bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enfermedad periodontal y estrés oxidativo. Revisión de tema
Authors: Gutiérrez Flores Rodolfo J. , Zambrano Rodríguez Gabriela M. , Méndez Rodulfo María Antonieta
Published: June 2022

La enfermedad periodontal es una patología inflamatoria, crónica, multifactorial, asociada a una disbiosis en la biopelícula dental, caracterizada por la progresiva destrucción del aparato de soporte dentario. En la literatura científica se encuentran reportes de la relación del estrés oxidativo y la enfermedad periodontal además de la asociación existente con las partículas contaminantes atmosféricas presentes en el ambiente que desencadenan respuestas antioxidantes. El efecto de las partículas contaminantes atmosféricas en el inicio y desarrollo de enfermedades inflamatorias como la patología periodontal han sido reportados, así como también la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno en asociación con las citocinas proinflamatorias que son responsables de la destrucción del tejido conectivo y de la reabsorción ósea, signos característicos de la enfermedad periodontal destructiva crónica.
Upaya Peningkatan Keprofesionalan Guru Kelas Tinggi dalam Menyusun Diktat Pelajaran Melalui Bimbingan Kelompok di SD Negeri 07 Mancuang Semester II (Dua) Tahun Pelajaran 2021/2022
Authors: Ariani Erma
Published: June 2022

This study aims to disclose information and discuss the Efforts to Improve the Professionalism of High Class Teachers in Developing Diktat Lessons through Group Guidance at SD Negeri 07 Mancuang Semester II (Two) Academic Year 2021/2022. The type of research carried out is School Action Research. The research was conducted at SD Negeri 07 Mancuang, Agam Regency. This research was carried out in the Even Semester of the 2021/2022 Academic Year, starting from February to May 2022. The research subjects were 5 teachers who were assisted by the academic year 2021/2022. The research procedure consisted of two cycles with four stages of research starting from planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. Data collection techniques using instruments and observation sheets. The collected data were analyzed using the percentage formula. The results of the research on the average of the first cycle obtained the sufficient category to obtain an average of 3.1 with a percentage of 62.5%. It can be concluded that the ability of teachers to compose lesson instructions is still in the sufficient category, while teachers who are in the good category are only 1.6 or 32.5%. In the implementation of cycle 2 of the 8 aspects mentioned above, it can be concluded that almost all teachers have understood the components and systematics in preparing lesson instructions. Based on the results of the research described above, it can be concluded that through group guidance, teachers can improve the ability of teachers in preparing the Diktat Lessons at SDN 07 Mancuang.
Peningkatan Kinerja Guru dalam Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Melalui Supervisi Klinis Di Uptd Sd Negeri 04 Taeh Bukik Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota Tahun 2021
Authors: Wirdatis Wirdatis
Published: June 2022

The implementation of supervision by the principal must be carried out continuously considering that improving teacher performance cannot be done instantly. As a supervisor, the principal must be able to understand the characteristics and conditions of each teacher so that what is the essence or purpose of supervision can be achieved. In addition, the principal must also be able to plan, implement, and follow up on the results of the supervision. In general, the purpose of this study was to examine the implementation of clinical supervision by the principal at the UPTD SD Negeri 04 Taeh Bukik, Lima Puluh Kota Regency. This research was carried out in two cycles, each cycle having two meetings. The stages of each cycle are planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The principal as an educational leader has a very large role in developing the performance of school teachers. Principals in an effort to improve teacher performance, must be able to help teachers achieve the shared goals that have been set. Assistance to teachers in carrying out these tasks, can be done through the implementation of educational supervision. Educational supervision puts emphasis on the process of forming and developing teachers' professional abilities, which begins with making improvements in the way teachers teach in the classroom, in this way it is hoped that students can learn well, so that teaching goals can be achieved optimally. The principal as a supervisor is expected to be able to carry out his duties by supervising the learning process of teachers in the classroom, in order to improve the professional abilities of teachers which is reflected in the ability to manage the learning process of teachers in the classroom, which includes: mastering subject matter in terms of mastering the field of study or subjects he/she holds, plans learning programs, implements and leads/manages the learning process, assesses the progress of the learning process.
Physico-chemical and cooking quality traits of paddy cultivars of japonica sub-species
Authors: AKAY Hasan , SEZER İsmail , ÖZTÜRK Elif
Published: June 2022

