bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visit, Separation, and Deconstructing Nostalgia
Authors: LOMSKY-FEDER EDNA , RAPOPORT TAMAR
Published: May 2004

The article theorizes the disruptive nature of immigrants' visit to the native home in terms of temporality and space. Such a disruption demands that immigrants reevaluate their relationships to the old home. Probing visiting tales elicited from immigration stories, the authors discuss how separation from the old home is effectuated during visits to the native home through the simultaneous and contrary processes of (1) linking up with the familiar, (2) distancing from the old home, and (3) appraising personal change in the new home. The authors conclude that these processes deconstruct the personal and cultural sources that cultivate a sense of nostalgia. This article argues that such diffusion or conversely the nurturing of nostalgia is context bound. The immigration stories were gathered by in-depth interviews conducted with forty-three university students who immigrated to Israel from the former USSR in the “big wave” in the 1990s.
Creating Community
Authors: LOWE SEANA S.
Published: May 2004

This study examines the relationship between community art and community development. Using data gathered from community-art projects in two Denver neighborhoods, the study describes the community-art process as a ritualistic setting for social interaction and documents the construction of neighborhood community. The author identifies the emergence of the social bonds of solidarity and collective identity that occurred as a result of bringing neighborhood residents together, providing a shared goal, and setting a common mood for the purpose of designing a community symbol. Drawing from traditional models of community, the author concludes that it is possible to generate gemeinschaft in settings where gesellschaft prevails by using community art as a tool for transforming a social realm. The author uncovers the unique characteristics of the community-art ritual that contribute to its effectiveness at building community and also discusses several policy implications for using community art to address social issues.
Brothers and Others in Arms
Authors: KAPLAN DANNY , BEN-ARI EYAL
Published: May 2004

Although policies regarding the enlistment of homosexuals in Western armies have become the subject of a heated debate, their own experiences in the military have received little systematic analysis. The authors examine the experience of gay men in combat units of the Israeli army, as derived from retrospective life stories. The authors found no common adjustment problems related to these men's sexual orientation. At the same time, variable identification strategies with hegemonic masculine military culture emerged. One is engagement and includes identification with soldiery as a test for masculinity, taking part in heterosexual discourse, and an active attempt to develop social ties. The second strategy is compartmentalization, which involves focusing on professional aspects of the military job and building walls in the interpersonal sphere. Consequently, the authors propose that the ties between behavioral adaptation to military service, processes of identification with organizational values, and the acquisition of a particular identity are loosely coupled.
From Arcadia To Utopia
Authors: DENNIS JEFFERY P.
Published: May 2004

Ethnographers complicit with the ideology of compulsory heterosexuality generally use two metanarratives to obviate the need to discuss same-sex desire from their texts. In the Utopian metanarrative, same-sex desire is simply absent from human interactions, while in the Arcadian, it is present everywhere, a simple part of the background that can be endlessly deferred. Classical, modern, and postmodern ethnographies of both Western and non-Western cultures are analyzed. It is suggested that future ethnographies might avoid the metanarratives to fully explore the fluidity and complexity of same-sex desire.
THE INFLUENCE OF NONVERBAL SYMBOLS ON THE MEANING OF MOTIVE TALK
Authors: STEVENSON CHRISTOPHER L.
Published: May 2004

The nonverbal behaviors accompanying the verbal statements uttered as motive talk very much influence the meanings that others attribute to these words. Using data from an ethnography of masters swimming, the author argues that when notive talk is accompanied by supportive nonverbal behaviors it acts as an aligning action, working to restore and maintain social interactions when these are threatened by conduct that is out of character for the actor. However, in rhetorical negotiations, when motive talk is not supported by accompanying nonverbal behaviors, the motive talk is not used as an aligning action but is presented as a strategy of presentation of self and is used to produce the public confirmation by others of the situated identity of the higher-status initiator. Such use of motive talk is contrary to the received understanding that any contribution of motive talk to a person's identity work is contingent on its primary function as an aligning action.
Assessing the Outcomes of State Science and Technology Organizations
Authors: Melkers Julia
Published: May 2004

Since the 1990s, we have witnessed tremendous growth in performance-measurement activities in government. Legislative mandates have pushed most states to require state-funded entities to identify performance measures and report performance data in the budget process. Furthermore, measuring performance has become an important trend in public management practice. How have state science and technology (S&T) programs responded to these requirements and trends? This article extends prior work on performance measurement in state S&T programs. It presents data from a recent national survey of the directors of key S&T agencies in each of the 50 states. Findings reveal the struggles that these agencies face in the development of appropriate performance measures and their integration in the budget process. Details on appropriate measures, best measures, the measurement development process, and reporting techniques are provided. Strengths and weaknesses of existing measurement systems are presented.
Girls’ Low Self-Esteem
Authors: Mahaffy Kimberly A.
Published: May 2004

