bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value creation in entrepreneurial education: towards a unified approach
Authors: Jones Colin , Penaluna Kathryn , Penaluna Andy
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a unified framework for understanding the development and distribution of value within and from enterprise and entrepreneurship education. In doing so, the authors trace the origins of value creation pedagogy back 100 years and reconnect this lost literature to contemporary thinking as to what constitutes value creation pedagogy.

Design/methodology/approach

This conceptual paper identifies specific temporal-specific problems with current thinking in enterprise and entrepreneurship educationvis-à-viswho gains the value from value creation pedagogies. To address this identified anomaly, the authors seek to develop a spectrum of value-creating activities/processes applicable to enterprise and entrepreneurship education. The underlying aim of this approach is to provide clarity around who specifically benefits from value creation pedagogies, how and when.

Findings

In developing a spectrum of value-creating activities/processes applicable to enterprise and entrepreneurship education, the authors have successfully located all major forms of value creation pedagogies in an iterative manner that caters to the authentic development of value for oneself and others. The proposed model assumes that the creation of authentic value for others should be preceded by the development of specific capabilities in the value creators.

Practical implications

There are important implications that arise for all enterprise and entrepreneurship educators in the discussions presented here. Most importantly, value creation pedagogies should be fueled by the ongoing development of purpose, agency and capability via cultivated reflection.

Originality/value

This paper broadens the notion of what constitutes value creation pedagogy in enterprise and entrepreneurship education. In doing so, the authors elevate the importance of student creative competency development over value creation.
Prevalence of health problems among children and the role of health education in promotion of healthy habits
Authors: ALamari Hana
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Kindergarten children are more susceptible to diseases as they are still in the process of acquiring immunity. The purpose of this study was to assess kindergarten teachers’ and parents' perception of the prevalence of health problems among children in Kuwait and the role of health education in promotion of healthy habits.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodological aim of this study was to assess the factors that affected kindergarten children's health as children suffered from health problems that affected their quality of life. Therefore, a questionnaire was administered to evaluate kindergarten teachers’ and parents' perception of the main factors that caused increased health problems among children at higher rates than before. A total of 164 teachers and parents were recruited for this study and the questionnaire was completed.

Findings

The results indicated that kindergarten children suffered from different health problems that affected their quality of life. Lack of health knowledge and education in the society was one of the main reasons for the prevalence of these health problems among young children in Kuwait. The findings offered insight about the importance of health education and promotion in prevention of diseases.

Originality/value

This study offers insights into how to increase health knowledge and education in the Kuwaiti community to prevent and decrease health problems that affect children's health.
Resources, capabilities and public value creation in a healthcare IT project: an action research study
Authors: Svejvig Per , Schlichter Bjarne Rerup
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This paper reports on an action research study based optimization project related to healthcare IT implemented on the Faroe Islands. The aims were to study what constitutes value in the public healthcare setting by applying and activating existing resources in the organization, hence answering the overall research question: How can a resource-based view (RBV) improve benefits management (BM) practices?

Design/methodology/approach

By applying a RBV to findings from an action research study of an optimization project of an integrated health information system (HIS), a framework of capabilities needed in a public HIS setting to create value was developed.

Findings

The theoretical contribution is a framework explaining how BM practices and, hence, value can be interrelated in a public healthcare IT system.

Research limitations/implications

The study shows the need for academic IT professionals to structure and facilitate value generation, especially in the form of creating an innovative and learning environment in the form of an action research based project.

Practical implications

This study suggests which actors should be motivated and developed in order to ensure value in healthcare IT projects. Having value creation in mind, the model could have potentially broad applicability in a variety of healthcare IT settings.

Social implications

The findings leads to better usage of public healthcare resources.

Originality/value

The present research studies real problems in a real setting, thus providing distinct ideas on how to improve public value creation by direct engagement of researchers.
Tensions within the sales ecosystem: a multi-level examination of the sales-marketing interface
Authors: Malshe Avinash , Krush Michael T.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to understand one portion of the sales ecological system. This paper focuses on the mesolevel or intra-organizational system that includes the sales and marketing functions. This paper examines distinct tensions at three levels of the firm’s hierarchy and the mechanisms used to manage the tensions.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use a qualitative data collection. A discovery-oriented process is used to understand the interconnections that exist among marketing-sales dyads at three organizational levels across several firms.

Findings

This paper uncovers distinct tensions and defenses exhibited by managers at each hierarchical level and this paper presents mechanisms that can are used to reduce the tensions.

Research limitations/implications

The multi-level perspective demonstrates the value of examining the intra-organizational aspect of the sales ecosystem. This paper uses a qualitative approach to highlight that sales-marketing tensions are unique to each of the hierarchical levels. This paper demonstrates that the tensions are a function of the unique roles each sales and marketing executive has within the organization.

