bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The validity of the application of simple kinetic analysis to heterogeneous microbial populations1
Authors: WILLIAMS P. J. LEB.
Published: March 2010

It is shown by use of a mathematical model that heterogeneous populations do not adhere to the Michaelis and Menten equation; at low substrate concentration, observed rates are higher than predicted ones. The discrepancy between observed and predicted values increases as the population becomes more diverse. If kinetic analysis based on the Michaelis and Menten equation is used to determine the rate of turnover of substrates in natural waters, the rate may be underestimated unless measurements are made at very low added substrate concentrations.
Seasonal fluctuations of ionic copper in Knights Pond, Massachusetts
Authors: KIMBALL KENNETH D.
Published: March 2010

The Birge‐Ekman box corer has been modified for use by SCUBA divers or deep submergence research vessels, thus allowing control in the precision of sampling. Data suggest that the modified box corer exhibits greater accuracy and precision in estimating the abundance of species and individuals than conventional surface ship samplers or smaller corers used widely for in situ investigations.
A quantitative push‐net system for transect studies of larval fish and macrozooplankton1,2
Authors: MILLER JOHN M.
Published: March 2010

A surface plankton sampler that quantitatively samples contiguous segments of a transect has characteristics that include operability in shallow water by two investigators, paired, self‐cleaning nets, a minimum of obstructions preceding the nets, and a high ratio of filtering area to mouth area.
An inexpensive, recording tide gauge1
Authors: TEMPEL NEAL R.
Published: March 2010

An inexpensive, recording tide gauge has been constructed and tested in a small tidal pond on the north shore of Long Island. The instrument costs less than $50 if a 0–1 mA recorder is already available.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND COLOR OF LAKE TAHOE AND CRATER LAKE1
Authors: Smith Raymond C. , Tyler John E. , Goldman Charles R.
Published: March 2010

Spectral irradiance has been measured as a function of depth in Crater Lake, Oregon, and Lake Tahoe, California. In Lake Tahoe, Secchi disk observations and submarine photometer measurements have been recorded year round since July 1967. Also, in Lake Tahoe, beam transmittance has been measured as a function of depth. From these data the radiant energy input and certain optical properties of the two lakes are presented. Since color is a principal esthetic feature of these lakes, a complete color analysis is also presented. This information provides an objective standard with which to compare possible future changes in the optical properties and in the esthetic appearance of Crater Lake and Lake Tahoe. The method can be applied generally to quantify the optical deterioration of any aquatic habitat and can detect such deterioration before it is noticeable by casual visual observation.
THE THERMAL REGIME OF LAKE LANAO (PHILIPPINES) AND ITS THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR TROPICAL LAKES1
Authors: Lewis William M.
Published: March 2010

A study of temperature profiles, climatic records, and chemical data for Lake Lanao, a low‐altitude tropical lake, over 14 months shows that the annual pattern of heat distribution depends partly on a seasonal air temperature minimum and partly on nonseasonal climatic changes. The lake circulated during January and February at the time of seasonal cooling, was intermittently stable during March and April, and was stratified during all other months. During stratification the principal thermocline achieved equilibrium with storm winds at 40–50 m. Secondary and tertiary thermoclines repeatedly split the epilimnion into an upper turbulent layer and a lower stagnant layer for periods up to 2 months, but were displaced or dissipated at irregular intervals by storms. The term atelomixis is proposed to denote the mixing of chemically divergent layers during stratification.

Changes in the shape of thermal profiles in Lake Lanao include sharpening of thermodines by wind and convection, smearing of thermoclines by internal water movements, unstable thermal inversions due to cooling at the surface, and stable thermal inversions on the bottom that result from heat retention during cool weather.
WAX ESTERS IN TROPICAL ZOOPLANKTON AND NEKTON AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WAX ESTERS IN MARINE COPEPODS1
Authors: Lee Richard F. , Hirota Jed
Published: March 2010

Analyses of zooplankton and nekton from the central South Pacific showed that surface and epipelagic zooplankton had small amounts of neutral lipids, mainly triglycerides, while deep‐water tropical copepods had wax esters as the major lipid type, presumed to function as a reserve storage.

The total lipid content and wax esters of tropical copepods captured at about 500 m were significantly lower than those of species from high latitudes. The median percentage of wax esters increased progressively from tropical to polar latitudes in nine species of Calanus and five or six species of Euchaeta. Deep‐living tropical copepods had the same median percentage of wax esters as mesopelagic and bathy pelagic copepods from a subtropical station.

Caridean and penaeidean decapods and euphausiids showed less than 5% wax esters. Gnathophausia, a mesopelagic mysid, stored wax esters (32% of the lipid). A deep‐water chaetognath (Eukrohnia sp. ?) and a mesopolagic cranchiid squid had over 25% wax esters. Fish species not previously analyzed containing more than 10% wax esters included three myctophids and members of the Astronesthidae, Cheilodipteridae, Gonostomatidae, Paralepididae, Scopelosauridae, and Sternoptychidae.
TRACE ELEMENT TRAPPING IN PTEROPOD TESTS1
Authors: Turekian Karl K. , Katz Amitai , Chan Lui
Published: March 2010

