bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orang‐utans Pongo spp in Asian zoos: current status, challenges and progress towards long‐term population sustainability
Authors: Banes G. L. , Chua W. , Elder M. , Kao J.
Published: February 2018

Bornean orang‐utans Pongo pygmaeus sspp and Sumatran orang‐utans Pongo abelii are Critically Endangered species, in rapid decline throughout their ranges in Indonesia and Malaysia. Although substantial populations are well documented in Western zoos, comparatively little is known about those in the East, despite their endemism to the region. Here, the status and distribution of orang‐utans in Asian zoological institutions are outlined, accounting for 466 orang‐utans at 77 institutions in 13 geographic locations. These comprise c. 41% of the total known global zoo population. Based on their combined experiences in the region, the authors then elucidate the challenges facing Asian zoos in their efforts to manage these species. Rather than focusing on the shortcomings, we instead choose to detail achievements to date. We conclude that a paucity of international attention does not constitute concomitant lack of progress: on the contrary, zoo professionals in Asian zoos have made significant advances in orang‐utan care and – in terms of population management – are already on the precipice of world‐leading standards that are soon expected to far outpace those of the West. Asian zoos have a significant role to play in orang‐utan conservation, and their successes warrant international recognition and support.
Convergent validity and clinically relevant categories for the Dutch Central Sensitization Inventory in patients with chronic pain
Authors: van der Noord Robert , Paap Davy , van Wilgen Cornelis Paul
Published: February 2018

The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is a diagnostic tool, which assists the clinicians in the identification of signs of central sensitization (CS). Psychosocial factors contribute to the development and maintenance of signs of CS. But the relationship with the CSI is unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the convergent validity for the Dutch CSI with CSS, depression, anxiety, widespread pain, catastrophizing, and pain intensity. The second aim is to determine clinically relevant categories for the Dutch CSI. In this cross‐sectional study, patients completed multiple questionnaires. Bivariate correlations were calculated and the Kruskal–Wallis one‐way analysis of variance test was used. One‐hundred and ninety‐eighth patients were included. The CSI scores were strongly correlated with depression (rs = .67; p < .01), anxiety (rs = .65; p < .01), and CSS (rs = .51; p < .01). Moderate to strong relationships were found for the Widespread Pain Index (rs = .43; p < .01) and a low relationship with pain intensity (rs = .36; p < .01) and catastrophizing (rs = .39; p < .01). Four clinical relevant categories were identified: low 0–26 points, mild 27–39 points, moderate 40–52 points, and high 53+ points. This study provides a weak to strong association between the total score of the Dutch CSI and psychosocial factors, and presents clinically relevant categories for the Dutch CSI.
Seagrass‐associated fungal communities follow Wallace's line, but host genotype does not structure fungal community
Authors: Wainwright Benjamin J. , Zahn Geoffrey L. , Arlyza Irma S. , Amend Anthony S.
Published: February 2018

Aim

To test whether or not fungal communities associated with the widespread seagrass, Syringodium isoetifolium can be differentiated on either side of Wallace's line, a boundary line separating Asian and Australasian fauna. Additionally, we examine whether host multilocus genotype predicts fungal community composition.

Location

A total of 77 samples were collected from 14 sampling sites spanning the Indonesian archipelago.

Methods

We sequenced the fungal ITS1 gene using Illumia MiSeq technology and used a clustering‐free Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm to infer ribosomal sequence variants. Data were analysed via non‐metric multidimensional scaling, Mantel tests and permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Binary and quantitative null models were used to determine whether results significantly deviated from random. Host genotype was determined by genotyping at 18 microsatellite loci and standard genetic analysis was performed in the R package APE.

Results

Significant differences in fungal community composition were detected on either side of Wallace's line (p = <.001 R2 = .040). A significant distance decay of similarity pattern was observed between ribosomal sequence variants and geographical distance (p = .001 R2 = .227) and several fungal ribosomal sequence variants were significantly associated with sampling sites found either east or west of Wallace's line.

Main conclusions

Fungi are generally considered to have excellent dispersal potentials and marine fungi have the potential to disperse far and wide in an environment that has no obvious barriers to dispersal. Despite this assumed excellent dispersal potential, we show that fungal communities on either side of Wallace's line are significantly different from one another. We speculate that limited dispersal and differences in habitat type are responsible for the observed pattern. Work examining biogeographical patterns in marine fungi is still in its infancy and further research is required to fully understand marine fungal biogeography.
Comparative effectiveness of an angiotensin receptor blocker, olmesartan medoxomil, in older hypertensive patients
Authors: Redon Josep , Weber Michael A. , Reimitz Paul‐Egbert , Wang Ji‐Guang
Published: February 2018