Concerns about girls’ low self-esteem have generated many social programs to enhance their psychological well-being. Yet few studies determine whether the influence of self-esteem is the same for women and men. Using the High School and Beyond, 1980 Sophomore Cohort Study, the author examines the relation between gender, adolescent self-esteem, and three outcomes: Educational status, occupational status, and income attainment. She finds a positive association between gender, self-esteem, and the socio-economic outcomes initially. Taking into account social context and individual-level factors, self-esteem in adolescence is not related to women’s socioeconomic achievements, but it continues to have a positive estimated effect on men’s occupational status and income attainment. However, the influence of self-esteem on men’s achievements is small in practical terms. The author suggests that adolescent girls and boys would be better served by social programs that explain how social structural arrangements contribute to gender inequality and encourage them to take part in social change.
Improving the Measurement of Communication Satisfaction
Authors: Gray Judy , Laidlaw Heather
Published: May 2004

This article reexamines the psychometric properties of the Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire. Quantitative data were gathered in a major Australian retail organization resulting in 127 useable responses. A series of one-factor measurement models substantiated the validity of the factors. The study identified a second-order factor structure consisting of Informational and Relational Communication that was empirically superior to competing models. The instrument should make a worthwhile contribution to communication audits and encourage researchers and practitioners to use the instrument for empirical and diagnostic purposes to ultimately improve organizational communication.
Sociology and Computing
Authors: Brent Edward
Published: May 2004

The goal of this special issue was to include high-quality articles covering the complete spectrum of computing in sociology. The result is nine creative articles from three continents addressing a wide range of issues, including inequality in the form of the so-called digital divide, the use of computers in qualitative research and in teaching sociology, the relationship between research methods and the technologies of the Internet, and a historical analysis of the early use of computing machines in sociology.
Using the Online Medium for Discursive Research About People With Disabilities
Authors: Bowker Natilene , Tuffin Keith
Published: May 2004

Online interviews are deemed an effective and appropriate approach for accessing discourse about the online experiences of people with disabilities. Some of the central arguments in support of conducting discursive research online, a type of qualitative approach, are delineated. Various practical benefits are considered for researchers, as well as participants—especially those with disabilities. Ethical issues surrounding access to, and the analysis of, readily available data in online communities are brought to the fore. In light of ethical dilemmas surrounding naturalistic data collection online, an alternative approach is offered, which utilizes online interviews with people with disabilities about their online experiences. A description of the data-collection process is given, including participants and recruitment, materials and procedures, rapport building, and security and ethics. Reflections on the process highlight how methodological pitfalls were managed and, in some cases, resolved.
The Reading Wars
Authors: Pearson P. David
Published: May 2004

This article’s fundamental argument is that the reading instruction and reading research have been shaped by political forces desiring to privilege particular approaches to instruction or particular combinations of methodological and epistemological perspectives on research. The swings in both dominant pedagogies and dominant research paradigms are analyzed in terms of these determining forces. The article concludes by championing balance and compatibility across both instructional approaches and research methods in the hope of arresting the pendulum swings that have characterized the field for too many decades.
District Effectiveness: A Study of Investment Strategies in New York City Public Schools and Districts
Authors: Iatarola Patrice , Fruchte Norm
Published: May 2004

Educational reform over the past two decades has focused primarily on schools as the critical units of change, often ignoring the role of districts and their effect on schools’performance. Although national reform efforts such as the recently reauthorized Elementary and Secondary Education Act (the No Child Left Behind Act), are directed primarily at schools, local school districts are responsible for a number of functions critical to schooling effectiveness (e.g., hiring, collective bargaining, curriculum development, assessment, fiscal operations, and ancillary functions). Refocusing attention on districts and their effect on schools, this study found differences between high-and lowperforming community school districts, or administrative subunits, within the NewYork City school system in terms of educational goals, instructional focus, leadership development, teacher recruitment and retention, and professional development.
High School Accountability: The Role of Perceived Collective Efficacy
Authors: Goddard Roger D. , LoGerfo Laura , Hoy Wayne K.
Published: May 2004

