bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of change in enantiomer migration order of enantioseparation of tartaric acid by ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis with Cu(II) and Ni(II)–D‐quinic acid systems
Authors: Aizawa Sen‐Ichi , Kodama Shuji
Published: January 2012

The mechanism of change in the enantiomer migration order (EMO) of tartarate on ligand exchange CE with Cu(II)– and Ni(II)–D‐quinic acid systems was investigated thoroughly by circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry. The 13C NMR spectra of solutions containing D‐quinate (pH 5.0) with Cu(II) or Ni(II) revealed the coordination of carboxylate and hydroxyl groups on D‐quinate. The D‐quinic acid concentration dependence of the CD spectra at a fixed Cu(II) concentration at pH 5.0 indicates that the 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 Cu(II)–D‐quinate complexes were formed with an increase in the concentration of D‐quinic acid. The CD spectral behavior revealed that D‐tartarate is selectively coordinated to the 1:1 complex to give the 1:1:1 Cu(II)–D‐quinate–D‐tartarate ternary complex while L‐tartarate is selectively bound to the 1:2 and 1:3 complexes to form the 1:2:1 ternary complex. In the Ni(II)–D‐quinic acid system, it became apparent that the 1:2 Ni(II)–D‐quinate complex is mainly formed in the wide range of D‐quinic acid concentration at pH 5.0 and D‐tartarate is selectively coordinated to the 1:2 complex to form the 1:2:1 ternary complex. The change in EMO of tartarate on ligand exchange CE was explainable by the change in coordination selectivity for D‐ and L‐tartarates in the Cu(II)– and Ni(II)–D‐quinic acid systems depending on the compositions of the complexes formed in BGE.
Sediment export from French rivers to the sea
Authors: Delmas Magalie , Cerdan Olivier , Cheviron Bruno , Mouchel Jean‐Marie , Eyrolle Frederique
Published: January 2012

Knowledge of sediment exports from continental areas is essential for estimating denudation rates and biogeochemical cycles. However, the estimation of current sediment fluxes to the sea is often limited by the availability and quality of sediment discharge data. This study aims to quantify the relative contributions of French rivers to the sediment discharge to the ocean. Sediment fluxes were assessed using the French river quality database, which is characterized by a low temporal resolution but long‐term measurement periods. An improved rating curve approach (IRCA) using daily discharge data, which allows the estimation of mean annual sediment loads from infrequent sediment concentration data, was used to calculate sediment fluxes. The resulting mean annual sediment loads show that French rivers export c. 16.21 Mt yr‐1 of sediments to the sea. Among the 88 defined French rivers flowing to the sea, the four largest basins (Loire, Rhone, Garonne and Seine) export 13.2 Mt yr‐1, which corresponds to 81.3% of total exports. No relationship was found between the mass of exported sediment and the size of the drainage basins. This is due to the variety of river basin typologies among these rivers, including lowland rivers in temperate climates, such as the Seine on the one hand and rivers draining mountainous areas in Alpine/Mediterranean areas on the other hand, such as the Rhone. The latter contributes 60% to the total sediment export for France while its drainage area is only 19% of the total area considered. Differences between the river basins considered are also shown by temporal indicators describing the duration of the exports, which may be linked with sediment production processes over drained areas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An eigenvector‐based linear reconstruction approach for time stepping in discontinuous Galerkin scheme used to solve shallow water equations
Authors: Araud Quentin , Finaud‐Guyot Pascal , Guinot Vincent , Mosé Robert , Vazquez José
Published: January 2012

Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods have shown promising results for solving the two‐dimensional shallow water equations. In this paper, the classical Runge–Kutta (RK) time discretisation is replaced by the eigenvector‐based reconstruction (EVR) that allows the second‐order time accuracy to be achieved within a single time‐stepping procedure. Moreover, the EVRDG approach yields stable solutions near drying and wetting fronts, whereas the classical RKDG approach yields instabilities. The proposed EVRDG technique is compared with the original RKDG approach on various test cases with analytical solutions. The EVRDG solutions are shown to be as accurate as those obtained with the RKDG scheme. Besides, the EVRDG scheme is 1.6 times faster than the RKDG method. Simulating dambreaks involving dry beds confirms that EVRDG scheme gives correct solutions, whereas the RKDG method yields instabilities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of polarization properties of human adult microglia and blood‐derived macrophages
Authors: Durafourt Bryce A. , Moore Craig S. , Zammit Domenick A. , Johnson Trina A. , Zaguia Fatma , Guiot Marie‐Christine , Bar‐Or Amit , Antel Jack P.
Published: January 2012

