bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structures and their influence factors of three‐dimensional fractal cadmium layer formed by electrodeposition
Authors: Jiang Li‐Min , Tian Zhong‐Qun , Ren Bin
Published: September 2010

Three‐dimensional fractal structure of the electrodeposited cadmium layer was investigated. The results suggested that the fractal growth begin with nanometer scale aggregate within which the atoms arrange in hexagonal close‐packed lattice (the normal cadmium lattice). The fractal structure is correlated to the current density. The higher the current density is, the larger the size of fractal growth will be. Fractal structures can emerge in both the complete diffusion‐limited process and the combination‐limited process of the electrochemical reaction and diffusion. The fractal structure obtained from the simple hydrated ion electrolyte is different from that obtained from the complex ion electrolyte, which indicates they grow in different modes. The fractal dimensionality of deposit from the simple hydrated ion electrolyte is 2.592, smaller than that (2.608) from the complex ion electrolyte.
Studies on chemistry and immuno‐ modulating mechanism of a glycoconjugate fromLycium barbarumL.
Authors: Peng Xue‐Mei , Huang Lin‐Juan , Qi Chun‐Hui , Zhang Yong‐Xiang , Tian Geng‐Yuan
Published: September 2010

The detailed structure of anO‐glycan derived from the fruit ofLycium barbarumL. was elucidated based on glycosidic linkage analysis, complete and partial acid hydrolysis,1H‐NMR and13C NMR spectroscopy. According to the experiments, the carbohydrate was in the form of polysacchride (arabinogalactan) chains with highly branched 3, 4‐galactans and terminal arabinofuranosyl substituents.

The immuno‐modulating mechanism of glycoconjugate and its glycan were investigated using tritium thymidine incorporation assay, flow cytometry assay and electrophoretical mobility shift assay (EMSA). The results suggested that the immunoactive components of the fruit ofLycium barbarumL. could enhance the splenocyte proliferation in normal mice and the effects of glycan chain were stronger than those of glycoconjugate. The target cell was most likely to be B‐lymphocyte, on which existed receptor binding site acting with the glycan. In addition, the immuno‐stimulatory effect of glycoconjugate (LbGp4) and its glycan (LbGp4‐OL) was associated with activating the expression of nuclear factor KB (NF‐KB) and activator protein 1 (AP‐1).
Rheological properties of the aqueous solution for fluorocarbon‐containing hydrophobically modified sodium polyacrylic acid with various surfactants
Authors: Guo Jin‐Feng , Zhuang Dong‐Qing , Zhou Hui , Zhang Yun‐Xiang
Published: September 2010

The interaction of fluorocarbon‐ containing hydrophobically modified sodium polyacrylic acid (FMPAANa) (0.5 wt%) with various surfactants (anionic, nonionic and cationic) has been investigated by rheological measurements. Different rheological behaviors are displayed for ionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants. Fluorinated surfactants have stronger affinity with polyelectrolyte hydrophobes comparing with hydrogenated surfactants. The hydrophobic association of FMPAANa with a cationic surfactant (CTAB) and a fluorinated nonionic surfactant (FC171) is much stronger than with a nonionic surfactant (NP7. 5) and an anionic surfactant (FC143). Further investigation of the effects of temperature on solution properties shows that the dissociation energy Em is correlated to the strength of the aggregated junctions.
Photoinduced and thermal reactions of α‐cyano‐β‐bromomethylcinnamide with 1‐benzyl‐1,4‐dihydronicotinamide
Authors: Dai Dan‐Mei , Liu You‐Cheng , Li Jing
Published: September 2010

The photoinduced reaction of a mixture of (Z)‐α‐cyano‐β‐bromomethylcinnamide (1) and (E)‐α‐cyano‐β‐bromomethylcinnamide (2) with 1‐benzyl‐1, 4‐dihydronicotinamide produces a mixture of the (E)‐ and (Z)‐ isomers of α‐cyano‐β‐methylcinnamide (3 and 4). Using spin‐trapping technique for monitoring reactive intermediate, it is shown that the reaction proceeds via electron transfer‐debromination‐H abstraction mechanism. The thermal reaction of the same substrate with BNAH at 60°C in the dark gives three products: the (E)‐ and (Z)‐isomers of α‐cyano‐β‐methylcinnamide and a dehydrodimeric product; 2, 7‐dicyano‐3, 6‐diphenylocta‐2, 4, 6‐trien‐1, 8‐dioic amide (7). Based on product analysis, scavenger experiment and cyclic voltammetry, an electron transfer‐debromination‐disproportionation mechanism is proposed.
Asymmetric catalytic epoxidation of enones by chiral binaphthol‐derived lanthanum catalyst
Authors: Chen Rui‐Fang , Qian Chang‐Tao , De Vries Johannes G. , Sun Pei‐Pei , Wang Li‐Ming
Published: September 2010

Asymmetric epoxidation of chalcone catalyzed by chiral (5)‐6, 6′‐diphenyl‐BINOL‐lanthanum complex affords the corresponding epoxychalcone with excellent yields as well as the good enantioselective excesses of 93%. The influences of solvent, the temperature, the structure of the chiral ligand, as well as the substrate on the stereochemistry were discussed.
Synthesis and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectra of Amino Acid Thiophosphoramidates of Nucleoside
Authors: Miao Zhi‐Wei , Fu Hua , Chen Yi , Chen Jingd , Cheng Chang‐Mei , Zhao Yu‐Fen
Published: September 2010

Amino acid thiophosphoramidates of nucleoside were synthesized and determined by negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Hie fragmentation pathways were investigated. The results show that ESI‐MS is a useful tool for structural determination of amino acid thiophosphoramidates of nucleoside.
Reactions of fluoroalkanesulfonyl azides with diethyl phosphite, a new method for the synthesis of N‐fluoroalkane‐sulfonylphosphoramidates
Authors: Zhu Shi‐Zheng , Xu Yong , Wang Yan‐Li , Peng Wei‐Min
Published: September 2010

