pada penambahan pengetahuan dan pemahaman masyarakat tentang pengelolaan.
Exploration of Isolation, Materialism, Racism, and Absurdity in The Caretaker
Authors: Richa Dilip
Published: January 2025

The Caretaker was Pinter's inaugural play to achieve both critical praise and financial success. Pinter's engagement with two cohabiting brothers, one of whom permitted an elderly tramp to remain with them briefly, formed the foundation for the play. The Caretaker explores power dynamics, familial ties, and the gap between illusion and reality. Mental health issues and the difficulties encountered by the impoverished are examined. Pinter crafts a play that provokes complex responses from the audience by amalgamating humour with melancholy. The play's intricacy, Pinter's skilful dialogue, and the profundity and understanding of its themes all substantiate the claim that it is a contemporary classic. The drama addresses themes of racism, class separation, materialism, identity, absurdity, and loneliness. Substantial disparities are present among the personalities. Their isolated lifestyle hinders the formation of profound, lasting relationships with others. The Caretaker's realm is tumultuous. Existence is devoid of profound significance or inherent purpose, characterized by disorder, turmoil, confusion, and animosity. Attaining importance or value in relation to God, society, others, or oneself is challenging. The principal protagonists confront isolation, bereavement, and significant external pressures.
Breaking the Silence: Unveiling Barriers to Women's Leadership for Sustainable Development in Higher Education
Authors: Khan Najmonnisa , Hollingworth Liz
Published: January 2025

This study explores gender disparities and challenges faced by women in leadership positions in the academic sectors of developing and developed countries, which is a pressing and practical concern. Academic organizations have historically marginalized women in leadership roles. This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the ways women have experienced gender inequality in countries around the world e.g., Pakistan as a developing country, and the USA as a developed country. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews PRISMA served as a guide for a formal systematic review of the literature. Findings were drawn from research studies over the period 2003–2024 in both developed and developing countries. The three databases, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar yielded a total of 89 papers. Leadership in higher education and organizational improvement were key to choosing research for analysis. The findings illuminate the prevalent silent barriers and discriminatory dynamics that women leaders encounter, both in developed and developing countries. Insights from developed countries, such as the USA, reveal progress in promoting gender equality but acknowledge the existing gaps in top-tier leadership roles. Conversely, the challenges faced in academia by women in developing countries, exemplified by Pakistan, are rooted in educational gaps, cultural norms, and economic disparities. The implications of the current findings applied to developed and developing nations, provide a foundation for understanding the global landscape of Women's Leadership in Higher Education.
Human Capital Accounting and Financial Performance of Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria
Authors: OZEGBE THANKGOD
Published: January 2025

Any organization's success depends on the capacity of human capital to maximize other resources such as property, equipment and money effectively and efficiently, because human resources are the greatest assets at the disposal of companies. This research is more of descriptive in nature and the application of mathematical modelling techniques. Research was undertaken from the Security and Exchange Commission platform on listed manufacturing firms spanning from 2010-2019. The scope was to have a reliable data for the research. The data was analyzed by regression using Microsoft Excel 2016. The study found that the variable of recruitment cost has a negative significant relationship with return on asset with Coef. = -2E-06, t-value = -0.67617 and P-value = 0.517996; the variable of employee acquisition cost has a negative significant relationship with return on asset with the Coef. = -4E.06, t-value = -4.55662 and P-value = 0.001858 while the variable of employee staff cost has a negative significant relationship with return on asset with the Coef. = . -9.5E-07, t-value = -5.27705 and P-value = 0.0000749. This implies that an increase in recruitment and employee acquisition and employee staff cost will cause a decrease in return on asset. Going by the result of this study, we conclude that there is no significant relationship between human capital accounting and financial performance of listed manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Hence, this explains why manufacturing firms has a strong human capital but a very weak financial performance while recommending that Manufacturing firms should imbibe the culture of capitalizing and reporting all expenditures/investments on human capital that improve the quality and productivity.
Mother Tongue, Mother's Influence: Exploring Language Choices in Pakistani Famalies in KSA
Authors: Hadiqa Malik
Published: January 2025

