bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiographic criteria employed to diagnose and treat approximal caries by final‐year dental students in Mexico City
Authors: Maupomé Gerardo , Sheiham Aubrey
Published: May 2006

Abstract A total of 407 final‐year dental students in Mexico City were asked about the radiographic criteria they employed when assessing treatment needs for caries in a standardized patient case. 45.2% of participants would restore lesions confined to enamel; 60.7% believed that a lesion which had not passed the dentino‐enamel junction would cavitate; and 65.4% said it would take on average 6 months or less for a lesion to progress from outer enamel to the dentino‐enamel junction. Radiographic criteria appeared to reflect fears of rapid, inevitable progression of lesions. While local caries experiences had been reported to be high, there seems to be room for re‐evaluating some clinical criteria employed to manage caries.
Development of oral hygiene self‐efficacy and outcome expectancy questionnaires
Authors: Stewart James E. , Strack Stephen , Graves Peter
Published: May 2006

Abstract In order to measure social cognitive constructs in the oral hygiene domain, questionnaires containing self‐efficacy and outcome expectation items were developed. Items were generated to measure personal beliefs in brushing and flossing ability tinder a variety of circumstances, and expected outcomes from performing oral hygiene behaviors that might be positive, negative, primary and secondary. In the first study, factor scales were developed on the basis of the responses from 90 subjects awaiting dental treatment. Principal components analyses with varimax rotation revealed two self‐efficacy and four outcome expectations dimensions that explained 73% and 51% of the variance, respectively. A second study that utilized 103 government employees was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaires. All scales demonstrated good internal consistency and test‐retest stability. Correlations with extra test measures provided preliminary evidence for the validity of the instruments.
Caries prevalence and treatment needs of 7‐ to 10‐year‐old schoolchildren in southwestern Germany
Authors: Zerfowski Martin , Koch Martin Jean , Niekusch Uwe , Staehle Hans Jörg
Published: May 2006

Abstract The caries status of 1784 children aged 7 to 10 years was examined in a cross‐sectional, epidemiological study in the Rhine‐Neckar‐District. Results showed that 30.5% of the children had caries‐free primary and 65.2% had caries‐free permanent teeth. The d(m)ft index was 2.68, and the D(M)FT averaged 0.76. As in previous studies, a high risk caries group was found, with 10% of all children showing more than 50% of all carious and filled teeth in the permanent dentition. Overall, 45.6% of the children's primary teeth and 16.3% of their permanent teeth needed treatment. As indicated by higher DT:F

T (DT:FT) ratios in younger age groups, dentists preferred treating older children. Apart from a higher caries prevalence in primary teeth in males, no significant sex differences were found. Children of rural origin had a higher caries experience. The results confirm previous data showing considerable improvements with a declining caries experience in the young population. But the caries status of German pre‐teenage children is still moderately high according to WHO criteria. For further improvements, considerable efforts have to be made with special emphasis on prevention in high risk caries groups.
Edentulousness and its rehabilitation over a 10‐year period in a Finnish urban area
Authors: Hiidenkari Tuula , Parvinen Tuija , Helenius Hans
Published: May 2006

Abstract In 1977–78, a baseline study group of 449 Finnish adults aged 30 years and over was examined in an urban area with a very high supply of dental services. The follow–up study in 1988 represents longitudinal data on 297 of these adults. In 1989 a new sample of persons aged 30–39 years was also obtained to provide cross‐sectional information comparable to that of the corresponding age group in the 1977–78 survey. At baseline in 1977–78, the prevalence of total tooth loss was 19.4% for adults aged 30 years and over. The corresponding figures for maxillary and mandibular edentulousness alone were 16.7% and 0.4% respectively. Ninety‐four percent of totally edentulous and 89.6% of single‐arch edentulous subjects were prosthetically rehabilitated. In the follow‐up study, 1.1% of the originally dentate women and 6.7% of men had lost the rest of their teeth. For the new totally edentulous subjects the mean number of teeth lost was 5.7 (s 3.45), most of which were incisors. In the follow–up study, 89% of the new edentulous subjects had already been edentulous in the maxilla at baseline. Among 30–39‐year‐olds the proportions of upper‐arch and totally edentulous subjects in 1977–78/1989 were 6.7%/0.8% and 2.2%/O.S% respectively (p=0.024 for the difference between the time points). In the light of the repeated cross‐sectional study, we can conclude that edentulism is very uncommon in the 30–39‐year age group in this urban area.
Oral cancer in the North‐East of England: incidence, mortality trends and the link with material deprivation
Authors: O'Hanlon Sylvia , Forster Donald P. , Lowry Raymond J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract This study set out to determine the incidence of and mortality from, oral cancer in the North‐East of England between the mid‐1970s and the early 1990s; to investigate its relation to material deprivation: and to test the completeness of cancer registry data. The Northern Region Cancer Registry provided details of registrations, deaths and population estimates. For analyses by deprivation. Small Area Statistics were obtained from the 1981 and 1991 censuses. In a selected sample district, 100% completeness and 89% accuracy of cancer registration of these conditions were found. For both tongue and mouth cancer, age‐ and sex‐specific incidence and mortality rates rose with age and there was little change with time. When age‐standardised registration and mortality ratios were compared between the Northern Region and England & Wales, only those for mouth cancer in males were significantly different. Crude survival from cancer of the tongue in males improved in the Northern Region from 1971–74 to 1983–86 but there was no improvement in females nor for cancer of the mouth in both sexes. In males for both tongue and mouth cancer, there was a graded increase in the standardised registration and mortality ratios from the most affluent to the most deprived areas but these differences were less marked in females. These differences in mouth cancer incidence found between England & Wales and the Northern Region probably reflect differences in lifestyles. The North ranks worst among the regions of England & Wales on a number of criteria of material deprivation, and long‐term unemployment is one of the highest in the country. The analysis by deprivation has shown a clear relation to material deprivation. Whether socio‐economic deprivation per se or a different risk factor behaviour associated with deprivation (smoking, alcohol consumption, poor diet) is the cause of these differences is not known. However, it is very likely that different risk (actor behaviour plays a major part.
Herbivory modifies the genetic structure of birch populations
Authors: Prittinen Kaarina , Pusenius Jyrki , Tahvanainen Jorma , Rousi Matti , Heinonen Jaakko , Roininen Heikki
Published: May 2006

