bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Hormone that Makes Nerves Grow*
Authors: Perutz Max F
Published: November 2023

Rita Levi-Montalcini received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1986, together with Stanley Cohen, for their discovery of growth factors made thirty years earlier while they were working together at St. Louis. Her book recalls her life from her childhood in Turin to her return to Italy from America in 1963. The first part gives an interesting account of life in a Jewish middle-class family in fascist Italy before and during the Second World War, especially during the Nazi terror, when the Levis were hidden in Florence under false names by good-natured, courageous gentiles who pretended not to know that they were Jews.
George Berkeley (1685-1753)
Authors: Ewald William
Published: November 2023

Of all treatises written on the subject in the eighteenth century, Berkeley’s Analyst was the most sustained and penetrating critique of the methodology of the infinitesimal calculus. Despite its early date (1734) and the fact that it was largely ignored by mathematicians, this work foreshadows the foundational research of the nineteenth century, and provides a link between the mathematical preoccupations of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and those of the nineteenth.
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)
Authors: Ewald William
Published: November 2023

That you believe a philosopher ex professo to be free of confusion in concepts and definitions is something I find almost astonishing. Nowhere else are they more common than in philosophers who are not mathematicians, and Wolff was no mathematician, though he put together many compendiums.
William Rowan Hamilton (1805-1865)
Authors: Ewald William
Published: November 2023

Despite Gauss’s defence of the legitimacy of the complex numbers (Gauss 1831, §§ 16-24), both i and even the negative integers remained a source of mystery to many mathematicians.
The French analysts
Authors: Ewald William
Published: November 2023

The publication of Zermelo’s first proof that every set can be well-ordered (Zermelo 1904, translated in van Heijenoort 1967) touched off an international controversy in I 905.
Interacting models of walks and polygons
Authors: Janse van Rensburg E J
Published: November 2023

There is a close relation between the numbers of lattice polygons and self-avoiding walks. In particular, if cn is the number of walks of length n, and Pn is the number of polygons of length n, a fact which does not have a trivial proof [161, 166] (see Theorems 1.1 and 1.2). This connection can be understood in terms of unfolded walks, and in this section I aim to explore this, and other facts, in order to prove a pattern theorem [210].
The Elusive Law
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav
Published: November 2023

Close to the heart of the industrial city of Brno, in a walled garden of the monastery of St Thomas, can still be seen the plot where Fr. Gregor Mendel grew his peas. Here, between 1856 and 1863, the famous Augustinian friar discovered heredity’s fundamental secret, expressed in the formation and development of hybrids, which led to the universal concept of the gene.
Bakewell’s New System
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav
Published: November 2023

Successful farmers are usually too busy to publicise their achievements in print. This is left to those who claim agricultural reporting as their profession. One such writer, the value of whose considerable body of work is judged to have been exceptional, both in accuracy and in soundness of opinion, was William Marshall (1745-1818).
Merinos in Sweden, France and Great Britain
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav
Published: November 2023

Uncertainties about the supply and price of Merino wool provided a strong impetus for rival states to make every effort to produce the commodity them selves. Beginning with Sweden, several continental countries had made substantial progress in naturalising the breed by the third quarter of the eighteenth century.
From breeding principles to genetic laws
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav
Published: November 2023

The startling changes wrought by selective breeding in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries demanded an explanation from the world of science. Wealth and national prestige could come from unlocking the door to a deeper understanding of heredity. Interest encompassed a variety of animals and plants although species of high economic value provided the primary stimulus.
Old principles and a new world-view
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: November 2023

On the continent the electron theory became known mostly through Lorentz’s Versuch of 1895. At that stage this theory still had obvious defects. Lorentz himself noted that ‘a very simple fact,’ the absence of first-order optical effects of the ether wind, appeared in his theory ‘as a fortuitous consequence of rather complicated considerations.’ For the Michelson-Morley experiment of 1887 he had to introduce a new assumption on the behavior of intramolecular forces. Moreover, he admitted that future experiments would perhaps require more assumptions. This situation prompted Henri Poincare’s famous ‘Of hypotheses there is never a lack.’ At the close of the century, the French mathematician scrutinized the main theories of electrodynamics, and diagnosed a severe crisis. The empirically most successful theory, Lorentz’s, contradicted general principles that Poincare believed to hold generally. In particular, Poincare called for modifications of the electron theory that would make it compatible with the relativity principle.
Riemannian Holonomy Groups
Authors: Joyce Dominic D
Published: November 2023

