bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inst. Pet. Branch Lecture
Authors: EVANS E.A.
Published: February 2008

Space does not permit us to reprint the whole of this Lecture presented by Mr. Evans to various Branches of the Institute of Petroleum, but we do give hereunder the second part in full. In the first part of his paper, Mr. Evans said that we heard more lately about the lubrication engineer than the lubrication chemist which was largely due to a want of understanding of the duties of each. He discussed the opportunities of young men leaving school and entering the engineering field, “chemistry and engineering are equally necessary” he said, “consequently the chemist must become a pseudo engineer and the engineer a pseudo chemist”. Mr. Evans also said, “Those who decide, as engineers or chemists, to specialise in lubrication, will soon find it is a long story …. Lubrication is not based upon some academic dream, but upon a simple evolution dating back to the Sumerian days when primitive sledges were the only means of transporting loads and the advantage of putting fat under the skids was known then”. Mr. Evans traced the growth of engineering and pointed out that modern machinery would not be possible without modern lubricants. “We cannot conceal that without the inventiveness of the engineer, there would have been little incentive to study lubrication”. To the young student he said, “Having acquired the necessary fundamental knowledge and the ability for expression, there may be an inclination to get into a plush‐lined rut which may be stuffed with plums, but more often with chestnuts or, alternatively, to bulldoze one's way through the foggy jungle of adventure. Whichever decision is reached, it is always a good thing to get surrounded by creative people, not ignoring those with grey hairs whose maturity of judgment is sometimes useful, although those who know most are least willing to venture a clear opinion. The word “research” is often a bait which lures young people into an unsuitable or highly competitive atmosphere. I would say that experimenters who do not care for its tediousness should enrich science in some other way.”
Fire Fighting Equipmentfor Bulk users of Lubricating & Electrical Oils, PART TWO
Authors: CLARK G.H.
Published: February 2008

Part One of this article appeared in our last issue and dealt primarily with automatic systems including a detailed description of the “Mulsifyer” equipment of automatic fire fighting. These articles were written with the primary object of fighting fires in Power Stations, particularly those that are caused by leaky lubricating oil, transformer and switch gear systems. But the equipment described is similarly applicable to all oil fires and the articles will be of interest to all bulk risers of lubricating and electrical oils.
Planned Lubrication at The Steel Company of Wales
Authors: Harber H.
Published: February 2008

The first part of this article appeared in our August issue and dealt with Lubrication Organisation, storing and handling at The Steel Company of Wales. Since writing this the author informs us that a Supervisor has now been appointed at the Margam plant and he will build up a similar organisation to that now operating at the Abbey Works.
Aspects of INDUSTRIAL GEAR DRIVES
Authors: EVEREST F.J.
Published: February 2008

Members of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers recently visited the Park Gear Works of David Brown and Sons (Huddersfield) Ltd., and after touring the works, Mr Everest presented a lecture, of which the following is an abbreviated version.
The Reclamation of Used Oils
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

The OILS used in transformers and immersed switchgear fulfil two distinct functions. They are both fluid dielectric and heat transfer medium, and although in some of the larger transformers circulation of the oil is helped by pumps and water coolers, a very large proportion of these units rely on convection alone.
SUMMARIES OF TWO LECTURES RECENTLY GIVEN AT THE POLYTECHNIC
Authors: TABOR D.
Published: February 2008

“Friction of Metals” This lecture describes in simple terms the adhesion theory of metallic friction. On this view when two metal surfaces are placed in contact the surfaces are supported on their asperities and these flow plastically until the area is sufficient to support the applied load. As a result the area of true contact is directly proportional to the load and independent of the apparent area of the solids. Over the regions of contact strong adhesion occurs and the friction is primarily equal to the force required to shear the junctions so formed. This simple mechanism explains the two basic laws of friction due to Amontons—that the frictional force is proportional to the load and independent of the area of the sliding bodies.
Bearing Temperature Control Provides Automatic Emergency Engine Shut Down
Authors: BATES S.
Published: February 2008

IN view of a shortage of trained personnel available I to operate a number of small rural power stations in Western Australia, it was decided to fit National PBAE type low‐speed horizontal engines, Fig. 1, as these engines are of a particularly simple design and require but little maintenance in service. As a further precaution, the manufacturers were asked to provide for additional protection equipment to shut down the engine in the event of excessive bearing temperature, and lack of lubricationg oil supply to the piston and liner.
Some Aspects of BEARING LUBRICATION
Authors: BERNER L.
Published: February 2008

The permissible period during which a grease‐lubricated bearing may operate before requiring re‐lubrication depends on the speed of rotation, the bearing type and dimensions, and a certain number of other factors.
Fuel Oil Additives
Authors: SEELY NIGEL
Published: February 2008

A great deal has been written and even more spoken on the subject of fuel oil additives, but it is generally accepted to‐day, by the Technologists of major oil companies and by Chief Engineers of the large diesel engine manufacturers, that an additive to a fuel oil can, under certain circumstances, give beneficial results, both technically and commercially. As a direct result of engineers admitting the potentialities of such products, a large number of branded additives have mushroomed on to the markets of the world. The claims of the makers of these additives vary from the extravagant to the plain ridiculous, and many firms often manufacture one fuel oil additive, which is allegedly equally as suitable for motor fuel as for the heavy residual oils used in open hearth furnaces in the steel industry.
Do Bassoons in Manlidale
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

