bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le jugement en matière de lésion de droits de la Chambre de la jeunesse : où en sommes-nous ?
Authors: Papillon Sophie
Published: July 2015

Peu de jugements en matière de lésion de droits sont prononcés chaque année par la Chambre de la jeunesse depuis l’adoption de la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse (LPJ). Malgré cela, les lésions de droits demeurent. Considérant que le respect des droits de l’enfant est un élément important de la LPJ, étant étroitement lié à son objectif, l’auteure se penche sur ce type de jugements en analysant la jurisprudence de la dernière décennie et en apportant quelques éléments de réflexion. En premier lieu, elle propose un retour sur la notion de lésion de droits et sur les recours possibles. En second lieu, elle aborde la jurisprudence récente en se concentrant sur les droits déclarés lésés, les moyens de défense et les mesures correctrices. L’auteure soulève au passage des problématiques, apporte des nuances et tente de clarifier certaines obligations des acteurs visés. Une interprétation large et libérale en matière de lésion de droits est généralement proposée, notamment lorsqu’il est question des réparations.
L’application du droit dans un contexte global : questions de méthode
Authors: Bergé Jean-Sylvestre
Published: July 2015

Cet article s’inscrit dans la continuité d’une recherche menée autour du thème de l’application du droit dans un contexte national, international et européen. Deux ans et demi après l’achèvement de ce travail, nous voudrions reformuler notre hypothèse pour essayer de rendre compte du double déplacement qu’implique une recherche de ce type. Il s’agit, en effet, d’examiner, non de nouvelles façons de définir le droit et les systèmes juridiques, mais bien les manières pour le juriste de faire application du droit dans des contextes différents.
The acinar differentiation determinant PTF1A inhibits initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Krah Nathan M , De La O Jean-Paul , Swift Galvin H , Hoang Chinh Q , Willet Spencer G , Chen Pan Fong , Cash Gabriela M , Bronner Mary P , Wright Christopher VE , MacDonald Raymond J , Murtaugh L Charles
Published: July 2015

Understanding the initiation and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) may provide therapeutic strategies for this deadly disease. Recently, we and others made the surprising finding that PDAC and its preinvasive precursors, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), arise via reprogramming of mature acinar cells. We therefore hypothesized that the master regulator of acinar differentiation, PTF1A, could play a central role in suppressing PDAC initiation. In this study, we demonstrate that PTF1A expression is lost in both mouse and human PanINs, and that this downregulation is functionally imperative in mice for acinar reprogramming by oncogenic KRAS. Loss ofPtf1aalone is sufficient to induce acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, potentiate inflammation, and induce a KRAS-permissive, PDAC-like gene expression profile. As a result,Ptf1a-deficient acinar cells are dramatically sensitized to KRAS transformation, and reducedPtf1agreatly accelerates development of invasive PDAC. Together, these data indicate that cell differentiation regulators constitute a new tumor suppressive mechanism in the pancreas.
Right‐handed circularly polarized dispersive Alfvén wave: Localization and turbulence in solar wind
Authors: Sharma R. P. , Sharma Swati , Gaur Nidhi
Published: July 2015

The elucidation of the turbulent spectrum in the solar wind region in the dispersive range of scales is not yet completely established. The observational analysis of many spacecraft report that the fluctuations on the order of (or smaller scales) proton inertial length λi = c/ω p i show disparity with respect to the large‐scale fluctuations. We present a parallel‐propagating dispersive Alfvén wave that becomes dispersive as a result of the finite frequency of the wave, when subjected to transverse instability can be used to study the steepening in power spectrum around proton inertial length. The transverse density perturbations of acoustic wave can couple nonlinearly with parallel‐propagating pump and the driven ponderomotive force consecutively leads to growth of perturbations. We have studied the evolution of localized structures with time and the power spectral density when the system reaches quasi steady state. The application of the results in the solar wind turbulence is also discussed.
Plasma density undulations correlated with thermospheric neutral mass density in the daytime low‐latitude to midlatitude topside ionosphere
Authors: Park Jaeheung , Lühr Hermann , Nishioka Michi , Kwak Young‐Sil
Published: July 2015

Plasma density undulations in the dayside low‐latitude/midlatitude ionospheric F region were often attributed to thermospheric gravity waves (TGWs). However, the relationship between the former and the latter has been at best indirectly evidenced. In this study we investigate daytime fluctuations in neutral mass density (ρ) and plasma density (ne) measured onboard CHAMP from 2001 to 2010. A significant amount of daytime fluctuations in ne is strongly correlated with in situ fluctuations of ρ, which we term “TGW‐related ne fluctuations.” The TGW‐related ne fluctuations are (1) stronger in the winter hemisphere than in the summer hemisphere and (2) strongest in the South American sector during June solstice months. These climatological features are in general agreement with those of TGWs reported previously, especially at midlatitudes. On the other hand, the relative amplitude of TGW‐related ne fluctuations does not depend strongly on solar activity.
Bacteroidetes phyl. nov.
Authors: Krieg Noel R. , Ludwig Wolfgang , Euzéby Jean P. , Whitman William B.
Published: July 2015

Bac.te.ro.i.de'tes. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Bacteroidales
type order of the phylum; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Bacteroidetes
the phylum of
Bacteroidales
.

