bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symbolic violence in embodying customer service work across the urban/rural divide
Authors: Doshi Vijayta
Published: October 2020

Drawing on a Bourdieuian theoretical framework, this article examines how the urban/rural divide informs the embodiment of customer service work at retail counters in shopping malls in India. Based on an analysis of extensive interviews as well as on‐site observations during 4 years of fieldwork, I document the cross‐class interactions between urban middle‐class customers and rural migrant lower‐class retail workers. I found that rural migrant workers engage in bodywork to embody service work in line with urban cultural “protocols” for customer interactions. Despite their efforts to acquire this valued embodied cultural capital, urban middle‐class customers continuously othered rural migrant workers. The study extends the service work literature on embodiment by pointing to the urban/rural divide in contexts of sustained rural/urban migration, such as India, and more broadly, the Global South. Second, it shows the symbolic violence in customer–worker dynamics reproducing class domination along the urban/rural divide.
Unsaturated Zone Flow Processes and Aquifer Response Time in the Chalk Aquifer, Brighton, South East England
Authors: Al‐Jaf Peshawa , Smith Martin , Gunzel Friederike
Published: October 2020

The Chalk aquifer is one of the main sources of water in South East England. The unsaturated zone in the aquifer plays an important role controlling the time and magnitude of recharge and is major pathway for contaminant transport to the water table. A range of previous work has addressed flow processes in the Chalk unsaturated zone, but physical understanding is still incomplete. Here we present the results of a study on flow mechanism in the Chalk unsaturated zone using a combination of statistical analysis and novel laboratory methods. The study was undertaken at three sites (North Heath Barn [NHB], Pyecombe East [PE], and Preston Park [PP]) on the Chalk of the Brighton block, South East England. Daily and hourly time series data of groundwater level and rainfall were correlated. The results show that a slower groundwater level response to rainfall occurs during dry seasons (summer and autumn) when the amount of effective rainfall is less than 4 mm/day, with a thicker and drier unsaturated zone. A faster response occurs during wet seasons (winter and spring) when the daily effective rainfall exceeds 4 mm/day with a thinner and wetter unsaturated zone. Periods of very rapid response (within 15 h) were observed during wet seasons at NHB and PE sites, with unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Ku) inferred to reach 839 mm/day. A slower response was observed at an urbanized site (PP) as a result of reduction in direct recharge due to reduced infiltration, due to presences of impermeable infrastructure covering the area around PP borehole. Laboratory measurements ofKuof the Chalk matrix using a geotechnical centrifuge show variation from 4.27 to 0.07 mm/day, according to the level of saturation. Thus, the rapid responses cannot be linked to matrix flow only but indicate the contribution of fracture and karstic flow processes in conducting water.
Health‐related quality of life and caregiver burden of emicizumab in children with haemophilia A and factor VIII inhibitors—Results from the HAVEN 2 study
Authors: Mancuso Maria Elisa , Mahlangu Johnny , Sidonio Robert , Trask Peter , Uguen Marianne , Chang Tiffany , Shima Midori , Young Guy , Oldenburg Johannes , von Mackensen Sylvia
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Persons with haemophilia A (PwHA) with factor (F)VIII inhibitors, including children, have impaired health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). The HAVEN 2 study (NCT027955767) of paediatric PwHA with FVIII inhibitors demonstrated that subcutaneous emicizumab prophylaxis resulted in low annualizedbleed rates.

Aim

We assessed the impact of emicizumab prophylaxis on the HRQoL of children and their caregivers participating in HAVEN 2.

Methods

Children aged 8‐11 years self‐reported HRQoL using the Haemophilia‐Specific Quality of Life Assessment Instrument for Children and Adolescents Short Form (Haemo‐QoL SF II). Caregivers of children aged 0‐11 years completed the Adapted Inhibitor‐Specific Quality of Life Assessment with Aspects of Caregiver Burden. All scores were transformed to a 0‐100 scale, where lower scores reflect a better HRQoL. The number of missed days from school/day care and hospitalizations was also recorded.

Results

In HAVEN 2 (n = 88), the median age was 6.5 years (range: 1‐15 years); 85 participants were aged < 12 years and included in this analysis, and 34 participants were aged 8‐11 years, thereby eligible to complete the Haemo‐QoL SF II questionnaire. The mean (standard deviation, n) baseline Haemo‐QoL SF II ‘Total’ score was 30.2 (14.9, 30), indicating moderate impairment; with emicizumab, mean score decreased by −9.62 (7.73, 17) points to 23.0 (13.93, 20) by Week 49. The most improved domains were ‘Sports & School’ and ‘Physical Health’. Caregivers reported similar improvements.

Conclusion

Prophylactic emicizumab is accompanied by substantial and sustained improvements in HRQoL of paediatric PwHA with FVIII inhibitors and their caregivers.
Cognitive ageing is premature among a community sample of optimally treated people living with HIV
Authors: Aung HL , Bloch M , Vincent T , Quan D , Jayewardene A , Liu Z , Gates TM , Brew B , Mao L , Cysique LA
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Evidence of premature cognitive ageing amongst people living with HIV (PLHIV) remains controversial due to previous research limitations including underpowered studies, samples with suboptimal antiretroviral access, varying rate of virological control, high rate of AIDS, over‐representation of non‐community samples, and inclusion of inappropriate controls. The current study addresses these limitations, while also considering mental health and non‐HIV comorbidity burden to determine whether PLHIV showed premature cognitive ageing compared with closely comparable HIV‐negative controls.

