bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovative adoption of hybrid supply chain strategies in urban local fresh food supply chain
Authors: Nakandala Dilupa , Lau H.C.W.
Published: December 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the characteristics of demand and supply in relation to the real-world supply chain strategies of local urban fresh food supply chains (FFSC). It generates insights into how a range of strategies is adopted by urban retailer businesses in attempting to cater for the particular requirements of food-literate urban consumers and small-scale local growers.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a multiple case study method, 12 urban local fresh food retailers in Sydney were studied and interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Findings

Local fresh produce has characteristics of both functional and innovative products. Retailers with strong upstream and downstream collaborations adopt hybrid strategies for increased time efficiency and product variety. The dominance of strategies for time efficiency in downstream activities is aimed at maximising the product’s freshness and taste, while product range improvement strategies mean innovative retailers are working with growers to introduce new product types and offering new recipes to consumers that encourage a wider use of products. Urban retailers of local fresh produce leverage on their relationships with upstream and downstream supply chain entities in implementing hybrid strategies.

Implications

Policymakers will make use of the new knowledge generated about the real enablers of contemporary urban food systems in designing developmental policies; findings will inform urban FFSC retailers about how harmonious relationships can be leveraged for sustainability.

Originality/value

The study generates new knowledge on the implementation of a leagile approach by studying the adoption of innovative hybrid strategies by urban local FFSCs in relations to demand and supply characteristics and the utilization of strong vertical relationships in a short supply chain.
Bibliometric analysis of entrepreneurial orientation
Authors: Andrade-Valbuena Nelson A. , Merigo-Lindahl Jose M. , Olavarrieta S. Sergio
Published: November 2018

Purpose

The remarkable concept of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has attracted scholars’ attention for its relevance to a firm’s performance. Based on bibliometric and distance-based visualization of similarities (VOS) analysis, the purpose of this paper is to outline a broad-spectrum perspective of the structure of research in EO across more than 20 years of publications, identifying the most prominent journals, authors and articles in this field.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses the Web of Science Core Collection and the VOS viewer software. The analysis searches for all the documents connected to EO available in the database from 1976 to 2017. The graphical visualization maps the bibliographic data using both bibliographic coupling and co-citation data.

Findings

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice Journal,Journal of Business VenturingandFamily Business Revieware the most relevant journals in the field. Among the many important authors in the EO literature, key contributors are Lumpkin, Payne, Short, Covin, Dess and Wiklund. Three different streams of research are linked to the EO concept; strategy and entrepreneurship, family business and miscellaneous work in psychometrics, methods, marketing and knowledge/capability-based approaches to organizations.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to EO research by providing a global perspective on the concept’s investigation, using bibliometric data and graphical networks.
Anthropology at risk
Authors: Kapferer Bruce
Published: December 2018

Sociocultural anthropology is discussed as risking its critical contribution across the disciplines founded in its primary ethnographic focus. Here, anthropology's distinction as a generator of theory (not merely as affirmatory of it) is presented as akin to theoretical physics, though not reducible to it. Major risks to anthropology are seen in the alienating forces of the growth of economic pragmatism coupled with the current apotheosis of science and technology. Certain shifts in anthropological methodological focus are presented as contributing to the effect of such alienation and to the danger of a reduction in the broad significance of the subject.
Digital afterlife: (Eco)civilizational politics of the site and the sight of e‐waste in China
Authors: ZUEV DENNIS
Published: December 2018

This article aims to examine the ongoing changes in ‘green politics’ in China by focusing on the example of e‐waste recycling and, specifically, transformations in one given town, Guiyu. It is argued that the spontaneous stage of development in e‐waste recycling in Guiyu has become the object of civilizational politics, which includes the formalization, centralization and spatial and visual evolution of the recycling site. Civilizational politics is conceptualized as an approach towards adapting to the existing socio‐technical conditions and the introduction of a new infrastructural regime, which is discursively framed as a civilized one: modern, environmentally friendly and socially beneficial. The ‘informal’ sector in e‐waste recycling is the main target of civilizational politics, as it is associated with ‘low‐tech’ and polluting technologies and small‐scale enterprises powered by migrant labour. While the target of civilizational politics is upscaling via the creation of large, centralized, ‘formal’ facilities, the social and environmental sustainability of such a transition should be questioned.
Uncanny valleys: Unheimlichkeit, approximation and the refugee camp
Authors: DUNN ELIZABETH CULLEN , FREDERIKSEN MARTIN DEMANT
Published: December 2018

This article uses the idea of the ‘uncanny valley’ – the revulsion that people feel when looking at a human facsimile or lookalike – to examine the eerie atmosphere in refugee camps. The authors argue that by considering the underlying engineering of camps as almost, but never quite cities and the social and political formations that produce them as both abstractions and rationalized action, we come closer to understanding the pervasive sense of uncanniness that surrounds the camp. Moreover, the authors hold that the durable mark of the camp – that is, the continuing stigmatization of both the space and the people in it as something set apart by political violence – is an essential feature, not only of this particular built environment, but of modernity itself.
Heterogeneous effects of adolescent violent victimization on problematic outcomes in early adulthood*
Authors: Turanovic Jillian J.
Published: December 2018