Let M be a manifold, and g a Riemannian metric on M . Then there is a unique, preferred connection ∇ on TM called the Levi-Civita connection, which is torsion-free and satisfies ∇g = ∇0. The curvature R(∇) of the Levi-Civita connection is called the Riemann curvature, and its holonomy group Hol(∇) the Riemannian holonomy group Hol(g) of g.
Calabi–Yau Manifolds
Authors: Joyce Dominic D
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we study compact Riemannian manifolds with holonomy SU(m). A Calabi–Yau manifold is a compact Kähler manifold (M, J, g) of dimension m 2, with Hol(g) = SU(m). Calabi–Yau manifolds are Ricci-flat. They are called Calabi– Yau manifolds because one can use Yau’s solution of the Calabi conjecture to provethe existence of K ähler metrics g with holonomy SU(m) on suitable compact complex manifolds (M, J).
Hyperkähler Manifolds
Authors: Joyce Dominic D
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we study Riemannian 4m-manifolds (M, g) with holonomy Sp(m). Since Sp(m) is a subgroup of SU(2m), we see that g is Kähler and Ricci-flat, and such manifolds are closely related to the Calabi–Yau manifolds of Chapter 6.
The second pair of Maxwell’s equations
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

The first principle of electromagnetism was based on a primitive—the electric charge—which was subject to a conservation law. Its formulation did not take account of any other phenomena that we commonly associate with charges and currents: there was no mention of like charges repelling, or of unlike charges attracting each other, or of wires heating up whenever a current passes through them. Historically, of course, these phenomena led to the discovery of charge conservation.
Linear magnets
Authors: Kovetz Attay
Published: November 2023

If we regard j as given, these equations determine B. The first is satisfied by introducing a vector potential The potential A is subject to a gauge transformation, and this can be chosen in such a way that the condition be satisfied.
Illustrative examples
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L
Published: November 2023

Several analyses of real data are presented here to illustrate line and point transect analysis, and use of program Distance. Units of measurement of the original study are adhered to, to avoid quoting cutpoints as ‘every 0.305 m’ instead of ‘every foot’. Four of the examples are line transect surveys and three are point transect studies. The first two examples are case studies in which the true density is known. The first of these is a set of line transects to estimate the number of bricks that had been placed on the bed of a region of Lake Huron, as part of a programme to assess the viability of using an underwater video system to monitor numbers of dead lake trout. This is followed by a reanalysis of the wooden stake surveys carried out as part of a student project in sagebrush–grass near Logan, Utah (Laake 1978). The third example is a comprehensive analysis, including a trend analysis, of the data from annual surveys of duck nest density that have been carried out since 1964 at the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge in Colorado. An analysis of fin whale data from ship sightings surveys in the North Atlantic illustrates use of stratification.
Electricity and Magnetism in Biological Systems
Authors: Edmonds D T
Published: November 2023

Our understanding of biological functions is rapidly approaching the molecular level. On this scale the only significant forces are electromagnetic, so that ultimately all living processes must be understood in terms of electromagnetic fields and forces. The first half of the present book deals with the theory of electromagnetism using a descriptive and geometrical approach suited to students of biology, chemistry, and biochemistry, and including biologically relevant examples where possible. The second half contains biological topics which can serve as applications of the theory for students of chemistry or biology, or as an introduction to biology for students trained in the physical sciences who wish to migrate to biology. Topics include the properties of water and ions in bulk solution and in narrow pores, the Debye Layer, possible mechanisms for a magnetic animal compass, an electrostatic model of a proton/ion counterport, and the semi-classical theory of nuclear magnetic resonance.
Electrostatic fields and voltage
Authors: Edmonds D T
Published: November 2023

Physicists have discovered that, outside of the nucleus, there are only two types of two-particle force, electro-magnetic and gravitational, and on the molecular scale gravitational forces are far too weak to play any role. Thus on the microscopic scale of molecules, atoms and ions, all forces are either electric or magnetic. Other forces, such as those which are loosely called ‘chemical’ or ‘mechanical’, have their origin in electro-magnetic effects. For example, the mechanical integrity of a solid object such as a book or a table is due to electrical forces, and a book placed on a table experiences an upthrust from the table equal to its weight because the outer electrons of the book’s cover repel electrically those on the surface of the table. On the macroscopic scale of everyday life it would be unnecessarily complicated to express all forces in electro magnetic form and inventing other types of force such as ‘mechanical’ or’chemical’ is a convenient shorthand to describe familiar situations. The collective behaviour of some many-bodied systems can be explained by the tendency of all systems to move to a state which maximizes the entropy of the system and the surroundings, as briefly discussedin Appendix 2. This is sometimes described as due to the action of an entropic force (see Appendices 2 and 3), but on the molecular scale the only physical forces acting to bring about the maximization of the entropy are in fact electro-magnetic.
The calculation of electric fields and voltages in the presence of dielectrics
Authors: Edmonds D T
Published: November 2023