Methods

This study enrolled 254 PLHIV [92% on antiretroviral therapy; 84% with HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL; 15% with AIDS) and 72 HIV‐negative gay and bisexual men [mean (SD) age = 49 (10.2) years] from a single primary care clinic in Sydney, Australia. Neurocognitive function was evaluated with the Cogstate Computerized Battery (CCB) at baseline and 6 months after. Linear mixed‐effects (LME) models examined main and interaction effects of HIV status and chronological age on the CCB demographically uncorrected global neurocognitive z‐score (GZS), adjusting for repeated testing, and then adjusting sequentially for HIV disease markers, mental health and comorbidities.

Results

HIV status and age interacted with a lower GZS (β = −0.43, P < 0.05). Higher level of anxiety symptoms (β = −0.11, P < 0.01), historical AIDS (β = −0.12, P < 0.05) and historical HIV brain involvement (β = −0.12, P < 0.05) were associated with lower GZS.

Conclusions

We found a robust medium‐sized premature ageing effect on cognition in a community sample with optimal HIV care. Our study supports routine screening of cognitive and mental health among PLHIV aged ≥ 50 years.
Balanopreputial sac and urine microbiota in patients with male genital lichen sclerosus
Authors: Watchorn Richard E. , van den Munckhof Ellen H. A. , Quint Koen D. , Eliahoo Joseph , de Koning Maurits N. C. , Quint Wim G. V. , Bunker Christopher B.
Published: October 2020

Background

Male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc) is a chronic inflammatory scarring dermatosis associated with penile carcinoma. The prepuce is pivotal in its etiology. Other proposed etiological factors are the subject of dispute and include occluded urinary exposure, autoimmunity, immunodysregulation, and infectious agents.

Objective

To determine whether the bacterial microbiota of the balanopreputial sac and urine are associated with MGLSc.

Subjects and methods

Twenty uncircumcised patients with MGLSc and 20 healthy uncircumcised males were enrolled in a prospective case–control study. Balanopreputial swabs and urine specimens were subjected to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.

Results

Microbiota analysis indicated differences between the groups. In the balanopreputial sac, the median relative abundance of Finegoldia spp. was lower (9% [range 0–60%]) in MGLSc patients than in controls (28% [range 0–62%]). Conversely, the median relative abundance of Fusobacterium spp. was higher in MGLSc patients (4% [range 0–41%]) than in controls (0% [range 0–28%]). In the urine, the median relative abundance of Finegoldia spp. was comparable between groups, whereas that of Fusobacterium spp. was higher in MGLSc patients (0% [range 0–18%] vs. 0% [range 0–5%]). There was a strong association between the microbiota composition of the balanopreputial sac and urine in MGLSc.

Conclusion

Dysbiosis could be involved in the etiopathogenesis of MGLSc. Further studies are required to confirm the association suggested herein and to determine its nature.
Making collective bargaining more inclusive: The role of extension
Authors: HAYTER Susan , VISSER Jelle
Published: October 2020

Using data on collective bargaining coverage for 80 countries, the authors analyse the merits of using the extension of collective agreements as a policy tool for creating a floor for conditions of work and employment. Issued by public authorities, this regulatory instrument is distinctive in that it is based on agreement between independent, autonomous and representative organizations. This gives it some of the advantages of a contract as well as those of a statute. The extension of collective agreements by public authorities can provide coverage for vulnerable workers who may not otherwise have access to social protection, while offering a highly responsive form of regulation that can be adapted to particular circumstances.
Association of urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio with subclinical systolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients but not normotensive subjects: Danyang study
Authors: Liu Ming , He Anxia , Wang Ye , Chen Chao , Zhao Xixuan , Zhang Siqi , Liang Junya , Hua Mulian , Fang Zhuyuan
Published: October 2020

The association of albuminuria, as measured by urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) concentration, with subclinical cardiac dysfunction in hypertensive patients is unclear. Our study aimed to examine its relationship in hypertensive patients compared with that in normotensive patients. The study participants were recruited from Danyang, a city of Jiangsu Province from 2017 to 2019. Categorical and continuous analyses were performed with sex‐specific UACR tertiles and natural logarithmically transformed UACR, respectively. Comprehensive echocardiography including conventional imaging, tissue Doppler imaging, and 2D speckle tracking was performed using Philips CX50 device. The 2857 participants (mean age = 52.7 ± 11.8 years) included 1673 (58.6%) women, 1125 (39.4%) hypertensive patients, 546 (19.1%) patients with microalbuminuria, and 38 (1.3%) patients with macroalbuminuria. Comorbidities were increasingly prevalent across the tertiles of UACR. Increased left ventricular (LV) mass index, decreased global longitudinal strain (GLS) and LV ejection fraction, lower E/A ratio and e′ velocity, and higher E/e′ ratio were significantly associated with higher UACR on unadjusted analyses (p ≤ .01). After adjustment for covariates, UACR was only independently associated with lower GLS (tertile 3 = 20.7% vs. tertile 1 = 20.9%; p = .04). The results of hypertensive patients (p ≤ .04) but not normotensive patients (p ≥ .16) were similar to those of the total cohort. Subgroup analyses revealed similar results in patients without coronary artery disease, or without LV hypertrophy, or without diabetes. In conclusion, increased UACR is associated with worse subclinical systolic function in Chinese hypertensive patients but not in normotensive participants.
Improvement of3Dprinting properties of rose‐sodium alginate heterogeneous gel by adjusting rose material
Authors: Feng Chunyan , Zhang Min , Bhandari Bhesh , Wang Yuchuan , Wang Bin
Published: October 2020

