bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fibromyalgia: An Afferent Processing
Disorder Leading to a Complex Pain
Generalized Syndrome
Authors: Smith Howard
Published: March 2021

Fibromyalgia is a condition which appears to involve disordered central afferent processing.
The major symptoms of fibromyalgia include multifocal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and
cognitive or memory problems. Other symptoms may include psychological distress, impaired
functioning, and sexual dysfunction. The pathophysiology of fibromyalgia remains uncertain
but is believed to be largely central in nature. In 1990 the American College of Rheumatology
(ACR) published diagnostic research criteria for fibromyalgia. The criteria included a history of
chronic and widespread pain and the presence of 11 or more out of 18 tender points. Pain
was considered chronic widespread when all of the following are present: pain in the left side
of the body; pain in the right side of the body; pain above the waist; pain below the waist. In
addition, axial skeletal pain must be present and the duration of pain must be more than 3
months. A tender point is considered positive when pain can be elicited by pressures of 4 kg/
cm2
or less. For tender points to be considered positive, the patient must perceive the palpation
as painful; tenderness to palpation is not sufficient.
However, over the next 20 years it became increasingly appreciated that the focus on tender
points was not justified. In 2010 a similar group of investigators performed a multicenter
study of 829 previously diagnosed fibromyalgia patients and controls using physician physical
and interview examinations, including a widespread pain index (WPI), a measure of the
number of painful body regions. Random forest and recursive partitioning analyses were used
to guide the development of a case definition of fibromyalgia, to develop new preliminary
ACR diagnostic criteria, and to construct a symptom severity (SS) scale. The most important
diagnostic variables were WPI and categorical scales for cognitive symptoms, un-refreshed
sleep, fatigue, and number of somatic symptoms. The categorical scales were summed to
create an SS scale. The investigators combined the SS scale and the WPI to recommend a new
case definition of fibromyalgia: (WPI ≥ 7 AND SS ≥ 5).
Although there is no known cure for fibromyalgia, multidisciplinary team efforts using combined
treatment approaches, including patient education, aerobic exercise, cognitive behavioral
therapy, and pharmacologic therapies (serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors [e.g.,
duloxetine, milnacipran] and alpha 2-delta receptor ligands [e.g., pregabalin]) might improve
symptoms as well as function in patients with fibromyalgia.
Key Words: Pain, fibromyalgia, fatigue, sleep, duloxetine, pregabalin, milnacipran
Medicare Physician Payment Systems:
Impact of 2011 Schedule on Interventional
Pain Management
Authors: Manchikanti Laxmaiah
Published: March 2021

Physicians in the United States have been affected by significant changes in the patterns
of medical practice evolving over the last several decades. The recently passed affordable
health care law, termed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (the
ACA, for short) affects physicians more than any other law. Physician services are an
integral part of health care. Physicians are paid in the United States for their personal
services. This payment also includes the overhead expenses for maintaining an office
and providing services. The payment system is highly variable in the private insurance
market; however, governmental systems have a formula-based payment, mostly based
on the Medicare payment system. Physician services are billed under Part B.
Since the inception of the Medicare program in 1965, several methods have been used
to determine the amounts paid to physicians for each covered service. Initially, the
payment systems compensated physicians on the basis of their charges. In 1975, just
over 10 years after the inception of the Medicare program, payments changed so as not
to exceed the increase in the Medical Economic Index (MEI). Nevertheless, the policy
failed to curb increases in costs, leading to the determination of a yearly change in fees
by legislation from 1984 to 1991. In 1992, the fee schedule essentially replaced the
prior payment system that was based on the physician’s charges, which also failed to
live up to expectations for operational success. Then, in 1998, the sustainable growth
rate (SGR) system was introduced. In 2009, multiple attempts were made by Congress
to repeal the formula – rather unsuccessfully. Consequently, the SGR formula continues
to hamper physician payments. The mechanism of the SGR includes 3 components
that are incorporated into a statutory formula: expenditure targets, growth rate period,
and annual adjustments of payment rates for physician services. Further, the relative
value of a physician fee schedule is based on 3 components: physician work, practice
expense (PE), and malpractice expense that are used to determine a value ranking for
each service to which it is applied. On average, the work component represents 53.5%
of a service’s relative value, the fee component represents 43.6%, and the malpractice
component represents 3.9%.
The final schedule for physician payment was issued on November 24, 2010. This was
based on a total cut of 30.8% with 24.9% of the cut attributed to SGR. However, as
usual, with patchwork efficiency, Congress passed a one-year extension of the 0%
update, effective through December 2011. Consequently, CMS issued an emergency
update of the 2011 Medicare fee schedule, with multiple revisions, resulting in a
reduction of the conversion factor of $36.8729 from December 2010 to $33.9764 for
2011.
Key words: Health policy, physician payment policy, physician fee schedule, Medicare,
sustained growth rate formula, interventional pain management, regulatory reform
Cervical Spinal Cord Stimulation with 5-Column
Paddle Lead In Raynaud’s Disease
Authors: Issa Mohammed Abdallah
Published: March 2021

