bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuberculin Hypersensitivity: Studies with Radioactive Antigen and Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Kay Kenneth , Rieke William O.
Published: October 2006

The type and fate of mononuclear cells of guinea pigs hypersensitive to tuberculin were studied by means of purified protein derivative labeled with I
125
and mononuclear cells labeled with tritiated thymidine. Purified protein derivative labeled with I
125
was taken up in vitro by lymphocytes and neutrophils from animals that were either sensitive or nonsensitive to tuberculin, but it was bound more frequently by the cells of sensitive animals. Passive transfer of tuberculin hypersensitivity by means of lymphocytes labeled with tritiated thymidine indicated that significant numbers of radioactive cells migrated to the site where the skin was tested with purified protein derivative only when the test was made immediately after transfusion. Although skin reactions from tests made with purified protein derivative 24 hours after transfusion were comparable to those from tests made immediately, the number of labeled cells at the sites of the later tests was not consistently larger than it was in controls (Histoplasmin reactions). Thus transfused tuberculin-sensitive cells are neither always attracted to the sites of the test with purified protein derivative nor are they required in large numbers at the site for a positive reaction to develop.
"Imprinting" in Nature
Authors: Gottlieb Gilbert
Published: October 2006

Much laboratory research is based on the assumption that the learning of parental characteristics by young nidifugous birds is rooted on visual factors. Naturalistic observations of ground- and hole-nesting duck species, augmented by sound amplification equipment, indicate that hatchlings are exposed to the call of their mother for a relatively long period before they are exposed to the sight of her.
Mitosis and Differentiation in Roots Treated with Actinomycin
Authors: Bal Arya K. , Gross Paul R.
Published: October 2006

In the presence of actinomycin D (90 μg/ml), mitosis in root meristem of
Allium cepa
L. ceases after a delay of 36 hours. The block occurs at interphase. Differentiation of prevascular tissue is suppressed, and the evidence suggests it begins to fail before mitosis stops. Autoradiograms of roots treated with tritiated uracil show that synthesis of ribonucleic acid is blocked after mitosis fails. The effects of the antibiotic are reversible.
Eye Fixation Aspect of Attention to Visual Stimuli in Infant Chimpanzees
Authors: Berkson Gershon , Fitz-Gerald Frances L.
Published: October 2006

Infant chimpanzees look at a visual stimulus for a regularly decreasing proportion of the time after presentation of the stimulus. Individual differences and presentation of a novel object affect the general level of fixation but do not significantly influence the slope of the curve showing the decline of fixation with time.
Cerebral White Matter: Selective Spread of Pneumococcal Polysaccharides
Authors: Levine Seymour
Published: October 2006

Pneumococcal polysaccharides were implanted in rat brain and their distribution was studied by immunofluorescence. The polysaccharides spread selectively in white matter, and frequently extended from anterior to posterior poles. The results suggest that selective localization of experimental and natural leukoencephalopathies may be related to an innate property of white matter that permits or facilitates spread of noxious agents.
Intrauterine Foreign Body: Effect on Pregnancy in the Rat
Authors: Doyle L. L. , Margolis A. J.
Published: October 2006

A silk suture placed in the lumen of one uterine horn of rats before mating prevented pregnancy in that horn although normal implantation occurred in the unoperated horn. The suture did not interfere with fertilization or the tubal transport of ova, nor did it induce a decidual reaction; it appeared to prevent pregnancy by causing failure of implantation.
Serum Protein Synthesis by the Fetal Rat
Authors: Kelleher P. C. , Kenyon C. D. , Villee C. A.
Published: October 2006

Injection of C
14
-labeled amino acids intraperitoneally into rat fetuses
in utero
results in greater labeling of fetal serum proteins than when the amino acid is injected into the mother. Maternal partial hepatectomy leads to only minimal changes in serum protein synthesis. Rat fetuses synthesize at least some of their serum proteins during the last 3 days of gestation.
Are We Retrogressing in Science?
Authors: Hubbert M. King
Published: October 2006

Despite the large amount of superficial evidence to the contrary, the present state of science in the United States is one of considerable confusion. In large measure, we appear to have lost sight of our intellectual foundations and to have reverted to authoritarianism. Contributing to this situation is the state of the universities. Since World War II these have become so deeply engaged in the pursuit of various kinds of applied research that they have seriously neglected their primary duties as institutions of learning and of education. Possibly the greatest source of this disruption is the government contract-grant system upon which the universities are becoming increasingly dependent for continued existence.
Gamma Emitters in Marine Sediments near the Columbia River
Authors: Osterberg Charles , Kulm L. D. , Byrne John V.
Published: October 2006

Samples from sediment cores collected at 26 different locations 5 to 35 miles offshore in and around Astoria Submarine Canyon were analyzed for gamma emitters. Chromium-51 and zinc-65 were the principal radionuclides found, although several fission products and natural potassium-40 were also present. Radioactivity fell off sharply with distance from the mouth of the Columbia River, indicating that the river serves as a common source of the artificial radionuclides.
Low Malignancy of Rous Sarcoma Cells as Evidenced by Poor Transplantability in Turkeys
Authors: Bergs Victor V. , Groupe Vincent
Published: October 2006

Homologous and isologous transfers of Rous sarcoma cells in turkeys indicate that growth of the implanted cells contributes little, if at all, to the formation of these neoplasms. Infection of normal host cells by virus appears to be, at least in this species, the major factor in the induction and progressive growth of Rous sarcomas.
Generalized Shwartzman Reaction in the Pregnant Golden Hamster
Authors: Galton Michael
Published: October 2006