SOME years ago a clever young man wrote a charming and instructive little satire with the intriguing title, “How to Build a Bassoon Factory”. Therein was described structure and organisation, finance (shares pref. and ord.), the managerial and directorial functions, accounting and filing, time and motion study—in fact, the lot.
“miles per quart+” Part Three: THE PETROL ENGINE
Authors: NUTTALL J.M.
Published: February 2008

In this series of articles, the author reviews some of the problems involved in the lubrication of modern automobiles and suggests how the use of additive treated oils can assist in their solution. Later parts will cover fuels, oil consumption and drain periods, transmission lubricants, chassis lubrication, etc.
Mechanical Lubrication in the Paper Mill
Authors: DAVIES BERNARD R.
Published: February 2008

The MANUFACTURE OF PAPER is an art as old as civilisation. Until comparatively lately in the world's history, demand for paper could be satisfied by hand manufacture; however, the invention of printing, allied with a steady growth in literacy have necessitated the development of mechanical means of paper‐making.
The Correct Lubrication of TEXTILE MACHINERY
Authors: CHISHOLM S.F. , COATS R.
Published: February 2008

HISTORICAL. THE story of textile manufacture and the development of machinery designed to increase the production of yarns and cloths is an absorbing history. Although from the earliest times man has been master of the art of spinning and weaving, yet it is only during the last 200 years that any form of mechanisation has entered the industry.
“miles per quart+”
Authors: NUTTALL J.M.
Published: February 2008

In this series of articles the author has revieiced some of the problems involved in the lubrication of modern automobiles and has suggested how the use of additive‐treated oils can assist in their solution. Previous parts appeared in the December, January, February and April issues.
Lubrication of GAS TURBINES
Authors: WALTER LEO
Published: February 2008

MAKERS OF STATIONARY GAS TURBINES for industrial uses claim that the lubricating cost of medium‐size power units ranges between 1 and 2% of the fuel costs. Comparative figures for average Diesel engines are 5 to 10%. These savings have an effect on the total running cost economy. Detailed oil consumption figures from industrial gas turbine operators have not yet been disclosed and for similar reasons, it is not possible in this survey to discuss individual design features of all units which comprise the various lubricating systems.
LUBRICANT SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

In the short period that has elapsed since the genius of Watt made possible the modern industrial progress which has culminated in the fourth decade of the present century in the release of atomic energy, the rate of mechanical invention has continually accelerated and the number and variety of machines in daily use is almost bewildering. This, in its turn, has led to the manufacture of large quantities of lubricants of many kinds and this parallel growth has raken place over an even shorter period, for the full utilisation of petroleum derivatives did not take place until the twentieth century was well established. The variety of oils and greases needed for the various divisions of modern industry, produced by independent firms and under individual brand names, must have presented a somewhat confusing picture to the user and frequently given rise to the wish that some simpler way of classifying and identifying these indispensible materials might be found. In any branch of industry the manufacturer is able to purchase basic raw materials—naturally occurring, alloyed metals or synthesised chemicals—to widely accepted and published standards. There should, therefore, so the user might naturally imagine, be no fundamental reason why such methods could not be adapted to lubricants. This, however, has not generally been the case ; lubricants have usually been identified with a particular supplier frequently by a name which, for its pleasing alliteration or suggestiveness has no doubt suited the maker, but which has very seldom given the user much indication either of its character or its purpose. Wartime experience with its necessary simplification of supplies certainly stimulated the growth of lubricant specifications and the practice has definitely increased during the last two decades. Both this fact and the apparent utility of the lubricant specification must be recognised, but opinion on their merits is by no means unanimous. In these articles we propose to examine the situation in general and, for the convenience of readers, to quote from a selection of those published, in detail.
The Correct Lubrication of TEXTILE MACHINERY
Authors: CHISHOLM S.F. , COATS R.
Published: February 2008

SPINNING ROOM LUBRICATION. The detrimental effect of using incorrect oil, particularly for the lubrication of spindles and other high‐speed parts, far outweighs any consideration of the price of oil, since every slight inferiority in lubricating value is multiplied many thousand times in the multiplicity of lubricated bearings. Correct lubrication, therefore, is more important in this department than anywhere else in the mill, especially in so far as power consumption is concerned.
LUBRICANT SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

Another important class of lubricants are the oils which are needed for gear lubrication. As the units used in industry vary so much in design, size and operating conditions, a wide range of oils is available for servicing them and within this range the viscosities may vary as much as they do in the case of bearing oils. Thus it would seem that such lubricants could be classified in a manner similar to that adopted for, say, the crankcase oils and some form of basic classification prepared. This has been done in America, where the American Gear Manufacturers' Association—A.G.M.A.—have listed a series of oils for industrial closed gears. The viscosity range is given in Table 4, which shows the current revision.
Recent Advances in Solvent Dewaxing
Authors: Sherwood Peter W.
Published: February 2008

