bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological Concomitants of Reaction Time Performance in Normal and Brain‐Damaged Subjects
Authors: Holloway Frank A. , Parsons Oscar A.
Published: February 2007

Autonomic and somatic concomitants of simple reaction time performance were examined in normal and brain‐damaged patients. The reaction time task involved a warning stimulus preceding the execution stimulus by a variable foreperiod. The normal Ss displayed the expected relationships between performance and physiological activity, such that fast reaction times were associated with greater HR deceleration, larger electrodermal response magnitudes, and less EMG activity during the preparatory foreperiod of the task. BD Ss, however, generally displayed either no relationships between autonomic or somatic activity and reaction time or a relationship opposite to that seen in normals, namely, that slower reaction times were associated with larger autonomic responses to the warning stimulus. The results were discussed in terms of two possible mechanisms which may be operative in the BD Ss: (1) that their autonomic responsivity becomes “dissociated” from changes in the external environment, and (2) that such “dissociated” activity may represent or reflect an active source of interference with the S's ability to attend to or to efficiently execute the task.
Lateral Specialization of Cognitive Mode: An EEG Study
Authors: Galin David , Ornstein Robert
Published: February 2007

We have studied EEG asymmetry in normal subjects during verbal and spatial tasks. Recordings were made from the left and right temporal and parietal areas, and the ratios of average power (1–35 Hz) in homologous leads T4/T3 and P4/P3 were computed. This ratio (right over left) was greater in the verbal tasks than in the spatial tasks. With this measure we have been able to distinguish between these two cognitive modes as they occur in normal subjects, using simple scalp recording.
Two Measures of Auditory Evoked Response Amplitude and Their Relationship to Background EEG
Authors: Tanguay Peter E. , Ornitz Edward M.
Published: February 2007

All‐night sleep EEG and auditory evoked responses (AERs) were recorded in 8 children whose ages ranged from 27 to 60 months. EEG intensity was measured by means of a Drohocki‐type integrator. Two measures of evoked response amplitude were calculated: the peak‐to‐peak amplitude of the P2N2 component, and a multiple‐component amplitude measure of the first 500 msec of the response. Both amplitude measurements were found to correlate well with each other. Changes in EEG intensity between subjects were not correlated with changes in AER amplitude, but a number of correlations between AER amplitude and EEG intensity were found within individual subjects. Further analysis suggested the latter finding might be a result of the presence of “unaveraged’EEG in individual AER plots. It is concluded that little correlation exists between AER amplitude and EEG intensity in children during sleep.
Reliability and Interjudgment Predictability of Subjective Judgments of Electrocutaneous Stimulation
Authors: Tursky Bernard , O'connell Donald
Published: February 2007

The within and between day reliability and interjudgment predictability of subjective judgments (threshold, discomfort, pain, and tolerance) produced in the laboratory by a highly controllable electrocutaneous stimulation technique were investigated. Results indicated low to moderate reliability and predictability at the threshold level, excellent reliability at all suprathreshold levels, as well as excellent predictability at the discomfort and pain levels.

The implications of these findings for the use of electrocutaneous stimulation in the study and measurement of pain in the laboratory and the possibility of using different psychophysical methods to measure the sensory and reactive components of the pain experience are discussed.
Control of Diastolic Blood Pressure in Man by Feedback and Reinforcement
Authors: Shapiro David , Schwartz Gary E. , Tursky Bernard
Published: February 2007

When provided with external feedback of their diastolic blood pressure and incentives to respond appropriately, normal male Ss learned to raise or lower their diastolic pressure in a 35‐min training session. The difference between increase and decrease groups at the end of conditioning was 7.0 mm Hg or 10% of baseline. This difference was augmented to 10.4 mm Hg or 15% of baseline during extinction when half the Ss were asked to maintain continuing “voluntary control” even though feedback and incentives were withdrawn. Heart rate was also influenced when diastolic blood pressure was reinforced, although less markedly. Further analysis indicated that when diastolic pressure is reinforced, heart rate is partially reinforced in the same direction, accounting for the coincidental conditioning of the related cardiovascular measure. No consistent changes in respiration or post‐session verbal reports were obtained. These results lend support to the possibility of therapeutic application of the techniques in patients with essential hypertension.
Psychophysiological Discriminants of Reactive Depression
Authors: Mccarron Lawrence T.
Published: February 2007

Physiological measures of skin resistance response, heart rate, respiration rate, and electroencephalogram (EEG) were used in a multiple discriminant analysis to differentiate a group of 10 questionnaire‐abnormal Ss from a group of 30 normal Ss. The questionnaire‐abnormal Ss were operationally defined as reactively depressed from specified Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of the 2–4, 2–4–7 code types. The control group was operationally defined by a clinically normal MMPI profile. The method of period analysis was used to electronically transcribe the analog physiological data to digital data for computer manipulation. The depressed group was differentiated from the control group by decreased skin resistance responses, a rapid heart rate, increased respiration rate, and greater activation‐complexity of EEG.
Pupillary and Cardiac Activity During Visual Attention
Authors: Libby William L. , Lacey Beatrice C. , Lacey John I.
Published: February 2007