N‐Fluoroalkanesulfonylphosphoramidates, R1SO2NHP(O)‐(OEt)2, have been prepared by a one‐step reaction of fluoroalkanesulfonyl azides (R1SO2N3) with diethyl phosphite at room temperature. The reaction mechanism was also discussed and a favored mechanism was suggested.
A new and facile synthesis of 6‐methyl‐2‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐(O,O‐ dialkyl) phosphoryl‐ quinoline
Authors: Gong Deng‐Huang , Li Jin‐Feng , Yuan Cheng‐Ye
Published: September 2010

Palladium‐catalyzed coupling reaction of trifluoromethylacetimidoyl iodide with dialkyl vinylphosphonates afforded trifluoromethylated and phosphorylated α, β‐unsatured imines, which gave corresponding quinoline derivatives upon cyclization with Pd/C in nitrobenzene.
Synthesis of 4‐halo‐2 (5H)‐furanones and their suzuki‐coupling reactions with organoboronic acids. A general route to 4‐aryl‐2 (5 H) ‐furanones
Authors: Ma Sheng‐Ming , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: September 2010

4‐Halo‐2(5H)‐furanones were prepared by the halolactonization of 2,3‐allenoic acids. The subsequent Suzuki coupling reaction of 4‐halo 2(5H)‐furanones with aryl boronic acids was carried out to produce 4‐aryl‐2(5H)‐furanones in excellent yields.
Palladium(II)‐catalyzed cyclization of W‐(2′,4′‐dienyl)‐2‐alkynamides to α‐alkylidene‐γ‐butyrolactams
Authors: He Xa , Lu H‐Yan , Liu Guo‐Sheng
Published: September 2010

In the presence of CuCl2, N‐(2′, 4′‐dienyl)‐2‐alkynamides can be converted to α‐alkylidene‐σ‐butyrolactams under the catalysis of palladium(II). In this reaction, CuCl2 is used to oxidize Pd(0) to regenerate Pd(II), or the carbon‐palladium bond is quenched by the oxidative cleavage reaction of CuCl2.
Neutral Pd(II) and Ni(II) acetylide complexes as single‐component initiators for polymerizations of butyl methacrylate and acrylates
Authors: Sun Hong‐Mei , Yang Mu‐Jie , Shen Qi
Published: September 2010

Homogeneous polymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA) using Pd(II)‐ and Ni(II)‐based acetylide complexes as single‐component initiators has been investigated in CHCl3 at 60°C. M(PPh3)2(C = CR)2 (M = Pd, Ni; R = Ph, CH2OH, CH2OOCCH3) were found to be a novel type of effective initiators for the polymerization of butyl methacrylate. Among them, Pd(PPh3)2(C‐CPh)2 (PPP) shows the highest activity. Besides, PPP alone can also initiate the homogeneous polymerizations of acrylates, e. g., methyl acrylate (MA), and n‐butyl acrylate (BA). The present type of polymerization is not hindered by the incorporation of hydroquinone.
Polymer‐supported 4‐aminoformoyldiphenylammonium triflate (PS‐AFDPAT): An efficient, recoverable and recyclable catalyst for esterification of carboxylic acids with equimolar amounts of alcohols
Authors: Lei Ming , Ma Cheng , Wang Yan‐Guang
Published: September 2010

Polymer‐supported 4‐aminofonnoyldiphenylammonium triflate (PS‐AFDPAT) is an efficient catalyst for the esterification between equimolar amounts of carboxylic acids and alcohols under mild conditions, which can be recycled without loss of activity.
Catalytic Spectrophotometry Determination of Ultratrace Amounts of Silver with Solubilizing Effect of Nonionic Surfactant
Authors: Guo Xiao‐Jun , Deng Qi‐Liang , Peng Bo , Gao Jin‐Zhang , Kang Jing‐Wan
Published: September 2010

The synthesis and analytical properties of 4,4′‐bis(antipyrinyl‐4‐diazoamino) biphenyl (BAPDAB) were described for the first time. A catalytic kinetic method for the determination of silver was proposed. In the presence of Triton X‐100 as a solubilizing agent and 2,2′‐dipyridyl as an activator, silver has a very strong catalytic effect on oxidative decoloration of BAPDAB by persulfate in acetic add medium. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the decrease of absorbance of BAPDAB at 478 nm and 50 °C. The calibration graphs are of good linearity in the range of 8.0 × 10−10–1.0 × 10−6 mol/L by a fixed time method. The limit of detection is down to 5.0 × 10−10 mol/L. The catalytic reaction is pseudo‐first‐order with respect to silver, which in real samples was determined with satisfactory results.
Kinetics of the Action of Na2SeO3 on Bacillus subtilis Growth as Studied by Microcalorimetry
Authors: Liu Yi , Liang Hui‐Gang , Cao Jin‐Li , Zhao Ru‐Ming , Shen Ping , Qu Song‐Sheng , Yu Zi‐Niu
Published: September 2010

Microcalorimetric bioassay for acute cellular toxicity is based on metabolic heat production from cultured cells. The biological response to toxicants is the inhibition of the heat production rate in cells, and toxicity is expressed as the concentration of toxicant that is 50% effective in this inhibition (IC50). In mis paper, the effect of Na2SeO3 on Bacillus subtilis growth was investigated at 37 °C by microcalorimetry. The relationship between growth rate constants (k) and concentration of Na2SeO3 (c) shows a logarithmic normal distribution, and lC50 is 20.3 μg/mL. All these thermokinetic information is readily obtained by an LKB 2277–204 heat conduction microcalorimeter. Microcalorimetry is a quantitative, inexpensive, and versatile method for toxicology research.
Influence of Capping Ligands on the Self‐organization of Gold Nanoparticles into Superlattices from CTAB Reverse Micelles
Authors: Lin Jun , Zhou Wei‐Lie , Everett Carpenter , O'Connor Charles
Published: September 2010