Pteropod tests from the Gulf of Aqaba and the South Atlantic Ocean and “bulk” (soft tissue) plankton samples from Long Island Sound were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for 11 trace metals (Fe, Ce, La, Sm, Eu, Th, Sc, Cr, Co, Sb, Sc) to study the trapping and transport mechanisms for these metals in the oceans and the capability of pteropods to modify the composition of seawater during this process. The internal correlations among these metals strongly suggest that a finely particulate ( <0.2 µ ) authigenic iron‐rich phase (hydrated oxide or phosphate) is trapped by both the soft and hard tissues of plankton and that this phase is the major carrier of several of the trace metals. Assuming that the iron‐rich floc‐trapping mechanism is applicable to all pelagic calcareous tests, then the downward flux of iron and associated trace elements carried by these tests can be assessed. To the precision of our knowledge about the transport and dissolution of calcium carbonate in deep water, this assumption leads to the conclusion that the iron and the associated trace elements have residence times in the deep water of the same order of magnitude as that of the deep water itself.
THORIUM IN WATER AND ALGAE FROM THE ADRIATIC SEA
Authors: Strohal P. , Pinter T.
Published: March 2010

Thorium concentrations were determined in filtered (0.45‐µ Millipore) and unfiltered seawater as well as in marine algae. In filtered seawater, values were 8 × 10−13 g Th liter−1 and lower; for unfiltered seawater samples, values about three orders of magnitude higher were obtained. Thorium concentrations in marine algae are in the range of 10−6 to 10−8 g Th g−1 ashed material.
DATING RECENT RESERVOIR SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Jerry C. Ritchie , J. Roger McHenry , Angela C. Gill
Published: March 2010

Radioactive fallout 137Cs can be used to date sediment deposited in lakes and reservoirs since 1959. Within small regional watersheds, fallout 137Cs is assumed to be uniformly distributed on the surface soil and is tightly adsorbed to surface soil particles. Some of these soil particles naturally labeled with 137Cs then move through the sedimentation cycle and can be used to date sediment profiles. Two distinct periods of erosion and sedimentation (1959–1960 and 1963–1964) can be associated with periods of maximum atmospheric fallout. Data from other reservoirs illustrate the utility of this method.
A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HETEROTROPHIC UTILIZATION OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN WEST BLUE LAKE, MANITOBA
Authors: Robinson Gordon G. C. , Hendzel Leonard L. , Gillespie Douglas C.
Published: March 2010

The relationship between the concentration of nine organic acid substrates (lactic, pyruvic, fumaric, malic, acetic, succinic, glycolic, citric, and formic) and their velocities of uptake has been investigated in West Blue Lake, Manitoba. Maximum uptake velocities were ranked and compared with bacterial plate counts on minimal media supplemented with single organic acids. For pyruvic, fumaric, malic, acetic, glycolic, and citric acids an excellent correlation (r = 0.98) existed between plate counts and acid uptake indicating that for these substrates maximum velocities of uptake are indeed indicative of actual bacterial populations.
Application of a model to an estuarine ecosystem
Authors: WYATT T. , QASIM S. Z.
Published: March 2010

The annual cycles of primary production and plankton succession in the Cochin Backwater, South India, are examined in the context of a model given by Margalef. The increased flushing of the estuary caused by the southwest monsoon is seen as the main driving force behind the changes which take place.

Fish production in the estuary is high when compared with primary production; it is suggested that detritus is an important component of the food web.
Caloric content of phytoplankton
Authors: PLATT TREVOR , IRWIN BRIAN
Published: March 2010

There are important theoretical and empirical reasons for expressing calorific values in terms of grams of carbon rather than grams dry weight. For phytoplankton, calorific value may be predicted with fairly high accuracy from carbon content, enabling much smaller samples to be used and resulting in a considerable saving in time. This removes the biggest stumbling block to the routine measurement of the energy efficiency of primary production.
Membrane filter retention—a source of error in the 14C method of measuring primary production
Authors: MCMAHON J. W.
Published: March 2010

The relationship between volume of water filtered and apparent specific activity of phytoplankton in which the latter decreases (cpm 14C ml−1) with increasing volume filtered, previously attributed to cellular damage to phytoplankton during vacuum filtration, is now considered mainly due to retention of unfixed radiotracer on the membrane filter. The retention capacity for 14C by the filter, expressed as radioactivity per milliliter filtered, is maximum for small sample volumes (< 1 nil), decreasing to a constant value when sample volumes are larger than 100 ml. This is attributed partially to absorption in the filter and probable retention of 14C bound to unknown substances in the water or on the filter which are eluted or exchanged by passage of volumes of water of 100 ml or greater. This “washing” effect permits almost all of the 14C not fixed in organisms to pass through the filter.
Determination of calcite: aragonite ratios in mollusc shells by infrared spectra1
Authors: COMPERE EDWARD L. , BATES JOHN M.
Published: March 2010

Calcium carbonate structure in mollusc shells can be determined by infrared spectroscopy. Infrared analysis is easier and less expensive than most other current methods for macroscopic analysis of the structures in gross calcium carbonate.

