bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Picture Labeling on Science Text Processing and Learning: Evidence From Eye Movements
Authors: Mason Lucia , Pluchino Patrik , Tornatora Maria Caterina
Published: April 2013

This study investigated the effects of reading a science text illustrated by either a labeled or unlabeled picture. Both the online process of reading the text and the offline conceptual learning from the text were examined. Eye‐tracking methodology was used to trace text and picture processing through indexes of first‐ and second‐pass reading or inspection. Fifty‐six sixth graders were randomly assigned to one of three reading conditions (text with a labeled illustration, text with an unlabeled illustration, or text only) in a pretest, immediate posttest, and delayed posttest design. Results showed no differences for factual knowledge as a function of reading condition. However, for the transfer of knowledge at both posttests, readers of the text with the labeled illustration outperformed readers in the other two conditions, who did not differentiate from each other. Eye‐fixation data showed that the labeled illustration promoted more integrative processing of the learning material, as revealed by the time spent refixating text segments while reinspecting the illustration. In addition, relations emerged between the indexes of integration of text and picture during online processing and the offline measures of factual knowledge and transfer of knowledge. Overall, in accordance with the theoretical assumptions of the multimedia principle, the study underlines the crucial role of integrative processing of words and graphics to sustain learning from illustrated text. Moreover, the study indicates that this integrative processing can be effectively supported by appropriate visual signaling.
A Spectrographically Grounded Scale for Evaluating Reading Expressiveness
Authors: Benjamin Rebekah George , Schwanenflugel Paula J. , Meisinger Elizabeth B. , Groff Carolyn , Kuhn Melanie R. , Steiner Lilly
Published: April 2013

This study evaluated the validity of a new scale for assessing children's reading fluency skill called the Comprehensive Oral Reading Fluency Scale (CORFS). TheCORFSconsists of two subscales that capture key elements of the Kuhn, Schwanenflugel, and Meisinger (2010) definition of reading fluency: reading expression, reading rate, and accuracy. In study 1, the reading expression subscale was developed by examining spectrographically measured prosodic differences in the oral readings of children with varying fluency skill. Three experts independently rated the oral readings of 59 second‐grade children using theCORFS. Intraclass correlations among raters were strong for both reading expression, and reading rate and accuracy. Expression ratings correlated with all but one spectrographic indicator of reading prosody and highly with standardized assessments of reading fluency and comprehension. In study 2, the structure of the scale was replicated using spectrographic measures of the oral readings of 60 third‐grade children reading two new texts. Two experts independently rated these oral readings using a final version of the scale. Results were comparable to those of study 1. Together, these results support the validity of theCORFSas an assessment of reading fluency.
Reading Comprehension and Working Memory's Executive Processes: An Intervention Study in Primary School Students
Authors: García‐Madruga Juan A. , Elosúa María Rosa , Gil Laura , Gómez‐Veiga Isabel , Vila José Óscar , Orjales Isabel , Contreras Antonio , Rodríguez Raquel , Melero María Ángeles , Duque Gonzalo
Published: April 2013

Reading comprehension is a highly demanding task that involves the simultaneous process of extracting and constructing meaning in which working memory's executive processes play a crucial role. In this article, a training program on working memory's executive processes to improve reading comprehension is presented and empirically tested in two experiments with third‐grade primary school students. Experiment 1 showed a greater gain after training the experimental group in contrast to the control group in reading comprehension and intelligence. In experiment 2, we focused on the training processes and compared training results of high and low pretest reading comprehension groups. Results confirmed the increase in reading comprehension, intelligence, and executive processes and showed that the low group reached a greater gain in reading comprehension after training than the high group did. The results of these experiments and their limitations are discussed in the context of recent theories on the role of executive processes in reading comprehension and the possibility of training working memory and intelligence.
Effects of a Response‐Based, Tiered Framework for Intervening With Struggling Readers in Middle School
Authors: Roberts Greg , Vaughn Sharon , Fletcher Jack , Stuebing Karla , Barth Amy
Published: April 2013

This study addressed the effects of multiyear, response‐based, tiered intervention for struggling readers in grades 6–8. A sample of 768 sixth‐grade students with reading difficulties was randomized to a response‐based, tiered‐intervention condition or “business as usual,” and initial treatment status was maintained over the three‐year study. To estimate the effect of treatment and to address questions about the acceleration of learning, a multiple‐indicator, multilevel growth model was fit, representing the likely trajectories of the group of students originally randomized (in the fall of sixth grade) to treatment. Three‐year trajectories were fit, with the results representing likely multiyear trends for the three groups. Treatment students, on average, outperformed business‐as‐usual students. The effect size based on the multiple‐indicator, multilevel model was .26. Treated students also outperformed the group of typical readers when achievement was characterized in terms of slope over time. However, a sizable gap remained between treated and typical students in the spring of eighth grade.
The number of Sidon sets and the maximum size of Sidon sets contained in a sparse random set of integers
Authors: Kohayakawa Yoshiharu , Lee Sang June , Rödl Vojtěch , Samotij Wojciech
Published: April 2013

