bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional versus latitudinal variation in the life‐history traits and demographic rates of a reef fish, Centropyge bispinosa, in the Coral Sea and Great Barrier Reef Marine Parks, Australia
Authors: Lowe Jake R. , Payet Samuel D. , Harrison Hugo B. , Hobbs Jean‐Paul A. , Hoey Andrew S. , Taylor Brett M. , Sinclair‐Taylor Tane H. , Pratchett Morgan S.
Published: July 2021

Environmental temperature is an important determinant of physiological processes and life histories in ectotherms. Over latitudinal scales, variation in temperature has been linked to changes in life‐history traits and demographic rates, with growth and mortality rates generally being greatest at low latitudes, and longevity and maximum length being greater at higher latitudes. Using the two‐spined angelfish, Centropyge bispinosa, as our focal species, we compared growth patterns, growth rates, longevity, mortality, asymptotic length and maximum length across 22 reefs that span 13° of latitude within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) and the Coral Sea Marine Park (CSMP), Australia. We found no predictable latitudinal variation in mortality rates, growth patterns, growth rates, asymptotic or maximum length of C. bispinosa at regional to biogeographic scales. However, C. bispinosa consistently exhibited reduced longevity at lower, warmer latitudes within the CSMP. The greatest differences in mean maximum length of C. bispinosa were between continental (GBRMP) and oceanic (central CSMP) reefs of similar latitude, with individuals being larger on average on continental versus oceanic reefs. The lack of predictable life‐history and demographic variation in C. bispinosa across a 13° latitudinal gradient within the CSMP, coupled with differences in mean maximum length between continental and oceanic reefs at similar latitudes, suggest that local environmental conditions have a greater influence than environmental temperature on the demographic rates and life‐history traits of C. bispinosa.
Morphological and histochemical features of the digestive tract ofLeiarius marmoratus(Gill, 1870)
Authors: Matheus Valquiria Aparecida , Faccioli Claudemir Kuhn , Chedid Renata Alari , Senhorini José Augusto , Franceschini‐Vicentini Irene Bastos , Vicentini Carlos Alberto
Published: July 2021

Leiarius marmoratus, a freshwater catfish from Pimelodidae family, shows great biological and commercial relevance because of its geographic distribution and adaptation to fish‐farm. The knowledge of the morphological characteristics of the digestive tract is fundamental to the understanding of fish physiology and nutrition, which helps in the planning of diets to provide better management and success in fish farming. Thus, this work described the morphology and histochemistry of the digestive tract ofL. marmoratusadults. After euthanasia, the animals were dissected for analysis of the digestive tract. The oesophagus is a short and distensive organ with longitudinal folds that allow the passage of large food,e.g., other fishes. Oesophageal mucosa layer shows a stratified epithelium with goblet cells and club cells. The secretion of goblet cells is composed of neutral and acidic mucins that are anchored in the epithelium luminal face by epithelial cells fingerprint‐like microridges, lubricating the surface to facilitate the food sliding. Club cells have protein secretion that can be involved in alarm signals when epithelium is damaged and in immunological defence. The saccular stomach is highly distensible to store large food. Gastric mucosa layer is composed of epithelial cells with intense secretion of neutral mucin to protect against self‐digestion of gastric juice. Cardiac and fundic regions of stomach show well‐developed gastric glands composed of oxynticopeptic cells. These cells have numerous mitochondria, highlighting their intense activity in the synthesis of acid and enzymes. The intestine is divided into three regions: anterior, middle and posterior. Although it is a short tube, intestine shows longitudinal folds and microvilli of enterocytes to increase the contact surface. These folds are higher in the anterior region of the intestine, highlighting their function in digestion and absorption. Intestinal goblet cells have acidic and neutral mucins that lubricate the epithelium and aid in digestive processes. These cells increase in number towards aboral, and they are related to the protection and lubrication to expulsion of faecal bolus.
The factor market spillover effects of shareholder activism
Authors: Li Zhan
Published: July 2021

Firms and CEOs are linked in the factor market because CEO talents are transferable across different firms. Shareholder activism increases the nontarget firm's outside option and reduces the nontarget CEO's outside option. This leads to higher profit and lower CEO compensation at the nontarget firm. Due to this positive spillover, the activist's intervention is inefficiently low. As CEO talents become more transferable, monitoring, and performance improve more and CEO compensation decreases more at the nontarget firm; shareholder activism becomes less efficient due to the increased linkage between CEOs. This paper also provides a number of novel empirical predictions.
Do more active funds still earn higher performance? Evidence from Active Share over time
Authors: Lantushenko Viktoriya , Nelling Edward
Published: July 2021

We find that the relationship between activeness and future fund performance significantly weakens after the passage of regulation fair disclosure (FD). The ability of Active Share to predict four‐factor alpha is more than five times smaller after FD. More active funds embed a higher degree of private information into prices of traded stocks, and the extent to which these funds affect price informativeness diminishes in the post‐FD era. Stocks traded by more active funds exhibit a higher degree of information asymmetry, and this relationship also weakens after FD. Our findings suggest that one of the channels through which more active funds generated a higher alpha before FD was through the selective disclosure of information.
Quality indicators for dementia and older people nearing the end of life: A systematic review
Authors: Yorganci Emel , Sampson Elizabeth L. , Gillam Juliet , Aworinde Jesutofunmi , Leniz Javiera , Williamson Lesley E. , Cripps Rachel L. , Stewart Robert , Sleeman Katherine E.
Published: July 2021

