bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bushfires Down Under
Authors: Chaturvedi Shailja
Published: May 2020

Although Australia is accustomed to bushfires on a regular basis the extremity of the latest episode was unprecedented causing worldwide concern for the people and ecosystems of the country. This article describes the causes of bushfires alongside the environmental impacts. It reflects on the heroic manner in which the Australian peoples rallied together to overcome their adversity, concluding on lessons to be learned for future generations.
FINANCING DEVELOPMENT, FINANCING CONSTRAINT AND R&D INVESTMENT OF STRATEGIC EMERGING INDUSTRIES IN CHINA
Authors: Xu Ke , Geng Chengxuan , Wei Xiaoshu , Jiang Huifeng
Published: May 2020

Taking listed companies of strategic emerging industries as the research subject, this paper uses KZ
index to measure the degrees of financing constraints and financial intermediary as well as the stock market to represent
the level of financial development. Then empirical models are constructed to analyse whether financial development can
alleviate the financing constraints of R&D investment or not. Finally, the paper further investigates the interaction of
financial development and firm characteristics (including firm size, ownership nature and establishment time) on the impact
of R&D investment. The results show that the degree of financing constraint is negatively correlated with R&D investment.
Both the development of financial intermediary and stock market play an important role in alleviating the R&D financing
constraints, and the development of the stock market can better alleviate the R&D financing constraint. Moreover, the
development of financial intermediary and stock market plays a heterogeneous role among enterprises of different size, nature
and time of establishment. In order to achieve the 13th Five-year Plan target of strategic emerging industries in China,
the government and enterprises need to work together to improve the financial development level and reduce information
asymmetry, so as to expand the investment channels of R&D investment and improve their innovation capability and
competitiveness.
LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT MODELING TO MANAGE URBAN STORMWATER RUNOFF: CASE STUDY OF GORZÓW WIELKOPOLSK
Authors: Nowogoński Ireneusz
Published: May 2020

Uncontrolled urbanization causes local flooding and deterioration of the water quality of
receivers as a result of an increase in peak flow rate and increased washing out of contaminants from the catchment
area. Currently, classic storage tanks are most often used. An alternative solution may be the use of Low Impact
Development (LID), i.e. the preservation and restoration of natural landscape elements, minimizing the imperviousness
of the catchment in the form of rain barrels, permeable walkways or bio-retention reservoirs. The comparison of both
techniques was carried out using the Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model (EPA SWMM). The
influence of several solutions on a selected urbanized catchment located in Gorzów Wielkopolski was tested.
La documentación en las instituciones de la Comunidad Europea. Una aproximación bajo la perspectiva del Tratado de Maastricht
Authors: Rodríguez Bouyssi Juan
Published: May 2020

No disponible
Nevertheless, I have persisted
Authors: Freeman Melissa J.
Published: May 2020

In the early morning hours of one night, when I am a neurology resident on call at the hospital, I am paged to a stroke alert. This means I had to run to the emergency room to see, assess, and treat a critically ill patient. (...)
Medical student wellness and professional development are harmed by the current state of medical licensing examination: a student perspective on Step 1
Authors: Lebovitz Lucas , Wu Brian
Published: May 2020

The first part of the United States Medical Licensing Examination, also known as Step 1, has stood since its inception in the 1990s as a requirement for prospective doctors to obtain a medical license. (...)
A physician’s descent into abject poverty for seeking help from a PHP
Authors: Phelan-Adams Anne Louise
Published: May 2020

Dr. Robert Wilkie should have been a happy man. He was exactly what he wanted to be in life, an emergency physician and hospitalist in a small, close-knit community. His work was a source of pride and pleasure, as were his religious community, his family and ice hockey, the sport he played growing up in Canada. Yes, Dr. Wilkie should have been a happy man, and for the most part, he was. Yet an undertow of melancholy always tugged at him. He usually kept his head above water, but sometimes the tug was so strong he feared he might drown, and this fear would set off a severe bout of anxiety and agitation.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Physician Mental Health
Authors: Wible Pamela
Published: May 2020

Amid tragedy, a doctor’s most heroic act may be to listen - to be a sacred witness to the suffering of patients. Yet where do heroic doctors go with their pain? Who listens to the suffering of physicians? The guilt of not being able to do more for patients. The burden of delivering devastating news to families. The work-related anxiety and depression due to unrealistic expectations of perfectionism. (...)
Effects of magnesite fertilization on soil properties and nutrition state of weakened Norway Spruce stands in the Śnieżnik Massif of Polish Eastern Sudety Mountains
Authors: Januszek Kazimierz , Wanic Tomasz , Małek Stanisław , Błońska Ewa , Jach Paweł , Kubala Dominik
Published: May 2020

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of fertilization with magnesite, 6 years after its application. The magnesite fertilizer was applied in amount of 2,000 kg·ha-1 in 2006. Fertilization covers the surface of 43 ha. Soil exploration in fertilized and unfertilized areas was carried out in August 2012. Needles and soil samples were collected for basic laboratory analysis. The effect of magnesite fertilization in soil was detected down to the B horizon. The principal excess of exchangeable magnesium (88%) was found in the surface organic horizon, while a substantial excess of total magnesium (57%) was detected in the top mineral horizon. The fertilization with magnesite caused the decreasing: acidity, ratio of calcium to magnesium in the absorption complex, supply of calcium in soil. Additionally, an increased magnesium supply in soil and its effect in the needles of the investigated spruce stands were noted. Research study confirm the usefulness of ground magnesite in elimination the deficit of magnesium in soils and needles of spruce stands in the Śnieżnik Massif for an extended period of time. Fertilization with magnesite at low doses may bring beneficial and quick effects to the health condition and productivity of spruce stands growing on soils well supplied with nitrogen.

