bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Body and Soul
Authors: Whiting Jennifer
Published: December 2023

This volume collects essays on Aristotle’s “hylomorphism,” according to which an organism’s body stands to its soul as matter (hulê) to form (morphê). The traditional view that Aristotle recognizes only one form per infima species is rejected, in part because his conception of an animal’s soul as the “form and essence” of its (perishable) body requires each individual animal to have its own numerically distinct soul. This conception is presented as part of Aristotle’s solution to the problems his predecessors had, distinguishing generation and destruction simpliciter from the mere alteration of preexisting stuff. And the compatibility of Aristotle’s solution with his conception of matter as the substratum of coming-to-be and passing-away is defended by appeal to a distinction between functionally defined organic parts (such as eyes) and the stuffs that constitute them. Aristotle’s claim that the perceiving and desiring parts of soul are “one” is explained, and the explanatory asymmetries afforded by Aristotle’s teleology are explored: “normative” cases (where formal explanations dominate) are contrasted with “defective” ones (where matter is incompletely “mastered” by form), with special attention to akratic subjects, whose desires are not fully “mastered” by practical reason. The role played by soul in Aristotle’s account of rational agency is employed against the common dogma that he lacked the allegedly “modern” conception of “self” found in Locke. A scholarly reading of Locke’s conception, as rooted in Aristotelian and Stoic views, is presented and tied to the author’s own neo-Lockean account of personal identity.
Locomotive Soul
Authors: Whiting Jennifer
Published: December 2023

The chapter defends the view that Aristotle’s scientific account of the human soul divides it into three parts—the nutritive-reproductive, the locomotive, and the theoretical—and that the locomotive part is a single part that Aristotle labels differently in different contexts. He speaks most often of to aisthêtikon (or perceiving part) but says that this is in a sense the same as (though different “in being” from) both to orektikon and to phantastikon (roughly the desiring and imagining parts). The locutions used here are similar to those used when Aristotle treats “the common sense” as a single faculty with distinct modalities. The chapter hypothesizes parallel views. Just as perceiving a single object as, for example, both sweet and white requires a single subject, so too action requires a single subject: if one subject desires x and another subject perceives or imagines ways to achieve x, no action will result.
Nicomachean Ethics VII.3 on Akratic Ignorance
Authors: Whiting Jennifer
Published: December 2023

The chapter provides a translation with commentary on Nicomachean Ethics VII.3, where there is so much apparent repetition that some readers hypothesize “double-redaction”—i.e., alternative versions of the same material surviving side by side. It rejects this hypothesis, showing how in each case the allegedly redundant material remedies a problem left unresolved at the previous stage. The result is a “progressive articulation” of Aristotle’s view. This depends on rejecting an assumption that has (in the authors’ view) led to ill-advised emendations of Aristotle’s text: the assumption that Aristotle traces akratic behavior to failure to use knowledge of some particular. The argument for this assumption is weak: it rests primarily on carrying over from the theoretical example in Prior Analytics 2.1, where knowledge of some universal fails to be used, a detail that is irrelevant to the practical case, where knowledge of particulars is crucial to the status of akratic behavior as voluntary.
The Mover(s) of Rational Animals
Authors: Whiting Jennifer
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides a reading of De Anima 3.11, not (as it is usually read) as a self-contained unit focused primarily on Aristotle’s distinction between deliberative phantasia and perceptual phantasia, but rather as part of a response to a puzzle raised at the end of 3.9, a puzzle about what part of soul is responsible for animal locomotion. This context allows us to see that prominent translations in modern languages misinterpret a key sentence and thus fail to make sense of Aristotle’s argument about what part of soul moves a rational animal when things go as they should (teleologically speaking) go. Properly understood, the argument contrasts the way in which deliberative phantasia rules (in the sense that it governs) the desires of rational agents with the way in which desires rule (in the sense that they overpower) the beliefs of akratic and enkratic subjects.
All That Comes After
Authors: Zayas Luis H.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 15 closes the book with an appraisal of how immigration has been treated over the centuries. It operates from the inexorable and inexhaustible nature of human migration and the failures of societies and governments to respond effectively and compassionately. With illustrations from the distant past and recent events, the chapter exhorts readers to consider more humane forms of immigration processing. The author lays out possibilities for reforming American policies toward Central America that would encourage investment in the region including the establishment of in-country safe zones near enterprise zones in which US companies and those from other countries can locate inexpensive and faithful labor. The chapter concludes with ideas for improving US immigration migration systems and structures.
Introduction
Authors: Dickinson Laura A.
Published: December 2023