Practical implications

To make the sales and marketing interface more effective, managers need to view tensions across the sales-marketing interface as complementary versus opposing forces. Managers must balance these tensions, rather than fight them and/or select one of the alternatives over the other. This paper suggests that paradoxical thinking may be a valued skillset for managers at each level of the organization.

Originality/value

The study uses a unique qualitative data set that examines the sales-marketing interface across three levels of an organizational hierarchy. Through this approach, this paper delineates specific tensions between marketing and sales within each level of the firm. This paper also describes mechanisms to manage the tensions common within the sales-marketing interface.
Licensing massage therapists in the name of crime: the case of Harper v Lindsay
Authors: Deyo Darwyyn , Hoarty Blake , Norris Conor , Timmons Edward
Published: October 2020

Purpose

This study aims to analyze the trends for crime and STDs after the passage of massage therapist licensing. In 1977, Texas passed a law permitting county-level licensing laws for massage therapists, which was soon followed by a statewide licensing requirement in 1985. This early massage therapy law was upheld by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. Massage therapy licensing is commonly associated with preventing crime, specifically prostitution. However, massage parlors also represent an opportunity for entrepreneurs starting businesses, who face significant barriers to entry across the USA.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors analyze the effect of state- and city-level licensing of massage therapists on crime and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases using data from the FBI Uniform Crime Reports from 1985–2013 and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between 1993-2015.

Findings

The authors find that state- and city-level licensing of massage therapists was not associated with preventing crimes related to prostitution or reducing sexually transmitted diseases. This analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that relaxing the stringency of massage therapist licensing would not lead to increases in crime or additional spread of disease while likely encouraging entrepreneurship.

Originality/value

This study is one of the first to examine the effects of city-level licensing on health and safety of consumers.
A new decade of uses for geographic information systems (GIS) as a tool to research, measure and analyze library services
Authors: Mandel Lauren Heather , Bishop Bradley Wade , Orehek Ashley Marie
Published: October 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore library research that uses geographic information systems (GIS) as a tool to evaluate library services and resources to ascertain current trends and establish future directions for this growing research area.

Design/methodology/approach

The study searched full text for geographic information systems in two databases: Library and Information Science Source (LISS) and Library, Information Science and Technology Abstracts (LISTA), replicating the method used in a prior literature review. The titles and abstracts of the search results were analyzed to gather only the research that used GIS as a tool to measure and analyze library services.

Findings

This study found growth in the last decade for library research using GIS. There remain two ways the tool is primarily used: to analyze service areas and to manage facilities and collections.

Practical implications

The findings are relevant for library and information science researchers and practitioners because they summarize a specific area of research that has grown and changed and that still has potential to be used more widely. Using GIS in practice and research could benefit all library users and nonusers because spatial analysis facilitates more precise and informed delivery of services and resources.

Originality/value

The paper provides future directions for use of GIS in library research and attempts to define subdivisions within this research area to clarify the area for researchers and practitioners.
Is Acrylamide really a food safety issue?
Authors: Krein Daniela Dal Castel , Devos Rafaela Julyana Barboza , Colla Luciane Maria , Reinehr Christian Oliveira
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Acrylamide is a compound found in several food products. Due to the toxicity of this compound, research also seeks strategies to modify industrial and homemade processes, impacting on the reduction of the compound. This paper aims to discuss the aspects surrounding the presence of acrylamide in foods.

Design/methodology/approach

Published literature on the presence of acrylamide in foods and on its effects has been reviewed. This paper explores the importance of this compound, summarizes the knowledge of its formation and gathers data on its incidence in food and the possibilities of mitigation. Special attention is given to an evaluation of the toxicological tests applied, to analyze whether acrylamide can be considered as a food safety problem.

Findings

Human exposure to food with high levels of acrylamide varies in their levels regarding the consumption of food in the diet and not only by the level of the compound present in them. Although the compound is well defined as toxic to humans, the association between its intake and most common cancers may not be directly related.

Originality/value

Depending on the approach of the researchers, contradictory results are obtained, showing the importance of this topic to the development of healthy food products. Further research is still needed to validate the potential effects of acrylamide on human health.
HR technology goal realization: predictors and consequences
Authors: Florkowski Gary W.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Drawing on the HR technology (HRT) and information systems (IS) literatures, this study seeks to identify macro-level factors that influence the performance of HRT systems. A second objective is to assess the relative contribution that HRT goal realization makes to organizational satisfaction with HR services.