In this chapter the techniques developed in Chapter 4 to deal with the presence of dielectric material, are applied to situations involving charges, conductors and dielectrics. In particular, the enhancement of the capacitance of capacitors filled with dielectrics is discussed. Also the electrostatic self-energy of a single charged conductor is derived together with the extra electrostatic energy stored in an assembly of interacting charged conductors. An expression for the energy per unit volume stored in an electric field is deduced. The reason why the plasma membrane of an animal cell is such an effective barrier to the passage of small ions across it is shown to be electrostatic in origin.
Static magnetic fields
Authors: Edmonds D T
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces magnetism. Magnetic fields are generated when currents flow in conductors; in particular, the magnetic field of a small loop of current-carrying conductor is equivalent to that of a magnetic dipole. There are no magnetic unipoles corresponding to electric charges. The two fundamental laws which govern the properties of magnetic fields, Gauss’s law and Ampe’re’s law, are derived. A magnetic potential is introduced and the differences between the electrostatic potential and magnetostatic potential are discussed.
The Debye layer
Authors: Edmonds D T
Published: November 2023

Many of the membranes found in biological cells are charged, and this has a profound effect upon the concentration of ions to be found in their vicinity. The layer of solution close to such charged surfaces is known as the Debye layer and many of its properties are discussed in this chapter, including the magnitude of the electric field when the surface charge density is known and the anomalous ionic concentrations that result from the presence of this electric field. The validity of some of the assumptions that have to be made in a simple theory of the Debye layer are discussed.
An introduction to the semi-classical theory of pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Edmonds D T
Published: November 2023

Nuclear magnetic resonance is probably the most used analytical technique in chemistry and biology. It is concerned with the manipulation, by the application of magnetic fields, of the magnetic dipole moment associated with the nucleus of a particular type of atom within the molecule studied. The nuclear magnetic dipole moment may be thought of as due to a microscopic electric current loop created by a charged nucleus that has angular momentum and therefore spins. There is no exact classical analogue of the angular momentum associated with the quantum mechanical concept of spin, so that we will first predict the behaviour of the angular momentum and magnetic dipole moment associated with a single charged particle circulating in a loop, and later point out any differences between this classical orbital angular momentum and that created by a quantum mechanical spin.
Stability
Authors: Bressan Alberto
Published: November 2023

The analysis in the previous chapter has shown the existence of a global entropy weak solution of the Cauchy problem for all initial data with sufficiently small total variation.
Expansions of distributions
Authors: Andrews D F , Stafford J E
Published: November 2023

Edgeworth and saddle-point methods arc used to approximate the distribution of a statistic using its cumulants. Cornish-Fisher expansions are used to approximate quantiles of the distribution. The approximations are useful for application and, more importantly, for studying the properties of statistics. The approximations are elegant in the simplicity of their formulation and computation. This chapter shows how these expansions may be simply computed using the procedures of Chapters 3-5. No additional procedures are required for these calculations.
A Graphic Apology for Symmetry and Implicitness
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

The present book brings into focus the contrast between explicit and implicit algorithmic descriptions of objects. These themes are considered in a variety of settings, sometimes crossing traditional boundaries. Special emphasis is given to moderate complexity - exponential or polynomial - but objects with multi-exponential complexity also fit in. Among the items under consideration are graphs, formal proofs, languages, automata, groups, circuits, some connections with geometry of metric spaces, and complexity classes (P, NP, co-NP).
Some Related Computational Questions
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we look at some computational questions related to graphs and their visibilities. Additional questions come up in the next few chapters.

As in Section 8.6, our previous treatment of optical graphs can be extended to oriented graphs in general, with only modest changes.
Mappings And Comparisons
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

Mappings between graphs are useful in part because they provide a general way to make comparisons, and to express the existence of certain kinds of patterns or symmetry. This is true in a purely geometric way, and also for constructions or computations in other contexts, including the use of feasibility graphs. We shall consider some basic illustrations of these principles in the present chapter
Adjacency Matrices And Counting
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

Let Gbe a finite oriented graph. It will be convenient to be a bit more functorial than in the standard literature, and so we write ℱ (G) for the vector space of real-valued functions on the set of vertices of G.In other words, we are basically looking at R, where nis the number of vertices in G,but it is convenient to use a realization of this vector space which is tied more directly to G.
Constructions With Graphs
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

We have seen in Sections 14.2 and 14.3 how finite automata and regular languages are very close to oriented graphs and their visibilities, and how the notion of automata can be extended by allowing arbitrary graphs in the image instead of only alphabet graphs. In this chapter, we discuss this extension more formally, and describe some constructions for graphs which correspond to familiar properties of regular languages, and which work in the extended setting. These constructions are also related to the topics of Section 13.3.
Groups And Graphs
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

