bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An in vitro investigation of l‐kynurenine, quinolinic acid, and kynurenic acid on B16 F10 melanoma cell cytotoxicity and morphology
Authors: Basson Charlise , Serem June Cheptoo , Hlophe Yvette Nkondo , Bipath Priyesh
Published: September 2023

The metastatic behavior of melanoma has accentuated the need for specific therapy targets. Compounds, namely l‐kynurenine (
l‐kyn), quinolinic acid (Quin), and kynurenic acid (KA) previously displayed antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in vitro against cancer cells. Despite the growing interest in these compounds there are limited studies examining the in vitro effects on melanoma. In B16 F10 melanoma cells, RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and HaCat keratinocyte cells, postexposure to the compounds, crystal violet staining was used to determine the half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), whereas polarization‐optical transmitted light differential interference contrast and light microscopy after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to assess morphological changes. 
l‐kyn, Quin, and KA‐induced cytotoxicity in all cell lines, with 
l‐kyn being the most cytotoxic compound. 
l‐kyn and KA at IC50‐induced morphological changes in B16 F10, RAW 264.7, and HaCat cell lines, whereas Quin had effects on B16 F10 and RAW 264.7 cells but did not affect HaCat cells. 
l‐kyn, Quin, and KA each display different levels of cytotoxicity, which were cell line specific. 
l‐kyn was shown to be the most potent compound against all cell lines and may offer future treatment strategies when combined with other viable treatments against melanoma.
Sodium Tetrakis(hexafluoroisopropyloxy)aluminates: Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterisation of a Room‐Temperature Solvated Ionic Liquid
Authors: Ould Darren M. C. , Menkin Svetlana , Smith Holly E. , Riesgo‐González Víctor , Smith Thomas H. , Chinn Melissa N. B. , Jónsson Erlendur , Bond Andrew D. , Grey Clare P. , Wright Dominic S.
Published: September 2023

Weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) are used throughout chemistry to minimise cation‐anion interactions in the solid and solution states. The ability to suppress ion‐pairing has important bearings ‐ or impacts on the properties of materials, on single‐site catalysis and on ionic conductivity. Fluorinated alkoxy aluminates (containing [Al(ORF)4]− anions) are an attractive class of WCA owing to their high thermodynamic stability, stemming from strong aluminium‐oxygen bonds, and the ability to tailor their steric and electronic properties by changing the organic substituents (R). This work explores the structural and electrochemical properties of sodium tetrakis(hexafluoroisopropyloxy)aluminate, Na[Al(hfip)4] ⋅ xDME (hfip=hexafluoroisopropyloxy, OiPrF, DME=1,2‐dimethoxyethane, x=3 or 1). When solvated with one DME molecule, Na[Al(hfip)4] ⋅ DME is a room‐temperature solvated ionic liquid, with an activation energy of conduction of 0.4 eV. Both Na[Al(hfip)4] ⋅ 3DME and Na[Al(hfip)4] ⋅ DME have been studied as electrolyte salts for sodium‐ion batteries, where sodium‐ion cycling proceeds but with low capacity retention.
Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution using a Nickel‐based Calixpyrrole Complex: Controlling the Secondary Coordination Sphere on an Electrode Surface
Authors: Trowbridge Logan , Averkiev Boris , Sues Peter E.
Published: September 2023

Incorporating design elements from homogeneous catalysts to construct well defined active sites on electrode surfaces is a promising approach for developing next generation electrocatalysts for energy conversion reactions. Furthermore, if functionalities that control the electrode microenvironment could be integrated into these active sites it would be particularly appealing. In this context, a square planar nickel calixpyrrole complex, Ni(DPMDA) (DPMDA=2,2′‐((diphenylmethylene)bis(1H‐pyrrole‐5,2‐diyl))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(azaneylylidene))dianiline) with pendant amine groups is reported that forms a heterogeneous hydrogen evolution catalyst using anilinium tetrafluoroborate as the proton source. The supported Ni(DPMDA) catalyst was surprisingly stable and displayed fast reaction kinetics with turnover frequencies (TOF) up to 25,900 s−1 or 366,000 s−1 cm−2. Kinetic isotope effect (KIE) studies revealed a KIE of 5.7, and this data, combined with Tafel slope analysis, suggested that a proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) process involving the pendant amine groups was rate‐limiting. While evidence of an outer‐sphere reduction of the Ni(DPMDA) catalyst was observed, it is hypothesized that the control over the secondary coordination sphere provided by the pendant amines facilitated such high TOFs and enabled the PCET mechanism. The results reported herein provide insight into heterogeneous catalyst design and approaches for controlling the secondary coordination sphere on electrode surfaces.
The Calculation of Both Electrostatic and Van der Waals Effects to Probe the Efficiency of Solvent Extraction of Heterocyclic Aromatics from Heavy Oil
Authors: Wei Xingguo , Cui Lingrui , Liu Cao , Shen Kaili , Xu Jun , Dilworth Jon , Xiao Tiancun , Cao Fahai
Published: September 2023

