bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poesía Paraguaya Actual
Authors: Plá Josefina
Published: March 2007

La poesía que podemos llamar actual en el Paraguay es un hecho en el cual participan las tres promociones surgidas tras la frustración de la generación llamada de Juventud (que desarrolló de 1923 a 1927 una obra signada por un posmodernismo epigonista) y el largo hiato posterior, 1926-1940, justificado por la guerra y posguerra inmediata del Chaco. Un panorama de esta poesía ha de abarcar, por ahora al menos, y mientras las más recientemente surgidas no estabilicen su definición poética, estas tres promociones, todas ellas en plena vigencia literaria. Aunque como es lógico ocupan planos distintos de manifestación, las unifica la común búsqueda de una solución al problema de una expresión vital por largo tiempo demorada.
The Colombian Battalion in Korea and Suez
Authors: Ramsey Russell W.
Published: March 2007

An international organization is only as effective as the degree of support which its sovereign members are willing to give it. This axiom would probably not be disputed, except for the fact that the word “degree” has the inherent property of evaluation hidden in its meaning. This evaluation, since it deals with the mainstream of a nation's political life, is not capable of purely quantitative analysis. A nation's ideas on sovereignty are involved in international cooperation. Its foreign policy, be it passive, neutral, or aggressive, is certainly involved. Its domestic status in terms of tranquility or violence, poverty or plenty, is deeply involved. A world power is tempted to pre-empt an undue share of the credit for the success of an international organization, especially in the field of conflict resolution. The contribution of a single weak nation is often overlooked, and yet the sum of the weak nations' contributions may conceivably be the balancing factor among irreconcilable giants.
La Violencia in Colombia
Authors: Bailey Norman A.
Published: March 2007

For the past twenty years the South American republic of Colombia has suffered from a social phenomenon of such magnitude that it has defied not only the contemporary jargon of sociologists and political scientists but even the time-honored terminology of insurrection, rebellion, riot and revolution. Perhaps because the only element of this phenomenon that all observers can agree upon is the fact that it is and has been eminently violent, it has come to be called simply “la violencia,” or “The Violence.”

The phenomenon known as la violencia never has been completely absent from Colombia since 1946, but it has had two periods of particular virulence, the first between 1948 and 1953 affecting the departments of Tolima, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Antioquia, Valle, Caldas, Cauca, Santander del Sur, Arauca, Huila, Chocó, Caquetá, Meta, Casanare, Vichada and Bolívar, that is, the entire country with the exception of parts of the Atlantic coast and the southernmost department of Nariño.
O Mate e a Influência Decisiva de Camargo Pinto
Authors: Silva Carneiro David Antonio da
Published: March 2007

A indústria do mate foi, durante um longo período do Brasil independente — mas já também ao tempo da colonia — urna das mais importantes fontes de riqueza, mantenedora e incentivadora do progresso de capitanías e de provincias sulinas.

A extincáo recente do Instituto Nacional do Mate, depois de 33 anos de existencia, mostra que o mate, como outras riquezas brasileiras, em outras épocas, tende á vida latente, ou a entrar em colapso.

Essa fonte de riqueza antiga, desde há alguns anos entrou em plena decadencia. íntimamente essa regressáo se tem acentuado, infelizmente, por deficiencia de mercados, e a concorréncia e producáo dos argentinos.

Ainda mesmo, porém, que o mate nao seja mais industria florescente, merece, por varios títulos, estudos económicos e históricos.
Amor, Dolor y Muerte en la Vida de Don Mariano Melgarejo
Authors: Machicao Porfirio Díaz
Published: March 2007

Una desconocida correspondencia que guarda la Biblioteca Central de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés de La Paz, en su sección manuscritos, me incita a dar algunos pormenores de la caída de Don Mariano Melgarejo y de la sincera angustia que, en los primeros momentos, tuvo su favorita Doña Juana Sánchez — tirana en el amor y en la crueldad — amén del comedimiento de amigos y espías que le siguieron a la hora crepuscular.

Tales documentos no han sido revelados. Tienen pues el prestigio de una inconfundible testificación.

Como el halcón de la cetrería, Don Mariano logró arribar a tierras del Perú, huyendo de la caza que iban a darle los indios altiplánicos.
Trabajador Olvidado Del Siglo XX: El Artesano
Authors: Baquero José A.
Published: March 2007

La revolución industrial que caracterizó la segunda mitad del Siglo XIX y que se ha intensificado en los años que han transcurrido del presente Siglo, ha traído como consecuencia un natural despertar de la conciencia social hacia las duras realidades del trabajador asalariado y se ha pronunciado en legislaciones más o menos avanzadas para proteger a dicho trabajador.

