bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of N‐(2‐chloro‐3,4‐dimethoxybenzylideneamino)guanidinium acetate [α‐14C]
Authors: Almeida Maria , Boman Arne , Lundstedt Torbjörn
Published: August 2002

14C‐Labelled N‐(2‐chloro‐3,4‐dimethoxybenzylideneamino)guanidinium acetate has been synthesized as a part of a four‐step procedure which involved decarboxylation of 2‐chloro‐3,4‐dimethoxybenzoic acid by Pb(OAc)4 to give 2‐chloro‐3,4‐dimethoxy‐1‐iodobenzene, followed by a selective lithiation at the iodine position and electrophilic substitution with N,N‐dimethylformamide [α‐14C] and final reaction with aminoguanidine bicarbonate. The specific activity was 59 mCi/mmol and the overall yield 49%. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrastructure of the hindgut of Drosophila larvae, with special reference to the domains identified by specific gene expression patterns
Authors: Murakami Ryutaro , Shiotsuki Yumi
Published: August 2002

The hindgut of Drosophila larvae consists of nine domains that have been distinguished by specific gene expression patterns. In the present study, we examined the ultrastructure of the hindgut of Drosophila larvae, with special reference to the domains, in order to determine whether or not the domains are morphologically distinct functional units. Each domain showed specific ultrastructural features that suggested specific corresponding functions. According to the morphological features, terms are proposed for each domain: the imaginal ring; the “pylorus,” which has a thick cuticular layer and well‐developed sphincter muscles; the “large intestine,” which occupies a major middle portion of the hindgut and has a unique dorsal and ventral subdivision; “border cells,” which delineate the anterior and posterior borders of the large intestine and the border between the dorsal and ventral domains of the large intestine; and the “rectum,” which is situated at the posterior end of the hindgut and has a thick cuticular layer and sphincter muscles. The morphological features indicate that the large intestine has active absorptive activities. The domains, which have been distinguished by gene expressions, were demonstrated to be functional tissue units of the gut. J. Morphol. 248:144–150, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of left ventricular dimensions and function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Strohm Oliver , Schulz‐Menger Jeanette , Pilz Bernhard , Osterziel Karl‐Josef , Dietz Rainer , Friedrich Matthias G.
Published: August 2002

Studies on medical therapy in heart failure are focused on changes of left ventricular (LV) dimensions and function. These changes may be small, requiring a large study group. We measured LV parameters (LV volumes, LV ejection fraction (LV‐EF), and left ventricular mass (LVM)) with two‐dimensional echocardiography (2D‐echo) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 50 patients. Based on the difference between the measurements, we determined the variance of the results and calculated the sample sizes needed to detect changes of baseline values. For the calculated and measured parameters we found significant differences between the two techniques: LV‐EF and LVM were higher in 2D‐echo, and LV dimensions were comparable. The sample size to detect relevant changes from baseline with MRI was significantly (P < 0.01) smaller than in 2D‐echo. We conclude that MRI is superior in clinical studies on left ventricular dimensional and functional changes, since measurements are more reproducible and the required sample size is substantially smaller, thereby reducing costs. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:367–371. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of the factors responsible for burns during MRI
Authors: Dempsey Mary F. , Condon Barrie , Hadley Donald M.
Published: August 2002

Numerous reported burn injuries have been sustained during clinical MRI procedures. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible factors that may be responsible for such burns. Experiments were performed to investigate three possible mechanisms for causing heating in copper wire during MRI: direct electromagnetic induction in a conductive loop, induction in a resonant conducting loop, and electric field resonant coupling with a wire (the antenna effect). Maximum recorded temperature rises were 0.6°C for the loop, 61.1°C for the resonant loop, and 63.5°C for the resonant antenna. These experimental findings suggest that, contrary to common belief, it is unlikely that direct induction in a conductive loop will result in thermal injury. Burn incidents are more likely to occur due to the formation of resonant conducting loops and from extended wires forming resonant antenna. The characteristics of resonance should be considered when formulating safety guidelines. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:627–631. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid screening and identification of cytochalasins by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Prasain Jeevan Kumar , Ueki Masashi , Stefanowicz Piotr , Osada Hiroyuki
Published: August 2002

The cytochalasin class of fungal metabolites was analyzed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) with the aim of developing a methodology for their rapid identification in microbial extracts. ESI‐MS analyses of reference cytochalasins were performed and several product ions were produced in MS/MS experiments on parent ions that are structurally characteristic. A precursor ion search was performed to detect cytochalasins in an ethyl acetate extract of fungal strain RK97‐F21. Three cytochalasins were detected and one of the components was identified as epoxycytochalasin H by comparing the tandem mass spectra of the product ions with those of reference compounds. This finding was further validated by LC/MS and LC/MS/MS experiments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of ginsenosides
Authors: Miao Xiu‐Sheng , Metcalfe Chris D. , Hao Chunyan , March Raymond E.
Published: August 2002

Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2 and F11 were studied systematically by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in positive‐ and negative‐ion modes with a mobile‐phase additive, ammonium acetate. In general, ion sensitivities for the ginsenosides were greater in the negative‐ion mode, but more structural information on the ginsenosides was obtained in the positive‐ion mode. [M + H]+, [M + NH4]+, [M + Na]+ and [M + K]+ ions were observed for all of the ginsenosides studied, with the exception of Rf and F11, for which [M + NH4]+ ions were not observed. The signal intensities of [M + H]+, [M + NH4]+, [M + Na]+ and [M + K]+ ions varied with the cone voltage. The highest signal intensities for [M + H]+ and [M + NH4]+ ions were obtained at low cone voltage (15–30 V), whereas those for [M + Na]+ and [M + K]+ ions were obtained at relatively high cone voltage (70–90 V). Collision‐induced dissociation yielded characteristic positively charged fragment ions at m/z 407, 425 and 443 for (20S)‐protopanaxadiol, m/z 405, 423 and 441 for (20S)‐protopanaxatriol and m/z 421, 439, 457 and 475 for (24R)‐pseudoginsenoside F11. Ginsenoside types were identified by these characteristic ions and the charged saccharide groups. Glycosidic bond cleavage and elimination of H2O were the two major fragmentation pathways observed in the product ion mass spectra of [M + H]+ and [M + NH4]+. In the product ion mass spectra of [M − H]−, the major fragmentation route observed was glycosidic bond cleavage. Adduct ions [M + 2AcO + Na]−, [M + AcO]−, [M − CH2O + AcO]−, [M + 2AcO]2−, [M − H + AcO]2− and [M − 2H]2− were observed at low cone voltage (15–30 V) only. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of tick‐borne encephalitis virus from latvia: Evidence for co‐circulation of three distinct subtypes
Authors: Lundkvist Åke , Vene Sirkka , Golovljova Irina , Mavtchoutko Violeta , Forsgren Marianne , Kalnina Vaira , Plyusnin Alexander
Published: August 2002

Viruses of the tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE) antigenic complex within the family Flaviviridae cause a variety of diseases, including uncomplicated febrile illness, meningoencephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever. Different domesticated animals or wildlife species often act as reservoir hosts and ixodid ticks serve as vectors. Although TBE is a serious problem in Latvia, the knowledge concerning TBE virus (TBEV) strains circulating in the country is most limited. Only two strains (Latvia‐1‐96 isolated from a TBE patient, and RK1424 originating from an Ixodes persulcatus tick), which belonged to the Siberian and the Far Eastern subtypes of TBEV, respectively, have previously been characterized. In the present study, we concentrated on the western and central regions of Latvia, with predominantly Ixodes ricinus ticks. Five virus strains were isolated from serum samples of patients with clinical symptoms of an acute TBE infection. Nucleotide sequences encoding the envelope (E) protein of TBEV, which were recovered from the five TBEV isolates, showed the highest level of identity to the corresponding sequences of the prototype strain Neudoerfl and other European strains of the Western TBEV subtype characterized previously. Accordingly, phylogenetic analysis placed the new Latvian isolates within the Western genetic lineage of TBEV. Taken together with earlier observations, the results proved that all three TBEV subtypes are co‐circulating in Latvia and indicated that the genetic diversity of TBEV within certain geographical areas is much more complex than previously believed. J. Med. Virol. 65:730–735, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Herpes simplex virus isolates with reduced adefovir susceptibility selected in vivo by foscarnet therapy
Authors: Bestman‐Smith Julie , Boivin Guy
Published: August 2002

Sequential herpes simplex virus (HSV) isolates from AIDS patients receiving foscarnet therapy were evaluated for susceptibility to adefovir. Foscarnet‐resistant isolates with DNA polymerase mutations in regions II, VI, and between I and VII were also associated with an important decrease in susceptibility to adefovir (mean IC50 increase: 4.6‐fold compared to pre‐foscarnet or wild‐type isolates) suggesting that adefovir‐resistant HSV could be selected in vivo by foscarnet therapy. J. Med. Virol. 67:88–91, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunisation of Balb/c mice with severely attenuated murine cytomegalovirus mutants induces protective cellular and humoral immunity
Authors: Morley Peter J. , Ertl Peter , Sweet Clive
Published: August 2002

