bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of glomerular filtration rate by use of dynamic computed tomography and Patlak analysis in clinically normal cats
Authors: Chang Jinhwa , Ahn Sejoon , Choi Sooyoung , Lee Heechun , Chang Dongwoo , Choi Hojung , Lee Youngwon
Published: September 2011

Objective—To obtain quantitative variables of the abdominal aorta and both kidneys on the basis of time-attenuation curves (TACs) and to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for each kidney and the global GFR in clinically normal cats by use of dynamic computed tomography (CT) and Patlak analysis.

Animals—9 healthy cats.

Procedures—All the cats were anesthetized with propofol. Anesthesia was maintained by administration of isoflurane, and CT examination was performed in the anesthetized cats. The TACs and renal volume were measured by use of the baseline precontrast and single-slice dynamic scans. The CT-GFR of each kidney and the global CT-GFRs were calculated via Patlak plot analysis.

Results—CT-GFR results from 7 cats were valid. Peak aortic enhancement was detected between 9.0 and 14.0 seconds after iohexol injection, and the initial peak time of renal parenchymal enhancement was 15 to 24 seconds after iohexol injection. Mean ± SD global GFR was 2.06 ± 0.62 mL/min/kg. Mean ± SD CT-GFR of the right and left kidneys was 0.97 ± 0.32 mL/min/kg and 1.05 ± 0.31 mL/min/kg, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The CT-GFR method can be rapidly and conveniently performed in clinically normal cats. This combined structural-functional approach provided physiologic and morphological information on the kidneys of cats.
Effects of early pregnancy diagnosis by palpation per rectum on pregnancy loss in dairy cattle
Authors: Romano Juan E. , Thompson James A. , Kraemer Duane C. , Westhusin Mark E. , Tomaszweski Michael A. , Forrest David W.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To determine the effect of palpation per rectum (PPR) by use of 1 or 2 fetal membrane slips (FMSs) for pregnancy diagnosis during early gestation on pregnancy loss in dairy cattle.

Design—Controlled, randomized block design.

Animals—928 healthy pregnant cattle.

Procedures—All cattle were determined to be pregnant by use of transrectal ultrasonography at approximately day 31 after estrus and randomly allocated into 2 groups (control group [n = 476 cows] and palpation group [452]). The control group was not subjected to pregnancy diagnosis via PPR. The palpation group was subdivided into 2 groups (PPR FMS 1 [n = 230 cows] and PPR FMS 2 [222]), which involved PPR and pregnancy diagnosis via 1 or 2 FMSs, respectively, during the same examination, which was performed by 1 veterinarian between days 34 and 43 after estrus. All cattle were reevaluated by use of transrectal ultrasonography on days 45 and 60 to determine viability of the embryo and fetus, respectively.

Results—Overall pregnancy loss between days 31 and 60 was 14.1%. Pregnancy loss for the control, PPR FMS 1, and PPR FMS 2 groups from days 31 to 60 was 14.5%, 12.6%, and 14.9%, respectively. Embryonic pregnancy loss for the control, PPR FMS 1, and PPR FMS 2 groups was 12.4%, 9.1%, and 9.5%, respectively. Fetal pregnancy loss for the same groups was 2.4%, 3.8%, and 5.9%, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pregnancy diagnosis via 1 or 2 FMSs performed during PPR in early gestation did not increase pregnancy loss in dairy cattle.
Overlearning Reversal Effect in a Spatial Discrimination Task
Authors: Capaldi E. J.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of rats were trained to make a position response in a T maze. One group was given 16, the other 120 trials, prior to reversal. The more highly trained group required fewer trials and errors to meet the reversal criterion.
Some Variables Influencing Reports of Directional Apparent Movement
Authors: Krampen Martin
Published: September 2011

A moderate empiricist view about perception of apparent movement states that past experience may influence the Gestalt “tendency to total assimilation” in bilateral apparent movement. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the responses to bilateral apparent movement of 38 experimental Ss, who previously practiced unilateral apparent movement, with the responses of 25 control Ss who did not receive such practice. When experimental Ss were relatively unbiased in directional preference before practice, they increased their preferences for either the left or the right direction in the bilateral apparent movement pattern as a result of practice. This increase occurred in the direction practiced when Ss with initial left bias practiced unilateral apparent movement to the right, or Ss with initial right bias practiced unilateral apparent movement to the left. However, when practice reinforced the initial bias it seemed to “boomerang.” All Ss tended to reduce or reverse their initial directional bias regardless of the experimental treatment and practicing a specific direction was effective only when it supported this basic tendency of bias reduction.
Pattern Discrimination as a Function of Fill, Distortion, and Noise
Authors: Webster Raymond B.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of noise, distortion and fill and noise, distortion and fill interactions on pattern discrimination. Patterns were generated from a 10 × 10 matrix on a random number basis and were comprised of black filled squares. Noise was incorporated in the patterns by filling in additional selected (on a random basis) squares. Distortion was the random displacement of filled squares comprising the basic pattern. Forty-five male undergraduates served as Ss. Patterns were projected automatically with a stimulus exposure time of 1.0 sec. and a constant inter-trial time of 6 sec. duration. The method of constant stimuli was employed. The results showed that the discrimination of patterns, as generated in this study, was significantly affected only by 40% distortion of the basic pattern.
Generalisation of Affectional Responses in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Rosenblum Leonard A. , Harlow Harry F.
Published: September 2011