Todos los países del mundo occidental, cual más cual menos, han dictado códigos y leyes laborales y de seguridad social, con el propósito de defender al trabajador industrial frente a los intereses de la industria, permitiéndole no solamente equilibrar un tanto su posición en las negociaciones de los contratos colectivos de trabajo, mediante la organización de sindicatos y uniones, sino garantizándole salarios mínimos, la limitación de horas de trabajo, seguros de enfermedad, invalidez y fallecimiento, etc. Estas legislaciones, unas con visión de la realidad y otras un tanto exageradas con relación al medio en que deben aplicarse, tienen en común la profunda preocupación del Estado y de la sociedad en general, de aproximarse en la medida de lo posible a una situación de justicia social que permita el desenvolvimiento de la clase trabajadora hacia niveles humanos y dignos.
Las Fuentes del Derecho Mercantil en Puerto Rico
Authors: Santa-Pinter J. J.
Published: March 2007

Puerto Rico ocupa un lugar de mucho interés en los estudios jurídicos debido a razones históricas y políticas que, brevemente, podrán resumirse en lo siguiente: es sin duda, un país de pertenencia al sistema de civil law en cuanto al origen de su orden jurídico, no obstante, en la actualidad, su Derecho en cualquiera de sus ramas, se halla influenciado por el sistema de common law a causa de su status político actual.

El Preámbulo de su Constitución de 1952 expresa en forma inequívoca esta idea en el párrafo 5 al decir que “consideramos factores determinantes en nuestra vida … la convivencia en Puerto Rico de las dos grandes culturas del hemisferio americano”, lo cual indica implícitamente también la convivencia de las dos grandes culturas jurídicas, el common law y el civil law, por ser el Derecho el sine qua non de toda vida organizada.
Problemas da Agricultura Brasileira e Suas Causas
Authors: Pereira Luiz Carlos Bresser
Published: March 2007

Em um momento em que se discute, de forma intensa, a respeito da necessidade e dos meios de se executar um programa de reforma agrária no Brasil, torna-se importante analisar de urna forma ampla os principais problemas da agricultura brasileira e sus causas. A necessidade de urna reforma agrária e a extensão e profundidade que a mesma deverá ter dependerá do grau de inadequação da estrutura agrária do país. Quanto mais as deficiências estruturais constituirem-se em causa das dificuldades que hoje enfrenta a agricultura brasileira, maior será a necessidade da reforma agrária, e mais radical deverá ser ela.
The Rise of Middle Class and Middle Management in Brazil
Authors: Bresser Pereira L. C.
Published: March 2007

Brazil, during the past thirty years, has undergone extensive social and economic change, amounting to a Brazilian “Industrial Revolution”. It is always somewhat arbitrary to assign dates to broad historical events, but, if establishment of a starting point for the Industrial Revolution would aid in its understanding, the best date is probably 1930. In the economic field, it is true, World War One represented a first step; in the cultural field, the Week of Modern Art (1922 in Sao Paulo) was the first significant manifestation of a really Brazilian culture. But in both cultural and economic fields, and especially in the political field, the Revolution of 1930 (when Getúlio Vargas came to power), and the world depression beginning in 1929, are the most important events. The phase that many sociologists, economists, and historians call either the National Revolution or the Industrial Revolution, the stage that W. W. Rostow prefers to call the take-off period, began at that time in Brazil.
European Possessions in the Americas
Authors: Parks E. Taylor
Published: March 2007

The United States of 1783 was composed of thirteen former English colonies and their hinterland extending to the Mississippi River. Except on the Atlantic side, the new republic was surrounded by European possessions. In fact, the remainder of the New World was claimed by European nations. It was inevitable, therefore, that the United States from the beginning would concern itself with these European possessions.

The degree of concern has been determined largely by three factors: (1) the geographic location of the areas, (2) their economic and strategic value, and (3) the relative power and prestige of their current or prospective possessors. As regards the geographic location of the areas, the interest of the United States has expanded roughly in broad concentric arcs: (a) contiguous continental lands (Florida, Louisiana, Texas, California, Oregon Territory); (b) Alaska, Central America, and the Caribbean; (c) South America and off-shore islands; and (d) the Antarctic. This expansion of interest has been concomitant with the territorial and economic growth of the United States, the development of ever-more-rapid means of transportation and communication, and the changing concepts of national defense.
The Transformation of Brazilian Plantation Society
Authors: Hutchinson H. W.
Published: March 2007

Brazil has been a classic example of plantation society. In recent years, however, a new Brazil has been emerging in a process vividly described by Charles Wagley as "the Brazilian Revolution", by which the old society has been transformed as new groups have gradually risen from industry, commerce, the professions, and the bureaucracy, until the overall Brazilian society no longer bears the stamp of plantation society.

In this paper an attempt will be made to show how the plantation developed into the organizing force of Brazilian society throughout the Colonial and Empire periods by extending its form and control patterns to the larger society which surrounded it. By the end of the nineteenth century, due to a series of crises, economic, social, and political, the classic plantation system underwent modifications which, if they had gone unchecked, would have strengthened it more than ever.
Consensus, Ideology and Labor Relations
Authors: Morris James O.
Published: March 2007