Design/methodology/approach

This investigation draws on a web-based survey of 169 US and Canadian firms targeting HR executives as key informants. Structural equation modeling (SEM) tested the roles that organizational support, capabilities and aspects of the environment play in technology goal attainment and collective satisfaction with HR services. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) evaluated the properties of several key scales and supported their usage. Moderated regression analysis further assessed whether HRT age influenced certain relationships.

Findings

As predicted, system goal realization was positively related to the level of support from an HRT champion and an HR innovation climate, while being negatively related to HRT mimetic isomorphism. HR service satisfaction, in turn, was positively related to HRT goal realization, the HR innovation climate and HR environmental munificence. It also was determined that HRT champions had a stronger positive impact on goal realization for younger technology portfolios. This too was expected.

Research limitations/implications

External validity would be strengthened by not only increasing sample sizes for the USA and Canada, but also targeting more nations for data collection. The model's explanatory power may also be enhanced by improving the measurement of several predictors (e.g. top management support, absorptive capacity), as well incorporating constructs that focus on users (e.g. group potency, collective efficacy).

Practical implications

These findings underscore the need to proactively screen and structure the surrounding environment to facilitate portfolio success. Greater emphasis must be placed on (1) identifying and empowering HRT champions, (2) fostering an innovation climate in the HR function and (3) conditioning HRT purchases on “mindful” adoption. Doing so should not only increase the prospects of realizing goals, but also elevate satisfaction with HR services.

Originality/value

This is the first study to formally assess the effects that organizational and environmental context have on overall HRT systems performance. Prior research has focused on linking the local conditions of individual users to their perceptions and usage of HR technologies.
Spatial mapping of root systems reveals diverse strategies of soil exploration and resource contest in grassland plants
Authors: Lepik Anu , Abakumova Maria , Davison John , Zobel Kristjan , Semchenko Marina
Published: October 2020

When foraging and competing for below‐ground resources, plants have to coordinate the behaviour of thousands of root tips in a manner similar to that of eusocial animal colonies. While well described in animals, we know little about the spatial behaviour of plants, particularly at the level of individual roots.

Here, we employed statistical methods previously used to describe animal ranging behaviour to examine root system overlap and the efficiency of root positioning in eight grassland species grown in monocultures and mixtures along a gradient of neighbour densities.

Species varied widely in their ability to distribute roots efficiently, with the majority of species showing significant root aggregation at very fine spatial scales. Extensive root system overlap was observed in species mixtures, indicating a lack of territoriality at the level of whole root systems. However, with increasing density of competitors, several species withdrew roots from the periphery of foraging ranges and increased intraplant root aggregation in the remaining area, which may indicate consolidation of foraging areas under competitive pressure.

Several species exhibited responses consistent with resource contest in species mixtures where encounters with competitors’ roots triggered increased root aggregation at the expense of foraging efficiency. Such responses only occurred in mixtures of species with comparable competitive abilities but were absent in asymmetric species combinations.

Synthesis. Combining fine‐scale measurement of plant root distributions with spatial statistics yields new insights into plant behavioural strategies with significant potential to impact resource foraging efficiency and productivity.
Links among extracellular enzymes, lignin degradation and cell growth establish the models to identify marine lignin‐utilizing bacteria
Authors: Wang Xiaopeng , Lin Lu , Zhou Jizhong
Published: October 2020

A major conundrum in the isolation of prokaryotes from open environments is stochasticity. It is especially difficult to study low abundance groups where very little biological information exists, although single‐cell genomics and metagenomics have alleviated some of this bottleneck. Here, we report an approach to capture lignin‐utilizing bacteria by linking a physical model to actual organisms. Extracellular enzymes, lignin degradation and cell growth are crucial phenotypes of lignin‐utilizing bacteria, but their interrelationships remain poorly understood. In this study, the phenotypes of bacteria isolated from in situ lignocellulose enrichment samples in coastal waters were traced and statistically analysed. It suggested cell growth, dye‐decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly correlated with lignin degradation, exhibiting a genus‐specific property. The established models enabled us to efficiently capture lignin‐utilizing bacteria and rapidly evaluate lignin degradation for Bacillus and Vibrio strains. Through the model, we identified several previously unrecognized marine bacterial lignin degraders. Moreover, it demonstrated that the isolated marine lignin‐utilizing bacteria employ a DyP‐based system and ROS for lignin depolymerization, providing insights into the mechanism of marine bacterial lignin degradation. Our findings should have implications beyond the capture of lignin‐utilizing bacteria, in the isolation of other microorganisms with as‐yet‐unknown molecular biomarkers.
Impact of Immigrant Peers on Native Students’ Achievement: Evidence from Australia, Canada and the United States
Authors: Seah Kelvin K. C.
Published: October 2020

