bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MIND AND MATTER IN THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY
Authors: Davis Michael
Published: September 2013

In chapter 8 of Dorian Gray, Dorian reflects on the terrifying discovery, which he has made the previous night, that the painting has been somehow altered to express his own moral state. He speculates thus on a possible explanation for the change in the picture:

Was there some subtle affinity between the chemical atoms, that shaped themselves into form and colour on the canvas, and the soul that was within him? Could it be that what that soul thought, they realized? – that what it dreamed, they made true? (Wilde 93)

At the end of the chapter, he thinks along similar lines:

Might there not be some curious scientific reason for it all? If thought could exercise its influence upon a living organism, might not thought exercise an influence upon dead and inorganic things? Nay, without thought or conscious desire, might not things external to ourselves vibrate in unison with our moods and passions, atom calling to atom in secret love or strange affinity? (103)

Wilde's references to “atoms” encapsulate something of the complexity and paradox which characterise the novel's representations of the mind and its connection with the body. Atoms make up the painting and Dorian's own body, and this reminder of the materiality of both reminds us, in turn, of the possibility that Dorian, and all human selves, may occupy an insignificant yet inescapable place in the wider processes of the physical world. Most pervasively in the novel, and in the fin de siècle more generally, anxieties about one such material process – that of evolution, and especially of degeneration – haunt representations of the self. In Dorian's thoughts about “atoms” lies the still more extreme possibility that the very distinction between organic and inorganic may be blurred, a vertiginous sense that human evolutionary kinship extends beyond even the simplest organisms to matter itself, and that the category of the human is thus under greater threat than ever in the light of scientific theories of the material world. At the same time, the questions that Dorian asks himself envisage not the reduction of the mind to matter but the near-opposite of this: the possibility that “thought” may somehow “influence” the matter of the painting. In a fantastical version of the Hegelian idealism which forms an important part of Wilde's philosophical position, the mind may prove to be the ultimate reality, independent of and dominant over matter, as the state of Dorian's mind is mysteriously given sensuous form in the transformations which the painting undergoes. The atoms of the painting, like the human mind, take on an ambiguous relationship to the material world. The atoms are not fixed but fluid; like the mind itself, they are material and yet seem to act in ways contrary to physical laws of cause and effect, always in process and resistant to external comprehension.
Chronischer Husten
Authors: Török Salome Schafroth
Published: September 2013

Die drei weitaus häufigsten Ursachen für chronischen Husten bei Nichtrauchern, die keinen ACE-Hemmer einnehmen, sind eosinophile Atemwegserkrankungen wie Asthma oder eosinophile Bronchitis, das Upper-airway-cough Syndrom (UACS) und der gastroösophageale Reflux (GERD). Bei Rauchern kommen als zusätzliche sehr häufige Ursachen die chronische Bronchitis respektive die COPD hinzu. Bei normalem Thoraxröntgenbild und fehlenden Hinweisen auf eine seltenere Ursache in Anamnese und Status empfiehlt es sich somit, routinemässig nach diesen Krankheitsbildern zu suchen resp. diese empirisch zu behandeln.
Rapid genotypic change and plasticity in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is caused by a host shift and enhanced by segregation
Authors: Angelard Caroline , Tanner Colby J , Fontanillas Pierre , Niculita-Hirzel Hélène , Masclaux Frédéric , Sanders Ian R
Published: September 2013

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among the most abundant symbionts of plants, improving plant productivity and diversity. They are thought to mostly grow vegetatively, a trait assumed to limit adaptability. However, AMF can also harbor genetically different nuclei (nucleotypes). It has been shown that one AMF can produce genotypically novel offspring with proportions of different nucleotypes. We hypothesized that (1) AMF respond rapidly to a change of environment (plant host) through changes in the frequency of nucleotypes; (2) genotypically novel offspring exhibit different genetic responses to environmental change than the parent; and (3) genotypically novel offspring exhibit a wide range of phenotypic plasticity to a change of environment. We subjected AMF parents and offspring to a host shift. We observed rapid and large genotypic changes in all AMF lines that were not random. Genotypic and phenotypic responses were different among offspring and their parents. Even though growing vegetatively, AMF offspring display a broad range of genotypic and phenotypic changes in response to host shift. We conclude that AMF have the ability to rapidly produce variable progeny, increasing their probability to produce offspring with different fitness than their parents and, consequently, their potential adaptability to new environmental conditions. Such genotypic and phenotypic flexibility could be a fast alternative to sexual reproduction and is likely to be a key to the ecological success of AMF.
Kin recognition inDrosophila: the importance of ecology and gut microbiota
Authors: Lizé Anne , McKay Raegan , Lewis Zenobia
Published: September 2013

