bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GsMTx-4 normalizes the exercise pressor reflex evoked by intermittent muscle contraction in early stage type 1 diabetic rats
Authors: Grotle Ann-Katrin , Huo Yu , Harrison Michelle L. , Ybarbo Kai M. , Stone Audrey J.
Published: February 2021

This is the first study to demonstrate that blocking Piezo channels is effective in ameliorating the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex evoked by intermittent muscle contraction, commonly occurring during physical activity, in T1DM. Thus, these findings suggest Piezo channels may serve as an effective therapeutic target to reduce the acute and prolonged cardiovascular strain that may occur during dynamic exercise in T1DM.
Hemodynamic interplay of vorticity, viscous energy loss, and kinetic energy from 4D Flow MRI and link to cardiac function in healthy subjects and Fontan patients
Authors: Kamphuis Vivian P. , Roest Arno A. W. , van den Boogaard Pieter J. , Kroft Lucia J. M. , Lamb Hildo J. , Helbing Willem A. , Blom Nico A. , Westenberg Jos J. M. , Elbaz Mohammed S. M.
Published: February 2021

Physiologic intraventricular hemodynamic interplay/coupling is present in the healthy left ventricle between vorticity versus viscous energy loss and kinetic energy from four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (4D Flow MRI). Conversely, Fontan patients present compensatory pathophysiologic hemodynamic coupling by an increase in intraventricular vorticity that positively correlates to viscous energy loss and kinetic energy levels in the presence of maintained normal stroke volume. Altered vorticity and energetics are found in the presence of normal ejection fraction in Fontan patients.
Model Test Study on Dynamic Response of Expressway Plastic-Reinforced Earth Embankment under Earthquake
Authors: Han Xue , Ji Pengyue , Gu Qichen , Mu Guangsen
Published: February 2021

Aiming at the seismic response of plastic geogrid-reinforced embankments, with Zhounan Expressway as the research engineering background, a self-designed seismic-rainfall coupled slope model test system was designed and used to produce 1 : 20 scale plastic geogrid-reinforced embankments. Moreover, the physical model of the unreinforced embankment under Hanshin wave, Wenchuan wave, Tianjin wave, etc. was also studied to carry out comparative analysis on seismic response and dynamic response on test model. The dynamic characteristics and dynamic response of the embankment model were tested from low to high seismic intensity; the changes of the embankment’s natural frequency, damping ratio, acceleration at the measuring point, and dynamic earth pressure were analyzed; and the main influencing factors and damage to the embankment seismic response feature were discussed herein. The test results showed that the initial natural frequency of the reinforced embankment was 42.4% higher than that of the unreinforced embankment, and its initial damping ratio reduced by 19.4%. The attenuation effect of the natural frequency and damping ratio of the reinforced embankment with the loading history was significantly lower than that of the unreinforced embankment. Embankment reinforcement exhibited a very good inhibitory effect on the PGA amplification effect of the embankment, and the inhibitory effect on the interior of the slope was more significant than that on the slope. Moreover, the type of seismic wave, the amplitude of the seismic wave, and the frequency of the seismic wave significantly influenced the PGA amplification effect of the embankment. The peak dynamic soil pressure of the unreinforced embankment at the same location was significantly greater than that of the reinforced embankment. The two embankment models showed significantly different antivibration damage performance. After the peak acceleration of 2 m s-2 was loaded, no cracks were seen on the surface of the embankment model. When the peak acceleration of 3 m s-2 was loaded, on the slopes of the two embankment models, smaller cracks were observed in the middle and upper parts of the face. When the peak acceleration of 4 m s-2 was loaded, the failure of the unreinforced embankment model was obvious. Large cracks on the top of the slope could reach 16 mm in width, and 27 mm settlement appeared at the top, and the slope was convex. The reinforced embankment model was only on the slope shoulder. Moreover, there were fine cracks on the top, and the slope top settlement was less than 5 mm. The research results provide theoretical support for preventing and controlling the road embankment vibration diseases and improving highway durability design.
Linear Barycentric Rational Collocation Method for Beam Force Vibration Equation
Authors: Li Jin , Sang Yu
Published: February 2021

The linear barycentric rational collocation method for beam force vibration equation is considered. The discrete beam force vibration equation is changed into the matrix forms. With the help of convergence rate of barycentric rational interpolation, both the convergence rates of space and time can be obtained at the same time. At last, some numerical examples are given to validate our theorem.
[Retracted] Measuring Subthalamic Nucleus Volume of Parkinson’s Patients and Evaluating Its Relationship with Clinical Scales at Pre‐ and Postdeep Brain Stimulation Treatment: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Lu Li , Xu Kai , Shi Lin , Dou Weiqiang , Liu Kai , Ma Hong , Xie Lixiang , Zhang Chao , Lu Cailuan
Published: February 2021

