bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between bonding and bridging social capital among Christian denominations across Australia
Authors: Leonard Rosemary , Bellamy John
Published: June 2010

This article is an intricate empirical examination of the relationship between bridging and bonding with respect to subcultural differences in religious denomination and faith orientation. The respondents were 2,710 Christian church attendees from nineteen denominations across Australia. They were surveyed with a closed‐answer questionnaire covering the topics of faith, demographics, involvement in the congregation, and involvement in the wider community. The results revealed a positive relationship between bonding and bridging social capital, with a high level of bonding associated with a high level of bridging for all denominations and faith identities. There was no evidence that high bonding within the congregation restricted bridging beyond the congregation. The results support the notion that the relationship between bonding and bridging may vary with societal subcultures.
Treatment results for patients with localized, completely resected (Group I) alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma on Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRSG) protocols III and IV, 1984–1997: A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Raney R. Beverly , Anderson James R. , Brown Kenneth L.B. , Huh Winston W. , Maurer Harold M. , Meyer William H. , Parham David M. , Rodeberg David A. , Wolden Suzanne L. , Donaldson Sarah S.
Published: June 2010

Purpose

To assess local control, event‐free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS) rates in 71 patients with localized, completely resected (Group I) alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ALV RMS) and their relation to radiation therapy (RT) on IRSG Protocols III and IV, 1984–1997.

Methods

Chart review and standard statistical procedures.

Patients and Tumors

Patients were 1–18 years at diagnosis (median, 6 years). Primary tumor sites were extremity/trunk (N = 54), head/neck (N = 9), genitourinary tract (N = 7), and perineum (N = 1). Thirty patients received VA ± C with RT; 41 received VA ± C alone. RT was assigned, not randomized.

Results

Fifty‐four patients had Stage 1 (favorable site, any size) or Stage 2 (unfavorable site, ≤5 cm) tumors. Eight‐year EFS was 90%, with 100% local control for 17 patients given RT. Eight‐year EFS was 88%, with 92% local control for 37 patients without RT; P = 0.52 for EFS comparisons, 0.3 for local control comparisons. In 17 Stage 3 patients (unfavorable site, tumors >5 cm, N0), 8‐year EFS was 84% with 100% local control in 13 patients given RT; 8‐year EFS was only 25% and local control 50% in 4 patients without RT. Local recurrence was the most common site of first failure in non‐irradiated patients.

Conclusion

Patients with Stage 1–2 ALV RMS had slightly but statistically insignificantly improved local control, EFS, and OS rates when local RT was given. The need for local RT in Stage 1–2 patients deserves evaluation in a randomized study. Local control, EFS, and OS rates were significantly improved in Stage 3 patients receiving local RT. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:612–616. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morbidity of pandemic H1N1 influenza in children with cancer
Authors: Caselli Désirée , Carraro Francesca , Castagnola Elio , Ziino Ottavio , Frenos Stefano , Milano Giuseppe Maria , Livadiotti Susanna , Cesaro Simone , Marra Nicoletta , Zanazzo Giulio , Meazza Cristina , Cellini Monica , Aricò Maurizio
Published: June 2010

Background

To define the mortality and the current impact of the H1N1 pandemic in pediatric hematology‐oncology centers, we performed a specific survey.

Procedure

Pharyngeal swabs from patients with fevers of unknown origin, flu‐like symptoms or bronchopneumonia were screened for H1N1 using PCR.

Results

Sixty‐two patients with documented H1N1 infection were reported: 16 had recently stopped therapy, 2 were at the diagnosis stage, and 44 were receiving therapy. The clinical course was severe (requiring ICU admission) in only 1 patient, moderate (requiring hospital admission) in 38, and mild in the remaining 23 (37%), treated as outpatients. While none of the patients died of H1N1‐related complications, two patients died of progressive cancer; in all of the remaining cases, symptoms resolved within 11 days. The clinical course was complicated by respiratory distress or bronchopneumonia in 10 cases. Oseltamivir was given to 82% of patients. Chemotherapy was temporarily withdrawn in 54% of cases for a median time of 21 days (range, 4–43 days).

Conclusion

H1N1 infection in children with cancer was not reported as the cause of death in any case but resulted in reduced intensity of anti‐cancer therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:226–228. © 2010 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
A community‐based approach to cancer counselling for patients and carers: a preliminary study
Authors: Hutchison Sandy D. , Sargeant Hilary , Morris Bronwyn A. , Hawkes Anna Louise , Clutton Samantha , Chambers Suzanne K.
Published: June 2010

Objective: The delivery of psychological care services to people with cancer and their carers is a key clinical priority that has yet to be broadly implemented. The present study aimed to provide guidance for service provision by describing a community‐based intervention approach; outlining the characteristics, psychological concerns, and distress outcomes for people who utilise the service.