Objective: To report a case of Raynaud disease and its successful treatment with
spinal cord stimulation utilizing the newly designed five-column Penta™ lead paddle.
Specific electrode design, programming characteristics, and surgical technique are also
discussed in this case.
Design: Case Report.
Setting: University pain management center.
Background: A 65-year-old man with Raynaud disease presented with neck and upper
extremity pain. The patient also had herniation and spondylosis of the lumbar spine
and intervertebral disc disease of the cervical spine. An examination revealed venous
changes, chronic ulceration, and digit discoloration in upper and lower extremities.
Method: Conservative management and pharmacological treatment were ineffective.
Sympathetic block produced significant but limited improvement. Treatment with spinal
cord stimulation was tried after a successful 7-day trial.
Results: Initial stimulation of the cervical spine with two octapolar leads at the
C2 level produced greater than 75% pain improvement. However, the patient lost
coverage shortly after discharge due to lead migration which could not be regained
with reprogramming. A revision with Penta™ lead paddles produced sustainable and
significant paresthesia coverage.
Limitations: A case report.
Conclusion: We report the successful application of spinal cord stimulation utilizing a
five-column paddle lead in an individual with severe refractory Raynaud disease.
Key words: Keywords: Spinal cord stimulation, Penta lead, five-column lead,
electrode, paresthesia, Raynaud disease, cervical pain, programming.
Attenuation of Mouse Somatic and Emotional
Inflammatory Pain by Hydralazine Through
Scavenging Acrolein and Inhibiting Neuronal
Activation
Authors: Wu Dr. Sheng-Xi
Published: March 2021

Background: Acrolein signaling is important during spinal cord injury; whether it is involved in
somatic and emotional pain is not clear. Hydralazine is a potent antihypertensive drug and can
scavenge acrolein efficiently.
Objective: We hypothesized that hydralazine decreases spinal level acrolein and renders
analgesic effects with some side effects, which was tested in the current study.
Study design: Subcutaneous (injection of formalin was used to induce somatic and emotional
pain responses. The spinal neuronal activation (FOS expression) and acrolein expression
were evaluated at 2 hours after subcutaneous formalin injection. The possible side effects of
hydralazine on the murine central nervous system or cardiovascular system were evaluated at
one hour after hydralazine injection with open field, elevated plus maze and rotarod tests, or
telemetrical measurement of mean artery blood pressure and heart rate.
Results: The subcutanous injection of formalin into the left hind paw induced significant
somatic and emotional pain responses, evaluated by the biphasic spontaneous flinch/licking
of the injected hind paw and interphase ultrasonic vocalizations during the one hour window
after formalin injection. The spinal acrolein level was significantly increased and neurons were
activated at 2 hours after formalin injection. Intraperitoneal injection of hydralazine (at 0.1,
1 or 10 mg/kg of body weight) at one hour before formalin challenging dose-dependently
attenuated the formalin induced pain responses with an analgesic 50% effect dose ranging
from 0.2 to 1 mg/kg of body weight. Furthermore, the neuronal activation and elevated acrolein
expression were dose-dependently inhibited by hydralazine pretreatment. The side effects of
intraperitoneal hydralazine on locomotion, anxiety, and motor coordination at one hour after
hydralazine administration had negative results. The main side effects of hydralazine were an
insignificant decrease of blood pressure and a significant increase of heart rates at high dose (10
mg/kg of body weight).
Limitations: This study is limited because the analgesic effect of hydralazine was tested on
only one type of acute inflammatory pain model; however, its effect on chronic inflammatory or
neuropathic pain needs to be further investigated.
Conclusions: Based on the above findings, hydralazine may find its new application of
analgesia within a safe dose window (around one mg/kg of body weight) without causing severe
side effects.
Key words: Inflammatory pain, acrolein, hydralazine, formalin test, ultrasonic vocalization,
mouse
Multivariate Prognostic Modeling of Persistent
Pain Following Lumbar Discectomy
Authors: Hegarty Dominic A.
Published: March 2021

Background: Persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP) affects between 10% and 50% of surgical
patients, the development of which is a complex and poorly understood process. To date, most
studies on PPSP have focused on specific surgical procedures where individuals do not suffer
from chronic pain before the surgical intervention. Individuals who have a chronic nerve injury
are likely to have established peripheral and central sensitization which may increase the risk of
developing PPSP. Concurrent analyses of the possible factors contributing to the development of
PPSP following lumbar discectomy have not been examined.
Objective: The aim of this study is to identify risk and protective factors that predict the course of
recovery following lumbar discectomy and to develop an easily applicable preoperative multivariate
prognostic model for the occurrence of PPSP in this patient cohort.
Study Design: A prospective study of elective lumbar discectomy with a 3 month follow-up.
Setting: University setting in Ireland
Methods: All ASA I-II patients, (n = 53, 18-65 years old), undergoing elective lumbar discectomy
at a single institute were included and followed for a 3 month period postsurgery. Preoperative
potential predictors were collected: age, gender, pain intensity (McGill score, visual analog scale
[VAS], Present Pain Intensity), degree of dysfunction (Roland-Morris Function score), psychological
status (pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression scores), health-related quality of life (SF36), quantitative sensory testing (QST), inflammatory biomarkers, and a genetic pain profile.
The proposed primary outcome was significant pain reduction (VAS > 70%) 3 months following
surgery compared to the preoperative pain intensity.
Results: A final prediction model was obtained using a multivariate logistic regression in
combination with bootstrapping techniques for internal validation. Twenty (37.7%) patients
developed PPSP. Independent predictor factors included age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.0 per year),
present pain intensity (OR = 0.6), and degree of dysfunction (OR = 1.2). The concordance index
C (.658) supports a good monotonic association (where perfect prediction is 1) and the Akaike’s
information criteria indicated a good fit of the model. Inclusion of additional measured parameters
(QST, biomarker, or genotyping) did not improve the model.
Limitations: Before this internally validated model can be integrated into clinical practice,
and used for patient counselling and quality assurance purposes, external validation studies are
necessary.
Conclusions: We demonstrated that the occurrence of PPSP can be predicted using a small set of
variables easily obtained at the preoperative visit. This a prediction rule that could further optimize
perioperative pain treatment and reduce attendant complications by allowing the preoperative
classification of surgical patients according to their risk of developing PPSP.
Key words: Persistent post surgical pain, predictive modeling, prognostic, lumbar
discectomy
Effect of Early Stellate Ganglion Blockade
for Facial Pain from Acute Herpes Zoster and
Incidence of Postherpetic Neuralgia
Authors: Amr Dr. Yasser Mohamed
Published: March 2021

