bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cast‐forming Actinomyces israelii canaliculitis
Authors: BOptom Malcolm J McKellar , FRACO Neil S Aburn
Published: November 2007

Background: Primary chronic canaliculitis is an uncommon disease usually caused by Actinomyces israelii (streptothrix). Actinomyces israelii is a cast‐forming Gram‐positive anaerobe that is difficult to isolate and identify. We present a case that demonstrates the typical clinicopathological presentation of this unusual condition and discuss management options.

Methods and Results: A 10‐year‐old girl presented with a 6 month history of intermittent ‘conjunctivitis’ and discharge from her ‘pouted’ left lower punctum. Microbiology confirmed probable A. israelii infection, but topical treatment failed. Exploration under anaesthesia revealed a canalicular diverticulum and three canaliculiths. Histological examination of the canaliculiths demonstrated that they consisted of solid casts of Actinomyces. Punctoplasty, removal of the casts, and adjunct antibiotic therapy resulted in resolution of the canaliculitis.

Conclusions: Primary chronic canaliculitis should be considered in any patient who presents with chronic or recurrent conjunctivitis and the eyelid should be inspected for a discharging and ‘pouting’ punctum. Failure of the condition to resolve on topical treatment requires surgical exploration of the canalicular system and removal of any casts. Extensive surgery is not always required.
Effects of biologically modified surfaces of synthetic lenticules on corneal epithelialization in vivo
Authors: Xie RZ , Sweeney DF , Beumer GJ , Johnson G , Griesser HJ , Steele JG
Published: November 2007

Purpose:

The present study investigated the association of extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein coatings with initial epithelialization of artificial lenticules in vivo.

Methods:

Collagen I, collagen IV, ECM and fibronectin were individually coated onto the surface of polycarbonate membranes. The membranes were then implanted in the anterior stroma of adult cats and were clinically assessed for rapidity and extent of epithelialization and the persistence of epithelial attachment.

Results/Conclusions:

It was demonstrated that membrane surfaces modified by collagen I, collagen IV and ECM consistently supported initial migration and attachment of corneal epithelial cells and that the surface modified with collagen I performed best.
The bionic eye (electronic visual prosthesis): A review
Authors: Suaning Gregg J , Lovell Nigel H , Schindhelm Klaus , Coroneo Minas T
Published: November 2007

The concept of a visual prosthesis for the blind or partially sighted is not a new one. Indeed, for more than three decades this technology based treatment for blindness has appeared imminent. Despite the concerted efforts of numerous physicians, scientists and engineers, the successful application of a useful visual prosthesis remains elusive. The present review will endeavour to describe past efforts, investigate the present state of the art and indicate the obstacles that must be overcome in order to bring an electronic visual prosthesis to fruition.
The Heimann‐Bielscholwsky phenomenon: Dissociated vertical nystagmus
Authors: Davey Keith , Kowal Lionel , Friling Ronit , Georgievski Zoran , Sandbach Jen
Published: November 2007

Background: The Heimann‐Bielschowsky phenomenon (HBP) is a unilateral vertical nystagmus with coarse, slow pendular movements that typically occurs in an eye with profound visual loss. There are no sinister neurological implications.

Methods: Symptoms and signs on presentation and the subsequent course are described in detail in 10 patients. Eye movements were recorded for one patient.

Results: Three patients had corrected vision of 6/24 or better. Strabismus was seen in eight patients. Symptoms of diplopia and oscillopsia were infrequent.

Conclusions: We believe that the HBP may be a reasonably common condition, although very under diagnosed. This condition may be similar to Central Fusion Disruption. Patients with HBP appear to have lost the potential for fusion.
Optic nerve breast metastasis mimicking meningioma
Authors: Backhouse O , Simmons I , BVSc A Frank , BSc A Cassels‐Brown
Published: November 2007

Purpose: We report on an optic nerve breast metastasis masquerading initially as a central retinal vein occlusion and later as an optic nerve meningioma.

Methods: A 60‐year‐old female presented with a left central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). She represented 7 months later with left upper ptosis, proptosis and painful rubeotic glaucoma. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging suggested an optic nerve meningioma. On referral to the regional orbital unit, a mild left external ophthalmoplegia was noted and, in view of previous right mastectomy and chemotherapy 3 years earlier, the left optic nerve was biopsied simultaneously with left enucleation of her painful eye.

Results: Histopathology showed infiltration of the optic nerve and meningeal sheath spreading into the subretinal space and vitreous by malignant epithelial cells, consistent with breast origin. Further CT imaging and bone scans revealed no other metastases. Single field left orbit radiotherapy of 20 Gy was given in five fractions and Arimidex (Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire, England) was commenced with the cessation of tamoxifen. The patient was also given an ocular prosthesis. Sadly, she lost vision in her other eye due to retrograde malignant invasion of her optic chiasm and died 6 weeks later.

