bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fitness Issues in the Context of Judicial Proceedings
Authors: Samuels Anthony , O'Driscoll Colman , Allnutt Stephen
Published: May 2007

Objective: This paper provides a conceptual, historical and legislative overview of fitness issues. These include fitness to be interrogated or charged, to plead, to be tried and to be sentenced in the context of Australia and New Zealand.

Conclusions: Legislation regarding fitness issues needs to strike a balance between protecting the rights of mentally impaired defendants to a fair trial process and recognizing that mental illness in itself does not absolutely preclude participation in a trial process or necessarily diminish criminal responsibility. Although the key determinants of fitness seem to be the ability to cope with court processes and communicate with counsel, the application of clinical judgement to legal criteria is not always straightforward.
Efficiency Wages and Classical Wage Theory
Authors: Bradley Michael E.
Published: May 2007

In The General Theory, John Maynard Keynes lumped together the marginalist and neoclassical economics of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries and the more narrowly defined “classical” economics of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, J. R. McCulloch, James and John Stuart Mill and other mainstream economists of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth into what he called the “classical theory of employment,” which he reduced to two “fundamental postulates”:

(a) The wage is equal to the marginal product of labour…

(b) The utility of the wage when a given volume of labour is employed is equal to the marginal disutility ofthat amount of employment…(Keynes 1936, p. 5).
Was George Stigler Adam Smith's Best Friend? Studying the History of Economic Thought
Authors: Freedman Craig
Published: May 2007

At times economists seem to treat research into the history of their profession as a guilty pleasure, equating it with “the love that dares not speak its name,” to steal an expression from Oscar Wilde. As a field of research it retains at best an equivocal position. Should real economists waste their time amusing themselves with such a completely irrelevant and non-applicable field? This, at best, ambivalent attitude by a clear majority of the profession meant that the establishment of the first journal dedicated to this area of endeavor (History of Political Economy) served as the eagerly awaited signal for the most prestigious general journals to stop publishing articles of this nature. By the 1970s, the subject's relegation to the backwaters of the discipline translated into a generalized move to drop history of economic thought (as well as economic history) as a requirement of graduate education:

the history of thought, like all other fields, is well enough served by its own specialists. These were the reasons why Stigler proposed and supported the decision of the Economics Department at the University of Chicago to abandon its history of thought requirement in 1972, before many other departments did (Rosen 1993, p. 811).
John Bates Clark on Trusts: New Light from the Columbia Archives
Authors: Fiorito Luca , Henry John F.
Published: May 2007

Public concern over the so called “trust problem” in the United States between the end of the nineteenth century and 1914, the year of the passage of the Clayton and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Acts, was reflected in the considerable contemporary literature on the subject. Not surprisingly, professional economists actively participated in this debate. Their thinking directly and indirectly influenced the legislation of 1914 in a way that cannot be said of the Sherman Act of 1890 (Mayhew 1998). A survey of the most important of these professional writings shows that, among the several voices animating the discussion, John Bates Clark's was perhaps the most influential. In this connection, Joseph Dorfman argues that John Bates Clark's second edition of hisControl of Trusts(1912), co-authored with his son John Maurice, “played a formative historical role in policy making, for it provided the most systematic exposition of the view on trusts, that was embodied in 1914, at President Woodrow Wilson's urging, in the Clayton Act and the FTC Acts.” “From this standpoint,” continues Dorfman quite emphatically, “The Control of Trustscaught the dominant reform interest and in turn became a contributing force in shaping the trend of the socio-economic development of the nation” (1971, p. 17). Apart from the 1912 monograph, John Bates Clark devoted considerable attention to the problems of trusts and industrial combinations during much of his career, both in his professional writings and in his frequent contributions to newspapers and popular reviews.
Treatment Strategies for Co‐Occurring ADHD and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Mariani John J. , Levin Frances R.
Published: May 2007

Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common co‐occurring mental disorder among patients with substance use disorders (SUD). Clinicians must be cognizant of the complicated nature of diagnosis and treatment of ADHD when comorbid with SUD. Pharmacotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for ADHD, although complementary psychotherapeutic approaches have been developed. Psychostimulant medications are the most commonly used medications to treat ADHD, but many clinicians are reluctant to prescribe stimulants to patients with SUD. Recommendations for treatment planning and clinical management for patients with co‐occurring ADHD and SUD are discussed.
Neurobiology of Cocaine Addiction: Implications for New Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Kalivas Peter W.
Published: May 2007

The development of pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction has been disappointingly slow. However, new neurobiological knowledge of how the brain is changed by chronic pharmacological insult with cocaine is revealing novel targets for drug development. Certain drugs currently being tested in clinical trials tap into the underlying cocaine‐induced neuroplasticity, including drugs promoting GABA or inhibiting glutamate transmission. Armed with rationales derived from a neurobiological perspective that cocaine addiction is a pharmacologically induced disease of neuroplasticity in brain circuits mediating normal reward learning, one can expect novel pharmacotherapies to emerge that directly target the biological pathology of addiction.
Brief Intervention for Students with Methamphetamine Use Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Srisurapanont Manit , Sombatmai Sangworn , Boripuntakul Theerarat
Published: May 2007