Previously, we showed that two temperature‐sensitive mutants of murine cytomegalovirus (tsm5 and tsm30) expressed immediate‐early (IE‐1), early (E‐1), and late (gB) phase genes in the tissues of immunocompetent Balb/c mice, yet failed to produce infectious progeny virus in any tissue at any time at 1–21 days post‐infection. Mice inoculated intraperitoneally with tsm5 became latently infected, but this latent virus could not be reactivated as an infectious virus after immunosuppression, although all three transcripts were produced. Immunocompetent mice infected with tsm30 did not become latently infected. In the present study, immunodeficient SCID mice supported productive infection of both mutants, suggesting that low‐level viral replication does occur in immunocompetent mice, but that it is limited by the host immune response. This is supported by the observation that immunocompetent mice were protected against virulent K181 challenge even after immunisation with as few as 40 pfu of mutant virus, whereas UV‐inactivated mutant or K181 virus was not immunoprotective at doses of 40,000 pfu. Immunity induced by subcutaneous inoculation was also protective, whereas that induced by intragastric immunisation was not. Protection was lifelong (18 months). Although tsm5 induced high antibody titres, there was little evidence of an antibody response to tsm30. In contrast, a significant CD8+ CTL response to the Balb/c immunodominant IE‐1 nonapeptide (YPHFMPTNL) was elicited by both mutants, as determined by an interferon‐γ ELISPOT assay, although this response was lower than that induced by K181 infection. In addition, CTLs specific for m04 (YGPSLYRRF) and M84 (AYAGLFTPL) peptides could be detected at low frequency after K181, tsm5, and tsm30 immunisation. Such protective immunity did not prevent the challenge K181 virus from entering the latent state, but it appeared to reduce the frequency of reactivation. J. Med. Virol. 67:187–199, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy: Quantitative viral DNA analysis using a kinetic fluorescence detection system (TaqMan PCR)
Authors: Knöll Antje , Louwen Frank , Kochanowski Bernd , Plentz Annelie , Stüssel Julia , Beckenlehner Karin , Jilg Wolfgang , Modrow Susanne
Published: August 2002

Human parvovirus B19 infections are common in the general population, and infection during pregnancy may cause hydrops fetalis and fetal death. To initiate adequate treatment, accurate laboratory diagnosis is essential. The most sensitive tests are nested PCR systems, but these assays provide semiquantitative results at best. A parvovirus B19 DNA assay was developed based on the real time TaqMan PCR. This method was calibrated on the basis of serial plasmid dilutions and tested with an international parvovirus B19 standard. The assay was capable of quantifying parvovirus B19 DNA from one to about 5 × 107 genome equivalents per reaction (corresponding to 100 to 5 × 109 genome equivalents per ml serum). Samples from 51 pregnant women with suspected acute parvovirus B19 infection were tested, and positive PCR results were obtained in at least one of the materials investigated in 41 cases. The median viral DNA load in maternal blood samples was 1.3 × 104 copies/ml (range 7.2 × 102–2.6 × 107). Maternal virus DNA concentration was not associated with the presence of maternal symptoms and/or fetal complications. As the stage of infection was not known in the majority of cases, our data do not exclude an association between peak levels of parvovirus B19 DNA and the development of complications. Maternal sera and corresponding fetal material were available for concurrent testing from 15 DNA‐positive cases: in most fetal samples, viral DNA concentrations were several orders of magnitude higher (up to 2.1 × 1012 copies/ml) compared to the corresponding maternal blood samples. J. Med. Virol. 67:259–266, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beneficial effect of modified peptide inhibitor of α4 integrins on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats
Authors: van der Laan Luc J.W. , van der Goes Annette , Wauben Marca H.M. , Ruuls Sigrid R. , Döpp Ed A. , De Groot Corline J.A. , Kuijpers Taco W. , Elices Mariano J. , Dijkstra Christine D.
Published: August 2002

An important event in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is the recruitment of lymphocytes and inflammatory macrophages to the central nervous system (CNS). Recruitment requires adhesive interactions between the leukocytes and the microvascular endothelium, perivascular cells, and astrocytes in the CNS parenchyma. Previous studies using an animal model of MS, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), have shown the involvement of the α4 integrin VLA‐4 (β4β1). In the present study, the effect of a modified peptide inhibitor of α4 integrins on the clinical course and leukocyte infiltration during EAE is investigated. EAE was either induced actively, by immunizing Lewis rats with whole guinea pig MBP, or passively, by transfer of an MBP‐specific T cell line. Treatment with the inhibitor (CS1 ligand mimic) completely prevented both clinical signs and cellular infiltration in passively induced EAE. Peptide treatment of actively induced EAE, which has a more severe disease course than the transfer model, significantly reduced clinical signs although the recruitment of inflammatory cells and induction of MHC class II expression was not prevented. The α4 inhibitor did inhibit the adhesion of lymphocytes to primary astrocytes in vitro suggesting a role for astrocyte‐leukocyte interactions in the pathogenesis of induced EAE. Astrocytes were found to express an extracellular matrix protein distinct from fibronectin, which shows immune cross‐reactivity with the CS1 domain of fibronectin. Our results show that small‐molecule inhibitors of α4 integrins act therapeutically in EAE possibly by interfering with cell adhesion events involved in this autoimmune disease. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secretory phospholipase A2 induces delayed neuronal COX‐2 expression compared with glutamate
Authors: Kolko Miriam , Nielsen Marianne , Bazan Nicolas G. , Diemer Nils H.
Published: August 2002

