bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Science as Social Existence
Authors: Kochan Jeff
Published: December 2017

In this bold and original study, Jeff Kochan constructively combines the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) with Martin Heidegger’s early existential conception of science. Kochan shows convincingly that these apparently quite different approaches to science are, in fact, largely compatible, even mutually reinforcing.

By combining Heidegger with SSK, Kochan argues, we can explicate, elaborate, and empirically ground Heidegger’s philosophy of science in a way that makes it more accessible and useful for social scientists and historians of science. Likewise, incorporating Heideggerian phenomenology into SSK renders SKK a more robust and attractive methodology for use by scholars in the interdisciplinary field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). Kochan’s ground-breaking reinterpretation of Heidegger also enables STS scholars to sustain a principled analytical focus on scientific subjectivity, without running afoul of the orthodox subject-object distinction they often reject.

Science as Social Existence is the first book of its kind, unfurling its argument through a range of topics relevant to contemporary STS research. These include the epistemology and metaphysics of scientific practice, as well as the methods of explanation appropriate to social scientific and historical studies of science. Science as Social Existence puts concentrated emphasis on the compatibility of Heidegger’s existential conception of science with the historical sociology of scientific knowledge, pursuing this combination at both macro- and micro-historical levels.

Beautifully written and accessible, Science as Social Existence puts new and powerful tools into the hands of sociologists and historians of science, cultural theorists of science, Heidegger scholars, and pluralist philosophers of science.
Chapter One - The Sociology of Scientific Knowledge, Phenomenology, and the Problem of the External World
Authors: Kochan Jeff
Published: December 2017

Chapter One begins with a nod to the so-called ‘science wars,’ a heated intellectual dispute which erupted in the 1990s. One battle in this multifaceted dispute was over the purported idealism of SSK practitioners. This charge of idealism was motivated by SSK’s alleged philosophical scepticism about the existence of the external world. However, as Kochan demonstrates, SSK practitioners have almost never denied the existence of the external world. On the contrary, they have often educed arguments against external-world scepticism, and they have usually insisted that a belief in the existence of the external world is central to SSK’s method of social-scientific explanation. Nevertheless, Kochan argues that SSK practitioners’ attempts to deflect external world scepticism are less successful than they could be, and hence that their method continues to be vulnerable to sceptical attack. At root, external-world scepticism presupposes the fundamentality of the modern subject-object distinction. Although SSK practitioners have sought, in various ways, to shake off the more troublesome aspects of this distinction, he argues that they nevertheless have remained committed to it at a basic, tacit level. This commitment is evinced in their acceptance of external-world scepticism as a legitimate problem of knowledge. Kochan helps SSK out of this bind by combining it with Heidegger’s phenomenology of the subject as ‘being-in-the-world.’ He suggests that by adopting Heidegger’s alternative account of subjectivity, SSK practitioners will no longer be vulnerable to the threat of external-world scepticism, since they will no longer be wedded to the model of subjectivity which fuels that threat.
Chapter Two - A Minimal Realism for Science Studies
Authors: Kochan Jeff
Published: December 2017

In Chapter Two, it is argued that a ‘minimal realism’ may be drawn from Heidegger’s existential model of scientific subjectivity. Heidegger affirms that things are, that they exist, independently of subjects, but rejects any attempt to determine what they are independently of subjects. This distinction between that-being and what-being gives grounds to minimal realism. It allows us to accept the core realist doctrine of independent existence (thatness), without also committing to the doctrine of independent essence (whatness). Kochan then demonstrates that Heidegger’s minimal realism is remarkably compatible with SSK’s “residual realism,” which affirms the independent existence of an external world, but rejects the claim that scientific truths are determined by that world. This compatibility can be further strengthened through the work already done in Chapter One: equipping SSK with Heidegger’s alternative model of subjectivity. With this combination in place, Kochan considers Joseph Rouse’s criticisms of SSK and Heidegger. Rouse argues that both are committed to a theory-dominated account of science, and he instead promotes a practice-based account of science. He argues that Rouse has misunderstood Heidegger’s account of science, not least because he overlooks Heidegger’s distinction between that-being and what-being, existence and essence. Furthermore, although Rouse’s criticisms of SSK do have some merit, I demonstrate that they are also marred by misinterpretation. Finally, Rouse’s meritorious criticisms of SSK can also be deflected once SSK has been combined with Heidegger. Indeed, I conclude that this combination – along with the minimal realism accompanying it – offers a more coherent and serviceable basis for a practice-based account of science than does Rouse’s alternative.
Chapter Four - Things, Thinking, and the Social Foundations of Logic
Authors: Kochan Jeff
Published: December 2017