Why is there grave ideological division in some societies and an overwhelming consensus in others? Miserable living conditions as opposed to high material standards? Inflation or economic stabilization? The immigration of “radical” workers and the inflow of extremist literature as opposed to the maintenance of a “homogenous” population and, perhaps, censorship? Capitalist exploitation and the class struggle as contrasted with socialist competition and classlessness? Although some of these economic and political counterpropositions might, if carefully analyzed, yield helpful answers to the question posed, such phenomena are often symptomatic of deeper dislocations in society. One of these deeper dislocations which can, in the opinion of this writer, provide real understanding of ideological division involves the maturation process as it occurs in individuals, in the family, and ultimately in society as a whole. It is the thesis of this article that when the maturation process is unduly slowed or interrupted consensus in society may be sacrificed and social crisis may result. Analysis is developed around a social-psychological framework and consensus in society and in the labor relations system is explored from this point of view.
After the Chilean Presidential Election: Reform or Stagnation?
Authors: Petras James
Published: March 2007

In Latin America, where elections are usually something less than expressions of the popular will, it is significant that in Chile one of the most decisive political decisions was resolved at the ballot box. Of two-and-a-half million votes cast, Eduardo Frei, the Christian Democratic candidate, received 56%. The Socialist-Communist coalition candidate, Salvador Allende, received 39%, while Julio Duran, the candidate of the former foremost electoral party, the Radical Party, received slightly less than 5 %. With the exception of the usual bribery charges and the emphasizing of the fact that illiterates who compose 25% of the population (and who are mostly lower class) are excluded from voting, even the Communist daily El Siglo editorially commented that Frei won the popular mandate. This was both a personal triumph for Frei and a political vindication for the Christian Democratic Party which began in the late thirties as a split-off from the old traditional Catholic Conservative Party.
A Financial System for Economic Development: Problems and Prospects in Central America
Authors: Tamagna Frank M. , Wolfe Gregory B.
Published: March 2007

This study of financial institutions and processes highlights changes in the policies and practices of investors, governments and international bodies that would accelerate industrial development of Central America. There are three principal conclusions:

1. Commercial banks and related institutions need more flexibility in their operations under the law and administrative procedures. Among these conditions would be adaptations of credit instruments and interest rates to the requirements of a changing economic structure and market conditions. These would increase the number and range of alternatives open to domestic savers and investors and enable financial institutions to undertake operations of longer terms and greater risks.
The Latin American Press and the Space Race
Authors: Smith Peter H.
Published: March 2007

One of the most frequent justifications for the United States’ participation in the space race is that, for better or for worse, the nation's prestige is hanging in the balance. Aside from the military, paramilitary, and scientific aspects of the question, it is argued that the Soviet and American space teams are locked in a political struggle whose outcome will be regarded as incontrovertible proof of the relative cultural and economic merits of Communism and democracy: Sputnik I, for instance, was regarded more as a blow to our national honor than as a threat to the national security. While the basis of this outlook is undeniably valid, the attempt to elevate the United States’ prestige through its efforts in space is greatly complicated by the necessity for understanding the criteria upon which other nations of the world—particularly the unaligned and less developed ones —are liable to compare East vs. West. Even so, there have been virtually no systematic analyses of the impact of the space race on the “target” countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
The Nationalism Syndrome in Argentina
Authors: Fernández Julio A.
Published: March 2007

This study is a modest attempt to examine some general aspects of nationalism in the Argentine context. It should be mentioned at the start that there is no comprehensive definition for nationalism and in this connection it may be useful to explore some of the various ways in which the term is employed.

Professor Toynbee defines nationalism as “a state of mind in which we give our paramount political loyalty to one fraction of the human race—to the particular tribe of which we happen to be tribesmen.” Professor Ebenstein describes nationalism since the French Revolution as “one of the driving forces of domestic, imperial, and international politics.” From his observation of Western countries, Myrdal prefers to view nationalism in terms of “an irrational force, driving … [western countries] to more disruptive policies internationally than are in their own long-term interests.”
Carlos Vaz Ferreira: Uruguayan Philosopher
Authors: Haddox John H.
Published: March 2007

Carlos Vaz Ferreira, born at Montevideo, Uruguay in 1872, a graduate of the School of Law, and at twenty-five appointed to the Chair of Philosophy there, was a prolific writer who for more than thirty years presented special lectures open to the general public. As a result he was one of the most influential men of this century in his homeland. Frank and honest and intensely stimulating, Aníbal Sánchez Reulet has termed Vaz Ferreira an “intellectual pontiff.”

From 1929 to 1941 he was, off and on, the Rector of the University and in 1945 he became Director of the School of Humanities in Montevideo, which position he held until his death in 1959.
The Economic Growth of Latin America: Motivations, Prospects and Problems
Authors: Shelton David H.
Published: March 2007

Rapid growth in output of real goods and services and consequent improvement in material standards of living are the pre-eminent goals of economic policy in Latin America. Evidence in support of this conclusion is so commonplace that it need scarcely be cited. It is, however, interesting and informative to look at the reasons why Latin America so ardently desires growth, at her prospects for actual attainment of continual and substantial increases in real output per capital, and at some of the problems which she may encounter along the way. It is the purpose of this paper to summarize and comment upon some of what appear to be the chief motivations to economic development and to juxtapose some of the advantages and obstacles which Latin America is likely to face in her drive for economic growth.
Esclavitud y tráfico culíes en Chile
Authors: Segall Marcelo
Published: March 2007

