bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Septic peritonitis from pyloric and non‐pyloric gastrointestinal perforation: prognostic factors in 44 dogs and 11 cats
Authors: Dayer T. , Howard J. , Spreng D.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

To identify potential prognostic factors affecting outcome in septic peritonitis caused by gastrointestinal perforation in dogs and cats.

Methods

A retrospective study. Animals operated on for septic peritonitis because of gastrointestinal perforation were evaluated. Risk factors assessed included age, duration of clinical signs, recent prior abdominal surgery, recent prior anti‐inflammatory drug administration, placement of a closed‐suction drain and location of perforation.

Results

Fifty‐five animals (44 dogs and 11 cats) were included. The overall mortality was 63·6%. No association was found between age, duration of clinical signs or prior abdominal surgery and outcome. Animals with a history of prior anti‐inflammatory drugs were significantly (P=0·0011) more likely to have perforation of the pylorus (73·3%). No significant difference in outcome was found between animals treated with closed‐suction drains and those treated with primary closure or between pyloric perforation and perforation at other gastrointestinal sites.

Clinical Significance

Administration of anti‐inflammatory drugs in dogs and cats is a significant risk factor for pyloric perforation. Pyloric perforation was not associated with a poorer outcome than perforation at other gastrointestinal sites. Placement of a closed suction drain did not improve outcome compared to primary closure.
Molecular systematics and biogeography ofWisteriainferred from nucleotide sequences of nuclear and plastid genes
Authors: LI Jianhua , JIANG Jin‐Huo , FU Cheng‐Xin , TANG Shao‐Qing
Published: October 2013

Previous molecular phylogenetic studies of Fabaceae indicated that species ofWisteria, an intercontinental disjunct genus between eastern Asia and eastern North America, formed a clade derived from withinCallerya. However, interspecific relationships were not well resolved or supported. In this study, we used sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region and the chloroplast genematKto examine interspecific relationships and explore implications of the phylogeny for the systematics and biogeography ofWisteria. Our results showed thatWisteriawith deciduous leaves and racemose inflorescences formed a strongly supported clade derived from within the paraphyleticCallerya.Afgekiawas also found to be included withinCallerya. Therefore, our data support the merger ofAfgekia,Callerya, andWisteria. The phylogenetic pattern suggested that the deciduousness inWisteriamay be a derived trait likely in response to temperate climate, and the racemose inflorescences in theAfgekia–Callerya–Wisteriaclade may have evolved from panicles. Our study also provided strong support for the sister relationship of the North American and eastern Asian species ofWisteria. In the Asian clade,Wisteria brachybotrysSiebold & Zucc. of Japan was sister to the clade containingW.floribunda(Willd.) DC of Japan and Korea, andW.sinensis(Sims) Sweet of China. However, our data offered weak support for the sister relationship ofW. floribundaandW. sinensis. Our divergence time and biogeographic analyses suggested that the eastern Asian–North American disjunction inWisteriamay have occurred through a dispersal event in the middle Miocene (13.4 Mya) from the Old World to the New World across the Bering land bridge followed by vicariance in the late Miocene (6.8 Mya). This study added another example to the “out of Asia” migration for the eastern Asian–eastern North American disjunction.
Nitrite Toxicity and Methemoglobin Changes in Southern Flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in Brackish Water
Authors: Park Jeonghwan , Daniels Harry V. , Cho Sung Hwoan
Published: October 2013

This study was performed to estimate the nitrite toxicity to southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in brackish water (7.5 ppt of salinity). For a LC50 test, 20 fingerlings (5.7 ± 0.4 cm) in each aquarium (15 L) were exposed to the concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg NO2−‐N/L in duplication for 10 d. Median lethal concentration at 96 h (96‐h LC50) was calculated as 81.6 mg NO2−‐N/L. For a verification test, young flounder (164.2 ± 9.1 g) were exposed to a simulated culture condition in recirculating systems (1000 L). Sodium nitrite was not added to control system, whereas it was added to Treatment system 1 (TS 1) and Treatment system 2 (TS 2) to maintain nitrite concentrations of 20 and 30 mg NO2−‐N/L, respectively. The plasma nitrite concentrations of the young flounder in TS 1 and TS 2 were 4.5 and 6.6 mg NO2−‐N/L, respectively, after 2 wk. At this time, the methemoglobin percentages in TS 1 and TS 2 reached 85.8 and 89.7%, and survival rates were 37.5 and 25.0%, respectively. The results of these tests indicate that southern flounder do not concentrate nitrite in blood from the environment, but they seem to be more sensitive to nitrite compared with other species that do not concentrate nitrite.
Epiphytism on Blades of the Edible Kelps Undaria pinnatifida and Saccharina latissima Farmed under Different Abiotic Conditions
Authors: Peteiro César , Freire Óscar
Published: October 2013