Agonists of the binding site for secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) potentiate glutamate‐induced neuronal cell death in primary cell cultures and in vivo (Kolko et al. [1996] J. Biol. Chem. 271:32722; Kolko et al. [1999] Neurosci. Lett. 274:167]. Here, we tested the hypothesis that COX‐2 expression participates in the brain response to sPLA2. sPLA2‐OS2, a selective ligand of a neuronal sPLA2‐binding site, was injected into the rat striatum, and early‐response gene expression was monitored by in situ hybridization using 35S‐radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes and immunohistochemistry. An up‐regulation of COX‐2, c‐fos, and c‐jun, but not COX‐1, was observed around the lesion as well as in the neocortex 4 hr after the injection. Hippocampal up‐regulation of COX‐2 was seen in dentate gyrus 8 hr after injection. When glutamate was injected, up‐regulation of the early‐response genes peaked after 2 hr. Our studies showed 1) that sPLA2 selectively induced neuronal COX‐2; 2) that this induction was delayed (4 hr after injection of sPLA2) compared with that elicited by glutamate (2 hr after injection), suggesting different signaling; and 3) that c‐fos and c‐jun were induced around the infarct area as soon as 2 hr after injection, but in other aspects followed a time course similar to that of COX‐2. We conclude that sPLA2 may modulate neuronal COX‐2 expression through mechanisms that differ from those of glutamate‐induced COX‐2 expression. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How work ideologies shape the psychological contracts of professional employees: doctors' responses to perceived breach
Authors: Bunderson J. Stuart
Published: August 2002

This study suggests that the psychological contract between a professional and his/her employing organization is shaped by both professional and administrative work ideologies and therefore involves both professional and administrative roles and perceived role obligations. It is also suggested that because of important differences between these two ideologies, a professional employee's response to perceptions that his/her organization is not fulfilling its role obligations will depend on whether the perceived breach involves professional or administrative obligations. Hypotheses based on this general proposition were strongly supported in a sample of medical professionals. Specifically, results suggest that perceived breaches of administrative role obligations are most strongly associated with dissatisfaction, thoughts of quitting, and turnover whereas perceived breaches of professional role obligations are most strongly associated with lower organizational commitment and job performance (productivity and client satisfaction). Implications for theory and research on the dimensionality of the psychological employment contract and on the employment of professionals are considered. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining the effects of transformational leadership: an investigation of the effects of higher‐order motives in multilevel marketing organizations
Authors: Sparks John R. , Schenk Joseph A.
Published: August 2002

Multilevel marketing organizations (MLMs) are a rapidly growing organizational type enlisting nearly 10 million members and producing over 20 billion dollars in sales annually. Despite their remarkable recent growth, few studies have examined these unusual organizations, and none of these have addressed issues of transformational leadership. In MLMs, the key leadership relationships are those between individual member distributors and the members who recruited them into the organization (i.e., their ‘sponsors’). Although sponsors are expected to provide leadership to the members they recruit, they possess no direct supervisory resulting—authority in an uncertain ‘quasi‐leadership’ role. Using a sample of 736 female MLM members, the present study empirically tests an important explanatory component of transformational leadership theory: that belief in the higher purpose of one's work is a mechanism through which transformational leadership achieves its positive outcomes on cohesion, satisfaction, effort, and performance. The results offer support to the notion that transformational leadership indeed ‘transforms’ followers by encouraging them to see the higher purposes in their work. Additionally, the results show positive relationships between belief in a higher purpose of one's work and job satisfaction, unit cohesion, and effort. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do national levels of individualism and internal locus of control relate to well‐being: an ecological level international study
Authors: Spector Paul E. , Cooper Cary L. , Sanchez Juan I. , O'Driscoll Michael , Sparks Kate , Bernin Peggy , Büssing Andre , Dewe Phil , Hart Peter , Lu Luo , Miller Karen , de Moraes Lucio Flavio Renault , Ostrognay Gabrielle M. , Pagon Milan , Pitariu Horea , Poelmans Steven , Radhakrishnan Phani , Russinova Vesselina , Salamatov Vladimir , Salgado Jesus , Shima Satoru , Siu Oi Ling , Stora Jean Benjamin , Teichmann Mare , Theorell Töres , Vlerick Peter , Westman Mina , Widerszal‐Bazyl Maria , Wong Paul , Yu Shanfa
Published: August 2002

Data were collected from managers in 24 nations/territories on work locus of control (LOC), individualism–collectivism (I–C), and well‐being (job satisfaction, absence of psychological strain, and absence of physical strain). There were significant mean differences across samples on all five of these measures, and consistent with our hypothesis, at the ecological or sample mean level well‐being was associated with an internal locus of control. However, contrary to our hypothesis, well‐being was not associated with I–C, despite a strong correlation between I–C and LOC. Findings at the ecological level were consistent with the literature concerning the salutary effects of control on well‐being. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Big‐B versus Big‐O: what is organizational about organizational behavior?*
Authors: Heath Chip , Sitkin Sim B.
Published: August 2002

