bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LIQUID HOLDUP IN TURBULENT CONTACT ABSORBER
Authors: Haq A. , Zaman M. , Inayat M. H. , Chughtai I. R.
Published: January 2025

Dynamic liquid holdup in a turbulent contact absorber was obtained through quick shut off valves technique. Experiments were carried out in a Perspex column. Effects of liquid velocity, gas velocity, packing diameter packing density and packing height on dynamic liquid holdup were studied. Hollow spherical high density polyethylene (HDPE) balls were used as inert fluidized packing. Experiments were performed at practical range of liquid and gas velocities. Holdup was calculated on the basis of static bed height. Liquid holdup increases with increasing both liquid and gas velocities both for type 1 and type2 modes of fluidization. . Liquid holdup increases with packing density. No effect of dia was observed on liquid holdup.
LIQUID PHASE SYNTHESIS OF ETHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER FROM ETHANOL AND TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL USING MACROPOROUS AND GELULAR ION EXCHANGE RESIN CATALYSTS
Authors: Umar M. , Saleemi A. R. , Saha B.
Published: January 2025

Ethyl tert-Butyl Ether (ETBE) synthesis using ethanol (EtOH) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) was studied under atmospheric pressure conditions with different macroporous and gelular ion exchange resin catalysts. The catalysts used were PuroliteÂ® (CT-124, CT-145H, CT-151, CT-175, CT-275) and Amberlyst-15 and 35, all in H+ form. All catalysts were employed for ETBE synthesis under identical conditions and suitable catalyst was decided on the basis of conversion and selectivity. Among the catalysts studied, CT-124 produced the best results and was used for further studies. Effect of temperature, feed molar ratio of reactants and catalyst loading was studied and the optimum conditions found were: 343 K temperature, 1:2 feed mole ratios and 5 % catalyst loading. Kinetic modeling was performed using various heterogeneous reactions models and it was found that Quasi-Homogeneous model represented the system more adequately.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HUMAN BLOOD FLOW IN MICROVESSELS
Authors: Ullah Atta , Chughtai I. R. , Nadeem M.
Published: January 2025

In this research, steady state flow of human blood in vascular system has been studied. Computational fluid dynamics has been used to predict pressure drop in human arteriole, artery, capillary, venule and vein. Viscosity of human blood has been treated in different ways by employing Newtonian, Power law and Herschel-Bulkley models. It has been observed that the Herschel-Bulkley model predicts the pressure gradients in all diameters reasonably whereas Newtonian and Power laws have their limitations.
THE EFFECT OF NO AND O2 CONCENTRATION IN A THREE COMPONENT CO-NOO2 REACTION ON CATALYTIC SURFACE APPLYING THE PRECURSOR MECHANISM: A COMPUTER SIMULATION STUDY
Authors: Qaisrani A. U. , Khalid M.
Published: January 2025

We have studied a model for the three component CO-NO-O2 catalytic reaction on hexagonal surface through Monte Carlo simulations. This study is based on non-thermal process, which involves the precursor motion of CO molecule. The effect of ratio NO:O2 on the catalytic reduction of NO into N and O and oxidation of CO to CO2 are introduced. Many observations are recorded in the three component reaction. It is observed that with the inclusion of precursor mechanism with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism, the reactive window gets enhanced. The phase diagrams of the surface coverage with CO, N, O and the steady state production of CO2 and N2 are shown as a function of partial pressure of CO in the gas phase.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF FRETTING FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION IN DOVETAIL JOINT FOR AERO ENGINE COMPRESSOR
Authors: Hassan Z. U. , I. Hammouda M. M. , Khushnood S. , Jahanzeb M. , Malik A. , Akhtar K.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the development of a unique, safe and flexible fretting fatigue experimental test rig for analysis of fretting fatigue crack initiation in dovetail joint of aero-engine compressor. The testing rig is capable for revolving the specimen disc and blades in the range of 0 ~ 20,000 rpm and reverse back to zero rpm in small increments. Different experimental test rigs already designed by various researchers were evaluated on the basis of their capability. This conceptual design test rig is unique addition in the fretting fatigue testing field and is helpful for testing of different type of joints and materials. The experiments for bakelite and structural steel have been performed and conclude that the edge of common surface near the dovetail notch base is the fretting fatigue failure of the disc. The modeling and simulation has been carried out using commercially available software. It is found in each iteration analysis irrespective of thickness and material of the disc, fillet is the weakest portion in the model.
RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH IMPACT DUE TO ACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS OF NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN THE SOILS FROM TWO MAJOR AREAS IN IJEBUNORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Alausa S. K. , Odusote O. O.
Published: January 2025

