bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Piezoelectricity by Polarization Rotation through Thermal Strain Manipulation in PbZr0.6Ti0.4O3 Thin Films
Authors: Huang Sizhao , Houwman Evert , Gauquelin Nicolas , Orekhov Andrey , Chezganov Dmitry , Verbeeck Johan , Hu Sixia , Zhong Gaokuo , Koster Gertjan , Rijnders Guus
Published: June 2024

Lead based bulk piezoelectric materials, e.g., PbZrxTi1‐xO3 (PZT), are widely used in electromechanical applications, sensors, and transducers, for which optimally performing thin films are needed. The results of a multi‐domain Landau–Ginzberg‐Devonshire model applicable to clamped ferroelectric thin films are used to predict the lattice symmetry and properties of clamped PZT thin films on different substrates. Guided by the thermal strain phase diagrams that are produced by this model, experimentally structural transitions are observed. These can be related to changes of the piezoelectric properties in PZT(x = 0.6) thin films that are grown on CaF2, SrTiO3 (STO) and 70% PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3‐30% PbTiO3 (PMN‐PT) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Through temperature en field dependent in situ X‐ray reciprocal space mapping (RSMs) and piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM), the low symmetry monoclinic phase and polarization rotation are observed in the film on STO and can be linked to the measured enhanced properties. The study identifies a monoclinic ‐rhombohedral MC‐MA‐R crystal symmetry path as the polarization rotation mechanism. The films on CaF2 and PMN‐PT remain in the same symmetry phase up to the ferroelectric‐paraelectric phase transition, as predicted. These results support the validity of the multi‐domain model which provides the possibility to predict the behavior of clamped, piezoelectric PZT thin films, and design films with enhanced properties.
First Order Methods for Geometric Optimization of Crystals: Experimental Analysis
Authors: Tsili Antonia , Dyer Matthew S. , Gusev Vladimir V. , Krysta Piotr , Savani Rahul
Published: June 2024

The geometric optimization of crystal structures is a procedure widely used in computational chemistry that changes the geometrical placement of the particles inside a structure. It is called structural relaxation and constitutes a local minimization problem with a non‐convex objective function whose domain complexity increases according to the number of particles involved. This work studies the performance of the two most popular gradient methods in structural relaxation, Steepest Descent and Conjugate Gradient. Although frequently employed, there is a lack of their study in this context from an algorithmic point of view. The algorithms are initially benchmarked on the basis of a constant step size. Three concepts for designing dynamic step size rules are then examined in detail and analyzed. Results show that there is a trade‐off between convergence rate and the possibility of an experiment to succeed. In order to address this, a function is proposed as a formal means for assigning utility to each method based on preference. The function is built according to a recently introduced model of preference indication concerning algorithms with deadline and their run time. It introduces the quantification of the optimization algorithms' performance according to convergence speed and success rate, thus enabling the appointment of a specific algorithmic recipe as the best choice for balanced preferences.
The (In)Stability of Heterostructures During the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Mondal Indranil , Hausmann J. Niklas , Mebs Stefan , Kalra Shweta , Vijaykumar Gonela , Laun Konstantin , Zebger Ingo , Selve Sören , Dau Holger , Driess Matthias , Menezes Prashanth W
Published: June 2024

The urgent need for efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts has led to the development and publication of many heterostructured catalysts. The application of such catalysts with multiple phases tremendously increases the material design dimensions, and numerous interface‐related effects can tune the OER performance. In this regard, multiple of these heterostructured electrodes show remarkable OER activities. However, it is not clear if these carefully designed interfaces remain under prolonged OER conditions. Herein, a molecular approach is used to synthesize four different nickel‐iron phosphide (heterostructured) materials and deposit them on fluorine‐doped tin oxide and nickel foam electrodes. The OER performance of the eight electrodes and the reconstruction of the four materials is investigated by in‐situ spectroscopy after one day of operation, enabled by a freeze‐quench approach. The most active electrode is also applied under industrial OER conditions and for the value‐added oxidation of alcohols to ketones. Before catalysis, this electrode comprises crystalline 4 nm nickel phosphide particles on an amorphous iron phosphide matrix. However, after 24 h, a homogenous nickel‐iron oxyhydroxide phase has formed. This work questions to which extent the design of heterostructures is a suitable strategy for non‐noble metal OER catalysis.
Using passive acoustic monitoring to assess the overlap between endemic endangered Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) and mussel farms in the Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary, New Zealand
Authors: Valdés Hernández María Jesús , Dawson Stephen , Pavanato Heloise , Leunissen Eva , Rayment William
Published: June 2024

Aquaculture has maintained a sustained growth trend over the last 50 years, worldwide and in Aotearoa New Zealand.

This industry is known to have environmental consequences, such as impacts on benthos, water column and higher trophic levels. Some of these impacts have been thoroughly studied, while others, such as the effects on cetaceans, are not well understood.

This study used passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) to assess, for the first time, the overlap between kūtai—New Zealand greenlipped mussel (Perna canaliculus)—farms and habitat use by endemic endangered Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) within the Banks Peninsula Marine Mammal Sanctuary.