A fundamental class of examples of implicit descriptions of large objects in mathematics is provided by finitely-presented groups, A finite presentation is given by a finite set of generators and a finite set of relations, but then the resulting group can be an infinite object which may be quite complicated. In particular, the word problem — deciding whether a particular expression in the generators represents the identity element in the group is algorithmically undecidable for many finitely-presented groups. (See [Man77], for instance.)
Radiation environments
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we present a brief overview of the various environments likely to have a degrading effect on electronic devices and systems: space, nuclear reactors, processing, weapons, and controlled fusion. We also provide a description of the terrestrial environment, partly because of public concern regarding such events as the Chernobyl nuclear accident, and partly to place in context the various levels of radiation exposure which may be experienced by humans and equipment in these widely differing environments.
Guide to the interior
Authors: Tweed Douglas
Published: November 2023

In unknown territory a good guide is indispensable, and a bad one can be disastrous. But ‘good’ doesn’t have to mean ‘infallible’; a guide that occasionally errs may be helpful all the same. I will discuss this idea as a methodological precept for neuroscience, but it is interesting to observe, as evidence of its validity, that the same precept was discovered long ago by the sensory systems in the brain itself, all of which rely on guiding assumptions or rules of thumb that are usually correct but sometimes mislead. Consider hearing. A stereo recording played through headphones can give you a vivid impression of sounds coming from points in your head or in space remote from the real speakers in your ears. In other words your brain is fooled into hearing things that aren’t there. Why does it fall for this? The headphones project into your two ears sound sequences that are similar but not identical.
Degrees of freedom
Authors: Tweed Douglas
Published: November 2023

n Edwin Abbott’s Flatland,146 an inhabitant of a two-dimensional world is bewildered by a visitor from the third dimension, a sphere intersecting his plane. He has never seen anything like it. To his two-dimensional mind, the very concept of a sphere makes no sense. In this chapter I will argue that we are like Flatlanders, studying multidimensional sensorimotor systems whose remarkable properties are invisible, in fact unthinkable, unless we look at them in all their degrees of freedom. Most sensorimotor research in the twentieth century restricted itself to one or two dimensions, for instance to horizontal or vertical eye motion, or to the angle of a single joint in a moving limb.
Triangles and triangle formulae
Authors: Silvester J R
Published: November 2023

We shall now introduce some of the special points associated with a triangle, and obtain formulae relating the various lengths and angles involved.
Infinity
Authors: Silvester J R
Published: November 2023

We are now going to look at some geometries in which, to see what is going on and to do calculations properly, we need to add to our plane one or more ‘points at infinity’. As a by-product, we shall find ourselves able to set up models for non-Euclidean geometry, where Euclid’s parallel axiom (see Section 1.3) fails to hold.
Empirical likelihood
Authors: Pawitan Yudi
Published: November 2023

Given x  1  ,..., xn from N (θ, σ2) where σ2 is unknown, we can obtain an appropriate likelihood for θ by profiling over σ2. What if the normal assumption is in doubt, and we do not want to use any specific parametric model? Is there a way of treating the whole shape of the distribution as a nuisance parameter, and still get a sensible likelihood for the mean? Yes, the empirical or nonparametric likelihood is the answer. This is a significant result: as ‘shape ‘ is an infinite-dimensional nuisance parameter, there is no guarantee that it can be ‘profiled out ‘.
Adaptive distance sampling surveys
Authors: Pollard J H , Buckland S T
Published: November 2023

Distance sampling is especially effective for surveying objects that are sparsely distributed through a large region. However, if those objects tend to occur in a relatively small number of patches, standard distance sampling may yield both a low number of detections (because much effort is expended away from these patches) and high variance (because the main contributor to variance of abundance estimates from distance sampling surveys is generally variance in encounter rate; patchiness increases this component of variance appreciably).1
Some costs to grouping
Authors: Krause Jens , Ruxton Graeme D
Published: November 2023

Here, we consider the down-side of grouping, mechanisms that can lead to decreased fitness with increasing group size (see Box 3.1 for a summary). It is important to realize that the main fitness consequence of a potential cost, may not be that of paying the cost itself, but of the effort or constraint involved in avoiding this cost. For example, in gull colonies, egg and chick predation by other colony members can be an ever-present threat. Some parents will experience this cost directly, but some will not. However, all parents (whether their eggs suffer predation or not) will pay the costs of trying to minimize the risk of such cannibalism. This may be seen as a constraint on foraging, as at least one parent must remain on the nest at all times.
Conclusions
Authors: Krause Jens , Ruxton Graeme D
Published: November 2023

In the final chapter of the book we selectively highlight several areas that might benefit from further research. Therefore, this chapter is only to a limited extent a general summary of the book. The emphasis is on the identification of unresolved problems. In particular, we point out where new and promising methodological approaches are available (Sections 10.2.1 and 10.3), and where the discussion would benefit from linking topics that up to now have been treated largely in isolation (Section 10.2.2).
Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease: Cognitive and Memory Functioning
Authors: Small Brent J , Herlitz Agneta , Bäckman Lars
Published: November 2023

