bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping the characteristics of the radical ring‐opening polymerization of a cyclic ketene acetal towards the creation of a functionalized polyester
Authors: Plikk Peter , Tyson Therese , Finne‐Wistrand Anna , Albertsson Ann‐Christine
Published: August 2009

Radical ring‐opening polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals is a means to achieve novel types of aliphatic polyesters. 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxe‐5‐pene is a seven‐membered cyclic ketene acetal containing an unsaturation in the 5‐position in the ring structure. The double bond functionality enables further reactions subsequent to polymerization. The monomer 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxe‐5‐pene was synthesized and polymerized in bulk by free radical polymerization at different temperatures, to determine the structure of the products and propose a reaction mechanism. The reaction mechanism is dependent on the reaction temperature. At higher temperatures, ring‐opening takes place to a great extent followed by a new cyclization process to form the stable five‐membered cyclic ester 3‐vinyl‐1,4‐butyrolactone as the main reaction product. Thereby, propagation is suppressed and only small amounts of other oligomeric products are formed. At lower temperatures, the cyclic ester formation is reduced and oligomeric products containing both ring‐opened and ring‐retained repeating units are produced at higher yield. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4587–4601, 2009
Synthesis of amphiphilic cationic copolymers poly[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride‐co‐stearyl methacrylate] and their self‐assembly behavior in water and water‐ethanol mixtures
Authors: Sun Guixiang , Zhang Mingzu , He Jinlin , Ni Peihong
Published: August 2009

A series of amphiphilic cationic random copolymers, namely poly[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride‐co‐stearyl methacrylate] or poly(MADQUAT‐co‐SMA), have been synthesized via conventional free‐radical copolymerization using 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator and n‐dodecanethiol as chain transfer agent. The resultant products were then characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, MALDI‐TOF MS measurements. From the number‐average molecular weights of the copolymers, we can conclude that these copolymers have oligomeric structure with a limited number of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in a short polymer chain. The reactivity ratios (rMADQUAT = 0.83, rSMA = 0.25) between the hydrophilic MADQUAT monomer and the hydrophobic SMA monomer were calculated by the Finemann and Ross method, which was based on the results of 1H NMR analysis. The surface activity of the random copolymers was studied by the combination of surface tension and contact angle measurement, and the results indicated that these copolymers possess relatively high surface activity. The critical aggregation concentrations (cac) of the copolymers in aqueous solution were determined by fluorescence probe method as well as surface tension measurement. The different nanoparticles of poly(MADQUAT‐co‐SMA) copolymers formed in pure water or ethanol‐water mixture were proved by the particle size and size distribution in the measurement of dynamic light scattering (DLS). Furthermore, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we could observe various self‐assembly morphologies of these random copolymer. All these results show that the amphiphilic cationic random copolymers have a good self‐assembly behavior, even if they are ill‐defined copolymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4670–4684, 2009
Iodine transfer copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride and α‐trifluoromethacrylic acid in emulsion process without any surfactants
Authors: Boyer Cyrille , Améduri Bruno
Published: August 2009

The synthesis of poly(VDF‐co‐TFMA) copolymers (where VDF and TFMA stand for vinylidene fluoride and α‐trifluoromethacrylic acid, respectively) by iodine transfer polymerization without any surfactant is presented. First, the synthesis and the control of the copolymerization of VDF and TFMA were investigated in the presence of two chain transfer agents, 1‐perfluorohexyl iodide (C6F13I) and 1,4‐diodoperfluorobutane (IC4F8I). TFMA monomer was incorporated in the copolymer in good yields. Moreover, the molecular weights of the resulting poly(VDF‐co‐TFMA) copolymers were in good agreement with the theoretical values for feed of TFMA/VDF ratios that ranged from 50/50 to 0/100 mol %, showing that TFMA does not disturb the controlled radical polymerization of VDF. The microstructures of the produced copolymers were characterized by 1H and 19F NMR to assess the amount of each comonomer, and the molecular weights and the end‐groups of the copolymers. The results on the control of the copolymerization were compared to those obtained with and without the presences of TFMA and surfactant. The addition of a low amount of TFMA improved the control of the polymerization of VDF without using any surfactant. Also, the size of particles, assessed by light scattering, was smaller than 200 nm. The addition of TFMA in low proportions, that is, 5 to 10 mol %, enabled us to stabilize the particle size and to decrease the size by one order of magnitude. The emulsifying behavior of TFMA (in low amount in the copolymer, that is, <10 mol %) was similar to those achieved when a surfactant was added. Indeed, neither sedimentation nor destabilization was observed after several days. The reactivity ratios for rTFMA and rVDF were 0 and 1.6 at 80 °C, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4710–4722, 2009
Feasibility study of a telehealth delivered, psychoeducational support group for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients
Authors: Lounsberry Joshua J. , MacRae Helen , Angen Maureen , Hoeber Michelle , Carlson Linda E.
Published: August 2009

Objective: This study investigates the feasibility and efficacy of a telehealth delivered psychoeducational support group for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT) survivors.