Due to the complex composition and similar structure, the extraction denitrification of aromatic rich oil is faced with the contradiction problem of denitrification efficiency and aromatic loss which cannot be efficiently solved by experiments. However, the complex interactions involved can be analyzed from the perspective of calculation, and the prediction criteria and methods are proposed. Based on rigorous density functional theory calculation data, Simple models based on electrostatic potential (ESP) and Van der Waals potential (VdWP)‐based calculations were established and validated. The twofold model provided the best prediction for interactions between extractants and nitrogen compounds and between extractants and aromatics, which determines denitrification efficiency and aromatic loss, respectively, due to the most complete description of both electrostatic and VdW force. This provides a powerful tool for evaluating the non‐covalent interactions and thence tuning the efficiency of the separation process. Thus, high denitrification efficiency (43.2~66.3 %) and moderate aromatic loss (1.7~4.4 %) were obtained using screened deep eutectic solvents (DESs). This ideal observation provided the potential for mild hydrodesulfurization and manufacture of high‐grade carbon materials.
Metal‐Free Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Chlorosilanes into Hydrosilanes with “Inverse” Frustrated Lewis Pairs**
Authors: Durin Gabriel , Berthet Jean‐Claude , Thuéry Pierre , Nicolas Emmanuel , Cantat Thibault
Published: September 2023

The challenging metal‐free catalytic hydrogenolysis of silyl chlorides to hydrosilanes is unlocked by using an inverse frustrated Lewis pair (FLP), combining a mild Lewis acid (Cy2BCl) and a strong phosphazene base (BTPP) in mild conditions (10 bar of H2, r. t.). In the presence of a stoichiometric amount of the base, the hydrosilanes R3SiH (R=Me, Et, Ph) are generated in moderate to high yields (up to 95 %) from their chlorinated counterparts. A selective formation of the valuable difunctional monohydride Me2SiHCl is also obtained from Me2SiCl2. A mechanism is proposed based on stoichiometric experiments and DFT calculations; it highlights the critical role of borohydride species generated by the heterolytic splitting of H2.
The Facile Hydrolysis of Imidazolinium Chlorides (N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors) Under Basic Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Touj Nedra , Taping Jerwin Jay , Tumanov Nikolay , Wouters Johan , Delaude Lionel
Published: September 2023

The hydrolysis of imidazolinium chlorides takes place readily in a basic water/dichloromethane biphasic mixture at room temperature. Experimental parameters were optimized to afford full conversions and high yields of γ‐aminoformamides starting from twelve symmetrical substrates with alkyl or aryl substituents on their nitrogen atoms, and five unsymmetrical 1‐alkyl‐3‐arylimidazolinium chlorides. NMR and XRD analyses showed that the cleavage of unsymmetrical salts led to γ‐alkylamino‐N‐arylformamides with a high regioselectivity and that bulky alkyl or aryl groups on the formamide moiety led to the isolation of the (E)‐isomer in high stereoisomeric purity (>95 %), whereas smaller and more flexible alkyl substituents afforded mixtures of (E)‐ and (Z)‐rotamers. Control experiments showed that the hydrolysis of 1,3‐dimesitylimidazolinium chloride (SIMes ⋅ HCl) did not occur readily in pure or acidic water and that the presence of bulky aromatic substituents on the nitrogen atoms of 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolinium chloride (SIDip ⋅ HCl) efficiently slowed down its hydrolysis under basic aqueous conditions. Most strikingly, this work highlighted the critical influence of the counteranion on the reactivity of imidazolinium cations. Indeed, the chloride salts underwent a facile hydrolysis in the presence of water and Na2CO3, whereas various other NHC ⋅ HX derivatives reacted much slower or remained essentially inert under these conditions.
Atroposelective NiII‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions Enable a Deeper Understanding of Negishi Couplings: Isolation and Application of Solid Aryl Higher‐Order Zincates
Authors: Groß Damian , van Otterlo Willem A. L. , Trapp Oliver , Berthold Dino
Published: September 2023

The Negishi cross‐coupling reactions involves the application of organozinc reagents and is a highly versatile reaction in synthetic organic chemistry. The transmetallation step plays a pivotal role in the mechanism of these types of cross‐coupling reactions. In this study, mechanistic investigations are presented indicating that higher‐order zincates are the transmetallating active species in Pd‐ and Ni‐catalyzed Negishi cross‐coupling reactions. These findings are supported by halide salt addition experiments and by obtaining a single X‐ray crystal structure of the solid monoaryl higher‐order zincate [1‐NaphthylZnX3]2−Mg(THF)22+. The procedure developed in this work was further applied to the synthesis of various monoaryl higher‐order zincates, after which their synthetic usefulness in terms of high reactivity towards transmetallation in Negishi cross‐couplings, as well as stability, was exemplified in several reactions.
Digital image analysis allows objective stratification of patients with silent PIT1‐lineage pituitary neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Zhao Jiangyan , Ji Chenxing , Cheng Haixia , Ye Zhen , Yao Boyuan , Shen Ming , Shou Xuefei , Zhou Xiang , Ye Hongying , Zhang Zhaoyun , Chen Hong , Wang Yongfei , He Fuchu , Zhao Yao , Gong Wei , Zhang Qilin , Qiao Nidan
Published: September 2023

