bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kepemimpinan dan Performa Bermain Bola Tangan melalui Model Pendidikan Olahraga
Authors: Slamet Suherman , Yudiana Yunyun , Mahendra Agus , Ma’mun Amung
Published: September 2021

The implementation of sports activities and learning is carried out to improve performance. The meaning of the values of sports, as the most important thing of positive sports development, has not been sufficiently revealed. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the development and mastery of the students through the implementation of sport education models containing leadership content and without leadership content. This study used a quasi-experimental control group pre-post test design involving 80 students as the samples through the purposive sampling technique. The samples were divided into two groups of students taking handball game courses. The results showed that there were two influential things, namely intentionally simulated student learning and general students learning without simulation. Thus, a ﬁnding of interest in the study was that after implementation of sport education models containing leadership content, performance enhancement in a 27% difference in the application of the simulated education model. Meanwhile, there was no difference in handball games performance, which means that both of them were affected. Furthermore, the development of leadership had a greater influence than the increase in handball games performance with a 22% difference. It might be because the students gained valuable values from the handball learning experience through the sports education model that is useful for learners and coaches and can be applied in sports clubs and, most importantly, in educational institutions.
Analysis of Football Referee Satisfaction in Making Decision Based on Experience Levels
Authors: Nurcahya Yudi , Kusumah Widi , Mulyana Dadan , Kodrat Hikmat
Published: September 2021

The role of a referee is important in every football match. A referee sometimes makes mistakes which can affect the outcome of the match. Dissatisfaction with the decision given by a referee will give an impact on the performance shown in a football match. This study aimed to find out the satisfaction of football referees in making decisions in football matches based on the experience of the referee. This research is a quantitative study using descriptive research methods with a causal comparative research design. The research sample involved was the referee who served in the Indonesian League 1 match. The instrument of this study was a Soccer Referee Decision Satisfaction Scale questionnaire. Based on the results of data processing and analysis using the Independent sample T-Test, it was found that there were differences in the level of satisfaction of football referees in making decisions based on the experience of each referee. It indicates that the experience of a referee will affect the psychological aspects of the referee in making decisions.
O Regulamento (UE) N° 536/2014 relativo aos ensaios clínicos de medicamentos para uso humano: oportunidades de inovação e desafios éticos
Authors: Ribeiro Maria Alexandra
Published: September 2021

Objective: to identify the main innovative aspects of the Regulation on clinical trials of medicines for human use, in terms of opportunities for research and development and to reflect on the ethical challenges of this new legal framework. Methods: documentary, descriptive, comparative study of the Regulation in regard with the Directive 2001/20/EC, reading bibliography published in PubMed, using combined or simple research terms such as clinical, trials, European, Regulation, Directive, opportunities, challenges and innovation. Results: the main innovative aspects identified were the Portal for submission of the clinical trial dossier and joint evaluation between the Member States involved in a clinical trial; public dissemination of clinical trial´s information, results and lay summary. The idea of co-sponsor and new categories of trials depending on to the risks were created; new procedures for obtaining informed consent and requirements for the protection of the most vulnerable individuals, and the regulatory framework for conducting clinical trials in an emergency were established. Discussion: in order to counteract the loss of competitiveness in Europe, some procedures were implemented in order to promote innovation, some of which are not exempt from ethical questioning. Conclusion: simplification, harmonization and transparency for the submission and conduction of clinical trials have the potential to boost research, but brings some concerns regarding the protection of participants in clinical trials.
Global health and global bioethics
Authors: Ten Have Henk
Published: September 2021

Covid-19 is not merely a national or regional threat but a global one. It requires coordinated action of the global community. Such action, as argued in this paper, should primarily focus on the question how to prevent the next pandemic. Humankind has been warned multiple time for emerging diseases and the risks of pandemics, although no preparatory responses have been undertaken. Preventive interventions are possible since it is known how and where infectious diseases emerge. Such interventions proceed on the basis of shared vulnerability and responsibility for global health. The fact that they have been inadequate thus far, can be considered as a serious moral failure.
Bioética, cooperação internacional, solidariedade e compartilhamento de benefícios: do HIV/AIDS à COVID-19
Authors: Garrafa Volnei , Pyrrho Monique
Published: September 2021

This paper aims to analyze the right to access the benefits of scientific and technological development, using the vaccines against COVID-19 as a study case. The text is methodologically supported by articles in the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (DBHR) that have a direct relationship with the proposed situation. The study begins with the presentation of the DUBDH and a brief history of its basic assumptions. Based on Articles 21 and 24, which deal respectively with Transnational Practices and International Cooperation, the reflection indicates recent significant changes in relation to the universality of access to health, replaced in the instances of the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank for the proposal of universal health coverage, with a very different meaning and scope. Based on Article 13 of the DUBDH, which deals with Solidarity and Cooperation, the text defends the concept of cooperative solidarity, based on the classic bilateral conception of solidarity as help from rich countries to others most in need, although this possibility is with frequency replaced by situations of the so-called exploratory solidarity. Finally, based on Article 15, which deals with Sharing of Benefits – central to the present study – a comparative analysis is presented between: a) historical facts related to the permission to break patents within the scope of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that enabled broad access to antiretroviral therapies to control HIV/AIDS; and b) facts that have happened since 2020 with the COVID-19 pandemic regarding the right of access to vaccines.
Questões éticas e perspectiva jurídica da proteção de dados
Authors: Ramos Edith Maria Barbosa , Madureira Amanda Silva , Sena Jaqueline Prazeres , Leal Pastora do Socorro Teixeira
Published: September 2021

