bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new CLSP Sensor for Image Recognition and Color Separation
Authors: Vieira M. , Fernandes M. , Fantoni A. , Louro P. , Schwarz R.
Published: June 2014

Large area p-i-n a-SiC:H heterostructures are used as LSP color sensors. For reading out the color signals, three appropriated voltages have to be successively applied in order to combine afterwards the information to yield a color image. The highly resistive and wide band gap doped layers confine the photogenerated carriers at the illuminated regions and driven by the scanner extract information on the image shape and intensity. The bias voltage controls the potential profile across the main generation region leading to color sensitivity. As the positive applied voltage increases the reversed electrical field in the bulk shifts toward the main generation regions, and successively suppresses the ac component of the photocurrent at each primary color allowing color extraction. The device performance is analyzed and the scanning technique for color separation improved. The influence of the optical and electrical bias on image contrast, resolution and color extraction is discussed. A physical model for image and color recognition is presented and supported by a two dimensional simulation.
Modeling Cotton Lint Yield Response to Irrigation Management as Influenced by El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Authors: Baumhardt R. L. , Mauget S. A. , Gowda P. H. , Brauer D. K.
Published: June 2014

The declining High Plains or Ogallala Aquifer motivates U.S. producers to optimize water use and yield of drought‐tolerant crops like cotton [Gossypium hirsutum (L.)]. Systematic sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) drive the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), resulting in predictable weather patterns in North America that could be exploited by irrigation strategies. Our objective was to compare cotton yield response to irrigation as altered by La Niña, Neutral, or El Niño phases for the Texas High Plains. We used actual 1959 to 2000 weather records with the simulation model GOSSYM to estimate lint yields for three progressively later emergence dates under 50 or 75% initial soil water conditions and all combinations of irrigation duration (0, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wk) and rate (2.5, 3.75,and 5.0 mm d−1). Simulated lint yield and its ratio to evapotranspiration generally decreased with emergence delays and increased with increasing irrigation amount and application rate. Growing season precipitation varied with ENSO phase, but April to June phase classification was inconsistent with fall conditions except for La Niña. Compared with yield estimates for Neutral and El Niño phases, limited rain during La Niña years reduced lint yields from 5 to 30% when initial soil water was 75 and 50%. Yield increased with increasing irrigation rate and duration during drier La Niña growing seasons, but irrigation benefits decreased during Neutral and El Niño years having greater precipitation. Early ENSO based extended forecasts for La Niña related consistently to irrigation effects on yield and could determine application strategies.
Managing Green Water in Dryland Agriculture
Authors: Stewart B. A. , Peterson G. A.
Published: June 2014

Green water is the portion of precipitation that is stored in the soil, or temporarily stays on top of the soil or vegetation during the growing season. Eventually, part of it is used by plants as transpiration and the amount of water transpired is directly related to biomass production. For grain crops, a portion of the biomass is grain, and the ratio of grain to biomass is the harvest index. The portion of precipitation that becomes green water generally increases with increasing precipitation. In arid regions, green water is often <30% of the precipitation, and <50% of this may actually be used for transpiration resulting in evaporation losses of 85% or more. In more favorable areas, 65% or more of the precipitation may be green water, and as much as 70% or more used for transpiration. Also, the units of water as transpiration required to produce a unit of biomass increase as aridity increases while the harvest index generally decreases. As a result of these interactions, grain yield decreases at a faster rate than precipitation. By the use of generalized relationships based on past studies, it is estimated that the grain yield of corn (Zea mays L.) grown in an area with 500 mm average precipitation will be only about 25% of that from an area with 1000 mm precipitation. Therefore, while there is great potential for increasing the capture, storage, and use of green water, realizing this potential increases almost exponentially with increasing aridity.
Genetic Analysis of Population Structure Using Peroxidase Gene and Phenylalanine Ammonia‐Lyase Gene‐Based DNA Markers: A Case Study in Jute (Corchorus spp.)
Authors: Satya Pratik , Banerjee Ruby , Biswas Chinmay , Karan Maya , Ghosh Swagata , Ali Nasim
Published: June 2014

Information on genetic structure of population and crop genetic diversity provides crucial input for genetic improvement of crop species. Plant peroxidase gene (POG) and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase gene (PALG) sequences are multigene families that can be used to design DNA marker systems for genetic diversity and population structure analysis. In the present study, genetic diversity and population structure of 110 Corchorus genotypes were investigated with 17 POG and six PALG markers and compared with results based on 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A protocol for using PALG sequences as DNA markers was established, and an earlier protocol for POG marker system was improved. A total of 269 POG and PALG loci were identified revealing 89.2% and 98.5% polymorphism for POG and PALG markers, respectively. The SSR markers amplified 61 alleles in the population. The PALG markers generated comparatively more number of observed and effective alleles, with higher Shannon's information index and expected heterozygosity. Pairwise comparison of population using Nei's genetic distance and genetic identity revealed close association between geographically isolated populations of C. olitorius. Wild Corchorus species exhibited more genetic association with C. olitorius than C. capsularis. Analysis of molecular variance identified 67, 88, and 56% within population variations for POG, PALG, and SSR, respectively. Bayesian structure and hierarchical clustering analyses based on POG polymorphism identified five distinct groups and allelic variations between geographically isolated Indian and African C. olitorius populations with low genetic admixture. PALG‐based population structure analysis revealed three groups with high genetic admixture among populations, while SSR‐based structure identified three genetic groups with low admixture. A combination of all the marker systems improved population structure‐based classification, fitting well to phylogenetic classification. The results establish POG and PALG markers as efficient functional DNA marker systems and provide valuable information for genetic enhancement of cultivated Corchorus species.
Long‐Term Soil Moisture Patterns in a Northern Minnesota Forest
Authors: Dymond Salli F. , Kolka Randall K. , Bolstad Paul V. , Sebestyen Stephen D.
Published: June 2014

