bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nicene Creed
Authors: Löhr Winrich
Published: December 2012

At the council of Nicaea (seeNicaea, Council of), the doctrinal debates among the bishops were concluded on June 19, 325cewith the promulgation of a creedal formula which came to be called the Nicene Creed (N).
Origenist Controversy
Authors: Williams Megan
Published: December 2012

The term “Origenist Controversy,” often applied to a dispute taking place between ca. 390 and 410ce, is better understood as designating a much longer and more complex story.
Pantaenus
Authors: van den Hoek Annewies
Published: December 2012

Pantaenus has been a figure with a low historical profile and a high speculative aura. The sparse information about him comes mainly from Clement of Alexandria; Origen; Alexander of Jerusalem; Pamphilus (
see
Pamphilus of Caesarea); Eusebius (
see
Eusebius of Caesarea); Anastasius of Sinai; and Maximus the Confessor.
Egerton Papyrus 2
Authors: Bernhard Andrew
Published: December 2012

Egerton Papyrus 2 is a manuscript that preserves part of an otherwise unattested text known asThe Unknown Gospel. It has generated considerable scholarly and public interest because of its remarkable antiquity as a Christian artifact.
Pistis Sophia
Authors: Plese Zlatko
Published: December 2012

A late compilation of Christian Gnostic teaching (third to fourth centuriesCE),Pistis Sophiais the title assigned to the content of a fifth‐century Coptic codex named after its first owner, A. Askew (Codex Askewianus),acquired by the British Museum in 1785 (Ms. Add. 5114).
Ptolemy (Gnostic)
Authors: Pleše Zlatko
Published: December 2012

A prominent member of the western (“Italian”) branch of the Valentinian school (HippolytusHaer. 6.35.6), Ptolemy was a learned Christian theologian and biblical exegete, probably active in Rome around the mid‐second centuryCE.
Regula Fidei
Authors: Ferguson Everett
Published: December 2012

Regula fidei(“Rule of Faith”) was the Latin phrase used for a summary of the main points of Christian faith.
Revelation, Book of
Authors: Frilingos Chris
Published: December 2012

In most Christian Bibles, the Book of Revelation, also known as the Apocalypse, is the last book of the New Testament.
Sethianism
Authors: Turner John D.
Published: December 2012

The term “Sethianism” is a typological category applied by modern scholars to the authors and users of a distinctive group of sixteen originally Greek treatises whose Coptic translations survive in several fourth‐century papyrus codices.
Tatian
Authors: Johnson Scott Fitzgerald
Published: December 2012

Tatian (ca. 120–173ce) remains today one of the most enigmatic authors of early Christianity. He was frequently deemed in antiquity the heresiarch of “Encratism” (i. e., stringent asceticism), though this appears not to have been a truly coherent movement.
Thecla
Authors: Davis Stephen J.
Published: December 2012

In the early Christian period, Thecla was venerated as the most popular female saint after the Virgin Mary.
Theodotians
Authors: Gamble Harry
Published: December 2012

Named for one Theodotus, described as a “leather merchant” or “shoemaker,” the Theodotians were a group in the Roman church of the late second and early third centuries, which is characterized in the sources chiefly by its advocacy of an adoptionistic christology (or a “dynamic monarchian” theology) that regarded Jesus as human, not divine (Eusebius
Hist. eccl
. 5.28; Hippolytus
Haer
. 6.23–4, 10.19; Epiphanius
Adv. Haers
. 54; Novatian
De trin
. 30).
Socrates of Constantinople
Authors: Williams Megan
Published: December 2012

Socrates' work in seven books continues that of Eusebius Of Caesarea, from Constantine to Theodosius II (312–438). Completed before 446, probably in 439 (Urbainczyk 1997: 20; Maraval 2004–7: 10), it is our only source for him. A native of Constantinople, born about 380–90, he draws particular attention to that city (SocratesHist. eccl. 5.24.9; Urbainczyk 1997: 15; Maraval 2004–7: 9). He was pro bably not a lawyer or official, despite the titlescholastikosin some early manu scripts (Urba inczykseeNovatian), and is often seen as one of them (Urbainczyk 1997: 26–9; cf. Maraval 2004–7: 11–13).
Aerarium
Authors: Meyers Rachel
Published: December 2012

TheAerarium, or treasury, was the depository for money, documents, and other valuables of the Roman state. It was located inside the Temple of Saturn, god of agriculture and protector of wealth, at the foot of the Capitoline Hill in the Forum of Rome.
Agrarian laws
Authors: Spanier Ethan , Hollander David B.
Published: December 2012

Agrarian laws are laws regulating the possession and exploitation of agricultural land. Since all ancient economies were overwhelmingly agricultural, the ruling classes always had considerable incentive to establish such rules.
Amber
Authors: Swift Ellen
Published: December 2012

Amber is the fossilized resin of trees, and is found on beaches where it is washed up by the tide. It was much prized in antiquity, and traded over long distances, the principal source being the Baltic coast. Its origins were much debated, and a variety of origin myths exist, though Aristotle knew it was “hardened resin.” In Ovid's re‐telling, amber crystallized from the tears of the mother and sister of Phaeton, son of Helios, when they were turned into poplar trees following his tragic death (Palavestra and Krstić 2006: 21).
Prediction of Radiographic Damage in Early Arthritis by Sonographic Erosions and Power Doppler Signal: A Longitudinal Observational Study
Authors: Funck‐Brentano Thomas , Gandjbakhch Frédérique , Etchepare Fabien , Jousse‐Joulin Sandrine , Miquel Anne , Cyteval Catherine , Lukas Cédric , Tobón Gabriel J. , Saraux Alain , Boumier Patrick , Goupille Philippe , Bourgeois Pierre , Fautrel Bruno
Published: December 2012

Objective

To assess the ability of ultrasonography (US) to predict radiographic damage in early arthritis.