A set A of non‐negative integers is called a Sidon set if all the sums , with and a1, , are distinct. A well‐known problem on Sidon sets is the determination of the maximum possible size F(n) of a Sidon subset of . Results of Chowla, Erdős, Singer and Turán from the 1940s give that . We study Sidon subsets of sparse random sets of integers, replacing the ‘dense environment’ by a sparse, random subset R of , and ask how large a subset can be, if we require that S should be a Sidon set. Let be a random subset of of cardinality , with all the subsets of equiprobable. We investigate the random variable , where the maximum is taken over all Sidon subsets , and obtain quite precise information on for the whole range of m, as illustrated by the following abridged version of our results. Let be a fixed constant and suppose . We show that there is a constant such that, almost surely, we have . As it turns out, the function is a continuous, piecewise linear function of a that is non‐differentiable at two ‘critical’ points: a = 1/3 and a = 2/3. Somewhat surprisingly, between those two points, the function is constant.

Our approach is based on estimating the number of Sidon sets of a given cardinality contained in [n]. Our estimates also directly address a problem raised by Cameron and Erdős (On the number of sets of integers with various properties, Number theory (Banff, AB, 1988), de Gruyter, Berlin, 1990, pp. 61–79). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 46, 1–25, 2015
A novel approach to detection of mobile rogue access points
Authors: Kim Iluk , Seo Jungtaek , Shon Taeshik , Moon Jongsub
Published: April 2013

Rogue access points (APs) have been used in several attacks such as packet sniffing and man‐in‐the‐middle attacks. It is becoming a serious security threat to users in public and enterprise networks. Moreover, it is easy to install malicious APs using mobile devices and networks, and existing solutions do not effectively detect these rogue APs. In this paper, we propose a method to detect rogue APs over mobile networks using round‐trip time measurements, without relying on information from authorized lists of APs or users. Through experiments, we proved that our proposed method could detect rogue APs successfully. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using surrogate biomarkers to improve measurement error models in nutritional epidemiology
Authors: Keogh Ruth H. , White Ian R. , Rodwell Sheila A.
Published: April 2013

Nutritional epidemiology relies largely on self‐reported measures of dietary intake, errors in which give biased estimated diet–disease associations. Self‐reported measurements come from questionnaires and food records. Unbiased biomarkers are scarce; however, surrogate biomarkers, which are correlated with intake but not unbiased, can also be useful. It is important to quantify and correct for the effects of measurement error on diet–disease associations. Challenges arise because there is no gold standard, and errors in self‐reported measurements are correlated with true intake and each other. We describe an extended model for error in questionnaire, food record, and surrogate biomarker measurements. The focus is on estimating the degree of bias in estimated diet–disease associations due to measurement error. In particular, we propose using sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of changes in values of model parameters which are usually assumed fixed. The methods are motivated by and applied to measures of fruit and vegetable intake from questionnaires, 7‐day diet diaries, and surrogate biomarker (plasma vitamin C) from over 25000 participants in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Our results show that the estimated effects of error in self‐reported measurements are highly sensitive to model assumptions, resulting in anything from a large attenuation to a small amplification in the diet–disease association. Commonly made assumptions could result in a large overcorrection for the effects of measurement error. Increased understanding of relationships between potential surrogate biomarkers and true dietary intake is essential for obtaining good estimates of the effects of measurement error in self‐reported measurements on observed diet–disease associations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Many Iterations are Sufficient for Efficient Semiparametric Estimation?
Authors: CHENG GUANG
Published: April 2013

Abstract. A common practice in obtaining an efficient semiparametric estimate is through iteratively maximizing the (penalized) full log‐likelihood w.r.t. its Euclidean parameter and functional nuisance parameter. A rigorous theoretical study of this semiparametric iterative estimation approach is the main purpose of this study. We first show that the grid search algorithm produces an initial estimate with the proper convergence rate. Our second contribution is to provide a formula in calculating the minimal number of iterationsk*needed to produce an efficient estimate. We discover that (i)k*depends on the convergence rates of the initial estimate and the nuisance functional estimate, and (ii)k*iterations are also sufficient for recovering the estimation sparsity in high dimensional data. The last contribution is the novel construction ofwhich does not require knowing the explicit expression of the efficient score function. The above general conclusions apply to semiparametric models estimated under various regularizations, for example, kernel or penalized estimation. As far as we are aware, this study provides a first general theoretical justification for the ‘one‐/two‐step iteration’ phenomena observed in the semiparametric literature.
Ermüdungsfestigkeitsnachweise für den Kranbau nach verschiedenen Regelwerken
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Eichler Björn , Schaffrath Simon , Stötzel Jörg
Published: April 2013

