bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional outcomes of internal hemipelvectomy in paediatric patients with malignant bone tumours: a monocentric case series
Authors: Junjua Fateh Ali , Saeed Javeria , Ali Moiz , Umer Masood
Published: January 2025

A case series was conducted between January 2010 and January 2018, which included 17 paediatric patients under the age of 18 years (mean age 13.4 ±3.53), who underwent internal hemipelvectomy. Functional outcomes were assessed based on gait and categorised as either normal or abnormal. The most common diagnosis was Ewings Sarcoma in 14 patients (82.3%). With regards to reconstruction, acetabular reconstruction was necessary in 1 patient (5.9%), and soft tissue coverage with flaps was required in 5 cases (29.4%). Nerve injury was the most common complication noted, i.e. in 5 cases (29.4%). The disease-free survival rate was 12 patients (70.6%) at a median time of 72 months, while the overall mortality rate was 5 patients (29.4%) with metastatic disease being the leading cause. Hence, it was concluded that internal hemipelvectomy is a viable surgical option in the paediatric population particularly when negative margins can be achieved without compromising the neurovascular structures.
Keywords: Tumour, Paediatric, Internal hemipelvectomy.
Correlation of anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant enzymes with insulin resistance in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Alamri Turky , Khouja Hamed , Alrayes Nuha , Makki Nehad , Alhozali Amani , Abdulnoor Reham , Sultan Samar
Published: January 2025

Objective: To assess the changes in the expression of anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy, and to examine their correlation with insulin resistance.
Method: The case-control study was conducted from March to November 2021 at the King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and comprised adult patients of either gender with diabetic nephropathy in DN group, patients with type 2 diabetes but without diabetic nephropathy in T2D group, and non-diabetic individuals in the control group. Serum insulin levels were measured using a modular analyser, while nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase 3 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data was analysed using SPSS 29.0.1.
Results: Of the 74 subjects, 45(60.8%) were females and 29(39.2%) were males. The overall mean age was 53±14 years. There were 20(27%) patients in DN group with mean age 60±11 years, 29(39.2%) patients in T2D group with mean age 56±12 years, and 25(33.8%) in the control group with mean age 43±11 years. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase levels were significantly lower in T2D and DN groups than in the control group (p<0.05). Glutathione S-transferase levels were significantly lower in the DN group than in the control group (p<0.05). T2D and DN groups had significantly lower superoxide dismutase 3 levels than the control group (p<0.05). Glutathione S-transferase levels correlated positively with glycated haemoglobin levels in the DN group, and negatively with fasting blood glucose levels in the T2D group (p<0.05). Superoxide dismutase 3 levels were negatively correlated with insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin in T2D group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy induced changes in the levels of superoxide dismutase 3, glutathione S-transferase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. Low levels of superoxide dismutase 3 in type 2 diabetes correlated with insulin resistance, suggesting the need for anti-oxidant replacement therapy as part of diabetes control measures to prevent diabetic nephropathy.
Key Words: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetic nephropathy, Insulin resistance, Oxidative stress, Anti-oxidant.
Potential hip fracture early death predictors – a retrospective analysis from prospective trauma registry
Authors: Ahmad Tashfeen , Muhammad Zehra Abdul
Published: January 2025

Objectives: To explore the blood pressure, fracture anatomical site, and age as potential predictors of death within 3 months after proximal femoral fracture management.
Method: The retrospective study was conducted from June 2015 and March 2020 at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi and comprised orthopaedic trauma registry data of isolated proximal femur fracture patients managed between June 2015 and March 2020. Data of those who expired within 3 months of the management was pooled in group A, while data of those who survived >3 months post-treatment formed group B. Blood pressure at the time of hospital admission was considered normal at 90-120mmHg systolic and 60-80mmHg diastolic. Data was analysed using SPSS version 19.0.
Results: Of the 242 patients, 9(3.7%) were in group A; 5(55.5%) males and 4(44.4%) females with median age 78 years (interquartile range: 7 years). There were 233(96.3%) patients in group B; 123(52.7%) females and 110(47.2%) males with median age 70 years (interquartile range: 17 years). In 12 months post-treatment, 16(6.6%) patients expired; 9(56.25%) in group A, and 7(43.75%) in group B. Age >75 years and femoral neck fractures had a significant positive relationship with death within 3 months of surgical management (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Patients with femoral neck fracture and aged >75 years were found to be at the risk of death within 3 months post-management.
Key Words: Proximal femur fracture, Trauma, Diastolic blood pressure, Femoral neck fracture, Death.
An insight into the histopathology of oral potentially malignant disorders and malignant neoplasms of head and neck
Authors: Iqbal Fatima , Bashir Nasiha
Published: January 2025

This retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study was planned to analyse histopathological variations in oral potentially malignant disorders and malignant tumours of the head and neck region. Incisional and excisional biopsies referred to the histopathology laboratory of Peshawar Medical College, Pakistan, between 2020 and 2022 were reviewed by two pathologists to confirm the diagnosis. The World Health Organisation  criterion of diagnosis and classification was adopted to review and validate the histopathological features. A total of 16 oral potentially malignant disorders and 77 head and cancer biopsies were included. Among the disorders, lichen planus was common, presenting as subepithelial lymphocytic infiltration in 11(100%) cases. Among the head and neck tumours, oral squamous cell carcinoma was the foremost cancer in which cells were arranged in a nest pattern 37(84%), followed by basal cell carcinoma showing nodular type 10 (83%). The histopathological variations of the lesions identified may assist pathologists in better diagnosis.
Key Words: Histopathology, Head and neck cancer, Squamous cell carcinoma, Lichen planus.
Empowering the Future: How Teaching Graphic Design Programs Can Secure Job Opportunities for Children with Autism in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alzhrani Hayat Goman
Published: January 2025

Education is a crucial factor in everyone’s growth. Everything from tiny organisms up to the mightiest creatures utilizes the powerful benefits of learning. As such, people can devote their whole lives to learning about diverse topics endlessly, encompassing both academic subjects and practical knowledge gained from everyday experiences. This study highlights the advantages of teaching graphic design software to children with general autism. It can also help teachers and parents explore new methods of teaching vital things to those with certain disabilities. This method of applying design program in teaching autism children can be explored by schools and implemented in a special class, or even in a regular curriculum specifically for those with unique needs. It can also be useful for those without special needs, as it promotes a more active and creative learning environment for all children. This research conducted qualitative research through interviews with 10 special needs teachers within schools in Taif City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), along with 10 parents of children with autism. Recently, KSA educational institutions have attempted to further understand those with autism and explore opportunities to make their lives easier in terms of education. This study focuses on enhancing opportunities for children with autism by highlighting their own abilities, preferences, and interests in graphic design programs. It also helps to further shape future development plans and policies to support autistic children more effectively.
Principal Component Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters and Microstructure Characteristics of Wampee Fruit Affected by Storage Temperatures
Authors: Hai Wang  , Feilong Yin  , Shurou Chen  , Ting Wei  , Ziyi Qin  , Jing Li  , Xia Li  , Xinhong Dong  , Hock Eng Khoo
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the positive effect of two storage temperatures on physicochemical characteristics, texture and structure of wampee fruits. The fruits were treated by storing them at low (10°C) and room temperature (25°C) for eight days. The results showed that the low-temperature (10°C) treatment compared to the room temperature storage could reduce fruit decay rate and weight loss, inhibit O2− production rate, maintain higher total soluble solids, and slower increment in total flavonoids and phenolics. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression analysis further showed that weight loss was positively correlated with the content of total phenolics and flavonoids. The changes in the physiological indicators of the fruits were notably affected by storage temperature, especially in the early storage stages. Texture properties analysis indicated that the hardness and chewiness of the fruit at the low temperature (10°C) were significantly better than that at 25°C. Fruit colour values (L*, C* and h angle) of fruits at 10°C were also remarkably higher than that at 25°C. All the results suggested that low-temperature storage was a convenient and effective method to maintain the quality of the wampee and extend its shelf life compared to room temperature.
A Comprehensive Method to Generating and Identifying Transgenic Tobacco Lines with a Single Transgene Integration Locus for Functional Analysis
Authors: Mohamad Shafek Hilman  , Nawawi Omar , Azhari Mohd Farhan , Tianqi Bai,  , Cuixian Zhang  , Abdullah Mohd Puad , Abdul Masani Mat Yunus , Chong Yu Lok Yusuf
Published: January 2025

Tobacco is a popular model plant used for studying gene function. The generation of transgenic tobacco is tremendously essential in functional genomics. The generated transgenic plants must undergo careful selection and analysis before being used. However, most published protocols for generating transgenic tobacco for functional genomics are not comprehensive and involve sophisticated equipment. This study demonstrates an efficient and comprehensive method for developing and selecting transgenic tobacco lines without involving sophisticated equipment. Transgene was delivered into the genome of a tobacco plant via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to verify the integration of transgenes in the putative primary transformants. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) examined transgene expressions. The number of transgene integration loci (TIL) was determined by transgene segregation analysis. PCR results revealed that ≈97% of the primary transformants were positive. The transgene was highly expressed in the transgenic plants. Segregation analysis showed that 47.6%–66.7% of the transgenic plants contained a single TIL, and the T1 and T2 progenies inherited the transgene. Homozygous transgenic lines with a single TIL were successfully developed by using our method. This manuscript encompasses detailed guidance on genetic transformation, molecular analysis, seed production, and transgene segregation analysis. It serves as a guideline for the researchers to produce transgenic tobacco lines that can be used for functional analysis. The procedures described here can be conducted in standard laboratories as they require no high-end equipment. This comprehensive and efficient method for generating transgenic tobacco will foster functional genomics.
Microalgae as Potential Antioxidants: Assessment of Antioxidant Capacities in Microalgae from Selected Regions of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Awang Noor Amanina , Jusoh Malinna , Said Nor Faizura , Yusuf Norhayati , Mohd Nizam Lani  , Ahmad Fauziah Tufail
Published: January 2025