Background

Robust quality indicators (QIs) are essential for monitoring and improving the quality of care and learning from good practice. We aimed to identify and assess QIs for the care of older people and people with dementia who are nearing the end of life and recommend QIs for use with routinely collected electronic data across care settings.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted, including five databases and reference chaining. Studies describing the development of QIs for care of older people and those with dementia nearing the end of life were included. QIs were categorized as relating to processes or outcomes, and mapped against six care domains. The psychometric properties (acceptability, evidence base, definition, feasibility, reliability, and validity) of each QI were assessed; QIs were categorized as robust, moderate, or poor.

Results

From 12,980 titles and abstracts screened, 37 papers and 976 QIs were included. Process and outcome QIs accounted for 780 (79.7%) and 196 (20.3%) of all QIs, respectively. Many of the QIs concerned physical aspects of care (n = 492, 50.4%), and very few concerned spiritual and cultural aspects of care (n = 19, 1.9%). Three hundred and fifteen (32.3%) QIs were robust and of those 220 were measurable using routinely collected electronic data. The final shortlist of 71 QIs came from seven studies.

Conclusions

Of the numerous QIs developed for care of older adults and those with dementia nearing the end of life, most had poor or moderate psychometric properties or were not designed for use with routinely collected electronic datasets. Infrastructure for data availability, combined with use of robust QIs, is important for enhancing understanding of care provided to this population, identifying unmet needs, and improving service provision.
Identifying high‐risk surgical patients: A study of older adults whose code status changed to Do‐Not‐Resuscitate
Authors: Kazaure Hadiza S. , Truong Tracy , Kuchibhatla Maragatha , Lagoo‐Deenadayalan Sandhya , Wren Sherry M. , Johnson Kimberly S.
Published: July 2021

Background

There is a paucity of data on older adults (age ≥65 years) undergoing surgery who had an inpatient do‐not‐resuscitate (DNR) order, and the association between timing of DNR order and outcomes.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of 1976 older adults in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program geriatric‐specific database (2014–2018). Patients were stratified by institution of a DNR order during their surgical admission (“new‐DNR” vs. “no‐DNR”), and matched by age (±3 years), frailty score (range: 0–1), and procedure. The main outcome of interest was occurrence of death or hospice transition (DoH) ≤30 postoperative days; this was analyzed using bivariate and multivariable methods.

Results

One in 36 older adults had a new‐DNR order. After matching, there were 988 new‐DNR and 988 no‐DNR patients. Median age and frailty score were 82 years and 0.2, respectively. Most underwent orthopedic (47.6%), general (37.6%), and vascular procedures (8.4%). Overall DoH rate ≤30 days was 44.4% for new‐DNR versus 4.0% for no‐DNR patients (p < 0.001). DoH rate for patients who had DNR orders placed in the preoperative, day of surgery, and postoperative setting was 16.7%, 23.3%, and 64.6%, respectively (p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, compared to no‐DNR patients, those with a new‐DNR order had a 28‐fold higher adjusted odds of DoH (odds ratio [OR] 28.1, 95% confidence interval: 13.0–60.1, p < 0.001); however, odds were 10‐fold lower if the DNR order was placed preoperatively (OR: 5.8, p = 0.003) versus postoperatively (OR: 52.9, p < 0.001). Traditional markers of poor postoperative outcomes such as American Society of Anesthesiologists class and emergency surgery were not independently associated with DoH.

Conclusions

An inpatient DNR order was associated with risk of DoH independent of traditional markers of poor surgical outcomes. Further research is needed to understand factors leading to a DNR order that may aid early recognition of high‐risk older adults undergoing surgery.
Large chromosomal segment deletions by CRISPR/LbCpf1‐mediated multiplex gene editing in soybean
Authors: Duan Kaixuan , Cheng Yuanyuan , Ji Jing , Wang Chenchen , Wei Yongshu , Wang Yuanchao
Published: July 2021

The creation of new soybean varieties has been limited by genomic duplication and redundancy. Efficient multiplex gene editing and large chromosomal segment deletion through clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein (Cas) systems are promising strategies for overcoming these obstacles. CRISPR/Cpf1 is a robust tool for multiplex gene editing. However, large chromosomal excision mediated by CRISPR/Cpf1 has been reported in only a few non‐plant species. Here, we report on CRISPR/LbCpf1‐induced large chromosomal segment deletions in soybean using multiplex gene targeting. The CRISPR/LbCpf1 system was optimized for direct repeat and guide RNA lengths in crispr RNA (crRNA) array. The editing efficiency was evaluated using LbCpf1 driven by the CaMV35S and soybean ubiquitin promoter. The optimized system exhibited editing efficiencies of up to 91.7%. Our results showed eight gene targets could be edited simultaneously in one step when a single eight‐gRNA‐target crRNA array was employed, with an efficiency of up to 17.1%. We successfully employed CRISPR/LbCpf1 to produce small fragments (<1 Kb) and large chromosomal segment deletions (10 Kb–1 Mb) involving four different gene clusters in soybean. Together, these data demonstrate the power of the CRISPR/LbCpf1 platform for multiplex gene editing and chromosomal segment deletion in soybean, supporting the use of this technology in both basic research and agricultural applications.
Thinking about laws in political science (and beyond)
Authors: Weber Erik , Makhnev Karina , Leuridan Bert , Gonzalez Barman Kristian , De Coninck Thijs
Published: July 2021