Forest hydrological and biogeochemical processes are highly dependent on soil water. At the Marcell Experimental Forest, seasonal patterns of soil moisture have been monitored at three forested locations since 1966. This unique, long‐term data set was used to analyze seasonal trends in soil moisture as well as the influence of time‐lagged precipitation and modified Thornthwaite modeled potential evapotranspiration (PET) on seasonal soil moisture at three depths (0–15, 76–107, and 198–229 cm). Despite no change in precipitation during the 45‐yr record, mean annual soil moisture from 0 to 228.6 cm has declined (p< 0.05). Precipitation minus PET was found to account for >50% of the variability in seasonal soil moisture (p< 0.001). Our findings suggest that further increases in mean annual temperature and evapotranspiration may lead to decreases in soil moisture. These decreases could negatively impact forested ecosystems in northern Minnesota.
A river environment index for Korean national rivers: rationale, methods and application
Authors: Kim Dongkyun , Park Tae-Sun , Park Jeryang , Lee Seung-Oh
Published: June 2014

A methodology for indexing river environmental condition was developed and applied to 269 subsections of national rivers located in the Republic of Korea, based on a river management perspective. The resulting index has been called the River Environment Index (REI). To develop the methodology, a total of 32 factors related to a river's environment were initially investigated, from which 16 were chosen based on their measurability, predictability, measurement regularity and obtainability. Then, using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and based on a survey of 62 river management experts in Korea, the weighting coefficient for each of the 16 factors was determined. Finally, the REI values were estimated by linearly combining the 16 measured factors for the 269 river subsections and mapped using a geospatial information system platform. We expect that the REI will be used to increase the efficient allocation of national budgets for environmentally-friendly river restoration projects of the country's national rivers. Through this new index, prioritization of these rivers will be made using an holistic river management perspective.
Regulation 17: the way forward to meet requirements
Authors: Chunderduri J.
Published: June 2014

Regulation 17 from the Water Services Act 108 (1997) is currently being implemented for the classification of wastewater treatment facilities and process controllers in South Africa. Green Drop Assessments (an incentive-based programme for wastewater treatment works) place a large focus on Regulation 17 compliance, which replaces Regulation 2834. Over the years, a lack of enforcement of Regulation 2834 has resulted in the incorrect appointment of staff. Many municipalities are therefore struggling to meet the Regulation, which requires appointment of the correct skill level staff to corresponding treatment facilities. The purpose of this paper is to identify the common problems experienced by municipalities, more specifically by the eThekwini Metro Municipality, and to identify possible solutions for closing the gaps. The four key problem areas identified were: imbalanced staff allocation, lack of education amongst staff, lack of experience amongst staff and the need for grandparenting assessments. The solution began with the correct classification of plants and staff, and included education drives and training programmes in addition to staff reallocation methods. These initiatives form part of both a short-term gap-closing strategy and a broader long-term sustainable plan for compliance with Regulation 17, enhanced process control at a plant level and ultimately the acquisition of Greens Drops, as part of the Green Drop Assessments.
Water in India: situation and prospects
Authors: Cronin Aidan A. , Prakash Anjal , Priya Satya , Coates Sue
Published: June 2014

Although significant progress is being made in the development of water resources in India, problematic management issues remain despite increased funding, a sizeable resource base (though with remarkable spatial and temporal variation) and a vast land resource. A large population and increasing demand pose challenges for water resource professionals, and mean that India continues to struggle to meet its water requirements. A comprehensive review of the water sector was undertaken to provide perspectives on the way forward. Based on an extensive review of the secondary literature and five regional consultations with key stakeholders, the pressures and drivers in the sector were examined. These included changes in water availability and access, and the role of the State and water programmes, the community, market and civil society in providing access and control over water for the people. Recommendations are made and compared with two other significant sector reviews at a national and regional level. There is a broad consensus emerging from these three major reviews, in terms of the focus on key actions proposed; these are in the areas of water resources, drinking water and sanitation for health, data and knowledge, policy and institutions, and capacity and disaster management.
Neuroretinal Dysfunction With Intact Blood-Retinal Barrier and Absent Vasculopathy in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Reis Aldina , Mateus Catarina , Melo Pedro , Figueira João , Cunha-Vaz José , Castelo-Branco Miguel
Published: June 2014

