bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population-genomic inference of the strength and timing of selection against gene flow
Authors: Aeschbacher Simon , Selby Jessica P. , Willis John H. , Coop Graham
Published: September 2016

The interplay of divergent selection and gene flow is key to understanding how populations adapt to local environments and how new species form. Here, we use DNA polymorphism data and genome-wide variation in recombination rate to jointly infer the strength and timing of selection, as well as the baseline level of gene flow under various demographic scenarios. We model how divergent selection leads to a genome-wide negative correlation between recombination rate and genetic differentiation among populations. Our theory shows that the selection density, i.e. the selection coefficient per base pair, is a key parameter underlying this relationship. We then develop a procedure for parameter estimation that accounts for the confounding effect of background selection. Applying this method to two datasets fromMimulus guttatus, we infer a strong signal of adaptive divergence in the face of gene flow between populations growing on and off phytotoxic serpentine soils. However, the genome-wide intensity of this selection is not exceptional compared to whatM. guttatuspopulations may typically experience when adapting to local conditions. We also find that selection against genome-wide introgression from the selfing sister speciesM. nasutushas acted to maintain a barrier between these two species over at least the last 250 ky. Our study provides a theoretical framework for linking genome-wide patterns of divergence and recombination with the underlying evolutionary mechanisms that drive this differentiation.
Major host transitions are modulated through transcriptome-wide reprograming events inSchistocephalus solidus, a threespine stickleback parasite
Authors: Hébert François Olivier , Grambauer Stephan , Barber Iain , Landry Christian R , Aubin-Horth Nadia
Published: September 2016

Parasites with complex life cycles have developed numerous phenotypic strategies, closely associated with developmental events, to enable the exploitation of different ecological niches and facilitate transmission between hosts. How these environmental shifts are regulated from a metabolic and physiological standpoint, however, still remain to be fully elucidated. We examined the transcriptomic response ofSchistocephalus solidus, a trophically-transmitted parasite with a complex life cycle, over the course of its development in an intermediate host, the threespine stickleback, and the final avian host. Results from our differential gene expression analysis show major reprogramming events among developmental stages. The final host stage is characterized by a strong activation of reproductive pathways and redox homeostasis. The attainment of infectivity in the fish intermediate host – which precedes sexual maturation in the final host and is associated with host behaviour changes – is marked by transcription of genes involved in neural pathways and sensory perception. Our results suggest that un-annotated andS. solidus-specific genes could play a determinant role in host-parasite molecular interactions required to complete the parasite’s life cycle. Our results permit future comparative analyses to help disentangle species-specific patterns of infection from conserved mechanisms, ultimately leading to a better understanding of the molecular control and evolution of complex life cycles.
Quorum sensing modulatory effect of sound stimulation onSerratia marcescensandPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Kothari Vijay , Patel Pooja , Joshi Chinmayi , Mishra Brijesh , Dubey Shashikant , Mehta Milan
Published: September 2016

Effect of nine different mono-frequency sound stimuli on two gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosaandSerratia marcescens) was investigated. Frequency of the test sound ranged from 100 Hz to 2,000 Hz. Both the test bacteria responded differently to sonic stimulation. Sound corresponding to 600 HZ caused a notable reduction in quorum sensing (QS) regulated production of the pigment pyoverdine byP. aeruginosa. 400 Hz sound affected prodigiosin production byS. marcescensthe most. 500 Hz sound could enhance prodigiosin production without affecting growth of the producing bacterium, suggesting the effect purely to be QS modulatory. This study has demonstrated the capacity of the sound waves of affecting bacterial growth and quorum sensing regulated metabolite production.
Muscles of Facial Expression in Extinct Species of the Genus Homo
Authors: Tozzi Arturo
Published: September 2016

We display a detailed description of mimetic muscles in extinct human species, framed in comparative and phylogenetic contexts. Using known facial landmarks, we assessed the arrangement of muscles of facial expression inHomo sapiens, neanderthalensis, erectus, heidelbergensisandergaster. In modern humans, several perioral muscles are proportionally smaller in size (levator labii superioris, zygomaticus minor, zygomaticus major and triangularis) and/or located more medially (levator labii superioris, zygomaticus minor and quadratus labii inferioris) than in other human species. As mimetic musculature is examined in the most ancient specimens up to the most recent, there is a general trend towards an increase in size of corrugator supercillii and triangularis.Homo ergaster’smimetic musculature closely resembles modern Homo, both in size and in location; furthermore,Homo erectusandHomo neanderthalensisshare many muscular features. The extinct human species had an elaborate and highly graded facial communication system, but it remained qualitatively different from that reported in modern Homo. Compared with other human species,Homo sapiensclearly exhibits a lower degree of facial expression, possibly correlated with more sophisticated social behaviours and with enhanced speech capabilities. The presence of anatomical variation among species of the genus Homo raises important questions about the possible taxonomic value of mimetic muscles.
Genes mirror migrations and cultures in prehistoric Europe – a population genomic perspective
Authors: Günther Torsten , Jakobsson Mattias
Published: September 2016

