bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lack of Behavioral Effects from Feingold Diet Violations
Authors: Adams Wayne
Published: September 2011

Children were included in this challenge study if according to parental report (1) the child's hyperactive behavior had been noticeably improved for at least 3 mo. as a result of adherence to the Feingold diet and (2) dietary violations such as those used in the study were reported to have a noticeable negative effect. Evaluations of 14 objective measures in a double-blind, cross-over design yielded no significant differences between diet infraction and noninfraction conditions. In addition to questioning the stated efficacy of the diet, findings suggest that one should not depend solely on parental report when evaluating a dietary effect and should also weigh potential negative effect of adherence to the diet.
Guidelines for Use in Scoring Tat Stories for Time-Span
Authors: Squyres Elton M.
Published: September 2011

Application of Epley and Ricks' (1963) system to score the TAT for time perspective did not reproduce the high interscorer reliabilities reported by users of the system. A set of guidelines is presented which were instituted to decrease the subjective nature of the system. When guidelines and system were used together, correlations comparable to those previously reported were found.
An Investigation of Children's Perceptions of Dominance Relations
Authors: Pickert Sarah M. , Wall Shavaun M.
Published: September 2011

The factors which contribute to children's perceptions of dominance are unclear although evidence for dominance hierarchies has been obtained through children's rankings of toughness in their classes. Three potentially influential factors were examined in the present study: who is being ranked (self or other), where the child fits in the class hierarchy (high or low rank), and what terms are used for ranking (“gets own way” or “is toughest”). Fifty-two fourth grade students ranked themselves and their classmates on “own way” and “toughness” and then defined the terms. While the children differentiated the two terms in their definitions, their rankings produced overlapping hierarchies. For both terms, boys were ranked higher than girls. Dominance rankings of self and others varied according to hierarchy position and terms used for dominance behavior. Children in both the high and low groups on the hierarchies overranked themselves on “toughness” relative to class judgments. Both high- and low-group members slightly overranked others on “toughness.” In contrast, high-group members underranked themselves while low-group members overranked themselves in judgments of “own way.” Both groups only slightly underranked others on “own way.” A multidimensional approach to the study of perceived and observed dominance in children is recommended.
Personality Characteristics of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Ogawa Toshiki
Published: September 2011

The 18 patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease were individually administered the Rorschach test. They showed less Dd%, more S%, more FC, and slightly more M responses than Japanese normal adults. These findings suggest the following personality characteristics of Parkinsonians: they are reserved, self-reliant, over-control emotionality in their inner lives, and like going their own ways. They have good common sense.
Channel Capacity for Kinesthetic Torque Information
Authors: Russell David G.
Published: September 2011

A previous study (Russell & Marteniuk, 1974) used informational analysis of absolute judgments to investigate the capacity of the kinesthetic system to transmit information derived from torque cues. As perfect transmission was not obtained in that study, no firm statement regarding channel capacity could be made. Four experiments were conducted in which five subjects made judgments concerning the intensity of 2, 4, 6, and 8 categories, respectively, in an attempt to determine the channel capacity for torque. Information transfer for the four experiments was 1.00, 1.45, 1.60, and 1.67 bits, respectively. It is argued that the latter figure probably reflects the true capacity of the kinesthetic system rather than the 2.09 bits previously reported.
Role of Brightness Contrast and Brightness Contrast-Reversal in Illusory Contour Formation
Authors: Brigner Willard L. , Hammond Joseph T.
Published: September 2011

The effects of artificial pupil size and the effects of a power lens upon the relative prominence of illusory contour were evaluated. The perception of illusory contour was facilitated by conditions associated with increased retinal blur and brightness averaging. This was true whether the blur and averaging were achieved using a large artificial pupil or a power lens. The effects of power lens and the effects of artificial pupil size upon the occurrence of brightness contrast and brightness contrast-reversal (or assimilation) were also investigated. Brightness contrast was changed to brightness contrast-reversal by using either a power lens or a large artificial pupil. The occurrence of vivid illusory contour under conditions found conducive to brightness contrast-reversal was interpreted as evidence that contrast-reversal was more crucial in illusory contour formation than brightness contrast.
Effects of Noise Frequency on Performance and Annoyance for Women and Men
Authors: Key Kelli F. , Payne M. Carr
Published: September 2011

Effects of noise frequencies on both performance on a complex psychomotor task and annoyance were investigated for men ( n = 30) and women ( n = 30). Each subject performed a complex psychomotor task for 50 min. in the presence of low frequency noise, high frequency noise, or ambient noise. Women and men learned the task at different rates. Little effect of noise was shown. Annoyance ratings were subsequently obtained from each subject for noises of various frequencies by the method of magnitude estimation. High frequency noises were more annoying than low frequency noises regardless of sex and immediate prior exposure to noise. Sex differences in annoyance did not occur. No direct relationship between learning to perform a complex task while exposed to noise and annoyance by that noise was demonstrated.
Effects of Schedule Information on the Slowed Fixed-Ratio Responding of Schizophrenics
Authors: Weiner Harold
Published: September 2011

