bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Design and Characterizations for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Diau Eric Wei-Guang
Published: February 2020

A major advance in the development of inorganic sensitizers of new types occurred in 2012: Park and Grätzel reported thin-film solid-state solar cells attaining PCE 9.7 % with a methyl ammonium lead-iodide perovskite sensitizer, CH3NH3PbI3, in a mesoporous TiO2 film (thickness 0.6 μm).1 This perovskite sensitizer has a bandgap 1.5 eV and V
OC of this perovskite-sensitized solar cell was much greater than that of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), rendering this photovoltaic system promising for further investigations. At nearly the same time, Snaith and co-workers reported a similar perovskite, CH3NH3PbI2Cl, that served as light absorber for mesoscopic thin-film solid-state solar cells to attain PCE 10.9 %,2 for which the mesoporous Al2O3 film served as a scaffold to replace the n-type TiO2 electron-transporting layer. In 2013, Snaith and co-workers reported a significantly enhanced PCE 12.3 % for perovskite CH3NH3PbI3-x
Cl
x
solar cells with the same device structure based on Al2O3.3 Concurrently the development of all solid-state mesoscopic solar cells has reached a new milestone when Grätzel,4 Snaith,5 Kelly6 and their co-workers reported the perovskite-based solar cells with PCE exceeding 15 % using spiro-OMeTAD as hole transporting material. Recently, we have demonstrated that perovskite solar cells using mesoporous NiO nanocrystals as p-contact electrode material in a device configuration NiO/perovskite/PCBM attained PCE 9.5 %, giving promising perspective for further development of all-inorganic perovskite-based thin-film solar cells and tandem photovoltaics. The great discovery of the perovskites as novel photovoltaic materials has hence opened a new channel for the development of third-generation solar cells with advantages of great efficiency, cheapness, ease of processing and great endurance. Both n-type and p-type perovskite solar cells will be introduced based on varied structural configurations of the devices.

1 Kim, H. S.; Lee, C. R.; Im, J. H.; Lee, K. B.; Moehl, T.; Marchioro, A.; Moon, S. J.; Humphry-Baker, R.; Yum, J. H.; Moser, J. E.; Grätzel, M.; Park, N. G. Scientific Reports
2012, 2, 591.

2 Lee, M. M.; Teuscher, J.; Miyasaka, T.; Murakami, T. N.; Snaith, H. J. Science
2012,338, 643.

3 Ball, J. M.; Lee, M. M.; Hey, A.; Snaith, H. J. Energy Environ. Sci.
2013, 6, 1739.

4 Burschka, J.; Pellet, N.; Moon, S. J.; Humphry-Baker, R. ; Gao, P.; Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Grätzel, M. Nature
2013, 499, 316.

5 Liu, M.; Johnston, M. B.; Snaith, H. J. Nature
2013, 501, 395.

6 Liu, D.; Kelly, T. L. Nature Photon.
2014, 8, 133.
Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cell Using Small Molecules
Authors: Paek Sanghyun , Lim Kimin , Do Kwangseok , Choi Hyeju , Park Sojin , Jo Hyunjoon , Lee Hyejeong , Shim Janggeun , Ko Jaejung
Published: February 2020

Increasing global warming is recognized as the most critical issues encountered in this century. Therefore research target at solar energy harvesting is currently under extensive investigation. One promising technology would be organic solar cell, which is expected to dominate the low-cost market in the future. In the organic solar cell, numerous polymers have been used as light harvest. Due to the synthetic difficulty, molecular weight distribution, many research groups have expended endeavors to develop small molecules as the alternative sensitizers, which are easy to the synthesis. Recently, impressive photovoltaic performances have been reported on various well designed small molecules, showing promising efficiency in the range of 5~8.5%. Recently, we synthesized a new series of small molecules with thiophene perylene bisimide, benzothiadiazole, anthracene based chromophore and planar star-shaped unit. In this presentation, we want to report various different type of small molecules for efficient organic solar cells.
High Photoelectrochemical Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution Performance by Using a-Si/c-Si Heterojunction Solar Cells as Photoelectrodes
Authors: Wang Hsin-Ping , Sun Ke , Noh Sun Young , Kargar Alireza , Tsai Meng-Lin , Wang Deli , He Jr-Hau
Published: February 2020

Si heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, consisting of ultrathin amorphous Si (a-Si) layers on crystalline Si (c-Si), are designed as a photoanode or a photocathode by simply switching the polarity. Critical to enhance the performance of photoelectrodes is good surface passivation. Good surface passivation reduces photocarriers recombination, directly improving the open-circuit voltage (V
OC). Moreover, the optical losses by catalysts can be solved by separating the PV from the water redox reaction. The low recombination of photoelectrodes is critical to successfully achieve this design to avoid the photogenerated carrier recombination loss during the period of transport through the whole devices to participate in water redox reaction. The thin a-Si:H layers of SHJ solar cells served as not only the power generating layers but also good passivation layers, including chemical passivation and field-effect passivation. In this feature, we demonstrated the operation of an efficient and stable SHJ photoanode and photocathode. The SHJ photocathode displays excellent hydrogen evolution performance with a of 0.640 mV, of 33.49 mA/cm2, where is the onset potential measured at water reduction current density of 1 mA/cm−2, is the equilibrium water reduction potential in 1 M H2SO4 solution, and is the current density at , and a solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency (SHCE) of 13.26%, which is the highest ever reported for Si-based photocathode.
Fabrication of Transition Metal Doped TiO2 Photocatlyst for Artificial Photosynthesis Applications
Authors: Abidov Amir , Allabergenov Bunyod , Xiao Feiyi , Jin Xing , Jeong Soon-Wook , Kim Sungjin
Published: February 2020