This study examined the relationship between collective efficacy and high school student achievement in a state with an accountability system heavily focused on achievement, measured by mandatory assessments in multiple content areas. Using social cognitive theory, a theoretical model was developed linking school context and collective efficacy to differences among schools in 12th grader student achievement. Structural equation modeling was used to test the fit of the model to data drawn from students and teachers in 96 state high schools. Collective efficacy was positively influenced by past mastery experience and negatively related to school socioeconomic disadvantage. Additionally, after accounting for the influence of several aspects of school context, collective efficacy remained a significant positive predictor of student performance across all content areas tested by the state. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for social cognitive theory and school improvement in an era of school accountability for student performance on subject-specific achievement assessments.
Stability in Perceived Control
Authors: Chipperfield Judith G. , Campbell Darren W. , Perry Raymond P.
Published: May 2004

Objective: Our purpose was to examine how stability/variability in perceptions of control (PC) relate to a variety of health-related variables. Design: PC stability/variability across multiple domains was assessed in a longitudinal design including 318 adults, 72 to 99 years of age. Method: PC and health-related measures were obtained during in-person interviews conducted approximately 3 months apart. PC variability was assessed in relation to self-reported health outcomes (perceived health, chronic health conditions, functional status) and objective measures of physician visits and hospitalizations recorded over a 4-year period in a highly reliable and comprehensive database. Results: PC variability was associated with poorer health, poorer functional status, and more physician visits and hospital admissions, even after statistically controlling for mean PC level and direction-of-change in PC. Implications: Our findings suggest that health and well-being among very old individuals may be compromised by fluctuating levels of PC, or conversely, that stability in PC enhances health.
Can the Family Still Cope?
Authors: Angel Jacqueline L. , Angel Ronald J. , Aranda Maria P. , Miles Toni P.
Published: May 2004

Objectives: This article examines the impact of disability, cognitive status, and social support on nursing home use in a sample of older Mexican Americans. Method: We used four waves of the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (H-EPESE), a longitudinal study of 3,050 older Mexican Americans living in the Southwest initially contacted in 1993 to 1994. Results: The findings reveal that advanced age, being a man, activities of daily living disability, and cognitive impairment are strong predictors of institutionalization and death. Living with family, arriving in the United States in late life, and access to social support independently decreased the probability of dying in a nursing home. Discussion: Although it is clear that adequate social support can make it possible for an impaired older person to remain in the community serious impairment can eventually overwhelm even a supportive network and result in the institutionalization of an impaired older person.
The Effect of Spousal Mental and Physical Health on Husbands' and Wives' Depressive Symptoms, Among Older Adults
Authors: Siegel Michele J. , Bradley Elizabeth H. , Gallo William T. , Kasl Stanislav V.
Published: May 2004

Objective: To estimate the effect of spousal depressive symptoms and physical health on respondents’ depressive symptoms in a national sample of older married couples. Method: We used data on 5,035 respondent husbands and wives from the 1992 and 1994 waves of the Health and Retirement Survey. Multivariate regression models were estimated to examine the impact of spousal depressive symptoms and physical health on respondents’ depressive symptoms. Results: Adjusting for respondent mental and physical health and sociodemographic traits, having a spouse with more depressive symptoms was associated with significantly higher follow-up depressive symptoms in the respondent ( p< .001). Controlling for spousal depressive symptoms, a decline in the spouses’physical healthwas associated with a significant reduction in respondent depressive symptoms ( p< .05). Discussion: Our findings suggest that health care providers treating older adults should be sensitive to the possibility that spouses may be affected when clients suffer poor mental or physical health.
A Principal-Agent Model of Elections with Novice Incumbents
Authors: Dasgupta Sugato , Williams Kenneth C.
Published: May 2004

The efficient aggregation of information is a prerequisite for the operation of a democratic system. In order for political office-holders to act responsively so that policy outcomes reflect public sentiments, sufficient levels of information about their actions must be aggregated within the electorate. This is fundamental since very few citizens will be aware of the office-holder’s actions. One way in which information is aggregated is through public opinion polls. This mechanism extracts information from informed citizens and transmits it in a manner so that collectively the electorate behaves as if it were fully informed. We examine this aggregation process within a principal-agent model of elections. We further assume novice incumbents whose choices are more uncertain than experienced public officials. A rational expectations equilibrium is specified in which uninformed citizens condition their beliefs on poll results. Laboratory experiments are conducted to test the predictions of the model. We find that, compared to competing models, a rational expectations hypothesis best explains the aggregation process.
Reconciling Rationality with Deterrence
Authors: Zagare Frank C.
Published: May 2004

This article argues that classical (or rational) deterrence theory is logically inconsistent, empirically inaccurate and prescriptively deficient. In its stead it offers an alternative theoretical framework – perfect deterrence theory – that makes consistent use of the rationality postulate and is in accord with the empirical literature of deterrence. Perfect deterrence theory’s axiomatic base, its empirical expectations and its most significant policy prescriptions are highlighted and contrasted with those of classical deterrence theory. The theory’s implications for current policy debates about a national missile defense system, arms control, US policy toward China and Russia, and inter-state negotiations in general, are discussed.
Trends in the Public Sector
Authors: van Thiel Sandra
Published: May 2004