We studied the effects of selective herbivory on genetic diversity in seedling populations of silver birch (Betula pendula), a light‐demanding pioneer tree species. The experimental populations consisted of 20 families competing with each other in dense stands. The seedling stands were randomly assigned to insect and vole exposure and fertilization treatments. The study covered the first two growing seasons, during which considerable thinning occurred within the experimental populations. We compared the observed mortality to a simulated control representing random mortality. Our results show that mortality resulted in decreased diversity compared to the simulated control. When insect and vole herbivory and nutrient enrichment treatments were compared to each other, taking into account differences in mortality due to the treatments, vole herbivory led to increased diversity among the tallest seedlings (i.e. canopy layer). This is noteworthy, since the canopy layer includes those with the best prospects of surviving in competition for light. When mortality was accounted for, 2‐year natural exposure to insects had no effect on diversity; but cluster analysis showed that insect herbivory changed the genetic composition of the experimental populations. Our results demonstrate the importance of herbivores in shaping the genetic structure of plant populations during the thinning phase.
The impact of habitat loss and fragmentation on genetic drift and fixation time
Authors: Ezard T. H. G. , Travis J. M. J.
Published: May 2006

In this study, a simple genetic model is integrated with an established method from landscape ecology to investigate the effect of habitat geometry and availability on genetic drift. Previous ecological modelling has identified a sharp threshold in habitat availability for species’ persistence, beyond which the species rapidly becomes extinct. This study demonstrates the existence of a similar threshold for fixation time of selectively neutral genotypes by genetic drift, the location of which is determined by habitat shape and spatial correlation of habitat loss. Time to fixation is greater for habitats if they are long and thin rather than square. Despite reductions in population size due to habitat loss, fixation time remains relatively constant until a pre‐threshold value, beyond which there is often a substantial increase in time to fixation. Further habitat loss results in the percolation threshold being reached and beyond this point the time to fixation decreases very rapidly. This study reveals a complex relationship between habitat availability, habitat geometry and the process of genetic drift. Possible implications of our results for conservation are discussed. Further work is required to improve our understanding of the interaction between evolutionary, ecological and landscape processes.
The extended phenotype of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris structures the understorey assemblage
Authors: J. Pakeman Robin , K. Beaton Joan , Thoss Vera , J. Lennon Jack , D. Campbell Colin , White Duncan , R. Iason Glenn
Published: May 2006

Heritable variation in plant secondary compounds in dominant species has been hypothesised to effect ecosystem function and the structure of associated assemblages of plants, microbes and animals. The functioning of this extended phenotype in relation to the understorey vegetation composition was tested within a boreal forest system dominated by Pinus sylvestris which contains a range of monoterpenes, the composition of which is largely under genetic control. A variance partitioning approach was adopted to identify the relative importance of tree chemistry, environment, spatial location and tree architecture in controlling the distribution of species in the ground flora under individual trees. The monoterpene composition of the pine needles appeared to contribute significantly to controlling understorey vegetation composition, but was less important than environmental factors, though similar to spatial factors. Thus there appears to be a link between variation in the chemical composition of the single, dominant tree species within this system and the pattern of occurrence and abundance in other species at the same trophic level.
STRUCTURAL STABILITY OF COMBUSTION MODELS WITH COMPLEX CHEMISTRY
Authors: DUCROT ARNAUD
Published: May 2006

This work is devoted to the study of semi-linear elliptic systems in unbounded cylinders with linear dependence of the components of the nonlinearity vector. We reduce the study of such a problem with non-Fredholm operator to the study of a perturbation of some reaction-diffusion operator which satisfies the Fredholm property. Then sufficient conditions that ensure the structural stability of particular solutions are given. These conditions are applied to derive some existence results for some combustion model with complex chemistry and for some KPP like system.
DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS IN NONLINEAR HYPERBOLIC PDES VIA A MULTIHARMONIC FORMULATION, USED IN PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: KALTENBACHER B.
Published: May 2006