Genomic information from ancient human remains is beginning to show its full potential for learning about human prehistory. We review the last few years' dramatic finds about European prehistory based on genomic data from humans that lived many millennia ago and relate it to modern-day patterns of genomic variation. The early times, the Upper Palaeolithic, appears to contain several population turn-overs followed by more stable populations after the Last Glacial Maximum and during the Mesolithic. Some 11,000 years ago the migrations driving the Neolithic transition start from around Anatolia and reach the north and the west of Europe millennia later followed by major migrations during the Bronze age. These findings show that culture and lifestyle were major determinants of genomic differentiation and similarity in pre-historic Europe rather than geography as is the case today.
Perpendicular axes of incipient speciation generated by mitochondrial introgression
Authors: Morales Hernán E. , Sunnucks Paul , Joseph Leo , Pavlova Alexandra
Published: September 2016

Differential introgression of mitochondrial versus nuclear DNA generates discordant patterns of geographic variation and can promote speciation. We examined a potential case of mitochondrial introgression leading to two perpendicular axes of differentiation. The Eastern Yellow Robin, a widespread Australian bird, shows a deep mitochondrial split that is perpendicular to north-south nuclear DNA and plumage colour differentiation. We proposed a scenario to explain this pattern: (1) the two nuclear and mitochondrial genomes differentiated in concert during north-south population divergence; (2) later, their histories disconnected after two mitochondrial introgression events resulting in a deep mitochondrial split perpendicular to the nuclear DNA structure. We tested this scenario by coalescent modelling of ten mitochondrial genes and 400 nuclear DNA loci. Initial mitochondrial and nuclear genome divergences were estimated to have occurred in the early Pleistocene, consistent with the proposed scenario. Subsequent climatic transitions may have driven later mitochondrial introgression. We reject neutral introgression and consider evidence consistent with adaptive mitochondrial introgression and selection against incompatible mitochondrial-nuclear combinations. This likely generated an axis of incipient speciation associated with mitochondrial differentiation in the face of nuclear gene flow, perpendicular to the initial north-south axis of incipient speciation (reflected in nuclear differentiation and colour variation).
Loss of the SUMO protease Ulp2 triggers a specific multichromosome aneuploidy
Authors: Ryu Hong-Yeoul , Wilson Nicole R. , Mehta Sameet , Hwang Soo Seok , Hochstrasser Mark
Published: September 2016

Post-translational protein modification by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) regulates numerous cellular pathways, including transcription, cell division, and genome maintenance. The SUMO protease Ulp2 modulates many of these SUMO-dependent processes in budding yeast. From whole-genome RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we unexpectedly discovered that cells lacking Ulp2 display a twofold increase in transcript levels across two particular chromosomes: chromosome I (ChrI) and ChrXII. This is due to the two chromosomes being present at twice their normal copy number. An abnormal number of chromosomes, termed aneuploidy, is usually deleterious. However, development of specific aneuploidies allows rapid adaptation to cellular stresses, and aneuploidy characterizes most human tumors. Extra copies of ChrI and ChrXII appear quickly following loss of active Ulp2 and can be eliminated following reintroduction of ULP2, suggesting that aneuploidy is a reversible adaptive mechanism to counteract loss of the SUMO protease. Importantly, increased dosage of two genes on ChrI—CLN3 and CCR4, encoding a G1-phase cyclin and a subunit of the Ccr4–Not deadenylase complex, respectively—suppresses ulp2Δ aneuploidy, suggesting that increased levels of these genes underlie the aneuploidy induced by Ulp2 loss. Our results reveal a complex aneuploidy mechanism that adapts cells to loss of the SUMO protease Ulp2.
The hydrogen-bonded complex bis(tert-butylammonium) 2,6-dichlorophenolate 2,4-dichlorophenol–2,4-dichlorophenolate tetrahydrofuran disolvate containing a chiralR53(10) hydrogen-bonded ring as a supramolecular synthon
Authors: Cai Xiao-Qing , Tian Bei , Zhang Jian-Nan , Jin Zhi-Min
Published: September 2016

