bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
White Pine Blister Rust Severity and Selection of Individual Whitebark Pine by the Mountain Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)
Authors: Six Diana L. , Adams Joel
Published: September 2017

We investigated whether white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) (J.C. Fischer in Rabenh.) severity, tree diameter at breast height (DBH), bark and phloem thickness, and sapwood moisture content influence the preference of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) for individual trees of whitebark (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) and lodgepole pine (P. contorta Loud.). We measured these variables at 5 sites in Montana and Idaho and found a significant relationship between blister rust severity and attack of trees by D. ponderosae, with trees exhibiting greater blister rust severity being more likely to be attacked by the beetle. Sapwood moisture content was negatively correlated (P = 0.0004) with blister rust severity indicating that as severity increases there is an increasingly negative effect on water relations within the tree. Sapwood moisture content was significantly lower in P. albicaulis than in P. contorta at sites with beetle activity suggesting that there may be an interaction between blister rust severity and drought stress that, in turn, may affect beetle preference. DBH and bark and phloem thickness did not appear to influence beetle preference for individual trees. As blister rust spreads in P. albicaulis stands across the western U.S., this may translate to increasing levels of beetle-caused mortality in these areas.
Field Evaluation of Pearl Millet for Chinch Bug (Heteroptera: Blissidae) Resistance
Authors: Ni Xinzhi , Wilson Jeffrey P. , Rajewski John A. , Buntin G. David , Dweikat Ismail M.
Published: September 2017

The chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) (Heteroptera: Blissidae), is the most important insect pest of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.) production in the southeastern and central United States. Chinch bug feeding causes stunting and leaf sheath necrosis of the young seedlings and loss of crop stand in severe infestations. Sixteen germplasm entries (including hybrids and inbreds) of pearl millet were screened for chinch bug resistance on 2 planting dates. ‘Dove’ proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) was interplanted in 2-row strips among experimental plots to attract adult chinch bugs and establish initial chinch bug infestations. Use of a proso millet trap crop strip was effective in establishing chinch bug infestations for screening of pearl millet for chinch bug resistance in the field. Weekly samplings were begun when plants were at the 5-leaf stage. Significant differences in adult and nymph numbers, stunting and necrosis ratings, percent tiller loss, crop stand loss, and chlorophyll content were recorded for the 16 pearl millet germplasm entries. Combining all injury evaluation parameters (i.e., stunting and necrosis ratings, percent tiller loss, and crop stand loss), we identified that ‘TifGrain 102’ had a moderate level of chinch bug resistances e data demonstrated that, millet would aeh resistance. Entries 637 (i.e., 59668A × NM-5B), 639 (59668M × 9Rm/4Rm), 648 (i.e., 02GH973 × Tift 454), and 653 (i.e., NM-5A1 × NM-7R1R5) were the most resistant; whereas, entries 640 (i.e., Tift 99B), 641 (i.e., Tift 454), and 644 (i.e., 02F 289-1) were the most susceptible to chinch bug feeding. The study showed the combination of nondestructive visual ratings (i.e., stunting and necrosis ratings, tiller loss, and stand loss) and chlorophyll content could be used for evaluating chinch bug resistance in pearl millet.
Fly Catcher Effect in Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)? No Attraction to Lady Beetle Images on Flight Traps
Authors: Nalepa Christine A.
Published: September 2017

Field tests were conducted to determine if, at the conclusion of their autumn migratory flight, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) are attracted to and preferentially alight on targets covered with the printed images of lady beetles. There was no significant difference in the number of beetles that landed on targets bearing depictions of coccinellids compared with the number that landed on blank, white controls. Results suggest that commercial traps that rely on images of lady beetles to attract incoming coccinellids are of little practical value.
Impact of Predatory Mite Releases on the Abundance of Pecan Leaf Scorch Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Dutcher James D.
Published: September 2017

Release of the predatory mites, Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Phytoseuilis persimilis Athias-Henriot, suppressed or controlled populations of pecan leaf scorch mite (Eotetranychus hicoriae McGregor [Acari:Tetranychidae]) in an 18-yr-old ‘Desirable’ pecan orchard. Predators controlled a low population (4.4 pecan leaf scorch mites and eggs per leaf in untreated trees) of pecan leaf scorch mites in the 2002 season at 28 days after the release date. In 2003, both species of predatory mites were released at 500 and 1000 mites per tree in the center tree of a 25-tree, square plot (0.41 ha). Untreated trees had 63, 240, and 38 pecan leaf scorch mites and eggs per leaf at 6, 10, and 24 d postrelease, respectively. Pecan leaf scorch mites were controlled at this high population density in the release area 24 d after the release. Release of the mites at 500 and 1000 G. occidentalis mites per tree reduced the pecan leaf scorch mite infestation by 67 and 91%, respectively. Release of 500 and 1000 P. persimilis mites per tree reduced the pecan leaf scorch mite infestation by 90 and 98%, respectively. Predatory mite releases appear to provide an effective management tactic for pecan leaf scorch mite for pecan producers in Georgia.
Social Facilitation and Digging Behavior in the Beetle Odontotaenius floridanus Schuster (Coleoptera: Passalidae)
Authors: Punzo F.
Published: September 2017