Elimination of greenhouse gases from atmosphere became an ultimate problem recently. Previously we reported of formic acid photosynthesis using Iron doped TiO2 [1]. In this paper we discuss various transition metal doped TiO2 for artificial photosynthesis application. Powder TiO2 was doped using transition metal. Photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. Prepared photocatalyst was used for photosynthesizing of carbonyl and amino compounds from CO2 gas and nitric acid. Prepared samples were examined using UV-visible spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Selectivity of prepared catalyst to alcohols, formates and ureas was compared and discussed. It was found that transition metal doped TiO2 is much more efficient for photosynthesis purpose than bare one.

References:

[1] Amir Abidov et al., 2013, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 479-480, 100
Energy Payback Time Modeling of Integrated Photoelectrochemical Devices Using Concentrated Solar Irradiation
Authors: Dumortier Mikael , Haussener Sophia
Published: February 2020

The photoelectrochemical (PEC) production of hydrogen offers a direct pathway for the conversion of solar energy into an energy dense and transportable fuel. In an integrated PEC device, solar radiation is absorbed by photoactive components which provide the necessary potential for water electrolysis to take place in the integrated proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell (PEMEC). The produced current density in the photovoltaic component (PV) increases with increasing solar irradiation, i.e. concentration. This results in higher hydrogen production rates for a PEMEC with small overpotentials, i.e. good ohmic conductors and efficient catalysts, compared to non-concentrating systems. We also expect further reduction in energy and material requirements of a concentrated PEC (CPEC) device and its fabrication and, consequently, its energy payback time (EPBT). We compared the EPBT of PEC and CPEC devices for water electrolysis. For the latter, we compared existing concentrating technologies - lenses, mirrors, and Cassegrain reflectors - and a novel integrated CPEC device using a self-tracking wave-guide concentrator.

We developed a model that assesses the energy requirements of the different component (concentrator, electrolysis cell, photovoltaic cell, external components) by coupling the energy and material inventory of devices to a detailed performance model under different concentrations. The model uses the Shockley-Queisser limit to assess the performance of the multijunction photovoltaic cell, and an equivalent circuit model was used to assess the performance of the electrolysis cell, including kinetic overpotentials via Butler-Volmer expressions, ohmic resistances via Ohm’s law, and mass transport overpotentials [1].

The results show that the EPBT of all concentrating technologies are in the same order of magnitude (5-10 years). However, the integrated self-tracking concentrator design shows a lower EPBT than Fresnel lenses-based concentrating systems due to a lower primary energy demand of the former (1600 MJ/m² for integrated, self-tracking concentrator, and 2800 MJ/m² for external Fresnel concentrator coupled to PV-electrolyzer). A sensitivity analysis showed that the most influential parameters for the reduction of the EPBT are the yearly solar irradiation, the primary and operating energy demand of the concentrator, the performance of the concentrator, the exchange current density of the catalysts, and the fill factor of the photovoltaic cell. The EPBT could be reduced by at least 6% with a variation of 10% of one of these parameters for all the technologies studied.

This developed model provides a useful tool for device design to compare and optimize the energy requirements of integrated PEC and CPEC devices

[1] P. K. Das, X. Li, and Z.-S. Liu, “Analytical approach to polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance and optimization,” J. Electroanal.
Chem., vol. 604, no. 2, pp. 72–90, Jun. 2007.
In Situ Localized Current Distribution in a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Clement Jason T. , Zawodzinski Thomas A. , Mench Matthew M.
Published: February 2020

Significant development of redox flow battery (RFB) technology has taken place recently to assess their viability as a large-scale energy storage system1. Such systems have been implemented in select instances to demonstrate their feasibility; however there is still a lack of fundamental understanding regarding these devices. Of the numerous possible redox couples, the all-vanadium chemistry is the most commonly studied RFB. With the extensive literature available regarding this chemistry, there is still a lack of available diagnostic techniques to provide distributed measurements for understanding fundamental mechanisms within these cells.

The use of a printed circuit board in electrochemical cells provides a useful distributed diagnostic as demonstrated by its extensive use in fuel cells2. The application of this technology to measure in-plane current distribution in a RFB has been previously demonstrated as shown in Figure 1.3This work will build upon that foundation to gain further insight regarding the influence of cell architecture and operating conditions on distribution.

References

1. A.Z. Weber, M.M. Mench, J.P. Meyers, P.N. Ross, J.T. Gostick, Q. Liu, J. Appl. Electrochem., 41, 1137, (2011).

2. J.J. Gagliardo, J.P. Owejan, T.A. Trabold, T.W. Tighe, Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers, Detect. Assoc. Equip., 605, 115, (2009).

3. J.T. Clement, T.A. Zawodzinski, M.M. Mench, 224th ECS Meet., San Francisco, CA, Oct. 27 – Nov. 1, 2013.

Figure 1. In-plane current distribution for a 9 cm2 vanadium RFB under 100 mA/cm2 discharge conditions.
Electrochemical Analysis of Chromium Acetylacetonate for Nonaqueous Flow Batteries
Authors: Saraidaridis James Demetrios , Monroe Charles W
Published: February 2020

Although redox flow batteries (RFBs) provide the advantage of decoupled energy and power density useful for grid storage applications, current state-of-the-art technologies have yet to achieve widespread commercial success. Cost per unit energy storage capacity presents the largest barrier to this goal [1].

