bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of virus infection and light environment on population dynamics of Eupatorium makinoi (Asteraceae)
Authors: Funayama Sachiko , Terashima Ichiro , Yahara Tetsukazu
Published: February 2007

We studied the effects of virus infection on dynamics of three Eupatorium makinoi populations in contrasting light environments, Gora‐dani (a shaded population) and Minou 1 and Minou 2 (open‐site populations). Censuses of the plants were taken for 8 yr in Gora‐dani and 4 yr in Minou 1 and Minou 2. After the epidemics of virus infection, most plants were virus infected at both sites. The number of plants and the proportion of flowering individuals decreased rapidly and simultaneously in the shaded population in Gora‐dani. By contrast, in the open‐site populations of Minou, the proportion of flowering plants decreased first, and then the number of plants decreased gradually. Growth analysis of the plants in the Gora‐dani population revealed that stem growth was significantly suppressed by infection and that flowering and survivorship of the infected plants decreased with reducing plant height. Since light availability affected plant growth and thereby flowering and survivorship, the differences in population dynamics between the two field sites could be caused by the differences in light environments. Although populations in open sites may persist for considerable periods after virus epidemics, the individual local populations of E. makinoi would eventually become extinct irrespective of light environments.
Partial cambial mortality in high‐elevation Pinus aristata (Pinaceae)
Authors: Schauer Andrew J. , Schoettle Anna W. , Boyce Richard L.
Published: February 2007

Partial cambial mortality is a growth form that is characteristic of Pinus aristata trees. To better elucidate their cambial death pattern, tree size and aspect of cambial death data were gathered from three Pinus aristata forests in central Colorado, USA. Stripping frequency tended to be higher for larger diameter classes. Partial cambial mortality exhibits significant directionality within each stand. Furthermore, cambial death was measured to be most frequent on the wind‐exposed side of stripped trees in two of the three study sites and appeared to be at the third. Data presented here support the hypothesis that wind plays a role in the occurrence of partial cambial mortality in Pinus aristata. The mechanisms by which wind causes cambial mortality remain unclear.
Neither vegetative nor reproductive advantages account for high frequency of male‐steriles in southern Spanish gynodioecious Daphne laureola (Thymelaeaceae)
Authors: Alonso Conchita , Herrera Carlos M.
Published: February 2007

In gynodioecious species, male‐steriles (termed “females” hereafter) usually exhibit some reproductive advantage over hermaphrodites that allow them to compensate for the loss of male reproductive function. This compensation can result from higher fecundity, vegetative outperformance, and/or lower inbreeding depression. In this study we compared vegetative and reproductive parameters of female and hermaphrodite Daphne laureola individuals in two southeastern Spanish populations and estimated the magnitude of inbreeding depression up to the seedling emergence stage by conducting controlled pollinations and experimental sowings of seed progenies in the field. Reproductive shrubs of both sexes did not differ significantly in size, leaf production, leaf size, leaf growth, nutrient allocation to leaves, and production of flowers and fruits. Seed set and seed size of cross‐ and self‐pollinated flowers of hermaphrodites and cross‐pollinated females were also similar. Seedling emergence rates of self‐ and cross‐pollinated seeds from hermaphrodites under natural field conditions were similar, suggesting a minor role of inbreeding depression up to that reproductive stage. Seeds from females produced more seedlings than selfed seeds from hermaphrodites. In 21 populations surveyed in the study region over a broad geographical and elevational gradient, the proportion of females ranged between 20.6 and 56.1% and was inversely related to elevation. The establishment and maintenance of females in southeastern Spanish populations of D. laureola seem to be mainly mediated by ecological factors.
Nutrient foraging in woodland herbs: a comparison of three species ofUvularia(Liliaceae) with contrasting belowground morphologies
Authors: Wijesinghe Dushyantha K. , Whigham Dennis F.
Published: February 2007

We compared the ability of three closely related species,Uvularia perfoliata, U. sessilifolia, andU. puberula, to forage and explore patches in nutritionally homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. The species differed in type and function of plagiotropic stems and the extent of clonality and physiological integration. Our aim was to determine (1) whether selective placement of roots in high‐nutrient patches, i.e., foraging, was accompanied by facilitatory morphological changes such as internode elongation or increased branching, (2) whether foraging ability of species depended on the extent of physiological integration, and (3) how variability in environmental quality influenced the performance of each species. We studied the growth of each species over two seasons in experimental environments.Uvularia perfoliataandU. puberulaforaged in high‐nutrient patches in heterogeneous environments.Uvularia sessilifoliadid not show selective placement of roots. The two clonal species,U. perfoliataandU. sessilifolia, did not show any changes in architectural traits predicted to facilitate foraging. The nonclonal species,U. puberula, was the strongest forager and the most physiologically integrated species,U. sessilifolia, was the weakest forager, in line with the view that physiological integration limits foraging efficiency. Variability in environmental quality had little effect on the performance of the three species. Yield and estimators of fitness were not greater in treatments where more high‐quality patches were encountered consecutively than in treatments where fewer high‐quality patches were encountered consecutively during growth.
Floral movements in response to thunderstorms improve reproductive effort in the alpine species Gentiana algida (Gentianaceae)
Authors: Bynum Michael R. , Smith William K.
Published: February 2007