There are several theses in political science that are usually explicitly called ‘laws’. Other theses are generally thought of as laws, but often without being explicitly labelled as such. Still other claims are well‐supported and arguably interesting, while no one would be tempted to call them laws. This situation raises philosophical questions: which theses deserve to be called laws and which not? And how should we decide about this? In this paper we develop and motivate a strategy for thinking about laws in political science which integrates two core concepts: spatio‐temporal stability and social mechanisms. The proposed strategy is a set of guidelines that political scientists can use to reflect on and argue about specific cases within their discipline, not a clear‐cut demarcation criterion. We defend and motivate this strategy and apply it to two cases (one with respect to state repression, one about parliamentary elections). After we have developed and motivated our strategy for political science, we show that our proposal is relevant for other disciplines in the social sciences. We explain how our views fit into critical realism and embed them in the debate on laws in general philosophy of science and in the philosophy of the social sciences.
Clinical features and outcome of acquired myasthenia gravis in 94 dogs
Authors: Forgash Jennifer T. , Chang Yu‐Mei , Mittelman Neil S. , Petesch Scott , Benedicenti Leontine , Galban Evelyn , Hammond James J. , Glass Eric N. , Barker Jessica R. , Shelton G. Diane , Luo Jie , Garden Oliver A.
Published: July 2021

Background

Factors known to be associated with outcome of acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) in dogs are limited.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Of dogs with MG, advancing age and comorbid neoplasia are associated with poor long‐term prognosis and low rates of remission.

Animals

Ninety‐four client‐owned dogs with MG diagnosed by acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR Ab) assay between 2001 and 2019 from a university clinic and 3 private clinics in the United States.

Methods

Cases were retrospectively evaluated and data were collected to determine clinical signs, treatment, and response to therapy defined by means of a clinical scoring rubric. Immunological remission was defined as a return of the AChR Ab concentration to <0.6 nmol/L. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify clinical criteria predicting remission.

Results

An anticholinesterase drug was used to treat 90/94 (96%) dogs, which in 63/94 (67%) was the sole treatment; other drugs included immune modulators. Clinical remission (lack of clinical signs ≥4 weeks after treatment cessation) was observed in 29 (31% [95% confidence interval (CI): 22.4‐40.8%]) dogs, clinical response (lack of clinical signs on treatment) in 14 (15% [95% CI: 9.0‐23.6%]) dogs, clinical improvement (on treatment) in 24 (26% [95% CI: 17.8‐35.2%]) dogs, and no clinical improvement in 27 (29% [95% CI: 20.5‐38.6%]) dogs. Immunological remission was observed in 27/46 (59%) dogs, with clinical remission in all 27. Younger age (P = .04) and comorbid endocrine disease (P = .04) were associated with clinical remission. Initial AChR Ab concentration (P = .02) and regurgitation (P = .04) were negatively associated with clinical remission.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Clinical remission in MG is less likely in older dogs and dogs presenting with regurgitation or high initial AChR Ab concentration, but more likely in younger dogs and dogs with comorbid endocrine disease.
Three‐dimensional bladder ultrasound to measure daily urinary bladder volume in hospitalized dogs
Authors: Vasquez Edward J. , Kendall Allison , Musulin Sarah , Vaden Shelly L.
Published: July 2021

Background

Urinary bladder volume (UBV) and urine residual volume (URV) provide important information for hospitalized dogs and might allow recognition of urine retention.

Objective

Using 3‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound to monitor daily URV is a safe and effective way to recognize urinary retention.

Animals

Twenty‐five client‐owned hospitalized dogs.

Methods

Prospective, observational study. UBV and URV were measured using 3D ultrasound daily at approximately the same time. UBV was measured, the dog was taken for a 5‐minute controlled leash walk, then URV was estimated. Concurrent use of opioids, anesthetics, and fluids administered IV were recorded.

Results

Daily URVs were >0.4 mL/kg in 22 of 25 dogs on at least 1 day of hospitalization. Seventeen of 25 dogs had an abnormal URV at the time of discharge. Of 18 dogs that were anesthetized while hospitalized, 16 had a URV >0.4 mL/kg with a mean of 4.34 mL/kg (range, 0.5‐13.4 mL/kg). No statistical difference in degree of URV was found based on the use of anesthesia, administration of fluids IV, or opioids. Weight was significantly associated with URV; dogs <10 kg had a higher URV per unit mass than dogs >10 kg (P = .001).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Use of a 3D ultrasound device to measure daily UBV and URV in hospitalized dogs provides a safe estimate of bladder volume in real‐time. Monitoring daily URV might help in early identification of patients that are retaining urine, thereby preventing potential adverse effects of urethral catheterization or prolonged urinary retention.
Artemisia sieberishrubs have contrasting specific effects on understory species in Iranian steppes
Authors: Bahalkeh Khadijeh , Abedi Mehdi , Dianati Tilaki Ghasem Ali , Michalet Richard
Published: July 2021

Questions

(a) Are there contrasting short‐ and long‐term effects of shrubs on understorey species that may balance at the community level? (b) Are these effects due to the responses of different understorey species groups? (c) Are these effects contributing to community composition?