Methods: Over a 3‐year period 681 patients and 520 significant others referred from a community‐based Cancer Helpline received tele‐based psychosocial interventions.

Results: In this case series presenting problems varied between patients and significant others, with significant others reporting higher levels of distress (p<0.001). Both patients and significant others experienced decreases in distress over the period of the intervention (p<0.001).

Conclusions: This study provides level IV evidence that the tele‐based intervention for cancer‐related distress is an effective approach to service delivery. A randomised control trial is currently underway to assess the effectiveness of this approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupling surfactants/cosolvents with oxidants for enhanced DNAPL removal: A review
Authors: Dugan Pamela J. , Siegrist Robert L. , Crimi Michelle L.
Published: June 2010

Surfactants and cosolvents are useful for enhancing the apparent solubility of dense nonaqueous‐phase liquid (DNAPL) compounds during surfactant‐enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR). In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) with permanganate, persulfate, and catalyzed hydrogen peroxide has proven to be a cost‐effective and viable remediation technology for the treatment of a wide range of organic contaminants. Coupling compatible remedial technologies either concurrently or sequentially in a treatment train is an emerging concept for more effective cleanup of DNAPL‐contaminated sites. Surfactants are effective for DNAPL mass removal but not useful for dissolved plume treatment. ISCO is effective for plume control and treatment but can be less effective in areas where large masses of DNAPL are present. Therefore, coupling SEAR with ISCO is a logical next step for source‐zone treatment. This article provides a critical review of peer‐reviewed scientific literature, nonreviewed professional journals, and conference proceedings where surfactants/cosolvents and oxidants have been utilized, either concurrently or sequentially, for DNAPL mass removal. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Natural and anthropogenic arsenic in soil in the Boston Basin
Authors: Swanson William R.
Published: June 2010

Naturally occurring and anthropogenic arsenic concentrations in soils, in conjunction with the current knowledge of its potential risk to human health, demonstrate a critical environmental and public health issue. These widespread arsenic concentrations potentially affect large human populations. There are locations worldwide where naturally occurring arsenic is considered to be and documented as a potential human health risk through the use of established risk assessment calculation approaches or as demonstrated by clearly measurable health or agricultural effects. This natural arsenic, exposed due to human activity and coupled with anthropogenic contributions, may be the number‐one soil contact environmental health issue in the world. Considering the relatively high natural arsenic concentrations in some New England locations, and with the advantage of access to a large soil arsenic database, this issue has been addressed as described herein for the Boston Basin and related areas. The article provides a summary of some large natural and anthropogenic arsenic data sets with comparison between them and a derivation of the natural and anthropogenic components in the Boston Basin. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluorescent dye tracing for defining chlorinated ethene plume remediation targets
Authors: Klingel Eric J. , Shiflet Jason E. , Aley Tom
Published: June 2010

Three fluorescent dye traces were designed by Zapata Incorporated at a large portion of Tinker Air Force Base (AFB) near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to replicate the migration of chlorinated ethene plumes from two target source areas and determine if commingling of those plumes has occurred. The target source areas are spatially separated, contributed contaminants into two aquifers, and were to be remediated from two different financial mechanisms. The nature of the shared fiscal responsibility for remediation of the commingled plumes was unclear.

Background sampling was performed to verify that the preferred conservative dyes planned for use were suitable for the site. The fluorescent dyes used were fluorescein and eosine. Eosine dye was introduced into two wells in the upper saturated zone (USZ) under Building 3001 in July 2008. Fluorescein dye was introduced into four monitoring wells screened in the lower saturated zone (LSZ) and the lower lower saturated zone (LLSZ) in July 2008 at the industrial wastewater treatment plant. Zapata then conducted a second dye trace using fluorescein dye in a third USZ well to confirm the results of the eosine dye trace in the USZ under Building 3001. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Making risk assessments more comparable and repeatable
Authors: Hall David C.
Published: June 2010

Many of the objections to implementing Risk Management and acting upon risk results hinge on the subjectivity of the risk assessment system. This subjectivity makes it difficult to make risk assessments justifiable, repeatable, and comparable over an entire project, program, or organization. One cannot easily justify assigning a 30% likelihood to a risk occurring when others with more, the same, or less experience are ascribing a 60% likelihood of occurrence to a similar risk. How to get all (or most) risk assessments, regardless of type (software, hardware, integration, programmatic, external, etc.), justifiable, repeatable, and comparable has been one of the holy grails of Risk Management for years. The methodology outlined in this paper meets at least some of this requirement. The methodology requires incorporating the Likelihood of Occurrence into a set of specifically defined sublevels under each risk category rather than using it as a separate multiplication factor. Basically, the assumption behind this methodology is that the more mature the process, the more experience available, the more detailed the design, etc., the lower the likelihood of occurrence of a specific risk becomes. Making this assumption, incorporating the likelihood into each specific sublevel and requiring justification for each choice then allows the establishment of more representative scores for project risks and allows risk information to be presented in a justifiable, repeatable, and comparable fashion. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14: 173–179, 2011
Pattern recognition
Authors: Holmström Lasse , Koistinen Petri
Published: June 2010

