bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employed VeriLite simulation to improve SOC design and verification
Authors: Sung Wen‐Tsai , Ou Shih‐Ching , Liu Yu‐Feng , Chen Chia‐Hao
Published: January 2010

This study employed the VeriLite PC‐based FPGA platform to improve co‐design and co‐verification simulation for System‐on‐chip (SOC) design process in FPGA transactional level modeling. This VeriLite platform is a real‐time simulations system. It provided SMIMS powerful Software—VeriComm, VeriInstrument and software developer's kit (SDK), offers an incredible performance and improvement in time‐to‐market. In this investigation, the main advantages of the system allow designers to use tools such as FPGA, Matlab, and Real‐View SOC designers to perform. Users can import the input signals easily from PC into the user‐designed circuit on the FPGA of VeriLite and export the output signals to PC for observation. A powerful method is proposed that speeds up the ESL design time with a precise result. VeriLite can be an intuitive and easy to use environment provides to access the functionality of HDL simulation acceleration, IP verification, and HW/SW co‐verification. In this study, the propose method allows users to quickly develop a hardware–software co‐design/co‐verification environment finally. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 374–382, 2012
Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols and Chromone O‐Glucosides from Hypericum henryi subsp. uraloides
Authors: Chen Xuan‐Qin , Li Yan , Cheng Xiao , Wang Kou , He Juan , Pan Zheng‐Hong , Li Ming‐Ming , Peng Li‐Yan , Xu Gang , Zhao Qin‐Shi
Published: January 2010

Two new C(30)‐epimeric polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), named uralodins B and C (1 and 2, resp.), were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum henryi subsp. uraloides together with two new chromone glucosides, urachromones A and B (3 and 4, resp.), as well as 16 known compounds. Their structures were established by extensive NMR techniques and MS analysis. The epimers 1 and 2 always behaved like a single compound when examined by TLC, and were separated by HPLC. Their configuration was distinguished by comparative analysis of the NMR data with known analogues together with the ROESY experiment. All the isolated PPAPs were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against HepG2, SGC7901, HL‐60, and K562 cell lines. Compound 1 showed modest cytotoxic activities against SGC7901 and HL‐60 cell lines, and 2 showed modest cytotoxic activities against HepG2, SGC7901, HL‐60, and K562 cell lines.
Crystallographic Studies of Chemically Modified Nucleic Acids: A Backward Glance
Authors: Egli Martin , Pallan Pradeep S.
Published: January 2010

Chemically modified nucleic acids (CNAs) are widely explored as antisense oligonucleotide or small interfering RNA (siRNA) candidates for therapeutic applications. CNAs are also of interest in diagnostics, high‐throughput genomics and target validation, nanotechnology and as model systems in investigations directed at a better understanding of the etiology of nucleic acid structure, as well as the physicochemical and pairing properties of DNA and RNA, and for probing protein–nucleic acid interactions. In this article, we review research conducted in our laboratory over the past two decades with a focus on crystal‐structure analyses of CNAs and artificial pairing systems. We highlight key insights into issues ranging from conformational distortions as a consequence of modification to the modulation of pairing strength, and RNA affinity by stereoelectronic effects and hydration. Although crystal structures have only been determined for a subset of the large number of modifications that were synthesized and analyzed in the oligonucleotide context to date, they have yielded guiding principles for the design of new analogs with tailor‐made properties, including pairing specificity, nuclease resistance, and cellular uptake. And, perhaps less obviously, crystallographic studies of CNAs and synthetic pairing systems have shed light on fundamental aspects of DNA and RNA structure and function that would not have been disclosed by investigations solely focused on the natural nucleic acids.
Nucleic Acids with a Six‐Membered ‘Carbohydrate’ Mimic in the Backbone
Authors: Herdewijn Piet
Published: January 2010

Starting from pyranose nucleic acids, several series of modified nucleic acids with a six‐membered carbohydrate moiety (mimic) have been synthesized and analyzed over a period of 20 years, and this work is summarized here. The process starts with structural and conformational considerations, followed by synthetic efforts and a structural analysis, and ends up with a biological confirmation of the concept, demonstrating that these modified nucleic acids represent very valuable tools in chemistry and biology.
Biological Factors Influencing Production of Xanthones in Aphloia theiformis
Authors: Danthu Pascal , Lubrano Christian , Flavet Laurence , Rahajanirina Voninavoko , Behra Olivier , Fromageot Claude , Rabevohitra Raymond , Roger Edmond
Published: January 2010

Xanthones, and more specifically mangiferin, are molecules used in cosmetics for their photoprotective and anti‐aging properties. The richness in xanthones of Aphloia theiformis leaves, a common shrub in Madagascar, can reach almost 12% (in relation to dry biomass). Amongst the A. theiformis studied, two major groups of individuals have been determined: those presenting a high proportion of mangiferin (up to 80% of the xanthones) and those presenting a high proportion of polar xanthones (not yet identified). Our study shows that: i) for each subject, the xanthone content remains stable over time (no seasonal variation); ii) the majority of the trees developing in the light belong to the first group (rich in mangiferin), whereas the individuals growing in the undergrowth are richer in polar xanthones; iii) the distribution of the two groups seems not to have any correlation with taxonomy and, moreover, with the known varieties of A. theiformis, although the micrantha variety is richer in mangiferin. Overall, this information indicates that A. theiformis is a reservoir of xanthones and makes it possible to define a framework for its reasoned management.
Upstream Petroleum Degradation of Mangroves and Intertidal Shores: The Niger Delta Experience
Authors: Osuji Leo C. , Erondu Ebere S. , Ogali Regina E.
Published: January 2010