Laboratory studies assessed the effect of group size on egg-carrying behavior and walking speed of adults of the subsocial beetle, Odontotaenius floridanus Schuster (Coleoptera: Passalidae). Adult males tested solo carried significantly fewer eggs per individual when compared with males tested in groups of 4 and 8 individuals. Similarly, adult males and females in groups of 4 and 8 individuals exhibited significantly faster walking speeds when tested in a linear runway as compared with adults tested alone. There was no significant difference in the number of eggs carried or walking speed between beetles tested in groups of 4 or 8 individuals. This represents the first demonstration of social facilitation in passalid beetles. The adaptive significance of social facilitation in insects is discussed.
Seasonal Patterns in Host-Free Survival of the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Subtropics
Authors: Spurgeon D. W.
Published: September 2017

The overwintering ecology of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, in the subtropics is poorly understood. Knowledge of seasonal patterns of host-free survival may be important to eradication efforts in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. The host-free survival of weevil cohorts emerging between 1 June and 3 November 1994 was examined. Weevils were fed either outdoors for 21 d (9 cohorts), outdoors for 28 d (6 cohorts), or under controlled conditions (29.4 ± 1°C, 13:11 [L:D] h photoperiod; 5 cohorts) for 21 d. Weevils were fed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) squares or bolls, depending on availability in the field, and were subsequently held without food in the same environment in which they were fed. Survival of weevils fed outdoors exhibited a marked seasonal pattern in which greater survival was associated with the later cohorts. However, survival of cohorts fed and held under controlled conditions exhibited no seasonal pattern. When survival was adjusted for degree-day accumulations, using a base temperature of 12.8°C, differences in survival curves of weevils fed outdoors were reduced but not eliminated. During the periods of highest degree-day accumulations, most cohorts fed outdoors for 21 d exhibited greater survival than those fed outdoors for 28 d, and survival tended to be greater for weevils fed under controlled conditions than for weevils fed outdoors. These observations suggest the feeding period duration influenced subsequent survival. The observed influence of temperature on host-free survival suggests the opportunity to reduce overwintering weevil populations in subtropical regions through a delayed planting tactic.
Galleria mellonella (L.) Survivorship, Development and Protein Content in Response to Dietary Antibiotics
Authors: Büyükgüzel Ender , Kalender Yusuf
Published: September 2017

Antibiotics are routinely incorporated in insect culture media. Although culturing insects on diets containing antibiotics is a decades-old practice, the antibiotics can exert deleterious effects on the insects. Diets amended with penicillin, streptomycin, fluconazole or griseofulvin were evaluated as to their impact on survivorship, development, wet weight, and adult total protein content of Galleria mellonella (L.). Insects were reared from neonates to adults on artificial diets containing 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 g of the antibiotics (per 100 g diet). Dose- and stage-dependent variations in both biological and biochemical parameters occurred. Penicillin at high concentrations significantly increased the wet weight of the insect, whereas low dietary fluconazole, griseofulvin and streptomycin concentrations significantly increased wet weight and high concentrations decreased wet weight. Dietary antibiotic treatment resulted in significantly decreased survivorship and increased developmental time of larvae. The diet amended with 1.0 g of either penicillin or streptomycin decreased pupation and adult emergence by 50%. Larvae reared on the diets supplemented with the highest concentrations of fluconazole and griseofulvin produced as low as 20% of adults. The 0.1 g fluconazole treatment prolonged adult development by 8 d. High dietary griseofulvin concentrations markedly decreased total protein content of adults. Other antibiotics also resulted in decreased total protein content in adults depending on their types and concentrations. Slightly enhanced survivorship, shortened development and increased total protein content were observed with some sublethal doses of antibiotics. It appears that dietary antibiotic impact on insect biological parameters is exerted via their deteriorative effects on biochemical factors in relation to alterations in wet weight. Low concentrations of these antibiotics can be used in artificial rearing of G. mellonella .
Effect of DNA Gyrase Inhibitors in the Nl Diet on Biological Fitness of the Western Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: Streett Douglas A. , Ni Xinzhi , Lawrence Amanda M.
Published: September 2017

Addition of 3 DNA-gyrase inhibitors (i.e., novobiocin, nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid) individually to the Nl (New and Improved) oligidic diet for plant bugs was investigated to assess their effect on the biological fitness of Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae). Biological fitness was measured by the number, biomass, sex ratio, daily egg count per female, and the egg hatch rate. All measures of biological fitness were not significantly different among the controls and the 3 inhibitors, which demonstrated that the inhibitors can effectively replace present antibiotics for a less expensive diet. Females reared on the Nl diet with novobiocin and oxolinic acid showed increased fecundity in comparison with the diet with nalidixic acid, but the types of inhibitors had no effect on egg hatch rate. Furthermore, the egg hatch rate during the first 12 d after oviposition produced the most viable eggs, with the highest hatch rate between the 2nd and 9th days after oviposition commenced, which is comparable to the current egg-collection period used for the L. hesperus colony. These inhibitors could replace the antibiotics currently used in the Nl diet and reduce the cost for diet preservation without sacrificing the quality of the insects in the mass-rearing facility.
Impacts of Parasitism on the Survivorship and Reproduction of the Madeira Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Chong Juang-Horng , Oetting Ronald D.
Published: September 2017