Paddy, grown on all continents of the world, is an economical source of food and a strategic cereal. Cooking quality of rice is closely related to physico-chemical characteristics of starch constituting about 90% of rice dry matter. Environmental and genetic factors are effective on rice quality and physico-chemical properties. Knowledge on these traits plays an important role in comprehension the changes encountered during cooking. This study was conducted in 2020 to determine physico-chemical and cooking quality traits of rice grains obtained from 18 paddy cultivars. Physical, chemical and cooking quality traits of 18 rice samples were analyzed in 3 replications. Significant differences were observed in investigated traits of paddy cultivars. The thousand-grain weights varied between 20.32-31.00 g; rice grain lengths between 5.88-7.28 mm; grain elongation ratios between 1.40-2.47%; grain water absorptions between 46.96-71.27%; water uptake ratios between 1.91-3.31%; cooking times between 00:17:19-00:23:28 min; protein contents between 5.45-8.89% and amylose contents varied between 16.91-26.25%. According to the biplot graph, Efe, Kale and Galileo cultivars were found to be prominent for more than one trait. The biplot graph also revealed that cooking time was the most distinctive trait. There were highly significant negative correlations between alkali spreading and cooking time parameters. Although it was banned worldwide in rice codex, different rice cultivars, classes, groups and types are compared and served to markets. Although the constellation plot generated through the use of results for investigated parameters allowed primary separation of paddy cultivars, present parameters were not found to be sufficient for a net separation of the cultivars.
Prinsip Isonomi di Indonesia: Filosofi, Makna, dan Perbandingan
Authors: Efendi Aan , Poernomo Freddy
Published: June 2022

The regulation of the principle of isonomy in Article 28D paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and its derivative laws without an explanation of its meaning has implications for misunderstanding what it means. This study seeks answers to the philosophical question and the meaning of the isonomy principle and compares it with the isonomy principle in English law which is based on the rule of law. Using theoretical research, three answers were obtained. The social contract which contains an agreement on the surrender of natural rights to enforce law by individuals to the state and places individuals in the same position and treatment in law enforcement by the state becomes a philosophy of isonomy principles. The principle of isonomy in Indonesia is based on distributive justice where equal treatment before the law means proportionality with regard to people's class, position, achievements, and functions of people in the social order. In English law, the principle of isonomy is based on commutative justice where all people regardless of class, position, social status or function, they are under the same law and justice.
Anomali Asas Non-Retroaktif dalam Kejahatan Genosida, Bertentangan dengan HAM?
Authors: Nurhidayatuloh Nurhidayatuloh , Idris Akhmad , Nurliyantika Rizka , Zuhro Fatimatuz
Published: June 2022

The crime of genocide is one of the most serious international crimes stipulated in the Rome Statute. Previously, genocide was regulated in the Convention on Genocide entered into force on 12 January 1951. The convention and the Rome Statute do not allow retroactivity. However, retroactivity appears in the Indonesian Law on the Human Rights Court and is strengthened through the Indonesian Constitutional Court's Decision. This study focuses on the neglect of the non-retroactive principle in the Law on Human Rights Courts and the extent to which the retroactive period. This research uses normative-legal method with a statutory and case approaches. The result shows that ignoring the non-retoactive principle is contrary to international law and international human rights regulations. Hence, the Constitutional Court's decision that strengthens retroactivity can be interpreted that the Court maintains human rights while at the same time violates human rights by not accurately interpreting the word “derogation” and “restriction” in Article 28J of the 1945 Constitution.
Format Ideal Tindak Lanjut Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi untuk Mengefektifkan Asas Erga Omnes
Authors: Ningrum Dian Ayu Widya , Al Khanif Al Khanif , Antikowati Antikowati
Published: June 2022

This article aims to find the ideal format to implement the Constitutional Court (MK) decision through the principle of erga omnes. The erga omnes aims to guarantee the protection of human rights for all citizens. However, the principle of erga omnes cannot be implemented properly due to the gap between adressat and the verdict issued by the MK. This inconsistency and disobedient will result in decline of the erga omnes. An ideal system is needed to improve the application of the Constitutional Court's decisions in accordance with the principle of erga omnes. The results showed that to maximize the principle of erga omnes requires cooperation between the MK and other state institutions or adressat. This can be combined with the implementation of judicial deferral and the provision of deadlines for the follow-up of decisions imposed on adressat as a representation of determining legal boundaries and certainty.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN KOPERASI DAN UMKM
Authors: Widiyanti
Published: June 2022

Tingginya perbedaan tingkatan sosial ekonomi kelompok BUMN dan usaha besar dengan UMKM seharusnya menjadi perhatian serius pemerintah. Hal tersebut diperlukan agar pemerintah dapat memerankan dirinya secara lebih optimal di dalam sektor ekonomi skala UMKM yang umumnya bergerak pada sektor-sektor informal. Penentuan berbagai kebijakan yang diperuntukkan bagi UMKM, khususnya usaha yang berada pada skala mikro (informal), haruslah melibatkan pelaku usaha mikro itu sendiri untuk merumuskan serta menentukan berbagai instrumen kebijakan. Jika mereka tidak dilibatkan, berbagai kebijakan yang dibuat akan menyimpang dari harapan dan pada akhirnya tidak akan memberikan manfaat kepada kelompok ekonomi yang bergerak pada sektor ini. Pengalaman di berbagai tempat menunjukkan, tidak sedikit kebijakan yang dibuat pada akhirnya tidak memberikan manfaat dan bahkan menambah beban UMKM.
Resume 5
Authors: yatof Andi putri Inayah
Published: June 2022

kurva kepuasan sama adalah suatu kurva yang menggambarkan gabungan barang yang akan memberikan kepuasan
The landscape of social bot research: a critical appraisal
Authors: Yan Harry , Yang Kai-Cheng
Published: June 2022

