bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary Fiber Suppresses Elevation of Uric Acid and Urea Nitrogen Concentrations in Serum of Rats with Renal Dysfunction Induced by Dietary Adenine
Authors: Koguchi  , Koguchi  , Nakajima  , Takano  , Yamamoto  , Innami  , Maekawa  , Tadokoro
Published: January 2006

This study was conducted to examine the effects of several kinds of dietary fiber (DF) with different physical properties on the elevation of uric acid and urea nitrogen concentrations in serum of rats induced by dietary adenine. DF decreased an uptake of 14C-labeled adenine in the rat jejunum in vitro, but the reduction varied with the physical property of DF. Male Wistar rats (3 weeks old) were fed a diet with or without a 0.4% adenine and a 5% DF (cellulose, chitin, chitosan, or xanthan gum) for 20 days. Feeding of adenine in the fiber-free group elevated the concentrations of uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen in serum, but decreased the excretions of these compounds into urine and increased the amounts of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (2,8-DHA) in kidney and urine. The test DF was found to suppress the elevation of uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen concentrations in serum induced by dietary adenine, and to mitigate the decreased excretions of these compounds into urine and the increased retention of 2,8-DHA in kidney and urine. This phenomenon was remarkable in the xanthan gum group. These results suggest that DF suppresses the elevation of uric acid and urea nitrogen concentrations in serum by attenuating the absorption of dietary adenine.
Effect of Nutrition Education and Diet Modification in Iron Depleted Preschool Children in Nurseries in Tehran: a Pilot Study
Authors: Khoshnevisan  , Kimiagar  , Kalantaree  , Valaee  , Shaheedee
Published: January 2006

In view of the high prevalence of iron deficiency in preschool children and its consequences, this study was carried out to examine the effect of nutrition education and dietary modification on 438 two- to six-year-old nursery school children in Tehran in 1999. Sixty-two children who were judged anemic, iron-depleted, or having low iron stores were randomly allocated to "control", "dietary modification" (consuming one additional citrus fruit after lunch), and "nutrition education" (teaching the mothers proper eating patterns based on the food pyramid) groups. Food habits were surveyed, including 24-hour dietary recall and food frequency, as well as timing of consumption of special items; this survey was carried out for each child before and after intervention. After three months, blood samples were taken from the subjects. The prevalence of anemia, iron depletion, and low iron stores was 11.4, 62.8, and 15.1% respectively, with no significant differences observed in hemoglobin and percent transferrin saturation (%TS) between the groups. Mean ± SD serum ferritin concentrations in "control", "diet modification", and "nutrition education" groups were 8.9 ± 3.1, 9.5 ± 3.7, and 6.9 ± 2.3 mug/dL. The same figures at the end of intervention were 6.9 ± 3.5, 11.2 ± 5, and 10.7 ± 5.9 mug/dL, respectively. Analysis of variance showed ferritin concentrations to be significantly different, in that there was a reduction in the control and elevation in the nutrition education groups. There was no significant difference in %TS before and after the intervention. During three months of intervention, changes in frequency of fruit and fruit juice intake after the meals in nutrition education and diet modification groups were significantly correlated to serum ferritin alteration. Frequency of fruit juice intake (rich in vitamin C) after meals (at least five times a week) can significantly increase serum ferritin within three months. Therefore, educating mothers of iron-deficient children while increasing the iron stores in children can prevent the recurrence of iron deficiency and result in general child wellbeing.
Modulation of Cytokine Production by Low and High Retinoid Diets in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Mice
Authors: Rühl  , Garcia  , Schweigert  , Worm
Published: January 2006

Retinoids modulate many physiological processes such as the differentiation and growth of different cell types, including cells from the immune system. We have previously shown that retinoids modulate IgE production in vitro and in vivo. In the present study we investigated the effects of retinoids in non-sensitized and ovalbumin-sensitized mice that were fed for 11 weeks with three different vitamin A (VA) diets: a) VA-deficiency diet, b) base diet, and c) base diet supplemented with 0.5% all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin-stimulated SMC (splenic mononuclear cells) from mice fed with ATRA and the vitamin A-deficient diet group showed increased interleukin-4 (IL-4) responses in non-sensitized mice. After ovalbumin sensitization in the VA-deficient and the ATRA supplementation diet groups, no significant effects on IL-4 production were observed. By contrast, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma production from PMA/ionomycin-stimulated SMC was enhanced in the VA-deficient diet group in ovalbumin-sensitized mice, and also in non-sensitized mice compared to the base and the ATRA-supplemented diet group. The data indicate that VA and retinoid content in a diet influences the cytokine response in non-sensitized and also ovalbumin-sensitized mice. Therefore these molecules may serve as active modulators of cytokine production in vivo that are responsible for the induction and persistence of atopic diseases.
Effect of Ascorbic Acid and Particle Size on Iron Absorption from Ferric Pyrophosphate in Adult Women
Authors: Fidler  , Davidsson  , Zeder  , Walczyk  , Marti  , Hurrell
Published: January 2006