Antioxidants play critical roles in cellular defence mechanisms in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic forms within the intracellular and extracellular environments. While microalgae are recognised as a rich source of antioxidants, limited information is available on species native to Peninsular Malaysia that contain high antioxidant capacity for future applications. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant capacity of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in microalgae, particularly those cultivated locally in Malaysia, which are still scarce. Nineteen microalgae species collected from Kedah, Pahang, Terengganu and Johor were used in this study. Algal samples were cultured and harvested during the early stationary phase and then subjected to antioxidant assays. Enzymatic antioxidants were assessed using catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays. Non-enzymatic antioxidants were evaluated through the quantification of ascorbate, α-tocopherol, and carotenoids. The findings reveal significant interspecies variation of microalgae in the types and quantities of antioxidants. Notably, Neochloris conjuncta and Mychonastes ovahimbae exhibited the highest levels of enzymatic antioxidants (p<0.05) and SOD. Hematoccous sp. had the highest concentration of ascorbic acid, while Chlorella vulgaris from Terengganu contained the most α-tocopherol, both with statistical significance (p<0.05). The data suggest that Chlorella vulgaris from Terengganu possesses considerable potential as a renewable source of antioxidants for diverse industrial applications, including food ingredients.
Sequential Cropping Productivity Evaluation of Corn, Mung Bean, and Sweet Potato Intercrop under Coconut Field in Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines
Authors: Pongao-Ponio Nelmie Bendanillo , M. Paulican Ma. Stella
Published: January 2025

Multiple cropping and sequential cropping system strategies with existing perennial crops would augment soil productivity per unit area, which optimizes crop production for food security. The study evaluated the effects of cropping patterns on the agronomic and yield performance, total productivity and profitability of corn, mung bean, and sweet potato planted under coconut ground in Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines. There were eight cropping patterns (CP) [(CP1—corn followed by mung bean), (CP2—corn followed by sweet potato), (CP3—corn intercropped with mung bean followed by sweet potato), (CP4—corn intercropped with sweet potato followed by mung bean), (CP5—mung bean followed by corn), (CP6—sweet potato followed by corn), (CP7—mung bean followed corn intercropped with sweet potato), (CP8—sweet potato followed by corn intercropped with mung bean)] arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The results revealed that growing in a cropping pattern relative to the cropping period affected the days of tasseling and silking, plant and ear height, percent shelling, weight of 1000 seeds, and grains of corn. Sole corn and mung bean intercrop showed the same results, while Corn + Sweet potato intercropping decreased plant height and grain yield in corn regardless of the cropping pattern. Mung beans are affected by the cropping season in terms of the days of flowering, maturity, plant height, weight of 1000 seeds, and yield. Sweet potatoes showed the best performance in a number of lateral vines, maturity, and yield when placed first in the cropping pattern. However, sweet potato intercropping resulted in a reduction in yield. Further, CP6-sweet potato, followed by corn, had a notable total yield with a 98% return on investment and as a recommended intercropping pattern under coconut ground in the area.
Identifying Collagenase (MMP-1, -8, -13) Expression and Correlation with Periodontitis Progression Using the Rat Model
Authors: Khuda Fazle , Baharin Badiah , Mohamad Anuar Nur Najmi , Jayusman Putri Ayu , Abdul Rahman Mariati , Nasruddin Nurrul Shaqinah
Published: January 2025

Collagenase (MMP-1, -8, and -13) is one of the groups of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that is responsible for the breakdown of collagen, particularly type-I collagen, which is found in profusion in the extracellular matrix (ECM). It is essential to understand the role of a group of biomarkers in the progression of periodontal disease. This study aims to evaluate the expression of MMP-1, -8, and -13 combined in the periodontitis progression induced by wire ligation and Enterococcus faecalis inoculation using the rat model. Twelve rats were allocated uniformly between the control group 0-day, experimental group 7- and 14-days. Orthodontic wire (0.2 mm) was placed between the proximal space of the right upper first and second molar tooth area and 0.5 μl of 1.5 ´ 108 cfu/ml. Rats in the experimental groups received an injection of E. faecalis suspension into their gingival sulcus. After the respective induction time, the rats were euthanised. Gingival tissue and maxillary jaw samples were obtained from all rats for quantitative real-time PCR and histological examination. The results showed a significant increase in mRNA expression within the tissue samples from the gingiva of MMP-1 (p < 0.05), -8 (p < 0.01), and -13 (p < 0.01) in 7 days as compared to the control. The MMP-8 expression levels were also significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Histological analysis showed a higher inflammatory cell infiltration and the presence of osteoclast in the 7 days, which was reduced in the 14 days. MMP-1, -8, and -13 levels were positively correlated with the presence of inflammatory cells. Therefore, identifying a group of collagenases might be a useful biomarker to detect the progression of periodontitis.
Learning amongst Generation Y entrepreneurs (GYE) in the South African manufacturing sector
Authors: Raliphada Nditsheni Jennifer , Carmichael Teresa , Mazondea Nomusa Benita
Published: January 2025