A child's language development is a dynamic and intricate process that starts at a very young age and lasts the entirety of their lives. The objective of this paper is to investigate how parents' attitudes and roles affect their children's exposure to their mother tongue. It aims to shed light on whether Punjabi and Urdu are preserved or shifted in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A phenomenological qualitative research approach is used in the current study. Besides, this study employs Fishman's Domain Theory to examine Punjabi speakers' attitudes and language use in Saudi Arabia. By employing snowball sampling, the data has been collected from three Pakistani families residing in Saudi Arabia for more than six years. Findings reveal that mothers believe that learning and speaking multiple languages is crucial for children, but they also believe that sometimes their children blend languages together, so they would rather concentrate on one at a time. Although mothers in Saudi Arabia prefer to speak English and Urdu fluently, their children know Punjabi language and to some extent, they understand it but are not fluent in Punjabi. This study, therefore, recommends various strategies that Pakistani women ought to devise in order to preserve their native language.
EXPLORING THE MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF REMITTANCES IN TOP REMITTANCES' RECIPIENT COUNTRIES
Authors: Ali Gilal Ashfaque , Liu Hong
Published: January 2025

This study aims to understand the  reasons  behind  remittances  sent  by emigrants working abroad. It focuses  on  the  top  ten  recipient  countries,  using data from the World Development Indicator (WDI) database  covering  1991  to 2022. Various econometric tests were conducted to analyze the data, including descriptive statistics,  correlation coefficients,  and unit root tests such as Breitung and Im Pesaran and Shin tests. Dynamic Ordinary  Least  Squares  (DOLS) and Panel ARDL models were used to explore long-term effects and relationships between macroeconomic variables and remittances. The findings indicate that remittances are motivated by both altruism and self-interest, showing both pro- cyclical and  counter-cyclical  patterns.  The  study  recommends  that  governments in these countries develop policies to encourage remittances through formal banking channels and registered money transfer services. It suggests implementing attractive incentives using modern technology and mobile apps, and enforcing strict measures against informal and illegal money transfer operations like hawala and hundi.
القواعد والضوابط الفقهية الناظمة للتبرعات (العارية) أنموذجًا
Authors: اليدك سميرة عبد الكريم
Published: January 2025

الأهداف: هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى جمع القواعد والضوابط الفقهية المتعلقة بعقد التبرعات (العارية)، وتحليل هذه القواعد والضوابط والنظر في تطبيقاتها الفقهية المعاصرة، وسعت إلى فهم كيفية تنظيم هذه التبرعات وخصوصًا العارية والتعامل معها وفقًا للقواعد والضوابط الفقهية الإسلامية. المنهجية: اعتمدت الدراسة على المناهج البحثية الآتية: المنهج الاستقرائي: واستخدم في جمع الأدلة من المصادر الفقهية المختلفة، والمنهج الوصفي لعرض القواعد والضوابط بشكل مفصل، والمنهج التحليلي استخدم في تحليل القواعد وبيان معانيها والمنهج التطبيقي وذلك من خلال إيراد أمثلة تطبيقية على القواعد والضوابط الفقهية المتعلقة بالعارية. الخلاصة: توصلت الدراسة إلى أن عقد العارية في الفقه الإسلامي يتميز بنظام دقيق يعتمد على قواعد وضوابط محددة، تحقق مصلحة أفراد المجتمع. أظهرت وأكدت الدراسة أهمية النية في تحديد حكم عقد العارية. كما بينت الدراسة دور العرف في تنظيم عقد العارية وأهمية هذا العرف كالشرط المتعارف عليه في العقد. أخيرًا، أوصت الدراسة بإدراج عقود التبرعات ضمن المناهج التعليمية في المؤسسات الدينية والأكاديمية. كما أوصت الدراسة بتشجيع الباحثين على إجراء المزيد من الدراسات حول تطبيقات القواعد الفقهية في المجتمع المعاصر.
Altered TSH and its Circadian Rhythm
Authors: Goxharaj Altin
Published: January 2025