We give an overview of pattern recognition, concentrating on the problem of pattern classification. Several popular discrimination methods are reviewed using decision theory as a unifying framework. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Pattern Recognition
The high‐osmolarity glycerol (HOG) and cell wall integrity (CWI) signalling pathways interplay: a yeast dialogue between MAPK routes
Authors: Rodríguez‐Peña Jose Manuel , García Raúl , Nombela César , Arroyo Javier
Published: June 2010

Two mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, viz. the high‐osmolarity glycerol (HOG) and the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathways, regulate stress responses in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Whereas the former is mainly involved in adaptation of yeast cells to hyperosmotic stress, the latter is activated under conditions leading to cell wall instability. Although MAPK signalling specificity can be conceived as requiring insulation of the different pathways, it is also becoming clear that the two pathways do not compete with each other but can be positively coordinated to regulate many stress responses. This review highlights our current knowledge about the collaboration between these two MAPK pathways to counteract different kinds of environmental stress. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the Composition of the Homeless Population: 1992–2002
Authors: Israel Nathaniel , Toro Paul A. , Ouellette Nicole
Published: June 2010

This study examines changes in the characteristics of the homeless population before and after a period of extended economic expansion (1992–2002). Data from other sources suggest that, during this 10‐year period, the size of the overall population of homeless persons may have declined slightly, though not significantly, both in the city studied and nationally. In‐depth surveys of representative samples of homeless adults (N = 249 in 1992–94; N = 220 in 2000–2002) revealed significant differences in the composition of the homeless population across the time period, consistent with queuing theory. Persons experiencing homelessness after the expansion appeared to be a more “chronic,” less readily employable population than those interviewed at the start of the expansion: Those interviewed after were older, spent more time living on the streets, had more health symptoms, were more likely to have a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and had more restricted social networks and social support. Policy, research, and service provision implications of the findings are discussed.
Exploring the relationship between caregiving and health: Perceptions among orphaned and non‐orphaned adolescents in Tanzania
Authors: Mmari Kristin
Published: June 2010

The objectives of this study were to (1) explore the nature of caregiving for orphaned and non‐orphaned adolescents; and (2), examine how changes in the caretaking roles, as a result of a parental loss, impact on an orphan's sexual behaviors. A total of 52 in‐depth interviews and 11 focus group discussions (n = 83) were conducted among adolescent orphans and non‐orphans, as well as among 17 caregivers of orphans in Tanzania. Findings revealed three important caregiving roles that contributed to adolescent health: the provision of basic needs, advising and monitoring adolescent behaviors, and assigning household chores. Adolescent participants believed that when these roles are compromised, female orphans' sexual behaviors are impacted. Consequently, they are perceived to be at greatest risk for HIV. Comprehensive programs are needed for orphans to ensure their basic needs are being met, and to assist caregivers find extra support to carry out their caregiving responsibilities.
Investigating adolescent stress and body image
Authors: Murray Kristen M. , Byrne Don G. , Rieger Elizabeth
Published: June 2010

Adolescent stress is clearly implicated in the development of mental health problems. However, its role in dysfunctional body image, which rises markedly in adolescence, has not been investigated. The present study examined the link between stress and body image, as well as self‐esteem and depressive symptoms, in 533 high school students in grades 7 to 10. Results indicated that stress accounts for a sizeable proportion of variance in body image, and the best exploratory model included stress, self‐esteem, and gender. Further, specific domains of stressors related to body image differently: peer pressure and school attendance were significant correlates of body image in both genders, while future uncertainty and romantic relationships were significant for males alone. Grade differences in primary variables were also evident for females. This study helps to elucidate the role of adolescent stress in dysfunctional body image and provides insight for future prevention and intervention programs in schools.
Managing the Quality of Marketing Data: Cost/benefit Tradeoffs and Optimal Configuration
Authors: Even Adir , Shankaranarayanan G. , Berger Paul D.
Published: June 2010

A large majority of work in database marketing deals with what to do with data when it is available. This paper focuses on an aspect of data that has not been visited frequently in the database/interactive marketing literature—managing the quality of data resources from a profit point of view. While costly to achieve and sustain, high data quality is essential for effective database marketing. The notion that “more is better” very often prevails in data quality management decisions, essentially with very little consideration, if any, of cost. This paper suggests that data quality management decisions should be driven by considerations of cost–benefit tradeoffs and profit maximization. It specifically addresses data quality decisions which are highly relevant in the database marketing area: the subset of data records managed, reflecting time-span coverage, and the targeted quality levels in this subset. Decisions of these types are routinely made based on satisfying technical and functional requirements. In this study, we propose a model that quantifies the benefits and the costs associated with these decisions, and permits optimizing them from a profit maximization standpoint. The paper describes the model development, discusses its implications for data quality management decisions, and highlights its potential contributions with illustrative examples.
Physics, Pharmacology and Physiology for Anaesthetists
Authors: Cross Matthew E. , Plunkett Emma V. E.
Published: June 2010