Conclusions: Orbital and choroidal metastases are relatively common but isolated optic nerve metastases are extremely rare. Progressive infiltration of the nerve is likely to enhance CRVO ischaemia and resultant rubeotic glaucoma. In the diagnosis of CRVO, proptosis or external ophthalmoplegia, the presence of pre‐existing malignant disease should raise concerns, as delay in diagnosis may affect outcome, particularly if the metastases are sensitive to pharmacological therapy.
Exudative macular degeneration and intravitreal triamcinolone: 18 month follow up
Authors: Challa Jagannadh K , Gillies Mark C , Penfold Philip L , Gyory Joseph F , Hunyor Alexander BL , Billson Francis A
Published: November 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone after 18 months of follow up in patients with age‐related macular degeneration and subfoveal or juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization considered unsuitable for laser photocoagulation.

Methods: Thirty eyes of 28 patients, referred from general eye clinics as well as the private clinic of one of the authors to a hospital‐based retinal out‐patient clinic, were treated with an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone (4mg). The primary outcome measure was the proportion of eyes with loss of six or more lines on a Bailey‐Lovie Chart. The incidence of adverse events associated with treatment was also observed.

Results: Of the 20 eyes with initial visual acuity (VA) of 6/60 or better, the vision was maintained (± 1 Bailey‐Lovie lines) in 11 eyes (55%), while six eyes (30%) suffered severe visual loss (six or more lines). The VA improved by five to six lines in three of 10 eyes with initial vision of 3/60 or worse. Three of four eyes receiving a second injection suffered either progressive cataract or elevated intra‐ocular pressure (IOP) requiring cataract surgery and/or filtering surgery. One of 26 eyes (3%) receiving a single injection showed progression of cataract and elevation of IOP within 6 weeks of treatment and required anti‐glaucoma medication for 6 weeks. Progression of nuclear sclerosis 8–12 months after treatment was observed in six of 26 eyes (23%) receiving a single injection.

Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that a single intravitreal injection of 4 mg triamcinolone is reasonably well tolerated by the human eye. The rate of development of severe visual loss was less than reported for historical controls. Because the results are preliminary and uncontrolled, the treatment should not be used routinely until its benefit to patients is established by a prospective, randomized controlled study.
Use of silicone oil in the treatment of complicated retinal detachment: Results from 1981 to 1994
Authors: Han Lirong , Cairns James D , Campbell William G , McCombe Mark F , Heriot Wilson J , Heinze Julian B
Published: November 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the retention and removal of silicone oil in the treatment of complicated retinal detachments.

Methods: The records of 344 patients (348 eyes) that underwent vitrectomy and silicone oil injection for complicated retinal detachments were abstracted and analysed. The anatomical and functional results, complications and influencing factors are discussed. The outcome in eyes after removal of the silicone oil was compared with the outcome in a comparable group of eyes in which the silicone oil was retained.

Results: The overall retinal reattachment rate was 63% (220/348). The final vision of 5/300 or better was 52% (115/220) in those eyes with totally attached retinas. The silicone oil‐related complications included keratopathy (23%) and secondary glaucoma (11%). Comparing removal of silicone oil with retention of silicone oil, we found: (i) there was no statistical difference in the redetachment rate (19 vs 17%); (ii) Oil‐removed eyes had a better final vision (P < 0.05); and (iii) keratopathy (13 vs 23%), secondary glaucoma (11 vs 25%) and optic nerve atrophy (4 vs 18%) were significantly lower in oil‐removed eyes.

Conclusion: Silicone oil injection is useful in the treatment of complicated retinal detachments. For reducing the incidence of complications, early removal of silicone oil is recommended in those cases in which the retina is attached, all breaks adequately closed and traction relieved.
Developing a clinical probability density function for automated perimetry
Authors: Vingrys Algis J , Pianta Michael J
Published: November 2007

Background: Automated perimetry is associated with lengthy test times, but Baysean pred ctions can be applied to speed up testing. A critical component of such methods is the starting probability density function (PDF).

Methods/Results: In the present study we show that a unimodal PDF, suggested in the literature as adequate for clinical data, fails to describe the thresholds of diseased eyes and we develop a bi‐modal PDF representative of a clinical population.

Conclusion: We suggest that the implementation of a bi‐modal PDF will save test time and retain test accuracy.
Prevalence of pterygium and pinguecula: The Blue Mountains Eye Study
Authors: Panchapakesan Jai , Hourihan Fleur , Mitchell Paul
Published: November 2007

Purpose: The present study aimed to describe the prevalence of pterygium and pinguecula in an older population and to examine associations with skin, hair and eye colour, skin sun sensitivity, sun‐related skin damage and skin cancer.

Methods: The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3564 people aged 49 years or older Slit‐lamp examination recorded pterygium and pinguecula and a questionnaire was used to collect information on physical variables.

Results: Two hundred and sixty‐six subjects (7.3%) had pterygium (or had a history of pterygium surgery) and 2521 (69.5%) had pinguecula present in either eye. Significantly more men (11%) than women (4.5%) had pterygium (odds ratio (OR) 2.63; 95% confidence interval (Cl) 2.03‐3.42). This sex difference was also found for pinguecula, present in 73.6 and 66.3% of men and women, respectively (OR 1.5; 95% Cl 1.3‐1.7). A slight age‐related increase in prevalence was found for both pterygium and pinguecula.