Studies describing the clinical presentation and prognosis of patients with silent PIT1 (pituitary specific transcription factor)‐lineage pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are rare. We identified patients with positive PIT1 tumor staining but without evidence of hormone hypersecretion at a tertiary center. Clusters were obtained according to cell morphology and immunostaining from each patient's digitally segmented whole slide image. We compared the clinical presentations, radiological features, and prognoses of the different clusters. We identified 146 patients (68 male, 42.9 ± 14.1 years old) with silent PIT1‐lineage PitNETs. Morphology clustering suggested that tumors with large nuclei and apparent eccentricity were associated with a higher proportion of aggressiveness and a higher hazard of recurrence [hazard ratio (HR): 2.64, (95% CI, 1.06–6.55), p = 0.037]. Immunohistochemical clustering suggested that tumors with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) staining or all negative PIT1‐lineage hormones were associated with a higher proportion of aggressiveness and a higher risk of recurrence [HR: 12.4, (95% CI, 1.60–93.5), p = 0.015]. We obtained three‐tier risk profiles by combining morphological and immunohistochemical clustering. Patients with the high‐risk profile presented the highest recurrence rate compared with those in the medium‐risk and low‐risk profiles [HR: 3.54, (95% CI, 1.40–8.93), p = 0.002]. In conclusion, digital image analysis based on cell morphology and immunohistochemical staining allows objective stratification of patients with silent PIT1‐lineage tumors. Typical morphological characteristics of high‐risk tumors are large tumor nuclei and high eccentricity, and typical immunostaining characteristics are TSH staining or negative staining for all PIT1‐lineage hormones.
Development and Verification of a Diagnostic Technology for Waste Battery Deterioration Factors
Authors: Jung Sunghun , Seo Joon Kyo , Jang Il‐Chan , Kim Jihun , Shim Jae‐Hyun , Woo Jung‐Je
Published: September 2023

We defined four major deterioration factors (electrolyte loss (EL), lithium loss (LL), lithium precipitation (LP), and compound deterioration (CD)). Then, we derived eleven key performance indicators (KPIs) for comparative analysis. After that, we fabricated three deteriorated cells for each of three deterioration factors (EL, LL, and LP) and one cell with CD (for verification) with four individual (dis)charging experiment manuals. The two major contributions of this study are the performance of 1) trend analysis to determine a suitable diagnostic metric by inspecting the eleven KPIs and 2) comparison analysis of
and
to verify the effectiveness of utilizing
as a real‐time deterioration diagnostic factor using a concept of model‐in‐the‐loop simulation. The results show that 1)
has the most conspicuous trendline tendency among the eleven comparison targets for all four major deterioration factors, and 2) the angle difference between the two trends of
and
lies within a minimum of 9° and a maximum of 43° (with a
sscale on the x‐axis and a
scale on the y‐axis for a clear trend line analysis). From this, we can conclude that the trendline‐based real‐time deterioration analysis employing
may be practically applicable to a limited extent.
The Changing Landscape for Human Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion: Practical Experiences From a Data Analysis of 500 Studies
Authors: Kendrick John S. , Oelke Claudine , Laing Catherine , Crossman Lee , Stow Ruth , Webber Colin
Published: September 2023

Coincidental with the intensified regulatory and industry focus on the design and conduct of human absorption, metabolism, and excretion (hAME) studies in the past 12 months, we have recently completed our 500th cohort involving radiolabeled test item administration to humans. Here, we build upon a recent industry white paper in this journal1 and share some of our own experiences as a Contract Research Organization based upon collaborations with numerous pharma companies and their differing approaches to design and timing, to add further context to the discussion regarding hAME studies and the pivotal role that drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics plays. In this article, we explore how both changing relationships within the industry and shifting regulatory guidelines are impacting strategies, and compare EU and US pre‐study approval requirements, before evaluating the trends from over 500 studies conducted at our global facilities conducted over more than 30 years. We conclude with a review of how improved technical capabilities and strategies are influencing the design and conduct of hAME studies, before speculating on some of the driving factors which may shape the direction they take in the future.
Electronic and Optical Properties of Novel Graphene‐Like InTe Monolayer: First Principle Calculations
Authors: Liao Yujie , Liu Huating , Yuan Guanghui , Huang Zongyu , Qi Xiang
Published: September 2023

Inspired by the research on exotic two‐dimensional (2D) carbon nanomaterials, that is, graphene, monolayer group‐IIIA chalcogenide compounds have broad application prospects in the field of material science and device physics. The structure characteristics and electronic and optical properties of the graphene‐like InTe monolayer are calculated and discussed in this work. It is found that the two sides of InTe monolayer are the same elements with the same electronegativity, and its charge distribution is very uniform. The band structure indicates that the InTe monolayer exhibits an indirect‐band gap of 1.286 eV. It is also noted that the absorption of InTe monolayer extends from the ultraviolet region to the visible region, reflecting its ability to capture light in a wide spectrum. Additionally, the absorption coefficient of InTe monolayer in the ultraviolet is up to 10−5 cm–1, which indicates that InTe has certain advantages in the application of ultraviolet detectors and photovoltaic absorption devices. Therefore, the present work provides a theoretical foundation for the design of electronic and optoelectronic device based on InTe, and further provides a favorable guidance for the practical application of these materials.
The Transformation Relationship between Two Hydrates of Calcium Dobesilate and its Application in Crystallization Process
Authors: Yao Xuan , Wu Yan‐Fang , Sun Shu‐Jia , Ren Fu‐Zheng , Yang Shun‐Ping , Liu Yan
Published: September 2023