Violent victimization—particularly when it happens to young people—can inflict a wide array of negative consequences across the life course. Nevertheless, some victims are more likely to suffer these consequences than others, and we do not have a very good understanding of why that is. One promising avenue of research is to examine how individuals’ differential risks of being victimized affect the extent to which they experience negative outcomes. By using propensity score matching and data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 8,323), in this study I estimate the heterogeneous effects of adolescent violent victimization on several problematic outcomes in early adulthood (violent and property offending, subsequent violent victimization, depressive symptoms, hard drug use, and low educational attainment). Individuals’ differential risks of adolescent violent victimization are estimated with a host of personal, social, and contextual factors, including prior experiences with crime and violence. The results show that the consequences of adolescent victimization in early adulthood are more pronounced for youth with the lowest risks of being victimized. These findings have important implications for theory, research, and practice, and they emphasize that the consequences of victimization cannot be understood separately from the sources of victimization.
Dedicated MRI simulation for cervical cancer radiation treatment planning: Assessing the impact on clinical target volume delineation
Authors: Veera Jacqueline , Lim Karen , Dowling Jason A , O'Connor Chelsie , Holloway Lois C , Vinod Shalini K
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides excellent soft tissue definition of pelvic tumours and organs. The aim of this study was to quantify differences in delineated clinical target volumes (CTVs) between computed tomography (CT) and MRI.

Methods

Twenty patients with locally advanced gynaecological malignancies were recruited. Patients underwent dedicated MRI simulation following CT simulation. Four clinicians independently contoured each CT and MRI. CTV structures were contoured using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) guidelines and lymph node CTV (LN‐CTV) according to published guidelines. Interobserver variability was analysed using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and mean absolute surface distance (MASD).

Results

Gross tumour volume delineation was more consistent on MRI compared to CT, the DSC improved from 0.77 on CT to 0.81 on MRI, P < 0.01. GTV volumes were significantly smaller on MRI compared to CT (MRI 92 cc vs. CT 117 cc, P < 0.01). The LN‐CTV and combined CTV volumes were both significantly smaller on MRI compared to CT (LN‐CTV: MRI 324 cc vs CT 354 cc, P < 0.01 and combined CTV: MRI 560 cc vs CT 600 cc, P < 0.01). The LN‐CTV DSC was 0.75 for both MRI and CT, and the combined CTV DSC was 0.81 for MRI and 0.80 for CT, P = 0.27. Vagina and parametria volumes exhibited more variability compared to other structures.

Conclusions

Magnetic Resonance Imaging contouring resulted in smaller and more consistently delineated volumes when compared to CT for most CTV structures. An MRI contouring atlas is provided to complement the existing RTOG contouring guidelines.
Inferring community assembly processes from macroscopic patterns using dynamic eco‐evolutionary models and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC)
Authors: Pontarp Mikael , Brännström Åke , Petchey Owen L.
Published: December 2018

Statistical techniques exist for inferring community assembly processes from community patterns. Habitat filtering, competition, and biogeographical effects have, for example, been inferred from signals in phenotypic and phylogenetic data. The usefulness of current inference techniques is, however, debated as a mechanistic and causal link between process and pattern is often lacking, and evolutionary processes and trophic interactions are ignored.

Here, we revisit the current knowledge on community assembly across scales and, in line with several reviews that have outlined challenges associated with current inference techniques, we identify a discrepancy between the current paradigm of eco‐evolutionary community assembly and current inference techniques that focus mainly on competition and habitat filtering. We argue that trait‐based dynamic eco‐evolutionary models in combination with recently developed model fitting and model evaluation techniques can provide avenues for more accurate, reliable, and inclusive inference. To exemplify, we implement a trait‐based, spatially explicit eco‐evolutionary model and discuss steps of model modification, fitting, and evaluation as an iterative approach enabling inference from diverse data sources.

Through a case study on inference of prey and predator niche width in an eco‐evolutionary context, we demonstrate how inclusive and mechanistic approaches—eco‐evolutionary modelling and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC)—can enable inference of assembly processes that have been largely neglected by traditional techniques despite the ubiquity of such processes.

Much literature points to the limitations of current inference techniques, but concrete solutions to such limitations are few. Many of the challenges associated with novel inference techniques are, however, already to some extent resolved in other fields and thus ready to be put into action in a more formal way for inferring processes of community assembly from signals in various data sources.
The future is human
Authors: GRATTON LYNDA , SCOTT ANDREW
Published: December 2018

The machines are coming… but there are still grounds for optimism for the rest of us, say Lynda Gratton and Andrew Scott
How can we trust crypto‐markets?
Authors: DE GEORGE EMMANUEL , BOURVEAU THOMAS , ELLAHIE ATIF , MACCIOCCHI DANIELE
Published: December 2018

Without formal regulatory oversight, can investors have confidence in so‐called initial coin offerings? Emmanuel De George, Thomas Bourveau, Atif Ellahie and Daniele Macciocchi assess the evidence for and against the fast‐growing market
Association between TNF‐α polymorphisms and the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding induced by aspirin in patients with coronary heart disease
Authors: Wang Tai‐ping
Published: December 2018

Objective

To investigate the correlation of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) polymorphisms with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) induced by enteric‐coated aspirin in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients.

