bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outpatient urine collection methods for paediatric urinary tract infections: Systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies
Authors: Boon Hanne Ann , Lenaerts Wouter , Van Aerde Cedric , Verbakel Jan Y.
Published: July 2021

Aim

To investigate the diagnostic test accuracy of urine collection methods for urinary tract infections in outpatient children.

Methods

A systematic literature review until April 2021 (Medline, Web of Science, Embase, Cinahl) to examine the diagnostic test accuracy of urine culture on collection methods for urinary tract infection in outpatient children below 18 years. Contamination rates were studied as secondary outcome. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS‐2 criteria. Two‐by‐two tables were extracted in duplicate to calculate sensitivities, specificities, and likelihood ratios with 95% confidence intervals.

Results

The search identified seven relevant studies. Clean catch compared to catheterization in children less than 90 days showed a sensitivity and specificity of 97% and 89% (95% CI: 84%–100% and 67%–99%), respectively. Adhesive bags compared to catheterization showed a sensitivity of 83% (95% CI: 75%–90%) and specificity of 91% (95% CI: 83%–96%). There was a similar diagnostic accuracy when comparing urine sampling by means of adhesive bags versus nappy pads. The contamination rate was 5% for clean catch, 30%–80% for adhesive bags and 64% for nappy pads.

Conclusion

Nappy pads and adhesive bags are easy to use with comparable accuracy but are extremely prone to contamination. Clean‐catch urine sampling might be an accurate alternative in young infants in ambulatory care.
Editorial: important insights into prescribing practices and training needs of gastroenterologists regarding use of central neuromodulators in IBS
Authors: Akbani Umair , Vasant Dipesh H.
Published: July 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Nulsen et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16467
Editorial: metformin for portal hypertension—old dog, new tricks? Authors' reply
Authors: Rittig Nikolaj , Aagaard Niels Kristian , Villadsen Gerda Elisabeth , Sandahl Thomas Damgaard , Jessen Niels , Grønbæk Henning , George Jacob
Published: July 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Rittig et al and Palaniyappan & Fallowfield papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16460 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16484
Where to Locate? The Correlation Between Spatial Proximity and Location Choice of New Firms: The Case of Pakistan*
Authors: Haroon Maryiam , Chaudhry Azam
Published: July 2021

The formation of new firms is an important determinant of regional economic development and agglomeration is a key factor affecting the formation and scale of operations of new firms. The present paper is among the first to explore the relationship between agglomeration economies (using localization and urbanization economies) and new firms' formation and scale of operations in a developing country. We make use of rich firm‐level data and find that agglomeration has a significant impact on the formation of new firms and their scale of operation in Punjab, Pakistan. Our findings also reveal that localization at all scales (small, medium and large) has a positive correlation with the arrival of new firms, while medium‐scale and large‐scale localization is positively correlated with the scale of operation of new firms.
Can intranasal oxytocin reduce craving in automated addictive behaviours? A systematic review
Authors: Houghton Ben , Kouimtsidis Christos , Duka Theodora , Paloyelis Yannis , Bailey Alexis
Published: July 2021

Existing pharmacotherapies for managing craving, a strong predictor of relapse to automated addictive behaviours, are limited in efficacy and characterised by increased health risks associated with their pharmacological profile. Preclinical studies have identified oxytocin as a promising pharmacotherapy with anticraving properties for addictive behaviours. Here, we provide the first systematic review of 17 human studies (n = 722; 30% female) investigating the efficacy of intranasal oxytocin to reduce craving or consumption in addictive behaviours. We identify intranasal oxytocin as a method that warrants further investigation regarding its capacity to decrease cue‐induced, acute stress‐induced or withdrawal‐related craving and relapse related to alcohol, cannabis, opioids, cocaine or nicotine, including a potential role as ad hoc medication following exposure to drug‐related cues. Future studies should investigate the role of factors such as treatment regimens and sample characteristics, including the role of the amygdala, which we propose as a distinct mechanism mediating oxytocin's anticraving properties.
Enhancing spatial skills of preschoolers from under‐resourced backgrounds: A comparison of digital app vs. concrete materials
Authors: Bower Corinne A. , Zimmermann Laura , Verdine Brian N. , Pritulsky Calla , Golinkoff Roberta Michnick , Hirsh‐Pasek Kathy
Published: July 2021

Spatial skills support STEM learning and achievement. However, children from low‐socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds typically lag behind their middle‐ and high‐SES peers. We asked whether a digital educational app—designed to mirror an already successful, spatial assembly training program using concrete materials—would be as effective for facilitating spatial skills in under‐resourced preschoolers as the concrete materials. Three‐year‐olds (N = 61) from under‐resourced backgrounds were randomly assigned to a business‐as‐usual control group or to receive 5 weeks of spatial training using either concrete, tangible materials or a digital app on a tablet. The spatial puzzles used were an extension of items from the Test of Spatial Assembly (TOSA). Preschoolers were pretested and posttested on new two‐dimensional (2D) TOSA trials. Results indicate that both concrete and digital spatial training increased performance on the 2D‐TOSA compared to the control group. The two trainings did not statistically differ from one another suggesting that educational spatial apps may be one route to providing early foundational skills to children from under‐resourced backgrounds.
A fiscal perspective on nominal GDP targeting
Authors: Abo‐Zaid Salem , Chen Huiying , Kamara Ahmed
Published: July 2021

