bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Redescription of the Female and First Descriptions of the Male, Pupa and Larva of Prosimulium Flaviantennus (S. and K.) with Notes on the Biology and Distribution
Authors: Peterson B. V.
Published: January 2010

The female of Prosimulium flaviantennus (Stains and Knowlton) was originally described from Logan Canyon, Utah in 1940. In 1943 the same authors figured the genitalia of a male they considered to be of this species. No actual description of the male was given, and nothing on the biology was reported.

During the spring of 1956 and 1957 large numbers of larvae and pupae of the species were collecced by the writer. Reared pupae provided adults of both sexes. A redescription of the female and first descriptions of the male, pupa and larva, and notes on the biology and distribution of this species are presented below.
Notes on the Biology and Laboratory Colonization of Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Price Roger D.
Published: January 2010

Since the initial observations on the pitcher plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett), from 1901 to 1904 by Smith (1901), only limited additional contributions have been made toward the understanding of the biology of this species. Horsfall (1955) indicates that, aside from one 1913 citation and a brief reference to his own observations, all material summarized by him about this species was reported by Smith. For the past 50 years, mosquito workers have generally limited their observations on W. smithii to statements of seasonal development in nature, this usually being in conjunction with a more detailed regional study emphasizing the ecology of other mosquito species. The wellknown specificity for the development of W. smithii only in the pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea, undoubtedly has precluded much in the way of laboratory investigations on this mosquito. However, during the summer of 1957, a large number of larvae of this species was found just north of Itasca State Park, Clearwater Co., Minn., and the opportunity presented itself to investigate the possibility of rearing W. smithii independent of the pitcher plant. It is the purpose of this paper to describe a method for the laboratory colonization of this mosquito completely free of any pitcher plant association and to make additional contributions to the biology of this species
Insect Surveys of Clovers, Alfalfa, and Birdsfoot Trefoil in Eastern Ontario
Authors: Guppy J. C.
Published: January 2010

Studies on insects affecting seed and forage production of legume crops were begun in eastern Ontario in 1951. Since little was known of what species of insects were of economic importance in these crops in this area, the primary objects of the studies were to determine what species of insects damage the forage crop legumes, their seasonal occurrence and abundance, and something of their importance. Observations were made as well on some of the beneficial insects found in association with the crops.
Studies of the Byron Bog in Southwestern Ontario: IX. Insects Trapped as Adults Emerging from Redmond's Pond
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

In the description of the Byron Bog (Judd, 1957a) it was pointed out that Redmond's Pond is situated in the northwest corner of the bog and that during 1956 a tent-trap was anchored in a small bay in the northeast corner of the pond to trap insects emerging as adults from the water. The position of the trap on the pond is shown in the map accompanying the description of the bog (Judd, 1957a) and the structure and use of the trap are also described by Judd (1957b). The trap was placed on the water on May 15, 1956 and remained there until November 8. It was about four feet from the edge of the pond in water about two feet deep. At this point the bottom of the pond was composed of a thick layer of loose, brown peat and the adjacent edge of the pond was occupied by a dense growth of leatherleaf,Chamaedaphne calyculata, growing inSphagnum(Judd, 1957a). The branches of the bushes of leatherleaf extended out over the water of the small bay in which the trap floated. The only rooted plant growing in and around the trap was spatterdock,Nuphar advena. Floating in the water was a sparse growth of bladderwort,Utricularia vulgaris, and on the surface of the water there were a few scattered fronds of duckweed,Lemna minor, and water flax-seed,Spirodela polyrhiza.
Life-History and Natural Control in British Columbia ofOcnerostoma piniariellaZell. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), a Needle Miner on White Pine
Authors: Harris Peter
Published: January 2010

Ocnerostoma piniariellaZell. is an unimportant pest of Scots pine,Pinus sylvestrisL., in Europe. A variety,copiosellaFrey, is found in the Swiss Alps attacking a white pine,Pinus cembraL., and sometimes occurs in sufficient numbers to reduce growth. Both European forms have a life-history similar to that described here for British Columbia.

In North America, specimens identified asO. piniariellawere collected in 1882 at Ithaca, New York (Forbes, 1924). The first Canadian record was for 1922 at Abbotsford, British Columbia, from white pine (Felt, 1922). The species has since been found in British Columbia at Vancouver, Victoria, Langley, and Aldergrove. Dr. T. N. Freeman (in litt.), Entomology Division, Ottawa, has collected it at Constance Bay, South March, Ottawa, and Bells Corners, Ontario.
Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): V. Laricobius erichsonii Rosen. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), an Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada,
Authors: Clark R. C. , Brown N. R.
Published: January 2010

Laricobius erichsonii Rosen. is one of several species that have been introduced into the Atlantic Provinces since 1933 for the biological control of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). This small beetle occurs commonly on A. piceae infestations in Europe where it is one of the more numerous predators of the adelgid (Mesnil, 1950:). Franz (1953) described its range in Europe as from the Italian Alps to near southern Denmark and from Normandy almost to the Carpathian Mountains, srating that its distribution is bound to that of the Coniferae on which its prey live. Franz also described the morphology of all stages in detail and discussed the bionomics and ecology in Europe. Prior to these studies the biology of thc insect was unknown.
Life-History and Ecology of Hylemya planipalpis (Stein) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), a Root Maggot Attacking Radish in Manitoba
Authors: Kelleher J. S.
Published: January 2010

Root maggots infest radish in Manitoba to a limited extent each year. As early as 1920 Norman Criddle noted damage at Treesbank. In the Brandon area the infestations have usually been less than 10 per cent but have occasionally exceeded 20 per cent. Hylemya planipalpis (Stein) is the principal species.