This study investigated potential imaging biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). A total of 59 PD patients and 50 healthy control subjects underwent high‐resolution 3‐dimensional T1‐weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging. Bilateral STN volumes were compared between the 2 groups, and a correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between bilateral STN volumes or intracranial volume (ICV) and pre‐ or postoperative clinical scale scores. The results showed that the left STN volume differed significantly between PD patients and controls. In patients, the left STN volume was negatively correlated with pre‐ and postoperative quality of life scores and positively correlated with Mini‐mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores; ICV was also positively correlated with the MMSE score. These findings indicate that changes in the left STN volume are a useful biomarker for evaluating the clinical outcome of PD patients following DBS.
Gender-Specific Response in Pain and Function to Biologic Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Gender-Bias-Mitigated, Observational, Intention-to-Treat Study at Two Years
Authors: Borg Tiffanie-Marie , Heidari Nima , Noorani Ali , Slevin Mark , Cullen Angela , Olgiati Stefano , Zerbi Alberto , Danovi Alessandro , Wilson Adrian
Published: February 2021

Knee osteoarthritis is a major cause of disability worldwide. Newer modalities of treatment with less morbidity, such as intra-articular injection of microfragmented fat (MFAT), are showing promise. We report on our novel observation that women show a greater improvement in pain and function to MFAT than men. Traditionally, women have been underrepresented in studies and studies with both sexes regularly fail to analyze the results by sex. To mitigate for this bias and quantify it, we describe a technique using reproducible statistical analysis and replicable results with Open Access statistical software R to calculate the magnitude of this difference. Genetic, hormonal, environmental, and age factors play a role in our observed difference between the sexes. There is a need for further studies to identify the molecular basis for this difference and be able to utilize it to improve outcome for both women and men.
Online Learning Support Service System Architecture Based on Location Service Architecture
Authors: Zhao Yongyan , Shan Shaonan
Published: February 2021

With the development of network, location-based service architecture is gradually applied to the learning support service system. The purpose of this study is to develop an online learning support system using allocation information service architecture. In this study, the 2019 year of this study was selected as a research material through an online learning support service system within six months. The system architecture of this study is the Browser/Server architecture. Based on this, we analyze the learning result data using the weight setting of the feature attribute and the learning evaluation algorithm. The results show that the improved algorithm based on location-based service architecture can get the best algorithm accuracy when the weight of the whole algorithm is about α = 0.4. For the degree of demand for learning guidance, 16.2% thought it was absolutely necessary and 50.7% thought it was more necessary. And 70.6% of the learners thought that the learning system was not very accurate or generally accurate. It is concluded that the learning support service system of this study has a certain role. It provides a new path to improve the quality of online education learning support service and promotes the development of online education.
In Vivo Imaging of Methionine Aminopeptidase II for Prostate Cancer Risk Stratification
Authors: Xie Jinghang , Rice Meghan A. , Chen Zixin , Cheng Yunfeng , Hsu En-Chi , Chen Min , Song Guosheng , Cui Liyang , Zhou Kaixiang , Castillo Jessa B. , Zhang Chiyuan A. , Shen Bin , Chin Frederick T. , Kunder Christian A. , Brooks James D. , Stoyanova Tanya , Rao Jianghong
Published: February 2021

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, yet limited tools exist for prognostic risk stratification of the disease. Identification of new biomarkers representing intrinsic features of malignant transformation and development of prognostic imaging technologies are critical for improving treatment decisions and patient survival. In this study, we analyzed radical prostatectomy specimens from 422 patients with localized disease to define the expression pattern of methionine aminopeptidase II (MetAP2), a cytosolic metalloprotease that has been identified as a druggable target in cancer. MetAP2 was highly expressed in 54% of low-grade and 59% of high-grade cancers. Elevated levels of MetAP2 at diagnosis were associated with shorter time to recurrence. Controlled self-assembly of a synthetic small molecule enabled design of the first MetAP2-activated PET imaging tracer for monitoring MetAP2 activity in vivo. The nanoparticles assembled upon MetAP2 activation were imaged in single prostate cancer cells with post-click fluorescence labeling. The fluorine-18–labeled tracers successfully differentiated MetAP2 activity in both MetAP2-knockdown and inhibitor-treated human prostate cancer xenografts by micro-PET/CT scanning. This highly sensitive imaging technology may provide a new tool for noninvasive early-risk stratification of prostate cancer and monitoring the therapeutic effect of MetAP2 inhibitors as anticancer drugs.

Significance:

This study defines MetAP2 as an early-risk stratifier for molecular imaging of aggressive prostate cancer and describes a MetAP2-activated self-assembly small-molecule PET tracer for imaging MetAP2 activity in vivo.
Activated ALK Cooperates with N-Myc via Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling to Induce Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer
Authors: Unno Kenji , Chalmers Zachary R. , Pamarthy Sahithi , Vatapalli Rajita , Rodriguez Yara , Lysy Barbara , Mok Hanlin , Sagar Vinay , Han Huiying , Yoo Young A. , Ku Sheng-Yu , Beltran Himisha , Zhao Yue , Abdulkadir Sarki A.
Published: February 2021

Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive subtype of prostate cancer with poor prognosis, and there is a critical need for novel therapeutic approaches. NEPC is associated with molecular perturbation of several pathways, including amplification of MYCN. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and other malignancies where it cooperates with N-Myc. We previously identified the first case of ALK F1174C-activating mutation in a patient with de novo NEPC who responded to the ALK inhibitor, alectinib. Here, we show that coactivation of ALK and N-Myc (ALK F1174C/N-Myc) is sufficient to transform mouse prostate basal stem cells into aggressive prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation in a tissue recombination model. A novel gene signature from the ALK F1174C/N-Myc tumors was associated with poor outcome in multiple human prostate cancer datasets. ALK F1174C and ALK F1174C/N-Myc tumors displayed activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Chemical and genetic ALK inhibition suppressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling and tumor growth in vitro in NEPC and neuroblastoma cells. ALK inhibition cooperated with Wnt inhibition to suppress NEPC and neuroblastoma proliferation in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. These findings point to a role for ALK signaling in NEPC and the potential of cotargeting the ALK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in ALK-driven tumors. Activated ALK and N-Myc are well known drivers in neuroblastoma development, suggesting potential similarities and opportunities to elucidate mechanisms and therapeutic targets in NEPC and vice versa.

Significance:

These findings demonstrate that coactivation of ALK and N-Myc induces NEPC by stimulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which can be targeted therapeutically.
Differential Outcomes in Codon 12/13 and Codon 61NRAS-Mutated Cancers in the Phase II NCI-MATCH Trial of Binimetinib in Patients withNRAS-Mutated Tumors
Authors: Cleary James M. , Wang Victoria , Heist Rebecca S. , Kopetz E. Scott , Mitchell Edith P. , Zwiebel James A. , Kapner Kevin S. , Chen Helen X. , Li Shuli , Gray Robert J. , McShane Lisa M. , Rubinstein Larry V. , Patton David R. , Meric-Bernstam Funda , Dillmon Melissa S. , Williams P. Mickey , Hamilton Stanley R. , Conley Barbara A. , Aguirre Andrew J. , O'Dwyer Peter J. , Harris Lyndsay N. , Arteaga Carlos L. , Chen Alice P. , Flaherty Keith T.
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

Preclinical and clinical data suggest that downstream inhibition with an MEK inhibitor, such as binimetinib, might be efficacious for NRAS-mutated cancers.

Patients and Methods:

Patients enrolled in the NCI-MATCH trial master protocol underwent tumor biopsy and molecular profiling by targeted next-generation sequencing. Patients with NRAS-mutated tumors, except melanoma, were enrolled in subprotocol Z1A, a single-arm study evaluating binimetinib 45 mg twice daily. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). A post hoc analysis examined the association of NRAS mutation type with outcome.

Results:

In total, 47 eligible patients with a refractory solid tumor harboring a codon 12, 13, or 61 NRAS mutation were treated. Observed toxicity was moderate, and 30% of patients discontinued treatment because of binimetinib-associated toxicity. The ORR was 2.1% (1/47 patients). A patient with malignant ameloblastoma harboring a codon 61 NRAS mutation achieved a durable partial response (PR). A patient with NRAS codon 61–mutated colorectal cancer had an unconfirmed PR, and two other patients with NRAS codon 61–mutated colorectal had stable disease for at least 12 months. In an exploratory analysis, patients with colorectal cancer bearing a NRAS codon 61 mutation (n = 8) had a significantly longer OS (P = 0.03) and PFS (P = 0.007) than those with codon 12 or 13 mutations (n = 16).

Conclusions:

Single-agent binimetinib did not show promising efficacy in NRAS-mutated cancers. The observation of increased OS and PFS in patients with codon 61 NRAS-mutated colorectal cancer merits further investigation.
Observations on the flowering plant diversity of Madayippara, a southern Indian lateritic plateau from Kerala, India
Authors: Pramod C. , Pradeep A.K.
Published: February 2021

Northern Kerala of southern India is characterized by widely spread lateritic plateaus which provide an extremely harsh physical environment for life leading to the development of specialized plant communities with a large number of endemic and habitat specific species.  Madayippara, a midland lateritic plateau located in the Kannur District of northern Kerala is an icon of rich floristic diversity and endemism.  The plateau forms a number of microhabitats due to the difference in geographic terrain and soil cover, thus forming a complex of habitats with diverse forms of plants, mainly ephemeral herbs.  Out of the 636 flowering plant taxa recorded from the microhabitats of the plateau, within a limited area of 3.65km2, 160 (c. 25%) are endemics.  Most of the endemic species occur in specialized microhabitats. The plateau is the type locality of 11 taxa.  Lateritic plateaus of southern India, which are associated with characteristic and rich biodiversity, are now under varied types of anthropogenic threats such as large scale mining for bricks and clay, and they need urgent attention for conservation of the biodiversity.
Some biological aspects of the central Indian endemic scorpion Hottentotta jabalpurensis Kovařík, 2007 (Scorpiones: Buthidae)
Authors: Pandey Pragya , Mohapatra Pratyush P. , Bastawade D.B.
Published: February 2021

The present study reports the distribution and bionomics of Hottentotta jabalpurensis Kovarik, 2007, a central India endemic species.  Information on courtship, maternal care, feeding habits, and kin recognition has been provided based on observations made in captivity.  Morphological and morphometric details of the pre-insemination spermatophore of the species have been detailed for the first time for the species.
Herpetofaunal inventory of Van Province, eastern Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Yıldız Mehmet Zülfü , İğci Naşit , Akman Bahadır
Published: February 2021