This paper is an empirically grounded essay about the current state of organizational behavior (OB) research and productive future directions. We report the results of a survey of OB scholars about the current importance of various research topics and their importance in an ideal world. We compare the survey responses with an archival analysis of papers published in leading OB journals over a 10‐year period. We suggest that many of the topics that our respondents perceive to be ‘under researched’ can be summarized with one particular definition of OB that emphasizes organizing behavior. Considering all three definitions together, we highlight the limitations of the traditional (Big‐B and Contextualized‐B) definitions and discuss the benefits of a more organizational (Big‐O) approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design conditions for learning in community service contexts
Authors: Bartel Caroline A. , Saavedra Richard , Van Dyne Linn
Published: August 2002

In this study, we investigated team‐based community service projects as action learning initiatives designed to facilitate two learning outcomes: community learning (knowledge of social, cultural, or economic issues) and personal learning (self‐awareness of managerial attitudes and abilities). We developed hypotheses to predict critical input conditions for action learning that promote community and personal learning. We tested these hypotheses with data collected from 381 MBA students and their team leaders who participated in a variety of community service projects. Results demonstrated that design conditions (task characteristics, social interactions, and affective responses) influenced community and personal learning differently. We supplemented survey results with interview and observational data from a subset of participants and conclude with a discussion of the theoretical implications for action learning and practical recommendations for designing community service programs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between the wintertime north Atlantic oscillation and blocking episodes in the north Atlantic
Authors: Shabbar Amir , Huang Jianping , Higuchi Kaz
Published: August 2002

A systematic examination of the dynamical relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and atmospheric blocking episodes in the North Atlantic during winter is undertaken. Employing the blocking criteria, as defined by Tibaldi and Molteni (1990), we first establish a statistical relationship, through compositing and linear regression analysis, between the two phenomena. The results show that the frequency of blocking formations in the North Atlantic region is sensitive to the phase of the NAO. Sixty‐seven percent more winter blocking days are observed during the negative than the positive phase of the NAO. The lifetime of blocking episodes is also sensitive to the phase of the NAO. When the NAO is in the negative phase, the distribution of the length of blocking varies considerably. The average length of blocking during the negative phase is about 11 days, which is nearly twice as long as the 6‐day length observed during the positive phase of the NAO. The NAO accounts for about 30% of the variation in the wintertime North Atlantic blocking episodes.

We propose a conceptual model that strengthens the statistical association and offers an explanation for a dynamical connection between the occurrences of blocking and the NAO in the North Atlantic. Application of a low‐order theoretical model by Charney and DeVore (1979) and an analysis of Northern Hemisphere observed surface temperature suggest that the NAO‐related difference in blocking frequency and persistence are associated with changes in the zonally asymmetric thermal forcing which, to a large extent, is determined by the phase of the NAO. For the negative phase of the NAO, the distribution of the surface air temperature anomaly is the distinctive ‘warm ocean/cold land’ pattern related to the resonance forcing of topography and creates a dynamical environment favourable for the formation and persistence of blocks. For the positive phase of the NAO, on the other hand, the distribution of the surface air temperature anomalies is the distinctive ‘cold ocean/warm land’ pattern, which reduces or destroys the resonance forcing of topography and is unfavourable for the development and persistence of blocks. Copyright © 2001 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent trends in aerosol climatology and air pollution as inferred from multi‐year lidar observations over a tropical urban station
Authors: Devara P. C. S. , Maheskumar R. S. , Raj P. E. , Pandithurai G. , Dani K. K.
Published: August 2002

Regular nighttime monitoring of aerosol and other atmospheric parameters was initiated in 1985 at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune. This is a tropical urban station (18°32′N, 73°51′E, 559 m AMSL), situated approximately 100 km inland from the west coast of India. The multi‐year aerosol vertical profile database, utilized in the present study, consisted of more than 1200 vertical aerosol concentration profiles. These data were collected with a computer‐controlled, bistatic, argon‐ion lidar system over a 12 year period from October 1986 to September 1998 and have been utilized to study the morphology of the nighttime atmospheric boundary layer and associated air quality. The recent climatological trend in the aerosol loading at the experimental station has also been studied. The study reveals higher pollution potential during late evenings in the winter and a total increase of about 3% in the aerosol loading over the 12 year observational period. This increase can be attributed partly due to the urban heat island effect and due to growing urbanization and industrialization, as well as to the land‐usage patterns in proximity to the experimental station. Further, it has been found that the long‐term trend in aerosol loading was not uniform, but it changed from year to year depending on meteorological parameters (precipitation, in particular) and local anthropogenic activities. The short‐term variations in aerosol loading and their relationship with concurrent meteorological parameters over the observational site are discussed also. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Aeolian origin of the red earth in southeast China
Authors: Xiong Shangfa , Sun Donghuai , Ding Zhongli
Published: August 2002