Shell specimens from 22 river species were shown to be entirely aragonite; the composition of two shells of Strombus gigas Linnaeus was primarily aragonite with a thin surface layer of calcite and that of a fossil oyster shell (Ostrea sp.) was entirely calcite.
Sugar‐coated Daphnia: A preservation technique for Cladocera1
Authors: HANEY JAMES F. , HALL DONALD J.
Published: March 2010

Carapace distortion and loss of eggs by preserved Daphnia was prevented by adding 40 g liter−1 sucrose to 4% Formalin.
Quantitative sampling of live zooplankton with a filter‐pump system
Authors: ICANBERRY JOHN W. , RICHARDSON ROLAND W.
Published: March 2010

A conventional plankton net was inadequate for study of the survival of zooplankton passing through the cooling water systems of thermal power plants. A filter collection system was designed which allows survivals of 90–95% by reducing water velocities and turbulence within the collection chamber. Comparisons of fishing abilities did not show any significant differences between a filter pump and a plankton net.
An inexpensive deep‐sea pumping system1
Authors: JEFFREY L. M. , FREDERICKS A. D. , HILLIER E.
Published: March 2010

A pumping system has been constructed from commercially available components that samples from three depths simultaneously at minimum rates of 624 liters hr−1 from 3,000 and maximum rates of 1,200 liters hr−1 from 30 m. A single line system consists of a length of polyethylene tubing extending to the sampling depth and secured to the coring cable, a submersible pump connected to the polyethylene tubing 20–50 m from the surface, and another polyethylene tubing line connected to the pump outlet and extending to the ship’s deck.
Bacterial content of particulate matter in offshore surface waters1
Authors: JANNASCH HOLGER W.
Published: March 2010

The absence of attached bacteria from masses of particles encountered in tropical surface waters indicates the relatively recent origin and labile state of this material.
EXTENSIVE OXYGEN DEPLETION IN MOBILE BAY, ALABAMA1
Authors: May Edwin B.
Published: March 2010

Extensive areas of bottom water in Mobile Bay, Alabama, one of the largest estuaries on the Gulf of Mexico, suffer oxygen depletion in summer because of salinity stratification in sinks created by shoals in the lower bay and by spoil from construction of the Mobile Ship Channel. When these water masses low in dissolved oxygen are occasionally forced against the beach demersal fishes and crustaceans migrate shoreward in a depressed or moribund state. In the absence of technical data these popular occurrences called “jubilees” provide over a century of historical evidence of oxygen depletion. Oxygen depletion and jubilees occurred in the bay before man physically modified the basin but the conditions responsible for oxygen depletion are worse than in the past. Because of bathymetric changes and modifications which have restricted water circulation, Mobile Bay has exceeded its capacity to assimilate its oxygen demand in summer, which has severely affected the biota of the estuary.
DISTRIBUTION OF CORAL REEFS IN THE PEARL ISLANDS (GULF OF PANAMA) IN RELATION TO THERMAL CONDITIONS1
Authors: Glynn Peter W. , Stewart Robert H.
Published: March 2010

The hypothesis that coral reefs are largely confined to the north and east sides of islands because of favorable thermal conditions was tested and confirmed in the Pearl Islands, Panamá.

The growth rate of Pocillopora damicornis, the chief reef‐building species, declined markedly or ceased on shores exposed to temperatures in the range 20‐21°C, when median growth rates dropped to below 1.0 mm month‐1 and a variety of alien benthic species invaded and overgrew the branch tips of corals. High rates of bedload sedimentation on exposed shores and a high organic matter content of sediments on reefs did not affect coral growth. Differences in coral growth preceding and following upwelling were correlated with seasonal variations in sky cover.

Other factors affecting coral growth and reef development include the ability of corals to feed and reproduce at low temperatures, the influence of turbulent conditions, the capacity of a reef structure to modify the surrounding thermal regime, and the effects of attrition due to corallivores.
ON THE FEEDING OF SOME SCLERACTINIAN CORALS WITH BACTERIA AND DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER
Authors: Sorokin Yu. I.
Published: March 2010

Feeding experiments were carried out with 6 species of common scleractinian reef‐building corals from reefs of the Bismarck Archipelago. Their ability to utilize planktonic bacteria and dissolved organic matter (protein hydrolyzate) as food was demonstrated by using radiocarbon. The amount of organic carbon assimilated per day by animals given labeled food at concentrations approaching those found in situ was equivalent to 10–20% of the carbon content of the polyp’s body. The rate of consumption and assimilation of some planktonic algae by corals was much lower. Corals could consume organic phosphorus bound in the cells of planktonic bacteria more actively than inorganic phosphate at the same concentration (several µg liter1). The rate of consumption of phosphorus was 3µg g−1 day−1.
FILTERING RATE INHIBITION OF DAPHNIA PULEX IN WINTERGREEN LAKE WATER1,2
Authors: Crowley Philip H.
Published: March 2010

The difference between the effects of seston concentration and dissolved substances on the rates of filtering and feeding by Daphnia pulex in the water of a small eutrophic lake was studied during late summer (16–18 August 1971) .

Low concentrations of 32P‐labeled yeast, Rhodotorula sp., were added to whole lake water, lake water filtrate, and seston resuspended in filtered tapwater to measure grazing by field‐collected animals. Lake water seston limited grazing rates at ambient concentration; “dissolved” inhibitors capable of limiting filtering rates at lower seston concentrations were also present, but their effects were masked by high seston concentration. Possibly these dissolved substances were excreted into solution by the dense phytoplankton population, notably including Anabaena and Anacystis.

