bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eocene birds from the western margin of southernmost South America
Authors: Sallaberry Michel A. , Yury-Yáñez Roberto E. , Otero Rodrigo A. , Soto-Acuña Sergio , Torres Teresa G.
Published: November 2010

This study presents the first record of Eocene birds from the western margin of southernmost South America. Three localities in Magallanes, southern Chile, have yielded a total of eleven bird remains, including Sphenisciformes (penguins) and one record tentatively assigned to cf. Ardeidae (egrets). Two different groups of penguins have been recognized from these localities. The first group is similar in size to the smallest taxa previously described from Seymour Island, Marambiornis Myrcha et al., 2002, Mesetaornis Myrcha et al., 2002, and Delphinornis Wiman, 1905. The second recognized group is similar in size to the biggest taxa from Seymour Island; based on the available remains, we recognize the genus Palaeeudyptes Huxley, 1859, one of the most widespread penguin genera in the Southern Hemisphere during the Eocene. The stratigraphic context of the localities indicates a certain level of correlation with the geological units described on Seymour Island. The newly studied materials cast more light on the paleobiogeography of the group, extending the known ranges to the South American continent. In addition to the newly discovered birds, the presence of several taxa of elasmobranchs previously recovered exclusively from Eocene beds in the Southern Hemisphere help to clarify the age of the studied localities, widely discussed during the last decades. This paper verifies the presence of extensive Eocene sedimentary successions with fossil vertebrates along the western margin of southern South America, contrary to the previous assumption that such a record is lacking in Chile.
Deltaherpeton hiemstrae, a new colosteid tetrapod from the Mississippian of Iowa
Authors: Bolt John R. , Lombard R. Eric
Published: November 2010

A new colosteid,Deltaherpeton hiemstraegen. et sp. nov., is described from the Mississippian Upper Viséan site at Delta, Iowa.Deltaherpetonis represented by a skull roof and both jaws. The new taxon is unique among colosteids in having an internasal and single midline postparietal. An additional midline pair of cf. ‘interfrontonasals’ may be present. Characters previously used to define the colosteids are reviewed and a refined diagnosis for the family Colosteidae is presented. Synapomorphies which uniteDeltaherpeton, Colosteus, Greererpeton, andPholidogasteras Colosteidae are: premaxilla with fang pair; dentary with notch for receipt of premaxillary fang; mandible with single elongate exomeckelian fenestra; pre-narial infraorbital lateral line terminating at ventral margin of premaxilla just anterior to external naris; and post-narial infraorbital lateral line terminating at the ventral margin of the maxilla just posterior to the external naris. Our review of dermal bones in the colosteid snout concludes that no specimen is sufficiently free of distortions or breakage to indicate clearly whether or not the prefrontal borders the external naris, or that an anterior tectal is present. The morphology ofDeltaherpetonand the revised data presented for colosteids do not clarify the relationship of colosteids to other early tetrapods.
QSAR modelling toxicity toward rats of inorganic substances by means of CORAL
Authors: Toropova Alla , Toropov Andrey , Benfenati Emilio , Gini Giuseppina
Published: November 2010

CORAL (‘CORrelation And Logic’) is freeware available on the Internet www.insilico.eu/coral The aim of this program is to establish a correlation between an endpoint and descriptors calculated with a simplified molecular input line entry system (SMILES). Three models calculated by CORAL for toxicity towards rat (-pLD50) of inorganic substances (three random splits) have shown that CORAL could be a good tool to model this endpoint. The average statistical characteristics for the CORAL models are the following: n=38, r2=0.8461, q2=0.8298, s=0.273, F=198 (subtraining set); n=37, r2=0.8144, s=0.322, F=154 (calibration set); and n=10, r2=0.8004, Rm (test)2 =0.7815, s=0.240, F=32 (validation set).
Increased risk of flooding on the coast of Alicante (Region of Valencia, Spain)
Authors: Olcina Cantos J. , Hernández Hernández M. , Rico Amorós A. M. , Martínez Ibarra E.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. In the past two decades, episodes of flooding on the coast of Alicante (Spain) have led to substantial losses in human life in economic terms. With increased exposure to these phenomena comes also increased vulnerability. Given the various effects of flooding in areas of similar exposure, differences in vulnerability across regions at risk need to be analysed also in terms of the socioeconomic factors of the groups of society that may be affected, and of their perception of risk. This paper studies the increased risk of flooding in three locations on the Alicante coast as a result of urban occupation of areas subject to this hazard. The consequences of the most recent episodes in this area are analysed and a risk assessment, using survey-based research in the affected areas, is performed.
Micromechanic modeling and analysis of the flow regimes in horizontal pneumatic conveying
Authors: Kuang S. B. , Yu A. B.
Published: November 2010