Location

AnArtemisiasteppe community in Golestan National Park (North‐East Iran).

Methods

We used both the removal and observational methods to separate short‐ from long‐term effects ofArtemisia sieberiBesser on the cover of 18 subordinate species and the relative interaction index (RII) to calculate species’ responses. We conducted a principal components analysis (PCA) on species RII and grouped species with a cluster analysis depending on their responses to the shrubs. Another PCA on understorey composition plots was conducted to assess the consequences of shrub effects for community composition.

Results

Artemisiahad negative short‐term and positive long‐term community‐level effects that balanced each other to produce neutral net effects. Short‐ and long‐term effects were due to the responses of different species groups, dominantly annuals and perennial grasses, respectively. Although balancing at the community level, the different shrub effects significantly contributed to explain community composition.

Conclusions

Our study highlights that a dominant foundation shrub may have contrasting short‐ and long‐term effects on different groups of understorey species that contribute to explain community composition, although balancing at the community level.
The composition of CI chondrites and their contents of chlorine and bromine: Results from instrumental neutron activation analysis
Authors: Palme H. , Zipfel J.
Published: July 2021

Between 1973 and 1994, 15 samples of CI chondrites were analyzed by neutron activation analysis at the Max‐Planck‐Institute for Chemistry, Department of Cosmochemistry in Mainz, Germany. The analyses comprise nine Orgueil samples and three samples of Ivuna, two of Alais and one of Tonk. Samples came from various sources and had masses between 5 and 600 mg. Most data are published here for the first time. The results for the nine Orgueil samples demonstrate the essentially homogeneous chemical composition of Orgueil at a level of a few milligrams. The analytical results of Ivuna, Alais, and Tonk agree, with only few exceptions, with the results of Orgueil analyses. All samples agree within ±3% in their contents of Sc, Ir, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, and Se. The elements Sc and Ir represent the refractory component; Cr, Fe, and Co the main component; and Zn and Se the volatile component. Thus, in all CI chondrites there are essentially the same fractions of the fundamental cosmochemical components. The essentially identical chemical composition of all samples shows that their water contents are constant at about 20 ± 5 wt%. There is excellent agreement between the data listed here with data reported in the relevant literature. There is no doubt that the CI composition is a well‐defined entity, which is thought to represent the non‐gaseous compositions of the solar nebula and the photosphere of the Sun. In addition, we conclude that the recently proposed new CI chondritic chlorine and Br values are too low, when compared to earlier measurements.
Possible role of the mitochondrial genome in the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Saravanabavan Sayanthooran , Rangan Gopala K.
Published: July 2021

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common monogenic renal disease in adults and is due to heterozygous germ line variants in either PKD1, PKD2 or rarely other genes. It is characterized by marked intra‐familial disease variability suggesting that other genetic and/or environmental factors are involved in determining the lifetime course ADPKD. Recently, research indicates that polycystin‐mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic re‐programming contributes to the progression of ADPKD. Although biochemical abnormalities have gained the most interest, variants in the mitochondrial genome could be one of the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic variability in ADPKD. This narrative review aims to evaluate the role of the mitochondrial genome in the pathogenesis of APDKD.
Ngā Mātāpono e Rua: Stories of co‐creation for bicultural spatial governance in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: de Jesus Dionisio Maria Rita , Macfarlane Angus H. , Walker Dean P. , Macfarlane Sonja L. , Derby Melissa , Caldwell Ruiha , Pani Jude , Waru Rawiri
Published: July 2021

This article shares lessons for spatial governance in Aotearoa New Zealand in the context of the Treaty of Waitangi. It reports on research into co‐creation pathways that supported bicultural spatial governance inclusive of whānau and local communities in the Waimakariri and Rotorua Districts. In alignment with three Treaty principles, local tikanga, unique to the two places, informed the methodological framework for bicultural spatial governance. Despite some commonalities, the two case studies reveal distinctive perspectives that resonate differently across Aotearoa New Zealand, underscoring the importance of co‐creation for biculturalism. We consider the implications for biculturalism across a range of spatial contexts and for debates about decolonising governance.
Recurrent assessment of lymphocyte subsets in 32 patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C)
Authors: Okarska‐Napierała Magdalena , Mańdziuk Joanna , Feleszko Wojciech , Stelmaszczyk‐Emmel Anna , Panczyk Mariusz , Demkow Urszula , Kuchar Ernest
Published: July 2021

Background

Lymphopenia is a hallmark of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C). We aimed to characterize lymphocyte subsets' shifts and their correlations with other severity markers of MIS‐C.

Methods

In this prospective cross‐sectional study, we performed peripheral lymphocyte phenotyping in 32 patients with MIS‐C. We analyzed lymphocyte subsets at three time points of the disease: the acute (A), convalescent (B), and recovery (C) phases. Based on age‐normalized lymphocyte counts, we distinguished two groups of patients: “the mild” (higher lymphocyte counts) and “the severe” (lower lymphocyte counts). In addition, we examined differences between these groups regarding other severity markers.