Since the 1980s the number of quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations has increased in most western countries. This article offers a theoretical explanation for politicians’ apparent preference for quangos. The model is based on rational choice sociology, neo-institutional economics and public choice. Hypotheses are formulated on the conditions that are expected to influence politicians’ choice. The statistical analysis, using a database of 124 decisions to establish 392 quangos in The Netherlands between 1950 and 1993, shows that quango proliferation is more a trend than a well-informed choice. This raises new questions for research.
In Olden Days a Glimpse of Stocking: Fashion, Fetishism and Modernity in Boris Vian’s L’Écume Des Jours
Authors: Rolls Alistair
Published: May 2004

This article analyses an instance of leg fetishism in Boris Vian’s L’Écume des jours (1947). The aim is to show how the protagonist’s fixation on a pair of nylon stockings can be read as a negotiation of the problems of modernity: the ambivalence that the French feel towards the Americanisation of their culture in the postwar years is shown to be located at the heart of this fetish. Fetishism will then be located within recent theories of the ‘everyday’. Once the modernity of the text has been established, it will be analysed comparatively as a cultural icon: models for the novel’s content will be sought in postwar issues of the fashion magazine Elle. This, in turn, will lead into a discussion of a ‘fashion reading’ of L’Écume des jours, incorporating Georg Simmel’s essay of 1904.
Gender, Space and Ageing in Marie Rouanet’s La Marche Lente Des Glaciers and Du Côté Des Hommes
Authors: Korzeniowska Victoria B.
Published: May 2004

In this paper, I discuss the relationship between gender, space and ageing in Marie Rouanet’s La Marche lente des glaciers (1994) and Du Côté des hommes (2001). Space, Rouanet suggests, is the formative element of gender identity, and in these two works she traces how women’s and men’s relationship to space evolves across the life cycle. As Rouanet shows, gender roles and spatial relationships are not static, but rather change as a result of physiological decline and age-based norms, at times leading to clear spatial delimitation, at times to a sharing of spatial parameters. My paper also assesses Rouanet’s contribution in these two works to contemporary debate on space, identity and empowerment and to our conceptualisation of gender and old age.
La Culture En Campagne: De L’atonie à La Mobilisation Antifasciste
Authors: Poirrier Philippe
Published: May 2004

Cet article part de l’absence de débat sur la politique culturelle au cours de la campagne électorale des élections présidentielles et législatives du printemps 2002. Il montre les ressorts de cette atonie, avant d’expliquer le réflexe anti-fasciste qui marque les semaines qui suivent le premier tour des présidentielles et la présence de Jean-Marie Le Pen au second tour. L’analyse de la défaite du candidat socialiste est aussi un moment de remise en cause du modèle français de politique culturelle. Le débat s’estompe vite et ne débouche pas sur la mise en place d’une politique culturelle ‘refondée’.
Once Upon a Time there was a Nation: Narrative Conceptualization Analysis. The Concept of ‘Nation’ in the Discourse of Israeli Likud Party Leaders
Authors: Shenhav Shaul
Published: May 2004

In this article, I claim that some of the miscommunications between political and academic discourse are caused by differences in constructing key concepts. I suggest that, whereas academic discourse tends to use ‘stable concepts’ in which the ‘signifier’ of the concept links constantly with a timeless ‘signified’, politicians tend to use ‘narrative concepts’, which are special signs in which the ‘signifier’ links with a ‘signified’ story. In the first part of the article, I present a methodology called ‘narrative conceptualization analysis’ that can help in tracing the narrativity within concepts. The second part implements the methodology by analyzing the concept ‘nation’ in speeches given by leaders of the Israeli center-right ‘Likud’ party. Studying the narrative meanings of the concept ‘nation’ can show significant changes in national perceptions by the Likud leaders over the years. Moreover, it can provide new insights regarding the role of the ‘nation’ as a key concept in the political discourse.
Item Response Models, Pathological Science and the Shape of Error
Authors: Michell Joel
Published: May 2004

