bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Find subtrees of specified weight and cycles of specified length in linear time
Authors: Lo On‐Hei Solomon
Published: July 2021

We apply the Euler tour technique to find subtrees of specified weight as follows. Let such that and , where . Let be a tree of vertices and let be vertex weights such that and for all . We prove that a subtree of of weight exists and can be found in linear time. We apply it to show, among others, the following:

Every planar hamiltonian graph with minimum degree has a cycle of length for every with .

Every 3‐connected planar hamiltonian graph with and even has a cycle of length or .

Each of these cycles can be found in linear time if a Hamilton cycle of the graph is given. This study was partially motivated by conjectures of Bondy and Malkevitch on cycle spectra of 4‐connected planar graphs.
Chromatic λ‐choosable and λ‐paintable graphs
Authors: Zhu Jialu , Zhu Xuding
Published: July 2021

Let be the minimum number of vertices in a non‐‐choosable ‐chromatic graph. The Ohba conjecture, confirmed by Noel, Reed and Wu, asserts that . This bound is tight if is even. If is odd, then it is known that and it is conjectured by Noel that . For a multiset of positive integers, let . For positive integer , let be the multiplicity of in , and let be the number of elements in that are odd integers. A ‐list assignment of is a list assignment such that the colour set can be partitioned into the disjoint union of sets so that for each and each vertex of , . We say is ‐choosable if is ‐colourable for any ‐list assignment of . We say is trivial if consists of copies of 1. It is easy to see that if is trivial, then ‐choosable is equivalent to ‐colourable. For any nontrivial , let be the minimum number of vertices in a non‐‐choosable ‐chromatic graph. We prove that for any nontrivial , . In particular, if , that is, contains no odd integer greater than 1, then . We also prove that . In particular, if , then . We then introduce the concept of ‐paintability of graphs, which is an online version of ‐choosability. Let be the minimum number of vertices in a non‐‐paintable ‐chromatic graph. We determine the value of when each integer in is at most 2.
Statistical downscaling of daily precipitation over southeastern South America: Assessing the performance in extreme events
Authors: Olmo Matías Ezequiel , Bettolli María Laura
Published: July 2021

The performance of multiple empirical statistical downscaling (ESD) methods was assessed for simulating daily precipitation during 1979–2017 over southeastern South America (SESA), a region where extremes are remarkable. Meteorological stations were used as reference and three gridded precipitation products were included to account for observational uncertainty. The set of ESD models involved different configurations of the analogue method (ANs), deterministic and stochastic versions of neural networks (NNs) and generalized linear models (GLMs) and circulation‐conditioned GLMs (GLM_WTs). The years with the largest number of extreme events (wet years) were calibrated separately. The spatio‐temporal variability of extremes was assessed by analysing their intensity, spatial extent, frequency and interannual variability. An overall good performance of the ESD models was found for several aspects of daily precipitation. ESD performance dispersion was usually contained in the observational spread. No particular model configuration was found to perform best in all aspects, indicating the advantage of considering a multi‐model ensemble. The ANs tended to follow the stations, satisfactorily simulating daily precipitation and its extremes. The deterministic GLMs strongly underestimated precipitation estimates and were not able to represent extreme frequencies and intensities, but this was alleviated by employing a stochastic version of the method. Furthermore, the use of weather types to condition the GLMs (GLM_WTs) considerably improved model performance, particularly for the annual cycle and the spatial structure of extreme precipitation. The NNs adequately reproduced the spatial behaviour and intra‐annual variability of extreme precipitation, although they underestimated its intensity in their deterministic version. An analysis of the regional time series of extremes showed consistency among datasets and evidenced the influence of the ENSO teleconnection on the wet years, which were commonly well‐simulated by the statistical models. ESD models presented good skills in simulating a wetter climate over SESA, which is of particular importance in a climate change scenario.
Regional differences in hourly rainfall characteristics over the southeastern extension of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xie Yifan , Yuan Weihua , Yu Lu , Hu Xuelin
Published: July 2021

The southeastern extension of the Tibetan Plateau (SETP) is distributed by the typical longitudinal mountains and has unique climate characteristics and significant regional differences. The diurnal cycles of rainfall amount, frequency, and intensity over the SETP in the warm seasons (May–September) were investigated using high‐density hourly station rainfall data and the possible mechanisms were discussed by analysing the ERA5 reanalysis and satellite data. The largest amounts of rainfall appeared on the southern and western margins of the SETP, and the rainfall amount was relatively small at the higher elevations of the SETP. Located at the southern margins of the SETP, the adjacent western (Reg_W) and eastern (Reg_E) regions presented a similar rainfall amount, frequency, and intensity, but the diurnal features of the two regions were quite different. The rainfall amount, frequency, and intensity had dominant peaks in the late afternoon in Reg_W, while in the early morning in Reg_E. A secondary peak in the early morning can be found in Reg_W. The diurnal features of the two regions were closely related with the low‐level atmospheric conditions and the distribution of clouds. The enhanced convergence of the anomalous southerly winds and sufficient water vapour after midnight contributed to the nocturnal rainfall at the southern edge of the SETP. In the afternoon, the lower surface air temperature and more stable stratification in Reg_E, as compared with Reg_W, were relatively unfavourable for the occurrence of afternoon convection.
Assessing Raters: What Factors Predict Discernment in Novice Creativity Raters?
Authors: Ceh Simon Majed , Edelmann Carina , Hofer Gabriela , Benedek Mathias
Published: July 2021

