bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IN VITRO AND MACROPROPAGATION OF DYSSODIA PENTACHETA
Authors: Zimmerman Thomas W. , Davies Fredrick T. , Zajicek Jayne M.
Published: February 2019

Dyssodia pentacheta, a low growing perennial Texas wild flower with potential for use in low maitenance landscapes, was propagated in vitro and with cuttings under a mist system. Over 80% of both semihardwood terminal cutting from stock plants and in vitro grown nodal segments, dipped in 0, 3, 10, or 30 M-3 IBA, formed roots after 4 weeks under an intermittent mist system. A 300 M-3 IBA basal dip was lethal to the cuttings. Dyssodia produced significantly more shoots per nodal explant in vitro on semisolid (2 g l-1 Gelrite) WPM with 1-10 M-6 BA than combinations of BA and 0.5 M-6 NAA. Shoots were successfully subcultured and grown for two passes on semisolid growth regulator free medium. When maintaining Dyssodia in vitro on WPM, void of plant growth regulators, 1% sucrose promoted shoot growth and suppressed phenolic production better than 2% sucrose.
EVALUATION OF LIVING MULCH SYSTEMS FOR RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY PRODUCTION
Authors: Patten Kim , Nimr Gary , Neuendorff Elizabeth
Published: February 2019

Blueberry production is enhanced by the use of an organic mulch. An alternative to off-farm sources of mulch is the production of winter and summer living mulch cover crops grown in the row middles of the blueberry planting. These crops are mowed and then windrowed for use as a mulch. We evaluated living mulch crops for blueberries for the following parameters: adaptation to low soil pH, mulch production, ease and cost of stand establishment, mowing tolerance, allelopathic weed control, and N contributed by mulch. Rye, ryegrass, and crimson clover were the most overall suitable crops for the winter; while for summer, pearl millet was best adapted. Nitrogen was the major limiting factor that affected nonlegume production. Legume yields were limited by deer foraging and low soil pH. Pearl millet had the greatest allelopathic response on weeds of all cover crops tested. Maximum dry matter production for the living mulches ranged from 6000 kg/ha for elbon rye in the winter, to 30,000 kg/ha for pearl millet in the summer. With the appropriate cover crop selection and adequate soil fertility living mulches appear to be a efficacious practice to aid blueberry production in the south.
Inflorescence Bud Retetion In `Kerman' Pistachio: Effects Of Defruting Date And Branch Size
Authors: Wolpert James A. , Ferguson Louise
Published: February 2019

Alternate bearing in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is correlated with crop load; a heavy crop on l-year-old wood appears to cause abscission of inflorescence buds on current wood. Defruiting heavily bearing trees before or during the period of nut growth stopped inflorescence bud loss. This relationship between crop and bud loss was affected by the fruiting status of neighboring shoots. Large defruited branches (> 5.5cm diameter). in fruiting trees had bud retention values (50% to 65%) equivalent to fully defruited control trees, but smaller branches showed reduced bud retention levels. Bud retention was increased 2- to 6-fold in small branches when neighboring branches were defruited. Nitrogen concentration of leaves in late August was positively correlated with the final bud retention percentage and inversely correlated with defruiting date.
Growth and Flowering of Zantedeschia elliottiana and Z. rehmannii in Response to Environmental Factors
Authors: Corr Brian E. , Widmer Richard E.
Published: February 2019

The influences of irradiance level, day length, temperature, and leaf area on growth and flowering of Zantedeschia elliottiana Engl. W. Wats (yellow calla lily) and Z. rehmannii (pink calla lily) were determined. Plants grown with 45% or 15% of natural irradiance were taller than those grown under full natural irradiance but flowered at the same time and produced a similar number of flowers. Leaf removal treatments had no effect on any characteristic measured. Plants grown with a night interruption (NI; 2200 hr to 0200 hr) were taller than those under short days (SD = 8 hours), but flowered at the same time and produced a similar number of flowers. Plants were grown with air at 15 or 20C in combination with medium temperatures at ambient level (1C less than air temperature) or a constant 20 or 25C. Z. rehmannii grown with the medium at 20 or 25C and air at 1.5 or 20C flowered faster and were taller than plants grown with air at 15C and with the medium at ambient temperature, but plants from all temperatures produced the same number of flowers over a 120-day cycle. When plants grown with a NI in the first cycle were replanted and grown through a second cycle, they were taller than plants grown from SD treatment first-cycle plants. No first growth-cycle treatment influenced flowering in the second growth cycle.
CALCIUM AND UNICONAZOLE APPLICATIONS MODIFY STEM ANATOMY AND FOLIAR AND BRACT CALCIUM LEVELS OF `V-14 GUTBIER GLORY' POINSETTIAS.
Authors: Harris D.K. , Owings A.D. , Newman S.E.
Published: February 2019

Poinsettias and other floral crops when treated with the growth retardant uniconazole, Sumagic™, are more compact in growth habit. They have also been shown to have reduced stem strength. Calcium applied as a drench has been demonstrated to increase plant height and plant dry weight of poinsettias. Unicomazole reduced plant height without affecting dry weight. Bract color was more intense when calcium was applied as a weekly spray. Poinsettia plants had greater levels of foliar calcium when applied as a drench. Poinsettia plants sprayed and drenched with calcium and treated with uniconazole had greater levels of foliar calcium, however, this was not significantly greater than the control plants treated with uniconazole alone. The lowest level of foliar calcium was observed in uniconazole treated plants where calcium was applied as a spray. Uniconazole applications weakened the stein structure of poinsettias as with other floral crop species.
NUTRIENT TRANSFER BETWEEN PLANTS THROUGH MYCORRHIZAL HYPHAE
Authors: Bethlenfalvay Gábor J.
Published: February 2019