The kelps Undaria pinnatifida and Saccharina latissima are economically valuable edible seaweeds. Although epiphytism is a major problem affecting the productivity and quality of farmed seaweeds, studies of its effects on kelp aquaculture are scarce. We investigated the effects of epiphytism in two U. pinnatifida and S. latissima culture grounds located in two different parts (exposed and sheltered) of a bay (ría) in Galicia (NW Spain). Epiphytic organisms on blades were identified and their abundance was documented. The percentage of the total blade covered with epiphytes was measured for both kelp species in order to estimate the blade biomass that must be discarded during processing for human consumption. Algae, hydroids, and crustaceans were the most common epiphytic organism on kelp blades; colonies of the hydroid Obelia geniculata and harpacticoid copepods were the most abundant epiphytes. Abundance of epiphytes on the blades of both kelps was significantly higher for fronds growing in the sheltered area of the bay compared to those farmed at the exposed location. Different environmental conditions and other factors, such as the proximity of mussel cultures to kelp cultures, may be important contributors to epiphytism. The results presented here can be used to devise better ways for kelp aquaculture facilities to diminish the negative effects of epiphytism.
Effects of Different Feed Habituation Methods on Survival and Feed Habituation Success of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides, in a Recirculating Aquaculture System
Authors: Sims Derek W. , Kelly Anita M. , Wills Paul S.
Published: October 2013

Demand for food size and trophy largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, is steadily increasing. However, largemouth bass, a carnivorous species, are more difficult to feed habituate than other commercially produced fish. Improving current feed habituation techniques to increase the percentage of fingerlings successfully feed habituated would increase profits, productivity and efficiency, and available product in the largemouth bass industry. The focus of this research was to evaluate different combinations of automatic feeders and supplemental hand feeding to determine the feed habituation success under commercial largemouth bass production conditions. Hand feeding, using only automatic feeders, or combinations of both, did not result in significant differences with regard to survival or feed habituation success. Initial fingerling size (total length, TL) was found to be the most important factor affecting survival and feed habituation success. Fish ranging from 40 to 50 mm (TL) survived and feed habituated at significantly higher rates than 30–40 and 50–60 mm (TL) fingerlings. Medium‐sized fish provide the best results in terms of feed habituation success and survival. The results suggest any combination of hand feeding and automatic feeders may be used to achieve feed habituating success in largemouth bass.
Evaluation of Feed Attractants in Juvenile Senegalese Sole, Solea senegalensis
Authors: Barroso Fernando G. , Rodiles Ana , Vizcaino Antonio J. , Martínez Tomás F. , Alarcón Francisco J.
Published: October 2013

The Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, is a flatfish with increasing interest in the European aquaculture. However, one of the main limitations found in this species is related to the scarce attraction to commercial aquafeeds, thus determining low feed intake in fish farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate four ingredients of marine origin (fish meal hydrolysate [FMH], polychaete meal [POM], mussel meal [MUM], and squid meal [SQM]) as potential attractants for juvenile Senegalese sole. Four experimental feeds containing 10% of the potential attractants, plus a control diet without these ingredients, were evaluated. A total of 150 fish were distributed into ten 40‐L tanks (duplicate tanks per feed). A Latin square design was carried out, and hence all the experimental diets were offered to each tank in successive periods of 7 d. Fish were fed twice a day (morning and afternoon), and the feeding behavior of the animals was assessed by direct observations. Behavioral pattern assessed was classified as distant orientation, near orientation, or continuation of intake. The acceptability index for each behavioral phase and experimental feeds used was established for each observation. No behavioral differences could be noticed between the morning and the afternoon feedings. FMH showed the greatest attractant potential than among the ingredients assessed, and consequently this ingredient yielded the higher feed intake rates. On the other hand, POM was not the best attractant for juvenile Senegalese sole.
Experimental Infection of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone chrysops ♂ × Morone saxatilis ♀, with Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Genotype IVb
Authors: Cornwell Emily R. , Penner Eileen A. , Getchell Rodman G. , Groocock Geoffrey H. , Bowser Paul R.
Published: October 2013

The emergence of a new sublineage of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) within the Laurentian Great Lakes has caused concern for aquaculture in the United States. Because of the occurrence of VHSV in a new geographic location, new host species have been identified and the complete host range has not been determined. This study confirmed the high resistance of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to VHSV type IVb infection. In addition, the experimental susceptibility of hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops ♂ × Morone saxatilis ♀, to VHSV type IVb infection was examined but determined to be highly dependent on age of fish and exposure temperature. No mortality was observed in adult fish infected via intraperitoneal (IP) injection at 15 C, whereas yearling fish infected via IP injection under the same conditions experienced 20.8% mortality. Among yearling fish infected via IP injection, mortality increased to 100% when exposure to VHSV occurred at 10 C. An LD50 for yearling hybrid striped bass exposed to VHSV at 10 C by IP injection was determined to be 1.4 × 104 pfu (SE = 2.1). Thus, at 10 C, yearling hybrid striped bass experience a high mortality when exposed to VHSV IVb by IP injection.
Delayed Feeding of Channel Catfish Fry Stocked in Ponds
Authors: Mischke Charles C. , Greenway T. E. , Griffin M. J. , Li M. H. , Wise D. J.
Published: October 2013

