bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective sweeps and parallel mutation in the adaptive recovery from deleterious mutation in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Denver Dee R. , Howe Dana K. , Wilhelm Larry J. , Palmer Catherine A. , Anderson Jennifer L. , Stein Kevin C. , Phillips Patrick C. , Estes Suzanne
Published: October 2010

Deleterious mutation poses a serious threat to human health and the persistence of small populations. Although adaptive recovery from deleterious mutation has been well-characterized in prokaryotes, the evolutionary mechanisms by which multicellular eukaryotes recover from deleterious mutation remain unknown. We applied high-throughput DNA sequencing to characterize genomic divergence patterns associated with the adaptive recovery from deleterious mutation using a Caenorhabditis elegans recovery-line system. The C. elegans recovery lines were initiated from a low-fitness mutation-accumulation (MA) line progenitor and allowed to independently evolve in large populations (N ∼ 1000) for 60 generations. All lines rapidly regained levels of fitness similar to the wild-type (N2) MA line progenitor. Although there was a near-zero probability of a single mutation fixing due to genetic drift during the recovery experiment, we observed 28 fixed mutations. Cross-generational analysis showed that all mutations went from undetectable population-level frequencies to a fixed state in 10–20 generations. Many recovery-line mutations fixed at identical timepoints, suggesting that the mutations, if not beneficial, hitchhiked to fixation during selective sweep events observed in the recovery lines. No MA line mutation reversions were detected. Parallel mutation fixation was observed for two sites in two independent recovery lines. Analysis using a C. elegans interactome map revealed many predicted interactions between genes with recovery line-specific mutations and genes with previously accumulated MA line mutations. Our study suggests that recovery-line mutations identified in both coding and noncoding genomic regions might have beneficial effects associated with compensatory epistatic interactions.
Pervasive gene content variation and copy number variation in maize and its undomesticated progenitor
Authors: Swanson-Wagner Ruth A. , Eichten Steven R. , Kumari Sunita , Tiffin Peter , Stein Joshua C. , Ware Doreen , Springer Nathan M.
Published: October 2010

Individuals of the same species are generally thought to have very similar genomes. However, there is growing evidence that structural variation in the form of copy number variation (CNV) and presence–absence variation (PAV) can lead to variation in the genome content of individuals within a species. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to compare gene content and copy number variation among 19 diverse maize inbreds and 14 genotypes of the wild ancestor of maize, teosinte. We identified 479 genes exhibiting higher copy number in some genotypes (UpCNV) and 3410 genes that have either fewer copies or are missing in the genome of at least one genotype relative to B73 (DownCNV/PAV). Many of these DownCNV/PAV are examples of genes present in B73, but missing from other genotypes. Over 70% of the CNV/PAV examples are identified in multiple genotypes, and the majority of events are observed in both maize and teosinte, suggesting that these variants predate domestication and that there is not strong selection acting against them. Many of the genes affected by CNV/PAV are either maize specific (thus possible annotation artifacts) or members of large gene families, suggesting that the gene loss can be tolerated through buffering by redundant functions encoded elsewhere in the genome. While this structural variation may not result in major qualitative variation due to genetic buffering, it may significantly contribute to quantitative variation.
Discovery of non-ETS gene fusions in human prostate cancer using next-generation RNA sequencing
Authors: Pflueger Dorothee , Terry Stéphane , Sboner Andrea , Habegger Lukas , Esgueva Raquel , Lin Pei-Chun , Svensson Maria A. , Kitabayashi Naoki , Moss Benjamin J. , MacDonald Theresa Y. , Cao Xuhong , Barrette Terrence , Tewari Ashutosh K. , Chee Mark S. , Chinnaiyan Arul M. , Rickman David S. , Demichelis Francesca , Gerstein Mark B. , Rubin Mark A.
Published: October 2010

Half of prostate cancers harbor gene fusions betweenTMPRSS2and members of the ETS transcription factor family. To date, little is known about the presence of non-ETS fusion events in prostate cancer. We used next-generation transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) in order to explore the whole transcriptome of 25 human prostate cancer samples for the presence of chimeric fusion transcripts. We generated more than 1 billion sequence reads and used a novel computational approach (FusionSeq) in order to identify novel gene fusion candidates with high confidence. In total, we discovered and characterized seven new cancer-specific gene fusions, two involving the ETS genesETV1andERG, and four involving non-ETS genes such asCDKN1A(p21),CD9, andIKBKB(IKK-beta), genes known to exhibit key biological roles in cellular homeostasis or assumed to be critical in tumorigenesis of other tumor entities, as well as the oncogenePIGUand the tumor suppressor geneRSRC2. The novel gene fusions are found to be of low frequency, but, interestingly, the non-ETS fusions were all present in prostate cancer harboring theTMPRSS2–ERGgene fusion. Future work will focus on determining if the ETS rearrangements in prostate cancer are associated or directly predispose to a rearrangement-prone phenotype.
Differing effects of systemically administered rapamycin on consolidation and reconsolidation of context vs. cued fear memories
Authors: Glover Ebony M. , Ressler Kerry J. , Davis Michael
Published: October 2010

Rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, has attracted interest as a possible prophylactic for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-associated fear memories. We report here that although rapamycin (40 mg/kg, i.p.) disrupted the consolidation and reconsolidation of fear-potentiated startle paradigm to a shock-paired context, it did not disrupt startle increases to a 4-sec odor cue, even though post-training increases in amygdala mTOR activity were prevented by rapamycin (also 40 mg/kg, i.p.). Thus, while rapamycin may prove useful in retarding the development of some PTSD-associated memories, its relative ineffectiveness against cued fear memories may limit its clinical usefulness.
Activation of the infralimbic cortex in a fear context enhances extinction learning
Authors: Thompson Brittany M. , Baratta Michael V. , Biedenkapp Joseph C. , Rudy Jerry W. , Watkins Linda R. , Maier Steven F.
Published: November 2010

Activation of the infralimbic region (IL) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) reduces conditioned fear in a variety of situations, and the IL is thought to play an important role in the extinction of conditioned fear. Here we report a series of experiments using contextual fear conditioning in which the IL is activated with the GABAa antagonist picrotoxin (Ptx) during a single extinction session in the fear context. We investigate the impact of this manipulation on subsequent extinction sessions in which Ptx is no longer present. First, we demonstrate that a single treatment with intra-IL Ptx administered in a conditioned fear context greatly accelerates the rate of extinction on the following days. Importantly, IL-Ptx also enhances extinction to a different fear context than the one in which IL-Ptx was administered. Thus, IL-Ptx primes extinction learning regardless of the fear context in which the IL was initially activated. Second, activation of the IL must occur in conjunction with a fear context in order to enhance extinction; the extinction enhancing effect is not observable if IL-Ptx is administered in a neutral context. Finally, this extinction enhancing effect is specific to the IL for it does not occur if Ptx is injected into the prelimbic region (PL) of the mPFC. The results indicate a novel persisting control of fear induced by activation of the IL and suggest that IL activation induces changes in extinction-related circuitry that prime extinction learning.
Zinc transporter 3 is involved in learned fear and extinction, but not in innate fear
Authors: Martel Guillaume , Hevi Charles , Friebely Olivia , Baybutt Trevor , Shumyatsky Gleb P.
Published: October 2010

Synaptically released Zn2+is a potential modulator of neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in fear-conditioning pathways. Zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) knock-out (KO) mice are well suited to test the role of zinc in learned fear, because ZnT3 is colocalized with synaptic zinc, responsible for its transport to synaptic vesicles, highly enriched in the amygdala-associated neural circuitry, and ZnT3 KO mice lack Zn2+in synaptic vesicles. However, earlier work reported no deficiency in fear memory in ZnT3 KO mice, which is surprising based on the effects of Zn2+on amygdala synaptic plasticity. We therefore reexamined ZnT3 KO mice in various tasks for learned and innate fear. The mutants were deficient in a weak fear-conditioning protocol using single tone–shock pairing but showed normal memory when a stronger, five-pairing protocol was used. ZnT3 KO mice were deficient in memory when a tone was presented as complex auditory information in a discontinuous fashion. Moreover, ZnT3 KO mice showed abnormality in trace fear conditioning and in fear extinction. By contrast, ZnT3 KO mice had normal anxiety. Thus, ZnT3 is involved in associative fear memory and extinction, but not in innate fear, consistent with the role of synaptic zinc in amygdala synaptic plasticity.
Unexpected Presence of Graminan- and Levan-Type Fructans in the Evergreen Frost-Hardy Eudicot Pachysandra terminalis (Buxaceae): Purification, Cloning, and Functional Analysis of a 6-SST/6-SFT Enzyme
Authors: Van den Ende Wim , Coopman Marlies , Clerens Stefan , Vergauwen Rudy , Le Roy Katrien , Lammens Willem , Van Laere André
Published: October 2010