Instructions which provided schedule information were given to schizophrenics in an attempt to modify their slowed responding under a 40-response fixed-ratio (FR 40) schedule of penny reinforcements. Such information increased initial but not final rates of FR 40 responding.
Adaptation of the Visual Vertical during Prolonged Body Tilt Varies with Susceptibility to Motion Sickness
Authors: Pitblado Colin B. , Mirabile Charles S. , Richard John E.
Published: September 2011

Judgments of the visual, vertical, made without a visual reference frame-work, from a tilted-body position, result in systematic constant errors (Aubert effects). Pitblado and Mirabile (1977) showed that these errors vary with motion-sickness susceptibility, persons of intermediate susceptibility showing the greatest error. Recent exploratory work suggested patterns of progressive intra-session change in Aubert effects which might further differentiate groups of differing susceptibility. The raw data from Pitblado and Mirabile's 1977 study were reanalyzed for possible progressive change. This new analysis showed significant progressive reductions in Aubert effects for groups originally high and low, but a nearly significant increase in the intermediate group. New implications concerning group differences in vestibular function are discussed.
Construction and Validation of the Mills Inventory of Preferred Leisure Activities
Authors: Mills Helen H. , Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

A 55-item inventory of preferences for leisure activities mentioned in the literature was administered to 235 conference participants and responses factor analyzed. Six factors accounted for 47.2% of the total variance. Four items were discarded. A repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in preferences for Passive, Physically Active, Social, and Learning-related activities, but these four factors were preferred to mental activities, which in turn were preferred over creative activities. Main effects for general (undifferentiated) activities of age, income, sex, race, occupation, and education were non-significant, but significant interactions between these main effects and the six activities factors indicated that the inventory may provide insight into preferences related to these effects.
Multidimensional Scaling and Standardized Testing of Value Systems
Authors: Dunbar Robert E. , Smith Patricia C. , Bearse Linda N. , Johnson Steven M. , Salick Michael R. , Erenkrantz Bruce D. , Ironson Gail H.
Published: September 2011

This pilot study was designed as a methodological investigation of the way in which multidimensional scaling of desired objects or prizes might provide knowledge of group values not obtained from a more traditional testing method. Values were examined in four groups of students (female Fine Arts majors, female Business Administration majors, male Fine Arts majors, male Business Administration majors). Separate sets of peer judges interpreted the scaled dimensions. Both multidimensional and traditional test methods yielded interpretable differences among groups. Quantitatively, however, they yielded dissimilar information and could serve as supplementary sources of information in either theoretical comparisons or practical design of incentive, training, or communications programs.
Binocular Pattern Stabilization by Afterimage Technique: Reliability of Children's Time-Dependent Judgments of Chromatic Features
Authors: Webb Thomas E. , Timmons G. Dean
Published: September 2011

To investigate visual afterimage technique as a means of producing retinally stabilized pattern, children's judgments of time-dependent shifts in chromatic appearance of random-dot configurations were twice examined within a 3-wk. interval. 13 subjects, aged 7 to 12 yr., were very consistent ( r = .93) in their test-retest response times. This supports the belief that afterimage procedures can be developed as a reliable means of studying developmental aspects of stabilized pattern perception.
Effects of Ethanol and Psychomotor Tests on State Anxiety: Interaction with Menstrual Cycle in Women
Authors: Logue Patrick E. , Linnoila Markku , Wallman Lawrence , Erwin C. William
Published: September 2011

10 non-alcoholic women (ages 20 to 25 yr.) were administered drinks containing ethanol 0.0, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.2 g/kg. They then performed four complex psychomotor tasks. Immediately prior to drinking and after completing the tasks they were given the Spielberger State-Anxiety Inventory. Women were tested both during follicular and the luteal phases of their menstrual cycle. A significant positive correlation was found between increments in anxiety scores and blood ethanol levels in the luteal but not in the follicular phase.
Risk-Taking across the Life-Span as Measured by an Intrusion-Omission Ratio on a Selective Attention Task
Authors: Panek Paul E. , McGown William P.
Published: September 2011

Data from a previously reported study were re-analyzed to determine whether increased cautiousness could explain age differences in performance requiring selective attention. 175 female volunteers, ranging in age from 17 to 72 yr., were given an auditory task requiring selective attention. An intrusion-to-omission ratio, computed for each subject, showed no significant differences across the age range. Results indicate increased cautiousness on the part of elderly persons cannot adequately explain age differences in performance requiring selective attention.
Inter-Rater Reliability and Concurrent Validity of the Goodenough-Harris and McCarthy Draw-a-Child Scoring Systems
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Maxwell Susanna
Published: September 2011

