bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La représentation cognitive : quelques modèles récents
Authors: Denis Michel , Dubois Danièle
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Cet article présente plusieurs modèles psychologiques récents traitant de la représentation cognitive. Certains de ces modèles restent attachés à la distinction de formes spécifiques de la représentation, par exemple imagées ou verbales ; d'autres postulent l'existence de formes de représentation plus abstraites dont ils rendent compte parfois en s1 appuyant sur la notion de proposition. Les auteurs analysent une tendance contemporaine caractérisée tout à la fois par la recherche de modèles formels abstraits détachant la représentation de ses références subjectives et par une insistance plus marquée sur les aspects fonctionnels de la représentation, au détriment de discussions restreintes à la question de sa nature.
La contraction du temps dans la datation des souvenirs anciens
Authors: Lieury Alain , Caplain Patricia , Jacquet Alain , Jolivet Christian
Published: November 2007

An experimental study was performed to investigate the subject's ability to temporally locate memories about well-known events (e.g., the murder of president Kennedy, etc.). The main results indicated that dating of old events (1960-1971 in this experiment) is underestimated, while dating of recent events is overestimated. Furthermore, the underestimation is a function of the ancientness of the event. A theory predicting that the dating of events would be a function of the amount of stored memories is discussed.
Influence de la durée du traitement de l'information sur l'estimation d'une durée d'une seconde
Authors: Fraisse Paul
Published: November 2007

Summary

The perception of a brief duration (shorter than 2 sec) depends on the nature of information to be processed during this duration. It was hypothesized that the easier the processing, the more overestimated the duration, since the subject will be more attentive to duration itself. The production of a one-second duration was compared in tasks of naming and reading, the fact that naming a stimulus takes more time, and is more difficult than reading the name of this stimulus being well established. The results supported the hypothesis that the duration produced is shorter (overestimation) in the reading condition than in the naming condition.
Les relations entre durée et succession : Etude d'une « prélogique » enfantine appliquée au temps
Authors: Montangero Jacques
Published: November 2007

Summary

Children may reason about time on the basis of duration and succession only, and without reference to velocity or space. In order to study this type of reasoning children of 5 to 8 years of age were presented with 12 situations where limited information was given about two dolls cooking pancakes. Results show thai young children relate duration (how long things are cooking), starting order and finishing order in specifie ways, depending on the meaning, for the child, of the concepts related. At the age of seven, important changes in the meanings and reasoning appear, although they cannot yet be characterized as operalional.
L'intervention des facteurs pragmatiques dans la compréhension des phrases relatives chez l'adulte
Authors: Amy G.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Effects of pragmatic factors in the comprehension of relative sentences by adults.

The effect of reversibility on the processing strategies of relative sentences was studied. The task consisted in the restitution of the subject-object relationships in each clause. 72 adults were divided into two groups according to which of the clauses they process first, main clause or relative clause. All heard four instances of eight types defined by factorial design Embedding X Order of words X Reversibility.

The results show that pragmatic factors determine processing strategies. Reversible sentences mobilise a syntactic strategy which consists in isolating and processing NVN sequences in their temporal occurrence. Syntactic effects are non existant in non-reversible sentences. These sentences induce pragmatic strategies which economise syntactic process.

Key-words : Sentence comprehension, reversibility, word-order strategy.
Dépendance-indépendance à l'égard du champ et pensée opératoire chez les filles et les garçons
Authors: Bajard G.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Field dependence-independence and operational thought in girls and boys.

A difference in level in operational development has never been observed between boys and girls even though the latter prove generally more field dependent. One may therefore wonder where the link lies between cognitive style and the operational theory of intelligence. 109 3rd graders (47 boys and 62 girls) of identical real age underwent the ECDL and GEFT Tests. Results show that greater success on the ECDL is, in boys, associated with field independence; in girls, however similar success is significantly less associated with the degree of dependence-independence. The paper suggests that the differential aspects of the functioning of natural thought (formalization and realization) could go as far as sex differentiation.

Key-words : operational thought, cognitive style.
Perspectives actuelles sur la psychogenèse du temps
Authors: Montangero Jacques
Published: November 2007

Svmmary : Recent viewpoints on the development of the concept of time

The major researches done recently on the development of temporal reasoning are critically reviewed. The author develops, on this topic, his own conception based on the distinction of three subsystems of meanings. The characteristics of temporal concepts and reasoning in children 5-8 years of age are analysed in terms of the relations within each subsystem and the interrelation of the subsystems. Suggestions are put forward concerning the definition of the different levels of development in this domain. According to this definition, knowledge of time in young children appears to be quite different from later forms of knowledge. The relative influence of structural characteristics and subjects' schemes on the results is also discussed.

Key words : time, concepts, development.
Les activités collatérales en éthologie ergonomique
Authors: Delvolvé Nicole
Published: November 2007

Summary : Collateral activities in ergonomic ethology.

Recent research aime dat understanding the consequences of work in humans highlights collateral activities.