The animal gut commonly contains a large reservoir of symbiotic microbes. Although these microbes have obvious functions in digestion and immune defence, gut microbes can also affect behaviour. Here, we explore whether gut microbiota has a role in kin recognition. We assessed whether relatedness, familiarity and food eaten during development altered copulation investment in three species of Drosophila with diverse ecologies. We found that a monandrous species exhibited true kin recognition, whereas familiarity determined kin recognition in a species living in dense aggregations. Finally, in a food generalist species, food eaten during development masked kin recognition. The effect of food type on copulation duration, in addition to the removal of this effect via antibiotic treatment, suggests the influence of bacteria associated with the gut. Our results provide the first evidence that varied ecologically determined mechanisms of kin recognition occur in Drosophila, and that gut bacteria are likely to have a key role in these mechanisms.
Size matters: implications of the loss of large individuals for ecosystem function
Authors: Norkko Alf , Villnäs Anna , Norkko Joanna , Valanko Sebastian , Pilditch Conrad
Published: September 2013

Size is a fundamental organismal trait and an important driver of ecosystem functions. Although large individuals may dominate some functions and provide important habitat structuring effects, intra-specific body size effects are rarely investigated in the context of BEF relationships. We used an in situ density manipulation experiment to explore the contribution of large, deep-burrowing bivalves to oxygen and nutrient fluxes across the sediment-water interface. By manipulating bivalve size structure through the removal of large individuals, we held species identity constant, but altered the trait characteristics of the community. The number of large bivalves was the best predictor of ecosystem functioning. Our results highlight that (a) accounting for body size provides important insights into the mechanisms underpinning biodiversity effects on ecosystem function and (b) if local disturbances are recurrent, preventing individuals from reaching large sizes, the contribution of large adults may be lost, with largely unknown implications for ecosystem functionality.
Path integral density matrix dynamics: A method for calculating time-dependent properties in thermal adiabatic and non-adiabatic systems
Authors: Habershon Scott
Published: September 2013

We introduce a new approach for calculating quantum time-correlation functions and time-dependent expectation values in many-body thermal systems; both electronically adiabatic and non-adiabatic cases can be treated. Our approach uses a path integral simulation to sample an initial thermal density matrix; subsequent evolution of this density matrix is equivalent to solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, which we perform using a linear expansion of Gaussian wavepacket basis functions which evolve according to simple classical-like trajectories. Overall, this methodology represents a formally exact approach for calculating time-dependent quantum properties; by introducing approximations into both the imaginary-time and real-time propagations, this approach can be adapted for complex many-particle systems interacting through arbitrary potentials. We demonstrate this method for the spin Boson model, where we find good agreement with numerically exact calculations. We also discuss future directions of improvement for our approach with a view to improving accuracy and efficiency.
Modeling the resupply, diffusion, and evaporation of cesium on the surface of controlled porosity dispenser photocathodes
Authors: Pan Zhigang , Jensen Kevin L. , Montgomery Eric J.
Published: September 2013

A controlled porosity dispenser (CPD) photocathode is currently being explored and developed to replace the Cs during operation and increase photocathode lifetime. Experimental results from cesium (Cs) emission of a sintered-wire tungsten CPD are presented and are used to inform a theoretical model of Cs resupply, diffusion, and evaporation on the surface of the photocathode. The evaporation of Cs from a tungsten surface is modeled using an effective one-dimensional potential well representation of the binding energy. The model accounts for both local and global interactions of Cs with the surface metal as well as with other Cs atoms. It is found that for typical activation temperatures within the range of 500 K–750 K, differences of less than 5% between the quantum efficiency (QE) maximum and minimum over ideal homogenous surfaces occur, even when variations to mimic surface non-uniformity due to pore blockage are included. The theoretical evaporation rates of sub-monolayer surface coverage of Cs compare well to the data of Taylor and Langmuir [I. Langmuir and J. B. Taylor, Phys. Rev. 40, 463–464 (1932)] and reproduce the nonlinear behavior of evaporation with varying coverage and temperature.
Dislocation blocking by AlGaN hot electron injecting layer in the epitaxial growth of GaN terahertz Gunn diode
Authors: Li Liang , Yang Lin'an , Zhang Jincheng , Hao Yue
Published: September 2013

This paper reports an efficient method to improve the crystal quality of GaN Gunn diode with AlGaN hot electron injecting layer (HEI). An evident reduction of screw dislocation and edge dislocation densities is achieved by the strain management and the enhanced lateral growth in high temperature grown AlGaN HEI layer. Compared with the top hot electron injecting layer (THEI) structure, the bottom hot electron injecting layer (BHEI) structure enhances the crystal quality of transit region due to the growth sequence modulation of HEI layer. A high Hall mobility of 2934 cm2/Vs at 77 K, a nearly flat downtrend of Hall mobility at the temperature ranging from 300 to 573 K, a low intensity of ratio of yellow luminescence band to band edge emission, a narrow band edge emission line-width, and a smooth surface morphology are observed for the BHEI structural epitaxy of Gunn diode, which indicates that AlGaN BHEI structure is a promising candidate for fabrication of GaN Gunn diodes in terahertz regime.
Equivalence of particle-particle random phase approximation correlation energy and ladder-coupled-cluster doubles
Authors: Peng Degao , Steinmann Stephan N. , van Aggelen Helen , Yang Weitao
Published: September 2013

