bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of mild cognitive impairment using various types of gait tests and machine learning
Authors: Seifallahi Mahmoud , Galvin James E. , Ghoraani Behnaz
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD) progressively impair cognitive function, prompting the need for early detection to mitigate its impact. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) may signal an early cognitive decline due to ADRD. Thus, developing an accessible, non-invasive method for detecting MCI is vital for initiating early interventions to prevent severe cognitive deterioration.

Methods

This study explores the utility of analyzing gait patterns, a fundamental aspect of human motor behavior, on straight and oval paths for diagnosing MCI. Using a Kinect v.2 camera, we recorded the movements of 25 body joints from 25 individuals with MCI and 30 healthy older adults (HC). Signal processing, descriptive statistical analysis, and machine learning techniques were employed to analyze the skeletal gait data in both walking conditions.

Results and discussion

The study demonstrated that both straight and oval walking patterns provide valuable insights for MCI detection, with a notable increase in identifiable gait features in the more complex oval walking test. The Random Forest model excelled among various algorithms, achieving an 85.50% accuracy and an 83.9% F-score in detecting MCI during oval walking tests. This research introduces a cost-effective, Kinect-based method that integrates gait analysis—a key behavioral pattern—with machine learning, offering a practical tool for MCI screening in both clinical and home environments.
Cerebral hemodynamic response to upright position in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Carvalho Lilian B. , Kaffenberger Tina , Chambers Brian , Borschmann Karen , Levi Christopher , Churilov Leonid , Thijs Vincent , Bernhardt Julie
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Concerns exist that a potential mechanism for harm from upright activity (sitting, standing, and walking) early after an acute ischaemic stroke could be the reduction of cerebral perfusion during this critical phase. We aimed to estimate the effects of upright positions (sitting and standing) on cerebral hemodynamics within 48 h and later, 3–7 days post-stroke, in patients with strokes with and without occlusive disease and in controls.

Methods

We investigated MCAv using transcranial Doppler in 0° head position, then at 30°, 70°, 90° sitting, and 90° standing, at <48 h post-stroke, and later at 3–7 days post-stroke. Mixed-effect linear regression modeling was used to estimate differences in MCAv between the 0° and other positions and to compare MCAv changes across groups.

Results

A total of 42 stroke participants (anterior and posterior circulation) (13 with occlusive disease, 29 without) and 22 controls were recruited. Affected hemisphere MCAv decreased in strokes with occlusive disease (<48 h post-stroke): from 0° to 90° sitting (−9.9 cm/s, 95% CI[−16.4, −3.4]) and from 0° to 90° standing (−7.1 cm/s, 95%CI[−14.3, −0.01]). Affected hemisphere MCAv also decreased in strokes without occlusive disease: from 0° to 90° sitting (−3.3 cm/s, 95%CI[−5.6, −1.1]) and from 0° to 90° standing (−3.6 cm/s, 95%CI [−5.9, −1.3]) (p-value interaction stroke with vs. without occlusive disease = 0.07). A decrease in MCAv when upright was also observed in controls: from 0° to 90° sitting (−3.8 cm/s, 95%CI[−6.0, −1.63]) and from 0° to 90° standing (−3 cm/s, 95%CI[−5.2, −0.81]) (p-value interaction stroke vs. controls = 0.85). Subgroup analysis of anterior circulation stroke showed similar patterns of change in MCAv in the affected hemisphere, with a significant interaction between those with occlusive disease (n = 11) and those without (n = 26) (p = 0.02). Changes in MCAv from 0° to upright at <48 h post-stroke were similar to 3–7 days. No association between changes in MCAv at <48 h and the 30-day modified Rankin Scale was found.

Discussion

Moving to more upright positions <2 days post-stroke does reduce MCAv in the affected hemisphere; however, these changes were not significantly different for stroke participants (anterior and posterior circulation) with and without occlusive disease, nor for controls. The decrease in MCAv in anterior circulation stroke with occlusive disease significantly differed from without occlusive disease. However, the sample size was small, and more research is warranted to confirm these findings.
Roles of AMPA receptors in social behaviors
Authors: Xu Qi Wei , Larosa Amanda , Wong Tak Pan
Published: July 2024

As a crucial player in excitatory synaptic transmission, AMPA receptors (AMPARs) contribute to the formation, regulation, and expression of social behaviors. AMPAR modifications have been associated with naturalistic social behaviors, such as aggression, sociability, and social memory, but are also noted in brain diseases featuring impaired social behavior. Understanding the role of AMPARs in social behaviors is timely to reveal therapeutic targets for treating social impairment in disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of the molecular composition, function, and plasticity of AMPARs to social behaviors. The impact of targeting AMPARs in treating brain disorders will also be discussed.
A review of the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, synthetic biology and comprehensive utilization of Silybum marianum
Authors: Zhang Xiaozhuang , Liu Meiqi , Wang Zhen , Wang Panpan , Kong Lingyang , Wu Jianhao , Wu Wei , Ma Lengleng , Jiang Shan , Ren Weichao , Du Likun , Ma Wei , Liu Xiubo
Published: July 2024