Big Data is radically reshaping the modern battlefield. From massive datasets that increasingly “fuel” weapons systems, to the new, data-enabled technologies such as autonomous weapons and brain-computer interfaces, to the “data exhaust,” that can serve as an accountability tool for prosecuting war crimes, Big Data is changing how war is fought. As with many new military technologies and capabilities, the myriad uses of Big Data present broad questions about how best to translate existing rules and principles embedded in multiple bodies of law to these new contexts, both within armed conflict--as part of adversarial activities below the armed conflict threshold--and in a range of related operations that increasingly use, deploy, and target such data. At the same time, because Big Data is so transformative, the uses of Big Data provoke deeper questions about the law itself, exposing gaps and interpretive ambiguities in existing legal frameworks that generate critiques of those frameworks as inadequate. The chapters in this book comprise the first comprehensive initiative to grapple with a wide swath of these questions. The book confronts these issues directly, offers a range of approaches and ideas to these timely issues, and offers an initial road map for scholars, policy makers, and advocates to follow as they address the many challenges still to come.
Big Data
Authors: Schmitt Michael N.
Published: December 2023

This chapter analyzes the scenario activities involving Big Data that preceded the outbreak of hostilities. It pays particular attention to international human rights law (IHRL) and the international law rules governing sovereignty, intervention, and the use of force. With respect to international human rights law, this chapter introduces a four-step process to determine whether a State violates human rights law by conducting a cyber operation attributable to it. With respect to other international law rules, the chapter examines the elements of the rules pertaining to sovereignty, intervention, and the use of force. Chapter 5 complements this contribution by examining aspects of the scenario occurring during international armed conflict.
Cyborg Soldiers
Authors: Lubell Noam , Al-Khateeb Katya
Published: December 2023

Recent years have seen a spotlight aimed at new technologies and how they might be used by the military. Scholars and policy makers have given much attention to autonomous weapons systems and artificial intelligence, as well as to cyber operations, but far less notice is paid to a host of other technologies that may also transform the way conflicts are conducted. One of these other areas of technological advancement is human enhancement. While a full survey of every enhancement technology is impossible in a work of this kind, this chapter addresses a specific class of enhancement known as brain-computer interfaces (BCI). While this technology is still in its infancy, the chapter identifies international humanitarian Law (IHL) issues arising from future military uses based on potential technological development. One of the most pressing issues regarding BCIs is whether the existing IHL framework, designed to regulate and safeguard the needs of conventional soldiers, can address the legal conundrums that are likely to arise when BCIs are deployed on the battlefield. To that end, this chapter provides an analysis of IHL implications relevant to a number of rules, in relation to BCI reliance on data from AI systems, weapons review, targeting the BCI, protection of individuals hors de combat, risk of perfidy, and accountability and responsibility. It also provides suggestions that, we hope, will aid in the future development of systems that can be used lawfully and reduce the risk of those that are more likely to lead to violations.
Leveraging Big Data for LOAC Enforcement
Authors: Van Schaack Beth
Published: December 2023

This chapter highlights the promise and pitfalls of “Big Data” in the investigation and prosecution of war crimes and other atrocities. The chapter begins by surveying the myriad sources of Big Data and some of the tools for Big Data analytics, including object recognition and event detection, facial recognition, statistical analysis of targeting patterns, artificial intelligence language assessment, social networking analysis, and 3-D modeling. The chapter then details how these analytical tools are already being deployed for both atrocity prevention and accountability and how they might be applied to an even greater extent in the future. For example, large datasets can be exploited by prosecutors for multiple purposes, including geolocation of people and events, fugitive tracking, and social network analysis, which can provide lead and crime base information but also critical linkage evidence. At the same time, the chapter highlights some of the distinct challenges of using “Big Data” for such investigations, including information overload, information bias, and mis- and dis-information campaigns. Furthermore, wartime data are less likely to track some types of atrocities, such as custodial abuses or sexual violence, than others, such as massacres or air strikes with large civilian death tolls leading to physical destruction. And additional challenges arise when corporate, governmental, or even NGO actors resist providing access to such data. Yet, overall, there is no question that the rise of “Big Data” has the potential to radically enhance accountability for wartime atrocities.
The Datafication of Counterterrorism
Authors: Aoláin Fionnuala Ní
Published: December 2023