Creativity research crucially relies on creativity evaluations by external raters, but it is not clear what properties characterize good raters. In the present study, we investigated whether rater personality and rater creativity are related to discernment (i.e., the ability to distinguish creative from uncreative responses) when evaluating others’ responses. To this end, 166 novice raters evaluated a pre‐selected set of responses from the alternate uses task for creativity. We further assessed the rater’s creativity and personality and explored the role of task factors such as rating motivation and rating time. We found that creativity in terms of creative potential and creative achievement independently predicted rater discernment. At the level of personality, openness to experience was related to higher discernment, but not any other Big‐Five factors or dark triad traits. Rater discernment also increased with rating time, rating motivation, and rater leniency (i.e., the tendency to appreciate creative responses). Finally, we seized the large rater sample to estimate to what extent inter‐rater reliability depends on rater number and how dependable ratings are across the rating scale. Together, these findings highlight relevant factors at person, task, and method level predicting individual discernment, which should be considered to ensure good inter‐rater reliability in creativity ratings.
Development of machine learning algorithms to predict achievement of minimal clinically important difference for the KOOS‐PS following total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Katakam Akhil , Karhade Aditya V. , Collins Austin , Shin David , Bragdon Charles , Chen Antonia F. , Melnic Christopher M. , Schwab Joseph H. , Bedair Hany S.
Published: July 2021

As cost‐effective measures become increasingly implemented in the US healthcare system, changes in patient‐reported outcome measure (PROM) scores can be utilized to indicate patient satisfaction following procedures including total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The primary aim of this study was to develop and evaluate machine learning algorithms to predict achievement of the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score‐Physical Function Short Form (KOOS‐PS) at 1‐year following TKA. A retrospective review of primary TKA patients between 2016 and 2018 was performed. Variables considered for prediction included demographics and preoperative PROMs. The KOOS‐PS MCID was calculated via a distribution‐based method. Five machine learning algorithms were developed and tested by discrimination, calibration, Brier score, and decision curve analysis. Among the 744 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 385 (72.8%) patients achieved the MCID. The elastic‐net penalized logistic regression model was selected as the best performing model (c‐statistic 0.77, calibration intercept −0.02, calibration slope 1.15, and Brier score 0.14). The most important variables for MCID achievement were preoperative KOOS‐PS score, preoperative VAS Pain, preoperative opioid use, preoperative PROMIS global mental health score, age, and sex. Algorithms were incorporated into an open‐access digital application available at https://sorg-apps.shinyapps.io/tka_koos_mcid/. This study is the first to predict the probability of achieving the KOOS‐PS MCID following TKA using a machine learning‐based approach. The results were used to develop a clinical decision aid based on commonly collected predictive variables to preoperatively predict an individual patient's likelihood of attaining an acceptable outcome following TKA.
Exudative glutamine losses contribute to high needs after burn injury
Authors: Berger Mette M. , Binz Pierre‐Alain , Roux Clothilde , Charrière Mélanie , Scaletta Corinne , Raffoul Wassim , Applegate Lee Ann , Pantet Olivier
Published: July 2021

Background

Burnpatients characteristically have increased energy, glucose, and protein requirements. Glutamine supplementation is strongly recommended during early‐phase treatment and is associated with improved immunity, wound healing, and reduced mortality. This study evaluated if early burn exudative losses might contribute to higher supplementation needs.

Methods

Patients admitted to the burn intensive care unit (ICU) had exudate collection from tight bandages applied to arms or legs during the first week (exudate aliquot twice daily). Seven amino acids (alanine, arginine, cystEine, glutamine, leucine, lysine, and methionine) were quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Descriptive analysis of all results is provided as median and interquartile range or in value ranges.

Results

Eleven patients aged 19–77 years, presenting with burns on 18%–70% of the body surface, with a median simplified acute physiology score II of 33 (range, 16–56) were included during the study period. The highest amino acid losses were observed during the first 3 days with an important interpatient and intrapatient variability. Glutamine and alanine losses were highest, followed by leucine and lysine in all patients; amino acid exudate concentrations were in the range of normal plasma concentrations and were stable over time. Total glutamine losses were correlated to the burned surface (r2 = 0.552, P = .012), but not to enteral glutamine supplements.

Conclusions

The study shows significant exudative losses during early‐stage burn recovery and particularly for glutamine and alanine. Glutamine loss generally decreased with wound closure, the subsequent decline of exudation, and the evolving size of burn surfaces.
Comparison of comprehensive complication index and Clavien–Dindo classification in patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma
Authors: Tirotta Fabio , Parente Alessandro , Richardson Thomas , Almonib Ahmed , Evenden Caroline , Max Almond L. , Desai Anant , Hodson James , Ford Samuel J.
Published: July 2021

Background

Our study aimed to compare the comprehensive complication index (CCI) to the conventional Clavien–Dindo classification (CDC) in patients undergoing surgery for primary retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS).

