bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mauvaise gouvernance et ONG : l'exception nigériane
Authors: Pérouse de Montclos Marc-Antoine
Published: August 2011

Résumé Véritable cas d’école de la mauvaise gouvernance, le Nigeria est régulièrement classé parmi les États les plus corrompus et les plus violents du monde. Autre caractéristique exceptionnelle en Afrique, il compte très peu d’ONG du Nord et ne dépend quasiment pas de l’aide publique au développement grâce à la puissance financière et politique que lui garantissent ses ressources pétrolières. De ce fait, il se démarque nettement du reste du continent et échappe davantage aux prescriptions normatives des adeptes de la « bonne gouvernance ». S’appuyant sur une société civile dont la vitalité n’est plus à démontrer, les ONG locales ne jouent pas moins un rôle important. À partir d’exemples concrets, l’article analyse ainsi leur genèse et leur développement dans une perspective historique, de l’Indépendance jusqu’à nos jours. Par la même occasion sont étudiées les fragilités intrinsèques d’un milieu associatif qui, à l’épreuve du politique, s’avère ne pas correspondre aux canons occidentaux de la bonne gouvernance, quitte à relativiser d’autant les espoirs placés dans la société civile en matière de démocratisation.
La discrimination, de la qualification juridique à l'outil sociologique
Authors: Bereni Laure , Chappe Vincent-Arnaud
Published: August 2011

Résumé Cet article propose une réflexion théorique sur les enjeux de l’acclimatation de la notion de discrimination en sociologie, en prêtant une attention particulière aux rapports que cette catégorie entretient avec le droit. L’article plaide en faveur d’un usage contrôlé et réflexif de la notion de discrimination, pleinement attentif à l’usage que cette catégorie fortement marquée par le droit fait de l’analyse sociologique des rapports de pouvoir et des inégalités sociales. Après un retour sur le cadre juridique de la discrimination, il présente les appropriations qui ont été faites de cette notion en sociologie, des deux côtés de l’Atlantique. Ces questionnements théoriques éclairent, ensuite, la présentation des principaux axes problématiques qui traversent la littérature américaine et française en sociologie du droit de la non-discrimination.
Illégitimer des distinctions en droit
Authors: Rennes Juliette
Published: August 2011

Résumé Par quel processus une distinction légale jusqu’alors acceptée (qu’elle soit fondée sur le sexe, l’orientation sexuelle, la nationalité, l’âge ou encore le statut marital) devient-elle publiquement perçue comme discriminatoire ? Cette question peut être entendue à la fois comme une question de recherche, relevant de la sociologie des mobilisations ou de l’historiographie des luttes pour l’égalité, et comme une question politique, portant sur les stratégies adéquates pour faire valoir l’illégitimité de telle ou telle distinction légale. Cet article s’intéresse à l’articulation de ces deux regards sur la mise en crise d’une distinction légale, celui de l’enquête sociologique et historique, et celui des luttes politiques. Après avoir examiné les conditions de possibilité d’une histoire de la contestation des distinctions légales, on analyse les enjeux proprement politiques de cette histoire, en se penchant plus particulièrement sur les opérations de comparaison entre des revendications d’égalité contemporaines et des revendications antérieures désormais légitimes.
L'évolution du concept de force mentale chez les athlètes : mise à jour des connaissances et limites méthodologiques
Authors: Kim Turgeon Marie-Ève , Halliwell Wayne Richard
Published: August 2011

Résumé La force mentale est actuellement reconnue comme étant l’un des attributs les plus importants dans la réalisation du succès athlétique. Cependant, l’opérationnalisation et la définition du concept ne font pas l’unanimité à travers la littérature. La visée première de cet article est de mettre à la disposition de futurs chercheurs une mise à jour des connaissances portant sur la force mentale ainsi que des différentes méthodologies employées. Plus précisément, nous présentons les différentes conceptions de la force mentale issues à la fois de l’expérience des praticiens du domaine de la psychologie du sport et d’études employant une méthodologie qualitative. Parallèlement, les limites et les forces conceptuelles et méthodologiques de ces travaux sont décrites de façon à guider les études futures dans le domaine. Ensuite, les différents instruments de mesure de la force mentale ainsi que les divergences d’opinion relatives à leurs qualités psychométriques sont exposés. Pour conclure cet article, des pistes possibles de recherche portant sur la force mentale sont proposées afin que la théorie puisse un jour rejoindre les demandes de la pratique et aider concrètement les athlètes à atteindre les plus hauts sommets.
Justesse de la perception d'élèves quant à leur niveau de performance, de discipline et d'effort durant les cours d'éducation physique
Authors: Martel Denis
Published: August 2011