Derzeit werden die Nachweise gegen Werkstoffermüdung in der Regel auf Grundlage von Nennspannungen mit zulässigen Spannungsschwingbreiten geführt, welche dann den in Wöhlerversuchen ermittelten Schädigungslinien gegenübergestellt werden. Die in den einschlägigen Normenwerken enthaltenden Kerbfallkataloge beruhen jedoch auf unterschiedlichen Sicherheitsbetrachtungen, so dass die ausgewiesenen Ermüdungsfestigkeiten der einzelnen Regelwerke nicht ohne weiteres vergleichbar sind. Am Beispiel der für den bauaufsichtlichen Bereich gültigen Normen (Eurocode 3, DIN 4132) und der maschinenbauspezifischen Normen (DIN 15018‐1, DIN EN 13001‐3‐1, FEM 1.001) werden die Grundprinzipien dieser Regelwerke gegenübergestellt und wesentliche Unterschiede aufgezeigt. Insbesondere ist hier die Sonderstellung der unlängst zurückgezogenen DIN 15018‐1 zu erwähnen, die zum einen maximal zulässige Spannungen und keine Doppelamplituden im Nachweisformat berücksichtigt und bei der die Ermüdungsbemessung unter expliziter Berücksichtigung der Mittelspannung durchgeführt wird. Die im Maschinenbau häufig herangezogenen Richtlinien des International Institute of Welding (IIW) und des Forschungskuratorium Maschinenbau e. V. (FKM) sind ebenfalls Gegenstand dieser Betrachtung.

Fatigue assessment in crane construction according to various design standards. Currently, material fatigue assessment is based on nominal stresses using allowable stress ranges that are compared to damage lines that are determined by Wöhler fatigue tests. However, the detail categories of the various standards are based on different safety approaches. Thus the corresponding fatigue strength classes of the different rules are not fully comparable. Based on the standards related to the building authorities (Eurocode 3, DIN 4132) and the mechanical engineering specific standards (DIN 15018‐1, DIN EN 13001‐3‐1, FEM 1.001) the basic principles of these rules are demonstrated and relevant differences are pointed out. Note the exceptional position of the recently withdrawn DIN 15018‐1 that uses maximal allowable stresses and no double amplitudes in the verification concept and where the fatigue assessment is carried out by considering mean stresses explicitly. The guidelines of the IIW and the FKM, also frequently used in mechanical engineering, are covered in this reflection as well.
Die Anwendung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau
Authors: Ummenhofer, Thomas , Spannaus Max , Steidl Gerhard , Hölbling Wolfram , Di Rosa Vanessa
Published: April 2013

Durch die Verwendung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle können bei geeigneten Randbedingungen erhebliche finanzielle Vorteile und umweltschonende Effekte erzielt werden. Derzeit stehen Feinkornbaustähle mit Streckgrenzen bis etwa 1300 MPa zur Verfügung, die im Stahlbau mit den bewährten Vorgehen bei Bemessung und Verarbeitung, beim Betrieb und Rückbau sowie beim Recycling wirtschaftlich eingesetzt werden können. Sie eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung hoch beanspruchbarer Strukturen mit relativ geringem Gewicht. Tragwerke aus Stahl mit Streckgrenzen bis 700 MPa können auf der Grundlage des Eurocode 3 (EN 1993‐1 und EN 1090) definierten Stand der Technik genutzt werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden neben typischen Anwendungsbeispielen Hinweise zur Anwendung der hochfesten Feinkornbaustähle und Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte aufgezeigt.

The application of fine‐grained structural steels in civil engineering. Substantially financial benefits and environmentally friendly effects can be achieved when using high‐strength fine‐grained structural steels in an appropriate constructive design. In steel construction, fine‐grained structural steels with yield strength up to 1300 MPa are presently available, that can be used with the traditional methods of steel construction for assessment, processing, operation, deconstruction and disposal. They open up new possibilities to manufacture extremely stress‐resistant structures with a comparatively low weight. Steel structures with yield strength up to 700 MPa can be used on the basis of the current state of the art as described in the national technical approvals of Eurocode 3 (EN 1993‐1 and EN 1090) through building control authorities. In addition to some typical examples of application, considerations for the application of extremely stress‐resistant fine‐grained structural steels and aspects of sustainability will be shown.
Erhöhung der Lebensdauer geschweißter Bauteile durch Einsatz höherfrequenter Hämmerverfahren
Authors: Telljohann Gerd , Grave Markus , Neher Michael
Published: April 2013

Die Lebensdauerverlängerung bestehender Stahlkonstruktionen sowie die Entwicklung gewichtsoptimierter Neukonstruktionen gewinnen ökonomisch und ökologisch zunehmend an Bedeutung. Unter Ermüdungsbeanspruchung wird die Betriebsfestigkeit und Lebensdauer geschweißter Stahlkonstruktionen in vielen Fällen durch die Schweißnähte limitiert. Die gezielte Nachbehandlung der Übergänge durch Schleifen, Strahlen oder Hämmern kann die Lebensdauer oftmals erheblich steigern. Wie eine Vielzahl von aktuellen nationalen und internationalen Forschungsergebnissen ([1] bis [16]) und Anwendungsfälle in der Praxis zeigen, stellen Schweißnahtnachbehandlungen mittels hochfrequentem Hämmern eine geeignete Maßnahme zur Verlängerung der Restlebensdauer bestehender Anlagen sowie zur Steigerung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit neuer Konstruktionen dar. Das High‐Frequency‐Impact‐Treatment (HiFIT)‐Verfahren ist ein solches hochfrequentes Hämmerverfahren.