Methods

Data were collected for patients who underwent surgery from 2008 to 2019 at a tertiary institution. The length of hospital stay (LOS) was used as a surrogate marker for clinical outcomes, and associations with CDC and CCI were assessed.

Results

Data were available for 191 patients, with the highest CDC Grade of I, II, III, and IV in 18.3%, 41.9%, 17.8%, and 4.2%, respectively; the 30‐day postoperative mortality (CDC Grade V) was 1.6% (N = 3). Whilst both classification systems were significantly correlated with LOS, this association was significantly stronger for CCI (Spearman's ρ: 0.768 vs. 0.648, p < 0.001). Increasing Charlson Comorbidity Index, tumor size, and organ weighted resection scores were independently associated with longer LOS. However, the association between LOS and both the CDC and CCI remained significant, even after adjusting for these factors (both p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The CCI is more strongly associated with LOS than the CDC, and represents a useful tool to quantify the total burden of postoperative complications after surgery for RPS.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Detection in Post‐hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus With Novel Microvascular Imaging Modality
Authors: Hwang Misun , Tierradentro‐García Luis Octavio , Kozak Brandi L. , Darge Kassa
Published: July 2021

Cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics serve as an important biomarker to guide medical and/or surgical intervention of hydrocephalus in infants. Imaging of cerebrospinal fluid flow can be assessed with magnetic resonance imaging, but routine evaluation is limited by practical challenges. We show for the first time that cerebrospinal fluid flow can be depicted using brain ultrasound by implementing highly sensitive ultrasound‐based microvascular imaging technology (B‐flow). This novel application could potentially expand the use of this technology beyond its current application in depiction of vascular flow pathologies in newborns.
A new electivity index for diet studies that use count data
Authors: Kimmerer Wim J. , Slaughter Anne M.
Published: July 2021

Electivity indices summarize the results of field‐based feeding studies by comparing the relative abundance of a potential prey item with its relative prevalence in the diet of a predator. We developed a new electivity index based on odds ratios calculated from counts of individual prey taxa in ambient samples and in the gut of a predator. Many indices of electivity have been developed, though the literature lacks consensus on which is the best. Why use our index instead of one of these? Most of the extant indices lack the means for assessing uncertainty, treat proportions determined from count data as fixed rather than estimates, and ignore the skewness inherent in binomial data. The new index is calculated by Bayesian estimation from the binomial distributions of proportions in ambient samples and gut contents, providing full likelihoods of the index and its components. Indices from groups of predators can be aggregated without bias using the log odds ratio. Using simulated data, we show how the credible intervals of the index shrink with increasing numbers of total ambient and consumed prey and become increasingly asymmetrical as the index approaches its limits (0 and 1). Applying the method to diet data for an endangered planktivorous fish, we show how aggregating among fish and among samples was necessary to overcome the limitations imposed by low counts and high variability among individual fish. The indices for the smallest of five prey taxa varied inversely with total prey abundance, consistent with optimal foraging theory.
Cardiopulmonary assessment of patients diagnosed with Gaucher’s disease type I
Authors: Bjelobrk Marija , Lakocevic Milan , Damjanovic Svetozar , Petakov Milan , Petrovic Milan , Bosnic Zoran , Arena Ross , Popovic Dejana
Published: July 2021

Background

Understanding the basis of the phenotypic variation in Gaucher's disease (GD) has proven to be challenging for efficient treatment. The current study examined cardiopulmonary characteristics of patients with GD type 1.

Methods

Twenty Caucasian subjects (8/20 female) with diagnosed GD type I (GD‐S) and 20 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (C), were assessed (mean age GD‐S: 32.6 ± 13.1 vs. C: 36.2 ± 10.6, p > .05) before the initiation of treatment. Standard echocardiography at rest was used to assess left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) was performed on a recumbent ergometer using a ramp protocol.

Results

LVEF was similar in both groups (GD‐S: 65.1 ± 5.2% vs. C: 65.2 ± 5.2%, p > .05), as well as PAPS (24.1 ± 4.2 mmHg vs. C: 25.5 ± 1.3 mmHg, p > .05). GD‐S had lower weight (p < .05) and worse CPET responses compared to C, including peak values of heart rate, oxygen consumption, carbondioxide production (VCO2), end‐tidal pressure of CO2, and O2 pulse, as well as HR reserve after 3 min of recovery and the minute ventilation/VCO2 slope.