Chapter Four begins a transition to themes more typical of the history of science. Kochan starts with a review of Heidegger’s phenomenological history of logic, wherein logic is construed as the science of thinking. In Heidegger’s view, this history is inextricably entwined with the history of the modern subject-object distinction, in particular, and the history of scientific subjectivity, more generally. He reads the history of logic as growing out of early attempts to understand the fundamental relation between thinking and things. This is, above all, an intentional relation, a relation manifest in the subject’s experience of its directedness towards things. Heidegger locates the original impulse of logic in Plato’s claim that ‘the good’ guides thinking in its directedness towards things. Aristotle then formalised this idea by modelling thinking on the proposition, with the good now being denoted by the copula (‘is’), which combines subject and predicate in an intelligible sentence. This move marks the beginning of logic. Heidegger argues that Descartes later shifted the organising principle of intelligibility from the ‘is’ to the subject position of the proposition, in fact, to the first-person singular subject, ‘I.’ Kant then submits the Cartesian ‘I’ to a phenomenological critique, disclosing its content in terms of rules of reason. These rules guide thinking in its directedness towards things, ensuring that the relation is a ‘good’ one, productive of intelligibility. According to Heidegger, this history traces the way in which the informal and implicit rules guiding thinking were first identified, and then formally articulated as a set of rules governing the structure of thought. He calls this process ‘thematisation.’ Heidegger then offers his own contribution to this history, arguing that the rules directing thinking are rooted in a shared tradition, in the subject’s ineliminable ‘being-with-others.’ This move, Kochan argues, allows for a powerful point of contact between Heidegger’s phenomenology of logic and the sociology of logic. Indeed, SSK practitioners also emphasise the rootedness of formal logic in the informal rules of a shared tradition. Moreover, they have developed this insight to a far greater extent than did Heidegger. Here, the combination of SSK with Heidegger allows us to strengthen and expand on Heidegger’s more rudimentary considerations.
Chapter Five - Mathēsis and the Emergence of Early-Modern Science
Authors: Kochan Jeff
Published: December 2017

Chapter Five shifts focus from the history of formal science to the history of natural science, including medicine. In doing so, it builds on the argument from the previous chapter that science is a process of thematisation in which informal and indeterminate knowledge is thematised and articulated in a more formal and determinate way. This suggests, however, that scientists only discover what they already know. Indeed, both SSK and Heidegger attribute a circle to scientific reasoning. Yet, this circle is not vicious: it was already recognised by the second-century Greek physician, Galen, and became a topic of concentrated interest for physicians at the University of Padua during the Renaissance. In their view, the production of formal out of informal knowledge is an importantly empirical process. Heidegger argues that, in the early-modern period, this process was transformed into what he calls mathēsis. The rules guiding empirical inquiry were now ‘mathematicised,’ that is, consolidated as a coherent set of basic principles, a ‘basic blueprint.’ Mathēsis is a ‘reciprocal relation’ between empirical work with things, on the one hand, and the metaphysical projection of the thingness of things, on the other. Heidegger thus viewed early modern science as combining both mathematical and empirical elements. Kochan compares his account to the respective metaphysical and empiricist accounts of the historians of science Alexandre Koyré and Peter Dear. He argues that mathēsis was, above all, a transformation in the role played by Aristotelian “final causes” in early-modern natural philosophy. This challenges the historiographic commonplace, also accepted by SSK practitioners, that final causes were abolished from the new natural philosophy. Extrapolating from Heidegger’s work, Kochan argues that final causes, despite seventeenth-century rhetoric to the contrary, remained central to early-modern scientific practice.
Large-Eddy Simulation of the Stratocumulus-Capped Boundary Layer with Explicit Filtering and Reconstruction Turbulence Modeling
Authors: Shi Xiaoming , Hagen Hannah L. , Chow Fotini Katopodes , Bryan George H. , Street Robert L.
Published: December 2017

Large-eddy simulation (LES) has been an essential tool in the development of theory and parameterizations for clouds, but when applied to stratocumulus clouds under sharp temperature inversions, many LES models produce an unrealistically thin cloud layer and a decoupled boundary layer structure. Here, explicit filtering and reconstruction are used for simulation of stratocumulus clouds observed during the first research flight (RF01) of the Second Dynamics and Chemistry of the Marine Stratocumulus field study (DYCOMS II). The dynamic reconstruction model (DRM) is used within an explicit filtering and reconstruction framework, partitioning subfilter-scale motions into resolvable subfilter scales (RSFSs) and unresolvable subgrid scales (SGSs). The former are reconstructed, and the latter are modeled. Differing from traditional turbulence models, the reconstructed RSFS stress/fluxes can produce backscatter of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and, importantly, turbulence potential energy (TPE). The modeled backscatter reduces entrainment at the cloud top and, meanwhile, strengthens resolved turbulence through preserving TKE and TPE, resulting in a realistic boundary layer with an adequate amount of cloud water and vertically coupled turbulent eddies. Additional simulations are performed in the terra incognita, when the grid spacing of a simulation becomes comparable to the size of the most energetic eddies. With 20-m vertical and 1-km horizontal grid spacings, simulations using DRM provide a reasonable representation of bulk properties of the stratocumulus-capped boundary layer.
The Role of Turbulence in Redistributing Upper-Ocean Heat, Freshwater, and Momentum in Response to the MJO in the Equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Pujiana Kandaga , Moum James N. , Smyth William D.
Published: December 2017

The role of turbulent mixing in regulating the ocean’s response to the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is assessed from measurements of surface forcing, acoustic, and microstructure profiles during October–early December 2011 at 0°, 80.5°E in the Indian Ocean. During the active phase of the MJO, the surface mixed layer was cooled from above by air–sea fluxes and from below by turbulent mixing, in roughly equal proportions. During the suppressed and disturbed phases, the mixed layer temperature increased, primarily because of the vertical divergence between net surface warming and turbulent cooling. Despite heavy precipitation during the active phase, subsurface mixing was sufficient to increase the mixed layer salinity by entraining salty Arabian Sea Water from the pycnocline. The turbulent salt flux across the mixed layer base was, on average, 2 times as large as the surface salt flux. Wind stress accelerated the Yoshida–Wyrtki jet, while the turbulent stress was primarily responsible for decelerating the jet through the active phase, during which the mean turbulent stress was roughly 65% of the mean surface wind stress. These turbulent processes may account for systematic errors in numerical models of MJO evolution.
Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Characteristics Stratified by Genesis Environment
Authors: Fudeyasu Hironori , Yoshida Ryuji
Published: December 2017