Counterterrorism practices, institutions, and discourses have expanded over the past 20 years. This enlargement has come with extraordinary costs for international law’s integrity and traction especially revealed in the pushback against the classification and regulation of non-international armed conflicts under a laws of war framework. There are particularly adverse consequences for the integrity of human rights and humanitarian law norms because the institutional and political interests represented by counterterrorism seek to displace these norms and reclaim complex conflict and fragile space as primarily subject to exceptional and nationally defined counterterrorism legal regimes. Little systematic attention has been paid to the patterns of harm and impunity defining the post 9/11 counterterrorism landscape grounded in the widespread use of such technologies. New technology deployment in counterterrorism opens new vistas of harm, consolidates existing patterns of concern, and pervasively operates in legal gray zones. Metadata collection is spawning the datafication of counterterrorism, and the central role technology plays in consolidating its practices and institutions. In the counterterrorism realm, the lack of normative constraint on privacy and data protection functions as a positive incentive for States to invoke this legal framework when addressing security or conflict challenges instead of armed conflict or human rights derogations / limitations frames. This in turn strengthens and consolidates the counterterrorism architecture through ongoing iteration and validation.
Cool Christianity
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: December 2023

When did Christianity become cool? How did an Australian church conquer the world and expanded into Brazil, a country with its own crop of powerful megachurches? In her exciting new book, anthropologist Cristina Rocha analyzes the creation of a transnational Pentecostal field between Brazil and Australia, two countries that have been peripheral in the history of Pentecostalism but which more recently have been at the forefront of new forms of global Pentecostalism. She shows how new and reconfigured forms Christianity in both the Global North and South are increasingly digitally mediated, engaged with youth and popular cultures, and involve new forms of consumption, branding, and identity. The Australian megachurch Hillsong has expanded globally through a Cool Christianity style that embraces pop music, digital media, spectacle, branding, and celebrity culture. Rocha follows young Brazilians from their budding Hillsong fandom, to their journey to Australia to join the church and study at its college, and on their return to Brazil. She argues that Brazilian middle-class youth join Hillsong to become cosmopolitan and to distinguish themselves from the Pentecostalism of the Brazilian poor. Notwithstanding Hillsong’s recent scandals, the megachurch offers them an alternative geography of belonging, where pastors speak English and Christianity is about love, ethics, rationality, autonomy, and more equal relations between congregants and pastors. Rocha makes a strong argument for the importance of the local in globalization studies, and the key roles of class, affect, and aesthetics for an understanding of the formation of religious subjectivities and communities.
Resting in God
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores the role of Pentecostalism in the lives of the middle-class Brazilian students at Hillsong in Sydney. Brazilian students lead precarious lives. They are transitioning into adulthood and living away from the homeland and without their families for the first time. They experience downward mobility and are at the mercy of constant changes in the Australian migration policy. Here, the focus of analysis widens to other two churches that adopt similar aesthetic formation to Hillsong’s, as many Brazilians strategically circulate between these and Hillsong to find a home away from home. This chapter argues that Pentecostalism offers them a framework to make sense of their student migration journey. Brazilian students narrate the governance of mobility as exemplifying God’s work in their lives. In their lack of control, citizenship in the Kingdom of God gives them a more significant sense of belonging than that of the Australian nation.
Living the Dream
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses young Brazilians’ experiences at Hillsong College. It considers the powerful affective and transformational experiences of youth enrolled and housed at Hillsong College and who arrive alone in Sydney. The chapter investigates how they affectively embed their subjectivity within the church and come to think of their experience of studying and serving full time (thus donating substantial time and energy to the church) as “living the dream.” It argues that there are many reasons for them to feel so enthusiastic about the college—its focus on leadership and teaching of punctuality, reliability, autonomy, and excellence; the more egalitarian relationships with pastors and worship leaders; opportunities to make friends with other students from all over the world; and their own subjectivity becoming associated with the church (and brand) they loved. Overall, Hillsong College elicited deeply affective responses from Brazilian students.
Taking Root and Spreading Shoots
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: December 2023

This chapter investigates the establishment of Hillsong São Paulo and how Hillsong’s Cool Christianity style spreads in the country, both online and offline. The challenges the megachurch faced in Brazil bring to the fore not only Hillsong’s own problems caused by its global expansion through branding and fandom. They also show the inherent tensions that exist when a global network takes root locally. This chapter contends that as a megachurch with branches in many countries which have different Pentecostal cultures, the Hillsong aesthetic style needs to be fine-tuned—inclusive enough to be relevant to youth but also conservative enough to allow for its global expansion. It argues that the Hillsong’s Cool Christianity style is able to flourish in the country and be adopted (and adapted) by other churches because its focus on excellence, excitement, celebrity culture, use of English language, and high production values fit well with Brazilians’ imaginary of the Global North.
Conclusion
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: December 2023