Methods: All AHSCT survivors 0–3 years post‐transplant from the Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alta., Canada were contacted over a 4‐year period and invited to participate. Groups were led by trained facilitators and the didactic content included many of the concerns commonly reported by AHSCT survivors. Participants met with facilitators and other group members via videoconferencing equipment located at various community health centres across Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan.

Results: Of the 19 AHSCT survivors who chose to participate, 74% attended five or more of the six sessions and 100% stated that they were satisfied with the program. The groups were found to be feasible and well liked by all participants. While participants appeared to have gained a greater appreciation of life, they did not demonstrate any significant improvements in quality of life, spirituality and meaning making, distress, or positive growth as measured by the questionnaires in the pre/post‐package.

Conclusions: Attendance and satisfaction ratings suggest that participants gleaned some benefit from participation. Psychoeducational support groups via videoconferencing may provide a viable alternative for those with limited access to psychosocial support. Clearly, more rigorous research is required to determine the utility of these psychoeducational support groups. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unwanted effects of risk notification for breast cancer regarding intention toward mammography utilization
Authors: Park Keeho , Choi Kui Son , Kye Su Yeon , Park Su Ho , Yoon Nan He , Park Eun Cheol
Published: August 2009

Objective: This study was conducted to explore the possible influence of risk notification regarding breast cancer on the intention of women to undergo mammography.

Methods: This study employed an uncontrolled before–after design. A baseline survey was conducted in a random sample of 1000 women to examine the sociodemographic variables, breast cancer risk factors, and screening‐related variables. All subjects received the findings of a personalized health‐risk appraisal (HRA) following the baseline interview. After 2 months of the baseline survey, a survey was conducted in 855 women to assess whether the intention of undergoing mammography had changed. Thus, the modification in the intention by communicating the individual risk status was assessed.

Results: There was an overall increase from baseline to post‐intervention in the number of subjects with the intention of undergoing mammography. Women in the contemplation and action stages who had intention toward mammography utilization at baseline showed decreased intention regarding mammography. After intervention in the form of HRA to promote mammography utilization, it was determined that young age, being married, being in neither the precontemplation nor the relapse stage, and having one or more risk factors of breast cancer were the predictors of intention to undergo mammography.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that communicating the risk status by HRA service can have a negative effect in the promotion of health‐conscious behavior. The selection of the appropriate type of intervention using HRA to promote mammography utilization in the target group will be enhanced by taking into account the risk status of each client. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Studies on Mo–Cr–N and Al–Cr–N Coatings Obtained by PVD Dual Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Benlatreche Yacine , Nouveau Corinne , Rahil Issan , Marchal Rèmy , Chekour Lounis
Published: August 2009

Recently, several studies have shown that the addition of a secondary element likes Al, Si, etc. to nitride and carbide binary systems such as Ti–N and Cr–N improved their structural and mechanical properties and also their thermal stability. In this study, we realized a comparison between the effects of aluminium or molybdenum addition on the properties of the Cr–N system. The (Cr,Al)N and (Cr,Mo)N films were deposited by RF dual magnetron sputtering. To control the aluminium and molybdenum contents in (Cr,Al)N and in (Cr,Mo)N films, respectively, we modified the Cr, Al and Mo target bias. The structural, morphological and composition analyses of the deposited films were carried out using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and SEM equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) microanalysis. The variation of the residual stresses with the Al and Mo contents has been studied using the Newton's rings method. The obtained Al contents in (Cr,Al)N deposited films varied between 0 and 51 at.% while the Mo contents in (Cr,Mo)N layers varied between 0 and 42 at.%. A morphological change from amorphous to columnar films has been observed with the addition of Al in the case of (Cr,Al)N coatings, while all the (Cr,Mo)N films presented a columnar structure. The residual stresses of the (Cr,Mo)N coatings are higher than the (Cr,Al)N ones but they exhibited a similar behaviour for both coatings.
Surface Hardening of AISI H13 Steel Using Pulsed Plasma Electrolytic Carburizing (PPEC)
Authors: Yaghmazadeh Mina , Dehghanian Changiz
Published: August 2009

In this work, the feasibility of a plasma electrolytic carburizing (PEC) treatment on AISI H13 steel using an aqueous solution of C3H5(OH)3, and NaOH was investigated. The substrate samples were biased cathodically to a 20 kW pulsed DC power supply with a variable voltage. The formation of hard carbon‐rich layer on the surface of the treated samples was confirmed by XRD analysis. Metallographic and SEM studies revealed that a uniform and compact nanocrystalline carbon‐rich layer was firmly stuck to the surface of the samples, and no cracks were observed between the carburized layer and the substrate. The coating mechanical performances were evaluated using microhardness tests. The microhardness of the carbon‐rich layer on the substrate was 866 HV, while the hardness of the substrate was 210 HV. Pin‐on‐disk abrasion tests were conducted to evaluate the surface wear resistance. Although all treated samples manifested a magnificent increase in wear resistance, the results showed different resistance in the differently treated samples. The microscopical investigation of the surfaces also showed that the wear mechanism of the tested samples varied by different treatment parameters, especially by the applied frequency. The results also showed that the current pulse frequency significantly influenced both the layer growth kinetics and the coating morphologies.
Physical and ecological changes associated with warming permafrost and thermokarst in Interior Alaska
Authors: Osterkamp T. E. , Jorgenson M. T. , Schuur E. A. G. , Shur Y. L. , Kanevskiy M. Z. , Vogel J. G. , Tumskoy V. E.
Published: August 2009

