bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Balance of Trade Between Disciplines
Authors: Lockett Andy , McWilliams Abagail
Published: May 2005

This study was motivated by the admonition of Professor Hambrick, as president of the Academy of Management, that the field does not “matter” much. One reason for this may be that management scholars have not done a good job of disseminating knowledge to scholars in related fields. The article examines this proposition by assessing the citation patterns between management journals and journals in the related social sciences (citations received and citations sent). Results indicate that management continues to run a significant balance-of-trade deficit with economics, psychology, and sociology. Management exports a significant (but small) amount of knowledge only to psychology, while importing a significant amount from economics, psychology, and sociology. Results indicate that there is much work to be done to improve our management of knowledge, relative to the social sciences.
Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G.
Published: May 2005

Although applauding the application of bibliometric techniques to an analysis of the management literature, this author presents an alternative interpretation to A. Lockett and A. McWilliams’s (2005) conclusion that, in general, the citation patterns of selected management journals compare “unfavorably” with a set of “core” journals from economics, psychology, and sociology. In doing so, the author discusses methodological and theoretical issues related to assessing the management discipline’s influence on science as a whole.
The Impact of Peer Mentoring on Organizational Knowledge Creation and Sharing
Authors: Bryant Scott E.
Published: May 2005

Managing organizational knowledge creation and sharing effectively has become an important source of competitive advantage for firms. Peer mentoring is becoming increasingly common and may be an effective way to facilitate knowledge creation and sharing. This article provides an empirical test of the relationship between peer mentoring and knowledge creation and sharing in a high-tech software firm. Results suggested that a peer mentor training course increased perceived levels of peer mentor knowledge and skills. Results also indicated that higher perceived levels of peer mentoring were related to higher perceived levels of knowledge creation and sharing.
The Influence of Perceptions of Social Identity on Information Technology-Enabled Change
Authors: Schwarz Gavin M. , Watson Bernadette M.
Published: May 2005

Growth in the sophistication of information technology (IT) has led to the increasing importance of information accessibility in the workplace. The pervasiveness of the resultant knowledgebased economy has centered attention on issues of employee group identity. In this article we explore how employee perceptions of group membership guide the change outcomes of an organization implementing new information technology. Using a social identity framework, we investigate the salient intergroup relationships of two groups of employees (management and IT implementation teams) and how employees use their different group memberships to reframe positions of authority or knowledge around technology change. We discuss the extent to which perceptions of social identity legitimate institutional structures already in place despite the potential of new technology.
The Long-Term Negative Impacts of Managerial Career Interruptions
Authors: Reitman Frieda , Schneer Joy A.
Published: May 2005

As downsizing continues to be part of corporate life, this study seeks to determine the long-term impact of career interruptions on income and career satisfaction. Longitudinal data were collected from men and women MBAs who were surveyed three times over a 13-year period. Traditionally, the model of a successful managerial career involved a steady climb up a corporate ladder, and interruptions resulted in penalties. As employment gaps have become fairly commonfor managers, the negative career stigma may be diminishing. However, the findings from the study suggest that the penalties persist. MBAswith career interruptions earned less than those continuously employed, even 25 years after the interruption. Career interruptions were detrimental to career satisfaction only for men. The findings have implications for managers and organizations.
Exploring the Determinants of Unit Performance
Authors: Mair Johanna
Published: May 2005

This article sets out to identify the origins of performance differences between units within the same organizational and industry context. Building on and reconciling diverse research streams, it empirically tests the effect of strategic, individual, and context factors on performance over time. The study complements traditional research in strategy by advancing a middle manager perspective. More specifically, it highlights the importance of middlemanagers' actions aligned with strategy, their demographic characteristics, and their immediate competitive environment in stimulating performance. Data on 119 managers and units of a European financial services firm suggest that how middle managers enact strategy, who they are, and where they are significantly affect profit growth in their units.
Do Structural Inequalities Contribute to Marital Violence? Ethnographic Evidence From Rural South India
Authors: Krishnan Suneeta
Published: May 2005

Ethnographic research was conducted in rural communities in Karnataka State, South India, to explore the contexts in which marital violence occurs and the relationships between structural inequalities (gender, caste, and class inequalities) and marital violence. Research highlighted that (a) marital violence is intimately linked to experiences of gender, caste, and class inequalities; (b) women’s ability to resist violence hinges on access to economic and social resources; and (c) health care providers need to be actively involved in responding to violence. This study demonstrates the urgent need for violence prevention initiatives, particularly those that address the contribution of structural inequalities.
The Voices of Battered Women in India
Authors: Panchanadeswaran Subadra , Koverola Catherine
Published: May 2005