Background: The incidence of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) has been reported to be 25% among
those over the age of 50 years treated with antiviral medication. The role of sympathetic block in its
prevention remains questionable.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine whether early stellate ganglion blockade for acute
herpes zoster of the face will reduce the intensity and duration of acute herpetic pain, and if the
blockade has the potential to prevent or reduce the incidence and/or severity of PHN.
Study Design: Randomized, controlled, double blind trial.
Setting: Hospital, outpatient setting.
Methods: Sixty-four patients over 50 years were assigned to receive a stellate ganglion block using
either 8 mL saline (Group 1) or 6 mL bupivacaine 0.125% and 8 mg dexamethasone in a total volume
of 8 mL (Group 2). All procedures were performed under fluoroscopy.
All patients received pregabalin in a dose of 150 mg twice daily. Acetaminophen was available as
needed. Pain assessment using the visual analog scale and amount of analgesic being taken was
measured at the initial visit (basal), weekly for 6 weeks after the procedure and after 2, 3, and
6 months. Once a patient reported mild pain during the trial, pregabalin was tapered by 75 mg
every other day; the patients who succeeded in this step were recorded in each group. The time of
complete resolution of pain and incidence of persistent postherpetic pain was reported. Each patient’s
satisfaction was evaluated.
Results: There was a significantly shorter duration of pain noticed in Group 2 (P = 0.002). A
significantly lower incidence of PHN was encountered in Group 2 after 3 months (P = 0.043) and
6 months (P = 0.035). Significantly more patient satisfaction was reported in Group 2 after 3 and 6
months. By the fourth week, 29 patients in Group 2 reported no pain. Two patients reported mild
pain after 3 months which was resolved by the sixth month. In Group 1, 22 patients reported no pain
by the sixth week and 8 patients reported moderate pain after 2 and 3 months; by the sixth month,
4 out of those 8 patients showed spontaneous remission of pain. There was a significant reduction in
the total doses of pregabalin and acetaminophen in Group 2 (P < 0.001). No serious adverse effects
were reported during the study period.
Limitations: The sample size was determined using the incidence of PHN (chronic pain) as a main
hypothesis. Meanwhile, this study determined the incidence of acute pain as well, which may lead to
bias to the results of acute pain.
Conclusion: Early stellate ganglion blockade, in combination with an antiviral agent, is a very
effective treatment modality; it dramatically decreases the intensity of acute pain and shortens its
duration and reduces the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia.
Key words: Stellate, blockade, herpes zoster, face
The Long-Term Incidence of Subsequent
Vertebral Body Fracture After Vertebral
Augmentation Therapy: A Systematic Review
and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yang Huilin
Published: March 2021

Background: Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty have recently been used to treat painful osteoporotic
compression fractures. Early clinical results have been encouraging, but very little is known about
the consequences of augmentation with cement for adjacent, unaugmented levels.
Objective: This study performed a systemic review of the studies concerning whether the
incidence of subsequent vertebral body fracture after vertebral augmentation therapy would be
increased long-term.
Study Design: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was performed comparing the
long-term incidence of subsequent vertebral body fracture between vertebral augmentation
surgeries like vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty and conventional nonsurgical management.
Setting: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases and abstracts
published in annual proceedings were systematically searched for evidence.
Methods: Relevant reports were reviewed by 2 reviewers independently and the references from
these reports were searched for additional trials, using guidelines set by QUOROM statement criteria.
Results: Pooled results from 2 randomized controlled trials showed no significant increase of the
secondary fracture rate after vertebral augmentation therapy compared with that of conventional
treatment (P = 0.07). Few large-sample randomized controlled trials were specifically performed to
investigate new fractures as an outcome of vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty.
Limitations: There were few data sources from which to extract abstracted data or published
studies. There were only 2 randomized controlled trials that met criteria.
Conclusions: Although vertebral augmentation therapies, such as vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty,
have been widely used in clinics to treat patients’ back pain caused by vertebral compression
fractures due to osteoporosis, no evidence shows that they can increase the fracture of adjacent
vertebral bodies.
Key words: Vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, subsequent vertebral fracture, systemic review, meta
analysis
Erectile Dysfunction as Rare Side Effect in
the Simultaneous Intrathecal Application of
Morphine and Clonidine
Authors: Koman Gershom
Published: March 2021