A fixed hydrogen-bonding motif with a high probability of occurring when appropriate functional groups are involved is described as a `supramolecular hydrogen-bonding synthon'. The identification of these synthons may enable the prediction of accurate crystal structures. The rare chiral hydrogen-bonding motifR53(10) was observed previously in a cocrystal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and dicyclohexylamine. In the title solvated salt, 2C4H12N+·C6H3Cl2O−·(C6H3Cl2O−·C6H4Cl2O)·2C4H8O, five components, namely twotert-butylammonium cations, one 2,4-dichlorophenol molecule, one 2,4-dichlorophenolate anion and one 2,6-dichlorophenolate anion, are bound by N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds to form a hydrogen-bonded ring, with the graph-set motifR53(10), which is further associated with two pendant tetrahydrofuran molecules by N—H...O hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen-bonded ring has internal symmetry, with a twofold axis running through the centre of the 2,6-dichlorophenolate anion, and is isostructural with a previous and related structure formed from 2,4-dichlorophenol, dicyclohexylamine and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. In the title crystal, helical columns are built by the alignment and twisting of the chiral hydrogen-bonded rings, along and across thecaxis, and successive pairs of rings are associated with each other through C—H...π interactions. Neighbouring helical columns are inversely related and, therefore, no chirality is sustained, in contrast to the previous case.
Perceptions of care quality and the effect on patient satisfaction
Authors: Johnson Dana M. , Russell Roberta S. , White Sheneeta W.
Published: August 2016

Purpose

This research models the impact of patient perceptions of care quality on overall patient satisfaction in a rural healthcare organization over a three-year time period. The purpose of this paper is to determine if the factors that influence perceptions of service quality change over time and if the change affects overall patient satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected for three fiscal years (2012-2014) using a 36-question, Likert-scaled attitudinal survey. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify which constructs of five different service quality dimensions were statistically significant in predicting overall patient satisfaction. Paired comparison of means and ANOVAF-tests highlighted significant differences across years and demographics.

Findings

Multiple regression models of overall patient satisfaction over a three-year time period had significant repeat variables, indicating salience of the dimensions and constructs of service quality that predict patient satisfaction. However, some dimensions of service quality did not remain significant from one year to another, indicating there may be a gap in the patient service cycle over an extended time frame.

Originality/value

This paper explored the sequential relationship between patient satisfaction survey data and perceptions of service quality over a multi-year time frame. The research focussed on outpatient medical clinics, while the majority of previous studies have focussed on acute care or inpatient stays. A longitudinal study is especially relevant for outpatient clinics where continuity of care is important.
Safety improvements from health lean management implementation
Authors: Crema Maria , Verbano Chiara
Published: August 2016

Purpose

In a context where healthcare systems have to face multiple challenges, the development of a methodology that combines new managerial approaches could contribute to pursue and achieve multiple objectives. Inside the research stream that intends to combine health lean management (HLM) and clinical risk management (CRM), the purpose of this paper is to study the significant features that characterize HLM projects obtaining patient safety improvements (L&S projects).

Design/methodology/approach

The novelty of the research implies to adopt qualitative research methodology, analyzing in-depth case studies. L&S projects at different organizational levels have been selected from the same hospital. Following a research protocol, data have been collected through semi-structured interviews and they have been triangulated studying reports and archival documentation.

Findings

Comparing the three cases, it emerges that HLM can be a support for CRM since safety improvements can be achieved solving organizational issues. Analyzing the significant features of the three cases, relevant differences have been highlighted among them. At the end, first indications useful for achieving safety improvements from lean project implementation have been grasped.

Originality/value

This research provides a preliminary contribution to a new research stream that aims to develop a synergic methodology combining HLM and CRM. The first provided indications can be followed by hospital managers who wish to learn how to implement projects achieving patient safety improvements besides efficiency enhancement. After testing and exploiting the obtained results, a new methodology should be developed moving toward a safer and more sustainable healthcare system.
Between two stools: occupational injuries and risk factors for temporary agency workers
Authors: Håkansson Kristina , Isidorsson Tommy
Published: August 2016

Purpose

Research shows that the risk of work-related disorders is higher among temporary agency workers than among other employees. The purpose of this paper is to describe the working conditions of temporary agency workers and explains which factors contribute towards work-related disorders for this group.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on a survey responded to by 482 agency workers in Sweden. The dependent variable is the prevalence of work-related disorders. Independent variables include personal characteristics, job characteristics, employment characteristics and temporary agency work characteristics.

Findings

The study indicates several risk factors: holding a position as a blue-collar worker; being assigned to more physically demanding work tasks and having fewer opportunities to learn new things than client organization employees; lacking training for work tasks; and lacking clarity regarding which work tasks to do during an assignment.

Originality/value

The theoretical implications of this study are related to the dual employment-management relationship in temporary agency work where the temporary work agency and client organization follow different logics. The logic in the employment relationship is to contract temporary agency workers out to client organizations, thus there is no time for formal training. The logic in the management relationship lies in making temporary agency workers profitable as soon as possible, encouraging shortcuts in training and instruction; thus, temporary agency workers risk being left with a lack of clarity regarding what to do and how to do it.
An interview with Dr Barry Fishman: rethinking higher education
Authors: Jacques Lorraine A.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to share a discussion with Dr Barry Fishman, University of Michigan, concerning how to use technology to improve the learning experience of students in higher education.