The main purpose of this work was to use the sodium alginate gel (NaAlg) to explore the influencing factors of 3D food printing of large‐particle heterogeneous food materials. For edible rose petals, the main factors limiting the application of roses to 3D printing are the material's non‐shear thinning characteristics, the roses being much larger in size than the nozzle diameter, and the poor stability of anthocyanins. NaAlg gel as a model system to help roses to realize 3D printing was applied. The edible rose petals needed to be color‐protected due to the high moisture content of alginate. The results showed that 1% wt./vol. chitosan treatment had the best color protection effect. In addition, the effect of sizes (<0.2, 0.2–0.5, 0.5–1.2 cm) and amount of rose petal pieces (1, 3, and 6% wt./wt.) on 3D printing behavior of heterogeneous materials were investigated. Results indicated that rose petals with a plane diameter of less than 0.5 cm and an addition of less than 6% wt./wt. can be successfully printed to exquisite shaped rich rose‐fragrance products.

Practical Applications

3D printing of roses combining with sodium alginate could produce a new type of snack food. The application of roses provides the basis for the development of heterogeneous systems for 3D food printing.
Body composition and weakness of hand grip strength and pinch strength in patients with chronic kidney disease from different ethnic backgrounds
Authors: Jiang Keruo , Slee Adrian , Davenport Andrew
Published: October 2020

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients commonly report muscle weakness and fatigue. Losing muscle mass increases mortality. Accordingly, we aimed to determine the main factors associated with loss of muscle mass and muscle weakness.

Methods

Anthropometric measurements were made in CKD patients attending a specialised clinic, along with hand grip strength (HGS), pinch strength (PS) and body composition (muscle mass and fat mass), using segmental bioimpedance assessment.

Results

We reviewed the results of 161 CKD patients; 105 male (65.2%), mean (SD) age 70.3 (15) years, body mass index (BMI) 28.8 (6.7) kg m−2. In multivariable models, both HGS and PS were independently negatively associated with age [standardised β (St β) = 0.35; 95% confidence limits (CL) = −0.32 to −0.14; St β = 0.38; 95% CL = −0.65 to −0.02; P < 0.001, respectively] and positively with appendicular muscle in the arm tested [St β = 0.34; 95% CL = 2.5–6.3; St β = 0.24; 95% CL = 0.17–0.98; P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively]. In addition, HGS was associated with male gender (St β = 0.19; 95% CL = 0.7–7.5; P = 0.019] and negatively with percentage body fat (St β = 0.22; 95% CL = −0.36 to −0.07; P = 0.003]. There were 47 (29.2%) Asian patients who had lower total skeletal muscle mass/height ratio and appendicular muscle mass/BMI ratio compared to other ethnicities [9.6 (1.8) versus 10.5 (1.6) kg m−2, P < 0.01; 0.73 (0.23) versus 0.83 (0.33) m2; P < 0.01).

Conclusions

In CKD patients, we found that muscle weakness measured by HGS and PS was associated with increasing age and loss of appendicular muscle mass. HGS was also weaker with increasing fat mass and female gender, whereas PS was weaker in patients of Asian ethnicity.
Myological reconstruction of the pelvic girdle and hind limb of the giant titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurDreadnoughtus schrani
Authors: Voegele Kristyn K. , Ullmann Paul V. , Lamanna Matthew C. , Lacovara Kenneth J.
Published: October 2020

Osteological correlates preserve more readily than their soft tissue counterparts in the fossil record; therefore, they can more often provide insight into the soft tissue anatomy of the organism. These insights can in turn elucidate the biology of these extinct organisms. In this study, we reconstruct the pelvic girdle and hind limb musculature of the giant titanosaurian sauropodDreadnoughtus schranibased on observations of osteological correlates and Extant Phylogenetic Bracket comparisons. Recovered fossils ofDreadnoughtusexhibit remarkably well‐preserved, well‐developed, and extensive muscle scars. Furthermore, this taxon is significantly larger bodied than any titanosaurian for which a myological reconstruction has previously been performed, rendering this contribution highly informative for the group. All 20 of the muscles investigated in this study are sufficiently well supported to enable reconstruction of at least one division, including reconstruction of the M. ischiocaudalis for the first time in a sauropod dinosaur. In total, 34 osteological correlates were identified on the pelvic girdle and hind limb remains ofDreadnoughtus, allowing the reconstruction of 14 muscles on the basis of Level I or Level II inferences (i.e., not Level I' or Level II' inferences). Comparisons among titanosaurians suggest widespread myological variation, yet potential phylogenetic and other paleobiologic patterns are often obscured by fragmentary preservation, infrequent myological studies, and lack of consensus on the phylogenetic placement of many taxa. However, a ventrolateral accessory process is present on the preacetabular lobe of the ilium in all of the largest titanosauriforms that preserve this skeletal element, suggesting that the presence of this process (representing the origin of the M. puboischiofemoralis internus part II) may be associated with extreme body size. By identifying such myological patterns among titanosauriforms, we can begin to address specific evolutionary and biomechanical questions related to their skeletal anatomy, how they were capable of leaving wide‐gauge trackways, and resulting locomotor attributes unique to this clade.
The Future of the Corporation and the Economics of Purpose
Authors: Mayer Colin
Published: October 2020