Keywords: spruce stands decline; soil properties; fertilization with magnesite, spruce nutrition status.
Honeydew producing insects in some forests of Turkey and their potential to produce of honeydew honey
Authors: Ülgentürk Selma , Cosic Benjamin , Özdemir Işıl , İpek Ahmet , Sorkun Kadriye
Published: May 2020

The commercial interest in honeydew honey is increasing because of its higher therapeutic properties than most flower-based honeys. Marchalina hellenica Gennadius (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae) is one of the important scale insects to produce of honeydew honey and its honeydew in large quantities is collected by honeybees and used in pine honey in Turkey. The aim of this study was to survey and identify honeydew producing insects’ habitats that source of honeydew honey in pure fir forest in Bolu, spruce forests in Giresun (Black Sea region), oaks forest in Kırklareli (Thracian region) and cedar forest in Antalya (Mediterranean region). In accordance with these results, we found 20 honeydew producers and among of them are Cinara cedri Mimeur on Cedrus libani, Marchalina caucasica Hadzibejli on Abies nordmanniana subsp nordmanniana, and Picea orientalis; Nemolecanium abietis Borchsenius, Physokermes hellenicus Kozẚr & Gounari and Schizolachnus pineti on Abies bornmuelleriana; Lachnus roboris Linnaeus and Parthenolecanium rufulum (Cockerell) on Quercus spp. and Castanea sativa; Metcalfa pruinosa Say (Hemiptera: Flatidae) and Ricania simulans (Walker) (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) on different host plants. All these insects produce large amount of honeydew depending on their population size. The article discusses the potential for these insects to produce honeydew honey.

Keywords: Picea orientalis, Abies nordmanniana, Ricania simulans, Eulecanium sericeum Metcalfa pruinosa, Marchalina caucasica
First report about occurance of Sphaeropsis visci on mistletoe (Viscum album L.) in Poland
Authors: Tkaczyk Miłosz , Sikora Katarzyna
Published: May 2020

Mistletoe (Viscum album) is a semi-parasite of many forest trees. During water scarcity, its presence can be particularly dangerous for the host plant. In Poland, the subspecies V. album subsp. austriacum inhabits Scots pine massively. Therefore, an attempt was made to search for a natural barrier in limiting its development. For this purpose, in spring 2019 in the southwestern part of Poland, mistletoe shoots inhabiting Scots pine were collected. A fungus was isolated from the collected plant fragments, which was then identified by Koch's postulates and DNA analysis of the given sequences. The data presented here confirmed that the pathogen responsible for the disease was Sphaeropsis visci. This is the first report on the occurrence of this mistletoe pathogen in Poland.

Keywords: Sphaeropsis visci, Viscum album subsp. austriacum, New pathogen, Scots pine, Mistletoe
TRUE AND IMAGINED CIVILIZATION VALUES IN THE SECURITY CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL WORLD
Authors: Kuzelnyi Mykola
Published: May 2020

In the study, the author analyzed and summarized the main trends in the formation and application of true and imagined civilizational values in the security context of the global world. The importance of solving axiological problems is substantiated. It is stated that the problem of the development of civilizations and the value platform of civilizational changes is an important area of scientific research, given the importance of the meta-category “civilization” and its methodological value for indicating the achievements of human development of all times. The methodology of the research is based on the use of a set of philosophical, world outlook, general scientific principles and approaches. The method of collecting actual data and the method of their compilation (analysis) was important in the work. The author concludes that values exert considerable influence on society and its integration into global processes, which, in turn, guarantees certain security or its illusion. It has been noted that collective security is the basic civilizational value. This is a common ground to build international communicative engagement aimed at preventing global catastrophes, and an important aspect of the collective security problem is its connection with democracy. Ethnic politicization is the process of engaging in politics, the active political life of peoples (ethnic communities), which arises on the basis of an objective need for the re-arrangement of society. The multiculturalism that penetrated into the society has created a new concept. The concept of global society is replaced by the concept of a nodal society: individuals no longer belong to a single society, but are included in numerous intersecting networks, and this creates many possible (and variant) combinations. We note a certain crisis of representative democracy and, accordingly, the actualization of direct democracy (from elitism to egalitarianism; from the domination of expert knowledge to the proper consideration and importance of “human” knowledge). It is pointed out that the key guidelines for the development of the modern global system are axiological priorities of humanism, cultural tolerance and mutual respect, recognition of the political and legal equality of the subjects of international relations, which have different economic, geopolitical and resource weight.
Ecoactivism as a new trend of international relations.
Authors: Vovk Andriana
Published: May 2020

