bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PATHOGENICITY OF THE IRELAND STRAIN OF NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS TO SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA, LARVAE
Authors: Ebling P.M. , Barrett J.W. , Arif B.M.
Published: November 2009

The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), nuclear polyhedrosis virus (CfMNPV) has been studied extensively for its potential use as a bio-insecticide (Cunningham 1995). Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology have been impetuous in the genetic engineering of this virus to increase its virulence and (or) speed of action. This aspect of research has been concentrated on the modification of a plaque purified (Ireland strain) isolate obtained from the wild-type virus population (Arif et al. 1984). To assess any improvement in the effectiveness against the target pest, the virulence of the unaltered virus must first be determined. Bioassay results that have been previously reported by Kaupp and Ebling (1990) were conducted on the wild-type virus found in nature which consists of a mixture of viruses (Arif et al. 1994). Results of bioassays conducted to determine dose–response and time–response of fifth-instar spruce budworm larvae to the Ireland strain of CfMNPV are reported here.
OVERWINTERING MORTALITY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), POPULATIONS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: Régnière Jacques , Duval Pierre
Published: November 2009

Overwintering mortality in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), was measured between 1983 and 1990 in several natural stands of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.), in Quebec and Ontario. Overwintering losses (disappearance of larvae) averaged 25.2%, occurred mostly in late summer and early fall, and were probably caused by, in large part, failure to spin a hibernaculum, diapause-free development, and invertebrate predation. An average of 24.1% of larvae were found dead in the hibernaculum. This mortality also occurred early in diapause and during post-diapause development, and overwintering mortality did not vary much from year to year. We conclude that overwintering mortality does not result from adverse winter weather conditions or from gradual loss of hibernacula. Overall overwintering mortality from the loss of hibernating larvae plus death within the hibernaculum averaged 43.2% and was not related to infection with the microsporidian Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson). We observed no influence of position in the tree crown on overwintering survival. There was a 40% decrease in overwintering survival among larvae from eggs laid very late in a female’s oviposition sequence. Survival within the hibernaculum on shoots of A. balsamea bearing different types of spinning substrates varied considerably, and was highly correlated with larval spinning preferences. Shoots bearing lichen mats, rough bark, male flower scars, or 1-year-old annular scales were most suitable, whereas shoots bearing annular scales older than 1 year or smooth bark were least suitable. The efficiency of the NaOH extraction technique to recover overwintering spruce budworm larvae was found to be highly variable, and to depend on population density, shoot type, and the proportion of live larvae on the branches.
NEWLY RECOGNIZED HOLARCTIC AND INTRODUCED PLANT BUGS IN NORTH AMERICA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Schwartz Michael D. , Scudder G.G.E.
Published: November 2009

The first North American records forDeraeocoris punctulatus(Fallén),Labopidea artemisiae(Sahlberg), andLabopidea bermaniKerzhner indicate that the species are naturally Holarctic.Lygus rugulipennisPoppius is now considered naturally Holarctic after specimens ofLygus perplexusStanger from Alaska, Yukon Territory, and Northwest Territories are correctly identified asL.rugulipennis. Additional North American localities forLabopidea discolor(Sahlberg) support the contention that the species is naturally Holarctic. Collections ofOrthotylus ochrotrichusFieber from Royal Oak, British Columbia, andMalacocoris chlorizansPanzer from British Columbia and Washington state suggest that these species are adventive to North America. Diagnoses are provided to distinguish all the taxa from other North American congeners. A key to the northern Nearctic species ofLabopideais given.
THE BERTHA ARMYWORM (MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Mason P.G. , Arthur A.P. , Olfert O.O. , Erlandson M.A.
Published: November 2009

The bertha armyworm has been recognized as an agricultural pest in western Canada for more than 85 years, during which time outbreaks have occurred at irregular intervals. The first major outbreak occurred in Saskatchewan in 1944 on the new crop, rapeseed. The development of canola as a major crop led to a dramatic increase in the economic damage caused by the bertha armyworm and resulted in the widespread use of insecticides for control. Discovery of a species-specific pheromone and development of an adult monitoring system in the late 1970s and early 1980s led to a method for providing producers with early warning of potential for crop damage. In parallel, methods for estimating larval populations were developed but are in need of improvement. Refinement of these methods has the potential to provide a more accurate indication of damage risk for producers of canola. Control of bertha armyworm relies heavily on the use of chemical insecticides, emphasizing the need for development of integrated management strategies.
SEASONAL AND DIURNAL FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF MALE EUCOSMA GLORIOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Groot Peter De , Grant Gary G. , Nott Reginald W. , Langevin Dorothy R.
Published: November 2009

Males of Eucosma gloriola Heinrich (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were caught in pheromone traps for about 5 weeks from 17 May to 21 June in 1996 in three 6-year-old plantations of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb. (Pinaceae), located near Ramsey, Ontario. Peak flight occurred during the first week of June. Pheromone trap catch was greatest about 1 h before and after sunset (2130 hours EDT). Moth flight began when all jack pine pollen cones and vegetative shoots were still under bud scales, and when flights were nearly completed the pollen cones had completed shedding pollen and needle pairs were visible on the new shoots. Pheromone traps placed near the top of trees caught the most males, suggesting that males search for females at tree-top level and that some visual or chemical cue(s) of the host tree may enhance the response of males to pheromone-baited traps.
LIFE CYCLE AND MORTALITY OFPISSODES TERMINALIS(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Langor David W. , Williams Daryl J.M.
Published: November 2009