The characteristics of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the summer and autumn seasons over the western North Pacific that are associated with different environmental factors that influence TC genesis (TCG) were studied. The authors objectively categorized factors into the five TCG factors classified by Ritchie and Holland: monsoon shear line (SL), monsoon confluence region (CR), monsoon gyre (GY), easterly wave (EW), and the Rossby wave energy dispersion from a preexisting TC (PTC). The GY-TCs tended to develop slowly, and the highest rates of occurrence of rapid intensification (RI) were found for the CR-TCs, whereas the GY-TCs rarely experienced RI. The average storm size of the GY-TCs at the time of formation was the largest of the averages among the TC types, while the EW- and PTC-TCs were smaller, although these differences disappeared at the mature time. There were no significant differences in the sea surface temperature (SST) beneath the TCs, but the tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) of the PTC-TCs was higher. The PTC-TCs tended to develop as intense TCs and exhibited favorable environmental characteristics, such as high TCHP, high convective available potential energy, and weak vertical shear. The occurrence rate of the PTC-TCs that made landfall in the Philippines was higher than the averages of the other TC types, whereas those of the EW-TCs (PTC-TCs) that made landfall in Japan (China) were lower. These results provide important information for use in disaster prevention.
Factors Leading to Extreme Precipitation on Dominica from Tropical Storm Erika (2015)
Authors: Nugent Alison D. , Rios-Berrios Rosimar
Published: December 2017

Tropical cyclones are generally characterized by strong rotating winds, and yet, the associated rainfall can be equally destructive. Tropical Storm Erika (2015) is an example of such a cyclone whose heavy rainfall south of the storm center was responsible for significant loss of life and property. Tropical Storm Erika was a weak tropical storm in a sheared environment that passed through the Lesser Antilles on 27 August 2015. Radar and rain gauges measured at least a half meter of rainfall on the Commonwealth of Dominica in about 5 h. In this study, an analysis of several observational datasets showed that the combination of a sheared environment, dry northern sector, and mesovortex contributed to the significant storm precipitation. The sheared environment affected the storm structure, causing it to weaken, but also organized convection and precipitation in the region that passed over Dominica. Furthermore, a mesovortex embedded within the storm persisted over Dominica, leading to enhanced rainfall totals. Understanding the factors leading to heavy rainfall for this case is important for future prediction of similar weak, sheared tropical storms passing near mountainous islands.
ERS statement: interventional bronchoscopy in children
Authors: Eber Ernst , Antón-Pacheco Juan L. , de Blic Jacques , Doull Iolo , Faro Al , Nenna Raffaella , Nicolai Thomas , Pohunek Petr , Priftis Kostas N. , Serio Paola , Coleman Courtney , Masefield Sarah , Tonia Thomy , Midulla Fabio
Published: December 2017

Paediatric airway endoscopy is accepted as a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, with an expanding number of indications and applications in children. The aim of this European Respiratory Society task force was to produce a statement on interventional bronchoscopy in children, describing the evidence available at present and current clinical practice, and identifying areas deserving further investigation. The multidisciplinary task force panel performed a systematic review of the literature, focusing on whole lung lavage, transbronchial and endobronchial biopsy, transbronchial needle aspiration with endobronchial ultrasound, foreign body extraction, balloon dilation and occlusion, laser-assisted procedures, usage of airway stents, microdebriders, cryotherapy, endoscopic intubation, application of drugs and other liquids, and caregiver perspectives. There is a scarcity of published evidence in this field, and in many cases the task force had to resort to the collective clinical experience of the committee to develop this statement. The highlighted gaps in knowledge underline the need for further research and serve as a call to paediatric bronchoscopists to work together in multicentre collaborations, for the benefit of children with airway disorders.
Temporal trajectories of novel object recognition performance in mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia
Authors: Gozal David , Khalyfa Abdelnaby , Qiao Zhuanghong , Almendros Isaac , Farré Ramon
Published: December 2017

Intermittent hypoxia is one of the major perturbations of sleep-disordered breathing and has been causally implicated in neurocognitive deficits. However, the reversibility of such deficits is unclear.

Male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to either intermittent hypoxia or room air for 3–240 days, and then half were randomly selected and allowed to recover in normoxic conditions for the same duration of the previous exposure. A novel object recognition (NOR) test was performed.

NOR performance was stable over time in room air. Intermittent hypoxia induced significant reductions in recognition index that progressed over the first 45 days and stabilised thereafter. Normoxic recovery of recognition index was essentially complete and indistinguishable from room air in mice exposed to shorter intermittent hypoxia times (<90 days). However, significant residual deficits emerged after normoxic recovery following prolonged intermittent hypoxia exposures (p<0.01). In addition, gradual attenuation of the magnitude of recovery in recognition index occurred with increasingly longer intermittent hypoxia exposures (MANOVA p<0.0001).

