bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pore translocation of knotted DNA rings
Authors: Suma Antonio , Micheletti Cristian
Published: March 2017

Significance

Pore translocation, the driven passage of molecules through narrow channels, has become an important tool for probing DNA properties. In a recent breakthrough experiment, this technique was used to detect knots that form spontaneously in DNA filaments and can hence impact their in vivo functionality. Here, by using an accurate model, we simulate the translocation of knotted DNA, expose its unexpectedly rich phenomenology, and clarify the implications for experiments. We show that knot translocation occurs in two possible modes, depending on the knot initial position and size. These properties also account for the typically late occurrence of the knot passage event. Finally, the passage duration is found to depend more on the translocation velocity of the knot than its size.
Generation of isolated attosecond pulses with enhancement cavities—a theoretical study
Authors: Högner M , Tosa V , Pupeza I
Published: March 2017

The generation of extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) isolated attosecond pulses (IAPs) has enabled experimental access to the fastest phenomena in nature observed so far, namely the dynamics of electrons in atoms, molecules and solids. However, nowadays the highest repetition rates at which IAPs can be generated lies in the

kHz

range. This represents a rather severe restriction for numerous experiments involving the detection of charged particles, where the desired number of generated particles per shot is limited by space charge effects to ideally one. Here, we present a theoretical study on the possibility of efficiently producing IAPs at multi-

MHz

repetition rates via cavity-enhanced high-harmonic generation (HHG). To this end, we assume parameters of state-of-the-art Yb-based femtosecond laser technology to evaluate several time-gating methods which could generate IAPs in enhancement cavities. We identify polarization gating and a new method, employing non-collinear optical gating in a tailored transverse cavity mode, as suitable candidates and analyze these via extensive numerical modeling. The latter, which we dub transverse mode gating (TMG) promises the highest efficiency and robustness. Assuming 0.7

μ
J

, 5-cycle pulses from the seeding laser and a state-of-the-art enhancement cavity, we show that TMG bares the potential to generate IAPs with photon energies around

100

eV

and a photon flux of at least

10

8

photons

s

−
1

at repetition rates of

10

MHz

and higher. This result reveals a roadmap towards a dramatic decrease in measurement time (and, equivalently, an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio) in photoelectron spectroscopy and microscopy. In particular, it paves the way to combining attosecond streaking with photoelectron emission microscopy, affording, for the first time, the spatially and temporally resolved observation of plasmonic fields in nanostructures. Furthermore, it promises the generation of frequency combs with an unprecedented bandwidth for XUV precision spectroscopy.
BioContainers: an open-source and community-driven framework for software standardization
Authors: da Veiga Leprevost Felipe , Grüning Björn A , Alves Aflitos Saulo , Röst Hannes L , Uszkoreit Julian , Barsnes Harald , Vaudel Marc , Moreno Pablo , Gatto Laurent , Weber Jonas , Bai Mingze , Jimenez Rafael C , Sachsenberg Timo , Pfeuffer Julianus , Vera Alvarez Roberto , Griss Johannes , Nesvizhskii Alexey I , Perez-Riverol Yasset
Published: March 2017

Motivation

BioContainers (biocontainers.pro) is an open-source and community-driven framework which provides platform independent executable environments for bioinformatics software. BioContainers allows labs of all sizes to easily install bioinformatics software, maintain multiple versions of the same software and combine tools into powerful analysis pipelines. BioContainers is based on popular open-source projects Docker and rkt frameworks, that allow software to be installed and executed under an isolated and controlled environment. Also, it provides infrastructure and basic guidelines to create, manage and distribute bioinformatics containers with a special focus on omics technologies. These containers can be integrated into more comprehensive bioinformatics pipelines and different architectures (local desktop, cloud environments or HPC clusters).

Availability and Implementation

The software is freely available at github.com/BioContainers/.
Safety of a Rapidly Dissolving Buprenorphine/Naloxone Sublingual Tablet (BNX-RDT) for Treatment of Opioid Dependence: A Multicenter, Open-label Extension Study
Authors: Hoffman Kent , Peyton Marvin L. , Sumner Michael
Published: March 2017

Objective:

To assess the safety of rapidly dissolving buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablets (BNX-RDT) in opioid-dependent patients.

Methods:

This open-label, 24-week extension study enrolled patients who completed primary trials of BNX-RDT. Daily tablet doses ranged from 5.7 to 17.1 mg. The primary endpoint was safety; secondary assessments included opioid cravings, addiction severity, health-related quality of life (QOL), and workplace productivity at screening (final day of the primary trials) through study end, with changes measured from baseline of the primary trials.

Results:

In all, 665 patients received treatment; 292 (43.9%) completed the study. A total of 258 patients (38.8%) reported 557 treatment-emergent adverse events, most commonly headache (3.2%) and constipation (3.0%). Craving scores showed continued improvement on 100-mm visual analog scale (mean change from primary trial baseline, −52.8 at screening; mean change from extension trial baseline, −60.5 at week 24). Reductions in addiction severity from baseline of both the primary and extension trial were maintained through week 24 on multiple assessments, as were improvements in QOL on Short Form 36. Employment increased by 15% and mean (SD) hours worked per week increased by 4.6 (20.1) from baseline to study end. Mean (SD) scores for impact of opioid dependence on work productivity improved from 4.7 (3.0) at baseline to 0.9 (1.8) at study end (11-point scale).