The conclusion considers how the narratives of abuse at Hillsong played out in Brazil in comparison to Australia and the United States. It argues that Brazil has been shielded from this turbulent period because Hillsong’s appeal there—a focus on grace and love rather than judgment; opportunities to become cosmopolitan, learn English and work skills; and an alternative geography of belonging—has endured. Accordingly, this book shows that the local is key to religious (im)mobility. The social conditions of the local generate affective imaginaries of other places and propel people to action. This could be in the form of fandom, (imaginary or actual) travel, and adoption of new sensational forms from elsewhere. By focusing on how Hillsong’s Cool Christianity style spreads in Brazil through middle-class aspiration for cosmopolitanism, this book shows how the work of imagination is mediated by power asymmetries between the Global North and South.
Genetic Reconstruction of the Past
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This book discusses the recently developed capacity to use DNA sequence information to make inferences about historical events. Part One focuses on how DNA analysis can reconstruct the recent past, in particular, the events that transpired at the scene of a crime. Part Two is a discussion of how the same DNA technology and genetic data can be used to reconstruct the ancient past, using DNA sequences from human samples as well as from fossil remains to study the evolution of the human species and the historical relationships among contemporary and extinct human populations. The author discusses how he and his colleagues at Cetus Corp in the mid-1980s developed the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology of specific DNA amplification, a method of synthesizing millions of copies of a specific targeted DNA sequence, and applied it to address forensic and evolutionary questions. His lab applied these now widely used techniques in the first DNA criminal case, the first exoneration case, and the first identification of a missing person. The same DNA technology that allows the analysis of a hair or tiny blood spot at a crime scene also enables sequencing the DNA of a bone fragment from a Neanderthal skeleton. Both forensic and evolutionary investigations compare the frequency of specific genetic variants in different populations and share a common goal: solving historical mysteries. The author discusses ongoing controversies in both fields as well as the intrinsic human curiosity about our origins and the desire to solve crimes and seek justice.
Closure and Justice
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter describes how DNA analysis has been used to identify the missing, starting with the case of an individual child in 1991, and discusses its use by the International Commission on Missing Persons to identify the remains of thousands of people murdered during the Balkan wars. It discusses how DNA testing in Argentina helped identify the children of those murdered by the military junta between 1976 and 1983 and reunite them with their biological families. The chapter discusses the ongoing project using DNA analysis to identify people missing due to armed conflicts in El Salvador as well as projects in other countries. The author explains how mitochondrial DNA analysis was used to identify the remains of historical figures, such as King Richard III and the Romanov family. It also describes the massive project to identify the remains of those lost in the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks.
Controversies and Contention in Interpreting the Past
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter describes some of the controversies associated with population genetic studies, particularly those involving indigenous groups. It discusses the potential conflict between genetics-based inferences about the peopling of the Americas and Native American cultural myths and narratives. It explains the concept of informed consent and discusses the Human Genome Diversity Project proposed in the 1990s that hoped to document the genetic diversity of human populations but ran into resistance by some indigenous groups. It discusses La Gran Expedicion Humana, and the polemic film, The Gene Hunter, that misrepresented the author’s work as well as that of many other scientists. The chapter discusses how more recent research on the diversity of human genome sequences seeks to engage indigenous groups.
Thinking of Us and Them, Enemies and Heroes
Authors: Orford Jim
Published: December 2023

Chapter 4 examines the mental processes that it is thought are necessary in order to construct the idea of an enemy and which might justify the use of armed conflict against it. Areas of psychological theory and research covered include enemy images, processes of dehumanizing and demonizing members of potential enemy groups, and mental mechanisms that over-simplify, bias, or distort reality in ways that support the justification of war. Social identity theory and interpersonal contact theory are examined in some detail. The importance of perceived threat is discussed. The chapter concludes by considering the spiral conflict model and its implications for how cognitions and feelings about the enemy escalate as conflict develops.
Engineering Consent
Authors: Orford Jim
Published: December 2023

Chapter 6 begins with a brief summary of the modern history of propaganda, during, between, and since the two world wars. A key role in war support is played by the media and its control and censorship as a means of silencing opposing voices and presenting a biased view of the enemy’s intentions and the reality of war. The important role of social media in recent conflicts is discussed. Among war discourses and other psychological strategies for successful propaganda, encouraging fear and the perception of threat are agreed to be important. The role of persuasive war leadership is also discussed: the newer psychology of leadership emphasizes how an effective leader acts as the group’s champion, supporting in-group identity.
An Answer
Authors: Orford Jim
Published: December 2023