We compared production variables between channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, nursery ponds fed according to industry standards, that is feeding immediately at stocking, to an alternative practice of delaying feeding for 6 wk after stocking in an effort to utilize natural pond productivity and reduce feed use. Twelve 0.04 ha ponds were fertilized and stocked with swim‐up fry (4–5 d posthatch) at a rate of 10,000/pond (250,000/ha). Ponds were then randomly assigned to either the standard feeding protocol (feeding daily starting immediately at stocking) or an alternative feeding protocol (no feeding until 6 wk post‐stocking). After 18 wk of production, there were no differences in water quality or zooplankton abundance between the two treatments. Fish length was not affected by treatment throughout the study, and survival and total weight harvested were similar. Total kg of feed fed was significantly reduced in the delayed feed treatment, averaging 26 kg/pond less feed fed. If proper fertilization practices are implemented, large numbers of desirable zooplankton for catfish fry culture are attained, and these zooplankton are able to sustain catfish fry stocked up to 250,000/ha. Therefore, no commercial diets are required during the first 6 wk of culture, saving over $95.55/ha in initial feed costs.
Anti‐depressive effect of polyphenols and omega‐3 fatty acid from pomegranate peel and flax seed in mice exposed to chronic mild stress
Authors: Naveen Shivanna , Siddalingaswamy Mahadevappa , Singsit Dongzagin , Khanum Farhath
Published: October 2013

Aim

In this study polyphenols from pomegranate peel, and n‐3 fatty acids with polyphenols from flax seed were evaluated for their anti depression properties in mice exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS).

Methods

A total of 40 mice initially trained to consume 2% sucrose solution for 3 weeks were then divided into five groups of eight each. The first group was the normal control, the remaining four groups were exposed to CMS but were force fed with either: 10 mL water per kg bodyweight per day; imipramine (a standard antidepressant) 15 mg kg bodyweight; 30 mg per kg bodyweight polyphenol equivalent extract from pomegranate peel; or 30 mg polyphenols per kg bodyweight with omega‐3 fatty acids present, for 50 days. At the end, blood and brain were analyzed for various biomarkers of depression.

Results

The flax seed and imipramine groups had significantly increased sucrose consumption, decreased cortisol (blood), decreased epinephrine and norepinephrine concentration, decreased monoamine oxidase A and B activity, and decreased superoxide dismutase activity. Lipid peroxidation was completely inhibited. In contrast, pomegranate peel extract also completely inhibited lipid peroxidation in the brain, and reduced enzyme activity and hormone concentration but to a lesser extent than flax seed.

Conclusion

Polyphenols from flax seed with omega‐3 fatty acids were able to reduce all the CMS effects tested compared to polyphenols from pomegranate peel.
Surveillance cultures in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Simojoki Suvi‐Tuuli , Kirjavainen Vesa , Rahiala Jaana , Kanerva Jukka
Published: October 2013

The value of surveillance cultures in predicting systemic infections and in guiding antimicrobial treatment is controversial. We investigated 57 pediatric allo‐SCTs between 2007 and 2009. ALL (34), AML (5), and severe aplastic anemia (4) were the largest patient groups. Conditioning was TBI‐based in 87% and 54% developed GVHD (21% grade III‐IV). Of the 2594 weekly colonization samples, 24% were positive (fecal bacteria 86%, fecal fungi 16%, Clostridium difficile 16%; throat bacteria 17% and throat fungi 4%). Enterobacteria and enterococci were the most common fecal findings, staphylococci and streptococci in the throat. Of the bacterial stool samples pretransplant, 74% (mostly enterococci) were resistant to our first‐line antibiotics (ceftazidime and cloxacillin). Candida species accounted for the majority of the fungal findings: 62% of the fecal and 78% in the throat. A total of 170 clinical infection episodes were recorded, and in 12 of these, the bacterial blood culture was positive. In 4/12 cases, the pathogen was detected in surveillance culture previously, leading to sensitivity and specificity of 33.3 and 47.4%, respectively. Positive predictive value of bacterial surveillance cultures was 0.9%. The antimicrobial treatment was changed in only five cases based on the surveillance culture results. Weekly surveillance cultures seldom provided clinical benefit and were not cost‐effective.
Generation and Validation of High‐Resolution DEMs from Worldview‐2 Stereo Data
Authors: Sefercik Umut G. , Alkan Mehmet , Buyuksalih Gurcan , Jacobsen Karsten
Published: October 2013