This study evaluated the short‐term (eight‐week) benefits of brief intervention (BI) in students aged 14–19 years old who met the DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria for methamphetamine (MA) dependence or abuse. The participants were randomly assigned to receive two 20‐minute sessions of BI or one 15‐minute session of psychoeducation (PE). Primary outcomes of interest were the decrease of MA use in days of use (per week) units and MA tablets used (per day when used). All outcomes were assessed at baseline (week 0), week 4, and week 8 (endpoint). A total of 48 participants were enrolled in the study (24 on BI and 24 on PE treatment). At week 4, the numbers of dropouts in the BI and PE groups were 7 and 5, respectively. The frequency and amount of MA use decreased significantly in both groups. At week 8, the days of MA use had decreased in the BI group by a significantly larger number than in the PE group (t = 2, df = 34, p = 0.04). BI appears to have some minimal short‐term benefits for adolescents with MA use disorders. It may decrease the number of days that MA is used.
Substance‐Abusing Physicians: Monitoring and Twelve‐Step‐Based Treatment
Authors: Galanter Marc , Dermatis Helen , Mansky Peter , McIntyre John , Perez‐Fuentes Gabriela
Published: May 2007

This study was designed to provide an independent evaluation of the oversight and rehabilitation of substance‐impaired physicians. Records of 104 physicians who had completed their monitoring period by the New York State Committee on Physicians' Health were selected at random from CPH files. They had been followed for an average of 41.3 months. Practice characteristics and substance use before admission, as well as workplace monitoring, twelve‐step attendance, urine toxicologies, and relapse incidence after admission are reported. Significant intercorrelations among these variables were ascertained by logistic regression. The utility of twelve‐step‐based rehabilitation as part of a treatment plan for sustaining abstinence and averting relapse is discussed.
Factors influencing indirect speech and language therapy interventions for adults with learning disabilities: the perceptions of carers and therapists
Authors: Graves Judy
Published: May 2007

Background: The working context for speech and language therapists (SLTs) delivering interventions to adults who have a learning disability has changed following the reorganization of care provision from hospitals to the community. Consequently, SLTs often deliver their care within a social model of disability through indirect intervention in collaboration with carers. However, there has been little research into how this approach works in practice.

Aims: To gain insight into the working context by identifying the key factors that influence indirect SLT interventions as perceived by SLTs and by paid carers from a range of service providers. To explore the implications of the results for the delivery of indirect SLT interventions and provide direction for further research.

Methods & Procedures: Semi‐structured interviews were used to collect data from an opportunistic sample of five SLTs working in Community Learning Disability Teams (CLDTs) and 12 carers from residential and day care services who had had experience of working with SLTs. The data were analysed inductively using a grounded theory framework.

Outcomes & Results: Two broad themes emerged for SLTs: roles and expectations, and changing carer behaviour through training. The key themes for carers were roles and values, awareness of communication needs, and motivation and opportunity to implement interventions. Four broad factors are suggested as having the potential to influence indirect interventions: diversity in the working context; possible conflict between the guiding values of SLTs and carers, particularly residential carers; collaboration and support for implementation; and SLT doubts about the effectiveness of formal carer communication training.

Conclusions: The results add to the evidence that the delivery of indirect speech and language therapy interventions to people with learning disabilities is a complex activity demanding specialist skills from SLTs. The findings suggest that these should include expertise in professional collaborative and relational skills, and training methods and strategies. Action research is needed to test the validity of the findings and document their impact on indirect interventions in day‐to‐day practice. More research is needed on the effectiveness of modelling or demonstration as a training technique with carers.
Speech and language therapy intervention in schizophrenia: a case study
Authors: Clegg Judy , Brumfitt Shelagh , Parks Randolph W. , Woodruff Peter W. R.
Published: May 2007

Background: There is a significant body of evidence documenting the speech and language abnormalities found in adult psychiatric disorders. These speech and language impairments can create additional social barriers for the individual and may hinder effective communication in psychiatric treatment and management. However, the role of speech and language therapy in this patient population has not been extensively studied.

Aims: Speech and language therapy is reported in a 53‐year‐old adult male patient who presented with severe poverty of speech as part of his diagnosis of schizophrenia. The aims of speech and language therapy focused on increasing the patient's verbal communication using a combination of traditional and non‐traditional speech and language therapy methods.

Methods & Procedures: Two phases of speech and language therapy were implemented. The first phase focused on desensitizing the patient to verbal communication. The second phase developed the patient's language productivity and increased his awareness of his social communication skills. Five separate measures were taken as baselines which were repeated at the end of the intervention.

Outcomes & Results: Post‐intervention scores showed that the intervention was partly successful. The patient's verbal communication increased and he developed more appropriate social communication skills. His negative attitude to communication remained unchanged even though his self‐evaluative status improved.