Results

In phase A, 84% of children had lymphopenia. Decreased absolute counts of CD3, CD4, and CD8 cells were observed in, respectively, 88%, 72%, and 84% of patients. The natural killer cells were decreased in 63% and CD19 in 59% of children. “The severe” group had significantly higher procalcitonin and troponin I levels and lower platelets and albumin. Moreover, “the severe” group had hypotension more frequently (73% vs. 20%, p = .008). In phase B, all lymphocyte counts increased, and 32% of children had lymphocytosis. The increase of CD3, CD4, and CD8 counts correlated with some laboratory severity markers (hemoglobin, procalcitonin, D‐dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, N‐terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, albumin), but not with steroid use. In phase C, most children had normal lymphocyte counts.

Conclusions

Substantial shifts in lymphocyte counts during MIS‐C apply most to T lymphocytes and correlate with the disease severity markers, particularly hypotension prevalence. A proportion of children with MIS‐C develops transient lymphocytosis during convalescence.
Mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics unravel the transfer of bioactive compounds between rye and neighbouring plants
Authors: Hazrati Hossein , Fomsgaard Inge S. , Ding Ling , Kudsk Per
Published: July 2021

Translocation of metabolites between different plant species provides important hints in understanding the fate of bioactive root exudates. In the present study, targeted and untargeted mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics was applied to elucidate the transfer of bioactive compounds between rye and several crops and weed species. Our results demonstrated that benzoxazinoids (BXs) synthesized by rye were taken up by roots of neighbouring plant species and translocated into their shoots. Furthermore, we showed that roots of rye plants took up compounds originating from neighbouring plants. Among the compounds taken up by rye roots, wogonin was detected in the rye shoot, which indicated a root‐to‐shoot translocation of this compound. Elucidating the transfer of bioactive compounds between plants is essential for understanding plant–plant interactions, developing natural pesticides and understanding their modes of action.
All‐cause mortality in a pediatric intensive care unit at a teaching hospital in Amman, Jordan
Authors: Daher Amirah H. , Al‐Ammouri Iyad , Ghanem Nour , Abu Zahra Mahmoud , Al‐Zayadneh Enas , Al‐Iede Montaha
Published: July 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to describe the main causes of admission to a general pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and examine the main causes of mortality in this patient population. In addition, we describe the percentage of patients who died following a failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) versus do not resuscitate (DNR) orders.

Methods

This was a retrospective, cohort study with a chart review of admissions and mortality cases that occurred in the PICU. Mortality rates in pediatric admissions are reported with a description of demographics, diagnosis, length of stay, use of mechanical ventilation, use of vasoactive agents, preexisting comorbidities, the presence of a DNR order, and final cause of mortality. Modes of mortality were described as failed CPR or a DNR order.

Results

During the study period there were 1,523 admissions to the PICU. Of those, 102 patients died with an overall mortality rate of 6.7%. Patients who died tended to be younger, and the majority (85%) had a preexisting comorbidity, with neuromuscular disease being the most common. The majority of the patients who died (69%) required invasive ventilation. The most common immediate cause of mortality was respiratory disease and the highest case fatality was among those with cardiac disease. Of those patients who died, 90% had failed CPR and 10% had a DNR order. Care was not withdrawn from any patient.

Conclusion

This study describes the diagnostic categories of children admitted to the PICU, with respiratory disease being the most common cause of admission and mortality. The majority of children who died had an existing comorbidity and did not have a DNR order at the time of their death.
Utility of item 9 of the patient health questionnaire in the prospective identification of adolescents at risk of suicide attempt
Authors: Penfold Robert B. , Whiteside Ursula , Johnson Eric E. , Stewart Christine C. , Oliver Malia M. , Shortreed Susan M. , Beck Arne , Coleman Karen J. , Rossom Rebecca C. , Lawrence Jean M. , Simon Gregory E.
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Previous studies report that item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) is useful for stratifying risk of suicide attempt in adults. This study re‐produced the utility of item 9 of PHQ9 in assessing risk of suicide attempt in adolescents.

Materials and Methods

Individuals aged 13 to 17 years in 4 health systems with a diagnosis of depression and history of treatment were included. We estimated time to first observed fatal or non‐fatal suicide attempt in the 2 years following completion of a PHQ9, stratified by response to item 9.

Results

There were 51,807 PHQ9 questionnaires for 20,363 youth and 861 instances of suicide attempt. Cumulative probability of suicide attempt ranged from approximately 3.3% (95% CI, 3.0 to 3.5%) for those responding “not at all” on item 9 to 10.8% (95% CI, 9.2 to 12.4%) for those responding “nearly every day”. These probabilities are more than 3 times higher than previously reported in adults.

Conclusion

PHQ item 9 is useful for stratifying risk of suicide attempt in the 2 years following completion of the questionnaire. Monitoring PHQ item 9 over time for patients in treatment for depression can be useful for population health management of adolescents with depression.
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline crisis chat interventions: Evaluation of chatters’ perceptions of effectiveness
Authors: Gould Madelyn S. , Chowdhury Saba , Lake Alison M. , Galfalvy Hanga , Kleinman Marjorie , Kuchuk Michelle , McKeon Richard
Published: July 2021

Objective

As part of the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline’s crisis response system, the Lifeline Crisis Chat Network (LCC) answers chats from hundreds of thousands of at‐risk individuals yearly. The study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of these online crisis interventions.