Pneumatic conveying is an important technology for industries to transport bulk materials from one location to another. Different flow regimes have been observed in such transportation processes, but the underlying fundamentals are not clear. This article presents a three‐dimensional (3‐D) numerical study of horizontal pneumatic conveying by a combined approach of discrete element model for particles and computational fluid dynamics for gas. This particle scale, micromechanic approach is verified by comparing the calculated and measured results in terms of particle flow pattern and gas pressure drop. It is shown that flow regimes usually encountered in horizontal pneumatic conveying, including slug flow, stratified flow, dispersed flow and transition flow between slug flow and stratified flow, and the corresponding phase diagram can be reproduced. The forces governing the behavior of particles, such as the particle–particle, particle‐fluid and particle‐wall forces, are then analyzed in detail. It is shown that the roles of these forces vary with flow regimes. A general phase diagram in terms of these forces is proposed to describe the flow regimes in horizontal pneumatic conveying. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Family‐based genetic association study of DLGAP3 in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Crane Jacquelyn , Fagerness Jesen , Osiecki Lisa , Gunnell Boyd , Stewart S. Evelyn , Pauls David L. , Scharf Jeremiah M. ,   the Tourette Syndrome International Consortium for Genetics (TSAICG)
Published: November 2010

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood‐onset neuropsychiatric disorder that is familial and highly heritable. Although genetic influences are thought to play a significant role in the development of TS, no definite TS susceptibility genes have been identified to date. TS is believed to be genetically related to both obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) and grooming disorders (GD) such as trichotillomania (TTM). SAP90/PSD95‐associated protein 3 (SAPAP3/DLGAP3) is a post‐synaptic scaffolding protein that is highly expressed in glutamatergic synapses in the striatum and has recently been investigated as a candidate gene in both OCD and GD studies. Given the shared familial relationship between TS, OCD and TTM, DLGAP3 was evaluated as a candidate TS susceptibility gene. In a family‐based sample of 289 TS trios, 22 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the DLGAP3 region were analyzed. Nominally significant associations were identified between TS and rs11264126 and two haplotypes containing rs11264126 and rs12141243. Secondary analyses demonstrated that these results cannot be explained by the presence of comorbid OCD or TTM in the sample. Although none of these results remained significant after correction for multiple hypothesis testing, DLGAP3 remains a promising candidate gene for TS. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping for dyslexia and related cognitive trait loci provides strong evidence for further risk genes on chromosome 6p21
Authors: König Inke R. , Schumacher Johannes , Hoffmann Per , Kleensang André , Ludwig Kerstin U. , Grimm Tiemo , Neuhoff Nina , Preis Maike , Roeske Darina , Warnke Andreas , Propping Peter , Remschmidt Helmut , Nöthen Markus M. , Ziegler Andreas , Müller‐Myhsok Bertram , Schulte‐Körne Gerd
Published: November 2010

In a genome‐wide linkage scan, we aimed at mapping risk loci for dyslexia in the German population. Our sample comprised 1,030 individuals from 246 dyslexia families which were recruited through a single‐proband sib pair study design and a detailed assessment of dyslexia and related cognitive traits. We found evidence for a major dyslexia locus on chromosome 6p21. The cognitive trait rapid naming (objects/colors) produced a genome‐wide significant LOD score of 5.87 (P = 1.00 × 10−7) and the implicated 6p‐risk region spans around 10 Mb. Although our finding maps close to DYX2, where the dyslexia candidate genes DCDC2 and KIAA0319 have already been identified, our data point to the presence of an additional risk gene in this region and are highlighting the impact of 6p21 in dyslexia and related cognitive traits. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrostatic energy profiles at nanometer‐scale in group III nitride semiconductors using electron holography
Authors: Ponce F.A.
Published: November 2010

Electron holography in the transmission electron microscope can provide energy band profiles with sub‐nanometer spatial resolution. The phase of the electron beam is sensitive to the electrostatic potential, and a direct measurement of the latter can be achieved by making the electron beam signal that traverses the specimen interfere with a reference electron beam that travels through vacuum. This technique has been quite useful in probing the fields and charges at dislocations and at interfaces in semiconductors. This article presents a review of work done with the participation of the author in the past decade in the use of this technique to determine the piezoelectric effects in group III nitride semiconductor heterostructures.
Declines in the tuber‐feeding waterbird guild at Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve, China – a barometer of submerged macrophyte collapse
Authors: Fox Anthony D. , Cao Lei , Zhang Yong , Barter Mark , Zhao Mei Juan , Meng Fan Juan , Wang Si Long
Published: November 2010

The Yangtze floodplain is globally unique for its extensive ephemeral wetlands, recharged by summer monsoon precipitation. The annual cycle of inundation and water table recession favours submerged macrophytes, includingVallisneriathat overwinters in desiccated substrates as tubers, which provide high‐energy winter food for tuber‐feeding waterbirds that were formerly abundant in the region.

Large declines among the tuber‐feeding waterbirds swan gooseAnser cygnoides(L.), tundra swanCygnus columbianus(Ord) and hooded craneGrus monachaTemminck between 2004/2005 and 2009/2010 at Shengjin Lake, Anhui Province, suggest that major changes in food availability have occurred there.

Based on observations of feeding behaviour and energy budgets of these species, it was calculated that at least 5.0 and 8.9 km2ofVallisneriabeds in 2004 and 2005, respectively, would be needed to support observed numbers of these species, compared with less than 1.5 km2found in 2009 and 2010.

An incomplete macrophyte survey in summer 2000 located at least 7.7 km2ofVallisneriabeds in the Upper Lake, where none was present during resurveys in 2008 and 2009. Declines in tuber‐feeding waterbirds at Shengjin Lake coincide with the disappearance of their submerged macrophyte food plants, possibly as a result of eutrophication since the mid‐2000s.