Conclusions: The intervention is discussed in terms of the pre‐ and post‐intervention measures and the role of speech and language therapy in schizophrenia. The study suggests that speech and language therapy can contribute to the understanding and management of schizophrenia and other adult psychiatric disorders.
The grammatical morpheme deficit in moderate hearing impairment
Authors: McGuckian Maria , Henry Alison
Published: May 2007

Background: Much remains unknown about grammatical morpheme (GM) acquisition by children with moderate hearing impairment (HI) acquiring spoken English.

Aims: To investigate how moderate HI impacts on the use of GMs in speech and to provide an explanation for the pattern of findings.

Methods & Procedures: Elicited and spontaneous speech data were collected from children with moderate HI (n = 10; mean age = 7;4 years) and a control group of typically developing children (n = 10; mean age = 3;2 years) with equivalent mean length of utterance (MLU). The data were analysed to determine the use of ten GMs of English. Comparisons were made between the groups for rates of correct GM production, for types and rates of GM errors, and for order of GM accuracy.

Outcome & Results: The findings revealed significant differences between the HI group and the control group for correct production of five GMs. The differences were not all in the same direction. The HI group produced possessive ‐s and plural ‐s significantly less frequently than the controls (this is not simply explained by the perceptual saliency of ‐s) and produced progressive ‐ing, articles and irregular past tense significantly more frequently than the controls. Moreover, the order of GM accuracy for the HI group did not correlate with that observed for the control group. Various factors were analysed in an attempt to explain order of GM accuracy for the HI group (i.e. perceptual saliency, syntactic category, semantics and frequency of GMs in input). Frequency of GMs in input was the most successful explanation for the overall pattern of GM accuracy. Interestingly, the order of GM accuracy for the HI group (acquiring spoken English as a first language) was characteristic of that reported for individuals learning English as a second language. An explanation for the findings is drawn from a factor that connects these different groups of language learners, i.e. limited access to spoken English input.

Conclusions: It is argued that, because of hearing factors, the children with HI are below a threshold for intake of spoken language input (a threshold easily reached by the controls). Thus, the children with HI are more input‐dependent at the point in development studied and as such are more sensitive to input frequency effects. The findings suggest that optimizing or indeed increasing auditory input of GMs may have a positive impact on GM development for children with moderate HI.
Counselling with a profoundly deaf client and the impact of a therapist's dream: A case study
Authors: Boyd Jeni
Published: May 2007

This case study explores the experience of one client participating in a project evaluating the use of dreams in short‐term counselling within the National Health Service. The client received 24 sessions of counselling and completed a post‐counselling semi‐structured questionnaire. This was followed by a semi‐structured interview, which confirmed the internal coherence within the participant's narrative and allowed a more detailed exploration of her experiences, supported by process notes. Supervision challenged the therapist's preconceptions and held her in her uncertainty until the work was aided by a dream that the therapist had of the client.
Exploring the supervision experience of some mainstream counsellors who integrate prayer in counselling
Authors: Gubi Peter Madsen
Published: May 2007

The use of prayer in counselling can be transformational and promote psychological well‐being, but it can be problematic and requires good supervision. A survey conducted into the extent of the use of prayer in counselling revealed that many counsellors do not bring their use of prayer to supervision. The aim of this research was to discover why this may be. Participants were 19 BACP accredited and CMCS approved counsellors who use prayer in their practice. They were interviewed, and data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The data indicate that there is not a culture of openness towards the use of prayer. Counsellors do not feel free to explore their practice of prayer because of fear: of not being understood; of being judged; of losing respect and credibility; of being thought of as transgressing; of exposure by the supervisor; of how the supervisor will treat the disclosure; and of condemnation and dismissal of something that is important and precious to the counsellor. The central implication for supervision is the need to create a culture of openness and a collaborative working alliance where all aspects of the counselling process can be explored with appropriate theoretical consideration and personal challenge, and where the supervisee feels accepted, able and open to exploring all aspects of the work with the supervisor. This prevents unethical practice, protects the client and enables consistency of work.
Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism and Redox State in Dyslipidemias
Authors: Vercesi Anibal E. , Castilho Roger F. , Kowaltowski Alicia J. , Oliveira Helena C. F.
Published: May 2007

Changes in mitochondrial function are intimately associated with metabolic diseases. Here, we review recent evidence relating alterations in mitochondrial energy metabolism, ion transport and redox state in hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. We focus mainly on changes in mitochondrial respiration, K+ and Ca2+ transport, reactive oxygen species generation and susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition.
IUBMB Life, 59: 263‐268, 2007
Soluble protein oligomers as emerging toxins in alzheimer's and other amyloid diseases
Authors: Ferreira Sergio T. , Vieira Marcelo N. N. , De Felice Fernanda G.
Published: May 2007