As a classic drug with several hydrate forms, Calcium Dobesilate is widely used in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and chronic venous insufficiency, and Monohydrate is the medicinal form. The key impurity, hydroquinone, is an important synthetic raw material of Calcium Dobesilate, but has a potential genotoxicity, so the content of hydroquinone in the final product should be lower. In this paper, based on characterization results of different hydrates, the Dihydrate is found as the beneficial form for purification, thus a novel crystallization process for purification has been carried out. The Dihydrate is obtained by a recrystallization and then transformed into the Monohydrate. From the results of solid‐state characterization and process analysis of phase transformation, the transformation relationship between the two hydrates is determined, and it is found out that the transformation from Dihydrate to Monohydrate could only happen via solution‐mediated transformation in Ethanol or Isopropanol. The impurity content of the Monohydrate product prepared by the new crystallization process is far below the current standard in the Pharmacopoeia.
Surface Passivation of LiCoO2 by Solid Electrolyte Nanoshell for High Interfacial Stability and Conductivity
Authors: Peng Jun , Peng Hao , Shi Chen‐Guang , Huang Ling , Sun Shi‐Gang
Published: September 2023

The practical application of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) cathodes at high voltages is hindered by the instability of the surface structure and side reactions with the electrolyte. Herein, we prepared a multifunctional hierarchical core@double‐shell structured LiCoO2 (MS‐LCO) cathode material using a scalable sol–gel method. The MS‐LCO cathode material comprised an outer shell with fast lithium‐ion conductivity, a La/Zr co‐doped inner shell, and a bulk LiCoO2 core. The outermost shell prevented direct contact between the electrolyte and LiCoO2 core, which alleviated the electrolyte decomposition and loss of active cobalt, while the La/Zr co‐doped shell improved the structural stability at higher voltages in a half‐cell with a liquid electrolyte. The MS‐LCO cathode exhibited a stable capacity of 163.1 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.5 C, and a high specific capacity of 166.8 mAh g−1 at 2 C. In addition, a solid lithium battery with the surface‐passivated MS‐LCO cathode and a polyethylene oxide (PEO)‐based inorganic/organic composite electrolyte retained 85.8 % of its initial discharge capacity after 150 cycles at a charging cutoff voltage of 4.3 V. Thus, the introduction of a surface‐passivating shell can effectively suppress the decomposition of PEO caused by highly reactive oxygen species in LiCoO2 at high voltages.
X‐Rays emission by high‐intensity pulsed lasers irradiating thin foils at PALS laboratory
Authors: Torrisi Lorenzo , Cutroneo Mariapompea , Torrisi Alfio
Published: September 2023

X‐rays and forward ion emission from laser‐generated plasma in the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration regime of different targets with 10‐μm thickness, irradiated at Prague Asterix Laser System (PALS) laboratory at about 1016 W/cm2 intensity, employing a 1,315 nm‐wavelength laser with a 300‐ps pulse duration, are investigated. The photon and ion emissions were mainly measured using Silicon Carbide (SiC) detectors in time‐of‐flight configuration and X‐ray streak camera imaging. The results show that the maximum proton acceleration value and the X‐ray emission yield growth are proportional to the atomic number of the irradiated targets. The X‐ray emission is not isotropic, with energies increasing from 1 keV for light atomic targets to about 2.5 keV for heavy atomic targets. The laser focal position significantly influences the X‐ray emission from light and heavy irradiated targets, indicating the possible induction of self‐focusing effects when the laser beam is focalized in front of the light target surface and of electron density enhancement for focalization inside the target.
C‐MRC–based cooperative spatial modulation with antenna selection
Authors: Aydin Erdogan , Basar Ertugrul , Ilhan Haci , Kabaoğlu Nihat
Published: September 2023

A new high‐performance low‐complexity cooperative maximal ratio combining (C‐MRC)‐based cooperative relaying scheme, which is called antenna selection‐aided cooperative spatial modulation scheme with C‐MRC (AS‐CSM), is proposed for decode and forward (DF)‐based cooperative relaying networks operating over independent but non‐identically distributed (i.n.d.) Rayleigh fading channels. The AS‐CSM scheme is formed with the combination of cooperative SM with the high‐performance low‐complexity coherent demodulator C‐MRC and antenna selection techniques. In the AS‐CSM scheme, the information is transmitted from the source terminal (ST) to the relay terminal (RT) and the destination terminal (DT) in the form of not only modulated symbols but also antenna indices, which carry additional information bits in the spatial domain. Therefore, a high spectral efficiency is obtained by the proposed scheme for cooperative relaying networks. In this scheme, first, the index of the activated antenna of ST is estimated, and the best antenna selection at RT is investigated considering the received instantaneous equivalent to signal‐to‐noise values acquired at DT. The transmitted symbols are estimated with low‐complexity coherent demodulator C‐MRC at DT by using the noisy signals from ST and RT. An exact closed‐form expression for the bit error probability (BEP) of the AS‐CSM scheme is derived, and the theoretical results are validated with Monte‐Carlo simulation results.
A survey and meta‐analysis of application‐layer distributed denial‐of‐service attack
Authors: Odusami Modupe , Misra Sanjay , Abayomi‐Alli Olusola , Abayomi‐Alli Adebayo , Fernandez‐Sanz Luis
Published: September 2023

Background

One of the significant attacks targeting the application layer is the distributed denial‐of‐service (DDoS) attack. It degrades the performance of the server by usurping its resources completely, thereby denying access to legitimate users and causing losses to businesses and organizations.