Observations and measurements were made of physical and ecological changes that have occurred since 1985 at a tundra site near Healy, Alaska. Air temperatures decreased (1985 through 1999) while permafrost warmed and thawed creating thermokarst terrain, probably as a result of increased snow depths. Permafrost, active layer and ground‐ice conditions at the Healy site are the result of the interaction of climatic, ecologic and other factors. The slow accumulation of ground ice in an intermediate permafrost layer formed by upward freezing from the permafrost surface leads to long‐term differential frost heave and microrelief. When ground ice in the permafrost melts, the ground surface settles differentially resulting in thermokarst terrain (pits, gullies). Windblown snow fills the thermokarst depressions causing further warming and thawing of the underlying permafrost — a positive feedback effect that enhances permafrost degradation. Thermokarst‐induced changes in relief alter the near‐surface hydrology and ecological processes. Changes in vegetation included differential tussock growth and mortality and a shift in moss species abundance and relative productivity, depending on microtopographic position created by the thermokarst terrain. Water redistribution towards thermokarst depressions caused adjacent higher areas to become drier and resulted in increased moss mortality and shrub abundance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of new epidemiological molecular markers by comparative proteomics of serogroup A meningococcal isolates from three pandemic waves
Authors: Bernardini Giulia , Comanducci Maurizio , Bambini Stefania , Renzone Giovanni , Scaloni Andrea , Morelli Giovanna , Achtman Mark , Ratti Giulio , Santucci Annalisa
Published: August 2009

We previously described the first reference map for the proteome of one strain of serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis (MenA), a major cause of epidemic meningitis in humans. As a preliminary finding, in that work we noted that 2‐DE protein maps of closely related MenA isolates from different epidemics spreads could be easily compared to detect minor differences and that 2‐DE phenotypes attributable to the well‐known epidemiological marker tbpB agreed with the genoclouds model of MenA epidemiological variation during pandemic waves. We explored here the possibility that an extended comparative study of 2‐DE maps of isolates representative of the nine genoclouds described by Achtman and collaborators could be used to discriminate between strains otherwise undistinguishable. We showed the example of 14 proteins with different 2‐DE spot patterns in different genoclouds that could be considered as putative tracers for alike‐strains discrimination. We introduce the novel concept that comparative proteomics can be useful in identifying new epidemiological markers for N. meningitidis.
Aberrant protein expression in plasma and kidney tissue during experimental obstructive nephropathy
Authors: Giannakis Eleni , Samuel Chrishan S. , Hewitson Tim D. , Boon Wee‐Ming , Macris Mary , Reeve Shane , Lawrence Josie , Ian Smith A. , Tregear Geoffrey W. , Wade John D.
Published: August 2009

Kidney failure is a major health problem worldwide. Patients with end‐stage renal disease require intensive medical support by dialysis or kidney transplantation. Current methods for diagnosis of kidney disease are either invasive or insensitive, and renal function may decline by as much as 50% before it can be detected using current techniques. The goal of this study was, therefore, to identify biomarkers of kidney disease (associated with renal fibrosis) that can be used for the development of a non‐invasive clinical test for early disease detection. We utilized two protein‐profiling technologies (SELDI‐TOF MS and 2‐D) to screen the plasma and kidney proteome for aberrantly expressed proteins in an experimental mouse model of unilateral uretric obstruction, which mimics the pathology of human renal disease. Several differentially regulated proteins were detected at the plasma level of day‐3‐obstructed animals, which included serum amyloid A1, fibrinogen α, haptoglobin precursor protein, haptoglobin and major urinary proteins 11 and 8. Differentially expressed proteins detected at the tissue level included ras‐like activator protein 2, haptoglobin precursor protein, malate dehydrogenase, α enolase and murine urinary protein (all p<0.05 versus controls). Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the up‐regulation of fibrinogen. Interestingly, these proteins are largely separated into four major classes: (i) acute‐phase reactants (ii) cell‐signaling molecules (iii) molecules involved in cell growth and metabolism and (iv) urinary proteins. These results provide new insights into the pathology of obstructive nephropathy and may facilitate the development of specific assay(s) to detect and monitor renal fibrosis.
Identification of anti‐α‐enolase autoantibody as a novel serum marker for endometriosis
Authors: Nabeta Motowo , Abe Yasuhito , Kagawa Lisa , Haraguchi Ryuma , Kito Katsumi , Ueda Norifumi , Sugita Atsuro , Yokoyama Motofumi , Kusanagi Yasuki , Ito Masaharu
Published: August 2009