Soybean (Glycine ma × (L.) Merr.) and corn (Zea mays L.) plants were colonized by vesicular—arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and grown under controlled conditions. Three-part growth containers were used which separated the roots of N-donor (soybean) and N-receiver (corn) plants by screens (40 μm), permeable to VAM hyphae but not to roots. Significant, two-way nutrient transport occurred between plants connected only by the hyphae across a root-free soil bridge. Corn, when associated with nonnodulated, N-fertilized soybean, increased 19% in biomass and 67% in N content relative to similar, but N-deficient associations. Associated with nodulated soybean, there was a 16% decline in P content and a 22% increase in N content in corn. There was a large increase in N transport to the soil (VAM spores and soil mycelia) by the N-fertilized soybeans. If such nutrient fluxes between plants are controlled by source-sink effects, high N concentrations in soybean could account for the N fluxes to corn, and high module P requirement for the reverse flux of P. The results are of consequence for intercrop situations, especially under small-scale management conditions.
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING POLLEN GERMINATION MEASURED BY FTIR SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: Connor Kristina F. , Sowa Sharon , Borchert Robert D.
Published: February 2019

A pollen grain undergoes a series of biochemical changes during germination. The technique of cylindrical internal reflectance FTIR was used to examine spectral frequencies associated with respiration, lipid and protein structure, polysaccharide content, and phosphate-containing metabolizes in pollen from pecan, blue spruce, cattail, and pine. Samples of both pollen and germination medium were analyzed at timed intervals. A microscopic evaluation of percent germination was also made at each sampling time. Preliminary analyses indicate that changes in respiration occur as evidenced by the presence of gaseous CO2, and that quantitative changes in lipid and protein occur. FTIR spectroscopy provides a noninvasive method to directly and quantitatively measure metabolic changes associated with pollen germination.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APPLE INTERSTEM STARCH CONCENTRATION AND DWARFING EFFECT
Authors: Roper Teryl R. , Klueh John S.
Published: February 2019

The dwarfing potential of apple interstems has long been recognized. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between the dwarfing effect of apple interstems and interstem starch concentration. In 1981 apple trees with P2 or P22 interstems on clonal Antonovka rootstock using Jerseymac or Starkspurmac as scion were planted. In 1989 and 1990 core samples from the interstems and root samples were analyzed for starch concentration. Roots always had higher starch concentrations than interstems. In the spring, P22 interstems had higher starch levels than P2 interstems, but in the fall the reverse was found. No difference in starch concentration was found between the Antonovka rootstock under the same interstem. However, root starch concentration was more stable under P22 than P2. Further, roots under P22 were lower in starch in the fall than in the spring. This suggests that P22, the more dwarfing interstem, may interfere with the transport of carbohydrates through the trunk, which may be a factor in dwarfing.
GROWTH, WATER RELATIONS, AND CARBON TRANSFER BETWEEN CASTILLEJA INDIVISA AND ITS HOSTS
Authors: Sweatt Michael R. , Zajicek Jayne
Published: February 2019

Castilleja indivisa (Indian Paintbrush normally grows hemiparasitically in association with various hosts. Research at Texas A&M University has shown that depending on which host plant is selected, growth rates are increased two to five times over Castilleja grown without a host.

Haustorial connections form between the roots of Castilleja and the roots of its host plant. Published papers show that water and nutrients are transferred from the host to the hemiparasite, although this has not been characterized on a quantative level.

Water relations of Castilleja and various hosts are being examined by psychrometry to determine the importance of water transfer in the relationship. Carbon transfer and partitioning is being examined using steady state 14CO2 labeling. Water relations, carbon transfer, and host specific growth enhancement will be discussed.
GENETIC STUDIES OF CUCUMIS MELO L. RESISTANCE TO MYROTHECIUM RORIDUM
Authors: Mackay W.A. , Ng T.J , Hammerschlag F.A.
Published: February 2019

Genetics of the host-pathogen interaction between Cucumis melo L. (muskmelon) and Myrothecium roridum were investigated by evaluating six populations: the parents, F1, F2, BCP1 and BCP2 of crosses between `Hales Best' (tolerant), `Perlita' (intermediate) and `Iroquois' (susceptible). A spore inoculation bioassay with detached-leaves was used to determine levels of resistance. Resistance was determined by measuring necrotic lesion diameter, chlorotic plus necrotic lesion diameter, and a subjective rating score. Parents and F1s had consistent performance while the segregating generations were inconsistent. Factors contributing to the response will be discussed.
CONTROL OF POINSETTIA GROWTH AND PIGMENTATION BY MANIPULATING LIGHT QUALITY
Authors: McMahon M.J. , Kelly J. W.
Published: February 2019

Euphorbia pulcherrima `Glory' were grown under natural photoperiods from 5 Oct. to 20 Dec. in specially constructed growth chambers equipped with clear double-walled polycarbonate panels filled with liquids that served as spectral filters. The filters were a blue dye that increased far-red/red FR/R) light, a CuSO4 solution that decreased FR/R, and H2O (control) which did not alter FR/R from natural light. The FR/R values were 1.01, 0.86, and 0.34 for blue dye, H2O (natural), and CuSO4, respectively. FR and R were measured at 725-730 and 655-660nm, respectively.