Conclusions

Patients with GD type I have an abnormal CPET response compared to healthy controls likely due to the complex pathophysiologic process in GD that impacts multiple systems integral to the physiologic response to exercise.
Free double‐paddle posterior tibial artery perforator flap for hypopharynx reconstruction: A case report and literature review
Authors: Fritz Caroline , Meroni Matteo , Fritsche Elmar , Rajan Gunesh , Scaglioni Mario F.
Published: July 2021

Microsurgical free tissue transfer is nowadays considered to be one of the main options for head and neck reconstruction. The free posterior tibial artery perforator (PTAP) flap is a well‐known reconstructive technique for local defect coverage in the distal leg, and only recently has been employed for head and neck reconstructions. Being a very thin and pliable flap, with low donor site morbidity and constant anatomy, the PTA perforator‐based flap could be a great alternative to the more commonly‐employed radial forearm free flap (RFFF). The present case report shows a complex head and neck defect coverage by means of a free double‐paddle PTA flap, with a concise literature review of previous PTA flap descriptions in this setting. A 59‐year‐old male patient presented with a hypopharynx leakage after radiotherapy due to hypopharynx carcinoma. Since the patient had an occluded ulnar artery on the left side and an arterial line in the radial artery on the right side, both a RFFF and an ulnar artery perforator (UAP) flap were contraindicated. Moreover, two different cutaneous flaps were needed to reconstruct a 6 × 8 cm2 defect, one for the reconstruction of the hypopharynx and one for the resurfacing of the neck, since previous surgeries and radiotherapy led to severe fibrosis of the neck. The patient had a BMI of 25.4 kg/m2, which led us to exclude the anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap because of its thickness. For the forementioned reasons, an unconventional double‐paddle PTAP flap based on two perforator vessels was chosen. Based on two perforators, two skin islands were harvested, building a double‐paddle PTA perforator‐based flap. The proximal skin island was 6 × 7 cm2 and the distal one was 6 × 4 cm2. The larger skin flap was set at the leakage of the hypopharynx. The smaller skin island was used to monitor the survival of the whole flap and for resurfacing the outer side of the neck. The postoperative course was uneventful and at 3 months follow up the reconstructive result was good with no functional drawback. In view of the obtained result, we can consider that the PTA flap might be a reliable alternative to the much widely used RFFF, with a minor donor site morbidity, for delicate head and neck reconstructions.
Consensus Development Project (CDP): An overview of staffing for safe and effective nursing care
Authors: Ball Jane E. , Griffiths Peter
Published: July 2021

We present an overview of the research evidence on nurse staffing levels in acute hospitals, and how it has been applied to policy and practice, focussing primarily on the UK. Drawing on research reviews and examples of specific studies, we outline the current state of knowledge. Much of the evidence comes from cross‐sectional studies. More recently, longitudinal studies allow a causal link between staffing and outcomes to be inferred. Lack of specificity on staffing levels has hindered application of research findings to practice; research rarely specifies how many nurses are needed for safe and effective care. The most significant impediment to achieving safe staffing has been an underestimation of the number of RNs needed and overestimation of the potential for substitution, resulting in low baseline staffing and a national shortage of RNs. Repeatedly, new staffing solutions are sought rather than tackle the problem of too few RNs head‐on.
COVID‐19 and nursing research across five countries/regions: Commonalities and recommendations
Authors: Im Eun‐Ok , Sakashita Reiko , Oh Eui Geum , Tsai Hsiu‐Min , Chen Ching‐Min , Lin Chia‐Chin , McCauley Linda
Published: July 2021

With the recent impact by the COVID‐19 pandemic, nursing research has gone through unexpected changes across the globe. The purpose of this special report is to present the commonalities in the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on nursing research across four countries, including the United States, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, and one region, that is, Hong Kong, and to make recommendations for future nursing research during the immediate postpandemic period and future pandemic situations. To identify the commonalities, seven researchers/leaders from the five countries/regions had discussions through 3 days of an international workshop. The content for this discussion paper derived from: (a) the exemplars/cases of the COVID‐19 impact on the research process, (b) researchers/leaders' presentations on the COVID‐19 impact, and (c) memos from the workshop. The materials were analyzed using a simple content analysis. The commonalities included: (a) “a heavy emphasis on teaching and fluctuating productivity,” (b) “increased funding opportunities and governmental support,” (c) “gendered experience complicated by professional differences,” (d) “delays and changes/modifications in research process,” (e) “limited research settings and difficulties in getting access,” and (f) “increased online dissemination activities with positive changes in the image of nursing.” With all collective wisdom that nurse researchers have obtained during the COVID‐19 pandemic, nursing research will evolve again for the successful future of the nursing discipline.
Critical prerequisites for Covid‐19 vaccine acceleration: A developing economy perspective
Authors: Hinson Robert E. , Hein Wolfgang , Tettey Louis N. , Nartey Betty A. , Harant Anne , Struck Nicole S. , Fobil Julius N.
Published: July 2021