A single intraperitoneal injection of colchicine regularly elicits the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon in the pregnant golden hamster. Non-pregnant hamsters are refractory both to colchicine and endotoxin. The superiority of colchicine, as opposed to foreign endotoxin, in the pregnant subject, may be attributed to the action of native endotoxin which is allowed parenteral access as a result of colchicine-induced injury to the intestinal mucosa.
Nuclear Activation Analysis
Authors: Wainerdi Richard E. , DuBeau Normand P.
Published: October 2006

Nuclear activation analysis—whether with instrumental or radiochemical procedures, manual or automatic systems—seems destined for an important place in analytic chemistry. Experience will determine the best choice of activating particles and the best detectors, or it may even lead to the development of entirely new techniques. But it seems evident that nuclear activation analysis will increasingly satisfy the need for precise, sensitive, and rapid elementary analysis, and will do so at relatively low cost.
Prediction of the Comparative Reinforcement Values of Running and Drinking
Authors: Premack David
Published: October 2006

The probability of free drinking and running in rats was controlled by sucrose concentration and force requirements on an activity wheel. Drinking and running were then made contingent on pressing a bar. Bar-pressing increased monotonically with the associated response probability, and equally for drinking and running. The results support the assumption that different responses of equal probability have equal reinforcement value.
Strontium-90 in Hair
Authors: Hopkins B. J. , Tuttle L. W. , Pories Walter J. , Strain William H.
Published: October 2006

The hair of rats injected with strontium-90 retains a significant amount of the radionuclide. Although the strontium-90 content of hair is variable in these rats and appears to be subject to a variety of influences, determination of the radionuclide content of hair may offer a nondestructive method of estimating strontium-90 in bone.
Behavior Disruption in
Cebus
Monkeys as a Function of Injected Substances
Authors: Ferguson Donald C. , Fisher Alan E.
Published: October 2006

Intraperitoneal injections of blood substances from schizophrenic or stressed normal human donors into primates trained to perform a precision timing task resulted in significant prolongation of time taken to complete the task as compared with injections of blood substances from normal donors.
Beta-Alanine Utilization of Ebony and Non-ebony
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Jacobs M. E. , Brubaker K. K.
Published: October 2006

Carbon-14-labeled β-alanine was injected into newly formed
Drosophila melanogaster
female pupae. Homozygous ebony deposited less C
14
in pupal sheaths, deposited more C
14
in adult body extracts and wings, and decarboxylated and oxidized β-alanine to excrete C
14
O
2
faster than did non-ebony homozygotes. Heterozygotes were intermediate in all these activities.
Floral Induction and the Stimulation of Cell Division in
Xanthium
Authors: Thomas Roderick G.
Published: October 2006

The mitotic index in the apical region of the stem of
Xanthium
seedlings doubled within the 24 hours immediately following a single inductive dark period and an increase occurred within 16 hours in one case. The significance of this finding in relation to the onset of reproductive development is discussed.
Root Hairs, Cuticle, and Pits
Authors: Scott Flora Murray , Bystrom Barbara G. , Bowler E.
Published: October 2006

The filamentous roots of mustard (
Raphanus sativus
), radish (
Brassica nigra
), squash (
Cucurbita pepo
), and wheat (
Triticum aestivum
) are covered throughout their length with living nucleated root hairs which may measure 1600 μ or more. The outer walls of piliferous and nonpiliferous cells consist of successive layers of mucilage, cutin, and the cellulose-pectic framework of the cell. Plasmodesmata and pits occur on all cell walls. Under the electron microscope individual pores and pits in the microfibrillar wall are evident throughout the length of the root hair. The "semipermeable membrane" of the root hair zone is thus structurally complex.
Antigenic Material: Persistence in Hypersensitive Cells
Authors: Speirs Robert S.
Published: October 2006

Radioactivity derived from injections of tritiated tetanus toxin was observed in lymphocytes and macrophages for as long as 9 months after injection into immunized mice. These labeled cells became highly vacuolated and attracted eosinophils and lymphocytes when the animals were reinjected with specific antigen.
Intracellular Infection and the Carrier State
Authors: Smadel Joseph E.
Published: October 2006

The evidence summarized in this article is sufficient to support conclusions as follows.

1) Antibiotics penetrate rapidly into mammalian cells and inhibit multiplication of susceptible microbes within the cell as promptly and effectively as they inhibit multiplication of such microbes outside the cell. This is consistent with clinical experience.

2) Death of individual organisms inside mammalian cells bathed in medium containing antibiotics continues over several weeks but may not proceed
pari passu
with time. This observation supports the as yet meager clinical data, which suggest that eradication of the typhoid carrier state may be accomplished through antibiotic therapy, provided (i) the proper antibiotic is selected; (ii) it is administered in amounts sufficient to obtain continuous suppression of growth of intracellular organisms; and (iii) the regimen is maintained for 2 or 3 weeks.

3) The actual cause of death and destruction of intracellular microbes in treated cells remains an enigma. To attribute this to inanition or senescence of the organisms, without describing mechanisms, is to avoid the issue. The hypotheses dealing with inactivation of intracellular microbes by intracellular antimicrobial substances and antibodies deserve to be explored.

