bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Invasive Breast Carcinoma on Core Biopsy—Is It Necessary?
Authors: Liang Yuanxin , Oza Twisha , Corben Adriana , Zeizafoun Nebras , Alexander Melissa , Jaffer Shabnam
Published: January 2021

Context.—

Pathologic tumor size is significant in the treatment of breast carcinoma and is routinely measured on excision.

Objective.—

To analyze the need for measuring size of invasive mammary carcinoma on biopsy.

Design.—

Nine hundred twenty-two cases of invasive carcinoma whose size was measured (greatest linear measurement) on biopsy and excision was correlated, including imaging when available (110 cases).

Results.—

Patient mean age was 62 years. Most (90%; 830 of 922) carcinomas were ductal and sampled by ultrasound and graded as follows: well, 13% (113 of 922); moderately, 58% (532 of 922), and poorly differentiated, 28% (258 of 922); 19 microinvasive not graded. Tumor mean size was 7.5 mm on biopsy and 14.4 mm on excision. Biopsy modality was as follows: ultrasound, 7.8 mm (92%, 844 of 922); mammotome, 3.3 mm (7%, 65 of 922); and magnetic resonance imaging, 5.9 mm (1%, 13 of 922). Size comparison on biopsy versus excision was biopsy > excision: 8% (72 of 922), biopsy = excision: 10% (95 of 922), and biopsy < excision: 82% (755 of 922). Half (36 of 72) of the biopsy > excision tumors were less than 5 mm, 96% (726 of 755) of biopsy < excision tumors were greater than 5 mm, while those equal on both were predominantly (88%, 84 of 95) less than 10 mm, 20% (19 of 95) of which were microinvasive. Stage changed in 600 cases, staging based on excision in 581 (63%), and staging based on biopsy in 19 (2%). Radiologic-pathologic correlation (n = 110) showed perfect concordance in 11 (10%), 83 (75%) were ±1 to 2 mm, and 16 (15%) were ± more than 3 mm. Difference between the biopsy and excision ranged from a lower limit of 1.3 mm for T1a tumors to 18 mm for T2.

Conclusions.—

While most carcinomas are larger on excision, 18% (167 of 922) are larger or equal on biopsy. Factors predictive of biopsy > excision tumors include stage 1 tumors (P < .001), especially less than 5 mm, and sampled by mammotome. We recommend measuring invasive carcinoma on biopsy and excision.
Management Algorithms for Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms
Authors: Kim Hyeong Seok , Jang Jin-Young
Published: January 2021

Context.—

The detection of pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) has increased owing to the advancement and widespread use of imaging modalities, resulting in differences between past and current management methods for PCNs, including intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs). Therefore, clinicians should accurately diagnose and determine appropriate treatment strategies. However, previously published treatment guidelines for IPMNs present different indications for treatment.

Objective.—

To review the current status of PCNs, including epidemiologic change, malignancy risk, and factors for treatment, and to provide the optimal management algorithms for PCNs, including IPMNs, from the clinician's point of view.

Data Sources.—

Literature review of published studies and the authors' own work.

Conclusions.—

The treatment of PCNs relies on the type of cyst that is present or suspected. Serous cystic neoplasms are usually benign, and observation is sufficient. However, surgical treatment is required for mucinous cystic neoplasms, and malignancy risk differs according to lesion size. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms also require surgery. The detection of small IPMNs has been increasing, and most branch duct–type IPMNs are dormant. However, cysts 3 cm or larger or growing branch duct–type IPMNs must be carefully monitored because of the increasing risk of malignancy. Therefore, surveillance strategies should be different according to the size of the lesions. A tailored approach is needed for selecting surgery or surveillance, considering the malignancy potential of the lesion and patient-associated factors such as operative risks and life expectancy. Nomograms are valuable tools for selecting treatment methods as a customized approach for IPMNs.
Nonmucinous Cystic Lesions of the Pancreas
Authors: Esposito Irene , Haeberle Lena
Published: January 2021

Context.—

Pancreatic cystic lesions are increasingly diagnosed. Among other criteria, they are often distinguished in mucinous versus nonmucinous cysts. Mucinous pancreatic cystic lesions have received increasing attention, especially those known as precursors of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. However, the group of nonmucinous cystic lesions of the pancreas includes numerous entities that may pose a diagnostic challenge. Their accurate diagnosis and classification are crucial for adequate patient management.

Objective.—

To review the spectrum of nonmucinous cystic lesions of the pancreas, taking into consideration their epidemiology and typical clinical context, their characteristic gross morphology and histomorphology, as well as their immunohistochemical and molecular profile.

Data Sources.—

Literature was searched and reviewed with MEDLINE via PubMed. Macroscopic and microscopic images were obtained from the archives of the Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Duesseldorf, Germany.

