bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Departures and Removals
Authors: Boyd Christina L. , Nelson Michael J. , Ostrander Ian , Boldt Ethan D.
Published: February 2021

Why do U.S. Attorneys leave office, and what do they do when they finish their tenure? Federal prosecutors serve at the pleasure of the president and can be dismissed using a president’s removal power. Analyzing data on U.S. Attorneys since the Reagan Administration, we demonstrate that, aside from a routine turnover of U.S. Attorney positions at the beginning of a new administration, presidents rarely fire U.S. Attorneys. When presidents remove chief federal prosecutors in the middle of their term, they typically pay great political costs to do so. We further follow these U.S. Attorneys’ careers—to Congress, the bench, and the governor’s mansion—after they leave office, illustrating that U.S. Attorney positions serve as a springboard for many ambitious politicians to seek higher office. In this way, presidential selections of federal prosecutors have long-lasting effects on American politics.
Administrative Traditions
Authors: Peters B. Guy
Published: February 2021

Contemporary public administration reflects its historical roots as well as contemporary ideas about how the public bureaucracy should be organized and function. This book argues that there are administrative traditions that have their roots centuries ago but continue to influence administrative behavior. Further, within Western Europe, North America, and the Antipodes there are four administrative traditions: Anglo-American, Napoleonic, Germanic, and Scandinavian. These are not the only traditions however, and the book also explores administrative traditions in Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, and the Islamic world. In addition there is a discussion of how administrative traditions of the colonial powers influenced contemporary administration in Africa. These discussions of tradition and persistence also are discussed in light of the numerous attempts to reform and change public administration.
The physical features of Huntington’s disease
Authors: Quarrell Oliver
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses mainly on the movement disorder, speech, balance, weight loss, swallowing, and speech. Chorea or purposeless involuntary movement is most commonly associated with HD. A patient may have a mixture of movement problems such as dystonia (abnormal posture), and bradykinesia (slowness of movement). The pattern of movement disorder may vary between people but frequently the dystonia and bradykinesia become more prominent as the disease progresses. As this happens more professionals may become involved in the care. It is important for the carer(s) to also take care of themselves.
Richard Allen and the Sacred Music of Black Americans, 1740–1850
Authors: McCreless Patrick
Published: February 2021

This chapter’s central claim is that the notion of freedom, in the context of theology, music, and modernity (1740–1850), is incomplete if it does not address the sacred music of the enslaved people of North America during this period—a population for whom theology, music, and freedom were of enormous personal and social consequence. The central figure in this regard is Richard Allen (1760–1831), who in 1816 founded the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, the first independent black religious denomination in the United States. Allen was born enslaved, in Philadelphia or Delaware, but was able to purchase his freedom in 1783. He had already had a conversion experience in 1777, and once he gained his freedom, he became an itinerant preacher, ultimately settling in Philadelphia, where he preached at St George’s Methodist Church and a variety of venues in the city. In 1794 he led a walkout of black members at St George’s, in protest of racism; and over the course of a number of years he founded Mother Bethel, which would become the original church of the AME. This chapter situates Allen in the development of black sacred music in the US: first, as the publisher of hymnals for his church (two in 1801, and another in 1818); and second, as an important arbitrator between the traditions and performance styles of Protestant hymnody as inherited in the British colonies, and an evolving oral tradition and performance style of black sacred music.
Hymns, Songs, and the Pursuit of Freedom
Authors: O’Connor Michael
Published: February 2021

The most recent biographer of Richard Allen (1760–1831) calls him a ‘Black Founding Father’, and the hymn books he published played their part in supporting his unyielding conviction that life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness belonged no less to black Americans than to whites. The hymn texts bear witness to Christian faith at a crucial period in the history of American Christianity, but they cannot be appreciated without the wider context of performance practice and social customs. Central to this context is the tension in Allen’s day between ‘Methodist enthusiasm’ and ‘law-and-order religion’—especially where this is racially encoded. The article will consider representative contributions from opposing sides, published in Philadelphia during Allen’s lifetime, by John Watson and Thomas Everard. Embedded in debates about the repertoire of hymns and songs, and the attendant performance practice, is an argument about human freedom before God. Within and beyond the covers of his hymnbooks, Richard Allen promoted an integral sense of Christian freedom that is inextricably religious, ecclesiastical, cultural, social, political, and eschatological.
Between Free Grace and Liberty
Authors: Barron Charrise
Published: February 2021