Intermittent hypoxia during the resting period reduces NOR performance in a time-dependent fashion. Reversal of NOR performance deficits is unlikely after prolonged intermittent hypoxia duration. These findings suggest that early recognition of sleep apnoea and effective treatment are critical for restoration of the adverse cognitive effects of the disease.
Initial Results of Peripheral-Blood Stem-Cell Mobilization, Collection, Cryopreservation, and Engraftment After Autologous Transplantation Confirm That the Capacity-Building Approach Offers Good Chances of Success in Critical Contexts: A Kurdish-Italian Cooperative Project at the Hiwa Cancer Hospital, Sulaymaniyah
Authors: Majolino Ignazio , Mohammed Dereen , Hassan Dastan , Ipsevich Francesco , Abdullah Chra , Mohammed Rebar , Palmas Angelo , Possenti Marco , Noori Diana , Ali Dlir , Karem Harem , Salih Salah , Vacca Michele , Del Fante Claudia , Ostuni Angelo , Frigato Andrea , Massei Maria Speranza , Manna Annunziata , Vasta Stefania , Gabriel Marcela , Verna Marta , Rovelli Attilio , Conter Valentino , Ali Kosar , Othman Dosti
Published: December 2017

Introduction

At Hiwa Cancer Hospital (Sulaymaniyah, Iraqi Kurdistan) after the center was started by a cooperative project in June 2016, autologous transplantation was developed.

Patients and Methods

To develop the project, the capacity-building approach was adopted, with on-site training and coaching of personnel, educational meetings, lectures, on-the-job training, and the implementation of quality management planning.

Results

Here, we report initial results of peripheral-blood stem-cell mobilization and collection of the first 27 patients (age 12 to 61 years; 19 males and 8 females; multiple myeloma, n = 10; plasma cell leukemia, n = 1; Hodgkin lymphoma, n = 12; non-Hodgkin lymphoma, n = 3; and acute myeloid leukemia, n = 1). Only three (11.5%) of 26 patients experienced a failure of mobilization. A median of 6.1 × 106/kg CD34-positive cells per patient were collected (range, 2.4 to 20.8), with two apheretic runs. Twenty-four patients underwent autologous transplantation. All but one transplantation engrafted fully and steadily, with 0.5 and 1.0 × 109/L polymorphonucleates on day 10.5 (range, 8 to 12) and day 11 (range, 9 to 15), respectively, and with 20 and 50 × 109/L platelets on day 13 (range, 10 to 17) and day 17 (range, 2 to 44), respectively. More than 95% of patients are projected to survive 1 year after autograft.

Conclusion

These data are the result of an Italian effort to establish in Iraqi Kurdistan a leading center for hemopoietic stem-cell transplantation. The capacity building approach was used, with on-site training and coaching as instruments for the development of provider ability and problem solving. With future limitations for immigration, this method will be helpful, especially in the field of high-technology medicine.
Myotube migration to cover and shape the testis ofDrosophiladepends on Heartless, Cadherin/Catenin, and myosin II
Authors: Rothenbusch-Fender Silke , Fritzen Katharina , Bischoff Maik C. , Buttgereit Detlev , Oenel Susanne F. , Renkawitz-Pohl Renate
Published: December 2017

During Drosophila metamorphosis, nascent testis myotubes migrate from the prospective seminal vesicle of the genital disc onto pupal testes and then further to cover the testes with multinucleated smooth-like muscles. Here we show that DWnt2 is likely required for determination of testis-relevant myoblasts on the genital disc. Knock down of FGFR Heartless by RNAi and a dominant-negative version revealed multiple functions of Heartless, namely regulation of the amount of myoblasts on the genital disc, connection of seminal vesicles and testes, and migration of muscles along the testes. Live imaging indicated that the downstream effector Stumps is required for migration of testis myotubes on the testis towards the apical tip. After myoblast fusion, myosin II is needed for migration of nascent testis myotubes, in which Thisbe-dependent FGF signaling is activated. Cadherin-N is essential for connecting these single myofibers and for creating a firm testis muscle sheath that shapes and stabilizes the testis tubule. Based on these results, we propose a model for the migration of testis myotubes in which nascent testis myotubes migrate as a collective onto and along the testis, dependent on FGF-regulated expression of myosin II.
Contextual interference during adaptation to asymmetric split-belt treadmill walking results in transfer of unique gait mechanics
Authors: Hinkel-Lipsker Jacob W. , Hahn Michael E.
Published: December 2017

When humans make errors in stepping during walking due to a perturbation, they may adapt their gait as a way to correct for discrepancies between predicted and actual sensory feedback. This study sought to determine if increased contextual interference during acquisition of a novel asymmetric gait pattern would change lower-limb mechanical strategies generalized to different walking contexts. Such knowledge could help to clarify the role of contextual interference in locomotor adaptation, and demonstrate potential use in future gait rehabilitation paradigms. One belt on a split-belt treadmill was driven at a constant velocity while the other was driven at changing velocities according to one of three practice paradigms: serial, random blocked, or random training. Subjects returned to complete one of two different transfer tests. Results indicate that during acquisition, random practice requires unique gait mechanics to adapt to a challenging walking environment. Also, results from one transfer test close to that of the acquisition experience did not seem to demonstrate any contextual interference effect. Finally, random blocked practice resulted in highly unique changes in step length symmetry on a second, more challenging transfer test. This perhaps indicates that a moderate level of contextual interference causes unique locomotor generalization strategies.
High salinity conveys thermotolerance in the coral model Aiptasia
Authors: Gegner Hagen M. , Ziegler Maren , Rädecker Nils , Buitrago-López Carol , Aranda Manuel , Voolstra Christian R.
Published: December 2017