Both microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the CNS parenchyma, and infiltrating blood‐derived macrophages participate in inflammatory responses in the CNS. Macrophages can be polarized into M1 and M2 phenotypes, which have been linked to functional properties including production of inflammation association molecules and phagocytic activity. We compare phenotypic and functional properties of microglia derived from the adult human CNS with macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocytes in response to M1 and M2 polarizing conditions. Under M1 conditions, microglia and macrophages upregulate expression of CCR7 and CD80. M2 treatment of microglia‐induced expression of CD209 but not additional markers CD23, CD163, and CD206 expressed by M2 macrophages. M1‐polarizing conditions induced production of IL‐12p40 by both microglia and macrophages; microglia produced higher levels of IL‐10 under M1 conditions than did macrophages. Under M2 conditions, microglia ± LPS produced comparable levels of IL‐10 under M1 conditions whereas IL‐10 was induced by LPS in M2 macrophages. Myelin phagocytosis was greater in microglia than macrophages under all conditions; for both cell types, activity was higher for M2 cells. Our findings delineate distinctive properties of microglia compared with exogenous myeloid cells in response to signals derived from an inflammatory environment in the CNS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute feedback control of astrocytic glycolysis by lactate
Authors: Sotelo‐Hitschfeld T. , FernáNdez‐Moncada I. , Barros L. F.
Published: January 2012

Neuronal activity is accompanied by a rapid increase in interstitial lactate, which is hypothesized to serve as a fuel for neurons and a signal for local vasodilation. Using FRET microscopy, we report here that the rate of glycolysis in cultured mice astrocytes can be acutely modulated by physiological changes in extracellular lactate. Glycolytic inhibition by lactate was not accompanied by detectable variations in intracellular pH or intracellular ATP and was not dependent of mitochondrial function. Pyruvate was also inhibitory, suggesting that the effect of lactate is not mediated by the NADH/NAD+ ratio. We propose that lactate serves as a fast negative feedback signal limiting its own production by astrocytes and therefore the amplitude of the lactate surge. The inhibition of glucose usage by lactate was much stronger in resting astrocytes than in K+‐stimulated astrocytes, which suggests that lactate may also help diverting glucose from resting to active zones. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Opportunities and challenges facing biomarker development for personalized head and neck cancer treatment
Authors: Lucs Alexandra V. , Saltman Benjamin , Chung Christine H. , Steinberg Bettie M. , Schwartz David L.
Published: January 2012

Head and neck oncologists have traditionally relied on clinical tumor features and patient characteristics to guide care of individual patients. As surgical, radiotherapeutic, and systemic treatments have evolved to become more anatomically precise and mechanistically specific, the opportunity for improved cure and functional patient recovery has never been more promising for this historically debilitating cancer. However, personalized treatment must be accompanied by sophisticated patient selection to triage the application of advanced therapies toward ideal patient candidates. In this monograph, we review current progress, investigative themes, and key challenges facing head and neck cancer biomarker development intended to make personalized head and neck cancer treatment a clinical reality. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
On the relationship between historical land‐use change and water availability: the case of the lower Tarim River region in northwestern China
Authors: Liu T. , Fang H. , Willems P. , Bao A. M. , Chen X. , Veroustraete F. , Dong Q. H.
Published: January 2012

Natural ecosystems in the region of the lower Tarim River in northwestern China strongly deteriorated since the 1950s due to an expanding desertification. As a result, the downstream Tarim River reaches became permanently dry land. This historical evolution in land‐use change is typically the result of the anthropogenic impact on natural ecosystems. On the basis of a spatially distributed hydrological catchment model bidirectionally linked with a fully hydrodynamic MIKE11 river model, land‐use changes characterized by historical changes in leaf area index (LAI) of vegetation, as well as the evolution of irrigated surface areas, can be causally related to changes in water resources (groundwater storage and surface water resources). An increased surface area of irrigated (agricultural) land, together with a majority of inefficient irrigation methods, did lead to a strong increase of water resources consumption of the farmlands located in the upper Tarim River area. Evidently, this evolution influenced available water resources downstream in the Tarim basin. As a result, farmland has been gradually relocated to the upstream regions. This has led to reduced flows from the upper Tarim stream, which subsequently accelerated the dropping of the groundwater level downstream in the basin. This study moreover demonstrates that land surface biomass changes (cumulative LAI) along the lower Tarim River are strongly related to the changes in groundwater storage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drainage network detection and assessment of network storage capacity in agrarian landscape
Authors: Cazorzi Federico , Fontana Giancarlo Dalla , Luca Alberto De , Sofia Giulia , Tarolli Paolo
Published: January 2012

Drainage networks in agrarian landscape within floodplains constitute surface's discontinuities that are expected to affect hydrological response during floods. Drainage network recognition and quantification of water storage capacity within channels are, therefore, crucial for watershed planning and management. These evaluations require accurate spatial information for the area of interest and in most cases, when studying large catchments, broad datasets of ditches locations and descriptions are not available. In order to characterize drainage networks for large areas, the availability of high resolution topography derived by airborne laser scanner (LiDAR) represents a new and effective tool. Nowadays LiDAR DTMs covering large areas are readily available for public authorities, and there is a greater and more widespread interest in the application of such information for the development of automated methods aimed at solving geomorphological and hydrological problems. While LiDAR DTMs reliability in steep landscape has been proven by several recent studies, only few researches have been conducted to take into account the effectiveness of these data in agrarian low relief landscapes. The goal of this research is to propose a semi‐automatic approach based on a LiDAR DTM to (1) detect drainage networks in agrarian/floodplain contexts, and (2) to estimate some of the network summary statistics (network length, width, drainage density and storage capacity). The procedure is applied in two typical alluvial‐plain areas in the North East of Italy, and tested comparing automatically derived network with surveyed ones. The results underline the capability of high resolution DTMs for drainage network detection and characterization in the context of agrarian landscapes within floodplains, opening at the same time new challenges to evaluate some hydrological processes in these areas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The regulation of cysteine cathepsins and cystatins in human gliomas
Authors: Gole Boris , Huszthy Peter C. , Popović Mara , Jeruc Jera , Ardebili Youssef S. , Bjerkvig Rolf , Lah Tamara T.
Published: January 2012