Thirty pictures, rated on 22 scales, were shown to 34 males, while pupillary diameters and heart rates were recorded, to test the prediction that attention to the environment leads to sympathetic‐like dilatation and parasympathetic‐like cardiac slowing, and to study the relationships of the responses to stimulus‐attributes. The prediction was satisfied, demonstrating directional fractionation and situational stereotypy. Tonic levels changed significantly during the experiment and also showed directional fractionation. A few individuals and stimuli, however, yielded reliable pupillary constriction, demonstrating intra‐stressor stereotypy. Four factors characterized the ratings, two of which were associated with the autonomic responses. Pupillary dilatation and cardiac slowing increased as the Attention‐Interest value increased. Pupillary dilatation was greatest to pictures midway on the Pleasantness‐Evaluation factor, and greater to unpleasant than to pleasant stimuli. Cardiac slowing was linearly related to pleasantness, with unpleasant stimuli provoking the greatest slowing. The two responses were correlated less than measurement reliability would have allowed, demonstrating quantitative dissociation. When base‐corrected scores were used the correlations again were low and highly variable among subjects and stimuli, even in direction.
Cardiac Responses in Aversive Situation With and Without Avoidance Possibility
Authors: Malcutt Gérard
Published: February 2007

This experiment is concerned with evaluating the cardiac responses of human Ss in an aversive situation. Two main conditions were investigated: Control of shock occurrence (Avoidance) and Passivity, that is, Ss were instructed to passively receive the shocks. Sixty Ss were used. The Avoidance condition was further divided into 3 specific groups. One group of Ss had to avoid the aversive stimulus by a proper task (depressing keys) without any certainty about the result of their action until the habitual moment of shock occurrence. Ss in a second group were provided immediate feedback from their action via a light bulb. A third group of Ss kept receiving shocks whatever they tried. After completion of 30 trials the conditions for each Ss were reversed by appropriate instructions and run for another 20 trials. A decelerative cardiac response was found in anticipation of shock for Ss in the Passivity condition. In the Avoidance condition, such a deceleration was found for trials during which Ss had had a feedback of their failure to avoid (second group) and were expecting an oncoming shock. Furthermore, only the Ss in Avoidance condition displayed HR acceleration after the signal onset of the ISI. Specific variations were found in the second phase of the experiment for the third group of Avoidance condition.
Evoked Potential Amplitude Change Related to Intelligence and Arousal
Authors: Shucard David Wm. , Horn John L.
Published: February 2007

Using a sample of 94 adult subjects, relationships between measures of intelligence and the rate of decrease in amplitude of the average evoked potential (AEP) were examined in some detail. It was found that the rate of AEP amplitude decrease from a condition of high extrinsic inducement to activation to a condition of low extrinsic inducement to activation was significantly correlated with fluid intelligence (r= .24) and its subprocesses, but not with crystallized intelligence. This finding was interpreted as indicating that the AEP shift measure and the fluid intelligence measures indicate a kind of adaptive flexibility (or plasticity) of intellectual functioning. The results suggested that this is not a flexibility capacity that decreases significantly with aging in adulthood.
Differential Heart Rate Changes to Equally Intense White Noise and Tone
Authors: Graham Frances K. , Slaby Diana Arezzo
Published: February 2007

The psychophysiological literature has often ignored possible differences in the effects of white noise and tone stimulation. Twelve undergraduate Ss presented with 10 white noise and 12 Ss presented with 10 tone stimuli of 5‐sec duration, uncontrolled, fast rise time, and equal SPL (85 dB re 0.0002 microbars) showed large differences in heart rate (HR) response. Noise elicited a diphasic response of marked acceleration followed by deceleration and tone a triphasic response of deceleration‐acceleration‐deceleration. The short‐latency acceleration following noise habituated rapidly although some acceleration persisted throughout the 10 trials. With stimulus repetition, the response to tone showed lessened deceleration and an insignificant increase in long‐latency acceleration. It was suggested that stimulus onset characteristics determine the short‐latency HR response and steady‐state characteristics the longer‐latency phases. The relationship to fast and slow components of startle was discussed as well as possible mechanisms that may account for the differing effects of noise and tone.
Scaled Lateralization of Alpha Activity During Linguistic and Musical Tasks
Authors: McKee George , Humphrey Brian , McAdam Dale W.
Published: February 2007

We have studied relative bilateral alpha activity over temporal‐parietal sites in normal human Ss while they were engaged in either a musical task or one of three linguistic tasks of varying difficulty. Left/right alpha ratios were highest for the musical task, and tended to decrease progressively with increasingly difficult linguistic tasks.
Effects of Prior CS Presentations on Classical Conditioning of the Skin Conductance Response
Authors: Silver Avrum I.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the effects of prior CS presentations (habituation) on the acquisition of a CR during classical conditioning of the SCR. Six groups of Ss received either 1, 4, or 16 habituation trials. Each of the habituation conditions was divided into two groups during acquisition with one receiving 16 paired trials and the other receiving 16 unpaired trials. (1) The paired groups made significantly larger CRs across acquisition trials than the unpaired groups, (2) mean CR differences between the paired and unpaired groups increased directly as a function of habituation trials, and (3) while attenuation of the CR occurred for all groups, Ss who received 16 habituation trials in the paired CS‐UCS condition showed the least amount of response decrement. It was concluded that increased numbers of prior CS‐alone trials led to stronger conditioning. Differences between the results of this study and previous ones using skeletal response measures (latent inhibition) were noted.
Photoplethysmography: System Calibration and Light History Effects
Authors: Novelly Robert A. , Perona Peter J. , Ax Albert F.
Published: February 2007

