bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute oral toxicity study of wound healing drink from Ocimum tenuiflorum on adult female Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: J. Rohini , M.S. Rabeta , M.F. Wan Ezumi
Published: February 2021

In this study, the extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum was formulated to promote wound
healing and no acute toxicity study has been reported on this type of formulation. Acute
oral toxicity results of the rats after administration of 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW)
formulation showed no toxic effects and behavioural changes of the rats after 14 days of
observation. On day 14, the rats were anaesthetized to collect the vital organs for
histopathological examination. The microscopy study of the visceral organs of wound
healing powder group shows no sign of toxicity in comparison to untreated rats organs. In
conclusion, the result of the acute oral toxicity test of wound healing drink showed no sign
of toxicity, as corroborated by a histopathological study.
The Use of VR for Creating Therapeutic Environments for the Health and Wellbeing of Military Personnel, Their Families and Their Communities
Authors: McIntosh Jacqueline , Rodgers Maria , Marques Bruno , Gibbard Alysha
Published: February 2021

© Wichmann Verlag, VDE VERLAG GMBH ·. A military lifestyle can have profound impacts on an individual’s health and wellbeing. In-creasingly, new technologies such as the creation of Virtual Reality (VR) are being explored as bridging mechanisms to provide ‘space’ and to aid with other therapies. The overarching research programme investigates the therapeutic and social qualities of landscape and how these can be translated into an immersive virtual environment. There is a specific focus regarding immersive VR environments and how these could be used as a tool to promote positive health, wellbeing, and social connection within the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF).
Sense of Place and Belonging in Developing Culturally Appropriate Therapeutic Environments: A Review
Authors: Marques Bruno , Freeman Claire , Carter Lynette , Zari Maibritt Pedersen
Published: February 2021

The connection the Māori, the Indigenous people of Aotearoa-New Zealand, have to the land is threatened by the effects of colonisation, urbanisation and other factors. In particular, many Māori suffer significant health and wellbeing inequalities compared to the non-Māori population. In an effort to reduce such inequalities, there is a growing consciousness of the need to better understand the cultural and place-specific determinants that affect the health and wellbeing of population groups in different environments. This article explores how environmental and cultural connections to land enable the development of place-specific and culturally-driven principles that promote the health and wellbeing of Māori populations. It argues that concepts of place, belonging, landscape and wellbeing play an important role in linking environment and culture as well as in contributing to creating therapeutic spatial environments that promote both human health and ecosystems. A set of principles is developed that allows for the landscape design of such therapeutic environments while accommodating the socio-cultural and environmental values that promote health and wellbeing of both Māori and non-Māori people.
Improving Community Health and Wellbeing through Multi-functional Green Infrastructure in Cities Undergoing Densification
Authors: Marques Bruno , McIntosh jacqueline , Chanse victoria
Published: February 2021

Evidence shows that maintaining a relationship with nature is essential for human health and wellbeing. This is of great importance when migration to urban areas is increasing globally and the need for nature as well as green and blue spaces as a source of recreation and relaxation is highly regarded for the health and wellbeing of local communities. Sustainable urban development and alternative design solutions to address urban compactness and densification are becoming increasingly important tools to counteract the adverse effects of urban sprawl. In the context of the highly compact bicultural capital city of Wellington, Aotearoa-New Zealand, this paper examines the effects of urban densification and compact city development in urban green spaces. It explores how architecture and landscape architecture can transform urban environments into desirable places to live and capitalise on the potentials of interstitial spaces, outdated zoning and changing land-use. To achieve that, it looks at green and blue infrastructure design solutions and opportunities that foster sustainable intensification and by offering new views for health and wellbeing that improve the social, cultural and environmental health of the city.
Bicultural landscapes and ecological restoration in the compact city: The case of Zealandia as a sustainable ecosanctuary
Authors: Marques Bruno , McIntosh Jacqueline , Hatton W , Shanahan D
Published: February 2021

© 2019, © 2019 European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools (ECLAS). In the context of the highly compact bicultural capital city of Wellington, New Zealand, this paper explores the development of an ecosanctuary initiated by the community. The indigenous flora and fauna was damaged as a result of the introduction of mammalian predators and aggressive plant species when the country was colonized, and through intensive urbanization. The restoration of the indigenous flora and fauna and the reintroduction of birdsong has resulted in a significant increase in commercial ecotourism. This paper explores health and well-being opportunities resulting from seeing the sanctuary through a Māori lens. It examines the phenomenon of Zealandia, where green and blue infrastructures foster emerging ecologies while accommodating visitor services and improving the social, cultural, economic, and environmental health of the city. It finds that the benefits of this compact urban landscape far exceed the original goals of the project and it offers new prospects for health and well-being through intensification by addressing sustainability holistically and including socio-cultural perspectives and initiatives.
Sectarianism in Pakistan: A Statistical Analysis of Problems of Shia Hazara Community of Quetta
Authors: Gulshan Majeed
Published: February 2021