About 15% of flowering plants accumulate fructans. Inulin-type fructans with β(2,1) fructosyl linkages typically accumulate in the core eudicot families (e.g. Asteraceae), while levan-type fructans with β(2,6) linkages and branched, graminan-type fructans with mixed linkages predominate in monocot families. Here, we describe the unexpected finding that graminan- and levan-type fructans, as typically occurring in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), also accumulate in Pachysandra terminalis, an evergreen, frost-hardy basal eudicot species. Part of the complex graminan- and levan-type fructans as accumulating in vivo can be produced in vitro by a sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT) enzyme with inherent sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST) and fructan 6-exohydrolase side activities. This enzyme produces a series of cereal-like graminan- and levan-type fructans from sucrose as a single substrate. The 6-SST/6-SFT enzyme was fully purified by classic column chromatography. In-gel trypsin digestion led to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-based cDNA cloning. The functionality of the 6-SST/6-SFT cDNA was demonstrated after heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. Both the recombinant and native enzymes showed rather similar substrate specificity characteristics, including peculiar temperature-dependent inherent 1-SST and fructan 6-exohydrolase side activities. The finding that cereal-type fructans accumulate in a basal eudicot species further confirms the polyphyletic origin of fructan biosynthesis in nature. Our data suggest that the fructan syndrome in P. terminalis can be considered as a recent evolutionary event. Putative connections between abiotic stress and fructans are discussed.
Signaling Pathways Mediating the Induction of Apple Fruitlet Abscission
Authors: Botton Alessandro , Eccher Giulia , Forcato Claudio , Ferrarini Alberto , Begheldo Maura , Zermiani Monica , Moscatello Stefano , Battistelli Alberto , Velasco Riccardo , Ruperti Benedetto , Ramina Angelo
Published: October 2010

Apple (Malus × domestica) represents an interesting model tree crop for studying fruit abscission. The physiological fruitlet drop occurring in this species can be easily magnified by using thinning chemicals, such as benzyladenine (BA), to obtain fruits with improved quality and marketability. Despite the economic importance of this process, the molecular determinants of apple fruitlet abscission are still unknown. In this research, BA was used to obtain fruitlet populations with different abscission potentials to be analyzed by means of a newly released 30K oligonucleotide microarray. RNAs were extracted from cortex and seed of apple fruitlets sampled over a 4-d time course, during which BA triggers fruit drop, and used for microarray hybridization. Transcriptomic profiles of persisting and abscising fruitlets were tested for statistical association with abscission potential, allowing us to identify molecular signatures strictly related to fruit destiny. A hypothetical model for apple fruitlet abscission was obtained by putting together available transcriptomic and metabolomic data. According to this model, BA treatment would establish a nutritional stress within the tree that is primarily perceived by the fruitlet cortex whose growth is blocked by resembling the ovary growth inhibition found in other species. In weaker fruits, this stress is soon visible also at the seed level, likely transduced via reactive oxygen species/sugar and hormones signaling cross talk, and followed by a block of embryogenesis and the consequent activation of the abscission zone.
Inactivation of a DNA Methylation Pathway in Maize Reproductive Organs Results in Apomixis-Like Phenotypes
Authors: Garcia-Aguilar Marcelina , Michaud Caroline , Leblanc Olivier , Grimanelli Daniel
Published: October 2010

Apomictic plants reproduce asexually through seeds by avoiding both meiosis and fertilization. Although apomixis is genetically regulated, its core genetic component(s) has not been determined yet. Using profiling experiments comparing sexual development in maize (Zea mays) to apomixis in maize-Tripsacum hybrids, we identified six loci that are specifically downregulated in ovules of apomictic plants. Four of them share strong homology with members of the RNA-directed DNA methylation pathway, which in Arabidopsis thaliana is involved in silencing via DNA methylation. Analyzing loss-of-function alleles for two maize DNA methyltransferase genes belonging to that subset, dmt102 and dmt103, which are downregulated in the ovules of apomictic plants and are homologous to the Arabidopsis  CHROMOMETHYLASEs and DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE families, revealed phenotypes reminiscent of apomictic development, including the production of unreduced gametes and formation of multiple embryo sacs in the ovule. Loss of DMT102 activity in ovules resulted in the establishment of a transcriptionally competent chromatin state in the archesporial tissue and in the egg cell that mimics the chromatin state found in apomicts. Interestingly, dmt102 and dmt103 expression in the ovule is found in a restricted domain in and around the germ cells, indicating that a DNA methylation pathway active during reproduction is essential for gametophyte development in maize and likely plays a critical role in the differentiation between apomictic and sexual reproduction.
Norcoclaurine Synthase Is a Member of the Pathogenesis-Related 10/Bet v1 Protein Family
Authors: Lee Eun-Jeong , Facchini Peter
Published: October 2010

Norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). NCS from Thalictrum flavum (Tf NCS), Papaver somniferum (Ps NCS1 and Ps NCS2), and Coptis japonica (Cj PR10A) share substantial identity with pathogen-related 10 (PR10) and Bet v1 proteins, whose functions are not well understood. A distinct enzyme (Cj NCS1) with similarity to 2-oxoglutarate–dependent dioxygenases was suggested as the bona fide NCS in C. japonica. Here, we validate the exclusive role of PR10/Bet v1-type NCS enzymes in BIA metabolism. Immunolocalization of Ps NCS2 revealed its cell type–specific occurrence in phloem sieve elements, which contain all other known BIA biosynthetic enzymes. In opium poppy, NCS transcripts and proteins were abundant in root and stem, but at low levels in leaf and carpel. Silencing of NCS in opium poppy profoundly reduced alkaloid levels compared with controls. Immunoprecipitation of NCS from total protein extracts of T. flavum cells resulted in a nearly complete attenuation of NCS activity. A Ps NCS2–green fluorescent protein fusion introduced by microprojectile bombardment into opium poppy cells initially localized to the endoplasmic reticulum but subsequently sorted to the vacuole. In our hands, Cj NCS1 did not catalyze the formation of (S)-norcoclaurine from dopamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde.
Arabidopsis SET DOMAIN GROUP2Is Required for H3K4 Trimethylation and Is Crucial for Both Sporophyte and Gametophyte Development
Authors: Berr Alexandre , McCallum Emily J. , Ménard Rozenn , Meyer Denise , Fuchs Jörg , Dong Aiwu , Shen Wen-Hui
Published: October 2010

Histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) is abundant in euchromatin and is in general associated with transcriptional activation in eukaryotes. Although some Arabidopsis thaliana SET DOMAIN GROUP (SDG) genes have been previously shown to be involved in H3K4 methylation, they are unlikely to be responsible for global genome-wide deposition of H3K4me3. Most strikingly, sparse knowledge is currently available about the role of histone methylation in gametophyte development. In this study, we show that the previously uncharacterized SDG2 is required for global H3K4me3 deposition and its loss of function causes wide-ranging defects in both sporophyte and gametophyte development. Transcriptome analyses of young flower buds have identified 452 genes downregulated by more than twofold in the sdg2-1 mutant; among them, 11 genes, including SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE (SPL/NZZ) and MALE STERILITY1 (MS1), have been previously shown to be essential for male and/or female gametophyte development. We show that both SPL/NZZ and MS1 contain bivalent chromatin domains enriched simultaneously with the transcriptionally active mark H3K4me3 and the transcriptionally repressive mark H3K27me3 and that SDG2 is specifically required for the H3K4me3 deposition. Our data suggest that SDG2-mediated H3K4me3 deposition poises SPL/NZZ and MS1 for transcriptional activation, forming a key regulatory mechanism in the gene networks responsible for gametophyte development.
Farmers' relationship with hospitality businesses: a preliminary study
Authors: Duarte Alonso Abel
Published: October 2010

Purpose

Numerous advantages exist for farmers as food producers and for restaurateurs as food sellers to be engaged in business relationships. While in many situations such relationships would seem a very “natural” process that would also benefit consumers, to date very little research has been conducted in examining the extent to which farmers are engaged in such relationships. The present paper aims to explore these areas from the farmers' perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi‐structured telephone interviews and two on‐site face‐to‐face interviews were conducted among 30 farm owners/operators in the state of Alabama, USA.

Findings

A very weak relationship was noticed between farms and hotels/restaurants in this study. While geographic distance or isolation could be assumed to be an impediment for both farms and hospitality businesses to interact, only two businesses mentioned such constraint as a reason for not engaging in business relationships. In contrast, not being contacted by hospitality businesses or not starting the contact, as well as concerns of not receiving the “right price”, or convenience by selling their produce by other means (on‐site, farmers' markets) were some of the reasons farmers mentioned.

Research limitations/implications

The low number of respondents and the selection of only those businesses that were advertised are acknowledged limitations in this study.

Practical implications

Engaging in business relationships with restaurants may help farmers maximize the price they receive for their hard work, have a steady source for their product, or educate a new “breed” of consumers who value the importance of consuming fresher foods. To achieve these benefits, stronger interactions between both industries are needed, especially in cases where both restaurants and farms are geographically close to one another.

Originality/value

The study investigates an area that has been neglected in contemporary research.
Small hospitality enterprises and local produce: a case study
Authors: Duarte Alonso Abel , O'Neill Martin
Published: October 2010

Purpose

Contemporary academic research generally discusses positive spillovers that consumption and purchase of local foods/produce may have for consumers, farmers and local economies from which these products come. In a hospitality industry context, local produce can enhance culinary experiences as well as benefit regions and businesses that promote it. However, to what extent are hospitality businesses aware and receptive to the range of local products available? Furthermore, are small hospitality enterprises (SHEs), particularly those near rural areas, actively involved in utilising local products on their menus? And if so, to what extent is this demand driven or an attempt to seek out a unique selling proposition on the part of SHEs? The present paper seeks to answer these questions from the hospitality operators' perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 21 SHEs located in the southern United States were interviewed via telephone and face‐to‐face.