In this study, amphibian and reptile diversity in the province of Van (eastern Anatolia, Turkey) was surveyed.  For this purpose, four herpetological excursions (20 days in total) were conducted covering all the districts of the province in 2014.  In this paper, up-to-date herpetofaunal inventory of Van Province, including two urodelian, four anuran, two chelonian, 15 saurian (lizards), and 14 ophidian (snakes) species (six amphibians and 31 reptiles in total) is presented.  To the best of our knowledge, Salamandra infraimmaculata, Heremites auratus, Dolichophis jugularis, Eirenis modestus, and Telescopus fallax were recorded for the first time in the province of Van.  Additionally, the first published print record of Stellagama stellio in Van Province is presented. The major threat to the herpetofaunal diversity in surveyed habitats was found as human-origin habitat degradation.  With the georeference database obtained in this study, it will be possible to determine the actual distribution ranges of the species and to guide decision-makers.  The results of the study will provide a useful basis for future monitoring studies and distribution information will contribute to the conservation of the species of interest.
Effects of Volatile Anesthetics on Postoperative Ischemic Stroke Incidence
Authors: Raub Dana , Platzbecker Katharina , Grabitz Stephanie D. , Xu Xinling , Wongtangman Karuna , Pham Stephanie B. , Murugappan Kadhiresan R. , Hanafy Khalid A. , Nozari Ala , Houle Timothy T. , Kendale Samir M. , Eikermann Matthias
Published: February 2021

Background

Preclinical studies suggest that volatile anesthetics decrease infarct volume and improve the outcome of ischemic stroke. This study aims to determine their effect during noncardiac surgery on postoperative ischemic stroke incidence.

Methods and Results

This was a retrospective cohort study of surgical patients undergoing general anesthesia at 2 tertiary care centers in Boston, MA, between October 2005 and September 2017. Exclusion criteria comprised brain death, age <18 years, cardiac surgery, and missing covariate data. The exposure was defined as median age‐adjusted minimum alveolar concentration of all intraoperative measurements of desflurane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane. The primary outcome was postoperative ischemic stroke within 30 days. Among 314 932 patients, 1957 (0.6%) experienced the primary outcome. Higher doses of volatile anesthetics had a protective effect on postoperative ischemic stroke incidence (adjusted odds ratio per 1 minimum alveolar concentration increase 0.49, 95% CI, 0.40–0.59,
P
<0.001). In Cox proportional hazards regression, the effect was observed for 17 postoperative days (postoperative day 1: hazard ratio (HR), 0.56; 95% CI, 0.48–0.65; versus day 17: HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74–0.99). Volatile anesthetics were also associated with lower stroke severity: Every 1‐unit increase in minimum alveolar concentration was associated with a 0.006‐unit decrease in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (95% CI, −0.01 to −0.002,
P
=0.002). The effects were robust throughout various sensitivity analyses including adjustment for anesthesia providers as random effect.

Conclusions

Among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, volatile anesthetics showed a dose‐dependent protective effect on the incidence and severity of early postoperative ischemic stroke.
Wearing the Cosmos: The High Priestly Attire in Josephus’ Judean Antiquities
Authors: Pena Joabson Xavier
Published: February 2021

In his recounting of the Exodus narrative of the making of the priestly vestments in Judean Antiquities 3.151-180, 184-187, Josephus provides a vivid description of the high priest’s wardrobe, including its cosmological connotations. This article shows that Josephus uses cosmological motifs in his recounting of the high priestly attire in order to convey a message to his intended audience in Rome. Josephus adds his own accents to the biblical narrative to convince his public that the high priest’s fine clothing functions as a statement that the Judean God is not a national deity with restricted power, but the Highest God, who is the only creator, maintainer, and supreme ruler of the universe. Seen from this perspective, we observe Josephus in dialogue with a well-established Greco-Roman clothing imagery tradition that portrays gods and mortals in symbolic garments to enhance their far-reaching power or authority.
Identification of mahogany sliced veneer using handheld near-infrared spectroscopy device and multivariate data analysis
Authors: Rocha Hugo S. , Braga Jez W.B. , Kunze Daniele C.G.C. , Coradin Vera T.R. , Pastore Tereza C.M.
Published: February 2021

The illegal logging of valuable tree species is mainly motivated by a global market that consumes logs, lumber, veneers, and furniture. The use of objective techniques to identify species and the effects of international initiatives such as CITES rules contributes to controlling trade, exploitation, and smuggling of these products. The anatomical identification of wood veneers is limited due to the loss of several anatomical characters in the production process of the veneers. For this reason, we propose the Near-Infrared Spectroscopy technique associated with chemometric tools for the discrimination of wood veneer of woods with similar general characters: Swietenia macrophylla King (mahogany), Carapa guianensis Aubl. (andiroba), Cedrela odorata L. (cedro), Micropholis venulosa Pierre (curupixá), and Hymenaea coubaril L. (jatobá) using a portable spectrometer.The development of the discrimination models was performed using the PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares for Discriminant Analysis) algorithm. The detection and subsequent exclusion of outliers were performed based on Hotelling T2, Q residuals, and errors in estimating class values. The PLS-DA models showed an efficiency between 96.5% and 100% in the samples’ discrimination among the five forest species. In conclusion, the portable NIRS technology and the PLS-DA models were suitable for the rapid identification and discrimination of the wood veneers.
Taxonomic status and typification of the neglected name Calamagrostis vinealis (Poaceae, Agrostidinae)
Authors: PASZKO BEATA
Published: February 2021