Bacteroidetes
Chlamydiae
Authors: Horn Matthias
Published: July 2015

Chla.my.di'ae. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Chlamydiales
type order of the phylum; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Chlamydiae
the phylum of the order
Chlamydiales
.

Chlamydiae
Dictyoglomi phyl. nov.
Authors: Patel Bharat K. C.
Published: July 2015

Dic'ty.o.glo'mi. N.L. n.
Dictyoglomus
type genus of the type order of the phylum; −
i
ending to denote phylum; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Dictyoglomi
the phylum of the order
Dictyoglomales
.

Dictyoglomi
Lentisphaerae
Authors: Hedlund Brian P. , Cho Jang‐Cheon , Derrien Muriel , Costa Kyle C.
Published: July 2015

Len.ti.spha.e'rae. N.L. fem. n.
Lentisphaera
type genus of the type order of the phylum; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Lentisphaerae
phylum of the genus
Lentisphaera
.
Lentisphaerae
the phylum of bacteria having 16S rRNA gene sequences related to those of members of the
Lentisphaerales
.

Lentisphaerae
Verrucomicrobia phyl. nov.
Authors: Hedlund Brian P.
Published: July 2015

Ver.ru'co.mi.cro'bi.a. N.L. fem. pl. n.
Verrucomicobiales
type order of the phylum; N.L. neut. pl. n.
Verrucomicrobia
the
Verrucomicrobiales
phylum.

Verrucomicrobia
After Architects: A Vision of the Near Future from SHoP
Authors: Nobel Philip
Published: July 2015

Architectural author and Editorial Director of SHoP Architects Philip Nobelevokes a vision of what it will be like to be an architect in 2050, when ‘architect’ has become an archaic term and building types, such as ‘tower’ and ‘bridge’, have become misnomers. This is a world in which architects just ‘build’, as rich datasets trigger robots to construct ‘with the flick of a wrist’, and political differences between urban powers have been set aside for the sake of ‘civic contraction’ so that conjoined cities might persist with the aim of long‐term survival.
Her, With the Hammer: A Mother's Letter to Her Daughter
Authors: Pilloton Emily
Published: July 2015

Trained as an architect, Emily Pilloton is the founder of Project H, a non‐profit that runs a design‐build high‐school programme in California. Here, through her functional protagonist Agustina, she imagines a future of female self‐build self‐reliance.
The Street As Platform: How Digital Dynamics Shape the Physical City
Authors: Hill Dan
Published: July 2015

What might be the long‐term ramifications of the smart city and big‐data‐driven algorithms on physical urban space? Designer and urbanist Dan Hill, Executive Director and Chief Design Officer of the UK innovation agency Future Cities Catapult, fast‐forwards to 2050, taking the opportunity to imagine the physical reality of ‘the street’ in an age of eerie silence, drones and lush foliage.
Sentient Futures: The Hydra Trilogy by Future Cities Lab
Authors: Gattegno Nataly , Johnson Jason Kelly
Published: July 2015

Nataly Gattegno and Jason Kelly Johnson, the founding principals of San Francisco‐based Future Cities Lab, conjure up a vision of the parched, forever thirsty California of 2050, beset by water scarcity and the extinction of its natural species.
Interdependence: A Manifesto for Our Urban Future, Together
Authors: Gansky Lisa
Published: July 2015

Social media and online collaboration has enabled a greater level of connectedness, heralding a new era of belonging or global community through person‐to‐person collectivity. Entrepreneur and innovation adviser Lisa Gansky, Chief Instigator of Mesh Labs and the Instigator Collective, anticipates the impact of enhanced technology‐enabled interdependence on the future life of our cities.
Bricked House: How Code and Law Can Lock You Out
Authors: Steenson Molly Wright
Published: July 2015

Could we be unwittingly divesting too much control in technology? In so doing, could we be sleepwalking into a future in which our personal assets are no longer ours, but all too easily relinquished by the bank or mortgage company? Molly Wright Steenson, an assistant professor in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison, thinks so. She evokes an arresting vision of a close future in which our smartphones and the operating systems integrated within our cars and homes become our friend‐enemy, immediately locking us out when they are no longer programmed to respond directly to our touch.
Looking Back on a Radical Idea: The Buranest Cooperative Rural New Town, Amhara, Ethiopia
Authors: Oswald Franz
Published: July 2015

Does the megacity have to inevitably represent the urban future? Could the seemingly onward march of rapid and large‐scale urbanisation in fact be interceded by 2050 with the development of more, smaller local towns? Architect and Professor Emeritus at ETH Zurich Franz Oswald is the founding president of the New Ethiopian Sustainable Town (NESTown). He describes here how he and a small group of Ethiopian and Swiss professionals intervened in 2010 in urban migration by founding the new farming community of Buranest in the Amhara region of Ethiopia, and what the impact of this invention might be 35 years hence.
The Generous City
Authors: Benyus Janine
Published: July 2015