SOLVENT DEWAXING OF LUBRICATING oils found its first commercial application in 1927 when Indian Refining Company started its original acetone‐benzene dewaxing operation. Since that time, solvent dewaxing has wholly superseded the classical cold pressing methods in new installations. Of 171,165 bbls/doz. lube oil produced in the United States in 1951, some 60% was of the solvent extraction type and 40% of the older conventional type. By 1954, solvent extraction's share had risen to an estimated 75% of all dewaxing operations.
Sealing Rings for Wet Cylinder Liners
Authors: Hepworth J.L.
Published: February 2008

One of the charges often made against wet liners is the difficulty of ensuring a perfect seal between liner and cylinder block. It is vital that sealing rings should effectively prevent leakage of coolant into the crankcase, prevent lubricating oil entering the coolant circuit and avoid distortion of the cylinder liner. The author maintained that there are no difficulties when the design is correct and the right type of seals are used. There are three basic types of wet liner in general use as illustrated in Fig. 1. Types X and Y are sealed at the top by compression of the flange while the lower end is sealed by rubber rings. This paper deals with these types of seal only.
LUBE OIL PRODUCTION BY MODERN CANADIAN METHODS
Authors: Grindrod J.
Published: February 2008

CLAIMING to be one of the largest, if not the largest manufacturers of lubricating oils and greases in Canada, Imperial Oil Limited are keeping to the forefront of the industry by the practice of modern methods of production at their new $13 million plant in Edmonton, Alberta, which, officially opened in November, 1955, is the first full‐scale lubricating oil plant in Canadian west and the second largest in the country. They are also endeavouring to keep ahead of current lubrication techniques by a very up‐to‐date lubrication research organisation connected with their Sarnia, Ont., refinery and headed by Dr. O. S. Pokorny, one of the world's top lubricating oil scientists.
RUNNING‐IN CHARACTERISTICS OF SLEEVE BEARINGS UNDER CONDITIONS OF THIN FILM LUBRICATION AND THE EFFECT OF MOLYBDENUM DISULPHIDE
Authors: Mech I.
Published: February 2008

The following are extracts from a paper by A. J. Davies, B.Eng., G.I.Mech.E. (Senior Research Officer, C.S.I.R.O., Division of Tribophysics, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia), presented to The Institution of Mechanical Engineers as a paper for written discussion. It forms the second part of a paper on Sleeve Bearings, and the first part, by A. J. Davies and T. V. Krok, B.Eng. (TecnicoLtd., Marvickville, Sydney), dealt with a machine that has been developed for the investigation of sleeve bearings operating in the transition range between full fluid and boundary lubrication. Copies of these papers are available from The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1 Birdcage Walk, Westminster, London, S.W.1, and written discussion must be received by them before 3rd March.
RECENT RESEARCH ON HYDRAULIC SEALS
Authors: DENNY D.F.
Published: February 2008

The need to confine fluid within a container without leakage is a problem to be found throughout the whole of the engineering industry. In many cases there is no difficulty in making suitable leak‐tight joints, even between moving parts of machinery, but where factors such as vibration, high sliding speeds or uncertain clearances are involved, or where the liquid is at very high temperature or pressure, the operating conditions imposed on the seal may be very severe. Such conditions are now being met in the atomic energy, chemical and power generation industries, and progress is at times delayed solely due to sealing problems. In the branch of engineering concerned with lubrication of bearings the high temperatures imposed on equipment in turbines, aircraft and rockets have created new problems of sealing.
FRICTION & LUBRICATION OF MACHINE TOOL SLIDEWAYS
Authors: BIRCHALL T.M. , MOORE A.I.W.
Published: February 2008

A series of investigations is being carried out by the Production Engineering Research Association (PERA) which are aimed at providing design data for the slideways of machine tools. The first part of the work which is summarised here was carried out with the general object of determining the effect of type of surface (i.e. hand scraped, periphery ground and cup ground), lubricant viscosity and load on the lubrication conditions (i.e. boundary, mixed or fluid film) that occur between flat surfaces under substantially parallel sliding conditions. Of special interest were the effects of these factors on kinetic and static friction, stick‐slip and the onset of full fluid film lubrication.
Oil Fires and Explosions in Compressed Air Systems
Authors: SMITH A.C.
Published: February 2008

FIRES and oil explosions are known to have occurred in compressed air systems since the earliest days of the air compressor. Attempts to make systematic surveys of the extent of the hazard have never given very comprehensive results, but there is no doubt that it deserves serious attention.
Methods of Cutting Fluid Application
Authors: Morton I.S.
Published: February 2008

CUTTING FLUIDS FACILITATE MACHINING OPERATIONS by virtue of their cooling, lubricating and other properties, and the fluid selected for a particular operation should have the best possible combination of properties to suit that case. In addition, the fluid must be correctly applied to enable its properties to be utilised fully.
Molybdenum Disulphide as an Aid to Cutting and Forming Operations
Authors: Jost H. Peter , Winch H.J.
Published: February 2008