Environmental issues and politicians’ fail to conquer the global warming and irreversible climate change has raised public concern. Ecology is now being at the stake at every level beginning from the pupils and ending with political leaders. However, the struggles of the latter had been rather unsuccessful and proved that the economy and industrial development were at the forefront. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement are now all regarded as instruments of uniting the states around the problem but not the mechanisms of its resolution. All of the documents have failed their prime purposes to fight the global warming while their principles and provisions are setting unattainable goals. Such destructive policies have resulted in proliferation of massive protests all over the globe which are usually led under the auspices of eco activists 1 who are constantly claiming their right to a safer environment. Ecoactivism is regarded as a way out of political standoff and a cure from the inevitable death of entire eco-systems and species. That is why Greta Thunberg and her resonating exclamations are now seen as a panacea and hope for a better future for current and upcoming generations. The phenomenon of the 16-year-old girl has become worldwide because of her ability to basically start an ecological revolution. Her innovative approach has changed the climatic game and her harrowing speech from the UN tribune has put the world upside down. That is the reason for the further research dedicated to ecoactivism, environmental problems, political and economic priorities, fluctuating public behaviors, Greta Thunberg’s approach, and methods of reversing the climate change.
Usaha Ternak Sapi Perah di Kelompok Usaha Bersama (KUB) Tirtasari Kresna Gemilang: Identifikasi Sumber Daya dan Kajian Aspek Kerentanan
Authors: Amam Amam , Jadmiko Moh. Wildan , Harsita Pradiptya Ayu , Yulianto Roni , Widodo Nur , Soetriono Soetriono , Poerwoko Moh. Setyo
Published: May 2020

Resources have an important role in livestock farming business, while the aspect of vulnerability can hamper the development of livestock farming business. The purpose of this study is to identify the resources of dairy cattle farming business and examine its effects on the aspects of vulnerability. The resources of this study consisted of economic resources, environmental resources, and social resources. The research was conducted in June-September 2019 at the Joint Business Group (KUB) of Tirtasari Kresna Gemilang which is located in Malang District, East Java Province. The 174 respondents are all dairy farmers who are the members of the group. The data collection methods used are Focus on Group Discussion (FGD), observation, and survey. The survey method was carried out through interviews and questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the Partial Least Square (PLS) method. The results showed that the vulnerability aspect of dairy cattle farming business was positively and significantly affected by economic and environmental resources (0,249 and 0,317, respectively). On the other hand, social resources had a negative influence, although it was not significant to the vulnerability aspect of dairy cattle farming business. The conclusion of the research shows that the aspect of the vulnerability of dairy cattle farming business is influenced by economic, environmental, and social resources by 29.5%.
In vitro phytotoxicity of Mikania laevigata Schultz Bip. ex Baker extracts on Lactuca sativa L. and Bidens pilosa L.
Authors: Santos Lívia Maria de Lima , Gonçalves Adenilson Henrique
Published: May 2020

Extratos vegetais possuem metabólitos secundários que podem atuar como bioherbicidas com a vantagem de promoverem menores riscos ao ambiente. Mikania laevigata pertence à família Asteraceae e possui a cumarina 1,2-benzopirona como marcador químico, capaz de inibir ou estimular a germinação e crescimento de plantas adjacentes. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se avaliar a fitotoxicidade dos extratos aquoso e etanólico de M. laevigata sobre Lactuca sativa (alface) e Bidens pilosa (picão preto). Foram testadas cinco concentrações (0,1; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 3,0 mg.mL-1) dos extratos, aquoso e etanólico, em experimentos separados, e água destilada como controle. Para isso, foram avaliados a porcentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação, o crescimento inicial e os teores de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e do malonaldeido (MDA). Na presença do extrato etanólico, as espécies (alface e picão preto) reduziram 85 e 90% da germinação, respectivamente. O comprimento da radícula, na menor concentração dos extratos, não foi afetado. Entretanto, na concentração de 2,0 mg.mL-1, as reduções foram de 85%, para alface, e 65%, para picão preto. O aumento do teor de H2O2 foi dose dependente, ou seja, conforme o aumento da concentração dos extratos maior a produção de peróxido, seguido do aumento do MDA para alface e picão preto. As plântulas cultivadas na concentração de 3 mg.mL-1 do extrato etanólico sofreram necrose, impossibilitando as análises subsequentes. Os extratos da M. laeviagata nas concentrações 2,0 e 3,0 mg.mL-1 demonstraram fitointoxicação com aumento do estresse oxidativo nas espécies alface e picão preto.
Padrão reprodutivo, dieta e parasitologia de Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818) (Mammalia, Chiroptera) em parques urbanos do município do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil)
Authors: Guedes Patrícia Gonçalves , Silva Shirley Seixas Pereira da , Santos Karoline Da Silva , Carneiro Alexandre Maurício Da Silva , Lopes Luciano Da Silva , Carvalho Janine Fernandes de
Published: May 2020