Studies of floral movements in response to environmental change are rare in the literature, and information about possible adaptive benefits appears nonexistent. The closure of the upright, tubular flowers of alpine gentian (Gentiana algida) were observed during the frequent afternoon thunderstorms characteristic of the central and southern Rocky Mountains (USA). Flowers closed within minutes of an approaching thunderstorm and reopened after direct sunlight returned. Corolla opening widths decreased ∼10%/min prior to rainfall, in close correspondence to declines in air and corolla temperatures. Identical floral behavior was also induced experimentally in the field and laboratory by artificial changes in corolla temperature. Corolla closure did not occur during experiments that simulated natural changes in solar irradiance, wind, or absolute humidity during a thunderstorm. Furthermore, individual G. algida plants forced experimentally to remain open during rain had substantial losses of pollen after single rain events (up to 34%) and if forced to remain open for the entire flowering period (59%). Subsequent seasonal reductions in female fitness (up to 73%) also occurred, including seed size and mass, number of ovules produced, number of viable seeds produced per ovule, and seed germination. Thus, corolla closing and opening in G. algida associated with frequent summer thunderstorms may be a behavioral adaptation that improves both paternal and maternal reproductive effort.
Coding and noncoding plastid DNA in palm systematics
Authors: Asmussen Conny B. , Chase Mark W.
Published: February 2007

Plastid DNA sequences evolve slowly in palms but show that the family is monophyletic and highly divergent relative to other major monocot clades. It is therefore difficult to place the root within the palms because faster evolving, length‐variable sequences cannot be aligned with outgroup monocots, and length‐conserved regions have been thought to give too few characters to resolve basal nodes. To solve this problem, we combined 94 ingroup and 24 outgroup sequences from the length‐conserved rbcL gene with ingroup and alignable outgroup sequences from noncoding rps16 intron and trnL‐trnF regions. The separate rps16 intron and trnL‐trnF region contained about the same number of variable sites (autapomorphies not included) as rbcL, but gave higher retention indices and more clades with bootstrap support. In general, the strict consensus tree based on combined rbcL, rps16 intron, and trnL‐trnF data showed more resolution towards the base of the palm family than previous hypotheses of relationships of the Arecaceae. An important result was the position of subfamily Calamoideae as sister to the rest of the palms, but this received <50% bootstrap support. Another result of systematic significance was the indication that subfamily Phytelephantoideae is related to two tribes from subfamily Ceroxyloideae, Cyclospatheae and Ceroxyleae.
Contributions to the debate on water transport
Authors: Canny Martin J.
Published: February 2007

The useful criticisms of my theory of water transport by Comstock (American Journal of Botany 86: 1077–1081) and by Stiller and Sperry (American Journal of Botany 86: 1082–1086) are acknowledged and reviewed. I make the following responses. (1) Tensile stresses to contain tissue pressure are kept within modest limits by the organization of vascular tissues into cylindrical bundles with small ratios of radius/boundary thickness. (2) The balance of pressures within tissues of a nontranspiring leaf is best understood by treating it as a single compartment containing several pressure‐generating engines whose resultant is the pressure throughout the compartment. An error in the published notional balances for a transpiring leaf is corrected. (3) The argument against a valve in the transpiring leaf, which allows water out but not in, is not convincing. (4) The “robust and extremely consistent” cohesion theory gains this status by neglecting large bodies of experimental fact, once well known to plant physiologists. (5) The demonstration that living cells are not involved in the refilling of embolisms in birch stems is welcomed as an important advance. However, the major questions remain unresolved. (6) Proof is still needed that embolisms in vessels are not refilled by the collapse of gas bubbles under small positive pressures during conductance measurement. (7) The survival of unbroken water threads in vessels under centrifugal stress has still not been demonstrated. (8) Both questions 6 and 7 can be easily answered by direct observation of gas/liquid volumes in frozen stems in the cryo‐scanning electron microscope.
Aliquandostipitaceae, a new family for two new tropical ascomycetes with unusually wide hyphae and dimorphic ascomata
Authors: Inderbitzin Patrik , Landvik Sara , Abdel‐Wahab Mohamed A. , Berbee Mary L.
Published: February 2007

In two short surveys of lignicolous, fruitbody‐forming ascomycetes in Thailand and southern China, six species were found, of which five were new to science. Two fungi with affinity to the Dothideomycetes, one from Thailand and one from China, are described here in the new genus Aliquandostipite and included in the new family Aliquandostipitaceae. Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis was found in a tropical rain forest in Thailand and A. sunyatsenii in a small stream in southern China. Both new species are closely related based on morphological and molecular characteristics and with uncertain affinity to other taxa of the Euascomycetes based on phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences. The distinguishing features of the new species are the presence of both sessile and stalked ascomata side by side on the substratum and the widest hyphae known from ascomycetes.
The Role of Network Resources in Market Entry: Commercial Banks' Entry into Investment Banking, 1991–1997
Authors: Jensen Michael
Published: February 2007