Cysteine cathepsins play an important role in shaping the highly infiltrative growth pattern of human gliomas. We have previously demonstrated that the activity of cysteine cathepsins is elevated in invasive glioblastoma (GBM) cells in vitro, in part due to attenuation of their endogenous inhibitors, the cystatins. To investigate this relationship in vivo, we established U87‐MG xenografts in non‐obese diabetic (NOD)/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)‐enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) mice. Here, tumor growth correlated with an elevated enzymatic activity of CatB both in the tumor core and at the periphery, whereas CatS and CatL levels were higher at the xenograft edge compared to the core. Reversely, StefB expression was detected in the tumor core, but it was generally absent in the tumor periphery, suggesting that down‐regulation of this inhibitor correlates with in vivo invasion. In human GBM samples, all cathepsins were elevated at the tumor periphery compared to brain parenchyma. CatB was also typically associated with angiogenic endothelia and necrotic areas. StefB was mainly detected in the tumor core, whereas CysC and StefA were evenly distributed, reflecting the observations in the xenografts. However, at the mRNA level, no differences in cathepsins and cystatins were observed between the tumor center and the periphery in both human biopsies and xenografts. Interestingly, in human tumors, cathepsin and stefin transcript levels correlated with CD68 and CXCR4 levels, but not with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Moreover, we reveal for the first time that an elevated StefA mRNA level is a highly significant prognostic factor for patient survival.
“From theKoranandFamily Guy”: Expressions of Identity in English Learners’ Digital Podcasts
Authors: Wilson Amy Alexandra , Chavez Kathryn , Anders Patricia L.
Published: January 2012

Framed in theories of social semiotics, this teacher research describes the implementation of a five‐month unit on student identity in an eighth‐grade reading/writing class for English learners. After learning about principles for multimodal design, students made their own digital podcasts in response to unit questions such as “Who am I?” and “Where do I come from?” The authors analyzed six students’ podcasts using a multimodal transcription chart, comparing these podcasts to students’ assignments throughout the unit and to student interviews about the podcasts. The authors’ analysis suggests that the podcasts promoted language development and enabled the students to simultaneously use multiple cultural and communicative resources in synergistic ways to express hybrid identities.
Sonographic diagnosis of fetal cardiac rhabdomyomas in two successive pregnancies in a woman with tuberous sclerosis
Authors: Ozeren Semih , Cakiroglu Yigit , Doger Emek , Caliskan Eray
Published: January 2012

Rhabdomyoma is the most common prenatally diagnosed cardiac tumor. We present two cases of fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma. In each case, fetal ultrasound assessment revealed the intracardiac tumors that were confirmed on postnatal imaging. The mother and her previous child were examined for the markers of tuberous sclerosis and diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis was confirmed. Two years later, cardiac rhabdomyomas were again diagnosed in her subsequent pregnancy. In the postpartum period, total regression of the tumors occurred in both cases. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2012
Angiogenic microRNA‐210 is present in cells surrounding osteonecrosis
Authors: Yamasaki Keiichiro , Nakasa Tomoyuki , Miyaki Shigeru , Yamasaki Takuma , Yasunaga Yuji , Ochi Mitsuo
Published: January 2012

A role of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are ∼22‐nucleotide non‐coding RNAs, has recently been recognized in human diseases. The objective of this study was to identify the expression pattern of miRNA (miR)‐210, known to be associated with angiogenesis, in bone from patients with osteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head. The expression of miR‐210 in bone from 10 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip and ten with ON was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and by in situ hybridization. In addition, immunohistochemical staining for von Willebrand factor (vWF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was performed to identify the miR‐210 expressing cells. We found that in ON samples, the expression of mature, primary miR‐210, VEGF, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2, and MMP‐7 was significantly higher than that of OA samples. Section in situ hybridization of mature miR‐210 revealed that mature miR‐210 is expressed around the necrotic area. vWF and VEGF were also strongly expressed in the miR‐210 expressing cells. This study shows that miR‐210 is intensely expressed in ON, and might play a role in ON pathogenesis. The present study provides a solid basis for further functional analyses of miRNAs in ON. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1263–1270, 2012
The promoting effect of adiponectin in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chen Ming‐Jenn , Yeh Yao‐Tsung , Lee King‐Teh , Tsai Chia‐Jung , Lee Hao‐Hsien , Wang Shen‐Nien
Published: January 2012

Background and Objectives

Adipokines may explain the newly established association of obesity with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study investigated if adiponectin levels in HCC patients differed from healthy controls and their potential effect in the development of HCC.