The FRCA examination relies in part on a sound understanding of the basic sciences (physics, physiology, pharmacology and statistics) behind anaesthetic practice. It is important to be able to describe these principles clearly, particularly in the viva section of the examination. This book provides the reader with all the important graphs, definitions and equations which may be covered in the examination, together with clear and concise explanations of how to present them to the examiner and why they are important. Particular attention is paid to teaching the reader how to draw the graphs. This is an aspect of the examination which can be overlooked but which, if done well, can create a much better impression in the viva situation. Packed full of precise, clear diagrams with well structured explanations, and with all key definitions, derivations and statistics, this is an essential study aid for all FRCA examination candidates.
Nonlinear Analysis and Semilinear Elliptic Problems
Authors: Ambrosetti Antonio , Malchiodi Andrea
Published: June 2010

Many problems in science and engineering are described by nonlinear differential equations, which can be notoriously difficult to solve. Through the interplay of topological and variational ideas, methods of nonlinear analysis are able to tackle such fundamental problems. This graduate text explains some of the key techniques in a way that will be appreciated by mathematicians, physicists and engineers. Starting from elementary tools of bifurcation theory and analysis, the authors cover a number of more modern topics from critical point theory to elliptic partial differential equations. A series of Appendices give convenient accounts of a variety of advanced topics that will introduce the reader to areas of current research. The book is amply illustrated and many chapters are rounded off with a set of exercises.
Economics and the Theory of Games
Authors: Vega-Redondo Fernando
Published: June 2010

This textbook offers a systematic, self-contained account of the main contributions of modern game theory and its applications to economics. Starting with a detailed description of how to model strategic situations, the discussion proceeds by studying basic solution concepts, their main refinements, games played under incomplete information, and repeated games. For each of these theoretical developments, there is a companion set of applications that cover the most representative instances of game-theoretic analysis in economics, e.g. oligopolistic competition, public goods, coordination failures, bargaining, insurance markets, implementation theory, signaling and auctions. The theory and applications covered in the first part of the book fall under the so-called 'classical' approach to game theory, which is founded on the paradigm of players' unlimited rationality. The second part shifts towards topics that no longer abide by that paradigm. This leads to the study of topics such as the interplay between evolution and rationality.
Electronic Structure Calculations for Solids and Molecules
Authors: Kohanoff Jorge
Published: June 2010

Electronic structure problems are studied in condensed matter physics and theoretical chemistry to provide important insights into the properties of matter. This 2006 graduate textbook describes the main theoretical approaches and computational techniques, from the simplest approximations to the most sophisticated methods. It starts with a detailed description of the various theoretical approaches to calculating the electronic structure of solids and molecules, including density-functional theory and chemical methods based on Hartree-Fock theory. The basic approximations are thoroughly discussed, and an in-depth overview of recent advances and alternative approaches in DFT is given. The second part discusses the different practical methods used to solve the electronic structure problem computationally, for both DFT and Hartree-Fock approaches. Adopting a unique and open approach, this textbook is aimed at graduate students in physics and chemistry, and is intended to improve communication between these communities. It also serves as a reference for researchers entering the field.
A discussion about reproductive modes of Pseudevernia furfuracea based on phylogenetic data
Authors: FERENCOVA Zuzana , DEL PRADO Ruth , PÉREZ-VARGAS Israel , HERNÁNDEZ-PADRÓN Consuelo , CRESPO Ana
Published: June 2010

Two asexual reproductive strategies of the common lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea are described. Although the species propagates mainly by isidia, some specimens also show the development of soralia. Morphological, chemical and molecular analyses were performed on three such sorediate specimens from the Canary Islands, Morocco and Turkey. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses indicate that: a) sorediate samples represent only a morphological variant of the reproductive mode and b) the separation of taxa (at species level or below) on the basis of their containing either olivetoric acid or physodic and oxyphysodic acids is not appropriate. In addition, a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Pseudevernia is presented for the first time. The tree shows two sister monophyletic clades, one containing American species (P. intensa, P. cladonia, P. consocians), and the second encompassing the P. furfuracea samples (including sorediate specimens). The biological and taxonomic significance of soralia in sorediate samples is discussed.
Notes on the lichen genusRhizoplacafrom continental Antarctica and on some other species from northern Victoria Land
Authors: CASTELLO M.
Published: June 2010