African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Bishop Richard Allen’s hymnody, when coupled with his anti-racist activism and his encouragement of communal music-making in worship, evoked eschatological freedom from sin and called for socio-political freedom for people of African descent in the years following the founding of the United States of America. To fully comprehend Allen’s hymnody, one should consider the urgency he bore for freedom and justice for black people in America. Allen (1760–1831) first published a hymnal in 1801, followed by a revised edition in the same year; the included hymns articulate his belief that people could receive individual freedom from both sin and God’s wrath at the final judgement. Allen held to the evangelical hope of Christ’s return which would inaugurate the emancipation of all enslaved people; likewise, eschatological justice must include freedom from political bondage for people of African descent in America. While holding the expectation of eschatological freedom and justice, he adamantly pursued this political freedom during his lifetime, as evidenced in his theo-political writings against slavery and other forms of racial injustice. Consequently, While the lyrics in his 1801 hymnbooks do not explicitly speak against contemporaneous racial injustice, Allen’s life’s work and prose suggest that this is an integral part of the context for Allen’s compilation of eschatological hymnody.
Analytical Conclusion
Authors: Hägel Peter
Published: February 2021

Chapter 8 evaluates the prior findings in order to address three major questions. First, is it more appropriate to see billionaires as “super-actors,” or as a global “super-class”? It finds limited applicability of the “transnational capitalist class” concept, and substantial evidence of individual agency. Institutional logics also appear as relatively weak within the political organizations created by billionaires, because these institutions are so dependent on the volatile resources provided by their sponsors. Second, what is the relative power of billionaires within the international system? States continue to set the legal framework for transnational politics. Yet, as outsiders coming from abroad and from business, billionaires can gain power via disruptive innovation and flexible alliance-building, using their wealth and their entrepreneurial skills. Counterfactual reasoning identifies substantial capacities for “making a difference” in world politics to most of the billionaires in the book’s case studies. Finally, what does the power of billionaires mean for the liberal norms of legitimate political order? With billionaires as transnational actors, the tensions inherent in modern liberalism get magnified: individual freedom clashes with collective self-determination, private property subverts the public sphere, and territorially bounded conceptions of the demos conflict with cosmopolitan ideals. Billionaires like to see their actions in terms of output legitimacy, but this cannot make up for a basic lack of accountability.
Carry-over Effects of the Larval Environment in Mosquito-Borne Disease Systems
Authors: Evans Michelle V. , Newberry Philip M. , Murdock Courtney C.
Published: February 2021

Mosquito-borne disease transmission is highly dependent on environmental conditions throughout the lifetime of a mosquito. In addition to direct effects of the current environment, carry-over effects from the environments of previous life-stages can influence an adult mosquito's life history traits. In this chapter, we review past work on the carry-over effects of temperature, nutrition, competition, and microbial diversity of the larval environment on disease transmission in mosquitoes. We then discuss how carry-over effects can be integrated into modeling studies and future directions for work on carry-over effects in mosquito-borne disease systems.
Introduction
Authors: Bailey Mark
Published: February 2021

This chapter briefly summarizes the historiography of the Black Death of 1348–9. For most of the twentieth century, historians relentlessly downplayed its importance and effects, concentrating instead upon the nature and the causes of the ‘crisis of feudalism’ that pre-dated it. In this interpretation, the Black Death was a mere accelerator of a crisis in motion, and as an inconsequential blip in England’s long-term historical development. Since the 1990s, however, econometricians have increasingly depicted the age of plague as a turning point in history because it triggered institutional changes that caused the rise of the North Sea economies and their ‘divergence’ from central and southern Europe. The nature, identity, and mortality of the disease are discussed. The orthodox narrative for economic and social change in fourteenth-century England is recreated on its own terms, and critiqued.
Negotiating the Preference (1967–1970)
Authors: Guirao Fernando
Published: February 2021