Conclusions: The study found significant associations between pterygium and increased pigmentation (skin and hair colour), decreased skin sun sensitivity and sun‐related skin damage. The age and sex‐specific pterygium prevalence rates in the present study are similar to rates found in non‐Aboriginals examined in the 1980 Australian Trachoma Programme.
Preliminary studies on the amoebicidal efficacy of contact lens disinfection systems
Authors: Stapleton Fiona , Harmis Najat , Deshpande Rajesh , Tran David
Published: November 2007

Purpose: This preliminary study evaluated the efficacy of contact lens disinfection systems against Acanthamoeba castellanii, tested with and without co‐incubation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Methods: First, disinfection systems containing 3% hydrogen peroxide, 0.00005% polyaminopropyl biguanide or 0.001% polyquatemium were challenged with A. castellanii for 72h. Surviving cells were enumerated. Second, A. castellanii were co‐incubated with P. aeruginosa for 48 h, then exposed to the disinfectants for 6 h.

Results: There was zero survival of A. castellanii in hydrogen peroxide and variable survival in multipurpose systems. Following co‐incubation, A. castellanii survival increased significantly (P= 0.015).

Conclusions: Multipurpose systems have variable antiamoeba activity and storage cases contaminated by bacteria may enhance amoeba survival.
Robotic ocular ultramicrosurgery
Authors: Yu D‐Y , Cringle SJ , Constable IJ
Published: November 2007

Background: There is an increasing need for improved microsurgical techniques in the eye. Delivery of small quantities of chemicals or cells into specific retinal locations, for example, cannot be achieved with hand‐held instruments. The present paper describes the design principles used in the development of a robotic ocular ultramicrosurgical system and the results from preliminary animal trials.

Methods: We have developed a robotic ocular ultramicrosurgical system and a range of instruments for specific intraocular applications.

Results: We have successfully used the system for intravascular (< 70 >) drug delivery, implantation of microdrainage devices and the intraretinal manipulation of microelectrodes with minimal damage.

Conclusion: A clinically usable system using the same principles appears feasible.
Anatomical correlates of experimentally induced myopia
Authors: Beresford Judith A , Crewther Sheila G , Crewther David P
Published: November 2007

Purpose: The present study compares morphological changes associated with optical defocus‐induced myopia (ODM) with those from form deprivation myopia (FDM), as it is yet to be determined whether the latter is a consequence of visual deprivation or active myopic eye growth.

Methods: Hatchling chicks were reared for 2 weeks wearing a monocular translucent occluder or ‐10.00 D lens, with the other eye used as a control. After enucleation, eyes were processed for scanning electron microscopy.

Results: Anatomical profiles of control eyes revealed significant variations in tissue thickness as a function of nasotemporal location. Both FDM and ODM eyes demonstrated similar morphological profiles of retinal thinning, cartilaginous scleral thickening, enlarged photoreceptor inner segments and decreased photoreceptor cell density towards the ora serrata. A graded differential orientation of photoreceptors existed in all eyes.

Conclusion: The comparable morphological changes in FDM and ODM suggest that the response to altered visual experience is similar in both paradigms.
The snapped inferior rectus
Authors: Kowal Lionel , Wutthiphan Sorot , McKelvie Penelope
Published: November 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the management and possible aetiology of the snapped inferior rectus muscle in strabismus surgery.

Methods: Three patients are described whose inferior rectus muscle broke across its width some 8‐10mm behind the insertion while being held on a squint hook without excessive force during strabismus surgery. The proximal part of the muscle was not found. The distal part of the snapped muscle was excised for pathological examination. Transposition of the inferior halves of the adjacent horizontal muscles to the insertion of the inferior rectus (a modified inverse‐Knapp procedure) was performed in all cases.

Results: After the transposition surgery, one patient was orthotropic in the primary position, one patient required a prism correction to produce a range of single vision and the third patient was orthotropic after a further operation. There was good depression in one case and the other two had a limitation of depression. In all cases, horizontal movements remained intact and there were no signs of anterior segment ischaemia.

Conclusions: The unique relations of the inferior rectus to the surrounding tissues may be a factor in causing the breaking of this muscle. Two of the patients were elderly and this may be a factor also. Transposition surgery is the appropriate management when the proximal part of the snapped muscle cannot be located and has satisfactory but imperfect results.
Primary choroidal malignant melanoma occurring in a New Zealand Maori
Authors: Elder Mark J , Dempster Alec , Sabiston David , Clemett Richard
Published: November 2007

Purpose/Method: A case of a 28‐year‐old Maori with an aggressive primary choroidal malignant melanoma is presented.

Results/Conclusion: Melanoma and particularly intraocular melanoma is very rare in pigmented races. This is the first reported case in the Maori.
Recurrent scleritis in lepromatous leprosy
Authors: Poon Alexander , MacLean Hector , McKelvie Penelope
Published: November 2007

Background: Recurrent immune‐mediated scleritis after adequate treatment of leprosy is not well documented in the literature. We describe an Australian resident with unilateral intra‐ocular lepromatous leprosy who had persistent non‐infectious scleritis.