It is unknown whether independent neural damage may occur in the pre-/absent vascular diabetic retinopathy (DR). To exclude vasculopathy, it is important to measure the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). This cross-sectional study addressed this problem in type 1 diabetic patients with normal ocular fundus and absent breakdown of the BRB (confirmed with vitreous fluorometry). These were compared with a group with disrupted BRB (with normal fundus or initial DR) and normal controls. Multifocal electroretinography and chromatic/achromatic contrast sensitivity were measured in these 42 patients with preserved visual acuity. Amplitudes of neurophysiological responses (multifocal electroretinogram) were decreased in all eccentricity rings in both clinical groups, when compared with controls, with sensitivity >78% for a specificity level of 90%. Implicit time changes were also found in the absence of initial DR. Impaired contrast sensitivity along chromatic axes was also observed, and achromatic thresholds were also different between controls and both clinical groups. The pattern of changes in the group without baseline BRB permeability alterations, as probed by psychophysical and electrophysiological measurements, does thereby confirm independent damage mechanisms. We conclude that retinal neuronal changes can be diagnosed in type 1 diabetes, independently of the breakdown of the BRB and onset of vasculopathy.
Heterozygous SOD2 Deletion Impairs Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion, but Not Insulin Action, in High-Fat–Fed Mice
Authors: Kang Li , Dai Chunhua , Lustig Mary E. , Bonner Jeffrey S. , Mayes Wesley H. , Mokshagundam Shilpa , James Freyja D. , Thompson Courtney S. , Lin Chien-Te , Perry Christopher G.R. , Anderson Ethan J. , Neufer P. Darrell , Wasserman David H. , Powers Alvin C.
Published: June 2014

Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked to insulin resistance and islet dysfunction. Manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) is a primary defense against mitochondrial oxidative stress. To test the hypothesis that heterozygous SOD2 deletion impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and insulin action, wild-type (sod2+/+) and heterozygous knockout mice (sod2+/−) were fed a chow or high-fat (HF) diet, which accelerates ROS production. Hyperglycemic (HG) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (HI) clamps were performed to assess GSIS and insulin action in vivo. GSIS during HG clamps was equal in chow-fed sod2+/− and sod2+/+ but was markedly decreased in HF-fed sod2+/−. Remarkably, this impairment was not paralleled by reduced HG glucose infusion rate (GIR). Decreased GSIS in HF-fed sod2+/− was associated with increased ROS, such as superoxide ion. Surprisingly, insulin action determined by HI clamps did not differ between sod2+/− and sod2+/+ of either diet. Since insulin action was unaffected, we hypothesized that the unchanged HG GIR in HF-fed sod2+/− was due to increased glucose effectiveness. Increased GLUT-1, hexokinase II, and phospho-AMPK protein in muscle of HF-fed sod2+/− support this hypothesis. We conclude that heterozygous SOD2 deletion in mice, a model that mimics SOD2 changes observed in diabetic humans, impairs GSIS in HF-fed mice without affecting insulin action.
SIRT1 Mediates the Effect of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Exenatide on Ameliorating Hepatic Steatosis
Authors: Xu Fen , Li Zhuo , Zheng Xiaobin , Liu Hongxia , Liang Hua , Xu Haixia , Chen Zonglan , Zeng Kejing , Weng Jianping
Published: June 2014

GLP-1 and incretin mimetics, such as exenatide, have been shown to attenuate hepatocyte steatosis in vivo and in vitro, but the specific underlying mechanism is unclear. SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase, has been considered as a crucial regulator in hepatic lipid homeostasis by accumulated studies. Here, we speculate that SIRT1 might mediate the effect of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide (exendin-4) on ameliorating hepatic steatosis. After 8 weeks of exenatide treatment in male SIRT1+/− mice challenged with a high-fat diet and their wild-type (WT) littermates, we found that lipid deposition and inflammation in the liver, which were improved dramatically in the WT group, diminished in SIRT1+/− mice. In addition, the protein expression of SIRT1 and phosphorylated AMPK was upregulated, whereas lipogenic-related protein, including SREBP-1c and PNPLA3, was downregulated in the WT group after exenatide treatment. However, none of these changes were observed in SIRT1+/− mice. In HepG2 cells, exendin-4–reversed lipid deposition induced by palmitate was hampered when SIRT1 was silenced by SIRT1 RNA interference. Our data demonstrate that SIRT1 mediates the effect of exenatide on ameliorating hepatic steatosis, suggesting the GLP-1 receptor agonist could serve as a potential drug for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), especially in type 2 diabetes combined with NAFLD, and SIRT1 could be a therapeutic target of NAFLD.
Changes in Glucose and Fat Metabolism in Response to the Administration of a Hepato-Preferential Insulin Analog
Authors: Edgerton Dale S. , Moore Mary C. , Winnick Jason J. , Scott Melanie , Farmer Ben , Naver Helle , Jeppesen Claus B. , Madsen Peter , Kjeldsen Thomas B. , Nishimura Erica , Brand Christian L. , Cherrington Alan D.
Published: June 2014