Este trabalho apresenta dados sobre a dinâmica reprodutiva, o padrão alimentar e as associações com parasitos em indivíduos de Artibeus lituratus capturados no período de 2009 a 2018 em três Parques Naturais urbanos no município do Rio de Janeiro. Os animais foram capturados com auxílio de redes de espera, medidos, pesados e inspecionados para a ocorrência de ectoparasitas; quando possível, foram coletadas fezes e preparados esfregaços sanguíneos para análise da dieta e presença de hemoparasitos, respectivamente. A partir da avaliação dos 307 espécimes capturados, verificou-se que os dados biométricos estavam dentro do esperado para a espécie. A dieta foi avaliada através de 68 amostras de fezes, que continham fragmentos de insetos, polpa de frutos e sementes de Urticaceae, Combretaceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae e Solanaceae. Os parasitos encontrados em associação com os morcegos foram a espécie de Diptera Paratrichobius longicrus e o ácaro Periglischrus iheringi, além dos hemoparasitos Plasmodium sp., Hepatozoon sp., e Litomosoides sp. Os dados referentes à reprodução de Artibeus lituratus nos parques urbanos inventariados neste estudo demonstram que eles mantêm um padrão reprodutivo típico da Subfamília Stenodermatinae, que consiste em poliestria bimodal com pico em março e abril e outro em julho, agosto e setembro.
Determinação da metodologia para o teste de germinação de sementes de Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Jeromini Tatiane Sanches , Cruz Thais Arroyo da , Pereira Thaís Soares , Silva Givanildo Zildo da , Martins Cibele Chalita
Published: May 2020

Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake é uma das principais espécies de eucaliptos cultivadas. Entretanto, não existem recomendações para o teste padrão de germinação de E. urophylla. Assim, o objetivo foi determinar a melhor metodologia para a condução do teste de germinação de sementes de E. urophylla. O experimento foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira, foram testados dois substratos (sobre papel mata-borrão e areia) e seis temperaturas (constantes de 15, 20, 25, 30, 35ºC e alternada de 20-30ºC, entre noite e dia, respectivamente) na condução do teste de germinação. Na segunda etapa, foi selecionado o substrato mais indicado no experimento anterior e testado em dois lotes, nas seis temperaturas citadas anteriormente. Foram avaliadas a germinação, primeira contagem, índice de velocidade e tempo médio de germinação. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições e os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial de 2 x 6 para ambas as etapas. Na comparação da germinação entre os lotes, observou-se que o lote 1 apresentou menor desempenho do que o lote 2 nas condições de temperaturas extremas. O teste de germinação de sementes de E. urophylla deve ser realizado a 30 ou 35°C com semeadura sobre papel ou areia, e com contagem inicial e final aos quatro e 10 dias após a semeadura, respectivamente. Com base nesta pesquisa, mais testes podem ser realizados, para outros lotes e sementes de E. urophylla de outras procedências, para garantir a confirmação dos resultados.
Avaliação de frutos de goiabeira-serrana cultivados no meio oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil
Authors: Sánchez-Mora Fernando David , Saifert Luciano , Petry Vanessa Samara , Borsuk Lido José , Villamil Juan Manuel Otalora , Nodari Rubens Onofre
Published: May 2020

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o comportamento das características físico-químicas dos frutos de sete genótipos de goiabeira-serrana cultivados em dois locais em Santa Catarina. A avaliação foi realizada nas safras 2011/12, 2014/15 e 2015/16 nos genótipos 85, 101, 223, 458 e 509, na localidade de Fraiburgo (comunidade Papuã), e nas safras 2014/15 e 2015/16, nos genótipos 28.12 e 527, na localidade de Água Doce (comunidade Vista Alegre). Foram avaliados diâmetro (cm), comprimento (cm) e peso do fruto (g), peso de casca e polpa (g), espessura de casca (mm) e sólidos solúveis totais (grau Brix). Foram realizadas análise de variância, comparação entre médias pelo teste Tukey (p < 0,05) e correlações de Pearson (p < 0,05) entre as características dos frutos. Em Água Doce, o genótipo 527 registrou o maior diâmetro e peso do fruto (88,7 g). Em Fraiburgo, destacou-se o genótipo 85, que registrou o maior peso de fruto (94,9 g) e 509 com maior rendimento de polpa (37,5%). Foi constatado que nem todos os genótipos com maior peso do fruto foram os que obtiveram maior rendimento de polpa, confirmando que as variáveis espessura da casca e tamanho do fruto estão diretamente relacionadas com o rendimento. A variação nos valores de sólidos solúveis totais foi afetada pela influência do ambiente e do genótipo.
Dion Boucicault’s Robert Emmet?: the question of authorship and the season premiere at the McVicker's Theatre, Chicago, on November 5, 1884
Authors: Moura Fernanda Korovsky
Published: May 2020

The Irish playwright Dion Boucicault (1820-1890) spent most of his career in the United States, where he established himself, adapting crucial moments of Irish history to the stage. Robert Emmet (1884), a play produced at the end of his career, arouses questioning surrounding its authorship. The dramatic text was arguably written by the playwright Frank Marshall (1840-1889) at the request of the actor Henry Irving (1838-1905). This paper explores the question of Robert Emmet’s authorship and investigates the reception of the production in its unsuccessful opening season at the McVicker’s Theatre in Chicago in November, 1884, and Boucicault’s part in it.
From Kerry to Chiconcuac: Marie Jones’s Stones in His Pockets and Sabina Berman’s eXtras
Authors: Bixler Jacqueline E.
Published: May 2020

This article focuses on the Mexican play, eXtras, Sabina Berman's translation and adaptation of the Irish hit play Stones in His Pockets by Marie Jones. Linda Hutcheon, Thomas Leitch, and other contributors to adaptation studies shed light on the process used by Berman to tradapt and glocalize Stones in His Pockets for the Mexican stage, where the combined forces of Hollywood and globalization have likewise ravaged the local economy and where Jones' tragicomic story of exploitation and anonymization played every bit as well as it did in Ireland.
Introduction
Authors: Bastos Beatriz Kopschitz , Lonergan Patrick
Published: May 2020

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Science: Antiquity and its Legacy
Authors: Lang Philippa
Published: May 2020

Modern science and its technology are the children of the seventeenth-century. Shedding fresh light on topics such as Euclid's geometry, Aristotelian physics and the proto-Darwinism of pre-Socratic thinkers like Empedocles, this work addresses the fascinating differences and similarities between ancient and modern conceptions of ‘science’.

Ancient science is a subject that commands extensive general interest. This is the first non-technical survey of the interface between ancient and modern science. It is aimed at crossover student sales in classics, the history of ideas and the history and philosophy of science. Modern science and its technology are the children of the seventeenth-century. But the bold investigative experimentation and scientific systems of thought that this era spawned were in turn thoroughly influenced by Greek and Roman authors and ideas. Xenophanes’ ideas about fossils informed the science of geology. Copernicus and his novel notion that the earth revolved around the sun, and not vice versa, were arguably influenced by the Samian philosopher and mathematician, Aristarchus. And the anatomists of Alexandria still – even today – have valuable insights to bring to current ethical discussions of vivisection and animal welfare. Shedding fresh light on topics such as Euclid’s geometry, Aristotelian physics and the proto-Darwinism of pre-Socratic thinkers like Empedocles, Philippa Lang addresses the fascinating differences and similarities between ancient and modern conceptions of ‘science’. She discusses the origins of the cosmos; natural laws in mathematics and physics; conceptions and philosophies of biology and disease; ideas about mechanistic science and technology as they have been used to control the societies of human beings; and the important nexus between science, morality and ethics.

Greek and Roman parallels illuminate and clarify the meaning of science itself.
Wallace’s Dialects
Authors: Shapiro Mary
Published: May 2020

Mary Shapiro explores the use of regional and ethnic dialects in the works of David Foster Wallace, not just as a device used to add realism to dialogue, but as a vehicle for important social commentary about the role language plays in our daily lives, how we express personal identity, and how we navigate social relationships.

Wallace’s Dialectsstraddles the fields of linguistic criticism and folk linguistics, considering which linguistic variables of Jewish-American English, African-American English, Midwestern, Southern, and Boston regional dialects were salient enough for Wallace to represent, and how he showed the intersectionality of these with gender and social class. Wallace’s own use of language is examined with respect to how it encodes his identity as a white, male, economically privileged Midwesterner, while also foregrounding characteristic and distinctive idiolect features that allowed him to connect to readers across implied social boundaries.
Variability of Relativistic Electron Flux (E > 2 MeV) during Geo-Magnetically Quiet and Disturbed days: A Case Study
Authors: Thapa Tulsi , Adhikari Binod , Baruwal Prashrit , Pudasainee Kiran
Published: May 2020

Abstract. We analyzed the relativistic electron fluxes (E > 2 MeV) during three different geomagnetic storms: moderate, intense, and super-intense and one geo-magnetically quiet period. We have opted Continuous wavelet analysis and cross-correlation technique to extend current understanding and of the radiation-belt dynamics. We found that the fluctuation of relativistic electron fluxes dependent basically on prolonged southward interplanetary magnetic field IMF-Bz. Cross-correlation analysis depicted that SYM-H does not show a strong connection either with relativistic electron enhancement events or persistent depletion events. Our result supports the fact that geomagnetic storms are not a primary factor that pumps up the radiation belt. In fact they seem event specific; either depletion or enhancement or slight effect on the outer radiation belt might be observed depending on the event. Solar wind pressure and velocity were found to be highly and positively correlated with relativistic electron. We found that, the count of relativistic electron flux (> 2 MeV) decreases during the main phase of geomagnetic storm with the increase in – from quiet to super intense storm – geomagnetic storm conditions (Table 1). However, Psw was found to be weakly correlated in case of intense storms following an abrupt increase of electron flux for ~ 4 hrs, which is interesting and unique.
Seasonal weather regimes in the North Atlantic region: towards new seasonality?
Authors: Breton Florentin , Vrac Mathieu , Yiou Pascal , Vaittinada Ayar Pradeebane , Jézéquel Aglaé
Published: May 2020