The present study demonstrated the ability of 8 young rhesus monkeys to generalise affectional responses to a surrogate stimulus which differed in size from the original and failed to provide contact-comfort.
Effect of Anxiety and Induced Stress on the Structured-Objective Rorschach Test
Authors: Langer Philip , Hayes William G. , Sharp Heber C.
Published: September 2011

This study examined three hypotheses: (1) the SORT is sensitive to different levels of anxiety; (2) induced stress will yield differential effects on the SORT; and (3) Fch scores are a measure of anxiety on the SORT. 396 introductory psychology students were administered the 50-item version of the Taylor MAS. From this sample, 44 male and 44 female Ss were selected as high or low anxious Ss and assigned to the stress or non-stress groups. From an analysis of scores: (1) H appeared to be the only valid indicator of anxiety on the SORT. The SORT was not as generally sensitive to differing levels of anxiety as is the standard Rorschach. (2) The effects of stress could not be measured, since the stress situation apparently failed in its purpose. (3) Fch scores were not related to anxiety. A discussion of the SORT followed, with emphasis on the SORT as differing considerably from the standard Rorschach.
Motor Activity and Verbal Behavior
Authors: Lockert Edna W. , Bryan James H.
Published: September 2011

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of motor activity upon verbal behavior. 120 8th grade students served as Ss distributed among 6 experimental samples. Although Ss failed to condition verbally, and no interaction effect was found between verbal conditioning and motor activity, it was found that Ss engaged in a motor activity (finger tapping) significantly more often selected verbs denoting gross motor activity than did Ss not so engaged. The results are interpreted to support Razran's (1961) contention of the importance of proprioceptive and motor-interoceptive signals upon words and their equivalents.
Sex Differences Related to the Effect of Auditory Stimulation on the Stability of Visually Fixated Forms
Authors: Miller Arnold
Published: September 2011

Within has suggested that women's poor performance in adjusting a rod to true vertical in the rod-frame and related tasks was due to a lesser tendency to use stimulation from their bodies. The present study investigated whether women's presumed lesser use of kinesthetic stimulation might imply a lesser use of auditory stimulation accompanying perception of triangle forms presented at near threshold intensities. Contrary to this possibility, it was found that women used concurrent auditory stimulation more than men to facilitate visual perception of the triangles. An attempt was made to resolve these apparently opposed findings by viewing them as a consequence of men's and women's different styles of using stimulation in relation to the tasks with which they were confronted.
Psychology of the Scientist: VI. Scientist as Artist
Authors: Shelly Maynard W.
Published: September 2011

Those traits which are often accepted as characterizing the artist are also characteristic of the creative psychologist; the creative psychologist is an artist.
Sequential Redundancy in the Learning of a Repetitive Sequence of Events
Authors: Tune G. S.
Published: September 2011

An experiment is described in which human Ss were required to learn event series consisting of regularly recurring patterns of events. The event series were similar in that they all had the same amount of information at the first order of estimation, but at higher orders the information per event was different. In Condition 1, Ss ( N = 6) each experienced all four event series, in Condition 2 ( N = 24) Ss experienced only one event series. It was found that the experimental condition did not affect the shape of the learning curve. There was some indication that the sequential redundancy in an event series did affect the slope of the learning curve and the mean number of correct responses.
Sensory-Feedback Analysis of Infant Control of the Behavioral Environment
Authors: Smith K. U. , Zwerg C , Smith N. J.
Published: September 2011

These experiments test the interpretation that behavioral development occurs as a process of differentiation and integration of the space-organized sensory-feedback mechanisms of posture (as a generalized gravitational reference system of movement control), dynamic transport movement (as a right-left reference axis of sensory-feedback control), and manipulation movements. The specific hypothesis was that infants acquire generalized control of their environment by means of orientative transport movements before such control is matured in terms of manipulative movements. Many different distinctive techniques of electronic behavior recording and environmental control devices were built that would enable the 58 infants to control their visual, auditory and tactual environments by means of the simplest kinds of manipulative movements. Sensory-feedback control of the visual environment by means of orientation motion was tested by means of a special rotating crib and closed-circuit television system in which the infant had to crawl or turn to maintain vision of an image of his mother, other persons, or objects. Results confirmed the main hypothesis that orientative sensory-feedback regulation of the visual environment develops with age up to about 20 months, and appears months in advance of articulated sensory-feedback control of specific stimuli by means of manual movements, no matter how simple.
Delayed and Space-Displaced Sensory Feedback and Learning
Authors: Smith Karl U. , Wargo Lynn , Jones Robert , Smith W. M.
Published: September 2011