This study aims to explore the critical prerequisites for accelerating the distribution of the COVID‐19 vaccine in developing countries by using Ghana as a case study. A qualitative study method and content analysis approach was used. In‐depth interviews were conducted with health experts from the Ghana Health Service, World Health Organization (WHO), AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Medtronic Inc. in Ghana. Our analysis of data revealed that new structures, committees, advisory bodies and lines of communication in government evolved during this pandemic and are underlying the current strategy development and decision‐making on COVID‐19 vaccines. The interviews gave insights into six major factors that will aid COVID‐19 vaccine acceleration in Ghana. These factors are: (1) Access to vaccines through delivery, (2) national manufacturing of vaccines, (3) choosing the best vaccine candidates, (4) financial resources, (5) transparency, and (6) vaccine roll‐out and administration. These results could guide policymakers and other relevant stakeholders in prioritizing activities that will aid COVID‐19 vaccine acceleration in Ghana and other lower‐middle‐income countries, tailored to their specific context. As a recommendation, the Ghanaian government should embrace a multisectoral synergy approach to fight the disease. The study also provides insights into how vaccine adoption can be accelerated in the case of future pandemics.
Applications of GO/OA‐POSS Layer‐by‐Layer self‐assembly nanocoating on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of flexible polyurethane foam
Authors: Jia Pengfei , Cheng Wenhua , Lu Jingyi , Yin Zhenting , Xu Zhoumei , Cheng Liang , Qiu Yong , Qian Lijun , Hu Yuan , Hu Weizhao , Wang Bibo
Published: July 2021

Flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) is extremely flammable and will release a large number of toxic fumes during the combustion process, which brings great safety hazards. Therefore, a binary hybrid nanocoating composed of graphene oxide (GO) and octaamino polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OA‐POSS) is deposited on the surface of FPUF through layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly technology, with the aim of enhance the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of the hybrid FPUF. Compared with pure FPUF, the peak heat release rate, the total heat release, the peak smoke production rate and the total smoke release of FPUF@GO/OA‐POSS‐6 is decreased by 67.3%, 28.3%, 65.03% and 42.9%, indicating the hybrid FPUF excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties. Compared with pure FPUF, the tensile strength of FPUF@GO/OA‐POSS‐6 is increased by 42%, and after three times of compression, the compressive strength increases by 83.17% on average. Facts have proved that the hybrid effect between GO and OA‐POSS enhances the flame retardancy, smoke suppressive effects, tensile strength and compressive strength of FPUF.
A novel method for determining relative response factors using high‐performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector and evaporative light scattering detection
Authors: Zhu Li , Zhao Yu , Hu Changqin , Xu Mingzhe , Yin Lihui
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Because the purity of the two impurities reference standard (RS) of cefathiamidine is not easy to obtain, HPLC‐PDA‐ELSD were used to determin the RRFs of cefathiamidine impurities.

Methods

Peak area correction was applied to calculate RRFs to eliminate the influence of different responses caused by the difference in pH between the two mobile phases of HPLC‐PDA and HPLC‐PDA‐ELSD. The resulting RRF values have been verified by qNMR.

Conclusion

The new calcution method described in this article provides a reliable research idea for determintion the RRFs by HPLC‐PDA‐ELSD, especially when the purity of RS is unknown and the mobile phase of HPLC‐PDA and HPLC‐PDA‐ELSD have difference. This method can be mutually verified with qNMR to ensure the accuracy of RRFs. It is also promingsing replace determination RRF by qNMR becausing economical, simple and low cost.
Current noise of a protein‐selective biological nanopore
Authors: Sun Jiaxin , Thakur Avinash Kumar , Movileanu Liviu
Published: July 2021

1/f current noise is ubiquitous in protein pores, porins, and channels. We have previously shown that a protein‐selective biological nanopore with an external protein receptor can function as a 1/f noise generator when a high‐affinity protein ligand is reversibly captured by the receptor. Here, we demonstrate that the binding affinity and concentration of the ligand are key determinants for the nature of current noise. For example, 1/f was absent when a protein ligand was reversibly captured at a much lower concentration than its equilibrium dissociation constant against the receptor. Furthermore, we also analyzed the composite current noise that resulted from mixtures of low‐affinity and high‐affinity ligands against the same receptor. This study highlights the significance of protein recognition events in the current noise fluctuations across biological membranes.
Selective HLA restriction enables the evaluation and interpretation of immunogenic breadth at comparable levels to that observed with broader HLA distribution
Authors: Hare Jonathan , Fiore‐Gartland Andrew , McGowan Edward , Hunter Eric , Gilmour Jill , Nielsen Morten
Published: July 2021

Existing approaches to identifying predictive T‐cell epitopes have traditionally utilized either 2‐digit HLA super‐families or more commonly utilizing autologous HLA alleles to facilitate the predictions. However, the use of these criteria may not consider the HLA representation within any target population. Here we propose a modification to concept of utilizing autologous HLA whereby subsets of individuals are selected for their specific HLA allele profiles and the representation they provide within a given population. Using this selective approach to HLA selection and the linkages to specific individuals may enable the design of more targeted experimentalstrategies.
The impact of fluazaindolizine on free‐living nematodes and the nematode community structure in a root‐knot nematode infested vegetable production system
Authors: Talavera Miguel , Thoden Tim C , Vela‐Delgado María D , Verdejo‐Lucas Soledad , Sánchez‐Moreno Sara
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Fluazaindolizine is a novel sulfonamide nematicide that is currently under commercialization in various countries. Four trials (two in tomato, two in zucchini) were carried out over two growing seasons in a root‐knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne incognita)‐infested plastic house to test the effects of a single application of fluazaindolizine at 1000 and 2000 g ha–1, on RKN, the resident nematode community and to estimate any side effects on the soil food web and soil ecological functions. The composition of the nematode community was evaluated at three sampling times, pre‐treatment (before soil preparation), at planting (after nematicide application) and at harvest. Nematode abundance and nematode‐based ecological indices, such as maturity indices, soil food web indices (Structure, Basal, Enrichment index) and metabolic footprints were calculated and compared between the untreated and nematicide treatments at various sampling times.