This study focuses on the roles of interfirm ties and network status in firms gaining access to customers in newly entered markets, examining whether these network resources are transferable and therefore can be deployed outside the market in which they originated. The role of market ties and network status is examined in a comprehensive longitudinal sample of commercial banks' entry into investment banking from 1991 to 1997. Results show that though market ties and network status facilitate market entry, the importance of network status decreases in the presence of market ties, and the value of network status, unlike market ties, decreases over time after market entry and is less important to customers with more market experience.
Architecture of the sperm cell of Psilotum
Authors: Renzaglia Karen Sue , Johnson Thomas H. , Gates Hilarie Dee , Whittier Dean P.
Published: February 2007

In this correlated SEM (scanning electron microscope) and TEM (transmission electron microscope) investigation, we describe architectural details of the multiflagellated sperm cell of Psilotum nudum. Comparisons with other pteridophytes are made to (1) assess the placement of Psilotum among pteridophyte taxa and (2) evaluate structural modifications of sperm cells during land plant evolution. The released spermatozoid of Psilotum coils 2.0 revolutions and is outlined by a parallel band of up to 190 microtubules. The elongated nucleus is highly compacted and parallels the cellular coils with numerous mitochondria and starch‐laden plastids distributed along its length. Along the anterior coil is an elaborate locomotory apparatus that includes ∼36 flagella that are inserted into the cell by basal bodies. Subtending the basal bodies is the multilayered structure, which consists of a long narrow lamellar strip and an overlying band of microtubules. An elongated anterior mitochondrion underlies the multilayered structure. Additional amyloplasts and mitochondria are aggregated along the anterior coil in association with the locomotory apparatus, while a fibrous band encircles the leading edge of the cell. Salient features of this cell, including details of the locomotory apparatus, structure and position of organelles, and arrangement of the spline, are shared by spermatozoids of Equisetum and ferns (including eusporangiate and leptosporangiate taxa). Thus, this study provides morphological support for the hypothesis that Psilotum nudum is a member of an assemblage that includes ferns and Equisetum. However, the less streamlined architecture of Psilotum gametes and the lack of architectural features shared with any specific taxon examined to date suggest that Psilotum is an early divergent fern, with relatively remote affinities to Ophioglossaceae and Equisetaceae.
A demographic analysis of fire‐stimulated seedling establishment of Sarracenia alata (Sarraceniaceae)
Authors: Brewer J. Stephen
Published: February 2007

Recurring fires are thought to be critical to maintaining populations of carnivorous plants in wet pine savannas. Nevertheless, the impact of fire on population dynamics of these unique and sometimes rare plants is poorly understood. In this study, I analyzed stage‐structured matrices for Sarracenia alata. To examine the effects of fire‐stimulated increases in seedling establishment, five matrices were constructed, which differed in fecundity rates associated with different fire frequencies (annual fires, 1/3, 1/7, 1/20, and 0/20 yr). In addition, I analyzed the sensitivity of population growth and dynamics to changes in other vital rates. Fire‐stimulated increases in fecundity were not necessary to maintain viable populations of Sarracenia alata. Although increases in fecundity increased population growth rate, all five fire frequencies (including the “no‐fire” scenario) produced either stationary or increasing populations. Adding year‐to‐year stochasticity in vital rates did not alter these general trends. Population growth and decline were much more sensitive to reductions in the survival of large adult ramets (which were projected to have a life expectancy of 59 yr). Population growth was also more sensitive to changes in juvenile persistence than to juvenile growth, suggesting that conservative use of captured resources by juveniles has a greater impact on fitness than rapid growth and maturation. Given that a previous study showed that modest variation in fire frequency had no impact on either adult or juvenile survival, I conclude that Sarracenia alata relies on fire‐regulated plasticity in allocation to pitchers to increase the survival and lifetime fecundity of iteroparous ramets.
Flowering dynamics in Arum italicum (Araceae): relative role of inflorescence traits, flowering synchrony, and pollination context on fruit initiation
Authors: Méndez Marcos , Díaz Anita
Published: February 2007

We studied the relative role of inflorescence traits, flowering synchrony, and pollination context for infructescence and fruit initiation in two Spanish populations of Arum italicum, a species in which inflorescences are the pollination unit. In this species, a specialized inflorescence organ, the appendix, is important for pollinator attraction. However, the short floral longevity and the production of mostly one inflorescence per plant make its pollination potentially dependent on strong flowering synchrony and on external factors not controlled by the plant (the pollination context). The flowering period in both sites lasted >3 mo. Day‐to‐day variation in simultaneous antheses was high, and 11–50% of antheses occurred on days during which no pollen donor was present. Inflorescence traits, flowering synchrony, and between‐plant distance all influenced infructescence and fruit initiation, but their relative importance differed between sites. In one large population, infructescence initiation was positively related to inflorescence traits; in a smaller population infructescence initiation increased with the number of donor inflorescences. In both sites, percentage of fruits initiated per infructescence was dependent on a combination of inflorescence traits, flowering synchrony, and between‐plant distance. Plants producing 2–4 inflorescences had higher probability of infructescence initiation and overlapped their antheses with more plants than single‐inflorescence ones.
C3woody plant expansion in a C4grassland: are grasses and shrubs functionally distinct?
Authors: McCarron James K. , Knapp Alan K.
Published: February 2007