Widespread declines and concentration of tuber‐eating wintering waterbirds at other sites elsewhere in the Yangtze floodplain may also reflect the local collapse of submerged macrophytes and of ecosystem services that these wetlands provide to the human communities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcified cartilage shape in archosaur long bones reflects overlying joint shape in stress‐bearing elements: Implications for nonavian dinosaur locomotion
Authors: Bonnan Matthew F. , Sandrik Jennifer L. , Nishiwaki Takahiko , Wilhite D. Ray , Elsey Ruth M. , Vittore Christopher
Published: November 2010

In nonavian dinosaur long bones, the once‐living chondroepiphysis (joint surface) overlay a now‐fossilized calcified cartilage zone. Although the shape of this zone is used to infer nonavian dinosaur locomotion, it remains unclear how much it reflects chondroepiphysis shape. We tested the hypothesis that calcified cartilage shape reflects the overlying chondroepiphysis in extant archosaurs. Long bones with intact epiphyses from American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), and juvenile ostriches (Struthio camelus) were measured and digitized for geometric morphometric (GM) analyses before and after chondroepiphysis removal. Removal of the chondroepiphysis resulted in significant element truncation in all examined taxa, but the amount of truncation decreased with increasing size. GM analyses revealed that Alligator show significant differences between chondroepiphysis shape and the calcified cartilage zone in the humerus, but display nonsignificant differences in femora of large individuals. In Numida, GM analysis shows significant shape differences in juvenile humeri, but humeri of adults and the femora of all guinea fowl show no significant shape difference. The juvenile Struthio sample showed significant differences in both long bones, which diminish with increasing size, a pattern confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging scans in an adult. Our data suggest that differences in extant archosaur long bone shape are greater in elements not utilized in locomotion and related stress‐inducing activities. Based on our data, we propose tentative ranges of error for nonavian dinosaur long bone dimensional measurements. We also predict that calcified cartilage shape in adult, stress‐bearing nonavian dinosaur long bones grossly reflects chondroepiphysis shape. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How Reproducibly Can Human Ear Ossicles Be Measured? A Study of Inter‐Observer Error
Authors: Flohr Stefan , Leckelt Jasmin , Kierdorf Uwe , Kierdorf Horst
Published: November 2010

Ear ossicles have thus far received little attention in biological anthropology. For the use of these bones as a source of biological information, it is important to know how reproducibly they can be measured. We determined inter‐observer errors for measurements recorded by two observers on mallei (N = 119) and incudes (N = 124) obtained from human skeletons recovered from an early medieval cemetery in southern Germany. Measurements were taken on‐screen on images of the bones obtained with a digital microscope. In the case of separately acquired images, mean inter‐observer error ranged between 0.50 and 9.59% (average: 2.63%) for malleus measurements and between 0.67 and 7.11% (average: 2.01%) for incus measurements. Coefficients of reliability ranged between 0.72 and 0.99 for the malleus measurements and between 0.61 and 0.98 for those of the incus. Except for one incus measurement, readings performed by the two observers on the same set of photographs produced lower inter‐observer errors and higher coefficients of reliability than the method involving separate acquisition of images by the observers. Across all linear measurements, absolute inter‐observer error was independent of the mean size of the measured variable for both bones. So far, studies on human ear ossicles have largely neglected the issue of measurement error and its potential implication for the interpretation of the data. Knowledge of measurement error is of special importance if results obtained by different researchers are combined into a single database. It is, therefore, suggested that the reproducibility of measurements should be addressed in all future studies of ear ossicles. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and Structure of the Glandopreputial Sulcus of the Human Clitoris With a Special Reference to Glandopreputial Glands
Authors: van der Putte Sebastian C.J. , Sie‐Go Daisy M.D.S.
Published: November 2010

The structure and development of the sulcus between the glans and prepuce of the human clitoris have hardly been investigated. Interest in its structure was raised when in the female, in contrast to the male, glands were found to develop from the solid lamella‐like precursor of the glandopreputial sulcus. It prompted a further histological analysis of the sulcus in female fetuses and newborn and an extension of that study to clitorises of adult women. The investigation showed that in the clitoris, in contrast to the penis, the transformation of the glandopreputial lamella into the open sulcus was mostly incomplete and apparently remained so throughout life. As a most striking and probably exclusively female feature, two to eight eccrine glands developed from the base of the lamella in fetuses older than 14.5 weeks gestation. These glands formed secretory coils near and occasionally inside the adjacent distal corpora cavernosa. Some glands showed atresia, cystic dilatation, and squamous metaplasia. A remarkably similar picture was observed in the adult clitorises, in which the secretory coils were often found between the large blood vessels and nerves to the glans and were connected to the sulcus by long excretory ducts. All glands revealed unmistakably eccrine features. It is suggested that their secretion moistens the female glandopreputial sulcus, which is not lubricated by urethral secretion as in the male. The findings may explain the rare clitoral phimosis, cysts, and some pilonidal sinuses. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Students' physical and psychological reactions to forensic dissection: Are there risk factors?
Authors: Sergentanis Theodoros N. , Papadodima Stavroula A. , Evaggelakos Christos I. , Mytilinaios Dimitrios G. , Goutas Nikolaos D. , Spiliopoulou Chara A.
Published: November 2010