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, a herbaceous plant with a long history in traditional medicine for the treatment of hepatobiliary diseases, particularly in Europe, which has attracted attention for its remarkable therapeutic effect. This review systematically summarizes the research progress in the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, comprehensive utilization and synthetic biology of S. marianum. Up to now, more than 20 types of flavonolignan components have been isolated from S. marianum. In addition, the rearch on fatty acids and triterpenoids is also constantly improving. Among them, silybin is the most active compound in flavonolignans components. Its pharmacological effects in vivo and in vitro include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, hypoglycaemic, neuroprotective and immunoregulatory properties. The use of coniferyl alcohol and taxifolin as substrates to produce silybin and isosilybin under the action of enzyme catalysis is the commonly used biosynthetic pathway of silymarin, which provides support for a comprehensive analysis of the synthetic pathway of silymarin. In addition to medicinal use, the extracts of plants also have broad application prospects in the production of food, healthcare products, cosmetics and other aspects. In addition, the chemical composition, pharmacological mechanism and synthetic biology of S. marianum need to be further studied, which is very important for its clinical efficacy and resource development.
YOLOv8-segANDcal: segmentation, extraction, and calculation of soybean radicle features
Authors: Wu Yijie , Li Zhengjun , Jiang Haoyu , Li Qianyun , Qiao Jinxin , Pan Feng , Fu Xiuqing , Guo Biao
Published: July 2024

The high-throughput and full-time acquisition of images of crop growth processes, and the analysis of the morphological parameters of their features, is the foundation for achieving fast breeding technology, thereby accelerating the exploration of germplasm resources and variety selection by crop breeders. The evolution of embryonic soybean radicle characteristics during germination is an important indicator of soybean seed vitality, which directly affects the subsequent growth process and yield of soybeans. In order to address the time-consuming and labor-intensive manual measurement of embryonic radicle characteristics, as well as the issue of large errors, this paper utilizes continuous time-series crop growth vitality monitoring system to collect full-time sequence images of soybean germination. By introducing the attention mechanism SegNext_Attention, improving the Segment module, and adding the CAL module, a YOLOv8-segANDcal model for the segmentation and extraction of soybean embryonic radicle features and radicle length calculation was constructed. Compared to the YOLOv8-seg model, the model respectively improved the detection and segmentation of embryonic radicles by 2% and 1% in mAP50-95, and calculated the contour features and radicle length of the embryonic radicles, obtaining the morphological evolution of the embryonic radicle contour features over germination time. This model provides a rapid and accurate method for crop breeders and agronomists to select crop varieties.
Active defense strategies for invasive plants may alter the distribution pattern of pests in the invaded area
Authors: Zhai Junjie , Hou Bin , Hu Fangyu , Yu Guozhu , Li Zhiqi , Palmer-Young Evan C. , Xiang Hui , Gao Lei
Published: July 2024

Introduction

In the invaded areas, it is believed that invasive species reduce their investment in defense due to the absence of natural enemies.

Methods

By field investigation and a series of laboratory assays, This study explored the defense strategies of invasive plants.

Results

Field investigation indicated that invasive plants have a antifeedant effect on herbivorous pests, and the distribution frequency of wormholes of native plants shows a peak at a distance of 2–3 m from the invasive species. The feeding preference experiment conducted with two generalist herbivorous insects (native insect Spodoptera litura and invasive insect Spodoptera frugiperda) showed that the invasive plants have a stronger antifeedant effect than native plants. By analyzing the content of secondary metabolites in the leaves of three invasive plants (Sphagneticola trilobata, Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica) and three native plants (Ipomoea nil, Paederia foetida, Polygonum chinense), the leaves of invasive plants had higher concentrations of substances associated with defenses, including total phenols, flavonoids, jasmonic acid, tannin, H2O2, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and lower soluble protein concentrations than native plants. After leaf damage, compared to native plants, the leaves of invasive plants showed an overall increase in substances associated with defense, except for soluble sugar.

Discussion

These results suggest that invasive plants maintain active defense strategies in invaded areas, leading to changes in the distribution patterns of herbivorous insects in a manner that facilitates invasion.
Feasibility and efficacy of a novel audiovisual tool to increase colorectal cancer screening among rural Appalachian Kentucky adults
Authors: Kruse-Diehr Aaron J. , Cegelka Derek , Holtsclaw Elizabeth , Edward Jean S. , Vos Sarah C. , Karrer Melissa , Bathje Katie , Rogers Melinda , Russell Elaine , Knight Jennifer Redmond
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Residents of Appalachian regions in Kentucky experience increased colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality. While population-based screening methods, such as fecal immunochemical tests (FITs), can reduce many screening barriers, written instructions to complete FIT can be challenging for some individuals. We developed a novel audiovisual tool (“talking card”) to educate and motivate accurate FIT completion and assessed its feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy.

Materials and methods

We collected data on the talking card via: (1) cross-sectional surveys exploring perceptions of images, messaging, and perceived utility; (2) follow-up focus groups centered on feasibility and acceptability; and (3) efficacy testing in community-based FIT distribution events, where we assessed FIT completion rate, number of positive vs. negative screens, demographic characteristics of participants, and primary drivers of FIT completion.