The seasonal life history and mortality of the lodgepole terminal weevil,Pissodes terminalisHopping (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were investigated in young lodgepole pine,Pinus contortaDouglas var.latifoliaEngelmann (Pinaceae), at three sites in west-central Alberta. Flight was monitored with traps. Development and mortality of all stages were investigated by dissecting infested leaders biweekly from late spring to early fall. Two years were required forP. terminalisto complete its life cycle, and generations overlapped. Overwintered adults emerged from the duff and commenced flight in late May, with a peak in mid-June. Eggs were present from mid-June to late July. There were four larval instars. The first two instars fed only in the phloem. Third and fourth larval instars eventually entered the pith to continue feeding, overwinter, and complete development the following spring. The new generation of adults emerged between mid-July and early August, fed on new shoots for several weeks, and overwintered in the duff. Adults have an obligatory diapause and did not reproduce until after winter. Fourth larval instars suffered the highest mortality. The major attributable cause of mortality was resinosis among eggs and young larvae and cold temperatures during the winter among mature larvae. Pathogens caused little mortality. Six species of parasitoids were collected.
ENVIRONMENTAL, PHYSICAL, AND BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANTS OF BODY TEMPERATURE IN GRASSHOPPER NYMPHS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Lactin Derek J. , Johnson Dan L.
Published: November 2009

We describe a model which estimates grasshopper body temperature (Tb) by linking energy-flow equations with empirical descriptions of aboveground gradients of air temperature (Ta) and wind speed. The model was tested using restrained grasshopper nymphs; estimated and observedTbagreed well (r2> 0.81). At a rangeland site near Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada (49 °42′N, 112 °48′W), we observed 315 free-living grasshoppers. We recorded the shadow each cast on a horizontal surface, then reconstructed their orientation to the sun by geometric analysis. We used the model to estimate theirTband the range and frequency of possibleTbwithin their environment. ModelledTbexceededTa, and was generally lower than the modelled maximum possibleTb, but was well correlated withTbof insects on top of the dense layer of vegetation which pervaded the site. This observation suggests that behaviours which elevateTbare constrained by environmental barriers.Tbexceeded the value expected if insects were located and oriented randomly within their environment (mean difference = 3.95 °C, SE = 0.115); this is unequivocal evidence for behavioural thermoregulation. Heuristic simulations using temperature-dependent developmental- and feeding-rate equations forMelanoplus sanguinipes(Fabricius) suggest that thermoregulatory behaviour increased these rates by 30–40% compared with those for insects located and oriented randomly within their environment. During this study, population processes were never inhibited by excess heat; therefore any climatic warming at the experimental site will probably accelerate the phenology of these grasshopper species. Effects at other sites may differ; the model can be applied to test this possibility.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SAMPLING PLANS WITH FIXED LEVELS OF PRECISION FOR CEREAL APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) INFESTING SPRING WHEAT
Authors: Boeve Philip J. , Weiss Michael
Published: November 2009

Three cereal aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and Sitobion avenae (F.), invade wheat fields in the northern Great Plains each spring, and populations occasionally reach economic levels. The first objective of this study was to describe the spatial distribution of three species of cereal aphids infesting hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The second objective was to develop two sampling plans for cereal aphids using individual stems as the sampling unit, a sampling plan with fixed levels of precision and a sequential sampling decision plan based on total numbers of aphids present. Aphid population estimates were collected from 47 eastern North Dakota spring wheat fields during 1993–1995. The number of aphids per stem were counted on 100–350 stems per field. Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression were used to analyze the spatial distribution of the aphids. Rhopalosiphum padi and S. avenae exhibited an aggregated distribution, whereas S. graminum was distributed randomly in the field. Taylor’s power law provided a better fit to the data than Iwao’s patchiness regression. Sample size requirements for precision levels of 0.10, 0.15, and 0.25 were estimated with Taylor’s regression coefficients. Required sample sizes increased with decreased aphid populations and increased levels of precision. The two sampling plans presented should be useful for research on cereal aphid population dynamics and pest management decision making in spring wheat.
DIVERSITÉ ET ACTIVITÉ DE BUTINAGE DES ABEILLES (HYMENOPTERA APOIDEA) DANS UNE PELOUSE À THÉROPHYTES DE CONSTANTINE (ALGÉRIE)
Authors: Louadi K. , Doumandji S.
Published: November 2009

The study of bee diversity and activity was conducted from January until June 1994 in a natural vegetation parcel (6200 m2) in Constantine (Algeria). The results showed the presence of 10 genera of wild bees visiting natural flowers and belonging to four families: Andrenidae, Anthophoridae, Halictidae, and Megachilidae. The Apidae family was represented by honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebee (Bombus ruderatus siculus Dalla Torre et Friese). Census of bee populations revealed the abundance of wild bees with 66.26% of flowers visits, honeybee with 31.98%, B. ruderatus and Xylocopa violacea with 1.59 and 0.17% of total fauna, respectively. The beginning flight activity of these species started from a minimum threshold of temperature and humidity. The alimentary specialization was quantified by Simpson’s diversity index (Is) and by Shannon’s diversity index (Ish). Apis mellifera had the highest floral visits index (Is = 0.866) and the broadest alimentary niche index (Ish = 0.316).
OCCURRENCE OF COTESIA RUBECULA (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN QUEBEC, 30 YEARS AFTER ITS INTRODUCTION IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Godin Claude , Boivin Guy
Published: November 2009

