bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dopaminergic modulation of the human reward system: a placebo-controlled dopamine depletion fMRI study
Authors: da Silva Alves Fabiana , Schmitz Nicole , Figee Martijn , Abeling Nico , Hasler Gregor , van der Meer Johan , Nederveen Aart , de Haan Lieuwe , Linszen Don , van Amelsvoort Therese
Published: June 2010

Reward related behaviour is linked to dopaminergic neurotransmission. Our aim was to gain insight into dopaminergic involvement in the human reward system. Combining functional magnetic resonance imaging with dopaminergic depletion by α-methylparatyrosine we measured dopamine-related brain activity in 10 healthy volunteers. In addition to blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast we assessed the effect of dopaminergic depletion on prolactin response, peripheral markers for dopamine and norepinephrine. In the placebo condition we found increased activation in the left caudate and left cingulate gyrus during anticipation of reward. In the α-methylparatyrosine condition there was no significant brain activation during anticipation of reward or loss. In α-methylparatyrosine, anticipation of reward vs. loss increased activation in the right insula, left frontal, right parietal cortices and right cingulate gyrus. Comparing placebo versus α-methylparatyrosine showed increased activation in the left cingulate gyrus during anticipation of reward and the left medial frontal gyrus during anticipation of loss. α-methylparatyrosine reduced levels of dopamine in urine and homovanillic acid in plasma and increased prolactin. No significant effect of α-methylparatyrosine was found on norepinephrine markers. Our findings implicate distinct patterns of BOLD underlying reward processing following dopamine depletion, suggesting a role of dopaminergic neurotransmission for anticipation of monetary reward.
Pharmacists’ Participation in the Development of an Experiential Program
Authors: O’Brocta Richard
Published: June 2010

Experiential programs need input and feedback from the practice community in order to keep the student learning outcomes optimized. A proactive combined effort between practice and academia makes sense and assists the students in transition from school to practice. Understanding some basic accreditation concepts can help the practicing pharmacist align student learning experiences with the expected outcomes. This article highlights some basic accreditation concepts from the Accreditation Council on Pharmacy Education’s 2007 standards that apply to experiential training in the pharmacy profession.
Determinants of Chicago Neighborhood Homicide Trajectories: 1965-1995
Authors: Stults Brian J.
Published: June 2010

The homicide rate in Chicago nearly tripled between 1965 and 1992 and subsequently declined by more than 50% through 2005. However, is this trend representative of all areas in the city? Drawing on the social disorganization and concentrated disadvantage perspectives, this article uses semiparametric group-based trajectory modeling to examine homicide trajectories in Chicago neighborhoods from 1965 to 1995. Significant variability is found in homicide trajectories across neighborhoods. Multivariate results show that disadvantage increases the likelihood of having an increasing or persistently high homicide trajectory. Social disorganization and family disruption are also predictive of variation in homicide trajectories but only in communities with already low levels of homicide. Other theoretically relevant predictors are evaluated, and suggestions for theoretical refinement and future research are discussed.
Ecological measurements of light exposure, activity and circadian disruption
Authors: Miller D. , Bierman A. , Figueiro MG , Schernhammer ES , Rea MS
Published: June 2010

In humans, circadian rhythms have an average period of 24.2 hours. The 24-hour patterns of light and dark on the retina synchronise circadian rhythms to the local time on earth. Lack of synchronisation between the endogenous clock and the local time has been associated with a host of maladies. Therefore, it is important to measure circadian light exposures over the course of the 24-hour day and to be able to assess circadian entrainment and disruption in actual living environments. Presented is an overview of the recently developed Daysimeter, a personal measurement device for recording activity and circadian light exposure. When the Daysimeter is worn on the head, two light sensors near the eye are used to estimate circadian light exposures over extended periods of time. Phasor analysis combines the measured periodic activity-rest patterns with the measured periodic light—dark patterns to assess behavioural circadian entrainment/disruption. As shown, day-shift and rotating-shift nurses exhibit remarkably different levels of behavioural circadian entrainment/disruption. These new ecological measurement and analysis techniques may provide important insights into the relationship between circadian disruption and well-being.
Intravenous iron in digestive diseases: a clinical (re)view
Authors: Gomollón Fernando , Gisbert Javier P. , García-Erce José Antonio
Published: June 2010

Intravenous iron has been considered dangerous by many clinicians. In the last two decades, considerable experience has been gained with new formulations in different clinical settings. Data from clinical trials, observational studies, and postmarketing surveillance studies demonstrate that intravenous iron is safe and effective to treat iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia. Iron deficiency is particularly common in many digestive diseases: oral iron often fails while transfusions are not without considerable risks. In particular, in inflammatory bowel diseases, there is enough evidence to recommend intravenous iron in moderate-to-severe iron deficiency anaemia, in intolerance to oral iron, and in patients needing quick recovery (pre-operative setting). New formulations make treatment even easier and more convenient. Recent guidelines are available for inflammatory bowel diseases, and new guidelines in acute and chronic gastrointestinal bleeding are needed.
Effects of TIG surface treating on microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of Al2O3–TiB2 coating by APS
Authors: Cheng H. C. , Li Z. X. , Shi Y. W.
Published: June 2010

