bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Spiritual Blockbuster:Avatar, Environmentalism, and the New Religions
Authors: Erb Cynthia
Published: August 2014

over the past ten years, religious studies scholars have used newly acquired knowledge of film history and theory to support pathbreaking research in the area of religion and film. Although valuable work on religion and film has emerged in media studies, the field’s coverage of this topic has not kept pace with religious studies. I believe media studies scholars should look to religious studies methods for ways of constructing interdisciplinary projects in this area. In this spirit, I take up work on the new religions to survey changes in the way Hollywood addresses religion and spirituality. New religions are religions that have emerged in the recent past. Scholars define them according to different time frames: the past century, the post-World War II period, or the post-1960s period. I am using a prevalent model that defines the new religions as religions that have emerged since the 1960s. This is a moment that corresponds roughly to the emergence of the New American Cinema. I argue that sociological shifts chronicled in work on the new religions help to explain changes in the way religion and spirituality appear in contemporary Hollywood.
Os Movimentos Feminista e de Mulheres frente aos conflitos de gênero no Brasil
Authors: Maders Angelita Maria , Angelin Rosângela
Published: August 2014

Os conflitos sociais fazem parte da evolução da sociedade e dos processos de resistência. As relações de gênero e o reconhecimento, por vezes equivocado, da identidade feminina são causas de conflitos sociais, uma vez que, frente a esse cenário, sempre houve um movimento de resistência das mulheres em busca da equidade nas relações de gênero. Na modernidade, esses movimentos feministas e de mulheres se organizaram de tal forma que foram capazes de alterar a situação discriminatória existente, sendo considerados os precursores de muitos avanços na melhoria da vida das mulheres. Assim, o presente artigo pretende abordar a caminhada desses movimentos, em especial no Brasil, apontando os avanços jurídicos e a necessidade de permanente vigília e luta contra qualquer forma de opressão e discriminação, tendo como referencial a questão de gênero.
Virtú e Fortuna: racionalismo e agir político na obra O Príncipe, de Maquiavel
Authors: Oliveira José Aparecido De
Published: August 2014

A partir do fato de que Maquiavel utiliza o conceito de Fortuna – concepção mítico-filosófico-religiosa – este artigo visa analisar a compreensão do autor acerca do termo e as implicações dela decorrentes na obra O Príncipe. Parte-se do pressuposto que o racionalismo e o estilo lógico do pensador florentino contrastam com a utilização de uma antiga noção mítica que era compartilhada por seus contemporâneos, impedindo-lhes o agir político. Ou seja, buscar as implicações do caráter teológico que se firmam no termo fortuna presente no pensamento de Maquiavel em sua obra. Um rápido exame histórico do uso do termo Fortuna no ocidente permitirá perceber a influência nos dias de Maquiavel, como este a entendia e como essa visão se relacionou com o seu pragmatismo.
¿Profissional do sexo ou "vítima perfeita"? Limites de acesso à justiça
Authors: Montoya Valentina
Published: August 2014

O anti-tráfico a nível mundial tem alimentado a abolição da prostituição no interior dos Estados, do ponto de vista da "vítima perfeita". Essa visão elimina qualquer possibilidade de prostitutas da agência, sem observar as nuances da realidade. A partir da descrição teórica das diferentes perspectivas sobre a prostituição eo impacto destas perspectivas no acesso à justiça, neste artigo proponho defender uma perspectiva pró-trabalho sobre a prostituição. Isto, a fim de reivindicar a agência e promover o acesso efectivo à justiça para os trabalhadores do sexo, atravessando o repugnância e vergonha que os exclua da sociedade e da justiça.
Prediction of relativistic electron flux at geostationary orbit following storms: Multiple regression analysis
Authors: Simms Laura E. , Pilipenko Viacheslav , Engebretson Mark J. , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Smith A. J. , Clilverd Mark
Published: August 2014

Many solar wind and magnetosphere parameters correlate with relativistic electron flux following storms. These include relativistic electron flux before the storm; seed electron flux; solar wind velocity and number density (and their variation); interplanetary magnetic field Bz, AE and Kp indices; and ultra low frequency (ULF) and very low frequency (VLF) wave power. However, as all these variables are intercorrelated, we use multiple regression analyses to determine which are the most predictive of flux when other variables are controlled. Using 219 storms (1992–2002), we obtained hourly averaged electron fluxes for outer radiation belt relativistic electrons (>1.5 MeV) and seed electrons (100 keV) from Los Alamos National Laboratory spacecraft (geosynchronous orbit). For each storm, we found the log10 maximum relativistic electron flux 48–120 h after the end of the main phase of each storm. Each predictor variable was averaged over the 12 h before the storm, the main phase, and the 48 h following minimum Dst. High levels of flux following storms are best modeled by a set of variables. In decreasing influence, ULF, seed electron flux, Vsw and its variation, and after‐storm Bz were the most significant explanatory variables. Kp can be added to the model, but it adds no further explanatory power. Although we included ground‐based VLF power from Halley, Antarctica, it shows little predictive ability. We produced predictive models using the coefficients from the regression models and assessed their effectiveness in predicting novel observations. The correlation between observed values and those predicted by these empirical models ranged from 0.645 to 0.795.
Simulations of plasma obeying Coulomb's law and the formation of suprathermal ion tails in the solar wind
Authors: Randol Brent M. , Christian Eric R.
Published: August 2014