Methods: A man of Anglo‐Indian ancestry initially presented with lepromatous leprosy and unilateral ocular involvement. The affected eye had an interstitial keratitis and a granulomatous anterior uveitis that responded to antileprotics and anti‐inflammatory agents. Despite systemic cure with triple antileprotic therapy, he developed recurrent scleritis that required multiple scleral patch grafts for scleral thinning and, subsequently, an enucleation. Histology failed to demonstrate persistent infection, rather a chronic non‐granulomatous scleritis, which was probably immune mediated.

Results/Conclusions: This case demonstrates an ocular complication of leprosy that is infrequently reported. Patients with ocular involvement by leprosy are at risk of developing recurrent scleritis despite systemic cure with antileprotics.
Visual hallucinations and macular degeneration: An example of the Charles Bonnet syndrome
Authors: Nadarajah J
Published: November 2007

Purpose: Patients with any form of visual disturbance, no matter how unusual, often present first to their ophthalmologist. An example of the Charles Bonnet syndrome as a result of bilateral macular degeneration is presented. The significance of early diagnosis is highlighted as reassurance and explanation of the condition seems to be the cornerstone of management.

Methods/Results: A chronological case history, results of investigations and management are presented.

Conclusions: The diagnosis of Charles Bonnet syndrome should be considered in elderly, cognitively intact patients who present with vivid, elaborate and complex visual hallucinations following ocular pathology. Although there is no universal definition of this entity and there is no specific pharmacotherapy, patients may be referred for counselling.
Facial muscle spasms: An Australian study
Authors: Kowal Lionel , Davies Roger , Kiely Patricia M.
Published: November 2007

Purpose: A group of patients suffering from blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and Meige's syndrome were surveyed to determine the delay from the onset of their condition until a correct diagnosis was reached, the attitudes of practitioners towards them and their condition, the effect of their condition on their lifestyle and the effects of different types of treatment on their conditions.

Methods: Questionnaires were offered to all patients with blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and Meige's syndrome presenting to three ophthalmologists licensed to treat patients with botulinum toxin injections over a 12 month period.

Results: Patients consulted an average of 4.4 practitioners before a correct diagnosis was made and many waited a number of years before obtaining satisfactory treatment. Approximately two‐thirds of all practitioners consulted were unaware of their condition. Ten per cent of patients reported a family history of similar conditions. Most patients received relief from their symptoms with treatment using injections of botulinum toxin. More than 55% of patients considered themselves to have psychological problems (usually relating to stress and trauma) that they associated with the onset of their condition.

Conclusions: Facial muscie dystonias are rare and patient experiences suggest that they are poorly appreciated in the medical community. From the time they first see a practitioner with symptoms of facial dystonia, patients typically wait 2 years and see four practitioners before a correct diagnosis is made. Stress may be a factor in the symptomatic onset of this condition. Many patients describe pain as part of the presenting symptomatology. Botulinum toxin seems to be effective in the management of facial spasm.
Bilateral arteritic central retinal artery occlusion in a Chinese patient
Authors: Kwok Alvin KH , Lam Dennis SC , Liew CT
Published: November 2007

Purpose:To report the first case of bilateral central retinal artery occlusion caused by giant cell arteritis in a Chinese patient

Methods: We studied a Chinese patient who had a history of weight loss, calf claudication and sequential right and left central retinal artery occlusion.

Results:The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was greater than 150 mm/h. Temporal artery biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Systemic steroid prevented further visual loss in the second eye.

Conclusions: We believe that this is the first report in literature on the ophthalmological presentation of giant cell arteritis in a Chinese patient Giant cell arteritis as a cause of central retinal artery occlusion should always be on the list of differential diagnosis, as early diagnosis and treatment may help to salvage the first eye and prevent blindness from developing in the second eye.
The influence of ice scour on benthic communities at three contrasting sites at Adelaide Island, Antarctica
Authors: SMALE DAN A. , BARNES DAVID K. A. , FRASER KEIRON P. P.
Published: November 2007

Abstract  Ice scouring is a key structuring force acting on high latitude shallow benthic communities. Despite its importance, detailed studies of scoured communities are still rare. Here we report the ecological effects of 12 iceberg impacts, across three contrasting study sites, at Adelaide Island, West Antarctic Peninsula. Grounded icebergs were marked with GPS and the newly formed scours (at 10–17 m depth) were sampled within 20 days of formation. Comparisons between scoured and adjacent unscoured assemblages were made using measures of abundance, biomass, taxon richness and the relative abundance of secondary consumers. Ice scouring was catastrophic at all sites, despite differences in substratum type, exposure and background community. Compared with undisturbed areas, scour assemblages were 95% lower in mean macrofaunal abundance and 75.9% lower in species richness. There was no general trend across all sites of ice scouring selecting for secondary consumers. The echinoid Sterechinus neumayeri and bivalve mollusc Mysella charcoti were highly abundant in undisturbed areas and were the biggest contributors to the observed differences between scours and undisturbed areas.
Error in the inference of fire history from grasstrees
Authors: MILLER BEN P. , WALSHE TERRY , ENRIGHT NEAL J. , LAMONT BYRON B.
Published: November 2007