Findings

Despite their close geographical proximity to farms that grow fresh produce and a near‐by farmers' market open in the summer, SHEs' involvement with local foods in this study is very fragmented. In fact, more respondents are not involved in purchasing local products than those who are, while others are only marginally involved. Furthermore, convenience of direct deliveries by out‐of‐state food distributors and unawareness of existing fresh local produce availability are reasons expressed for not engaging in efforts to buy locally.

Research limitations/implications

The narrow geographical area chosen and low number of participating businesses in this study may not allow for making generalizations with regards to the findings.

Practical implications

The dysfunctional nature of the current relationship identified between SHEs and local food producers may be conducive to very unfavourable long‐term impacts for both parties, including lost sales opportunities by not providing fresher, higher quality produce that appeals to increasingly discerning customers.

Originality/value

The present study offers new insights into the relationship between SHEs and local food producers, an area that has been largely neglected in contemporary research.
Measuring retailers' commitment toward regional foods: the CIBLE‐Chaire Bombardier Index
Authors: Coderre François , Boivin Caroline , Etaabaa Idriss
Published: October 2010

Purpose

This paper aims to present the methodology used to develop an index for assessing retailers' efforts to promote regional foods, and to provide an analysis of the evaluation of 278 retailers.

Design/methodology/approach

A three‐step procedure was used to develop the index. First, the dimensions of the index were identified through a literature review and interviews with retailers. Next, face‐to‐face interviews with retailers, food producers and regional development experts were conducted to define the best way to measure the index dimensions. Finally, a Delphi approach with an expert panel was used to determine the relative importance of the dimensions. The index was used to evaluate 278 food retailers from the province of Quebec in Canada. Data collection was conducted through store observation and interviews with managers or owners.

Findings

The results reveal a weak level of commitment toward regional foods. Only a small group of retailers, 16 per cent of the sample analysed, adopted practices that demonstrated commitment toward regional foods. A lower level of commitment was observed among corporate stores and discount supermarkets.

Research limitations/implications

The index provides an overview of retailers' level of commitment toward regional foods within a region. It is simple to use and the results are easy to communicate. However, further research is needed to validate the index dimensions and their relative importance.

Originality/value

This is the first study to provide a means of measuring retailers' commitment toward regional foods based on their behaviour.
Predicting hygienic food handling behaviour: modelling the health action process approach
Authors: Mullan Barbara A. , Wong Cara L. , O'Moore Kathleen
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The purpose of the current paper is to investigate the determinants of hygienic food handling behaviour using the health action process approach (HAPA) and to examine if the volitional components of the model or the addition of past behaviour could explain additional variance in behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach

A prospective four‐week study investigating the predictive ability of HAPA variables and past behaviour was used. At time 1, 109 participants completed self‐report questionnaires regarding their action self‐efficacy, risk awareness, outcome expectancies and intentions to hygienically prepare food and past behaviour. At time 2, participants returned a follow‐up questionnaire, which measured behaviour, planning, maintenance and recovery self efficacy. Structural equation modelling was used to compare three versions of the HAPA model.

Findings

The first model showed that intention was a significant predictor of behaviour explaining 40 per cent of the variance and was the best fit. The second model, which included the volitional components of the HAPA model, did significantly increase the proportion of behaviour explained. The third model, which included past behaviour, increased the variance explained but was not a superior fit to the previous two models.

Practical implications

The results of this study confirm that aspects of the HAPA may be useful in determining hygienic food handling behaviour. However, volitional variables do not appear to be important in this behaviour. The implications of this for future research and interventions are elucidated.

Originality/value

The current study is one of the first to use the HAPA model to predict hygienic food handling behaviour.
Prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in different cheese types produced in Turkey
Authors: Kahraman Tolga , Ozmen Gursel , Ozinan Basak , Omer Goksoy Ergun
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The present paper seeks to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria (L.) monocytogenes in several cheese varieties.

Design/methodology/approach

A total 280 cheese samples (105 white cheese, 70 processed cheese, 45 dil cheese and 60 kasar cheese) purchased from supermarkets in six provinces of Turkey were collected at intervals between March 2007 and February 2008.

Findings

The results showed that 1.9 percent of white cheese samples were contaminated with Salmonella spp, whereas the L. monocytogenes prevalence was 4.8 percent in this type of cheese sample. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes in processed cheese and kasar cheese were found to be 1.4 percent and 1.7 percent, respectively. No Salmonella spp. was isolated from these cheese varieties. Neither Salmonella spp. nor L. monocytogenes were found in dil cheese samples examined.