Pakistan was created on the name of religion and it was perceived by the leaders that religion would prove a binding factor among various ethnic and religious identities of Pakistan but it could not happen because religion was not implemented in its true sense. The phenomenon of sectarianism emerged as a significant issue specifically during the decade of 1980s in the era of General Zia because of Islamization process. Quetta, the city of Balochistan has largest Shia Hazara community and this community has become victim of Suicide attacks, bomb blasts and terrorist acts. This community feels itself highly insecure in Quetta. Researcher has conducted research on this sensitive issue of sectarian violence against Shia Hazara community of Quetta by using primary and secondary sources to collect data. This study will highlight actual grievances of this community and provide guidance to the policy makers to understand the real concerns of this community.
Model Bangkitan Perjalanan Penduduk Perumahan Pinggiran Kota (Studi Kasus Perumahan Bukit Bambe Driyorejo Gresik)
Authors: Susanti Anita , Wibisono R. Endro , Kusuma Emil Andrean
Published: February 2021

Perumahan Bukit Bambe Gresik akan menimbulkan bangkitan perjalanan yang akan membebani jalur-jalur tertentu terutama pada Jalan Raya Mastrip yang selama ini dikenal dengan jalan rawan kemacetan karena land use, sehingga perlu diketahui model bangkitan perjalanan dari perumahan Bukit Bambe. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan dua metode yaitu survei primer dan survei sekunder. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisa regresi linier yang dibantu perangkat lunak komputer SPSS 17. Karakteristik pedududuk perumahan Bukit Bambe yaitu jumlah anggota keluarga 51 % berjumlah 4 orang, jumlah pendapatan 39% sebesar Rp. 6.000.000,00 - Rp. 8.000.000,00, jumlah pegawai, mahasiswa dan pelajar 39% berjumlah 3 orang, Jumlah kepemilikan sepeda motor 46% memiliki 2 unit, dan jumlah kepemilikan mobil 60% tidak memiliki mobil. Sedangkan untuk karakteristik perjalanan penduduk perumahan Bukit Bambe yaitu jumlah biaya transportasi 47 % sebesar Rp. 0. - Rp. 19.999,00, jumlah lama waktu perjalanan 41% selama 31 – 60 menit, jumlah jarak perjalanan 38% sebesar 16 – 30 km, jumlah perjalanan 38% berjumlah 6 perjalanan, moda transportasi yang digunakan 74% menggunakan sepeda motor dan tujuan perjalaan 41,8% menuju ke kecamatan Karang Pilang, Wiyung, Gayungan, Wonokromo, Dukuh Pakis, Jambangan, Wonocolo dan Sawahan. Model bangkitan perjalanan yang dihasilkan yaitu Y = 0,014+0,023X1+3,313x 10-8X2+1,934X3–0,137X4–0,122X5–1,291x10-6X6+0,004X7+0,001X8.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and DFT study of methyl 3-fluoro- 5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzoate and (2-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl) (pyrrolidin-1-yl)methanone compounds
Authors: Huang P.-Y. , Yang Z.-S. , Wu Q.-M. , Yang D.-Z. , Chen J.-J. , Chai H.-F. , Zhao C.-S.
Published: February 2021

Methyl 3-fluoro-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzoate and (2-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)(pyrrolidin-1-yl)methanone are boric acid ester intermediates with benzene rings. In this paper, the title compounds are obtained by a three-step substitution reaction. The structures of the compounds are confirmed by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. At the same time, single crystals of the title compounds are measured by X-ray diffraction and subjected to crystallographic and conformational analyses. The molecular structures are further calculated using density functional theory (DFT) and, which were compared with the X-ray diffraction value. The results of the conformational analysis indicate that the molecular structures optimized by DFT are consistent with the crystal structures determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In addition, the molecular electrostatic potential and frontier molecular orbitals of the title compounds are further investigated by DFT, and some physicochemical properties of the compounds are revealed.
A novel tetranuclear nickel(II) salamo-based complex adopting two open cubic structures: synthesis, chracterization, DFT calculation, Hirshfeld analysis, and fluorescent properties
Authors: Xie K.-F. , Li L.-L. , Li W.-D. , Xu X. , Dong W.-K.
Published: February 2021