Mathematical expressions for filtering and feeding rates as functions of seston concentration are derived from Holling’s disc equation and fit to the data.
POSTDEPOSITIONAL OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENTS IN SEDIMENTS FROM SOAP LAKE, WASHINGTON1
Authors: Mantuani Mark A.
Published: March 2010

Sediments from Soap Lake, an alkaline‐saline lake on the arid Columbia Plateau, demonstrate postdepositional changes in response to a measured osmotic potential gradient through sediment. The primary mechanism for osmotic readjustment is redistribution water and dissolved ions through the sediment, altering sediment water content and pore water salinity. This redistribution provides a mechanism for mobilizing ions from exchange sites and from minerals to form pore waters of altered composition.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS OF THE CHEMICAL LIMNOLOGY OF MEROMICTIC LAKE MARY1
Authors: Weimer Walter C. , Lee F. Fred
Published: March 2010

Some features of the chemical limnology of meromictic Lake Mary were compared to similar features of neighboring dimictic Lake Rose. This dimictic lake and the mixolimnion of Lake Mary exhibited similar seasonal variations in their chemical composition. The chemical composition of the monimolimnetic waters of Lake Mary did not vary throughout the 21‐month study. Methane production in Lake Rose began soon after thermal stratification and concentrations in the anoxic hypolimnion reached about 14 mg liter−1. Methane concentrations in the Lake Mary monimolimnion increased with depth and ranged up to 21 mg liter−1. The concentration and vertical distribution of CH4, together with an alkalinity increase of 22 mg liter−1 above that in the surface waters and an NH4+ increase of 4.2 mg liter−1, indicated that biological activity helps sustain the meromixis of Lake Mary. However, the major factor allowing meromixis is the morphometry of the lake basin.
A NEW METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE TOTAL CARBONATE ION CONCENTRATION IN SALINE WATERS1
Authors: Simpson H. James , Broecker Wallace S.
Published: March 2010

A new method of determining total carbonate ion content of saline waters requires measurement of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide gas (Pco2) in equilibrium with an initial solution, plus two more Pco2 measurements made after adding a known amount of strong base and after further adding boric acid. These three Pco2 measurements, plus the total inorganic carbon concentration (∑CO2) are used to compute the total carbonate ion concentration of the original solution, without the use of any system of apparent dissociation constants. Experimental data for seawater samples using this method yield total carbonate ion concentrations in agreement with those calculated using Lyman’s apparent dissociation constants for carbonic and boric acids. The method can be equally well applied to other saline natural waters.
SIZE CLASSES OF ORGANIC CARBON IN SEAWATER
Authors: Sharp Jonathan H.
Published: March 2010

Using carbon analyses, four size classes of organic matter in seawater are investigated. An appreciable portion of the organic matter is smaller than the usually defined particulate class, but is most probably not truly dissolved. This portion can be segregated using very fine membrane filters and using membranes for forced dialysis. It is suggested that this “subparticulate” class should be considered as colloidal organic matter.
A REACTIVE SILICATE BUDGET FOR THE ARCTIC OCEAN1
Authors: Codispoti L. A. , Lowman Dorothy
Published: March 2010

Available data permit formulation of a reactive silicate budget for the Arctic Ocean. There is fairly good agreement between the input and removal terms. Arctic rivers do not appear to have unusually high reactive silicate concentrations and the budget indicates that the Arctic Ocean is not a major source for reactive silicate; it could even be a sink. The results also lend some credence to the view that the Bering Strait inflow may exit primarily via the Canadian Archipelago.
NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY DURING A DINOFLAGELLATE BLOOM1
Authors: Harrison William G.
Published: March 2010

Phytoplankton nitrate reductase activity in the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina, paralleled the development of a winter dinoflagellate bloom. High enzyme activity was associated not only with high algal biomass, primarily of Peridinium triquetrum, but also with low nitrate concentrations in the typically nitrate‐rich waters. Nitrate was an important source of nitrogen for the bloom organisms in spite of the abundance of ammonium. The initiation and cessation of nitrate assimilation seemed closely related to the appearance and disappearance of the bloom. Although nitrate metabolism may be an important factor in bloom timing, temperature, salinity, and flushing of the system are also involved.
The light dependence of nitrate reductase in marine phytoplankton1
Authors: PACKARD THEODORE T.
Published: March 2010

The light dependence of assimilatory nitrate reductase in marine phytoplankton was shown to follow a rectangular hyperbola. Analysis by the Michaelis‐Menten equation yielded values of KL,t ranging from 0.002 to 0.037 langleys min−1 indicating that the light requirements of phytoplankton are satisfied at low light intensities.
The probable occurrence of hydroxylarnine in the water of an Ethiopian lake.
Authors: BAXTER R. M. , WOOD R. B. , PROSSER M. V.
Published: March 2010

Fresh samples of water from all depths of Lake Pawlo, a moderately alkaline Ethiopian crater lake, frequently showed a marked increase in nitrite ion content after brief boiling. This did not occur, or was greatly reduced, in samples kept overnight before boiling.

It is suggested that this was due to the presence of hydroxylamine. At the original pH of the water, oxidation of the hydroxylamine in the samples leads to nitrous oxide. When the sample is boiled, carbon dioxide is driven off and pH is increased. At this higher pH the oxidation of hydroxylamine follows a different pathway.