Originality/value

Cheese is a ready to eat product that with a low incidence of contamination may pose great public health concerns. Microbiological evaluation of different cheese samples produced with different manufacturing methods and the possible effects of manufacturing methods on the microbiological quality of these cheese samples are the originality criteria of the study. The cheeses were also sold in a very restricted area of Turkey. The results of this study indicate that white cheese has the highest rates of contamination due to the lack of standardized procedures of manufacturing and ripening.
Influence of antioxidant information on consumer preference for a Thai chilli paste product
Authors: Toontom Nitchara , Meenune Mutita , Posri Wilatsana
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of providing information regarding antioxidant content on the liking for a food item consumed in relatively small quantities as a complement to main dishes.

Design/methodology/approach

Heavy users consuming chilli paste three to four times a week were recruited for consumer tests (n=129). Two sessions of taste tests (with and without antioxidant information) were conducted for hedonic measurement of six ready‐to‐eat Thai chilli pastes. Antioxidant activity of the samples were analysed by DPPH and hydroxyl scavenging methods and reported relative to vitamin C. The four experimental and two commercial samples tested ranged between mild to medium hot levels classified by capsaicin quantity and were served using balanced first‐order carry‐over effect design. Principal component analysis and analysis of variance for split‐plot design of the experiment were employed for data analysis.

Findings

The key finding is that the antioxidant information had no significant effect on consumer liking (p > 0.05). Even though one of the research samples presented high antioxidant efficiency (1.63‐1.80 times higher than commercial samples sold in market places), the sample received only low liking scores and liking was not increased when the antioxidant information was attached. An interaction effect occurred when commercial samples gained high liking scores and increased to even higher when antioxidant information was given with the samples.

Research limitations/implications

The research was based on a target group of Thai consumers whose ages ranged between 18‐40 years old and who were frequent consumers of the product. Also, the product tested in this research was not a principal meal item but was a condiment. Hence, caution must be exercised in generalising to other target groups or food products.

Practical implications

Health benefit labelling by producers needs to take into account the usage context of the food. Health information provision may not boost consumer demand in all contexts.

Originality/value

This is one of very few studies exploring the effect of health information provision on liking for a food that is not consumed as a main dish in large quantities, but rather as a condiment consumed in small quantities.
Music piracy: ethical perspectives
Authors: Bonner Steven , O'Higgins Eleanor
Published: October 2010

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the issue of illegal downloading of music under an ethical lens.

Design/methodology/approach

The theoretical framework observed was one which included three independent variables: individual, situational and experimental elements. The dependent variable of the study was legal vs illegal downloading of music. A 20‐item questionnaire was completed by 84 respondents. The final four questions in the study were guilt‐inducing questions (which the respondent was informed of in compliance with ethical primary research); the remainder of the questions were neutral in nature.

Findings

The paper finds that the respondents illegally download despite viewing the act as immoral. Respondents choose to morally disengage from the non‐ethical nature of the act in an attempt to avoid feeling guilty about illegal downloading and also to avoid any blame being attributed to them personally. Many respondents feel the act of illegal downloading is simply today's reality and that there is nothing wrong or immoral about illegal downloading. Those who illegally download were less likely to attack the activity for being wrong. Active music fans were more likely to engage in illegal downloading than passive ones. Being a student versus being gainfully employed did not affect downloading behaviour.

Research limitations/implications

A limitation of the study was the difficulty in getting people to disclose the truth about their own ethical violations. A related limitation was the difficulty in obtaining respondents, since participation in such a study meant revealing their music consumption behaviour. However, in the end, social networking proved to be a successful way of recruiting participants.

Practical implications

The results cast light on the obstacles managers in the music business face in eliminating music piracy.

Social implications

The results show the reasons for the difficulties in eliminating this widespread crime, because of the ethical ambiguity involved.

Originality/value

The study has the effect of explaining music piracy very clearly through the application of ethical/psychological theory. This has not been done before.
Genre‐deviating artist entry: the role of authenticity and fuzziness
Authors: Mattsson Juha T. , Peltoniemi Mirva , Parvinen Petri M.T.
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to conceptually elaborate two important mechanisms, authenticity and fuzziness, that affect how audiences react to deviations from existing genres by artists that are making their first entry. In cultural industries such as music, social categorization systems play an important role in the success of actors. Audience members evaluate entering artists vis‐à‐vis the existing, collective system of categories and related normative social codes, and may or may not impose penalties for code violations.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper and the conceptual framework is built on recent theorization regarding social categories in organizational fields. A key premise is that such categories, including musical genres, are fuzzy with blurred boundaries and partial membership. Such fuzziness is likely to affect organizational viability and dynamics.

Findings

Based on the conceptualization, the baseline proposition is that artists making their first entry are likely to face higher penalties by audiences if they deviate from existing genres. However, the higher the idiosyncratic authenticity of an artist, the smaller such penalties are. Moreover, we expect penalties to be smaller when genre fuzziness increases.

Practical implications

Besides contributions to theory, the propositions that are stated in the paper should have relevance to record companies and artists when they are making strategic decisions regarding artist identity upon first entry.