The recent proposal to determine the (exact) correlation energy based on pairing matrix fluctuations by van Aggelen et al. [“Exchange-correlation energy from pairing matrix fluctuation and the particle-particle random phase approximation,” preprint arXiv:1306.4957 (2013)] revived the interest in the simplest approximation along this path: the particle-particle random phase approximation (pp-RPA). In this paper, we present an analytical connection and numerical demonstrations of the equivalence of the correlation energy from pp-RPA and ladder-coupled-cluster doubles. These two theories reduce to identical algebraic matrix equations and correlation energy expressions. The numerical examples illustrate that the correlation energy missed by pp-RPA in comparison with coupled-cluster singles and doubles is largely canceled out when considering reaction energies. This theoretical connection will be beneficial to design density functionals with strong ties to coupled-cluster theories and to study molecular properties at the pp-RPA level relying on well established coupled cluster techniques.
A quarter-plane problem for the modified Burgers’ equation
Authors: Leach J. A.
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we address an initial-boundary value problem for the modified Burgers’ equation. The normalized modified Burgers’ equation considered is given by ut + up ux − uxx = 0,  0 < x < ∞,  t > 0, where x and t represent dimensionless distance and time, respectively, and p (>1) is a parameter. In particular, we consider the case when the initial and boundary conditions are given by u(x, 0) = ui for 0 < x < ∞ and u(0, t) = ub for t > 0, respectively. We initially focus attention on the case when ui = 0 and ub > 0. In this case, the method of matched asymptotic coordinate expansions is used to obtain the complete large-t asymptotic structure of the solution to this problem, which exhibits the formation of a permanent form travelling wave solution propagating with speed \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$v=\frac{u_{b}^{p}}{p+1}\; (>0)$\end{document}v=ubpp+1(>0) and connecting u = 0 ahead of the wave-front to u = ub at the rear of the wave. Further, the asymptotic correction to the propagation speed is of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$O\left(t^{-3/2} \exp \left(-\frac{v^2}{4}t\right)\right)$\end{document}Ot−3/2exp−v24t as t → ∞, and the rate of convergence of the solution of the initial-boundary value problem to the travelling wave is \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$O\left(t^{-3/2} \exp \left(-\frac{v^2}{4}t\right)\right)$\end{document}Ot−3/2exp−v24t as t → ∞. We conclude the paper with a discussion of the structure of the large-time solution to the initial-boundary value problem for general values of ub and ui (excluding the trivial case when ui = ub).
Enhanced ferromagnetic moment in Co-doped BiFeO3 thin films studied by soft x-ray circular dichroism
Authors: Singh V. R. , Verma V. K. , Ishigami K. , Shibata G. , Yamazaki Y. , Fujimori A. , Takeda Y. , Okane T. , Saitoh Y. , Yamagami H. , Nakamura Y. , Azuma M. , Shimakawa Y.
Published: September 2013

BiFeO3 (BFO) shows both ferroelectricity and magnetic ordering at room temperature, but its ferromagnetic component, which is due to spin canting, is negligible. Substitution of transition-metal atoms such as Co for Fe is known to enhance the ferromagnetic component in BFO. In order to reveal the origin of such magnetization enhancement, we performed soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) studies of BiFe1−xCoxO3 (x = 0 to 0.30) (BFCO) thin films grown on LaAlO3(001) substrates. The XAS results indicated that the Fe and Co ions are in the Fe3+ and Co3+ states. The XMCD results showed that the Fe ions show ferromagnetism, while the Co ions are antiferromagnetic at room temperature. The XAS and XMCD measurements also revealed that part of the Fe3+ ions are tetrahedrally co-ordinated by oxygen ions but that the XMCD signals of the octahedrally coordinated Fe3+ ions increase with Co content. The results suggest that an impurity phase such as the ferrimagnetic γ-Fe2O3 which exists at low Co concentration decreases with increasing Co concentration and that the ferromagnetic component of the Fe3+ ion in the octrahedral crystal fields increases with Co concentration, probably reflecting the increased canting of the Fe3+ ions.
Variable-range-hopping conductivity in high-k Ba(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 ceramics
Authors: Ke Shanming , Lin Peng , Fan Huiqing , Huang Haitao , Zeng Xierong
Published: September 2013

The dielectric and transport properties of Ba(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 ceramics have been investigated in a temperature range of 140–300 K and a frequency range of 1 Hz–10 MHz. The temperature dependence of bulk dc conductivity does not feature an Arrhenius behavior, but indicates a variable-range-hopping mechanism. The observed low temperature relaxation can be perfectly described by a polaronic model, which indicates that the dielectric relaxation is intimately related to the hopping motion caused by localized charge carriers.
Investigation into anomalous total secondary electron yield for micro-porous Ag surface under oblique incidence conditions
Authors: Ye M. , He Y. N. , Hu S. G. , Yang J. , Wang R. , Hu T. C. , Peng W. B. , Cui W. Z.
Published: September 2013