Abstract  A method for constructing fire histories has recently been proposed for fire‐prone southern Australia based on the pattern of coloured bands in the remnant leaf‐bases on stems of grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea species; Xanthorrhoeaceae). In the absence of alternative high‐resolution techniques extending into the premodern period, this method has been utilized to construct fire histories for forest, woodland and shrubland ecosystems, principally in south‐western Australia. However, the technique has not been validated against known fire histories spanning more than one fire interval. Here we compare fire records from 100 grasstrees with a 30‐year record (1973–2002) of fire data derived from satellite imagery in a region of sandplain shrubland vegetation near Eneabba in south‐western Australia. Fires occurred in eight of the 30 years of the satellite record, with sampled grasstrees burning between zero and four times. The grasstree and satellite records agreed in terms of the overall incidence of fires experienced over the 30‐year period, with the grasstree record matching the satellite record significantly better than chance. However, comparison of the grasstree and satellite records found substantial error in the rate of both false positives and false negatives. Grasstrees failed to identify fire in 83% of fire occurrences identified by the satellite record, down to 53% if an error of ±2 years in the attribution of year of fire was allowed. A similar proportion of grasstree fire incidents were not matched in the satellite record (false positives). The rate of false positives increased with time before present, suggesting a temporal bias in the grasstree record. It is clear that the grasstree record does reflect fire history to a degree, but that it contains at least as many false as true fire records and may tend towards over‐reporting the incidence of fire in the past.
New method for rapid assessment of the functional composition of herbaceous plant communities
Authors: GAUCHERAND STÉPHANIE , LAVOREL SANDRA
Published: November 2007

Abstract  We propose a rapid sampling method to assess the functional composition of herbaceous plant communities without prior knowledge of the floristic composition. To determine the community‐level value of traits (‘aggregated trait values’) for a plant community, a standardized population‐centred method exists, but requires substantial manpower and reliable botanical knowledge. We tested an alternative method, the trait transect, using four subalpine pastures in the Beaufortain region (Northern French Alps) selected along a fertility gradient. We applied both methods to measure five commonly used ‘soft traits’ known to be responsive to soil nutrient availability: plant vegetative and reproductive height, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter and nitrogen contents. We tested whether the variation of these traits along the gradient detected with the population‐centred method was also detected with the trait transect. Both methods detected expected trends in the traits in response to the fertility gradient. The trait transect method was as efficient as the population‐centred method and is recommended as an appropriate tool for monitoring ecosystem changes in response to environmental conditions and management, especially in species‐rich communities.
Pathological variants of invasive bladder cancer according to their suggested clinical significance
Authors: Lopez‐Beltran Antonio , Requena Maria J. , Cheng Liang , Montironi Rodolfo
Published: November 2007

Several pathological variants of bladder cancer, reflecting tumour heterogeneity in urothelial carcinoma, have been recently recognized. In this review we summarize the most common pathological variants of urothelial carcinoma, with an emphasis on clinical implications. It is important for both pathologists and urologists to be aware of the diverse morphological patterns in invasive bladder cancer, as they might be relevant in patient management and prognosis, mainly because they can mimic benign lesions, secondary tumours or might require a specific therapeutic approach
The rs743572 common variant in the promoter of CYP17A1 is not associated with prostate cancer risk or circulating hormonal levels
Authors: Severi Gianluca , Hayes Vanessa M. , Tesoriero Andrea A. , Southey Melissa C. , Hoang Hoa N. , Padilla Emma J.D. , Morris Howard A. , English Dallas R. , Sutherland Robert L. , Boyle Peter , Hopper John L. , Giles Graham G.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE

To use a large population‐based case‐control study to test the association between the common genetic variant rs743572 (−34 T to C), prostate cancer risk and circulating levels of several hormones.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A previous meta‐analysis concluded that reported associations between rs743572 in the promoter of CYP17A1 and prostate cancer risk might reflect publication bias, but a few recent studies reported associations with prostate cancer risk and data suggesting that rs743572 is functional. We genotyped 824 prostate cancer cases and 737 population‐based controls, and applied unconditional logistic regression to estimate the association between rs743572 and prostate cancer risk. We also used linear regression of transformed testosterone, androstanediol glucuronide, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, androstenedione, sex hormone‐binding globulin and oestradiol (circulating levels) measured for controls, to estimate the association between these levels and rs743572. The linear models were adjusted for age and laboratory batch.

RESULTS

Men with different genotypes had similar circulating levels of all the hormones measured (all P < 0.05). In the case‐control comparison using unconditional unadjusted logistic regression, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for prostate cancer were 1.07 (0.87–1.32) and 0.94 (0.71–1.25) for the dominant and recessive models, respectively, and for the co‐dominant model, 1.10  (0.88–1.36) and 0.99 (0.73–1.35) for carriers of one or two copies of the C allele, respectively. There was no evidence of heterogeneity in the odds ratios by tumour stage (all P > 0.3) and grade (all P > 0.3).