We present a model for the velocity distribution function (VDF) of the suprathermal ion tail in the solar wind and its commonly observed spectrum, a power law in velocity of index −5. The mechanism for our model is acceleration from extremely small scale electric fields caused by the finite number of particles in the solar wind (or any plasma). The simulations produce a VDF with a broken power law at short times and a type of κ distribution VDF at later times. The simulation uses very few assumptions as it is based solely on Coulomb's law, and the results are robust to a range of parameters that, although outside the range of the solar wind at 1 AU, are close to those in the lower solar atmosphere. Furthermore, we provide predictions based on the following mechanism: the probability distribution function for the electric field (the electric field distribution function or EDF) dictates the final state of the plasma, which means that the VDF at any time is a convolution of the initial VDF and the EDF. We have also shown that by varying the power law index of the electrostatic force law, the relationship between the two is such that the EDF power law index is exactly 5 for Coulomb's law, harder for shorter‐range forces, and softer for longer‐range forces, converging to a power law of index 3 in the former limit and to a Maxwellian in the latter.
Control of Ambipolar and Unipolar Transport in Organic Transistors by Selective Inkjet‐Printed Chemical Doping for High Performance Complementary Circuits
Authors: Khim Dongyoon , Baeg Kang‐Jun , Caironi Mario , Liu Chuan , Xu Yong , Kim Dong‐Yu , Noh Yong‐Young
Published: August 2014

The selective tuning of the operational mode from ambipolar to unipolar transport in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) by printing molecular dopants is reported. The field‐effect mobility (μFET) and onset voltage (Von) of both for electrons and holes in initially ambipolar methanofullerene [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) OFETs are precisely modulated by incorporating a small amount of cesium fluoride (CsF) n‐type dopant or tetrafluoro‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4‐TCNQ) p‐type dopant for n‐channel or p‐channel OFETs either by blending or inkjet printing of the dopant on the pre‐deposited semiconductor. Excess carriers introduced by the chemical doping compensate traps by shifting the Fermi level (EF) toward respective transport energy levels and therefore increase the number of mobile charges electrostatically accumulated in channel at the same gate bias voltage. In particular, n‐doped OFETs with CsF show gate‐voltage independent Ohmic injection. Interestingly, n‐ or p‐doped OFETs show a lower sensitivity to gate‐bias stress and an improved ambient stability with respect to pristine devices. Finally, complementary inverters composed of n‐ and p‐type PCBM OFETs are demonstrated by selective doping of the pre‐deposited semiconductor via inkjet printing of the dopants.
Impact of serum glucose levels on disease severity and outcome in patients with severe sepsis: an analysis from a multicenter, prospective survey of severe sepsis
Authors: Kushimoto Shigeki , Gando Satoshi , Saitoh Daizoh , Mayumi Toshihiko , Ogura Hiroshi , Fujishima Seitaro , Araki Tsunetoshi , Ikeda Hiroto , Kotani Joji , Miki Yasuo , Shiraishi Shin‐ichiro , Suzuki Koichiro , Suzuki Yasushi , Takeyama Naoshi , Takuma Kiyotsugu , Tsuruta Ryosuke , Yamaguchi Yoshihiro , Yamashita Norio , Aikawa Naoki ,   Japanese Association for Acute Medicine Sepsis Registry (JAAMSR) Study Group
Published: August 2014

Aim

To determine whether glycemic abnormality and pre‐existing diabetes are associated with disease severity and mortality in patients with severe sepsis.

Methods

Six hundred and nineteen patients with severe sepsis were grouped into four categories according to their blood glucose levels (<100, 100–199, 200–299, and ≥300 mg/dL). We compared disease severity and mortality between glycemic categories. In addition, we examined whether there was any relationship with pre‐existing diabetes status.

Results

There were no significant differences in disseminated intravascular coagulation, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, or Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores and mortality rates between patients with or without pre‐existing diabetes. However, in patients without pre‐existing diabetes, those with blood glucose level <100 mg/dL had higher disseminated intravascular coagulation, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores than those with levels of 100–299 mg/dL. In addition, those with level ≥300 mg/dL had a higher hospital mortality rate than those with levels of 100–199 mg/dL (odds ratio = 4.837). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a blood glucose level ≥300 mg/dL is an independent predictor of hospital mortality in these patients. In contrast, no significant differences among severity scores or mortality were observed in patients with pre‐existing diabetes.

Conclusions

In patients with severe sepsis, the impact of glycemic abnormality on disease severity and hospital mortality depends on the pre‐existing diabetes status. Specifically, a blood glucose level ≥300 mg/dL may be associated with increased mortality in patients without pre‐existing diabetes.
Contributions to the Chemistry ofN‐Methylnitramine: Crystal Structure, Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Rich Salts, and Reactions towards 2‐Nitro‐2‐azapropyl Derivatives
Authors: Kettner Marcos A. , Klapötke Thomas M. , Müller Thomas G. , Sućeska Muhamed
Published: August 2014