Malicious social bots that emulate real users with explicit political personas have been manipulating various online discussions around critical issues such as elections and pandemic prevention. In response to public concerns, social media platforms deployed more aggressive countermeasures, forcing bots to adopt state-of-the-art artificial intelligence technologies and more complex behaviors to evade detection. As researchers also continue proposing more sophisticated machine learning models to identify bots, their production and detection now evolve into a technology competition. In this chapter, we survey the related research body with a critical lens and demonstrate that existing scholarly efforts mainly focus on technology-assisted bot detection and bot behavior characterization, whereas research on human-bot interactions is lacking. We argue that such interactions not only exacerbate human cognitive biases, but also contribute to the current authoritarian culture. In addition to pure technological solutions to bot-related issues, we call for more human-centered countermeasures.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN KOPERASI DAN UMKM
Authors: Akbar Muh.
Published: June 2022

Alternatif Pembinaan Koperasi danUMKMTingginya perbedaan tingkatan sosial ekonomi kelompok BUMN dan usaha besar dengan UMKM seharusnya menjadi perhatian serius pemerintah. Hal tersebut diperlukan agar pemerintah dapat memerankan dirinya secara lebih optimal di dalam sektor ekonomi skala UMKM yang umumnya bergerak pada sektor-sektor informal. PenentuanberbagaikebijakanyangdiperuntukkanbagiUMKM,khususnyausahayang beradapadaskalamikro(informal),haruslahmelibatkanpelakuusahamikroitusendiri untuk merumuskan serta menentukan berbagai instrumen kebijakan. Jika mereka tidak dilibatkan, berbagai kebijakan yang dibuat akan menyimpang dari harapan dan pada akhirnya tidak akan memberikan manfaat kepada kelompok ekonomi yang bergerak pada sektor ini. Pengalaman di berbagai tempat menunjukkan, tidak sedikit kebijakan yang dibuat pada akhirnya tidak memberikan manfaat dan bahkan menambah beban UMKM.
PERBEDAAN KOPERASI DENGAN ORGANISASI LAINNYA
Authors: NURBAITI
Published: June 2022

koperasi secara umum adalah suatu perkumpulan yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan-badan hukum koperasi yang memberikan kebebasan masuk dan keluar sebagai anggota, dengan bekerjasama secara kekeluargaan para anggotanya. Berdasarkan pasal 1 Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian diberikan pengertian sebagai berikut: “koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan berlandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan. Badan usaha atau perusahaan adalah suatu organisasi yang mengkombinasikan dan mengkoordinasikan sumber – sumber daya untuk tujuan memproduksi dan menghasilkan barang atau jasa. Bentuk-bentuk badan usaha dapat dikelom-pokkan dalam dua kategori, yaitu badan usaha yang berbadan hukum seperti PT dan Koperasidan bukan berbadan hukum seperti persekutuan dan perseorangan. Dalam sebuah koperasi memilliki satu suara yang tidak dapat diwakikan orang lain. Sementara Dalam badan usaha lain, satu suara atau lebih dapat dimiliki oleh pemodal. Simpanan Anggota menjadi modal koperasi. Sedangkan modal badan usaha lainnya diperoleh dari penjualan saham, perorangan, atau kelompok.
PENGEMBANGAN PRODUK BANK SYARAIH
Authors: ramadani rahmi qurania
Published: June 2022

Bank syariah adalah bank yang beroperasi dengan tidakmengandalkan pada bunga. Bank Islam atau bisa disebut dengan BankTanpa Bunga, adalah lembaga keuangan/perbankan yang operasional danproduknya dikembangkan berlandaskan pada al-Qur’an dan Hadits NabiSAW, dengan kata lain Bank Syariah adalah lembaga keuangan yangmemiliki usaha pokok memberikan pembiayaan dan jasa-jasalainnyadalam lalu lintas pembayaran serta peredaran uang yangpengoperasiannya disesuaikan dengan prinsip syariat Islam
Kelembagaan dan Identitas Koperasi
Authors: HIJRIANI
Published: June 2022

