bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CLARKE CHAPMAN‐JOHN THOMPSON LTD. v. WALTERS
Authors: Brightman John , Boyfield R. , Briggs H.
Published: January 2008

December 16, 1971 Master and Servant — Redundancy — Continuous employment — Replanning of work programme during strike — Phased resumption of work after strike — No work for dismissed striker until fortnight after strike terminated — Whether “absent from work on account of temporary cessation of work” — Contracts of Employment Act 1963 (c.49) s.l(5), Sch. 1 paras. 5(1)(b) (3), 7(2) — Redundancy Payments Act 1965 (c.62) s.l(l), Sch. 1 para. 1(1).
WOODHOUSE AND ANOTHER v. PETER BROTHERHOOD LTD.
Authors: Denning M.R. , Buckley L.J. , Roskill L.J.
Published: January 2008

May 8, 1972 Master and Servant — Redundancy — Redundancy payment — Continuity of employment — Transfer of trade or business — Sale of factory and equipment to new employers — Transfer of labour force — No assignment of goodwill or transfer of customers or benefits of contracts — Whether “trade or business … transferred … to [new employers]” — Contracts of Employment Act, 1963 (c.49), Sch. 1 para. 10(2) — Redundancy Payments Act, 1965 (c.62), s.l(l),(2), Sch. 1 para. 1(1).
BOOTHMAN v. BRITISH NORTHROP LTD.
Authors: Davies L.J. , Karminski L.J. , Stephenson L.J.
Published: January 2008

April 18, 1972 Negligence — Contributory negligence — Damages — Apportionment — Plaintiffs minor contributory negligence — Whether to be disregarded — Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act, 1945 (8, 9 & 10 Geo. VI, c. 28) s. 1(1).
CHAPMAN AND OTHERS v. GOONVEAN AND ROSTOWRACK CHINA CLAY CO. LTD.
Authors: Donaldson John , Arkell J.H. , Davies R.
Published: January 2008

November 9, 1972 Master and Servant — Redundancy — “Dismissal” — Employees taken to and from work free of charge — Transport discontinued by employers because uneconomical — Employees' notice — No evidence diminished requirements of work — Whether proper test to consider future availability of work if transport continued — Redundancy Payments Act, 1965 (c.62),s.l(2). Industrial Court — Judicial precedent — Whether decisions of Divisional Court binding — Whether Industrial Court bound by own decisions.
ROAD TRANSPORT INDUSTRY TRAINING BOARD v. J. WYATT JNR. (HAULAGE) LTD.
Authors: Willis J.
Published: January 2008

July 26, 1971 Industrial training — Industrial training levy — Road transport industry — Company providing road haulage in United Kingdom and abroad — Liability for training levy — Assessment notice stating appeal against assessment to be made to industrial tribunal — Company disputing liability for levy — Company refused to pay levy and did not appeal to tribunal — Action by board to recover levy — Whether court jurisdiction to determine liability for levy — Industrial Training Act, 1964 (c.l6), s.4(3).
NATIONAL DOCK LABOUR BOARD v. JOHN BLAND & CO. LTD.
Authors: Donovan  , Dilhorne Viscount , Pearson  , Diplock  , of Chelsea Cross
Published: January 2008

May 25, 1971 Docks — “De‐casualisation scheme” — Timber loaded on lorries after storage in dock area on removal from ship — Piling of timber at importer's yard “in vicinity of” Cardiff dock estates — Whether “dock work” — Whether timber still “cargo” — Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1946 (9 & 10 Geo. VI, c. 22), s.6 — Docks and Harbours Act, 1966 (c. 28), ss. 51(3), 58 — Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) (Amendment) Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967, No. 1252), Sch. 2, cl. 1 (3) proviso, App. 1.
SANTER v. NATIONAL GRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION
Authors: Stevenson J. Melford
Published: January 2008

October 20, 1972 Trade union — Expulsion — Construction of rules — Member employed by non‐union firm — Liability under rules to expulsion — Whether discretion to impose penalty less than expulsion — No notice of charge — Member not told of right to appeal to executive council — Validity of expulsion — National Graphical Association Rules, 1961, rr.37(10), 38(1).
WALLHEAD v. RUSTON AND HORNSBY LTD.
Authors: Bagnall J.
Published: January 2008

January 15, 1973 Ironfoundry — Statutory duty — Breach — Noxious dust — Prolonged inhalation of noxious dust — Chronic lung illness — Employers' actual or constructive knowledge of health hazard — Test to apply when determining constructive knowledge — Whether employer should be aware of recent medical or scientific knowledge — Factories Act, 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz.II, c.34), ss.4(l), 63(1).
CORY LIGHTERAGE LTD. v. TRANSPORT AND GENERAL WORKERS UNION AND OTHERS
Authors: Brightman J.
Published: January 2008