Plants grown under the CuSO4 filter were 32% shorter, with shorter internodes (48%), greater leaf chlorophyll (25%), and more lateral branches (17%) than controls. Plants grown under blue dye filters did not differ from controls. All plants developed normal bracts and flowers.
MEDIA AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.)
Authors: Hoyos R. A. , Hosfield G. L.
Published: February 2019

Opaque globules formed on bean callus induced on primary leaf explants cultured on induction media (IM) containing 10 to 30 mg/l 2,4-D. Calli with globules produce structures reminiscent of somatic embryos (embryoids) after subculture in a liquid challenge medium (LCM). Calli maintained on IM for 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks produced significantly more (26 to 34/callus) embryoids in LCM than calli maintained on IM for one week (12/callus). Well developed embryoids only occurred after calli were subculture in liquid B5 with 0.1 to 1.0 mg/l IBA. Calli subculture in LCM with > 10 mg/l IBA turned necrotic and died. Embryoids produced in B5 with 2,4-D and NAA (0.1 to 1.0 mg/l) proliferated roots and formed “frosty” appearing structures, respectively. No differences were detected in number or quality of embryoids produced in LCM from callus maintained on IM in continuous light or darkness regardless of the induction time. Ethylene accumulation in IM cultures inhibited globule formation.
SOIL-BORNE FUNGAL RESISTANCE IN LYCOPERSICON PENNELLII ACCESSIONS.
Authors: Scott J.W. , Jones J.P.
Published: February 2019

Forty-two Lycopersicon pennellii Corr. D'Arcy accessions, from the Tomato Genetics Stock Center, were inoculated for resistance to Fusarium wilt race 3 at the 3-leaf and cotyledon stage. All were over 90% healthy when inoculated at the 3-leaf stage but had greater disease incidence at the cotyledon stage. Crosses were made between healthy plants within each accession. Using this seed, 39 accessions were 100% healthy and 3 were over 96% healthy when inoculated at either stage. Seventeen F1's with susceptible parents were tested for race 3 and all had over 80% healthy plants. Twenty-two accessions were tested for Fusarium wilt race 1 and race 2. For race 1, 21 were 100% healthy and 1 was 91% healthy, For race 2, 20 were 100% healthy, 1 was 96% healthy, and 1 was 75% healthy. Forty accessions were screened for Fusarium crown rot and Verticillium wilt. For crown rot, LA 1277, LA 1367, and LA 1657 were over 95% healthy, 6 other accessions were over 68% healthy and several others had over 50% healthy plants, All 40 were susceptible to Verticillium wilt race 1. L. pennellii appears to be a good source of resistance to Fusarium sp. but not to Verticillium wilt.
MAACKIA AMURENSIS NODULATES AND FIXES DINITROGEN
Authors: Batzli Janet M. , Graves William R. , van Berkum Peter
Published: February 2019

Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim. is a leguminous tree with potential for increased use in urban landscapes. Information on the nutrition of M. amurensis is limited. To our knowledge, modulation and N2 fixation have not been reported. Our objective was to examine M. amurensis for nodulation and N2 fixation. Soil samples were collected near legume trees at arboreta throughout the United States, with additional samples from Canada and China. Seedlings were grown for six weeks in a low-N, sterile medium and inoculated with soil samples. Upon harvest, small white nodules were found on the lateral and upper portions of the root systems. Bacteria were isolated from the larger nodules, subculture, and used to inoculate seedlings. Inoculated plants nodulated and fixed N2 as determined by the acetylene reduction assay. We conclude M. amurensis forms N2-fixing symbioses with Rhizobium.
ROOT CONDUCTANCE AND MORPHOLOGY OF SOLUTION- AND SAND-CULTURED HONEY LOCUST SEEDLINGS OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Graves William R.
Published: February 2019

Root hydraulic conductance is often expressed on the basis of dry weight or surface area of leaves or roots of plants produced in solution or aggregate culture. In this study, biomass partitioning and its influence on the interpretation of root hydraulic conductance data were compared in 21- to 63-day-old Gleditsia triacanthos inermis Willd. (honey locust) seedlings grown in solution and sand cultures. The ratio of lamina to root dry weight decreased as seedlings aged but was always greater for solution-grown plants than for sand-grown plants. Expressed on the basis of root dry weight, steady-state water fluxes at applied pressures ≥ 0.28 MPa and hydraulic conductivity coefficients declined with root system age, with a sharp decrease among solution-grown plants between ages 21 and 35 days. Such a difference was not detected using data expressed on lamina surface area or dry weight, illustrating that caution must be exercised when reporting and comparing the conductance of roots cultured in different media.
USE OF PROGENY TESTING TO ASSESS FAMILY POTENTIAL IN THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA STRAWBERRY BREEDING PROGRAM
Authors: Chandler C. K. , Howard C. M. , Albregts E. E.
Published: February 2019

Progeny testing, both formal and informal, has been a component of the University of Florida strawberry breeding program. Informally, the potential of numerous parental combinations has been assessed by growing small populations of each combination, and then ranking these populations according to visual impression. Formal progeny testing, where variables are measured on seedlings in a replicated measurement block, was used during the 1987-88 season. Several families were identified as promising, based on an analysis of yield, fruit size, firmness, and appearance data.
CULTIVAR VARIATION IN APPLE FRUIT GROWTH RATES, SORBITOL ACCUMULATION, AND TISSUE OSMOTIC POTENTIAL
Authors: Archbold Dougles D.
Published: February 2019