Endogenous insulin secretion exposes the liver to three times higher insulin concentrations than the rest of the body. Because subcutaneous insulin delivery eliminates this gradient and is associated with metabolic abnormalities, functionally restoring the physiologic gradient may provide therapeutic benefits. The effects of recombinant human insulin (HI) delivered intraportally or peripherally were compared with an acylated insulin model compound (insulin-327) in dogs. During somatostatin and basal portal vein glucagon infusion, insulin was infused portally (PoHI; 1.8 pmol/kg/min; n = 7) or peripherally (PeHI; 1.8 pmol/kg/min; n = 8) and insulin-327 (Pe327; 7.2 pmol/kg/min; n = 5) was infused peripherally. Euglycemia was maintained by glucose infusion. While the effects on liver glucose metabolism were greatest in the PoHI and Pe327 groups, nonhepatic glucose uptake increased most in the PeHI group. Suppression of lipolysis was greater during PeHI than PoHI and was delayed in Pe327 infusion. Thus small increments in portal vein insulin have major consequences on the liver, with little effect on nonhepatic glucose metabolism, whereas insulin delivered peripherally cannot act on the liver without also affecting nonhepatic tissues. Pe327 functionally restored the physiologic portal–arterial gradient and thereby produced hepato-preferential effects.
Autologous Nonmyeloablative Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: A Multicenter Analysis
Authors: D’Addio Francesca , Valderrama Vasquez Alessandro , Ben Nasr Moufida , Franek Edward , Zhu Dalong , Li Lirong , Ning Guang , Snarski Emilian , Fiorina Paolo
Published: June 2014

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the major autoimmune diseases affecting children and young adults worldwide. To date, the different immunotherapies tested have achieved insulin independence in <5% of treated individuals. Recently, a novel hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)–based strategy has been tested in individuals with new-onset T1D. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of autologous nonmyeloablative HSC transplantation in 65 individuals with new-onset T1D who were enrolled in two Chinese centers and one Polish center, pooled, and followed up for 48 months. A total of 59% of individuals with T1D achieved insulin independence within the first 6 months after receiving conditioning immunosuppression therapy (with antithymocyte globulin and cyclophosphamide) and a single infusion of autologous HSCs, and 32% remained insulin independent at the last time point of their follow-up. All treated subjects showed a decrease in HbA1c levels and an increase in C-peptide levels compared with pretreatment. Despite a complete immune system recovery (i.e., leukocyte count) after treatment, 52% of treated individuals experienced adverse effects. Our study suggests the following: 1) that remission of T1D is possible by combining HSC transplantation and immunosuppression; 2) that autologous nonmyeloablative HSC transplantation represents an effective treatment for selected individuals with T1D; and 3) that safer HSC-based therapeutic options are required.
Mechanisms of Increased In Vivo Insulin Sensitivity by Dietary Methionine Restriction in Mice
Authors: Stone Kirsten P. , Wanders Desiree , Orgeron Manda , Cortez Cory C. , Gettys Thomas W.
Published: June 2014

To understand the physiological significance of the reduction in fasting insulin produced by dietary methionine restriction (MR), hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were used to examine the effect of the diet on overall and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in mice. The steady-state glucose infusion rate was threefold higher in the MR group and consistent with the 2.5- to threefold increase in 2-deoxyglucose uptake in skeletal muscle, heart, and white adipose tissue. Dietary MR enhanced suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin, enhanced insulin-dependent Akt phosphorylation in the liver, and increased hepatic expression and circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) by fourfold. Limitation of media methionine recapitulated amplification of Akt phosphorylation by insulin in HepG2 cells but not in 3T3-L1 adipocytes or C2C12 myotubes. Amplification of insulin signaling in HepG2 cells by MR was associated with reduced glutathione, where it functions as a cofactor for phosphatase and tensin homolog. In contrast, FGF-21, but not restricting media methionine, enhanced insulin-dependent Akt phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These findings provide a potential mechanism for the diet-induced increase in insulin sensitivity among tissues that involves a direct effect of methionine in liver and an indirect effect in adipose tissue through MR-dependent increases in hepatic transcription and release of FGF-21.
Mortality Trends Among People With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Australia: 1997–2010
Authors: Harding Jessica L. , Shaw Jonathan E. , Peeters Anna , Guiver Tenniel , Davidson Susan , Magliano Dianna J.
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE

With improvements in cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates among people with diabetes, mortality rates may also be changing. However, these trends may be influenced by coding practices of CVD-related deaths on death certificates. We analyzed trends of mortality over 13 years in people with diabetes and quantified the potential misclassification of CVD mortality according to current coding methods.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 1,136,617 Australians with diabetes registered on the National Diabetes Services Scheme between 1997 and 2010 were linked to the National Death Index. Excess mortality relative to the Australian population was reported as standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). Potential misclassification of CVD mortality was determined by coding CVD according to underlying cause of death (COD) and then after consideration of both the underlying and other causes listed in part I of the death certificate.