This paper studies fiscal policy in a model with nominal gross domestic product (GDP) targeting. We find that, with wage rigidity, nominal GDP targeting generates lower welfare losses than inflation targeting and a Taylor rule. On the other hand, adopting this regime makes standard fiscal policy rules, whereby distortionary tax rates are designed to respond to economic activity, dependent on the behavior of inflation instead. We also find that the fiscal multipliers with nominal GDP targeting are smaller than the multipliers under inflation targeting and the Taylor rule. Therefore, nominal GDP targeting does not necessarily outperform other monetary policy rules.
Revising growth history: new estimates of GDP for Norway, 1816–2019†
Authors: Grytten Ola Honningdal
Published: July 2021

This article offers revised historical national accounts for Norway for the period 1816–2019. The revisions have been carried out on both the production side and the expenditure side. The major difference is that the new series include a significantly broader set of data than the previous series. This makes it possible to calculate GDP for a wider set of industries with more detailed and precise data, in a way that is more in line with modern national accounting methodology. The new series deviate at some points from the previous series. In particular, they show higher growth rates during the last half of the nineteenth century until 1906 and lower growth rates from 1918 to 1930. This is basically due to improved quality of deflators and partly due to the extended use of a double deflation technique. The revised output and input figures play a less important role. In light of the revised series, parts of Norway's economic growth and development history should be revised. Comparisons with Denmark and Sweden reveal a relatively higher level of GDP per capita for Norway during the second half of the nineteenth century than according to the previous series.
Workplace accidents and workers’ solidarity: mutual health insurance in early twentieth‐century Sweden†
Authors: Andersson Lars Fredrik , Eriksson Liselotte , Nystedt Paul
Published: July 2021

During the industrialization period, the rate of workplace‐related accidents increased. Because of the lack of public insurance, mutual health insurance societies became the main providers of workplace accident insurance among workers. Due to large differences in accident risk, health insurance societies were potentially exposed to the risk of adverse selection, since they employed equal pricing for all members regardless of risk profile. This article investigates the impact of workplace accident risk on health insurance selection and outcomes. We employ household budget surveys encompassing urban workers in Sweden during the early twentieth century. We find evidence for a redistribution from low‐ to high‐risk‐exposed workers, as workplace accident risk had a significant and positive impact on receiving health insurance benefits, also when controlling for a variety of factors. Workers exposed to greater risks in the workplace were more likely to have health insurance but did not pay higher premiums. The redistribution from low‐ to high‐risk‐exposed workers was largely accepted and viewed as an act of solidarity between workers. Given that health insurance societies were aware of this redistribution, we argue for the presence of informed, rather than adverse, selection.
Fatigue life prediction for the main spar with wrinkle defects of a wind turbine blade
Authors: Yu Fangai , Zhou Bo , Xin Wen , Zhang Xueyan
Published: July 2021

A practical method for predicting fatigue life of the main spar with wrinkle defects in a wind turbine blade is presented in this paper. First, the effect of different wrinkle geometry on stiffness in a composite laminate is quantified. Then, the model of intrinsic dissipated energy is proposed to determine the fatigue limit rapidly. A fatigue life prediction model containing unknown parameters is developed by introducing intrinsic dissipated energy to characterize stiffness degradation of the main spar laminate with wrinkle defects. The specimens with different wrinkle geometry are subjected to fatigue tests, monitored with an infrared thermography system to obtain experimental data. After determining the unknown parameters of the developed model, the S‐N curves of specimens are evaluated in a relatively short time. The predicted fatigue life is within the 95% confidence interval of lifetime obtained by the traditional tests, which suggests the developed model is accurate. This work is suitable for fatigue life prediction of main spar with different wrinkle defects.
Characterization of a biofilm formed by Fusarium oxysporum on the human nails
Authors: Veiga Flavia Franco , de Castro‐Hoshino Lidiane Vizioli , Sato Francielle , Baesso Mauro Luciano , Silva Sónia , Negri Melyssa , Svidzinski Terezinha Inez Estivalet
Published: July 2021

Background

Fusarium spp. has been considered as an onychomycosis agent, but little is known about the etiopathogenesis of fusarial onychomycosis; thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the fungal‐nail interaction and the consequences of the nail infection process by Fusarium oxysporum using the human nail, in an ex vivo model.

Methods

The kinetic of biofilm production and infection by F. oxysporum using the nail as the only nutritional source were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, number of culturable cells, metabolic activity, characterization of extracellular matrix, spectroscopy and histopathology analyses.

Results

After evaluating the biofilm kinetic over 7 days using different parameters and techniques, it was possible to characterize the Fusarium‐nail interaction.