4) Evidence from the ward and laboratory suggests that infected cells can clear themselves of invading pathogens and recover. Although antibiotics have played the major role in demonstrating this in the laboratory, it is possible that they do nothing more than hold the intruders in abeyance while natural defense mechanisms of the cell gain the upper hand. Certainly such cellular mechanisms must provide a potent force for survival; otherwise, why would 98 percent of typhoid patients fail to become chronic carriers?

5) The continued study of infections, including the carrier state, with a view to understanding the abnormalities created by the multiplying intracellular microbe and the means by which the cell corrects these and eliminates the intruder, should open new vistas in chemotherapy and immunology.
Montmorillonite-Vermiculite Interstratification in Clays from Eocene Chalk Soils
Authors: DeMumbrum L. E.
Published: October 2006

Soils of the Eocene chalk often show interstratification in their clay fractions, though discrete 14- and 18-Å spacings are the rule rather than the exception. It is also frequent that a 16-Å intermediate shows in place of these diffraction maxima. This intermediate is indicative of complex interstratification. It is a unique feature of this body of soils and a strong indication that existing data on random and regular interstratification are both correct and diagnostic. The rare but interesting diffuse basal spacings which are observed at 22 Å are another unusual feature of the clays of this group of soils.
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis with Antibody Fragments
Authors: Ovary Zoltan , Taranta Angelo
Published: October 2006

Pepsin-digested rabbit antibody (5
S
) provoked reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea pig, but was somewhat less effective, mole for mole, than the native antibody. Fixation of guinea pig complement by the pepsin-digested antibody could not be demonstrated either in vitro or in vivo. Splitting of the 5
S
fragment into two monovalent fragments (3.5
S
) markedly reduced the capacity to provoke reverse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
Inheritance of Behavior in Infants
Authors: Freedman D. G. , Keller Barbara
Published: October 2006

Mental and motor abilities and personality development were studied in 20 pairs of infant twins of the same sex on a monthly basis in their first year, that is, before mutual imitation becomes a factor. Blood group determinations, made after the study was completed, revealed an
N
1
of 11 fraternal and
N
2
of 9 identical pairs. Within-pair differences were significantly greater within fraternal pairs on all tests and rating scales.
Potentiation by Adrenaline of a Proteolytic Activity Associated with Purified Myosin
Authors: Gordon Paul , Zak Radovan
Published: October 2006

Proteolytic activity accompanies myosin through three reprecipitations. The fact that this activity can be potentiated by very small doses of
1
-adrenaline supports the view that adrenaline receptors are protein in nature and that adrenaline-like compounds exert their action through modification of the activity of enzymes.
Acetylcholine and Cholinacetylase Content of Synaptic Vesicles
Authors: De Robertis E. , Salganicoff L. , Zieher L. M. , de Lores Arnaiz Georgina Rodriguez
Published: October 2006

Acetylcholine, cholinacetylase, and acetylcholinesterase were determined in three subfractions that resulted from the osmotic shock of the "mitochondrial" fraction of the rat brain. Acetylcholine and cholinacetylase were found concentrated in the subfraction that contained mainly synaptic vesicles and some membranes, whereas the larger proportion of the acetylcholinesterase was observed in the subfraction that contained torn nerve endings. These results support the idea that synaptic vesicles are the morphological units of acetylcholine within the synapse.
Dieldrin Susceptibility: Partial Restoration in
Anopheles
Selected with a Carbamate
Authors: Georghiou G. P. , Metcalf R. L.
Published: October 2006

Selection of dieldrin-resistant
Anopheles albimanus
Wied. and normal
Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus
Say with
m
-isopropylphenyl methylcarbamate for 21 and 30 generations, respectively, resulted only in vigor tolerance to this and other aryl methylcarbamates. However, it caused substantial restoration of dieldrin- and DDT-susceptibility in
Anopheles
by increasing the frequency of homozygous susceptible phenotypes from 10 to 83 percent.
Tryptophan- and Indole-Excreting Bacterial Mutants
Authors: Lim P. G. , Mateles R. I.
Published: October 2006

Prototrophic mutants of
Escherichia coli
capable of producing indole and tryptophan were obtained by selecting for resistance to antimetabolites. An anthranilic acid auxotroph grown under conditions which would derepress the tryptophan synthetase system would also accumulate substantial quantities of L-tryptophan.
Local Anesthetic Drugs: Penetration from the Spinal Extradural Space into the Neuraxis
Authors: Bromage P. R. , Joyal A. C. , Binney J. C.
Published: October 2006

Local anesthetics, injected into the spinal extradural space, can be recovered from the spinal cord and brain. Transport from the extradural space into the neuraxis is independent of an active circulation. Distribution is greatest in the periphery of the cord and is most intense near the site of injection. The drugs probably diffuse into the subperineural spaces of the mixed nerves and then pass centripetally along the spinal roots into the cerebrospinal fluid and the cord.
Radiolarians: Construction of Spherical Skeleton
Authors: Smalley I. J.
Published: October 2006

The skeleton of spherical radiolarians, which consists basically of a network of hexagonally shaped structures, also contains some non-hexagonal structures, since a network made up entirely of hexagons cannot completely cover a spherically shaped organism.
Acoustic Activity Recorder for Burrowing Animals
Authors: Gans Carl , Bonin James J.
Published: October 2006

The vibrations of animals digging in a dry or moist substratum may be picked up and recorded continuously by a microphone, amplifier, and recorder setup. The apparatus permits a large region, such as an activity cage, to be monitored without disturbance of the animals or special requirements for soil conditions.
Mitoses: Distribution in Mouse Ear Epidermis
Authors: Frei J. V. , Waugh W. O'N. , Ritchie A. C.
Published: October 2006