During a study on the parasitoids of the imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), undertaken in 1993 and 1994, we recovered Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for the first time in Quebec, Canada. Samples were taken from pesticide-free plots of cabbage, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts located at Ste-Clotilde (45°09′N, 73°41′W) and L'Acadie, Quebec (45°18′N, 73°21′W), as described by Godin and Boivin (1998). In addition, survival of diapausing C. rubecula was evaluated after a 5-month incubation at 4°C (Godin 1997). Both A. rapae and C. rubecula are introduced species and originate most likely from Europe (Richards 1940). Artogeia rapae was discovered in 1860 in Quebec (Harcourt 1963), and C. rubecula was first reported in 1963 in British Columbia (Wilkinson 1966).
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PRIMARY PARASITOID,ZARHOPALUSASHMEAD (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), OFORACELLA ACUTA(HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE)
Authors: Sun Jianghua , DeBarr Gary L. , Berisford C. Wayne , Schauff Michael E.
Published: November 2009

Zarhopalus debarriSun sp.nov. reared from the loblolly pine mealybug,Oracella acuta(Lobdell), in the southeastern United States is described.
OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN OVERWINTERING PEAR PSYLLA, CACOPSYLLA PYRICOLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE): SEASONALITY AND EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD
Authors: Horton David R. , Broers Debra A. , Hinojosa Tonya , Lewis Tamera M.
Published: November 2009

Effects of photoperiod, time of year, temperature, and an insect growth regulator (fenoxycarb) on ovarian development rate in overwintering pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster), were determined. Winterform pear psylla were collected from the field at intervals between October and February, and reared at 20 °C and one of three treatments: short-day photoperiod, long-day photoperiod, or short-day photoperiod + fenoxycarb. Insects were then dissected at intervals to score ovarian development. Baseline scores (i.e., ovarian development in the field on date of collection) increased very slowly between October and February. By mid-February, only about 20% of insects in the field were categorized as having postdiapause status based upon ovarian development. In the laboratory, time required for insects to reach postdiapause status decreased between the October and February collection dates. Number of days necessary for 50% of the long-day insects to reach postdiapause status was approximately 2 weeks in October, 6 days in December, and < 2 days in February. Short-day insects also required fewer than 2 days in February, but required > 2 weeks in the October and December samples. Our results suggested that insects collected in January and February had completed diapause but that ovarian development was subsequently prevented in the field by low temperatures. Fenoxycarb caused rapid ovarian development even in October-collected insects; rate of development was only slightly more rapid in the February-treated psylla.
PREVALENCE OF SPHAERULARIA BOMBI (NEMATODA: TYLENCHIDA: SPHAERULARIIDAE) IN BUMBLE BEE QUEENS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) ON CAPE BRETON ISLAND, NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA
Authors: McCorquodale D.B. , Beresford R.G. , Francis J.M. , Thomson C.E. , Bartlett C.M.
Published: November 2009

Sphaerularia bombi Dufour is an internal nematode parasite of bumble bee queens in North America and Europe. Infection functionally castrates the bee. Here we document the prevalence and intensity of S. bombi infections in seven species of Bombus and three species of Psithyrus on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. We found dramatic variation in prevalences among Bombus spp., and some evidence that prevalence increased as the nesting season progressed. Also, we report S. bombi in the bumble bee nest parasite Psithyrus insularis (Smith), the first record for the genus in North America.
FIRST RECORD OF STRONGYGASTER TRIANGULIFERA (LOEW) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) AS A PARASITOID OF HARMONIA AXYRIDIS (PALLAS) (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Katsoyannos P. , Aliniazee M.T.
Published: November 2009

The parasitic tachinid fly Strongygaster triangulifera (Loew) is widely distributed in North America (Stone et al. 1965). It parasitizes several Coleoptera and sometimes species of other orders such as Lepidoptera, Dermaptera, and Hemiptera (Sabrosky and Braun 1970). Existing records of S. triangulifera found in coccinellid hosts are from eastern North America. One describes low parasitization levels (<1%) in two indigenous species, Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Mulsant and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake, in Ontario, Canada (Smith 1960). The other existing record describes fluctuating parasitization levels (3.0–31.1% in 1993 and 0–6.5% in 1994) in the exotic species Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) in North Carolina and Virginia (Nalepa et al. 1996).
MICROPROCESSOR-CONTROLLED MINI-ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBERS CAPABLE OF SUBFREEZING TEMPERATURES IN CONSTANT OR TIME-VARYING TEMPERATURE REGIMES
Authors: Gray D.R. , Ravlin F.W. , Logan J.A.
Published: November 2009

A set of six microprocessor-controlled mini-environmental chambers (0.04 m3 each) was designed, built, and tested. Chambers are capable of subfreezing temperatures (less than −10 °C) and can operate under constant or time-varying temperature regimes. Chambers are cooled by circulating ethyl alcohol from a reservoir chilled by an immersion cooler. Heat is provided by 17-W cartridge heaters. Temperatures are independently controlled by a single IBM 8088 computer instructing a data acquisition and control system. A single photoperiod is maintained by a commercial timer activating two miniature light bulbs in each chamber. Chamber temperatures were within 0.5 or 0.75 °C of the set temperature 65 or 94% of the time, respectively, during a 39-d test period. Minimum temperature capabilities were estimated for a variety of chamber configurations by an examination of the thermodynamic characteristics of the system.
NEW AMBER DEPOSIT PROVIDES EVIDENCE OF EARLY PALEOGENE EXTINCTIONS, PALEOCLIMATES, AND PAST DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Poinar George , Archibald Bruce , Brown Alex
Published: November 2009