A novel tetranuclear Ni(II) complex [Ni4(L)2(N3)4Cl(MeOH)3]·CH3COCH3 is synthesized via a symmetrical salamo-based ligand H2L, NiCl2·6H2O, and NaN3. The structure is characte­rized by elemental analyses, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The X-ray crystal analysis shows that Ni(II) atoms in the Ni(II) complex have distorted octahedral geometries. It is the key factor that the ligand containing 3-position methoxy groups gives rise to the formation of the tetranuclear Ni(II) complex. When NO3– anions are used to bridge two Ni2 atoms, there are two symmetrical open cubic structures. The Ni(II) complex forms a 3D supramolecular structure through intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions. Using the Hirshfeld surface to clarify interactions between the molecules, the percentages of C—H/H—C, O—H/H—O, and H—H/H—H contacts are calculated as 19.0 %, 15.3 %, and 54.0 %, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) studies show that the stability of the Ni(II) complex is much higher than that of H2L. The calculation of the fluorescence titration experiment can give K = 1.05·108 M–1, which further proves the stability of the Ni(II) complex.
The Effectiveness of Health Promotion on Increasing the Knowledge of Covid-19 among Islamic High School Students in Depok, West Java
Authors:   Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta, Hadiwiardjo Yanti Harjono , Wahyuningsih Sri ,   Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta, Savitri Pritha Maya ,   Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta
Published: February 2021

Background: After undergoing a large-scale social distancing period of 5 months, and considering learning needs, the Ministry of Education and Culture decided to carry out face-to-face learning for schools in the green and yellow zones by implementing strict health protocols. Students, teachers, administrative staff, and workers need to have knowledge about Covid-19. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge of Dian Didaktika Islamic high school students regarding Covid-19 before and after being given health promotion in preparation for face-to-face learning. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Dian Didaktika Islamic high school, Jakarta. All high school students of class X, XI and XII totaling 164 people were enrolled in this study. The independent variable was health promotion using powerpoints and the dependent variable in this study was the level of knowledge. The level of knowledge was measured using questionnaire and analyzed using Wilcoxon test. Results: The majority of students were 16 years old (47.0%), male. (54.9%), and from class X students (58.5%). The level of knowledge on Covid-19 was increased after being given health education (Mean= 77.48) than before being given education (Mean= 72.88), and they were statistically significant (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Health promotion can increase knowledge about Covid-19 among high school students. Keywords: Covid-19, students, knowledge, health promotion Correspondence: Yanti Harjono Hadiwiardjo. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta. Email: yantiharjono@upnvj.ac.id. Telp: 082124018795 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.04
The Effectiveness of Mobile Application as Educational Intervention to Prevent Stunting: A Systematic Review
Authors:   Masters Program of Hospital Administration, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Stasya Naenda , Sulistiadi Wahyu ,   Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia
Published: February 2021

Background: Stunting is a global issue that, including Indonesia, has not been resolved until now. The Sustainable Development Goals are targeted for 2030 so that the problem of stunting can be fully resolved. In order to reduce the incidence of stunting, interventions through education to increase knowledge and behavior change have been shown to be successful. In order to prevent stunting through mobile applications, communication technology development is expected to be more effective than interpersonal campaigns. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of mobile application as educational intervention to prevent stunting. Subjects and Methods: This was a systematic review study. Articles were obtained from Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar through a search using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). The articles taken were published in 2019-2020. Results: Of the total of 11 articles, interpersonal educational interventions on health issues have been shown to have significant effects and results. However, there was no study that simultaneously discusses the comparison in one study of the effectiveness of interpersonal education intervention and mobile application. The advantages of intervention through mobile applications were 1) many people in different socio-cultures can accept mobile phones that have been widely used, 2) cost-effective, 3) people can access information easily whenever necessary, and 4) get stronger engagement because monitoring can be carried out continuously. Conclusion: Innovative educational interventions can be carried out through mobile applications with the development of communication technology and health promotion research, which have the advantage of being stronger, easier for the public to accept, stronger engagement, and cost-effectiveness. Keywords: mobile application, health promotion, stunting Correspondence: Naenda Stasya. Masters Program of Hospital Administration, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia. Email: naenda.stasya@gmail.com. Mobile: 082121280037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.09
Analytical Study of Fatigue-crack Propagation on Web-Gap Plate
Authors: Tobita Ryo , Suzuki Hirohisa
Published: February 2021

The study describes behaviour of fatigue-cracks for evaluation of structural repair priority.
Around 65% of the total length of the Metropolitan Expressway in Japan is composed of viaducts
made of steel. And fatigue crack problem has been occurred on the steel structures. In particular,
around 30% of all the fatigue-cracks occurred at “Web-Gap Plate(WGP)” which is attached in plate
girder bridges. This study focused on the fact that those cracks do not always induce collapse of the
girder bridge immediately, even though the number of cracks, which are needed to repair, is
becoming increasing.
As a result of the study, repair priorities of around 60% cracks on WGP can be lowered by analysing
maintenance data accumulated since 2001.
Design of steel and composite structures for robustness
Authors: Hoffmann Nadine , Kuhlmann Ulrike
Published: February 2021