Conclusions:

Extended treatment with BNX-RDT demonstrated a safety profile similar to other BNX formulations, reduced opioid cravings, and improved both QOL and work productivity. Continued treatment may enable patients to advance in recovery and return to normal functioning.
Prelaminated Fascia Lata Free Flap for Oronasal Fistula Reconstruction
Authors: Cavadas Pedro C. , Pérez-Espadero Alberto , Rubí Oña Carlos G. , Thione Alessandro
Published: March 2017

Oronasal fistulae are frequently symptomatic due to rhinolalia and regurgitation of solid food and liquids through the palate.
1
When asymptomatic, fistulae can be managed with conservative therapies. Local flaps are useful to close small fistulae but cannot be used in bigger ones and cases with bad-quality surrounding tissues. Ideally, a thin double-layer mucosal tissue is required, but there are no suitable donor sites for this tissue in the human body. We report a palate fistula reconstruction with prelaminated fascia lata free flap.
Segmental Humeral Reconstruction with a Pedicled Radius Bone Flap in Congenital Amyoplasia
Authors: Cavadas Pedro C. , Thione Alessandro
Published: March 2017

The clinical case of a patient with a segmental humeral defect, in the context of an arthrogryposis congenita multiplex and morbid obesity, reconstructed with a pedicled segmental radial bone flap is reported. The use of the pedicled vascularized diaphyseal radial bone flap may be a useful technique for humerus reconstruction in patients with contraindication for microvascular bone transfers and an already injured or severely handicapped upper limb.
Psychoactive Drugs in Plastic Surgery
Authors: Davison Steven P. , Baglien Brigit D. , Hayes Kylie D.
Published: March 2017

Background:

Psychoactive drug use is on the rise in the United States, with plastic surgery patients a potentially susceptible group. This study aimed to determine the incidence of cosmetic and reconstructive patients in our practice taking psychoactive drugs and to compare those values with the national average. Furthermore, we discuss the patient safety concerns when patients withhold their medical history information over the course of their treatment.

Methods:

Urban private plastic practice patients who underwent surgery in a closed practice from 2009 to 2016 were divided into cosmetic and reconstructive cohorts. Review for drug use was medical scripts, history, and Surescripts drug reporting. Extracted information includes age, race, procedure, psychoactive medications, and whether or not they stated a mental health diagnosis on their medical history forms. Only patients with complete records were included.

Results:

A total of 830 patients were included in statistical analysis. Due to minimal cohort number, 70 men were excluded, as there were no comparative national data. Our analysis found that 33.6% cosmetic patients and 46.3% reconstructive patients used at least one psychoactive drug.

Conclusion:

There is a statistically significant difference between psychoactive drug use at our practice compared with the general population and a significantly larger percentage of reconstructive patients taking drugs compared with the cosmetic cohort.
Orbital Schwannoma: Radiographic and Histopathologic Correlation in 15 Cases
Authors: Pointdujour-Lim Renelle , Lally Sara E. , Shields Jerry A. , Eagle Ralph C. , Shields Carol L.
Published: March 2017

Purpose:

To evaluate the relationship between radiographic and histopathologic features of orbital schwannoma.

Methods:

Retrospective review of 15 patients with orbital schwannoma managed at an ocular oncology service.

Results:

The mean patient age at the time of presentation was 42 years old (median 40, range 15–64 years). The orbital schwannoma was found incidentally (n = 2) or with symptoms of proptosis (n = 2), blurred vision (n = 3), pain (n = 3), eyelid swelling (n = 2), diplopia (n = 2), or headache (n = 1). The mean duration of symptoms was 15 months (median, 9; range 1–60 months). The tumor occupied the superior (n = 11) or inferior (n = 4) orbit. Antero-posterior tumor location involved the anterior (n = 2), middle (n = 3), posterior (n = 4), or entire (n = 6) orbit. MRI was performed in 12 patients (80%) and CT was the only form of imaging in 3 patients (20%). The T1-weighted MRI (n = 11) showed the mass as isointense (n = 10) or hyperintense (n = 1) to the extraocular muscles). On T2-weighted MRI (n = 10), the mass demonstrated hyperintensity (n = 9) or hypointensity (n = 1). Histopathologic assessment demonstrated Antoni A (n = 12) and Antoni B (n = 12) patterns. Antoni A pattern correlated with hyperintensity on T1-weighted MRI and hypointensity on T2-weighted MRI. Antoni B pattern correlated with hypointensity on T1-weighted MRI and hyperintensity on T2-weighted MRI. As Antoni B approached >50% of the solid mass (n = 8), both T1- and T2-weighted MRI images were more likely to be heterogeneous (n = 7, 88% and n = 6, 75%, respectively).

