bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HPLC analysis of phospholipids in crude oil for evaluation of soybean deterioration
Authors: Mounts T. L. , Nash A. M.
Published: January 2007

Damage to soybeans due to pre‐harvest stress, storage, and export shipment has been related to an increase in the nonhydratable phospholipid content of crude oil. Phospholipids in crude soybean oil extracted from such distressed soybeans have been analyzed by gradient high‐performance liquid chromatography. Crude oil was fractionated by solid phase extraction using sequential elution for recovery of phosphatides. High‐performance liquid chromatography of the concentrated phospholipids was accomplished on a Lichrosorb Si‐60 10 μ column, 250×4.6 mm with ultraviolet detection at 206 nm. A 20‐min solvent gradient of 2‐propanol/hexane/water (42∶56∶2, 51∶38∶11) gave retention profiles of phospholipid distribution (major subclasses) that changed with impact of stress applied to plant or seed. Soybeans stored at high moisture levels (16% and 20% moisture) for up to 28 days yielded oils having phosphorus contents which decreased in direct relationship to days of storage. Retention profiles were unusable for fractions isolated from oils with phosphorus content below 100 ppm. Data show that during progressive damage, the content of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol decreased while the phosphatidic acid content increased.
Analysis of tocopherols and phytosterols in vegetable oils by HPLC with evaporative light‐scattering detection
Authors: Warner K. , Mounts T. L.
Published: January 2007

Methods were developed for the separation, detection, and quantification of tocopherols and phytosterols by high‐performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light‐scattering detector. Four tocopherols— α, β, γ and δ—and four phytosterols—campesterol, β‐sitosterol, brassicasterol, and stigmasterol—were analyzed in soybean, sunflower, low‐erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) and corn oils. The use of an evaporative light‐scattering detector, in conjunction with modification of methods from the literature to prepare and analyze tocopherols and phytosterols by HPLC, showed consistent results between trials and levels of these minor constituents.
Effect of moisture, microwave heating, and live steam treatment on phospholipase D activity in soybeans and soy flakes
Authors: List G. R. , Mounts T. L. , Lanser A. C. , Holloway R. K.
Published: January 2007

The impact of enzyme activity on the nonhydratable phospholipid content of crude soybean oil has been evaluated. A radiochemical method was used to assay phospholipase D activity in whole and flaked soybeans stored under a variety of storage and enzyme inactivating conditions. The crude enzyme was isolated and incubated with a mixture of14C‐labeled and unlabeled phosphatidylcholine. The amount of liberated radioactive choline was used as a measure of enzyme activity. whole soybeans with moisture contents of 8–18% were stored at 40°C and sampled weekly for up to four weeks. Although the enzyme was active in all samples, the optimum moisture content for enzyme activity was about 14%. Flaking and flake thickness were shown to increase phospholipas D activity. At moisture levels above 10%, flakes at .012″ showed about twice the activity of whole beans. As flake thickness was increased, enzyme activity decreased.

Whole soybeans with moisture contents of 12–18% were treated by microwave heating under controlled conditions. During the early stages of heating, the enzyme was activated, and then was gradually destroyed by the time the temperature of the beans reached 115–120°C. Approximately 8–10 min of microwave heating was required to completely destroy enzymatic activity. The inactivation of phospholipase D in soyflakes treated with live steam was also evaluated. The enzyme is rapidly destroyed at temperatures of about 110°C. Evaluations of flakes subjected to live steam and whole beans treated by microwave heating to inactivate phospholipase D suggest that heat, moisture and enzyme activity are important factors contributing to the formation of nonhydratable phospholipid in extracted crude oils.
Viscosities and densities of the methyl esters of some n‐alkanoic acids
Authors: Liew K. Y. , Seng C. E. , Oh L. L.
Published: January 2007

The densities and viscosities of the methyl esters of hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic, decanoic and dodecanoic acids were determined at temperatures ranging from 10 to 80°C at 5°C intervals. The densities of the methyl esters vary linearly with temperature. When fluidities were plotted against molal volumes of the esters, smooth curves were obtained. Intrinsic volumes were determined by extrapolation to zero fluidity. Based upon Hildebrand's equation, the B values, which represent a measure of the molecules resisting transport of momentum, were calculated for each ester and found to be exponentially related to the temperatures. A modified equation relating the fluidity with temperature was formulated. Excellent agreement was obtained between calculated and experimental fluidities.
Low temperature deodorizations of fish oils with volatile acidic and basic steam sources
Authors: Karahadian C. , Lindsay R. C.
Published: January 2007

Menhaden, cod liver and siscowet lake trout oils were vacuum steam deodorized at 100°C to 210°C using volatile acid (acetic and hydrochloric) and base (ammonium hydroxide) solutions (0.005N–0.25N) as steam sources. Volatiles in oils were analyzed by Tenax GC headspace analysis, and flavor and odor quality was evaluated. Deodorization of oils at 100°C with acidic solutions yielded oils that lacked the burnt/fishy flavors compared to similar oils that were deodorized with either water or alkaline solutions. Acid catalyzed hydrations of fishy aldehydes by deodorizing acids and flavor masking byt,c‐2,6‐nonadienal appeared to cause the suppression of fishy flavors in fish oils deodorized by acid solutions. Oils deodorized at 210°C exhibited less intense fishy flavors, and lower concentrations of fishy aldehydes,t,t,c‐2,4,7‐decatrienal,t,c,c,‐2,4,7‐decatrienal, andc‐4‐heptenal.
Cyclopropanation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters using diazomethane and palladium (II) acetate
Authors: Gangadhar A. , Subbarao R. , Lakshminarayana G.
Published: January 2007

