bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colour polymorphism and correlated characters: genetic mechanisms and evolution
Authors: MCKINNON JEFFREY S. , PIEROTTI MICHELE E. R.
Published: October 2010

Colour polymorphisms (CP’s) continue to be of interest to evolutionary biologists because of their general tractability, importance in studies of selection and potential role in speciation. Since some of the earliest studies of CP, it has been evident that alternative colour morphs often differ in features other than colour. Here we review the rapidly accumulating evidence concerning the genetic mechanisms underlying correlations between CP and other traits in animals. We find that evidence for genetic correlations is now available for taxonomically diverse systems and that physical linkage and regulatory mechanisms including transcription factors, cis‐regulatory elements, and hormone systems provide pathways for the ready accumulation or modification of these correlations. Moreover, physical linkage and regulatory mechanisms may both contribute to genetic correlation in some of the best‐studied systems. These results raise the possibility that negative frequency‐dependent selection and disruptive selection might often be acting on suites of traits and that the cumulative effects of such selection, as well as correlational selection, may be important to CP persistence and evolution. We consider additional evolutionary implications. We recommend continued efforts to elucidate the mechanisms underlying CP‐correlated characters and the more frequent application of comparative approaches, looking at related species that vary in character correlations and patterns of selection. We also recommend efforts to elucidate how frequency‐dependent selection may act on suites of characters.
Fatigue in Japanese people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Moriya Rika , Kutsumi Masami
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study was to obtain descriptions of the experiences of fatigue of people with multiple sclerosis, including experiences related to their interpersonal relations and social life. We used a qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive design and conducted semistructured interviews with nine participants. Seven concepts emerged from the data analysis: “fatigue as an individualized and novel sensation”, “self‐analysis of the factors that are associated with fatigue”, “effects of fatigue on living and the self”, “unique measures for handling fatigue”, “insufficient coping”, “living with fatigue”, and “the assumption of a lack of common understanding of fatigue.” Based on these findings, fatigue was found to affect the lifestyle of people with MS and their ability to be true to themself. As a result, the participants devised their own way of coping with fatigue. However, the coping measures also created other dilemmas, which led to isolation. Nevertheless, the participants made efforts to live with fatigue on their own terms.
Formalin: Nephrotoxic teratogen?
Authors: Dorairajan Gowri
Published: October 2010

Formaldehyde is an extensively used chemical; its ill effects have been of concern. Its nephrotoxic effects in laboratory animals and carcinogenic effects on humans are well established. We report of a pregnant woman with a normal ongoing pregnancy with a morphologically normal fetus. She was exposed to high doses of formaldehyde through inhalational route in the second trimester. Six weeks later she was found to have severe oligohydramnios with dysplastic fetal kidneys and fetal ascites. The various known causes for this problem reported in the literature are discussed. Based on the discussion the author has drawn a conclusion that the fate of the fetus reported can be attributed to transplacental nephrotoxic effect of formaldehyde. Previously two cases of malformations have been reported but this appears to be the first case of transplacental nephrotoxicty of formaldehyde.
Giant immature intracranial teratoma with antenatal cranial perforation
Authors: Koizumi Koji , Abe Emiko , Kusanagi Yasuki , Ito Masaharu
Published: October 2010

Fetal brain tumors are very rare, and fetal survival is generally poor. Here we present a congenital intracranial immature teratoma, which was prenatally diagnosed. Prenatal ultrasonography and fetal magnetic resonance imaging detected the presence of a massive, heterogeneous intracranial tumor at 26 weeks gestational age. An intracranial tumor lacking normal intracranial structures was detected. The biparietal diameter was 13.1 cm, which is abnormally long. Fetal death occurred at 27 weeks of gestation due to cranial perforation. Postmortem histologic examination revealed the presence of an immature teratoma. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging are helpful in the prenatal diagnosis and evaluation of intracranial tumors. In conclusion, some cases of giant immature congenital teratoma develop antenatal cranial perforation.
The Revival of Group Voting: Explaining the Voting Preferences of Immigrants in Norway
Authors: Bergh Johannes , Bjørklund Tor
Published: October 2010

Studies of the electoral behaviour of immigrants in Western Europe and North America have revealed a remarkably coherent cross-national voting pattern. Immigrants from the non-Western world hold a strong preference for left-of-centre parties. This unusual expression of group voting is so stable over time that it has been referred to as an ‘iron law’. There is, however, a dearth of scholarly research on this phenomenon. This article tests two explanations for the left-of-centre preferences of immigrants in Norway. The first is that the ideological and socio-economic composition of the immigrant electorate explains the preference for left-of-centre parties. If so, these voters' ethnic or immigrant background is not in itself decisive on Election Day. The second hypothesis is that immigrant voters engage in group voting, in which one's ethnic or immigrant background is significant and trumps other concerns when voting. This would express itself in a coherent voting pattern that cannot be explained by other factors. We also expect those who engage in group voting to favour candidates with similar ethnic backgrounds as themselves. The group voting hypothesis finds the strongest support. The immigrant vote appears to be driven by group adherence, rather than by ideology or social background.
Debating the legitimacy of a contested environmental illness: a case study of multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS)
Authors: Phillips Tarryn
Published: October 2010