In this paper we consider the problem of determining material parameter curves that appear as coefficients in nonlinear partial differential equations of hyperbolic type. In order to demonstrate our ideas of an identification method for this class of problems, we consider the model problem of identifying c in the nonlinear wave equation dtt - (c(dx)dx)x = 0 from boundary measurements. Motivated by the fact that in many applications, this inverse problem is naturally posed in frequency domain rather than in time domain, we work in the Fourier transformed setting. Here, nonlinearity can be accounted for by using a multiharmonic Ansatz for the measured field quantity. The searched for material parameter curves are approximated by polynomials of arbitrary order, which enables a reformulation of the parameter identification problem purely in frequency domain, although the parameter curve is a function of time domain values of the field quantity. Based on this formulation, we develop a reconstruction algorithm by means of the above-mentioned model problem. Regularization of the typically unstable identification problem is here achieved by bandlimiting the data and restricting the number of degrees of freedom in the solution. We outline the extension of the proposed method to more general material parameter identification problems, focusing especially on the piezoelectric PDEs, for which we also give numerical results.
A SURVEY OF LAGRANGIAN MECHANICS AND CONTROL ON LIE ALGEBROIDS AND GROUPOIDS
Authors: CORTÉS JORGE , DE LEÓN MANUEL , MARRERO JUAN C. , DE DIEGO D. MARTÍN , MARTÍNEZ EDUARDO
Published: May 2006

In this survey, we present a geometric description of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics on Lie algebroids. The flexibility of the Lie algebroid formalism allows us to analyze systems subject to nonholonomic constraints, mechanical control systems, Discrete Mechanics and extensions to Classical Field Theory within a single framework. Various examples along the discussion illustrate the soundness of the approach.
EXTENDED WAVELET TRANSFORMS
Authors: ANIELLO PAOLO
Published: May 2006

We introduce the notion of extended wavelet transform for locally compact topological groups that are semidirect products with abelian normal factor, and we study its main properties. In particular, we show that this notion allows to define a weak wavelet transform — enjoying 'essentially' the same properties as a standard wavelet transform — associated with a group representation which is not square integrable, provided that suitable conditions are satisfied. As an application, we show that this construction allows to define (weak) wavelet transforms for (the universal covering of) the Poincaré group, in spite of the fact that the discrete series of representations of this group is empty, so opening the possibility of achieving a remarkable representation of relativistic particles.
GEOMETRICAL MECHANICS ON ALGEBROIDS
Authors: GRABOWSKA KATARZYNA , URBAŃSKI PAWEŁ , GRABOWSKI JANUSZ
Published: May 2006

A natural geometric framework is proposed, based on ideas of W. M. Tulczyjew, for constructions of dynamics on general algebroids. One obtains formalisms similar to the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian ones. In contrast with recently studied concepts of Analytical Mechanics on Lie algebroids, this approach requires much less than the presence of a Lie algebroid structure on a vector bundle, but it still reproduces the main features of the Analytical Mechanics, like the Euler–Lagrange-type equations, the correspondence between the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian functions (Legendre transform) in the hyperregular cases, and a version of the Noether Theorem.
SPACE–TIME DISCRETE ℚ-SYMMETRIES IMPLEMENTED AS INTERNAL SYMMETRIES
Authors: SCOLARICI GIUSEPPE
Published: May 2006

We classify the irreducible quaternionic representations of the extensions of internal symmetry groups by the group of space–time discrete symmetries. We obtain the possible forms of time reversal violating Hamiltonians in the case that the generalized parity operator is of geometrical type.
Torture: The Struggle over a Peremptory Norm in a Counter-Terrorist Era
Authors: Foot Rosemary
Published: May 2006

The prohibition against torture has the status of a peremptory humanitarian norm. That is, it is considered binding on all states and no derogation under any circumstances is permitted. While the practice of torture has been widespread, until recently it had come to be understood that no representatives of the state could openly admit that they would use torture for fear of being removed from office and of having their state ostracized by ‘civilized’ nations. Why, then, given the rhetorical, moral and legal status of this prohibition, is torture being debated, contemplated and even resurrected as an unsavoury and allegedly necessary course of action in this counter-terrorist era? Why has the Bush administration set about trying to reduce the scope of what is meant by torture and degrading treatment, as well as to define a category of detainee who may be subjected to coercive methods of interrogation? And what efforts are being made to restore the status of a norm that has been seen as a distinctive kind of wrong? These are the main questions discussed in an article which examines the relationship between power and norms and the power of norms.
Peace and Democracy for Haiti: A UN Mission Impossible?
Authors: von Einsiedel Sebastian , Malone David M.
Published: May 2006

