bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CROPPING SYSTEMS APPROACH TO IMPROVING WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN SEMI-ARID IRRIGATED PRODUCTION AREAS
Authors: Mitchell J.P. , Shennan C. , Peters D. , Miller R.O.
Published: February 2019

Sustainable alternatives for saline drainage water management in areas such as California's San Joaquin Valley are needed. Previous work has demonstrated the short-term potential for reuse of saline drainage water for irrigation in this area. Results from our 6-year cyclic drainage reuse study, however, indicate that soil structural problems may occur which can greatly reduce stand establishment and crop yields in periodically salinized soils. To prevent these problems, we are evaluating the effectiveness of winter cover crop incorporation and gypsum applications relative to conventional fallows, for improving/maintaining soil physical properties and crop productivity in cyclically salinized soils. Six winter cover crop/fallow treatments have been imposed upon a rotation of tomatoes, tomatoes and cotton as summer crops. By monitoring water use, relevant soil physical and chemical properties as well as crop performance during the course of this 3-year rotation study, we are assessing the potential benefits and constraints of using winter cover crops in drainage water reuse systems.
ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE AND EVOLUTION OF ETHYLENE AND ETHANE FROM PEPPER LEAF DISKS FOLLOWING TEMPERATURE STRESS AND FATTY ACID INFILTRATION
Authors: Nanaiah Geeta K. , Anderson Jeffrey A.
Published: February 2019

Electrolyte leakage (EL) and ethane:ethylene ratio (EER) responses of pepper (Capsicum annuum L. Early Calwonder) leaf disks to temperature stresses were in close agreement. Midpoints of sigmoidal response curves following freezing stress were -4.6 and -4.4C for EL and EER, and 49.0 and 48.8C following high temperature stress. Evolution of ethane and EL were measured from disks infiltrated with a saturation series of 18-carbon fatty acids ranging from 0 to 3 double bonds. Only linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) stimulated ethane production and EL. In a second fatty acid experiment with 18- and 20-carbon acids with a double bond 3 (n-3) or 6 (n-6) carbons from the nonpolar end of the molecule, n-3 fatty acids stimulated more ethane than n-6 acids with the same number of carbons. Trienoic 18-carbon fatty acids stimulated more ethane than trienoic 20-carbon acids. Both 18-carbon acids yielded significantly greater EL than controls. Propyl gallate, a free radical scavenger, reduced ethane production without decreasing EL or K+ leakage.
AIR CIRCULATION IN GROWTH CHAMBERS STUNTS TOMATO SEEDLING GROWTH
Authors: Liptay Albert
Published: February 2019

Air circulation, generally an integral part of environmentally-controlled plant growth chambers, retarded tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum Karstens) seedling growth seismomorphogenetically. Continuous air movement at a speed of 0.5 to 0.7 m·s-1 inhibited growth by about 40%. Growth inhibition was noticeable with as little as 15 min of daily exposure to the air circulation; a continuous exposure gave the greatest amount of growth inhibition. The retarding effect of air on seedling growth was transient and required a continued daily exposure to air movement. Continuous aeration of seedlings inhibited growth to such an extent that in a two factor experiment, ie aeration and water stress, the water stress effects were completely masked in the aerated chamber by the aeration effect. The results have important implications for plant growth experiments in chambers equipped with air circulation: seedling growth may be affected more by the air circulation in the growth chamber than by an experimental treatment.
HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BORON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED HOLLOW STEM DEVELOPMENT IN BROCCOLI
Authors: Kennedy Larry S. , Sams Carl E. , Graham Effin T.
Published: February 2019

Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae L. var. Italica cv. `Premium Crop') plants grown in perlite were supplied with nutrient solutions containing three levels of added boron (0.04 (severely deficient), 0.08 (moderately deficient) or 0.80 (normal) mg L-1). These treatments produced plants exhibiting either obvious (0.04 mg L-1) or no visual boron deficiency symptoms (0.08 and 0.80 mg L-1). At horticultural maturity, cross sections were taken in the upper and mid stem regions. The specimens were mounted on slides after being processed through a biological staining series. Boron availability was found to be correlated with the progressive internal deterioration of the stem which was observed histologically. An examination of staining patterns indicated that possibly a lignification process accompanies and contributes to hollow stem development. We have previously noted an increase in phenolic compounds and fiber content of broccoli produced under boron deficient conditions. The histological evidence of lignification further substantiates that boron deficiency induces changes in cell wall structure which may contribute to the development of hollow stem.
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING BEAN SEED IMBIBITION MEASURED BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: Sowa Sharon , Roos Eric E.
Published: February 2019

Infrared spectroscopy was used to measure biochemical changes during bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed imbibition. Transmission spectroscopy of excised embryonic axes revealed changes in lipid phase (gel to liquid crystalline) and protein secondary structure within the first 15 min of hydration. Spectral changes in seed coats, cotyledons, and axes during the first 2 hr of imbibition (measured in vivo) were detected using photoacoustic sensing. Onset of seed respiration could be detected as early as 15 min after addition of water. CO2 production, demonstrated by the appearance of a double peak centered at 2350 cm-1, increased with time of imbibition. Infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy of intact seeds holds promise as a method for non-invasive viability assessment.
CALORIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF STRATIFYING PEACH SEEDS AND SEEDLING GROWTH
Authors: Moreno Y. M. , Gardea A. A. , Azarenko A. N.
Published: February 2019

`Lovell' peach seeds were stratified for 0 to 13 weeks at 4C under moist conditions. Heat of metabolism and CO2 evolution, measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, increased with stratification time. The calorespirometric ratio increased between 0 and 6 weeks and then remained constant until 13 weeks. Germination percentages paralleled this ratio and reached 80% only after 6 weeks of stratification.