Wide voltage gaps between redox potentials, capacity for multiple redox reactions, and ability to serve as both negative and positive electrolyte (ability to disproportionate) make chromium acetylacetonate [Cr(acac)3] attractive for RFB applications [2]. With multiple redox potentials separated by >3 V, as shown by the cyclic voltammogram in Figure 1, cell potentials can be raised significantly above state-of-the-art aqueous RFBs, which are limited within a ~1.5 V operating window. Employing the same Cr(acac)3 solution in both electrolyte reservoirs delivers a truly symmetric single-metal RFB and can eliminate the need for costly ion-selective separators. Large operating potentials and inexpensive stack materials will help raise theoretical maximum energy density and mitigate cost concerns.

In spite of clear advantages, operation of nonaqueous Cr(acac)3 RFBs display low voltage efficiency [2]. With the aim of elucidating a potential cause of this low efficiency, we investigated the electrochemical kinetics of nonaqueous chromium acetylacetonate on various electrodes, focusing on the redox couples centered at -2.1 & 1.2 V vs. Ag/Ag+ (shown in Figure 1). Initial linear-sweep voltammetry experiments on Au, Pt, and C microelectrodes depicted more complicated redox behavior than originally hypothesized. We will discuss the ramifications of this behavior with regard to reaction mechanisms, while also addressing how these observations can further guide RFB design for nonaqueous Cr(acac)3 systems.

Figure 1: Cyclic and normalized linear-sweep voltammograms of 0.01 M Cr(acac)3/0.05 M TEABF4 in acetonitrile, Pt WE (50um) & CE, 500 mVs-1 and 1 mVs-1 (insets), <1ppm O2/H2O, ambient temperature.

[1] S. Eckroad. EPRI Report 1014836. 2007.

[2] Q. Liu et al. Electrochem. Comm. 12 (2010): 1634.
New Development in the Alkaline-Based Hydrogen-Bromine Fuel Cell
Authors: Nguyen Trung Van , Yarlagadda Venkata , Konwar Dhrubajit , Chan Kwong-Yu
Published: February 2020

The hydrogen bromine (H2-Br2) fuel cell system is an attractive system for electrical energy storage because of its high round-trip conversion efficiency, high power density capability, and anticipated low costs. The hydrogen-bromine fuel cell system can be operated in the acid or alkaline modes as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 2 shows schematics of the cell configuration of these two systems. The main difference is the additional compartment for KOH solution between the negative electrode and the membrane for the hydrogen reactions.

The alkaline H2-Br2 fuel cell was studied recently by us because of its advantages over the acid system such as higher cell potential, low cost catalyst for the hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions and lower corrosivity. The results from that study confirmed that this system can deliver a higher cell voltage and that the reaction rates of the hydrogen and bromine reactions in alkaline solution (KOH) were as fast as in acid solution (HBr). The results also showed that high power density performance could be obtained and its current performance was limited by high cell internal resistance, due mainly to high ionic resistance of the potassium ion (K+) conducting membrane. [1]

This presentation will discuss new development in the alkaline H2-Br2 fuel cell.

Reference:

1) T.V. Nguyen, V. Yarlagadda, G. Lin, G. Weng, C.-Y. Li, and K.-Y. Chan, “Comparison of Acid and Alkaline Hydrogen-Bromine Fuel Cell Systems,” ECS Transactions, Vol. 58, No. 37 (2014).

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the National Science Foundation through grant number EFRI-1038234 and Research Grants Council of Hong Kong through a General Research Fund (GRF HKU 700210P).
Aqueous Manganese-Based Electrolytes for Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Swartz Christopher R , Lipka Stephen M , Rogers Fon , Chen Rong , Kodenkandath Thomas
Published: February 2020

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are an emerging technology suitable for large-scale, stationary energy storage applications, including grid storage. Redox flow batteries are capable of storing high amounts of both energy (MWh) and power (MW).1 One principle advantage of flow batteries is the ability to decouple the energy density and power density of the system, and scale both independently. The all-vanadium RFB represents the current state-of-the-art in flow battery technology, and features several advantages, including rapid response times, high depth of discharge, long cycle life, and good cell performance metrics (i.e. efficiencies). Anolyte and catholyte cross-contamination is eliminated through the use of the same active metal cation in both compartments of the cell.

Issues associated with the vanadium RFB include a low cell voltage (1.26 V), the use of expensive membranes including Nafion®, and the relatively high cost of vanadium, leading to expensive electrolytes.2 The development of anolytes with higher reversible potentials than VO2+/VO2
+, along with electroactive species featuring higher natural abundance and lower cost than vanadium, represents an attractive alternative to vanadium-based anolytes. Flow battery anolytes based on the Mn2+/Mn3+ redox couple have been reported in the literature, and the high standard electrode potential of Mn2+/Mn3+ (1.51 V) has been utilized in manganese anolyte (Mn2+/Mn3+)/vanadium catholyte (V2+/V3+) redox flow batteries, featuring a theoretical open circuit voltage of 1.77 V.2,3 The usage of manganese anolytes can lead to higher cell voltages (Figure 1) and cheaper anolytes, but the disproportionation reaction of Mn3+ to Mn2+ and MnO2 is a technical issue that needs to be resolved in order for manganese-based anolytes to find widespread utility in redox flow batteries.2

This presentation will disclose our investigations on the development of manganese-based anolytes for redox flow batteries. The effect of various additives on electrolyte stability and electrochemical kinetics for the Mn2+/Mn3+ redox couple will be quantified using cyclic voltammetry, RDE measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, overpotential measurements, and full-cell testing (constant current charge/discharge) of Mn/V redox flow batteries (Figure 2).