In early 2004, the outbreak of political violence in Haiti and President Aristide's departure into exile provoked first a US and French military intervention to stabilize the security situation, and then deployment of a UN peacekeeping force. This article will first offer a historical narrative, placing the UN's recent intervention in the larger context of the intense international involvement in Haiti's affairs throughout the 1990s, including sanctions, UN-authorized use of force, a peacekeeping operation and years of peacebuilding efforts, all ending in failure. After identifying some of the policy lessons derived from the saga, the article then looks at the challenges ahead in relation to recent UN policy initiatives and reforms, notably on peacebuilding. It attempts to assess whether prospects for sustainable state-building in Haiti are consequently better than they were in 1994.
Taking Things Apart
Authors: Woodgate Dawn
Published: May 2006

Veterinary surgery provides an interesting context in which to address important questions about the links between formal ’book’ learning and actual, personal experience of the phenomena in question, and to examine the processes through which these links are forged. Participant observation of surgical procedures suggests that surgeons initially learn about anatomy from books, pictures and demonstrations, and become skilled ’operators’ through the application of enhancement and reduction procedures that have the effect of transforming the living body into something more closely resembling anatomical pictures of it. Some of these procedures can be seen as a set of formalized ’rules’ for performing operations, and like most rules, they appear to decrease in importance as a surgeon gains experience. They may, however, regain importance when a practitioner meets with an anatomical variant that he or she has not previously encountered. Other practices appear to be less formalized, requiring creative, constructive use of visual aids or language practices outside formal textbook knowledge. The links between actual bodies (and operations) and textbook representations of them are thus formed within a community of ’operators’.
Racialized Futures
Authors: Skinner David
Published: May 2006

This paper explores the changing role of science in public discourse on ‘race’ and racism, examining the contention that new biological accounts of human life (‘biologism’) are transforming how differences are lived and understood. The paper argues that recent developments must be interpreted in the context of two earlier periods during which science was integral to, first racism and then anti-racism. The growing ascendancy of biologism has prompted both utopian and dystopian accounts of the future: one in which scientific racism is revived, the other in which science finally abolishes race thinking. These futures resonate socially and politically, but lack plausibility when held up against either the historical experience of racism or detailed examination of the apparent direction of biologism. The paper argues, however, that there are significant changes taking place. The new biology challenges existing notions of relatedness, personhood and the nature/culture distinction, and is altering the terrain over which race is discussed. The paper highlights some the features of this new setting by exploring the emergence of novel expressions of racialized politics that both utilize biology in the construction of identity and see biology itself as a site of struggle.
Celebrating Tomorrow Today
Authors: Schmid Sonja D.
Published: May 2006

This paper introduces the history of a unique museum of nuclear energy, the Pavilion for Atomic Energy at the ‘ Exhibition of the Achievements of the People’s Economy’ ( VDNKh) in Moscow, from its inception in 1956 to its closing in 1989. The analytical goal is to unpack the kind of social order that was implicit in the way visitors to the pavilion were envisioned. The paper proposes that the pavilion’s exhibitions on nuclear energy, staged as pivotal to technical progress, not only reinforced a vision of the country’s scientific and technological potential, but also contributed significantly to the Soviet political vision. Based on archival documents and published material, the paper traces shifts in the pavilion’s tasks, and attempts to convey how these shifts mirror changing concepts of the intended visitors. Moreover, the paper explores how this historical case study speaks to contemporary museum theory, and how this may qualify our understanding of the role of the popularization of science and technology. It addresses differences and similarities between Soviet and Western approaches to public displays of science and technology. While clearly influenced by the tradition of world fairs, the Soviet model of ‘disciplining the visitor’s gaze’ seems to have curtailed the relevance of aspects, such as entertainment or consumption, that started to dominate Western discussions. The prevalent model of visitors was that of enthusiastic learners, and of active contributors to the larger project of constructing a communist society.
Engineering a Principle
Authors: Gillespie Tarleton
Published: May 2006

The term ‘end-to-end’ has become a familiar characterization of the architecture of the Internet, not only in engineering discourse, but in contexts as varied as political manifestos, commercial promotions, and legal arguments. Its ubiquity and opacity cloak the complexity of the technology it describes, and stand in for a richer controversy about the details of network design. This essay considers the appearance, in the 1970s, of the term ‘end-to-end’ in computer science discourse, and how the term became a point of contention within disputes about how to build a packet-switched network. I argue that the resolution of some of those disputes depended on the transformation of the term from descriptor to ‘principle’. This transformation attempted to close specific design debates, and, in the process, made the term dramatically more useful in those discourses beyond engineering that eventually took a keen interest in the design of digital communication networks. The term, drawn from common parlance and given not only meaning but conviction, was shaped and polished so as to be mobile. As such, it actively managed and aligned disparate structural agendas, and has had subtle consequences for how the Internet has been understood, sold, legislated, and even re-designed.
Convergence and professional identity in the academic library
Authors: Wilson Kerry M. , Halpin Eddie
Published: May 2006

This paper discusses the effects of operational convergence, and the subsequent growth of the hybrid library model, upon the professional selfidentity of academic library staff. The role of professionalism as a concept and motivational driver within contemporary academic librarianship is examined. Main themes of investigation include the extent of work assimilation between the traditional library and computing disciplines and between professional/para-professional staff groupings. Following a review of the literature, case study research involving Learning and Information Services (LIS) departments at four British universities was undertaken, including interview and focus group work with LIS staff from across the organizational structure. Predominant challenges to professional identity include employer (rather than professional) allegiance, the growing status of the para-professional and the growth of a generic skills base as recognized by para-professional sectors such as business, finance and media.
Editorial: The Terrorism Bill and its implications for libraries
Authors: Hanstock Terry
Published: May 2006