The pulsed DC tungsten inert gas (TIG) method was employed to post-spray treat an electroconductive Al2O3–TiB2 coating by atmosphere plasma spraying (APS) Al2O3–30 wt-TiB2 powder. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the coatings before and after treatment were comparatively investigated by scanning electron microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, X-ray diffraction, microhardness tester and block on ring wear tester. It was detected that the treated coating presented a two layer structure consisting of the remelted zone and the sintered zone, which was comprised of TiB2 and single α-Al2O3; surface roughness of the treated coating exhibited a remarkable decrease while microhardness and wear resistance showed a significant increase. These experimental results could be ascribed to the effect of high heat input and discharge plasma during the pulsed DC TIG treating.
The crystal structure of parkinsonite, nominally Pb7MoO9Cl2: a naturally occurring Aurivillius phase
Authors: Lepore G. O. , Welch M. D.
Published: June 2010

The crystal structure of the sheet oxychloride mineral parkinsonite, nominally Pb7MoO9Cl2, has been determined for synthetic and natural crystals of analysed compositions, (Pb7.28Mo0.72) O8.96Cl1.96 and (Pb7.23Mo0.40V0.37)O8.90Cl1.82, respectively. Parkinsonite is tetragonal, space group I4/mmm. Unit-cell parameters for synthetic and natural crystals are: asynthetic = 3.9773(4) Å, csynthetic = 22.718(4) Å, Vsynthetic = 359.38(5) Å3, and anatural = 3.9570(3) Å, cnatural = 22.634(5) Å, Vnatural = 354.40(5) Å3. Final agreement indices (R1, wR2) for refinements of the two crystals are 0.024, 0.067 (synthetic) and 0.036, 0.078 (natural). Although a superlattice has been identified by electron diffraction for crystals of both samples (Welch et al., 1996), only the substructure could be determined by X-ray diffraction. This X-ray invisibility of the superstructure has also been observed for the closely related sheet oxychlorides asisite and schwartzembergite, for both of which superstructure motifs have been identified by electron diffraction. The Pb(1) site of both parkinsonite crystals is fully occupied by Pb. Refinement of the Pb content of the Pb(2) site for the synthetic and natural crystals gives occupancies of 0.85(1) and 0.70(1) respectively, corresponding to 3.40 and 2.80 Pb(2) a.p.f.u. respectively. The substituent cation Mo (synthetic crystal) and [Mo+V] (natural crystal) was located at a distance of 0.5 Å from Pb(2), being displaced along the fourfold axis. The reduced occupancy of Pb(2) is due to substitution by Mo or [Mo+V]. No evidence for separate Mo and V sites in the substructure of natural parkinsonite was found. Refined occupancies of the Cl site are 0.84(4) and 0.91(5) for the synthetic and natural crystals, respectively, and are consistent with the 9:1 superstructure component identified by electron diffraction.
Byzantievite, Ba5(Ca,REE,Y)22(Ti,Nb)18(SiO4)4[(PO4),(SiO4)]4 (BO3)9O21[(OH),F]43(H2O)1.5: the crystal structure and crystal chemistry of the only known mineral with the oxyanions (BO3), (SiO4) and (PO4)
Authors: Sokolova E. , Hawthorne F. C. , Pautov L. A. , Agakhanov A. A.
Published: June 2010

The crystal structure of byzantievite, Ba5(Ca,REE,Y)22(Ti,Nb)18(SiO4)4[(PO4),(SiO4)]4 (BO3)9O21[(OH),F]43(H2O)1.5, a new mineral from the moraine of the Dara-i-Pioz glacier, the Alai mountain ridge, Tien-Shan Mountains, northern Tajikistan, was solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 13.14% based on 3794 observed [Fo >4σ|F|] unique reflections measured with Mo-Kα X-radiation on a Bruker P4 diffractometer equipped with a CCD detector. Byzantievite is hexagonal, space group R3, a = 9.1202(2) Å, c = 102.145(5) Å, V = 7358.0(5) Å3, Z = 3, Dcalc. = 4.151 g cm–3. The empirical formula (electron microprobe analysis) is Ba5.05[(Ca8.99Sr0.96Fe2+0.42Na0.20)Σ10.57(Ce3.46La1.54Nd1.20Pr0.30Sm0.26Dy0.41Gd0.32Th0.39U4+0.17)Σ8.05Y3.53]Σ22.15(Ti12.31Nb5.30)Σ17.61(SiO4)4.65(PO4)3.12(BO3)8.89O22.16(OH)38.21F4.89(H2O)1.5, Z = 3, calculated on the basis of 124.5 (O + F) a.p.f.u. The H2O and OH contents were calculated from structure refinement (F + OH = 43 a.p.f.u.; H2O = 1.5 a.p.f.u..), and B was determined by SIMS. The crystal structure is a framework of Ti-Ba-Ca-REE-dominant polyhedra and SiO4, PO4 and BO3 groups. In the crystal structure, there are 50 cation sites, 23 of which are fully occupied and 27 partly occupied: six of the 27 partly-occupied sites are >50% occupied, 21 <50% occupied. The crystal structure of byzantievite is an intercalation of three components, one fully ordered with 100% occupancy of cation sites, and two partly ordered with cation-site occupancies of 67% and 17% respectively. Byzantievite is the only known mineral that contains all three of the oxyanions (BO3), (SiO4) and (PO4) as essential components.
Eringaite, Ca3Sc2(SiO4)3, a new mineral of the garnet group
Authors: Galuskina I. O. , Galuskin E. V. , Lazic B. , Armbruster T. , Dzierżanowski P. , Prusik K. , Wrzalik R.
Published: June 2010