This work compares the hitherto unknown crystal structure ofN‐methylnitramine with its gas‐phase diffraction structure. A series of alkaline, alkaline earth and some transition‐metal salts were investigated. Furthermore, a series of new nitrogen‐rich salts was synthesized and characterized for the first time. The Mannich reaction ofN‐methylnitramine with formaldehyde yields 2‐nitro‐2‐azapropanol, which was treated with 2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl isocyanate to furnish new bis‐N,O‐(2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl)carbamate. The analogue bis‐N,N′‐(2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl)urea derivative is formed when 2‐nitro‐2‐azapropyl isocyanate is treated with water. Owing to the energetic nature of all compounds, their energetic properties were determined. The sensitivities towards impact, friction and electrostatic discharge were determined using the BAM drophammer and friction tester as well as a small‐scale electrical discharge device. Standard enthalpies of formation were calculated at the CBS‐4M level of theory. With these values and the experimental densities, several detonation parameters such as detonation pressure and velocity of the compounds were computed using the EXPLO5 (V6.01) computer code and compared to currently used explosives.
A General, Regiospecific Synthetic Route to Perfluoroalkylated Arenes via Arenediazonium Salts with RFCu(CH3CN) Complexes
Authors: Jiang Dong‐Fang , Liu Chao , Guo Yong , Xiao Ji‐Chang , Chen Qing‐Yun
Published: August 2014

A mild method of converting arylamines into perfluoroalkylated arenes is described. Relatively stable RFCu(CH3CN) complexes are used as perfluoroalkylating agents, which react smoothly with arenediazonium salts to produce various perfluoroalkylarenes in good yields. Based on the results of clock trapping experiments with diallyl ether, a radical process might be involved in the reaction.
Copper(I) Iodide Mediated Iodocyclization of Cyclopropylideneallenyl Ketones: Facile and Effective Synthesis of Highly Substituted Furan Derivatives
Authors: Miao Maozhong , Xu Xin , Xu Lijun , Ren Hongjun
Published: August 2014

Electrophilic cyclization of cyclopropylideneallenyl ketones in the presence of I2/CuI offers an efficient and straightforward route to highly substituted furans under mild reaction conditions. Further transformation of the resulting iodofurans provides structurally more advanced furan derivatives.
Patterns of bedload entrainment and transport in forested headwater streams of the Columbia Mountains, Canada
Authors: Green K. , Alila Y. , Brardinoni F.
Published: August 2014

We monitor bedload transport and water discharge at six stations in two forested headwater streams of the Columbia Mountains, Canada. The nested monitoring network is designed to examine the effects of channel bed texture, and the influence of alluvial (i.e. step pools and riffle pools) and semialluvial morphologies (i.e. boulder cascades and forced step pools) on bedload entrainment and transport. Results indicate that dynamics of bedload entrainment are influenced by differences in flow resistance attributable to morphology. Scaled fractional analysis shows that in reaches with high form resistance most bedload transport occurs in partial mobility fashion relative to the available bed material, while calibers finer than 16 mm attain full mobility during bankfull flows. Equal mobility transport for a wider range of grain sizes is achieved in reaches exhibiting reduced form resistance. Our findings confirm that the Shields value for mobilization of the median surface grain size depends on channel gradient and relative submergence; however, we also find that these relations vary considerably for cobble and gravel bed channels due to proportionality between dimensionless shear stress and grain size. Exponents of bedload rating curves across sites correlate most with the D90s of the mobile bed, however, where grain effects are controlled (i.e. along individual streams), differences in form resistance across morphologies exert a primary control on bedload transport dynamics. Application of empirical formulae developed for use in steep alpine channels present variable success in predicting transport rates in forested snowmelt streams. Formulae that explicitly account for reductions in mobile bed area and high morphological resistance associated with woody debris provide the best approximation to observed empirical data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiolipin profiles as a potential biomarker of mitochondrial health in diet‐induced obese mice subjected to exercise, diet‐restriction and ephedrine treatment
Authors: Faber Catherine , Zhu Zhaohai J. , Castellino Stephen , Wagner David S. , Brown Roger H. , Peterson Richard A. , Gates Lisa , Barton Joanna , Bickett Mark , Hagerty Laura , Kimbrough Carie , Sola Mario , Bailey David , Jordan Holly , Elangbam Chandikumar S.
Published: August 2014

Cardiolipin (CL) is crucial for mitochondrial energy metabolism and structural integrity. Alterations in CL quantity or CL species have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in several pathological conditions and diseases, including mitochondrial dysfunction‐related compound attrition and post‐market withdrawal of promising drugs. Here we report alterations in the CL profiles in conjunction with morphology of soleus muscle (SM) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in diet‐induced obese (DIO) mice, subjected to ephedrine treatment (EPH: 200 mg kg–1 day–1 orally), treadmill exercise (EX: 10 meters per min, 1 h per day), or dietary restriction (DR: 25% less of mean food consumed by the EX group) for 7 days. Mice from the DR and EPH groups had a significant decrease in percent body weight and reduced fat mass compared with DIO controls. Morphologic alterations in the BAT included brown adipocytes with reduced cytoplasmic lipid droplets and increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia in the EX, DR and EPH groups. Increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia in the BAT was ultrastructurally manifested by increased mitochondrial cristae, fenestration of mitochondrial cristae, increased electron density of mitochondrial matrix, and increased complexity of shape and elongation of mitochondria. Mitochondrial ultrastructural alterations in the SM of the EX and DR groups included increased mitochondrial cristae, cup‐shaped mitochondria and mitochondrial degeneration. All four CL species (tri‐linoleoyl‐mono‐docosahexaenoyl, tetralinoleoyl, tri‐linoleoyl‐mono‐oleoyl, and di‐linoleoyl‐di‐oleoyl) were increased in the BAT of the DR and EPH groups and in the SM of the EPH and EX groups. In conclusion, cardiolipin profiling supported standard methods for assessing mitochondrial biogenesis and health, and may serve as a potential marker of mitochondrial dysfunction in preclinical toxicity studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerobic biological treatment of second cheese whey in suspended and attached growth reactors
Authors: Tatoulis Triantafyllos I. , Tekerlekopoulou Athanasia G. , Akratos Christos S. , Pavlou Stavros , Vayenas Dimitrios V.
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Second cheese whey is a strong organic and saline effluent whose characterization and treatment have not been sufficiently addressed.