More than 20 years after it was first identified, the anomalous condition, multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS), remains immersed in controversy, with a continuing debate over its causation being played out in the medico‐scientific community and in the courts. This article examines why sceptical and supportive experts disagree over the condition’s legitimacy as an organic condition. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in Perth, Western Australia, the author scrutinises the decision‐making practices of 16 experts (eight sceptical and eight supportive of a chemical explanation). Both groups were found to use evidence‐based, inductive reasoning. However, sceptical experts tended to use a different set of evidence requirements, exhibited more faith in the efficiency of the current biomedical paradigm regarding toxicity and were less likely to acknowledge uncertainty in their field. All the experts recognised a spectrum of beliefs about the causal mechanisms of MCS. However, when they were engaged in litigation as expert witnesses due to their supportive or sceptical tendency, the oppositional legal system polarised their opinions and exacerbated the perceived divide between them. Ultimately, the adversarial medico‐legal process inhibits genuine dialogue between some of the key players in the MCS debate, thus impeding understanding and consensus about the condition.
Not ‘going there’: limits to the professionalisation of our emotional lives
Authors: Brownlie Julie
Published: October 2010

This article takes as its starting point the thesis that there has been a shift towards emotional openness in Anglo‐American societies and that, as a result, we are increasingly at ease with talking to professionals, those who are trained to listen, when faced with difficulties in our emotional lives. Such assumptions are implicit, if unexamined, in recent mental health policy in the UK. Drawing on findings from the first British general population study of views and experiences of emotional support, it is argued that, while there has indeed been a cultural acceptance of the notion that it is good to talk, this has not translated into a retreat into professionalised spaces. How, then, can we understand these limits or, to draw on a popular idiom, why do people choose not to ‘go there’? To begin to answer these questions, four areas are explored: the persistence and significance of non talk‐based. responses to emotional difficulties, the constraints of and on emotions talk, evidence for an emergent vulnerable self in need of professional intervention and wider cultural beliefs about need, privacy and the role of strangers.
‘One wants to know what a chromosome is’: the internet as a coping resource when adjusting to life parenting a child with a rare genetic disorder
Authors: Gundersen Tonje
Published: October 2010

The internet has democratised access to health and diagnostic information, enabling patients to mobilise social support from peers and advocate their interests in encounters with medical personnel. Research has shown that these possibilities are particularly important for patients and caregivers confronting a rare medical condition. However, little research has focused on how the act of searching for and accumulating information via the internet can be important for coping emotionally with a situation characterised by uncertain prospects and inadequate information from health personnel. This paper explores the experiences of 10 Norwegian parents whose children have different rare genetic disorders and who used the internet as a resource. The analysis draws on the theoretical framework of the medical sociologist Aaron Antonovsky, who emphasises people’s inherent ability to manage extremely stressful life experiences. Analysing the process of adjusting to and coping with life parenting a child suffering from a rare genetic disorder, this study shows that becoming knowledgeable about a child’s condition is essential for gradually comprehending and managing a situation that initially seems unmanageable and distressful. It also suggests that as parents adjust, so do the frequency and purpose of their internet searches.
Disclosure of STI testing activities by young adults: the influence of emotions and social networks
Authors: Balfe Myles , Brugha Ruairi
Published: October 2010

Thirty young adults (between 18 and 29 years of age) who had sought STI testing were interviewed about their experiences of ‘passing’ during the STI testing process (keeping their testing practices a secret from other individuals), and also their experiences of disclosing to other individuals the fact that they had sought STI testing. Respondents kept their STI testing practices secret from others in order to preserve their identities as ‘normal’ individuals. They feared that their identities would become stigmatised if other people were to find out about their testing practices. Keeping their practices a secret was difficult and emotionally draining. Consequently, respondents usually chose to inform a few key individuals about their testing activities. These individuals provided respondents with emotional support and helped them to pass as normal. Healthcare professionals were a particular, valued group to whom respondents disclosed their need for STI testing. A number of respondents reported experiencing stigmatising reactions from healthcare professionals, however, which had deleterious consequences for these respondents’ willingness to seek treatment for their STI. Findings are discussed in relation to Goffman’s impression management framework (1959, 1963) and develop Goffman’s work by highlighting the roles played by emotions and social networks in impression management activities.
Mirror movements in healthy humans across the lifespan: effects of development and ageing
Authors: KOERTE INGA , EFTIMOV LARA , LAUBENDER RUEDIGER PAUL , ESSLINGER OLAF , SCHROEDER ANDREAS SEBASTIAN , ERTL‐WAGNER BIRGIT , WAHLLAENDER‐DANEK UTE , HEINEN FLORIAN , DANEK ADRIAN
Published: October 2010

Aim  Mirror movements are a transient phenomenon during childhood, which decrease in intensity with motor development. An increasing inhibitory competence resulting in the ability of movement lateralization is thought to be the underlying mechanism. We aimed to quantify unintended mirror movements systematically across the lifespan and to investigate the influences of age, sex, handedness, and task frequency.