After radicle emergence, seedlings from different stratification treatments were grown for 3 weeks. Increasing stratification time resulted in taller seedling growth. Calorimetrically measured CO2, evolution and the calorespirometric ratio of the apex (one cm) of the seedling increased with longer stratification time. Contrary to the observations of the seeds, metabolic heat rates decreased as stratification time increased. Yet, seedling sustained higher growth rates. These data suggest that the stratification treatment resulted in an improvement in metabolic efficiency.
THE EFFECT OF ALTERING THE N:S RATIO ON CUT ROSES
Authors: Paparozzi Ellen T. , McCluskey Melinda McVey , Conley M. Elizabeth , Stroup Walter W.
Published: February 2019

Previous hydroponic studies have shown that nitrogen rates applied to roses can be cut in half as long as known quantities of sulfur are added. A two-year study began in February, 1991, to determine if roses potted in a 2:1:1 mix (soil:peat:perlite) would respond similarly. Six cultivars and three treatments (300 ppm N 20-30-10, N:S at 2:1 and N:S at 4:1 with N being approx. 155 ppm) were replicated three times in a split-plot design. Data included number of flowers and length of stems cut daily. Plants were allowed to grow for 4 months, were cut back, then allowed to grow for 7 months and cut back again. After the second pruning, shoots were harvested for N and S analysis. Soil samples were also taken. Initial data, analyzed through September, indicates that across cultivars the total number of flowers produced was not influenced by the N:S treatments. Certain cultivars, however, were more productive than others. Champagne and Bridal White consistently produced more flowers than Samantha and Amorous, regardless of fertilizer treatment. Certain treatment cultivar combinations were also significant indicating that cultivar response may limit N:S recommendations.
MICRONUTRIENT TOXICITY IN PETUNIA HYBRIDA
Authors: Pak Chun-Ho , Lee Chiwon W.
Published: February 2019

Foliar micronutrient toxicity symptoms of Petunia hybrida `Ultra Crimson Star' were induced by elevated levels (from 0.25 to 6 mM) of boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn) in the nutrient solution. Foliar toxicity symptoms of most micronutrients (except Fe) were characterized by leaf yellowing, interveinal chlorosis, and marginal necrosis. Mo toxicity was most severe. Leaf abnormality was not induced by Fe in the concentration range tested. Visible foliar toxicity symptoms developed when nutrient solution contained 5.4, 32, 28, 24, and 16 mg· liter-1, respectively, of B, Cu, Mn, Mo and Zn. Biomass yield was reduced when the fertilizer solution contained (in mg· liter-1): 22 B, 64 Cu, 335 Fe, 28 Mn, 24 Mo, and 33 Zn.
INFLUENCE OF INCREASED ROOT MEDIA PHOSPHORUS LEVELS IN POINSETTIA PRODUCTION
Authors: Whipker Brian , Hammer P. Allen
Published: February 2019

Acidification of the irrigation water with phosphoric acid is a common practice to avoid nutrient deficiencies/toxicities from alkaline root media. It has been suggested high phosphorus levels could cause phosphorus toxicity.

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. cultivars Supjibi and Celebrate 2 cuttings were potted on June 6, 1991 in a root medium of peat, perlite and soil (40:40:20 by volume) amended with N, K, Ca and micro-nutrients, plus six phosphorus (0-40-0) rates of .89, 1.78, 3.55, 7.11, 10.67, and 14.22 kg/meter3. Foliar samples were analyzed for NH4, P, and K every two weeks after the start of short days. Root media samples were also collected and analyzed pH, SS and NO3, P, K and NH4. Bract diameter, bract edge burn, days to anthesis, and plant height were recorded at anthesis.

Media P levels increased as the phosphorus rate increased, but a significant treatment*harvest interaction for media P was observed. There was decreased bract size and increased incidences of bract edge burn as phosphorus rate increased. Root media P levels did not affect the levels of other nutrient elements in the foliar samples. No visual symptoms of phosphorus toxicity was observed except for bract edge burn at anthesis.
ELEMENTAL TISSUE LEVELS FOR ANTHURIUM FLOWER PRODUCTION
Authors: Higaki Tadashi , Imamura Joanne S.
Published: February 2019

Critical tissue levels for flower production of field grown Anthurium andraeanum Andre were established. Maximum flower production was obtained when leaf tissue levels were 1.87% N, 0.17% P, and 2.07% K. A range of elemental leaf tissue levels associated with optimum flower production were also determined for Ca, Mg, B, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mo.
CONTAINER ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY STRATIFICATION IN METROMIX 350 AFTER HARVEST OF TOP- AND SUBIRRIGATED GERANIUMS
Authors: Khoury N.S. , Holcomb E.J. , White J.W. , Rand M.
Published: February 2019

Excessive electroconductivity measurements have been observed in the surface layer of subirrigated substrates. A hydrophilic gel and rockwool were used as pot mulches in order to reduce the surface layer salt buildup by absorbing the salts and/or reducing evaporation.

Six treatments of `Crimson Fire' and `Victoria' CVI geraniums were grown in 11 cm. pots. Treatments were: Trt 1 - top irrigation, N source 20-10-20; trt 2 - subirrigation, N source 20-10-20; trt 3 - subirrigation, N source in equal portions of 20-10-20 and CRF, gel mulch; trt 4 - subirrigation, N source CRF, gel mulch; trt 5 - subirrigation, N source in equal portions of 20-10-20 and CRF, wool mulch; trt 6 - subirrigation, all N source CRF, wool mulch.