Methods

Radioimmunoassay was used to determine serum adiponectin levels of 65 HCC patients and 165 healthy controls. The expressions of adiponectin protein in the tumor and adjacent non‐tumor parts were examined by the immunoblotting method. Cell proliferation assays were used to assess the bioeffects of adiponectin in two human liver cancer cell lines.

Results

Serum adiponectin levels were significantly higher in the HCC patients than the controls. Significant correlations of serum adiponectin levels with serum triglyceride levels and insulin resistance were found in the controls, but not in the HCC patients. In contrast, serum adiponectin levels significantly correlated with serum albumin and alkaline phosphatase levels in the HCC patients, but this trend was not observed in the controls. The expression pattern of adiponectin protein between the paired tumor and adjacent non‐tumor tissues significantly correlated with tumor size. In vitro, adiponectin increased cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusions

Increased adiponectin expressions were found in HCC and this increase might contribute to tumor growth. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:181–187. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutations in rare ataxia genes are uncommon causes of sporadic cerebellar ataxia
Authors: Fogel Brent L. , Lee Ji Yong , Lane Jessica , Wahnich Amanda , Chan Sandy , Huang Alden , Osborn Greg E. , Klein Eric , Mamah Catherine , Perlman Susan , Geschwind Daniel H. , Coppola Giovanni
Published: January 2012

Background:

Sporadic‐onset ataxia is common in a tertiary care setting but a significant percentage remains unidentified despite extensive evaluation. Rare genetic ataxias, reported only in specific populations or families, may contribute to a percentage of sporadic ataxia.

Methods:

Patients with adult‐onset sporadic ataxia, who tested negative for common genetic ataxias (SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, and/or Friedreich ataxia), were evaluated using a stratified screening approach for variants in 7 rare ataxia genes.

Results:

We screened patients for published mutations in SYNE1 (n = 80) and TGM6 (n = 118), copy number variations in LMNB1 (n = 40) and SETX (n = 11), sequence variants in SACS (n = 39) and PDYN (n = 119), and the pentanucleotide insertion of spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 (n = 101). Overall, we identified 1 patient with a LMNB1 duplication, 1 patient with a PDYN variant, and 1 compound SACS heterozygote, including a novel variant.

Conclusions:

The rare genetic ataxias examined here do not significantly contribute to sporadic cerebellar ataxia in our tertiary care population. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Phosphorus liver MRSI at 3 T using a novel dual‐tuned eight‐channel 31P/1H coil
Authors: Panda Anshuman , Jones Scott , Stark Helmut , Raghavan Rahul S. , Sandrasegaran Kumar , Bansal Navin , Dydak Ulrike
Published: January 2012

Although phosphorus‐31 (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy holds potential as noninvasive tool to monitor treatment response of liver malignancies, the lack of appropriate coils has so far restricted its use to liver lesions close to the surface. A novel eight‐channel phased‐array dual‐tuned 31P/1H coil that can assess 31P metabolism in deeper liver tissue as well is presented in this article. Analysis of its performance demonstrates that this coil can provide good sensitivity across a width of 20 cm, thereby enabling magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) scans that can fully cover axial views of the abdomen in lean subjects. In vivo results and reproducibility of 31P MRSI at 3 T of axial slices covering the full depth of the liver are shown in healthy volunteers. To minimize intrasubject and intersubject data variability, spectra are corrected for coil sensitivities. Methods to maximize the reproducibility of coil placement and spectroscopic planning are discussed. The phosphomonoesters/phosphodiesters ratio calculated in healthy volunteers has an average intrasubject variation of 23% averaged over voxels selected from the entire liver. Finally, the feasibility of using the coil in the clinic is shown by preliminary 31P liver MRSI data obtained from a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome. III. Relationships to cortical glutathione and clinical symptoms implicate oxidative stress in disorder pathophysiology
Authors: Shungu Dikoma C. , Weiduschat Nora , Murrough James W. , Mao Xiangling , Pillemer Sarah , Dyke Jonathan P. , Medow Marvin S. , Natelson Benjamin H. , Stewart Julian M. , Mathew Sanjay J.
Published: January 2012

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complex illness, which is often misdiagnosed as a psychiatric illness. In two previous reports, using 1H MRSI, we found significantly higher levels of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate in patients with CFS relative to those with generalized anxiety disorder and healthy volunteers (HV), but not relative to those with major depressive disorder (MDD). In this third independent cross‐sectional neuroimaging study, we investigated a pathophysiological model which postulated that elevations of CSF lactate in patients with CFS might be caused by increased oxidative stress, cerebral hypoperfusion and/or secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. Fifteen patients with CFS, 15 with MDD and 13 HVs were studied using the following modalities: (i) 1H MRSI to measure CSF lactate; (ii) single‐voxel 1H MRS to measure levels of cortical glutathione (GSH) as a marker of antioxidant capacity; (iii) arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF); and (iv) 31P MRSI to measure brain high‐energy phosphates as objective indices of mitochondrial dysfunction. We found elevated ventricular lactate and decreased GSH in patients with CFS and MDD relative to HVs. GSH did not differ significantly between the two patient groups. In addition, we found lower rCBF in the left anterior cingulate cortex and the right lingual gyrus in patients with CFS relative to HVs, but rCBF did not differ between those with CFS and MDD. We found no differences between the three groups in terms of any high‐energy phosphate metabolites. In exploratory correlation analyses, we found that levels of ventricular lactate and cortical GSH were inversely correlated, and significantly associated with several key indices of physical health and disability. Collectively, the results of this third independent study support a pathophysiological model of CFS in which increased oxidative stress may play a key role in CFS etiopathophysiology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐time behavior of the proper orthogonal decomposition method
Authors: Kemper Jens
Published: January 2012