Conclusions.—

Nonmucinous cysts of the pancreas comprise numerous, mostly rare entities displaying different biological behaviors. The most frequent are serous cystic neoplasms, solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms, cystic neuroendocrine tumors, and pancreatitis-associated pseudocysts. Accurate diagnosis can be achieved if characteristic clinical context, histomorphology, and immunoprofile are taken into account.
O que performances e seus estudos têm a ensinar para a teoria da performatividade de gênero?
Authors: Colling Leandro
Published: January 2021

O texto problematiza a distinção entre performance de gênero e performatividade de gênero através de uma performance artística de Pêdra Costa e de vários textos dos estudos da performance. O autor defende que, ao invés de contrapor performance e performatividade, é necessário enfatizar o que existe entre essas duas dimensões que, em especial na arte feminista e/ou das dissidências sexuais e de gênero, são indissociáveis.
Nuevas aportaciones a la Arqueología murciana: Del trabajo de campo al entorno virtual y la puesta en valor
Authors: González vergara Óscar , Fernández Díaz Alicia
Published: January 2021

El presente volumen recoge una serie de trabajos desarrollados por jóvenes investigadores e investigadoras que se ocupan de algunas de las principales cuestiones a tratar sobre el patrimonio histórico y arqueológico de la Región de Murcia. A partir de nuevos enfoques, técnicas y planteamientos, se discuten diversas problemáticas que se desarrollan desde la Prehistoria hasta el presente, pasando por la importancia de la puesta en valor y la difusión de un patrimonio que debe retornar a la sociedad a la que pertenece. Esta obra continúa así un camino iniciado en 2015, apostando por la publicación de las investigaciones de estos arqueólogos emergentes y cuyas propuestas y perspectivas son de notable interés para la arqueología regional.
The Nordic Thematic Group for Innovative and Resilient Regions 2017–2020 - final report
Authors:   Nordregio, Teräs Jukka , Berlina Anna , Wøien Meijer Mari
Published: January 2021

The Nordic thematic group for innovative and resilient regions 2017–2020 (TG2) was established by the Nordic Council of Ministers and is a part of the Nordic Co-operation Programme for Regional Development and Planning 2017–2020. Three Nordicthematic groups were established for the four-year period: Innovative and resilient regions, Sustainable rural development, and Sustainable cities and urban development. The thematic groups have been organised under the Nordic Council of Ministers’ Committee of Civil Servants for Regional Affairs, and Nordregio has acted as the secretariat for the thematic groups. This report summarises the work and results of the Nordic thematic group for innovative and resilient regions (TG2) in 2017–2020. The thematic group has not only produced high-quality research on innovative and resilient regions in the Nordic countries but also contributed to public policy with the latest knowledge on the creation and development of innovative and resilient regions across the nordic countries, with focus on smart specialisation, digitalisation, regional resilience, and skills policies. TG2 has also contributed to research on innovative and resilient regions in the Nordic cross-border context.
Estudio de caso de la fraseología empleada en Colombia
Authors: Zuccalà Daniele , Espejo Olaya María Bernarda
Published: January 2021

El objetivo del presente artículo es cubrir un vacío al someter a estudio el universo fraseológico del español hablado en Colombia, con particular atención a la esfera de las locuciones. El diseño metodológico del estudio se ha dividido en dos fases: en primer lugar, se ha compilado un corpus ad hoc de más de 1400 unidades fraseológicas, extraídas principalmente del Diccionario de colombianismos y del Diccionario de americanismos; en segundo lugar, se ha analizado el contenido fraseológico de estas unidades siguiendo criterios cuantitativos y cualitativos. Para el análisis del corpus se tuvo en cuenta la función oracional desempeñada en el discurso, el campo semántico al que pertenece el principal constituyente léxico de la unidad fraseológica (Sánchez y Aguirre 1992), la situación comunicativa, el registro (Penadés Martínez 2015), la intención del hablante, las variantes (Corpas Pastor 1996; Mellado Blanco 2004) y su presencia en el Diccionario de la Lengua Española.
Introducción: Hacia una filosofía de la ciudad
Authors: Pereira Paula C. , García-Marzá Domingo , López-González José L.
Published: January 2021

Teniendo en cuenta que la filosofía es hija de la polis, a primera vista, el tema de la filosofía de la ciudad puede no revelar nada nuevo. De hecho, la filosofía y la ciudad cuentan una historia paralela. Es en el ágora, un espacio privilegiado para el ejercicio de la ciudadanía, donde la filosofía se desarrolla como debate de argumentos (Pereira, 2011).

Pero, aunque a lo largo de la historia las ciudades puedan reflejar un deseo civilizatorio, lo cierto es que la ciudad contemporánea refleja muy poco de la realidad política de la polis, de la indiferenciación medieval entre lo público y lo privado o de la racionalidad normativa de la ciudad moderna. Las ciudades en el siglo xx, y especialmente en el siglo xxi, tienen que ver más con las relaciones sociales y económicas de la ciudad industrial y posindustrial. La progresiva mecanización del siglo xix y su extensión, en el siglo xx, a la automatización y a la digitalización, cambian definitivamente la forma en que nos relacionamos, pensamos y trabajamos —en resumen, cómo vivimos—. Con el establecimiento de un capitalismo de orden económico que afecta a todas las dimensiones de la vida de la ciudad, esta queda delimitada por el poder, revela las contradicciones de las sociedades urbanas diseñadas por los mercados y da lugar, según David Harvey (2003, 2008), a la apropiación privada de la vida y los espacios.
Experiencia subjetiva del espacio urbano y alienación. Un análisis a partir de la generalización de los dispositivos de navegación digital
Authors: Velasco Arias Gonzalo
Published: January 2021