RESULTS

Indigenous microorganisms from second cheese whey were isolated for its aerobic biological degradation. Experiments in suspended and attached growth reactors (lab and pilot scale) were carried out using different feed whey concentrations. These concentrations corresponded to three different dilutions with tap water, using 25%, 50% and 75% whey (concentrations C25, C50 and C75, respectively), as well as without dilution (100% whey, C100). The maximum degradation rate of the organic load obtained in the suspended growth reactors was achieved for the concentration C100 (10.06 g d‐COD L−1 day−1). Degradation was more rapid (26.3 g d‐COD L−1 day−1) in a lab‐scale packed bed reactor with recirculation and concentration C75. Experiments in a pilot‐scale reactor with recirculation were also performed with high degradation rates (6.41 g d‐COD L−1 day−1) under various environmental conditions. The long‐term degradation efficiency (12 month operation period) and the effect of environmental and operating conditions on filter performance were studied.

CONCLUSIONS

Aerobic biological treatment at the proposed pilot‐scale filter proved to be a sufficient method. The simplicity of the installation provides an effective solution to a serious environmental and social problem. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Sustainable Development and Stakeholders: A Renew Proposal for the Implementation and Measurement of Sustainability in Hospitality Companies
Authors: Pérez Andrea , del Bosque Ignacio Rodríguez
Published: August 2014

The authors present a theoretical framework, the sustainable development–stakeholder relations management (SD–SRM) approach, which can help scholars and practitioners to easily evaluate the implementation of corporate sustainability in the hospitality sector. The SD–SRM approach is based on the ideas of the sustainable development and stakeholder relations management theories. It explores how far sustainable development can be achieved through stakeholder relations management. Thus, it shows how sustainable development and stakeholder relations management relate to each other. On the basis of the SD–SRM approach, the authors also identify several areas for improvement in the management and reporting of corporate sustainability in the hospitality sector. In doing so, the authors contribute a step forward in the generation of knowledge on corporate sustainability in the tourism industry as they integrate social theories that have appeared unconnected in the previous academic and professional literature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are 20 human papillomavirus types causing cervical cancer?
Authors: Arbyn Marc , Tommasino Massimo , Depuydt Christophe , Dillner Joakim
Published: August 2014

In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there was consistent and sufficient epidemiological, experimental and mechanistic evidence of carcinogenicity to humans for 12 HPV types (HPV16, HPV18, HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, HPV39, HPV45, HPV51, HPV52, HPV56, HPV58 and HPV59) for cervical cancer. Therefore, these types were considered as 1A carcinogens. They all belong to the family of the α‐Papillomaviridae, in particular to the species α5 (HPV51), α6 (HPV56), α7 (HPV18, HPV39, HPV45, HPV59) and α9 (HPV16, HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, HPV52, HPV58). Less evidence is available for a thirteenth type (HPV68, α7), which is classified as a 2A carcinogen (probably carcinogenic). Moreover, seven other phylogenetically related types (HPV26, HPV53, HPV66, HPV67, HPV68, HPV70 and HPV73) were identified as single HPV infections in certain rare cases of cervical cancer and were considered possibly carcinogenic (2B carcinogens). Recently, Halec et al [7] demonstrated that the molecular signature of HPV‐induced carcinogenesis (presence of type‐specific spliced E6*| mRNA; increased expression of p16; and decreased expression of cyclin D1, p53 and Rb) was similar in cervical cancers containing single infections with one of the eight afore‐mentioned 2A or 2B carcinogens to those in cancers with single infections with group 1 carcinogens. Ninety six percent of cervical cancers are attributable to one of the 13 most common HPV types (groups 1 and 2A). Including the additional seven HPV types (group 2B) added 2.6%, to reach a total of 98.7% of all HPV‐positive cervical cancers. From recently updated meta‐analyses, it was shown that HPV68, HPV26, HPV66, HPV67, HPV73 and HPV82 were significantly more common in cancer cases than in women with normal cervical cytology, suggesting that for these HPV types, an upgrading of the carcinogen classification could be considered. However, there is no need to include them in HPV screening tests or vaccines, given their rarity in cervical cancers. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abiotic Attributes Surrounding Alluvial Islands Generate Critical Fish Habitat
Authors: Hintz W. D. , Porreca A. P. , Garvey J. E. , Phelps Q. E. , Tripp S. J. , Hrabik R. A. , Herzog D. P.
Published: August 2014