Chapter 8 brings together the conclusions of earlier chapters in the form of an integrated war support model. Three factors are central: readiness for war in the form of embedded militarism and moral justifications for war; war-justifying threat perception narratives, encouraged by leaders and the media; and a cognitive over-simplification of the enemy or potential enemy, and of one’s in-group and its position in the world, contrasted with more considered, complex thinking favoring cooperation and understanding. Each of the three factors is relevant at all three phases in the spiraling buildup to a war—preparing, contemplating, engaging—although readiness for war is of special importance in the early phase. Implications of the model are drawn for understanding the war in Ukraine and the possibility of war between China and the United States and its allies.
Dark Politics
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen
Published: December 2023

Political leaders across the globe are seemingly getting “darker”—uncivil, controversial, showcasing an aggressive personality and “bad manners” and taking pleasure in breaking political norms. Who are these politicians, and who likes them? Is a dark personality in politicians an electoral asset, or does it create a backlash? And what are the systemic consequences of dark politics—in terms of, for example, the rise of affective polarization and disaffection for democracy? This book investigates the “darker” sides of human personality in politicians and political leaders. It presents novel evidence from an original large-scale survey covering more than 100 elections worldwide, a collection of postelection mass surveys from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, and a novel experiment with American respondents that simulated the personality of a fictive candidate. The analyses reveal that “dark” politicians are more likely among populists and tend to use a harsher rhetoric consisting of political attacks, incivility, and fearmongering. If they tend to be disliked by the public at large, they are nonetheless particularly appreciated by voters who themselves score high on dark traits and those high on populist attitudes. Dark candidates are more likely to be electorally successful when running as incumbent and tend to be associated with a better economic performance in their country if elected. However, dark leaders can lead to increased cynicism and affective polarization in voters, are associated with a worse record when it comes to their handling of the Covid-19 pandemic, and seem associated with democratic deconsolidation, for example, shrinking political rights.
Dark Politicians, Populism, and Dark Campaigns
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen
Published: December 2023

This chapter looks at two elements that are widely considered symptomatic of the increasing aggressiveness of contemporary democracy: populism and campaign negativity. Arguably, no element is more central in the contemporary narrative about the crisis of democratic institutions than populism, acting as a disrupting force in traditional electoral mechanisms by reshaping the dynamics of the “politics as usual.” The chapter expands recent research and shows that populists have a distinct personality profile from mainstream candidates—for instance, they score higher on the dark traits. The chapter also investigates to what extent candidates with a “dark” personality are more likely to use “dark” campaigns (negativity, incivility, and the use of fear appeals). There are several reasons for us to expect that psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism are linked with political style. Results discussed in this chapter provide strong confirmation to the intuition that populism and negativity are significantly more likely for candidates high on dark personality traits.
Medical Drug Use versus Recreational Abuse
Authors: Fisher George
Published: December 2023

Moral aversion to mind-numbing pleasure and the excuse of necessity also shaped the nation’s opium laws. Eaten opium served recognized medical needs—suppressing pain, dysentery, and coughing—and won moral sanction for those purposes. Smoked opium and opium dens, introduced by Chinese laborers who immigrated to the West in the mid-nineteenth century, claimed no recognized medical need. Because observers portrayed opium smoking as inducing mindless pleasure, the practice drew moral condemnation. In 1875, acting on reports that respectable white youths patronized the dens, San Francisco’s supervisors criminalized keeping or visiting opium dens, the nation’s first ban of a nonalcoholic intoxicant. Other Western cities and towns enacted similar bans, often after reports of white youths visiting the dens, and statewide prohibitions followed. The old tradition of self-medication with eaten opium slowed full-scale opium bans, but they eventually followed. State lawmakers distinguished acceptable medical use from disfavored recreational abuse by banning unprescribed sales.
Women Moralists in Early Modern France
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler
Published: December 2023