Results

Across the three study phases, 692 individuals participated. Survey respondents positively identified with the card’s sounds and images, found it highly acceptable, and reported high-to-very high self-efficacy and response efficacy for completing FIT, with nearly half noting greater likelihood to complete screening after using the tool. Focus group participants confirmed the acceptability of the individuals featured on the card. Nearly 75% of participants provided a FIT accurately completed it, with most indicating the talking card, either alone or combined with another strategy, helped with completion.

Discussion

To reduce CRC screening disparities among Appalachian Kentuckians, population-based screening using contextually relevant implementation strategies must be used alongside clinic-based education. The talking card represents a novel and promising strategy to promote screening uptake in both clinical and community settings.
Centella asiatica and its caffeoylquinic acid and triterpene constituents increase dendritic arborization of mouse primary hippocampal neurons and improve age-related locomotion deficits in Drosophila
Authors: Rowe Karon , Gray Nora E. , Zweig Jonathan A. , Law Alexander , Techen Natascha , Maier Claudia S. , Soumyanath Amala , Kretzschmar Doris
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Centella asiatica (CA) is known in Ayurvedic medicine as a rejuvenating herb with particular benefits in the nervous system. Two groups of specialized metabolites found in CA and purported to contribute to its beneficial effects are triterpenes (TTs) and caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs). In order to evaluate the role and interactions of TTs and CQAs in the effects of CA, we examined the neurotrophic effects of a water extract of CA (CAW) and combinations of its TT and CQA components in mouse primary hippocampal neurons in vitro and in Drosophila melanogaster flies in vivo.

Methods

Primary hippocampal neurons were isolated from mouse embryos and exposed in vitro for 5 days to CAW (50 μg/mL), mixtures of TTs, CQAs or TT + CQA components or to 4 TTs or 8 individual CQA compounds of CAW. Dendritic arborization was evaluated using Sholl analysis. Drosophila flies were aged to 28 days and treated for 2 weeks with CAW (10 mg/mL) in the food, mixtures of TTs, CQAs or TT + CQA and individual TT and CQA compounds. TTs and CQAs were tested at concentrations matching their levels in the CAW treatment used. After 2 weeks of treatment, Drosophila aged 42 days were evaluated for phototaxis responses.

Results

In mouse primary hippocampal neurons, CAW (50 μg/mL), the TT mix, CQA mix, all individual TTs and most CQAs significantly increased dendritic arborization to greater than control levels. However, the TT + CQA combination significantly decreased dendritic arborization. In Drosophila, a marked age-related decline in fast phototaxis response was observed in both males and females over a 60 days period. However, resilience to this decline was afforded in both male and female flies by treatment from 28 days onwards with CAW (10 mg/mL), or equivalent concentrations of mixed TTs, mixed CQAs and a TT + CQA mix. Of all the individual compounds, only 1,5-diCQA slowed age-related decline in phototaxis in male and female flies.

Discussion

This study confirmed the ability of CAW to increase mouse neuronal dendritic arborization, and to provide resilience to age-related neurological decline in Drosophila. The TT and CQA components both contribute to these effects but do not have a synergistic effect. While individual TTs and most individual CQAs increased dendritic arborization at CAW equivalent concentrations, in the Drosophila model, only 1,5-diCQA was able to slow down the age-related decline in phototaxis. This suggests that combinations (or potentially higher concentrations) of the other compounds are needed to provide resilience in this model.
Modeling transmission of avian influenza viruses at the human-animal-environment interface in Cuba
Authors: Montano Valle Damarys de las Nieves , Berezowski John , Delgado-Hernández Beatriz , Hernández Adrian Quintana , Percedo-Abreu María Irian , Alfonso Pastor , Carmo Luis Pedro
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The increasing geographical spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is of global concern due to the underlying zoonotic and pandemic potential of the virus and its economic impact. An integrated One Health model was developed to estimate the likelihood of Avian Influenza (AI) introduction and transmission in Cuba, which will help inform and strengthen risk-based surveillance activities.

Materials and methods

The spatial resolution used for the model was the smallest administrative district (“Consejo Popular”). The model was parameterised for transmission from wild birds to poultry and pigs (commercial and backyard) and then to humans. The model includes parameters such as risk factors for the introduction and transmission of AI into Cuba, animal and human population densities; contact intensity and a transmission parameter (β).

Results

Areas with a higher risk of AI transmission were identified for each species and type of production system. Some variability was observed in the distribution of areas estimated to have a higher probability of AI introduction and transmission. In particular, the south-western and eastern regions of Cuba were highlighted as areas with the highest risk of transmission.

Discussion

These results are potentially useful for refining existing criteria for the selection of farms for active surveillance, which could improve the ability to detect positive cases. The model results could contribute to the design of an integrated One Health risk-based surveillance system for AI in Cuba. In addition, the model identified geographical regions of particular importance where resources could be targeted to strengthen biosecurity and early warning surveillance.
Metabolomics analysis of the effect of GnRH on the pregnancy rate of ewes with estrus synchronization scheme based on progesterone
Authors: Zhang Jing , Sun Shuyuan , Bai Xinyu , Yang Nana , Liu Yiyong , Wu Xinglong , Li Xiangyun
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is widely used in the timed artificial insemination protocol for sheep. However, there remains a debate regarding its impact on pregnancy rates during artificial insemination. This study aims to evaluate the effect of GnRH on the pregnancy rates in Huyang ewes, analyze the pre-implantation metabolite changes caused by GnRH using metabolomics, and elucidate the mechanism effect on pregnancy rates.