Koperasi merupakan bagian dari tata susunan ekonomi, hal ini berarti bahwa dalam kegiatannya koperasi turut mengambil bagian bagi tercapainya kehidupan ekonomi yang sejahtera, bagi orang-orang yang menjadi anggota perkumpulan itusendiri maupun untuk masyarakat disekitarnya. Koperasi sebagai perkumpulan untuk kesejahteraan bersama. Dalam rangka usaha untuk memajukan kedudukan rakyat yang memiliki kemampuan ekonomi terbatas, maka pemerintah indonesia memperhatikan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan perkumpulan-perkumpulan koperasi. Pemerintah indonesia sangat berkepentingan dengan koperasi, karena koperasi didalam sistem perekonomian merupakan soko guru. Koperasi di Indonesia belum memiliki kemampuan untuk menjalankan peranannya secara efektif dan kuat. Hal ini disebabkan Koperasi masih menghadapai hambatan struktural dalam penguasaan faktor produksi khususnya permodalan. Dengan demikian masih perlu perhatian yang lebih luas lagi oleh pemerintah agar keberadaan Koperasi yang ada di Indonesia bisa benar-benar sebagai soko guru perekonomian Indonesia yang merupakan sistem perekonomian yang dituangkan dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.Pada saat ini masih banyak orang yang kurang memahami betapa pentingnya peran koperasi sebagai salahsatu sector usaha perekonomian Indonesia.Masih banyak orang yang menganggap koperasihanyalah lembaga keuangan biasa. Namun kenyataannya koperasi merupakan salah satu dari tiga sector usaha formal dalam perekonomian Indonesia. Dalam kegiatannya, selain menekankan pada kepentingansocial dan ekonomi, kegiatan ekonomi juga menekankan pada kepentingan moral. Cita-cita Koperasi memang sesuai dengan susunan kehidupan rakyat Indonesia. Meski selalu mendapat rintangan, namun Koperasi tetap berkembang. Seiring dengan perkembangan masyarakat, berkembang pula perundang-undangan yang digunakan. Perkembangan dan perubahan perundang-undangan tersebut dimaksudkan agar dapat selalu mengikuti perkembangan jaman. Sesuai latar belakang di atas maka judul makalah ini adalah “Kelembagaan dan Identitas Koperasi.”
“Promosi & Perencanaan Program Pemasaran Produk Bank Syariah”
Authors: ramadani rahmi qurania
Published: June 2022

Pemasaran adalah termasuk salah satu kegiatan dalam perekonomian dan membantudalam penciptaan nilai ekonomi. Sedangkan nilai ekonomi itu sendiri akan menentukan hargabarang dan jasa bagi individu-individu.Pemasaran menurut Philip Kotler (2002;9)mengartikan pemasaran adalah suatu proses sosial yang di dalamnya antara indivdu dankelompok mendapatkan apa yang mereka butuhkan dan inginkan dengan menciptakan,menawarkan, dan secara bebas mempertukarkan produk yang bernilai dengan pihak lain.
Chis-Ciure & Ellia - Facing Up to the Hard Problem of Consciousness as an Integrated Information Theorist (2021)
Authors: Chis-Ciure Robert , Ellia Francesco
Published: June 2022

In this paper we provide a philosophical analysis of the Hard Problem of consciousness and the implications of conceivability scenarios for current neuroscientific research. In particular, we focus on one of the most prominent neuroscientific theories of consciousness, Integrated Information Theory (IIT). After a brief introduction on IIT, we present Chalmers’ original formulation and propose our own Layered View of the Hard Problem, showing how two separate issues can be distinguished. More specifically, we argue that it’s possible to disentangle a Core Problem of Consciousness from a Layered Hard Problem, the latter being essentially connected to Chalmers’ conceivability argument. We then assess the relation between the Hard Problem and IIT, showing how the theory resists conceivability scenarios, and how it is equipped to face up to the hard problem in its broadest acceptation.
Letter to the Editors of Psychological Science: Boosting Consensus Reasoning Might Correct False Beliefs Across Science Domains: Regarding van der Linden & Lewandowsky (2022) and Zarzeczna et al. (2021) on van Stekelenburg et al. (2021)
Authors: van Stekelenburg Aart , Schaap Gabi , Veling Harm , Buijzen Moniek
Published: June 2022

In our original contribution, we showed that boosting understanding and identification of scientific consensus can help to correct a misperception about genetically engineered food. Results regarding a misperception about climate change were less clear, but indicated that this boosting approach might not help to correct a belief regarding this topic. In their response, Zarzeczna et al. (2021) argue that boosting scientific consensus reasoning is unlikely to correct false beliefs about most science domains, while instead van der Linden and Lewandowsky (2022) argue that it is likely to do this. We weigh in on this discussion and argue that it is still an empirical question whether boosting consensus reasoning can correct false beliefs across domains, but that there are reasons to expect it would.
Marketing Mix
Authors: Amaliah Nur Indah
Published: June 2022

Makalah ini untuk memenuhi tugas individu mata kuliah manajemen pemasaran
Sejarah Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam Pada Masa 3 Kerajaan Besar
Authors: Hidayat Risman , Kurniawan Rachmad Risqy
Published: June 2022

Artikel ini membahas tentang sejarah pemikiran islam pada masa 3 kerajaan besar yaitu kerjaan Usmani diturki, kerjaan Safawi dipersia dan kerajaan mughal di india. Masa 3 kerajaan Besar ini terjadi pada priode pertengahan setelah fase kemunduran muncullah fase 3 kerjaan besar yang buktinya bisa dilihat sampai sekarang berupa seni arsitekturnya dan yang lainnya.
Keterampilan sosial
Authors: Zulfah Siti
Published: June 2022

Branstorming merupakanmetode yang memakai suatu cara pelaksanaan diskusi di mana semua pesserta didik bebas untuk menyumbangkan ide-ide baru terhadap pemecahan suatu masalah tertentu. Sehingga semua ide disumbangkan tersebut dapat dicatat, kemudian diklasifikasikan menurut suatu urutan tertentu. Mungkin suatu saat ada diantara ide baru tersebut yang dirasa menarik untuk dikembangkan dan menjadi sulosi pemecahan untuk masalah yang dihadapi.
Perbedaan Koperasi dengan organisasi lainnya
Authors: Madhonaa Indah Ra , H Yuris Huswatun
Published: June 2022