Aim

This study aims to investigate existing methodologies for application‐layer DDoS (APDDoS) attack defense by using specific measures: detection methods/techniques, attack strategy, and feature exploration of existing APDDoS mechanisms.

Methodology

The review is carried out on a database search of relevant literature in IEEE Xplore, ACM, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley, and Google Search. The search dates to capture journals and conferences are from 2000 to 2019. Review papers that are not in English and not addressing the APDDoS attack are excluded. Three thousand seven hundred eighty‐nine studies are identified and streamlined to a total of 75 studies. A quantifiable assessment is performed on the selected articles using six search procedures, namely: source, methods/technique, attack strategy, datasets/corpus, status, detection metric, and feature exploration.

Results

Based on existing methods/techniques for detection, the results show that machine learning gave the highest proportion with 36%. However, assessment based on attack strategy shows that several studies do not consider an attack form for deploying their solution. Result based on existing features for the APDDoS detection technique shows request stream during a user session and packet pattern gave the highest result with 47%. Unlike packet header information with 33%, request stream during absolute time interval with 12% and web user features 8%.

Conclusion

Research findings show that a large proportion of the solutions for APDDoS attack detection utilized features based on request stream during user session and packet pattern. The optimization of features will improve detection accuracy. Our study concludes that researchers need to exploit all attack strategies using deep learning algorithms, thus enhancing effective detection of APDDoS attack launch from different botnets.
Physical layer security for multiuser multi‐eavesdropper multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) system in the presence of imperfect feedback
Authors: Kumar Rajiv , Chauhan Sudakar Singh
Published: September 2023

In this work, we analyze the physical layer security (PLS) for a multiuser (MUS) multi‐input multi‐output multi‐eavesdropper (MIMOME) wireless network using selection transmission (ST) at the base station (BS) with maximum ratio combining (MRC) at both of the receivers, receivers of legitimate users (LUs) as well as the receivers of illegitimate users over an uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel. In this scenario, multiple users communicate to a BS at the same time multiple eavesdropper user may intercept the transmission. Next, we drive exact closed‐form expression for probability of nonzero secrecy capacity (PNZSC) and secrecy outage probability (SOP) in the presence of imperfect channel state information (ICSI). At last, we present the simulation results to authenticate the analytical results and analyze the impact of ICSI on PLS of MUS‐MIMOME system.
Ultra‐wideband technology: Prospective solution for 5G ultra‐small cell networks
Authors: Puerta Rafael , Rommel Simon , Jaramillo‐Ramirez Daniel , Tafur Monroy Idelfonso
Published: September 2023

Exhaustive research is being done to establish the technologies and standards of the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication systems. Some of the most challenging requirements of 5G systems are to increase the spectral efficiency and the capacity by a factor of 10 and 1,000, respectively. New technologies must offer an adequate framework for the 5G uses cases, which will enable higher capacities and the flexibility to adapt to dynamic scenarios. To cope with these challenging demands, a compelling approach is to exploit the current radio service bands by means of spectrum sharing and cooperation techniques, which alleviate the bandwidth requirements. In addition, advanced modulation schemes have a fundamental role in ensuring the best usage of the spectrum available in band‐limited systems. In this manuscript, we present the ultra‐wideband (UWB) technology as a prospective solution for 5G picocells and femtocells. Its main feature is its capability to operate simultaneously, without introducing interference, with current radio services on an unlicensed basis. We report experimental results reaching data rates up to 35 Gbit/s using the multiband approach of carrierless amplitude phase (MB‐CAP) modulation. To validate the versatility of the proposed system, our experimental tests were performed under the UWB regulations defined by the United States' Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the European Electronic Communications Committee (ECC), and the Russian State Committee for Radio Frequencies (SCRF). The regulations chosen provide diversity enough to demonstrate the capacity of MB‐CAP modulation to comply with worldwide regulations.
A hybrid adaptive spatiotemporal compression scheme in cluster‐based wireless sensor networks
Authors: Al Fallah Samia , El Aasri Jihane , Arioua Mounir , El Oualkadi Ahmed
Published: September 2023

Energy efficiency and data reliability are the crucial issues to be explored in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A large amount of power consumption is depleted by each sensor node to transmit its sensed data which typically induces high temporal and spatial dependencies. Therefore, efficient compression approaches are designed to exploit the data correlation in both space and time so as to discard information redundancies with accurate recovery. In this paper, we propose a hybrid and adaptive spatiotemporal compression approach named Distributed Temporal Source Coding, designed to extend the lifespan of cluster based WSNs. The proposed scheme takes advantage of the performed Distributed Source Coding as an effective spatial compression algorithm and adaptively exploits the Lightweight Temporal Compression as a promising solution to reduce the temporally correlated information. The obtained results have revealed that the proposed algorithm outperforms other compression methods, promotes the network battery life, and ensures compelling data accuracy. The proposed scheme has succeeded to reduce the gap between the energy efficiency and data reliability in WSNs.
Clustering healthcare big data using advanced and enhanced fuzzy C‐means algorithm
Authors: Purandhar N. , Ayyasamy S. , Saravanakumar N.M.
Published: September 2023