Amyloid diseases are a group of degenerative disorders characterized by cell/tissue damage caused by toxic protein aggregates. Abnormal production, processing and/or clearance of misfolded proteins or peptides may lead to their accumulation and to the formation of amyloid aggregates. Early histopathological investigation of affected organs in different amyloid diseases revealed the ubiquitous presence of fibrillar protein aggregates forming large deposits known as amyloid plaques. Further in vitro biochemical and cell biology studies, as well as studies using transgenic animal models, provided strong support to what initially seemed to be a solid concept, namely that amyloid fibrils played crucial roles in amyloid pathogenesis. However, recent studies describing tissue‐specific accumulation of soluble protein oligomers and their strong impact on cell function have challenged the fibril hypothesis and led to the emergence of a new view: Fibrils are not the only toxins derived from amyloidogenic proteins and, quite possibly, not the most important ones with respect to disease etiology. Here, we review some of the recent findings and concepts in this rapidly developing field, with emphasis on the involvement of soluble oligomers of the amyloid‐β peptide in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies suggesting that soluble oligomers from different proteins may share common mechanisms of cytotoxicity are also discussed. Increased understanding of the cellular toxic mechanisms triggered by protein oligomers may lead to the development of rational, effective treatments for amyloid disorders.
IUBMB Life, 59: 332‐345, 2007
A new list of functions of the cytoskeleton
Authors: Jaeken Laurent
Published: May 2007

In classic cell physiology some major properties of life are ignored (coherent behaviour) or not fully integrated (colloid properties), resulting in a limited list of functions of the cytoskeleton. As part of a new paradigm for cell physiology a new list is presented with numerous extra functions, for which experimental evidence has so far accumulated.
IUBMB Life, 59: 127‐133, 2007
Risk factors for self‐injurious behaviour in custody: Problems of definition and prediction
Authors: Lohner Johannes , Konrad Norbert
Published: May 2007

This article reviews the international literature of the last two decades on self‐injurious behaviour in prisons and jails and introduces the risk factors associated with this behaviour. Studies from a variety of countries investigated different samples (e.g. in jails or prisons; female or male inmates). We only chose those studies using a control group of inmates without self‐injurious behaviour. The findings on potential risk factors for self‐injurious behaviour are largely contradictory because of the differences in sample selection and dependent variables (deliberate self‐harm without suicidal intent vs. suicide attempts). We also discuss some methodological problems in predicting self‐injurious behaviour.
Mental health and suicide prevention services for Canadian prisoners
Authors: Daigle Marc S.
Published: May 2007

There is a dissonance between the purposes and services of the justice system compared to the needs of suicidal people or those with mental health problems. Correctional authorities are faced with sometimes difficult responsibilities when they have to incarcerate those who fall through the gaps in the social safety net. Correctional Service Canada’s (CSC) mandate is to carry out the sentences of two or more years imposed by the Court; consequently that federal authority may have more time and means than its provincial counterparts receive for inmates on remand or serving shorter sentences. CSC developed strategies for inmates with mental health problems and, specifically, an exhaustive suicide prevention program. The implementation of all the components of the mental health strategy is not completed but it is based on good planning. With respect to suicide prevention activities, these are mainly based on screening the most vulnerable inmates at the time of intake, but they cover a larger spectrum.
Statistics, truth, and error reduction in sport and exercise sciences
Authors: Nevill Alan M. , Holder Roger L. , Cooper Stephen‐Mark
Published: May 2007

Academics have a responsibility to ensure that their research findings are as truthful as possible. InIn every issue of a scientific journal, a large number of significance tests are reported (usually using P <0.05). Of course, most of these results will be true/correct. Unfortunately, due to the nature of sampling, researchers will occasionally make errors, often referred to as type I (probability = α) and type II (probability = β) errors. The power of a test (1‐β) is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis – that is, correctly detecting a real or true effect. Factors that are known to influence power include: (1) the level of significance (α), (2) the size of the difference or relationship in the population (the effect), (3) the sample size, and (4) unexplained error variance. As researchers, we have little control over most of these factors. The one factor that we have some influence over, however, is the ability to reduce the unexplained error variance. In the present article, we describe a range of methods that will increase the probability that a researcher has correctly identified a real effect by increasing the power of their statistical tests. Such methods will include ways of designing experiments to reduce error and uncertainty. The use of blocking and randomized block designs will reduce unexplained error, such as adopting matched or repeated‐measures designs rather than using independent observations. The other method of reducing unexplained errors is to adopt more appropriate (e.g. biologically correct) models and checking the distribution assumptions associated with such models. In conclusion, researchers are responsible for maximizing the likelihood that their results are as accurate and truthful as possible. By carefully planning their experiments and adopting appropriate models, researchers are more likely to publish their findings with a greater degree of confidence, but not certainty.
Coping with jet‐lag: A Position Statement for the European College of Sport Science
Authors: Reilly Thomas , Atkinson Greg , Edwards Ben , Waterhouse Jim , Åkerstedt Torbjörn , Davenne Damien , Lemmer Björn , Wirz‐Justice Anna
Published: May 2007