Objective: to conduct a brief analysis on the use of data from human beings, in scientific research and within the scope of Public Administration as a substrate for the elaboration of public policies. We highlight the new General Data Protection Law in Brazil, as well as seeking to understand the national regulatory framework and the role of the Supreme Federal Court on the subject. Methods: the deductive research method was used, with a descriptive procedure and research technique of bibliographic and documentary review. Result: we found that the Brazilian General Data Protection Law designed a new model for the protection of the use of data and human beings in scientific research and by the Public Administration itself in the context of the elaboration of public policies. The new legislation has brought greater transparency and greater stability to academic and administrative procedures, has a legal construction that manages to reconcile the use of personal data and the protection of the fundamental right to data protection. Conclusion: we highlight the autonomy of the fundamental right to data protection and the constitution of a new normative paradigm for the digital society, notably the need to build new legal instruments that do not make scientific research and policy making unfeasible public, but at the same time, guarantee the fundamental right to privacy and intimacy of individuals.
O princípio da partilha de saberes científicos vs. propriedade intelectual: a propósito das patentes farmacêuticas no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19
Authors: Rocha Manuel Lopes
Published: September 2021

Intellectual property law has its exceptions and internal limits, as provided by law. In recent times, there has been a growing discussion of its compression in the light of general principles, such as public interest, freedom of expression or public health. It would be said, therefore, that these rights also have a social function, in addition to protecting the rights of their holders, which is especially true for pharmaceutical patents. Much of this discussion has always, in fact, passed through pharmaceutical patents, their granting and exploitation, especially regarding biotechnological patents. This discussion has become increasingly exacerbated regarding the patents on vaccines intended for treatment against COVID-19. There is no shortage of people who want to use the means provided by national and international laws to compel mandatory patent licenses and even their expropriation. At issue, however, may be other aspects, such as contracts poorly negotiated by the European Union Commission with pharmaceutical companies and logistical problems in the production of vaccines. On the other hand, focusing the discussion on patents, can be reduced, there are other aspects of intellectual property to consider. However, the answer will most likely lie in the balance between the rights of patent holders and the public interest.
Os desafios da COVID-19 aos Direitos Humanos
Authors: Patrão Neves Maria do Céu
Published: September 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic, in the triple crisis it triggered – health, economic and social – has caused the greatest setback in the implementation of Human Rights since its Universal Declaration, in 1948. This assessment stems from its amplitude and the depth of the reversion in the realization of human rights that is currently verified on three levels, corresponding, in a generic way, to the three generations of rights: on the individual level, contemplating civil and political rights; in the social, economic and social rights; and overall, collective ownership rights. We will successively focus on these different plans, considering some of the most common and impactful sanitary measures implemented in each one and which constitute human rights violations, reflecting on the possible conditions for the ethical legitimacy of the adopted measures. At the same time, it is important to consider that the sanitary measures implemented have not only negatively affected the due respect for Human Rights, but have also given rise to areas of conflict between different rights, in relation to which it is not ethically legitimate to opt for some to the detriment of others. It is argued that it is necessary to move towards a new approach to human rights, highlighting their complementarity and sustainability of duties – in an integrated model – which, in turn, should contribute to the articulation of all rights and their respective fulfillment.
O grande valor de um dicionário sobre ética global
Authors: Alves Sandra Mara Campos
Published: September 2021

It is a review of a work entitled Dictionary of Global Bioethics that is intended to present terms, concepts and theories related to global bioethics. It gathers more than 500 entries, divided into four distinct categories: i) organizations; ii) documents; iii) persons; and iv) topics. It is a work aimed not only for students, but for all professionals who wish to know and understand the most relevant terms used in the field of global bioethics, constituting a valuable tool for promoting and introducing the subject.
Unequal Inclusion: The Production of Social Differences in Education Systems
Authors: Emmerich Marcus , Hormel Ulrike
Published: September 2021