To ensure accurate recording of vasomotor activity in the peripheral vascular system with the photoplethysmographic technique, a system calibration procedure is presented. Utilization of a calibration procedure reveals several significant sources of photocell and light source artifact. A calibration apparatus and procedure as well as data demonstrating the light history artifact and its resolution are presented.
Can Classical Conditioning Occur Without Contingency Learning? A Review and Evaluation of the Evidence
Authors: Dawson Michael E.
Published: February 2007

This paper reviews experimental evidence relevant to the issue of whether human classical conditioning can occur in the absence of awareness of the CS‐UCS contingency (contingency learning). It is concluded that the evidence fails to convincingly demonstrate successful conditioning in the absence of contingency learning. In fact, the evidence is more consistent with the view that contingency learning is an essential mediator of human classical conditioning. Although original learning may require the presence of contingency learning, the performance of a previously acquired conditioned response may not require such mediation.
Experimental Assessments of the Importance of Controlling for Contingency Factors in Human Classical Differential Electrodermal and Plethysmographic Conditioning
Authors: Furedy John J.
Published: February 2007

The importance of contingency factors implies the contingency prediction: that if CS+:CS‐ discrimination is obtained in a two‐groups design where the control CS‐ stimulus for the two groups, respectively, is arranged to have a negative (nCS‐) CS‐US contingency (so‐called “explicitly‐unpaired” CS) and a zero (zCS‐) CS‐US contingency (so‐called “truly‐random” CS), then discrimination in the nCS‐ group will exceed that in the zCS‐ group. This implication was tested and disconfirmed for the electrodermal skin resistance response in three 5‐sec delay‐conditioning experiments (N = 48, 32, and 16, respectively), and for plethysmographic digital pulse‐volume change in an 8‐sec delay‐conditioning experiment (N = 48). Since both the discrimination manipulation (CS+ vs CS‐) and, in one experiment, a distraction manipulation (presence vs absence of a distraction task) were shown to be effective, while the contingency manipulation (nCS‐ vs zCS‐) had no autonomic effects in any of the experiments, it was concluded that while contingency factors as represented by the difference between nCS‐ and zCS‐ have an obvious logical significance, in human autonomic conditioning, the nCS‐:CS‐ difference is of negligible empirical importance.
The Construction of a Versatile Sinusoidal Voltage Calibrator
Authors: Bland Peyton H.
Published: February 2007

The need for a sinusoidal voltage calibrator and its advantages over a DC calibrator are explained. The construction and operation of a suitable calibrator with variable amplitude and frequency is described. A calibration procedure using the prototype with an electroencephalographic feedback system which includes a Grass Model 7 Polygraph with an electrode selector panel is given. Sufficient detail is included to facilitate adaptation of this calibrator to other systems.
Methods for Reducing Line Frequency Interference in EEG Recordings
Authors: Overton Donald A.
Published: February 2007

Line‐frequency interference in EEG records is often caused by electrostatic or electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of the subject. This paper describes antennas and procedures which allow such fields to be measured and their sources determined, thus facilitating removal of the sources.
Interactive Effects of Alpha Feedback and Instructional Set on Subjective State
Authors: Walsh David H.
Published: February 2007

The effects of EEG alpha feedback and instructional set were studied in 40 college students. Reported subjective experiences during feedback were examined experimentally in a factorial “drug‐drug set” design. Alpha and no‐alpha feedback were each paired with alpha and neutral instructions, in order to observe the individual and combined effects of alpha activity and instructional set. The results showed that for an “alpha experience” to occur, both alpha activity and alpha set are necessary; neither alone is sufficient. Theoretical considerations based on the Schachter and Singer (1962) drug model and some implications for alpha feedback research are discussed.
The Cardiac‐Somatic Conditioned Relationship in Cats With Mesencephalic Lesions
Authors: Majkowski Jerzy , Szwed Maria , Pisarski Wlodzimierz
Published: February 2007

The problem of dependence or independence of conditioned autonomic‐somatic responses has deep implications for learning theories and psychosomatic diseases. Recently, Miller (1969) has postulated independent mechanisms for both responses. On the other hand, Obrist et al. (1970) look at these processes in normal subjects as dependently interrelated. In this work, the conditioned heart rate (CHR) was studied during formation of avoidance conditioning in normal cats and in cats with lesions in mesencephalic reticular formation. The results tend to favor the hypothesis of independence of both processes.
The Relationship of Locus of Control, Self‐Report Measures, and Feedback to the Voluntary Control of Heart Rate
Authors: Ray William J.
Published: February 2007

Forty internal and external locus of control subjects (Ss) were instructed to control their heart rate on 8 trial pairs. Each trial pair consisted of an increase and a decrease heart rate condition with the order being counterbalanced across Ss. On the last 4 heart rate control trials, the Ss were given visual feedback concerning the time interval between each heart beat via a light panel of 16 check lights.