Methods

In total, 154 CHD patients taking enteric‐coated aspirin were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into the UGIB group (n = 57) and non‐UGIB group (n = 97) based on the presence or absence of signs of UGIB, respectively. TNF‐α polymorphism (‐857C > T, ‐863C > A, and ‐1031T > C) genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP).

Results

Patients who had the CC genotype and C allele of ‐1031T > C exhibited a significantly increase risk of UGIB after receiving enteric‐coated aspirin (CC vs. TT: odds (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 7.568 (1.527–37.49), P = 0.005; C vs. T: OR (95% CI): 1.852 (1.036–3.312), P = 0.036). Patients who had CA and CA + AA genotypes and the A allele of ‐863C > A also exhibited an increased risk of aspirin‐induced UGIB (CA vs. CC: OR (95% CI): 2.415 (1.143–5.101), P = 0.019: CA + AA vs. CC: OR (95% CI): 2.218 (1.123–4.381), P = 0.021; A vs. C: OR (95% CI): 1.788 (1.039–3.078), P = 0.035). However, the TNF‐α ‐857 C > T polymorphism was unrelated to the induction of UGIB by enteric‐coated aspirin in CHD patients (P > 0.05). In addition, the haplotypes of CCC (‐1031T > C, ‐863C > A, and ‐857C > T) markedly reduced the risk of aspirin‐induced UGIB in CHD patients.

Conclusion

TNF‐α ‐863A and ‐1031C increased the risk of UGIB induction by enteric‐coated aspirin in CHD patients, whereas TNF‐α ‐857C > T was not correlated with the UGIB risk.
Commentary: Sports participation at 4 years old? Thoughts on mental health‐risk trajectories in the longitudinal study of Australian children – a commentary on Vella et al. (2018)
Authors: Crowell Judith A.
Published: December 2018

Vella and colleagues (this issue) report on children in the kindergarten cohort of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) study, using predictors from age 4 years to identify six trajectories of mental health risk from ages 4–12. Somewhat surprisingly, they find that among some predictable candidates for risk, such as sex and family income, that sports participation at age four emerges as a novel predictor of low difficulty with respect to mental health trajectories across the next 8 years. Is this a case of mens sana in corpore sano? Or is sports participation, that is, swimming, dancing, gymnastics, and team sports, a proxy for other factors? What can the various predictors and the trajectories of mental health risk from this longitudinal study tell us about interventions to reduce risk?
Understanding the Crime Gap: Violence and Inequality in an American City
Authors: Papachristos Andrew V. , Brazil Noli , Cheng Tony
Published: December 2018

The United States has experienced an unprecedented decline in violent crime over the last two decades. Throughout this decline, however, violent crime continued to concentrate in socially and economically disadvantaged urban neighborhoods. Using detailed homicide records from 1990 to 2010, this study examines the spatial patterning of violent crime in Chicago to determine whether or not all neighborhoods experienced decreases in violence. We find that while in absolute terms nearly all neighborhoods in the city benefited from reductions in homicide, relative inequality in crime between the city's safest and most dangerous neighborhoods actually increased by 10 percent. This increase was driven by a greater rate of decline in the city's safest neighborhoods. This crime gap can be partly attributed to the decreasing association between concentrated disadvantage and homicide in the safest neighborhoods. We also find that the decline did not significantly alter the spatial distribution of crime, as homicides remained concentrated in the initially most dangerous neighborhoods and their adjacent areas.
Use of IL‐1 β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and MMP‐8 biomarkers to distinguish peri‐implant diseases: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ghassib Iya , Chen Zhaozhao , Zhu Juanfang , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: December 2018

Objective

To investigate the use of peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) biomarkers in distinguishing between healthy implants (H), peri‐implant mucositis (MU), and peri‐implantitis (PI).

Material and Methods

Electronic using three databases (Pubmed, EMBASE, and Cochrane) and manual searches were conducted for articles published up to March 2018 by two independent calibrated reviewers. Meta‐analyses using a random‐effects model were conducted for each of the cytokines; IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α, to analyze standardized mean difference (SMD) between H and MU, MU and PI, H and PI with their associated 95% confidence intervals (CI). Qualitative assessment of MMP‐8 was provided consequent to the lack of studies that provide valid data for a meta‐analysis.