The endosymbiosis between dinoflagellate algae of the genus Symbiodinium and stony corals provides the foundation of coral reef ecosystems. Coral bleaching, the expulsion of endosymbionts from the coral host tissue as a consequence of heat or light stress, poses a threat to reef ecosystem functioning on a global scale. Hence, a better understanding of the factors contributing to heat stress susceptibility and tolerance is needed. In this regard, some of the most thermotolerant corals also live in particularly saline habitats, but possible effects of high salinity on thermotolerance in corals are anecdotal. Here we test the hypothesis that high salinity may lead to increased thermotolerance. We conducted a heat stress experiment at low, intermediate, and high salinities using a set of host-endosymbiont combinations of the coral model Aiptasia. As expected, all host-endosymbiont combinations showed reduced photosynthetic efficiency and endosymbiont loss during heat stress, but the severity of bleaching was significantly reduced with increasing salinities for one of the host-endosymbiont combinations. Our results show that higher salinities can convey increased thermotolerance in Aiptasia, although this effect seems to be dependent on the particular host strain and/or associated symbiont type. This finding may help explain the extraordinarily high thermotolerance of corals in high salinity environments such as the Red Sea and the Persian/Arabian Gulf and provides novel insight regarding factors that contribute to thermotolerance. Since our results are based on a salinity effect in symbiotic sea anemones, it remains to be determined whether this salinity effect can also be observed in stony corals.
Competitive pressures affect sexual signal complexity in Kurixalus odontotarsus: insights into the evolution of compound calls
Authors: Zhu Bicheng , Wang Jichao , Sun Zhixin , Yang Yue , Wang Tongliang , Brauth Steven E. , Tang Yezhong , Cui Jianguo
Published: December 2017

Male-male vocal competition in anuran species is critical for mating success; however, it is also energetically demanding and highly time-consuming. Thus, we hypothesized that males may change signal elaboration in response to competition in real time. Male serrate-legged small treefrogs (Kurixalus odontotarsus) produce compound calls that contain two kinds of notes, harmonic sounds called A notes and short broadband sounds called B notes. Using male evoked vocal response experiments, we found that competition influences the temporal structure and complexity of vocal signals produced by males. Males produce calls with a higher ratio of notes / call and more compound calls including more A notes but fewer B notes with contest escalation. In so doing males minimize the energy costs and maximize the benefits of competition when the level of competition is high. This means that the evolution of sexual signal complexity in frogs may be susceptible to selection for plasticity related to adjusting performance to the pressures of competition and supports the idea that more complex social contexts can lead to greater vocal complexity.
Oral aniracetam treatment in C57BL/6J mice without pre-existing cognitive dysfunction reveals no changes in learning, memory, anxiety or stereotypy
Authors: Reynolds Conner D. , Jefferson Taylor S. , Volquardsen Meagan , Pandian Ashvini , Smith Gregory D. , Holley Andrew J. , Lugo Joaquin N.
Published: December 2017

Background: The piracetam analog, aniracetam, has recently received attention for its cognition enhancing potential, with minimal reported side effects.  Previous studies report the drug to be effective in both human and non-human models with pre-existing cognitive dysfunction, but few studies have evaluated its efficacy in healthy subjects. A previous study performed in our laboratory found no cognitive enhancing effects of oral aniracetam administration 1-hour prior to behavioral testing in naïve C57BL/6J mice.

Methods: The current study aims to further evaluate this drug by administration of aniracetam 30 minutes prior to testing in order to optimize any cognitive enhancing effects. In this study, all naïve C57BL/6J mice were tested in tasks of delayed fear conditioning, novel object recognition, rotarod, open field, elevated plus maze, and marble burying.

Results: Across all tasks, animals in the treatment group failed to show enhanced learning when compared to controls.

Conclusions: These results provide further evidence suggesting that aniracetam conveys no therapeutic benefit to subjects without pre-existing cognitive dysfunction.
Validity, reliability and factor analysis of the Polish version of the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory
Authors: Rybojad Beata , Aftyka Anna
Published: December 2017

Cel pracy

Ocena trafności i rzetelności polskiej wersji Skali Dystresu Okołotraumatycznego oraz przeprowadzenie analizy czynnikowej narzędzia.

Metoda

Przekrojowym badaniem objęto 100 pracowników systemu ratownictwa medycznego w Polsce, którzy wypełnili autorską metryczkę, polską wersja Zrewidowanej Skali Wpływu Zdarzeń oraz poddaną walidacji w niniejszym badaniu Skalę Dystresu Okołotraumatycznego (PDI).

Wyniki

Wartość współczynnika α Cronbacha dla całej skali, obejmującej ostatecznie 12 itemów, wynosi 0,77. Wykazano 3-czynnikową strukturę narzędzia, która wyjaśnia 60,04% wariancji. Wykonane analizy ujawniły umiarkowane i wysokie wartości ładunków czynnikowych wszystkich pozycji tworzących poszczególne podskale z wyjątkiem pozycji piątej. Na tej podstawie podjęto decyzję o odrzuceniu ze skali itemu piątego. Wartość α- Cronbacha dla czynnika 1 (Utrata kontroli i pobudzenie) wynosi 0,75, czynnika 2 (Emocje negatywne) - 0,77 i dla czynnika 3 (Poczucie zagrożenia) - 0,68. Stwierdzono silną, dodatnią korelację pomiędzy dystresem a nasileniem objawów stresu pourazowego (p<0,01). Dodatkowo dystres silnie i dodatnio korelował z poszczególnymi objawami PTSD: intruzją, pobudzeniem i unikaniem.