The soil samples from two major areas in Ijebu-North Local Government of Ogun State was analyzed for the concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th using gamma ray spectrometry method. The measured activity concentrations of 40K varied from 245.2 Bqkg-1 to 538.1 Bqkg-1 with a mean value of 367.9Â±74.1Bqkg-1 , 226Ra in the ranged from 10.4 Bqkg-1 to 30.2 Bqkg-1 with a mean value of 16.4Â±4.6Bqkg-1 and 232Th ranged from below detection limit (BDL) to 14.1Bqkg-1 with a mean value of 3.3Â±2.0Bqkg-1 . The mean external gamma absorbed dose rate in air at 1m above the ground level was 26.4Â±5.1 nGyh-1 which was just about one-half of 56.0 nGyh-1 recommended by UNSCEAR (2000). The mean annual outdoor effective dose rate was 32.3Â±6.3ÂµSvy-1 . The collective dose equivalent was 9.18 manSv while the collective health detriment of the population was 0.15y-1 .
A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON INDOOR RADON MEASUREMENTS IN SOME MUD MADE HOUSES IN THE OUTSKIRTS OF DERA ISMAIL KHAN CITY OF PAKISTAN
Authors: Nasir T. , Adil M.
Published: January 2025

Indoor radon concentration measurements were carried out in 40 dwellings in the outskirts of Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, using CR-39 track detectors. The measurements were performed for a period of three months i.e. from 16th September to 14th December. The detectors were fixed in National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) dosimeters and installed in the rooms of mud made houses. The results of indoor radon levels were found to vary from 70Â±16 to 222Â±29 Bq mâˆ’3 with an average value of 139Â±23 Bq mâˆ’3. The average value was within the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommended limits. However, 43% and 75% houses were found to have indoor radon concentration above the recommended levels set by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO), respectively.
CLASSIFICATION OF CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS THROUGH APPLICATION OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS: A STUDY BY INAA AND AAS
Authors: Rahman S. , Waheed S. , Siddique N.
Published: January 2025

Different types of Ca supplements are available in the local markets of Pakistan. It is sometimes difficult to classify these with respect to their composition. In the present work principal component analysis (PCA) technique was applied to classify different Ca supplements on the basis of their elemental data obtained using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) techniques. The graphical representation of principal component analysis (PCA) scores utilizing intricate analytical data successfully generated four different types of Ca supplements with compatible samples grouped together. These included Ca supplements with CaCO3 as Ca source along with vitamin C, the supplements with CaCO3 as Ca source along with vitamin D, Supplements with Ca from bone meal and supplements with chelated calcium.
REMOVAL OF CADMIUM, COPPER, LEAD AND ZINC FROM SIMULATED INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS USING SILICA POWDER
Authors: Javed T. , Awan F. A. , Arshad M. , Mashiatullah A. , Iftikhar F. J. , Khan S. N.
Published: January 2025

Rapid industrial development have led to the recognition and increasing understanding of interrelationship between pollution, public health and environment. Industrial development results in the generation of industrial effluents, and if untreated results in water, sediment and soil pollution. In Pakistan most of the industrial effluents are discharged into surrounding ecosystems without any treatment. Industrial wastes and emission contain toxic and hazardous substances, most of which are detrimental to human health. Extensive efforts are being made around the world for the removal of heavy metal from industrial effluents. A laboratory scale study was designed for removal of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn from simulated solutions at various weight of silica (0.5gm, 1 g, 2 gm, 3gm and 4 gm), Voltammeter was used to quantify the metals. Maximum removal of all metals was achieved with 4 gm of silica. Absorption of lead onto silica was higher than other metals.
MEASUREMENT AND SUPPRESSION OF CUTTING TOOL VIBRATION USING PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMIC IN ANSYS
Authors: Jarral A. T. , Pasha R. A.
Published: January 2025

To measure vibration produced in lathe cutting tool various kinds of procedures are adopted. Small patch of piezoelectric ceramic material is successfully incorporated into turning cutting which is modeled in Pro Engineer and examined in finite element analysis to check vibrations in material cutting processes. Model and harmonic analysis are performed. The relative amplitudes of mode shapes and frequencies are identified by analyses which are causing chatter. The results are compared with the analysis which is performed without using piezoelectric material patch.
OCCURRENCE OF THUNDERSTORM AND RAINFALL OVER PUNJAB, PAKISTAN (1961-2010)
Authors: Sadiq N.
Published: January 2025

Occurrence of Thunderstorms (TS) and Rainfalls (RF) are contemplated via monthly, station wise seasonal and overall seasonal percentage analyses for all over the Punjab. Fifty years (1961-2010) data of the mentioned parameters for thirteen meteorological stations, uniformly distributed over the province, were utilized in this study. Monthly study has revealed the highest activity of TS and RF in the two months of monsoon (July and August) while rainfall occurrence acquired second highest frequency in the end of winter (March). Overall seasonal analysis shows markedly high activity of TS and RF in premonsoon and monsoon season while in winter RF frequency is almost twofold than TF. Further, rainfall yield in post-monsoon and winter season is comparable but TS activity is highly variable. Station wise seasonal analysis of winter explore that all stations acquire much more RF accompanied with little TS activity. The situation is altogether different for premonsoon and monsoon, while for post-monsoon it is composite. The results of this paper will help to provide updated cogitative assistance not only to the people concerned with the science, art or business of cultivating the soil but also to the community concerned with weather, aviation and planning.
Heat and Mass Transfer Over an Unsteady Stretching Permeable Surface with Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink and Thermal Radiation
Authors: Aurangzaib M. , Murshid S. M. , Urooj S. A.
Published: January 2025