Inter-rater reliability of the Goodenough-Harris and McCarthy Draw-A-Child scoring systems was examined for a sample of 60 children, including 20 school-labeled learning disabled, 20 mentally retarded, and 20 normal children between the ages of 6 and 8 ½ yr. ( M = 7–8; 44 males and 16 females; 36 whites and 24 blacks). The inter-rater reliabilities of the Goodenough-Harris system were .938 and .934 for the McCarthy Draw-A-Child. The scores from both drawing tests correlated significantly, .57 to .87, with the WISC-R Full Scale IQ and McCarthy General Cognitive Index. Implications are discussed as they relate to the use of the Goodenough-Harris and McCarthy Draw-A-Child systems.
Magnitude of Suppression of Binocular Rivalry within the Invisible Pattern
Authors: Fukuda Hideko
Published: September 2011

How the magnitude of the suppression effect in binocular rivalry is shared within the completely invisible pattern was studied. Accuracy of detecting a target presented in the invisible pattern was measured at each of two positions of the target combined with two positions of the fixation point. The target which was presented at the periphery of the suppressed invisible pattern was detected more accurately than that presented at the center regardless of the position of fixation.
Normal Variation and Prediction of Mean Length of Utterance from Chronological Age
Authors: Meline Timothy J. , Meline Nannette C.
Published: September 2011

The variation of mean length of utterance, a linguistic measure, is explored among 50 normally developing 3-, 4-, and 5-yr.-old children. In addition, formulas for prediction of language status are presented. It is suggested that mean length of utterance, as a measure of language status, is limited in differentiating language-impaired from normally developing children.
Effects of Heart-Rate Biofeedback and False Feedback on Reactions to Stressful Stimulation
Authors: Carroll Douglas , Evans Lesley
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 10 subjects were exposed to intermittent bursts of loud noise. Two groups attempted bi-directional cardiac control immediately prior to the noise bursts, one with the aid of continuous heart-rate biofeedback and one without. The third group did not attempt heart-rate control but instead received false feedback that heart rate was either increasing or decreasing prior to the noise bursts. Only the biofeedback-assisted group demonstrated reliably different cardiac changes during attempted heart-rate increase and decrease. The heart rates of the false-feedback subjects were unaffected by the direction of change signalled by the feedback display. However, a significant differential effect on subjects' ratings of the noise bursts, in terms of loudness and unpleasantness, was apparent only in the false-feedback group. Skin conductance responses showed no such effect in any of the three groups. The results are most readily accounted for in terms of attribution theory.
Meditation and Academic Performance
Authors: Fiebert Martin S. , Mead Travis M.
Published: September 2011

20 students in an introductory psychology class were randomly assigned to either an experimental-treatment group or attention-control group. Baseline measures of examination grades and study time were taken for both groups. The experimental group was then taught and asked to practice Actualism meditation techniques before studying and before examinations. The control group was taught the techniques but asked to practice at other times. Data analysis yielded no significant differences between the groups in mean weekly study time in either the 3-wk. baseline or 9-wk. experimental period. The Actualism meditation group performed significantly better on examinations than the control group during the experimental period while there were no differences between the groups during the baseline period.
Body Image of and Contraceptive Use by College Females
Authors: Young Michael
Published: September 2011

83 sexually active college females completed a body-image scale and were classified on the basis of type of contraceptive used arid consistency of contraceptive use. Stepwise discriminant analysis identified sets of body-image items which significantly discriminated among the three groups of contraceptive types and four groups of contraceptive consistency.
Effects of Running and of an Exercise Class on Anxiety
Authors: Wilson Vietta E. , Berger Bonnie G. , Bird Evelyn I.
Published: September 2011

11 young adult men and 9 women in a running group, an organized exercise class (2 men and 10 women) and a group eating lunch at a YMHA (6 men and 4 women) were assessed as to pre- and post-State anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The three groups showed significant decreases in anxiety after the activity. This suggests that diversionary as well as causal influences may have been operative or an effect of testing.
Gender, Descriptive Language and Scientific Reporting
Authors: Richardson John G. , Damron Elayne
Published: September 2011

Descriptive terms taken from studies reporting gender differences in children's play are examined for the degree to which they are perceived as gender-linked. Fully 30 of the 36 terms presented are rated by subjects as masculine or feminine. It is suggested that such terms are linked to gender as a socially determined classification, exerting an influence upon observation and interpretation of gender-related behaviors.
Comparison of Comprehension Scores of Learning Disabled High School Students for Content Presented Aurally at Variable Rates of Speech
Authors: D'Alonzo Bruno J. , Zucker Stanley H.
Published: September 2011

