bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extranodal diffuse large B cell lymphoma of cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma type: a study of 24 patients with non‐cutaneous primary limited stage extranodal diffuse large B cell lymphoma in support of a new concept
Authors: Aigner Fabian , Korol Dimitri , Schmitt Anja Maria , Kurrer Michael Odo
Published: February 2012

Aigner F, Korol D, Schmitt A M & Kurrer M O  (2012) Histopathology 60, 774–784

Extranodal diffuse large B cell lymphoma of cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma type: a study of 24 patients with non‐cutaneous primary limited stage extranodal diffuse large B cell lymphoma in support of a new concept

Aims:  Follicle centre cell lymphoma of small cell type showing either a follicular or diffuse growth pattern similar to cutaneous follicle centre lymphoma (cFCL) has been recognized in extranodal non‐cutaneous sites. Our aim was (i) to investigate whether diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of cFCL type could be identified in extranodal non‐cutaneous sites and (ii) whether clinical characteristics similar to primary cFCL could be recognized.

Methods and results:  Of 24 extranodal non‐cutaneous DLBCLs, nine (38%) had large centrocytoid morphology and 15 (62%) were either ‘centrocytoid and centroblastic’ or ‘centroblastic and immunoblastic’. Six centrocytoid cases were Irf‐4 negative, Bcl‐6 positive and at most weakly CD10‐ or Bcl‐2‐positive by immunohistochemistry, consistent with DLBCL of cFCL type. All patients with cFCL type were stage IE and were significantly younger than other patients. Recurrences occurred in two patients and were exclusively extranodal.

Conclusion:  Our results suggest that DLBCL of cFCL type can be identified in extranodal non‐cutaneous sites and shows clinical characteristics similar to genuine cFCL. We propose to expand the concept of cFCL to encompass large cell lymphomas in extranodal sites.
Trade‐offs between offspring fitness and future reproduction of adult female black brent
Authors: Nicolai Christopher A. , Sedinger James S.
Published: February 2012

1. Successful reproduction requires numerous decisions, and some of which may require trade‐offs between current and future reproduction. We studied effects of choice of foraging patches on gosling growth and future breeding by mothers in black brent (Branta bernicla nigricans) geese.

2. Specific foraging areas consistently produced high‐quality goslings over 21 years. We found a consistent ranking of gosling mass, corrected for age, across brood rearing areas (BRAs) and years [Akaike model weights, Σwi = 1·00 for models including additive effects of BRA and year]. Growth of goslings largely determines their future fitness, so areas where goslings grew most rapidly also produced goslings with the highest mean fitness.

3. We used a multistate robust design capture–mark–recapture approach to estimate the probability of transitioning from a breeding state to a non‐breeding (unobservable) state as a function of quality of BRA.

4. In the best supported model, transition from a breeding state to a non‐breeding state was positively related to gosling growth rates across BRAs. Thus, future reproduction was lower for females using BRAs that produced higher‐quality goslings. Our results are consistent with trade‐offs by individual brent between fitness of their current offspring and their own reproductive value.
The effectiveness of a standardised preoperative preparation in reducing child and parent anxiety: a single‐blind randomised controlled trial
Authors: Fincher Wendy , Shaw Jane , Ramelet Anne‐Sylvie
Published: February 2012

Aims.  To evaluate the effect of a structured preoperative preparation on child and parent state anxiety, child behavioural change and parent satisfaction.

Background.  It is estimated that around 50–70% of hospitalised children experience severe anxiety and distress prior to surgery. Children who are highly anxious and distressed preoperatively are likely to be distressed on awakening and have negative postoperative behaviour. Although education before surgery has been found to be useful mostly in North America, the effectiveness of preoperative preparation programme adapted to the Australian context remains to be tested.

Design.  This single‐blind randomised controlled study was conducted at a tertiary referral hospital for children in Western Australia.

Methods.  Following ethics approval and parental consent, 73 children and one of their carers (usually a parent) were randomly assigned into two groups. The control group had standard practice with no specific preoperative education and the experimental group received a preoperative preparation, including a photo file, demonstration of equipment using a role‐modelling approach and a tour.

Results.  The preoperative preparation reduced parent state anxiety significantly (−2·32, CI −4·06 to −0·56, p = 0·009), but not child anxiety (−0·59, CI −1·23 to 0·06, p = 0·07). There was no significant difference in child postoperative behaviour or parent satisfaction between the groups. There was a significant two‐point pain score reduction in the preoperative preparation group, when compared with the control group median 2 (IQR 5) and 4 (IQR 4), respectively (p = 0·001).

Conclusions.  Preoperative preparation was more efficient on parent than child. Although the preoperative preparation had limited effect on child anxiety, it permitted to decrease pain experience in the postoperative period.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Parents should be actively involved in their child preoperative preparation.
Upregulation of mucosal 5‐HT3 receptors is involved in restoration of colonic transit after pelvic nerve transection
Authors: Gribovskaja‐Rupp I. , Takahashi T. , Ridolfi T. , Kosinski L. , Ludwig K.
Published: February 2012

Background  Colonic dysfunction occurs after pelvic autonomic nerve damage. The enteric nervous system can compensate. We investigated the role of mucosal serotonin receptors, 5‐HT3 and 5‐HT4, in the colonic motility restoration over 2 weeks after parasympathetic pelvic nerve transection in a rat model.