Methods

ESPOIR is a multicentric cohort of early arthritis (i.e., ≥2 swollen joints between 6 weeks and 6 months). US synovitis in B mode, power Doppler (PD) mode, and erosions were searched on the second through the fifth metacarpophalangeal and fifth metatarsophalangeal joints according to Outcome Measures in Rheumatology definitions. Structural radiographic progression was assessed using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde erosion score (SHS) at baseline and 1 and 2 years. Predictive factors of erosive arthritis at 2 years and rapid radiographic progression (RRP) at 1 year (defined by change of SHS ≥5) were searched.

Results

A total of 127 patients were included, with a mean ± SD Disease Activity Score in 28 joints of 5.1 ± 1.3; 37.6% were anti–citrullinated protein antibody positive and 27.6% had typical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) erosions on radiographs. At 2 years, 42 patients (39.2%) had typical RA erosions. US erosions predicted radiographic evidence of erosive arthritis (odds ratio [OR] 1.44, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.04–1.98). PD synovitis score was predictive of RRP at 1 year (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.04–1.42). US erosions and PD synovitis scores were associated with change of SHS on linear regression. Of the 1,184 analyzed joints, 105 (8.9%) had radiographic erosion at 1 year. At the joint level, baseline US erosions were predictive of the presence of radiographic erosions at 1 year (P < 0.001). The same trend was observed in the joints without radiographic erosions at baseline (P = 0.052).

Conclusion

US is useful to evaluate the potential severity of early arthritis: US erosions and PD‐positive synovitis have prognostic value to predict future radiographic damage.
Short‐Term Perioperative All‐Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Yazdanyar Ali , Wasko Mary Chester , Scalzi Lisabeth V. , Kraemer Kevin L. , Ward Michael M.
Published: December 2012

Objective

Persons with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, but this excess CVD burden in the perioperative setting is yet to be determined. We aimed to determine the risk of perioperative short‐term all‐cause mortality and CVD events among women with SLE compared to those without SLE.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of pooled hospital discharge data of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998–2002. We abstracted diseases and procedures using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. The principal procedure was categorized into either a low, intermediate, or high risk level. Survey logistic regression adjusting for potential confounders provided estimates for stratum‐specific odds of adverse events in women with SLE relative to those without SLE for each procedure risk level.

Results

All‐cause mortality was significantly greater among women with SLE having a low‐ (odds ratio [OR] 1.54, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.00–2.37) or a high‐risk principal procedure (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.34–4.75) relative to women without SLE, but did not differ significantly among persons with intermediate‐risk procedures. Women with SLE with a low‐risk procedure were also more likely to experience a composite CVD event relative to women without SLE (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04–1.87).

Conclusion

Women with SLE are at an increased risk for short‐term perioperative adverse events. These results highlight a need for greater scrutiny during perioperative evaluation and management of women with SLE.
Similar or Totally Different: The Control of Conjugation Degree through Minor Structural Modifications, and Deep‐Blue Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogens for Non‐Doped OLEDs
Authors: Huang Jing , Sun Ning , Dong Yongqiang , Tang Runli , Lu Ping , Cai Ping , Li Qianqian , Ma Dongge , Qin Jingui , Li Zhen
Published: December 2012

Four 4,4′‐bis(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)biphenyl (BTPE) derivatives, 4,4′‐bis(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)biphenyl, 2,3′‐bis(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)biphenyl, 2,4′‐bis(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)biphenyl, 3,3′‐bis(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)biphenyl and 3,4′‐bis(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)biphenyl (oTPE‐mTPE, oTPE‐pTPE, mTPE‐mTPE, and mTPE‐pTPE, respectively), are successfully synthesized and their thermal, optical, and electronic properties fully investigated. By merging two simple tetraphenylethene (TPE) units together through different linking positions, the π‐conjugation length is effectively controlled to ensure the deep‐blue emission. Because of the minor but intelligent structural modification, all the four fluorophores exhibit deep‐blue emissions from 435 to 459 nm with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates of, respectively, (0.16, 0.14), (0.15, 0.11), (0.16, 0.14), and (0.16, 0.16), when fabricated as emitters in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). This is completely different from BTPE with sky‐blue emission (0.20, 0.36). Thus, these results may provide a novel and versatile approach for the design of deep‐blue aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) luminogens.
[3+2] Cycloaddition of Propargylamines and α‐Acylketene Dithioacetals: A Synthetic Strategy for Highly Substituted Pyrroles
Authors: Zhao Yu‐Long , Di Chong‐Hui , Liu Si‐Di , Meng Jia , Liu Qun
Published: December 2012