Elite athletes and their coaches are accustomed to international travel for purposes of training or sports competition. Recreational participants are similarly, if less frequently, exposed to travel stress. Transient negative effects that constitute travel fatigue are quickly overcome, whereas longer‐lasting difficulties are associated with crossing multiple time‐zones. Jet‐lag is linked with desynchronization of circadian rhythms, and its impact depends on the duration and direction of flight, flight schedule, and individual differences. Athletes’ performances are likely to be affected for some days until the body clock is readjusted in harmony with local time. Knowledge of the physiological characteristics of the body clock can be used to develop behavioural strategies that accelerate readjustment, in particular the timing of outdoor or bright light exposure, perhaps melatonin ingestion, meals, and exercise. Attempts to promote sleep by use of drugs that adjust the body clock, induce sleepiness or promote wakefulness are relevant but discouraged in travelling athletes. Support staff should develop appropriate education programmes for their athletes who can then make informed choices about their behaviour and minimize the transient effects of jet‐lag on their well‐being and performance.
What Triggers transient AIDS in the Acute Phase of HIV Infection and chronic AIDS at the End of the Incubation Period?
Authors: Kramer Ivan
Published: May 2007

Novel dynamical models are introduced demonstrating that the T helper cell (THC) density drops in the acute infection phase of HIV infection, sometimes causing transient AIDS, and at the end of the incubation period causing chronic AIDS have a common dynamical cause. The immune system′s inability to produce enough uninfected THCs to replace the infected ones it is destroying causes a drop in the THC density at any stage of HIV infection. Increases in viral infectivity, probably caused by random mutation of HIV, are shown to drive the progression of the infection. The minimum incubation period for the long term non‐progressors (LTNPs) was calculated from a novel physical model: 0.3% of infecteds have incubation periods of 23.1 years or more, and there is no biomedical difference between LTNPs and progressors. Chronic AIDS is shown to result from three random transitions linking four clinically‐distinct stages of HIV infection following seroconversion.
A Schwarz lemma on the polydisk
Authors: Knese Greg
Published: May 2007

We prove a generalization of the infinitesimal portion of the classical Schwarz lemma for functions from the polydisk to the disk. In particular, we describe the functions which play the role of automorphisms of the disk in this context–they turn out to be rational inner functions in the Schur-Agler class of the polydisk with an added symmetry constraint. In addition, some sufficient conditions are given for a function to be of this type.
A decomposition for invariant tests of uniformity on the sphere
Authors: Pycke Jean-Renaud
Published: May 2007

We introduce a

U
U

-statistic on which can be based a test for uniformity on the sphere. It is a simple function of the geometric mean of distances between points of the sample and consistent against all alternatives. We show that this type of

U
U

-statistic, whose kernel is invariant by isometries, can be separated into a set of statistics whose limiting random variables are independent. This decomposition is obtained via the so-called canonical decomposition of a group representation. The distribution of the limiting random variables of the components under the null hypothesis is given. We propose an interpretation of Watson type identities between quadratic functionals of Gaussian processes in the light of this decomposition.
On 𝑈(𝑝)-congruences
Authors: Guerzhoy P.
Published: May 2007

The phenomenon of

U
(
p
)

U(p)

-congruences was recently studied by Ahlgren and Ono (2005) and by Elkies, Ono and Yang (2005). We provide a necessary and sufficient condition which improves their general results.
A Whittaker-Shannon-Kotel’nikov sampling theorem related to the Dunkl transform
Authors: Ciaurri Óscar , Varona Juan
Published: May 2007

A Whittaker-Shannon-Kotel’nikov sampling theorem related to the Dunkl transform on the real line is proved. To this end we state, in terms of Bessel functions, an orthonormal system which is complete in

L
2

(
(
−
1
,
1
)
,

|

x

|

2
α
+
1

d
x
)

L^2((-1,1),|x|^{2\alpha +1}\,dx)

. This orthonormal system is a generalization of the classical exponential system defining Fourier series.
Hamilton’s gradient estimate for the heat kernel on complete manifolds
Authors: Kotschwar Brett
Published: May 2007

In this paper we extend a gradient estimate of R. Hamilton for positive solutions to the heat equation on closed manifolds to bounded positive solutions on complete, non-compact manifolds with

R
c
≥
−
K
g

Rc \geq -Kg

. We accomplish this extension via a maximum principle of L. Karp and P. Li and a Berstein-type estimate on the gradient of the solution. An application of our result, together with the bounds of P. Li and S.T. Yau, yields an estimate on the gradient of the heat kernel for complete manifolds with non-negative Ricci curvature that is sharp in the order of

t
t

for the heat kernel on

R

n

{\mathbb {R}}^n

.
On 𝐿² cohomology of ACH Kähler manifolds
Authors: Wang Xiaodong
Published: May 2007

We discuss a class of complete Kähler manifolds which are asymptotically complex hyperbolic near infinity. The main result is a sharp vanishing theorem for the second