A clay‐like deposit known as ‘red earth’ is widely distributed over the terraces and high lands of the Yangtze River valley in southeast China. Its typical pedo‐stratigraphical features have attracted the interest of pedologists and geologists for many years, although its origin is still debated. Here we report an analyses of the grain‐size distributions, rare‐earth element (REE) patterns and upper continental crust (UCC)‐normalised major elemental composition of the red earth and compare them with those of the loess and other aeolian deposits in northern China. The results show that the red earth in southeast China has two or three end‐member grain‐size distributions, similar to the sedimentary characteristics and geochemical composition of aeolian deposits found in northern China. Together with other evidence from field observations, these results suggest that the red earth is probably of aeolian origin. On the basis of these data, we suggest that thick aeolian dusts were also deposited in the wet subtropics and that the effect of the winter monsoonal winds upon the dust transport in eastern China was more important than previously believed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoreduction of iron protoporphyrin IX chloride in non‐ionic triton X‐100 micelle studied by electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Shantha P. K. , Saini G. S. S. , Thanga H. H. , Verma A. L.
Published: August 2002

Resonance Raman and electronic absorption studies of iron protoporphyrin IX chloride (hemin) in non‐ionic Triton X‐100 micelle in the absence and presence of hindered imidazole (2‐methylimidazole and 1,2‐dimethylimidazole) and unhindered imidazole under various experimental conditions are reported. Hemin undergoes photoreduction at the metal center, both in the absence and presence of hindered imidazole, in anaerobic, alkaline and neutral pH conditions on photoexcitation by laser radiation at 441.6 and 457.9 nm. It is inferred from this study that only the monomer hemin encapsulated within the micelle under the alkaline pH conditions is photoreducible. The photoreduction of hemin in this micelle occurs from an electron transfer as a result of dissociation of coordinated hydroxyl ion to the iron atom in the photoexcited state, which may also involve the OH→Fe charge transfer transition around 360 nm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on the colour and sensory attributes of high‐hydrostatic‐pressure jams as compared with traditional jams
Authors: Gimenez Jérôme , Kajda Paul , Margomenou Lila , Piggott John R , Zabetakis Ioannis
Published: August 2002

Four strawberry jams were made by high‐hydrostatic‐pressure treatment at 200, 400, 600 and 800 MPa. A traditional (heat‐processed) strawberry jam was manufactured as control. The anthocyanin content in the jams was screened over 15 days of storage at three different temperatures, 4, 20 and 30 °C. Pelargonidin‐3‐glucoside and pelargonidin‐3‐rutinoside were quantified. The highest stability of the anthocyanins was found when the jams were stored at fridge temperature (4 °C). The traditional jam showed higher stability than the pressured jams but also a bigger loss of anthocyanins during the production process. Examination by descriptive sensory analysis showed that the jam samples were different in many respects.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor A47 on estrogen and growth factor‐dependent breast cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro
Authors: Turbov Jane M. , Twaddle George M. , Yang Xiaohe , Liu Naxin M. , Murthy Satya
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

We propose that a growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor, such as tyrphostin A47, could serve as an adjunct to estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) for postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Tyrphostins have been shown to block estrogen (E2)‐induced proliferation in the human breast cancer MCF‐7 cell line. Therefore, the effects of A47 on signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis in E2‐mediated breast cancer cell growth in vitro were investigated.

Methods

Cell growth was determined by MTT proliferation assay, cell cycle analysis assessed by flow cytometry, and RTK activation by Western blot. Apoptosis assays included nuclear staining, TdT‐mediated dUTP‐X nick end labeling, and caspase 3 activation.

Results

We find A47 selectively inhibits epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor but not insulin growth factor‐1 proliferation. Although A47 inhibits EGF‐induced phosphorylation of the EGF receptor in A431 cells, it does not consistently block MAP kinase phosphorylation.

Conclusions

Taken together, A47 blocks E2/EGF‐induced activation of EGFR and therefore interferes with the proximal EGFR signaling pathway. A47 also arrests the cells at the G1‐S transition of the cell cycle and induces cell death by apoptosis. Thus, a growth factor RTK may be useful in blocking hormone‐dependent tumor growth in an elevated E2 environment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;79:17–29. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ovarian cancer metastatic to the brain: What is the optimal management?
Authors: McMeekin D. Scott , Kamelle Scott A. , Vasilev Steve A. , Tillmanns Todd D. , Gould Natalie S. , Scribner Dennis R. , Gold Michael A. , Guruswamy Suresh , Mannel Robert S.
Published: August 2002

Purpose

To better define determinants of survival and optimal management strategies for patients with ovarain cancer and brain metastases.

Methods

A review of literature using Medline identified 15 case series of ovarian cancer patients with brain metastases (OBM). Each article was abstracted for survival data, and in all cases, the intervals between ovarian cancer diagnosis and brain metastasis identification, and between brain metastasis identification and last follow‐up were recorded. Cases were categorized by patient characteristics and treatment modality for brain metastases. Estimated survival probabilities were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method with differences between subgroups analyzed by the log‐rank test. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify independent prognostic factors age, number of metastasis, and treatment modality associated with survival.