Pots were divided into 3 equal volume portions. Electroconductivity, as a measure of soluble salt (SS) level, was taken. All treatments had increasing SS levels with increasing pot height. Trt 2 had surface layer salt levels significantly higher than trt 1. `Victoria' trts 3,4,5 and 6 surface layers had significantly lower SS levels than trt 1 surface layers. `Crimson Fire' trt 4's surface layer had significantly lower SS levels than the surface layer of trt 1. Trts 4 and 6 bottom layers of both cultivars had significantly lower SS levels than all other treatments.
ACTIVE SUBSATNCES IN CHINESE CHIVE AND RAKKYO PLANTS FOR BREAKING BUD DORMANCY IN GRAPEVINES
Authors: Kubota Naohiro , Kawazu Kazuyoshi
Published: February 2019

We previously found that volatile substances in Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum) and rakkyo (A. chinense) as well as garlic (A. sativum) stimulated budbreak in vines. But the active substances stimulating budbreak in Chinese chive and rakkyo have not yet been identified.

The volatile sulfur—containing substances in fresh Chinese chive and rakkyo were identified by GC—MASS. The main volatile substances in Chinese chive and rakkyo were allyl and methyl mercaptans, and dimethyl disulfide, respectively.

Cuttings witn a single bud obtained from `Kyoho' vines in dormancy were exposed to vapors of different concentrations of the three compounds for 12 or 24 hr in a desiccator, and they were kept at 25C, mounted on styrofoam plate floated in water. Diallyl disulfide, a main component in garlic, was also tested for comparison. Irrespective of concentrations and exposure periods of sulfide compounds, sprouting was greatly accelerated with diallyl disulfide. In mercaptan homologues, allyl mercaptan accelerated sprouting more effectively than in methyl mercaptan. A solution of 75% dimethyl disulfide accelerated sprouting on exposure for 12 hr, while inhibited budbreak for 24 hr.
GIBBERELLIC ACID AND COLD STRATIFICATION TREATMENTS AFFECT KIWI SEED GERMINATION AND ROOT ELONGATION
Authors: Chin Kit L. , Blanche Catalino A. , Bachireddy V.R.
Published: February 2019

Rapid and timely production of kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) seedlings is often hampered by poor and erratic seed germination. This investigation was conducted to assess the effect of gibberellic acid, cold stratification (5° C), and their combinations on seed germination and subsequent radicle elongation. Germination counts and radicle elongation measurements were made two weeks after incubation at 25.4° C under continuous light and approximately 100% RH. GA treatments broke dormancy and increased germination and radicle elongation with increasing concentration up to 2500 ppm. At 5000 ppm, germination and radicle elongation were reduced. Cold stratification (1 and 2 week durations) alone did not affect germination nor break dormancy. Combined cold stratification and GA treatments significantly enhanced seed germination and radicle elongation with the best response at the highest GA concentration (5000 ppm) and longest stratification (2 weeks), regardless of whether the seeds were stratified prior to or after GA treatments.
BUDBREAK OF `PERLETTE' SINGLE-NODE CUTTINGS INDUCED BY CHILLING AND HYDROGEN CYANAMIDE.
Authors: Siller-Cepeda Jorge , Osorio Guadalupe
Published: February 2019

Grapevines growing under our desert conditions have inadecuate chilling accumulation and require dormancy-breaking chemicals to induce uniform and early budbreak. Depending on concentration and application date, this treatments could delay or damage rather than accelerate bud development. We evaluated the budbreak response of `Perlette' grapevines to hydrogen cyanamide after different chill units (CU) were accumulated. Cyanamide (0.0, 0.025, 0.050, 0.100, 0.200, and 0.400 M) were applied to single node cuttings every 50 CU. After treatments, the cuttings were placed in a warm, long day greenhouse with additional light. Budbreak was recorded every 2 days, and final percentage budbreak was determined after 3 weeks. Cyanamide broke dormancy 10 to 14 days after application. All cyanamide treatments induced 60% budbreak above the control when applied before any chilling accumulation. Highest percent of budbreak of untreated cuttings occurred after 150 CU were accumulated. Concentrations in the range from 0.1 to 0.4 M were best for overcoming dormancy. Optimum concentration varied depending on the CU accumulated before treatments.
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN CYANAMIDE ON APPLE AND PLUM FRUIT THINNING
Authors: Fallahi Esmaeil , Simons Brenda R. , Fellman John K. , Colt W. Michael
Published: February 2019

Influence of various concentrations of hydrogen cyanamide (HC) on fruit thinning of `Rome Beauty' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), `Friar,' and `Simka' plums (Prunus salicina Lindley) were studied. A full bloom application of HC at all tested concentrations decreased `Rome Beauty' apple fruit set and yield, and increased fruit weight. Hydrogen cyanamide at 0.25% (V/V) resulted in adequate apple thinning, indicated by the production of an ideal fruit weight. Prebloom and full bloom applications of HC at greater than 0.75% reduced plum fruit set and yield in `Friar.' Full bloom application of HC at 0.25% to 0.50% showed a satisfactory fruit set, yield, and fruit size in `Friar' plum. Full bloom application decreased fruit set and yield in `Simka' plum. Hand thinning, as well as chemical thinning, is recommended for plums.
INCREASE IN ENZYME ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ASCORBATE AND GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM DURING THIDIAZURON-INDUCED BUD BREAK OF APPLE.
Authors: Wang S. Y. , Jiao H. J. , Faust M.
Published: February 2019