The unresolved name Calamagrostis vinealis Steudel (Poaceae, Agrostidinae) is lectotypified and its taxonomic identity is discussed based on the discovery of Baumgarten’s collection at the P herbarium (P02142817), based on which this name was assigned. This collection appears to be a mixed gathering of Calamagrostis epigejos (left-hand specimen) and C. arundinacea (right-hand specimen). Here, the left-hand specimen is designated and labeled as lectotype of the name Calamagrostis vinealis, and in consequence, C. vinealis is a later heterotypic synonym of C. epigejos.
Re-description and systematic re-appraisal of the genus Kokkocynips Pujade-Villar & Melika, (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including new combinations of Nearctic species and the description of a new species from Panama
Authors: NIEVES-ALDREY JOSÉ LUIS , NICHOLLS JAMES A. , TANG CHANG-TI , MELIKA GEORGE , STONE GRAHAM N. , PUJADE-VILLAR JULI , BUFFINGTON MATTHEW , MALDONADO YURIXI , MEDIANERO ENRIQUE
Published: February 2021

The monophyly and taxonomic validity of some currently accepted genera of gall wasps in the Cynipini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) are being challenged by recent systematic studies. Here we used morphological and molecular data to re-describe and revise the taxonomic limits of the monotypic genus Kokkocynips Pujade-Villar & Melika, previously recorded only from Mexico.                We describe a new species from Panama, Kokkocynips panamensis Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey, reared from galls on Quercus salicifolia Neé, and add new records from Mexico for the type species of the genus K. doctorrosae Pujade-Villar. Six Nearctic species, Dryocosmus rileyi (Ashmead, 1896), D. imbricariae (Ashmead, 1896), D. coxii (Basset, 1881), D. deciduus (Beutenmueller, 1913), Callirhytis difficilis (Ashmead, 1887) and C. attractans (Kinsey, 1922) are transferred to Kokkocynips. Species of Kokkocynips are associated only with red oaks (Quercus section Lobatae (Fagaceae)) and are distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, from Canada through Mexico and Panama. Taxonomic limits of Kokkocynips are discussed in light of the molecular phylogenetic relationships of the studied species. Diagnostic characters, gall description, distribution, and biological data of Kokkocynips species are given, including a key for the identification of the asexual generations of seven species.
Damage Control Laparotomy in the Cirrhotic Trauma Patient is Highly Lethal: A Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Jakob Dominik A. , Benjamin Elizabeth R. , Lewis Meghan , Liasidis Panagiotis , Demetriades Demetrios
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Damage control laparotomy (DCL) has revolutionized trauma care and is considered the standard of care for severely injured patients requiring laparotomy. The role of DCL in cirrhotic patients has not been investigated.

Methods

A matched cohort study using American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program database including patients undergoing DCL within 24 hours of admission. A 1:2 cohort matching of cirrhotic vs. non-cirrhotic patients was matched for the following criteria: age (>55, ≤55 years), gender, mechanism of injury (blunt and penetrating), injury severity score (ISS) (≤25, >25), head/face/neck Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) (<3, ≥3), chest AIS (<3, ≥3), abdominal AIS (<3, ≥3), and overall comorbidities. Outcomes between the 2 cohorts were subsequently compared with univariable analysis.

Results

Overall, 1151 patients with DCL within 24 hours were identified, 29 (2.5%) with liver cirrhosis. Six cirrhotic patients were excluded because there were no suitable matching controls. The remaining 23 cirrhotic patients were matched with 46 non-cirrhotic patients. Overall mortality in the cirrhotic group was 65% vs. 26% in the non-cirrhotic group ( P = .002). The higher mortality rate in cirrhotic vs. non-cirrhotic patients was accentuated in the group with ISS >25 (83% vs. 33%; P = .005). 40% of the deaths in cirrhotic patients occurred after 10 days of admission, compared to only 8% in non-cirrhotic patients ( P = .091). The total blood product use within 24 hours was significantly higher in cirrhotic than non-cirrhotic patients [33 (14-46) units vs. 19.9 (4-32) units; P = .044].

Conclusion

Cirrhotic trauma patients undergoing DCL have a very high mortality. A significant number of deaths occur late and alternative methods of physiological support should be considered.
The Beijing–Minsk Partnership and Belarus’s Role in China’s Economic Relations with the European Union
Authors: Rinna Anthony V.
Published: February 2021

China’s deepening ties with the Republic of Belarus, combined with the latter’s geographic position between the EU and Russia (the veritable leader of the Eurasian Economic Union), stands to potentially benefit China’s bid to deepen economic cooperation with the European Union. More specifically, enhanced collaboration between Beijing and Minsk helps the PRC develop relations with the Eurasian Economic Union (essential to China’s ambitions to augment cooperation with Europe) while simultaneously providing a geographic avenue for China into the central and eastern European regions of the EU for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Nevertheless, the degree to which Beijing’s stronger relations with Minsk will serve Chinese interests in connecting with Europe will depend in large on whether or not Belarus and the EU can overcome significant differences in their relationship, as well as whether the relationship between the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union (as a partner of the BRI) takes on a cooperative or a competitive nature.
How did Sweden Fail the Pandemic?
Authors: Diderichsen Finn
Published: February 2021