The effects of added ascorbic acid and particle size on iron absorption from ferric pyrophosphate were evaluated in adult women (9–10 women/study) based on erythrocyte incorporation of iron stable isotopes (57Fe or 58Fe) 14 days after administration. Three separate studies were made with test meals of iron-fortified infant cereal (5 mg iron/meal) and the results are presented as geometric means and relative bioavailability values (RBV, FeSO4 = 100%). The results of study 1 showed that iron absorption was significantly lower from ferric pyrophosphate (mean particle size 8.5 mum) than from FeSO4 in meals without ascorbic acid (0.9 vs. 2.6%, p < 0.0001, RBV 36%) and in the same meals with ascorbic acid added at a 4:1 molar ratio relative to fortification iron (2.3 vs. 9.7%, p < 0.0001, RBV 23%). Ascorbic acid increased iron absorption from ferric pyrophosphate slightly less (2.6-fold) than from FeSO4 (3.7-fold) (p < 0.05). In studies 2 and 3, RBV of ferric pyrophosphate with an average particle size of 6.7 mum and 12.5 mum was not significantly different at 52 and 42% (p > 0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the addition of ascorbic acid increased fractional iron absorption from ferric pyrophosphate significantly, but to a lesser extent than from FeSO4. Decreasing the mean particle size to 6.7 mum did not significantly increase iron absorption from ferric pyrophosphate.
Effect of High Intakes of Fruit and Vegetables on Redox Status in Type 2 Onset Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Giammarioli  , Filesi  , Vitale  , Cantagallo  , Dragoni  , Sanzini
Published: January 2006

Evidence has accumulated indicating that oxidative stress may play a key role in the etiology of diabetic complications and the protective effects of antioxidant nutrients are a topic of intense research. The purpose of this study was both to obtain preliminary data on the effect of a diet high in fruit and vegetables on metabolic control and the oxidative status of patients with type 2 onset diabetes, and to identify the most useful biochemical parameters for future research. At the beginning of the study all subjects were asked to follow their usual diet and keep a seven-day food diary. Diabetic patients then received a dietary treatment designed to ensure a daily intake of 700–1000 g of fruit and vegetables; no dietary advice was given to controls. Dietary antioxidants, redox status markers, and parameters of metabolic control were measured in plasma and erythrocytes before and after the diet. Before following the diet, diabetic patients had lower levels of ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, and alpha-tocopherol/cholesterol ratio than controls. After the diet these parameters increased and there was also a reduction in total antioxidant capacity, uric acid, and malondialdehyde and a rise in reduced glutathione accompanied by a reduction in body mass index and cholesterol. In conclusion, a high consumption of fruit and vegetables by diabetic patients not receiving pharmacological treatment, seems to produce an improvement in some redox status parameters.
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Turkish University Students
Authors: Ünüsan
Published: January 2006

A questionnaire was developed to determine the behaviors associated with eating fruit and vegetables and to assess perceived benefits and barriers to increasing fruit and vegetable consumption. A total of 713 non-food/nutrition major university students were randomly selected from seven universities in Turkey. Self-reported mean intake was found to be 3.67 ± 1.81 servings of fruit and vegetables per day. Positive correlations existed between daily fruit and vegetable portions. Male students were significantly higher than female students in body mass index measurements (BMI 22.71 vs. 20.1, p _ .05). Among male students only BMI was positively associated with age. Compared to male students, female students were more likely to eat fruit and vegetables. Male students were less likely to eat fruit instead of dessert. Vegetables were more preferred by female students at lunch and dinner. Exploratory principal-components analyses showed that a two-component solution best represented the data. The first component represented the benefits of eating more fruit. The second component described barriers to eating more fruit. Both components have an internal consistency of 0.73 and 0.56 respectively, with benefits accounting for 17% and barriers 12% of variance These scales may be used to increase the benefits to get students to think about change, and decreasing the barriers to allow the behavior to change in fruit and vegetable consumption should follow this. Since Turkish students do not eat enough fruit and vegetables, nutrition education efforts must be targeted at students (i.e. acceptability of these foods in different meal and snacks is maintained, promoted, and encouraged). Barriers may be reduced, thereby allowing students to take action and maintain the behavior change.
Iron Amino Acid Chelates
Authors: Hertrampf  , Olivares
Published: January 2006

Iron amino acid chelates, such as iron glycinate chelates, have been developed to be used as food fortificants and therapeutic agents in the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Ferrous bis-glycine chelate (FeBC), ferric tris-glycine chelate, ferric glycinate, and ferrous bis-glycinate hydrochloride are available commercially. FeBC is the most studied and used form. Iron absorption from FeBC is affected by enhancers and inhibitors of iron absorption, but to a lesser extent than ferrous sulfate. Its absorption is regulated by iron stores. FeBC is better absorbed from milk, wheat, whole maize flour, and precooked corn flour than is ferrous sulfate. Supplementation trials have demonstrated that FeBC is efficacious in treating iron deficiency anemia. Consumption of FeBC-fortified liquid milk, dairy products, wheat rolls, and multi-nutrient beverages is associated with an improvement of iron status. The main limitations to the widespread use of FeBC in national fortification programs are the cost and the potential for promoting organoleptic changes in some food matrices. Additional research is required to establish the bioavailability of FeBC in different food matrices. Other amino acid chelates should also be evaluated. Finally there is an urgent need for more rigorous efficacy trials designed to define the relative merits of amino acid chelates when compared with bioavailable iron salts such as ferrous sulfate and ferrous fumarate and to determine appropriate fortification levels
Phytic Acid Degradation as a Means of Improving Iron Absorption
Authors: Hurrell
Published: January 2006