In order to concentrate interest in this particular behavioural domain, we have provided a description of it in the animal world and in Man through a bibliographical inventory. We then concentrate on the different current theories, from a functional point of view. We examine the role of collateral activities in temporal regulation. Some authors believe they are part of a regulatory mechanism which alternates inhibition and release. Finally we consider the relation between the central activation system and collateral activities.

Key-words : bibliography, collateral activities, ethology, ergonomy.
L'hémisphère cérébral gauche est-il chez l'homme davantage dépendant du temps que le droit ?
Authors: Bruyer Raymond
Published: November 2007

Summary : Is the left hemisphere of the human brain move time-dependent than the right ?

The particular relationship between the functioning of the left hemisphere (LH) and time is well known for two aspects : the suspected davantage of the LH over the right in tasks of perception of time and the importance of time in theoretical descriptions of LH specialization (the LH is described as analytical, serial, sequential, etc.). The present review emphasizes a third form of relationship. It is suggested that the LH needs time to develop an optimal efficiency of performance. Empirical arguments are found in three areas. First, on a microgenetic level, it appears that performance of the LH increases with stimulus exposure duration, even within the limits of the tachistoscopic durations used in neuropsychology (from about 10 to 250 ms). Second, there is reason to think that the efficiency of the LH increases from the beginning to the end of an experiment or experimental session. Finally, it seems that the LH is particularly able to process material for which the subject has been familiarized, over a long period of time.

Key words : left hemisphere, time.
Estimation et expression de la ressemblance et de la différence entre pairs
Authors: Codol Jean-Paul
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Ayant indiqué les noms des deux camarades de leur classe qu'ils connaissaient le mieux, 170 garçons et filles de 17 à 22 ans devaient, d'une part, se comparer eux-mêmes à chacune de ces deux personnes, et d'autre part comparer ces personnes entre elles, à la fois du point de vue de leurs différences et de leurs ressemblances. Dans chaque cas, les comparaisons étaient effectuées : a) par une estimation globale du degré de similitude (note sur une échelle) ; et b) par l'expression libre, de la part des sujets, de « toutes les idées leur venant à l'esprit » concernant les ressemblances et les différences entre les personnes considérées.

Dans chaque situation, trois groupes expérimentaux étaient constitués selon le point de référence proposé pour la comparaison. Par exemple, dans les situations où les sujets avaient à effectuer une comparaison entre eux-mêmes et une personne P, la question pouvait être du type : « Qu'est-ce qui vous distingue de P ? » (l'autre personne P étant alors le point de référence de la comparaison) ; ou bien : « Qu'est-ce qui distingue P de vous- même ? » (le sujet étant alors lui-même le point de référence de la comparaison) ; ou bien encore : « Qu'est-ce qui vous distingue l'un de l'autre » ? (comparaison sans réfèrent spécifié).

Les résultats sont analysés quantitativement et qualitativement selon trois perspectives : la sensibilité relative des sujets à la différence et à la similitude interpersonnelle ; les effets de l'implication des sujets dans la situation et l'importance du point de référence de la comparaison.

Mots clés : Comparaison interpersonnelle, point de référence, identité personnelle, schème d'autocenlration.
Images mentales de transformations et opérations cognitives : une revue critique des études développementales
Authors: Lautrey Jacques , Chartier Daniel
Published: November 2007

Summary : Mental imagery of transformations and cognitive operations : a critical review of developmental studies.

Developmental features of imaginal representations of kinetics and transformations are examined within the framework of piagetian theory and Information Processing. A critical overview of the basic assumptions, methodology and results of studies deriving from these two approaches suggests that their experimental paradigms may in fact elicit two distinct processing modes for transformational representation : an analogical mode, and a mode compatible with both propositional and piagetian models of representation. Discussion centers around the possible implications of this hypothesis for future research, in particular studies testing for interactions between these two processing modes over the course of development.

Key words : mental imagery, cognitive development, analogical representation.
Variations journalières de la sélection thématique au cours de la lecture
Authors: Querrioux-Coulombier Geneviève
Published: November 2007

Summary : Time-of-day effects on thematic selection in reading.

The goal of this experiment is to study the evolution of the speed in thematic selection of propositions in reading a didactic text, according to the time of the day. The text is presented proposition by proposition and subjects have to select those that are related to a theme given before reading. Four hours are tested : 8.30, 11.30, 17.00 and 20.00. To control the really effected treatments, subjects have to answer a questionnaire, whithout being informed of this second task. The questionnaire is about the text microstructure (superficial processing) on the one hand, and about the text macrostructure and argumentation (deep processing beyond the order) on the other.

Results point out no effect of time of day in speed of selection but, for ihe same time, subjects perform deeper processing at 11.30 and a more superficial one at 17.00 that suggest that processing capacity is more important at 11.30 than at 17.00.

Key words : chronospychology, text comprehension, thematic selection, processing capacity.
Stratégie cognilive et persuasion
Authors: Alaphilippe Daniel
Published: November 2007

Summary : Cognitive strategy and persuasion.