At the present time we direct our focus to a period of time during the evolution of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and what was known about the cognitive neuropsychological profile of people who go on to develop the illness. Research in this area has produced mounting evidence to suggest that the preclinical phase is characterized by cognitive deficits, especially episodic memory.
Cognition and Emotion
Authors: Zaitchik Deborah , Albert Marilyn S
Published: November 2023

The processing of emotion is multifaceted, involving many different functions and mechanisms. This chapter will focus on the cognitive aspects of emotion processing—inferences about emotions, perceptions of emotion, and effects of emotional information on memory and attention.
Neurobiological Approaches to the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Lopez Oscar L , Bell Sandra
Published: November 2023

Dementia syndromes in older adults can be secondary to a wide variety of causes (e.g. infections, exposure to toxic substances, medications, avitaminosis, head trauma, cerebrovascular disease, tumors, or neurodegenerative disorders). However, the most frequent cause is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which has been reported in up to 10% of the population age 65 or older (Jorm and Jolley 1998). Therefore, there is a significant effort to develop medications that can treat or ameliorate AD symptoms. All suspected known mechanisms of the metabolic cascade of AD have been explored with specific and non-specific treatments. In this chapter we review the experience of the last twenty years in the treatment of AD, from early hypotheses in the treatment of dementia to recent peripherally administered antibodies against amyloid. In addition, we examine, briefly, the neuropathological basis for cognitive disorders in AD. Table 22.1 shows the different biological mechanisms that have been and are under investigation in the treatment of dementia (see also chapters by Morris and by Curran, Rusted and Kopelman).
The beta distribution
Authors: Shai Haran M J
Published: November 2023

In order to see the similarities between the finite primes and the real prime, it will be necessary to pass from the gamma distribution to the beta distribution.
The Fourier transform
Authors: Shai Haran M J
Published: November 2023

Consider the q-Tate distribution on g  𝕫
G protein structure diversity
Authors: Ho Maurice K C , Wong Yung H
Published: November 2023

Trimeric G proteins transmit signals from a huge group of heptahelical cell surface receptors to different categories of effectors such as enzymes and ion channels (Gilman 1987). The molecular diversity of trimeric G proteins signifies their pivotal role in numerous signal transduction pathways. To date, over twenty Gα , six Gβ , and thirteen Gγ subunits have been cloned (Hurowitz et al. 2000). The three subunits form two functional compartments— the Gα subunit and the stable Gβγ complex. Gα subunits belong to a group of enzymes known as GTP hydrolases (GTPases; Bourne et al. 1991). The GDP-bound form of Gα is associated with Gβγ in the resting stage. Ligand binding to an upstream receptor activates the GDP/GTP exchange of the Gα . GTP-induced conformational changes of Gα reduce its affinity for the Gβγ complex.
Neuropeptide Y receptors
Authors: Dumont Yvan , Redrobe John Paul , Quirion Rémi
Published: November 2023

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was isolated from porcine brain almost two decades ago (Tatemoto and Mutt 1980). This 36 amino acid residues shares high sequence homology and structural identity with two other peptides, namely peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (Tatemoto et al . 1982). All three peptides have thus been included in the same peptide family called the NPY family (Table 19.1). NPY is one of the most abundant peptide found in the central nervous system (CNS) of all mammals, including human (Chan-Palay et al . 1985; Chronwall et al . 1985) while PYY and PP are mostly found in endocrine cells of the intestine (Solomon 1985). Additionally PYY is present in the brainstem and various hypothalamic nuclei (Ekman et al . 1986). These peptides, especially NPY and PYY, are among the most conserved peptides during evolution (Larhammar 1996a ; Larhammar et al . 2001).
Serotonin receptors
Authors: Roberts Claire , Price Gary W , Middlemiss Derek N
Published: November 2023

The pharmacology of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) was reviewed in 1986 (Bradley et al .) acknowledging the existence of at least three 5-HT receptor families: 5-HT1–3. In the 15 years following this classification molecular cloning has confirmed the existence of multiple 5-HT receptors subtypes. The 5-HT family is now divided into seven main classes, 5-HT1–7, comprising a total of 14 receptor subtypes. Apart from the 5-HT3 receptor subtype, which is a ligand gated channel, the 5-HT family are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Mammalian G protein coupled 5-HT receptors represent the results of more than 750 million years of molecular evolution. The evolutionary relationships between the subtypes has been determined by a phylogenetic tree analysis (Peroutka 1994).
Somatostatin receptors
Authors: Humphrey Patrick P A , Hoyer Daniel
Published: November 2023