Five taxa of the generaOmphalodinaandRhizoplacaknown from continental Antarctica are reassessed in order to identify a remarkable species collected from northern Victoria Land, for which the new combinationRhizoplaca macleanii(C.W. Dodge) Castello is proposed here. This poorly known species is known only from continental Antarctica. Two synonyms are discussed:Omphalodina exsulans(Th. Fr.) C. W. Dodge andO. siplei(C. W. Dodge & G. E. Baker) C. W. Dodge are synonyms ofRhizoplaca melanophthalma(DC.) Leuckert & Poelt. The correct name of another species isTephromela priestleyi(C. W. Dodge) Øvstedal. The nameO. johnstonii(C. W. Dodge) C. W. Dodge should be abandoned, type material being too scanty for a reliable identification. A contribution to the flora of the Terra Nova Bay area (northern Victoria Land) is provided, with two additional species, includingBuellia vilisTh. Fr. new to Antarctic regions, and two nomenclatural corrections.
Calongia gibelluloidesgen. sp. nov., a remarkable minute new lichenicolous conidial fungus from northern Spain
Authors: HAWKSWORTH David L. , ETAYO Javier
Published: June 2010

The new conidial lichenicolous fungusCalongia gibelluloidesgen. sp. nov. is described from discoloured soredial patches on thalli ofFlavoparmelia caperataand discoloured squamules of aCladoniaspecies collected in northern Spain. It is especially unusual in its minute size, the solitary conidiophores reaching at most 45 μm and bearing a cluster of conidiogenous cells that are at first enclosed by a membranous sheath, and produce 1-septate narrowly ellipsoid to elongate-reniform or elongate-soleiform fuscous conidia. The fungus has some features that recall the entomogenous hypocrealean genusGibellula,but species of that genus have synnematous conidiomata, ornamented conidiophores, phialidic conidiogenous cells, no membranous vesicle, and non-septate conidia produced in chains. The phylogenetic placement remains uncertain in the absence of a teleomorph or molecular evidence.
Preference of lichens for shady habitats is correlated with intolerance to high nitrogen levels
Authors: HAUCK Markus , WIRTH Volkmar
Published: June 2010

Based on findings in vascular plants showing that the capacity to provide enough carbon skeletons for rapid ammonium assimilation into amino acids is a prerequisite for tolerance to eutrophication, we tested the hypothesis that lichens from shady habitats are particularly sensitive to nitrogen pollution. We tested this hypothesis using published ecological indicator values (estimates of eutrophication tolerance and light preferences on an ordinal scale) for more than 500 central European lichen species. Our results show that shade-adapted lichens are indeed at the same time intolerant to eutrophication. However, not all eutrophication-sensitive lichens inhabit shady environments, suggesting the existence of several independent mechanisms causing intolerance of high nitrogen levels in lichens. The correlation of shade adaptation with nitrogen intolerance is limited to epiphytic and saxicolous species, since terricolous lichens are out-competed by vascular plants in dense vegetation. Our results suggest that lichen communities of shady bark, wood and rock are particularly sensitive to eutrophication.
Two species of Carbacanthographis from India
Authors: SHARMA Bharati O. , MAKHIJA Urmila , KHADILKAR Pradnya
Published: June 2010

Two species of the lichen genus Carbacanthographis, namely C. marcescens and a new species, C. sorediata, are reported from India. The new species is characterized by a sorediate thallus, laterally carbonized exciple, submuriform ascospores, and salazinic and consalazinic acids in the thallus. A worldwide key to the species of Carbacanthographis is provided.
Distinction ofCladonia reiandC. subulatabased on molecular, chemical and morphological characteristics
Authors: DOLNIK Christian , BECK Andreas , ZARABSKA Daria
Published: June 2010

Cladonia reiandCladonia subulataare morphologically similar, but chemically different cup lichens of dry grasslands and nutrient-poor ruderal habitats. Recently,C. reihas been synonymized withC. subulataon the basis of combined morphological and chemical investigations. However, doubts remained due to a molecular divergent North American sample ofC. reicompared to EuropeanC. subulata. To clarify the situation, using molecular methods, we analysed chemically different European samples ofC. reiandC. subulata, as well as other morphologically or chemically similarCladoniaspecies. Molecular data show that European and North American samples ofC. reibelong to the same clade, which is closely related toC. fimbriataand followed by a subclade withC. coniocraeaandC. ochrochlora. The subclade ofC. subulataappears to be distinct fromC. rei. In concordance with molecular data, the presence of homosekikaic acid is the determining chemical feature forC. rei. In addition,C. humilisandC. innominataproved to be molecularly distinct species.
Pronectria collematis(Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales), a new species onCollemafrom Germany and Spain
Authors: von BRACKEL Wolfgang , ETAYO Javier
Published: June 2010

Pronectria collematis, growing onCollema auriforme,C. cristatum, andC. undulatum, is described from Germany and Spain.
A new species ofStigmidiumsensu stricto onThelenella muscorum
Authors: PÉREZ-ORTEGA Sergio , HALICI M. Gökhan , KNUDSEN Kerry , CANDAN Mehmet
Published: June 2010