RESULTS

For type 1 diabetes, the SMR decreased in males from 4.20 in 1997 to 3.08 in 2010 (Ptrend < 0.001) and from 3.92 to 3.46 in females (Ptrend < 0.01). For type 2 diabetes, the SMR decreased in males from 1.40 to 1.21 (Ptrend < 0.001) and from 1.56 to 1.22 in females (Ptrend < 0.001). CVD deaths decreased from 35.6 to 31.2% and from 31.5 to 27.2% in males and females with type 1 diabetes, respectively (Ptrend < 0.001 for both sexes). For type 2 diabetes, CVD decreased from 44.5 to 29.2% in males and from 45.5 to 31.6% in females (Ptrend < 0.001 for both sexes). Using traditional coding methods, ∼38 and 26% of CVD deaths are underestimated in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

All-cause and CVD mortality has decreased in diabetes. However, the total CVD mortality burden is underestimated when only underlying COD is considered. This has important ramifications for understanding mortality patterns in diabetes.
Basal Insulin Peglispro Demonstrates Preferential Hepatic Versus Peripheral Action Relative to Insulin Glargine in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Henry Robert R. , Mudaliar Sunder , Ciaraldi Theodore P. , Armstrong Debra A. , Burke Paivi , Pettus Jeremy , Garhyan Parag , Choi Siak Leng , Jacober Scott J. , Knadler Mary Pat , Lam Eric Chen Quin , Prince Melvin J. , Bose Namrata , Porksen Niels , Sinha Vikram P. , Linnebjerg Helle
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated the endogenous glucose production (EGP) and glucose disposal rate (GDR) over a range of doses of basal insulin peglispro (BIL) and insulin glargine in healthy subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a single-center, randomized, open-label, four-period, incomplete-block, crossover study conducted in eight healthy male subjects. Subjects had 8-h euglycemic clamps performed with primed, continuous infusions of BIL (5.1 to 74.1 mU/min) in three dosing periods and insulin glargine (20 or 30 mU/m2/min) in a fourth period, targeted to achieve 50–100% suppression of EGP. D-[3-3H] glucose was infused to assess rates of glucose appearance and disappearance.

RESULTS

Mean BIL and insulin glargine concentrations (targeted to reflect the differences in intrinsic affinities of the two basal insulins) ranged from 824 to 11,400 and 212 to 290 pmol/L, respectively, and increased accordingly with increases in dose. Suppression of EGP and stimulation of GDR were observed with increasing concentrations of both insulins. At insulin concentrations where EGP was significantly suppressed, insulin glargine resulted in increased GDR. In contrast, at comparable suppression of EGP, BIL had minimal effect on GDR at lower doses and had substantially less effect on GDR than insulin glargine at higher doses.

CONCLUSIONS

The novel basal insulin analog BIL has relative hepatopreferential action and decreased peripheral action, compared with insulin glargine, in healthy subjects.
Changes in BMI Before and During Economic Development and Subsequent Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Total Mortality: A 35-Year Follow-up Study in China
Authors: He Yao , Lam Tai Hing , Jiang Bin , Li Lan Sun , Sun Dong Ling , Wu Lei , Liu Miao , Yang Shan Shan , Wang Yi Yan , Tobias Deirdre K. , Sun Qi , Hu Frank B.
Published: June 2014

OBJECTIVE

It is unclear whether changes in BMI during rapid economic development influence subsequent mortality.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We analyzed whether BMI in 1976 and 1994 and changes in BMI during 1976–1994 predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in a 35-year follow-up cohort of 1,696 Chinese (1,124 men and 572 women, aged 35–65 years) in Xi'an, China. Participants were categorized as underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), and overweight (≥25.0 kg/m2).

RESULTS

During 51,611 person-years of follow-up, we identified 655 deaths from all causes and 234 from CVD. From 1976 to 1994, the prevalence of overweight rose from 9.2 to 27.8%. With each unit increment in 1976 BMI, multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CI) were 0.78 (0.72–0.84) for CVD and 0.91 (0.87–0.95) for all-cause mortality. In contrast, corresponding HRs were 1.14 (1.08–1.19) and 1.05 (1.01–1.08) in 1994 BMI. The HRs for each unit increment in BMI change from 1976 to 1994 were 1.35 (1.25–1.41) for CVD and 1.09 (1.05–1.13) for all-cause mortality. Compared with participants with stable normal weight in 1976 and 1994, HRs of all-cause mortality for those who had normal weight in 1976 but became overweight in 1994 and for those who were persistently overweight during 1976–1994 were 1.42 (1.12–1.80) and 1.80 (1.04–3.14), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Gaining weight with increased BMI at middle age in Chinese during economic development was associated with elevated risks of all-cause and CVD mortality. Higher BMI measured before economic development was associated with lower mortality risk, whereas BMI measured afterward was associated with increased mortality.
Monitoring of Small Channel Slabs in Railway Track Science
Authors: Tesar Alexander , Melcer Jozef , Kucharova Daniela
Published: June 2014