RESULTS

In both crops the test rates of fluazaindolizine significantly reduced both the soil numbers of RKN as well as the observed root galling at harvest. Fluazaindolizine treatments showed a low impact on the numbers of other plant‐parasitic nematodes, and at harvest the numbers of some ectoparasites as Telotylenchus even showed higher values within the nematicide‐treated plots than in the untreated control. Overall, fluazaindolizine treatments neither decreased the bacterivorous, fungivorous or omnivorous nematode densities, nor reduced the maturity and soil food web indices. However, we observed some slight reductions in the structure index as well as increases in the basal index that might indicate some adverse impact on soil functions resulting from the nematicide application. Still those impacts were considered small compared to the impact of the soil preparation.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, fluazaindolizine showed a good level of selectivity towards RKN and therefore could become a useful tool within integrated nematode management approaches that also complements soil health and maintaining diversity in soil.
Bone‐a‐Petite: Engineering Exosomes towards Bone, Osteochondral, and Cartilage Repair
Authors: Bei Ho Pan , Hung Pak Ming , Yeung Hau Lam , Wang Shuqi , Zhao Xin
Published: July 2021

Recovery from bone, osteochondral, and cartilage injuries/diseases has been burdensome owing to the damaged vasculature of large defects and/or avascular nature of cartilage leading to a lack of nutrients and supplying cells. However, traditional means of treatment such as microfractures and cell‐based therapy only display limited efficacy due to the inability to ensure cell survival and potential aggravation of surrounding tissues. Exosomes have recently emerged as a powerful tool for this tissue repair with its complex content of transcription factors, proteins, and targeting ligands, as well as its unique ability to home in on target cells thanks to its phospholipidic nature. They are engineered to serve specialized applications including enhancing repair, anti‐inflammation, regulating homeostasis, etc. via means of physical, chemical, and biological modulations in its deriving cell culture environments. This review focuses on the engineering means to functionalize exosomes for bone, osteochondral, and cartilage regeneration, with an emphasis on conditions such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and osteonecrosis. Finally, future implications for exosome development will be given alongside its potential combination with other strategies to improve its therapeutic efficacy in the osteochondral niche.
Recent Advances in Modification Approaches, Health Benefits, and Food Applications of Resistant Starch
Authors: Zhang Zhongwei , Bao Jinsong
Published: July 2021

Resistant starch (RS) is a non‐digestible carbohydrate that has numerous biological benefits. However, the amounts of RS are limited in most native cereal starches, thus developing RS‐fortified starch sources and food products is necessary. This review summarizes the effectiveness of RS improvement by chemical, enzymatic, and physical modification approaches in starches from various origins. The functions of RS in regulating the metabolisms and the influences of RS on the nutritional and textural properties of various foods are also elucidated. After modification, the molecular structures are altered and the starch granules became more resistant to enzymatic digestion. However, the comparison of the RS contents between raw and cooked starch is absent in many studies. In addition, RS plays an essential role in attenuating postprandial glycemia, inhibiting glucose and lipid synthesis and promoting glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and lipid degradation, which are controlled by the enriched diversity and abundance of the beneficial microbiota in the colon, together with more short‐chain fatty acids. The incorporation of RS in food products significantly increases nutritional value without unacceptable quality loss, which provides a new direction for manufacturing functional foods.
Shaping the biology of citrus: I. Genomic determinants of evolution
Authors: Gonzalez‐Ibeas Daniel , Ibanez Victoria , Perez‐Roman Estela , Borredá Carles , Terol Javier , Talon Manuel
Published: July 2021

We performed genomic analyses on wild species of the genus Citrus to identify major determinants of evolution. The most notable effect occurred on the pathogen‐defense genes, as observed in many other plant genera. The gene space was also characterized by changes in gene families intimately related to relevant biochemical properties of citrus fruit, such as pectin modifying enzymes, HDR (4‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbut‐2‐enyl diphosphate reductase) genes, and O‐methyltransferases. Citrus fruits are highly abundant on pectins and secondary metabolites such as terpenoids and flavonoids, the targets of these families. Other gene types under positive selection, expanded through tandem duplications and retained as triplets from whole genome duplications, codified for purple acid phosphatases and MATE‐efflux proteins. Although speciation has not been especially rapid in the genus, analyses of selective pressure at the codon level revealed that the extant species evolved from the ancestral citrus radiation show signatures of pervasive adaptive evolution and is therefore potentially responsible for the vast phenotypic differences observed among current species.
Counting the cost of COVID‐19
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: July 2021