The expansion of C3shrubs into C4‐dominated tallgrass prairies represents a fundamental shift in growth‐form dominance accompanied by changes in resource acquisition and use. We assessed these changes by comparing the ecophysiological traits of the dominant C4grassAndropogon gerardii, with traits of three C3invasive shrub species,Cornus drummondii, Prunus americana, andRhus glabra.We tested the hypothesis that ecophysiological traits of the shrubs would be similar within this growth form but distinct from grasses and that these species would conform to the two‐layer soil water model. Photosynthetic rates inR. glabrawere similar toA. gerardiiand higher than in the other two shrubs, while water use efficiency was markedly greater inA. gerardii.Among all species, midday xylem pressure potentials (XPP) were distinctly lower (70%) forP. americana, but were similar among the other species. Predawn XPP was related to soil water at shallow depths forA. gerardii(r2= 0.59) andP. americana(r2= 0.62), and to deeper soil moisture forR. glabra(r2= 0.63); there was no relationship forC. drummondiiat any soil depth. Thus, a simple two‐layer soil water model for partitioning shrub/grass resource acquisition was not appropriate for this grassland. We conclude that these shrubs could not be considered functional equivalents from an ecophysiological perspective, nor were they, as a group, distinct fromA. gerardiiin resource acquisition and use.
A phylogenetic analysis of Diurideae (Orchidaceae) based on plastid DNA sequence data
Authors: Kores Paul J. , Molvray Mia , Weston Peter H. , Hopper Stephen D. , Brown Andrew P. , Cameron Kenneth M. , Chase Mark W.
Published: February 2007

DNA sequence data from plastid matK and trnL‐F regions were used in phylogenetic analyses of Diurideae, which indicate that Diurideae are not monophyletic as currently delimited. However, if Chloraeinae and Pterostylidinae are excluded from Diurideae, the remaining subtribes form a well‐supported, monophyletic group that is sister to a “spiranthid” clade. Chloraea, Gavilea, and Megastylis pro parte (Chloraeinae) are all placed among the spiranthid orchids and form a grade with Pterostylis leading to a monophyletic Cranichideae. Codonorchis, previously included among Chloraeinae, is sister to Orchideae. Within the more narrowly delimited Diurideae two major lineages are apparent. One includes Diuridinae, Cryptostylidinae, Thelymitrinae, and an expanded Drakaeinae; the other includes Caladeniinae s.s., Prasophyllinae, and Acianthinae. The achlorophyllous subtribe Rhizanthellinae is a member of Diurideae, but its placement is otherwise uncertain. The sequence‐based trees indicate that some morphological characters used in previous classifications, such as subterranean storage organs, anther position, growth habit, fungal symbionts, and pollination syndromes have more complex evolutionary histories than previously hypothesized. Treatments based upon these characters have produced conflicting classifications, and molecular data offer a tool for reevaluating these phylogenetic hypotheses.
A soybean plastid‐targeted NADH‐malate dehydrogenase: cloning and expression analyses
Authors: Imsande John , Berkemeyer Matthias , Scheibe Renate , Schumann Uwe , Gietl Christine , Palmer Reid G.
Published: February 2007

A typical soybean (Glycine max) plant assimilates nitrogen rapidly both in active root nodules and in developing seeds and pods. Oxaloacetate and 2‐ketoglutarate are major acceptors of ammonia during rapid nitrogen assimilation. Oxaloacetate can be derived from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and it also can be synthesized from phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. An active malate dehydrogenase is required to facilitate carbon flow from phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate. We report the cloning and sequence analyses of a complete and novel malate dehydrogenase gene in soybean. The derived amino acid sequence was highly similar to the nodule‐enhanced malate dehydrogenases from Medicago sativa and Pisum sativum in terms of the transit peptide and the mature subunit (i.e., the functional enzyme). Furthermore, the mature subunit exhibited a very high homology to the plastid‐localized NAD‐dependent malate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana, which has a completely different transit peptide. In addition, the soybean nodule‐enhanced malate dehydrogenase was abundant in both immature soybean seeds and pods. Only trace amounts of the enzyme were found in leaves and nonnodulated roots. In vitro synthesized labeled precursor protein was imported into the stroma of spinach chloroplasts and processed to the mature subunit, which has a molecular mass of ∼34 kDa. We propose that this new malate dehydrogenase facilitates rapid nitrogen assimilation both in soybean root nodules and in developing soybean seeds, which are rich in protein. In addition, the complete coding region of a geranylgeranyl hydrogenase gene, which is essential for chlorophyll synthesis, was found immediately upstream from the new malate dehydrogenase gene.
Phylogeny and quaternary history of the European montane/alpine endemicSoldanella(Primulaceae) based on ITS and AFLP variation
Authors: Zhang Li‐Bing , Comes Hans Peter , Kadereit Joachim W.
Published: February 2007