This article examines how exposure to immigrant students affects the achievement of native students in Australia, Canada and the United States. Variation in the share of immigrant students across different grade levels within schools is exploited to identify the impact of immigrant peers. The study finds that the effects on native students’ achievements of exposure to immigrant peers differ between the three countries. While exposure has a positive impact on Australian natives, it has a negative impact on Canadian natives. Exposure has no effect on US natives. How immigrant students affect their peers is found to depend on institutional arrangements within the education system.
Who Advocates for Egypt? Women Lawyers in Egyptian Film on the Eve of Independence
Authors: Mahmoud Rania
Published: October 2020

This article examines two Egyptian films, Al Avocato Madiha (Advocate Madiha) (1950) and Al Ustadha Fatima (Professor Fatima) (1952), as covertly supportive of women's professionalisation. Appearing at a turning point in Egyptian history, they anticipate post‐1952 Revolution debates on how best to integrate women in public life. Their ambivalence is reflected in their fluctuation between upholding a patriarchal modernity, with its vision of male and female professions, and constructing an egalitarian modernity where women's contribution to nation‐building is not limited to maternal roles. These films strive to decentre the modern family ideal as the primary paradigm of a healthy nation.
State policies limiting premium surcharges for tobacco and their impact on health insurance enrollment
Authors: Kaplan Cameron M. , Kaplan Erin K.
Published: October 2020

Objective

The Affordable Care Act allows insurers to charge up to 50% higher premiums to tobacco users, making tobacco use the only behavioral factor that can be used to rate premiums in the nongroup insurance market. Some states have set more restrictive limits on rating for tobacco use, and several states have outlawed tobacco premium surcharges altogether. We examined the impact of state level tobacco surcharge policy on health insurance enrollment decisions among smokers.

Study Design

We compared insurance enrollment in states that did and did not allow tobacco surcharges, using a difference‐in‐difference approach to compare the policy effects among smokers and nonsmokers. We also used geographic variation in tobacco surcharges to examine how the size of the surcharge affects insurance coverage, again comparing smokers to nonsmokers.

Data Collection

We linked data from two components of the Current Population Survey—the 2015 and 2019 Annual Social and Economic Supplement and the Tobacco Use Supplement, which we combined with data on marketplace plan premiums. We also collected qualitative data from a survey of smokers who did not have insurance through an employer or public program.

Principal Findings

Allowing a tobacco surcharge reduced insurance enrollment among smokers by 4.0 percentage points (P = .01). Further, smokers without insurance through an employer or public program were 9.0 percentage points less likely (P < .01) to enroll in a nongroup plan if they were subject to a tobacco surcharge. In states with surcharges, enrollment among smokers was 3.4 percentage points lower (P < .01) for every 10 percentage point increase in the tobacco surcharge.

Conclusions

Tobacco use is the largest cause of preventable illness in the United States. State tobacco surcharge policy may have a substantial impact on whether tobacco users choose to remain insured and consequently their ability to receive care critical for preventing and treating tobacco‐related disease.
Mortality and major complications after emergency laparotomy: A pilot study of risk prediction model development by preoperative blood‐based immune parameters
Authors: Petring Hasselager Rune , Foss Nicolai Bang , Andersen Ove , Cihoric Mirjana , Bay‐Nielsen Morten , Nielsen Hans J. , Camilla Andresen Linda , Toft Tengberg Line
Published: October 2020

Background

Emergency laparotomy is associated with high risk of postoperative complications and mortality. Preoperative identification of patients at high risk of adverse outcome is important. The immune response to conditions requiring emergency laparotomy is not understood in detail. The present study describes preoperative blood‐based immune profiles and their potential value in surgical risk assessment.

Method

Patients (N = 100) referred for emergency laparotomy at Hvidovre Hospital were consecutively included from 3 June 2013‐11 April 2014. All patients had blood samples collected before surgery and the immune parameters c‐reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), interferon‐γ induced protein 10 kDa (IP‐10), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) and soluble urokinase plasminogen receptor activator (suPAR) were determined. Patients were stratified according to major postoperative complications (including death), 30‐ and 180‐day mortality. Using logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristics curves the predictive ability of the immune parameters were estimated.

Results

Major complications were recorded in 45 (45.0%) of the patients, whereas 30‐day and 180‐day mortalities were 17 (17.0%) and 25 (25.0%), respectively. Concentrations of suPAR and TNF‐α were associated with major complications while CRP, IL‐6, suPAR and TNF‐α were associated with mortality. Adding the combined immune parameters to a regression model including age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status significantly improved the predictive ability for major complications, 30‐day mortality and 180‐day mortality.