Author and biologist Janine Benyus is co‐founder of Biomimicry 3.8, an innovation consultancy that brings brilliant ideas – informed by millions of years of evolution – to the design table. Here she envisages the urban environment in 2050, as one that is as generous as the natural forest expelling clean air and purified water.
To a Curator of Beautiful and Healthy Lives: A Note to Myself
Authors: Kang DaeWha
Published: July 2015

How might architectural thinking and processes shift over the next 35 years? How might the architect's role be redefined with shifting ethical values? Could the architect be viewed as less of a design professional and more of a curator engaged in the development of healthy holistic environments, catering for all of society's needs? DaeWha Kang, an architect from 2050, writes to his earlier self, critiquing the work that he undertook in independent practice and as a design director at Zaha Hadid Architects in the mid‐2010s. He describes how his design methodologies have evolved in the intervening years.
Enhanced Strengthening in Ultrafine‐Grained Al–Mg–Si Alloys Produced via ECAP with Parallel Channels
Authors: Bobruk Elena Vladimirovna , Kazykhanov Vil Uzbekovich , Murashkin Maxim Yurievich , Valiev Ruslan Zufarovich
Published: July 2015

This paper investigates a dynamic aging effect induced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) and subsequent artificial aging on structure and mechanical properties of aluminum Al–Mg–Si alloys. Application of optimal processing parameters of SPD via equal‐channel angular pressing with parallel channels and subsequent artificial aging ensures simultaneous enhancement of strength and ductility in the processed alloys. Ultrafine‐grained microstructures with strengthening metastable β′ and β″ precipitates generated during SPD processing and subsequent artificial aging provide enhanced strength due to significant grain boundary hardening and precipitation hardening.
Synthesis of Nanoporous Gold Tubes
Authors: Juarez Theresa , Hodge Andrea M.
Published: July 2015

Hierarchical materials with tailored features provide promising structures for applications requiring light‐weight, yet strong, materials. In this study, a method for synthesizing nanoporous gold tubes as a hierarchical structure is presented. Samples are fabricated via electrodeposition, homogenization, and dealloying to generate a random porous network in the tube wall. Electrodeposition parameters are optimized by using a reverse pulse current setup. As‐prepared tubes exhibit a ligament diameter of approximately 45 nm and the hierarchy of the tubes is further altered by controlling the ligament size through heat treatments.
Temporally Tunable, Enzymatically Responsive Delivery of Proangiogenic Peptides from Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels
Authors: Van Hove Amy H. , Antonienko Erin , Burke Kathleen , Brown Edward , Benoit Danielle S. W.
Published: July 2015

Proangiogenic drugs hold great potential to promote reperfusion of ischemic tissues and in tissue engineering applications, but efficacy is limited by poor targeting and short half‐lives. Methods to control release duration or provide enzymatically responsive drug delivery have independently improved drug efficacy. However, no material has been developed to temporally control the rate of enzymatically responsive drug release. To address this void, hydrogels are developed to provide sustained, tunable release of Qk, a proangiogenic peptide mimic of vascular endothelial growth factor, via tissue‐specific enzymatic activity. After confirmation that sustained delivery of Qk is necessary for proangiogenic effects, a variety of previously identified matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐degradable linkers are used to tether Qk to hydrogels. Of these, three (IPES↓LRAG, GPQG↓IWGQ, and VPLS↓LYSG) show MMP‐responsive peptide release. These linkers provide tunable Qk release kinetics, with rates ranging from 1.64 to 19.9 × 10−3 h−1 in vitro and 4.82 to 8.94 × 10−3 h−1 in vivo. While Qk is confirmed to be bioactive as released, hydrogels releasing Qk fail to induce significant vascularization in vivo after one week, likely due to the use of nonenzymatically degradable hydrogels. While Qk is the focus of this study, the approach could easily be adapted to control the delivery of a variety of therapeutic molecules.
Cooperatives’ Organizational Restructuring, Strategic Attributes, and Performance: The Case of Agribusiness Cooperatives in Greece
Authors: Benos Theo , Kalogeras Nikos , Verhees Frans J.H.M. , Sergaki Panagiota , Pennings Joost M.E.
Published: July 2015

We develop a classification of traditional versus restructured cooperative organizational attributes based on an inductive approach. Using this classification and integrating concepts from the business literature (i.e., market and brand orientation), we hypothesize three types of relationships: (a) the influence of organizational attributes, i.e., ownership, control and cost/benefit allocation, on organizational performance; (b) the influence of strategic, i.e., market and brand orientation, attributes on organizational performance, and (c) the influence of organizational attributes on market orientation. We examine these relationships empirically in two studies. In study 1, using data from 114 agribusiness cooperatives, we demonstrate that strategic attributes have a greater influence on organizational performance than organizational attributes. In study 2, we replicate the design from study 1, i.e., tracking attribute scores over time, with a subsample of 25 cooperatives 4 years later. This second study generally confirms the findings of study 1. Taken together, the results suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on strategic attributes both in the literature and in practice.
Proportional recovery after stroke depends on corticomotor integrity
Authors: Byblow Winston D. , Stinear Cathy M. , Barber P. Alan , Petoe Matthew A. , Ackerley Suzanne J.
Published: July 2015

Objective

For most patients, resolution of upper limb impairment during the first 6 months poststroke is 70% of the maximum possible. We sought to identify candidate mechanisms of this proportional recovery. We hypothesized that proportional resolution of upper limb impairment depends on ipsilesional corticomotor pathway function, is mirrored by proportional recovery of excitability in this pathway, and is unaffected by upper limb therapy dose.