This article was inspired by a field reconnaissance survey of outcrops along the Nembe‐Brass axis of the petroliferous Niger Delta. It reviews various tradeoffs of the impact of upstream petroleum (seismic and production) operations on the mangrove ecosystems in that region, the largest in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Mangroves and intertidal shores are considered critical to the economic well‐being of this region owing to the people's dual occupation in fishing and farming. The mangrove ecosystem provides a nutrient medium, which serves as a nursery and spawning ground for many fish species and other biota. Oil and gas activities might destroy these spawn areas, causing reduction in resource output and community pressure. Devegetation of the mangrove forest as a result of seismic delineation leaves the fragile soil exposed, unprotected, and susceptible to erosion. Again, loss of vegetation might discourage the natural role of plants in air purification (CO2 utilization and O2 production). The release of nutrients (organic N2, NH3, and NO$\rm{{_{3}^{-}}}$) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the environment, with the attendant increase in microbial load, increases biochemical O2 demand (BOD) and depletes dissolved O2 (DO) in H2O to a level that is beyond the tolerance limit of organisms. This anoxic situation leads to asphyxiation and subsequent fish kill in affected areas. In order of increasing vulnerability, the mangroves and intertidal shores of the Niger Delta fall under categories 8 to 10 on the environmental sensitivity index (ESI) scale, which predisposes the areas to serious long‐term effects and clean‐up complexity. Thus, there is need to monitor mangrove systems and shoreline changes in the areas of considerable seismic and production activities, especially in the coastal Niger Delta, where pipeline corrosion due to salt intrusion into the swampy environment and ‘unsighted fingers’ of sabotage have increased the prevalence of oil spills.
Treatment of severe valvular aortic stenosis and subvalvular discrete subaortic stenosis and septal hypertrophy with Percutaneous CoreValve Aortic Valve Implantation
Authors: Finkelstein Ariel , Keren Gad , Banai Shmuel
Published: January 2010

Background: Percutaneous Aortic Valve Implantation (PAVI) is a procedure gaining popularity and becoming more widely used for the treatment of patients with severe aortic stenosis who are at high risk for surgery. Here we show, for the first time, that a successful and complete elimination of both valvular and subvalvular pressure gradients can be achieved with a slight modification of the valve implantation technique. Methods and Results: A 91‐year‐old woman presented with shortness of breath at rest, effort angina, and pulmonary congestion. Echocardiography revealed calcified aortic stenosis with a peak gradient of 75 mm Hg accros the valve, and discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS) and marked hypertrophy of the basal septum with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM). The intra ventricular gradient had a dynamic pattern across the DSS and the septal hypertrophy and measured 75 mm Hg. The total gradient across the left ventricular outflow (valvular and subvalvular) was 125 mmHg. PAVI with a 23 mm CoreValve was performed with an intentional lower positioning of the valve towards the LV outflow tract; so that the valve struts cover the subaortic membrane and part of the thickened basal septum. At the end of the procedure, the SAM disappeared, and the left ventricular ouflow was widely open. At 1 month follow up the patient was asymptomatic, no pressure gradient was measured between the LV apex and the aorta. Conclusions: This is the first report of successful treatment of severe valvular aortic stenosis and combined subvalvular aortic stenosis due to DSS and septal hypertrophy with SAM with percutaneous aortic valve implantation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carotid stenting and bivalirudin with and without vascular closure: 3‐year analysis of procedural outcomes
Authors: Schneider Laurence M. , Polena Sotir , Roubin Gary , Iyer Sriram , Vitek Jiri , Panagopoulos Georgia , Mussap Christian J. , Vitellas Michael , Mahdavi Ramyar , Brennan Christina
Published: January 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the outcome of carotid stenting using bivalirudin and the influence of vascular closure devices (VCD) on the incidence and severity of peri‐procedural hypotension. Background: Bivalirudin, a short‐acting direct thrombin inhibitor, has been shown to be an effective anticoagulant in coronary interventions, with less risk of bleeding compared with heparin. Routine use of VCD has become the standard of care, facilitating patient ambulation after percutaneous carotid and coronary interventions. The combined use of these two therapies (bivalirudin and VCD) may improve outcomes in carotid interventions where prolonged patient immobilization may exacerbate hypotension following stenting. Methods: A total of 514 patients underwent 536 carotid stenting procedures in the 3‐year period from September 2004 to September 2007. All patients received adjunctive bivalirudin, with and without VCD. This cohort was analyzed for peri‐procedural and 30‐day clinical outcomes and length of hospitalization. Results: Thirty‐day stroke and death rate was 1.7%. A total of 83 patients (15.4%) experienced intra‐ or post‐procedural hypotension (systolic BP < 80 mm Hg). There were four (0.7%) major bleeding complications requiring transfusion, and length of stay was delayed more than 24 hr in five patients (0.93%), all of whom were in the manual compression group. Conclusions: This was a negative study, with no significant difference on prolonged hypotensive events in patients with vascular closure device and bivalirudin, compared with those with manual compression and bivalirudin. Vascular closure devices were safe and effective with a low incidence of complications. In carotid artery stenting, bivalirudin is safe with low incidence of major bleeding and acceptable 30‐day adverse event rates (stroke and death). © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Refining the criteria for sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with thinner melanoma
Authors: Messina Jane L. , Sondak Vernon K.
Published: January 2010