This study was conducted to assess the impacts of parasitism by Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope Noyes and Menezes on the reproductive potential and the survivorship of the Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green. The reproductive responses of P. madeirensis to parasitism were dependent upon the reproductive status of the adult mealybugs. The reproductive period and fecundity of parasitized preovipositing adult mealybugs were significantly lower (4 d and 290 eggs, respectively) than those of the unparasitized individuals (8 d and 380 eggs, respectively). However, the reproductive longevity and fecundity were not different between the parasitized and unparasitized ovipositing mealybugs. Destructive feeding by parasitoid larvae reduced the total longevity of all adult mealybugs by 1–4 d. The parasitoid only host fed on 2.4% of the 1st-instar mealybugs and none in other developmental stages. In the 4 developmental stages examined (1st, 2nd and 3rd nymphal instars, and prereproductive adult), only the survival rate of 1st-instar nymphs was significantly reduced by ovipositor insertion (97% of the unparasitized versus 88% of the parasitized). After accounting for the mortality due to host feeding and ovipositor insertion, the parasitism rate of P. madeirensis by Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope was estimated at 30%.
Starvation Effects on Larval Development of Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Chen Yigen , Ruberson John R.
Published: September 2017

Sporadic starvation of herbivorous insect pests, such as the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), often occurs due to host plant scarcity and dislodgement from host plants resulting from inclement weather, enemy attack, and other perturbations. We hypothesized that (1) starvation of beet armyworm in earlier instars would increase the possibility of undergoing supernumerary instars greater than would be the case for later instars; and (2) starvation of beet armyworm in earlier instars would prolong developmental time more than starvation in later instars. We tested these hypotheses by starving beet armyworm larvae for 48 h in the first, third, and fifth instars, and monitoring their development. Beet armyworms normally have 5 instars before pupation. Significantly more larvae underwent 6 larval instars (20.22 ± 4.35%) when starved for 2 d in the first instar compared with those starved for 2 d in the third (2.0 ± 2.00) and fifth instars (0.0), and relative to unstarved larvae (0.0). The number of instars that S. exigua larvae will experience can be predicted as early as the third instar-head capsule widths in this instar clearly differentiate for those destined to experience 5 and 6 instars. Developmental times of starved larvae also were prolonged compared with unstarved larvae. Developmental times (mean ± SE in days) of larvae starved in the first instar (20.32 ±0.16) were significantly longer than those starved in the third (17.04 ± 0.20) or fifth instars (16.92 ± 0.10), or than unstarved larvae (14.62 ± 0.25). Timing of starvation significantly affected the pupal weight of larvae undergoing 5 instars. This suggests that (1) starvation of 2 d in very early instars (the first instar) increases the pupal weight at the cost of prolonged developmental time; and (2) starvation of 2 d in later instars (the fifth instar) leads to lower pupal biomass, presumably because of inability to compensate for the loss.
Tissue Distribution and Properties of Glutathione S-transferases in Micromelalopha troglodyta (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae)
Authors: Tang Fang , Zhang Xiu-Bo , Liu Yu-Sheng , Gao Xi-Wu
Published: September 2017

The small prominent, Micromelalopha troglodyta (Graeser) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), is an important pest of poplar in China. Glutathione S-transferases are known to be responsible for adaptation mechanisms of M. troglodyta. Thus, the tissue distribution and kinetic constants of glutathione S-transferase activity in the small prominent were studied. Significant differences in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and distribution percentages of GST activity and kinetic characteristics were observed among 4 tissues (head, midgut, fat body and integument). Furthermore, the inhibition of glutathione S-transferase activity in 4 tissues by 21 inhibitors was conducted. The results showed the inhibition of GST activity of different tissues by 21 inhibitors is different. For GST activity in heads, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, lambda-cyhalothrin, fipronil and quercetin were the best inhibitors tested. Tannic acid was the most potent inhibitor of midgut GST activity. In the fat body, GST activity was inhibited most by tannic acid, chlorpyrifos and profenofos. The inhibitory effect of profenofos and phoxim was highest for GST activity in the integument. Our results showed that glutathione S-transferases in different tissues are qualitatively different in isozyme composition and thus different in sensitivity to inhibitors.
Black Vine Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Performance in Container- and Field-Grown Hosts
Authors: Reding Michael E.
Published: September 2017