There is nothing in Borsboom and Mellenbergh’s (2004) response that refutes my thesis that psychometrics is a pathology of science. They seek to defend item response models from my charge of pathological science without apparently realizing that my charge relates to psychometricians, not to models. They appeal to the Quine-Duhem thesis in an attempt to argue that item response models do not allow the hypothesis that psychological attributes are quantitative to be tested in isolation, but their argument is based upon a misinterpretation of Duhem. In any experiment, what is being tested depends on what the experimenter already takes to be true, and it is possible that a psychometrician could be testing just one of the hypotheses constituting an item response model. Furthermore, using the theory of conjoint measurement, it is possible to isolate predictions that depend upon psychological attributes being quantitative, as opposed to merely ordinal. Despite this, Borsboom and Mellenbergh agree with the first part of my thesis. They do not discuss the second part, but an examination of textbooks on item response models shows that psychometricians disguise their failure to test the hypothesis that psychological attributes are quantitative by simply declining to mention that this hypothesis is presumed in their models. Claims to measure psychological attributes based upon these models depend exclusively upon the weakest part of these models: the hypothesis that the distribution of ‘errors’ takes a specific form.
Persistent Conceptual Issues in Psychology
Authors: Notterman Joseph M.
Published: May 2004

Advances within four persistent, interrelated issues in psychology over the past quarter-century are discussed. Issue 1, ‘The ideas of person, individual and self’, primarily considers the consequences of ‘depersonalization’, or the various attempts to reduce human functioning to biological and/or computational processes. Issue 2, ‘The attribution of purpose, goal direction or intention’, deals with the impact of Wiener’s cybernetics upon the Jamesian concept of mentation. This issue is also concerned with the consequences of hermeneutics’ reaction to ‘scientism’. Issue 3, ‘The tendency to reify, to reduce or to render holistic psychological phenomena’, is discussed. Robinson’s designation of four different types of reductionism is described. The overarching point is made that ‘mentation possesses its own reality’. Issue 4, ‘The concept of causality’, is examined. In dealing with causal relations, psychologists must avoid the tendency to confuse the necessary with the sufficient.
Electronic Book Use in a Public Library
Authors: McKnight Cliff , Dearnley James
Published: May 2004

This article reports on a study which aimed to investigate the potential for portable electronic book (e-book) devices within a public library context. The main method of data collection was a questionnaire distributed to all readers who borrowed a device during the project. Results are discussed in terms of (a) the users’ reaction to the device and the process of reading from it, and (b) the institutional considerations encountered by the collaborating librarians. It is not clear from the outcomes that portable e-books provide a viable delivery mechanism within a public library.
Provision of Electronic Information Services for the Visually Impaired
Authors: Jones Allison , Tedd Lucy A.
Published: May 2004

The UK’s Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (SENDA) of 2001 places new duties on bodies responsible for providing post-16 education and related services. In particular, this means that appropriate access to electronic information sources needs to be provided for all those with disabilities. This paper concentrates on the needs of the visually impaired and covers the blind, the partially sighted and those with colour blindness. Following a brief overview of the technology available (both hardware and software), issues related to appropriate interface design are described. The infrastructures to support the provision of such facilities in three of the constituent institutions of the University of Wales (the universities at Aberystwyth, Cardiff and Swansea) are then outlined.
Canadian Federal Prison Libraries
Authors: Curry Ann , Wolf Kris , Boutilier Sandra , Chan Helen
Published: May 2004

A nationwide survey of the libraries in Canada’s 51 minimum, medium and maximum security federal correctional institutions was conducted in 2001 through a mailed questionnaire that received a 73 per cent response rate. The questionnaire was directed to the person in charge of the library. The survey gathered information about library staffing, library users, the size and composition of the collection, library funding and limitations on acquisitions and access imposed by the prison administration or the library staff because of subject matter, e.g. violent or sexual material. The results of the survey are set in the context of international prison library history and policy. Overall, the respondents said that their prison libraries were meeting offenders’ needs for recreational, cultural, educational and informative material, but that there was much room for improvement in funding for staff and collections. They also felt that their libraries were undervalued within the prison administration.
Romeo Studies 3
Authors: Gadd Elizabeth , Oppenheim Charles , Probets Steve
Published: May 2004

This paper is the third in a series of studies emanating from the UK JISC- funded RoMEO Project (Rights Metadata for Open-archiving). It considers previous studies of the usage of electronic journal articles through a literature survey. It then reports on the results of a survey of 542 academic authors as to how they expected to use open-access research papers. This data is compared with results from the second of the RoMEO Studies series as to how academics wished to protect their open-access research papers. The ways in which academics expect to use open-access works (including activities, restrictions and conditions) are described. It concludes that academics-as-users do not expect to perform all the activities with openaccess research papers that academics-as-authors would allow. Thus the rights metadata proposed by the RoMEO Project would appear to meet the usage requirements of most academics.
Editorial
Authors: Goulding Anne
Published: May 2004