This study endeavors to give voice to marginalized, understudied women who were abused in India. The study included 90 women who were abused who were seeking help to address violence perpetrated against them by their husbands. A semistructured interview was used to collect data on abuse characteristics, consequences of abuse, and help-seeking behavior. Findings reveal that the vast majority of participants experienced daily abuse that was extremely severe, with 70% reporting they lived under the threat of murder. More than 85% reported needing medical care for their injuries. Respondents in this study sought help from a range of sources; the most effective help was provided by counseling centers and women’s shelters. These findings have important implications for clinical practice and social policy.
Training Police Officers on Domestic Violence and Racism
Authors: Huisman Kimberly , Martinez Jeri , Wilson Cathleen
Published: May 2005

Teaching about domestic violence and racism is a formidable task that requires the inclusion of material that challenges dominant ideologies about race and gender. A recent training for police officers about domestic violence and racism serves as a good example of how challenging the task can be. Drawing from this 1-day police training, from existing pedagogical literature, and from the authors’ collective experiences teaching about these issues, the authors address challenges encountered and propose strategies to mitigate them. The authors propose a multilevel approach to implementing strategies to address these challenges, which includes ongoing involvement during three stages of the training.
Studying HRD Practitioners: A Social Capital Model
Authors: Gubbins M. Claire , Garavan Thomas N.
Published: May 2005

The work of the human resource development (HRD) practitioner is continuously evolving. Human resource development is now expected to make a strategic level contribution and contribute to individual and organizational effectiveness. Human resource development practitioners are increasingly required to network and build relationships to obtain support, resources, information, and knowledge. The accumulation of social capital is considered important in determining individual career success and role performance. Given the importance attached to the relationship-building dimension of HRD practitioners’ roles, we posit that those with access to valuable social capital will be more successful in their careers and role performance. We propose a model that incorporates network and content perspectives of social capital. We argue that various characteristics of the HRD practitioner’s network results in network benefits. These network benefits mediate the relationship between characteristics of the practitioner’s social capital and role and career outcomes. The article then highlights the implications of our model for HRD research and practice.
Management Development: Using Internal or External Resources in Developing Core Competence
Authors: Espedal Bjarne
Published: May 2005

This article defines management as a source of organizational competitive advantage and from the view that managers are some of the employees most vital to a firm. According to influential theories in the field of strategic management, such human assets should be protected, governed, and developed internally. In contrast to the traditional view of core competence, this article suggests that firms have to use external as well as internal resources to develop employees with unique and valuable capabilities and skills. The article makes the argument that a mix of internal and external developmental resources might be an important mechanism in the creation of management development as a dynamic capability or as a means to develop human assets that are one of the main sources of competitive advantage.
Relationship between Ischemic Lesion Volume and Functional Status in the 2nd Week after Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke
Authors: Schiemanck S. K. , Post M. W.M. , Witkamp Th. D. , Kappelle L. J. , Prevo A. J.H.
Published: May 2005

Objective. To examine the relationship between the volume of the middle cerebral artery stroke lesion and functional status in the subacute phase of stroke. Methods. Infarctvolumes of 94 patients with a 1st middle cerebral artery stroke assessed on conventional MRI scans obtained in the 2nd week poststroke were related to a clinical measure of stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS]) and to functional status: motor impairment (Motricity Index [MI]) and limitation in activities (Barthel Index [BI] and modified Rankin Scale). Separate correlations were computed for patients with large (>30 ml) and small (30 ml) lesions, and to investigate the influence of lesion location on the relationship between volume and functional status, correlations were computed for patients with left and right hemisphere lesions and for patients with cortical and subcortical lesions. Results. Lesion volume correlated strongly with NIHSS scores (R = 0.61) and moderately with the patient’s functional status (MI [R between -0.42 and - 0.49], BI [R = -0.43], and Modified Rankin Scale [R = 0.45]). Right hemisphere lesions and cortical lesions had a stronger correlation with functional status. In patients with small lesion volumes (0-30 ml), no relationship between lesion volumes and functional status was seen at all. Conclusions. Lesion volume is moderately to strongly related to the functional status in the 2nd week poststroke.
Learning Motor Sequences with and without Knowledge of Governing Rules
Authors: Strangman Gary , Heindel William C. , Anderson James A. , Sutton Jeffrey P.
Published: May 2005

Objective. To investigate the behavioral and neural effects of rule-based knowledge on motor sequence learning. Methods. The authors developed a novel 2-dimensional variant of the serial reaction time (SRT) task to test the effect of prior, verbalizable rule knowledge on motor learning behavior. To examine neurophysiological effects, they also performed functional magnetic resonance imaging on a small cohort of subjects while performing the same task. Results. Behavioral data demonstrated that instruction on sequence-governing rules enhanced behavioral performance in both learning magnitudes and rates. The neuroimaging data revealed substantially different, but partially overlapping, learning-related activation patterns with and without prior rule instruction. Direct comparison of these 2 conditions revealed significantly different involvement of bilateral superior and anterior prefrontal cortex (Brodmann areas 8 and 10, respectively), right superior temporal cortex (BA 38/21), and left cerebellum. Conclusions. These behavioral findings demonstrate an advantage of teaching governing rules prior to 2D-SRT task performance. While these neuroimaging findings remain to be replicated in a larger cohort of subjects, results suggest that substantially different—though partially overlapping—brain regions subserve learning in these 2 rehabilitation-relevant conditions. Thus, appropriate choice of pretraining may benefit, for example, rehabilitation populations, at least in motor skill acquisition that requires sequencing.
Speed and Temporal-Distance Adaptations during Treadmill and Overground Walking Following Stroke
Authors: Bayat Roain , Barbeau Hugues , Lamontagne Anouk
Published: May 2005