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in developing countries where unemployment among the young population is high. How entrepreneurs learn is an ongoing debate that is receiving much attention. South Africa (SA) has high levels of youth unemployment, and entrepreneurship provides opportunities for self-employment that can be supported with enhanced knowledge of contextually appropriate learning and transfer of learning. This study aimed to develop a theoretical understanding of how learning transfer occurs among Generation Y entrepreneurs in the South African manufacturing sector. The study followed a classic grounded theory methodology; primary and secondary interviews were utilised as data. The grounded theory principles of simultaneous data collection and analysis, constant comparison, theoretical sampling, saturation, and theory development were observed. The study found that GYE acquire and transfer learning in and through relationships with various role players. Learning is a continuous process that occurs passively, actively, formally, informally, intentionally, and unintentionally. Sources of learning include family, friends, peers, academic institutions, entrepreneurial ecosystems, self-reflection, assessments, mentors, customers, and suppliers through reading, audio-visual, and other materials. A Theory of Relational Learning Transfer has been proposed to account for the learning transfer phenomenon investigated here. The findings of this study may be factored into entrepreneurship curricula and provide input to practitioners running business ventures. Entrepreneurs, policymakers, and educational institutions can use the findings to improve learning transfer processes and outcomes.
Glam Guidance: Empowering Your Fashion Choices with Image Insights
Authors: Sanjana R. , Harshitha V. Sri , Navyasree K. , Srija G. , Bharathi M. , Srinivas T. Aditya Sai
Published: January 2025

The paper introduces a Fashion Recommendation System that utilizes computer vision and machine learning to analyze fashion items' visual attributes such as color, texture, and style, offering similar or complementary product recommendations to users. It guides readers through the process of building such a system using Python. Leveraging a pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), the system extracts feature from fashion images, enabling calculation of similarities between images for recommendation purposes. Employing cosine similarity, it provides personalized recommendations based on user preferences. By integrating advanced image processing techniques, the system offers users a personalized selection of fashion items, enriching their shopping experience and facilitating style exploration. The system's effectiveness is validated through experiments on a diverse dataset of fashion images, demonstrating its capability to deliver accurate and relevant recommendations. If you are interested in developing a Fashion Recommendation System using image features, this article provides a comprehensive guide.
El Anatsui and His Sculpture Installations: Out of Decay New Forms Shall Arise
Authors: Agujiobi-Odoh Ngozi , Onyishi Uchenna
Published: January 2025

El Anatsui has become world famous because of his monumental
sculpture installations consisting of the use of liquor bottle tops and
aluminum sheets. His artistic career has been one of creative
experimentation with clay and wood which he had employed in his sculpture
production over the last three decades until suddenly he began to reinvent
sculpture in new creative directions. Present study discusses his earlier creative
experiments and his eventual emergence into the production of giant
installations using liquor bottle tops and aluminum sheets. It analyzes the nature
of his installation media, his creative production sequences followed by an
analysis of selected sculpture installations in terms of their pictorial
compositions as well as their contextual analysis in the search for both overt and
hidden meanings. The study concluded that the sculptor reinvented a new way
of handling sculpture installation production and thus generating a new form of
sculpture aesthetics and that he used these new creative directions to transform
sculpture as a tool for interrogating colonialism and its assumptions. In this way,
his art became redemptive in its politics of representation.
Imo State Youths' Perception of the Influence of Radio Nigeria “Politics Nation-Wide” Programme on Permanent Voters Card Collection (PVC)
Authors: Orji Uchenna , Okolie Uloma , Ezike Francisca
Published: January 2025

The study examined Imo State youths' perception of the influence of
Radio Nigeria “Politics Nation-Wide” programme on Permanent
Voters' Card collection (PVC). This study was anchored on Agenda
Setting theory. In this study, descriptive survey research method was employed
to sample the view of youths in Imo State on the influence of Radio Nigeria
“Politics Nation-Wide” programme on Permanent Voters' Card collection
(PVC) among youths of Imo State. A sample size of 385 was drawn from the
population of registered electorate in Southeast. Multi-stage sampling technique
was used for this study. Questionnaire was used as instrument for data
collection. Data obtained were analyzed using mean value. Findings revealed
Imo State youth's level of exposure to Radio Nigeria Politics Nation-wide”
programme is high at 50.8%. Also, exposure to Radio Nigeria “Politics Nation-
wide” programme influenced electorate's attitude towards the collection of PVC
positively with an average mean score of 3.11. However, social media; opinion
leaders; friends/relatives; television; newspapers and GSM political messages
were mostly the other factors that influenced Imo State youth's participation in
the collection of PVC with mean score of 3.37. In conclusion radio political
programmes have significantly influenced Imo State youth's attitude towards the
registration and collection of the PVCs. Therefore, election umpire in Nigeria
and Imo State in particular should adopt multi-dimensional communication
approach to reach out to the people as no medium is exhaustively enough to
change political apathy towards PVCs collection.
Religion and Political Conflict in Nigeria and its Impacts on Nigerian Economic Development 2014-2020
Authors: Anene Chidi , Iyala Theodore
Published: January 2025