Conclusion:

Orbital schwannomas are nearly always benign, well-encapsulated slowly progressive tumors. Due to the biphasic distribution of Antoni A and Antoni B pattern, the appearance on MRI has a variable degree of heterogeneity. Antoni A pattern correlated with hyperintensity and Antoni B pattern correlated with hypointensity on T1-weighted MRI.
Hearing Preservation Outcomes for 139 Cochlear Implant Recipients Using a Thin Straight Electrode Array
Authors: Moran Michelle , Dowell Richard C. , Iseli Claire , Briggs Robert J. S.
Published: March 2017

Objective:

To assess the hearing preservation outcomes in a large group of adult cochlear implant recipients implanted with a thin straight electrode array using atraumatic surgical techniques. Factors affecting hearing preservation will be investigated.

Study Design:

Prospective cohort study undertaken at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital in Melbourne, Australia from December 2010 to May 2015.

Setting:

Tertiary academic hospital.

Patients:

One hundred thirty-nine adults undergoing cochlear implantation (CI).

Main Outcome Measure:

Primary outcome measure of interest was pre and postoperative pure-tone audiometry.

Results:

Median low-frequency hearing change for the whole group of 139 recipients was −22.5 dB at the 3 months postop point. Eighty-six participants had functional preoperative low-frequency hearing (≤70 dB average at 250 and 500 Hz). Of these, 90.7% retained measureable hearing at 3 months postimplant. 39.5% of this original 86 participants retained functional hearing at 3 months postimplant. At 12 months postimplant, those who retained functional hearing at 3 months had no significant change in hearing. The group who lost functional hearing continued to have a significant deterioration in low-frequency hearing. Degree of hearing loss preimplant was identified as a predictor for the preservation of hearing postoperatively.

Conclusion:

Preservation of hearing is possible following atraumatic cochlear implant surgery with a thin straight electrode array. The amount of hearing preserved seems to be variable, and factors related to this variability are not yet known. The results of the present study suggest preoperative low-frequency hearing at or better than 45 dB may be related to preservation of functional hearing.
Peer Incivility Among Prelicensure Nursing Students
Authors: Sauer Penny A. , Hannon Allison E. , Beyer Kelsey B.
Published: March 2017

This article reports findings from a study that examined the prevalence of peer incivility among nursing students and the impact of incivility on students’ physical and mental health and their perceived stress level. Students who experienced high levels of peer incivility had lower mental health scores (P = .0002), lower physical health scores (P = .0069), and higher stress levels (P = .0016). Students who experienced incivility in the classroom had higher levels of peer incivility (P < .001) and lower physical health scores (P < .05).
The Effect of Workers’ Compensation on Outcome Measurement Methods after Upper Extremity Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Fujihara Yuki , Shauver Melissa J. , Lark Meghan E. , Zhong Lin , Chung Kevin C.
Published: March 2017

Background:

Patients who receive workers’ compensation often display worse surgical results, such as prolonged pain or reduced functional ability. The outcomes of surgery can be assessed using a variety of surveys, assessments, and measurements. It is unknown whether the confounding effect differs based on how results are measured. The aim of this study was to determine whether these variations exist.

Methods:

A search of full-length articles published between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2015, was conducted using 3 online databases. The authors performed a systematic review and meta-analysis using unique inclusion criteria for each.

Results:

A total of 101 articles were included in the systematic review; 62 of them were retained for the meta-analysis. In the systematic review, 70 percent of studies found that patients receiving workers’ compensation had significantly worse postoperative results than uncompensated patients, whereas only 42 percent of studies that measured preoperative versus postoperative improvement were influenced by workers’ compensation. The meta-analysis found that uncompensated patients were more likely to experience improvement after surgery than patients receiving workers’ compensation (summary OR, 3.17; 95 percent CI, 2.47 to 4.08). A subgroup analysis demonstrated that functional measures, such as grip strength or nonunion, were least affected by workers’ compensation, compared with other outcome measures such as patient-reported outcomes questionnaires or time off work.

Conclusion:

Potential bias introduced by workers’ compensation can be mitigated by evaluating surgical treatment of work-related upper extremity disorders using preoperative versus postoperative improvement or functional measures.
Vasculature of a Medial Femoral Condyle Free Flap in Intact and Osteotomized Flaps
Authors: Rysz Maciej , Grabczan Wojciech , Mazurek Maciej Jan , Krajewski Romuald , Grzelecki Dariusz , Ciszek Bogdan
Published: March 2017

Background:

A small size and difficulties with shaping a medial femoral condyle corticocancellous bone flap are factors limiting its use. The goal of this study was to evaluate range of vascular supply to a medial femoral condyle corticocancellous bone flap to determine whether harvesting of larger flaps and performing a flap osteotomy would compromise the vasculature of a flap’s bone.