Suatu badan usaha didefenisikan sebagai organisasi yang terstruktur dalam mengelola faktor-faktor produksi untuk mendapatkan keuntungan. Salah satu karakteristik yang penting dari badan usaha adalah manajemen yang baik. Jika suatu badan usaha dikelola dengan baik dapat meningkatkan kinerja badan usaha dan akan meningkatkan nilai badan usaha bagi para pemegang saham. Ada beberapa bentuk badan usaha antara lain, Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN), Badan Usaha Milik Swasta (BUMS), Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD), dan Badan Usaha Campuran. Sedangkan pengertian koperasi berdasarkan pasal 1 undang-undang nomor 25 tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian diberikan pengertian sebagai berikut “koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan berlandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan”. Adapun perbedaan koperasi dengan badan usaha lain yaitu, satu anggota dalam sebuah koperasi memiliki satu suara yang tidak dapat diwakilkan orang lain. Sementara dalam badan usaha lain, satu suara atau lebih dapat dimiliki oleh pemodal. Simpanan anggotan menjadi modal badan usaha lainnya diperoleh dari penjualan saham, perorangan, atau kelompok.
Pervasive carbonation of peridotite to listvenite (Semail Ophiolite, Sultanate of Oman): clues from iron partitioning and chemical zoning
Authors: Decrausaz Thierry , Godard Marguerite , Menzel Manuel , Parat Fleurice , Oliot Emilien , Lafay Romain , Barou Fabrice
Published: June 2022

Earth’s long-term cycling of carbon is regulated from mid-ocean ridges to convergent margins by mass transfers involving mantle rocks. Here we examine the conversion of peridotite into listvenite (magnesite+quartz) occurring along the basal thrust of the Semail Ophiolite (Fanja, Sultanate of Oman). At the outcrop scale, this transformation defines reaction fronts, from serpentinized peridotites, to carbonated serpentinites and listvenites. Carbonation of peridotites progressed through distinctive stages, involving the generation of carbonate and/or quartz veins concurrently to the pervasive replacement of serpentinized peridotites by carbonates and quartz. The onset of pervasive carbonation reactions is characterized by the formation of Fe-rich magnesite spheroids and aggregates preserved in listvenites, in the vicinity of antitaxial Fe-rich magnesite veins.We document the changes in reaction textures and carbonate compositions from carbonated serpentinites to listvenites, indicating destabilization of Fe-oxides. We propose that Fe-rich cores of magnesite spheroids result from the breakdown of magnetite into Fe-rich magnesite and hematite, and represent the end product of the early carbonation sequence. Pervasive carbonation induces a change to oxidizing conditions as the reaction progresses. We discuss the linkages between the composition of magnesite replacing the serpentine matrix and variations of the reactive fluid composition and redox conditions, and their possible effects on the speciation of volatiles and mobility of economically-valuable metals.
Male Circumcision-Based Trauma: Should It Be Shown Greater Recognition?
Authors: Batterley Michael , Metters Jason , Smith David
Published: June 2022

Male circumcision is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide. To help inform men about the procedure, there are various sources of information that explain both the perceived benefits and risks involved. Although some sources such as the National Health Service (NHS) website discuss the physical risks of the procedure, these same information sources do not discuss any potential psychological risks. With some men claiming to have been adversely affected by their circumcision, it questions whether becoming circumcised could have any potential negative psychological consequences. More specifically, whether it could be viewed as a traumatic experience for the male. If a psychologically traumatic reaction to the experience is present, it would necessitate updated health information, improved recognition for those affected, and a review into the ethics and prescription of using circumcision as a prophylactic or remedy for conditions affecting the penis. This paper conducted a literature review to investigate various areas that may contribute to circumcision-based trauma. Based on the research explored, this paper concludes that not only can male circumcision be a traumatic event, but male circumcision-based trauma should be shown greater recognition. Further research should be conducted into this field to discover the extent of this trauma.
Spontaneous serial refreshing in verbal and spatial working memory?
Authors: Vergauwe Evie , Langerock Naomi
Published: June 2022

Working memory is the cognitive system that keeps a limited amount of information temporarily accessible for ongoing cognition. One proposed mechanism to keep information active in working memory is refreshing. Refreshing is assumed operate serially, reactivating memory items one by one by bringing them into the focus of attention during retention. We report two experiments in which we examine evidence for the spontaneous occurrence of serial refreshing in verbal working memory (Experiment 1, using letters as memoranda) and in visuo-spatial working memory (Experiment 2, using locations as memoranda). Participants had to remember series of red memory items, and black probes were presented between these memory items, with each probe to be judged present in or absent from the list presented so far, as quickly as possible (i.e., the probe-span task). Response times to the probes were used to examine whether the content of the focus of attention changed over time, as would be expected if serial refreshing occurs spontaneously during inter-item pauses. Contrary to this hypothesis, our results indicate that the last-presented memory item remained in the focus of attention during the inter-item pauses of the probe-span tasks. These findings confirm the boundary conditions of spontaneous serial refreshing that were previously observed for verbal working memory and extend them to visuo-spatial working memory. Implications for working memory maintenance are discussed.
Scene memories are biased toward high-probability views
Authors: Lin Feikai , Hafri Alon , Bonner Michael F.
Published: June 2022