Conclusions

This study is a part of a big project aiming to clarify the fusarial pathogenesis and contributes to proving F. oxysporum is able to adapt, grow, develop, and form a biofilm on healthy human nails, which are crucial steps for the invasion process.
Low‐field NMR and FTIR determination relationship between water migration and protein conformation of the preparation of minced meat
Authors: Zheng Jinyue , Sun Di , Liu Dengyong , Sun Jingxin , Shao Jun‐Hua
Published: July 2021

The low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique were carried out to evaluate the relationship between hydration characteristics and proteins structure in different stages pork of meat batters. The results showed that T21 increased throughout the process and the change of T22 and P21 was easily impacted by water, and the alternation of secondary structure was mostly impacted by salt; P21 was negatively correlated with the content of β‐sheet (r = −0.862), and positively correlated with the content of α‐helix (r = 0.933), β‐turn (r = 0.871) and random coil (r = 0.677), which meant there was some relationship between secondary structure and water distribution and migration. This research will provide theoretical support for the processing and production of meat products.
Experienced crawlers avoid real and water drop‐offs, even when they are walking
Authors: Burnay Carolina , Cordovil Rita , Button Chris , Croft James L. , Anderson David I.
Published: July 2021

Crawling experience was recently linked to crawling and walking infants’ avoidance of falling on real and water cliffs, whereas walking experience had no effect on walkers’ avoidance behavior (Burnay et al., 2021). In the current study, the behavior of 25 infants was analyzed on the Real Cliff/Water Cliff apparatus using a longitudinal study design. Infants were tested as experienced crawlers (Mcrawling = 2.93 months, SD = 1.07), novice walkers (Mwalking = 0.68 months, SD = 0.29), and experienced walkers (Mwalking = 4.90 months, SD = 0.92). Infants avoided falling on both cliffs when tested as experienced crawlers and their behavior was not different when tested as novice or experienced walkers. These findings confirmed the effect of crawling experience on crawling and walking infants’ avoidance of falls from heights and into water and the transfer of perceptual learning from crawling to walking postures.
A bioreactor for studying negative pressure wound therapy on skin grafts
Authors: Notorgiacomo Gabrielle , Klug Justin , Rapp Scott , Boyce Steven T. , Schutte Stacey C.
Published: July 2021

Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has become the prevailing standard of care for treating complex soft tissue wounds and is now being considered for use in alternative applications including improving skin graft take. While it is generally agreed that negative pressure leads to improved wound healing, universal consensus on its optimal application is not supported in the literature. We describe the design and validation of a bioreactor to determine the prospective benefits of NPWT on skin grafts and engineered skin substitutes (ESS). Clinically relevant pressures were applied, and the native human skin was able to withstand greater negative pressures than the engineered substitutes. Both skin types were cultured under static, flow‐only, and −75 mm Hg conditions for 3 days. While it remained intact, there was damage to the epidermal‐dermal junction in the ESS after application of negative pressure. The normal skin remained viable under all culture conditions. The engineered skin underwent apoptosis in the flow‐only group; however, the application of negative pressure reduced apoptosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor levels were significantly higher in the normal flow‐only group, 152.0 ± 75.1 pg/mg protein, than the other culture conditions, 81.6 ± 35.5 pg/mg for the static and 103.6 ± pg/mg for the negative pressure conditions. The engineered skin had a similar trend but the differences were not significant. This bioreactor design can be used to evaluate the impacts of NPWT on the anatomy and physiology of skin to improve outcomes in wounds after grafting with normal or engineered skin.
‘I wouldn't choose this work again’: Perspectives and experiences of care aides in long‐term residential care
Authors: Booi Laura , Sixsmith Judith , Chaudhury Habib , O’Connor Deborah , Young Melanie , Sixsmith Andrew
Published: July 2021

Aims

To provide insight into the everyday realities facing care aides working in long‐term residential care (LTRC), and how they perceive their role in society.

Design

A qualitative ethnographic case study.

Methods

Data were collected over.

10 months of fieldwork at one LTRC setting [September 2015 to June 2016] in Western Canada; semi‐structured interviews (70 h) with 31 care aides; and naturalistic observation (170 h). Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

The findings in this work highlight the underpinned ageism of society, the gendered work of body care, and the tension between the need for relational connections – which requires time and economic profit. Four themes were identified, each relating to the lack of training, support, and appreciation care aides felt about their role in LTRC.

Conclusion

Care aides remain an unsupported workforce that is essential to the provision of high‐quality care in LTRC. To support the care aide role, suggestions include: (i) regulate and improve care aide training; (ii) strengthen care aides autonomy of their care delivery; and (iii) reduce stigma by increasing awareness of the care aide role.

Impact

What problem did the study address? The unsupportive working conditions care aides experience in LTRC and the subsequent poor quality of care often seen delivered in LTRC settings.

What were the main findings? Although care aides express strong affection for the residents they care for, they experience insurmountable systemic and institutional barriers preventing them from delivering care.

Where and on whom will the research have impact? Care aides, care aide educators, care aide supervisors and managers in LTRC, retirement communities, and home care settings.
Role of the nurse in the design, delivery, monitoring and coordination of cancer survivorship care plans: An integrative review
Authors: Elizondo Rodriguez Nerea , Ambrosio Leire , La Rosa‐Salas Virginia , Domingo‐Osle Marta , Garcia‐Vivar Cristina
Published: July 2021

Aim

Survivorship care plans (SCPs) are recommended as a tool for the care of cancer survivors. SCPs have been implemented with a multidisciplinary approach; however, the specific role of nurses in the SCP is unknown. Our aim is to determine the role of nurses and their degree of participation in cancer SCPs.