Numerous studies validate the standard practice of sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with melanoma, and recent results from the Sunbelt Melanoma Trial highlight its important prognostic role in patients with thinner (1.0 mm–2.0 mm) melanomas. Future studies including large, unselected groups of patients with thin melanoma undergoing thorough pathologic microstaging of both the primary and the sentinel node are necessary to address remaining questions and aid in refining selection criteria for this procedure.
Age‐related changes in cell dynamics of the postnatal mouse olfactory neuroepithelium: Cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and cell death
Authors: Kondo Kenji , Suzukawa Keigo , Sakamoto Takashi , Watanabe Kenta , Kanaya Kaori , Ushio Munetaka , Yamaguchi Takuhiro , Nibu Ken‐Ichi , Kaga Kimitaka , Yamasoba Tatsuya
Published: January 2010

Age‐related changes in cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and cell death in mouse olfactory neuroepithelium were investigated. Mice at the age of 10 days through 16 months were given a single injection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). The olfactory mucosae were fixed at 9 timepoints ranging from 2 hours to 3 months after the injection and examined using double immunostaining for BrdU and olfactory marker protein (OMP), and double staining with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated biotinylated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and immunostaining for OMP. The number of BrdU‐labeled cells/mm epithelial length initially increased, peaked at 2–3 days after the BrdU injection, then declined at each age. The number of BrdU‐ and TUNEL‐labeled neuronal cells both decreased with increasing age, suggesting that the rates of both cell proliferation and cell death in the olfactory neuroepithelium decrease with increasing age. Double‐labeled cells for BrdU and OMP appeared at 7 days after injection in all age groups, suggesting that the time required for neuronal differentiation is broadly similar irrespective of age. In older age groups, smaller amounts of the newly produced cohort are integrated into the OMP‐positive ORN population, and even once it is integrated it is eliminated from the population more rapidly compared to the younger age groups. Furthermore, TUNEL assay showed that the fraction of apoptotic cells distributed in the OMP‐positive layer/total apoptotic cells decreased with age. This observation suggests that the turnover of mature ORNs is slower in the older neuroepithelium compared to the younger neuroepithelium. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1962–1975, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of novel spinal cholinergic genetic subtypes disclose Chodl and Pitx2 as markers for fast motor neurons and partition cells
Authors: Enjin Anders , Rabe Nadine , Nakanishi Stan T. , Vallstedt Anna , Gezelius Henrik , Memic Fatima , Lind Magnus , Hjalt Tord , Tourtellotte Warren G. , Bruder Carl , Eichele Gregor , Whelan Patrick J. , Kullander Klas
Published: January 2010

Spinal cholinergic neurons are critical for motor function in both the autonomic and somatic nervous systems and are affected in spinal cord injury and in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy. Using two screening approaches and in situ hybridization, we identified 159 genes expressed in typical cholinergic patterns in the spinal cord. These include two general cholinergic neuron markers, one gene exclusively expressed in motor neurons, and nine genes expressed in unknown subtypes of somatic motor neurons. Further, we present evidence that chondrolectin (Chodl) is expressed by fast motor neurons and that estrogen‐related receptor β (ERRβ) is a candidate marker for slow motor neurons. In addition, we suggest paired‐like homeodomain transcription factor 2 (Pitx2) as a marker for cholinergic partition cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2284–2304, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bilateral effects of unilateral cochlear implantation in congenitally deaf cats
Authors: O'Neil Jahn N. , Limb Charles J. , Baker Christa A. , Ryugo David K.
Published: January 2010

Congenital deafness results in synaptic abnormalities in auditory nerve endings. These abnormalities are most prominent in terminals called endbulbs of Held, which are large, axosomatic synaptic endings whose size and evolutionary conservation emphasize their importance. Transmission jitter, delay, or failures, which would corrupt the processing of timing information, are possible consequences of the perturbations at this synaptic junction. We sought to determine whether electrical stimulation of the congenitally deaf auditory system via cochlear implants would restore the endbulb synapses to their normal morphology. Three and 6‐month‐old congenitally deaf cats received unilateral cochlear implants and were stimulated for a period of 10–19 weeks by using human speech processors. Implanted cats exhibited acoustic startle responses and were trained to approach their food dish in response to a specific acoustic stimulus. Endbulb synapses were examined by using serial section electron microscopy from cohorts of cats with normal hearing, congenital deafness, or congenital deafness with a cochlear implant. Synapse restoration was evident in endbulb synapses on the stimulated side of cats implanted at 3 months of age but not at 6 months. In the young implanted cats, postsynaptic densities exhibited normal size, shape, and distribution, and synaptic vesicles had density values typical of hearing cats. Synapses of the contralateral auditory nerve in early implanted cats also exhibited synapses with more normal structural features. These results demonstrate that electrical stimulation with a cochlear implant can help preserve central auditory synapses through direct and indirect pathways in an age‐dependent fashion. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2382–2404, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An adaptive joining mechanism for improving the connection ratio of ZigBee wireless sensor networks
Authors: Sung Tien‐Wen , Yang Chu‐Sing
Published: January 2010