The paper briefly reports on investigations concerning the robustness of steel and composite
structures. When applying the alternate load path method for redistributing the loads resulting
from a column loss especially the detailed consideration of the behaviour of beam‐to‐column
joints is important. A crucial aspect is the investigation of the available rotation capacity of the
joints as well as the required rotation capacity of the joints. Finally a method is presented that can
be used in order to verify the rotation capacity for permanent load situation as well as for accidental
load situations.
A numerical approach for Structural System Identification by Observability Techniques
Authors: Lozano Galant Jose Antonio , Nogal Maria , Lei Jun , Xu Dong , Turmo José
Published: February 2021

Observability techniques enable the structural system identification of static structures from a symbolic approach. The main advantage of this method is its deep mathematical foundation that enables the definition of parametric equations for the estimates. Nevertheless, this symbolic approach is not enough for the application of this method on actual structures. To fill this gap, this article presents the introduction into the symbolic structural system identification by observability techniques of a new numerical approach. This application includes the development of an algorithm that reduces the unavoidable numerical errors produced by the lack of precision of computers. The comparison of the observability technique with other existing methods presented in the literature shows that the number of required measurements is significantly lower. Furthermore, contrary to other analysed methods, no information from the undamaged structure is required.
Checking of Structural Safety – Experiences with Large-Scale Structures
Authors: Hertle Robert , Hertle Thomas
Published: February 2021

Safeguarding the structural integrity and hence preventing the people from undue hazards is an elementary task of a society. The peculiarities of structural engineering make it impossible to hark back to quality management systems well known from industrial production processes. The proto- type-design typical for civil engineering structures requires different as well as enhanced strate- gies. By discussing three large scale projects, the German approach to this task will be explained. Emphasis is laid especially on the technical and economic independence of the reviewing process.
Experiences in infrastructure and bridge risk management
Authors: Franchetti Paolo , Frizzarin Michele
Published: February 2021

The paper presents the results of some experiences acquired in the past years in the field of Infrastructure and in particular bridge risk management. The assessment of the health conditions of existing infrastructures, on the basis of different levels of evaluation and different steps of analysis is presented. For some structures (i.e. Rio-Niterói Bridge, length 13,29 km) the work involved the definition and implementation of a Monitoring Plan for all the structural elements. Moreover, an activity of technical inspection was carried out in order to assess the health conditions of the structure. Many experiences were made on the analysis of complex road networks, in California, Italy and Brazil. The studies had the main purpose of assessing the vulnerability of the bridges of the whole road network and perform an optimization of the budget allocation and prioritization for annual programs of maintenance. The reported experiences were eventually analysed in term of cost-effectiveness and impact, in order to assess their effectiveness and the presence of potential alternatives, and to outline an optimal procedure of risk management.
Risk Management for Construction of a Mega Project in Kuwait
Authors: AlSanad Shaikha Abdulattef , Kaleem Mohammed
Published: February 2021

Mega construction projects are extremely large-scale investment projects that typically cost more than one billion dollars, requiring resources that run into millions of man hours, with numerous stakeholders with an extraordinary amount of interlink. Megaprojects take five years or more to complete and generate high public attention, generates multiple social impact and environmental impact, and high investments by governments. These factors introduce complexities and other unclear risks upon execution. Historical data shows very poor performance for megaprojects. In particular they are often over-budgeted and/or behind schedule and, once finished, they deliver less benefits than originally planned. ‘Megaprojects’ is a concept of growing importance in Kuwait’s construction industry nowadays and is a globally connected business environment. This concept requires closer examination as a result of the expansion of global networks, increasing collaboration among numerous partners and the complexity of managing such projects. Despite the existing research in megaprojects, it is still unclear what risks are associated with these types of projects and which project characteristics promote the delivery of successful megaprojects. It is critical to examine the risks associated with implementation and to identify the factors that contribute to success of megaprojects. This research aims to identifying and assessing essential risks variables associated with construction of megaproject in Kuwait and in developing strategies to manage and mitigate them.
Use of Finite Element Buckling Analyses for Steel Bridges
Authors: Rhodes Steve , Icke Philip , Lyons Paul
Published: February 2021

Collapse of steel bridges during construction can occur as a result of a global buckling behaviour which may be overlooked when using member resistance checks such as those in the Eurocodes. Furthermore, existing structures that were not constructed to modern tolerances cannot be safely assessed for buckling using modern design codes.