Design

Integrative review of the literature with systematic methodology.

Data sources

PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane and Cancerlit databases were reviewed. Articles published up to March 2021 were included.

Review method

Of the 2,638 publications identified, 22 studies met our inclusion criteria. Quality of included studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tools.

Results

The studies showed that nurses play a key role and participate in different phases of the SCP, including design, delivery, monitoring and coordination among different levels of care, with varying degrees of involvement and responsibility; design and delivery of the SCP are the phases with the highest nurse participation (18 out of 22 studies). The majority of SCPs are implemented in specialized, hospital‐based care and focus on short‐term cancer survivors, who are actively undergoing oncological treatments.

Conclusion

This review shows that nurses actively participate in the design, implementation and coordination of SCPs. However, SCPs focus on the acute survival and treatment phases, and there is a gap in their use in long‐term cancer survivorship. This gap may be one reason the needs of long‐term cancer survivors are not covered.

Impact

This review contributes to the current body of knowledge by addressing the role of nurses in cancer SCPs. We recommend the involvement of an advanced practice nurse as SCP coordinator to improve communication between cancer specialists and primary care providers and to promote continued care throughout the different phases of cancer survivorship, including long‐term survival.
Shifting roles of the East China Sea in the phylogeography of red nanmu in East Asia
Authors: Jiang Kai , Tong Xin , Ding Yan‐Qian , Wang Zheng‐Wei , Miao Li‐Yuan , Xiao Yue‐E , Huang Wei‐Chang , Hu Yong‐Hong , Chen Xiao‐Yong
Published: July 2021

Aim

The effect of eustasy driven by climatic oscillations on species diversification across the East China Sea (ECS) remains unclear. In this study, Machilus thunbergii (红楠, red nanmu in Chinese) was used as a model species to determine whether the ECS acted as either a “species pump” or “species vacuum” during the Pleistocene.

Locations

Eastern China, and southern and central Japan.

Taxon

Lauraceae.

Methods

Ecological niche modelling was employed to predict the potential distribution of M. thunbergii during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the last interglacial period. Nuclear microsatellite and chloroplast markers were used to reveal the phylogeographic pattern and infer the population history of 33 M. thunbergii populations.

Results

The ecological niche models suggested that the ECS provided potentially suitable habitats for M. thunbergii during the LGM. A sharp change in cpDNA haplotypes was found along the eastern China coasts, while microsatellites revealed a clinal pattern for genetic composition from eastern China to central Japan. The divergent lineages formed an admixture on the Zhoushan Archipelago of China and Kyushu Island of Japan. The estimated divergent and admixture times were c. 68 kyr and c. 15 kyr, corresponding to the periods where there were rising sea levels after the MIS4 glaciation and falling sea levels during the LGM, respectively.

Main conclusions

Machilus thunbergii probably underwent alternating population isolation during interglacial periods and connection during glacial maxima across the ECS, but such periodicity of isolation and connection seems not to have promoted diversification as suggested by the species pump hypothesis. Incipient divergence has been periodically wiped out due to frequent coalescence, rendering the ECS more like a “species vacuum”, particularly for species with relatively long generation lengths.
Simultaneous visual diagnosis of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in shrimp with duplex recombinase polymerase amplification
Authors: Wang Pei , Ma Chao , Liao Lei , Yu Junwei , Yi Longyu , Qiao Yi , Liu Xin , Gao Song , Shen Hui , Lu Qunwei
Published: July 2021

Shrimp is a globally popular seafood. Shrimp farming has been challenged by various infectious diseases that lead to significant economic losses. The prevention of two important shrimp infectious diseases, the acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and the Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infection, is highly dependent on early and accurate diagnostic. On‐site monitoring of the two diseases in shrimp farming facilities demands point‐of‐care‐testing (POCT) type of diagnostic assays. This study established a duplex recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and lateral flow dipstick (LFD) combined assay that could simultaneously diagnose the two diseases. The optimized RPA‐LFD assay could finish the diagnostic in 35 min with good specificity, and the sensitivity reached 101 and 102 gene copies per reaction for EHP and AHPND, respectively, which were at the same level as the currently available molecular diagnostic assays. Test results of clinical samples showed 100% agreement of this assay with the industrial standard nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, and samples with both diseases were simultaneously identified. Because of the isothermal 37℃ amplification and the visual reading of the signal on dipsticks, the dependence on equipment is minimal. This duplex RPA‐LFD assay is well suited for simultaneous POCT diagnostic of the two important shrimp infectious diseases. Moreover, the principle can be applied to multiplex POCT diagnostic of other infectious diseases in aquaculture.
Abdominal compartment syndrome in a monochorionic‐triamniotic triplet pregnancy complicated by feto‐fetal transfusion syndrome
Authors: Obata Kenta , Tanimura Kenji , Masuko Naohisa , Imafuku Hitomi , Egi Moritoki , Terai Yoshito
Published: July 2021