Chapter 5 deals with the negotiations between the EEC and Spain from September 1967 to June 1970. Madrid, the weaker party, achieved its requests: first, that Spain’s main export commodities were not discriminated, particularly due to the Common Agricultural Policy; second, that once Spanish industry could export, Spain would have generous access to the Common Market; third, that there should be no reciprocal requirement that Spain open its domestic market to the Six; and finally, that there would be no political conditionality attached. The 1970 Agreement guaranteed lucrative trade preferences for the Spanish economy on the Common Market and also implicitly committed the Six to maintain political stability in Spain. Spaniards persuaded the Six that economic development would make the Spanish political regime evolve towards governance comparable to the rest of Western Europe.
Latina/o-Asian Encounters
Authors: Olguín B. V.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 3 commences the recovery of an expansive plurality of globalized supra-Latinidades by exploring Latina/o-Asian wartime encounters in life-writing genres, wartime cinema, and performative popular culture such as spoken word and Hip Hop from WWII to the War on Terror. In addition to reassessing established and canonized texts about Latina/o wartime encounters with specific Asian nations, peoples, and cultures from WWII, the Korean War, and the US war in Vietnam, the chapter also recovers the neglected legacy of Latina/o exoticist and neo-Orientalist Latina/o travelogues in Cold War China and, more recently, in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Turkey. The wide range of these Latina/o encounters with the broader transcontinental space of Eurasia, the colonialist chronotope of the “Orient,” and equally complicated notion of the Ummah, or global community of Muslims, involves a multiplicity of transversal LatinAsian violentologies. These pressure for radical expansions of Latina/o mestizajes beyond conventional frameworks predicated upon Judeo-Christian and Mesoamerican legacies, and also extend through and beyond Latina/o mulattaje paradigms that weave Africa and the continent’s wide gamut of ethnicities, cultures, and religions into the mix. The wide violentological variations in these case studies span transcontinental Eurasia, the Levant (the eastern Mediterranean part of western Asia), Northern Africa, and the Americas. They thus further challenge the lingering resistance paradigm and other teleologies, and ultimately militate for a radical globalization of Latina/o Studies.
New England Women Writers, Secularity, and the Federalist Politics of Church and State
Authors: Murphy Gretchen
Published: February 2021

Drawing on novels, poetry, correspondence, religious publications, and legal writing, this book offers a new account of women’s political participation in the process of religious disestablishment. Scholars have long known that eighteenth- and nineteenth-century American women wrote pious, sentimental stories, but this book uses biographical and archival methods to understand their religious concerns as entry points into the era’s debates about democratic conditions of possibility and the role of religion in a republic. Beginning with the early republic’s constitutional and electoral debates about the end of religious establishment and extending through the nineteenth century, Murphy argues that Federalist women and Federalist daughters of the next generation adapted that party’s ideals and fears by promoting privatized Christianity with public purpose. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Catharine Sedgwick, Lydia Sigourney, Judith Sargent Murray, and Sally Sayward Wood authorized themselves as Federalism’s literary curators, and in doing so they imagined new configurations of religion and revolution, faith and rationality, public and private. They did so using literary form, writing in gothic, sentimental, and regionalist genres to update the Federalist concatenation of religion, morality, and government in response to changing conditions of secularity and religious privatization in the new republic. Their project is shown to complicate received historical narratives of separation of church and state and to illuminate problems of democracy and belief in postsecular America.
Introduction
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes why the Swedish tax-financed service sector is of interest to other countries. While the Swedish welfare state is among the largest in the rich world, most countries face similar policy trade-offs because of rising demands and demographic challenges. It is a challenge for all democracies to achieve cost efficiency without sacrificing quality and fairness. We introduce the main elements of the Swedish model and explain how major reforms in the last decades have turned the country into a giant laboratory from which others can learn. The extensive use of private for-profit firms in tax-financed service provision might surprise many readers. But it is precisely this combination of social ambitions and market forces that has created unique experiences. The chapter introduces the Swedish development and its underlying forces.
Anatomy of Welfare Reforms 1970–2020
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik
Published: February 2021

This chapter summarizes the main events and reforms in Swedish welfare services 1970–2019 and explains the rise of private involvement and for-profit firms. Throughout these years, the country rapidly expanded the scope and generosity of the welfare state and in many instances had difficulties in meeting strong demand, especially for childcare services. In particular, the chapter charts the rise of private production shares in health care, elderly care, preschools and schools, as well as personal assistance for the disabled. The chapter is thematic in order to make the major trends accessible outside of Sweden. For the interested reader, critical policy decisions and legislation are provided in tables and figures. A birds-eye timeline showcases the major reforms, most of which were initiated at the local (municipal) level rather than from the national government. Underneath the transformation of the welfare state, there has been an ongoing political battle. The chapter explains why those in favour of privatizing welfare services have been more successful in that battle. In particular, there is a discussion of why the large and powerful Social Democrats have not reversed the development.
Management of Public and Private Welfare Services
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik
Published: February 2021

This chapter highlights insights from pioneering work on management practices by Nicholas Bloom and John Van Reenen for the performance of tax-financed welfare services. Research has demonstrated that good management matters not only in the private sector but also in traditional public services, such as schools and hospitals. Studies on Swedish data confirm the importance of management practices in the welfare sector but also point the direction to potential improvements. A pervasive pattern is that private providers have better management quality than public providers, suggesting that the privatization of service production has contributed to better services. High management quality goes together with shorter waiting times at primary care centres and with higher process-oriented quality measures at nursing homes. There is, however, no relationship between management quality and patient satisfaction.
Public Opinion
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik
Published: February 2021