There is little literature on this pest. Most references to root maggots on radish refer to other species. For example, Matthewman et al. (1950) identified the cabbage maggot, H. brassicae (Bouche), as the predominant species on radish at Ottawa whereas H. cilicrura (Rond.) and H. trichodactyla (Rond.) were given secondary importance. H. brassicae has not yet been reported in AIanitoba. In California Essig (1915) stated that Phorbia planipalpis (= H. planipalpis) was present but not the cabbage maggot. Brooks (1951) reported H. planipalpis to be the major root maggot pest of radish in the Prairie Provinces of Canada.
Two New Black Flies from Saskatchewan (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Shewell G. E. , Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: January 2010

The material on which the following descriptions are based was collected by the junior author during a study of the life-histories and ecologies of the Simuliidae of the Prairie Provinces. The type locality for both forms is the Shell River at the bridge on Provincial Highway No. 55, five miles west of Prince Albert and about 24½ miles above its junction with rhe North Saskatchewan River. Here the river is about 30 feet widc and has a bed of fine gravel or sand. When the collections were made, the water had a mean depth of one foot, a flow-rate of 1.5-2.0 ft. per second, and a temperature range of 55-59° F. Pupae were collected from emergent vegetation, chiefly grass blades, in the swifter parts of the stream. The following species were also taken at this site: Simulium (Hellichia) canonicolum (D. & S.), S. (Eusimulium) aureum Fries, S. (Byssodon) rugglesi N. & M., S. decorum Wlk., S. luggeri N. & M., S. tuberosum Lund., S. venustum Say, and S. (Neosimulium) vittatum Zett.
The Olfactory Guidance of Flying Insects
Authors: Wright R. H.
Published: January 2010

The use of olfactory repellents, especially against biting insects, is an important protective measure. It is also a matter of common knowledge that certain insects are able to locate their mates or their prey largely through the agency of attractive scents. Concerning these latter, Dethier remarks that, “we recognize the fact that no one attractant alone performs the service of guiding an organism to its proper habitat, or mate, or food. The desired end is achieved by a complex array of stimuli working in harmony. In chemical attractants, however, one finds precision guidance. The action of others, as light, temperature, humidity, is comparatively gross, approximating as it does usually, a vicinity. The extreme value of chemical attractants to an organism lies in the specificity and accuracy of operation.” (1).
Three New Records of Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in British Columbia
Authors: Forbes A. R.
Published: January 2010

Myzocallidium riehmi (Börner) was collected from sweet clover at Creston in June, 1957. This is the first time this aphid of potential economic importance has been identified from British Columbia. It occurs throughout the United States (Russell, 1957); in Ontario, Ottawa being near the northern limit of its range (W. R. Richards, in litt.); and was identified for the first time from Manitoba in 1956 (Bird and Robinson, 1957)
Abundance and Seasonal Distribution of the Common Species of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) Occurring in the State of Connecticut
Authors: Lewis Franklin B.
Published: January 2010

Early in the course of a study of the dipteran family Ceratopogonidae,it was realized that very little was known about the species composition, both in numbers and kind, in the state of Connecticut. Consequently a sltudy was set up to determine the species present and the relative abundance of the more common forms. The results of this study are presented in this paper.
Note on Occurrence in British Columbia of the Omnivorous Leaf Tier, Cnephasia longana (Haw.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), as a Pest of Strawberry
Authors: Cram W. T. , Tonks N. V.
Published: January 2010

The senior author collected several nearly mature lepidopterous larvae found tunnelling in ripening strawberries at Saanich, Vancouver Island, B.C., on June 10, 1957. From larvae reared on fruit in cages in an insectary, six moths emerged, two each on July 15, 18, and 22. These six and another individual collected in flight were identified as the omnivorous leaf tier, Cnephasia longana (Haw.).
ThePegomyia hyoscyami(Spinach Leaf Miner) Complex in North America (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: January 2010

The “spinach leaf miner” – referred to in North American literature consistently asPegomyia hyoscymi(Panzer) or, in early years, as P.vicinaLintner and in European literature under a variety of names (hyoscyami, atriplicisGoureau,chenopodiiRondani,betaeCurtis,spinaciaeHolmgren, etc.) – is known to represent a complex in Europe of at least two species, with different morphology and host preferences. The present paper records the presence of these two species in North America. points out the recognition characters of the Nearctic forms, and summarizes the known ecological and outbreak data for the species in Canada
Studies of the Byron Bog in Southwestern Ontario: X. Inquilines and Victims of the Pitcher-Plant,Sarracenia purpureaL.
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