Eringaite, Ca3Sc2(SiO4)3, a new mineral of the garnet group, is an accessory mineral in metasomatic rodingite-like rocks from the Wiluy River, Sakha-Yakutia Republic, Russia. Eringaite forms regular growth zones and irregular spots in complex garnet crystals containing a kimzeyite core. An electron back-scatter diffraction pattern with an excellent match to a garnet model with a = 12.19 Å was obtained for a grain with the largest Sc2O3 content having the crystal chemical formula (Ca2.98Y0.01Mg0.01)Σ3(Sc0.82Ti4+0.44Fe3+0.30Zr0.21Mg0.10Al0.09Cr3+0.08Fe2+0.05V3+0.01)Σ2.01(Si2.48Al0.30Fe3+0.22)Σ3O12. Eringaite is light brown to yellow with a creamy white streak. The crystals are transparent with a vitreous lustre. The calculated density of eringaite is 3.654 g cm–3. The following main modes of the Raman spectrum are characteristic of eringaite: 335, 511, 735, 880 and 937 cm–1. The strongest lines of the calculated powder diffraction data are as follows [(hkl) dhkl (I)] (400) 3.064 (69), (420) 2.740 (100), (422) 2.502 (68), (640) 1.670 (30), (642) 1.638 (82), (840) 1.370 (20), (842) 1.137 (19), (10.4.2) 1.119 (29).
A nematode demographics assay in transgenic roots reveals no significant impacts of the Rhg1locus LRR-Kinase on soybean cyst nematode resistance
Authors: Melito Sara , Heuberger Adam L , Cook David , Diers Brian W , MacGuidwin Ann E , Bent Andrew F
Published: June 2010

Background

Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines, SCN) is the most economically damaging pathogen of soybean (Glycine max) in the U.S. The Rhg1 locus is repeatedly observed as the quantitative trait locus with the greatest impact on SCN resistance. The Glyma18g02680.1 gene at the Rhg1 locus that encodes an apparent leucine-rich repeat transmembrane receptor-kinase (LRR-kinase) has been proposed to be the SCN resistance gene, but its function has not been confirmed. Generation of fertile transgenic soybean lines is difficult but methods have been published that test SCN resistance in transgenic roots generated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes.

Results

We report use of artificial microRNA (amiRNA) for gene silencing in soybean, refinements to transgenic root SCN resistance assays, and functional tests of the Rhg1 locus LRR-kinase gene. A nematode demographics assay monitored infecting nematode populations for their progress through developmental stages two weeks after inoculation, as a metric for SCN resistance. Significant differences were observed between resistant and susceptible control genotypes. Introduction of the Rhg1 locus LRR-kinase gene (genomic promoter/coding region/terminator; Peking/PI 437654-derived SCN-resistant source), into rhg1
- SCN-susceptible plant lines carrying the resistant-source Rhg4

+
locus, provided no significant increases in SCN resistance. Use of amiRNA to reduce expression of the LRR-kinase gene from the Rhg1 locus of Fayette (PI 88788 source of Rhg1) also did not detectably alter resistance to SCN. However, silencing of the LRR-kinase gene did have impacts on root development.

Conclusion

The nematode demographics assay can expedite testing of transgenic roots for SCN resistance. amiRNAs and the pSM103 vector that drives interchangeable amiRNA constructs through a soybean polyubiqutin promoter (Gmubi), with an intron-GFP marker for detection of transgenic roots, may have widespread use in legume biology. Studies in which expression of the Rhg1 locus LRR-kinase gene from different resistance sources was either reduced or complemented did not reveal significant impacts on SCN resistance.
Sequential and γ-secretase-dependent processing of the betacellulin precursor generates a palmitoylated intracellular-domain fragment that inhibits cell growth
Authors: Stoeck Alexander , Shang Li , Dempsey Peter J.
Published: June 2010

Betacellulin (BTC) belongs to the family of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factors that are expressed as transmembrane precursors and undergo proteolytic ectodomain shedding to release soluble mature ligands. BTC is a dual-specificity ligand for ErbB1 and ErbB4 receptors, and can activate unique signal-transduction pathways that are beneficial for the function, survival and regeneration of pancreatic β-cells. We have previously shown that BTC precursor (proBTC) is cleaved by ADAM10 to generate soluble ligand and a stable, transmembrane remnant (BTC-CTF). In this study, we analyzed the fate of the BTC-CTF in greater detail. We demonstrated that proBTC is cleaved by ADAM10 to produce BTC-CTF, which then undergoes intramembrane processing by presenilin-1- and/or presenilin-2-dependent γ-secretase to generate an intracellular-domain fragment (BTC-ICD). We found that the proBTC cytoplasmic domain is palmitoylated and that palmitoylation is not required for ADAM10-dependent cleavage but is necessary for the stability and γ-secretase-dependent processing of BTC-CTF to generate BTC-ICD. Additionally, palmitoylation is required for nuclear-membrane localization of BTC-ICD, as demonstrated by the redistribution of non-palmitoylated BTC-ICD mutant to the nucleoplasm. Importantly, a novel receptor-independent role for BTC-ICD signaling is suggested by the ability of BTC-ICD to inhibit cell growth in vitro.
The yeast CLC protein counteracts vesicular acidification during iron starvation
Authors: Braun Nikolai A. , Morgan Bruce , Dick Tobias P. , Schwappach Blanche
Published: June 2010