Identifying the appropriate scale at which habitat is biologically relevant to riverine fishes in large, sand‐dominated rivers is a challenge. Alluvial islands are important to several of these fishes throughout the central USA, but there is a paucity of information on island habitat features that restoration efforts should try to replicate. We determined the physical characteristics of two island complexes in the middle Mississippi River that facilitate the settlement and survival of age‐0 shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus at relatively large (mean 39,000 m2) and small (mean 320 m2) scales. Depth (m), flow rate (m s−1), substrate (sand, rock, silt) and vegetation were quantified at these two scales using hydroacoustic techniques (split‐beam sonar and acoustic Doppler current profiler). Abiotic attributes in the surrounding littoral zone of the island complexes were highly correlated but differed depending on location. At the coarse spatial scale, vegetation was positively related to shovelnose sturgeon abundance. At the fine spatial scale, age‐0 shovelnose sturgeon were restricted to flow rates < 0.89 m s−1, with abundance peaking at about 0.40 m s−1. However, heterogeneity in depth and flow was important, and sturgeon abundance peaked at intermediate variability in these two abiotic attributes. A computer‐generated model of the habitat surrounding islands suggests that these habitats are diverse and may provide flow refugia and foraging patches for shovelnose sturgeon. We submit the results presented here that can contribute to a hierarchical model for island restoration in large rivers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The scale and organization of ancient Maya water management
Authors: Wyatt Andrew R.
Published: August 2014

The archaeological remains of ancient water storage and irrigation technologies are often prominent features on the landscape. Dams, canals, and irrigation ditches required great amounts of labor to build and maintain and are often associated with centralized, state‐level management. But these more visible features existed alongside smaller water management technologies that were often managed at the community or household level. In the Maya area in southern Mesoamerica, evidence of these ancient technologies is found in the form of small dams, reservoirs and other water storage features, wells, irrigation canals, and agricultural terraces. A review of the literature reveals that these technologies are ubiquitous in the Maya area during the period from the Middle Preclassic to the Terminal Classic (400 B.C. to A.D. 1000) when the ancient Maya civilization reached its peak of population and political complexity. Small‐scale water management technologies inform us both how the ancient Maya utilized and managed their resources, and also provide insight into political and social organization. WIREs Water 2014, 1:449–467. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1042

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water

Human Water > Water Governance
Parent–adolescent joint projects involving leisure time and activities during the transition to high school
Authors: Marshall Sheila K. , Young Richard A. , Wozniak Agnieszka , Lollis Susan , Tilton‐Weaver Lauree , Nelson Margo , Goessling Kristen
Published: August 2014

Leisure research to date has generally overlooked planning and organizing of leisure time and activities between parents and adolescents. This investigation examined how a sample of Canadian adolescents and their parents jointly constructed and acted on goals related to adolescents' leisure time during the move from elementary to high school. Using the Qualitative Action‐Project Method, data were collected over an 8–10 month period from 26 parent–adolescent dyads located in two urban sites, through video‐taped conversations about leisure time, video recall interviews, and telephone monitoring interviews. Analysis of the data revealed that the joint projects of the 26 dyads could be grouped into three clusters: a) governance transfer or attempts to shift, from parent to adolescent, responsibility over academic demands, organizing leisure time, and safety with peers, b) balancing extra‐curricular activities with family life, academics, and social activities, and c) relationship adjustment or maintenance.
Delphi definition of the EADC‐ADNI Harmonized Protocol for hippocampal segmentation on magnetic resonance
Authors: Boccardi Marina , Bocchetta Martina , Apostolova Liana G. , Barnes Josephine , Bartzokis George , Corbetta Gabriele , DeCarli Charles , deToledo‐Morrell Leyla , Firbank Michael , Ganzola Rossana , Gerritsen Lotte , Henneman Wouter , Killiany Ronald J. , Malykhin Nikolai , Pasqualetti Patrizio , Pruessner Jens C. , Redolfi Alberto , Robitaille Nicolas , Soininen Hilkka , Tolomeo Daniele , Wang Lei , Watson Craig , Wolf Henrike , Duvernoy Henri , Duchesne Simon , Jack Clifford R. , Frisoni Giovanni B. ,   EADC‐ADNI Working Group on the Harmonized Protocol for Manual Hippocampal Segmentation
Published: August 2014

Background

This study aimed to have international experts converge on a harmonized definition of whole hippocampus boundaries and segmentation procedures, to define standard operating procedures for magnetic resonance (MR)‐based manual hippocampal segmentation.

Methods

The panel received a questionnaire regarding whole hippocampus boundaries and segmentation procedures. Quantitative information was supplied to allow evidence‐based answers. A recursive and anonymous Delphi procedure was used to achieve convergence. Significance of agreement among panelists was assessed by exact probability on Fisher's and binomial tests.

Results

Agreement was significant on the inclusion of alveus/fimbria (P = .021), whole hippocampal tail (P = .013), medial border of the body according to visible morphology (P = .0006), and on this combined set of features (P = .001). This definition captures 100% of hippocampal tissue, 100% of Alzheimer’s disease‐related atrophy, and demonstrated good reliability on preliminary intrarater (0.98) and inter‐rater (0.94) estimates.