Increase of the fatigue life of welded components by application of high frequency peening procedures. The extension of fatigue life of existing steel structures as well as the development of weight‐optimized designs of new structures gain in importance with regard to economy and ecology. In many cases, the strength and lifetime of steel structures is limited by the welds under fatigue stress. The systematic post‐weld‐treatment of the transitions by grinding, blasting or peening is sufficient to improve the fatigue lifetime significantly. As multiple results of national and international researches ([1] to [16]) and applications in practice show, post‐weld‐treatment using high frequency peening is a sufficient method to rise the lifetime of existing constructions and to increase the fatigue strength of new designs. The High‐Frequency‐Impact‐Treatment‐Procedure briefly HiFIT‐Method is such a high frequency peening procedure.
Test and finite element analysis of gusset plate anchorage for cable‐stayed bridges
Authors: Wang Yingliang , Wang Zijian , Weiß Xing , Qiang Shizhong
Published: April 2013

Gusset plate anchorage devices are widely used in long‐span cable‐stayed bridges with steel girders because the force in the cable can be transferred directly to the main girder via the gusset plate, which is very convenient for inspection and maintenance. The disadvantage is the severe stress concentration between gusset plate and steel tube, and the cruciform joint between gusset plate, top flange and web of main girder. This paper presents the static analysis of and experimental research into a gusset plate anchorage device. The magnitude and stress distribution of each load case were analysed very carefully, and the stress history of typical points was also monitored to indicate the structural behaviour. Under the load of the maximum design cable force, the anchorage device exhibits linear elastic behaviour on the whole. The von Mises stress at some monitored points reaches the yield stress when the load is 1.28 times the maximum design cable force. Ultrasonic inspection of the test model revealed no strength cracking or plate buckling, which indicates that the safety margin of the anchorage device is sufficient and complies with the requirements of bridge design code. By comparing calculations and test results it could be proved that FEM can be utilized for the structural analysis of gusset plate anchorage devices and that the calculation accuracy exceeds 70 % for most monitored points.
Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Regulate B Lymphocyte Function via Programmed Cell Death Protein 1
Authors: Liu Ousheng , Xu Junji , Ding Gang , Liu Dayong , Fan Zhipeng , Zhang Chunmei , Chen Wanjun , Ding Yaozhong , Tang Zhangui , Wang Songlin
Published: April 2013

Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have provided novel cell sources for tooth and periodontal tissue regeneration. Allogeneic PDLSCs can reconstruct periodontal ligament tissue that has been damaged by periodontal diseases and regulate T-cell immunity. However, the effect of PDLSCs on B cells remains unknown. Here, we treated periodontitis in a miniature pig model using allogeneic PDLSCs and showed a reduction in humoral immunity in the animals. When cocultured with normal B cells, human PDLSCs (hPDLSCs) had similar effects as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in suppressing B cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, while intriguingly, hPDLSCs increased B cell viability by secreting interleukin-6. Mechanistically, hPDLSCs suppressed B cell activation through cell-to-cell contact mostly mediated by programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1. Our data revealed a previously unrecognized function of PDLSCs in regulating humoral immune responses, which may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for immune-related disorders.
Corneal Endothelial Cell Fate Is Maintained by LGR5 Through the Regulation of Hedgehog and Wnt Pathway
Authors: Hirata-Tominaga Kana , Nakamura Takahiro , Okumura Naoki , Kawasaki Satoshi , Kay Eunduck P. , Barrandon Yann , Koizumi Noriko , Kinoshita Shigeru
Published: April 2013

Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), a target of Wnt signaling, is reportedly a marker of intestine, stomach, and hair follicle stem cells in mice. To gain a novel insight into the role of LGR5 in human corneal tissue, we performed gain- and loss-of-function studies. The findings of this study show for the first time that LGR5 is uniquely expressed in the peripheral region of human corneal endothelial cells (CECs) and that LGR5(+) cells have some stem/progenitor cell characteristics, and that in human corneal endothelium, LGR5 is the target molecule and negative feedback regulator of the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway. Interestingly, the findings of this study show that persistent LGR5 expression maintained endothelial cell phenotypes and inhibited mesenchymal transformation (MT) through the Wnt pathway. Moreover, R-spondin-1, an LGR5 ligand, dramatically accelerated CEC proliferation and also inhibited MT through the Wnt pathway. These findings provide new insights into the underlying homeostatic regulation of human corneal endothelial stem/progenitor cells by LGR5 through the HH and Wnt pathways.
Estimation of bird fatalities at wind farms with complex topography and vegetation in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Kitano Masato , Shiraki Saiko
Published: April 2013