Cyclopropanation of methyl esters of 10‐undecenoic, oleic, elaidic, erucic,trans‐2‐docosenoic and a mixture of hydnocarpic and chaulmoogric acids was effected using diazomethane in the presence of palladium (II) acetate as catalyst. The products were isolated by silver ion thin‐layer chromatography and characterized by infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometric techniques. Terminally unsaturated, α, β‐unsaturated and cyclopentene fatty acid esters were found to be more reactive than elaidate which in turn was more reactive than oleate. The reaction proceeds stereospecifically under milder conditions in a shorter time than with diiodomethane and zinc‐copper couple.
Synergism in binary mixtures of surfactants. 7. Synergism in foaming and its relation to other types of synergism
Authors: Rosen Milton J. , Zhu Zhen Huo
Published: January 2007

The relationship between synergism in Ross‐Miles foaming and the existence of other types of synergism in binary mixtures of surfactants has been investigated. All studies were conducted in solutions of constant ionic strength (0.1 M NaCl) at 25 and/or 60 C. Six anionic‐zwitterionic or anionic‐nonionic mixtures and a sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (LAS)‐soap mixture, all consisting of commercial surfactants, were studied. Synergism in foaming effectiveness, measured by initial foam heights, appears to be related to synergism in surface tension (γ) reduction effectiveness, but not to synergism in γ reduction efficiency or in mixed micelle formation. The LAS‐soap system showed negative synergism in foaming effectiveness, correlated with negative synergism in γ reduction effectiveness, the conditions for which are defined. There appears to be no correlation between synergism in foaming efficiency and synergism in either γ reduction efficiency or mixed micelle formation. There also appears to be no unambiguous relationship between foam stability, measured by the ratio of the 5‐minute to the initial foam height, and the average area per surfactant molecule at the aqueous solution/air interface.
Determination of the total unsaturation in oils and margarines by fourier transform raman spectroscopy
Authors: Sadeghi‐Jorabchi H. , Hendra P. J. , Wilson R. H. , Belton P. S.
Published: January 2007

An improved Raman spectroscopic procedure for the determination of the total unsaturation in oils and fats using Fourier Transform Raman (FT‐Raman) spectroscopy is described. An important advantage of FT‐Raman for these samples is that the spectra are fluorescence‐free unlike dispersive Raman which often uses visible excitation. Samples can be analyzed without any pre‐treatment thus eliminating the need for dissolution in toxic solvents. The short acquisition time of FT‐Raman and the ease of application allowed for a rapid sample turnover.
The structure of the triacylglycerols of meadowfoam oil
Authors: Nikolova‐Damyanova Boryana , Christie William W. , Herslof Bengt
Published: January 2007

The triacylglycerols of meadowfoam oil have been resolved by HPLC in the silver ion and reversed‐phase modes, and by the two techniques used in a complementary fashion. The fractions obtained were collected and quantified by gas chromatography of their methyl esters in the presence of an internal standard. Silver ion chromatography gave a distinctive resolution in which fractions differing solely in the position and chain‐length of a single monoenoic fatty acyl group were resolved, the order of elution being 11−20∶1, 5−20∶1, 13−22∶1, 5−18∶1 and 9−18∶1. Reversed‐phase chromatography also gave fractions containing single positional isomers, (11−20∶1<5−20∶1<13−22∶1<5−22∶1), but the pattern was more difficult to discern since fractions containing 22∶2 tended to overlap with those containing 20∶1. The species (5−20∶1)(5−20∶1)(22∶2), (5−20∶1)(5−20∶1)(5−20∶1) and (5−20∶1)(5−20∶1)(13−20∶1) were found to be the most abundant, and together comprised 67% of the total. A small but significant trilinolein fraction was detected and its presence may have biosynthetic implications.
Studies on the production of lipids in fungi XIII. Changes of amount and composition of lipids in fungi in species of the genusPellicularia from cellulose by cultural conditions
Authors: Suzuki Osamu , Yokochi Toshihiro , Nakasato Satoshi , Caro Cecile Q.
Published: January 2007

The influence of growth temperature, carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the medium and the nitrogen source on the cell and lipid formation from cellulose by the speciesfilamentosa andpraticola of the genusPellicularia were investigated. The strains of thePellicularia genus fungi can be grown well utilizing powdery cellulose and sugar cane bagasse as the carbon source. The amount of lipids accumulated in the mycelium varied considerably depending on the difference in the cell growth associated with the cultivation condition, and the difference in the strain, C/N ratio and nitrogen source. The maximum accumulation of lipids in the mycelium (256 mg/400 ml of the medium) from cellulose was observed at 20 C with a C/N ratio of 5.7 using potassium nitrate as the nitrogen source forPellicularia filamentosa var.solani IFO 5879. Protein formation in the liquid medium is at its peak when the cell growth is at its maximum. The fatty acid compositions of the neutral and polar lipid fractions also were determined. Linoleic acid is the major fatty acid component of both fractions. The change in the total lipid content is less than 10% under any cuitivation condition.
Extraction of rapeseed, linseed, safflowerseed and tobaccoseed with a new laboratory extractor
Authors: Gulbaran Tulbentçi H. S.
Published: January 2007

In this study, extractions of rapeseed, linseed, safflowerseed and tobaccoseed have been conducted with a new extractor which has been developed for the extraction of vegetable tannins and which was later applied to sugar beets and sugar cane.