Objective. To compare the maximum gait speed of stroke subjects attained during treadmill and overground in stroke subjects and to identify the temporal-distance determinants of the maximal gait speed. Methods. Ten individuals with hemiparetic gait deficits and whose walking speeds ranged between 0.24 m/s and 0.82 m/s participated. Five healthy age-matched controls were also tested to provide comparative data for the gait speed transfer between the 2 modes of locomotion. Following a brief habituation process to walking on the treadmill, subjects were tested while walking at comfortable and maximal speeds on the treadmill and overground, in a random order. Main Outcome Measure. Self-selected comfortable and maximum gait speed and temporal-distance factors were acquired using a 6-camera Vicon™ motion analysis system and compared between treadmill and overground walking at a similar speed. Results. Overground walking resulted in higher maximal speeds (P < 0.001), greater stride lengths (P < 0.001), and a lower cadence (P < 0.02), as compared to tread-mill. The comfortable gait speed and the maximum stride length proved to be strong determinants for the maximal speed on both modes of locomotion (P < 0.01), but the maximum cadence was correlated to maximum speed only for overground locomotion (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Stroke subjects walked slower on the treadmill as compared to overground. They also used a different strategy to increase gait speed, relying mostly on increasing the stride length during treadmill ambulation.
Evidence for Cognitive Processes Involved in the Control of Steady State of Walking in Healthy Subjects and after Cerebral Damage
Authors: Regnaux J. P. , David D. , Daniel O. , Smail D. Ben , Combeaud M. , Bussel B.
Published: May 2005

Objective. The involvement of cognitive processes in the control of walking at steady state was studied in 10 healthy subjects and 18 subjects after unilateral vascular brain damage. A dual task paradigm was used to compare the performance level of a probe reaction time (RT) in sitting (simple task) and during standing or walking on a treadmill (dual task conditions). In this latter condition, RTs were classified and analyzed in relation to the different phases of the gait cycle. Results. The results show a marked increase in RT while walking compared to sitting and standing only in stroke subjects. Specific changes in RTs related to the gait cycle phases were observed in both healthy subjects and those after brain damage. It is concluded that walking at steady state is attentionally demanding. The phase-dependent modulations of the RTs suggest that cognitive processes may play a role in the control of the step cycle. The increase of attentional demand during walking in subjects who had suffered a stroke varies, depending on severity of impairments of walking but also on a reduced general attentional capacity. The dual task paradigm provides a sensitive tool in the assessment of walking ability in stroke subjects.
Rules for Rehabilitation: An Agenda for Research
Authors: Weinrich Michael , Stuart Mary , Hoyer Thomas
Published: May 2005

Rehabilitation services have grown tremendously in the United States over the past 2 decades. Rules originally designed to guide Medicare reimbursement policies have had substantial effects in shaping the design of clinical services. This article traces the development of the most significant federal rules regarding rehabilitation, outlines the existing empirical evidence to support these rules, and discusses an agenda for research to improve the evidence for future policy development.
Regional assessment of articular cartilage gene expression and small proteoglycan metabolism in an animal model of osteoarthritis
Authors: Young Allan A , Smith Margaret M , Smith Susan M , Cake Martin A , Ghosh Peter , Read Richard A , Melrose James , Sonnabend David H , Roughley Peter J , Little Christopher B
Published: May 2005

Osteoarthritis (OA), the commonest form of arthritis and a major cause of morbidity, is characterized by progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage. Along with increased production and activation of degradative enzymes, altered synthesis of cartilage matrix molecules and growth factors by resident chondrocytes is believed to play a central role in this pathological process. We used an ovine meniscectomy model of OA to evaluate changes in chondrocyte expression of types I, II and III collagen; aggrecan; the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) biglycan, decorin, lumican and fibromodulin; transforming growth factor-β; and connective tissue growth factor. Changes were evaluated separately in the medial and lateral tibial plateaux, and were confirmed for selected molecules using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Significant changes in mRNA levels were confined to the lateral compartment, where active cartilage degeneration was observed. In this region there was significant upregulation in expession of types I, II and III collagen, aggrecan, biglycan and lumican, concomitant with downregulation of decorin and connective tissue growth factor. The increases in type I and III collagen mRNA were accompanied by increased immunostaining for these proteins in cartilage. The upregulated lumican expression in degenerative cartilage was associated with increased lumican core protein deficient in keratan sulphate side-chains. Furthermore, there was evidence of significant fragmentation of SLRPs in both normal and arthritic tissue, with specific catabolites of biglycan and fibromodulin identified only in the cartilage from meniscectomized joints. This study highlights the focal nature of the degenerative changes that occur in OA cartilage and suggests that altered synthesis and proteolysis of SLRPs may play an important role in cartilage destruction in arthritis.
Photoperiodic Regulation of Seasonal Breeding in Birds
Authors: SHARP PETER J.
Published: May 2005