Results

The median interval from ovarian cancer diagnosis to brain metastasis in 104 identified patients was 19.5 months. Brain metastasis was single in 43%, multiple in 41%, and not reported in 16% of cases. About 81.7% of patients were treated for their brain metastases using external radiation therapy (XRT), chemotherapy, and surgery. XRT was utilized in 76% of 104 patients and in 93% of treated patients. The most commonly used modalities were XRT alone (40%) and craniotomy and XRT (17%). The median survival (MS) for all patients regardless of treatment type was 6 months. Patients who received any treatment lived longer than those not receiving surgery/chemotherapy/XRT (MS; 7 months vs. 2 months, P = 0.0001). Patients with single brain metastasis had a longer median survival (21 months vs. 6 months, P = 0.049) when treated with craniotomy plus radiation and/or chemotherapy compared to treatment regimens that excluded craniotomy. In a multivariate analysis, only treatment type was significant in predicting survival.

Conclusion

OBM portends a poor prognosis, however, long‐term survival is possible. Patients appear to benefit from therapy, especially selected groups of OBM patients with single brain metastasis treated with radiation therapy and surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:194–200. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An improved protocol for the efficient ab initio calculation of accurate enthalpies of formation for C,H,N compounds
Authors: Wilcox C. F. , Russo S. O.
Published: August 2002

Wilcox et al. (THEOCHEM 2000, 528, 95; THEOCHEM 2001, 538, 67) have developed a fast running ab initio model based on the B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) model supplemented with parametric corrections for C,H,N atoms; the model proved to be sufficiently accurate to be useful in unraveling complicated kinetic schemes. This model is reexamined, and by fitting a subset of the singlet C,H,N molecules in the G2/97 database, three variants have been developed that provide more accurate and/or faster running protocols. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 770–774, 2001
Introduction: rethinking environment and development in Africa and Asia
Authors: Kirkby J. , O'Keefe P. , Howorth C.
Published: August 2002

This paper introduces a series of African and Asian case studies on environment and development. It explores the tension between optimistic and pessimistic interpretations of environmental maintenance and transformation. It critically examines political ecology and eco‐populism before analysing underlying models of governance, social justice and human rights. Key concepts in understanding the relationship between environment and development are discussed, including security, sustainable livelihoods, coping and entitlements. The paper ends with a discussion of marginality and vulnerability with particular attention to urban and informal sector environments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social identity as a useful perspective for self‐concept–based consumer research
Authors: Reed Americus
Published: August 2002

Psychology's study of the self‐concept has generated numerous paradigms with different underlying assumptions. In this article it is argued that these assumptions must be considered before a self‐concept paradigm can be meaningfully applied to consumer research. The major premise in this article is that the recent work on social identity is a particularly meaningful paradigm to adopt for consumer research that implicates the self. This argument is developed with a conceptual discussion of major self‐concept issues, an overview of basic self‐concept paradigms in psychology, and a synthesis of possible factors that may be considered in future theories of social‐identity–based consumption decision making. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid–mediated inhibition of ultraviolet B–induced activator protein‐1 activation in human keratinocytes
Authors: Gonzales Melissa , Bowden G. Tim
Published: August 2002

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a polyphenolic compound from the Larrea tridentata bush that has been identified as a chemopreventive drug in animal studies. Topically applied NDGA has been shown to prevent phorbol ester promotion of tumors in mouse skin, suggesting that NDGA may be a candidate drug for the chemoprevention of skin cancer. Ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation from sunlight exposure is the major cause of human skin cancer. UVB irradiation causes epigenetic alterations in target keratinocytes, such as the upregulation of signal transduction pathways that induce the expression of transcription factors. Specifically, UVB induces activator protein‐1 (AP‐1), a transcription factor complex that alters normal cellular gene expression. A component of the UVB‐induced AP‐1 complex, c‐fos, also was identified as a mediator of the signaling pathway that leads to AP‐1 activation. Thus, NDGA was investigated as a potential inhibitory agent for UVB‐induced signaling pathways in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. NDGA significantly inhibited UVB‐induced c‐fos and AP‐1 transactivation. In addition, NDGA was found to inhibit activity of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI 3‐kinase), a UVB‐inducible enzyme that contributes to the induced expression of c‐fos and AP‐1. Therefore, NDGA prevents UVB‐induced c‐fos expression and AP‐1 transactivation by inhibiting the PI 3‐kinase signaling pathway. Effective skin chemoprevention strategies may incorporate NDGA to inhibit components of the UVB‐induced cell signaling pathways that increase AP‐1 activity. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of the SAPK activator MIG‐6 by the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate
Authors: van Laar Theo , Schouten Theo , van der Eb Alex J. , Terleth Carrol
Published: August 2002