Phytic acid is a potent inhibitor of native and fortification iron absorption and low absorption of iron from cereal- and/or legume-based complementary foods is a major factor in the etiology of iron deficiency in infants. Dephytinization of complementary foods or soy-based infant formulas is technically possible but, as phytic acid is strongly inhibitory at low concentrations, complete enzymatic degradation is recommended. If this is not possible, the phytic acid to iron molar ratio should be decreased to below 1:1 and preferably below 0.4:1. Complete dephytinization of cereal- and legume-based complementary foods has been shown to increase the percentage of iron absorption by as much as 12-fold (0.99% to 11.54%) in a single-meal study when the foods were reconstituted with water. The addition of milk, however, inhibits iron absorption and overcomes the enhancing effect of phytic acid degradation. Dephytinization can therefore be strongly recommended only for cereal/legume mixtures reconstituted with water, especially low-cost complementary foods destined for infants in developing countries. In countries where infant cereals are consumed with milk, ascorbic acid addition can more easily be used to overcome the negative effect of phytic acid on iron absorption. Similarly with soy-based infant formulas, especially if manufactured from low-phytate isolates, ascorbic acid can be used to ensure adequate iron absorption.
The Potential of Encapsulated Iron Compounds in Food Fortification: A Review
Authors: Zimmermann
Published: January 2006

Iron (Fe) encapsulation has the potential to help overcome several major challenges in Fe fortification of foods. It may decrease unwanted sensory changes in fortified products and reduce interactions of Fe with food components that lower Fe bioavailability. However, the effect of encapsulation per se on Fe bioavailability is a concern. Rat studies comparing encapsulated ferrous sulfate, ferric ammonium citrate, and ferrous fumarate to non-encapsulated compounds indicate that a ratio of capsule:substrate of _ 60:40 may decrease the relative bioavailability (RBV) of the Fe by approximately 20%. At a ratio of capsule:substrate of _ 50: 50, the RBV of encapsulated ferrous sulfate appears to be similar to ferrous sulfate. Even minor changes in capsule composition may influence Fe bioavailability. Encapsulated ferrous fumarate given with ascorbic acid as a complementary food supplement and encapsulated ferrous sulfate fortified into salt have been shown to be efficacious in anemic children. For salt fortification, further refinements in Fe capsule design are needed to increase resistance to moisture and abrasion, while maintaining bioavailability. Studies evaluating the potential efficacy of encapsulated Fe in staple cereals (wheat and maize flours) are needed. A potential barrier to use of encapsulated forms of Fe in staple food fortification is the relatively low melting point of the capsules, which may cause unwanted sensory changes during food preparation. Research and development efforts to improve the quality of coatings and their resistance to high temperatures are ongoing. Process costs for encapsulation can be high, and unless they can be reduced, may limit applications. Further research is needed to determine which encapsulation technologies are most effective in ensuring iron bioavailability from encapsulated compounds.
Caffeic Acid Inhibits Oxidative Stress and Reduces Hypercholesterolemia Induced by Iron Overload in Rats
Authors: Lafay  , Gueux  , Rayssiguier  , Mazur  , Rémésy  , Scalbert
Published: January 2006

The effects of caffeic acid, a major phenolic compound of the diet, on oxidative stress and cholesterolemia are studied in rats submitted to oxidative stress by iron overload. Male Wistar rats were fed semi-synthetic diets containing regular (50 mg/kg diet) or high (2000 mg/kg) doses of iron with and without caffeic acid (6460 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. The high doses of iron induced an increase of lipid oxidation in the liver, as measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and an increase of cholesterolemia. Caffeic acid fully prevented the pro-oxidant effects of high iron doses (p < 0.001). It also reduced lipid peroxidation in rats fed the low iron dose (p < 0.05). Caffeic acid also increased vitamin E levels in plasma (2.74 mumol/L to 4.09 mumol/L for normal diet; p < 0.001; 2.78 mumol/L to 4.94 mumol/L for iron supplemented diet p < 0.001). Iron-induced hypercholesterolemia was inhibited by caffeic acid (1.07 g/L to 0.82 g/L; p < 0.001). These results demonstrate the antioxidative capacity of caffeic acid, a highly bioavailable polyphenol, in an in vivo model of oxidative stress.
Extra-Hepatic Vitamin A Concentrations in Captive Rhesus (Macaca Mulatta) and Marmoset (Callithrix Jacchus) Monkeys Fed Excess Vitamin A
Authors: Mills  , Penniston  , Tanumihardjo
Published: January 2006

Recent work examining vitamin A (VA) status of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) used as models for human biomedical research has revealed subtoxic hepatic VA concentrations. Livers of marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus), another experimental animal, were also high in VA as was serum retinyl ester concentration. Both species consumed common research diets that provided up to four times the amount of VA (retinyl acetate) as currently recommended by the National Research Council. To further define the effects of chronically high dietary VA as found in many human subpopulations, we analyzed lung and kidney tissues from subtoxic rhesus and marmoset monkeys (n = 10 each) for retinol and retinyl esters. Marmoset kidneys contained 0.88 ± 0.66 mumol VA/g and was nearly the same as hepatic VA at 1.40 ± 0.44 mumol/g (p = 0.143). In contrast, rhesus kidney VA concentrations were 0.0100 ± 0.0032 mumol/g, even though liver reserves were 18.8 ± 6.4 mumol VA/g (p < 0.0001). Lung tissue VA concentrations, 0.0022 ± 0.0012 and 0.0061 ± 0.0025 mumol/g for marmosets and rhesus, respectively, were lower as compared with kidney (p < 0.011). Kidney and lung VA in monkeys with adequate, but not excessive, VA stores have not been determined; hence, interpretation of these findings is limited to tissue retinol and retinyl ester profiles and extrapolation from other species rather than direct comparison to "normal" values.
Effects of Dietary Taurocholate, Fat and Protein on the Storage and Metabolism of Dietary beta-Carotene and alpha-Tocopherol in Ferrets
Authors: Sundaresan  , Marmillot  , Liu  , Mitchell  , Grundel  , Lakshman
Published: January 2006

