bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Complexity Science to Complex Thinking: Organization as Simple Location
Authors: Chia Robert
Published: March 2007

Recent developments in the sciences of complexity have led to a rise in interest in the application of such insights to the understanding of social phenomena such as organization. This essay seeks to examine the fundamental differences between social and natural systems and to thereby render more transparent the possible limitations of a science of complexity for the analysis of organization. Against this science of complexity, it counterposes the kind of complex thinking inspired by philosophy, literature, art and the humanities to show how such forms of thinking may be more adequate to the task of revealing to us the whole spectrum of human lived experiences; something which we argue here that the complexity sciences, in the current form they take, remain unable to access.
Constitution, Choice and Change: Problems with the `Logic of Appropriateness' and its Use in Constructivist Theory
Authors: SENDING OLE JACOB
Published: March 2007

The debate between a moderate version of constructivist theory and rationalist theory centres primarily on the rationality of individual action. The article consists of an in-depth analysis of the `logic of appropriateness' (LoA) invoked in constructivist theory. The analysis reveals that the LoA is a structural explanation and understanding of individual action. As such, it is untenable as a theory of individual action. The implications of this structural bias are discussed in relation to three core claims of constructivist theory. Moderate constructivist theory claims, first, that norms are constitutive for actors' identities. Second, it claims that agents and structures are mutually constitutive. Third, it claims that changes in ideational structures do occur and lead to changes in political practice. I conclude that the LoA is able to account for the first of these claims, but that by virtue of being able to account for this claim, it is, at the level of a theory of individual action, inconsistent with the second, and unable to effectively account for the third.
Levels
Authors: ONUF NICHOLAS
Published: March 2007

The term `level' is an integral feature of contemporary international relations discourse. Singer introduced levels of analysis as a methodological problem in 1961. Since then levels schemes have proliferated and talk of levels is pervasive. As formulated, the level of analysis problem is which level should we choose? With the proliferation of schemes, the problem is which scheme should we choose? This question raises others. Which scheme best represents the field? Does a field organized into levels faithfully represent the world it purports to study? Why do we even think in terms of levels? There is no simple answer to the question, which scheme? I offer instead a critical appraisal enabling us to explore all the questions that proliferating schemes bring to mind, an appraisal reaching far beyond the field and as far back as Aristotle: we are not alone in talking of levels.
Citizenship and Sovereignty in the Post-Westphalian State
Authors: LINKLATER ANDREW
Published: March 2007

Traditional concepts of citizenship and sovereignty have come under pressure from the combined challenge of globalization and the subnational revolt. Against this background this article sets out an argument for new visions of the state in which subnational and transnational citizenship are strengthened and in which one central purpose of the state is mediating different loyalties at the subnational, national and international levels. The analysis explores various connections between Bull's reflections on a possible post-Westphalian order in Europe, discourse ethics and the idea of cosmopolitan democracy. The article concludes with some observations about the nature of citizenship in the post-Westphalian state.
Constructing National Interests
Authors: WELDES JUTTA
Published: March 2007

While the concept of `the national interest' has long been central to theories of international politics, its analytical usefulness has also been seriously challenged. I argue that, to be useful in accounting for state action, this concept should be reconceptualized in constructivist terms. I begin with a brief discussion of the conventional, realist notion of the national interest, lodging two criticisms against it. Then, starting from Wendt's recent constructivist interventions, I provide a constructivist reconceputalization of `the national interest'. I argue that national interests are produced in the construction, through the dual mechanisms of articulation and interpellation, of representations of international politics. This process of national interest construction is illustrated with a sketch of the production of the US national interest during the so-called `Cuban missile crisis'.
Power Politics in Foreign Policy:
Authors: KAARBO JULIET
Published: March 2007

Scholars of foreign policy-making have concentrated on how the most powerful domestic actors influence foreign policy and have largely ignored the influence of less powerful, minority actors. This article argues that bureaucratic minorities — subordinates and less powerful departments — can and do influence foreign policy. Despite the extensive scholarship on bureaucratic politics and the central importance of `power' in the theory, we know little about the nature and effects of asymmetrical power relations. Drawing from various research, this article proposes that bureaucratic minorities can adopt strategies based on rewards and costs, manipulation of decision procedures, and information to bypass or exploit their status to influence policy. The choice and effectiveness of these strategies may depend on whether or not the actor is a vertical minority (a subordinate influencing a superior) or a horizontal minority (a representative from a less powerful department influencing other departments). Further investigations of the conditions under which minority players have influence can be part of a much needed revival of the bureaucratic politics perspective on foreign policy-making.
Politics by Design:
Authors: KLEIN BRADLEY S.
Published: March 2007