A new [3+2] cycloaddition strategy for the direct synthesis of highly substituted pyrroles from the readily available α‐acylketene dithioacetals (or related substrates) and commercially available propargylamines under mild metal‐free conditions has been developed. In this reaction, the acyl group plays a critical role in driving the conjugate addition of propargylamine and further cyclization to give pyrroles. Furthermore, the wide scope was confirmed by the preparation of 1,2,3,4‐tetrasubstituted pyrroles (60–70% yields) via a formal 1,2‐acyl migrating [3+2] cycloaddition pathway with N‐methylprop‐2‐yn‐1‐amine as the secondary amine component.
From Diols to Lactones under Aerobic Conditions using a Laccase/TEMPO Catalytic System in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Díaz‐Rodríguez Alba , Lavandera Iván , Kanbak‐Aksu Seda , Sheldon Roger A. , Gotor Vicente , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente
Published: December 2012

An efficient catalytic system to oxidize quantitatively aliphatic diols using Trametes versicolor laccase and TEMPO has been developed in aqueous medium. Oxidations have occurred in a non‐stereoselective fashion but with complete regio‐ and/or monoselectivity, obtaining lactones with excellent purity after simple extraction. This catalytic system has been demonstrated to be scalable, compatible with the presence of a variety of functionalities, and also allowed the successful enzyme recycling using a laccase‐cross‐linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) preparation.
Do parental perceptions and motivations towards genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis for deafness vary in different cultures?
Authors: Nahar Risha , Puri Ratna D. , Saxena Renu , Verma Ishwar C.
Published: December 2012

Surveys of attitudes of individuals with deafness and their families towards genetic testing or prenatal diagnosis have mostly been carried out in the West. It is expected that the perceptions and attitudes would vary amongst persons of different cultures and economic background. There is little information on the prevailing attitudes for genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis for deafness in developing countries. Therefore, this study evaluates the motivations of Indian people with inherited hearing loss towards such testing. Twenty‐eight families with history of congenital hearing loss (23 hearing parents with child/family member with deafness, 4 couples with both partners having deafness and 1 parent and child with deafness) participated in a semi‐structured survey investigating their interest, attitudes, and intentions for using genetic and prenatal testing for deafness. Participants opinioned that proper management and care of individuals with deafness were handicapped by limited rehabilitation facilities with significant financial and social burden. Nineteen (68%) opted for genetic testing. Twenty‐six (93%) expressed high interest in prenatal diagnosis, while 19 (73%) would consider termination of an affected fetus. Three hearing couples, in whom the causative mutations were identified, opted for prenatal diagnosis. On testing, all the three fetuses were affected and the hearing parents elected to terminate the pregnancies. This study provides an insight into the contrasting perceptions towards hearing disability in India and its influence on the desirability of genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical utility of the X‐chromosome array
Authors: Zarate Yuri A. , Dwivedi Alka , Bartel Frank O. , Bellomo M. Allison , Cathey Sara S. , Champaigne Neena L. , Clarkson L. Kate , DuPont Barbara R. , Everman David B. , Geer Joseph S. , Gordon Barbara C. , Lichty Angie W. , Lyons Michael J. , Rogers R. Curtis , Saul Robert A. , Schroer Richard J. , Skinner Steven A. , Stevenson Roger E.
Published: December 2012

Previous studies have limited the use of specific X‐chromosome array designed platforms to the evaluation of patients with intellectual disability. In this retrospective analysis, we reviewed the clinical utility of an X‐chromosome array in a variety of scenarios. We divided patients according to the indication for the test into four defined categories: (1) autism spectrum disorders and/or developmental delay and/or intellectual disability (ASDs/DD/ID) with known family history of neurocognitive disorders; (2) ASDs/DD/ID without known family history of neurocognitive disorders; (3) breakpoint definition of an abnormality detected by a different cytogenetic test; and (4) evaluation of suspected or known X‐linked conditions. A total of 59 studies were ordered with 27 copy number variants detected in 25 patients (25/59 = 42%). The findings were deemed pathogenic/likely pathogenic (16/59 = 27%), benign (4/59 = 7%) or uncertain (7/59 = 12%). We place particular emphasis on the utility of this test for the diagnostic evaluation of families affected with X‐linked conditions and how it compares to whole genome arrays in this setting. In conclusion, the X‐chromosome array frequently detects genomic alterations of the X chromosome and it has advantages when evaluating some specific X‐linked conditions. However, careful interpretation and correlation with clinical findings is needed to determine the significance of such changes. When the X‐chromosome array was used to confirm a suspected X‐linked condition, it had a yield of 63% (12/19) and was useful in the evaluation and risk assessment of patients and families. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semiconductor Photocatalysis—Mechanistic and Synthetic Aspects
Authors: Kisch Horst
Published: December 2012

Preceding work on photoelectrochemistry at semiconductor single‐crystal electrodes has formed the basis for the tremendous growth in the three last decades in the field of photocatalysis at semiconductor powders. The reason for this is the unique ability of inorganic semiconductor surfaces to photocatalyze concerted reduction and oxidation reactions of a large variety of electron‐donor and ‐acceptor substrates. Whereas great attention was paid to water splitting and the exhaustive aerobic degradation of pollutants, only a small amount of research also explored synthetic aspects. After introducing the basic mechanistic principles, standard experiments for the preparation and characterization of visible light active photocatalysts as well as the investigation of reaction mechanisms are discussed. Novel atom‐economic CC and CN coupling reactions illustrate the relevance of semiconductor photocatalysis for organic synthesis, and demonstrate that the multidisciplinary field combines classical photochemistry with electrochemistry, solid‐state chemistry, and heterogeneous catalysis.
The Emergence of Transition‐Metal‐Mediated Hydrothiolation of Unsaturated Carbon–Carbon Bonds: A Mechanistic Outlook
Authors: Castarlenas Ricardo , Di Giuseppe Andrea , Pérez‐Torrente Jesús J. , Oro Luis A.
Published: December 2012