The black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F.) feeds on a variety of plant species and is a serious pest of ornamental nursery crops. The larval stage has a more restricted diet than the adult stage, but the larvae are more damaging because they feed on roots and often stunt or kill their hosts. Performance and establishment of larvae in various container- and field-grown nursery crops were examined. In trials on containerized plants, adult black vine weevil were caged with various combinations of known larval hosts. In these trials, most larvae were found in Sedum and Heuchera versus Astilbe, redbud, and Taxus. Larvae collected from Sedum weighed significantly more than those from Heuchera or Taxus. In one field trial, adult black vine weevils were released, and establishment of larvae among potential hosts was examined. In this trial, Sedum was a better host than hemlock or Rudbeckia. Based on the numbers of larvae found in the different plant species, Sedum was the best host for larvae. Another field trial examined the influence of mulch on the occurrence of larvae. The presence of mulch around small field-grown Taxus plants did not increase the numbers of larvae compared with bare soil. The presence of aged pine bark or Taxus needle mulches did not influence the occurrence of black vine weevils in field plots of young Taxus. Data from monitoring adults suggest they either emigrated from these plots within several weeks of emergence, although suitable hosts were present, or there was high mortality.
In Vitro Inhibition of the Diphenolase Activity of Tyrosinase by Insecticides and Allelochemicals in Micromelalopha troglodyta (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae)
Authors: Tang Fang , Shen Xin , Gao Xi-Wu
Published: September 2017

Tyrosinase is a copper enzyme and plays a key role in normal insect development. We studied the in vitro inhibitory effects of selected insecticides and allelochemicals on the diphenolase activity of tyrosinase in Micromelalopha troglodyta (Graeser) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). Two pyrethriods (cyfluthrin and deltamethrin) and 3 other insecticides (hexaflumuron, abamectin and imidacloprid) were the least inhibitory, whereas 5 organophosphates (triazophos, malathion, chlorpyrifos, omethoate and profenofos), 1 carbamate (methomyl), 4 pyrethriods (fenpropathrin, beta-cypermethrin, bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin), 1 organochlorine (endosulfan), 2 allelochemicals (tannic acid and 2-tridecanone) and 4 other insecticides (emamectin benzoate, fipronil, acetamiprid and pyridaben) were moderately inhibitory. Three chemicals (quercetin, phenyl thiourea and phoxim) were the most potent inhibitors of the enzymes among all compounds tested and inhibited the diphenolase activity of tyrosinase in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, phenyl thiourea, phoxim and quercetin showed neither typical competitive nor noncompetitive binding to the substrate, with Ki of 0.13 μM, 49.30 μM and 37.71 μM, respectively.
Assessing Lepidopteran Abundance and Crop Injury in Soybean Lines Exhibiting a Synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis cry1 A Gene
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , MacRae Ted C.
Published: September 2017

Transgenic lines of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, expressing a synthetic cry 1A gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt), were evaluated in replicated field trials in 1999–2002 for suppression of lepidopteran pests and the resultant crop injury. Velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and green cloverworm, Hypena scabra (F.), population densities were essentially absent throughout the growing season in each year of the study in each of the Bt lines evaluated compared with moderate (5–10 larvae per row-m) to heavy (15–20 larvae per row-m) populations in the isogenic and parental lines serving as soybean controls. Significant A. gemmatalis larval population reductions were observed in the Bt entries compared with the nonBt entries in each year of this study. The P. includens larval densities were significantly lower in Bt entries in the 3 yrs of this study when population densities were abundant, whereas H. scabra were lower in the Bt lines in the 2 yrs of this study when this species was present. Cumulative defoliation in nonBt soybean entries exceeded 95% in some years compared with 0.0–1.6% in the transgenic lines containing Bt. Yields of the transgenic soybean lines were equal to or higher than the non Bt lines examined in each year of this study. It appears that these Bt transgenic soybeans provide superior season-long control of the common lepidopteran pests on soybeans in the southern U.S., resulting in reduced defoliation levels and potentially higher yields compared with equivalent cultivars that lack the Bt trait.
Natural Parasitism and Release Efficiency of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood in Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner Attacking Maize in Turkey
Authors: Oztemiz Sevcan
Published: September 2017

The natural parasitism rate and the release efficiency of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), in the biological control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was determined in field plots of maize in the Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey. Parasitoids were released in maize plots as parasitized eggs of laboratory-reared Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The parasitized eggs (n = 150,000) were released twice in a 10-d interval at the beginning of the oviposition period of the third generation of O. nubilalis in the second crop of maize in released treatment (without insecticides). Other treatments were an untreated control (without wasps and without insecticides) and an insecticide treatment (Lambda-Cyhalothrin, 50 g I−1 300 ml ha−1; without wasps). Ostrinia nubilalis egg masses, larvae and plant damage were regularly assessed until crop harvest. Parasitization of egg masses by T. evanescens was determined in each sample. The mean (± SD) percentage of parasitized O. nubilalis eggs was 86.2 ±l11.6 (± SD)%. Compared with the control treatment, the number of plants damaged by European corn borer larvae in the release treatment was reduced by 96%, whereas the number of larvae was reduced by 95.2%. Average grain yield was 8,800 ± 15.2 kg ha−1 (380.0 ± 1.6 g per 1000 grain weight) in the Trichogramma release treatment without insecticide, 7,000 ± 28.8 kg ha−1 (314.8 ± 2.9 g per 1000 grain weight) in the control treatment, and 8,533 ± 8.8 kg ha−1 (360.4 ± 8.5 g per 1000 grain weight) in the insecticide treatment. The grain yield and 1000 grain weight differences differed significantly (P ≤ 0.01) between the untreated control and the other two treatments (released treatment and insecticide treatment). Natural parasitization of O. nubilalis eggs by T. evanescens as observed in control and insecticide-treated plots was 30.2%. These results indicate that biological control of O. nubilalis with T. evanescens should be developed as an integral control method in integrated management programs for maize grown in Turkey.
Statewide Survey of Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Populations in Tennessee
Authors: Oliver Jason B. , Vander Meer Robert K. , Ochieng Samuel A. , Youssef Nadeer N. , Pantaleoni Eva , Mrema Frank A. , Vail Karen M. , Parkman J. Patrick , Valles Steven M. , Haun Walker G. , Powell Steve
Published: September 2017