Résumé Les objectifs de l’étude sont (1) de vérifier le niveau de justesse entre les autoévaluations d’élèves et les évaluations de leur éducateur physique pour leur niveau de performance, de discipline et d’effort en éducation physique, et (2) d’analyser ce niveau de justesse à la lumière des prédictions des élèves de l’évaluation de leur enseignant sur ces dimensions. Un total de 891 élèves (418 filles, 473 garçons), issus de 35 classes de 5 e et 6 e années du primaire (10-11 ans), ont complété un questionnaire. Les éducateurs physiques (N=8) ont évalué leurs élèves sur chacune des trois dimensions. Les résultats révèlent que, en moyenne et dans une classe donnée, peu d’élèves (34 % à 39 %) évaluent avec justesse l’une ou l’autre des dimensions et que moins de 10 % d’entre eux ont une perception juste de l’ensemble des dimensions. Le genre des élèves et l’enseignant sont des facteurs à considérer dans l’explication de ces variations. Les résultats montrent également que la juxtaposition de la justesse d’autoévaluation des élèves et de leur prédiction de l’évaluation de leur enseignant apporte un éclairage nouveau pour la compréhension du niveau de justesse d’autoévaluation des élèves. En fait, cette juxtaposition permet d’identifier des catégories d’élèves dont les perceptions erronées obligent à une réflexion de la part des enseignants.
Les identités professionnelles des agents de la filière sportive territoriale. Entre référence technique et modèle gestionnaire
Authors: Bernardeau Moreau Denis
Published: August 2011

Résumé Cette recherche se consacre à l’étude des identités professionnelles des agents territoriaux des sports qui, aujourd’hui, doivent prendre en compte les mutations du management public territorial. Notre analyse s’appuie sur des entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès de différentes catégories d’acteurs territoriaux de la filière sportive. Les résultats montrent que les représentations des agents sur leurs métiers intègrent désormais la dimension managériale. Loin de l’image du simple agent d’exécution, ils se perçoivent désormais comme des managers, ayant à gérer des structures et du personnel nombreux. La polyvalence et la transversalité de leurs compétences sont les caractéristiques marquantes de la professionnalisation.
Connaissance par corps et épistémologie en STAPS
Authors: Vanpoulle Yannick
Published: August 2011

Résumé Le champ des Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives et de l’Éducation Physique, du fait de sa préoccupation sociale d’intervention sur les conduites motrices ne saurait se satisfaire d’une connaissance scientifique en extériorité même pluridisciplinaire. En résonance avec les évolutions paradigmatiques actuelles, il lui faut participer à la construction d’un chemin vers un nouveau paradigme. Au regard des différentes formes de connaissance repérables dans les sciences de la complexité, l’action située et les pensées philosophiques traditionnelles orientales, celui-ci ne peut être que situationnel, phénoménologique et holistique. Il dépend d’une connaissance avant tout praxique. La connaissance en général et en STAPS en particulier ne peut se développer qu’en croisant les trois modes de connaissance, en extériorité exo-référente, en extériorité-intériorité subjective, en intériorité holistique, chacun de ces trois modes construisant son monde phénoménologique et une connaissance par corps particulière. Cependant, toute connaissance, en s’enracinant dans la forme en intériorité situationnelle par corps, implique pour les STAPS la nécessité de développer une science praxique en conduite motrice. Cette dernière suppose de définir les fonctions phénoménologiques sous-tendant la connaissance et de mettre en œuvre un situationnisme de formation et de recherche.
Geo-Bio Interactions: Implications on plant and human health
Authors: Dissanayake CB
Published: August 2011

Rocks are the fundamental building blocks of the earth. Chemical weathering of rocks of different chemical compositions yields soils with their characteristic chemistry reflecting in part the original composition of the rocks. These soils may therefore, have major and trace elements in varying quantities and these concentrations then influence the nature of plants growing on them and the composition of the groundwater. In all geochemical cycles therefore, the multitude of interactions between the geosphere – hydrosphere and biosphere yield fascinating impacts on plant growth and human health. The general health of a population living on a particular geological environment therefore is markedly influenced by the chemistry of that geological environment. Key words: geological environment, trace elements, serpentinite deposits, hyperaccumulationDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v40i1.3402 CJSBS 2011; 40(1): 1-12
A paradigm shift in the management of musth among bull elephants in captivity in Sri Lanka
Authors: Santiapillai Charles , Read Bruce , Jacobson Gary , Wijeyamohan S , Rambukpotha Sunel
Published: August 2011

The phenomenon of musth among Asian elephants has been known since ancient times. Musth is a temporary post-pubertal, reproductive phenomenon commonly observed in the healthy male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) both in the wild and in captivity. However, the treatment of musth bulls in Asia has remained almost unchanged. The traditional way of dealing with musth bulls involves restraining the animals by tethering them to trees and reducing the food intake so as to weaken them, with the assumption that they would drop out of musth faster. But such methods can cause severe wounds on the legs from the ropes used to tie the animals, and make the bulls more aggressive and traumatic, thereby posing a serious danger to their keepers or mahouts. The alternative method described in the paper provides a strong, safe, and secure tool for the management of musth bulls in captivity. The method not only assures the safety of the bulls but ensures that of the mahouts as well. Being a predominantly Buddhist country, Sri Lanka can lead the way in promoting the bull pen as an alternative tool in the management of bulls in musth, while assuring the utmost safety of their keepers.   Key words: musth, Asian elephant, mahouts, bull pen, Elephas maximus DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v40i1.3404 CJSBS 2011; 40(1): 25-32
Emeritus Professor Bartholomeusz Aristides Abeywickrama (1920-2011)
Authors: Gunetilleke Nimal , Gunetilleke Savitri
Published: August 2011