Results

Nineteen articles were included in this review. IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α, levels were significantly higher in MU than H groups (SMD: 1.94; 95% CI: 0.87, 3.35; P < .001, SMD: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.16, 3.19; P = .031 and SMD: 3.91; 95% CI: 1.13, 6.70; P = .006, respectively). Similar results were obtained with PI compared to H sites (SMD: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.32, 3.11; P < .001, SMD: 1.72; 95% CI: 0.56, 2.87; P = .004 and SMD: 3.78; 95% CI: 1.67, 5.89; P < .001, respectively). IL‐6 was statistically higher in PI than MU sites (SMD = 1.46; 95% CI: 0.36, 2.55; P = .009); while IL‐1ß increase was not significant. Despite absence of meta‐analysis, MMP‐8 show to be a promising biomarker in detection of PI in literature.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, pro‐inflammatory cytokines in PICF, such as IL‐1ß and IL‐6, can be used as adjunct tools to clinical parameters to differentiate H from MU and PI.
Evaluating the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire and the Functional Mobility Scale in a pediatric inpatient setting
Authors: Stout Jean L
Published: December 2018

This commentary is on the original article by Ammann‐Reiffer et al. on pages 717–724 of this issue.
Prevalence and characteristics of pain in children and young adults with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: Mckinnon Clare T , Meehan Elaine M , Harvey Adrienne R , Antolovich Giuliana C , Morgan Prue E
Published: December 2018

Aim

The primary aim of this review is to evaluate the evidence for pain prevalence in children and young adults with cerebral palsy. Secondary aims are to identify pain characteristics and types of pain measurement used in this population.

Method

Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus, and PubMed were searched in October 2016 and updated in November 2017. Two authors independently screened studies according to Preferred Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Pain outcomes were categorized within a biopsychosocial pain framework, with pain prevalence extracted for all recall periods and measurement types.

Results

One hundred and six publications from 57 studies met inclusion criteria. Pain prevalence varied widely from 14 per cent to 76 per cent and was higher in females, older age groups, and those classified within Gross Motor Function Classification System level V. Pain was most frequent in the lower limbs, back, and abdomen and associated with reduced quality of life or health status. The influence of pain on psychological functioning, interference, and participation was inconclusive.

Interpretation

Variation exists in reported pain prevalence because of sampling bias, inconsistent measurement, varying recall periods, and use of different participant age ranges.

What this paper adds

Pain prevalence varies from 14 per cent to 76 per cent in children and young adults with cerebral palsy.

Pain is more prevalent in females, older age groups, and children in Gross Motor Function Classification System level V.
Factors associated with pain in adolescents with bilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Fairhurst Charlie , Shortland Adam , Chandler Susie , Will Elspeth , Scrutton David , Simonoff Emily , Baird Gillian
Published: December 2018

Aim

We explored factors associated with pain and its severity in a population cohort of young people with bilateral cerebral palsy, comparing parent/carer and young people self‐reports.

Method

Of 278 survivors (mean age 16y 8mo, SD 1y 4mo, range 13y 8mo–19y 3mo) from the South Thames in the Study of Hips and Physical Experience cohort of 338 young people with bilateral cerebral palsy, 212 parents/carers and 153 young people completed questionnaires on the presence, severity, timing, site, associated factors, impact, and treatment of pain.

Results

Seventy per cent of parents/carers reported pain within 3 months, 59% the previous week, and 50% the previous day with 56% reporting ‘regularly experienced’. Of young people able to do so, 63% reported pain within 3 months, 50% the previous week, and 42% the previous day, with 48% reporting regular pain. There was strong agreement between the parent/carer and young people, reporting pain severity over the previous 3 months. Pain severity was associated with increased motor impairment and comorbidity, particularly constipation, spasticity, equipment use, and higher emotional score, but not sex, intellectual disability, speech, or maternal education. Multiple sites of musculoskeletal pain were reported in two‐thirds of individuals. Pain was associated with voluntary movement in individuals with less motor impairment and with being moved in those with severe motor impairment. Greater pain severity had a negative effect on both physical and psychological quality of life.

Interpretation

Increasing awareness of the comorbidities in cerebral palsy may aid effective treatment, reducing pain experienced by young people with cerebral palsy.

What this study adds

Regular moderate or severe pain is reported in young people with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP) in all Gross Motor Function Classification System levels.

Pain is reported more frequently in young people who are non‐ambulant.

General ill health is strongly associated with severity of pain after controlling for severity of CP, especially constipation.

Pain occurs most often in ambulant young people during voluntary activity and in those who are non‐ambulant when being moved.

There is strong agreement between parents/carers and young people about pain presence and severity.
Childhood neurodevelopment after prescription of maintenance methadone for opioid dependency in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Monnelly Victoria J , Hamilton Ruth , Chappell Francesca M , Mactier Helen , Boardman James P
Published: December 2018

Aim

To systematically review and meta‐analyse studies of neurodevelopmental outcome of children born to mothers prescribed methadone in pregnancy.

Method

MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched for studies published from 1975 to 2017 reporting neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with prenatal methadone exposure.

Results

Forty‐one studies were identified (2283 participants). Eight studies were amenable to meta‐analysis: at 2 years the Mental Development Index weighted mean difference of children with prenatal methadone exposure compared with unexposed infants was −4.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] −7.24 to −1.63), and the Psychomotor Development Index weighted mean difference was −5.42 (95% CI −10.55 to −0.28). Seven studies reported behavioural scores and six found scores to be lower among methadone‐exposed children. Twelve studies reported visual outcomes: nystagmus and strabismus were common; five studies reported visual evoked potentials of which four described abnormalities. Factors that limited the quality of some studies, and introduced risk of bias, included absence of blinding, small sample size, high attrition, uncertainty about polydrug exposure, and lack of comparison group validity.