The steady privatization of welfare service production has been a longstanding source of political conflict and debate. For-profit providers have met particularly harsh resistance from the left and only mild support from the right. Public opinion is largely skewed against private providers and affects the welfare sector by influencing implemented and expected regulation. In addition to the left–right divide, opinions on private production are split in several other ways. Notably, elected politicians are more supportive of privatization than the voters. The Social Democrats have been a dominant force in Sweden and have long been split on how to address privatization. The party contains a vocal left-wing with ideological objections that wants to stop and reverse course. Another wing of the party is more market-oriented and in some circumstances in favour of choice and competition. A key finding is that public opinion is fairly negative towards for-profit providers, while simultaneously very supportive of opportunities to choose between providers. To an astounding extent, people tend to overestimate the profits of private providers. As a result, the negative opinion against for-profit providers is partly based on misperceptions. Transparency and information are fundamental underpinnings for the public support of privatization.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Blix Mårten , Jordahl Henrik
Published: February 2021

Despite political controversy, the growth of private providers has been steady since the 1990s. The Swedish municipalities have often been more practically inclined—willing to experiment and adopt what works. The expansion of private provision has increased choice opportunities, accessibility, and in many cases service quality. The benefits have mostly been accomplished without increasing costs, although there are examples, including care of the disabled, of spiralling total costs. User choice is popular, but its impact on total costs needs to be handled. A complication is that there must be some excess capacity for user choice to have economic consequences for the providers. Market design and regulation are crucial for the functioning of quasi-markets. Private and public providers should receive the same treatment when it comes to permissions, financing, inspections, and audits. As another general policy conclusion, we emphasize a resolute focus on quality control. This is most evident in education—where there is need for external restrictions on grades or a return to traditional final, and centralized, exams. The soft aspects of quality should not be neglected. An important lesson when it comes to management is that the same management practices that are successful in the private sector work in the public sector too. Entry barriers can be useful in quasi-markets by dissuading unwanted providers and incentivizing the serious ones. The Swedish experiment with quasi-markets and privatized service production provides a rich experience for other countries to determine what works as well as what pitfalls to avoid.
Plato's Epistemology
Authors: Moss Jessica
Published: February 2021

This book argues that Plato’s epistemology is radically different from our own. Unlike knowledge and belief as nowadays conceived, the central players in his epistemology are each essentially to be understood as cognition of a certain kind of object. Epistêmê is cognition of what Is—where this turns out to mean that it is a deep grasp of ultimate reality. Doxa is cognition of what seems—where this turns out to mean that it is atheoretical thought that mistakes images for reality. These objects-based characterizations, inchoate in the earlier dialogues and fully developed in the Republic, are the bedrock conceptions of epistêmê and doxa that explain all their other features, including the restriction of epistêmê to Forms and doxa to perceptibles. Moreover, Plato does epistemology this way because his epistemological projects are motivated by his central ethical and metaphysical views. He holds that there is a crucial metaphysical distinction between two levels of reality: genuine Being, which is hidden and difficult to access, and something ontologically inferior but readily apparent, presenting itself to us as real. He also holds that there is a crucial ethical distinction stemming from this metaphysical one: to be in contact with Being is to be living well, while to rest content with the inferior level is not only to fail to live well, but to hinder oneself from aspiring to do so. Therefore, when Plato turns to epistemological investigations, the distinction he finds most salient is that between cognitive contact with what Is and cognitive contact with what seems.
Epistemology in the Theaetetus
Authors: Moss Jessica
Published: February 2021

This chapter offers a brief treatment of the epistemology of the Theaetetus, arguing that in this dialogue—despite obvious and radical differences from the Two Worlds dialogues—we can see the Basic Conceptions very much at work. Socrates’ development and refutation of the first hypothesis, that epistêmê is perception, presupposes an objects-based epistemology on which epistêmê is of Being, and doxa of what seems. His treatment of doxa in the dialogue’s second hypothesis shows that he is here introducing a new notion generic belief, which is nonetheless explicable as an extension of the idea that doxa is of what seems, and the refutation of the second hypothesis, along with the development of the third, arguably involve the idea that epistêmê has its own special object, Being.
The Divine Mandates and Political Resistance
Authors: Mauldin Joshua
Published: February 2021