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v40i1.3409 CJSBS 2011; 40(1): 69-70
Salivary duct carcinoma with striking neutrophil-tumor cell cannibalism
Authors: Arya Payam , Khalbuss Walid E. , Monaco Sara E. , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: August 2011

Cannibalism of neutrophils by tumor cells has previously been reported in certain carcinomas, lymphoma and melanoma. Tumor cannibalism is believed to serve as a tumor-immune escape mechanism, associated with high-grade aggressive cancers with a significantly increased metastatic potential. This interesting phenomenon has not been previously documented in association with salivary gland tumors. We report, for the first time, striking neutrophil-tumor cell cannibalism associated with a high grade, aggressive and metastatic salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland highlighted within cytological and surgical excision pathology specimens.
Quantum Random Walks and Minors of Hermitian Brownian Motion
Authors: Chapon François , Defosseux Manon
Published: August 2011

Considering quantum random walks, we construct discrete-time approximations of the eigenvalues processes of minors of Hermitian Brownian motion. It has been recently proved by Adler, Nordenstam, and van Moerbeke that the process of eigenvalues of two consecutive minors of a Hermitian Brownian motion is a Markov process; whereas, if one considers more than two consecutive minors, the Markov property fails. We show that there are analog results in the noncommutative counterpart and establish the Markov property of eigenvalues of some particular submatrices of Hermitian Brownian motion.
Quasisymmetrically Minimal Moran Sets
Authors: Dai Mei-Feng
Published: August 2011

M. Hu and S. Wen considered quasisymmetrically minimal uniform Cantor sets of Hausdorff dimension 1, where at the k-th set one removes from each interval I a certain number nk of open subintervals of length ck|I|, leaving (nk + 1) closed subintervals of equal length. Quasisymmetrically Moran sets of Hausdorff dimension 1 considered in the paper are more general than uniform Cantor sets in that neither the open subintervals nor the closed subintervals are required to be of equal length.
Structure in Sets with Logarithmic Doubling
Authors: Sanders T.
Published: August 2011

Suppose that G is an abelian group, A ⊂ G is finite with |A + A| ≤ K|A| and η ∊ 2 (0; 1] is a parameter. Our main result is that there is a set L such that

We include an application of this result to a generalisation of the Roth-Meshulam theorem due to Liu and Spencer
Estratégias de crescimento e a governança de redes horizontais de empresas: o caso da maior rede cooperativa de varejo de alimentos na Alemanha
Authors: Wegner Douglas , Padula Antonio Domingos
Published: August 2011