These experiments test a new interpretation of the S-R concept and its role in learning. It is assumed that the reinforcement factors in psychomotor learning do not determine behavior integration directly, but have their influence specifically determined by the spatio-temporal patterns of sensory feedback that link the motor and receptor systems. Scientific closed-circuit television systems, with appropriate electronic motion analysis instrumentation, were used to obtain learning functions with space displacement (inversion, reversal, and angular displacement) and delay of the visual feedback of different skilled behavior patterns. Results from the delayed-feedback studies showed that there are two basic temporal intervals involved in response organization and learning, a sensory-feedback interval of the S-R relationships and a reinforcement interval, and that the S-R interval is primary and relatively invariant in determining learning and performance. The experiments on space-displaced sensory feedback were all consistent with the main hypothesis in showing that the initial level, rate, and degree of learning in human motion varies directly with the dimensions and magnitudes of the geometric displacement of sensory feedback. The experiments suggest that the experimental analysis of the real space and time properties of the primary sensory-feedback interaction in performance and learning provides a significant extension of classical methods of investigation of stimulus-response relationships in behavior to the dynamic level.
A Critique of S. S. Stevens' “New Psychophysics”
Authors: Warren Richard M. , Warren Roslyn P.
Published: September 2011

S. S. Stevens' “New Psychophysics” is examined in terms of classical psychophysics and recent experiments. Distinctions between metathetic and prothetic continua, and between category and ratio scales are considered inappropriate. Conclusions drawn from cross-modality matching are questioned. We suggest that central nervous system processes determine the quantitative nature of psychophysical responses, as described by the physical correlate theory, rather than the operating characteristics of sensory transducers.
Afterthoughts in Response to Nance's Comment
Authors: Suddon Florence H.
Published: September 2011

Pacing is explicitly defined. The possibility of an Interaction between the effects of delay of feedback and pacing condition is suggested.
Attention-Demand Value of Stimuli
Authors: Agnew Neil M. , Pyke Sandra
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to test the generality of Kreezer's method for measuring the attention-demand value of stimuli. Significant differences between task thresholds and set thresholds were obtained using a different task from Kreezer's and for an extended series of tones while controlling for differences in background noise under the two threshold determination conditions. The potential usefulness of the method was discussed in relation to current theoretical proposals.
Reliability of Time Estimation by the Method of Reproduction
Authors: Danziger K. , Preez P. D. Du
Published: September 2011

A procedure is described which involves the reproduction of the duration of auditory stimuli by a horizontal movement of S's arm. For stimulus durations between 0.9 sec. and 16.0 sec. a mean reliability (product-moment r) of .67 was obtained for judgments of duration, which is rather higher than usual for time judgments by the method of reproduction. Measures of speed of movement yielded a mean reliability of .70. Reproduction of durations by horizontal movements was however less accurate than by pressing down a key.
Note on the Relationship between Homogeneity of States and S ↠ E Predictions
Authors: Bjoerkman Mats
Published: September 2011

Ss are confronted with a situation in which they have to predict which of two events, causally related to characteristics of the situation, will occur. The experiment shows that larger homogeneity in samples of states leading to the same event will facilitate learning.
Monitoring of Sequential Binary Patterns
Authors: Pollack Irwin , Johnson Lawrence
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to obtain a rough estimate of the human S's monitoring span. Sequences of binary digits were flashed to Ss whose task was to indicate the occurrence of a specific pattern of digits. The upper limit of monitoring performance is about 7 digits per second.
Experimenter Variable in Concept Identification Feedback of Schizophrenics
Authors: Pishkin Vladimir
Published: September 2011

This study replicated an earlier one but the mechanical condition was conducted without E's presence. Data show a significant positive influence on concept identification by Ss. Non-social feedback conditions can be more completely accomplished if E is absent. Previous findings were confirmed.
Temporal Sequence of Eye Fixations in the Orienting Response of Infant Chimpanzees
Authors: Berkson Gershon , Fitz-Gerald Frances L.
Published: September 2011

Eye fixations upon a visual stimulus are maximal immediately after the presentation of the stimulus, and they decline regularly during the following minute. Five infant chimpanzees were used in three experiments to test the hypothesis that the character of a stimulus affects the level, but not the shape of the eye fixations curve. In each experiment, stimuli were presented for 1 min., and the durations of each fixation and the periods between fixations were recorded. In the first experiment, the stimuli were lights flickering at 10, 30, 60, and 90 flashes per second. In the second experiment, lights of three different intensities were used, and in the last experiment, discs rotating at 0, 30, and 60 rpm were the stimuli. The main hypothesis was supported. The results also indicated that the decreasing curve in eye fixations was partly a function of an initial fixation occurring immediately after the presentation of the stimulus and partly due to a reduction in duration and concentration of fixations in succeeding seconds.
Psychomotor Assessment of the Effects of Haloperidol
Authors: Court J. H. , Cameron I. A.
Published: September 2011

The psychomotor behaviour of 10 patients showing good therapeutic response to Haloperidol was studied. An attempt was made to outline a method for distinguishing therapeutic response from side-effects. A small battery of psychomotor tests achieved this distinction in the expected directions.
Illusion of Parallelism in Reduced Illumination
Authors: Smith Olin W. , Smith Patricia Cain , Schmidt Harald
Published: September 2011

A picture-plane theory of the illusion of parallelism was tested by replicating, with only standard and variable dimly visible, portions of a previous study demonstrating positive and negative directions of the illusion. The differences between means of the two studies ranged from 0.2° to 11.6°. Correlation between the matrices of the two studies was +.62, indicative of common determinants, one of which was proposed to be the aptitude of spatial visualization. The picture-plane theory remained tenable.
Effects on Reaction Time of Partial Knowledge of Results of Performance
Authors: McCormack P. D. , Binding F. R. S. , McElheran W. G.
Published: September 2011

Five groups of male Ss participated in a reaction time experiment under 0, 30, 50, 70, and 100% knowledge of results conditions. The only dependable change in reaction time with time on task was observed for the no knowledge group where reaction times became longer with increased task duration.
Effect of Pre- and Post-Stress upon Height of Drawings in a Perceptual-Motor Task
Authors: Craddick Ray A. , Stern Michael R.
Published: September 2011

Forty male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups ( Ns = 10) which received 10, 15, 20, or 25 g, under abrupt deceleration conditions at the end of a 120-ft. sled run. Ss were not aware beforehand of their preassigned groups. A battery of tests, including the Graham-Kendall MFD test was administered to each S during an initial testing period under normal test conditions. About 1 mo. later, each experimental S was given a three-test battery, including the MFD, prior to the sled run (pre-stress period) and about 25 min. after experiencing impact (post-stress period). The same battery of tests was administered to a control group ( N = 10) at times comparable to those for the experimental groups, but the control group was tested at all times under standard testing conditions. The mean height of the 15 MFD drawings was analyzed for each S for each group at the three periods. This analysis supported the hypothesis that, although the control group showed essentially no change in height of drawings over the three trials, the experimental groups exhibited a significant decrease ( p < .01) in height of drawings during the pre-stress period. The decrease in drawing size was not a function of the number of g experienced but seemed to be a result of the anticipated stress.
Achievement Motivation, Anxiety, and Perceptual Control
Authors: Carney Richard E.
Published: September 2011

The influences of Achievement-Orientation (AO) and Taylor Several Anxiety (TSA) scores on two “moving” perceptual tasks were investigated. A U-shaped relationship was found between time judgment (TJ) and AO scores for males, with a reversed pattern for females. Males in a highly involved group had a positive correlation ( r), and males in a less involved group had a negative r between TSA and TJ scores. Females again tended to reverse the male patterns. Ss of both sexes who were high in AO “held” fluctuations of the Necker cube illusion better than Ss low in AO, the opposite was true for TSA. Suggestions were offered for further investigations of sex differences and motive arousal problems.
Test of the Accuracy of Crossman's Confusion-Function
Authors: McCoy William Kenneth
Published: September 2011

This study was done to test the accuracy of Crossman's Confusion-Function in predicting response patterns of Ss in discriminating between stimuli of known physical dimensions. The Confusion-Function, C = 1/[log2 ( x1 /x2)], where x1 and x2 are some physical dimensions of stimuli S1 and S2, provides a method of quantifying the “discriminability” of stimuli. Crossman's work demonstrated a linear relationship between disjunctive reaction time (choice time) and his Confusion-Function. In this study 24 college sophomores were used as Ss and data were collected using two different tasks and two different kinds of stimuli. Ss discriminated between circles varying in diameter and patches varying in reflectance (amount of reflected light). The difficulty of discrimination was varied using the Confusion-Function to assign confusion values to the sets of stimuli. Response time was measured for two tasks, a card-sorting task and responding to tachistoscopic presentations. The data analysis provided striking confirmation of Crossman's hypothesis of linearity and added evidence to the possibility that the Confusion-Function might apply to discrimination in general.
Effect of Motivating Instructions on Simple Reaction Time
Authors: Kushner Estelle N.
Published: September 2011

Twenty-four male patients with no history of cerebral damage or psychosis and 24 non-hospitalized male Ss received 65 simple reaction time (RT) trials under constant 6-sec. foreperiod conditions. No preparatory signal was used. Time between onset of a visual stimulus and its termination by Ss depression of a telegraph key was the RT. Initially, all Ss received 35 trials followed by either success, failure, or standard instructions. Thirty additional trials were given. RTs of the hospitalized Ss were longer than those of the non-hospitalized Ss, but differences fell short of statistical significance. Differences between instruction subgroups were not significant, suggesting that motivating instructions do not affect simple RT performances.
Relation between Verbal Estimation and Reproduction of a Short Time Interval: Preliminary Study
Authors: Preez P. D. Du
Published: September 2011

Ss were asked to judge the duration of a 16-sec. standard by verbal estimation and by two methods of reproduction. As before, judgments obtained by these three methods did not correlate significantly. Changes in judgment from one session to another did correlate significantly, indicating that there may be a common intra-individual basis for different methods of time judgment.
Some Laboratory Measures of Extraversion-Introversion
Authors: Howarth E.
Published: September 2011

The Maudsley Personality Inventory was given to a pool of 309 Ss from which three groups were selected along the extraversion dimension, two to represent each extreme (extravert N = 20, introvert N = 19), and an intermediate group ( N = 19). The three groups were equated for neuroticism. Ss were tested on the following measures: time-judgment, breath-holding, digit repetition, line reproduction, leg persistence, set change, kinaesthetic figural after-effect, and size constancy. Extraverts were superior in breath-holding, had a longer time span in digit repetition, showed longer leg persistence, greater variability in line reproduction, a tendency to underestimation in time judgment, but were inferior in arithmetic computation under slow set change conditions. No significant difference between extraverts and introverts was observed in the kinaesthetic figural after-effect or in size constancy.
Effect of Interpolated Monocular and Binocular Visual Pursuit Reaction Time Activity on Reminiscence in Pursuit Rotor Performance
Authors: Humphries M. , McIntyre J.
Published: September 2011

Using different types of simple serial reaction time tasks interpolated between two sessions of massed practice on the pursuit rotor, an attempt was made to determine whether temporary work decrement could be attributed to fatigue in the peripheral mechanisms of vision. The results suggest that, if there is a locus of Dwt, it is not in the visual system.
Influence on Judgment of Increasing Asymmetry of Stimulus Series
Authors: Weiss Walter
Published: September 2011

Sixty Ss judged the relative sizes of a set of line-drawn squares, using an 11-category response scale. Four groups were formed. All had stimulus series containing the first seven squares and the eleventh square of a geometrically ordered set of 11 squares. They differed in whether their series contained none of the remaining 3 of the set of 11 or only the 8 or both the eighth and ninth or all three. The results indicated that the stimulus value of the “average” category of judgment was significantly higher when all 11 squares were judged than when any degree of asymmetry was introduced into the series. However, the three asymmetric series had no differential effect on the judged “average” stimulus.
Effect of Low Blood-Alcohol Concentrations in Simulated Day and Night Driving
Authors: Mortimer Rudolf G.
Published: September 2011

A study was carried out to determine the influence of low concentrations of alcohol in the blood upon performance in a simulated driving task, under day and night driving conditions. Sixteen male Ss were administered three orange drinks, the last two containing pure alcohol. Mean peak blood-alcohol concentrations of 0.012% and 0.068% were obtained. After each drink S was given some vision tests and then received three trials lasting 12 min. each on the simulator at daylight and night illumination, and with glare. Four Ss also served as controls. The larger dose significantly reduced tracking accuracy under all three driving conditions. The smaller dose detrimentally affected performance in the glare condition but not in the other two treatments. Visual acuity was significantly decreased for the large dose. It was suggested that the legal limit describing alcoholic influence in driving was too conservative, and that it should be reduced in night driving conditions.
Developmental Changes on the Bender Gestalt Test
Authors: Smith Carol E. , Keogh Barbara K.
Published: September 2011

117 public school children were given the group Bender Gestalt at kindergarten, Grade 2, and Grade 3. The protocols were scored with two objective scoring systems and a clinical check list. No significant differences in performance between boys and girls were found at any grade level. Improvement between grades was found for both scoring systems and on six of eight clinical check list items; the greatest change in performance occurred between kindergarten and Grade 2, with only minor improvement between second and third grades. These data tend to support the use of the group Bender as a measure of developmental differences during the kindergarten-primary grades.
Relation between the Wais and the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement
Authors: Craddick Ray A. , Stern Michael R.
Published: September 2011

Forty Ss participating in a biodynamic stress study were administered the WAIS and KTSA. Ss were further divided into two groups of 21 and 19 on the basis of their achieving a numerical score on the KTSA above or below 90. Kahn had hypothesized earlier that 90 may be considered the cut-off point between “normal” and “abnormal” Ss. Correlations between the Verbal Performance, Full Scale IQs, and weighted scores of the 11 WAIS subtests and the KTSA numerical score failed to reach the .05 level except in the case of Comprehension for the Above-90 Group ( r = .41) and of Information for the Below-90 Group ( r = –.57). It was concluded that, since these correlations could have been chance ones in view of the number of correlations, there is no significant relationship between the KTSA numerical score and the WAIS IQs or subtests.
On Making a Random Pattern
Authors: Ross Bruce M. , Weiner Samuel G.
Published: September 2011

College students and adults were asked to make random patterns by either arranging patches of colored paper or filling in small graph-paper squares. Variations both in number of constituent elements and serial ordering were administered to separate groups. The most frequently administered instructions required Ss to randomize the sequence order as well as the constructed pattern. Significant exact balancing of pattern elements around both vertical and horizontal axes was found together with a dispersal of elements in excess of mathematical expectation. These results were summarized as the “tendency toward equal density of distributed elements.” Ss performing sequence randomization fitted a distribution of expected run-lengths very well. It is argued that whether either the sequential or pattern results are considered to have met the criteria for randomness depends on the standpoint from which randomness is referenced. Three possible reference points are considered for present results: (a) the total frequency distribution, (b) the individual S, and (c) the individual event S performs. Visual randomness for the artist does not imitate the visual randomness consensus of the nonartist.
Judgment of Emotional Facial Expressions as a Function of Manifest Anxiety and Sex
Authors: Hammes John A.
Published: September 2011

The prediction of greater projection of threat on the part of highly-anxious Ss as compared with Ss of low anxiety ( Ns = 20) was not verified. However, an interesting sex difference emerged. Female facial expressions of emotions were perceived as relatively more dangerous, aggressive, and threatening by females than by males, and this tendency was amplified when the expressions were unpleasant.
Reversibility of the Necker Cube: IV. Responses of Elderly People
Authors: Heath Helen A. , Orbach J.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes responses of 31 elderly people to the Necker cube during 2 1-min. trials. Only six of the total group were able to give reliable responses, and four of these had reversal rates definitely below those of young adults.
Prejudice and Aggression: A Study of Specific Social Schemata
Authors: Kuethe James L.
Published: September 2011

Ss with high scores on the Negro sub-scale of the Ethnocentrism Scale grouped figures cut from black and white felt separately by color. Low scoring Ss did not employ color grouping schemata. Other sets of figures contained a man with a rifle. Ss who employed aggressive schemata when organizing these groups gave more extrapunitive responses on the Rosenzweig P-F Study than did Ss who employed fewer aggressive schemata in the free organization situations. Specific acceptable aggression schemata were shown to have very high commonality while certain unacceptable schemata were almost entirely absent. There was no significant relationship between prejudice and aggression whether measured by verbalizations or by organizational schemata.
Mr. K and the Ideal Self
Authors: Merenda Peter F.
Published: September 2011

The Activity Vector Analysis was administered to 19 Ss under the instructions to check first those words which they felt applied to the “perfect person,” and then those words which they perceived to be applicable to their image of Nikita Khrushchev. Two clusterings were noted: (1) the AVA stereotype of the ideal self perception, and (2) a practically unanimous profile of Mr. K. which correlated –.23 with the “perfect person” profile. The findings suggest that persons do develop as strong perceptions of concepts of others as they do of themselves and agree in their perceptions of these inferential selves. The results also reveal that, while “Mr. K.” was perceived to possess traits common to the ideal self image, the perception was, as expected on the whole, that of a substantially different personality. These results were later cross-validated with an independent sample of 27 college students.
Schizophrenics' Stereotypes about Somatotypes
Authors: Wynne Ronald D. , Van Raalte Laura , Monteleone John
Published: September 2011

Ratings on 24 8-point bipolar scales of silhouettes depicting three body types were made by 32 schizophrenics. Analysis of these ratings yielded four stereotypes based on physical rather than psychological perceptions. The data are related to inconsistency of response to others by schizophrenics.
The Rorschach Test: A Perceptual Bias
Authors: Binder Arnold
Published: September 2011

In response to an earlier article in which “Disbelief in the Rorschach as a perceptual test” is expressed, it is argued that the Rorschach falls in the class of experimental situations called “perceptual” despite alternative methods of categorizing responses.
Perception Bibliography: XI. Psychological Index, No. 8, 1901
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

77 references to articles, books, and theses concerning many aspects of perception are listed alphabetically.
Short-Term Retention as a Function of Item Value
Authors: Lloyd Kenneth E.
Published: September 2011

Ss stored and recalled unrelated words which differed in their penny value (Group I), or which had the same value (Group II). The number of words being stored at any one time was also varied. Recall errors decreased regularly from low to high value words in Group I, and remained relatively constant in Group II. Errors varied directly with the storage load at all word values.
Controlled Visual Input and Exploratory Activity in C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Wimer Richard , Sterns Harvey
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have shown that blinded rats, deprived of both patterned (complexity) and unpatterned (illumination) components of normal visual input, exhibit increased exploratory activity. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relative contributions of loss of the two components to increased activity in the mouse. In Exp. I, filters were placed over the eyes which permitted transmission of both illumination and complexity (clear), illumination only (translucent), or neither (opaque). Increased activity occurred only when illumination was reduced (opaque group). In Exp. II, unfiltered animals were run in visually simple or complex open fields. No differences in activity were observed. It is suggested that increased activity with elimination of illumination is associated with nocturnality. Three possible explanations for failure to obtain effects from variation of the complexity component are examined.
Reminiscence in Pursuit Rotor Reaction Time
Authors: Intyre J. Mc , Humphries M.
Published: September 2011

The experiment reported was designed to test the effects of rotation of the stimulus source and distribution of practice on reaction time. Four groups of 10 Ss practiced a reaction time task under the following conditions: massed practice with a rotating stimulus, massed practice with a stationary stimulus, distributed practice with a rotating stimulus, and distributed practice with a stationary stimulus. Eight minutes of practice were followed by a 5-min. rest and a further 2-min. practice. It was found that with massed practice and a rotating stimulus mean RT increases as a function of the amount of practice and drops sharply over rest. The results were interpreted as an instance of reminiscence, and inferences from the study concerning the nature and locus of the causes of Dwt were discussed.
A Brief Survey of Variables That Influence Random-Generation
Authors: Tune G. S.
Published: September 2011

It is argued that the fact that human Ss ace incapable of generating a random series of selections from a finite number of alternatives is a function of the limitation imposed on Ss by the capacity of short-term memory. A short review of the experimental literature on randomizing-behavior suggests that this is possibly the most economical description of such behavior now available. Experiments which would help to explore further the role of short-term memory in randomizing-behavior are briefly indicated.
An Assessment of Sensory Style
Authors: Mackler Bernard , Shontz Franklin C.
Published: September 2011

An instrument was developed to assess sensory aspects of the life style. Thirty inventory-type items were included in two sub-scales, viz., visual and kinesthetic, as well as 10 items from the F scale of the MMPI and 10 neutral items. The scale discriminated in predictable fashion among groups of art majors, physical education majors, physically disabled, visually disabled, and control Ss. Reliabilities, determined from a second control group, were found to be statistically significant and sufficiently high to indicate that the scale is psychometrically satisfactory.
Phenomenal Displacement of Lights in Apparent Movement as a Function of Several Background Stimuli
Authors: Daly Raymond M. , Riedel Robert G. , von Ebers Paul , Maier Richard A.
Published: September 2011

The radius of a pattern of lights in apparent motion was estimated by 60 Ss under various conditions. It was found that a white outline circle placed behind the lights would increase the estimation of the radius; the larger the circle, the larger the estimation of radius. Apparently when the circle is smaller than the true radius of the lights, there is a contrast effect; when the circle is larger, an assimilation effect. These results are consistent with results of other studies investigating a shift from assimilation to contrast under different sensory conditions.
Apparent Brightness to the Cat of Several Monochromatic Stimuli
Authors: Kamback Marvin , Clayton Keith N.
Published: September 2011

A Siamese cat was trained to respond to the darker of paired combinations of seven brightness values. Each of these was then paired with four hues, each at three intensity levels. These data produced a psychophysical determination of the apparent brightness of each of the hues. The obtained overlap among the hues demonstrates that discrimination training involving any two of the hues would result in performance only slightly better than chance if that performance were based on a simple brightness habit.
Trail Making Test Performance in Relation to Certain Experimenter, Test and Subject Variables
Authors: Parsons Oscar A. , Maslow Harriet I. , Morris Freda , Denny J. Peter
Published: September 2011

The Trail Making Test, previously reported highly effective in differentiating brain-damaged from non-brain-damaged Ss, was administered to 21 brain-damaged Ss and 63 non-brain-damaged Ss. Since the latter Ss performed at a level indistinguishable from that of the brain-damaged Ss, several studies were designed in an attempt to “explain” the poor performance of the non-brain-damaged Ss. The possible effects of behavioral agitation, anxiety, examiner differences, facility with letters of the alphabet, order of administration, and ego-involvement were investigated. Only anxiety was found to be significantly related to performance. However, in other analyses age, education, vocabulary, and degree of psychiatric disturbance were significantly related to performance. Until these variables are considered in the scoring system, it seems unlikely that the TMT will be effective as a general screening test for brain-damage.
Startle as a Paradigm of Malposture
Authors: Jones Frank Pierce , Hanson John A. , Gray Florence E.
Published: September 2011

Similarities between the postural changes that take place in startle and the postural changes that accompany aging and disease support the view that malposture is an active rather than a passive phenomenon.
Factor Analytic Studies of the Lincoln Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency
Authors: Vandenberg Steven G.
Published: September 2011

The results of two factor analyses of the success or failure on each item of the Lincoln adaptation of the Oseretsky test of motor development of 434 Ss in two separate samples have been presented and compared. The agreement was only modest. Possible causes of the discrepancy are discussed and future steps in this research indicated.
Developmental Changes in the Location of Form Discrimination Cues
Authors: Kerpelman Larry C. , Pollack Robert H.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are reported on age changes in form discrimination cues. In the first, a pilot study for another investigation, a drop was noted between ages 5 and 6 yr. in children's ability to discriminate among five irregular pentagons. In an attempt to clarify this unexpected finding, a dimensional analysis of the stimulus attributes of the pentagons was undertaken. This led to several hypotheses, tested in the second experiment. The results of that experiment with children aged 3½ to 7½ yr. suggested that the bottom attributes of the stimuli were the most salient features for all ages. As the children became older, however, a top-to-bottom scanning process appeared to increase in importance. Suggestions for further research were made.
Discrimination of Mirror-Image Patterns by Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Riopelle A. J. , Rahm U. , Itoigawa N. , Draper W. A.
Published: September 2011