Using the optimal conditions of the new extractor for oilseeds, that is, 315µ particle size and 62 C temperature, technical hexane has been employed, and the variations of the rate and distribution of oil extraction from solid materials have been determined.

Optimal extraction periods with the new extractor were found to be 88 min for rapeseed, 90 min for linseed, 118 min for safflowerseed and 90 min for tobaccoseed. The same seeds have been extracted with the Soxhlet extractor for a period of 10 hr. Soxhlet extractor yields compared to Gülbaran yields with the new extractor were found to be only 98.18% for rapeseed, 98.15% for linseed, 97.79% for safflowerseed and 97.39% for tobaccoseed.
Isotachophoretic analysis of surfactants
Authors: Asakawa Tsuyoshi , Takeda Hidefumi , Miyagishi Shigeyoshi , Nishida Morie
Published: January 2007

The qualitative and quantitative determination of anionic surfactants (sodium and lithium alkylsulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium di‐2‐ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate, sodium and lithium perfluoroalkylcarboxylate, and lithium perfluorooctanesulfonate) were investigated by a capillary tube isotachophoresis using a potential gradient detector. The leading electrolyte solution was the mixture of acetonitrile and aqueous solution of histidine buffer containing calcium chloride. The terminating electrolyte solution was the aqueous solution of sodium octanoate. These electrolytes were effective for the analysis of the mixtures of strongly acidic surfactants.
Relationship between fluorescence and antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of a maillard browning mixture
Authors: Park C. K. , Kim D. H.
Published: January 2007

The relationship between the color and fluorescence of a Maillard browning mixture (0.1M glucose+0.1M glycine, heated at 100 C) and the antioxidant activity of ethnol extracts of the mixture was investigated. The activity was estimated by comparing the peroxide value development of soybean oil substrates containing the extracts with that of a control. The excitation and emission maxima of the mixture were 365 and 440 nm, and those of the extract 367 and 430 nm. The relative fluorescence (that of 1 µg quinine sulfate/mL 0.01N H2SO4=100) of the mixture after 16 hr browning was 450, whereas that of the corresponding extract was 175.8. The fluorescence of the mixture increased in parallel to the color (absorbance at 490 nm), which, in turn, was almost proportional to reaction time, except at the earlier stages of browning. The change of the fluorescence with the reaction time at the earlier stages was far greater than that of the absorbance at the same stages. Determination of fluorescence seems to provide a more sensitive method for tracing early browning than that of absorbance. The ethanol extracts from very early stages of the browning exhibited considerable antioxidant activity, and, unlike the absorbance of the mixture or the fluorescence of the extract, the activity of the extract changed very little with the reaction time. It appears that effective antioxidants with almost no color but with considerable fluorescence were already formed at the earlier stages of browning.
Conjugated linoleic acid concentration in processed cheese
Authors: Shantha N. C. , Decker E. A. , Ustunol Z.
Published: January 2007

The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration of a variety of processed cheese products ranged between 3.2 to 8.9 mg/g fat. Processing cheddar cheese at temperatures of 80°C and 90°C under atmospheric conditions increased (p < 0.05) CLA content, while processing under nitrogen (70°C, 85°C) had no effect. Increasing concentrations of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and its low molecular weight (LMW) fraction from 0 to 6% increased CLA formation. Six percent WPC and LMW fraction produced a 35% and 19% increase in CLA concentration, respectively, compared to processed cheese. The high molecular weight fraction of WPC did not increase CLA concentration. These results suggest that processing conditions and whey components play a role in CLA formation in processed cheese.
Factors promoting the formation of nonhydratable soybean phosphatides
Authors: List G. R. , Mounts T. L. , Lanser A. C.
Published: January 2007

Whole, cracked and flaked soybeans were stored under a variety of conditions. After extraction with hexane, the crude oils were degummed in the laboratory, and the nonhydratable phospholipid (NHP) content was estimated from the phosphorus content of the degummed oil. Results showed that four interrelated factors promote NHP formation. These include (i) moisture content of beans or flakes entering the extraction process; (ii) phospholipase D activity; (iii) heat applied to beans or flakes prior to, and during, extraction; (iv) disruption of the cellular structure by cracking and/or flaking. Results from this study suggest that NHP formation can be minimized by control of the moisture of beans and/or flakes entering the extraction process, inactivation of phospholipase D enzyme, and optimizing temperatures during the conditioning of cracked beans or flakes.
Characterization of the seed oil and meal from apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach and plum
Authors: Kamel B. S. , Kakuda Y.
Published: January 2007

The oil and meal from apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach and plum seeds were characterized for their physico‐chemical properties. The wt% seed/fruit ranged from 2.8–7.6% and the wt% kernel/seed ranged from 6.8–31.6%. Kernel moisture ranged from 38.8–72.4%. The proximate composition of whole seeds on a dry weight basis ranged from 1.3–6.9% protein, 0.6–14.5% fat, 51.0–72.3% fiber, 0.4–1.2% ash, and 18.1–27.9% carbohydrate (by difference). The kernels contained 41.9–49.3% fat, and the resulting meals contained 31.7–38.7% protein. The major fatty acids were oleic (52.9–66.3%) and linoleic (26.8%–35.0%). The major essential amino acids were arginine (21.7–30.5 mmoles/100 g meal) and leucine (16.2–21.6), and the predominant nonessential amino acid was glutamic acid (49.9–68.0). The iodine values ranged from 105 to 113, hydroxyl value from 5.5 to 7.0 and the unsaponifiables from 0.56–0.80%. The mineral composition (Cu, Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, P) was also determined on the meals.
Canavalia ensiformis neutral lipids, a rich source of lupeol
Authors: Gaydou E. M. , Viano J. , Bourreil P. J. ‐L.
Published: January 2007