Visual scenes are often remembered as if they were observed from a different viewpoint. Some scenes are remembered as farther than they appeared, and others as closer. These memory distortions—also known as boundary extension and contraction—are strikingly consistent for a given scene, but their cause remains unknown. We tested whether these distortions can be explained by an inferential process that adjusts scene memories toward high-probability views, using viewing depth as a test case. We first carried out a large-scale analysis of depth maps of natural indoor scenes to quantify the statistical probability of views in depth. We then assessed human observers’ memory for these scenes at various depths and found that viewpoint judgments were consistently biased toward the modal depth, even when just a few seconds elapsed between viewing and reporting. Thus, scenes closer than the modal depth showed a boundary-extension bias (remembered as farther-away), and scenes farther than the modal depth showed a boundary-contraction bias (remembered as closer). By contrast, scenes at the modal depth did not elicit a consistent bias in either direction. This same pattern of results was observed in a follow-up experiment using tightly controlled stimuli from virtual environments. Together, these findings show that scene memories are biased toward statistically probable views, which may serve to increase the accuracy of noisy or incomplete scene representations.
Chis-Ciure, R. - The Transcendental Deduction of Integrated Information Theory: Connecting the Axioms, Postulates, and Identity Through Categories (2022)
Authors: Chis-Ciure Robert
Published: June 2022

This paper deals with a foundational aspect of Integrated Information Theory (IIT) of consciousness: the nature of the relation between the axioms of phenomenology and the postulates of cause-effect power. There has been a lack of clarity in the literature regarding this crucial issue, for which IIT has received much criticism of its axiomatic method and basic tenets. The present contribution elucidates the problem by means of a categorial analysis of the theory’s foundations. Its main results are that: (i) IIT has a set of nine fundamental concepts of reason, called categories, which constitute its categorial lexicon and through which it formulates a system of principles incorporating the axioms, the postulates, and the central identity; and (ii) the connection between the axioms and postulates is grounded by their common root in this categorial lexicon, the categories of which find their justification by means of a phenomenological and transcendental deduction. Some further results are the unique origin of axioms and postulates in the categories; the distinction between conceptual and formalized postulates; a clarification of the uniqueness problem of categorial lexica in general; and an IIT account of objectivity by explicating how the physical is (re)defined by means of categories. All of this is put to use against various criticism targeting IIT’s theoretical core. If successful, the proposed interpretation illuminates a central issue in the contemporary study of consciousness and contributes to an environment of mutual understanding between defenders and critics of the theory.
Consciousness: How Low Can You Go?
Authors: Linton Paul
Published: June 2022

Where is visual experience processed in the brain? Visual processing as has three broad stages. First, a low-level feed-forward stage in the visual cortex. Second, a mid-level feed-back recurrent processing stage in the visual cortex. Third, a high-level feed-forward stage to higher brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex. In their review of ‘theories of consciousness’, Seth & Bayne focus on theories that emphasise mid-level processing (re-entry and predictive processing; integrated information theories) or higher-level processing (higher-order theories; global workspace). By contrast, low-level theories are ruled out. The purpose of this Correspondence is to argue that low-level processing remains a viable, if overlooked, candidate for the site of visual experience.
Postural and gestural synchronization, sequential imitation, and mirroring predict perceived coupling of dancing dyads
Authors: Hartmann Martin , Carlson Emily , Mavrolampados Anastasios , Burger Birgitta , Toiviainen Petri
Published: June 2022

Dance is a rich testing ground for exploring the relations between perceived and kinematic motor coupling. Perceived coupling of dyads spontaneously dancing to pop music has been shown to be highly driven by the degree of frontal orientation between dancers. The perceptual salience of other aspects, including postural congruence, movement frequencies, time-delayed relations, and horizontal mirroring remains, however, uncertain. In a motion capture study, 90 participant dyads moved freely to 16 musical excerpts from 8 musical genres while their movements were recorded using optical motion capture. 128 recordings from 8 dyads maximally facing each other were selected to generate silent 8-second animations. Three kinematic features describing simultaneous and sequential full body coupling were extracted from the dyads. In an online experiment, the animations were presented to 432 observers, who were asked to rate perceived similarity and interaction between dancers. We found dyadic kinematic coupling estimates to be higher than those obtained from surrogate estimates, providing evidence for a social dimension of entrainment in dance. Further, we observed links between perceived similarity and coupling of both slower simultaneous horizontal gestures and posture bounding volumes. Perceived interaction, on the other hand, was more related to coupling of faster simultaneous gestures and to sequential coupling. Also, dyads who were perceived as more coupled tended to mirror their pair’s movements.
Piloting a novel web-based paradigm to measure disambiguation skill in adults
Authors: Blott Lena Maria , Gowenlock Anna , Nation Kate , Rodd Jennifer M
Published: June 2022