The major findings of this study were: (1) feedback significantly increased the magnitude of the IBI changes across all Ss; (2) locus of control differences were found across all trials with the internal locus of control Ss being able to increase their heart rate better than the external locus of control Ss, and the external locus of control Ss were better able to decrease heart rate as compared with the internals; and (3) self‐report measures demonstrated that external and internal locus of control Ss adopted different strategies for controlling heart rate, and these strategies were related to previous psychophysiological research not requiring the direct control of heart rate.
Lateral Specialization of Cognitive Mode: II. EEG Frequency Analysis
Authors: Doyle Joseph C. , Ornstein Robert , Galin David
Published: February 2007

This study reports a frequency analysis of hemispheric EEG asymmetries in normal subjects performing cognitive tasks. Language and arithmetic tasks were expected to engage primarily the left hemisphere; spatial and musical tasks were expected to engage primarily the right hemisphere. Both motor and non‐motor tasks were used, e.g. writing a letter and composing a letter mentally. Recordings from temporal leads (T3,T4) and parietal leads (P3,P4) referred to the vertex Cz were subjected to discrete Fourier transforms; ratios of power from homologous leads (T4/T3, P4/P3) were computed in conventional frequency bands. These ratios (right/left) are significantly higher in verbal and arithmetic tasks than in spatial tasks primarily in the alpha band; the beta and theta bands show this effect less consistently. The delta band shows no such systematic effect of cognitive mode. Considering the alpha band alone reveals a task dependence of the asymmetry 2–5 times greater than we reported earlier for whole band power (1–35 Hz). Whenever a significant task dependence of asymmetry appears in any band, it is in the same direction: the hemisphere primarily engaged in the cognitive activity develops proportionately less power. The requirement of motor output increases the task dependence of alpha asymmetry and lowers alpha power levels.
To What Does the Terminal Orienting Response Respond?
Authors: Greene Roger L. , Dengerink Harold A. , Staples Susan L.
Published: February 2007

Previous authors suggested that the electrodermal orienting response to stimulus onset (OR) reflects cognitive processes related to the content of a stimulus while responses to stimulus offset (TOR) reflect processes related to stimulus duration. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that the OR and TOR are special cases of Ss responding to whatever part of the stimulus contains information necessary to make the requested judgment. The results clearly supported this alternative hypothesis. The Ss responded to stimulus onset when asked to judge the pitch (content) of a constant tone and to stimulus offset when asked to judge the terminal pitch of a varying tone. They responded to both the onset and offset of a stimulus when asked to compare the onset and offset pitch and when asked to judge stimulus duration. Experiment 2 partially replicated Experiment 1 in an attempt to assess the OR‐TOR phenomenon in a second sensory modality (vision) and with a second dependent measure. The patterns of both electrodermal and heart rate responses were similar to those of Experiment 1 and to those observed by other authors.
Recovery Functions of Somatosensory Evoked Responses in Slow Learners
Authors: Wasman Marvin , Gluck Henry
Published: February 2007

The amplitude of the evoked response to the second of a pair of somatosensory stimuli was studied as a function of the interstimulus interval in subject of above average intelligence and in subjects of borderline or retarded intelligence classified as slow learners. Recovery functions were biphasic for both groups but the slow learners showed less recovery of cortical responsiveness at brief interstimulus intervals. The results indicate that recovery functions of the somatosensory evoked responses are related lo behavioral measures as reflected in mild deficits in intellectual performance.
Psychological and Physiological Variables Associated With Large Magnitude Voluntary Heart Rate Changes
Authors: Stephens Joseph H. , Harris Alan H. , Brady Joseph V. , Shaffer John W.
Published: February 2007

Forty subjects, given binary and proportional auditory and visual feedback and asked to raise and lower their heart rate on signal, were able to produce increases of up to 46 bpm and decreases of up to 14 bpm, with a mean increase over 5 experimental days of 11 bpm and a decrease of 5 bpm. Increases in both diastolic and systolic blood pressure and increases in skin potential level and number of skin potential responses accompanied voluntary increases in heart rate but not decreases. Subjects with the highest resting heart rate variability and skin potential level were best able to raise their heart rate. Subjects with the highest resting heart rate and highest resting heart rate variability were best able to decrease the heart rate. Subjects with high Ego Strength scores (or low Welsh's Factor A scores) on the MMPI were best able to control their heart rate. The Ego Strength score, resting heart rate, and resting heart rate variability were all significantly intercorrelated. Subjects showed marked individual differences in ability to control heart rate, although there was a significant correlation between ability to raise and ability to lower heart rate.
Visual Evoked Responses as a Function of Light Intensity in Down's Syndrome and Nonretarded Subjects
Authors: Gliddon J. B. , Busk Jytte , Galbraith Gary C.
Published: February 2007