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are well suited to many applications, including environment surveillance and target tracking. ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4‐based standard that is considered suitable for WSNs. The functional operations of a ZigBee network rely on self‐organized network connections and the proper deployment of sensor devices. However, the devices comprising a ZigBee network may become isolated from the network after the joining phase due to the configuration constraints of the ZigBee standard. This means that some deployed devices cannot join the network even though they can communicate with other joined nodes. These isolated devices reduce the efficiency of network operation and increase deployment costs. This paper proposes a ZigBee‐compatible adaptive joining mechanism with connection shifting schemes to improve the connectivity of ZigBee networks, allowing them to operate at the expected efficiency. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism significantly improves the join ratio of deployed sensor devices in ZigBee WSNs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controls in quality assessment in gynecologic cytology: A rational approach to workload limits for the ThinPrep imaging system
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. , Elsheikh Tarik M.
Published: January 2010

Major components of good quality assurance (QA) in cytology laboratories are measuring the screening accuracy of cytotechnologists (CTs) and determining appropriate workload limits for them. Currently, the FDA approved workload limits for image assisted Paps, however, are too high. In addition, the CLIA 88 mandated QA measures, by themselves, are insufficient to accurately measure the screening performance of CTs. Although the use of “controls” is fundamental to good practice in the clinical laboratory; this has not been emphasized in gynecologic cytology. In this review, we underscore the importance of using controls, such as monitoring morning and afternoon abnormal rates, in assessing CT performance and assigning reasonable workload limits. Using controls, however, requires significant alteration in the laboratory workflow, and much lower and variable workload limits for CTs, compared to those approved by FDA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:772–775. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Concise, Metal‐Free Approach to the Synthesis of Oxime Ethers from Cross‐Dehydrogenative‐Coupling of sp3 C–H Bonds with Oximes
Authors: Jin Jun , Li Yan , Wang Zhi‐jing , Qian Wei‐xing , Bao Wei‐liang
Published: January 2010

A concise oxime ether synthesis by a metal‐free dehydrogenative cross‐coupling reaction between allylic sp3 C–H bonds and oximes promoted by 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanoquinone (DDQ) is reported. The corresponding oxime ethers are obtained in good yields.
Three‐dimensional transient Navier–Stokes solvers in cylindrical coordinate system based on a spectral collocation method using explicit treatment of the pressure
Authors: Li Ben‐Wen , Zhao Yu‐Rong , Yu Yang , Qian Zhong‐Dong
Published: January 2010

A spectral collocation method is developed for solving the three‐dimensional transient Navier–Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinate system. The Chebyshev–Fourier spectral collocation method is used for spatial approximation. A second‐order semi‐implicit scheme with explicit treatment of the pressure and implicit treatment of the viscous term is used for the time discretization. The pressure Poisson equation enforces the incompressibility constraint for the velocity field, and the pressure is solved through the pressure Poisson equation with a Neumann boundary condition. We demonstrate by numerical results that this scheme is stable under the standard Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition, and is second‐order accurate in time for the velocity, pressure, and divergence. Further, we develop three accurate, stable, and efficient solvers based on this algorithm by selecting different collocation points in r‐, ϕ ‐, and z‐directions. Additionally, we compare two sets of collocation points used to avoid the axis, and the numerical results indicate that using the Chebyshev Gauss–Radau points in radial direction to avoid the axis is more practical for solving our problem, and its main advantage is to save the CPU time compared with using the Chebyshev Gauss–Lobatto points in radial direction to avoid the axis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type IV collagen induces expression of thrombospondin‐1 that is mediated by integrin α1β1 in astrocytes
Authors: Yonezawa Tomoko , Hattori Shunji , Inagaki Junko , Kurosaki Masae , Takigawa Tomoyuki , Hirohata Satoshi , Miyoshi Toru , Ninomiya Yoshifumi
Published: January 2010

Following brain injury, thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1) is involved in angiogenesis and synaptic recovery. In this study, we used a cold injury‐model and found that TSP‐1 mRNA was markedly upregulated after brain injury. Immunohistochemistry showed that TSP‐1 was upregulated in both the core of the lesion and in the perilesional area of injured brain tissue. Numerous astrocytes immunopositive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were found in the perilesional area, and TSP‐1 was also expressed in almost all astrocytes surrounding blood vessels at 4 days after injury. Next, we examined the influence of vascular basement membrane components on TSP‐1 expression. When astrocytes were cultured on type IV collagen, TSP‐1 was significantly upregulated compared with the expression when cells were grown on laminin, fibronectin, or poly‐L‐lysine. This increase occurred exclusively when astrocytes were grown on the native form of type IV collagen but not on the heat‐denatured form or the non‐collagenous 1 domain. Further, integrin α1 and β1 mRNAs were upregulated concomitantly with GFAP mRNA, and integrin α1 protein was localized to the endfeet of astrocytes that surrounded blood vessels in the injured brain. Using function‐blocking antibodies, we found that the effectof type IV collagen was attributed to integrin α1β1 in primary astrocytes. Collectively, our results suggest that vascular basement membrane components substantially impact gene expression in astrocytes during brain tissue repair. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glaucomatous optic nerve injury involves early astrocyte reactivity and late oligodendrocyte loss
Authors: Son Janice L. , Soto Ileana , Oglesby Ericka , Lopez‐Roca Teresa , Pease Mary E. , Quigley Harry A. , Marsh‐Armstrong Nicholas
Published: January 2010