February 22, 1973 Industrial relations — Unfair industrial practice — Jurisdiction of High Court — Non‐union lighterman sent home on full pay to avoid threatened strike — National Dock Labour Board's refusal to consent to his dismissal — Alleged conspiracy and unlawful intimidation by union and its officials — Purpose of threatened strike to induce unfair industrial practice by employers against lighterman — Whether “industrial dispute” — Whether “unfair industrial practice” — Whether jurisdiction of High Court retained — Industrial Relations Act, 1971 (c.72), ss. 5(2), 33(3), 132, 167(1).
HAQUE v. STITCHEN & CO. (1937) LTD.
Authors: Griffiths Hugh , Arkell J.H. , Griffiths Reginald
Published: January 2008

July 12, 1973 Industrial Relations — Unfair dismissal — Excluded classes — Three employees and one part‐time employee — Whether “less than four employees who had been continuously employed”— Whether part‐time employee to count — Industrial Relations Act, 1971 (c.72), ss. 27(1)(a), 151(1) — Contracts of Employment Act, 1972 (c.53) Sch.1, paras 3, 5.
HARRIS AND RUSSELL LTD. v. SLINGSBY
Authors: Griffiths Hugh , Brooks A.G. , Griffiths Reginald
Published: January 2008

May 17, 1973 Industrial Relations — Unfair dismissal — Employee's notice to terminate employment accepted — Subsequent unfair dismissal during period of notice — Whether employee could unilaterally withdraw notice.
OGIDI‐OLU v. BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF GUY'S HOSPITAL
Authors: Griffiths Hugh , Arkell J.H. , Davies R.
Published: January 2008

October 23, 1973 Industrial Relations — Unfair dismissal — Complaint — Employee ignorant of right to compensation until after four‐week period — Complaint presented over four weeks after employee put on inquiry — Tribunal's finding no jurisdiction to hear complaint — Industrial Tribunals (Industrial Relations, etc.) Regulations, 1972 (S.I. 1972 No. 38), Sch. r. 2(1).
DEDMAN v. BRITISH BUILDING & ENGINEERING APPLIANCES LTD.
Authors: Denning M.R. , Stamp L.J. , Scarman L.J.
Published: January 2008

November 6, 1973 Industrial Relations — Unfair dismissal — Complaint — Time limit — Notice of dismissal terminating employment immediately — Salary paid to end of month plus one month's salary in lieu of notice — Whether employment terminated immediately or at end of month — Whether practicable for complaint to be presented within four week period — Industrial Relations Act, 1971 (c.72), s. 23(5) — Industrial Tribunals (Industrial Relations, etc.) Regulations, 1972 (S.I.1972 No. 38), Sch., r. 2(1).
MAHER v. FRAM GERRARD LTD. AND ANOTHER
Authors: Griffiths Hugh , Fielding F.J. , Griffiths Reginald
Published: January 2008

November 1, 1973 Master and Servant — Redundancy — “Dismissal” — Employers' ceasing work at one place — Employee informed of requirement to work elsewhere at future indeterminate date — Notice handed in by employee — Whether repudiation of contract of employment by employers — Whether employee entitled to redundancy payment — Redundancy Payments Act, 1965 (c.62), ss.l(2)(a), 3(1)(a).
WILSON v. RACHER
Authors: Davies Edmund , Cairns L.J. , James L.J.
Published: January 2008

February 15, 1974 Master and servant — Wrongful dismissal — Gardener — Contract providing for six months' service and thereafter terminable annually — Obscene language on one occasion by efficient gardener — Provocation by employer — Whether summary dismissal justified.
BATE v. ENGLISH CLAYS LOVERING POCHIN & CO. LTD. AND ANOTHER CLEARY v. ENGLISH CHINA CLAYS LTD. AND ANOTHER
Authors: Lawton L.J.
Published: January 2008

January 7, 8 and 18, 1974 Master and Servant — Contract of employment — Breach caused by orders of the Pay Board — Whether Pay Board exercised their powers lawfully — Effect of Counter‐Inflation (Price and Pay Code) Order, 1973 (S.I. 1973 No. 658) para. 153 — Counter‐Inflation (Notification of Increases in Remuneration) Order, 1973 (S.I. 1973 No. 662) — Counter‐Inflation Act, 1973 (c.9) s.7.
SMITH v. MANCHESTER CORPORATION
Authors: Davies Edmund , Stamp L.J. , Scarman L.J.
Published: January 2008

Damages — Loss of future earnings — Assessment of — Domestic worker injured in fall at work — Injury to shoulder and right arm resulting in partial permanent disability — No immediate loss of earnings — Employers' undertaking to retain in employment — Risk of future unemployment — Factors to be taken into account in assessing damages.
EVERWEAR CANDLEWICK LTD. v. ISAAC
Authors: Brightman John , Brooks A.G. , Roberts H.
Published: January 2008

Industrial Relations — Unfair dismissal — Compensation — Employee paid salary in lieu of notice — New employment in notice period — Whether salary paid during notice period to be taken into account in assessing compensation.
The New Training Initiative: What are its Chances?
Authors: Dutton Patricia A.
Published: January 2008