Method  A total of 236 participants (127 females, 109 males; 216 right‐handed, 20 left‐handed; age range 3–96y, median 25y 8mo) first performed four clinical routine tests while mirror movements were rated by the observer. They were then asked to hold a force transducer in each hand between the thumb and index finger and to perform oscillatory grip force changes in one hand, while the other hand had to prevent the force transducer from dropping.

Results  Age showed a strong nonlinear effect on the mirror‐movement ratio (the amplitude ratio of the mirror and active hand, adjusted by the respective maximum grip force). Initially, there was a steep decline in the mirror‐movement ratio during childhood and adolescence, followed by a gradual rise during adulthood. Males had lower mirror‐movement ratios than females. The high‐frequency condition triggered lower mirror‐movement ratios. No significant differences of mirror movements between dominant and non‐dominant hand, or left‐ and right‐handed participants, were found.

Interpretation  This study provides, for the first time to our knowledge, normative values of mirror movements across the lifespan that can aid differentiation between physiological and pathological mirror movements.
Utility of language comprehension tests for unintelligible or non‐speaking children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: GEYTENBEEK JOKE , HARLAAR LAURIKE , STAM MARLOES , KET HANS , BECHER JULES G , OOSTROM KIM , VERMEULEN R JEROEN
Published: October 2010

Aim To identify the use and utility of language comprehension tests for unintelligible or non‐speaking children with severe cerebral palsy (CP).

Method Severe CP was defined as severe dysarthria (unintelligible speech) or anarthria (absence of speech) combined with severe limited mobility, corresponding to Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV to V. An electronic search in the databases of PubMed, PsychInfo, Embase, and CINAHL was made of studies published between January 1965 and December 2008. Indexing terms and free‐text terms for ‘cerebral palsy’, ‘language’, and ‘instrumentation’ were used. Studies were included when (1) the focus was to investigate comprehension of spoken language of children (0–18y) with severe CP, and (2) language tests were described.

Results Twelve standardized tests and five experimental instruments were identified. All standardized tests were developed for children without limited mobility. Only the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – Revised was frequently used and feasible for older children with severe CP (>9y). The other tests were used occasionally. To establish utility, adaptations of standardized test procedures were necessary.

Interpretation Language comprehension tests for children with severe CP are scarce. A language comprehension test specifically designed for these children is warranted.
The impact of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programmes on maternal health care in resource‐poor settings: looking beyond the PMTCT programme—a systematic review
Authors: Both JMC , van Roosmalen J
Published: October 2010

Please cite this paper as:Both J, van Roosmalen J. The impact of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programmes on maternal health care in resource‐poor settings: looking beyond the PMTCT programme—a systematic review. BJOG 2010;117:1444–1450.

Background There is increasing debate about the impact of scaled‐up HIV/AIDS programmes on fragile healthcare systems in low‐income countries.

Objectives To contribute to the understanding of the relation between HIV/AIDS programmes and healthcare systems, this systematic review focuses on the impact of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programmes on maternal health care.

Search strategy Publications describing the effect of PMTCT programmes on maternal healthcare services were sought through computerised searches in five electronic databases.

Selection criteria Abstracts of publications were evaluated for appropriateness for inclusion based on whether they met the inclusion criteria.

Data collection and analysis Copies of all selected publications were obtained. A classification system was developed to group the relevant publications.

Main results The findings show that empirical evidence of the effect of PMTCT programmes on maternal health care is scarce and further research is badly needed. Twenty‐one studies that were included in the systematic review showed that PMTCT programmes are often semi‐integrated in maternal health care with positive as well as negative effects on various aspects of maternal health care.

Authors’ conclusions It appears that PMTCT programmes miss the opportunity to have an overall positive effect on maternal health care because of their verticality.
A longitudinal study of patient and surgeon goal achievement 2 years after surgery following pelvic floor dysfunction surgery
Authors: Srikrishna S , Robinson D , Cardozo L
Published: October 2010

Please cite this paper as: Srikrishna S, Robinson D, Cardozo L. A longitudinal study of patient and surgeon goal achievement 2 years after surgery following pelvic floor dysfunction surgery. BJOG 2010;117:1504–1511.

Objective  To compare patient goal achievement in prolapse and continence surgery with objective/subjective outcomes; secondarily, to compare patient goal achievement with overall satisfaction and with that of the surgeon.

Design  Prospective longitudinal observational study, over 2 years.

Setting  Tertiary urogynaecology centre.

Population  Women with prolapse or stress incontinence due for surgery.

Methods  Patients and surgeons listed five goals that they hoped to achieve following surgery. Objective assessment was with Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System (POP‐Q) and videocystourethrography (VCU). Quality of life (QoL) was assessed with a Prolapse QoL questionnaire (PQoL), Kings Health questionnaire (KHQ) and Golombok–Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS) and satisfaction was assessed with the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI‐I).