Worldwide expansion in wind‐energy generation has raised concerns about bird collisions—in particular, protected species. Bird collision studies are common in Europe and USA, but none had been done in Japan to date. We studied bird fatalities at 42 turbines (52.8 MW) in Tomamae, northern Hokkaido, Japan. For 17 months from July 2007 to November 2008, we performed 24 fatality surveys at an average 21‐day interval and ≤100 m from the wind turbines. We found 52 fatalities, including 4 white‐tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla). Our estimate of the adjusted annual mortality at Tomamae, which used a modified equation to factor in the complex topography and dense vegetation spread generically over Japan, was 2.20 bird fatalities/MW/year and 0.36 raptor fatalities/MW/year. Bird utilization rates explained most of the variation in fatality rates among species and among locations. The highest fatality rates occurred at the turbines on a costal cliff where the rotor zones of wind turbines overlapped the frequent flight paths of large birds. The development of generalized models can be useful for predicting the impacts of other wind projects on birds, with the exceptions of high‐risk situations. However, more surveys of fatality rates and utilization rates are required at this and additional study sites, and over a longer period with shorter search intervals, to develop predictive models of bird collisions with general applicability. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
A first top partner hunter’s guide
Authors: De Simone Andrea , Matsedonskyi Oleksii , Rattazzi Riccardo , Wulzer Andrea
Published: April 2013

Abstract

We provide a systematic effective lagrangian description of the phenomenology of the lightest top-partners in composite Higgs models. Our construction is based on symmetry, on selection rules and on plausible dynamical assumptions. The structure of the resulting simplified models depends on the quantum numbers of the lightest top partner and of the operators involved in the generation of the top Yukawa. In all cases the phenomenology is conveniently described by a small number of parameters, and the results of experimental searches are readily interpreted as a test of naturalness. We recast presently available experimental bounds on heavy fermions into bounds on top partners: LHC has already stepped well inside the natural region of parameter space.
Mass hierarchy discrimination with atmospheric neutrinos in large volume ice/water Cherenkov detectors
Authors: Franco D. , Jollet C. , Kouchner A. , Kulikovskiy V. , Meregaglia A. , Perasso S. , Pradier T. , Tonazzo A. , Van Elewyck V.
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Large mass ice/water Cherenkov experiments, optimized to detect low energy (1–20 GeV) atmospheric neutrinos, have the potential to discriminate between normal and inverted neutrino mass hierarchies. The sensitivity depends on several model and detector parameters, such as the neutrino flux profile and normalization, the Earth density profile, the oscillation parameter uncertainties, and the detector effective mass and resolution. A proper evaluation of the mass hierarchy discrimination power requires a robust statistical approach. In this work, the Toy Monte Carlo, based on an extended unbinned likelihood ratio test statistic, was used. The effect of each model and detector parameter, as well as the required detector exposure, was then studied. While uncertainties on the Earth density and atmospheric neutrino flux profiles were found to have a minor impact on the mass hierarchy discrimination, the flux normalization, as well as some of the oscillation parameter (
$ \varDelta m_{31}^2 $
, θ
13, θ
23, and δ
CP) uncertainties and correlations resulted critical. Finally, the minimum required detector exposure, the optimization of the low energy threshold, and the detector resolutions were also investigated.
Regular or stochastic dynamics in families of higher-degree unimodal maps
Authors: CLARK TREVOR
Published: April 2013

We construct a lamination of the space of unimodal maps with critical points of fixed degree$d\geq 2$by the hybrid classes. The structure of the lamination yields a partition of the parameter space for one-parameter real analytic families of unimodal maps and allows us to transfera prioribounds in the phase space to the parameter space. This implies that almost every map in such a family is either regular or stochastic.
The Cabinet: A Viable Definition and its Composition in View of a Comparative Analysis
Authors: Barbieri Cristina , Vercesi Michelangelo
Published: April 2013

This article is made up of two main parts. The first part points out two different definitions of cabinet – that is, functional and legal definitions. It also highlights the strong points and the shortcomings of both, proposing at the same time a new definition more suitable for a comparative analysis. In doing this, it puts forward some useful criteria with a view to establishing what a minister actually is, what a cabinet is and how it is made up. The second part provides an overview of the structures of governments in 38 countries, from core to junior ministers, on this basis.
‘Public’ Security and Patron–Client Exchanges in Latin America
Authors: Müller Markus-Michael
Published: April 2013

Notwithstanding the democratization processes that have taken place since the 1980s, clientelism continues to be an important political practice throughout contemporary Latin America. By offering an analysis of the changing patterns of patron–client exchanges in Mexico City, this article demonstrates how the repercussions of the local democratization process expanded clientelist practices to the realm of public security provision. This expansion, it is argued, is related to efforts of the local government to regain previous levels of political control over the local police forces that had been undermined by the fragmentation of long-standing national patron–client structures under authoritarian rule. Additionally, it is demonstrated that in an increasingly insecure urban environment, local politicians and brokers realized the political gains to be derived from expanding clientelist exchanges to the realm of security provision.
The Contradictions of Conservatism
Authors: Alexander James
Published: April 2013

