bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) and the direct thrombin-inhibitor argatroban by HPLC–MS/MS
Authors: Brückner Lea , Beyer-Westendorf Jan , Tiebel Oliver , Pietsch Jörg
Published: November 2021

Since direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are administered frequently to an elderly, co-morbid population, medical emergencies including trauma, acute bleeding or organ failure are not uncommon. In these situations, the type, dosage or the time of last intake of anticoagulants is often unknown and single substance analysis by functional tests is only possible if the substance contained in the sample is known. A reliable and validated toxicology screen of DOAC and argatroban would be helpful inform not only attending physicians in the emergency department but also law enforcement and courts of justice. After precipitation with acetone, HPLC separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Luna Pentafluorophenyl Colum using acetonitrile–water (90:10, v/v) as mobile phase system. Detection was performed using a 3200 Q Trap mass spectrometer (AB Sciex). For analysis MRM Scans (MS/MS) with positive ionization were chosen. The method was validated for blank serum as the matrix of choice. Limits of detection are between 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL, limits of quantification are between 1.9 and 3.6 ng/mL and recoveries are above 60%. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by the determination of DOAC in body fluids from forensic cases and in therapeutic drug monitoring. The rapid simultaneous detection and quantification of apixaban, argatroban, dabigatran etexilate, dabigatran, edoxaban and rivaroxaban in body fluids by HPLC–MS/MS closes an important gap in emergency toxicology.
Activation-Inhibition dynamics of the oscillatory bursts of the human EEG during resting state. The macroscopic temporal range of few seconds
Authors: Gómez Carlos M. , Angulo-Ruíz Brenda Y. , Muñoz Vanesa , Rodriguez-Martínez Elena I.
Published: November 2021

The ubiquitous brain oscillations occur in bursts of oscillatory activity. The present report tries to define the statistical characteristics of electroencephalographical (EEG) bursts of oscillatory activity during resting state in humans to define (i) the statistical properties of amplitude and duration of oscillatory bursts, (ii) its possible correlation, (iii) its frequency content, and (iv) the presence or not of a fixed threshold to trigger an oscillatory burst. The open eyes EEG recordings of five subjects with no artifacts were selected from a sample of 40 subjects. The recordings were filtered in frequency ranges of 2 Hz wide from 1 to 99 Hz. The analytic Hilbert transform was computed to obtain the amplitude envelopes of oscillatory bursts. The criteria of thresholding and a minimum of three cycles to define an oscillatory burst were imposed. Amplitude and duration parameters were extracted and they showed durations between hundreds of milliseconds and a few seconds, and peak amplitudes showed a unimodal distribution. Both parameters were positively correlated and the oscillatory burst durations were explained by a linear model with the terms peak amplitude and peak amplitude of amplitude envelope time derivative. The frequency content of the amplitude envelope was contained in the 0–2 Hz range. The results suggest the presence of amplitude modulated continuous oscillations in the human EEG during the resting conditions in a broad frequency range, with durations in the range of few seconds and modulated positively by amplitude and negatively by the time derivative of the amplitude envelope suggesting activation-inhibition dynamics. This macroscopic oscillatory network behavior is less pronounced in the low-frequency range (1–3 Hz).
Eine Frage der Kontrolle? Betriebliche Strategien der Digitalisierung und die Autonomie von Beschäftigen in der Produktion
Authors: Nies Sarah
Published: November 2021

Mit der digitalen Transformation von Arbeit wird das Verhältnis von Fremd- und Selbstbestimmung im Arbeitsprozess neu verhandelt. Insbesondere im Industriesektor sind Autonomie und Handlungsspielräume von Produktionsbeschäftigten durch den Einsatz digitaler Technologien neuen Rahmenbedingungen unterworfen. Während bislang häufig von den Kontrollpotenzialen neuer Technologien auf Einschränkungen von Beschäftigtenautonomie im Industriebetrieb geschlossen wurde, schlägt der Beitrag eine konzeptionelle Analyseperspektive vor, die die betrieblichen Strategien, die der Einführung digitaler Technologien vorausgehen, ins Zentrum rückt. Auf der Basis qualitativer Empirie aus drei Industriebetrieben wird eine Typologie vier betrieblicher Strategien der Leistungssteuerung unterschieden. An zwei empirischen Anwendungsfällen von Systemen der Echtzeit-Transparenz wird im Anschluss gezeigt, wie ein vermeintlich prototypisches Kontrollszenario zu reinterpretieren ist: Hinter dem Einsatz digitaler Systeme stehen vor allem prozessorientierte Rationalisierungsstrategien, die sich in den untersuchten Fällen mit einer Ausweitung der Anforderungen an Selbstorganisation und Eigenverantwortung koppeln. Für die Beschäftigten hat dies aber nicht weniger, sondern andere Formen der Belastung und Fremdbeherrschung zur Folge als in dem häufig skizzierten Kontrollregime eines digitalen Taylorismus.
Neue Ungleichheitsfragen, neue Cleavages? Ein internationaler Vergleich der Einstellungen in vier Ungleichheitsfeldern
Authors: Lux Thomas , Mau Steffen , Jacobi Aljoscha
Published: November 2021