Main outcome measures  Goal achievement was measured on a 100‐mm visual analogue scale (VAS); objective cure of prolapse by POP‐Q and of stress incontinence by VCU; QoL was assessed by KHQ, PQoL and GRISS; and satisfaction by PGI‐I.

Results  Complete data were available for 112 women. POP‐Q scores significantly improved (P < 0.05); objective cure of incontinence (from VCU) was 88.8%. All QoL questionnaires and PGI‐I scores showed significant improvement (P < 0.01). Mean goal achievement was 85.1% for patients and 89.6% for surgeons. Patient goal achievement for prolapse surgery was observed sooner and correlated more with other measures of success than continence surgery. Continence‐related goals based on symptom relief were achieved more than those based on body image and sexuality. Surgeons reported a high achievement rate in anatomical restoration and functional improvement goals.

Conclusions  Patient goal achievement correlates significantly with other measures of ‘success’ as well as with overall satisfaction. Surgeons and women have varying expectations of the outcome of surgery. Nearly 90% of goals are still achieved 2 years following surgery.
A report of two cases of the management of cervical cancer in pregnancy by cone biopsy and laparoscopic pelvic node dissection
Authors: Herod JJO , Decruze SB , Patel RD
Published: October 2010

Please cite this paper as: Herod J, Decruze S, Patel R. A report of two cases of the management of cervical cancer in pregnancy by cone biopsy and laparoscopic pelvic node dissection. BJOG 2010;117:1558–1561.
At the crossroads of longevity and metabolism: the metabolic syndrome and lifespan determinant pathways
Authors: Fadini Gian Paolo , Ceolotto Giulio , Pagnin Elisa , de Kreutzenberg Saula , Avogaro Angelo
Published: October 2010

The metabolic syndrome is becoming increasingly prevalent in the general population and carries significant incremental morbidity and mortality. It is associated with multi‐organ involvement and increased all‐cause mortality, resembling a precocious aging process. The mechanisms that account for this phenomenon are incompletely known, but it is becoming clear that longevity genes might be involved. Experiments with overactivation or disruption of key lifespan determinant pathways, such as silent information regulator (SIR)T1, p66Shc, and mammalian target of rapamycin (TOR), lead to development of features of the metabolic syndrome in mice. These genes integrate longevity pathways and metabolic signals in a complex interplay in which lifespan appears to be strictly dependent on substrate and energy bioavailability. Herein, we describe the roles and possible interconnections of selected lifespan determinant molecular networks in the development of the metabolic syndrome and its complications, describing initial available data in humans. Additional pathways are involved in linking nutrient availability and longevity, certainly including insulin and Insulin‐like Growth Factor‐1 (IGF‐1) signaling, as well as FOXO transcription factors. The model described in this viewpoint article is therefore likely to be an oversimplification. Nevertheless, it represents one starting platform for understanding cell biology of lifespan in relation to the metabolic syndrome.
The concepts of revenue management: a tutorial
Authors: Bell Peter C.
Published: October 2010

The objective of this article is to lay out the fundamental concepts that make up the field known within operations research (OR) as revenue management (RM). Five basic ideas (overbooking, differential pricing, product protection, planned upgrades, and short‐selling) and their variants provide the conceptual foundations of the practice of RM and motivate OR research in RM. Understanding these concepts will provide an understanding of the practice of RM and the RM algorithms in use today, and will also help to understand some of the new business practices that we see appearing every day.
Healthy Aging Rounds: Using Healthy‐Aging Mentors to Teach Medical Students About Physical Activity and Social Support Assessment, Interviewing, and Prescription
Authors: Mohler M. Jane , D'Huyvetter Karen , Tomasa Lynne , O'Neill Lisa , Fain Mindy J.
Published: October 2010

Medical students underestimate the health and functional status of community‐dwelling older adults and have little experience in health promotion interviewing or prescribing physical activity. The goal was to provide third‐year University of Arizona medical students with an opportunity to gain a broader and evidence‐based understanding of healthy aging, with specific focus on physical activity and social engagement. Students engaged in one‐on‐one conversations with healthy older adult mentors and practiced assessment, interviewing and prescription counseling for physical activity and social support. This 2‐hour mandatory interactive educational offering improved student attitudes and knowledge about healthy aging and provided hands‐on health promotion counseling experience.
Spinal Cord Stimulation Causes Potentiation of Right Vagus Nerve Effects on Atrial Chronotropic Function and Repolarization in Canines
Authors: JACQUES FRÉDERIC , CARDINAL RENÉ , YIN YALIN , ARMOUR J. ANDREW , GUIRAUDON GÉRARD M. , JONES DOUGLAS L. , PAGÉ PIERRE
Published: October 2010

Spinal Cord Stimulation Modulates Vagal Atrial Influences. Introduction: Experimental evidence suggests that spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can cause augmentation of parasympathetic influences on the heart via enhanced vagus nerve (VgN) activity. Herein, we investigated whether this might lead to enhanced inducibility of vagally mediated atrial tachyarrhythmias (AT) and whether such actions depend on intact autonomic neural connections with central neurons.