Methods:

Twenty-four limbs were dissected and medial femoral condyle corticocancellous bone flaps were harvested with skin paddles. Thirteen of 24 flaps had subperiosteal osteotomies simulating shaping a bone for reconstruction. A pedicle artery was perfused with red latex. Medial femoral condyle corticocancellous bone flap vascularization was evaluated by cutting the bone into 1-cm blocks and assessing the number of Haversian canals filled with red latex.

Results:

Length of harvested flaps was 7 to 13 cm, thickness was 0.5 to 3 cm, and width was 1 to 3 cm. Pedicle length was between 3.5 and 9 cm (mean ± SD, 6.6 ± 1.6 cm). Red latex filled bone vessels at a distance of 6 to 11.5 cm from the distal end of a flap (8.2 ± 1.4 cm). Skin paddles were filled with latex in all cases.

Conclusion:

A medial femoral condyle corticocancellous bone flap had sufficient blood supply, allowing for harvesting flaps up to 11 cm long, and subperiosteal osteotomy did not compromise the vasculature of the flap’s bone.
Airway and Feeding Outcomes of Mandibular Distraction, Tongue-Lip Adhesion, and Conservative Management in Pierre Robin Sequence: A Prospective Study
Authors: Khansa Ibrahim , Hall Courtney , Madhoun Lauren L. , Splaingard Mark , Baylis Adriane , Kirschner Richard E. , Pearson Gregory D.
Published: March 2017

Background:

Pierre Robin sequence is characterized by mandibular retrognathia and glossoptosis resulting in airway obstruction and feeding difficulties. When conservative management fails, mandibular distraction osteogenesis or tongue-lip adhesion may be required to avoid tracheostomy. The authors’ goal was to prospectively evaluate the airway and feeding outcomes of their comprehensive approach to Pierre Robin sequence, which includes conservative management, mandibular distraction osteogenesis, and tongue-lip adhesion.

Methods:

A longitudinal study of newborns with Pierre Robin sequence treated at a pediatric academic medical center between 2010 and 2015 was performed. Baseline feeding and respiratory data were collected. Patients underwent conservative management if they demonstrated sustainable weight gain without tube feeds, and if their airway was stable with positioning alone. Patients who required surgery underwent tongue-lip adhesion or mandibular distraction osteogenesis based on family and surgeon preference. Postoperative airway and feeding data were collected.

Results:

Twenty-eight patients with Pierre Robin sequence were followed prospectively. Thirty-two percent had a syndrome. Ten underwent mandibular distraction osteogenesis, eight underwent tongue-lip adhesion, and 10 were treated conservatively. There were no differences in days to extubation or discharge, change in weight percentile, requirement for gastrostomy tube, or residual obstructive sleep apnea between the three groups. No patients required tracheostomy. The greatest reduction in apnea-hypopnea index occurred with mandibular distraction osteogenesis, followed by tongue-lip adhesion and conservative management.

Conclusions:

Careful selection of which patients with Pierre Robin sequence need surgery, and of the most appropriate surgical procedure for each patient, can minimize the need for postprocedure tracheostomy. A comprehensive approach to Pierre Robin sequence that includes conservative management, mandibular distraction osteogenesis, and tongue-lip adhesion can result in excellent airway and feeding outcomes.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, II.
Ocular Morbidity in the Correction of Orbital Hypertelorism and Dystopia: A 15-Year Experience
Authors: Glass Graeme E. , Hon Kate A. V. , Schweibert Kemmy , Bowman Richard , Jones Barry M. , Dunaway David J. , Britto Jonathan A.
Published: March 2017

Background:

Complex surgery for appearance change is controversial. Correction of orbital hypertelorism risks diplopia and loss of stereopsis for aesthetic gain. The risk-to-benefit ratio remains ill-defined. The aim of this study was to define specific ocular morbidity following orbital translocation.

Methods:

The authors compared stable preoperative and postoperative orthoptic indices (i.e., angle of strabismus, ocular motility, and acuity) for 23 consecutive patients who underwent orbital translocation between 2000 and 2015 and noted the requirement for corrective surgery.

Results:

Eighteen patients underwent 33 box osteotomies (15 bilateral and three unilateral). Five patients underwent facial bipartition. Diagnosis was craniofrontonasal dysplasia in 11, frontonasal dysplasia in six, facial cleft in four, and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome in two cases. Median grade of orbital hypertelorism was III. Median age at surgery was 13 years (range, 5 to 17 years). Nontransient change (favorable or unfavorable) in angle of strabismus was noted in 14 patients. Ocular motility was altered in 12. Six patients had stereopsis preoperatively that was disrupted in two cases because of changes in ocular alignment and/or motility. There was one perioperative ophthalmic emergency (superior orbital fissure syndrome) and three acute reexplorations for external ocular muscle entrapment. Corrective surgery for strabismus was performed for four patients. Three required secondary canthopexy and three required surgery for blepharoptosis.