Given that most English word forms have more than one meaning, the ability to use contextual cues for disambiguation is vital for successful comprehension. Previous research suggests that there is substantial variability in the efficacy with which individuals pick up on and use cues in the surrounding context to aid language processing. In the present study, we introduce a novel, browser-based picture-selection task to measure disambiguation skills in adults that is quick and easy to administer remotely. We present pilot data from N=50 participants and provide preliminary evidence that the task can be used as a valid and reliable measure of disambiguation skill.
Speaking and listening to inter-brain relationships
Authors: Pérez Alejandro , Davis Matthew H.
Published: June 2022

Studies of the inter-brain relationship thrive, and yet many reservations regarding their scope and interpretation of these phenomena have been raised by the scientific community. It is thus essential to establish common ground on methodological and conceptual definitions related to this topic and to open debate about any remaining points of uncertainty. We here offer insights to improve the conceptual clarity and empirical standards offered by social neuroscience studies of inter-personal interaction using hyperscanning with a particular focus on verbal communication.
Learnability and constraints on the semantics of clause-embedding predicates
Authors: Maldonado Mora , Culbertson Jennifer , Uegaki Wataru
Published: June 2022

Responsive predicates are clause-embedding predicates like English know and guess that can take both declarative and interrogative clausal complements. The meanings of responsive predicates when they take a declarative complement and when they take an interrogative complement are hypothesized to be constrained in systematic ways across languages, suggesting that these constraints represent semantic universals. We report an artificial language learning experiment showing that one of these proposed constraints is indeed reflected in the inferences participants make while learning a novel responsive predicate. Our results add support to a growing body of evidence linking semantic universals to learning.
The Labor Market Impacts of America's First Paid Maternity Leave
Authors: Timpe Brenden
Published: June 2022

This paper provides new evidence on the effect of a national expansion of paid maternity leave on the labor-market outcomes of women in the United States. I develop an identification strategy that exploits the staggered expansion of paid leave through short-term disability insurance in the 1960s and 1970s. The policy expanded leave-taking among new mothers but also precipitated a decrease in hourly wages, employment, and family income among women of child-bearing age. The results suggest that even modestly generous, widespread expansions of paid family leave policies have the potential to widen gender gaps in the labor market.
Urban Spatial Structure and the Potential for Vehicle Miles Traveled Reduction: The Effects of Accessibility to Jobs within and beyond Employment Sub-centers
Authors: Boarnet Marlon G. , Wang Xize
Published: June 2022

This research examines the relationship between urban polycentric spatial structure and driving. We identified 46 employment sub-centers in the Los Angeles Combined Statistical Area and calculated access to jobs that are within and beyond these sub-centers. To address potential endogeneity problems, we use access to historically important places and transportation infrastructure in the early 20th century as instrumental variables for job accessibility indices. Our Two-stage Tobit models show that access to jobs is negatively associated with household vehicle miles traveled in this region. Among various accessibility measures, access to jobs outside sub-centers has the largest elasticity (-0.155). We examine the location of places in the top quintile of access to non-centered jobs and find that those locations are often inner ring suburban developments, near the core of the urban area and not far from sub-centers, suggesting that strategies of infill development that fill in the gaps between sub-centers, rather than focusing on already accessible downtowns and large sub-centers, may be the best land use approach to reduce VMT.
The Effect of Classroom Disciplinary Climate on Academic Achievement and Its Varying Effect across Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Jensen Simon Skovgaard , Reimer David
Published: June 2022

In this article, we provide new estimates for the causal effect of classroom disciplinary climate on academic achievement and test the extent to which the relationship depends on individual students’ socioeconomic status. We use data from mandatory Danish student surveys and national school tests in combination with the extensive Danish administrative register data. After controlling for school and individual fixed effects to reduce omitted variable bias, we find a small effect of classroom disciplinary climate on academic achievement. Furthermore, the results indicate that classroom disciplinary climate can reduce the achievement gap.
Impact of 2015 Earthquake on Educational Attainment of Children in Nepal
Authors: Raut Nirmal Kumar , Suwal Bhim Raj
Published: June 2022

Background: Natural disaster has far-reaching consequences on the economic development of low-income economies due to the damage to physical and human capital and their poor resilience toward such damages. Nepal faces such disasters at frequent intervals without much effort to account for its consequences, particularly on human capital.

Objective: This study assesses the short-term impact of Nepal's 2015 earthquake on children's educational attainment. The study also conducts heterogeneous analysis to analyze how the impact varies by gender. Secondary school completion is chosen as a measure of educational attainment.

Method: The study utilizes second and third rounds of household survey data taken from the Nepal Risk and Vulnerability Survey (NHRVS) conducted by the World Bank. The study uses child fixed effects combined with the difference-in-difference method to account for issues relating to identifying the earthquake's impact on educational attainment.