This article is a study of the contradictions of conservatism. It shows that most modern writers since Oakeshott have defined conservatism in an abstract manner. Here I argue that their definition, although not wrong, is an incomplete definition which is only coherent because it is incomplete. It is only the first stage in understanding conservatism, which has to be understood also as a negation of rival ideologies and, further, as a political position which points to a tradition or truth outside itself and which can, in service of this tradition or truth, be radical. Since it is part of the standard definition of conservatism that it cannot be radical, this means conservatism, taken as a whole, contradicts itself.
Too Much of a Bad Thing? Civilian Victimization and Bargaining in Civil War
Authors: Wood Reed M. , Kathman Jacob D.
Published: April 2013

While studies of the motives for intentional insurgent violence against civilians are now common, relatively little academic research has focused on the impact of victimization on conflict processes or war outcomes. This article addresses this gap in the literature. Specifically, the authors examine the influence of civilian victimization on bargaining between the regime and insurgents during a civil war. A curvilinear relationship between the level of civilian victimization used by insurgents and the likelihood that conflict ends in negotiated settlement is posited. The probability of settlement is highest for groups that engage in a moderate level of civilian killing but declines at particularly high levels. A competing risk analysis using monthly conflict data on African civil wars between 1989 and 2010 supports this argument.
Dispositions and Destinations: Refugee Agency and “Mobility Capital” in the Bengal Diaspora, 1947–2007
Authors: Chatterji Joya
Published: April 2013

This study seeks to illuminate patterns of refugee settlement in the Bengali Muslim diaspora since 1947, which replicate global trends identified by Aristide Zolberg in new nation-states. Based on historical research and oral testimony gathered from over two hundred migrants in different settings in India, Bangladesh, and Britain, it suggests why some Muslims crossed borders after India's partition and others did not; why most moved only short distances within the delta; and why so many huddled in the shadow of the new national borders and so few traveled to the West. I uncover the subtle interplay between migrants' agency and structures of coercion, and between histories of mobility and of affect, in the shaping of migration choices, and explain how the recurrent patterns identified by Zolberg were produced in a regional context of critical but unexplored significance. The essay explores the impact of nation-state formation on older forms of mobility in the region, and the continuing interconnections between local micro-mobilities and regional, national, international, and trans-oceanic migrations. I suggest that the concept of “mobility capital” can help to explain not only patterns of migration, but also patterns of staying on. I conclude by questioning “cumulative causation theory,” which has inadvertently lent credence to fears that the developed countries of the West will be “swamped” by immigrants drawn from ever-expanding migratory networks based in the “third world.”
Ethnogenesis: The Case of British Indians in the Caribbean
Authors: Gowricharn Ruben
Published: April 2013

As a concept, ethnogenesis presupposes a category of individuals that are not a group becomes a group. Most accounts of ethnogenesis exhibit two features: they confuse ethnogenesis with the resilience of ethnicity, and they describe the “emergence” of ethnic groups as a response to external circumstances. This paper deviates from these perspectives by adopting a primordial approach, arguing that internal rather than external forces generate group cohesion. I establish three related propositions: First, while the debate between the so-called “circumstantialists” and “primordialists” suggests that these perspectives can be used interchangeably depending on scholarly preference, I argue that a “primacy” holds in favor of the primordial perspective. Second, I assert that this primordial perspective must be redefined, since ethnogenesis always incorporates “external” elements, thus changing and adapting to specific social and physical ecologies. Consequently, an ethnic group is constituted by the content of the ethnicity which functions as “boundaries.” Third, I contend that the emergence of primordial (though adjusted) ethnicity is not a “natural” process but instead requires actors that shape it, and that the initiatives of ethnic leaders are crucial in this regard. These propositions are established through a comparison of British Indians in the three former Caribbean plantation colonies of Suriname, Guyana, and Jamaica.
The Roots of Insurrection: The Role of the Algerian Village Assembly (Djemâa) in Peasant Resistance, 1863–1962
Authors: MacMaster Neil
Published: April 2013

Interpretations of the origins of the Algerian war of independence have tended to emphasize either discontinuity—the radical dislocation of precolonial social and political structures following the French conquest—or the continuity of a culture of peasant resistance between 1871 and 1954. Little investigation has been carried out into the latter, or how, if at all, socio-political institutions enabled rural society to sustain an unbroken “tradition” of resistance over nearly a century of unprecedented crisis. Most debate has focused on the role of the tribe, a largely moribund institution, and this has obscured the importance of the village assembly, ordjemâa, a micro-level organization that historians have largely neglected. Thedjemâa, in both its official and covert forms, enabled village elders to regulate the internal affairs of the community, such as land disputes, as well as to present a unified face against external threats. This article shows how emerging nationalist movements starting in the 1920s penetrated isolated rural communities by adapting to the preexisting structure of thedjemâa, a tactic that was also followed after 1954 as independence fighters established a guerrilla support base among the mountain peasants. While Pierre Bourdieu and other scholars have emphasized the devastating impacts that economic individualism had on peasant communalism, this study employs thedjemâaas a case study of a “traditional” institution that proved flexible and enduring as rural society confronted settler land appropriations and a savage war of decolonization.
Binding of curcumin to milk proteins increases after static high pressure treatment of skim milk
Authors: Rahimi Yazdi Saeed , Bonomi Francesco , Iametti Stefania , Miriani Matteo , Brutti Andrea , Corredig Milena
Published: April 2013