THE DEVELOPMENT of modern cutting and forming machines and new and tougher materials has confronted Production Engineers with numerous problems, one of them being the lubrication of cutting and forming tools.
The Lubrication of Bearings at High Temperatures
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

HIGH TEMPERATURE LUBRICATION, in terms of conventional usage, includes typical applications such as the diesel engine, the roll neck bearings of steel rolling mills or the cylinders of steam engines using superheated steam. This was certainly the case immediately prior to the second world war when, for example, Nash and Bowen, refer merely to the influence of high temperature on oil viscosity, the development of acidity and the formation of carbon. At that time King and Jakeman developed a test machine where, at constant pressure, one of the criteria used for oil evaluation was the seizing temperature ; the highest temperature recorded being of the order of 550°F.
Solvent Resistant Lubricants and Sealants
Authors: WHITE A.A.
Published: February 2008

THE considerable increase in the number of resin, synthetic rubber, tar, solvent and oil refining installations in recent years, together with the expansion of the plastics industry and rapid growth of the synthetic fibre plants has brought in its train numerous problems in the lubrication field. Many of the liquids produced, or used in the processes are strong solvents for the more conventional types of lubricating greases. If these liquids cannot be prevented from coming into contact with the lubricants used in the fuel pumps, bearings, glands, cocks and valves etc. on the plant lines by the use of suitable seals of the “Teflon” type (for example), then the lubricant has to be formulated with appropriate fluids or gelling materials which are comparatively immiscible in the solvents used. This has resulted in a search for better solvent resistant lubricants particularly where these are used on equipment handling gasoline and oil fractions, ketones, chlorinated solvents and aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons in liquid or vapour form.
Aircraft Wheel Bearing Failures … Why?
Authors: PALMER E.B.
Published: February 2008

RECENT post‐accident investigations of an alarming number of wheel bearing failures in high performance aircraft have emphasized the need for a comprehensive and workable procedure for handling these bearings and bearing grease seals to eliminate these accidents.
Studies Related to Lubrication of Space Vehicles
Authors: PETERS ROBERT L
Published: February 2008

CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL characteristics experienced by space vehicles, inclusive of the metal‐to‐metal contact areas requiring some type of lubrication, require studies of temperature extremes, radiation and low pressure parameters.
Engine Oil Analysis and Vehicle Maintenance
Authors: Ellis E.G.
Published: February 2008

IN a recently published paper, Stewart, discusses various problems of engine maintenance policy as adopted for U.S. Navy vehicles. He analyses the costs of direct labour involved under three headings:
‘TIS FOLLY TO BE WISE
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

ALTHOUGH little mention has been made of it the Oilier Oil Co. were not the only oil merchants operating in Albert's territory. Indeed there wore many but the main rival of the OOCo. was Phocal Lubricants Ltd.
The Significance and Interpretation of ACIDITY and BASICITY IN LUBRICATING OILS
Authors: FREWING J.J.
Published: February 2008

The principles of acidity and basicity measurement are explained by describing colour‐indicator titration of aqueous solutions. Similar methods are used to determine neutralisation values of non‐aqueous solutions such as petroleum products, although electrometric titration is more suitable for dark‐coloured oils and used oils. The practical importance of neutralisation value tests is discussed, with particular reference to additive oils, turbine oils, gear lubricants and transformer oils.
On the Derivation of REYNOLDS EQUATION
Authors: CAMERON A. , ROBERTSON W.G.
Published: February 2008

The complete Reynolds Equation in 3‐dimensions is derived by three methods which differ basically in the way in which the continuity condition is applied. The apparent divisions of the mechanisms of hydro‐dynamic lubrication which are suggested by these derivations, such as “wedge,” “squeeze” terms etc. are compared and it is shown that such a division is in every case somewhat arbitrary, since it merely depends on the volume to which the continuity condition is applied. A form of the Reynolds Equation is given for the case where both surfaces are curved (as in gears, for example), the x‐axis being taken along the common tangent at the contact zone. The reason for the differences in the forms of the equation derived in this paper and that given by Reynolds in his original paper, is pointed out to avoid possible confusion. The error involved in neglecting the variation in the horizontal surface velocity component of a journal bearing is considered. This is shown to be negligible under typical operating conditions.
Problems of Assessing Quality of Performance of Steam Turbine Oils
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

King and Glassmaildeal with U.S. naval experience with steam turbine oil and also, as did the other authors, with the ability of laboratory tests to predict performance and control quality. The subject is of particular interest for, firstly, it concerns marine turbines and secondly because only one grade of lubricant is involved which has to serve both main engines and ancillary equipment in a wide variety of large and small ships and in climatic conditions associated with every sea on the surface of the globe.
THE IMPORTANCE OF VISCOSITY
Authors: SMITH EDWARD A.
Published: February 2008