Dietary factors affecting tissue storage of beta-carotene (BC), alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T), and retinol (ROL) in mammals include taurocholate, protein, and fat. Few studies have examined the effects of these factors on the storage of BC, retinyl esters, and alpha-T in a mammalian system that is similar to humans. The main objective of the study was to investigate the effects of taurocholate (TC), fat, and protein on the absorption and metabolism of BC and alpha-T in ferret tissues. Three 4-week experiments were conducted using groups of 5–6 ferrets per treatment. All diets contained 0.2% BC. In Experiment 1, taurocholate was fed at concentrations of 0, 0.5, or 1%. Effects of two concentrations of dietary fat (6 and 23%) and three concentrations of protein (10, 20, and 40%) were also studied in Experiments 2 and 3, respectively. Tissues were analyzed for BC, retinoids, and alpha-T by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Taurocholate enhanced hepatic and plasma concentrations of BC (2.3- to 3-fold), retinyl palmitate [(RP) 3.2- to 9.5-fold], retinyl stearate [(RS) 2.9- to 6- fold], and hepatic alpha-T (6- to13- fold) at p < 0.05. High-fat diets elevated hepatic BC, RP, RS, and retinyl linoleate (RL) concentrations (2- to 3.6-fold, p < 0.05). In contrast, high-protein diets lowered hepatic RL 1.8-fold and alpha-T 8-fold (p < 0.05). Our results indicate the importance of taurocholate, fat, and protein in achieving adequate levels of vitamins A and E in mammals.
L-Carnitine Supplementation does not Promote Weight Loss in Ovariectomized Rats Despite Endurance Exercise
Authors: Melton  , Keenan  , Stanciu  , Hegsted  , Zablah-Pimentel  , O’Neil  , Gaynor  , Schaffhauser  , Owen  , Prisby  , LaMotte  , Fernandez
Published: January 2006

In this five-week study, we tested the hypotheses that free access to a maintenance diet supplemented with L-carnitine (L-C) would reduce body fat in adult, sedentary, ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and that there would be an additive effect of L-C on weight reduction in swim-trained animals. As expected, serum carnitine was higher in rats fed the L-C diet, and the OVX-induced weight gain and abdominal fat were counteracted by swimming. L-C supplementation did not reduce the weight gain or abdominal fat in these adult female rats. Moreover, though not reaching statistical significance, rats that were fed L-C demonstrated a tendency for greater weight gain than their basal-fed counterparts despite no difference in energy intake. If the results of this study on ovariectomized rats can be translated to postmenopausal women, moderate intensity exercise may be recommended, but L-C supplementation, with no energy restriction, may be contraindicated as a weight loss method in this cohort.
Relationship between Dementia and Nutrition-Related Factors and Disorders: An Overview
Authors: Salerno-Kennedy  , Cashman
Published: January 2006

This review gives a brief overview of the main types of dementia and summarizes current thinking on the relationship between nutritional-related factors and disorders, and dementia. Dementia is a multi-factor pathological condition, and nutrition is one factor that may play a role on its onset and progression. An optimal intake of nutrients doesn’t protect people from dementia. However, studies in this area show that inadequate dietary habits, which are of particular concern in elderly populations, may increase the risk of developing a number of age-related diseases, including disorders of impaired cognitive function. They show that a deficiency in essential nutrients, such as certain B complex vitamins, can result in hyperhomocysteinemia, a well-known risk factor for atherosclerosis and recently associated with cognitive impairment in old age. A deficiency of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, and beta-carotene, as well as nutrition-related disorders like hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes, may also have some role in cognitive impairment. These factors can be present for a long time before cognitive impairment becomes evident, therefore they could be potentially detected and corrected in a timely manner.
The Effect of Calcium Salts, Ascorbic Acid and Peptic pH on Calcium, Zinc and Iron Bioavailabilities from Fortified Human Milk using an in vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Model
Authors: Etcheverry  , Wallingford  , Miller  , Glahn
Published: January 2006

The calcium, zinc, and iron bioavailabilities of human milk with commercial and noncommercial human milk fortifiers (HMFs) were evaluated under a variety of conditions: peptic digestion at pH 2 and pH 4, supplementation of ascorbic acid, and addition of three calcium salts. The noncommercial HMFs consisted of casein phosphopeptides (CPPs), alpha-lactalbumin, colostrum, and hydrolyzed whey protein concentrate (WPC). They were mixed with human milk (HM) and calcium, zinc, and iron were added. Ascorbic acid (AA) was added in certain studies. The commercial HMFs were Nestlé FM-85, Similac HMF (SHMF), and Enfamil HMF (EHMF). All HMFs were compared to S-26/SMA HMF. Results showed that the peptic pH (2 vs. 4) had no effect on mineral bioavailability. Addition of different calcium salts had no effect on calcium cell uptake and cell ferritin levels (an indicator of iron uptake), however, the addition of calcium glycerophosphate/gluconate increased zinc uptake by Caco-2 cells. Addition of AA significantly increased ferritin levels, with no effect on calcium or zinc uptake. Among the commercial HMFs, FM-85 was significantly lower in zinc uptake than S-26/SMA, and HM+EHMF was significantly higher than HM+S-26/SMA. Cell ferritin levels were significantly higher for HM+S-26/SMA than for all other commercial fortifiers. None of the commercial HMFs were different from HM+S-26/SMA in calcium uptake.
Absorption of Selenium from Wheat, Garlic, and Cod Intrinsically Labeled with Se-77 and Se-82 stable Isotopes
Authors: Fox  , Atherton  , Dainty  , Lewis  , Langford  , Baxter  , Crews  , Fairweather-Tait
Published: January 2006