Ion gradients across intracellular membranes contribute to the physicochemical environment inside compartments. CLC anion transport proteins that localise to intracellular organelles are anion-proton exchangers involved in anion sequestration or vesicular acidification. By homology, the only CLC protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gef1, belongs to this family of intracellular exchangers. Gef1 localises to the late Golgi and prevacuole and is essential in conditions of iron limitation. In the absence of Gef1, a multicopper oxidase involved in iron uptake, Fet3, fails to acquire copper ion cofactors. The precise role of the exchanger in this physiological context is unknown. Here, we show that the Gef1-containing compartment is adjusted to a more alkaline pH under iron limitation. This depends on the antiport function of Gef1, because an uncoupled mutant of Gef1 (E230A) results in the acidification of the lumen and fails to support Fet3 maturation. Furthermore, we found that Gef1 antiport activity correlates with marked effects on cellular glutathione homeostasis, raising the possibility that the effect of Gef1 on Fet3 copper loading is related to the control of compartmental glutathione concentration or redox status. Mutational inactivation of a conserved ATP-binding site in the cytosolic cystathione β-synthetase domain of Gef1 (D732A) suggests that Gef1 activity is regulated by energy metabolism.
Reconfigurable magnetic attitude control of Earth-pointing satellites
Authors: Das S , Sinha M , Kumar K D , Misra A
Published: June 2010

Micro-, nano-, and pico-satellite designs are constrained by small power budget, weight, and size. The power constraint is taken care of by ensuring that all the systems onboard are optimized for low power consumption. Weight and size can be made small by reducing the number of sensors and actuators. However, the attitude control system, which constitutes one of the most important components of the satellite, often requires redundancy to make the satellite fail to be operational; but for such small satellites, low power, weight, and size limit the accommodation of redundancy in the attitude control system. Such small satellites are often magnetically actuated. The under-actuation problem of a satellite magnetic control torque in the presence of three magnetic coils has been extensively studied since 1970s. Moreover, the attitude control of a satellite using two actuators and time-dependent feedback control has been developed, but the magnetic attitude control of a satellite, which is already an under-actuated system, in the post-failure scenario of one of the three magnetic actuators, has not been developed. Failure of any one of the magnetic coils may render a satellite dysfunctional if proper control reconfiguration is not provided, keeping in view that the redundant attitude control system is not available. A new formulation for reconfiguring the control based on magnetic dipole moment modulation for the attitude control of Earth-pointing satellite has been presented in this article. In the post-failure scenario of one of the magnetic coils, the controlling capability of the system remains intact, which comes at the cost of high magnetic dipole moment in the functional magnetic coils but not at the cost of extra power. This also reduces the cross-coupling of the coils. The proposed magnetic dipole moment modulation in combination with the conventional control law is found to be very effective.
Thermodynamic optimization of ideal turbojet with afterburner engines using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II
Authors: Noori F , Gorji M , Kazemi A , Nemati H
Published: June 2010

In this study, the multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithm is carried out for optimization of the thermodynamic cycle of ideal turbojet with afterburner engines. The fast non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II is used to obtain the solutions. The possible important conflicting thermodynamic objective functions that have been considered in this work are specific thrust, thrust-specific fuel consumption, propulsive efficiency (ηp), and thermal efficiency (ηt). Different pairs of these objective functions have been selected for two-objective optimization processes. These objectives have also been considered for a four-objective optimization problem using the multi-objective genetic algorithm of this work. The research demonstrates that the results of four-objective optimization can include those of two-objective optimization and, therefore, provide more choices for the optimal design of the thermodynamic cycle of ideal turbojet with afterburner engines.
High-temperature friction and wear characteristics of hardened ultra-high-strength boron steel
Authors: Hardell J , Pelcastre L , Prakash B
Published: June 2010

The usage of ultra-high-strength boron steel (UHSS) in automotive industry has increased rapidly in the recent past. Forming of UHSS components is performed at elevated temperatures, which also offers the possibility of hardening through quenching directly after forming. However, the influence of hardening on friction and wear during relative sliding between the tool and the workpiece is unclear. Therefore, the friction and wear characteristics at elevated temperatures of hardened and unhardened UHSS and tool steel pairs are investigated in this study. The results show that both friction and wear at all the investigated temperatures are affected by hardening of the UHSS. For uncoated UHSS, the hardening resulted in lower friction and the tool wear increased at low temperatures, but was not affected at elevated temperatures. This was attributed to the higher hardness after hardening combined with the presence of an oxide scale on the UHSS after heating and quenching. For Al—Si-coated UHSS, the hardening reduced friction and tool steel wear at elevated temperatures, and also reduced the wear of the Al—Si-coated high-strength steel at low temperature mainly owing to the formation of an intermetallic layer on the Al—Si-coated UHSS surface after exposure to elevated temperatures.
Hydroplaning speed and infrastructure characteristics
Authors: Cerezo V , Gothié M , Menissier M , Gibrat T
Published: June 2010