Der Beitrag fragt vor dem Hintergrund neuer gesellschaftlicher Konfliktthemen nach der sozialstrukturellen Fundierung von Ungleichheitseinstellungen. Es werden vier Ungleichheitsachsen in den Blick genommen: (1) Oben-Unten-Ungleichheiten, bei denen die ökonomische Ressourcenverteilung im Mittelpunkt steht, (2) Innen-Außen-Ungleichheiten, die sich auf territorialen Zugang, Migration und Mitgliedschaft beziehen, (3) Wir-Sie-Ungleichheiten, die die gesellschaftliche Anerkennung von Diversität umfassen, und (4) Heute-Morgen-Ungleichheiten, die sich auf Fragen der Generationengerechtigkeit und ökologischen Nachhaltigkeit richten. In jedem Bereich werden die Ausprägungen und Strukturierungen der sozialen Orientierungen aufgezeigt und in der Literatur gängige Erwartungen hierzu getestet. Zentral geht es um die Frage, ob die Einstellungsmuster in einer Weise mit sozialstrukturellen Differenzierungen einhergehen, dass man von Cleavages sprechen könnte. Auf der Basis des European Social Survey aus dem Jahr 2016 werden die Einstellungsstrukturen deskriptiv sowie faktoren- und regressionsanalytisch für eine ausgewählte Gruppe europäischer Länder (Schweden, Frankreich, Italien, Deutschland, Polen und Ungarn) untersucht. Der Kernbefund ist, dass sich, erstens, kein zweidimensionaler Einstellungsraum zeigt, bei dem die alten ökonomischen Ungleichheiten den neuen Ungleichheiten gegenüberstehen, und, zweitens, nur punktuell und nicht in allen untersuchten Ländern starke Cleavages zu finden sind. Diese zeigen sich am ehesten beim Migrationsthema.
Lifestyle management to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: evidence and challenges
Authors: van Trier T. J. , Mohammadnia N. , Snaterse M. , Peters R. J. G. , Jørstad H. T. , Bax W. A.
Published: November 2021

Lifestyle management is the cornerstone of both primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and the importance of lifestyle management is emphasised by all major guidelines. Despite this, actual implementation of lifestyle management is poor. Lifestyle modification includes smoking cessation, weight loss, dietary change, increasing physical inactivity, and stress management. This review summarises evidence-based opportunities and challenges for healthcare professionals to promote healthy lifestyles at an individual level for the prevention of ASCVD.
AMCD: an accurate deep learning-based metallic corrosion detector for MAV-based real-time visual inspection
Authors: Yu Leijian , Yang Erfu , Luo Cai , Ren Peng
Published: November 2021

Corrosion has been concerned as a serious safety issue for metallic facilities. Visual inspection carried out by an engineer is expensive, subjective and time-consuming. Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) equipped with detection algorithms have the potential to perform safer and much more efficient visual inspection tasks than engineers. Towards corrosion detection algorithms, convolution neural networks (CNNs) have enabled the power for high accuracy metallic corrosion detection. However, these detectors are restricted by MAVs on-board capabilities. In this study, based on You Only Look Once v3-tiny (Yolov3-tiny), an accurate deep learning-based metallic corrosion detector (AMCD) is proposed for MAVs on-board metallic corrosion detection. Specifically, a backbone with depthwise separable convolution (DSConv) layers is designed to realise efficient corrosion detection. The convolutional block attention module (CBAM), three-scale object detection and focal loss are incorporated to improve the detection accuracy. Moreover, the spatial pyramid pooling (SPP) module is improved to fuse local features for further improvement of detection accuracy. A field inspection image dataset labelled with four types of corrosions (the nubby corrosion, bar corrosion, exfoliation and fastener corrosion) is utilised for training and testing the AMCD. Test results show that the AMCD achieves 84.96% mean average precision (mAP), which outperforms other state-of-the-art detectors. Meanwhile, 20.18 frames per second (FPS) is achieved leveraging NVIDIA Jetson TX2, the most popular MAVs on-board computer, and the model size is only 6.1 MB.
Separation characteristics and structure optimization of double spherical tangent double-field coupling demulsifier
Authors: Gong Haifeng , Qiu Zhi , Peng Ye , Yu Bao , Liao Zhixiang , Chen Ling , Xin Luo
Published: November 2021

The demulsification and dewatering of the W/O emulsion are widely used in petrochemical industry, oilfield exploitation, and resource and environmental engineering. However, efficiently treating emulsion via traditional single methods. In this study, a new double-field coupling demulsification and dewatering device is proposed, where the conical structure of the device is double spherical tangential type. The numerical model for double-field coupling is established, especially, the population balance model (PBM) is used to simulate the coalescence and breakup of dispersed droplets under the double-field coupling action. And the effects of three conical structures on the internal flow and separation efficiency are analyzed. Results show that the conical structure has a significant effect on the coalescence of droplets, especially the double spherical tangential cone is more conducive for improving the coalescence ability of small droplets and improving the separation efficiency of the device. After optimization, the optimal R value of the double spherical tangential coupling device is 300 mm, and the separation efficiency can be up to 96.32%, which is 6.13% higher than the separation efficiency of the straight double-cone coupling device.
Subjektives Befinden und Arbeitsfähigkeit nach SARS-CoV-2-Immunisierung mit dem Vektor-Impfstoff ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca COVID-19–Vakzin)
Authors: Kalbhenn Johannes , Gabler Feline , Heinrich Sebastian , Steinmann Daniel
Published: November 2021

Hintergrund

Seit dem 29.01.2021 wurde der COVID-19-Impfstoff ChAdOx1‑S (Vaxzevria, AstraZeneca) durch das Paul-Ehrlich-Institut in Deutschland zugelassen. In mehreren Kampagnen wurde MitarbeiterInnen des Gesundheitssystems und Medizinstudierenden die Impfung mit diesem Vakzin auf freiwilliger Basis angeboten.