The hydrothiolation of unsaturated carbon–carbon bonds is a practical and atom‐economical approach for the incorporation of sulfur into organic frameworks. In recent years, we have witnessed the development of a range of transition‐metal‐based catalytic systems for the control of the regio‐ and stereoselectivity. In this Minireview we highlight the mechanistic background behind this transformation so as to help the design of more specific and active organometallic hydrothiolation catalysts.
Aqueous phase transfer hydrogenation of aryl ketones catalysed by achiral ruthenium(II) and rhodium(III) complexes and their papain conjugates
Authors: Madern Nathalie , Talbi Barisa , Salmain Michèle
Published: December 2012

Several ruthenium and rhodium complexes including 2,2′‐dipyridylamine ligands substituted at the central N atom by an alkyl chain terminated by a maleimide functional group were tested along with a newly synthesized Rh(III) complex of unsubstituted 2,2′‐dipyridylamine as catalysts in the transfer hydrogenation of aryl ketones in neat water with formate as hydrogen donor. All of them except one led to the secondary alcohol products with conversion rates depending on the metal complex. Site‐specific anchoring of the N‐maleimide complexes to the single free cysteine residue of the cysteine endoproteinase papain endowed this protein with transfer hydrogenase properties towards 2,2,2‐trifluoroacetophenone. Quantitative conversions were reached with the Rh‐based biocatalysts, while modest enantioselectivities were obtained in certain reactional conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient alkyne homocoupling catalysed by copper immobilized on functionalized silica
Authors: van Gelderen Laurens , Rothenberg Gadi , Roberto Calderone V. , Wilson Karen , Raveendran Shiju N.
Published: December 2012

Copper immobilized on a functionalized silica support is a good catalyst for the homocoupling of terminal alkynes. The so‐called Glaser–Hay coupling reaction can be run in air with catalytic amounts of base. The copper catalyst is active for multiple substituted alkynes, in both polar and non‐polar solvents, with good to excellent yields (75–95%). Depending on the alkyne, full conversion can be achieved within 3–24 h. The catalyst was characterized by TGA, inductively coupled plasma and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Leaching tests confirm that the catalyst is and remains heterogeneous. Importantly, the overall reaction requires only alkyne and oxygen (in this case, air) as reagents, making this a clean catalytic oxidative coupling reaction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the use of fibrin and microcrystalline chitosan membranes as carriers for transforming growth factor beta‐1
Authors: Michalska Marta , Kaplińska Katarzyna , Mirowski Marek , Bodek Andrzej , Bodek Kazimiera H.
Published: December 2012

The aim of this study was to describe the mechanical features of homogeneous and layered chitosan (Ch) and fibrin–chitosan (Fb–Ch) membranes as well the kinetics of transforming growth factor beta‐1 (TGF‐β1) release from five types of polymer carriers. Composites in the form of a film containing physiologically clotted fibrin (Fb) and microcrystalline chitosan (MCCh) were prepared and then crosslinked with calcium chloride. The films were characterized by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, mechanical tests (film thickness, maximal tensile force, breaking strength, and elongation at break), and SEM images. The results reveal that Ch film demonstrates higher efficiency in binding TGF‐β1 and, at the same time, is less effective in its release—1.25% of the total amount between 6 h and 14 days. However, the Fb membrane binds TGF‐β1 not as strongly, which leads to more effective release of the compound—25% after 6 h and 28.98% of the total amount after 14 days. The factor TGF‐β1 is released in vitro from Fb–Ch membranes with different kinetics. The most efficient release of TGF‐β1 was observed in the case of the layered Fb–Ch (M4 L) membrane (after 14 days it reached a maximal value of 14.08% of the total amount). The release was lower with increasing Ch concentrations in the film, suggesting a high affinity of TGF‐β1 with the Fb–Ch component. The Fb–Ch membrane with incorporated TGF‐β1 may prove to be a very useful scaffold in the tissue regeneration process. This study demonstrates that Fb and MCCh gels could be used as carrier matrices for the controlled release of bioactive TGF‐β1. It was found that the degree of TGF‐β1 release from the membrane is influenced by the physiochemical and mechanical characteristics of the films and by its affinity to growth factor TGF‐β1. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effects of a coupling agent on the mechanical and thermal properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/nano silicon carbide composites
Authors: Huang Anmin , Su Rongjin , Liu Yanqing
Published: December 2012

Ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/nano silicon carbide (nano‐SiC) composites were prepared by compression molding. The effects of a coupling agent and the content of the filler on the filler dispersion and the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were investigated. The results show that the mechanical properties of the composites first increased and then decreased with increasing SiC content. The macromolecular coupling agent exhibited a much better reinforcing effect than the small‐molecule coupling agent. The tensile strength of the composites with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550), γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH570), and silicone powders reached its maximum value when the silicon carbide (SiC) content was 3%. We found that a web of the UHMWPE/SiC/coupling agent was formed and played a significant role in improving the heat resistance of the composites. In addition, appropriate amounts of SiC could increase the crystallinity of UHMWPE via a process of heterogeneous nucleation. The comprehensive performance of the KH550/silicone/SiC/UHMWPE composites was the best. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Influence of stretching ratio and salt concentration on the porosity of polypropylene films containing sodium chloride particles
Authors: Sängerlaub Sven , Böhmer Maik , Stramm Cornelia
Published: December 2012