There is limited information on the absorption of selenium from different foods in humans because of technical difficulties associated with isotopic labeling of dietary selenium. Wheat, garlic, and cod fish were intrinsically labeled with Se-77 or Se-82 stable isotopes. Labeled meals were fed in random order to 14 adults, with a minimum washout period of six weeks between each test meal. Apparent absorption was measured as luminal loss using a fecal monitoring technique over an 8-day period. Plasma appearance of the isotope was measured at 7, 24, and 48 hours post-ingestion. Selenium absorption (± SD) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) from wheat (81.0 ± 3.0%) and garlic (78.4 ± 13.7%) than from fish (56.1 ± 4.3%). Lowest plasma concentration was observed after the fish meal at all three time points, with a peak at 24 hours, whereas wheat produced the highest plasma concentration at all three time points and peaked at 7 hours. Selenium absorption from wheat and garlic was higher than from fish, and inter-individual variation was low. Form of selenium and food constituents appear to be key determinants of post-absorptive metabolism.
Dietary Quality-Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines in Tehranian Adolescents: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Authors: Mirmiran  , Azadbakht  , Azizi
Published: January 2006

The aim of this study was to determine the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score and its relation to intake of nutrients and the number of servings from each food group consumed by adolescents residing in district 13 of Tehran. This study, conducted within the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), was a part of a dietary intake assessment carried out in 443 families, including 465 adolescents, aged 10–18 years, according to the Food Guide Pyramid and dietary guidelines on individuals residing in district 13 of Tehran. In this study, dietary intake was assessed with two-day 24-hour recalls. HEI was calculated based on nine components. The score range of each component was 0 to 10, the sum score of this index therefore being 90. The HEI score was categorized into three groups: less than 45 (poor diet), between 45–72 (needs improvement) and more than 72 (good diet). The mean score of HEI was 64.9 ± 9.6 in boys and 64.8 ± 9.4 in girls. The results showed that the number of servings of food groups in those with good diet was significantly higher than the two other groups (p < 0.05). In contrast the percent of saturated fat intake and cholesterol consumption in those with HEI _ 72 was lower than the other groups (p < 0.05). The approximate number of food items consumed and the total nutrient intake by adolescents with HEI score _ 72 was significantly higher than the others (p > 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the number of servings of grains group (r = 0.1), vegetables (r = 0.4), fruits (r = 0.4), dairy (r = 0.3), meat (r = 0.1), and HEI (p < 0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between fat intake (r = -0.2, p < 0.001), percent of saturated fatty acids (r = –0.2, p < 0.05), cholesterol consumption (r = -0.4, p < 0.05), and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (P/S) in diet (r = 0.2, p < 0.05), and HEI score. Seventy-four, 23, and 3% of diets were categorized into "needs improvement", "good", and "poor", respectively. In conclusion, the diets of most Tehranian adolescents need improvement, demonstrating the need for nutrition education in this age group.
Pantothenic Acid Quantification: Method Comparison of a Stable Isotope Dilution Assay and a Microbiological Assay
Authors: Rychlik  , Roth-Maier
Published: January 2006

Different foods and feedstuffs were analyzed for pantothenic acid (PA) by the recently developed stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) and by the standard method, a microbiological assay (MA). The SIDA involved the use of [13C3, 15N]-pantothenic acid as the internal standard and detection by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analysis of identical extracts minimized systematic bias due to equal extraction yields and enabled an ideal comparison between both methods. For the samples derived from plants a good accordance between the MA and the SIDA of total PA was found, whereas for the products of animal origin, higher contents were measured by MA than by SIDA. From the results of treatments by pantetheinase and phosphatase on the one hand and papain and diastase on the other, it was concluded that MA is able to measure a significant amount of bound PA. Furthermore, the data imply that microbial enzymes were able to cleave PA conjugates more effectively than pantetheinase and phosphatase treatment.
Effect of Dietary Vitamin E and Selenium on DNA Damage in Fresh and Frozen Tissues
Authors: Chuang  , Hu
Published: January 2006

To determine whether deficiencies of dietary vitamin E and Se can elevate background DNA damage, rats were fed diets deficient in or supplemented with vitamin E (30 and 200 mg/kg diet) and Se (0.2 mg/kg diet) for 8 weeks. DNA damage was measured using the Comet (single-cell electrophoresis) assay and 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) in liver, kidneys, and lymphocytes. We found that a deficiency of vitamin E and/or Se for 8 weeks did not significantly increase DNA damage in freshly isolated liver, kidneys, or lymphocytes. However, deficiency of vitamin E and/or Se for 8 weeks markedly increased DNA strand breaks in frozen kidney (-80°C for 72 hours) and in lymphocytes incubated overnight at 37°C, both of which were effectively prevented by supplementation of Se and vitamin E. However, vitamin E at 200 mg/kg did not afford more protection than it did at 30 mg/kg). Little or no significant increase in DNA damage was found in frozen livers. These results indicate that freezing or freeze-thawing of tissues may cause oxidative damage to DNA when the tissues are deficient in a major antioxidant, and that normal levels of vitamin E (30 mg/kg diet) and Se (0.2 mg/kg diet) are sufficient to prevent the damage. Thus, our results caution against the interpretation of DNA data obtained from frozen rat tissues or cells in animal studies with dietary vitamin E or Se deficiencies.
The Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases 8 and 9 by Neutrophils of Wistar Albino Rats with Severe Qualitative and Quantitative Protein Malnutrition
Authors: Kozaci  , Balkaya  , Unsal  , Unsal  , Kargin  , Chikanza
Published: January 2006