In this study an analysis has been done to investigate the combined effects of heat and mass transfer over an unsteady stretching permeable surface with non-uniform source/sink and thermal radiation. The transformed nonlinear boundary layer equations are solved numerically by applying Keller-box method. The numerical results are compared and found to be in good agreement with previously published results under special cases. Finally, the influence of various embedded flow parameters on local skin friction, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number have been analyzed through graphs carefully.
Quantitative Estimation of Abrasion Loss from Strength of Sandstone Rocks of Salt Range, Pakistan
Authors: Arslan M. , Yaqub M. , Khan M. S.
Published: January 2025

Evaluation of degradation or abrasion loss through Los Angeles abrasion loss is tedious and time consuming due preparation of samples of different grading. Hence there is a need to explore relations through other indirect methods which are simple, fast and more economical such as Schmidt rebound hammer test and Point load strength index test. In this research work, an attempt is made to develop a quantitative relationship for the estimation of Los Angeles abrasion loss through Schmidt hammer hardness and Point load strength. The results of Schmidt rebound hammer test and Point load strength index test, carried out on thirty one Sandstone samples collected from various location of Salt Range Pakistan, were correlated with corresponding values of Los Angeles abrasion test. To evaluate the correlation equations and coefficients of correlations, the data of these tests was statistically analyzed through linear regression analysis. A strong inverse relationship exists between Los Angeles abrasion loss and Point load strength while the inverse relationship between abrasion loss and Schmidt hammer hardness is relatively weaker. Â©
A Simple Method for Analysis of Titration Curves of Polyprotic Acids
Authors: A. Khan A. S.
Published: January 2025

In the present work, the titration curves of polyrpotic acid were analyzed theoretically on the basis of general equilibrium constants expression for evaluation of formation and dissociation constants. The present work provides more insight into the analysis of titration curves and development of distribution diagrams. The formation-dissociation curves of oxalic acids were also analyzed for finding a general relation between formation and dissociation process. It was concluded that the present method of treatment of titration curves is applicable to analyze the complex acid-base equilibria.
Combined Synchrotron X _ ray and Neutron Powder Diffraction Studies of Ba2InSbO6 Ordered Double Perovskite
Authors: Shaheen R. , Bashir J. , Khan M. N. , Shahzad K.
Published: January 2025

The crystal structure of Ba2InSbO6, prepared via solid state reaction, has been investigated by powder neutron and Synchrotron Xray, diffraction techniques. From the detailed analysis of the diffraction patterns, it was shown that the crystal structure can be best described by the high-symmetry cubic doubled perovskite cell, space group , with cell parameters a = 8.2639(1) Ã…. The structure was found to be stable down to 100K making it a suitable candidate for growing thin films of high temperature superconductors.
Production of Bulk Amorphous Steels and Their Characterization
Authors: Iqbal M. , Wang W. H.
Published: January 2025

Paramagnetic bulk amorphous steels (BASs) having the compositions Fe50Cr14Mo14C14B6M2 (M = Zr, Nb and Pt) were produced. We have replaced Y, Gd and Dy with Zr, Nb and Pt in the BASs. Materials were characterized by SEM, EDS, DSC and XRD techniques. Density of the as cast Fe50Cr14Mo14C14B6Zr2 was found to be 7.17 g/cm3 which is less than all previously reported BASs. Vickerâ€™s microhardness, nanohardness, elastic modulus and fracture stress are found to be 1240 HV, 14.9 GPa, 248 GPa and 4.96 GPa respectively. Examination of Vickerâ€™s indents show semicircular shear bands around the indents indicating presence of a little ductility in the Fe50Cr14Mo14C14B6Zr2 BAS. This BAS have very promising thermal properties. Melting and liquid temperatures are found to be 1392 and 1543 K respectively which are too high for BASs. Width of supercooled liquid region of 70 K and value of parameter approximately 0.4 indicates very promising thermal stability and high glass-forming ability (GFA). SEM examination of the broken pieces of the compression tests fractured specimens shows parallel and curved shear bands indicating brittleness in the bulk samples. DSC results confirm multistage crystallization. Present investigations on Fe50Cr14Mo14C14B6Zr2 showed that this BAS had better mechanical and thermal properties than many other structural steels.
Performance Comparison of a WDM PON with TDM PON At 10 GBPS
Authors: Usman M. , Zafrullah M. , Awan M. F.
Published: January 2025

Recent developments in optical technologies have realized wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM PON) as a promising and a cost-effective solution for the next generation networks. Due to the intrinsic optical transparency and extremely high transmission capacity, WDM PON is considered more future oriented than conventional TDM PON. In this paper we compare an eight channel WDM PON with an eight channel TDM PON, both operating at 10 Gbps data rate. Network parameters like input laser power, optical fiber length and optical amplifier gain are varied and their impact on performance parameters i.e. Q-factor, BER, OSNR, Eye opening and Extinction ratio penalty is recorded. Results reveal that WDM PON exhibits superior performance than TDM PON in each case.
A Modified Model of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Generator for Wind Turbine Applications
Authors: Ashraf M. M. , Malik T. N.
Published: January 2025

The Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Generators (AFPMGs) are gaining immense attention in the modern era. The single stage AFPMG topology consists of one stator disc which is held stationery between two revolving rotor discs attached with a common shaft. The number of poles of AFPMG depends on the winding pattern in which the coils are connected in series within stator disc. Connecting the coils in begin-to-end winding pattern, doubles the number of poles which also increases the active mass of AFPMG. The AFPMG considering begin-to-end winding pattern, can be operated at half shaft speed. This AFPMG is also having greater air gap flux density which, ultimately, improves the power density parameter of AFPMG. In this paper, a modified AFPMG has been proposed which is designed by considering begin-to-end winding pattern. A 380W single phase, single stage prototype model has been developed and tested. The test results show that power density of designed AFPMG with begin-to-end winding pattern has been improved by 32% as compared to AFPMG with begin-to-begin winding pattern. The proposed low speed and high power density AFPMG model can be actively deployed for wind turbine applications.
GREENING THE NETWORKS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNIQUES
Authors: Arshad M. J. , Saeed Sameen S. , Javed M. , Durrani A. I.
Published: January 2025

From a room electric bulb to the gigantic backbone networks energy savings have now become a matter of considerable concern. Issues such as resource depletion, global warming, high energy consumptions and environmental threats gave birth to the idea of green networking. Serious efforts have been done in this regard on large scale in the ICT sector. In this work first we give an idea of how and why this modern technology emerged. We then formulate a precise definition of the term green technology. We then discuss some leading techniques which are promising to produce â€œgreen-resultsâ€ when implemented on real time network systems. These technologies are viewed from different perspectives e.g. hardware implementations, software mechanisms and protocol changingâ€™s etc. We then compare these techniques based on some pivotal points. The main conclusion is that a detailed comparison is needed for selecting a technology to implement on a network system.
REACTIVE POWER CONTROL OF WIND FARM USING FACTS DEVICES
Authors: Ashfaq Sara , Arif A. , Shakeel A. , Mahmood T.
Published: January 2025

Wind energy is an attainable option to complement other types of pollution-free green generation Grid connections of renewable energy resources are vital if they are to be effectively exploited, but grid connection brings problems of voltage fluctuation and harmonic distortion. FACTs devices are one of the power electronics revolutions to improve voltage profile, system stability, and reactive power control and to reduce transmission losses. The studied system here is a variable speed wind generation system based on Induction Generator (IG) with integration of different FACTs controllers in the wind farm. To harness the wind power efficiently the most reliable and expensive system in the present era is grid connected doubly fed induction generator. Induction generator with FACTs devices is a suitable economical replacement. The suggested scheme is implemented in MATLAB Simulink with real time parameters of GHARO wind power plant in Sind, and corresponding results and output waveforms proves the potential strength of proposed methodology.
HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER UNDER SALT AFFECTED LAND IN SHORKOT AREA WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON SEEPAGE FROM LINK CANALS
Authors: Iqbal N. , Rafiq M. , Hashmi Z. , Latif Z. , Ghaffar A.
Published: January 2025

Groundwater studies were carried out at Rechna Doab near the confluence of the rivers Chenab and Ravi, around the two link canals (HC and TSLC). The effects of canals on groundwater recharge was investigated with stable and radioactive isotope tracer technique by taking 39 spatial samples and 20 vertical profile samples at two locations . The studies show that about half of the study area receives more than 50% contribution from the canals in the groundwater recharge. The age of groundwater base flow without any contribution from the canals is more than 50 years, while the canal water component moves faster having residence time within few years. However, it seems that the hydraulic pressure due to contribution of the canals, hinders the movement of base flow coming from the northeast direction (eastern bank) and as a result, salt contents of groundwater and soil salinity increase very significantly in the area receiving little or no contribution from the canals. The study looks at horizontal and vertical extent of ground water quality at head-end of the canals. The findings of the study can help policy makers to devise policies to remove inequity due to variation in surface flow and resulting ground water quality at head and tail-ends of canal. The future studies can look at willingness to pay by low-enders for head-enders using groundwater and vice versa.
DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE MICRO WIND ENERGY SYSTEM WITH ADJUSTABLE BLADE PITCH FOR EXPERIMENTATION PURPOSES AT LABORATORY LEVEL
Authors: Ashraf M. M. , Malik T. N. , Iqbal M.
Published: January 2025

In this paper, the design of an efficient, operational and productive model of micro wind energy system has been proposed for experimentation purposes at laboratory level. The proposed model constitutes a proficient Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) model with multi-stage pulley system as a gear box and adjustable blade pitch. The wind turbine is coupled to Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Generator (AFPMG). The power density parameter of fabricated AFPMG has been improved to 35.7%. A wind tunnel is placed in front of wind turbine which behaves as the operational source of wind for proposed model. Multiple case studies: demonstration of different components of wind energy system, effect of variable wind speed, effect of variable blade pitch, effect of variable electrical loading, effect of variable pulley ratio, voltage regulation of AFPMG, runaway speed test of HAWT and peripheral speed test of AFPMG are successfully performed on this model. The results obtained from experiments show that proposed model is well suited for experimentation purposes at laboratory level.
EVALUATION OF OPTIMAL TOP COAT THICKNESS IN COMPOSITE LTA/YSZ THERMAL BARRIER COATING BY COMPARATIVE STRESS DISTRIBUTION USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Authors: Aziz R. , Pasha R. , Abbas M.
Published: January 2025