This book examines the contributions of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French women philosophers and intellectuals to moralist writing. Moralist writing, a distinctively French genre, draws on philosophical and literary traditions extending back to classical antiquity. Closely connected to salon culture and influenced by Augustinianism, it engages social and political questions, epistemology, moral psychology, and virtue ethics. The first half of the book analyzes women’s use of moralist forms such as the essay, maxim, and “character” or portrait to explore classical topics: self-knowledge and knowledge of the self, the ethics and obligations of friendship, the relation of the passions to happiness. The second half focuses on topics that relate directly to women’s lifeworld: the critique of the institution of marriage, the status of older women, and the question of women’s nature and capabilities. Each chapter traces the evolution of women’s moralist thought from the late seventeenth century to the Enlightenment and the decades immediately following the French Revolution, a period of tremendous change in the horizon of possibilities for women as public figures and intellectuals.
On Self-Knowledge and Knowledge of the Self
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines women moralists’ approaches to the related questions of the nature of the self and whether we can truly know ourselves and other people. Works by Madeleine de Scudéry, Louise Dupin, Marie de Verzure, Suzanne Necker, and Pauline Guizot propose different techniques for apprehending the self, which may be known through interactions with others or via introspection. These texts are shaped by a philosophical landscape that leads from humanist skepticism and Augustinian “suspicion” to the foundational role of introspection in Cartesian thought and the Enlightenment’s focus on materiality and sense perception. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of personal writing as a means of introspection and self-understanding.
On Friendship
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses French women moralists’ analyses of friendship. Taking accounts of friendship in Aristotle, Cicero, and Montaigne as their reference points, these women reframe the issues in terms of the evolving social world of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France. They focus, first, on the foundations of friendship, which include esteem for another’s virtue, gratitude for services rendered, and instinctive feelings; second, on the practices and obligations of friendship; and last, on the question of gender. Whereas classical depictions of friendship exclude women, women moralists emphasize mixed-gender relations. The chapter includes close readings of texts by Madeleine de Sablé, Madeleine de Scudéry, Anne-Thérèse de Lambert, Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d’Arconville, and many understudied writers and thinkers.
On Women’s Nature and Capabilities
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler
Published: December 2023

This concluding chapter examines the topic of “women’s nature” that has been at the heart of all the previous chapters. The chapter looks first at the role played by theories of politeness and honnêteté in defining women’s nature, then to the evolution of biologically centered accounts and their relationship to theories of equality and inequality. The chapter gives extended close readings of Jeanne-Michelle de Pringy’s Les Différents caractères des femmes du siècle (1694), which traces women’s faults to social causes and proposes a method for enabling women to improve themselves. Anne-Thérèse de Lambert and Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d’Arconville similarly find social norms at the heart of women’s presumed failings. The chapter concludes with the emergence of the “woman author” as a distinct conceptual category and the intense debates it occasioned during the post-Revolutionary decade, including a close look at texts by Germaine de Staël, Félicité de Genlis, and Pauline Guizot.
Coming to America
Authors: Holt Frank L.
Published: December 2023

Ankh-Hap arrived in America at a time when Egyptomania was sweeping the nation. With the arrival in Boston of a mummy named Padihershef in 1832, the prospects of making money by exhibiting ancient corpses spurred a robust mummy trade. World’s fairs, colleges, seminaries, and circuses vied for imported mummies to meet the demands of this mummymania. Businesses used mummies as advertising props. Mummy exhibitions often relied upon mummy parts when whole bodies were not available. The creation of Frankenmummies, cobbled together from real and fake parts, became common. Whenever enthusiasm waned for these showpieces, the disposal of mummies and mummy parts became a practical and ethical problem.
Introduction to the Development of Social Policy
Authors: Pharris Angela B. , Natale Anthony P.
Published: December 2023

In this chapter, the authors examine the policymaking process, types of policies, and their functions. This discussion provides the context to discuss the roles for social workers in policy practice. Social work professionals must know how laws are imagined and drafted and the stages of policy development in order to consider the pressure points that make policy change occur or draw attention to social problems. Social workers who enter forensic practice are uniquely positioned to know essential policy issues that impact individuals and families in the community. Therefore, we consider policy practice as an important intervention in social work practice.
Ethics in Forensic Social Work
Authors: McLeod David Axlyn , Ozturk Burcu , Dunnells Zackery D.O.
Published: December 2023

Forensic social workers have been involved in forensic practice for decades, and forensic social workers have different roles and responsibilities in the criminal and civil justice systems. Also, forensic social workers collaborate with various parts and professionals of the legal system throughout the legal process. While collaborating with different facets of the legal system, there could be ethical dilemmas and conflicts between social workers and other professionals. The purpose of ethics is to provide general principles of professional behavior that social workers should follow. The authors of this chapter will explain the differences between ethics and law and the differences between values and ethics. They will discuss social workers’ roles and ethical considerations and their relationship with legal professionals in the criminal justice system and forensic environments. Additionally, they provide information on how forensic social workers can develop a practice of ethical decision-making.
Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People in Forensic Social Work Practice
Authors: Schonauer Paula S.
Published: December 2023

The author of the chapter provides an overview of critical issues for transgender, nonbinary, or gender nonconforming people starting with defining transgender/nonbinary/gender nonconforming people for shared understanding. Next, the chapter’s author explores histories of oppressive forensic systems designed to target transgender or gender nonconforming people through their interactions with the police, the courts, and correctional institutions. Several key issues are overviewed that transgender people face in forensic systems include access to identity documents, criminal justice system mistrust, continuous cycles of system engagement, forensic systems failures, and double hard time. Subsequently, the author closes the chapter with observations and commentary about the current state of affairs governing transgender and gender nonconforming people’s interactions with forensic institutions as well as recommendations for forensic social work practice with transgender, nonbinary, or gender nonconforming people.
Major Policies Impacting Child Welfare
Authors: Pharris Angela B. , Day Angelique
Published: December 2023