The efficacy and safety of olmesartan medoxomil (OM) vs active control (AC) monotherapy among elderly patients aged 60‐79 years (N = 4487) was evaluated by meta‐analysis (25 studies). In all patients, change from baseline to end point in blood pressure (BP) was significantly greater with OM vs AC (−19.5/−11.9 vs −16.8/−10.7 mm Hg). Greater proportions of OM‐ vs AC‐treated patients achieved BP goals. In patients with impaired renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2), OM treatment resulted in a greater mean change from baseline in systolic BP vs AC (−21.2 vs −18.7 mm Hg, respectively) and a greater proportion of patients achieving BP goals. These parameters were similar in both groups for elderly patients with diabetes. OM was well tolerated with few adverse events. OM monotherapy can be used as an initial treatment for hypertension in elderly patients, including those with renal impairment or diabetes.
Depression and anxiety symptoms during the transition to early adulthood for people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Austin K. L. , Hunter M. , Gallagher E. , Campbell L. E.
Published: February 2018

Background

The transition to adulthood is a major developmental milestone; a time of self‐discovery and increased independence. For young adults (YA) with intellectual disabilities (ID), however, this period is especially challenging. The increased incidence of mental health disorders in this population, such as depression and anxiety, make this transition even more difficult, increasing caregiver burden at a time when the young adult would traditionally be gaining independence. It is not clear, however, why YA with ID are more susceptible and what factors may predict mental health symptoms.

Method

Potential risk and protective factors (demographic variables, coping styles, sense of hopelessness, unmet achievement of adulthood milestones, self‐reflection and insight) of anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed in 55 YA with ID and a sample of age‐matched controls.

Results

Insight was the strongest predictor of anxiety (with gender in the controls) for YA with and without ID, with increased insight predicting fewer anxiety symptoms. However, YA with ID had significantly less insight than their aged‐matched counterparts and significantly higher levels of anxiety. They were also less likely to have achieved traditional adulthood milestones. Maladaptive coping was the strongest predictor of depression for YA with ID. In comparison, both maladaptive coping and insight predicted depression in controls. More maladaptive coping predicted increased depressive symptoms in both populations, whilst increased insight predicted fewer depressive symptoms in controls.

Conclusions

Insight and maladaptive coping are potential targets in the treatment of anxiety and depression among YA with ID. Longitudinal intervention studies exploring the efficacy of such targeted programmes in reducing mental health symptoms and improving the transition to adulthood for these young people are recommended.
“How, of all The Millions of People…”: Re‐Examination of a Question From an Early MRI Research Project
Authors: Sluzki Carlos E.
Published: February 2018

“How, of all the millions of people in the world, did the two of you get together?”, a question to be addressed conjointly to a couple, part of a Structure Family Interview developed during the early heydays of the Mental Research Institute at Palo Alto, California, is analyzed in terms of structure, process and outcome of responses to it, and discussed as a powerful research and clinical tool with current potentials, as it provides in a succinct fashion remarkable insights into a narrative that is constitutive of the couple and, by omission or commission, revealing in terms of the couple's evolution.
Heritability of the airway structure and head posture using twin study
Authors: Kang J.‐H. , Sung J. , Song Y.‐M. , Kim Y.‐H.
Published: February 2018

Inherited traits of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) may have link to the heritability of the airway anatomy. The aim of this study was to investigate heritability of the airway anatomy by comparing skeletal and soft tissue features of Korean monozygotic twins (MZ) and dizygotic twins (DZ). In total, 72 participants (mean age, 41.5 ± 5.9 years; 40 males, 32 females) including 48 MZ (24 pairs) and 24 DZ (12 pairs) with same sex were participated. The craniofacial, craniovertebral, hyoideal and pharyngeal parameters were measured using lateral cephalograms. The genetic analysis was performed using Falconer's method. High heritability was detected in the hyoid position and inclination of the cervical column. The velopharyngeal and hypopharyngeal dimensions showed higher heritability compared to those of the nasopharynx and oropharynx. The body mass index (BMI) had interactions with the nasopharyngeal and hypopharyngeal dimensions and length of the tongue and soft palate. The mandibular growth had correlations with the nasopharyngeal and hypopharyngeal dimensions. The vertical skeletal relationships appeared to have interaction with the nasopharyngeal, velopharyngeal and hypopharyngeal dimensions, as well as length of the tongue and soft palate. A forwarded inclination of the cervical columns was seen in connections with BMI and the nasopharyngeal and hypopharyngeal dimensions. The airway structures and head postures seemed to be under strong genetic controls. The airway dimensions had associations with BMI, head postures and skeletal structures which showed high heritability. Forwarded head postures would be physiological adaptations of compromised airway adequacy by increased BMI and retrognathia.
Supplementation of broiler diets with high levels of microbial protease and phytase enables partial replacement of commercial soybean meal with raw, full‐fat soybean
Authors: Erdaw M. M. , Perez‐Maldonado R. A. , Iji P. A.
Published: February 2018