A circadian rhythm of serum thyrotropin (TSH) has been demonstrated by measurements performed on the majority of blood from 6 healthy young adults, 3 males and 3 females. The serum TSH level decreased from 8 am to 2 pm. The difference between the morning and midday levels was very visible. There was no correlation between meals and TSH level variations. The circadian rhythm of serum TSH is not only of physiological interest but also has practical implications where collecting blood for TSH determination is best done at 11:00 a.m. when the TSH level has fallen to the daytime amount. The mechanism of decreasing TSH levels in the blood within 24 hours is still not fully studied.
Not Always an Infection: A Case Series of Immune-Mediated Encephalitis, Including the First Report of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy From Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Njamnshi Alfred K.
Published: January 2025

Encephalitis is a global health problem particularly frequent in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where aetiologies are most often thought to be infectious despite the low microbiological yield. Some evidence suggests that autoimmune encephalitis (AE) could, however, be more prevalent than reported.

We report four (4) cases of immune-mediated systemic and non-systemic encephalitis, spanning across the large spectrum of this entity, presenting with a wide clinical and etiological heterogeneity. The first case is that of a 67-year-old lady with a three-month history of memory loss and abnormal behaviour. She was diagnosed with Hashimoto’s encephalopathy with a very good response on steroids. Case 2 is that of a 52-year-old man with an acute confusional syndrome with fever. He was diagnosed with encephalitis due to an undifferentiated connective tissue disorder responsive to immune therapy. The third case is that of a 14-year-old girl with a recurring history of motor deficits admitted for a rhomboencephalomyelitis due to neuromyelitis optica. Evolution was unfavourable in this case. The last case reports a 51-year-old male with an acute onset of behavioural abnormalities. MRI confirmed limbic encephalitis. Improvement was noted on steroids. The patient was lost to follow-up.

We discuss the context-specific challenges of identifying AE, mainly due to diagnostic technologies' financial and geographical inaccessibility (cerebral imaging, serological tests, antibody panels). The goal of this case series is to raise awareness among clinicians managing patients with encephalitis in SSA to look beyond infectious causes and consider AE especially in the presence of subacute cognitive impairment, inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and limbic involvement on brain imaging.
Znaczenie nauczania ortografii i interpunkcji w budowaniu kompetencji językowej studentów neofilologii (na przykładzie języka rosyjskiego)
Authors: Nawacka Joanna
Published: January 2025

Knowledge of foreign languages plays an important role in the competence structure of a university graduate. Equipping students and graduates with effective communicative competences is the basis for the development of social cooperation skills which allow them to understand and interpret cultural, social, economic and political phenomena and processes. The article is an attempt to discuss the place of spelling and punctuation in the process of teaching and learning communication in a foreign language. The placement of these issues accounts for their importance in the process of teaching and learning Russian as well as confirming the need for their presence in the teaching process from the very beginning. The research material consists of syllabuses of the course Practical Russian Language Teaching implemented in the first year of undergraduate studies in Russian philology. The subject of the analysis will be spelling and punctuation issues as elements of integrated Russian language teaching in higher education.
Through the Water and the Storm
Authors: Iodice Antonio
Published: January 2025

The maritime legal framework of General Average (GA) remains an enigmatic and overlooked process within the history of seaborne trade. An ancient rule that redates Roman Law, it continues to be operational today, in a largely unchanged state, mandating the redistribution of unexpected costs that arise during a maritime expedition amongst shipowners and merchants. In this detailed examination of Average procedures within the Italian maritime republic of Genoa, between the years 1590 and 1700, Through the Water and the Storm demonstrates how this rich data can be used to investigate the dynamics of Mediterranean seaborne trade.
Study of ultra high frequency radiometric sounding method for tropospheric correction in radio navigation
Authors: Karavaev D. M. , Shchukin G. G.
Published: January 2025