Imported fire ants (Solenopsis spp.; Hymenoptera: Formicidae) occupy 54 counties (~5.4 million ha) in Tennessee. To better understand the fire ant species distribution in Tennessee, the state was divided into 16.1 × 16.1 km grids, and a single colony was sampled for cuticular hydrocarbon and venom alkaloid analyses within each grid. A total of 387 samples was processed from which 9 (2.3%), 167 (43.2%), and 211 (54.5%) were identified as red (Solenopsis invicta Buren), black (Solenopsis richteri Forel), or hybrid (S. invicta × S. richteri) imported fire ants, respectively. The S. invicta was only found near metropolitan Nashville in Davidson and Williamson counties and at one site in Decatur Co. All samples east of Franklin Co. were identified as hybrids. Tennessee counties west of Lincoln were predominantly S. richteri (86.5%) as opposed to hybrid (13.0%) and S. invicta (0.5%). The exception was Hardin Co., which was predominantly hybrid. Counties containing both hybrid and S. richteri (all in the middle and western part of the state) included Bedford, Decatur, Franklin, Giles, Hardeman, Hardin, Haywood, Lawrence, Lincoln, Marshall, Maury, McNairy, Perry, and Wayne. The S. invicta samples collected from one Williamson Co. site were determined to be polygyne and infected with the Solenopsis invicta virus (genotype SINV-1 A). This was the first detection of polygyne imported fire ant in Tennessee. The SINV-1 A virus was also a new find at the time of detection, but has been previously reported. The survey results are being used to direct current and future biological control efforts against imported fire ants in Tennessee.
Thresholds for Management of Phorodon humuli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Hops
Authors: Lorenzana A. , de Mendoza A. Hermoso , Seco M. V.
Published: September 2017

The hop aphid, Phorodon humuli (Schrank), is one of the main hop, Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae), pests in the world. The aim of this work was to determine (1) the yield loss function in hops based on the pest density of P. humuli, (2) and the economic injury level (EIL), economic threshold (ET), environmental economic injury level (EEIL) and environmental economic threshold (EET). Different densities of P. humili were applied to hop plants in the form of several aphid treatments over time. A negative correlation was found between yield and the number of aphids per square meter of canopy in accordance with the formula: y = [0.047 • x] / [1 + (0.047 • x) / 54.385], where: y = percentage of yield lost, and x = annual maximum number of aphids per square meter of canopy. Based on this formula, the economic injury level (EIL) was calculated as follows: [54.385 • C] / [2.556 • V• P0• K – 4.7 • C], where: C = total insecticide cost per hectare, V = hop price per kilogram, P0 = yield per hectare of a minimum pest level orchard, and K = reduction of injury due to treatment. The economic threshold (ET) obtained from the population dynamics of P. humuli was, on average, 0.7 EIL. The EEIL and the EET also were calculated: EEIL ≅ 1.66EIL and EET ≅ 1.66 ET ≅ 1.16 EIL. Other formulae relating the number of aphids per square meter with other simpler indices expressing these thresholds were calculated: aphids per leaf, percentage of infested leaves, infested leaves per frame, index of infestation, percentage of frames occupied, aphids per dm2 of leaf, aphids per 20 cm high volume and aphids per hop bine.
Conversor Boost Quadrático G De Três Níveis
Authors: Fiori Marcelo , Dos Reis Barbosa Lúcio
Published: September 2017

Este artigo apresenta uma nova topologia de conversores elevadores de tensão, denominado de Conversor Boost Quadrático G de Três Níveis. O modelo apresenta dois interruptores acionados por modulação PWM de pulsos concêntricos, os quais acionados em tempos distintos atribuem ao conversor a característica que nenhum deles bloqueiem a tensão de saída do conversor. Apresentando o parâmetro alpha há também a possibilidade de se alterar o nível de tensão entre os interruptores, acrescentando um grau de liberdade ao conversor. A análise teórica do conversor é apresentada e seu ganho estático demonstrado, bem como suas formas de onda, ondulação de corrente nos indutores e demais características. Após esta etapa, o circuito foi simulado e posteriormente montado com as principais formas de onda sendo demonstradas para validar o trabalho apresentado.
Caracterizador Elétrico De Módulos Fotovoltaicos Utilizando O Conversor CC-CC Ćuk
Authors: Antonio Pereira Thiago , Marques dos Santos Walbermark , Cruz Martins Denizar , Francisco Coelho Roberto
Published: September 2017