Diversas estratégias de crescimento podem ser adotadas por redes cooperativas do varejo, mas essas estratégias trazem consigo dilemas sobre como organizar redes com muitos participantes equais adaptações são necessárias no sistema de governança para que o crescimento seja viável.O artigo analisa como as estratégias de crescimento adotadas por uma rede horizontal de empresas estão relacionadas com seu sistema de governança. Neste trabalho analisa-se o caso da centenária rede Edeka, líder no varejo de alimentos na Alemanha, suas estratégias de crescimentoe implicações em termos de estrutura. O estudo de caso foi baseadoem dados secundários de diversas fontes e foca a rede – e não as empresas – como unidade de análise. Os resultados apontam que, para crescer, a rede modificou sua estrutura de governança e o processo de participação dos associados na tomada de decisões, criando uma estrutura hierárquica com uma gestão profissional.O artigo contribui para as discussões sobre governança cooperativa, demonstrando que os sistemas de governança são transitórios e adaptam-se às estratégias da rede.  Do ponto de vista gerencial, os resultados demonstram os efeitos das estratégias de crescimento adotados pelas redes de empresas, no que se refere ao papel de gestores de redes e empresários na gestão da rede.
The effect of optically thin cirrus clouds on solar radiation in Camagüey, Cuba
Authors: Barja B. , Antuña J. C.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The effect of optically thin cirrus clouds on solar radiation is analyzed by numerical simulation, using lidar measurements of cirrus conducted at Camagüey, Cuba. Sign and amplitude of the cirrus clouds effect on solar radiation is evaluated. There is a relation between the solar zenith angle and solar cirrus cloud radiative forcing (SCRF) present in the diurnal cycle of the SCRF. Maximums of SCRF out of noon located at the cirrus cloud base height are found for the thin and opaque cirrus clouds. The cirrus clouds optical depth (COD) threshold for having double SCRF maximum out of noon instead of a single one at noon was 0.083. In contrast, the heating rate shows a maximum at noon in the location of cirrus clouds maximum extinction values. Cirrus clouds have a cooling effect in the solar spectrum at the Top of the Atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface (SFC). The daily mean value of SCRF has an average value of −9.1 W m−2 at TOA and −5.6 W m−2 at SFC. The cirrus clouds also have a local heating effect on the atmospheric layer where they are located. Cirrus clouds have mean daily values of heating rates of 0.63 K day−1 with a range between 0.35 K day−1 and 1.24 K day−1. The principal effect is in the near-infrared spectral band of the solar spectrum. There is a linear relation between SCRF and COD, with −30 W m−2 COD−1 and −26 W m−2 COD−1, values for the slopes of the fits at the TOA and SFC, respectively, in the broadband solar spectrum.
Influence of continental advection on aerosol characteristics over Bay of Bengal (BoB) in winter: results from W-ICARB cruise experiment
Authors: Kharol S. K. , Badarinath K. V. S. , Kaskaoutis D. G. , Sharma A. R. , Gharai B.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The transport of aerosols and pollutants from continental India to the adjoining oceanic areas is a major topic of concern and several experimental campaigns have been conducted over the region focusing on aerosol characteristics and their climate implications. The present study analyzes the spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) variations over Bay of Bengal (BoB) during Winter-Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (W-ICARB) from 27 December 2008 to 30 January 2009 and investigates the influence of the adjoining landmass to the marine aerosol field. High AOD500 values (>0.7) occurred over northern BoB due to outflow of aerosols and pollutants from the densely populated Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP); low AOD500 (0.1–0.2) was observed in central and southern BoB, far away from the mainland. The Angstrom exponent "α" was observed to be high (>1.2) near coastal waters, indicating relative abundance of accumulation-mode continental aerosols. On the other hand, over southern BoB its values dropped below ~0.7. National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data on winds at 850 and 700 hPa, along with air-mass trajectories calculated using Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, suggested transport of continental aerosols from central and northern India over the BoB. On the other hand, when the ship was crossing the eastern BoB, the aerosol loading was strongly affected by air-masses originating from Southeast Asia, causing an increase in AOD and α. Biomass-burning episodes over the region played an important role in the observed aerosol properties. Terra/Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD550 and cruise measured AOD550 showed good agreement (R2 = 0.86 and 0.77, respectively) over BoB, exhibiting similar AOD and α spatio-temporal variation.
Sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 and climate to explosive volcanic eruptions
Authors: Frölicher T. L. , Joos F. , Raible C. C.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Impacts of low-latitude, explosive volcanic eruptions on climate and the carbon cycle are quantified by forcing a comprehensive, fully coupled carbon cycle-climate model with pulse-like stratospheric aerosol optical depth changes. The model represents the radiative and dynamical response of the climate system to volcanic eruptions and simulates a decrease of global and regional atmospheric surface temperature, regionally distinct changes in precipitation, a positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, and a decrease in atmospheric CO2 after volcanic eruptions. The volcanic-induced cooling reduces overturning rates in tropical soils, which dominates over reduced litter input due to soil moisture decrease, resulting in higher land carbon inventories for several decades. The perturbation in the ocean carbon inventory changes sign from an initial weak carbon sink to a carbon source. Positive carbon and negative temperature anomalies in subsurface waters last up to several decades. The multi-decadal decrease in atmospheric CO2 yields a small additional radiative forcing that amplifies the cooling and perturbs the Earth System on longer time scales than the atmospheric residence time of volcanic aerosols. In addition, century-scale global warming simulations with and without volcanic eruptions over the historical period show that the ocean integrates volcanic radiative cooling and responds for different physical and biogeochemical parameters such as steric sea level or dissolved oxygen. Results from a suite of sensitivity simulations with different magnitudes of stratospheric aerosol optical depth changes and from global warming simulations show that the carbon cycle-climate sensitivity γ, expressed as change in atmospheric CO2 per unit change in global mean surface temperature, depends on the magnitude and temporal evolution of the perturbation, and time scale of interest. On decadal time scales, modeled γ is several times larger for a Pinatubo-like eruption than for the industrial period and for a high emission, 21st century scenario.
Carbon and nitrogen isotope variations in the water column of Lake Bled (NW Slovenia)