Epidermal cell mitoses occur in a random spatial (Poisson) distribution in the plane of the epidermis of the mouse. It is therefore unlikely that the focal accumulation of a local extracellular factor is responsible for the initiation of mitoses.
Phosphorescence of Rat Kidneys Cooled in Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: Wisotzky Joel , Carrington Russell , Shieda James
Published: October 2006

Cut surfaces of rat kidneys exhibit intense, reproducible, and very detailed phosphorescent patterns after they are cooled with liquid nitrogen and then exposed to shortwave ultraviolet radiation. Ligation of the renal blood vessels for a period of 6 to 24 hours destroys most of this phosphorescence, whereas a ligation of the ureter has no effect on kidney phosphorescence.
Hypoxia: Effects on Heart Rate and Respiration in the Snapping Turtle
Authors: Boyer Don R.
Published: October 2006

In response to atmospheres containing decreasing amounts of oxygen, snapping turtles (
Chelydra serpentina
) maintained a fairly constant oxygen uptake. Their heart rate increased and the period of apnea between breathing cycles decreased. Small animals had a slightly greater mean uptake per gram than those five to ten times as large.
Methodological Questions in the Study of One-Trial Learning
Authors: Rock Irvin , Steinfeld George
Published: October 2006

The substitution method may lead to poorer learning than the customary repetition method when learned pairs are eliminated after each trial. This results from a procedure in which the subject is required to spell the response. Spelling leads to greater difficulty in learning the response item but repetition tends to counteract it.
Electroconvulsive Threshold Elevation: From Daily Stimulation of Adrenalectomized Animals
Authors: Essig C. F. , Groce M. E. , Williamson E. L.
Published: October 2006

The elevation of electroconvulsive threshold, which develops in cats during repeated daily measurements thereof might result from an increased production of deoxycorticosterone. Bilateral adrenalectomy followed by maintenance on deoxycorticosterone and cortisone in fixed dosages did not prevent subsequent elevation of the threshold in either cats or miniature dogs. The elevation rate in the adrenalectomized dogs exceeded that in the intact control dogs. This elevation, which resembles tolerance, in the intact cat or miniature dogs, is not dependent on an increased production of adrenocortical hormones; it may more likely be the result of cerebral rather than extracerebral adaptation.
Timing Behavior in Rats with Water Drinking as a Mediator
Authors: Segal Evalyn F. , Holloway Stephen M.
Published: October 2006

Rats, reinforced for spacing their responses 20 seconds apart, used water-drinking as a means of "pacing" their response rate. "Timing" may be based on mediating response sequences such as drinking.
Translocation in the Giant Kelp
Macrocystis
Authors: Parker Bruce C.
Published: October 2006

Experiments with C
14
-labeled bicarbonate demonstrate that organic products of photosynthesis are transported through the stipe tissue of
Macrocystis
. Depending upon conditions, not all of which have been fully ascertained, the direction of transport may be either predominantly apical or toward the base of the plant.
Ribosomes: A Common Structural Feature
Authors: Langridge Robert
Published: October 2006

A reflection between 45 and 50 Å has been observed in x-ray diffraction patterns from ribosomes extracted from
Escherichia coli
,
Drosophila
larvae, rat liver, and rabbit reticulocytes. This spacing appears to correspond to a common substructural feature within the ribosomes. The intensity distribution is consistent with a model in which part of the RNA is in the form of four or five parallel double helices 45 to 50 Å apart.
Reovirus and Wound-Tumor Virus: Serological Cross Reactivity
Authors: Streissle Gert , Maramorosch Karl
Published: October 2006

Reovirus and wound-tumor virus share a common antigen capable of fixing complement. This suggests a relationship between these animal-pathogenic and plant-pathogenic viruses.
Dynamic Reflectance Spectroscopy: A New Thermal Technique
Authors: Wendlandt Wesley W.
Published: October 2006

Dynamic reflectance spectroscopy, a new thermal technique, measures the change in reflectance of a sample at a fixed wavelength as the temperature of the sample is increased. The technique is illustrated by the thermal dissociation of CoBr
2
⋅6H
2
O.
Antimicrobial Substances from Aspen Tissue Grown in vitro
Authors: Mathes Martin C.
Published: October 2006

Isolated aspen tissue, when grown in vitro for 3 weeks on agar medium, yielded antimicrobial substances which produced inhibitory zones when the culture plates were inoculated with
Fusarium roseum
,
Saccharomyces cervisiae
,
Bacillus subtilis
,
Bacillus cereus
,
Penicillium roqueforti
,
Torula utilis
,
Sarcina lutea
,
Flavobacterium aquatile
,
Pullularia pullulans
, and
Staphylococcus aureus
.
Antibody Production and Development of Contact Skin Sensitivity in Guinea Pigs of Various Ages
Authors: Baer Harold , Bowser Robert T.
Published: October 2006

Young adult guinea pigs, 2 months old, showed higher serum antibody titers and greater contact skin sensitivity than those that had reached the average life-span of 2 to 3 years. A transitional response was given by 6-month-old animals.
Antibody Formation in Embryos
Authors: La Via Mariano F. , Rowlands David T. , Block Matthew
Published: October 2006

The production of agglutinins to
Salmonella typhi
was studied in the opossum embryo in the period immediately before and after the development of thymic and lymph node lymphoid tissue. Antibody was found only in embryos older than 8 days which corresponds to an 8- to 10-week human embryo in terms of organogenesis and is the earliest stage at which antibody production has been recorded.
Heart Rate Changes after Reinforcing Brain Stimulation in Rats
Authors: Meyers William J. , Valenstein Elliot S. , Lacey John I.
Published: October 2006