The article raises the question of whether and how education systems produce social differences internally rather than reproducing pre‐existing “external” inequalities. Linking Niklas Luhmann’s theory of inclusion/exclusion with Charles Tilly’s theory of categorical inequalities, and based on empirical data from various qualitative studies, the article identifies an “observation regime” epistemically constituting the social classification of students and legitimising organisational closure mechanisms in the school system. As an alternative to the “reproduction paradigm,” a research approach guided by differentiation theory is proposed that takes into account that educational inequality operationally arises on the “inside” of the educational system and is caused by unequal inclusion processes.
Diagnósticos/resultados e intervenciones de enfermería para pacientes con COVID-19: estudio documental retrospectivo
Authors: Lisieux Lima Gomes Gabriela , Maria Rodrigues Lopes de Oliveira Fabiana , Pessoa da Rocha Leal Natália , Sulamitta Lima Guimarães Keyth , Ferreira da Silva Deysianne , Talitha Fernandes Barbosa Keylla
Published: September 2021

Objetivo: identificar diagnósticos/resultados e intervenções de enfermagem utilizando a Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem em pacientes com infeção por coronavírus.  Método: estudo exploratório, descritivo, do tipo documental retrospectivo, desenvolvido em unidades de pronto atendimentos do município de João Pessoa - Paraíba. A amostra foi composta por 187 prontuários e a coleta de dados foi realizada entre junho e agosto de 2020. A análise dos dados ocorreu por meio de estatística descritiva, média, amplitude e desvio padrão. Resultado: identificou-se 12 diagnósticos/resultados de enfermagem (Dispneia, Febre, Tosse, Dor Muscular, Dor na cabeça, Diarreia, Olfato prejudicado, Paladar prejudicado, Falta de apetite, Deglutição, prejudicada, Dor no tórax e Vômito) e 36 intervenções de enfermagem direcionadas aos pacientes acometidos por coronavírus. Conclusão: a identificação de diagnósticos/resultados e intervenções de enfermagem se faz indispensável para subsidiar a assistência, contribuindo com a operacionalização do Processo de enfermagem que constitui o arcabouço do cuidado profissional.
Impacto do Covid-19 na saúde mental
Authors: Mara de Melo Tavares Cláudia
Published: September 2021

Quando menos esperávamos, o medo da morte ressurgiu com toda sua forçaancestral. Até então,a maioria da população mundial vivia uma espécie de sedação dossentidos sobre os impactos da misériaprovocadapela economia global na saúde mentaldas pessoas. E na era extrema da globalização, quando já havíamos nos acostumado aoconforto ilusório promovido pela sociedade de consumo, eisque surge um vírus que nosfaz acordar do doce e cálido colo maternal capitalista.
SINGLE-CHANNEL PROCESSING OF AUSCULTATORY SIGNALS USING METHODS OF MATHEMATICAL MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Rudnitskii A. G. , Rudnytska M. A. , Tkachenko L. V.
Published: September 2021

The paper considers a new method of separating respiratory sounds from heart sounds in a general signal registered on the surface of the human body. The proposed approach is based on a combination of Bayesian noise suppression techniques and methods of mathematical morphology. The proposed method was tested on real auscultatory signals. Evaluation of the efficiency of the algorithm using auditory, visual and numerical analysis shows that the developed approach is a promising alternative to existing techniques for separating auscultatory signals into its natural components.
METHOD OF DISCRETE FEATURES AS PLANNING MEANS IS AERODYNAMIC OUTLINES OF TRANSPORT VEHICLES
Authors: Sokhatsky A. V.
Published: September 2021

The main stages of the development of the discrete singularities’ method are described. Modern results on the numerical solution of boundary hypersingular integral equations by the methods of collocations and piecewise constant approximations are given. The modern going near planning of aerodynamic design outline of transport vehicles conditionally can be divided into three stages: engineering approaches are close, design on the basis of methods of discrete singularities, approaches that arе based on integration of complete and the Reynolds-averaged of Navier-Stokes equations. On the first stage various engineering approaches are used for forming of aerodynamic outline, going out a requirement specification and requirements of customer. Close geometrical and aerodynamic descriptions are determined in the first. An aerodynamic outline is formed in the first close. On the second stage it follows to use more difficult models of aerodynamics on the basis of various approaches that is built on the model of ideal liquid. Bearing properties are determined, power and moment characteristics for the corresponding outline of aircraft. The third stage is most difficult and expensive cost. On this stage it follows to use methods and models that are based on equations for turbulent flow. The second stage is in-process considered – as means of the previous planning of aerodynamic arrangement with the use of methods of discrete features. A non-stationary chart in that tearing away is designed from all sharp edge of wing is in-process used. This chart has the most general case of forming of process of flowing around of the bearing system of aircraft. However, complication of physical interpretation of forming of such processes in the conditions of ideal liquid remains problematic. The necessities of practice require expansion and deepening of theoretical approaches for the study of non-stationary. Application of model of ideal liquid for the calculation of the bearing system of a perspective transport vehicle allows to set forth aerodynamic task as task of Neumann for Laplace operator. The calculations of the bearing systems of difficult geometrical plane form are conducted. Dependences of carrying capacity and longitudinal moment are got depending on the corner of attack and distance to the ground clearance. A computational experiment confirmed that a method of discrete vorteces was one of important methods of computational aerodynamics. He is effective means for untiing of a number of aerodynamic tasks.
Yol Yüzey Anormalisinin Tespiti ve Analizi
Authors: DEVECİ Erkan , ERGEN Burhan
Published: September 2021