60 learning disabled students, 43 males and 17 females, enrolled in a high school special education resource-room program listened to content presented at variable rates. The 60 subjects were randomly assigned to six experimental groups of 10 students each. Three groups were assigned to listen to content in history each at one of three predetermined rates. The same procedure was used for the three groups assigned to listen to biological content. Measures of comprehension of the content indicated no significant difference in the amount of information each group of students retained when the historical or biological content was presented to their particular group aurally at an expanded, normal, or compressed rate of speech.
Influence of Personal Characteristics of the Speaker on Phonetic Quality in Perception of Vowels
Authors: Fox Robert Allen
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to investigate the effect of speaker's voice quality on perceived phonetic quality in vowels using a perceptual scaling task. 16 subjects scaled sets of vowels produced by six different speakers (three women, three men). Analysis indicated no significant influence of speakers' quality on judgments of similarity of vowels. Results suggest that judgments of similarity were made on the basis of linguistically categorized images.
Scale for Excellence in Teaching Award for Teaching Assistants
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Ogasawara Todd H.
Published: September 2011

A 20-item scale was developed to screen graduate-level teaching assistants for a teaching award. Individual items may be used to diagnose problems in classroom teaching.
Southeastern Asian Refugees' Presbyopia
Authors: Ong Jin
Published: September 2011

The onset and terminal stages of presbyopia, the loss of amplitude of accommodation of the eye associated with old age, of the Southeastern Asian refugees were investigated. Subjects examined in a 6-mo. period in an Optometric practice were included. A + 1.00 D add was used to define onset of presbyopia, and +2.00 to 2.50 D, the terminal stage. Only those age 42 yr. and below were analyzed, a total of 184 subjects. Of these 68 required a + 1.00 D or larger add. χ2 test of an obvious increase in add requirement from ages 30–34 to 35–39 yr. was significant, meaning that the onset of presbyopia begins at the age of 35 yr. Age 42 yr. was considered the most probable age to be the terminal stage. An unusual feature, presbyopia occurring below age 35 yr., was noted. Thus, the earlier onset and terminal stages of presbyopia of the Southeastern Asian refugees support the notion of the regional, ethnic, and environmental influences in the development of presbyopia.
Effects of Shortened Exposure Time on the Creation of Literary Metaphors as Stimulated by Superimposed versus Separated Visual Images
Authors: Rothenberg Albert , Sobel Robert S.
Published: September 2011

In a previous experiment on the creative homospatial process, writers exposed to superimposed images created literary metaphors which were rated higher than those of subjects exposed to the same images projected separately. Shortening the duration of exposure to images produces significantly greater variability in ratings of metaphors for those exposed to the superimposed condition, as predicted from the mental representation in homospatial thinking.
Social Contact and Perceived Loneliness in College Students
Authors: Corty Eric , Young Richard David
Published: September 2011

Absolute level of social contact, perceived loneliness, and perceived number of problems were measured for 90 male and 38 female college students. It was expected that loneliness but not social contact would be correlated with the number of problems reported and that there would be at best a low correlation between loneliness and social contact. These hypotheses were corroborated in the present study. Though low levels of social contact were not related to loneliness, the possibility that a decrease in level of social contact or the perceived quality of social contact would be related to loneliness was discussed.
Relationship between Figure-Ground Perception and Viewing Time in a Ball-Catching Task
Authors: Petrakis Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

This investigation determined the relationship between figure-ground perception and viewing time in a ball-catching task of 34 beginning, 34 intermediate, and 30 advanced tennis players. Also analyzed were the differences between the sexes and levels of tennis skill on figure-ground perception, on the ball-catching task, and viewing time. Findings indicated that there is no relationship between figure-ground perception and viewing time. No differences were noted between the sexes or levels of tennis skill on figure-ground perception; however, there were significant differences in success in ball-catching and viewing times.
Effect of Instructional Specificity on Social Schemata
Authors: Jackson Thomas T. , Klopfer Frederick J. , Devader Christy L.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of instructions on subjects' accuracy of replacement of felt figures. Replacement-orienting instructions resulted in more accurate replacement than either General-orienting or Vague instructions, and females had less accurate replacement in the Vague condition than did males. The results are discussed in terms of task demands.
Relation between Self-Actualization, Neuroticism and Extra Version
Authors: Osborne John W. , Steeves Liliane
Published: September 2011

A replication of the study of the relationship between self-actualization and Neuroticism supported earlier findings. For 41 female and 38 male graduate students in educational psychology absence of significant correlations between measures of self-actualization and Extraversion did not support previous research but was more compatible with Maslow's original concept of self-actualization.
Humor and Episodic Memory following Frontal versus Posterior Brain Lesions
Authors: Prigatano George P. , Pribram Karl H.
Published: September 2011