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study are consistent with the conclusions of the previous meta‐analysis, and suggest that rs743572 has no role in the risk of prostate cancer for men of Caucasian origin.
Modified ureterosigmoidostomy (Mainz Pouch II): a nonrefluxing stented vs unstented laparoscopic porcine model
Authors: Humphreys Mitchell R. , Miller Nicole L. , Lingeman James E.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE

To describe a rapid and reproducible pure laparoscopic cystectomy and nonrefluxing modified continent urinary diversion (Mainz Pouch II), and to determine whether ureteric stenting decreases ureteric obstruction after surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

After institutional review and approval, six female pigs (51–55 kg) had a laparoscopic cystectomy and urinary diversion using a modified Mainz Pouch II. Imbricating bowel over the extra‐intestinal ureteric segment created the nonrefluxing mechanism. All pigs had the same bowel preparation before a standard four‐port transperitoneal laparoscopic procedure, but three pigs received bilateral J ureteric stents and three did not. Body weights, radiographic imaging, serum electrolytes and renal function were monitored during the 6‐week survival period.

RESULTS

One stented pig developed bilateral pyelonephritis, renal obstruction and was killed. Including this pig, four of 12 renal units were obstructed, occurring more often in the stented pigs. There were no significant differences between the serum electrolytes before and after surgery or between the stented or unstented pigs. The surgery was quicker as experience increased. No pig developed hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis. The nonrefluxing modification appeared to be effective, as reflux was only present in one renal unit.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopic ureterosigmoidostomy, specifically the modified Mainz Pouch II, represents a viable and reasonable continent urinary diversion. The results suggest that there was no benefit in stenting in this pig model.
Does photodynamic transurethral resection of bladder tumour improve the outcome of initial T1 high‐grade bladder cancer? A long‐term follow‐up of a randomized study
Authors: Denzinger Stefan , Wieland Wolf F. , Otto Wolfgang , Filbeck Thomas , Knuechel Ruth , Burger Maximilian
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate, in a long‐term follow‐up of T1 high‐grade bladder cancer treated in a prospective, randomized trial, whether fluorescence diagnosis (FD) increases recurrence‐free survival (RFS) or reduces progression to muscle‐invasive stages.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 191 patients with suspected superficial bladder cancer were treated with transurethral resection under white light (WL) or with FD; 46 presented with initial T1 high‐grade BC (WL, 25; FD, 21). There were no differences in multifocality of tumours, concomitant carcinoma in situ or tumour size in either group.

RESULTS

Patients were followed for a median of 7.3 (WL) and 7.5 (FD) years to evaluate RFS. In the WL group there were 11, and in the FD group three, recurrent tumours of the same stage and grade. The RFS at 4 and 8 years was 69% and 52% in the WL, and 91% and 80% in FD group, respectively. With FD, the RFS was significantly longer according to Kaplan‐Meier analysis (P = 0.025). In the WL group, three (12%), and in the FD group four (19%) patients progressed to muscle‐invasive stages (≥ T2).

CONCLUSION

In initial T1 high‐grade bladder cancer, FD is significantly better than conventional WL transurethral resection for RFS. However, the progression rate to muscle‐invasive disease was not reduced by FD. Thus the clinical course (progression) of T1 high‐grade bladder cancer remains unaffected by FD.
A single‐nucleotide polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase‐1 promoter enhances bladder cancer susceptibility
Authors: Tasci Ali I. , Tugcu Volkan , Ozbek Emin , Ozbay Bedi , Simsek Abdulmuttalip , Koksal Vedat
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE

To explore the association between the promoter polymorphism (that influences the transcriptional level) of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1, associated with tumour cell invasion and metastasis) and bladder cancer in a Turkish population.

PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The MMP‐1 polymorphism was assessed in 102 transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder (50 Ta, 52 T2–4) and in 94 age‐, smoking‐ and gender‐matched healthy volunteers. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to determine the MMP‐1 genotypes. Genomic DNA used for the assay was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes.

RESULTS

The frequency of the MMP‐1 2G/2G genotype, which results in the highest MMP‐1 transcriptional level, was compared to that of the 1G/1G plus 1G/2G genotypes. Of the 102 cases with bladder cancer, 49 (48%) showed the 2G/2G genotype, whereas it was found in 22 of the 94 controls (23%); this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01; odds ratio 2.79, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.53–5.60). However, there was no significant association between the 2G/2G genotype and tumour grade and pathological stage. We assessed the interaction between smoking status (former and current smokers, by their median pack years) and 2G/2G genotype; there was a significantly increased risk in heavy smokers (P < 0.001; odds ratio 3.21; 95% CI 1.33–5.60).