Discussion

Consensus was achieved among international experts with respect to hippocampal segmentation using MR resulting in a harmonized segmentation protocol.
Evaluation of the Use of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters in Orthopedic Patients at the Day Hospital of University of São Paulo
Authors: Lopes Oziel Pereira , Ribas Renata Donizeti , Giovani Arlete M.M. , Santolim Thais Queiroz , Carlos Ana Maria , de Carvalho Márcia Knust , Santos Luiz A.U.
Published: August 2014

The use of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in hospitalized patients is already well established by studies and guidelines, and PICCs are widely used at our institution. However, few studies have been published examining patients using the device in day hospital systems; specifically, if the device brings about early dehospitalization, if it facilitates quick return to coexistence in society and to work, and how to plan medication administration through this system. Our general objective was to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the use of PICCs in patients undergoing prolonged intravenous treatment. We selected patients using PICCs in the day hospital at the Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology at Clinics Hospital of the School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, conducted a semistructured interview, and did an analysis of medical records. The most frequent diagnoses that led to use of a PICC were postoperative infection (53.84%) and osteomyelitis (23.07%). Teicoplanin was the most common drug prescribed, followed by vancomycin. Regarding the puncture site, the basilic vein prevailed with 69.23%. Most of the catheters (61.54%) remained in place from 60 to 150 days. The end of the drug therapy was the reason for removal in 66.4% of cases. Regarding pain assessment, 88.47% of patients declared they did not feel any pain or felt moderate pain during the PICC insertion procedure. Based on the data collected, it can be concluded that PICCs are reliable devices for a wide variety of intravenous infusions used in patients treated at our day hospital.
In-Between WorldandWorlds Within: Reading Diasporic Return in Vassanji and Bissoondath
Authors: Zacharias Robert
Published: August 2014

The return journey has long been recognized as a central feature of diaspora, yet contemporary diaspora studies have conventionally understood it in stubbornly mythological terms. This paper looks to foster discussion about physical diasporic return journeys by juxtaposing M. G. Vassanji’sThe In-Between World of Vikram Lall(2003) and Neil Bissoondath’sThe Worlds Within Her(1998). Although the two novels overlap in their exploration of the Indian diaspora against the backdrop of racially volatile independence movements in former British colonies, they offer starkly different renderings of diasporic return that are reflected in their engagements with diasporic history. The paper closes with a consideration of the critical assumptions that have allowed the return journey to be overlooked in diaspora literary studies to date, suggesting that its absence may reflect the methodological nationalism of the field.
UDP-galactose 4′-epimerase from the liver fluke,Fasciola hepatica: biochemical characterization of the enzyme and identification of inhibitors
Authors: ZINSSER VERONIKA L. , LINDERT STEFFEN , BANFORD SAMANTHA , HOEY ELIZABETH M. , TRUDGETT ALAN , TIMSON DAVID J.
Published: August 2014

The Leloir pathway enzyme uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose 4′-epimerase from the common liver flukeFasciola hepatica(FhGALE) was identified and characterized. The enzyme can be expressed in, and purified from,Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme is active: theKm(470 μm) is higher than the corresponding human enzyme (HsGALE), whereas thekcat(2·3 s−1) is substantially lower. FhGALE binds NAD+and has  shown to be dimeric by analytical gel filtration. Like the human and yeast GALEs, FhGALE is stabilized by the substrate UDP-galactose. Molecular modelling predicted that FhGALE adopts a similar overall fold to HsGALE and that tyrosine 155 is likely to be the catalytically critical residue in the active site.In silicoscreening of the National Cancer InstituteDevelopmental Therapeutics Programlibrary identified 40 potential inhibitors of FhGALE which were testedin vitro. Of these, 6 showed concentration-dependent inhibition of FhGALE, some with nanomolar IC50values. Two inhibitors (5-fluoroorotate andN-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]leucyltryptophan) demonstrated selectivity for FhGALE over HsGALE. These compounds also thermally destabilized FhGALE in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, the selectivity of 5-fluoroorotate was not shown by orotic acid, which differs in structure by 1 fluorine atom. These results demonstrate that, despite the structural and biochemical similarities of FhGALE and HsGALE, it is possible to discover compounds which preferentially inhibit FhGALE.
Implicit learning in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis
Authors: Foti F. , De Crescenzo F. , Vivanti G. , Menghini D. , Vicari S.
Published: August 2014

Background.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by social communication difficulties and behavioural rigidity. Difficulties in learning from others are one of the most devastating features of this group of conditions. Nevertheless, the nature of learning difficulties in ASDs is still unclear. Given the relevance of implicit learning for social and communicative functioning,a link has been hypothesizedbetween ASDs and implicit learning deficit. However, studies that have employed formal testing of implicit learning in ASDs provided mixed results.

Method.

We undertook a systematic search of studies that examined implicit learning in ASDs using serial reaction time (SRT), alternating serial reaction time (ASRT), pursuit rotor (PR), and contextual cueing (CC) tasks, and synthesized the data using meta-analysis. A total of 11 studies were identified, representing data from 407 individuals with ASDs and typically developing comparison participants.

Results.

The results indicate that individuals with ASDs do not differ in any task considered [SRT and ASRT task: standardized mean difference (SMD) −0.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.71 to 0.36; PR task: SMD −0.34, 95% CI −1.04 to 0.36; CC task: SMD 0.27, 95% CI −0.07 to 0.60].

Conclusions.