ALTHOUGH the physical and chemical properties of lubricating oils have been significantly improved since World War II there is no indication that these improvements have led to a reduction of wear rates in engines and other mechanical equipment. Automobile crankcases are cleaner and ring sticking something of a rarity nowadays, while oil circulation has been improved. It was reasonable to expect that the last‐named benefit would lead to a reduction of wear due to cold‐starting, but the rate of wear continues at much the same rate as before World War II. One asks : have the benefits been commensurate with the expenditure on lubricant research? As a corollary comes the question : has research been directed to the right channels?
Vivat Mother Morkin!
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

LOOKING back Albert traced the start of it all to the afternoon of his ill‐starred visit to Aspenlike, Askew & Co. All Albert's oily offerings had somehow failed to produce just that fine finish and je ne sais quoi required in the machining of some intricate, scrobiculated dossils tooled from high tensile verticulite. At Albert's impassioned representations (backed by old Famblewick's as well) the boffins of the Oilier Oil Co. had at length produced a generous sample of a super‐special cutting fluid, as yet un‐named and it was this sample that Albert was taking for trial, a trial arranged with the production engineer et al.
APPLICATION OF ADDITIVES TO INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS
Authors: MOLYNEUX P.H.
Published: February 2008

THE BENEFIT of lubricants and of additives an “lubricant modifiers” has been known for centuries. For example, animal fat was used to reduce friction and thus squeaking, of Roman chariot wheels sulphur was employed to aid the machining of iron during the Industrial Revolution, The type of additives which will be discussed in this paper are, however, of more recent origin and are complex chemical compounds which are added in controlled quantities to lubricating fluids to enhance or modify their specific natural properties.
QUESTIONS OF TOXICITY IN LUBRICANTS
Authors: HOPF P.P.
Published: February 2008

THE WORD “Toxicity” has become very fashionable and attention is being paid to safety factors in this connection in more branches of industry than ever before. It is only right that the whole problem should be brought into perspective with regard to each new field where it arises.
SPACECRAFT AND ROCKET LUBRICATION CRITERIA
Authors: PALMER E.B.
Published: February 2008

LUBRICANTS capable of lubricating mechanisms intended for use in present and future missile satellite systems and spacecraft must provide long‐time operational reliability under a variety of earth and space environmental and operational conditions. For example, the lubricants will be exposed to conditions attendant to ground activities; to short‐time operations during the launch, ascent and re‐entry and to extended operations in orbit. Ground operations include exposure to test and check out procedures, handling and transportation, exposure to elements and to possible fuel or oxidizer spillage. Under launch, ascent, and re‐entry, the effects of heavy shock, severe vibration, high and low temperature, and possibly fuel and oxidizer exposure, may be expected. When in orbit, the lubricant must still provide satisfactory lubrication despite the effects of ultra‐high vacuum, zero gravity, temperature extremes, and radiation exposure. Add to these requirements the compatibility factor and some idea of the demands placed on aerospace lubricants may tend to take form. It is unlikely that any one lubricant, even of the solid film type will be applicable to all these conditions; therefore, it appears quite likely that the solid film will be individually tailored to each specific application. As will be noted further that the Denver Division of the Martin Company allows the use of three distinct type solid film dry lubricants. It is expected that more will be added when environmental testing proves reliable under a specific set of requirements.
THE RESEARCH EFFORT SURVEYED No. 3 LUBRIZOL INTERNATIONAL LABORATORIES
Authors: Smith E.A.
Published: February 2008

SO MUCH emphasis has been placed on additives since World War II that one might be excused for imagining that oil is little more than a carrier for such additives, This may, in part, be true, but the fact remains that no liquid has come along which can fulfil the functions of a petroleum oil. Synthetic lubricants, gas films and such lubricating resins as polytetrafluoroethylene have come into the picture for specialized applications, but the major responsibility for keeping civilization's wheels turning remains almost wholely with oil. The awareness of this as a state of affairs for many years to come sent the chemist and engineer in search of ways and means of re‐inforcing an oil where needed, and so there has grown up an important branch of lubrication technology, additives.
Quality Control in the Manufacture of Solid Lubricant Dispersions
Authors: MAUNDER‐FOSTER C.A.
Published: February 2008

IN the eighteenth century there were three dry lubricants in use and these were indifferently lumped together and called “Galena,” “Plumbago”, “Molybdaena” or “Wadt” until about 1780 when they were identified as separate materials by Scheele and (independently) by Hjelm. “Galena” soon became reserved for Lead Sulphide Ore and Werner invented the new name “Graphite”, which we still use for greasy, black carbon. “Molybdaena” became the given name of Molybdenum Disulphide about 1796, and the Dublin mineralogist, R. Kirwan, presided at the naming ceremony.
Albert Says “The Customer is Always Right”
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

Albert Smith, ace salesman of the Oilier Oil Company, has been hanging around Manlidale like a bad smell, for years. Incredible though it may seem he has peddled the firm's repulsive wares in mill and machine shop with undoubted success and with the passing of time, his rough mannered but good hearted northern customers have accepted him as a gormless but harmless chap, whose regular visits enliven the working day. Time has somewhat tempered his initial, boyish exuberance but has left his pathetic trust in the OOCo lubes unimpaired; and, we fear added little to his initial ignorance of the strange machines with which the many and myterious Manlidalian products are manufactured. Mercifully our benign editor only inflicts Albert on subscribers once a year; at Xmas time when, imbition being at a maximum, his ridiculous and lubricious adventures may appear tolerable.
FUNDAMENTALS OF LUBRICATION
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