Method

Data from 39,911 pre‐chat surveys and 13,130 linked pre‐ and post‐chat surveys completed by LCC chatters from October 2017–June 2018 were analyzed. The relationship of several effectiveness measures with chatter demographics, pre‐chat distress, suicidal ideation, and chatters’ perceptions of engagement with their counselors was examined using a series of logistic regression analyses.

Results

Chatters were significantly and substantially less distressed at the end of the chat intervention than at the beginning. By the end of the chat, two‐thirds of suicidal chatters reported that the chat had been helpful, while just under half reported being less suicidal.

Conclusions

Our study offers empirical evidence for the Lifeline's online crisis chat services’ effectiveness, but also highlights areas for improvement. This is of critical import in light of the recent designation of 988 as the nationwide number for the Lifeline beginning in 2022, which will increase the Lifeline's prominence in providing suicide prevention and mental health crisis interventions in the United States.
The efficacy of isoniazid prophylaxis in renal transplant recipients in a high tuberculosis burden country
Authors: Dodani Sunil Kumar , Nasim Asma , Aziz Tahir , Naqvi Anwar
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Renal transplant recipients are at high risk of tuberculosis (TB). We started isoniazid (INH) prophylaxis of 1 year duration in all renal transplant recipients from April 2009. Our aim was to assess the incidence of TB on INH prophylaxis and its tolerability.

Methods

This was a retrospective observational study. The files of renal transplant recipients from April 2009 to December 2011 were reviewed till June 2015. We noted the incidence of TB, INH tolerability, and development of resistance. We compared the incidence of TB with the historical controls who never received the prophylaxis.

Results

A total of 910 patients were reviewed and followed up for 4.8 years. INH prophylaxis was completed by 825 (91%) patients. A total of 46 patients (5%) developed active TB as compared to 15% in the historical controls. The median time of TB diagnosis from transplantation was 2.8 years. In the first‐year post transplant, out of total TB cases, 52% occurred in the historical controls whereas 13% occurred in study cohort. Around 67% had TB >2 years after transplant. Overall 1.43% had hepatotoxicity. There was a significant reduction in TB among those who completed prophylaxis to those who did not (p < 0.001). Of 14 cultures, one isolate was INH resistant (7%).

Conclusion

INH prophylaxis was well tolerated. The incidence of TB decreased in the first 2 years. However there was a surge in TB cases 1 year after stopping INH therapy. We should consider prolonging the duration of INH prophylaxis in high TB burden countries in renal transplant recipients.
Elucidation of myricetin biosynthesis in Morella rubra of the Myricaceae
Authors: Xing Mengyun , Cao Yunlin , Ren Chuanhong , Liu Yilong , Li Jiajia , Grierson Donald , Martin Cathie , Sun Chongde , Chen Kunsong , Xu Changjie , Li Xian
Published: July 2021

Flavonols are health‐promoting bioactive compounds important for plant defense and human nutrition. Quercetin (Q) and kaempferol (K) biosynthesis have been studied extensively while little is known about myricetin (M) biosynthesis. The roles of flavonol synthases (FLSs) and flavonoid 3′,5′‐hydroxylase (F3′5′H) in M biosynthesis in Morella rubra, a member of the Myricaceae rich in M‐based flavonols, were investigated. The level of MrFLS transcripts alone did not correlate well with the accumulation of M‐based flavonols. However, combined transcript data for MrFLS1 and MrF3′5′H showed a good correlation with the accumulation of M‐based flavonols in different tissues of M. rubra. Recombinant MrFLS1 and MrFLS2 proteins showed strong activity with dihydroquercetin (DHQ), dihydrokaempferol (DHK), and dihydromyricetin (DHM) as substrates, while recombinant MrF3′5′H protein preferred converting K to M, amongst a range of substrates. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) overexpressing 35S::MrFLSs produced elevated levels of K‐based and Q‐based flavonols without affecting M‐based flavonol levels, while tobacco overexpressing 35S::MrF3′5′H accumulated significantly higher levels of M‐based flavonols. We conclude that M accumulation in M. rubra is affected by gene expression and enzyme specificity of FLS and F3′5′H as well as substrate availability. In the metabolic grid of flavonol biosynthesis, the strong activity of MrF3′5′H with K as substrate additionally promotes metabolic flux towards M in M. rubra.
Feasibility study evaluating a veterinary point‐of‐care urine culture system for diagnosing septic peritonitis
Authors: Casna Brett R. , Simmerson Susan M. , Subashchandrabose Sargurunathan
Published: July 2021

Objective

To evaluate the use of a veterinary point‐of‐care urine culture system (POCUCS) for the diagnosis of septic peritonitis.

Design

Prospective feasibility study performed between August 2017 and April 2018.

Setting

Private referral hospital.

Animals

Twenty samples of naturally occurring canine peritoneal effusion collected via aseptic abdominocentesis.