Abstract. European climate variability is shaped by atmospheric dynamics and local physical processes over the North Atlantic region. As both have strong seasonal features, a better insight of their future seasonality is essential to anticipate changes in weather conditions for human and natural systems. We explore the weather seasonality of the North Atlantic over 1979–2017 and 1979–2100 by using seasonal weather regimes (SWRs) defined by clustering year-round daily fields of geopotential height at 500 hPa (Z500) from the ERA-Interim reanalysis and 12 climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project fifth phase (CMIP5). The spatial and temporal variability of SWR structures is investigated, as well as associated patterns of surface air temperature. Although the climate models have biases, they reproduce structures and evolutions of SWRs similar to the reanalysis over 1979–2017: decreasing frequency of winter conditions (starting later and ending earlier in the year) and increasing frequency of summer conditions (starting earlier and ending later). These changes are stronger over 1979–2100 than over 1979–2017, associated with a large increase of North Atlantic seasonal mean Z500 and temperature. When using more SWRs (i.e. more freedom in the definition of seasonality), the changes over 1979–2100 correspond to a long-term swap between SWRs, resulting in similar structures (seasonal cycle and weather patterns) with respect to the evolution of the seasonal cycle of Z500 and temperature. To understand whether the evolution of the SWRs is linked to uniform Z500 increase (i.e. uniform warming), or to changes in Z500 spatial patterns (i.e. changes in circulation patterns), we remove the calendar trend in the Z500 regional average to define SWRs based on detrended data (d-SWRs). The temporal properties of d-SWRs appear almost constant, whereas their spatial patterns change. This indicates that the calendar Z500 regional trend drives the evolution of the SWRs and that the changing spatial patterns in d-SWRs account for the heterogeneity of this trend. Our study suggests that historical winter conditions will continue to decrease in the future while historical summer conditions continue to increase. It also suggests that according to an increasing seasonal cycle, the seasonality of weather conditions would not change in a major way.
Evapotranspiration at four sites representing land-use and height gradient in the Eastern Ore Mountains (Germany)
Authors: Moderow Uta , Fischer Stefanie , Grünwald Thomas , Queck Ronald , Bernhofer Christian
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Less is known about evapotranspiration (ET) along elevation gradients of low mountain ranges, especially with regard to different land uses and concerning long-term studies. We investigate ET of four sites of different land-uses along an elevation gradient of a low mountain range over eleven years (2008–2018) based on daily values. Three different ET estimates are inspected, which can give a reasonable range of ET. These estimates are ET based on the energy balance residual (ET_residual), ET corrected for the energy balance closure gap (ET_corr) and ET not corrected for the energy balance closure gap (ET_uncorr). In general, ET_residual showed largest values and ET_uncorr showed lowest values with ET_corr in between. Average annual differences between ET_residual and ET_corr ranged between 111 mm a−1 and 196 mm a−1. Average annual differences between ET_uncorr and ET_corr ranged between 70 mm a−1 and 167 mm a−1. For two site years ET_corr was lower than ET_uncorr. This could be related to gap-filling. Differences between different estimates were site-specific and related to the respective energy balance closure gap. Principal component analysis revealed similar dependency on driving variables for all three estimates and all sites. Given the influence of the energy balance closure gap on ET_uncorr and ET_residual, we recommend using ET_corr, but ET_residual can be still useful especially for sites with low vegetation, which rarely experience water stress. Comparison of two coniferous sites situated at different altitudes showed frequently larger values for the site located at a higher altitude. This might be a result of rainfall interception, which however must be investigated at sub-daily timescale.
A history of the concept of time of concentration
Authors: Beven Keith J.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The concept of time of concentration in the analysis of catchment responses dates back over 150 years to the introduction of the rational method. Since then it has been used in a variety of ways in the formulation of both unit hydrograph and distributed catchment models. It is normally discussed in terms of the velocity of flow of a water particle from the furthest part of a catchment to the outlet. This is also the basis for the definition in the International Glossary of Hydrology. While conceptually simple, this definition is, however, wrong when applied to catchment responses where, in terms of how surface and subsurface flows produce hydrographs, it is more correct to discuss and teach the concept based on celerities and time to equilibrium. While this has been recognized since the 1960s, some recent papers and texts remain confused over the definition and use of the time of concentration concept. The paper sets out the history of its use and clarifies its relationship with time to equilibrium but suggests that both terms are not really useful in explaining hydrological responses. An Appendix is included that quantifies the differences between the definitions of response times for subsurface and surface flows under simple assumptions that might be useful in teaching.
Evaluation of global seismicity along Northern and Southern hemispheres
Authors: Hammed Olaide Sakiru , Adagunodo Theophilus Aanuoluwa , Awoyemi Musa Oluwafemi , Amosun Joel Olayide , Fagbemigun Tokunbo Sanmi , Komolafe Tobi Ebenezer
Published: May 2020

Abstract. An earthquake has been identified as one of the major natural disasters that cause loss of lives and property. To mitigate this disaster, knowledge of global seismicity is essential. This research is aimed at evaluating the Gutenberg Richter b-value parameter and focal depth distribution of earthquake parameters to identify the prominent earthquake-prone zones in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The study area covers 20° to the Northern and Southern hemispheres, with the equator in the middle. The data were obtained from the earthquake catalogue of the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) hosted by the Northern California Earthquake Data Centre USA from 1963–2018. Fifty-four-year earthquake data of M ≥ 6.0 were processed and analyzed using Gutenberg-Richter (GR). The b-value parameters obtained from the GR model were plotted against the hemispheres using bar chart graphs to determine the tectonic stress level of the study region. The earthquake energy released was evaluated along the Northern and Southern hemispheres for a proper understanding of seismic events in the study region. It was observed that the rate of earthquake occurrence at the Southern hemisphere is higher than the Northern hemisphere. The b-values obtained in all the zones vary from 0.82–1.16. At the same time, the maximum earthquake energy of 4.6 × 1025 J was estimated. Low b-values indicate high tectonic stress within the plates. The large tectonic stress accumulation around the equator suggests that unstable lithospheres characterize this zone.
“Madre solo hay una”: la invención de los modelos de la buena/mala madre en el Perú de los siglos XIX y XX
Authors: Quiroz Lissell
Published: May 2020