The composition of the neutral lipids ofCanavalia ensiformis, which represent 2.21% of whole seeds, has been investigated. The fatty acid composition is characterized by the presence of palmitic (15%), oleic (54%), linoleic (7%) and linolenic (8%) acids. The unsaponifiable matter (7.9% of the neutral lipids), was examined for sterol, 4α‐methylsterol and triterpene alcohols. The occurrence of lupeol in high amount in the last fraction (96%) constitutes an interesting source for this compound.
Use of branched‐chain esters to reduce the crystallization temperature of biodiesel
Authors: Lee Inmok , Johnson Lawrence A. , Hammond Earl G.
Published: January 2007

To reduce the tendency of biodiesel to crystallize at low temperatures, branched‐chain alcohols were used to esterify various fats and oils, and the crystallization properties of the branched esters were compared with those of methyl esters by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cloud point, and pour point. Compared with the methyl esters that are commonly used in biodiesel, branched‐chain esters greatly reduced the crystallization onset temperature (TCO) of neat esters and their corresponding ester diesel fuel blends. Isopropyl and 2‐butyl esters of normal (∼10 wt% palmitate) soybean oil (SBO) crystallized 7–11 and 12–14°C lower, respectively, than the corresponding methyl esters. The benefit of the branched‐chain esters in lowering TCO increased when the esters were blended with diesel fuel. Esters made from a low‐palmitate (3.8%) SBO crystallized 5–6°C lower than those of normal SBO. Isopropyl esters of lard and tallow had TCO values similar to that of methyl esters of SBO. DSC provided an accurate means of monitoring crystallization, and the DSC results correlated with cloud and pour point measurements.
Measurement of lipase activity in single grains of oat (Avena sativa L.)
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R.
Published: January 2007

Lipase activity (LA) in individual oat grains was measured as the increase in free fatty acid (FFA) content by lipolysis of the endogenous lipid in a crushed sample of seed incubated at 38 C for 30 min. FFA content was determined by a modified copper soap method. The dough stage, about 2 weeks before normal harvest, showed the highest LA. Stored samples of mature grains showed about 45–50% loss of LA in 2 years.
Considerations on formation and stability of Oil/Water dispersed systems
Authors: Rosano H. L. , Jon D. , Whittam J. H.
Published: January 2007

Two systems: (a) a costabilized system of toluene/water/1‐propanol, and (b) an emulsion system of toluene/sodium dodecyl sulfate/1‐butanol/NaCl solution are used as examples to provide some general observations on emulsion formation and stability. Phase volume and interfacial tension measurements indicate that the requirement for formation of O/W systems is low γi, but for overall stability, γi must be positive and of significant value in addition to any steric barrier at the interface. An approximate calculation of the amount of surfactant needed to fill the interface provides a guide for preparation of such systems.
Biodegradation of different carboxylate types of cleavable surfactants bearing a 1,3‐dioxolane ring
Authors: Ono Daisuke , Yamamura Shingo , Nakamura Masaki , Takeda Tokuji , Masuyama Araki , Nakatsuji Yohji
Published: January 2007

The biodegradability of new carboxylate types of “acid‐sensitive” cleavable surfactants bearing a 1,3‐dioxolane ring was measured by the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) method in the presence of activated sludge. The result for sodium dodecanoate, measured under the same conditions, was used as a standard for evaluating the biodegradability of these cleavable surfactants. For cleavable surfactants derived from epoxides and oxocarboxylates, the biodegradation was considerably influenced by the length of the lipophilic alkyl chain, the presence of the oxymethyl moiety in the lipophilic group, and the number of methylene units between the dioxolane ring and the carboxylate group. For another type of cleavable surfactant, 2‐(long‐chain alkyl)‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4,5‐dicarboxylate, the biodegradation rate for the compound, bearing a proton at position 2 in the dioxolane ring, is faster than that for the corresponding compound bearing a methyl group at position 2.
Enzymatic esterification of glycerol II. Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of regioisomerically pure 1(3)‐rac‐monoacylglycerols
Authors: Berger Matthias , Schnelder Manfred P.
Published: January 2007

Regioisomerically pure 1(3)‐rac‐monoacylglycerols are conveniently prepared in high yields (>75%) and in multigram quantities by enzymatic esterification of glycerol in the presence of various lipases(Chromobacterium viscosum, Rhizopus delemar, Rhizomucor miehei) with a variety of different acyl donors, such as free fatty acids, fatty acid alkyl esters, vinyl esters and triacylglycerols, as well as natural fats and oils. All reactions are carried out in aprotic organic solvents with low water content, namelyn‐hexane, diethyl ether, tBuOMe or mixtures of these solvents. Essential for the success of these transformations were the following two factors. First, the creation of an artificial interphase between the solvent‐immiscible hydrophilic glycerol and the hydrophobic reaction medium by its adsorption onto a solid support. Second, a facile system for the separation of the desired monoacylglycerol from the reaction mixture, coupled with the continuous recycling of acyl donor and undesirable by‐products.
Some compositional properties of camelina (camelina sativa L. Crantz) seeds and oils
Authors: Budin John T. , Breene William M. , Putnam Daniel H.
Published: January 2007