L
2

L^2

cohomology of such manifolds under certain assumptions. The borderline case characterizes a Kähler-Einstein manifold constructed by Calabi.
Some weighted Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities and applications
Authors: Duoandikoetxea Javier , Vega Luis
Published: May 2007

We obtain conditions on the measure

μ
\mu

so that the

L
2

(
μ
)

L^2(\mu )

-norm of a function is controlled by the

L
2

L^2

-norms of the function and its gradient. Applications to eigenvalues of the Schrödinger operator and to other inequalites are also given.
Pattern formation (II): The Turing Instability
Authors: Guo Yan , Hwang Hyung Ju
Published: May 2007

We consider the classical Turing instability in a reaction-diffusion system as the secend part of our study on pattern formation. We prove that nonlinear dynamics of a general perturbation of the Turing instability is determined by the finite number of linear growing modes over a time scale of

ln
⁡

1
δ

,

\ln \frac {1}{\delta },

where

δ
\delta

is the strength of the initial perturbation.
On pointed Hopf algebras associated to some conjugacy classes in 𝕊_{𝕟}
Authors: Andruskiewitsch Nicolás , Zhang Shouchuan
Published: May 2007

We show that any pointed Hopf algebra with infinitesimal braiding associated to the conjugacy class of

π
∈

S

n

\pi \in \mathbb {S}_n

is infinite-dimensional, if either the order of

π
\pi

is odd, or all cycles in the decomposition of

π
\pi

as a product of disjoint cycles have odd order except for exactly two transpositions.
Unbounded solutions and periodic solutions for second order differential equations with asymmetric nonlinearity
Authors: Li Xiong , Zhang Ziheng
Published: May 2007

In this paper we will prove the coexistence of unbounded solutions and periodic solutions for the asymmetric oscillator
\[

x
¨

+
f
(

x
˙

)
+
a

x

+

−
b

x

−

=
φ
(
t
,
x
)
,

\ddot {x}+f(\dot {x})+a x^{+}-bx^{-}=\varphi (t,x),

\]
where

a
a

and

b
b

are positive constants satisfying the nonresonant condition
\[

1

a

+

1

b

∉

Q

\frac {1}{\sqrt {a}}+\frac {1}{\sqrt {b}}\notin \mathbb {Q}

\]
and

φ
(
t
,
x
)

\varphi (t,x)

is

2
π

2\pi

-periodic in the first variable and bounded.
Interaction of the Endocytic Scaffold Protein Pan1 with the Type I Myosins Contributes to the Late Stages of Endocytosis
Authors: Barker Sarah L. , Lee Linda , Pierce B. Daniel , Maldonado-Báez Lymarie , Drubin David G. , Wendland Beverly
Published: May 2007

The yeast endocytic scaffold Pan1 contains an uncharacterized proline-rich domain (PRD) at its carboxy (C)-terminus. We report that the pan1-20 temperature-sensitive allele has a disrupted PRD due to a frame-shift mutation in the open reading frame of the domain. To reveal redundantly masked functions of the PRD, synthetic genetic array screens with a pan1ΔPRD strain found genetic interactions with alleles of ACT1, LAS17 and a deletion of SLA1. Through a yeast two-hybrid screen, the Src homology 3 domains of the type I myosins, Myo3 and Myo5, were identified as binding partners for the C-terminus of Pan1. In vitro and in vivo assays validated this interaction. The relative timing of recruitment of Pan1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Myo3/5-red fluorescent protein (RFP) at nascent endocytic sites was revealed by two-color real-time fluorescence microscopy; the type I myosins join Pan1 at cortical patches at a late stage of internalization, preceding the inward movement of Pan1 and its disassembly. In cells lacking the Pan1 PRD, we observed an increased lifetime of Myo5-GFP at the cortex. Finally, Pan1 PRD enhanced the actin polymerization activity of Myo5–Vrp1 complexes in vitro. We propose that Pan1 and the type I myosins interactions promote an actin activity important at a late stage in endocytic internalization.
John Rawls
Authors: Pogge Thomas
Published: May 2007

This book is about the philosopher John Rawls and about his largest body of work in social justice. The book opens with a comprehensive biography of Rawls, which is the result of this book's author's academic and later personal relationship with Rawls. From thereon, it introduces and discusses Rawls's theory of social justice mostly derived from his well-known work, A Theory of Justice. This book provides an introduction to Rawls's writings in political philosophy. It provides exposition on the fundamental ideas of Rawls's theory of justice, and further examines why and how Rawls came to formulate such views. In doing so, misinterpretations of Rawls's views are discussed, elaborations and additional examples are used to clarify, and significant objections as well as possible defenses are raised. It also considers some of the major opponents of Rawls and the main criticisms they have raised against his conception of justice.
Biography
Authors: Pogge Thomas
Published: May 2007

