bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE CIVILIAN IN MODERN WAR
Authors: Roberts A.
Published: November 2010

There is a widespread view that civilians are worse off in today' wars than ever before. Civilians are often deliberately targeted by belligerents or are victims of ‘collateral damage’. They form the majority of victims of landmines. They are used as human shields. They are displaced from their homes, even from their country. They are affected, often more than soldiers, by the pestilence, famine and displacement that wars bring in their wake. They are often particularly vulnerable in the types of war that are most prevalent in the world today – including civil wars and asymmetric conflicts. Children are forced to become soldiers. How can it be that the lot of civilians in war remains so dire, when so much attention has been paid to the protection of civilians in war – not just in international treaties, but in the work of international organizations and also that of numerous humanitarian bodies?
ICRC GUIDANCE ON DIRECT PARTICIPATION IN HOSTILITIES
Authors: Fenrick William J.
Published: November 2010

The ICRC, following extended discussions with a large group of experts, has adopted and issued a non-legally binding document entitled ‘Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law’ consisting of ten recommendations and about fifty pages of related commentary. The discussion process which preceded production of the Interpretive Guidance was contentious and no consensus was reached on the issue of Direct Participation in Hostilities. As the result, the ICRC, as it was entitled to do, issued its own interpretation of the applicable law. The author of this article, who was involved in all of the expert meetings, reviews and comments on the Interpretive Guidance and attempts to make an assessment of its general viability and of its acceptability to the wider IHL community.
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW: CONFERENCE REPORT
Authors: Droege Cordula , Arimatsu Louise
Published: November 2010

On 24–25 September 2009, the Faculty of Laws, University College London and the International Humanitarian Law Project, London School of Economics held a conference in cooperation with the International Committee of the Red Cross entitled ‘The European Convention on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law’.

Armed conflict situations (including belligerent occupations) have increasingly become the subject of litigation before national courts and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). As a result, there is now a substantial body of case-law on the application of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in armed conflict situations. The ECtHR has had to engage with questions involving situations of armed conflict and occupation since the Turkish intervention in Northern Cyprus in the 1970s. The increasing resort to the ECHR by claimants whose rights have allegedly been violated in contemporary armed conflicts and occupations, raise new and complex questions of law. To what extent does the ECHR, as a human rights legal regime, apply in such situations, especially when alleged violations have been perpetrated abroad? How does the ECHR interact with international humanitarian law (IHL)?
Avian egg size: variation within species and inflexibility within individuals
Authors: CHRISTIANS JULIAN K.
Published: November 2010

Egg size is a widely‐studied trait and yet the causes and consequences of variation in this trait remain poorly understood. Egg size varies greatly within many avian species, with the largest egg in a population generally being at least 50% bigger, and sometimes twice as large, as the smallest. Generally, approximately 70% of the variation in egg mass is due to variation between rather than within clutches, although there are some cases of extreme intra‐clutch egg‐size variation. Despite the large amount of variation in egg size between females, this trait is highly consistent within individuals between breeding attempts; the repeatability of egg size is generally above 0.6 and tends to be higher than that of clutch size or laying date. Heritability estimates also tend to be much higher for egg size (> 0.5) than for clutch size or laying date (< 0.5). As expected, given the high repeatability and heritability of egg size, supplemental food had no statistically significant effect on this trait in 18 out of 28 (64%) studies. Where dietary supplements do increase egg size, the effect is never more than 13% of the control values and is generally much less. Similarly, ambient temperature during egg formation generally explains less than 15% of the variation in egg size. In short, egg size appears to be a characteristic of individual females, and yet the traits of a female that determine egg size are not clear. Although egg size often increases with female age (17 out of 37 studies), the change in egg size is generally less than 10%. Female mass and size rarely explain more than 20% of the variation in egg size within species. A female's egg size is not consistently related to other aspects of reproductive performance such as clutch size, laying date, or the pair's ability to rear young. Physiological characteristics of the female (e.g. endogenous protein stores, oviduct mass, rate of protein uptake by ovarian follicles) show more promise as potential determinants of egg size. With regards to the consequences of egg‐size variation for offspring fitness, egg size is often correlated with offspring mass and size within the first week after hatching, but the evidence for more long‐lasting effects on chick growth and survival is equivocal. In other oviparous vertebrates, the magnitude of egg‐size variation within populations is often as great or greater than that observed within avian populations. Although there are much fewer estimates of the repeatability of egg size in other taxa, the available evidence suggests that egg size may be more flexible within individuals. Furthermore, in non‐avian species (particularly fish and turtles), it is more common for female mass or size to explain a substantial proportion of the variation in egg size. Further research into the physiological basis of egg‐size variation is needed to shed light on both the proximate and ultimate causes of intraspecific variation in this trait in birds.
Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of fitness: can we bridge the gap between studies?
Authors: LENS LUC , VAN DONGEN STEFAN , KARK SALIT , MATTHYSEN ERIK
Published: November 2010