A 40‐year‐old primigravida woman with a monochorionic‐triamniotic (MT) triplet pregnancy was hospitalized due to threatened abortion at 16 gestational weeks. Polyhydramnios in two fetuses and oligohydramnios in the third supported a diagnosis of feto‐fetal transfusion syndrome (FFTS) at 23 weeks and 3 days of gestation. Severe dyspnea and liver dysfunction required intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation support, and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) caused by polyhydramnios was clinically diagnosed. When her general condition was not improved regardless of intensive care, the patient delivered the three fetuses by cesarean section at 23 weeks and 5 days gestation. Abdominal decompression was achieved with delivery, and the patient was discharged 13 days after operation without morbidity. This is the first case report of ACS caused by FFTS in a MT triplet pregnancy resulting in extremely preterm birth.
Angiopoietin‐2 and angiopoietin‐like 4 protein provide prognostic information in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Aarsetøy Reidun , Ueland Thor , Aukrust Pål , Michelsen Annika E. , de la Fuente Ricardo Leon , Pönitz Volker , Brügger‐Andersen Trygve , Grundt Heidi , Staines Harry , Nilsen Dennis W.T.
Published: July 2021

Background

Plasma levels of angiopoietin‐2 (ANGPT2) and angiopoietin‐like 4 protein (ANGPTL4) reflect different pathophysiological aspects of cardiovascular disease. We evaluated their association with outcome in a hospitalized Norwegian patient cohort (n = 871) with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and validated our results in a similar Argentinean cohort (n = 982).

Methods

A cox regression model, adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, was fitted for ANGPT2 and ANGPTL4, respectively, with all‐cause mortality and cardiac death within 24 months and all‐cause mortality within 60 months as the dependent variables.

Results

At 24 months follow‐up, 138 (15.8%) of the Norwegian and 119 (12.1%) of the Argentinian cohort had died, of which 86 and 66 deaths, respectively, were classified as cardiac. At 60 months, a total of 259 (29.7%) and 173 (17.6%) patients, respectively, had died.

ANGPT2 was independently associated with all‐cause mortality in both cohorts at 24 months [hazard ratio (HR) 1.27 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08–1.50) for Norway, and HR 1.57 (95% CI, 1.27–1.95) for Argentina], with similar results at 60 months [HR 1.19 (95% CI, 1.05–1.35) (Norway), and HR 1.56 (95% CI, 1.30–1.88) (Argentina)], and was also significantly associated with cardiac death [HR 1.51 (95% CI, 1.14–2.00)], in the Argentinean population.

ANGPTL4 was significantly associated with all‐cause mortality in the Argentinean cohort at 24 months [HR 1.39 (95% CI, 1.15–1.68)] and at 60 months [HR 1.43 (95% CI, 1.23–1.67)], enforcing trends in the Norwegian population.

Conclusions

ANGPT2 and ANGPTL4 were significantly associated with outcome in similar ACS patient cohorts recruited on two continents.

Clinical Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00521976.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01377402.
Genetics of coronary artery disease in the post‐GWAS era
Authors: Chen Zhifen , Schunkert Heribert
Published: July 2021

During the past decade, genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have transformed our understanding of many heritable traits. Three recent large‐scale GWAS meta‐analyses now further markedly expand the knowledge on coronary artery disease (CAD) genetics in doubling the number of loci with genome‐wide significant signals. Here, we review the unprecedented discoveries of CAD GWAS on low‐frequency variants, underrepresented populations, sex differences and integrated polygenic risk. We present the milestones of CAD GWAS and post‐GWAS studies from 2007 to 2021, and the trend in identification of variants with smaller odds ratio by year due to the increasing sample size. We compile the 321 CAD loci discovered thus far and classify candidate genes as well as distinct functional pathways on the road to indepth biological investigation and identification of novel treatment targets. We draw attention to systems genetics in integrating these loci into gene regulatory networks within and across tissues. We review the traits, biomarkers and diseases scrutinized by Mendelian randomization studies for CAD. Finally, we discuss the potentials and concerns of polygenic scores in predicting CAD risk in patient care as well as future directions of GWAS and post‐GWAS studies in the field of precision medicine.
US School‐Based Physical Fitness Assessments and Data Dissemination
Authors: Krochmal Patrick , Cooper Dan M. , Radom‐Aizik Shlomit , Lu Kim D.
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Low physical fitness (PF) levels during childhood affect healthy growth and development, and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Physical education standards exist for nearly all states in the United States, but evaluation of PF in youth has yet to be systematic, reproducible, and harmonized. The purpose of this project was to describe publicly available data of school‐based PF testing (SB‐PFT).

METHODS

A list of state‐mandated SB‐PFT programs published by SHAPE 2016 was confirmed by contacting appropriate authorities. SB‐PFT data were obtained through each state's department of education.

RESULTS

Sixteen states mandate SB‐PFT, with 10 states providing publicly available data; 92% to 100% of states perform the pacer/mile, curl‐up, and push‐up; 54.2% to 78.5% of elementary and 44% to 66.5% of high‐school youth are in the “healthy fitness zone” for aerobic capacity.