Methods

Upper limb impairment was measured in 93 patients at 2, 6, 12, and 26 weeks after first‐ever ischemic stroke. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and motor threshold were recorded from extensor carpi radialis using transcranial magnetic stimulation, and fractional anisotropy (FA) in the posterior limbs of the internal capsules was determined with diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

Initial impairment score, presence of MEPs and FA asymmetry were the only predictors of impairment resolution, indicating a key role for corticomotor tract function. By 12 weeks, upper limb impairment resolved by 70% in patients with MEPs regardless of their initial impairment, and ipsilesional rest motor threshold also resolved by 70%. Resolution of impairment was insensitive to upper limb therapy dose.

Interpretation

These findings indicate that upper limb impairment resolves by 70% of the maximum possible, regardless of initial impairment, but only for patients with intact corticomotor function. Impairment resolution seems to reflect spontaneous neurobiological processes that involve the ipsilesional corticomotor pathway. A better understanding of these mechanisms could lead to interventions that increase resolution of impairment above 70%. Ann Neurol 2015;78:848–859
Time to endovascular reperfusion and degree of disability in acute stroke
Authors: Sheth Sunil A. , Jahan Reza , Gralla Jan , Pereira Vitor M. , Nogueira Raul G. , Levy Elad I. , Zaidat Osama O. , Saver Jeffrey L. ,   for the SWIFT‐STAR Trialists
Published: July 2015

Objective

Faster time from onset to recanalization (OTR) in acute ischemic stroke using endovascular therapy (ET) has been associated with better outcome. However, previous studies were based on less‐effective first‐generation devices, and analyzed only dichotomized disability outcomes, which may underestimate the full effect of treatment.

Methods

In the combined databases of the SWIFT and STAR trials, we identified patients treated with the Solitaire stent retriever with achievement of substantial reperfusion (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction [TICI] 2b–3). Ordinal numbers needed to treat values were derived by populating joint outcome tables.

Results

Among 202 patients treated with ET with TICI 2b to 3 reperfusion, mean age was 68 (±13), 62% were female, and median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 17 (interquartile range [IQR]: 14–20). Day 90 modified Rankin Scale (mRS) outcomes for OTR time intervals ranging from 180 to 480 minutes showed substantial time‐related reductions in disability across the entire outcome range. Shorter OTR was associated with improved mean 90‐day mRS (1.4 vs. 2.4 vs. 3.3, for OTR groups of 124‐240 vs. 241‐360 vs. 361‐660 minutes; p < 0.001). The number of patients identified as benefitting from therapy with shorter OTR were 3‐fold (range, 1.5–4.7) higher on ordinal, compared with dichotomized analysis. For every 15‐minute acceleration of OTR, 34 per 1,000 treated patients had improved disability outcome.

Interpretation

Analysis of disability over the entire outcome range demonstrates a marked effect of shorter time to reperfusion upon improved clinical outcome, substantially higher than binary metrics. For every 5‐minute delay in endovascular reperfusion, 1 of 100 patients has a worse disability outcome. Ann Neurol 2015;78:584–593
Crystallization kinetics of thermoplastic elastomeric blends based on ground tyre rubber
Authors: Lima Paulo S. , Oliveira José M. , Costa Vítor A. F.
Published: July 2015

This work analyzes the crystallization process of thermoplastic elastomeric blends (TPE) based on ground tyre rubber (GTR). More specifically it analyzes the effect of GTR and fresh rubber materials, like ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), on the crystallization of binary and ternary polypropylene (PP)‐based blends. The crystallization kinetics is studied under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The kinetic parameters derived from the Avrami model are used to study the effect of temperature and rubber materials on the nucleation mechanism, the morphology of the crystalline structures, and the crystallization rate. Results reveal that GTR has a strong nucleating effect on PP and that its presence leads to higher crystallization rates. The EPDM presence has a slight effect on the PP crystallization process whereas EPR has no significant effect. From the DSC curves it is possible to detect an inverse relationship between temperature and the crystallization rate. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42589.
Drug‐loaded microparticles prepared by the one‐step deposition of calcium carbonate/alginate onto cotton fabrics
Authors: Wu Huan‐Ling , Hou Xiao‐Xiao , Branford‐White Christopher , Sun Xiao‐Zhu , Tao Lei , Um‐I‐Zahra Syeda , Zhu Li‐Min
Published: July 2015