This article examines the economic underpinnings of the concept of corporate purpose, which has gained increasing attention from business academics, practitioners and policymakers. It argues that there are fundamental reasons for reconceptualizing the purpose of business in the future which derive from the changing nature of business and the market failures to which it gives rise. It suggests that regulation is proving increasingly inadequate at correcting market failures, and the traditional separation between economic efficiency and distribution that underpins policy formulation is untenable. Instead, the article sets out how appropriately defined notions of corporate purpose can help to promote not only better social outcomes but also enhanced functioning of firms and markets. It describes a set of principles that provide a comprehensive framework for reforming business around credible commitments to corporate purpose. The reformulation of the corporation has profound implications for the macroeconomic performance of economies as well as the microeconomics of firms and markets.
Motivation for change in the health care of children with developmental disabilities: Pilot continuing professional development‐quality improvement project
Authors: Ong Natalie , Goff Roxanne , Eapen Valsamma , Tomsic Gail , Moore Loretta , Garg Pankaj , Campbell Denise , Waters Karen , Castro Chenda , Silove Natalie
Published: October 2020

Aim

People with developmental disabilities (DDs) experience significant barriers accessing and receiving optimal health care resulting in poorer health‐care outcomes. Continuing professional development (CPD) represents an effective means to alter health‐care staff behaviour to improve the care of people with DDs. However, given the scepticism regarding the effectiveness of certain CPD models' ability to alter learner's workplace behaviour, the current pilot study developed and determined the feasibility of a novel CPD programme aimed at improving the health care provided to children with DDs.

Methods

Motivation for Change (MFC) is a novel CPD programme based on empirically based behaviour and educational strategies including motivational interviewing, flipped classroom and process mapping. It utilises input of patients, practitioners, and family members during administration of the programme. MFC was administered with 14 staff members in a Sydney Children's Hospital Sleep service.

Results

After MFC engagement, staff reported significant improvements in their knowledge of behavioural characteristics of children with DDs, the difficulties they face, how best to support them within the learner's work setting and confidence in working with children with DDs. There was a non‐significant decline in their reported need for further training and expressed high level of satisfaction with the MFC programme.

Conclusion

MFC represents a feasible means of providing CPD to health‐care staff but further research is needed to determine objective clinical behavioural change. Evaluation of the impact on patient health outcomes, parent/child satisfaction, staff sustainability and overall system functioning is also needed. It may represent an effective model of CPD for other targets of health‐care improvement.
Internalized homophobia, self‐esteem, social support and depressive symptoms among sexual and gender minority women in Taiwan: An online survey
Authors: Wang Ya‐Ching , Miao Nae‐Fang , Chang Shiow‐Ru
Published: October 2020

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Sexual minority individuals are more likely to experience depressive disorders than heterosexual individuals.

Factors associated with depressive symptoms among sexual minority individuals have been explored and examined; however, there is a limited evidence to understand the factors among sexual minority women in non‐western countries.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

To the best our knowledge, this is the first study examining internalized homophobia, self‐esteem, social support and depressive symptoms among sexual minority women in Taiwan.

Sexual minority women at risk of having depressive symptoms had a higher level of internalized homophobia, lower self‐esteem and fewer support from partners, friends, and families.

Specifically, being single, being a student and having a higher personal income increased the risk of having depressive symptoms among sexual minority women.

What are the implications for practice?

Mental health practitioners and nurses should be aware of and assess sexual minority women's level of internalized homophobia, self‐esteem, and received social support to reduce the risk of depressive symptoms and thus help prevent suicidal ideation.

LGBT sex education and government involvement are essential to buffer the negative influences of a homophobic society on the mental health of sexual minority women.

Introduction

Sexual minority women are more likely to report depressive symptoms than sexual minority men. However, there is a lack of evidence to understand factors associated with depressive symptoms among sexual minority women in non‐western countries.

Aim

This study examined internalized homophobia, self‐esteem, social support and depressive symptoms among Taiwanese sexual minority women.

Method

A total of 581 Taiwanese sexual minority women (Age range 20–48 years old, Mean 26.96, SD 5.718) completed an online survey.

Results

Taiwanese sexual minority women at risk of having depressive symptoms had a higher level of internalized homophobia and lower self‐esteem. Perceived support from participants’ partners, friends and families was related to lower risk of depressive symptoms. Being single, being a student and having a higher personal income were also found to increase the risk of having depressive symptoms among the women.

Discussion

Mental health interventions are essential for sexual minority women with internalized homophobia and low self‐esteem.