This article exposes some results of a study, which aims at modelling the hydroplaning phenomenon taking into account the infrastructural characteristics, the water-depth on the road, the load transfer between the rear and the front wheels, and the skid resistance before total hydroplaning. First, a short bibliographical study determined the most relevant parameters that should be included in a global hydroplaning model such as the tyres’ characteristics (pressure, contact area, and tread depth), the load, the water-depth, the road profile, and macrotexture. Among them, the water-depth is the most difficult to evaluate, because it deeply depends on the pavement irregularities (roughness and texture), the road geometry, and the weather (rainfall intensity). Thus, a model calculating the water-film thickness by using road characteristics measurements is proposed. This initial water-depth is included in a linear model with 2 degrees of freedom, which describes the longitudinal dynamics phenomenon. The load transfer between the front and the rear axles is calculated in a straight line. Moreover, the water-depth in front of the rear tyre is calculated by considering the water displacement generated by the front tyres. Then, the increase of the water thickness just in front of the tyre due to the flow in the tyre treads and the pavement macrotexture is modelled. Finally, this model provides a hydroplaning speed, which is used for warning the drivers.
Microstructure and tribological properties of composite FeCrBSi/FeS layer
Authors: Kang J-J , Wang C-B , Wang H-D , Xu B-S , Liu J-J , Li G-L
Published: June 2010

Solid lubrication composite FeCrBSi/FeS layer was prepared by compound technology – combining supersonic velocity plasma spray with low-temperature ion sulphurizing. X-ray diffraction pattern for the composite layer implied that the layer mainly consists of α-Fe and FeS. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the surface, cross-section, and worn scar morphologies of the FeCrBSi/FeS layer. The nano-hardness and elastic modulus of the layer were surveyed by a nano-indentation tester. The sliding tribological behaviour of the FeCrBSi/FeS layer and the original 1045 steel against 52 100 steel counterparts was studied under dry and oil lubrication conditions by ball-on-disc tests. The experimental results showed that the composite FeCrBSi/FeS layer exhibited remarkable friction-reducing effects and obvious wear resistance under dry and oil lubrication conditions.
Teaching Note—Bidding on Priceline
Authors: Anderson Chris K. , Wilson John G. , Zhang Gouren
Published: June 2010

Case Teaching Note: Interested Instructors please see the Instructor Materials page for access to the restricted materials. To maintain the integrity and usefulness of cases published in ITE, unapproved distribution of the case teaching notes and other restricted materials to any other party is prohibited.
On Nonstationary Motion of a Compressible Barotropic Viscous Fluid with Boundary Slip Condition
Authors: Zaja̧czkowski W. M.
Published: June 2010

Global existence of solutions of equations of compressible barotropic viscous fluids in a bounded domain with boundary slip condition which are sufficiently close to a rest state is proved. Moreover, stability of the solutions and existence of corresponding stationary solutions are shown too.
A New Generalization of Browder Fixed Point Theorem with Applications
Authors: Wu X. , Xu Y.
Published: June 2010

In the present paper, a new generalization of Browder fixed point theorem is obtained. As its applications, we obtain some generalized versions of Browder's theorems for quasi-variational inequality and Ky Fan's minimax inequality and minimax principle.
Oscillatory Solutions of a Class of Nonlinear Impulsive Differential Equations of First Order with Retarded Argument
Authors: Bainov D. D. , Dimitrova M. B. , Dishliev A. B.
Published: June 2010

Sufficient conditions are found for oscillation of all solutions to a class of nonlinear impulsive differential equations of first order with retarded argument and fixed moments of impulse effect.
Mixed Coderivatives of Set–Valued Mappings in Variational Analysis
Authors: Mordukhovich B. S. , Shao Y.
Published: June 2010

We consider a refined coderivative construction for nonsmooth and set-valued mappings between Banach spaces. This limiting mixed coderivative is different from “normal” coderivatives generated by normal cones/subdifferentials and turns out to be useful for studying some basic propertiers in variational analysis particularly related to Lipschitzian stability. We develop a strong calculus for this coderivative important for various applications.
Formation of Condensed Particles in Premixed Flames Catalyzed by Metal Carbonyls
Authors: Emelianov A. , Eremin A. , Jander H. , Wagner H.Gg.
Published: June 2010

The formation of condensed particles in atmospheric ethylene-oxygen and acetylene-air premixed flames catalyzed by the vapours of Fe(CO)5 and Mo(CO)6 was studied in the wide range of C/O ratio. Laser scattering and extinction measurements were carried out in a wide frame of flame conditions. The structure and the morphology of formed particles were analyzed using electron microscope. Different formation of the particles takes place due to the fuels and also to the catalyst. In the C2H2/air flame catalyzed with Mo(CO)6, particle formation starts at about threshold of soot formation (C/O ~ 0.6), while in the flames doped with Fe(CO)5, particle formation starts already in the lean range of both premixed flames investigated here.
Development and Characterization of a Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Event with Enhanced Reproductive Resistance to Glyphosate
Authors: Cerny R. Eric , Bookout Jeffrey T. , CaJacob Claire A. , Groat Jeanna R. , Hart Jesse L. , Heck Greg R. , Huber Scott A. , Listello Jennifer , Martens Amy B. , Oppenhuizen Mark E. , Sammons Bernard , Scanlon Niki K. , Shappley Zachary W. , Yang Julie X. , Xiao Jinhua
Published: June 2010

