bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traditionalist strands
Authors: Don-Yehiya Eliezer
Published: November 2023

The adherents of traditionalist strands in modern Judaism are those Jews who maintain their allegiance to traditional Jewish religion, even in the face of far-reaching changes in the life of Jews, which have occurred since the beginning of the emancipation of European Jewry. These Jews came to be known, especially in Central and Western Europe and in the United States, as Orthodox, while in Eastern Europe and Israel they are commonly called Religious, or Observant.
Humanistic and secular Judaisms
Authors: Malkin Yaakov
Published: November 2023

The concept ‘secular Judaism’ has two meanings. It refers to the section of the Jewish people who do not feel bound by any observance of religious commandments, and also to the extensive body of culture and creative work produced by secular Jews over the past 250 years. In the early nineteenth century men such as Leopold Zunz and Heinrich Heine members of the Verein für Kultur und Wissenschaft der Judensaw Judaism as a culture, and not only a religion. This perception of Judaism as culture prevails today among secular Jews, who view the Bible (rather than the Talmud) as the foundation of Judaism, as represented in works of all streams of Judaism throughout the ages, including the Talmud, the works of Philo and Josephus, the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, the New Testament, and Karaitic, Samaritan, and Hasidic literature, as well as contemporary Jewish art and literature.
Jewish renewal
Authors: Wilkes George R
Published: November 2023

Though calls for renewal have inspired Jews since biblical times, concepts of ‘Jewish renewal’ only developed in the twentieth century. From the 1970s a variety of programmes and movements have used this concept, some more spiritual, some determinedly secular. This chapter examines where they differ, what they hold in common, and how they can be evaluated. Programmes which appeal for Jewish renewal have received marginal attention in academic Jewish studies. The most interesting commentaries available are written by figures associated with one concept of Jewish renewal, and focus on movements in only one country.
Jewry in the former Soviet Union
Authors: Klier John
Published: November 2023

The depiction of the Russian Empire as a uniquely antisemitic state was the creation of Jewish historians writing early in the twentieth century, who spoke of ‘traditional Russian religious antisemitism’. Russian tsars sought to convert the Jews to Christianity by coercion (military recruitment and legal discrimination, especially the Pale of Settlement regulations that barred most Jews from residing in the Russian interior), and monetary rewards. Only at the end of the nineteenth century was religious Jew-hatred secularized, and given a political colouration. Equating Jewry with revolution, Russian state officials incited deadly anti-Jewish riots, the pogroms, seeking ‘to drown the Russian revolution in Jewish blood’.
The future of Jewish practice
Authors: Wanderer Jeremy
Published: November 2023

A visitor to a small village approaches the local rabbi in the hope of finding somewhere to stay. The rabbi thinks for a moment before saying: ‘Unfortunately the only available place would be at the home of Yechiel.’ ‘Why is that a problem?’ ‘Well,’ says the rabbi, ‘Yechiel is notorious in these parts for being somewhat of an apikorus (heretic).’ Desperate, the visitor contacts Yechiel and settles down for the night, curious to witness the behaviour of this heretic. Next morning he awakes to discover Yechiel, wrapped in a prayer shawl and phylacteries, fervently reciting the morning prayers. Puzzled, the visitor challenges Yechiel to explain his meticulous practice despite his notoriety.
Revelation
Authors: Novak David
Published: November 2023

No doctrine is more important in Jewish theology than revelation. Jewish theology is a Jewish enterprise because it is primarily an analysis of the meaning of Torah. Torah presents itself as God’s word to humans. Hence the fundamental meaning of the Torah, over and above that of its specific teachings, is to be discovered in the doctrine of revelation: the way the Torah is given to its human recipients (mattantorah ). This doctrine teaches that real contact between God and humans takes place in this world. Jewish theology which has been exposed to philosophy has asked basic philosophical questions of the doctrine of revelation.
Introduction Agamemnons in Performance
Authors: Michelakis Pantelis
Published: November 2023

This brief extract from the Memorial of Saint Helena, a work in eight volumes providing a day-by-day account of the last eighteen months of Napoleon’ s life, is striking for a number of reasons. There is an unmistakable echo of the judgement of Aeschylus as forceful and simple to be found in Aristophanes’ Frogs, as well as an allusion to Clytemnestra’ s beacon speech (A. Ag. 281–316) intertwined in the vocabulary of the Enlightenment with its celebration of progress.2 But perhaps nothing is more fascinating than the very image of Aeschylus’ Agamemnon recited by one of the greatest
Agamemnon: Speaking the Unspeakable
Authors: Reynolds Margaret
Published: November 2023

In the document that records the Windings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa there is described an occasion when an un-named Indian woman applied for amnesty for her ‘apathy’. Her application argued that those appealing for amnesty on these grounds acknowledged that they as individuals can and should be held accountable by history for our lack of necessary action in times of crisisin exercising apathy rather than commitment we allow others to sacrifice their lives for the sake of our freedom and an increase in our standard of living.
Viewing Agamemnon in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