Cardiac responses to hypothalamic and septal stimulation are polyphasic, the first component being accelerative. As interstimulus intervals are decreased, only accelerative components appear, but prestimulus heart rates ("background levels") are decreased upon septal and are either increased or unchanged upon hypothalamic stimulation. The suggestion that parasympathetic responses accompany reinforcing brain stimulation was not supported.
Ecdysone: Five Biologically Active Fractions from
Bombyx
Authors: Burdette Walter J. , Bullock Milon W.
Published: October 2006

Five fractions of the growth and differentiation hormone, ecdysone, separated from extracts of
Bombyx
have been detected by bioassay. Three of these have not been described heretofore.
Ozone Damage: Protection for Plants
Authors: Jones J. L.
Published: October 2006

Tobacco plant leaves treated with dried particulate charcoal, diatomaceous earth, and powdered ferric oxide so that a covering formed on the leaves were relatively undamaged by comparison with untreated controls when exposed to as much as 0.9 part of ozone per million in the atmosphere. A theory is offered to explain the results.
Groundwater: Flow Toward an Effluent Stream
Authors: Lehr Jay H.
Published: October 2006

Hydrodynamic, topographic, and geologic factors control flow of groundwater toward an effluent stream. Features of such flow are illustrated by a hydraulic model that simulates the stream and surrounding consolidated rocks. Colored ink in the flow system marks progress toward the stream. Visual analysis shows that groundwater moves into the effluent stream along curvilineal flow lines. The total head of groundwater beneath the stream increases with depth.
Chemical Insect Attractants
Authors: Jacobson Martin , Beroza Morton
Published: October 2006

Many insects depend on odors to lead them to sources that supply their basic needs. Knowledge of these behavioral patterns helps to combat insects of economic importance. For example, attractants in traps offer a remarkably simple means of detecting insects and may even be useful in direct control. They are increasing the efficiency of insecticide applications because treatments need be applied only where insects are caught and only as long as they are caught.
Cancer Therapy: A Possible New Approach
Authors: Szent-Györgyi Albert , Hegyeli Andrew , McLaughlin Jane A.
Published: October 2006

Two substances, one promoting growth (promine) of ascites tumors in mice and the other inhibiting it (retine) have both been found in several tissues, namely, thymus, aorta, muscle, and tendon. In spite of similar solubilities in the solvents used for their extraction, the substances could be roughly separated. The value of the ratio between these substances in the same tissue may be significant.
Electrocardiographic Studies of Free-Swimming Sharks
Authors: Gilbert Perry W. , Douglas Steven D.
Published: October 2006

Electrocardiograms were taken of young lemon sharks,
Negaprion brevirostris
, as they swam freely in a circular concrete pool. Electrodes attached to the fin and torso yielded negligible or minute deflections, but direct leads yielded satisfactory recordings.
Aquitanian Planktonic Foraminifera from Erben Guyot
Authors: Bandy Orville L.
Published: October 2006

Planktonic foraminifera occur in the limy sediment of a manganese-coated breccia from the top of Erben Guyot, a sunken island which is located about 800 miles west of San Diego, California. The fauna suggests an age of Early Miocene (Aquitanian Stage), which represents an absolute age of more than 25 million years. Bathyal foraminifera in the sample indicate considerable subsidence between the suggested time of truncation (Oligocene) of the seamount and the accumulation of the foraminiferal fauna.
Sodium Chloride Deprivation: Development of Sodium Chloride as a Reinforcement
Authors: Wagman William
Published: October 2006

The effects of deprivation of dietary sodium chloride on operant behavior reinforced by water and sodium chloride were studied. Rats responded at high rates for sodium chloride reinforcements only after they had been fed an inadequate diet for 40 days. These effects were specific to the deprived element of the diet.
Antibody to Rat Kidney: In vivo Effects of Univalent and Divalent Fragments
Authors: Baxter James H. , Small Parker A.
Published: October 2006

Whereas intact antibody to rat kidney (7
S
) produced immediate and sustained proteinuria in rats, univalent fragments (papain digests) of the antibody did not, and divalent fragments (pepsin digests) produced only transitory proteinuria. The antibody fragments differed from the intact antibody in fixing little, if any, complement in vivo which may explain why they did not cause serious renal damage.
"Apocatalase" of Catalase-Negative
Staphylococci
Authors: Jensen Joerg , Hyde M. Olivero
Published: October 2006

Crystalline catalase of high purity and activity was prepared from a heme-requiring
Staphylococcus aureus
mutant, JT/52, grown in the presence of heme. A crystalline protein was obtained from the same cells grown without heme. This enzymatically inactive protein and the catalase cross-react strongly when tested by a variety of immunochemical tests.
Language and Thinking: Positive and Negative Effects of Naming
Authors: Ranken Howard B.
Published: October 2006

Subjects instructed to think of novel shapes in terms of relevant names made fewer errors in recalling a serial ordering of the shapes, but more errors in solving a mental jigsaw puzzle and in drawing the shapes from memory, than subjects instructed to visualize the shapes without using words.
Amino Acid Composition of Hemerythrin in Relation to Subunit Structure
Authors: Groskopf W. R. , Holleman J. W. , Klotz I. M. , Keresztes-Nagy S. , Margoliash E.
Published: October 2006