There is growing evidence from both experimental and non‐experimental studies that fluctuating asymmetry does not consistently index stress or fitness. The widely held – yet poorly substantiated ‐ belief that fluctuating asymmetry can act as a universal measure of developmental stability and predictor of stress‐mediated changes in fitness, therefore staggers. Yet attempts to understand why the reported relationships between fluctuating asymmetry, stress and fitness are so heterogeneous – i.e. whether the associations are truly weak or non‐existent or whether they become confounded during different stages of the analytical pathways – remain surprisingly scarce. Hence, we attempt to disentangle these causes, by reviewing the various statistical and conceptual factors that are suspected to confound potential relationships between fluctuating asymmetry, stress and fitness. Two main categories of factors are discerned: those associated with the estimation of developmental stability through fluctuating asymmetry, and those associated with the effects of genotype and environment on developmental stability. Next, we describe a series of statistical tools that have recently been developed to help reduce this noise. We argue that the current lack of a theoretical framework that predicts if and when relationships with developmental stability can be expected, urges for further theoretical and empirical research, such as on the genetic architecture of developmental stability in stressed populations. If the underlying developmental mechanisms are better understood, statistical patterns of asymmetry variation may become a biologically meaningful tool.
A review of criticisms of phylogenetic nomenclature: is taxonomic freedom the fundamental issue?
Authors: BRYANT HAROLD N. , GANTINO PHILIP D.
Published: November 2010

The proposal to implement a phylogenetic nomenclatural system (governed by the PhyloCode), in which taxon names are defined by explicit reference to common descent, has met with strong criticism from some proponents of phylogenetic taxonomy (taxonomy based on the principle of common descent in which only clades and species are recognized). We examine these criticisms and find that some of the perceived problems with phylogenetic nomenclature are based on misconceptions, some are equally true of the current rank‐based nomenclatural system, and some will be eliminated by implementation of the PhyloCode. Most of the criticisms are related to an overriding concern that, because the meanings of names are associated with phylogenetic pattern which is subject to change, the adoption of phylogenetic nomenclature will lead to increased instability in the content of taxa. This concern is associated with the fact that, despite the widespread adoption of the view that taxa are historical entities that are conceptualized based on ancestry, many taxonomists also conceptualize taxa based on their content. As a result, critics of phylogenetic nomenclature have argued that taxonomists should be free to emend the content of taxa without constraints imposed by nomenclatural decisions. However, in phylogenetic nomenclature the contents of taxa are determined, not by the taxonomist, but by the combination of the phylogenetic definition of the name and a phylogenetic hypothesis. Because the contents of taxa, once their names are defined, can no longer be freely modified by taxonomists, phylogenetic nomenclature is perceived as limiting taxonomic freedom. We argue that the form of taxonomic freedom inherent to phylogenetic nomenclature is appropriate to phylogenetic taxonomy, in which taxa are considered historical entities that are discovered through phylogenetic analysis and are not human constructs.
Duet‐splitting and the evolution of gibbon songs
Authors: GEISSMANN THOMAS
Published: November 2010

Unlike the great apes and most other primates, all species of gibbons are known to produce elaborate, species‐specific and sex‐specific patterns of vocalisation usually referred to as ‘'songs”. In most, but not all, species, mated pairs may characteristically combine their songs in a relatively rigid pattern to produce coordinated duet songs. Previous studies disagree on whether duetting or the absence of duetting represented the primitive condition in gibbons. The present study compares singing behaviour in all gibbon species. Various vocal characteristics were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis using previously published phylogenetic trees of the gibbon radiation as a framework. Variables included the degree of sex‐specificity of the vocal repertoire, the occurrence of solo songs, and the preference for a specific time of day for song‐production. The results suggest the following scenario for the evolution of gibbon songs: (1) The last common ancestor of recent gibbons produced duet songs. (2) Gibbon duets probably evolved from a song which was common to both sexes and which only later became separated into male‐specific and female‐specific parts (song‐splitting theory). (3) A process tentatively called “duet‐splitting” is suggested to have led secondarily from a duetting species to a non‐duetting species, in that the contributions of the pair‐partners split into temporally segregated solo songs. This appears to be the first time that a non‐duetting animal can be shown to be derived from a duetting form. (4) The return to exclusive solo singing may be related to the isolated island distribution of the non‐duetting species.
Diagnostik depressiver Störungen
Authors: Stieglitz Rolf-Dieter
Published: November 2010

Für die zuverlässige Diagnostik depressiver Störungen steht eine Reihe reliabler und valider diagnostischer Instrumente zur Verfügung. Diese lassen sich auf den verschiedenen Stufen des diagnostischen Prozesses einsetzen: Screening und Diagnosestellung sowie anschließende Quantifizierung des Schweregrades der Symptomatik. Bei den Verfahren handelt es sich um Selbst- und Fremdbeurteilungsverfahren wie um diagnostische Interviews. Ziel des Beitrages ist es, einen Überblick zu im deutschsprachigen Bereich bewährten Verfahren und ihren Einsatzmöglichkeiten zu geben.
Depression in der frühen Mutterschaft
Authors: Mikoteit Thorsten , Riecher-Rössler Anita
Published: November 2010