We report on the case of a 52-year-old man who presented with a history of chronic
neuropathic pain treated with intrathecal application of morphine for many years. In
spite of significant dose escalation, considerable pain relief had not been achieved.
Ziconotide had been tried but not only did it not provide pain relief, but it also
caused severe side effects in this patient. A combination of morphine and clonidine
was delivered by a programmable pump, slowly increasing the clonidine rate over
several weeks. For ease of transition and minimization of hospitalization, which was
a special concern to this patient, combining clonidine and morphine was chosen over
monotherapy with hydromorphone, with both possibilities being described as equal
alternatives in the literature. Considerable pain relief was achieved during week 2
at a clonidine dose of 0.040 mg/d, thereby decreasing the visual analog score (VAS)
from 10 to 4. Yet, after developing erectile dysfunction and relative hypotension soon
after beginning clonidine treatment, the patient decided not to continue with the
combined application of morphine and clonidine. Treatment was therefore switched
back to the former monotherapy with morphine. Thereafter, erectile dysfunction
disappeared and blood pressure returned to habitual high levels. Although common
in systemic application, erectile dysfunction caused by the intrathecal application of
clonidine has not been described yet in the literature. In this patient, this rare side
effect decisively impaired life quality, subjectively outweighing the considerable pain
relief which could be achieved after formerly inefficacious treatment. Further and
prospective investigation might be needed to estimate the connection of erectile
dysfunction to intrathecal application of clonidine.
Key words: intrathecal, erectile dysfunction, morphine, chronic pain, drug pump
Utility of Intercostal Nerve Conventional
Thermal Radiofrequency Ablations in the
Injured Worker after Blunt Trauma
Authors: Engel Andrew J.
Published: March 2021

Background: Intercostal nerve blocks offer short-term therapeutic relief and serve as a
diagnostic test for intercostal neuralgia. This original case report demonstrates the efficacy
of radiofrequency ablations for long-term pain relief of intercostal neuralgia. To date, there
have been no studies that demonstrate the efficacy of thermal conventional intercostal nerve
radiofrequency ablations for intercostal neuralgia.
Objective: Describe the use of conventional thermal radiofrequency ablations of the
intercostal nerves to treat blunt chest wall trauma.
Study Design: Case report.
Setting: Clinical practice.
Methods: Six patients suffering from work-related injuries to the chest wall whose treatment
focused on conventional thermal radiofrequency ablations of the intercostal nerves.
Results: Four of the 6 patients were pain free by their final visit. The remaining 2 patients
experienced pain relief until one began wearing a brace after an L5-S1 fusion; the other
required repeat treatment after 5.5 months.
Limitations: Case series. There was limited follow-up as patients were either discharged after
receiving potentially curative care or were lost to follow-up.
Conclusions: Following conventional thermal radiofrequency ablations of the intercostal
nerves, 5 of the 6 patients experienced either long-term pain relief or required no additional
care. The treatment has potential efficacy for injuries, including rib fractures or intercostal
neuralgia, stemming from blunt trauma to the chest wall. In addition, there may be a potential
for this treatment to help patients suffering from postthoracotomy pain.
Key Words: Radiofrequency ablation, intercostal neuralgia, rib fracture, blunt trauma,
workers’ compensation.
Conversazione illustrata in Sicilia (1953): una controversia fra Vittorini e Crocenzi
Authors: Desole Angelo Pietro
Published: March 2021

Originally published in 1941, Elio Vittorini’s Conversazione in Sicilia – probably his most important novel – was republished in 1953 with the inclusion of 169 photographs commissioned to Luigi Crocenzi three years earlier. This new publication was followed by a harsh controversy between the writer and the photographer regarding the authorship of the book. This essay recontructs the dispute – a crucial moment in the definition of Italian photographic culture – through the correspondence held in Vittorini’s and Crocenzi’s personal archives and the ensuing comments published in the media.
Doors to Safety: Exit West, Refugee Resettlement, and the Right to Asylum
Authors: Fisher Betsy
Published: March 2021

Review of Mohsin Hamid's Exit West.
Upaya Peningkatan Kualitas Belajar Melalui Sistem Pembelajaran Terpadu
Authors: Rabayanti Rabayanti , Noer Abd. Wahid , Afiah Nur
Published: March 2021

Permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah: (1) Kualitas belajar di SD Islam Terpadu Polewali Kecamatan Polewali Kabupaten Polewali Mandar. (2) Sistem pembelajaran terpadu di SD Islam Terpadu Polewali Kecamatan Polewali Kabupaten Polewali Mandar. (3) Upaya peningkatkan kualitas belajar melalui sistem pembelajaran terpadu di SD Islam Terpadu Polewali Kecamatan Polewali Kabupaten Polewali Mandar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif melalui pengumpulan data dengan mengadakan observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas belajar peserta didik cukup baik. Namun setelah diterapkannya sistem pembelajaran terpadu dengan benar, sesuai dengan langkah-langkah dan pendidik paham bagaimana cara menerapkannya maka kualitas belajar peserta didik sebagian besar meningkat dari sebelumnya baik dari segi pengetahuan, keterampilan dan sikap yang baik, dimana pembelajaran dibuat lebih bermakna, kreatif, aktif, dan inovatif serta mampu mengajak peserta didik menemukan konsep-konsep baru dan mampu mengembangkannya. Hanya saja saat ini proses pembelajaran kurang optimal tidak seperti biasanya karena kondisi Covid 19 yang mengakibatkan pembelajaran dilakukan di rumah secara daring kemudian komunikasi dua arah juga tidak berjalan dengan optimal serta penjelasan mengenai materi pembelajaran menjadi lebih singkat. Dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan penerapan sistem pembelajaran terpadu dapat meningkatkan kualitas belajar pada kelas II di SD Islam Terpadu Polewali Kecamatan Polewali Kabupaten Polewali Mandar.
Analysis of Foreign Bank Operation- Comparison of Creditor Rights and Information Sharing
Authors: Chen Qiuyi
Published: March 2021