El artículo busca analizar la construcción social y racial de los modelos maternos de la buena y de la mala madre en el Perú contemporáneo (siglos XIX y XX). El estudio se realiza en una perspectiva metodológica feminista decolonial aplicada a los estudios de historia movilizando fuentes de diversa índole que van de los archivos médicos, la prensa, la documentación administrativa hasta los trabajos antropológicos. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran cómo el modelo occidental de la buena madre sirvió para esencializar los roles sociales de género y legitimar la hegemonía del grupo de los descendientes de los criollos y de la población blanca mestiza. Si bien todas las mujeres fueron consideradas como inferiores a los varones y destinadas a la maternidad, solo ciertas mujeres –blancas y de clases acomodadas– heredaron la calidad de “matronas” y de “madres patriotas”. Las demás, indígenas, afro y mestizas, en cambio, aparecieron en mayor o menor grado como madres de segunda categoría, a las que había que formar, controlar y en algunos casos hasta limitar su reproducción. La originalidad de esta contribución radica en el análisis de la maternidad como espacio de colonialidad, es decir, como un entramado de relaciones de poder de orden patriarcal, racial y de clase que clasifica y jerarquiza a las mujeres peruanas lo que constituye un rasgo social que se mantiene hasta hoy.
Maternidades políticas en Valerio Máximo y Plutarco. El recurso literario a la tradición
Authors: Méndez Santiago Borja , González Estrada Lidia
Published: May 2020

En este artículo se analizan los Factorum et dictorum memorabilium de Valerio Máximo y los Lacaenarum apophthegmata de Plutarco para reflexionar acerca del modo en que se concebía la ‘maternidad política’ durante el Alto Imperio. A partir de una lectura cuidadosa y en clave de género de ambos textos se ha tratado de reflejar cómo estos autores pretendían atribuir a las mujeres una serie de comportamientos deseables en relación a su maternidad. Así, muchos de sus exempla incidirán sobre la acción política de estas mujeres sobre sus hijos, pero únicamente en el caso de que la misma se ejerciera en beneficio de los intereses del Estado. Este enfoque, que tiene la ventaja de visibilizar la influencia materna dentro de los distintos relatos, permite constatar que la auctoritas de las mujeres sobre sus hijos se extendía no solo a la infancia y a la juventud de los mismos, sino durante toda su vida. Este artículo, en resumen, ha tratado de demostrar cómo en el Alto Imperio dos autores de distinta procedencia y cronología compartían una serie de ideales sobre la manera correcta de ejercer la 'maternidad política'. Hemos realizado, por tanto, un análisis transversal y comparativo al considerar que, lejos de contraponerse, la literatura griega y la latina pueden complementarse entre sí.
El “problema de la mujer” y la reflexión en torno a la maternidad durante la República de Weimar y el nacionalsocialismo a través de la obra de Alice Rühle-Gerstel
Authors: Jacinto Montes Lizette
Published: May 2020

Una de las consecuencias directas del nacionalsocialismo en Alemania fue la exclusión de ciertas autoras feministas que llevaban décadas reflexionando sobre “el segundo sexo”, la “cuestión femenina” o “el problema de la mujer” (Das Frauenproblem). Una de ellas es Alice Rühle Gerstel, nacida en Praga en 1894, radicada en Alemania durante la República de Weimar y quien finalmente se suicidó en 1943 en la Ciudad de México durante su exilio político iniciado en 1936. La importancia de esta autora radica en la posibilidad de rastrear a partir de su obra no solamente el ambiente intelectual y cultural ligado al feminismo en los países de lengua alemana durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, sino también  los debates y discusiones en torno a los temas ‘mujer’ y ‘maternidad’. Sus aportes e incursión en el feminismo de principios de siglo XX serán abordados a partir de su reflexión interdisciplinaria y el uso del instrumental teórico del que tanto la psicología individual de Alfred Adler como el materialismo histórico de Karl Marx le proveyeron. Así, podemos concluir que la obra de Alice Rühle-Gerstel fue pionera en analizar y reflexionar en torno a la situación de la mujer en el espacio del habla alemana. No sobra decir que, además, este trabajo ofrece el contexto general en que se desarrolló el pensamiento de Rühle-Gerstel durante la época de la República de Weimar, así como la censura que sufrió su obra y finalmente el olvido de la que fue objeto a partir del ascenso del nacionalsocialismo.
A trajetória de Alberto Pasqualini antes do “teórico do trabalhismo”: background, entrada e estratégias de ascensão na politica-partidária (1928-1937)
Authors: Dal Bosco Almeida Diego Orgel
Published: May 2020

O artigo que segue objetiva apresentar aspectos significativos da trajetória política inicial de Alberto Pasqualini entre 1928 e 1937. Trata-se do período em que ocorreram diversos realinhamentos entre as forças políticas nos níveis estadual e nacional que acompanharam a projeção da figura política de Getúlio Vargas, sua alçada à presidência da República em 1930 e o reforço de seu poder a partir de 1937. Além disso, foi nesse mesmo período que Alberto Pasqualini sedimentou as bases da construção de sua figura pública, através da qual ficaria conhecido enquanto “homem de pensamento”, imagem construída a partir dos recursos simbólicos obtidos pelo acesso junto à Faculdade Livre de Direito de Porto Alegre como aluno laureado e professor, um background estrategicamente manejado nos diferentes cenários que se apresentaram no período 1928-1937.
A ideia de defesa e conceitos nos tratados de arquitetura militar: instrumentos políticos (1650-1750)
Authors: Nascimento de Oliveira da Silva Luiza
Published: May 2020