Kentleşmenin şehirlerin hızlı gelişmesine neden olması gelişen şehirlerin alt yapılarının takibi ve güncellenme gerekliliğinin analizini zorunlu kılmıştır. Özellikle ulaşım karmaşasının önüne geçmek için çeşitli trafik planlamaları yapmanın yanı sıra ulaşımın sağlandığı kara yolunun niteliğinin de yeterli seviyede olması gereklidir. Yolun yapısal kusurların ve çatlaklarının manuel görsel muayenesi verinin hacmi ve yapının boyutu nedeniyle çok zaman alan zahmetli bir süreçtir. Yoldaki çatlakların ve kusurların manuel olarak incelenmesi, yorgunluk, sorumsuz denetim, zayıf göz görme gibi bir dizi nedenlerden dolayı insan hatası nedeniyle yeterli seviyede değerlendirilememektedir. Yol kusurlarının belirlenmesi, sürücüler için önemli olmakla beraber yaya gibi tüm yol kullanıcılarının güvenliği ve konforunu sağlamak için çukurlar, hız tümsekleri vb. yol yüzeyi anormalliklerinin izlenmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada yol yüzey kalitesinin izlenmesine ve sürücülere daha güvenli bir yol sunmak adına kullanışlı bir otomatik algılama sisteminin geliştirilmesine odaklanmaktadır. Veri seti kamera sayesinde alınan verilerle oluşturulmuştur. Verilerin önişleme fazı tamamlandıktan sonra VGG kullanılarak sonuçlar alınmış, kazanç ve kayıp grafikleri çizdirilmiş ve tahminler yapılmıştır.
Al 7075-T651 Alaşımının Tornalanmasında Elmas Benzeri Karbon (DLC) Kaplama Performansının İncelenmesi
Authors: YILMAZ Nihat
Published: September 2021

Havacılık, biyomedikal ve otomotiv endüstrisinde alüminyum alaşımlarının kullanımının yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte, bu malzemelerin işleme davranışları ve işleme problemleri son yıllarda ilgi konusu olmuştur. Kuru işlemede, alüminyum gibi yüksek plastisiteye sahip (sünek) metaller, takım-talaş ara yüzeyinde geniş temas alanı, yüksek sürtünme katsayısı ve sıvanma (adezyon) özellikleri ve buna bağlı olarak güçlü bir talaş yığılması (BUE) eğilimine sahiptir. Bu çalışmada alüminyum alaşımlarının bu problemine bir çözüm olarak son yıllarda yoğun çalışmaların yapıldığı DLC (diamond-like carbon) kaplamanın performansı Al 7075-T651 alaşımı için incelenmiştir. K10 standardına sahip sinterlenmiş karbür takım, üç farklı kaplama şartlarında (kaplamasız, ticari kaplamalı ve DLC kaplamalı) kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada DLC kaplama işlemi özgün olarak yapılmıştır. Bu takımların Al 7075-T651 alüminyum alaşımının işlenmesi sırasındaki performansı gerçek tornalama testleriyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tornalama işleminde talaş derinliği 1,5 mm sabit alınırken, 3 farklı kesme hızı (300, 400, ve 500 m/dk) ve 3 farklı ilerleme hızı (0,2-0,3 ve 0,4 mm/d) seçilmiştir. Talaş morfolojisi ve takım yüzeylerinin detaylı incelemesi yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, DLC kaplamanın sıvanma sorununa çözüm olabileceği, ancak kaplama parametrelerinin, kesici takım ve alaşımın sınıfına bağlı olarak optimize edilmesi gerektiği değerlendirilmiştir.
The evolution of the criminal law protection of electoral rights in China
Authors: Zhou Heng , Wang Guanglong
Published: September 2021

In comparison with other crimes, the political system has had and still has a great infl uence on the essence and legal registration of crimes against electoral rights. After the 20s of the XX century, the protection of electoral rights by criminal law in China can be divided into two periods: 1) in the conditions of the same political regime-until the end of the 80s and 2) in the conditions of different political regimes-from the end of the 80s to the present. In the fi rst period, the institution of protection of electoral rights by the criminal law of China was borrowed from Soviet Russia. In the second period after the adoption of the Criminal Code (1997), Article 256 has not yet undergone any changes. Currently, there is no incentive in China to change and improve the electoral and criminal laws.
The relationship between aortic stiffness index and stroke severity in patients with acute ischemic stroke
Authors: AYDIN OZTURK Pınar , ÖZTÜRK Ünal , ÖZTÜRK Önder
Published: September 2021

Purpose: Acute cerebrovascular diseases is an important reason of mortality and morbidity. Aortic stiffness is a important predictor of cerebrovascular, cardiovascular (CV) and all cause death, deadly and non-deadly coronary and neurologic situations, and severe strokes. In our study, we researched the association between aortic stiffness index (ASI) and stroke seriousness in acute ischemic stroke patients.