The method of ground-based microwave radiometry for determining the tropospheric delay caused by atmospheric water vapor for tropospheric correction in radio navigation is investigated. The temporal variability of tropospheric delay components in the Leningrad Region under various meteorological conditions was experimentally investigated using microwave radiometers. The possibility of improving tropospheric correction methods based on the use of the method of ground-based microwave radiometry is shown.
NaYF4: Yb, Er based nanosensors testing for temperature measurements in biological media
Authors: Leontyev A. V. , Nutrdinova L. A. , Mityushkin E. O. , Shmelev A. G. , Zharkov D. K. , Andrianov V. V. , Muranova L. N. , Gainutdinov Kh. L. , Nikiforov V. G.
Published: January 2025

NaYF4: Yb, Er particles were synthesized by hydrothermal method in the form of rods of 1.4 µm × 70 nm average size. Their surface was modified with L-cysteine, which provided hydrophilic properties. It was shown that the modified particles exhibit upconversion luminescence in the visible spectral range upon 980 nm laser excitation. Their temperature calibration in physiological solution was carried out. The possibility of remote temperature measurement in the biologically significant range of temperature (293—323 K) with an average sensitivity of 43 × 10—4 K—1 and an accuracy of ±1.0 K was shown. A demonstration experiment was performed on the living nervous system of the grape snail Helix lucorum. The nanosensors have been successfully used for bioimaging and remote low-invasive temperature measurement with a spatial resolution of 10 µm.
Optimized frequency recovery of the satellite quantum signal
Authors: Chernov A. N. , Khmelev A. V. , Kurochkin V. L.
Published: January 2025

We developed the frequency recovery method of laser pulses necessary for synchronizing quantum states transmitted from a satellite and registered at a ground station. Experimental modeling of a quantum key distribution session between a satellite and a ground station is also considered. The data obtained during the experiment were used to test the method of recovering the repetition frequency.
BUDGETARY POLICY OF UKRAINE AS THE BASIS OF MACROECONOMIC STABILITY
Authors: MEISH A. , ILCHENKO O. ,   Khmelnytskyi National University
Published: January 2025

The budget policy of the state as an important component of the country's economic policy is a system of goals, including priority (from the point of view of national interests), scientific approaches and concrete measures for the purposeful activity of the state as a whole from the regulation of the budget process, management of budgets of all levels, effective use of the budget system for solving economic and social problems of the country. Budget policy is a deliberate activity of the state (in the person of bodies of state power and local self-government) concerning the regulation of the budget process, the management of the budget deficit, as well as the use of the budget system for the realization of the tasks of economic policy in the country. The budget policy of Ukraine is constantly in the center of public attention, as it is a key element of the economic policy of the state. Budget policy is an active tool of the state's economic and social policies. Given the specific socioeconomic and political situation and the existing strategy of socio-economic development of the country, fiscal policy may provide for a different degree of redistribution of the national income of the state through the budget, more or less centralization of financial resources within the fiscal system, strengthening or weakening of the regulation of the use of budget funds, the priority of budget financing of certain measures, the choice of ways to achieve a balanced budget revenues and expenditures, etc. Therefore this article examines the fiscal policy of the state as an important part of economic policy, the nature and formation of the state budget of Ukraine prioritization principles of fiscal policy, fiscal policy to stimulate economic growth, the main directions of realization of effective fiscal policy in Ukraine.
COMPETITION AND INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT: COMMUNICATION AND DEPENDENCE
Authors: RZAEV G. , KOVALCHUK T. ,   Khmelnytskyi National University
Published: January 2025