This study investigates the different ways of selecting information for a subject acting as confederate in an influence situation. Prior results showed that such a confederate accorded more importance to the answers of the person he was engaged to influence. The experience used a paradigm derived from Festinger and Carlsmith's forced compliance, wiih a real interaction between confederate and naive subjects.

The false information introduced by the operator through the confederates' answers influenced all the subjects, but in different ways. Firstly a normative effect is observed on the naive subjects' answers. In addition, the confederate subjects brought their private estimations near to these. In consequence they have been influenced back by their own bogus answers.

Key words : social influence, self-emprise, forced compliance, information gathering.
Brulex. Une base de données lexicales informatisée pour le français écrit et parlé
Authors: Content Alain , Mousty Philippe , Radeau Monique
Published: November 2007

Summary : Brulex : A computerized lexical data base for the french language.

This paper presents a lexical database developed for experimental research in psycholinguistics. The Brulex system provides orthographic, phonological, grammatical and frequency information for approximately 36 000 French words. It also contains some other useful information to help in selecting experimental materials (uniqueness point, neighborhood count, phonological structure, mean bigram frequency).

Key words : experimental psycholinguistics, lexicon, word recognition.
Perception de contrastes phoniques d'une langue étrangère
Authors: Bacri N. , Coixao Luis
Published: November 2007

Résumé

L'étude de la perception par des francophones de syllabes dérivées du portugais a permis de préciser les limites de l'assimilation entre allophones, supportée par la référence aux représentations phonémiques. L'identification de stimuli situés sur un continuum allant de /da/ à /ta/ et différant par leur délai d'établissement du voisement (DEV) est fonction des catégories phonémiques (Expérience 1). Toutefois, les différences entre stimuli de même dénomination sont mieux discriminées (Expérience 2) quand les DEV sont fréquemment attestés en français que lorsqu'ils ne le sont pas. Par ailleurs, les patterns de discrimination sont fonction du temps de traitement. Ces résultats suggèrent que le poids respectif des indices acoustiques et des représentations phonémiques dépend de la possibilité de faire ou non correspondre directement aux sons des formes prototypiques.

Mots clés : perception phonétiquejphonémique, perception d'une langue étrangère, identification de la parole, discrimination de la parole.
Evolution des catégories naturelles et résolution des épreuves d'inclusion entre 6 et 10 ans
Authors: Barrouillet Pierre
Published: November 2007

Summary : Changes in prototype categories and performance on inclusion tasks in six to ten year olds.

This study compares the development of the logical notion of inclusion, and changes in prototype category structure as defined in Rosch's theory of Natural Categorization. A categorization task designed to test construction of the BIRD and FISH categories (basic level) and the superordinate categories FRUIT and CLOTHES, and inclusion tasks dealing with the same categories were administered to 108 children aged 6, 8, and 10. The findings show that irrespective of age, the development of class inclusion results in grealer category extension in children who have attained the empirical level of inclusion, followed by reduction in extension with success on the logical inclusion lasks. This effect was only observed for the basic level categories (BIRD and FISH). The hypothesis that each level of problem solving on the inclusion tasks (non-inclusion, empirical, logical) corresponds to a level of prototype category structure (overall resemblance, partial non-coordinated attribute overlap, coordinated attribute overlap, respeclively) is proposed.

Key-words : development, inclusion, categorization, prototype.
De l'appréhension des significations implicites : verbes factif s et contrefactifs
Authors: Sales-Wuillemin Edith
Published: November 2007

Summary : Understanding implicit meanings : Factice and counter factive verbs.

Various distinctions between factice, counter factive, and non-factive verbs have been proposed, based on logical or linguistic criteria. Our hypothesis is that in sentences containing these types of verbs constructed with completive clauses, linguistic criteria are not the only ones taken into account by the subject who is to judge whether the statement is true or not. Other elements, like the source's competence, interfere are also taken into account. Two different sources have been considered : speaker and communicator.

We examined how subjects grasped presupposed information in sentences containing factice or counter factive verbs. These sentences were constructed varying the competence of speaker and communicator. Results show that it is the competence of the communicator which is the more important, beyond linguistic criteria.
Sens commun, psychologie cognitive et philosophie de la psychologie : croyances, matérialisme et externalisme
Authors: Jacob Pierre
Published: November 2007

Summary : Common sense, cognitive psychology and the philosophy of psychology : Beliefs, materialism and externalism.

Concepts of propositional altitudes such as intentions, beliefs, desires, are common sense psychological concepts. According to some philosophers and psychologists, they are part of a folk or naive psychological theory. However, such concepts are also used in the scientific psychological study of deductive and inductive reasoning, cognitive dissonance and in "theories of mind". Beliefs and propositional attitudes have contents or intentional properties. And they are supposed to be causes of intentional actions or behavior. The philosophical problem dealt with in this paper arises front the tension between two views : on the one hand, it is plausible to assume that causation is a local process. On the other hand, most contemporary philosophers of mind accept an externalist view of content (or intentional properties) of beliefs such that intentional properties are not local properties of an individual's brain. The basic dilemma one faces is thus the following : either revise the assumption that intentional properties of beliefs are relevant to the causal explanation of intentional actions or behavior ; or revise the assumption that local properties of an individual's brain are relevant to the causal explanation of an individual's intentional actions.