Wnioski

Polska wersja PDI wydaje się być trafnym i rzetelnym narzędziem do oceny dystresu.
Sustainability in the AAP Bronchiolitis Quality Improvement Project
Authors: Shadman Kristin A. , Ralston Shawn L. , Garber Matthew D. , Eickhoff Jens , Mussman Grant M. , Walley Susan C. , Rice‐Conboy Elizabeth , Coller Ryan J.
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) bronchiolitis clinical practice guideline recommendations improved significantly through the AAP's multiinstitutional collaborative, the Bronchiolitis Quality Improvement Project (BQIP). We assessed sustainability of improvements at participating institutions for 1 year following completion of the collaborative.

METHODS

Twenty‐one multidisciplinary hospital‐based teams provided monthly data for key inpatient bronchiolitis measures during baseline and intervention bronchiolitis seasons. Nine sites provided data in the season following completion of the collaborative. Encounters included children younger than 24 months who were hospitalized for bronchiolitis without comorbid chronic illness, prematurity, or intensive care. Changes between baseline‐, intervention‐, and sustainability‐season data were assessed using generalized linear mixed‐effects models with site‐specific random effects. Differences between hospital characteristics, baseline performance, and initial improvement between sites that did and did not participate in the sustainability season were compared.

RESULTS

A total of 2275 discharges were reviewed, comprising 995 baseline, 877 intervention, and 403 sustainability‐season encounters. Improvements in all key bronchiolitis quality measures achieved during the intervention season were maintained during the sustainability season, and orders for intermittent pulse oximetry increased from 40.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.8‐61.1) to 79.2% (95% CI, 58.0‐91.3). Sites that did and did not participate in the sustainability season had similar characteristics.

DISCUSSION

BQIP participating sites maintained improvements in key bronchiolitis quality measures for 1 year following the project's completion. This approach, which provided an evidence‐based best‐practice toolkit while building the quality‐improvement capacity of local interdisciplinary teams, may support performance gains that persist beyond the active phase of the collaborative.
La integración de las normas internacionales sobre derechos humanos al derecho penal: una interpretación garantista
Authors: Sotomayor Acosta Juan Oberto , Tamayo Arboleda Fernando León
Published: December 2017

El presente texto se ocupa de analizar la forma en que opera el principio de integración en el derecho penal, ofreciendo una interpretación sobre las relaciones entre los derechos humanos y el derecho penal, y enfatizando las tensiones que se presentan entre las ideologías de expansión del poder punitivo del Estado y la perspectiva garantista; así mismo, analiza el principio de integración de los tratados internacionales en el texto constitucional colombiano a partir del concepto de bloque de constitucionalidad.
Educación jurídica y reproducción social en Colombia
Authors: Ceballos Bedoya María Adelaida
Published: December 2017

El propósito de este artículo es estudiar las relaciones que existen entre la calidad de los programas de derecho en Colombia y el nivel socioeconómico de quienes aspiran a ingresar a esos programas. El artículo plantea tres conclusiones: primero, la regulación de la educación jurídica ha sido precaria, lo cual ha propiciado un crecimiento tanto de la oferta como de la demanda en las últimas dos décadas. Segundo, ese crecimiento no solo ha sido heterogéneo y desordenado, sino que también ha estado dominado por los programas privados de bajo costo y baja calidad. Finalmente, la oportunidad de acceder a la educación jurídica de calidad está limitada a los pocos estudiantes que tienen alta capacidad de pago o resultados académicos sobresalientes.
Decidir rápido, condenar pronto. El proceso de flagrancia desde la sociología de la justicia penal
Authors: Kostenwein Ezequiel
Published: December 2017

En este trabajo abordaremos los cambios que generó el surgimiento del proceso de flagrancia en la justicia penal de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Para ello comenzaremos describiendo las características de dicho proceso, junto a los presupuestos y objetivos a partir de los cuales se ha fundamentado su implementación. Estos contenidos serán complementados con la evaluación que los actores judiciales hacen sobre el proceso de flagrancia. Posteriormente, analizaremos los argumentos que expresan los mismos actores judiciales para requerir, objetar, aceptar o denegar la utilización de la prisión preventiva en las audiencias que se desarrollan dentro del ya mencionado proceso.
O PROCESSO DE INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO E SEUS REFLEXOS PRÁTICOS E TEÓRICOS SOBRE AS POLÍTICAS EDUCACIONAIS
Authors: Fávero Altair Alberto , Consaltér Evandro
Published: December 2017

O texto constitui uma resenha da obra Internacionalização da Educação: discursos, práticas e reflexos sobre as políticas educativas. O livro integra a coletânea Políticas Públicas de Educação, que em 2016 alcançou a marca de 34 títulos, todos, resultado das investigações dos pesquisadores envolvidos no grupo de pesquisa. A obra resenhada  reúne 11 artigos de pesquisadores brasileiros e estrangeiros que se dedicam à investigação da internacionalização das políticas educativas, no âmbito da educação básica e do ensino superior. Está dividida em três partes, sendo a primeira intitulada “Internacionalização da Educação e Construção de Territórios Acadêmicos”, composta por cinco artigos. A segunda parte, nominada “Orientações políticas e impactos do PISA nas práticas educativas” reúne três artigos. Por fim, a terceira parte, formada por mais três artigos, tem a nomenclatura “Cenários da avaliação na política supranacional do Mercosul”.
Repetition of the passed or new opportunities? Comments on Duntas L. New aspects of an old dilemma: treatment of hypothyroidism with L-thyroxine combined with L-triiodothyronine
Authors: Melnichenko Galina A.
Published: December 2017