Aeschylus, the Romantic; Sophocles the mid-Victorian; Euripides the modernist. So goes the general assessment of the reception of the Greek tragedians in nineteenth-century Britain.1 There is, of course, evidence in support of such a claim. The Prometheus Bound, attributed to Aeschylus, was the Wrst translation of Aeschylus to appear in English and it becomes in a very real sense the central Greek text for the British Romantic period: Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, or, the Modern Prometheus (1818) and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s verse drama Prometheus Unbound (1820) are but the Wrst in a long line of early nineteenth-century engagements with the Titanic.
OTOTOTOI: Virginia Woolf and ‘The Naked Cry ‘of Cassandra
Authors: Prins Yopie
Published: November 2023

Virginia Woolf read Greek with a passion, beginning in 1897 with a series of private tutors and continuing on her own for many years. In the early journals collected in A Passionate Apprentice, Woolf fondly described her Greek lessons with Miss Janet Case, whose favorite writers were Aeschylus and Euripides: she taught Woolf that ‘Aeschylus was strenuous, grand, impassioned’.1 Their tutorials included some ‘strenuous’ readings in Aeschylean tragedy, with Woolf reporting in 1903: ‘a great Xea jumped on to my Aeschylus as I read with Case the other day— and now bites large holes in me.’2 Bitten by the bug, Woolf also jumped into Aeschylus, making her way through the Greek text in leaps and bounds, despite large holes in her comprehension.
Staging Agamemnon, The Languages of Translation
Authors: Hardwick Lorna
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores some verbal and non-verbal aspects of translation practice for the stage, with special attention to the context of the changing relationships between Greek plays and modern audiences. The focus is on two examples, both of which were first staged in 1999. The first concerns a translation into English created specially for performance and for which the translator was also the director. The second involves a doubly mediated process of translation on to the stage of a poetic version in English of Aeschylus’ play. In order to highlight issues of convergence and divergence the focus is on a common point of reference— the tapestry scene in the Agamemnon.
The Harrison Version: So long ago that it become a song 2019;
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

Music was vital and central to Aeschylus’ own production of Agamemnon in 458 bc.1 I am using ‘ music’ here as a shorthand for a complex, dynamic, and volatile interaction of melody, metric, pace, rhythm, and tone. This indisputable element will have been especially prominent for the various lyric parts of the play, with their complex meters and instrumental accompaniment. But the iambics also had some musicality in this broad sense, even though they were spoken un accompanied in a relatively simple line-after-line (stichic) metre. They were still far more dynamic than prose— and even further from what Pasolini dubbed ‘ teatro della Chiacchiera’ (theatre of chit-chat).2
The Millennium Project: Agamemnon in the United States
Authors: Foley Helene P
Published: November 2023

Although US performances and adaptations of Aeschylus’ Agamemnon/the Oresteia only began in the twentieth century, giving a comprehensive picture of the play(s)’ reception on both college and university and professional levels has proved exceptionally difficult, both because of the problems of collecting accurate information at all periods, and because it is impossible to do justice to the immense volume of material available in a short chapter.
‘The Good Man is the Measure of All Things’: Objectivity without World-Centredness in Aristotle’s Moral Epistemology
Authors: Chappell Timothy
Published: November 2023

I begin by contrasting Aristotle’s ‘world-centred’ general epistemology, and his ‘mind-centred’ (more exactly, ‘agathos-centred’) moral epistemology. I argue that Aristotle takes this approach, not because he doubts the objectivity of ethics, nor because he is an ‘ethical particularist’ (whatever one of those is), but because of the reflexive nature of ethics as a study. I further argue that, by taking the notion that ‘the good man is the measure of all things’ as central to Aristotle’s ethics, we can see how to unify coherently the rather embarrassingly diverse ethical resources that Aristotle offers us.
Structure and Serendipity
Authors: Buxton Rachel
Published: November 2023

One could interpret this as Muldoon’s partial repudiation of the Frostian presence in his work. He has long acknowledged Frost to be one of the more signiﬁcant influences on his development as a poet, and, as we have seen in previous chapters, has lectured on Frost several times—for instance, we have his May 2000 lecture, given in his capacity as Oxford Professor of Poetry, where he focused on Frost’s poem ‘The Mountain’, and also his 1998 Bateson Memorial Lecture, again given at Oxford. The Bateson lecture is of particular interest because at its outset Muldoon states that it is his intention to explore three speciﬁc areas:
The East–West Orientation of Mediterranean Studies and the Meaning of North and South in Antiquity
Authors: Bowersock G W
Published: November 2023

Historians of both classical and late antiquity have a natural tendency to view the world they study as fundamentally divided into East and West. The reasons are obvious. Greeks were in the east, Romans in the west. The Roman Empire brought the parts together for some centuries before the successors of Constantine divided it definitively once again. Christianity perpetuated the split between East and West, and papal authority in the West confronts the eastern patriarchs down to this day. This division has taken the Mediterranean Sea as its nodal point, largely for reasons of communication and commerce.
The Ancient Mediterranean: The View from the Customs House
Authors: Purcell Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Routine, more-or-less legitimate, organized exactions of materials or labour, or of their symbolic equivalents, are located in a complex conceptual and practical matrix of behaviour and attitudes. This framework includes the purposes, expectations and irregularities of the exactors and the avoidance or hostility of those from whom exactions are made. It varies quantitatively, in levels and in the parameters within which it is possible in a given system to change those levels, in the efficiency of the programme and of its execution. It is obviously qualitatively variable, according to the configuration of what is taxed— human effort, produce, accumulation, artisan skill, exchanges, earnings, inheritances, winnings, windfalls.
Mediterranean Reception in the Americas
Authors: Marshall Francisco
Published: November 2023