Materials and Methods: A total of 97 patients (females, 55; males, 42; 65 ± 16 years) with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled in this study. 17 patients were excluded. 80 patients were evaluated. Subjects were categorized into two groups according to the calculated NIHSS score (Group 1, NIHSS score < 16; Group 2, NIHSS score ≥ 16). Clinical characteristics, echocardiographic and laboratory parameters for all patients were evaluated. Cardiac parameters and aortic stiffness index were evaluated by two-dimensional echocardiography within 48 hours of hospitalization to the neurology clinic.

Results: There were no significant differences among the groups for age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, SBP, DBP, heart rate, dyslipidemia, infarct volume, troponin, HbA1c, glucose, creatinine, LDL cholesterol were significantly higher in Group 2 patients than in Group 1 patients. LV wall thickness, aortic stiffness index, E/e’ were significantly higher in Group 2 patients than in Group 1 patients. LVEF was significantly lower in Group 2 patients than in Group 1 patients.

Conclusion: ASI was significantly higher in patients with severe acute ischemic stroke. Higher ASI is associated with higher NIHSS score in patients with acute ischemic stroke
Ground-motion intensity inferred from upthrow of boulders during the 1984 Western Nagano Prefecture, Japan, earthquake
Authors: Ohmachi Tatsuo , Midorikawa Saburoh
Published: September 2021

To interpret observations of the upthrow of boulders followed by their remarkable displacement during the 1984 Western Nagano Prefecture, Japan, earthquake, shaking-table experiments, field measurements, and numerical simulations on the upthrow were conducted. First, upthrow of objects was produced during a shaking-table vibration experiment in which table motion was in the horizontal direction only. Next, after field measurements on the ground and boulders were carried out to determine the parameters in the numerical simulations, a series of numerical simulations was conducted using the distinct element method. Both the experimental and numerical approaches not only resulted in reinforcement of Newmark's argument (1973) that the upthrow does not necessarily indicate vertical ground acceleration greater than that of gravity, but further extended it to quantitative assessment of ground-motion intensity.
Measurement ofQ−1 forSwaves in mudstone at Chikura, Japan: Comparison of incident and reflected phases in borehole seismograms
Authors: Fukushima Yoshimitsu , Kinoshita Shigeo , Sato Haruo
Published: September 2021

Seismograms from small events in the southern Kanto region have been recorded by a seismometer installed in a 732-m-deep borehole at Chikura observatory, Japan, where mudstone of early Pliocene age is found from the ground surface to the bottom of the borehole. Strong phases occurring 1.5 ∼ 1.6 sec after the S-wave arrival were interpreted as reflections at the ground surface. Ray path directions of the incident S waves were determined from the minimum principal axis of the three-dimensional trajectory ellipsoid, which represents the particle motion for a head wave of S phase. Transverse horizontal SH components were used to estimate the Q−1 value for S waves. Assuming the free surface acted as an 100% reflector for the SH waves and the incident SH phase as an input and the reflected phase as an output, we calculated system functions. The Q−1 value was measured from the transfer characteristics between the incident and the reflected phases in a single seismogram, thus no corrections were necessary for source or site (including instrument) effects. If we applied a power law model, the following relationship was obtained from the regression analyses of 20 events: log 10 ( Q − 1 ) = ( − 0.52 ± 0.48 ) ⋅ log 10 ( f ) − ( 1.28 ± 0.22 ) ( 1.0 < f < 5.0 Hz ) , where f is frequency in Hz and error values are the 95% confidence levels of the regression coefficients.
Discrimination using spectral slopes at frequencies up to 50 hz
Authors: Bame Carr Dorthe
Published: September 2021

The spectral characteristics of regional Pn waves recorded at the High Frequency Seismic Element (HFSE) at the NORESS array in southern Norway are investigated to determine if spectral slope can be used to discriminate between earthquakes and chemical explosions. Displacement spectra are calculated for 134 events in southern Norway that include 36 known earthquakes and 36 known chemical explosions. Events range in distance from 230 to 620 km, and most have signal above the noise at frequencies over 30 Hz. The average frequency at the peak signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is 15.5 Hz. Spectral slopes are measured on a displacement spectrum calculated with a 2-sec window. The slopes range between ω−1.8 and ω−5.1, and there is no strong evidence that the slope steepens with distance for this data set. According to one theory, earthquakes should have steeper slopes than explosions, but when this data set is separated into earthquakes and explosions we do not see separation between sources with respect to the slope of the spectrum. Both source types have events with the same range of spectral slopes, and the mean slopes and standard deviations are similar. Spectra of events at the same locations are often similar. However, explosions from the Blåsjø Mine in western Norway show variability in the spectral slope. Since the path and distance to HFSE are the same for these events, the variability must be due to differences in the source mechanism. For a set of small earthquakes, however, the observed variability in spectral slopes appears to be more related to distance and path effects. Therefore, we observe as much variation in spectral slope for one source type as there is between source types. The time window over which the spectrum is calculated is varied from 1 to 8 sec to determine if a time window consisting of a pure Pn wave was required to discriminate between source types. Spectral slope usually decreases as the window extends deeper into the coda and the energy content of the signal changes. The slopes also become more stable and more reliable as longer windows are used. However, source discrimination is not possible with any time window.
On the characteristics of local geology and their influence on ground motions generated by the Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco Bay region, California
Authors: Borcherdt Roger D. , Glassmoyer Gary
Published: September 2021