The interplay between Politics and religion in Nigerian plays a key role in
the socio-economic development of any nation. Nigeria as a multi-
ethnic society and the most populous country in Africa is replete with
diverse cultures and religion. Christianity and Islam are two major religions that
determine and define the character, nature of politics and conflicts in Nigeria.
This study examines the interplay of religion and politics in Nigeria between
2014 and 2020 and its impact on the development of Nigeria. The 2015 general
election was marred with religious crisis owing to the defeat of the incumbent
President Goodluck Jonathan by President Muhammad Buhari. Records reveal
that, the incidence of sectarian conflicts have been on the increase since Buhari's
victory at the polls, as many lives and properties were lost in the crisis that
ensued. The government under Muhammad Buhari has since tried
unsuccessfully to quell the lingering religious crisis, ethnic/separatist agitations,
and political jingoism that have engulfed the country. Boko Haram, Banditry
and Herdsmen are inflicting great harm in the North, while, down South, Niger-
Delta Avengers, IPOB and Oduduwa movements held sway, thereby,
questioning the continuous existence of Nigeria with its faceted developmental
implications. The study x-rays the socio-economic implications of the crisis to
national development. The study adopts a qualitative and historical approach of
data collection and analysis to arrive at its findings. The paper concludes that,
from the evolution of Nigeria's political history, sectarian crises have been
inimical to national development but not to be compared with the recorded
incessant manifestations of violence under Buhari's present regime.
21st Century of Democratic Practice in Africa; Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Ndagi Yunusa
Published: January 2025

The objective of this research is to examine the 21st Century of Democratic
Practice in Africa: Challenges and Solutions. The paper addressed three
basic concerns: the 21st century of democratic practice in Africa, the
challenges of democratic practice in Africa, and the solutions to the challenges
of democratic practice in Africa. The researcher adopted the secondary method
of data collection via books, journals, articles, and newspapers in order to
understand the 21 century of democratic practice in Africa and the challenges
and solutions. The study findings on the challenges of 21st century democratic
practice in Africa, including digital authoritarianism, third-termism, electoral
violence, corruption, and power abuse. To address these issues, African leaders
should adopt exemplary practices, uphold the rule of law, hold free, fair
elections, and enhance state institutions. They should focus on removing
cronyism and following the constitutional term limit culture. Instead of limiting
competition, encourage diverse opinions and tolerance, allowing residents to
actively engage in decision-making. Free online and offline speech is essential
for this. Digital resource recognition and protection are crucial for civic
engagement and capacity development. Leaders should be held accountable and
eliminate corruption and power abuse. The African Union must condemn
military coups and establish institutions to extend democracy and prosperity
across the continent. Democracy will prosper in Africa if Africans learn to reject
politicians who think voters can be deceived into giving up their rights and votes.
Problems and Prospects of Point-of-Sale Service Delivery in Nigerian Universities
Authors: Michael-Olomu Oyintonyo , Akujobi Theophilus , Udeh Promise
Published: January 2025

This study examined the problems and prospects of point-of-sale service
(POS) delivery in Nigerian Universities with particular focus on Federal
University Otuoke. The study discussed the level of customer satisfaction
with point-of-sale (POS) usage and service delivery. The research questions seek to
examine the nature of service delivery by POS operators and its manifestations on
the level of satisfaction derived by students of Federal University Otuoke. The
study adopted the Diffusion and Innovation (DOI) Theory developed by Rogers
(1962). The mixed method research design guided the study and data were sourced
through primary and secondary means. The Taro Yamane formula was used to
deduce the sample size of a total of 388 students across six faculties, after which a
structured questionnaire was used to elicit the needed information. The content
analysis and thematic approach were used to explain the in-depth interviews (IDI)
conducted among six POS merchants while descriptive statistics was used for the
questionnaire. Findings indicated that customers welcomed the services of POS
operators but were displeased with the hike in service charge, incessant network
glitches arising from epileptic internet services, and paucity of funds by operators.
Recommendations include the reduction in service charge, social relations
between banks and POS operators, and provision of strong internet services to
foster smooth service delivery.
Western Sahara Legal Case: The International Law Narrative of Unresolved Conflict
Authors: Laadam Jamal , Hasnaoui Yasmine , Wang Paul
Published: January 2025