Neutrophils are the major cellular immune components in response to bacterial infections. Neutrophil enzymes are important in invasion, inflammation, and infection processes. In order to understand the basic effects of protein malnutrition on neutrophils we studied matrix metalloproteinases 8 and 9 (MMP-8 and MMP-9) production in severe quantitative and qualitative protein malnutrition in rats. Wistar rats (2 months old) were divided into four groups each with three subgroups and fed various protein-containing diets (24% protein, 20% gelatin-containing and N-free) for 7, 14, 21, and/or 28 days. Neutrophil enzyme expression was determined by Western blotting. Leukocytes decreased significantly due to malnutrition (p = 0.001) whilst the percentage of neutrophils increased (p = 0.02) in protein-deprived groups. Neutrophils of malnourished rats produced lower levels of MMP-8 at early stages of protein deprivation with an increase in the following weeks. MMP-9 production by neutrophils from N-free diet fed animals was highest after one week. Serum MMP-9 levels decreased in the qualitative but not in the quantitative protein malnutrition groups. Results suggest that neutrophils might be important in reuse of body cell proteins during fasting or malnutrition conditions and dietary manipulation might have profound effects on MMP-8 and -9 production in rats.
Effects of Dietary Protein, Fat and beta-Carotene Levels on beta-Carotene Absorption in Rats
Authors: Hosotani  , Kitagawa
Published: January 2006

It is important that the factors influencing functional carotenoid absorption be made clear. The effect of rat diets containing different combinations of dietary protein, fat, and beta-carotene levels on beta-carotene absorption was evaluated. In the mid-level beta-carotene diet groups (1.8 mg beta-carotene/100 g diet), the retinol content in the liver and the ratio of the liver retinol content to the beta-carotene intake (namely, retinol accumulation rate) were both greater in the mid-level dietary protein groups (20 g protein/100 g diet) than in lower dietary protein groups (5 g protein/ 100 g diet), but were not affected by dietary fat level (10 g or 2 g fat/100 g diet). The liver beta-carotene content and its accumulation rate were lower in the mid-level dietary fat groups (10 g fat/100 g diet). beta-carotene 15,15’-dioxygenase (CDO) activity in the small intestine increased in the mid-level dietary protein groups, which resulted in an increase in the content of liver retinol converted from dietary beta-carotene. With respect to the mid-level dietary fat groups, the fecal beta-carotene excretion rate (%) increased. The low beta-carotene diet groups (0.006 mg beta-carotene/100 g diet) showed a higher serum retinol accumulation rate, CDO activity, and liver beta-carotene accumulation rate than the mid-level beta-carotene diet groups. These results suggest the marked effect of protein, fat, and beta-carotene level in diets on the absorption and metabolism of beta-carotene.
Weight History over a Forty-Year Time Period
Authors: Brubacher  , Brubacher  , Stähelin  , Monsch
Published: January 2006

Background: Mortality and disease risk assessments consider body mass index (BMI), among other parameters. Nowadays optimal BMI is discussed controversially as risk assessments are usually performed using BMI of arbitrarily chosen age points. A more comprehensive approach could be based on BMI history. However, longitudinal studies investigating BMI are rare. Objectives: To determine pragmatically different weight history patterns over forty years. Design: Longitudinal study with four follow-ups over forty years, elucidating risk factors for peripheral vessel diseases as the original goal. Subjects: There were 343 male subjects whose weight was measured both at baseline and at follow-ups. Results: Based on pragmatic methods the following eight patterns were found: "stable" (24.8%), "stable and increasing" (28.6%), "stable and decreasing" (9.0%), "hill" (10.0%), "valley" (7.0%), "yo-yo" (14.0%), continually "increasing" (6.4%%), and continually "decreasing" (0.3%). In subjects over 45 years at baseline, stable patterns were most frequent (42%), and descending patterns became more prominent. Conclusions: The determination of different weight history patterns in a longitudinal study is possible with the use of a pragmatic procedure. Applying such weight history patterns to the mortality risk assessment of overweight could add new aspects to that risk assessment.
Effect of B1-, B6- and Iron Intake During Pregnancy on Neonatal Behavior
Authors: Cucó  , Fernandez-Ballart  , Arija  , Canals
Published: January 2006