Soldanellacontains 16 species of herbaceous perennials that are endemic to the central and south European high mountains. The genus is ecogeographically subdivided into forest/montane and alpine species. Evolutionary relationships and large‐scale biogeographic patterns were inferred from parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and genetic distance analyses based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The ITS region proved useful for examining subgeneric relationships and testing hypotheses on genus‐wide divergence times, whereas the AFLP markers were suitable for studying relationships among closely related taxa and biogeographic patterns of divergence. Neither ITS nor AFLP data supported sectional delimitations, particularly those related to the grouping ofS. alpina(sect.Soldanella) withS. pusilla(sect.Tubiflores), which may be the result of hybridization. Additional results and conclusions drawn are (1)Soldanellais derived from an ancestor of Asian origin with a montane ecology; (2) estimates of divergence times suggest a late Quaternary origin of the genus; (3) alpine species of sect.Tubifloresdiverged from within a paraphyletic sect.Soldanellaof mainly montane species; (4) alpine and montane species ofSoldanellaexperienced different cycles of range expansion and contraction during late Quaternary climatic changes, resulting in differential patterns of geographic distribution; and (5) AFLP divergence among montane species from eastern Europe was lower than between alpine species; we hypothesize that the latter differentiated in allopatric regions of expansion during glacials, while the former experienced secondary contact at lower elevations in more southern refugia.
Comparative vessel anatomy of arctic deciduous and evergreen dicots
Authors: Gorsuch Dennis M. , Oberbauer Steven F. , Fisher Jack B.
Published: February 2007

Arctic tundra plant species exhibit striking variation in leaf character and growth form. Both are likely related to differences in vessel anatomy, and all may affect responses to climate changes in the Arctic. To investigate the relationships among leaf character, growth form, vessel anatomy, and susceptibility to freeze‐thaw‐induced xylem cavitation, xylem vessel characteristics were compared among six deciduous and six evergreen arctic dicot species of erect and prostrate growth forms. We hypothesized that deciduous and erect species would have larger and longer vessels than evergreen and cushion/mat‐forming species. Vessel lengths, diameters, and densities were measured for each species. Theoretical vessel flow rates were calculated using Poiseuille's law for ideal capillaries. Flow rates were used to determine the susceptibility of vessels to cavitation induced by freeze‐thaw events that may become more frequent with global warming. Vessel diameters were larger in deciduous species compared to evergreens, and in shrubs/trees vs. cushion/mat‐forming plants. Vessel length distributions, however, did not differ for growth form or leaf character. Vessel density was greater in cushion/mat‐forming species than in shrub/tree species. Deciduous plants showed a greater contribution to total conductivity by relatively larger vessels than evergreens. One of the deciduous species, Vaccinium uliginosum, is predicted to be susceptible to freeze‐thaw‐induced cavitation. These results have important implications for future arctic species composition and plant community structure.
Assessment of hybridization and introgression in lava‐colonizing Hawaiian Dubautia (Asteraceae: Madiinae) using RAPD markers
Authors: Caraway Vickie , Carr Gerald D. , Morden Clifford W.
Published: February 2007

Hybridization between Dubautia ciliolata and D. scabra occurring on a mosaic of lava flows of 1855 and 1935 on the island of Hawai‘i was examined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The RAPD data indicate that D. ciliolata plants, nearly restricted to the 1855 lava flow, contain higher levels of genetic variation than do D. scabra plants occurring on the 1935 lava flow. Seventy‐one markers were specific to D. ciliolata and 60 to D. scabra; 40 of these were “constant” (found in all individuals) in one or the other species. Hybrids sampled were determined to represent F1, filial hybrids beyond the F1, and backcross progeny. All backcrosses were unidirectional with D. ciliolata acting as the recurrent parent. No hybrid, including an artificially produced F1, had all 40 constant markers, suggesting that at least some loci for these markers were heterozygous in the parents. However, several hybrids exhibited a loss of many of the species markers, suggesting that they were later filial hybrid generation plants. The apparent occurrence of unidirectional introgression at the study site may be providing D. ciliolata plants with genetic plasticity to colonize the new lava flow previously occupied only by D. scabra.
Dormancy‐breaking and germination requirements for seeds of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus (Caprifoliaceae)
Authors: Hidayati Siti N. , Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C.
Published: February 2007

Fruits (drupes) of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus ripen in autumn and are dispersed from autumn to spring. Seeds (true seed plus fibrous endocarp) are dormant at maturity, and they have a small, linear embryo that is underdeveloped. In contrast to previous reports, the endocarp and seed coat of S. orbiculatus are permeable to water; thus, seeds do not have physical dormancy. No fresh seeds germinated during 2 wk of incubation over a 15°/6°–35°/20°C range of thermoperiods in light (14‐h photoperiod); gibberellic acid and warm or cold stratification alone did not overcome dormancy. One hundred percent of the seeds incubated in a simulated summer → autumn → winter → spring sequence of temperature regimes germinated, whereas none of those subjected to a winter → spring sequence did so. That is, cold stratification is effective in breaking dormancy only after seeds first are exposed to a period of warm temperatures. Likewise, embryos grew at cold temperatures only after seeds were exposed to warm temperatures. Thus, the seeds of S. orbiculatus have nondeep complex morphophysiological dormancy. As a result of dispersal phenology and dormancy‐breaking requirements, in nature most seeds that germinate do so the second spring following maturity; a low to moderate percentage of the seeds may germinate the third spring. Seeds can germinate to high percentages under Quercus leaf litter and while buried in soil; they have little or no potential to form a long‐lived soil seed bank.
Blinkered Visions: Islamic Identity, Hui Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856—1873
Authors: Atwill David G.
Published: February 2007