Key-words : intentionality, functionalism, externalism, physicalism, causal explanation.
Le dessin d'une maison. Construction d'une échelle de développement
Authors: Barrouillet P. , Courtier J. , Chevrot C.
Published: November 2007

Summary: The drawing of a house: Construction of a developmental scale.

The present study aims to construct a genetic developmental scale concerning the drawing of a house. Constructed on the basis of 396 drawings produced by 198 children, this scale makes use of a marking system similar to Goodenough's scale for the drawing of a man. In order to be sensitive to genetic influences, the scale takes into account only those details whose presence increases as a function of the age of the child (ignoring those which do not vary in frequency, and those which are extremely rare). An easy-to-use 21-point scale was constructed. The validity and accuracy of the marking scale were evaluated by comparing them with those of Goodenough's man drawings, using 227 subjects aged from 2;11 from 11 ;8 years, each producing three drawings of a man and three drawings of a house. Compared with the marking scale of the man drawing, the scale proposed here shows great genetic sensitivity. As with man-drawing, house-drawing evolues with age, and may constitute an index of the degree of cognitive development ofthe child.

Key words: development, drawing, Goodenough man-drawing test.
Effets de l'âge et du niveau d'étude sur différents sous-systèmes mnésiques
Authors: Desgranges Béatrice , Eustache Francis , Rioux Patrice
Published: November 2007

Summary : Effects of age and educational level on memory subsystems.

A cross-sectional study of 60 healthy subjects ranging from 56 to 93 years old and divided into 2 educational levels indicated that both age and education influence explicit memory as measured by a set of tests : digit span, working memory, story recall, word recall, visual reproduction of geometrical figure and verbal fluency. However, neither age nor educational level significantly affected performance in 2 implicit word-stem completion tasks. For procedural memory, assessed by maze learning and mirror reading, the results were less clear-cut. Skill acquisition appears to be influenced by age (but not by educational level). This would be explained by an influence of explicit memory (greater for perceptuo-motor than for perceptuo-verbal skill), supported by multiple correspondence analyses and correlational analyses. On the other hand, statistical analyses suggest that skill retention is an implicit memory phenomenon, unaf- fected by age. These results are consistent with a multiple memory approach and strengthen the interest of modular concepts of memory in the study of normal aging.

Key words : Memory, age, educational level.
À la recherche du calepin visuo-spatial en mémoire de travail
Authors: Monnier Catherine , Roulin Jean-Marie
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Baddeley (1990), dans le cadre de son modèle de la mémoire de travail, définit le calepin visuo-spatial (VSSP) comme le sous-système mnésique responsable du maintien des informations visuo-spatiales ainsi que de la formation et de la manipulation des images mentales. Le présent article a pour objectif de répertorier et de critiquer les principales recherches qui se sont intéressées à l'étude de la mémoire à court terme visuo-spatiale. Nous présenterons en premier lieu les faits expérimentaux et neuropsychologiques tendant à prouver l'existence d'un calepin visuo-spatial indépendant et autonome. Puis nous aborderons les hypothèses concernant la structure et le fonctionnement du calepin visuo-spatial. Enfin, des aspects méthodologiques seront discutés. La conclusion sera l'occasion de souligner certaines contradictions rencontrées dans les recherches centrées sur l'étude du calepin visuo-spatial et de suggérer, comme ouverture, d'adopter une approche originale qui permettrait d'envisager une solution provisoire.

Mots-clés : mémoire de travail, calepin visuo-spatial, paradigme des tâches interférentes.
L'acquisition de la lecture en français : étude longitudinale de la première à la seconde année du primaire
Authors: Sprenger-Charolles Liliane
Published: November 2007

Résumé

L'objectif de cette étude est d'examiner l'évolution des procédures de lecture chez des enfants francophones scolarisés en première et seconde année du primaire. Les sujets (N = 31) ont passé à trois reprises une épreuve de lecture de mots contrastés en fonction de la fréquence (mots fréquents vs mots rares) et de la régularité (mots réguliers simples, mots réguliers complexes contenant des digraphes et mots irréguliers). L'hypothèse centrale est que les enfants utilisent d'abord des procédures de lecture par médiation phonologique auxquelles vont se substituer progressivement, mais pas totalement, des procédures orthographiques. On escomptait donc, dans un premier temps, un effet de la régularité sans incidence de la fréquence, cette dernière ne devant interférer avec la régularité que dans les étapes ultérieures de l'acquisition. On attendait également une évolution en profondeur de la nature des unités de traitement utilisées : des unités de surface que sont les lettres aux unités plus profondes que sont les graphèmes. Les résultats ont, de fait, permis de voir que les procédures de lecture par médiation phonolcmque occupent une place importante, les meilleures performances se rencontrait toujours sur les mots réguliers. Ils ont également permis de relever une tendance développementale intéressante pour l'effet de la complexité : contrairement aux hypothèses, cet effet, qui s'atténue entre les sessions, est toujours au profit des mots complexes. Enfin, ils ont permis de constater un effet inattendu de la fréquence qui se manifeste de façon constante mais sans interagir avec la régularité. Ces résultats sont analysés en relation avec ceux obtenus dans un précédent volet de cette étude longitudinale.