CONCLUSIONS

SB‐PFT provided PF data in children across the United States. The variability and inconsistency in reporting and in the values, however, raises questions about the current status of SB‐PFT data and its utility in assessing PF in children. The critical nature of PF assessments is highlighted in the current COVID‐19 pandemic, during which physical education has been curtailed, and emerging data demonstrate worsening of the already low levels of PF in youth.
The minority or the misunderstood? A young man’s journey with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Corcoran Rachael , Trainor Gemma , Robinson Ben
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Despite findings that 1 in 4 eating disorder sufferers are male (Beat, 2017), they continue to be known as “female” disorders, an association which delays diagnosis in males and prevents them from seeking the help that they need to recover.

Aim

The current paper aimed to challenge this misconception by enabling and supporting Ben, a young male diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa aged 16, to share his experience of seeking and receiving treatment for the disorder.

Method

It achieved this by exploring how his disorder developed, his experience of a child and adolescent inpatient service and the events leading up to this, and his life post‐discharge, all in collaboration with Ben himself and using his own words.

Discussion

The paper concludes with some implications for future practice, including that eating disorders should not be skewed towards any gender, treatment programmes need to ensure full inclusivity of males, and more gender sensitive information is required to raise awareness of this population and thus reduce the stigma and isolation they experience at present. It is hoped that these, along with the rest of the paper, will be accessible to and utilized by both professionals and non‐professionals alike.

Accessible summary

Around one quarter of people diagnosed with an eating disorder are male, yet they continue to be known as “female” disorders. Because of this, young males are often missed by the system and as a result, receive treatment later than they should. They are currently underrepresented in services.

This paper challenges the association above by supporting a young man who suffered with a type of eating disorder known as Anorexia Nervosa to share his journey from his personal perspective. It provides great insight into what it is like to be a male with an eating disorder, including how it felt to be the only male in an inpatient facility surrounded by females with the same disorder.

The paper also provides important information for professionals working in the area. For example, eating disorders, including Anorexia Nervosa, should not be associated with one specific gender, and treatment programmes for young people with eating disorders should ensure they are appropriate for both females and males. As a society, we need to challenge the stigma which exists for males in admitting when they are struggling and asking for help, and we need to do everything we can to ensure that young men are picked up earlier in the system, in order to give them the best chance of recovery.

It is hoped that Ben's story and the recommendations from it can go on to help other males who might be struggling.
Peripheral blood lymphocyte subtypes in dogs with different stages of myxomatous mitral valve disease
Authors: Druzhaeva Natalia , Nemec Svete Alenka , Ihan Alojz , Pohar Katka , Domanjko Petrič Aleksandra
Published: July 2021

Background

Data on alterations in peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) subtypes in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is lacking.

Objectives

To investigate PBL subtypes and their correlation with parameters of inflammation and MMVD progression markers in dogs with different stages of MMVD.

Animals

Seventy‐eight client‐owned dogs: 65 with MMVD (American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine [ACVIM] classification stages B2, C, and D) and 13 healthy controls.

Methods

Prospective cross‐sectional study. Complete cardiac assessment, flow cytometry (T lymphocytes [CD3+], their subtypes [CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD3+CD4+CD8+, CD3+CD4−CD8−], and B lymphocytes [CD45+CD21+]) and measurement of N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin I, and C‐reactive protein concentrations were performed.

Results

The percentage of CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes was significantly lower in stable ACVIM C patients (P = .01) and unstable ACVIM C and D patients (P = .003), the percentage of CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes was significantly higher in stable ACVIM C patients (P = .01) and unstable ACVIM C and D patients (P = .01), CD3+CD8+ lymphocyte concentration was significantly higher in unstable ACVIM C and D patients (P = .05), and the CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ ratio was significantly lower in stable ACVIM C patients (P = .01) and unstable ACVIM C and D patients (P = .01) compared with healthy controls.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The percentages of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ PBL and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were altered in MMVD dogs with congestive heart failure (ACVIM C, D), but not in ACVIM B2, suggesting involvement of these PBL subtypes in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure in dogs with MMVD.
Contract bundling considerations in urban road project scheduling
Authors: Miralinaghi Mohammad , Davatgari Amir , Seilabi Sania E. , Labi Samuel
Published: July 2021

Road project scheduling and contract bundling are two separate concepts that profoundly influence project delivery consequences to key stakeholders. Therefore, agencies espouse initiatives for contract bundling (to reduce project costs) and project scheduling (to reduce user delay costs). Bundling combined with scheduling could potentially yield benefits to both the agency and urban road users. This paper investigates the overall benefits (to the two stakeholders) of optimal schedules with bundling considerations, compared to the optimal schedules for unbundled contracts. The agency's objective is to make scheduling‐with‐bundling decisions that minimize system‐wide travel time and project costs, and the users’ objective is to minimize their travel times in the network with work zones. The problem is solved using the non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The numerical experiments suggest that with well‐designed bundling, optimal scheduling can significantly reduce not only the project cost but also the total system cost (project and travel delay).
Democracy within, justice without: The duties of informal political representatives1
Authors: Salkin Wendy
Published: July 2021