10 frontal versus 10 posterior brain-lesioned patients were studied as to their capacity to use feelings (a humor response) to aid episodic memory. Both groups were inferior to 10 controls, and frontal-lesioned patients were inferior to those with posterior lesions. However, the former had more trouble using visual cues to aid memory. Consequently, the differences between frontal- and posterior-lesioned patients may not be specifically related to differences in using “feeling” cues to facilitate memory.
Captioned and Non-Captioned Cartoons: Effects of Structural Properties on Ratings of Humor
Authors: Mc Kay Timothy D. , Mc Kay Marcia E.
Published: September 2011

Humor ratings by 80 college students were obtained on non-captioned cartoons for comparison to whole-captioned cartoons and to independent ratings of the pictures and captions of the whole-captioned cartoons. Whole-captioned cartoons were rated significantly funnier than the independent ratings of pictures or captions. The non-captioned cartoons were not rated significantly different from pictures, captions, or whole-captioned cartoons. A significant interaction was found between the three forms of captioned cartoons and whether the cartoons were pictorial or caption-dependent. Subjects rated strictly pictorial non-captioned cartoons significantly funnier than non-captioned cartoons with writing in the pictures. These results support some previous findings and suggest control for cartoons' structure in studies of humor.
Visual Attention in Infants: A Study of Stimulus Complexity, Habituation, and Sex Differences
Authors: Mitchell Margery , Ivinskis A. , Finlay D. C.
Published: September 2011

A modification of Cohen's (1973) method was used to study responses to patterns of varying complexity in 4-mo.-old infants. Complexity in this context was defined in terms of the number of elements and the degree of internal contour contained in a given pattern. The infants were first presented with small red circles on two trials. This was followed by 16 trials of exposure to either 2 × 2 or 8 × 8 or 24 × 24 small red-circle matrix patterns which again were followed by two further exposures (trials) to the small red circle. Response decrement across trials was measured as a function of fixation, i.e., the duration of time the infant was judged to be looking at the stimulus, and latency, i.e., the time it took the infant to orient toward the stimulus pattern. Infants preferred the more complex patterns. All infants showed decrement in duration of fixation across trials for all three types of pattern. Latency of head turning did not change across trials but differed between pattern types. There were no significant sex differences in habituation rates as measured by duration of fixation and latency.
Shallow and Deep Phases of Comprehension of Discourse by Children
Authors: Weist Richard M. , Kaus Cheryl R. , Pantano Renee M.
Published: September 2011

Children listened to stories which contained two kinds of anomalies. One type of anomaly was produced by violating semantic restrictions (violation of sentence), and the other anomaly was based on conflicting propositions at two points in a story (violation of discourse). The capacity to detect violations of relations within sentences developed more rapidly than the capacity to detect violations of relations within discourse. The research gives an estimate of the child's developing capacity to integrate and store the structure of stories.
Asymmetry of Manual Preference and Performance
Authors: Provins K. A. , Milner A. D. , Kerr Penny
Published: September 2011

Laterality assessments for 1,966 unselected psychology undergraduates are compared on three questionnaires of tested reliability. Performances of the right and left hands of 167 university students are also reported for eight motor tasks of known reliability. Questionnaire results show good agreement among the three different methods of assessment for right-handedness but not for left-handedness. Preferences on activities such as handwriting and throwing suggest these are well-lateralized skills but that tasks mostly requiring strength are not; these findings are supported by data from the study of manual performance. The validity of handedness measures is discussed, and it is suggested that a longer and more wide-ranging questionnaire with self-weighting of items may provide a more appropriate alternative to the 10- or 12-item inventory usually employed for purposes of research or clinical practice.
Personal Space Methodology: Relation between Felt-Figures and Scores on Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Scale
Authors: Cohen Robert B. , Sherman Martin F. , Sherman Nancy C.
Published: September 2011

24 males and 24 females paired a self-figure with 8 stimulus figures using both the Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Scale and the Felt-figure Free-placement Technique. The two measures were strongly related although the magnitude of relationship varied by stimulus figure and sex.
Effect of Conflict Awareness on Visual Dominance
Authors: Bacon Joshua H. , Shaw Linda
Published: September 2011

Previous literature suggests that the visual dominance normally resulting from a visual-tactual shape conflict may be eliminated if the conflict is signalled by a cue other than the shape difference per se. The intent of the present study was to provide support for this notion by presenting a visual-tactual shape conflict in which the seen and felt objects were also spatially separated. Contrary to expectation, although a position difference did effectively alert the subject to the presence of a conflict, estimates of shape still reflected the visual and not the tactual information.
Ocular Position in Sentence-Picture Comparisons
Authors: Carlson Roger D. , Setley Michael A. , Lerman Joel M.
Published: September 2011