An increase in ascorbic acid, reduced form of glutathione (GSH), total glutathione, total non-protein thiol (NPSH) and non-glutathione thiol (RSH) occurred as a result of induction by thidiazuron during bud break, whereas dehydroascorbic acid and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) decreased during the same period. Thidiazuron also enhanced the ratio of GSH/GSSG, and activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate free radical reductase (AFR), ascorbate peroxidase (POD), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), ascorbate oxidase (AAO), and glutathione reductase (GR). The ascorbic acid content and the activities of catalase, SOD, AFR, POD, AAO, and DHAR peaked when buds were in the side green or green tip stage just prior to the start of rapid expansion, and declined thereafter. The GSH, NPSH, RSH, ratio of GSH/GSSG, and activity of GR increased steadily during bud development.
ETHYCHLOZATE AS A NEW CHEMICAL THINNER ON `FUJI' APPLE
Authors: Yokota Kiyoshi , Murashita Koichi , Nonaka Masanobu , Hirai Koichi
Published: February 2019

Since 1987 some chemicals have been examined for thinning of apple, while concidering the safety for humans, animals and bees. Ethyl 5-chloro-3 (1H) - indazorylacetate (Ethychlozate) had the same effect as Carbaryl on `Fuji' cultivor Suitable results were obtained by 40ppm solution spray at 2 to 3 weeks after full bloom. An addition of 300ppm Ethephon increased thinning effects on `Fuji'. But over thinning occured on `Tsugaru'. `Jonagold' and `Jonathan' by same concentration of Ethychlozate or Ethychlozate plus Ethephon.

Thinning effects were more severe on the lateral fruits than on the center fruits. The results were advantageous for apple growing in Japan as center fruits are very important. Epinasty, russet and other injuries caused by Ethychlozate sprayed were not recognized.
EFFECT OF DORMEX ON REPLACING LACK OF WINTER CHILLING IN PEACHES
Authors: Powell Arlie A. , Witt James , Dozier William , Goodrick Scott , Tunnell Ed , Murphy Richard
Published: February 2019

Lack of winter chilling periodically becomes a serious problem for commercial peach producers in the Southeast, especially along and near the Gulf Coast areas. Studies were conducted over 3 years (1989-1991) to evaluate the effects of hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex - SKW) on replacing lack of winter chilling in 7 varieties of peaches.

Initial findings using whole tree sprays to point of runoff indicated a problem with efficacy and phytotoxicity. A combination of hydrogen cyanamide rates (0, .5, 1, 2 and 4% V/V) and timings (0, 25, 50 and 75% of chilling level) were evaluated in 1991. Rates above 2% were phytotoxic. Rates of 0.5 to 1.0% were safe and effective when applied at 75% chilling.
A MODEL FOR THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIPLE SHOOTS GROWING IN A ROSE CROP CANOPY
Authors: Pasian C. C. , Lieth J. H.
Published: February 2019

The main objective of this project was to develop a crop simulation model for greenhouse cut flower roses. An intermediate step towards the completion of that objective is the building of a model for the growth and development of a collection of shoots of various ages throughout the canopy. The canopy is represented as ten 20 cm thick layers. The shoot and leaves (age and location) are tracked as they grow into and through these layers using a model developed previously. Leaf area (LA) and leaf area index (LAI) for each layer is computed. A light distribution submodel, based on cumulative LAI, estimates the amount of radiation intercepted by each leaf. It is assumed that multiple shoots originating the same day from the same layer are identical. The model also simulates the effect of harvest of the shoots in the canopy. Currently, work is proceeding on data collection for prediction of carbohydrate partitioning within the canopy. Future work will focus on model validation.
MODELING INFLORESCENCE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN VIOLETS
Authors: Faust James E. , Heins Royal D.
Published: February 2019

The effects of temperature and irradiance on flower initiation and development were quantified to provide a basis for an inflorescence development model. The percentage of leaf axils forming an inflorescence increased as the daily integrated PPF increased from 1 to 4 mol m-2 d-1, while the rate of inflorescence development was a linear function of temperature from 18 to 26C. The appearance of a visible flower bud in the leaf axil was correlated with leaf blade length of the subtending leaf. Mathematical functions were used to describe leaf blade length at the time of visible flower bud as a function of temperature and irradiance, and also to describe the influence of temperature on the rate of leaf extension. The time of visible flower bud in the leaf axil was then predicted by measuring the current length of the subtending leaf blade and estimating the time required for the leaf blade to extend to the length required for visible flower bud appearance. A phasic development scale was used to describe the developmental status of an inflorescence from visible flower bud to anthesis. A model was then created which predicted time to anthesis based upon temperature and the current stage of inflorescence development.
IMPROVED MULTIPLICATION OF MATURE HAZELNUT (CORYLUS AVELLANA L.) IN VITRO
Authors: Yu Xiaoling , Reed Barbara M.
Published: February 2019

Multiplication and elongation of shoot cultures established from mature trees of hazelnut cvs. Nonpareil and Tonda Gentile Romana were affected by changes in basal medium, carbon source and concentration, cytokinin and agar concentration. Explants on DKW medium produced significantly more shoots than those on Anderson medium or modified woody plant medium for chestnut. Explants on DKW medium with 3% glucose or fructose gave more and longer shoots than those with the other carbon sources. Cytokinins 6 benzylaminopurine (BA) and zeatin were more effective in producing shoots than kinetin and 2iP. On BA supplemented medium, the best multiplication rate was obtained with 1.5 - 2.0 mg/l. Explants grown on 0.4% agar produced more shoots than those on 0.6%, however, prolonged culture on 0.4% agar caused vitrification of lower parts of the plants. Shoot multiplication rates of these two cultivars were similar, but `Nonpareil' produced longer shoots than `Tonda Gentile Romana'.
SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS AND PLANTLET REGENERATION FROM SHOOT EXPLANTS OF Hamelia patens
Authors: Sankhla Daksha , Davis Tim D. , Sankhla N. , Upadhyaya A.
Published: February 2019