In this editorial, Professor Roger Kirby, Editor‐in‐Chief for Trends in Urology and Men's Health, reflects on the impact of the UK's strategy to the current COVID‐19 pandemic.
Isospin-1/2 Dπ scattering and the lightest $$ {D}_0^{\ast } $$ resonance from lattice QCD
Authors: Gayer Luke , Lang Nicolas , Ryan Sinéad M. , Tims David , Thomas Christopher E. , Wilson David J. ,   on behalf of the Hadron Spectrum collaboration
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Isospin-1/2 Dπ scattering amplitudes are computed using lattice QCD, working in a single volume of approximately (3.6 fm)3 and with a light quark mass corresponding to mπ ≈ 239 MeV. The spectrum of the elastic Dπ energy region is computed yielding 20 energy levels. Using the Lüscher finite-volume quantisation condition, these energies are translated into constraints on the infinite-volume scattering amplitudes and hence enable us to map out the energy dependence of elastic Dπ scattering. By analytically continuing a range of scattering amplitudes, a $$ {D}_0^{\ast } $$

D
0
∗

resonance pole is consistently found strongly coupled to the S-wave Dπ channel, with a mass m ≈ 2200 MeV and a width Γ ≈ 400 MeV. Combined with earlier work investigating the $$ {D}_{s0}^{\ast } $$

D

s
0

∗

, and $$ {D}_0^{\ast } $$

D
0
∗

with heavier light quarks, similar couplings between each of these scalar states and their relevant meson-meson scattering channels are determined. The mass of the $$ {D}_0^{\ast } $$

D
0
∗

is consistently found well below that of the $$ {D}_{s0}^{\ast } $$

D

s
0

∗

, in contrast to the currently reported experimental result.
Causality, unitarity and symmetry in effective field theory
Authors: Trott Timothy
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Sum rules in effective field theories, predicated upon causality, place restrictions on scattering amplitudes mediated by effective contact interactions. Through unitarity of the S-matrix, these imply that the size of higher dimensional corrections to transition amplitudes between different states is bounded by the strength of their contributions to elastic forward scattering processes. This places fundamental limits on the extent to which hypothetical symmetries can be broken by effective interactions. All analysis is for dimension 8 operators in the forward limit. Included is a thorough derivation of all positivity bounds for a chiral fermion in SU(2) and SU(3) global symmetry representations resembling those of the Standard Model, general bounds on flavour violation, new bounds for interactions between particles of different spin, inclusion of loops of dimension 6 operators and illustration of the resulting strengthening of positivity bounds over tree-level expectations, a catalogue of supersymmetric effective interactions up to mass dimension 8 and 4 legs and the demonstration that supersymmetry unifies the positivity theorems as well as the new bounds.
Nerve-associated Schwann cell precursors contribute extracutaneous melanocytes to the heart, inner ear, supraorbital locations and brain meninges
Authors: Kaucka Marketa , Szarowska Bara , Kavkova Michaela , Kastriti Maria Eleni , Kameneva Polina , Schmidt Inga , Peskova Lucie , Joven Araus Alberto , Simon Andras , Kaiser Jozef , Adameyko Igor
Published: July 2021

Melanocytes are pigmented cells residing mostly in the skin and hair follicles of vertebrates, where they contribute to colouration and protection against UV-B radiation. However, the spectrum of their functions reaches far beyond that. For instance, these pigment-producing cells are found inside the inner ear, where they contribute to the hearing function, and in the heart, where they are involved in the electrical conductivity and support the stiffness of cardiac valves. The embryonic origin of such extracutaneous melanocytes is not clear. We took advantage of lineage-tracing experiments combined with 3D visualizations and gene knockout strategies to address this long-standing question. We revealed that Schwann cell precursors are recruited from the local innervation during embryonic development and give rise to extracutaneous melanocytes in the heart, brain meninges, inner ear, and other locations. In embryos with a knockout of theEdnrBreceptor, a condition imitating Waardenburg syndrome, we observed only nerve-associated melanoblasts, which failed to detach from the nerves and to enter the inner ear. Finally, we looked into the evolutionary aspects of extracutaneous melanocytes and found that pigment cells are associated mainly with nerves and blood vessels in amphibians and fish. This new knowledge of the nerve-dependent origin of extracutaneous pigment cells might be directly relevant to the formation of extracutaneous melanoma in humans.
Electron beam melting of Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures: correlation between post heat treatment and mechanical properties
Authors: Del Guercio Giuseppe , Galati Manuela , Saboori Abdollah
Published: July 2021

Additive manufacturing processes are considered advanced manufacturing methods. It would be possible to produce complex shape components from a computer-aided design model in a layer-by-layer manner. As one of the complex geometries, lattice structures could attract lots of attention for both medical and industrial applications. In these structures, besides cell size and cell type, the microstructure of lattice structures can play a key role in these structures’ mechanical performance. On the other hand, heat treatment has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of the material. Therefore, in this work, the effect of the heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures manufactured by electron beam melting was analysed. The main mechanical properties were compared with the Ashby and Gibson model. It is very interesting to notice that a more homogeneous failure mode was found for the heat-treated samples. The structures’ relative density was the main factor influencing the mechanical performance of the heat-treated samples. It is also found that the heat treatments were able to preserve the stiffness and the compressive strength of the lattice structures. Besides, an increment of both the elongation at failure and the absorbed energy was obtained after the heat treatments. Microstructure analysis of the heat-treated samples confirms the increment of ductility of the heat-treated samples with respect to the as-built one.
Elevated expression of B7 homolog 4 is associated with disease progression in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Mizuno Tomoya , Kamai Takao , Tsuzuki Toyonori , Nishihara Daisaku , Kijima Toshiki , Arai Kyoko , Yoshida Ken-Ichiro
Published: July 2021

Background

B7 homolog 4 (B7-H4) is a negative regulator of immune responses, but its immunoregulatory role in the tumor microenvironment of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) remains unclear.