The aim of this study was to analyze how micronutrient intake during preconception and pregnancy affects neonatal behavior. A total of 66 healthy women volunteers were studied during preconception and in weeks 6, 10, 26, and 38 of pregnancy using the seven-day dietary record. The behavior of the newborn infant was assessed after three days of life using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). Multiple linear regression models were built and adjusted for the confounding variables in each of the periods studied and for each one of the various NBAS clusters. The intake of vitamins B1 and B6 in the sixth week of pregnancy and of iron in the 38th week of pregnancy have a positive and significant effect on the motor cluster of the NBAS independently of the body mass index (BMI), preconception age, gestational age, educational level, whether the mother is a smoker, the mother’s personality dimensions, and the weight and sex of the newborn. The intake of B1, B6, and iron during pregnancy might contribute to the neuromotor maturity of the newborn.
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Rat Blood, Liver and Muscle: Effect of Dietary Lipid, Carnitine and Exercise
Authors: Karanth  , Jeevaratnam
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dietary fat, carnitine supplementation, and exercise on oxidative damage and antioxidant status. Male Wistar rats (60 days old) were fed diets containing either hydrogenated fat (HF) or peanut oil (PO) with or without 0.5 mg % (of dry diet) carnitine. The rats were given exercise, i.e. swimming for 60 minutes, for 6 days/week for 6 months under each dietary condition. The blood malondialdehyde (MDA) level was higher in PO-fed rats, more so in exercising ones, while the same was not altered in carnitine-supplemented rats irrespective of the dietary fat or physical activity. The MDA level was significantly decreased in muscle, while increased in liver, of carnitine-fed rats. The blood glutathione (GSH) level also significantly increased in exercising rats as compared to sedentary ones, while carnitine supplementation elevated it in all the groups. Exercise and carnitine supplementation significantly lowered GSH levels in liver while increasing it in muscle. The glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was significantly increased in blood and muscle from PO-fed exercising rats as compared to sedentary ones, while carnitine supplementation elevated GPX activity in all the groups. The liver and muscle catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased in PO-fed exercising rats, while carnitine did not have any effect. The pro-oxidative effect of the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich PO diet and prolonged regular exercise was less pronounced due to augmented antioxidant enzymes, GPX and CAT, induced by training to protect against the oxidative stress, while carnitine supplementation could help to counter lipid peroxidation due to exercise through redistribution of GSH from liver to blood and muscle.
Long Term Effects of Oral Vitamin E Supplement in Type II Diabetic Patients
Authors: Boshtam  , Rafiei  , Golshadi  , Ani  , Shirani  , Rostamshirazi
Published: January 2006

This triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to determine the effect of the vitamin E on fasting blood sugar (FBS), serum insulin, and glycated hemoglobin (GHb) in type II diabetic patients (NIDDM). A total of 100 patients, with no complications, aged 20–60 years old were chosen from those consulting the Isfahan Social Security Service Diabetes Clinic and divided randomly into two treated and placebo groups, and matched for age, sex, level of education, and occupation. The treated and placebo groups were given vitamin E tablets (200 IU/day) and placebo respectively. Serum vitamin E, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), FBS, insulin, and GHb were measured at the beginning and at the end of the study (a period of 27 weeks); FBS, GHb and insulin levels were also determined several times during the period. Blood lipids and FBS were measured using the ELAN 2000 autoanalyzer at the Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, while for measuring insulin the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used; GHb was determined calorimetrically (thiobarbituric acid), and for vitamin E measurements the Hansen and Warwick method was used, by which the vitamin E was determined fluorometrically. The findings of this study show no effect of vitamin E supplementation in the patients: GHb did not change appreciably, FBS was reduced nonsignificantly (–4.3% in the treated group vs. –14.0% in the placebo group, p < 0.05). In the case of insulin, no increase was seen; instead, a decrease was observed (slightly more than 17% in the two groups, p = 0.15). No changes were observed in the levels of blood lipids. It was concluded that a daily vitamin E supplement of 200 IU for a period of 27 weeks does not affect insulin, GHb, or FBS in type II diabetic patients. However, since this antioxidant vitamin is beneficial in other ways in these patients, it would seem justified to recommend its use. Certainly, more extensive research is necessary to draw definite conclusions.
Impedanzsphygmografie zur Messung des hydrostatischen Zehenblutdruckes: eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung einer kritischen Extremitätenischämie
Authors: Beyenal-Ögmen
Published: January 2006

Background: Hydrostatic measurement of systolic toe blood pressure (HSTBP) is reliable in feet with calcified arteries, when sphygmomanometry fails. When leg is lifted above heart level, weaning of the big toe’s arterial pulsations indicates HSTBP. Patients and methods: Electrical bio-impedance was assessed to monitor the weaning of arterial pulsations (Medis GmbH, Ilmenau,Germany). In a pilot study in 30 healthy volunteers, a 12 cm cuff was placed above the ankle and inflatet to 200 mmHg; ultrasound (8 MHz) and impedance sphygmography (ISG) were used simultaneously to detect arterial pulsations in the big toe, in the sitting and supine position after deflating the cuff. In a clinical study, HSTBP was assessed by big toe ISG in 50 legs (43 of diabetic patients) with suspected peripheral arterial occlusive disease, subjected to arteriography before vascular surgery. Results: In the pilot study, ultrasound and ISG signals were detected at nearly identical systolic pressure levels (difference 2.4 [SEM 0.6] mmHg, r = 0.99, p < 0.001). In the clinical study, HSTBP ≤ 50 mmHg was associated with multiple occlusions (2 legs with ≤ 1, 9 legs with 2, and 13 legs with > 2 arteries occluded); by contrast, HSTBP > 50 mmHg indicated single occlusions (16 legs with ≤ 1, 8 legs with 2, and 2 legs with > 2 occluded arteries; chi2 contingency p < 0.02). Conclusions: assessment of big toe arterial pulsation by ISG was reliable. HSTBP ≤ 50 mmHg indicates severe peripheral arterial disease occusive (≥ 2 arteries occluded).
Differentiated local therapy of chronic wounds with modern wound dressings
Authors: Eich  , Stadler
Published: January 2006