A series of articles dealing, in as simple a way as possible, with the basic facts of lubrication, lubricants, their selection and prescription, specification, application, and testing. This series is primarily intended for students, engineering personnel who may be unfamiliar with certain aspects and others who, one way or another, are interested in this important subject. Part One in our March Issue dealt with Friction, Lubrication and Wear. Part Two in our July Issue dealt with Mineral Oils and their Additives. Part Three, in our September and October Issues dealt with Lubricating Greases. Part Four commenced in our December Issue and is concluded here. Part Five will deal with Non‐Newtonian Flow, Grease Consistency and Shear Stability.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BASIC MODES OF WEAR AND EXPERIENCE IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE
Authors: Barwell F.T.
Published: February 2008

When machine elements are examined after a period of use it is seldom possible to relate the damage observed with the simple theories of adhesive or abrasive wear. Examples taken from practice are described and explanations offered based on metallurgical and other changes in the affected surface region. It is concluded that further progress in understanding actual wear situations can only come from a multi‐disciplinary approach.
The Contribution of a Metallurgist to Tribology
Authors: ROBINS D.A.
Published: February 2008

FOR A GIVEN piece of machinery involving friction and wear, it is not difficult for the metallurgist to specify, in general terms, the required characteristics of the metals involved. Difficulties arise, however, in attempting to select or develop materials with the correct combination of properties.
Solution of Problems Involving Grease Flow in Straight Pipe or Tubing
Authors: Rein S.W. , Brehmer J.R. , Gesdorf E.J. , Wegmann J.
Published: February 2008

A SIMPLE method for solving problems involving steady flow of grease in pipes or tubing is being developed by the NLGI Subcommittee on Grease Dispensing in Central Systems. The method, based largely on a 1964 NLGI Annual Meeting paper, uses a graphical presentation of the Poiseuille equation for laminar flow. For this purpose, the Subcommittee has prepared charts that are direct reading in pressure drop and flow rate for pipe and tubing sizes commonly used in centralised systems and in transfer of grease from one point to another. The user of the charts must know the apparent viscosity characteristics of the particular grease of interest to him. When these data are plotted on the proposed NLGI chart as lines of shear stress vs. shear rate at constant temperature, various types of flow problems can be solved by drawing a few straight lines on the chart. Since the apparent viscosity is equal to the shear stress divided by the shear rate, the shear stress is found by multiplying each apparent viscosity value by its corresponding shear rate.
Uniform Friction with Metallic Lead as a Lubricant
Authors: PERILSTEIN W.L. , BEATTY H.A.
Published: February 2008

Powdered lead metal exhibits good lubricant properties. It has had limited commercial use as an additive in certain heavy‐duty greases and wire‐drawing compounds. However, there seems to be no information regarding its behaviour in liquid lubricants.
Alberts Queer Encounter
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

IT WAS a typical mid‐December afternoon for that part of the world; that part of the world being the countryside north of Manlidale. The overcast sky pressed low over the foothills, it was the colour of a dirty dishcloth and gave every promise of fouler weather to follow. But the weather could not damp Albert's spirits; he was feeling very pleased with himself. (older readers will wearily recognise that this was no new thing for our hero; he usually was. But let's be fair, he generally had as much reason for it as most of us. He was a good lad on the whole; served the Oilier Oil Co. devotedly and, despite the occasional boob, was well thought of by his numerous customers. He was a devoted husband and seldom deserted Bessie for the many delectable boozers with which Manlidale abounded).
OIL BATH LUBRICATION
Authors: Stringer L.S.
Published: February 2008

The ever pressing demand to increase the output from a given size of equipment causes the requirements made on lubrication arrangements to be progressively more arduous. This situation creates the need for improvements to arrangements which have in the past been satisfactory but now are not capable of meeting the present day demands. This article gives details of experimental work carried out during the development of an improved self‐contained oil lubrication arrangement for rolling bearings with horizontal rotating shaft. This arrangement has been given the trade mark CIRCON and has been used successfully for light series bearings operating at speed factors up to 420,000 mm/min. It is based on the Oil Bath arrangements which due to its simplicity has been adopted for a variety of applications over many years. In spite of this, little information is available on its performance and on its limitations. It was therefore necessary to study the operation of the basic oil bath arrangements in order to judge what improvements could be made.
Lubrication: Management Responsibility
Authors: BREWER ALLEN F.
Published: February 2008

PARTS 12–15 IN A SERIES OF THIRTY‐ONE SHORT ARTICLES DESIGNED TO EMPHASIZE TO MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVES THE SAVINGS THEY CAN EFFECT AND FOR WHICH THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE BY GIVING THOUGHT AND ATTENTION TO THE CORRECT LUBRICATION OF THEIR PLANT AND MACHINERY.
Lubrication: Management Responsibility
Authors: BREWER ALLEN F.
Published: February 2008