A large, previously unstudied amber deposit in British Columbia dating from the Early to Middle Eocene (50−55 Ma) provides a noteworthy new source of terrestrial invertebrates and other life forms. This deposit contains what are likely the earliest unequivocal ants (members of the family Formicidae), including extinct representatives ofTechnomyrmexMayr 1872,LeptothoraxMayr 1855, andDolichoderusLund 1831. DiscoveringTechnomyrmexand a corydiinid cockroach, both of which are currently restricted to tropical regions, confirms earlier evidence of warm paleoclimates and past biogeographic distributions in the early Paleogene. Chemical analysis of the amber indicates that the source tree was an araucarian belonging to or near the genusAgathisSalisbury 1807, and demonstrates that this genus survived into the Tertiary in the Northern Hemisphere, since previous records revealedAgathisas a component only of the Cretaceous forests in North America. Comparing the Hat Creek fossil assemblages in this deposit with those from the well-studied western Canadian Late Cretaceous amber deposits offers a unique opportunity to study extinction and speciation events on both sides of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary.
DNA FINGERPRINTING OF SINGLE APHID EMBRYOS BY RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RAPD–PCR)
Authors: Chan C.K. , Petersen D.J. , Vrain T.C.
Published: November 2009

Extraction of DNA from whole aphids, in combination with random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) (Williams et al. 1990) markers can detect interspecific and intraspecific genetic variation (Black et al. 1992; Cenis et al. 1993). However, these techniques entail destructive sampling of fresh or preserved specimens. To allow experimental replication from a single sample while preserving the same aphid for morphometrical or karyotyping analyses, we describe a technique for RAPD-PCR using DNA from single aphid embryos. We evaluated the usefulness and reliability of single-embryo analysis, using four species of our laboratory colonies, namelyAcyrthosiphon pisum(Harris),Aphis fabaeScopoli,Aphis frangulaegroup, andAphis gossypiiGlover.
BIOLOGY AND LARVAL MORPHOLOGY OFCEUTORHYNCHUS NEGLECTUS(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), A MINOR PEST OF CANOLA (BRASSICACEAE) IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Dosdall L.M. , McFarlane M.A. , Palaniswamy P.
Published: November 2009

A study was undertaken to determine aspects of the life history, behaviour, and host plant feeding preferences ofCeutorhynchus neglectusBlatchley, a minor pest of canola,Brassica napusL. andBrassica rapaL., in western Canada. The final-instar larva was described for the first time.Ceutorhynchus neglectuswas univoltine, with adults first occurring on host plants in early June. Mating occurred throughout June and July, and eggs were laid into the distal ends of developing siliques of flixweed,Descurainia sophia(L.) Webb (Brassicaceae). Mate guarding behaviour was observed for males ofC. neglectus, which remained attached to females long after copulation was completed and, if necessary, struggled with rival males to prevent them from fertilizing their mates. Larvae fed upon developing seeds and, when mature, bored through the pods, dropped to the soil, and constructed earthen cells approximately 2 cm beneath the soil surface where they pupated. Results from laboratory host preference studies were consistent with field observations which indicated that among selected species of Brassicaceae, leaves and siliques ofD. sophiawere preferred by adults ofC. neglectusas feeding sites. In contrast to flea beetles,Phyllotreta cruciferae(Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which fed indiscriminantly over the entire cotyledon surfaces of canola seedlings, adults ofC. neglectuscaused less cotyledon damage per individual and tended to feed on cotyledon edges. Because of its biology and host plant preferences,C. neglectusshould remain a minor pest of canola, and can only be expected to invade the crop when its preferred host (flixweed) is unavailable.
BIOACTIVITY AND EFFICACY OF MCOL AND SEUDENOL AS POTENTIAL ATTRACTIVE BAIT COMPONENTS FOR DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Setter Robert R. , Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

In randomized complete block experiments using multiple-funnel traps frontalin was only moderately attractive to spruce beetles, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby, in northern British Columbia. MCOL (1-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol) of any enantiomeric composition significantly enhanced the attraction of both sexes (up to 3.4 and 4.2 times for females and males, respectively) to traps baited with frontalin. The lack of an enantiospecific preference for MCOL aligns beetles in northern British Columbia with those in southeastern British Columbia and northern Alberta, but not with enantiospecific populations in southern British Columbia and Alaska. In tree baits, neither MCOL nor seudenol (3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol) enhanced the efficacy of frontalin. The power of frontalin alone at a release rate of 1.2 mg per 24 h (half the rate in commercial baits) indicates that the currently used operational tree baits could be modified by lowering the dose and eliminating α-pinene.
POLYETHISM IN FORAGING IN A POLYMORPHIC PREDATOR,ENOPLOGNATHA OVATA(ARANEAE: THERIDIIDAE): A CASE FOR BALANCE
Authors: Greco Carlos F. , Kevan Peter G.
Published: November 2009