Methods  Male Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent pelvic nerve transection or sham operation. Colonic transit was expressed as the geometric center of 51Cr distribution. Mucosal 5‐HT3 and 5‐HT4 receptor expression was evaluated by Western blot. Intraluminal pressure increase was measured after 5‐HT3 (ondansetron) or 5‐HT4 receptor antagonist (GR125487) administration in vitro in sham and denervated distal colons.

Key Results  At 2 weeks, colonic transit in the denervated group was 30% slower compared to the sham group (P < 0.01). At 1 and 2 weeks, 5‐HT3 receptor expression was increased two‐fold in the denervated group, compared to shams (P < 0.05). A three‐fold smaller dose of ondansetron was required in denervated tissues to inhibit intraluminal pressure rise than in sham colons (P < 0.01). There was no difference in the expression of 5‐HT4 receptor or the response to GR125487 in denervated vs sham colons.

Conclusions & Inferences  Colonic motility was restored to approximately 70% normal over 1 week without further improvement at 2 weeks. Enteric nervous system compensated by upregulating mucosal 5‐HT3, but not 5‐HT4, receptors.
Rinded iron‐oxide concretions: hallmarks of altered siderite masses of both early and late diagenetic origin
Authors: LOOPE DAVID B. , KETTLER RICHARD M. , WEBER KARRIE A. , HINRICHS NATHAN L. , BURGESS DEREK T.
Published: February 2012

Iron‐bearing concretions are valuable records of oxidation states of subsurface waters, but the first concretions to form can be altered drastically during later diagenetic events. Distinctive concretions composed of heavy rinds of iron oxide that surround iron‐poor, mud‐rich cores are common along bases of fluvial cross‐bed sets of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation, Nebraska, USA. Concretion rinds thicken inward and cores contain 46 to 89% void space. Millimetre‐scale spherosiderites are abundant in palaeosols that developed in floodplain facies. Evolution of rinded concretions began when intraformational clasts were eroded from sideritic soils, transported, abraded and deposited in river channels. Alteration of siderite and formation of rinds occurred much later, perhaps in the Quaternary when sandstone pore waters became oxic. Dakota concretions are analogous to ‘rattlestones’ in Pleistocene fluvial channels of The Netherlands, and their rinded structure is analogous to that of iron‐rich concretions in the aeolian Navajo Sandstone of Utah. In all three deposits, rinded concretions formed when pre‐existing, siderite‐cemented concretions were oxidized within a sand matrix. Unlike fluvial examples, siderite in the Navajo Sandstone was autochthonous and of late diagenetic origin, having precipitated from carbon dioxide and methane‐enriched waters moving through folded and jointed strata. Iron‐rich rinds formed in all these strata because concretion interiors remained anaerobic, even as oxygen accumulated in the pore waters of their surrounding, permeable matrix. Iron oxide first precipitated at redox boundaries at concretion perimeters and formed an inward‐thickening rind. Acid generated by the oxidation reaction drove siderite dissolution to completion, creating the iron‐poor core. Iron‐oxide rinds are indicators of the former presence of siderite, a mineral that forms only under reducing conditions, during either early or late diagenesis. Siderite is vulnerable to complete oxidation upon exposure, so the distinctive rinded concretions are valuable clues that aid in deciphering diagenetic histories and for recognizing methanic floodplain palaeoenvironments and wet palaeoclimate.
Prevalence and subtypes of BK virus in pediatric renal transplant recipients in Russia
Authors: Momynaliev K. T. , Gorbatenko E. V. , Shevtsov A. B. , Gribanov O. G. , Babenko N. N. , Kaabak M. M.
Published: February 2012

Momynaliev KT, Gorbatenko EV, Shevtsov AB, Gribanov OG, Babenko NN, Kaabak MM. Prevalence and subtypes of BK virus in pediatric renal transplant recipients in Russia.  Pediatr Transplantation 2012: 16: 151–159. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  BKV reactivation is associated with impaired graft function in kidney transplant patients. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of BKV infection in consecutive pediatric kidney transplant recipients at our center. Fifty‐eight pediatric kidney transplant recipients were studied. The mean age at screening was 9.4 ± 2.8 yr, and samples were obtained at a median of 2.4 ± 1.4 yr after transplantation. BKV‐DNA was analyzed in urine and plasma by quantitative PCR. Occurrences of BK‐DNAuria and BK‐DNAemia did not change in the first two yr after transplantation in children and amounted to 21–23% and 7–8%, respectively (p > 0.05). In the third year, the occurrences of BK‐DNAuria and BK‐DNAemia increased insignificantly to 27% and 9% in the pediatric patients. We also determined the subtypes and subgroups of BK virus isolated from Russian renal transplant recipients and found that BKV isolates were composed of subtypes Ib‐2 and IV/c2. The data we obtained indicate that although only 5% of BKVAN cases occurred between years two and five post‐transplantation, it seems necessary to regularly monitor pediatric patients for BKV infection through the third year after transplantation.
Does a reduction in dialysate sodium improve blood pressure control in haemodialysis patients?
Authors: SHAH ANOOP , DAVENPORT ANDREW
Published: February 2012

Introduction:  There has been debate as to the value of lower sodium dialysates to control blood pressure in haemodialysis patients, as sodium is predominantly removed by ultrafiltration.