Hydroxylamine may be a more frequent constituent of lake waters than has been assumed.
The fall overturn and winter cooling in Lake Superior
Authors: NED P. SMITH
Published: March 2010

Daily average temperatures and standard deviations are computed from two nearshore time series from Lake Superior during the fall overturn and the following period of cooling in winter 1966–1967. Temperatures from the 10‐m level decrease irregularly to near 0°C by mid‐February. Average temperatures from the 200‐m level decrease to 1.9°C by late January. The water column becomes isothermal at 4°C in early December. Energy density spectra computed from both time series show energy values dropping off exponentially with decreasing period and no significant spectral peaks.
A messenger‐operated closing trawl
Authors: HOPKINS THOMAS L. , BAIRD RONALD C. , MILLIKEN DEAN M.
Published: March 2010

Details on construction and operation of a relatively inexpensive closing Tucker trawl are presented. The trawl is opened and closed with a mechanical messenger‐actuated release device. Flow is monitored by a meter which records only when the net is fishing. Trawls of 1.8 × 1.8 m and 1.8 × 3.6 m in mouth dimension have been constructed; both can be fished on 3/16‐inch (4.8 mm) hydrowire.
Interaction of yellow organic acids with calcium carbonate in freshwater1
Authors: OTSUKI AKIRA , WETZEL ROBERT G.
Published: March 2010

Large amounts of soluble yellow organic humic acids are removed from lake water with precipitating CaCO3 by adsorption and incorporation into crystals during nucleation.
Unreliability of the 14C method for estimating primary productivity in eutrophic Dutch coastal waters1
Authors: GIESKES W. W. C. , VAN BENNEKOM A. J.
Published: March 2010

Secretion of mucus by colony‐forming algae may contribute to the underestimation of primary productivity with the 14C method if only the particulate, not the dissolved organic, fraction is taken into account. Silicate enrichment from glass 14C ampoules may lead to overestimation.
Uptake of selenium by aquatic organisms
Authors: SANDHOLM M. , OKSANEN H. E. , PESONEN L.
Published: March 2010

The Se content of aquatic organisms was lowest in aquatic plants, varying from 0.02 to 0.14 ppm (dry wt). Plankton samples contained from 1.1 to 2.4 ppm, fishes cultured in ponds 0.5 to 0.9 ppm, and fishes from natural environments 1.0 to 2.9 ppm.

The phytoplankter, Scenedesmus dimorphus, actively concentrated 75Se‐selenomethionine, but neither actively nor passively concentrated inorganic selenite. The zooplankton, consisting mostly of Daphnia pulex, absorbed 75Se from selenite. In aquariums fish concentrated only a small amount of organic or inorganic Se directly from water, but did concentrate Se from food.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF PHYTOPLANKTON CELL SIZE
Authors: Parsons T. R. , Takahashi M.
Published: March 2010

The size of phytoplankton species present in the ocean may be in part determined by environmental and physiological factors as demonstrated with two phytoplankters, Ditylum brightwellii and Coccolithus huxleyi.
INFLUENCE OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES ON THE GROWTH OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON: DIATOMS1
Authors: Prakash A. , Rashid M. A. , Jensen Arne , Subha Rao D. V.
Published: March 2010

Humic and fulvic acids extracted from decomposed residues of two littoral marine algae, Laminaria digitata and Fucus vesiculosus, and from mangrove leachates, stimulated the growth of a number of marine diatoms. This stimulatory effect was dependent on the concentration as well as the molecular size of the humic additive. Low molecular size fractions at low concentrations generated the maximum growth responses, as evidenced by increased cell yield, growth rate, chlorophyll concentration, and radiocarbon assimilation.
REGRESSIONS BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE TO ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY1
Authors: Blackburn Maurice
Published: March 2010

Simple regressions of various standing stocks on each other and on primary productivity were compared by covariance analysis for different seasons, latitudes, and longitudes in the eastern tropical Pacific. The stock of zooplankton varies significantly with that of chlorophyll a to a power <1.0 in all seasons and areas, and it is shown that a similar relation probably exists between the corresponding rates of daily production. A similar relation holds in the regression of standing stock of fish‐cephalopod micronekton, suitably lagged, on stock of zooplankton. Thus the relative amount of organic matter transferred from one trophic level to another probably decreases with an increase of stock and production at the lower level, so that ecological efficiency is higher in oligotrophic than in eutrophic situations, in tropical oceans.

Standing stock of chlorophyll a varies significantly with primary productivity to a power <1.0. The stock of crustacean micronekton sometimes varies with the stock of chlorophyll a to a power >1.0, which is interpreted as a feeding aggregation.
EVIDENCE FOR SEX PHEROMONES IN PLANKTONIC COPEPODS
Authors: Katona Steven K.
Published: March 2010

When in the presence of potential mates, males of the copepods Eurytemora affinis, Eurytemora herdmani, and Pseudodiaptomus coronatus performed mate‐seeking behavior which appeared to be oriented. Males of E. affinis and P. coronatus located stationary females from up to 20 mm away. Males of E. affinis also chased and found secured females moved by a mechanical device. Eurytemora affinis males performed mate‐seeking behavior toward females of all three species, and, to some extent, toward other conspecific males. However, they attempted to copulate with conspecific females most frequently. Evidence suggested that males detected other copepods by means of diffusible chemicals.

Males of the three species showed copulatory behavior toward secured females (or males) of their own species in about 80% of trial presentations. They usually did not try to copulate with animals of the other genus. Males of E. affinis were less selective between specimens of the two Eurytemora species than were E. herdmani males. Relatively specific chemical substances, active on contact, were probably the main factors eliciting copulatory behavior from males.
CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUBLE AND PARTICULATE IRON IN SEAWATER ENCLOSED IN CONTAINERS1
Authors: Lewin Joyce , Chen Ching‐hong
Published: March 2010

Seawater samples collected along the Washington coast (Puget Sound) were used as sources of naturally occurring iron fractions. Once the water was enclosed in a container, approximately half of the iron in the soluble fraction disappeared and could be quantitatively accounted for by an increase in the iron of the particulate fraction; when the particulate fraction was removed at zero time, soluble iron likewise disappeared, but most of it went onto the walls of the container. The changes were independent of temperature and soluble iron disappeared even when the particulate fraction (including organisms) was removed at zero time, ruling out biological activity. These changes were completed in 30–40 hr.