The procedure for revelation and extraction is known as the data mining (DM) where immense measure of information is included. The information mining along with the human services industry has developed solid frameworks and different social insurance that are related to the frameworks from the clinical and finding information. Numerous types of assistance have been offered by healthcare. This includes diagnosing, treatment, avoidance of maladies, sicknesses, wounds and other physical and mental issue. Enormous scopes that are appropriated for preparing applications in healthcare have essential idea that works on a lot of information. Large information application capacities are the primary piece of medicinal services activities. However, no far reaching and methodical review regarding the examining and assessing the significant systems in the field. The different researches associated with the field of healthcare are considered or different strategies, calculations and results. Enormous information object has countless traits, representing a wonderful test on fuzzy C‐means (FCM) for huge information constant grouping. An effective FCM depends on the tensor accepted polyadic deterioration for huge information clustering. The advanced and enhanced fuzzy C‐means algorithm for healthcare (AEFCH) calculation which is an introduced term is changed over to a high‐request tensor FCM calculation by means of a bijection work. Tensor authoritative polyadic deterioration is used to decrease qualities of the items for improving the grouping productivity. Outcomes obtained accomplish fundamentally higher productivity with a slight cluster exactness drop contrasted and the customary calculation, demonstrating the capability of plot that has been created for information of smart data from Internet of Things.
Design of quantum‐dot cellular automata technology based cost‐efficient polar encoder for nanocommunication systems
Authors: Ahmed Suhaib , Naz Syed Farah , Bhat Soha Maqbool
Published: September 2023

In the current digital era, there is a need of secure and efficient nanocommunication systems with ultralow power consumption. One technology that can be used for designing these systems is the quantum‐dot cellular automata (QCA). In the nanoregime, QCA is able to operate with higher speed and lower power dissipation compared with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. This work explores the applicability and feasibility of polar encoders, which felicitates reliable data communication with reduced probability of error, in nanocommunication systems. In this paper, (8,4) polar encoder is proposed in QCA technology. The proposed design is a single‐layer structure designed using only 600 cells consuming cell area of 0.1944 μm2 and total area of 0.7225 μm2 with a latency of 3.75 clock cycles, which results in a cost of 10.16. Based on the performance comparison, it is observed that the proposed design is cost‐efficient and achieves improvement up to 49.49% in terms of number of cells and area consumption, 40% improvement in latency, and 86.42% improvement in terms of cost compared with the only design in the literature. In addition to this, the energy dissipation analysis of the proposed designs is also presented. Hence, the proposed designs can be efficiently utilized in nanocommunication systems requiring minimal area and ultralow power consumption.
Cost function‐based class of service provisioning strategy in elastic optical networks
Authors: Dixit Shruti , Batham Deepak , Narwaria Ravindra Pratap
Published: September 2023

The recent fog‐and‐cloud computing, Internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence, machine learning, and store‐and‐forward datacenter applications gradually increase the Internet traffic. The arrival of this traffic is periodic, which remains high during certain time duration (known as peak or working/office hour) each day, resulting in an increase in the resource bottleneck problem, which causes high connections blocking. Due to these, many commercial and business data services may lose their connections which contain the urgent and important information. In order to handle such a critical situation in elastic optical networks (EONs), prioritization of connection requests based on the differentiated class of service (CoS) is a must. In this paper, the network traffic is categorized into three CoS requests. These are CoS1 (real‐time traffic), CoS2 (nonreal‐time traffic), and CoS3 (delay‐tolerant traffic) and proposed a cost function‐based CoS provisioning (CFCoSP) strategy in which the connection requests are served as per an increasing value of cost function. The cost function is a cumulative function of CoS, pathlength, and requested bandwidth demand (i.e., number of frequency slots required). The simulations are performed on INDIAN and ARPANET network topologies under uniform CoS ratio (i.e., CoS1:CoS2:CoS3 = 1:1:1) on the metrics of connection established, bandwidth blocking probability, resource utilization ratio, and network capacity utilization. The simulation results verify that the proposed CFCoSP strategy shows significantly improved performances as compared to an existing non‐cost CoS provisioning (CoSP) strategy on the investigated metrics.
SPEECH‐MAC: Special purpose energy‐efficient contention‐based hybrid MAC protocol for WSN and Zigbee network
Authors: Ajmi Nader , Helali Abdelhamid , Lorenz Pascal , Mghaieth Ridha
Published: September 2023

Energy‐efficient Zigbee‐based wireless sensor network (WSN) occupies a major role in emergency‐based applications. The foremost drawback of such applications is maintaining the battery power because frequent changing is not possible in those conditions. In the earlier days, several researches created new model MAC protocols in terms of increase the lifetime of the WSN. But still, there is a research gap particularly in emergency applications. In order to improve the lifetime of such applications, we introduced a novel hybrid MAC protocol, namely, special purpose energy‐efficient contention‐based hybrid MAC (SPEECH‐MAC) protocol. This protocol includes dual hop concept considerably to save the energy. Both the single hop network and the dual hop networks are developed, and the results are analyzed. Prioritization mechanism for SPEECH‐MAC protocol is introduced to analyze the emergency conditions in detail. In summary, according to the simulation, the calculated parameters are total residual energy, end‐to‐end delay, packet drop, packet delivery ratio, and network throughput.
A smart spectrum utilization approach using multiantenna‐based cognitive relays in cognitive radio network
Authors: Samanta Dipak , Kumar Bag Jayanta , Kumar De Chanchal , Chandra Abhijit
Published: September 2023