Strong ground motions recorded at 34 sites in the San Francisco Bay region from the Loma Prieta earthquake show marked variations in characteristics dependent on crustal structure and local geological conditions. Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity inferred for sites underlain by “rock” generally occur on the transverse component of motion. They are consistently greater with lower attenuation rates than the corresponding mean value predicted by empirical curves based on previous strong-motion data. Theoretical amplitude distributions and synthetic seismograms calculated for 10-layer models suggest that “bedrock” motions were elevated due in part to the wide-angle reflection of S energy from the base of a relatively thin (25 km) continental crust in the region. Characteristics of geologic and geotechnical units as currently mapped for the San Francisco Bay region show that average ratios of peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement increase with decreasing mean shear-wave velocity. Ratios of peak acceleration for sites on “soil” (alluvium, fill/Bay mud) are statistically larger than those for sites on “hard rock” (sandstone, shale, Franciscan Complex). Spectral ratios establish the existence of predominant site periods with peak amplifications near 15 for potentially damaging levels of ground motion at some sites underlain by alluvium and fill/bay mud. Average spectral amplifications inferred for vertical and the mean horizontal motion are, respectively, (1,1) for sites on the Franciscan Complex (KJf), (1.4, 1.5) for sites on Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks (TMzs), (2.1, 2.0) for sites on the Santa Clara Formation (QTs), (2.3, 2.9) for sites on alluvium (Qal), and (2.1, 4.0) for sites on fill/Bay mud (Qaf/Qhbm). These mean values are not statistically different at the 5% significance level from those inferred from previous low-strain data. Analyses suggest that soil amplification and reflected crustal shear energy were major contributors to levels of ground motion sufficient to cause damage to vulnerable structures at distances near 100 km in the cities of San Francisco and Oakland.
Physical interpretation and stability of paraxial boundary conditions
Authors: Kausel E.
Published: September 2021

We derive in this paper the dynamic impedance matrices associated with some paraxial boundary conditions for wave motions in unbounded homogenous elastic media and use them to establish the existence of directions of propagation of waves for which the boundaries supply rather than dissipate energy. Also, we explore the existence of solutions of exponential growth and discuss conditions under which they can arise. These considerations may be used to provide a physical interpretation to the paraxial boundaries and to understand possible sources of instability that can develop in time-domain implementations of these schemes with finite differences.
A lithospheric velocity anomaly beneath the Shagan river Test Site. Part 2. Imaging and inversion with amplitude transmission tomography
Authors: McLaughlin K. L. , Murphy J. R. , Barker B. W.
Published: September 2021

A linear inversion procedure is introduced that images weak velocity anomalies using amplitudes of transmitted seismic waves. Using projection operators from geometrical ray theory, an image of an anomaly is constructed from amplitudes recorded at arrays of receivers using arrays of sources. The image is related to the velocity anomaly by a second-order partial-differential equation that is inverted using 2-D discrete Fourier transforms.

As an example of the inversion procedure, magnitude residuals for European stations recording Shagan River explosions are used to image the deep lithospheric anomaly beneath the Shagan River test site described in Part 1. This formal inversion analysis confirms the existence of a small-scale lateral heterogeneity located 50 km west-northwest of the test site at a probable depth between 80 and 100 km and indicates that it is consistent with a deterministic 1.5% peak-to-peak (or 0.5% rms) velocity anomaly with a scale length of about 3 km. 3-D dynamic raytracing is then used to verify that the inferred laterally varying structure produces amplitude fluctuations consistent with observations.
Computation of multi-attribute seismic wavefields by solution of the elastodynamic equations
Authors: Chen How-Wei , McMechan George A.
Published: September 2021

By using the elastodynamic equations rather than wave equations for seismogram synthesis, multi-attribute wave fields can be computed in a single execution of one program. In the present implementation, for 2-D models, the wave fields and seismograms produced include any or all of the following: two components of each of particle acceleration, particle velocity, and particle displacement; two components of normal strain; shear strain; two components of normal stress; shear stress; and the dilatation and curl of the particle displacement. If flexible source and receiver configurations are also included, a single piece of software can be used for most seismic modeling applications. This significantly reduces the need for development and maintenance of separate programs. The algorithm is illustrated using waves synthesized for an explosive source in a layered medium. Snapshots and seismograms at both surface and borehole arrays are presented.
Seismic gaps in Hawaii
Authors: Wyss Max , Koyanagi R. Y.
Published: September 2021

We propose that two seismic gaps exist in southern Hawaii. From their dimensions and tectonic setting, we estimate that the south Kona gap may be capable of a mainshock in the magnitude range of 714 to 712, while the east Kona gap will probably not produce earthquakes larger than M=612. During historic time (1832 to the present), no mainshocks have occurred in these gaps. Since there is no evidence that fault creep relieves stress in these areas, we expect earthquakes to fill these gaps. The boundaries of the south Kona gap are defined by the approximate rupture extent of the earthquakes of 2 April 1868 (M = 7.9) and 21 August 1951 (M = 6.9), those of the east Kona gap by the latter mainshock and the extent of the seismogenic zone.