The Manpower Services Commission (MSC) has recently issued a consultative document in which it sets down the three propositions or aims for its new initiative on training. The document attempts not to be too controversial and gives all points of view, but it does stress that the three objectives:
DEMOCRACY WITHIN TRADE UNIONS
Authors: Carby‐Hall J.R.
Published: January 2008

‘There is widespread concern in the country about the way in which trade unions are run” said Mr. Norman Tebbitt when introducing the Government's Green Paper on democracy in trade unions. He went on to say that “… public opinion have clearly shown the strong feeling that trade unions ought to be democratic institutions responsive to the views and wishes of their members.” He explained these statements by showing that in many cases the union executive fails to ballot its members on such major decisions as the choice of the leadership and the calling of industrial action. He talked of “… dubious decisions” being taken on a show of hands at mass meetings of workers “sometimes packed with outsiders;” of “… secret meetings at which unrepresentative minorities plot the trade union elections…” so that positions of power are held by persons who are unrepresentative of the majority.
Balloting for Closed Shops
Authors: Craig V.
Published: January 2008

By 1st November 1984 all union membership agreements (whether written statements or informal agreements) to afford an employer a defence under sec. 58(3) of the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 (EPCA) to a dismissal otherwise unfair under sec. 58(1)(c) EPCA will require to be approved by a ballot of the class of employees to which the union membership agreement (UMA) related. To assist employers and trade union members in this balloting process the Secretary of State for Employment has revised the Code of Practice on Closed Shop Agreements and Arrangements.
The Contract of Employment
Authors: Carby‐Hall J.R.
Published: January 2008

The doctrine of illegality in the law of contract generally is complex. Furthermore, a great deal of it is not directly relevant to employment law. Any discussion on the doctrine of illegality in the law of contract generally would therefore be irrelevant in a work treating solely illegality of the contract of employment. Cases concerning aspects of illegality relating to contracts of employment have at times come before industrial tribunals and the courts. It is therefore proposed to limit the discussion to those aspects which concern solely contracts of employment. For a reader reading on the subject the reader is referred to the standard textbooks.
Products Liability — Domestic Developments
Authors: Johnson Howard
Published: January 2008

In recent years much attention has been paid to proposals reform the law on manufacturers' liability for defective oducts. In particular, the so‐called ‘Brussels Directive’, r the approximation of the laws of the member states of e European Economic Community relating to product bility, has excited great controversy. As early as 1976 e first formal proposals were made for a new strict bility regime and revised proposals were submitted to e Council of Ministers on 1st October 1979. The net sult so far has been nil, as member states have disagreed er certain key proposals in the Directive, and the ommunity Consumer Protection policy has floundered the general lack of political impetus generated by ccessive budgetary and agricultural crisis. Yet almost rreptitiously on the domestic front there have been portant developments which may well have the effect of rendering some parts of the E.E.C. proposals obsolete before they reach the statute book.
State Function in Collective Bargaining
Authors: Carby‐Hall J.R.
Published: January 2008

This monograph considers a further set of state and statutory functions which are connected with collective bargaining and to examine whether or not there effectively existed, or exists, directly and indirectly, encouragement for the promotion of collective bargaining.
Trade Union Democracy
Authors: Carby‐Hall J.R.
Published: January 2008

“The Trade Union Act is a major advance for the cause of union democracy” said the Secretary of State for Employment. Indeed it is, and no one can question the validity of this statement. It must be pointed out at the outset however, that, in advancing the cause of union democracy, the Trade Union Act, 1984 which is the third stage of the government's industrial legislation, has a twofold effect upon trade unions. First, it interferes indirectly with the internal affairs of the union. Second, it provides the means by which the trade union movement as a whole could be both strengthened and weakened. Both these will become apparent as the various sections of the Act are discussed.
Worker Participation in the Management of the Enterprise in Poland
Authors: Sewerynski Michael
Published: January 2008

The Polish tradition of worker participation in the management of the enterprise dates back to 1918–1919. This tradition found its roots in the influence of the October Revolution in Russia, and independence activities in Poland, the councils of workers' delegates and factory committees. The task of the workers' delegates and factory committees was to organise workers, to insure the protection of their professional and living interests and to reopen and supervise factories left behind by invaders.
‘Caveat Venditor’ (‘Let the Seller Beware’)
Authors: Johnson Howard
Published: January 2008

A nostrum much quoted in traditional contract law courses is ‘caveat emptor’ (let the buyer beware). Buyers had to look after themselves and protect their own interests. The laissez‐faire philosophy which lay behind this maxim took the view that the operation of unrestrained market forces was the best method for protecting consumers as a whole. Emphasis was placed on free competition providing alternative choices as the best way of satisfying consumer wants. In reality, even in the mid‐19th century when this philosophy was dominant, the consumer was not left without the protection of the law. Freedom of contract notionally existed and much judicial rhetoric was expended on justifying it but in reality the courts were quite astute in protecting consumers in situations where they were the victims of fraud, trading malpractice or unequal contracts.
A New Regime for Consumers
Authors: Johnson Howard
Published: January 2008