Interpretation

Children born to mothers prescribed methadone in pregnancy are at risk of neurodevelopmental problems but risk of bias limits inference about harm. Research into management of opioid use disorder in pregnancy should include evaluation of childhood neurodevelopmental outcome.

What this paper adds

Children born to opioid‐dependent mothers prescribed methadone are at risk of neurodevelopmental impairment.

Exposed infants have lower Mental Development Index and Psychomotor Development Index scores than unexposed children.

Atypical visual evoked potentials, strabismus, and nystagmus have increased prevalence.

Estimates of impairment may be biased by intermediate to poor quality evidence.
Causes and consequences of crayfish extinction: Stream connectivity, habitat changes, alien species and ecosystem services
Authors: Manenti Raoul , Ghia Daniela , Fea Gianluca , Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Padoa‐Schioppa Emilio , Canedoli Claudia
Published: December 2018

Given the ongoing decline of many species, it is important to perform multifactorial analyses of conservation status and to assess the effects of species extinction on ecosystem services.

In this study, we used long‐term surveys to assess the influence of habitat change, landscape alteration and invasive species on extinction risk of the native crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes. We reviewed the existing literature to assess which ecosystem services are threatened by local extinction of A. pallipes and replacement with alien crayfish.

We sampled 196 streams and wetlands in northern Italy. Of these, 117 received multiple surveys over a 13‐year period (2004–2017), thus allowing accurate measurement of extinction rate.

Thirty‐four percent of A. pallipes populations underwent extinction between 2004 and 2017. The occurrence of alien crayfish in the catchment basin and urban growth in the landscape surrounding streams were associated with A. pallipes extinction. The probability of persistence was significantly higher in populations close to stream springs and with physical barriers (especially waterfalls) separating them from basins with alien crayfish.

Extinction of native crayfish alters community structure and impairs regulating services such as detrital breakdown and pest regulation. Replacement by alien crayfish (Procambarus clarkii and Faxonius limosus) also threatens supporting and regulating services by altering nutrient cycling, food webs, sediments and erosion.

The implementation of management practices that control river connectivity using selective barriers is needed to prevent further local extinction of native species. Integrating information on extinction with knowledge of impacts on ecosystem services is essential in developing more effective conservation policies.
Does region of origin influence the timing and outcome of first‐line antiretroviral therapy in France?
Authors: Gatey C , Brun A , Hamet G , Diamantis S , Sellier P , Bouchaud O , Garrait V , Rozenbaum W , Molina JM , Abgrall S ,   the COREVIH Ile de France Est Research Group
Published: December 2018

Objectives

The aim of the study was to assess whether the timing of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation, the choice of cART and virological response differ in migrants versus European natives in the north and east of Paris area, after dissemination of French recommendations for universal treatment.

Methods

Antiretroviral therapy‐naïve HIV‐1‐infected adults with at least two follow‐up visits at one of 15 participating centres between 1 January 2014 and 31 March 2015 were included in the study. Factors associated with cART initiation before 31 March 2015, with protease inhibitor (PI)‐containing cART among individuals initiating cART, and with 1‐year virological success after cART initiation were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models. Sex, age, region of origin [Western Europe, sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) or other], HIV transmission group, baseline AIDS status, CD4 cell count and plasma viral load (VL), and hepatitis B and/or C virus infection were considered in the analyses.

Results

Among 912 individuals, only 584 (64%) started cART during the study period. After adjustment, migrants from SSA were half as likely to initiate cART and to have a subsequent virological response compared with individuals from Western Europe [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.54; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.82; and aOR 0.52; 95% CI 0.28–0.98, respectively]. PI‐containing cART was more frequently prescribed in migrants from SSA, in people with lower CD4 cell counts and in people with higher VL.

Conclusions

Even in the context of universal cART recommendations and of free access to care, migrants from SSA still have delayed access to cART and a lower virological response. Efforts are still necessary to provide immediate cART to all people living with HIV.
Nursing oral suction intervention to reduce aspiration and ventilator events (NO‐ASPIRATE): A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Sole Mary Lou , Talbert Steven , Yan Xin , Penoyer Daleen , Mehta Devendra , Bennett Melody , Middleton Aurea , Emery Kimberly Paige
Published: December 2018

Aim

The primary aim of this study is to compare an oropharyngeal suction intervention versus usual care on microaspiration in intubated patients. Secondary aims are to evaluate the intervention on ventilator‐associated condition rates, time to occurrence and compare tracheal‐oral α‐amylase ratios between groups.

Design

Prospective randomized clinical trial.

Methods

The study received funding from the National Institutes of Health in February 2014 and Institutional Review Board approval in July 2013. Over 4 years, a convenience sample of 600 orally intubated, ventilated adult patients will be enrolled within 24 hr of intubation. The target sample is 400 participants randomized to the two groups. The intervention involves enhanced suctioning of the mouth and oropharynx every 4 hr, while the usual care group receives a sham suctioning. The research team will deliver usual oral care to all patients every 4 hr and collect oral and tracheal specimens every 12 hr, to quantify α‐amylase levels to detect aspiration of oral secretions. Study completers must be enrolled at least 36 hr (baseline and three paired samples). Outcomes include α‐amylase levels, percent of positive specimens, ventilator‐associated conditions, length of stay, ventilator hours, and discharge disposition.