Discusses the Government's Terrorism Bill and its implications for librarians. Provides a chronology of events and an overview of the library profession's response to the Bill. Argues that although the negative features of the Terrorism Bill relating to librarians may have been mitigated, existing legislation is already impacting on library users.
Transatlantic Competition Policy: Domestic and International Sources of EU-US Cooperation
Authors: Damro Chad
Published: May 2006

This article employs a cross-level approach to explain cooperation in transatlantic competition policy. The explanation reveals the important role of regulators as interfaces between the domestic and international levels of analysis. Economic internationalization is a system-level cause of this cooperation, the precise effect of which is accounted for by an intervening variable (domestic politics), which is simplified with a principal-agent model. The negotiations over the 1991 EU-US Bilateral Competition Agreement suggest that, while regulators remain constrained by domestic institutions, they play an important role in explaining why the formal, transatlantic cooperative framework is largely a discretionary one created by a non-treaty international agreement.
The Case for External Sovereignty
Authors: Thompson Helen
Published: May 2006

Critics of sovereignty have argued that it produces outcomes that violate universal moral principles. This article offers a qualified defence of external sovereignty by returning to some of the arguments first deployed to support claims to it. The article argues that if claims to external sovereignty are understood in part as a critique of the ambitions of powerful states, then the presumption of it in international politics, not as an absolute value but a crucial consequential consideration, could act as a restraint on the power of the world’s strongest states by making justifications for war somewhat more difficult.
Thrombospondin-1 expression in urothelial carcinoma: prognostic significance and association with p53 alterations, tumour angiogenesis and extracellular matrix components
Authors: Ioachim E , Michael MC , Salmas M , Damala K , Tsanou E , Michael MM , Malamou-Mitsi V , Stavropoulos NE
Published: May 2006

Background

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is an extracellular matrix component glycoprotein, which is known to be a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and may be important in cancer invasiveness. We examined the TSP-1 expression in correlation with conventional clinicopathological parameters to clarify its prognostic significance in bladder cancer. In addition, the possible correlation of TSP-1 expression with microvessel count, VEGF expression, p53 expression as well as with the expression of the extracellular matrix components was studied to explore its implication in vascularization and tumour stroma remodeling.

Methods

The immunohistochemical expression of TSP-1 in tumour cells and in the tumour stroma was studied in 148 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded urothelial cell carcinoma tissue samples.

Results

TSP-1 was detected in perivascular tissue, at the epithelial-stromal junction, in the stroma and in tumour cells in the majority of the cases. In tumour cells, low TSP-1 expression was observed in 43% of the cases, moderate and high in 7%, while 50% showed absence of TSP expression. A higher TSP-1 immunoreactivity in well and moderately differentiated tumours compared to poorly differentiated was noted. PT1 tumours showed decreased TSP-1 expression in comparison to pTa and pT2–4 tumours. Increased tumour cell TSP-1 expression was related to increased microvessel density. In the tumour stroma, 37% of the cases showed small amount of TSP-1 expression, 7.5% moderate and high, while 55% of the cases showed absence of TSP-1 stromal immunoreactivity. Stromal TSP-1 expression was inversely correlated with tumour stage and tumour size. This expression was also positively correlated with microvessel density, VEGF expression and extracellular matrix components tenascin and fibronectin. Using univariate and multivariate analysis we didn't find any significant correlation of TSP-1 expression in superficial tumours in both tumour cells and tumour stroma in terns of the risk of recurrence and disease progression

Conclusion

Our data suggest that both tumour and stromal TSP-1 expression may play a role in tumour aggressiveness and angiogenesis. In addition, the correlation of stromal TSP-1 expression with extracellular matrix components fibronectin and tenascin indicate its possible implication in tumour stroma remodeling.
The expression of p63 is associated with the differential stage in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and EBV infection
Authors: Guo Can , Pan Zhi-Gang , Li Da-Jiang , Yun Jing-Ping , Zheng Mei-Zhen , Hu Zhe-Yu , Cheng Li-Zhen , Zeng Yi-Xin
Published: May 2006

Background

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is common among Southern Chinese and the main histology is the undifferentiated carcinoma associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. p63 is a recently proved member of the p53 family based on the structural similarity to p53, but its function in NPC is still unknown. This study was aimed to investigate the association between p63 and NPC.

Results

p63 was expressed in 100%(202/202) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues but not in 29 nasopharynx inflammation and 17 non-cancerous nasopharyngeal epidermises on a tissue microarray by immunohistostaining. Further investigation suggested that the p63 expression was associated with the differential stage of NPC: p63 strong staining in Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, differentiated non-keratinizing NPC and undifferentiated non-keratinizing NPC presented the percentage of 5/8 (62.5%), 43/48 (92.5%) and 50/50 (100%), respectively. A significant difference (p = 0.001) existed between the keratinizing and non-keratinizing groups. No pathogenic mutations were detected in p63 gene in 12 primary NPC tissues and matched peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Half-life measurement study revealed distinct stability of p63 protein in the different cell lines, especially between the carcinoma cell lines with EBV infection and the non-cancerous cell lines. The results of immunoprecipitation suggested a direct interaction between Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 5 (EBNA-5) and p63 protein in NPC, and this binding would increase the stability of p63.

Conclusion

Our data suggested p63 might be used as an adjunct diagnostic marker of NPC and contributed a new way to understand the contribution of the EBV in the pathogenesis of NPC.
Novel Synthesis of Nanoporous Nickel Oxide and Nickel Nanoparticles/Amorphous Carbon Composites Using Soluble Starch as the Template
Authors: Chen Yongping , Cao Jieming , Zheng Mingbo , Ke Xingfei , Ji Hongmei , Liu Jinsong , Ji Guangbin
Published: May 2006

A simple and green synthetic route based on the use of soluble starch as the template has been utilized to prepare novel Ni(OH)2/starch precursors. Nanoporous nickel oxide (NiO) and nickel nanoparticles/amorphous carbon (Ni/C) composites have been successfully prepared by thermal decomposition of the novel Ni(OH)2/starch precursors in air and in nitrogen, respectively. N2 adsorption–desorption measurements show the two final products having nanoporous structures. The electrochemical measurements indicate that the nanoporous NiO sample has a favorable faradaic pseudocapacitance behavior.
Hierarchically Structured Zeolite ZSM-5 Synthesized by Nanocasting Technique
Authors: Shen Nan , Zhao Tianbo , Tong Yangchuan , Li Fengyan , Xu Kai
Published: May 2006

The hierarchical ZSM-5 was synthesized with interconnected macropores and skeletons by nanocasting technique. The skeletons can be templated to the morphology of pipes and rods in different conditions.
A Novel Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted-4-pyridones from 4-Methoxypyridine
Authors: Kitagawa Hideo , Kumura Ko , Atsumi Kunio
Published: May 2006

Novel 2,3-disubstituted 4-pyridone derivatives were prepared from 4-methoxypyridine through aldol condensation and isomerization of exo-olefin as key reactions, in fairly good to high yields.
Convenient and Selective Preparation of Mono-alkoxyphenylsilanes from Phenylsilane and Alcohols
Authors: Gunji Yasuhiko , Yamashita Yoshihiro , Ikeno Taketo , Yamada Tohru
Published: May 2006

The selective dehydrogenative coupling of phenylsilane and alcohols, including primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, was smoothly catalyzed by bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(II) complex to afford the corresponding mono-alkoxysilanes in good-to-high yield after distillation.
Construction and Structural Investigation of Helical Coordination Network Formed by the Self-assembly of Triple Helicate with Macrocyclic Framework and Lanthanum Cations
Authors: Tominaga Masahide , Masu Hyuma , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Azumaya Isao
Published: May 2006

A triple helicate, a macrocyclic aromatic amide with a helical structure, is complexed with La(III) ion leading to the self-assembly of a helical coordination polymer. Each La(III) atom is coordinated by a pair of oxygen of the tertiary benzenetrianilide moieties from two adjacent ligands, resulting in the formation of chiral infinite coordination networks of alternating La(III) atoms and ligands. Here, we demonstrate that the chirality of a one-dimensional polymeric structure in the crystal was derived from T-shaped aromatic–aromatic (CH–π) interactions of each molecule twisted in the same direction.
Enhanced Expression of the Inorganic Phosphate Transporter Pit-1 Is Involved in BMP-2–Induced Matrix Mineralization in Osteoblast-Like Cells
Authors: Suzuki Atsushi , Ghayor Chafik , Guicheux Jérome , Magne David , Quillard Sophie , Kakita Ayako , Ono Yasunaga , Miura Yoshitaka , Oiso Yutaka , Itoh Mitsuyasu , Caverzasio Joseph
Published: May 2006

Pi handling by osteogenic cells is important for bone mineralization. The role of Pi transport in BMP-2–induced matrix calcification was studied. BMP-2 enhances Pit-1 Pi transporters in osteogenic cells. Experimental analysis suggest that this response is required for bone matrix calcification.

Introduction: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are produced by osteogenic cells and play an important role in bone formation. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a fundamental constituent of hydroxyapatite, and its transport by osteogenic cells is an important function for primary calcification of the bone matrix. In this study, we investigated the role of Pi transport in BMP-2–induced matrix mineralization.

Materials and Methods: Confluent MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells were exposed to BMP-2 for various time periods. Pi and alanine transport was determined using radiolabeled substrate, Pit-1 and Pit-2 expression by Northern blot analysis, cell differentiation by alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix mineralization by alizarin red staining, and the characteristics of mineral deposited in the matrix by transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction analysis, and Fourier transformed infrared resolution (FTIR).