Methods

All ewes were administered a vaginal progesterone sponge containing 45 mg of flurogestone acetate for 12 days and received 330 units of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) intramuscularly after sponge removal. The experimental group (n = 69) received an intramuscular treatment of 17 μg GnRH agonist triptorelin 48 h after sponge removal on Day 0, while the control group (n = 41) received 1 mL of sterile saline solution. All ewes underwent a single vaginal insemination 58 h after the withdrawal of the progesterone sponge. The difference in pregnancy rates between the two groups was calculated. Metabolomic analysis was performed on plasma samples collected on Day 7 after the treatment of GnRH agonist.

Results

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment significantly reduced the pregnancy rate in the experimental group compared with the control group (72.2 vs. 82.9%, p < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis indicated that GnRH treatment affected metabolites involved in collagen synthesis and prostaglandin synthesis in the endometrial tissue, which includes a marked decrease in hydroxyproline amino acid content and a significant increase in corticosterone and prostaglandin D2 lipids and unsaturated fatty acids.

Conclusion

In summary, the injection of GnRH agonist Triptorelin 48 h after progesterone sponges removal reduces the pregnancy rate of Huyang ewe following artificial insemination. It also affects the metabolite levels related to endometrial collagen and prostaglandin synthesis, harming embryo implantation.
Automatic Vertical Parking Reference Trajectory Based on Improved Immune Shark Smell Optimization
Authors: Chen Yan , Liu Gang , Wang Longda , Xia Bing
Published: July 2024

Parking path optimization is the principal problem of automatic vertical parking (AVP); however, it is difficult to determine a collision avoiding, smooth, and accurate optimized parking path using traditional parking reference trajectory optimization methods. In order to implement high-performance automatic parking reference trajectory optimization, we establish an automatic parking reference trajectory optimization model using cubic spline interpolation, and we propose an improved immune shark smell optimization (IISSO) to solve it. Firstly, we take the length of the parking reference trajectory as the optimization objective, and we introduce an intelligent automatic parking path optimization model using cubic spline interpolation. Secondly, the improved immune shark optimization algorithm combines the immune, refraction, and Gaussian variation mechanisms, thus effectively improving its global optimization ability. The simulation results for the parking path optimization experiments indicate that the proposed IISSO has a higher optimization accuracy and faster calculation speed; hence, it can obtain a parking path with higher optimization performance.
Molecular Marker-Assisted Selection of a New Water-Saving and Drought-Resistant Rice (WDR) Restoration Line, Hanhui 8200, for Enhanced Resistance to Rice Blast
Authors: Liu Guolan , Zhu Peiwen , Liu Yi , Kong Deyan , Wang Jiahong , Luo Lijun , Yu Xinqiao
Published: July 2024

Through backcrossing and marker-assisted selection, gene Pi9 for resistance to rice blast was introduced into the water-saving and drought-resistant rice variety, Hanhui 3. The genetic background identity between Hanhui 8200 and Hanhui 3 was 91.4%. The drought resistance and drought avoidance abilities of Hanhui 8200 were equivalent to those of Hanhui 3. The resistance to rice blast was improved from grade 7 to grade 1. The rice quality of Hanhui 8200 meets the Ministry of Agriculture’s grade 3 rice standards. The two-line and three-line hybrids formulated with Hanhui 8200 have high yield potential. Among them, the three-line hybrid Hanyou 8200 (Approval No.: Evaluated Rice 20210073), formulated with Huhan 7A, passed the Hubei Provincial approval in 2021, and the two-line hybrid Hanyouliangyou 8200 (Approval No.: Nationally Validated Rice 20210448), formulated with Huhan 82S, passed the national variety approval in 2021. Both hybrids demonstrated strong resistance to rice blast, moderate resistance to bacterial leaf blight, strong drought resistance, high quality, and high yield.
Transcriptomic Analysis of Maize Inbred Lines with Different Leaf Shapes Reveals Candidate Genes and Pathways Involved in Density Tolerance
Authors: Guo Shulei , Guo Yiyang , Zhang Jun , Song Yinghui , Guo Jinsheng , Wei Liangming , Zhang Qianjin , Wang Zhenhua , Han Zanping , Cao Liru , Zhang Xin , Lu Xiaomin
Published: July 2024