Results: The study finds that the cohorts exposed to the earthquake had an adverse effect on the probability of secondary school completion. A heterogeneous analysis by gender further reveals that the male children experienced a significant drop in their secondary school completion probability while female children essentially had no impact.

Implication: The quality of human resources depends upon the quality of health and education in any country. The findings of this research draw the attention of the policymakers to the serious consequences that natural disaster has on human capital and help make informed policy decisions not only during the recovery process but also during the planning and policy formulation stage.

Originality: This paper is original and has not been published anywhere else.
Political Disorders and Economic Growth Nexus during 1960-2020: An Empirical Analysis of South-Asian Countries
Authors: Oli Sudan Kumar
Published: June 2022

Background: The election is a process of transferring power and authorities to lead the public position in democratic practice. This process not only hands over the power for the decision making but also introduces changes in the governing system that influence either way to the individual, firms, community, society, and the entire nation through various governing tools. An election affects the economic system from within and outside in south-Asian countries. Therefore, the south-Asian economy keeps tracking the different types of elections to adjust their economic system accordingly grounded on the level of its harm and benefits. Academic research can provide a directional understanding of how the election can influence the economy.

Objective: The major objective of this study is to examine the impact of the national election on the economy in South Asian countries. 

Methods: This study has employed the panel data of five major south-Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, from 1960 to 2020. We collected the series of data from the World Bank database and the official websites of respective countries. The data were empirically analyzed using the difference-in-difference (DID) method and descriptive statistics.

Results: An empirical analysis result shows a positive role of the national election in South Asia except for Pakistan. Further, this study also indicates that the coefficient of different-in-difference is positive, indicating a positive impact of the first Constituent Assembly Election-2008 on economic growth in Nepal. However, this analysis also shows that the national election before the Constituent Assembly (CA) Election-2008 had a more significant positive impact on economic growth than the post-CA elections in Nepal. 

Conclusions: Overall, this study concludes that the national election has a positive impact on economic growth in South Asia except for Pakistan, but the degree of influence depends on the socio-political and economic structure of the respective country in the region.

Implications: The findings of this paper would be useful for scholars interested in a sociopolitical economy in the south Asian region and equally valuable for the policy stakeholders.
Factors Influencing Employee Retention in the Nepalese Hotel Industry: The Pathways to Future Research
Authors: Rijal Rheet
Published: June 2022

Background: Staff retention has always been a significant concern as well as a challenge for all sectors of organizations. This work aims to identify the major factors that serve as determinants of staff retention, specifically in the hotel industry. The work has been solely guided to establish a conceptual framework that could be used for the systematic and objective investigations to be initiated in the future in this particular sector of the specialized economy.

Methodology: Since this study is entirely thematic desk research-based, the present scribe has used exploratory research by comprehending different influencing factors of staff retention that were assessed through the review of various lead articles, policy guidelines, related published research reports, conceptual perspectives available in other sources, and institutional best practices in the global arena. 

Results: The overall findings of the study reveal that the factors including the prevalence of two-way communication, style and quality of leadership, autonomy at the job, motivation level, involvement at work, organizational support, performance management, work-life balance, level of involvement in decision-making, career growth opportunity, availability of training and development opportunities, organizational culture, valuable inputs and constructive feedbacks, trade union and employer agreements, staff recruited from employment agencies and compensation package serve instrumental in the retention of staff. Additionally, this work has established the staff perceived level of glamour and lifestyle, job prestige, social recognition, and opportunity for learning and growth as the industry matched valences.

Conclusions:  The study concludes that in addition to several conventional factors affecting staff retention in different sectors, the tradition of scientific inquiry in the hotel industry should also focus on exploration of the shared impact of more innovative constructs, including state of glamour and lifestyle, social recognition, personal branding, opportunities for cross-cultural learning.

Implications: The present work would serve as instrumental for the new generation of researchers to craft more innovative and suitable research areas with a balance of constructs to be observed. Similarly, this work establishes a stock of resources to be used in the academic discourses aimed at exploring determinants of staff retention with a specific focus on the hospitality industry, particularly the hotel sector. Also, the management in the respective industry may find suitable ways forward to adjust their organizational process climate and culture to retain the valuable staff.
Right to Social Security of the Older People in Bangladesh: A Focus on Human Rights Violation
Authors: Hossain Md. Zahid , Haque A. K. M. Mahmudul , Ullah S. M. Akram
Published: June 2022

As the part of vulnerable groups, older people hold the rights to social security according to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). This study is launched for the purpose of revealing the picture of the facts and figures of the deprivation of social security as a human rights violation of the older people in Bangladesh. The study is based on both primary and secondary sources of data. It reviews the social security programs regarding older people such as, old age allowance, widow allowance and disability allowance. The study finds that the government has taken several programs, but these programs have not been successful in achieving targets due to corruption, nepotism and inadequate national economy. Most of the older people of Bangladesh cannot properly enjoy the right to social security. For raising awareness about rights and responsibilities, enhancing proper ethical education can be helpful to remove the obstacles. Raising a massive social movement against corruption and nepotism can also be helpful as the beacon of hope in the way of ensuring social security of the older people in Bangladesh.