Occipital and central averaged visual evoked responses (VERs) were recorded from nonretarded and Down's syndrome (DS) subjects. Three different light intensities were used, all below levels of stimulation used in previous studies. Overall results showed that DS subjects had significantly larger VER perimeters and longer VER latencies, while nonretarded subjects had significant VER asymmetry in the occipital recording (left> right) at all three intensities, DS subjects showed a significantly greater increase in perimeter scores as a function of intensity, with the widest group separation occurring at the highest level of stimulation (43 phots). However, when VER latencies were measured, the widest group separation occurred at the lowest level of stimulation (0.43) phots. Moreover, the only evidence reported thus far for evoked response asymmetry in DS subjects occurred at the lowest light level, These results illustrate the importance of stimulus parameters in evoked potential studies of mental retardation.
Cardiac Responses Associated with “Yoked‐Chair” Shock Avoidance in Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Corley K. C. , Mauck H. P. , Shiel F. O'M.
Published: February 2007

While functional cardiac changes and myocardial pathology have been associated with shock avoidance, whether these effects arc due to shock alone or other aspects of the avoidance situation has not been determined. With 6 groups of “yoked‐chair” squirrel monkeys. electrocadiogram, blood pressure, and myocardial pathology were studied. Each avoidance monkey was paired with a yoked monkey which could not cope with shock and received each delivered to the avoidance monkey. The effect of this stress was observed in 5 of 6 yoked monkeys u physical deterioration and severe bradycardia with ventricular arrest, but no significant myocardial necrology. With one exception, paired avoidance monkeys showed no effect of stress. Since previous research has shown that the avoidance situation induces a sympathetic activation which is manifested as myofibrillar degeneration and the present in experiment demonulraled that the yoked situation elicits a parasympathetic‐like response and bradycardia with ventricular arrests. cardiac response to the stress of shock avoidance varies depending on whether it occurred in the avoidance or yoked situation.
Alpha Enhancement: Effectiveness of Two Feedback Contingencies Relative to a Resting Baseline
Authors: Kuhlman William N. , Klieger Douglas M.
Published: February 2007

To investigate the effectiveness of informational feedback in the enhancement of the occipital alpha rhythm, 29 subjects were given one session of feedback in which either the presence of a tone signalled alpha (Loop 1) or the absence of tone signalled alpha (Loop 2), while 11 controls received no feedback. Alpha obtained during these conditions was compared to baseline* established from maximum eyes closed resting alpha densities obtained in an earlier session. The Loop I group increased alpha across feedback trials but did not exceed baseline, while Loop 2 subjects exceeded baseline but showed little increase across feedback trials. Controls showed no significant change in alpha. Enhancement across trials was associated with individual differences in baseline alpha, with only those subjects in (he mid‐range of the distribution showing increases. These results do not verify claims of large magnitude changes in alpha density with feedback training, but do suggest that methods of feedback presentation other than the customary Loop I contingency may be more effective in facilitating short term increases in alpha above resting baseline.
Period Analysis of the Electroencephalogram With Recording of Interval Histograms of EEG Half‐Wave Durations
Authors: Sharp Frank H. , Smith Glenn W. , Surwillo Walter W.
Published: February 2007

PARTH: PERIOD ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM WITH RECORDING OF INTERVAL HISTOGRAMS OF EEG HALF‐WAVE DURATIONS

DEC PDP‐8/I or /L (4K) [PAL‐8]

Date Submitted: September 20, 1974.

Acronym: PARIH.

Machine Sensible Materials: Paper tape.

Documentation: Program description, operating manual, and annotated listing.

Authors: F. H. Sharp, G. W. Smith, W. W. Surwillo.

Submitted by: W. W. Surwillo.

Submitter's Affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 608 South Jackson Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40201.

PARIH determines the distribution of half‐wave durations for specifiable portions of each of two simultaneously‐inputed analog signals. Peaks and troughs in the signal define half‐wave boundaries. Half‐waves of less than a user‐waves. Output is presented via a teletypewriter in the form of an interval histogram. The program operates on‐line. Developed for EEG analysis, PARIH is suitable for similar analog signals.

Minimum Hardware: DEC PDP‐8/I or /L with 4K core, teleypewriter, and DEC, AX08 laboratory peripheral.
Extraversion and Pupillary Response to Affective and Taboo Words
Authors: Stelmack Robert M. , Mandelzys Nathan
Published: February 2007

The association of pupillary constriction with negative valence stimulation was explored within the context of Eysenck's theory of extraversion. Three groups of 11 introverts, ambiverts, and extraverts observed the auditory presentation of 12 affective. 12 taboo, and 24 matched neutral words. Introverts yielded the largest average pupil size under all conditions and the largest magnitude of change in pupil size from prestimulus level. The results support Kysenck's general statement relating extroversion and cortical arousal in its postulate of a higher level of arousal in introverts. The general hypothesis that the pupil constricts to unpleasant stimulation was not affirmed.
Emitted and Evoked P300 Potentials and Variation in Stimulus Probability
Authors: Ruchkin D. S. , Sutton S. , Tueting P.
Published: February 2007