Abstract: Day length‐dependent breeding in birds commonly occurs in spring and summer, but may occur after exposure to complex changes in day length, as for example in transequatorial migrants. More rarely, some photoperiodic birds breed when day lengths are decreasing or are short. The flexibility of avian photoperiodic breeding strategies may reflect modifications to a common reproductive photoperiodic neuroendocrine system. This involves an extraretinal photoreceptor and a biological clock, which generates a circadian rhythm of photoinducibility to measure photoperiodic time. The pineal gland is not essential for the reproductive photoperiodic response. The current model of the avian photoperiodic response has been modified to accommodate short day breeders, by incorporating a role for seasonal changes in prolactin secretion in the termination of breeding. Analysis of the sites of expression of clock genes suggests that the biological clock for reproductive photoperiodic time measurement is in the medial basal hypothalamus. Photoperiodic signal transduction may involve a clock‐dependent local conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine (T3) in the medial basal hypothalamus mediated by increased expression of the gene encoding type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase. This photoinduced increase in T3 may stimulate the release of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) through thyroid hormone receptors in the median eminence. These may mediate retraction of glial cell end‐feet ensheathing GnRH nerve terminals abutting onto the hypophysial portal vasculature, allowing GnRH to be released to stimulate gonadotrophin secretion.
Pre‐Pro‐Somatostatin‐III May Have Cortistatin‐like Functions in Fish
Authors: CANOSA LUIS FABIÁN , PETER RICHARD ECTOR
Published: May 2005

Abstract: This study analyzes daily changes in the expression of somatostatin precursors PSS‐I and PSS‐III (structurally related to cortistatin) in the goldfish brain. The results indicate that PSS‐I expression correlates with the light cycle only in optic tectum‐thalamus (OT‐Tha). PSS‐III expression correlates with the light cycle in telencephalon‐preoptic area (Tel‐POA) and OT‐Tha. In Tel‐POA, PSS‐III reaches a minimum level at the beginning of the active phase and a maximum level late in this phase. These results suggest that PSS‐I in OT‐Tha and PSS‐III in Tel‐POA and OT‐Tha could be involved in the control of the activity cycles in goldfish.
High Species Variation within the Repertoire of Trace Amine Receptors
Authors: GLORIAM D E I , BJARNADÓTTIR T K , SCHIÖTH H B , FREDRIKSSON R.
Published: May 2005

Abstract: Using a variety of search strategies, we obtained the complete or nearly complete repertoire of trace amine receptors from humans, mice, rats, zebrafish, pufferfish, and a number of invertebrates. We found that the number of functional receptors varies from 5 to 50 in each genome, showing that this family of GPCRs has a very dynamic gene repertoire. We show that the previously cloned and characterized GPCRs from insects and mollusks are more closely related to mammalian serotonin, dopamine, and adrenalin receptors than to mammalian TA receptors. This suggests that the ability to bind TAs has arisen independently in different developmental lineages.
Incapacity of Response to Disulfide‐Reducing Agent in Triton X‐100‐Treated Oocytes of Starfish, Asterina pectinifera
Authors: MITA MASATOSHI
Published: May 2005

Abstract: Resumption of meiosis in starfish oocytes is induced by the natural maturation‐inducing hormone, 1‐methyladenine (1‐MeAde). Oocyte maturation is also induced by the disulfide‐reducing agent, dithiothreitol (DTT). Previous studies have shown that 1‐MeAde controls meiosis by interacting with its receptors, which are located exclusively on oocyte plasma membrane. However, little is known about the mechanism of oocyte maturation induced by DTT. Thus, this study examined whether DTT interacts with 1‐MeAde receptors to induce oocyte maturation. When oocytes were treated with Triton X‐100, they failed to respond to 1‐MeAde and DTT. Although the Triton X‐100‐treated oocytes recovered the capacity to respond to 1‐MeAde during incubation in seawater, they remained unresponsive to DTT during seawater incubations. These results suggest that DTT does not interact with 1‐MeAde receptors to induce oocyte maturation in starfish. It is possible that a protein essential for mediating DTT‐induced maturation is eliminated from the oocytes surface following Triton X‐100 treatment.
Glutamic Acid-mediated Synthesis of Ultralong Hydroxyapatite Nanoribbons under Hydrothermal Conditions
Authors: Zhang Hui Gang , Zhu Qingshan
Published: May 2005