In the description of the Byron Bog (Judd, 1957a) it was pointed out that the pitcher-plant,Sarracenia purpureaL., is to be found in theChamaedaphnetum calyculataeassociation in the bog. The period of blooming of this plant in 1956 was from June 13 to June 22(Judd, 1958). In that year rearings were made of larvae of the mothExyra rolandianaon the flowers and leaves of the plant (Judd, 1957b). Also in 1956 a study of the inquilines and victimsto be found in the leaves of the plant was undertaken, based upon a series of daily collections of insects and other arthropods from the leaves. The present paper is a report on this project.
The phlogosaria Complex of the Genus Plagodis (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Munroe E. G.
Published: January 2010

Rupert's excellent revision (1949) has greatly clarified the classification of the North American species of P1agodis. One of the most interesting features of Rupert's work was his demonstration by rearing that what had previously been considered a distinct species, P1agodis keutzingaria Packard, was in fact the spring generation of the aestival P. phlogosmia Guenée. By analogy it followed that P. schuylkillensis Grossbeck must be considered the summer generation of P. purpuraria Pearsall and P. arrogaria Hulst that of P. fervidaria Herrich-Schaeffer. Rupert was thus able to group in three species elements that had previously been distributed among six.
Note on Two Species of Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) New to Canada
Authors: George J. A.
Published: January 2010

Three specimens of a species of leafhopper new to the Niagara Peninsula were collected during 1956 along the wooded bank of Niagara River below Queenston, Ontario; they were identified by Mrs. C. J. Williams, Entomology Division, Ottawa, as Orientus ishidae (Mat.) and are in the Canadian National Collection. According to Oman (1949), this is an introduced Japanese species which lives on willow and is widely distributed. Presumably Oman's statement is based on collections made in the United States as Mrs. Williams stated (in litt.) that this was the first record from Canada.
Studies on the GenusRhamphomyiaMeigen: A Revision of the Nearctic Species of thebasalisGroup of the SubgenusPararhamphomyiaFrey (Diptera: Empididae)
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: January 2010

The group of species related toRhamphomyia basalisLoew is characterized in the male by an enlarged femorotibial joint of the hind leg and usually by modifications of the femur or tibia or both, and in the female by broad, usually infuscated wings and more or less pennate legs.
The Assessment of Larch Sawfly Cocoon Predation by Small Mammals
Authors: Buckner C. H.
Published: January 2010

Current investigations at the Forest Biology Laboratory, Winnipeg, are being directed towards the formulation of life tables for the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) (Lejeune, 1955). Because small mammal predation is a major factor in reducing cocoon populations of the sawfly (Buckner, 1953), an adequate method of assessing this source of mortality is desirable
Influence of Humidity on Longevity, Fecundity, and Rate of Increase of the Grain-infesting Mite Tyrophagus castellanii (Hirst) (Acarina: Acaridae) Reared on Mould Cultures
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: January 2010

Results of an experiment reported previously (Rivard, 1958a) showed the influence of various humidities on mortality and rate of development of the immature stages of Tyrophagus castellanii (Hirst)reared on mould cultures at a constant temperature. Results of an experiment on the influence of humidity on the longevity and fecundity of the adult mites are reported in the present paper. Information gathered from both studies is used to calculate the innate capacity of the species for increase at different humidities.
A Method for the Close-up Photography of Insect Behaviour
Authors: Atkins M. D.
Published: January 2010

Illustrations of insect behaviour often convey the information more clearly than written descriptions. Since most of us cannot draw well and drawings do not depict the quality of movement, the alternative lies with photography. Individual frames clippkd from a motion picture sequence probably show a pattern of behaviour most suitably, but not all research establishments possess the necessary equipment. Even Gith cine apparatus, the difficulty of holding the subject within the field of focus and still permitting it to behave normally, presents a problem.
Feeding the Pea Aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harr.) (Homoptera: Aphididae), on Plant Cuttings in Organic Nutrient Solutions
Authors: Maltais J. B.
Published: January 2010

The artificial feeding of aphids has received renewed attention in recent years and many attempts met with limited success. Maltais (1952) reported on a simple apparatus for feeding aphids aseptically on chemically defined diets. At the time, several investigators on the artificial feeding of homopterous insects had succeeded in getting the insects to feed temporarily on special food mixtures through different types of membranes, but the insects had neither grown nor reproduced.
New Genera and Species of Pyralidae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Frons and scape rosy pink; vertex yellowish buff; labial palpus on outer surface rosy pink, on inner surface yellowish buff; maxillary palpus yellowish buff; antenna of male very narrowly bipectinate, light buff; thorax and abdomen above rosy pink with some buff scales; body beneath whitish buff; legs light yellowish buff. Forewing above light yellowish buff; costa broadly pink in basal third; sparse fuscous dusting in basal angle; traces of a fuscous discocellular bar; a fuscous postmedial line, concave outward opposite cell, convex and wavy from M2, to Cu2, then retracted nearly to base of Cu2, then wavy and oblique inward to inner margin; entire space beyond postmedial line deep rosy pink except for a narrow yellow crescent on outer margin in front of tornus; fringe yellow. Hind wing above yellowish buff; a small fuscous sub-basal patch; a fuscous postmedial line, excurved to Cu1, then broken, irregular and obsolescent; space beyond postmedial line rosy pink from apex to Cu1. Markings of under surface like those of upper surface, but pink areas replaced by violaceous grey. Expanse 19 mm.
Descriptions of Two New Species ofCyrtinusLeConte, with a Key to the New World Cyrtinini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: January 2010