Conclusion

In emergency laparotomy, preoperative blood‐based immune parameters added predictive power to regression models and could be considered in risk prediction model development.
Governance of interorganizational health emergency networks: Facing the Zika pandemic
Authors: Fontes‐Filho Joaquim Rubens , Kaufmann Carla , Fonseca Tania Maria , Pimenta Roberto , de Souza Juliana , Novaes Ernane
Published: October 2020

Global health is on the threshold of a new era, facing major threats such as infections, non‐communicable diseases, and the challenges of globalization itself (the effects of climate change, trade policies on health), in a multifaceted global context of diverse societies, norms, values, interests, and inequalities.

However, facing the challenges presented by health crises requires high volumes of financial and human resources, and cooperation efforts between different actors, which makes the challenge even more complex for developing countries. In this context, the formation of interorganizational networks, involving individuals and public and private organizations, is fundamental to face various outbreaks.

This study, based on the case of the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil in 2015, aims to analyze the governance of an interorganizational health emergency network. The results point out new perspectives to identify and deal with these interorganizational networks’ challenges, such as the coordination of institutional and individual actors, conflicts, issues related to the network's leadership, learning and mobilization regarding health emergencies – particularly in situations where there is little knowledge and evidence about the risks and effects of viruses and other pathogens, which makes the act of declaring emergency politically controversial.
Comparing Chinese and US practitioners' attitudes towards teletherapy during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Wang Xiubing , Gordon Robert M. , Snyder Elise W.
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The China American Psychoanalytic Alliance (CAPA) has been offering psychoanalytic psychotherapy training and treatment to Chinese mental health professionals entirely over the Internet since 2006. When the COVID‐19 pandemic began, most practitioners worldwide had to turn to teletherapy. US psychoanalytic practitioners were more negative towards teletherapy than those from other theoretical orientations. We predicted that CAPA practitioners as compared to US psychoanalytic practitioners would be more prepared for teletherapy services during the pandemic, since they their training and treatment had been on‐line.

Method

We compared survey results from 164 CAPA practitioners with 165 US psychoanalytic practitioners (matched for age) who had recently psychoanalytically treated a patient on‐line. CAPA participants were recruited from CAPA email lists and the US sample were recruited from the Society for Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychology of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychoanalytic Association and International Psychotherapy Institute.

Results

CAPA practitioners as compared to US psychoanalytic practitioners had more positive opinions about teletherapy before the pandemic; had more positive opinions about teletherapy during the pandemic; and had more positive opinions about the effectiveness of teletherapy in working with transference, relational issues and resistance. The CAPA practitioners were more prepared to do psychoanalytic psychotherapy during the pandemic than the US psychoanalytic practitioners.

Discussion

Xiubing Wang discusses these findings in terms of her own experience as a CAPA graduate and treater before, during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic in China.
Loess deposits in the Tajik Basin, Central Asia: chronology, provenance and palaeoclimatic implications since the Last Glacial
Authors: Tian Shengchen , Sun Jimin , Zhang Zhiliang , Abdulov Sherzod , Cao Mengmeng , Gadoev Mustafo , Oimahmadov Ilhomjon
Published: October 2020

The thick loess deposits in Tajikistan are important archives for palaeoclimatic reconstruction in Central Asia during the Quaternary. To date however, adequate high‐resolution studies of chronology and climatic evolution of the Tajik loess have still not been carried out. In this paper, chronology, dust provenance, and palaeoclimatic significance of a loess section in the centre of the Tajik Basin has been studied. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating yields ages ranging from ~60.8 to 0.8 ka, indicating that this loess section accumulated during the Last Glacial period and the Holocene. The provenance of the Tajik loess includes dust transported by westerly winds from the upwind deserts in Turkmenistan, and minor proximal particles derived from alluvial sediments of the nearby mountains and fluvial/glacifluvial deposits on the river flood‐plains. Multiple palaeoclimatic proxies including colour, particle size, environmental magnetic parameters, and element concentrations together with their correlation with the deep‐sea δ18O record suggest that the Tajik loess accumulated during cold and dry stadial periods, while palaeosols formed during warm and moist interglacials or interstadials, which is similar to the Chinese Loess Plateau. Although the two regions have different dust provenances and wind systems, such similarity indicates that the palaeoclimatic variations in both regions might be forced by a common global factor, e.g. the global ice volume. Variations in global ice volume influenced the climate in Tajikistan and the Loess Plateau through affecting the westerlies and the East Asian Monsoon, respectively.
Canadian homeless mobilities: Tracing the inter‐regional movements of At Home/Chez Soi participants
Authors: Kaufman Drew F.
Published: October 2020