A facile hydrothermal preparation of hydroxyapatite nanoribbons was successfully established by adding glutamic acid as the modulator. The resultant nanoribbons are elongated along [0001] direction with ≈70 nm in thickness and ≈500 nm in width. The adsorption of glutamate ions on the crystal surfaces led to the formation of uniform ribbon-like morphology.
Synthesis of 3d-Hexagonal (P63/mmc) Mesoporous Material Using CnTEABr-type Surfactants via Acidic Synthesis Route
Authors: Lim SungHyun , Che Shunai , Yoshitake Hideaki , Tatsumi Takashi
Published: May 2005

Mesoporous material having the 3d-hexagonal (P63/mmc) structure was synthesized under acidic condition using dodecyl- and tetradecyltriethylammonium bromides at low concentrations. The 3d-hexagonal structure was formed via the formation of the structure.
Laser-flash Photolysis of DMSO–Cl Complexes in Dimethyl Sulfoxide/CCl4 Mixed Solvent
Authors: Sumiyoshi Takashi , Minegishi Hideki , Fujiyoshi Ryoko , Sawamura Sadashi
Published: May 2005

DMSO–Cl complexes were produced by pulse radiolysis of mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and CCl4 of various compositions, and photochemical reactions were studied by laser flash photolysis. The quantum yields of intramolecular hydrogen abstraction depend strongly on both solvent composition and additives.
Efficient Route to 4-Substituted-2(5H)-furanones, 2(1H)-quinolones, and pyrones by Nickel-catalyzed Cross-coupling of Arenesulfonates with Organozinc Reagents
Authors: Wu Jie , Sun Xiaoyu , Zhang Liang
Published: May 2005

Nickel(II)-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 4-tosyl-2(1H)-quinolone, pyrone, and 2(5H)-furanone with various organozinc reagents provide an efficient and practical method for the high-yielding synthesis of 4-substituted 2(1H)-quinolones, pyrones, and 2(5H)-furanones.
Chemical structure and physical properties of cyclic olefin copolymers (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Shin Ju Young , Park Ji Yong , Liu Chenyang , He Jiasong , Kim Sung Chul
Published: May 2005

Cyclic olefin copolymers comprise a new class of polymeric materials showing properties of high glass-transition temperature, optical clarity, low shrinkage, low moisture absorption, and low birefringence. There are several types of cyclic olefin copolymers based on different types of cyclic monomers and polymerization methods. In this work, we have analyzed the chemical structure of the currently commercialized cyclic olefin copolymers by 13C NMR, and investigated their glass-transition temperatures and surface characteristics. It was observed that the glass-transition temperature, T
g, of cyclic olefin copolymers depended on the bulkiness of the main chain, and the number of rings had an important role in increasing the bulkiness of cyclic olefin copolymers. Cyclic olefin copolymers with polar substituents such as ester or ether groups showed high surface energy per area and peel strength.
Polyaniline: Thin films and colloidal dispersions (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Stejskal Jaroslav , Sapurina Irina
Published: May 2005

Several workers from various institutions in six countries have prepared thin films and colloidal polyaniline dispersions. The films were produced in situ on glass supports during the oxidation of anilinium chloride with ammonium peroxydisulfate in water. The average thickness of the films, assessed by optical absorption, was 125 ± 9 nm, and the conductivity of films was 2.6 ± 0.7 S cm–1. Films prepared in 1 mol l–1 HCl had a similar thickness, 109 ± 10 nm, but a higher conductivity, 18.8 ± 7.1 S cm–1. Colloidal polyaniline particles stabilized with a water-soluble polymer, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) [poly(1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one)], have been prepared by dispersion polymerization. The average particle size, 241 ± 50 nm, and polydispersity, 0.26 ± 0.12, have been determined by dynamic light scattering. The preparation of these two supramolecular polyaniline forms was found to be well reproducible.
Terminology in soil sampling (IUPAC Recommendations 2005)
Authors: De Zorzi Paolo , Barbizzi Sabrina , Belli Maria , Ciceri Giovanni , Fajgelj Aleš , Moore David , Sansone Umberto , Van Der Perk Marcel
Published: May 2005

The scientist must be sure that, within a stated context, the terms used in articles, publications, or the daily conversation among colleagues are intended by all in the same precise way, without any possible ambiguity. As already pointed out by “Nomenclature for sampling in analytical chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1990)” [4], it is not acceptable that scientists are not able to orient themselves in a sampling or analytical process. This can occur if the terms used are not well defined. Moreover, to better appreciate the development of new theories or concepts, progressive updates can be necessary. To this end, on the basis of the existing terminology documents and of the most recent knowledge in the field of soil sampling, an updated terminology in sampling (specifically, soil sampling) is recommended.
Numbering of Fullerenes (IUPAC Recommendations 2004)
Authors: Cozzi F. , Powell W. H. , Thilgen C.
Published: May 2005