References

1) Wang, W. et al. J. Power Sources.
2012, 216, 99.

2) Xue, F.-Q. et al. Electrochimica Acta.
2008, 53, 6636.

3) Hong, T.; Xue, F. “Investigation on manganese (Mn2+/Mn3+)-vanadium (V2+/V3+) redox flow battery.” 2009 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC).
Further In Situ EDXRD Studies of the MnO2 Cathode
Authors: Steingart Daniel A , Gallaway Joshua W , Hertzberg Benjamin Joseph , Erdonmez Can
Published: February 2020

Alkaline Zn/MnO2 batteries employ low-cost, safe materials but typically target single-use applications due to irreversible phase transformations of electrode materials when recharged. We have developed shallow cycling protocols, limiting energy stored each cycle, but allowing hundreds of cycles of operation. This approach makes Zn/MnO2 a viable path for large scale grid-storage. We have used energy dispersive diffraction (EDXRD) to map crystalline phases and track their transformations in both fresh and extended shallow-cycled alkaline batteries. By comparing, in situ, phase content/distribution among batteries undergoing different cycling protocols, we have learn much empirically about degradation mechanisms and their dependence on cycling parameters. By comparing phase distributions in batteries aged to different cycle numbers, have determined more about the fundamental feasibility of shallow-cycled alkaline cells for grid applications and identify specific processes setting cycling life limits under current protocols.

The electrical grid has little storage, necessitating rigorous controls for continually matching electrical generationand demand. Intermittent generation sources (solar or wind power) will further amplify the need for grid-storage. Alkaline Zn-MnO2 cells are traditionally employed as primary batteries, as electrode materials develop stability problems upon recharge. The cathode material, MnO2 undergoes numerous phase transformations during discharge, some being irreversible. Reactions involving less than 0.5 electrons per Mn maintain the reversible MnO2 structure needed for recharging, but staying within this limit can be difficult in practice: rate distributions exist in commercially feasible, cm-scale cells. By shallow cycling, we have demonstrated the lifetimes of hundreds of cycles in alkaline batteries. Thus, overbuilding capacity and limiting rates within the battery may prolong Zn/MnO2 cell lifetime sufficiently for grid-storage. By studying in operando phase distributions and cycling-induced transformations in alkaline batteries, we can examine multiple failure modes within a real system simulatenously. Cells with extended cycling histories have been studied, revealing cumulative effects. We have also demonstrated that the EDXRD at X17B1 can spatially map, in situ, crystalline phases as a function of cycling parameters in a non-destructive way across many batteries in a single experiment, creating an application driven phase map.

We have observed the structural state of MnO2 is a strong function of not only state of charge, but cycling protocol, and we believe we have identified previously unseen "over strain" conditions in which one full electron is removed from a standard MnO2 electrode without the typical Mn2O3 "phase lock". The attached figure illustrates a time resolved EDXRD of MnO2 at the separator interface of a Duracell LR6 ("AA") Zn/MnO2 battery.
A Metal-Free Organic Aqueous Capacitor Using Quinonic Compounds Couple
Authors: Komatsu Daiki , Tomai Takaaki , Honma Itaru
Published: February 2020

Redox-capacitors are electrochemical energy storage devices using the electric double layer capacity and pseudo-capacity derived from redox reactions. Because of its higher energy density than conventional electric double layer capacitors, higher power density than batteries and long cycle life, redox-capacitor is a promising candidate for grid-scale stationary energy storage device.

We demonstrated the aqueous redox-capacitors using inexpensive quinonic and hydroquinonic organic compounds as redox active materials, which facilitate charge/discharge by proton insertion/extraction in aqueous electrolyte. These quinonic/hydroquinonic compounds are supported in nanoporous carbon. This capacitor exhibited high energy density (＞20 Wh kg-1) and high power density (＞5 A g-1) without the degradation after 10000 charge/discharge cycles [Sci. Rep. 4, 3591 (2014).].

In this study, we investigated the dependence of loading rate of quinonic compound to carbon materials for further enhancement of energy density. It was found that quinonic compound, which is highly loaded in carbon (>70 wt%), can be utilized by adding a slight amount of carbon with high electrical conductivity. Finally, the high energy density of approximately 30 Wh kg-1 was achieved in the metal-free organic aqueous capacitor using quinonic compounds couple.
Finite-Element Analysis Study to Predict the Thermo-Mechanical Stability of Planar-Type NaS Batteries
Authors: Kim Chang-Soo , Park Yoon-Cheol , Jung Keeyoung
Published: February 2020