Glaucoma, a neurodegenerative disease affecting retinal ganglion cells (RGC), is a leading cause of blindness. Since gliosis is common in neurodegenerative disorders, it is important to describe the changes occurring in various glial populations in glaucoma animal models in relation to axon loss, as only changes that occur early are likely to be useful therapeutic targets. Here, we describe changes occurring in glia within the myelinated portion of the optic nerve (ON) in both DBA/2J mice and in a rat ocular hypertension model. In both glaucoma animal models, we found only a modest loss of oligodendrocytes that occurred after axons had already degenerated. In DBA/2J mice there was proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and new oligodendrocyte generation. Activation of microglia was detected only in highly degenerated DBA/2J ONs. In contrast, a large increase in astrocyte reactivity occurred early in both animal models. These results are consistent with astrocytes playing a prominent role in regulating axon loss in glaucoma. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New aluminum‐based ionic liquids: Synthesis, characterization, and theoretical study
Authors: Tavakol Hossein , Hatami Saeed , Ghammamy Shahryar , Bebahani Gholamreza Rezaei , Shabani Fahmideh
Published: January 2010

Synthesis, characterization, spectral and molecular parameters of some new room‐temperature ionic liquids (tetraalkylammonium bromotrichloro aluminum [R4N]+[AlCl3Br]−) have been studied in the present study. All synthesized ionic liquids were characterized by IR, 1H, 13C, and 81Br‐NMR. In addition, synthesized structures were optimized at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ level of theory and then the structures, molecular specifications, and infrared spectra of these were extracted using Gaussian 03 program. Theoretical data show good agreement with the experimental results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:398–404, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20564
Addition of di‐(trimethylsilyl)phosphite to N,N′‐dialkyl terephthalic schiff bases: Synthesis of 1,4‐phenylene‐bis‐ (aminomethyl)‐phosphonic acids
Authors: Lewkowski Jarosław , Dziȩgielewski Marek
Published: January 2010

The addition of di‐(trimethylsilyl)phosphite to N,N′‐terephthalylidene‐alkyl‐(or aryl‐)amines resulted in 1,4‐phenylene‐bis‐(N‐alkylamino‐ methyl)‐phosphonic acids in moderate yields. The stereochemical behavior of such reactions was studied, and NMR studies demonstrated that, for several examples, this reaction led to the exclusive formation of only one diastereomeric form. The investigation of the chiral salt of the acid identified the pair of enantiomers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:431–435, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20569
Ophthalmoplegia secondary to raised intracranial pressure after unilateral neck dissection with internal jugular vein sacrifice
Authors: Ward Matthew J. A. , Faris Callum , Upile Tahwinder , Patel Nimesh N.
Published: January 2010

Background

Neck dissection is commonly performed in the management of head and neck malignancy and may involve internal jugular vein (IJV) sacrifice. Potential complications include intracranial hypertension. This is well documented after bilateral neck dissection, although only scattered reports exist after unilateral IJV sacrifice.

Methods

A 54‐year‐old man underwent unilateral left modified radical neck dissection for T1N2b squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base. He presented 13 days postoperatively with symptoms of headache and diplopia.

Results

Investigations revealed intracranial hypertension and bilateral abducens nerve palsies. He was treated with serial lumbar puncture, and his symptoms improved over the course of 2 weeks.

Conclusions

Intracranial hypertension sufficient to cause visual disturbance is a serious complication of unilateral neck dissection. Head and neck surgeons must be aware of this and have a low threshold for investigation of the signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension in the postoperative period. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Investigation of optimal intensity and safety of electrical nerve stimulation during intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: A prospective porcine model
Authors: Wu Che‐Wei , Lu I‐Cheng , Randolph Gregory W. , Kuo Wen‐Rei , Lee Ka‐Wo , Chen Chang‐Lin , Chiang Feng‐Yu
Published: January 2010

Background

Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) has recently been more frequently applied in thyroid surgery. However, concerns have been raised regarding the safety and optimal intensity of electrical nerve stimulation.

Methods

Eight piglets were enrolled, and electrically evoked electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the vocalis muscles via endotracheal surface electrodes. The baseline EMG was measured and continuous pulsatile stimulations were performed on the vagus nerve and RLN for 10 minutes. Changes of EMG waveform and cardiopulmonary status were analyzed.

Results

A dose–response curve existed with increasing EMG amplitude as stimulating current was increased, with maximum amplitude elicited on vagal and RLN stimulation at <1 mA. No obvious EMG changes and untoward cardiopulmonary effects were observed after the stimulation.