Methods:  Re‐audit of clinical practice following reduction in dialysate sodium concentration.

Results:  Overall dialysate sodium concentration decreased from 138.9 ± 1.7 to 137.8 ± 1.7 mmol/L (mean ± standard deviation), resulting in a reduction in pre‐ and post‐dialysis mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 4 mmHg (from 100.6 ± 15.6 to 97.1 ± 15.6, P < 0.01 and from 91.7 ± 15.6 to 87.1 ± 14.6, P < 0.001 respectively), yet fewer patients were prescribed antihypertensives (49.6 vs 60.6%), and less antihypertensive medications/patient (mean 0.86 vs 1.05), ultrafiltration requirements (2.8% vs 3.2% body weight, P < 0.001), and symptomatic intradialytic hypotension (0.19 vs 0.28 episodes per week, P < 0.001). A multivariable model showed that for a dialysate sodium of 136 mmol/L, younger patients had higher MAP than older patients (0.35 mmHg lower MAP/year older; but with a dialysate sodium of 140 mmol/L, there was minimal association of MAP with age (0.07 mmHg higher MAP/year older).

Conclusion:  Change in clinical practice, amounting to a modest reduction in dialysate sodium was associated with a reduction not only in pre‐ and post‐dialysis blood pressures, but also ultrafiltration requirements and symptomatic intradialytic hypotension. However, this effect on blood pressure was most marked for older patients and women, within minimal effects for younger patients, and lesser effects for men, suggesting that dialysate sodium reduction alone may help improve blood pressure control, but requires additional factors such as dietary sodium restriction to be effective in younger male patients.
Japanese women's attitudes towards routine ultrasound screening during pregnancy
Authors: Murakami Kyoko , Tsujino Kumiko , Sase Masakatsu , Nakata Masahiko , Ito Misae , Kutsunugi Saeko
Published: February 2012

Because there are few published studies from Eastern countries concerning women's experiences of prenatal ultrasound scans, this study investigated this topic in 238 Japanese women in three different prenatal settings. A cross‐sectional questionnaire of 33 items was administered to 261 women at 14–37 weeks gestation with no known obstetrical risk, after their ultrasounds. The main reasons for the ultrasounds were evaluation of fetal growth (100%, n = 238); obstetrical conditions (n = 228, 96%); and fetal abnormalities (91%, n = 217). With increasing maternal age, participants worried more about obstetric problems or fetal abnormalities. Many were interested in fetal viability in early pregnancy, and obstetric problems or fetal abnormality in late pregnancy. While most (n = 234, 98%) looked forward to having scans, the majority (n = 235, 99%) wanted to know if their baby had an anomaly, and 72% (n = 171) worried about the detection of abnormalities. Only 50% (n = 118) had obtained information from their care provider. To assist with women's decision‐making, prenatal care providers should provide quality information and understand the factors that influence women's concerns.
Extinction reveals that primary sensory cortex predicts reinforcement outcome
Authors: Bieszczad Kasia M. , Weinberger Norman M.
Published: February 2012

Primary sensory cortices are traditionally regarded as stimulus analysers. However, studies of associative learning‐induced plasticity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) indicate involvement in learning, memory and other cognitive processes. For example, the area of representation of a tone becomes larger for stronger auditory memories and the magnitude of area gain is proportional to the degree that a tone becomes behaviorally important. Here, we used extinction to investigate whether ‘behavioral importance’ specifically reflects a sound’s ability to predict reinforcement (reward or punishment) vs. to predict any significant change in the meaning of a sound. If the former, then extinction should reverse area gains as the signal no longer predicts reinforcement. Rats (n = 11) were trained to bar‐press to a signal tone (5.0 kHz) for water‐rewards, to induce signal‐specific area gains in A1. After subsequent withdrawal of reward, A1 was mapped to determine representational areas. Signal‐specific area gains, estimated from a previously established brain–behavior quantitative function, were reversed, supporting the ‘reinforcement prediction’ hypothesis. Area loss was specific to the signal tone vs. test tones, further indicating that withdrawal of reinforcement, rather than unreinforced tone presentation per se, was responsible for area loss. Importantly, the amount of area loss was correlated with the amount of extinction (r = 0.82, P < 0.01). These findings show that primary sensory cortical representation can encode behavioral importance as a signal’s value to predict reinforcement, and that the number of cells tuned to a stimulus can dictate its ability to command behavior.
A global molecular phylogeny of 147 periwinkle species (Gastropoda, Littorininae)
Authors: Reid David G. , Dyal Patricia , Williams Suzanne T.
Published: February 2012

Reid, D. G., Dyal, P. & Williams, S.T. (2012) A global molecular phylogeny of 147 periwinkle species (Gastropoda, Littorininae). —Zoologica Scripta, 41, 125–136.