В данной статье представлены комментарии к статье L. Duntas “Новый взгляд на старую дилемму: лечение гипотиреоза при помощи комбинированной терапии L-тироксина и L-трийодтиронина”.
Aplicação do desdobramento da função qualidade para o desenvolvimento de vestuário infantil
Authors: Cervi Imhof Aline , Cauchick Miguel Paulo Augusto
Published: December 2017

Com os consumidores cada vez mais exigentes e a constante concorrência, as organizações necessitam aprimorar-se para atender as necessidades dos clientes. Neste contexto, encontram-se as indústrias têxteis e de vestuário, que tem sentido fortemente os efeitos da competição global, tendo que responder rapidamente às mudanças de estação e moda. O Desdobramento da Função Qualidade (ou QFD - Quality Function Deployment) apresenta-se como um diferencial para o desenvolvimento de produtos, pois proporciona que as percepções da qualidade dos clientes estejam contidas no produto. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar uma aplicação do QFD no desenvolvimento de vestuário infantil, visto a grande importância do setor têxtil e de vestuário na economia nacional, bem como a grande participação do segmento infantil nesse setor. Um modelo conceitual do QFD com quatro matrizes foi criado e aplicado para o desenvolvimento de uma peça de vestuário infantil. Os resultados da aplicação mostram a grande importância atribuída pelos clientes à segurança e ao conforto. As matrizes relacionaram as qualidades exigidas ao desenvolvimento da peça e do molde, as especificações técnicas das matérias-primas e aos parâmetros do processo de produção, mostrando a influência desses elementos na qualidade do produto final requerida pelo cliente. Concluiu-se que o modelo conceitual desenvolvido mostrou a relação das qualidades exigidas com as etapas de desenvolvimento e produção do produto. Finalmente, considera-se que aplicações desse tipo podem ser usadas em outros tipos de vestuário.
Os principais passos adotados na aplicação de kaizen em fabricante de componentes industriais seriados
Authors: Gonçales Filho Manoel , Pires Silvio Roberto Ignácio
Published: December 2017

A concorrência enfrentada pelo setor metal mecânico no Brasil faz com que as empresas busquem tornarem-se cada vez mais competitivas. Essa condição induz a melhorias contínuas, dentre elas o desenvolvimento dos sistemas produtivos. Assim, uma nova orientação estratégica operacional se faz necessária para atingir os objetivos de maximização dos lucros, e de sobressair-se à concorrência, por meio de uma maior produtividade. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar sobre os principais passos a serem realizados na busca da melhoria do processo produtivo, e mensurar ganhos quantitativos pela aplicação de kaizens nos setores que fabricam componentes metálicos para a indústria de equipamentos e máquinas de grande porte. Nesse sentido, este trabalho investiga o processo produtivo de um fabricante de componentes industriais operando na região de Piracicaba/SP. O método de pesquisa utilizado partiu de uma revisão bibliográfica na área da Engenharia de Produção, acerca da Produção Enxuta e da eliminação de desperdícios por meio de kaizens. Posteriormente, foi realizado um estudo de caso de caráter exploratório na empresa pesquisada. Os resultados mostram que foi possível eliminar desperdícios e promover melhorias no processo de fabricação, reduzir a superprodução, o tempo de espera, a movimentação e transporte excessivo de peças e componentes, e obter-se ganhos de espaço na fábrica e redução da mão de obra diretamente empregada no processo produtivo.
Parâmetros para avaliação de células de manufatura que utilizam a filosofia lean: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Rampasso Izabela Simon , Anholon Rosley
Published: December 2017

No ambiente competitivo atual, as empresas são forçadas a elevar constantemente o grau de competitividade de sua produção e, nesse sentido, a filosofia lean é de grande valia. Entretanto, é escasso na literatura o número de referências que possuam como foco a análise do nível de maturidade de células que operam de acordo com a referida filosofia. Devido à importância dessa temática, o presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura procurando evidenciar quais são os parâmetros relevantes para avaliar a maturidade de células de manufatura que operam segundo a filosofia lean. Para isso, foram analisados diversos artigos e uma lista foi estruturada. Tais parâmetros foram divididos em grupos de acordo com suas similaridades. Entre os parâmetros levantados, destacam-se as ergonomias física e cognitiva e a sustentabilidade. Os parâmetros obtidos como resultado desta pesquisa podem ser utilizados como um ponto de partida para a avaliação de células de manufatura lean.
Logística de uma montadora automobilística completely knocked down
Authors: Freitas Larissa Diniz , Menegon Nilton Luiz , Costa Miguel A. Bueno da
Published: December 2017

Este trabalho analisa a cadeia de suprimentos de uma montadora automobilística que opera em regime Completely Knocked Down (CKD). O objetivo é apresentar e discutir as condicionantes operacionais que essa cadeia gera sobre as operações produtivas da montadora em questão. A pesquisa, realizada por meio de um estudo de caso, considerou a cadeia a partir da solicitação de importação das peças até a distribuição dos carros montados. Foi observado que a montadora sofria uma série de condicionantes que afetavam diretamente suas operações logísticas. Esses condicionantes têm origem em três lógicas operacionais: a Lógica do Emitente, a Lógica do Destinatário e a Lógica da Distribuição. Foram identificados os conflitos existentes entre essas lógicas, os quais interferem nas operações e nos limites físicos da montadora. Essa pesquisa introduziu uma nova perspectiva de análise de um sistema CKD.
Szenario-Analyse trifft agentenbasierte Marktsimulation
Authors: Stummer Christian , Günther Markus
Published: December 2017