Conclusions

Electrical stimulation is safe during IONM in this porcine model. Minimal current that required generating the maximal evoked EMG, approximately 1 mA in this study, can be selected to minimize the risk of nerve damage and cardiopulmonary effects. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
The Sonogashira Coupling of Polymer‐Supported Propargylamine with Aryl Iodides
Authors: Leikoski Tuomo , Kallonen Sirkku , Yli‐Kauhaluoma Jari
Published: January 2010

The Sonogashira coupling reaction of polymer‐supported propargylamine (=prop‐2‐yn‐1‐amine) with aryl iodides in the presence of the [Pd(PPh3)2]Cl2/CuI catalyst system produces 3‐arylprop‐1‐yn‐1‐amines smoothly at room temperature (Scheme). When propargylamine is attached on Wang resin through a carbamate linker, the common problems with amino functionality in palladium‐catalyzed couplings are overcome. The arylpropynamines are cleaved from the polymer with CF3COOH and converted into chromatographically easily separable acetamides. Our solid‐phase method opens a new pathway toward precursors of pharmacologically interesting arylpropynamines and arylpropanamines.
Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on L‐Phenylalanine Derivatives with a Positively Charged Terminal Group
Authors: Fu Xin‐Jian , Zhang Hua , Zhou Si‐Kai , Liu Shao‐Bing , Guo Fu‐Quan , Wang Hong , Yang Ya‐Jiang
Published: January 2010

A new hydrogelator based on L‐phenylalanine with a long hydrophobic chain and positively charged terminus was synthesized, and its gelation behavior in H2O was investigated. Polarized optical microscopy (POM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that the hydrogelator self‐assembles into fibres‐like aggregates which then lead to the formation of a hydrogel. 1H‐NMR and CD spectra of hydrogels and aqueous solution revealed that intermolecular H‐bonding between the amide groups was the driving force for gelation. A luminescence study, in which ANS (8‐anilinonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonic acid) was used as a probe, indicated that the hydrophobic interactions between long chains were the driving force for gelation. Consequently, it was proved that the hydrogelator self‐assembles into fibre‐like aggregates and then forms supramolecular hydrogels through the H‐bonding and hydrophobic interactions.
Cascade Synthesis of Functionalized 2H‐Imidazo[5,1‐a]isoquinolinium Chlorides from Isoquinoline, Chloro­formamidines (=Carbamimidoyl Chlorides), and Isocyanides
Authors: Yavari Issa , Khalili Gholamhossein , Mirzaei Anvar
Published: January 2010

Stable derivatives of 2H‐imidazo[5,1‐a]isoquinolinium chloride are obtained in good yields from the cascade reaction between isoquinoline, chloroformamidines (=carbamimidoyl chlorides), and isocyanides in dry MeCN (Scheme 1).
The psychiatrist confronted with a fibromyalgia patient
Authors: Kasper Siegfried
Published: January 2010

Fibromyalgia is usually treated by rheumatologists but since co‐morbid depression and anxiety are frequent, psychiatrists are likely to be confronted with patients suffering from the syndrome. The symptoms associated with fibromyalgia vary from patient to patient but there is one common symptom—they ache all over. In addition to pain, patients report headaches, poor sleep, fatigue, depressed mood and irregular bowel habits, which are also all symptoms of depression. For a formal diagnosis of fibromyalgia, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria require the patient to have widespread pain for at least 3 months together with tenderness at 11 or more of 18 specific tender points.

Treatment of fibromyalgia requires a comprehensive approach involving education, aerobic exercise and cognitive behavioural therapy in addition to pharmacotherapy. The most effective drugs available for the treatment for fibromyalgia, the serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, milnacipran and duloxetine and the anti‐epileptic, pregabalin, are well known to psychiatrists. Thus the psychiatrist is well placed to initiate treatment in these patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional magnetic resonance imagery (fMRI) in fibromyalgia and the response to milnacipran
Authors: Mainguy Yves
Published: January 2010

Functional imaging has been used to study response to pain in fibromyalgia patients. Functional magnetic resonance imagery (fMRI) which tracks local changes in blood flow has a higher spatial and temporal resolution than other techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single‐photon emission tomography (SPECT). fMRI studies in fibromyalgia patients suggest that similar levels of subjective pain result in similar central nervous system (CNS) activation in both fibromyalgia patients and controls. For a similar stimulus, however, fibromyalgia patients have a greater subjective sensation of pain. This increased sensitivity is accompanied with a decreased activity in brain regions implicated in the descending pain inhibitory pathways. The hypothesis that increased sensitivity to pain is due to decreased activity of the descending inhibitory pathways is supported by results with milnacipran. Fibromyalgia patients treated with the serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, milnacipran, exhibited a reduction in pain sensitivity and a parallel increase in activity in brain regions implicated in the descending pain inhibitory pathways compared to placebo‐treated patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic polymorphisms ofMPO,GSTT1,GSTM1,GSTP1,EPHX1andNQO1as risk factors of early‐onset lung cancer
Authors: Timofeeva Maria , Kropp Silke , Sauter Wiebke , Beckmann Lars , Rosenberger Albert , Illig Thomas , Jäger Birgit , Mittelstrass Kirstin , Dienemann Hendrik ,   The LUCY‐Consortium, Bartsch Helmut , Bickeböller Heike , Chang‐Claude Jenny , Risch Angela , Wichmann Heinz‐Erich
Published: January 2010