Complete species‐level molecular phylogenies have been published for several genera of Littorinidae (e.g. Echinolittorina, Littoraria). Here we add new sequence data from three genes (28S rRNA, 12S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase c subunit I) for single specimens of an additional 24 species, to make a data set of 147 (97%) of the 152 recognized species of the subfamily Littorininae. This three‐gene data set is analysed to produce a phylogenetic hypothesis for the subfamily, which includes the first complete species‐level phylogeny of the genus Peasiella and the first three‐gene phylogeny of all Littorina species. The non‐planktotrophic species of Littorina have previously been classified together (as subgenus Neritrema), implying a single origin of this developmental mode. Tests of this hypothesis with the new data are inconclusive, and resolution is not improved in a tree constructed from five genes (adding previously published sequences of 16S rRNA and cytochrome b). Using available fossils for calibration we generate a BEAST chronogram, which emphasizes that the radiation of Littorina is more recent than that of other littorinine genera. A database is provided, listing all known species of Littorininae, with their distributions, development, ecology and gene sequences, as a tool for future evolutionary studies of this model group.
Evolutionary history of tree squirrels (Rodentia, Sciurini) based on multilocus phylogeny reconstruction
Authors: Pečnerová Patrícia , Martínková Natália
Published: February 2012

Pečnerová, P. & Martínková, N. (2012). Evolutionary history of tree squirrels (Rodentia, Sciurini) based on multilocus phylogeny reconstruction. —Zoologica Scripta, 41, 211–219.

Tree squirrels of the tribe Sciurini represent a group with unresolved phylogenetic relationships in gene trees. We used partial sequences of mitochondrial genes for 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, cytochrome b and d‐loop, and nuclear irbp, c‐myc exon 2 and 3 and rag1 genes to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within the tribe, maximizing the number of analysed species. Bayesian inference analysis of the concatenated sequences revealed common trends that were similar to those retrieved with supertree reconstruction. We confirmed congruence between phylogeny and zoogeography. The first group that diverged from a common ancestor was genus Tamiasciurus, followed by Palaearctic Sciurus and Indomalayan Rheithrosciurus macrotis. Nearctic and Neotropical Sciurus species formed a monophyletic group that included Microsciurus and Syntheosciurus. Neotropical Sciurini were monophyletic with a putative exception of Syntheosciurus brochus that was included in a polychotomy with Nearctic Sciurus in supertree analyses. Our data indicate that Sciurini tree squirrels originated in the northern hemisphere and ancestors of contemporary taxa attained their current distribution through overland colonization from the nearest continent rather than through trans‐Pacific dispersal.
Reproduction and Change on the Global Scale: A Bourdieusian Perspective on Management Education
Authors: Vaara Eero , Faÿ Eric
Published: February 2012

abstract

Despite a proliferation of critical studies on management education, there is a paucity of knowledge of the ways in which problematic beliefs, values, and practices are reproduced in and through management education. By drawing on and extending Bourdieu's seminal work, this paper offers a new perspective on reproduction on the global scale. Our framework spans three inter‐related levels of analysis: the dominant beliefs, values, and practices (nomos and doxa) of management in global society; the structuration of the field of management education on a global scale; and the prevailing pedagogical practices in management education programmes. Our analysis adds to critical studies of management education by elucidating the overwhelming institutional forces of reproduction and thus explaining how difficult it is to effect change in the prevailing ideas, values, and practices. Unlike most critical analyses, we also explain how change might take place and what it would require. Thus, our analysis advances studies of reproduction in this era of globalization more generally. It also provides an example of how Bourdieusian ideas can be applied and expanded upon in novel ways in research on education in general and management education in particular.
Early Action and Gesture “Vocabulary” and Its Relation With Word Comprehension and Production
Authors: Caselli Maria Cristina , Rinaldi Pasquale , Stefanini Silvia , Volterra Virginia
Published: February 2012

Data from 492 Italian infants (8–18 months) were collected with the parental questionnaire MacArthur Bates Communicative Development Inventories to describe early actions and gestures (A‐G) “vocabulary” and its relation with spoken vocabulary in both comprehension and production. A‐G were more strongly correlated with word comprehension than word production. A clear developmental pattern for the different types of A‐G was found. These findings are similar to those of different Western languages, indicating a common biological and cultural basis. The analysis of individual A‐G and their relations with early words with a related meaning showed interesting similarities between the production of A‐G with and without object manipulation and the comprehension and production of corresponding words. Results indicate that the transition from A‐G to spoken language is mediated by word comprehension.
Thai Adolescents' Normative Beliefs of the Popularity of Smoking Among Peers, Adults, the Successful and Elite, and Parents
Authors: Page Randy M. , Suwanteerangkul Jiraporn , Sloan Arielle , Kironde Jennifer , West Joshua
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this study was to assess the perceptions of Thailand adolescents regarding the prevalence of smoking, the popularity of smoking among successful/elite elements of society, and disapproval of smoking by friends and parents. These perceptions were analyzed in conjunction with actual smoking and smoking susceptibility rates among the subjects to determine whether beliefs and behaviors were associated with each other. This study was conducted among a school‐based sample of 2516 Chiang Mai, Thailand upper secondary and vocational students. Although perceived prevalence of smoking was not associated with smoking outcomes, perceived popularity of smoking among the successful and elite was associated with higher risk, and perceived disapproval by friends/parents was associated with lower risk. Youth smoking programs should consider assessing and taking these social normative factors into account when considering educational intervention strategies that aim to lower adolescent smoking rates.
Associations among Context‐specific Maternal Protective Behavior, Toddlers' Fearful Temperament, and Maternal Accuracy and Goals
Authors: Kiel Elizabeth J. , Buss Kristin A.
Published: February 2012