Bei den postpartalen depressiven Störungen handelt es sich – abgesehen von der kurzfristigen Verstimmung des sogenannten Blues – um ernst zu nehmende Erkrankungen mit potentiell schweren Folgen für die Mutter, das Kind und die ganze Familie. Aufklärung und Vorbeugung bezüglich dieser Störungen sollte ein vorrangiges Ziel sein. Ambulant wie stationär sollte den betroffenen Müttern mit ihren Familien ein integriertes psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutisches Angebot gemacht werden mit Beratung, Einzelpsychotherapie, Mutter-Kind-, Paar- oder Familientherapie sowie sozialarbeiterischen Interventionen. In schweren Fällen sollte selbst bei stillenden Müttern nach sorgfältiger Risiko-Nutzen-Analyse immer eine Psychopharmakotherapie in Betracht gezogen werden.
Psychoedukation und angehörigenzentrierte Interventionen bei depressiven Erkrankungen
Authors: Rabovsky Kristin
Published: November 2010

Psychoedukation ist aufgrund der Datenlage mit hoher Akzeptanz und Wirksamkeit hinsichtlich klinischer Variablen inzwischen auch für die Behandlung von Depressionen in Leitlinien empfohlen. Untersuchungen über den zusätzlichen Einfluss des Einbezugs von Familienmitgliedern sind bisher selten und markante Befunde stehen noch aus, jedoch legen Ergebnisse bei anderen schweren psychischen Erkrankungen die Erwartung einer günstigen Wirkung nahe. Für das Bedürfnis der Angehörigen nach Beratung und Unterstützung sind auch Selbsthilfegruppen von Bedeutung.
Impact of lake level change on deep‐water renewal and oxic conditions in deep saline Lake Van, Turkey
Authors: Kaden Heike , Peeters Frank , Lorke Andreas , Kipfer Rolf , Tomonaga Yama , Karabiyikoglu Mustafa
Published: November 2010

Changes in the hydrological regime of the saline closed basin Lake Van, a large, deep lake in eastern Turkey, resulted in a lake level increase by about 2 m between 1988 and 1995, followed by a 1.5 m decrease until 2003 and a relatively constant lake level thereafter. Based on measurements of transient tracers (sulfur hexafluoride, CFC‐12, 3H, 3He, 4He, Ne), dissolved oxygen, light transmission, conductivity‐temperature‐depth profiles, and thermistor data, we investigate the implications associated with lake level fluctuations for deep‐water renewal and oxygenation. Our data suggest that deep‐water renewal was significantly reduced in Lake Van between 1990 and 2005. This change in mixing conditions resulted in the formation of a more than 100 m thick anoxic deep‐water body below 325 m depth. Apparently, the freshwater inflows responsible for the lake level rise between 1988 and 1995 decreased the salinity of the surface water sufficiently that the generation of density plumes during winter cooling was substantially reduced compared to that in the years before the lake level rise. Significant renewal and oxygenation of the deep water did not occur until at least 2005, although by 2003 the lake level was back to almost the same level as in 1988. This study suggests that short‐term changes in the hydrological regime, resulting in lake level changes of a couple of meters, can lead to significant and long‐lasting changes in deep‐water renewal and oxic conditions in deep saline lakes.
Delta allometry: Growth laws for river deltas
Authors: Wolinsky Matthew A. , Edmonds Douglas A. , Martin John , Paola Chris
Published: November 2010

Under projected scenarios of sea‐level rise, subsidence, and sediment starvation many deltas around the world are expected to drown. Delta growth dynamics, which determine the ability of a delta to adapt to these changes, are poorly understood due to the difficulty of measuring change in slowly evolving landscapes. We use time‐series imagery of experimental, numerical, and field‐scale deltas to derive four laws that govern the growth of river‐dominated deltas. Land area grows at a constant rate in the absence of relative sea level change, while wetted area keeps pace, maintaining a constant wetted fraction over the delta surface. Scaling of edge‐lengths versus areas suggests delta shorelines are nonfractal, even though the channel network is fractal. Consequently channel‐edge length, which provides critical habitat, grows more rapidly than delta area. These laws provide a blueprint for delta growth that will aid in delta restoration and help predict how existing deltas will evolve.
On the impact of transport model errors for the estimation of CO2 surface fluxes from GOSAT observations
Authors: Chevallier Frédéric , Feng Liang , Bösch Hartmut , Palmer Paul I. , Rayner Peter J.
Published: November 2010

A series of observing system simulation experiments is presented in which column averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) are made consistent or not with the transport model embedded in a flux inversion system. The GOSAT observations improve the random errors of the surface carbon budget despite the inconsistency. However, we find biases in the inferred surface CO2 budget of a few hundred MtC/a at the subcontinental scale, that are caused by differences of only a few tenths of a ppm between the simulations of the individual XCO2 soundings. The accuracy and precision of the inverted fluxes are little sensitive to an 8‐fold reduction in the data density. This issue is critical for any future satellite constellation to monitor XCO2 and should be pragmatically addressed by explicitly accounting for transport errors in flux inversion systems.
Seals map bathymetry of the Antarctic continental shelf
Authors: Padman Laurie , Costa Daniel P. , Bolmer S. Thompson , Goebel Michael E. , Huckstadt Luis A. , Jenkins Adrian , McDonald Birgitte I. , Shoosmith Deborah R.
Published: November 2010