Two colour morphs ofEnoplognatha ovata(Clerck), “redimita” and “lineata” the abdomens of which are whitish with two pink stripes and greyish-yellow, respectively, differ in their foraging strategies. When placed in artificial arenas with flowering stems to ascend, we noted that both morphs had a strong tendency to wander over the ground rather than ascend a stem [unlike the crab spider,Misumena vatiaClerck (Araneae: Thomisidae)], but thatlineatawas significantly more prone to wander than wasredimita. Neither morph showed choice for the type of stem or colour of flower. Nevertheless,redimitashowed a greater preference for choosing white artificial flowers (discs) atop 30-cm wooden rods than didlineata. We propose that the relative abundances of the two colour morphs in the natural population represents a balanced polymorphism which is maintained in part by polyethism in hunting strategies, withredimitabeing more fastidious in its selection of cryptic hunting sites in flowers than islineata, and the latter being more cryptic and more errant on the ground.
THE NEARCTIC LEAFHOPPER GENUS AURIDIUS: BIOLOGY, POLYMORPHISM AND NEW SPECIES (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K.G.A.
Published: November 2009

Auridius Oman is revised, and eight new species are described: aurigineus (California), cosmeticus (Montana), melinus (California), safra (Idaho–Oregon), sandaraca (Alberta–Ontario), sulphureus (New Mexico), thapsinus (Arizona–Nevada), and vitellinus (Oregon). Auridius gilvus Hamilton & Ross, 1972 is synonymized with A. auratus (Gillette and Baker 1895). The 12 known species are illustrated and keyed, with notes on host associations, phenology, wing polymorphism, and two new subspecies: A. ordinatus amarillo (southwestern Colorado – New Mexico) and A. ordinatus crocatus (British Columbia – Oregon).
HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS OF FILTH FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) PUPAE IN CATTLE FEEDLOTS
Authors: Floate K. , Khan B. , Gibson G.
Published: November 2009

Results of a 2-year survey in Alberta, Canada, identified a parasitoid fauna of filth flies distinct from that generally reported for cattle confinements in the United States. Twenty-two feedlots were surveyed using freeze-killed sentinel house fly pupae. Parasitism averaged 0.25%. Ten species of hymenopterous parasitoids were recovered. As a percentage of the total number of pupae parasitized, these species wereMuscidifurax raptorGirault & Saunders (37.4%),Trichomalopsis sarcophagaeGahan (23.9%),Urolepis rufipes(Ashmead) (18.5%),Muscidifurax zaraptorKogan & Legner (6.9%),Nasonia vitripennisWalker (6.5%),Trichomalopsissp. (3.7%) (Pteromalidae),Phygadeuonsp. (2.9%) (Ichneumonidae),Dibrachys cavus(Walker) (0.1%) (Pteromalidae),Synacrasp. (0.1%) (Diapriidae), and an unidentified Braconidae (0.1%). No differences were detected among natural regions of the province. Three categories of seasonal activity are identified which expand on previous groupings of species by their geographic distributions. The abundance ofT.sarcophagaeand rarity of species ofSpalangiaLatreille, 1805 are in marked contrast to results of surveys conducted in the United States. This difference suggests that species used to manage populations of pestiferous flies associated with livestock in the United States could be inappropriate for use in Canada.
DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN SPRING WHEAT
Authors: Lamb R.J. , Wise I.L. , Olfert O.O. , Gavloski J. , Barker P.S.
Published: November 2009

The wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) occurred in all wheat-growing areas of Manitoba during 1993–1997, with 95% of spring wheat fields having some seeds infested by larvae. The level of infestation varied, but each year in excess of 20% of seeds were infested in some fields. Infestation levels in adjacent fields were more similar than in fields separated by a few kilometres. Within fields, the infestation was similar at the edge and near the centre. Wheat midge larvae also overwintered in, and adults emerged from, fields in all wheat-growing areas of Manitoba. Adults emerged from the end of June to the end of July most years, and the peak period for adult flight was mid-July, about 1 month later than in parts of Europe where winter wheat predominates. The timing of the emergence was similar from place to place and year to year. Females constituted 95% of insects caught in a flight trap. The first 10% and 50% of the flight occurred on 9 and 16 July, respectively, and the timing of the flight was not related to growing degree-days. In early August, mature larvae began dropping from wheat heads. The timing of infestation of spring wheat was variable among years because of differences in timing between midge flights and the susceptible heading stage of the crop. Nevertheless, the wheat midge flight usually coincided with the susceptible stage of the spring wheat crop.
COMPARATIVE ECOLOGY OF TWO SPECIES OF HYDROPORUS (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE) IN A HIGH ARCTIC OASIS
Authors: deBruyn Adrian M.H. , Ring Richard A.
Published: November 2009

At Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island, the diving beetles Hydroporus morio Aubé and Hydroporus polaris Fall occur in a series of shallow ponds. Detailed habitat measurements of a temporary and a permanent pond revealed a more complex and extensive organic substrate and vegetation community, longer developmental time, and greater thermal budget in the permanent pond. Hydroporus polaris was most abundant in the temporary pond, but occurred in both; this species oviposited in the absence of macrophytic vegetation, completed larval development quickly, and pupated in the drying pond substrate, and adults dispersed in fall to moister overwintering sites. Hydroporus morio was restricted to the single permanent pond; this species took longer to complete larval development, pupated in wet moss, and overwintered as adults encased in ice on the vertical pond edge. We hypothesize that H. morio is excluded from temporary ponds in the arctic by its requirement for a relatively long development time. Alternatively, H. morio may require sheltered overwintering sites that temporary ponds do not offer.
GROWTH RESPONSES OF SCOTS PINE (PINACEAE) TO ARTIFICIAL AND SAWFLY (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) DEFOLIATION
Authors: Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa Päivi
Published: November 2009