This chapter provides a biography of John Rawls's life, beginning with his childhood and moving through to his university years. It gives a description of some of the formative experiences and significant achievements throughout Rawls's distinguished academic career. The meaning of his project, both as an academic endeavor and personal exploration, are examined.
The First Principle of Justice
Authors: Pogge Thomas
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines the first principle of justice, which is concerned with how well a political order secures the basic rights and liberties of its members. This involves a careful analysis of the structure of a basic right and what it means for a society to realize it. The fair value of the basic political liberties, which Rawls includes among the requirements of the first principle, is discussed. There is also an extensive critical discussion of what Rawls identifies as permissible and impermissible reductions of basic liberties.
A Rawlsian Society
Authors: Pogge Thomas
Published: May 2007

This chapter deals with Rawls's desire to develop a theory of social justice that is practical, and thus he emphasizes that moral considerations need to be sensitive to a certain degree to empirical experience. The main issue is how a society may sustain itself justly and through a long duration of time. What it means for a society to be well-ordered and why it is important to have a political conception of justice are discussed as components of Rawls's practicability concerns. How Rawls understands his conception of justice as a liberal one and why he opposes more comprehensive liberalisms over his preferred political liberalism are discussed.
On Justification
Authors: Pogge Thomas
Published: May 2007

This chapter begins with the question of how Rawls's conception of justice as fairness can be externally justified. To justify a conception of justice, Rawls develops a method of considering our convictions insofar as they can be shown to cohere to what can be called the state of reflective equilibrium, that can inform the conception of justice upon which we settle. Various problems this view may encounter are considered in detail. The remainder of the chapter deals with Rawls's use of ideas and the importance of truth and reasonableness in his theory.
Jesus of Hollywood
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: May 2007

This book is a study of the movies made about Jesus, from the earliest silent films through to Mel Gibson's 2004 The Passion of the Christ. Its main argument is that these movies fit into the “biopic” (biographical film) genre and they tell the story of Jesus according to the standard biopic template. The Jesus biopics exhibit three principal characteristics. First, they make a claim to historicity or historical authenticity. Second, and at the same time, they undermine that claim in ways that are both subtle and overt. Third, they use the Jesus story as a lens through which to view and to work out contemporary concerns, such as sexuality, ethnic identity, theology, and the relationship between religion and politics. The approach is thematic, and the chapters are organized by character, including the Holy Family (Mary, Joseph, and God), Jesus' friends and associates (Mary Magdalene and Judas) and his enemies (Pharisees, Caiaphas, and Pilate). Despite the title, the book addresses films made both in the United States and elsewhere. The point is not to overlook the profound differences among the various national cinemas which have produced Jesus movies, but to argue that all bear the imprint of the Hollywood biopic, whether in imitation of its conventions or in conscious resistance to them.
History and Anti‐History
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: May 2007

This chapter looks closely at the various techniques by which the Jesus movies stake their claim to historicity. These techniques include introductory scrolled texts, voice-over narration, and, more subtly, details of setting, costuming, music, and the physical appearance of the characters. The chapter then outlines the ways in which the Jesus biopics undermine their own stated claims to historicity and studies in detail two movies that self-consciously negate the claim to historicity, The Last Temptation of Christ and Jesus of Montreal.
Joseph
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: May 2007

This chapter looks at the ways in which the Gospels, on the one hand, and the movies on the other, handle the embarrassment of Mary's pregnancy out of wedlock. Whereas Joseph has only a minor role in the Gospels and in most Jesus biopics, some films explore the relationship between Joseph and Jesus in great detail, and attribute to Joseph a formative role in Jesus' development into adulthood and into a mature understanding of his own mission.
Mary Magdalene
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: May 2007

This chapter looks at the Gospels' references to Mary Magdalene and some of the traditions about her that arose in the early church, particularly the view, unsupported in the Gospels, that she was a prostitute and/or adulterous. It traces the changing representation of Mary Magdalene from the silent era to the present, focusing on four questions: What was Mary's life like before meeting up with Jesus? How did she meet Jesus and come to travel with him? What was her status among and relationship with the disciples? And, most intriguing, what was her relationship with Jesus?
Caiaphas
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: May 2007

Despite his relatively small role in the Gospels, Caiaphas is frequently portrayed in film as Jesus' main enemy and the one who bears moral, if not legal responsibility for Jesus condemnation and death on the cross. It is Caiaphas who presides over Jesus' trial before the Sanhedrin, pronounces him guilty of blasphemy, and delivers him to Pilate. Like the Pharisees, Caiaphas challenges filmmakers to maintain the tension and conflict so essential to the biopic genre, and yet avoid antagonizing viewers who might be sensitive to the ways in which a Jewish leader, even a long dead one, is brought to life on the silver screen.
The Hanumāyana
Authors: Lutgendorf Philip
Published: May 2007

This chapter presents a representative selection of well-known tales and variants that emphasize Hanuman's heroic role both within and outside the conventional Ramayana narrative. Selections include ancient tales adapted from the Puranas and regional Rama literature, as well as modern folktales and oral narratives. Collectively, these tales add a new installment to the Hindu mythology available in English translation.
Sitings and Sightings
Authors: Lutgendorf Philip
Published: May 2007