We study the dependence of total secondary electron yield (SEY) of micro-porous silver surface on incident angle of primary electron. First, we produce regular and random micro-porous surfaces on silver plated aluminium samples by photolithography pattern process and direct chemical etching method, respectively. Second, we study the dependence of the SEY characteristics of these surfaces on the primary electron incident angle from 0° to 60°. The experimental results show that micro-porous surface with large porosity can suppress SEY effectively either for normal incidence or oblique incidence. The maximum SEY of the directly chemical etched sample can reach a 45% reduction relative to the original flat sample. We also show the anomalous experimental phenomenon that the SEY of directly chemical etched sample with large porosity does not increase with incident angle. Third, we explain the complicated SEY dependence on incident angle qualitatively by the secondary electron trapping effect in micro-pores as well as the Monte Carlo simulation based on phenomenological model of secondary electron emission. Finally, we suggest a third order polynomial formula to describe the SEY dependence on incident angle which will be useful in particle simulation. In total, we demonstrate that micro-porous surface with large porosity is effective in SEY suppression under both normal and oblique incidence and thus the proposed direct chemical etching method is prospective in related areas such as multipactor improvement.
Epitaxial growth of the topological insulator Bi2Se3 on Si(111): Growth mode, lattice parameter, and strain state
Authors: Vyshnepolsky M. , Klein C. , Klasing F. , Hanisch-Blicharski A. , Horn-von Hoegen M.
Published: September 2013

Using spot profile analysis low energy electron diffraction, we studied the growth mode and strain state of ultra-thin epitaxial Bi2Se3(111) films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si(111). The first layer grows as complete quintuple layer and covers the Si substrate before the next layer nucleates. Its lateral lattice parameter is increased by 1% compared with the value of a‖ = 4.136 Å for a 6-nm-thick film. With increasing film thickness, a continuous change of the lattice parameter is observed to an asymptotic value, which is explained by a van der Waals-like bonding between the Bi2Se3 film and the Si substrate.
Local transport measurements on epitaxial graphene
Authors: Baringhaus J. , Edler F. , Neumann C. , Stampfer C. , Forti S. , Starke U. , Tegenkamp C.
Published: September 2013

Growth of large-scale graphene is still accompanied by imperfections. By means of a four-tip scanning tunneling and electron microscope (4-tip STM/SEM), the local structure of graphene grown on SiC(0001) was correlated with scanning electron microscope images and spatially resolved transport measurements. The systematic variation of probe spacings and substrate temperature has clearly revealed two-dimensional transport regimes of Anderson localization as well as of diffusive transport. The detailed analysis of the temperature dependent data demonstrates that the local on-top nano-sized contacts do not induce significant strain to the epitaxial graphene films.
A Coumarin Fluorescent Probe for Ca2+ Containing Aza-Crown Ether Unit
Authors: Yan Li-Qiang , Xie Min-Sui , Peng Ming-Sheng , Liu Wei
Published: September 2013

A novel fluorescent probe for Ca2+ based on coumarin containing an aza-crown ether unit was synthesised. The probe recognised Ca2+, and formed a 1 : 1 complex with Ca2+ in acetonitrile.
Water redistribution determines photosynthetic responses to warming and drying in two polar mosses
Authors: Stanton Daniel E. , Merlin Morgane , Bryant Gary , Ball Marilyn C.
Published: September 2013

Predicting impacts of climate change requires an understanding of the sensitivity of species to temperature, including conflated changes in humidity. Physiological responses to temperature and clump-to-air vapour pressure difference (VPD) were compared in two Antarctic moss species, Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. and Schistidium antarctici (Cardot) L.I. Savicz & Smirnova. Temperatures from 8 to 24°C had no significant effects on photosynthesis or recovery from drying, whereas high VPD accelerated drying. In Schistidium, which lacks internal conduction structures, shoots dried more slowly than the clump, and photosynthesis ceased at high shoot relative water content (RWC), behaviour consistent with a strategy of drought avoidance although desiccation tolerant. In contrast, shoots of Ceratodon have a central vascular core, but dried more rapidly than the clump. These results imply that cavitation of the hydroid strand enables hydraulic isolation of extremities during rapid drying, effectively slowing water loss from the clump. Ceratodon maintained photosynthetic activity during drying to lower shoot RWC than Schistidium, consistent with a strategy of drought tolerance. These ecophysiological characteristics may provide a functional explanation for the differential distribution of Schistidium and Ceratodon along moisture gradients in Antarctica. Thus, predicting responses of non-vascular vegetation to climate change at high latitudes requires greater focus on VPD and hydraulics than temperature.
Are there habitat thresholds in koala occupancy in the semiarid landscapes of the Mulgalands Bioregion?
Authors: Smith Andrew G. , McAlpine Clive , Rhodes Jonathan , Seabrook Leonie , Lunney Daniel , Baxter Greg
Published: September 2013

Context
Habitat thresholds are the critical point(s), below which the probability of occurrence of a species declines. Identifying thresholds assists land managers to decide how much habitat is needed to conserve a species. However, for any given species, a threshold may not exist, or might occur at one scale but not at others, and it may differ across regions. The use of critical habitat thresholds can negatively affect populations if simplified conservation targets for habitat retention are prescribed. This problem is relevant to the koalas where there is evidence of habitat thresholds in mesic regions, but no studies of thresholds in semiarid regions.