A variety of Hamelia patens (firebush) explants (nodal and internodal segments, leaf blade pieces, floral buds, shoot tips) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's revised medium containing various concentrations of 2,4-D and kinetin. Embryogenic callus was produced only from shoot-tip explants placed on media containing 2,4-D or 2,4-D plus kinetin. None of the other explants produced embryogenic callus. Somatic embryogenesis from callus was greatest on media containing both 2, 4-D and kinetin. Direct somatic embryogenesis was observed on the roots of callus-derived primary embryos maintained on media containing 2,4-D or 2,4-D plus kinetin. Conversion of somatic embryos into plantlets only occurred on media containing 2,4-D, kinetin and activated charcoal.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING ISOLATION OF MESOPHYLL PROTOPLASTS FROM APPLE (MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH CV. FUJI)
Authors: Lee Chang-Hoo , Hyung N. I. , Kim S. E.
Published: February 2019

Experiments were conducted to investigate the factors influencing mesophyll protoplast isolation in `Fuji' apple. Half an hour pretreatment in 0.6M mannitol gave the highest protoplast yield.The enzyme solution containing 2% Cellulase Onozuka R-10 and 0.5% macrozyme R-10 with CPW 0.6M mannitol at pH 5.5 was most effective for protoplast isolation from leaf. Effective incubation time for the enzyme treatment was found to be 15-20 hrs at 25°C in the dark. Use of 1.0-2.0% PVP and 0.5mM MES was essential for higher yield and viability of protoplast. Supplementation of BA and IBA to the shoot culture media gave the higher yield of viable protoplast. From these protoplast, new cell walls were regenerated and 4 cell structures developed from one protoplast by cell division in K8P medium supplemented with 3A and NAA. Planting density higher than 10 protoplasts/ml was required for cell division from protoplast in liquid or 0.5% agarose culture.
ANTHOCYANIN PRODUCTION BY DAUCUSM CAROTA ROOT CELL CULTURE IN VITRO
Authors: Yoon Hong Y. , Kim Sung R. , Lee Seung W. , Chung In S.
Published: February 2019

The effects of various media, varying concentrations of sucrose, plant growth regulators, and inorganic salts such as KNO3, KH2PO4 and NH4NO3 on callus Formation and anthocyanin synthesis in carrot cell culture were studied. The greatest calli and anthocyanin pigments were obtained by SH and Nitsch & Nitsch medium, respectively. Nitsch & Nitsch medium supplemented with 55g/l sucrose, 0.2g/l NAA and 0.1g/l BA was effective for both callus and anthocyanin production. Anthocyanin synthesis was accelerated by increasing concentration of KNO3, while suppressed by NH4NO3. However, KH2PO4 promoted anthocyanin synthesis at half strength. These results suggest that physiological factors on anthocyanin production by plant cell culture could provide the possibility of application to other crops for secondary metabolites production and mass production system establishment of anthocyanin as an important natural pigment in cosmetic and food industry.
ENHANCED ANTHOCYANIN PRODUCTION IN HAIRY ROOT CULTURE OF DAUCUS CAROTA BY FUNGAL ELICITOR
Authors: Kim Chano H. , Park Jonq H. , Chung In S. , Kim Sung R. , Lee Seung W.
Published: February 2019

Secondary metabolite production by plant cell culture has been become of interest because of its commercial value in use. However, cultured plant cells usually yield lower levels of secondary metabolites than those of intact plants. In order to improve the anthocyanin productivity in hairy root culture of Daucus carota, fungal elicitors from 8 species of Fungi were examined. Through the studies of fungal elicitors in this work, it was turned out that fungal elicitors were very effective to improve the yield of anthocyanin. Despite of its low yield of anthocyanin, high density culture of hairy roots is achieved in fluidized-bed bioreactor, Anthocyanin production in fluidized-bed bioreactor with fungal elicitor treatment was increased greatly. We are currently researching more detailed aeration effects and scale-up in air-lift bioreactors. And these studies could provide important data to establish mass production system for secondary metabolites.
EFFECTS OF PEG-INDUCED WATER STRESS ON MICROPROPAGATED GRAPES: EPICUTICULAR WAX, STOMATAL NUMBER, AND SURVIVAL EX VITRO
Authors: Dami Imed , Hughes Harrison
Published: February 2019

Micropropagated grapes (Vitis sp. `Valiant') were subjected to water stress while rooting with the addition of 2% (w/v) PEG 8000. PEG-treated plantlets exhibited reduced growth, as compared to control (in vitro, no PEG), but developed greater leaf epicuticular wax. PEG-treated plantlets had three times the wax level of control. Although treated plantlets showed changes in leaf anatomy, no effect on stomatal frequency or stomatal index was evident. Differences in epidermal cell configuration were also observed among leaves from different treatments. PEG-treated plantlets resembled those grown in the greenhouse, morphologically and anatomically, and exhibited a higher survival rate than control upon transfer to the greenhouse.
EFFECT OF INDOLE ACETIC ACID (IAA) AND ZEATIN RIBOSIDE ON SHOOT INDUCTION FROM SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L. LEAF DISKS CULTURED IN VITRO AND VARIATION OF THE REGENERATED PLANTS.
Authors: Park Y.D. , Boe A.A. , Ehlenfeldt M.K.
Published: February 2019