If ocularmotor activity in verifying orally presented sentences about pictures is important, then there ought to be an increase in such activity in the area of a picture in which a critical feature in the analysis is missing. If the process is purely cognitive, there ought not be greater activity in that area. 32 sentences combining such attributes as positive/negative, true/false, subject of sentence shown/not shown, “before”/“after,” resulting in sentences such as, “Star isn't before square,” were orally presented to 10 college-age students along with tachistoscopically presented pictures with either an object on the right or left. True/false reaction times were recorded as well as horizontal eye fixations for the time interval via an electromyograph and chart recorder. Mean eye-location/time indices indicated that some sentence types seemed to be analyzed predominantly visually and others predominantly cognitively. Results suggested that there is a need for the development of a combined visual imagery and cognitive model.
Sex, Reading Ability, and Visual Half-Field Test-Retest Reliability
Authors: Grant David W.
Published: September 2011

39 11-yr.-old children were given the same unilateral word-naming task on two separate occasions. A test-retest reliability of .46 was a function of both reading ability and sex.
Perceptions of Racially Related Stimuli by Young Children
Authors: Stabler John R. , Zeig James A. , Johnson Edward E.
Published: September 2011

The colors white and black are used as symbolic referents for, respectively, positive and negative evaluations. Studies are reviewed which describe the nature and extent of children's association of white with good and black with bad. A total of 375 white and 399 black children were tested. White and black preschool children respond similarly to the colors white and black, but white children show more polarization in their color associations than do black children. When children were filmed as they hit white or black boxes or bobo dolls with plastic baseball bats, black objects were more often the target than white objects. Preschool children's evaluative associations to the colors white and black are related to their choices of white or black playmates in a free-play situation. As child ten become older, their perceptions of the colors white and black become differentiated from their perceptions of white and black people.
Distance Estimation and Information Load
Authors: Foos Paul W.
Published: September 2011

Individuals received 4 or 10 pieces of information while walking a short or long distance. Following the walk, participants recalled the presented information and estimated the distance walked and time spent walking. Recall was affected by the amount of information presented while distance and time estimates were affected by walk distance. Contrary to the hypothesis, information load did not affect distance or time estimates.
The Filling-In Illusion and Moving Visual Phantoms
Authors: Fraser Alex , Wilcox Kimerly , Storgion Stephanie
Published: September 2011

A new visual illusion, filling-in illusion, is reported and compared to the moving visual phantoms of Tynan and Sekuler (1975). 169 unrelated, unpaid, volunteer subjects were recruited from students and faculty and classified as filling-in positive—able to perceive the illusion, or filling-in negative—unable to perceive it. Other investigations examined the effects of light levels, moving vs static test figures, and black-and-white vs shaded figures. A polaroid study suggests a central rather than retinal location of the illusory effect. Filling-in is a contour completion effect, as are moving visual phantoms. Although a number of differences between the two phenomena exist, it is suggested that they may be due to different aspects of a common mechanism.
Prediction of Adults' Reading Performance as a Function of Auditory and Visual Cognitive Styles and Intelligence
Authors: Butter Eliot J. , Jeffcott Ronald E.
Published: September 2011

120 students were administered the Auditory Cognitive Styles Test and the Matching Familiar Figures Sequential Presentation Test to assess cognitive style. Estimates of intelligence were based on the California Test of Mental Maturity. Performances were used to predict achievement on the Diagnostic Reading Test: comprehension, vocabulary, and total reading. Canonical correlation indicated an over-all relationship between the cognitive style variables and intelligence in the predictor set and the three reading measures of the criterion set. Only intelligence and errors on the auditory test contributed significantly to the variance of the reading measures. Importance of auditory factors in understanding adults' reading is supported.
Fantasy Processes and Mild Physical Activity
Authors: Ewing James H. , Gillis Carol A. , Scott David G. , Patzig William J.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of physical exercise on the process of fantasizing, 40 college and graduate students gave responses to Holtzman inkblot cards in two counterbalanced conditions while seated in a comfortable lounge chair and pedaling a stationary exercise bicycle at a mild level of exertion. Responses were scored for verbal fluency, as determined by word count; human, animal, inanimate, and total movement; and for measurement of primary-process thinking. The results lead to the conclusion that low levels of physical activity exert dramatic effects upon perceptual and cognitive functioning which are probably relevant to the outcome of exercise-oriented programs of psychotherapy.
Relationship between Trait Anxiety and Leisure Time Activities: A Comparison of the Unidimensional and Multidimensional Models of Anxiety
Authors: Vitelli Romeo , Frisch Giora Ron
Published: September 2011