The incorporation of salt in a polymer matrix could potentially achieve a humidity‐regulating film system of high porosity for packaging applications. In this study, sodium chloride (NaCl) powder was used as a model substance for humidity‐regulating fillers in polypropylene films. A polypropylene homopolymer was extrusion‐blended with NaCl at concentrations of 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, and 0.24 g NaCl·g film–1. Films were produced and were subsequently oriented mono and biaxially. At stretching ratios (SRs) of between 2 and 25 a porosity of 20% v/v to 50% v/v was achieved. The porosity positively correlated with the SR. An empirical model based on ellipsoids that approximated the correlation between the SR and the porosity was developed. This correlation offers a basis for further studies on other salt‐polymer systems that have undergone differing orientation processes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Design of vascular prostheses by melt electrospinning—structural characterizations
Authors: Mazalevska Olga , Struszczyk Marcin Henryk , Krucinska Izabella
Published: December 2012

The general objective of this research is to use melt electrospinning to design and fabricate semibiodegradable and multilayered fibrous structures that have potential applications for cardiovascular implants, including small‐diameter (<6 mm) blood vessels replacements. In the first stage of the study, as described in this article, flat fibrous structures from polypropylene and polylactide polymers were fabricated. The fabrication stage was necessary to determine the effect of the polymers' melt mass flow rate, melt electrospinning processing parameters (as a working distance and spinning voltage) on the resulting fiber diameter and on other physical and structural properties of the fibrous structures. An analysis of the effects of the processing parameters on the fabrication of the fibrous structures and the selection of the appropriate polymers for the final multilayered tubular structure were also performed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Investigation of stress relaxation behavior of carbon‐containing shape memory epoxy composites
Authors: Yun Songjian , Liang Xiaoyan
Published: December 2012

A series of shape memory epoxy composites reinforced by varied carbon‐black (CB) contents were prepared. Stress relaxation tests were preformed to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of the specimens at different temperatures. An empirical rheological model was used to simulate the impacts of the temperature and CB content on the viscoelastic behavior of the materials. The results show that the additive of CB particles can significantly improve the stiffness and decrease viscoelastic properties of shape memory epoxy. In addition, parameter analyses in the theoretical simulation present a further understanding about the impact of the additives on the properties of SMPs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Talking about death: Implementing peer discussion as a coping mechanism to overcome fears about dissection, death, and dying
Authors: Kotzé Sanet Henriët , Mole Calvin Gerald
Published: December 2012

Many studies have reported on the perceptions of medical students toward dissection. It is important to understand the feelings and symptoms experienced during dissection so that they can be adequately handled. Prior to dissection, first year students are given lectures on aspects of dissection, death and dying, and death rituals in various cultures. Two separate questionnaires, one given during the first week of dissection and another given one month into the program were then completed anonymously by dissection groups. The questions were designed to be open‐ended, thereby encouraging group discussion amongst students. The questionnaires were used to determine the perception of students to dissection and to discover if these perceptions change during the dissection program. The first questionnaire revealed that students do experience fears and anxiety prior to and at the beginning of dissection; however, most of these fears dissipated by the time of the second questionnaire. One month into dissection students cited talking to peers as their main coping mechanism and fewer students mentioned emotional detachment from their cadaver as a coping mechanism, as was the case in the first questionnaire. Dissection was perceived as a positive experience by our student cohort and most students cited the main advantage of dissection as the ability to visualize organs in three dimensions. The comprehensive answers received from the students indicated that thorough discussion of feelings amongst peers occurred, introducing students to an important coping mechanism at an early stage of their learning. Anat Sci Educ. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Staphylococcus bacteriophage tails with bactericidal properties: New findings
Authors: Biddappa Appaiah Chemira , Sundarrajan Sudarson , Ramalinga Anupama Byrappa , Sriram Bharathi , Padmanabhan Sriram
Published: December 2012

The development of lytic bacteriophages as therapeutic products is an attractive alternative to antibiotics. In this study, we evaluated the potential of phage tails for lysing Gram‐positive bacteria. Phage P954, a well‐characterized temperate staphylococcal phage, was found to adsorb to a large number of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates, although it lyses only 24% of the tested isolates. However, P954 phage tails generated by interruption of phage assembly were bactericidal against all the phage‐resistant isolates. Phage tail preparations were trypsin sensitive with an apparent molecular weight of over 300 kDa. PCR analysis of the P954 phage‐resistant isolates indicated the integration of P954‐like prophages into the host genomes. Our study demonstrates for the first time that P954 bacteriophage tails have a much broader host range than the intact phage because phage tails are not affected by superinfection immunity or vulnerable to host restriction endonucleases.
Sonderfälle des Trittschallschutzes Teil 2: Treppensanierungen, Terrassen, Balkone, Estriche auf Gummischrotbahnen
Authors: Sälzer Elmar , Maack Jürgen , Möck Thomas
Published: December 2012