The Ancient Mediterranean experience and its transmission throughout the ages has been the main theme of the Western tradition for centuries, helping to shape such a wide set of cultural contexts that we could hardly list them all. Perhaps the best way to perceive the range of Mediterranean influence would be to indicate the non-Mediterranean contexts, in the Orient, Southern Africa, Asia, Oceania, or in the Americas. There are many places outside the Mediterranean that have been exposed to Mediterranean cultural radiation, and developed strong historical and imaginary links, relating places as distant as Brazil, New Zealand, and Denmark to that most powerful cradle of historical meanings. Therefore, to illustrate the outpouring of Mediterranean waters and codes throughout the world, and particularly within the social context in which I live—in Brazil—I will mention two of the most telling circumstances of reception of the Mediterranean experience, presenting key cases that illuminate the whole functioning of a powerful machine of meaning-production. This will take place, firstly, through the illustration of the colonization of collective imageries and, secondly, through a demonstration of the working of an inventive method of palaeographical and epigraphical study, carefully developed to tighten the bonds between the ancient Mediterranean and Brazil, a case which has had wide reverberations from the first decades of the twentieth century until to-day.
Four Years of Corruption: A Response to Critics
Authors: Horden Peregrine , Purcell Nicholas
Published: November 2023

‘A second instalment will ⃛ allow us an opportunity to respond to criticisms of the first, in the interests of the debate that we should like to promote.’ When we wrote those words, in the Introduction to The Corrupting Sea (p. 4), the second instalment that we had in mind was volume 2 of the project, now provisionally entitled Liquid Continents (LC). Since that volume is still ‘in progress’, however, we are grateful for the opportunity to offer here some interim discussion of reactions to CS, mainly as expressed in the more substantial reviews, but also, occasionally, as conveyed at symposia and in private correspondence and conversation. We have tried to resist the temptation to engage simply in tit-for-tat rejoinder. This is, rather, a contribution to what we hope will be a continuing debate, and it covers only a selection of what strike us as the main issues. The notion of the ‘ essentially contested concept’, invoked in the final paragraph of CS (p. 523), may be old-fashioned philosophy, but shows no sign of losing its applicability to Mediterranean studies.
Appropriation
Authors: Burnett Mark Thornton
Published: November 2023

The first section of this anthology suggested that every edition produces a fresh work out of an existing arrangement; in the same way, it can be argued that every reading, performance or citation creates a wholly new text from a familiar Renaissance utterance. Peter Hulme and William H. Sherman’s collection, ‘ The Tempest’ and Its Travels, is one of a number of recent studies which demonstrate the mobility of a single Shakespearean play from its inception through the Restoration and eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to postmodernity. As the varied and various Tempests described prove, with the reiteration of the text comes an inevitable shift in its meaning, emphasis and orientation, one which entails an acknowledgement not only of the determining power of history but also of the irrecoverability of the earlier juncture. Nor is it only drama that is appropriated; other literary genres continue to be of interest to later periods, while particular authorial figures and even the Renaissance itself have also proved to possess irresistible recasting potential.
Materiality
Authors: Fernie Ewan , Mcmanus Clare
Published: November 2023

As this anthology makes clear, recent criticism tends to reject abstractions and general ideas such as ‘the human condition’ or ‘the Great Chain of Being’. Instead, perhaps influenced by new scientific and medical understandings of the human body and the physical world in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, critics have turned towards materiality and the detailed and changing world of concrete bodies, commodities and things. The most obvious example of this approach in current Renaissance studies is the increased awareness of the physicality of the book. As we saw in ‘Textuality’, to think about typefaces, title pages, bindings, and paper simultaneously brings criticism down to earth and explodes the authority of the author and the organic status of the text into the wider material and economic world of which they are a part.
Values
Authors: Fernie Ewan
Published: November 2023

Many of the insights considered in the General Introduction and represented in the preceding sections of this volume have had a profound, even devastating, effect on traditional notions of value and judgement in criticism. The deconstruction of fixed and autonomous authors and texts has deprived critics of anything solid and distinct enough to evaluate.
Shakespeare, Middleton, and Fletcher
Authors: Lyne Raphael
Published: November 2023

As was set out in the Introduction, Shakespeare’s late work is partly collaborative. It also marks the end of a period in which Shakespeare dominated his company, the King’s Men, and the beginning of other ascendancies. In his book The School of Shakespeare David Frost chooses Thomas Middleton as Shakespeare’s true heir, the writer who best represents the continuing legacy of Shakespeare. He does so because in Middleton’s later tragedies, Frost argues, the moral order of Shakespearian tragedy is preserved— that is, action, character, and environment are all infected with sin and disaster.
Refractions of the Third Reich in German and Austrian Fiction and Film
Authors: Paver Chloe
Published: November 2023