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)/alginate inorganic–organic hybrid particles were synthesized and deposited on to the surface of cotton fabrics with a novel one‐step procedure. The effects of the Ca2+/CO32−/alginate molar ratio on the cotton matrix were investigated. The optimization of the process resulted in a regular shaped hybrid microparticles, and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the particles were uniformly distributed on the surface of the fibers. Dynamic light scattering showed that the particles were about 2 μm in diameter. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy images demonstrated that the core–shell structure of the particles existed along with CaCO3 evenly enfolded into the alginate layer. An X‐ray diffraction pattern displayed that the alginate/CaCO3 hybrid microparticles were a mixture of calcite and vaterite crystal. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that CaCO3/alginate hybrid particles formed in situ were the only deposited materials. The thermogravimetric analysis curve indicated a certain mass ratio of the alginate and CaCO3 in the hybrid particles. Furthermore, the drug‐loading and drug‐release properties of the hybrid microspheres were studied, and the results show that the water‐soluble diclofenac sodium could be effectively loaded in the hybrid microparticles and the drug release could be effectively sustained. Finally, both of the microparticles and modified fabrics had good cytocompatibility. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42618.
Prioritizing localized management actions for seagrass conservation and restoration using a species distribution model
Authors: Adams Matthew P. , Saunders Megan I. , Maxwell Paul S. , Tuazon Daniel , Roelfsema Chris M. , Callaghan David P. , Leon Javier , Grinham Alistair R. , O'Brien Katherine R.
Published: July 2015

Seagrass habitat is globally threatened from the cumulative impact of human activities on coastal ecosystems. Successful conservation and restoration of seagrass requires knowledge of the environmental factors that limit seagrass presence; however, quantifying the relative importance of these environmental factors is a significant challenge.

To resolve this issue, a species distribution model (SDM) for seagrass was constructed from a range of data collected at different spatial and temporal resolutions in Moreton Bay, Australia. Mean annual benthic light availability, significant wave height, and sediment settling time (calculated from sediment size distribution) were the environmental factors predicting seagrass presence in the model, which was calibrated and validated using maps of seagrass cover from 2004 and 2011, respectively.

The SDM correctly classified seagrass presence/absence in 85% of cases for calibration to 2004 data and 88% of cases for validation to 2011 data.

Application of the SDM to 12 regions of 10–100 km2 size within the study area demonstrated that the environmental factors limiting seagrass presence (i.e. either threatening seagrass that is present or hindering its colonization if seagrass is absent) varied substantially between these regions. For example, seagrass presence in the regions Waterloo Bay and Central West was predicted to be limited by their high mud content, while in the region Deception Bay South, light availability was the major limiting factor.

The results demonstrate that SDMs need to be developed on a sufficiently broad scale to capture significant variability in environmental conditions. These models can then be applied at finer scales to assess management options based on the local environmental conditions.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multidimensional assessment of scholarly research impact
Authors: Moed Henk F. , Halevi Gali
Published: July 2015

This article introduces the Multidimensional Research Assessment Matrix of scientific output. Its base notion holds that the choice of metrics to be applied in a research assessment process depends on the unit of assessment, the research dimension to be assessed, and the purposes and policy context of the assessment. An indicator may by highly useful within one assessment process, but less so in another. For instance, publication counts are useful tools to help discriminate between those staff members who are research active, and those who are not, but are of little value if active scientists are to be compared with one another according to their research performance. This paper gives a systematic account of the potential usefulness and limitations of a set of 10 important metrics, including altmetrics, applied at the level of individual articles, individual researchers, research groups, and institutions. It presents a typology of research impact dimensions and indicates which metrics are the most appropriate to measure each dimension. It introduces the concept of a “meta‐analysis” of the units under assessment in which metrics are not used as tools to evaluate individual units, but to reach policy inferences regarding the objectives and general setup of an assessment process.
Disciplinary knowledge production and diffusion in science
Authors: Yan Erjia
Published: July 2015

This study examines patterns of dynamic disciplinary knowledge production and diffusion. It uses a citation data set of Scopus‐indexed journals and proceedings. The journal‐level citation data set is aggregated into 27 subject areas and these subjects are selected as the unit of analysis. A 3‐step approach is employed: the first step examines disciplines' citation characteristics through scientific trading dimensions; the second step analyzes citation flows between pairs of disciplines; and the third step uses egocentric citation networks to assess individual disciplines' citation flow diversity throughShannon entropy. The results show that measured by scientific impact, the subjects ofChemicalEngineering,Energy, andEnvironmentalScience have the fastest growth. Furthermore, most subjects are carrying out more diversified knowledge trading practices by importing higher volumes of knowledge from a greater number of subjects. The study also finds that the growth rates of disciplinary citations align with the growth rates of global research and development (R&D) expenditures, thus providing evidence to support the impact ofR&Dexpenditures on knowledge production.
A Prospective Ultrasound Study of Prenatal Growth in Infant Siblings of Children With Autism
Authors: Unwin Lisa M. , Maybery Murray T. , Murphy Anthony , Lilje Wendy , Bellesini Michelle , Hunt Anna M. , Granich Joanna , Jacoby Peter , Dissanayake Cheryl , Pennell Craig E. , Hickey Martha , Whitehouse Andrew J.O.
Published: July 2015