Maize is an important food and feed crop. Under limited arable land area, the cultivation of high-density-tolerance crops is a key factor in promoting yield improvement. Leaf width and stalk strength are important influences on density tolerance in maize. However, no comprehensive transcriptomic analysis has focused on maize’s leaf width and stalk strength formation mechanisms. In this study, comparative transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that significant transcriptome changes occurred regarding leaf width and stalk strength of narrow-leaved and wide-leaved maize inbred lines, with a total of 5001 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified. Enrichment analysis showed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, phytohormone signaling, amino acid metabolism, and brassinosteroid biosynthesis were significantly correlated with the formation of maize leaf shape and stalk strength and that the genes in these pathways were primarily involved in cell wall formation. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified 2 modules significantly correlated with leaf width and stalk strength, from which 11 hub genes were further identified. The 11 leaf and stem development genes in different pathways were validated using qRT-PCR. These findings can provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism of narrow-leaf and high-strength stalk formation in high-density-tolerance maize and contribute to the proposal of a breeding strategy for yield improvement.
Critical Leaf Magnesium Thresholds for Growth, Chlorophyll, Leaf Area, and Photosynthesis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Xie Kailiu , Pan Yonghui , Meng Xusheng , Wang Min , Guo Shiwei
Published: July 2024

Accurately understanding the critical threshold of leaf magnesium (Mg) concentration is crucial for rapid diagnosis of crop Mg status; however, little information is available on critical Mg concentration for different physiological processes in dicots and monocots. Here, we investigated the sensitivity of biomass, chlorophyll (Chl) at different leaf positions/ages, leaf area (LA), and photosynthesis (Pn) to Mg deficiency between rice (Oryza sativa L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Plants were grown hydroponically under twelve Mg concentration gradients. Results showed reducing the external Mg supply to a certain level resulted in significant decline in biomass, Chl, LA, and Pn in both plants. A leaf Mg threshold of 0.97 mg g−1 DM (dry matter) for total biomass was found in rice, which was not identified in cucumber. Critical Mg thresholds for Chl a, b, and carotenoids (Car) showed a decreasing trend with leaf age, suggesting Chl in upper young leaves are more sensitive to Mg deficiency; however, visible Mg-deficiency symptoms were predominantly in mid-aged leaves with a higher rate of Mg remobilization, especially in cucumber. Leaf critical Mg concentrations for Chl a+b, Pn, and LA were 1.22, 1.05, and 1.00 mg g−1 DM in rice, respectively, which were lower than those of cucumber, 4.23, 4.09, and 3.55 mg g−1 DM, implying that cucumber was more susceptible to low Mg stress; Chl a+b was the most sensitive indicator of Mg deficiency. Overall, Chl a+b of upper young mature leaves can be used as an early diagnostic index of Mg nutrition in crops, especially Mg-insensitive crops.
Andrographolide Inhibits Expression of NLPR3 Inflammasome in Canine Mononuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Albornoz Alejandro , Pardo Bibiana , Apaoblaza Sofia , Henriquez Claudio , Ojeda Javier , Uberti Benjamín , Hancke Juan , Burgos Rafael A. , Moran Gabriel
Published: July 2024

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that trigger processes through caspase-1 activation, leading to the maturation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18. The gene encoding the inflammasome stimulatory protein NLRP3 is conserved in canines. Caspase-1/4 homologues have been identified in multiple carnivores, including canines, and caspase-1 activity has been shown in humans. The NLRP3 inflammasome has also been described in some canine inflammatory diseases. Andrographolide, a labdane diterpene, is the principal active ingredient in the herb Andrographis paniculate. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of andrographolide on the gene expression of the components of the NLRP3 inflammasome, proinflammatory cytokines, and IL-1β secretion in canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. For this, MTT assays and real-time PCR were employed to assess the cytotoxicity and gene expression. Further, an ELISA test was performed to measure the IL-1β concentration. The findings reveal that andrographolide significantly reduces the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1/4, IL-1β, and IL-18. Additionally, it decreases the secretion of IL-1β and other proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. The results show that andrographolide decreases the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1/4, IL-1β, and IL-18. Andrographolide also reduces proinflammatory cytokines expression, and decreases IL-1β secretion. This indicates that andrographolide can interfere with the activation and function of the inflammasome, resulting in a decrease in the inflammatory response in canines. Research in this area is still budding, and more studies are necessary to fully understand andrographolide’s mechanisms of action and its therapeutic potential in relation to the NLRP3 inflammasome in dogs.
Change in the Distribution Pattern of Dirofilaria immitis in Gran Canaria (Hyperendemic Island) between 1994 and 2020
Authors: Montoya-Alonso José Alberto , García-Rodríguez Sara Nieves , Matos Jorge Isidoro , Costa-Rodríguez Noelia , Falcón-Cordón Yaiza , Carretón Elena , Morchón Rodrigo
Published: July 2024

Dirofilariosis is a zoonotic disease that mainly affects dogs and cats, with a high risk to public health. The island of Gran Canaria (Spain) has been shown to be a hyperendemic area of infection and, therefore, a model for studying the evolution of the disease. The objective of this study was to track the prevalence and distribution of heartworm in dogs, cats, and residents of Gran Canaria from 1994 to 2020, using published and unpublished data. Blood samples from 5841 dogs, 1203 cats, and 1604 humans were collected in the years analyzed, considering geographical and isoclimatic factors. In 1994, a prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis of 67.02% in dogs was reported, while in 2020 it was 15.81%. In cats, the seroprevalence in 2010 was 33.03%, compared to 17.20% in 2020. The incidence of D. immitis in humans in 2008 was 18.66%, while in 2020 it was 8.27%. For all study groups, temperate cold zone (TC) and temperate mild zone (TM) climates had the highest prevalence. Throughout these 20 years, the prevalence of heartworm disease has decreased. Despite this, it continues to be a hyperendemic island. This study highlights the importance of using the “One Health” perspective and the risks of contagion of the disease.
A Review of the Effects of Stress on Dairy Cattle Behaviour
Authors: Jurkovich Viktor , Hejel Péter , Kovács Levente
Published: July 2024