Drawing upon recent work in human geography, postmodernity and studies of public space, this article suggests the importance of spatial representation and architecture to issues of global security. It argues that architecture cannot be understood independently from the larger landscapes on which it is situated — and whose identity it helps to constitute. This relationship, among landscape, human habitation and politics, illuminates contemporary issues, both theoretical and political, regarding the contested spaces of security in a post-Cold War era of unsettled geopolitics.
Poststructuralism, Absence, Mimesis:
Authors: POLAT NECATI
Published: March 2007

This article aims to pursue an assessment of the arguments, promises and potentialities of poststructuralism as a genuine departure from the Idealist-Realist binary which rules IR theory. In so doing, the article seeks to encounter the case for poststructuralism through the linguistic and philosophical precepts poststructuralism builds on. The `moral' and `mimetic' themes involving the poststructuralist debate in recent IR theory are subsequently registered as two sites of encounter. Through a discussion of these two interwoven themes, the article argues that concern for alterity is an imperative dictated by the poststructuralist celebration of mimesis, while indicating the paradoxically anti-mimetic prejudice frequently risked in poststructuralist scholarship.
The Ancestry of a Model
Authors: Jahoda Gustav
Published: March 2007

After a brief initial consideration of historical aspects of the concept of 'culture', the focus is on the eco-cultural model originally developed by Berry (1976) and subsequently incorporated in the text by Berry, Poortinga, Segall and Dasen (1992). It is shown that several of the basic ideas underlying the model, notably those relating mind and behaviour to eco-cultural settings, have been frequently discussed over several centuries. From the Enlightenment onwards quite sophisticated schemes have been put forward, and some of these bear a close resemblance to salient aspects of the Berry et al. model. The status of that model is discussed in the light of its historical background, which also indicates that the current division between universalist and particularistic approaches to psychology and culture can be found to some extent in the writings of past thinkers.
What Characterizes Language That Can Be Internalized: A Reply to Tomasello
Authors: Toomela Aaro
Published: March 2007

Tomasello disagrees with my position that language is the only human artefact that potentiates internalization. Tomasello's position seems to imply that language can be only verbal. My position is that every object or behavioural act is a symbol if it has all of the following characteristics: symbol must be an object or phenomenon that can be directly perceived through sense organs; meaning of symbols must be shared by organisms; symbols must refer to objects, events or phenomena; it must be possible to use a symbol differently from its referents. Internalization is possible only by means of symbols with such characteristics.
A Transformation of History: The Official Representations of History in East Germany and Estonia, 1986-1991
Authors: Ahonen Sirkka
Published: March 2007

This article studies the post-Marxist transformation of the official representations of history in Estonia and the former GDR. The main focus is on school history and the main evidence consists of its syllabi, historico-educational articles and interviews. As history is considered to be vital in the formation of social identity, the representations of history tend to get manipulated by political leaders. The official representations have traditionally been ideologically framed 'grand narratives', the Marxist and nationalist histories being the most prominent narratives. In the GDR of the 1980s the authorities attempted a special combination of national and socialist identities. In Estonia around 1990 the socialist official representations were substituted by nationalist representations. The reception of the official representations of history was surveyed in East Germany in the mid-1980s. According to the results, the Marxist representations lacked street credibility and resulted in a double consciousness of history among young people. After the big change of 1989, according to another survey, unofficial nationalist representations were somewhat more relevant to the young Easterners than to the Westerners in Germany. In Estonia, towards the end of the 1980s, young people openly defied the official Marxist representations. A 1995 survey suggests that the new official nationalist 'grand narrative' had also been received by young people only in modest terms. On the whole, even if official representations of history are ubiquitous, the virtual street representations seem to be socially formed, through communication and on the basis of experience and everyday judgement.
Contacting Subjects: The Untold Story
Authors: Günther Isolda de Araujo
Published: March 2007

This personal narrative describes a case of realities in intercultural contact in the context of research. Different cultural patterns of gaining access to research participants-foreigners in the context of the US society at the time of the study-are described. The wider issue of researcher as a migrant between the worlds of research participants and research institutions is discussed.
Emics and Etics: A Symbiotic Conception
Authors: Berry J. W.
Published: March 2007

Cross-cultural psychology involves both the cultural understandings of behaviour and the comparative analysis of these understandings. The emic and etic approaches proposed by Pike were seen by him as complementary, rather than alternative, or even conflicting, ways of achieving these understandings. With Pike’s original conception as a basis, the cultural and the comparative aspects of the field are viewed as symbiotic, allowing for ecological and cultural explorations of the development of human behaviour, both within and across settings.
Strategies under a New Electoral System
Authors: Torgovnik Efraim
Published: March 2007