Determination of the amino acid composition of coelomic hemerythrin from
Golfingia gouldii
shows 3 arginine residues and 10 to 11 lysine residues per protein subunit of 13,500 molecular weight. On this basis, the 28 to 30 major peptide spots revealed by electrophoresis and chromatography of tryptic hydrolysates would indicate two kinds of subunit. However, similar evidence from chymotryptic hydrolyses is not unequivocal, since the number of peptide spots is also compatible with an assumption of only one kind of chain. In addition to indicating the possible existence of two types of subunit, the peptide maps of enzymic digests of hemerythrin from individual animals shows at least one and perhaps more differences in peptide composition.
Herbicides: Combination Enhances Selectivity
Authors: Colby S. R. , Warren G. F.
Published: October 2006

The herbicides
N
-(3-chloro-4-methyphenyl)-2-methylpentamamide (solan) and 1, 1′-dimethyl-4, 4′dipyridylium dichloride (paraquat) were less toxic to tomato plants when applied together than either one alone. However, the combination was more toxic to crabgrass and eggplant. This phenomenon may result from the interaction of the herbicides with photosynthesis.
Solid-Solid Interaction Studies by Spectral Reflectance
Authors: Zeitlin Harry , Anthony Philip , Jordan Werner
Published: October 2006

Spectral reflectance measurements show that the concept of the effect of solvents on the electronic absorption spectra of carbonyl compounds in various solvents as interpreted by polarization theory can be extended into model solid-solid systems, and that slow interaction between a powdered solid and an active adsorbent permits the detection of spectral changes which may be used for kinetic studies of the process of adsorption.
Polyploidy and Endoreduplication in Human Leukocyte Cultures Treated with β-Mercaptopyruvate
Authors: Jackson John F. , Lindahl-Kiessling Kerstin
Published: October 2006

Treatment of cultured human peripheral blood leukocytes with β-mercaptopyruvate resulted in marked increases in polyploidy and endoreduplication in squash preparations of mitoses in the metaphase stage. Since β-mercaptopyruvate occurs in man as an intermediary metabolite in cysteine degradation, it might contribute to the development of polyploidy in vivo, especially in tumors lacking desulfurase enzymes.
Mosaic Histocompatibility of Skin Grafts from Female Mice
Authors: Bailey Donald W.
Published: October 2006

The histoincompatibility determined by one or more genes on the X chromosome of the mouse effects a complete rejection of skin of the (C57BL/6 ♀ × BALB/c ♂) F
1
hybrid male grafted onto the reciprocal type F
1
hybrid male, but only an incomplete rejection of either reciprocal type F
1
hybrid female skin, grafted onto the same type of male host. The resulting mosaic survival pattern of the female graft is interpreted as support for the Lyon hypothesis of X-chromosome inactivation.
Radiocarbon Dating: Fictitious Results with Mollusk Shells
Authors: Keith M. L. , Anderson G. M.
Published: October 2006

Evidence is presented to show that modern mollusk shells from rivers can have anomalous radiocarbon ages, owing mainly to incorporation of inactive (carbon-14-deficient) carbon from humus, probably through the food web, as well as by the pathway of carbon dioxide from humus decay. The resultant effect, in addition to the variable contributions of atmospheric carbon dioxide, fermentative carbon dioxide from bottom muds, and, locally, of carbonate carbon from dissolving limestones, makes the initial carbon-14 activity of ancient fresh-water shell indeterminate, but within limits. Consequent errors of shell radiocarbon dates may be as large as several thousand years for river shells.
Cerebrally Active Small Moiety from "Taraxein-like" Blood Fractions
Authors: Redick Thomas F. , Renfrew Alice G. , Pieri Lorenzo , Marrazzi Amedeo S.
Published: October 2006

A charged, amphoteric, small moiety has been separated from a "taraxein-like" blood fraction by electrodialysis through ion exchange membranes. Cerebral bioassay shows that the activity of the blood extract is contained in the charged small moiety so that, as the activity in the charged compartment rises during electrodialysis, the activity in the feeding (extract) compartment falls.
Sex Chromatin Patterns and the Lyon Hypothesis
Authors: DeMars Robert
Published: October 2006

Polyploid human cells in culture often have paired sex chromatin masses. They are neither chance juxtapositions of randomly distributed X chromosomes nor manifestations of a propensity for pairing. The pairs are characteristic of the first polyploid interphase. They are thought to reflect the persistent differentiation of X chromosomes, as proposed in the Lyon hypothesis.
Indium Telluride Metal
Authors: Darnell A. J. , Yencha A. J. , Libby W. F.
Published: October 2006

Metallic indium telluride, InTe(II), is metastable up to 125°C at one atmosphere pressure. It has a cubic crystal structure and has a light blue color.
Fatness of the Total Body as Estimated from Measurements on the Eviscerated Carcass
Authors: Pitts Grover C. , Hollifield Guy
Published: October 2006

In mice of the genetically obese strain with body fatness below 28 percent, fatness of the eviscerated carcass equaled fatness of the total body. Above 28 percent, the two values diverged with the eviscerated carcass being the higher. In the fattest individuals the prediction of total body fatness from measurements made on the eviscerated carcass may be in error by +6.5 percent-fatness. When total body fatness exceeded about 25 percent, visceral depots no longer participated proportionately, and probably did not participate at all in further fat accretion.
Sodium Bicarbonate: Increase in Survival Rate of Rats Inhaling Oxygen
Authors: Matteo R. S. , Nahas G. G.
Published: October 2006