In this narrative review, the authors summarise the relationship between stress and behaviour and how dairy cattle cope with stressors. Based on the available literature, the most common stressors in intensive dairy cattle farming, such as pain, disease, heat stress, poor comfort caused by technology, and social stress, are surveyed. The authors describe how these stressors modify the behaviour of dairy cattle, influencing their feeding patterns, social interactions, and overall well-being. Additionally, the review explores the effectiveness of various coping mechanisms employed by dairy cattle to mitigate stress, including physiological adaptations and behavioural responses. This review is a valuable resource for understanding and grading stress in dairy cattle through behavioural reactions. Elucidating the intricate interplay between stressors and behaviour offers insights into potential interventions to improve animal welfare and productivity in dairy farming. Furthermore, this review highlights areas for future research, suggesting avenues for more comprehensive behavioural studies to enhance our understanding of stress management strategies in dairy cattle.
Proteomics and Its Combined Analysis with Transcriptomics: Liver Fat-Lowering Effect of Taurine in High-Fat Fed Grouper (Epinephelus coioides)
Authors: Zhou Yu , Bai Fakai , Xiao Ruyi , Chen Mingfan , Sun Yunzhang , Ye Jidan
Published: July 2024

In order to understand the intervention effect of taurine on liver fat deposition induced by high fat intake in the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), we performed proteomic analysis and association analysis with previously obtained transcriptomic data. Three isoproteic (47% crude protein) diets were designed to contain two levels of fat and were named as the 10% fat diet (10F), 15% fat diet (15F), and 15% fat with 1% taurine (15FT). The 10F diet was used as the control diet. After 8 weeks of feeding, the 15F diet exhibited comparable weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and hepatosomatic index as the 10F diet, but the former increased liver fat content vs. the latter. Feeding with the 15FT diet resulted in an improvement in weight gain and a reduction in feed conversion ratio, hepatosomatic index, and liver fat content compared with feeding the 15F diet. When comparing liver proteomic data between the 15F and 15FT groups, a total of 133 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, of which 51 were upregulated DEPs and 82 were downregulated DEPs. Among these DEPs, cholesterol 27-hydroxylase, phosphatidate phosphatase LPIN, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase were further screened out and were involved in primary bile acid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and the AMPK signaling pathway as key DEPs in terms of alleviating liver fat deposition of taurine in high-fat fed fish. With the association analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data through KEGG, three differentially expressed genes (atp1a, arf1_2, and plcd) and four DEPs (CYP27α1, LPIN, PLCD, and PTK2B) were co-enriched into five pathways related to fat metabolism including primary bile acid synthesis, bile secretion, glycerolipid metabolism, phospholipid D signaling, or/and phosphatidylinositol signaling. The results showed that dietary taurine intervention could trigger activation of bile acid biosynthesis and inhibition of triglyceride biosynthesis, thereby mediating the liver fat-lowering effects in high-fat fed orange-spotted grouper. The present study contributes some novel insight into the liver fat-lowering effects of dietary taurine in high-fat fed groupers.
Evaluating the Impact of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Personality Types on Perinatal Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Neda-Stepan Oana , Giurgi-Oncu Cătălina , Sălcudean Andreea , Bernad Elena , Bernad Brenda-Cristiana , Boeriu Estera , Enătescu Virgil Radu
Published: July 2024

Perinatal depression (PPD) presents a significant public health concern, often influenced by psychological and personality factors. This study investigated the impact of personality traits, particularly neuroticism, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms on the severity of PPD. The primary aim was to quantify the contributions of these factors to the risk and severity of PPD to enhance early intervention strategies. A total of 47 pregnant women with depressive symptoms per DSM-5 criteria at “Pius Brinzeu” County Emergency Hospital in Timisoara, Romania, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, as well as 49 women without depressive symptoms as controls. Personality traits were assessed using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and OCD symptoms were measured using the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (OCI). Depression severity was evaluated using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). This set of questionnaires were administered antepartum and postpartum. The logistic regression analysis highlighted neuroticism as a significant predictor of PPD severity, with an increase in neuroticism associated with a higher risk of PPD (coefficient = 0.24, p < 0.001). Conversely, openness showed a protective effect (coefficient = −0.13, p = 0.009). Higher OCD symptomatology, particularly ordering and hoarding, were linked with increased depression scores. Specifically, the total OCI score significantly predicted the EPDS score (coefficient = 0.03, p = 0.003). Furthermore, significant increases in EPDS anxiety and depression scores were observed in the perinatal period, indicating worsening of symptoms (anxiety coefficient = 0.51; p < 0.001). The findings suggest that personality traits like neuroticism and OCD symptoms significantly contribute to the severity of PPD. Interventions targeting these specific traits could potentially mitigate the risk and severity of perinatal depression, underscoring the need for personalized treatment plans that consider these psychological dimensions.
Photocatalytic N-Formylation of CO2 with Amines Catalyzed by Diethyltriamine Pentaacetic Acid
Authors: Yuan Xuexin , Zhou Qiqi , Chen Yu , Yang Hai-Jian , Jiang Qingqing , Hu Juncheng , Guo Cun-Yue
Published: July 2024