The purpose of the article is to explore the essence of competition. Justify its main features. Establish a link between the innovation activity of the entity and the competition. Outline the main results and focus of innovation. Outline the key aspects of linking innovation and competition. The article discusses theoretical approaches to understanding competition. Its main characteristics are outlined. Signs of its support are outlined. It is presented as a process of development (inhibition). Defined as driving and moving conditions. Shown as a control mechanism. Reproduced as a state of rivalry. Theoretical approaches to the essence of innovative activity are presented. Signs of innovative activity are outlined. The main characteristics are highlighted. The set of activities. A set of activities and a series of steps. Considered as a set of actions and a set of measures. Investigated as a way of influence. It is presented as a complex of influences. Considered as a systematic activity. It is presented as a state of enterprise development. An understanding of the essence of innovation is generalized. The main characteristics that indicate innovative development are outlined. The signs of the process of innovative development are indicated. Ensures that a new product or an existing product is upgraded. Supports the process of consumption and innovation. Promotes the implementation of the innovation process. Supports the achievement of the desired end results of the enterprise. Provides value creation. Creates and implements innovation. The purpose of innovative activity is substantiated. Ensures the implementation of an innovative process. Which is aimed at the end result. Provides competitive advantages and production of competitive products. The connection between competition and innovation as processes and actions is presented. The purpose and prospects of implementation are outlined. Innovative activity promotes enterprise development. It is aimed at increasing the sales of competitive products. Innovative development is the result of innovative activity. Innovation is the result of competition. It will allow you to achieve the desired end results and their positive dynamics.
LABOUR MARKET OF UKRAINE
Authors: MOROZ S. , MEISH V. , RYBINSKA A. ,   Khmelnytskyi National University
Published: January 2025

The article is devoted to the analysis of the situation on the labour market in Ukraine. The essence of the “labour market” category has been revealed. The economic substantiation for the elements of the labour market has been given: labour supply and demand, the cost of labour. There is an imbalance of a workforce at the labour market of Ukraine in terms of quality and qualification, which causes unemployment. This fact causes negative socio-economic consequences such as a decline in employment among certain categories of the population: women, students, people of pre-retirement age and socially vulnerable population. Such situation leads to a decline of a living standard; loss of income and qualifications; increase of a social tension; increasing number of criminogenic situations; increased social inequality; increase in the number of psychological and physical diseases; fall in labour activity; reduction of tax revenues to the state budget. The level of employment and unemployment has been analysed. It was found that the main causes of unemployment are such as voluntary dismissal in order to find a more favourable work place; decline in production at enterprises; reducing demand for some professions; insufficient aggregate demand; seasonal fluctuations in production that cause changes in labour demand etc. It has been found that regulation of labour demand requires an analysis of the factors that influence it. Growth of demand can be achieved by stimulating it through the creation of new permanent or temporary workplaces, the development of non-standard forms of employment, direct investment in the creation and reconstruction of workplaces.
ENTERPRISE COMPETITIVENESS AND ANALYTICAL DIRECTION OF ITS EVALUATION
Authors: RZAEV G. , PETRYK O. ,   Khmelnytskyi National University
Published: January 2025

The purpose of the article is to explore approaches to assessing the competitiveness of an enterprise. The article explores the essence of enterprise competitiveness. The main planes of its estimation are considered. The basic aspects of its understanding are outlined. The main areas of competitiveness assessment are highlighted. The leading areas of competitiveness assessment are identified. Generalizations are made according to the leading aspects. The competitiveness estimation on efficiency characteristics is distinguished. The characteristics of innovative activity are highlighted. Competitiveness assessment is extensive. It is proposed to investigate the competitiveness of products. The competitiveness of the supply on the market is outlined. Management competitiveness assessment is provided. Marketing characteristics are highlighted. It is suggested to evaluate ways to adapt to the market. Emphasized on the expediency of taking advantage of competitive advantages. The importance of estimating the profitability of sales under market conditions is emphasized. The indicators of the assessment in the outlined directions are determined. Prospects of their use are considered. An analytical generalization of the directions of the assessment is made. The grouping of indicators by analytical lines of assessment is carried out. The financial characteristics of the enterprise activity are outlined. The analysis of efficiency and effectiveness of the activity is distinguished. The analysis of innovative characteristics is highlighted. The need to use marketing characteristics is emphasized. Improvement of the directions of estimation of competitiveness of the enterprise is offered. The necessity to assess economic security, business activity, bankruptcy probability is emphasized. These areas will increase the effectiveness of analytical work. Provide prompt decision-making.
MARKETING TECHNOLOGIES OF ADVANCEMENT OF QUALITY COMMODITIES: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
Authors: ТELNOV A. , RESHMIDILOVA S. ,   Khmelnytskyi National University
Published: January 2025