WorldView‐2 (WV‐2), whose panchromatic images have a 0·5 m ground sampling distance (GSD), was launched by DigitalGlobe in 2009. It is the first commercial satellite to offer 8‐band multispectral imagery with 1·8 m resolution. Due to the off‐nadir sensor rotation of WV‐2, it is feasible to obtain stereo coverage. Digital elevation models (DEMs) have been created with three WV‐2 stereopairs of northern Istanbul with different land types and one of these is comprehensively analysed in this study. A reference DEM, developed from large‐scale aerial photogrammetric mapping, together with a lidar DEM and an overlapping neighbouring WV‐2 DEM, are used for validation. The generated WV‐2 DEM reached, after filtering and in open areas, a standard deviation in height of approximately 1·0 GSD. A higher number of discrepancies larger than 4 m exist than would be expected from a normal distribution, influencing the standard deviation more than the normalised median absolute deviation (NMAD).
Partisan Polarization in American Politics: A Background Paper
Authors: Jacobson Gary C.
Published: October 2013

Polarization and gridlock are defining characteristics of present‐day American national politics, reflecting the interaction of the Madisonian system's checks and balances with the widening partisan and ideological divisions in the House and Senate. These divisions have coevolved with complimentary changes in electoral politics over the same period in a mutually reinforcing spiral. The partisan, ideological, and policy opinions of American voters have grown more internally consistent, more distinctive between parties, and more predictive of voting in national elections. Party loyalty has increased, ticket splitting has decreased, and winning congressional seats against the local partisan grain has become much more difficult. The congressional parties thus represent increasingly divergent electoral constituencies. Republicans enjoy a structural advantage in the distribution of their regular voters across House districts, so these changes have solidified their control of the House even as their national party grows less competitive nationally. Divided government and polarized politics thus rest on a firm electoral base, and partisan warfare in Washington is unlikely to diminish until voters begin to punish the warriors.
Making Stale Debates Fresh Again: The Defense of Ideology as a Regime Imperative
Authors: Langston Thomas S.
Published: October 2013

Upon taking office, President Barack Obama celebrated the apparent end of ideology in American politics. He celebrated too soon. Despite Obama's own disavowal of ideology, and the substantial continuities between his response to economic crisis and that of his Republican predecessor, ideology came roaring back into American public life in the remarkable 2009 Summer of Hate. Since then, anti‐Statist crusaders on the right have forced the president, despite reelection, to the defensive, and presumably stale debates over the size of government and the sanctity of the market have once again figured prominently in national debate. This article explores the resurgence of anti‐Statist ideology, arguing that the interventionist policies of Obama and George W. Bush constituted a regime crisis for the modern Republican Party and its allied extrapartisan institutions, which helps to explain the depth as well as breadth of recent efforts to reassert the relevance of free‐market principles. Unlike Franklin Roosevelt, Obama's partisan forefather to whom he is frequently compared, Obama's freedom to maneuver has been seriously constrained by a network of “neoliberal” institutions and norms that was momentarily shaken, but not forsaken, in the financial crisis and ensuing recession.
The Contemporary Presidency: Presidents Profiting from Disasters: Evidence of Presidential Distributive Politics
Authors: Stramp Nicholas R.
Published: October 2013

In what ways do presidents engage in distributive politics? I study the effects of presidential electoral politics on the federal government's financial response to disasters. Specifically I ask whether swing states or safe states are more likely to receive additional disaster aid through presidentially ordered increases in the federal reimbursement rate for specific disasters. I examine four potential political factors affecting this distribution: swing states versus safe states, a president's base states versus the opposing party's base states, the presence of co‐partisan presidents and governors, and the proximity of the next presidential election. I find that the effects vary by administration, with Bill Clinton not appearing to make partisan decisions in this way, while his successors include these factors when making the decisions. These findings demonstrate the presence of partisan political calculations in the distribution of disaster aid and also highlight differences in the ways power is handled in different presidential administrations.
Examining Policy Implementation in Health Care: Rule Abidance and Deviation in Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Henderson Alexander C.
Published: October 2013

Passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has served to refocus attention on the complexity of health care delivery in the United States, with particular attention to concepts of quality, access, and outcomes. This article argues that our understanding of the ACA must be informed by an examination of policy implementation in health care, including the core public function of emergency medical services (EMS). Key concepts of implementation in frontline service—notably, rule abidance and deviation—are examined from the perspective of street‐level EMS workers. Results indicate that the intersection of rules, patient needs, and professional culture creates instances of both rule abidance and deviation, both of which contribute substantively to concepts of quality in a health care setting.
Responsiveness of muscle size and strength to physical training in very elderly people: A systematic review
Authors: Stewart V. H. , Saunders D. H. , Greig C. A.
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this review was to determine whether very elderly muscle (>75 years) hypertrophies in response to physical training. The databases MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL Plus and SPORTDiscus were systematically literature searched with reference lists of all included studies and relevant reviews. Controlled trials (inactive elderly control group) involving healthy elderly participants over 75 years participating in an intervention complying with an established definition of physical training were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using the PEDro scale. Data analysis was performed on muscle size and strength using RevMan (software version 5.1). Four studies were included of which four of four measured changes in gross muscle size. Training induced increases in muscle size from 1.5%–15.6% were reported in three of four studies, and one of four studies reported a decrease in muscle size (3%). The greatest gain in muscle mass was observed in a study of whole body vibration training. Meta‐analysis of three studies found an increase of thigh muscle cross‐sectional area (mean difference 2.31 cm2 or 0.2%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62 to 4.00; P = 0.008) and muscle strength (standardized mean difference 1.04, 95% CI: 0.65 to 1.43; P < 0.001). Physical training when delivered as resistance training has the ability to elicit hypertrophy and increase muscle strength in very elderly muscle.
Evaluation of a blood group genotyping platform (BLOODchip® Reference) in Japanese samples
Authors: Tanaka M. , Kamada I. , Takahashi J. , Hirayama F. , Tani Y.
Published: October 2013