La revisión de las humanidades a partir de la cultura material parte de la consideración de que la conciencia y la agencia humanas no pueden disociarse de su nicho tecnológico. El presente artículo trata de indagar cómo la experiencia subjetiva de la ciudad se ha visto modificada por la universalización del smartphone como herramienta de orientación a través de los sistemas de navegación gps. Con este fin, y a través del marco teórico formulado por Henri Lefebvre, el artículo realiza un análisis exploratorio acerca de la producción del espacio urbano contemporáneo. Recurriendo a la revisión crítica de la teoría cartográfica, interroga si la universalización de los mapas digitales supone una recuperación de la experiencia subjetiva o una extensión del espacio abstracto propio del capitalismo de la experiencia.
Climate Change and Conservation Biology as it Relates to Urban Environments
Authors: Noll Samantha , Goldsby Michael
Published: January 2021

Climate change continues to have recognizable impacts across the globe, as weather patterns shift and impacts accumulate and intensify. In this wider context, urban areas face significant challenges as they attempt to mitigate dynamic changes at the local level — changes such as those caused by intensifying weather events, the disruption of critical supplies, and the deterioration of local ecosystems. One field that could help urban areas address these challenges is conservation biology. However, this paper presents the argument that work in urban contexts may be especially difficult for conservation biologists. In light of current climate change predictions, conservation biology may need to abandon some of its core values in favor of commitments guiding urban ecology. More broadly, this essay aims to reconcile the goals of restoration and conservation, by reconceptualizing what an ecosystem is, in the context of a world threatened by global climate change.
Convivencia y vigilancia: cruising y producción del espacio público
Authors: Periáñez Llorente Luis
Published: January 2021

Nos ocupamos aquí de cómo se produce y comprende la publicidad del espacio público y de cómo dicha producción y comprensión repercute normativa y performativamente sobre los usuarios de aquel. El enfoque que hemos escogido pretende comentar estos aspectos con la ayuda de las etnografías que se han venido realizando en los últimos tiempos sobre el cruising, por cuanto esta actividad, que implica una apropiación furtiva de determinados espacios públicos para el desarrollo de actividades sexuales anónimas entre hombres, ofrece un observatorio privilegiado del desfase entre el espacio público como dispositivo performativo y los agentes, que no siempre son meramente moldeados por tales dispositivos. Encontramos en esta práctica una ventana privilegiada para el análisis de la forma en que lo público y lo privado son construidos espacial y conceptualmente en la dialéctica entre marcos morales y prácticas subjetivas.
FEATURES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF CONTEXT ADVERTISING OF THE HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
Authors: Белоконская Елена Геннадьевна , Чумакова Наталья Андреевна
Published: January 2021

Contextual advertising is one of the most popular internet marketing tools. In the article, the authors investigate the problem of how it is possible to apply online advertising to promote the university and educational services. The traditional tools of marketing communications used by educational institutions are considered, as well as the most relevant communication channels using the Internet. The promotion strategy through contextual advertising of a higher educational institution has been developed to solve the problem of attracting applicants. Recommendations for launching an advertising campaign for an educational institution using the Yandex.Direct service are given
The Impact of Credit Risk on Bank Profitability in Nigeria
Authors:   University of Lagos, Charles Onyeiwu , Ajayi Gideon ,   University of Lagos, Muoneke B. Obumneke
Published: January 2021

This study examines the impact credit risk management has on the profitability of commercial banks in Nigeria. The main objective of this material is to show how credit risk parameters are related to the expected performance of commercial banks in Nigeria. Using the regression analysis, relationship was drawn between credit risk parameters (which include capital adequacy ratio and non-performing loan ratio) and the profitability ratio (return on average asset, in particular) of five big Nigerian banks. Mixed research methodology was adopted in that primary data were sourced via questionnaires and secondary data were used via annual report of selected banks. Regression analysis was used to analyse the data. The conclusion drawn from the data analysis shows that there is a strong relationship between credit risk parameters and returns of the bank implying that credit risk management has a strong impact on the profitability of commercial banks in Nigeria. The study recommends that banks’ capital should be matched with their total risk exposure and if there is an imbalance, new capital requirements are necessary. Insider-related interests in loan applications should be closely monitored by the regulators to ensure continuous performance of the loan facility. Also, there should be an extant profiling of loan defaulters whether individuals or corporate entities.
bKash vs. Bank-led Option: Factors Influencing Customer’s Preferences – Does it Warrant Voluntary-Insurance-Policy for Rapid-growth Digital-banking in Bangladesh-economy?
Authors:   Canadian University of Bangladesh, Rahman Akim M.
Published: January 2021

In today’s technology-driven world-economy, banking-services have been modernized where customers compete for comparative time-saving-options. Bangladesh, a developing country, is no exception. Besides traditional banking, Agent-banking, bKash, Western-Union etc. serve new-way financial-services. But, in 21st-Century business-mentality era, many factors are unpredictable. Strict laws & application can marginalize the magnitudes of Perceived-risk where developed countries are ahead of developing countries. But it does not guarantee risk-free digital-transaction where developing countries are vulnerable. It might have led a slower growth of digital-banking in countries like Bangladesh. Dealing with determinant Perceived-risk, current author proposed Voluntary-Insurance policy (Rahman, 2018) that deserves to be scrutinized. Using Factor Analysis and Hypothesis Testing on customers’ opinions helps identifying factors that have undermined the growth-trend of bank-led digital. Attributes “Phone call confirmation” has influenced customer’s preference using bKash. “No transaction fee” has influenced using bank-led digital. Addressing risk-factors, Voluntary-Insurance in place can ensure secured digital-banking that can enhance growth of usages digital-banking.
Causal Analysis Between Liquidity and Profitability: Is There Any Difference Between Public and Private Commercial Banks in Bangladesh?
Authors:   University of Rajshahi, Tariq Islam Qamarullah Bin
Published: January 2021