The sodium sulfur (NaS) battery is one of the most promising candidates for grid scale energy storage systems (ESS) applications. Within the structure of the NaS cell, there are joint parts comprised of different types of materials such as metallic alloys or glasses to bond between insulating ring/metals and insulating ring/electrolytes, respectively. During the freeze and thaw processes, the ambient temperature changes may result in interfacial decohesion or bulk fractures of these joint parts, which may lead to a catastrophic failure of the cell. It is considered that such thermomechanical stability at the joints is one of the vital issues in developing commercialized NaS cells. In this presentation, therefore, we will first review the current thermal stability problems of NaS cells, and then the computational approach will be introduced to address the quantitative prediction of such thermal stress concentration in these metallic and glass joints area of NaS batteries. Specifically, the impacts of the structures, geometries, and sizes of cell components on the thermomechanical behavior of the planar-type NaS cell have been explored based on the finite-element analysis (FEA) computational technique. In contrast to the conventional cylindrical type cells, we will introduce a planar-type NaS design recently developed at RIST as an effort to increase the efficiency and performance. In developing the computational model, we have incorporated relevant stress-strain curves of each material assuming that they follow the J2 flow theory with isotropic hardening. Realistic geometries of the battery structure were digitally transferred to the FEA solver using sophisticated mesh-generation software. The computation includes all of the detailed cell assembly procedures with corresponding temperature changes. After construction of the 3 dimensional cell geometries, a comprehensive analysis including the tangential and normal stress concentration at the interfaces and the bulk section of the joint area upon heating and cooling has been performed. The results of the FEA computation show that the thermal stress concentration in the joint areas is strongly dependent on the geometry and the size of the cells. Especially, substantial increase of the stress accumulation was predicted in the cells with angular geometries. In this presentation, we will also show quantitative analyses on the probable fracture scenarios in the cell joints. It is expected that the outcomes from the developed prediction tool employing the FEA can provide a guidance to enhance the stability of the NaS cell with optimized materials and geometrical designs.
3D-Electrode Technology Platform for Energy Storage Safety
Authors: Prochazka Jan
Published: February 2020

Thin film technology (2D) producing lithium ion accumulators has nearly been optimized. The capacity limits are given and the production cost is high. In addition, ultimate safety of this type of batteries cannot be provided.

It has been demonstrated that a significant increase of lithium battery capacity is feasible by removing organic binders and extending the electrode thickness from micrometers (2D) to millimeters (3D). This is allowed by a nanostructured morphology, which

The HE3DA®concept of several millimeters thick electrodes gives the battery incomparable safety and brings a number of new attributes, which are not achievable by the existing thin film technology.

3D electrodes provide a significant volumetric capacity increase. Recently developed internal cooling system, with electrolyte as the cooling media, radically shrinks the battery pack size and extends battery life. during operations,

The safe, robust construction with a multifunctional frame, easy degassing and possibility of electrolyte exchange and regeneration provides a new lithium accumulator technology platform ideal for large energy storage modules.
Autonomy and Battery Utilization within Microgrids and Solar-Battery Applications
Authors: Lawder Matthew T , Fenton Rachel K , Subramanian Venkat R.
Published: February 2020

Distributed Energy Resources (DER) have increased penetration into the electric grid in recent years due to the growth of many renewable energy technologies as well as more efficient small conventional generation sources. Microgrids have grown in popularity along with the increased usage of DERs as a way to manage the multiple DERs on a local level.1Microgrids contain energy storage devices to store and distribute the intermittent energy provided by DERs (see figure 1).

Coupling a solar energy resource with a Li-ion battery energy storage, we study the autonomy (the percentage of time the system meets demand) and utilization (amount of capacity used) during yearly operation.2By including a demand schedule with the coupled solar and battery system, we study both how different demands, system sizes and solar insolation patterns will affect the autonomy and utilization of the system. Both islanded and grid-tied demand structures will be discussed.

The battery model involved in this study is an electrochemical and transport based Li-ion battery model.3For the solar portion of the model we will assess both ideal insolation curves as well as site based insolation data. For the real-site data, several solar monitoring sites within the US will be employed. The real data will offer a contrasting look at how much the coupled system can be affected on a daily and seasonal basis. In addition, using real data will allow for a greater assessment about the stability of a coupled system in areas with strong insolation, but high variability against areas of weaker insolation, but low variability. A balance between a high level of both autonomy and utilization will be studied in conjunction with preferable demand structures. This balance will affect the structure and operation of a microgrid with both solar and battery systems.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency- Energy (ARPA-E), and the Solar Energy Research Institute in India and the United States (SERIIUS), as well as, Washington University in St. Louis’ McDonnell Academy Global Energy and Environmental Partnership (MAGEEP).