Methods

We measured the immunohistochemical expression of B7-H4, CD8 and T cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA-1), a marker of activated CD8, in 133 patients with UTUC who underwent nephroureterectomy. We also studied the relationship between B7-H4, CD8 and TIA-1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics.

Results

B7-H4 was mainly expressed on the surface in tumor cells, while CD8 and TIA-1 were often expressed in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Elevated expression of B7-H4 in tumor cells was associated with a poorer histological grade, higher pT stage, regional lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, poorer response of recurrent metastatic lesions to systemic chemotherapy and shorter overall survival. Expression of CD-8 or TIA-1 alone did not correlate directly with clinicopathological characteristics, but among the patients with higher B7-H4 expression in the primary tumors, those with higher CD8 or TIA-1 expression had a better response to systemic chemotherapy, and longer survival, than these with lower CD8 or TIA-1 expression. Cox multivariate regression analysis revealed that higher expression of B7-H4 was associated with shorter overall survival.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that B7-H4 expression in the tumor microenvironment influences the progression of UTUC through cancer immunity and metabolic activity. Tumor cell-associated B7-H4 might be a potential target for cancer immunotherapies.
Circulating regulatory T cells predict efficacy and atypical responses in lung cancer patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors
Authors: Kang Da Hyun , Chung Chaeuk , Sun Pureum , Lee Da Hye , Lee Song-I , Park Dongil , Koh Jeong Suk , Kim Yoonjoo , Yi Hyon-Seung , Lee Jeong Eun
Published: July 2021

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become the standard of care for a variety of cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we investigated the frequency of pseudoprogression and hyperprogression in lung cancer patients treated with ICIs in the real world and aimed to discover a novel candidate marker to distinguish pseudoprogression from hyperprogression soon after ICI treatment.

Methods

This study included 74 patients with advanced NSCLC who were treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors at Chungnam National University Hospital (CNUH) between January 2018 and August 2020. Chest X-rays were examined on day 7 after the first ICI dose to identify changes in the primary mass, and the response was assessed by computed tomography (CT). We evaluated circulating regulatory T (Treg) cells using flow cytometry and correlated the findings with clinical outcomes.

Results

The incidence of pseudoprogression was 13.5%, and that of hyperprogression was 8.1%. On day 7 after initiation of treatment, the frequency of CD4+CD25+CD127loFoxP3+ Treg cells was significantly decreased compared with baseline (P = 0.038) in patients who experienced pseudoprogression and significantly increased compared with baseline (P = 0.024) in patients who experienced hyperprogression. In the responder group, the frequencies of CD4+CD25+CD127loFoxP3+ Treg cells and PD-1+CD4+CD25+CD127loFoxP3+ Treg cells were significantly decreased 7 days after commencement of treatment compared with baseline (P = 0.034 and P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

Circulating Treg cells represent a promising potential dynamic biomarker to predict efficacy and differentiate atypical responses, including pseudoprogression and hyperprogression, after immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC.
Effects of thermal conditioning on the performance of Pocillopora acuta adult coral colonies and their offspring
Authors: McRae Crystal J. , Huang Wen-Bin , Fan Tung-Yung , Côté Isabelle M.
Published: July 2021

Ocean warming induced by climate change is the greatest threat to the persistence of coral reefs globally. Given the current rate of ocean warming, there may not be sufficient time for natural acclimation or adaptation by corals. This urgency has led to the exploration of active management techniques aimed at enhancing thermal tolerance in corals. Here, we test the capacity for transgenerational acclimation in the reef-building coralPocillopora acutaas a means of increasing offspring performance in warmer waters. We exposed coral colonies from a reef influenced by intermittent upwelling and constant warm-water effluent from a nuclear power plant to temperatures that matched (26 °C) or exceeded (29.5 °C) season-specific mean temperatures for three reproductive cycles; offspring were allowed to settle and grow at both temperatures. Heated colonies reproduced significantly earlier in the lunar cycle and produced fewer and smaller planulae. Recruitment was lower at the heated recruitment temperature regardless of parent treatment. Recruit survival did not differ based on parent or recruitment temperature. Recruits from heated parents were smaller and had lower maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), a measurement of symbiont photochemical performance. We found no direct evidence that thermal conditioning of adultP. acutacorals improves offspring performance in warmer water; however, chronic exposure of parent colonies to warmer temperatures at the source reef site may have limited transgenerational acclimation capacity. The extent to which coral response to this active management approach might vary across species and sites remains unclear and merits further investigation.