Conclusions:

Orbital translocation is associated with ocular risks including changes to angle of strabismus, ocular motility, and (when present) loss of stereopsis. Secondary surgery to correct strabismus or eyelid malposition is common. Orbital translocation is an operative process, not a single procedure.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.
Differences in the Reporting of Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities among Three Large National Databases for Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Kamali Parisa , Zettervall Sara L. , Wu Winona , Ibrahim Ahmed M. S. , Medin Caroline , Rakhorst Hinne A. , Schermerhorn Marc L. , Lee Bernard T. , Lin Samuel J.
Published: March 2017

Background:

Research derived from large-volume databases plays an increasing role in the development of clinical guidelines and health policy. In breast cancer research, the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results, National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, and Nationwide Inpatient Sample databases are widely used. This study aims to compare the trends in immediate breast reconstruction and identify the drawbacks and benefits of each database.

Methods:

Patients with invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ were identified from each database (2005–2012). Trends of immediate breast reconstruction over time were evaluated. Patient demographics and comorbidities were compared. Subgroup analysis of immediate breast reconstruction use per race was conducted.

Results:

Within the three databases, 1.2 million patients were studied. Immediate breast reconstruction in invasive breast cancer patients increased significantly over time in all databases. A similar significant upward trend was seen in ductal carcinoma in situ patients. Significant differences in immediate breast reconstruction rates were seen among races; and the disparity differed among the three databases. Rates of comorbidities were similar among the three databases.

Conclusions:

There has been a significant increase in immediate breast reconstruction; however, the extent of the reporting of overall immediate breast reconstruction rates and of racial disparities differs significantly among databases. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program report similar findings, with the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database reporting results significantly lower in several categories. These findings suggest that use of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database may not be universally generalizable to the entire U.S. population.
Regeneration of Vascularized Corticocancellous Bone and Diploic Space Using Muscle-Derived Stem Cells: A Translational Biologic Alternative for Healing Critical Bone Defects
Authors: Lough Denver , Swanson Edward , Sopko Nikolai A. , Madsen Christopher , Miller Devin , Wang Howard , Guo Qiongyu , Sursala Srinivas M. , Kumar Anand R.
Published: March 2017

Background:

Regeneration of functional bone substrate remains a priority in reconstructive surgery especially for patients suffering from complex skeletal defects. Efforts to develop implantable osteoinductive constructs and novel osteoconductive materials remain at the forefront of industry forces and product line development. Despite advancement in clinical practice and bone biology, cancellous autograft remains the gold standard for procedures requiring osteogenic mechanisms of healing. This study investigates the utility of muscle-derived stem cells as a cellular therapy for definitive bone regeneration through a form of neo-osteogenesis.

Methods:

Adipose-derived stem cell, bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cell, and muscle-derived stem cell populations were isolated separately from C57BL/6 murine tissues and supplemented with collagen scaffolding with or without bone morphogenetic protein-2 to compare relative osteogenic potency and ultrastructure organization in both two- and three-dimensional systems. Parallel populations were bound to a deployable collagen implant within a syngeneic murine cranial defect model.

Results:

Although all populations provided and maintained mesenchymal stem cell multilineage capacity, adipose-derived stem cell– and bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cell–enriched constructs were capable of forming small bone aggregates. Defects receiving muscle-derived stem cells self-assembled a form of organized corticocancellous structures within two- and three-dimensional in vitro systems and within the in vivo model. Muscle-derived stem cells also augmented healing, implant angiogenesis, and diploic space formation.

Conclusion:

Muscle-derived stem cell–enriched implants appear to provide an autologous response to current industry-derived products and an attractive alternative to mesenchymal stem cells for the regeneration of corticocancellous bone and a vascularized diploic space.
Early Distraction for Mild to Moderate Unilateral Craniofacial Microsomia: Long-Term Follow-Up, Outcomes, and Recommendations
Authors: Weichman Katie E. , Jacobs Jordan , Patel Parit , Szpalski Caroline , Shetye Pradip , Grayson Barry , McCarthy Joseph G.
Published: March 2017

Background:

There is controversy regarding the treatment of young patients with unilateral craniofacial microsomia and moderate dysmorphism. The relative indication for mandibular distraction in such patients poses several questions: Is it deleterious in the context of craniofacial growth and appearance? This study was designed to address these questions.

Methods:

A retrospective review of patients undergoing mandibular distraction by a single surgeon between 1989 and 2010 was conducted. Patients with “moderate” unilateral craniofacial microsomia (as defined by Pruzansky type I or IIa mandibles) and follow-up until craniofacial skeletal maturity were included for analysis. Patients were divided into two cohorts: satisfactory and unsatisfactory results based on photographic aesthetic evaluation by independent blinded observers at the initial presentation and at the age of skeletal maturity. Clinical variables were analyzed to detect predictors for satisfactory distraction.

Results:

Nineteen patients were included for analysis. The average age at distraction was 68.2 months and the average age at follow-up was 19.55 years. Thirteen patients (68.4 percent) had Pruzansky type IIA and six patients (31.6 percent) had Pruzansky type I mandibles. Twelve patients (63.2 percent) had satisfactory outcomes, whereas seven patients (36.8 percent) had unsatisfactory outcomes. Comparing the two cohorts, patients with satisfactory outcomes had distraction at an earlier age (56.4 months versus 89.8 months; p = 0.07) and a greater percentage overcorrection from craniofacial midline (41.7 percent versus 1.8 percent; p = 0.003).