Maternal protective responses to temperamentally fearful toddlers have previously been found to relate to increased risk for children's development of anxiety‐spectrum problems. Not all protective behavior is ‘overprotective’, and not all mothers respond to toddlers' fear with protection. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify conditions under which an association between fearful temperament and protective maternal behavior occurs. Participants included 117 toddlers and their mothers who were observed in a variety of laboratory tasks. Mothers predicted their toddlers' fear reactions in these tasks and reported the importance of parent‐centered goals for their children's shyness. Protective behavior displayed in low‐threat, but not high‐threat, contexts related to concurrently observed fearful temperament and to mother‐reported shy/inhibited behavior 1 year later. The relation between fearful temperament and protective behavior in low‐threat, but not high‐threat, contexts was strengthened by maternal accuracy in anticipating children's fear and maternal parent‐centered goals for children's shyness.
Bystanders' Reactions to Bullying: A Cross‐cultural Analysis of Personal Correlates Among Italian and Singaporean Students
Authors: Pozzoli Tiziana , Ang Rebecca P. , Gini Gianluca
Published: February 2012

This study examined the role of attitudes against bullying and perceived peer pressure for intervention in explaining defending the victim and passive bystanding behavior in bullying. Participants were 1031 school‐age children from two culturally diverse settings, namely Italy and Singapore, which are similar on several dimensions (e.g., quality of life, child welfare) but dramatically differ on other aspects, such as individualism—collectivism orientation. Multilevel analyses showed that country and participants' gender moderated the relations between individual predictors and behavior during bullying episodes. In particular, although individual attitudes were a stronger predictor of Italian students'—especially girls'—behavior, perceived peer expectations were more strongly associated with behavior of Singaporean participants. This study contributes to the literature by being the first to provide data analyzing the association between defending and passive bystanding behavior and different correlates using a cross‐cultural approach.
Improved Probabilistic Prediction of Healthcare Performance Indicators using Bidirectional Smoothing Models
Authors: Jones Hayley E. , Spiegelhalter David J.
Published: February 2012

Smoothing of observed measures of healthcare provider performance is well known to lead to advantages in terms of predictive ability. However, with routinely collected longitudinal data there is the opportunity to smooth either between units, across time or both. Hierarchical generalized linear models with time as a covariate and hierarchical time series models each result in such two-way or ‘bidirectional’ smoothing. These models are increasingly being suggested in the literature, but their advantages relative to simpler alternatives have not been systematically investigated. With reference to two topical examples of performance data sets in the UK, we compare a range of models on the basis of their short-term predictive ability. Rather than focusing on point predictive accuracy alone, fully probabilistic comparisons are made, using proper scoring rules and tests for uniformity of predictive p-values. Hierarchical generalized linear models with time as a covariate were found to perform poorly for both data sets. In contrast, a hierarchical time series model with a latent AR(1) structure has attractive properties and was found to perform well. Of concern, however, is the large amount of time that is needed to fit this model using the WinBUGS software. We suggest that research into simpler and faster methods to fit models of a similar structure would be of much benefit.
MODIFIED LELAND’S STRATEGY FOR A CONSTANT TRANSACTION COSTS RATE
Authors: Lepinette Emmanuel
Published: February 2012

In 1985 Leland suggested an approach to price contingent claims under proportional transaction costs. Its main idea is to use the classical Black–Scholes formula with a suitably adjusted volatility for a periodical revision of the portfolio whose terminal value approximates the pay‐off. Unfortunately, if the transaction costs rate does not depend on the number of revisions, the approximation error does not converge to zero as the frequency of revisions tends to infinity. In the present paper, we suggest a modification of Leland’s strategy ensuring that the approximation error vanishes in the limit.
HEDGING UNDER ARBITRAGE
Authors: Ruf Johannes
Published: February 2012

It is shown that delta hedging provides the optimal trading strategy in terms of minimal required initial capital to replicate a given terminal payoff in a continuous‐time Markovian context. This holds true in market models in which no equivalent local martingale measure exists but only a square‐integrable market price of risk. A new probability measure is constructed, which takes the place of an equivalent local martingale measure. To ensure the existence of the delta hedge, sufficient conditions are derived for the necessary differentiability of expectations indexed over the initial market configuration. The phenomenon of “bubbles,” which has recently been frequently discussed in the academic literature, is a special case of the setting in this paper. Several examples at the end illustrate the techniques described in this work.
EQUITY CORRELATIONS IMPLIED BY INDEX OPTIONS: ESTIMATION AND MODEL UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
Authors: Cont Rama , Deguest Romain
Published: February 2012

We propose a method for constructing an arbitrage‐free multiasset pricing model which is consistent with a set of observed single‐ and multiasset derivative prices. The pricing model is constructed as a random mixture of N reference models, where the distribution of mixture weights is obtained by solving a well‐posed convex optimization problem. Application of this method to equity and index options shows that, whereas multivariate diffusion models with constant correlation fail to match the prices of index and component options simultaneously, a jump‐diffusion model with a common jump component affecting all stocks enables to do so. Furthermore, we show that even within a parametric model class, there is a wide range of correlation patterns compatible with observed prices of index options. Our method allows, as a by product, to quantify this model uncertainty with no further computational effort and propose static hedging strategies for reducing the exposure of multiasset derivatives to model uncertainty.
THE BENEFITS OF MIGRATION
Authors: Binci Michele
Published: February 2012