We present explicit error bounds concerning the behavior of the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method when the data are drawn from long trajectories. We express the error of the POD method in terms of the canonical angle for systems with exponentially decaying behavior. We test our theoretical bounds numerically using a linear parabolic equation. The considerations are motivated by a subdivision algorithm for the computation of invariant measures in discrete dynamical systems using the POD method as a model reduction tool. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of an environmentally friendly halogen‐free phosphorus–nitrogen bond flame retardant for cotton fabrics
Authors: Nguyen Thach‐Mien D. , Chang SeChin , Condon Brian , Uchimiya Minori , Fortier Chanel
Published: January 2012

A novel flame retardant diethyl 4‐methylpiperazin‐1‐ylphosphoramidate (CN‐3) containing phosphorous and nitrogen was prepared. Its chemical structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐, 13C‐, and 31P‐NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Print cloth and twill fabrics were treated with CN‐3 to achieve different levels of add‐on (7–22 wt% add‐ons for print cloth and 3–18 wt% add‐ons for twill). Thermogravimetric analysis, vertical flame test, and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics and showed promising results. When the treated print cloth and twill fabric samples were tested using the vertical flame test (ASTM D6413‐08), we observed that the ignited fabrics self‐extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add‐ons fabrics were neither consumed by flame nor produced glowing ambers upon self‐extinguishing. LOI (ASTM 2863–09) was used to determine the effectiveness of the flame retardant on the treated fabrics. LOI values increased from 18 vol% oxygen in nitrogen for untreated print cloth and twill fabrics to maximum of 28 and 31 wt% for the highest add‐ons of print cloth and twill, respectively. The results from cotton fabrics treated with CN‐3 demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as a higher char yield because of the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, FT‐IR and SEM were used to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
What is the evidence for radical surgery in the management of localized embryonal bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma?
Authors: Alexander Nicholas , Lane Sheila , Hitchcock Rowena
Published: January 2012

As survival outcomes for bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma have improved over the last 40 years, the emphasis has shifted to minimizing treatment related morbidity. We undertook a critical review of the current literature to examine the role of radical pelvic surgery to achieve local control. We illustrate that there appears to be no difference in overall survival or event free survival when comparing differing modalities utilized in local disease control, microscopic disease clearance does not correlate with improved outcomes, and the morbidity associated with radical surgery for BP RMS is significantly greater than for a conservative method of local control. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The initiative on Model Organism Proteomes (iMOP) Session September 6, 2011, Geneva, Switzerland
Authors: Schrimpf Sabine P. , von Mering Christian , Bendixen Emøke , Heazlewood Joshua L. , Bumann Dirk , Omenn Gil , Hengartner Michael O.
Published: January 2012

iMOP – the Initiative on Model Organism Proteomes – was accepted as a new HUPO initiative at the Ninth HUPO meeting in Sydney in 2010. A goal of iMOP is to integrate research groups working on a great diversity of species into a model organism community. At the Tenth HUPO meeting in Geneva this variety was reflected in the iMOP session on Tuesday September 6, 2011. The presentations covered the quantitative proteome database PaxDb, proteomics projects studying farm animals, Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as host–pathogen interactions.
Discrete Nonhomogeneous Poisson Process Software Reliability Growth Models Based on Test Coverage
Authors: Wang Shuanqi , Wu Yumei , Lu Minyan , Li Haifeng
Published: January 2012

To incorporate the effect of test coverage, we proposed two novel discrete nonhomogeneous Poisson process software reliability growth models in this article using failure data and test coverage, which are both regarding the number of executed test cases instead of execution time. Because one of the most important factors of the coverage‐based software reliability growth models is the test coverage function (TCF), we first discussed a discrete TCF based on beta function. Then we developed two discrete mean value functions (MVF) integrating test coverage and imperfect debugging. Finally, the proposed discrete TCF and MVFs are evaluated and validated on two actual software reliability data sets. The results of numerical illustration demonstrate that the proposed TCF and the MVFs provide better estimation and fitting under comparisons. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometric Charts with Estimated Control Limits
Authors: Zhang Min , Peng Yiming , Schuh Anna , Megahed Fadel M. , Woodall William H.
Published: January 2012