Gold nanoparticles with size 3–10 nm (diameter) were prepared by the reduction of HAuCl4 in a CTAB/octane + 1‐butanol/H2O reverse micelle system using NaBH4 as the reducing agent. The as formed gold nanoparticle colloid was characterized by UV/vis absorption spectrum and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Various capping ligands, such as alkylthiols with different chain length and shape, trioctylphosphine (TOP), and pyridine are used to passivate the gold nanoparticles for the purpose of self‐organization into superstructures. It is shown that the ligands have a great influence on the self‐organization of gold nanoparticles into superlattices, and dodecanethiol C12H25SH is confirmed to be the best ligand for the self‐organization. Self‐organization of C12H25SH‐capped gold nanoparticles into 1D, 2D and 3D superlattices has been observed on the carbon‐coated copper grid by TEM without using any selective precipitation process.
Metal Ion Enhanced Phosphorescence of 2,3‐Naphtho‐10‐aza‐15‐crown‐5: A Possible Molecular Photonic Operator
Authors: Li Li‐Qian , Zhang Li‐Ping , U. Li‐Zhu , Wang Bo‐Jie , Tung Chen‐Ho , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: September 2010

A novel crown ether, 2,3‐naphtho‐10‐aza‐15‐crown‐5 (NAC) was synthesized. This compound does not show strong fluorescence and phosphorescence due to photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer from the nitrogen lone pair of electrons to the singlet excited state of the naphthalene chromophore. Complexation with heavy‐metal ions results in the quenching of the fluorescence and enhancement of the phosphorescence significantly. These observations were interpreted in terms of the binding interactions, between the nitrogen lone pair electrons and the metal cation, which prevent photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer, and the heavy‐atom effects which induce quenching of the fluorescence and enhancement of the phosphorescence. These azacrown and heavy‐metal‐based systems could be useful as potential chemical sensors and molecular photonic devices.
Assembly and Crystal Structure of a Novel 1‐D Coordination Polymer of Copper (II) with Thiocyanate and 4‐Cyanopyridine
Authors: Li Xiu‐Yan , Wang Ping , Guo Hong‐You , Wang Zhe‐Ming , Yan Chun‐Hua , Zhang Li‐Dan
Published: September 2010

A novel one‐dimensional coordination polymer, Catena‐poly [bis(4‐cyano‐pyridyl) copper(II)‐di‐thiocyanate], 1∞ [CuII‐(cypy)2(μN.S‐SCN)2] (cypy = 4‐cyano‐pyridyl), was synthesized in a solution reaction of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, 4‐cyano‐pyridine and KSCN in mole ratio of 1:2:2 at room temperature. Its crystal structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystal belongs to monoclinic crystal system, space group P21/c with cell parameters a = 1.0719(2), b = 1.8441(4), c =0.9144(2) nm, β = 110.49(3)° and Z = 4. A full‐matrix least‐squares refinement gave R1 = 0. 0393 and wR2= 0.0916 for 1554 reflections having 1 >2σ(I). The crystal is thermally stable up to approximately 170 °C.
Structures of N‐ (2,3,4,6‐Tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glycosyl) thiocarbamic Benzoyl Hydrazine
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Sheng , Lin Jie‐Hua , Jian Fang‐Fang , Jiao Kui
Published: September 2010

The crystal structure of N‐ (2,3,4,6‐Tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glycosyl)‐thiocarbamic benzoyl hydrazine (C22H27N3O9S) was determined by X‐ray diffraction method. The hexopyranosyl ring adopts a chair conformation. All the ring substituents are in the equatorial positions. The acetoxyl‐methyl group is in synclinal conformation. The S atom is in synperiplanar conformation while the benzoyl hydrazine moiety is anti‐periplanar. The thiocarbamic moiety is almost coplanar with the benzoyl hydrazine group. There are two intramolecular hydrogen bonds and one intermolecular hydrogen bond for each molecule in the crystal structure. The molecules form a network structure through intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Synthesis, Structure and Characterization of Two‐dimensional Network Copper Complex [Cu3(nta)2(azpy)2(H2O)2]·6H2O
Authors: Li Bao‐Long , Xu Yan , Liu Qi , Wang Hua‐Qin , Xu Zheng
Published: September 2010

The copper(II) complex[Cu3(nta)2(azpy)2(H2O)2]·6H2O (nta = nitrilotriacetate, azpy = 4,4′‐azobispyridine) has been synthesized and characterized. The X‐ray analysis reveals that there are two kinds of copper(II) coordination environments. Cu(1) has a distorted square plane symmetry and Cu(2) has a distorted octahedral symmetry. Cu(1) is linked to Cu(2) through nta and bound to Cu(1C) by azpy, and Cu(2) is linked to Cu(2A) through azpy, which extends to two‐dimensional network with large rhombus 1.2 nm × 1.7 nm.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Spinel LiMn2O4‐x(SO4)x Cathode Materials
Authors: Chen Zhao‐Yong , He Yi , Li Zbi‐Jie , Gao Li‐Zhen , Jiang Qi , Yu Zuo‐Long
Published: September 2010

The spinel LiMn2O4‐x(SO4)x compound cathode materials were synthesized by solid‐state reaction of the calculated amounts of LiOH·H2O, MnO2 and MnSO4. The results of the electrochemical test demonstrated that these materials exhibited excellent electrochemical properties. The highest reversible capacity of these series of cathode materials was ∼ 120 mAh/g, and after 50 cycles, this reversible capacity was still around 116 mAh/g with nearly 100% reversible efficiency, which revealed that doped sulfate ion could improve the structural stability of spinel.
A Simple Access to Chalcones via Modified Mukaiyama Aldol Condensation Promoted by SmI3/TMSCl
Authors: Fan Xue‐Sen , Zhang Yong‐Min
Published: September 2010