The legally and internationally labeled Spanish Sahara is the oldest
colonized territory in Africa. Colonized by Spain in 1884, Western
Sahara has been an unchallengeable statutory case file in the UN tasks of
the dispute between various actors at different times. Following trilateral
negotiations, Spain ceded control of this territory to Morocco and Mauritania
under the Madrid Agreement of 1976. The Polisario fully refused this treaty and
with the help of Algeria waged an armed group to struggle specifically against
Morocco. After fifteen years of an intense military fight, the United Nations
(UN) brokered a ceasefire in 1991 that terminated the war and established a new
phase of a long and pointless peace process. After outlining the history of the
Western Sahara conflict, this paper analyzes the question of legality case starting
from the settlement plan process through the Baker plans to the 2007 proposals
by both parties, and finally clarifies the reasons and motives behind the deadlock
in the Western Sahara. Therefore, the United Nations has been fastened in the
middle of a perplexed conflict that several parties are directly or indirectly
involved in. The key reason for the failure of this statutory question was the lack
of management and supervision of serious diplomatic negotiations.
Impact of Trade Liberalization on Oil Manufacturing Sector Output in Nigeria: 1981-2022
Authors: Abdulrahman Abubakar , Michael Akpan , Marvelous Aigbedion
Published: January 2025

The contribution of the oil manufacturing sector output in Nigeria has
raised concerns about whether or not the country has benefited from
trade liberalization, especially when considering the country's major oil
manufacturing sector. Therefore, this paper used the autoregressive distributed
lag (ARDL) technique to investigate the short-run and long-run impacts of trade
liberalization on the output of Nigeria's oil manufacturing sector. The analysis
utilized a unit root test to integrate the data in a distinct sequence, and the ARDL
Bounds tests validate the co-integration, indicating a long-term equilibrium
among the variables. oil manufacturing output is strongly stimulated by positive
changes in trade liberalization. The ARDL result shows that foreign direct
investment had a positive but insignificant impact on the oil manufacturing
sector while export had a positive and significant impact on the oil
manufacturing sector in Nigeria, Similarly, import showed a negative and
significant impact on oil manufacturing sector in Nigeria while exchange rate
also exhibited a negative with insignificant impact on oil manufacturing sector
output in Nigeria. The R2 showed that 70.4 percent of the independent variables
explained oil manufacturing output in Nigeria while 29.6 percent did not
capture or explain oil manufacturing sector. The findings suggest that the
Federal Ministry of Trade and Investments in collaboration with Federal
Ministry of Finance should prioritize initiatives aimed at strengthening and
expanding trade liberalization policies. This involves reducing trade barriers,
streamlining customs procedures, and actively participating in regional and
international trade agreements.
The Muslim-Muslim Ticket and National Integration in Nigeria
Authors: Cinjel Nandes , Weinoh Oboromeni
Published: January 2025

Nigeria is a heterogeneous society with diverse ethnic groups, cultural
institutions and religious groups. The country adopted federalism as a system
of government not by accident but as a way out to help the state takes care of its
complexities and peculiarities. The country for years has been practicing a joint and a
balanced representation between the two dominant religion and the geo-political zones
in both the military and civilian administrations. Muslim – Muslims ticket is a
representation that both the president and the vice president are chosen from the same
faith; Islam precisely. It was first tried in 1993 but the election was annulled. It re-
appeared in the 2023 election and the political party that ushered the model manipulated
religion, applied divide and rule thesis and hide under the cover of capability to justify its
action. The study being non-experimental research adopted a survey research design.
The data of the study were generated from documentary facts drawn from array of both
published and unpublished materials (Text books, Journals, Newspapers, internet
materials, etc.). The study found that the Muslim – Muslim ticket will not augur well for
the peaceful co-existence of the country; it will deepen mutual district. The study found
that the practice was a manipulation of religion by the political elites to satisfice their
personal aggrandizement. The study also found that a precarious society like Nigeria is
not ripe to adopt such a model and the insistence on its practice will be a serious setback
to national cohesion. The study recommends that representation should be balanced
along ethnic and religious line, the need for a precise and clear definition of secularity in
Nigeria constitution, the need for inclusive government, among many others.
Serum Zinc Deficiency in Patients with Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Authors: Asma Subhan  , Neelam  , Mumtaz Ali Lakho  , Ghulam Fareed  , Naila Memon  , Mahesh Kumar Lohano
Published: January 2025

Objective: To determine the frequency of serum zinc deficiency in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP).
Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was done at Department of Medicine, Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad from Sept 2021 to Feb 2022. Patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) of at least 2 weeks' duration, aged 20–60 years, and of either gender were included in the study, and zinc deficiency (below 70 ?g/dL) was further evaluated by collecting blood samples from each participant after obtaining informed consent. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS version 26.
Results: A total of 137 SBP patients were studied with mean age of 55.64 ± 8.83 years and average duration of SBP was 6.85 ± 4.64 weeks. The study population comprised 55.5% males and 44.5% females. Zinc deficiency was observed in 86 (62.7%) patients. Furthermore the statistical significance was observed for zinc deficiency in accordance with residence (p=0.01), socio-economic status (p=0.03), smoking, (p<0.01) and obesity (p<0.01).
Conclusion: Zinc deficiency was highly prevalent, affecting 62.7% of patients with SBP, with increased prevalence among those with a history of smoking, diabetes, and obesity. Conclusively the zinc deficiency is not only a common complication in patients with cirrhosis but also plays an important role in the development and progression of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
Indian lab animal medicine: Getting ready for the global stage
Authors: Niemi Steven
Published: January 2025