Procedures

Point‐of‐care urine culture systems were inoculated and incubated according to manufacturer's instructions. The presence of bacterial growth, estimation of colony‐forming units/mL of bacteria, and organism identification were recorded. Bacterial growth and organism identification on POCUCS were compared to an aerobic culture performed at a commercial microbiology laboratory. Serial dilution and subsequent culture on a POCUCS of a confirmedEscherichia coliinfected peritoneal effusion and negative control sample were performed to determine the lowest concentration of bacteria detectable.

Results

There were 10 septic and 10 aseptic samples of peritoneal effusion confirmed by aerobic laboratory culture. Of the 10 culture‐positive samples, 8 were culture‐positive on the POCUCS. The sensitivity and specificity of the POCUCS for the detection of bacteria in peritoneal effusion were 80.0% and 100%, respectively. The POCUCS lowest limit of detectable bacteria in peritoneal effusion was 1000 CFUs/mL.

Conclusions

The POCUCS evaluated in this study was less sensitive and less rapid for diagnosing septic peritonitis than blood glucose to peritoneal effusion glucose ratio and plasma lactate to peritoneal effusion glucose ratio. This POCUCS is not recommended as a tool for diagnosing septic peritonitis.
An Accessible, 16-Week Neck Strength Training Program Improves Head Kinematics Following Chest Perturbation in Young Soccer Athletes
Authors: Le Flao Enora , Pichardo Andrew W. , Ganpatt Sherwin , Oranchuk Dustin J.
Published: July 2021

Context:Neck size and strength may be associated with head kinematics and concussion risks. However, there is a paucity of research examining neck strengthening and head kinematics in youths. In addition, neck training is likely lacking in youth sport due to a perceived inadequacy of equipment or time.Objective:Examine neck training effects with minimal equipment on neck strength and head kinematics following chest perturbations in youth athletes.Design:Single-group, pretest–posttest case series.Setting:Athlete training center.Participants:Twenty-five (14 men and 11 women) youth soccer athletes (9.8 [1.5] y).Intervention:Sixteen weeks of twice-weekly neck-focused resistance training utilizing bands, body weight, and manual resistance.Main Outcome Measures:Head kinematics (angular range of motion, peak anterior–posterior linear acceleration, and peak resultant linear acceleration) were measured by an inertial motion unit fixed to the apex of the head during torso perturbations. Neck-flexion and extension strength were assessed using weights placed on the forehead and a plate-loaded neck harness, respectively. Neck length and circumference were measured via measuring tape.Results:Neck extension (increase in median values for all: +4.5 kg, +100%,P < .001; females: +4.5 kg, +100%,P = .002; males: +2.2 kg, +36%,P = .003) and flexion (all: +3.6 kg, +114%,P < .001; females: +3.6 kg, +114%,P = .004; males: +3.6 kg, +114%,P = .001) strength increased following the intervention. Men and women both experienced reduced perturbation-induced head pitch (all: −84%,P < .001). However, peak resultant linear acceleration decreased in the female (−53%,P = .004), but not male (−31%,P = 1.0) subgroup. Preintervention peak resultant linear acceleration and extension strength (R2 = .21,P = .033) were the closest-to-significance associations between head kinematics and strength.Conclusions:Young athletes can improve neck strength and reduce perturbation-induced head kinematics following a 16-week neck strengthening program. However, further research is needed to determine the effect of improved strength and head stabilization on concussion injury rates.
Representations of Wrigley Field Redevelopment(s) in the Chicago Tribune: Neoliberal Discourse and Urban Politics
Authors: Yan Grace , Xue Hanhan , Seifried Chad
Published: July 2021

Since the concept of redeveloping Wrigley Field became prevalent, theChicago Tribunehas notably constructed a variety of narrative strands on related urban dynamics. Through a framework that connected post-Gramsci insights of hegemony, discourse, and critics of spatial and economic neoliberalism, this study examined how the newspaper strategically assembled discourses in mediatizing urban politics surrounding the Wrigley renovation. First, the newspaper fostered hegemonic consent that endorsed the redevelopment(s) by promoting old tropes of economic development and market growth despite mounting evidence to the contrary. Second, it also produced a parallel discourse that expressed moderate recognition and sympathy to the interest and experience of the community. Without fundamentally challenging neoliberal power, however, such discursive construction was a strategic and instrumental intervention that reinforced the contingencies and boundaries of neoliberal hegemony. Through such investigations, this study shed light on the ongoing rearticulation(s) of the media regime that strategically produced neoliberal rationalities, subjectivities, and discursive antagonism as it assisted to shape urban imageries and political economies of sporting spaces.
Women Take Power: A Case Study of Ghanaian Journalists at the Russia 2018 World Cup
Authors: Coche Roxane
Published: July 2021

