bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure to Pornography, Character, and Sexual Deviance: A Retrospective Survey
Authors: Davis Keith E. , Braucht G. Nicholas
Published: April 2010

Data from 365 subjects from seven types of social groups (jail inmates, college students of three ethnic backgrounds, members of Catholic and Protestant religious organizations) were examined. While amount of exposure was negatively related to the overall index of character, the relationship held primarily for those subjects first exposed after age 17. Amount of exposure to pornography was positively related to self‐acknowledged sexual “deviance” at all ages of first exposure. Exposure was also related to a number of life history variables indicating early significant heterosexual experience and a greater involvement in homosexual and deviant sexual practices. A number of analyses were undertaken to explore the possible causal status which exposure to pornography may have with respect to sexual deviance. The pattern of obtained results leaves open the possibility that early exposure to pornography plays some causal role in the development of sexually deviant life styles or the possibility that exposure is merely part of or a product of adopting a sexually deviant life style.
When Familiarity Breeds Respect: The Effects of an Experimental Depolarization Program on Police and Student Attitudes toward Each Other
Authors: Diamond Michael Jay , Lobitz W. Charles
Published: April 2010

During student riots at Stanford University in the spring of 1970, 164 students (of whom 95 were control subjects with no contact) and 37 local policemen were brought together to facilitate nonviolent interactions and promote understanding between students and police. Three forms of contact were utilized: students riding in police squad cars, police having dinner and “rap sessions” with students, and encounter groups. Self‐report questionnaires assessed the attitudes of members of each group toward the other both before and after contact. Significant attitudinal depolarization toward the other group occurred as a result of the three types of contact. These findings are discussed in terms of the reduction of autistic hostility between groups as well as an increase in self‐disclosure. Methodological problems inherent in such social action projects are considered and suggestions made for future projects of this kind.
Effects of Sudden Mass School Desegregation on Interracial Interaction and Attitudes in One Southern City
Authors: Silverman Irwin , Shaw Marvin E.
Published: April 2010

The extent to which blacks and whites interacted socially on school grounds and their attitudes toward each other were ascertained across time during the first semester of an integration program in three southern secondary schools. Interracial interactions remained sparse throughout the semester and over time showed no increases approaching significance though attitudes did become more tolerant. Several effects on both variables related to race, sex, and grade level are reported.
Special Problems of Free Clinics Serving Minority Communities
Authors: Harvey William M.
Published: April 2010

Black clinics face special problems in “getting themselves together.” Black and minority clinics tend to be less oriented towards serving the needs of the young drug abuser and are much more concerned with meeting the basic health needs of a particular minority community. The author presents points on the establishment of a clinic, the initial planning meetings, the role and interaction of the black and white professions and para‐professionals and how they work out their differences and come together towards a common goal, the financial problems and how to raise funds through concerts, radio, TV, and health fairs.
How Relevant is the Free Clinic Movement to Black People
Authors: Clark Harry W.
Published: April 2010

This article presents a philosophical and practical look at the free clinic movement from a third world people's perspective. The free clinic is seen as a significant alternative to the lack of health care in the black communities. Serious questions are raised about setting up discrete clinics to meet the needs of the community in a haphazard way. The concept of health care delivery, the use of federal funds, and the need for the power structure to maintain its political machination base are indicated. It is suggested that as medical schools, the government, and agencies co‐opt free clinics, they will be less and less “free,” unless the struggle becomes a national and unified one.
Quality Care in a Free Clinic
Authors: Horowitz Lawrence
Published: April 2010

The need for quality patient care in a free clinic is presented with emphasis on the importance of continued self‐scrutinizing on the part of the staff. The author brings up the possibility of peer review, better record keeping, tighter laboratory procedures, and more effective consumer‐patient participation in a clinic. A continued emphasis on quantity of patients seen, rather than on the quality of work done, can only serve to hurt the free clinics over an extended period of time.
Crisis Intervention, Individual and Group Counseling, and the Psychology of the Counseling Staff in a Free Clinic
Authors: Freudenberger Herbert J.
Published: April 2010

In terms of personal qualities, a competent free clinic counselor ought to be able to manifest a degree of warmth and humor, feel comfortable with people, and have a facility and liking for people. The chapter also discusses techniques of staff training, the need for common objectives, the use of role playing, films, tapes, and video‐tape equipment, the possibility of using two‐counselor teams both for training and for the possibility of one's substituting for the other in case of absence. Techniques and “how to” in terms of crisis counseling for individual and group work are presented. The crisis intervention approach is demonstrated, as well as means of assessing strengths and weaknesses in those who seek help. Issues of the dynamics of the counseling staff are discussed, the subtle dependency relationships that are established, the problems of transference and mutual need that may be acted upon through counseling. Finally, the author presents the issues of community education and prevention work, as part of a counselor's task.
Pregnancy and Birth Control Counseling
Authors: Canfield Elizabeth
Published: April 2010