Six decades after the defeat of National Socialism, commemoration and mourning are ongoing, open-ended projects in Germany and Austria, and continue to generate a steady stream of literature and film about the Nazi past that, while comparatively modest in volume, is often disproportionately influential in public debates. At the same time, new museums and memorials are being established all the time in what Andreas Huyssen has called a ‘memory boom’, while what is remembered and how it is remembered is subject to continuous change. Scholars have to keep pace with each new development in this culture of commemoration. Rather than add to the growing body of surveys of literature and film about the Third Reich, this study instead puts scholars’ critical approaches under the microscope. Chloe Paver considers how far the object of the study is not just analysed but also constructed by the scholar’s approach and identifies the criteria by which academics judge the values of works that deal with the Third Reich. This book brings aspects of film, fiction, and memorial culture together in a single study that pays as much attention to images (and in the case of film to sound) as it does to text. The study of film, historical exhibitions, and sites of memory also demands consideration of social contexts and practices. A case study of memory at two of Austria’s sites of terror demonstrates the methods used in the study of memorials and museums and considers the ways in which memory attaches itself to place.
Sound Effects and Language Barriers
Authors: Flughunde Marcel Beyer‘s , Le Roi des Aulnes Michel Tournier‘s , Der Unhold Volker Schlöndorff‘s
Published: November 2023

Marcel Beyer‘s Flughunde has been seen as a new departure in Germanlanguage fiction about the Nazi past: written by an author ‘not one, but two stages removed from biographical involvement in National Socialism’, it moves on from questions of guilt, denial, and intergenerational conflict and attempts to recover the voices of the perpetrators that fell silent after 1945.1 And yet Beyer‘s 1995 novel Flughunde has much in common with a novel published twenty-five years earlier by the French author Michel Tournier: Le Roi des Aulnes.2 Set largely in the Third Reich after 1940, both novels give us privileged access to the Nazi élite: Tournier smuggles us into Goering‘s hunting lodge, Beyer into Goebbels‘s family circle and Hitler‘s bunker. Both endow their protagonists with unusual powers of sensory perception, a keen sensitivity to smell in the case of Tournier‘s hero, Abel Tiffauges, and to sound in the case of Hermann Karnau, Beyer‘s protagonist. Both Tiffauges and Karnau are characterized as pacifists in a militaristic society, yet both are drawn by their highly idiosyncratic intellectual systems into association with Nazi race scientists.
Literary Silences in Pascal, Rousseau, and Beckett
Authors: Loevlie Elisabeth Marie
Published: November 2023

To explore literary silence is to explore the relationships between literary texts and the silence of the ineffable. It is to enquire what dynamics texts develop as they strive to 'say the unsayable', and it is to think literature as a silence that speaks itself. This study describes these literary and silent dynamics through readings of Pascal's Pensées, Rousseau's Rêveries, and Beckett's trilogy Molloy, Malone meurt, and L'Innommable. It contributes to our understanding of three major writers and challenges our idea of what silence is. The subject of silence and of the ineffable has a long philosophical and critical tradition. A careful study of this tradition reveals the dominance of a limiting dualistic understanding of silence and its relationship to noise or language: silence becomes the negative other, the beyond, about which there remains nothing to say. The study of literary silence seeks rather to trace a language that becomes its own silence. It compromises the attempt to think a silence that moves within and through texts, that is inherent to the literary expression. Central to this theoretical endeavour are thinkers like Derrida, Deleuze, Gadamer, and Vattimo (among several others). The theoretical understanding of silence permits an effective methodology for reading literary silence. Notions of repetition, the aporia and the implosion, which are developed in reference to Kierkegaard and Bataille, describe textual strategies of literary silence and structure the readings. Finally, the reading of literary silence has its point of reference in writers like Mallarmé, Blanchot, and Beckett. It is their texts that have taught us to become topological readers, to move in and out of texts' movements; they have shown us how the literary expression is irreducible to linear, meaning oriented language. As readers of such texts we have been prepared to read the dynamics of the unsayable, and finally to start discerning the silences of the literary.
Moving towards Literary Silence
Authors: Loevlie Elisabeth Marie
Published: November 2023

For the critic to approach and define a concept of silence is to approach a seductive concept. To seduce, from seducere, means to lead astray or to separate from, and my suggestion is that a critical approach to silence can easily be led astray, separated from its original intention. First of all, silence resists empirical observation and description. It cannot be analysed as a thing or an object, it cannot be pointed to or defined. Silence slips away from description: to talk of it is to lose it, or at least to defer it. As such, silence is always just ahead of our critical discourse, seducing us to follow it just one step further in the attempt to catch it, but never there to be caught. Critical discourse about silence lags behind its object of study. The seductive impact of silence is also linked to what might be called its flexibility. Silence, precisely because it is not a definable, graspable thing, is subject to numerous different understandings and can be used in a sufficiently vague manner to make it serve many purposes. It is available for various projections of meaning because no meaning or definition can ‘match’ the notion of silence; it is always already somewhere else.
Literary Silence In Pascal’s Pensées
Authors: Loevlie Elisabeth Marie
Published: November 2023