A 3 × 3 + 1 factorial, involving three levels of protease (0, 15,000 or 30,000 PROT/kg) and three levels of phytase (1,000, 2,000 or 3,000 FYT/kg), was used to evaluate the effect of replacing commercial soybean meal (SBM) with raw, full‐fat soybean (RFSB) at 75 g/kg of diet for broilers. A control diet was used for comparison. Each treatment was replicated six times, with nine birds per replicate. The concentration of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) in the test diets was approximately 10,193.4 TIU/kg. Regardless of enzyme supplementation, feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) of birds in the control group were superior to those on the test diets. Birds that received the protease‐free test diets had reduced FI and BWG, but when supplemented with protease, were similar to the control diet in BWG, FI (except 0–35 days) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). When the test diet was supplemented with elevated levels (extradose) of protease and phytase, the BWG was improved during 0–10 days (p = .05) and 0–24 days (p < .01). Regardless of protease supplementation, the weight of thighs was lower for birds fed the test diets. Birds that received the control diet had smaller weight of pancreas. Increasing the level of phytase supplementation reduced (p < .05) the weight of the pancreas. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and AA was higher in birds on the control diets, but this was also improved in test diets by protease supplementation. The activities of trypsin (7%), general proteolytic (11%) and lipase (12%) were slightly increased because of protease supplementation. Mucosal depth and apparent villus surface areas were increased by about 2.9% and 20%, respectively, due to supplementation of elevated level of phytase. It can be concluded that RFSB could partially replace SBM in broiler diets, provided the diets are supplemented with elevated levels of protease and phytase.
Autism spectrum disorder and genetic testing: Parental perceptions and decision‐making
Authors: Hanish Alyson E. , Cohen Marlene Z. , Starr Lois J.
Published: February 2018

Purpose

Advances in genomic technology and research have led to genetic testing being recognized as an essential component of the etiological workup for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) is a first‐tier diagnostic test for patients with ASD, as recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics and other professional societies. An accurate underlying medical diagnosis for ASD has many potential benefits, including appropriate medical management, detailed therapeutic recommendations, and accurate recurrence risk. Genetic testing is relatively complicated, expensive, and, currently, in the majority of the cases, does not provide any organic improvement in the management of symptoms.

Design and Methods

We conducted semistructured interviews with 20 parents to explore the decision‐making process of genetic testing from the perspectives and experiences of parents of children with ASD. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

Parents had limited knowledge of genetic testing for ASD prior to a genetics clinic visit. The majority of the participants thought genetic testing would be beneficial for their child, their reproductive choices, and potential future generations.

Practice Implications

Various stakeholders (geneticists, primary care providers, nurses, and families) would benefit from future establishment of educational strategies to inform parental decision‐making regarding genetic testing for children with ASD.
Therapeutic antibiotic serum concentrations by two blood collection methods within the pediatric patient: A comparative effectiveness trial
Authors: Lichliter Royanne L. , Tremewan Lynea E. , Shonka Nicole M. , Mehnert Jennifer E. , Brennan Laney , Thrasher Jodi M. , Hernandez Teri L.
Published: February 2018

Repeated venipunctures and fingersticks to confirm serum drug concentrations cause pain and dissatisfaction for pediatric patients and their families. In many organizations, the standard of care to obtain therapeutic serum drug concentrations by peripheral venipuncture or capillary fingerstick, even when the patient has an existing peripheral intravenous catheter (PIV) or central venous catheter (CVC). The primary objective of this study was to assess agreement between serum tobramycin/vancomycin concentrations collected from a CVC or PIV, versus venipuncture or fingerstick. Among hospitalized pediatric patients (age 3 months to 22 years), 36 paired blood samples were collected. Serum trough vancomycin and random tobramycin concentrations were compared between peripheral intravenous or CVC samples, and venipuncture or fingerstick samples within the same patient. A strict sampling protocol for obtaining the samples was followed, that included collection of the CVC/PIV sample before the venipuncture or fingerstick, less than 2 min between collections of samples from the different sites, and a strict volume‐based flush and waste protocol. Concordant correlation coefficients demonstrated substantial agreement between CVC/PIV and venipuncture/fingerstick concentrations for vancomycin (n = 17) and tobramycin (n = 19) (Rc = 0.982 for both). Bland–Altman analyses demonstrated good overall between‐method agreement within subjects and minimal bias. Consequently, using a lumen volume‐based flush and waste protocol, children with indwelling catheters may not require additional venipunctures and/or fingersticks for confirmation of drug concentrations while hospitalized, improving the quality of care and patient satisfaction.
Survey of Equine Referring Veterinarians' Satisfaction with Their Most Recent Equine Referral Experience
Authors: Best C. , Coe J.B. , Hewson J. , Meehan M. , Kelton D.
Published: February 2018

Background

Little is known about the veterinary referral process and factors that contribute to positive outcomes.

Objective

To investigate equine referring veterinarians' (rDVMs') satisfaction with their most recent referral experience and compare rDVM and specialist perspectives.

Sample

187 rDVMs and 92 specialists (referral care providers).

Methods

Cross‐sectional observational study. An online survey was administered to both rDVMs and specialists. Referring veterinarian satisfaction with their most recent referral experience was evaluated. Both rDVMs and specialists were asked to identify factors influencing a rDVM's decision where to refer, and the top 3 factors they perceive are barriers to referral care.