The seismotectonic model on which we base our gap hypothesis defines a major seismic zone in the southern half of the island of Hawaii. We propose that most major and large earthquakes within this zone are of a decollement type, in which the upper 10 km of the crust is pushed seaward along a near-horizontal plane of weakness, provided by the oceanic sediments buried beneath the volcanic edifice. The direction of slip is away from the volcano summits and perpendicularly away from the volcano rifts.

Several recurrence intervals are known for the Kaoiki area, where M = 6 ± 0.6 mainshocks occur every 10.4 ± 1.5 years. For the Kalapana area, one recurrence interval of 108 years is known for earthquakes with 7 < M < 8. In most of the major seismic zone in Hawaii, the recurrence times are not known, and no information on strain accumulation rate is available. It is therefore not possible to estimate when the portion of the 1868 rupture that has not re-ruptured yet (southern Kau) will produce another large mainshock. The potential for a large earthquake in this area is estimated to be intermediate. The potential in the Kalapana, the central Kona, and northern Kona areas are estimated to be low for the next several decades.
Numerical experiments in broadband receiver function analysis
Authors: Cassidy J. F.
Published: September 2021

The use of broadband receiver function analysis to estimate the fine-scale S-velocity structure of the lithosphere is becoming increasingly popular. A series of numerical experiments shows several important aspects of this technique, with emphasis on estimation of dipping interfaces. The recent modification introduced to the receiver function analysis technique that preserves absolute amplitudes (Ammon, 1991) is more robust than the previous technique of modeling receiver functions that were normalized to unit amplitude. Using the latter method, shallow (e.g., depths less than ∼2 km) high-velocity contrast interfaces may alter the apparent amplitudes of Ps phases and produce inaccuracies in the Earth model developed. The use of absolute amplitudes minimizes this potential for error. When research targets include deep dipping structure, tight stacking bounds (e.g., ≦ 10° in backazimuth (BAZ) and epicentral distance (Δ)) should be applied to avoid attenuating Ps phases and to aid in the identification of reverberations or scattered energy. Reverberations sample a relatively large lateral range about the recording site (e.g., a radius of 1 to 1.5 times the depth of the reflecting interface) and in the presence of dipping interfaces exhibit drastic variations in amplitude and arrival time as a function of BAZ and Δ. Thus, they cannot readily be used to provide constraints on the Earth structure. Formal inversion techniques, which attempt to match all arrivals in the waveform, must be used with caution when modeling receiver functions from complex regions. Only those phases whose amplitude and arrival-time variations as a function of BAZ and Δ are consistent with those of Ps conversions should be modeled. Forward modeling may resolve, depending upon the data quality and noise level, S-velocity contrasts greater than ∼ 0.2 to 0.4 km / sec. Layers of thickness 2 to 5 km may be accurately imaged, and transition zones may be examined by considering various frequency bands of the data. In order to better understand the resolving power of the data, the averaging functions associated with the receiver functions may be calculated from the observed data and, if desired, used in the forward modeling process.
Comparison of various inversion techniques as applied to the determination of a geophysical deformation model for the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake
Authors: Du Yijun , Aydin Atilla , Segall Paul
Published: September 2021

A number of techniques are employed to overcome nonuniqueness and instability inherent in linear inverse problems. To test the factors that enter into the selection of an inversion technique for fault slip distribution, we used a penalty function with smoothness (PF + S), a damped least-squares method (DLS), damped least-squares method with a positivity constraint (DLS + P), and a penalty function with smoothness and a positivity constraint (PF + S + P) for inverting the elevation changes for slip associated with the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake. Unlike solving an ill-posed inverse problem using a gradient technique (Ward and Barrientos, 1986), we have restored the well-posed character between the elevation changes and normal slip distribution. Studies showed that the constraints based on sound understanding of the physical nature of the problem are crucial in the derivation of a meaningful solution and dictates primarily the selection of a particular inversion technique. All available geological and geophysical information were used to determine a geophysical deformation model for the earthquake. It is suggested that the PF + S + P solution for a fault length of 75 km is the preferred model. The long wavelength features in the estimated slip distribution are similar to those obtained by Ward and Barrientos (1986), whereas the shorter wavelength features differ between two solutions. The fault dips 49° to the southwest. The slipped zones deepen from the surface at the northwest to about 20-km downdip depth at the southeast. The fault extends to the southeast beyond the epicenter of the mainshock. It is also shown that only the long wavelength features of the slip distribution are well resolved. The resolution is better at shallower levels than at deeper levels. The resolution deteriorates when the deformation sources are away from the leveling lines. Smoothness constraints provide better resolution than damping does at depth. The addition of a positivity constraint significantly improves the model resolution.
A slow earthquake in the Santa Maria basin, California
Authors: Kanamori Hiroo , Hauksson Egill
Published: September 2021