Presented is the adoption of fractal approaches for identification and monitoring of small channel slabs in advanced railway track science. The assessment of the problem is presented. The analysis is based on wave approaches. Some structural applications and testing in situ are submitted
The generative propagation and quality of new male-sterile cauliflowers with the Ogu-INRA and Brassica nigra cytoplasm
Authors: Kamiński Piotr
Published: June 2014

In the years of 2012-2013 male-sterile cauliflower genotypes with the Brassica nigra cytoplasm and their maintainers were tested with respect to their ability for generative propagation and the quality of agronomical traits in comparison to male-fertile inbreeds and sterile genotypes with the Ogu-INRA cytoplasm. The ability for the generative propagation for male-sterile genotypes with the B. nigra cytoplasm was diversified and lower than for the maintainer, fertile lines and lines with the Ogu-INRA cytoplasm.

Generative stalks of cauliflowers with the B. nigra cytoplasm usually had a higher number of buds and flowers in comparison to the fertile genotypes and to the sterile Ogu-INRA lines. The most desired commercial characteristics, such as circular shape, compactness of curd and intermediate or strong coverage by leaves, were noticed for sterile lines with the Ogu-INRA cytoplasm and their fertile complementary lines. Three experimental F1 hybrids showed good quality in comparison to commercial F1 cultivars.
Dry Grassland Vegetation in the Transition Zone Between two Biogeographic Regions
Authors: Sopotlieva Desislava , Apostolova Iva
Published: June 2014

The geographic position of Bulgaria results in a variety of climatic and biogeographic influences on the country’s vegetation. We aim to describe the plant diversity of dry grasslands distributed in the transitional belt between the south-eastern European and Mediterranean biogeographic regions in SE Bulgaria, and to reveal if there are any obvious differences in soil properties, presence of life forms and chorotypes between syntaxa. The data set consists of 349 releves of vascular plants and bryophytes sampled in different semi-natural herbaceous vegetation types. By applying TWINSPAN, we classified 176 releves of dry grasslands to eight associations and one unranked community. One association and two subassociations are described here for the first time. Data on soil depth, soil moisture, soil pH, humus and total N content, numbers of different life forms and chorotypes were analysed statistically. The dry grasslands in SE Bulgaria were classified into different vegetation classes sharing the same territory: their communities present similarities in species composition and they have similar ratios of hemicryptophytes/therophytes and Euro-Asiatic/Mediterranean species. Dry grassland vegetation occupies mostly shallow and dry soils that vary slightly in pH, humus content and soil moisture between associations.
Classification of Transient Phenomena in Distribution System using wavelet Transform
Authors: Sedighi Alireza
Published: June 2014

An efficient procedure for classification of transient phenomena in distribution systems is proposed in this paper. The proposed method has been applied to classify some transient phenomena such as inrush current, load switching, capacitor switching and single phase to ground fault. The new scheme is based on wavelet transform algorithm. All of the events for feature extraction and test are simulated using Electro Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP). Results show high accuracy of proposed method.
Performance Evaluation of Different Modulation Schemes for Ultra Wide Band Systems
Authors: Ali Tasnuva , Siddiqua Poppy , Matin Mohammad A.
Published: June 2014

Ultra-wideband (UWB) signals with a large bandwidth has some advantages like multipath immunity, low transmission power, good resolution for ranging and detecting geo locations, as well as it can resist to narrow-band interference. These signals are used for transmission in short distance with high throughput. In this paper, we have analyzed different modulation schemes for performance comparison in terms of BER with UWB Gaussian second derivative monopulse and wavelet-based monopulse. The simulation results demonstrate that wavelet-based monopulse provides better performance in comparison to the other two monopulses.
Length-Scale Effects and Material Models at Numerical Simulations of Nanoindentation of A Metallic Alloy
Authors: Nikolov N. , Avdjieva T. , Altaparmakov I.
Published: June 2014

Some specially designed metallic alloys crystallize during process of rapid quenching which aims their amorphization. Nevertheless, change in their mechanical properties could be seen compared to these obtained during conventional technological regimes of cooling. That attracts the attention in this elaboration. Full 3-D numerical simulations of nanoindentation process of two material models are performed. The models reflect equivalent elastic and different plastic material properties. The plastic behaviour of the first one is subjected to yield criterion of Dracker-Prager and this of the second one to yield criterion of Mises. The reported numerical results depending on the nanoindentation scale length of 1000 nanometers, suggest different adequacy of the two yield criteria to the data obtained experimentally with a Zr-Al-Cu-Ni-Mo alloy. It could be speculated that the different effects developed depending on the indenter travel of 1000 nanometers and taken into account in the two yield criteria stand behind this fact and determinate three structural levels of plastic deformation.
Recursive Differentiation Method for Boundary Value Problems: Application to Analysis of a Beam-Column on an Elastic Foundation
Authors: Taha Mohamed
Published: June 2014