The injection daily of 50 milliliters of 0.15
M
sodium bicarbonate per kilogram of body weight significantly decreased the mortality rate of rats inhaling 95- to 98-percent oxygen. This treatment did not prevent the occurrence of degenerative changes in the germinal epithelium of the tests.
Spontaneous Kidney Tumors in the Frog: Rate of Occurrence in Isolated Adults
Authors: Rafferty Keen A.
Published: October 2006

Kidney tumors in the frog are thought to be virus-caused and naturally transmitted. The present report indicates that natural transmission between mature adults is not a factor in spontaneous tumor development and implies primary infection at earlier stages if a virus is indeed involved. Parasitism and nutritional state appear to be of little significance.
Genesis of Hydrocarbons of Low Molecular Weight in Organic-Rich Aquatic Systems
Authors: Mulik James D. , Erdman J. Gordon
Published: October 2006

Mild heat treatment of water-wet marine muds resulted in the genesis of three aromatic hydrocarbons characteristic of crude oils, but which are seldom found in significant quantities in recent sediments. Whereas part of the toluene and xylenes may have stemmed from carotenoid pigments, the source of the benzene as well as the larger amount of the toluene and xylene is as yet unknown.
Fixation of Complement to Fragments of Antibody
Authors: Reiss A. M. , Plescia O. J.
Published: October 2006

A specific precipitate of ovalbumin and its rabbit-serum antibody, after fixing human serum complement, was digested with papain. The digest was analyzed immunochemically for complexes of antigen, antibody fragments, and components of complement. The results indicated that complement is not bound to Porter fragment III, but very likely is bound to fragments I and II.
Virus as a Mutagenic Agent in Maize
Authors: Sprague G. F. , McKinney H. H. , Greeley Lester
Published: October 2006

Evidence indicating that barley-stripe-mosaic virus has a mutagenic effect on maize is presented. The frequency of deficiencies of marker genes in F
1
seeds was significantly greater from pollinations involving virus-infected males than from healthy controls. A small percentage of F
2
ears, involving virus-infected P
1
males, exhibited marked ratio distortions for marker genes. Such distortions persisted in subsequent back-cross generations.
Information Storage Requirements for the Contents of the World's Libraries
Authors: Senders John W.
Published: October 2006

Three calculations of the number of different things stored in the world's libraries yield estimates from 7.5 × 10
7
to 7.7 × 10
8
. At 10
5
words per volume, five letters per word, and 12 bits per letter, the information capacity used for storage is between 4.6 × 10
14
and 4.6 × 10
15
bits, and is increasing at about 2 × 10
6
bits per second.
Cavity Formation in Thin Films of Viscous Liquids
Authors: Hays Donald F. , Feiten James B.
Published: October 2006

High-speed photography was utilized to observe the dynamic growth behavior of a cavity in a viscous liquid. From these observations it has been shown that a relatively elementary analytical approach will reproduce the general cavity growth characteristics.
Auditory Discrimination by the Cat after Neonatal Ablation of Temporal Cortex
Authors: Scharlock Donald P. , Tucker Thomas J. , Strominger Norman L.
Published: October 2006

Some auditory discriminations cannot be acquired by the cat after large bilateral ablations of auditory cortex at maturity. However, if such ablations are sustained during infancy, these discriminations are readily learned. The function of the cortex in auditory discrimination depends on the age of the nervous system at the time of injury.
Osteoclasts: Organization in Chick Embryo Bone
Authors: Tanzer Marvin L. , Hunt Ronald D.
Published: October 2006

A multinucleated endosteum was observed in the long bones of chick embryos aged 14 to 17 days. The endosteum appears to be responsible for extensive bone resorption; the bulk of the diaphyseal bone is almost completely replaced during this particular 3-day interval. Eventually, the endosteum appears to be transformed into numerous individual osteoclasts. Both the endosteum and the osteoclasts are found almost entirely on the medial surfaces of the innermost bone spicules and they seem to destroy collagen by extracellular proteolysis.
Feedback Control of Purified Deoxycytidylate Deaminase
Authors: Maley Gladys F. , Maley Frank
Published: October 2006

The activity of purified deoxycytidylate deaminase obtained from chick-embryo extracts is dependent upon the presence of deoxycytidine triphosphate and magnesium ions. The stability of the enzyme at 37°C is markedly enhanced by deoxycytidine triphosphate, and less so by the other deoxyribonucleotides. The inhibition by
p
-chloromercuribenzoate, urea, and deoxythymidine triphosphate, is reversed by deoxycytidine triphosphate. This reversal suggests that the regulation of enzyme activity is effected through configurational changes in the enzyme structure.
Thiamine: A Novel Conversion from Thiochrome
Authors: Risinger Gerald E. , Parker Patrick N.
Published: October 2006

Reaction of thiochrome with α-chloropropionic acid yields thiamine and acetaldehyde. The reaction seems to proceed by way of a zwitterion intermediate that undergoes decarboxylation and hydrolysis. The biological significance of the reaction cannot yet be evaluated.
Neural Computing in Cancer Drug Development: Predicting Mechanism of Action
Authors: Weinstein John N. , Kohn Kurt W. , Grever Michael R. , Viswanadhan Vellarkad N. , Rubinstein Lawrence V. , Monks Anne P. , Scudiero Dominic A. , Welch Lester , Koutsoukos Antonis D. , Chiausa August J. , Paull Kenneth D.
Published: October 2006