Based on our synthesis of the existing literature, we conclude that individuals with ASDs can learn implicitly, supporting the hypothesis that implicit learning deficits do not represent a core feature in ASDs.
Time-variant artificial potential field (TAPF): a breakthrough in power-optimized motion planning of autonomous space mobile robots
Authors: Macktoobian Matin , Shoorehdeli Mahdi Aliyari
Published: August 2014

In this paper, a novel scheme is presented to conquer the motion-planning problem for autonomous space robots. Minimizing the consumed energy of atomic batteries within the daily planetary missions of robot on the planet is taken into account, i.e., utilization of the generated solar power by its embedded photocells leads to saving energy of batteries for night missions. Aforementioned objective could be acquired by appropriate interaction of motion planning paradigm with shadows of obstacles. Modeling of the shadow with the proposed artificial potential field leads to generalize the concept of potential fields not only for static and dynamic obstacles but also for being confronted with the intrinsic time-variant phenomena such as shadows. With due attention to the noticeable computational complexity of the introduced strategy, fuzzy techniques are applied to optimize the sampling times effectively. To accomplish this objective, a smart control scheme based on the fuzzy logic is mounted to the primitive version of algorithm. Regarding the need to identify some structural parameters of obstacles, PIONEER™ mobile robot is designed as a test bed for the verification of simulated results. Investigation on empirical accomplishments shows that the goal-oriented definition of Time–Variant Artificial Potential Fields is able to resolve the motion-planning problem in planetary applications.
Balance control of planar biped robots using virtual holonomic constraints
Authors: Hu Yong , Lin Zhiyun
Published: August 2014

The balance control problem of planar bipedal robots during disturbed standing is investigated. Virtual holonomic constraints which specify the angles of actuated joints as a function of the rotation angle between the sole of the stance foot and the ground are recalled. These constraints enable the robot to avoid turnover during external disturbances similar to how a human being would react. Moreover, for a disturbance beyond the balance conditions for single-leg support, the robot changes to a double support posture to avoid turnover by the virtual holonomic constraints. Further, for a special kind of balance: standing on toe which leads to underactuation, we also give the design conditions of the virtual holonomic constraints.
Bright-White Beetle Scales Optimise Multiple Scattering of Light
Authors: Burresi Matteo , Cortese Lorenzo , Pattelli Lorenzo , Kolle Mathias , Vukusic Peter , Wiersma Diederik S. , Steiner Ullrich , Vignolini Silvia
Published: August 2014

Whiteness arises from diffuse and broadband reflection of light typically achieved through optical scattering in randomly structured media. In contrast to structural colour due to coherent scattering, white appearance generally requires a relatively thick system comprising randomly positioned high refractive-index scattering centres. Here, we show that the exceptionally bright white appearance of Cyphochilus and Lepidiota stigma beetles arises from a remarkably optimised anisotropy of intra-scale chitin networks, which act as a dense scattering media. Using time-resolved measurements, we show that light propagating in the scales of the beetles undergoes pronounced multiple scattering that is associated with the lowest transport mean free path reported to date for low-refractive-index systems. Our light transport investigation unveil high level of optimisation that achieves high-brightness white in a thin low-mass-per-unit-area anisotropic disordered nanostructure.
Simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid and hydrogen peroxide based on co-immobilization of PEDOT and FAD using multi-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Lin Kuo Chiang , Huang Jia Yan , Chen Shen Ming
Published: August 2014

Illustration of electro-codeposition of PEDOT and FAD hybrid films using high conductivity and steric MWCNTs as a template.
Transfer hydrogenation of alkenes using Ni/Ru/Pt/Au heteroquatermetallic nanoparticle catalysts: sequential cooperation of multiple nano-metal species
Authors: Ito Yoshikazu , Ohta Hidetoshi , Yamada Yoichi M. A. , Enoki Toshiaki , Uozumi Yasuhiro
Published: August 2014

Quatermetallic alloy nanoparticles of Ni/Ru/Pt/Au were prepared which cooperatively promoted the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of non-activated alkenes with 2-propanol.
Dynamic response of ultrathin highly dense ZIF-8 nanofilms
Authors: Cookney Joanna , Ogieglo Wojciech , Hrabanek Pavel , Vankelecom Ivo , Fila Vlastimil , Benes Nieck E.
Published: August 2014

ZIF-8 nanofilms are synthesized via facile, nanoscale-controlled dip coating approach, enabling for defect-free, continuous, crystalline–non crystalline hybrids.
Selective oxidations of activated alcohols in water at room temperature
Authors: Lipshutz B. H. , Hageman M. , Fennewald J. C. , Linstadt R. , Slack E. , Voigtritter K.
Published: August 2014

Oxidations of activated alcohols can be achieved in aqueous nanoreactors at room temperature using air as the stoichiometric oxidant.
Fused core-modified planar antiaromatic 32π heptaphyrins: unusual synthesis and structural diversity
Authors: Karthik Ganesan , Srinivasan A. , Suresh C. H. , Chandrashekar Tavarekere K.
Published: August 2014

The novel core-modified fused heptaphyrins were synthesized and their 4nπ Hückel antiaromatic electronic strucuture was exploited.
Enantiomeric organogelators fromd-/l-arabinose for phase selective gelation of crude oil and their gel as a photochemical micro-reactor
Authors: Rajkamal Rajkamal , Chatterjee Debnath , Paul Abhijit , Banerjee Srirupa , Yadav Somnath
Published: August 2014

Easy accessviasingle steps to each enantiomer of a simple chiral organogelator, their gelation abilities and applications are reported.
An aza-Michael addition protocol to fluoroalkylated β-amino acid derivatives and enantiopure trifluoromethylated N-heterocycles
Authors: Yang Xing , Chen Zhuo , Cai Yuan , Huang Yi-Yong , Shibata Norio
Published: August 2014

Aza-Michael addition under catalyst- and solvent-free conditions worked well to install various fluoroalkylated amino acid derivatives and three trifluoromethylated heterocycles.
The hookah series part 2: elemental analysis and arsenic speciation in hookah charcoals
Authors: Saadawi Ryan , Hachmoeller Oliver , Winfough Matthew , Hanley Traci , Caruso Joseph A. , Landero Figueroa Julio Alberto
Published: August 2014

The use of water pipes or hookahs to smoke tobacco formulations has gained great popularity among young people around the world, but the potential health hazards have not yet been adequately evaluated.
Printed ionic-covalent entanglement hydrogels from carrageenan and an epoxy amine
Authors: Bakarich Shannon E. , Balding Paul , Gorkin III Robert , Spinks Geoffrey M. , in het Panhuis Marc
Published: August 2014

Ionic-covalent entanglement hydrogels were fabricated by 3D-printing.
Universal scaling of potential energy functions describing intermolecular interactions. II. The halide-water and alkali metal-water interactions
Authors: Werhahn Jasper C. , Akase Dai , Xantheas Sotiris S.
Published: August 2014

The scaled versions of the newly introduced [S. S. Xantheas and J. C. Werhahn, J. Chem. Phys. 141, 064117 (2014)] generalized forms of some popular potential energy functions (PEFs) describing intermolecular interactions – Mie, Lennard-Jones, Morse, and Buckingham exponential-6 – have been used to fit the ab initio relaxed approach paths and fixed approach paths for the halide-water, X−(H2O), X = F, Cl, Br, I, and alkali metal-water, M+(H2O), M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, interactions. The generalized forms of those PEFs have an additional parameter with respect to the original forms and produce fits to the ab initio data that are between one and two orders of magnitude better in the χ2 than the original PEFs. They were found to describe both the long-range, minimum and repulsive wall of the respective potential energy surfaces quite accurately. Overall the 4-parameter extended Morse (eM) and generalized Buckingham exponential-6 (gBe-6) potentials were found to best fit the ab initio data for these two classes of ion-water interactions. The fitted values of the parameter of the (eM) and (gBe-6) PEFs that control the repulsive wall of the potential correlate remarkably well with the ionic radii of the halide and alkali metal ions.
Free energy of RNA-counterion interactions in a tight-binding model computed by a discrete space mapping
Authors: Henke Paul S. , Mak Chi H.
Published: August 2014

The thermodynamic stability of a folded RNA is intricately tied to the counterions and the free energy of this interaction must be accounted for in any realistic RNA simulations. Extending a tight-binding model published previously, in this paper we investigate the fundamental structure of charges arising from the interaction between small functional RNA molecules and divalent ions such as Mg2+ that are especially conducive to stabilizing folded conformations. The characteristic nature of these charges is utilized to construct a discretely connected energy landscape that is then traversed via a novel application of a deterministic graph search technique. This search method can be incorporated into larger simulations of small RNA molecules and provides a fast and accurate way to calculate the free energy arising from the interactions between an RNA and divalent counterions. The utility of this algorithm is demonstrated within a fully atomistic Monte Carlo simulation of the P4-P6 domain of the Tetrahymena group I intron, in which it is shown that the counterion-mediated free energy conclusively directs folding into a compact structure.
Vibronic coupling in asymmetric bichromophores: Experimental investigation of diphenylmethane-d5
Authors: Pillsbury Nathan R. , Kidwell Nathanael M. , Nebgen Benjamin , Slipchenko Lyudmila V. , Douglass Kevin O. , Cable John R. , Plusquellic David F. , Zwier Timothy S.
Published: August 2014

Vibrationally and rotationally resolved electronic spectra of diphenylmethane-d5 (DPM-d5) are reported in the isolated-molecule environment of a supersonic expansion. While small, the asymmetry induced by deuteration of one of the aromatic rings is sufficient to cause several important effects that change the principle mechanism of vibronic coupling between the close-lying S1 and S2 states, and spectroscopic signatures such coupling produces. The splitting between S1 and S2 origins is 186 cm−1, about 50% greater than its value in DPM-d0 (123 cm−1), and an amount sufficient to bring the S2 zero-point level into near-resonance with the v = 1 level in the S1 state of a low-frequency phenyl flapping mode, νR = 191 cm−1. Dispersed fluorescence spectra bear clear evidence that Δv(R) = 1 Herzberg-Teller coupling dominates the near-resonant internal mixing between the S1 and S2 manifolds. The fluorescence into each pair of Franck-Condon active ring modes shows an asymmetry that suggests incorrectly that the S1 and S2 states may be electronically localized. From rotationally resolved studies, the S0 and S1 states have been well-fit to asymmetric rotor Hamiltonians while the S2 state is perturbed and not fit. The transition dipole moment (TDM) orientation of the S1 state is nearly perpendicular to the C2 symmetry axes with 66(2)%:3(1)%:34(2)% a:b:c hybrid-type character while that of the S2 origin contains 50(10)% a:c-type (S1) and 50(10)% b-type (S2) character. A model is put forward that explains qualitatively the TDM compositions and dispersed emission patterns without the need to invoke electronic localization. The experimental data discussed here serve as a foundation for a multi-mode vibronic coupling model capable of being applied to asymmetric bichromophores, as presented in the work of B. Nebgen and L. V. Slipchenko [“Vibronic coupling in asymmetric bichromophores: Theory and application to diphenylmethane-d5,” J. Chem. Phys. (submitted)].