Background

Blood‐group genotyping arrays have been widely used in Caucasian and African American populations, but have not been thoroughly tested in Japanese subjects.

Aim

To evaluate, using the BLOODchip® Reference genotyping system, the concordance of previously typed samples with expected phenotypes and the coverage of the Japanese variants.

Methods

Blood samples from 100 Japanese donors were obtained. DNA was extracted with QIAsymphony (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Samples were typed by serological methods and processed with the BLOODchip®. When a non‐concordant result was identified, further sequencing by polymerase chain reaction‐single specific primer (PCR‐SSP) was performed.

Results

Concordance between systems was 98% (736/751), and 98.8% (742/751) if only non‐software‐related non‐concordances were considered. In the ABO group, 6 ‘No Call’ (NC, inability of the BLOODchip® to assign a result) were ascribed to a variant of blood subtype A1 (A102; 467C>T), a common subtype in Asian populations, whereas three NC presented additional polymorphisms not contained in the BLOODchip® (A102/A205, A102/O06 and A204/O02). In the RhD group, one discrepancy was correctly genotyped as RHD*1227A (Del phenotype) by the BLOODchip® (phenotyped as partial D, RHD*DIVb). Another was phenotyped as D+ by the BLOODchip® (phenotyped weak D by serology) and confirmed as RHD*D‐CE(2)‐D heterozygous by sequencing. The 3 RhD NC can be solved by further software update. For RhCE, one discrepancy was correctly genotyped for both systems; however, only the BLOODchip® was able to detect RHCE*CX allele.

Conclusions

By programming the A102 ABO variant into the system software with the new allele combinations, the BLOODchip® Reference is a suitable genotyping tool to be applied to Asian samples.
AGAMOUS‐LIKE13, a putative ancestor for theEfunctional genes, specifies male and female gametophyte morphogenesis
Authors: Hsu Wei‐Han , Yeh Tsung‐Jen , Huang Kai‐Yu , Li Jen‐Ying , Chen Hsing‐Yu , Yang Chang‐Hsien
Published: October 2013

ArabidopsisAGL13is a member of theAGL6clade of theMADSbox gene family.GUSactivity was specifically detected from the initiation to maturation of both pollen and ovules inAGL13:GUSArabidopsis. The sterility of the flower with defective pollen and ovules was found inAGL13RNAi knockdown andAGL13 + SRDXdominant‐negative mutants. These results indicate thatAGL13acts as an activator in regulation of early initiation and further development of pollen and ovules. The production of similar floral organ defects in the severeAGL13 + SRDXandSEP2 + SRDXplants and the similar enhancement ofAGnuclear localization efficiency byAGL13 andSEP3 proteins suggest a similar function forAGL13 and E functionalSEPproteins. Additional fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis indicated that, similar toSEPproteins,AGL13 is able to interact withAGto form quartet‐like complexes (AGL13–AG)2and interact withAG–AP3–PIto form a higher‐order heterotetrameric complex (AGL13–AG–AP3–PI). Through these complexes,AGL13 andAGcould regulate the expression of similar downstream genes involved in pollen morphogenesis, anther cell layer formation and the ovule development.AGL13 also regulatesAG/AP3/PIexpression by positive regulatory feedback loops and suppresses its own expression through negative regulatory feedback loops by activatingAGL6, which acts as a repressor ofAGL13. Our data suggest thatAGL13is likely a putative ancestor for the E functional genes which specifies male and female gametophyte morphogenesis in plants during evolution.
Reconceptualising temporality in young lives: exploring young people's current and future livelihoods in AIDS‐affected southern Africa
Authors: Ansell Nicola , Hajdu Flora , van Blerk Lorraine , Robson Elsbeth
Published: October 2013