The reactions of students to forensic dissection encompass psychologico‐emotional and physical components. This exploratory study aimed to determine risk factors for students' adverse physical and psychological reactions to forensic dissection. All sixth‐year medical students (n = 304) attending the compulsory practical course in forensic medicine in the 2005–2006 academic year were asked to complete a questionnaire at the conclusion of the five‐day course. The questionnaire surveyed physical and psychological reactions (outcomes) and 47 student traits, beliefs, and behaviors (risk factors) that might predispose to adverse reactions. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression yielded five independent risk factors for negative psychological reactions: female gender, stereotypic beliefs about forensic pathologists, a less cognitive and more emotional frame of mind relative to forensic dissection, more passive coping strategies, and greater fear of death. The sole independent risk factor for physical symptoms was a less cognitive/more emotional approach to dissection. Students' reactions to forensic dissection integrate a host of inherent and dissection‐related risk factors, and future interventions to improve this aspect of medical education will need to take into account the complexities underlying students' experiences with dissection. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Anwendung von Recyclingbeton in der Schweiz: SIA‐Merkblatt MB 2030
Authors: Hoffmann Cathleen , Moser Konrad
Published: November 2010

Seit Jahren sind in der Schweiz Bestrebungen in Gange, die Wiederverwertung von rückgebauten mineralischen Baustoffen zu fördern. Bereits 1994 erschien die Empfehlung SIA 162/4 “Recyclingbeton”, die sich auf die Tragwerksnormen SIA 160 ff. abstützte. Zur Präzisierung dieser Regelungen und als Hilfestellung für die Bemessung von Recyclingbeton unter Berücksichtigung der heutigen Erkenntnisse ist im Februar 2010 das SIA‐Merkblatt MB 2030 “Recyclingbeton” veröffentlicht worden. (Die französische Fassung erscheint im Juni 2010.)

Dieses Merkblatt soll die sichere Anwendung von Recyclingbeton im Betonbau in Ergänzung zur heute gültigen Tragwerksnorm SIA 262 ermöglichen. Es führt in knapper Form die Definitionen und die wesentlichen mechanischen Eigenschaften des Recyclingbetons sowie Bemessungsgrundlagen auf. Des Weiteren gibt es Hinweise zu den Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Es richtet sich an Planer, Bauherren und Behörden sowie an Unternehmer für Rückbau, Aufbereitung und Betonherstellung und an die Bauunternehmer. Im Beitrag werden die im Merkblatt getroffenen Festlegungen vorgestellt.
Zur Notwendigkeit von Gefällen bei Parkdecks
Authors: Fingerloos Frank , Meyer Lars , Wiens Udo
Published: November 2010

Sowohl bei der Planung und dem Bau neuer als auch bei der Begutachtung bestehender Parkbauten wird immer wieder die Frage diskutiert, ob die Ausbildung eines Gefälles prinzipiell notwendig ist. Dabei werden verschiedene Argumente zusammengebracht, die zum einen aus der Betrachtung der Nutzung und Gebrauchstauglichkeit des Gebäudes als Parkbau und zum anderen aus der Frage der Dauerhaftigkeit der Tragkonstruktion aus Stahlbeton oder Spannbeton resultieren. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist, diese Argumente zusammenzustellen und zu ordnen. Anhand der verschiedenen Aspekte soll erläutert werden, warum im neuen DBV‐Merkblatt “Parkhäuser und Tiefgaragen” darauf verzichtet wurde, die Ausbildung eines Gefälles als Regelbauweise in jedem Fall zu fordern und – stattdessen – es dem Bauherrn zu überlassen, aufgrund einer Abwägung differenzierter Argumente für und gegen ein Gefälle eine sachgerechte Entscheidung zu treffen.

On the Necessity of Gradients at Parking Decks

When design and executing new car parks or when surveying existing ones, an often discussed question is whether a gradient of parking decks is always necessary. In this context different arguments are commonly used. These arguments have been collected and reviewed under the aspect of usability as a car park on the one hand and under the aspect of durability of the reinforced construction on the other hand. It has been shown why in the new DBV‐Code of Practice “Multi‐Storey and Underground Car Parks” an incline is not required as a standard construction method in every case. Instead of that it has been concluded that an appropriate owner's decision on pro or contra an incline would be reasonable and necessary based on the above consideration of differentiated arguments.
Betone für biogenen Säureangriff im Landwirtschaftsbau
Authors: König Andreas , Rasch Stefan , Neumann Thomas , Dehn Frank
Published: November 2010

Bislang werden für landwirtschaftliche Bauten, wie z. B. Stallanlagen, Behälterbauwerke, Siloanlagen oder Biogasreaktoren, Oberflächenschutzsysteme (OS) eingesetzt, die das Eindringen von beton‐ und stahlangreifenden Agenzien verhindern sollen. Betone mit einem hohen Säurewiderstand bieten eine Alternative, um auf OS zu verzichten. Die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Spezialbetone muss entsprechend des Schädigungspotentials der jeweiligen Anwendung durch zeitraffende Einlagerungsversuche in aggressiven Medien verifiziert werden.