Authors: Bratkič A. , Šturm M. , Faganeli J. , Ogrinc N.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The variability in the stable isotope signature of carbon and nitrogen in particulate organic matter and dissolved species in the water column of the mesotrophic subalpine Lake Bled in NW Slovenia has been determined. After the algae bloom from August to December in 2008, samples were taken from the deepest part of the lake which develops an anoxic hypolimnion for most of the year. C/N ratios and δ13CPOC and δ15NPN values suggest an autochthonous source for particulate organic matter (POM). According to the isotope model, autochthonous carbon accounted for a major part of the particulate organic carbon (POC), ranging from 0.86 to 0.96 in September and October, while in December the proportion of allochthonous carbon was more pronounced, ranging from 0.57 to 0.59. Low δ13CPOC and δ15NPN values (from −36 to −33 ‰ and from 0.8 to 1.8 ‰), observed below 24 m in August and September, indicate the bacterial origin of POM, mainly from methanotrophic bacteria. δ15NNO3 and δ15NPN values decreased with depth. The relations between δ15NPN and NO3− and NH4+ concentrations suggest that NH4+ is the main assimilation species for nitrogen in POM. Nitrification was active between 12 and 18 m deep in September and October, indicated by increased NO3− concentrations and decreased δ15NNO3 values. The correlation between nitrate concentrations and δ15NNO3 values suggests active water column denitrification in October 2008. The decrease in δ15NNO3 values observed in December could be explained by degradation of organic matter, followed by nitrification of the degradation products. During our sampling period, there was no evident influence of sewage, agriculture, or atmospheric deposition on the nitrogen balance in the lake.
A global coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian model and 1 × 1 km CO2 surface flux dataset for high-resolution atmospheric CO2 transport simulations
Authors: Ganshin A. , Oda T. , Saito M. , Maksyutov S. , Valsala V. , Andres R. J. , Fischer R. , Lowry D. , Lukyanov A. , Matsueda H. , Nisbet E. G. , Rigby M. , Sawa Y. , Toumi R. , Tsuboi K. , Varlagin A. , Zhuravlev R.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. We designed a method to simulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations at several continuous observation sites around the globe using surface fluxes at a very high spatial resolution. The simulations presented in this study were performed using a Lagrangian particle dispersion model coupled to a global atmospheric tracer transport model with prescribed global surface CO2 flux maps at a 1 × 1 km resolution. The surface fluxes used in the simulations were prepared by assembling the individual components of terrestrial, oceanic and fossil fuel CO2 fluxes. This experimental setup (i.e., a transport model running at a medium resolution, coupled to a high-resolution Lagrangian particle dispersion model together with global surface fluxes at a very high resolution), which was designed to represent high-frequency variations in atmospheric CO2 concentration, has not been reported at a global scale previously. Two sensitivity experiments were performed: (a) using the global transport model without coupling to the Lagrangian dispersion model, and (b) using the coupled model with a reduced resolution of surface fluxes, in order to evaluate the performance of Eulerian-Lagrangian coupling and the role of high-resolution fluxes in simulating high-frequency variations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A correlation analysis between observed and simulated atmospheric CO2 concentrations at selected locations revealed that the inclusion of both Eulerian-Lagrangian coupling and high-resolution fluxes improves the high-frequency simulations of the model. The results highlight the potential of a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian model in simulating high-frequency atmospheric CO2 concentrations at many locations worldwide. The model performs well in representing observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations at high spatial and temporal resolutions, especially for coastal sites and sites located close to sources of large anthropogenic emissions. While this study focused on simulations of CO2 concentrations, the model could be used for other atmospheric compounds with known estimated emissions.
Improving pan-European hydrological simulation of extreme events through statistical bias correction of RCM-driven climate simulations
Authors: Rojas R. , Feyen L. , Dosio A. , Bavera D.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. In this work we asses the benefits of removing bias in climate forcing data used for hydrological climate change impact assessment at pan-European scale, with emphasis on floods. Climate simulations from the HIRHAM5-ECHAM5 model driven by the SRES-A1B emission scenario are corrected for bias using a histogram equalization method. As target for the bias correction we employ gridded interpolated observations of precipitation, average, minimum, and maximum temperature from the E-OBS data set. Bias removal transfer functions are derived for the control period 1961–1990. These are subsequently used to correct the climate simulations for the control period, and, under the assumption of a stationary error model, for the future time window 2071–2100. Validation against E-OBS climatology in the control period shows that the correction method performs successfully in removing bias in average and extreme statistics relevant for flood simulation over the majority of the European domain in all seasons. This translates into considerably improved simulations with the hydrological model of observed average and extreme river discharges at a majority of 554 validation river stations across Europe. Probabilities of extreme events derived employing extreme value techniques are also more closely reproduced. Results indicate that projections of future flood hazard in Europe based on uncorrected climate simulations, both in terms of their magnitude and recurrence interval, are likely subject to large errors. Notwithstanding the inherent limitations of the large-scale approach used herein, this study strongly advocates the removal of bias in climate simulations prior to their use in hydrological impact assessment.
An assessment of uncertainties in using volume-area modelling for computing the twenty-first century glacier contribution to sea-level change
Authors: Slangen A. B. A. , van de Wal R. S. W.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. A large part of present-day sea-level change is formed by the melt of glaciers and ice caps (GIC). This study focuses on the uncertainties in the calculation of the GIC contribution on a century timescale. The model used is based on volume-area scaling, combined with the mass balance sensitivity of the GIC. We assess different aspects that contribute to the uncertainty in the prediction of the contribution of GIC to future sea-level rise, such as (1) the volume-area scaling method (scaling factor), (2) the glacier data, (3) the climate models, and (4) the emission scenario. Additionally, a comparison of the model results to the 20th century GIC contribution is presented. We find that small variations in the scaling factor cause significant variations in the initial volume of the glaciers, but only limited variations in the glacier volume change. If two existing glacier inventories are tuned such that the initial volume is the same, the GIC sea-level contribution over 100 yr differs by 0.027 m or 18 %. It appears that the mass balance sensitivity is also important: variations of 20 % in the mass balance sensitivity have an impact of 17 % on the resulting sea-level projections. Another important factor is the choice of the climate model, as the GIC contribution to sea-level change largely depends on the temperature and precipitation taken from climate models. Connected to this is the choice of emission scenario, used to drive the climate models. Combining all the uncertainties examined in this study leads to a total uncertainty of 0.052 m or 35 % in the GIC contribution to global mean sea level. Reducing the variance in the climate models and improving the glacier inventories will significantly reduce the uncertainty in calculating the GIC contributions, and are therefore crucial actions to improve future sea-level projections.
Sulfuric acid controlled oxidative degradation of azure B and thionine dyes by cerium(IV)
Authors: Katafias Anna , Fenska Joanna
Published: August 2011

