bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Philosophical Assessments of Environmental Disobedience
Authors: List Peter
Published: November 2010

Since the late 1970s there has been within the world-wide environmental movement increasing dissatisfaction with moderate or reform environmentalism, and more radical tactics have been advocated and used to respond to the human destruction of nature. These range from typical kinds of political protest, such as rallies and marches, to environmental civil disobedience and the more militant environmental actions known as ‘monkey-wrenching’, ‘ecotage’, or ‘ecosabotage’. The use of these ‘ecotactics’ has led inevitably to controversy in the environmental movement itself and in public discussions of environmentalism in North America and elsewhere. The same cannot be said, however, about academic philosophy, where it is rare to find assessments of these actions or of their connections to the wealth of philosophical ideas in environmental ethics and ecophilosophy. At the same time there are many traditional philosophical theories that have implications for these kinds of behaviour even though the theories were constructed originally without examples of ecotactics in mind. In particular, theories about the nature and justifications of civil disobedience provide yardsticks by which some forms of environmental disobedience can be assessed, and I will turn to two widely known philosophical accounts, those of John Rawls and Carl Cohen, to consider how well they accomplish this task.
Highlights and Connections
Authors: Ferré Frederick
Published: November 2010

Given this chance to express my general reflections on our collection of papers, I shall highlight the themes that are of greatest importance to me and make connections between my own views and the views of the other authors (about half the total) who have chosen to address the same themes. This exercise in triangulation on the logical map created by the collection has been illuminating for me; I hope the following may serve to make some of the major features of our common terrain come into focus more clearly, thus underscoring which important issues concern many of us at present, despite our specific differences.
Mind the Adaptation
Authors: Shapiro Lawrence A.
Published: November 2010

By now, even the kid down the street must be familiar with the functionalist's response to type-identity physicalism. Mental kinds like pain, love, the belief that Madison sits on an isthmus, etc., are not identical to physical kinds because it's conceptually (if not empirically) possible that entities physically distinct in kind from human beings experience pain, love, beliefs that Madison sits on an isthmus, etc. Type-identity physicalism, in short, is baselessly chauvinistic in its rejection of the possibility of nonhuman minds.
Language, Newspeak and Logic
Authors: Sutherland S. R.
Published: November 2010

Some books are like parents, grandparents or old friends. They have been with us from our earliest days and one treats them almost with familiarity. They belong to one's youth and the recognition that they have been around for months and years keeps company with surprise. For philosophers such a book is A. J. Ayer's Language, Truth and Logic, first published over fifty years ago in 1936. There is a sense in which a similar point may be made about some individuals, but discretion and good manners should deter us from succumbing to the philosophical disease of pressing an analogy too far. Suffice it to say that over a period during which most English speaking philosophers were content (or perhaps constrained) to work within a context which was significantly influenced by Ayer's clear and cajoling formulation of a twentieth century of empiricism, F. C. Copleston provided one of the few distinctive alternative philosophical perspectives on major metaphysical questions. This essay will reflect upon the influence of Ayer's Language, Truth and Logic some fifty years after its publication, upon the philosophical discussion of religion and theological questions.
Ayer's Ethical Theory: Emotivism or Subjectivism?
Authors: Wiggins David
Published: November 2010

In 1936, in a chapter of Language, Truth and Logic clearly influenced by Hume (though inconsistent with Hume) and influenced also (Ayer later conjectured) by Ogden's and Richards's The Meaning of Meaning (1923), Ayer claimed that judgments of value, in so far as they are not scientific statements, are not in the literal sense significant but are simply expressions of emotion which can be neither true nor false. To say ‘You acted wrongly in stealing that money’ is not to state any more than one would have stated by merely saying ‘you stole that money’. To add that the action was wrong is not to make a further statement about it, but simply to evince one's moral disapproval. ‘It is as if I had said “you stole that money” in a peculiar tone of horror, or written it with the addition of some special exclamation mark. The tone or the exclamation mark adds nothing to the literal meaning of the sentence. It merely serves to show that the expression of it is attended by certain feelings of the speaker’ (LTL, 107).
V. Emotions and the Problem of Other Minds
Authors: Pickard Hanna
Published: November 2010

Can consideration of the emotions help to solve the problem of other minds? Intuitively, it should. We often think of emotions as public: as observable in the body, face, and voice of others. Perhaps you can simply see another's disgust or anger, say, in her demeanour and expression; or hear the sadness clearly in his voice. Publicity of mind, meanwhile, is just what is demanded by some solutions to the problem. But what does this demand amount to, and do emotions actually meet it? This paper has three parts. First, I consider the nature of the problem of other minds. Second, I consider the publicity of emotions. And third, I bring these together to show how emotions can help to solve the problem.
VII. Emotions, Rationality, and Mind/Body
Authors: Greenspan Patricia
Published: November 2010

There are now quite a number of popular or semi-popular works urging rejection of the old opposition between rationality and emotion. They present evidence or theoretical arguments that favour a reconception of emotions as providing an indispensable basis for practical rationality. Perhaps the most influential is neuroanatomist Antonio Damasio'sDescartes' Error, which argues from cases of brain lesion and other neurological causes of emotional deficit that some sort of emotional ‘marking,’ of memories of the outcomes of our choices with anxiety, is needed to support learning from experience.
XIII. Passion and Politics
Authors: James Susan
Published: November 2010