This paper analyzes the causal relationship between liquidity and profitability for public and private commercial banks in Bangladesh. The augmented Dickey-Fuller test of stationarity is carried out first. As they are found to be integrated of the same order, the Engle-Granger test of cointegration is applied. Finally, the Granger causality test is applied to check if there is any causal relationship between liquidity and profitability for public and private commercial banks in Bangladesh from 2001 to 2019. Another aim of the paper is to see if there is any difference in the causal relationship between these two bank typologies. The results show that there is unidirectional causality from profitability to liquidity for public banks while no causal relationship is evident for private commercial banks in Bangladesh. The findings further confirm that different bank typologies behave differently in Bangladesh and hence policy makers should keep this in mind during policy formulation.
Du flexible au liquide : le travail dans l’économie de plateforme
Authors: Degryse Christophe
Published: January 2021

Le modèle social historique que connaissent la plupart des pays industrialisés s’est bâti sur des fondations solides qui, à l’instar du théâtre classique, repose sur ces trois unités : unité de lieu de travail (l’atelier, la fabrique, l’usine, le bureau), unité de temps de travail (les horaires de travail hebdomadaires, les périodes de repos) et unité d’action (l’organisation collective du travail). Or, après avoir connu, vers la fin du 20e siècle, des « fissurations » dans l’unité de lieu avec le développement de la sous-traitance, des chaînes de valeur mondiales et la coordination d’entreprises subordonnées, l’économie de plateforme et les nouvelles formes d’externalisation du travail qu’elle permet contribuent, aujourd’hui, à éroder l’ensemble de ces fondements, à tout le moins dans certains segments de l’économie, ce qui a pour effet de «liquéfier» le travail et de fragiliser ce modèle social historique.

Le travail dans l’économie de plateforme échappe aux régulations de lieux, de temps et de l’organisation collective. Autrement dit, pour les travailleurs de plateforme, il n’y a pas de locaux d’entreprise, pas de collègues, pas d’horaires, pas de représentants du personnel, pas non plus de règlements en matière de santé et de sécurité, pas de prévention des accidents du travail, pas de congés payés, pas de négociation collective, pas d’assurance-maladie… Cette nouvelle forme de fragilisation et de précarisation des travailleurs donne lieu, depuis quelques années, à l’expérimentation de pratiques innovantes, parmi lesquelles la création de collectifs autonomes, l’organisation d’actions collectives, la construction de cahiers de revendications, mais aussi le répertoire d’action plus traditionnel du mouvement syndical : sensibilisation, organisation, négociation.

Certes, ces stratégies sont confrontées à des obstacles inédits tels que la difficulté à identifier le responsable de la relation de travail, l’absence de lieu de dialogue social, la confusion concernant le statut du travailleur, la difficulté à organiser ces îlots de travailleurs éparpillés en l’absence de lieux d’échange entre eux. Malgré leurs limitations, ces expérimentations sociales peuvent être vues comme l’embryon d’un modèle social adapté à l’économie de plateforme et, plus largement, à la généralisation du numérique dans l’économie.
La « fabrique réglementaire » autour de l’arrivée d’Uber
Authors: Coiquaud Urwana , Morissette Lucie
Published: January 2021

L’arrivée d’Uber a provoqué une petite révolution par sa conception innovante de la prestation de transport par taxi, rendue possible grâce à une application numérique (la plateforme) permettant de jumeler conducteurs et passagers. Cette incursion aurait pu être bénéfique à l’ensemble de l’industrie, mais elle s’est effectuée, au Québec, au mépris des acteurs historiques en place et, surtout, de la réglementation en vigueur, ce qui entraîna sa fissuration, puis sa démolition. L’industrie fut alors complètement déréglementée.

Cette recherche s’appuie sur une analyse de cas longitudinale qui étudie les transformations de l’industrie du taxi au Québec, après l’arrivée d’Uber, et plus particulièrement le rôle de l’État et de la plateforme dans la construction des politiques publiques. Elle révèle l’importance et le caractère inédit du rôle de la plateforme dans l’élaboration de ces politiques, dès lors qu’elle se transforme en « entrepreneur réglementaire ».

L’analyse de ces perturbations, qui ont abouti à une déréglementation, permet d’apprécier les réponses réglementaires apportées par le gouvernement au cours de ces transformations, les processus et les critères ayant guidé l’élaboration de nouvelles règles ainsi que les acteurs initiateurs. L’examen de cette « fabrique réglementaire » (expression de Guy Rocher) et du rôle particulier de la plateforme dans ce processus a été possible grâce à une grille analytique qui permet l’étude de la construction des politiques publiques dans un souci de conjuguer innovation et bien public dans le cadre des économies numériques.
Stasio Šalkauskio lietuvių kultūros projektas
Authors: Sverdiolas Arūnas
Published: January 2021