References

1. R. H. Lasseter, Journal of Energy Engineering-Asce,
133, (2007)

2. C. Protogeropoulos, B. J. Brinkworth, and R. H. Marshall, International Journal of Energy Research,
21, (1997)

3. S. Santhanagopalan, Q. Z. Guo, P. Ramadass, and R. E. White, Journal of Power Sources,
156, (2006)
Electrochemical Properties of Li2MnO3 Based Cathode Materials Prepared By Reduction-Ion Exchange Method
Authors: Zhao Wenwen , Noguchi Hideyuki , Yamamoto Shinji
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nano Structured LiMnPO4 cathode Materials with High Rate Capability
Authors: Liu Zhaoping , Xia Yonggao
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis and electrochemical performance of carbon-coated LiMn2O4 as a cathode for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Zeng Jiesheng , Chen Chen , Dong Litian , Han Yan , Li Dejun
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Two-Dimensional Nanoporous MnO2 with Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance
Authors: Zhang Wenyao , Qian Huayu , Wang Xin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Facile Synthesis of Sodium Vanadum Oxide Nanowires for Sodium-Ion Battery Cathode
Authors: Fei Hai Long , Wei Ming Deng
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
High Performance Supercapacitor Based on Lignin Derived Nanofibers
Authors: Zhi Mingjia , Wu Nick
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Carbon Coated Cobalt Sulfide Hollow Nanosphere Anode Materials for Enhanced Performance in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhou Yanli
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7)/C Nanocomposite with Excellent Electrochemical Performance for Sodium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Xuehang , Guo Jianghuai , Yang Yong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Design and Synthesis of Li-Rich Li1+xM1-xO2 (M=Ni, Co, Mn, x
>0) Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Battery with the Aid of LiNiO2-LiCoO2-LiMnO2-Li2MnO3 tetrahedral Phase Diagram
Authors: Zhang Lianqi , Wang Dongge , Zhang Chao , Song Dawei , Shi Xixi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Energy Materials Based on Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Porous Graphene-like Networks
Authors: Shen Pei Kang , Li Yunyong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis Chracterization of CuInS2 Nanocrystals and Their Optical and Electrical Properties
Authors: Alsherhi Saad M. , Ahamad Tansir
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Heterogeneous Lithium-Rich Layered Cathode Material for High-Performance Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Xiukang , Wang Di , Yu Ruizhi , Ge Long , Bai Yansong , Shu Hongbo , Wang Xianyou
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Metal Borides As High Capacity Anode Materials for Alkaline Secondary Batteries
Authors: Bai Ying , Wu Feng , Wu Chuan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Excellent Pseudo-Capacitive Behaviors of the Binary Metal Oxide As Capacitor Electrode Materials
Authors: An Cuihua , Wang Yijing , Huang Yanan , Xu Yanan , Xu Changchang , Jiao Lifang , Yuan Huatang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Keynote Presentation: Nanoporous Hybrid Materials - Transport Phenomena and Applications in Secondary Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Archer Lynden A.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Preparation and Electrochemical Property of Ionic Liquid Modified Graphene Supported Pt Nanocomposites
Authors: Kim Seok , Park Jiyoung
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
A New Type Zn, N, C Hybrid Hierarchical Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries Obtained from ZIF-8
Authors: Fan Jingmin , Zang Jun , Chen Binbin , Lin Xionggui , Qian Hang , Zheng Mingsen , Dong Quanfeng
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Characterization of Commercial CoS2 for Long-Life and High-Power Thermal Batteries
Authors: Yang Xiaowei , Liu Xiaojiang , Li Li , Lan Wei , Yang Zhaotang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Improvement of High Rate Performance of Hierarchical Porous Carbons By Catalytical Graphitization
Authors: Yan Jingwang , Jiang Liang , Xue Rong , Yi Baolian
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Monodisperse Porous Na2Fe3(PO4)3 Nanocomposites for a New High Energy Sodium Ion Battery Cathodes
Authors: Huang Weifeng , Zhou Jing , Li Biao , An Li , Xia Dingguo , Chu Wangsheng , Wu Ziyu
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of 1D Nanocarbons As Anodes for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Sun Qiang , Zhang Xiang-Qian , Lu An-Hui
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Porous Silicon Derived from Waste Solid of Organosilane Industry As Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Shi Lu , Wang Weikun , Wang Anbang , Yu Zhongbao , Yang Yusheng
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Novel Electrolytes for High-Voltage Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode Material
Authors: Xu Mengqing
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Improved Electrochemical Performance of Li2Mn0.99Zn0.01SiO4/C Cathode Prepared By Sol-Gel Method with Mn3O4
Authors: Qu Long , Fang Shaohua , Yang Li
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Influences of Annealing Temperature on Modified Active Carbon Electrochemical Behaviors and Mechanism Study
Authors: Xue HaiTao
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
the Preparation and Performance of Ge@GeO2@C/RGO Composites as Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Guo Lina , Liuzhang Ouyang , Hu Renzong , Zhu Min
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Keynote Presentation: New Dimensions in Energy Storage Materials
Authors: Gregory Duncan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Laser Modification and Characterization of LixMn2O4 Cathodes for Thin Film Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Ye Rongbin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
MnO Nanorods Fabricated Using Cotton and Its Performance on Li-Ion Battery
Authors: Cao Kangzhe , Jiao Lifang , Liu Yongchang , Liu Huiqiao , Wang Yijing , Yuan Huatang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Controllable Construction of 3D-Skeleton-Carbon Coated Na3V2(PO4)3 for High-Performance Sodium Ion Battery Cathode
Authors: Zhang Qing , Wang Wei , Wang Yujiao , Wang Kangli , Jiang Kai , Cheng Shijie
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Mesoporous Li3V2(PO4)3@CMK-3 Nanocomposite Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Senlin , Zhang Zhengxi , Yang Li