Building on the framework established in Chapter 3, this chapter interprets Bonhoeffer’s account of the divine mandates as a Hegelian-inspired account of the “ethical life” or Sittlichkeit of modern society. For Bonhoeffer, the divine mandates constitute the forms of ethical life that gives substance to our lives in society, establishing the possibility for an authentically “modern” form of social life that can endure through time. In outlining the mandates, Bonhoeffer describes the actual, existing norms and practices constituting the ethical life of society. The grounding of ethics in the social institutions that the divine mandates name wards off alienation even while making space for social criticism. Bonhoeffer links the conception of freedom represented by the French Revolution with the rise of National Socialism in Germany. The modern commitment to rational autonomy, unmoored from the actual ethical life of a determinate culture, leads to the “absolute freedom” on display in the Revolution’s descent into terror, and later in the rise of National Socialism. Bonhoeffer saw this utopian impulse as modernity’s enduring temptation. Living amid the social ruin wrought by absolute freedom’s destructive power, Bonhoeffer sought a solution to this central problem of modern political life.
How to Be a Fictionalist about Numbers and Tables and Just about Anything Else
Authors: Balaguer Mark
Published: February 2021

Chapter 3 provides a response to a worry about the non-factualist views argued for in this book—in particular, the view that there’s no fact of the matter whether there are any abstract objects like numbers or physical objects like planets and tables and electrons. The worry is that these two views imply that our mathematical and scientific theories aren’t true (or that there’s no fact of the matter whether they’re true). This chapter provides a response to this worry by showing how non-factualists can explain what needs explaining about our mathematical and scientific theories—that they’re useful to us, that they seem right to us, and so on—without admitting that they’re true. The explanation proceeds by showing that even if these theories aren’t strictly speaking true, there’s an objective sort of correctness that they possess and that, because of this, they’re for-all-practical­-purposes true.
The Ontological Status of Causal Powers
Authors: Hill Benjamin
Published: February 2021

Benjamin Hill seeks to initiate deeper contemporary discussion of the ontological challenges that drove early modern philosophers (namely, several early Cartesians, Berkeley, and Hume) to accept the negative thesis of occasionalism, that no physical object can truly be an efficient cause. He argues that we should be looking past Hume and his empiricist’s approach to secondary causation to bring the core metaphysical, issues he believes are still lingering, into sharper focus. Hill walks us backwards from Hume’s empirical critiques of powers in the Enquiry and Treatise to Locke’s presentation of the ‘popular’ view that experience lead us to postulate powers as a response to occasionalism. This, he suggests, reveals that the early modern debate about causal powers tracked not the divide between scholastics and mechanical philosophers but the divide between realists and occasionalists and revolved around a confusion between them regarding what was the underlying question of the debate. For the occasionalists, it was not really about whether or not causal powers did exist, but about explaining how they could exist. This leads Hill to explore the metaphysical worries animating seventeenth-century occasionalists.
Resurgent Powers and the Failure of Conceptual Analysis
Authors: McKitrick Jennifer
Published: February 2021

Jennifer McKitrick examines the causes moving many philosophers to pull Aristotelian powers out of history’s dustbin, the failure to reduce or eliminate dispositional ascriptions from philosophical and scientific discourses. Although many see this failure as grounds for rejecting Humeanism and return to Aristotelianism, McKitrick argues that only a more moderate reaction is warranted. She argues that restricting analysis to fundamental dispositions and adding a condition requiring the power ascription be grounded in or made true by the fact that the object possesses that fundamental disposition is the better reaction. McKitrick canvasses the main twentieth-century attempts to reduce or eliminate dispositional talk. She begins with the logical positivists’ attempt to replace dispositional talk with material conditionals. Then, after briefly considering Ryle’s version, she turns to Goodman and the move to replace material conditional analyses with stronger-than-material conditionals, such as causal implication or counterfactual conditionals backed up by natural kinds and laws of nature. Next, she turns to Lewis’s possible worlds semantics and concludes with a presentation of the ‘Simple Counterfactual Analysis’. Despite these problems with providing analyses of dispositional ascriptions in terms of counterfactuals, McKitrick recognizes that there is still an important connection between dispositions and counterfactuals. A thing’s disposition is its property of having a certain kind of counterfactual hold of it. But she advocates restricting counterfactual analyses to fundamental dispositions and powers and requiring that they be made true, or grounded by, the fact that the object has that power.
Due Diligence in the History of the Codification of the Law of State Responsibility
Authors: Aust Helmut Philipp , Feihle Prisca
Published: February 2021