Mots-clés : acquisition de la lecture, médiation phonologique, procédures orthographiques, traitement des digraphes.
L'abstraction d'une représentation centrale chez des bébés de 3 mois
Authors: Poirier Christine
Published: November 2007

Summary : Abstraction of central representation in three-month-old infants

This research investigates the procedures by which three-month-old infants form categories. We propose that infants extract a central representation of different stimuli belonging to the same category. They can thus compare this representation with all new stimuli. Three experiments were performed using series of rectangles that varied in their length (25 % ). Their width was also varied to keep area constant. The average rectangle would be the central representation. An infant-controlled habituation and novelty-reaction paradigm was used. For the test, infants were shown, depending on the experiment, the average rectangle vs a square, the average rectangle vs a new rectangle, or the average rectangle vs a familiar rectangle. Although global results support our hypothesis, some order effects occurred, in the first two experiments, the results were stronger when the average rectangle was presented first. This tended to reinforce the privileged status of the average prototype. These results suggest that central representation abstraction is one of the processes playing a role in three-month-old infants' formation of categories.

Key words : categorization, infant, perceptual organization.
De la mesure de la sensibilité temporelle aux modèles d'organisation temporelle : hypothèses et données sur l'acquisition des capacités temporelles auditives
Authors: Drake Carolyn , Baruch C.
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Les idées et les données expérimentales de Paul Fraisse sur la perception du temps ont considérablement influencé les recherches actuelles sur la cognition auditive. Nous illustrons comment le modèle de l'attention dynamique de Jones et Boltz (1989) les ont intégrées, en testant deux prédictions sur l'acquisition des compétences temporelles : 1/ les jeunes enfants et les bébés se focalisent spontanément sur des événements se produisant à une cadence plus rapide que les enfants plus âgés ou les adultes; 2/ les enfants plus âgés deviennent progressivement capables de focaliser leur attention sur des événements se produisant à des cadences plus éloignées de leur niveau de focalisation spontané.

Mots-clés: sensibilité temporelle, organisation temporelle auditive, développement.
Effet du vieillissement sur les réponses basées sur la familiarité et sur la recherche en situation de reconnaissance
Authors: Isingrini Michel , Hauer Karine , Fontaine Roger
Published: November 2007

Summary: Effect of aging on familiarity-based and retrieval-based recognition.

A recognition and a recall task, dealing with the same items, were administered successively to a group of young subjects (age : 25-35) and to two groups of elderly subjects (age: 62-70 and 71-87). With regard to the recognition task, two types of response were distinguished, using the paradigm suggested by Horton et al. (1993) : the familiarity-based and retrieval-based recognition. The results indicate that the performance on recall and recognition was modified by aging. However, the age effect on recall appeared also with a group of older subjects matched on overall recognition accuracy with the group ofyounger subjects, showing that the aging effect was more important for recall thanfor recognition. With the paradigm proposed by Horton et al., the results indicate that only the retrieval-based recognition were affected by aging. This pattern of results was still present when recognition accuracy per se was equated between young and old subjects.

Key words : aging, memory, recognition, recall, familiarity-based recognition, retrieval-based recognition.
Dissonance ou autoperception : un nouveau test dans le paradigme de la double soumission forcée
Authors: Girandola F.
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Cet article présente un nouveau test entre la version radicale de la dissonance cognitive (Beauvois et Joule, 1981) et la théorie de l'autoperception (Bem, 1972) en double soumission forcée. On présente deux expérimentations. Les résultats sont conformes aux prédictions de la version radicale et contraires à celles de l'autoperception. Dans la première, les sujets réalisent une tâche fastidieuse avant de la présenter soit positivement - comme dans l'expérience de Festinger et Carlsmith (1959) - soit négativement à un pair. Les sujets l'ayant présentée positivement la jugent plus négativement que ceux l'ayant présentée négativement. Dans la seconde, des observateurs, sont incapables de reproduire le changement d'attitude de ces sujets. On examine ensuite les implications de l'établissement du taux de dissonance en double soumission forcée.