97 undergraduate students were given the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the S-R Inventory of General Trait Anxiousness, and a leisure activity inventory to test the hypothesis that the multidimensional model of anxiety could account for the variance in reported leisure activity more adequately than did the unidimensional model. Analysis showed a significant variation in over-all leisure activity which correlated significantly with scores on the S-R Inventory measure of physical danger anxiety for both the 42 male and 55 female subjects. The findings which indicate support for the multidimensional model of anxiety are discussed and implications for future research noted.
Acquisition of a Simple Motor Skill by Low and High Academic Achievers
Authors: Ramella Reno J.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to ascertain if low and high academic achievers ( ns = 9) learned a simple stick-pulling task similarly. High achievers performed better early in practice but the advantage disappeared by the end of the 9 trials.
Textual Segmentation: A Technique for Measuring Comprehension of Lengthy Prose
Authors: Kondziela James M.
Published: September 2011

A simple technique for measuring comprehension of lengthy prose, i.e., consisting of multiple sentences, is presented. The “textual segmentation” procedure requires subjects to partition text into complete, meaningful units, such as paragraphs, chapters, and books. Very easy to prepare, administer, and score, textual segmentation has potentially wide application as a measure of reading comprehension, as a means for studying how people segment prose into paragraphs and the like, as a readability measure, as an instructional tool, and as a criterion for judging the success of text-reading and text-writing computer programs in research on artificial intelligence.
Minor Physical Anomalies, Footprints, and Behavior: Was the Buddha Right?
Authors: Draper Thomas W. , Munoz Milagros M.
Published: September 2011

A relationship between an anomaly of the footprint suggested by 5th Century Abhidhamma meditations and Minor Physical Anomalies Scale of Waldrop and Halverson was observed in a sample of 46 pre-school and school-age children. The footprint anomalies correlated with the reported activity levels of children in the same way as the scores on the scale and in a manner consistent with prior research using the scale.
Attitude Changes of Specialist Students of Physical Education towards Physical Activity during Teacher-Training Courses
Authors: Barrell G. V. , Holt D.
Published: September 2011

A longitudinal investigation of the attitudes towards physical activity of specialist students of physical education was undertaken during a course of training teachers. Significant changes of attitude with time were noted particularly in the Vertigo and Ascetic dimensions.
Measuring Visual Disembedding in a Tachistoscopic Presentation
Authors: Zoccolotti Pierluigi , Pizzamiglio Luigi
Published: September 2011

A newly devised tachistoscopic test of disembedding ability was checked in two experiments for internal reliability and validity in comparison with a standard test of visual disembedding. The results of the two experiments ( ns = 16) showed that performance on die standard test is significantly related to its tachistoscopic version, although the latter involves a component of visual alertness.
An Ecological Model for the Processing of Symbolic Information
Authors: Bierschenk Bernhard
Published: September 2011

This article points out that an adequate cognition-oriented approach to the processing of symbolic information abstracted from verbal expressions must consider running text instead of scattered sentences. It is argued that the dominant cognition models do not give due consideration to the fact that a valid abstraction of information structures has to be based on an explicit encoding of intentionality and valuation. A model must cope with empirical context and novelty instead of truth-values in semantic-logical contexts. The proposed theory has been tested empirically on text material considered to be anamorphic. Its underlying key relations can be extracted by means of discriminant functions and given a meaningful interpretation.
Finger Prints and Personality Scores
Authors: Schaefer Dagmar , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

200 university students were tested to determine whether or not different types of finger prints were associated with personality test data. Comparisons were made between the three main finger-print types: loop, whorl and arch, on each of the 10 digits for each scale on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF). Subjects with arches on their left index fingers or left middle fingers scored significantly higher on the Neuroticism factor (forthright versus shrewd) than people who had whorls on these fingers. However, no obvious large or simple relationships were found in this preliminary study between the 16 PF scores and finger-print types.
Relationship of Ear Specialization to Degree of Task Difficulty, Sex, and Lateral Preference
Authors: Kraft R. Harter
Published: September 2011

Children in Grades 2 and 6 nested in age, sex, and lateral-preference groups were administered two dichotic listening tests (digit and environmental sound). There was a right-ear advantage for verbal stimuli which did not increase with age, supporting the invariance models of the development of verbal laterality past 5 to 6 years of age. The percentage of left-ear accuracy for verbal stimuli relative to the right ear decreased with task difficulty. Girls were more accurate than boys when recalling verbal stimuli and the older boys were more accurate than the other children when identifying environmental sounds. In recalling nonverbal stimuli, boys showed a left-ear advantage and out-performed girls, who showed a right-ear advantage. The sex difference in ear advantage increased with task difficulty. There was an over-all increase in accuracy with age when identifying both verbal and nonverbal stimuli with the exception of the ambidextrous children, who demonstrated low accuracy scores for the environmental sound stimuli across age groups.
Salience of Perceptual Cues during Cycling: Do Training and Instrumentation Moderate Ratings of Perceived Exertion?
Authors: Rejeski W. Jack , Brodowicz Gary , King Douglas , Ribisl Paul
Published: September 2011