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that the MMP‐1 promoter polymorphism might be linked to susceptibility for bladder cancer.
The Theory of Knowledge Spillover Entrepreneurship*
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max
Published: November 2007

abstract  The prevailing theories of entrepreneurship have typically revolved around the ability of individuals to recognize opportunities and then to act on them by starting a new venture. This has generated a literature asking why entrepreneurial behaviour varies across individuals with different characteristics while implicitly holding constant the external context in which the individual finds herself. Thus, where the opportunities come from, or the source of entrepreneurial opportunities, is also implicitly taken as given. By contrast, in this paper an important source of entrepreneurial opportunities is identified – knowledge and ideas created in an incumbent organization. By commercializing knowledge that otherwise would remain uncommercialized through the start‐up of a new venture, entrepreneurship serves as a conduit of knowledge spillovers. According to the theory of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship, a context with more knowledge will generate more entrepreneurial opportunities. By contrast, a context with less knowledge will generate fewer entrepreneurial opportunities. Based on a data set linking entrepreneurship to the knowledge context, empirical evidence is provided that is consistent with the proposition that entrepreneurial opportunities are not exogenous but rather systematically created by investments in knowledge by incumbent organizations.
Revisiting the Emergence of the Modern Business Enterprise: Entrepreneurship and the Singer Global Distribution System
Authors: Casson Mark , Godley Andrew
Published: November 2007

abstract  This paper approaches the question of why entrepreneurial firms exist from a broad business historical perspective. It observes that the original development of the modern business enterprise was very strongly associated with entrepreneurial innovation rather than an extension of managerial routine. The widely‐used theory of the entrepreneur as a specialist in judgmental decision making is applied to the particular point in time when entrepreneurs had to develop novel organizational designs in what Chandler described as the prelude to the ‘managerial revolution’. The paper illustrates how the theory of entrepreneurship then best explains the rise of the modern corporation by focusing on the case study of vertical integration par excellence, Singer.
The Entrepreneurial Organization of Heterogeneous Capital*
Authors: Foss Kirsten , Foss Nicolai J. , Klein Peter G. , Klein Sandra K.
Published: November 2007

abstract Transaction cost, property rights, and resource‐based approaches to the firm assume that assets, both tangible and intangible, are heterogeneous. Arranging these assets to minimize contractual hazards, to provide efficient investment incentives, or to exploit competitive advantage is conceived as the prime task of economic organization. None of these approaches, however, is based on a systematic theory of capital heterogeneity. In this paper we outline the approach to capital developed by the Austrian school of economics and show how Austrian capital theory provides a natural bridge between theory of entrepreneurship and the theory of the firm. We refine Austrian capital theory by defining capital heterogeneity in terms of subjectively perceived attributes, the functions, characteristics, and uses of capital assets. Such attributes are not given, but have to be created or discovered by means of entrepreneurial action. Conceiving entrepreneurship as the organization of heterogeneous capital provides new insights into the emergence, boundaries, and internal organization of the firm, and suggests testable implications about how entrepreneurship is manifested.
Opportunity Discovery, Problem Solving and a Theory of the Entrepreneurial Firm
Authors: Hsieh Chihmao , Nickerson Jack A. , Zenger Todd R.
Published: November 2007

abstract  When should an entrepreneur employ a market to help discover and exploit opportunities, and when should the entrepreneur create a firm to do so? If a firm is created, how should it be organized? In this paper we argue that opportunities equate to valuable problem‐solution pairings, and that opportunity discovery relates to deliberate search or recognition over this solution space. As problem complexity increases, experiential (or ‘directional’) search via trial‐and‐error provides fewer benefits, and cognitive (or ‘heuristic’) search via theorizing becomes more useful. Cognitive search, however, requires knowledge sharing, when knowledge is distributed among specialists, that is plagued by a knowledge appropriation hazard and a strategic knowledge accumulation hazard. Markets, authority‐based hierarchy, and consensus‐based hierarchy then have differential effects on the efficiency of opportunity discovery given the complexity of the associated problem. Those entrepreneurs with exceptional capabilities of opportunity recognition can efficiently adopt authority‐based governance over a wider range of complexity. We thus combine the two major modes of opportunity discovery – search and recognition – onto one framework that can explain different entrepreneurial organizational forms, resulting in an entrepreneurial theory of the firm.
The Entrepreneurial Theory of the Firm and the Theory of the Entrepreneurial Firm*
Authors: Langlois Richard N.
Published: November 2007

abstract  The entrepreneurial theory of the firm argues that entrepreneurship, properly understood, is a crucial but neglected element in explaining the nature and boundaries of the firm. By contrast, the theory of the entrepreneurial firm presumably seeks not to understand the nature and boundaries of ‘the firm’ in general but rather to understand a particular type of firm: one that is entrepreneurial. This paper is an attempt to reconcile the two. After briefly delving for the concept of entrepreneurship in the work of Schumpeter, Kirzner, and (especially) Knight, the paper makes the case for the entrepreneurial theory of the firm. In such a theory, the firm exists as the solution to a coordination problem in a world of change and uncertainty, including Knightian or structural uncertainty.
Metonymy in Language about Organizations: A Corpus‐Based Study of Company Names
Authors: Cornelissen Joep P.
Published: November 2007