The influence of defoliation type (artificial versus natural), timing (early versus late), and intensity (25%, 50%, and 75% of needle mass removed) on leader growth of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (Linnaeus), was assessed for 2 years after treatment on an even-aged stand located in southeastern Finland. Trees were defoliated simultaneously, either artificially with a pair of scissors or naturally with larvae of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) and Diprion pini (Linnaeus) for the early- and late-season treatments, respectively. After 1 year, early-season artificial defoliation generally caused greater growth reduction than natural defoliation. Late-season defoliation yielded opposite results. Trees defoliated artificially in early-season treatments were significantly shorter than control trees irrespective of defoliation intensity, whereas those defoliated late in the season did not differ from controls, except at the highest intensity. Trees defoliated by sawflies, either early or late in the season, were significantly shorter than control trees only at the highest defoliation intensity. The pattern of growth loss in the second year appeared similar to that in the first year. The impact of defoliation was either prolonged neutral or negative, as no compensatory responses on height growth in Scots pine were observed. Timing of the treatment in relation to completion of leader growth, differences in defoliation types, alteration of the photosynthetic capacity due to biomass loss, and the functional role of plant parts defoliated may explain the results observed.
OVIPOSITION AND LARVAL ESTABLISHMENT OF SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) ON WHEAT (GRAMINEAE) AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES
Authors: Ding H. , Lamb R.J.
Published: November 2009

The wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), infests wheat, Triticum aestivum L., heads only up to anthesis when pollination occurs. The termination of infestation might be due to a deterrence of oviposition or to a suppression of larval growth on developing seeds. These hypotheses were tested in the laboratory by measuring oviposition preference, larval development, and larval preference for plants at different growth stages. Females showed no preference for ovipositing on heads at any stage from the onset of heading up to and including anthesis, and continued to lay eggs at a reduced rate 10 days after anthesis. Survival of newly hatched larvae was reduced on seeds 3–1 days after anthesis and survival and development was greatly reduced on seeds 5 or 6 days after anthesis. Larvae moved away from older seeds and fed on younger seeds in a choice test. Given a hatching time of 5–6 days, a failure to infest wheat after anthesis is not due to oviposition deterrence at anthesis, but to suppression of larval growth and development which begins soon after anthesis.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF PISSODES (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) FROM CHINA
Authors: Langor David W. , Situ Ying-X , Zhang Runzhi
Published: November 2009

Pissodes punctatussp.nov. and Pissodes yunnanensissp.nov., reared from Pinus armandii Franchet and Pinus yunnanensis Franchet (Pinaceae) in southwestern China, are described and illustrated. Both species attack the upper portions of the stems of young trees, and larvae feed in the phloem and cambium.
WITHIN-TREE DYNAMICS OF MASS ATTACK BY DENDROCTONUS PSEUDOTSUGAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ON ITS HOST
Authors: Prenzel Björn G. , Laidlaw William G. , Wieser Hal
Published: November 2009

The within-tree scale dynamics of mass attack by the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, on its host were investigated and quantified. Seven similarly sized Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae), infested as part of several pheromone-induced infestations, were monitored over an entire attack season. Ninety percent of the attacks on mass-attacked trees occurred within 3 weeks of colonization; the remaining 10% occurred gradually over the remaining 7 weeks of the attack season. Vertical attack distribution followed a Gaussian form that shifted upwards on the bole with increasing attack density. The change in attack pattern associated with increasing attack density was investigated for the central vertical portion of the bole, where most attacks occurred, and where the vertical pattern was least variable. At low density, attacks were randomly distributed. As density increased, the distance between attacks decreased, eventually resulting in a uniform distribution.
TAXONOMIC NOTES ON THE GENUS MONELLIOPSIS (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE: CALAPHIDINAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES
Authors: Quednau F.W.
Published: November 2009

Monelliopsis bissellisp.nov., Monelliopsis pallidasp.nov., and Monelliopsis quadrimaculatasp.nov. are described and their relationship with other known species is discussed. The taxonomic position of the genus Monelliopsis Richards is assessed and a key for the identification of the species of this aphid genus is presented.
OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOUR OF APHIDIINE WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE, APHIDIINAE): MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS AND EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
Authors: Völkl Wolfgang , Mackauer Manfred
Published: November 2009