Leaf disks of potato cv. Kennebec and ND 860-2 (North Dakota potato breeding clone) were cultured on Murashige Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6 levels of indole acetic acid (IAA) and 7 levels of zeatin riboside (ZR). Shoots were induced at various combinations of hormone levels. The medium containing 3.5 mg/l IAA and 4.0 mg/l ZR produced the most shoots. Rooted plantlets were grown in the greenhouse. The growth of regenerated plants obtained from the MS medium supplemented with 7.0 mg/l IAA and 3.0 mg/l ZR was significantly greater than those grown from nodal explants. In ND 8602, a leaf chimera with chlorophyll deficient (light yellow) sectors was found in plants regenerated from leaf disks (grown on MS medium supplemented with 3.5 mg/l IAA and 3.0 mg/l ZR) but not in plants grown from nodal explants. Phenotypic variability was also observed for tuber number, size and weight.
THE EFFICACY OF BENZYLADENINE IN OVERCOMING ENDOGENOUS FLUCTUATIONS IN SHOOT TIP CULTURE INITIATION
Authors: Brand Mark H.
Published: February 2019

Although it is commonly recommended that shoot tip cultures be initiated from actively growing shoots, it has been demonstrated that shoot tips collected during the period of rapid shoot extension fail to produce shoot proliferating cultures. Shoot tips of Halesia Carolina and Malus `Golden Delicious' were collected at 2 week intervals from budbreak to summer dormancy and placed on medium containing 0, 4.5, 11.0, 22.5 and 44.5 uM benzyladenine (BA) to determine if elevated BA concentrations could overcome seasonal patterns of shoot proliferation potential (SPP). Both species reached maximum SPP 4 weeks post-budbreak (PBB), and exhibited a second window of high SPP during weeks 10 and 12. Elevated BA concentrations failed to overcome poor SPP exhibited by shoot tips harvested 6 to 8 weeks PBB. Shoot tips collected at 10 to 12 weeks PBB responded more favorably to higher exogenous BA concentrations than shoot tips collected at 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks PBB. It appears as though seasonal fluctuations in SPP involve other endogenous factors in addition to cytokinins.
IN VITRO SHOOT REGENERATION FROM WESTERN SOAPBERRY
Authors: Arif Mahmoud B. , Khatamian Houchang
Published: February 2019

Surface sterilized stem nodal sections of western soapberry (Sapindus drummondii Hook. & Arn.) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The basal media consisted of one half and full strength MS medium each supplemented with the following (mg-1): Nicotinic acid 0.5, pyridoxine Hcl 0.5, Glycine 2.0, myo-inositol 100, sucrose 30,000 and agar 8000. Each medium also was supplemented with either 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/l Thidiazuron (TZD) or 0, 0.5, 2.0 and 5 mg/l 6-Benzyladenine (BA). The pH of all media was adjusted to 5.8 ± 0.1. The culture media were autoclaved at 120°C at 1.5 Kgcm-1 pressure for 15 min.

The highest percentage of nodal sections resulting in shoot regeneration occurred on 1/2 MS with TZD at 0.01 mg/l and MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l of BA Increasing the TZD concentration above 0.1 mg/l resulted in callus formation on cut surfaces.
IN VITRO CALLUS PRODUCTION AND PLANT REGENERATION FROMPETIOLES OF WATERCRESS (NASTURTIUM MICROPHYLLUM BOENN. EX REICHB.)
Authors: Caires Karen G. , Bobisud Carol A. , Martin Susan P. , Sekioka Terry T.
Published: February 2019

Watercress petioles were planted on Murashige and Skoog media containing 30 g/l sucrose and 8.5 g/l agar, as well as concentrations of 10 and 20 uM benzylaminopurine (BAP) in combination with 5 and 25 uM indoleacetic acid (IAA) or 5 and 25 uM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Calli were transferred to the same media or to media with 5 uM IAA and 10 uM BAP. Transfer to media with 5 uM IAA and 10 uM BAP resulted in an increased percentage of explants with shoots in the NAA plus BAP treatments while increasing the number of shoots per explant in the IAA plus BAP treatments. The greatest number of shoots per explant were obtained when explants were grown on media with 25 uM IAA and 20 uM BAP and then transferred to media with 5 uM IAA and 10 uM BAP. Thirty percent of the explants rooted on media with 25 uM NAA and 20 uM BAP followed bv transfer to 5 uM IAA and 10 uM BAP.
BREEDING STRATEGIES AND METHODS FOR FOLIAGE AND FLOWERING ORNAMENTALS
Authors: Donselman Henry M.
Published: February 2019

Tissue culture labs based in countries with high labor costs are becoming more dependent on proprietary plants. This has increased the necessity of high profile plant breeding programs. Foliage and flowering plant breeding programs have evolved rapidly to take advantage of the benefits associated with tissue culture labs.