Aims
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a threshold exists between the occupancy of a site by koalas and habitat variables at both the site and at four landscape scales in the semiarid Mulgalands Bioregion of Queensland, Australia.

Methods
We modelled habitat relationships using standard and piece-wise logistic regression, and an information-theoretic approach, to determine whether the best model that explained the occupancy–habitat relationships was linear or had a distinct threshold. The site-scale variable was the percentage of primary eucalypt species. The landscape-scale variables included the amount of primary and secondary habitat, and an interaction between them.

Key findings
There was a threshold relationship between the occurrence of koalas and the percentage of primary trees at the site scale. At the landscape scale, most threshold models failed to converge, and evidence pointed to a linear relationship between habitat amount and koala occupancy.

Conclusions
Conservation actions for koalas in the Mulgalands Bioregion should concentrate on protecting the primary tree resource for koalas, namely, river red gums (E. camaldulensis). However, the maintenance or restoration of primary and secondary habitat to distances of 1000 m from the creek is important because of the linear relationship between koala presence and habitat amount.

Implications
As habitat is lost in the semiarid Mulgalands Bioregion, koala occupancy declines. If known thresholds from mesic regions are used to define a minimum amount of habitat to be retained for koalas, conservation of local koala populations may well fail.
Resisting reductionism in mathematics pedagogy
Authors: Foster Colin
Published: September 2013

Although breaking down a mathematical problem into smaller parts can often be an effective solution strategy, when the same reductionist approach is applied to mathematics pedagogy the effects are far from beneficial for students. Mathematics pedagogy in UK schools is gaining an increasingly reductionist flavour, as seen in an excessive focus on bite‐sized learning objectives and a tendency for mathematics teachers to path‐smooth their students’ learning. I argue that a reductionist mathematics pedagogy severely restricts students’ opportunities to engage in authentic mathematical thinking and deprives them of the enjoyment of solving richer, more worthwhile problems, which would forge connections across diverse areas of the subject. I attribute the rise of a reductionist mathematics pedagogy partly to an assessment‐dominated curriculum and partly to a systemic de‐professionalisation of teachers through a performative accountability culture in which they are constantly required to prove to non‐specialist managers that they are effective. I argue that pedagogical reductionism in mathematics must be resisted in favour of a more holistic approach, in which students are able to bring a variety of mathematical knowledge and skills to bear on rich, challenging and non‐routine mathematical tasks. Some principles for achieving this are outlined and some examples are given.
Sterol-induced dislocation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase from membranes of permeabilized cells
Authors: Elsabrouty Rania , Jo Youngah , Dinh Tammy T. , DeBose-Boyd Russell A.
Published: September 2013

The polytopic endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–localized enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase catalyzes a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of cholesterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. Excess sterols cause the reductase to bind to ER membrane proteins called Insig-1 and Insig-2, which are carriers for the ubiquitin ligases gp78 and Trc8. The resulting gp78/Trc8-mediated ubiquitination of reductase marks it for recognition by VCP/p97, an ATPase that mediates subsequent dislocation of reductase from ER membranes into the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. Here we report that in vitro additions of the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), exogenous cytosol, and ATP trigger dislocation of ubiquitinated and full-length forms of reductase from membranes of permeabilized cells. In addition, the sterol-regulated reaction requires the action of Insigs, is stimulated by reagents that replace 25-HC in accelerating reductase degradation in intact cells, and is augmented by the nonsterol isoprenoid geranylgeraniol. Finally, pharmacologic inhibition of deubiquitinating enzymes markedly enhances sterol-dependent ubiquitination of reductase in membranes of permeabilized cells, leading to enhanced dislocation of the enzyme. Considered together, these results establish permeabilized cells as a viable system in which to elucidate mechanisms for postubiquitination steps in sterol-accelerated degradation of reductase.
The oncogenic TBX3 is a downstream target and mediator of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway
Authors: Li Jarod , Weinberg Marc S. , Zerbini Luiz , Prince Sharon
Published: September 2013

The T-box transcription factor, TBX3, plays an important role in embryonic development, and haploinsufficiency of TBX3 causes ulnar–mammary syndrome. Overexpression of TBX3, on the other hand, is associated with several cancers, and preliminary evidence suggests that increased levels of TBX3 may inhibit cell proliferation but promote tumor migration and invasion. Although this suggests that deregulated levels of TBX3 are deleterious in development and promotes disease, very little is known about the signaling pathways that regulate TBX3 expression. Here we show that overexpressing TBX3 inhibits proliferative ability while promoting the migration of breast epithelial cells. We demonstrate that the transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) pathway up-regulates TBX3 protein and mRNA levels and show a detailed transcriptional mechanism by which this occurs. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, we show that Smad3/4 and JunB bind and cooperatively regulate TBX3 promoter activity through a Smad-binding element at −67 base pairs. Further, we show that TBX3 plays a pivotal role in mediating the antiproliferative and promigratory role of TGF-β1 in breast epithelial and skin keratinocytes. This study identifies the TGF-β1 signaling pathway as a potentially important player in the regulation of TBX3 in development and cancer.
Nudel/NudE and Lis1 promote dynein and dynactin interaction in the context of spindle morphogenesis
Authors: Wang Shusheng , Ketcham Stephanie A. , Schön Arne , Goodman Benjamin , Wang Yueju , Yates John , Freire Ernesto , Schroer Trina A. , Zheng Yixian
Published: September 2013