Discussion

Enrolment has closed, and data analysis has begun. Subgroup analyses emerged, contributing to future research knowledge.

Impact

Standardized interventions have reduced but do not address all risk factors associated with ventilator‐associated conditions. This study provides the potential to reduce microaspiration and associated sequelae in critically ill, intubated patients.
Are endocasts good proxies for brain size and shape in archosaurs throughout ontogeny?
Authors: Watanabe Akinobu , Gignac Paul M. , Balanoff Amy M. , Green Todd L. , Kley Nathan J. , Norell Mark A.
Published: December 2018

Cranial endocasts, or the internal molds of the braincase, are a crucial correlate for investigating the neuroanatomy of extinct vertebrates and tracking brain evolution through deep time. Nevertheless, the validity of such studies pivots on the reliability of endocasts as a proxy for brain morphology. Here, we employ micro‐computed tomography imaging, including diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced CT, and a three‐dimensional geometric morphometric framework to examine both size and shape differences between brains and endocasts of two exemplar archosaur taxa – the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). With ontogenetic sampling, we quantitatively evaluate how endocasts differ from brains and whether this deviation changes during development. We find strong size and shape correlations between brains and endocasts, divergent ontogenetic trends in the brain‐to‐endocast correspondence between alligators and chickens, and a comparable magnitude between brain–endocast shape differences and intraspecific neuroanatomical variation. The results have important implications for paleoneurological studies in archosaurs. Notably, we demonstrate that the pattern of endocranial shape variation closely reflects brain shape variation. Therefore, analyses of endocranial morphology are unlikely to generate spurious conclusions about large‐scale trends in brain size and shape. To mitigate any artifacts, however, paleoneurological studies should consider the lower brain–endocast correspondence in the hindbrain relative to the forebrain; higher size and shape correspondences in chickens than alligators throughout postnatal ontogeny; artificially ‘pedomorphic’ shape of endocasts relative to their corresponding brains; and potential biases in both size and shape data due to the lack of control for ontogenetic stages in endocranial sampling.
Sectioning and extensively examining the fimbriated end (SEE‐FIM) of the fallopian tube in routine practices, is it worth the effort?
Authors: Laokulrath Natthawadee , Warnnissorn Malee , Chuangsuwanich Tuenjai , Hanamornroongruang Suchanan
Published: December 2018

Aim

To determine the prevalence of fallopian tube high‐grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) and to analyze the benefit of the sectioning and extensively examining the fimbriated end (SEE‐FIM) protocol.

Methods

Fallopian tubes from 450 patients with risk‐reducing salpingo‐oophorectomy, or tumor of the ovary, endometrium, fallopian tube or peritoneum were examined using the SEE‐FIM protocol. Microscopic tubal pathology and the number of paraffin blocks used were evaluated. Immunostaining for p53 was performed to confirm TP53 mutation. Cost effectiveness was determined by equation of incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio.

Results

Tubal HGSC were detected in 25 out of 70 cases of pelvic extrauterine HGSC, in 1 case of endometrioid carcinoma, and 4 cases of uterine serous carcinoma out of 250 cases of endometrial neoplasm. The mean number of tissue blocks per case was 6. The incremental cost for detecting one case of coexisting fallopian tube HGSC in the study population was 94 Thai baht/3 USD per case.

Conclusion

The SEE‐FIM protocol facilitates identification of lesions that are not distinguishable by classical sampling protocol, and this results in more accurate tumor staging and a better understanding of the carcinogenesis. The benefit of the SEE‐FIM protocol was demonstrated, especially in cases at high risk for coexisting fallopian tube carcinoma.
What's that bump?
Authors: Wong Xin L , Ming Andrew , Sebaratnam Deshan F
Published: December 2018

See Answer
A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized study to evaluate the weight gain drug, mirtazapine transdermal ointment, in cats with unintended weight loss
Authors: Poole Melinda , Quimby Jessica M. , Hu Tianhua , Labelle Daizie , Buhles William
Published: December 2018

Mirtazapine is classified as a weight gain drug in cats, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate its efficacy in cats experiencing unintended weight loss. This was a multi‐center, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical study in client‐owned cats ≥1 year of age, weighing ≥2 kg, with a documented loss (≥5%) in body weight. Cats were treated once daily with either 2 mg/cat mirtazapine transdermal ointment (n = 83) or placebo (n = 94) (Per Protocol population) applied to the inner surface of the pinna for 14 ± 3 days. Physical examination, body weight, complete blood count, serum chemistry, and urinalysis were performed prior to treatment and on Day 14. Changes in body weight between the mirtazapine and placebo groups were evaluated from Day 1 to Day 14 and compared using a two‐sample t test. The mean percent change in body weight was +3.9% (standard deviation ±5.4%) in the mirtazapine group and +0.4% (±3.3%) in the placebo group (p < 0.0001). The most common adverse event was mild erythema at the application site in 17.4% of placebo and 10.4% of mirtazapine‐treated cats. Application of mirtazapine transdermal ointment was well tolerated both topically and systemically and resulted in significant weight gain in cats experiencing unintended weight loss associated with various underlying diseases.
Petty services, profit‐led growth and rural–urban migration in a developing economy
Authors: Thakur Gogol Mitra , Guha Subrata
Published: December 2018