The new Consumer Protection Act, 1987 has three main objectives:
Industrial Conflict The Criminal Liability and statutory immunities of trade unions and their officials
Authors: Carby‐Hall J.R.
Published: January 2008

The Criminal liability of trade unions and their members.
DISMISSAL — FAIR OR UNFAIR?
Authors: Carby‐Hall Jo
Published: January 2008

An employee who is eligible to make a complaint for unfair dismissal has to prove that he has been dismissed by the employer if the employer contests that the employee has in fact been dismissed. If the dismissal is not contested, all the employee has to do is to show that he has been dismissed. This constitutes the first stage of the proceedings in an industrial tribunal.
Industrial action, the closed shop, trade union democracy and all that in 1991. Quid juris?
Authors: Carby‐Hall Jo
Published: January 2008

The Employment Act 1990 is the sixth piece of major industrial relations and trade union legislation brought in by the Tory government since 1979. Each of this legislation continues the step by step reforms which, — in the belief of this goverment, — are needed to counteract the adverse effects on the economic performance and efficiency of this country. The political aims of this legislation are also obvious; they weaken trade unionism. In two Green Papers, namely “Removing barriers to employment” and “Unofficial action and the law” the government identified a number of “weaknesses” and “evils” in the industrial relations and trade union system; which are now dealt with by the 1990 Act.
THE COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT‐LEGAL ENFORCEABILITY?
Authors: Carby‐Hall J.R.
Published: January 2008

In this essay it is proposed first to draw the important distinction which exists in practice between the collective and procedure agreements and explain briefly the respective functions of each of these. An examination will then follow of the current legal status of the collective agreement in Great Britain where a discussion and analysis of various aspects of legal non‐enforceability will take place.
HOMEWORKING
Authors: Carby‐Hall J.R.
Published: January 2008

In recent years there has been a shift in the labour market. The model of full‐time employment has in numerous cases been replaced by a model of more flexible forms of employment. Novel forms of contractual relationships have thus emerged, some of the more common ones being part time; short term; and homeworking (and piece working) contracts. Important as they are, it is not proposed to consider part‐time and short term employment in this monograph. What will be analysed is the notion of the homeworker.
HOW COMPANIES CAN DOWNSIZE LEGALLY
Authors: Campbell Stephen , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: January 2008

Downsized employees are facing a very difficult job market in the 1990's, and these employees may initiate legal actions against their company. California courts have reported a surge of more than 100,000 employee suits. When these cases are tried in front of a jury, statistics show that the employer loses 78 per cent of the time, with an average award of $424,527.
THE CONTRACTUAL ROLE OF BILLS OF LADING UNDER UNITED STATES LAW
Authors: Zekos Georgios I
Published: January 2008

The legal ramifications of the bill of lading continued to develop in the nineteenth century in the American Law. The bill of lading and the implications of its issue began to be reported in many cases as early as the beginning of the 19th century. The leading cases of Delaware and Pollard v Vinton before the supreme court of the United States illustrate the position occupied by the bill of lading from its first steps in the world trade under the interpretation given by the American courts.
The Contractual Role of Bills of Lading Under English Law
Authors: Zekos Georgios I
Published: January 2008

Britain's merchant navy dominated the international maritime trade in the 19th century. The strong ship owners' lobby imposed on the shippers the only choice to contract either under bills of lading drafted almost totally on the ship owners' terms or not to contract. The conflict between Britain and its rival the American merchant navy precipitated a movement for the use of model contracts of shipment (carriage) and towards standardisation of the liability of International liner carriers by legislative intervention. The bill of lading through its use in international trade gained the characteristic of being the document which incorporates the contractual terms. So, the orally agreed contract of carriage gave way to the contract of carriage in the form of a bill of lading.
Supplier‐customer relationships: do partnerships perform better?
Authors: Valsamakis Vassilios , Groves Gwyn
Published: January 2008

This paper details a preliminary study into the impact of different supplier‐customer relationships on the performance of manufacturing companies in the clothing industry. This study produces three generic models for supplier‐customer relationships and their corresponding practices, which in essence represent three different levels of supply chain integration. It also develops a set of financial and non‐financial performance measures in order to determine the effectiveness of different types of relationship. A detailed survey was carried out in order to test the theoretical models and compare the performance of companies under the different types of relationship. Results are presented which compare the effect of various forms of supplier‐customer relationships on company performance, using data collected from 38 UK clothing manufacturers.
The use of offshore production by the Hong Kong clothing industry
Authors: Leung Miu Kwan Camellia
Published: January 2008

The paper presents the views of an experienced merchandiser on the changes in production locations forced upon the Hong Kong clothing industry by such factors as right labour costs. It explores the use made of the offshore production option in China by means of a questionnaire survey carried out in the Hong Kong clothing industry. The paper examines the motives for offshore production and the problems encountered in its use. It examines the responses made by Hong Kong manufacturers to these problems and draws conclusions as to the future of offshore production in the strategic plans of the industry. As such it may have lessons for all companies planning to engage in offshore activities and, in particular, for those planning to set up facilities in China. In particular, significant hidden costs are uncovered, while the cultural problems encountered even between Hong Kong entrepreneurs and mainland Chinese are surprisingly severe.
Case Study: Jaeger
Authors: Lea‐Greenwood Gaynor
Published: January 2008