Efficient spectrum utilization is a promising technique for a prolonged unused radio frequency (RF) spectrum in a wireless network. In this paper, an adaptive spectrum sharing cognitive radio (CR) network has been proposed consisting of a primary user (PU) and secondary user transmitter (SU − Tx) that communicates with secondary user receiver (SU − Rx) via multiantenna‐based proactive decode‐and‐forward (DF) relay selection scheme. In our model, strategically an adaptable joint venture on underlay/overlay protocol is defined based on channel occupancy using spectrum sensing technique. Here, secondary transmitters (i.e., source transmitter) continuously sense the PU activities by energy detector and can simultaneously transmit to secondary receivers. Depending on sensing result secondary transmitters automatically switches in underlay mode if PU is active otherwise operates in overlay mode. The advantage of this scheme is that the joint mode of transmission allows the SUs to maximize their transmission rate. The outage performance at SU − Rx and closed‐form expressions of joint underlay/overlay protocol has been evaluated. The power control policies at different transmitter nodes are taken care of. With the same diversity order, a trade‐off between multiantenna and multirelay is shown. This comparison shows improvement in outage behavior when the count in relays surpasses the number of antennas. Finally, the analytical model of smart efficient spectrum utilization without harming license users in CR is validated by MATLAB simulation.
Throughput and resource optimization for adaptive coding‐based random access networks with correlated sources
Authors: Mehta Ridhima
Published: September 2023

Modern wireless communication networks frequently have lower application throughput due to higher number of collisions and subsequent retransmission of data packets. Moreover, these networks are characterized by restricted computational capacity due to limited node‐battery power. These challenges can be assessed for deploying fast, reliable network design with resource‐restrained operation by means of concurrent optimization of multiple performance parameters across different layers of the conventional protocol stack. This optimization can be efficiently accomplished via cross‐layer design with the aid of network coding technique and optimal allocation of limited resources to wireless links. In this paper, we evaluate and analyze intersession coding across several source–destination pairs in random access ad hoc networks with inherent power scarcity and variable capacity links. The proposed work addresses the problem of joint optimal coding, rate control, power control, contention, and flow control schemes for multi‐hop heterogeneous networks with correlated sources. For this, we employ cross‐layer design for multiple unicast sessions in the system with network coding and bandwidth constraints. This model is elucidated for global optimal solution using CVX software through disciplined convex programming technique to find the improved throughput and power allocation. Simulation results show that the proposed model effectively incorporates throughput and link power management while satisfying flow conservation, bit error rate, data compression, power outage, and capacity constraints of the challenged wireless networks. Finally, we compare our model with three previous algorithms to demonstrate its efficacy and superiority in terms of various performance metrics such as transmission success probability, throughput, power efficiency, and delay.
Hybrid Chameleon Search and Remora Optimization Algorithm‐based Dynamic Heterogeneous load balancing clustering protocol for extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kumar Janjarapu David Sukeerthi , Subramanyam Makam Venkata , Kumar Arugudi Pataiah Siva
Published: September 2023

Clustering is an indispensable strategy that helps towards the extension of lifetime of each sensor nodes with energy stability in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This clustering process aids in sustaining energy efficiency and extended network lifetime in sensitive and critical real‐life applications that include landslide monitoring and military applications. The dynamic characteristics of WSNs and several cluster configurations introduce challenge in the process of searching an ideal network structure, a herculean challenge. In this paper, Hybrid Chameleon Search and Remora Optimization Algorithm‐based Dynamic Clustering Method (HCSROA) is proposed for dynamic optimization of wireless sensor node clusters. It utilized the global searching process of Chameleon Search Algorithm for selecting potential cluster head (CH) selection with balanced trade‐off between intensification and extensification. It determines an ideal dynamic network structure based on factors that include quantity of nodes in the neighborhood, distance to sink, predictable energy utilization rate, and residual energy into account during the formulation of fitness function. It specifically achieved sink node mobility through the integration of the local searching capability of Improved Remora Optimization Algorithm for determining the optimal points of deployment over which the packets can be forwarded from the CH of the cluster to the sink node. This proposed HCSROA scheme compared in contrast to standard methods is identified to greatly prolong network lifetime by 29.21% and maintain energy stability by 25.64% in contrast to baseline protocols taken for investigation.
Cotton‐Based Metal–Air Batteries without Catalysts as Low‐Cost Micropower Devices
Authors: Liu Chunmei , Jiang Pengfei , Liu Jingjie , Gu Jiaming , Lai Gaoqiang
Published: September 2023