Absolute and relative fruit growth rates (AGR and RGR) of 5 cultivars were calculated from the oven-dry weights of fruits harvested periodically throughout the growing season. Both AGR and RGR were higher for larger fruit of different cultivars with similar days to maturity, and for summer- versus fall-ripening cultivars. Seasonal variability in AGR and RGR was observed, Apple fruit cortex disks were incubated in 14C-sorbitol solutions in vitro to determine if uptake rates at the cellular level varied between cultivars. Rates of sorbitol accumulation, expressed es μg sorbitol per mg dry weight cortex tissue, declined as the season progressed. Within a cuitivar, uptake rates were not relatad to fruit size, nor were differences found between cortex tissue samples from competing fruit on a spur. Sorbitol uptake rates were significantly lower for the more slowly-growing cultivar. The osmotic potential of the expressed cortex sap, sampled on several dates, was consistently lower for the more rapidly-growing cultivar. Thus, inherent differences in fruit growth rates among cultivars may be due to variation in regulation of osmotic potential.
TARGET CELLS FOR PATTERN FORMATION DURING ADVENTITION ROOTING IN ENGLISH IVY.
Authors: Geneve Robert L.
Published: February 2019

Adventitious root formation in debladed petiole cuttings of English ivy proceeds via a direct rooting pattern for the easy-to-roof juvenile phase, while the difficult-to-root mature phase roots through the indirect pattern, Juvenile petiole cuttings treated with NAA (100 μM) plus the polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor, DFMA (1 mM), formed an increased number of roots per cutting initiated through the indirect rooting pattern. The increased formation and the change in rooting pattern were reversed by the addition of putrescine (1 mM). Delaying auxin application to petiole cuttings for 15 days, also induced juvenile petioles to root by the indirect pattern. This could be reversed by rebounding the base of the cutting prior to auxin application at day 15. The data support the use of the terms “pre-competent root forming cells” (PCRFC) and `induced competent root forming cells' (ICRFC) to describe the target cells for the initial events of root formation for the direct and indirect patterns, respectively,
USE OF SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHT TO ENHANCE GROWTH AND DECREASE NITRATE LEVELS IN GREENHOUSE GROWN SPINACH
Authors: Lgogendra Seenithamby , Janes Harry W. , Motto Harry , Giacomelli Gene
Published: February 2019

With the increasing establishment of greenhouses in conjunction with resource recovery projects (i.e., producing electricity by burning a low cost fuel), greenhouse facilities have access to low cost heat and in many cases electricity as well. In this regard we have been studying the production of spinach with the use of supplemental light.

The goal of the research was to establish the relationship between light and productivity and to also investigate the effects of light on tissue nitrate levels. The data indicate that an average daily PPF of 13-14 moles will provide enough energy to maximize the plant's relative growth rate. It was also found that supplemental HPS light with a PPF of 90 μmoles/m2/sec given over a 12h period will increase the total light received by a plant in mid-winter by about 50% and lead to a 10% decrease in leaf nitrate level.
TRANSPIRATION OF A POTTED ROSE PLANT USING A HEAT BALANCE STEM FLOW GAUGE
Authors: Rose Mark A. , White John W. , Cuello Joel L.
Published: February 2019

Recently developed stem flow gauges that allow for direct, accurate, non-invasive, and continuous measurement of plant sap flow rates have not been used to monitor transpiration of floricultural plants grown in greenhouses.

A Dynamax SGA10 heat-balance sap-flow sensor was mounted on a potted rose plant's main stem containing a total leaf area of 0.52 m in order to monitor transpiration. The sensor was connected to a CR21X Micrologger for data calculation and temporary storage. The results showed average midday sap-flow rates range from 20-30 g·hr-1 to 50-70 g·hr-1 at low and high levels of PPF, respectively. Nighttime levels of 4-7 g·hr-1 persisted throughout early winter trials. Monitoring transpiration of the same rose stem using a lysimeter revealed a significant linear correlation (r2 = 0.999) between the lysimeter and the stem flow gauge values.

In the future, research will be conducted with the gauge to investigate relationships between microclimatic variables, photosynthesis, and transpiration.
DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PLANT FACTORS AFFECTING FEEDING OF HOMALODISCA COAGULATA, A VECTOR OF DISEASES INDUCED BY XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA.
Authors: Andersen Peter C. , Brodbeck Brent V. , Mizell R. F.
Published: February 2019

Homalodisca coagulata (Say), a xylem-fluid feeding leafhopper, vectors diseases induced by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa such as phony peach disease and Pierce's disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate plant factors that influence feeding. H. coagulata were confined to stems of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.). Osmolarity, amino acid and organic acid concentrations of xylem fluid were maximum during the morning for peach and declined thereafter; xylem fluid chemistry of crape myrtle followed a less distinct trend. Irrigated plants had higher concentrations of organic constituents and feeding rates were higher on these plants. Feeding rates and xylem fluid tensions, were maximum during midday; feeding did not occur at night. In separate experiments feeding rates were greatly reduced at xylem tensions >1.5 MPa.
CRYOPRESERVATION OF DORMANT APPLE (Malus sp.) BUDS.
Authors: Stushnoff Cecil , Forsline Philip L. , Towill Leigh , Waddell John
Published: February 2019