Für die ansteigende Anzahl von Biogasanlagen (BGA) gibt es aufgrund der noch jungen Entwicklungsgeschichte und der fehlenden Zugangsmöglichkeit in die Bauwerke bisher keine umfassenden Erfahrungen zu ablaufenden Schädigungsprozessen. In Abhängigkeit von der verwendeten Anlagenverfahrenstechnik kann prinzipiell in der Flüssigphase mit einem geringen biogenen Säureangriff, dagegen im Gasphasenbereich unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen u. a. mit einem Schwefelsäure‐, Kohlensäureangriff und mit einer Karbonatisierung gerechnet werden. Derzeit werden im Rahmen eines großangelegten Forschungsvorhabens an der MFPA Leipzig GmbH/Universität Leipzig die Schädigungspotentiale in BGA an bereits geschädigten Bauwerken und an eingelagerten Laborproben analysiert. Gleichzeitig werden durch zeitraffende Einlagerungsversuche neue säurewiderstandsfähige Betone u. a. für den Landwirtschaftsbau entwickelt.

Concrete for Biogenic Acid Attack in Agricultural Constructions

Up to present, surface protective systems are in use for agricultural buildings, for instance: cot plants, tank construction, silo plants or even biogas fermenter. The aim is to avoid infiltration by concrete‐ and steel corrosion agents. Concrete with high acid resistance are an alternative to dispense using these surface protective systems. The performance of this special‐concrete has to be verified in aggressive media through accelerated storagetests, in accordance with the potential of damage of the equivalent application.

Based on the young history of development and the absent access to the buildings, none extensive experiences of the processes of damage are noted for the increasing number of biogas plants. Dependant on the used plant‐process engineering, a less biogenic acid attack within the liquid state can be expected. Within the gaseous phase under special conditions i.a. sulfuric acid‐, carbonic acid attack and carbonation can simultaneously occur. Currently, in the context of the large‐scale research project at the MFPA Leipzig GmbH/Leipzig University, the potentials of damage within biogas plants on damaged buildings as well as embedded samples become analyzed. At the same time new acid resistance concretes, i.a. for agricultural buildings will be developed by accelerated storage‐tests.
Safety and efficacy of drug eluting stents compared with bare metal stents for saphenous vein graft interventions: A comprehensive meta‐analysis of randomized trials and observational studies comprising 7,994 patients
Authors: Hakeem Abdul , Helmy Tarek , Munsif Siddharth , Bhatti Sabha , Mazraeshahi Reza , Cilingiroglu Mehmet , Effat Mohamed , Leesar Massoud , Arif Imran
Published: November 2010

Background: Saphenous vein graft (SVG) lesions remain amongst the most challenging lesions for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It is unknown whether drug eluting stents (DES) are superior to bare metal stents (BMS) for such lesions. Our objective is to determine the safety and efficacy of DES compared with BMS for SVG lesions by performing a meta‐analysis of clinical trials and observational studies. Data Sources: PubMed, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, conference proceedings, and internet‐based resources of clinical trials. Study Selection:Studies comparing DES vs. BMS for SVG lesions with at least > 30 patients in each study reporting the outcomes of interest [death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), stent thrombosis (ST), and the composite of death, TVR and MI (major adverse cardiac events; MACE)] with at least 6 months clinical follow‐up. The primary outcome of interest was death. Results:Two randomized trials, one subgroup analysis of a randomized trial and 26 observational studies comprising a total of 7,994 patients (4,187 patients in DES and 3,807 patients in BMS group) were included in the analysis .Mean follow‐up duration was 21 ± 11 months (6–48 months). In the overall population, MACE events were 19% in DES and 28% in BMS with a risk ratio (RR) of 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) P < 0.00001. This effect of MACE was sustained in studies with >2 years follow‐up with RR of 0.77 (0.65, 0.91) P = 0.003. Death rate was 7.8% in DES and 9% in BMS with a RR of 0.82 (0.7, 0.97) P = 0.02. MI rate was 5.7% in DES and 7.6% in BMS with RR of 0.72 (0.57, 0.91) P = 0.007. TVR was 12% in DES and 17% in BMS with RR of 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) P = 0.0002. ST was 1% in DES and 1.7 % in BMS RR of 0.61 (0.35, 1.06) P = 0.08. Specifically in randomized controlled trials, DES were associated with no significant differences in overall mortality [RR = 1.97; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.17–23; P = 0.58] or MI (RR = 1.24; 95% CI, 0.3–5.5; P = 0.78) compared with BMS. Conclusions:Based on the results of this meta‐analysis, DES may be considered as a safe and efficacious option for the percutaneous intervention of SVG lesions. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sunitinib rechallenge in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Zama Ivan N. , Hutson Thomas E. , Elson Paul , Cleary James M. , Choueiri Toni K. , Heng Daniel Y.C. , Ramaiya Nikhil , Michaelson M. Dror , Garcia Jorge A. , Knox Jennifer J. , Escudier Bernard , Rini Brian I.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND:

Sunitinib was a standard initial therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Given the fact that many patients progressed through many available therapies and antitumor activity had been demonstrated with sequential vascular endothelial growth factor‐targeting approaches, a retrospective review was performed of the experience of rechallenge with sunitinib in sunitinib‐refractory mRCC.