Demand of high operating temperature in gas turbines for better efficiencies has forced researchers to explore novel materials with improved thermal properties. In this regard, LaTi2Al9O19 (LTA) is recently declared as a brilliant candidate for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Owing to potential advantages like high temperature stability & low thermal conductivity, researchers are striving to use it for modern gas turbines. An innovative concept of composite ceramic coating (LTA+YSZ) has been introduced to achieve improved set of thermal & mechanical properties. In this paper, a finite element analysis (FEA) has been employed to observe stress scattering with relatively varying thicknesses of compositional ceramic coats using commercially available software ANSYS. Optimum set of variables has been proposed based on the associative stress state data calculated from FEA results. Radial & axial stresses (Ïƒxx, Ïƒyy) are ascertained for composite system and ultimate values of stress are offered for comparison on quantitative grounds. Elastic strain energy stored in TGO is determined based on FE results to estimate the structural reliability of TBC. Conclusively, trend reveals that both radial & axial stresses are respectively proportional to increasing & decreasing thickness of YSZ. Comparing elastic strain energies, maximum life is evaluated in 1:4 for YSZ: LTA which shows that composite layer TBC system have improved stability than single layer system as reported in literature.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles for the Degradation of Rhodamine B
Authors: Janjua S. I. , Hussain M. , Ahmad M. , Shahzada S. , Ali G. , Maaz K. , Karim S.
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the photocatalytic properties of hydrothermally synthesized ZnO nanoparticles for the degradation of RhB. The structural and morphological properties of the product have been characterized by XRD, EDS, SEM and TEM. Structural measurements reveal that single crystalline nanoparticles in the range of 9 to 130 nm are formed. The elemental composition is analyzed by EDX. The photocatalytic properties demonstrate that the ZnO nanoparticles stand an active photocatalyst which completely degrade RhB in 30 min. Therefore ZnO nanoparticles may have significant implications for degradation of organic contaminants and for the environment remediation.
On Bipolar Valued Fuzzy ð’Œ-Ideals in Hemirings
Authors: Mahmood T. , Ejaz A.
Published: January 2025

In this paper we discuss some results associated with Bipolar valued fuzzy ð‘˜ -ideals of hemirings. We also define bipolar valued fuzzy ð‘˜-intrinsic product and characterize ð‘˜- hemiregularhemirings by using their bipolar valued fuzzyð‘˜ -ideals.
Working Environment and Software Configuration Management Assimilation using Traceability Enhancement Technique
Authors: Iqbal H. , Javed A. , Majeed M. N.
Published: January 2025

Software Configuration Management (SCM) Systems are very useful in coordinating group effort in large and complex software systems. As a result of change in user requirement, market needs, tools, technology or new business goals emanate out, changes are continuously induced while developing the software product. For change management, Traceability technique and SCM are two prominent practices in the software development process. SCM helps in managing configuration items while traceability helps in tracing the knowledge about the configuration items. In this paper we propose a model of the SCM system with the working environment when changes are introduced in multiple artifacts and by which high quality products are developed.
Electrical Energy Saving and Management Initiatives: A Case Study of University Libraries in KPK, Pakistan
Authors: Hassan A. Z. , Kamal T. , Hassnain S. R. , Ali H. , Saleem A.
Published: January 2025

Several recent studies show that a significant portion of the electrical energy consumption in educational institutes, residential and business buildings are due to the improper use of electrical appliances. The objective of this paper is to develop a cost effective automated power management system for the academic institutions to reduce the consumption of electrical energy. To this aim, a sensor-based intelligent system and decision making algorithm are proposed. As per algorithm, the system monitors the number of persons, intensity of light, temperature and accordingly controls the behavior of appliances. This paper includes a case study of two university libraries in KPK, Pakistan, namely, University of Engineering and Technology(UET), Peshawar, Abbottabad Campus and Hazara University Mansehra. The analysis of the experimental results concludes that the proposed energy saving system (PESS) is able to provide a significant energy savings.
Design and Simulations of Low Loss Single Disk RF Window
Authors: Ullah Shakir , Ayub M. , Aftab N. , Qayyum A.
Published: January 2025

This paper describe three simple designs of pillbox type S-band RF window for 2.5 MW peak power operation. In these designs alumina ceramic disk is used as RF transmitting medium, which is brazed with pill-box copper to create vacuum seal. Three different fabrication configurations of RF window are simulated using CST Microwave Studio. The simulation results for one of the designs are quite promising. At the working frequency of 2.998 GHz, the return loss S11 and transmission loss S21 are -72.75 dB and S21 is -0.009 respectively. The power loss at window is just 5.2 W, indicating that forced cooling of window is not required. PACS: 87.50.Jk; 84.40.Ba
Effects of Crack Depth on the Mode Shapes and Natural Frequencies of Y-Junction Pipes
Authors: Gardezi S. A. R. , Mughal H. U. , Rehman A. U. , Bari A. , Zaman M. F.
Published: January 2025

