Changes in Transmission and Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 in United States Households, April 2020–September 2022
Authors: Mellis Alexandra M. , Lauring Adam S. , Talbot H. Keipp , McLean Huong Q. , Morrissey Kerry Grace , Stockwell Melissa S. , Bowman Natalie M. , Maldonado Yvonne , Ellingson Katherine D. , Rao Suchitra , Biddle Jessica E. , Johnson Sheroi , Ogokeh Constance , Salvatore Phillip P. , Reed Carrie , Smith-Jeffcoat Sarah E. , Meece Jennifer K. , Hanson Kayla E. , Belongia Edward A. , Bendall Emily E. , Gilbert Julie , Olivo Vanessa , Merrill Lori S. , McLaren Son H. , Sano Ellen , Vargas Celibell Y. , Saiman Lisa , Silverio Francisco Raul A , Bullock Ayla , Lin Jessica , Govindarajan Prasanthi , Goodman Sarah H. , Sarnquist Clea C. , Lutrick Karen , Ledezma Karla I. , Ramadan Ferris A. , Pryor Kathleen , Miiro Flavia N , Asturias Edwin , Dominguez Samuel , Olson Daniel , Izurieta Hector S. , Chappell James , Lindsell Christopher , Halasa Natasha , Hart Kimberly , Zhu Yuwei , Schmitz Jonathan , Rolfes Melissa A. , Grijalva Carlos G. 
Published: May 2023

Background

The natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission dynamics may have changed as SARS-CoV-2 has evolved and population immunity has shifted.

Methods

Household contacts, enrolled from two multi-site case-ascertained household transmission studies (April 2020–April 2021 and September 2021–September 2022), were followed for 10–14 days after enrollment with daily collection of nasal swabs and/or saliva for SARS-CoV-2 testing and symptom diaries. SARS-CoV-2 virus lineage was determined by whole genome sequencing, with multiple imputation where sequences could not be recovered. Adjusted infection risks were estimated using modified Poisson regression.

Findings

858 primary cases with 1473 household contacts were examined. Among unvaccinated household contacts, the infection risk adjusted for presence of prior infection and age was 58% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 49–68%) in households currently exposed to pre-Delta lineages and 90% (95% CI: 74–100%) among those exposed to Omicron BA.5 (detected May – September 2022). The fraction of infected household contacts reporting any symptom was similarly high between pre-Delta (86%, 95% CI: 81–91%) and Omicron lineages (77%, 70–85%). Among Omicron BA.5-infected contacts, 48% (41–56%) reported fever, 63% (56–71%) cough, 22% (17–28%) shortness of breath, and 20% (15–27%) loss of/change in taste/smell.

Interpretation

The risk of infection among household contacts exposed to SARS-CoV-2 is high and increasing with more recent SARS-CoV-2 lineages. This high infection risk highlights the importance of vaccination to prevent severe disease.

Funding

Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration.

Key points

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Monitoring the transmissibility and symptomatology of SARS-CoV-2 lineages is important for informing public health practice and understanding the epidemiology of COVID-19; household transmission studies contribute to our understanding of the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants.

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The Omicron BA.5 sub-lineage is highly transmissible, similar to previous Omicron sub-lineages.

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Over 80% of infected household contacts reported at least 1 symptom during their infection and the proportion of household contacts with asymptomatic infection did not differ by SARS-CoV-2 variant. The most common symptom was cough. Change in taste or smell was more common in Omicron BA.5 infections, compared to previous Omicron sub-lineages, but less common compared to pre-Delta lineages.

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The high infection risk among household contacts supports the recommendations that individuals maintain up-to-date and lineage-specific vaccinations to mitigate further risks of severe disease.