Somatostatin (Somatotropin-release inhibiting factor, SRIF) produced by neuronal, neuroendocrine, inflammatory and immune cells as well as tumours, produces its many (patho)physiological functions through activation of specific cell membrane receptors. There are two bioactive forms of SRIF; SRIF14 and the N-terminal extended form, SRIF28 (Fig. 23.1; see Schindler et al . 1996). Both peptides act as neuromodulators or hormones, depending on the site of action and/or the target cell type. SRIF produces its effects via activation of specific membrane bound receptors (see Bell and Reisine 1993) which have high affinity for the endogenous peptides, SRIF14 and SRIF28, and the related brain specific cortistatins (CST; Fig. 23.1).
The Liouville Theorem
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven
Published: November 2023

This result has a long history. For diffeomorphisms of class C in ℝ Liouville established the result in 1850 [204] along the lines we discussed in the chapter on conformal geometry. The relaxation of the differentiability hypotheses and the local injectivity assumptions are significant steps since the aim is to describe the higher-dimensional counterparts of analytic functions in the plane. For locally injective solutions the Liouville theorem was first proved in the above generality by Gehring in 1962 [101] and subsequently by Reshetnyak in 1967 [284] without the local injectivity assumption. These proofs used quite deep ideas and methods from the theory of quasiconformal mappings. An elementary, but rather involved proof of the result was given by Bojarski and Iwaniec in 1982 [42].
Continuity
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven
Published: November 2023

We shall see later that such an assumption is not accidental. The condition (7.5) turns out to be critical for many interesting phenomena concerning the regularity of Jacobians, properties of monotone functions, and the Hardy Orlicz spaces.

In order to ease various parts of the proofs that will follow we shall need to make an additional technical assumption:
Beltrami Equations
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven
Published: November 2023

This chapter aims to present, in a relatively self-contained manner, some aspects of the planar theory of solutions to the Beltrami equation. This material is largely from our monograph [165]. We have discussed the history of this subject in our introduction. Here we aim to present some recent developments in a different light, in particular generalizations of David’s existence theorem for the Beltrami equation when the distortion is assumed exponentially integrable. We try to place these results in a modern setting, using some of the powerful results available from harmonic analysis, so as clarify the proofs of related results in higher dimensions as well as the various techniques used.
Picard And Montel Theorems In Space
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven
Published: November 2023

Two of the more important results in the classical theory of complex analysis in one variable are Picard’s theorem concerning the number of omitted values of entire functions and Montel’s theorem concerning normal families of analytic functions. In this chapter we present the higher-dimensional analogues of both of these results.
Quasiconformal Groups
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven
Published: November 2023

We begin this chapter by outlining the basic facts; our first aim is to classify the elements in a quasiconformal group in terms of the classical of elliptic parabolic..loxodromic trichotomy. This is accomplished via the classification of the elementary groups. Continuing in this vein, we establish that loxodromic fixed points are pairwise dense in the limit set, [105].
The Statistical Evaluation of Medical Tests for Classification and Prediction
Authors: Pepe Margaret Sullivan
Published: November 2023

The use of clinical and laboratory information to detect conditions and predict patient outcomes is a mainstay of medical practice. Modern biotechnology offers increasing potential to develop sophisticated tests for these purposes. This book describes the statistical concepts and techniques for evaluating the accuracy of medical tests. Worked examples include applications to cancer biomarker studies, prospective disease screening studies, diagnostic radiology studies and audiology testing studies. The statistical methodology can be broadly applied for evaluating classifiers and to problems beyond medical settings. Several measures for quantifying test accuracy are described including the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve. Pepe presents statistical procedures for the estimation and comparison of those measures among tests. Regression frameworks for assessing factors that influence test accuracy and for comparing tests while adjusting for such factors are presented. The sequence of research steps involved in the development of a test is considered in some detail. Sample size calculations and other issues pertinent to study design are described for tests at various phases of development. In addition, the impacts of missing data and imperfect reference data are addressed. These problems often occur in practice, and modern statistical procedures for dealing with them are discussed. Additional topics that are covered include: meta-analysis for summarizing the results of multiple studies of a test; the evaluation of markers for predicting event time data; and procedures for combining the results of multiple tests to improve classification. This book should be of interest to quantitative researchers and practicing statisticians. The book also covers the theoretical foundations for statistical inference and should therefore be of interest to academic statisticians including those involved in statistical methodological research in this field.
The Design of Optimum Multifactorial Experiments
Authors: Plackett R L , Burman J P
Published: November 2023