Cryopreservation of dormant buds has potential to provide back-up conservation of vegetatively propagated genetic resources for fruit crop species. This system may be useful where clonal integrity must be maintained and where it is desirable to rapidly recover plants with flowers for crossing purposes. In 1988, a pilot project involving the National Clonal Apple Repository at Geneva, NY and the National Seed Storage Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO, was initiated to test handling protocols as a prelude to establishing a cryopreservation backup system for apple genetic resources. Sufficient buds have been cryopreserved to permit viability evaluation after 1 month, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years storage in liquid nitrogen vapor phase storage (-150 C]. Recovery of dormant buds collected 12/12/88 and 02/06/89 after one month in LN2 was 36% and 35%, respectively, for eight different taxa. After one year in LN2, recovery was 50% and 48% for the same taxa. The difference was attributed to improved handling during dehydration prior to patch budding for viability estimation. In 1990, recovery after 1 month in LN2 was 38% for six different cultivars. The response to controlled acclimation and desiccation for 15 taxa will be presented.
POINSETTIA GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN RESPONSE TO DAY-NIGHT TEMPERATURE REGIME AND UNICONAZOLE.
Authors: McAvoy Richard J.
Published: February 2019

Poinsettias, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. cvs Lilo and Diva Starlight, were exposed to either warm day-cool night or cool day-warm night greenhouse temperature regimes. Day time temperatures were imposed between 900 to 1600 HR. Within each temperature regime, poinsettias were grown single stem or pinched and drenched with either 0.04 or 0.08 mg a.i. uniconazole per 1.6 1 pot or grown as untreated controls. Light levels (PAR) and potting medium and plant canopy temperatures were continuously monitored.

Over the course of the study, the day-night temperature differential (DIF), in the plant canopy, averaged 4.2C in the warm day regime and -1.4C in the cool day regime. The average daily temperature was lower (16.9C) in the warm day regime than in the cool day regime (18.7C).

DIF treatment significantly affected final leaf area, leaf and total plant dry weight, leaf area ratio and specific leaf weight, The DIF treatment by cultivar interaction was significant for final poinsettia leaf area, stem, leaf and total plant dry weight, break number and average break length. Uniconazole significantly affected final plant height, stem and total plant dry weight, break number, average break length and specific leaf weight. Uniconazole by DIF treatment effects were not significant,
EFFECTS OF CHANGING DIURNAL LIGHT ON GROWTH AND FRUITING OF APPLE
Authors: Moran Renae E. , Rom Curt R.
Published: February 2019

The relationship of variability in flowering and fruiting habit to canopy position and changing diurnal light and photosynthetic pattern was examined in 7 mature spur-type `Red Delicious'/MM106 apple trees. A .5×.5m column was placed in the north, south, east and west sections of tree canopies. Columns were subdivided by height with 3 study areas located at .25-.5m, 1.0-1.25m and 1.75-2.0m from the top of the canopy. In each, section, flowering index, fruit set, individual fruit weight and size, skin coloration, fruit soluble solids content, spur leaf area and spur bud diameter were determined. Photosynthetically active radiation and photosynthesis were measured from bloom through harvest correlated with variability in flowering, fruiting, spur quality and distribution of growth.
INFLUENCE OF SPACING AND PRUNING ON ECONOMIC RETURNS OF STAKED TOMATOES
Authors: Davis Jeanine M. , Estes Edmund A.
Published: February 2019

Stable prices and increased competitive market pressures have caused many staked tomato producers to examine the costs and benefits of adopting intensive production practices such as drip irrigation and plastic mulch. Inclusion of these practices with traditional growing practices often results in a total production cost in excess of $10,000 per acre. In 1988 and 1989, field studies were conducted in western North Carolina to determine if changes in plant spacing and pruning could reduce production costs, increase yields of large fruit and improve grower net returns from staked tomatoes (c. Mountain Pride). Combined data indicated that the greatest early season yields were obtained using early pruning (when suckers were 2-4 inches long) and in-row spacings of 18 inches or less. Net returns per acre were greatest when: 1) plants were pruned early and spaced closely in-row, which increased high priced early season yields and 2) plants were spaced 30 inches apart and either pruned early or not pruned, which increased total season yields. Non-pruned plants had lower yields of Jumbo and Extra Large size fruit, but higher total yields than pruned plants.
CHOMOSOMAL LOCATION OF BIOTIN- AND FLUORESCEIN-LABELED DNA BY IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION IN ALLIUM.
Authors: RICROCH Agnes , BAKER Robert J. , PEFFLEY Ellen B.
Published: February 2019

Biotin- and fluorescein-labeled probe has been used to map. specific sunflower rDNA sequences by in situ hybridization on mitotic chromosomes of Allium cepa, Allium fistulosum and interspecific hybrid derivatives, There are three hybridization sites in A. cepa and more than six in an interspecific triploid. This in situ hybridization technique offers new cytogenetic markers useful in the construction of a physical genomic map of Allium and offer a means to document introgression of these genomes.
CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSLOCATED CARBOHYDRATES AND DIURNAL CHANGES IN CHRYSANTHEMUM LEAVES
Authors: Trusty Susan E. , Miller William B.
Published: February 2019

Exudation of phloem sap into EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) solutions has been found to be a successful technique for qualitatively determining translocated assimilates in many plants. Mature Chysanthemum leaves were excised under a solution of 10 mM EDTA (pH 7.0). The petioles of these leaves were placed in EDTA, and leaf exudate was collected at intervals for 24 h. Soluble carbohydrates were determined with HPLC. While numerous sugars were present in the leaf, sucrose was the only sugar found in the EDTA solutions. The greatest rate of sucrose exudation occurred in the first two h after excision. Diurnal fluctuations of soluble sugars in Chrysanthemum leaves were also monitored in greenhouse-grown plants (late winter in Arizona). Sucrose exhibited a clear diurnal fluctuation, and nearly doubled in concentration (to appx. 25 mg/g DWT) in the afternoon relative to the low in the morning. Other leaf carbohydrates, including glucose, starch, and fructans showed diurnal variations as well.
INFLUENCE OF NACL ON APOPLASTIC ION ACCUMULATION AND WATER RELATIONS OF LEAFLET TISSUE OF PEA
Authors: Widders Irvin , Kwantes Michael
Published: February 2019