This chapter sheds light on the role that due diligence played throughout the drafting history of the International Law Commission’s (ILC) Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA). It argues that the narrative that due diligence developed as a notion in the realm of the so-called ‘secondary rules’ of the law of state responsibility—before then later migrating into the domain of ‘primary rules’—needs to be qualified to some extent. An exegesis of the mostly overlooked work of the first Special Rapporteur on State Responsibility of the ILC, F. V. García-Amador, shows that due diligence was already a central notion of this field before the ILC took the turn towards redefining state responsibility as comprising only ‘secondary rules’. The chapter demonstrates that, despite the ILC decision to define the notion of state responsibility as objective, not all traces of subjectivity—to which the category of due diligence belongs—disappeared from the work of the ILC.
The Function of the Triad ‘Territory’, ‘Jurisdiction’, and ‘Control’ in Due Diligence Obligations
Authors: Violi Federica
Published: February 2021

This chapter analyses the notions ‘territoryʼ, ‘jurisdictionʼ, and ‘controlʼ and their influence on the scope of due diligence obligations. It demonstrates that these notions epitomise the link between the state charged with the obligation and the risk itself and argues that the precise identification of this link is essential to understand how due diligence obligations arise and function. The chapter traces the gradual ‘widening’ of the scope of due diligence in international law, through court and arbitral decisions, treaties and non-binding instruments. It reflects on whether current international law is able to move away from the territoriality principle and conceive other forms of organising power and authority, and whether due diligence obligations might also be borne by private actors.
Due Diligence in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Longobardo Marco
Published: February 2021

This chapter assesses due diligence in international humanitarian law. It identifies international humanitarian law rules governed by due diligence in the fields of the duty to ensure respect for international humanitarian law, the conduct of hostilities, the protection of civilians and persons hors de combat, and the administration of occupied territory. It is argued that international humanitarian law embodies both obligations of result (for instance, negative obligations) and obligations of diligent conduct. In order to identify the obligations of diligent conduct, the chapter relies on state practice and relevant case law, as well as on textual indications embodied in the relevant international humanitarian law provisions. Finally, the chapter argues that the inclusion of some due diligence obligations in international humanitarian law strengthens states’ implementation of this branch of international law.
Due Diligence in Cyber Activities
Authors: Jensen Eric Talbot
Published: February 2021

This chapter analyses the application of the principle of due diligence with regard to cyber activities. Both states and non-state actors have been actively engaged in cyber operations, causing significant transboundary harm. Cyber security has hence become one of the top national security priorities for states across the international community. The chapter argues that the lack of acceptance of a robust due diligence principle with respect to cyber activities is currently creating an extremely dangerous and uncontrolled cyber environment that leaves the international community at risk of significant cyber consequences. The acceptance of a more robust application of cyber due diligence would dramatically decrease the instability of the cyber environment and strengthen international peace and security. The chapter points out that such an acceptance would carry certain risks, including the potential of states using the duty to prevent harm as an authorisation for repression of human rights, but argues that its potential benefits would far outweigh such risks.
Due Diligence in International Investment Law
Authors: Rajput Aniruddha
Published: February 2021

This chapter analyses the prominent role of due diligence in international investment law. It points out that due diligence was relevant in this field as an element of customary law norms requiring compliance with an international minimum standard for the treatment of aliens and prohibiting denial of justice, before modern day investment treaties were concluded. The chapter’s analysis reveals that due diligence underlies host states’ obligation to provide full protection and security and fair and equitable treatment. It underlines that also investors carry a responsibility of due diligence throughout the whole period of their investment and that an investor’s negligence can lead to loss of protection under investment treaties. The chapter argues that due diligence has emerged as a balancing paradigm between protection of foreign investors and regulatory freedom of host states.
Book Ownership in Stuart England
Authors: Pearson David
Published: February 2021

An account of the development and importance of private libraries and book ownership through the seventeenth century, based upon many kinds of evidence, including examination of many thousands of books, and a list of over 1,300 known owners from many backgrounds. It considers questions of evolution, contents, and size, and motives for book ownership, during a century when growing markets for both new and second-hand books meant that books would be found, in varying numbers, in the homes of all kinds of people, from the humble to the wealthy. Topics explored include the balance of motivation between books for use or for display; the relationship between libraries and museums; and cultures of collecting. While presenting a great deal of information in this field, conveniently brought together, the book also advances methodologies for book history. It challenges much received wisdom around our priorities for studying private libraries, and the terminology which is appropriate to use.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides a broad discussion of the nature of failures and introduces the themes of the book. Key terms are defined. The 18 case studies are introduced and discussed quite briefly. The need for a framework for analysis across the 18 case studies is discussed. A brief overview of the book is provided.
Multi-Level Framework
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: February 2021