Lietuvių kultūros projektą Stasys Šalkauskis kūrė apmąstydamas tautinio atgimimo patirtį, jo prielaidas ir pasekmes. Jis plėtojo ir grindė idėją, kad lietuvių kultūros uždavinys yra Rytų ir Vakarų civilizacijų sintezė. Šios sintezės turinį sudaro kultūros turinio universalizacija, savo ruožtu susijusi su jos formos individualizacija. Universalizacijos vyksmo samprata dėstoma remiantis aristoteliniu-tomistiniu hylemorfizmo principu, sudarančiu Vakarų metafizikos branduolį. Inteligentijos tikslas, pasak Šalkauskio, yra suteikti lietuvių kultūrai universalų turinį. Šiame kontekste Šalkauskis išdėstė ir savo paties filosofinio darbo programą. Stasio Šalkauskio kultūros projekto bruožus papildomai nušviečia jo sugretinimas su Algirdo Juliaus Greimo, žinojusio ir nagrinėjusio šį projektą, svarstymais. Šie mąstytojai rėmėsi labai skirtingomis prielaidomis ir konceptualiniais pagrindais, tad juolab svarbu, kad jų padėties vertinimai ir išvados pasirodo labai panašūs, kone identiški.
SUMO is a pervasive regulator of meiosis
Authors: Bhagwat Nikhil R , Owens Shannon N , Ito Masaru , Boinapalli Jay V , Poa Philip , Ditzel Alexander , Kopparapu Srujan , Mahalawat Meghan , Davies Owen Richard , Collins Sean R , Johnson Jeffrey R , Krogan Nevan J , Hunter Neil
Published: January 2021

Protein modification by SUMO helps orchestrate the elaborate events of meiosis to faithfully produce haploid gametes. To date, only a handful of meiotic SUMO targets have been identified. Here, we delineate a multidimensional SUMO-modified meiotic proteome in budding yeast, identifying 2747 conjugation sites in 775 targets, and defining their relative levels and dynamics. Modified sites cluster in disordered regions and only a minority match consensus motifs. Target identities and modification dynamics imply that SUMOylation regulates all levels of chromosome organization and each step of meiotic prophase I. Execution-point analysis confirms these inferences, revealing functions for SUMO in S-phase, the initiation of recombination, chromosome synapsis and crossing over. K15-linked SUMO chains become prominent as chromosomes synapse and recombine, consistent with roles in these processes. SUMO also modifies ubiquitin, forming hybrid oligomers with potential to modulate ubiquitin signaling. We conclude that SUMO plays diverse and unanticipated roles in regulating meiotic chromosome metabolism.
Pleiotropic mutations can rapidly evolve to directly benefit self and cooperative partner despite unfavorable conditions
Authors: Hart Samuel Frederick Mock , Chen Chi-Chun , Shou Wenying
Published: January 2021

Cooperation, paying a cost to benefit others, is widespread. Cooperation can be promoted by pleiotropic ‘win-win’ mutations which directly benefit self (self-serving) and partner (partner-serving). Previously, we showed that partner-serving should be defined as increased benefit supply rate per intake benefit. Here, we report that win-win mutations can rapidly evolve even under conditions unfavorable for cooperation. Specifically, in a well-mixed environment we evolved engineered yeast cooperative communities where two strains exchanged costly metabolites, lysine and hypoxanthine. Among cells that consumed lysine and released hypoxanthine, ecm21 mutations repeatedly arose. ecm21 is self-serving, improving self’s growth rate in limiting lysine. ecm21 is also partner-serving, increasing hypoxanthine release rate per lysine consumption and the steady state growth rate of partner and of community. ecm21 also arose in monocultures evolving in lysine-limited chemostats. Thus, even without any history of cooperation or pressure to maintain cooperation, pleiotropic win-win mutations may readily evolve to promote cooperation.
A new model of decision processing in instrumental learning tasks
Authors: Miletić Steven , Boag Russell J , Trutti Anne C , Stevenson Niek , Forstmann Birte U , Heathcote Andrew
Published: January 2021

Learning and decision-making are interactive processes, yet cognitive modeling of error-driven learning and decision-making have largely evolved separately. Recently, evidence accumulation models (EAMs) of decision-making and reinforcement learning (RL) models of error-driven learning have been combined into joint RL-EAMs that can in principle address these interactions. However, we show that the most commonly used combination, based on the diffusion decision model (DDM) for binary choice, consistently fails to capture crucial aspects of response times observed during reinforcement learning. We propose a new RL-EAM based on an advantage racing diffusion (ARD) framework for choices among two or more options that not only addresses this problem but captures stimulus difficulty, speed-accuracy trade-off, and stimulus-response-mapping reversal effects. The RL-ARD avoids fundamental limitations imposed by the DDM on addressing effects of absolute values of choices, as well as extensions beyond binary choice, and provides a computationally tractable basis for wider applications.
Foxc1 establishes enhancer accessibility for craniofacial cartilage differentiation
Authors: Xu Pengfei , Yu Haoze V , Tseng Kuo-Chang , Flath Mackenzie , Fabian Peter , Segil Neil , Crump J Gage
Published: January 2021