Pea (Pisum sativum cv. Argenteum) plants were exposed to nutrient culture solutions supplemented with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl. Within 2 h after initial exposure, significant increases in Na concentration were observed within the apoplast of mesophyll tissue from fully expanded leaflets, as determined by elution analysis. Estimated apoplastic Na contents at 6 h ranged from 1.8 to 6.9 μmol Na/g fr wt with the highest contents in leaflets from plants placed in 100 and 200 mM NaCl. Osmotic potentials of expressed sap from leaflets declined from -0.82 MPa at 0 time to -0.92 and -1.14 MPa by 3 h for the 50 and 100 mM NaCl treatments, respectively. K concentrations within the mesophyll apoplast were also found to increase within the short term in response to increasing nutrient solution NaCl concentrations. The potential short. term osmotic effects of apoplastic ion accumulation within leaf mesophyll tissue under saline conditions will be discussed.
IMPROVED HPLC RESOLUTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF ELLAGIC ACID FROM STRAWBERRY, BLACKBERRY, AND CRANBERRY
Authors: Wang S. Y. , Maas J. L. , Daniel E. M. , Galletta G. J.
Published: February 2019

Ellagic acid (EA) a naturally occurring polyphenol in many fruit and nut crops, is a putative inhibitor of certain chemically-induced cancers. Improved methods of extraction, detection and quantification are essential for accurate determination of EA for plant physiological and genetic studies and animal nutrition and chemopreventative studies. Column (C18) preconditioning significantly reduced column retention of EA. An ammonium phosphate/methanol solvent system was used in preference to sodium phosphate/methanol. Fruit sample determinations were 10-100 times higher than previously reported, due to the improvements in efficiency of these methods. EA levels (mg/g dry wt) were: strawberry pulp (1.55), achene (8.46), root (1.55), crown (3.32) and leaf (14.27); blackberry pulp (,2.43) and seed (3.37); and cranberry skin (1.06), pulp (0.31), seed (0.69), leaf (4.10).
THE NATURE AND MEANS TO OVERCOME HYBRID BREAKDOWN IN THE F2 OF AN INTERSPECIFIC CROSS IN LYCOPERSICON
Authors: Liu Sinchieh , Mutschler Martha A.
Published: February 2019

The transfer of multigenic traits into tomato has been slow due to interspecific barriers (hybrid breakdown) found in the F2 of the Lycopersicon esculentum × L. pennellii cross (esc × pen), including blocks in normal reproductive development and nonfecundity. In a typical (esc × pen) F2 population, failure to flower and premeiotic blocks in pollen development occurred in 2% and 11% of the population, respectively. The remaining plants showed a mean of 37% stainable pollen. Twenty three percent of the F2 plants set seed, with an average of 4.5 seeds/fruit. An average of 33% of the stainable pollen from the 7 F2 plants with the highest stainable pollen measurements germinated in vitro, but only 4 of these 7 plants set seed. Thus, percent stainable pollen is not an adequate predictor of fecundity, and the non-fecundity in the F2Le plants must involve barriers occurring after pollen germination.

A method was developed which greatly reduces or eliminates each of the F2 barriers. The method and its efficacy on each of the aspects of hybrid breakdown will be discussed.
THE EFFECT OF THE AGE OF THE OVARY ON GROWTH AND FINAL FRUIT SIZE OF TOMATO GROWN IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Logendra Sitheswary , Hsueh Mei-Mann , Janes Harry W.
Published: February 2019

Growing tomato fruits in tissue culture, using ovaries, could be used as a model system to study fruit development and sink strength/activity. Producing a “normal and healthy” fruit is essential in developing this system. Many factors affect the growth and development of the fruit. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the age of the ovary (i.e., the number of days after pollination) on growth and final fruit size. The results indicate that the fruit size, root development, and uniformity in growth of the fruit were affected by the initial age of the ovary. The older the ovary, the greater was the final fruit size and uniformity. The development of root mass was not affected by the age of the ovary until 7 days of pollination. However, root development was suppressed in ovaries that were of 9 days after pollination. The fruits from younger ovaries were more irregular in shape. All the fruits from ovaries harvested at 9 days after pollination were more uniform and round as compared to other treatments.
TOMATO FRUIT SIZE AS AFFECTED BY ROOT MASS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Logendra Sitheswary , Hsueh Mei-Mann , Janes Harry W.
Published: February 2019

The effect of root mass on tomato fruit size in tissue culture was studied. The root mass of the ovaries was changed either by growing in culture media containing different concentrations of NAA (α– napthaleneacetic acid) or by culturing the ovaries with and without sepals. The root mass increased with a decrease in NAA concentration from 10.0 to 2.5 μM and the ovaries with sepals developed more roots. The tomato fruit size was affected by the root mass. The greater the root mass, the larger was the fruit size. However, the larger fruit size from ovaries cultured with sepals could be attributed either to the presence of more roots (greater absorption of sucrose) or to the sepal (additional carbon fixation by photosynthesis), or to both the sepals and more roots. Moreover, it is possible that the presence of sepals induce root development. These results indicate that the presence of sepals and total root mass are two important factors that influence the fruit size in vitro.
ORGANICALLY GROWN CARROTS HAVE DISTINCT TASTE AND STORABILITY
Authors: Puppybreath L. C.
Published: February 2019