There have been a number of reports of a cerebral potential occurring at about the time of an expected but absent stimulus when absence provided significant information for the subject. This potential consists primarily of a positive peak occurring with a latency of about 300 msec with respect to the time of stimulus absence and is referred to as an emitted P300 potential. It has been conjectured that the emitted P300 is a manifestation of the same process that underlies the evoked P300. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is provided by demonstrating that both the evoked and emitted P300 potentials are similarly affected by variation in event probability. A paradigm was used in which click presence and absence provided information. The relative probability of click presence and absence was experimentally manipulated. Both evoked and emitted p300 amplitude responded in the same way to event probability, larger for the less frequent event and smaller for the more frequent event.
Anxiety and the Habituation of the Skin Conductance Response
Authors: Watts J. M. J.
Published: February 2007

The effect of threat of shock on the habituation of the skin conductance response (SCR) to a series of auditory stimuli was assessed. Skin resistance and heart rate were recorded during the presentation of 20, 1 sec, 1000 Hz tones in a control session and in a session at the end of which subjects were led to expect a painful electric shock. The effects of the threat of shock consisted of recovery of the SCR and an increase in skin conductance level and heart rate. They were restricted to the period during which subjects believed the shock to be imminent.

Two possible reasons for the SCR recovery were offered, one in terms of Lader and Mathews' (1968) ‘maximal habituation’ hypothesis and a second in terms of a change in the stimulus complex.
Electrodermal Recovery Rate in a Schizophrenic Population
Authors: Maricq Hildegard R. , Edelberg Robert
Published: February 2007

Studies by AX and Bamford (1970) and by Gruzelier and Venables (1972) showed that schizophrenics had faster electrodermal recovery rates than normals. This appeared paradoxical in view of the apparent association of fast recovery with goal‐oriented behavior. However, it seemed possible that their results reflected the greater effect of their aversive test situations on the control groups as compared to schizophrenics, since it has been shown that aversive stimuli tend to cause slowing of recovery. It was therefore predicted that for non‐aversive stimuli and tasks demanding goal‐orientation the results would be reversed and schizophrenics would have slower recovery rates than normals. The present study examined recovery rate for 28 hospitalized schizophrenics, free of medication, and 27 controls, under non‐aversive conditions, i.e. mild stimuli, rest, or simple tasks, as well as one aversive situation, the cold pressor test. For the non‐aversive situations, the schizophrenics had significantly slower recovery rates. For the aversive situation there was no significant difference. Results are consistent with the interpretation that schizophrenics usually have slower recovery than normals but may be less susceptible than normals to the slowing effects of aversive elements in the stimulus situation.
CO2: A Possible Missing Link Between Regional Cortical Metabolism and Transcephalic Direct Current Potentials
Authors: Cowen Murray A.
Published: February 2007

Certain slowly changing potentials measured on the surface of the scalp (TCDC potentials) have been shown to correlate significantly with a number of psychological and psychiatric parameters. It has been shown that they are related to metabolism of the subjacent cerebral cortex. The present work investigates the possibility that the potentials are related to brain CO2 production in a series of three groups of studies. In the first studies rat brain to. metabolism is modulated by a variety of internal carotid injections and the concomitant TCDC effects are observed. In the second set of studies scalp CO2 is modulated by a series of external carotid injections and the associated TCDC effects noted. Finally biophysical analysis shows that electrogenic CO2 reactions in the scalp are quantitatively in agreement with empirically measured TCDC voltage, current, and resistance measures, and that the cortex is the most likely source for most of the CO2 involved in the voltage generation.
Effect of Sleep Stage and Stimulus Intensity on Auditory Average Evoked Responses
Authors: Buchsbaum Monte , Gillin J. Christian , Pfefferbaum Adolf
Published: February 2007

Auditory average evoked responses (AERs) to clicks ranging from 50 to 80 dB were studied in 9 normal adults while awake and during sleep. AER amplitude tended to increase little from 50 to 80 dB in waking subjects but increased markedly in sleeping subjects during stages 3 and 4. Rapid eye movement (REM) and stage 1 sleep had small amplitude AER.S in comparison with other sleep stages, individuals who showed decreases in amplitude at high intensities while awake slept significantly longer during the experimental nights.
The Phasic Electrodermal Response As a Differentiated Complex Reflecting Stimulus Significance
Authors: Bernstein Alvin S. , Taylor Kenneth W. , Weinstein Erica
Published: February 2007