One of the most celebrated and most quoted fragments of Pascal’s Pensées resounds with silence: ‘Le silence éternel de ces espaces infinis m’effraie’ (Pascal 1991: 233). At the simplest level, the fragment recognizes the silence of a newly discovered, infinite universe,2 in which man risks further estrangement from God, and from his prelapsarian ‘voice’. But despite this rather straightforward understanding, the fragment has caused various interpretative problems The issue at stake is the unnamed identity of the me of the m’éffraie, that is, of the speaking subject. The question arises as to who is experiencing this fear—surely it cannot be the Christian believer? Is Pascal lending his voice to the libertine? Maybe it is merely a rhetorical move? Paul Valéry, in his ‘Variation surune Pensée’, encounters this frustration and concludes that the experience of fear is certainly not that of a true believer, and hence accuses Pascal of artificially forging identities as part of his apologetic project.
‘And If It Be a Pretty Woman All the Better’-Darwin and Sexual Selection
Authors: Levinep George
Published: November 2023

As Gillian Beer has argued, Darwin’s theory of sexual selection puts back into the theory of evolution the intention and cultural direction that seemed so alarmingly absent in Darwin’s first formulation On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. While, in the Origin of Species, Darwin was careful not to discuss the human species or culturally difficult issues (except, inevitably, through metaphor), in The Descent of Man, he met humanity, morality, and culture head on, not only to attempt to explain them naturalistically but to introduce cultural determinants into biological developments.
The Psychology of Childhood in Victorian Literature and Medicine
Authors: Shuttleworth Sally
Published: November 2023

In 1838, as Darwin painstakingly filled his notebooks, working and reworking the ideas that were to yield his theories of biological evolution, he took time to compose his ‘Autobiographical Fragment’ where he attempted to chart his earliest memories. The following year, with the birth of his first son William, he started a notebook that he would maintain for four years, recording the development of his children.
On Not Being Able to Sleep
Authors: Rose Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

This Chapter was originally presented as a paper at the centenary for The Interpretation of Dreams, Vienna, May 2000. Special thanks to the discussion group at Queen Mary College, London University, with whom I read the new translation of The Interpretation of Dreams and whose ideas and insights have contributed much to this Chapter: Amanda Dackombe, Matt ffytche, Sandra Lahire, Lisa O’Sullivan, Maeve Pearson, Aimee Shalan, and Drew Shaw.
John Donne’s Religion of Love
Authors: Wootton David
Published: November 2023

John Donne was in love with love. He was, of course, a love poet, and in the love poems he presents himself as one of ‘Love’s divines, (since all Divinity I Is love or wonder ‘, and as ‘love’s martyr ‘. He hoped his God would ‘ravish ‘ him ( ‘Batter my heart, three person ‘d God ‘). He believed ‘there is a religion in friendship ‘; his friends often heard him say ‘I love you ‘; and when he signs his letters he is sometimes ‘your very affectionate friend and servant and lover ‘. He described himself as a member of the’sect ‘ of ‘the philosophy of love ‘.
Complaint, Clamour, and Libels
Authors: Scase Wendy
Published: November 2023

London, British Library, MS Harley 2253, are among several early fourteenth century poems of satirical complaint that engage with judicial plaint.3 Echoing and adapting the Beatitudes (‘Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness’, Matthew 5: 6), the speaker in Song on the Venality of the Judges blesses those who do right and do not draw back from the ‘pauperum clamore’, from the ‘clamour’ of the poor for justice.
The Literature of Clamour
Authors: Scase Wendy
Published: November 2023

We have many representations of peasant plaint and petition from the materials of the 1381 rising. In some ways the rebels’ complaint is traditional—it is 84 Literature and Complaint in England, 1272–1553 the discourse of peasant plaint, and clamour. ‘The Course of the Revolt’ appropriates and twists traditional peasant plaint. Recalling the techniques of Song of the Husbandman, or Satire on the Retinues of the Great, this macaronic lyric appropriates the peasant plaint of the rebels. The tax has indeed harmed ‘vs alle’—and the slaughter of Archbishop Sudbury (chancellor and, hence, perpetrator of the tax) by clamorous rebels is just one example of the harm that the tax has brought. The rebels’ acts of violence are well known.
Professing Medicine, Virtue Based Ethics, and the Retrieval of Professionalism
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D
Published: November 2023

In the last several decades, the traditional professions of medicine, law, and ministry have suffered a progressive erosion of their social and moral status. Concomitantly, and reciprocally, a significant degree of moral malaise has afflicted professionals them- selves. There is a general loss of faith in the sustainability of the ancient links between ethics and professional practice. There is even doubt about what has been lost, why and how it was lost, and whether or not it ought to be retrieved.
Law, Morality, and Virtue
Authors: Koller Peter
Published: November 2023