The cotton‐based metal–air batteries without any catalyst are constructed. Especially, the continuous electrolyte flowing depends on the capillary force and the gravity from the height difference between the inlet and outlet. The performance of the cotton‐based metal–air batteries under 2 mol L−1 NaOH or NaCl solutions is compared. The Al–air battery performance in the NaOH solution is better, while the Mg–air battery performance in the NaCl solution is the best. Considering the battery performance and cost, the alkaline cotton‐based Al–air battery is investigated for the subsequent experiments. The Al–air battery performance is evaluated under the different cotton cloth makeups, NaOH concentrations, height differences between the inlet and outlet. The results show that under the conditions of the cotton makeup (20 (warp) × 60 (yarn)), 4 mol L−1 NaOH and 60 mm height difference, the battery performance is optimal, with the peak power density of 12.33 ± 0.38 mW cm−2 and limiting current density of 35.28 ± 0.73 mA cm−2. To apply the cotton‐based Al–air battery, the two‐battery stack connected in series powers 15 light‐emitting diodes. The experiments demonstrate the cotton‐based Al–air battery without catalysts owns low cost and high power output, which has great potential as a micropower device.
Efficacy and safety of perampanel monotherapy in Chinese patients with focal‐onset seizures: A single‐center, prospective, real‐world observational study
Authors: Ma Haiyan , Zhu Haitao , Chen Fangqing , Yang Yiqing , Qu Xuefeng , Xu Honghao , Yang Lu , Zhang Rui
Published: September 2023

Objective

Efficacy and safety of perampanel monotherapy for treating focal‐onset seizures (FOS) has been barely studied in China. This observational study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of perampanel monotherapy in treating Chinese patients with FOS.

Methods

This single‐center, prospective, real‐world observational study enrolled patients aged ≥4 years with FOS who visited the Epilepsy Out‐Patient Clinic of Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from January 2020 to December 2021. All patients were treated with perampanel monotherapy. Seizure‐freedom rates after 6 and 12 months of treatment were calculated. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded.

Results

Seventy patients with FOS were enrolled. The mean maintenance perampanel dose was 4.64 ± 1.55 mg/day. The 6‐ and 12‐month retention rates of perampanel monotherapy were 78.6% (55/70) and 70.0% (49/70), respectively. The 6‐ and 12‐month seizure‐freedom rates were 69.84% (44/63) and 65.08% (41/63), respectively. Patients with focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures had significantly higher 6‐month and numerically higher 12‐month seizure freedom rates than patients with focal impaired awareness seizures (P = 0.046 and P = 0.204, respectively). Twenty‐six (37.1%) patients experienced treatment‐emergent AEs, and the most common AE was dizziness. Four (5.7%) patients withdrew from the study due to AEs. No new safety concern was observed.

Significance

This is the first prospective study on the efficacy and safety of perampanel monotherapy in treating Chinese patients with FOS, and perampanel monotherapy was effective and safe in treating Chinese patients aged ≥4 years with FOS up to 12 months. More multicenter, real‐world studies with large sample sizes and longer follow‐ups are needed to further evaluate the long‐term efficacy and safety of perampanel monotherapy.
An intelligent Hybrid‐Q Learning clustering approach and resource management within heterogeneous cluster networks based on reinforcement learning
Authors: Mughal Fahad Razaque , He Jingsha , Zhu Nafei , Almutiq Mutiq , Dharejo Fayaz Ali , Jain Deepak Kumar , Hussain Saqib , Zardari Zulfiqar Ali
Published: September 2023

Recently, heterogeneous cluster networks (HCNs) have been the subject of significant research. The nature of the next‐generation HCN environment is decentralized and highly dynamic; optimization techniques cannot quite express the dynamic characteristics of node resource utilization and communication of HCN networks. In this article, we present an intelligent Hybrid‐Q Learning approach (Hybrid QL)‐based clustering approach for IoT and WSN. Using the self‐learning abilities of (HCNs), we propose a model for dynamic accessing systems on nodes and agents that identify the best possible paths and communication over heterogeneous cluster networks using reinforcement learning. In addition to reducing energy consumption, it creates efficient and effective resource utilization and node communication performance. Through increased throughput and link management, the HCN aims to reduce energy consumption. The proposed model is compared to existing approaches based on various scenarios. Finally, the results of the evaluation tasks demonstrate high accuracy, low‐level complexity, fast dynamic response times, and scalability for heterogeneous cluster networks. Our model showed exceptional node allocation efficiency for dynamic IOT environments and WSNs.
Revisiting geophagy: An evolved sickness behavior to microbiome‐mediated gastrointestinal inflammation
Authors: Dorsey Achsah F. , Miller Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2023

Geophagy, the consumption of clay or similar substances, is known as an evolved behavior that protects vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women and children, against gastrointestinal injury. However, perplexing questions remain, like the presence of geophagy in the absence of overt gastrointestinal infection and the potential causal relationship between geophagy and iron deficiency anemia. In this review, we hypothesize that geophagy is an inflammation‐mediated sickness behavior regulated via the vagus nerve. We further hypothesize that the gut microbiome plays a critical role in mediating the relationship between inflammation and geophagy. By including inflammation and the microbiome within the existing protection hypothesis, we can explain how subclinical gastrointestinal states induce geophagy. Furthermore, we can explain how gastrointestinal inflammation is responsible for both geophagy and iron‐deficiency anemia, explaining why the two phenomena frequently co‐occur. Ultimately, defining geophagy as a sickness behavior allows us to integrate the gut‐brain axis into geophagy research.