Sweden has since the start of the pandemic a COVID-19 mortality rate that is 4 to 10 times higher than in the other Nordic countries. Also, measured as age-standardized all-cause excess mortality in the first half of 2020 compared to previous years Sweden failed in comparison with the other Nordic countries, but only among the elderly. Sweden has large socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 mortality. Geographical, ethnic, and socioeconomic inequalities in mortality can be due to differential exposure to the virus, differential immunity, and differential survival. Most of the country differences are due to differential exposure, but the socioeconomic disparities are mainly driven by differential survival due to an unequal burden of comorbidity. Sweden suffered from an unfortunate timing of tourists returning from virus hotspots in the Alps and Sweden's government response came later and was much more limited than elsewhere. The government had an explicit priority to protect the elderly in nursing and care homes but failed to do so. The staff in elderly care are less qualified and have harder working conditions in Sweden, and they lacked adequate care for the clients. Sweden has in recent years diverged from the Scandinavian welfare model by strong commercialization of primary care and elderly care.
Accusations of witchcraft: A form of violence against women in Nepal
Authors: Atreya Alok , Aryal Shreyashi , Nepal Samata , Nepal Binu
Published: February 2021

Accusations of witchcraft and witch-hunting activities remain serious problems in Nepal, where many women are subjected to violence or torture following accusation and persecution. Many experience serious physical and mental injury, and some die. However, most of these incidents are not reported because women and their families fear reprisals. Poverty, systemic gender inequality and weak state laws provide a context in which this behaviour occurs. Allegations of witchcraft will, however, not be fully eradicated without improvements in education and legal safeguards.
Book review: Panchali Ray. 2019. Politics of Precarity: Gendered Subjects and the Health Care Industry in Contemporary Kolkata
Authors: Ghosh Avilasha
Published: February 2021

Panchali Ray. 2019. Politics of Precarity: Gendered Subjects and the Health Care Industry in Contemporary Kolkata. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. xii + 266 pp. Tables, appendix, bibliography, index. ₹1250 (hardback).
Trans-nasal high-flow dehumidified air in acute migraine headaches: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Shah Rushil , Assis Fabrizio , Narasimhan Bharat , Khachadourian Vahe , Zhou Shijie , Tandri Harikrishna , Tariq Nauman
Published: February 2021

Background

Intranasal high flow of dehumidified (dry) air results in evaporative cooling of nasal passages. In this randomized clinical trial, we investigated the effect of dry gas induced nasal cooling on migraine headaches.

Methods

In this single-blind study, acute migraineurs were randomized to either nasal high-flow dry oxygen, dry air, humidified oxygen or humidified air (control) at 15 L/min for 15 min. All gases were delivered at 37°C. Severity of headache and other migraine associated symptoms (International Classification for Headache Disorders, 3rd edition criteria) were recorded before and after therapy. The primary endpoint was change in pain scores, while changes in nausea, photosensitivity and sound sensitivity scores served as secondary endpoints. A linear regression model was employed to estimate the impact of individual treatment components and their individual interactions.

Results

Fifty-one patients (48 ± 15 years of age, 82% women) were enrolled. When compared to the control arm (humidified air), all therapeutic arms showed a significantly greater reduction in pain scores (primary endpoint) at 2 h of therapy with dry oxygen (−1.6 [95% CI −2.3, −0.9]), dry air (−1.7 [95% CI −2.6, −0.7)]), and humidified oxygen (−2.3 [95% CI −3.5, −1.1]). A significantly greater reduction in 2-h photosensitivity scores was also noted in all therapeutic arms (−1.8 [95% CI −3.2, −0.4], dry oxygen; −1.7 [95% CI −2.9, −0.4], dry air; (−2.1 [95% CI −3.6, −0.6], humidified oxygen) as compared to controls. The presence of oxygen and dryness were independently associated with significant reductions in pain and photosensitivity scores. No adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

Trans-nasal high-flow dry gas therapy may have a role in reducing migraine associated pain. Clinical Trial registration: NCT04129567
Premonitory symptoms in migraine from China: A multi-clinic study of 4821 patients
Authors: Wang Xiaolin , Yin Ziming , Lian Yajun , Xu Yanmei , Li Yajie , Liu Jiale , Gu Qun , Yan Fanhong , Ge Zhaoli , Lian Yu , Hu Dongmei , Chen Sufen , Wang Rongfei , Chen Xiaoyan , Liu Jing , Zhang Mingjie , Ran Ye , Zhou Ping , Ma Jingyi , Lv Xudong , Dong Zhao , Yu Shengyuan
Published: February 2021

Objective

To observe the prevalence and characteristics of premonitory symptoms in Chinese migraineurs and explore their associations with migraine-related factors.

Method

Migraineurs who visited a tertiary headache clinic and one of nine neurology clinics between May 2014 and November 2019 were studied.