In recent times, the concept of virtue has regained a prominent role in public discourse and in academic ethics as well, by contrast to previous decades in which this concept was widely deemed as old-fashioned and conservative. This turn does not only manifest in a huge proliferation of popular publications on virtues, but also in a renaissance of ‘virtue ethics’ in philosophy, that is, ethical theories in which virtue plays a central or constitutive role (Chapman and Galston 1992; Crisp and Slote 1997; Stratman 1997).
Patriotism and Citizenship: The Gendered Languages of War and Peace
Authors: Bingham Adrian
Published: November 2023

Late Victorian and Edwardian notions of gender were, as many historians have recognized, significantly influenced by the increasing prominence of the Empire in British culture. Imperial adventurers and conquerors such as Gordon, Rhodes, and Kitchener were held up as paragons of manliness. Baden-Powell, the hero of Mafeking, explicitly encouraged the nation’s youth to learn the virtues of the Empire-builders through his dramatically successful scouting organizations. A chivalrous, nationalistic, muscular, stoic masculinity was celebrated in the best-selling fiction of such writers as G. A. Henty, Rider Haggard, and Rudyard Kipling.
Pleasure and the Arts
Authors: Butler Christopher
Published: November 2023

How do the arts give us pleasure? Covering a very wide range of artistic works, from Auden to David Lynch, Rembrandt to Edward Weston, and Richard Strauss to Keith Jarrett, ‘Pleasure and the Arts’ offers us an explanation of our enjoyable emotional engagements with literature, music, and painting. The arts direct us to intimate and particularised relationships, with the people represented in the works, or with those we imagine produced them. When we listen to music, look at a purely abstract painting, or drink a glass of wine, can we enjoy the experience without verbalising our response? Do our interpretative assumptions, our awareness of technique, and our attitudes to fantasy, get in the way of our appreciation of art, or enhance it? Examining these questions and more, we discover how curiosity drives us to enjoy narratives, ordinary jokes, metaphors, and modernist epiphanies, and how narrative in all the arts can order and provoke intense enjoyment. Pleasurable in its own right, ‘Pleasure and the Arts’ presents a sparkling explanation of the enduring interest of artistic expression.
Beyond Words: Appreciation, Technique, and Form
Authors: Butler Christopher
Published: November 2023

Our enjoyments can be relatively thoughtless, and not much concerned with improvement by any very complex understanding. We can say that we know enough to ‘just enjoy’ the kiss, the tickle, or the ice cream, or to familiarly dream our way through a Liszt étude, a Shakespeare sonnet, or a lovely Corot landscape, because the context of understanding by which we enjoy such things, however minimal, is established beforehand. But we never really just do this, because as long as we are attending to such objects, we can be shown to be enjoy ing them under some description or another.
City on the Hill, Quixote in the Cave: The Politics of Retreat in the Fiction of Hugh Henry Brackenridge
Authors: Wood Sarah F
Published: November 2023

‘The Cave of Vanhest’ (1779) was a seven-part serial, written by Brackenridge and published in his own United States Magazine .1 It is narrated by a tutor who has formerly ‘spent some time in the army’ (USM, 254), and is now returning with his student from an educational visit to the site of the Battle of Monmouth. This inconclusive battle between British and Continental troops took place in New Jersey, on 28 June 1778, at a time when American commitment to the long and bloody war was felt to be flagging.
The Underwhelming History of America’s Overbearing Fathers: A History of New York, From the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty
Authors: Wood Sarah F
Published: November 2023

In Book VII of A History of New York , Dutch governor and military Quixote, Peter Stuyvesant, travels through New England to a hero’s welcome, riding high upon a ‘foundered Narraganset pacer’ and accompanied by his loyal squire and ‘lusty’ trumpeter, Antony Van Corlear (HNY, 688). When we trace the public career of Antony Van Corlear, the figure that emerges is a model of deference: here is a squire who demands no rights, voices no opinions, and remains loyal to his betters. Antony the Trumpeter is every Federalist’s dream in a Jeffersonian world where social hierarchies are crumbling, the balance of power is shifting, and the educated elite are finding themselves surplus to requirement, unwanted and out of work.
Coda: Romantic Quixotes and Reconstructed Knights
Authors: Wood Sarah F
Published: November 2023

On 17 April 1826, in the last of his letters to Thomas Jefferson, an ailing John Adams declared that ‘Our American Chivalry is the worst in the World. It has no Laws, no bounds, no definitions; it seems to be all a Caprice’.1 Quixotic fictions in the early republic seem very much the same.
‘Fals flesch Food and the Embodied Piety of Margery Kempe
Authors: Raine Melissa
Published: November 2023

One of the most conspicuous ways in which the heightened religious experience of Margery Kempe is communicated to those around her is through the violation of certain norms of everyday bodily regulation: Margery weeps, howls, all but collapses in her contemplative ecstasies. The sheer inability to regulate her own physicality signifies piety in these instances. Yet this lack of regulation is, perhaps ironically, also a highly conformist gesture, as these losses of self-control signify Margery’s participation in a tradition of female affective piety. However, it is not only the flamboyant physicality of Margery’s piety that demonstrates the ambiguity of notions of control and its loss, and of conformity as distinct from singularity or individuality: other, more everyday forms of self-regulation are also intrinsic to communicating Margery’s exceptional spiritual experiences to her audiences.
H.D.: Egoist Modernism
Authors: Potter Rachel
Published: November 2023