Clinical illustrations of pregnancy counseling are given with clearly demarcated areas that a counselor should or should not get into. The author outlines the vital points that need to be covered in counseling: (a) failure to use contraception, (b) failure of contraceptive methods, (c) sexual attitudes, (d) concrete plans, and (e) referrals. Some of the topics discussed are: the use of emergency methods, sterilization, the meanings of incest, homosexuality, masturbation, and prostitution. The selection and training of counselors and the screening procedures are pointed up, with “how to” procedures outlined.
The Clinic Coordinator
Authors: Roth David
Published: April 2010

How and what the clinic coordinator needs to do at any given moment during the course of an evening are described. Having to be aware of the personalities of the staff as well as those who come in for help, the need for good “vibes” and continued smooth flow are demonstrated and illustrated in detail. Further material deals with the importance of quality care of the patients, and the raising of all our consciousnesses. A very simple and detailed 12‐step system is shared of how and what a clinic coordinator needs to be aware of and responsible about.
Running away from Home
Authors: Washton Kate
Published: April 2010

A former director of Project Place in Boston shares her experience in working with runaways. Initially the project faced survival problems and problems with economics, politics, and the need for professional and agency support. One of the first areas that demands attention in a runaway house is the staffing. The staffing patterns that are required, the night shift schedules, the division of labor, house rules regarding drugs and the flexibility required are described. There is discussion of the philosophy towards runaways, the ongoing training that is required, and the need for research.
Inter‐ and Intragenerational Influences on Adolescent Marijuana Use1
Authors: Kandel Denise
Published: April 2010

To investigate inter‐ and intragenerational influences in adolescent marijuana use, a survey was undertaken on a representative sample of public secondary school students in New York State. Independent data were obtained from adolescents, their parents, and their best‐school‐friends. These relational data document the crucial role which members of the same generation play in adolescent illegal drug use. Involvement with other drug‐using adolescents is a more important correlate of adolescent marijuana use than is parental use of psychoactive drugs or alcohol (which provides a small influence). Inter‐ and intragenerational influences are synergistic, however. The highest rates of marijuana usage are observed among adolescents whose parents and best friends are drug users. Interactional generational factors influence levels of intragenerational influences. Implications of these data for parental and peer influence, the generation gap, and social change are discussed.
Generational Experience and the Development of Freak Culture1
Authors: Wieder D. Lawrence , Zimmerman Don H.
Published: April 2010

This paper explores the emergence of freak culture within the present generation of middle class youth at this point in time, and some of the implications of the freak value system and life style for societal change. An empirical description of freak culture is presented, based on ethnographic and survey data. The content of freak culture is related to distinctive generation‐based experiences of middle class youth born after World War II, the first middle class generation which consumed on the open market long before it earned or produced. Those who as students established their own residences discovered that they could be “real persons” independently of their families, while not having an occupational identity—a critical and novel discovery for middle class males. Isolated from previous generations and ghettoized, some middle class members of this generation undertook a self‐transformation, and in the process formulated and lived out new conceptions of society (especially with respect to work, consumption, and achievement) which were consistent with their own distinctive experiences.
On the Decline of Age Grading in Rural Hippie Communes1
Authors: Berger Bennett M. , Hackett Bruce M.
Published: April 2010

Ethnographic data from a study of rural hippie communes suggest a clear attenuation of the normative differences usually ascribed to children on the grounds of their age. The participation of children in drug use and sex, as well as their autonomy in the settlement of their disputes, are cited as examples of this decline in age grading. Interpretations are offered of the ways in which this equalitarian conception of children is systematically sustained by other facts of communal life and by the ideological postures of parents. Finally, inferences are made from the decline of age grading in the communes of the counterculture for possible changes in the relations between the generations in the future.
The Jesus People Movement: A Generational Interpretation
Authors: Balswick Jack
Published: April 2010