Curcumin is a bioactive polyphenolic compound extracted from turmeric with known anti-inflammatory properties, and its hydrophobic nature restricts its solubility and its bioaccessibility. Solubility may be improved upon binding of curcumin to native or treatment-modified casein micelles. The present work demonstrated that high hydrostatic pressure treatment of skim milk increases the binding of curcumin to caseins. The association of curcumin to casein micelles was assessed using fluorescence spectroscopy, either directly or by tryptophan quenching. The amount of curcumin associated with the milk proteins increased in pressure-treated milk, and a further improvement in the amount of bound curcumin was observed upon pressure treatment of a milk/curcumin mixture. However, in this case, some of the curcumin dissociated during storage, contrarily to what was observed for untreated milk. From a molecular standpoint, the data presented here indicate that structural modifications induced by high-pressure treatment and known to affect the structure of milk proteins result in a rearrangement of the amino acid residues in close proximity to the protein-associated curcumin.
Surgical management of vestibular schwannoma: attempted preservation of hearing and facial function
Authors: Youssef T F , Matter A , Ahmed M R
Published: April 2013

Background:

Vestibular schwannomas are benign tumours which usually originate from the vestibular portion of the VIIIth cranial nerve. Treatment options include observation with serial imaging, stereotactic radiation and microsurgical removal.

Aim:

The goal of surgery was complete eradication of tumour with preservation of hearing and facial nerve function.

Methods:

A retrospective review was undertaken of 24 cases of vestibular schwannoma jointly operated upon by a team of neurosurgeons and otologists at the Suez Canal University Hospital, with assessment of VIIth and VIIIth cranial nerve function, tumour size, and extent of growth. All surgery utilised a retromastoid, suboccipital approach.

Results:

Complete tumour removal was achieved in 19 patients. Anatomical preservation of the facial nerve was possible in 66.6 per cent of patients. Pre-operative, useful hearing was present in four patients, and preserved in 80 per cent. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage was diagnosed in two (8.3 per cent) patients, who responded to conservative therapy.

Conclusion:

The retromastoid, suboccipital surgical approach to the skull base can be safely and successfully achieved using a microsurgical technique, with minimal or no damage to neurovascular structures, even for large tumours.
Organised haematoma of the maxillary sinus: pathophysiological differences suggesting a new aetiological hypothesis
Authors: Urata S , Ohki M , Tsutsumi T , Kikuchi S
Published: April 2013

Background and objectives:

Organised haematomas of the maxillary sinus are rare, non-neoplastic, haemorrhagic lesions which can extend into the nasal cavity and/or the other paranasal sinuses. This study aimed to investigate the pathology of maxillary sinus organised haematoma, and also proposes a new aetiological hypothesis based on the observed pathology.

Methods:

Biopsies, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and post-surgical histopathological examination of resected specimens were carried out.

Conclusion:

Distinct pathological differences were observed between the basal and peripheral portions of organised haematomas. We propose that an organised haematoma originates from the exudation of blood components between vascular endothelial cells. As a result, the basal portion consists of aggregated, dilated vessels around the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus. In addition, pseudovessels, without endothelial cells, arise from endocapillary vessels within the haematoma. Exudation of additional blood components from the pseudovessels advances the growth of the organised haematoma.
Evaluation of the distribution functions of spatial derivatives of an ionic electric microfield in plasmas by using only the central interactions approach
Authors: CHIHI S. , GUERRICHA S.
Published: April 2013

By using some physical approximations, distribution functions of spatial derivatives of components of an electric ionic microfield in plasmas have been theoretically evaluated. The particles are considered quasistatic. Only interactions between charged emitter and perturber ions are taken into account. Our theoretical results have been compared with those found in the literature. The few differences found are discussed. Some properties of distribution functions of spatial derivatives have been deduced from curves.
Meiofauna and harpacticoid copepods in different habitats of a Mediterranean seagrass meadow
Authors: Mascart Thibaud , Lepoint Gilles , De Troch Marleen
Published: April 2013

This study investigated whether associated meiobenthic communities, especially harpacticoid copepods, differed amongst habitats. Five pre-defined habitats within and next to thePosidonia oceanicaseagrass meadow were sampled: living seagrass canopy leaves (LL), small (SMF) and large (LMF) macrophytodetritus fragment accumulations and sand, bare (BS) and covered (CS). The highest meiofauna abundances were recorded in the BS for the core sampled habitats (BS, CS, SMF and LMF) and in the LMF for seagrass material habitats (SMF, LMF and LL). Harpacticoid copepods were the most abundant taxon in all habitats. The assemblage composition at copepod family level showed two distinct habitats clusters: a leaf (LMF and LL) and a sediment cluster (BS, CS and SMF). Subsequently, stable isotope analyses were conducted to analyse the relationship between copepods and their potential food sources in seagrass material habitats. Based on δ13C isotopic analyses and SIAR mixing model, harpacticoid copepods relied for 70% on epiphytes and for 30% onP. oceanicaleaf material in the LMF and LL habitats.
New records of chondrichthyans species caught in the Cantabrian Sea (southern Bay of Biscay)
Authors: Rodríguez-Cabello C. , Pérez M. , Sánchez F.
Published: April 2013