Lis1, Nudel/NudE, and dynactin are regulators of cytoplasmic dynein, a minus end–directed, microtubule (MT)-based motor required for proper spindle assembly and orientation. In vitro studies have shown that dynactin promotes processive movement of dynein on MTs, whereas Lis1 causes dynein to enter a persistent force-generating state (referred to here as dynein stall). Yet how the activities of Lis1, Nudel/NudE, and dynactin are coordinated to regulate dynein remains poorly understood in vivo. Working in Xenopus egg extracts, we show that Nudel/NudE facilitates the binding of Lis1 to dynein, which enhances the recruitment of dynactin to dynein. We further report a novel Lis1-dependent dynein–dynactin interaction that is essential for the organization of mitotic spindle poles. Finally, using assays for MT gliding and spindle assembly, we demonstrate an antagonistic relationship between Lis1 and dynactin that allows dynactin to relieve Lis1-induced dynein stall on MTs. Our findings suggest the interesting possibility that Lis1 and dynactin could alternately engage with dynein to allow the motor to promote spindle assembly.
When Are Private Standards More Stringent than Public Standards?
Authors: Vandemoortele Thijs , Deconinck Koen
Published: September 2013

Retailers' private standards are increasingly important for addressing consumer concerns about safety, quality, and social and environmental issues. Empirical evidence shows that these private standards are frequently more stringent than their public counterparts. This article develops a political economy model that helps explain this stylized fact. We show that if producers exercise their political power to persuade the government to impose a lower public standard, retailers may apply their market power to install a private standard at a higher level than the public one, depending on several factors.
Fishery-induced changes in Norwegian red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) reproductive potential
Authors: Hjelset Ann Merete
Published: September 2013

Hjelset, A. M. 2014. Fishery-induced changes in Norwegian red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) reproductive potential. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 365–373. The introduced red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in the Barents Sea supports a valuable fishery in northern Norway. In this paper, I examine the effect of the increased harvest rate and the recently added female quota on the potential egg production of the stock. The size ranges of males and females in the period 1995–2011 were recorded, and estimated stock abundance of ovigerous females and established individual fecundity parameters from 2000–2007 were used to assess the reproductive potential of the stock from 1995–2011. The upper size ranges of males and females decreased throughout the period studied, presumably mainly due to fishing. The change in size composition among ovigerous females and functional mature males, and the reduced mean individual fecundity in the stock seem to have had a negative effect on the potential egg production of the stock.
Corroboration and refinement of a method for differentiating landings from two stocks of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) in the California Current
Authors: Demer David A. , Zwolinski Juan P.
Published: September 2013

Demer, D. A., and Zwolinski, J. P. 2014. Corroboration and refinement of a method for differentiating landings from two stocks of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) in the California Current. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 328–335. Efforts to survey, assess and manage Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) in the California Current may depend on accurate differentiation of the purported two migrating stocks. The southern stock spans seasonally from southern Baja California, México to Point Conception, California; the northern stock spans seasonally from Punta Eugenia, México northwards to southern Alaska. Their seasonal north–south migrations are approximately synchronous within their respective domains, resulting in segregated spawning and different identities. A decade ago, a practical method was proposed for differentiating landings from the two stocks using concomitant measurements of sea-surface temperature (SST). Here, we corroborate and refine the method using regional indices of optimal and good potential habitat for the northern stock, and SST-based indices associated with the 99.9 and 100% confidence intervals of the potential habitat. For months when the index is <0.5, (i.e. when the minority of a fishing region probably includes potential northern stock habitat), the landings are attributed to the southern stock, and vice versa. We applied this method to regional monthly landings data from 2006–2011 and the results indicated that an average of 63–72 and 32–36% of the summertime landings at Ensenada, México and San Pedro, southern California were probably from the southern stock, respectively, depending on the index used. Allocation error could be reduced if the landings were evaluated on finer spatio-temporal scales, particularly during habitat-transition periods. Our method may be used to improve estimates of northern stock biomass, spatial and length distributions, recruitment, and mortality.
Shoreline configurations affect dispersal patterns of fish larvae in a large river
Authors: Lechner Aaron , Keckeis Hubert , Schludermann Elisabeth , Loisl Franz , Humphries Paul , Glas Martin , Tritthart Michael , Habersack Helmut
Published: September 2013

The dispersal patterns of marked larvae of the nase carp (Chondrostoma nasus L.) were observed alongside dissimilar shoreline configurations in the main channel of the free-flowing Austrian Danube and compared with those of floating particles to investigate the mode of dispersal (active–passive). Individuals of different larval stages and floats at similar densities were released at an artificial rip-rap with groynes and a rehabilitated gravel bar. In both habitats, marked individuals were recaptured during the sampling period of 4 d after release. Relevant shoreline attributes for larval dispersal, such as the accessibility of nursery habitats, connectivity between adjacent habitats, and retention potential, were more pronounced at the gravel bar than at the rip-rap. At the gravel bar, larvae moved upstream and downstream within the connected bankside nurseries and displayed longer residence times. Larvae settled in groyne fields along the rip-rap as well; however, longitudinal dispersal was disrupted by groynes, forcing larvae to enter the main channel. Rather than settling in subsequent groyne fields, we assume that these larvae are displaced downstream and potentially lost from the local population.
Lessons learned from developing integrated ecosystem assessments to inform marine ecosystem-based management in the USA
Authors: Samhouri Jameal F. , Haupt Alison J. , Levin Phillip S. , Link Jason S. , Shuford Rebecca
Published: September 2013

Borne out of a collective movement towards ecosystem-based management (EBM), multispecies and multi-sector scientific assessments of the ocean are emerging around the world. In the USA, integrated ecosystem assessments (IEAs) were formally defined 5 years ago to serve as a scientific foundation for marine EBM. As outlined by the US National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration in 2008, an IEA is a cyclical process consisting of setting goals and targets, defining indicators, analysing status, trends, and risk, and evaluating alternative potential future management and environmental scenarios to enhance information needed for effective EBM. These steps should be hierarchical, iterative, non-prescriptive about technical implementation, and adaptable to existing information for any ecosystem. Despite these strengths and some initial successes, IEAs and EBM have yet to be fully realized in the USA. We propose eight tenets that can be adopted by scientists, policy-makers, and managers to enhance the use of IEAs in implementing EBM. These tenets include (i) engage with stakeholders, managers, and policy-makers early, often, and continually; (ii) conduct rigorous human dimensions research; (iii) recognize the importance of transparently selecting indicators; (iv) set ecosystem targets to create a system of EBM accountability; (v) establish a formal mechanism(s) for the review of IEA science; (vi) serve current management needs, but not at the expense of more integrative ocean management; (vii) provide a venue for EBM decision-making that takes full advantage of IEA products; and (viii) embrace realistic expectations about IEA science and its implementation. These tenets are framed in a way that builds on domestic and international experiences with ocean management. With patience, persistence, political will, funding, and augmented capacity, IEAs will provide a general approach for allowing progressive science to lead conventional ocean management to new waters.
Prevalence of Blackleg and Pathogenicity Groups of Leptosphaeria maculans in North Dakota
Authors: Nepal Achala , Markell S. , Knodel J. , Bradley C. A. , del Río Mendoza L. E.
Published: September 2013

Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, was first reported on canola (Brassica napus) in North Dakota in 1991. In 2003, L. maculans strains of previously unreported pathogenicity groups (PG) were discovered in the region. Since then, however, little has been known about the prevalence of L. maculans in the state. The objectives of this study, therefore, were to characterize the prevalence of blackleg and of L. maculans PGs in North Dakota. Prevalence was assessed in 2004, 2007, and 2009 in 572 fields. PG determination for 216 L. maculans isolates retrieved from blackleg symptomatic stems during that period was achieved on a set of B. napus differential cultivars. Blackleg prevalence increased from 28% in 2004 to 63 and 74% in 2007 and 2009, respectively. Similarly, the number of fields with blackleg incidences >30% increased from 4% in 2004 to 12 and 23% in 2007 and 2009, respectively. In all years, PG-4 was the predominant group, while PG-2, once predominant, accounted for <2% of isolates. Increase in the prevalence and incidence of blackleg as well as the frequency of virulent PGs over the last 10 years is a serious threat to the canola industry of the region.
Development of PCR Assays for Diagnosis and Detection of the Pathogens Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis and Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens in Apple Fruit
Authors: Sikdar P. , Okubara P. , Mazzola M. , Xiao C. L.
Published: September 2013

Speck rot caused by Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis and Sphaeropsis rot caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens are two recently reported postharvest diseases of apple. Infection by these two pathogens occurs in the orchard but remains latent before harvest. Symptoms develop after harvest and are similar to those of gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. Accurate diagnosis of these diseases is important during the fruit inspection process, particularly in the instance of fruit destined for export. Early near-harvest detection of latent infections in apple fruit is an important step to implement relevant pre- and postharvest measures for disease control. The aim of this study was to develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for diagnosis and early detection of latent infections of apple fruit by P. washingtonensis and S. pyriputrescens. Species-specific primers based on the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region were designed for use in PCR assays. Conventional and real-time PCR assays were developed and validated using fruit inoculated with P. washingtonensis, S. pyriputrescens, or B. cinerea and compared with identifications using traditional isolation-based assays. For wound-inoculated fruit, the PCR assays consistently provided the correct identification of the pathogen used as the inoculant in 6 h of processing time, compared with 5 to 6 days using culture-based methods. Real-time PCR assays effectively detected latent infections in symptomless stem and calyx tissues of fruit that were inoculated with the pathogens in the orchard during the growing season. The PCR assays provide a rapid, accurate method for diagnosis and early detection of these diseases.
First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii Parasitizing Watermelon from Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Ramírez-Suárez A. , Rosas-Hernández L. , Alcasio-Rangel S. , Powers T. O.
Published: September 2013

In early April 2012, a sampling of watermelon crop Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai, 1916 cv. Sunsugar took place as part of the National System of Epidemiological Phytosanitary Surveillance (SINAVEF-MEX). This sampling was conducted at Riachuelos locality, Tecolutla, Veracruz, located at the geographic coordinates: 20.42008° N and 96.9627° W, within 50 meters of the Gulf of Mexico. Plants showed yellowing, stunting, and high levels of infection expressed by extensive galling on the roots. These symptoms were reproduced in the greenhouse on watermelon cv. Sunsugar. Egg masses were extracted to obtain juveniles (J2). Female necks and perineal patterns were mounted as well as males and J2 to take measurements of selected morphometric characters. To determine the nematode identity based on a morphological species concept, the following characters were considered. Females: stylet length, DGO and perineal pattern; males: stylet length; J2: body, stylet, tail, and hyaline tail terminus length. The morphometric analysis showed that those values corresponded to the original description of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang & Eisenback, 1983 (=M. mayaguensis Rammah & Hirschmann, 1988) (1,2,3,4). For confirmation of this finding, a molecular diagnosis was performed using markers located in rDNA and mtDNA by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. The rDNA region analyzed was the expansion segments D2-D3 of the 28S gene (primers D2A and D3B). This produced an amplified product of 780 bp. With regard to mtDNA, an amplification of the marker located between the genes COII/16S (primers C2F3 and 1108) resulted in a fragment of 705 bp that is specific for M. enterolobii (1). Sequences of the amplified products were compared with sequences from GenBank (NCBI). The sequences of both markers exhibited 99 and 100% identity with sequences corresponding to M. enterolobii isolates from Florida, Puerto Rico, and China. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees of rDNA and mtDNA sequences demonstrated that the Mexican isolate of M. enterolobii grouped among other isolates exclusive of other Meloidogyne species. The detection of this nematode in Veracruz, Mexico, expands the previously known worldwide distribution. It represents a serious threat due to the high level of aggressiveness shown in watermelon, which was so severe that growers had to change to a different crop. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the root-knot nematode M. enterolobii infecting watermelon cv. Sunsugar in Veracruz, Mexico.

References: (1) J. Brito et al. J. Nematol. 36:232, 2004. (2) G. Karssen et al. ZooKeys 181:67, 2012. (3) A. Rammah and H. Hirshmann. J. Nematol. 20:58, 1988. (4) B. Yang and J. Eisenback. J. Nematol. 15:381, 1983.
Editorial
Authors: Stuart Trevor
Published: September 2013

This edition of
Biographical Memoirs
contains much fascinating material for the student of the History of the Sciences. In two cases, Norman E. Borlaug and Leslie E. Orgel, we have benefited from collaboration with the US National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, and in three cases, Fraser J. Bergersen, Frank J. Fenner and Bernard Y. Mills, with the Australian Academy of Sciences.
Characterization of heat-shock proteins in Escherichia coli strains under thermal stress in vitro
Authors: Urban-Chmiel Renata , Dec Marta , Puchalski Andrzej , Wernicki Andrzej
Published: September 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat stress in in vitro conditions on the induction of heat-shock protein (Hsp)70 by Escherichia coli cells, and to determine the localization of Hsps in cell fractions. The material consisted of wild strains of E. coli isolated from the digestive tract of calves, suspended in an exponential-phase culture and subjected to 41.5 °C for 2 h. Individual fractions were analysed by SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Western blotting with mouse anti-Hsp70 and anti-Hsp60 mAbs was used to identify the proteins. Electrophoretic analysis of the heat-treated cells detected Hsp70 in all three fractions, cytoplasmic, periplasmic and membrane, which was confirmed by Western blotting. The proteins obtained had diverse localizations in the pH gradient in two-dimensional electrophoresis, which may indicate changes in their conformation and physical properties leading to stabilization and protection of intracellular structures in stress conditions. The presence of these Hsps in different cell fractions indicates a very strong protective adaptation in the bacteria in unfavourable conditions, which is critical for the organism infected by them.
In vitro replication competence of a hepatitis B genotype D/A recombinant virus: dissimilar biological behaviour regarding its parental genotypes
Authors: Trinks Julieta , Sugiyama Masaya , Tanaka Yasuhito , Kurbanov Fuat , Benetucci Jorge , Giménez Edgardo , Weissenbacher Mercedes C. , Mizokami Masashi , Oubiña José R.
Published: September 2013

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA recombinants contribute to ~30 % of the overall full-length sequences already deposited in GenBank. However, their biological behaviour has not been analysed so far. In this study, thein vitroreplication kinetics of the first D/A recombinant from the American continent differed from its parental genotypes, exhibiting higher extracellular levels of HBV DNA and hepatitis B e antigen. Southern blots of intracellular core-associated HBV DNA were in agreement with such results. Because this recombinant was obtained from an Argentinian injecting drug user belonging to a vulnerable community, these results are of singular relevance for regional public health. Furtherin vivostudies are urgently needed to determine the pathogenicity of these replicative competent clones.