To examine the influence of stimulus significance on the shin conductance response (SCR) a 21 sec. 1000‐Hz tone was sounded variously In one car or the other. A click occurred during many tones, and a light signal always followed offset by 9 sec. Four groups were studied: one was told In press a pedal immediately on hearing any click; another only on hearing the click during a tone in a specified ear: a third was also to respond only to the specified ear, but was to withhold the press until the light following tone‐offset; a fourth group simply listened without and response. Each of a series of predictions regarding the incremental effect of stimulus significance on the SCR was confirmed, at each point at which information was delivered on any trial ‐ i.e., tone‐onset, click, tone‐offset, light‐onset. This was true for both independent as well us for within‐.S (between ear) comparisons. The presence of verbally‐induced “significance” as well as the complex nature of its influence indicated the presence of central mediation in the elicitation of “peripheral” SCRs. Was identified which correlated uniquel with motor reaction time, did not habituate, and did not correlate with SCRs elicited by other signals in this task. The execute SCRs did not simply reflect judgments of “significance” rather, it was qualitatively distinguished from other SCRs which, in general, were associated with stimulus “significance” There was some evidence of an alerting SCR too, hut this was less sharply defined.
A Device for Studying the Psychophysiologic Effects of Thermal Stimulation of the Human Esophagus
Authors: Maule William F. , Baer Paul E. , Fuhrer Marcus J.
Published: February 2007

A thermoelectric device is described that has the capability of reliably producing interoceptive temperature increments that are precise and localzed. For thermal stimulation of the esophagus, it has advantages over the conventional water‐filled balloon of precluding unauthorized movement. distension, and temperature cues.
Detection of Information and GSR Habituation: An Attempt to Derive Detection Efficiency From Two Habituation Curves
Authors: Shakhar Gershon Ben , Lieblich Israel , Kugelmass Sol
Published: February 2007

The study attempts to describe the detection of information paradigm, based on differential GSR reactivity in terms of basic habituation processes. Two GSR habituation curves, for relevant and neutral stimuli, were generated rated on a sample of 83 Ss. Relevant and neutral stimuli exhibited similar habituation curves, From these two habituation curves it was possible to predict in a meaningful fashion the characteristics of standard information detection experiments using a notion of dichotomization. This notion refers to separate habituation processes for the relevant and neutral stimulus categories. The predictions were tested on an additional sample of 102 Ss. It was found that without additional assumptions it was possible to predict, at least the order, of the efficiencies of detection in various information detection tasks. In light of the present results, consideration was given to Sokolov's concept of “signal value.”
Stimulus Intensity Reduction Following Habituation
Authors: Edwards David C.
Published: February 2007

Extent of habituation was manipulated by the number of presentations of a short burst of moderate intensity white noise: 4, 8. 15. 22. or 30 times. Skin conductance response (SCR) magnitude to subsequent lest noise pulses of markedly less intensity increased with the extent of habituation. However, response magnitude to tests after 4 or 8 pulses was less than that to the immediately preceding louder pulse, and response to the less intense probe noises after 15, 22, or 30 habituation pulses was greater than that to the immediately preceding pulse. These changes in intensity of stimulation had two effects. They directly determined SCR magnitude, and they provided a stimulation discrepancy yielding an orienting reaction. The experimental problem was introduced using both conditioning/learning and neuronal modeling concepts.
The Effects of Chlorpromazine and Dextroamphetamine Sulfate On the Visual Stimulation Preference of Extraverts and Introverts
Authors: Bartol Curt R.
Published: February 2007

The study was design to assess the hypothesis that preference for visual stimulation is at least in part determined by physiological mechanisms which can be modified by depressant and stimulant drugs. Thirty‐six undergraduate females representing stable extroverts and stable introverts were used under diversive and specific exploration paradigms. While the specific exploration paradigm failed to reveal drug effects, the diversive exploration paradigm revealed that preference patterns of introverts were influenced by chlorpromazine, while dextroamphetamine sulfate had no significant effect on the preference patterns of extraverts. The relationship between the RAS, cortical arousal, and preferences for stimulation is discussed.
Cortical Evoked Responses to Labyrinthine Stimulation in Man
Authors: Salamy J. , Potvin A. , Jones K. , Landerth J.
Published: February 2007

Cortical evoked responses to the onset of angular acceleration (30° sec2) were obtained from 20 Ss, The Ss were scaled in a torsion swing chair (which provided the acceleration stimuli) and wore blindfolds and ear muffs. A discrimination task was used to keep Ss alert and enhance their attention to the onset of the vestibular stimulus. Ss were asked to judge whether the onset of rotation was smooth, having no detectable tactile sense (type A); or rough, with detectable tactile sensations (type B); or if tactile sense was detected in the absence of rotation (type C). Average evoked responses were obtained for each of these stimuli as well as for auditory stimuli.

The most prominent and consistent feature of the responses obtained by rotation only (type A), here designated as rotary evoked responses (REPs). was a late negative‐positive complex with peaks at about 193 and 345 m sec respectively. On the basis of these latencies it is argued that the responses are probably of vestibular rather than somatosensory origin.