Modern enterprises use personnel marketing tools to solve the need planning, selection and evaluation of personnel, which has become one of the most important factors in the development of enterprises in a competitive market. The current state of the labor market necessitates the use of a marketing approach to personnel management, on the basis of which there is a real opportunity to achieve quality of work and production efficiency without the involvement of additional resources. This requires deepening the conceptual framework of personnel marketing and improving the marketing methods of staff assessment.
The purpose of the article is a ground of the methodical going near the estimation of professional qualities of workers enterprises as straight to marketing of personnel. In the article the necessity of application of the marketing going is reasonable near a personnel management in modern terms. Reasonably, that perfecting marketing of personnel, it is necessary to realize such his directions, as acquisition of competence of personnel, his stimulation and development. Methodical bases of estimation of professional qualities of workers of enterprise offer on the basis of discrete estimation. Directions of perfection of professional qualities of personnel of enterprise offer on the basis of the conducted estimation. The results of estimation of personnel are used as criteria: rise in wages, advancement in position, determining size of bonus, translation on other position, realization of studies and internship. Collection and treatment of the got answers, analysis of activity of department of personnel management, allowed to define aims and tasks of personnel management. Defects are educed in a personnel management at enterprise and directions of realization of marketing of personnel offer.
METHODS OF CONSUMER ATTENTION WITH SMM TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: GALYUK Ya , GORDA A. , ZURMEKHA Ye. ,   Khmelnytskyi National University
Published: January 2025

In today's world, despite the problem of "obesity" and efforts to comply with dopamine starvation, every year more and more actively begin to use the Internet, in fact, where trends aimed at improving productivity and quality of life, and social networks in particular.
As the effectiveness of traditional marketing communications has decreased, digital marketing communications have begun to replace them. Digital media allows marketers to engage in a permanent, two-way, personalized dialogue with each consumer. In addition, digital media allows you to receive analytical information about consumer behaviour, its socio-demographic portrait in real time, to establish direct and receive feedback in order to improve and optimize such interaction. The article deals with the expediency of using social media marketing in modern conditions. Digital marketing communications allow you to reach your target audience, even in an offline environment. The importance of communication technologies in digital marketing communications is described. As a result of comparing the benefits of social networking optimization and site search engine optimization, the importance of creating, updating, and supplementing content to improve user communication is determined. Today, the interaction of users with social networks is increasing. The Internet audience of Ukraine is analysed and features of social network users are determined. The use of social media marketing to increase the market for self-improvement is suggested. It should be noted that local businesses will get better results from integrated advertising, which is backed by emotional reactions. Emphasized the need to tailor content to mobile devices to improve engagement with the end recipient of the promotional message.
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF INDICATORS OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY OF THE PRODUCTION ENTERPRISE
Authors: HALYUK Ya. , BYCHIKOVA L. ,   Khmelnytskyi National University
Published: January 2025

Trends in the dairy industry in Ukraine are outlined in the article. The main stages of development of a private joint-stock company, which is a successful producer of dairy products in the national market are considered. The indicators of commercial activity that characterize the efficiency of the use of fixed assets and current assets and labour resources of the enterprise are analysed according to the published financial statements. Their rate of change and absolute rejection is reflected. The increase in net profit is revealed while the revenue from the sales and the self-cos are both increasing, but with a moderate decrease in the annual inflation index. The distribution of costs, the largest share of which is spent on sales, is figured out. Such efficiency indicators as a yield of capital investments, capital intensity, capital-labour ratio, return on fixed/current assets and productivity are calculated. The tendency to decrease or increase the performance indicators of the enterprise is characterized. The relationship between performance indicators and the dynamics of sales of whole milk, skim milk, butter and casein are reflected. The method of profitability calculation of realized products with an added cost to take into account the expenses incurred by the enterprise up to the moment of sale was used. It is proposed to invest money in reconstruction, improvement of production facilities, installation of reliable and efficient equipment, cooperation with reliable suppliers (farms) for successful production and commercial activity. The importance of building a strong brand with the use of guerrilla marketing tools to extend the distribution of dairy producers from regional to national is outlined.