In recent years, anxieties have been expressed that the impacts of southern Africa's AIDS pandemic on young people today will damage their future livelihood prospects. Geographers have been remarkably reluctant to explore young people's future livelihoods, inspired by a concern to view young people as human beings, worthy of study in their own right rather than mere human becomings, of interest only as ‘adults in the making’. Yet there is growing acknowledgement that young people, like older people, are always both ‘being and becoming’. The connections between current and future lives merit much greater attention, both because experiences and actions in childhood and youth undoubtedly shape the futures of individuals and wider society, but also because young people's thoughts and actions are so often geared to the future, and this future orientation shapes their present worlds. This paper reports on research that set out to explore links between the impacts of AIDS and young people's livelihood prospects. Intensive case study research was undertaken, combining participatory methods and life history interviews with young people aged 10–24 in two villages, one in southern Malawi and the other in the mountains of Lesotho. By theorising a temporal dimension to de Haan and Zoomers’ concept of livelihood trajectories, the paper focuses on the ways in which young people respond to both the immediate sustenance requirements of themselves and their households and their need to accrue assets for future livelihoods. Some young people's trajectories appear to be disturbed by the influence of AIDS, but with no systematic patterns. Beyond addressing empirical questions concerning the impacts of AIDS, the paper contributes to our understanding of how livelihoods are produced and to the conceptualisation of youth transitions as produced through the iteration of present and future.
Skin diseases in pet rabbits: a retrospective study of 334 cases seen at the University of California at Davis, USA (1984–2004)
Authors: Snook Tara S. , White Stephen D. , Hawkins Michelle G. , Tell Lisa A. , Wilson Laura S. , Outerbridge Catherine A. , Ihrke Peter J.
Published: October 2013

Background

Rabbits are growing in popularity as companion animals, and dermatology problems are often the presenting complaint when seeing a veterinarian.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To document skin diseases and their prevalence in pet domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in northern California, USA; to investigate predilections for breed, age or sex for the most common conditions over a 20 year period.

Animals

Three hundred and thirty‐four pet rabbits from the overall hospital population met inclusion criteria.

Methods

A retrospective study was carried out by searching the computerized medical records of rabbits seen at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH) from 1 January 1984 to 31 December 2004 using key words relevant to dermatology.

Results

Twenty‐nine per cent of pet rabbits seen at the VMTH had skin disease. Lop‐eared rabbits were over‐represented, whereas mixed‐breed rabbits and castrated males were under‐represented in the dermatology caseload compared with the hospital population. Pododermatitis was the most common skin disease; abscesses, alopecia, otitis externa and ectoparasites also were common. Several species of bacteria other than Pasteurella spp. were isolated from abscesses. Despite the frequent mention of myxomatosis and venereal spirochetosis in the rabbit literature, few cases (three and two, respectively) were diagnosed. Castrated males were 3.7 times more likely to present with alopecia than intact males; rabbits <1 year of age were 3.6 times more likely to present with Psoroptes infestation/otitis than adult rabbits.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Cutaneous conditions in pet rabbits in the USA are common. Bacterial culture should be performed and antibiotic susceptibility determined in all rabbits with abscesses, particularly those not responding to typical anti‐Pasteurella antibiotics.
Deposition With Hot Streaks in an Uncooled Turbine Vane Passage
Authors: Casaday Brian , Prenter Robin , Bonilla Carlos , Lawrence Michael , Clum Carey , Ameri Ali A. , Bons Jeffrey P.
Published: October 2013

The effect of hot streaks on deposition in a high pressure turbine vane passage was studied both experimentally and computationally. Modifications to Ohio State's Turbine Reaction Flow Rig allowed for the creation of simulated hot streaks in a four-vane annular cascade operating at temperatures up to 1093 °C. Total temperature surveys were made at the inlet plane of the vane passage, showing the variation caused by cold dilution jets. Deposition was generated by introducing sub-bituminous ash particles with a median diameter of 11.6 μm far upstream of the vane passage. Results indicate a strong correlation between surface deposits and the hot streak trajectory. A computational model was developed in Fluent to simulate both the flow and deposition. The flow solution was first obtained without particulates, and individual ash particles were subsequently introduced and tracked using a Lagrangian tracking model. The critical viscosity model was used to determine particle sticking upon impact with vane surfaces. Computational simulations confirm the migration of the hot streak and locations susceptible to enhanced deposition. Results show that the deposition model is overly sensitive to temperature and can severely overpredict deposition. Model constants can be tuned to better match experimental results but must be calibrated for each application.
Comparison of acoustical standards and guidelines used in the USA, UK and Europe
Authors: Adamczyk Edward , Marsh David E.
Published: October 2013

A comparison of acoustical standards and guidelines used in the USA, UK and some other countries of Europe is presented with examples of applications to projects in the UAE and other Middle Eastern countries. The paper focuses on similarities and differences in acoustical design criteria adopted for building services noise, vibration, airborne and impact sound isolation, environmental noise, room acoustics, and electroacoustics. An example is office speech privacy where the UK uses a different parameter for sound insulation/isolation compared to the USA. Some of the criteria used in different countries are quite onerous and not commercially feasible. This is particularly relevant to hospital and school designs in the UK where large PFI/PPP funded projects require compliance with many standards. Compliance with UK Building Regulations in residential buildings has now become a legal requirement with testing at completion to confirm compliance, as is the case in some other European countries. Alternatively, compliance may require use of a robust standard detail that has been proven by multiple testing without a single failure. The paper concludes with case studies where the financial and legal impact of complying with these standards was a key issue, particularly in the design of mixed-use developments.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards as viewed from a U.S. perspective
Authors: Roy Kenneth P.
Published: October 2013