Numerous studies have observed that a proportion of infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience accelerated head growth during the first years of life. An emerging methodology for examining the developmental trajectory prior to a diagnosis of ASD is to investigate siblings of affected individuals. The current study is the first prospective investigation of fetal growth in siblings of children with ASD. Two groups of pregnant women were recruited as part of the PRegnancy Investigation of Siblings and Mothers of children with autism cohort in Perth, Western Australia. The “high risk” group (n = 23) comprised pregnant women who have an existing child with a diagnosis of ASD and the “low risk” group (n = 36) comprised pregnant mothers who have an existing child who has developed typically. Prenatal ultrasounds were procured at multiple time‐points throughout the second‐ and third‐trimesters, enabling an examination of growth trajectories. Growth measurements were then compared for the high‐ and low‐risk fetuses. Mixed linear regression models identified no significant differences between the high‐ and low‐risk fetuses in the rate of prenatal head and body growth throughout the second‐ and third‐trimester (all P‐values >0.05). Similarly, there were no significant differences observed when comparing high and low risk groups on a ratio of head circumference relative to body size (β = −0.019, P = 0.75). Future studies may consider looking beyond the macro architecture of the prenatal brain and examine the growth of brain subregions that have been implicated in the presentation of ASD symptoms. Autism Res 2016, 9: 210–216. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bayesian semiparametric analysis of recurrent failure time data using copulas
Authors: Meyer Renate , Romeo Jose S.
Published: July 2015

The analysis of recurrent event data is of particular importance in medical statistics where patients suffering from chronic diseases often present with multiple recurring relapses or cancer patients experience several tumor recurrences. Whereas individual subjects can be assumed to be independent, the times between events of one subject are neither independent nor identically distributed. Apart from the marginal approach by Wei et al. (), the shared frailty model, see for example Duchateau and Janssen (), has been used extensively to analyze recurrent event data, where the correlation between sequential times is implicitly taken into account via a random effect. Oakes () and Romeo et al. () showed and exemplified the equivalence of frailty models for bivariate survival data to Archimedean copulas. Despite the fact that copula‐based models have been used to model parallel survival data, their application to recurrent failure time data has only recently been suggested by Lawless and Yilmaz () for the bivariate case. Here, we extend this to more than two recurrent events and model the joint distribution of recurrent events explicitly using parametric copulas within a Bayesian framework. This framework allows for parametric as well as a nonparametric modeling of the marginal baseline hazards and models the influence of covariates on the marginals via a proportional hazards assumption. Furthermore, the parameters of the copula may also depend on the covariates. We illustrate the flexibility of this approach using data from an asthma prevention trial in young children.
Analysis of interval‐censored recurrent event processes subject to resolution
Authors: Shen Hua , Cook Richard J.
Published: July 2015

Interval‐censored recurrent event data arise when the event of interest is not readily observed but the cumulative event count can be recorded at periodic assessment times. In some settings, chronic disease processes may resolve, and individuals will cease to be at risk of events at the time of disease resolution. We develop an expectation‐maximization algorithm for fitting a dynamic mover‐stayer model to interval‐censored recurrent event data under a Markov model with a piecewise‐constant baseline rate function given a latent process. The model is motivated by settings in which the event times and the resolution time of the disease process are unobserved. The likelihood and algorithm are shown to yield estimators with small empirical bias in simulation studies. Data are analyzed on the cumulative number of damaged joints in patients with psoriatic arthritis where individuals experience disease remission.
Glycoengineering of Chinese hamster ovary cells for enhanced erythropoietin N‐glycan branching and sialylation
Authors: Yin Bojiao , Gao Yuan , Chung Cheng‐yu , Yang Shuang , Blake Emily , Stuczynski Mark C. , Tang Juechun , Kildegaard Helene F. , Andersen Mikael R. , Zhang Hui , Betenbaugh Michael J.
Published: July 2015

Sialic acid, a terminal residue on complex N‐glycans, and branching or antennarity can play key roles in both the biological activity and circulatory lifetime of recombinant glycoproteins of therapeutic interest. In order to examine the impact of glycosyltransferase expression on the N‐glycosylation of recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO), a human α2,6‐sialyltransferase (ST6Gal1) was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO‐K1) cells. Sialylation increased on both EPO and CHO cellular proteins as observed by SNA lectin analysis, and HPLC profiling revealed that the sialic acid content of total glycans on EPO increased by 26%. The increase in sialic acid content was further verified by detailed profiling of the N‐glycan structures using mass spectra (MS) analysis. In order to enhance antennarity/branching, UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine: α‐1,3‐D‐mannoside β1,4‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnTIV/Mgat4) and UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine:α‐1,6‐D‐mannoside β1,6‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnTV/Mgat5), was incorporated into CHO‐K1 together with ST6Gal1. Tri‐ and tetraantennary N‐glycans represented approximately 92% of the total N‐glycans on the resulting EPO as measured using MS analysis. Furthermore, sialic acid content of rEPO from these engineered cells was increased ∼45% higher with tetra‐sialylation accounting for ∼10% of total sugar chains compared to ∼3% for the wild‐type parental CHO‐K1. In this way, coordinated overexpression of these three glycosyltransferases for the first time in model CHO‐K1 cell lines provides a mean for enhancing both N‐glycan branching complexity and sialylation with opportunities to generate tailored complex N‐glycan structures on therapeutic glycoproteins in the future. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2343–2351. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Continuous downstream processing for high value biological products: A Review
Authors: Zydney Andrew L.
Published: July 2015