Results: BMP-2 time- and dose-dependently stimulated Na-dependent Pi transport in MC3T3-E1 cells by increasing the Vmax of the transport system. This effect was preceded by an increase in mRNA encoding Pit-1 but not Pit-2. BMP-2 also dose-dependently enhanced extracellular matrix mineralization, an effect blunted by either phosphonoformic acid or expression of antisense Pit-1. Enhanced Pi transport and matrix mineralization induced by BMP-2 were blunted by a specific inhibitor of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway.

Conclusions: Results presented in this study indicate that, in addition to its well-known effect on several markers of the differentiation of osteoblastic cells, BMP-2 also stimulates Pi transport activity through a selective increase in expression of type III Pi transporters Pit-1. In MC3T3-E1 cells, this effect is mediated by the JNK pathway and plays an essential role in bone matrix calcification induced by BMP-2.
Ten-Year Absolute Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures According to BMD T Score at Menopause: The Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study
Authors: Abrahamsen Bo , Vestergaard Peter , Rud Bo , Bärenholdt Olaf , Jensen Jens-Erik Beck , Nielsen Stig Pors , Mosekilde Leif , Brixen Kim
Published: May 2006

In the non-HRT arms of the DOPS study, 10-year fracture risk was higher at each level of T score than predicted by the Kanis algorithm. Under-reporting of fractures in registers and inclusion of HRT users are probable explanations for inappropriately low fracture risk estimates for younger women.

Introduction: International recommendations highlight the importance of absolute fracture risk in establishing intervention thresholds. The available estimates of long-term risk have been derived by combining relative risks from meta-analyses with U.S. normative BMD data and Swedish fracture incidence records. We validated the 2001 Kanis risk algorithm using incident fractures observed in untreated women in the first 10 years of the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study (DOPS). Comparisons were also made with the relative risks derived from a recent meta-analysis of 12 cohort studies.

Materials and Methods: We analyzed DXA of the spine and hip from 872 women who were enrolled in the non–hormone replacement therapy (HRT) arms of the study and had not received HRT, bisphosphonates, or raloxifene. We collected verified reports of fractures at each visit. We focused on fractures of the hip, spine, shoulder, and forearm to provide risks comparable with the Kanis algorithm. Accordingly, asymptomatic radiographic vertebral fractures were not included.

Results: Seventy-eight women (9%) sustained relevant fractures. The risk of fracture increased by 1.32 (95% CI, 1.02; 1.70) for each unit decrease in femoral neck T score and by 1.30 (95% CI, 1.06; 1.58) for each unit decrease in lumbar spine T score at baseline. Absolute fracture risk was higher than expected from the Kanis algorithm at all T score levels. The difference was greatest for participants in the higher range of T scores. At T = −1, the observed risk was 10.9% as opposed to an expected risk of 5.7%. Relative risk gradients were similar to those of the recent meta-analysis.

Conclusions: In healthy women, examined in the first year or two after menopause, 10-year fracture risk was higher at each level of BMD T score than expected from the model by Kanis et al. Inclusion of HRT users in the cohorts used may have led to higher BMD values and lower absolute fracture risk in the Kanis model. These longitudinal data can be used directly in estimating absolute fracture risk in untreated north European women from BMD at menopause.
Inhibition of Protein Prenylation by Bisphosphonates Causes Sustained Activation of Rac, Cdc42, and Rho GTPases
Authors: Dunford James E , Rogers Michael J , Ebetino Frank H , Phipps Roger J , Coxon Fraser P
Published: May 2006

N-BPs, which inhibit bone resorption by preventing prenylation of small GTPases, unexpectedly cause the accumulation of GTP-bound, unprenylated Rho family GTPases in macrophages and osteoclasts. In macrophages, this also leads to sustained, Rac-mediated activation of p38. The antiresorptive activity of N-BPs may therefore be caused at least in part, by the accumulation of unprenylated small GTPases, causing inappropriate activation of downstream signaling pathways.

Introduction: Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) are potent inhibitors of bone resorption that act by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase, thereby indirectly preventing the prenylation of Rho family GTPases that are required for the function and survival of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. However, the effect that these drugs have on the activity of Rho family GTPases has not been determined.

Materials and Methods: The effect of N-BPs on the activity of Rho family GTPases in J774 macrophages and osteoclasts was measured using a pull-down assay to isolate the GTP-bound forms. The effect of N-BPs, or decreasing Rac expression using siRNA, on downstream p38 activity was evaluated by Western blotting and apoptosis assessed by measurement of caspase 3/7 activity.

Results: Rather than inhibiting GTPase function, loss of prenylation after treatment with N-BPs caused an increase in the GTP-bound form of Rac, Cdc42, and Rho in J774 cells and osteoclast-like cells, which paralleled the rate of accumulation of unprenylated small GTPases. Activation of Rac also occurred with other inhibitors of prenylation of Rho-family proteins, such as mevastatin and the geranylgeranyl transferase I inhibitor GGTI-298. The Rac-GTP that increased after N-BP treatment was newly translated, cytoplasmic unprenylated protein, because it was not labeled with [14C] mevalonate, and the increase in Rac-GTP was prevented by cycloheximide. Furthermore, this unprenylated Rac-GTP retained at least part of its functional activity in J774 cells, because it mediated N-BP–induced activation of p38. Paradoxically, although risedronate induces apoptosis of J774 macrophages by inhibiting protein prenylation, the p38 inhibitor SB203580 enhanced N-BP–induced apoptosis, suggesting that Rac-induced p38 activation partially suppresses the pro-apoptotic effect of N-BPs in these cells.