Chile en la proportión correspondiente ha pasado por todas las etapas del desarrollo capitalista. En particular en el período de la República ha seguido en tono menor su curso general. Surgió la gran industria en la forma específica chilena, en la minería. Gran industria que en su época inicial lleva implícita la explotación humana en sus formas más duras. Efectúa un aparente retorno al período de la Acumulación Primitiva, forzada, propia de la América del siglo XVI. Entre esos rasgos antiguos, hay uno específico: la esclavitud.
Machado de Assis—Brazilian Writer
Authors: Pimentel A. Fonseca
Published: March 2007

Taking into account the historical and geographical differences, as well as, of course, the nature and intrinsic value of the works concerned, Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis (1839-1908) occupies the same position in Brazilian literature as Camoens does in Portuguese, Cervantes in Spanish, Dante in Italian, Goethe in German, and Shakespeare in English.

In other words, to use symbolic language borrowed from geography itself, Machado de Assis undoubtedly represents the highest peak in Brazilian literature. He can claim to have produced its most significant work up to his time—perhaps no very great achievement. But what is remarkable is the fact that such work has remained so up to the present day, particularly that part produced during the last thirty years of his life.
A Reappraisal of the Economic Record of Venezuela, 1939-1959
Authors: Cusack Thomasine
Published: March 2007

The year 1959 was a crucial one for Venezuela. Politically, it marked the end of an era of military dictatorship. Economically, with the appearance of a world surplus of oil, it marked the termination of a period of prosperity unique in type and unparalleled in degree. This turning point in the destiny of the nation would seem to be a fitting time for an appraisal of Venezuela's recent growth record.

Such an appraisal reveals the fact that during the past twenty years Venezuela's remarkable economic gains were brought about by a unique combination of growth factors. Some of these Venezuela possessed in common with other Latin-American countries. But others, in particular those of a spatial and temporal character, have been singularly its own.
Agricultural Disposals as Foreign Aid: An Appraisal
Authors: Hultman C. W.
Published: March 2007

The United States Government, over the past several years, has endeavored to utilize its abundance of agricultural commodities for the promotion of economic development in certain foreign locales. The disposal of surplus food and fiber products purportedly serves the dual purpose of alleviation of domestic over-production and assistance to underdeveloped countries engaged in a struggle for economic advancement. The two programs which attempt an integration of surplus disposal with foreign economic assistance are Section 402 of the Mutual Security Act and the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act (PL 480).
Tradition and Variation in Brazilian Foreign Policy
Authors: Burns E. Bradford
Published: March 2007

Mounting Anxieties, frustrations, and fears in Brazil effected a change of government by military force at the end of March of 1964. President Joáo Goulart fled to an Uruguayan exile. Congress, urged by the military, conferred supreme executive power on Marshal Humberto Castelo Branco. Many other sweeping changes followed. None was more complete than the about-face taken in foreign policy.

Castelo Branco spoke out early and unequivocally in his regime in favor of a return to more traditional policies. The graduation exercise of the foreign service school, the Instituto Rio-Branco, on July 31, 1964, provided the propitious place and moment for him to outline the foreign policy goals of his government. He paid homage to the ideals consecrated by tradition: world peace, disarmament, selfdetermination, non-intervention, and anti-colonialism. Moving into the more pragmatic realm of national interests, the president emphasized that his government's foreign policy aimed to increase national power through social and economic development.
Problems in the Professionalization of the University Teaching Career in Central America
Authors: Waggoner George R.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, working cooperatively through the Council of Central American Universities and working vigorously, too, as independent universities, the five national universities of Central America have been carrying through a tremendous program of academic reform.

Five major movements in Central American higher education have worked toward the elimination or reduction of the traditional isolation of the virtually independent professional schools of which the universities have been composed. These are:

1.

The creation of university cities in which the various divisions are brought together physically.

2.

The creation of general studies programs of a year or more into which all entering university students are placed.

3.

The development of departments in the basic disciplines which serve the pre-professional general studies program and also tend to offer for all of the professional schools in the university the courses in these basic subjects needed in professional curricula.

4.

The strong interest that is arising in post-graduate studies, especially of a regionally planned type.

5.

The growing concomitant interest in research with a view that it, like the training of many kinds of professionals, is necessary for the social, economic, and industrial development of Central America.
Quelques Aspects De L'Economie Haitienne
Authors: Lubin Maurice A.
Published: March 2007

Tout pays pose un certain nombre de problèmes de base. Us se rammènent à quatre groupes principaux: Politique, Administratif, Social et Economique.

Quelle est la position d'Haiti, face à ees problèmes?

Depuis 1804, et bien avant, nous nous sommes toujours oceupés de politique, ou de ce que nous appelons tel. S'applique plus adéquatement a nous, Haitiens, ce mot d'Aristotle: “L'homme est un animal politique.”

Le politique est tout ce qui concerne l'organisation de 1'Etat, l'exercice de ses pouvoirs, des droits et des obligations des citoyens pour la raison qu'iis vivent en groupes, sous une autorité donée. Le politique peut se démembrer et s'appliquer à différentes fins.
Class Parameters in Haitian Society
Authors: de Young Maurice
Published: March 2007

In attempting to define the parameters of Haitian society, three basic status pyramids will be employed, economic, social-occupational, and political. In each case, an effort will be made to distinguish between caste (inherited) and class (personally-achieved distinction) elements which seem to be present. These criteria will then be placed in comparison or opposition to the acid test of individual recognition of status and solidarity toward the class with which Haitians identify themselves.