Implications for Practice

Mental health practitioners and nurses should be aware of and assess the concerns that sexual minority women have regarding healthcare services and provide culturally competent care to reduce the risk of depressive symptoms.
Telehealth Use in a Rural State: A Mixed‐Methods Study Using Maine's All‐Payer Claims Database
Authors: Jonk Yvonne C. , Burgess Amanda , Williamson Martha Elbaum , Thayer Deborah , MacKenzie Jennifer , McGuire Catherine , Fox Kimberley , Coburn Andrew F.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This study assesses trends in telehealth use in Maine—a rural state with comprehensive telehealth policies—across payers, services, and rurality, and identifies barriers and facilitators to the adoption and use of telehealth services.

Methods

Using a mixed‐methods approach, researchers analyzed data from Maine's All Payer Claims Database (2008‐2016) and key informant interviews with health care organization leaders to examine telehealth use and explore factors impacting telehealth adoption and implementation.

Findings

Despite a 14‐fold increase in the use of telehealth over the 9‐year study period, use remains low—0.28% of individuals used telehealth services in 2016 compared with 0.02% in 2008. Services provided via telehealth varied by rurality; speech language pathology (SLP) was the most common type of service among rural residents, while psychiatric services were most common among urban residents. Medicaid was the primary payer for over 70% of telehealth claims in both rural and urban areas of the state, driving the increase of telehealth claims over time. Issues challenging organizations seeking to deploy telehealth included provider resistance, staff turnover, provider shortages, and lack of broadband. Key informants identified inadequate and inconsistent reimbursement as barriers to comprehensive, systematic billing for telehealth services, resulting in underrepresentation of telehealth services in claims data.

Conclusions

Claims covered by Medicaid account for much of the observed expansion of telehealth use in Maine. Telehealth appears to be improving access to behavioral health and SLP services. Provider shortages, broadband, and Medicare and commercial coverage policies limit the use of telehealth services in rural areas.
Behavioral and Neural Responses to Tone Errors in Foreign‐Accented Mandarin
Authors: Pelzl Eric , Lau Ellen F. , Jackson Scott R. , Guo Taomei , Gor Kira
Published: October 2020

Previous event‐related potentials (ERP) research has investigated how foreign accent modulates listeners’ neural responses to lexical‐semantic and morphosyntactic errors. We extended this line of research to consider whether pronunciation errors in Mandarin Chinese are processed differently when a foreign‐accented speaker makes them relative to when a native‐accented speaker makes them (a conceptual replication using the materials from Pelzl et al., 2019). We evaluated behavioral judgments, the N400, and late positive component while native speakers listened to native and foreign‐accented sentences containing tone and rhyme pronunciation errors. We observed effects that suggested that the participants were prone to detect errors in foreign‐accented speech more often in sentences with no critical word deviation but also were less likely to reject critical tone errors produced by the foreign‐accented speaker. ERP results showed a main effect of accent on late positive components that suggested a difference in degree for sensitivity to foreign‐accented compared to native‐accented pronunciation errors rather than a completely different response pattern. We found no effect of accent on N400s, with statistically significant differences between tone and rhyme errors regardless of speaker accent.
School nurses' perceptions regarding barriers and facilitators in caring for children with chronic diseases in school settings: A mixed studies review
Authors: Uhm Ju‐Yeon , Choi Mi‐Young , Lee Hyojung
Published: October 2020

This study aimed to understand school nurses' perceptions regarding barriers to and facilitators for health care services for children with chronic diseases in school settings. Using the PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, and Web of Science databases, a mixed studies review was conducted for literature published between January 2011 and June 2020. We performed a mixed‐methods systematic review using a convergent integrated approach. A quality appraisal of the included studies was conducted using a mixed‐methods appraisal tool. Twenty‐seven articles (10 qualitative, 10 quantitative, and seven mixed‐methods) that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Integrated findings that emerged from data synthesis were categorized into four levels (intrapersonal level, interpersonal level, institutional level, and community and public policy level) based on a socio‐ecological model framework. This mixed systematic review provides a comprehensive understanding of school nurses' perceived barriers and facilitators when providing school health care for students with chronic diseases and how these barriers and facilitators interact across multiple systems. Further policies and strategies should be developed to provide effective school health services considering this study's findings.
Fracture of an S‐ICD lead after two prior transvenous lead‐related complications with conventional defibrillators
Authors: Gutleben Klaus‐Jürgen , Nelovic Valjbona , Pujdak Krzysztof , Werner Marc , Osmani Ibrahim , Kähler Jan
Published: October 2020

Six months after subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S‐ICD) implantation a 26‐year‐old Brugada patient presented because of a beeping tone emitted by his device. Chest X‐ray displayed two functionless transvenous shock leads and the S‐ICD system with a lead fracture. During lead revision procedure, extensive preparation of the lead from unexpectedly firm surrounding fibrous tissue encapsulating the lead was necessary before it could be removed, and a new shock lead could be implanted.