Breeding strategies and methods will be discussed on existing flowering and foliage programs for Anthuriums, Euphorbia, Aloe, Spathiphyllum, Homalomena, and Dieffenbachia. Embryo rescue in the lab has increased the survival of wide crosses from different species within a genera. Rapid multiplication of selected clones has increased the efficiency of screening for disease and insect resistance in the selection of new cultivars. Marketing, along with improved horticultural characteristics, determine the success of new releases.
OUTLINE OF HORTICULTURE IN KOREA
Authors: Park Hyo-Geun , Kim Jung-Ho
Published: February 2019

It is very important to understand horticulture of other countries neighboured in Pan-Pacific region for the better regional cooperation. Korea lies at the eastern extremity of Asia, having a typical temperate weather with four distinctive seasons. Her annual precipitation ranges from 900 to 1,300 mm, two thirds of which is concentrated during 3 months from June to August. Korea is a small (98,000 km2) and critically overpopulated (43 millions) country. Out of total 2.2 million hectares of cultivated land, about 453,000 ha. are under horticultural crop; 316,500 ha. for vegetables, 133,000 ha. for fruit trees and 3,500 ha. for ornamental crops. Twenty eight percent of average farm income was earned from horticultural crops. Horticultural farming in Korea is small in size but very labor intensive. Figures on per capita consumption and international trade of major horticultural crops will be presented. National organization for research, education and extension, and the Korean Society for Horticultural Science will be introduced.
Air and Root-zone Temperatures Influence Growth and Flowering of Snapdragons
Authors: Wai Khin San , Newman Steven E.
Published: February 2019

Growth chamber studies using elevated root-zone temperatures and greenhouse studies using two root-zone and two night air temperatures were conducted to determine the effects on growth and flowering of two response groups [`Rainier White' (Group II) and `Tampico' (Group III)] of cut-flower snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus L.). Chamber-grown snapdragons with the root zone at 30C had shorter stems and a lower dry weight than those at 20C. Holding the root zone above 26C increased time to flower. Greenhouse-grown `Tampico' and `Rainier White' snapdragon stems were longer with increased root-zone temperature regardless of night air temperature. Time to flower was reduced an average of 6 days with increased root-zone temperature and 12 days when the night air was maintained at 20C. This study demonstrated that the effects of relatively low greenhouse temperatures may be offset by root-zone heat.
Short-term Storage of Plug-grown Bedding Plant Seedlings
Authors: Kaczperski M.P. , Armitage A.M.
Published: February 2019

The effects of storage conditions before transplanting were examined for Petunia × hybrida Vilm. `Supercascade Lilac', viola × wittrockiana Gams `Universal Beaconsfield', and Salvia splendens F. Sellow ex Roem. & Schult `Red Hot Sally'. Plug grown seedlings were stored for 0, 7, 14, or 21 days at 5 or 10C and with continuous irradiance levels from incandescent bulbs at 0, 2, or 12 μmol·m-2·s-1. A second group was stored at 18C with irradiance from fluorescent bulbs at 105 μmol·m-2·s-1 and a 16-hour photoperiod for the same durations. Temperature was more important than irradiance in maintaining a commercially acceptable plant during the storage period. Petunia and pansy could be stored successfully for 21 days at 5 or 10C with no appreciable loss of quality; salvia could be stored for a minimum of 14 days. Seedlings of all species elongated excessively when stored >7 days at 18C and 105 μmol·m-2·s-1 irradiance. After 14 days of storage, petunias stored at 18C flowered sooner than those stored at 5 or 10C but time in a production environment (days to flower - days in storage) was similar for petunias stored at 5 or 18C.
Abnormal Flowering in Pecan Associated with Freezing Temperature
Authors: Sparks Darrell
Published: February 2019

Freezing and damaging temperatures were imposed on `Desirable' pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) K. Koch] trees before budbreak and again during the beginning of pistillate anthesis. Freezing temperatures imposed before budbreak resulted in abnormal flowering; freezing temperatures during anthesis did not. Abnormal flowering depends on both a critical temperature (about -1.7 to -2.2C) and a critical stage of pistillate flower bud development within the 8- to 10-day interval before budbreak.
Gamma Radiation Influences Postharvest Disease Incidence of Pineapple Fruits
Authors: Damayanti M. , Sharma G.J. , Kundu S.C.
Published: February 2019

The application of gamma radiation for improving the storage of pineapple fruits [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. cv. Queen] has been studied in an attempt to reduce decay caused by fungal pathogens such as Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade)-Moreau and Penicillium purpurogenum Stoll. Gamma radiation at 50, 75, 100, 150, and 250 Gy improved shelf life. The maximum tolerable dose was ≈250 Gy. Fruits irradiated with up to 150 Gy and then stored at 25 to 28C maintained their texture better than did the controls. Radiation, particularly at doses >250 Gy, caused browning of the shin and softening of tissues. Browning increased with increasing radiation dose and storage duration. Excessively high doses promoted spoilage. Doses in the range of 50 to 250 Gy, in combination with storage at 11 to 13C, can be used to reduce postharvest losses in pineapple due to fungal diseases and senescence, thereby extending shelf life.
Temperature and Storage Time Affect Quality of Yellow Passion Fruit
Authors: Arjona Harvey E. , Matta Frank B. , Garner James O.
Published: February 2019

Vine-ripened yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) packed and shipped from Homestead, Fla., were stored for 15, 30, or 45 days at 5, 10, or 15C. Fruit analyzed immediately on arrival had the best external appearance and highest fruit weight. Fruit weight loss increased with storage time at all temperatures and the response was linear. Fruit external appearance deteriorated rapidly at 5 and 15C. Pulp percentage at 5C increased linearly with storage duration and did not change at 10C. Pulp percentage at 15C changed quadratically with storage time, increasing up to 30 days and then decreasing by 45 days. Soluble solids concentration did not change at 5 or 10C, but decreased linearly at 15C. Sucrose content decreased quadratically at 5C, linearly at 15C, but increased linearly at 10C. Fructose and glucose content decreased quadratically with storage time at 15C. Glucose content increased linearly at 5 and 10C and fructose content did not change at these temperatures.
Extending the Storage Life of `Fuyu' Persimmon by Modified-atmosphere Packaging
Authors: Ben-Arie Ruth , Zutkhi Yohanan
Published: February 2019