The two species described herein bring the total number of known species of New World Cyrtinini to 17. Since the descriptions are scattered and no key to these species Gas previously available, a brief key to the genera and species in the tribe is presented, being based in part on the descriptions only. I examined the species of Haldeman and Fisher, but not those described by Pascoe, Gahan, Hope, Bates, and Cameron. References to the original descriptions are given by Leng (1920, p. 281) and Blackwelder (1946, pp. 619, 620, and 1957). In Blackwelder's 1946 work the date given for the description ofSciocyrtinusFisher on page 620 should read 1935 instead of 1934. I wish to thank Mr. W. S. Fisher, Washington, D.C., for checking the key and examining specimens of the new species.
A Supernumerary Compound Eye in the Grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans ornatipes (Walker, 1870) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Banerjee S. K. , Kevan D. Keith McE.
Published: January 2010

Whilst we were examining a large number of Acridoidea in connection with current morphological studies, an interesting specimen of Eyprepocnemis plorans ornatipes (Walker) came to our notice. The specimen, a female with three compound eyes, was discovered among many normal examples of the same species kindly provided for study from stock reared under artificial conditions at the Anti-Locust Research Centre, London, England.
A Method of Rearing Caddisflies (Trichoptera)
Authors: Wiggins Glenn B.
Published: January 2010

In a number of the systematic studies of caddisflies with which I have been concerned, it has been necessary to rear larvae to the adult stage in the laboratory. Several methods proposed for rearing aquatic insects were considered, but these seemed open to some improvement, mainly because, for my purpose, it was necessary to rear large numbers of larvae in individual containers. For this reason the rearing equipment described here was designed. The principal advantage gained through its use is that relatively little maintenance is required to achieve fairly constant rearing conditions for large numbers of larvae, with each larva in a separate cage. By combining a number of individual cages into a unit, with its own supply of water and compressed air, attention to the needs of each individual cage is reduced considerably. By adding additional units, the capacity of the equipment can be doubled or trebled, while the corresponding increase in the maintenance requirements is proportionately much lower. In addition to providing an efficient means of rearing larvae in the laboratory, the same equipment can be used in the field under various conditions. Although caddisflies have been the only insects reared up to now, it is altogether likely that similar equipment would be suitable for other aquatic groups as well.
Variation Between Samples of Immature Stages, and of Mortalities from Some Factors, of the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), and the Pistol Casebearer, Coleophora serratella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae), on Apple in Quebec
Authors: LeRoux E. J. , Reimer C.
Published: January 2010

In July, 1956, studies on mortality factors affecting abundance of immature stages of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.), and the pistol casebearer, Coleophora serratella (L.), on apple were initiated in permanent orchard plots at Rougemont, Que. The object was to prepare life tables (Morris and Miller, 1954) for successive generations of each species through the rise and fall of a local epidemic. In preparing such tables, sound sampling techniques are necessary (Morris, 1955). This is a report on variation in samples, and in some mortality factors, of immature stages of the two species for the years 1956 to 1959, and on sampling recommendations.
Gall Aphids on Poplar in Alberta: I. Descriptions of Galls and Distributions of Aphids
Authors: Harper A. M.
Published: January 2010

No research has previously been conducted on gall aphids on poplar in Alberta. Strickland (1953) published records of some of these aphids in his list of Hemiptera of Alberta. Manson (1931) mentioned that noctuids fed in galls ofPemphigus populitransversusRiley.

In the United States, several workers have reported on these aphids. Palmcr (1952, pp. 358-372) published a key to and some bioiogical notes on several species of the genusPemphigusand related genera. Maxson and Knowlton (1929) gave considerable information on the life-history and classification of the tribe Pemphigini. Maxson (1923) and Hottes and Frison (1931) published keys to the same tribe. Essig (1926, pp. 259-261), Gillette (1913). Gillette and Bragg (1915), Jackson (1908), Oestlund and Hottes (1926), Patch (1913), Swaine (1919), and Williams (1910) also reported on some of the gall aphids on poplar.
Observations on the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.), and its Parasites in Southern Ontario
Authors: Griffiths K. J.
Published: January 2010

The first North American collection of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.), was made in Somerset County, New Jersey, in 1925 (Hamilton, 1943). It was first recorded in Canada near Windsor, Ontario, in 1939 (Raizenne, 1957), and by 1946 it had spread as far east as London (Watson, 1946). This serious pest of pines has continued to spread, and is now found throughout most of southwestern Ontario (Fig. 1) (Sippell and MacDonald, 1958). This is the only infestation of this species in Canada.
Note on Fecundity of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Caged on Plants of Broad Bean, Vicia faba L., Treated with Various Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: January 2010