Early‐onset lung cancer diagnosed up to the age of 50 is a very rare disease, with an increasing incidence rate. Differences in aetiology, characteristics and epidemiology of early and older onset lung cancer have been described previously, suggesting the importance of genetic factors in early‐onset lung cancer aetiology. A case‐control study was conducted to investigate the effects of genetic polymorphisms in theMPO,EPHX1,GSTT1,GSTM1,GSTP1andNQO1genes on the risk of early‐onset lung cancer development. Six hundred thirty‐eight Caucasian patients under the age of 51 with confirmed primary lung cancer and 1,300 cancer free control individuals, matched by age and sex, were included in this analysis. Seventeen single nucleotide polymorphisms and two deletion polymorphisms were genotyped. No significant association was found for any of the analyzed polymorphisms and overall lung cancer risk. Nonsignificantly decreased risk of lung cancer was observed for carriers of 1 or 2 copies ofGSTM1. Subgroup analysis revealed gender‐ and/or smoking‐specific effects ofEPHX1rs2854455 (IV‐1464C > T) and rs2234922 (His139Arg),GSTT1deletion,GSTP1rs1695 (Ile105Val), rs947895 (+991C > A) and rs4891 (Ser185Ser) andNQO1rs1800566 (Pro187Ser) polymorphisms. However, none of the observed effects were confirmed by interaction tests nor were they significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. In summary, our study suggested a modifying effect of polymorphisms inEPHX1,GSTP1,GSTT1,GSTM1andNQO1genes on the risk of early‐onset lung cancer. To confirm these observations and to eliminate possible bias in our analyses, larger studies are warranted.
Use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and prostate cancer risk: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Mahmud Salaheddin M. , Franco Eduardo L. , Aprikian Armen G.
Published: January 2010

The association between use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the risk of prostate cancer remains controversial despite many observational epidemiological studies. We conducted a systematic meta‐analysis of these studies to examine both the strength and the consistency of the association, and to explore sources of variability between studies. We searched 12 computerized literature databases for reports published before June 2008 and included any epidemiologic studies where the outcome was prostate cancer incidence or mortality, and the exposure was use of NSAIDs. Studies that met the inclusion criteria comprised 10 case–control and 14 cohort studies with a total of 24,230 prostate cancer cases. Studies that assessed the effect of aspirin use on total prostate cancer had a pooled odds ratio (POR) of 0.83 (95%CI: 0.77–0.89), whereas those that assessed the effect of aspirin on advanced prostate cancer had a POR of 0.81 (0.72–0.92). Studies that examined the effects of non‐aspirin NSAIDs or all NSAIDs were less consistent but still suggestive of reduced risks. However, most reviewed studies were limited by exposure and disease misclassification, by inadequate information on dose and duration of use and by the possibility of screening and other biases. In conclusion, the epidemiologic evidence for a protective effect of aspirin and other NSAID use against prostate cancer is suggestive but not conclusive. There is a need for well‐designed observational studies with adequate exposure measurements, accurate case definition, attention to latency effects, and careful adjustment for screening and other biases.
Poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide)/titania composite microsphere‐sintered scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications
Authors: Wang Yingjun , Shi Xuetao , Ren Li , Yao Yongchang , Zhang Feng , Wang Dong‐An
Published: January 2010

The objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize novel three‐dimensional porous scaffolds made of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA)/nano‐TiO2‐particle composite microspheres for potential bone repair applications. The introduction of TiO2 component has been proven capable of largely enhancing mechanical properties of PLGA/TiO2 microsphere‐sintered scaffold (“PLGA/TiO2‐SMS”). In addition, composite nano‐TiO2 additives are capable of inducing an increased arrest of adhesive proteins from the environment, which benefits cell attachment onto the scaffolds. Osteoblast proliferation and maturation were evaluated by MTT assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and bony calcification assay. The results indicate that osteoblasts cultured on the composite scaffolds with different TiO2 content (0, 0.1, and 0.3 g/1 g PLGA) display increased cell proliferation compared with pure PLGA scaffold. When cultured on composite scaffolds, osteoblasts also exhibit significantly enhanced ALP activity and higher calcium secretion, with respect to those on the pure PLGA scaffolds. Taken together, PLGA/TiO2‐SMSs deserve attention utilizing for potential bone‐repairing therapeutics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Effects of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) degradability on the apatite‐forming capacity of electrospun PLGA/SiO2–CaO nonwoven composite fabrics
Authors: Kim In Ae , Rhee Sang‐Hoon
Published: January 2010