As biomedical research becomes more globalized, India can provide the rest of the world possibly unique  insights into the care and use of laboratory animals. Nowhere else is such a rich and deep cultural veneration  for life juxtaposed with society and technology modernizing at such astonishing speed. How will our Indian  colleagues reconcile these two powerful and seemingly contradictory elements? Just as important, will  India’s scientific community and regulators regard Western standards of lab animal care as something to  adopt in an identical fashion or something to adapt to domestic circumstances? The intent of this address  is to explore these fascinating aspects of India today from an outsider’s perspective and to consider how all  parties may benefit together.
A note on malocclusion in young Wistar rats
Authors: M C Prasad , M G Brahmankar , P S Lonkar , U M Kapurkar
Published: January 2025

Five cases of malocclusion were reported in 3-5 months old Wistar rats (male – 3, female - 2). Clinical history indicated  that though these animals were maintained under standard laboratory/husbandry practices, since a month were anorectic,  loosing weight and became lethargic/dull. Careful examination of buccal cavity showed increased length of lower / upper  incisor teeth (1.5-2.5 cm) protruding outside the mouth and mild to moderate degree of congestion and erosions on buccal  mucosa. Possible etiology could not be ascertained in these cases but younger age of the rats was suggestive of its congenital  origin as against spontaneous.
Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of Momordica charantia in cow urine on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat
Authors: Ayoub Syed Mudasir , Rao Suguna , S M Byregowda , M L Satyanarayana , Bhat M Narayan , N B Sridhar , B S Pragathi , Purushotam
Published: January 2025

The aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Momordica charantia in cow urine on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The alcoholic extract of Momordica charantia was administered orally in cow urine at 200 mg/kg body weight to diabetic rats and the results were compared with standard antidiabetic drug, glinbenclamide. The results showed that there was a significant (P<0.001) increase in serum glucose, AST, ALT, cholesterol, triglyceride levels and significant (P<0.001) reduction in liver SOD, GPx and CAT activity indicating liver damage in diabetic control rats. The biochemical analysis was well supported by histopathological evaluation of the liver which showed necrosis and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes in diabetic rats. Oral administration of Momordica charantia in cow urine gradually and progressively improved the clinical condition of the diabetic rats. There was significant (P≤0.001) reduction in the serum AST, ALT, cholesterol and triglycerides levels. The treatment also resulted in the significant (P≤0.001) increase in reduced SOD, GPx and CAT activity in the liver of diabetic rats. Histopathology revealed a progressive improvement in the architecture and return to normalcy of hepatocytes. The results clearly suggested that fruit extract of Momordica charantia in cow urine at 200 mg/kg body weight may effectively normalize the hepatic damage and impaired antioxidant status in STZ-induced diabetic rat sthan glibenclamide treated groups.
Toxicity studies of Sapindus laurifolius methanolic leaf extract in Wistar rats
Authors: Kumar CN Santhosh , N B Shridhar , M L Satyanarayana , Kamran C Ansar
Published: January 2025

Studies were aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition of the Sapindus laurifolius leaves and toxicological  effect of the Sapindus laurifolius leaf extract using Wistar albino rats as a model animal. The phytochemical analysis  was performed using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). In toxicity studies, the acute oral toxicity  study was conducted as per the guidelines of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 423  Acute Toxic Class Method) for testing of chemicals. In repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study (OECD 407), leaf extract  administered at the dose of 50, 200 and 800 mg/kg and limit dose of 1000 mg/kg. The phytochemical analysis revealed  the presence of saponins, flavanoids, glycosides and bitter principles. In acute toxicity study, the LD50 cut-off values  were found to be more than 2g/kg in leaf extract. In repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity, significant (P<0.05) increase in  AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine, significant (P<0.05) increase in total protein was noticed. The histopathological changes  confined to liver, kidney and intestine, revealed mild to moderate hepatotoxicity, severe nephrotoxicity and increased  goblet cell activity. The changes were found to correlate with increased dose of leaf extract. Thus the phytochemical  analysis of S. laurifolius revealed the presence of saponins, glycosides, flavonoids and bitter principles.The acute oral  toxicity study of S. laurifolius methanolic leaf extract in rats resulted in no toxicity even at the highest dose, in repeated 28- day oral toxicity study revealed mild to moderate hepatotoxicity, severe nephrotoxicity and intestinal damage.
Refinement of Surgical Procedure and Husbandry Practices of Bile Duct Ligation in Mice Model of Cholestatic Disease
Authors: Devan R K Shakthi , Babu Sabarish , Marshal Vijay , Kuchibhotla Vijayakumar , Hushangabade Pravin
Published: January 2025