The effect on insect populations of the widespread use of plant growth regulators and herbicides is a neglected field. Fox (1948) reported on a relationship between the use of 2,4-D and wireworm damage to wheat. Putnam (1949) suggested that 2,4-D could be an environmental factor in the ecology of grasshoppers. A recent report (Maxwell and Harwood, 1958) indicates that even slight dosages of 2,4-D increase the rate of reproduction of pea aphids on broad beans. This note is a preliminary report on similar investigations with the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and broad bean, Vicia faba L.
Reproduction of the Pine Needle Scale, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), (Homoptera: Diaspididae)
Authors: Brown C. E.
Published: January 2010

Investigations have shown that several types of reproduction commonly occur in the Coccoidea. Some soecies reproduce in the usual sexual manner. some parhenogenetically, some by either of these two methods depending upon whether or not fertilization takis place; others reproduce hermaphroditically. The type of reproduction is not confined to any particular group but is found throughout the superfamily.
Egg-laying Habits of Lepidoptera in Relation to Available Food
Authors: Dethier V. G.
Published: January 2010

Entomologists interested in population dynamics have devoted considerable attention to the numbers of eggs laid by various species of insects, the mortality and non-viability of eggs, and mortality in young larvae; but there is another aspect of the problem which has received less attention than it deserves. This is the necessity for females to place their eggs sufficiently close to an adequate supply of food to insure the growth and development of the F, generation. Fulfillment of this requirement is particularly important for those species whose larvae are restricted feeders, that is, monophagous or oligophagous. It is generally assumed that the continued existence of a species is evidence that the eggs are always properly placed. As a consequence of this assumption very few quantitative studies have been undertaken, with the result that the contribution of the adult's behaviour to the degree of survival in larval populations is unknown. The following field studies were undertaken to supply some information on this score.
A new species of Casinaria from British Columbia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Walley G. Stuart
Published: January 2010

Recent rearings of the geometrid Melanolophia imitata (Wlk.) by officers of the Vernon and Victoria, B.C., laboratories of the Forest Biology Division, Canada Department of Agriculture, have yielded a series of a new species of Casinaria for which the following description is offered.

Casinaria melanolophiae, new species

Female. Length 7 mm. Head thin, temple rather weakly receding for a considerable distance behind eye, and beyond rather strongly rounded to occiput; antenna with 29-31 segments, the shortest flagellar segments at least a little longer than broad; cheek short, about 0.30 breadth of base of mandible; ocelli large; greatest diameter of lateral ocellus twice as great as ocellocular space and three-fourths as great as post-ocellar line; head and thorax dullish, with granular sculpture; mesoscutum and scutellum densely, shallowly punctate, with punctures somewhat obscured by granular sculpture; sides of thorax finely granular and with only a few minute punctures; propodeum and abdomen as in C. semiothisae Wly.
An Entomogenous Fungus onAcmaeops proteus(Kby.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Gardiner L. M. , MacLeod D. M.
Published: January 2010

Records of diseases of Cerambycidae have appeared very infrequently in the literature. Crawshay (1907) described an unidentified disease of larvae ofTetropium gabrieliWeise. Garman (1921) and MacLeod (1954a) reported a fungus,Beauveria globulifera,a strain ofBeauveria bassiana(Bals.) Vuill., from adults ofCyllene robiniae(Forst.) and a larva ofAcanthocinus aedilis(L.) respectively. Duffy (1953) recorded the fungilsariasp. on adults ofPhryneta spinator(Fab.),and Entomophthora gryllion larvae ofSaperda carcharias(L.). A wilt disease, suspected of being caused by a virus, was reported by Beeson (1931) in larvae ofCelosterna scabratorFab.) reared in glass tubes.
Some Aphids from Bermuda (Homoptera)
Authors: MacGillivray M. E.
Published: January 2010

Ogilvie (1927) lists five aphids of economic importance from Bermuda; namely, Illinoia (Macrosiphum) solanifolii (Ashm.) (=Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thom.)), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Aphis lilii Takah., Aphis gossypii Glover, and ? Fullawayella formosana Takah. (possibly Neotoxoptera formosanus (Takah.) or N. violae (Pergande)). Later, in 1928, he states that the species formerly identified as Aphis lilii Takah. was Aphis gossypii Glover and records eighteen additional species from Bermuda. The slides of these specimens presumably are in the British Museum (Natural History) since Mr. F. Laing and Mr. F. V. Theobald identified the aphids.
The Gypsy Moth and Some Possibilities of the Control of Insects by Genetical Means
Authors: Downes J. A.
Published: January 2010

The screw worm, Callitroga hominivorax (Coquerel), can be sterilized by irradiation in such a way that the viability and sexual behaviour of the male are not seriously affected by the treatment. If such flies are released into a wild population, many of the males will mate with the native females which, since they mate only once, will become permanently infertile. Thus in proportion to the numbers released the numbers of fertile egg-masses produced by the population will be reduced; and if the numbers released are sufficient the population, failing rapid and extensive relief from a density-dependent controlling factor, could be eradicated in a few generations. This eradication has in fact been achieved on the island of Curacao; and the prognosis for the much larger undertaking now in progress in Florida is very favourable (see Lindquist and Knipling, 1957, for discussion and references).
Feeding Sites of Aphids of the Genus Cinara Curtis (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Bradley G. A.
Published: January 2010

While working at Cedar Lake in Northwestern Ontario in the summers of 1957 and 1958 the author was able to observe the feeding sites of various species of Cinara. Most of the observations were made within an area of a few square miles on either side of Highway 105, between Red Lake Road and Ear Falls, Ontario. This area is fairly typical of the Laurentian Shield, with numerous lakes, rocky ridges, sandy patches, and small bogs. The principal coniferous trees in this locality are black spruce, jack pine, and balsam fir. White spruce, white cedar, white pine, red pine, and common juniper are also present.
Woodpeckers as Predators of the Codling Moth in Nova Scotia
Authors: MacLellan C. R.
Published: January 2010

There have been few quantitative studies on the role of woodpeckers in control of insect pests. Hutchison (1951) and Wygant (1958) pointed out the importance of these predators in reducing outbreaks of the Engelmann spruce beetle and Knight (1958) established a means of assessing the value of woodpeckers by correlating their activity with beetle survival but made no attempt to measure the numbers of woodpeckers in an area.
Description and Habits of a New Species of Phytophaga (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Western Red Cedar Cones
Authors: Hedlin A. F.
Published: January 2010

Gall midges have been reported from cones of western red cedar, Thuja plicata Donn., but none have been described. Keen (1958) reported the occurrence in Washington and Oregon of a cone midge which was credited with destroying 90 per cent of the seed. In 1940 Prebble and Graham reported a midge in cones of western red cedar at Cowichan Lake, B.C. These reports almost certainly refer to the midge described here. The only other species taken from red cedar cones was Lestodiplosis taxiconis Foote, but it occurred in verysmall numbers; previously it has been reported only from cones of Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Foote, 1956).
A Field Cage for Rearing Syrphid Larvae and Other Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae),
Authors: Clark R. C. , Brown N. R.
Published: January 2010

Several species of syrphids are common predators on the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges aiceae (Ratz.). in eastern Canada. Larvae are found on infested trees throughout the summer in a certain sequence of species. Occasionally adult syrphids are collected while ovipositing.

Attempts have been made to rear the larvae in the laboratory on small pieces of infested bark but the difficulty of keeping the bark moist and preventing the growth of mould and of transferring the larvae to fresh bark made this method unsatisfactory. The prey died before rearing was complete. Rearing the larvae in the field appeared to be the solution to this problem and a suitable cage was designed which was simple to make, install, and examine (Fig. 1).
Pyralidae Collected in Lower California by Mr. J. Powell (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

I am indebted to Mr. J. Powell, University of California, Berkeley, for the privilege of studying a small but interesting collection of Pyralidae, made by him in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California, May 28 to June 3, 1958.As records from this region of Mexico are scarce, I take pleasure in publishing a list of the species.

Pyraustinae

Nomophila noctuella (Denis and Schiffermüller) . Nine specimens: La Grulla, 6500 ft.; La Encantada, 7000 ft. Identical with North American specimens passing under this name.
Hibernation Sites of Phytoseiids (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Ontario Peach Orchards
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: January 2010

A number of authors who have mentioned phytoseiid mites as predators of tetranychids reported that “Seius” or “Seiulus” spp. hibernated in the bark of trees, but until recently the taxonomy of the Phytoseiidae was so confused that the identity of the species concerned is uncertain. Herbert (1952), in Nova Scotia,was apparently the first to deal with species that can be definitely identified; she reported that a number of species of Typhlodromus, including most of those occurring on peach in Ontario, overwintered on apple trees under bark scales, in empty hibernacula of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.), in empty oyster-shell scales, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), and in cocoons of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.). Chant (1958) found numbers of T. pyri Scheut. hibernating in burlap pads tied to apple trees in England.
Note on Coelomomyces psorophorae Couch, a Fungus Parasitic on Mosquito Larvae
Authors: Shemanchuk J. A.
Published: January 2010

In the irrigated districts of southern Alberta larvae of Culiseta inornota (Williston) were found to be infected with the fungus Coelomomyces psorophorae Couch, identified by J. N. Couch, Department of Botany, University of North Carolina. This is the first record on C. inornata in Canada.

The resting sporangia (Fig. 1) were found in the thoracic and abdominal cavities of the larvae. The infected larvae were darker brown in color, larger in size, and slower in movement than the non-infected ones.
Some Humidity and Light Reactions of the Granary Weevil,Sitophilus granarius(L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Smereka E. P. , Hodson A. C.
Published: January 2010

The behaviour to moisture of a number of stored-product insects;Tenebrio molitor(Pielou and Gunn, 1940),Ptinus tectus(Bentley, 1944),Tribolium castaneum(Willis and Roth, 1950) andTribolium confusum(Roth and Willis, 1951) have been studied. All these species live in a dry environment in flour and all have shown a preference for the drier of any two humidity alternatives. The moisture reactions of the granary weevil were studied since this species develops in a relatively moist environment (Richards, 1947) and should show a contrast to the reactions of the above species. The supplementary studies of this investigation were to determine the effect of moisture conditioning on the moisture reactions and to study the interaction between light and moisture.
New Canadian Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). II
Authors: Shewell G. E.
Published: January 2010