The alkylating agent methylmethanesulfonate (MMS) activates the c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK)/stress‐activated protein kinase (SAPK) and the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) pathways via different mechanisms of action. Activation of p38MAPK by MMS involves the pp125 focal adhesion kinase–related tyrosine kinase RAFTK and the MAPK kinase 3. The way in which MMS can activate JNK/SAPK has not been elucidated. Here we describe the identification by differential display of human mitogen‐activated gene‐6 (MIG‐6) as a novel MMS‐inducible gene. Induction of MIG‐6 by MMS was found in human diploid skin fibroblasts and in simian virus 40–transformed skin fibroblasts, indicating that the enhanced expression of MIG‐6 after MMS‐treatment did not require p53. The signal leading to activation of MIG‐6 appeared to be independent of DNA damage. High MIG‐6 expression was found in the liver, lung, and placenta. MIG‐6 is an adapter protein that binds to the activated form of cdc42Hs and to 14‐3‐3 proteins, thereby activating JNK/SAPKs. Our results suggest that activation of JNK/SAPKs by MMS may involve the induction of MIG‐6. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel member of the glycosyltransferase family, β3Gn‐T2, highly downregulated in invasive human bladder transitional cell carcinomas
Authors: Gromova Irina , Gromov Pavel , Celis Julio E.
Published: August 2002

Differential display reverse transcription (DDRT)–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to compare the transcriptomes of invasive and noninvasive fresh human bladder transitional cell carcinomas. A differentially expressed novel gene sharing structural similarity with the human β3‐galactosyltransferase family, β‐1,3‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase‐T2 (β3Gn‐T2), was identified. The full‐length β3Gn‐T2 cDNA, containing a complete open reading frame of 1193 bp, was cloned and sequenced. β3Gn‐T2 exhibited 29–41% homology to the multigene β3‐galactosyltransferase family. Expression of the full‐length β3Gn‐T2 cDNA in an in vitro coupled transcription/translation assay yielded a primary translation product with an apparent Mr of 46 kDa, which is in agreement with the predicted 397‐amino‐acid protein encoded by β3Gn‐T2. Multiple peptide alignment showed several sequence motifs corresponding to putative catalytic domains that are conserved throughout all members of the β3‐galactosyltransferase family, namely, a type II transmembrane domain, a conserved DxD motif, an N‐glycosylation site, and five conserved cysteins. By RT‐PCR strong downregulation of β3Gn‐T2 expression was noted in invasive human bladder transitional cell carcinomas (16 fresh biopsy samples: grade III, T2–T4) compared with their noninvasive counterparts (15 fresh biopsies: grade II, Ta), suggesting that β3Gn‐T2 may be involved in cancer progression. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consensus statement on the role of acute dopaminergic challenge in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Albanese Alberto , Bonuccelli Ubaldo , Brefel Christine , Chaudhuri K. Ray , Colosimo Carlo , Eichhorn Tobias , Melamed Eldad , Pollak Pierre , Van Laar Teus , Zappia Mario
Published: August 2002

Available evidence on the practice of acute pharmacological challenge tests in parkinsonian patients was reviewed by a committee of experts, which achieved a general consensus. The published data deal mainly with the acute administration of levodopa and apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Such challenge may serve different purposes, e.g., research, diagnosis, or tailoring of treatment. Unique protocols describing the clinical setting and practice parameters are not available. The present paper describes the scientific background and supplies practical guidelines, whenever possible, to perform and evaluate acute challenge tests in parkinsonian syndromes. With the appropriate indication and setting, acute challenge tests are useful in diagnosis and therapy of Parkinson's disease and related disorders. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Transdermal dopaminergic D2 receptor agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease with N‐0923 TDS: A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Hutton J. Thomas , Metman Leo Verhagen , Chase Thomas N. , Juncos Jorge L. , Koller William C. , Pahwa Rajesh , LeWitt Peter A. , Samii Ali , Tsui Joseph K.C. , Calne Donald B. , Waters Cheryl H. , Calabrese Vincent P. , Bennett James P. , Barrett Richard , Morris Jerry L.
Published: August 2002

N‐0923 is a non‐ergot, dopaminergic D2 agonist designed to be transdermally available. It has anti‐parkinsonian effects when infused intravenously. An adhesive matrix patch was developed to deliver N‐0923 transdermally (N‐0923 TDS).

In this phase II trial, we evaluated the effectiveness of various doses of N‐0923 TDS at replacing levodopa. Eighty‐five Parkinson's disease (PD) patients were randomized to placebo or one of four doses of N‐0923 TDS for 21 days. Change in daily levodopa dose was the primary efficacy measure. Significantly greater reductions in levodopa dose were achieved as compared to placebo for the two highest doses of N‐0923 TDS. Patients treated with 33.5 mg and 67 mg N‐0923 TDS decreased levodopa use by 26% and 28%, vs. 7% for placebo. N‐0923 TDS was safe and well tolerated. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.