Discusses the concept of social capital in relation to libraries. Explains the principles of social capital, emphasizing the importance of social relationships between members of a community, and outlines its characteristics and outcomes. Communities high in social capital are characterized by citizenship, neighbourliness, trust and shared values, community involvement, volunteering, social networks and civic participation which can lead to lower crime rates, better health, better educational achievement, better child welfare, more effective government and higher economic achievement. Libraries can contribute to the building of social capital by promoting the types of interaction and integration which enable social networking and by providing citizenship information resources. There are challenges, though, which libraries need to address if they are to fulfil their potential in this key policy area.
A Rose is a Rose is a Hero is a Horse: Naming and Referentiality in the Poetry of Robert Kroetsch and Gertrude Stein
Authors: Casas Maria
Published: May 2004

The contemporary Canadian poet Robert Kroetsch claims Gertrude Stein as an important influence on his work. On the surface, there are indeed many similarities between the poetics of Kroetsch and that of Stein. Separated by one generation and one epoch of literary history – from Stein’s Modernism to Kroetsch’s avowed Postmodernism – they are nevertheless both avant-garde poets, with an interest in the relationship of signifier to signified and in the problems and joys of representation. However, the poetry of these two writers diverges radically in meaning-making practices and, finally, philosophical foundations.

Although Stein and Kroetsch share a fascination with the unstable relationship between signifier and signified, Stein’s approach seems to suggest that the instability was a problem and source of anxiety in her quest to represent reality, even inasmuch as ‘representation’ became ‘creation’, while Kroetsch’s poetry and critical writings express a joy and sense of play produced by his awareness of the gap between signified and signifier.

I have reconstructed the metalinguistics of these two avant-garde writers by comparing poems by Kroetsch and Stein at the level of syntax, lexical collocation and coherence, and conception. Their poems share many themes and preoccupations, including conceptions of ‘naming’, the deconstruction of the signifier, and the status of the text. However, differences in technique are the direct reflection of philosophical differences in art movements at opposite ends of the 20th century.
Knowing and not knowing: Style, intention and the translation of a Holocaust poem
Authors: Boase-Beier Jean
Published: May 2004

My aim in this article is to consider the role of the literary translator both as close reader of an original text and as creator of a new text which preserves essential characteristics of the original. Questions such as the intentions and choices of the original author will clearly play a large part in decisions on how to translate, and, using the notion of translation as interpretative use developed within relevance theory, I shall argue here that a translator cannot avoid such questions, and must use clues in the style of the poem to provide answers. As an illustration I look at a German poem about the Holocaust and consider how its central ambiguity can be rendered in English.
Globalization, Power, and Security
Authors: Kay Sean
Published: May 2004

This article surveys major international relations theory as a framework for thinking about globalization; examines the modern role of power within a globalized international system; and illustrates these dynamics within the context of international terrorism. The central conclusion is that globalization has not radically changed fundamental aspects of international relations, but has rather altered means and channels for the exercise of power. The article demonstrates that power remains the key independent variable shaping modern international relations. Globalization is a manifestation of new means through which power is exercised and distributed. Nevertheless, the complexity of globalization requires a reassessment of the meaning of power in international security.
Hero or Hypocrite?
Authors: Denham Bryan E.
Published: May 2004

This article examines press coverage of track and field athlete Carl Lewis amid reports in April 2003 that he tested positive for three banned stimulants prior to United States Olympic Trials in 1988. Lewis, of course, won the 1988 100-meter gold medal after Canadian Ben Johnson tested positive for anabolic steroids, a development that brought disgrace to Johnson and adulation to Lewis, the ‘purer’ athlete. Because Lewis repeatedly, and perhaps arrogantly, declared himself drug-free throughout his career, berating competitors from other nations, the author expected to observe differences in how newspapers published in the United States and newspapers published internationally covered the story. Contributing to this expectation was the time at which the story broke, when the Bush administration, dismissing the concerns of other nations, launched a military assault on Iraq. Content analysis found support for expected differences in that international journalists were highly critical of Lewis and the US Olympic Committee, portraying both as sanctimonious, arrogant, and hypocritical, not unlike broader portrayals of the Bush administration amid perceived US aggression in the Middle East.
Accounting for Mega-Events
Authors: Horne John D. , Manzenreiter Wolfram
Published: May 2004

The 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan was the first football World Cup Finals ever to take place in Asia and be co-hosted by two countries. Drawing on data provided by the national and local organizing committees, football’s world governing institution, local and international media accounts and first-hand observations made before, during and after the event, the article discusses the contrast between discourses that forecast and described the actual impacts of the 2002 World Cup on its host societies. In particular three aspects are discussed: the specific regional political economy of the 2002 World Cup; the role of sports mega-events in identity construction and promotion; and how such events are both constituted by and constitutive of globalization. While a largely sceptical view of the economic impact informs our article, our conclusion explains the gap between forecast and actual impacts as indicative of the power struggle for determining the meaning of mega-events between different agents.
The Context of Risky Behaviors for Latino Youth
Authors: Talashek Marie L. , Peragallo Nilda (Nena) , Norr Kathleen , Dancy Barbara L.
Published: May 2004