Stigmidium humidumis described from Spain and Turkey onThelenella muscorum(Fr.) Vain. (synChromatochlamys muscorum(Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt). The species is the firstStigmidiums. str. species on a host lichen of the familyThelenellaceaeand is compared with other species with ‘Type a’ pseudoparaphyses.
Response 2: Social Science as Phronesis? The Potential Contradictions of a Phronetic Social Policy
Authors: FITZPATRICK TONY
Published: June 2010

Paul Spicker's article has provided a thought-provoking contribution to which I am broadly sympathetic. I have two principal concerns, however. Firstly, it fails to contextualise itself vis-à-vis some key debates. Secondly, therefore, it neglects to ask some crucial philosophical and methodological questions. As such, researchers should pause before embracing a phronetic social policy. Below, I specify the nature of my concerns, paying particular attention to the implications of phronesis for universalism. My aim is not to critique Spicker's entire article, but to draw attention to key issues to which those interested in phronetic approaches should attend.
Patterning the distribution of threatened crayfish and their exotic analogues using self-organizing maps
Authors: KOPP DOROTHÉE , SANTOUL FRÉDÉRIC , POULET NICOLAS , COMPIN ARTHUR , CÉRÉGHINO RÉGIS
Published: June 2010

Ability to demonstrate statistical patterns of distribution by threatened species and by their potential competitors will determine success in forecasting locations at greatest risk, and ability to target management efforts. A self-organizing map algorithm (SOM) was used to derive probabilities of presence of native (Austropotamobius pallipes) and exotic (Orconectes limosus, Pacifastacus leniusculus and Procambarus clarkii) crayfish species with respect to physical and land-cover variables in a large stream system, using a simple presence-absence dataset of species. Crayfish were sampled at 128 sites representing 86 rivers. The probability of occurrence of the native species increased at higher elevations above sea level and lower temperatures; populations appeared to be mostly confined to headwater streams where exotic competitors were unable to withstand the colder conditions. The distribution of exotic species was correlated with anthropogenic factors, such as the degree of urbanization and agricultural land area. Complementary modelling tools, such as GIS and SOMs, can help to maximize the information extracted from available data in the context of biological conservation.
EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING AND FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTIONS
Authors: FERREIRA JOSE CARLOS , CHOUFANI SANAA , KINGDOM JOHN , WEKSBERG ROSANNA
Published: June 2010

Normal fetal growth and development depends on multiple molecular mechanisms that coordinate both placental and fetal development. Efforts to better understand fetal/placental growth dysregulation and fetal growth restriction (FGR) are now being driven by several findings that highlight the longterm impact of FGR on susceptibility to disease. The association of poor fetal growth to perinatal medical complications is well accepted but more recent data also show that FGR is linked to common, serious adult health problems. Several large-scale human epidemiological studies from diverse countries have shown that conditions such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, adiposity, insulin resistance and osteoporosis are more prevalent in individuals with a history of low birthweight.
SUBFORMULA AND SEPARATION PROPERTIES IN NATURAL DEDUCTION VIA SMALL KRIPKE MODELS
Authors: MILNE PETER
Published: June 2010

Various natural deduction formulations of classical, minimal, intuitionist, and intermediate propositional and first-order logics are presented and investigated with respect to satisfaction of the separation and subformula properties. The technique employed is, for the most part, semantic, based on general versions of the Lindenbaum and Lindenbaum–Henkin constructions. Careful attention is paid (i) to which properties of theories result in the presence of which rules of inference, and (ii) to restrictions on the sets of formulas to which the rules may be employed, restrictions determined by the formulas occurring as premises and conclusion of the invalid inference for which a counterexample is to be constructed. We obtain an elegant formulation of classical propositional logic with the subformula property and a singularly inelegant formulation of classical first-order logic with the subformula property, the latter, unfortunately, not a product of the strategy otherwise used throughout the article. Along the way, we arrive at an optimal strengthening of the subformula results for classical first-order logic obtained as consequences of normalization theorems by Dag Prawitz and Gunnar Stålmarck.
A model for the evolution of the Earth's mantle structure since the Early Paleozoic
Authors: Zhang Nan , Zhong Shijie , Leng Wei , Li Zheng‐Xiang
Published: June 2010