The commercial storage life of the nonastringent Japanese `Fuyu' persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.), grown in Israel, was extended from 6 to 18 weeks at 0C by modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) in a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film. MAP retarded fruit softening and inhibited development of peel and flesh disorders, which limited the storage life of the naked fruit. The fruit maintained its external and internal quality within the MAP during a subsequent week at 20C in the 0.08-mm LDPE film. Fruit quality deteriorated more rapidly in a 0.06-mm package. The difference between fruit quality in the two packs is attributed to specific physiological effects of the different atmospheric equilibria established due to film thickness.
Winter Pear (`Anjou' and `Bosc') Response to Methyl Bromide Fumigation
Authors: Drake S.R. , Mofiitt H.R.
Published: February 2019

MeBr fumigation of `Anjou' pears reduced external skin color values and increased the incidence of scald whether applied immediately after harvest or after 5 months of controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage. MeBr treatment did not influence external color of `Bosc' pears (Pyrus communis L.). Internal discoloration of `Bosc' pears was apparent only in fruit from CA storage and those that were not in good physiological condition before fumigation. Internal discoloration was apparent by either objective or subjective procedures. Firmness values of `Bosc' pears increased with MeBr fumigation and treated pears softened as readily as nonfumigated pears. Reaction of these winter pears to MeBr fumigation was not dose-dependent. Chemical name used: methylbromide (MeBr).
Efficacy and Postharvest Persistence of Uniconazole Treatment on Hypoestes phyllostachya
Authors: Starman Terri Woods , Gibson P.T.
Published: February 2019

The effectiveness of uniconazole for height control of Hypoestes (Hypoestes phyllostachya Bak. `Pink Splash') was determined, and the persistence of uniconazole with chlormequat and daminozide for limiting stem elongation in a low-light interior environment was compared. Spray and drench applications of uniconazole decreased plant height linearly with increased concentration. Two uniconazole sprays at 5.0 mg·liter -1, 0.05 mg a.i./pot uniconazole drench, or two chlormequat sprays at 2500 mg·liter-1 resulted in equally aesthetic plant size for 0.4-liter pots. Chlormequat was more effective than uniconazole for reducing rate of growth in the postharvest environment. No difference in postproduction rate of growth occurred between two sprays at 5.0 mg·liter-1 and 0.05 or 0.10 mg a.i./pot drench treatments of uniconazole. Chemical names used: 2-chloro -N,N,N- trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); (E)-(S) -1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pent-l1ene-3-ol (uniconazole).
Defoliation of Strawberry Transplants for Fruit Production in Florida
Authors: Albregts E.E. , Howard C.M. , Chandler C.K.
Published: February 2019

Florida-developed strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) clones or varieties grown in Florida nurseries and California-developed varieties grown in Canadian nurseries were evaluated in fruiting studies in Florida during four seasons. Transplants were defoliated so that 0%, 35%, 60%, or 87% of the foliage was removed. The Florida clones `Dover' and selection 79-1126 gave significant linear and/or quadratic early and total marketable yield responses to defoliation treatments for all seasons. The Canadian-grown clones `Chandler' and `Selva' gave similar responses during three seasons, but differences were not as great as for the Florida-grown clones. Many significant linear and quadratic responses in seasonal average fruit weight and plant size occurred for Florida-grown plants, but only one occurred with the Canadian-grown plants. Relative plant size at early and midseason decreased with greater defoliation.
Efficacy of Paclobutrazol and Uniconazole on Four Bedding Plant Species
Authors: Barrett James E. , Nell Terril A.
Published: February 2019

Impatiens L. wallerana Hook., Salvia splendens Sello ex Nees, Tagetes erecta L., and Petunia hybrida Vilm. plants in 610-cm3 pots were sprayed with either uniconazole or paclobutrazol at concentrations from 10 to 160 mg·liter-1. For all species, both chemicals reduced plant size compared with untreated control plants, and the effect increased with higher concentrations. Uniconazole produced smaller plants than did paclobutrazol at similar concentrations. For impatiens, salvia, and marigold, there was an interaction between chemical and concentration; the degree of difference between the effects of the chemicals was greater at higher concentrations. For these three species, uniconazole elicited a quadratic response and reached saturation within the concentrations used; however, these concentrations were still in the linear portion of the dose response curve for paclobutrazol. Chemical names used: (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol); (E)-(+)-(S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pent-1-ene-3-ol (uniconazole).
In Situ Plant Canopy and Potting Medium Temperatures under Two Greenhouse Temperature Regimes
Authors: McAvoy Richard J.
Published: February 2019

Root-zone and plant canopy temperatures were continuously monitored as a poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex JSI.) crop was grown in the greenhouse under warm day/cool night [(+) DT-NT] or cool day/warm night [(-) DT-NT] temperature regimes. Day temperatures were imposed from 0900 to 1700 hr. Light levels photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and outside ambient air temperatures were also monitored. Temperature differences between the root-zone and plant canopy microenvironments were most extreme during the night-to-day and day-to-night temperature transition periods. The temperature difference between the plant canopy and the root zone following temperature transition periods had been previously identified as a critical factor affecting stem elongation. Overall poinsettia height was consistently shorter under the (-) DT-NT than under the (+) DT-NT environment.