The geometric control chart has been shown to be more effective than p and np‐charts for monitoring the proportion of nonconforming items, especially for high‐quality Bernoulli processes. When implementing a geometric control chart, the in‐control proportion nonconforming is typically unknown and must be estimated. In this article, we used the standard deviation of the average run length (SDARL) and the standard deviation of the average number of inspected items to signal, SDARL*, to show that much larger phase I sample sizes are needed in practice than implied by previous research. The SDARL (or SDARL*) was used because practitioners would estimate the control limits based on different phase I samples. Thus, there would be practitioner‐to‐practitioner variability in the in‐control ARL (or ARL*). In addition, we recommend a Bayes estimator for the in‐control proportion nonconforming to take advantage of practitioners' knowledge and to avoid estimation problems when no nonconforming items are observed in the phase I sample. If the in‐control proportion nonconforming is low, then the required phase I sample size may be prohibitively large. In this case, we recommend an approach to identify a more informative continuous variable to monitor. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring firm characteristics that differentiate leaders from followers in industry merger waves: a competitive dynamics perspective
Authors: Haleblian Jerayr (John) , McNamara Gerry , Kolev Kalin , Dykes Bernadine J.
Published: January 2012

Research in strategic management has shown that the timing of firm participation in a merger wave matters, as early movers have been shown to outperform later ones. However, while the consequences of the timing of action within a merger wave have been assessed, the causes that drive these timing effects remain unknown. We draw on the competitive dynamics perspective to investigate firm‐level factors that influence the large‐scale strategic behavior of leading or following within industry merger waves. We develop hypotheses based on the competitive dynamics argument that the awareness‐motivation‐capability of firms will influence the timing of competitive action. Consistent with this perspective, we show that a firm's strategic orientation, its structure, and its resource base influence the timing of firm entry in merger waves. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure Formation by Dynamic Self‐Assembly
Authors: Li Liqiang , Köpf Michael H. , Gurevich Svetlana V. , Friedrich Rudolf , Chi Lifeng
Published: January 2012

This review summarizes the work conducted in the last decade on the fabrication of mesostructured patterns, which have lateral dimensions within the nano‐ and microscales, over a wafer‐scaled size by means of dynamic self‐assembly using Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) transfer or dip‐coating. First, strategies to form mesostructures from a homogeneous Langmuir monolayer with controlled shape, size, and patterns alignment will be presented, followed by a detailed theoretical explanation of the pattern formation. In addition, the patterning of nanocrystals and other chemicals with LB transfer or other dynamic processes, such as dip‐coating, will be summarized.
Reactive Photonic Film for Label‐Free and Selective Sensing of Cyanide
Authors: Li Xuesong , Peng Lihua , Cui Jiecheng , Li Weina , Lin Changxu , Xu Dan , Tian Tian , Zhang Guanxin , Zhang Deqing , Li Guangtao
Published: January 2012

Three‐dimensional ordered inverse‐opal films bearing a reactive trifluoroacetyl group are successfully constructed. Through the specific reaction between cyanide and trifluoroacetyl, the photonic films can selectively detect sub‐micromolar levels of cyanide by distinct structural color change. Labeled molecules are not necessary for the sensing mechanism.
In Situ Characterization of Deformation Behavior of Austenitic High Manganese Steels
Authors: Hoffmann Sascha , Bleck Wolfgang , Berme Banu
Published: January 2012

The mechanical properties of high manganese steels are linked to their hardening mechanisms and their intrinsic behavior during deformation. The characterization of mechanical properties is influenced by the localization of plastic flow and the effect of this localization on the material. Depending on grain size, temperature, and extrinsic strain rate localization of strain, adiabatic heating, and hardening vary in spatial and temporal extent. Even at small strain rates the adiabatic heating of samples reaches temperatures more than 100 K over initial testing temperature due to the sharp localization and last but not least this heating is also dependent on the tested sample size. Furthermore, temperature influences the activated mechanisms of plastic flow. The characterization of temperature increase, strain distribution, and local hardening is pursued in tensile tests with application of infrared thermography. With those techniques it is possible to gather correlations between local strain and temperature. The analysis of dynamic strain ageing effects is also carried out by evaluation of the instantaneous strain rate, the strain rate in the gauge length, in dependence of stress in different alloys, as well as at different strain rate regimes. Thus it is possible to distinguish the onset of TRIP, TWIP and DSA.
Classroom Management For Achieving Readers
Authors: Roskos Kathleen , Neuman Susan B.
Published: January 2012

From the Start: The Effective Reading Teacher is a new department that addresses matters related to implementing and maintaining a successful classroom environment.
The Practice Page as a Mediational Tool for Interactive Writing Instruction
Authors: Williams Cheri , Sherry Tammie , Robinson Nicole , Hungler Diane
Published: January 2012

This paper examines, from the perspective of mediated action (Wertsch, 1991, 1998), the ways in which an experienced, primary‐grade teacher used and continually modified an instructional too—“the practice page”—to mediate specific aspects of interactive writing, an approach to beginning writing instruction. The authors provide a detailed, theoretical account of the teacher's use of this instructional tool and argue that it provided a context for the kinds of explicit instruction and authentic activity that research demonstrates is essential to young children's literacy learning.
Evolution of P2X receptors
Authors: Burnstock Geoffrey , Verkhratsky Alexei
Published: January 2012