Results

Median rDVM satisfaction with their most recent referral care experience was 80 of 100 (mean, 75; range, 8–100). Referring veterinarians provided the lowest satisfaction score for the item asking about “The competition the referral hospital poses to your practice” (mean, 56.96; median, 62; range, 0–100). The top factor rDVMs identified as influencing their decision where to refer was “quality of care,” whereas specialists identified “quality of communication and updates from the clinician.” Referring veterinarians' top barrier to referral care was “high cost of referral care,” and for specialists was “poor service provided to the client by the referral hospital.”

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Referring veterinarians generally were satisfied with referral care, but areas exist where rDVMs and specialists differ in what they view as important to the referral process. Exploring opportunities to overcome these differences is likely to support high quality care.
Association of fecal calprotectin concentrations with disease severity, response to treatment, and other biomarkers in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies
Authors: Heilmann Romy M. , Berghoff Nora , Mansell Joanne , Grützner Niels , Parnell Nolie K. , Gurtner Corinne , Suchodolski Jan S. , Steiner Jörg M.
Published: February 2018

Background

Calprotectin is a marker of inflammation, but its clinical utility in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) is unknown.

Objective

Evaluation of fecal calprotectin in dogs with biopsy‐confirmed CIE.

Animals

127 dogs.

Methods

Prospective case‐control study. Dogs were assigned a canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) score, and histologic lesions severity was assessed. Fecal calprotectin, fecal S100A12, and serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Food‐ or antibiotic‐responsive cases (FRE/ARE, n = 13) were distinguished from steroid‐/immunosuppressant‐responsive or ‐refractory cases (SRE/IRE, n = 20). Clinical response to treatment in SRE/IRE dogs was classified as complete remission (CR), partial response (PR), or no response (NR).

Results

Fecal calprotectin correlated with CCECAI (ρ = 0.27, P = .0065) and fecal S100A12 (ρ = 0.90, P < .0001), some inflammatory criteria, and cumulative inflammation scores, but not serum CRP (ρ = 0.16, P = .12). Dogs with SRE/IRE had higher fecal calprotectin concentrations (median: 2.0 μg/g) than FRE/ARE dogs (median: 1.4 μg/g), and within the SRE/IRE group, dogs with PR/NR had higher fecal calprotectin (median: 37.0 μg/g) than dogs with CR (median: 1.6 μg/g). However, both differences did not reach statistical significance (both P = .10). A fecal calprotectin ≥15.2 μg/g separated both groups with 80% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 28%‐100%) and 75% specificity (95%CI: 43%‐95%).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Fecal calprotectin could be a useful surrogate marker of disease severity in dogs with CIE, but larger longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate its utility in predicting the response to treatment.
Monitoring tropical forest ungulates using camera‐trap data
Authors: Gray T. N. E.
Published: February 2018

Tropical forest ungulates are poorly known and, despite their ecological and conservation significance, there are few studies on their density and abundance. I estimated densities of lesser oriental chevrotain Tragulus kanchil in the Southern Cardamom National Park, south‐west Cambodia using camera‐trap encounter rates and fitting a random encounter model (REM) that does not require individual identification of animals. This represents the first use of REM on forest ungulates in mainland tropical Asia and provides the first density estimate for any chevrotain species in mainland South East Asia. Sixty‐five camera‐trap stations generated 501 encounters of lesser oriental chevrotain across >8200 camera‐trap nights within a systematic random camera‐trap grid of 200 km2 in the Southern Cardamom National Park. Density of lesser oriental chevrotain was estimated at between 57 and 98 ( 81) individuals per km2. The random deployment of camera‐traps, a prerequisite of the REM, did not prevent the detection of the majority of ground‐dwelling large mammal species likely to be present in the study site. Despite its slow uptake by field conservationists, the REM may have potential for monitoring tropical ungulates particularly in dense evergreen forest where other methodologies, for example, distance‐based line transect sampling are unsuitable.
Drivers of in vivo bite performance in wild brown mouse lemurs and a comparison with the grey mouse lemur
Authors: Zablocki Thomas P. B. , Karanewsky C. J. , Pendleton J. L. , Aujard F. , Pouydebat E. , Herrel A.
Published: February 2018

Physical performance is crucial for animal survival and fitness. In this context, greater bite forces can provide advantages and may allow an individual to gain access to reproductive partners and/or different food resources. Here, we explored the determinants of bite force in a wild population of the brown mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus). Our objectives were to elucidate (1) if sex, head width, heart rate (as an indicator of overall physical fitness) and body condition drive variation in bite force in this population of wild mouse lemurs; and (2) the relative importance of the ecological niche in determining bite force by comparing results from this wild population with previously published results on bite force, body mass and head width from a laboratory colony of the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). We captured 32 wild brown mouse lemurs at night in the Ranomafana National Park in Madagascar during the beginning of the rainy season from 1st to 31st October 2016. We measured bite force, heart rate, body mass and head width of all individuals, and assigned sex and body condition (estimated as the unstandardized residual of a regression of body mass against head size). Although maximum bite force was positively correlated with body mass, it was not correlated with body condition. Residual bite force was highly correlated with residual head width and heart rate. The mean bite force of wild brown mouse lemurs was much lower than that of grey mouse lemurs in captivity, but showed similar relationships to head dimension and body mass. Even when corrected by body condition, grey mouse lemurs bit significantly harder than brown mouse lemurs. The difference in bite force between species could be explained by differences in head size and niche divergence with brown mouse lemurs eating mostly soft fruits and grey mouse lemurs eating more hard insects.
Distinct clusters of stunted children in India: An observational study
Authors: Green Mark A. , Corsi Daniel J. , Mejía‐Guevara Ivan , Subramanian S. V.
Published: February 2018