Diagnosis of endometriosis needs invasive maneuvers. New serum marker that possesses both high sensitivity and high specificity has long been desired. To establish novel serum marker for endometriosis, serum autoantibodies (autoAbs) were investigated using proteomic approach. AutoAbs in sera of endometriotic patients and healthy controls were analyzed using a mesothelial cell line, 2‐DE and Western blotting. Proteins in reacted spots were identified using MALDI TOF‐MS with MASCOT analysis. ELISAs were established using recombinant proteins and autoAb‐titers were estimated in sera of endometriotic patients, disease and healthy controls. Several autoAbs were identified. Anti‐α‐enolase (Eno1)‐autoAb levels in endometriotic patients were significantly elevated compared with both healthy and disease controls. Sensitivity and specificity of serum anti‐Eno1‐autoAb was nearly comparable to serum CA125. When anti‐Eno1‐autoAb and CA125 assays were combined, diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy improved. Serum anti‐Eno1‐autoAb can be a new serum endometriotic marker and it is useful as a supplement assay for CA125. This study validates further clinical evaluation of this novel marker.
2nd Combined Working Group and Management Committee Meeting of Urine and Kidney Proteomics COST Action 29–30 March 2009, Nafplio, Greece
Authors: Vlahou Antonia , Allmaier Guenter , Attwood Teresa , Bongcam‐Rudloff Erik , Charonis Aris , Frokiaer Jorgen , Mischak Harald , Schanstra Joost , Spasovski Goce ,   EuroKUP
Published: August 2009

EuroKUP (Urine and Kidney Proteomics; www.eurokup.org) is a COST (European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical research: www.cost.esf.org Action fostering a multi‐disciplinary network of investigators from 25 countries and focusing on facilitating translational proteomic research in kidney diseases. Four Working Groups focusing respectively on defining clinically important research questions in kidney diseases, kidney tissue proteomics, urine proteomics and bioinformatics have been generated. The EuroKUP members had their second combined Working Group and Management Committee (MC) meeting in Nafplio, Greece from March 29 to 30, 2009. This report summarizes the main presentations, discussions and agreed action points during this meeting. These refer to the design of collaborative projects and clinical center networks for specific kidney diseases; establishment of guidelines for kidney tissue proteomics analysis by laser‐based imaging‐ and laser capture microdissection‐MS; development and characterization of a “standard” urine specimen to be used for assessment of platform capability and data comparability in clinical proteomics applications; definition of statistical requirements in biomarker discovery studies; and development of a specialized kidney and urine ontology. Various training activities are planned involving training schools on laser capture microdissection‐ and imaging‐MS, workshops on ontologies as well as short‐term travel grants for junior investigators.
Proteomics is not only a biomarker discovery tool
Authors: Martins‐de‐Souza Daniel
Published: August 2009

The relatively young science of proteomics has been extensively used to identify biomarkers. However, a detailed and careful interpretation of proteomics data can also provide a clear picture of integrated biochemical systems, which can lead to a better comprehension of pathological processes. For example, the proteome analysis of human brain tissue from patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or multiple sclerosis compared with healthy controls has identified differentially expressed proteins that may not only be potential biomarkers but may also provide information that may increase the comprehension of these neurological disorders. Thus, proteomics is not only a biomarker discovery tool but can also identify potential players of relevance for diseases.
Studies on Advanced RDX/TATB Based Low Vulnerable Sheet Explosives with HTPB Binder
Authors: Joseph Michael D. , Jangid Suresh K. , Satpute Ravindra S. , Polke Bhagwan G. , Nath Tribhuran , Asthana Shri N. , Rao Alapati Subhananda
Published: August 2009

Hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based sheet explosives incorporating insensitive 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) as a part replacement of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) have been prepared during this work. The effect of incorporation of TATB on physical, thermal, and sensitivity behavior as well as initiation by small and high caliber shaped charges has been determined. Composition containing 85% dioctyl phthalate (DOP) coated RDX and 15% HTPB binder was taken as control. The incorporation of 10–20% TATB at the cost of RDX led to a remarkable increase in density (1.43→1.49 g cm−3) and tensile strength (10→15 kg cm−2) compared to the control composition RDX/HTPB(85/15). RDX/TATB/HTPB based compositions were found less vulnerable to shock stimuli. Shock sensitivity was found to be of the order of 20.0–29.2 GPa as against 18.0 GPa for control composition whereas their energetics in terms of velocity of detonation (VOD) were altered marginally. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) studies brought out that compositions undergo major decomposition in the temperature region of 170–240 °C.
Thermal Behavior and Thermolysis Kinetics of the Explosive Trans‐1,4,5,8‐Tetranitro‐1,4,5,8‐Tetraazadecalin (TNAD)
Authors: Yan Qi‐Long , Li Xiao‐Jiang , Chen Zhi‐Qun , Ren Xiao‐Ning , Nie Li‐Hua
Published: August 2009