Many policies and laws form the public child welfare system. This chapter will examine five of the central policies that have a significant impact on the child welfare system and emphasize the intersection of the policy with the roles of the courts. Additionally, it will examine the policy’s benefits and discuss some of the unintended consequences of the policy. The selected policies (the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, Adoption and Safe Families Act, Indian Child Welfare Act, Multiethnic Placement Act, and Family First Prevention Services Act) each represent the continuum of child welfare policy that directs the practice of both the child welfare agency and the courts by the federal government. Finally, the chapter turns attention to the future of child welfare policy and the need to address issues of racial disparity, protection of tribal sovereignty, and strategies to eliminate child maltreatment and foster healthy environments for children and families to thrive.
Decarceration and Advocacy
Authors: Pettus Carrie , Kennedy Stephanie
Published: December 2023

In an effort to address mass incarceration in the United States as well as the complexities of inequity in carceral systems, a movement has developed over the past decade to actively and strategically decarcerate the population of the United States. This chapter will detail the concepts and history of decarceration and help forensic social workers learn how to practice in the area as well as how to support active decarceration movements from across the profession.
Love and Sex
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines many aspects of love and sex in the lives of emerging adults. It begins with some historical background on the 1960s to the 1970s, when dating became much less formal as distinctions in gender roles came under fire by the Women’s Movement, and a new Sexual Revolution took place, including widespread use of the birth control pill. Next, there is a look at the ways emerging adults meet potential love partners. This includes a discussion of what it feels like to be “ghosted” and the role that ethnic background plays in love choices. Then the chapter turns to sexuality, including emerging adults’ reflections on the age at which sexual activity becomes acceptable, their use (or not) of contraception, the threat of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and their uses of pornography. Finally, there is an exploration of the experiences of emerging adults who are gay or lesbian.
Sources of Meaning
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines some of the religious beliefs and values that are part of the worldviews of emerging adults. The section on religious beliefs examines both the diversity of emerging adults’ beliefs and their common determination to think for themselves with regard to religious issues. There is also an examination of the ways that emerging adults think about the possibility of an afterlife. Here too their views are diverse, and often expressed with mordant humor. In the section on values the focus is on emerging adults’ responses to two questions concerning their values for their own lives and the values they wish to pass on to the next generation. Together, these two questions provide an outline of the extent to which emerging adults’ values reflect individualism and collectivism. It is concluded that most emerging adults balance an Ethic of Autonomy, reflecting individualism, with an Ethic of Community, reflecting collectivism.
Sometimes Goodbye Is a Second Chance
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen
Published: December 2023

In some ways, reaching emerging adulthood offers even more opportunity for persons from a difficult background than for those from a privileged background. Specifically, they become capable of leaving a troublesome family environment and living on their own, potentially transforming their lives and setting them on a different path from their parents. Consequently, emerging adulthood is arguably the period of the life course when the possibility for dramatic change is greatest. This chapter illustrates this aspect of emerging adulthood theory by examining the lives of four emerging adults whose lives defy the assumption that one’s early years permanently decide the path one will follow in the future. All of them experienced terrible events or circumstances in childhood, all of them had lives that were in disarray by adolescence, and all of them transformed themselves in emerging adulthood and turned their lives in a dramatically different direction, toward health and happiness.
Hero Projects
Authors: Josephson Paul R.
Published: December 2023

“Hero projects”—such large-scale technologies for military, resource exploitation, and power production as smelters and mines, pipelines and railroads, hydropower stations and canals, and nuclear reactors—have been central to Russian development from Lenin and Stalin to Putin. Because Russia’s military might and economic strength depend on its resources, its leaders determined to mine them, enrich them, fire up boilers and turn turbines with them, and use poorly equipped workers and gulag prisoners to tame them. From Arctic tundra to deep forest taiga, from the northwest to arid Central Asia and the Far East, they built roads and railroads, boilers and factories, canals and irrigation networks, all for the benefit of the state. The embrace of “hero projects,” “projects of the century,” and megaprojects, as successive regimes have called them, continues to be a major feature of Russian political rule in the twenty-first century. If the tools and devices were modernized and became more powerful and efficient, the purposes of enhancing state power and military might have remained. Many Soviet-era and Soviet-inspired projects have been reborn in the twenty-first century through massive infusions of state funding, to the benefit of oligarchs. All of them reflect the desire to enhance state power, placate citizens in a time of economic or military challenges, and demonstrate to the world the nation’s technological verve. Sadly, hero projects have served the Kremlin’s military to seize territory, as the conquering of Eastern Europe after World War II and the ongoing war against Ukraine reveal.
Mines and Magnates*
Authors: Josephson Paul R.
Published: December 2023