Design/methodology/approach

This article summarizes an interview with Dr Fishman conducted in December 2015.

Findings

Massive open online courses, personalized learning and changes in how we assess student learning are all opportunities that Fishman believes can improve both student outcomes and intrinsic motivation.

Originality/value

Changes in technology can enable researchers and educators easier access to implementing various learning environments.
Learning by design: teacher pioneers
Authors: Williams-Pierce Caroline , Swartz Theodore F.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

This purpose of this paper is to introduce innovative ways to design, develop and implement original learning experiences, by defining certain design elements with illustrative vignettes from the classrooms of teacher pioneers.

Design/methodology/approach

A new rubric of design elements is presented that synthesizes and illustrates theoretical and empirical research.

Findings

Teacher pioneers implement instructional design elements in a manner that supports the subordination of teaching to learning in their classrooms.

Practical implications

The rubric organizes criteria to design, implement, analyze and evaluate the extent to which instructional resources and approaches, at all levels and in all content areas, are likely to foster learners’ independence, autonomy and responsibility.

Originality/value

This paper provides a useful, concise and clearly explained rubric of design elements that, when most effectively implemented, can prepare students to meet, with enthusiasm and confidence, whatever comes their way.
Changes in geophysical properties caused by fluid injection into porous rocks: analytical models
Authors: Pride Steven R. , Berryman James G. , Commer Michael , Nakagawa Seiji , Newman Gregory A. , Vasco Donald W.
Published: August 2016

Analytical models are provided that describe how the elastic compliance, electrical conductivity, and fluid‐flow permeability of rocks depend on stress and fluid pressure. In order to explain published laboratory data on how seismic velocities and electrical conductivity vary in sandstones and granites, the models require a population of cracks to be present in a possibly porous host phase. The central objective is to obtain a consistent mean‐field analytical model that shows how each modeled rock property depends on the nature of the crack population. The crack populations are described by a crack density, a probability distribution for the crack apertures and radii, and the averaged orientation of the cracks. The possibly anisotropic nature of the elasticity, conductivity, and permeability tensors is allowed for; however, only the isotropic limit is used when comparing to laboratory data. For the transport properties of conductivity and permeability, the percolation effect of the crack population linking up to form a connected path across a sample is modeled. However, this effect is important only in crystalline rock where the host phase has very small conductivity and permeability. In general, the importance of the crack population to the transport properties increases as the host phase becomes less conductive and less permeable.
Interventions to improve physical activity during pregnancy: a systematic review on issues of internal and external validity using the RE‐AIM framework
Authors: Craike M , Hill B , Gaskin CJ , Skouteris H
Published: August 2016

Background

Physical activity (PA) during pregnancy has significant health benefits for the mother and her child; however, many women reduce their activity levels during pregnancy and most are not sufficiently active. Given the important health benefits of PA during pregnancy, evidence that supports research translation is vital.

Objectives

To determine the extent to which physical activity interventions for pregnant women report on internal and external validity factors using the RE‐AIM framework (reach, efficacy/effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance).

Search strategy

Ten databases were searched up to 1 June 2015. Eligible published papers and unpublished/grey literature were identified using relevant search terms.

Selection criteria

Studies had to report on physical activity interventions during pregnancy, including measures of physical activity during pregnancy at baseline and at least one point post‐intervention. Randomised controlled trials and quasi‐experimental studies that had a comparator group were included.

Data collection and analysis

Reporting of RE‐AIM dimensions were summarised and synthesised across studies.

Main results

The reach (72.1%) and efficacy/effectiveness (71.8%) dimensions were commonly reported; however, the implementation (28.9%) and adoption (23.2%) dimensions were less commonly reported and no studies reported on maintenance.

Conclusions

This review highlights the under‐reporting of issues of contextual factors in studies of physical activity during pregnancy. The translation of physical activity interventions during pregnancy could be improved through reporting of representativeness of participants, clearer reporting of outcomes, more detail on the setting and staff who deliver interventions, costing of interventions and the inclusion of process evaluations and qualitative data.

Tweetable abstract

The systematic review highlights the under‐reporting of contextual factors in studies of physical activity during pregnancy.
DNA methylation of tumor necrosis factor‐α, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, and adiponectin genes in visceral adipose tissue is related to type 2 diabetes in the Xinjiang Uygur population
Authors: Zhang Jun , Wang Cuizhe , Ha Xiaodan , Li Wei , Xu Peng , Gu Yajuan , Wang Tingting , Wang Yan , Xie Jianxin
Published: August 2016

Background

The higher probability of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Uygur population is due to a greater waist:  hip ratio and visceral fat. This study investigated DNA methylation of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP1), and adiponectin (ADIPOQ) in visceral adipose tissue in T2DM.