Part of the soluble fraction was ferrous iron. Addition of Na2‐EDTA stabilized a portion of the soluble iron equivalent to the ferrous content and kept it from disappearing during the experiment. Ferrous iron may be present in a chelated form in the natural seawater.
BACTERIAL DECOMPOSITION PROCESSES IN LAKE WINGRA SEDIMENTS DURING WINTER1
Authors: Boylen Charles , Brock Thomas D.
Published: March 2010

Throughout winter, viable counts of bacteria from sediments of Lake Wingra (Madison, Wisconsin) at several different incubation temperatures were always higher at 25°C than 4°C, although the temperature of the sediments remained below 4°C for over 3 months. All of the organisms isolated and initially cultivated at 4°C grew better at 25°C; no obligately psychrophilic bacteria were found. Isotope studies to measure the temperature optima of the resident bacterial flora showed that the optimum temperature for incorporation of 14C‐glucose into cell material and conversion of 14C‐glucose into 14C‐CO2 remained at 25°C or greater all winter. A true psychrophilic flora does not develop in these sediments in winter, and bacterial decomposition processes occur at a much slower rate in winter than in summer.
DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION OF POLLEN GRAINS IN LAKES1
Authors: Davis Margaret Bryan , Brubaker Linda B.
Published: March 2010

Water circulation affects the sedimentation of pollen grains in lakes, sorting them according to morphological type. Pollen grains with rapid rates of sinking fall downward through the water and are deposited evenly onto the sediment throughout the lake. Those with slower sinking speeds in water, due to small size or low density, are kept in suspension in the turbulent waters of the epilimnion. They are carried across the lake in wind‐driven water currents and are deposited preferentially onto littoral sediment. Preferential deposition distorts the original ratios in which pollen enters the lake from the air, causing variations in the pollen percentages in sediment from different parts of the basin. The process is thus of concern to paleoecologists, who seek to use pollen percentages as an index of regional vegetation.
A new method for the estimation of absolute microfossil numbers, with reference especially to diatoms
Authors: BATTARBEE RICHARD W.
Published: March 2010

A new method for obtaining permanent quantitative slides of microfossils involves the use of an evaporation tray in which microfossil suspensions can be sedimented randomly onto cover slips on the tray floor. Slides are made after evaporation. The technique is statistically reliable.
A portable apparatus for measuring relative gas vacuolation, the strength of gas vacuoles, and turgor pressure in planktonic blue‐green algae and bacteria1
Authors: WALSBY A. E.
Published: March 2010

A portable apparatus is described for making measurements on the relative gas vacuolation of certain planktonic organisms, the strength of their gas vacuoles, and the cell turgor pressure which might collapse them.
Can Halobates dodge nets? II: By moonlight?1
Authors: CHENG LANNA , ENRIGHT J. T.
Published: March 2010

Analyses of surface plankton samples collected at night during the EASTROPAC project suggest that Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae) may be able to see and avoid nets by the illumination provided by a full moon.
Decomposition of marine copepods1
Authors: HARDING GARETH C. H.
Published: March 2010

Killed copepods decomposed within 11 days in 4°C Halifax water and within 3 days in 22°C Sargasso Sea water. In both cases initial infection occurred on the exoskeleton and apparently progressed into the organisms through the mouth. The urosome and internal extremities were the last to be attacked.

Collection of surface corpses by net is thought to be impossible after the first day of death in subtropical waters and beyond the sixth day in temperate coastal waters.
Observations on upstream migration by imagines of some Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera
Authors: MADSEN BENT LAUGE , BENGTSON JOHS. , BUTZ ILSE
Published: March 2010

The migration of the imagines of some stream insects was investigated with sticky traps. The plecopteran Brachyptera risi showed upstream migration; Nemoura sp. did not. The ephemeropterans Caenis rivulorum, Baetis (rhodani and vernus), and Ephemerella ignita all showed upstream migration.
On the concept of lake stability1
Authors: IDSO SHERWOOD B.
Published: March 2010

A new equation describing the stability of a lake, as conceptually defined by Schmidt, is developed to supply information on the contribution of each lake layer to stability. It is analogous in form to the expression derived by Birge for his concept of direct work of the wind and may be combined with that to yield a curve for direct total work as a function of lake depth.
Freshwater input to coastal waters off the Pacific Northwest
Authors: REED R. K. , ELLIOTT WILLIAM P.
Published: March 2010

Recent estimates of precipitation over coastal oceanic waters adjacent to the northwest United States are generally less than half those of previous ones. The newer values of evaporation minus precipitation are inadequate to account for the observed freshwater input to coastal waters; advection and river runoff appear to play prominent roles. The new estimates are also considered in an examination of salt and mass fluxes.
An automated analysis for urea in seawater1
Authors: DEMANCHE J. MICHAEL , CURL JR. HERBERT , COUGHENOWER D. DOUGLAS
Published: March 2010

An automated method for the determination of urea in seawater, adapted to a Technicon AutoAnalyzer, is sensitive enough to detect urea at the 0.05 µg‐atom urea‐N liter−1 level.
VERTICAL ENTRAINMENT INTO THE EPILIMNIA OF STRATIFIED LAKES
Authors: Blanton Jackson O.
Published: March 2010