On 19 may 1856, qing officials in kunming, the capital of the southwestern Chinese province of Yunnan, systematically carried out a three-day massacre of the city's Hui (Muslim Yunnanese). Han townspeople, the local militia, and imperial officials methodically slaughtered between four and seven thousand Yunnan Hui—men, women, and children—burned the city's mosques to the ground, and posted orders to exterminate the Hui in every prefecture, department, and district in Yunnan (QPHF 1968, 6:20a, 8:4a; Gui 1953, 73). This massacre and the widespread attacks that followed signaled the beginning of the eighteen-year Hui-led Panthay Rebellion (1856–73).
Cultural Racism and the Construction of Identity
Authors: Sheridan Clare
Published: February 2007

Ariela Gross offers a thorough summary of points made in the two articles in this Forum, and integrates the articles well. As she notes, taken together, they provide an examination of the “other white” litigation strategy employed by Mexican American civil rights lawyers.
A View from a Distance
Authors: Górecki Piotr
Published: February 2007

Susan Reynolds's article is a culmination and a turning point. It builds on several approaches to medieval law and culture, of which two strike me as especially important. One is a study of legal history as a domain of human activity, especially habitual or routine activity, pursued by a wide range of social groups. The other is a search for the meaning and the criteria of the enormous transition during the central Middle Ages, which Christopher Dawson at the dawn of this subject, and Robert Bartlett in its currently definitive moment, have identified as “the making of Europe.” The first subject exists above all thanks to the work of Reynolds herself, while the second is an outcome of a number of quite distinct scholarly trajectories, spanning several generations. Apart from some suggestive and implicit links, those two subjects have, over the past quarter century, been pursued separately. Reynolds's article brings them together.
Legal Theory and Practice in Eleventh-Century Italy
Authors: Radding Charles M.
Published: February 2007

As I understand it, Susan Reynolds's article is meant to address the longstanding habit among legal historians of equating professional approaches to the law with the emergence of a school-based study of Roman law. In the course of the twelfth century, she argues, legal practitioners developed their own kinds of expertise that, though less bookish, might have had a practical significance equal to, if not greater than, the learning produced in the schools. Although these observations seem on the mark for Europe north of the Alps, Reynolds errs, I think, in assimilating Italy to this chronological and conceptual schema. Already by the ninth and tenth centuries, there existed in northern Italy a corps of royal notaries and judges who possessed both literacy and legal expertise unparalleled elsewhere in Europe. Distinguished from other laymen by their titles, learning, and even their handwriting, the legal experts already appear to have met the criteria of professionalism generally proposed for the late twelfth century in the rest of Europe.
Three new species of Nepeta (Lamiaceae) from Iran
Authors: Jamzad Ziba , Ingrouille Martin , Simmonds Monique S. J.
Published: February 2007

The Iranian species of Nepeta were investigated as part of a phylogenetic study of the genus. The relationships among species revealed the status of some taxa including three new species. The new species are recognized by differences in morphology as well as molecular characters. Nepeta balouchestanica, N. mahanensis, and N. hormozganica are described as new and their relationships with closely related taxa discussed.
Lectotypification of Pleuridium sullivanii (Ditrichaceae) and Tetrapterum sullivanii (Pottiaceae)
Authors: Yip Kwok Leung
Published: February 2007

Contrary to the listings of Index Muscorum, the type of Pleuridium sullivanii (basionym Astomum sullivanii) is not the same as, or even conspecific with, that of Tetrapterum sullivanii (basionym Phascum sullivanii). The two basionyms are based on different type specimens. Lectotypes are designated for Phascum sullivanii and Astomum sullivanii; that of the latter is identifiable as Pleuridium nervosum.
Reproductive biology and plant systematics: the growth of a symbiotic association
Authors: Anderson Gregory J. , Johnson Steven D. , Neal Paul R. , Bernardello Gabriel
Published: February 2007

Systematics and reproductive biology have been closely intertwined through botanical history because both rely on reproductive characters. We consider interconnections between systematics and reproductive biology from notable papers and reviews. In addition, a review of over 6,000 journals and millions of articles using the ISI Web of Science® demonstrates a steady growth in publication of papers on reproductive biology from 1975 to 2001. Furthermore, the rate of publications that link systematics with reproductive biology shows a steep increase from 1991 to the present. This increase is evident even when the overall increased rate of publication is considered. We identify several current research themes, including the increasing use of phylogenetic data for interpreting the evolution of reproductive systems. Though studies of reproductive biology and of systematics have the potential for “reciprocal illumination”, few have used reproductive biological data for understanding the functional significance of morphology. Other fundamental areas where the combination of reproductive biology and systematics has proven valuable include studies of the nature of species, adaptation, speciation and hybridization. These elements of reproductive biology, especially in the context of systematic studies, will benefit from more comprehensive analyses within genera, and of taxa within communities through time and space.
Lectotypification of two African species of Commelina (Commelinaceae), with the description of new taxa from Madagascar and Tanzania
Authors: Faden Robert B.
Published: February 2007