T‐PODs were deployed in six bays, three with mussel farms and three without, between 2018 and 2019. Occurrence of dolphins, expressed as ‘dolphin positive minutes per day’ (DPM/day), was modelled using generalized linear mixed models.

Results showed a strong interaction between farm (presence/absence) and season (summer/winter), with fewer acoustic detections of dolphins in winter if farms were present. Furthermore, in bays with mussel farms, there were significantly more click train detections on the opposite side of the bay, compared to the side by the mussel farm.

Considering that results from this study suggest potential displacement of the dolphins due to the mussel farms, the recommendation is a precautionary approach. Further expansion of aquaculture in Hector's dolphin habitat should be done carefully, taking into account their habitat use, and conducting intensive monitoring including a robust ‘before and after’ design prior to the establishment of new farms.
Potential Development of Porous Carbon Composites Generated from the Biomass for Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Saeed Mohsin , Shahzad Umer , Fazle Rabbee Muhammad , Manzar Rabia , Al‐Humaidi Jehan Y. , Siddique Amna , Sheikh Tahir Ali , Althomali Raed H. , Qamar Tariq , Rahman Mohammed M.
Published: June 2024

Creating an innovative and environmentally friendly energy storage system is of vital importance due to the growing number of environmental problems and the fast exhaustion of fossil fuels. Energy storage using porous carbon composites generated from biomass has attracted a lot of attention in the research community. This is primarily due to the environmentally friendly nature, abundant availability in nature, accessibility, affordability, and long‐term viability of macro/meso/microporous carbon sourced from a variety of biological materials. Extensive information on the design and the building of an energy storage device that uses supercapacitors was a part of this research. This study examines both porous carbon electrodes (ranging from 44 to 1050 F/g) and biomasses with a large surface area (between 215 and 3532 m2/g). Supposedly, these electrodes have a capacitive retention performance of about 99.7 percent after 1000 cycles. The energy density of symmetric supercapacitors is also considered, with values between 5.1 and 138.4 Wh/kg. In this review, we look at the basic structures of biomass and how they affect porous carbon synthesis. It also discusses the effects of different structured porous carbon materials on electrochemical performance and analyzes them. In recent developments, significant steps have been made across various fields including fuel cells, carbon capture, and the utilization of biomass‐derived carbonaceous nanoparticles. Notably, our study delves into the innovative energy conversion and storage potentials inherent in these materials. This comprehensive investigation seeks to lay the foundation for forthcoming energy storage research endeavors by delineating the current advancements and anticipating potential challenges in fabricating porous carbon composites sourced from biomass.
Association between anxiety, depression, and symptom burden in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: A multicenter cross‐sectional study
Authors: Song Lili , Su Zhongge , He Yi , Pang Ying , Zhou Yuhe , Wang Yu , Lu Yongkui , Jiang Yu , Han Xinkun , Song Lihua , Wang Liping , Li Zimeng , Lv Xiaojun , Wang Yan , Yao Juntao , Liu Xiaohong , Zhou Xiaoyi , He Shuangzhi , Zhang Yening , Li Jinjiang , Wang Bingmei , Tang Lili
Published: June 2024

Objectives

Patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) have multiple concurrent physical and psychological symptoms. This study aimed to explore the relationship between anxiety, depression, and symptom burden in advanced CRC.

Methods

A multicenter cross‐sectional study was conducted in 10 cancer centers from geographically and economically diverse sites in China. A total of 454 patients with advanced CRC completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory. Multiple regression analysis was applied to explore the relationship between anxiety, depression and symptom burden.

Results

About one‐third of the patients showed symptoms of anxiety or depression. Patients with anxiety or depression reported significantly higher symptom burden than those without (p < 0.001). Patients with anxiety or depression reported a higher proportion of moderate‐to‐severe (MS) symptom number than those without (p < 0.001). About 52% of the patients with anxiety or depression reported at least three MS symptoms. The prevalence of MS symptoms was ranging from 7.3% (shortness of breath) to 22% (disturbed sleep), and in patients with anxiety or depression was 2–10 times higher than in those without (p < 0.001). Disease stage (β = −2.55, p = 0.003), anxiety (β = 15.33, p < 0.001), and depression (β = 13.63, p < 0.001) were associated with higher symptom burden.

Conclusions

Anxiety and depression in patients with advanced cancer correlated with higher symptom burden. Findings may lead oncology professionals to pay more attention to unrecognized and untreated psychological symptoms in symptom management for advanced cancer patients.
Can a nomogram predict apical prostate cancer pathology upgrade from fusion biopsy to final pathology? A multicenter study
Authors: Feng Tianrui , Liang Zhen , Xiao Yu , Pan Boju , Zhou Yi , Ma Chengquan , Zhou Zhien , Yan Weigang , Zhu Ming
Published: June 2024

Background

This study evaluates the efficacy of a nomogram for predicting the pathology upgrade of apical prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods

A total of 754 eligible patients were diagnosed with apical PCa through combined systematic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐targeted prostate biopsy followed by radical prostatectomy (RP) were retrospectively identified from two hospitals (training: 754, internal validation: 182, internal–external validation: 148). A nomogram for the identification of apical tumors in high‐risk pathology upgrades through comparing the results of biopsy and RP was established incorporating statistically significant risk factors based on univariable and multivariable logistic regression. The nomogram's performance was assessed via the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