An ML = 3.5 earthquake near Santa Maria, California, was recorded by the Southern California Seismic Network and a TERRAscope station at Santa Barbara (SBC) on 31 January 1991. The waveform of this event is dominated by 2- to 5-sec waves, and is different from that of ordinary events with similar size. Inquiries into operations in several oil fields in the area revealed that hydro-fracturing at a pressure of about 80 bars was being done at a depth of 100 to 300 m in the Orcutt oil field in the Santa Maria basin from about 9 to 11 a.m. on 31 January and the earthquake occurred in the afternoon. Field evidence of 30-cm displacement to a depth of 300 m was reported. The field evidence as well as the first-motion data indicates that the event had a thrust mechanism with the P axis in the NNE - SSW direction, which is in agreement with the regional stress field. From the analysis of the SBC record and the field evidence, we conclude that the source must be shallower than 1 km and the ratio of the radiated energy to the seismic moment is about 6.2 × 10−7, one to two orders of magnitude smaller than that of ordinary earthquakes. The occurrence of this earthquake demonstrates that release of regional tectonic stress in shallow sediments can yield significant seismic radiation at periods of a few seconds, the period range of engineering importance for large structures, and has important implications for excitation of long-period ground motions from large earthquakes in sedimentary basins.
Site response estimation from earthquake data
Authors: Hartzell Stephen H.
Published: September 2021

Aftershocks of the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake are used to estimate site response along the San Francisco Peninsula. A total of 215 shear-wave records from 24 sources and 21 sites are used in a linear inversion for source and site response spectra. The methodology makes no assumptions about the shape of the source spectrum. However, to obtain a stable, unique inverse a Q model and geometrical spreading factor are assumed, as well as a constraint on site response that sets the site response averaged over two specific stations to 1.0. Site responses calculated by this formulation of the problem are compared with other studies in the same region that use different methodologies and / or data. The shear-wave site responses compare favorably with estimates based on an ω2-constrained source model. Comparison with coda amplification factors is not as close, but still favorable considering that the coda values were determined for nearby locations with similar geology, and not the same sites. The degree of agreement between the three methods is encouraging considering the very different assumptions and data used.
The Parkfield prediction fallacy
Authors: Savage J. C.
Published: September 2021

The Parkfield earthquake prediction is generally stated as a 95% probability that the next moderate earthquake there should occur before January 1993. That time limit is based on a two-sided 95% confidence interval. Because at the time of the prediction (1985) it was already clear that the earthquake had not occurred prior to 1985, a one-sided 95% confidence interval would have been more appropriate. That confidence interval ended in October 1991. The Parkfield prediction was based on an extrapolation of five of the six events in the 1857 to 1966 earthquake sequence; the 1934 event was omitted because it did not fit the regularity exhibited by the other data. The fallacy in the prediction is that it did not take account of other less-contrived explanations of the Parkfield seismicity (e.g., not excluding the 1934 event). Even if the Parkfield earthquake should occur in the near future, it would be better explained by less-contrived hypotheses.
An automaticS-phase picker
Authors: Cichowicz Artur
Published: September 2021

An algorithm has been developed for the automatic picking of the S phase from three-component seismic data. Three parameters of the signal are calculated in the program: deflection angle, degree of polarization, and the ratio between transverse energy and total energy. The S phase is declared when the product of the three parameters increases above the reference level. Most parameters are computed automatically and modified if necessary. The S-phase picker is used to analyze data from a local underground mine seismic network.
A microprocessor-based ocean-bottom seismometer
Authors: Willoughby David F. , Orcutt John A. , Horwitt David
Published: September 2021

For over 12 years, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography has operated a fleet of microprocessor-based ocean-bottom seismometers. These instruments free-fall to the seafloor and release their anchors and rise to the surface either at preset times or on receipt of an acoustic command. The instruments are contained in a single spherical pressure case and include geophones with a 1-Hz natural period, and differential pressure gauges responsive to acoustic signals between 0.003 and 30 Hz.

Recent improvements described in detail here include the implementation of a C-44 bus 80C88 microprocessor and cassette recorders capable of storing up to 10 days of data digitized at 128 samples/sec, or 40 days at 32 samples/sec. In addition, tiltmeters have been installed in the instruments.

Serial links to the processor and release timers provide for instrument checkout and the setting of time and data parameters from outside the pressure case. A portable laboratory also described here is used to prepare the instruments for deployment at sea.