There is growing interest in the possibility of developing truly continuous processes for the large‐scale production of high value biological products. Continuous processing has the potential to provide significant reductions in cost and facility size while improving product quality and facilitating the design of flexible multi‐product manufacturing facilities. This paper reviews the current state‐of‐the‐art in separations technology suitable for continuous downstream bioprocessing, focusing on unit operations that would be most appropriate for the production of secreted proteins like monoclonal antibodies. This includes cell separation/recycle from the perfusion bioreactor, initial product recovery (capture), product purification (polishing), and formulation. Of particular importance are the available options, and alternatives, for continuous chromatographic separations. Although there are still significant challenges in developing integrated continuous bioprocesses, recent technological advances have provided process developers with a number of attractive options for development of truly continuous bioprocessing operations. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 465–475. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Continuous cyclohexane oxidation to cyclohexanol using a novel cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Acidovorax sp. CHX100 in recombinant P. taiwanensis VLB120 biofilms
Authors: Karande Rohan , Debor Linde , Salamanca Diego , Bogdahn Fabian , Engesser Karl‐Heinrich , Buehler Katja , Schmid Andreas
Published: July 2015

The applications of biocatalysts in chemical industries are characterized by activity, selectivity, and stability. One key strategy to achieve high biocatalytic activity is the identification of novel enzymes with kinetics optimized for organic synthesis by Nature. The isolation of novel cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes from Acidovorax sp. CHX100 and their functional expression in recombinant Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 enabled efficient oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol. Although initial resting cell activities of 20 U gCDW−1 were achieved, the rapid decrease in catalytic activity due to the toxicity of cyclohexane prevented synthetic applications. Cyclohexane toxicity was reduced and cellular activities stabilized over the reaction time by delivering the toxic substrate through the vapor phase and by balancing the aqueous phase mass transfer with the cellular conversion rate. The potential of this novel CYP enzyme was exploited by transferring the shake flask reaction to an aqueous‐air segmented flow biofilm membrane reactor for maximizing productivity. Cyclohexane was continuously delivered via the silicone membrane. This ensured lower reactant toxicity and continuous product formation at an average volumetric productivity of 0.4 g Ltube−1 h−1 for several days. This highlights the potential of combining a powerful catalyst with a beneficial reactor design to overcome critical issues of cyclohexane oxidation to cyclohexanol. It opens new opportunities for biocatalytic transformations of compounds which are toxic, volatile, and have low solubility in water. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 52–61. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Directing positional specificity in enzymatic synthesis of bioactive 1‐phosphatidylinositol by protein engineering of a phospholipase D
Authors: Damnjanović Jasmina , Kuroiwa Chisato , Tanaka Hidetoshi , Ishida Ken , Nakano Hideo , Iwasaki Yugo
Published: July 2015

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) holds a potential of becoming an important dietary supplement due to its effects on lipid metabolism in animals and humans manifested as a decrease of the blood cholesterol and lipids, and relief of the metabolic syndrome. To establish an efficient, enzymatic system for PI production from phosphatidylcholine and myo‐inositol as an alcohol acceptor, our previous study started with the wild‐type Streptomyces antibioticus phospholipase D (SaPLD) as a template for generation of PI‐synthesizing variants by saturation mutagenesis targeting positions involved in acceptor accommodation, W187, Y191, and Y385. The isolated variants generated PI as a mixture of positional isomers, among which only 1‐PI exists in nature. Thus, the current study has focused to improve positional specificity of W187N/Y191Y/Y385R SaPLD (NYR) which generates PI as a mixture of 1‐PI and 3‐PI in the ratio of 76/24, by subjecting four residues of its acceptor‐binding site to saturation mutagenesis. Subsequent screening pointed at NYR‐186T and NYR‐186L as the most improved variants producing PI with a ratio of 1‐/3‐PI = 93/7 and 87/13, respectively, at 37°C. Lowering the reaction temperature further improved the specificity of both variants to 1‐/3‐PI > 97/3 at 20°C with no change in total PI yield. Structure model analyses imply that G186T and G186L mutations increased rigidity of the acceptor‐binding site, thus limiting the possible orientations of myo‐inositol. The two newly isolated PLDs are promising for future application in large‐scale 1‐PI production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 62–71. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Limitation of thiamine pyrophosphate supply to growing Escherichia coli switches metabolism to efficient d‐lactate formation
Authors: Tian Kangming , Niu Dandan , Liu Xiaoguang , Prior Bernard A. , Zhou Li , Lu Fuping , Singh Suren , Wang Zhengxiang
Published: July 2015