Carrots cv. `Nantes' were grown on a Rugbee soil type which was treated before planting with 1, 5, and 10 MT/ha of moose manure (MM). Each treatment was replicated five times and compared to the standard practice (SP) of 500 kg/ha 10-10-10 fertilizer. No pesticides were used. Yields were difficult to obtain because of bear vandalism. At harvest 10 kg. samples of each were washed and blended in a food processor. A taste panel of 12 members evaluated a 10 ml. sample in a white paper cup. Each panelist was blindfolded because samples differed in color. 98% of the panel members found the MM carrots to have a distinct taste and preferred them over SP carrots. Two weeks after the test 76% of the panel had a craving for wild oats. Carrots from the treatments were held in underground storage for 5 months. To complete the biology cycle an attempt was made to feed the stored treatment carrots to the moose but they would eat only the SP carrots. For samples of the MM carrots contact Bill Miller, Program Co-Chairman, The first person to respond will receive a certificate for a free meal at the Sizzler on Congress Street.
GREENHOUSE WHITEFLY RESISTANCE IN SELECTED INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS OF LYCOPERSICON
Authors: Erb W. Alan , Lindquist Richard K.
Published: February 2019

Selected interspecific hybrids between Lycopersicon esculentum and 11 wild species accessions were evaluated for level and type of resistance to Trialeurodes vaporariorum. The interspecific hybrids were clonally propagated and evaluated for antibiosis to non-sexed adult whiteflies, larvae development to the 3rd or 4th instar and reproduction of a second generation of adults. The test unit was a fully mature and expanded leaf containing only 4 leaflets and an 11 cm stem section sitting in a bottle of weak nutrient solution. One detached leaf-stem section from each entry was randomly placed in one of 12 set positions of a bottle rack. Leaflets were infested by placing 5-10 adult whiteflies on 2 leaflets/entry in small leaf cages for 24 or 48 hrs. Adult mortality was determined after 24 & 48 hrs and instar counts were taken after 14 & 21 days. Second generation reproduction was determeind by placing the 2 leaflets with the highest number of 3rd & 4th instar larvae in a petri-dish and recording adult emergence over a 5-18 day period. Some of the hybrids were more resistant and others were more susceptible that the L. esculentum parent. Resistance was manifested in greater adult antibiosis, reduced number of developed larvae and reduced adult emergence.
ALSTROEMERIA CARBOHYDRATE PARTITIONING
Authors: Graper David , Healy Will
Published: February 2019

Non flowering Alstroemeria `Regina' plants were divided into aerial components: stems and apical and basal leaves or underground components: rhizome, storage roots, stele and fibrous roots. Samples were collected from distal and proximal ends of the rhizome to allow comparisons between structures of different ages. Ethanol soluble sugars were extracted and measured using HPLC. Starch was degraded to glucose using amyloglucosidase and measured.

There were no age differences in the starch, total soluble sugar (TSUGAR) or total soluble carbohydrates (TCHO) in the rhizome or aerial portions of the plant. There was a preferential partitioning of starch, sucrose, TSUGAR and TCHO to underground plant parts. The storage roots were the primary sink for the stored carbohydrates. Stems contained large concentration of glucose while fructose was found in storage roots and old stems. Sucrose was found primarily in old steles and storage roots. Starch was partitioned almost exclusively into the storage roots with no difference due to age of the storage root. Up to 42% of the TCHO in the old storage roots was composed of a carbohydrate which co-chromatogramed with melezitose using HPLC.
ALLOZYME INHERITANCE AND DIVERSITY IN SOUR CHERRY
Authors: Beaver James , Iezzoni Amy
Published: February 2019

Starch gel electrophoresis was employed to study inheritance and diversity of allozyme loci in a sour cherry (2n=4×=32) germplasm collection. Segregation data was collected for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), leucine amino peptidase (LAP), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), peroxidase (PX) (cathodal activity), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6-PGD), and shikimate dehydrogenase (s k d h).

Data suggest that alleles can be assigned to many of the enzyme systems being studied: ADH, GPI, IDH, LAP, PGM, and 6-PGD. Most loci are diallelic and often exhibit the unbalanced heterozygous condition. MDH, PX, and 6-PGD are highly polymorphic. Progeny segregation data fit disomic inheritance models, indicating that sour cherry is an allotetraploid.
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR GASSING TOMATOES WITH ETHYLENE
Authors: Blankenship Sylvia M. , Sisler Edward C. , Russell Steven G.
Published: February 2019

Mature green tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. 674) were gassed with 160 to 275 μl/liter ethylene, depending upon the experiment, from either a Catalytic Generator or gas cylinder. Tomatoes were evaluated during subsequent ripening for fruit color development and taste. The combined results of two triangle difference taste tests indicated that the panel could tell a slight difference in taste of tomatoes based on gassing method. However, panelists did not reveal a strong preference for tomatoes from either method or consistently mention a certain characteristic that made the two groups of tomatoes different. Gas chromatographic analyses of the effluent from the Catalytic Generator indicated that several compounds other than ethylene were present.
RFLPS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF GRAPE CULTIVARS
Authors: Gogorcena Y. , Arulsekar S. , Dandekar A. , Parfitt D.E.
Published: February 2019