Background and significance : Alarming numbers of Latino teens continue to engage in behaviors that place them at risk for pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections including HIV. Design : This study includes data from six focus groups with 38 Latinas. The primary purpose of the focus groups was to elicit antecedents to unsafe sex to guide the development of an HIV-prevention intervention for adult Latinas. The data were reanalyzed using the rich content that had been elicited about community teens. Findings : Six major themes were identified surrounding teen issues and concerns. These are (a) the culture of risky behaviors; (b) romance: illusion and reality; (c) parental involvement: a protective factor; (d) HIV: knowledge versus ignorance; (e) HIV among youth: fear, stigma, and anger; and (f) saving our youth. Implications : A multimodal approach is required to help teens adopt healthy life styles, remain in school, and have a positive relationship with their parents.
Voicing the Strengths of Pacific Island Parent Caregivers of Children Who are Medically Fragile
Authors: Haley Janice , Harrigan Rosanne C.
Published: May 2004

Research is deficient regarding the strengths of Pacific Island parents of children who are medically fragile. The purpose of this qualitative ethnographic study was to explore the strengths of Pacific Island parents of these children. Audiotaped interviews were analyzed using Text Smart and peer review. The core theme reflecting strength was positive energy. Participants believed that parents needed to have the ability to handle emotional feelings, solve problems, connect with their spirituality, find meaning, take care of themselves, use family support, use community support, use a positive attitude, be resourceful, meet a challenge, interact with nature, and focus on the present. Themes were affirmed by the literature with the exception of interacting with nature, which may be indigenous to the population’s cultural orientation.
Theoretical and Measurement Issues for Studies of Collective Orientation in Team Contexts
Authors: Alavi Seyyed Babak , McCormick John
Published: May 2004

A review of past studies of team member collective orientations suggests that further research is needed to improve some theoretical and empirical issues. The main arguments of this article are that first, team members’ collective orientations may be multidimensional. From this perspective, vertical and horizontal dimensions of idiocentrism and allocentrism, individualism and collectivism at the individual level, are discussed. Second, team members’ collective orientation may conditionally change in different types of teams and should be conceptualized and measured in the specific context of teamwork. Finally, it is proposed that different measures of team members’collective orientations at the team level should be used depending on the nature of team tasks.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Small Groups
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Hollingshead Andrea B. , McGrath Joseph E. , Moreland Richard L. , Rohrbaugh John
Published: May 2004

After many years of developing in small islands scattered around different disciplines, small group research has reached a point where interdisciplinary scholarship has the potential to foster major progress. The goal of this special issue on interdisciplinary perspectives is to capitalize on the theoretical advances made over the last 50 years by synthesizing and integrating models and theories on small groups proposed by various disciplines into a set of general theoretical perspectives. In this introduction, the authors identify nine general theoretical perspectives from which small groups have been examined: the psychodynamic, functional, temporal, conflict-power-status, symbolic-interpretive, social identity, social-evolutionary, social network, and feminist perspectives. This article summarizes each theoretical perspective briefly and then offers some observations about the perspectives as a whole. Articles describing three of these interdisciplinary perspectives appear in this special issue, and four other perspectives will be introduced in the next issue.
Collective Efficacy, Group Goals, and Group Performance of a Muscular Endurance Task
Authors: Bray Steven R.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships among collective efficacy, group goals, and group performance using an interdependent muscular endurance task in a controlled laboratory setting. Thirty-seven male (n = 14) and female (n = 23) triads performed two trials of maximum muscular endurance, completing measures of collective efficacy and group goals between trials. Results showed a high degree of correlation ( r range = .73 -.92) between collective efficacy, group goals, and group performance. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that collective efficacy predicted significant variance in Trial 2 performance after controlling for performance on Trial 1. Group goals mediated the relationship between collective efficacy and group performance on Trial 2. Implications for theory and group performance in naturalistic settings such as sport teams are discussed.
Designing Management Education:Practice What You Teach
Authors: Romme A. Georges L. , Putzel Roger
Published: May 2004