Commelina scandens C.B. Clarke and Commelina purpurea C.B. Clarke were typified by syntypes that belong to different species. Accordingly, each species is lectotypified, and the taxonomic consequences of the lectotypifications are discussed. Commelina scandens is lectotypified by a specimen from Angola, with the result that the species is confined to continental Africa. A new subspecies, Commelina diffusa Burm.f. subsp. violacea Faden, is described for the Madagascan element in Clarke’s C. scandens. Commelina purpurea is lectotypified by the syntype from Kenya, resulting in C. lugardii Bullock and C. kabarensis De Wild. being placed in synonymy under C. purpurea. The other element in Clarke’s C. purpurea is described as a new species C. pseudopurpurea Faden.
Correctability of the epithet minchegense to mingcheense in Lycopodium (Lycopodiaceae) and lectotypification of Lycopodium mingcheense
Authors: Xiang Qiao-Ping , Zhang Xian-Chun , Nicolson Dan H.
Published: February 2007

The long overlooked synonym Lycopodium “minchegense” Ching has one month’s priority over Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching on which Huperzia mingcheensis (Ching) Holub is based. It is argued that the older binomial has a typesetter’s error (misplaced “g”) and is correctable to L. mingcheense. A new combination in Huperzia would be a later homonym of Holub’s combination. A lectotype is designated for L. mingcheense.
Rhizocaulites, a new name for Rhizocaulon R. C. Mehrotra (2000), non Rhizocaulon Saporta (1861)
Authors: Mehrotra Rakesh C.
Published: February 2007

Rhizocaulon R. C. Mehrotra (fossil ?Araceae) is a later homonym of Rhizocaulon Saporta (fossil ?Poaceae) published in 1861 and is, therefore, illegitimate. A new generic name Rhizocaulites is proposed here as a replacement.
Spatial and temporal patterns in the evolution of the flora of the European Alpine System
Authors: Comes Hans Peter , Kadereit Joachim W.
Published: February 2007

This paper presents a perspective of how phylogenetic and phylogeographic hypotheses, based on nuclear DNA sequence variation (ITS) or amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), can provide insights into the origin and evolution of the European high mountain flora. We focus on a diversity of unrelated herbaceous plant taxa that are broadly co‐distributed across the European Alpine System, representing different taxonomic levels, and having either Mediterranean or Asian affinities (i.e.,Anthyllis montana, Pritzelago alpina, Globulariavs.Soldanella, andPrimulasect.Auricula). Our observations highlight that all taxa investigated began to diversify at the beginning of the Pleistocene or well within this period. Some of those taxa apparently followed different routes and modes of immigration, thereby colonizing the European high mountains only once (either from the East or the West) or repeatedly (from the Mediterranean Basin). Our observations further suggest that several high mountain taxa originated from lowland forms. While supporting earlier views, such a trend has generally been associated with pre‐Quaternary rather than Pleistocene events. While several concordant patterns of (large‐scale) spatial genetic differentiation are identified across taxa, such similarities may have arisen at either clearly different or roughly similar times. Finally, most speciation events likely occurred in allopatry, though more comprehensive studies are required to evaluate the relative importance of non‐allopatric modes of speciation in the study area. We conclude that one major challenge to future evolutionary studies in European mountain plants is the accurate and reliable reconstruction of the tempo and mode of speciation across Quaternary time scales.
Needs of users of botanical information in South Africa: outcomes of a national workshop for the stakeholders and end­users of botanical information and herbaria
Authors: Steenkamp Yolande , Smith Gideon F.
Published: February 2007

In the face of an increasingly challenging scientific and fiscal environment, and of shrinking government funding to research institutions, these institutions (including herbaria) must enter the "stakeholder society", in which the needs of the customer are foremost, if they are to survive and remain relevant in the new millennium. To ensure that herbaria in South Africa are indeed delivering those products and services that their customers need and require, a national workshop was organised under the auspices of the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET), which provided the setting for discussion (with the customers) of these needs and wants. Perhaps predictably, it was established that South African end­users of botanical information need more regularly updated, more comprehensive information (e.g., in terms of species lists, name changes and distributional data) than that which they are currently getting. They furthermore want a larger choice in the format of the information not only as hard copy, but also as Internet­based electronic versions. Faster, more efficient services (especially plant identification services) are needed. In terms of infrastructure: to have more confidence in the completeness of the data, a larger, more representative collated herbarium collection (and therefore the expansion of current herbarium collections) is needed. The herbaria of South Africa face several manpower and financial constraints in the implementation of the actions needed to address adequately the needs and wants of their stakeholders.
The typification of Capparis inermis Forssk., C. sinaica Veill. and C. cartilaginea Decne. (Capparaceae)
Authors: Rivera Diego , Friis Ib , Inocencio Cristina , Obón Concepción , Alcaraz Francisco , Reales Antonio
Published: February 2007