Structural systemic factors, including a tie between the two major political blocs in Israel and the change to direct election of the prime minister, generated an on-line personal campaign, making memory-based retrospective assessment of the positive past performance of Labor and its candidate, Shimon Peres, a lesser electoral issue. The direct elections for the prime minister overshadowed the party and its campaign. Concerns for personal security, raised during the campaign by terrorism, enhanced the electoral chances of the opposition Likud party and its candidate, Binyamin Netanyahu. Emotions became dominant in such symbolic-normative electoral dimensions as religious nationalism and fear. This was apparent in the success of the opposition candidate, Netanyahu, who was against the Oslo peace process, in entering the peace space by calling for a safe peace; he made peace a derivative of security. This undermined the key campaign position issue of incumbent Prime Minister Peres, which made security a derivative of peace. Emotions and terrorism contributed to a negative prospective voter assessment of the peace process and overshadowed retrospective dimensions of performance, state of the economy and leadership. Analysis of campaign-generated issues indicates that election campaigns do make a difference.
An Exploration of the Stability of Partisan Stereotypes in the United States
Authors: Josefson Jim
Published: March 2007

In this paper I argue that party stereotypes are a manifestation of partisanship that can inform the current debate about the stability of partisan identity in the United States. I provide a theory for understanding the stability of partisanship using the self-categorization theory developed by John Turner and his colleagues. This provides firmer theoretical ground for the prevalent view that partisanship instability should follow partisan dealignment and realignments. Its most important contribution, however, is its prediction that partisanship instability can be traced to the character of the categories that the electoral environment makes available for stereotyping the parties. When the electoral environment makes available a set of partisan categories that are more heterogeneous in content, as is the case in the USA since the 1970s, greater partisanship instability is a natural result. I explore this hypothesis using the party likes/dislikes questions in American National Election Study (ANES) panel surveys. I find that the self-categorization theory of partisanship offers a good explanation for an evident decline in the stability of party stereotypes starting in the 1970s and a curious rise in US partisanship stability between 1992 and 1994.
The October 1993 Election and the Canadian Party System
Authors: Erickson Lynda
Published: March 2007

As a result of the 1993 Canadian General Election the Canadian party system has undergone a profound change. The Liberal Party that dominated Canadian politics for much of the century prior to 1984 won a majority in the House of Commons, but the opposition has been fragmented between a Quebec separatist party (Bloc Québécois) and a western-based neoconservative populist party (Reform Party), with the governing Conservatives, and what was formerly the largest third party, the social democratic NDP, together reduced to fewer than 4 percent of seats. The brokerage character that distinguished the Canadian party system in the past has been altered with the success of the Reform Party and the tradition of governments based on combining votes in English-speaking Canada with substantial support in Quebec has been challenged as a result of Bloc's majority in Quebec. With uncertainty concerning Quebec's future in Canada and a volatile electorate in the rest of Canada, the future shape of the Canadian party system remains unpredictable.
The Rupture of the Antebellum Democratic Party
Authors: Jaenicke Douglas W.
Published: March 2007

In 1860, the issue of slavery's status in the nation's territories ruptured the national Democratic Party despite the party's long history of successfully compromising on the slavery issue. When southern Democrats walked out of the party's national convention and initiated the formation of an alternative national party organization, they anticipated the South's later secession from the Union. If southern Democrats would not remain within the Democratic Party and could not cooperate with northern Democrats, there was little or no possibility that southerners would remain within the Union, since the national debate over slavery was much wider and more robust than the Democratic Party's internal discussion of that issue. While the Republicans' anti-slavery and anti-extension beliefs fundamentally challenged slavery's existence, northern Democrats confined their disagreement with their southern colleagues to the procedural dimension, i.e. to a discussion of what the Supreme Court had or had not decided in its 1857 Dred Scott decision and what the national party had agreed in 1856. Therefore, the internal conflict within the national Democratic Party provides a new perspective on secession, not because it reproduced the wider national disagreement about slavery, but precisely because it was so much narrower than that national conflict.
The East German CDU
Authors: Segert Dieter
Published: March 2007

The East German Christian Democratic Union (CDU) was a bloc party of the ruling SED but also had historical roots in the pre-fascist German past. In the political crisis in 1989 part of the party intelligentsia of the eastern CDU reinterpreted their former political orientation and also used the party history of their personal relations to the churches. This group gained the party leadership in the autumn of 1989 and became the leading politicians of the 41st year of the GDR. But from the summer of 1991 onwards a second wave of elite changes took place. Now the new party members without ties to the bloc party of the past were victorious in the political contest. Both the radical elite replacements and the difficulties in reformulating political identities show that the process of change in the East German CDU after 1989 was characterized by typical post-communist problems.
Women's Movements and Political Parties
Authors: Young Lisa
Published: March 2007