The sudden resurgence of interest in the emotions that has recently overtaken analytical philosophy has raised a range of questions about the place of the passions in established explanatory schemes. How, for example, do the emotions fit into theories of action organized around beliefs and desires? How can they be included in analyses of the mind developed to account for other mental states and capacities? Questions of this general form also arise within political philosophy, and the wish to acknowledge their importance and find a space for them has led to some fruitful developments. Among these are a new sensitivity to ways in which attributions of emotion can create and sustain unequal power relations, an interest in the underlying emotional capacities that make politics possible, a concern with the kinds of emotional suffering that politics should aim to abolish, and analyses of the emotional traits it should foster. While these and comparable explorations have enormously enriched contemporary political philosophy, a great deal of mainstream work continues to ignore or marginalize the emotions, so that their place remains uncertain and obscure. There is no consensus as to what kind of attention should be paid to them, or indeed whether they deserve any systematic attention at all. This is a curious state of affairs, because it was until quite recently taken for granted that political philosophy and psychology are intimately connected, and that political philosophy needs to be grounded on an understanding of human passion. In this essay I shall first consider why political philosophers ever rejected this set of assumptions. I shall then return to the pressing issue of how we might take account of the emotions in our own political theorizing.
What logic should we think with?
Authors: Sainsbury R. M.
Published: November 2010

Logic ought to guide our thinking. It is better, more rational, more intelligent to think logically than to think illogically. Illogical thought leads to bad judgment and error. In any case, if logic had no role to play as a guide to thought, why should we bother with it?

The somewhat naïve opinions of the previous paragraph are subject to attack from many sides. It may be objected that an activity does not count as thinking at all unless it is at least minimally logical, so logic is constitutive of thought rather than a guide to it. Or it may be objected that whereas logic describes a system of timeless relations between propositions, thinking is a dynamic process involving revisions, and so could not use a merely static guide. Or again the objection may be that there is no such thing as logic, only a whole variety of different logics, not all of which could possibly be good guides.
The Normativity of Meaning
Authors: Millar Alan
Published: November 2010

In a discussion of rule-following inspired by Wittgenstein, Kripke asks us to consider the relation which holds between meaning plus by ‘+’ and answering questions like, ‘What is the sum of 68 and 57?’. A dispositional theory has it that if you mean plus by ‘+’ then you will probably answer, ‘125’. That is because, according to such a theory, to mean plus by ‘+’is, roughly speaking, to be disposed, by and large, and among other things, to answer such questions with the correct sum. Kripke wants to emphasize, by contrast, that if you mean plus by ‘+’ then, faced with the question, ‘What is 68 + 57?’ yououghtto answer, ‘125’. One could sum up the assumption about meaning which appears to underpin this criticism of dispositional theories in terms of the slogan that meaning is normative. Allan Gibbard gives us a way of reading that slogan which is suggested by Kripke's brief remarks:

The crux of the slogan that meaning is normative … might be another slogan: thatmeansimpliesought. To use roughly Kripke's example, from statements saying what I mean by the plus sign and other arithmetic terms and constructions, it will follow that Ioughtto answer ‘7’ when asked ‘What's 5 + 2?’.
Relativism and Classical Logic
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: November 2010

Let me begin with a reminder of the crude but intuitive distinction from which the relativistic impulse springs. Any of the following claims would be likely to find both supporters and dissenters:

That snails are delicious

That cockroaches are disgusting

That marital infidelity is alright provided nobody gets hurt

That a Pacific sunset trumps any Impressionist canvas

and perhaps

That Philosophy is pointless if it is not widely intelligible

That the belief that there is life elsewhere in the universe is justified

That death is nothing to fear

Disputes about such claims may or may not involve quite strongly held convictions and attitudes. Sometimes they may be tractable disputes: there may be some other matter about which one of the disputing parties is mistaken or ignorant, where such a mistake or ignorance can perhaps be easily remedied, with the result of a change of heart about the original claim; or there may be a type of experience of which one of the disputing parties is innocent, and such that the effect of initiation into that experience is, once again, a change of view.
Principles for Possibilia
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: November 2010

It seems to be an obvious truth that

(1) There could be something that doesn't actually exist.

That is, it seems to be obiously true that

(1a) ◊∃×(Actually ∼ (× exists)).

It is sufficient for the truth of (1) that there could be more people, or trees, or cars, than there actually are. It is also sufficient for the truth of (1) that there could be some pepole, or trees, or cars that are distinct from all those that actually exist. Do (1) and suchlike statements involve a commitment to possibilia, to things that possibly exist, but do not actually exist? If not, why not? And if so, what is the nature of the possibilia to which (1) and its ilk commit us? These simple little questions are at the tip of an iceberg.
Necessary Existents
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: November 2010

It seems obvious that I could have failed to exist. My parents could easily never have met, in which case I should never have been conceived and born. The like applies to everyone. More generally, it seems plausible that whatever exists in space and time could have failed to exist. Events could have taken an utterly different course. Our existence, like most other aspects of our lives, appears frighteningly contingent. It is therefore surprising that there is a proof of my necessary existence, a proof that generalizes to everything what-soever. I will explain the proof and discuss what to make of it. A first reaction is that a ‘proof’ of such an outrageous conclusion must contain some dreadful fallacy. Yet the proof does not collapse under scrutiny. Further reflection suggests that, suitably interpreted, it may be sound. So interpreted, the conclusion is not outrageous, although it may not be the view you first thought of.
Free Will and the Burden of Proof
Authors: Lycan William G.
Published: November 2010

Here are some things that are widely believed about free will and determinism.