Twelve rhesus monkeys were trained to discriminate between (a) lateral mirror-image problem, (b) vertical mirror-image problem, (c) problems in which one stimuli was rotated 90°, and (d) nonidentical problems. Type (a) problems were most readily discriminated whereas type (c) problems were least readily discriminated. The other problems were of intermediate difficulty. Stimuli placed one above the other were less discriminable than those placed side by side. No interaction existed between type of stimulus placement and direction of the comparison. The results are explained by the fact that the monkeys tend to inspect the bottom edges of the stimuli, which differ in discriminability as a function of the direction of the mirror-image reflection.
Motor Skills Bibliography: XLIII. Psychological Abstracts, 1963, Volume 37, Second Half
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

Alphabetical listing of 102 articles on skills.
Sensory Deprivation: Arousal and Rapid Eye Movement Correlates of Some Effects
Authors: Rossi Ascanio M. , Furhman Allan , Solomon Philip
Published: September 2011

Three Ss in sensory deprivation were continuously monitored by electroencephalographic (EEG) and electrooculographic (EOG) recordings. Retrospective reports of their mental states were given upon receipt of a signal. Ratings of report contents were compared with EEG determined levels of arousal and with the occurrence of rapid eye movements (REMs). Results indicate that the incidences of hallucinations and thought disorganization vary inversely with level of arousal, and hallucinations are not accompanied by REMs as occurs during dreaming.
Rated Association Values of Pronounced Items
Authors: Kintz B. Lee
Published: September 2011

The 96 dissyllables of Noble (1952) were scaled as to rated association value when presented visually, orally, or both visually and orally. Correlations among mean and median association values were all quite high (.90 or above). Thus, it was concluded that available lists of pronounceable verbal items can be used when it is desired to vary association values for pronounced items.
Difference Limen for Perception of the Vertical in Monkeys
Authors: Payton Carolyn R. , Blake Lillian
Published: September 2011

The experiment was designed to determine the ability of monkeys to visually discriminate the vertical from the non-vertical. Using a simultaneous, two-choice, non-correction technique in a WGTA, 8 mature, experimentally sophisticated monkeys were trained to respond to a vertical line and not to respond to a horizontal one. In the test sessions, the vertical line was randomly paired with 20 displacements (2° to 40°) from the vertical. The Kendall Coefficient of Concordance between 3 training measures and 2 test measures was significant ( p < .001). The DL based on all test trials was 2°. The DLs for the first and second halves of the test sessions were 4° and 1°, respectively. There were large individual differences in the ability to make this discrimination, but after training, monkeys can discriminate less than 2° from the vertical.
Effects of Set on the Serial-Position Curve for Typographically-Differentiated Lists
Authors: Wing John F.
Published: September 2011

The problem was to determine whether typographic differentiation of a list was sufficient to facilitate learning and alter the shape of the serial-position curve, or whether an experimentally-induced set was also important. Three groups learned a list of 12 nonsense-syllables. For a control group this list was printed in black caps, but for two experimental groups the first and last halves of the list were typographically-differentiated. One experimental group (No Set) was simply instructed to learn the list. The other group (Set) was told to learn two lists simultaneously. No facilitation of learning was found for either experimental group. The Set group, however, did produce a distinct, double-bowed curve which reflected significantly fewer anticipatory failures at the middle serial positions. This establishes set as an important factor in the altered serial-position curve for differentiated lists.
Relationships between Wechsler-Bellevue Form I and Wais Performances of Subjects with Longstanding Cerebral Dysfunction
Authors: Fitzhugh Loren C. , Fitzhugh Kathleen B.
Published: September 2011

Wechsler-Bellevue I and WAIS results were compared for 179 Ss with long-standing cerebral dysfunction. Although highly significant rs were obtained between the two scales, mean intra-individual differences were significant on 9 of the 14 measures studied, clearly demonstrating the lack of equivalence of the two scales, at least for this sample. Rank orders of difficulty of the subtests also were not comparable. The results were interpreted as precluding the plausibility of pooling results from the two scales. Additional studies need to be done with the newer instrument to determine the applicability of earlier findings with the W-B I with respect to differential ability deficits found among Ss with cerebral dysfunction.
Comparison of Phantoms and Atavistic Body Schema Experiences in a Schizophrenic: A Contribution to the Study of Hallucinations
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: September 2011

Attention is drawn to a neglected type of phantom experience, in which phantom movements are added to the experience of the body schema without an associated phantom body part. Comparison of such phantom movements in an adult schizophrenic with phantoms of body parts reveals atavistic-regressive features in both phenomena. The phantom head-face movements of this schizophrenic adult permit a structural analogy to the rooting reflex as well as to other rotation reflexes. Phantom limbs may assume phylogenetically old forms too. Such atavistic features are apparently based on regressively reactivated phylogenetically inborn patterns of experiences, which are at least beyond those of normal infancy. A similar reactivation of atavistic patterns may occur in other types of hallucinations too.