Comparing the orientation of the American and Canadian women's movements toward political parties and electoral politics between 1970 and 1993, the article concludes that the predisposition away from established parties posited by new social movement theorists is present in both movements, but is in tension with the substantive and symbolic benefits that engagement with partisan and electoral politics promises. Within the broad context of these contradictory impulses, opportunity structures have shaped specific movement strategies. The permeable character of American parties, coupled with a two-party system, have facilitated the American movement's engagement with political parties, particularly the Democrats. In contrast to this, the cohesive, impermeable character of Canadian parties and a three-party system have prevented the Canadian movement from developing an exclusive relationship with any one party, and have contributed to the movement's growing apartisan orientation since the mid-1980s.
Party Response to Environmental Change
Authors: Appleton Andrew M. , Ward Daniel S.
Published: March 2007

Recent scholarship in the field of party organization has focused attention on questions of adaptation and change. This article isolates one component of change - innovation - and develops that concept. It proposes a general model linking organizational innovation in political parties to changes in party environments. Further, it is demonstrated how this model may be operationalized. Finally, potential problems of measurement and data collection are discussed and collective strategies proposed.
Japanese Political Realignment in Perspective
Authors: Mair Peter , Sakano Tomokazu
Published: March 2007

Neither the loss of the LDP's majority position, nor the subsequent emergence of a new coalition politics, should be seen as marking a really fundamental change in the Japanese party system. Conceptions of party system change are both elusive and ill-defined, and it is often the case that relatively small but sudden shifts are treated as being of lasting importance. In the Japanese case, however, there has been little in the external environment that would have led us to expect any major transformation in the party system, and it now looks increasingly likely that the LDP will continue to enjoy a dominant position. What changes have taken place have been largely the result of inter- and intra-party manoeuverings in which the failure to exclude the LDP from power in the longer term has allowed the party to recover much of its integrative capacity. In this sense, the frequently cited comparison with recent developments in the Italian case is not very convincing, and a more suitable West European analogue might well be found in Ireland.
Physical Education and Back Health: Negotiating Instrumental Aims Andholistic Bodywork Practices
Authors: Tinning Richard
Published: March 2007

This article argues that physical education has a role to play in facilitating back health. Although back (ill) health is an issue of major concernfor Australia current HPE curriculum documents give almost no attention to the issue. A review of the early physical education curriculum in Australiareveals that posture (as a back health discourse) was an important focus. However, by the mid-1980s, it was largely forgotten as the discourses of heart health became dominant. A case is made for the inclusion of back health as an instrumental aim for the PE curriculum and for consideration of more holistic ways of thinking about the body. An example of an alternative practice that is holistic in nature and specifically relevant to the care of the back is presented. The tension inherent in advocating both instrumental aims which focus upon a specific part of the body (the back) and more holistic approaches to the body is also considered.
Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Schoolchildren
Authors: Guerra Sandra , Duarte JosÈ , Mota Jorge
Published: March 2007

The aims of this study were (i) to provide descriptive data about variousCVD risk factors (triglycerides [TG], total cholesterol [TC], blood pressureand physical activity patterns) among schoolchildren in a specific sample; (ii) to document the extent to which physical activity is associated with variations in CVD risk factors among schoolchildren. The study comprised 474 children (242 males and 232 females, aged 8–13 years) selected in the Porto area of Portugal. The multiple regression analysis showed that the physical activity index is not associated with the variation in the biological risk factors in girls, while for boys a significant association was found for systolic blood pressure (R2 = .04, p= .05) and diastolic blood pressure (R2 = .03, p= .05). The present study shows that boys were significantly more active than girls, except for the young group (8–9 years old). However, except for SBP and DBP in males, no significant benefit from physical activity was related to the CVD risk factors evaluated. Since girls consistently reduce their levels of physical activity, some further attention should be given to this matter, mainly in the context of physical activity at school.
The Effects of the Finnish National Schizophrenia Program (1981-7) on Treatment and Rehabilitation of Long-Stay Mental Patients
Authors: Ojanen Markku , Tuori Timo , Lauren Harri
Published: March 2007