The absolute upper and lower limits of class in Haiti are not difficult to distinguish by economic or socio-occupational standards, and with a few notable exceptions there is a high degree of political correlation in that both the upper and lower groups participate very little in the political mechanism. Thus whereas these two groups are at opposite poles in the first two pyramids, they are essentially undistinguishable in the third.
Cuatro Tendencias en la Politica Latinoamericana
Authors: Gil Federico G.
Published: March 2007

El propósito del presente artículo es principalmente el de sugerir, en lineas generales, la naturaleza de algunos de los problemas de mayor vigencia dentro del cuadro actual de la política latinoamericana. Ante la imposibilidad de ofrecer en este espacio una visión completa de la escena política, nos hemos limitado al análisis de cuatro tendencias que, según impresiones recogidas en dos viajes recientes por nuestro continente, constituyen, en nuestra opinión, factores primordiales de la actividad política en estos países.

La primera de estas tendencias, que el extranjero percibe de inmediato, es la ola creciente de sentimiento anti-norteamericano. Aunque este factor no haya alcanzado todavía proporciones desmedidas, debe constituir motivo de seria preocupación a todos los estudiosos de la realidad latinoamericana.
The Council of the OAS: Performance and Potential
Authors: Dreier John C.
Published: March 2007

The Council occupies a central position in the Organization of American States. The Charter names it as one of the six organs through which the Organization carries out its functions. It is the only body representing all member governments that is continually in session at the seat of the Organization. With some 60 years of consecutive if varied existence, the Council has been constantly subject to the major political influences that have shaped the attitudes of the 21 member governments toward the OAS. The fundamental character of the Council, its authority and its true role in the regional organization are still in a process of evolutionary development.
The United States as Caudillo
Authors: Bailey Norman A.
Published: March 2007

Latin-American international behavior has always seemed puzzling to the policy-makers of Washington, but perhaps never quite as incomprehensible as in connection with the recent Cuban missile crisis. On various occasions, notably during the San José and Punta del Este Foreign Ministers’ Conferences, the United States had attempted to obtain some concerted action against the aggresive and subversive activities of a Communist-dominated Cuba. The response of the Latin-American nations ranged from lukewarm to frigid, and the maximum that the U. S. was able to obtain (and that by a bare two-thirds vote) in the way of anti-Cuban action, was the expulsion of Cuba from the Organization of American States, a step which one must assume was greeted by the Cuban leaders with something less than total consternation.
The United States Air Force and Latin American Research
Authors: Bushnell David
Published: March 2007

In the vast maze of official United States programs for technical cooperation with Latin America, one of those that have attracted least attention is the support of Latin American scientific research by the United States Air Force. The program is a small one, not only as compared with the total research effort supported by the Air Force at home and abroad but also as compared with the total array of United States scientific and technical assistance to Latin America. It is not, in fact, an “assistance” program at all in the usual sense: it is, rather, a program in which Latin Americans assist the United States and simply receive payment for services rendered.

The assistance in question is not in any way directly related to the development of new weapons or to actual military activities; it operates on the level of basic and applied research, and is concerned only with increasing the general store of scientific knowledge on which future advances in non-military as well as military technology must ultimately rest.
Social Backgrounds of the Bogotá Entrepreneur
Authors: Lipman Aaron
Published: March 2007

A sample of Bogotá entrepreneurs suggests that their social origins and backgrounds differ markedly from those of the general Colombian population. The entrepreneur is well-educated, urban, and comes from a predominantly middle class background, in a society that is mainly rural, has a low educational level, and an overwhelmingly large lower class.

As Weber and Tawney have pointed out, the emergence of the entrepreneur is inevitably affected by his cultural milieu. Motivations and goals making profit desirable are derived from the society which socializes him; he makes decisions which are influenced by the residues, values, and restraints which society places upon risk, risk-taking, and freedom of economic choice. The entrepreneurial role, with its behavioral expectations, occupies a status granted it by a society—a status not fully derived from the power of wealth or capital manipulation, but from traditional prestige values and traditional concepts of the “good life” and the definition of the individual's proper relationship to his society. Some societies appear to breed entrepreneurs more readily than others, and encourage their appearance through offering differential rewards and incentives.
Inconsistências e Vacuidades da Lei Brasileira de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação
Authors: Maciel Carlos Frederico
Published: March 2007