The continued operation of foreign banks is of great concern. This article compares and analyzes the two major influencing factors of foreign bank operations- creditor rights and credit information sharing. In addition, this article also discusses whether we should pay more attention to creditor rights or credit information sharing, taking consideration of the advantageous lending technology (SME credit scoring model) of foreign banks.
Does the Modern Jury Represent a Successful Exercise in Democracy?
Authors: Wang Suyi
Published: March 2021

This essay will scrutinises the role of modern jury in promoting civic participation in governance and how it reconciles with the concept of democracy. It will argue that in theory, it is admitted that the jury regime does fit into a successful exercise in democracy. However, in practice, due to it fails to serve democracy and unfortunately represents an unsuccessful exercise in democracy.
Research on Theory and Method of Image Studies in News Reports based on Argumentation
Authors: Zhang Yin
Published: March 2021

This paper analyzes the limitations of the existing image studies based on news reports in terms of the theory and methodology, explains the types and meanings of topos analysis and Toulmin’s argumentation model. By clarifying the relationship between image construction in media and topoi as well as argumentation models, this paper develops a method for image studies in news reports based on argumentation and gives examples to illustrate the application of this method.
Education and Economy—— In the Perspective of Human Rights and Global Economy
Authors: Yin Yatian
Published: March 2021

Intersecting and interacting with each other, the phenomena of human rights and the global economy are two of the most prominent and influential features of international relations.Education, whose level is the manifestation of a state’s soft power, has been playing a significant role in the development process of a country and the whole world, hence has been attached to more and more importance, even not less compared with economy. This article focuses on the right to education, one specific perspective of human rights, discusses its positive relation with economic development and aims at promoting its better realization.
COVID-19 pandemic as an egzogenic factor of changes in business value – main world stock indexes in the first quarter of 2020
Authors: Murawska Monika
Published: March 2021

COVID-19 jest określany mianem szoku egzogenicznego, który wpłynął na funkcjonowanie gospodarek światowych. Jedną z konsekwencji pojawienia się śmiercionośnego wirusa SARS-CoV-2 była panika na rynkach kapitałowych. Zdarzenie to stało się inspiracją do podjęcia badań, których celem była ocena sytuacji na giełdach w I kwartale 2020 r. ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem okresu bessy rynkowej spowodowanej pandemią. W szczególności poszukiwano odpowiedzi na pytanie, kiedy rozpoczęła się dramatyczna wyprzedaż akcji na światowych giełdach, jak długo trwała, kiedy się zakończyła i o ile procent zmalały w tym czasie główne światowe indeksy giełdowe. Badaniom poddano historyczne notowania 44 głównych światowych indeksów giełdowych. Dla każdego z nich wyznaczono datę początkową i końcową tendencji spadkowej, a następnie obliczono wskaźniki dynamiki, obrazujące zmiany spadków indeksów w ujęciu procentowym. Analizom poddano rynek europejski, azjatycki, Ameryki Północnej i Południowej oraz australijski. W rezultacie przeprowadzonych ba-dań stwierdzono, że w ciągu około jednego miesiąca trwania paniki giełdowej indeksy straciły około jedną trzecią swojej wartości początkowej, przy czym skala spadków była większa w Europie i w Ameryce Północnej i Południowej oraz w Australii (średnie zmiany na poziomie ok. -36,-37 proc.), natomiast w Azji czas trwania bessy był mniej jednoznaczny i charakteryzował się spadkiem głównych indeksów średnio o 31 proc. W toku badań stwierdzono m.in., że spadki zanotowane w czasie Wielkiego Kryzysu oraz Kryzysu Finansowego z 2008 r. trwały nie tylko dłużej, ale były również znacznie większe w porównaniu do kryzysu z 2020 r. Wnioski z ba-dań wskazują bardzo wyraziście na cechę współczesnych rynków kapitałowych – wyceny giełdowe spółek są niestabilne, niejednoznaczne, mocno uzależnione nie tylko od ich potencjału strategicznego, ale również od zawirowań otoczenia zewnętrznego.
Current Problems of Joint Fire Support in the Polish Armed Forces
Authors: Neffe Jarosław , Rabiej Paweł , Rawłuszko Michał
Published: March 2021

Objectives

The aim of this paper is to attempt to identify the main challenges faced by the Polish Armed Forces in the area of Joint Fire Support. The publication will present Joint Terminal Attack Controller’s point of view on the problems of Joint Fire Support in the Polish Armed Forces. Due to the complexity of the problem, the authors decided to limit the scope of presentation to the most visible difficulties in specific services.