Methods

Visceral adipose tissue was collected from Uygur individuals and divided into normal control (NC; n = 50), obese (Ob; n = 48), and T2DM (n = 26) groups. Expression of TNF, ADIPOQ, and MCP1 mRNA and DNA methylation status were quantified by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and denaturing HPLC.

Results

The respective methylation‐positive rate for ADIPOQ increased gradually from the NC to Ob to T2DM groups (34.0 %, 47.9 %, and 65.4 %; P < 0.05), decreased gradually for TNF (70.0 %, 47.9 %, and 26.9 %; P < 0.01), and did not differ significantly for MCP1 (0 %, 2.08 %, and 0 %). Compared with the NC group, ADIPOQ mRNA expression was significantly lower in the Ob and T2DM groups (median 0.7162 vs 0.4244 and 0.4093, respectively; P < 0.05), whereas TNF and MCP1 expression was significantly higher (median TNF expression: 0.0250 vs 0.1096 and 0.0734 respectively; median MCP1 expression 0.1588 vs 0.1937 and 0.1983, respectively; P < 0.05 for all). Expression of ADIPOQ and TNF was significantly lower in methylation‐negative (median 0.7870 and 0.1988, respectively) than methylation‐positive (median 0.2700 and 0.0542, respectively) groups (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Lower ADIPOQ and higher TNF and MCP1 mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue may be correlated with obesity and T2DM in the Uygur population. Promoter DNA methylation affects expression of ADIPOQ and TNF.
Local and landscape drivers of arthropod diversity and decomposition processes in oil palm leaf axils
Authors: Ganser Dominik , Denmead Lisa H. , Clough Yann , Buchori Damayanti , Tscharntke Teja
Published: August 2016

Oil palm expansion results in a loss of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. However, there are factors that influence the severity of these impacts and enhancing biodiversity within plantations is important.

In the present study, we examined the role of epiphytes for supporting arthropod communities in oil palm plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia. We considered the effects of landscape context and local characteristics (epiphyte cover, herbicide use and local microclimate) on arthropod communities and litter decomposition in oil palm leaf axils. We surveyed arthropods and measured decomposition rates at two different heights on 80 oil palms located at the centre and edge of eight plantations.

We found that oil palms at the edge of plantations hosted a higher abundance and more arthropod taxa than oil palms in the centre of plantations. Moreover, organic matter mass and height of the leaf axil were important for arthropod communities, and the decomposition rate was negatively related to ant abundance. However, epiphyte cover did not influence arthropod communities.

The results of the present study show that leaf axils with more organic matter and at a higher location on the oil palm promote arthropod biodiversity. Furthermore, oil palm plantations adjacent to different land‐use systems have enhanced biodiversity.
Genetic causes of moderate to severe hearing loss point to modifiers
Authors: Naz S. , Imtiaz A. , Mujtaba G. , Maqsood A. , Bashir R. , Bukhari I. , Khan M.R. , Ramzan M. , Fatima A. , Rehman A.U. , Iqbal M. , Chaudhry T. , Lund M. , Brewer C.C. , Morell R.J. , Friedman T.B.
Published: August 2016

The genetic underpinnings of recessively inherited moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss are not well understood, despite its higher prevalence in comparison to profound deafness. We recruited 92 consanguineous families segregating stable or progressive, recessively inherited moderate or severe hearing loss. We utilized homozygosity mapping, Sanger sequencing, targeted capture of known deafness genes with massively parallel sequencing and whole exome sequencing to identify the molecular basis of hearing loss in these families. Variants of the known deafness genes were found in 69% of the participating families with the SLC26A4, GJB2, MYO15A, TMC1, TMPRSS3, OTOF, MYO7A and CLDN14 genes together accounting for hearing loss in 54% of the families. We identified 20 reported and 21 novel variants in 21 known deafness genes; 16 of the 20 reported variants, previously associated with stable, profound deafness were associated with moderate to severe or progressive hearing loss in our families. These data point to a prominent role for genetic background, environmental factors or both as modifiers of human hearing loss severity.
Homozygous DNAH1 frameshift mutation causes multiple morphological anomalies of the sperm flagella in Chinese
Authors: Wang X. , Jin H. , Han F. , Cui Y. , Chen J. , Yang C. , Zhu P. , Wang W. , Jiao G. , Wang W. , Hao C. , Gao Z.
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to investigate the genetic pathogeny of multiple morphological anomalies of the flagella (MMAF), which is a genetically heterogeneous disorder leading to male infertility. Nine patients with severe asthenozoospermia caused by MMAF were recruited. Whole genome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed, and we found that four of the nine patients were affected by the same homozygous frameshift mutation c.11726_11727delCT (p.[Pro3909ArgfsTer33]) in exon 73 of dynein axonemal heavy chain 1 (
DNAH1
) gene. The parents and the sibling of proband 1 were all identified as heterozygous carriers. This mutation was distinct from previously reported
DNAH1
mutations associated with MMAF and only affected the East Asian group. Furthermore, the variant DNAH1 protein could not be detected in spermatozoa by Western blot or immunofluorescence staining although
DNAH1
mRNA was expressed in the spermatozoa. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis showed the anomalies in sperm flagella morphology and ultrastructure in patients carrying this genetic variant. In conclusion, our results add to knowledge of the genetic pathogeny of MMAF and further confirmed the effectiveness of genetic screening in the diagnosis of MMAF.
HIV encephalopathy with bilateral lower limb spasticity: upper limb motor function and level of activity and participation
Authors: Mann Theresa N , Donald Kirsten A , Laughton Barbara , Lamberts Robert P , Langerak Nelleke G
Published: August 2016