Method and Results:
Epidural SCS electrodes were implanted at T1‐T4 in anesthetized canines. Sinus cycle length prolongation, atrial repolarization changes (191 epicardial electrode sites), and AT inducibility in response to right VgN stimuli applied at the cervical level were determined before and during SCS. VgN‐induced sinus cycle length prolongation was potentiated during SCS among the animals with intact neural connections or bilateral vagotomy proximal to the stimulation site, whereas such prolongation was unaffected by SCS among animals with bilateral decentralization of stellate ganglia. Likewise, the atrial surface area in which VgN‐induced repolarization wave form changes were identified was significantly augmented during SCS among the former but not among the latter. AT facilitation occurred during SCS in the majority of animals with intact neural connections, particularly among those displaying relatively greater potentiation of vagally mediated sinus cycle length prolongation.

Conclusion:
The data indicate that SCS may cause potentiation of parasympathetic influences on the atria in response to cervical VgN stimulation. Such SCS effects appear to be mediated via decreased tonic inhibitory sympathetic influences in the presence of intact stellate ganglion connections to central neurons. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 440‐447)
Ablation of Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: 1‐Year Follow‐Up Through Continuous Subcutaneous Monitoring
Authors: POKUSHALOV EVGENY , ROMANOV ALEXANDER , CORBUCCI GIORGIO , ARTYOMENKO SERGEY , TUROV ALEX , SHIROKOVA NATALYA , KARASKOV ALEXANDER
Published: October 2010

Ablation of Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. Background: The aim of this prospective observational study was to identify responders to ablation through continuous subcutaneous monitoring for 1 year after ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) or persistent AF (PersAF).

Method:
Patients with symptomatic drug refractory AF were enrolled. Real‐time three‐dimensional (3D) left atrium maps were reconstructed by using a nonfluoroscopic navigation system (CARTO, Biosense‐Webster Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, USA). The ipsilateral left and right pulmonary veins (PVs) were encircled in 1 lesion line by circumferential PV isolation. All patients were implanted with Reveal XT (Medtronic Inc.) for continuous AF monitoring and data collected every month during the 12‐month follow‐up.

Results:
We enrolled 129 patients (56 ± 9 years, 102 males), all of whom were followed‐up for 12 months after the last ablation procedure: 58 (45%) had a history of PersAF. After only 1 ablation procedure, 76 (59%) of the 129 patients were AF‐free at 12‐month: 48 out of 71 (68%) in the PAF group and 28 out of 58 (48%) in the PersAF group. After 1 or more ablation procedures, 94 (73%) of the 129 patients were AF‐free 12 months after the last procedure: 57 out of 71 (80%) in the PAF group and 37 out of 58 (64%) in the PersAF group.

Conclusion:
Ablation is highly effective in treating AF, as assessed through detailed 1‐year continuous monitoring: success rate is higher in PAF than in PersAF patients. The use of subcutaneous monitors is a valuable means of identifying responders and nonresponders, and can potentially guide antiarrhythmic and antithrombotic therapies. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 369‐375)
Managing Change on Complex Programs: VIRGINIA Class Cost Reduction
Authors: JOHNSON DAVID C. , DRAKELEY GEORGE M. , PLANTE THOMAS N. , DALTON WILLIAM J. , TROST CHRISTOPHER S.
Published: October 2010

Today's ship acquisition environment demands the delivery of more ship for less money. The VIRGINIA Class Submarine Program faced this challenge explicitly, with its mandate to achieve cost reduction of approximately $400 million per ship by FY 2012 as a necessary condition for increased production. For VIRGINIA Class, accomplishing this objective meant implementing a number of significant cost reducing changes to a mature design and hundreds of construction processes—ensuring that these changes enhanced rather than disrupted the “normal” learning occurring in the serial submarine construction. Managing these changes and their impact on ongoing efforts to achieve good learning from ship to ship (also known as the learning curve) was further complicated by interactions between learning and other factors like changes to production rate, funding profiles, construction schedules, and the workforce. Performance of the VIRGINIA Class Program was dynamically simulated to determine in advance the likely full consequences (including indirect impacts) of cost reduction actions in the context of evolving program conditions. The simulation of VIRGINIA Class Program performance captured individual factors whose improvement together drives the classic learning curve—for example, design maturity, material availability, staff experience, and so on—and was validated against historical program performance. This simulation capability was used to evaluate the full impact of potential changes, individually and in combination, along with sensitivity to a variety of different future scenarios. The analysis provided insights regarding the degree of disruption from different cost reduction changes, synergies between these changes, and interactions with other program conditions. This provided an independent “reality check” on the path taken by the VIRGINIA Class cost reduction effort, guidance regarding key sensitivities and risks to be managed, and data that supported contracting for the next block of ships.
Real Options in Ship and Force Structure Analysis: A Research Agenda
Authors: KOENIG PHILIP C.
Published: October 2010