The specification of cartilage requires Sox9, a transcription factor with broad roles for organogenesis outside the skeletal system. How Sox9 and other factors gain access to cartilage-specific cis-regulatory regions during skeletal development was unknown. By analyzing chromatin accessibility during the differentiation of neural crest cells into chondrocytes of the zebrafish head, we find that cartilage-associated chromatin accessibility is dynamically established. Cartilage-associated regions that become accessible after neural crest migration are co-enriched for Sox9 and Fox transcription factor binding motifs. In zebrafish lacking Foxc1 paralogs, we find a global decrease in chromatin accessibility in chondrocytes, consistent with a later loss of dorsal facial cartilages. Zebrafish transgenesis assays confirm that many of these Foxc1-dependent elements function as enhancers with region- and stage-specific activity in facial cartilages. These results show that Foxc1 promotes chondrogenesis in the face by establishing chromatin accessibility at a number of cartilage-associated gene enhancers.
Gastric Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma: An Important Differential Diagnosis for a Rapidly Growing Gastric Subepithelial Tumor - A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Kim Nah Ihm , Kim Dong Hyun , Kim Hyun Soo , Park Seon-Young , Cho Hyun A , Kim Ho-Goon
Published: January 2021

Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a low-grade lymphoma with a long median survival time because of its low proliferation rate. A 75-year-old man was referred to the hospital for hematemesis. Upper endoscopy revealed a 30-mm subepithelial tumor (SET). Abdominal CT and EUS revealed a homogeneously hypoechoic lesion arising from the second layer of the stomach, without distant metastasis. Laparoscopic wedge resection was performed. On microscopic examination, the tumor showed diffuse aggregation of small lymphoid cells with abnormal architecture. Neoplastic cells showed positive reactivity for CD20 and prominent lymphoepithelial lesions were observed. The urease breath test was also conducted, with a negative result. Our final diagnosis was Helicobacter pylori-negative MALT lymphoma (Ann Arbor classification IE2), which is a rapidly growing SET pattern. This case highlights the importance of including gastric MALT lymphoma as a differential diagnosis for rapidly growing gastric SETs.
Exploring a model-based analysis of patient derived xenograft studies in oncology drug development
Authors: Dickinson Jake , de Matas Marcel , Dickinson Paul A. , Mistry Hitesh B.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

To assess whether a model-based analysis increased statistical power over an analysis of final day volumes and provide insights into more efficient patient derived xenograft (PDX) study designs.

Methods

Tumour xenograft time-series data was extracted from a public PDX drug treatment database. For all 2-arm studies the percent tumour growth inhibition (TGI) at day 14, 21 and 28 was calculated. Treatment effect was analysed using an un-paired, two-tailed t-test (empirical) and a model-based analysis, likelihood ratio-test (LRT). In addition, a simulation study was performed to assess the difference in power between the two data-analysis approaches for PDX or standard cell-line derived xenografts (CDX).

Results

The model-based analysis had greater statistical power than the empirical approach within the PDX data-set. The model-based approach was able to detect TGI values as low as 25% whereas the empirical approach required at least 50% TGI. The simulation study confirmed the findings and highlighted that CDX studies require fewer animals than PDX studies which show the equivalent level of TGI.

Conclusions

The study conducted adds to the growing literature which has shown that a model-based analysis of xenograft data improves statistical power over the common empirical approach. The analysis conducted showed that a model-based approach, based on the first mathematical model of tumour growth, was able to detect smaller size of effect compared to the empirical approach which is common of such studies. A model-based analysis should allow studies to reduce animal use and experiment length providing effective insights into compound anti-tumour activity.
Tailoring the Redox Reactions for High‐Capacity Cycling of Cation‐Disordered Rocksalt Cathodes
Authors: Yue Yuan , Li Ning , Ha Yang , Crafton Matthew J. , McCloskey Bryan D. , Yang Wanli , Tong Wei
Published: January 2021

Cation‐disordered rocksalts (DRXs) have emerged as a new class of high‐capacity Li‐ion cathode materials. One unique advantage of the DRX chemistry is the structural flexibility that substantially lessens the elemental constraints in the crystal lattice, such as Li content, choice of transition metal redox center paired with appropriate d0 metal, and incorporation of F anion, which allows optimization of the key redox reactions. Herein, a series of the DRX oxyfluorides based on the Mn redox have been designed and synthesized. By tailoring the stoichiometry of the DRX compositions, high‐capacity cycling by promoting the cationic Mn2+/Mn4+ redox reactions while suppressing those from anionic O is successfully demonstrated. A highly fluorinated DRX compound, Li1.2Mn0.625Nb0.175O1.325F0.675 (M0.625F0.675), delivers a capacity of ≈170 mAh g−1 at C/3 for 100 cycles. This work showcases the concept of balancing the cationic and anionic redox reactions in the DRX cathodes for improved electrochemical performance through the rational composition design.
Strategic Advances in Spatiotemporal Control of Bioinspired Phenolic Chemistries in Materials Science
Authors: Jia Zhaojun , Wen Min , Cheng Yan , Zheng Yufeng
Published: January 2021

Nature‐inspired phenolic chemistries have substantially nourished the engineering of advanced materials for widespread applications in energy, catalysis, and biomedicine, among others. To achieve predictable yet adaptable material structures and properties, the spatial and/or temporal control over the phenolic chemistries per se is increasingly demanded. In this review, a systematic overview of recent strategical advances in the spatiotemporal control of phenolic chemistries in materials science is given. The chemical diversity and reactivity of catechols and polyphenols are first introduced as phenolic building blocks. With a main focus on catechols (especially dopamine), renewed insights into their mechanisms of polymerization/assembly, adhesion, and cohesion are provided. The conditions for tuning phenolic polymerization/assembly are also outlined. This paper focuses on the latest strategies for imparting controlled manipulation of phenolic chemistries in terms of many aspects: growth kinetics, chemical compositions and structures, dimensions and architectures, spatial patterns, and surface functionality. Finally, critical issues facing this field with perspectives delivered on future research are discussed. As envisaged, this review will provide helpful guidance to orchestrate state‐of‐the‐art phenolic chemistries and materials science for producing materials with intended, application‐oriented properties and functions.
Metallic Diluted Dimerization in VO2 Tweeds
Authors: Sandiumenge Felip , Rodríguez Laura , Pruneda Miguel , Magén César , Santiso José , Catalan Gustau
Published: January 2021

The observation of electronic phase separation textures in vanadium dioxide, a prototypical electron‐correlated oxide, has recently added new perspectives on the long standing debate about its metal–insulator transition and its applications. Yet, the lack of atomically resolved information on phases accompanying such complex patterns still hinders a comprehensive understanding of the transition and its implementation in practical devices. In this work, atomic resolution imaging and spectroscopy unveils the existence of ferroelastic tweed structures on ≈5 nm length scales, well below the resolution limit of currently used spectroscopic imaging techniques. Moreover, density functional theory calculations show that this pretransitional fine‐scale tweed, which on average looks and behaves like the standard metallic rutile phase, is in fact weaved by semi‐dimerized chains of vanadium in a new monoclinic phase that represents a structural bridge to the monoclinic insulating ground state. These observations provide a multiscale perspective for the interpretation of existing data, whereby phase coexistence and structural intermixing can occur all the way down to the atomic scale.
Approaching Crystal Structure and High Electron Mobility in Conjugated Polymer Crystals
Authors: Yao Ze‐Fan , Zheng Yu‐Qing , Dou Jin‐Hu , Lu Yang , Ding Yi‐Fan , Ding Li , Wang Jie‐Yu , Pei Jian
Published: January 2021

Conjugated polymers usually form crystallized and amorphous regions in the solid state simultaneously, making it difficult to accurately determine their precise microstructures. The lack of multiscale microstructures of conjugated polymers limits the fundamental understanding of the structure–property relationships in polymer‐based optoelectronic devices. Here, crystals of two typical conjugated polymers based on four‐fluorinated benzodifurandione‐based oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene) (F4BDOPV) and naphthalenediimide (NDI) motifs, respectively, are obtained by a controlled self‐assembly process. The strong diffractivity of the polymer crystals brings an opportunity to determine the crystal structures by combining X‐ray techniques and molecular simulations. The precise polymer packing structures are useful as initial models to evaluate the charge transport properties in the ordered and disordered phases. Compared to the spin‐coated thin films, the highly oriented polymer chains in crystals endow higher mobilities with a lower hopping energy barrier. Microwire crystal transistors of F4BDOPV‐ and NDI‐based polymers exhibit high electron mobilities of up to 5.58 and 2.56 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively, which are among the highest values in polymer crystals. This work presents a simple method to obtain polymer crystals and their precise microstructures, promoting a deep understanding of molecular packing and charge transport for conjugated polymers.
Kinetically Tunable, Active Auxetic, and Variable Recruitment Active Textiles from Hierarchical Assemblies
Authors: Granberry Rachael , Barry Justin , Holschuh Brad , Abel Julianna
Published: January 2021

Multifunctional textiles with programmable, multi‐axial, distributed, and scalable actuation are highly desirable and presently unrealized. 1D torque‐unbalanced active yarns within 2D textile structures are exploited to produce soft and scalable active textiles that exhibit tunable displacements, forces, stiffnesses, and kinematic deformations. Through a textile hierarchy spanning active material composition, yarn construction, textile geometry, and system architecture, these active textiles accomplish kinetic tunability, variable recruitment behaviors, and auxetic effects without mechanical contact, called active auxetic effects. New modes of pre‐programmed multi‐axial performance are enabled by geometrically manipulating—specifically pre‐stressing and constraining—active filaments in torsion and leveraging their structural elastic instability within a textile geometry. The new kinematic motion afforded by torque‐unbalanced active yarns enhances the performance of active textiles, which accomplish tensile strokes over 40%, generated blocked forces up to 308 N m−1, and specific work over 0.4. kJ kg−1. Advances in active textiles are demonstrated through multifunctional 3D applications, including a variable constriction pump that exhibits sequential actuation, a wearable that conforms multi‐axially around the body, and a soft exoskeleton that performs assistive motions and on‐body anchoring simultaneously. By harnessing the capabilities of active materials within a textile hierarchy, advances in the potentiality of multifunctional textiles are presented.
Controlled Release of Photoresponsive Nematic Liquid Crystalline Microcapsules
Authors: Iwai Yosuke , Maeda Takatoshi , Uchida Yoshiaki , Araoka Fumito , Nishiyama Norikazu
Published: January 2021

Water‐in‐oil‐in‐water double emulsion with a photo‐responsive nematic liquid crystalline shell showing ultraviolet (UV) light‐triggered release of contents is successfully produced. Under UV light, the defects of the molecular orientational order caused by being sandwiched between the spherical interfaces gather together, the shell deforms, and the inner water droplets are released to the outer phase.
A New High Entropy Glycerate for High Performance Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Nguyen Thi Xuyen , Su Yen‐Hsun , Lin Chia‐Chun , Ruan Jrjeng , Ting Jyh‐Ming
Published: January 2021