Neste artigo apresenta-se uma metodologia utilizada para projetar um conversor Ćuk de 300 W que opere como caracterizador elétrico de módulos fotovoltaicos. O protótipo projetado é de fácil operação, portátil e permite a transferência das grandezas medidas (tensão, corrente, irradiância solar e temperatura) a um computador pessoal, por meio de comunicação serial. A partir destas grandezas são traçadas as curvas I-V e P-V e extraídos os cinco parâmetros que descrevem o circuito elétrico equivalente do módulo fotovoltaico ensaiado. De posse destes parâmetros, é possível replicar o comportamento do módulo fotovoltaico em ambiente de simulação, sob quaisquer condições de irradiância solar e temperatura. A fim de validar a precisão do caracterizador desenvolvido, as curvas I-V e P-V por meio dele obtidas são comparadas com as provenientes do traçador Profitest PV, fabricado pela empresa Grossen Metrawatt.
Conversor Dual Active Bridge Ca-Ca Com Porta Em Meia Ponte Para Transformadores De Estado Sólido
Authors: Grunitzki Facchinello Gabriel , Lapolli Brighenti Lucas , Luis Brockveld Junior Sérgio , Marques dos Santos Walbermark , Francisco Coelho Roberto , Cruz Martins Denizar
Published: September 2017

Este artigo apresenta uma topologia de conversor de estado sólido caracterizado por permitir a conversão direta ca-ca por meio de um barramento alternado modulado em alta frequência. Tal topologia é obtida a partir de um conversor em ponte completa e de um em meia ponte, interligados pelos pontos intermediários dos braços, via transformador de alta frequência. O acionamento do conversor é realizado empregando-se modulação por deslocamento de fase, sendo que a potência transferida entre as portas é controlada pelo ângulo de defasagem entre os comandos dos interruptores de cada ponte. Além de permitir fluxo bidirecional de potência, a topologia possibilita a utilização da indutância de dispersão do transformador como elemento de transmissão de energia e requer reduzido número de componentes passivos. Por estas características, torna-se vantajosa quando aplicada em redes inteligentes. A validação da operação do conversor proposto é realizada tanto por simulação quanto experimentalmente, a partir de um protótipo de 600 VA.
Processamento Parcial De Energia Em Conversores CC-CC Conectados Na Configuração De Reguladores Série
Authors: Rafael Rakoski Zientarski Jonatan , Lúcio da Silva Martins Mário , Renes Pinheiro José , Leães Hey Hélio
Published: September 2017

Este trabalho apresenta um procedimento para avaliação do processamento parcial de energia em conversores CC-CC que operam como reguladores série. Por meio da análise da potência ativa e não-ativa, o procedimento permite distinguir quais topologias de conversores processam menor quantidade de energia e por isso podem ser consideradas topologias com processamento parcial de energia. Como estudo de caso, são abordadas as topologias originalmente isoladas flyback e forward conectadas como reguladores série, comprovando que o regulador série forward pode realizar o processamento parcial em uma faixa de ganho de tensão dependendo da relação de espiras utilizada no transformador, enquanto que o regulador série flyback processa a mesma quantidade de energia que um conversor convencional não isolado. São apresentados resultados experimentais de dois protótipos de 750 W para validar a abordagem proposta.
Challenges and Difficulties to Teaching Engineering to Generation Z: a case research
Authors: Barreiro Suamit Correia , Bozutti Daniel Fernando
Published: September 2017

Muchas personas que pertenecen a la Generación Z están en el inicio de sus actividades académicas. Esta generación tiene características únicas que pueden ser un desafío en el mercado de trabajo. Sabiendo esto, los maestros tienen un papel importante en la preparación de esta generación. Sin embargo, los maestros pueden tener dificultades en el trato de sus características. El trabajo consiste en la realización de una encuesta de información para permitir una comprensión de los principales desafíos y las dificultades que existen en la educación en ingeniería para los estudiantes de la Generación Z. Para este estudio el método utilizado fue el estudio de caso realizado en una Universidad con 20 maestros del Departamento de Ingeniería. Se evidencia una gran dificultad en asociar el contenido teórico con la práctica, así como una posible tendencia a utilizar métodos más expositivos y un bajo conocimiento acerca de la generación estudiada por la mayoría de los maestros. Este estudio es una contribución para ayudar en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la ingeniería.
A Content-Based Remote Sensing Image Change Information Retrieval Model
Authors: Ma Caihong , Xia Wei , Chen Fu , Liu Jianbo , Dai Qin , Jiang Liyuan , Duan Jianbo , Liu Wei
Published: September 2017