Purines appear to be the most primitive and widespread chemical messengers in all kingdoms of the Domain Eucarya. There is evidence for purinergic signaling in plants, invertebrates, and lower vertebrates from protozoa to birds. Much is based on pharmacological studies, but important recent papers have utilized the techniques of molecular biology, and ATP‐gated ion channels (ionotropic purinoceptors) have been cloned and characterized in primitive invertebrates, including the social amoeba Dictyostelium and the platyhelminth Schistosoma, as well as the green algae Ostreococcus. These ancient purinoceptors resemble P2X receptors identified in mammals. This suggests that contrary to earlier speculations, P2X ion channel receptors appeared early in evolution, while G protein‐coupled P1 and P2Y receptors were introduced either at the same time or perhaps even later. The absence of gene coding for P2X receptors in some animal groups (e.g., in some insects, roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, and the plant Arabidopsis), in contrast to the potent pharmacological actions of nucleotides in the same species, suggests that novel receptors are still to be discovered. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:188–200. doi: 10.1002/wmts.13

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Surgical Management of Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Wade Thomas J. , Yen Tina W. F. , Amin Amanda L. , Wang Tracy S.
Published: January 2012

Background

Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT), typically defined as elevated serum calcium levels associated with inappropriately elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, can occur also in patients with normal serum calcium levels. This study investigated the characteristics, workup, and surgical management of patients with normocalcemic pHPT.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of a prospectively collected, single‐institution parathyroid database was performed on patients with sporadic pHPT who underwent parathyroidectomy between 12/99 and 12/08.

Results

In all, 93 of 771 (12%) pHPT patients had normal serum calcium levels 3 months prior to surgery. Ionized calcium (iCa) levels were available for 58 patients and were elevated in 50 (86%). Among those with elevated iCa levels 90% had single‐gland disease (SGD), whereas 63% with normal iCa levels had SGD (p = 0.07). Preoperative imaging identified SGD in 60% of patients with normal iCa and in 66% with elevated iCa levels. Intraoperative PTH (IOPTH) monitoring identified cure in 51 of 58 (88%) patients including 6 (75%) with normal iCa. At a median follow‐up of 358 days, postoperative calcium and PTH levels were similar in the groups. One (1%) patient had recurrent disease.

Conclusions

Most patients with apparent normocalcemic pHPT have elevated ionized calcium levels. For patients with normocalcemic pHPT, we recommend measuring iCa levels preoperatively, performing localization studies, and utilizing IOPTH monitoring to guide a successful operation.
EDITORIAL FOREWORD
Authors: Baron Beth , Pursley Sara
Published: January 2012

The first five articles in this issue all deal with aspects of Islamic practice and discourse in the 20th and 21st centuries. Three of them, grouped under the subtitle “Islamic Practices in New Media,” examine how different media forms have shaped, and been shaped by, particular Islamic practices. Charles Hirschkind's article examines how some of the existing norms of ethical comportment associated with the Islamic Friday sermon or khuṭba have carried over into Internet space through the posting of khuṭba video clips on YouTube, at the same time that such postings have engendered “novel forms of pious interaction, argument, and listening.” Paying attention to how religious experiences might be altered through the particular qualities of the medium in question, Hirschkind argues that the “phenomenology” of the Internet—its “juxtaposing and interweaving [of] a limitless variety of content”—contributes to a “homogenization and de-differentiation” of the affects that move the pious khuṭba listener toward God.
THE ENDURING LEGACY OF THE SECOND SAUDI STATE: QUIETIST AND RADICAL WAHHABI CONTESTATIONS OFAL-WALĀʾ WA-L-BARĀʾ
Authors: Wagemakers Joas
Published: January 2012

The concept ofal-walāʾwa-l-barāʾ (loyalty to Islam, Muslims, and God and disavowal of everything else) has developed in various ways in Wahhabi discourse since the 19th century. This can partly be ascribed to the civil war that caused the collapse of the second Saudi state (1824–91) and the lessons that both quietist and radical Wahhabi scholars have drawn from that episode. In this article, I contend that Wahhabi contestations ofal-walāʾwa-l-barāʾ can be divided into two distinct trends—one social and the other political—and that both show the enduring legacy of the second Saudi state, which can still be discerned in Wahhabi scholarly writings on the subject ofal-walāʾwa-l-barāʾ today.
FROM LEGAL REPRESENTATION TO ADVOCACY: ATTORNEYS AND CLIENTS IN THE OTTOMAN NIZAMIYE COURTS
Authors: Rubin Avi
Published: January 2012