In the evaluation of large, risky expenditures on long‐lived capital investments, conventional engineering economic analysis methods do not provide adequate insight into the option value of managerial flexibility and strategic interactions. A common practical remedy is to set aside the (incomplete) analysis in favor of intuition and judgment, which in many instances results from tacit knowledge of embedded option‐type value. If this value could be explicitly documented then the decision criteria would be more transparent. With this in mind, a “real” options analogy with financial options has been proposed; the attraction is that methods for valuing financial options are mature. Naval ship design and acquisition is an option‐laden environment. Therefore if a naval version of the real options analogy were developed, it would add considerable insight. In this paper, the motivation for option‐based analysis is introduced, the basic mechanics of financial options are reviewed, and an agenda for developing options‐informed naval analyses is suggested.
Development of Spodoptera frugiperda on different hosts and damage to reproductive structures in cotton
Authors: Barros Eduardo M. , Torres Jorge B. , Ruberson John R. , Oliveira Martin D.
Published: October 2010

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a widespread pest species of various cultivated plants. The pest status of FAW in cotton in the Cerrado region of Brazil has increased with the recent changes in cotton crop systems, such as double cropping and the use of cover or winter crops with non‐tillage cropping systems. In this study we investigated the performance of FAW on three major crops cultivated in the Cerrado – soybean, corn, and cotton – and millet which has been integrated into the landscape as a cover crop. Further, the damage to various reproductive structures of cotton plants by FAW larvae was determined. Both studies were conducted under field conditions. Survival of FAW larvae caged on millet plants was higher than on other hosts. The FAW reared on millet also exhibited a net reproductive rate similar to that observed on corn, which was considered the best host for FAW, and the highest intrinsic rate of increase and lowest mean generation time compared to all other hosts. In cotton, the low availability of bolls during the plant’s blooming stage resulted in higher square feeding, whereas infestation during the plant’s boll stage resulted in higher loss of bolls and lower attack on squares. The number of adults produced in a generation was higher when plants were infested in the boll stage. The results indicated that FAW is a threat to cotton when bolls are available and can cause significant loss of reproductive structures. In addition, based on the FAW performance feeding on millet, this cover crop can be among the reasons of FAW increasing pest status in subsequent crops.
The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injury
Authors: Maniglio R.
Published: October 2010

Maniglio R. The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injury.

Objective:  To address the best available scientific evidence on the role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injury.

Method:  Seven databases were searched, supplemented with hand‐search of reference lists from retrieved papers. The author and a psychiatrist independently evaluated the eligibility of all studies identified, abstracted data, and assessed study quality. Disagreements were resolved by consensus.

Results:  Four reviews, including about 65 851 subjects from 177 studies, were analyzed. There is evidence that child sexual abuse is a statistically significant, although general and non‐specific, risk factor for suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injury. The relationship ranges from small to medium in magnitude and is moderated by sample source and size. Certain biological and psychosocial variables, such as serotonin hypoactivity and genes, family dysfunction, other forms of maltreatment, and some personality traits and psychiatric disorders, may either act independently or interact with child sexual abuse to promote suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injury in abuse victims, with child sexual abuse conferring additional risk, either as a ‘distal’ and indirect cause or as a ‘proximal’ and direct cause.

Conclusion:  Child sexual abuse should be considered one of the several risk factors for suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injury and included in multifactorial etiological models.
The lactic acid stinging test predicts susceptibility to cumulative irritation caused by two lipophilic irritants*
Authors: Schliemann Sibylle , Antonov Dimitar , Manegold Nicole , Elsner Peter
Published: October 2010

Background. Skin exposure to lipophilic irritants at workplaces is a risk factor for the development of occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Suitable lipophilic model irritants to be used in repeated irritation studies in volunteers are needed to gain a better understanding of the chemical‐dependent mechanisms of skin irritation.

Objectives. To investigate acute and cumulative irritation elicited by two new lipophilic model irritants, octane (CAS No. 111‐65‐9) and cumene (CAS No. 98‐82‐8), in stingers as compared with non‐stingers.

Methods. Short‐time occlusive and repetitive occlusive irritation patch tests were performed over 5 days with octane and cumene in two groups of healthy volunteers (n = 15 each) who were classified as stingers and non‐stingers according to a preceding lactic acid stinging test. Acute and cumulative irritation was quantified using clinical assessments and bioengineering methods (laser Doppler flowmetry, transepidermal water loss, capacitance measurements, and skin colour reflectance).

Results. Significantly stronger cumulative irritation was observed in stingers than in non‐stingers for both irritants (visual scoring, stratum corneum hydration, and skin colour reflectance).