(1) Free will is prima facie incompatible with determinism.

(2) The incompatibility is logical or at least conceptual or a priori.

(3) A compatibilist needs to explain how free will can co-exist with determinism, paradigmatically by offering an analysis of ‘free’ action that is demonstrably compatible with determinism. (Here is the late Roderick Chisholm, in defence of irreducible or libertarian agent-causation: ‘Now if you can analyse such statements as “Jones killed his uncle” into eventcausation statements, then you may have earned the right to make jokes about the agent as cause. But if you haven't done this, and if all the same you do believe such things as that I raised my arm and that Jolns [sic] killed his uncle, and if moreover you still think it's a joke to talk about the agent as cause, then, I'm afraid, the joke is entirely on you.’)

(4) Free will is not impugned by quantum indeterminism, at least not in the same decisive way that it is impugned by determinism. To reconcile free will with quantum indeterminism takes work, but the work comes under the heading of metaphysical business-as-usual; to reconcile free will with determinism requires a conceptual breakthrough.

And listen to Laura Waddell Ekstrom on the burden of proof.
Language, Belief and Human Beings
Authors: Cockburn David
Published: November 2010

We may think of the core of Cartesian dualism as being the thesis that each of us is essentially a non-material mind or soul: ‘non-material’ in the sense that it has no weight, cannot be seen or touched, and could in principle continue to exist independently of the existence of any material thing. That idea was, of course, of enormous importance to Descartes himself, and we may feel that having rejected it, as most philosophers now have, we have rejected what is of greatest philosophical significance in Descartes' conception of the self. That would, I believe, be a mistake. Something akin to the Cartesian mind-body contrast still has a pervasive grip on philosophical thought across a whole range of issues. The contrast is, I believe, reflected in common philosophical versions of the contrasts between mind and body, fact and value, reason and emotion, word and deed, reason and persuasion, and no doubt others. My central concern in this paper is, however, a familiar philosophical understanding of the relation between, on the one hand, belief and its articulation in words and, on the other, action or feeling.
Mental Substances
Authors: Crane Tim
Published: November 2010

Philosophers of mind typically conduct their discussions in terms of mental events, mental processes, mental properties, mental states—but rarely in terms of minds themselves. Sometimes this neglect is explicity acknowledged. Donald Davidson, for example, writes that ‘there are no such things as minds, but people have mental properties, which is to say that certain psychological predicates are true of them. These properties are constantly changing, and such changes are mental events’. Hilary Putnam agrees, though for somewhat different reasons:

The view I have long defended is that the mind is not a thing, talk of our minds is talk of World-involving capabilities that we have and activities that we engage in. As Dewey succinctly put it, ‘Mind is primarily a verb. It denotes all the ways in which we deal consciously and expressly with the situation in which we find ourseleves. Unfortunately, an influential manner of thinking has changed modes of action into an underlying substance that performs the activities in question. It has treated mind as an independent entity which attends, purposes, cares and remembers’. But the traditional view, by treating mental states as states of the ‘underlying substance’, makes them properties of something ‘inside’, and, if one is a materialist philosopher, that means properties of our brains. So the next problem naturally seems to be: ‘Which neurological properties of our brains do these mental properties “reduce” to?’ For how could our brains have properties that aren't neurological? And this is how materialist philosphers saw the problem until the advent of such new alternatives in the philosophy of mind and philosophy of language as Functionalism and Semantic Externalism.
Critical Consideration of Precipitate Analysis of Fe–1 at.% Cu Using Atom Probe and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
Authors: Schober M. , Eidenberger E. , Staron P. , Leitner H.
Published: November 2010

An Fe–1 at.% Cu model alloy was examined by atom probe (3DAP) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to verify the accordance of the gained results. The Fe-Cu alloy was heat-treated for various times at 500°C, forming Cu-rich precipitates within the Fe matrix. The chemical compositions of the precipitates and matrix found by 3DAP were used to calculate the magnetic scattering contrast. Additionally, a magnetic moment of the precipitates that contain a significant amount of Fe was taken into account for the calculation of magnetic scattering contrast. This in turn is used for the evaluation of the magnetic scattering curves gained by SANS. Both the 3DAP data as well as the scattering curves were analyzed with regard to radius, number density, and volume fraction of the precipitates as a function of aging time. The results yielded by both techniques are in good agreement and correspond to the development of the hardness of the alloy. Minor differences can be related to the cluster search algorithm used for the analysis of the 3DAP data as well as Fe overestimation based on different field phases.
Characteristics of prevalence in peripheral arterial disease and correlative risk factors and comorbidities among female natural population in China
Authors: Wang  , Xu  , Li  , Wei  , Zhao  , Hou  , Hasimu  , Yang  , Yuan  , Hu
Published: November 2010