This paper develops a structuralist urban dual economy model for a developing economy consisting of a capitalist formal sector and a “petty” or informal service sector. The petty service sector plays an important role in wage determination and capital accumulation in the formal sector. The urban dual economy is situated in the midst of a rural area endowed with generous amount of surplus labour. The rural area augments urban labour supply over time through rural–urban migration. The paper, therefore, incorporates rural–urban migration within a structuralist framework and highlights its implication for growth and structural change in urban spaces of developing economies riddled with persistent formal–informal duality.
Blocking β‐1,6‐glucan synthesis by deleting KRE6 and SKN1 attenuates the virulence of Candida albicans
Authors: Han Qi , Wang Na , Yao Guangyin , Mu Chunhua , Wang Yue , Sang Jianli
Published: December 2018

β‐1,6‐glucan is an important component of the fungal cell wall. The β‐1,6‐glucan synthase gene KRE6 was thought to be essential in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans because it could not be deleted in previous efforts. Also, the role of its homolog SKN1 was unclear because its deletion caused no defects. Here, we report the construction and characterization of kre6Δ/Δ, skn1Δ/Δ and kre6Δ/Δ skn1Δ/Δ mutants in C. albicans. While deleting KRE6 or SKN1 had no obvious phenotypic consequence, deleting both caused slow growth, cell separation failure, cell wall abnormalities, diminished hyphal growth, poor biofilm formation and loss of virulence in mice. Furthermore, the GPI‐linked cell surface proteins Hwp1 and the invasin Als3 or Ssa1 were not detected in kre6Δ/Δ skn1Δ/Δ mutant. In GMM medium, RT‐qPCR and western blotting revealed a constitutive expression of KRE6 and growth conditions‐associated activation of SKN1. Like many hypha‐specific genes, SKN1 is repressed by Nrg1, but its activation does not involve the transcription factor Efg1. Dysregulation of SKN1 reduces C. albicans ability to damage epithelial and endothelial cells and attenuates its virulence. Given the vital role of β‐1,6‐glucan synthesis in C. albicans physiology and virulence, Kre6 and Skn1 are worthy targets for developing antifungal agents.
Autoimmunity and effector recognition in Arabidopsis thaliana can be uncoupled by mutations in the RRS1‐R immune receptor
Authors: Newman Toby E. , Lee Jungmin , Williams Simon J. , Choi Sera , Halane Morgan K. , Zhou Jun , Solomon Peter , Kobe Bostjan , Jones Jonathan D. G. , Segonzac Cécile , Sohn Kee Hoon
Published: November 2018

Plant nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) disease resistance proteins recognize specific pathogen effectors and activate a cellular defense program. In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum 1 (RRS1‐R) and Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae 4 (RPS4) function together to recognize the unrelated bacterial effectors PopP2 and AvrRps4. In the plant cell nucleus, the RRS1‐R/RPS4 complex binds to and signals the presence of AvrRps4 or PopP2.

The exact mechanism underlying NLR signaling and immunity activation remains to be elucidated. Using genetic and biochemical approaches, we characterized the intragenic suppressors of sensitive to low humidity 1 (slh1), a temperature‐sensitive autoimmune allele of RRS1‐R.

Our analyses identified five amino acid residues that contribute to RRS1‐RSLH1 autoactivity. We investigated the role of these residues in the RRS1‐R allele by genetic complementation, and found that C15 in the Toll/interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR) domain and L816 in the LRR domain were also important for effector recognition. Further characterization of the intragenic suppressive mutations located in the RRS1‐R TIR domain revealed differing requirements for RRS1‐R/RPS4‐dependent autoimmunity and effector‐triggered immunity.

Our results provide novel information about the mechanisms which, in turn, hold an NLR protein complex inactive and allow adequate activation in the presence of pathogens.
A multidisciplinary approach to manage odontogenic keratocysts
Authors: Sabir Shafia , Jawad Huda , Cope Martin
Published: December 2018

A case report of an 8 year old patient with a large odontogenic keratocyst that was preventing the eruption of several permanent mandibular teeth. A presentation like this led to the suspicion of a mild form of Gorlin Goltz syndrome. Through careful planning with the consultant orthodontist and maxillofacial surgeon, the patient now presents age 16 with a full set of healthy adult teeth, which are both aesthetically and functionally pleasing.
Doomed to be Dammed? Analyzing the Different Outcomes of Three South American Megadams
Authors: Phan Hai‐Vu
Published: December 2018

Hydroelectric dams are one of the cleanest, cheapest, and most efficient sources of energy in the world. However, megadams (those greater than 2,000 megawatts in production capacity) can incite substantial sociopolitical and environmental opposition because they displace people, animals, trees, and sediments. Despite heated disagreements surrounding all megadam construction, what factors increase the likelihood for some to be constructed while others are canceled? The purpose of this analysis is to illuminate those factors that shape these different outcomes using a most‐similar case design. It compares three megadams in South America: the Madeira project in Brazil, which was built; and the Inambari project in Peru and the HydroAysén project in Chile, both of which were canceled. The study finds that the diversity of protesters, unification of the social movement, domestic media coverage, and the sitting president’s popularity are all important factors that affect whether a megadam project is constructed. The findings from this article offer insights that both proponents and opponents of megadams need to closely consider.