Maintenance shutdowns are not affordable in process industries due to certain economic factors. Piping system in any process plant is key element and therefore must be monitored carefully to detect any damage in its initiation or early propagation stage. This research work aims to establish an effectual understanding of vibration behavior of piping structures in the process industry. Y-junction piping models having 3 cases are crack modelled, mapped mesh and analyzed in Ansys APDLÂ®. Natural frequency data is gathered from the analysis and the data of all three cases is compared to see the effects of the crack angles on the modes and natural frequencies of the models.
A Comparison of Different Joining Options of Hybrid Composite Joints for Improved Fatigue Life
Authors: Khawaja A. H. , Tariq A. , Khan W. A. , Baig Y.
Published: January 2025

The use of composite materials has increased rapidly in the last couple of decades especially in the aerospace industry due to its lighter weight, higher stiffness and better fatigue properties. The fiber metal laminates (FML) assemblies design normally involves an interaction between composites (carbon fiber) and metallic parts (AA 6061 T6) and these interfaces often prove to be the weakest portions of the structures. This research has therefore focused on carrying out a comparison of different joining techniques of composites with metals keeping in view the tensile and fatigue properties of double lap joint configuration. For this purpose simple adhesive joints, hybrid joints (adhesive +rivets) and joints having adhesive pins in metal plate were prepared and tested. The research also involves finite element modeling of these joints and their subsequent experimental validation. The results showed higher strength of hybrid joint, in which a combination of fasteners and adhesive was used; however, the novel idea of using adhesive pins could not be successful.
Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Potential of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles by Using Leaf Extract of Syzygium cumini
Authors: Arshad M. , Qayyum A. , Arshad A. , Ahmad S. , Sultan A.
Published: January 2025

Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by leaf extract of Syzygium cumini. The phytochemicals present in S. cumini leaf extract were used for stabilization and reducing agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The stabilization of silver nanoparticles with phytochemicals was justified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was performed for the morphology of morphology of nanoparticles which showed the cabbage flower like structure. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the size of synthesized nanoparticles was found as 12.13nm. Effect of temperature was observed by using thermo gravimetric analysis which revealed the thermal stability till 300oC. Antibacterial potential by a disc diffusion assay showed significant results. Photocatalytic activity of silver nanoparticles showed that gradual increases of degradation (%) of methyl orange dye occur with respect to time for 2 hrs in the interval of 10 minutes.
The Gumbel Mixed Model for Flood Frequency Analysis of Tarbela
Authors: Naz S. , Iqbal M. J. , Akhter S. M. , Hussain I.
Published: January 2025

Pakistan is considered a great natural reservoir of fresh water from the River Indus. When the river is in flood it causes immense damage. Flood frequency analysis provides guidance related to the behavior of anticipated flood flows using historical flow records. Flood frequency analysis usually focuses on the annual maximum peak discharge (flood peak) values, which is insufficient to solve many problems related to hydrological engineering design, management and planning. Therefore, the values of flood peak are not considered the only flood characteristic to assess the flood event. Flood durations and volumes are also associated with the flood frequency distributions as the characteristics of a flood event for authenticated results. The application of Gumbel mixed model on the recorded flood flows is proposed in this paper to analyze the joint probability distribution of flood volumes and peaks as well as flood durations and volumes, which are mutually correlated. Gumbel mixed model is a bivariate extreme value distribution with marginal distributions of two random variables by which the joint probability distributions, the conditional probability functions and the related return periods are obtained. Application of the suggested model on the observed data of Tarbela dam in Pakistan reveals that the model is appropriate for representing the joint probability distribution of flood volumes and peaks, and the joint probability distribution of flood durations and volumes. Hence, it is concluded that a bivariate probability distribution provides detailed information regarding future floods, whereas the univariate probability distribution is insufficient in providing extensive information regarding future flows.
Parametric Investigation of a Form Tool Wear and Dimensional Inaccuracy in Turning Operation of AISI 1045
Authors: Hayat A. , Amjad M. , Mufti N. A. , Shoaib M.
Published: January 2025

In any manufacturing setup, turning operation is the most frequently used metal cutting process especially for axis symmetric circular parts. This paper reports the effects and optimization of two process parameters (feed rate & cutting speed) on two response factors (tool wear & dimensional inaccuracy) in turning operation of aplain carbon steel AISI 1045. Flat form tool of high speed steel (HSS) having various profiles has been used for turning operation. The experimentation is done under varying cutting conditions by changing the feed rate and cutting speed on a precision lathe machine using plain carbon steel of finished diameter 30mm as work piece material each time. Optimal settings of the process parameter are achieved using response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to identify the significance of control factors. It is found that the most significant factor which affects the tool wear and dimensional inaccuracy is the feed rate.
Morphological Investigations of Oxide Nanotubes Grown on Zircaloy-4 Cladding
Authors: Ali G. , Shabbir G. , Karim S. , Khan M. , Nisar A. , Ahmad M.
Published: January 2025