Of the three poets discussed in the following three chapters, H.D. is the least obviously politically engaged. She rarely occupied herself with wider political events, although anti-Semitic Vienna and the violence of the Blitz are significant backdrops in Tribute to Freud and Trilogy. Yet, running through her writing is a consistent interest in the nature of power and subjection. In fact, mastery, whether as patriarchal regulation, as scientific rigour, as psychoanalytic reason, or as legal rule, dominates H.D.’s writing. She seems to erect a series of counter-values to these regulatory discourses: poetic mysticism, female prophecy, and poetic introspection.
T. S. Eliot, Women, and Democracy
Authors: Potter Rachel
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I explore two points of literary departure. First there are women, whose voices echo vacuously through domestic interiors and whose bodies straddle men and give promise ‘of pneumatic bliss’— women who consolidate ideas of male subjectivity in modernist writing. Second, there is the idea of a politicized romanticism which ‘made the revolution’, the ‘idea of liberty’, of humanism, progress, democracy, and liberalism— ideas against which the new classicism in the arts and a new reactionary politics of authority and discipline are defined. Both departures are crucial for Anglo-American modernist writing and for Eliot’s work, yet these two moments have only rarely been brought into dialogue with each other.
Mina Loy: Psycho-Democracy
Authors: Potter Rachel
Published: November 2023

When Mina Loy’s first four ‘Love Songs’ appeared in the first volume of the New York magazine Others in 1915, their sexually explicit subjectmatter, Futurist content, explosive wit, and use of free verse were a fitting beginning to a new magazine devoted to ‘the new verse’. In the November 1915 issue, the magazine’s editor, Alfred Kreymborg, in a foreword, quotes from J. B. Kerfoot, who claims that the new poetry entails a new political sensibility: ‘By the way, the new poetry is revolutionary. It is the expression of a democracy of feeling rebelling against an aristocracy of form.’ In 1914 Pound had described the new poetry in precisely the opposite sense, defending what he called the new ‘aristocracy of the arts’ against artists who dabble in democracy. Whereas Pound and Eliot defend poetic authority against an expressive individualism, here those values are reversed, as expression is privileged over form. Where should Loy’s ‘Love Songs’ be positioned in relation to these opposed ways of understanding the relationship between poetry and authority? We might expect Loy, who explicitly identifies herself as an international ‘psycho-democrat’ in 1921, and whose poems had a prominent position in Others over a number of years, to align herself with Kerfoot’s ‘democracy of feeling’. Yet Loy’s poems do not sit happily with the expression ‘democracy of feeling’, as they are perhaps most distinctive for their extinction of personality, foregrounding of aesthetic artifice, and, according to Pound, lack of ‘emotion’.
Introduction: Art, Identity, and Funerary Religion
Authors: Riggs Christina
Published: November 2023

One of the challenges facing historians of ancient art is to view it with the eyes of its original audience in so far as that is possible. Our own eyes, accustomed to the aftermaths of the Renaissance and the photographic age, must be trained to see in unfamiliar ways, and our minds to appreciate the difference.
Heroization of Athletes
Authors: Currie Bruno
Published: November 2023

The heroized athletes of the fifth century bc have been frequently investigated. But crucial aspects of the phenomenon remain unclear, including how often athletes were heroized, at what period their heroizations occurred, and what reasons led to the heroization. Again, we must start by reviewing the evidence.
Pythian 5 The King and his Royal Forebears
Authors: Currie Bruno
Published: November 2023

Pythian 5 celebrates the chariot victory of Arkesilas IV of Cyrene in the 31st Pythian festival, in 466 or 462 bc (for the problem in dating Pythian victories, see above, Chapter 1). Arkesilas was also victorious in the same event at Olympia in 460 bc. The Olympic victory is not mentioned in either Pythian 4 or Pythian 5, and so may be assumed to postdate both poems (P. 5.124 is a prayer for success at Olympia).
Plato’s Cosmological Theory
Authors: Wilberding James
Published: November 2023

An understanding of Plato’s cosmology is essential to an appreciation of Plotinus’ contribution to the subject. The bulk of Plato’s natural philosophy is to be found in the Timaeus, which furnishes us with a structured basis from which we can survey Plato’s natural philosophy in its entirety, bringing in other dialogues as necessary to unfold certain heterogeneous features of his thought, as well as to corroborate the findings from the Timaeus.
Introduction: From the Ground Up
Authors: Wilson Peter
Published: November 2023

The Greek –– and above all, the Attic –– theatre is probably the single most intensively studied institution from the ancient world. And, over the last thirty years in particular, research into Classical drama as an institution of the city-state has enjoyed a spectacular regeneration and efflorescence through the application of a range of fruitful new approaches. The once largely text centred study of traditional philology and New Criticism has given way to a series of new methodologies that seek to understand dramatic texts within their many original ancient contexts. From the late 1970s performance-analysis and reconstruction pioneered by Oliver Taplin led the way, teaching us to see Classical tragedy and comedy as works for the stage rather than the study, designed for a very real live performance under the alien conditions and conventions of ancient Greek open-air, communal, religious theatre. In the 1980s and beyond the paradigm shifted to more broadly political and social contexts, largely under the influence of the so-called ‘Paris School’ of Vernant and Vidal-Naquet, with its many successors.
Dithyramb, Tragedy–– and Cyrene
Authors: Ceccarelli Paola , Milanezi Silvia
Published: November 2023