With the rapid development of satellite remote sensing technology, the volume of image datasets in many application areas is growing exponentially and the demand for Land-Cover and Land-Use change remote sensing data is growing rapidly. It is thus becoming hard to efficiently and intelligently retrieve the change information that users need from massive image databases. In this paper, content-based image retrieval is successfully applied to change detection and a content-based remote sensing image change information retrieval model is introduced. First, the construction of a new model framework for change information retrieval in a remote sensing database is described. Then, as the target content cannot be expressed by one kind of feature alone, a multiple-feature integrated retrieval model is proposed. Thirdly, an experimental prototype system that was set up to demonstrate the validity and practicability of the model is described. The proposed model is a new method of acquiring change detection information from remote sensing imagery and so can reduce the need for image pre-processing, deal with problems related toseasonal changes as well as other problems encountered in the field of change detection. Meanwhile, the new model has important implications for improving remote sensing image management and autonomous information retrieval.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEACHING STYLE AND MOTOR SKILLS ON THE BOTTOM PASSING LEARNING OUTCOMES IN THE VOLLEYBALL
Authors: Pasaribu Ahmad Muchlisin Natas
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this research is to find the effectiveness of teaching style to the learning outcomes of passing motor skills under the volleyball. The Method is Used by experiment with 2 x 3 factorial design. This research is Implemented at SMPN 3 Satu Atap Labura with sample of class VIII. The Results of This study concluded that: (1) There are no differences between the forces Teaching reciprocity and training on the learning outcomes of passing down in a manner Overall (2) there are differences between reciprocal teaching style and inclusion To the overall passing learning outcome (3) There are differences Between teaching practice style and inclusion to lower passing learning outcomes Overall. (4) There are interaction between teaching styles (reciprocal, training, And inclusion) and motor skills (high and low) on learning outcomes Passing down as a whole. (5) There are differences teaching styles Reciprocal and training on lower passing learning outcomes in students High motor skills. (6) There are a differences in reciprocal teaching style and Inclusion of lower passing learning outcomes in students with motor skills High. (7) There are different styles of practice teaching and inclusion to results Learn passing down on high skill motor students. (8) There are Differences in reciprocal teaching styles and training on passing learning outcomes (9) There are a differences in teaching styles reciprocity and inclusion to lower passing learning outcomes in students Low motor skills. (10) There are different teaching styles and practice Inclusion of lower passing learning outcomes in students with motor skills lowKeywords: Teaching Styles, Motor Skills, The result of passing down learning
Tandem Spinal Stenosis
Authors: Overley Samuel C. , Kim Jun S. , Gogel Brooke A. , Merrill Robert K. , Hecht Andrew C.
Published: September 2017

Background:

Tandem spinal stenosis refers to spinal canal diameter narrowing in at least 2 distinct regions of the spine, most commonly the lumbar and cervical regions. This entity can be an asymptomatic radiographic finding, or it can present with severe myelopathy and lower-extremity symptoms. Tandem spinal stenosis may impact surgeon decision-making when planning either cervical or lumbar spine surgery, and there is currently no consensus in the literature regarding the treatment algorithm for operative intervention.

Methods:

A MEDLINE literature search was performed using PubMed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Embase from January 1980 to February 2015 using Medical Subject Heading queries for the terms “tandem spinal stenosis,” “cervical stenosis AND lumbar stenosis,” and “concomitant spinal stenosis.” We included studies involving adult patients, tandem spinal stenosis of the cervical and lumbar regions, and a minimum of 5 patients. Articles that did not discuss spinal disorders or only explored disorders at a single spinal region were excluded.

Results:

The initial database review resulted in 234 articles. After abstracts were reviewed, only 17 articles that met inclusion criteria were identified: 2 cadaveric studies, 5 clinical studies of patients with radiographic tandem spinal stenosis, and 10 clinical studies of patients with symptomatic tandem spinal stenosis.

Conclusions:

Tandem spinal stenosis is a common condition present in up to 60% of patients with spinal stenosis. This disorder, however, is often overlooked, which can lead to serious complications. Identification of tandem spinal stenosis is paramount as a first step in management and, although there is still no preferred intervention, both staged and simultaneous procedures have been shown to be effective. Surgeons may utilize a single, staged, or combined approach to decompression, always addressing cervical myelopathy as a priority.
Coding and Professional Development -Part 2: A Case Study of Grassroots Change
Authors: Popowich Sam
Published: September 2017

This article looks at concrete examples of grassroots organizations and initiatives that foster and support professional development in coding for library workers.