Professional attorneyship emerged in the Ottoman Empire in tandem with the consolidation of the Nizamiye (“regular”) court system during the late 19th century. This article analyzes the emergence of an Ottoman legal profession, emphasizing two developments. First, the Nizamiye courts advanced a formalist legal culture, exhibited, inter alia, by the expansion of legal procedure. Whereas the pre-19th century court of law was highly accessible to lay litigants, the proceduralization of court proceedings in the 19th century limited the legibility of the judicial experience to legal experts, rendering legal counseling almost indispensible in civil and criminal litigation. Second, the reformers made efforts to render state-granted legal license a sign of professional competence, presenting a formal distinction between the old “agents” (vekils), who lacked formal legal training, and the professional “trial attorneys” (dava vekils). In practice, however, lawyers of both categories had to adapt to the Nizamiye formalist culture.
IN THE NAME OF THE SULTAN: HACI MUSTAFA PASHA OF BELGRADE AND OTTOMAN PROVINCIAL RULE IN THE LATE 18TH CENTURY
Authors: Zens Robert W.
Published: January 2012

This article examines the administration of Hacı Mustafa Pasha, the military governor of Belgrade from 1793 to 1801. His appointment to this strategically located post was at odds with the contemporary trend in Ottoman provincial politics. Unlike most high-ranking provincial officials at this time, especially in the Balkans, Mustafa Pasha was not among the wealthy and militarily powerfulayan(local notables) but rather a career bureaucrat. His tumultuous and ultimately tragic administration reveals that his appointment was part of the attempt by Sultan Selim III (r. 1789–1807) to recentralize provincial governance. This study also provides a sociopolitical portrait of Belgrade and the surrounding region during the 18th century, as well as a brief look at the dangerous alliance ofayanand the janissaries.
Beyond 1979 and 2011: When Comparisons Distract
Authors: Keshavarzian Arang
Published: January 2012

In the midst of several research trips to Iran in the 1990s, I spent one year living and conducting exploratory research in Cairo. In Tehran, revolution seemed unfinished if not perpetual, yet in Egypt it was unimaginable. In spite of the entrenched support for the Leader and the political status quo, at this time Iran's reformist movement was robust. The policies of the Islamic Republic and consequences of the eight-year war with Iraq unleashed new social conditions that combined with established forces to push for women's rights, freedom of speech, independent civil associations, and exposing contradictions in the postrevolutionary order.
Kant on Moral Freedom and Moral Slavery
Authors: Forman David
Published: January 2012

Kant's account of the freedom gained through virtue builds on the Socratic tradition. On the Socratic view, when morality is our end, nothing can hinder us from attaining satisfaction: we are self-sufficient and free since moral goodness is (as Kant says) ‘created by us, hence is in our power’. But when our end is the fulfilment of sensible desires, our satisfaction requires luck as well as the cooperation of others. For Kant, this means that happiness requires that we get other people to work for our ends; and this requires, in turn, that we gain control over the thingsotherpeople value so as to have influence over them. If this plan for happiness is not subordinated to morality, then what is most valuable to us will be precisely whatothersvalue. This is the root of the ‘passions’ that make us evil and make us slaves whose satisfaction depends on others. But, significantly, this dependence is amoralslavery and hence does not signal a loss, or even diminishment of the kind of freedom required for moral responsibility.
Kant on the Normativity of Creative Production
Authors: Ostaric Lara
Published: January 2012

In this essay, I argue that a genius's creation consists of a special unity of free human activity and nature, whereby ‘nature’ signifies not just another aspect of, but rather something that transcends, creative subjectivity. This interpretation of a genius's creative process throws a new light on a special normative status of a genius's rule, i.e. its originality and exemplarity. With respect to the former, I demonstrate that because the organizing principle of the works of genius remains inscrutable to our limited human understanding, a work of genius appears to the observer's limited cognitive capacities as undetermined and, hence, as contingent and original. With respect to the latter, I show how a genius must evolve within the context of her own tradition and how this ‘humbleness’ of a genius still allows for a multiplicity of co-existent schools or genres with their own distinct standards of excellence.
Apriority, Metaphysics, and Empirical Content in Kant's Theory of Matter
Authors: Rand Sebastian
Published: January 2012

This paper addresses problems associated with the role of the empirical concept of matter in Kant'sMetaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, offering an interpretation emphasizing two points consistently neglected in the secondary literature: the distinction between logical and real essence, and Kant's claim that motion must be represented in pure intuition by static geometrical figures. I conclude that special metaphysics cannot achieve its stated and systematically justified goal of discovering the real essence of matter, but that Kant requires this failure for his larger philosophical presentation of the dialectic that ‘irremediably attaches to human reason’ (A298/B354).
Improved Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Laboratory-Based Phase Contrast Tomography
Authors: Boone Matthieu N. , De Witte Yoni , Dierick Manuel , Almeida Ana , Van Hoorebeke Luc
Published: January 2012

In conventional X-ray microtomography (μCT), the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of the attenuation coefficient of X-rays is measured and reconstructed in a 3D volume. As spatial resolution increases, the refraction of X-rays becomes a significant phenomenon in the imaging process. Although this so-called phase contrast was initially a cumbersome feature in lab-based μCT, special phase retrieval algorithms were developed to exploit these effects. Clear advantages in terms of visualization and analysis can be seen when phase retrieval algorithms are applied, including an increased signal-to-noise ratio. In this work, this is demonstrated both on simulated and measured data.