The U.S. is a participating member in the development of ISO standards through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Specific ANSI participation relative to standards on architectural acoustics is within ISO TC43 SC2, which deals with building acoustics, as opposed to noise for instance. The actual standards development and voting responsibilities rest with the ANSI Technical Advisory Group (TAG) to ISO TC43 SC2, which is delegated to ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) committee E 33.06 International Standards. This paper will present the process whereby the entire American continent is involved in the development of ISO standards, since ASTM is an international standard organization, whereas the U.S. voting is of course solely an ANSI responsibility. Both current and in-development ISO standards will be discussed.
Relationship between noise criteria and room criteria ratings
Authors: Tocci Gregory C.
Published: October 2013

The September 2000 issue of Noise/News International featured a paper entitled ‘‘Room Noise Criteria—The State of the Art in the Year 2000’’ by Gregory C. Tocci. The paper in part investigated the relationship between NC (tangency), NCB, and RC ratings for a series of 268 spectra measured in building spaces during the course of Cavanaugh Tocci Associates, Inc. consulting work. These spectra ranged from uniform to widely varying in shape. This presentation extends this work to document the relationship between RC and NC tangency ratings for these 268 spectra, which was not included in the original 2000 NNI paper.
Inversion of underwater sound from a high-Doppler airborne source (a light aircraft) for the geoacoustic properties of the sea bed
Authors: Buckingham Michael J. , Giddens Eric M.
Published: October 2013

An inversion technique has been developed that utilizes the sound from a light aircraft to obtain estimates of the low-frequency (100–500 Hz) sound speed and attenuation in shallow-water sediments. As the aircraft flies over the channel, each engine and propeller harmonic excites a set of normal modes in the water column. The modes are Doppler-upshifted ahead of the aircraft and downshifted behind. In addition to the mode number, these frequency shifts depend on the sound speed in the sediment. A high-resolution FFT of the subsurface sound from the aircraft returns the shifted modal frequencies, allowing the sound speed in the sediment to be determined. The sediment attenuation is obtained from the spatial gradient of the modal amplitudes along the aircraft track. Experiments on the inversion technique, using a variety of light aircraft, have been conducted in the Pacific Ocean about 1 km from shore between La Jolla and Del Mar, southern California, and as part of the ONR-sponsored SAX04 in the northern Gulf of Mexico, off Fort Walton Beach. For both locations, the aircraft data yield estimates of the sediment sound speed and attenuation that are consistent with the known sediment types. [Work supported by ONR.]
A passive fathometer and sub-bottom profiler using ambient noise
Authors: Siderius Martin , Porter Michael B.
Published: October 2013

Recent work has shown a rather remarkable property of the ocean noise field: by correlating the noise field measured by two sensors one can recover the two-point Greens function representing the impulse response between the two sensors. Obviously there are some restrictions about where, when, why, and how this works. However, it does work and we are just beginning to understand its restrictions. Another dimension to this subject is how can the two-point Greens function be exploited? Here we develop this technique to produce a passive fathometer and sub-bottom profiler. In principle the technique can be done using just two phones; however, we show how to combine the cross-correlations of all phone pairs in an array to obtain a stronger signature. The resulting algorithm yields both a map of the bottom depth (passive fathometer) and the locations of significant reflectors in the ocean bottom. In this paper, the technique will be described and illustrated using simulations and measurements from recent experiments.
Models of the acoustic radiation and transmission properties of complex trimmed structures
Authors: Cotoni Vincent , Shorter Phil , Charpentier Arnaud , Gardner Bryce
Published: October 2013

A number of advances have been made recently in the development of a hybrid method for rigorously coupling finite element and statistical energy analysis descriptions of the dynamics of a vibro-acoustic system. The method provides an efficient way to analyze the acoustic radiation and transmission properties of a complex structure across a broad frequency range. In this paper, two case studies of engine components are used to validate the ‘‘hybrid area junction’’ formulation for coupling FE structures with trimmed SEA fluids, and to demonstrate the use of the method in a design process.
Finite element characterization of complex automotive panels for statistical energy analysis (SEA)
Authors: Shorter Phil , Boussiers Francois de , Frederick Noel
Published: October 2013

Complex panels typical of automotive structures are often difficult to describe using statistical energy analysis (SEA) for vibro-acoustic prediction at high frequencies. The panels are usually curved, ribbed, with nonhomogenous thickness, and some of these features may be crucial to correctly capture the panels vibro-acoustic behavior. It is therefore sometimes desirable to include some details in the SEA description of the panel by characterizing the statistical panel properties based on a finite element simulation. In this paper, the key SEA parameters are identified and a general process for obtaining SEA properties from a finite element model is demonstrated on an engine component.
Development of new vibration energy flow analysis software and its applications to vehicle systems
Authors: Kim D.-J. , Hong S.-Y. , Park Y.-H.
Published: October 2013