Informal political representation can be a political lifeline, particularly for oppressed and marginalized groups. Such representation can give these groups some say, however mediate, partial, and imperfect, in how things go for them. Coeval with the political goods such representation offers these groups are its particular dangers to them. Mindful of these dangers, skeptics challenge the practice for being, inter alia, unaccountable, unauthorized, inegalitarian, and oppressive. These challenges provide strong pro tanto reasons to think the practice morally impermissible. This paper considers the question: On what conditions is the informal political representation of oppressed and marginalized groups permissible? By responding to skeptics’ challenges, I develop a systematic account of moral constraints that, if adopted, would make such representation permissible. The account that emerges shows that informal political representatives (IPRs) must aim to fulfill two sets of sometimes conflicting duties to the represented: democracy within duties, which concern how the representative treats and relates to the represented, and justice without duties, which concern how the representative's actions advance the aims of the representation.
Manganese matters: feeding manganese into the secretory system for cell wall synthesis
Authors: Thomine Sébastien , Merlot Sylvain
Published: July 2021

This article is a Commentary on Yang et al. (2021), 231: 2200–2214.
Warzone experiences and subsequent clinician suicide risk assessment in veterans
Authors: Bjork James M. , Perrin Paul B. , Redae Makda ,   VA Mid‐Atlantic MIRECC Workgroup, Tupler Larry A.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To determine in veterans whether severity of combat exposure was predictive of subsequently receiving a suicide risk assessment (SRA), and whether this relationship was meditated by depression symptomatology.

Method

We conducted an electronic medical records review for SRA ratings of 486 veterans who had completed Combat Exposure Scale (CES) and Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II) assessments in a study of Post‐Deployment Mental Health (PDMH).

Results

Higher total scores on the CES and BDI‐II were characteristic of PDMH participants who subsequently (mean 29.2 months later) received an SRA from a Veterans Health Administration provider. Among participants with an SRA, those scoring at high risk had significantly greater CES and BDI‐II scores than those rated at low risk. Participants rated at low risk tended to have CES and BDI‐II scores higher than those of participants for whom no SRA was found. Relationships between combat exposures and both performance of an SRA and the SRA risk level were mediated by BDI‐II scores.

Conclusion

These data extend previous findings of depression‐mediated linkages between warzone experiences and subsequent self‐reported suicide risk among veterans, by indicating chronicity of combat trauma‐related suicide risk and demonstrating a concordance between self‐reported and clinician‐reported suicidality as it relates to experiential and psychiatric factors.
Biomonitoring application using macrozoobenthic assemblanges at coastal area of Menjangan Besar Island, Kepulauan Karimunjawa, Indonesia
Authors: Farantika Rafita , Putro Sapto Purnomo , Indarjo Agus
Published: July 2021

The macrozoobenthic structure inhabiting marine ecosystem may be used as a bioindicator of changes in aquatic environmental disturbance. This study is aimed to assess environmental disturbance by application of biomonitoring using macrozoobenthic assemblages at coastal area of Menjangan Besar Island, Kepulauan Karimunjawa, Indonesia. The macrozoobenthic assemblages were assessed at two sampling locations, i.e. floating net cage of monoculture and reference areas. Each sampling location consisted of three stations with three replicates for each station. The samples were taken in two sampling times, i.e. August and November 2018. Data of abiotic parameters included the composition of organic matter content, sediment substrates, DO, pH, salinity, temperature, and water current. Sediments were sampled using Ekman grab from 15 m deep. The relationship between biotics (macrozoobenthos) and abiotics (physical-chemical factors) was assessed using a non-parametric multivariate procedure (BIO-ENV; Primer 6.1.5). Macrobenthic assemblages consisted of 89 species with the total abundance of 50,071 individuals/m2, consisting of 52 families and 4 classes of macrozoobenthos. The values of indices were ranging from 2,54-3,40 for diversity index (H'), 0,99 for Pielou’s evenness index (e’), and 0,09-0,17 for dominance index (C). The most common classes were a member of Gastropods and bivalves. Diversity and evennes indices exhibited differed by location (monoculture vs reference) and time sampling. Fluctuation of macrobenthic structure was considered as a results of environmental changes spatially and temporally, especially sediment composition and food availability as the form of organic matter. Nitrogen and silt were the most chemical and physical factors influencing the structure of macrozoobenthos (r = 0,632; BIO-ENV).
A Multi-Layered Monolith : Beyond the Surface of Loudness in Galina Ustvolskaya's Sixth Piano Sonata
Authors: Van Dyck Elias
Published: July 2021