Seit Jahrzehnten besteht bei der Planung von Gebäuden das Problem, dass der größte Teil der praktisch vorkommenden Konstruktionen, die Anforderungen an den Trittschallschutz unterliegen, mit dem Instrumentarium von DIN 4109:1989‐11 “Schallschutz im Hochbau“ rechnerisch nicht oder nicht wirtschaftlich nachweisbar ist. Auch der in Kürze neu erscheinende Entwurf zu DIN 4109 hat in dieser Beziehung nur unwesentliche Fortschritte gemacht. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird dargestellt, welche Parameter des Trittschallschutzes bei Nachweisen angesetzt werden können, wenn DIN 4109 hierzu keine Angaben macht. Darüber hinaus werden für spezielle Konstruktionen entsprechende Hinweise gegeben, bei deren rechnerischem Nachweis mit Einzahlangaben (z. B. Berechnungen des Norm‐Trittschallpegels mit der bewerteten Trittschallminderung) unbefriedigende Ergebnisse aufgrund des Verlaufs der Trittschallminderung über der Frequenz gegeben sind. In Teil 1 wurden leichte, harte Beläge mit definierter Trittschalldämmung (Laminat, Parkett, Fliesen) und Trockenkonstruktionen (Trockenestriche und Trockenhohlraumböden sowie Terrassenbeläge) behandelt. Im vorliegenden 2. Teil wird insbesondere über die Sanierung von Treppen in Bezug auf den Trittschall‐ schutz, Balkone mit ihren besonderen Randbedingungen und speziell über Estriche auf Gummischrotbahnen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Zulassung derartiger Beläge berichtet.

Special impact sound insulation cases, Part 2: Staircases, terraces, balconies, screed on rubber fibre boards. For a long time now it has not been feasible, or not economically feasible, using the methods provided by DIN 4109 11/89 “Sound insulation in buildings”, to provide calculated evidence for the majority of constructions that are in common use which are subject to impact sound insulation requirements. Even the new draft of DIN 4109 which is due to be published shortly has not made any significant progress in the matter. The article below illustrates which parameters can be used for providing evidence of impact sound insulation in cases where DIN 4109 does not provide any guidance. In addition, information is supplied for special constructions in which the calculated evidence using single‐number data input (e. g. calculating the standard impact sound level using the respective impact sound reduction value) leads to unsatisfactory results due to the curve of impact sound reduction values over the range of frequencies. Part 1 of the article investigated hard, lightweight floor finishes with defined impact sound insulation (laminate, parquet, tiles) and dry constructions (dry and raised floor constructions and terrace flooring). Part 2 presented here reports especially on the refurbishment of staircases in order to achieve improved impact sound insulation, balconies with their special requirements and screeds on rubber insulation mats, with special emphasis on the approval of such floor finishes.
Zur Anwendung reaktiver Brandschutzsysteme auf Stahlzuggliedern
Authors: Hothan Sascha , Häßler Dustin
Published: December 2012

Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme werden in zunehmendem Maße zum Schutz von sichtbaren Stahlkonstruktionen eingesetzt, weil mit den relativ geringen Beschichtungsdicken das architektonische Erscheinungsbild der Konstruktionen erhalten bleibt. Die Verwendbarkeit der Systeme wird durch nationale und europäische technische Zulassungen geregelt. Die Zulassungen erlauben eine Anwendung auf zugbeanspruchten Bauteilen nur unter Einschränkungen. Eine Verwendung der Systeme auf Zuggliedern mit Vollquerschnitt ist derzeit nicht abgedeckt. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die aktuelle Situation zur Anwendung reaktiver Brandschutzsysteme und erläutert die physikalisch‐technischen Hintergründe. Ferner wird anhand eines Beispiels außerhalb des Anwendungsbereiches der Zulassungen gezeigt, wie eine Anwendung auf Zuggliedern mit rundem Vollquerschnitt im Rahmen einer Zustimmung im Einzelfall ermöglicht werden kann. In einem weiteren Abschnitt werden die jüngsten Forschungsergebnisse aus einem durch das Deutsche Institut für Bautechnik geförderten und durch die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung bearbeiteten Vorhabens vorgestellt. Das Forschungsvorhaben verfolgt das Ziel, eine Anwendung reaktiver Brandschutzsysteme auf Zuggliedern mit Vollquerschnitten auf Grundlage von Zulassungen allgemein zu ermöglichen.

Application of reactive fire protection systems to steel rods in tension. The application of intumescent coatings for fire protection of steel constructions is increasing. Thanks to the relative thin thickness of the coatings, the typical visual appearance of the structures can be preserved. The applicability of the systems is regulated by the national German as well as European technical approvals. According to the approvals, the application on steel members in tension is only allowed with limitations. Especially, the application on solid steel rods in tension is currently not yet covered. This contribution first explains the actual state of the art of the application of reactive fire protection systems to steel structures. Technical background information is provided. Furthermore, a case study is presented in order to illustrate the limitations in the scope of the approvals and a possible approach to allow the application of intumescent coatings on solid steel rods via an approval for a specific construction project. After that, the latest scientific results of a research project funded by the German National Institute of Building Technology (DIBt) and conducted by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) are described. The objective of the project is to enable the application of intumescent coatings on solid steel rods in tension within the scope of approvals in general.
Pre‐ and Postnatal Development in the Cynomolgus Monkey Following Administration of ABT‐874, a Human Anti‐IL‐12/23p40 Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Enright Brian P. , Tornesi Belen , Weinbauer Gerhard F. , Blaich Guenter
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND

ABT‐874 is an anti‐IL‐12/23 monoclonal antibody that binds to the p40 subunit of human IL‐12 and IL‐23. As part of its preclinical safety assessment, studies were conducted to assess its potential effects on pre‐ and postnatal development in cynomolgus monkeys.