METHODS:

mRCC patients who received sunitinib therapy after disease progression on prior sunitinib and other therapy were retrospectively identified. Patient characteristics, toxicity, clinical outcome, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) objective response rate, and progression‐free survival (PFS) were recorded.

RESULTS:

Twenty‐three mRCC patients who were rechallenged with sunitinib were identified. Upon rechallenge, 5 patients (22%) achieved an objective partial response. The median PFS with initial treatment was 13.7 months and 7.2 months with rechallenge. Patients with >6‐month interval between sunitinib treatments had a longer PFS with rechallenge than patients who started the rechallenge within 6 months (median PFS, 16.5 vs 6.0 months; P = .03). There was no significant difference in outcome to sunitinib rechallenge based on number or mechanism of intervening treatments. Substantial new toxicity or significantly increased severity of prior toxicity was not seen during rechallenge in this cohort.

CONCLUSIONS:

Sunitinib rechallenge had potential benefits and was tolerated in select metastatic RCC patients. Additional prospective investigation was warranted. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Cryptococcus peritonitis a rare manifestation in HIV positive host: A case report
Authors: Singh Puja , Joshi Deepti , Gangane Nitin
Published: November 2010

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast found ubiquitously in the environment and causes serious infections in immunocompromised populations. Disseminated disease is uncommon and very rarely manifests as peritonitis. We report a case of cryptococcal peritonitis in a HIV positive patient, who presented with distention of abdomen, vomiting, and dyspnoea, where the diagnosis was made on cytological smears of ascitic fluid. The importance of making a quick diagnosis utilizing cytological smears is emphasized and the cytological features are demonstrated. Disseminated cryptococcosis, particularly with peritonitis, is an uncommon manifestation of C. neoformans infection. A high clinical suspicion and early initiation of therapy is needed to recognize and treat patients effectively. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative evaluation of fine needle aspiration cytology, culture, and PCR in diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis
Authors: Mittal Preeti , Handa Uma , Mohan Harsh , Gupta Varsha
Published: November 2010

In developing countries, where tuberculosis (TB) is still rampant, tuberculous lymphadenopathy (TB LAP) is one of the most common causes of LAP. Rapid diagnosis and adequate treatment are very important. As a primary diagnostic tool, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has provided an efficient alternative to excision. Cytologic diagnosis can be made with cytomorphologic features of well‐formed epithelioid granulomas and the presence of caseous necrosis. However, bacteriological confirmation is essential because of the presence of various granulomatous inflammation. This study was performed to evaluate and compare the role of FNAC, mycobacterial culture, and PCR in diagnosing tuberculous lymphadenitis. FNA material was collected from 50 patients and was subjected to analysis by cytomorphology, ZN stain, M. tuberculosis culture, and PCR. Out of 50 cases, 36 cases showed cytological features consistent with TB. The most common cytomorphological pattern was epithelioid cell granulomas along with necrosis seen in 17 cases (34%), followed by necrosis only in 13 cases(26%). TBLAP was correctly diagnosed by acid‐fast bacilli (AFB) smear in 26 cases, by culture in 30 cases and by PCR in 30 cases. Overall sensitivity of AFB smear was 76.47% and that of culture as well as PCR was 88.23%. In conclusion, presence of granulomas and caseation necrosis are highly suggestive of tubercular etiology, especially in scenario of developing countries where incidence of TB is high. Cytomorphology can be supplemented with AFB smear and culture wherever required and PCR should be kept as a reserve method for equivocal cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases from internal malignancies: An analysis of cases diagnosed by fine needle aspiration
Authors: Bansal Rimpi , Patel Trupti , Sarin Jatin , Parikh Biren , Ohri Anupam , Trivedi Priti
Published: November 2010

Cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases from internal malignancies are rare and indicate a dismal outcome for the patient. This study is designed to analyze cases of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases from a known or unknown primary and evaluate usefulness of fine needle aspiration cytology as a diagnostic modality. The present study is a retrospective analysis of 83 patients who were diagnosed with metastatic skin deposits on fine needle aspiration cytology. Seventy‐four patients were previously diagnosed cases of malignancy and nine patients had metastatic deposits simultaneously with the primary tumor. The commonest malignancies showing cutaneous metastases were from breast, colon and rectum, lung, ovary, and thyroid. The differential diagnoses are from primary cutaneous tumors. FNAC provides a rapid diagnosis and should be used as a preferred first line diagnostic modality in such patients. In our study, FNAC yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 100% as a microscopic method for confirmation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adenomatoid nodules are the main cause for discrepant histology in 234 thyroid fine‐needle aspirates reported as follicular neoplasm
Authors: Schreiner Andrew M. , Yang Grace C. H.
Published: November 2010