Aim

To describe upper limb motor function and level of activity and participation in children with HIV encephalopathy (HIVE) and bilateral lower limb (BLL) spasticity.

Method

Thirty ambulant children with HIVE and BLL spasticity and 20 typically developing children, between 5 years and 12 years, were recruited. Upper limb motor function was assessed using the Purdue Pegboard and level of activity and participation using the Computer‐Adapted Pediatric Evaluation of Disabilities Inventory (PEDI‐CAT).

Results

The HIVE group comprised 14 males and 16 females (mean age [SD] 8y 8mo [2y 2mo], Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level I [n=10], II [n=11], and III [n=9]) and the typically developing group comprised 11 males and 9 females (mean age 8y 8mo [2y 3mo]). The HIVE group had lower scores than the typically developing group for all pegboard tasks and three of the four PEDI‐CAT domains (p≤0.001). However, individual outcome scores varied substantially within each GMFCS level.

Interpretation

Children with HIVE and BLL spasticity may have significantly poorer upper limb motor performance and lower levels of activity and participation than typically developing children. These findings suggest that an assessment of upper limb motor function should form part of optimal care for this population.
Estimation of production and long‐term changes in the population of European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) in an Irish lake
Authors: MacNamara Ruairí , McCarthy T. Kieran , Barry James
Published: August 2016

Monitoring of yellow‐phase and silver‐phase Anguilla anguilla during their continental life history is necessary for evaluation of stock recovery measures. Eel population data for an Irish lake (Lough Sheelin) were compiled for the period 1993–2014. Catch data from 2009 to 2014 provided minimum estimates of recent silver eel production ranging annually from 0.79 to 1.84 kg/ha. Long‐term changes in yellow eel abundance and silver eel size structure were assessed as part of a fishery monitoring programme. Yellow eel catch per unit effort (CPUE) in the lake (from longline surveys) was considerably higher in the 1990s (52.2–62.1 eels/100 hooks) than 2002–2008 (1.9–15.8 eels/100 hooks). Conversely, during 1993–2014, the mean size of silver eels migrating from the lake increased significantly (p < .001), from 659 mm to 838 mm. The results suggest that in the absence of direct yellow eel abundance data, interannual variation in silver eel size structure may be a useful monitoring tool for local eel stocks as part of Eel Management Plans (EMP's).
The efficacy of electrical stimulation in lower extremity cutaneous wound healing: A systematic review
Authors: Ashrafi Mohammed , Alonso‐Rasgado Teresa , Baguneid Mohamed , Bayat Ardeshir
Published: August 2016

Current gold standard lower extremity cutaneous wound management is not always effective. Cutaneous wounds generate a “current of injury” which is directly involved in wound healing processes. Application of exogenous electrical stimulation has been hypothesised to imitate the natural electric current that occurs in cutaneous wounds. The aim of this extensive review was to provide a detailed update on the variety of electrical stimulation modalities used in the management of lower extremity wounds. Several different waveforms and delivery methods of electrical stimulation have been used. Pulsed current appears superior to other electrical modalities available. The majority of studies support the beneficial effects of pulsed current over conservative management of lower extremity cutaneous wounds. Although it appears to have no benefit over causal surgical intervention, it is a treatment option which could be utilised in those patients unsuitable for surgery. Other waveforms and modalities appear promising; however, they still lack large trial data to recommend a firm conclusion with regards to their use. Current studies also vary in quantity, quality and protocol across the different modalities. The ideal electrical stimulation device needs to be non‐invasive, portable and cost‐effective and provides minimal interference with patients’ daily life. Further studies are necessary to establish the ideal electrical stimulation modality, parameters, method of delivery and duration of treatment. The development and implementation of newer devices in the management of acute and chronic wounds provides an exciting direction in the field of electrotherapy.
Boundary Ambiguity and Ambivalence in Military Family Reintegration
Authors: Hollingsworth William‐Glenn L. , Dolbin‐MacNab Megan L. , Marek Lydia I.
Published: August 2016