Efficient production of d‐lactate by engineered Escherichia coli entails balancing cell growth and product synthesis. To develop a metabolic switch to implement a desirable transition from cell growth to product fermentation, a thiamine auxotroph B0013‐080A was constructed in a highly efficient d‐lactate producer E. coli strain B0013‐070. This was achieved by inactivation of thiE, a gene encoding a thiamine phosphate synthase for biosynthesis of thiamine monophosphate. The resultant mutant B0013‐080A failed to grow on the medium in the absence of thiamine yet growth was restored when exogenous thiamine was provided. A linear relationship between cell mass formation and amount of thiamine supplemented was mathematically determined in a shake flask experiment and confirmed in a 7‐L bioreactor system. This calculation revealed that ∼95–96 thiamine molecules per cell were required to satisfy cell growth. This relationship was employed to develop a novel fermentation process for d‐lactate production by using thiamine as a limiting condition. A d‐lactate productivity of 4.11 g · L−1 · h−1 from glycerol under microaerobic condition and 3.66 g · L−1 · h−1 from glucose under anaerobic condition was achieved which is 19.1% and 10.2% higher respectively than the parental strain. These results revealed a convenient and reliable method to control cell growth and improve d‐lactate fermentation. This control strategy could be applied to other biotechnological processes that require optimal allocation of carbon between cell growth and product formation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 182–188. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tell Me Everything You Discussed: Children's Memory for Dyadic Conversations after a 1‐Week or a 3‐Week Delay
Authors: Lawson Monica , London Kamala
Published: July 2015

In child abuse investigations, children are often asked to recount previous conversations related to the allegations (i.e., “conversational testimony”). To explore children's ability to provide conversational testimony, we staged a semi‐structured novel dyadic conversation between an adult researcher and 8‐year‐old children (n = 90). Children's gist recall and recognition memory for their own statements, their conversational partner's statements, and question–answer pairs were tested after either a 1‐week or a 3‐week delay. The results revealed that children recounted a minority of the conversation, although children recalled more after a short delay (7%) than after a long delay (4%). A majority of children's free recall statements were accurate (68%); however, approximately one‐third of their free recall statements were incorrect. Children almost exclusively recounted their own statements, and rarely recalled any of the adult's statements or the question–answer pairs during free recall. Reports of the adult's statements and question–answer pairs increased with cued recall questioning, but remained minimal. During recognition testing, children were able to distinguish between true and false recognition items for their own statements and the adult's statements, but performed at chance level on recognition items concerning question–answer pairs. Forensic implications of the results are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) signalling in cancer: rapidly emerging signalling landscape
Authors: Farooqi Ammad Ahmad , Siddik Zahid H.
Published: July 2015

Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐mediated signalling has emerged as one of the most extensively and deeply studied biological mechanism reported to be involved in regulation of growth and survival of different cell types. However, overwhelmingly increasing scientific evidence is also emphasizing on dysregulation of spatio‐temporally controlled PDGF‐induced signalling as a basis for cancer development. We partition this multi‐component review into recently developing understanding of dysregulation PDGF signalling in different cancers, how PDGF receptors are quantitatively controlled by microRNAs. Moreover, we also summarize most recent advancements in therapeutic targeting of PDGFR as evidenced by preclinical studies. Better understanding of the PDGF‐induced intracellular signalling in different cancers will be helpful in catalysing the transition from a segmented view of cancer biology to a conceptual continuum.
How many object colors can we distinguish?
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G.
Published: July 2015

The question of how many different colors humans can perceive has been of interest to philosophers, psychologists and color scientists for centuries. In recent years the question of the number of distinguishable object color stimuli has been addressed by color scientists by defining a distinguishable color as a given stimulus surrounded by the contour of stimuli just noticeably different from the central stimulus. For a particular set of conditions the number of distinguishable object color stimuli assessed in this manner has recently been found to be slightly larger than 2 million. In this article an argument is made that the related rules are arbitrary and unnecessarily limiting. Based on logical arguments and experimental just noticeable difference data it is shown that, for the conditions involved, a more realistic if conservative number of distinguishable object color stimuli is ∼40 million. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 439–444, 2016
Synthesis and crystal growth of microcrystals of the cubic and new orthorhombic polymorphs of (NH4)2SnCl6
Authors: Podsiadlo Slawomir , Weisbrod Grzegorz , Bialoglowski Maciej , Jastrzebski Daniel , Fadaghi Mohammad , Ostrowski Andrzej
Published: July 2015

Ammonium hexachlorostannate single crystals were obtained from gas phase of decomposition products of SnCl4·5NH3 formed in reaction of liquid tin(IV) chloride with gaseous ammonia. The crystals of both cubic (NH4)2SnCl6, obtained hitherto only by crystallization from solution, and of the formerly unknown orthorhombic polymorph were deposited on inner walls of the quartz reactor used. The values of the structure refinement factor R obtained is 0.01. Unit cell parameters of the new orthorhombic form of ammonium hexachlorostannate were determined and are reported.