Related Articles

Ryan, Susannah. 2015. “White Gold and Troubled Waters in Southern Africa: Hydropolitical Policy’s Effect on Peace in Lesotho and South Africa.” Politics & Policy 43 (2): 239‐255. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12114

Delshad, Ashlie B. 2013. “Telling Stories: Exogenous Influences on Media Presidential and Congressional Framing of Biofuels.” Politics & Policy 41 (2): 213‐240. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12009

Khodr, Hiba, and Isabella Ruble. 2013. “Energy Policies and Domestic Politics in the MENA Region in the Aftermath of the Arab Upheavals: The Cases of Lebanon Libya and KSA.” Politics & Policy 41 (5): 656‐689. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12033

Related Media

Murphy, Annie. 2011. “Chile Dam Project Sparks Protests.” BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-13445300

CentralInambari. 2011. “Proyecto Inambari: Plan De Reasentamiento Poblacional Concertado.” [Inambari Project: Agreed Population Resettlement Plan]. Video. https://youtu.be/5LjEXTnArWI

Paz y Miño, Paul. 2007. “Environmentalists Go to Court to Suspend the Auction of Rio Madeira Dam Project.” Amazon Watch. https://amazonwatch.org/news/2007/1206-environmentalists-go-to-court-to-suspend-the-auction-of-rio-madeira-dam-project
Patient and family members’ perceptions of family participation in care on acute care wards
Authors: Mackie Benjamin R. , Mitchell Marion , Marshall Andrea P.
Published: December 2018

Background

Hospital leaders, policymakers and healthcare professionals are realising the benefits of delivering care that promotes family participation because it is known to enhance the quality of care, and improve patient satisfaction.

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore, from the perspective of patients and family members within an adult acute care ward: (a) their beliefs and attitudes towards family participation in patient care and (b) staff behaviours that support or hinder family participation in patient care.

Design and methods

A naturalistic approach with an exploratory sequential design was used in a medical assessment and planning unit of a regional referral hospital in Australia. Purposeful maximum variation sampling was used to recruit patients and family members who differed in age, ethnicity, relationship to patient and gender. Observer‐as‐participant observation data and semi‐structured interviews were undertaken. Following separate inductive content analysis, data were triangulated.

Results

Thirty‐two patients and 26 family members were recruited. Thirty hours of observational data were gathered. Eighteen patients and 15 family members were interviewed. Analysis uncovered two contrasting categories: (a) disconnected communication and (b) family influence quality.

Conclusion

The findings of our study demonstrated that most patients and families perceived staff communication as disconnected and inadequate, which constrained them from engaging in care processes or decision‐making. However, when family felt empowered and participated in patient care, the quality of health care was enhanced. Healthcare professionals can use these findings to make informed evidence‐based changes to the way they practice and communicate to ensure family participation in patient care is optimised in the acute care setting.
Can we prevent vasovagal reactions in young inexperienced whole blood donors? A placebo controlled study comparing effects of a 330 vs 500 mL water drink prior to donation
Authors: Wiersum‐Osselton Johanna , Romeijn Bas , van den Brekel Elise , van Dongen Anne , Hermans Frank , Bokhorst Arlinke , Marijt‐van der Kreek Tanneke
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND

Complications of donation reduce donor return. Younger and less experienced donors are more likely to experience vasovagal‐type reactions (VVR). A water drink of approximately 500 mL shortly before donation may reduce VVR, but the effect of a smaller volume of water has not been investigated.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A placebo‐controlled comparative study was conducted among donors < 30 years who attended for a 1st‐4th whole blood (WB) donation. Collection centers were assigned to offer one of three interventions: 500 mL water drink, 330 mL water drink, or a placebo intervention consisting of pre‐donation arm exercise. Within 7 days after attending, participants received an electronic questionnaire about possible symptoms during and after donation. In additional centers, control donors were recruited, who only received standard care and were also sent the questionnaire. Self‐reported VVR and other complications were evaluated in all groups.

RESULTS

Out of 8,300 participating donors, 6,921 (83%) returned the questionnaire. Overall, 18.5% of responding donors reported moderate or worse VVR symptoms. In 2nd‐4th time donors, both water volumes decreased the odds of a VVR compared to standard care controls (OR500ml 0.75, 95% CI 0.59–0.94; OR330ml 0.73, 0.58–0.91; adjusted combined OR 0.77, 0.64–0.94). There was no effect in new donors or the placebo group compared to controls.

CONCLUSION

In young donors making their 2nd‐4th WB donation, drinking water was associated with 23% fewer VVR with no difference between 330 and 500 mL. This decrease was not found in the placebo group. The findings support advocating drinking water for the prevention of VVR.