Result

Among the 4821 patients meeting the migraine criteria (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition), 1038 (21.5%) patients experienced at least one premonitory symptom. The most common premonitory symptoms were neck stiffness, dizziness, yawning and drowsiness. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that aura, photophobia, aggravation by routine physical activity, triggers, family history, depression, coffee consumption and physical exercise were associated with an increased probability of experiencing premonitory symptoms ( p ≤ 0.001). The premonitory symptoms of migraine with and without aura differ in prevalence and most common symptoms. The cluster analysis revealed pairwise clustering of the following premonitory symptoms: Photophobia/phonophobia, concentration change/dysesthesia, loquacity/overactivity, yawning/drowsiness, fatigue/dizziness, and mood change/irritability. The correlation analysis of triggers and premonitory symptoms revealed that temperature change, environment change, sleep disorder, activity and stress were related to multiple premonitory symptoms, and that food, light, menstruation, alcohol and odor were related to special premonitory symptoms ( p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusion

The prevalence of premonitory symptoms among migraineurs in China is 21.5%. Some factors influence the probability of experiencing premonitory symptoms. Paired premonitory symptoms in the clustering analysis may share similar origins. Certain triggers associated with multiple premonitory symptoms may induce brain dysfunction; however, other triggers that overlap with corresponding special premonitory symptoms may be premonitory symptoms or a form of premonitory symptom.
Numerical investigation of wing–wing interaction and its effect on the aerodynamic force of a hovering dragonfly
Authors: Swain Prafulla Kumar , Dora Siva Prasad , Battula Suryanarayana Murthy , Barik Ashok K
Published: February 2021

The present research focuses on the timing of wing–wing interaction that benefits the aerodynamic force of a dragonfly in hovering flight at Reynolds number 1350. A 3-D numerical simulation method, called the system coupling, was utilised by implementing a two-way coupling between the transient structural and flow analysis. We further explore the aerodynamic forces produced at different phase angles on the forewing and hindwing during the hovering flight condition of a dragonfly. A pair of dragonfly wings is simulated to obtain the force generated during flapping at a 60° inclination stroke plane angle with respect to the horizontal. The hovering flight is simulated by varying the phase angle and the inter-distance between the two wings. We observe a significant enhancement in the lift (16%) of the hindwing when it flaps in-phase with the forewing and closer to the forewing, maintaining an inter-wing distance of 1.2 cm (where cm is the mean chord length). However, for the same condition, the lift of the hindwing reduces by 9% when the wings are out of phase/counterstroke flapping. These benefits and drawbacks are dependent on the timing of the interactions between the forewing and hindwing. The time of interaction of wake capture, wing–wing interaction, dipole structure and development of root vortex are examined by 2-D vorticity of the flow field and isosurface of the 3-D model dragonfly. From the isosurface, we found that the root vortex elicited at the root of the hindwing in counter-flapping creates an obstacle for the shedding of wake vortices, which results in reduction of vertical lift during the upstroke of flapping. Hence, at the supination stage, a dragonfly uses a high rotation angle for the hovering flight mode. It is observed that the system coupling method was found to be more efficient and exhibited better performance. The present numerical methodology shows a very close match to the previously reported results.
Effects of Al, Zn, and rare earth elements on flammability of magnesium alloys subjected to sonic burner–generated flame by Federal Aviation Administration standards
Authors: Wang Guangjian , Zhao Zhiwei , Zhang Song , Zheng Lili
Published: February 2021

Mg alloys are promising structural materials in aerospace industry due to high strength to weight ratio. However, most Mg alloys are limited in aircraft cabins due to their susceptibility to ignition and burning. To improve fire resistance, adding alloying elements is a strategy. Thus, the goal of this study is to explore the effects of alloying elements Al, Zn, and rare earths on Mg-alloy flammability by experiment, using the system and procedures in compliance with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) standards for Mg-alloy flammability test. Six commercial Mg alloys with different alloying elements (AZ91E, ZK61A, ZE63A, EZ33A, WE43B, and EV31A) were tested. Results indicate that Mg alloys with Al or Zn elements were of short ignition time and high weight loss. With rare earths, Mg-alloy flammability was suppressed obviously. It appears that this suppression effect with rare earth addition was attributed to the formation of protective oxide film on the surface of molten alloy. Further, a heat transfer model was established to analyze the temperature evolution of the test specimen subjected to the sonic burner–generated flame by FAA standards, and ignition temperatures of all testing Mg alloys were predicted based on the experimental ignition time. The predicted results confirm that with rare earths addition, ignition was delayed after melting by the protective oxide film formed on the surface of the molten alloy.
The Transformation of the Colombian Media Industry in the Smartphone Era
Authors: Barrios-Rubio Andrés , Pedrero-Esteban Luís Miguel
Published: February 2021

Smartphone normalisation device prevalent access to information and digital entertainment has modified the routines of production, distribution and marketing of the traditional media industry. This study analyses and systematises the strategies of the 10 main Colombian operators in press, radio and TV—according to their impact and scope—on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube through a quantitative and qualitative study of their messages in order to identify its positioning, treatment and effectiveness. The results of this study allow us to recognise the renewal of productive routines online and offline, decreasingly linked to Journalism.
Tear fluid collection methods: Review of current techniques
Authors: Pieczyński Janusz , Szulc Urszula , Harazna Joanna , Szulc Aleksandra , Kiewisz Jolanta
Published: February 2021