Fatty acid profiles (FAP), tocopherol (T), and tocotrienol (T3) contents, total lipid contents, and trypsin inhibitor activity were quantitated from thirteen accessions of camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz), a little‐known oilseed. Camelina seeds of ten accessions were also assayed for ß‐glucans. FAP (%) of camelina oils were: oleic (14.1 to 19.5), linoleic (18.8 to 24.0), linolenic (27.0 to 34.7), eicosenoic (12.0 to 14.9), erucic (0.0 to 4.0), all others (11.8 to 17.4). Camelina oil T and T3 contents (mg/100 g) were: αT (0.66 to 2.38), ßT (0.38 to 1.45), γT/ßt3 (4.37 to 18.68), δT (0.00 to 0.48), γT3 (0.00 to 0.79), γT3 (0.00), γT3 (0.00). Total tocols were higher in camelina than in canola, crambe, flax, soybean, and sunflower, with γT/ßT3 constituting 82% of total tocols. The oil content of camelina seeds ranged from 29.9 to 38.3%. Camelina seeds did not contain ß‐glucans. Trypsin units inhibited ranged from 12 to 28 compared to 111 for raw soybean.
Microbial transformation of 12‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid to 5‐n‐hexyl‐tetrahydrofuran‐2‐acetic acid
Authors: Huang J. ‐K. , Keudell K. C. , Zhao J. , Klopfenstein W. E. , Wen L. , Bagby M. O. , Lanser A. C. , Plattner R. D. , Peterson R. E. , Abbott T. P. , Weisleder D.
Published: January 2007

Stationary‐phase cells of a corynebacterium (FUI‐2) and a bacillus (NRRL B‐14864) isolate, when grown aerobically in 1% YE medium at 25°C, converted 12‐hydroxystearic acid to a major compound, 5‐n‐hexyl‐tetrahydrofuran‐2‐acetic acid, and other intermediate and minor compounds (6‐hydroxydodecanoic acid, 4‐hydroxydecanoic acid, 4‐ketodecanoic acid and γ‐decanolactone). The yields of 5‐n‐hexyl‐tetrahydrofuran‐2‐acetic acid, 4‐hydroxydecanoic acid, and γ‐decanolactone, byBacillus lentus NRRL B‐14864 were 43%, 18% and 5%, respectively, after 2.5 d of incubation.
Polyhydroxy fatty acids and their derivatives from plant oils
Authors: Dahlke B. , Hellbardt S. , Paetow M. , Zech W. H.
Published: January 2007

A novel process for the industrial production of hydroxylated fatty acids involves epoxidation of plant oils and their derivatives, followed by catalytic epoxy ring opening in the presence of water or other hydrogen donors, such as alcohols, diols, and amines. Depending on the starting material, epoxidation followed by opening of the oxirane ring leads to fatty acids that contain vicinal diol groups or to other substituted hydroxylated fatty acid derivatives. As an example for the preparation of a substituted hydroxylated fatty acid derivative, the reaction of epoxidized rapeseed oil with monobutylamine as hydrogen donor is described. Apart from the intended formation of hydroxyl groups with vicinal aminoalkyl groups, partial aminolysis of the ester compound was also observed. Another example describes the reaction of epoxidized rapeseed oil with different molar proportions of 1,4‐butanediol as hydrogen donor. Depending on the molar proportion of the hydrogen donor, interesterification, or intermolecular ether formation were observed as side reactions. The properties of various technical hydroxylated fatty acids and their derivatives, prepared according to this novel process, are given, and potential applications of these products are suggested.
The mass spectra of the 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives of the methoxymethyl olefins of malvalic and sterculic acids
Authors: Spitzer Volker
Published: January 2007

A new approach to the gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis of cyclopropenoid fatty acids is described. The method is based on the “on‐site”‐modification of the cyclopropenoid ring with AgNO3‐saturated methanol to the methoxymethyl olefin and a subsequent “remote‐site”‐derivatization of the carboxyl group to its 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline. The mass spectra of the isomeric reaction products obtained from malvalic and sterculic acid were found to be useful for locating the original cyclopropenoid ring in the fatty acid chain.
Application of thin‐layer chromatography to the quantitative estimation of tissue triglycerides II. Influence of methyl parathion on the composition of liver triglycerides in the rat
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R. , Read Sheila I.
Published: January 2007

Methyl parathion fed at 10 ppm in a high protein low fat diet inhibited 46.9% of the total liver carboxylesterase activity. The total fatty acid composition of liver triglycerides was not significantly altered. However, the methyl parathion‐fed rats showed a higher percentage of saturated acids in the 2‐position of the glyceride molecule. Triglyceride analysis employing the multiple TLC‐GLC technique (5) also showed a slightly higher percentage of saturated glycerides and those containing 1 and 2 double bonds than those in the control group. Triglyceride patterns in both groups were in general agreement with those calculated from the fatty acid distribution as suggested by Vander Wal (11).
Phospholipids of menhaden muscle
Authors: Froines John R. , Shuster C. Yvonne , Olcott Harold S.
Published: January 2007

The phospholipids of menhaden fish muscle represent about 0.5% of the wet weight. They were separated by fractionation on a silica gel column. Choline glycerophosphatides were the major components, about 60%. Ethanolamine and serine glycerophosphatides accounted for about 20%, and sphingomyelin and less well‐characterized components for the rest. The fatty acid composition of the CGP,1 EGP1 + SGP,1 and triglyceride preparations were compared. The EGP + SGP fraction contained 20% stearic acid whereas the neutral or CGP fractions had only 2舑4%. The phospholipids contained about 30% of docosa‐hexaenoic acids compared to about 10% in the neutral fraction.
Integrated system for microreactor gas chromatography
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Davison V. L. , Dutton H. J.
Published: January 2007

A compact unit has been constructed to control and to supply a microreactor apparatus. Features are an ozone generator, gas flow rotameters, solenoid‐operated six‐way gas valve and a combination temperature‐and‐ozone meter. The meter monitors and, by means of a built‐in relay, controls reaction temperature. It also affords a visual indication of ozone concentration during reactions. Basic electronic circuits and common laboratory items simplify the unit's construction. Some possible microreactions to which this integrated system may be applied are ozonizationpyrolysis, esterification, transesterification, saponification, reduction and halogenation.
Monoepoxidation of methyl linoleate: (±)‐methyl vernolate and (±)‐methyl coronarate
Authors: Ferrari M. , Ghisalberti E. L. , Pagnoni U. M. , Pelizzoni F.
Published: January 2007

The two monoepoxides resulting from the epoxidation of methyl linoleate with monoperphthalic acid have been separated from each other by column chromatography. Degradation reactions on each of these established that the separation occurred without concomitant rearrangement of the double bond or the epoxide ring. Thus, (±)‐methyl vernolate (I) and (±)‐methyl coronarate (II) were obtained in a pure state.
Improved objective fluorodensitometric determination of aflatoxins in cottonseed products
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Cucullu Alva F. , Franz Anthony O. , Goldblatt Leo A.
Published: January 2007

Modifications in the extraction solvent, lead acetate, and silica gel extract purification steps, and the TLC development conditions of the aqueous acetone procedure of Pons et al. [JAOAC49, 554–562 (1966)] for the estimation of aflatoxins in cottonseed products, provides an improved method with essentially quantitative recovery of aflatoxins added to typical cottonseed materials. Both the accuracy and precision of aflatoxin estimates are significantly improved by the incorporation of an objective fluorodensitometric measurement of aflatoxins on TLC plates.
The bioassay of aflatoxins and related substances with Bacillus megaterium spores and chick embryos
Authors: Jayaraman A. , Herbst E. J. , Ikawa M.
Published: January 2007

The “paper disc plate” method of antibiotic assay usingBacillus megaterium spores was tested for the assay of aflatoxins and related compounds. Significant inhibitions were obtained in the range of 1–4 µg/disc for aflatoxin B1 and 4–8 µg/disc for aflatoxin G1. Dicumarol was the most active of the compounds tested and inhibited at 0.1–1.0 µg/disc. Compounds were also tested using nine‐day‐old chick embryos. It was found that embryos incubated in egg cartons were much more sensitive to toxins than eggs incubated on cotton padding or in a commercial egg incubator. The LD100 of aflatoxin B1 to carton‐incubated embryos was 0.01 µg, while to embryos from the commercial incubator the LD100 was >5.0 µg. The results of the two bioassay procedures did not correlate completely with each other.
The hydroxy fatty acids: Isolation, structure determination, quantitation
Authors: Radin Norman S.
Published: January 2007

This review and commentary on quantitative methodology of the hydroxy fatty acids covers methods of isolation, structure determination, and quantitative analysis. Individual topics are: methods of liberation from bound form, separation by partition, separation by partition columns, separation by precipitation, separation by adsorption columns, separation by thin‐layer chromatography, separation of homologous fatty acids, locating the hydroxyl group, characterization of the optically active hydroxyl group, locating the double bonds, gravimetric determination, colorimetric determination, gas chromatographic determination, infrared absorption, titrimetric determination, and radiometric determination.
Chemical synthesis of H3‐ and 1‐C14‐labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Stoffel W.
Published: January 2007

Total syntheses of polyunsaturated fatty acids labeled at the double bonds or the terminal methylene groups with tritium and the carboxyl group with C14 are discussed. The methods are applicable for all known unsaturated fatty acids with polyallylic structure andall‐cis configuration.

Details for the synthesis of labeled े‐linolenic acid are given and methods of ozonolysis for determining the structure of unsaturated fatty acids are described.
Lipid oxidation in flour doughs舒observations involving the boron trifluoride interesterification reaction
Authors: Coppock J. B. M. , Daniels N. W. R. , Russell Eggitt P. W.
Published: January 2007

Lipid extracted from unyeasted wheat flour doughs had earlier yielded hitherto unidentified methyl esters using boron trifluoride interesterification when the lipid was isolated from aged or chemically oxidized flours or doughs. The identity of one unknown constituent is shown to be methyl methoxy stearate which could also be an artifact of the interesterification process. Conditions of formation of the artifact have been carefully studied and statistical analysis of the yields of this substance from the lipid of naturally aged flour doughs maintains our view of a reversible lipid oxidation stage being involved in natural and chemical flour maturing in the presence of oxidants in doughmaking.
The effect of lauric‐based molecules on trilaurin crystallization
Authors: Smith Paul R. , Cebula Deryck J. , Povey Malcolm J. W.
Published: January 2007