Background: To investigate the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and correlating risk factors and comorbidities in a natural female population in China, and to study the characteristics of atherosclerotic disease in females. Patients and methods: Natural population from communities in several cities and districts including Beijing, Shanghai, Changsha, Guangdong, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang in China were investigated as study subjects through cluster multistage and random sampling. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) was measured among participants in the communities by trained investigators and correlative information and clinical data were collected. PAD was defined as an ABI ≤ 0.9 in either leg. Results: 21 152 eligible participants were included in the survey. The prevalence in males and females was 2.52 % and 3.66 %, the standardized prevalence was 1.84 % and 4.31 % respectively, and the prevalence in females was higher than that in males (p < 0.01). The prevalence in females obviously increased (p < 0.01) with increasing age. More female participants with PAD were over 69 years old compared with those without PAD (18.8 % vs. 10.0 %, p = 0.000) and more frequently have a smoking habit (11.1 % vs. 2.5 %, p = 0.000), lipid disorders (34.8 % vs. 29.2 %, p = 0.047), diabetes mellitus (14.8 % vs. 8.6 %, p = 0.000), coronary heart disease (16.9 % vs. 10.0 %, p = 0.000) and a history of stroke (6.8 % vs. 2.3 %, p = 0.000). Using multiple logistic regression analysis, older age (> 69 years old, OR: 1.60, 95 % CI: 1.11 - 2.29), a smoking habit (OR: 5.98, 95 % CI: 3.88 - 9.21), comorbidities of lipid disorders (OR: 1.45, 95 % CI: 1.10 - 1.91), diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.46, 95 % CI: 1.02 - 2.11), coronary heart disease (OR: 1.50, 95 % CI: 1.02 - 2.19)and a history of stroke (OR: 1.71, 95 % CI: 1.01 - 2.91) were correlated with the prevalence of PAD in females in China. Only 0.8 % of female patients with PAD had been diagnosed previously. Conclusions: The data suggest that the prevalence of PAD in a female natural population in China is higher than that in males. Many conventional risk factors and comorbidities were correlated with the high prevalence of PAD in females. But only very few female patients with PAD were diagnosed. Thus, more measures should be taken to diagnose, prevent and control PAD in females in China.
Eosinophilic vasculitis: an inhabitual and resistant manifestation of a vasculitis
Authors: Jandus  , Bianda  , Alerci  , Gallino  , Marone
Published: November 2010

A 55-year-old woman was referred because of diffuse pruritic erythematous lesions and an ischemic process of the third finger of her right hand. She was known to have anaemia secondary to hypermenorrhea. She presented six months before admission with a cutaneous infiltration on the left cubital cavity after a paravenous leakage of intravenous iron substitution. She then reported a progressive pruritic erythematous swelling of her left arm and lower extremities and trunk. Skin biopsy of a lesion on the right leg revealed a fibrillar, small-vessel vasculitis containing many eosinophils.Two months later she reported Raynaud symptoms in both hands, with a persistent violaceous coloration of the skin and cold sensation of her third digit of the right hand. A round 1.5 cm well-delimited swelling on the medial site of the left elbow was noted. The third digit of her right hand was cold and of violet colour. Eosinophilia (19 % of total leucocytes) was present. Doppler-duplex arterial examination of the upper extremities showed an occlusion of the cubital artery down to the palmar arcade on the right arm. Selective angiography of the right subclavian and brachial arteries showed diffuse alteration of the blood flow in the cubital artery and hand, with fine collateral circulation in the carpal region. Neither secondary causes of hypereosinophilia nor a myeloproliferative process was found. Considering the skin biopsy results and having excluded other causes of eosinophilia, we assumed the diagnosis of an eosinophilic vasculitis. Treatment with tacrolimus and high dose steroids was started, the latter tapered within 12 months and then stopped, but a dramatic flare-up of the vasculitis with Raynaud phenomenon occurred. A new immunosupressive approach with steroids and methotrexate was then introduced. This case of aggressive eosinophilic vasculitis is difficult to classify into the usual forms of vasculitis and constitutes a therapeutic challenge given the resistance to current immunosuppressive regimens.
To What Extent Do Age, Period, and Cohort Patterns Account for Time Trends and Social Inequalities in Smoking?
Authors: Piontek Daniela , Kraus Ludwig , Müller Stefanie , Pabst Alexander
Published: November 2010

Aims: This paper evaluates nonconfounded and independent age, period, and cohort effects on time trends and social disparities in smoking behavior. Methods: Data from nine waves of the German Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse (ESA) conducted between 1980 and 2009 were used. A total of N = 73,782 individuals aged 18 and older were included in the analyses. Using cross-classified random-effects models, fixed effects of age (level 1) as well as random effects of periods and cohorts (level 2) on 30-day smoking prevalence and average number of cigarettes per day were estimated. Analyses were stratified by socioeconomic status (SES). Results: Independent of SES, positive and curvilinear age effects emerged. Prevalence and amount of smoking declined sharply over time and revealed an inversion of the social gradient in 2003. This was due to a stronger decrease of smoking in the highest SES group compared to the other groups. Cohort effects were nonlinear and inconsistent. Conclusion: The emergence of increasing social disparities in smoking implies the need to specifically address the situation of low-SES groups when developing tobacco control measures.
Wirksamkeit verhaltenstherapeutischer Maßnahmen auf die Aufmerksamkeits- und Exekutiv- funktionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ADHS
Authors: Toussaint Anne , Petermann Franz , Schmidt Sören , Petermann Ulrike , Gerber-von Müller Gabriele , Sinatchkin Michael , Gerber Wolf-Dieter
Published: November 2010

Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob und inwieweit lernpsychologische Techniken die Exekutivfunktionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ADHS innerhalb eines multimodalen Therapieprogramms günstig beeinflussen können. 45 Kinder und Jugendliche mit ADHS nahmen an einem zweiwöchigen ADHS-Summercamp teil, in dem ein stringentes Response-Cost-Token-Vorgehen (RCT) sowie ein gezieltes Aufmerksamkeitstraining eingesetzt wurden. In einem Prä-Post-Design wurden die Aufmerksamkeits- und Exekutivfunktionen der Kinder mit Hilfe der Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung (TAP) und des Trail-Making-Tests (TMT) erfasst. Sechs Wochen nach dem Training ließen sich signifikante neuropsychologische Leistungsverbesserungen bezüglich der Aufmerksamkeitsregulation und der Inhibitionskontrolle feststellen. Da jegliche Medikation vor Beginn der Maßnahme und somit auch zur Testung abgesetzt wurde, lassen sich die Effekte vorwiegend auf das RCT und das Aufmerksamkeitstraining zurückführen. Die Studie zeigt erneut, dass der Einsatz spezifischer lernpsychologischer Techniken die neuropsychologischen Funktionen von Kindern mit ADHS verbessern kann.
Emotionale Belastungen bei Berufsmusikern und ihre Folgen
Authors: Jäncke Lutz
Published: November 2010

Berufsmusiker, insbesondere wenn sie in Orchestern musizieren, die klassische Musik aufführen, repräsentieren eine besondere Berufsgruppe. Um ein beim Publikum und den Kollegen akzeptiertes Mindestmaß an Spielleistung zu erzielen, müssen sie ihr Talent durch ein erhebliches Maß an Training ausformen. Des Weiteren ist ihr Spiel unausweichlich einer ständigen Überprüfung unterworfen. Aus diesem Grunde scheinen Berufsmusiker bemerkenswert häufig unter Versagensängsten, Stress und Perfektionismus zu leiden. Diese emotionalen Zustände und Einstellungen werden heutzutage als Triggerfaktoren und/oder als Modulatoren von typischen Musikererkrankungen aufgefasst. Im Rahmen dieser Überblicksarbeit werden vor dem Hintergrund der enormen Trainingsanforderungen, welche an Berufsmusiker gestellt werden, die aus diesen defizitären emotionalen Zuständen und Einstellungen entstehenden chronifizierten Schmerzen des Bewegungsapparates und die fokalen Dystonien beschrieben. Beiden Störungsformen ist gemein, dass sie einem ähnlichen wenn nicht gleichen Lernmechanismus unterliegen. Beim chronifizierten Schmerz entwickelt sich ein besonderes Schmerzgedächtnis, während sie beim bei der fokalen Dystonie unangemessene motorische Programme entwickeln. Aufgrund dieser Befunde ist zu fordern, dass Berufsmusiker (wenn nötig) spezifische psychotherapeutische Hilfe und ein spezielles psychologische Coaching in Anspruch nehmen können.
Kurz- und Langzeiteffekte einer Förderung der phonologischen Bewusstheit bei Schulanfängern
Authors: Metz Dorothee , Fröhlich Linda Paulina , Rißling Julia-Katharina , Petermann Franz
Published: November 2010

Es wird das Trainingsprogramm zur Förderung der phonologischen Bewusstheit für Erstklässler, Lobo vom Globo, vorgestellt. Das Training richtet sich an den gesamten Klassenverband und erstreckt sich über einen Zeitraum von zwölf Wochen. Es wird untersucht, ob und inwiefern Grundschulkinder von dem Training zur phonologischen Bewusstheit Lobo vom Globo profitieren. Berichtet werden die Ergebnisse von 110 Erstklässlern (Fördergruppe: N = 56), bei denen unmittelbar vor und nach dem Training die phonologischen Fertigkeiten (Studie 1) sowie anderthalb Jahre nach Trainingsende Lese- und Rechtschreibleistungen (Studie 2) erfasst wurden. Direkt nach Trainingsende zeigen sich signifikante Effekte in den Bereichen Silben segmentieren, Reime identifizieren sowie lautierte Wörter zeigen und benennen zugunsten der Fördergruppe. Langfristig konnte eine deutliche Überlegenheit der Fördergruppe vor allem in Bezug auf das Leseverständnis beobachtet werden.
Zur Sensitivität und Spezifität des ADHS-Screening für Erwachsene (ADHS-E)
Authors: Schmidt Sören , Petermann Franz
Published: November 2010