METHODS

In the embryo‐fetal development studies, ABT‐874 was administered once weekly subcutaneously to adult female cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 0, 5, 25, or 100 mg/kg during gestation days (GD) 20 to 48. Fetuses were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal development on GD 100 or 150. In the pre‐ and postnatal study, ABT‐874 was administered once weekly subcutaneously to adult female cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 10, 50, or 200 mg/kg from GD 20 through postpartum day 182. Infants were examined from birth up to 9 months of age for morphological and functional development. Potential effects on the infant immune system were evaluated by immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes and by T‐dependent antibody response to KLH.

RESULTS

There was no ABT‐874‐related maternal toxicity or adverse effects on fetuses or infants. ABT‐874 was present in maternal and fetal serum at GD 100 and 150, and in infant serum through day 63 postbirth. ABT‐874 was also present at low levels in breast milk through postpartum day 175.

CONCLUSIONS

Exposure of cynomolgus monkey fetuses and infants to ABT‐874 had no adverse effects on embryo‐fetal or postnatal development.
Wüstennavigatoren en miniature
Authors: Wehner Rüdiger
Published: December 2012

Cataglyphis, eine rein tagaktive, hoch hitzetolerante Wüstenrennameise, bedient sich bei ihren weiträumigen Futtersuchläufen eines reichhaltigen Navigationsinstrumentariums. Als basaler Mechanismus dient ihr ein Wegintegrator, der alle eingeschlagenen Richtungen und zurückgelegten Distanzen zu einem Navigationsvektor verrechnet, mit dem die Tiere dann einen zuvor besuchten Geländepunkt geradlinig ansteuern können. Die nötige Kompassinformation entnimmt der Integrator dem polarisierten Himmelslicht (über spezialisierte Photorezeptoren am dorsalen Augenrand), die Entfernungsinformation den Beinbewegungen und dem im ventralen Sehfeld wahrgenommenen Bildfluss. Der Wegintegrator funktioniert vom ersten Auslauf an und bleibt auch später bei jedem Lauf ununterbrochen eingeschaltet. Er bildet den Rahmen, innerhalb dessen zusätzlich Landmarkeninformation erworben werden kann. Dabei nehmen die Tiere über die Weitwinkeloptik ihrer Komplexaugen Panoramabilder von bestimmten Geländepunkten und Routen auf. Bei späteren Läufen werden diese eingespeicherten Referenzbilder abgerufen und mit der jeweils aktuellen Situation verglichen (Bildvergleichsverfahren). Die verschiedenen Navigationsinstrumente sind im Cockpit von Cataglyphis netzwerkartig verbunden und können je nach Kontext flexibel zum Einsatz kommen.
Auf der Mauer, auf der Lauer: Die Vielfalt der Garten‐Wanzen
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: December 2012

Die meisten Garten‐Bewohner verharren während der kalten Jahreszeit unter Laub, in der Erde oder auch gut getarnt als Ei oder Puppe an trockenen Pflanzen, bis der Frühling sie hervorlockt. Dennoch regt sich auch jetzt Leben: Viele Vögel kommen als Wintergäste in den Siedlungsbereich. Und sogar einige Insekten zeigen sich. So lassen sich manche Wanzen in dieser Zeit gut beobachten – überhaupt treten sie rund ums Jahr überaus vielgestaltig in unseren Gärten in Erscheinung.
Percutaneous revascularization improves outcomes in patients with prior coronary artery bypass surgery
Authors: Gyenes Gabor , Norris Colleen M. , Graham Michelle M. ,   for the APPROACH Investigators
Published: December 2012

Background

Although ACC/AHA guidelines recommend a low threshold for catheterization after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), in clinical practice repeat revascularization often appears unfeasible and data on outcomes are scarce.

Methods

Using APPROACH, a clinical data collection and outcome monitoring initiative in Alberta, Canada, we analyzed nonemergency repeat catheterization, revascularization, and mortality rates of all patients with previous CABG, grouped by indication (acute coronary syndromes [ACS], stable angina [SA]) and compared to those of the cohort without previous CABG.

Results

Of 7,127 patients, 31.5%, and 11% received percutaneous revascularization (PCI), or reoperation, respectively. Significantly more post‐CABG patients were managed medically as compared with the overall APPROACH cohort of coronary disease patients (57.5% vs. 41.5%—P < 0.001). Post CABG patients with ACS received PCI more often than those with SA (36.4% vs. 24.8%). PCI was associated with improved both non‐adjusted and adjusted mortality by 22 and 19%, respectively (P < 0.001) during a follow‐up of up to 14 years. Patients with diabetes had a higher mortality rate than those without at 1‐, 5‐, and 10‐year follow‐up in every treatment group. However PCI was associated with a similar improvement in mortality (HR: 0.76 [95% SD: 0.65–0.90]) in diabetic patients (HR: 0.85 [95% SD: 0.75–0.96]) when compared to medical management.