Conclusions. The preliminary results suggest the existence of a distinct sub‐population with increased susceptibility to cumulative irritation induced by lipophilic irritants that can be identified by the lactic acid stinging test.
Cardiovascular Effects Elicited by Milonine, a New 8,14‐Dihydromorphinandienone Alkaloid
Authors: Cavalcante Horacinna M.M. , Ribeiro Thaís P. , Silva Darízy F. , Nunes Xirley P. , Barbosa‐Filho José M. , Diniz Margareth F.F.M. , Correia Nadja A. , Braga Valdir A. , Medeiros Isac A.
Published: October 2010

Abstract: The mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular responses evoked by milonine (i.v.), an alkaloid, were investigated in rats. In normotensive rats, milonine injections produced hypotension and tachycardia, which were attenuated afterNw‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl esther (l‐NAME; 20 mg/kg, i.v.). In phenylephrine (10 μM), pre‐contracted mesenteric artery rings, milonine (10−10 M to 3 × 10−4 M) caused a concentration‐dependent relaxation (EC50 = 1.1 × 10−6 M,Emax = 100 ± 0.0%) and this effect was rightward shifted after either removal of the vascular endothelium (EC50 = 1.6 × 10−5,p < 0.001), or afterl‐NAME 100 μM (EC50 = 6.2 × 10−5,p < 0.001), hydroxocobalamin 30 μM (EC50 = 1.1 × 10−4,p < 0.001) or ODQ 10 μM (EC50 = 1.9 × 10−4p < 0.001). In addition, in rabbit aortic endothelial cells, milonine increased NO3−levels. The relaxant effect induced by milonine was attenuated in the presence of KCl (20 mM), a modulator efflux K+(EC50 = 1.2 × 10−5,p < 0.001), or different potassium channel blockers such as glibenclamide (10 μM) (EC50 = 6.3 × 10−5,p < 0.001), TEA (1 mM) (EC50 = 2.3 × 10−5 M, n = 6) or Charybdotoxin (0.2 μM) plus apamin (0.2 μM) (EC50 = 3.9 × 10−4 M, n = 7). In addition, pre‐contraction with high extracellular potassium concentration prevented milonine‐induced vasorelaxation (EC50 = 1.0 × 10−4,p < 0.001). Milonine also reduced CaCl2‐induced contraction in Ca2+‐free solution containing KCl (60 mM). In conclusion, using combined functional and biochemical approaches, we demonstrated that the hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects produced by milonine are, at least in part, mediated by the endothelium, likely via nitric oxide release, activation of nitric oxide‐cGMP pathway and opening of K+channels.
Low radio-derived star formation rates in z < 0.5 gamma-ray burst host galaxies
Authors: Stanway Elizabeth R. , Davies Luke J. M. , Levan Andrew J.
Published: October 2010

We present 5.5- and 9.0-GHz observations of five gamma-ray burst host galaxies at z < 0.5, taken using the Australia Telescope Compact Array. We determine tight constraints on the radio continuum flux of four sources (GRB hosts 060218, 060614, 020819 and 990712) and detect a fifth source, the host of GRB 031203, with a flux density Fν(5.50 GHz) = 216 ± 50 μJy. We discuss the star formation rates of all five sources. Our radio-derived star formation rates (and upper limits) are largely consistent with those derived from optical observations, suggesting either that there is little dust-obscured star formation in these sources, or that their starbursts are too young to have established representative radio continuum emission.
EFFECT OF ELECTROLYZED OXIDIZING WATER AND CHLORINATED WATER TREATMENTS ON STRAWBERRY AND BROCCOLI QUALITY
Authors: HUNG YEN‐CON , BAILLY DAMIEN , KIM CHYER , ZHAO YONG , WANG XICHANG
Published: October 2010

Strawberries and broccoli were treated for 5 min with 4C tap water, chlorinated water or electrolyzed oxidizing water (55 and 100 mg/L chlorine, respectively) with or without ultrasonication. Several quality parameters (weight loss, shear force, color, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids and decay) were evaluated to estimate the effect of treatments on consumer acceptability during storage at 4C. Strawberries were examined on the initial day of experiments and at 3, 6, 9 and 13 days of storage, and broccoli on the initial day as well as at 5, 10, 14 and 21 days of storage. On each day of analysis, weight loss, decay and color (L*a*b* values, chroma, hue angle, total color difference) were evaluated. On the last day of storage, texture was measured as force (Newton) needed to shear each sample. For strawberry, samples were also tested for pH, titratable acidity (%) and soluble solids content. No significant differences in quality were detected among strawberries and broccoli subjected to different treatments, and between treated samples and control at any of the sampling times. However, quality of strawberries treated with chlorinated water was significantly affected with respect to weight loss and decay, whereas only decay was significantly affected when broccoli was treated with chlorinated water.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water has been demonstrated to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on strawberries and broccoli during a washing treatment. This study found no significant differences in quality among strawberries and broccoli subjected to EO water treatments when compared with the tap water washing treatment or the control (no washing).
Antimicrobial, Antimalarial, and Antileishmanial Activities of Mono‐ and Bis‐quaternary Pyridinium Compounds
Authors: Bharate Sandip B. , Thompson Charles M.
Published: October 2010