Overdadeiro Título dêste artigo — se eu tivesse encontrado esta palavra no dicionário — deveria ser: as “pseudoses” da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases. Tratará, com efeito, embora sumàriamente, de algumas incongruências, suposições e pseudo-implicações desta Lei ou que dela decorrem. Devo dizer, à guiza de preâmbulo, que eu também já me inscreví, princípio, entre os apoiadores da Lei. Mas esta é urna Lei que envelheceu muito depressa. E não me refiro, aqui, à aceleração do rítmo das coisas no Brasil, nos últimos anos, o que, de fato, poderia bastar para explicar que, em apenas quatro anos, a Lei pudesse ter caducado. É o fato de que essa Lei, por assim dizer, já nasceu velha. Ela levou quinze anos para ser feita, desde a promulgação da Constituição de 46, e doze anos no Congresso, a maior parte dos quais “engavetada”.
La Huella Digital del Peru
Authors: Heysen Luis E.
Published: March 2007

La antigua tierra del Sol, del Inca y del Ayllu, el Perú, es uno de los países de nuestra América donde las disparidades regionales son, geográfica, económica y políticamente las más acentuadas. Se ha podido, con la historia en la mano, traer a la memoria o sacar a la luz, que ya los Incas en su geografía Incaica o Pachaquigua distinguían ocho regiones climáticas, según los comentarios y las crónicas del Inca Garcilaso de la Vega y de Pedro Cieza de León. La mayoría de los textos de geografía con que se estudia, conoce y reconoce el paisaje terrestre a través del clima: calor, vientos, y lluvias; del relieve: mesetas, valles, montañas, llanuras y, de las asociaciones vegetales y animales que dan la expresión biológica y colorista, mencionan tres regiones geográficas mal denominadas así: costa, sierra y montaña.
The Andean Cultural Frontier
Authors: Hegen Edmund E.
Published: March 2007

From the Sierra Macarena in the north to the Sierra Divisor east of the Río Ucayali, the eastern ranges of the Andes form an amphitheater along the western border of the Upper Amazon Basin. This Andean arc was for centuries a combined physical and cultural boundary. The noman's land of the Ceja and the hostility of the Montaña with its rough relief, short lateral valleys, turbulent rivers, and with the “conservatism of the forest” represented a rigid and formidable physical barrier.

The eastern region of the Inca Empire, Anti-Suyo, certainly never reached far beyond the forest line along the eastern ranges. The deepest penetration into the Selva took place probably under Inca Túpac Yupanqui, during the wars against the Shiris, who settled around “Chachapuyas and Muyupampas.”
The Political Emergence of Arab-Chileans, 1952-1958
Authors: Bray Donald W.
Published: March 2007

In Enrique Bunster's satirical novel Un ángel para Chile, set in the year 2015, Turcos” hold sway in the Club de la Unión, traditionally the exclusive redoubt of Chile's upper class. In 2015, high and mighty Turcos place orders for wines carrying the names of present-day Arab-Chilean textile millionaires with waiters descended from presentday aristocratic wine-making families. Bunster's fanciful vision of future Chilean society takes what basis of credibility it has from the remarkable economic and political progress achieved by Arab-Chileans in recent years. This progress was accelerated during the 1952-1958 government of Carlos Ibáñez and became a focus for political controversy.
The Latin-American Free Trade Zone
Authors: Torres José Garrido
Published: March 2007

The Free Trade Zone treaty signed by seven Latin-American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, and Uruguay) last February in Montevideo, is an unprecedented event in this part of the world. When it comes into effect by ratification of at least three of the seven countries the Latin-American Association of Free Trade will be created. It is destined to have considerable influence in the future of this continent if it proves to be an adequate instrument for attaining the goals in sight. These are two-fold: first, the intensification of trade; second, laying the groundwork for a more ambitious scheme of economic integration. Today, trade among Latin-American countries is about 10 per cent of their total international commerce. On the other hand, their economic development has been taking place along lines that are much too protectionist.
O Sociólogo na Correnteza Política
Authors: da Rocha Munhoz
Published: March 2007

Quando em 1960, integrando urna comitiva de 12 deputados brasileiros em visita aos Estados Unidos a convite do govêrno norte-americano, integrando sem ter pleiteiado e só figurando entre os convidados, porque depois de muitas escolhas domésticas em vézes sucessivas, chegara fatalmente minha vez, troquei idéias em New York, na Columbia University, com um dos seus professôres de Historia.

Sendo eu professor de Historia da América, da Universidade do Paraná, manifestei em meio da palestra, minha predileção pela Historia colonial, largo período do mais alto interêsse, por ser ai que se descobrem as verdadeiras raízes da formação americana.
Los Problemas Sociales de Mexico en 1900 y 1950
Authors: Flores Anselmo Marino
Published: March 2007

La Revolución Mexicana como movimiento armado y como proceso políticosocial constituye un tema apasionado para los mexicanos. A escaso número de años del desarrollo de las operaciones bélicas y con la supervivencia de personajes participantes, se vuelve sumamente difícil esclarecer situaciones, uniformar opiniones y sobre todo conciliar intereses.