Tear fluid, composed of lipid, aqueous, and mucin layers, contains electrolytes, water, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. Its components may serve as diagnostic indicators of local and systemic diseases. The aim of the study was to conduct literature review in order to identify the current methods of tear collection. The most commonly used method which was relatively easy to perform and allowed to obtain sufficient tear volume for further chemical and physical analysis was selected through PubMed database search for the following keywords: tear sampling, human tears, chemical analysis of tears, physical tear analysis, animal tear sampling. Final criteria of articles selection were: human tears, tear sample collection, chemical and physical analysis of tears. Time of publication of the articles not older than 1995. The analysis of 70 articles revealed that the most common tear fluid collection methods are Schirmer tear strips and capillary tubes. Thus, we recommend the use of Schirmer strips and microcapillary tubes as the cheapest and easiest methods for sampling of tear fluid for further chemical analysis.
A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety of Monotherapy and Combination Therapy With Biologic for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Authors: Sachdeva Muskaan , Maliyar Khalad , Ponzo Marisa G.
Published: February 2021

Background

Biologic drugs have the potential to halt the progression of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) by decreasing concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, a cytokine implicated in epithelial cell death. The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the efficacy and safety of biologic monotherapy and combination therapy for SJS/TEN.

Methods

MEDLINE and EMBASE in OVID were searched on October 28, 2020. Inclusion criteria were original studies containing human participants diagnosed with SJS/TEN and treated with biologics. Studies were excluded if they were literature reviews, systematic reviews, letters to the editor, or conference abstracts.

Results

The 38 articles reviewed included 27 (71.1%) case reports, 6 (15.8%) case series, 3 (7.9%) retrospective reviews, and 2 (5.3%) RCTs. The age range of the included studies was 2 to 85 years, the mean age was 46.4 years. The mean body surface (BSA) across the 38 included articles was 31.0%. The average actual mortality reported within the 38 included articles was 9.2%. Both biologic monotherapy and combination therapy were associated with improved outcomes in SJS/TEN. Furthermore, anti TNF-alpha therapy, specifically etanercept, showed improved outcomes as monotherapy.

Conclusions

Overall, reviewed studies presented a strong case for biologic treatment, both monotherapy and combination use, in SJS/TEN treatment. Based on the number of fatal adverse events observed, biologic monotherapy may be safer compared to combination therapy. Further research with a larger sample size and a randomized control trial design is required.
Beyond the high: Mapping patterns of use and motives for use of cannabis as medicine
Authors: Kvamme Sinikka L. , Pedersen Michael M. , Alagem-Iversen Sagi , Thylstrup Birgitte
Published: February 2021

Background:

In Denmark the boundaries between cannabis as an illicit drug and licit medicine have shifted rapidly in recent years, affecting also policy. However, the vast majority of Danes, who use cannabis as medicine (CaM) continue to rely on the unregulated market for supply. This study explores patterns of use and motives for use of CaM in Denmark.

Methods:

An anonymous online survey was made available to a convenience sample of users of CaM from July 14, 2018 to November 1, 2018. Participants were recruited through patient organisations, social and public media, and the illegal open cannabis market.

Results:

Of the final sample ( n = 3,021), a majority were women (62.6%) and the mean age was 49 years. Most had no prescription for CaM (90.9%), a majority had no or limited previous experience with recreational cannabis use (63.9%), and had used CaM for two years or less (65.0%). The most common form of intake was oil (56.8%) followed by smoke (24.0%). CBD oil (65.0%) was used more than hash, pot or skunk (36.2%). Most frequent conditions treated were chronic pain (32.0%), sleep disturbances (27.5%), stress (23.7%), osteoarthritis (22.7%), anxiety (19.6%), and depression (19.6%). Overall, users experienced CaM to be effective in managing somatic and mental health conditions and reported relatively few side-effects. CBD oil only users were more likely to be women, older, have limited recreational experience and have initiated use recently.

Conclusions:

A new user group has emerged in Denmark that, for the most part, use illegally sourced CaM to treat a broad range of somatic and mental health conditions, often with experienced effect and relatively low level of side-effects. The prevalent use of low-potency CBD oil indicates an interest in effects beyond the high normally associated with cannabis use. More clinical research into the effects and side-effects of CaM is needed to draw the boundaries of the medical utility of cannabis.
Disengaging elections? Political interest, number of elections, and turnout in elections to the European Parliament
Authors: Nonnemacher Jeffrey
Published: February 2021

Since direct elections to the European Parliament began in 1979, variations in voting behavior in European Parliament elections from national elections have raised interesting questions about political behavior. I add to a growing literature that explores turnout in European Parliament elections by focusing on the count of national elections between European Parliament elections. Through a cross-national study of elections, I find that turnout decreases in the European Parliament contest following cycles with numerous national contests. Then, using data from the European Election Study, I argue that this is the result of frequent elections decreasing turnout particularly among already low interest voters who stay home. My findings have implications for how formal rules of multi-level elections shape political behavior more generally and voter fatigue in particular.