Conclusion

Significantly fewer post‐CABG patients received repeat revascularization than all‐comers however; PCI was associated with improved mortality in both the diabetic and the nondiabetic patient population. These findings support the practice of attempting revascularization in post‐CABG patients, particularly in those with an ACS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hospital volume of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation is closely associated with treatment outcomes for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lu Li‐Chun , Shao Yu‐Yun , Kuo Raymond N. C. , Lin Zhong‐Zhe , Yeh Yi‐Chun , Shau Wen‐Yi , Hsu Chih‐Hung , Cheng Ann‐Lii , Lai Mei‐Shu
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND:

Hospital volume for several major operations is associated with treatment outcomes. In this study, the authors explored the influence of hospital radiofrequency ablation (RFA) volume on the prognosis of patients who received RFA for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS:

The authors searched for all patients who were diagnosed with stage I or stage II HCC from 2004 to 2006 and who received RFA as first‐line therapy in a population‐based cohort. Overall survival (OS) and liver cancer‐specific survival (CSS) were compared according to hospital volume. A Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analysis.

RESULTS:

In total, 661 patients received first‐line RFA for stage I and II HCC in 28 hospitals. Among these, there were 480 patients (72.6%) in the high‐volume group (those who received RFA at hospitals that treated >10 first‐line patients per year), and there were 181 patients (27.4%) in the low‐volume group (those who received RFA at hospitals that treated ≤10 first‐line patients per year). The sex, age, stage, tumor size, and year of diagnosis for patients in the 2 groups did not differ significantly. Patients in the high‐volume group demonstrated significantly longer OS and CSS than those in the low‐volume group (5‐year OS rate, 58.7% vs 47.2%; P = .001; 5‐year CSS rate, 67.1% vs 57.1%; P = .009). After adjusting for covariates, high‐volume hospitals remained an independent predictor of longer OS (hazard ratio, 0.57; P < .001) and CSS (hazard ratio, 0.57; P = .003).

CONCLUSIONS:

Patients who received first‐line RFA for HCC in high‐volume hospitals demonstrated better survival outcomes. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Adherence to national guidelines for antiemesis prophylaxis in patients undergoing chemotherapy for lung cancer
Authors: Gomez Daniel R. , Liao Kai‐Ping , Giordano Sharon , Nguyen Hoang , Smith Benjamin D. , Elting Linda S.
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND:

Nausea and vomiting (N/V) during chemotherapy can have profound clinical and economic consequences. Effective antiemetic agents are available for prophylaxis, but barriers may prevent their use. For this population‐based study, the authors assessed the rates of antiemetic prophylaxis use, and predictors of such use, among patients who were receiving platinum‐based chemotherapy for lung cancer between 2001 and 2007.

METHODS:

The authors searched the Texas Cancer Registry–Medicare‐linked database for individuals aged >65 years who received platinum‐based chemotherapy within 12 months after a first diagnosis of lung cancer from 2001 to 2007; and all patients had continuous Medicare Part A and Part B coverage for the same period. Adherence to recommended regimens for N/V prophylaxis (established by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network) was scored as a binary variable (adherent vs nonadherent) and was calculated as the percentages of treated patients receiving each recommended agent within 1 day of beginning chemotherapy. Logistic regression with stepwise selection was used to examine whether patient characteristics influenced adherence.

RESULTS:

Of 4566 selected patients, adherence rates for the receipt of serotonin antagonists (eg, ondansetron) with dexamethasone were 60% to 90% regardless of whether the chemotherapy agent was considered moderately or highly emetogenic. The receipt of substance‐P antagonists was much less common (<10%) during any period. On multivariate logistic regression modeling, variables that predicted adherence were older age, white race, higher median income, and concurrent radiation therapy.

CONCLUSIONS:

Recommended use of antiemetics for prophylaxis, especially substance‐P antagonists, during chemotherapy for lung cancer is suboptimal. Factors that were correlated with adherence suggest socioeconomic barriers in the community. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
An improved baseline model for a human arterial network to study the impact of aneurysms on pressure‐flow waveforms
Authors: Low K. , van Loon R. , Sazonov I. , Bevan R. L. T. , Nithiarasu P.
Published: December 2012

In this study, an improved and robust one‐dimensional human arterial network model is presented. The one‐dimensional blood flow equations are solved using the Taylor‐locally conservative Galerkin finite element method. The model improvements are carried out by adopting parts of the physical models from different authors to establish an accurate baseline model. The predicted pressure‐flow waveforms at various monitoring positions are compared against in vivo measurements from published works. The results obtained show that wave shapes predicted are similar to that of the experimental data and exhibit a good overall agreement with measured waveforms. Finally, computational studies on the influence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm are presented. The presence of aneurysms results in a significant change in the waveforms throughout the network. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and implementation of a high‐efficiency LiFePO4 battery charger for electric vehicle applications
Authors: Chiu Huang‐Jen , Lo Yu‐Kang , Tseng Po‐Jung , Liu Yu‐Chen , Chang Yu‐Chen , Liao Ym‐Min , Jen Kuo‐Kuang , Fu Kuo‐Sheng , Chung Chih‐Hsien , Chen Kun‐Feng
Published: December 2012

This letter studies and implements a high‐efficiency LiFePO4 battery charger. The modular design can satisfy the requirements of series/parallel charging for electric vehicle applications. A CC‐CC‐CV charging scheme is also realized to meet the characteristics of LiFePO4 battery stacks. A 2 kW laboratory prototype is built and tested. The experimental results are shown to verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.