This chapter broadens the perspective on causes of failures, enabling the deeper analyses of subsequent chapters addressing proximate, distal, and ultimate causes. The rich history of multi-level analysis and modeling is briefly reviewed, citing key contributions by a wide range of research disciplines. Numerous applications of the multi-level framework in a variety of domains, including healthcare delivery, academia, traffic congestion, and air transport are discussed, including the insights gained from use of the framework. An overall methodology for applying this framework is presented and elaborated. The application of this methodology to the line of reasoning throughout this book is summarized.
Failures of Complex Organizations
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: February 2021

This chapter addresses failures in the photography market (Kodak and Polaroid), computer market (Digital and Xerox), and communications market (Motorola and Nokia). Multi-level analyses are used to provide comparisons across case studies. It briefly reviews how these types of companies anticipate and manage failures. The notion of “creative destruction” is elaborated. These insights are used to foreshadow later discussions of failure management.
Introduction
Authors: Nadel Ira
Published: February 2021

This chapter recounts the origins of Philip Roth’s lifelong discontent associated with personal and professional betrayals. Publishers, parents, and his psychiatrist contributed to his understanding life as “a perpetual crisis,” as he writes in The Counterlife. At least once a decade he encountered a major challenge. As he noted in an essay, what character in a literary work does not have an element of anger or displeasure? The first word of the Iliad is “rage.” For Roth, hatred soon became his catalyst for living, although he often attempted to defuse anger into self-sabotage and mischief. Comedy, however, soon became his response to his own intensity.
Newark, Newark, Newark
Authors: Nadel Ira
Published: February 2021

This chapter on Roth’s life growing up in Newark, New Jersey, focuses on the city’s history and colorful personalities, from boxers to gangsters. Longy Zwillman, kingpin bootlegger who discovered Jean Harlow, and Rabbi Joachim Prinz, who will sponsor Roth’s first trip to Israel in 1963 and appear in The Plot Against America, are key figures. Family life and the challenges his father faced as an insurance salesman for Metropolitan Life are crucial elements in understanding Roth’s origins, as well as the protective care of his mother and the adventures of his brother who went off to art school and the Navy. The chapter also analyzes the importance of Newark, especially the Weequahic section, for Roth’s writing and how its reality differed from his often idealized depiction of the city. Sports, movies, girls, and high school, as well as the story of the Jews of Newark, become the center of the chapter, expanded by his early love of reading and trips to the library.
Thinking in Straight Lines
Authors: Nadel Ira
Published: February 2021

“Thinking in Straight Lines:” Roth in the 1980s was knocked about by health, and his strained relationship with Bloom, became restless with England and began to question his identity, which found expression in The Counterlife, as experimental in form as in its story. Collectively, these events prevented any “straight thinking.” The chapter also narrates the growing role of Nathan Zuckerman in his writing, plus Roth’s friendships (and then nonfriendships) with James Atlas and Ross Miller, his first official biographer (later fired), and his longtime friend Theodore Solotaroff. The centrality of The Anatomy Lesson from 1983, focusing on pain and healing, receives extended discussion. Three years later Roth, with his friend David Plante, visit Israel, an experience that reappears in Operation Shylock. During this time, Roth signs with the ambitious literary agent Andrew Wylie and through him renews several mega literary deals reestablishing Roth’s financial clout. Other topics include Roth’s meaningful friendship with Primo Levi, interviewed in 1986 (and dead the following year) and the increasing role of mortality in his writing, intensified by the death of his father in 1989 and then the publication of Patrimony in 1991.
How Far Can Populist Governments Go? The Impact of the Populist Government on the Hungarian Parliament
Authors: Ilonszki Gabriella , Vajda Adrienn
Published: February 2021

The article poses the following research questions: to what extent has the populist executive in Hungary affected formal and informal parliamentary powers? To what extent has the relation between the executive and the legislative changed over the three legislative periods of populist government? This article examines change in formal powers but also in the informal practices concerning parliament’s legislative and scrutiny functions. Regarding the time frame, the empirical analysis compares the period when Fidesz was in opposition (2006–2010), with the period when Fidesz has been in government (2010–2020). The article establishes that during 2010–2020, the legislative suffered profound disempowerment that has been attributed to three factors: systemic collapse of democracy in Hungary, weakening formal powers of the legislature and the autocratic features of the Fidesz party. Moreover, the article demonstrates that executive–legislative relations have been dynamic between 2010 and 2020 and concern different formal and informal practices.
Do Coalition Governments with Populist Parties Attempt to Rationalise Law-Making in Parliaments? Evidence from the Czech Chamber of Deputies
Authors: Zbíral Robert
Published: February 2021