Originality/value

The paper offers a novel perspective to extant research in music regarding genres, categories, and organizational identities. Furthermore, the paper contributes to recently emerged sociological theory on fuzzy categories and authenticity.
The myths of empowerment through information communication technologies
Authors: McLean Rachel , Oliver Paul G. , Wainwright David W.
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the digital culture on the music industries through an analysis of official and unofficial web sites, media reports and discussions with musicians.

Design/methodology/approach

A critical social theory approach is adopted to examine structures and processes related to communication between artists, fans, the media, as well as commercial and independent labels. The authors draw upon Habermas' theory using the concept of “communicative action” to inform an analysis of three vignettes or short case studies.

Findings

At first glance it would appear that technology has brought about greater opportunities for independent musicians to communicate, network, promote and distribute, which previously could not be widely published, and to organise against the commercial power of major labels (Majors).

Research limitations/implications

In many spheres of the music industries this “empowerment” does not appear to be realised. For example, previous studies have shown that the domination of the Majors continues to impact on local music scenes to restrict and ultimately prevent the creative ideal deliver a situation that is necessary to empower independent musicians. Current media manipulation and corporate interests restrict and alienate independent musicians who often have more of an intellectual ownership and culture within their local music communities.

Practical implications

Although steps to enable improved visibility and cooperation have been made we are still a long way off musicians having a powerful enough voice to organise against the commercial power of the large labels and media conglomerates (e.g. Apple i‐Tunes). The ideal speech situation remains elusive and the hegemonic state remains unchallenged.

Social implications

Music continues to be commodified and fans are increasingly constructed as “consumers”; the ultimate power remains in mass media and broadcasting rather than independent “narrowcast” and DIY artistry.

Originality/value

This paper extends debate on the impact of the developing “digital culture” focusing on independent musicians and the music industries. It raises issues for further research in this area.
The impacts of the differences between UK and US copyright laws for sound recordings on musicians
Authors: Mulhaney‐Clements Stephen
Published: October 2010

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the potential impacts that differences between UK and US copyright laws for sound recordings have on musicians. It also highlights the needs for continued standardisation of international copyright laws (particularly those for sound recordings), copyright law education for creators, and a need for musicians to re‐think future artistic and managerial decisions.

Design/methodology/approach

In this critical analysis of current academic literature and legislation, significant differences between the domestic copyright laws of the UK and USA have been identified. The impacts of these differences on musicians are discussed and conclusions drawn.

Findings

Findings suggest that there are several significant differences between the UK and US copyright laws for sound recordings, which do impact on musicians in both countries. However, determining the degree of impact is dependent on several contributing factors: the nationality of the musician; the level of success of the musician; the creative roles adopted by the musician; and the ambition of the musician.

Research limitations/implications

Research scope was limited to the domestic copyright laws of the UK and USA only; and, specifically, the copyright laws for sound recordings. Findings were generalised for all musicians, regardless of type or genre.

Originality/value

This paper is one of the first to investigate the impact of differences in domestic copyright laws on musicians, and identifies several strategy issues that must be considered by musicians when making future artistic and managerial decisions.
Discovering the facets of copyright licensing for commercial composers
Authors: Roberts Amalie
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the facets of copyright licensing for commercial composers. As traditional business models within the music industry wane, there emerges a tacit opportunity for composers to exploit copyright through partnerships with third‐party entrepreneurs, across sectors such as television, video games and film.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study is utilised to identify opportunities within the television sector for commercial composers who own both publishing and mechanical copyright. Despite the economic crisis facing the entertainment industries, the paper identifies facets for commercial composers through licensing their intellectual property (IP) to third‐party entrepreneurs.

Findings

Composers who own both publishing and mechanical rights arguably hold a market advantage, resulting in an emergence of “one‐stop” licensing agreements – and less administrative fees – for major publishers.

Research limitations/implications

The implications asserted within this paper relate specifically to the television sector and further research could be undertaken in order to examine the utilisation of similar practice across different sectors, such as video games, and film, within which different opportunities and limitations will undoubtedly exist.

Practical implications

The implications for composers and managers is clear. A basic understanding of key legal terms, contract structure and the administrative functions of societies such as the MCPS‐PRS Alliance, are essential. This paper offers a valuable insight into very current changes across both the music and television sectors, identifying tangible opportunities for commercial composers.

Originality/value

This paper explores the facets of copyright licensing for commercial composers within new sectors including television. The author believes that sectors such as television, film and videogames can and do provide lucrative opportunities for independent musicians, composers and record labels. It is essential to explore such opportunities.
Customers' perceptions about concerts and CDs
Authors: Rondán‐Cataluña F. Javier , Martín‐Ruiz David
Published: October 2010

Purpose

Taking into account the increasing prices of attending concerts and gigs and the decreasing prices and better sound quality of CDs and music in file‐computer format, is the future of music events threatened by music CDs? Are clients' perceptions about concerts and CDs very different? This study aims to answer these research questions by comparing important perceptions of concert attendees and CD buyers.