Mots-clés: dissonance cognitive, autoperception, double soumission forcée.
La compréhension de métaphores et de pseudo-métaphores chez des enfants âgés de 4 à 8 ans
Authors: Fourment-Aptekman Marie-Claude
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Dans le but d'infirmer l'idée d'un décalage entre la production précoce de métaphores, culminant vers 3-4 ans, et la compréhension qui n'apparaîtrait que vers 7 ans, nous avons utilisé, dans cette recherche, deux types d'énoncés :

— énoncés pseudo-métaphoriques (recueillis au cours de jeux symboliques) ;

— énoncés métaphoriques dans lesquels le lien entre topique et véhicule peut reposer soit sur la notion de vitesse, soit sur une caractéristique psychologique (l'opposition gentil/méchant).

De plus, on utilise de petits jouets, représentant le topique et le véhicule, comme support à la compréhension.

Les résultats montrent que les énoncés pseudo-métaphoriques sont massivement compris dès l'âge de 4 ans (87,5 %), alors que les énoncés métaphoriques ne le sont pas à cet âge. La compréhension métaphorique augmente significativement avec l'âge et atteint 36 % à 8 ans. On note également que les réponses de transformation magique du topique en véhicule sont nombreuses à tous les âges, et qu'elles culminent à 8 ans. Ce résultat est attribué à l'utilisation de petits jouets, favorisant une attitude ludique, qui n'ont, par ailleurs, pas amélioré les performances. Le type de lien entre topique et véhicule n'a pas joué de rôle. Seule la familiarité de certains véhicules a entraîné une meilleure compréhension.

La distinction entre métaphores et pseudo-métaphores a permis d'infirmer l'existence d'un décalage systématique entre production et compréhension.

Mots-clés : compréhension, métaphore, pseudo-métaphore, enfants.
L'écholocation humaine chez les handicapés visuels
Authors: Arias C.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Human echolocation by visually handicapped people.

Echolocation, which is an active mode of perception, is defined as the ability to process acoustic information contained in echoes produced by the reflexion of self-generated sounds on the surrounding obstacles. It is important to note that almost all visually handicapped people spontaneously and intuitively generate sounds such as tongue clicks, snaps, hissings or vocalizations when they move around in order to gather spatial information. Also, this ability can be observed in any person who has had a brief but adequate training period. This paper describes the research that we have carried out to study obstacle perception through echolocation in blind people. At present, our efforts are mainly aimed to design critical experiments and to complete the ROUSETUS measurement system developed by us — which consists of the obstacle simulator, the ECOTEST and the auditory evoked potential modules — that will allow us to study human echolocation processes and its underlying psychoacoustic mechanisms in cognitive and behavioral contexts.

Key words : echolocation, blindness, obstacle perception.
L'apprentissage d'une grammaire artificielle par des enfants de 9 à 11 ans
Authors: Fischer J.-P.
Published: November 2007

Summary: Artificial grammar learning by 9- to 11-year-old children.

In experiment 1, we demonstrate that children can learn an artificial grammar in the standard conditions (see, for example, Reber, 1993). This implicit learning capacity does not develop in the examined age-period (9 to 11). Children's verbal explanations come under the three classical models of artificial grammar learning : abstraction of rules, comparison with training exemplars, and memorization of fragments. However, a complementary analysis shows that children's adherence to some grammatical rules plays a major role.

In experiment 2, we use the same artificial grammar and learning items as in experiment 1. But, having discovered a system of imperfectly valid rules used by the children, we constructed a new set of test items. This new set is designed for checkmating the rule system of experiment 1 if the (new) children continue to use it. The results conform to the prediction : the 10- and 11-year-old children judged as grammatical the test items which were not, and conversely judged grammatical items as non-grammatical.

Two other factors are taken into consideration in these experiments : the similarity and association (as measured by associative strength) between the learning items and the test items. The results suggest, if these factors are not confounded with grammaticality, that they have little impact on the judgment of grammaticality. Furthermore, in the present research they appear rather as a by-product of children's adherence to the rules. In the conclusion, we emphasize the questionable status — which is exacerbated by experiment 2 — of the notion of an « imperfectly valid» rule. We also underline that, in artijicial grammar learning, the grammar and the learning items do not alone determine the test performance.

Key words : artificial grammar, implicit learning, rule, development, child.
«L'Année Psychologique» dans la correspondance de Jean Larguier des Bancels
Authors: Chapuis Élisabeth
Published: November 2007

Summary: «L'Année Psychologique in Jean Larguier des Bancels' collection.

The correspondence which is conserved in the Larguier des Bancels' collection at the University of Lausanne shows a little known side of Binet's character : we see him running single-handedly the Année Psychologique, negotiating contracts with successive publishers, recruting collaborators — some of them were to become close friends — bringing all his influence to bear on the editorial orientations of his review even if that meant the occasional compromise with the publisher.

The loyal admiration which he inspired in a small circle of collaborators such as Simon and Larguier des Bancels lead them, after his death, to complete and carry out the volume he had been preparing, and to refuse to join the new team formed under Pieron, after 1912.

Key words : Alfred Binet, Jean Larguier des Bancels, Edouard Claparede, correspondence, L'Année Psychologique.
Alfred Binet et « L'Année Psychologique » d'après une correspondance inédite
Authors: Nicolas Serge
Published: November 2007

Summary: Alfred Binet and « L'Année Psychologique » as seen through unedited correspondence.