Results of testing a one‐dimensional model of entrainment into stratified fluids on several morphologically different lakes in the temperate zone suggest that the growth of volume of the epilimnion of a stratified lake is correlated with mean stability over the period of growth. Mean depth seems the most important morphometrical parameter governing the magnitude of entrainment: the greater the mean depth, the greater the entrainment. The upper and lower limits of entrainment for any given lake may be important considerations in interpreting budget studies of heat and chemicals in the epilimnion. Entrainment may regulate primary production in some stratified lakes.
A COMPONENT OF LABRADOR SEA WATER IN THE BAY OF BISCAY
Authors: Pingree R. D.
Published: March 2010

The salinity minimum at about 1,900 m in the Bay of Biscay, which lies along a well‐defined line on a θ,S graph, is used to test the idea of large‐scale mixing along a neutral surface. Contours of temperature and salinity values along a neutral surface indicate that the source region responsible for the salinity minimum lies off the slopes of Newfoundland. This description gains support from the continuity of both the salinity minimum on a T,S curve across the mid‐Atlantic Ridge and the distribution of the oxygen saturation contours on the mid‐Atlantic Ridge.
OUTPUT OF PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON, AND FINE PARTICULATE CARBON FROM HUBBARD BROOK WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Hobbie John E. , Likens Gene E.
Published: March 2010

The output of phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and fine particulate organic carbon (FPOC) was measured in two watersheds of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. One watershed had a cover of birch, beech, and maple; the other had been denuded of trees and regrowth prevented. Concentrations of DOC and dissolved plus fine particulate P changed little with changes in flow. Concentrations of FPOC, however, were strongly dependent on flow and most of the FPOC was exported during a few periods of high runoff. Deforestation caused higher runoff (by 26%), but also greatly increased erosion. Thus, DOC and FPOC output was similar in the two watersheds while the loss of large particulate phosphorus, mostly as inorganic bedload, increased 12 times in the treated watershed. With a rainwater input of 100 g P ha−1, there was an annual net gain of 87 g P in the undisturbed watershed and a net loss of 104 g P in the disturbed watershed. In view of the large amounts of phosphorus cycling in the natural forest (e.g. some 1,900 g P ha−1 in annual leaf fall alone) this ecosystem is strongly conserving phosphorus.
GEOCHRONOLOGICAL STUDIES IN SANTA BARBARA BASIN: 55Fe AS A UNIQUE TRACER FOR PARTICULATE SETTLING
Authors: Krishnaswami S. , Lal D. , Amin B. S. , Soutar A.
Published: March 2010

Sediments accumulate in the Santa Barbara Basin relatively rapidly: about 3–4 mm yr−1 based on the analysis of varves. These deposits are ideal for studying the applicability of nuclear geochronological techniques in a natural situation. Studies of the depth distribution of several radionuclides, manmade 55Fe and naturally occurring 210Pb and Th isotopes, in recent Santa Barbara sediment layers permit an evaluation of the geochemical behavior of Fe, Pb, and Th in coastal waters and have established the usefulness of 55Fe and 210Pb for dating coastal or near coastal sediments deposited during the last decade and half‐century respectively.
TEMPORAL AND DEPTH STUDY OF ALKALINE EARTH CHLORINITY RATIOS IN SEAWATER AT A SINGLE STATION SOUTH OF PUERTO RICO1
Authors: Atwood Donald K. , Froelich Phillip N. , Kinard W. Frank
Published: March 2010

Results of an 11‐month study of calcium, magnesium, and strontium chlorinity ratios at a single station south of Puerto Rico are reported for depths down to 2,500 m. No temporal variations for any of these ratios were apparent within the precision of the analytical techniques used; however, careful evaluation of the variation in Sr:Cl‰ must await more precise analysis. There was some indication that Ca:Cl‰ was lower in surface and near surface waters than below 500 m. Conversely, there was evidence that the Mg:Cl‰ was higher in upper waters than below 500 m.
The ionic activity function of water and the activity coefficient of the hydrogen ion in seawater
Authors: LEYENDEKKERS J. V.
Published: March 2010

The activity coefficient of the hydrogen ion in seawater is calculated for the ranges S = 5–48‰ and 0–40°C, on the basis of a simple ion interaction theory that accounts for only pairwise interactions. The ionic activity function of water is estimated and comparison is made with the values in other salt solutions.
Mechanisms controlling pore water salinities in a salt marsh1
Authors: LINDBERG STEVEN E. , HARRISS ROBERT C.
Published: March 2010

Mean interstitial salinities in sediments from a salt marsh decrease with depth from a value near the sediment‐water interface which reflects near maxima of bottom water salinities. Density gradient induced exchange across the interface controls pore water salinities near the sediment surface while response of the fresh groundwater table beneath the marsh to varying hydrostatic pressures over the marsh controls interstitial salinities at depth.
The annual temperature cycle of Lough Neagh
Authors: GIBSON C. E. , STEWART DUNCAN A.
Published: March 2010

The annual cycle of water temperature in 1969 and 1970 is described for Lough Neagh, N. Ireland. Water temperature appears to follow air temperature after a lag of 7 days. The annual heat budget is calculated as 13.8 × 103 cal cm−2 yr−1.
On the mean drift in large lakes1
Authors: WUNSCH CARL
Published: March 2010

Large northern hemisphere lakes show an apparent mean surface drift in the counterclockwise direction. The effect can be explained by the Lagrange drift induced at second order by internal Kelvin waves. Reversals of the mean drift with depth are predicted.
The annual temperature cycle of Lough Neagh
Authors: GIBSON C. E. , STEWART DUNCAN A.
Published: March 2010