Este artigo busca propor uma articulação entre a ideia de defesa para as cidades portuguesas (no reino e nas conquistas) dos séculos XVII e XVIII em relação a uma percepção de poder calcada na noção de regularidade para a urbanização e na administração política. A ordem e o equilíbrio foram tanto argumentos de defesa como estiveram postos na linguagem dos discursos políticos. O estudo da prática de escrita de tratados de arquitetura militar mostra que havia, em termos de uma origem e permanência, o alinhamento entre Estado e defesa, cujo desdobramento foi uma sociedade caracterizada por uma cultura política de defesa. A análise de fontes textuais para o entendimento de conceitos e ideias específicas, sem que a documentação esteja isolada dos seus contextos históricos e das suas práticas culturais, dá a dimensão da historicidade dos conceitos e das ideias em destaque.
Las brechas de género en el mercado laboral rural del Uruguay, 1990-2010
Authors: Maubrigades Silvana
Published: May 2020

El artículo analiza las brechas de género en el Uruguay rural entre 1990 y 2010 y las enmarca en los cambios ocurridos dentro de América Latina para igual período. Se ofrece evidencia sobre el proceso de incorporación de las mujeres al mercado laboral rural en el marco de la segunda globalización y se constata la persistente segregación de las mujeres rurales a las actividades menos calificadas de esta actividad. Si bien se observa un acortamiento de la brecha salarial de género, ésta responde a una pérdida de ingreso de los hombres durante la última crisis económica del país, antes que a mejoras del salario percibido por las mujeres.
Maçonaria: um lugar para a sociabilidade de homens de cor, nascidos livres e libertos
Authors: Francisco Renata Ribeiro
Published: May 2020

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a experiência maçônica de homens de “cor”, nascidos livres e libertos, nos templos maçônicos da segunda metade do século XIX. A organização iniciática estabelecida em todos os cantos do país, difundiu-se e consolidou-se como espaço de sociabilidade, principalmente, entre as camadas sociais mais abastadas da sociedade. A participação de homens provenientes de camadas mais pobres na organização, como revela a documentação analisada, ganhou o respaldo da própria legislação maçônica. Para além de discutir a presença de homens de “cor” na maçonaria, buscou-se compreender o significado social que esses homens atribuíam a organização.
Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária: massas, foquismo e repressão
Authors: Silva Carla Luciana
Published: May 2020

O objetivo deste texto é compreender a luta armada como uma opção mediante conflitos teóricos e históricos que estavam colocados aos grupos que propunham uma resistência à Ditadura. Analisamos o investimento realizado pela Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária no sentido de organizar ações de massas junto ao movimento operário, em 1968. Buscamos mostrar que os grupos de luta armada empreenderam tempo e disposição em realizar o debate teórico e político sobre as formas da luta enquanto puderam realiza-lo. Na medida em que a repressão se especializava e tornava mais ampla sua ação, esses debates se perderam e a ação dos grupos passou a ser eminentemente defensiva.
The Impact of Political Connection on Earnings Management in China’s Private Enterprises
Authors: Liao Zhiyuan , Zhang Weijian , Tao Xiaohui
Published: May 2020

Earnings management behaviour lowers the quality of accounting information of private enterprises to a certain extent. Hence, it is necessary to study the relationship between political connection and earnings management of private enterprises. Through the investigation and statistics of the private companies in China’s Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Board Market from 2013 to 2017, this paper performs empirical analysis to verify the relationship between political connection and earnings management. It shows that political connection can weaken accrual-based earnings management level, which helps private firms obtain more preferential policies and financing help. Based on the above conclusions, this paper puts forward the corresponding policy recommendations, which provide reference for the governance of private enterprises and the capital market.
The Moderating Effect of External Environment on the Relationship Between Strategic Entrepreneurship and Performance of Selected Oil and Gas Service Firms in Lagos and Rivers States, Nigeria
Authors: A. Arokodare, M. , U. Asikhia, O.
Published: May 2020

Globally, oil and gas service industry is one of the major contributors to the economic development of many nations. However, the industry is faced with problems of poor entrepreneurial orientation, inflexible planning and poor management of external environmental challenges. These problems have negatively affected their overall performance. This study therefore examined the effect of strategic entrepreneurship on overall performance. The study adopted cross-sectional survey research design with a target population of 9,324 owners and managers of oil and gas service companies operating in Lagos and Rivers States, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to select the sample size of 733 using the Cochran (1997) formula. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple and hierarchical regression methods of analyses. Findings revealed that strategic entrepreneurship components (entrepreneurial orientation and planning flexibility) had significant effect on firm performance (R2 = .216, F-stat = 34.743, p<0.05). Strategic entrepreneurship components significantly affected sales growth (Adj. R2 = .582, F-stat = 98.422, p<0.05); market share (Adj. R2 = .511, F-stat = 58.132, p<0.05); and profitability (Adj. R2 = .410, F-stat = 42.982, p<0.05). External environment significantly moderated the relationship between strategic entrepreneurship and firm performance (ΔR2 = .593, ΔF = 19.256; F-stat = 67.765, p<0.05) all at 5% level of significance. Implications of the findings and recommendations were made.