Although more than 2 million service members have experienced deployment since 2001, predictors of postdeployment family functioning remain unclear. Utilizing the Contextual Model of Family Stress (Boss, 2002), this study examined military‐related factors (e.g., rank, component, combat exposure, postdeployment time at home, cumulative length of deployments), boundary ambiguity, and family‐ and deployment‐related ambivalence as predictors of family functioning during reintegration. Service members (N = 228) from multiple branches of the U.S. military participated in a national survey related to family relationships and support programming. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that service members from lower ranks, who were home for longer periods of time, and who endorsed higher degrees of boundary ambiguity and family‐related ambivalence reported poorer family functioning. Results emphasize the relevance of boundary ambiguity and family‐related ambivalence to the reintegration process and can inform prevention and intervention efforts that promote family well‐being in the military population during the critical postdeployment period.
Evolutionary processes underlying latitudinal differences in reef fish biodiversity
Authors: Siqueira Alexandre C. , Oliveira‐Santos Luiz Gustavo R. , Cowman Peter F. , Floeter Sergio R.
Published: August 2016

Aim

To examine the dynamics among the processes of speciation, extinction and dispersal in marine environments using phylogenies to reveal the evolutionary mechanisms that promote latitudinal differences in biodiversity. Using phylogenetic comparative methods we assess whether tropical reef fish lineages show higher diversification rates and whether the majority of extratropical reef fish lineages have originated from tropical areas.

Location

Shallow water tropical and extratropical reefs globally.

Methods

Using fossil‐calibrated phylogenies for four reef‐associated fish families (Chaetodontidae, Labridae, Pomacentridae and Sparidae) we apply evolutionary models (GeoSSE and HiSSE) that allow the estimation of speciation, extinction and dispersal rates associated with geographical ranges and explore potential biases from unsampled characters.

Results

We found that tropical lineages show higher rates of speciation and tended to have lower extinction rates. Overall, we identify higher net diversification rates for tropical lineages compared with those in extratropical regions in all four families. Rates of dispersal tended to be higher for lineages with tropical origins expanding into extratropical regions. Within the family Labridae, two tropical lineages were found to exhibit higher net diversification rates, above that expected from latitudinal differences.

Main conclusions

Our results offer support for the predictions of the ‘out of the tropics’ and ‘evolutionary speed’ models of evolution, both of which highlight the marine tropics as an important evolutionary engine promoting latitudinal differences in reef fish biodiversity. Moreover, we find that two tropical labrid lineages are undergoing exceptional diversification associated with additional traits, possibly linked with the extreme sexual dichromatism observed in both clades.
Industrial renewal: narratives in play in the development of green technologies in the Norwegian salmon farming industry
Authors: Fløysand Arnt , Jakobsen Stig‐Erik
Published: August 2016

This study introduces a social science informed technology approach to move towards a more comprehensive understanding of industry renewal. We achieve this through an evolutionary perspective scrutinising how materiality and discourse interact in an ongoing technology greening programme within the salmon farming industry in Norway. The empirical part starts with a brief introduction to the history of the salmon farming industry. This is followed by a section focusing on how new technology solutions under development relate to narratives in play in the discourses around new technology formation. The analysis reveals that a global demand narrative has become a focal point for the majority of the participating stakeholders. The narrative promotes increased growth into the ongoing greening programme under cover of feeding the world's growing population with proteins. The potential technological solutions are different forms of land‐based production systems, closed containment systems and offshore aquaculture operation systems. Undoubtedly, the systems represent huge material changes, but also a continuation of mass production rationality accountable for many of the environmental problems of the open‐net pen technology the new technologies are supposed to solve. Accordingly, the narrative appears to block a ‘cognitive renewal’ of the technology complex under study. On this basis we argue that the case underlines a requirement for more discursively informed understandings of ‘industrial renewal’ when aspiring for the introduction of green technologies.
Validation of a Blood Stability Score as an easy‐to‐use blood sample quality index
Authors: Robinson N. , Kirchbichler A. , Banuls O. , Mader M. , Aikin R. , Sottas P.‐E. , D'Onofrio G.
Published: August 2016

Introduction

The athlete biological passport (ABP) was implemented based on conservative requirements on sample storage and transport to ensure blood integrity. Blood remains stable over periods longer than the currently employed time limits. We investigated whether time and temperature requirements for sample storage can be used in a flexible model rather than based on fixed limits.

Methods

A literature review was performed analyzing the stability blood variables. A Blood Stability Score (BSS) was derived to integrate the direct dependence of the degradation rate on temperature. A validation study was then carried out in real testing conditions with antidoping blood samples. Upon sample reception, a full blood count was obtained, and then again after refrigeration for an extended period.