Sabemos perfectamente que nuestra organización políticoadministrativa actual tiene sus raíces en la Constitución proclamada bajo la egregia figura de don Venustiano Carranza en 1917 y sabemos también que en el norte la personalidad de Francisco Villa se sigue viendo con admiración y con respeto, y que en el sur, donde parece que la Revolución fué sólo una guerra fratricida sin ninguna proyección social, los campesinos que se debaten en la miseria buscan ansiosamente otro Emiliano Zapata.
The Haitian Novel of Social Protest
Authors: MacLeod Murdo J.
Published: March 2007

The Republic of Haiti is not a country of the twentieth century. Plagued by questions of race and color, illiteracy, an exhausted soil, a population explosion, a history of ineffectual and corrupt governments, and the worst poverty of the hemisphere, little has been accomplished since independence in the welter of civil wars, coups d'état, and assassinations. An inevitably large body of social legislation, therefore, does not hide the fact that the Haiti of today is a poor, underdeveloped land, relying for its food on archaic and destructive agricultural methods, packed rather than inhabited by a cheerful but disease-ridden negro people.
A Research Report on Consulado History
Authors: Smith Robert S.
Published: March 2007

The Spanish consulado — or Catalan consolat de mar — emerged from the medieval economy of Mediterranean towns. From a simple maritime court, its prototype in thirteenth-century Valencia, the Consulado evolved into a permanent tribunal with appellate as well as original jurisdiction in mercantile disputes. Ultimately, the consular court constituted one of three divisions of the guild merchant. The matrícula, or guild membership, comprised resident merchants who met various qualifications of age, property, and vocation. In annual assemblies the guildsment elected the judges of their court, usually a prior and two consuls. The prior and consuls were at once judges, active merchants, and members ex-officio of an executive council or junta. This governing body represented the merchant class in negotiating with other groups, especially public officials. It administered customs and taxes, enforced trade regulations, carried out public works projects, and in many other ways intervened in the economic life of the community.
A Survey of Elementary and Secondary Education in Latin America
Authors: Davis Thomas B.
Published: March 2007

Latin-American education today bears more resemblance to its ineffective past than to the great and good plans which its educators have regularly got incorporated into law. For two generations all the southern republics have passed constitutional provisions guaranteeing free and compulsory education. Haiti has carried such a provision in its legal code since 1871, yet today 92 per cent of its people are illiterate.

The percentage figure ranges somewhat lower for the other countries, but the basic situation remains the same. As H. W. Spiegel reported in The Brazilian Economy: “At present no more than one-third of Brazil's child population attends school. Schools, including the elementary, are overcrowded. Teachers are scarce. Education opportunities for higher training are poor and expensive. During 1940 to 1944, seventyeight per cent of the immigrants were literate; in 1940 only thirty-two per cent of the native Brazilians were literate.”
Ou en Sommes-Nous avec L'Elite Intellectuelle D'Haiti
Authors: Lubin Maurice A.
Published: March 2007

Nous sommes fiers de notre élite intellectuelle. Nous apprécions ses connaissances littéraires, artistiques, techniques. Nous tirons legitime vanité de ses productions intellectuelles.

Il a été donné plus d'une fois de dresser le bilan de nos productions intellectuelles. II y a, par exemple, d'Ulrick Divivier la BibliographieGenérale et Méthodique D'Haiti (2 volumes, Port-au-Prince, Imprimerie de l'Etat, 1941, 315 et 411 pages), des Anthologies de Poésie et de Prose Haitiennes et l'important travail de Max Bissainthe Dictionnaire de la Bibliographie Haitienne (The Scarecrow Press, Washington D. C, 1052 pages, 1951) qui constituent des homages éloquents á notre intelligenzia, durante les 150 ans et plus d'Indépendance.
Tres Revoluciones de Hispanoamérica: México, Bolivia y Cuba
Authors: Urbanski Edmund Stephen
Published: March 2007

La urgencia de reformas que se desprende de las necesidades actuales de Hispanoamérica nos obliga a analizar las transformaciones que ya tuvieron lugar al respecto, puesto que pueden servirnos como directrices para el futuro. Del desenvolvimiento general de las vicisitudes que les acompañaban se puede, además, como decía Cervantes, sacar “algún ejemplo provechoso”.

De los varios países hispanoamericanos que emprendieron reformas, México es el único donde la revolución del siglo xx ha constituido el mayor intento de mejoramiento de vida de las masas. Aunque sus resultados no son finales, la palabra “revolución”, ha perdido en el suelo mexicano su sentido original. Se ha convertido en un sinónimo de progreso social y sobre todo, agrario.
Carlos J. Finlay, Gloria Americana
Authors: Vizcaíno Juan F.
Published: March 2007

El Journal of Inter-American Studies quiere dejar constancia desu preocupación porque las figuras señeras de nuestra Américasean recordadas y enaltecidas en la dimensión de sus personalidadesy ejecutorias. Hoy cabe el recuerdo de un médico e investigador cubano,el Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, quien a lo largo de toda una vidapudo abrir caminos científicos para el bienestar de la humanidad. Al cumplirse cincuenta años de su muerte acaecida el 20 de agostode 1915, se ha pretendido rendir tributo a su memoria.

La investigación médica en la América tiene un pionero de gran calidad en Carlos Juan Finlay. En este cubano se concentran J factores que revelan una verdadera categoría de cultura y de ascenso en la mentalidad latinoamericana de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX.