We demonstrate the first use of marine mammal dive‐depth data to improve maps of bathymetry in poorly sampled regions of the continental shelf. A group of 57 instrumented elephant seals made on the order of 2 × 105 dives over and near the continental shelf on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula during five seasons, 2005–2009. Maximum dive depth exceeded 2000 m. For dives made near existing ship tracks with measured water depths H<700 m, ∼30% of dive depths were to the seabed, consistent with expected benthic foraging behavior. By identifying the deepest of multiple dives within small areas as a dive to the seabed, we have developed a map of seal‐derived bathymetry. Our map fills in several regions for which trackline data are sparse, significantly improving delineation of troughs crossing the continental shelf of the southern Bellingshausen Sea.
Stratovolcano growth by co‐eruptive intrusion: The 2008 eruption of Tungurahua Ecuador
Authors: Biggs J. , Mothes P. , Ruiz M. , Amelung F. , Dixon T. H. , Baker S. , Hong S‐H.
Published: November 2010

Volcanic edifices are constructed by a combination of erupted material and internal growth. We use the L‐band satellite ALOS to produce InSAR measurements at Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador. We find a maximum of 17.5 cm of uplift on the upper western flank between December 2007 and March 2008, coincident with an eruption in February 2008. The deformation can be modeled using an ellipsoidal or sill‐like source within the edifice. The models require an elongated aspect ratio with a length of 4–6 km. The intruded volume of 1.2 × 106 m3 is roughly equivalent to the bulk erupted volume of 1.5 × 106 m3 and together the values are roughly equal to the long‐term magma flux. The question remains whether this uplift is permanent, thus contributing to the internal growth of the edifice, or temporary, in which case the magma will be released in a future eruption.
Isotopically‐depleted late Pleistocene groundwater in Columbia River Basalt aquifers: Evidence for recharge of glacial Lake Missoula floodwaters?
Authors: Brown Kyle B. , McIntosh Jennifer C. , Baker Victor R. , Gosch Damian
Published: November 2010

Late Pleistocene outburst flooding of ice‐dammed glacial Lake Missoula, and possible discharge from the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS), catastrophically altered the northwestern United States landscape, yet little is known about potential infiltration of flood waters into the subsurface. This study provides compelling evidence for the presence of late Pleistocene CIS‐related recharge waters in the Columbia River Basalt Aquifers (CRBAs) in central Washington. CRBA groundwaters with corrected 14C ages from 15.7 and 33.3 k yrs BP (during periods of flood events) have anomalously low δ18O values (−18.9 to −17.6‰), compared to late Pleistocene soil waters (−16.1 to −13.4‰) and modern precipitation in the region (average −15.9‰), consistent with CIS‐related meltwater recharge. These results have implications for our understanding of megaflood phenomena on earth and Mars.
Effect of nonerodible grains on wind erosion control
Authors: Mu Qingsong
Published: November 2010

A simple drag partition scheme for rough surfaces of various roughness densities is presented to explain the effect of roughness density on apparent threshold friction velocity, the validity of which is confirmed by comparison with measured data sets. Based on this drag partition scheme, we assume that the presence of nonerodible rough grains affects the wind erosion of an erodible surface in two ways: (1) protecting part of the erodible underlying surface from wind erosion by directly covering it and (2) leading to a decrease of the shear stress acting on the uncovered part of the erodible underlying surface by absorbing some wind momentum. Involved with the two hypotheses, a mathematical formula with an exponential form that describes the dependence of mass erosion rate on the free‐stream wind velocity and the roughness density is developed by dimensional analysis. The mathematical formula of wind erosion rate fits well some data sets of laboratory experiments and field observations.
Intra‐ and inter‐chromosomal interactions correlate with CTCF binding genome wide
Authors: Botta Marco , Haider Syed , Leung Ian X Y , Lio Pietro , Mozziconacci Julien
Published: November 2010

A prime goal in systems biology is the comprehensive use of existing high‐throughput genomic datasets to gain a better understanding of chromatin organization and genome function. In this report, we use chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) data that map protein‐binding sites on the genome, and Hi‐C data that map interactions between DNA fragments in the genome in an integrative approach. We first reanalyzed the contact map of the human genome as determined with Hi‐C and found that long‐range interactions are highly nonrandom; the same DNA fragments are often found interacting together. We then show using ChIP data that these interactions can be explained by the action of the CCCTC‐binding factor (CTCF). These CTCF‐mediated interactions are found both within chromosomes and in between different chromosomes. This makes CTCF a major organizer of both the structure of the chromosomal fiber within each individual chromosome and of the chromosome territories within the cell nucleus.
Manual Curation of Vertebrate Proteins in the UniProt Knowledgebase.
Authors: Gardner Michael , Breuza Lionel , Consortium The UniProt
Published: November 2010

The UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) aims to provide the scientific community with a comprehensive, consistent and authoritative resource for protein sequence and functional information. Given the importance of human and vertebrate model data in biomedical research, a major focus is the high-quality manual curation of human proteins and their vertebrate orthologues. Manual curation involves (1) the extraction of experimental results from scientific literature to enrich protein records with a wide range of information including function, structure, interactions and subcellular location, (2) the manual verification of each sequence and clarification of discrepancies between sequence reports, and (3) the assessment of the output of a range of analysis programmes to ensure that sequence features are correctly reported. Manual curation also facilitates the standardization of experimental data – a step necessary for development of methods that enable the semi-automated transfer of manual annotation to uncharacterised or related proteins. Consequently, manual curation of vertebrate proteins plays a vital role in providing users with a complete overview of available data while ensuring its accuracy, reliability and accessibility. UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot currently contains the complete manually reviewed human proteome, comprising approximately 20’300 proteins, and an additional 61’000 reviewed entries from model vertebrates such as mouse, rat, apes, cow, chicken, zebrafish and Xenopus. Ongoing efforts continue to improve the quality of vertebrate sequences in collaboration with HAVANA, Ensembl, HGNC and RefSeq, to include new functional information as it becomes available, and to extend the coverage of curated proteins in vertebrate species. All data are freely available from "http://www.uniprot.org":www.uniprot.org.
How ubiquitination and autophagy participate in the regulation of the cell response to bacterial infection
Authors: Dupont Nicolas , Temime‐Smaali Nassima , Lafont Frank
Published: November 2010

Bacterial infection relies on the micro‐organism's ability to orchestrate the host's cell signalling such that the immune response is not activated. Conversely, the host cell has dedicated signalling pathways for coping with intrusions by pathogens. The autophagy of foreign micro‐organisms (known as xenophagy) has emerged as one of the most powerful of these pathways, although the triggering mode remains largely unknown. In the present paper, we discuss the role that certain post‐translational modifications (primarily ubiquitination) may play in the activation of xenophagy and how some bacteria have evolved mechanisms to subvert or hijack this process. In particular, we address the role played by P62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1). Finally, we discuss how autophagy can be subverted to eliminate bacteria‐induced danger signals.
Protein 4.2 interaction with hereditary spherocytosis mutants of the cytoplasmic domain of human anion exchanger 1
Authors: Bustos Susan P. , Reithmeier Reinhart A. F.
Published: November 2010

AE1 (anion exchanger 1) and protein 4.2 associate in a protein complex bridging the erythrocyte membrane and cytoskeleton; disruption of the complex results in unstable erythrocytes and HS (hereditary spherocytosis). Three HS mutations (E40K, G130R and P327R) in cdAE1 (the cytoplasmic domain of AE1) occur with deficiencies of protein 4.2. The interaction of wild-type AE1, AE1HS mutants, mdEA1 (the membrane domain of AE1), kAE1 (the kidney isoform of AE1) and AE1SAO (Southeast Asian ovalocytosis AE1) with protein 4.2 was examined in transfected HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells. The HS mutants had wild-type expression levels and plasma-membrane localization. Protein 4.2 expression was not dependent on AE1. Protein 4.2 was localized throughout the cytoplasm and co-localized at the plasma membrane with the HS mutants mdAE1 and kAE1, but at the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) with AE1SAO. Pull-down assays revealed diminished levels of protein 4.2 associated with the HS mutants relative to AE1. The mdAE1 did not bind protein 4.2, whereas kAE1 and AE1SAO bound wild-type amounts of protein 4.2. A protein 4.2 fatty acylation mutant, G2A/C173A, had decreased plasma-membrane localization compared with wild-type protein 4.2, and co-expression with AE1 enhanced its plasma-membrane localization. Subcellular fractionation showed the majority of wild-type and G2A/C173A protein 4.2 was associated with the cytoskeleton of HEK-293 cells. The present study shows that cytoplasmic HS mutants cause impaired binding of protein 4.2 to AE1, leaving protein 4.2 susceptible to loss during erythrocyte development.
Historical Perspectives on Literacy in Early Childhood
Authors: van Kleeck Anne , Schuele C. Melanie
Published: November 2010

Purpose

To more fully understand current trends in preliteracy research, as well as controversies that continue to surround best teaching practices, it is essential to have an understanding of the historical evolution of ideas and practices relevant to preparing young children for learning to read.

Method

Several interrelated historical movements relevant to placing current research and practices related to preliteracy development in context are reviewed. These ideas play out in the interrelated and changing ideas regarding the role of the family in children’s literacy development, as well as in the appropriate curriculum for preschoolers. Both historical reviews and original documents pertinent to the various historical trends are used to provide the current synthesis.

Conclusions

The roots of most current practices during, and controversies regarding, the preliteracy period of development can be traced to a variety of different historical events, as well as to prominent philosophers and educators. Familiarity with these events, philosophers, and educators provides the perspective needed to effectively evaluate new information and approaches that come to the forefront, or that are currently being practiced by different groups or in different settings.
Guidelines for Selecting Microphones for Human Voice Production Research
Authors: Švec Jan G. , Granqvist Svante
Published: November 2010

Purpose

This tutorial addresses fundamental characteristics of microphones (frequency response, frequency range, dynamic range, and directionality), which are important for accurate measurements of voice and speech.