Trans‐1,4,5,8‐Tetranitro‐1,4,5,8‐Tetraazadecalin (TNAD), a cyclic nitroamine, has been studied with regard to the kinetics and mechanism of thermal decomposition, using thermogravimetry (TG), IR spectroscopy, and pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). The IR spectra of TNAD have also been recorded, and the kinetics of thermolysis has been followed by non‐isothermal TG. The activation energy of the solid‐state process was determined by using the Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa method. Compared with the activation energy obtained from the Ozawa method, the reaction mechanism of the exothermic process of TNAD was classified by the Coats‐Redfern method as a nucleation and nuclear growth (Avrami equation 1) chemical reaction (α=0.30–0.60) and a 2D diffusion (Valensi equation) chemical reaction (α=0.60–0.90). Ea and ln A were established to be 330.14 kJ mol−1 and 29.93 (α=0.30–0.60) or 250.30 kJ mol−1 and 21.62 (α=0.60–0.90).
Near Real‐Time Standoff Detection of Explosives in a Realistic Outdoor Environment at 55 m Distance
Authors: Pettersson Anna , Johansson Ida , Wallin Sara , Nordberg Markus , Östmark Henric
Published: August 2009

Standoff identification of explosives at distances of up to 55 m has been performed by applying spontaneous Raman spectroscopy. This work has been focused on detection in a realistic environment, using an outdoors test field and performing experiments under varying weather conditions such as rain‐ or snowfall or bright sunshine. The instrumentation, based on a 532 nm pulsed laser source combined with gated detection, proved the performance insensitive to weather variations. Investigated HMEs and precursors were TATP, HMTD, HP, MEKP, NM, NB, and IPN; all in bulk quantities. The time needed for acquiring spectra was typically between single pulse (5 ns) and 10 s. Detection through green and brown glass bottles and PET bottles were tried and found viable.
Comparison of ITO prepared by capacitive RF magnetron sputtering and DC facing target sputtering as an anode on the organic light emitting diode
Authors: Kim Sang Ho , Yoon Chul
Published: August 2009

Indium–tin‐oxide (ITO) deposited by conventional capacitive RF magnetron sputtering (rf MS), DC facing target sputtering (dc FTS) and two postannealed samples of these were compared. Comparison of the ITOs aimed at investigating the surface and microstructure effect on the electrical and optical properties of ITOs and how much those facts contribute to enhance the driving voltage and luminescence of build in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Two sputtering methods and postannealing gave ITOs of similar sheet resistivity but those have a different microstructure and surface morphologies. Accordingly, the OLED's performance was fairly different. At as deposited condition by both sputtering methods ITOs were not crystalline and the sheet resistances were ∼40 Ω/sq., after postannealing those showed a same (400) preferred growth orientation and the sheet resistances were increased to ∼100 Ω/sq. However, the surface roughness and microstructure were different. The surface roughness of ITO by dc FTS was 0.2 nm in rms at as deposited condition but increased to 1.5 nm after postannealing. While that by rf MS was 0.9 nm in fresh and was 5.4 nm after postannealing. Microstructure by dc FTS was equi‐axed, on the while that by capacitive rf MS was almost columnar. Current density–voltage–luminescence (I–V–L) characteristics of OLED showed better performances with ITO by dc FTS after postannealing which has equi‐axed grain structure with many fine needles like spikes at surface. For better hole injection at ITO surface that results in better I–V–L characteristics of OLED, therefore, the fine surface with relevant roughness and equi‐axed grains was seemed to be preferable.
Ferroelectricity and gradual melting in NaNO2 particles confined within porous alumina
Authors: Tien Cheng , Charnaya E. V. , Podorozhkin D. Yu. , Lee M. K. , Baryshnikov S. V.
Published: August 2009

NMR and dielectric studies were carried out for ferroelectric NaNO2 embedded into porous alumina. 23Na spin‐lattice relaxation and static lineshape were measured within a large temperature range covering the ferroelectric phase transition in bulk sodium nitrite till NaNO2 melting. The coexistence of the crystalline and melted states of confined sodium nitrite was observed above 400 K, gradual melting being over at about 510 K. The solid portion of confined sodium nitrite bore ferroelectricity with phase transition temperature higher than that in bulk NaNO2. Correlation time of molecular mobility in the melted fraction was found and activation enthalpy was estimated.
The SILICOMB cellular structure: Mechanical and dielectric properties
Authors: Lira C. , Scarpa F. , Olszewska M. , Celuch M.
Published: August 2009

In this work, the mechanical and dielectric properties of a novel centresymmetric honeycomb structure (SILICOMB) are evaluated using finite element (FE) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) models as well as experimental results. The numerical analysis of the in‐plane mechanical properties has been carried out on the full scale and on the representative volume element (RVE) model. The FE model results are compared with the outcome of a series of experimental compressive tests carried out on core structures manufactured using fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique. The comparison with the set of results highlights the specific deformation mechanism of the repetitive cell geometry. Full‐wave FDTD analysis as well as quasi‐electrostatic calculations have been run to investigate in‐plane dielectric properties. Electromagnetic simulations, over a wide frequency band, allow the characterisation of the SILICOMB structure by two effective permittivity functions. Effective permittivity functions are frequency, polarisation and geometry dependent. Multiple geometry parameters to be used to design the honeycomb configurations for multifunctional applications are thus identified and discussed in the paper.
Auxeticity of cubic materials
Authors: Brańka A. C. , Heyes D. M. , Wojciechowski K. W.
Published: August 2009