This is the first report of an S‐ICD lead exchange due to very early lead fracture and unexpectedly severe fibrous tissue hampering surgical lead extraction.
Synchronous clear cell renal cell carcinoma and clonal plasmacytoid cell infiltration: A case report and literature review
Authors: Takahara Taishi , Satou Akira , Tsuzuki Toyonori
Published: October 2020

Recent studies of tumor microenvironments have revealed that clonal B cells reacting to tumor‐derived antigens play an important role in anti‐tumor immunity. We report a case of a 72‐year‐old Japanese man with a complaint of fever for 1 month. Computed tomography revealed a 48 mm mass in his right kidney. The patient underwent a right nephrectomy and histology revealed clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) of Fuhrman Grade 4 with rhabdoid morphology. Focally, marked plasmacytoid cell infiltration was detected in the carcinoma. These plasmacytoid cells were immunohistochemically positive for immunoglobulin (Ig) G, and kappa light chain restriction was confirmed using mRNA in situ hybridization. Programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) immunostaining and RNA in situ hybridization of transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) revealed that both PD‐L1 and TGF‐β were highly expressed in the area with clonal plasmacytoid cell infiltration. The patient developed bone metastasis 3 months after surgery, and plasmacytoma was not detected during the observation period. We identified a potential link between an immunosuppressive microenvironment and clonal B cell proliferation. The latter posed a differential diagnosis problem between reactive and neoplastic clonal B cell proliferation vis‐à‐vis a plasmacytoma complicating carcinoma.
Gastritis cystica profunda is associated with aberrant p53 and Epstein–Barr virus in gastric cancer: A clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study
Authors: Itami Hiroe , Morita Kohei , Nakai Tokiko , Uchiyama Tomoko , Sugimoto Sumire , Sasaki Shoh , Matsuoka Minami , Myojin Tomoya , Nitta Yuji , Okabe Fumi , Fujii Tomomi , Hatakeyama Kinta , Mitoro Akira , Sho Masayuki , Ohbayashi Chiho
Published: October 2020

Gastritis cystica profunda (GCP) is a lesion characterized by cystic gastric glands within the submucosa. Some studies have reported that GCP is a precancerous lesion. Here, we investigated the association between GCP and gastric cancer. Gastric cancer specimens were taken from 1432 patients undergoing surgery or endoscopic submucosal resection and were classified as GCP or non‐GCP. The clinicopathological features, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization expression of p53, Ki‐67, KCNE2, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) were compared between the two groups, as well as between GCPs and normal pyloric glands. One hundred and eighty patients (12.6%) had GCPs. In the GCP group, no cancerous lesions were found within the GCPs, but 13% were linked to GCPs and 60.2% were located above or near GCPs. Aberrant p53 expression, EBV‐positive cancer cells and PD‐L1 scores were significantly higher in the GCP group. The p53 score and Ki‐67 labelling index were significantly higher and the KCNE2 score was significantly lower in GCPs than in pyloric glands. Although we suggest GCP is paracancerous, GCP has high proliferation activity and gastric cancer with GCP is associated with aberrant p53 and EBV. GCP is associated with aberrant p53 expression and EBV.
Does the Stringency of State Tax and Expenditure Limitations Discourage Political Manipulation in Fiscal Reserves?
Authors: Ryu Seeun , Cho Inyoung , Kim Jiseul
Published: October 2020

This article examines how state tax and expenditure limitations (TELs) affect the size of fiscal reserves over election cycles. Using a panel data set of 47 U.S. states from 1986 to 2013, we find that the persistent pattern of electoral cycles in general fund balances (GFBs) disappears in states with stricter TELs. Regarding a budget stabilization fund balances (BSFs), the preelection and election downward effect diminishes and becomes statistically insignificant while the postelection upward effect increases and becomes significant in states with stricter TELs. Our findings reveal that the stringency of TELs not only eliminates electioneering's impact on GFBs but also coincides with increases in BSFs, particularly in postelection years. Consistent with the principal–agent theory, politicians tend to use a budget stabilization fund (BSF) as a secondary saving account to circumvent stronger TELs and save more BSFs after elections.
The Evolving Field of Risk Communication
Authors: Balog‐Way Dominic , McComas Katherine , Besley John
Published: October 2020

The 40th Anniversary of the Society for Risk Analysis presents an apt time to step back and review the field of risk communication. In this review, we first evaluate recent debates over the field's current state and future directions. Our takeaway is that efforts to settle on a single, generic version of what constitutes risk communication will be less productive than an open‐minded exploration of the multiple forms that comprise today's vibrant interdisciplinary field. We then review a selection of prominent cognitive, cultural, and social risk communication scholarship appearing in the published literature since 2010. Studies on trust in risk communication messengers continued to figure prominently, while new research directions emerged on the opportunities and critical challenges of enhancing transparency and using social media. Research on message attributes explored how conceptual insights particularly relating to framing, affective and emotional responses, and uncertainty might be operationalized to improve message effectiveness. Studies consistently demonstrated the importance of evaluation and how varying single attributes alone is unlikely to achieve desired results. Research on risk communication audiences advanced on risk perception and multiway engagement with notable interest in personal factors such as gender, race, age, and political orientation. We conclude by arguing that the field's interdisciplinary tradition should be further nurtured to drive the next evolutionary phase of risk communication research.
I’m Only Kidding: On Racist and Ethnic Jokes
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: October 2020