DNA from 9 cultivars and 5 `Pinot noir' clones were isolated with either the Delaporta or cTAB methods Twenty five 32P label led cloned probes were constructed with the pUC18 plasmid and Hind-III digested `Pinot noir' DNA. Standard methods of isolation and labelling were used. The probes were tested for efficacy of `fingerprinting' the 14 selections. rDNA and cloroplast a/h binding protein probes were also tested. The non-specific probes were not found to be useful as they bound to an excess number of sites and could not be removed from the southern blots, rendering them useless for further analysis. Grape specific probes bound at multiple sites, indicating that multiple fragments were incorporated into the plasmid vectors during library construction. With the greater variability observable with these multi locus probes, significant polymorphism was observed between cultivars, including `Cabernet sauvignon' and `Pinot noir' which were not distinguishable with GPI or PGM isozymes. Variability between clones of `Pinot noir' was observed with several probes, indicating that these selections are different. No variability had been observed at isozyme loci of the `Pinot noir' clones
GENETIC DIVERSITY IN WALNUTS USING RFLP MARKERS
Authors: Fjellstrom R. , Parfitt D.E.
Published: February 2019

RFLP probes were developed to determine the degree of genetic diversity both within and between 12 walnut species (Juglans spp.), including the widely cultivated English walnut (J. regia). One to three kilobase DNA fragments from Pst I digested J. regia nuclear DNA were cloned using the vector pUC18. Inserts corresponding to low copy number walnut genomic sequences were used to assess the genetic variability among walnut species. Extensive polymorphism was found between species and limited polymorphism within species. The inheritances of the RFLP loci are being analyzed to provide a genetic basis for the polymorphisms detected and to establish a RFLP based linkage map in walnuts
SOMACLONAL VARIATION IN SOLANUM AND LYCOPERSICON GENOTYPES.
Authors: Yu Chang-Yeon , Masiunas John
Published: February 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the chromosomal and genotypic variation in regenerated plants of Solarium and Lycopersicon. Calli of Lycopersicon peruvianum genotypes PI199380, PI126345, PI251301, and LA1373, along with Solanum ptycanthum were transferred onto media consisting of MS salts with Gamborg vitamins. The shoots formed were rooted in vitro and transferred to greenhouse soil. Actively growing root tips were harvested and pretreated, fixed, hydrolyses and stained. Pollen mother cells were fixed in propionic alcohol solution and stained with aceto-carmine. The number of chromosomes were counted. The greatest variation was in Solanum ptycanthum with chromosome numbers ranging from 18 to 60 (2n=24). Progeny analysis for 12 somaclones of Solarium ptycanthum was done by selfing for two generations. Morphology, shoot height, and weight were determined in each generation. The amount of variation differed among the somaclonal lines.
EFFECT OF TRANSPLANTING PETUNIA PLUGS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Koranski David S. , Ingels Chad G.
Published: February 2019

Petunia seeds of `White Cascade', `Red Flash', and `Red Madness' were sown in 406 plug trays on the same date. The first transplanting occurred when the plants could be removed from the cells without root damage. Subsequent transplanting occurred for four weeks. The first transplanting of `White Cascade' flowered two weeks earlier than the second while the third transplanting was one week behind the second. `Red Flash' flowered two weeks earlier for the first transplanting. There was no effect on time to flower for the `Red Madness'. The highest fresh and dry weights corresponded to the earliest flowering transplants. Optimum growth and development for most petunia cultivars was obtained with the earliest transplanting without root damage.
IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF PECTINESTERASE ISOENZYMES FROM TOMATO
Authors: Woods Floyd M. , Pressey Russell
Published: February 2019

Pectinesterase is present in green tomato fruit and increases several-fold during ripening. Several isoenzymes of pectinesterase can be separated by chromatography of tomato extracts on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The predominant isoenzyme in most tomato cultivars including Better Boy has been designated PE IV. This isoenzyme accounts for most of the increase in total pectinesterase during ripening of these cultivars. The fruit of some cherry tomato cultivars such as Pixie and Short Red contain some PE IV, but the major isoenzyme is PE III which occurs only in these cultivars. PE III and PE IV were isolated from ripe fruit of Short Red and Better Boy, respectively, to further characterize differences between the isoenzymes. PE III binds more strongly to cation exchangers, indicating that it is more basic than PE IV, The molecular weights were estimated by gel filtration to be 26,900 and 25, 100 for PE III and PE IV, respectively. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against the two enzymes. Cross reactivity of the enzymes with the antibodies indicates that PE III and PE IV are immunologically identical.
RELATIVE WATER REQUIREMENTS OF SIX GROUND-COVER SPECIES.
Authors: Pittenger D.R. , Hodel Donald R. , Shaw David A.
Published: February 2019

Non-turf ground-covers occupy a significant portion of the landscape, and understanding their water requirements is important when water conservationism being practiced. Six groundcover species (Baccharis pilularis `Twin Peaks', Drosanthemum hispidum, Vinca major Gazania hybrid, Potentilla tabernaemontani and Hedera helix `Needlepoint') representing a range of observed water needs were evaluated under different levels of irrigation based on percentages of real-time reference evapotranspiration.

Treatments of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of ETO were applied during 1989 while treatments of 50%, 40%, 30% and 20% of ETO were applied during 1990. Plant performance ratings in the first year indicated that 50% of ETO was the minimum treatment which resulted in acceptable plan aesthetics for all species except for Drosanthemum which performed equally well at each treatment. Significant differences in performance did occur among and within species at the different treatments. Results from 1990 will reveal which species might maintain aesthetic appearance at irrigation levels between 50% and 20% of ETO. These results will be presented and discussed in terms of their significance to species selection and total landscape irrigation management.