A general expression for the directionally anisotropic Poisson's ratio (PR) of cubic materials under external pressure is discussed. It is expressed in terms of the elastic moduli ratios, X = G/K, Y = G/W, where K is the bulk modulus and G, W are shear moduli, and where the mechanical stability criteria are taken into account. The global maximum and global minimum PR surfaces are shown. In the X, Y‐plane, regions of different auxetic behavior are identified, and a straightforward way of classifying any cubic material as auxetic, nonauxetic, and completely auxetic is given. The domains of the different extreme directions, for which the PR shows either a global maximum or a global minimum for given X, Y, are identified and discussed. There are three extreme directions: [100], [110], and a novel, noncrystallographic one denoted as the V3‐direction. The main features of the V3 extreme direction and corresponding XY‐regions are described. It is found that the most extreme PR values can be achieved exclusively in the very limited domain of the X, Y‐plane, corresponding to the V3‐direction, and for X, Y → 0, the absolute value of the PR becomes unbounded. Analysis of literature data on real materials demonstrates that the great majority of cubic materials are nonauxetics or auxetics (with the [110] extreme direction). The materials possessing very large (i.e., PR > 2) and very small (i.e., PR < −1) PR values are identified.
Numerical and analytical modelling of multi‐layer adhesive–film interface systems
Authors: Chirima Gleny T. , Zied Khaled M. , Ravirala Naveen , Alderson Kim L. , Alderson Andrew
Published: August 2009

This paper reports the use of finite element modelling (FEM) simulations of the through‐thickness Young's and shear moduli of alternating film–adhesive multi‐layer interface materials. The FEM results were compared with analytical modified rule of mixtures (RM) predictions. Two representative adhesives (‘low’ and ‘high’ Young's moduli, with respect to the film Young's modulus) were used in combination with both conventional and auxetic films. Enhancements in the Young's modulus and shear modulus of the interface were predicted for the low modulus adhesive systems for both conventional and auxetic films. The auxetic film–low modulus adhesive systems showed enhancements by at least a factor of 2 in the through‐thickness mechanical properties compared to the conventional film–low modulus adhesive systems. Of the high modulus adhesive systems, only the auxetic film system showed enhancements in through‐thickness mechanical properties. The conventional film–high modulus adhesive systems showed a decrease in the through‐thickness Young's and shear moduli.
Influence of carbon fibre on the through‐the‐thickness NPR behaviour of composite laminates
Authors: Harkati E. H. , Bezazi A. , Boukharouba W. , Scarpa F.
Published: August 2009

This work is concerned with the influence of carbon fibre, resin types and fibre volume fraction on the through the thickness Poisson's ratio of composite laminates. Different types of carbon fibres in various resins with several fibre volume fractions ranging between 65 and 80% are analysed to show the effect of each parameters on the values of the Poisson's ratios ν13 of the laminates balanced of the type [±θ]2S.
Therapeutic effect of the saponin fraction from Clematis chinensis Osbeck roots on osteoarthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate through protecting articular cartilage
Authors: Wu Wenjun , Xu Xianxiang , Dai Yue , Xia Lunzhu
Published: August 2009

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the saponin fraction from Clematis chinensis Osbeck roots (SFC) on an osteoarthritis model in rats and to explore its underlying mechanisms. Osteoarthritis was induced by intraarticular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into knee joints of rats, and SFC and diclofenac were orally administered once a day for 28 consecutive days. Joint swelling, macroscopic observation, histological assessment and proteoglycan (PG) degradation were examined. In vitro, cultured rabbit chondrocytes were stimulated with MIA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), respectively. The effects of SFC on MIA‐ and SNP‐induced chondrocyte injury were examined by MTT assay. It was shown that SFC (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) dose‐dependently reduced cartilage injury and PG degradation induced by MIA. Diclofenac (4 mg/kg) only slightly alleviated cartilage injury and PG degradation. SFC also prevented SNP‐ or MIA‐induced rabbit chondrocyte impairment. These results indicate that SFC is effective in ameliorating joint destruction and cartilage erosion in MIA‐induced osteoarthritic in rats, and the mechanisms of action for protecting articular cartilage are through preventing extracellular matrix degradation and chondrocyte injury. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a Large Animal Model for Investigating Resuscitation After Blast and Hemorrhage
Authors: Garner J. P. , Watts S. , Parry C. , Bird J. , Kirkman E.
Published: August 2009

Background

Blast injuries are an increasing problem owing to the widespread terrorist threat, but hemorrhage remains the second leading cause of civilian trauma death. Against this background, increasing numbers of prehospital and military trauma organizations are advocating a hypotensive approach to resuscitation of the hypovolemic casualty, deliberately aiming not to achieve a normal blood pressure so as not to disturb any newly formed blood clots at the site of a vascular injury.