People experiencing homelessness are simultaneously socially and physically mobile. Individuals move through periods of housing stability and houselessness and varying degrees of financial (in)stability, and between different geographic spaces. Research concerning homeless mobilities emphasizes moves within cities and reveals seven factors deserving attention: housing; labour markets; social, health, and justice services; personal health; the attributes of different places; interpersonal networks; and how mobility is socially differentiated. However, the extent to which these factors shape homelessness and inter‐regional mobilities is unclear. Addressing this gap, I explore 612 people's moves using data collected from five Canadian cities. By analyzing participants' inter‐regional moves over ten years, I identify ten themes of homeless inter‐regional mobility in Canada including: interpersonal networks, the attributes of different places, labour markets and personal finances, the use of movement for personal growth, health and social services, residential mobilities, legal and health institutions, substance abuse and dependence, personal security, and travel. I find that the structures, institutions, resources, and personal experiences that produce homelessness simultaneously push people between places. Amidst an increasing emphasis aimed at understanding homeless experiences in Canada, this paper provides an overview of the inter‐regional mobilities of people experiencing homelessness in Canada.
Cultural and architectural heritage conservation and restoration: which colour?
Authors: Gaiani Marco , Apollonio Fabrizio Ivan , Ballabeni Andrea
Published: October 2020

Colours play a crucial role in the field of architectural heritage. Colour analysis and colour rendition are involved in several critical facets of heritage preservation, conservation and restoration. These aspects are related to accurate documentation and an accurate representation of heritage artefacts and architectural works. The aim of this paper is to describe critical issues and open problems of the processes involved in this field. Documentation is performed in multiple ways, acquiring heterogeneous data ranging from archival images, photographs, drawings using various consumer or professional instruments (eg, digital cameras and spectrophotometers). The reliability of colour acquisition might be influenced by instrumental reasons (the technology used to acquire colour information), by environmental changes (architectural heritage surveys are often performed outdoors), by morphology (complex architectural objects are characterised by concavities and convexities which complicate the reflection evaluation), or by materials (showing different reflection, porosity and transparency indexes). Identification of materials, such as colorants, pigments and dyes, is also a vital process in the heritage field. Colour information could be used as an approach to the identification of materials, but these methods are still under development, and many issues need to be solved to achieve reliable results. Visualisation techniques of a heritage artefact also present the problem of the correctness of the colour representation. Several problems need to be faced in this context: the reliability of the acquisition, colour management of the rendering software, model complexity, and fragmentation of the devices upon which the model is visualised.
Evaluation of low‐cost consumer‐grade UAVs for conducting comprehensive high‐frequency population censuses of hippopotamus populations
Authors: Fritsch Camille J. , Downs Colleen T.
Published: October 2020

The hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibious (hereafter referred to as hippo) is classified as vulnerable according to the IUCN Red data list. They play a significant role in aquatic systems as allochthonous nutrient providers, and as facilitators and competitors in grasslands. Traditional census methodologies for hippo are difficult and costly to repeat. Previous research has been conducted on the use of unmanned aerial systems (UASs) to conduct hippo population estimates; however, findings either needed justification through additional field testing or used high‐cost UASs that may be unaffordable for management authorities in developing countries in Africa. Therefore, using a low‐cost, consumer‐grade, DJI Phantom 3 Advanced multi‐rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), 47 surveys were conducted of the hippo population at Ndumo Game Reserve (NGR), South Africa, between August 2016 and July 2017. In addition, comparisons were drawn between the results of and the logistical requirements and costs of the respective helicopter and UAV surveys conducted on the same day of the same hippo population. The use of a consumer‐grade UAV permitted frequent, accurate, and comparatively low‐cost surveys to identify temporal changes in the number of hippos present in NGR and at different locations within NGR. Hippos are a data deficient species, particularly in remote developing countries. UAVs surveys of hippo will allow accurate, highly repeatable, and comparatively low‐cost data collection for management of hippos and the ecosystems within which they occur.
Solitary fibrous tumour of the submandibular gland: Novel insights from clinical practice on a close mimicker of pleomorphic adenoma and a diagnostic challenge for the cytopathologist
Authors: Gonzalez Maria F. , Husain Batool H.
Published: October 2020

Spindle cell lesions of the salivary glands are rare and account for less than 3% of the salivary gland aspirates. A definitive classification of salivary gland neoplasms by fine needle aspiration is possible for the most common lesions but remains a challenge for the less common entities. We present a case of a 72‐year‐old male with a solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) of the submandibular gland mimicking a myoepithelial‐rich pleomorphic adenoma (PA). In this article, we discuss novel insights that help differentiate SFT from PA and other spindle cell lesions.
Guidelines for endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer (second edition)
Authors: Ono Hiroyuki , Yao Kenshi , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Oda Ichiro , Uedo Noriya , Nimura Satoshi , Yahagi Naohisa , Iishi Hiroyasu , Oka Masashi , Ajioka Yoichi , Fujimoto Kazuma
Published: October 2020