Self-organized, highly ordered and vertically oriented nanotubes have been fabricated on the surface of Zircaloy-4 (Zr-4) sheet using an electrochemical route. Anodization is carried out in ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol electrolyte containing ammonium fluoride and de-ionized water. The morphology of nanotubes was studied using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). Electron microscopy showed that self-organized nanotubes with regular ordered and extremely smooth wall morphology were obtained in glycerol based electrolyte. The diameter of the nanotubes could be tailored by anodization parameters. The TEM and SAED results revealed that the as-prepared nanotubes are closed at the bottom surface and have crystalline structure.
Propagation of Ion-acoustic Shocks in Electron-positron-ion Magnetoplasmas with Non-extensivity and Rotational Effects
Authors: Imtiaz N. , Hussain S. , Haque Q.
Published: January 2025

Nonlinear electrostatic shock structures in dissipative magneto-rotating electron-positron-ion (e-p-i) plasmas with warm ions, non-thermal electrons and positrons following the q-nonextensive velocity distribution are investigated. The Korteweg de Vries Burger (KdVB) equation which describes the dynamics of the nonlinear shock structures is derived by using small amplitude reductive perturbation technique. The quantitative analysis of different physical parameters on the shock structures is presented here. It is found that the shock structures are sensitive to the Coriolis force, obliqueness, entropic indices of electrons and positrons (qe and qp), ions temperature, positrons temperature and to the positrons concentration. This study would be helpful to understand the dynamics of the shock structures in the subextensive and superextensive plasmas with warm ions such as astrophysical and space environment.
Relative Efficacy of Some Insecticides Against the Sucking Insect Pest Complex of Cotton
Authors: Asif M. U. , Muhammad R. , Akber W. , Tofique M.
Published: January 2025

The comparative efficacy of some conventional and neonicotinoid insecticides for the management of sucking insect pests of cotton (whitefly, jassid and thrips) was determined. Six insecticides viz., Confidor 200 SL (imidacloprid)@ 100 ml acre-1, Karate 1.5 EC (lambda cyhalothrin)@ 330 ml acre-1, Nockout 25 SP (nitenpyram)@ 100 gm acre-1, Polytrin-C 44 EC (profenofos+cypermethrin)@ 600 ml acre-1, Talstar 10 EC (bifenthrin)@ 250 ml acre-1 and Advantage 20 EC (carbosulfan)@ 1000 ml acre-1 were sprayed twice in order to ascertain the reduction of the pests population on Sadori variety of cotton sown at experimental area of Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam. All the tested insecticides caused significant reduction of whitefly, jassid and thrips at 24 hours, 72 hours and even 7 days after application. Imidacloprid followed by the nitenpyram proved to be most effective for bringing about a significant reduction in the populations of whitefly and thrips. Nitenpyram had the highest percentage reduction (73.80%) against jassid at 7th day after application but that was non-significantly different from imidacloprid(63.49%).Whereas, the conventional insecticides i.e. lambda cyhalothrin, profenofos+cypermethrin, bifenthrin and carbosulfan showed 57.93%, 52.38%, 47.61% and 42.06% reduction, respectively. Maximum extrapolated yield (2.99 tons ha-1) was also obtained in imidacloprid treated plots followed by nitenpyram (2.66 tons ha-1). Thus, these two insecticides were most effective for the sucking pests and in increasing seed cotton yield as compared to the conventional ones.
3-D Structural Modeling of Meyal Field, Potwar Sub-basin, Pakistan using Seismic and Well Data
Authors: Mehmood W. , Aadil N. , Jadoon Y. K.
Published: January 2025

Meyal Field is located near Pindi Gheb, District Attock in Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan. In this paper, 2-D seismic and well data of Meyal-17 is interpreted to construct a 3-D structural model using the Kingdom Interpretation Software Suite. After identifying the horizons on seismic lines with the integration of well and seismic data, faults were mapped. With the help of fault polygons, time contour maps were generated which were then converted to velocity and depth contour maps. Finally, 3-D structural model was generated from these maps. It is interpreted that there are two possible structural traps which are suitable for accumulation of hydrocarbons in the study area. One is present in the southwestern part of the Field with two fault bounded closure and the other is one fault assisted in the central part as indicated with dotted circles A and B respectively. Closures on depth contour maps of two fault bounded trap are 777 m, 845 m, 752 m and 750 m at the level of top Kohat, top Sakesar, top Lockhart and top Datta respectively. While, closures of one fault assisted trap are 150 m, 250 m, 200 m and 250 m at the level of top Kohat, top Sakesar, top Lockhart and top Datta respectively. The closure due to down thrown block is smaller than closure due to two faults (F2 & F3) in the southwestern part of the field. 3-D Model shows that all four horizons are confirmable at one another.
Multiple Attribute Group Decision Making for Plant Location Selection with Pythagorean Fuzzy Weighted Geometric Aggregation Operator
Authors: Rahman K. , Khan M.S. A. , Ullah Murad , Fahmi A.
Published: January 2025

There are many aggregation operators and applications have been developed up to date, but in this paper we present the idea of Pythagorean fuzzy weighted geometric aggregation operator, and also discuss some of their basic properties. At the last we give an application of this proposed operator. For this purpose we construct an algorithm and also construct a numerical example.
Towards Capturing Security Requirements in Agile Software Development
Authors: Ahmed W. , Hafeez Y. , G. Chiurlea G.
Published: January 2025