Jaeger is a household name in the UK, and increasingly internationally. This case study details Jaeger's history, highlights the importance of appointing a brand manager, and examines past mistakes and present policies.
Consumer assessment and comparison of physical characteristics of cotton‐wool blend fabrics
Authors: Horridge Patricia E. , Khan Samina
Published: January 2008

This study compared physical characteristics in four fabrics before and after a wear trial. The constructed fabrics were: 100 per cent pima cotton, 90–10 per cent pima cotton/wool, 80–20 per cent pima cotton/wool, and 70–30 per cent pima cotton/wool. The physical properties of breaking strength, stiffness, tear resistance, pilling resistance, and wrinkle recovery were compared between worn and unworn fabrics. Wear trial participants (n=20) were asked to assess fabric comfort and performance satisfaction during wear. Results of physical testing found significant differences among blend levels and before and after wearing and care treatment levels. Tear resistance, breaking strength, stiffness, and wrinkle recovery were affected by fibre content and care level. Contrary to the authors' hypothesis, consumer satisfaction was also affected by fibre content of the fabrics.
Trade liberalisation and its impact on the Australian textiles, clothing and footwear industries
Authors: van Acker Elizabeth
Published: January 2008

The paper deals specifically with the legislation governing trade liberalisation in Australia. It does not attempt to discuss other related issues such as restructuring nor does it set out to provide the reader with a wider understanding of the sector. These issues were dealt with in an earlier paper. The narrow focus of this paper is taken quite deliberately in view of the insight it may offer to the likely impact of trade liberalisation in the EU over the next decade.
High‐kicking Chorus Line
Authors: Kwok Jennivine , Jones Richard
Published: January 2008

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how an imaginative sourcing policy can be used to provide a competitive advantage for clothing manufacturers based in high‐cost countries. The paper shows how Chorus Line Corporation implemented their sourcing mix, through a combination of production in different regions, to maintain and develop their competitive position in the womenswear market in the USA. The company's basic data and decisions are outlined as an example of how one privately owned company views the sourcing and production decision. In this way the paper will help firms to develop their own global production strategies with balanced sources to meet their business and market strategies.
Competitive asset or unnecessary expense? The role of the designer within UK fashion retailing
Authors: Moore Christopher M. , Shearer Linda
Published: January 2008

While much is made of the contribution of design to the achievement of competitive advantage within the British fashion retail sector, little attempt has been made to examine the processes in which design is managed, integrated and developed within such companies. With the cooperation of 11 of the UK's most successful fashion retailers, this research identifies that the responsibility for design direction and development has moved from supplier to fashion retailer, in order that the latter can fully exploit and protect the opportunities afforded to them through own‐branding. Suggesting that design control affords greater supply chain control, the research also provides a valuable insight into the varying roles and responsibilities of the designer as well as the differing ways in which the design function is managed by fashion retailers. In addition, the research identifies that for some of the most successful fashion retailers, the contribution of the designer has been extended and his or her creativity incorporated into areas of decision making not traditionally associated with that of the fashion designer.
Eversure Textiles Ltd: Team working
Authors: Bentham Norman
Published: January 2008

Eversure Textiles was founded in 1965 and moved to its present location in 1976. In 1986 the company became a wholly‐owned subsidiary of Sirdar Plc, which is based in Wakefield. Eversure is one of the leading manufacturers of window dressings in the UK and its marketplace is very varied including independent retailers, mail order, high street multiples, export, and as such, this variety places great demand on the business, specifically on delivery performance. The aim of the paper is to describe the introduction of team working in Eversure and to discuss the advantages derived by the company from this decision.
The Portuguese clothing industry and market trends
Authors: Ussman Ana Maria , Franco Mário , Ussman Mahomed H.
Published: January 2008

The garment industry is an important sector of the economy of Portugal and has been expanding since 1990 in terms of the volume of business conducted. Most companies are small and productivity is low. In the past the main basis of Portugal's competitive advantage has been low wages. This may not be sustainable in the future — this represents the biggest challenge faced by the industry. Most companies are well equipped but commercial design and industrial pattern making are perceived as weak points. The domestic market is rather small and most companies focus on export markets.
Entry‐level management skills: A retailer's perspective
Authors: Woodard Ginger , Geissler Jayne
Published: January 2008