Methods

The views presented here result from empirical research based on participatory observations that were conducted during numerous national and international training operations organised in Poland and abroad and non-categorised interviews with the JTACs from the Tactical Air Control Party Central Group and the Tactical Air Control Party Training Center in Military University of Aviation in Dęblin.

Results

The publication will present Joint Terminal Attack Controller’s point of view on the problems of Joint Fire Support in the Polish Armed Forces. For linguistic purposes, the terms controller and navigator were used in this text as synonyms of the JTAC acronym.

Conclusions

Due to the complexity of the problem, the authors decided to limit the scope of presentation to the most visible difficulties in specific services. For linguistic purposes, the terms controller and navigator were used in this text as synonyms of the JTAC acronym.
MARKETING DE RELACIONAMENTO COMO FERRAMENTA E FIDELIZAÇÃO DE CLIENTES: UMA ANÁLISE DA EMPRESA VIRTUAL JOÃO E MARIA
Authors: Alves de Souza Ericlaudia , Xavier de Souza Neto Miguel , Marques de Sousa José Jefferson
Published: March 2021

Ao abrir um negócio o cliente é a primeira pessoa a se pensar, então, manter um bom relacionamento com os mesmos é fundamental importância para a organização, pois, inspira conança, interação e credibilidade em ambas as partes. As empresas perceberam a importância de um bom relacionamento com o cliente e estão investindo no marketing de relacionamento e um a um como um diferencial, resultando em vantagem competitiva. Quando a empresa introduz o marketing de relacionamento possibilita conhecer melhor seu cliente, identificando suas necessidades e desejos, através deste conhecimento pode-se planejar de forma personalizada um modelo de atendimento, para identificar características de cada cliente, atendendo assim, seus anseios. Esse relacionamento não diz respeito apenas ao contato, esse relacionamento não esta ligado de forma direta ou pessoal, mas de indicações que os clientes faz da empresa para outras pessoas, nisso resultando certamente um resultado indireto. Conclui que a utilização planejada e adequada das ferramentas oferecidas pelo marketing, direcionadas ao relacionamento mantido entre a empresa e seus clientes, permite que as organizações alcancem resultados globais mais eficientes e satisfatórios para si e para seu público-alvo.
WHAT IS THE MYTH OF OEDIPUS: TO THE QUESTION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE PLOT
Authors:   GITR Film & Television School, Pimonov V.I.
Published: March 2021

Object of the article:the myth of Oedipus. Subject of the article:the structure of the Oedipus story. Purpose of research: the analysis of the specific characteristics of the story of Oedipus which distinguish it from a traditional folklore story. Research methods:methods of the structural and semantic analysis applied. Results: The author argues that the specific nature of the story of Oedipus is characterised by the “prophetic” function of the combination of two interrelated motifs: the number motif and motif of feet. Those motifs, which are conveyed in the riddle of the Sphinx by the words “four-footed”, “two-footed” and “three-footed”, semantically connect with each other the riddle, Oedipus' fate and his name (Οἰδίπους). The riddle about a creature which changes the number of its feet corresponds to 1) Oedipus' biography (he changes the number of his feet when he becomes “three-footed” - a blind man with a staff); 2) Oedipus's name (which foreshadows the answer to the riddle - “man” (alias “two-footed”) as part of the name Οἰδίπους - δίπους means “two-footed”; 3) number symbolism related to Oedipus (“three days” after Oedipus' birth his father pierced his feet and cast him upon a hillside; Oedipus killed his father where “three roads meet”). Field of application: literary studies. Conclusion:The author argues that story of Oedipus is a result of the semantic adaptation (accommodation) of a traditional folklore story to the ancient numerological riddle about a creature with a changing number of feet by adding of the imagery connected to the number motif and motif of feet. The systematic manifestation of the number motif and of motif of feet on various levels of the structure suggests that the “telling name” of Οἰδίπους (“swollen foot” and “two-footed”) has been integrated into a traditional folklore tale in order to semantically adapt it to the ancient riddle about “feet”. The author is indebted to Svetlana Gracheva, Dan Whitman and Oleg B. Zaslavsky for stimulating discussions and helpful advice.
APOPHATIC OF A FATHERLAND IN VALERY DUDAREV’S POEM “PETUSHKI – KOKHMA, FURTHER NOWHERE”
Authors:   Moscow State University by M.V. Lomonosov, Dudareva M.A. , Koltsova N.Z.
Published: March 2021

Subject of the article: apophatic of a literary work. The article examines how the apophatic of culture, the problem of hierotopy is implemented through a literary work. Object of the article: a poem of the contemporary poet V. Dudarev “Petushki – Kokhma, Further Nowhere”, consisting of thirteen short stories. Many writers openly refer to well-known literary plots, which make their works easily recognizable. However, in modern poetry there are examples of latent organic assimilation of eternal images and plots. Undoubtedly, Dudarev refers to V. Erofeev’s poem “Moscow – Petushki”, but enters into a creative dialogue-dispute with the classic, which manifests itself at the super-textual level and is associated with the search for a fatherland, home. Research methodology: a holistic analysis of literary texts in an ontohermeneutic key with the use of a semantic research method. Results:Valery Dudarev’s poem is based on the plot of a metaphysical journey and the main character finding a small homeland, a fatherland, which is apophatic in nature, and this requires additional culturological commentary. Drawing parallels with the Russian fairy tale, turning to its otherworldly paradigm seems productive, since Russian folklore is an inexhaustible apophatic source in Russian culture.
Pilsēta Jāņa Hvoinska dzejā
Authors: Kuduma Anda
Published: March 2021