This paper describes how finite element analysis can be used to help. It draws on recommendations in the recently published NCHRP Report 725 [1], exploring the problem of global buckling modes and when these should be of concern to the designer. Use of FE analysis for member resistances is also discussed in terms of approaches which may be appropriate for historical structures.
Wind induced response of the Sandsfjord Bridge - a balanced cantilever bridge at the western coast of Norway
Authors: Hole Kornelius Drange , Fergestad Stein , Aas-Jakobsen Knut
Published: February 2021

The Sandfjord bridge is a concrete box girder bridge with a 290 meter main span. The erection is done by the free cantilever method, i.e. after erection of the piers the bridge girder is cast in 5 meter segments from the piers keeping the cantilevers in balance, after which the cantilever beams are connected at centre span and the landings. During the construction stage the bridge is very sensitive to the dynamic action of the wind. This paper deals with the analytical calculations, wind tunnel tests and field measurements carried out.
Dynamic response comparison between four different structural bridge typologies used in the Spanish High-Speed Rail Network
Authors: Sanchez-Jimenez Jose-Luis , Campoamor Gomez Ramon , Vaquero Molina Javier
Published: February 2021

Over the past decades, clear and sound analysis criteria have been applied to determine the dynamic behaviour of high-speed viaducts, most of them sharing typology and general features. However, lately, bridges for new high-speed rail corridors face new challenges. Therefore, new considerations might need to be considered in regular dynamic analysis.
Realistic traffic-data based load models for existing road bridges
Authors: Nowak Marcel , Fischer Oliver
Published: February 2021

In the context of an increased importance of reassessment of existing bridge structures and the resulting need for more realistic and precise descriptions of traffic load impact on bridges, a research project has been initiated, aiming for development of site-specific traffic load models and evaluation of their potential when applied within the scope of reassessment. The object of investigation is the federal highway BAB A92 in Bavaria, Germany. Based on large sets of recorded traffic data provided from permanent measurement stations, extensive numerical traffic simulations are performed. By evaluation of the structural response for selected bridge systems due to this simulated traffic and subsequent statistical extrapolation to extreme load effects, characteristic values of traffic load effects with defined return periods in accordance with requirements from the Eurocode are obtained, serving as base for calibration of site-specific load models.
Fatigue behaviour of single and double shear connections with resin-injected preloaded bolts
Authors: Correia José A. F. O. , de Jesus Abilio M. P. , Pinto João C. M. , Calçada Rui A. B. , Pedrosa Bruno , Rebelo Carlos , Gervásio Helena , Simões da Silva Luis
Published: February 2021

Different strategies can be implemented in the repairing and strengthening operations of old riveted steel bridges. Riveting is no longer common practice, consequently finding good equipment and skilled riveters is difficult. The use of welding may not be considered due to the poor weldability properties of the old steel. Regarding high strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts, it is not a good option either, because of the very uneven surfaces of corroded plates as well as the presence of paint layers, leading to low friction coefficients. Fitted bolts are attractive, but expensive solutions. Therefore, resin-injected bolts stand as a good solution that has been applied in repairing of old bridges. The performance of resin-injected preloaded bolts has been essentially demonstrated by quasi-static or creep tests. Very few studies concerning the assessment of the fatigue behaviour of resin-injected bolts can be found in literature. This paper presents an overview of few existing experimental programs carried out by several authors aiming at evaluating the fatigue behaviour of joints (single and double shear) with preloaded resin-injected bolts. Results are compared with test data obtained with standard preloaded bolts, revealing a fatigue strength reduction. Since Eurocode 3 suggests the same fatigue strength curve for joints made of resin-injected bolts and standard bolts, this may raise some concerns. Furthermore, researches on the feasibility of using both bonding and bolting connections are also shown. This last study was performed with High Strength Low Alloy Structural Steel plates (minimum yield point required is 345 MPa) and an acrylic structural adhesive for bonding metals. Through a statistical treatment of results fatigue design curves are proposed for both studies. In this investigation is also suggested a numerical analysis procedure to predict the fatigue behaviour of resin-injected bolted metallic connections.
Fatigue Features and Optimal Design of Orthotropic Steel Deck with a New-type of Rolled U-ribs
Authors: Luo Pengjun , Zhang Qinghua , Xu Gongyi , Bu Yizhi , Li Qiao
Published: February 2021

Fatigue crack at rib-to-deck welded joints of orthotropic steel deck is one of the most important issues that pose great challenge to the durability of steel bridges. The main reason for these kinds of fatigue cracks located in the detail is the high local stress concentration in the connection joint. A new-type of rolled U-rib with a thickening rib wall adjacent to the rib-to-deck joint was proposed to reduce the local stress by enhancing local stiffness. The mechanical characteristics of orthotropic steel deck with the presented ribs under wheel loads were investigated by three- dimensional finite element method. Besides, optimal design for the local geometry of the rolled edge was carried out. And the fatigue performance of orthotropic steel deck composed of the presented ribs was evaluated by two assessment methods. The results indicate that the local stress concentration in the adjacent region of welded joint between deck plate and rib wall is alleviated notably and the structural fatigue performance is significantly improved compared to conventional orthotropic steel deck with constant thickness U-rib walls. The new-type of rolled U- rib is suitable for the enhancement of the structural durability of the orthotropic steel deck.
Digitalisation as an Enabler in the Construction Industry Virtual Design and Construction in MT Højgaard
Authors: Falk Niels Wingesøe , Kjaergaard Birgitte
Published: February 2021