Women have been entering the sports journalism industry in growing numbers around the world but are still oftentimes sidelined. Female sport media workers constantly face more challenges than their male counterparts because of unfriendly working environments and conditions based in sexism. Most of the existing research has been conducted in Anglo-Saxon environments; yet, women’s inclusion and exclusion in the sport industry is an international problem. This case study expands the literature through in-depth interviews with the only two Ghanaian journalists who covered the FIFA World Cup 2018. These two Ghanaians, the only representatives of their country in the media in Russia, were women, a unique situation that deserved to be examined to better understand the place of women in sport media.
Association of Coping Strategies With Symptoms of Burnout in Young Football Players in a Career Transition Phase: Are Professionalization and Occurrence of Injuries Mediating Factors?
Authors: Alves da Silva Adson , Lucas Morais Freire Gabriel , Fernando Vila Nova de Moraes José , de Souza Fortes Leonardo , Gustavo da Silva Carvalho Rodrigo , Roberto Andrade do Nascimento Junio José
Published: July 2021

This study investigated the association of coping strategies burnout symptoms in 228 Under-20 Brazilian soccer players in a career transition phase and compared these variables with the occurrence of injuries and professionalization. The instruments used in the study were the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and the Athletic Coping Strategies Inventory-28. Data analysis was conducted through generalized estimation equations, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression (p < .05). The results showed that coping was associated with physical and emotional exhaustion in both professional and nonprofessional players, and with a reduced sense of accomplishment only in young nonprofessional athletes who were in the career transition phase. It is concluded that young elite athletes who are in the transition phase of their career but have not signed a professional contract, use limited coping strategies and seem more exposed to stress (compared with those who have signed a contract), and are consequently more vulnerable to burnout symptoms.
Interaction of the axionic dark matter, dynamic aether, spinor and gravity fields as an origin of oscillations of the fermion effective mass
Authors: Balakin Alexander B. , Efremova Anna O.
Published: July 2021

In the framework of the Einstein–Dirac-axion-aether theory we consider the quartet of self-interacting cosmic fields, which includes the dynamic aether, presented by the unit timelike vector field, the axionic dark mater, described by the pseudoscalar field, the spinor field associated with fermion particles, and the gravity field. The key, associated with the mechanism of self-interaction, is installed into the modified periodic potential of the pseudoscalar (axion) field constructed on the base of a guiding function, which depends on one invariant, one pseudo-invariant and two cross-invariants containing the spinor and vector fields. The total system of the field equations related to the isotropic homogeneous cosmological model is solved; we have found the exact solutions for the guiding function for three cases: nonzero, vanishing and critical values of the cosmological constant. Based on these solutions, we obtained the expressions for the effective mass of spinor particles, interacting with the axionic dark matter and dynamic aether. This effective mass is shown to bear imprints of the cosmological epoch and of the state of the cosmic dark fluid in that epoch.
Local one-dimensional reggeon model of the interaction of pomerons and odderons
Authors: Braun M. A. , Kuzminskii E. M. , Vyazovsky M. I.
Published: July 2021

We propose the one-dimensional reggeon theory describing local pomerons and odderons. It generalizes the well-known one-dimensional theory of pomerons (the Gribov model) and includes only triple interaction vertices. The proposed theory is studied by numerical methods: the one-particle pomeron and odderon propagators and the pA amplitude are found as functions of rapidity by integrating the evolution equation.
NLO QCD corrections to off-shell $${t{\bar{t}}W^\pm }$$ production at the LHC: correlations and asymmetries
Authors: Bevilacqua Giuseppe , Bi Huan-Yu , Hartanto Heribertus Bayu , Kraus Manfred , Nasufi Jasmina , Worek Malgorzata
Published: July 2021

Recent discrepancies between theoretical predictions and experimental data in multi-lepton plus b-jets analyses for the $$t{\bar{t}}W^\pm $$

t

t

¯

W
±

process, as reported by the ATLAS collaboration, have indicated that more accurate theoretical predictions and high precision observables are needed to constrain numerous new physics scenarios in this channel. To this end we employ NLO QCD computations with full off-shell top quark effects included to provide theoretical predictions for the $$\mathcal{R}= \sigma _{t{\bar{t}}W^+}/\sigma _{t{\bar{t}}W^-}$$

R
=

σ

t

t

¯

W
+

/

σ

t

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¯

W
-

cross section ratio at the LHC with $$\sqrt{s}=13$$

s

=
13

TeV. Depending on the transverse momentum cut on the b-jet we obtain 2–3% theoretical precision on $$\mathcal{R}$$
R
, which should help to shed some light on new physics effects that can reveal themselves only once sufficiently precise Standard Model theoretical predictions are available. Furthermore, triggered by these discrepancies we reexamine the charge asymmetry of the top quark and its decay products in the $$t{\bar{t}}W^\pm $$

t

t

¯

W
±

production process. In the case of charge asymmetries, that are uniquely sensitive to the chiral nature of possible new physics in this channel, theoretical uncertainties below 15% are obtained. Additionally, the impact of the top quark decay modelling is scrutinised by explicit comparison with predictions in the narrow-width approximation.
Celestial operator products of gluons and gravitons
Authors: Pate M. , Raclariu A.-M. , Strominger A. , Yuan E. Y.
Published: July 2021

The operator product expansion (OPE) on the celestial sphere of conformal primary gluons and gravitons is studied. Asymptotic symmetries imply recursion relations between products of operators whose conformal weights differ by half-integers. It is shown, for tree-level Einstein–Yang–Mills theory, that these recursion relations are so constraining that they completely fix the leading celestial OPE coefficients in terms of the Euler beta function. The poles in the beta functions are associated with conformally soft currents.