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Design and Fabrication of Novel Electrodes for Advanced Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Weixin , Wang Qiang , Yang Zeheng , Chen Gongde , Zhang Yingmeng
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nanowire Devices for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Mai Liqiang , He Liang , Yan Mengyu
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Structural and Electrochemical Studies on Lithium Containing Layered Sodium Iron Manganese Oxides for Rechargeable Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kaneko Takafumi , Yabuuchi Naoaki , Kubota Kei , Hara Ryo , Komaba Shinichi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
the electrochemical properties of thin film Fe3O4 electrodes prepared by laser printing
Authors: Jiang Zhiyu , Yang Jianjun , Huang Junjie
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Silicon-Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Elastic Hollow Titanium Dioxide Spheres for High-Performance Anode Material in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Xiaogang , Fang Shan , Shen Laifa
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Modified Carbon Nano-Onions in Supercapacitor Electrodes
Authors: Plonska-Brzezinska Marta Eliza , Mykhailiv Olena , Molina-Ontoria Agustin , Echegoyen Luis
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Chemical Synthesis of Carbon Nano-Onion and Nickel Nanoparticle Composite As a Supercapacitor Electrode
Authors: Brzezinski Krzysztof , Brus Diana Malgorzata , Molina-Ontoria Agustin , Echegoyen Luis , Plonska-Brzezinska Marta Eliza
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Intense Pulsed Light (IPL)-Assisted Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nanoflakes for Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Ahn Heejoon , Jang Kihun , Yu Sungil , Jeong Hyunwoo , Song Chiho
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Comparison of P2-Type Na2/3FexMn1-XO2 Cathode Performance Against Na Anode
Authors: Zhao Jie , Dimov Nikolay , Okada Shigeto , Xu Jing , Meng Shirley
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nanocarbon Scaffold with Multi-Range Electron Pathways for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Xin-Yan , Peng Hong-Jie , Zhang Qiang , Huang Jia-Qi , Liu Xiao-Fei , Wang Li , He Xiangming , Zhu Wancheng , Wei Fei
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Hierarchical Nanostructured Carbon/Sulfur Hybrid Cathode for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Battery
Authors: Peng Hong-Jie , Huang Jia-Qi , Zhao Meng-Qiang , Zhang Qiang , Cheng Xin-Bing , Liu Xin-Yan , Qian Wei-Zhong , Wei Fei
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electrochemistry Characteristics of SmF3-Coated Lithium-Rich Cathode Material Li1.2Ni0.2Co0.08Mn0.52O2
Authors: Zhang Yun
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis of Sandwich-like Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon/Graphene Nano Flakes As an Eﬃcient Electrode Material for Supercapacitors
Authors: Yu Zhang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nickel Foam, Carbon and PVDF Composite Electrodes for Lead-Acid Flow Batteries
Authors: Chang Chih-Wei , Chen Hsun-Yi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Elastic Carbon Foam Derived from Polymer Foam for Energy and Environmental Application
Authors: Chen Shuiliang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Facile Approach to Silicon Based Anode Material from Siofor Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Feng Xuejiao , Yang Jun , Miao Rongrong , Wang Jiulin , Nuli Yanna
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Combustion Synthesis of High-Voltage LiCoPO4 for Secondary Li-Ion Battery
Authors: Du Chenqiang , Tang Zhiyuan , Zhang XinHe
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Keynote Presentation: What Makes Graphene Exceptional for Capacitive Energy Storage?
Authors: Li Dan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Influences of the Pre-Heat Treatments on the Cyclic Oxidation Behavior of in 617 Supperalloy
Authors: Al-Hatab Khalil Abdullah , Al-Bukhaiti Mohammed , Krupp Ulrich
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Evaluation of an Air Cathode for Zinc Air Battery Applications
Authors: Zhang Xinge , Qu Wei , Yuan Xiao-Zi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
New Electrochemistry for Non-Aqueous Rechargeable Mg Batteries
Authors: Li Guosheng , Liu Tianbiao , Shao Yuyan , Cheng Yingwen , Liu Jun
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis of La2Ni7 Hydrogen Storage ALLOY By Electro-Deoxidation Method
Authors: Anik Mustafa
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Structure Controlled Porous Carbon Materials As Hosts for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Han Fei , Zhang Xiang-Qian , Lu An-Hui
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Preparation of MoS2/Rgo Composites and Their Performance As Lithium Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Jing Yu , Ortiz-Quiles Edwin O. , Cabrera Carlos R , Chen Zhongfang , Zhou Zhen
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
High Performance Polyacene-Coated LiMnPO4 Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Zuo Pengjian , Wang Liguang , Ma Yulin , Du Chunyu , Cheng Xinqun , Gao Yunzhi , Yin Geping
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
High Rate Ti-Based Anode Materials Forrechargeable Batteries
Authors: Kim Ki-Tae , Oh Seung-Min , Sun Y-K. , Myung Seung-Taek
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Binder-Free Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes Electrodes for Lithium-Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Lin Xiujing , Huang Tao , Yu Aishui
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Study of the Mwcnts/PEDOT-PSS and Mwcnts/PTFE Composites As Electrodes for Supercapacitors
Authors: Yang Qin , Pang Siu-Kwong , Yung Kam-Chuen
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Polymeric Microgel to Prepare Three-Dimensional Porous Nanocarbon-Coated LiMn2O4 Spheres for High-Power Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Zhaohui
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
The Application of Co3O4/CNFs Composite Catalysts in Li-O2 Battery
Authors: Ma Zi-Feng , Huang Bo Wen , Yang De Zhi , Liao Xiao-Zhen , He Yu-Shi
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Controlled Synthesis of Graphene Anchored with Hollow Fe2O3 Nanoparticles for High Lithium Ion Storage
Authors: Hu Tao , Sun Hongtao , Sun Xiang , Liu Changsheng , Lian Jie