Glyphosate is a broad spectrum herbicide that inhibits the activity of endogenous plant 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Glyphosate resistance has been engineered in multiple crops by constitutive expression of an EPSPS variant from Agrobacterium sp. CP4 (CP4 EPSPS) that binds glyphosate less efficiently. The first glyphosate‐resistant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) event, MON 1445, was developed utilizing this CP4 EPSPS and commercially introduced in 1997. Due to insufficient expression of CP4 EPSPS in male reproductive tissues, over‐the‐top glyphosate applications must be limited to the four‐leaf stage of growth. In an attempt to generate events with complete constitutive expression, multiple constructs consisting of different promoters driving cp4 epsps were transformed into cotton. The MON 88913 event was identified as providing exceptional vegetative and reproductive resistance to glyphosate based on more than 8 yr of field testing. Cotton containing MON 88913 has a comparable agronomic profile to the respective negative isoline, the event is stably inherited over multiple generations, and the insertion site is simple with minimal disruption of the cotton genome. As a result, the MON 88913 event was commercially introduced in 2006 as Roundup Ready Flex Cotton (Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO).
Seed Coat Deficiency, Trait Stability, and Other Soybean Seed Quality Traits for Natto Cultivar Development
Authors: Cook David E. , Rainey Katy Martin
Published: June 2010

Producing natto soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a high‐value alternative to growing oilseed soybeans in the mid‐Atlantic region. Soybean cultivars acceptable for natto production must consistently and predictably express multiple quality traits over environments. The objectives of the current study were to measure stability of seed quality traits for natto soybeans and to develop an assay for rapid screening of seed coat strength. Nine small‐seeded natto soybean lines were grown in the field in 2006 and 2007, and replicated data were collected on total water absorption, water loss after steaming, rate of water absorption, and a new natto quality trait seed coat deficiency. Data from 12 environments showed lines expressing optimal natto quality trait means had the highest (least stable) Type I trait stability estimates. The seed coat deficiency assay was developed to select seed coat strength during natto production and may balance selection for water absorption traits. The seed coat deficiency assay is a rapid, inexpensive method to evaluate lines for cracks in soybean seed coats controlling permeability and water absorption. Moisture equilibration of seed samples was critical to obtaining accurate quality trait data.
Heat Stress during Late Vegetative Growth of Maize: Effects on Phenology and Assessment of Optimum Temperature
Authors: Cicchino M. , Edreira J. I. Rattalino , Otegui M.E.
Published: June 2010

Prediction of phenology is based on thermal time (TT) computation, which requires the correct definition of base (TB) and optimum (TO) temperatures. Most information on these traits came from controlled environments using a wide range of mean air temperatures (TX), including TX > TO and TX < TB These conditions are rarely found in field environments. We assessed the effect on development of day‐time temperatures above TO during late‐vegetative growth of maize (Zea mays L), and established a model based on TT computation on a per hour (TTh, in °C h) rather than per day basis (TTd) for TO estimation. Field experiments included two temperature regimes (TC: control; TH: heated) between V11 and tasseling of TC We registered temperature at ear level, and dates of anthesis and silking. We computed developmental rates (DR), TTh above 8°C during treatment period (TTh1) and between V11 and silking (TTh2), a stress index based on the quotient of differences in TTh (ΔTTh) between TH and TC (SI = ΔTTh2/ΔTTh1), and TO Heat stress caused a delay in flowering events, and a decline in DRs. Estimated TB was higher (12.7°C) than normally used in computations. Estimated TO was within the expected range (36°C > TO > 30°C), independently of TB Stressful temperatures promoted a delayed in silking, identified as an increase of at least 2.14°C h in TTh for each degree above TO Estimated TO differed between growing seasons (P = 0.04), suggesting possible variation due to climatic effects.
Correlation between Soil pH, Heterodera glycines Population Densities, and Soybean Yield
Authors: Pedersen P. , Tylka G. L. , Mallarino A. , Macguidwin A. E. , Koval N. C. , Grau C. R.
Published: June 2010

Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is the most damaging pathogen of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the United States. Observations in fields suggest that high H. glycines population densities are associated with high soil pH, but H. glycines and soil pH have not been linked to soybean yield. The objective of our study was to assess the relationship between soil pH and H. glycines population densities and subsequent effect on yield. Experiments were conducted in Wisconsin from 1997 to 2000 and in Iowa from 1996 to 1998. Results were consistent among the experiments and showed a positive correlation between soil pH and H. glycines population densities and a negative correlation between yield and both soil pH and H. glycines population densities in both states. In the Wisconsin experiment, yield of both H. glycines–resistant and H. glycines–susceptible cultivars decreased as pH increased, but the decrease was less with H. glycines–resistant cultivars. Overall, results indicate that H. glycines population densities and the impact of nematode population densities on soybean yield are related to soil pH; however, the mechanism of these interactions is unknown.
Tolerance and Recovery of Kentucky Bluegrass Subjected to Seasonal Wear
Authors: Park Bradley S. , Lawson T. J. , Samaranayake Hiranthi , Murphy James A.
Published: June 2010

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is frequently established on sports fields that receive wear during one or more seasons. Differences exist among Kentucky bluegrass cultivars for seasonal performance characteristics such as spring green‐up and summer stress tolerance. The objective of this study was to determine whether the wear tolerance and recovery of Kentucky bluegrass cultivars were dependent on season. Twenty‐two Kentucky bluegrass cultivars, representing nine genetically diverse Kentucky bluegrass types, were established in September 2002 in North Brunswick, NJ on a loam. The effects of simulated wear were evaluated during spring, summer, and fall in 2004 and 2005. Generally, Kentucky bluegrass was more tolerant of wear during spring than summer or fall and recovery was more rapid after spring wear. The performance of many cultivars depended on season of wear; however, ‘Julia’ consistently exhibited the greatest wear tolerance as well as recovery. Compact‐Midnight Type cultivars (‘Midnight’, ‘Midnight II’, and ‘Liberator’) had good wear tolerance during fall wear, however were slow to recover after fall wear. ‘Cabernet’, ‘Lakeshore’, ‘Moon Shadow’, ‘Limousine’, and ‘Jefferson’ exhibited more rapid recovery from fall wear during the next spring. ‘Langara’, ‘Bedazzled’, and ‘Touchdown’ had poor wear tolerance and recovery during all seasons. The season(s) of play should be considered when selecting Kentucky bluegrass cultivars for sports fields.
Virginia Wildrye Persistence and Performance in Riparian Areas
Authors: Sanderson Matt A. , van der Grinten Martin , Stout Robert C.
Published: June 2010