The crystal growth of trilaurin and the effect of partial laurates upon it have been investigated by using temperature gradient microscopy with differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction. The complex nature of trilaurin crystallization was demonstrated. It was found that the addition of monolaurin and lauric acid increased the crystal growth rate of trilaurin but decreased the facet and crystal size. Conversely, there was a significant reduction in growth rate upon the addition of dilaurin isomers. Crystal morphology was also altered, and the relative stability of the metastable phases was increased. The growth rate was lower for a sample containing 1–3 dilaurin than for one containing 1–2 dilaurin. It is postulated that the varying effects are caused by the varying sizes and shapes of the additive molecules.
Transesterification of phospholipids in different reaction conditions
Authors: Mustranta Annikka , Suortti Tapani , Poutanen Kaisa
Published: January 2007

Transesterification of synthetic dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine with oleic acid by commercial lipase preparations fromAspergillus niger andRhizomucor miehei was studied in the presence and absence of solvent. A high‐performance liquid chromatography method for determination of the modified phosphatidylcholine was developed. Under solvent‐free conditions, transesterification could be carried out as efficiently as in toluene, and the degree of hydrolysis was lower than in toluene. Transesterification was influenced by the water content as well as by the fatty acid concentration in the reaction mixture. The optimum water content for transesterification in solvent‐free reaction medium was higher than in toluene with both lipases. The yield of modified phosphatidylcholine increased, and the degree of hydrolysis decreased with increasing fatty acid concentration. The maximum yield of modified phospha‐tidylcholine, 35% of the original phospholipid, was obtained withR. miehei lipase.
Present and future position of palm and palm kernel oils in world supply and trade
Authors: Mielke S.
Published: January 2007

The major production of palm oil has shifted from Nigeria to Malaysia following the program of encouragement instituted by the Malaysian government in the 1950's. Since then oil palm developments have risen dramatically to an estimated 6.6 million tons of palm and palm kernel oils in 1984. This is expected to expand to over 20 million tons in the year 2000. Before that time Indonesia will also become a major producer of palm oil. Palm and palm kernel oils are expected to become the major world fat and oil export, reaching 44% of world totals by 2000.
The physical refining process
Authors: Stage Hermann
Published: January 2007

This paper deals with influences and optimizing of changing process conditions for physical refining of palm oil. These process variables are temperature, pressure, residence time, fluid flow and stripping steam to oil ratio. These parameters influence not only finished oil quality, oil yield, energy consumption and running costs, but also content and yield of natural stabilizers like tocopherols or color compounds like carotenes, and last, but not least, environmental load of waste water and exhaust air as studied under industrial plant conditions. With the right pretreatment process physical refining of palm oil is not only much more economical than chemical refining in connection with stripping steam deodorization, but also causes much less pollution by waste water and exhaust air.

Under all these aspects the performance of continuously operated industrial plants now in use for physical refining of palm oil is being examined. Because of the water solubility of the low‐boiling thermal degradation products, the effluents of nearly all installations must be specially treated to fulfill today's legal requirements on BOD and on COD as well as on oil and grease content. The only exception is a new counter‐current two‐step film type physical refining process in connection with a combined sophisticated steam ejector vacuum and two‐step exhaust air washing system, with which, without any air pollution, COD values of <50 for waste water are possible.

For best oil quality deacidification should be done with pressure drop of less than 1 torr at 2 to 3 torr tap pressure at 260 C working temperature with residence times of 10 min and counter‐current exchange efficiency of 6 to 8 theoretical plates.
Processing for industrial fatty acids ‐ I
Authors: Combs Durfee L.
Published: January 2007

Palm kernel and coconut oils are particularly important to the fatty acid industry because they are the major sources of lauric acid. This paper describes the processes used to convert these oils to their fatty acids. These in turn may be fractionated into saturated/unsaturated acids and to specific chain lengths by winterization, panning and pressing, fractional distillation, solvent crystallization and hydrophilization methods. The products are important raw materials for the soap, detergent and oleochemical industries.
Palm oil: Quality requirements from a customer's point of view
Authors: Willems M. G. A. , Padley F. B.
Published: January 2007

The quality specifications for partly and fully processed oils sold to the European Edible Fats industry are discussed. The industry generally has regarded quality specifications as giving some guarantee of parameters such as FFA, moisture, impurities, iodine value and solids content. However, the availability of processed oils leads us to consider other aspects of quality apart from those normally required. In particular, potential hazards associated with refining and transport procedures become increasingly significant if the European industry is to consider using fully refined oils directly in products. As long as suppliers are unable to make the necessary guarantees, Unilever companies in Europe will be unable to take full advantage of the potential benefits offered by the palm oil industry. The above topics, together with a description of the specification required for the specific product applications, are discussed in this paper.
Ethylene adduct of conjugated octadecadienoic acids: I. Peracid oxidation products
Authors: Dufek E. J. , Gast L. E. , Friedrich J. P.
Published: January 2007

8‐(4‐n‐Hexylcyclohex‐2‐enyl)octanoic acid obtained by the addition of ethylene totrans,trans‐9,11‐octadecadienoic acid was treated with 28% hydrogen peroxide in acetic or formic acid to give the hydroxyacetoxy or‐formoxy derivative. Saponification of the hydroxyacetoxy derivative yielded two crystalline glycols. The hydroxyformoxy fatty acid was converted in one step either to the glycol ester, methyl 8‐(4‐n‐hexyl‐2,3‐dihydroxycyclohexyl)octanoate, by reaction with anhydrous hydrochloric acid in methanol or to the acetone derivative of the glycol ester by treatment with dimethoxypropane and anhydrous hydrochloric acid in methanol. Epoxidation of the C20 cyclohexene fatty methyl ester gave the oxirane derivative. A ring opening reaction of the diol acid with periodic acid yielded 9,12‐diformylstearic acid.
The phosphatides of safflower seeds involved in color formation occurring in extracted and heated crude oils
Authors: Burkhardt H. J.
Published: January 2007