In response to the rapid and wide acceptance and use of endoscopic treatments for early gastric cancer, the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, in collaboration with the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association, produced “Guidelines for Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection and Endoscopic Mucosal Resection for Early Gastric Cancer” in 2014, as a set of basic guidelines in accordance with the principles of evidence‐based medicine. At the time, a number of statements had to be established by consensus (the lowest evidence level), as evidence levels remained low for many specific areas in this field. However, in recent years, the number of well‐designed clinical studies has been increasing. Based on new findings, we have issued the revised second edition of the above guidelines that cover the present state of knowledge. These guidelines are divided into the following seven categories: indications, preoperative diagnosis, techniques, evaluation of curability, complications, long‐term postoperative surveillance, and histology.
Whispers from vestigial nubbins: Arrested development provokes trait loss in toads
Authors: Stynoski Jennifer L. , Womack Molly C. , Trama Florencia A. , Coloma Luis A. , Hoke Kim L.
Published: October 2020

Despite the use of acoustic communication, many species of toads (family Bufonidae) have lost parts of the tympanic middle ear, representing at least 12 independent evolutionary occurrences of trait loss. The comparative development of the tympanic middle ear in toads is poorly understood. Here, we compared middle ear development among two pairs of closely related toad species in the genera Atelopus and Rhinella that have (eared) or lack (earless) middle ear structures. We bred toads in Peru and Ecuador, preserved developmental series from tadpoles to juveniles, and examined ontogenetic timing and volume of the otic capsule, oval window, operculum, opercularis muscle, columella (stapes), and extracolumella in three‐dimensional histological reconstructions. All species had similar ontogenesis of the otic capsule, oval window, operculum, and opercularis muscle. Moreover, cell clusters of primordial columella in the oval window appeared just before metamorphosis in both eared and earless lineages. However, in earless lineages, the cell clusters either remained as small nubbins or cell buds in the location of the columella footplate within the oval window or disappeared by juvenile and adult stages. Thus, columella growth began around metamorphosis in all species but was truncated and/or degenerated after metamorphosis in earless species, leaving earless adults with morphology typical of metamorphic anurans. Shifts in the timing or expression of biochemical pathways that regulate the extension or differentiation of the columella after metamorphosis may be the developmental mechanism underlying convergent trait loss among toad lineages.
Legal, Ethical, and Developmental Considerations Concerning Children in Prison Nursery Programs
Authors: Beit Caroline
Published: October 2020

Prison nurseries are contentious both ethically and legally in the U.S. because of the tension between supporting the child's best interest and putting an innocent child in prison with their incarcerated parent. The majority of the research advocating for prison nurseries focuses primarily on justifying such programs through a utilitarian perspective of maximizing well‐being for society. Research has not focused on justifying prison nurseries as ethical from the perspective of the child. This research expands the purview of the Eighth amendment and argues that separating a child from his or her incarcerated parents represents a cruel and unusual punishment because of the multitude of adverse effects on the child. This paper builds off of the existing utilitarian narrative, while also advancing the argument that prison nurseries are ethical because of children's inherent and fundamental rights to have a relationship with his or her parent, prison nurseries limitation of the negative effects of parental incarceration and child because of society's duty to protect the best interest of the child. This paper argues that separating children from their incarcerated parents is unethical and that prison nurseries are just based on a mixture of a utilitarian framework and the inherent and fundamental rights of the child.
Responding Effectively to Trauma Manifestations in Child Welfare Cases
Authors: Stahl Rebecca M.
Published: October 2020

This article defines trauma and how it manifests in the dependency court system. Trauma is prevalent in child welfare cases and all of the professionals on these cases can respond to the trauma they see and experience more effectively through a better understanding of how to regulate the nervous system and the body. Trauma often manifests as difficult behaviors in the dependency court world, but there is a lack of information for effective strategies to deal with it. This article discusses how families and professionals experience trauma in dependency court and provides tools rooted in a physiological understanding of trauma. It will help professionals notice and respond to trauma in themselves and others.
Catalytic and lectin domains in neuraminidase A from Streptococcus pneumoniae are capable of an intermolecular assembly: Implications for biofilm formation
Authors: Sharapova Yana , Švedas Vytas , Suplatov Dmitry
Published: October 2020