The implementation and evaluation of the Finnish National Schizophrenia Program (I98I-7) concerning treatment and rehabilitation of long-stay patients is described. The results of the Program were evaluated by (I) national statistics, (2) questionnaire data sent to leading workers of hospital districts and (3) placement data of a follow-up sample consisting of I30 long- stay schizophrenic patients. The Finnish National Schizophrenia Program was a success in the sense that its rehabilitation models were widely applied and accepted during the I0-year period. The number of long-stay patients was greatly reduced and the majority was successfully placed in the community. Because of the comprehensiveness of the Program there is no clear way of estimating the 'real' effects of the Program from the 'natural' development without the Program. The problems of evaluation of comprehensive programs are discussed.
Towards a Framework for the Evaluation of Health-related Policies in Cities
Authors: Costongs Caroline , Springett Jane
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to develop an evaluation framework which will offer some guidance in evaluating health-related policies at the city level. The emphasis of the framework lies on the evaluation of the processes and conditions under which health-related policies are formulated, implemented, facilitated or restrained. Several key issues that underpin the proposed evaluation framework are discussed, such as the politics associated with the evaluation process, the use of indicators, participation of city inhabitants, validity issues and the skills evaluators should have. It is argued that the evaluation process itself is an important element in the formulation and the implementation of these policies and that the particular nature of health- related urban policy demands an open, negotiated and process-orientated approach.
Sporting Bodies: Dynamics of Shame and Pride
Authors: PROBYN ELSPETH
Published: March 2007

Drawing on examples of mainstream sport and the philosophy of the Gay Games, this article uses sporting bodies to rethink the links between sexuality, pride and shame. The contrast between the two highlights the ways in which the Gay Games downplays the dynamics of shame and competition in favour of its project of pride. Against the domestication of the body in some theories of embodiment, it is argued that shame may provide a productive ground for revitalizing the study of the body in terms of affect, politics and ethics.
Subaltern Bodies and Nationalist Physiques: Gama the Great and the Heroics of Indian Wrestling
Authors: ALTER JOSEPH S.
Published: March 2007

Born into a poor, Muslim family at the end of the 19th century, Gama became World Champion wrestler by defeating the reigning Polish champion in London in 1910. By focusing on the life of Gama, the heroic representations of Gama that appear in the Hindi language literature, and the transformations in wrestling regimens that have occurred over the past several centuries, I locate the discourse and practice of wrestling within a context of intersecting concerns with nationalism, class identity and embodied consciousness. To articulate the way in which subaltern identity is embodied in relation to nationalist ideas about masculine fitness, and in relation to the state as a political institution, I provide an analytic interpretation of the heroic body that focuses on themes of nervousness and obsession.
Neo-Darwinian Leisures, the Body and Nature: Hunting and Angling in Modernity
Authors: FRANKLIN ADRIAN
Published: March 2007

Against most social constructivist accounts of hunting this paper seeks to identify an embodied account of hunting and angling as a means of understanding its paradoxical popularity in late modernity. It evaluates the significance of two pro-hunting and angling discourses, those of Isaak Walton and Neo-Darwinian writers and argues that the appeal of hunting and angling, as evidenced through their copious literatures, descends from Walton rather than Neo-Darwinian sources. In particular it is the development of a highly sensual relation with the natural world that the Waltonian discourse encourages, in contrast with the visualism of touristic encounters, that may account for its enduring popularity.
Case Report: Severe Trauma in a Teenage Refugee
Authors: Jaffa Tony
Published: March 2007

This article describes the treatment of a severely traumatized teenage refugee. Effective treatment was made possible by the ongoing support of Social Services and the patient's generally high level of function. The discussion focuses on the importance of considering both trauma and loss; the use of ritual; pacing of treatment; and professional boundaries. The author concludes that: effective treatment can be provided for traumatized refugees in local NHS facilities; treatment should attend both to trauma and to loss syndromes; therapeutic rituals may be extremely helpful, but must conform to the belief systems of the patient; successful intervention is made much easier by the active support of Social Services and when the patient is able to function satisfactorily in day-to-day life.
An Intervention for Adolescents whose Parents are Living with AIDS
Authors: Rotheram-Borus Mary Jane , Murphy Debra A. , Miller Sutherland , Draimin Barbara Hermie
Published: March 2007

Adolescents whose parents are living with AIDS face daily challenges and stressors related to the stage of their parent's illness and the adjustment following their parent's death. An intensive, cognitive-behavioral intervention is described that addresses coping at each phase of adjustment. Targeting long-term social, behavioral, and mental health outcomes of the adolescent, parents living with AIDS and their adolescent children participate in both joint and independent workshops in order to enhance their affective and behavioral skills to cope with the parent's illness. The intervention is delivered in three modules of 8 to 16 sessions each. In Module 1, parents are helped to recognize their emotional response to their own diagnosis; make decisions about illness status disclosure; and establish positive daily routines in their household. Module 2 focuses on parenting, custody and estate planning. Adolescents join their parents for the last 8 sessions, addressing their reactions to parental illness and daily routines. After the parent dies, adolescents and their new custodial parents address issues of bereavement and adjustment in Module 3. The efficacy of this intervention is currently being evaluated.
A Group for the Parents of Children with Eating Disorders
Authors: Nicholls Dasha , Magagna Jeanne
Published: March 2007