The traditional emphasis on Athens in the study of dramatic and musical performances is to some extent justified by the abundance of the documentation and the importance of theatrical activities for the cultural life of the city. Yet increasingly other localities of the ancient Greek world are receiving the attention they deserve. Still, the problems facing those intent on broadening the Athenocentric horizon are enormous. And so, any attempt to extend the geographical scope turns almost inevitably into a study in the empirical and methodological difficulties involved in writing anything like a history of dramatic culture outside Athens. Nevertheless, the fact that such interpretive eﬀorts will often have to remain hypothetical or speculative should not be considered sufficient excuse for forgetting that much was going on elsewhere in the Greek world.
The Dionysia at Iasos: Its Artists, Patrons, and Audience
Authors: Crowther Charles
Published: November 2023

Strabo illustrates his discussion of the dependence of the coastal Carian city of Iasos on its fishing grounds with a carefully constructed story of how a recital from a kitharoidos was disturbed by the bell of the fish-market which abruptly drew away the audience, except for the one man who could hear neither the performance nor the signal. The impression of an uncultured, indifferent community that could easily be deduced from Strabo’s anecdote would, however, be a misleading one. The performance interrupted by the bell was also in its way typical of the ancient city. The epigraphical corpus of Iasos has preserved a continuous record of the dramatic life of the city over the course of the second century bc and offers the contrasting picture of a community that attended tenaciously to its civic and cultural life and amenities even through adversity.
An Opisthographic Lead Tablet from Sicily with a Financial Document and a Curse Concerning choregoi *
Authors: Jordan David
Published: November 2023

Here I present a reading, from autopsy, of an unusually interesting lead tablet of the earlier fifth century from southeast Sicily, which is now in the Rare Book Room of the Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It is opisthographic, both sides inscribed in West Greek, one bearing a record, in the ‘blue’ alphabet (+ = chi), of a financial transaction that took place in the presence evidently of a proxenos, the guarantor being one Apellis. This Apellis later writes, or causes to be written, on the other side and in the earlier ‘red’ alphabet (↓ = chi), a magical curse to ensure [ineq], ‘because of his love/friendship for Eunikos’, that this Eunikos, a choregos, shall defeat other choregoi in a competition.
Introduction
Authors: Rigaud-Drayton Margaret
Published: November 2023

In 1931, Henri Michaux went East, travelling from India, to Indonesia, Japan, and China. He did not speak any of the languages spoken in the countries which he was about to visit. But he did not think that this would be an obstacle between him and the local people. He was convinced that with ‘l’homme de la rue … l’homme qui joue de la flûte et l’homme qui joue dans un théâtre, et l’homme qui danse et qui fait des gestes, j’ai ce qu’il faut pour tout comprendre … à peu près’. As soon as he set foot in India, he was forced to recognize his mistake. Indians, as it turned out, did not gesture much. How was he to understand their gestures if they refused to move? To make matters worse, his own gestures appeared to be incomprehensible to those around him. Waving his arms in a sign of impatience, he found that not only did the Indians to whom he was addressing himself not understand that he was in a hurry, but they did not seem to register that he had gestured to them.
Beginning
Authors: Fowler Alastair
Published: November 2023

A very few gifted individuals can write in one go (or say they can): they are able to sit before a blank page or screen, confidently expecting words to come, and find they do. But the rest of us, if we followed that method, would find the page still obstinately blank at the end of the writing session. For most sorts of writing, the best way to begin is not to. Or rather to have already begun in the past. If you make a big deal about the moment of beginning, it may never happen.
Paragraphs
Authors: Fowler Alastair
Published: November 2023

The paragraph is a main unit of composition, as important to the writer as the sentence or the phrase. It develops a single topic, and so has a distinct, independent unity. As a distinct passage, it begins with a new line (often indented: the new line marks a break in sense from the previous paragraph, and consequently a breathing space). It may help to think of the paragraph as a box containing a bunch of closely related ideas about the topic.
Signposts
Authors: Fowler Alastair
Published: November 2023

In a piece of any great length—say, over a thousand words—readers may need to be guided through the longer paragraphs, through the more complicated paths of argument or exposition. In short, they may need signposts. These signs or directional markers signal where to withdraw attention from one topic and view the larger picture, or where to turn to the next topic. Or they may indicate how two passages connect.
Practicalities
Authors: Fowler Alastair
Published: November 2023

Writers are generally averse to rules; when critics imposed prescriptive dogmas in the eighteenth century, the unruly free flow of Romanticism ensued. Every sort of writing pattern suits someone: some write on-screen from start to finish, while others never touch a keyboard; some write nocturnally for the silence; some don’t write at all for months and then produce a book in a few manic days, regardless of their surroundings.