Neuraminidase A from Streptococcus pneumoniae (NanA) is a cell wall‐bound modular enzyme containing one lectin and one catalytic domain. Unlike homologous NanB and NanC expressed by the same bacterium, the two domains within one NanA molecule do not form a stable interaction and are spatially separated by a 16‐amino acid‐long flexible linker. In this work, the ability of NanA to form intermolecular assemblies was characterized using the methods of molecular modeling and bioinformatic analysis based on crystallographic data and by bringing together previously published experimental data. It was concluded that two catalytic domains, as well as one catalytic and one lectin domain, originating from two cell wall‐bound NanA molecules, can interact through a previously uncharacterized interdomain interface to form complexes stabilized by a network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. Supercomputer modeling strongly indicated that artocarpin, an earlier experimentally discovered inhibitor of the pneumococcal biofilm formation, is able to bind to a site located in the catalytic domain of one NanA entity and prevent its interaction with the lectin or catalytic domain of another NanA entity, thus directly precluding the generation of intermolecular assemblies. The revealed structural adaptation is discussed as one plausible mechanism of noncatalytic participation of this potentially key pathogenicity enzyme in pneumococcal biofilm formation.
Doxycycline‐functionalized polymeric nanoparticles inhibit Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation on dentine
Authors: Arias‐Moliz M. T. , Baca P. , Solana C. , Toledano M. , Medina‐Castillo A.L. , Toledano‐Osorio M. , Osorio R.
Published: October 2020

Aim

To evaluate in a laboratory setting the antimicrobial properties and the potential to inhibit biofilm formation of novel remineralizing polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) when applied to dentine surfaces and to ascertain the effect of the functionalization of these NPs with zinc, calcium or doxycycline.

Methodology

The antimicrobial activity and inhibition of biofilm formation of polymeric NPs were analysed on human dentine blocks that were infected with Enterococcus faecalis before or after application of NPs. LIVE/DEAD ® testing under Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and bacterial culturing were employed to analyse biofilm biovolume and bacterial viability. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy was also employed to assess biofilm morphology. One‐way anova with Welch’s correction and post hoc comparison by the Games–Howell test were performed for comparisons between groups.

Results

The un‐functionalized NPs displayed the greatest antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis biofilms as they provided the lowest biovolume (3865.7 ± 2926.97 µm3; P < 0.001) and the highest dead/injured cells percentage (79.93 ± 18.40%; P < 0.001), followed by Dox‐NPs (biovolume: 19,041.55 ± 17,638.23 µm3, dead/injured cells: 45.53 ± 26.50%; P < 0.001). Doxycycline‐loaded NPs had the largest values of inhibition of biofilm formation with the lowest biofilm biovolume (8517.65 ± 7055.81 µm3; P < 0.001) and a high dead/injured bacterial percentage (68.68 ± 12.50%; P < 0.001). Un‐functionalized NPs did not reduce biomass growth (P > 0.05), but attained the largest percentage of compromised cells (93 ± 8.23%; P < 0.001), being able to disrupt biofilm formation. It also produced occlusion of dentinal tubules, potentially interfering with bacterial tubule penetration.

Conclusions

A new generation of bioactive nano‐fillers (doxycycline‐functionalized polymeric NPs) had antibacterial activity and occluded dentinal tubules. Incorporating these NPs into endodontic sealers may have the potential to enhance the outcome of root canal treatment.
Prevalence of Factor V Leiden in a healthy population in Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil
Authors: Dassoler Francieli Joaquim , Matiollo Camila , Bratti Letícia de Oliveira Souza , de Moraes Ana Carolina Rabello
Published: October 2020

Thrombophilic disorders are found in 50% of patients with venous thromboembolism, and factor V Leiden (FVL) is the most common genetic risk factor for the development of these conditions. FVL prevalence varies according to population group. In Europe, many countries have a high prevalence of the mutation, including Portugal, Germany, and Italy. Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil, was colonized by different European nations; most inhabitants are descendants of Portuguese, Italian, and German immigrants. There are, however, no data on the prevalence of FVL in the state. This study aimed to determine FVL prevalence in a healthy population in Santa Catarina and assess whether there is an association between the mutation and demographic characteristics, thereby contributing to the understanding of the heterogeneity of prevalence of this important VTE risk factor and racial or geographical differences in the incidence of thrombotic diseases. Analysis of the FVL mutation was performed on 400 blood donors using the PCR technique followed by enzymatic digestion. The findings show that 2.5% of the participants were heterozygous for FVL, and none were homozygous. No association was found between the presence of FVL in heterozygosis and individual characteristics. In conclusion, this study found a prevalence of FVL in heterozygosis of 2.5% among healthy individuals in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Further studies are needed to assess the prevalence of FVL in other regions of the country, determine the distribution of the mutation among population groups, and evaluate how these factors affect the incidence of thrombotic diseases.