College graduates need to have effective management skills in order to be successful in the competitive retail environment. Educators in Clothing and Textile programmes develop and continually update curricula to prepare students. Input from retailers concerning curriculum development is necessary for educators to stay current with industry needs. The purpose of this study was to identify management skill strengths and deficiencies of new managers from a retailer's perspective. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: (a) management skill competencies of individuals entering a management training programme, (b) components of management skills identified in Section A, and (c) demographic information. The sample consisted of three management levels: store managers, division managers and vice‐presidents (upper management) of a men's wear apparel retailer. Upper management reported that new managers have the following management skill competencies: ability to take on responsibilities, ability to work as team, communication skills, goal‐setting abilities, leadership skills, decision‐making skills, problem‐solving abilities, handling job‐related stress/pressure, ability to evaluate job performance, delegating skills and time‐management skills. When asked to identify the most important management skill competencies, upper management rated leadership skills (29 per cent), problem‐solving (11 per cent) and teamwork (10 per cent) as being the most important. Results of ANOVA indicated that three demographic variables had a significant effect on management skill competencies. Management level had a significant effect on delegating and time‐management. Store managers rated new managers' delegating skills and time‐management skills higher than did division managers. Education had a significant effect on employee performance evaluation although no significant differences were found between groups. The number of years as a manager had a significant effect on time‐management with no differences between groups. Educators should consider retailers' assessments of new managers in preparing students for retailing careers. Special attention should be given to strengthening those skills found to be most deficient such as time‐management, delegating and evaluating another's job performance.
Academic Papers
Authors: Kim Soyoung , Littrell Mary A. , Paff Ogle Jennifer L.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this research was to examine the relative importance of socially responsible attitudes, along with catalogue shopping involvement and product‐related attributes, as predictors of consumers' intentions to purchase apparel. Data were collected through a mail questionnaire to randomly selected customers of an alternative trade catalogue; the 320 respondents represented a 67 per cent response rate. Data were analysed by a maximum‐likelihood estimation procedure using LISREL VII. The proposed model exhibited good fit to the data as evidenced by chi‐square, GFI, AGFI, and RMS measures. Social responsibility, desire for individuality in dress and shopping involvement were all positive predictors of intention to purchase apparel. Desire for individuality exerted the greatest influence, followed by attitudes toward social responsibility.
Diffusion of innovation: The casual workplace phenomenon
Authors: Foust Stephanie , Cassill Nancy L. , Herr David
Published: January 2008

This study examined the casual workplace in the context of diffusion of innovation. The innovation of the casual workplace, the wearing of casual clothing to the office, has had positive effects on most aspects of the corporate culture. Rogers' model of innovation‐decision process (1995) provided the conceptual framework for this study. Questionnaires were sent to human resource executives of US Fortune 500 companies, with 189 executives responding to the mailed survey. Respondents were categorised into one of Rogers’ (1995) adopter categories. Chi‐square goodness‐of‐fit test, chi‐square analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to test H1, H2 and H3 respectively. The percentages of the companies that are categorised in each of four adopter categories in this study differed from the percentages in each of five adopter categories in Rogers' (1995) model. Human resource executives’ cognisance of the casual workplace differed on two knowledge components and two casual workplace persuasion components, relative advantage and compatibility. Because the number of Fortune 500 companies adopting casual workplace attire appears to be increasing, the need for this attire continues. Therefore, textile marketers, dry‐cleaners and retailers are challenged to provide products and services to meet consumers' casual workplace apparel needs.
The heavy user of clothing: Theoretical and empirical perspectives
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald , Moore Mary Ann , Beaudoin Pierre
Published: January 2008

A minority of consumers, the heavy users, account for the bulk of purchases in many product categories. The present paper applies the concept of heavy usage to the study of clothing purchase because little scholarly research has attempted to define general characteristics of heavy clothing spenders. Data from two surveys of adult women (n = 641 and 285) showed that those who spent more were more likely to be fashion innovators, shopped more for clothes and had higher fashion media exposure. Few demographic characteristics, however, distinguished these women from light and non‐users. These findings may be useful to managers seeking to market to the heavy users of clothing and to clothing theorists developing theories of clothing usage.
The strategic exploitation of new market opportunities by British fashion companies
Authors: Moore Christopher , Murphy Ruth
Published: January 2008

A recent development within the UK fashion sector has been the adoption by younger consumers of products and brands which have been traditionally targeted towards older customer groups. While previous research has tended to focus upon developing an understanding of the motivations which lead young consumers to adopt, adapt and in some cases undermine the brands and products typically associated with other demographic groups, little attention has been given to the role that fashion companies play in this process of market extension and development. By examining the activities of four fashion companies which have successfully extended into the youth market, the research identifies the varying strategic approaches that these firms adopted as well as the alterations they were required to make in order to satisfy the needs of this new group of customers. The research concludes by examining the long‐term implications of this type of market development.
Perceived importance of educational criteria to retail buyers
Authors: Howse Beverly , Hines Jean D. , Swinker Mary E.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how retail buyers rate the importance of selected educational criteria. Questionnaires were mailed to 388 retail buyers in department, discount and speciality stores; the usable response rate was 28 per cent. Results of this study indicated that buying criteria such as planning and organising work effectively, retail mathematical skills, finding information to solve problems and critically interpreting information were rated very highly by the respondents. Also rated highly were criteria related to the knowledge of apparel products, from fibre through garment construction to the end‐use performance.
Value: A retail‐level assessment
Authors: Wachter Kathy
Published: January 2008