A fast, quantitative, direct method is described for determining the food of Chaoborus larvae by analyzing the contents of dissected crops.
On the mean drift in large lakes1
Authors: WUNSCH CARL
Published: March 2010

Daphnia hyalina var lacustris (Sars) was concentrated near the surface midway between the foamlines of Langmuir circulations that developed in a shallow reservoir at wind speeds above 400 cm sec−1. Such concentration was probably caused by the antagonistic factors of upward water transport carrying D. hyalina to the surface zone and orientated movements away from this region of high light intensity.
Settling plates of cold‐cure acrylic plastic replicated from natural surfaces1
Authors: RISK MICHAEL J.
Published: March 2010

“Formatray,” a strong inert, cold‐cure dental acrylic, seems to satisfy most of the requirements of an ideal settling plate material. Field tests show rapid colonization, with no systematic exclusion of particular groups of organisms.
Preparation of filtered plankton and detritus for study with scanning electron microscopy1
Authors: PEARL HANS W. , SHIMP SUSAN L.
Published: March 2010

A simple, rapid method of fixing plankton and detritus for the scanning electron microscope is described, which can be used in the laboratory or in the field. The sample is fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde followed by stepwise dehydration in increasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol. Fixed samples can be stored for up to 2 weeks. Critical point drying of the fixed samples is done in the laboratory. Nuclepore filters proved superior to other filters for most sample preparations.
FLUSHING OF COASTAL EMBAYMENTS BY CHANGES IN ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS1
Authors: Heath R. A.
Published: March 2010

The circulation in several coastal embayments on the east coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, induced by changing atmospheric conditions is discussed. In summer and fall when the bays have essentially a two‐layered vertical density distribution, quasi‐periodic changes in wind and atmospheric pressure associated with moving atmospheric disturbances produce a quasi‐periodic flow which is out of phase between the layers.

Correlation between the observed flow and atmospheric parameters together with results from a simple two‐layered model indicate that the flow is probably produced by wind forcing. The observed speeds in the flow are of the same size as those in the mean circul ation.

The generation of the fluctuating flow does not appear to depend on the particular form of the bays and therefore this type of flow should be produced in bays on other coasts where periodic changes in atmospheric pressure associated with wind variation are observed.
SURVIVAL OF BACTERIA AT LOW pH AND HIGH TEMPERATURE1
Authors: Weiss Richard L.
Published: March 2010

In most acid hot springs examined Sulfolobus was the predominant organism above 75°C at pH 2–3. It was found from 65–93°C at pH values from 1.6 to 3. The temperature optimum for growth was 70–75°C, whereas the pH optimum for 14C‐glutamate uptake was from 2 to 5. Survival and growth were demonstrated by slide immersion studies and electron microscopy of natural samples. Rod‐shaped bacteria live in the same habitat at 75–80°C and arc distinguished from Sulfolobus by their morphology and cell wall structure.
THE EFFECT OF WATER MOTION ON ALGAL SPORE ADHESION1,2
Authors: Charters A. C. , Neushul M. , Coon D.
Published: March 2010

The effects of water motion on the attachment of algal germ cells to benthic substrates were studied. Water motion was measured in the field and the forces on a germ cell attached to a substrate surface computed. Laboratory apparatus for simulating wave surge was developed, calibrated, and used for experiments on the spore attachment process. A“waterbroom,” producing water motion over the surface of a submerged substrate in a laboratory aquarium, closely simulates wave surge; it was calibrated by measuring static and dynamic pressures in the substrate’s boundary layer and determining whether the layer was laminar or turbulent.

Preliminary tests with the waterbroom indicate that the adhesion of carpospores of Agardhiella tenera to a clean glass surface increases wih residence time, while that of Cryptopleura violacea decreases. Improved experimental data on Gracilariopsis sjoestedtii showed an increase in adhesiveness with residence time, from 10 hr to an asymptotic limit at 20. Once attached, the Gracilariopsis spores adhere firmly, resisting removal by shear forces nearly 100 times their weight.
MEASUREMENT OF THE APPARENT DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF CARBONIC ACID IN SEAWATER AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE1
Authors: Mehrbach C. , Culberson C. H. , Hawley J. E. , Pytkowicx R. M.
Published: March 2010

The apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater were determined as functions of temperature (2–35°C) and salinity (19–43‰) at atmospheric pressure by measurement of K’x and the product K'� K'2. At 35%° salinity and 25°C the measured values were pK′1 = 6.000 and pK′2 = 9.115; at 35‰ and 2°C the measured values were pK′1 = 6.177 and pK′2 = 9.431.
Eh STATUS OF LAKE SEDIMENT‐WATER SYSTEMS IN RELATION TO NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS1
Authors: Graetz Donald A. , Keeney Dennis R. , Aspiras Ruben B.
Published: March 2010

Large Plexiglas columns were used to evaluate the changes in the forms and amounts of nitrogen in the bottom waters and sediments of three freshwater lakes during stratified (anoxic) and turnover (aerated) conditions. Sampling ports and permanently placed black Pt electrodes were installed so that water and sediment phases could be monitored. Sediment Eh declined rapidly to −150 to −250 mV and remained at this level irrespective of the oxygen concentration in the overlying water. During anoxic conditions, NH4‐N was released to the water at a relatively constant rate. Aeration affected rapid nitrification. Nitrate in the overlying water decreased with time, possibly due to diffusion into the highly reduced sediment and subsequent denitrification.