The chapter opens with a description of Hanuman's traditional role as a guardian of spatial boundaries, and shows how this “peripheral” status has changed in recent times as his shrines have grown in size and have appeared in diverse and often central locations in villages and cities. Drawing on temple surveys and recently published guides to Hanuman shrines, it offers a verbal pilgrimage to well-known temples throughout India, and then presents more detailed descriptions of five major sites, each suggestive of a different aspect of Hanuman's character. The sites include two prominent temples in Delhi, a healing shrine specializing in the treatment of possession by ghosts, a martial arts club devoted to wrestling, and a New Age temple in the American Southwest. The chapter then turns to the implications of Hanuman's bodily immortality: the lore and experience of his embodied presence in particular locales and forms, as well as his occasional manifestation in human avataras.
Monkey in the Middle
Authors: Lutgendorf Philip
Published: May 2007

This chapter focuses on a theme implicit in much of the book: the relationship of Hanuman's simian form to the mediatory religious role he assumes and to the “messages” he so effectively delivers. It first considers the preoccupation of some modern Indian authors with the “problem” of Hanuman's monkey form, situating their interventions within colonial and post-colonial debates about history, race, and cultural and biological evolution. For comparative purposes, it surveys a wider range of human responses to anthropoid primates, including the cults of simian deities in Chinese and Japanese religions and the discourse of modern primatology. Returning to India, it considers Hanuman's role in modern Hindu nationalism and in the religious patronage of the emerging middle class. Finally, it examines evidence of Hanuman's continuing rise as a comprehensive and encompassing deity, signaled by new iconography and a proliferating theological discourse. An epilogue speculates on the potential for Hanuman's role in movements promoting ecology and environmental ethics.
The Body Raised
Authors: Jones Beth Felker
Published: May 2007

This chapter draws on theological resources in developing a theological anthropology that coheres with the doctrine of the resurrection of the body. Human body-soul (psychosomatic) unity is the conceptual basis for speech about sanctification. Such a grammar is needed as we seek to understand the body as integral to holiness.
Indosat: Foreign Investment in a Risky Environment
Authors: Wells Louis T.
Published: May 2007

This chapter discusses the beginnings of International Telephone and Telegraph's (ITT) involvement in the Indosat project in Indonesia. In 1967, ITT belonged to a small group of pioneer firms that were negotiating their way into “New Order” Indonesia — the world's fifth most populous country. How this company profited from its project, even without modern external investment guarantees, offers lessons for investors that are especially valid today, when managers are discovering that new assurances from multilateral institutions and home governments offer less safety than they promised.
Indosat: A Successful State‐Owned Firm
Authors: Wells Louis T.
Published: May 2007

Indosat did not collapse into the poorly run firm that has become the image of state-owned enterprises. On the contrary, it embarked on a bold new mission, invested in maintenance and new capacity, expanded rapidly, kept up with new technologies, and was profitable. Good management and the lack of harmful government intervention played a major role in Indosat's performance, but there was another important factor, and one that casts something of a shadow over the enterprise. An inherited tradition that Indosat chose not to modify in the post-ITT era was the use of monopoly power to charge its customers high prices.
Paiton's Power: A New Contender
Authors: Wells Louis T.
Published: May 2007

With US government help, the second contender for Paiton I would strike a deal that promised huge profits and few risks. Lacking the kind of technological edge that protected ITT, investors would include influential domestic parties and add a set of defenses based on the new international property rights. They would ensure themselves access to international arbitration and encourage future backing from the US and Japanese governments should trouble arise.
Enron: Another Kind of Official Insurance
Authors: Wells Louis T.
Published: May 2007

The story of Enron's attempt to build in East Java is another power project that was the subject of an insurance claim. The importance of the story lies primarily in why the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), the insurance agency of the World Bank Group, issued a policy for the project in the first place and in the cordial relation that MIGA retained with Indonesians when the conflict occurred.
Nationality, Corporate Strategy, and the New Property Rights
Authors: Wells Louis T.
Published: May 2007

By 2004, the restructuring of the twenty-seven private power agreements was all but complete, with only the Karaha Bodas battle still raging. The overall outcomes show some important conclusions about corporate behavior and the new international property rights. Brief summaries of two more stories suggest that the nationality of an owner matters in a company's decisions with respect to the role of the new property rights, and that it was possible for at least one investor to escape pressures to include questionable partners. Moreover, the notable absence of some major international power companies raises questions about why they chose not to join competitors in the world's fourth largest country.
Reforming for Development and Profits
Authors: Wells Louis T.
Published: May 2007

The case studies in Indonesia shed some light on the important question of who should build and own infrastructure in emerging markets. Moreover, the stories raise serious doubts about whether the international system of property rights, in its current form, can accomplish its goal of encouraging foreign investment that is helpful to development.