PARTS 19–21 IN A SERIES OF THIRTY‐ONE SHORT ARTICLES DESIGNED TO EMPHASIZE TO MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVES THE SAVINGS THEY CAN EFFECT AND FOR WHICH THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE BY GIVING THOUGHT AND ATTENTION TO THE CORRECT LUBRICATION OF THEIR PLANT AND MACHINERY.
Lubrication: Management Responsibility
Authors: BREWER ALLEN F.
Published: February 2008

PARTS 27–31 IN A SERIES OF THIRTY‐ONE SHORT ARTICLES DESIGNED TO EMPHASIZE TO MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVES THE SAVINGS THEY CAN EFFECT AND FOR WHICH THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE BY GIVING THOUGHT AND ATTENTION TO THE CORRECT LUBRICATION OF THEIR PLANT AND MACHINERY.
EFFECT OF PAD GEOMETRY AND INITIAL TILT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STATIONARY EXTERNALLY PRESSURIZED RECTANGULAR BEARINGS
Authors: El Kadeem M.A. , Salem Essam , Ragab El‐Sayed Hassan
Published: February 2008

In this study, a rectangular, externally pressurized bearing, lubricated by incompressible fluid, and compensated by a capillary restrictor, is analysed. The analysis includes an investigation into the effect of initial tilting of the pad, and the introduction of a step in the pad surface.
MAINTENANCE OF CUTTING OILS IN SERVICE
Authors: DRAKE F.B.
Published: February 2008

UNLIKE conventional lubricating oils used on machine tools, cutting fluids can be a complex formulations of oils, fats, emulsifiers and chemical additives. These products are carefully formulated to meet specific production requirements but lack of maintenance, both in storage and during use, can seriously affect their performance. Deterioration in use may result in objectionable odours, present a health hazard to the operator or cause corrosion of the work piece and machine tool. Unfortunately, with the possible exception of very large machine shops, the care and maintenance of cutting fluids is often left to a greaser or labourer. Therefore, the object of this paper is to present some basic facts on this much neglected subject.
GREASE PUMPABILITY
Authors: WYLLIE D.
Published: February 2008

The factors governing the flow properties of grease are discussed with particular reference to the RN multipurpose grease XG‐274 and the soft lime‐base grease LG‐380. Results obtained at 70°F using a pumping rig with pipes of ½ inch, ¾ inch or ¼ inch external diameter are presented in terms of apparent viscosity in line with the procedure approved by the National Lubricating Grease Institute. The data can be used to assess the suitability of systems proposed for dispensing the greases, supplemented where necessary by apparent viscosity measurement by Standard Method ASTM‐D 1092.
THE APPLICATION OF POROUS METAL BEARINGS
Authors: MORGAN V.T.
Published: February 2008

POROUS metal bearings are produced by partial compaction of metal powders in precision tools of the desired shape followed by the sintering of the powder compact in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature of about 80% of the absolute melting point of the metal. The sintered compact is repressed to restore dimensional accuracy, to produce a high surface finish and, by work hardening, to increase the elasticity. The amount of porosity depends mainly upon the degree of compaction of the powder, and does not change greatly during the subsequent sintering and repressing operations, whereas the size of the pores depends upon the particle size of the powder and the subsequent processing. Finally the porosity is impregnated with lubricating oil.
REMINISCENCES OF A LUBRICANT HANDLING CONSULTANT
Authors: HUNT H.L.
Published: February 2008

Previous articles in this series were concerned with the lubricant handling consultant's survey (September and November issues) and in this, the last part, the actual figures showing savings to be effected are given. We have taken up with Mr. Hunt the practicability of the suggestions made in this series—workmen spending most of their time humping oil barrels or buckets of oil, hundreds of hours spent in walking between machine and stores. We have received the most reliable evidence that the figures given in this article are the average of a number of real surveys that Mr. Hunt's staff have carried out. And what is more, this state of affairs exists all too often at large companies who should know better and whose production methods are otherwise very efficient.
Reasonable Objections from Tribological Investment by Industry
Authors: COOPER B.J.
Published: February 2008

The Author outlines a method of cost analysis for lubrication in a large industrial plant and points out that there are other savings than those that can be accounted for in pounds and pence. He concludes that the present fragmentation of costing systems must be changed to set a foundation for tribology rather than merely lubrication.
Heat Transfer
Authors: GHIO FRANCHO
Published: February 2008

INDIRECT or secondary heating systems are systems in which a primary source of heat—fuel oil, gas or electricity—is used to heat a fluid that transfers heat to the point of application, where a second heat transfer takes place.
DEVELOPMENT TESTING OF METALWORKING LUBRICANTS
Authors: Morton I.S.
Published: February 2008

AFTER cutting oils, rolling oils probably constitute the next largest overall offtake of metalworking oils although the proportions for any individual supplier may be very different, since much of the business is in the hands of specialists and some of the largest companies may do little.
Sprayed Surface COATINGS
Authors: HURRICKS P.L.
Published: February 2008