Conclusion:

Mandibular distraction is successful in patients with mild to moderate dysmorphism, provided that there is a comprehensive clinical program emphasizing adequate mandibular bone stock, proper vector selection, planned overcorrection, and comprehensive orthodontic management.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, III.
Application of Posterior Thigh Three-Dimensional Profunda Artery Perforator Perforasomes in Refining Next-Generation Flap Designs: Transverse, Vertical, and S-Shaped Profunda Artery Perforator Flaps
Authors: Mohan Anita T. , Zhu Lin , Sur Yoo Joon , Morsy Mohamed , Michalak Gregory J. , Lachman Nirusha , Rammos Charalambos K. , Saint-Cyr Michel
Published: March 2017

Background:

This study aimed to delineate and compare the hot spots and three-dimensional vascular territories of dominant profunda artery perforators in the posterior thigh region, and modifications in flap design are discussed.

Methods:

Twenty-nine posterior thigh flaps were raised in fresh cadaveric specimens, and profunda artery perforators were documented. Dominant perforators were injected with iodinated contrast to assess perforasomes using computed tomographic angiography. Analysis with three-dimensional rendering and volume calculations of perfusion patterns was performed.

Results:

In total, 316 perforators were mapped and 33 perforators were injected for analysis. The hot spot for dominant perforators was the proximal medial quadrant, 5 to 10 cm from the inferior gluteal crease, with two smaller hot spots in the upper lateral and distal posterior midline. Although 69 percent were musculocutaneous, distal perforators were predominantly septocutaneous in the posterior midline, 5 to 8 cm from the popliteal crease. Proximal perforators were classified into first (most proximal) and second perforators, and their median perforasome was 233 and 286.4 cm2, respectively (p = 0.86). There were no significant differences between proximal and distal perforators in perforasome surface areas, percentage areas perfused, and perforasome volumes. Large linking vessel networks were attributed to a broader perforasome and greater overlap between adjacent or distal perforators.

Conclusions:

Dominant linking vessels and recurrent flow through the subdermal plexus contribute to the robust vascular supply of profunda artery perforator flaps. Posterior thigh region perforator hot spots and their perfusion characteristics can inform the potential limits, orientation, and modifications of flap or skin paddle designs.
Dynamic masquerade with morphing three-dimensional skin in cuttlefish
Authors: Panetta Deanna , Buresch Kendra , Hanlon Roger T.
Published: March 2017

Masquerade is a defence tactic in which a prey resembles an inedible or inanimate object thus causing predators to misclassify it. Most masquerade colour patterns are static although some species adopt postures or behaviours to enhance the effect. Dynamic masquerade in which the colour pattern can be changed is rare. Here we report a two-step sensory process that enables an additional novel capability known only in cuttlefish and octopus: morphing three-dimensional physical skin texture that further enhances the optical illusions created by coloured skin patterns. Our experimental design incorporated sequential sensory processes: addition of a three-dimensional rock to the testing arena, which attracted the cuttlefish to settle next to it; then visual processing by the cuttlefish of physical textures on the rock to guide expression of the skin papillae, which can range from fully relaxed (smooth skin) to fully expressed (bumpy skin). When a uniformly white smooth rock was presented, cuttlefish moved to the rock and deployed a uniform body pattern with mostly smooth skin. When a rock with small-scale fragments of contrasting shells was presented, the cuttlefish deployed mottled body patterns with strong papillae expression. These robust and reversible responses indicate a sophisticated visual sensorimotor system for dynamic masquerade.
Mechanisms of stochastic onset and termination of atrial fibrillation studied with a cellular automaton model
Authors: Lin Yen Ting , Chang Eugene T. Y. , Eatock Julie , Galla Tobias , Clayton Richard H.
Published: March 2017

Mathematical models of cardiac electrical excitation are increasingly complex, with multiscale models seeking to represent and bridge physiological behaviours across temporal and spatial scales. The increasing complexity of these models makes it computationally expensive to both evaluate long term (more than 60 s) behaviour and determine sensitivity of model outputs to inputs. This is particularly relevant in models of atrial fibrillation (AF), where individual episodes last from seconds to days, and interepisode waiting times can be minutes to months. Potential mechanisms of transition between sinus rhythm and AF have been identified but are not well understood, and it is difficult to simulate AF for long periods of time using state-of-the-art models. In this study, we implemented a Moe-type cellular automaton on a novel, topologically equivalent surface geometry of the left atrium. We used the model to simulate stochastic initiation and spontaneous termination of AF, arising from bursts of spontaneous activation near pulmonary veins. The simplified representation of atrial electrical activity reduced computational cost, and so permitted us to investigate AF mechanisms in a probabilistic setting. We computed large numbers (approx. 105) of sample paths of the model, to infer stochastic initiation and termination rates of AF episodes using different model parameters. By generating statistical distributions of model outputs, we demonstrated how to propagate uncertainties of inputs within our microscopic level model up to a macroscopic level. Lastly, we investigated spontaneous termination in the model and found a complex dependence on its past AF trajectory, the mechanism of which merits future investigation.
Brain size in birds is related to traffic accidents
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Erritzøe Johannes
Published: March 2017