Herein, a new high entropy material is reported, i.e., a noble metal‐free high entropy glycerate (HEG), synthesized via a simple solvothermal process. The HEG consists of 5 different metals of Fe, Ni, Co, Cr, and Mn. The unique glycerate structure exhibits an excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity with a low overpotential of 229 and 278 mV at current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, in 1 m KOH electrolyte, outperforming its subsystems of binary‐, ternary‐, and quaternary‐metal glycerates. The HEG also shows outstanding stability and durability in the alkaline electrolyte. The result demonstrates the significance of synergistic effect that gives additional freedoms to modify the electronic structure and coordination environment. Moreover, HEG@HEG electrolyzer shows a good overall water splitting performance and durability, requiring a cell voltage of 1.63 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2.
CD146 is a Novel ANGPTL2 Receptor that Promotes Obesity by Manipulating Lipid Metabolism and Energy Expenditure
Authors: Wu Zhenzhen , Liu Jingyu , Chen Gang , Du Junfeng , Cai Huiyun , Chen Xuehui , Ye Gaoqi , Luo Yongting , Luo Yiyi , Zhang Liwen , Duan Hongxia , Liu Zheng , Yang Sai , Sun Hongwei , Cui Yan , Sun Lei , Zhang Hongjie , Shi Guizhi , Wei Taotao , Liu Pingsheng , Yan Xiyun , Feng Jing , Bu Pengcheng
Published: January 2021

Obesity and its related complications pose an increasing threat to human health; however, targetable obesity‐related membrane receptors are not yet elucidated. Here, the membrane receptor CD146 is demonstrated to play an essential role in obesity. In particular, CD146 acts as a new adipose receptor for angiopoietin‐like protein 2 (ANGPTL2), which is thought to act on endothelial cells to activate adipose inflammation. ANGPTL2 binds to CD146 to activate cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB), which then upregulates CD146 during adipogenesis and adipose inflammation. CD146 is present in preadipocytes and mature adipocytes, where it is mediated by its ligands ANGPTL2 and galectin‐1. In preadipocytes, CD146 ablation suppresses adipogenesis, whereas the loss of CD146 in mature adipocytes suppresses lipid accumulation and enhances energy expenditure. Moreover, anti‐CD146 antibodies inhibit obesity by disrupting the interactions between CD146 and its ligands. Together, these findings demonstrate that ANGPTL2 directly affects adipocytes via CD146 to promote obesity, suggesting that CD146 can be a potential target for treating obesity.
Tunable Microwave Device Fabrication on Low‐Temperature Crystallized Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 Thin Films by an Alternating Deposition and Laser Annealing Process
Authors: Goud Jakkapally Pundareekam , Kumar Ajeet , Sandeep Kongbrailatpam , Ramakanth Suryavamshi , Ghoshal Partho , Raju Kanakkappillavila Chinnayya James
Published: January 2021

This article demonstrates a method to fabricate crystalline Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) thin films at a lower temperature of ≈300 °C using an excimer laser by an alternating depositing and annealing process. Firstly, a BST thin film with a thickness of ≈120 nm is deposited at 300 °C (laser energy of ≈2 J cm−2) and subsequently laser annealed (66 mJ cm−2) at 300 °C. This process is repeated five times to obtain thicker device quality films. XRD patterns, TEM, Raman, and UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy confirm that phase formation of BST thin films has taken place. The band edge value for BST thin films is observed to decrease systematically from 4.65 eV (amorphous, 300 °C) to 3.56 eV (5‐layers, crystalline, 300 °C). A varactor device with a Circular Patch Capacitor (CPC) structure is patterned on the five‐stage laser annealed BST thin films processed at 300 °C, which shows a microwave tunability of 34% at 1 GHz compared to conventionally deposited BST films (prepared at 700 °C). This study provides a way for fabricating ferroelectric thin film based tunable devices at low temperatures, making the process compatible with low melting substrates in flexible electronics and other situations where there is a temperature constraint.
Selective Defect Passivation and Topographical Control of 4‐Dimethylaminopyridine at Grain Boundary for Efficient and Stable Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Song Seulki , Park Eun Young , Ma Boo Soo , Kim Dong Jun , Park Helen Hejin , Kim Young Yun , Shin Seong Sik , Jeon Nam Joong , Kim Taek‐Soo , Seo Jangwon
Published: January 2021

Recent progress in highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been made by virtue of interfacial engineering on 3D perovskite surfaces for their defect control, however, the structural stability of the modified interface against external stimuli still remains unresolved. Herein, 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) is introduced to develop a facile technique for selectively passivating the grain boundary (GB) and controlling the topographical boundary of the perovskite surface near the GB. Through the surface treatment of DMAP, strongly bound DMAP crystals are selectively formed at the GB, which serves two functions: nonradiative recombination at GB is effectively reduced by healing the uncoordinated Pb2+ while adhesion strength between the perovskite and the poly(triaryl amine) (PTAA) polymer is significantly enhanced by a mechanical interlock effect. A planar PSC with DMAP treatment exhibits a champion power conversion efficiency of 22.4%, which is not only much higher than the 20.04% observed for a nontreated control device, but also the highest among the planar PSCs using PTAA polymers as a hole transport material. Furthermore, the use of DMAP leads to a substantial improvement in the device stability under damp‐heat test and light irradiation.