Rules for numbering (C60-I
h)[5,6]fullerene and (C70-D
5h(6))[5,6]fullerene were codified in a publication “Nomenclature for the (C60-I
h)[5,6] and (C70-D
5h(6))[5,6]fullerenes” published in Pure Appl. Chem.
74 (4), 629–695 (2002). The current publication contains recommendations for numbering a wide variety of fullerenes of different sizes, with rings of different sizes, from C20 to C120, and of various point group symmetries, including low symmetries such as C
s, C
i, and C
1, as well as many fullerenes that have been isolated and well characterized as pristine carbon allotropes or as derivatives. These recommendations are based on the principles established in the earlier publication and aim at the identification of a well-defined and preferably contiguous helical pathway for numbering. Rules for systematically completing the numbering of fullerene structures for which a contiguous numbering pathway becomes discontiguous are presented.
Geography Lessons for Researchers: A Look into the Research Space for Humanity Lost or Gained
Authors: BRIGGS KAITLIN
Published: May 2005

Hannah Arendt has stated that humanity is gained when the differences of power that constitute the public realm are acknowledged in relational interac‐tions. It is the argument of this article that research relationships are not private relationships but are part of the public realm. Relations of power may be unacknowledged, but where knowledge is being generated, they are especially operative. Research relationships are reconceptualized dynamically as a research space in which two subjectivities, differently situated in terms of power, interact like two borders intersecting. Via a review of some classic research literature, including work by Rosaldo, Behar, Patai, Oakley, Heath, and Peshkin, this article goes on to explore how these researchers attend and do not attend to differences of power between themselves and their participants.
Gasshuku: Off‐Campus Training in the Japanese School
Authors: KUWAYAMA TAKAMI
Published: May 2005

This article describes and analyzes off‐campus training called gasshuku in Japanese middle and high schools. It shows how Japan's cultural themes and values are created and re‐created in the school. Gasshuku, with its highly structured events to regiment young students, functions as an initiation cere‐ mony or rite of passage into adulthood in today's industrial Japan. TheJapanese school as seen through gasshuku embodies the “trinity” of education: family (discipline), school (knowledge), and church (morals).
California Dreaming: Proposition 187 and the Cultural Psychology of Racial and Ethnic Exclusion
Authors: Suàrez‐Orozco Marcelo M.
Published: May 2005

This essay examines California's Proposition 187 as a paradigm of the contradictions engendered by new postnational social formations. On the one hand, most—if not all—advanced postindustrial democracies in Western Europe, the United States, and now even Japan, have developed an “addiction” to easily exploited foreign workers to do the jobs the Japanese call “the three K jobs” (for the Japanese words “dangerous, dirty, and demanding.”) On the other hand, in the context of a transnational malaise, new immigrants have become the focus of powerful anxieties—economic, demographic, and cultural. This essay concentrates on the social contexts generating these new anxieties in light of a psychocultural theory of “the need for strangers.”
Telling Stories: On Ethnicity, Exclusion, and Education in Upstate New York
Authors: Bigler Ellen
Published: May 2005

Examination of the public discourse of Euro‐American senior citizens and minority speakers during a community debate on the educational needs of Latinos indicates sharply differing constructions of group identity and explanations for the social and educational status of ethnic minorities. Reasons for conflicts over multiculturalism are explored.
From Exclusion to Inclusion: Racial Politics and South African Educational Reform
Authors: Brook Diane L.
Published: May 2005

Research in South African schools reveals that racially segregated education established under apartheid is being dismantled. Most current change impacts formerly white schools and private schools; African and rural schools lag behind. A series of blocking factors are obstacles to participation in democratic rebuilding. Some demand extraordinary measures to eliminate historical inequities; others will be counteracted by official reforms complemented by local community initiatives. Progressive schools demonstrate the power of grassroots reform in eradicating apartheid.
Educating to Combat Racism: The Civic Role of Anthropology
Authors: Martin Catherine E.
Published: May 2005

The anthropological community was taken by surprise by the recent publication and success of several works alleging genetic inferiority of some populations in the United States today. For most anthropologists, the specter of racism and arguments focusing on the heritability of intelligence are behind us. Yet the resurgence of conservative political agendas rationalized by purported differences among “classes,” “races,” and “ethnicities” has raised questions about the contributions and civic role of anthropology in the United States today.
Practice into Theory into Practice: Culturally Relevant Pedagogy for Students We Have Marginalized and Normalized
Authors: OSBORNE A. BARRY
Published: May 2005

This study is a synthesis of ethnographies conducted in both North American and Australian cross‐cultural and interethnic classrooms. It establishes nine assertions about culturally relevant teaching in such settings. It argues that both the understandings and classroom practices included in these assertions provide teachers with potential starting points, informed by current best practice, for praxis–reflecting upon their own practices within a framework of participatory democracy for all.
Multiculturalism and Multicultural Education in an International Perspective
Authors: Eldering Lotty
Published: May 2005