Method

Technical and voice literature was reviewed and analyzed. The following recommendations on desirable microphone characteristics were formulated: The frequency response of microphones should be flat (i.e., variation of less than 2 dB) within the frequency range between the lowest expected fundamental frequency of voice and the highest spectral component of interest. The equivalent noise level of the microphones is recommended to be at least 15 dB lower than the sound level of the softest phonations. The upper limit of the dynamic range of the microphone should be above the sound level of the loudest phonations. Directional microphones should be placed at the distance that corresponds to their maximally flat frequency response, to avoid the proximity effect; otherwise, they will be unsuitable for spectral and level measurements. Numerical values for these recommendations were derived for the microphone distances of 30 cm and 5 cm.

Conclusions

The recommendations, while preliminary and in need of further numerical justification, should provide the basis for better accuracy and repeatability of studies on voice and speech production in the future.
Progressive changes in ophthalmic blood velocities in Beagles with primary open angle glaucoma
Authors: Gelatt K. N. , Miyabayashi T. , Gelatt‐Nicholson K. J. , MacKay E. O.
Published: November 2010

ObjectiveTo measure changes in the ocular and orbital blood flow velocities by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in beagles with primary open angle glaucoma as the disease progressed from early to advanced stages.

MethodsCDI measurements were performed periodically on 13 glaucomatous Beagles during the nontreated mild, moderate and advanced stages of POAG over the course of 4 years. CDI was performed with the dogs lightly anesthetized (butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg IV, acepromazine maleate 0.02 mg/kg IV, and atropine sulfate 0.05 mg/kg) while the CD transducer was placed directly on the cornea anesthetized with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride. Intraocular pressure (IOP) by pneumatonography or TonoPen XL, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were measured at the beginning, middle and end of each study. The ophthalmic vessels examined included: external ophthalmic arteries and veins, long and short posterior ciliary arteries, anterior ciliary arteries and veins, primary retinal arteries, and vortex veins. Recordings of each vessel included peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and time averaged velocity (TAV), and when possible the resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were computed.

ResultsCDI abnormalities were present before intraocular pressure exceeded the normal range. As the animals aged, and the glaucoma progressed with higher levels of IOP, significant changes occurred in nearly all vessels, and generally included a major increase in RI (P < 0.001) and an increase in the PI (P < 0.001). Mean arterial blood pressure (105 ± 18 mmHg) and heart rate (118 ± 33/min) remained reasonably constant. The IOP gradually increased as the disease progressed (early and normotensive: 19.4 ± 3.9 mmHg; moderate: 29.7 ± 2 mmHg; and advanced: 44.5 ± 6 mmHg). The ocular veins seemed most influenced early on in the disease. Late in the disease, ocular venous blood flow could not be consistently demonstrated. An increase in the PI of ocular veins occurred in the moderately and severely affected glaucomatous Beagles. As the IOP increased, there were trends of increasing resistive index and pulsatility index in most arteries, and periods of marked decreased velocities of the vortex and external ophthalmic veins in severe cases.

ConclusionCDI measurements in Beagles with primary open angle glaucoma during the course of 4 years indicate easily measurable and repeatable progressive blood flow abnormalities before the elevation of IOP and, thereafter, with gradually increased levels of IOP.
Use of siblings as controls in case‐control association studies
Authors: CURTIS D.
Published: November 2010

Ann. Hum. Genet. (1997), 61, 319–333

Correction and additional citation

The author has noticed two errors he failed to correct in this paper, as follows:

(i) Page 329: ‘Thus if the case has genotype AA and the control is BC one adds 0.5 to TAB and 0.5 to TAC’should read‘Thus if the case has genotype AD and the control is BC one adds 0.5 to each of TAB, TAC, TDB and TDC.’

(ii) Table 3, first ‘Score’ line: ‘0.25tAB, 0.5tAC, 0.5tCB’should read‘0.5tAB, 0.5tAC, 0.5tCB.’

Since the paper was published the author has learned that the use of siblings as controls was proposed by L. S. Penrose, and a method of analysis devised by C. A. B. Smith, for application to studies of blood groups and duodenal ulcer (Clarke et al. 1956). The author is grateful to C. A. Clarke for making him aware of this previous work.

Clarke, C. A., Wyn Edwards, J., Haddock, D. R. W., Howel‐Evans, A. W., McConnell, R. B. & Sheppard, P. M. ABO blood groups and secretor character in duodenal ulcer. Br. Med. J. (1956), 725–731.
Magnetic vortex growth in the transition layer of a mildly relativistic plasma shock
Authors: Murphy G. C. , Dieckmann M. E. , Drury L. O’C.
Published: November 2010

A two-dimensional particle simulation models the collision of two electron-ion plasma clouds along a quasiparallel magnetic field. The collision speed is 0.9c and the density ratio, 10. A current sheet forms at the front of the dense cloud, in which the electrons and the magnetic field reach energy equipartition with the ions. A structure composed of a solenoidal and a toroidal magnetic field grows in this sheet. It resembles the cross-section of the torus of a spheromak, which may provide the coherent magnetic fields in gamma-ray burst jets needed for their prompt emissions.
Hyperbolic chaos in the klystron-type microwave vacuum tube oscillator
Authors: Emel’yanov V. V. , Kuznetsov S. P. , Ryskin N. M.
Published: November 2010