We investigated the effects of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) degradability on the apatite‐forming ability of electrospun PLGA/SiO2–CaO gel composite fabric. Two PLGA copolymer compositions with low and high degradability were used in experiments. A nonwoven polymer/ceramic composite fabric composed of randomly mixed microsized biodegradable PLGA fibers and nanosized bioactive SiO2–CaO gel fibers was prepared using a simultaneous electrospinning method. A 17 wt.% PLGA solution was prepared using 1,1,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol as a solvent, while the SiO2–CaO gel solution was prepared via a condensation reaction following hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate under acidic conditions. PLGA and SiO2–CaO gel solutions were spun simultaneously with two separate nozzles under electric fields of 1 and 2 kV/cm using two syringe pumps with flow rates of 7.5 and 5 mL/h, respectively. As controls, low and high degradable PLGA and SiO2–CaO gel nonwoven fabrics were also made by the same methods. The five nonwoven fabrics that were produced were exposed to simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1 week. SBF exposure resulted in the deposition of a layer of apatite crystals on the surfaces of both the SiO2–CaO gel and the low degradable PLGA/SiO2–CaO gel composite fabrics, but not on the low and high degradable PLGA or the high degradable PLGA/SiO2–CaO gel composite fabrics. The results are explained in terms of the acidity of the PLGA degradation products, which could have a direct influence on apatite dissolution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
The characterization and optimization of injectable silicone resin particles in conjunction with dermal fibroblasts and growth factors: Anin vitrostudy
Authors: Crews Robert M. , Jennings Jessica A. , McCanless Jonathan , Cole Judith A. , Bumgardner Joel D. , Haggard Warren O.
Published: January 2010

Minimally invasive subdermal injection of liquid silicone has been used clinically to augment the soft tissue of the foot to mitigate high pressures that cause diabetic foot ulcers. However, implant migration has been a clinical issue. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of three specific concentrations of silicone resin particles (12 μm average diameter) in conjunction with either platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF‐BB) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on fibroblast cell proliferation, collagen synthesis, cell morphology, and migration throughin vitroassays and a monolayer scratch wound model. PDGF and bFGF enhanced the proliferation of fibroblasts 5.7‐fold and fivefold, respectively, while the addition of silicone particles had no significant effect on proliferation. Collagen production was increased approximately twofold with the addition of bFGF and the medium concentration of particles over bFGF without particles and the PDGF groups. The addition of silicone particles had no significant effect on collagen production compared with control groups without particles. Fibroblast migration was enhanced by the addition of both PDGF and bFGF compared to controls, although slower scratch wound closure rates were observed in the presence of particles compared to controls without particles. Cell morphology suggested that particles induced cellular aggregation encircling silicone particles postwounding as well as migration into the wound area. These results suggest that silicone particles in combination with a growth factor might enhance fibroblast aggregation and implant stability, and could promote connective tissue ingrowth and implant encapsulation in the soft tissue of the diabetic foot. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Effect of heat treatment after accelerated aging on phase transformation in 3Y‐TZP
Authors: Denry I. L. , Peacock J. J. , Holloway J. A.
Published: January 2010

Our purpose was to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the reversibility of the tetragonal to monoclinic transformation in 3Y‐TZP, and associated surface roughness. The goals were to determine the onset temperature of the reverse transformation, and characterize surface roughness after accelerated aging, and after aging followed by heat treatment. 3Y‐TZP disc‐shaped specimens were sintered at temperatures from 1300 to 1550°C. The reversibility of the transformation was investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) after accelerated aging, followed by heat treatment at temperatures from 350°C up to 850°C. The surface roughness (Rrms) was measured by atomic force microscopy after polishing, after accelerated aging for 1 or 10 h, and after aging followed by heat treatment. XRD showed that the fraction ofm‐phase increased linearly with grain size after aging for 10 h (1.0–29.8%). The transformation was reversed for all groups after heat treatment at 850°C/min., with only trace amounts ofm‐phase remaining for the group sintered at 1550°C. A significant increase in mean surface roughness was observed after accelerated aging (1.59–7.45 nm), compared to polished groups (0.83–1.0 nm). However, the mean surface roughness after accelerated aging for either 1 or 10 h, followed by heat treatment at 850°C/min. (1.18–2.1 nm), was not significantly different from that of the polished groups. This was attributed to the reverse transformation. XRD revealed that the monoclinic to tetragonal transformation, was complete after heat treatment at 500°C for 1 min, for specimens sintered at 1550°C and aged 10 h. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Sonographically measured perirenal fat thickness: An early predictor of atherosclerosis in HIV‐1‐infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy?
Authors: Grima Pierfrancesco , Guido Marcello , Zizza Antonella , Chiavaroli Roberto
Published: January 2010

Purpose.

The aim of our study was to evaluate whether perirenal fat thickness (PRFT), a parameter of central obesity, is related to carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT), an index of atherosclerosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1‐infected patients.

Methods.

We enrolled 70 consecutive HIV‐1‐infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy for more than 12 months, in a prospective cohort study. Sonographically measured PRFT and carotid IMT, as well as serum metabolic parameters, were evaluated. PRFT and IMT were measured using 3.75‐MHz convex and 7.5‐MHz linear probes, respectively.

Results.

The mean PRFT and IMT in HIV‐1‐infected patients with visceral obesity was significantly greater than those in patients without it (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Using the average IMT as the dependent variable in regression analysis, PRFT was an independent factor associated with carotid IMT (p < 0.05). A PRFT of 6.4 mm was the most discriminatory value for predicting an IMT ≥ 0.9 mm (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 83.9%). Subjects with visceral obesity had a progressively increasing carotid IMT on the 12‐month measurement (p < 0.05).

Conclusion.

Our data demonstrated that PRFT measurement could be used as an early predictor of IMT increase in HIV‐1‐infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2010