Azure B (AB) and thionine (TH) cationic phenothiazyne dyes undergo an oxidative degradation by cerium(IV) in sulfuric acid media. TLC analysis of the reaction mixture containing an excess of the oxidant has shown the presence of thionine and/or methylene violet (Bernthsen) and other unidentified species. The kinetics of (i) two AB oxidation steps, namely the formation of a colored radical and its further decomposition, and (ii) the TH disappearance was studied using visible absorption spectroscopy combined with a stopped‐flow method. Generation of the AB radical was confirmed by continuous flow electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The reactions are first order in the total dye concentration, [S]. The kinetics of the studied systems is described by a common general rate law:

equation image

The reactivity of the reductants in their protonated and unprotonated forms is expressed by products of preequilibrium constants and electron transfer (within encounter complex) rate constants. The mechanism of the overall process is discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 523–536, 2011
Kinetic study of the reaction of OH with CH3I revisited
Authors: Zhang Shaoliang , Strekowski Rafal S. , Bosland Loïc , Monod Anne , Zetzsch Cornelius
Published: August 2011

A flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique has been employed to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of OH(X2Π) radicals with CH3I over the temperature and pressure ranges 295–390 K and 82–303 Torr of He, respectively. The experiments involved time‐resolved RF detection of the OH (A2Σ+ → X2Π transition at λ = 308 nm) following FP of H2O/CH3I/He mixtures. The OH(X2Π) radicals were produced by FP of H2O in the vacuum‐UV at wavelengths λ > 115 nm using a commercial Perkin‐Elmer Xe flash lamp. Decays of OH in the presence of CH3I are observed to be exponential, and the decay rates are found to be linearly dependent on the CH3I concentration. The measured rate coefficients for the reaction of OH with CH3I are described by the Arrhenius expression kOH+CH3I = (4.1 ± 2.2) × 10−12 exp [(−1240 ± 200)K/T] cm3 molecule−1s−1. The implications of the reported kinetic results for understanding the CH3I chemistry of both atmospheric and nuclear industry interests are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 547–556, 2011
Hearing loss in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis II: Data from HOS – the Hunter Outcome Survey
Authors: Keilmann Annerose , Nakarat Todsaporn , Bruce Iain A. , Molter David , Malm Gunilla ,   on behalf of the HOS Investigators
Published: August 2011

Background

Subjectively reported hearing loss is a common feature of mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome). This study provides an epidemiological description of hearing loss and other otolaryngological manifestations reported by patients registered in the Hunter Outcome Survey (HOS), an international registry of patients with MPS II.

Methods

Data about ear signs and symptoms were available for 554 of the 605 patients alive at HOS entry. The degree of hearing loss for 162 pure‐tone audiograms (PTAs) from 83 patients was classified by independent interpreters using both the age‐specific International Institute of Standardization (ISO) 7029 standard and the age‐independent World Health Organization (WHO) clinical guidelines. A linear regression analysis using cross‐sectional data was conducted to investigate the relationship between hearing loss and age.

Results

The most prevalent otolaryngological manifestations and interventions reported were otitis (either acute otitis media or chronic otitis media [72%]), hearing loss (67%), insertion of ventilation tubes (50%), adenoidectomy (47%), and hearing aids (41%). According to the ISO standard, only one patient out of the 83 with audiogram data in HOS had normal hearing in both ears at all time points. According to the WHO classification, 16% had normal hearing; hearing loss was mild in 24%, moderate in 31%, severe in 22%, and profound in 7%. In the linear regression analysis, the hearing threshold in the cohort increased with age at an estimated rate of approximately 1 dB per year.

Conclusions

Hearing impairment is common in MPS II. Early otolaryngological evaluation and intervention is recommended.
The role of depressive symptoms, family invalidation and behavioral impulsivity in the occurrence and repetition of non‐suicidal self‐injury in Chinese adolescents: A 2‐year follow‐up study
Authors: You Jianing , Leung Freedom
Published: August 2011

This study used zero‐inflated poisson regression analysis to examine the role of depressive symptoms, family invalidation, and behavioral impulsivity in the occurrence and repetition of non‐suicidal self‐injury among Chinese community adolescents over a 2‐year period. Participants, 4782 high school students, were assessed twice during the follow‐up period. Results indicate that while Year 1 depressive symptoms and family invalidation were significantly associated with the occurrence of Year 2 NSSI, Year 1 behavioral impulsivity contributed to both the occurrence and repetition of Year 2 NSSI. Findings of this study suggest that adolescents who display multiple impulsive behaviors may be at particular risk for engaging in repetitive NSSI. Clinical implications of these findings and future research directions were discussed.
Promoting myelin repair and return of function in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Zhang Jingya , Kramer Elisabeth G. , Asp Linnea , Dutta Dipankar J. , Navrazhina Kristina , Pham Trinh , Mariani John N. , Argaw Azeb Tadesse , Melendez-Vasquez Carmen V. , John Gareth R.
Published: August 2011