Retailers talk about giving value to consumers, but the literature yields no clear definition of value. This study represents an initial attempt to define value empirically from a retailer and consumer perspective based on consumer user experience with apparel products and retailers chosen to shop. If one can determine the attributes that are most important to consumers, then it may be possible to utilise value as a strategic competitive advantage in differentiating a retailer and a product in what consumers ever‐increasingly see as commoditised products and stores. There are importance attribute differences for the retailer chosen to shop and values related to the product and the store.
Pre‐adolescent consumer conformity: A study of motivation for purchasing apparel
Authors: Anderson Heather C. , Meyer Deborah J.C.
Published: January 2008

Pre‐adolescents (children between the ages of eight and 12) are becoming increasingly important in today's market segment, in terms of both absolute size and spending power. Although much research is available concerning adolescent consumer behaviour, very little is known about pre‐adolescent consumer behaviour. The purpose of this research was to examine the extent to which normative and informative conformity issues affect the purchase of apparel products by pre‐adolescents. Results from the 200 pre‐adolescents interviewed indicate that: —as pre‐adolescents age, social conformity influence increases; —both males and females are concerned that others like the clothing they purchase, and purchase clothing to look like peers; —they purchase clothing to conform with both social and organised groups; —they most often observe informational clothing behaviours from peers, athletes, entertainers and siblings. This study revealed that pre‐adolescents begin to use clothing to conform to peer groups as early as age eight, a finding never before reported.
News and Views
Authors: Lea‐Greenwood Gaynor , Agrafiotes Constantine A. , Moore Christopher
Published: January 2008

This section of the Journal is entitled News and Views. It can include practitioner papers, news, events, conference reports, calls for papers, trend summaries, statistics, working papers, etc. Submissions are invited from both academic and industry sources. Contributions are welcome and because this section has a shorter lead time than the main body of the Journal we will be accepting and including ‘copy’ right up to going to press.
Speciality‐size college females: Satisfaction with retail outlets and apparel fit
Authors: Oldham Kind Kennita , Hathcote Jan M.
Published: January 2008

This study measures the levels of satisfaction regarding retail attributes and apparel fit among speciality‐size (petite, tall, large) college women. Previous studies have measured satisfaction among older speciality‐size women, but none has focused on younger women. The study utilised a conceptual framework based on Renoux's theory of retail satisfaction which consisted of three dimensions: shopping system satisfaction, buying system satisfaction, and consuming system satisfaction. Renoux's theory of retail satisfaction was applied to speciality‐size college women when considering apparel purchases. Female students from nine geographically diverse universities completed the questionnaire. The 358 respondents were categorised into three speciality‐size groups based on their height or clothing size. Respondents who were not categorised as being speciality‐size were placed in an average category. Analyses of variance were used to measure the levels of satisfaction. Findings indicated large‐size college females were the only group who had significant dissatisfaction in regard to shopping and buying systems (retail attributes). The results were surprising because there are numerous stores specifically targeted to large‐size females; however, these stores do not appear to be satisfactorily meeting the needs of the large‐size college females who participated in this study. Petite, tall and large‐size college females indicated dissatisfaction with various apparel fit variables, with the large‐size group being most dissatisfied. The results indicated that apparel manufacturers should re‐evaluate their sizing standards; perhaps a universal, international sizing standard is warranted.
OVERVIEW OF STRATEGIC ASPECTS OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
Authors: Strassmann Paul A.
Published: January 2008

A knowledge of information as a social and cultural phenomenon is important to effective information management. The transition from an industrial to an information‐based economy cannot rest on an extension of the past pattern of productivity measurement. Industrial‐age descriptions will not do. The absence or remoteness of most office workers from market mechanisms is the cause of our troubles with productivity measurement. A more accurate and telling picture of productivity is achieved by measuring effectiveness as well as efficiency. This measurement requires more direct consideration of behavioral issues.
OFFICE PRODUCTIVITY: A MICROECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Stabell Charles B.
Published: January 2008

A framework for empirical research on the productivity effects of office technology is outlined. The approach taken rests on the idea that measuring the impact of office technology on productivity is essentially an issue of measuring office productivity. The framework is based on micro‐economic production theory, and the unit of analysis is the firm. The office is viewed as an information processing activity. Information processing is contrasted to realization activities, and the firm is defined as a set of information processing and realization activities. The technical efficiency of realization activities is proposed as a measure of office productivity.
FORMAL MODELS VS. HUMAN SITUATIONAL UNDERSTANDING: INHERENT LIMITATIONS ON THE MODELING OF BUSINESS EXPERTISE
Authors: Dreyfus Stuart E.
Published: January 2008

Possible limitations on the successful formal modeling of human expertise can only be identified if the evolving thought processes involved in acquiring expertise are understood. This paper presents a 5‐stage description of the human skill‐acquisition process, applies it to the skill of business management, and draws conclusions about potential uses and abuses of formal modeling.
DETERMINING THE NEED FOR OFFICE AUTOMATION: METHODS AND RESULTS
Authors: Conrath David W. , Higgins Christopher A. , Irving Richard H. , Thachenkary Cherian S.
Published: January 2008