Während eine Szenario-Analyse die Vorausschau auf alternative Zukünfte erlaubt, bietet eine agentenbasierte Marktsimulation Einblick in das komplexe Verhalten von Märkten. Eine Kombination dieser beiden Methoden kann die Entscheidungsgrundlage für die strategische Technologieplanung verbessern. Dazu werden die Auswirkungen von unterschiedlichen Technologieportfolios auf den Erfolg in zukünftigen Märkten simuliert, wobei die Marktcharakteristika aus den Szenario-Beschreibungen abgeleitet werden und sich die Produkteigenschaften durch die Technologien aus den untersuchten Portfolios ergeben. Zugleich lässt sich auch die Effektivität diverser Strategien zur Markteinführung der neuen Produkte testen. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt einen solchen hybriden Ansatz zur Entscheidungsunterstützung bei der strategischen Technologieplanung und illustriert seine Anwendbarkeit bzw. den praktischen Nutzen anhand eines Beispiels.
Diffusionsprozesse von Öko-Innovationen
Authors: Lewalder Florian
Published: December 2017

Der Artikel diskutiert Hindernisse für einen Strukturwandel zu einer ökologisch nachhaltigen Wirtschaftsweise auf der Produktebene. In einem agentenbasierten Modell wird eine Marktsituation mit Lock-in-Effekten simuliert, welche das technologische Paradigma eines verschmutzenden Produktionsprozesses gegenüber einer neu in den Markt eintretenden Öko-Innovation festigen. Konsumenten haben die Möglichkeit, über ihre Konsumwahl Einfluss auf den Strukturwandel zu nehmen. Dazu unterscheiden sie die ihnen angebotenen Produkte aufgrund von räumlichen, sozialen, ökonomischen und ökologischen Kriterien. Simulationen des Modells zeigen den Einfluss heterogener und homogener Konsumpräferenzen auf das Niveau an Umweltverschmutzung und die Adoptionsraten des umweltfreundlichen Produktes auf.
Der Simulator „SimCo“ als Tool der TA
Authors: Adelt Fabian , Hoffmann Sebastian
Published: December 2017

Das Simulationsframework „SimCo“ erlaubt es, die Steuerung komplexer, netzwerkförmiger, soziotechnischer (Infrastruktur-)Systeme zu untersuchen – beispielsweise die des Verkehrs- oder Energiesystems. SimCo basiert auf den Prinzipien der agentenbasierten Modellierung und Simulation. Dynamiken auf der Systemebene werden durch die Interaktion einer Vielzahl strategisch handelnder, heterogener Agenten erzeugt. Mit Hilfe von Simulationsexperimenten lassen sich unterschiedliche Szenarien (mit politisch definierten Zielvorstellungen) hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit sowie möglicher nicht-intendierter Nebenfolgen testen, denn der Steuerungserfolg hängt letztlich von den Reaktionen der Agenten auf der Mikro-Ebene ab. Ein abstraktes, urbanes Verkehrssystem dient als Anwendungsfall und lässt eine Mischung aus weichen und harten Steuerungsmaßnahmen vielversprechend erscheinen.
Grüne Gentechnik und Genome Editing
Authors: Albrecht Steffen , Diekämper Julia , Marx-Stölting Lilian , Sauter Arnold
Published: December 2017

Genome Editing gilt als Technologiesprung in der Gentechnologie. Die potenzielle Reichweite der Verfahren und die damit verbundenen Chancen und Risiken geben Impulse für eine neue Runde in der Debatte über Gentechnologien, die vor allem im Bereich der Grünen Gentechnik bislang durch Lagerdenken und einen Mangel an Zwischenpositionen gekennzeichnet ist. Um in Zukunft sachgerechter und unter Einbeziehung unterschiedlicher gesellschaftlicher Interessen über Optionen der weiteren Entwicklung der neuen Technologien diskutieren zu können, werden in diesem Beitrag Anforderungen an eine Neuausrichtung der Wissenschaftskommunikation umrissen.
On the 𝔉-hypercenter and the intersection of 𝔉-maximal subgroups of a finite group
Authors: Murashka Viachaslau I.
Published: December 2017

Let

𝔛

{\mathfrak{X}}

be a class of groups. A subgroup U of a group G is called

𝔛

{\mathfrak{X}}

-maximal in G
provided that (a)

U
∈
𝔛

{U\in\mathfrak{X}}

, and (b) if

U
≤
V
≤
G

{U\leq V\leq G}

and

V
∈
𝔛

{V\in\mathfrak{X}}

, then

U
=
V

{U=V}

. A chief factor

H
/
K

{H/K}

of G is called

𝔛

{\mathfrak{X}}

-eccentric in G provided

(

H
/
K

)

⋊
G

/

C
G

⁢

(

H
/
K

)

∉
𝔛

{(H/K)\rtimes G/C_{G}(H/K)\not\in\mathfrak{X}}

. A group G is called a quasi-

𝔛

{\mathfrak{X}}

-group if for every

𝔛

{\mathfrak{X}}

-eccentric chief factor

H
/
K

{H/K}

and every

x
∈
G

{x\in G}

, x induces an inner automorphism on

H
/
K

{H/K}

. We use

𝔛
*

{\mathfrak{X}^{*}}

to denote the class of all quasi-

𝔛

{\mathfrak{X}}

-groups.
In this paper we describe all hereditary saturated formations

𝔉

{\mathfrak{F}}

containing all nilpotent groups such that the

𝔉
*

{\mathfrak{F}^{*}}

-hypercenter of G coincides with the intersection of all

𝔉
*

{\mathfrak{F}^{*}}

-maximal subgroups of G for every group G.