We examined oviposition behaviour in 49 species representing 19 genera of Aphidiinae. All species are solitary parasitoids of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea). Six general types are described that differ in oviposition time, behaviour, and morphology. The Ephedrini have the least specialized oviposition behaviour within the subfamily, with Praini and Aphidiini displaying various adaptations for host capture and oviposition. Use of the forelegs to grasp and orient aphids for oviposition has arisen twice, in Praini and, independently, in the genus Monoctonus Haliday (Aphidiini: Monoctonina). Morphological modifications of the terminal abdominal segments for host capture are found in Trioxina and in several species of Pauesia Quilis (Aphidiina). A “quick” sting is characteristic of species in the genus Aphidius Nees and related genera. The greatest degree of behavioural diversification occurred among Pauesia species, including cryptic behaviour, ant mimicry, and “sneak” oviposition. Acquired chemical camouflage and mimicry of the host’s cuticular hydrocarbon pattern to avoid detection by guarding ants is found in Aclitus obscuripennis Foerster, the genus Paralipsis Foerster, and the two closely related genera Adialytus Foerster and Lysiphlebus Foerster. It is suggested that the main driving forces in the evolution of parasitoid oviposition behaviour were aphid defensive behaviour and avoidance of aggression by trophobiotic ants. The results are compared with phylogenetic relationships inferred from morphological and molecular data.
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS, BODY SIZE, AND SUGAR-FEEDING HABITS OF TWO SPECIES OF CHRYSOPS (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)
Authors: Ossowski A. , Hunter F.F.
Published: November 2009

Two deer fly species, Chrysops mitis Osten Sacken and Chrysops excitans Walker, were collected by sweep-netting around human bait on five collection dates in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. Distribution patterns of the two species at two sites (abandoned airfield and Davies bog), in two habitats (open and forest edge), and at two times of day (morning and afternoon) are analysed. Chrysops excitans was more frequently collected than C. mitis. Regardless of site, both species are more common in the morning than the afternoon collections and both are more common in the open than the forest-edge habitats. Chrysops excitans was the larger species (based on wing length measurements) and its size was constant regardless of site, habitat, and time of day. In contrast, afternoon-collected C. mitis were larger than morning-collected flies at the Davies bog site. The crop contents of 241 flies were identified using thin-layer chromatography. Using melezitose and stachyose as honeydew-indicator sugars, the relative importance of homopteran honeydew and floral nectar as carbohydrate sources for these flies was determined. We found no significant differences among species, sites, habitats, or times of day. Overall, 52.8% of C. excitans and 51.1% of C. mitis had recently fed on homopteran-derived honeydew sugars, underscoring the importance of this carbohydrate source for the haematophagous Diptera.
MOVEMENT OF AGRIOTES OBSCURUS (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) IN STRAWBERRY (ROSACEAE) PLANTINGS WITH WHEAT (GRAMINEAE) AS A TRAP CROP
Authors: Vernon Robert S. , Kabaluk Todd , Behringer Anita
Published: November 2009

Dusky wireworms, Agriotes obscurus (L.), aggregated at rows of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., spaced 1 m apart within 6 d of seeding. Wireworms also aggregated at rows of newly planted strawberries, Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne, resulting in 43% plant mortality. Wheat rows planted 8 d in advance of intercropped rows of strawberries aggregated wireworms at the wheat rows rather than at the strawberry rows. Mortality of strawberry plants protected by the previously planted wheat rows was only 5.3%. Strawberry seedlings planted 14 d before intercropping with wheat rows incurred 29.6% mortality. These data show that trap crops of wheat planted 1 week in advance of planting strawberries can effectively reduce wireworm feeding and plant mortality and can be used as an inexpensive pest management method.
APHODIINAE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) OF THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS
Authors: Cook Joyce , Peck Stewart B.
Published: November 2009

The Aphodiine fauna of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, is reviewed. Ten species in two genera are now recorded for the archipelago. Two species,Ataenius cristobalensissp.nov. andAtaenius floreanaesp.nov., are described.Ataenius leleupiPetrovitz is placed in synonymy. Two previously described species,Ataenius gracilis(Melsheimer) andAtaenius liogasterBates, are newly recorded as recent introductions to the islands. A key to species is included. We hypothesize that wing dimorphism for the species of the genusAtaeniusHarold endemic to the Galápagos underwent the following evolutionary stages: (1) colonization, (2) adaptation to high-elevation moist forest, and (3) speciation and extinction.
A NEW SPECIES AND REVISION OF THE CONCEPT OF THE GENUS THORONIDEA (HYMENOPTERA, PLATYGASTROIDEA: SCELIONIDAE)
Authors: Johnson Norman F.
Published: November 2009

A new species of Thoronidea Masner and Huggert, Thoronidea cerradensissp.nov., is described from the central Brazilian state of Goiás. This species is closely associated with stream habitats in cerrado (savanna) vegetation and probably parasitizes the eggs of aquatic Hemiptera. The male of the genus is described for the first time. The male antenna of T. cerradensis is 11-merous and A4 is exaggerated. The original generic diagnosis is modified to accommodate this new species.
DESCRIPTION OF THIRD-INSTAR LARVA OF TWO SPECIES OF PHYLLOPHAGA (COLEOPTERA: MELOLONTHIDAE)
Authors: Aragón Agustín , Morón Miguel-Angel
Published: November 2009

Third-instar larvae of Phyllophaga (s.str.) ilhuicaminai Morón and Phyllophaga (Listrochelus) cuicateca Morón and Aragón are described. Larvae of P. ilhuicaminai were taken only from the roots of Limonium sinuatum (L.) Miller (Plumbaginaceae), an ornamental herb growing in fields near Atlixco, Puebla, Mexico. Larvae of P. cuicateca were found only on roots of Amaranthus hypocondriacus L. (Amaranthaceae) in fields near Altepexi, Puebla, Mexico. These larvae cause damage to the root system of both plant species under culture. Illustrations of diagnostic structures, a brief discussion on the differences between these larvae and other Phyllophaga Harris larvae, and a key to the Mexican larvae of the genus are included.
OCHROPLEURA IMPLECTA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), A NEW CUTWORM PEST OF CRANBERRIES
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila M. , Troubridge James T. , Henderson Deborah
Published: November 2009