The ring-loop oscillator consisting of two coupled klystrons which is capable of generating hyperbolic chaotic signal in the microwave band is considered. The system of delayed-differential equations describing the dynamics of the oscillator is derived. This system is further reduced to the two-dimensional return map under the assumption of the instantaneous build-up of oscillations in the cavities. The results of detailed numerical simulation for both models are presented showing that there exists large enough range of control parameters where the sustained regime corresponds to the structurally stable hyperbolic chaos.
Effect of confinement on the collapsing mechanism of a flexible polymer chain
Authors: Das Siddhartha , Chakraborty Suman
Published: November 2010

In this paper, Brownian dynamics simulation (BDS) studies are executed to demonstrate the distinctive influences of the extent of confinement on the collapsing mechanism and kinetics of a flexible hydrophobic polymer chain in a poor solvent. The collapsing behavior is quantified by the time of collapse, which below a critical dimension of the confinement (hc), encounters a drastic reduction with a further strengthening in the degree of confinement. For dimensions greater than this critical one, the collapse occurs through the well-known hydrodynamic interaction (HI) controlled multiple-globule-mediated mechanisms. However, for channel dimensions less than this critical one, the collapse mechanism is drastically altered. Under such circumstances, the collapse gets predominantly controlled by the confinement effects (with negligible contribution of the HIs) and occurs via the formation of a single central globule. This central globule rapidly engulfs the noncondensed polymer segments, and in the process largely hastens up the collapsing event. Under such circumstances, the collapse time is found to decrease linearly with decrements in the channel height. On the contrary, for channel heights greater than hc, the multiple-globule-mediated collapse is characterized by a collapse time that shows an exponential dependence on the channel height, rapidly attaining a state in which the confinement effect becomes inconsequential and HIs dictate the entire collapsing behavior. We further propose detailed arguments based on physical reasoning as well as free energy estimations to conclusively support the qualitative and quantitative nature of influences of the confinement on the polymer collapse.
Perturbation series for calculation of invariant surface splitting in volume-preserving maps
Authors: Korneev N.
Published: November 2010

The invariant surface splittings for small perturbation are described for two-dimensional and three-dimensional sample volume-preserving maps by explicit analytic expressions obtained from perturbation series for the self-adjoint operator related to the Frobenius–Perron operator.
Motion of vortices outside a cylinder
Authors: Tulu Serdar , Yilmaz Oguz
Published: November 2010

The problem of motion of the vortices around an oscillating cylinder in the presence of a uniform flow is considered. The Hamiltonian for vortex motion for the case with no uniform flow and stationary cylinder is constructed, reduced, and constant Hamiltonian (energy) curves are plotted when the system is shown to be integrable according to Liouville. By adding uniform flow to the system and by allowing the cylinder to vibrate, we model the natural vibration of the cylinder in the flow field, which has applications in ocean engineering involving tethers or pipelines in a flow field. We conclude that in the chaotic case forces on the cylinder may be considerably larger than those on the integrable case depending on the initial positions of vortices and that complex phenomena such as chaotic capture and escape occur when the initial positions lie in a certain region.
A theoretical approach to the photochemical activation of matrix isolated aluminum atoms and their reaction with methane
Authors: Pacheco-Blas M. A. , Novaro O. A. , Pacheco-Sánchez J. H.
Published: November 2010

The photochemical activation of Al atoms in cryogenic matrices to induce their reaction with methane has been experimentally studied before. Here, a theoretical study of the nonadiabatic transition probabilities for the ground (P2:3s23p1) and the lowest excited states (S2:3s24s1 and D2:3s23d1) of an aluminum atom interacting with a methane molecule (CH4) was carried out through ab initio Hartree–Fock self-consistent field calculations. This was followed by a multiconfigurational study of the correlation energy obtained by extensive variational and perturbational configuration interaction analyses using the CIPSI program. The D2 state is readily inserted into a C–H bond, this being a prelude to a sequence of avoided crossings with the initially repulsive (to CH4) lower lying states P2 and S2. We then use a direct extension of the Landau–Zener theory to obtain transition probabilities at each avoided crossing, allowing the formation of an HAlCH3 intermediate that eventually leads to the final pair of products H+AlCH3 and HAl+CH3.
Photoinduced stiffening and photoplastic effect of ZnS individual nanobelt in nanoindentation
Authors: Zheng X. J. , Yu G. C. , Chen Y. Q. , Mao S. X. , Zhang T.
Published: November 2010

The photoinduced stiffening (PIS) and photoplastic effect (PPE) of ZnS individual nanobelt (NB) were observed by using a nanoindenter in conjunction with an incident ultraviolet (UV) light source system. The results show that the elastic modulus and hardness of ZnS individual NB under UV illumination are at least 32% and 20% larger than those in darkness. The mechanisms of PIS and PPE are interpreted by the increase in electronic strain and Peierls barrier due to the photogeneration of free carriers in ZnS individual NB. The research may offer useful guidelines to the application of optoelectronic devices based on individual nanostructures.
The onset of three-dimensional centrifugal global modes and their nonlinear development in a recirculating flow over a flat surface
Authors: Cherubini S. , Robinet J.-Ch. , De Palma P. , Alizard F.
Published: November 2010