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Conduction block in demyelinated axons underlies early neurological symptoms, but axonal transection and neuronal loss are believed to be responsible for more permanent chronic deficits. Several therapies are approved for treatment of relapsing‐remitting MS, all of which are immunoregulatory and clinically proven to reduce the rate of lesion formation and exacerbation. However, existing approaches are only partially effective in preventing the onset of disability in MS patients, and novel treatments to protect myelin‐producing oligodendrocytes and enhance myelin repair may improve long‐term outcomes. Studies in vivo in genetically modified mice have assisted in the characterization of mechanisms underlying the generation of neuropathology in MS patients, and have identified potential avenues for oligodendrocyte protection and myelin repair. However, no treatments are yet approved that target these areas directly, and in addition, the relationship between demyelination and axonal transection in the lesions of the disease remains unclear. Here, we review translational research targeting oligodendrocyte protection and myelin repair in models of autoimmune demyelination, and their potential relevance as therapies in MS.
Concordance between personality disorder assessment methods
Authors: Nestadt G. , Di C. , Samuels J. F. , Cheng Y.-J. , Bienvenu O. J. , Reti I. M. , Costa P. , Eaton W. W. , Bandeen-Roche K.
Published: August 2011

Background

Studies have criticized the low level of agreement between the various methods of personality disorder (PD) assessment. This is an important issue for research and clinical purposes.

Method

Seven hundred and forty-two participants in the Hopkins Epidemiology of Personality Disorders Study (HEPS) were assessed on two occasions using the Personality Disorder Schedule (PDS) and the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE). The concordance between the two diagnostic methods for all DSM-IV PDs was assessed using standard methods and also two item response analytic approaches designed to take account of measurement error: a latent trait-based approach and a generalized estimating equations (GEE)-based approach, with post-hoc adjustment.

Results

Raw criteria counts, using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), κ and odds ratio (OR), showed poor concordance. The more refined statistical methods showed a moderate to moderately high level of concordance between the methods for most PDs studied. Overall, the PDS produced lower prevalences of traits but higher precision of measurement than the IPDE. Specific criteria within each PD showed varying endorsement thresholds and precision for ascertaining the disorder.

Conclusions

Concordance in the raw measurement of the individual PD criteria between the two clinical methods is lacking. However, based on two statistical methods that adjust for differential endorsement thresholds and measurement error in the assessments, we deduce that the PD constructs themselves can be measured with a moderate degree of confidence regardless of the clinical approach used. This may suggest that the individual criteria for each PD are, in and of themselves, less specific for diagnosis, but as a group the criteria for each PD usefully identify specific PD constructs.
Do home-based exercise interventions improve outcomes for frail older people? Findings from a systematic review
Authors: Clegg Andrew P , Barber Sally E , Young John B , Forster Anne , Iliffe Steve J
Published: August 2011

Frailty is common in older age, and is associated with important adverse health outcomes, including increased risk of disability and long-term care admission.

This study aims to evaluate whether home-based exercise interventions improve outcomes for frail older people.

We searched systematically for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs, with literature searching to February 2010.

All trials that evaluated home-based exercise interventions for frail older people were eligible. Primary outcomes were mobility, quality of life and daily living activities. Secondary outcomes included long-term care admission and hospitalization.

Six RCTs involving 987 participants met the inclusion criteria. Four trials were considered of high quality. One high-quality trial reported improved disability in those with moderate but not severe frailty. Meta-analysis of long-term care admission rates identified a trend towards reduced risk. Inconsistent effects on other primary and secondary outcomes were reported in the other studies.

There is preliminary evidence that home-based exercise interventions may improve disability in older people with moderate, but not severe, frailty. There is considerable uncertainty regarding effects on important outcomes including quality of life and long-term care admission. Home-based exercises are a potentially simple, safe and widely applicable intervention to prevent dependency decline for frail older people.
Endometrial recurrence in the proximal vagina: brachytherapy volume delineation with 18FDG PET-CT
Authors: Wickers Sairanne , Gill Eleanor , Sullivan Tracy , Rhodes Claire , Sullivan Kevin , Blackman Glen
Published: August 2011

Background: Endometrial cancer vaginal recurrence in a patient deemed unsuitable for EBRT. Brachytherapy proposed although standard image-guidance insufficient.

Proposed Solution: PET-CT image-guidance.

Results: PET-CT acquired with brachytherapy applicator in situ. BTV delineated by the Nuclear Medicine physician. All subsequent volumes delineated by the Clinical Oncologist. 2 phase plan delivered with minimal toxicity.
SUMO2/3 Conjugation is an Endogenous Neuroprotective Mechanism
Authors: Datwyler Anna Lena , Lättig-Tünnemann Gisela , Yang Wei , Paschen Wulf , Lee Sabrina Lin Lin , Dirnagl Ulrich , Endres Matthias , Harms Christoph
Published: August 2011

Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)2/3 but not SUMO1 conjugation is activated after transient cerebral ischemia. To investigate its function, we blocked neuronal SUMO2/3 translation through lentiviral microRNA delivery in primary cortical neurons. Viability was unaffected by SUMO2/3 silencing unless neurons were stressed by transient oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD). Both 15 and 45 minutes of OGD were tolerated by control microRNA-expressing neurons but damaged >60% of neurons expressing SUMO2/3 microRNA. Damaging OGD (75 minutes) increased neuronal loss to 54% (control microRNA) and to 99% (SUMO2/3 microRNA). This suggests that activation of SUMO2/3 conjugation is an endogenous neuroprotective stress response.
Characteristics of microinstabilities in electron cyclotron and ohmic heated discharges
Authors: Pusztai I. , Moradi S. , Fülöp T. , Timchenko N.
Published: August 2011