This paper presents the story of the first years of the review L'Année Psychologique (1894-1912). The evolution of the review is exposed through unpublished correspondence between Alfred Binet and Jean Larguier des Bancels, his sub-editor during the years 1902-1911. The first part of the paper presents the biography of Binet's closest collaborators : Jean Larguier des Bancels (1876-1961) and Théodore Simon (1873-1961). The second part of the paper presents the evolution of the Année Psychologique (changes of publishers, politics of publication, etc.) between 1903 and 1911 as a result of editorial problems. The last part of the paper recounts, through the correspondence between J. Larguier des Bancels and Th. Simon, the last moments of Binet's life and the circumstances of the composition of the commemorative volume in 1912 (t. XVIII) edited by his two collaborators. From his nomination as director of the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology established at the Sorbonne, Henri Piéron ensured the continuity of the publication of the review.

Key words : L'Année Psychologique, Alfred Binet, Jean Larguier des Bancels, Théodore Simon, Henri Piéron, history of psychology.
Peur et persuasion : présentations des recherches(1953-1998) et d'une nouvelle lecture
Authors: Girandola Fabien
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Depuis plus de quarante ans, des recherches ont montré les effets de la peur sur les attitudes et/ou les comportements. Cet article passe d'abord en revue les explications théoriques avancées et les travaux récents pour rendre compte des effets persuasifs et de résistances. Une nouvelle lecture en quatre étapes est ensuite présentée sur les effets de la peur. Plusieurs variables sont particulièrement importantes : la description de la menace, les comportements de prévention et de détection en tant que recommandations, l'auto-efficacité ou la croyance des individus dans leur capacité à faire face à la menace, les processus de contrôle du danger et de la peur et leurs effets sur les attitudes et comportements subséquents, les comportements antérieurs. Ces variables permettent de contribuer à la mise sur pied de campagnes de persuasion destinées aux populations à risque.

Mots-clés : peur, changement d'attitude, résistance au changement, communication persuasive.
La révision des accords nominal et verbal chez l'enfant
Authors: Largy Pierre
Published: November 2007

Summary : Nominal and verbal agreement revision in children.

This experiment aims to investigate the stage during which « rule proceduralisation », with regard to nominal and verbal agreement, occurs. Analysing the performance obtained from children in their 2nd, 3rd and 4th years of primary school, in two types of tasks (write a dictated word (noun or verb) in context with its grammatical agreement ; identify and correct an error involving the same agreements), we found that there is a period (2nd and 3rd years of primary school) during which the children are more able to detect and correct an agreement error, than to produce the same agreement during word production. These results are explained in terms of the cognitive cost difference between these different activities. They show that the skill required in the production of inflection markers, used to indicate if the word is singular or plural, is preceded by another lesser known skill, in the area of spelling revision.

Key words : written production, spelling revision, nominal agreement, verbal agreement, spelling development.
NOVLEX : une base de données lexicales pour les élèves de primaire
Authors: Lambert Éric , Chesnet David
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Cet article présente la base de données lexicales NOVLEX. Cette base est un outil permettant d'estimer l'étendue et la fréquence lexicale du vocabulaire écrit adressé à des élèves francophones de l'enseignement primaire. Elle a été constituée grâce à l'analyse de livres scolaires et extra-scolaires destinés à des élèves de CE2.

Mots-clés : fréquence, base de données lexicales, vocabulaire enfant.
Automatisme en détection d'erreurs d'accord sujet-verbe : étude chez l'enfant et l'adulte
Authors: Largy Pierre , Dédéyan A.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Automatism in subject-verb agreement error detection : A study in children and adults.

This research examines the development of expertise in the detection of agreement errors, between a verb and a subject noun. Analysis of the performance of primary and secondary school children and adults in a task consisting of detecting agreement errors in sentences presented one by one on a computer screen, indicates that : 1) the detection of agreement errors is undertaken through a monitoring system ; 2) this monitoring system is used to pinpoint configurations that might be incorrect ; 3) an algorithm that verifies the given agreement follows the aforementioned detection ; 4) expertise in revision results in an evolution of the monitoring system employed. With experience in writing, this monitoring would unconsciously draw on the presence of co-occurrences between morphemes (i.e., an « -nt » inflection associated by proximity with an « -s » inflection). The most plausible interpretation of these results is that reading and writing facilitate storage of spatial co-occurrences between such morphemes and that detection activity, when revision is carried out in cognitively costly conditions, benefits from this implicit learning.

Key words : written production, spelling revision, error detection, subject/verb agreement, spelling development.
Mémoire de travail et rédaction de textes : évolution des modèles et bilan des premiers travaux
Authors: Chanquoy Lucile , Alamargot D.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Working memory and writing : Evolution of models and assessment of research.