According to several large studies, the surgical pathologist renders a non‐neoplastic diagnosis in ∼20–40% of thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cases reported as follicular neoplasm. This study analyzes the cause of this poor correlation between cytology and histology. Cases consisting of oncocytic (Hurthle) cells were excluded from study. During the study period from January 1996 to April 2010, histologic follow‐up was available for 234 of 670 cases (34.9%) reported as follicular neoplasm on ultrasound‐guided thyroid FNA. Sonographic and Doppler data were available in all cases and included nodule location, size, echogenicity, and vascularity. Of the 234 aspirates with follow‐up, surgical pathology reported 130 cases (55.6%) of follicular adenoma, 15 cases (6.4%) of follicular carcinoma, 14 cases (6.1%) of follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, and 75 cases (32.3%) of nodular goiter. Recuts of those index nodules reported as nodular goiter were examined independently by two pathologists using the 2× objective lens. Adenomatoid nodule was defined as an insufficiently encapsulated “blue” nodule of increased nuclear density when compared with the surrounding thyroid. Of the 75 cases reported as nodular goiter, 60 index nodules (80%) fulfilled the described criteria for adenomatoid nodule, while 15 did not. In conclusion, adenomatoid nodules are the main cause of poor histologic correlation with follicular neoplasm reported by FNA. If “increased nuclear density at scanning magnification” were adopted by surgical pathologists as the major diagnostic criterion for follicular adenoma rather than encapsulation, noncorrelated cases would be reduced from 32 to 6.4%. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utility of the Thin Prep Imaging System® in the detection of squamous intraepithelial abnormalities on retrospective evaluation: Can we trust the imager?
Authors: Barroeta Julieta E. , Reilly Mary E. , Steinhoff Margaret M. , Lawrence W. Dwayne
Published: November 2010

Prospective studies analyzing the ThinPrep Imaging System (TIS) have demonstrated a significant decrease in screening time and detection rates comparable or better than manual screening. We retrospectively analyzed the accuracy of the TIS in detecting cervical abnormalities. Our study included all new HSIL diagnoses in 2007 with previous negative (NIL) pap tests screened with TIS. The original 22 fields of view (FOV) were reviewed by 2 blinded screeners followed by manual screening of all slides. Any ASC‐US or above was considered “abnormal.” Of a total of 111,080 pap tests performed in 2007, 180 were reported as HSIL. Of these, 45 cases had a previous NIL pap diagnosed within the last year, screened with TIS. Following re‐examination of the NIL pap, 31 diagnoses remained unchanged and 9 were reclassified as abnormal on the basis of cells present within the original FOV. When manually reviewed, all nine cases were confirmed as abnormal. Four cases were reclassified as abnormal on the basis of the manual screen (abnormal cells absent in the FOV). The sensitivity of TIS for the detection of abnormality was 99.95% (false‐negative rate FNR: 0.05%) and the sensitivity for detection of HSIL was 99.07% (FNR: 0.92%). When analyzing the cytotechnologist interpretation of the FOV, the sensitivity for detection of abnormality and HSIL was 99.89% (FNR: 0.1%), and 99.53% (FNR: 0.4%), respectively. On retrospective analysis based on newly diagnosed HSIL cases, the sensitivity of TIS was comparable to that of manual screening with a slightly decreased rate of false negatives. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metastatic disease to the pancreas documented by endoscopic ultrasound guided fine‐needle aspiration: A seven‐year experience
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Hirschowitz Sharon L. , Adler Douglas G.
Published: November 2010

The study was performed to determine the frequency and origin for metastatic disease to the pancreas as found in an endoscopic ultrasound directed fine‐needle aspiration series.

The records of the Departments of Pathology at the University of Utah School of Medicine and the David Geffen School of Medicine were electronically searched for all fine‐needle aspirates obtained from pancreatic masses between January 1, 2002 and March 31, 2010. All cases with a diagnosis of metastatic disease were reviewed and whenever possible correlated with subsequent resection specimens.

A total of 17 metastatic malignancies to the pancreas were detected in pancreatic FNAs representing 0.73% of all cases. Primaries included eight renal cell carcinomas, one medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, four lymphomas, one alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, one squamous cell carcinoma derived from the esophagus, and a second squamous cell carcinoma originating from a lung primary and a small cell carcinoma of the lung.

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma was the most frequent metastasis to the pancreas representing 47% of metastatic lesions detected by FNA. The metastatic deposits could be detected in the pancreas as many as 10 years following the original diagnosis and resection of the renal cell carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile Formation of a Rhenium Allenylcarbene Complex with an Internal Dithioalkyne
Authors: Seidel Wolfram W. , Meel Matthias J. , Schallenberg David , Pape Tania , Villinger Alexander , Michalik Dirk
Published: November 2010

The η2‐alkyne complex [(η5‐C5H5)Re(1)Br2], 2, (1 = BnSC2SBn) reacts with an excess of the dithioalkyne 1 to give the addition product [(η5‐C5H5)ReBr2{η3‐(BnS)2C2C(SBn)C(SBn)}], 3, displaying a ReC3 ring with an exocyclic double bond. The molecular structures of the complexes 2 and 3 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The nonplanarity of the ReC3 ring and the largely equal C–C bond lengths within the ring reveal 3 to be a resonance hybrid of an allenylcarbene complex and a folded rhenacyclobutene system. DFT calculations show that complex type 3 is favorable over the isomeric η4‐cyclobutadiene complex 3a with four thiobenzyl substituents, while the opposite holds true for the phenyl‐substituted derivative. According to calculations on potential intermediates and transition states, the rate‐determining step is the conversion of a bis(alkyne) into a mixed alkyne/vinylidene complex by 1,2‐SBn shift, while the formation of 3 via the η4‐cyclobutadiene complex 3a is improbable. Allenyl carbene complexes are of great interest as alkyne polymerization intermediates.
Astrocytes are GABAergic cells that modulate microglial activity
Authors: Lee Moonhee , Schwab Claudia , Mcgeer Patrick L.
Published: November 2010