Childhood stunting is often conceptualised as a singular concept (i.e., stunted or not), and such an approach implies similarity in the experiences of children who are stunted. Furthermore, risk factors for stunting are often treated in isolation, and limited research has examined how multiple risk factors interact together. Our aim was to examine whether there are subgroups among stunted children, and if parental characteristics influence the likelihood of these subgroups among children. Children who were stunted were identified from the 2005–2006 Indian National Family Health Survey (n = 12,417). Latent class analysis was used to explore the existence of subgroups among stunted children by their social, demographic, and health characteristics. We examined whether parental characteristics predicted the likelihood of a child belonging to each latent class using a multinomial logit regression model. We found there to be 5 distinct groups of stunted children; “poor, older, and poor health‐related outcomes,” “poor, young, and poorest health‐related outcomes,” “poor with mixed health‐related outcomes,” “wealthy and good health‐related outcomes,” and “typical traits.” Both mother and father's educational attainment, body mass index, and height were important predictors of class membership. Our findings demonstrate evidence that there is heterogeneity of the risk factors and behaviours among children who are stunted. It suggests that stunting is not a singular concept; rather, there are multiple experiences represented by our “types” of stunting. Adopting a multidimensional approach to conceptualising stunting may be important for improving the design and targeting of interventions for managing stunting.
Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly Index: Development and application for scaling‐up breastfeeding programmes globally
Authors: Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael , Hromi‐Fiedler Amber J. , Gubert Muriel Bauermann , Doucet Katie , Meyers Sara , dos Santos Buccini Gabriela
Published: February 2018

Global efforts to further improve exclusive breastfeeding rates have not been successful, in part because effective scaling‐up frameworks and roadmaps have not been developed. The Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly (BBF) toolbox includes an evidence‐based index, the BBF Index (BBFI), to guide the development and tracking of large scale, well‐coordinated, multisector national breastfeeding promotion programmes. This paper describes the development of the BBFI, which is grounded in the Breastfeeding Gear Model complex adaptive systems framework. The BBFI was developed by the BBF Steering Committee in collaboration with a high‐level Technical Advisory Group following the Delphi consensus methodology. Key benchmarks and definitions were informed by evidence‐based health, nutrition, and newborn survival initiatives identified from the academic and grey literature. The BBFI consists of 8 gears (54 benchmarks): Advocacy (4); Political Will (3); Legislation and Policies (10); Funding and Resources (4); Training and Program Delivery (17); Promotion (3); Research and Evaluation (10); and Coordination, Goals, and Monitoring (3). Scores are generated for 8 gear scores plus a total country score to gauge the scaling‐up enabling environment. The BBFI provides an evidence‐based index to assist countries in (a) assessing their readiness to scale up breastfeeding programmes and (b) tracking scaling‐up progress.
The co‐occurrence of anaemia and stunting in young children
Authors: Gosdin Lucas , Martorell Reynaldo , Bartolini Rosario M. , Mehta Rukshan , Srikantiah Sridhar , Young Melissa F.
Published: February 2018

Anaemia and stunting are prevalent nutritional problems among children of low‐income countries that have profound effects on development, morbidity, and mortality. Many use a single conceptual framework to identify the basic determinants of these and other forms of malnutrition. One would expect that problems with matching underlying determinants should co‐occur in affected individuals to a greater degree than by chance. In 2 populations of children—ages 6–18 months in Bihar, India, (n = 5,664) and 6–36 months in Lambayeque, Peru (n = 688)—we measured the frequency of the co‐occurrence of anaemia and stunting. We compared this value with the value expected by chance, the product of the prevalence of anaemia and stunting, using a chi‐square test. We also built logistic regression models for each condition. The frequency of co‐occurrence in the Indian population was 21.5%, and in the Peruvian population, it was 30.4%, which are similar to frequencies expected by chance, 21.3% (p = .97) and 31.5% (p = .85). In Peru, anaemia was associated with age and consumption of treated water. Stunting was associated with age, sex, dietary diversity, hand washing, language spoken, and wealth. In India, anaemia was associated with age, sex, caste, dietary diversity, and household hunger. Stunting was associated with age, sex, caste, wealth, and maternal illiteracy. Despite some basic shared factors, anaemia and stunting are more independent than commonly assumed. Interventions that target children based on 1 condition may miss children with the other form of malnutrition.
Cryo‐electron tomography analyses of terminal organelle mutants suggest the motility mechanism of Mycoplasma genitalium
Authors: Seybert Anja , Gonzalez‐Gonzalez Luis , Scheffer Margot P. , Lluch‐Senar Maria , Mariscal Ana M. , Querol Enrique , Matthaeus Franziska , Piñol Jaume , Frangakis Achilleas S.
Published: February 2018