The three-dimensional stability dynamics of a separation bubble over a flat plate has been studied in both linear and nonlinear conditions. Using a global eigenvalue analysis, two centrifugal global modes are identified: an asymptotically unstable three-dimensional weakly growing mode which appears to be originated by a Rayleigh instability; a marginally stable three-dimensional steady mode which is originated by a convective Gortler instability. Direct numerical simulations show that both modes play a role in the route to transition toward the turbulent flow. A structural sensitivity analysis is used to investigate the mechanism of selection of the path toward transition when small perturbations are considered. Finally, a scenario of transition via Gortler modes breakdown is studied in detail, revealing the formation of trains of hairpin vortices in streamwise succession.
Comparative friction measurements of InAs nanowires on three substrates
Authors: Conache G. , Gray S. M. , Ribayrol A. , Fröberg L. E. , Samuelson L. , Montelius L. , Pettersson H.
Published: November 2010

We have investigated friction between InAs nanowires and three different substrates: SiO2, fluorosilanized SiO2, and Si3N4. The nanowires were pushed laterally with the tip of an atomic force microscope and the friction force per unit length for both static and sliding friction was deduced from the equilibrium shape of the bent wires. On all three substrates, thick wires showed a difference between sliding and static friction of up to three orders of magnitude. Furthermore, all substrates display a transition to stick-slip motion for nanowires with a diameter of less than about 40 nm. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates display similar friction behavior suggesting that a condensed water layer does not strongly influence our results. The patterns and trends in the friction data are similar for all three substrates, which indicates that they are more fundamental in character and not specific to a single substrate.
Signature of a universal statistical description for drift-wave plasma turbulence
Authors: Anderson Johan , Xanthopoulos Pavlos
Published: November 2010

This letter provides a theoretical interpretation of numerically generated probability density functions (PDFs) of intermittent plasma transport events. Specifically, nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations of ion-temperature-gradient turbulence produce the time series of heat flux that manifestly exhibit non-Gaussian PDFs with enhanced tails. It is demonstrated that, after the removal of autocorrelations, the numerical PDFs can be matched with predictions from a fluid theoretical setup based on the instanton method. This result points to a universality in the modeling of intermittent stochastic process offering a predictive capability.
American Exceptionalism, Visual Effects, and the Post-9/11 Cinematic Superhero Boom
Authors: Dittmer Jason
Published: November 2010

This paper argues that popular geopolitics needs to pay attention to the full range of the cultural economy in its analyses of popular culture artifacts. Previous work has been overfocused on the text without enough attention to production and audiencing, and as a result analyses often assume an ideological motivation to questions of genre and meaning. This paper uses as a case study the post-9/11 boom of the superhero genre in Hollywood cinema, tracing it through the circuits of cultural economy. Particular attention is paid to the claim that superheroism resonates with the post-9/11 foreign policy of the United States and that this has enabled the genre to flourish at the box office. Academic and critical readings of Hellboy (2004), Superman Returns (2006), Iron Man (2008), and Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008) indicate these resonances with various strands of American exceptionalism, but production-focused analysis indicates that technological innovation in visual effects as well as industry economics have driven the American film industry into the current superhero cul-de-sac. Audience research indicates both viewers' critical awareness of the politics embedded in the films under consideration and also the centrality of visual effects to their appreciation. Rather than concluding that the recent flurry of superhero films is rooted in either American exceptionalism or visual effects, this paper concludes with the potential linkage of those topics through nonrepresentational theory and calls for methodological innovation that might assess this type of possibility.
Dendritic polyglycerol sulfates as multivalent inhibitors of inflammation
Authors: Dernedde Jens , Rausch Alexandra , Weinhart Marie , Enders Sven , Tauber Rudolf , Licha Kai , Schirner Michael , Zügel Ulrich , von Bonin Arne , Haag Rainer
Published: November 2010

Adhesive interactions of leukocytes and endothelial cells initiate leukocyte migration to inflamed tissue and are important for immune surveillance. Acute and chronic inflammatory diseases show a dysregulated immune response and result in a massive efflux of leukocytes that contributes to further tissue damage. Therefore, targeting leukocyte trafficking may provide a potent form of anti-inflammatory therapy. Leukocyte migration is initiated by interactions of the cell adhesion molecules E-, L-, and P-selectin and their corresponding carbohydrate ligands. Compounds that efficiently address these interactions are therefore of high therapeutic interest. Based on this rationale we investigated synthetic dendritic polyglycerol sulfates (dPGS) as macromolecular inhibitors that operate via a multivalent binding mechanism mimicking naturally occurring ligands. dPGS inhibited both leukocytic L-selectin and endothelial P-selectin with high efficacy. Size and degree of sulfation of the polymer core determined selectin binding affinity. Administration of dPGS in a contact dermatitis mouse model dampened leukocyte extravasation as effectively as glucocorticoids did and edema formation was significantly reduced. In addition, dPGS interacted with the complement factors C3 and C5 as was shown in vitro and reduced C5a levels in a mouse model of complement activation. Thus, dPGS represent an innovative class of a fully synthetic polymer therapeutics that may be used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.