Large species; thoracic dorsum conspicuously trivittate; mesopleural membrane bare; basal section of radius bare; tibiae without bright niveous patches; fore tarsal sepments not much dilated. Female: head and thorax thickly cinereouspollinose; mouth parts adapted for biting; tarsal claws simple; posterior margin of seventh abdominal sternite with conspicuous fringe of long hairs; paraproct (anal lobe) with large, highly polished ventral prolongation; ovipositor lobes very widely separated. Male: style without apical tooth; ventral plate broadly cleft almost to base. Pupa: respirator organ with nine uniformly radiating, somewhat inflated, rather short filaments; abdominal armature lacking on fifth to seventh tergites; cocoon fabric loosely reticulate, porous, with greatly elevated opening. Larva: exceptionally long and slender, evenly expanding posteriorly, seventh abdominal segment strongly bulbous ventrally; antenna six-segmented; submentum with eight to 11 hairs on each side
Statistical Analysis of Percentages Based on Unequal Numbers, with Examples from Entomological Research
Authors: Reimer C.
Published: January 2010

Entomologists, like research workers in other fields, frequently wish to determine whether the percentage of individuals having a certain attribute (e.g., % eggs parasitized) is associated with some other variable, which may be either qualitative or quantitative. The numbers of individuals observed with and without this attribute are recorded for each category of the other variable. A test is made of the hypothesis that the true percentage or proportion of individuals with this attribute is the same in each category. One of the methods commonly used for this purpose is the x2 test of independence. If rhe calculated x2 exceeds a specified level of significance, the hrpochesis is rejected; otherwise it is accepted. The test is described in most books on statistical methods, e.g., Goulden (1952).
Notes on Anatomy, Life-history, and Behaviour ofAphaereta pallipes(Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Parasite of the Onion Maggot,Hylemya antiqua(Meig.)
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: January 2010

During studies at Ottawa on the physioloLgy of the onion maggot,Hylemya antigua(Meig.), 29 per cent of 2,320 puparia that had been collected in muck soil at Ste. Clothilde, Que., in the autumn of 1957 were parasitized by the braconidAphaereta pallipes(Say)2. There are few reports of this insect's parasitizing Diptera in Canada and none on its life-history orbehaviour. Hammond (1932) found it in first-generation puparia of the onion maggot at Ottawa. Wishart (1957) reared it from puparia of the cabbage maggot,Hylewyn brassicae(Bouché), collected from St. Martin and St. Rose, Que. Notes on the biologies of two other species ofAphaeretahave been published by Graham-Smith (1919) and Evans (1933), the former onAphaereta cephalotes(Hal.) and the latter onAphaereta minutaNees. Both species are parasites of carrion-infesting Diptera.
A New Species of Matsucoccus Cockerell (Homoptera: Coccoidea)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

Matsucoccus is composed of species of scales that are completely restricted to species of Pinus L. Inclusive of the species described herein, nineteen species have been described, mostly from North America; but hitherto the genus has been unknown in Canada.
Life-History of the Seed-Corn Maggot, Hylemya cilicrura (Rond.) and of H. liturata (Mg.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in Southwestern Ontario
Authors: Miller L. A. , McClanahan R. J.
Published: January 2010

The seed-corn maggot, Hylemya cilicrura (Rond.), infests a wide range of hosts in all provinces of Canada and is also a pest in the Yukon and the Northwest Territories. H. liturata (Meig.) frequently occurs in smaller numbers along with H. cilicrura. H. liturata has not ,been recorded from Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Brooks, 1951). Detailed accounts of the species have not been published by Canadian entomologists, though H. cilicrura has been known as a pest of cultivated crops in Canada for over 70 years. In southwestern Ontario the seed-corn maggot is one of the most serious soil pests of vegetables and field crops.
Studies of the Byron Bog in Southwestern Ontario. XI. Seasonal Distribution of Adult Insects in theChamaedaphnetum calyculataeAssociation
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

In the description of the Byron Bog (Judd, 1957c) it was pointed out that one method of collecting insects in the bog was to make a circular sweep with an insect net, held at arm's length, through the tops of the bushes in theChamaedaphnetum calyculataeassociation. The net used was one with a rim twelve inches in diameter and the radius of the circle over which the sweep was made was six feet. A single sweep was made each day from Itlay 15 to November 15 in 1956 and all the insects collected each day were sorted and counted. The dav of maximum blooming ofChamaedaphne calyculatawas May 21 and the day of last blooming was June 1 (Judd, 1958a). Thus there was a period of nineteen days, from May 15 to June 1, when the plants were in bloom while the sweeping was in progress.
Some New Genera and Species of Aphids from Canada (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Lambers D. Hille Ris
Published: January 2010

In spare moments during and after the Xth International Congress of Entomology I collected many aphids in Canada. The present paper contains descriptions of some of these that appeared to be new, while two of the leading Canadian aphid specialists permitted me to add descriptions of some more new species that were present among the material that they submitted for identification.
Notes on Some Natural Enemies of Utah Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Peterson B. V.
Published: January 2010