Refinement of procedure plays a pivotal role on improving the well-being of laboratory animals that enables successful  outcomes of experiments by obtaining reliable data. In general, identical practices reduce variability among mice and there  may be several factors that can confound results which becomes inevitable within the context of long-term experiments.  We explored several refinements pertaining to surgical techniques and husbandry practices of ongoing studies with the  objectives of reducing early mortality during post-operative period (72h) and ensuring animal welfare as higher priority by  providing better alternative husbandry practices until the termination of experiments. The entire refinement process was  systematically implemented in mice where surgical intervention of bile duct ligation (BDL) was carried out and allowed  to develop liver fibrosis as part of therapeutic requirement then treated with new chemical entities (NCE’s) along with  standard of care (SOC) upto 14 days. Survival surgery involving large number of mice in different groups was approved by  the ethical committee. The notable refinements implemented such as suture patterns along with tissue adhesive to prevent  wound dehiscence; replacement of corncob by adopting paper based bedding with nesting pads as enrichments; provision  of Individually Ventilated Cages (IVC) with top inlet air supply for uniform flow in order to minimize hypothermia. Other  contributing factors which included the use of improved surgical platform with thermo-controlled integral monitoring  systems; Provision of infra-red light source immediately after surgery and until recovery; use of food supplement (Diet  Gel) along with regular rodent diet; clinical scoring of mice during post-operative care and its management. However,  there was no interference on fibrotic disease progression as well as experimental results because these refinements were  implemented in a coordinated manner as part of ongoing process. Collectively, refinements of surgical as well as husbandry  practices have improved the likelihood of mice and reduced incidences of mortality from 35% to 4% of four subsequent  studies conducted at different intervals in mice.
Genetic monitoring of breeding colony through evaluation of genetic diversity within and between the inbred lines by using microsatellite markers
Authors: Kumar P Satheesh , Yadav Govind
Published: January 2025

BALB/c strain is the most commonly used animal research mouse model in biology/Bio-medical research. From BALB/c  strain many of inbred, congenic and transgenic models were established and being used for the betterment of humans as  well as domestic animals. At CSIR-IIIM, Jammu animal house facility conducted study for evaluation genetic diversity of  inbred lines of BALB/c strain. Animals were maintained in SPF condition with routine health monitoring. Selection was  conducted based on growth and reproduction performance of the mothers. Four selected lines and an unselected control  line were maintained throughout the experiment. After, 20th generation of full sib mating, we obtained three different lines.  All the three lines of BALB/c strain shows standardized litter size of 8 pups at birth. All line mice were genotyped by using  established 14 pair of microsatellite markers and genetic diversity analysis. The Effective number of alleles was reported  1.021±0.016 in overall experimental population. Shannon’s Index for within lines was 0 and among lines was 0.019±0.014.  The Estimated Diversity (u) was 0 for within lines, 0.052 ±0.036 for control lines and 0.013±0.009 for among population.  Polymorphic information content (PIC) observed in D11Mit260 marker. Line1 was showing very little Genetic distance  with Line 2 (0.154) followed by control line (0.114) and Line 3 (0.074). Control line and Line 2 showed very close genetic  distance (0.010). It is concluded that BALB/c strain has no diversity within line and has very little diversity between lines  after 20th generation of full-sib mating.
Cost-Effective Decontamination of Conventional Laboratory Animal Rooms Using Hydrogen Peroxide Aerosols
Authors: Thorat Rahul , Ahire Shashikant , Shinde Aarti , Ingle Arvind
Published: January 2025

Conventional animal facilities lack HVAC systems with HEPA filters and therefore pose great hurdles in maintaining  the pathogen-free status of macro-environment of the animal rooms. Even in places where HVAC has no HEPA filters,  maintaining clean air in the animal room is a challenge. Production of healthy animals for biomedical research is a key  objective of any laboratory animal facility. There are several factors which can contribute to achieve this goal, and macro 
enviornment is one of them. Decontamination of animal rooms eliminates the pathogens from the room. Chemical liquids  and vapours are mainly used as decontaminating agents. Vaporised Hydrogen Peroxide (VHP) technology is being widely  used for this purpose. For VHP technology, motorised equimpents are required which are very expensive. Small animal  facilities can not afford to buy expensive VHP equipments. Therefore, the present study was planned to find out cost  effective alternative for expensive equipments. Fine mist of working solution Huwa-San- TR50 was sprayed over the  walls using a domestic Vacuum Cleaner. Effectnivness of decontamination procedure was conducted by microbiological  examination of air and surface monitoring with swab methods after 15 mins. of contact time. Our results suggested that after  decontamination, there was significant reduction in microbiological load from animal rooms. Hence, alternatively, facilities  with tight annual budget can use this technique to limit the microbiological load in animal facilities in cost effective manner.