A cross-sectional experimental design was employed to evaluate the effects of toeclips on 10 non-cyclists' (runners) and 10 competitive cyclists' ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during VO2 max tests conducted on a bicycle ergometer. It was proposed that the competitive cyclists would benefit considerably more from the use of toeclips than non-cyclists. Results supported the hypothesis in that the use of toeclips by the competitive group led to a decrease in local ratings and a concomitant increase in VO2 max over a no-toeclip condition. Such differences were not found for the non-cyclists.
Differential Influence of Various Instructional Factors on Self-Concepts of Handicapped and Non-Handicapped Children in Mainstreamed Physical Education Classes
Authors: Karper William B. , Martinek Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the differential influence of students' expression of effort, school, teachers' expectations, sex, being handicapped/non-handicapped, grade, teachers, and race on self-concept of 28 handicapped and 108 non-handicapped children in mainstreamed physical education classes (K-3). The Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale measured self-concept and two unpublished tests were used to test students' expression of effort and teachers' expectations. A stepwise multiple regression technique was applied to self-concept to determine the comparative influence of the eight independent variables. Data analysis showed that three of the independent variables contributed significantly to the variability of self-concept. Students' expression of effort had the strongest influence followed by school and teachers' expectation of students' ability to reason.
Long-Term Retention of Temporal Information
Authors: Guay Michel
Published: September 2011

The main purpose was to determine the characteristics of long-term retention of temporal information. Visual durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 120 subjects under the method of reproduction. Four retention intervals were used, viz., immediate reproduction, 2 days, 14 days, and 28 days. The percentage absolute and percentage variable errors were used to evaluate effects of forgetting. When subjects hold time lengths of 1, 4, and 8 sec. in memory for a period of 14 or 28 days, they become less accurate and more variable than if they recall the item immediately or after 2 days. One explanation for the nature of forgetting was suggested. The percentage constant error was used as an index of bias. Subjects had a tendency to overestimate the 1-sec. and to underestimate the 4- and 8-sec. time durations. The hypothesis that the longer-term memory of perceptual estimates of temporal information follows a pattern similar to that of other continuous dimensions was not confirmed over these intervals.
Auditory Masking Effects on Lingual Vibrotactile Thresholds as a Function of Age
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda , Robey Randall R.
Published: September 2011

Auditory masking effects on lingual vibrotactile thresholds were examined across three groups of 10 subjects each. The first group included children 13 yr. of age or younger, the second group young college age adults, and the third group elderly individuals 66 yr. of age or older. Lingual vibrotactile thresholds were obtained from each group at a frequency of 250 Hz, under experimental conditions of no-masking, narrow-band masking, and wide-band masking. Results showed statistically significant threshold differences between the elderly group and the other two groups for all three experimental conditions. A difference was also detected between experimental conditions when an over-all statistical analysis was performed, but this difference disappeared under more stringent post hoc examination. Results are discussed with respect to current literature on aging and appropriate simplified procedures are recommended for future lingual vibrotactile threshold testing.
Influence of Friendship on Performance on a Noncompetitive Task
Authors: Piché André , Sachs Michael L.
Published: September 2011

No significant differences among potential and actual group performances for groups of friends and strangers on exerting vertical pressure using a 6-ft. pole.
Anagram Solution Time and Effects of Distraction, Sex Differences, and Anxiety
Authors: Papsdorf James D. , Himle David P. , McCann Barbara S. , Thyer Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

A single-solution anagram task was administered to high and low test-anxious 32 male and 32 female undergraduates under conditions of high and low external distraction. No significant main effects were found linking solution times to either test-anxiety level or the presence or absence of distracting stimuli. Following a planned post hoc analysis which assigned the anagrams into ‘hard’ or ‘easy’ categories, a significant main effect for level of test anxiety was found for the ‘hard’ anagrams, indicating that test anxiety debilitates performance only when the criterion task is especially difficult. Difficulty of anagrams also significantly interacted with subjects' sex, test anxiety, and distraction. The results are discussed in terms of the hypotheses that distracting stimuli may produce increases in arousal during difficult tasks and that these increments may either compromise or improve performance, depending upon the level of test anxiety which is viewed as a determinant of the initial arousal level of the subject.
Perceptions of Restricted Relationships of Divorced and Widowed Women and Men
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Crump Diane
Published: September 2011

48 female and 48 male college students judged the extent to which the formerly married are restricted in their social relationships. Each subject evaluated one of four groups: widowed women, divorced women, widowed men, or divorced men. There was limited support for the hypotheses that the divorced would be perceived as more restricted than the widowed and that women would be perceived as more restricted than men.
Measurement for Warm-Up Decrement: A Review
Authors: Murray Joseph F.
Published: September 2011

Research dealing with warm-up decrement shows there is diversity in measurement of this phenomenon. It would be advantageous to have a standardized method of measurement that is objective and does not require the determination of a peak trial. One such technique is orthogonal polynomial regression.