Estimates suggest that perhaps a quarter of a billion birds are killed by traffic annually across the world. This is surprising because birds have been shown to learn speed limits. Birds have also been shown to adapt to the direction of traffic and lane use, and this apparently results in reduced risks of fatal traffic accidents. Such behavioural differences suggest that individual birds that are not killed in traffic should have larger brains for their body size. We analysed the link between being killed by traffic and relative brain mass in 3521 birds belonging to 251 species brought to a taxidermist. Birds that were killed in traffic indeed had relatively smaller brains, while there was no similar difference for liver mass, heart mass or lung mass. These findings suggest that birds learn the behaviour of car drivers, and that they use their brains to adjust behaviour in an attempt to avoid mortality caused by rapidly and predictably moving objects.
An Euler–Lagrange approach for studying blood flow in an aneurysmal geometry
Authors: Xenos M. A.
Published: March 2017

To numerically study blood flow in an aneurysm, the development of an approach that tracks the moving tissue and accounts for its interaction with the fluid is required. This study presents a mathematical approach that expands fluid mechanics principles, taking into consideration the domain’s motion. The initial fluid equations, derived in Euler form, are expanded to a mixed Euler–Lagrange formulation to study blood flow in the aneurysm during the cardiac cycle. Transport equations are transformed into a moving body-fitted reference frame using generalized curvilinear coordinates. The equations of motion consist of a coupled and nonlinear system of partial differential equations (PDEs). The PDEs are discretized using the finite volume method. Owing to strong coupling and nonlinear terms, a simultaneous solution approach is applied. The results show that velocity is substantially influenced by the pulsating wall. Intensification of polymorphic flow patterns is observed. Increments of Reynolds and Womersley numbers are evident as pulsatility increases. The pressure field reveals areas of a lateral pressure gradient at the aneurysm. As pulsatility increases, the diastolic flow vortex shifts towards the aortic wall, distal to the aneurysmal neck. Wall shear stress is amplified at the shoulders of the moving wall compared with that of the rigid one.
Seasonal body size reductions with warming covary with major body size gradients in arthropod species
Authors: Horne Curtis R. , Hirst Andrew G. , Atkinson David
Published: March 2017

Major biological and biogeographical rules link body size variation with latitude or environmental temperature, and these rules are often studied in isolation. Within multivoltine species, seasonal temperature variation can cause substantial changes in adult body size, as subsequent generations experience different developmental conditions. Yet, unlike other size patterns, these common seasonal temperature–size gradients have never been collectively analysed. We undertake the largest analysis to date of seasonal temperature-size gradients in multivoltine arthropods, including 102 aquatic and terrestrial species from 71 global locations. Adult size declines in warmer seasons in 86% of the species examined. Aquatic species show approximately 2.5-fold greater reduction in size per °C of warming than terrestrial species, supporting the hypothesis that greater oxygen limitation in water than in air forces aquatic species to exhibit greater plasticity in body size with temperature. Total percentage change in size over the annual cycle appears relatively constant with annual temperature range but varies between environments, such that the overall size reduction in aquatic-developing species (approx. 31%) is almost threefold greater than in terrestrial species (approx. 11%). For the first time, we show that strong correlations exist between seasonal temperature–size gradients, laboratory responses and latitudinal–size clines, suggesting that these patterns share common drivers.
The Cellular Expression and Genetics of an Established Polymorphism inPoecilia reticulata; “Purple Body, (Pb)” is an Autosomal Dominant Gene
Authors: Bias Alan S. , Squire Richard D.
Published: March 2017

Modification of wild-type carotenoid orange and pteridine red coloration and spotting of male ornaments in both wild populations ofPoecilia reticulata(Guppies) and modern Domestic Guppy strains by the Purple Body gene has long been overlooked in research articles and little understood in breeder publications. This modification is commonly found in wild-typePoecilia reticulata reticulatapopulations from numerous collection sites and has been photographed but not recognized in these collections. It is non-existent or near absent in collections taken from variant populations ofPoecilia reticulata wingei. We identify and determine the mode of inheritance, cellular and phenotypic expression by the Purple gene in these stocks. The Purple Body color pigment modification is a distinct polymorphism in wildP. reticulata reticulatapopulations. Its existence suggests multiple benefits that satisfy female sexual selection preferences, and minimize or reduce potential predation risks. Photographic and microscopic evidence demonstrated that Purple Body is a normal polymorphism in wild and domestic guppies modifying color pigment regions. Purple Body is inherited as an autosomal incompletely dominant trait.
Preliminary neutron diffraction analysis of challenging human manganese superoxide dismutase crystals
Authors: Azadmanesh Jahaun , Trickel Scott R. , Weiss Kevin L. , Coates Leighton , Borgstahl Gloria E. O.
Published: March 2017