Results

Univariable and multivariable analysis identified age, targeted biopsy, number of targeted cores, TNM stage, and the prostate imaging‐reporting and data system score as significant predictors of apical tumor pathological progression. Our nomogram, based on these variables, demonstrated ROC curves for pathology upgrade with values of 0.883 (95% CI, 0.847–0.929), 0.865 (95% CI, 0.790–0.945), and 0.840 (95% CI, 0.742–0.904) for the training, internal validation and internal–external validation cohorts respectively. Calibration curves showed good consistency between the predicted and actual outcomes. The validation groups also showed great generalizability with the calibration curves. DCA results also demonstrated excellent performance for our nomogram with positive benefit across a threshold probability range of 0–0.9 for the training and internal validation group, and 0–0.6 for the internal–external validation group.

Conclusion

The nomogram, integrating clinical, radiological, and pathological data, effectively predicts the risk of pathology upgrade in apical PCa tumors. It holds significant potential to guide clinicians in optimizing the surgical management of these patients.
Beta vulgaris L. var cicla Decreases Liver Injury Induced by Antiarrhytmic Agent, Amiodarone
Authors: Turkyilmaz Ismet Burcu , Sancar Serap , Bolkent Sehnaz , Yanardag Refiye
Published: June 2024

Amiodarone (AMD) is an effective antiarrhythmic drug, but its long‐term usage strongly forms liver toxicity due to its accumulation tendency. The chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) is a unique plant which has a blood sugar‐lowering effect and powerful antioxidant activity. The aim of the current study was to investigate the possible protective effects of chard on AMD‐induced liver injury. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Control group, aqueous chard extract given group 500 mg/kg/day for one week, AMD given group 100 mg/kg/day for one week, AMD+Chard given group (at the same doses and times). They were sacrificed on the 8th day. The blood and liver samples were taken. The serum and liver biochemical parameters were found to be changed in AMD treated group. Chard administration reversed these parameters in serum and liver. In histological experiments, necrotic areas, mononuclear cell infiltration, the endothelial rupture in central vein, sinusoidal dilatation, hyperemia, dark eosinophilic cells and picnotic nucleus were observed in liver tissues of AMD treated group. Chard treatment reduced liver tissue damage. Considering results, we can suggest that chard prevented AMD induced liver injury biochemically and histologically.
Chemical Composition and Phytotoxic and Antibiofilm Activity of the Essential Oils of Two Moroccan Retama Species
Authors: Benrazzouk K. , Ouhaddou S. , Nazzaro M. , Fratianni F. , Bekkouche K. , De Tommasi N. , Markouk M. , Larhsini M. , Caputo L. , De Feo V. , Polito F.
Published: June 2024

This study reports chemical composition, phytotoxic and antibiofilm activities of essential oils (EOs) of R. dasycarpa and R. sphaerocarpa from Morocco. EOs were analyzed by GC/MS and their phytotoxicities were evaluated against germination and seedling growth of Lolium multiflorum, Sinapis alba and Raphanus sativus. The antimicrobial and anti‐biofilm activities were studied against Gram‐negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii) and Gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes). Both EOs were abundant in oxygenated monoterpenes (40.01% and 23.57 %, respectively). Carvacrol is the predominant component in R. dasycarpa EO (17.80 %), and it also represents an appreciable amount in R. sphaerocarpa (8.96 %). R. sphaerocarpa showed total inhibition at high doses against all seeds. S. alba seeds were the most sensitive to all EOs. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values indicated significant inhibition for R. sphaerocarpa, between 24 and 30 μg/mL, with a remarkable antibacterial potential and biofilm formation inhibition. R. sphaerocarpa EO showed significant biofilm inhibition with variable efficacy depending on the strain and concentration, except for S. aureus. R. dasycarpa exhibited activity against all bacterial strains and effect on metabolism with activity also on mature biofilms. Results suggest that Retama EOs could have potential applications in the fields of food and health.
Quadruple (1440 degrees) intestinal volvulus
Authors: Kakisako Jun , Otsuki Takuya , Asakura Takeshi , Sasaki Daisuke , Ie Kenya , Ishizuka Kosuke
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

A whirl sign on contrast‐enhanced abdominal CT scan is indicative of intestine twisted around the mesenteric vessels, and is observed in cases of strangulated obstruction, signaling compromised intestinal circulation. In cases of intestinal volvulus, surgery is necessary to untwist the affected bowel, and resection is necessary if necrosis is present.

A 31‐year‐old Japanese man presented with acute lower abdominal pain and vomiting. Contrast‐enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a 1440‐degree clockwise torsion of superior mesenteric artery and a whirl sign. Intestinal volvulus in adulthood with a background of malrotation is extremely rare. Contrast‐enhanced CT is effective for diagnosis.
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia primarily presenting as life‐threatening pericardial effusion, Eldoret, Kenya: A case report
Authors: Wauye Victor M. , Njiru Evangeline , Amadi Angela K. , Hagembe Mildred N. , Kigen Gabriel
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, a rare case of hematological malignancy mainly affects the elderly and may present with life threatening pericardial effusion as an initial manifestation. High index of suspicion is hence key for early management.

We present a case of an 81‐year‐old African male who presented with progressive cough, respiratory distress and bilateral lower limb swelling, and was diagnosed with life‐threatening pericardial effusion resulting from chronic myelomonocytic leukemia following complete blood count, peripheral blood film, bone marrow aspirate with trephine biopsy, and flow cytometry studies.
Recent Advances in Catalytic Desymmetrization for the Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryls
Authors: Moon Junsoo , Kim Sangji , Lee Sujin , Cho Hyun‐A , Kim Ahreum , Ham Min Kyung , Kim Seung Hyun , Jung Jaeyoung , Kwon Yongseok
Published: June 2024

Atropisomeric compounds have been discovered in pharmaceuticals and materials science, and their enantioselective syntheses have gained tremendous attention. Among strategies for catalytic atroposelective synthesis, desymmetrization provides robust and straightforward approaches to axially chiral biaryls. Due to the relative ease of substrate design compared to other atroposelective strategies, desymmetrization has emerged as a pivotal stage for converting fascinating chemistry into its atroposelective counterpart, despite challenges such as the formation of achiral products by subsequent catalytic reactions and the long distance between the reaction site and the stereogenic axis. This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in atroposelective desymmetrization using chiral organo‐ and metal catalysts, addressing challenges and solutions, and aims to provide insights into future developments in this field.
Design, Synthesis and Preliminary Bioactivity Evaluation of N‐Acetylcysteine Derivatives as Antioxidative and Anti‐Inflammatory Agents
Authors: Li Genjv , Li Muhan , Deng Qi , Yan Chongzheng , Lv Huaiyou , Zhao Guozhi , Li Yuhan , Feng Yafei , Sun Fengqin , Fu Yaqing , Li Yizhe , Zhao Zhongxi
Published: June 2024

N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) is a commonly used mucolytic agent and antidote for acetaminophen overdose. For pulmonary diseases, NAC exhibits antioxidative properties, regulates cytokine production, reduces apoptosis of lung epithelial cells, and facilitates the resolution of inflammation. However, the efficacy of NAC in clinical trials targeting different pathological conditions is constrained by its short half‐life and low bioavailability. In the present study, a series of NAC derivatives were designed and synthesized to further enhance its pharmacological activity. Structure‐activity relationship (SAR) studies were conducted to optimize the activating groups. In vitro evaluations revealed that compounds 4 r, 4 t, 4 w, and 4 x exhibited superior antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory activities compared to the positive controls of NAC and fudosteine. The ADME prediction analysis indicated that these compounds exhibited a favorable pharmacological profile. In‐vivo experiments with compound 4 r demonstrated that the high‐dose group (80 mg/kg) exhibited improved therapeutic effects in reversing the HPY level in mice with pulmonary fibrosis compared to the NAC group (500 mg/kg), further proving its superior oral bioavailability and therapeutic effect compared to NAC.
Synthesis, Characterization, In Vitro Anticancer Evaluation, ADMET Properties, and Molecular Docking of Novel 5‐Sulfanyl Substituted (Thiazol‐4‐Yl)‐Phosphonium Salts
Authors: Semenyuta Ivan , Golovchenko Oleksandr , Bahrieieva Oksana , Vydzhak Roman , Zhirnov Victor , Brovarets Volodymyr
Published: June 2024

Seven TPP+ new 5‐sulfanyl substituted (thiazol‐4‐yl) phosphonium salts functionalized with different substituents were designed, synthesized, and studied against the NCI‐60 human cancer cell lines. Compounds 1–4 show the total average parameters GI50=0.7–2.7 μM, TGI=7.0–14.6 μM, and LC50=25.2–41.8 μM, and compounds 5–7 show GI50=0.3–0.5 μM, TGI=1.3–3.1 μM, and LC50=3.6–4.0 μM. The most active compound 7 demonstrated the best anticancer results against leukemia (K‐562, GI50=0.141 μM; RPMI‐8226, GI50=0.143 μM), ovarian cancer (NCI/ADR‐RES, GI50=0.142 μM), breast cancer (HS578T, GI50=0.175 μM; MDA‐MB‐468, GI50=0.101 μM), melanoma (SK‐MEL‐5, GI50=0.155 μM), and colon cancer (COLO 205, GI50=0.163 μM). All compounds showed low cytotoxicity against the leukemia subpanel (LC50>100 μM). The SAR analysis reveals the critical role of the substitutes at the thiazole C2 and C5 positions. Adding the phenyl, p‐tolyl, or 4‐chlorophenyl group to the C2 position in compounds 5–7 increases anticancer effectiveness. According to the NCI COMPARE analysis, compounds 2–3 showed a very high (r=0.92, 0.81) correlation with morpholino‐doxorubicin. Molecular docking‐analyzing the antitumor mechanism of compounds 1–4 action demonstrated that the DNA chain is a probable biotarget. The ADMET analysis acknowledges the favorable prognosis using compounds as potential anticancer agents.
Interface Engineering Induced Multi‐Scale Self‐Assembly NiFe‐LDH Heterostructures for High‐Performance Water Electrolysis
Authors: Han Chun , Yuan Yuan , Chen Gong , Ye Zheng , Guo Zehua , Zhao Yunhe
Published: June 2024

Confronted with the pressing issue of energy scarcity, the development of an economical and potent bifunctional catalyst is of paramount importance. We adopt an interface engineering strategy to modify the surface of NiFe‐LDH nanoplates with O2 plasma treatment. This process enhances the local electric field of NiFe‐LDH, resulting in the formation of a self‐assembled polycrystalline nanowire array on the nanoplate surface. After O2 plasma treatment for 30 min, the NiFe‐LDH‐P30 not only formed a heterostructure with rough surface, but also regulated the exposure of crystal surfaces. Due to the strong interface coupling between the self‐assembled 3D nanoflowers, 2D nanoplates and 1D nanowires, the NiFe‐LDH‐P30 exhibits an excellent structural stability. Moreover, it demonstrated exceptional HER and OER activities in alkaline condition, achieving a low overpotentials of 154 mV and 242 mV at 10 mA cm−2, respectively. Furthermore, NiFe‐LDH‐P30 as the dual‐electrode material for the cathode and anode in the process of water splitting results in a low voltage of 1.63 V at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Through the strategic application of interface engineering, this work has pioneered a novel approach to the creation of transition metal‐based electrocatalysts, which is benefit to a range of practical energy applications.
A modified CLC‐T resonant converter with inherent constant current ‐ constant voltage battery charging
Authors: Narla John Merlin Mary , Satyan Shelas
Published: June 2024

Frequency‐modulated (FM) resonant converters are widely used in onboard battery chargers for constant current (CC) ‐ constant voltage (CV) charging of lithium‐ion batteries in electric vehicles. One of the significant challenges of FM converters is that they require precise control of current followed by voltage to avoid risks due to overcurrents and overvoltages. Also, there is an increased backflow current, peak current stress, magnetic losses, and switching losses when the frequency of operation is away from the resonant frequency. To overcome these issues, this paper proposes a modified CLC‐T resonant converter that operates only at resonant switching frequency but has an inherent smooth transition from CC to CV for battery charging. During CC charging, the resonant tank is CLC‐T, and the secondary circuit is a full‐bridge rectifier. As the battery voltage increases and reaches the rated value, the secondary diodes enter into cut‐off mode, modifying the secondary circuit into a half‐bridge rectifier. Thus, the resonant tank is automatically converted to CL, and there is a shift into CV charging. During the entire charging operation, the switches and diodes are soft‐switched. The switches attain either near‐zero phase angle or zero‐voltage switching operation, whereas the diodes attain zero‐current switchings. A hardware prototype of 400 V input and 320–420 V output battery charger was developed, tested, and validated in the laboratory. The highest efficiency of the overall charging system is 97.4%.
Technical review of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided drainage/anastomosis and trans‐endosonographically created route procedures for the treatment of pancreatic diseases
Authors: Tomishima Ko , Isayama Hiroyuki , Suzuki Akinori , Ishii Shigeto , Takahashi Sho , Fujisawa Toshio
Published: June 2024

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided pancreatic duct drainage includes two procedures: EUS‐guided drainage/anastomosis (EUS‐D/A) and trans‐papillary drainage with EUS‐assisted pancreatic rendezvous. EUS‐guided pancreatogastrostomy is the most common EUS‐D/A procedure and is recommended as a salvage procedure in cases in which endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography fails or is difficult. However, initial EUS‐D/A is performed in patients with surgically altered anatomy at our institution. It is one of the most difficult interventional EUS procedures and has a high incidence of adverse events. The technical difficulties differ according to etiology, and the incidence of adverse events varies between initial EUS‐D/A and subsequent trans‐endosonographically/EUS‐guided created route procedures. Hence, it is important to meticulously prepare a procedure based on the patient's condition and the available devices. The technical difficulties in EUS‐D/A include: (1) determination of the puncture point, (2) selection of a puncture needle and guidewire, (3) guidewire manipulation, and (4) dilation of the puncture route and stenting. Proper technical procedures are important to increase the success rate and reduce the incidence and severity of adverse events. The complexity of EUS‐D/A is also contingent on the severity of pancreatic fibrosis and stricture. In post‐pancreatectomy cases, determination of the puncture site is important for success because of the remnant pancreas. Trans‐endosonographically/EUS‐guided created route procedures following initial EUS‐D/A are also important for achieving the treatment goal. This article focuses on effective strategies for initial EUS‐D/A, based on the etiology and condition of the pancreas. We mainly discuss EUS‐D/A, including its indications, techniques, and success‐enhancing strategies.
African dryland antelope trade‐off behaviours in response to heat extremes
Authors: Berry Paul , Dammhahn Melanie , Hauptfleisch Morgan , Hering Robert , Jansen Jakob , Kraus Anna , Blaum Niels
Published: June 2024

Climate change is predicted to narrow the prescriptive zone of dryland species, potentially leading to behavioural modifications with fitness consequences. This study explores the behavioural responses of three widespread African antelope species—springbok, kudu and eland—to extreme heat in a dryland savanna. We classified the behaviour of 29 individuals during the hot, dry season on the basis of accelerometer data using supervised machine learning and analysed the impact of afternoon heat on behaviour‐specific time allocation and overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA), a proxy for energy expenditure, along with compensatory changes over the 24‐hour cycle. Extreme afternoon heat reduced feeding time in all three antelope species, increased ruminating and resting time, while only minimally affecting walking time. With rising heat, all three species reduced ODBA on feeding, while eland reduced and kudu increased ODBA on walking. Diel responses in behaviour differed between species, but were generally characterised by daytime reductions in feeding and increases in ruminating or resting on hot days compared to cool days. While antelope compensated for heat‐driven behavioural change over the 24‐hour cycle in some cases, significant differences persisted in others, including reduced feeding and increased rumination and resting. The impact of heat on antelope behaviour reveals trade‐offs between feeding and thermoregulation, as well as between feeding and rumination, the latter suggesting a strategy to enhance nutrient uptake through increased digestive efficiency, while the walking response suggests narrow constraints between cost and necessity. Our findings suggest that heat influences both behaviour‐specific time allocation and energy expenditure. Altered diel behaviour patterns and incomplete compensation over the 24‐hour cycle point to fitness consequences. The need to prioritise thermoregulation over feeding is likely to narrow the prescriptive zone of these dryland antelope.
Differential impacts of land‐use change on multiple components of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) pollination success
Authors: Rockow David J. , Martel Carlos , Arceo‐Gómez Gerardo
Published: June 2024

Land‐use change is one the greatest threats to biodiversity and is projected to increase in magnitude in the coming years, stressing the importance of better understanding how land‐use change may affect vital ecosystem services, such as pollination. Past studies on the impact of land‐use change have largely focused on only one aspect of the pollination process (e.g., pollinator composition, pollinator visitation, and pollen transfer), potentially misrepresenting the full complexity of land‐use effects on pollination services. Evaluating the impacts across multiple components of the pollination process can also help pinpoint the underlying mechanisms driving land‐use change effects. This study evaluates how land‐use change affects multiple aspects of the pollination process in common milkweed populations, including pollinator community composition, pollinator visitation rate, pollen removal, and pollen deposition. Overall, land‐use change altered floral visitor composition, with small bees having a larger presence in developed areas. Insect visitation rate and pollen removal were also higher in more developed areas, perhaps suggesting a positive impact of land‐use change. However, pollen deposition did not differ between developed and undeveloped sites. Our findings highlight the complexity evaluating land‐use change effects on pollination, as these likely depend on the specific aspect of pollination evaluated and on the of the intensity of disturbance. Our study stresses the importance of evaluating multiple components of the pollination process in order to fully understand overall effects and mechanisms underlying land‐use change effects on this vital ecosystem service.
A multispecies hierarchical model to integrate count and distance‐sampling data
Authors: Gilbert Neil A. , Blommel Caroline M. , Farr Matthew T. , Green David S. , Holekamp Kay E. , Zipkin Elise F.
Published: June 2024

Integrated community models—an emerging framework in which multiple data sources for multiple species are analyzed simultaneously—offer opportunities to expand inferences beyond the single‐species and single‐data‐source approaches common in ecology. We developed a novel integrated community model that combines distance sampling and single‐visit count data; within the model, information is shared among data sources (via a joint likelihood) and species (via a random‐effects structure) to estimate abundance patterns across a community. Parameters relating to abundance are shared between data sources, and the model can specify either shared or separate observation processes for each data source. Simulations demonstrated that the model provided unbiased estimates of abundance and detection parameters even when detection probabilities varied between the data types. The integrated community model also provided more accurate and more precise parameter estimates than alternative single‐species and single‐data‐source models in many instances. We applied the model to a community of 11 herbivore species in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya, and found considerable interspecific variation in response to local wildlife management practices: Five species showed higher abundances in a region with passive conservation enforcement (median across species: 4.5× higher), three species showed higher abundances in a region with active conservation enforcement (median: 3.9× higher), and the remaining three species showed no abundance differences between the two regions. Furthermore, the community average of abundance was slightly higher in the region with active conservation enforcement but not definitively so (posterior mean: higher by 0.20 animals; 95% credible interval: 1.43 fewer animals, 1.86 more animals). Our integrated community modeling framework has the potential to expand the scope of inference over space, time, and levels of biological organization, but practitioners should carefully evaluate whether model assumptions are met in their systems and whether data integration is valuable for their applications.
Factors Governing Chemoselectivity in Alkanolamines: A Panoramic Overview
Authors: Sahoo Jigyansa , Panda Jeetendra , Mandal Sukanya , Sahoo Gokarneswar
Published: June 2024

The most challenging aspect of chemical synthesis has always been attainment of high chemoselectivity levels. This review will provide a panoramic view on how the innate reactivity of two nearly reactive functional groups (−O/‐N) can be controlled or reversed for the chemoselective functionalisation in alkanolamines. A comprehensive compilation of reports encasing various methodologies developed to accomplish selective O/N functionalisation in amino alcohols has been documented. In this review, we go over a number of findings that have been studied in recent decades using a variety of synthetic approaches. To help us organize and emphasize the important ideas that have been emerging as a result of these research, we have concentrated on the suggested mechanistic basis of the reactions that are being surveyed.
Measurement and analysis of ionic leakage profiles in refrigerated human red blood cells using dielectrophoresis and inductively coupled mass spectroscopy
Authors: Lavi Edwin D. , Gagnon Zachary
Published: June 2024

Human red blood cells (RBCs) undergo ionic leakage through passive diffusion during refrigerated storage, affecting their quality and health. We investigated the dynamics of ionic leakage in human RBCs over a 20‐day refrigerated storage period using extracellular ion quantification and dielectrophoresis (DEP). Four type O− human blood donors were examined to assess the relationship between extracellular ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Fe2+), RBC cytoplasm conductivity, and membrane conductance. A consistent negative correlation between RBC cytoplasm conductivity and membrane conductance, termed the “ionic leakage profile” (ILP), was observed across the 20‐day storage period. Specifically, we noted a gradual decline in DEP‐measured RBC cytoplasm conductivity alongside an increase in membrane conductance. Further examination of the electrical origins of this ILP using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed a relative decrease in extracellular Na+ concentration and an increase in K+ concentration over the storage period. Correlation of these extracellular ion concentrations with DEP‐measured RBC electrical properties demonstrated a direct link between changes in the cytoplasmic and membrane domains and the leakage and transport of K+ and Na+ ions across the cell membrane. Our analysis suggests that the inverse correlation between RBC cytoplasm and membrane conductance is primarily driven by the passive diffusion of K+ from the cytoplasm and the concurrent diffusion of Na+ from the extracellular buffer into the membrane, resulting in a conductive reduction in the cytoplasmic domain and a subsequent increase in the membrane. The ILP's consistent negative trend across all donors suggests that it could serve as a metric for quantifying blood bank storage age, predicting the quality and health of refrigerated RBCs.
In‐plane and out‐of‐plane seismic performance and damage evaluation of reinforced concrete shear wall structures subjected to mainshock‐aftershock sequences
Authors: Cheng Yang , He Haoxiang , Sun Haoding , Cao Qing
Published: June 2024

The aim of this study was to examine the seismic performance of reinforced concrete shear walls in in‐plane and out‐of‐plane directions under single main shock and mainshock‐aftershock sequences. Two shear wall specimens were designed for low cycle load tests to withstand in‐plane, in‐plane then out‐of‐plane (IP‐OP), out‐plane, and out‐of‐plane then in‐plane (OP‐IP) forces, respectively. The seismic performance of shear walls under different forces was assessed by analyzing macroscopic failure phenomena and the novel performance parameters of specimens, following which their damage status was evaluated. The specimens were simulated using finite element software, and two frame shear wall structural systems were designed so that non‐linear time history analysis could be performed to assess the deformation and damage to the shear walls in the two directions of the plane under a single main impact and different input directions of mainshock‐aftershock sequences. The results revealed that following damage in the in‐plane direction of the shear wall, seismic capacity decreased significantly if it was subjected to a force in the out‐of‐plane direction once again, and the degree of damage under the earthquake action of mainshock‐aftershock sequences was significantly higher than that under the single main shock action. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to the seismic performance of the out‐of‐plane direction of the shear walls and examine the seismic performance of the structural system under different input directions of mainshock‐aftershock sequences.
Study on blast‐induced cracks penetration characteristics of double water jet slotted boreholes
Authors: Su Dengfeng , Chen Xingming , Chen Banghong , Li Zhengguo , Zhao Li , Zhu Qiang
Published: June 2024

Studying the penetration characteristics of blast‐induced cracks during double water jet slotted boreholes blasting is theoretically and practically significant since it acts both by the “superposition effect” of explosion‐induced stress waves and the “guiding effect” of water jet slots. A combination of experimental testing and numerical simulation was adopted to investigate the transmission law of explosion‐induced stress waves and the propagation law of blast‐induced cracks first. Then the penetration characteristics of blast‐induced cracks was analyzed according to rock blasting theory and rock fracture mechanics theory. The results indicate that the rock between the two boreholes is mainly subjected to a tensile failure mode due to the combined effect of the “superposition effect” of explosion‐induced stress wave and the “guiding effect” of water jet slot during double water jet slotted boreholes blasting. The hole spacing significantly affects the penetration mode of blast‐induced cracks during double water jet slotted boreholes blasting, and unless it reaches a certain value, a single flat through‐crack will form between two slotted boreholes. In addition, when the blast‐induced cracks successfully penetrate each other, the hole spacing of double water jet slotted boreholes increases by 33.3% compared with that of double circular boreholes under the same conditions. The research results can provide guidance for the application of directional controlled blasting technology with water jet assistance.
Lead‐free perovskite Cs2NaGaBr6 n‐i‐p solar cell for higher power conversion efficiency to improved energy storage performance
Authors: Gupta Neha , Gupta Ravi , Jain Aditya , Gupta Rajeev , Choudhary Bharat , Kumar Kaushal , Goyal Amit Kumar , Massoud Yehia , Kumar Ajay
Published: June 2024

It is important to enhance the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to improve the energy storage performance within a time frame. In this study, a lead‐free perovskite Cs2NaGaBr6 n‐i‐p solar cell is presented for higher PCE to improve energy storage performance. Keeping the toxicity of lead‐based perovskite in mind we have made attempts to study the characteristics of n‐i‐p solar cells based on lead‐free double halide perovskite Cs2NaGaBr6 novel material. In the proposed photovoltaic framework, M21+N2+N3+X61− as a double perovskite material is used, where N2+ = Na, M21+ = Cs, N3+ = Ga, and X61− = Br. The Cs2NaGaBr6 is an organic‐inorganic perovskite material because of its direct band gap structure with a band gap of 1.762 eV. The solar cell proposed in the present framework has achieved a higher efficiency of 26.09% with optimized parameters specific to device design in terms of different absorber layer thicknesses (0.6–1.2 μm), and absorber layer doping concentrations (1 × 1018 cm−3 to 1 × 1022 cm−3). In the present study, improved results are obtained such as electric field, current density, energy band profile, generation and recombination factor, quantum efficiency, and generation/ recombination factor by suitably varying the absorber layer thicknesses and absorber layer doping concentrations. Additionally, many parameters related to the photovoltaic performance of solar cells such as Jsc (19.535 mA/cm2), Voc (1.775 V), FF (91.35%), and PCE (η) (27.81%) have been evaluated in the present study. Therefore, the device, that is, solar cell based on lead‐free double halide perovskite Cs2NaGaBr6 novel material, proposed in the present study may be used to manufacture much more efficient lead‐free perovskites for photovoltaic applications and also improve the energy storage performance within a time frame.
Strategies for overcoming resistance to Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor zanubrutinib
Authors: Dostálová Hana , Kryštof Vladimír
Published: June 2024

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of B‐cell malignancies. They target BTK, a key effector in the B‐cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway, crucial for B‐cell survival and proliferation. The first‐in‐class irreversible BTK inhibitor, ibrutinib, was approved for various B‐cell malignancies but has limitations due to off‐target effects. Second‐generation inhibitors, such as acalabrutinib and zanubrutinib, offer improved selectivity and reduced side effects. However, resistance to BTK inhibitors, driven by BTK mutations, remains a challenge. Combinatorial therapies with PI3K inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, BH3 mimetics, and anti‐CD20 antibodies show promise in overcoming resistance. Noncovalent BTK inhibitors and proteolysis‐targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are emerging strategies with potential to combat resistance. Overall, advancements in BTK‐targeted therapies provide hope for improved outcomes in patients with B‐cell malignancies and a promising avenue to address drug resistance. Further research is needed to optimize combination therapies and identify optimal treatment regimens.
Characterization and classification of pathogenic bacteria using native fluorescence and spectral deconvolution
Authors: Sundaramoorthy Anandh , Bharanidharan Ganesan , Prakasarao Aruna , Ganesan Singaravelu
Published: June 2024

Identification and classification of pathogenic bacterial strains is of current interest for the early treatment of diseases. In this work, protein fluorescence from eight different pathogenic bacterial strains were characterized using steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectral deconvolution method was also employed to decompose the emission contribution from different intrinsic fluorophores and extracted various key parameters, such as intensity, emission maxima, emission line width of the fluorophores, and optical redox ratio. The change in average lifetime values across different bacterial strains exhibits good statistical significance (p ≤ 0.01). The variations in the photophysical characteristics of bacterial strains are due to the different conformational states of the proteins. The stepwise multiple linear discriminate analysis of fluorescence emission spectra at 280 nm excitation across eight different bacterial strains classifies the original groups and cross validated group with 100% and 99.5% accuracy, respectively.
Establishment of Reference Range for Serum Concentration of Vitamin A and Vitamin E in Southern Sichuan Area of China
Authors: Ye Qiang , Zhong Qiang , Huang Guoping , Zhang Wen
Published: June 2024

Objective

To establish the reference range of serum concentration of vitamin A (VA) and vitamin E (VE) in Southern Sichuan area of China.

Methods

From August 1, 2021, to May 31, 2023, 9482 blood tablets were received for the screening of VA and VE. The information was divided into four different age groups: ≤1 year old, 1< to ≤6 years, 6< to ≤17 years, and 17< to ≤59 years. In each age group, the four seasons were further subdivided into spring, summer, autumn, and winter, as well as male and female genders. The serum concentration of VA and VE was detected by liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS), and the reference range was established for verification.

Results

The concentration of VA and VE in 9482 cases showed skewed distribution. When comparing between different age groups, the serum concentration of VA and VE was statistically significant (p < 0.05). While comparing different seasons, the serum VA levels in different seasons were significantly different (p < 0.05) except in summer and autumn. There was statistical significance in VE level in different seasons (p < 0.05). And while comparing different genders, there was no statistical significance in VA concentration levels (p > 0.05). The VE concentration levels were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The established reference range was established and verified, and the results were in accordance with the standard.

Conclusion

The reference range of VA and VE should be set according to different ages, different seasons, and different genders.