It is concluded that vestibular stimulation produces responses from the scalp comparable to those of other sensory systems and that the method of average evoked potentials is appropriate to studying vestibular‐cortical pathways in man.
Spatial Distribution of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) and the Relationship between CNV and Reaction Time
Authors: Papakostopolous Demetrios , Fenelon Bernard
Published: February 2007

Multichannel recording of scalp CNV (Contingent Negative Variation) and RT (Reaction Time) was carried out on 12 normal adult Ss in a fixed foreperiod RT experiment. Single trial responses were stored on digital tape and averaged off‐line. Strict control over eye movement artifact was exerted through fixation techniques coupled with mechanical and electro‐oculographic monitoring of movement. Analysis of single‐trial data gave an intra‐individual picture of correlation apparently in conflict with the across picture gained from averages. A rationalization is attempted of these results and some evidence is offered that, in the individual S, a negative and probably nonlinear relationship holds between CNV amplitude and RT. Analysis of average data demonstrates the distribution of CNV across the scalp and shows a lack of correlation between CNV and RT in prefrontal areas, in contrast with that found in central‐parietal areas. It is suggested that the CNV is an index of functionally different processes in these areas.
Daytime Visual Load and the Effects upon Human Sleep
Authors: Horne J. A. , Walmsley B.
Published: February 2007

The importance of vision to man was used as a basis for a possible link between vision and sleep. A physiological approach to the human visual system identified several factors which might produce a visual load. Five subjects were exposed to high and low levels of visual load on two different occasions. Exercise and noise were controlled. Sleep EEGs were taken for 3 baseline nights and for 2 nights following each condition. The only significant changes were for SWS stages, which increased after the high load condition. These increases were particularly prominent on the second night. There were no significant changes fallowing the low condition. On all nights RKM remained constant: this was contrary to the cognitive theories of REM. Although the findings indicate that visual load can affect SWS. this interpretation is qualified.
Repeated Habituation and Overhabituation of the Orienting Response
Authors: Waters William F. , McDonald David G.
Published: February 2007

This investigation was designed to test (a) whether stimuli presented in the form of repeated blocks of habituation trials, as opposed to.1 single continuous series of stimuli, would produce a progressive decline. in amount of spontaneous recovery and trials to rehabituation of the skin conductance component of the orienting response; and (b) whether 30 or 50 post‐habituation trials would produce a return of the orienting response which could be related In sensitization effects. Results showed that repeated habituations strengthened habituation as reflected in progressively decreasing spontaneous recovery across blocks, but not in speed of habituations. Further, neither 30 nor 50 post‐habituation trials produced a return of the orienting response, although 30 such trials did result in increased skin conductance level. Discussion centers on whether habituation beyond asymptotic levels (‘below‐zero’) within sessions was unambiguously obtained; relationships among stimulus intensity, frequency, and the return of the orienting response; and factors affecting measures of retention of habituation within sessions.
Evoked Potential, Stimulus Intensity, and Drug Treatment in Hyperkinesis
Authors: Hall R. A. , Griffin R. B. , Moyer D. L. , Hopkins K. H. , Rappaport M.
Published: February 2007

The response of hyperkinetic (HK) boys to light flashes of four different intensities were measured with averaged visual evoked potential (AVEP). Latency, amplitude and stability data, including the slope of the regression of these measures with flash intensity, were obtained in initial and replicate samples of HK and control subjects. Repeated tests were done in attending and inattending conditions in a drug‐free condition, and 1 hr. 1 week, and 5 weeks after treatment with dextroamphetamine.

The data failed to support the hypotheses that HK children show small response to weak stimuli and normal to increased response to strong stimuli or “hyperaugmentation.” that they show increased response to weak stimuli or “reduction” when they are treated with dextroamphetamine, and that behavioral responsiveness In this drug is related to the degree of augmentation. The data also failed to support the hypothesis that detection of AVEP abnormalities in HK subjects is enhanced by testing in an attending condition. However, a few replicated findings were obtained which suggest that some AVEP factors other than the augmentation reduction measure may be related to both the degree of initial hyperactivity and the degree of decrease of hyperactivity with dextroamphetamine.
Longitudinal Study of Infant Sleep: Results of 14 Subjects Studied at Monthly Intervals
Authors: Emde Robert N. , Walker Stephan
Published: February 2007

The sleep of 14 normal infants was studied every month throughout the first year. A computer program incorporated an analysis of multiple variables from polygraphic data as recommended by a recently standardized new born scoring manual. Under our recording conditions, quiet sleep increased during the first 3 months but indeterminate sleep did not decline over the year as expected. This finding is incompatible with the notion that indeterminate sleep reflects immaturity or “undifferentiation” in sleep organization.
Blood Pressure Control: A Comparison of Feedback and Instructions Using Pulse Wave Velocity Measurements
Authors: Steptoe Andrew
Published: February 2007

A comparison was made between blood pressure changes with exteroceptive feedback and simple instructions. Twenty subjects were instructed either to raise or lower pressure for four sessions, while a further 20 were allowed to view an analogue visual display of mean arterial pressure. Pressure changes were continuously monitored with the pulse wave velocity method.

When changes were analyzed from the initial baseline, both groups showed divergence between Increase and Decrease over trials, but feedback enhanced control in Increase only. On assessment from the running baseline, feedback control was superior in both direction conditions. This difference may In due to interaction between running baseline changes and experimental conditions. Control by feedback groups deteriorated when feedback was withdrawn. Modifications were accompanied by alterations in heart rate, respiratory activity and movement, although the association was of a gross nature only, being more prominent in increase conditions.