This article focuses on the potential benefits of migration. Using the author's previous research on remittances and return migration, some of the welfare gains that can stem from the migratory process are highlighted. In the first part of the article, the impact of remittances on child well‐being in Vietnam is investigated. Both the incidence of child labour and school attendance rates in remittance recipient households are assessed. In the second part of the article, the contribution made by Tunisian return migrants to the development of their country of origin is examined. Both analyses suggest that, if certain conditions are met, migration can produce beneficial outcomes for the people and the countries involved in the process.
LOOKING TOWARDS 2030: A NEW WORLD COMING INTO FOCUS
Authors: Eberstadt Nicholas N.
Published: February 2012

This article examines global demographic trends to 2030, with a particular focus on projections for the world's major economies. All else held constant, ageing populations imply slower rates of economic development for Western Societies. However, a number of policy options are available to counteract the impact of demographic change.
THE DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT
Authors: Eastwood Robert , Lipton Michael
Published: February 2012

The demographic transition, from high to low mortality and fertility, entails several decades during which a country's dependency ratio falls, bringing a demographic dividend to which a third of East Asia's late twentieth‐century economic growth ‘miracle’ has been attributed. Can a similar miracle be expected in sub‐Saharan Africa in the next few decades, or will relentless population pressure prevent this?
CREDIT DEFAULT SWAPS – WEAPON OF MASS DESTRUCTION OR RELIABLE INDICATOR?
Authors: Klieber Dennis Sebastian
Published: February 2012

Credit Default Swaps (CDS) are said to increase systemic vulnerability, but they also serve as an ex‐ante indicator of default probabilities, more finely‐tuned and more responsive than ratings agency reports. And they provide a useful mechanism for trading risk and an incentive for good management by businesses and governments.
LESSONS FOR TEMPERATURE LIMITS FROM THE US DEBT CEILING DEBATES
Authors: Seo S. Niggol
Published: February 2012

There are similarities between the approaches being discussed to deal with climate change at the international level and the US constitutional debt limits. The problems that have been found in administering the latter bode ill for the former.
Disproportionate body composition and perinatal outcome in large‐for‐gestational‐age infants to mothers with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Persson M , Pasupathy D , Hanson U , Norman M
Published: February 2012

Please cite this paper as: Persson M, Pasupathy D, Hanson U, Norman M. Disproportionate body composition and perinatal outcome in large‐for‐gestational‐age infants to mothers with type 1 diabetes. BJOG 2012;119:565–572.

Objective  To determine if disproportionate body composition is a risk factor for perinatal complications in large‐for‐gestational‐age infants born to mothers with type 1 diabetes.

Design  Population‐based cohort study.

Setting  Data from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry from 1998 to 2007.

Population  National cohort of 3517 infants born to mothers with type 1 diabetes. Only singletons with gestational age 32–43 weeks were included.

Methods  Large for gestational age (LGA) was defined as birthweight > 90th centile and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) as birthweight between 10th and 90th centiles. Disproportionate (D) infants were defined as having a ponderal index [PI: calculated as birthweight in grams/(length in cm)³ > 90th centile] and proportionate (P) as PI ≤ 90th centile. LGA infants were classified as P‐LGA or D‐LGA. Odds ratios were calculated for D‐LGA and P‐LGA infants, with AGA infants as the reference category. Odds ratios were adjusted for mode of delivery, fetal distress and stratified by gestational age.

Main outcome measures  The primary outcome was a composite of neonatal morbidities, i.e. any of the following diagnoses: Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes, birth trauma (Erb’s palsy or clavicle fracture), respiratory disorder, hyperbilirubinaemia or hypoglycaemia requiring treatment.

Results  Composite morbidity was significantly more frequent in LGA as opposed to AGA infants, but there was no difference in risk between P‐LGA and D‐LGA infants.

Conclusions  High birthweight, irrespective of body proportionality, is a risk factor for neonatal complications in offspring of women with type 1 diabetes.
Advance of Norway spruce (Picea abies) onto mafic Lommoltunturi fell in Finnish Lapland during the last 200 years
Authors: Sutinen Raimo , NÄrhi Paavo , Middleton Maarit , HÄnninen Pekka , Timonen Mauri , Sutinen Marja‐Liisa
Published: February 2012

As a result of global changes, shifts of alpine tree lines towards higher elevations have been recorded, but the role of the spatial variability of the snowpack and zonal‐pattern soil‐nutrient regimes is poorly understood. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) is best suited to fertile soils, and hence we applied soil physical‐chemical and snow measurements and the age chronology of Norway spruce along an elevational gradient (380–557 m a.s.l.) to address a vertical soil zonality hypothesis on mafic Lommoltunturi fell in Finnish Lapland. With regard to increasing elevation, we found an increase in soil NTOT, CTOT and Al, but a decrease in soil Ca, Mg and Ca:Al ratio as well as in electrical conductivity (EC). In addition, the snowpack was significantly thicker in low‐elevation forest than in the tree line and open tundra. In the 1840s, spruce established on low‐elevation soils with a Ca:Al ratio of 2.2. Starting from the 1920s a significant shift of spruce occurred such that it took 60 years to expand the tree line by 55 m in elevation. The spruce tree line has advanced, and the age distribution indicates new colonization of spruce in closed forest up to tundra. The poor soil Ca:Al ratio of 0.02 on tundra apparently is a constraint for spruce. Spruce forest is young (<165 years), and hence we argue that spruce has expanded onto formerly tree‐free sites of this mafic fell. This paper demonstrates that vertical soil zonality is a potential driver for the diffuse tree line of Picea abies on mafic Fennoscandian fells.
Enhancing Braden pressure ulcer risk assessment in acutely ill adult veterans
Authors: Cowan Linda J. , Stechmiller Joyce K. , Rowe Meredeth , Kairalla John A.
Published: February 2012