Virginia wildrye (Elymus virginicus L.), a perennial cool‐season grass native to the northeastern United States, grows in moist low ground and could be useful in revegetating riparian areas. In this field study, we compared six populations of Virginia wildrye originally collected from Maryland and New York with a commercial ecotype and a cultivar (‘Omaha’) on wet soils at three locations. All entries were transplanted into single‐row field plots of 15 plants per plot at Wye, MD, Klingerstown, PA, and Big Flats, NY, in April 2004. Rows were oriented perpendicular to the slope so that each population was evaluated at the top, middle, and bottom slope positions. Survivorship, tillers per plant, and plant dry weight were assessed in 2007. Survivorship after 3 yr ranged from 57 to 76% for the six populations and averaged 85% for the ecotype and 77% for the cultivar. Tillers per plant ranged from 26 to 52 for the populations compared with 32 for the cultivar and 29 for the ecotype. Landscape position affected wildrye plants only at the Maryland site where frequently saturated soils at the bottom slope position reduced survivorship by 50%, tiller number by 60%, and plant dry weight by 82% compared with plants at the top of the slope. Most of the wild populations of Virginia wildrye were similar to the commercial cultivar and ecotype in survival, number of tillers per plant, and biomass indicating that locally adapted native populations can be used directly in conservation plantings.
Microsatellite (Simple Sequence Repeat) Marker–based Paternity Analysis of a Seven‐Parent Sugarcane Polycross
Authors: Tew Thomas L. , Pan Yong‐Bao
Published: June 2010

It is very challenging to make all cross combinations among elite parents used in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) breeding programs. Hence, the polycross approach has been used to maximize the number of cross combinations that can be represented among progeny. The primary objection to using the polycross approach is the rapid loss of paternity information. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker‐based paternity analysis is proposed as an effective molecular tool for identifying paternity of progeny from a seven‐parent polycross. Using seven highly polymorphic SSR markers, 87 progeny from each polycross family were genotyped along with the parents, producing a total of 51 polymorphic SSR alleles, 15 of which were parent‐specific. These alleles enabled the positive identification of the paternity for 79 to 99% of the progeny from the polycross, depending on the maternal parent. The extent to which each parent contributed pollen, and thus was represented as a paternal parent, ranged from 4 to 27%. Winter survival and visual ratings of the polycross progeny in the field were adversely affected by the extent of selfing within each polycross. The ability to identify paternity of polycross progeny with microsatellite markers can be used in sugarcane breeding to maximize the number of desirable crosses from a limited source of flowers with minimal loss of pedigree information.
Agronomic Performance of Tobacco Mosaic Virus‐Resistant Tobacco Lines and Hybrids Possessing the Resistance Gene N Introgressed on Different Chromosomes
Authors: Lewis Ramsey S. , Rose Cara
Published: June 2010

Resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is conferred by the single dominant gene, N, in Nicotiana glutinosa L. This gene has been transferred to cultivated tobacco (N. tabacum L.) via interspecific hybridization and backcrossing. Current TMV‐resistant (TMVR) cultivars carry N introgressed on chromosome H of the N. tabacum genome. Undesirable linkage drag effects have caused associations with reduced yields and/or quality in flue‐cured tobacco, however. Other germplasm lines possess the gene transferred onto an alternative chromosome. The objective of this research was to compare the agronomic performance of nearly isogenic lines (NILs) and hybrids possessing N on different chromosomes and originating from four N donor lines. Regardless of the source of the gene, Nn heterozygotes were intermediate in value for yield, cash return, and cured leaf chemistry relative to nn and NN homozygotes. Lines and hybrids carrying N transferred from Xanthi nc produced the highest yields, whereas those possessing N introduced from TI 1473 exhibited the lowest yields. Overall, materials possessing N on chromosome H were not found to be significantly different for yield, grade index, value per hundred weight (US$ cwt−1), or cash return from those carrying the resistance gene on the alternative chromosome. Breeding strategies designed to reduce the amount of N. glutinosa chromatin linked to N are needed to develop TMVR flue‐cured tobacco cultivars that do not exhibit an accompanying yield penalty.
Potential Hybridization of Genetically Engineered Triticale with Wild and Weedy Relatives in Canada
Authors: Kavanagh Vanessa B. , Hall Linda M. , Hall Jocelyn C.
Published: June 2010

Triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack) is a promising cereal platform for novel bioindustrial products being developed using genetic engineering (GE). Before GE crop varieties are approved in Canada, the potential for gene flow to wild and weedy relatives must be examined. To identify at‐risk species for hybridization and gene flow, we reviewed the phylogeny of triticale relatives, outcrossing barriers, reported crosses, and occurrence of wild relatives in Canada. Presence of genes that inhibit outcrossing, genome constitution, geographic distribution, and floral structure influence triticale hybridization potential. Hybridization experiments between triticale and parental species indicate crosses may produce viable seeds, although outcrossing with rye (Secale cereale L.) is less likely. With respect to nonparental species that occur in Canada, jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) and intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv.) should be investigated to determine if viable hybrids with triticale can occur. While there are reports of wheat (Triticum spp.) hybridization with pubescent wheatgrass [Agropyron trichophorum (Link) K. Richt.], quackgrass [Elymus repens (L.) Gould], barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and lyme grass (Leymus arenarius Hochst), hybridization with triticale under natural conditions seem unlikely.
Leaf Transpiration Efficiency of Some Drought‐Resistant Maize Lines
Authors: Bunce James A.
Published: June 2010

Field measurements of leaf gas exchange in maize (Zea mays L.) often indicate stomatal conductances higher than required to provide substomatal carbon dioxide concentrations saturating to photosynthesis. Thus maize leaves often operate at lower transpiration efficiency (TE) than potentially achievable for species with C4 metabolism. I tested whether several maize lines described as drought resistant or drought tolerant operated with higher leaf TE than less drought‐adapted lines. Field measurements of leaf TE were conducted over two seasons for five reputedly drought‐resistant lines of maize and three locally grown lines not regarded as drought resistant. Midday photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and substomatal carbon dioxide concentration measurements were made under the ambient field conditions of air temperature and humidity in Beltsville, MD. Soil moisture was not limiting. Consistent and significant differences among the lines occurred for stomatal conductance, substomatal carbon dioxide concentration, and TE, but no significant differences among the lines occurred in photosynthesis. One drought‐tolerant line had higher TE than all others tested, and one of the local lines had the lowest TE, but the drought‐tolerant lines as a group did not have significantly higher TE. It is concluded that significant genotypic variation in leaf TE exists in maize, and that TE could be improved without reducing photosynthesis.
Use of Pulsed Ultraviolet Light to Reduce the Allergenic Potency of Soybean Extracts
Authors: Yang Weihua Wade , Chung Si-Yin , Ajayi Olasumnbo , Krishnamurthy Kathiravan , Konan Koffi , Goodrich-Schneider Renee
Published: June 2010

Pulsed ultraviolet light (PUV), a non-thermal food processing technology, is reported to be able to inactivate enzymes and reduce allergen levels from peanut extracts. The objective of this study was to determine if PUV would reduce the allergen levels and allergenic potency of soy extracts. Soy extracts were treated with PUV at various times (2, 4 and 6 min), centrifuged, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and an indirect ELISA for IgE binding or allergenic potency. Results showed that PUV treatment led to an increase in sample temperature/weight loss but a decrease in the levels of soy allergens (i.e., glycinin and ?-conglycinin) as shown in SDS-PAGE. Allergens were reduced probably through aggregation which increased with treatment time. IgE binding was reduced as well in the following order: 20%, 44% and 50% reductions in absorbance values at 2, 4, 6 min, respectively (the latter two were not significantly different (p < 0.05%) from each other). It was concluded that PUV was capable of reducing the allergenic potency of soy extracts, and that the optimal PUV treatment time was 4 min. Clinical data is still needed before PUV can find an application in the development of less allergenic soybean beverages and products.
Empty Spray Sections of Vacuum Towers: Heat and Mass Transfer with a CFD approach
Authors: Ropelato Karolline , Castro Antonio , Mori Milton , Geraldelli Washington
Published: June 2010

Distillation columns are the core of a refining process. An understanding of their heat and mass transfer is essential to propose modifications of the equipment. A multiphase model is applied to the vacuum tower with the vapor-liquid flow being modeled with an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. An ideal multicomponent equilibrium model is adopted to represent the thermodynamics in the heat and mass transfer processes. The characteristic time scales are used in the classification and the understanding of the dominant mechanisms in gas-liquid suspensions. This methodology is general, and therefore can be applied to any turbulent gas-liquid flow. The present work applies a simplified multicomponent Fick's law and gamma-phi approach to liquid-vapor equilibrium in an Eulerian-Lagrangian multiphase flow model in order to get multicomponent heat and mass transfer. The simplification proposed here is that the diffusive flux is independent of the other fluxes. This implies that each flux can be calculated without information on the other fluxes. On the other hand, thermodynamic equilibrium takes all components into account. Thus, it is rigorously calculated. The main target of this work is to gather information on vacuum tower fluid dynamics using an Eulerian-Lagrangian model with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques, which is a powerful tool for better understanding the physical phenomena involved in vacuum towers.
Equilibrium Social Hierarchies: A Non-Cooperative Ordinal Status Game
Authors: Haagsma Rein , van Mouche Pierre
Published: June 2010

We analyze a game in strategic form, where each player's payoff depends on his action and his social status, which is given by his rank in the actions distribution. Our focus is on the relation between the degree of heterogeneity among status-seeking players and the distribution of their Nash equilibrium actions. We find that if among players intrinsic concerns are sufficiently important relative to status concerns, individual equilibrium actions diverge, but if status concerns are relatively important, individual equilibrium actions are the same. Another key result of the analysis is that, in contrast to what is usually claimed, status seeking need not always be socially inefficient. If players are sufficiently heterogeneous, there exists a Nash equilibrium that is unique, separating, and Pareto efficient.