In the first part of this article in our last issue P. L. HURRICKS considered the wear resistance of sprayed coatings when subjected to adhesive and abrasive action. In this part he is concerned with the friction of sprayed coatings on bearing and journal surfaces.
LUBRICATION OF MEAT PROCESSING MACHINERY
Authors: BREWER A.F.
Published: February 2008

THIS IS a brief for purity, quality and prevention of contamination. It is applicable both to the product being processed as well as the lubricants for the processing machinery. Meat processing is one of the most automated industries. It is virtually fully mechanized and so completely integrated that the production line from the killing pens to the packaged edibles is a fantastic example of cost reduction. Give credit, however,
TITANIUM AND TRIBOLOGY
Authors: BARRY WATERHOUSE ROBERT , HENRY WHARTON MICHAEL
Published: February 2008

Titanium has certain properties that make it an ideal material to prevent wear; titanium alloys lend themselves to a versatility of mechanical properties by heat treatment. This should provide a sound tribological combination but, unfortunately, these materials can cause serious galling and fretting. The authors describe the properties of titanium and its alloys, methods of forming and lubricating them and possible methods of combatting wear. In the second part, in our next issue, they will deal with diffusion, electrodeposition, electroless deposition of metallic coatings, and other ways of preventing fretting. In both parts an extensive review of published literature is made and all bibliographical references will be included in our next issue.
Adventures of Antrobus: No. 5. The Raw Spirit of Christmas
Authors: LEE ALAN
Published: February 2008

AS A matter of principle Ebenezer Scrooge always held up the payment of outstanding bills until the last possible moment. This principle was based not merely on his love of money, which was albeit very profound, but on the mistaken premise that such action set the seal on his competence and efficiency as a business man, and emphasized his thrift and acumen. Furthermore, Scrooge did not approve of simple humanities such as office heating until the ink froze solid in the inkpots, an event now imminent in his dismal cell of a counting house on the eve of Christmas, and so surely as the poor clerk complained of the wretched conditions the master predicted it would be necessary for him to seek other employment. Whereupon the clerk wound tighter his muffler and tried to derive a little warmth from the solitary candle; in which endeavour, having but only average imagination, he failed miserably.
TEN YEARS OF TRIBOLOGY
Authors: PETER JOST H.
Published: February 2008

ON March 9, 1966, a new concept in industry was born—Tribology. It deals with the very practical problems of rolling, sliding and rubbing surfaces. In other words there is no mechanism, no machine—not even the human machine—which can operate without involving the principles of tribology. Its application is estimated to have saved British industry already in the order of £300 million per annum.
MODERN EQUIPMENT FOR OIL SEPARATION AND DISPOSAL
Authors: Keppie S.A.
Published: February 2008

THE need for conservation and recycling of as many basic resources as possible is universally agreed throughout all sectors of the community. It has in fact brought together many erstwhile opposing factions and united them in a common cause and interest, albeit for different reasons and motivations. The two extreme factions within the conservation arena have generally been recognized as the ecologists seeking to preserve the environment from the industrialists' pollution of atmosphere and countryside. Notwithstanding the common ground now existing between these rival interests, the major problem which now arises is how to tackle these issues in practical, effective and viable terms.
Relying on a petroleum base
Authors: GALVIN G.D.
Published: February 2008

G. D. GALVIN enlarges on tribological conditions determining the specification, terminology and use of various types of lubricant involving petroleum products.
SPECIAL LUBRICANTS
Authors: HENDERSON G.
Published: February 2008

G. HENDERSON looks at a decade of progress in purpose‐developed products for industry.
PISTON RINGS AND CYLINDERS
Authors: GOLOTHAN D.W.
Published: February 2008

In this paper, wear of the cylinder is taken to mean not only wear of the liner but of the piston ring assembly also, since usually, though not always, the wear of the one is closely related to that of the other. The wear process may be corrosive, abrasive or frictional, and it is likely that all three processes occur together to varying extents, depending on such factors as engine design and operating conditions.
TOWARDS WATER‐BASED PRODUCTS
Authors: SISMEY BRIAN
Published: February 2008

MORE significant changes have taken place in the development and application of cutting oils and fluids than with any other type of industrial lubricant during the past 10 years. Hydraulic, compressor, gear oils and others have all had various properties enhanced to meet the more severe demands made on them but there have been few radical changes.
STUDIES OF RUNNING‐IN ADDITIVES
Authors: ANAND O.N. , MALIK V.P.
Published: February 2008

The reduction of running‐in time is a major problem occuping the attention of engine manufacturers. Three expediencies followed in the past with the object of cutting down running‐in time were the provision of:
Tribology in Manufacturing Engineering
Authors: HALLING J.
Published: February 2008

The paper covers work done at Salford University and identifies those aspects of tribology which are important to both the design of metal working machines and to the tool/workpiece interaction. After identifying the important tribological problem areas some examples of possible methods of solution are indicated using the work at Salford University for typical examples. Inevitably the paper identifies many questions to which there are currently very limited answers and thereby indicates the areas for further research. It should however be stressed that the author does not claim to have produced a comprehensive review on tribology in manufacturing engineering. Rather the style of the paper is to question the way forward and in some cases even to propose answers.