This study sought to determine if a parsimonious pressure ulcer (PU) predictive model could be identified specific to acute care to enhance the current PU risk assessment tool (Braden Scale) utilized within veteran facilities. Factors investigated include: diagnosis of gangrene, anemia, diabetes, malnutrition, osteomyelitis, pneumonia/pneumonitis, septicemia, candidiasis, bacterial skin infection, device/implant/graft complications, urinary tract infection, paralysis, senility, respiratory failure, acute renal failure, cerebrovascular accident, or congestive heart failure during hospitalization; patient's age, race, smoking status, history of previous PU, surgery, hours in surgery; length of hospitalization, and intensive care unit days. Retrospective chart review and logistic regression analyses were used to examine Braden scores and other risk factors in 213 acutely ill veterans in North Florida with (n = 100) and without (n = 113) incident PU from January–July 2008. Findings indicate four medical factors (malnutrition, pneumonia/pneumonitis, candidiasis, and surgery) have stronger predictive value (sensitivity 83%, specificity 72%, area under receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve 0.82) for predicting PUs in acutely ill veterans than Braden Scale total scores alone (sensitivity 65%, specificity 70%, area under ROC curve 0.70). In addition, accounting for four medical factors plus two Braden subscores (activity and friction) demonstrates better overall model performance (sensitivity 80%, specificity 76%, area under ROC curve 0.88).
Treatment of a Congenital Melanocytic Nevus on the Forehead with Immediate Tissue Expansion Technique: A Three‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Demirseren M. Erol , Ceran Candemir , Demirseren D. Deniz
Published: February 2012

Abstract:  The aim of this case report was to determine the method and basic principles of immediate tissue expansion using a Foley catheter in the forehead region for treating a medium‐sized congenital melanocytic nevus. A 4‐year‐old child presented with a supraorbitally located forehead congenital melanocytic nevus, close to the midline. Total excision and reconstruction with intraoperatively expanded forehead skin below the hairline was performed. Intraoperative tissue expansion using a Foley catheter allowed us to obtain expanded and enhanced local tissue, which had tissue characteristics similar to those of the forehead skin, and thus closure of a medium‐sized defect without distorting important anatomic structures such as the brow and frontal hairline was possible. Of the two methods of tissue expansion, immediate expansion using a Foley catheter is a good alternative in single‐stage reconstruction of head and neck defects because it has the advantage of omnidirectional expansion.
Acute Genital Ulcers in Nonsexually Active Young Girls: Case Series, Review of the Literature, and Evaluation and Management Recommendations
Authors: Rosman Ilana S. , Berk David R. , Bayliss Susan J. , White Andrew J. , Merritt Diane F.
Published: February 2012

Abstract:  Acute genital ulcers rarely occur in nonsexually active young girls. When present, they can cause significant physical and emotional distress for the patient and her parents, and prompt an evaluation for sexual abuse and sexually transmitted diseases. With this review, we aim to further characterize acute genital ulcers in nonsexually active young girls by reviewing the medical records of patients with this disorder and to offer an approach to the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of acute genital ulcers based on our understanding and knowledge of this condition. We retrospectively review our understanding and knowledge of acute genital ulcers in nonsexually active girls at a pediatric hospital. A review of the recent literature on acute genital ulcers and a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of acute genital ulcers are also presented. Twelve patients presented with acute genital ulcers, 11 of which were hospitalized for evaluation and pain management. Extensive work‐up failed to reveal a specific infectious or autoimmune etiology in all but one patient, who was diagnosed with acute mycoplasma pneumonia. Acute genital ulcers in nonsexually active young girls likely represent a form of idiopathic vulvar aphthosis. Evaluation of a first episode of acute genital ulcers with mild prodromal symptoms should be limited. Treatment consists primarily of supportive care and symptom relief.
Novel ABCA‐12 Mutations Leading to Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis
Authors: Peterson Haley , Lofgren Sabra , Bremmer Samuel , Krol Alfons
Published: February 2012

Abstract:  Mutations in the keratinocyte lipid transporter adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette A12 (ABCA12) are known to cause harlequin ichthyosis. More recently, mutations in this gene have been demonstrated to cause other phenotypes within the spectrum of recessive congenital ichthyosis. We report the case of an infant with novel heterozygous mutations in ABCA12 who exhibited features and a clinical course more consistent with congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma than harlequin ichthyosis.
Severe Dyshidrotic Eczema after Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy for Kawasaki Syndrome
Authors: Shiraishi Takahisa , Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: February 2012