In the present work, inexpensive and commercially available diethyltriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) was used as an initiator to catalyze the N-formylation reaction of CO2 with amines via the construction of C-N bonds in the presence of xanthone as the photosensitizer and PhSiH3 as the reducing agent. After a systematic study of various factors, the optimal conditions for the photocatalytic reaction were obtained: 2.5 mmol of amine, 2.5 mmol of PhSiH3, 10 mol% of DTPA, 20 mol% of xanthone, 1 mL of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), atmospheric pressure, and 35 W UV lamp irradiation for 48 h. Under the optimal conditions, the catalyst system afforded high performance for the N-formylation of amines (primary and secondary amines) and CO2, and the yields of the N-formylated products of dialkylamines were above 70%. Further studies exhibit that the catalytic system has a wide scope of substrate applications. For various alicyclic secondary amines, heterocyclic secondary amines, aliphatic primary amines, and aromatic primary amines, the corresponding N-formylation products can be obtained efficiently. In addition, the catalyst can be recycled by simple precipitation and filtration. After five cycles of recycling, there was no significant change in the catalytic and structural properties of DTPA. Finally, a possible reaction mechanism is proposed.
Focal Adhesion Kinase and Colony Stimulating Factors: Intestinal Homeostasis and Innate Immunity Crosstalk
Authors: Brown Nicholas D. , Vomhof-DeKrey Emilie E.
Published: July 2024

Thousands struggle with acute and chronic intestinal injury due to various causes. Epithelial intestinal healing is dependent on phenotypic transitions to a mobile phenotype. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a ubiquitous protein that is essential for cell mobility. This phenotype change is mediated by FAK activation and proves to be a promising target for pharmaceutical intervention. While FAK is crucial for intestinal healing, new evidence connects FAK with innate immunity and the importance it plays in macrophage/monocyte chemotaxis, as well as other intracellular signaling cascades. These cascades play a part in macrophage/monocyte polarization, maturation, and inflammation that is associated with intestinal injury. Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) such as macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF/CSF-1) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF/CSF-2) play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis within intestinal mucosa by crosstalk capabilities between macrophages and epithelial cells. The communication between these cells is imperative in orchestrating healing upon injury. Diving deeper into these connections may allow us a greater insight into the role that our immune system plays in healing, as well as a better comprehension of inflammatory diseases of the gut.
Flaxseed Oil Alleviates Trimethyltin-Induced Cell Injury and Inhibits the Pro-Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes in the Hippocampus of Female Rats
Authors: Mitrović Nataša , Adžić Bukvić Marija , Zarić Kontić Marina , Dragić Milorad , Petrović Snježana , Paunović Marija , Vučić Vesna , Grković Ivana
Published: July 2024

Exposure to the neurotoxin trimethyltin (TMT) selectively induces hippocampal neuronal injury and astrocyte activation accompanied with resultant neuroinflammation, which causes severe behavioral, cognitive, and memory impairment. A large body of evidence suggests that flaxseed oil (FSO), as one of the richest sources of essential omega-3 fatty acids, i.e., α-linolenic acids (ALA), displays neuroprotective properties. Here, we report the preventive effects of dietary FSO treatment in a rat model of TMT intoxication. The administration of FSO (1 mL/kg, orally) before and over the course of TMT intoxication (a single dose, 8 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced hippocampal cell death, prevented the activation of astrocytes, and inhibited their polarization toward a pro-inflammatory/neurotoxic phenotype. The underlying protective mechanism was delineated through the selective upregulation of BDNF and PI3K/Akt and the suppression of ERK activation in the hippocampus. Pretreatment with FSO reduced cell death and efficiently suppressed the expression of inflammatory molecules. These beneficial effects were accompanied by an increased intrahippocampal content of n-3 fatty acids. In vitro, ALA pretreatment prevented the TMT-induced polarization of cultured astrocytes towards the pro-inflammatory spectrum. Together, these findings support the beneficial neuroprotective properties of FSO/ALA against TMT-induced neurodegeneration and accompanied inflammation and hint at a promising preventive use of FSO in hippocampal degeneration and dysfunction.
A Portable Miniature Cryogenic Environment for In Situ Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Chen Yan , Yu Dunji , An Ke
Published: July 2024