Toward the end of his book Jokes, perhaps the best known philosophical treatment of the subject, Ted Cohen includes a notorious joke about a group of young Black men who are deterred from committing a gang rape by being thrown a basketball. This is a joke that perplexes Cohen and that he admits plays into stereotypes that presuppose the mindless obsession of Black youths with basketball as well as their unbridled sexuality. He agrees that the joke is morally bad and that it would be a better world without it. But he denies that its evil compromises its alleged funniness. He writes: “Wish that there were no mean jokes. Try remaking the world so that such jokes will have no place, will not arise. But do not deny that they are funny. That denial is a pretense that will help nothing.” In this paper, I want to challenge the claim that the moral defectiveness of a joke, especially a racist joke, cannot ever compromise its capacity to be funny.
Contour line simplification method based on the two‐level Bellman–Ford algorithm
Authors: He Guangjing , Zhang Xinchang , Sun Ying , Luo Guowei , Chen Liyan
Published: October 2020

The contour line is one of the basic elements of a topographic map. Existing contour line simplification methods are generally applied to maps without topological errors. However, contour lines acquired from a digital elevation model (DEM) may contain topological errors before simplification. Targeted at contour lines with topological errors, a progressive simplification method based on the two‐level Bellman–Ford algorithm is proposed in this study. Simplified contour lines and elevation error bands were extracted from the DEM. The contour lines of the elevation error bands were initially simplified with the Bellman–Ford (BF) algorithm. The contour lines were then segmented using the vertices of the initial simplification result and connected curves with the same bending direction were merged into a new curve. Subsequently, various directed graphs of the merged curves were constructed and a second simplification was made using the BF algorithm. Finally, the simplification result was selected based on the similarity between several simplification results and adjacent contour lines. The experimental results indicate that the main shapes of the contour groups can be maintained with this method and original topological errors are resolved.
Cotton‐tip debridement, scalpel blade debridement, and superficial grid keratotomy for treatment of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED): A retrospective evaluation of 308 cases
Authors: Boutin Marie‐Pier , Coutellier Martin , Ollivier Franck J.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the clinical course and outcome of canine SCCEDs treated with a combination of cotton‐tip debridement (CTD), scalpel blade debridement (SBD), and superficial grid keratotomy (SGK).

Methods

Medical records of dogs diagnosed with SCCED and treated by the same diplomate (FJO) from 2011 to 2019 were reviewed. Age, breed, sex, affected eye, time of onset before treatment, previous procedures performed, time to healing, need for a second treatment, and complications were reported.

Results

A total of 308 eyes (291 dogs) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. All dogs received the same treatment (CTD + SBD + SGK) and the same topical medication (tobramycin 0.3% solution and sodium chloride 5% ointment). All eyes healed. Mean age at presentation was 9 years and 6 months (114.4 ± SD 28.0 months), and Boxer was the most common breed (93/308; 30.2%). Mean corneal healing time was 11.5 days (±SD 6.6). Complications occurred in 15/308 (4.9%) eyes. The three main complications observed were infected epithelial ulcer, infected stromal ulcer, and melting corneal ulcer, and 7/15 (46.7%) of the complications were diagnosed in Boston Terrier. Healing occurred after one treatment in 299/308 (97.1%) eyes, and the remaining cases needed a second treatment.

Conclusions

CTD + SBD + SGK is an inexpensive and efficient treatment for SCCED in dogs. Boston Terrier may be at higher risk of developing complications following this procedure.
Choroidal melanocytic tumors in dogs: A retrospective study
Authors: Badanes Zachary , Espinheira Gomes Filipe , Ledbetter Eric C.
Published: October 2020

Objective

To describe clinical features of dogs diagnosed with choroidal melanocytic tumors at a veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals studied

Retrospective case series of 13 dogs (14 melanocytic tumors) with choroidal melanocytic tumors.

Procedures

Medical records of dogs evaluated by the Cornell University ophthalmology service with a clinical diagnosis of a choroidal melanocytic tumor between 2008 and 2020 were reviewed. A choroidal melanocytic tumor was clinically defined as any well‐demarcated, raised pigmented choroidal lesion underlying the retina. Histopathology results were consulted when available. Signalment and clinical features were recorded, including fundoscopic location, histopathologic findings, treatment, and outcome.

Results

Choroidal melanocytic tumors were identified in 14 eyes of 13 dogs. The mean (±standard deviation) of dogs was 8.6 (±3.5) years. Seven different breeds were represented, with Labrador/Labrador mix being the most common. Ten of the 14 melanocytic tumors were diagnosed incidentally. Four dogs presented for vision loss and ocular discomfort, and diagnosis was made on histopathology examination following enucleation. Pulmonary metastasis was suspected in one dog with an incidentally found choroidal melanocytic tumor OD. Fundoscopic location was available for 8 melanocytic tumors, with 6 (75%) located in the tapetal fundus. Histopathologic diagnosis was melanocytoma for 3 and malignant melanoma in 1 globe, with optic nerve head invasion in 50%. Local recurrence was not seen in any orbit following enucleation.

Conclusion

Choroidal melanocytic tumors are uncommon in dogs. Metastasis appears to be rare and was only suspected in one dog, but intraocular tumor growth can lead to retinal detachment, glaucoma, and necessitate enucleation.
The Evidence Base in Exercise Knowledge of Pregnant Women: A Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Lee Ching‐Fang , Lin Yuan‐Horng , Chi Li‐Kang , Lin Hsien‐Ming , Huang Jian‐Pei
Published: October 2020

Background

Exercise has many benefits for women with uncomplicated pregnancies. However, poor exercise knowledge may contribute to problems or barriers that reduce a woman’s level of exercise after becoming pregnant.