The terminal organelle of Mycoplasma genitalium is responsible for bacterial adhesion, motility and pathogenicity. Localized at the cell tip, it comprises an electron‐dense core that is anchored to the cell membrane at its distal end and to the cytoplasm at its proximal end. The surface of the terminal organelle is also covered with adhesion proteins. We performed cellular cryoelectron tomography on deletion mutants of eleven proteins that are implicated in building the terminal organelle, to systematically analyze the ultrastructural effects. These data were correlated with microcinematographies, from which the motility patterns can be quantitatively assessed. We visualized diverse phenotypes, ranging from mild to severe cell adhesion, motility and segregation defects. Based on our observations, we propose a double‐spring ratchet model for the motility mechanism that explains our current and previous observations. Our model, which expands and integrates the previously suggested inchworm model, allocates specific functions to each of the essential components of this unique bacterial motility system.
Applied zooarchaeology and Oregon Coast sea otters (Enhydra lutris)
Authors: Wellman Hannah P.
Published: February 2018

The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) was nearly driven to extinction on the Pacific Coast in the 19th century due to intensive commercial hunting and the maritime fur trade. Despite successful reintroduction efforts elsewhere in North America, the Oregon sea otter population remains locally extirpated and listed as endangered. Prior study addressed precontact sea otter teeth from Oregon and found they were not significantly different in absolute size from modern California sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) teeth, and smaller than modern Alaska sea otter (Enhydra lutris lutris) teeth. These geographic groupings were later confirmed by an ancient DNA study. The conclusion that distinct geographic populations exist based on tooth size was founded on small samples. Larger samples of teeth, as well as new data on humeri and femora, indicate dimensions vary significantly along a latitudinal cline from California to Alaska. Morphometric analyses of ancient animal remains can be used to examine spatial relationships of phenotypic features and inform conservation biology decisions.
The metabolic cost of swimming and reproduction in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) as predicted by a bioenergetic model
Authors: Gallagher Cara A. , Stern S. Jonathan , Hines Ellen
Published: February 2018

While harbor porpoises currently enter San Francisco Bay year‐round, evidence suggests a disappearance that spanned approximately 65 yr. The range of energetic costs of basal metabolism, locomotion, thermoregulation, and reproduction was estimated for porpoises, using a velocity‐dependent bioenergetic model to estimate the potential food requirements of this returning predator. The costs of thermoregulation and locomotion varied with velocity while basal metabolism and reproduction did not. The total metabolic rate in W was analyzed for all possible adult reproductive states. Estimated biomass uptake in kg/d for a 68.5 ± 26.5 km daily swimming distance was assessed using a mixed diet of northern anchovy and rockfish for all possible reproductive states and was found to be highest for simultaneously pregnant and lactating females (4.1 ± 1.6 kg/d) and lowest for male porpoises (1.7 ± 0.6 kg/d). Total energy requirements found for harbor porpoises ranged from 79.3 ± 29.0 W to 186.0 ± 58.5 W. The daily energetic intake for lactating porpoises was estimated to be 105% greater than for a nonreproductive female porpoise. Harbor porpoises in SF Bay were found to require approximately 30.4 ± 22.0 metric tons of fish per year from Bay waters.
I: INTRODUCTION
Authors: Floccia Caroline , Sambrook Thomas D. , Delle Luche Claire , Kwok Rosa , Goslin Jeremy , White Laurence , Cattani Allegra , Sullivan Emily , Abbot‐Smith Kirsten , Krott Andrea , Mills Debbie , Rowland Caroline , Gervain Judit , Plunkett Kim
Published: February 2018

The majority of the world's children grow up learning two or more languages. The study of early bilingualism is central to current psycholinguistics, offering insights into issues such as transfer and interference in development. From an applied perspective, it poses a universal challenge to language assessment practices throughout childhood, as typically developing bilingual children usually underperform relative to monolingual norms when assessed in one language only. We measured vocabulary with Communicative Development Inventories for 372 24‐month‐old toddlers learning British English and one Additional Language out of a diverse set of 13 (Bengali, Cantonese, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hindi‐Urdu, Italian, Mandarin, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, and Welsh). We furthered theoretical understanding of bilingual development by showing, for the first time, that linguistic distance between the child's two languages predicts vocabulary outcome, with phonological overlap related to expressive vocabulary, and word order typology and morphological complexity related to receptive vocabulary, in the Additional Language. Our study also has crucial clinical implications: we have developed the first bilingual norms for expressive and receptive vocabulary for 24‐month‐olds learning British English and an Additional Language. These norms were derived from factors identified as uniquely predicting CDI vocabulary measures: the relative amount of English versus the Additional Language in child‐directed input and parental overheard speech, and infant gender. The resulting UKBTAT tool was able to accurately predict the English vocabulary of an additional group of 58 bilinguals learning an Additional Language outside our target range. This offers a pragmatic method for the assessment of children in the majority language when no tool exists in the Additional Language. Our findings also suggest that the effect of linguistic distance might extend beyond bilinguals’ acquisition of early vocabulary to encompass broader cognitive processes, and could constitute a key factor in the study of the debated bilingual advantage.
Long‐term clinicopathologic observation in a case of steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome caused by a novel Crumbs homolog 2 mutation
Authors: Watanabe Shojiro , Aizawa Tomomi , Tsukaguchi Hiroyasu , Tsugawa Koji , Tsuruga Kazushi , Shono Akemi , Nozu Kandai , Iijima Kazumoto , Joh Kensuke , Tanaka Hiroshi
Published: February 2018