Seismic tomography studies indicate that the Earth's mantle structure is characterized by African and Pacific seismically slow velocity anomalies (i.e., superplumes) and circum‐Pacific seismically fast anomalies (i.e., a globally spherical harmonic degree 2 structure). However, the cause for and time evolution of the African and Pacific superplumes and the degree 2 mantle structure remain poorly understood with two competing proposals. First, the African and Pacific superplumes have remained largely unchanged for at least the last 300 Myr and possibly much longer. Second, the African superplume is formed sometime after the formation of Pangea (i.e., at 330 Ma) and the mantle in the African hemisphere is predominated by cold downwelling structures before and during the assembly of Pangea, while the Pacific superplume has been stable for the Pangea supercontinent cycle (i.e., globally a degree 1 structure before the Pangea formation). Here, we construct a proxy model of plate motions for the African hemisphere for the last 450 Myr since the Early Paleozoic using the paleogeographic reconstruction of continents constrained by paleomagnetic and geological observations. Coupled with assumed oceanic plate motions for the Pacific hemisphere, this proxy model for the plate motion history is used as time‐dependent surface boundary condition in three‐dimensional spherical models of thermochemical mantle convection to study the evolution of mantle structure, particularly the African mantle structure, since the Early Paleozoic. Our model calculations reproduce well the present‐day mantle structure including the African and Pacific superplumes and generally support the second proposal with a dynamic cause for the superplume structure. Our results suggest that while the mantle in the African hemisphere before the assembly of Pangea is predominated by the cold downwelling structure resulting from plate convergence between Gondwana and Laurussia, it is unlikely that the bulk of the African superplume structure can be formed before ∼230 Ma (i.e., ∼100 Myr after the assembly of Pangea). Particularly, the last 120 Myr plate motion plays an important role in generating the African superplume. Our models have implications for understanding the global‐scale magmatism, tectonics, mantle dynamics, and thermal evolution history for the Earth since the Early Paleozoic.
Controls on boundary layer ventilation: Boundary layer processes and large‐scale dynamics
Authors: Sinclair V. A. , Gray S. L. , Belcher S. E.
Published: June 2010

Midlatitude cyclones are important contributors to boundary layer ventilation. However, it is uncertain how efficient such systems are at transporting pollutants out of the boundary layer, and variations between cyclones are unexplained. In this study 15 idealized baroclinic life cycles, with a passive tracer included, are simulated to identify the relative importance of two transport processes: horizontal divergence and convergence within the boundary layer and large‐scale advection by the warm conveyor belt. Results show that the amount of ventilation is insensitive to surface drag over a realistic range of values. This indicates that although boundary layer processes are necessary for ventilation they do not control the magnitude of ventilation. A diagnostic for the mass flux out of the boundary layer has been developed to identify the synoptic‐scale variables controlling the strength of ascent in the warm conveyor belt. A very high level of correlation (R2 values exceeding 0.98) is found between the diagnostic and the actual mass flux computed from the simulations. This demonstrates that the large‐scale dynamics control the amount of ventilation, and the efficiency of midlatitude cyclones to ventilate the boundary layer can be estimated using the new mass flux diagnostic. We conclude that meteorological analyses, such as ERA‐40, are sufficient to quantify boundary layer ventilation by the large‐scale dynamics.
Intercomparison of cloud condensation nuclei and hygroscopic fraction measurements: Coated soot particles investigated during the LACIS Experiment in November (LExNo)
Authors: Snider J. R. , Wex H. , Rose D. , Kristensson A. , Stratmann F. , Hennig T. , Henning S. , Kiselev A. , Bilde M. , Burkhart M. , Dusek U. , Frank G. P. , Kiendler‐Scharr A. , Mentel T. F. , Petters M. D. , Pöschl U.
Published: June 2010

Four cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) instruments were used to sample size‐selected particles prepared at the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator facility. Included were two Wyoming static diffusion CCN instruments, the continuous flow instrument built by Droplet Measurement Technologies, and the continuous flow Leipzig instrument. The aerosols were composed of ammonium sulfate, levoglucosan, levoglucosan and soot, and ammonium hydrogen sulfate and soot. Comparisons are made among critical supersaturation values from the CCN instruments and derived from measurements made with a humidified tandem differential mobility system. The comparison is quite encouraging: with few exceptions the reported critical supersaturations agree within known experimental uncertainty limits. Also reported are CCN‐ and hygroscopicity‐based estimates of the soot particles' solute fraction. Relative differences between these are as large as 40%, but an error analysis demonstrates that agreement within experimental uncertainty is achieved. We also analyze data from the Droplet Measurement Technologies and the two Wyoming static diffusion instruments for evidence of size distribution broadening and investigate levoglucosan particle growth kinetics in the Wyoming CCN instrument.
Upscaling of reactive mass transport in fractured rocks with multimodal reactive mineral facies
Authors: Deng Hailin , Dai Zhenxue , Wolfsberg Andrew , Lu Zhiming , Ye Ming , Reimus Paul
Published: June 2010