MT Højgaard is employing the use of Virtual Design and Construction – VDC – on projects locally and internationally. Using the latest 5D technology in MTHs VDC-labs the biggest risks can be mitigated and best solutions can be found already in the tender phase. The vision is to execute projects virtually to optimize the solution and costs, increase safety in projects and to form the basis for early involvement of stakeholders across the value chain.
Capitol Tower: Lessons from Early Implementation of Whole Building Lifecycle Assessment in the LEED Framework
Authors: Kestner Dirk Matthew , Shea Kileigh Errin
Published: February 2021

To date many of the dominant building focused sustainability rating systems, including the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system have evaluated structural systems based on material attributes such as content of recycled or regional materials.

The newest version of the LEED rating system, mandatory in October 2016, employs a new approach to materials and focuses on comparative evaluations of environmental impacts. This paper presents a case study of a project that participated in the Beta test of the new rating system and was one of the first projects to employ this new methodology.
Engineering Investigation, Analyses and Retrofit Procedures for Earthquake Damaged Heritage URM Churches in Bohol Island, Philippines
Authors: Morales Emilio Matias
Published: February 2021

This paper is based on the Structural Engineering studies conducted as part of the engagement with theNational Museum of the Philippinesas well as independent studies made by the authors. The studies were focused on heavily damaged Heritage URM churches in the Island of Bohol. The causative mechanisms were analyzed together with the contributory factors and include considerations that structure Geometry and layout played in the damage sustained and includes an understanding of the Period Construction Methods used. The studies were checked against Finite Element Analyses FEM models of the structures and their responses to Earthquake lateral loads. The FEM runs validated the observed results in the field. The results of this study enabled us to formulate Engineering intervention and remediation strategies and recommendations that addressed the cause/s rather that the outright reconstruction without regard to what have caused the distress.
On the contribution of technological concepts to the resilience of bridges as critical infrastructure assets
Authors: Honfi Dániel , Lange David , Pursiainen Christer , Rød Bjarte
Published: February 2021

The current paper reports about the progress in the ongoing European project IMPROVER (Improved risk evaluation and implementation of resilience concepts to critical infrastructure), in which a fundamental part is devoted to technological resilience concepts. Within the project a general methodology for resilience evaluation is developed, in which existing concepts in the field of structural engineering are aligned with non-technological domains (e.g. organizational and societal) contributing to resilience. A shift from protection to enhancing resilience leads to a shift in focus from traditional risk management towards crisis management. Some of these issues are exemplified here with the application on bridges as critical infrastructures.
Determination of Optimal Frequency of Tuned Mass Damper for Super-tall Buildings Subjected to Service Level Earthquakes
Authors: Zhang Lei , Lu Xinzheng , Jiang Qing , Ye Lieping
Published: February 2021

In recent years, the rapid development of super tall buildings has become a frontier in civil engineering. Subjected to service level earthquakes, all of the plastic energy dissipation components are still in the elastic stage, and will not dissipate energy. In this situation, the story acceleration will be magnified several times, resulting in the comfort problem and causing the damage of contents in the building and other non-structural components. It will not only bring serious economic losses, but also affect the normal function of the building. Therefore, corresponding measures should be proposed to reduce the story acceleration of super tall buildings under service level earthquakes. A simplified analytical model for super tall buildings based on the flexural-shear coupling beam model is developed in this work. Based on the simplified model with a super TMD on the top of the building, the control effect of TMD on the story acceleration is studied by time history analysis. The optimal frequency of TMD is determined through parametric discussion. The outcome of this study can provide some references for the engineering design and vibration reduction of super tall buildings.
Multimode flutter analysis of Chacao bridge
Authors: Aas-Jakobsen Ketil , Bugge Georg A. , Jakobsen Svein Erik , Mhamed Aymen Cheikh
Published: February 2021

The Chacao bridge is a two span suspension bridge located in the southern part of Chile. It has continuous aerodynamic steel girder of 2754m with uneven main spans of 1155m and 1055m. To determine the onset velocity of flutter both section model tests and multimodal modal flutter analysis is employed. The multimodal analysis is based on measured aerodynamic derivatives and results from the global FEM model. The analysis shows that several modes are jointly active at flutter onset speed, and the combined flutter mode include contributions from both spans. The stability criteria for the bridge was defined as 63.8m/s. Multimodal analysis at angle of attack of 0o, +3o and -3o shows that the bridge fulfil this requirement. As a verification of the analysis a 1:250 scale model of the complete bridge were tested in the wind tunnel. This test verifies that the structure has sufficient safety towards flutter.
Evaluation and Improvement of Wind Environment and Vehicle Runnability on Long-span Bridge Deck under Strong Crosswind
Authors: Yang Yongxin , Cao Fengchan , Ge Yaojun
Published: February 2021