Design/methodology/approach

An empirical study is conducted in two different contexts: CD buyers and concert attendees. In order to answer the research questions outlined the most appropriate statistical tool is the student's t‐test. The variables to compare do not have normal distributions; therefore, non‐parametric tests have been conducted to confirm the results. In addition, a discriminant analysis has been applied in order to assure that both consumers sub‐samples differ with regard to the variables used in the study.

Findings

The future of music events is not threatened at all by music CDs. On one hand, the concert industry has been increasingly making more profits in many countries in last decade. On the other hand, consumer satisfaction, price fairness perception, willingness to pay, customer value, and product/service quality are significantly more highly ranked in concert attendees than in CD buyers. The statistical analyses show clients' perceptions about concerts and CDs are very different. All the variables analysed except image have been significantly different in both sub‐samples of consumers.

Originality/value

This paper examines customer perceptions of two of the most important sectors in the music industry: concerts and CDs, using variables that directly measure these perceptions. It is crucial for music managers to understand motives and feelings of music consumers of these basic sectors in order to make appropriate decisions.
The DIY artist: issues of sustainability within local music scenes
Authors: Oliver Paul G.
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to aid the DIY artist in moving towards sustainability through the use of new technologies, which will be achieved by defining DIY music culture, identifying the creative and business needs of an artist as well as establishing a model for artists to be self‐sufficient.

Design/methodology/approach

The research methodology consisted of a mixture of unstructured interviews, such as e‐mail, telephone and face‐to‐face. A total of 15 interviews were conducted with DIY artists from local music scenes around the UK.

Findings

The DIY musicology model is a foundation for the DIY artist to be self‐sufficient through the three main perspectives: artistic process, managerial process and information systems.

Research limitations/implications

Many artists and managers continue in their struggle to be independently sustainable, therefore it is necessary to continue this research on a wider scale.

Practical implications

By gaining a more in‐depth understanding of the sub‐sectors within the music industries, artists and managers can understand more about how to manage their own creative activities or projects.

Social implications

Through a strong DIY ethic, with an emphasis on creativity and self‐management, a clear understanding of local music scenes helps to identify one of the key sub‐sectors of the music industries as well as demonstrate that sub‐cultures have value.

Originality/value

The paper discusses issues of sustainability within local music scenes from the perspective of the DIY artist, which is a new area of academic research.
Developments in robot applications for food manufacturing
Authors: Wilson Mike
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper to provide an overview of the current state of play for robot applications in the food industry.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on experience and knowledge gained by working in the automation with specific contact with the food sector and automation suppliers who are working in that sector.

Findings

The food sector has enormous potential for the application of robots and many of the technical challenges are solved. The major problems lie in the lack of the necessary engineers to both conceive and implement automated solutions.

Originality/value

This paper provides an overview of the current situation including the benefits in favour of automation together an assessment of the challenges to be solved.
The use of robots in the Japanese food industry
Authors: Kusuda Yoshihiro
Published: October 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review the use of robots in the Japanese food industry, today and tomorrow.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on research papers, exhibitions, press releases and interviews.

Findings

The paper finds that food palletizing and packaging are the popular applications at present. Food processing and handling are emerging. Agricultural and farming applications are yet to come in spite of intensive on‐going R&D efforts.

Originality/value

This paper presents issues to overcome for the robotization of the industry in the future.
Guidelines for the design of low‐cost robots for the food industry
Authors: Moreno Masey Rene J. , Gray John O. , Dodd Tony J. , Caldwell Darwin G.
Published: October 2010

Purpose

At present, the majority of industrial robots are not well suited to the specific needs of the food industry. Additionally, the high cost of robotic systems means that it is currently difficult for food manufacturers to financially justify the use of this technology. This paper aims to examine the unique requirements of the food industry with regards to robot manipulator design and outlines the design features of a low‐cost robotic arm developed specifically for use in food production.

Design/methodology/approach

Considerations for the design of the robot arm in addition to industrial requirements for hygienic design, low cost, fast pick and place speed, safety for operation alongside human workers and ease of reprogramming are discussed in detail.

Findings

A successful manipulator design must consider functional requirements relevant to food production from the very outset of the design process. The principal three requirements are those of ease of cleaning, speed and low cost.

Practical implications

The availability of low‐cost industrial robots specifically designed for food production might encourage a wider adoption of robotics and automation in the food industry and would benefit food manufacturers by reducing production costs and increasing competitiveness in what is becoming an increasingly difficult market.

Originality/value

This paper is of value to engineers and researchers developing robotic manipulators for use in the food industry.