A problem which often occurs in the design of an experiment in physical or industrial research is that of determining suitable tolerances for the components of a certain assembly; more generally of ascertaining, the effect of quantitative or qualitative alterations in the various components upon some measured characteristic of the complete assembly. It is sometimes possible to calculate what this effect should be; but.it is to the more general case when this is not so that the methods given below apply. In such a case it might appear to be best to vary the components independently and study separately the effect of each in turn. Such a procedure, however, is wasteful either of labour or accuracy, while to carry out a complete factorial experiment (i.e. to make up assemblies of all possible combinations of the n components) would require L  n assemblies, where L is the number of values (assumed constant) at which each component can appear. For L equal to 2 this number is large for moderate n and quite impracticable for n greater than, say, 10. For larger L the situation is even worse. What is required is a selection of N assemblies from the complete factorial design which will enable the component effects to be estimated with the same accuracy as if attention had been concentrated on varying a single component throughout the N assemblies.
A general method for analysis of covariance structures
Authors: Jöreskog K G
Published: November 2023

It is assumed that observations on a set of variables have a multivariate normal distribution with a general parametric form of the mean vector and the variance-covariance matrix. Any parameter of the model may be fixed, free or constrained to be equal to other parameters. The free and constrained parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood. A wide range of models is obtained from the general model by imposing various specifications on the parametric structure of the general model. Examples are given of areas and problems, especially in the behavioural sciences, where the method may be useful.
A
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

α-error In the theory of testing hypotheses an error incurred by rejecting a hypothesis when it is actually true; more usually known as error of the first kind or type I error introduced by Neyman and Pearson (1928). In quality control it is equivalent to producer’s risk.
E
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

ecologic study An investigation that examines the correlation between dis ease/event rates and exposure rates. The unit of analysis is groups rather than individuals. Therefore, it is important to note that the exposure for each individual is unknown. An example of such a study would be an investigation into the correlation between the rate of lung cancer in a group of adult males and the rate of smoking in the same group.
The slow development of a diplomat 1619–54
Authors: Hall Marie Boas
Published: November 2023

Henry Oldenburg was born in the ancient port and commercial city of Bremen, long a member of the Hanseatic League of trading cities and an even older Bishopric. The town had been founded on the right bank of the River Weser about fifty miles from the North Sea, with a New Town gradually developing on the left bank, the two becoming formally joined in the seventeenth century.
Other approaches to the four-colour problem
Authors: Wilson Robert A
Published: November 2023

There is a surprising connection between map-colouring and Hamilton cycles. We need to stay with the face-colouring version of the four-colour conjecture to make this connection explicit. A Hamilton cycle is a cycle which includes each vertex exactly once (in other words, it is a spanning cycle). A graph is called Hamiltonian if it has a Hamilton cycle. The origin of this term was Hamilton’s ‘icosian game’ of 1857, whose object was to find such a cycle on the dodecahedron (see Fig. 5.1), although the general question of whether any given polyhedron possesses such a cycle was considered slightly earlier by Kirkman (see [31,32]). The idea of a Hamilton cycle can be traced back to 1759, when Euler introduced the knight’s tour problem, though not of course in graph-theoretical language.
Maps on surfaces with holes
Authors: Wilson Robert A
Published: November 2023

It is a remarkable fact that although the map-colouring problem is so hard on the plane (or equivalently the sphere), it is much easier on the torus (a doughnut shape) or even on surfaces with larger numbers of holes. On the torus, for example, seven colours are necessary and sufficient. This was proved by Heawood in 1890, in the same paper in which he pointed out Kempe’s mistake.
Reducibility
Authors: Wilson Robert A
Published: November 2023

In the eventual proof of the four-colour theorem, the first step, logically, is to use discharging to produce the unavoidable set, and then the second step is to prove reducibility of each configuration in the unavoidable set. However, historically, many of the reducibility arguments came first, and it is easier to appreciate the subtlety of the discharging arguments if we first see what they are being used for. Indeed, if we know that certain configurations are reducible, we can try to design our discharging algorithm to produce these particular configurations.
III	Sequential effects of dimensional overlap: findings and issues
Authors: Kornblum Sylvan , Stevens Gregory
Published: November 2023