Software use is an unavoidable reality. Increased use expands the opportunity for malicious use which threatens security and privacy. There are many factors like data loss, increase in budget cost due to security breaches, pending legislation and competitive advantage are driving software developers to integrate security into software development rather than adding security in later stages of development. The approach presented here addresses elicitation, prioritization, analysis of requirements and security requirements. This can be done by identifying candidate’s security goals, their categorization and understanding with stakeholders to develop preliminary security requirements and then prioritization and at the end security requirements are output.
An Empirical Study on Selecting Partially Equivalent (PE) Benchmarks for Mutual Funds Categories in Pakistan: ANOVA Approach
Authors: Ahmed W. S. , Paracha A. T. , Sheikh J. , Azeam M. F. , Saboor M. J.
Published: January 2025

In this study, we propose a new concept of partially equivalent (PE) benchmarks for evaluation different mutual funds categories in Pakistan. We constructed separate benchmarks for all major categories of funds after carefully considering the asset composites of classes. For the validity of proposed benchmarks, we conducted unit root test, kernel density distribution and ANOVA analysis. Our results prove that money market and aggressive income non-sharia benchmarks and most of Sharia benchmarks indices have shown indifference of distribution against the conventional benchmark i.e. KSE 100 and KMI 30. This encourage the fund managers and scholars alike to use the proposed benchmark indices against the conventional ones to analyze the management style, market variations, market timing and behavioral aspects with some precision and accuracy.
Pythagorean Fuzzy Weighted Averaging Aggregation Operator and its Application to Decision Making Theory
Authors: Rahman K. , Ali A. , Shakeel M. , A. Khan M. S. , Ullah Murad
Published: January 2025

The objective of the present work is divided into two folds. Firstly, Pythagorean fuzzy weighted averaging aggregation operator has been introduced along with their several properties, namely idem potency, boundedness and monotonicity. Secondly, we apply this proposed operator to deal with multiple attribute group decision making problems under Pythagorean fuzzy information. For this we construct an algorithm for multiple attribute group decision making problems. At the last we also construct a numerical example for multiple attribute group decision making.
Phase Evolution and Electrical Characterization of Bismuth Vanadate
Authors: Tahir Z. , Rashid M. U. , Ahmad S.
Published: January 2025

In the present study, phase, microstructure and electrical properties of BiVO4 sample prepared by solid state sintering route have been studied. Phase analysis of the sintered sample revealed the formation of single phase BiVO4with no evidence of the secondary phase within the detection limit of X-ray diffractometer. Furthermore, the crystal structure was investigated by Rietveld analysis which confirmed the monoclinic symmetry having lattice parameters a = 7.2478 Å, b = 11.695 Å, c = 5.0919 Å and ? = 134.255°. SEM micrographs showed dense and irregular shaped grains with sizes ranging from 1.2 µm to 15.2 µm. Dielectric properties as a function of temperature for the BiVO4 sample exhibited phase transition at three different temperatures (~69°C, ~280°C and ~465°C). The dielectric loss increases with increasing temperature, indicating the semiconducting like features at higher temperatures which were further confirmed using impedance spectroscopy data.
Quantum Bayesian Game Modeling for Intrusion Detection
Authors: Munawar S. , Hamid M. , Lodhi S. A.
Published: January 2025

In cybersecurity, Intrusion detection plays a vital role in the network boundary detection. It develops the preventive measures for network defense. In this paper, it is presented the quantum cognition with the game theory strategy to detect the target attacks and normal packet classification in the network. The Quantum Bayesian game theory offers an efficient model of cognition to human rationality rather than the classical Bayesian game theory. This is inspired cognitive defense model in which a game modeling acts as the brain to determine the abnormal activity of network traffic rationally. It also analyzes the operation of the quantum game model between the attacker and defender detection system. The defender takes effective decision strategy in this model which maximizes their payoffs, according to the non-cooperative and incomplete imperfect information game strategy. Our modeling emphasized that quantum game theory is the effective dynamic solution, as a procedure of two player game to improve the probability of a defender issued a correct alarm and reduced the probability of defender issued a false alarm. It is as well to establish a rapid response of the system that uses in real time reconfiguration network security system.
Improved Grey Wolf Optimization for Economic Load Dispatch Problem Considering Valve Point Loading Effect and Prohibited Operating Zones
Authors: Mehmood K. , Ahmad A.
Published: January 2025

Economic load dispatch (ELD) is an important power system operational planning problem.  In the past, calculus based techniques have been used for solving convex ELD problem. The practical ELD problem is non convex due to valve point effect. This paper presents a new improved grey wolf optimization (IGWO) for solving ELD problem considering constraints such as valve point effect, transmission losses and prohibited operating zones. Grey wolf optimization (GWO) is a swarm intelligence (SI) technique which suffers from stagnation. To overcome this problem differential mutation and crossover operations are combined with GWO to form IGWO. The proposed IGWO is successfully implemented on 6, 13, 15 and 40 thermal units test systems. For validation, results are compared with recent techniques. This comparison proves the superiority of IGWO.