Described here are neural networks capable of predicting a drug's mechanism of action from its pattern of activity against a panel of 60 malignant cell lines in the National Cancer Institute's drug screening program. Given six possible classes of mechanism, the network misses the correct category for only 12 out of 141 agents (8.5 percent), whereas linear discriminant analysis, a standard statistical technique, misses 20 out of 141 (14.2 percent). The success of the neural net indicates several things. (i) The cell line response patterns are rich in information about mechanism. (ii) Appropriately designed neural networks can make effective use of that information. (iii) Trained networks can be used to classify prospectively the more than 10,000 agents per year tested by the screening program. Related networks, in combination with classical statistical tools, will help in a variety of ways to move new anticancer agents through the pipeline from in vitro studies to clinical application.
Cesium-134 in Alaskan Eskimos and in Fallout
Authors: Palmer Harvey E. , Perkins Richard W.
Published: October 2006

Whole-body counts of Alaskan Eskimos during the summer of 1962 showed the presence of cesium-134 as well as cesium-137. Cesium-134 was also found in reindeer and caribou meat; this finding was confirmed through coincidence counting. There was generally about 1 percent as much cesium-134 as there was cesium-137. Cesium-134 was also found on air filters collected at Richland, Washington. The appearance of cesium-134 seems to be world-wide and continuing.
Blood Groups in Anthropoid Apes and Baboons
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Moor-Jankowski J.
Published: October 2006

Tests on chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons, baboons, and a gorilla, with blood grouping reagents prepared for human red cells, have disclosed patterns of reactions characteristic of each primate species. Determinations have been made of A-B-O groups and subgroups, M-N types, Rh-Hr types, secretor status, and Lewis types. Immunization experiments with ape and monkey blood are in progress.
Aversive Stimulation of the Rat: Long-Term Effects on Subsequent Behavior
Authors: Walters Gary C. , Rogers Judith V.
Published: October 2006

One year after exposure to intense electric shock, rats were punished with shocks of lesser intensity. The previous exposure increased the suppressive effects of the punishment during both the initial encounter with punishment and over the course of a 7-day test period. Rats that had not been previously exposed to shock recovered during continued shock punishment.
Hydrogen: Electrolytic Technique for Purifying It and Removing It from a Gas Stream
Authors: Langer Stanley H. , Haldeman Robert G.
Published: October 2006

Purified hydrogen is obtained by impressing a potential gradient across a cell containing two efficient electrodes separated by a barrier electrolyte phase and passing an impure hydrogen stream into the anode compartment. Power requirements are low and can be controlled through the resistance of the electrolyte. The technique can also be used for pumping and accurate metering.
Inverted Indexing on Edge-Notched Cards
Authors: Roney James G.
Published: October 2006

Edge-notched cards in an inverted system of indexing may be used satisfactorily to analyze research data which concern a small series of individuals but a large number of highly variable characteristics in a short-term research project.
Ammonia: Possible Use for Preserving Fish
Authors: Subrahmanyan V. , Lahiry N. L. , Moorjani M. N. , Nair R. Balakrishnan , Krishnaswamy M. A.
Published: October 2006

Eviscerated oil sardines (
Sardinella longiceps
) that have been treated with ammonia can be stored at a temperature of 25° to 30°C for more than 2 months without deterioration of their nutritive value. There is no measurable residue of ammonia in the final product.
Cytochromes of a Blue-Green Alga: Extraction of a c-Type with a Strongly Negative Redox Potential
Authors: Holton Raymond W. , Myers Jack
Published: October 2006

Aqueous extraction of lyophilized
Anacystis nidulans
cells followed by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose separates three different c-type cytochromes. Of the two present in highest concentration, cytochrome-554 has a +0.35-volt redox potential and resembles the cytochrome
f
of other photosynthetic tissues, while cytochrome-549 has a -0.26-volt potential. The possible participation of cytochrome-549 in electron transport in photosynthesis in this alga at a more negative oxidation-reduction potential than previously postulated for any cytochrome is inferred from the similarities in its spectra to the light-induced spectral changes in vivo observed by others.
Freezing-Point Depression: New Method for Measuring Ultramicro Quantities of Fluids
Authors: Prager Denis J. , Bowman Robert L.
Published: October 2006

Accurate determination of the solute content of millimicroliter samples of biological fluids can conveniently be made with an instrument consisting of a thermoelectric cooler controlled by an electronic proportional servo system. Accuracies to within less than 2 percent have been achieved in determining the osmolarity of body fluids.
Biodegradation of Alkylbenzene Sulfonate in a Simulated Septic Tank and Drain Field
Authors: Straus A. E.
Published: October 2006

A straight-chain alkylbenzene sulfonate was 90 to 95 percent biologically degraded in a laboratory bench-scale septic tank and drain field. Under the same conditions, only about 35 percent of a highly branched alkylbenzene sulfonate was degraded.
Electrophoretic Patterns of Hemoglobin from Fetal Mice of Different Inbred Strains
Authors: Craig Marcia L. , Russell Elizabeth S.
Published: October 2006

Starch gel electrophoretic patterns of hemoglobins from fetal mice of seven inbred strains (two with single, five with diffuse adult hemoglobins), were compared with each other and with electrophoretic patterns of hemoglobins from adults of the same strains. The blood from 15-day-old fetuses of all strains contained four electrophoretically separable heme components. However, there seems to be a difference between strains with single and diffuse adult hemoglobin in the time of emergence of a clear adult pattern.