Recent advances in high‐throughput sequencing for clinical genetic testing have revealed novel disease‐causing genes, such as Crumbs homolog 2 (CRB2) for early‐onset steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). We report the long‐term clinicopathologic observation of a Japanese female patient with SRNS caused by a newly identified compound heterozygous mutation of CRB2 (p.Arg628Cys and p.Gly839Trp located in the 10th and 11th epidermal growth factor‐like domains, respectively). She was initially examined during a mass urinary screening for 3.5‐year‐old children in Japan. Although she developed long‐standing SRNS without any extrarenal clinical signs thereafter, her renal function was well‐preserved over the next 17 years. In total, six sequential renal biopsy specimens revealed histologic alterations ranging from minor glomerular abnormalities to advanced focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). A genetic analysis for SRNS performed at 19 years of age revealed a newly identified compound heterozygous mutation in CRB2. Glomerular CRB2 immunoreactivity in biopsy specimens from the patient was scanty, whereas intense expression was observed in those from patients with idiopathic FSGS or in controls. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding a long‐term outcome in a case of SRNS due to an identified CRB2 mutation. Although the phenotype of CRB2 mutation‐related syndrome is now expanding, we believe that this case might provide a novel clinicopathologic aspect of this syndrome.
Quantification of complex modular architecture in plants
Authors: Reeb Catherine , Kaandorp Jaap , Jansson Fredrik , Puillandre Nicolas , Dubuisson Jean‐Yves , Cornette Raphaël , Jabbour Florian , Coudert Yoan , Patiño Jairo , Flot Jean‐François , Vanderpoorten Alain
Published: February 2018

Morphometrics, the assignment of quantities to biological shapes, is a powerful tool to address taxonomic, evolutionary, functional and developmental questions. We propose a novel method for shape quantification of complex modular architecture in thalloid plants, whose extremely reduced morphologies, combined with the lack of a formal framework for thallus description, have long rendered taxonomic and evolutionary studies extremely challenging.

Using graph theory, thalli are described as hierarchical series of nodes and edges, allowing for accurate, homologous and repeatable measurements of widths, lengths and angles.

The computer program MorphoSnake was developed to extract the skeleton and contours of a thallus and automatically acquire, at each level of organization, width, length, angle and sinuosity measurements.

Through the quantification of leaf architecture in Hymenophyllum ferns (Polypodiopsida) and a fully worked example of integrative taxonomy in the taxonomically challenging thalloid liverwort genus Riccardia, we show that MorphoSnake is applicable to all ramified plants. This new possibility of acquiring large numbers of quantitative traits in plants with complex modular architectures opens new perspectives of applications, from the development of rapid species identification tools to evolutionary analyses of adaptive plasticity.
Identification of an algal xylan synthase indicates that there is functional orthology between algal and plant cell wall biosynthesis
Authors: Jensen Jacob Krüger , Busse‐Wicher Marta , Poulsen Christian Peter , Fangel Jonatan Ulrik , Smith Peter James , Yang Jeong‐Yeh , Peña Maria‐Jesus , Dinesen Malene Hessellund , Martens Helle Juel , Melkonian Michael , Wong Gane Ka‐Shu , Moremen Kelley W. , Wilkerson Curtis Gene , Scheller Henrik Vibe , Dupree Paul , Ulvskov Peter , Urbanowicz Breeanna Rae , Harholt Jesper
Published: February 2018

Insights into the evolution of plant cell walls have important implications for comprehending these diverse and abundant biological structures. In order to understand the evolving structure–function relationships of the plant cell wall, it is imperative to trace the origin of its different components.

The present study is focused on plant 1,4‐β‐xylan, tracing its evolutionary origin by genome and transcriptome mining followed by phylogenetic analysis, utilizing a large selection of plants and algae. It substantiates the findings by heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a charophyte alga xylan synthase.

Of the 12 known gene classes involved in 1,4‐β‐xylan formation, XYS1/IRX10 in plants, IRX7, IRX8, IRX9, IRX14 and GUX occurred for the first time in charophyte algae. An XYS1/IRX10 ortholog from Klebsormidium flaccidum, designated K. flaccidumXYLAN SYNTHASE‐1 (KfXYS1), possesses 1,4‐β‐xylan synthase activity, and 1,4‐β‐xylan occurs in the K. flaccidum cell wall.