Neutron diffraction instruments offer a platform for materials science and engineering studies at extended temperature ranges far from ambient. As one of the widely used neutron sample environment types, cryogenic furnaces are usually bulky and complex, and they may need hours of beamtime overhead for installation, configuration, cooling, and sample change, etc. To reduce the overhead time and expedite experiments at the state-of-the-art high-flux neutron source, we developed a low-cost, miniature, and easy-to-use cryogenic environment (77–473 K) for in situ neutron diffraction. A travel-size mug serves for the environment where the samples sit inside. Immediate cooling and an isothermal dwell at 77 K are realized on the sample by direct contact with liquid N2 in the mug. The designed Al inserts serve as the holder of samples and heating elements, alleviate the thermal gradient, and clear neutron pathways. Both a single-sample continuous measurement and multi-sample high-throughput measurements are demonstrated in this environment. High-quality and refinable in situ neutron diffraction patterns are acquired on model materials. The results quantify the orthorhombic-to-cubic phase transformation process in LiMn2O4 and differentiate the anisotropic lattice thermal expansions and bond length evolutions between rhombohedral perovskite oxides with composition variation.
Computational Study of Molecular Interactions in ZnCl2(urea)2 Crystals as Precursors for Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Malinowski Adrian , Śmiechowski Maciej
Published: July 2024

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are now enjoying an increased scientific interest due to their interesting properties and growing range of possible applications. Computational methods are at the forefront of deciphering their structure and dynamics. Type IV DESs, composed of metal chloride and a hydrogen bond donor, are among the less studied systems when it comes to their understanding at a molecular level. An important example of such systems is the zinc chloride–urea DES, already used in chemical synthesis, among others. In this paper, the ZnCl2(urea)2 crystal is studied from the point of view of its structure, infrared spectrum, and intermolecular interactions using periodic density functional theory and non-covalent interactions analysis. The two main structural motifs found in the crystal are a strongly hydrogen-bonded urea dimer assisted by chloride anions and a tetrahedral Zn(II) coordination complex. The crystal is composed of two interlocking parallel planes connected via the zinc cations. The infrared spectrum and bond lengths suggest a partially covalent character of the Zn−Cl bonds. The present analysis has far-reaching implications for the liquid ZnCl2–urea DES, explaining its fluidity, expected microstructure, and low conductivity, among others.
Novel Methodology for the Design of Personalized Cancer Vaccine Targeting Neoantigens: Application to Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Savsani Kush , Dakshanamurthy Sivanesan
Published: July 2024

Personalized cancer vaccines have emerged as a promising avenue for cancer treatment or prevention strategies. This approach targets the specific genetic alterations in individual patient’s tumors, offering a more personalized and effective treatment option. Previous studies have shown that generalized peptide vaccines targeting a limited scope of gene mutations were ineffective, emphasizing the need for personalized approaches. While studies have explored personalized mRNA vaccines, personalized peptide vaccines have not yet been studied in this context. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains challenging in oncology, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. In this study, we developed a personalized peptide vaccine design methodology, employing RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to identify prevalent gene mutations underlying PDAC development in a patient solid tumor tissue. We performed RNAseq analysis for trimming adapters, read alignment, and somatic variant calling. We also developed a Python program called SCGeneID, which validates the alignment of the RNAseq analysis. The Python program is freely available to download. Using chromosome number and locus data, SCGeneID identifies the target gene along the UCSC hg38 reference set. Based on the gene mutation data, we developed a personalized PDAC cancer vaccine that targeted 100 highly prevalent gene mutations in two patients. We predicted peptide-MHC binding affinity, immunogenicity, antigenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity for each epitope. Then, we selected the top 50 and 100 epitopes based on our previously published vaccine design methodology. Finally, we generated pMHC-TCR 3D molecular model complex structures, which are freely available to download. The designed personalized cancer vaccine contains epitopes commonly found in PDAC solid tumor tissue. Our personalized vaccine was composed of neoantigens, allowing for a more precise and targeted immune response against cancer cells. Additionally, we identified mutated genes, which were also found in the reference study, where we obtained the sequencing data, thus validating our vaccine design methodology. This is the first study designing a personalized peptide cancer vaccine targeting neoantigens using human patient data to identify gene mutations associated with the specific tumor of interest.
A Review of Constrained Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm-Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Mission Planning: Key Techniques and Challenges
Authors: Huang Gang , Hu Min , Yang Xueying , Wang Xun , Wang Yijun , Huang Feiyao
Published: July 2024

UAV mission planning is one of the core problems in the field of UAV applications. Currently, mission planning needs to simultaneously optimize multiple conflicting objectives and take into account multiple mutually coupled constraints, and traditional optimization algorithms struggle to effectively address these difficulties. Constrained multi-objective evolutionary algorithms have been proven to be effective methods for solving complex constrained multi-objective optimization problems and have been gradually applied to UAV mission planning. However, recent advances in this area have not been summarized. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of this topic, first introducing the basic classification of UAV mission planning and its applications in different fields, proposing a new classification method based on the priorities of objectives and constraints, and describing the constraints of UAV mission planning from the perspectives of mathematical models and planning algorithms. Then, the importance of constraint handling techniques in UAV mission planning and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed in detail, and the methods for determining individual settings in multiple populations and improvement strategies in constraint evolution algorithms are discussed. Finally, the method from the related literature is presented to compare in detail the application weights of constrained multi-objective evolutionary algorithms in UAV mission planning and provide directions and references for future research.