Das ADHS-Screening für Erwachsene (ADHS-E) ist ein dimensionales Verfahren, welches au f der Basis kategorial-diagnostischer Kriterien Symptome einer ADHS im Erwachsenenalter erfasst. Für das ADHS-E wurden Sensitivität und Spezifität mittels Receiver-Operating-Characteristics (ROC-Analysen) bestimmt. Als gefordertes Kriterium galt, dass bei einem T-Wert von 61 die Sensitivität und Spezifität in einem angemessenen Rahmen ausgeprägt sein muss, damit der Test über eine grundlegende Eignung verfügt, klinisch auffällige von unauffälligen Patienten zu unterscheiden. Dabei ließen sich sehr gute Screening-Eigenschaften feststellen. So lagen Sensitivität und Spezifität im ADHS-E (Kurzform) bei 91 % bzw. 87 %, im ADHS-LE (Langform) bei 95 % bzw. 83 %. Damit lässt sich festhalten, dass beide Fragebögen über eine sehr gute Eigenschaft verfügen, ADHS-betroffene Erwachsene von nicht-betroffenen Erwachsenen zu unterscheiden, was ihre Eignung für den klinischen und den Forschungseinsatz unterstreicht.
Test-Taking Motivation and Personality Test Validity
Authors: O’Neill Thomas A. , Goffin Richard D. , Gellatly Ian R.
Published: November 2010

In this study we assessed whether the predictive validity of personality scores is stronger when respondent test-taking motivation (TTM) is higher rather than lower. Results from a field sample comprising 269 employees provided evidence for this moderation effect for one trait, Steadfastness. However, for Conscientiousness, valid criterion prediction was only obtained at low levels of TTM. Thus, it appears that TTM relates to the criterion validity of personality testing differently depending on the personality trait assessed. Overall, these and additional findings regarding the nomological net of TTM suggest that it is a unique construct that may have significant implications when personality assessment is used in personnel selection.
Mental Contrasting of Future and Reality
Authors: Oettingen Gabriele , Mayer Doris , Brinkmann Babette
Published: November 2010

Mental contrasting of a desired future with present reality leads to expectancy-dependent goal commitments, whereas focusing on the desired future only makes people commit to goals regardless of their high or low expectations for success. In the present brief intervention we randomly assigned middle-level managers (N = 52) to two conditions. Participants in one condition were taught to use mental contrasting regarding their everyday concerns, while participants in the other condition were taught to indulge. Two weeks later, participants in the mental-contrasting condition reported to have fared better in managing their time and decision making during everyday life than those in the indulging condition. By helping people to set expectancy-dependent goals, teaching the metacognitive strategy of mental contrasting can be a cost- and time-effective tool to help people manage the demands of their everyday life.
A HYCOM modeling study of the Persian Gulf: 2. Formation and export of Persian Gulf Water
Authors: Yao Fengchao , Johns William E.
Published: November 2010

The circulation and water mass transformation processes in the Persian Gulf and the water exchange with the Indian Ocean through the Strait of Hormuz are studied using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Model results suggest that intruding Indian Ocean Surface Water (IOSW) is transformed into hypersaline waters with salinity >41 practical salinity unit by the fresh water loss in the northern end of the gulf and in the southern shallow banks. During wintertime, intense heat loss from sea to air leads to the formation of cold and saline waters both in the northern gulf and in the southern gulf. Dense waters formed in the southern gulf have higher salinity and spill into the axial deep trough of the gulf as a sporadic bottom outflow in winter, which leads to high‐salinity pulses in the strait as observed, whereas in summer their buoyancy is increased due to heating and they are exported as a warm yet salty intermediate depth flow through the strait. Dense waters formed in the northern gulf propagate toward the strait along the axial trough throughout the year. Correspondingly, there are two branches of seasonal overturning circulation in density classes: the northern branch peaking in August with strength of 0.13 Sv and the southern branch peaking in February and December with strength of 0.08 Sv. These two branches outflow together feed a seasonally varying deep outflow through the strait with an annual mean volume transport of 0.12 Sv.
Global Shallow—Water Bathymetry From Satellite Ocean Color Data
Authors: Lee ZhongPing , Hu Chuanmin , Casey Brandon , Shang Shaoling , Dierssen Heidi , Arnone Robert
Published: November 2010

Knowledge of ocean bathymetry is important, not only for navigation but also for scientific studies of the ocean's volume, ecology, and circulation, all of which are related to Earth's climate. In coastal regions, moreover, detailed bathymetric maps are critical for storm surge modeling, marine power plant planning, understanding of ecosystem connectivity, coastal management, and change analyses. Because ocean areas are enormously large and ship surveys have limited coverage, adequate bathymetric data are still lacking throughout the global ocean.
Encouraging Female Scientists to Run for Office in 2012
Authors: Landau Elizabeth
Published: November 2010

In 2012, there will be the first major election in the United States following a redrawing of congressional and state legislative districts based on the 2010 census results. This modification of electoral district boundaries likely will open new legislative seats and change voting demographics of districts, creating an opportunity for new candidate running for local and federal office.
Shelf edge tide correlated eddies along the southeastern United States
Authors: Savidge Dana K. , Norman Jonathan , Smith Colton , Amft Julie A. , Moore Trent , Edwards Catherine , Voulgaris George
Published: November 2010