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are enzymes that protect against oxidative stress by dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide through cyclic reduction and oxidation of the active-site metal. The complete enzymatic mechanisms of SODs are unknown since data on the positions of hydrogen are limited. Here, methods are presented for large crystal growth and neutron data collection of human manganese SOD (MnSOD) using perdeuteration and the MaNDi beamline at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The crystal from which the human MnSOD data set was obtained is the crystal with the largest unit-cell edge (240 Å) from which data have been collectedvianeutron diffraction to sufficient resolution (2.30 Å) where hydrogen positions can be observed.
Cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography: complementary approaches to structural biology and drug discovery
Authors: Vénien-Bryan Catherine , Li Zhuolun , Vuillard Laurent , Boutin Jean Albert
Published: March 2017

The invention of the electron microscope has greatly enhanced the view scientists have of small structural details. Since its implementation, this technology has undergone considerable evolution and the resolution that can be obtained for biological objects has been extended. In addition, the latest generation of cryo-electron microscopes equipped with direct electron detectors and software for the automated collection of images, in combination with the use of advanced image-analysis methods, has dramatically improved the performance of this technique in terms of resolution. While calculating a sub-10 Å resolution structure was an accomplishment less than a decade ago, it is now common to generate structures at sub-5 Å resolution and even better. It is becoming possible to relatively quickly obtain high-resolution structures of biological molecules, in particular large ones (>500 kDa) which, in some cases, have resisted more conventional methods such as X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Such newly resolved structures may, for the first time, shed light on the precise mechanisms that are essential for cellular physiological processes. The ability to attain atomic resolution may support the development of new drugs that target these proteins, allowing medicinal chemists to understand the intimacy of the relationship between their molecules and targets. In addition, recent developments in cryo-electron microscopy combined with image analysis can provide unique information on the conformational variability of macromolecular complexes. Conformational flexibility of macromolecular complexes can be investigated using cryo-electron microscopy and multiconformation reconstruction methods. However, the biochemical quality of the sample remains the major bottleneck to routine cryo-electron microscopy-based determination of structures at very high resolution.
The role of organizational learning in soft regulation of workplace gender equality
Authors: Macneil Johanna , Liu Ziheng
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explain progress, or the lack of it, in achieving workplace gender equality goals prescribed by affirmative action regulation by using concepts from soft regulation and organizational learning.

Design/methodology/approach

The research design is a longitudinal study (2002-2012) of a critical case, that of a single large organization in the male-dominated steel manufacturing, distribution and mining industries. The case focusses on the evidence about organizational learning to be found in that organization’s reports to government on its activities to promote workplace gender equality.

Findings

While other factors play a role, the apparent failure of the soft regulation to generate a significant shift in gender equality outcomes may also be attributed to ineffective organizational learning, demonstrated by the absence of systematic reflection within the organization on how to improve workplace gender equality, and the lack of firm targets and external benchmarking.

Research limitations/implications

Self-reported data may be overstated or incomplete. More research is needed to confirm the nature of the specific learning processes occurring within organizations.

Practical implications

Absent the advent of hard sanctions in workplace gender equality regulation, the responsible government agencies may find it valuable to focus on ways to encourage target organizations to develop competence in organizational learning.

Social implications

More effective gender equality regulation may change organizational policy and practice and improve work opportunities for women.

Originality/value

Rather than concluding that the only alternative, when soft regulation is unsuccessful, is hard regulation, this paper shifts the focus to ways that soft regulatory processes might be improved to strengthen their effect.
Workplace inequality, trade unions and the transnational regulation of the employment relationships
Authors: Pulignano Valeria
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report on research on the strategies of inequality at the workplace level of multinational corporations within the context characterized by the weakening of traditional bargaining and representation structures. Through which specific strategies multinational corporations foster inequality across different workplaces across borders and how do trade unions in Europe respond to it?

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is a conceptual one and it is based on existing qualitative comparative research developed by the author.

Findings

The regulatory regime of organized and governed labor markets and employment relationships is undermined by the employment relationships becoming increasingly unstable in most industrialized countries in Europe. The breakdown in the collective structures for employment regulation, particularly collective bargaining, has led to growing insecurity and inequality among working people. At the workplace level of multinationals inequality is fostered by strategies of flexibilization and benchmarking which force trade unions to negotiate concessions regarding the working conditions of different workers. Trade unions are seeking effective responses to increasing labor market instability and inequality. The paper argues that the transnational regulation of employment relationships through the European Framework Agreements (EFAs) can serve the purpose of constraining benchmarking, while containing workplace inequality.

Originality/value

This paper offers an in-depth view that the EFAs can constrain the multinationals’ strategies of benchmarking and workplace inequality. This is because EFAs can potentially spread across countries the positive gains of local negotiations where unions are able to negotiate on employment protection to other local subsidiaries where unions may struggle to do so.