In many countries with a population of mixed ethnicity and culture, some form of multicultural education is given. Comparisons between the various approaches to multicultural education in these countries are hampered by a lack of conceptual clarity and by differences in social context and views on cultural diversity. In this article the concept of multiculturalism is explored and several approaches to multicultural education are discussed, drawing examples from North America, Europe, and Australia. This conceptual framework is used to describe and analyze the current state of affairs in these fields in the Netherlands.
Cultures in Conflict
Authors: ULICHNY POLLY
Published: May 2005

This article analyses one urban high school's initiative to create a multicultural program for its predominantly African American and Hispanic students. It describes intergroup tensions within the newly created multicultural program, which had not been as apparent in the school's more traditional comprehensive program. It offers an explanation for the increased tension based on students' concepts of culture and race. It also offers suggestions for ensuring positive experiences for all students within a multicultural initiative.
Who Needs Multicultural Education? White Students, U.S. History, and the Construction of a Usable Past
Authors: WILLS JOHN S.
Published: May 2005

This article evaluates the efforts of three teachers at a predominantly white middle school to create a multicultural U.S. history curriculum by focusing on the experiences of enslaved African Americans during the Civil War. I argue that this focus unintentionally undermines students' ability to use history as a resource for thinking about contemporary race relations. I conclude with some suggestions for creating a multicultural history curriculum that will benefit both white students and students of color.
Reflections on the Study of Squatter Community Schools in South Africa
Authors: CONSTAS MARK A. , COLYN WENDY
Published: May 2005

The following Reflection from the Field generates more heat than most such pieces that AEQ has published, to the point that we made space for the authors' rejoinder to the response. If read thoughtfully, though, it will generate light as well, especially for brand‐new fieldworkers but also for old hands feeling more comfortable than we ought about fieldwork. I am grateful to authors Mark Constas and Wendy Colyn and respondent Michéle Foster for putting themselves on the line to provoke a discussion about research issues that matter.
Peripheral Participation and the Kwakiutl Potlatch
Authors: WOLCOTT HARRY F.
Published: May 2005

Invited to attend a memorial potlatch in 1987 that marked his own 25–year association with the Kwakiutl people of British Columbia, the author realized how the extended time frame offered a perspective not only on a celebrated Northwest Coast tradition but also on interpersonal complexities of culture acquisition and culture change as that tradition continues into the present. This account examines the potlatch from personal dimensions, a perspective missing from the expansive literature on an otherwise well–documented activity. Jean Lave's notion of “peripheral participation” is introduced as a framework for examining how humans find their “way in” to cultural events like this without necessarily realizing the subtlety of their indoctrination.
Narrating the 1980s and 1990s: Voices of Poor and Working–class White and African American Men
Authors: WEIS LOIS , FINE MICHELE
Published: May 2005

Moving beyond our earlier analyses of secondary students' perspectives, we focus here on the voices of poor and working–class African American and white men and the ways in which they fashion social critique. What or whom does each group hold accountable for its current condition? Although the economy is choking both groups, their different vantages–their biographies of race–stimulate them to live out class and gender locations differently, encouraging African American men to blame the economy and racism, but white men to blame black males. This has serious implications for whether America can survive as “communities of difference.”
The Influence of Voice Leading on Harmonic Priming
Authors: Poulin-Charronnat Bénédicte , Bigand Emmanuel , Madurell François
Published: May 2005

The present study investigates the potential influence of voice leading on harmonic priming effects. Eight-chord sequences were presented to the participants, who had to perform a fast reaction task on a target chord ending the sequences. The target chord acted either as a tonic chord or as a subdominant chord. On the basis of previous findings, we expected more accurate and faster responses on tonic target chords. The critical new point of this study was to assess whether the size of this priming effect would be affected by good versus bad voice leading. In half of the trials, the writing of the sequences respected the rules of voice leading (normal voice leading), whereas in the other half it did not (parallel voice leading). The critical result was a significant main effect of voice leading on participantsï¿½ performances (with faster responses for normal voice leading), which did not, however, affect the strength of the harmonic priming effects.
Musical Meter in Attention to Multipart Rhythm
Authors: Keller Peter E. , Burnham Denis K.
Published: May 2005

Performing in musical ensembles can be viewed as a dual task that requires simultaneous attention to a high priority �target� auditory pattern (e.g., a performer�s own part) and either (a) another part in the ensemble or (b) the aggregate texture that results when all parts are integrated. The current study tested the hypothesis that metric frameworks (rhythmic schemas) promote the efficient allocation of attentional resources in such multipart musical contexts. Experiment 1 employed a recognition memory paradigm to investigate the effects of attending to metrical versus nonmetrical target patterns upon the perception of aggregate patterns in which they were embedded. Experiment 2 required metrical and nonmetrical target patterns to be reproduced while memorizing different, concurrently presented metrical patterns that were also subsequently reproduced. Both experiments included conditions in which the different patterns within the multipart structure were matched or mismatched in terms of best-fitting meter. Results indicate that dual-task performance was best in matched-metrical conditions, intermediate in mismatched-metrical conditions, and worst in nonmetrical conditions. This suggests that metric frameworks may facilitate complex musical interactions by enabling efficient allocation of attentional resources.
PROHIBITING "AMERICAN CONCENTRATION CAMPS"
Authors: IZUMI MASUMI
Published: May 2005