In this article, we describe the role and functions of a group for the parents of children receiving treatment for eating disorders. We comment on the group process and evaluate the usefulness of the group from our viewpoint as therapists, and from the point of view of parents who have attended the group over the last year. Examples are given from the leaders' session notes. The role and content of the group is discussed in relation to other treatment modalities and to the current thinking about effective treatment for severe eating disorders in the younger age group. In our view, a group for parents is a valuable adjunct to other therapies in the treatment of early onset eating disorders.
Discordant Noises in Children with Asthma
Authors: Crowley Suzanne , Goldberg David , Argent Andrew , Bush Andrew
Published: March 2007

We report three cases of vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) in adolescent boys. The aim of this article is to inform mental health professionals about VCD as a conversion phenomenon and its links with asthma. Suggested intervention needs to be pragmatic, based on explanation of symptom causation, practical strategies to avoid stridor and discussion with the family of the problems faced by the adolescents.
Seeking Help for Illness
Authors: Quah Saw-Han , Bishop George D.
Published: March 2007

A group of 112 Chinese Singaporean undergraduates and 109 of their parents completed a questionnaire on disease perceptions, help-seeking behaviour, Chinese cultural values and personal background. Analysis of these data using structural equation modelling indicated that individuals high in Chinese cultural orientation were more likely to describe diseases using Chinese health concepts and less likely to describe diseases in terms of physical causality or chronicity. Illness concepts, in turn, related to illness behaviour in that participants making greater use of Chinese health concepts were significantly more likely to state that they would seek treatment from a sinseh (practitioner of Chinese medicine) and less likely to go to an allopathic physician whereas participants tending to describe diseases as physically caused indicated greater likelihood of seeking help from an allopathic physician. Also, cultural orientation was positively related to seeking help from a sinseh, independent of its relationship to illness concepts.
Psychological Consequences of Environmental Degradation
Authors: Van Haaften E. Heleen , Van De Vijver Fons J.R.
Published: March 2007

Psychological aspects of environmental degradation in Burkina Faso are studied among two groups of Sahel dwellers, namely the Mossi (agriculturalists, n = 402) and the Fulani (pastoralists, n = 160). Compared to pastoralists, agriculturalists were more stressed and marginalized, the psychological consequences of degradation studied here. Men in both groups scored higher on marginalization and lower on stress than women did. Modem attitudes led to more stress and marginalization. Status in the community was unrelated to stress and marginalization. Locus of control and problem- focused coping were related to marginalization but not to stress. A MIMIC ( M ultiple Indicators, MultIple Causes) model was fitted to the data postulating the relationship among four input variables (culture, environmental degradation, cattle and modernity), a latent variable (called carrying capacity) and two output variables ( stress and marginalization ). For both men and women an adequate fit was found, with slightly different parameter values for the two sexes.
A Narrative Approach to Health Psychology
Authors: Murray Michael
Published: March 2007

Over the past 10 years there has been increasing debate about the positivist assumptions underlying mainstream psychology and of the other social, and indeed physical, sciences. A narrative approach to psychology has attracted substantial interest. This perspective argues, basically, that human beings are natural storytellers and that the exchange of stories permeates our everyday social interaction. The task of a narrative psychology, and of a narrative social science, is to explore the different stories told, not only for the insight they provide into the actual character of the experience described by the storyteller but for the insight they offer into the identity of the storyteller and of the culture in which she or he lives. The purpose of this article is to examine the background to this particular antipositivist turn; to explore its impact on different disciplines and subdisciplines of psychology; and to consider its potential contribution to health psychology.
Adolescents' Knowledge about HIV/AIDS
Authors: Jakobsen Reidar , Rise Jostein
Published: March 2007

This article sets out to study the dimensionality of adolescents' knowledge of HIV transmission by contrasting a two-factor and a one-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis (LISREL). The empirical data stem from a longitudinal study on health behaviour in Norway. This study uses cross-sectional data of the same subjects in 1990 with mean age 13.3 ( n = 927) and 1992 ( n = 974). The respondents were confronted with 12 items describing different types of risky situations and asked whether HIV could be transmitted in these situations. The two-factor model provided a significantly better fit to the empirical data than did the one-factor model, suggesting that knowledge of how HIV is transmitted is distinct from knowledge of how HIV is not transmitted. Several explanations for this difference are suggested, and implications for constructing health- education messages are discussed.
Psychological Distress, Coping, and Disease Progression in HIV-positive Homosexual Men
Authors: Vassend Olav , Eskild Anne
Published: March 2007