Studies on crude safflower oils have established that three phosphatides extracted with the oil from the kernel of the seed are responsible for color formation. The phosphatides have been isolated and identified as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylmyoinositol (PI) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Phosphatidylethanolamine was the most potent contributor to color formation, followed by phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine. The color‐forming compounds were separated from the crude oil by precipitation with water and obtained in pure form by column chromatography on DEAE cellulose. The components were identified by comparison of Rf values of intact and deacylated phosphatides with those of known reference compounds, by determination of molar ratios of ester, glycerol, choline, inositol, nitrogen and phosphorus, and by qualitative and quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid residues.
Use of ferric chloride to decolorize cottonseed oil
Authors: Yatsu L. Y. , Jacks T. J. , Hensarling T.
Published: January 2007

Cottonseed miscella was treated with FeCl3 to form an iron‐gossypol complex. The treated miscella was then extracted with alkaline water. The supernatant lipid filtered through bleaching clay produced an oil containing virtually no light‐absorbing color bodies and a product that compared favorably, colorwise, with commercial oil.
Solubilization of methanol and triglycerides: Unsaturated long‐chain fatty alcohol/medium‐chain alkanol mixed amphiphile systems
Authors: Dunn R. O. , Bagby M. O.
Published: January 2007

This work examines the suitability of unsaturated C18 fatty alcohol/1‐alkanol mixed amphiphile systems as solubility enhancers for methanol in triglyceride solutions. Four fatty alcohols (all‐cis monoene, diene and triene, and all‐trans diene) and five alkanols (C4−C12) were investigated. Effects of the degree of unsaturation and configuration of the double bonds in the fatty alcohol tailgroup and the chainlength of the alkanol tailgroup were examined. Ternary equilibrium diagrams showed that addition of fatty alcohol/alkanol amphiphiles dramatically affect miscibility between methanol and triglyceride. Solubility, kinematic and relative viscosity, and refractive index data were analyzed to determine mechanisms responsible for the apparent solubilization effects. Under most experimental conditions, formation of large micellar aggregates of amphiphiles was unlikely, and the results were consistent with those expected for co‐solvency. However, some viscosity and refractive index data showed that formation of large methanol‐in‐amphiphile aggregates resembling a nonaqueous microemulsion was feasible, but under limited conditions.
New additives derived from fatty acids for water‐based cutting fluids
Authors: Watanabe S. , Fujita T. , Yoneshima T.
Published: January 2007

A variety of derivatives from long chain fatty acids were prepared, and corrosion and lubricity tests for these products as water‐based cutting fluid additives were carried out. We have found that triethanolamine salts of 11‐(carboxymethylthio)‐undecanoic acid (II), 10,11‐dichloromethylene undecanoic acid (IV) and 12‐isovaleroyloxy stearic acid (VI) showed effective rust‐inhibiting and anti‐wear properties for water‐based cutting fluids.
Quantitative isolation of lipids of partially defatted and whole peanuts by a dry column method
Authors: Adnan M. , Argoudelis C. J. , Tobias J. , Marmer W. N. , Maxwell R. J.
Published: January 2007

A dry column method of lipid extraction was found to be applicable to peanuts—partially defatted as well as whole. Total lipid was obtained from the peanut/sodium sulfate/Celite 545 columns by isocratic elution with dichloromethane/methanol 9:1. Moreover, neutral lipids were obtained by sequential elution that were completely free from polar lipids. First, dichloromethane eluted the neutral lipids, then the 9:1 solvent eluted the polar lipids—at times containing small quantities of neutral lipids. Total lipid values obtained by the column extraction method were slightly higher than those obtained by the standard Soxhlet extraction procedure. This was due in part to the more complete polar lipid isolation produced by the column method. In partially defatted peanuts produced by mechanical pressing, 99% of the polar lipids remained in the retained oil, and these were shown to be slightly less unsaturated than the neutral lipids.
Instrumentation for thermopenetrometry of fats
Authors: Deman J. M. , Gupta S. , Kloek M. , Timbers G. E.
Published: January 2007

A new instrument for thermopenetrometry of fats was developed. A linear displacement transducer was modified by removing the spring actuated return mechanism on the moving shaft and attaching a cone to the lower end of the shaft. The cone dimensions were those specified in AOCS method Cc 16–60. A platform was fitted to the upper end of the shaft to accommodate the addition of selected weights. The total weight of the cone, shaft and platform assembly was 100 g. The displacement transducer was connected to a signal conditioner and a recorder. The temperature of the sample was programmed from 5 to 25 C by means of a Haake circulating water bath, and the penetration of the cone into the sample recorded continuously as the temperature was changed. The use of the instrument was demonstrated with butter and margarine, and the precision of the instrument proved to be satisfactory. The coefficient of variability did not exceed 7.0%.
Reaction of methyltrans‐2,3‐epoxyhexadecanoate with urea: Synthesis of long chain fatty 2‐oxazolidones
Authors: Ansari M. H. , Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad M.
Published: January 2007

Methyltrans‐2,3‐epoxyhexadecanoate on refluxing with urea in dimethylformamide (DMF) afforded isomeric 4(5)‐tridecyl‐5(4)‐carbomethoxy‐cis‐2‐oxazolidone (II), 5‐tridecylmethylene hydantoin (II) and 2‐hydroxy‐3‐carbamidohexadecanoic acid (III).