The article is dedicated to the evaluation of creative work by poet and translator Jānis Hvoinskis, and it characterises the content and artistic qualities of Hvoinskis’s poetry process. The main focus is on the representation of the phenomenon of the city as an essential and characteristic poetic chronotope segment in Hvoinskis’s poetry. The study aims to identify and assess the characteristic kinds of city concept formation and their importance in building Hvoinskis’s artistic style. The article highlights and evaluates the techniques for designing the artistic structure of the indivisible chronotope in Hvoinskis’s poetry. This view is based on the fundamental principles of phenomenology, i.e., an individual phenomenon (phainómeno) is crucial in the reflection of consciousness, inner temporality, intentionality, intersubjectivity, and lifeworld. In turn, the highlight of poetry subject’s primary condition and existential motifs is logically linked to the main ideas of existentialism in their attitude towards the reason of an individual’s existence, relationships to life and death, freedom of will and choice, determinism.
The study’s theoretical and methodological basis includes the ideas of phenomenology theoreticians (Edmund Husserl, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and others) and the theories of existentialism philosophers (Søren Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre).
Hvoinskis’s poetry allows us to speak about a city as a concept, i.e., as a universal and capacious generalising notion (which includes images, notions, symbols) from which its associative components – poetry themes, motifs, images – derive. Thus, it is possible to speak about the depth dimension of the city phenomenon. The city phenomenon in Hvoinskis’s poetry is the landscape that has been adopted as the centre of the world of the lyric subject in both poetry collections that have come out to date: “Lietus pār kanālu e” (Rain over the Channel e, 2009) and “Mūza no pilsētas N” (Muse from City N, 2019). The depth dimension in Hvoinskis’s poetry appears in the natural synthesis of mythical and real chronotope, associatively impressive and plastic imagery, expressive style kindred to surrealism poetics. The city appears as a modernism project created by the logic of industrialisation, simultaneously revealing a metaphysical dimension where symbolic images as constituents of a myth preserve the memory of wholeness of the world. The emotional atmosphere of Hvoinskis’s poetry is defined by the highly existential atmosphere – despite the harsh indifference created by the city, the sadness of existential loneliness, social distance, and aversion towards life, the poet makes the tragic and ugly strangely appealing without losing the feeling of lightness and hope. The poet’s intense intuition and imagination exhibit the congeniality with the 20th-century French modernists. Hvoinskis’s poetry muse is death, which implies life.
Hanss Magnuss Encensbergers – literāro vinješu meistars
Authors: Kastiņš Juris Andrejs
Published: March 2021

The article “Hans Magnus Enzensberger – Master of Literary Vignettes” is dedicated to the latest book of the outstanding German poet and publicist “Masters of Survival: 99 Literary Vignettes of the 20th Century”, published on the occasion of the author’s 90th anniversary. It presents 99 literary portraits in the characteristic style of Enzensberger – from critical attitude to admirable praise. The article first describes the vignette as a special genre of literature (miniature literature), its meaning, and history. Several examples from the history of German and Austrian literature are mentioned: Stefan Zweig, Robert Walser, Franz Kafka, Robert Musil. All objects in Enzensberger’s literary vignettes are “masters of survival” – they are writers and poets between the First and Second World Wars. The article qualifies the critical performance of Marko Martin, Helmut Böttiger, Christian Metz, and Alexander Cammann in evaluating Enzensberger’s work. The style of Enzensberger is also characterised. It surprises the reader by bringing the personal, subjective aspect closer to various intimate facts from the lives of writers and poets. The most significant attention is paid to the representatives of German literature – Gottfried Benn, Gerhart Hauptmann, Johannes R. Becher, and others.
Uves Telkampa romāns „Tornis” – stāsts par kādu nogrimušu valsti
Authors: Kangro Ilze
Published: March 2021

Uwe Tellkamp’s novel is “a tale from a lost country” (Tellkamp), which depicts a myriad of problems in different strata of the society (intellectuals, army, artists, teachers, and scientists) in Germany a short while before and after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Applying the terms introduced by Mikhail Bakhtin, “chronotope” and “micro-chronotope”, the author has tried to describe the complex time-space of Tellkamp’s novel “The Tower”, which reveals some of the last years before the total collapse of the German Democratic Republic. The novel presents a broad gallery of characters – there are more than a hundred characters who help to mirror different layers of the society, the feelings in them, the relations among people, and “the survival strategies”. Tellkamp’s novel allows apprehending diverse associative connection with the German literature of different time periods. The novel is a multi-layered, intertextual, and instigating literary work that abounds in many associations, allusions, and symbols; a part of them is examined in this article.
Kultūru mijiedarbe kā impulss laikmetīgā teātra attīstībai. Klaipēdas Universitātes aktierkurss Liepājas teātrī
Authors: Tišheizere Edīte
Published: March 2021