Abstract. We begin this chapter by outlining some of the basic principles of the dimensional overlap (DO) model (Kornblum, Hasbroucq, and Osman 1990; Kornblum, Stevens, Whipple, and Requin 1999), spelling out how these principles generate a taxonomy of tasks, and showing how, based on these principles, the structure of four of these tasks can be represented by a common processing architecture, and performance with them accounted for. We then consider the effects of stimulus and response repetitions in choice reaction time (RT) tasks and the in2uence that DO has on this repetition effect. We report data from four experiments that demonstrate this in2uence with a prime-probe, trial pair procedure in which the relevant or irrelevant stimuli in either or both trials of the pair have DO and, in the case of relevant DO, repeat either physically or conceptually. The DO model is able to account for the results by postulating that the information requirements on repeated trials are less than on non-repeated trials. We call this the Information Reduction Hypothesis. When the relevant stimuli overlap, the repetition effects are accounted for by a reduction in either the stimulus and/or the response thresholds. When the irrelevant stimuli overlap, the repetition effects are accounted for by a reduction in the time needed to distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. Thus, depending on whether the relevant or irrelevant stimulus dimension has DO, one or the other of two parameters in the DO model is modi1ed, contingent on the occurrence of a repetition. Simulations, based on this implementation of the hypothesis in the DO model, 1t the experimental results well.
Perception and action: what, how, when, and why Introduction to Section I
Authors: Humphreys Glyn W
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade, a good deal of evidence has accumulated that perception and action can dissociate (see Milner and Goodale 1995, for one summary). Dissociations can occur even when perception and action are tested using the same object, and even when input from the same modality is used (e.g. vision). This leads to a counter-intuitive conclusion: that the information, and the underlying brain systems, may differ when we perceive and recognize a cup (on the one hand) and when we make a grasp action to pick it up (on the other). The papers reported in this section of the book are concerned with the relations between perception and action, and they provide state-of-the-art summaries of work on this important topic. The papers detail not only how perception and action can dissociate but also how they interact. This is clearly important if we are to understand how coherent behaviour emerges, and the papers presented here provide interesting suggestions as to how forms of integration can take place.
Action, binding, and awareness
Authors: Haggard Patrick , Aschersleben Gisa , Gehrke Jörg , Prinz Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

Abstract. This chapter focuses on the process of intentional action, on our conscious awareness of some events occurring during that process and on the chronometry of these conscious states. We 1rst introduce the concept of efferent binding: a hypothesized neural process which links representations of intentions to act to representations of the action itself, and 1nally to representations of the external consequences of action. We then describe two experiments investigating the perceived times of actions and of associated stimulus events. Our results provide evidence for an efferent binding process which influences conscious awareness, and which amounts to a common principle for conscious coding of perception and action.
Action perception and imitation: a tutorial
Authors: Bekkering Harold , Wohlschläger Andreas
Published: November 2023

Abstract. Currently, imitation, or performing an act after perceiving it, is in the focus of attention of researchers from many different disciplines. Although this tutorial attempts to provide some interdisciplinary background, it will concentrate on possible cognitive mechanisms that underlie imitation performance in human beings. First, the importance of imitation in the 1eld of social and developmental psychology will be stressed. Then, some important notions are introduced about what imitation is and who can and cannot imitate. In the second part of this tutorial, some of the currently most widely cited theories of imitation will be described. The third section gives an overview of the major 1ndings that have led to a new view on the mechanisms underlying imitation—the so-called goal-directed theory of imitation. The concluding remarks start with a discussion about the confusion of the goal concept and a taxonomical suggestion is made to capture the different meanings of the word ‘goal’. Finally, a functional model is proposed that describes the sensorimotor processes that transform action goals into the execution of movements, and vice versa, the transformation from movement perception into the recognition of action goals.
Does stimulus-driven response activation underlie the Simon effect?
Authors: Valle-Inclán Fernando , Hackley Steven A , Labra Carmen de
Published: November 2023

Abstract. The most influential explanations of the Simon effect assume that a spatial stimulus code automatically activates the spatially compatible response. However, the degree to which activation of the compatible response should be considered as an automatic, stimulus-driven process is uncertain. To assess this presumed automaticity we conducted two experiments to analyze the in2uence on the Simon effect of repetitions versus alternations of stimulus, response, and stimulus–response compatibility (SRC). The results indicate that the Simon effect is produced only when the previous trial is compatible. Furthermore, the lateralized readiness potential showed clear signs of incorrect response activation on incompatible trials when previous trial was compatible, but not when the previous trial was incompatible. These results indicate that SRC sequences are critical for the appearance of the Simon effect and that the stimulus spatial code alone does not automatically activate the spatially corresponding response.
Response features in the coordination of perception and action
Authors: Logan Gordon D , Zbrodoff N Jane
Published: November 2023

Abstract. Theories of congruency effects in Stroop, Simon, and S–R compatibility tasks often start with a node that represents a stimulus category and end with a node that represents a response category. We ask how a stimulus can activate a node and how a node can activate a response and suggest that congruency effects may stem from these prior and subsequent processes. Theories of word recognition propose several interacting stages between stimulus presentation and activation of a word node. Theories of speaking and typing propose several interacting stages between activation of a word node and the execution of a response. We focus on the response end, and show that the Stroop effect depends on individual features of the response ‘downstream’ from the response node. We show that the time for a vocal response depends on the speci1c phonemes that are activated by the Stroop distractor, whereas the time for a typewritten response depends on the speci1c 1nger movements that are evoked by the Stroop distractor. These results call for a theory of congruency effects that links current theories of word recognition with current theories of speaking and typing. Congruency effects may re2ect stimulus-driven interactions among response features.