In September 1971 Congress repealed the Emergency Detention Act, Title II of the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950. This act had authorized the President to apprehend and detain any person suspected as a threat to internal security during a national emergency. This article analyzes the Title II repeal campaign between 1967 and 1971, revealing that the public historical memories of Japanese American internment greatly influenced support for repeal in Congress and among the American public. Civil rights and antiwar protesters both feared that such a law might be used against them, but Japanese Americans had been interned during World War II. Their presence in the repeal campaign made the question of detention starkly real and the need for repeal persuasive. Conversely, their work for repeal allowed them to address a painful part of their American experience and speak publicly as a community.
RONALD REAGAN AND THE TASK FORCE ON IMMIGRATION, 11981
Authors: MADDUX THOMAS R.
Published: May 2005

Immigration was not a major priority for President Ronald Reagan and his conservative agenda in 1981. Political, economic, and foreign policy considerations, however,forced the Reagan administration to create a task force and address the issues of refugees, legal immigration priorities and numbers, and escalating numbers of illegal aliens. This article evaluates the task force's review of the issues, its recommendations to the President, and his response. Although immigration remained a secondary issue for the Reagan administration, the White House's response to the issue in 1981 offers revealing insights on Reagan's management style, on the disagreements within his administration over how to deal with illegal aliens, and on the ultimate contribution of the White House to the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.
Golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) distribution in the main hydrographical basins of Uruguay: update and predictions
Authors: Brugnoli Ernesto , Clemente Juan , Boccardi Lucía , Borthagaray Ana , Scarabino Fabrizio
Published: May 2005

Limnoperna fortunei, an Asiatic rivers bivalve has become a worldwide problematic invasive species causing several water quality and macrofouling problems. In the Neotropical region it was first recorded in 1991 in the Río de la Plata coast, Buenos Aires province. Since this, it showed a quick upstream invasion into the principals aquatic systems of the Plata Basin. Nevertheless, there is not a study about its invasion and distribution process in aquatic systems of Uruguay. We describe the new records of Limnoperna fortunei in Uruguayan coast of Río de la Plata, Santa Lucía, Negro and Uruguay Rivers. With these results we aim to estimate its distributional limits for Uruguay main hydrographical basins. We also deal with the role of salinity as the main abiotic factor in limiting the east distribution of this mussel in Uruguayan coast of Río de la Plata and as a potential determinant of the "new" colonization on the Atlantic and the Merín Lagoon Basins. Its presence in the ecosystems not only can cause changes at the ecosystem level but also endanger the associated community, favoring the displacement and the disappearance of endemic species.
Interferência de anticorpos em testes de função tireoideana: relato de caso
Authors: Ramos Helton Estrela , Alberti Gianna Carla , Hauck Patrícia Rodrigues , Graf Hans , Carvalho Gisah Amaral de
Published: May 2005

Na avaliação da função tireoideana utiliza-se como método diagnóstico as medidas de TSH, T4 e T3 totais e livres. Entretanto, em alguns casos ocorre a ligação não específica com reagentes dos ensaios que vão, desta forma, interferir com as medidas destes hormônios. Estas interferências irão resultar em concentrações séricas anormais de hormônios tireoideanos, não consistentes com a avaliação clínica e demais exames laboratoriais destes pacientes. Auto-anticorpos anti-hormônio tireoideano são a classe de fatores que mais frequentemente interferem com vários ensaios. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 62 anos, com queixas de ansiedade e palpitações e exame físico normal. Na avaliação laboratorial detectamos níveis séricos persistentemente elevados de T3 total, com níveis séricos normais de TSH e T4 total. A presença de anticorpos anti-T3 foi confirmada por radioimunoprecipitação. Resultados que parecem ser inconsistentes ou incompatíveis com os demais exames laboratoriais, na presença ou não de sintomais em geral inespecíficos, devem levantar a suspeita da presença de fatores interferentes no ensaio. Desta forma, evita-se o diagnóstico errôneo de disfunção tireoideana e, consequentemente, um tratamento desnecessário e até mesmo deletério.
Osteoporose pós-menopausa: opções terapêuticas
Authors: Russo Luis Augusto T.
Published: May 2005

O autor realizou uma revisão na literatura sobre o tratamento atual da osteoporose pós-menopausa, abordando os principais trabalhos voltados para as drogas que efetivamente elevam a BMD e reduzem a freqüência de novas fraturas. Os estrógenos, os moduladores seletivos dos receptores de estrógenos (SERMs), os bisfosfonatos e a calcitonina foram analisados, assim como a utilização do cálcio e da vitamina D. Conclui com uma proposta de algoritmo prático de tratamento da osteoporose na pós-menopausa imediata e tardia, baseado na avaliação prévia dos resultados da densitometria óssea e dos marcadores bioquímicos ósseos.