Ziel der Arbeit

Primärer Endpunkt der Arbeit war die Erfassung der Rate und Dauer von Arbeitsunfähigkeits(AU)-Meldungen von Arbeitnehmern in Folge der Erstimmunisierung mit ChAdOx1‑S. Sekundäre Endpunkte waren Art und Ausprägung von Nebenwirkungen sowie die selbstempfundene Verträglichkeit.

Material und Methoden

Anonymisierter Online-Fragebogen, einmalig ausfüllbar durch alle Geimpften nach Erhalt der ersten Dosis von ChAdOx1‑S. Die Ausprägung von Nebenwirkungen wurde über eine ordinale numerische Rating-Skala mit Werten zwischen 0 und 10 abgefragt. Weitere wesentliche Datenpunkte waren Alter, Geschlecht und Berufsgruppe. Die Arbeitsfähigkeit in den Folgetagen der Injektion wurde ebenfalls durch Selbstangabe erhoben.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden Daten von 1988 Befragten ausgewertet. Das mittlere Alter lag bei 37,13 (13,73) Jahren (Standardabweichung). 69,8 % der Befragten waren weiblich, 48,1 % gehörten zu therapeutischen und technischen Berufsgruppen mit Patientenkontakt, 38 % waren Studierende, 10,6 % waren dem pflegerischen und 4 % dem ärztlichen Dienst zuzuordnen. Nur 14,4 % der Befragten gaben an, die Impfung ohne Nebenwirkungen vertragen zu haben. Häufigste Nebenwirkung war Müdigkeit, gefolgt von Schmerzen an der Injektionsstelle. In absteigender Häufigkeit folgten Kopfschmerzen, Gliederschmerzen und Schüttelfrost. Nach der Impfung fühlten sich 18 % der Befragten unmittelbar wieder arbeitsfähig. 51 % aller Befragten mussten sich nach der Impfung für mindestens einen Tag arbeitsunfähig melden. Nebenwirkungen waren bei männlichen und jüngeren Befragten stärker ausgeprägt.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Impfung mit ChAdOx1‑S führte häufig zu Nebenwirkungen. Diese hatten bei 37 % der Befragten eine Krankmeldung zur Folge. Dennoch würden sich 89,6 % aller Befragten wieder für eine Impfung mit ChAdOx1‑S entscheiden.
Design and Experiment of a Deformable Bird-inspired UAV Perching Mechanism
Authors: Bai Long , Wang Hao , Chen Xiaohong , Zheng Jia , Xin Liming , Deng Yupeng , Sun Yuanxi
Published: November 2021

Energy consumption and acoustic noise can be significantly reduced through perching in the sustained flights of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). However, the existing flying perching robots lack good adaptability or loading capacity in unstructured environments. Aiming at solving these problems, a deformable UAV perching mechanism with strong adaptability and high loading capacity, which is inspired by the structure and movements of birds' feet, is presented in this paper. Three elastic toes, an inverted crank slider mechanism used to realize the opening and closing movements, and a gear mechanism used to deform between two configurations are included in this mechanism. With experiments on its performance towards different objects, Results show that it can perch on various objects reliably, and its payload is more than 15 times its weight. By integrating it with a quadcopter, it can perch on different types of targets in outdoor environments, such as tree branches, cables, eaves, and spherical lamps. In addition, the energy consumption of the UAV perching system when perching on objects can be reduced to 0.015 times that of hovering.
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Thoracolumbar Vertebra Heterogeneity and Rib-Genesis in Pigs
Authors: Li Jianbo , Wang Ligang , Yu Dawei , Hao Junfeng , Zhang Longchao , Adeola Adeniyi C. , Mao Bingyu , Gao Yun , Wu Shifang , Zhu Chunling , Zhang Yongqing , Ren Jilong , Mu Changgai , Irwin David M. , Wang Lixian , Hai Tang , Xie Haibing , Zhang Yaping
Published: November 2021

Development of thoracolumbar vertebra (TLV) and rib primordium (RP) is a common evolutionary feature across vertebrates, although whole-organism analysis of the expression dynamics of TLV- and RP-related genes has been lacking. Here, we investigated the single-cell transcriptome landscape of thoracic vertebra (TV), lumbar vertebra (LV), and RP cells from a pig embryo at 27 days post-fertilization (dpf) and identified six cell types with distinct gene expression signatures. In-depth dissection of the gene expression dynamics and RNA velocity revealed a coupled process of osteogenesis and angiogenesis during TLV and RP development. Further analysis of cell type-specific and strand-specific expression uncovered the extremely high level of HOXA10 3′-UTR sequence specific to osteoblasts of LV cells, which may function as anti-HOXA10-antisense by counteracting the HOXA10-antisense effect to determine TLV transition. Thus, this work provides a valuable resource for understanding embryonic osteogenesis and angiogenesis underlying vertebrate TLV and RP development at the cell type-specific resolution, which serves as a comprehensive view on the transcriptional profile of animal embryo development.
STROCSS 2021: Strengthening the reporting of cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies in surgery
Authors: Mathew Ginimol , Agha Riaz , Albrecht Joerg , Goel Prabudh , Mukherjee Indraneil , Pai Prathamesh , D’Cruz Anil K. , Nixon Iain J. , Roberto Klappenbach , Enam Syed Ather , Basu Somprakas , Muensterer Oliver J. , Giordano Salvatore , Pagano Duilio , Machado-Aranda David , Bradley Patrick James , Bashashati Mohammad , Thoma Achilles , Afifi Raafat Y. , Johnston Maximilian , Challacombe Ben , Ngu James Chi-Yong , Chalkoo Mushtaq , Raveendran Kandiah , Hoffman Jerome R. , Kirshtein Boris , Lau Wan Yee , Thorat Mangesh A. , Miguel Diana , Beamish Andrew James , Roy Gaurav , Healy Donagh , Ather Hammad M , Raja Shahzad G. , Mei Zubing , Manning Todd G. , Kasivisvanathan Veeru , Rivas Juan Gómez , Coppola Roberto , Ekser Burcin , Karanth Veena L. , Kadioglu Huseyin , Valmasoni Michele , Noureldin Ashraf
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Introduction

Strengthening The Reporting Of Cohort Studies in Surgery (STROCSS) guidelines were developed in 2017 in order to improve the reporting quality of observational studies in surgery and updated in 2019. In order to maintain relevance and continue upholding good reporting quality among observational studies in surgery, we aimed to update STROCSS 2019 guidelines.

Methods

A STROCSS 2021 steering group was formed to come up with proposals to update STROCSS 2019 guidelines. An expert panel of researchers assessed these proposals and judged whether they should become part of STROCSS 2021 guidelines or not, through a Delphi consensus exercise.

Results

42 people (89%) completed the DELPHI survey and hence participated in the development of STROCSS 2021 guidelines. All items received a score between 7 and 9 by greater than 70% of the participants, indicating a high level of agreement among the DELPHI group members with the proposed changes to all the items.

Conclusion

We present updated STROCSS 2021 guidelines to ensure ongoing good reporting quality among observational studies in surgery.

Highlights
Educational Programs and Sexual Counselling for Postmenopausal Sexual Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Santos Silva Inês Marques , Paula Pinto Mafalda , Gonçalves Diana
Published: November 2021

Background

Female sexual dysfunction has a high prevalence in women in the postmenopausal period. Not only factors like comorbidities and chronic illnesses are responsible for this high prevalence, but also psychological and interpersonal factors play a significant role. Sexual counselling educational programs have shown positive sexual behavioral changes and they should be considered the first line approach to female sexual dysfunction in this group of women.

Aim

To review the evidence of the efficacy of sexual counselling educational programs for sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women.

Methods

A systematic search was performed in February 2021 from electronic databases (MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and Scopus), unpublished studies, ongoing clinical trials, conference abstracts and journal archives, dissertations and theses, gray literature and free search on the Google Scholar search engine. Studies that evaluate the effectiveness of sexual educational programs in postmenopausal women were selected. Study selection and data extraction were performed by 2 independent researchers. Extracted data included author identification, publication date, geographic location, study population and sample size, type of intervention, sexual function evaluation tool and outcome. Studies that evaluate sexual function by using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were included in the meta-analysis, calculating the mean difference.

Outcomes

Improvement of sexual function in postmenopausal women.

Results

We included 8 studies in the systematic review, 6 randomized and 2 nonrandomized controlled trials, with a total sample size of 619 women, aged between 39 and 75 years old, all in menopause for less than 5 years. The studies described sexual education programs, with 4–10 sessions, 45–60 minutes each, including themes like sexual anatomy, physiological sexual response, menopause, methods of stimulation, and common sexual myths. Five studies also included cognitive-behavior therapy and 3 studies assessed mindfulness techniques. Six studies evaluated the effectiveness of sexual educational programs using FSFI. The results showed that sexual counselling educational programs had statistically significant effects on enhancing the total FSFI score (mean difference = +7.14, 95% confidence interval = 3.70–10.6, P < .0001) in comparison to routine care. Results were also significant in all evaluated sex domains: pain, arousal, lubrication, desire, orgasm and satisfaction (P < .05).

Conclusion

Our meta-analysis shows that sexual counselling educational programs are effective in improving sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women when compared to routine care. These are simple approaches, easily administered with minimal resources that help prevent the psychological and social consequences of sexual dysfunction at this age.
An experimental and numerical study of the resonant flow between a hull and a wall
Authors: Milne I.A. , Kimmoun O. , Graham J.M.R. , Molin B.
Published: November 2021

The wave-induced resonant flow in a narrow gap between a stationary hull and a vertical wall is studied experimentally and numerically. Vortex shedding from the sharp bilge edge of the hull gives rise to a quadratically damped free surface response in the gap, where the damping coefficient is approximately independent of wave steepness and frequency. Particle image velocimetry and direct numerical simulations were used to characterise the shedding dynamics and explore the influence of discretisation in the measurements and computations. Secondary separation was identified as a particular feature which occurred at the hull bilge in these gap flows. This can result in the generation of a system with multiple vortical regions and asymmetries between the inflow and outflow. The shedding dynamics was found to exhibit a high degree of invariance to the amplitude in the gap and the spanwise position of the barge. The new measurements and the evaluation of numerical models of varying fidelity can assist in informing offshore operations such as the side by side offloading from floating liquefied natural gas facilities.
Lycopene supplementation of maternal and weanling high-fat diets influences adipose tissue development and metabolic outcomes of Sprague-Dawley offspring
Authors: Senkus Katelyn E. , Zhang Yanqi , Wang Hui , Tan Libo , Crowe-White Kristi M.
Published: November 2021

Dietary patterns high in fat contribute to the onset of cardiometabolic disease through the accrual of adipose tissue (AT). Lycopene, a carotenoid shown to exert multiple health benefits, may disrupt these metabolic perturbations. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate AT development and obesity-associated metabolic outcomes in the neonate and weanling offspring of Sprague-Dawley mothers fed a high-fat diet (HFD = 50 % fat) with and without lycopene supplementation. Sprague-Dawley rats consumed either a normal fat diet (NFD; 25 % fat) or HFD throughout gestation. Upon delivery, half of HFD mothers were transitioned to an HFD supplemented with 1 % lycopene (HFDL). At postnatal day 14 (P14), P25, and P35, pups were euthanised, body weight was recorded, and visceral white AT (WAT) and brown AT (BAT) mass were determined. Serum redox status, adipokines, glucose and inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated, as well as BAT mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The HFD was effective in inducing weight gain as evident by significantly greater BW and WAT in the HFD group compared to the NFD group across all time points. Compared to HFD, the HFDL group exhibited significantly greater BAT with concomitant reductions in WAT mass, serum lipid peroxides and serum glucose. No significant differences were observed in serum adipokines, inflammatory markers or UCP1 expression despite the aforementioned alterations in AT development. Results suggest that dietary lycopene supplementation may influence metabolic outcomes during the weaning and post-weaning periods. Additional research is warranted to elucidate molecular mechanisms by which lycopene influences AT biology.
Testing the Skill of a Species Distribution Model Using a 21st Century Virtual Ecosystem
Authors: Bardon L. R. , Ward B. A. , Dutkiewicz S. , Cael B. B.
Published: November 2021

Plankton communities play an important role in marine food webs, in biogeochemical cycling, and in Earth's climate; yet observations are sparse, and predictions of how they might respond to climate change vary. Correlative species distribution models (SDM's) have been applied to predicting biogeography based on relationships to observed environmental variables. To investigate sources of uncertainty, we use a correlative SDM to predict the plankton biogeography of a 21st century marine ecosystem model (Darwin). Darwin output is sampled to mimic historical ocean observations, and the SDM is trained using generalized additive models. We find that predictive skill varies across test cases, and between functional groups, with errors that are more attributable to spatiotemporal sampling bias than sample size. End‐of‐century predictions are poor, limited by changes in target‐predictor relationships over time. Our findings illustrate the fundamental challenges faced by empirical models in using limited observational data to predict complex, dynamic systems.
Enhanced Eastern Pacific ENSO‐Tropical North Atlantic Connection Under Greenhouse Warming
Authors: Liu Yi , Li Ziguang , Lin Xiaopei , Yang Jun‐Chao
Published: November 2021

Sea surface temperature variability in the tropical North Atlantic has far‐reaching climate impacts, especially in causing weather extremes in the Atlantic Ocean‐rim countries. El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can drive the tropical North Atlantic warming/cooling via the trans‐basin atmospheric bridge mechanism, yet how this interbasin connection will respond to greenhouse warming is unclear. Here, we find an enhanced eastern Pacific ENSO‐tropical North Atlantic connection under greenhouse warming using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) multimodel projections. This enhanced connection is attributed to the strengthened Pacific‐to‐Atlantic atmospheric bridge mechanism due to a faster warming in the tropical eastern Pacific than tropical Atlantic under greenhouse warming. Thus, ENSO‐induced anomalous tropical North Atlantic warming/cooling and its related weather extremes are expected to increase in the future.
A Novel Spatial Downscaling Approach for Climate Change Assessment in Regions With Sparse Ground Data Networks
Authors: Kim Yong‐Tak , Kwon Hyun‐Han , Lima Carlos , Sharma Ashish
Published: November 2021

This study proposes a novel approach that expands the existing QDM (quantile delta mapping) to address spatial bias, using Kriging within a Bayesian framework to assess the impact of using a point reference field. Our focus here is to spatially downscale daily rainfall sequences simulated by regional climate models (RCMs), coupled to the proposed QDM‐spatial bias‐correction, in which the distribution parameters are first interpolated onto a fine grid (rather than the observed daily rainfall). The proposed model is validated through a cross‐validatory (CV) evaluation using rainfall data from a set of weather stations in South Korea and climate change scenarios simulated by three alternate RCMs. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed model to simulate the bias‐corrected daily rainfall sequences over large regions at fine resolutions. A discussion of the potential use of the proposed approach in the field of hydrometeorology is also offered.
Curlometer Technique and Applications
Authors: Dunlop M. W. , Dong X.‐C. , Wang T.‐Y. , Eastwood J. P. , Robert P. , Haaland S. , Yang Y.‐Y. , Escoubet P. , Rong Z.‐J. , Shen C. , Fu H.‐S. , De Keyser J.
Published: November 2021

We review the range of applications and use of the curlometer, initially developed to analyze Cluster multi‐spacecraft magnetic field data; but more recently adapted to other arrays of spacecraft flying in formation, such as MMS small‐scale, 4‐spacecraft configurations; THEMIS close constellations of 3–5 spacecraft, and Swarm 2–3 spacecraft configurations. Although magnetic gradients require knowledge of spacecraft separations and the magnetic field, the structure of the electric current density (for example, its relative spatial scale), and any temporal evolution, limits measurement accuracy. Nevertheless, in many magnetospheric regions the curlometer is reliable (within certain limits), particularly under conditions of time stationarity, or with supporting information on morphology (for example, when the geometry of the large scale structure is expected). A number of large‐scale regions have been covered, such as: the cross‐tail current sheet, ring current, the current layer at the magnetopause and field‐aligned currents. Transient and smaller scale current structures (e.g., reconnected flux tube or dipolarisation fronts) and energy transfer processes. The method is able to provide estimates of single components of the vector current density, even if there are only two or three satellites flying in formation, within the current region, as can be the case when there is a highly irregular spacecraft configuration. The computation of magnetic field gradients and topology in general includes magnetic rotation analysis and various least squares approaches, as well as the curlometer, and indeed the added inclusion of plasma measurements and the extension to larger arrays of spacecraft have recently been considered.
Electrodynamic Contributions to the Hall‐ and Parallel Electric Fields in Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Lu San , Angelopoulos V. , Pritchett P. L. , Nan Jia , Huang Kai , Tao Xin , Artemyev A. V. , Runov A. , Jia Yingdong , Sun Haomin , Kang Ning
Published: November 2021

In collisionless magnetic reconnection, the Hall electric field and the parallel electric field play important roles because they are responsible for acceleration of charged particles, especially electrons. Using particle‐in‐cell simulations, we study electrodynamic nature of the two electric fields in two‐dimensional collisionless reconnection. We find that the Hall electric field is predominantly () electrostatic; its electromagnetic (induced) component is small but nonzero (). The parallel electric field or potential is contributed comparably by its electrostatic and induced components. In the electron inflow region, along the separatrix, and at the X‐line, the electrostatic component of the parallel electric field (or potential) is larger; while in the electron outflow region, the electromagnetic (induced) component is larger. An initial guide field does not change the electrodynamic nature of the Hall electric field but does change that of the parallel electric field. In the guide field case, the parallel electric field is contributed predominantly by the electromagnetic component from the electron inflow region to the X‐line and by the electrostatic component in the electron outflow region.
The Influence of Depth‐Varying Elastic Properties of the Upper Plate on Megathrust Earthquake Rupture Dynamics and Tsunamigenesis
Authors: Prada Manel , Galvez Percy , Ampuero Jean‐Paul , Sallarès Valentí , Sánchez‐Linares Carlos , Macías Jorge , Peter Daniel
Published: November 2021

Megathrust earthquakes are strongly influenced by the elastic properties of rocks surrounding the fault. In contrast to friction, these properties can be derived in situ from geophysical measurements along the seismogenic zone. However, they are often overestimated in numerical simulations, particularly in the shallow megathrust. Here we explore the influence that realistic depth‐varying upper‐plate elastic properties along the megathrust have on earthquake rupture dynamics and tsunamigenesis using 3D dynamic rupture and tsunami simulations. We compare results from three subduction zone scenarios with homogeneous and heterogeneous elastic media, and bimaterial fault. Elastic properties in the heterogeneous model follow a realistic depth‐distribution derived from controlled‐source tomography models of subduction zones. We assume the same friction properties for all scenarios. Simulations in the heterogeneous and homogeneous models show that rigidity depth variations explain the depth‐varying behavior of slip, slip rate, frequency content, and rupture time. The depth‐varying behavior of slip, frequency content, and rupture duration quantitatively agree with previous predictions based on worldwide data compilations, explaining the main depth‐dependent traits of tsunami earthquakes and large shallow megathrust earthquakes. Large slip, slow rupture and slip rate amplification in bimaterial simulations are largely controlled by elastic rock properties of the most compliant side of the fault, which in subduction zones is the upper plate. Large shallow slip and trenchward increasing upper‐plate compliance of the heterogeneous model lead to the largest co‐seismic seafloor deformation and tsunami amplitude. This highlights the importance of considering realistic upper‐plate rigidity variations to properly assess the tsunamigenic potential of megathrust earthquakes.
Spatial Patterns in Frictional Behavior of Sediments Along the Kumano Transect in the Nankai Trough
Authors: Okuda Hanaya , Ikari Matt J. , Roesner Alexander , Stanislowski Katja , Hüpers Andre , Yamaguchi Asuka , Kopf Achim J.
Published: November 2021

Fault slip activity at subduction zones is governed by sediment frictional properties, which in turn are affected by diagenetic processes. To study the spatial patterns in frictional properties across the Nankai Trough, SW Japan, and their relations to fault slip activity, we used sediment samples (10%–59% clay mineral content) along the Kumano transect covering a large spatial range from the inputs via the outer prism to the inner prism, including the deepest sample ever recovered to date. We performed laboratory friction experiments under in situ effective normal stresses and seawater‐saturated conditions. Our results generally demonstrate that the friction coefficient inversely correlates with the clay mineral content. However, the outer prism sediments show higher friction coefficients than sediments from the other locations for a comparable clay mineral content. All samples show velocity‐weakening behavior at low velocities, but the outer prism and the deep inner prism sediments show velocity strengthening at higher velocities. Based on the experimental results combined with a Coulomb wedge model, we propose that the lowest friction coefficient on the décollement occurs beneath the trenchward portion of the outer prism, whereas the minimum friction coefficient of the prism sediment occurs in the landward portion of the outer prism. In addition, the calculated critical nucleation length for slip instability suggests that the décollement beneath the outer prism area is more frictionally unstable than it is beneath the inner prism. This inference is consistent with the spatial distribution of very‐low‐frequency earthquakes and slow slip events along the shallow Nankai Trough.
Wave Regime and Wave‐Current Coupling in an Upwelling–Driven Bay: Seasonal and Inter‐Annual Variability
Authors: Villacieros‐Robineau Nicolás , Gilcoto Miguel , Pardo Paula C. , Barton Eric Desmond
Published: November 2021

Data from an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), a wave‐gauge, a met‐ocean buoy and model results provide new insights into the wave regime in a partially sheltered upwelling‐driven bay, the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberia), and the adjacent continental shelf from June 2013 to August 2014. Swell on the NW‐Iberian shelf comes mainly from NW directions, while wind sea comes from the NW under upwelling conditions, and from the SW under downwelling conditions. As the ria is protected from the NW and exposed to the SW, swell is almost always attenuated when entering the bay, and wave height inside the ria depends mostly on shelf wind sea variability. During the upwelling season, swell and wind sea barely enter the ria and wave heights inside the ria are small (0.21 m). During the downwelling season, shelf wind sea directly enters the ria, contributing more to the total wave height which achieves its maximum values (0.46 m). There is a cumulative action of wave and currents (wave current coupling, WCC) that is stronger during the downwelling season. The WCC entails an increase in the seabed energy which could reinforce bottom remineralization. The inter‐annual variability (2009–2016) of winter wave height and WCC in the ria is associated with the combined role played by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and West Europe Pressure Anomaly (WEPA) indices. The highest waves and strongest WCC occur during the coincidence of negative NAO and positive WEPA phases and can have potentially relevant repercussions on the ecosystem services of the ria.
Reconstruction of Three‐Dimensional Temperature and Salinity Fields From Satellite Observations
Authors: Meng Lingsheng , Yan Chi , Zhuang Wei , Zhang Weiwei , Yan Xiao‐Hai
Published: November 2021

Observation of the ocean is crucial to the studies of ocean dynamics, climate change, and biogeochemical cycle. However, current oceanic observations are patently insufficient, because the in situ observations are of difficulty and high cost while the satellite remote‐sensed measurements are mainly the sea surface data. To make up for the shortage of ocean interior data and make full use of the abundant satellite data, here we develop a data‐driven deep learning model to estimate ocean subsurface and interior variables from satellite‐observed sea surface data. Exclusively and simply using satellite data, three‐dimensional ocean temperature and salinity fields are successfully reconstructed, which are at 26 level depths from 0 to 2,000 m. We further design a scheme to increase the horizontal resolution from 1° to 1/4°, which is higher than the Argo gridded data. Estimations from our model are accurate, reliable, and stable for a wide range of research areas and periods. Dynamic height fields that are derived from the estimated temperature and salinity, as well as the associated ocean geostrophic flows, are also calculated and analyzed, which indicates the potentials of our model for reconstructing the ocean circulation fields as well. This study enriches oceanic observations with respect to vertical dimension and horizontal resolution, which can largely make up for the paucity of the subsurface and deep ocean observation, both before and during Argo era. This work also provides some new foundations for and insights into geoscience and climate change fields.
Observed Variability of Bottom‐Trapped Topographic Rossby Waves Along the Slope of the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Wang Jinghong , Shu Yeqiang , Wang Dongxiao , Xie Qiang , Wang Qiang , Chen Ju , Zu Tingting , Liu Danian , He Yunkai
Published: November 2021

Strong deep‐current variabilities with periods of 8–25, 16–40, and 30–80 days observed in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) are interpreted as topographic Rossby waves (TRWs) based on the moored observations from July 25, 2017 to August 13, 2018. The TRWs present significantly spatial distribution in the frequency and intensity, which are largely controlled by the mesoscale perturbations in the upper layer. Longer‐period (30–80‐day) TRWs observed to the west of the Dongsha Islands were excited by locally enhanced perturbations with the periods of 30–80 days in the upper ocean. The bottom currents in the periods of 8–25 days observed on the slope of the northeastern South China Sea (NESCS) were influenced by upper‐layer mesoscale perturbations on their northeastern side through TRW propagation in the deep ocean in addition to local processes. In the Luzon Strait, deep currents with the periods of 16–40 days were associated with locally strong perturbations in the upper layer. The distribution of the bottom current variability was closely related to the spatial variability of the upper‐layer fluctuations. The 8‐25‐day bandpass‐filtered surface eddy kinetic energy (EKE) was overall maximal in the Luzon Strait and weakened westward to the east side of the Dongsha Islands, which explained why TRWs with the periods of 8–25 days were more energetic in the Luzon Strait. The surface fluctuations with the periods of 30–80 days were dominant in the west of the Dongsha Islands, and triggered the strong TRWs with the frequency band.
Large‐Scale Tectonic Forcing of the African Landscape
Authors: O’Malley C. P. B. , White N. J. , Stephenson S. N. , Roberts G. G.
Published: November 2021

Successful inverse modeling of observed longitudinal river profiles suggests that fluvial landscapes are responsive to continent‐wide tectonic forcing. However, inversion algorithms make simplifying assumptions about landscape erodibility and drainage planform stability that require careful justification. For example, precipitation rate and drainage catchment area are usually assumed to be invariant. Here, we exploit a closed‐loop modeling strategy by inverting drainage networks generated by dynamic landscape simulations in order to investigate the validity of these assumptions. First, we invert 4,018 African river profiles to determine an uplift history that is independently calibrated, and subsequently validated, using separate suites of geologic observations. Second, we use this tectonic forcing to drive landscape simulations that permit divide migration, interfluvial erosion and changes in catchment size. These simulations reproduce large‐scale features of the African landscape, including growth of deltaic deposits. Third, the influence of variable precipitation is investigated by carrying out a series of increasingly severe tests. Inverse modeling of drainage inventories extracted from simulated landscapes can largely recover tectonic forcing. Our closed‐loop modeling strategy suggests that large‐scale tectonic forcing plays the primary role in landscape evolution. One corollary of the integrative solution of the stream‐power equation is that precipitation rate becomes influential only if it varies on time scales longer than ∼1 Ma. We conclude that calibrated inverse modeling of river profiles is a fruitful method for investigating landscape evolution and for testing source‐to‐sink models.
Assessing the Trustworthiness of Crowdsourced Rainfall Networks: A Reputation System Approach
Authors: Chen Alexander B. , Behl Madhur , Goodall Jonathan L.
Published: November 2021

High resolution and accurate rainfall information is essential to modeling and predicting hydrological processes. Crowdsourced personal weather stations (PWSs) have become increasingly popular in recent years and can provide dense spatial and temporal resolution in rainfall estimates. However, their usefulness could be limited due to less trust in crowdsourced data compared to traditional data sources. Using crowdsourced PWSs data without a robust evaluation of its trustworthiness can result in inaccurate rainfall estimates as PWSs are installed and maintained by non‐experts. In this study, we advance the Reputation System for Crowdsourced Rainfall Networks (RSCRN) to bridge this trust gap by assigning dynamic trust scores to PWSs. Based on rainfall data collected from 18 PWSs in two dense clusters in Houston, Texas, USA as a case study, we found that using RSCRN‐derived trust scores can increase the accuracy of 15‐min PWS rainfall estimates when compared to rainfall observations recorded at the city's high‐fidelity rainfall stations. Overall, RSCRN rainfall estimates improved for 77% (48 out of 62) of the analyzed storm events, with a median root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) improvement of 27.3%. Compared to an existing PWS quality control method, results showed that RSCRN improved rainfall estimates for 71% of the storm events (44 out of 62), with a median RMSE improvement of 18.7%. Using RSCRN‐derived trust scores can make the rapidly growing network of PWSs a more useful resource for hydrologic applications, greatly improving knowledge of rainfall patterns in areas with dense PWSs.
Estimation of Evapotranspiration Rates and Root Water Uptake Profiles From Soil Moisture Sensor Array Data
Authors: Li Weiyu , Wainwright Haruko M. , Yan Qina , Zhou Haiyan , Dafflon Baptiste , Wu Yuxin , Versteeg Roelof , Tartakovsky Daniel M.
Published: November 2021

Evapotranspiration is arguably the least quantified component of the hydrologic cycle. We propose two complementary strategies for estimation of evapotranspiration rates and root water uptake profiles from soil‐moisture sensor‐array data. One is our implementation of ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF); it treats the evapotranspiration sink term in the Richards equation, rather than soil moisture, as the observable to update. The other is a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) applied to the same observable; it is supplemented with the Fisher information matrix to quantify uncertainty in its predictions. We use numerical experiments to demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of these techniques. We found our EnKF implementation to be two orders of magnitude faster than either the standard EnKF or MLE, and our MLE procedure to require an order of magnitude fewer iterations to converge than its counterpart applied to soil moisture. These findings render our methodologies a viable and practical tool for estimation of the root water uptake profiles and evaporation rates, with the MLE technique to be used when the prior knowledge about evapotranspiration at the site is elusive.
Introducing gradient severe shot peening as a novel mechanical surface treatment
Authors: Maleki Erfan , Bagherifard Sara , Unal Okan , Bandini Michele , Farrahi Gholam Hossein , Guagliano Mario
Published: November 2021

Shot peening is widely used for improving mechanical properties especially fatigue behavior of metallic components by inducing surface hardening, compressive residual stresses and surface grain refinement. In air blast shot peening, projection pressure and surface coverage (an index of peening duration) have been considered as major controlling process parameters; the combination of these parameters plays a critical role in the beneficial effects of shot peening. Generally in severe shot peening aimed at obtaining surface grain refinement, constant values of pressure are considered with different peening durations. Considering very high peening duration, however, the phenomenon of over shot peening, which can be identified with the formation of surface defects could occur. The present study introduces a novel shot peening treatment, here called gradient severe shot peening (GSSP) that instead of using constant projection pressure, implements gradually increasing or decreasing pressures. The gradual increase of the projection pressure acts as a pre-hardening stage for the following higher projection pressure boosting the potential of the material to tolerate the sequential impacts and thus become less prone to the formation of surface defects. The results of the experiments indicate significant fatigue life improvement obtained for GSSP treated specimens compared to the standard treatment with constant pressure. GSSP avoids the detrimental effects of over-peening, while maintaining the beneficial effects of surface nano-crystallization, surface hardening and compressive residual stresses. The notable difference in fatigue strength enhancement for GSSP treated material can be also attributed to the modulated surface morphology with lower surface roughness compared to a standard shot peening treatment with the same exposure time.