Nació Finlay en la ciudad de Camagüey el 3 de diciembre de 1833, y es su padre un médico escocés avecindado en Cuba, el Dr. Edward Finlay, y su madre Isabel de Barres, que es francesa de nacimiento. Su educación secundaria fue francesa pues sus estudios se hicieron en el Liceo de Ruán (Rheims), pero la universitaria tuvo una doble vertiente cultural: se graduó de Doctor en Medicina en el Jefferson Medical College de Filadelfia en 1855 con honores de Doctor en Ciencias, y en la Universidad de la Habana, en 1857.
Culture and the Spanish Civil War - A Fascist View: 1936-1939
Authors: Schwartz Kessel
Published: March 2007

Almost from the inception of the Spanish Inquisition which sought to stifle scientific investigation and philosophical speculation while rejecting foreign ideologies, contrary currents existed in Spain. The liberal humanistic movement headed by Erasmus preached intellectual freedom and a defense of interior religión. This ideology never disappeared in Spain in spite of the formation of the Company of Jesus by Ignacio de Loyola and the efforts of Spanish theologians who promoted the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent. Under Felipe II foreign ideas were forbidden as heretical and interpretations independent of the Church were stifled. Nevertheless, criticism of the status quo continued. Reginaldo González Montano wrote the first attack on the Inquisition, Sanctae Inquisitioms Hispanicae in 1567.
The United States as Seen from Mexico
Authors: Merrill John C.
Published: March 2007

This article is a report of a study begun in 1959 and completed in early 1962 at the State University of Iowa as a doctoral dissertation. A descriptive study, it attempted to draw in rather broad outlines the image of the United States and its people as presented in an important segment of the Mexican press1 and in opinions expressed by journalists in interviews and on questionnaires. More specifically, the study was made to determine and describe the volume and kinds of news, opinion, and pictorial material about the United States published over a randomlyselected period (January, 1960) in ten leading daily newspapers of Mexico.

Beyond this main descriptive phase, consisting of the analysis of the content of 300 separate newspaper issues, the study also had as a secondary objective the presentation of opinion about the United States given by journalists connected with the ten dailies and with a few other newspapers. This latter phase proved to be much the more interesting, and the more revealing, aspect of the study, and it is principally with this “opinion” aspect of the study that the present article deals.
Universalidade do Poeta Brasileiro Jorge de Lima
Authors: Leal César
Published: March 2007

Se alguém me indagasse qual seria o poeta mais representativo da moderna poesia brasileira, creio que mencionaria primeiro Carlos Drummond de Andrade, aínda que Manuel Bandeira também o seja, ao lado de outros como Cassiano Ricardo, Emílio Moura, Murilo Mendes, Lêdo Ivo, Mauro Mota, João Cabral de Melo Neto e Joaquim Cardozo. Mas a expressão poética, em nenhum dêsses autores, alcanca urna dimensão intelectual de fronteiras tão extensas quando em Jorge de Lima. Creio que sua poesía, sob certos aspectos, é mais importante do que a de Fernando Pessoa; e, entre os poetas de língua portuguêsa, talvez só encontre rival em Camões.
Peruvian Social Mobility: Revolutionary and Developmental Potential
Authors: Chaplin David
Published: March 2007

While Peru's economic development is highly influenced by its resource endowment and the price structure of its exports, the style of industrialization will be determined in large part by the type and amount of social mobility its class structure permits. Although similar ethnically to Guatemala and Bolivia, Peru so far has managed to forestall a basic social revolution and has developed under one of the most private “free enterprise” regimes in Latin America. It should therefore be interesting to examine the type of class structure and social mobility that underlies this stage of development.

In terms of a model of the process of industrialization, I shall emphasize the distinctive features of the transitional stage. It seems that a folk-urban, traditional-modern dichotomy—or even a transitional type that is merely halfway between these extremes—is not adequate.
Educación y desarrollo—el caso de Venezuela
Authors: Echevarría-Salvat Oscar A.
Published: March 2007

Al igual que otros países, Venezuela se enfrenta a una demanda creciente de servicios educacionales en todos los niveles, pero cuenta con recursos limitados para satisfacerla. El presente artículo pretende estudiar la promoción de la educación a fin de explorar las posibilidades de utilizar una metodología sistemática y objetiva para evaluar estas inversiones en los países en desarrollo. La evaluación económica de todo proyecto requiere la consideración de tres aspectos básicos: (1) si se obtienen los objetivos inmediatos al menor costo posible, (2) si existe suficiente demanda para el servicio a ofrecer y (3) si los beneficios netos, tanto individuales como sociales, son adecuados a la luz de otras posibilidades de inversión en el país.
Brazilian Success Story: The Volta Redonda Iron and Steel Project
Authors: Rogers Edward J.
Published: March 2007

The Brazilian government's National Steel Mill at Volta Redonda is considered by many to be a hallmark in the development of Brazilian industry and the symbol of a future Brazil. It represents to them a turning away from the old monoproductive agricultural pattern, with its inherent weaknesses, and an acceptance of industry with its promise of a fuller, more secure national existence. The Brazilians are proud of this iron and steel mill. Not only is it the largest such mill in Brazil, it is also the largest in all Latin America. To many it is an important step in the road toward a stronger world position. This is an important point in a continent often overlooked and taken for granted by the leading world powers.