Results

A BSS formula integrating storage temperature (T) and collection to analysis time (CAT) was developed: BSS = CAT + 3 × T. In real testing conditions, negligible differences were observed for some variable as BSS values approached a score of 95, while no difference was observed in HGB and RET%.

Conclusion

This study confirms that samples can be transported for longer periods and that the adaptive time and temperature approach as formalized in a rule that the BSS should not exceed 85 guarantees the stability of RBC variables used in the ABP.
Design of a New Zirconia–Alumina–Ta Micro‐Nanocomposite with Unique Mechanical Properties
Authors: Smirnov Anton , Bartolomé José F. , Kurland Heinz‐Dieter , Grabow Janet , Müller Frank A.
Published: August 2016

2Y‐TZP/Al2O3 hybrid nanoparticles prepared by CO2 laser covaporization (CoLAVA) were wet mixed with biocompatible lamellar Ta metal particles (20 vol%) and consolidated by spark plasma sintering. The microstructure and mechanical properties of this novel ceramic–metal composite have been studied. The achieved results demonstrate that both the homogeneity of the 2Y‐TZP/Al2O3 nanocomposite matrix and the reinforcement with a micrometer‐sized ductile phase are prerequisites for the successful design and fabrication of ceramic–metal composites with high strength (1300 MPa), enhanced fracture toughness (16 MPa·m1/2), and improved low‐temperature degradation resistance.
How much do we know about the breeding biology of bird species in the world?
Authors: Xiao Hongtao , Hu Yigang , Lang Zedong , Fang Bohao , Guo Weibin , Zhang Qi , Pan Xuan , Lu Xin
Published: September 2016

Knowledge on species’ breeding biology is the building blocks of avian life history theory. A review for the current status of the knowledge at a global scale is needed to highlight the priority for future research. We collected all available information on three critical nesting parameters (clutch size, incubation period and nestling period) for the close to 10 000 bird species in the world and identified taxonomic, geographic and habitat gaps in the distribution of knowledge on avian breeding biology. The results show that only one third of all extant species are well known regarding the three nesting parameters analyzed, while the rest are partly or poorly known. Most data deficient taxonomic groups are tropical forest nesters, particularly from the Amazon basin, southeast Asia, Equatorial Africa and Madagascar – the places that harbor the world's highest bird diversity. These knowledge gaps could be hampering our understanding of avian life histories. Ornithologists are encouraged to pay more efforts to explore the breeding biology of those poorly‐known species.
Providing Acute Care at Home: Community Paramedics Enhance an Advanced Illness Management Program—Preliminary Data
Authors: Abrashkin Karen A. , Washko Jonathan , Zhang Jenny , Poku Asantewaa , Kim Hyun , Smith Kristofer L.
Published: August 2016

Models addressing urgent clinical needs for older adults with multiple advanced chronic conditions are lacking. This observational study describes a Community Paramedicine (CP) model for treatment of acute medical conditions within an Advanced Illness Management (AIM) program, and compares its effect on emergency department (ED) use and subsequent hospitalization with that of traditional emergency medical services (EMS). Community paramedics were trained to evaluate and, with telemedicine‐enhanced physician guidance, treat acute illnesses in individuals’ homes. They were also able to transport to the ED if needed. The CP model was implemented between January 1, 2014, and April 30, 2015 in a suburban–urban AIM program. Participants included 1,602 individuals enrolled in the AIM program with high rates of dementia, decubitus ulcers, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Participants had a median age of 83 and an average of five activity of daily living dependencies (range 0–6). During the study period, there were 664 CP responses and 1,091 traditional EMS transports to the ED among 773 individuals. Only 22% of CP responses required transport; 78% were evaluated and treated in the home. Individuals that community paramedics transported to the ED had higher rates of hospitalization (82.2%) than those using traditional EMS (68.9%) (P < .001). Post‐CP surveys showed that all respondents felt the program was of high quality. Results support the potential benefits of CP and invite further evaluation of this innovative care model.
Is Baby a Blessing? Wantedness, Age at First Birth, and Later‐Life Depression
Authors: Rackin Heather M. , Brasher Melanie Sereny
Published: September 2016

Research has found that both unintended and nonnormatively timed births have negative consequences, yet little is known about how birth timing and intention jointly influence mothers' mental health. This study explored how the interaction between intention and age at first birth influenced depression 5 to 13 years later by analyzing the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 2,573). We found that mistimed births, when compared with wanted births, were associated with depression, but only for normatively timed transitions to motherhood. Surprisingly, teen mothers who had unwanted births had better later‐life mental health than teens who had wanted or mistimed births. Among women with wanted or mistimed first births, increasing age at birth was associated with lower probabilities of depression. Most, but not all, of these effects were explained by selection factors and life circumstances. Results show the importance of examining joint effects of first birth wantedness and timing.