GABA is assumed to function in brain only as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Here we report a much broader CNS role. We show that human astrocytes are GABAergic cells, and that human microglia are GABAceptive cells. We show that in adult human brain tissue, astrocytes immunostain for the GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD 67, the GABA metabolizing enzyme GABA‐T and the GABAA and GABAB receptors. The intensity of staining is comparable or greater to that observed for known inhibitory neurons. We show that cultured human astrocytes strongly express the mRNA and protein for GAD 67, as well as GABA‐T, and the GABAA and GABAB receptors. We further show that cultured human microglia express the mRNA and protein for GABA‐T, in addition to the GABAA and GABAB receptors characterizing them as GABAceptive cells. We demonstrate that GABA suppresses the reactive response of both astrocytes and microglia to the inflammatory stimulants lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon‐γ by inhibiting induction of inflammatory pathways mediated by NFκB and P38 MAP kinase. This results in a reduced release of the inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL‐6 and an attenuation of conditioned medium neurotoxicity toward neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells. These inhibitory reactions are partially mimicked by the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol and the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen, indicating that GABA can stimulate both types of receptors in astrocytes as well as microglia. We conclude that the antiinflammatory actions of GABA offer new therapeutic opportunities since agonists should enhance the effectiveness of other antiinflammatory agents that operate through non‐GABA pathways. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attaching Different Kinds of Proteinaceous Nanospheres to a Variety of Fabrics Using Ultrasound Radiation
Authors: Angel (Shimanovich) Ulyana , Silva Carla Manuela , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur , Gedanken Aharon
Published: November 2010

The application of a rapid, non‐destructive, cost‐effective technique such as ultrasonic emulsification for the coating of different textiles was explored. The technical benefits for this research were the generation of multifunctional materials and their combinations through environmentally friendly processing technologies. We have shown for the first time that ultrasonic waves can be used to coat proteinaceous micro‐ and nanospheres (PM) of BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) protein and casein on the surface of cotton and polyester (PE) fabrics. The creation and the anchoring of the microbubbles to the fabrics were performed by a one‐step reaction, and the process is usually stopped after 3 min. The PM of bovine serum albumin (BSA) bonded to cotton and polyester fabrics has shown stability for ∼9 months. The PMs were shown to be attached more strongly to the polyester than to the cotton, and sustained stronger washing conditions on PE. The diameter of the BSA and the casein spheres on cotton was in the range of 0.8–1.0 μm, while on the PE it varied between 60 and 120 nm.
Sensitivity to change of youth treatment outcome measures: a comparison of the CBCL, BASC‐2, and Y‐OQ
Authors: McClendon Debra T. , Warren Jared S. , M. Green Katherine , Burlingame Gary M. , Eggett Dennis L. , McClendon Richard J.
Published: November 2010

This study evaluated the relative sensitivity to change of the Child Behavior Checklist/6–18 (CBCL), the Behavior Assessment System for Children‐2 (BASC‐2), and the Youth Outcome Questionnaire 2.01 (Y‐OQ). Participants were 134 parents and 44 adolescents receiving routine outpatient services in a community mental health system. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses were used to examine change trajectories for the 3 measures across 3 groups: parent informants, parent and adolescent dyads, and adolescent informants. Results indicated that for parent‐report measures, the Y‐OQ was most change sensitive; the BASC‐2 and CBCL were not statistically different from each other. Significant differences in change sensitivity were not observed for youth self‐report of symptoms. Results suggest that the Y‐OQ may be particularly useful for evaluating change in overall psychosocial functioning in children and adolescents. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 00:1–15, 2010.
Common motifs shared by conserved enhancers of Drosophila midline glial genes
Authors: Fulkerson Eric , Estes Patricia Ann
Published: November 2010

Coding sequences are usually the most highly conserved sectors of DNA, but genomic regions controlling the expression pattern of certain genes can also be conserved across diverse species. In this study, we identify five enhancers capable of activating transcription in the midline glia of Drosophila melanogaster and each contains sequences conserved across at least 11 Drosophila species. In addition, the conserved sequences contain reiterated motifs for binding sites of the known midline transcriptional activators, Single‐minded, Tango, Dichaete, and Pointed. To understand the molecular basis for the highly conserved genomic subregions within enhancers of the midline genes, we tested the ability of various motifs to affect midline expression, both individually and in combination, within synthetic reporter constructs. Multiple copies of the binding site for the midline regulators Single‐minded and Tango can drive expression in midline cells; however, small changes to the sequences flanking this transcription factor binding site can inactivate expression in midline cells and activate expression in tracheal cells instead. For the midline genes described in this study, the highly conserved sequences appear to juxtapose positive and negative regulatory factors in a configuration that activates genes specifically in the midline glia, while maintaining them inactive in other tissues, including midline neurons and tracheal cells. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:61–75, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.