Conclusions: N-BP drugs may disrupt the function of osteoclasts in vivo and affect other cell types in vitro by inhibiting protein prenylation, thereby causing inappropriate and sustained activation, rather than inhibition, of some small GTPases and their downstream signaling pathways.
It's got the same clouds: young children's concepts of illustrator and artistic style
Authors: Lowe Virginia
Published: May 2006

This study of the author's two children illuminates the way they learned to recognize illustration' styles from picture books. Before they were five they could name the illustrators of picture books and recognize the same characters in different stories and different characters by the
same illustrator. They were able to compare illustrators, recognize different illustrators of the same text, point out where illustrators made mistakes and contrast illustrations with their own drawings.

A work of art is a bridge ... however tenuous, between one mind and another.
Book Reviews
Authors: Schnau Diederik , Traf Laura
Published: May 2006

Knstlerische Bildung nach Pisa [Artistic Education after Pisa] (symposium proceedings - Mapping Blind Spaces - Neue Wege zwischen Kunst und Bildung, Karlsruhe, October 2003), Kettel, J. (ed.) (2004) Oberhausen: Athena Verlag, 464 pp., ISBN 3-89896-2005-9 (pbk),
25.50

Teaching Visual Culture: Curriculum, Aesthetics, and the Social Life of Art, Kerry Freedman (2003) New York: Teachers College Press, 189 pp., ISBN 0807743712 (pbk), 20.95; 0807743720 (hbk), 44
Integrating Buddhist doctrine into arts education
Authors: Hwang Ren-Lai
Published: May 2006

It is vitally important in Taiwan to honour cultural subjectivity and infuse local perspectives into arts education ideology so as to nourish the human spirit in this age of globalization and social change. Cultivation of human kind, a necessary ingredient of healthy spirituality, can
be achieved through an interdisciplinary curriculum focusing on core culture interwoven with artistic and humanistic pedagogy. This approach is analogous to the arts activities undertaken by Yuenchao Temple, which are grounded in Buddhist philosophy. This paper explores the Yuenchao Temple
model of educating spirituality.
Iconicity in the interplay of the literal and the metaphorical: An example from William Blake's Jerusalem
Authors: Tseng Ming-Yu
Published: May 2006

This paper aims to explore how iconicity is entwined in an intricate relationship between the literal and the metaphorical. Two particular issues are under scrutiny here. Firstly, the traditionally assumed dichotomy – literal versus metaphorical meaning – needs reconsidering. This study proposes that the literal and the metaphorical are best seen as on a continuum rather than as dichotomous. Secondly, studies of the link between metaphor and iconicity have not received sufficient attention, and are therefore examined critically here. Iconicity, which is part and parcel of the process of representation and communication, plays a significant role in understanding metaphor, and indeed in understanding the interplay between the literal and the metaphorical. Overall, this paper makes the case for an integrational view of iconicity, metaphor, and literalness. The literal and the metaphorical are seen as an interplay, in which not only do metaphors interact with one another but they also interact with literal meaning. In addition, metaphor and iconicity are not treated separately but in interaction with each other. By way of illustration, this paper analyzes a passage from Plate 9 of William Blake's Jerusalem.
On possible factors in the aesthetic appreciation of metaphors
Authors: Csatár Péter , Pethő Gergely , Tóth Enikő
Published: May 2006

Gibbs (2002) investigated by experimental methods the question whether the recognition of metaphors in a literary text affects the aesthetic appreciation of recognized expressions. He found that recognition of metaphors improves aesthetic judgments. He explains this by reference to the conceptual theory of metaphor: Identifying a linguistic metaphor provides access to the underlying conceptual metaphor and opens up new ways of interpretation, thereby making the expression more appealing. In this paper, we note some conceptual arguments against Gibbs's conclusion and then present an experiment which aims to verify whether the improvement of judgments observed by Gibbs could have been caused by independent factors, such as social expectations. Surprisingly, although we did not find evidence for such effects, we were not able to reproduce Gibbs's results either. However, the data reveal that aesthetic judgments concerning metaphors are measurable to some extent.
Automotive Fahrbahnzustandserkennung (Automotive Road State Recognition)
Authors: Trabelsi Ahmed , Heimann Bodo
Published: May 2006

In diesem Beitrag wird ein Verfahren zur multisensorbasierten Fahrbahnzustandserkennung in Kraftfahrzeugen vorgestellt. Es beinhaltet den Einsatz mehrerer Messsysteme, die die Eingänge eines Vorverarbeitungsblocks zur Frequenz- und Statistikanalyse bilden. Um den Fahrbahnzustand zu klassifizieren, wurde ein Entscheidungsblock als Fuzzy-Expertensystem definiert und getestet.