This critical review examines the relationships between writing and working memory. The first part of the review proposes a definition of writing through the presentation of Hayes and Flower's classic model (1980) and the different writing processes. Then, in order to show the progressive integration of the notion of working memory in writing research, recent models, elaborated by Hayes (1996) and Kellogg (1996) are described. A series of studies, testing the relevance of Kellogg's model is discussed. The critical analysis of these experimental data leads to questions about the role of Baddeley's working memory model (1986) to account for (a) the dynamics of processing during writing and (b) the evolution of writing expertise. The second part of this review attempts to exceed these two limits in discussing the interest of theoretical ideas about working memory that differ from Baddeley's model. On the one hand, some activation models (Anderson, 1983 ; Cowan, 1993), that account for the dynamics of processing are presented, illustrated by different experimental work and analysed in the framework of text production. On the other hand, the adaptation made by McCutchen (1996) of Just and Carpenter's (1992) Capacity Theory and the adoption by Kellogg (1999) and McCutchen (2000) of Ericsson and Kintsch's (1995) theory about Long-Term Working Memory are discussed as potential theoretical paths to explain the development (in children) or the strengthening (in adults) of writing expertise. Finally, the conclusion, whose main objective is to sum up the different ways to conceive relationships between writing and working memory, focuses on the increasing importance of long term memory, considered as a resource register, storing the different pieces ofknowledge implied in writing processing.

Key words : writing, working memory, processing dynamics, writing expertise, long-term working memory.
La mémoire haptique de la forme des objets chez les bébés âgés de 4 mois
Authors: Lhote Myriam , Streri Arlette
Published: November 2007

Summary : Haptic memory of object shape in 4-month-old infants

The aim of this experiment was to study haptic memory of object shape in 4-month-old babies. One hundred and twenty eight infants participated in this experiment. Haptic habituation without visual control was used, followed either by a short delay (30 s), a long delay (120 s), no delay or a haptic interference. Infants' two hands were stimulated. Results showed that haptic habituation occurred for both hands in 4-month-old babies. In the three conditions, recognition memory was found with both hands and for both sexes. These results provide evidence of short-term and long-term haptic memory. Development of handedness and haptic memory are discussed, as well as the specific nature of this type of memory in comparison with other sensory modes.

Key words : memory, haptic perception, infancy handedness.
Normes d'associations verbales chez des enfants de 9, 10 et 11 ans et des adultes
Authors: De La Haye F.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Word association norms for 9-, 10-, and 11-year-old children (CE2, CMl, CM2) and adults

This paper presents a database of word association norms developed for researchers interested in language and/or memory and more particularly in developmental aspects. This normative work concerns single free association norms for 200 words in the French language, collected from 1 200 children (9-, 10-and 11-year-old children) and 400 adults, between the ages of 18 and 34. The selection of experimental material in psycholinguistics often involves consideration of certain characteristics of words that we want to study and to take into account. So, the word association norms constitute an important tool for ail researchers in psycholinguistics concerning the construction and control of experimental material. The comparison children/adults show a recovery rate (with respect to adults' responses) of 62,5 % for 9-year-old children, of 63 % for 10-year-old children and of68,5 % for 11-year-old children.

Key words : word association norms, development.
Les modèles d'horloge interne en psychologie du temps
Authors: Droit-Volet Sylvie , Wearden John
Published: November 2007

Summary : Internal clock models in the psychology of time.

The aim of this theoretical review is to present and discuss models in psychology that support the idea of an internal clock as a basic mechanism involved in temporal judgments. Therefore, first we present the most popular theory conceiving an internal clock as a mechanism composed of a pacemaker and an accumulator. Second, we describe a more elaborated theory about the processing of time information, i.e., scalar timing theory. Finally, we present two others theories, one that proposes behavioral states, and the other a neural oscillatory system as the basis of time judgments.

Key words : time, timing, internal clock, model.
Dénomination par écrit de paires d'images : la question de la « dépendance »
Authors: Malardier Nathalie , Bonin Patrick , Fayol Michel
Published: November 2007

Résumé

La « dépendance » en production verbale renvoie à la question de déterminer dans quelle mesure l'initialisation du nom associé à une cible imagée (n) dépend des caractéristiques des cibles subséquentes (n + 1, n + 2...). Trois expériences de dénomination écrite de couples de mots à partir d'images ont été conduites sur cette question. La relation sémantique, phonologique/orthographique et associative entre les couples a été manipulée au travers des trois expériences. Les résultats sur les latences d'initialisation de l'écriture ont révélé un effet d'interférence sémantique (Expérience 1), aucun effet significatif de la relation phonologique/orthographique (Expérience 2) et un effet de facilitation associatif (Expérience 3). Le patron de résultats suggère, d'une part, que la dépendance est limitée en production verbale écrite de couples de mots conformément à ce qui a été observé en production verbale orale ; d'autre part, il renforce l'hypothèse de l'existence de liens associatifs entre certaines représentations en production verbale (Alario, Segui et Ferrand, 2000).

Mots clés : production verbale écrite, dépendance, interférence sémantique, facilitation phonologique/orthographique, relation associative.