Abstract:  Dyshidrotic eczema is one of the rare cutaneous adverse effects of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, usually seen in adults. We herein report the first pediatric case of severe dyshidrotic eczema occurring after intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Kawasaki syndrome.
Monetary Policy in a Low‐Inflation Environment: Developing a State‐Contingent Price‐Level Target
Authors: EVANS CHARLES L.
Published: February 2012

A number of academic studies find that either price‐level targeting or temporary above‐average inflation are nearly optimal policies to address a liquidity trap crisis. Still, central bankers and the public generally question whether even a temporarily higher inflation rate could be beneficial in addressing a liquidity trap or could be consistent with price stability over the longer term. At the same time, however, the Federal Reserve's projections for high unemployment and low inflation do not seem to be consistent with the best monetary policies to address the Fed's dual mandate responsibilities. Accordingly, it is useful to seriously discuss these potentially beneficial alternative policies.
Sleep Quality and Sleepiness in Persons with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators: Outcome from a Clinical Randomized Longitudinal Trial
Authors: BERG SELINA KIKKENBORG , HIGGINS MELINDA , REILLY CAROLYN M. , LANGBERG JONATHAN J. , DUNBAR SANDRA B.
Published: February 2012

Background:
 Patients receiving an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) report various types and degree of sleep disruptions, but little is known regarding their characteristics, duration, and associated factors. The purposes of this study were: (1) to describe the effect of a psychoeducational intervention on sleep quality and daytime sleepiness, (2) to describe patterns of sleep over time, and (3) to identify predictors of poor sleep in an ICD population.

Methods:
 A randomized longitudinal intervention trial was designed to test the effects of a psychoeducational intervention, which included a sleep education and counseling session in patients receiving their initial ICD. Patients (n = 236; 75% men; mean age 58.4 [±11.2] from the PsychoEducationAl Intervention for ICD PatiEnts (PEACE) trial comprised the study population. Variables related to sleep were measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).

Results:
 No psychoeducational intervention effects on sleep outcomes were observed. However, 67.2% of the patients reported poor sleep quality at baseline, and 56.8% had low sleep quality at 6 months based on PSQI scores >5; one‐third (32.6%) were excessively sleepy based on ESS scores ≥10 at 6 months. Anxiety, depression, physical function, pain intensity, and pain severity were all highly correlated to each other across time. Female gender was a significant covariate for the PSQI. New York Heart Association (NYHA) class was a significant covariate for sleepiness (Epworth).

Conclusions:
 Low sleep quality and daytime sleepiness are found at time of insertion and over time in patients with ICD. Female gender, higher NYHA class, as well as two latent factors encompassing increased anxiety, depressive symptoms, and decreased physical function and increased pain, were significant predictors of poor sleep quality and sleepiness over time. These data help identify those at higher risk for sleep problems after ICD. PACE 2012; 35:431–443)
Estimation of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance: Correlation between Echocardiography and Catheterization Data in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Deo Bhatt Dheeraj , Manoj Rohit , Mahajan Rajiv
Published: February 2012

Background: The ratio of peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) and right ventricular outflow time–velocity integral (TVI RVOT) has been described as a good correlate of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). However, this method has not been well studied in congenital heart disease. Method: Twenty patients with post‐tricuspid shunt lesions who were planned to undergo cardiac catheterization were enrolled for the study. The ratio of TRV/TVIRVOT was measured via transthoracic echocardiography and correlated with invasively derived PVR (PVRCATH). PVRCATH was measured by cardiac catheterization. Fick's principle was used to calculate the pulmonary blood flow and oxygen consumption was assumed. Linear regression analysis was done to find the correlation between TRV/TVIRVOT and PVRCATH. Results: There was a significant correlation between the two variables, r = 0.635(P = 0.003). Subgroup analysis revealed that this correlation was better at lower values of PVRCATH (r = 0.817 for PVR < 6 Wood units (WU)) than higher values (r = 0.659 for PVR > 6 WU). TRV/TVIRVOT ratio of greater than 0.145 predicted with 80% sensitivity and specificity a PVR > 6 WU. Conclusions: There is modest correlation between TRV/TVIRVOT ratio and invasively derived PVR in congenital shunt lesions, especially in PVR < 6 WU. TRV/TVIRVOT ratio could be useful in identifying patients with congenital shunts whose PVR is likely to be <6 WU, and hence, do not need cardiac catheterization. (Echocardiography 2012;29:478‐483)
Black hole on film following catheter insertion
Authors: Chen Hsuan‐Wei , Chen Jin‐Shuen
Published: February 2012

Vascular accesses both permanent and temporary play an essential role in the procedure of hemodialysis (HD). The double lumen catheter (DLC) is one form of temporal vascular access which may produce different complications based on where the DLC is inserted. Here, we report a case of a cirrhotic patient receiving HD. The DLC was inserted through the left femoral vein. Later on, an unusual catheter position, mimicking a perforation in the iliac vessel, was noted in the incidental image finding. After venography, we concluded that this DLC had entered the dilated left gonadal vein, and was working well. This condition may be explained by portal hypertension leading to increased frequency of collateral branches and easy dilatation of the left gonadal vein. This condition may develop in a cirrhotic patient with portal hypertension, but there is no harm to a patient. However, this condition leads to an interesting computed tomography image, which may result in misinterpretation of the imaging reports and a clinical misdiagnosis.