In management education the medium can be the message. Students can experience the concepts they are learning if the curriculum is organized and run according to the management and organization principles being taught. This article defines ideas and presents guidelines for the design-in-the-large of education in management and organization. These ideas are then applied to two design-in-the-small cases: the XB design for an undergraduate course in organizational behavior and the thesis ring design involving collaborative supervision of thesis projects. Finally, the implications of practicing what you teach for education are discussed.
Dualistic Notions About Children With Motor Disabilities: Hands to Lean on or to Reach Out?
Authors: Mulderij Karel J.
Published: May 2004

This article is an attempt to break through the dualistic thinking in theories on the treatment of children with a motor impairment. There is the Cartesian thinking that views the body and mind as separate entities; alternatively, some existential phenomenologists have constructed a dichotomy between the (positively valued) unnoticed body and the (negatively valued) noticed body. Dualistic notions of this kind can lead therapists to treat parts of the child (arms, legs, or speech) rather than the whole child. How can the disadvantageous effects of these dichotomies be overcome in the treatment of children? First, a concrete sketch of the development of corporality in (disabled) children will be provided. Next, the dualistic notions will be discussed. Finally, there is a discussion about how children and their care providers might benefit from this phenomenological explication.
Organizational Characteristics and Issues Affecting the Longevity of Self-Help Groups for Parents of Children with Special Needs
Authors: King Gillian , Stewart Debra , King Susanne , Law Mary
Published: May 2004

In this article, the organizational characteristics and issues affecting the maintenance of nine self-help groups for parents of children with special needs are discussed. Qualitative data were collected through interviews with 20 parents and observation of six group meetings. For continued existence, groups must deal with the challenges of encouraging new leaders, attracting new members, obtaining funds or assistance to support their activities, and meeting the changing needs of members. Important organizational characteristics associated with longevity are committed and effective leadership, community connections that help provide needed funds or practical assistance, and the willingness of group members to change activities to meet changing needs. This information can be used by parents and service providers to plan new groups, recruit group members, and ensure the effective functioning of groups as they change over time.
Visualism in Community Nursing: Implications for Telephone Work with Service Users
Authors: Wilson Kate , Williams Anne
Published: May 2004

This article explores the potential effects of visualism (a prejudice in favor of the seen) on the perceived legitimacy of telephone work in community nursing. It discusses data from an exploratory study on telephone work, which used guided interviews with a purposive sample of 14 community nurses. Interviewees expressed both positive and negative ideas about telephone work and had particular concerns about the assessment of people, context, problems, and comprehension by telephone. These issues are discussed with reference to publications on visualism, metaphor, communication, and nursing work. The authors conclude that an awareness of the possible effects of visualism on ideas and practice could lead to improvements in both communication and assessment, whether carried out by telephone or face to face.
Ethical Evaluation in Qualitative Research
Authors: Boman Jeanette , Jevne Ronna
Published: May 2004

This article explores the experience of being charged with an ethical violation for disclosing the identity of a study participant in a qualitative research endeavor. The violation is presented first as a narrative account from the perspective of the researcher involved. The article looks at different ways in which the situation might be judged, raising questions about what constitutes ethical conduct in qualitative research and how such decisions come to be made. A case is made for the importance of dialogue among qualitative researchers so that the researchers may learn collectively from the difficulties and problems that they have encountered individually.
Success in Life for Older Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: King Gillian A. , Cathers Tamzin , Polgar Janice Miller , MacKinnon Elizabeth , Havens Lisa
Published: May 2004

In this article, the psychosocial themes emerging from an exploratory qualitative study are reported. Using a constant comparative method, the authors describe how older adolescents with cerebral palsy defined success in life and the factors they viewed as helping or hindering their success. Participants were 10 adolescents with cerebral palsy between 18 and 20 years of age who took part in a semistructured interview exploring their perceptions of success. For these adolescents, success meant being happy in life. Three key psychosocial factors were related to success in life: being believed in, believing in yourself, and being accepted by others (belonging). The findings are useful in guiding the design of services to meet the life needs of individuals with disabilities.
Low-Income African American Adolescents who Avoid Pregnancy: Tough Girls who Rewrite Negative Scripts
Authors: Martyn Kristy K. , Hutchinson Sally A.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this research was to generate a grounded theory that explains the social-psychological processes of low-income African American adolescents who avoided pregnancy. Data collection included focus groups and in-depth interviews with 17 women aged 19 to 26. Data analysis using the grounded theory method revealed that these girls were the recipients of negative social-psychological scripts, putting them at risk for poverty and early childbearing. The “tough girls” struggled to rewrite these scripts by recognizing their negativity, being disenchanted with the scripts, determining to be different, and creating better lives. These aware, introspective young women believed in self-responsibility, self-protection, education, and financial independence. Practice implications and considerations for programmatic interventions can be based on this analysis.