Promoted by SmI3, acetophenones and benzaldehydes can undergo the Mukaiyama type aldol condensation in the presence of TMSCl to form chalcones in good yields.
Density Functional Study on the Reaction Mechanism for the Reaction of Ni+ with Ethane
Authors: Zhang Dong‐Ju , Liu Cheng‐Bu , Liu Yong‐Jun , Hu Hai‐Quan
Published: September 2010

The mechanism of the reaction of Ni+ (2D) with ethane in the gas‐phase was studied by using density functional theory. Both the B3LYP and BLYP functionals with standard all‐electron basis sets are used to give the detailed information of the potential energy surface (PES) of [Ni, C2, H6]+. The mechanisms forming the products CH4 and H2 in the reaction of Ni+ with ethane are proposed. The reductive eliminations of CH4 and H2 are typical addition‐elimination reactions. Each of the two reactions consists of two elementary steps: C‐C or C‐H bond activations to form inserted species followed by isomerizations to form product‐like intermediate. The rate determining steps for the elimination reactions of forming CH4 and H2 are the isomerizations of the inserted species rather than C‐C or C‐H bond activations. The elimination reaction of forming H2 was found to be thermodynamically favored compared to that of CH4.
Photochemical Synthesis, Properties and X‐Ray Crystal Structure of Tetrabutylammonium Dodecamolybdophosphate Heteropoly Blue
Authors: Liu Shi‐Zhong , Li Jian‐Ping , Feng Xian‐Hua , Zhang Zheng‐Wen , Chen Jun‐Yang , Wang Zheng , Xing Yan , Jia Heng‐Qing , Lin Yong‐Hua
Published: September 2010

The title heteropoly blue, (Bu4N)6H10[PMo11VIMovO40]4 · H2O has been photochemically synthesized and characterized with elemental analysis, solid diffusion reflectance electronic spectra, CV, ESR, XFS, IR spectra, conductivity measurement and X‐ray single crystal analysis. The crystallographic data for C96H218Mo48N6O169P4 are as follows: Mr= 8889.76, triclinic, Pī, a = 1.4142 (3) nm, b = 2.6027 (5) nm, c = 2.6403 (5) nm, α= 113.96 (3)°, β = 90.05 (3)°, γ= 105.71 (3)°, V = 8.481 (3) nm3, Z = 1, Dc= 1.741 g/cm3, F (000) = 4264, μ = 1.798 mm−1. The X‐ray crystal structure analysis reveals that there is one independent molecule in the unit cell of the title heteropoly blue which contains four mixed‐valence heteropoly anions, six tetrabutylammonium cations and one water molecule. Its molecular structure possesses a centrosymmetrical arrangement in the unit cell. The phosphorus atom is in the crystallographic inversion center of the heteropoly anion and the eight oxygen atoms surrounding central phosphorus atom comprise of a distorted hexahedron. Heteropoly anion has two equal sets of PO4 tetrahedron. The PO4 tetrahedron and the MoO6 octahedron in the polyanion are greatly distorted.
Single Alternating Group Explicit (SAGE) Method for Electrochemical Finite Difference Digital Simulation
Authors: Deng Zhao‐Xiang , Lin Xiang‐Qin , Tong Zhong‐Hua
Published: September 2010

The four different schemes of Group Explicit Method (GEM): GER, GEL, SAGE and DAGE have been claimed to be unstable when employed for electrochemical digital simulations with large model diffusion coefficient DM. However, in this investigation, in spite of the conditional stability of GER and GEL, the SAGE scheme, which is a combination of GEL and GER, was found to be unconditionally stable when used for simulations of electrochemical reaction‐diffusions and had a performance comparable with or even better than the Fast Quasi Explicit Finite Difference Method (FQEFD) in some aspects. Corresponding differential equations of SAGE scheme for digital simulations of various electrochemical mechanisms with both uniform and exponentially expanded space units were established. The effectiveness of the SAGE method was further demonstrated by the simulations of an EC and a catalytic mechanism with very large homogeneous rate constants.
Studies on Electrochemical Behavior of Bleomycin and Its Interaction with DNA at a Co/GC Ion Implantation Modified Electrode
Authors: Hu Jing‐Bo , Li Qi‐Long , Shang Jun
Published: September 2010

Electrochemical investigation of Bleomycin (BLM) and its interaction with DNA at a Co/GC ion implantation modified electrode was reported for the first time. The electrochemical behavior of BLM at Co/GC modified electrode has been studied by linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry, The reaction of BLM with DNA formed an electrochemically nonactive complex, which resulted in a decrease in the BLM equilibrium concentration and its reduction current. The decrease in peak current was proportional to DNA concentration and could be used to determination DNA concentration. The equilibrium constant of DNA‐BLM complex β was determined to be 5.16 × 1016. The experiments of AES and XPS showed that Co was surely implanted into the surface of GCE (glassy carbon electrode) and the depth distribution of Co was in good agreement with Gaussian normal distribution; the implanted Co at GCE improved the electrocatalytic activity.
Accurate Mass Determination of Amino Alcohols by Turboionspray/Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Geng Yu , Guo Yin‐Long , Zhao Shi‐Min , Ma Sheng‐Ming
Published: September 2010

Amino alcohols were studied by turboionspray/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TIS/TOF‐MS) with the aim of determining the accurate mass of their protonated molecule ions. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as the internal reference. Compared with the theoretical values, all relative errors were less than 5 × 10−6. The effects of nozzle potential, nozzle temperature, acquisition rate etc. on accurate mass determination were also studied.
Boron (III) Tribromide or Titanium (IV) Bromide and Lewis Base Promoted Baylis‐Hillman Reaction
Authors: Shi Min , Cui Shi‐Cong
Published: September 2010

It was found that, when the Baylis‐Hillman reaction of arylaldehydes with methyl vinyl ketone was carried out at below ‐20 °C in the presence of boron (III) tribromide or titanium (IV) bromide using a catalytic amount of Lewis base such as amine, the brominated compounds and the Baylis‐Hillman adducts could be obtained as the major products in good yields for various aryl aldehydes. But at room temperature, the elimination products were the major products. In addition, the palladium catalyzed allylic substitution reactions of the elimination products were also examined.
Adsorption Performance and Mechanism in Binding of Azo Dye by Raw Bentonite
Authors: Eren Erdal
Published: September 2010

The adsorption behavior of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solution onto raw bentonite (RB) sample was investigated as a function of parameters such as pH, inorganic anion, contact time, and temperature. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. Langmuir adsorption capacity was found to be 34.34 mg/g at pH 4.0. The pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order kinetic, and the intra‐particle diffusion models were used to describe the kinetic data. The values of the energy (Ea), enthalpy (ΔH≠), and entropy of activation (ΔS≠) were calculated as 38.62 kJ/mol, 36.04 kJ/mol, and −150.05 J/mol K, respectively, at pH 4.0.
Phase 2 trial of concurrent 5‐fluorouracil, hydroxyurea, cetuximab, and hyperfractionated intensity‐modulated radiation therapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer
Authors: Kao Johnny , Genden Eric M. , Gupta Vishal , Policarpio Edelweiss L. , Burri Ryan J. , Rivera Michael , Gurudutt Vivek , Som Peter M. , Teng Marita , Packer Stuart H.
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND:

The objective of this phase 2 study was to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of incorporating cetuximab and simultaneous integrated‐boost (SIB), intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) into a well described 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and hydroxyurea (HU)‐based chemoradiation regimen.

METHOD:

Patients with stage IVA and IVB or high‐risk stage III squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck were enrolled on a phase 2 trial. Prior organ‐conserving surgery or induction chemotherapy was allowed off protocol. SIB‐IMRT was prescribed to low‐risk volumes (43.2 gray [Gy] to 48 Gy) and intermediate‐risk volumes (54‐63 Gy). A separate IMRT cone‐down plan was targeted to macroscopic disease (72 Gy). The median radiation dose was 72 Gy (range, 60‐72 Gy) administered in 1.5 Gy fractions twice daily during Weeks 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. Concurrent systemic therapy consisted of 5‐FU (600 mg/m2), HU (500 mg twice daily), and cetuximab (250 mg/m2).

RESULTS:

From January 2007 through April 2008, 33 patients were enrolled. At a median follow‐up of 24 months, the 2‐year rates of locoregional control, distant control, disease‐free survival, and overall survival were 83%, 79%, 69%, and 86%, respectively. Grade 3 toxicity consisted of mucositis in 33% of patients, radiation dermatitis in 15%of patients, anemia in 18% of patients, leukopenia in 18% of patients, neutropenia in 12% of patients, and thrombocytopenia in 3% of patients. Most patients (64%) were able to tolerate treatment without a feeding tube, and there were no acute or late grade ≥4 adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results indicated that concurrent 5‐FU, HU, and cetuximab plus SIB‐IMRT is a promising and reasonably well tolerated approach to incorporating molecularly targeted therapy into curative therapy for patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastasis of nonsmall cell lung cancer: Is there a difference in outcome between morning and afternoon treatment?
Authors: Rahn Douglas A. , Ray Dibyendu K. , Schlesinger David J. , Steiner Ladislau , Sheehan Jason P. , O'Quigley John M. , Rich Tyvin
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND:

Circadian cell‐cycle progression causes fluctuating radiosensitivity in many tissues, which could affect clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether outcomes of single‐session gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) differ based on treatment time.

METHODS:

Fifty‐eight patients received GKRS between 10:00 am and 12:30 pm and 39 patients received GKRS between 12:30 pm and 3:00 pm. The mean peripheral dose was 18.6 Gy. The mean tumor size was 7.3 cm3. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to score local control at 3 months. Cause of death (COD) was categorized as central nervous system (CNS)‐related or systemic.

RESULTS:

Demographic and disease characteristics of the 2 groups were similar. Local control at 3 months was achieved in 97% (35/36) of patients who underwent GKRS early in the day versus 67% (8/12) of patients who underwent GKRS later in the day (chi‐square, P = .014). Early GKRS was associated with better survival (median 9.5 months) than late GKRS (median 5 months) (Kaplan‐Meier log‐rank test, P = .025). Factors contributing to better survival in a Cox regression model included early treatment time (P = .004) and recursive partition analysis class (P < .001). Cause of death in the early treatment group was CNS‐related in 6% (3/47) of patients versus 24% (8/34) of patients in the late treatment group (chi‐square test, P = .026).

CONCLUSIONS:

GKRS for metastatic NSCLC had better local control, better survival, and a lower rate of CNS‐related cause of death when given earlier in the day versus later in the day. These retrospective data should encourage future study in brain radiosurgery and non‐CNS stereotactic body radiotherapy series. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Adsorption of Oxalic Acid on an Ice Surface
Authors: Darvas Maria , Picaud Sylvain , Jedlovszky Pal
Published: September 2010

The adsorption properties of oxalic acid molecules on the surface of hexagonal ice are investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulations performed at tropospheric temperatures. Although the oxalic acid–water interaction is strong at low coverage, due to the possible formation of a large number of hydrogen bonds between the adsorbed oxalic acid and the surface water molecules, the results of the simulations at finite coverage show the predominant role played by the oxalic acid–oxalic acid lateral interactions in the adsorption/desorption process. These interactions are even stronger than the water–water or water–oxalic acid interactions. With increasing temperature these strong lateral interactions favor the formation of oxalic acid aggregates on the ice surface, with the concomitant departure of water molecules through the ducts in the adsorbed layer created by the aggregation process. These results support conclusions of experimental data on the oxalic acid–ice interactions. Moreover, in comparison to previously obtained results for formic and acetic acid adsorbed on ice, the present study suggests that not only the organic functionality is of importance for atmospheric implications of partially oxidized hydrocarbons (POH) interactions with ice, but also the balance between water–ice, water–POH, and POH–POH interactions.
Non‐CLL‐like monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis in the general population: Prevalence and phenotypic/genetic characteristics
Authors: Nieto Wendy G. , Teodosio Cristina , López Antonio , Rodríguez‐Caballero Arancha , Romero Alfonso , Bárcena Paloma , Gutierrez Maria Laura , Langerak Anton W. , Fernandez‐Navarro Paulino , Orfao Alberto , Almeida Julia ,   the Primary Health Care Group of Salamanca for the Study of MBL
Published: September 2010

Background:

Monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis (MBL) indicates <5 × 109 peripheral blood (PB) clonal B‐cells/L in healthy individuals. In most cases, MBL cells show similar phenotypic/genetic features to chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells—CLL‐like MBL—but little is known about non‐CLL‐like MBL.

Methods:

PB samples from 639 healthy individuals (46% men/54% women) >40 years old (62 ± 13years) with normal lymphocyte counts (2.1 ± 0.7 × 109/L) were immunophenotyped using high‐sensitive flow cytometry, based on 8‐color stainings and the screening for >5 × 106 total PB leukocytes.

Results:

Thirteen subjects (2.0%; 9 males/4 females, aged 73 ± 10 years; absolute lymphocyte count: 2.4 ± 0.8 × 109/L) showed a non‐CLL‐like clonal B‐cell population, whose frequency clearly increased with age: 0.4%, 3%, and 5.4% of subjects aged 40–59, 60–79, and ≥80 years, respectively. One single B‐cell clone was detected in 9/13 cases, while two B‐cell clones were found in 4/13 (n = 17 MBL populations). Nine MBL cell populations showed a CD5− phenotype (usually overlapping with marginal zone‐derived (MZL) or lymphoplasmacytic (LPL) non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) B‐cells, or an unclassifiable NHL), but CD5−/+d (n = 3) and CD5+ (n = 3 non‐CLL‐like MBL, consistent with a mantle‐cell lymphoma (MCL)‐like phenotype, and n = 2 CLL‐like) MBL were also identified; iFISH supported the diagnosis in most cases. No preferential IGHV usage of B‐cell receptor could be found. Twelve cases reevaluated at month +12 showed circulating clonal B‐cells, at mean levels significantly higher than those initially detected.

Conclusions:

Non‐CLL‐like MBL cases frequently show biclonality, in association with MZL‐, LPL‐, MCL‐like, or unclassifiable phenotypic profiles. As with CLL‐like MBL, the frequency of non‐CLL‐like MBL increases with age, with a clear predominance of males. © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Early induction of GAD65‐reactive Th2 response in type 1 diabetic children treated with alum‐formulated GAD65
Authors: Axelsson Stina , Hjorth Maria , Åkerman Linda , Ludvigsson Johnny , Casas Rosaura
Published: September 2010

Background

We have previously shown that two injections of 20 µg alum‐formulated glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) (GAD‐alum; Diamyd®) in children with recent‐onset type 1 diabetes lead to preservation of residual insulin secretion. In vitro cytokine production at the 15 months' follow‐up indicated immunomodulation. In the present study, we took advantage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cryopreserved during early follow‐ups, to investigate whether the immunomodulatory effect of GAD‐alum was apparent earlier after treatment, preceding the changes previously reported at 15 months.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 70 type 1 diabetic children, randomly assigned GAD‐alum (n = 35) or placebo (n = 35), that had been frozen at baseline (n = 27) and after 1 (n = 58), 3 (n = 67) and 9 (n = 66) months, were stimulated in vitro with GAD65, tyrosine phosphatase‐like protein IA‐2 peptide, insulin peptide, GAD‐alum, alum formulation or phytohaemagglutinin. Interleukin (IL)‐5, ‐6, ‐10, ‐12, ‐13, ‐17, tumour necrosis factor and interferon‐γ were measured in cell supernatants and serum samples using Luminex. Expression of FOXP3 and transforming growth factor‐β was determined by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Already 1 month after the first injection, GAD65‐induced IL‐5 and IL‐13 together with FOXP3 were enhanced in GAD‐alum‐treated patients compared to those with placebo. The in vitro response at 3 and 9 months was characterized by a broader range of cytokines in the treated group. Notably, only the T‐helper 2‐associated cytokines IL‐5 and IL‐13 together with FOXP3 increased continuously over time.

Conclusions

Treatment with GAD‐alum in type 1 diabetic children induced an early T‐helper 2 immune enhanced response to GAD65, followed by a wider spectrum of cytokines at 3 and 9 months. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HIF‐1α inhibition ameliorates an allergic airway disease via VEGF suppression in bronchial epithelium
Authors: Kim So Ri , Lee Kyung Sun , Park Hee Sun , Park Seoung Ju , Min Kyung Hoon , Moon Hee , Puri Kamal D. , Lee Yong Chul
Published: September 2010

Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) plays a critical role in immune and inflammatory responses. One of the HIF‐1α target genes is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is a potent stimulator of inflammation, airway remodeling, and physiologic dysregulation in allergic airway diseases. Using OVA‐treated mice and murine tracheal epithelial cells, the signaling networks involved in HIF‐1α activation and the role of HIF‐1α in the pathogenesis of allergic airway disease were investigated. Transfection of airway epithelial cells with HIF‐1α siRNA suppressed VEGF expression. In addition, the increased levels of HIF‐1α and VEGF in lung tissues after OVA inhalation were substantially decreased by an HIF‐1α inhibitor, 2‐methoxyestradiol. Our data also show that the increased numbers of inflammatory cells, increased airway hyperresponsiveness, levels of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, and vascular permeability in the lungs after OVA inhalation were significantly reduced by 2‐methoxyestradiol or a VEGF inhibitor, CBO‐P11. Moreover, we found that inhibition of the PI3K p110δ isoform (PI3K‐δ) or HIF‐1α reduced OVA‐induced HIF‐1α activation in airway epithelial cells. These findings indicate that HIF‐1α inhibition may attenuate antigen‐induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness through the modulation of vascular leakage mediated by VEGF, and that PI3K‐δ signaling may be involved in the allergen‐induced HIF‐1α activation.
TLR3‐mediated IFN‐β gene induction is negatively regulated by the TLR adaptor MyD88 adaptor‐like
Authors: Siednienko Jakub , Halle Annett , Nagpal Kamalpreet , Golenbock Douglas T. , Miggin Sinéad M.
Published: September 2010

There is limited insight into the mechanisms involved in the counterregulation of TLR. Given the important role of TLR3/TIR domain‐containing adaptor‐inducing IFN‐β (TRIF)‐dependent signalling in innate immunity, novel insights into its modulation is of significance in the context of many physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we sought to perform analysis to definitively assign a mechanistic role for MyD88 adaptor‐like (Mal), an activator of TLR2/4 signalling, in the negative regulation of TLR3/TRIF signalling. Biochemical and functional analysis demonstrates that Mal negatively regulates TLR3, but not TLR4, mediated IFN‐β production. Co‐immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that Mal associates with IRF7 (IRF, IFN regulatory factor), not IRF3, and Mal specifically blocks IRF7 activation. In doing so, Mal impedes TLR3 ligand‐induced IFN‐β induction. Interestingly, Mal does not affect the induction of IL‐6 and TNF‐α upon TLR3 ligand engagement. Together, these data show that the TLR adaptor Mal interacts with IRF7 and, in doing so, impairs IFN‐β induction through the positive regulatory domains I‐III enhancer element of the IFN‐β gene following poly(I:C) stimulation. Our findings offer a new mechanistic insight into TLR3/TRIF signalling through a hitherto unknown mechanism whereby Mal inhibits poly(I:C)‐induced IRF7 activation and concomitant IFN‐β production. Thus, Mal is essential in restricting TLR3 signalling thereby protecting the host from unwanted immunopathologies associated with excessive IFN‐β production.
The biology of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells: The blessing and the curse of morphological and functional heterogeneity
Authors: Youn Je‐In , Gabrilovich Dmitry I.
Published: September 2010

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC) play an important role in the cellular network regulating immune responses in cancer, chronic infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and in other pathological conditions. Morphological, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is a hallmark of MDSC. This heterogeneity demonstrates the plasticity of this immune suppressive myeloid compartment, and shows how various tumors and infectious agents can have similar biological effects on myeloid cells despite the differences in the factors that they produce to influence the immune system; however, such a heterogeneity creates ambiguity in the definition of MDSC as well as confusion regarding the origin and fate of these cells. In this review, we will discuss recent findings that help to better clarify these issues and to determine the place of MDSC within the myeloid cell lineage.
Antioxidant activity of blackcurrant seeds extract and rosemary extracts in soybean oil
Authors: Samotyja Urszula , Małecka Maria
Published: September 2010

The objective of this research was to investigate the antioxidative properties of extract from blackcurrant seeds (BCSs) and commercially available rosemary extracts (Stabiloton OS, oil‐soluble and WS, water soluble) in soybean oil (SO). The antioxidant activity of plant extracts was compared with those of α‐tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The results of present research reveal differentiation of action of investigated extracts toward primary (peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes (CDs)) and secondary (measured as anisidine value (AV), hexanal) oxidation products in SO. WS and OS rosemary extracts show high efficiency in delaying primary and secondary oxidative changes. BCSs extract markedly retards oxidation, nevertheless its activity falls down with formation and succeeding deterioration of primary products. Although the use of BCSs, residues of fruit processing, as a source of antioxidants would be reasonable because of economic and environmental reasons, it may be limited by low activity toward secondary oxidation products in certain lipid substrates. Taking primary oxidative changes into consideration, all extracts studied perform better than used standard antioxidants – BHT and α‐tocopherol.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Phosphoramidate‐Linked Glycopeptides (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 26/2010)
Authors: Jaradat Da'san M. M. , Hamouda Houda , Hackenberger Christian P. R.
Published: September 2010

The cover picture shows the synthesis of a novel class of carbohydrate–peptide conjugates, which proceeds by a Staudinger‐phosphite reaction of glycosyl azides with phosphitylated peptides. The synthetic protocol is easy to perform, as the carbohydrate has to be added to the solid‐supported peptide before the resulting glycoconjugate is cleaved from the resin by TFA treatment. The obtained phosphoramidate‐linked glycopeptides derived from the dimethyl phosphitylated peptides are stable under acidic and physiological conditions. Details are discussed in the article by C. P. R. Hackenberger et al. on p. 5004 ff. The authors thank Nico Zapke and the “cowema.com medienlabor” for their contribution in designing the cover picture.
Late Mesozoic‐Cenozoic exhumation history of the Lesser Hinggan Mountains, NE China, revealed by fission track thermochronology
Authors: Li Xiao‐Ming , Gong Gui‐Lun
Published: September 2010