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Microstructure, Characteristics and Acid Treatment of Spherical Li(Li0.2Mn0.52Ni0.28)O2 Cathode
Authors: Cheng Di , Fan Guangxin
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
3-D Modeling of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery with Focus on Feeding Rate Effects
Authors: Yang Xiao-Guang , Ye Qiang , Cheng Ping
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
The Side-Chain Effect on the Morphology and Electrochemical Properties of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomers for Vanadium Flow Battery
Authors: Ding Cong , Zhang Huamin , Li Xianfeng , Xi Xiaoli , Cheng Yuanhui
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis of Carbon Coated Li2ZnTi3O8 Anode Material Using Chitosan As Carbon Source for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Tang Haoqing , Tang Zhiyuan
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis of LiAl0.05Ni0.05Mn1.9O4 Cathode Material Via Electrostatic Spinning Method
Authors: Ding Xia'nan , Zhou Hongwei , Yin Zhuang , Wang Xindong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Textured Silicon@Graphitic Carbon Nanowire Arrays for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Bin , Li Xianglong , Zhi Linjie
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
A Novel Mechanism for the Oxidation Reaction of VO2+ on a Graphite Electrode in Acidic Solutions
Authors: Wang Wenjun , Fan Xinzhuang , Liu Jianguo , Yan Chuanwei , Zeng Chaoliu
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
3D Binder-Free N-Doped Carbon /CNTs/Fcp for High Electrochemical Capacitance Supercapacitor
Authors: Du Juan , Li Yahao , Fang Yan , Gao Hongquan , Yang Jianhong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Porous Calcium Manganese Oxide for Oxygen Electrocatalysis and Metal-Air Batteries
Authors: Cheng Fangyi , Han Xiaopeng , Hu Yuxiang , Chen Jun
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Keynote Presentation: Room-Temperature Li-S, Li-Se and Na-S Batteries: Electrochemistry and Materials
Authors: Guo Yu-Guo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
In-Situ Observation of Li-O2 Electrochemical Reactions on HOPG Using Electrochemical AFM
Authors: Byon Hye Ryung , Wen Rui , Hong Misun
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Carbon Nanotubes As Conductive Networks
Authors: Cheng Xin-Bing
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
SnO2 Nanocrystals Stored in Carbonaceous Matrix: Cycle Durable Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Hu Renzong , Sun Wei , Zhu Min
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
N-Doped Carbon Coating of Inorganic/Organic Anode Materials for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Haiquan , Huang Zongling , Mou Chengxu , Li Jingze
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Keynote Presentation: Approaches of Lithium Ion Batteries Evaluation By Means of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Osaka Tetsuya , Nara Hiroki , Mukoyama Daikichi , Yokoshima Tokihiko , Momma Toshiyuki
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
The Effect of Inorganic Ions on the ORR Performance of FeNx/C Electrocatalyst
Authors: Zhou Zhi-You , Lai Yu-Jiao , Wu Xia-Ling , Wang Qiang , Chen Chi , Sun Shi-Gang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Cobalt Sulfide-Graphene Oxide Hybrid Material As an Efficient Bifunctional Oxygen Electrode
Authors: Shanmugam Sangaraju , Ganesan Pandian
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Keynote Presentation: Advanced Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells
Authors: Shao Minhua
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Enhanced Selectivity of CO2 to Ethylene on Copper Oxide Electrode
Authors: Kim Dahee , Lee Jaeyoung
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Characterization of Ga-Doped ZnO Thin Film with Electron Beam Treatment
Authors: Kim Solbaro , Lim Sangwoo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Computational Quest for High-Performance Single-Atom Catalysts for Low-Temperature CO Oxidation
Authors: Chen Zhongfang
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Uniform, Nitrogen and Sulfur Codoped Carbon Nanospheres for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Application
Authors: You Chenghang , Liao Shijun
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon from Protic Salt and Its Excellent Performance to Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhang Shiguo
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
The Factors Affecting Degradation of Radiation Grafted Membranes in the PEFC
Authors: Zhang Zhuoxiang , Buchmüller Yves , Gubler Lorenz , Wokaun Alexander
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Morphology and Activity Tuning of Ordered Intermetallic Nanoparticles for the ORR
Authors: Li Wang De , Jie Wang , Chao Yu Ying , Abruña Héctor D.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Hybrid Direct Coal Fuel Cells Using Ternary Carbonate and Nickel Cermet Anode
Authors: Jiang Cairong , Ma Jianjun , Arenillas Ana , Irvine John T. S.
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effect of Acid-Leaching on the Electrochemical Performance of Carbon-Supported Copper Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonic Acid Tetrasodium Salt (CuTSPc/C) Catalyst
Authors: Qiao Jinli , Liu Yuyu
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Effect of Acid Leaching on the Catalytic Activity of Co-Salen/C Non-Precious Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Qiao Jinli , Liu Yuyu
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
DMFC Electrochemical Performance of Hydrogen Peroxide As the Anode Additive
Authors: Zheng Le , Wang Yituo , Lu Lixin , Wang Xindong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Electroless Plating of Nickel Phosphide Electrode and Its Electro-Catalytic Performance Toward Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Liu Gaoyang , Xu Juyuan , Jiang Juming , Wang Xindong
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Lscf-GDC Nanofiber Cathode by Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Zhao Erqing , Liu Xiaotian , Chang Wenbo , Huo Hua , Xiong Yueping
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, Characterization and Electrocatalytic Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide Supported Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Balciunaite Aldona , Rakauskas Justinas , Vaiciuniene Jurate , Juskenas Remigijus , Kondrotas Rokas , Tamasauskaite-Tamasiunaite Loreta , Norkus Eugenijus
Published: February 2020

Abstract not Available.