These data suggest that plant 1,4‐β‐xylan originated in charophytes and shed light on the origin of one of the key cell wall innovations to occur in charophyte algae, facilitating terrestrialization and emergence of polysaccharide‐based plant cell walls.
Neutropenia in pediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Rose‐Felker Kirsten , Mukhtar Ayesha , Kelleman Michael S. , Deshpande Shriprasad R. , Mahle William T.
Published: February 2018

Neutropenia has been reported in pediatric heart transplant recipients, but its association with infectious morbidity and mortality is unknown. We sought to determine neutropenia's prevalence and impact on infection, rejection, and survival. A retrospective analysis of pediatric heart transplant recipients from March 2005 to August 2015 was performed. Demographics, medications, infection, and rejection data were collected. Of 142 pediatric heart transplant recipients, 77 (54.2%) developed neutropenia within 4.7 months [3.3‐12.1 months] of transplant. In all patients, the adjusted 5‐year cumulative incidence of neutropenia was 30.2%. Fifty‐one patients (66.2%) had recurrent neutropenia. Six of 14 tested had positive antineutrophil antibodies. Medications associated with neutropenia were decreased in 15 (19.5%) and discontinued in 42 (54.4%) patients with no change in 1‐year rejection rates compared to published data. Fifteen patients developed infection within 30 days of neutropenia and two from 30 days to 1 year, with an infection rate similar to the non‐neutropenic group. There was no significant difference in survival, ANC, rate of rejection or PTLD in neutropenic patients with and without infection at median follow‐up (5.5 years). Neutropenia is common in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Neutropenia had <20% risk of associated infection, similar to non‐neutropenic patients. Infection in neutropenic patients did not increase mortality.
Paying for Teamwork: Supplier Coordination with Endogenously Selected Groups
Authors: Fan James , Kwasnica Anthony M. , Thomas Douglas J.
Published: February 2018

We experimentally investigate horizontal coordination between suppliers where group output is limited by the lowest‐performing member and groups are formed endogenously. All participants first choose between one of two groups, where one group has an entry fee. Participants then simultaneously make capacity choices, and the minimum choice within each group dictates profits for group members. Allowing participants to select their group, thereby indirectly determining the group size, has strong implications for equilibrium outcomes. We find both theoretically and experimentally that the group with an entry fee always achieves higher output, while members of both groups earn equal profits in equilibrium. From a managerial perspective, costly membership fees for exclusive groups can separate high‐performing and low‐performing subjects when group selection is endogenous, even when the costly fee provides no other benefits. Interestingly, the group with an entry fee always has fewer subjects, suggesting that a group membership fee acts as a deterrent to poor‐performing subjects.
Providing Public Servants What They Need: Revealing the “Unseen” through Data Visualization
Authors: Isett Kimberley R. , Hicks Diana M.
Published: February 2018

Electronic media has enabled new forms of communication with the potential to provide more effective means of conveying evidence to public servants. This article explores what is known about the use of these new capacities in public affairs to visualize the results of research. The authors first explore the value of visual engagement for increasing comprehension. Then, they examine what is known of studies of the effectiveness of visualization and offer basic design principles that underpin effective visualization. Finally, two original public affairs examples are presented to illustrate what is possible.
Testing the Plagioclase Discriminator on the GEOROC Database to Identify Porphyry‐Fertile Magmatic Systems in Japan
Authors: Williamson Benedict J. , Hodgkinson Matthew , Imai Akira , Takahashi Ryohei , Armstrong Robin N. , Herrington Richard J.
Published: February 2018

Despite showing favorable geology, there are no known porphyry‐type deposits in Japan. This, therefore, provides an ideal porphyry‐“barren” case area on which to test the recently developed plagioclase‐based discriminator for porphyry‐“fertile” calc‐alkaline systems. The discriminator was applied to plagioclase data for Japan in the online GEOROC database for convergent margin settings. Of the 3933 data points available, and considered reliable, 91% fall in the “barren” field, which compares with 73% for equivalent data worldwide. “Fertile” signatures in certain parts of Kyushu and central Honshu should be further investigated, as well as areas where there are magnetite‐series magmatic systems with elevated whole‐rock Sr/Y but for which there are currently little or no plagioclase data (SW‐, N‐central‐, and NE‐Honshu). Why the Japanese arcs appear to show anomalously poor potential for porphyry deposits compared with other arcs worldwide, including Western Luzon, is as yet unclear but possibly relates to tectonic factors or the nature of the magmatic source or because melt PH2O in many of the magmatic systems was too low, as suggested from low average excess Al in plagioclase.
Benchmarking the “Question, Persuade, Refer” Program Against Evaluations of Established Suicide Prevention Gatekeeper Trainings
Authors: Hangartner Renee Brown , Totura Christine M. Wienke , Labouliere Christa D. , Gryglewicz Kim , Karver Marc S.
Published: February 2018

Gatekeeper training is a common approach for aiding suicidal youth. This study utilizes comparative effectiveness “benchmarks” from established programs to evaluate the Question, Persuade, Refer (QPR) program. The QPR program was implemented with adults (N = 2,389) working in youth‐serving community agencies. Questionnaires assessed suicide prevention knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behaviors. Consistent with benchmarked studies, participants in QPR demonstrated knowledge and suicide prevention behavior gains compared with control groups. Future research should utilize benchmarking methods as a measure of effectiveness, and more thoroughly assess mechanisms that promote behavior change.