This study uses zircon and apatite fission‐track (FT) analyses to reveal the exhumation history of the granitoid samples collected from the Lesser Hinggan Mountains, northeast China. A southeast to northwest transect across the Lesser Hinggan Mountains yielded zircon FT ages between 89.8 ± 5.7 and 100.4 ± 8.6 Ma, and apatite FT ages between 50.6 ± 13.8 and 74.3 ± 4.5 Ma with mean track lengths between 11.7 ± 2.0 and 12.8 ± 1.7 µm. FT results and modelling identify three stages in sample cooling history spanning the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Stage one records rapid cooling from the closure temperature of zircon FT to the high temperature part of the apatite FT partial annealing zone (∼210–110 °C) during ca. 95 to 65 Ma. Stage two records a period of relative slow cooling (∼110–60 °C) taking place between ca. 65 and 20 Ma, suggesting that the granitoids had been exhumed to the depth of ∼1−2 km. Final stage cooling (60–20 °C) occurred since the Miocene at an accelerated rate bringing the sampled rocks to the Earth's surface. The maximum exhumation is more than 5 km under a steady‐state geothermal gradient of 35 °C/km. Integrated with the tectonic setting, this exhumation is possibly led by the Pacific Plate subduction combined with intracontinental orogeny associated with asthenospheric upwelling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collagen XXVIII is a distinctive component of the peripheral nervous system nodes of ranvier and surrounds nonmyelinating glial cells
Authors: Grimal Sophie , Puech Sylvie , Wagener Raimund , Ventéo Stéphanie , Carroll Patrick , Fichard‐Carroll Agnès
Published: September 2010

Growing evidence indicates that collagens perform crucial functions during the development and organization of the nervous system. Collagen XXVIII is a recently discovered collagen almost exclusively expressed in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In this study, we show that this collagen is associated with nonmyelinated regions of the PNS. With the notable exception of type II terminal Schwann cell in the hairy skin, collagen XXVIII surrounds all nonmyelinating glial cells studied. This includes satellite glial cells of the dorsal root ganglia, terminal Schwann cells type I around mechanoceptors in the skin, terminal Schwann cells around proprioceptors in the muscle spindle or at the neuromuscular junction and olfactory ensheathing cells. Collagen XXVIII is also detected at nodes of Ranvier where the myelin sheath of myelinated fibers is interrupted and is thus a distinctive component of the PNS nodal gap. The correlation between the absence of myelin and the presence of collagen XXVIII is confirmed in a mouse model of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth characterized by dysmyelinated nerve fibers, in which enhancement of collagen XXVIII labeling is observed. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BCL6 gene rearrangement and protein expression are associated with large cell presentation of extranodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue
Authors: Flossbach Lucia , Antoneag Elias , Buck Michaela , Siebert Reiner , Mattfeldt Torsten , Möller Peter , Barth Thomas F.E.
Published: September 2010

Extranodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) is an indolent B‐cell lymphoma, which is often localized in the stomach. It is characterized by typical morphology, immunology, cytogenetics and expression profile. The coexistence of a large B‐cell lymphoma and a MALT lymphoma in the gastrointestinal tract is defined as a composite lymphoma (ComL) and, as we have previously shown, is almost always the consequence of secondary transformation of MALT lymphoma. Here, we have analyzed a panel of seven MALT lymphomas, seven ComL and thirteen large cell variants of marginal zone B‐cell lymphomas (MZBL) using FISH for the detection of rearrangements of IGH, MALT1, BCL6, BCL10 and FOXP1 and immunohistochemistry for Bcl6, Bcl10 and FoxP1. Translocations involving IGH were found in 10/27 lymphomas including two cases with IGH‐BCL6 fusion and one with IGH‐BCL10 fusion; in 7/10 cases, the translocation partner was not identified. Bcl10 and FoxP1 protein expression was heterogeneous throughout the series. Genetic rearrangements of BCL6 and Bcl6 protein expression were found almost exclusively in the large cell components of the ComL and the large cell extranodal MZBL (p = 0.2093 and p = 0.0261, respectively). These findings suggest Bcl6 as a marker for transformation of MALT lymphoma.
Overexpression of eIF5A‐2 is an adverse prognostic marker of survival in stage I non–small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: He Li‐Ru , Zhao Hong‐Yun , Li Bin‐Kui , Liu Yan‐Hui , Liu Meng‐Zhong , Guan Xin‐Yuan , Bian Xiu‐Wu , Zeng Yi‐Xin , Xie Dan
Published: September 2010

We have previously isolated an oncogene EIF5A2 (eukaryotic initiation factor 5A2) from a frequently amplified region at 3q of a primary ovarian cancer cell line, and demonstrated its impact on prognosis in human ovarian cancer. Amplification of chromosome 3q has also been detected frequently in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), however, abnormalities of EIF5A2 and its clinicopathologic significance in NSCLC haven't been studied. In our study, the methods of immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization were utilized to examine protein expression and amplification of EIF5A2 in 248 surgically resected NSCLCs (learning cohort) and another validation cohort of 120 stage I NSCLC patients. Overexpression and amplification of EIF5A2 was detected informatively in 48.7% and 13.7% of NSCLCs in learning cohort, 33.3% and 6.0% of NSCLCs in validation cohort. Overexpression of eIF5A‐2 was found to correlate with gene amplification, increased cell proliferation and advanced T stage. In learning cohort, eIF5A‐2 expression was evaluated as a strong prognostic factor on disease‐specific survival, but in subgroup analyses, it only retained its stratified significance in stage I set (Hazards ratio = 2.799, p = 0.001). In validation cohort, the impact of eIF5A‐2 expression on survival in stage I NSCLC patients was also observed (Hazard ratio = 2.097, p = 0.014). Our findings suggested that overexpression of eIF5A‐2 correlates with local invasion of NSCLC, and might serve as an adverse prognostic marker of survival for stage I NSCLC patients.