This paper presents a methodology for upscaling matrix‐material transport parameters in fractured‐flow dominated systems with multimodal reactive mineral facies. The upscaling method provides a theoretical and practical link between controlled experimental results at the laboratory/bench scale and multikilometer field scales at which contaminant remediation and risk assessment are actually conducted. As sorption reactions in matrix are in part determined by mineral properties, a new conceptual model is developed to reflect the hierarchical structure of reactive mineral facies at the microform, mesoform, and macroform scales. The conceptual model of hierarchical reactive matrix mineral facies is integrated with a dual‐porosity model for simulating diffusion of solutes out of fractures and sorption onto the matrix minerals. By assuming that sorption reactions primarily occur in the rock matrix, we develop a multimodal spatial random function for characterizing both the tortuosity (physical heterogeneity) and sorption coefficient (chemical heterogeneity) at different scales in the rock matrix. The effective tortuosity at the field scale is derived by volume averaging of mass transfer coefficient for a conservative species. Subsequently, using a sorbing species (e.g., uranium), we derive the equations for upscaling the sorption coefficients in a saturated, fractured‐rock system for field‐scale simulations. The effective field‐scale tortuosity and sorption coefficient are related to their mean, variance, integral scale, and domain size along a pathway through a three‐dimensional flow field. The upscaled values increase with the integral scale and are larger than their geometric mean. Simulations conducted with upscaled sorption coefficients and tortuousities are compared very well with high‐resolution Monte Carlo simulations capturing the parameter spatial variations. Results of this study can be extended to explore scale dependence of other important transport parameters for fractured‐rock solute transport.
Database of Active Structures From the Indo‐Asian Collision
Authors: Styron Richard , Taylor Michael , Okoronkwo Kelechi
Published: June 2010

The ongoing collision of India and Asia has produced a vast system of folds and faults, many of which are active today, as evidenced by such recent deadly earthquakes as the 12 May 2008 Sichuan quake [Parsons et al., 2008]. Understanding these events requires knowledge of the region's geologic structures.

Taylor and Yin [2009] have assembled HimaTibetMap‐ 1.0, a multiformat, comprehensive database of first‐order active structures in central Asia that may aid researchers, educators, and students in their studies of Indo‐Asian tectonics. For example, this database may be used by seismologists, geodesists, and modelers to identify structures in particular locations that contribute to active deformation, or it may be used by teachers to illustrate concepts such as continental collision or distributed deformation of continents.
Ocean Observing System Demonstrated in Alaska
Authors: Schoch G. Carl , Chao Yi
Published: June 2010

To demonstrate the utility of an ocean observing and forecasting system with diverse practical applications—such as search and rescue, oil spill response (perhaps relevent to the current Gulf of Mexico oil spill), fisheries, and risk management—a unique field experiment was conducted in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in July and August 2009. The objective was to quantitatively evaluate the performance of numerical models developed for the sound with an array of fixed and mobile observation platforms (Figure 1).
Print Journals to Continue in 2011
Authors: Cook Bill
Published: June 2010

Since all AGU journals “went electronic,” in 2002, subscriptions to the print versions have declined rapidly. Many academic and corporate libraries have replaced their print subscriptions with subscriptions to the electronic versions, sometimes retaining a print subscription for archiving purposes. Individual subscribers have moved to the electronic versions rapidly, but many readers also rely heavily on their institution to provide access in lieu of personal subscriptions. Since then, the electronic version has been the version of record because of features such as links to citations and embedded objects that are impossible to produce in a print version.
AGU Congressional Science Fellow Update: Tips for Scientists
Authors: Boland Maeve
Published: June 2010

After being selected as the AGU Congressional Science Fellow in March 2009, I packed my bags and moved from sunny Colorado to steamy Washington, D.C., in late August. By mid‐September I had completed an intensive 2‐week orientation program for incoming Science and Technology Fellows organized by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). If I was feeling somewhat breathless at that point, it was nothing compared with the experience of searching for a congressional office in which to spend my year.

Congressional Science Fellows are funded by their societies, so they are a source of free expertise to members of Congress and congressional committees. Science and Technology Fellows are in high demand, but the quality of the experience for both the fellow and the office depends on finding the right match of interests and personalities. The matchmaking process can take several weeks—and a lot of agonizing—but by the end of September, I was a member of Senator Byron Dorgan's (D‐N.D.) energy and environment team.
Antipodal seismic observations of temporal and global variation at Earth's inner‐outer core boundary
Authors: Butler Rhett , Tsuboi Seiji
Published: June 2010

We have found two pairs of earthquake doublets closely located antipodally on one diametral axis between Tonga‐Algeria, and several other events on other axes. These doublets show significant correlation, and exhibit seismic phases traversing the Core that cannot be explained by a standard radial Earth model such as PREM. The antipodal waveform data are highly variable between axes. The observed variability of the waveforms indicates global variations in the structure above and below the Inner‐Outer Core boundary region. We have found evidence for a regional low‐velocity zone at the base of the Outer Core, corresponding with a decadal temporal variation (0.55 s) in seismic energy traversing the top of the Inner Core. We propose an antipodal seismic array to constrain and to provide further progress for the study of the Inner and Outer Core.