High frequency radar observations in the Southeastern United States have revealed sequences of small short‐lived cyclonic eddies along the shoreward edge of the Gulf Stream, that spin up as the local tide turns alongshelf antiparallel to the Stream. Eddies propagate equatorward along the shelf edge, sometimes progressing shoreward before dissipating one to three hours later. They are distinctly different from Gulf Stream meander eddies, which propagate poleward. In this article, radar and mooring data are used to establish three important aspects of these new eddies: they represent an instability process operating at a previously unidentified frequency, scale, and cross‐Stream position; they contribute to shoreward momentum fluxes, defining a link between Gulf Stream and outer shelf subtidal variability and illustrating a mechanism to justify locally large horizontal eddy viscosity estimates; and they transport properties across the shelf edge, importing nutrients onto the shelf and transferring heat between the Gulf Stream and the coastal ocean.
Denitrification Hotspots and N20 Flux in Fluvial Systems
Authors: Hyman Julia , Gold Arthur , Addy Kelly , Forshay Ken , Mayer Paul , Groffman Peter
Published: November 2010

Background/Question/Methods

Watersheds have a profound capacity to retain and remove nitrogen (N) inputs before entering coastal waters thereby minimizing eutrophication and hypoxia in estuarine waters. Research suggests that much of this N cycling occurs within aquatic ecosystems, e.g., lakes, streams and wetlands, which may become “hotspots” of nitrous oxide (N2O) production. We examined the effects of woody debris on nitrate removal and denitrification rates in streams of different N enrichment levels. Three different standardized substrates (fresh wood blocks, bundles of naturally occurring streambed wood, and clay‐fired blocks) that were expected to vary in their pool of labile carbon were incubated for 8‐10 weeks in each stream - a high nitrate agricultural stream in Pennsylvania and a low nitrate forested stream in Rhode Island. Substrates were collected and subjected to a series of lab‐based mesocosm assays in stream water amended with 15N-labeled nitrate-N. Nitrate removal rates were determined by mass balance techniques and denitrification rates were estimated by 15N gas generation over 18 hours. The 15N2:15N2O ratios were calculated and the mass of biofilm growth during in-situ incubation was obtained for all substrates.b)

Results/Conclusions

Wood block mesocosms had mean N removal and denitrification potential rates of 0.14 and 0.038 ug N/cm2 hr, respectively, for RI and 0.48 and 0.011 ug N/cm2 hr, respectively, for PA. Natural wood mesocosms from RI had 76% higher N removal (0.039 ug N/cm2 hr) than denitrification. The PA natural wood mesocosms had mean N removal (0.169 ug N/cm2 hr) an order of magnitude above the mean denitrification potential. Clay block mesocosms had negligible N removal and denitrification in RI. PA clay mesocosms had N removal rates of 0.2 ug N/cm2 hr and denitrification potential rates of 0.01 ug N/cm2 hr, likely due to the biofilms that had developed while incubating in the high nitrate stream. These results suggest that fresh inputs of natural woody debris may be an important nitrate sink in streams. High variability was observed and there were numerous cases of negligible N2O production at both sites. As a result, the differences in N removal and denitrification potential rates between sites were not significant. The mesocosms from the high nitrate PA stream generally released more N2O. The wood substrates in these mesocosms acted as significant N sinks, but are not necessarily hotspots for N2O generation.
The data analysis and the knowledge of climate and water resources in South Dakota
Authors: Shmagin Boris , Johnston Carol
Published: November 2010

The general principles in climate research and relations of deployed models and obtained knowledge for territory like state or river basin presented on the base of results of data analysis of air temperature (Shmagin and Todey, 2008), precipitation (Shmagin, 2010), and stream flow (Chen and Shmagin 2006). The term of data analysis means sequence of activities and procedures to deal with empirical data: composition the observations as initial matrixes (1), primary analysis with simple statistical characteristics and visualization of data with simple graphs to determine general variability and presents of errors (2), and then analysis of time spatial data variability and interconnections in the matrix (3). The cyber model of landscape (Shmagin, 1997) allows formulate the research tacks for the data analysis, present results as quantities models and fuzzy maps and interpret obtained result in specific field of natural sciences (hydrology, climatology, ecology and others). Data analysis on the base of cyber model provides description of time spatial variability of climate characteristics and water cycle for diversity of regional landscapes as multidimensional structure. Multidimensional structure of regional landscape diversity create the best possible base for longtime forecast (seasonal and interannual) of climate characteristics and development of professional applications to deal with natural variability. The uncertainties of models used for forecast placed in contest of education of art and science.
Analysis of binding properties of VP2 protein of Human parvovirus B19 through in silico molecular docking
Authors: Amburu Praneetha , Pradhan Dibyabhaba , Priyadarshini Vani , Manne Munikumar , Amineni Umamaheswari
Published: November 2010