Many organizations are introducing computer‐based communication and information systems to improve the efficiency and productivity of their personnel. Unfortunately, there exist no suitable schemes which these organizations can use to specify who needs what products or services. Neither is there any standardized methodology for evaluating the appropriateness of the new systems and their impact on the individual users and organizations. The Centre for the Evaluation of Communication—Information Technologies (CECIT) at the University of Waterloo is engaged in research on office automation. Its objectives are to develop suitable methodologies for the specification and evaluation of office automation services. This paper reports on an initial study of the communication—information requirements of white collar workers. The study took place in the summer and fall of 1980. One hundred and fourteen managers and fifty secretarial and clerical workers from four different organizations were involved in the study. Perceived use of various office support services, preliminary and subsequent detailed descriptions of individuals' tasks, and actual communication behaviour were the main focus of our data gathering. Preliminary findings suggest that cognition‐oriented tasks like human relations, planning, decision making and evaluating predominate the work of managers. Significant opportunities exist at the management level for the application of integrated decision‐support and communication systems. However, given the complexity and the lack of routine in the tasks performed by most managers, the development and introduction of office automation services geared for such a target are going to be slow in coming.
“WHEN THE COMPUTER TAKES OVER THE OFFICE”— UPDATE
Authors: Hoos Ida R.
Published: January 2008

Now that the computer has taken over the office and, incidentally, has changed the structure, contours, and dynamics of the business world, there is urgent need for a dispassionate assessment of what has been going on for the past quarter century and what is ongoing now, with the fateful 1984 a flip of the calendar away and the turn of the century not far off. An assessment of that kind would not have been possible in 1960, when the Harvard Business Review first printed the article, “When the Computer Takes Over the Office”. (Subsequently, it was distributed under the aegis of the University of California's Institute of Industrial Relations as part of their reprint series.) At the time, electronic data processing was still in its infancy and regarded as a mere timorous technological step beyond tried‐and‐true Hollerith systems. Talk of “takeover” must have seemed like an egregious flying in the face of conventional wisdom. What, after all, could be so threatening about a fast abacus? All it was doing was, presumably, cutting down paper work or speeding up paper flow. Then, as now, the electronics industry was self‐conscious about its public image and welcomed only praise for its noble contributions to society's wellbeing. Any intimation that automation was not an unmitigated blessing for all people was regarded as a manifestation of an unfriendly predisposition against progress, perhaps even subversive and un‐American. One manufacturer went so far as to demand, in an open letter to the press, that the editors of the Harvard Business Review repudiate the Hoos article. A reply was in order and mine was simple: it is not my business to peddle nor to soft‐pedal automation.
COMMENTS ON “THE INVASION OF THE MIND” BY I.I. MITROFF
Authors: Hoos Ida R.
Published: January 2008

Mitroff's proposal that we exercise all our wits and not just half of them, i.e. the portion presumed to reside in the left hemisphere of the brain, is indisputable. One would like to conclude from the scenario that he has drawn that (a) management information systems are not necessarily synonymous with managerial knowhow; (b) there is no magic in macro‐models; and (c) the computer, despite having achieved Man‐of‐the‐Year status on the cover of Time, cannot father a daughter (to whom marriage at one time would have assured swift ascent in a business career). But I am not sure that this is Mitroff's message nor am I clear as to what it really is, for although he starts out by agreeing with me, that society may be getting the short end of a Faustian bargain with respect to information technology, his line of argument veers off in a direction that would logically lead to a very different conclusion. If I read him correctly, he looks more to the machine than to the man in the man/machine relationship. He wants us to build better men via machine so that electronic games, Disneylands, and other such contrivances will provide us with more salubrious feedback in the way of improved information about everything from the workings of our private psyche to the running of our business.
SOCIO‐TECHNICAL DESIGN METHODS IN OFFICE SETTINGS: TWO CASES
Authors: Ranney Joyce M. , Carder Carolyn E.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this article is to discuss the application of socio‐technical design concepts and methods to office settings. Certain translations and modifications for offices are necessary in order to use socio‐technical methods, originally developed for use in factory settings. We will briefly review the socio‐technical systems history and approach, discuss design concepts and principles, describe two office cases, and identify important consulting issues for managers and implementors of office technology.
AUTOMATING RED TAPE: THE PERFORMATIVE VS. INFORMATIVE ROLES OF BUREAUCRATIC DOCUMENTS
Authors: Lee Ronald M.
Published: January 2008

Bureaucratic red tape involves communications that are not only informative, but also performative, representing the exercise of bureaucratic authority. Automation efforts, to be effective in reducing red tape, will need to include these authority aspects as design variables. A concept of bureau‐cratic software is suggested.
COMMENTS ON “WHEN THE COMPUTER TAKES OVER THE OFFICE” BY I.R. HOOS
Authors: Beckhard Richard
Published: January 2008

Ida Hoos' study and update provide a useful and thoughtful contribution to the ongoing debates and discussions as to whether the computer will de‐humanize all of us and society, or whether it will free us to greater things.