The forbidding harshness of Galina Ustvolskaya's Sixth Piano Sonata can easily be associated with the spiritual and reductively statuesque imagery associated with this composer. Adapting and expanding an initial classification by Andreas Holzer and Tatiana Marković, this article
proposes an in-depth analysis of loudness in Ustvolskaya's final piano composition. A detailed overview shows how she uses expanding cluster types, accentuation, and rising intensity to create prolonged dynamic arcs where at first glance dynamic progression appears to be largely flat. I go
on to identify three moments of musical climax, all of which seem to articulate the golden ratio for an important subsection of the sonata. Based on these observations, I formulate two contrasting interpretations, one teleologically orientated, the other symmetrical, which show that the Sonata
is governed by the tension between two distinct types of formal logic. My analysis uncovers a surprisingly multi-faceted structure, one that belies the austere image of "the composer with the hammer."
Kinematics-Based Five-Axis Trochoidal Milling Process Planning for Deep and Curved Three-Dimensional Slots
Authors: Li Zhaoyu , He Dong , Xu Ke , Xie Fubao , Tang Kai
Published: July 2021

Trochoidal (TR) milling is a popular means for slotting operation. Attributing to its unique circular-shaped path pattern, TR milling avoids the full tool–workpiece engagement, which helps reduce the cutting heat accumulation and hence slow down the tool wear. While traditionally TR milling is only used for machining 2.5D cavities, it has now been extended to machining genuine 3D curved cavities under the realm of five-axis machining. However, since for a typical five-axis machine tool the rotary axes have a much larger moment of inertia than the three linear axes, to reduce both the total machining time and the consumed electric energy (for driving the machine tool), it is desirable to minimize the use of the two rotary axes (particularly the one with the larger moment of inertia) when planning a TR tool path for a given 3D cavity. Nevertheless, due to the newness of five-axis TR machining, there has no published reports on this subject. In this paper, we present a five-axis TR tool path planning algorithm for machining an arbitrary 3D curved cavity, which will consider the kinematical characteristics of the five-axis machine tool and try to minimize the use of the rotary axis with the largest moment of inertia, while tending to all the required constraints such as the threshold on the cutting force. Both computer simulation and physical cutting experiments of the proposed method have been conducted, and the results give a preliminary confirmation on the feasibility and advantages of the proposed method.
Innovate Sports Officiating With Design Thinking
Authors: Pierce David , Sherman Geoffre , Mechelin Kyle , Kryder Bryan
Published: July 2021

Youth sports is facing a crisis that threatens the ecosystem of youth sports. Innovation—the ability to generate and execute new ideas—is needed to stem the negative tide of a declining and aging officiating pool and improve the recruitment and retention of sports officials. Without creative problem solving and innovation by many different stakeholders in youth sports, the benefits that children receive from participating in sports are threatened by the lack of qualified officials to referee competitive games and matches. This case pushes students well past the news headlines of angry parents yelling at officials and deep into several problem spaces that emerge from the application of design thinking. Students are introduced to design thinking and prompted to innovate solutions to problems framed using the design thinking process. Students can select a preidentified problem space, then work through an ideation session facilitated by the instructor.
16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing Data from Flooded Rice Paddy Mesocosms Treated with Different Silicon-Rich Soil Amendments
Authors: Dykes Gretchen E. , Chan Clara S. , Seyfferth Angelia L.
Published: July 2021

How silicon-rich soil amendments impact the microbial community is unresolved. We report 16S rRNA gene sequencing data from flooded rice paddy mesocosms treated with different silicon amendments sampled over the growing season. We generated 11,678 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and found that microbial communities were significantly different across treatments, time points, and biospheres.
Complete Genome Sequence of Ferrigenium kumadai An22, a Microaerophilic Iron-Oxidizing Bacterium Isolated from a Paddy Field Soil
Authors: Watanabe Takeshi , Khalifa Ashraf , Asakawa Susumu
Published: July 2021

Ferrigenium kumadai
An22
T
(=JCM 30584
T
=NBRC 112974
T
=ATCC TSD-51
T
) is a microaerophilic iron oxidizer isolated from paddy field soil and belongs to the family
Gallionellaceae
. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of
F. kumadai
An22
T
, which was obtained from the hybrid data of Oxford Nanopore long-read and Illumina short-read sequencing.
Complete Genome Sequences of Three Human Oral Treponema parvum Isolates
Authors: Zeng Huihui , Watt Rory M.
Published: July 2021

Treponema parvum
is a spirochete bacterium associated with human and animal oral/nonoral soft tissue infections. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of three human oral isolates of
T. parvum
, namely, ATCC 700770
T
(OMZ 833
T
), ATCC 700773 (OMZ 842), and OMZ 843, which possess circular chromosomes of a median size of 2.63 Mb.
Complete Genome Sequences of Priestia megaterium Type and Clinical Strains Feature Complex Plasmid Arrays
Authors: Shwed Philip S. , Crosthwait J. , Weedmark K. , Hoover E. , Dussault F.
Published: July 2021

Here, we report the high-quality complete genome sequences and plasmid arrays of
Priestia megaterium
ATCC 14581
T
and of two clinical strains (2008724129 and 2008724142) isolated from human samples in the United States.
Genome Sequences of Two Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Isolates from Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Matin M. Abdul , Nahid Abdullah Al , Sarkar Bishajit , Ullah M. Asad , Araf Yusha , Adnan Nihad , Islam Rashedul , Rahman Mohammad Shahedur
Published: July 2021

This study reports the genome sequences of two severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains detected in the nasopharyngeal swab specimens of two coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients from Dhaka, Bangladesh.