The objectives of the study were (1) to examine the role of coping styles in disease progression in models controlling for initial CD4+ cell counts, distress, and health behavior in a sample of HIV- positive homosexual men (n = 65), and (2) to investigate the relationship between coping styles and distress (e.g. depression, anxiety, negative ruminations). A consistent association between planful problem-solving coping and disease progression was demonstrated. Distress was positively correlated with indicators of passive-defensive coping style (e.g. self- controlling, escape-avoidance), and negatively correlated with planful problem-solving and positive reappraisal. The results suggest that coping styles may merit a specific focus in future research of psychological factors in HIV infection, particularly as they may relate both to medical outcome and to the social/emotional aspects of being HIV-infected.
The Relationship of Socio-economic Status, Labor Force Participation, and Health among Men and Women
Authors: Ostrove Joan M. , Adler Nancy E.
Published: March 2007

Using survey data from an extensive sample of Californians in the United States, we examined the relationship among indicators of socio-economic status (SES) and health for men and women in and out of the paid labor force. In contrast to data reported from the mid-1980s in which correlations among SES variables were stronger among men than among women, correlations among education, income, and occupation were similarly high among women and men. All SES variables were significantly related to health, such that as SES increased, self- reported health status increased. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated an additive effect of labor force participation and SES in predicting health among men, with main effects both of labor force participation and of income and education on health. Among women, there was an interactive effect of these variables, such that the relationship of income and of education to health was more pronounced among women who were not in the paid labor force.
The History of Ideas on Autism
Authors: Wing Lorna
Published: March 2007

The development of ideas about the nature of autism is described, covering myths and legends, accounts of individuals in the historical literature, the search for identifiable subgroups, Kanner's autistic and Asperger syndromes, and the current view of a wide spectrum. Changes in theories of aetiology are outlined, including the early magical and mystical beliefs, the era when purely psychological and emotional causes were promulgated, and the present day research into biological mechanisms. The major advances in understanding the neurological and psychological aspects of autism, which have led to the development of special methods of education, are discussed. The rate of increase in knowledge in recent years gives hope for future progress in understanding and treatment.
An Evaluation of Early Development in Children with Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders from Home Movies: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Bernabei Paola , Camaigni Luigia , Levi Gabriel
Published: March 2007

Family videos of 10 children later diagnosed as having autism or pervasive developmental disorders were analysed using a newly devised instrument. The checklist comprises 3 0 individual items and 20 functional categories. It evaluates behaviours in three areas: social interaction, communication and language, functional and symbolic play. The age range covered by home movies was divided into four periods (0-6, 6-12, 12-18 and 18-24 months) and analysed accordingly.

The checklist data allow for the derivation of a general developmental profile as well as individual profiles. The most common profile was one in which children made progress from the first to the second or third age period, whereas from the second or third to the fourth period they showed a loss of previously mastered behaviours. The loss was statistically significant in socio-interactive behaviours, less evident in communication/language, and moderate in the area of action schemes and play. Mutual attention (dyadic eye contact), attachment behaviours, emotional reactions and vocalizations were present in almost all the children studied. On the other hand, communicative gestures (pointing, showing, ritualized requests), pretend play and conventional social games were rarely observed. The implications of these results for early diagnosis as well as for theories of early development in autism and severe developmental disorders are briefly discussed.
Autism in Down's Syndrome: Three Case Reports
Authors: Kent Lindsey , Perry David , Evans Joanne
Published: March 2007

The association of Down's syndrome and autism is becoming increasingly recognized. We describe three individuals with this dual diagnosis and emphasize the need to consider it particularly in people with abnormalities in their social, communication and language development that are discrepant for their overall level of learning disability. The need to make this diagnosis as early as possible is important to ensure appropriate education and future service provision.
The Civilizing Process and the Janus-Face of Modern Punishment
Authors: VAUGHAN BARRY
Published: March 2007