Human parvovirus B19, a member of the Parvoviridae family, is a pathogen associated with a wide variety of diseases. Most commonly, it causes childhood rash erythema infectiosum, but in some cases more serious symptoms such as persistent arthropathy, critical failures of red cell production causing transient aplastic crisis, this infection in pregnancy causes hydrops fetalis and myocarditis. Traditional immunosuppressive therapy being unsuccessful, anti-viral therapy might be worthy of consideration. Functional annotation would provide role of viral proteome in its survival and pathogenic mechanisms. SVMProt functional family annotations of VP2 protein had deciphered its zinc-binding, coat protein, outer membrane, chlorophyll biosynthesis, DNA repair and calcium-binding nature. VP2 protein is having a key role in viral assembly of B19 virus and being non-homologous to human proteome, it was identified as an attractive molecular target for structure based drug discovery. The VP2 protein crystal structure was energy minimized using CHARMM. A structure based virtual screening method was applied using LigandFit to identify potential inhibitors of VP2 protein from ChemBank database and ten potential Human parvovirus B19 VP2 inhibitors were proposed.
Lipid‐Heparin Infusion Suppresses the IL‐10 Response to Trauma in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Humans
Authors: Ikeoka Dimas T. , Pachler Christoph , Mader Julia K. , Bock Gerlies , Neves Ana L. , Svehlikova Eva , Feichtner Franz , Koehler Gerd , Wrighton Christopher J. , Pieber Thomas R. , Ellmerer Martin
Published: November 2010

An imbalance between pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine productions in adipose tissue is thought to contribute to chronic, systemic, low‐grade inflammation and consequently to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications in obese and type 2 diabetic patients. Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), whose serum levels are elevated in such patients, have been shown to interfere with cytokine production in vitro. In order to evaluate the effects of elevated NEFA levels on cytokine production in adipose tissue in vivo we used an 18‐gauge open‐flow microperfusion (OFM) catheter to induce local inflammation in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of healthy volunteers and to sample interstitial fluid (IF) specifically from the inflamed tissue. In two crossover studies, nine subjects received either an intravenous lipid‐heparin infusion to elevate circulating NEFA levels or saline over a period of 28 h. The former increased the circulating levels of triglycerides (TGs), NEFA, glucose, and insulin over the study period. NEFA effects on locally induced inflammation were estimated by measuring the levels of a panel adipokines in the OFM probe effluent. Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐8, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) levels increased during the study period but were not affected by lipid‐heparin infusion. In contrast, the level of IL‐10, an anti‐inflammatory cytokine, was significantly reduced during the final hour of lipid‐heparin infusion (saline: 449.2 ± 105.9 vs. lipid‐heparin: 65.4 ± 15.4 pg/ml; P = 0.02). These data provide the first in vivo evidence that elevated NEFA can modulate cytokine production by adipose tissue.
Divergence in enzyme regulation between Caenorhabditis elegans and human tyrosine hydroxylase, the key enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine
Authors: Calvo Ana C. , Pey Angel L. , Miranda-Vizuete Antonio , Døskeland Anne P. , Martinez Aurora
Published: November 2010

TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines. The cat-2 gene of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is expressed in mechanosensory dopaminergic neurons and has been proposed to encode a putative TH. In the present paper, we report the cloning of C. elegans full-length cat-2 cDNA and a detailed biochemical characterization of the encoded CAT-2 protein. Similar to other THs, C. elegans CAT-2 is composed of an N-terminal regulatory domain followed by a catalytic domain and a C-terminal oligomerization domain and shows high substrate specificity for L-tyrosine. Like hTH (human TH), CAT-2 is tetrameric and is phosphorylated at Ser35 (equivalent to Ser40 in hTH) by PKA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase). However, CAT-2 is devoid of characteristic regulatory mechanisms present in hTH, such as negative co-operativity for the cofactor, substrate inhibition or feedback inhibition exerted by catecholamines, end-products of the pathway. Thus TH activity in C. elegans displays a weaker regulation in comparison with the human orthologue, resembling a constitutively active enzyme. Overall, our data suggest that the intricate regulation characteristic of mammalian TH might have evolved from more simple models to adjust to the increasing complexity of the higher eukaryotes neuroendocrine systems.
ERK/p90RSK/14-3-3 signalling has an impact on expression of PEA3 Ets transcription factors via the transcriptional repressor capicúa
Authors: Dissanayake Kumara , Toth Rachel , Blakey Jamie , Olsson Olof , Campbell David G. , Prescott Alan R. , MacKintosh Carol
Published: November 2010

Compounds that inhibit signalling upstream of ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) are promising anticancer therapies, motivating research to define how this pathway promotes cancers. In the present study, we show that human capicúa represses mRNA expression for PEA3 (polyoma enhancer activator 3) Ets transcription factors ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5 (ETV is Ets translocation variant), and this repression is relieved by multisite controls of capicúa by ERK, p90RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) and 14-3-3 proteins. Specifically, 14-3-3 binds to p90RSK-phosphorylated Ser173 of capicúa thereby modulating DNA binding to its HMG (high-mobility group) box, whereas ERK phosphorylations prevent binding of a C-terminal NLS (nuclear localization sequence) to importin α4 (KPNA3). ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5 mRNA levels in melanoma cells are elevated by siRNA (small interfering RNA) knockdown of capicúa, and decreased by inhibiting ERK and/or expressing a form of capicúa that cannot bind to 14-3-3 proteins. Capicúa knockdown also enhances cell migration. The findings of the present study give further mechanistic insights into why ETV1 is highly expressed in certain cancers, indicate that loss of capicúa can desensitize cells to the effects of ERK pathway inhibitors, and highlight interconnections among growth factor signalling, spinocerebellar ataxias and cancers.