Ensuring the safety of various vehicles or trains passing through the bridge deck under strong crosswind is one of the most important topics for a long-span bridge. Based on the project of Xihoumen Bridge, which will remain open to vehicle traffic until the incoming crosswind at the mid span reaches up to 36.5m/s, the wind environment near the deck surface above different traffic lanes were analyzed through numerical simulation and experiment, and the crosswind loadings were evaluated by the equivalent wind velocities for different vehicle models. As the need of adopting appropriate wind barriers to reduce crosswind speed above the deck surface was confirmed, 14 types of wind barriers were evaluated by the crosswind reduction factor, and their effects on the flutter and vortex-induced vibration (VIV) performance of the girder section were also checked. Finally, the optimum solution, an adjustable wind barrier, was proposed.
Experimental Investigation on Fatigue Behaviour of Prestressed Concrete Box-Girders
Authors: Yuan Ming , Yan Donghuang
Published: February 2021

Prestressed concrete (PC) box-girder bridge is one of the most widely used bridge structure. The diagonal cracks of webs may occur in many existing PC box-girder bridges due to complicated effects. The classical analysis is not sure the existing diagonal cracks of webs may steady or propagate. An experimental study is proposed to investigate the high-cycle fatigue behaviour of prestressed concrete box-girders. Special focus is on the shear diagonal cracks in the webs of girders. Laboratory fatigue tests were designed and conducted to study the propagation of shear diagonal crack of PC box-girder specimens under cyclic loadings. The development of stirrup strain, propagation characteristics of diagonal crack and the related factors are discussed in detail. Following this, A finite element (FE) model for concrete damage of PC box girder under high-cycle fatigue loading is established to investigate the crack propagation behaviour. Finally, several conclusions are drawn based on the proposed study.
Study on the Main Parameters that Influencing the Actions of Shrinkage and Creep in the Widened Hollow Slab Bridges
Authors: Wang Peng , Wang Fumin , Hu Wenhua
Published: February 2021

For the highway bridges to be widened, it is important to find out the effect of new section on the old section. The paper is to study the effect of concrete creep and shrinkage of the new section of widened hollow slab bridges. The analytic method to analyse the effect is put forward, the change of the elastic modulus with concrete age is considered in it; a program is complied with MATLAB for analysis accordingly. Then six parameters which may have effect on deflection and stress of widened bridges are studied. The parameters includes the concrete age of the new hollow slabs when splicing with the old ones, height of the new hollow slabs, width of the new part, concrete strength of the new hollow slabs, environment relative humidity, prestressing and width of the concrete splice plate. A 20 m long hollow slab bridge is analysed by the program. Studies present parameters which have more effect on the superstructure.
Experimental Study on A GFRP Girder Reinforced with CFRP for Application to Extended Sidewalk
Authors: Nozaka Katsuyoshi , Hisabe Nobuhiro , Matsumura Masahide
Published: February 2021

Although application of Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) to bridge construction has been investigated, design guidelines have not been officially authorized. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the applicability of FRP materials as construction members in each case. In this study, a possibility of adopting a GFRP girder reinforced by CFRP to an extended sidewalk for existing bridges has been investigated. Four-point bending tests were conducted based on the experimental test results of material tests. For the bending test, a stuck of four layers of GFRP box section reinforced by a CFRP plate on bottom faces with a GFRP slab was fabricated based on trial design calculations. The strength of the girder was able to be estimated based on the results of material tests, and it was confirmed that deflection requirement was satisfied.
Fatigue assessment of stringer beams using structural health monitoring
Authors: Häggström Jens , Blanksvärd Thomas , Collin Peter
Published: February 2021

Fatigue assessment of existing bridges is often carried out through simple calculations where the nominal stress range is compared with the fatigue strength based on a number of detail categories specified in codes. Presented in this paper, is the stepwise fatigue assessment through measurements of the 60 year old bridge over Rautasjokk located in northern Sweden. According to the code-based assessment of the stringers, it has already exceeded its lifetime about four times; however no cracks have been identified. By measuring strains the real state of stress was identified, where both nominal stresses and local approaches have been evaluated and compared. Even though the local approach should provide a better accuracy in comparison with the nominal stresses, this approach was only favorable for one out of the three studied locations.
Maintenance-friendliness in management of civil engineering structures
Authors: Mancera Rafael , Silfwerbrand Johan L.
Published: February 2021

Cost efficiency and reliability are mayor concerns in structural engineering, e.g. bridges. Acquisition costs depend strongly on buildability. Traditional approaches to lower maintenance costs are efficient maintenance and robust or maintenance-free design, normally expensive. This study’s approach is systematic and successive life-cycle assessment of reliability, availability, maintainability, safety (RAMS) and sustainability (LCCA, e-LCA, s-LCA, risk and legitimacy). IMF (index of maintenance-friendliness), IAC (algorithm for the identification of collateral components) can be used to quantify maintainability, e.g. low accessibility for inspection or operation, unease to operate, unsafety, etc. A holistic model has been suggested to confront these concerns in urban development. More than simplifying complexity, the authors suggest to deal with it.
Tame Valley Viaduct Assessment and Strengthening
Authors: Blick Sarah Jane , West Chris
Published: February 2021