Seventeen chondrichthyan species were caught in the Cantabrian Sea (southern Bay of Biscay) during a multidisciplinary survey carried out in the Avilés canyon system in May 2011. This survey provided the first records of three species (Galeus murinus, Neoraja iberica, and Neoraja caerulea) in these waters, and a further record of Rajella kukujevi. To confirm the identity of these species, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) of the specimens was sequenced. Genetic analyses revealed that the DNA sequences of the two Neoraja species were identical in all the specimens analysed. Morphometric analyses, based on 40 characters, showed 3.66% dissimilarity between the two species. The morphometric character that contributed most to this discrepancy was disc width.
Evidence for direct transmission of the cat lungworm Troglostrongylus brevior (Strongylida: Crenosomatidae)
Authors: BRIANTI EMANUELE , GAGLIO GABRIELLA , NAPOLI ETTORE , FALSONE LUIGI , GIANNETTO SALVATORE , LATROFA MARIA STEFANIA , GIANNELLI ALESSIO , DANTAS-TORRES FILIPE , OTRANTO DOMENICO
Published: April 2013

Metastrongyloids of cats are emerging pathogens that may cause fatal broncho-pulmonary disease. Infestation of definitive hosts occurs after ingestion of intermediate or paratenic hosts. Among metastrongyloids of cats, Troglostrongylus brevior and Troglostrongylus subcrenatus (Strongylida: Crenosomatidae) have recently been described as agents of severe broncho-pulmonary disease. Here, we provide, for the first time, observational evidence suggesting the direct transmission of T. brevior from queen cat to suckling kittens. This new knowledge will have a significant impact on current scientific information of this parasite and shed new light into the biology and epidemiology of metastrongyloid nematodes.
Towards the characterization and validation of alcohol use disorder subtypes: integrating consumption and symptom data
Authors: Jackson K. M. , Bucholz K. K. , Wood P. K. , Steinley D. , Grant J. D. , Sher K. J.
Published: April 2013

Background

There is evidence that measures of alcohol consumption, dependence and abuse are valid indicators of qualitatively different subtypes of alcohol involvement yet also fall along a continuum. The present study attempts to resolve the extent to which variations in alcohol involvement reflect a difference in kindversusa difference in degree.

Method

Data were taken from the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions. The sample (51% male; 72% white/non-Hispanic) included respondents reporting past 12-month drinking at both waves (wave 1:n = 33644; wave 2:n = 25186). We compared factor mixture models (FMMs), a hybrid of common factor analysis (FA) and latent class analysis (LCA), against FA and LCA models using past 12-month alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria and five indicators of alcohol consumption reflecting frequency and heaviness of drinking.

Results

Model comparison revealed that the best-fitting model at wave 1 was a one-factor four-class FMM, with classes primarily varying across dependence and consumption indices. The model was replicated using wave 2 data, and validated against AUD and dependence diagnoses. Class stability from waves 1 to 2 was moderate, with greatest agreement for the infrequent drinking class. Within-class associations in the underlying latent factor also revealed modest agreement over time.

Conclusions

There is evidence that alcohol involvement can be considered both categorical and continuous, with responses reduced to four patterns that quantitatively vary along a single dimension. Nosologists may consider hybrid approaches involving groups that vary in pattern of consumption and dependence symptomatology as well as variation of severity within group.
Intelligence and psychopathy: a correlational study on insane female offenders
Authors: Spironelli C. , Segrè D. , Stegagno L. , Angrilli A.
Published: April 2013

Background

The occurrence of a significant relationship between psychopathic traits and intelligence is still open to debate. Most of the relevant information has been obtained from crystallized IQ tests or on psychopathic male offenders. In this study we hypothesized a negative correlation between psychopathic traits and fluid intelligence on a sample of criminal female in-patients.

Method

We carried out a correlational study on a selected sample of 56 criminal female offenders. Variables that were measured include the Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) total score (and, separately, the scores from its four subscales: Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle and Antisocial) and fluid IQ measured by Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM).

Results

Pearson's correlation between RPM IQ and total PCL-R score was negative (r54 = − 0.55, p < 0.001); women with greater psychopathy traits (total PCL-R score) had lower IQ scores. Negative correlations were also found between IQ and the four PCL-R subscales, Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle and Antisocial (r54 = − 0.35, p < 0.01, r54 = − 0.52, p < 0.001, r54 = − 0.53, p < 0.001, and r54 = − 0.49, p < 0.001 respectively).

Conclusions

The results indicate a general negative relationship between PCL-R and IQ, equally distributed across the four subcomponents of the psychopathic trait, and support the view that unsuccessful psychopathic women have poor planning and are unable to foresee and represent future consequences of their actions.
Schellenberg on propositional faith
Authors: HOWARD-SNYDER DANIEL
Published: April 2013

This article assesses J. L. Schellenberg's account of propositional faith and, in light of that assessment, sketches an alternative that avoids certain objections and coheres better with Schellenberg's aims.