Immature and adult black flies are often victims of various predatory or parasitic organisms. Observations on certain of these organisms were made in Utah over a period of several years, and are presented below to stimulate further interest in the natural enemies of the Simuliidae.
Record of Plutella maculipennis Curt. and some of its Parasites in Kashmir, India
Authors: Simmonds F. J. , Rao V. P.
Published: January 2010

The Diamond-back moth, Plutella maculipennis Curt., is a cosmopolitan pest of cabbage, cauliflower, radish, mustard and other cruciferous plants; according to Fletcher (1920) it is distributed throughout India, Burma and Ceylon. During a recent visit to Kashmir the authors found this pest doing considerable damage to cabbage in vegetable gardens on the outskirts of Srinagar, and this appears to be the first record of this pest from the area. From a small collection of the caterpillars made, the authors have reared out the tachinid fly, Voria ruralis Fall., and the ichneumonid, Horogenes sp. A single specimen of Itoplectis sp. was also reared out, but this is likely to be a secondary parasite. Thompson (1946) has listed only Angitia fenestralis Hlgr. as parasitizing this species in India. Mani (1940) refers to Brachymeria excarinata Gahan and B. plutellophaga Girault as having been reared from pupae of the pest at Coimbatore. A careful search in India may reveal the presence of more parasites of this universal and important pest and their introduction into other countries might be helpful in its control.
A Review of the Life-History and Habits ofMusca autumnalisDeGeer (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Teskey H. J.
Published: January 2010

It was of interest but no great concern when the finding ofMusca autumnalisDeGeer in Nova Scotia was reported by Vockeroth (1953). Previously,M. domesticaLinnaeus was thought to be the only species of the genus present in North America. Two previous reports ofM. autumnalisascorvina(Walker, 1849, 1871) were thought to be misidentifications.
Immature Stages of Chaoborus borealis Cook (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: January 2010

The immature stages and adults of Chaoborus borealis Cook were collected near Churchill, Manitoba, in 1949 and 1950 in investigations on the natural control of biting flies (James, 1953; James and Smith, 1958). Cook (1956) described the adult and the fourth-instar larva in his revision of the Nearctic Chaoborinae, and noted the similarity between the fourth-instar larva and that of C. flavicans (Mg.). This paper contains descriptions of the egg, the first-, second-, and fourth-instar larvae, and the pupa of C. borealis.
Oviposition of the Red-Headed Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch)
Authors: Griffiths K. J.
Published: January 2010

The oviposition behaviour of Neodiprion sawflies has been the subject of much investigation in recent years. The impetus for this interest seems to lie in the paper by Atwood and Peck (1943), in which it was suggested that the number and spacing of eggs on needles were a useful tool for the identification of memhers of this important group of conifer defoliators. Ghent (1955) has analysed the egg clusters of N. pratti banksianae Roh., and Ghent and Wallace (1958) have investigated the behaviour responsible for the pairing of eggs on adjacent jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb. ) needles by N. swainei Midd. More recently, Ghent (1959) has presented a study of the factors determining the spacing of eggs by the European pine sawfly, N. sertifer (Geoff.). Of these, the 1955 and 1959 papers, in addition to making valuable contributions to our understanding of the behaviour of adults, cast doubt on the usefulness of the number and spacing of eggs as identifying characters in these species.
Note on the Lectotype of Chrysops wiedemanni Kröber (Diptera: Tabanidae)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: January 2010

In his treatment of Chrysops wiedemanni Kröber, Philip ( 1959, pp. 203-4) stated, “Syntypes in Hamburg were casualties in the war, but one intact syntype female remaining in the Canadian National Collection is available as lectotype.” Later, Philip (in litt. Jan. 19, 1960) explained, “my wording was ambiguous about the lectotype of Chrysops wiedemanni. I indicated its availability in contrast to the loss of all other syntypes in Hamburg but this was intended to officially designate your specimen as lectotype and it should be so labelled”.
Field Tests of Some Hydrolyzed Proteins as Lures for the Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)
Authors: Neilson W. T. A.
Published: January 2010

During the past decade the attractiveness of various hydrolyzed proteins to several species of tephritid flies has been established and these materials have been used in poison bait sprays, in fly traps, and in studies on dispersal habits. Several workers have reported more satisfactory control when enzymatic yeast hydrolysates or acid hydrolysates of corn protein were added to malathion sprays: Steiner (1952, 1955a, and 1955b) for the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.), the oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel), and the melon fly (Dacus cucurbitae Coq.); Shaw (1955) for the Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens Loew); Orphanidis et al. (1958) for Dacus adults on olives; and Marucci (1958) for the blueberry maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Orphanidis et al. have also reported that the addition of casein hydrolysate or the acid hydrolysates of corn protein to the recommended lure of ammonium sulphate increased the captures of Dacus as much as twelve times. Although most of the work with these attractants has concerned control, Barnes (1959) has used them to advantage in biological studies. He labelled natural populations of the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa Cress., with a radioactive tracer by attracting the flies to feeding stations of Staley's insecticide bait No. 7 (acid hydrolysate of corn protein) plus the isotope P32 By subsequent trapping he determined the field movements of the adults in and out of walnut orchards.