In 1997, larvae of the cutworm moth, Ochropleura implecta Lafontaine, caused economic damage to cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton; Ericaceae) on several neighbouring farms in Richmond (49° 10′N, 123°07′W), British Columbia, Canada. This is the first report of O. implecta on cranberries. Published host records for O. implecta include willow and a variety of herbaceous plants, such as clover and endive (Crumb 1956; Lafontaine 1998), but there are no reports of pest status on any crop. On the affected cranberry farms, larvae partially consumed unripe and ripe berries in July and August. On one farm, damaged fruit was downgraded from fresh fruit sales to the juice market, resulting in an estimated loss of $40 000 Can.
DIFFERENTIATION OF THE SPECIES OFUROLEPIS(HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA: PTEROMALIDAE), POTENTIAL BIOCONTROL AGENTS OF FILTH FLIES (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Gibson Gary A.P.
Published: November 2009

The world species ofUrolepisWalker are reviewed and a key is given to differentiate females ofUrolepis singularis(Ashmead) and males and females ofUrolepis maritima(Walker) andUrolepis rufipes(Ashmead). Lectotypes are designated forU.rufipesandU.singularis. Biological literature relating to parasitism of house flies and stable flies byU.maritimaandU.rufipesis summarized, and known hosts of the three species and collection records within the Nearctic region are given.Urolepis maritimais recorded for the first time from the Nearctic region, andU.rufipesis confirmed from northern Europe (Denmark and Germany).
FIELD BIOASSAY METHODOLOGIES FOR THE DETECTION OF RESISTANCE TO ACARICIDES IN POPULATIONS OF EUROPEAN RED MITE (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Pree D.J. , Bittner L.A. , Whitty K.J.
Published: November 2009

The toxicity of dicofol, pyridaben, formetanate HCl, and abamectin to European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), was determined using either a Petri dish or leaf dip bioassay (as potential field assay procedures) and was compared with results from a standard laboratory procedure that requires a Potter spray tower to treat leaf disks. Abamectin and pyridaben were the most toxic acaricides tested, and dicofol and pyridaben were more toxic when applied to Petri dishes than to leaf disks. Formetanate HCl was the least toxic acaricide tested by either leaf disk or leaf dip procedures. Diagnostic concentrations of pyridaben were determined as 5 mg active ingredient per litre (a.i./L) with the Petri dish assay and 15 mg a.i./L with the leaf disk assay. Mortality of European red mites to pyridaben at diagnostic concentrations was consistently 100% with the leaf disk assay and > 90% with the Petri dish assay. Residues of pyridaben on Petri dishes stored at 4 °C in a refrigerator were stable for at least 21 d. For dicofol, both leaf disk and Petri dish assays gave similar results, and 25 mg a.i./L, previously used as the diagnostic concentration in the Petri dish assay, resulted in > 99% mortality of the standard susceptible strain. This technique identified resistant individuals in all of the field populations tested. Abamectin applied at 2 mg a.i./L to leaf disks consistently gave 98–100% mortality, but results at 2 mg a.i./L with the Petri dish assay gave variable results and this was not a reliable technique for monitoring resistance. Concentrations of formetanate HCl required for the leaf dip assay were too high to be useful in field assays; however, all populations of European red mite tested using the leaf disk assay appeared susceptible. For the ovicide, clofentezine, mortality of eggs tested by the leaf disk assay at 100 or 500 mg a.i./L ranged from 89 to 100%. Results with the leaf dip procedure, using a 350 mg a.i./L suspension consistently resulted in > 96% mortality of eggs from susceptible field populations. These procedures are a useful tool in the development of resistance management programs for acaricides used in integrated pest management (IPM) systems for tree fruits.
AMBROSIA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: PLATYPODIDAE) OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC
Authors: Beaver R.A.
Published: November 2009

Platypus bordenisp.nov. and Platypus namosianussp.nov. are described from the island of Viti Levu, Fiji, breeding in Syzygium ?curvistylum (Gillespie) Merr. and Perry (Myrtaceae). A key is provided to nine species of Platypodidae from the South Pacific islands. A review of the economic importance of Platypodidae in the region and possible management strategies is provided.
TARSONEMID MITE ASSOCIATES OF DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR THE HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF D. FRONTALIS
Authors: Moser John C. , Macías-Sámano Jorge E.
Published: November 2009

Seven species of mites (Acari: Tarsenomidae) were associated with two local outbreaks of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, in Chiapas, Mexico; three of these species were new records for Mexico and Central America. The morphology and phoretic behavior of these mites differed little between the western and southern populations from the United States. One major difference was that the hyperphoretic ascospores of the southern pine beetle mycangial fungus, Ceratocystiopsis sp. (Ophiostomataceae), were common in sporothecae of Tarsonemus krantzi Smiley and Moser (Acari: Tarsonemidae) and Tarsonemus ips Lindquist in Chiapas, Mexico, whereas the ascospores of the blue stain fungus, Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. and P. Sydow (Ophiostomataceae), were rare; this situation in the southern United States is reversed. The paucity of behavioral and morphological differences between the two southern pine beetle populations and the relevant historical climatology suggest that the appearance of D. frontalis in the southern United States may be a recent event.