The Energy flow analysis (EFA) offers very promising results in predicting the noise and vibration responses of system structures in medium-to-high frequency ranges. We have developed the Energy flow finite element method (EFFEM) based software, EFADSC++ R4, for the vibration analysis. The software can analyze the system structures composed of beam, plate, spring-damper, rigid body elements and many other components developed, and has many useful functions in analysis. For convenient use of the software, the main functions of the whole software are modularized into translator, model-converter, and solver. The translator module makes it possible to use finite element (FE) model for the vibration analysis. The model-converter module changes FE model into energy flow finite element (EFFE) model, and generates joint elements to cover the vibrational attenuation in the complex structures composed of various elements and can solve the joint element equations by using the wave tra! nsmission approach very quickly. The solver module supports the various direct and iterative solvers for multi-DOF structures. The predictions of vibration for real vehicles by using the developed software were performed successfully.
Identification of annoying sound emitted by consumer electronic devices
Authors: Rafaelof Menachem
Published: October 2013

There is a growing interest to integrate hard disc drives in many consumer electronics (CEs) for storage of digital data. Many of these new applications dictate low overall noise operation by the whole system in extremely low noise background environments. In these quiet surroundings, simple analysis of the amplitude of sound may not be sufficient to assess the impression it might have on an observer in terms of its annoyance. This work attempts to develop a new approach to gauge the annoyance of sound emitted by all types of equipment slated for operation in very quiet environments. The proposed process is intuitive and may be directly related to the perceive sensation of sound by humans. As such, it provides a means by which the designer of either a subcomponent or the system may be able to assess the acoustic emission and hence its potential annoyance in advance during development.
Measurement and analysis of noise from a ventilation fan
Authors: Huang L. , Lu H. Z. , Wang J. , So R. M. C.
Published: October 2013

A window-type ventilation fan of 150 mm in diameter with a flow rate of 170 cfm is studied. The fan has four rotor blades and the downstream motor is held by two metal struts. Acoustic measurement in an anechoic chamber reveals an asymmetric pattern of sound intensity at the blade passing frequency with a major beam in the front and a minor beam at the back of the fan. The beams are basically aligned with the rotational axis, implying a thrust-noise mechanism, but there is irregularity in the distribution. Analysis shows that such irregularity may be caused by the interference between the leading order thrust noise and the higher order noise mechanisms. Modifications of the front and back geometries reveal that the dominant tone noise mechanism lies in the vortex shedding from the four rims of the short circular exit passage which is housed in a square outer frame. Correction of the exit duct geometry reduces the tone noise power by about 5 dB, and the pattern of the residual sound intensity is changed drastically. Comparison is also made between the directivity of the ventilation fan with that of a computer cooling fan with similar features.
The effect of faint, high-pitched tones on the perceived sound quality of electronic devices
Authors: Olsen John N.
Published: October 2013

Faint, high-pitched squeaks repeated during printing are a common acoustic flaw in inkjet printing and in other electromechanical devices. Such noises are added to or filtered out of actual inkjet printer acoustic time histories and then played for a number of acoustic quality juries. The effect of the squeaks on acoustic quality jury scores is determined, and the data is examined by age and gender to determine whether or not there is a age or gender sensitivity to high-pitched faint squeaks. Various metrics are examined to determine their applicability and correlation to this problem.
The state of state noise regulations in New England
Authors: Blomberg Leslie D. , Burge Paul L.
Published: October 2013

Together, the six New England states provide a unique study and comparison of state noise regulations. The six states combined are about the same size as the State of Washington. The 14 million people who live in New England reside in a diverse mix of urban, suburban, and rural areas. The regulatory approach to noise of the six states is also very diverse. This paper will describe the statewide noise rules as they exist, compare them to one another, and highlight what might make them unique or different. It will explore issues of enforceability, consistency, and effectiveness. It will also look at the relationship between state regulation and local regulation of noise, and provide an historical context for the state regulations.
Regulating environmental noise in Minnesota
Authors: Casey Timothy
Published: October 2013

In Minnesota, environmental noise is regulated by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) noise control rules (MN Rules 7030). Features of the MPCA noise rule include use of L10 and L50 to regulate maximum allowable daytime and nighttime noise (on a dBA basis), and use of the state environmental noise rule to limit maximum allowable levels of highway traffic noise. The MPCA noise rule is guided by provisions in Minnesota Statutes (MS 116.07). Among those provisions is the requirement that MPCA adapt noise rules that give due consideration to such factors ‘‘that could interfere unreasonably with the enjoyment of life and property.’’ This ambitious goal could be interpreted as having applicability to impulsive or ground-borne noise. Yet MPCA noise rules clearly state that they ‘‘do not identify limiting levels of impulsive noise needed for the preservation of public health and welfare.’’ Budget cuts eliminated the MPCA noise unit, and ended their enforcement of the state noise rule. This paper discusses the MPCA rule, program, and current noise issues in Minnesota.