Tame Valley Viaduct is a 620m long multi-span highway structure linking Birmingham city centre to the M6 motorway. An assessment in 2004 found the capacity of the structure to be inadequate for current loading, resulting in a requirement for strengthening. Before strengthening works were designed, a comprehensive, refined re-assessment of the structure was undertaken to fully define which areas needed strengthening and which did not. The composite structure comprises a reinforced-concrete slab and typically four longitudinal steel box girders. Each of these longitudinal girders comprises approximately 600 sets of web and flange panels. The scale of the task required automation of the assessment and design process. This paper discusses how the automation was undertaken including the preparation of models to calculate individual panel loading, assessment of the web and flange panels, and the checking of strengthening solutions.
Partially Strengthened Main Cable System for the Rehabilitation of an Old Suspension Bridge
Authors: Lee Bobe , Lee Minjae , Park Taekwun
Published: February 2021

Bridge rehabilitation projects for enhancing the safety and serviceability of old bridges are carried out widely around the world. Especially, suspension bridges are intensively maintained with high construction budgets. The damaged hanger rope, stiffening girder and main tower in suspension bridges can be repaired, strengthened or replaced. However, in the case of a main cable, the remedy until now only removes rust and applies surface repainting. Basically, the main cable consists of thousands of small wires, which is not replaceable. A damaged or disconnected wire also cannot be repaired or replaced. This paper suggests a new method for strengthening a main cable that is deteriorated by the aging effect. By small cables connecting a couple of cable bands on both sides from a pylon, the strength of the main cable can be increased and the possibility of slip of the cable bands are decreased. This suggestion is introduced by an example of an old suspension bridge that has been opened to traffic for forty years. The reinforcing level of the main cable should be decided by the extent of damage. Hence, the level of strengthening of the main cable can be easily controlled by only the amount of ancillary cables.
A New Method for Application of Pre-stressed FRP laminates for Strengthening of Concrete Structures
Authors: Haghani Reza , Al-Emrani Mohammad
Published: February 2021

Using bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates for strengthening and repair of structural members has been proven to be an effective and economic method. High strength and stiffness, light weight and good fatigue and durability properties of FRP composites together with advantages offered by adhesive bonding have made FRP bonding a suitable alternative for traditional strengthening and repair techniques. It has also been recognized that pre-stressing the FRP laminates prior to bonding would bring additional advantages such as reduced crack widths, postponing the yielding in tensile reinforcement, increasing the load bearing capacity and saving reinforcement material. Using pre-stressed laminates, however, is associated with very high interfacial stresses in the bond line at the laminate ends, which necessitates the use of mechanical anchors. This paper presents a new method and a device for applying pre-stressed FRP laminates to flexural structural members without the need for mechanical anchorage of the laminates.
A multi-level structural assessment strategy for analysis of RC bridge deck slabs
Authors: Plos Mario , Shu Jiangpeng , Zandi Kamyab , Lundgren Karin
Published: February 2021

A multi-level structural assessment strategy for evaluation of response and load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete bridges deck slabs are presented [1]. The strategy is based on the principle of successively improved analysis methods in structural assessment. It provides a structured approach to the use of simplified as well as advanced non-linear finite element analysis methods. The proposed methods were used for analysis of previously tested slabs subjected to bending and shear type of failures. As expected, the advanced methods gave an improved understanding of the structural response and were capable of demonstrating higher, yet conservative, predictions of the load-carrying capacity. The proposed strategy clearly provides the engineering community a framework for using successively improved structural analysis methods for enhanced assessment in a straightforward manner.
Evaluating the life cycle environmental impact of short span bridges
Authors: Du Guangli , Pettersson Lars , Karoumi Raid
Published: February 2021

Bridge infrastructure consumes large amount of energy and raw materials, leading to considerable environmental burdens. The traditional infrastructure construction prioritizes its technical and economic viability. In recent years, the society devotes an ever-increased attention to the environmental impact of the construction sector. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a systematic method for assessing the environmental impact of products and systems, but its application in bridges is scarce. In Swede, most of the bridges are short spans and the type of concrete slab- frame bridge (CFB) accounts for a large share. Soil steel composite bridge (SSCB) is a functional equivalent solution for CFB. In order to mitigate the environmental burdens of short span bridges, this paper performed a comparative LCA study between these two types of bridge. The results indicate that the initial material consumption is critical through the whole life cycle. The case of SSCB shows preferable environmental performance over CFB in most of the examined indicators.