Characteristics of microinstabilities in electron cyclotron (EC) and ohmic heated (OH) discharges in the T10 tokamak have been analyzed by linear electrostatic gyrokinetic simulations with gyro [J. Candy and R. E. Waltz, J. Comput. Phys. 186, 545 (2003)] aiming to find insights into the effect of auxiliary heating on the transport. Trapped electron modes are found to be unstable in both OH and the EC heated scenarios. In the OH case the main drive is from the density gradient and in the EC case from the electron temperature gradient. The growth rates and particle fluxes exhibit qualitatively different scaling with the electron-to-ion temperature ratios in the two cases. This is mainly due to the fact that the dominant drives and the collisionalities are different. The inward flow velocity of impurities and the impurity diffusion coefficient decreases when applying EC heating, which leads to lower impurity peaking, consistently with experimental observations.
Hypergeometric solutions to Schrödinger equations for the quantum Painlevé equations
Authors: Nagoya H.
Published: August 2011

We consider Schrödinger equations for the quantum Painlevé equations. We present hypergeometric solutions of the Schrödinger equations for the quantum Painlevé equations, as particular solutions. We also give a representation theoretic correspondence between Hamiltonians of the Schrödinger equations for the quantum Painlevé equations and those of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov (KZ) equation or the confluent KZ equations.
Magneto-transport properties of exfoliated graphene on GaAs
Authors: Woszczyna Mirosław , Friedemann Miriam , Pierz Klaus , Weimann Thomas , Ahlers Franz J.
Published: August 2011

We studied the magneto-transport properties of graphene prepared by exfoliation on a III–V semiconductor substrate. Tuneability of the carrier density of graphene was achieved by using a doped GaAs substrate as a back-gate. A GaAs/AlAs multilayer, designed to render the exfoliated graphene flakes visible, also provides the required back-gate insulation. Good tuneability of the graphene carrier density is obtained, and the typical Dirac resistance characteristic is observed despite the limited height of the multilayer barrier as compared to the usual SiO2 oxide barrier on doped silicon. In a magnetic field, weak localization effects as well as the quantum Hall effect of a graphene monolayer are studied.
Distributed non-equilibrium Green’s function algorithms for the simulation of nanoelectronic devices with scattering
Authors: Cauley Stephen , Luisier Mathieu , Balakrishnan Venkataramanan , Klimeck Gerhard , Koh Cheng-Kok
Published: August 2011

Through the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism, quantum-scale device simulation can be performed with the inclusion of electron-phonon scattering. However, the simulation of realistically sized devices under the NEGF formalism typically requires prohibitive amounts of memory and computation time. Two of the most demanding computational problems for NEGF simulation involve mathematical operations with structured matrices called semiseparable matrices. In this work, we present parallel approaches for these computational problems which allow for efficient distribution of both memory and computation based upon the underlying device structure. This is critical when simulating realistically sized devices due to the aforementioned computational burdens. First, we consider determining a distributed compact representation for the retarded Green’s function matrix GR. This compact representation is exact and allows for any entry in the matrix to be generated through the inherent semiseparable structure. The second parallel operation allows for the computation of electron density and current characteristics for the device. Specifically, matrix products between the distributed representation for the semiseparable matrix GR and the self-energy scattering terms in Σ< produce the less-than Green’s function G<. As an illustration of the computational efficiency of our approach, we stably generate the mobility for nanowires with cross-sectional sizes as large as 4.5 nm, assuming an atomistic model with scattering.
Effects of barrier composition and electroplating chemistry on adhesion and voiding in copper/dielectric diffusion barrier films
Authors: Birringer Ryan P. , Shaviv Roey , Geiss Roy H. , Read David T. , Dauskardt Reinhold H.
Published: August 2011

The effects of electroplating chemistry and dielectric diffusion barrier composition on copper voiding and barrier adhesion are reported. Adhesion was quantified using the four-point bend thin film adhesion technique, and voiding in the Cu films was quantified using scanning electron microscopy. A total of 12 different film stacks were investigated, including three different Cu electroplating chemistries and four different barrier materials (SiN, N-doped SiC, O-doped SiC, and dual-layer SiC). Both plating chemistry and barrier composition have a large effect on interface adhesion and voiding in the Cu film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate the segregation of Cu electroplating impurities, such as S and Cl, to the Cu/barrier interface. Secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to quantify oxygen content at the Cu/barrier interface in a subset of samples. This interface oxygen content is correlated with measured adhesion values.
Direct observation of oil displacement by water flowing toward an oil nanogap
Authors: Xiao Huaping , Guo Dan , Liu Shuhai , Xie Guoxin , Pan Guoshun , Lu Xinchun , Luo Jianbin
Published: August 2011

A fluorescence microscope and a light microscope were employed to observe the phenomenon of water flowing toward an oil nanogap between two solid surfaces. It was found that water was able to displace hexadecane in the nanogap confinement, which contradicted previous viewpoints. An increase in water flow speed contributed to entrainment of water into the contact region, due to inadequate oil supply. Surface energy was found to be another factor that influenced the displacement phenomenon. It was easier for water to enter the contact region on the surface with a greater surface energy, since less energy is required to separate the contact of hexadecane and solid surface and to form water’s own contact.