The young actors of Liepāja theatre who graduated from Klaipeda University can serve as an excellent sample of successful interaction between cultures, traditions, and schools. Having acquired acting skills both in traditions of Lithuanian theatre and in the paradigm of so-called ‘fantastic realism’ by Evgeny Vakhtangov developed in the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute, proposed by their pedagogues Vytautas and Velta Anužis, they can perform as actors of psychological theatre as well as postdramatic theatre performers. Evidence of this is the international success of their work in Konstantin Bogomolov’s post-dramatic chronotopic experiments “Stavanger (Pulp People)” and “My Blaster is Discharged”, and Sergey Zemlyansky’s non-verbal searches for psychological plasticity in Rainis’s tragedy “Indulis and Ārija”, and Nikolay Gogol’s comedy “The Wedding”.
Horeogrāfija vai scenogrāfija? Dejotāju koris Latvijas Nacionālā teātra iestudējumā „Pūt, vējiņi!”
Authors: Jonīte Dita
Published: March 2021

The close collaboration of the creative team is an important feature of contemporary theatre, not only in experimental but also in more traditional repertory theatres. Often, it is almost impossible to detect the personal contribution of each individual co-creator while analysing different elements of a production, as they are entwined and created new hybrid forms. Therefore, it is a research challenge to see and define new, unprecedented phenomena in the current artistic landscape. Many original solutions can be identified in the staging of Rainis’s play “Blow, the Wind!” (2018, the Latvian National theatre, director Elmārs Seņkovs). The paper analyses a layer of this production created by contemporary dance choreographer Agate Bankava and stage folk dance choreographer Jānis Purviņš. They have contributed to the idea of scenographer Monika Pormale to create a chorus consisting of 150 dancers and filling the entire stage box of the Latvian National Theatre. The chorus forms an essential part of space and performance. In the context of the production, this allows talking about the so-called living scenography when spectators, watching the particular actions of the chorus, can associate these with, for example, the wind or sunlit Daugava, and cannot distinguish whether it is choreography or scenography. The main conclusion of the paper: the production “Blow, the Wind!” is a result of artistic synergy when artists work, complementing each other, and not strictly distinguishing their professional specialisation and responsibility.
Leonīds Vīgners – komponists
Authors: Žune Inese
Published: March 2021

The aim of the article is to highlight the creative work of the outstanding 20th- century Latvian conductor and pedagogue Leonīds Vīgners in the field of composition. The facts are based on the materials of Leonīds Vīgners’s archives found in the Museum of Literature and Music, which allows tracing the entire, versatile activities of the musician. Leonīds’s understanding of music, much like that of his sisters Beatrise, Meta, and prematurely deceased brother Vitālis, developed early in childhood, when they became the examples of the success of the new practical method of absolute musical hearing championed by their father Vīgneru Ernests. Later, the talented musician received a comprehensive musical education at the Latvian Conservatory. In addition to conducting the orchestra, playing the organ and percussion instruments, he also graduated from the composition class of Jāzeps Vītols. In the 1920s and 1930s, Leonīds Vīgners composed a range of instrumental works, from simple minuets to an extensive form of a piano sonata. In total, the museum’s collection contains 16 manuscripts of his instrumental works. The largest part of Leonīds Vīgners’s work consists of his solo and choir songs composed or reworked in different periods of time. He has mentioned that he has composed about 80 solo and 300 choir songs, but some of them perished during the war. Examining the manuscripts of Leonīds Vīgners’s songs, as well as many drafts that have been included in the collection of the Museum of Literature and Music, it can be concluded that he attached great importance to the words that evoked his musical ideas. Leonīds Vīgners always remained himself, with his own views on music and Latvian nationalism. However, behind his seemingly harsh exterior, there was a sensitive and fragile soul, which is truly revealed in his compositions with the plastic, bittersweet sense of melody characteristic to the Romantics and at times the impressionistic freshness and subtlety of his harmonies.
MEDIEVAL INTELLECTION AMONG MODERN MONGOLS
Authors:   The Ulan Bator branch of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Terentyev V. I. , Sysun I. S. ,   The Ulan Bator branch of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
Published: March 2021

The seemingly distinctive and original sided observer bizarre interleaving in Mongolia elements of the nomadic culture and the results of modern aggressive westernization is the true sociocultural specificity of the country. It boils down to the sustained turning of the Mongols, as individuals and as a nation, to the medieval era of its history associated with the classical period of the Empire's existence. Such an appeal occurs throughout the diversity of social, cultural, political and economic practices of the population. As an explanatory model of what is happening, the concept of medieval intellection as one of the characteristics of the national identity is proposed.
THE ROLE OF INTERACTION BETWEEN PRESCHOOL AGE TWINS’ IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR SELF-AWARENESS
Authors:   Altai State University, Kuzmina A. S. , Prisendorf E. S. ,   Altai State University
Published: March 2021

The article reveals the role of intra-pair behavior of twins in the development of their self-awareness in preschool age. The twin personality is understood as a special social developmental situation that determines the formation of twins. This situation is associated with the emergence of special intra-pair interactions that determine the development of self-awareness of preschoolers. In pairs of di- and monozygotic twins, a different nature of intra-pair interaction is possible; it is interconnected with the development of self-awareness of preschoolers. Dizygotic twins are more competitive, and monozygotic twins are more cooperative.