Die Therapie chronischer Wunden umfaßt neben der Behandlung der Grunderkrankung, z.B. Kompressionstherapie und Phlebochirurgie beim venösen Ulcus cruris, die moderne differenzierte Lokaltherapie. Die konventionelle Wundtherapie umfaßt in erster Linie Farbstoffe, diverse Topika, lokale antimikrobielle Substanzen und sterile Kompressen. Trotz nachweislich heilungshemmender Eigenschaften gegenüber modernen Wundauflagen sind die konventionellen Verfahren noch weit verbreitet. Demgegenüber bildet heute das Prinzip der feuchten Wundheilung die Grundlage der modernen differenzierten Wundtherapie. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde in den letzten Jahren eine fast unüberschaubare Zahl moderner Verbandssysteme etabliert. Da nicht jede Wundauflage für jeden Wundtyp gleichermaßen geeignet ist, erfordert die Auswahl der im jeweiligen Fall geeignetsten Wundauflage die Kenntnis der verfügbaren modernen Wundverbände: in der Exsudations-/Reinigungsphase sind primär Polyurethanschaumstoffe, Alginate und aktivkohlehaltige Wundauflagen indiziert, die phasenübergreifend auch noch in der Granulationsphase Anwendung finden. Die Granulationsphase ist Hauptindikation für Hydrokolloide und Hydrogele. Diese werden neben nichthaftenden Wundauflagen und Alginaten auch in der Epithelisierungsphase eingesetzt. Neben den genannten synthetischen Wundauflagen halten zunehmend auch Zytokine und biologische Hautäquivalente Einzug in die moderne Wundtherapie. Biologische Hautäquivalente umfassen Epidermisäquivalente, Dermissubstitute und in neuerer Entwicklung befindliche kombinierte Epidermis-Dermisäquivalente. Diese führen möglicherweise zu einer noch höheren Effektivität beim Wundverschluß. Der phasenadaptierte Einsatz moderner Wundverbände ermöglicht meist eine rasche und komplikationslose Heilung von akuten und chronischen Wunden der Haut. Der Stellenwert von Zytokinen und neuerer vitaler Hautsubstitute wird derzeit klinisch geprüft, wobei sich interessante Möglichkeiten in der weiteren Verbesserung der Wundbehandlung bieten.
Das rupturierte infrarenale Aortenaneurysma – eine kritische Analyse
Authors: Bürger  , Meyer  , Tautenhahn  , Halloul
Published: January 2006

Background: Objective evaluation of the management of patients with ruptured infrarenal aortic aneurysm in emergency situations has been described rarely. Patients and methods: Fifty-two consecutive patients with ruptured infrarenal aortic aneurysm (mean age, 70.3 years; range, 56–89 years; SD 7.8) were admitted between January 1993 and March 1998. Emergency protocols, final reports, and follow-up data were analyzed retrospectively. APACHE II scores at admission and fifth postoperative day were assessed. Results: The time between the appearance of first symptoms and the referral of patients to the hospital was more than 5 hours in 37 patients (71%). Thirty-eight patients (71%) had signs of shock at time of admission. Ultrasound was performed in 81% of patients as the first diagnostic procedure. The most frequent site of aortic rupture was the left retroperitoneum (87%). Intraoperatively, acute left ventricular failure occurred in four patients, and cardiac arrest in two others. The postoperative course was complicated significantly in 34 patients. The overall mortality rate was 36.5% (n = 19). In 35 patients, APACHE II score was assessed, showing a probability of death of more than 40% in five patients and lower than 30% in 17 others. No patient showing probability of death of above 75% at the fifth postoperative day survived (n = 7). Conclusions: Ruptured aortic aneurysm demands surgical intervention. Clinical outcome is also influenced by preclinical and anesthetic management. The severity of disease as well as the patient’s prognosis can be approximated using APACHE II score. Treatment results of heterogenous patient groups can be compared.
Behandlung einer aortobifemoralen Protheseninfektion durch Rekonstruktion mit kryokonservierten homologen Arterien aus der European Homograft Bank
Authors: Schroeder  , Meierling  , Riepe  , Braun  , Imig
Published: January 2006

The excision of an infected aortobifemoral Dacron graft 9 years after implantation and bilateral axillofemoral Dacron bypass reconstruction led to reinfection of the extra-anatomic bypass grafts. A new aorto-bifemoral reconstruction was performed using cryopreserved homografts delivered by the European Homograft Bank in Brussels and both axillo-femoral prostheses were removed. No signs of infection and no alterations of the homografts can be detected 3 years later.
Symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm and left sided infrarenal vena cava
Authors: Lindemann  , Schüder  , Frick  , Walter
Published: January 2006

Die Koinzidenz eines abdominellen Aortenaneurysmas mit einer anatomischen Variante der Vena cava inferior ist eine zwar seltene, für den Chirurgen jedoch bedeutsame Konstellation. Durch den Einsatz verschiedener bildgebender Verfahren und einer angepaßten Operationstechnik kann das Operationsrisiko minimiert werden. Am Beispiel eines eigenen Falles wird die operative Therapie eines symptomatischen Aortenaneurysmas bei linksseitiger infrarenaler Vena cava geschildert und die Bedeutung der präoperativen Diagnostik und des operationstaktischen Vorgehens diskutiert.