Populism might be a threat to parliamentary democracy but does not automatically signal its demise. First, not all populist parties seek illiberal goals. Second, in Europe most populist parties entering governments have done so as coalitions with mainstream parties. Yet, almost all populists, including the non-extremist and ‘integrated’ ones, call for more efficient governance. We assume that once in the executive, that objective will also manifest itself in the rationalisation of law-making in legislatures. By applying a more assertive strategy and exploiting existing rules, cabinets will attempt to streamline their legislative agendas. We test this theoretical framework on empirical evidence from the Czech Chamber of Deputies, which can serve as prototypical case. Since 2010, three coalition governments have ruled. In the last two, the influence of populist parties (represented by ANO under the leadership of Andrej Babiš) gradually increased. By tracking the legislative performance of cabinets in the Chamber, we found that executives with a populist presence actually fared worse than their non-populist predecessor (baseline) in almost all proceedings and outcomes of law-making. The bills submitted by the last government, where ANO dominated, even suffered the most. Contrary to our assumption, a strategy of rationalisation has therefore not succeeded. The findings open interesting questions about how effective cabinets with populists are in law-making in parliaments, and about the future of legislatures as resilient safeguards against the populist challenge.
Tomato roots secrete tomatine to modulate the bacterial assemblage of the rhizosphere
Authors: Nakayasu Masaru , Ohno Kohei , Takamatsu Kyoko , Aoki Yuichi , Yamazaki Shinichi , Takase Hisabumi , Shoji Tsubasa , Yazaki Kazufumi , Sugiyama Akifumi
Published: February 2021

Saponins are the group of plant specialized metabolites which are widely distributed in angiosperm plants and have various biological activities. The present study focused on α-tomatine, a major saponin present in tissues of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. α-Tomatine is responsible for defense against plant pathogens and herbivores, but its biological function in the rhizosphere remains unknown. Secretion of tomatine was higher at the early growth than the green-fruit stage in hydroponically grown plants, and the concentration of tomatine in the rhizosphere of field-grown plants was higher than that of the bulk soil at all growth stages. The effects of tomatine and its aglycone tomatidine on the bacterial communities in the soil were evaluated in vitro, revealing that both compounds influenced the microbiome in a concentration-dependent manner. Numerous bacterial families were influenced in tomatine/tomatidine-treated soil as well as in the tomato rhizosphere. Sphingomonadaceae species, which are commonly observed and enriched in tomato rhizospheres in the fields, were also enriched in tomatine- and tomatidine-treated soils. Moreover, a jasmonate-responsive ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 4 mutant associated with low tomatine production caused the root-associated bacterial communities to change with a reduced abundance of Sphingomonadaceae. Taken together, our results highlight the role of tomatine in shaping the bacterial communities of the rhizosphere and suggest additional functions of tomatine in belowground biological communication.
Definable Regularity Lemmas for Nip Hypergraphs
Authors: Chernikov Artem , Starchenko Sergei
Published: February 2021

We present a systematic study of the regularity phenomena for NIP hypergraphs and connections to the theory of (locally) generically stable measures, providing a model-theoretic hypergraph version of the results of Alon-Fischer-Newman and Lov\'asz-Szegedy for graphs of bounded VC-dimension. We also consider the two extremal cases of regularity for stable and distal hypergraphs, improving and generalizing the corresponding results for graphs in the literature. Finally, we consider a related question of the existence of large (approximately) homogeneous definable subsets of NIP hypergraphs and provide some positive results and counterexamples, in particular for graphs definable in the p-adics.
The ‘Guinea Pigs’ of Tristan da Cunha and the Ethics of Medical Research in Britain and the Empire, 1961–1973
Authors: Maternowski Christopher L
Published: February 2021

This article relates the history and explores the ethical issues that gathered around the decade of studies that researchers collaborating with the Medical Research Council (MRC) undertook on the islanders from Tristan da Cunha. In 1961, the volcanic island in the southern Atlantic erupted and the community took refuge in Britain. Believing that the islanders held the secret to good health, the MRC coordinated a research programme through a specially formed Working Party. But as the investigations grew more numerous, so too did the ethical questions. Some doctors, administrators, reporters and the public wondered about the propriety of exposing this community to medical scrutiny. In 1963, the islanders returned home. Investigators, along with ethical issues, followed. Long hidden, these persistent discussions made visible the ethics of medical research on a colonial population. The Working Party’s story thus inserts an imperial dimension into the historiography of post-war British medical ethics.