Cet article présente des exemples concrets d’organismes et d’initiatives communautaires qui encouragent et appuient le développement professionnel en programmation des employés des bibliothèques.
Governance and socio-political issues in management of acid mine drainage in South Africa
Authors: Mpofu Charles , Morodi Thabiso John , Hattingh Johan Petrus
Published: September 2017

The water resources in South Africa are threatened by current and past mining practices such as abandoned and closed mines. While mining is considered valuable for its contribution to this country's gross domestic product, its polluting effects on water and land resources have been criticised as unsustainable. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one specific public health and ecological issue that has stirred debates in political and social circles in this country. This paper examines the scalar politics and other related dimensions of water and AMD governance, thereby revealing evidence of deep-rooted challenges regarding the governance of water and mineral resources. The specific focus is on the socio-political context of labour laws and Black Economic Empowerment and the decision-making processes adopted by government. Thus, this paper has implications for the improvement of environmental governance and decision-making strategies and the adoption of a national strategy for adequately addressing AMD and related policy issues.
The endometrium as a source of mesenchymal stem cells in domestic animals and possible applications in veterinary medicine
Authors: Serrato López Ana G. , Montesinos Montesinos Juan J. , Anzaldúa Arce Santiago R.
Published: September 2017

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from the endometrium of humans, mice, cows, pigs and ewes. Typically, these cells are detected in the deep regions of the endometrium, closer to the union with the myometrium. MSCs possess characteristics such as clonogenicity and multipotentiality since they can differentiate in vitro into adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. These cells can be induced to differentiate in vitro not only into the mesodermal lineage but also into the endodermal and ectodermal lineages. Therefore, MSCs show a great regenerative capacity for various organs and tissues, including the endometrium. Some advantages of endometrial MSCs compared with other MSC sources are their immune modulating activity, their ease of obtainment, and the amount of sample that may be collected. The study of endometrial MSCs in domestic animals is a new and promising field because increasing our understanding of the physiology and biology of these cells may lead to a better understanding of the physiopathology of reproductive diseases, and the development of treatment methods for infertility problems. In other veterinary medicine fields, MSCs can be used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, cardiac affections, musculoskeletal and articular lesions, muscle degeneration, type 1 diabetes, urinary tract diseases, neurodegenerative processes and tumours. Finally, MSCs are also an important clinical tool for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The aim of this review is to present an updated outlook of the knowledge regarding endometrial MSCs and their possible applications in veterinary medicine.Figure 1: Immunoregulatory ability of MSCs. MSCs regulate the functions of NK cells, dendritic cells (DC) and T lymphocytes. The immunosuppressive effect may occur through the secretion of different factors or through cellular contact (black arrows). The former pathway involves TGFß, HGF, IL-10, PGE2, and HLA-G5, whereas the latter pathway involves the products of IDO enzyme activity, PD-L1, HLA-G1, ICAM-I and VCAM-I. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-?) secreted by NK cells and activated T lymphocytes favour the immunoregulatory activity of MSCs (dotted lines), because they increase or induce the secretion of molecules that regulate the functions of the distinct cellular components of the immune system. Modified from Montesinos et al, and Ma et al.19,66
ANTICANCER EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ANNONA SQUAMOSA ON MAMMARY CARCINOMA IN RATS WITH REFERENCE TO GLYCOPROTEIN COMPONENTS, LYSOSOMAL, AND MARKER ENZYMES
Authors: Elumalai Nandhakumar , Parameswaran Indumathi , Panchanatham Sachidanandam T
Published: September 2017

Objectives: The aim is to evaluate the anticancer potential of Annona squamosa (AS) against 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinoma in rats.Methods: The tumor was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by gastric intubation of 25 mg DMBA in 1 ml olive oil. After 3 months of induction period, the methanolic extract of AS at different doses of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg/kg body weight were administered orally a dose per day to mammary carcinoma-bearing rats for 45 days. The serum and tissue levels of glycoprotein components as well as the activities of marker enzymes and lysosomal enzymes were measured in DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma-bearing rats.Results: Administration of AS resulted in decrease in the levels of marker and lysosomal enzymes and also alterations in the body weight and tumor volume were also restored to near normalcy in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the present study indicate that AS has anticancer effect and it exhibits its potential effect at the dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight in mammary carcinoma-bearing rats.Conclusions: Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the methanol extract of AS possesses anticancer properties. Further study is needed to isolate the active principle of this extract responsible for anticancer activity to develop the future pharmaceuticals.
MORTALITY PATTERN OF UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN – A HOSPITAL-BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF INDIA
Authors: Sarangi Rachita , Pattnaik Lipilekha , Satpathy Saroj Kumar , Sahu Mahesh Chandra
Published: September 2017

Objective: Under-five mortality is a major public health challenge particularly in developing countries like India. The study was undertaken a hospital-based cross-sectional study to see the pattern of childhood mortality in a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India.Methods: This study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study on under-five children, carried out in the Department of Pediatrics in a tertiary care hospital from January 2013 to December 2014. All the children admitted to the inpatient Department of Pediatrics from 1 month to 5 years were included in the study group and those who died were further explored.Results: Maximum number of death occurred due to central nervous system infection (25.5%) followed by acute respiratory tract infections (19.5%) and complicated malaria (17.2%). Death occurred due to measles and its complication was 1.1% during the study. The percentage of death was higher among rural children (65.2%), children belonged to joint families (63.3%), backward classes (82.8%), low education, and the 1st order birth (49.1%).Conclusion: Specific efforts to combat under-five mortality are needed. In order of priority, the promotion of female education, gender equity, family planning, and addressing the vast socioeconomic differentials in Odisha is important steps to improving under-five survival.