Coal was sustenance for the belated industrialization of the Soviet Union. Coal mining is inherently a megaproject that requires access to vast deposits, removal of millions of tons of overburden, and the treatment of workers as expendable, including the families of workers who live in proximity to the dangers, dusts, and din. Coal fed the Bolsheviks’ dreams, stoked Stalin’s iron and steel mills with miner-prisoners, supported Brezhnev’s fossil fuel regime, and in the twenty-first century continues to support oligarchs of Russia. So important was coal that mine bosses in the USSR declined to provide adequate safety protections for miners. Ultimately, the Kremlin’s insatiable need for coal and oil was reflected in the determination to extend imperial control over fossil fuels in Chechnya, Kazakhstan, Siberia, and Arctic regions—at great human cost.
What are online controls, and how do they work?
Authors: Gohdes Anita R.
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides a non-technical overview of what cyber controls are, how they work, and how they affect the flow and gathering of information in a state’s domestic cyberspace. It focuses on the resulting outcome of censorship methods and surveillance tactics as well as insights from previous research on the dynamics and logic of online controls. Understanding what online controls are and how they can be employed by governments is an important precondition to the analysis of their relationship with repressive violence.
Online controls and the protest- repression nexus in Iran
Authors: Gohdes Anita R.
Published: December 2023

This chapters seeks to understand the strategy and impact of Internet shutdowns in an authoritarian context outside of armed conflict. It studies the mass protests that spread across Iran in November 2019 to investigate how Iranian security forces engaged in violent repression during the regime-ordered nationwide shutdown of the Internet. It combines insights from NGO and news reports, network measurement data on the Internet shutdown, and data on censorship circumvention to show how the Internet shutdown was accompanied by mass repression intended to cover up violence by security forces and motivate witnesses and bystanders to self-censor, even once the Internet was turned back on.
Consequentialist vindication
Authors: Talbot Brian
Published: December 2023

Consequentialist vindications explain the importance of epistemic norms by connecting these norms to the promotion of epistemically good outcomes. Consequentialist vindications give us norms that allow or require epistemic trade-offs. More surprisingly, consequentialism vindicates norms that are laxer in many ways than standard epistemic norms—they allow many beliefs to partly ignore evidence, be incoherent, or be unreliably formed. That’s because philosophers should reject maximizing in favor of satisficing or scalar vindications. The chapter addresses objections to satisficing and scalar consequentialism and explores the implications of these views. The chapter discusses both “direct” vindications, which talk about the benefits of successful conformity to the norms, and “indirect” vindications, which talk about the benefits of trying to conform to the norms, or of being guided by them. The Appendix discusses how to determine what constitutes “good enough” for the purposes of satisficing.
Responding to some fundamental objections
Authors: Talbot Brian
Published: December 2023

This chapter responds to fundamental objections to the views and methodology endorsed throughout this book. It also clarifies the book’s project and methodology further. One type of objection claims that this book is not really about epistemology, because it is rejecting knowledge or is focused on the wrong kinds of reasons for belief. Another objection is that our beliefs cannot be responsive to the kinds of reasons other chapters are endorsing, such as reasons to make trade-offs. A final concern is about the relevance of the metaphysics of reasons to the book’s project. The chapter discusses how we should understand the epistemic, the right and wrong kinds of reasons for belief, the relevance and irrelevance of our abilities to epistemic norms, and why the nature of reasons and metaphysical questions are orthogonal to what matters in the present context.
Respect-based vindication
Authors: Talbot Brian
Published: December 2023

This chapter is about deontological vindications of the epistemic norms, which may seem attractive as alternative to consequentialism. Deontological vindications of the norms say that norm conformity respects some finally valuable epistemic good. No such approach can vindicate epistemic norms governing mundane beliefs, as these beliefs do not merit respect. Deontological vindications thus say, in effect, that it doesn’t matter that our ordinary beliefs fit our evidence or are coherent. The chapter discusses how consequentialist and deontological vindications might be combined to mitigate this problem. Finally, the chapter shows that, while deontological vindications seem initially attractive to avoid epistemic tradeoffs, they in fact still generate norms that allow for or require tradeoffs in a range of cases.