In the present work, the recursive differentiation method (RDM) is introduced and implemented to obtain analytical solutions for differential equations governing different types of boundary value prob- lems (BVP). Then, the method is applied to investigate the static behaviour of a beam-column resting on a two parameter foundation subjected to different types of lateral loading. The analytical solutions obtained using RDM and Adomian decomposition method (ADM) are found similar but the RDM requires less mathematical effort. It is indicated that the RDM is reliable, straightforward and efficient for investigation of BVP in finite domains. Several examples are solved to describe the method and the obtained results reveal that the method is convenient for solving linear, nonlinear and higher order ordinary differential equations. However, it is indicated that, in the case of beam-columns resting on foundations, the beam-column may be buckled in a higher mode rather than a lower one, then the critical load in that case is that accompanies the higher mode. This result is very important to avoid static instability as it is widely common that the buckling load of the first buckling mode is always the smaller one, which is true only in the case of the beam-columns without foundations.
The Impact of Clustering on the Innovativeness Of Furniture Industry
Authors: Grzegorzewska Emilia , Niziałek Izabela , Olkowicz Magdalena
Published: June 2014

The furniture industry in Poland is a rapidly growing area of the economy. The level of innovation strongly influences furniture enterprises competitive position on the market. To support innovation, small and medium furniture industry businesses are affiliate in cluster initiatives. It supports the area of R&D, joint promotional campaigns and financing of new ventures. The paper presents selected furniture industry cluster initiatives that implement policies to support innovation activities of enterprises affiliated to them. In Poland, more and more furniture industry businesses brings together in cluster initiatives that aim to improve their market competitiveness and increase the level of innovation. Taken studies allow to analyse the direction of innovative activities undertaken by companies of the furniture industry with particular emphasis on the ones associated in clusters. Thus the aim of the article is to investigate the interest of Polish furniture enterprises (especially SMEs), in participation in clusters. Moreover the benefits of that choice and its impact on Polish furniture manufacturers innovativeness are evaluated.
Measurement Techniques Used for Analysis of the Geometric Structure of Machined Surfaces
Authors: Niemczewska-Wójcik Magdalena , Mathia Thomas , Wójcik Artur
Published: June 2014

The quality of machined surfaces, resulting from the manufacturing process and conditioning their functionality, is determined by the surface geometric structure (SGS). There is a close relationship between surface properties, shape, qualitative imagining of the surface topography, technique and technology employed for machining purposes [1, 2]. If a given surface is to have practical applications in engineering, the correct technological process needs to be chosen.

In the paper, various techniques used for measuring the surface geometric structure were described. The results of the study, which were obtained from different measuring devices like Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Optical Interferometer (WLI), were presented. Optical Microscopy (OM) was shown as a helpful device to analyse some aspects of surface topography. Each measuring technique provided different, yet complementary data on the topography of the machined surfaces. Owing to this, a full characterization of the geometric surface structure of the machined surfaces was enabled, including surface properties resulting from the applied technological process. Based on the measurements made, the characteristics of chosen devices (measurement techniques) were defined with an indication of how they can be applied to the analysis of the surface geometric structure (SGS). The devices which are considered to give the best view of examined surfaces and allow a thorough analysis of their irregularities were then indicated.
The Impact of Enterprises Systems on Sales Performance: A Study of Erp System Implementations in Polish Smes
Authors: Patalas-Maliszewska Justyna , Krebs Irene
Published: June 2014

While having been the object of numerous studies, the link between ERP implementation and SMEs performance still requires understanding. This paper documents the effect of investments in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems on a firm’s sales performance and profitability measure such as return on sales (ROS). The models are based on a sample of 240 during time of defined activities in the sales process realized during the each month by 40 knowledge workers in each of 5 Polish SMEs announcements of ERP implementations. Our analysis of the financial benefits of these implementations yields mixed results. Our results are encouraging that we find the business activity that can persistent evidence of sales performance associated with ERP investments. This should help alleviate the companies that some have expressed about the viability of ERP given the highly publicized implementation problems at some firms.
How to Apply Sustainable Competitive Advantage for Regional Developments (Case: Ostrobothnia Region of Finland)
Authors: Takala Josu , Shylina Daryna , Tilabi Sara
Published: June 2014