Methods

There are no data available to guide clinicians as to how best to resuscitate the blast‐injured casualty who has also suffered a hemorrhagic injury. A large‐scale program was initiated to examine this question and to offer clinical guidance on the optimal resuscitation strategy in such circumstances in terms of volume, type of fluid, speed of resuscitation, and appropriate endpoints. Before such experiments could be undertaken, a novel large animal model of blast and hemorrhage had to be devised and validated. This study outlines the derivation of such a large animal model utilizing terminally anesthetized Large White pigs exposed to a standardized primary blast wave followed by a controlled hemorrhage of 30% of the total blood volume.

Results and conclusion

The preliminary results confirm the reliability and reproducibility of this model.
Breast Cancer Care in Developing Countries
Authors: Agarwal Gaurav , Ramakant Pooja , Sánchez Forgach Ernesto R. , Rendón Jorge Carrasco , Chaparro Juan Manuel , Basurto Carlos Sánchez , Margaritoni Marko
Published: August 2009

Background

Breast cancer is the commonest cancer of women the world over, and its incidence is rising, especially in developing countries, where the disease poses a major health care challenge. This growing incidence in developing countries reflects the advanced stage at diagnosis, low levels of public awareness of the risk for the disease, and poor medical infrastructure and expertise, with the resultant poor treatment outcomes.

Methods

This article provides a collective edited summary of the presentations at the symposium titled “Breast Cancer Care in Developing Countries,” held as part of the Breast Surgery International program at the International Surgical week 2007, Montreal, Canada, August 2007. The aim of the presentations was to bring out the diverse clinical pathological and outcomes‐related facts of breast cancer care available to women in several countries. As the incidence of breast cancer continues to rise steadily in the developing world, the lack of awareness of this disease and the absence of breast cancer screening programs make it almost certain that the majority of breast cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage. In addition, the quality of care available for breast cancer patients varies widely according to where the patient is treated.

Results

Though there are some centers of excellence providing multimodality protocol‐based treatment on a par with the best anywhere in the world, most breast cancer patients receive inadequate and inappropriate treatment because of a lack of high‐quality infrastructure—and sometimes skills—and, above all, because of limited financial resources.

Conclusions

In countries where these limitations are present, there is a need to emphasize public health education, promoting early diagnosis. In addition, resources must be directed toward the creation of more public facilities for cancer treatment. As these goals are met, it is likely that there will be a much‐needed improvement in breast cancer care in developing countries.
Clinical Outcome of Malignant Biliary Obstruction Caused by Metastatic Gastric Cancer
Authors: Migita Kazuhiro , Watanabe Akihiko , Yoshioka Tetsuya , Kinoshita Shoichi , Ohyama Takao
Published: August 2009

Background

The clinical outcome of malignant biliary obstruction caused by metastatic gastric cancer remains unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the clinical outcome and predictive factors of survival in patients who underwent percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) for malignant biliary obstruction caused by metastatic gastric cancer.

Methods

Between April 1997 and March 2006, 38 consecutive patients with malignant biliary obstruction caused by metastatic gastric cancer were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent PTBD.

Results

After PTBD, serum bilirubin levels significantly decreased in 29 (76%) of 38 patients. Pruritus, fever, jaundice, anorexia, abdominal pain, and general fatigue improved significantly in 100%, 100%, 78%, 64%, 53%, and 48% of patients, respectively. Early complications related to the intervention occurred in ten patients. Seven patients developed symptoms of recurrent jaundice or cholangitis. Overall median survival was 79 days, and 6‐month and 1‐year survival rates after PTBD were 39.5% and 13.2%, respectively. Serum bilirubin level after PTBD (P < 0.0001), chemotherapy after PTBD (P < 0.0001), and performance status at presentation (P = 0.0363) were found to be independent predictors of survival.

Conclusion

PTBD with metallic stent placement is a safe and effective palliation for patients with malignant biliary obstruction caused by metastatic gastric cancer. Our results suggest that patients in good clinical condition are candidates for aggressive treatment with a combination of PTBD with metallic stent placement and chemotherapy.
Transforming Oriental classics into Western canon
Authors: Zhangcan CHENG
Published: August 2009

As one of the greatest British translators and Sinologists of the20thcentury, Arthur Waley (1889−1966) translated many Oriental classics and exerted a deep and profound impact on Western literary culture. His translations of classical Chinese poems won him the Queen’s Medal for Poetry in 1953 and were not only well received in the academic world but also highly praised by prominent contemporary poets such as Yeats, Pound, Woolf and Mervin. Indeed, his versions of Chinese poems were ranked highly as English poems in their own right and included in several popular anthologies and ESL textbooks. Furthermore, his English translations proved popular enough to be translated into various other Western languages and set to music. Both academic and commercial publishers competed for the right to publish his translations, which sold well and enjoyed high circulation in both university and public libraries. Thus, Western authors and scholars became accustomed to citing his translations, while poets looked to them as an important resource in their poetic compositions. In addition to the prevalence and canonization of Waley’s translations in the West, Waley’s translation is notable and significant when we contemplate the confluence between the East and West, the process of cultural globalization, and the role that literary translation played in this process.
The Hypolipidemic Effect of an Ethyl Ester of Algal‐Docosahexaenoic Acid in Rats Fed a High‐Fructose Diet
Authors: Ryan Alan S. , Bailey‐Hall Eileen , Nelson Edward B. , Salem Norman
Published: August 2009

Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that the omega‐3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as a triacylglycerol (TAG) or an ethyl ester are protective against cardiovascular disease. Both have significant TAG‐lowering effects. We developed a concentrated ethyl ester of DHA (MATK‐90, 900 mg/g) using microalgae as its source. This study evaluated the effects that different doses of MATK‐90 had on lipid levels and clinical parameters in male Wistar rats fed a high‐fructose diet used to induce hypertriglyceridemia (TAG ≥ 300 mg/dL). Effects of MATK‐90 were compared to those produced by a pharmaceutical product (Lovaza, formerly Omacor, P‐OM3; 465 mg EPA + 375 mg DHA), a TAG oil used in food (DHASCO, algal‐DHA, 40% DHA by weight), and a control (corn oil). Doses of MATK‐90 (0.6, 1.3, 2.5, 5.0 g kg−1 day−1), algal‐DHA (2 g DHA kg−1 day−1), and P‐OM3 (5.0 g kg−1 day−1) were administered by oral gavage for 28 days. A significant dose‐related decrease was observed in TAG and cholesterol levels in all but the lowest dose of MATK‐90 treatment group vs. control. The high‐dose group of MATK‐90 and the P‐OM3 group produced similar reductions in TAG levels.
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide increases proliferation of human HaCaT keratinocytes by activation of MAP kinases
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Jing , Li Chun‐Yang , Xu Yong‐Hao , Chen La‐Mei , Zhou Chun‐Lei
Published: August 2009

Psoriasis is a chronic disease characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation and inflammation. It has been demonstrated that the expression of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is elevated in psoriasis lesions and CGRP‐containing neuropeptide nerve fibers are denser in the psoriatic epidermis. CGRP has been previously described to influence proliferation of several cell types, such as Schwann cell, tracheal epithelial cells, and human gingival fibroblasts. In the present study, we determined the effect of CGRP on HaCaT keratinocyte proliferation and the role of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in CGRP induced keratinocyte proliferation. Our data indicate CGRP increased [3H]‐thymidine incorporation and MTT activity of HaCaT in a concentration‐dependent manner. CGRP also enhanced serum‐induced HaCaT cell proliferation. HaCaT cells cultured with CGRP had a significant increase in phosphorylated ERK1/2, p38 and JNK, and CGRP induced DNA synthesis was inhibited by PD 98059 or SB 203580, selective inhibitors of MAP kinase kinase (MEK, which is upstream from ERK) and p38, respectively. These findings suggest that HaCaT cell proliferate in response to CGRP, which is mediated by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK.
Identification of two active functional domains of human adenylate kinase 5
Authors: Solaroli Nicola , Panayiotou Christakis , Johansson Magnus , Karlsson Anna
Published: August 2009

A full length cDNA that partially corresponded to human adenylate kinase 5 (AK5) was identified and shown to encode for two separate domains. The full length protein could be divided in two distinct functional domains, a previously unidentified domain of 338 amino acids and a second domain of 198 amino acids that corresponded to the protein characterized as AK5, now called AK5p2. The first domain, AK5p1, phosphorylated AMP, CMP, dAMP and dCMP with ATP or GTP as phosphate donors similarly to AK5p2. Our data demonstrate that human AK5 has two separate functional domains and that both have enzymatic activity.
ENGLISH FUNDING OF THE SCOTTISH ARMIES IN ENGLAND AND IRELAND, 1640–1648
Authors: STEWART LAURA A. M.
Published: August 2009

The rebellion against Charles I's authority that began in Edinburgh in 1637 involved the Scots in successive invasions of England and armed intervention in Ireland. Historians have almost universally taken a negative view of Scottish involvement in these wars, because it has been assumed that the Scottish political leadership sacrificed all other considerations in order to pursue an unrealistic religious crusade. This article suggests that aspects of the Anglo-Scottish relationship need to be reappraised. Using estimates of English payments to the Scots during the 1640s, it will be argued that the Scottish leadership made pragmatic political decisions based on a practical appreciation of the country's military and fiscal capacity. Substantial payouts from the English parliament enabled the Scottish parliamentary regime to engage in military and diplomatic activities that the country could not otherwise have afforded. The 1643 treaty that brought the Scots into the English Civil War on the side of parliament contrasts favourably with the 1647 Engagement in support of the king. It will be shown that, although the English parliament did not honour all of its obligations to the Scots, it does not automatically follow that the alliance was a failure in financial terms.