The binomials Capparis inermis Forssk. and C. cartilaginea Decne. are neo­ and lectotypified, respectively. Thus typified, C. inermis Forssk. and C. cartilaginea Decne. are conspecific, and the correct name for the taxon would be the older binomial, C. inermis Forssk., unless a current proposal to conserve C. cartilaginea against C. inermis is accepted. Capparis sinaica Veill. is lectotypified by an illustration cited in the protologue and becomes a synonym of C. aegyptia Lam. Capparis inermis Turra is an illegitimate later homonym of Forsskål’s name, and C. dahi Forssk. does not refer to a taxon belonging to the genus Capparis.
Myriolepis, a new genus segregated from Limonium (Plumbaginaceae)
Authors: Lledó M. Dolores , Erben Matthias , Crespo Manuel B.
Published: February 2007

Taxonomic features of Limonium subg. Myriolepis are reviewed and compared with those of other taxa in Plumbaginaceae. The new genus Myriolepis is proposed on the basis of morphological, karyological and phytochemical characters to include two western Mediterranean species of Limonium sect. Myriolepis: L. ferulaceum and L. diffusum. Remaining taxa belonging to L. subg. Myriolepis (those in L. sects. Siphonantha and Polyarthrion) are recognised as sections in L. subg. Limonium. Affinities to other taxa of Limonium, sometimes suggested as related to Myriolepis, are also discussed.
Correcting confusion in Indigofera confusa (Fabaceae)
Authors: Wilson Peter G. , Schrire B. D.
Published: February 2007

Indigofera confusa is an illegitimate name and a case is made for its replacement by I. pretoriana Harms. Confusion over the status of both names is clarified.
Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Festuca (Poaceae): the Festuca vizzavonae and "F. cyrnea" problem
Authors: Signorini M. Adele , Foggi Bruno , Nardi Enio
Published: February 2007

Morphological and karyological features show that Festuca vizzavonae and F. rubra var. cyrnea St. Yves & Litard. are taxonomic synonyms and that F. vizzavonae would be the correct name for this taxon at the rank of species. As this name has, however, been generally considered synonymous with F. alpina subsp. briquetii (/F. alfrediana), this would result in a confusing, and therefore disadvantageous, nomenclatural change. A proposal to reject F. vizzavonae is, therefore, being made.
Lectotypification of Dolichostegia Schlechter (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) and a new combination, Dischidia boholensis
Authors: Livshultz Tatyana
Published: February 2007

Dolichostegia Schlechter, the name of a monotypic genus endemic to the Philippines, is lectotypified and the lectotype described and illustrated. Synonymy of Dolichostegia with Dischidia is accepted and a new combination, Dischidia boholensis (Schlechter) Livshultz, is made. The most likely type locality for D. boholensis, and for other R. C. McGregor specimens from Bohol, is limestone hill forest near Guindulman, in the south‐eastern corner of the island.
Typification of Poa scariosa Lag. and Festuca fenas Lag. (Poaceae)
Authors: de la Fuente Vicente , Gamarra Roberto , Ortúñez Emma
Published: February 2007

Neotypes for Poa scariosa Lag. and Festuca fenas Lag. are designated here.
Where Did All the Collaborators Go?
Authors: Dean Martin
Published: February 2007

Three historians comment on the articles. John Connelly considers the moral and historiographical meanings of "collaboration" and "collaborationism" and suggests that even those cases that Friedrich documents do not make Poland into a collaborationist country. In fact, the Nazis were disappointed that Poles refused to collaborate. Connelly emphasizes the complicated choices and intentions among the Polish population and calls for bringing together both the heroic (and true) tale of Polish resistance with the disturbing (and true) tale of Polish accommodation to the slaughter of the Jews. Tanja Penter adds to the discussion the results of her own research in the records of military tribunals for trials of Soviet citizens accused of collaborating with the Germans. These data confirm the Soviet regime's extremely broad understanding of collaboration and provide in-sight into the collective biography of collaborators. They also suggest which crimes the regime believed most harmful to its integrity. While it is difficult to determine motives and even intentions from these trials, these data, like Jones's, indicate the immense loyalty problem that the Soviet government faced in its occupied territories. Martin Dean calls attention to the difficulties of weeding out collaborators in the postwar Soviet Union and agrees with Jones on the limits of representing the "reality" of collaboration. He notes the reluctance, raised by both Friedrich and Jones, of postwar communist governments and nationalists to deal publicly with the phenomenon. Contrasted to the desire in postwar Europe to deal quickly with war criminals, collaborators, and traitors so that people could move on with their lives, Dean emphasizes the necessity and possibility for historians to write a full history of wartime collaboration, one that recognizes multiple human motives and the responses of hundreds of thousands of individuals who had to take far-reaching decisions under swiftly changing circumstances.