Nowadays companies concern more about how to survive and extend their own business in future in their current marketplace. However, developing and prospering a region of the country is becoming more crucial question. Successful cooperation and partnership between different sectors of economy (for instance, between companies, public and academic sectors) leads to the flourishing and prosperity of the region and consequently of a country. European Commission established smart specialization platform, which is a strategic approach to economic development of a region. By defining and developing of vision, competitive advantages and strategic preferences, region will determine knowledge-based potential. The purpose of this paper is to assign and define the collaboration/relations existed, how strong these relations are and what the expectations are between 3 sectors of economy: public, academic and business. Area of carrying out this research is Ostrobothnia region, however, connections in other regions of Finland and internationally is also presented. There have been chosen 3 industrial peaks from Ostrobothnia region: Energy, Fur and Boat industrial peaks. Analysis is conducted by implementing two core methods: Sense & Respond (S&R) and Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). The goal of this research is also to use S&R method so as to allocate efficiently resources, and to define competitive priorities in cooperation. The main results show that the most tight collaboration and partnership is observed between companies and companies in all around Finland and internationally. While concerning other relationships, companies expect to have tighter cooperation especially in Ostrobothnia and other regions of Finland.
Risk, control and self-identity: Young drunk drivers' experiences with driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs
Authors: Fynbo Lars
Published: June 2014

Aim

This article explores how young Danish drunk (and drug) drivers relate to the risk of driving under the influence (DUI).

Design

The study is based on qualitative interviews with 25 convicted drunk drivers who in 2010 participated in mandatory alcohol and traffic safety courses. The analysis follows Stephen Lyng's concept of “edgework”, focusing on volitional risk taking and its effect on the acting individual's self-identity.

Results

Drawing on the interviewees' accounts of being arrested for drunk driving, the analysis discusses three different categories of young drunk drivers. Those in the first category view a DUI arrest as a loss of control and a reminder of the risk of DUI. Those in the second present DUI as a reaction to what they perceive as untenable social demands. Those in the third see loss of control - such as causing a traffic accident - as the ultimate way of claiming control over their lives.

Conclusion

The study shows that young drunk drivers have different associations with DUI-related risks. The more constrained they feel in relation to society, the more likely it is that they will divorce negative experiences related to DUI such as being arrested or causing a traffic accident.
Population Potential as a Modulator of Land use Changes in Poland’S Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Werner Piotr , Korcelli Piotr , Kozubek Elżbieta
Published: June 2014

Land use is defined as a spatial distribution of individual forms of land cover patches, utilised or not utilised by humans within the framework of mutual and spatial relationships. It refers to the functional character of a given terrain, and is also identified with a socio-economic description of the land surface. Changes in land use can be interpreted as a complex and, to some extent, a random process. These assumptions serve as a point of departure in an attempt to evaluate spatial and temporal differences in land use changes in the metropolitan areas of Poland, using the entropy formula. The analysis focuses on population development as a factor that impacts upon land use change. The approach proposed here allows us to study land use dynamics in detail, with the help of cartographic visualisation.
Variations in the Spatial Distribution of Areas of Economic Growth and Stagnation in Poland: Determinants and Consequences
Authors: Churski Paweł
Published: June 2014

This study seeks to identify the spatial distribution of and changes in areas of economic growth and stagnation in Poland resulting from spatial differences in the process of the country’s socio-economic advancement. The research covered two spatial systems, NUTS 2 and NUTS 4, and embraced the following steps: (1) identification of the spatial distribution of areas of economic growth and stagnation, by region and subregion, and of its determinants; (2) analysis of variations in the spatial distribution of areas of economic growth and stagnation, by region and subregion, and of its consequences; and (3) conclusions from the development trajectories identified and recommendations for intervention measures to be taken under cohesion policy.

The results presented here come from one of the stages of a research conducted under the project Socio-economic development and the formation of areas of economic growth and stagnation, funded by the National Science Centre (N N306 791940). The project is implemented by a team of staff members of the Department of Regional Analysis of the Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, headed by the present author.
Military Brownfields in the Czech Republic and the Potential for their Revitalisation, Focused on their Residential Function
Authors: Hercik Jan , Šimáček Petr , Szczyrba Zdeněk , Smolová Irena
Published: June 2014

One of the basic transformation processes of the period since 1989 has been that of demilitarisation. Among other things, one of its consequences is the emergence of abandoned military buildings and areas - so-called military brownfields. These kinds of brownfields have a large number of specific features to which their subsequent revitalisation must necessarily be adapted. Since a large number of these areas are situated within municipalities or are directly adjacent to them, it is essential for their revitalisation to be approached with great sensitivity. This contribution deals with chosen examples of Czech revitalised post-military areas with a special view to their residential function, which is presently their dominant functional use.
Delimitation of Nodal Regions Based on Transport Flows: Case Study of the Czech Republic
Authors: Kraft Stanislav , Marada Miroslav , Popjaková Dagmar
Published: June 2014

The delimitation of nodal regions belongs among the fundamental methods of studying spatial organisation. Nodal regions are defined as regions in which intraregional interactions are closed. With respect to the available information on spatial interactions, nodal regions are defined especially on the basis of data on commuting to work, migration flows, etc. Much less attention, however, has been paid to the theoretical and methodological questions of delimitation of nodal regions based on transport flows. In this case, transport flows that rank among the bearers of basic spatial interactions have high explanatory power, as they reflect not only commuting relations (commuting to work), but also service, business, recreational and other relations. The goal of this paper is to delimit nodal regions based on car transport flows in two regions in the Czech Republic and to evaluate their relevance in studying complex socio-economic relations within the regions.