Pyridinium‐based oxime compounds have been utilized worldwide as antidotes following exposure to anticholinesterase agents. In the event of combined chemical and biological incident, it is of vital importance to know the ability of antidotes to provide additional protection against biological threats. This paper reports results of in vitro antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of a series of quaternary pyridinium oximes against a number of lower pathogenicity BSL‐1 and 2 agents. In general, our compound panel had little to no antimicrobial action except for thiophene‐ and benzothiophene‐substituted monoquaternary pyridinium compounds 21 and 24 that showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococus aureus and methicillin‐resistant S. aureus with IC50 values ranging from 12.2 to 17.7 μg/mL. Compounds 21 and 24 also exhibited antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani with IC50 values of 19 and 18 μg/mL, respectively. Another monoquaternary pyridinium compound with a bromobutyl side chain 17 showed antimalarial activity against both a chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 3.7 and 4.0 μg/mL, respectively. None of the bisquaternary pyridinium compounds showed antimicrobial or antiprotozoal activity. None of the compounds showed cytotoxic effects toward mammalian kidney fibroblasts. Results of this study indicate that the pyridinium compounds, some of which are already in use as antidotes, do not have significant antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities and cannot be relied upon for additional protection in the event of combined chemical–biological incident.
Evaluation of Alkyne‐Modified Isoprenoids as Chemical Reporters of Protein Prenylation
Authors: DeGraw Amanda J. , Palsuledesai Charuta , Ochocki Joshua D. , Dozier Jonathan K. , Lenevich Stepan , Rashidian Mohammad , Distefano Mark D.
Published: October 2010

Protein prenyltransferases catalyze the attachment of C15 (farnesyl) and C20 (geranylgeranyl) groups to proteins at specific sequences localized at or near the C‐termini of specific proteins. Determination of the specific protein prenyltransferase substrates affected by the inhibition of these enzymes is critical for enhancing knowledge of the mechanism of such potential drugs. Here, we investigate the utility of alkyne‐containing isoprenoid analogs for chemical proteomics experiments by showing that these compounds readily penetrate mammalian cells in culture and become incorporated into proteins that are normally prenylated. Derivatization via Cu(I) catalyzed click reaction with a fluorescent azide reagent allows the proteins to be visualized and their relative levels to be analyzed. Simultaneous treatment of cells with these probes and inhibitors of prenylation reveals decreases in the levels of some but not all of the labeled proteins. Two‐dimensional electrophoretic separation of these labeled proteins followed by mass spectrometric analysis allowed several labeled proteins to be unambiguously identified. Docking experiments and density functional theory calculations suggest that the substrate specificity of protein farnesyl transferase may vary depending on whether azide‐ or alkyne‐based isoprenoid analogs is employed. These results demonstrate the utility of alkyne‐containing analogs for chemical proteomic applications.
Benefits of cocrystallisation in pharmaceutical materials science: an update
Authors: Friščić Tomislav , Jones William
Published: October 2010

Objectives

We provide a brief overview of recent applications of cocrystals for improving the physico-chemical and materials properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients, including solubility, humidity and thermal stability, dissolution rates and compressibility for tablet formation.

Key findings

This overview illustrates the pharmaceutical applications of cocrystals, with a selection of recent examples and also attempts to foresee future developments by proposing several directions not yet explored in the area of pharmaceutical cocrystallisation.

Reliable strategies for the synthesis and design of pharmaceutical cocrystals have now been established, and the potential of cocrystallisation for enhancing the solid-state properties of drugs is well recognised; the field is now moving towards the understanding of cocrystal structure–property relationships, for which systematic structural studies and computational approaches will play a key role.
Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu prevents dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in mouse model of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Noh Jeong Sook , Park Chan Hum , Kim Hyun Young , Zhao Qi , Yamabe Noriko , Matsumoto Kinzo , Yokozawa Takako
Published: October 2010

Objectives

We have investigated the effects of Kangen-karyu, a Chinese prescription, on the lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in a type 2 diabetes model.

Methods

Male db/db mice were divided into three groups: control (vehicle), Kangen-karyu 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight/day orally administered mice. Age-matched non-diabetic m/m mice were used as a normal group.

Key findings

The administration of Kangen-karyu reduced hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia in db/db type 2 diabetic mice through a decline in the serum levels of glucose and lipids, and an improvement of lipoprotein profiles. The increased oxidative stress in db/db mice was attenuated by the administration of Kangen-karyu through inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. The enhanced hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels of the db/db mice were significantly reduced by Kangen-karyu administration through down-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and lipogenic enzymes in liver. Furthermore, the expressions of hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein levels were also augmented in db/db mice. However, Kangen-karyu reduced the expressions of these inflammatory proteins by inhibiting NF-κB activation in db/db type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions

This study suggests that Kangen-karyu may improve oxidative stress via the regulation of dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes.