bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining the technology acceptance model in the adoption of social networks
Authors: Carlos Martins Rodrigues Pinho José , Soares Ana Maria
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the process of new technology adoption, notably social networks (SN), relying on a specific model, the technology acceptance model (TAM).

Design/methodology/approach

The study applies a quantitative methodological approach by using a survey method. The data are collected from a sample of 150 university students. In order to test the proposed relationships, structural equation modelling was employed.

Findings

The results of this empirical study demonstrate that SN are relatively easy to use, as respondents quickly become skillful at using these technologies, finding them quite flexible to interact with. In terms of their attitudes, respondents find SN fun to use and enjoy using them. Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness impact on attitude towards SN. Attitude, in turn, impacts on behavioral intention to use SN. Thus, the authors confirm the explanatory power of TAM in the adoption of SN.

Research limitations/implications

The study focuses on the parsimonious TAM model and its applicability to SN adoption. Another drawback pertains to the size of the sample.

Practical implications

A lot remains to be done to maximise the use of SN within a firm's context. For instance, a specific brand could target a specific group of users on Facebook and those potential customers who want to find detailed information about their products as services could be directed to the firm's official web site.

Originality/value

The relevance of this study is set against a lack of consistent, detailed research on the factors influencing the adoption of SNs.
Managing motives and design to influence web site revisits
Authors: Kabadayi Sertan , Gupta Reetika
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to better understand the relationship between web site design characteristics and revisit intention by examining the roles of satisfaction and consumer motives, thus providing managers with strategies that they can adopt to secure revisiting consumers at their web sites.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses survey method to collect data from 238 respondents and mediation hypotheses are tested with structural equation modelling using LISREL.

Findings

The results indicate that for goal‐directed consumers web site content and customization play a more significant role in influencing their satisfaction and revisit intentions than convenience. However, for experiential consumers, content and convenience play a more significant role in satisfaction and revisit intentions than customization options at a web site.

Research limitations/implications

One type of online business is used as a stimulus in this study. Future studies may include different types of web sites. Also, researchers in the future may use actual behavior, instead of intention, to increase the validity of the results.

Practical implications

This paper suggests that marketers interested in revisiting consumers should focus on web site characteristics that lead to satisfaction during their web visit. Also, marketers need to pay attention to the consumer motives at the web site, so that the web site characteristics can be tailored to the motives and would ultimately lead to positive consumer outcomes.

Originality/value

This is the first paper that investigates the moderating effect of consumer motives and mediating effect of web site satisfaction on web site characteristics and revisit intention relationship.
Product type and word of mouth: a dyadic perspective
Authors: Fang Cheng‐Hsi , Lin Tom M.Y. , Liu Fangyi , Hsiang Lin Yu
Published: October 2011

Purpose

Strong evidence suggests that word‐of‐mouth (WOM) communication varies in its influence according to product type; however, empirical research remains deficient. The purpose of this paper is to propose a procedural model to examine the influence of product type on both the effect and spread of related WOM information at the same time.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a self‐administered questionnaire, a sample of 895 consumers across 16 different products was collected; results were analyzed using structural equation modeling.

Findings

WOM was found to be more influential and more widely spread for services than for goods. In addition, although the level of receivers' perceived risk (PR) is generally assumed to be a significant antecedent of WOM influence (WI), the results of the study indicate that PR is not a direct function of WI. Instead, WOM request (WR) mediates the effect of PR on WI.

Originality/value

To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to examine the relationship between product type and WOM from a dyadic perspective. Moreover, the authors introduced two important mediators – namely, PR and WR – in the model in order to identify different potential effects of WOM in a seeker‐initiated context. The results of this study will enhance knowledge about the influences of WOM information.
Modelling e‐service quality and its consequences in India: an SEM approach
Authors: Gera Rajat
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to empirically test a research model of consumer consequences of e‐service quality (e‐SQ) perceptions of general web site users.

Design/methodology/approach

The dimensions of e‐SQ are extracted and validated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The uni‐dimensional model of e‐SQ, consisting of web site attributes of ease of access, flexibility, and reliability, is then tested by structural equation modelling using AMOS 4.0 for its linkages with e‐satisfaction (e‐SAT), perceived value, and e‐loyalty‐linked behavioral intentions, i.e. repurchase and recommendation intentions.

Findings

It was found that e‐SQ is a direct antecedent of perceived value, perceived value in turn significantly affects e‐loyalty‐related consumer intentions of repurchase and positive recommendations. e‐SAT is a direct antecedent of positive recommendation intentions. However, e‐SQ was not found to have any consequential relationship with e‐SAT or direct links with behavioral intentions of e‐loyalty.

Research limitations/implications

The proposed model is empirically validated with self‐selected participants and therefore the results need to be further supported through replication with varied consumer and cultural contexts.

Practical implications

The model of e‐SQ and its consequences would help practitioners frame marketing strategies for web sites of e‐services, which are content rich in India, to enhance consumer loyalty and other favorable behavioral intentions.

Originality/value

The multi‐variate comprehensive model of e‐SQ and its consequences has not been tested earlier in the e‐services context. The research extends the modelling of service quality and its consequences into the e‐services context.
Understanding accountability in social enterprise organisations: a framework
Authors: Connolly Ciaran , Kelly Martin
Published: October 2011

Purpose

Social enterprise organisations (SEOs) operate across the boundaries of the public, private and not‐for‐profit (NFP) sectors in delivering public services and competing for resources and legitimacy. While there is a rich literature on accountability in the private and public sectors, together with the wider NFP sector, SEOs have received comparatively little attention and remain a relatively under‐researched organisational form. Drawing on accountability, legitimacy and user‐needs theories, the purpose of this paper is to develop a practical framework which can be used to explore how accountability within SEOs is constructed and discharged.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper draws on user‐needs, accountability, legitimacy and impression management theories expounded in relation to the private, public and NFP sectors.

Findings

A framework to better understand how accountability can be discharged by SEOs is developed and discussed.

Research limitations/implications

While a framework for better understanding SEO accountability is presented, it is not empirically tested. However, the framework has the potential to facilitate a deeper appreciation of the theory and practice of accountability within SEOs and, notwithstanding the inherent difficulties in measuring and managing accountability, could be used to stimulate practitioner involvement.

Practical implications

As little is known about the current extent of SEO information disclosure or accountability relationships, the framework could be used to assess the discharge of accountability by SEOs, with the findings informing future developments. This should provide useful insights into internal processes and organisational views on accountability bases and mechanisms and can then be used to inform the debate on how SEOs can best discharge their duty to account.

Social implications

Understanding the nature of SEO accountability reporting has important implications for those involved in advancing the SEO agenda. At a time of public sector cutbacks, and with the government searching for new and more effective ways of delivering services, the role of SEOs in this process is likely to receive greater attention and scrutiny.

Originality/value

SEOs have grown extensively in size and prominence in recent years and policymakers have come to embrace the role that they play in societal development. This paper responds to a gap in the theoretical literature and contributes to the debate by developing a framework which can be empirically tested. Moreover, it can be used to prompt practitioner involvement and facilitate a better understanding of the complex issues surrounding accounting and accountability in this under‐researched area.
The risk free rate of return in UK property pricing
Authors: Hutchison Norman , Fraser Patricia , Adair Alastair , Srivatsa Rahul
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to consider the appropriate benchmark risk free rate sui for pricing of property investments in the UK and, in doing so, investigate the financial characteristics and performance of the UK gilt yields. European investors have been significant players in the UK commercial property market during the last decade and in order to be competitive in bidding situations with UK‐based investors, require to be aware of the pricing criteria adopted.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper analyses the stability, yield distribution and volatility of both conventional gilts and index‐linked gilts with different maturities over the period 1980‐2010. It considers the changing structure of the UK commercial property market and reports on a questionnaire survey of the UK property investment community, which focused on the rationale behind the selection of the appropriate risk free rate of return.

Findings

The analysis suggests that ten‐year index‐linked gilts have been the most stable, but that if conventional gilts are preferred, then five‐year nominal appear to be more stable than ten‐year nominal; ten‐year real yields are smoother and relatively less volatile. In the authors' survey of the UK property investment fund managers and their advisors, the majority, but by no means all of the respondents, used the ten‐year nominal gilt yield as their risk free rate of return. However, questions were raised as to whether it was appropriate to use spot or average gilt yields, particularly when rates in 2009/2010 had fallen to such low level.

Originality/value

The findings provide a better understanding of how the different maturities of gilts behave. Insight is given on the criteria adopted by investors when selecting the risk free rate.
Systematic risk factors in European real estate equities
Authors: Schulte Kai‐Magnus , Dechant Tobias , Schaefers Wolfgang
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the pricing of European real estate equities. The study examines the main drivers of real estate equity returns and determines whether loadings on systematic risk factors – the excess market return, small minus big (SMB), HIGH minus low (HML) – can explain cross‐sectional return differences in unconditional as well as in conditional asset pricing tests.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws upon time‐series regressions to investigate determinants of real estate equity returns. Rolling Fama‐French regressions are applied to estimate time‐varying loadings on systematic risk factors. Unconditional as well as conditional monthly Fama‐MacBeth regressions are employed to explain cross‐sectional return variations.

Findings

Systematic risk factors are important drivers of European real estate equity returns. Returns are positively related to the excess market return and to a value factor. A size factor impacts predominantly negatively on real estate returns. The results indicate increasing market integration after the introduction of the Euro. Loadings on systematic risk factors have weak explanatory power in unconditional cross‐section regressions but can explain returns in a conditional framework. Beta – and to a lesser extent the loading on HML – is positively related to returns in up‐markets and negatively in down markets. Equities which load positively on SMB outperform in down markets.

Research limitations/implications

The implementation of a liquidity or a momentum factor could provide further evidence on the pricing of European real estate equities.

Practical implications

The findings could help investors to manage the risk exposure more effectively. Investors should furthermore be able to estimate their cost of equity more precisely and might better be able to pick stocks for time varying investment strategies.

Originality/value

This is the first paper to examine the pricing of real estate equity returns in a pan‐European setting.
Narrative approach to corporate strategy: empirical foundations
Authors: Carriger Michael
Published: October 2011

Purpose

This paper aims to present theoretical and empirical foundations for the use of a particular type of narrative skillfully deployed by senior leaders in an organization as an effective tool for creating, disseminating and executing corporate strategy.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper presents original research on the effectiveness of the use of a “springboard story” as a leadership tool.

Findings

Data are presented to substantiate that a “springboard story” presentation of corporate strategy and competitive advantage is more effective at producing a consistent and confident choice of competitive advantage among an audience than a presentation of corporate strategy using a PowerPoint style, bulleted list approach. Theoretical implications for leaders leading change, especially change in corporate strategy, are suggested.

Originality/value

The paper explores the implications for the practical use of this type of narrative in strategy implementation and execution by leaders.
Patenting as a competitive tactic in multipoint competition
Authors: Reed Richard , Storrud‐Barnes Susan F.
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The paper's aim is to build a model that predicts the optimum tactics for capitalizing on inventions within the context of competitive interaction among large firms. For patenting, the paper seeks to show how invention value and firm rivalry drive the tactics of competing, deterring competitors, retreating from markets, and cooperating. It also aims to explore the effects of the contingencies of patent bulking, technology complexity, spheres of influence, resource similarity, and complementary‐resource tacitness.

Design/methodology/approach

The work is conceptual.

Findings

The base model shows that patenting can be used to protect markets where there is high invention‐value and high rivalry. When both invention‐value and rivalry are low, the best tactic is to cooperate. When value is high and rivalry low, patenting can be used as a signaling and deterring mechanism, but when value is low and rivalry is high the best option is to let patents lapse and retreat from markets. The moderating effects of patent bulking, technology complexity, spheres of influence, resource similarity, and complementary‐resource tacitness affect rivalry and the amount of patenting that will be done.

Research limitations/implications

The paper provides propositions for empirical testing that are predictive of firm performance, rivalry, and patent bulking. Despite the authors' attention to key contingencies, it is impossible to be completely comprehensive in addressing all contingencies.

Practical implications

The framework provides tactics for competing and, consequently, maximizing income and minimizing costs.

Originality/value

The work synthesizes extant thinking on patents and multipoint competition. While the base model should be valuable for managers, the overall work should be valuable for academics.
Evolution of industries based on systemic technologies
Authors: Manral Lalit
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The extant “supply‐side” frameworks of industry evolution fail to predict the evolutionary patterns in industries based on systemic technologies. This paper aims to describe the complex demand environment in industries based on systemic technologies and to explain how the continuously evolving demand structure influences the choice and level of firm investments in the above context.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper identifies a conceptual gap in the “technology‐centric” literature on industry evolution by conducting a detailed interpretive survey of the literature that focuses on the demand‐side determinants of firm‐ and industry‐level technological processes underlying industry evolution, and co‐evolution of the technological system underlying an industry and the consumer applications based on the same.

Practical implications

The paper provides a set of empirically verifiable mechanisms to explain competing firms' choice and level of investment under conditions of technological and demand uncertainty in industries based on systemic technologies. On one hand, firms' investments influence the evolution of both the technological system(s) and their constituent components that underlie such industries and, on the other, firms' investments influence the consumption of the array of consumer applications that are generated in these industries.

Originality/value

The theoretical explanation provided herein not only enhances the understanding of the role of demand‐side factors as determinants of rate and direction of technological advances but also lies central to the understanding of the evolution of industries based on systemic technologies. More specifically, the paper explains how the interaction between continuously evolving demand structure in the downstream market(s) for consumer applications and the technological components comprising the technological system influences competing firms' choice and level of investments.
Empowering leadership and the influence of a humorous work climate on service employees' creativity and innovative behaviour in frontline service jobs
Authors: Slåtten Terje , Svensson Göran , Sværi Sander
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain the relationships between empowering leadership and a humorous work climate; and service employees' creativity and innovative behaviour in frontline service jobs.

Design/methodology/approach

A model of causal relationships is presented, along with formulated hypotheses. The data were collected with a survey answered by frontline service employees in hotels.

Findings

The findings indicate a strong relationship between frontline cognitive creativity production of novel ideas and the behavioural implementation of these ideas into their respective work role. Moreover, the empirical findings indicate that both empowering leadership and a humorous work climate are able to trigger frontline service employees' creativity. In addition service employees' creativity appears to be a mediating variable in the relationship between empowering leadership, a humorous work climate, and the service employees' innovative behaviour.

Research limitations/implications

This study limits its focus on two factors: the stimulation of service employees' creativity and innovative behaviour in frontline service jobs, both of which offer opportunities for further research.

Practical implications

This study has indicated that both leadership practice and work climate play important roles in explaining service employees' creativity and innovative behaviour. In particular, managers should be aware of their empowering practices, as well focusing on the degree of a humorous work climate. An important practical managerial implication from the findings is to take humour into account and consequently to develop and implement strategies followed by necessary actions to manage humour in an appropriate manner in service organizations.

Originality/value

The reported study contributes to enhancing the knowledge of the roles of empowering leadership and a humorous work climate for service employees' creativity and innovative behaviour in frontline service jobs.
Application of QFDE on greenhouse gas reduction strategy
Authors: Otani Satoko , Yamada Shu
Published: October 2011

Purpose

Global warming has become one of the most important issues in today's world, and business behavior to prevent global warming is receiving more attention from stakeholders. Mandatory domestic emission trading schemes have not been implemented in Japan as of June 2011, resulting in more discretion being given to companies to set their carbon management strategies, especially in selecting optimal targets and measures to achieve them. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that quality function deployment for environment (QFDE), developed by incorporating environmental aspects into quality function deployment (QFD) in order to simultaneously handle environmental and traditional product quality requirements, can provide a framework for selecting targets and measures.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors apply a three‐step approach: first, a framework for selecting measures is derived through a review of good‐practice activities in two leading companies; second, a framework based on QFDE is generalized by collecting key elements through a literature review of environmental and corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports published by 35 companies; and third, the usefulness of the framework is verified through case studies.

Findings

The main outcomes of this study are the derivation of a hierarchical framework with QFDE as its base and verification, through the use of case studies, of the applicability of the framework as a template, as well as an effective communication tool to be used for setting targets and selecting measures.

Originality/value

The framework will be useful for companies which voluntarily set targets and select measures that could form an essential part of their carbon reduction strategies, based on QFDE concepts.
Sales manager training practices in small and large firms
Authors: Shepherd C. David , Gordon Geoffrey L. , Ridnour Rick E. , Weilbaker Dan C. , Lambert Brian
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine practices of and differences between small and large organizations as they relate to the training of sales managers.

Design/methodology/approach

Utilizing a survey approach, data were collected from a sample of sales managers and trainers employed by firms across the USA. Analysis was conducted between “small” and “large” organizations based on sales force size.

Findings

While many similarities do exist between small and large firms' sales manager training practices, some significant differences also exist in terms of teaching approaches, types of instructors, training locations, methods, and content utilized. Results of the current study exhibit both similarities and differences as compared to results of sales manager training practices found in earlier studies.

Research limitations/implications

The study was based on a sample of sales managers and trainers employed by firms within the USA. Sales manager training practices could differ due to cultural differences, the industry the firm competes in, and other factors.

Practical implications

First, sales manager training activities show more similarities than differences between small and large firms. Second, internet‐based training methods are becoming prevalent in large firms while still struggling for acceptance in smaller ones. Third, no one type of instructor is viewed as being highly effective in either small or large firms. Fourth, senior management must support and encourage positive behavioral changes associated with sales manager training or else efforts will fail.

Originality/value

The current study answers the call for research to identify contemporary sales manager training practices, building upon results of previous studies.
Examining the differences in salesperson motivation among different cultures
Authors: Moberg Christopher R. , Leasher Megan
Published: October 2011

Purpose

Although salesperson motivation has been widely researched within the USA, the purpose of this paper is to examine similarities and differences in salesperson motivation in different countries and cultures.

Design/methodology/approach

Hypotheses of differences in motivation dimensions between Eastern and Western sales forces are proposed based on previous cross‐cultural and motivation research. An archival assessment database with data from over 120,000 salespeople is used to examine the hypotheses.

Findings

Salespeople from Western cultures are more motivated by the needs for achievement, relationships, and power than salespeople from Eastern cultures. The results for the relationship hypothesis were unexpected.

Research limitations/implications

The study provides an important first step to conduct more research on global sales force motivation.

Originality/value

Identifying or confirming the salesperson motivations that exist in other countries will provide critical insight to sales managers as they recruit and develop a global sales force operating in multiple markets. Recruiting a sales force with motivations consistent with the cultural norms of a foreign market could lead to a significant competitive advantage.
A change of direction: a social worker beginning work in the field of acquired brain injury
Authors: Stewart Helen
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore an Australian social worker's experiences of beginning work in the field of neurodisability in the voluntary sector in the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper documents the social worker's experiences of the differences in practice between Australia and the UK; between working in the statutory and voluntary sector in the UK; and between different fields of social work. It also documents the social worker's initial thoughts about working in the field of acquired brain injury (ABI).

Findings

Through this journey, the social worker reflects upon their own development as a practitioner.

Practical implications

The social worker identifies points which may help other social work professionals who are new to this complex area of practice.

Originality/value

This paper provides an insight into a social worker's experience of working in different settings and in different countries. It also illustrates how for this social worker, varied experiences cannot always prepare you for working in ABI.
Your life, your choice
Authors: Gardner Andrew
Published: October 2011

Purpose

With the introduction of the personalisation agenda (Department of Health, 2008) within social care (and health), this paper aims to discursively explore two themes: improving the lives of people with acquired brain injury through the introduction of more personalised services and support; and the impact of the culture shift on Headway Cambridgeshire as a service provider.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper presents examples to illustrate how it is possible to plan in a way that is broad enough to meet the needs of the majority whilst being flexible enough to deal with differing individualised circumstances.

Findings

The paper highlights the challenges faced by individuals and service provider organisations when introducing personalised services and suggests some approaches that can be taken to overcome them.

Practical implications

Recommendations for good practice in personalised services.

Originality/value

This paper sets out a framework for organisations working with people with acquired brain injury in a social care setting in the community and how the principles embodied by the personalisation agenda can be introduced into existing service provision.
Services that promote continuity of care: key findings from an evaluation of the national service framework for long‐term neurological conditions
Authors: Gridley Kate , Aspinal Fiona , Bernard Sylvia , Parker Gillian
Published: October 2011

Purpose

This paper seeks to report key findings of a study, whose purpose was to: understand what helps or hinders the commissioning and provision of integrated services for people with long‐term neurological conditions (LTNCs); identify models of best practice from the perspectives of people with LTNCs and the professionals who work with them; and develop a benchmarking system to assess the extent to which these models are available in England.

Design/methodology/approach

The research had three main components: a rapid systematic literature review of evidence; in‐depth case studies of six neurology “service systems”; and a survey of all English PCTs to audit progress towards implementation of the National Service Framework (NSF) for LTNCs.

Findings

A number of elements that contribute to the experience of continuity and three service models that incorporate these elements were identified: community interdisciplinary neurological rehabilitation teams; nurse specialists and proactive, holistic day opportunities services. The survey results reinforced many of the case study findings, particularly around the varying levels of service available depending on diagnosis and location, and problems of access even where high‐quality services existed. The paper concludes that the systematic approach to delivering treatment and care for people with LTNCs envisaged in the NSF has not yet been achieved.

Originality/value

This study uses a mix of methods to assess progress towards national service improvement, based on evidence from people with LTNCs and those who work with them. As such, it provides a comprehensive benchmark at a critical point in the implementation of the NSF for LTNCs.
The force of due regard: the disability equality duty and policy‐making in a time of cuts
Authors: Silverstone Ben
Published: October 2011

Purpose

This paper seeks to discuss the case‐law stemming from the disability equality duty under section 49A of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, now reformulated as one part of the public sector equality duty under section 149 of the Equality Act 2010.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper focuses in particular on the consequences of the case law for the development and implementation of policy relating to the provision of support for disabled people.

Findings

Analysis of the relevant legal principles and individual cases reveals the high standards by which policy‐making will be tested in the courts and the serious consequences of defects in the decision‐making process.

Practical implications

Policy‐makers and those acting on behalf of disabled people will need to pay extremely close attention to the requirements of the equality duty.

Originality/value

The paper highlights the nature of the new public sector equality duty and its growing importance to public authorities and those affected by their decisions in the new financially straitened policy environment.
“We know about our risks, so we should be asked.” A tool to support service user involvement in the risk assessment process in forensic services for people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Hall Samantha , Duperouzel Helen
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The Department of Health advocates the involvement of service users in the risk assessment and management process. Studies suggest that this is not routine practice and is dependent on individual professionals. The “Keeping me Safe and Well” screen was developed by Mersey Care NHS as part of a human rights healthcare project and this paper aims to analyse it.

Design/methodology/approach

The screen was piloted to adopt a more participative holistic approach to risk whilst working in partnership with service users. This took place in a 16‐bed, medium secure unit for people with a diagnosis of intellectual disabilities and personality disorder; five service users took part in the pilot. Personal records were audited to assess the level of involvement in the risk assessment process and individual and focus group interviews provided narrative on the use and usefulness of the tool.

Findings

All participating service users experienced an increased awareness and knowledge of the risk assessment process and human rights issues. The screen helped them focus on their own risk issues and the rights of others. Their views of personal risk matched those of the professionals, effectively validating existing assessment methods, promoting trust between service users and professionals, giving service users an opportunity to work collaboratively with professionals on individual risk management.

Originality/value

The screen added value to the risk assessment process by engaging service users in the risk process and supporting the adoption of a more participative, holistic approach to risk by maximising autonomy and empowerment and working in partnership with the service user.
Surprised by supermarkets: diffusion of modern food retail in India
Authors: Reardon Thomas , Minten Bart
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the patterns and dynamics of the diffusion of modern food retail in India.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on detailed sales data from retail chains in India, short case studies of retail chains, and review of literature.

Findings

The article presents three surprises concerning modern food retail diffusion in India. First, modern retail has developed in three “waves”, with the first wave, government retail chains, starting in the 1960s/1970s, cooperative retail chains starting in the 1970s/1980s, and private retail chains in the 1990s/2000s. All three were substantial, and internationally uniquely, all three coexist in the 2000s as segments of modern retail. Second, the rise of modern private retail in India in the past six years has been among the fastest in the world, growing at 49 percent a year on average over that period, and bouncing back to growth after a dip from the recent recession. The great majority of modern private retail has arisen in 2007‐2010. Third, beside the uniqueness of the coexistence of three types of retail noted above, Indian private retail chain development has unique or rare characteristics: driven by domestic capital investment, “early” (in terms of usual international patterns) diversification into small formats, “early” penetration of small cities and even rural towns, of the food markets of the poor and lower‐middle class, and of fresh produce retail. These unique factors have helped to propel it quickly.

Originality/value

For the first time in the literature, the paper presents an analysis of: the three waves in Indian retail; detailed sales data for all leading chains; and its uniqueness.
Direct inhibition of the transforming growth factor‐β pathway by protein‐bound polysaccharide through inactivation of Smad2 signaling
Authors: Ono Yoshihiro , Hayashida Tetsu , Konagai Ayano , Okazaki Hiroshi , Miyao Kazuhiro , Kawachi Shigeyuki , Tanabe Minoru , Shinoda Masahiro , Jinno Hiromitsu , Hasegawa Hirotoshi , Kitajima Masaki , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: October 2011

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and is associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Inhibition of the TGF‐β pathway is an attractive strategy for the treatment of cancer. We recently screened for novel TGF‐β inhibitors among commercially available drugs and identified protein‐bound polysaccharide (PSK) as a strong inhibitor of the TGF‐β‐induced reporter activity of 3TP‐lux, a TGF‐β1‐responsive luciferase reporter. Protein‐bound polysaccharide is used as a non‐specific immunostimulant for the treatment of gastric and colorectal cancers in Japan. The anticancer activity of this agent may involve direct regulation of growth factor production and enzyme activity in tumors in addition to its immunomodulatory effect. Although several clinical studies have shown the beneficial therapeutic effects of PSK on various types of tumors, its mechanism of action is not clear. In the present study, Western blot analysis showed that PSK suppressed the phosphorylation and nuclear localization of the Smad2 protein, thereby suggesting that PSK inhibits the Smad and MAPK pathways. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that PSK decreased the expression of several TGF‐β pathway target genes. E‐cadherin and vimentin immunohistochemistry showed that PSK suppressed TGF‐β1‐induced EMT, and FACS analysis showed that PSK inhibited the EMT‐mediated generation of CD44+/CD24− cells. These data provide new insights into the mechanisms mediating the TGF‐β‐inhibiting activity of PSK and suggest that PSK can effectively treat diseases associated with TGF‐β signaling. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 317–324)
IDH mutations predict longer survival and response to temozolomide in secondary glioblastoma
Authors: SongTao Qi , Lei Yu , Si Gui , YanQing Ding , HuiXia Han , XueLin Zhang , LanXiao Wu , Fei Yao
Published: October 2011

Recent studies have shown that isocitrate dehydrogenase1/2 (IDH1/2) mutations occur frequently in secondary glioblastoma. This study aimed to investigate their impact on temozolomide chemosensitivity and relationship with O(6)‐methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation in secondary glioblastoma. Searches for IDH1 and IDH2 mutations, 1p19q codeletion, MGMT promoter methylation, and p53 expression were carried out in a series of 86 secondary glioblastomas and correlated with progression‐free survival and overall survival. Response to temozolomide was evaluated by progression‐free survival, as well as by tumor size on successive MRI scans, then correlated with molecular alterations. IDH (IDH1 or IDH2) mutations were found in 58/79 patients (73.4%). IDH mutation, MGMT promoter methylation, and 1p19q codeletion were associated with prolonged progression‐free survival in univariate (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.003, respectively) and multivariate analysis (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.035, respectively). IDH mutation (P = 0.001) and MGMT promoter methylation (P = 0.011) were correlated with a higher rate of objective response to temozolomide. Further analysis of response to temozolomide showed that patients with both IDH mutation and MGMT promoter methylation had the best response rate to temozolomide. IDH mutation appears to be a significant marker of positive chemosensitivity in secondary glioblastoma. Use of IDH status combined with MGMT promoter status as a stratification factor seems appropriate in future clinical trials involving temozolomide for the treatment of patients with secondary glioblastoma. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 269–273)
The interleukin 4 receptor gene and its role in recurrent airway obstruction in Swiss Warmblood horses
Authors: Klukowska‐Rötzler J. , Swinburne J. E. , Drögemüller C. , Dolf G. , Janda J. , Leeb T. , Gerber V.
Published: October 2011

Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is the result of an interaction of genetic and environmental factors and shares many characteristics with human asthma. Many studies have suggested that the interleukin‐4 receptor gene (IL4R) is associated with this disease, and a QTL region on chromosome 13 containing IL4R was previously detected in one of the two Swiss Warmblood families. We sequenced the entire IL4R gene in this family and detected 93 variants including five non‐synonymous protein‐coding variants. The allele distribution at these SNPs supported the previously detected QTL signal. Subsequently, we investigated IL4R mRNA expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells. During exacerbation, IL4R expression was increased in RAO‐affected offspring in the implicated family, but not in the other family. These findings support that IL4R plays a role in some cases of RAO.
A cross sectional survey of the views of newly registered pharmacists in Great Britain on their potential prescribing role: a cautious approach
Authors: McIntosh Trudi , Munro Kim , McLay James , Stewart Derek
Published: October 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Pharmacists, along with certain other health professionals, may train and practice as supplementary or independent prescribers. The implementation and sustainability of pharmacist prescribing services throughout Britain will require a sizeable workforce. However, a survey of GB pharmacists highlighted that only a minority has taken any action to investigate prescribing training. Newly registered pharmacists may be keen to explore extended clinical roles and their engagement is likely to be key to the future success of this initiative.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• Newly registered pharmacists are cautious in their approach to taking on prescribing training and roles. While almost all expressed interest in prescribing training, they acknowledged training needs in clinical examination, patient monitoring and medico‐legal aspects of prescribing. Longitudinal research on a cohort of newly registered pharmacist prescribers is warranted, aiming to identify later prescribing training actions and subsequent impact on patient care.

AIM To investigate newly registered pharmacists' awareness of pharmacist prescribing and views on potential future roles as prescribers.

METHODS A mailed questionnaire was sent to all 1658 pharmacists joining the Pharmacist Register in 2009.

RESULTS The response rate was 25.2% (n= 418). While most (86.4%) expressed interest in prescribing training, they acknowledged training needs in clinical examination, patient monitoring and medico‐legal aspects of prescribing. Two thirds of respondents (66.3%) thought the current requirement of being registered as a pharmacist for 2 years prior to commencing prescribing training was appropriate.

CONCLUSION Newly registered pharmacists are cautious in their approach to taking on prescribing training and roles.
Adulteration of herbal antidiabetic products with undeclared pharmaceuticals: a case series in Hong Kong
Authors: Ching Chor Kwan , Lam Ying Hoo , Chan Albert Y. W. , Mak Tony W. L.
Published: October 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Proprietary Chinese medicines (pCMs), generally considered to be natural and harmless, are commonly used for many indications, including diabetes mellitus. Adulteration of pCMs with undeclared pharmaceuticals has been reported previously. However, a detailed study investigating the problem of adulterated herbal antidiabetic products and their associated toxicities is largely lacking.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• This study shows the severity of the under‐recognized problem of adulteration of herbal antidiabetic products with undeclared pharmaceuticals, including both registered and banned drugs. Potentially fatal adverse effects could result from the use of these illicit products.

AIMS The current study aims to examine the problem of adulteration of herbal antidiabetic products with undeclared pharmaceuticals, including both registered and banned drugs.

METHODS All cases involving use of adulterated herbal antidiabetic products referred to a tertiary centre for clinical toxicology analysis from 2005 to 2010 inclusive were retrospectively reviewed. The patients' demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, medical history, drug history and the analytical findings of the herbal antidiabetic products were studied.

RESULTS A total of 27 cases involving use of 29 adulterated herbal antidiabetic products were identified. Seventeen of the patients (63%) had clinical toxicities associated with the illicit products. Hypoglycaemia was the most common adverse effect, followed by lactic acidosis. Analysis of the 29 illicit herbal antidiabetic products revealed eight undeclared registered or banned oral antidiabetic agents, namely glibenclamide (n= 22), phenformin (n= 18), metformin (n= 6), rosiglitazone (n= 6), gliclazide (n= 2), glimepiride (n= 2), nateglinide (n= 1) and repaglinide (n= 1). Non‐antidiabetic drugs were also detected in some products. Up to four adulterants were detected within the same product.

CONCLUSIONS Adulteration of herbal antidiabetic products with undeclared pharmaceuticals is a significant yet under‐recognized problem. Patients taking these illicit products could be at risk of potentially fatal adverse effects. It is important to educate the public to avoid taking pCMs of dubious source. Effective regulatory measures should be put in place to address the problem.
Oral administration of immunoglobulin G-enhanced colostrum alleviates insulin resistance and liver injury and is associated with alterations in natural killer T cells
Authors: Adar T , Ben Ya'acov A , Lalazar G , Lichtenstein Y , Nahman D , Mizrahi M , Wong V , Muller B , Rawlin G , Ilan Y
Published: October 2011

Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are chronic inflammatory conditions that lead to hepatic injury and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Bovine colostrum has therapeutic effects in a variety of chronic infections. However its effectiveness in NASH was never studied. Natural killer T (NKT) cells have been shown to be associated with some of the pathological and metabolic abnormalities accompanying NASH in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice. In the present study, we used hyperimmune bovine colostrum to treat hepatic injury and insulin resistance and we also assessed the effects on NKT cells. We used ob/ob mice that were fed for 6 weeks with either 0·1 mg bovine colostrum prepared from non-immunized cows, 0·1 mg hyperimmune colostrum raised against a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extract or 0·001, 0·1 or 1 mg of immunoglobulin (Ig)G purified from hyperimmune colostrum (IgG–LPS). NKT cells were phenotyped by flow cytometry, and hepatic injury and insulin resistance were assessed by measuring fasting glucose levels, glucose tolerance tests and liver enzymes. Fat accumulation was measured in the liver and plasma. Oral administration of hyperimmune colostrums decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels and serum triglycerides compared to controls. Glucose intolerance was also improved by the hyperimmune colostrum preparations. These results were accompanied by a decrease in serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels following oral treatment with 0·1 or 1 mg of IgG–LPS. The beneficial effects of hyperimmune colostrums were associated with an increase in the number of splenic NKT cells. These data suggest that oral administration of hyperimmune colostrum preparations can alleviate chronic inflammation, liver injury and insulin resistance associated with NASH.