Aim

This study was performed to identify pregnancy exercise knowledge among pregnant women using latent class analysis and to examine the relationship between pregnancy exercise knowledge patterns and sociodemographic characteristics.

Design

A descriptive, cross‐sectional approach was used in this study.

Methods

Participants were recruited from the prenatal outpatient departments of two hospitals and a certified prenatal center in Taipei, Taiwan. A total of 618 participants completed a pregnancy exercise knowledge test. The data were analyzed using WINMIRA and SPSS 20.0 software.

Results

Two latent classes were identified based on exercise knowledge among pregnant women. The Accurate Knowledge group (n = 543, 87.9%), which had a higher latent trait for exercise knowledge (M = 1.31, SD = 0.94), was larger than the Limited Knowledge group (n = 75, 12.1%), which had a lower latent trait (M = −0.22, SD = 1.14). The principles of exercise for pregnant women, particularly the appropriate intensity and duration, may be difficult items for women in the Limited Knowledge group to understand. Women with Limited Knowledge had significantly lower education levels and greater rates of unemployment, multiparity, and miscarriage than women in the Accurate Knowledge group.

Linking Evidence to Action

A two‐class system for interpreting exercise knowledge among pregnant women is statistically supported. We believe that this study has evidence‐based potential to help healthcare providers improve pregnant women’s exercise knowledge as part of routine prenatal care to promote exercise.
Feasibility Study of the One-Dimensional Radiation Distribution Sensing Method Using an Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Wavelength Spectrum Unfolding
Authors: Terasaka Yuta , Watanabe Kenichi , Uritani Akira , Yamazaki Atsushi , Sato Yuki , Torii Tatsuo , Wakaida Ikuo
Published: October 2020

We propose a novel one-dimensional radiation distribution sensing method using an optical fiber sensor based on wavelength spectrum unfolding for the application in the measurement of the high dose rate hot spots inside the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station (FDNPS) buildings. The proposed method estimates the incident position of radiation to the fiber by the unfolding of wavelength spectrum output from the fiber edge on the premise that the attenuation length of light along the fiber depends on a wavelength. Because this method measures integrated light intensity, it can avoid the problem of counting loss and signal pile-up, which occurs in a radiation detector with the pulse counting mode under the high dose rate field. Basic properties of source position detection were confirmed through basic experiments using an ultraviolet light source and 90Sr/90Y radioactive point source.
Electrochemical Stability and Performance of Li2OHCl Substituted by F or Br as Solid-State Electrolyte
Authors: Lee Yong-Seok , Jung Su-Yeon , Ryu Kwang-Sun
Published: October 2020

Li2(OH)0.9F0.1Cl, Li2(OH)0.9Br0.1Cl, and Li2OHCl0.8Br0.2 solid electrolytes were synthesized and compared with Li2OHCl to analyze the exact improvement mechanism for Li+ conductivity and electrochemical stability of Li2OHX-type solid electrolyte. The substituted materials exhibit improved electrochemical stability and Li+ conductivity Li2OHCl. Among these materials, Li(OH)0.9F0.1Cl has improved Li+ conductivity due to a reduction of the OH– concentration and the conductivity of Li2OHCl0.8Br0.2 was also increased compared with Li2OHCl due to the large interstitial site. In the case of Li2(OH)0.9Br0.1Cl, it had the highest Li+ conductivity and good Li+ migration by both effects because of a larger interstitial site and low OH− concentration. Furthermore, the electrochemical stability of four materials was compared due to the different structural stabilities and strengths of binary chemical bonds such as Li–X, H–X, and O–X. Comparing the Li+ conductivity of Li2(OH)0.9F0.1Cl and Li2OHCl0.8Br0.2, the Li+ conductivity is influenced by the OH− concentration unlike the other mechanisms.
Experimental Study on Deteriorated Performance, Vibration, and Geometry Changes of an Electrical Submersible Pump Under Sand Water Flow Condition
Authors: Zhu Haiwen , Zhu Jianjun , Rutter Risa , Zhang Hong-Quan
Published: October 2020

In the oil and gas industry, the proppant backflow from fracturing wells severely reduces the lifespan of widely used downhole electrical submersible pumps (ESPs). In field applications, a minimal sand concentration may cause severe damage to ESPs in a short time. In order to resist the three-body abrasive sand wear, flanged tungsten carbide sleeves are used in ESPs. However, the wear-resistant performance of different pump geometry is not well analyzed and understood. Therefore, a 64 h pump erosion and abrasion test was conducted with water at the pump's best efficient flowrate with a sand concentration of 1 wt% to imitate the damage caused by short-term proppant backflow. The test was divided into several periods, after which the pump performance, paint-removal wear pattern, eroded pump geometries, and stage vibration were measured and recorded. The wear-rate on pump stage geometries gradually decreased at the beginning of 8–16 h. Then, the carbide sleeves started to help sustain the pump rotation. As a result, the wear-rate and pump vibration became relatively stable. Therefore, the wear mechanism in the secondary flow region (seal rings and sleeves) is believed to change from abrasive wear to the combined erosive-abrasive wear. The pump overall performance decreased by approximately 10% after the 64 h test. The performance, pump geometry, and vibration data are previous for understanding wear mechanism, predicting failures, improving pump design, and saving the well service cost.