abstract  In this paper, I examine the use of metonymies in people's talk about organizations. Drawing upon a corpus of natural talk extracted from the British National Corpus (BNC) I identify recurring categories of metonymies that appear to be a central part of people's talk about organizations. These categories of metonymies involve substitutions where an organization stands in for its members, its products, its facilities, its stock or shares or a company‐related event. I also found that metonymies in each of these categories are used as basic metonymic expressions that are only partially connected to metaphorical expressions and interpretations of organizations. Where those connections exist, the use of metonymies follows a metaphor‐from‐metonymy linguistic pattern (where a metaphorical meaning arises from the use of a metonymy) rather than a metonymy‐within‐metaphor pattern (where a metonymy is part of a metaphorical expression). I elaborate on the implications of these findings for our understanding of how organizations are discursively constructed and understood through metonymic language.
Contracts to Communities: A Processual Model of Organizational Virtue
Authors: Heugens Pursey P. M. A. R. , Kaptein Muel , (Hans) van Oosterhout J.
Published: November 2007

abstract  In the face of systemic challenges to corporate legitimacy, scholars and managers alike have been rethinking traditional answers to the question: What does it take to be a good company? We approach this question in two novel ways. We offer a normative answer, grounded in virtue ethics, by introducing a threefold typology of organizational forms. The moral goodness of each form depends on the congruence between its purpose and virtues. But we also offer a positive answer in the form of a processual model which traces corporate goodness to its empirical antecedents and consequences. The model defies a view of organizations as innately good or evil, but rather portrays virtue as the sediment of a value infusion process. We predict that if managers succeed in establishing in their organizations the kind of virtues necessary to support collective moral agency, they can expect to reap gains like enhanced effectiveness and legitimacy. However, when they neglect their moral responsibilities, the result will likely be organizational demise.
The Development of Corporate Identity: A Political Perspective
Authors: Rodrigues Suzana , Child John
Published: November 2007

abstract A corporate identity denotes a set of attributes that senior managers ascribe to their organization. It is therefore an organizational identity articulated by a powerful interest group. It can constitute a claim which servesinter aliato justify the authority vested in top managers and to further their interests. The academic literature on organizational identity, and on corporate identity in particular, pays little attention to these political considerations. It focuses in an apolitical manner on shared meanings when corporate identity works, or on cognitive dissonance when it breaks down. In response to this analytical void, we develop a political analysis of corporate identity and its development, using as illustration a longitudinal study of successive changes in the corporate identity of a Brazilian telecommunications company. This suggests a cyclical model in which corporate identity definition and redefinition involve power relations, resource mobilization and struggles for legitimacy.
Identifying the impact of the built environment on flood damage in Texas
Authors: Brody Samuel D. , Zahran Sammy , Highfield Wesley E. , Grover Himanshu , Vedlitz Arnold
Published: November 2007

Floods continue to pose the greatest threat to the property and safety of human communities among all natural hazards in the United States. This study examines the relationship between the built environment and flood impacts in Texas, which consistently sustains the most damage from flooding of any other state in the country. Specifically, we calculate property damage resulting from 423 flood events between 1997 and 2001 at the county level. We identify the effect of several built environment measures, including wetland alteration, impervious surface, and dams on reported property damage while controlling for biophysical and socio‐economic characteristics. Statistical results suggest that naturally occurring wetlands play a particularly important role in mitigating flood damage. These findings provide guidance to planners and flood managers on how to alleviate most effectively the costly impacts of foods at the community level.
Spain's greatest and most recent mine disaster
Authors: Guerrero Flor Ma. , Lozano Macarena , Rueda‐Cantuche José M.
Published: November 2007

On 25 April 1998, the mineral waste retaining wall at the Swedish‐owned pyrite mine at Aznalcóllar (Seville, Spain) burst,2causing the most harmful environmental and socio‐economic disaster in the history of the River Guadiamar basin. The damage was so great that the regional government decided in May 1998 to finance a comprehensive, multidisciplinary research initiative with the objective of eradicating or at least minimising all of the negative social, economic and environmental impacts. This paper utilises a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis to identify eight strategic measures aimed at providing policymakers with key guidelines on implementing a sustainable development model, in a broad sense. Empirical evidence, though, reveals that, to date, major efforts to tackle the negative impacts have centred on environmental concerns and that the socio‐economic consequences have not been completely mitigated.
Measuring revealed and emergent vulnerabilities of coastal communities to tsunami in Sri Lanka
Authors: Birkmann Jörn , Fernando Nishara
Published: November 2007

This paper presents the important findings of a study undertaken in two selected tsunami‐affected coastal cities in Sri Lanka (Batticaloa and Galle) to measure the revealed and emergent vulnerability of coastal communities. International risk studies have failed to demonstrate the high vulnerability of coastal communities to tsunami in Sri Lanka. Therefore, indirect assessment tools to measure pre‐event vulnerability have to be complemented by assessment tools that analyse revealed and emergent vulnerability in looking at the aftermath and impact patterns of a real scenario, as well as in examining the dynamics of disaster recovery in which different vulnerabilities can be identified. The paper first presents a conceptual framework for capturing vulnerability within a process‐oriented approach linked to sustainable development. Next, it highlights selected indicators and methods to measure revealed and emergent vulnerability at the local level using the examples of Batticaloa and Galle. Finally, it discusses the usefulness and application of vulnerability indicators within the framework of reconstruction.