The worth of Norbert Elias's theory of a `civilizing process' when applied to the study of changing forms of punishment is being increasingly recognized. His work seems to offer a more credible explanation for changes in punishment than previous theories; structural changes can be linked with shifts in people's sensibilities, answering the crucial question as to why people would opt for a less physically brutal punishment, without falling into `Whiggish' history. However, Elias's theory cannot fully incorporate the ambivalence of modern punishment because it sees the `civilizing process' as being incompatible with `decivilizing' trends. Utilizing his discussion of feudalization, the conditions and features of decivilized punishment are highlighted and modern penal practices are to assess whether they embody a `decivilizing process'.
Edgework, Media Practices, and the Elongation of Meaning:
Authors: FERRELL JEFF , MILOVANOVIC DRAGAN , LYNG STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

Edgework experiences have been subject to some discussion in recent literature. A form that finds a nexus between licit and illicit activities—BASE jumping—provides a fertile field for ethnographic and theoretical research. In criminology it provides insights into the sensual motivations and experiential frameworks for illicit social action in conjunction with moments of marginality and resistance. BASE jumping—the activity of illegally parachuting from bridges, buildings, antennas, and cliffs—increasingly incorporates a host of mediated practices. Our ethnographic research with the BASE-jumping subculture reveals that BASE jumpers regularly document their jumps through the use of helmet-mounted and body-mounted video cameras, or otherwise videotape one another in the act of jumping. These video documents in turn become a form of subculturally situated media as BASE jumpers utilize them to negotiate individual and collective status, to earn money and exposure, and to legitimate the subculture as sport. Moreover, mass media producers regularly create and disseminate their own images of BASE-jumping activities, and re-present subculturally generated images within television programs and films. The media saturation of BASE jumping thus serves to elongate and expand the meaning of an ephemeral event; to construct a multi-faceted audience for a seemingly secretive endeavor; and, ultimately, to render BASE jumping indistinguishable from the mediated representation of it.
`Cultural Deviance Theory':
Authors: MATSUEDA ROSS L.
Published: March 2007

Costello (1997) has attempted to defend Kornhauser's (1978) interpretation of Sutherland's differential association theory as a `cultural deviance theory.' In so doing, she claims that Matsueda (1988), Akers (1996) and Bernard and Snipes (1996) have misinterpreted Sutherland's theory to the point of altering the original theory to respond to Kornhauser's criticisms. In this article, I point out that Costello has merely continued Kornhauser's misinterpretation of differential association theory and that the logical flaws she finds apply to the caricature of what Sutherland called `cultural deviance theory,' but have little to do with Sutherland's differential association theory. Finally, I argue that the important distinction between control theories and differential association theory is whether motivation to crime is constant across persons (Hirschi, 1969), whether criminal organization and subcultures are irrelevant to criminality (Kornhauser, 1978) and whether crime can never be learned or transmitted across individuals. Control theories distinguish themselves from other theories of crime by answering `yes' to each of these questions. Differential association theory answers `no' to these questions, which opens important puzzles for criminological research and theory.
Safety Talk:
Authors: STANKO ELIZABETH A.
Published: March 2007

In the present political climates of Western democracies, the `criminology of the self' (Garland, 1996) dominates crime prevention literature. What this means for women, in effect, is that we are asked (and expected) to see the ordinary as risky. This article argues that conventional analyses of women's risk of violence, and `fear of crime' overlooks the effective self-regulation inherent in women's strategies of safekeeping. Women's safety talk demonstrates that men's violence operates as a `technology' of regulating the `self'.
Testicular Cancer: Medicine and Machismo in the Media (1980–94)
Authors: Clarke Juanne , Robinson Julie
Published: March 2007

Testicular cancer is the most common cause of death for men aged 19–35 in North America. The mass print and other media are important sources of ‘information’ about a variety of treatment and health-related matters. This article explores the portrayal of testicular cancer in the mass print media from 1980–94. The analysis is both manifest and latent. The manifest analysis indicates the emphasis on early detection. The latent analysis indicates that the disease is described primarily through three different discourses: medical, machismo and social support. Stories of men with testicular cancer emphasize early detection and medical treatment; sports and competitiveness, sexuality, financial acumen, sexual and physical attractiveness and desirability, as well as war and battles; and the importance of social support.
Feminist Iconoclasm and the Problem of Eroticism
Authors: Hardy Simon
Published: March 2007

This article is an attempt to stand back from the highly polarized debates over sexual representation within feminism over the last two decades. Setting aside the sterile arguments over the behavioural effects, what emerges from the feminist critique of pornography is arguably a much more general and well founded problematization of heterosexual `eroticism' (i.e. the symbolic meanings attending sexual acts and representations). This discussion explores the key questions which arise around the `problem of eroticism' for those interested in a critical analysis of heterosexuality. How has heterosexual eroticism come to take the form that it does? How might its form be changing? Should eroticism be understood in relation to social or psychic processes? And above all, what should our practical attitude be to the use of eroticism in the new age of gender equality?