The Jesus People, as members of a distinctive age stratum, exhibit many attributes common to the counterculture: subjectivism, informality, spontaneity, new forms and media of communication. As members of a distinctive religious orientation, they exhibit attributes common to fundamentalist and Pentacostal Christianity: the inerrancy of scripture, emphasis on the Holy Spirit, and a commitment to “one way” to God. This phenomenological study of the Jesus People suggests that the movement can best be seen as the result of a youthful cohort's “fresh contact” (using Mannheim's concept) with the fundamentalist tradition in Christianity, set within the context of structural conditions in American society in the 1960s and in organized American religion, plus the distinctive life style and orientations of the broader youth counterculture movement. It is suggested that this unique generational movement represents a potential for change in American religious institutions.
Age Differences and Dimensions of Religious Behavior
Authors: Johnson Arthur L. , Brekke Milo L. , Strommen Merton P. , Underwager Ralph C.
Published: April 2010

This research explores the magnitude, sources, and consequences of differences among age strata in various dimensions of religious orientation and practice. A national sample of 4444 Lutheran church members, ages 15–65, completed a 740‐item survey. From these data six age groups were empirically formed; these exhibited significant differences on 43 of 52 major scales. Patterns of age strata differences supported a “selective gap” theory rather than a “great gap” interpretation of contrasts among age strata. The youth stratum, 19–23, was found to be most heterogeneous in their beliefs, attitudes, or life styles. Although some within‐stratum solidarity was evident, it generally was weak and overshadowed by lineage solidarity. Implications of combined aging and cohort effects conclude the discussion.
Activists Ten Years Later: A Test of Generational Unit Continuity1
Authors: Fendrich James M.
Published: April 2010

This study focuses on the generational unit born out of the student protest movement. Three groups were selected for the study: (a) former civil rights activists involved in protest demonstrations during 1960 and 1963, (b) former students who had been involved in student government politics during that time, and (c) former students who had taken no part in institutional or noninstitutional politics. The major dependent variables are political attitudes and political behavior eight to eleven years after the student protest. Using path analysis, it was found that the level of student activism had major direct and indirect effects on political attitudes and behavior. Together with other exogenous and intervening variables, student activism accounted for 55% of the variance in political attitudes and 42% of the variance in political behavior.
Factors Affecting Social Change: A Social‐Psychological Interpretation
Authors: Katz Daniel
Published: April 2010

The concern of the psychologist with person‐blame attribution has meant a failure to analyze types of change and social causes of societal changes. Social change can be radically structural (revolutionary), incrementally structural, or cultural. Sources of change can be found in internal contradictions within a society as in Marxian analysis, in uneven rates of growth of various parts of the system, in contact and clash with other systems, and in generational differences. Ongoing social systems are based upon a number of mechanisms designed to insure a continuing input so that effective forces of change need some accumulation and mobilization of social disaffection along group lines rather than the alienation of scattered individuals or transient sub‐groupings. The basic contradictions in our society have led to incremental rather than radical change. Generational differences have produced cultural rather than structural change. Thus, the divisiveness and rebellion stemming from differences in social class, age, sex, and race has not resulted in sharp deep lines of cleavage facilitative of revolutionary movements, but have been contained within the society. They may assume more significance, however, as the American system comes into increasing competition and conflict with other systems for resources, markets, and power.
Generations, Aging, and Social Stratification: on the Development of Generational Units1
Authors: Laufer Robert S. , Bengtson Vern L.
Published: April 2010

A crucial but underdeveloped aspect of generational analysis concerns the importance of class groupings on the development of generation‐based issues, and the necessity of examining the way in which superordinate and subordinate class groupings mediate the experience of age‐cohort membership. If one distinguishes the demographic (or cohort) perspective on generations from that which focuses on smaller age‐based groupings that provide specific impetus for social change (generation units), one can explore the antecedents of generation unit formation among upper‐middle class youth of the past decade, and examine the role of social and technological innovation in the creation of alternative generational styles. Four types of generational units among youth are delineated—radicalism, freakism, communalism, and revivalism—and the possibility of generational units among the elderly is discussed.
Some Dimensions of Population and Family Planning: Goals and Means
Authors: Stycos J. Mayone
Published: April 2010

Where population planning and family planning programs converge and diverge are discussed in terms of ultimate arid intermediate goals, and the means by which goals are achieved. Broad variations are found within the ranks of both groups of planning advocates. This variation is both cause and effect of differing levels of concern over the societal consequences of population growth and size and of family growth and size. When degree of concern over population problems is compared with the degree of difficulty of solution regarded as necessary or desirable, a number of instances are found in which the relation is not as expected. This is due in part to the heterogeneity of the goals and in part to ideological considerations affecting attitudes toward means as well as ends.
Psychological Attributes of Policemen: A Review of Research and Opinion
Authors: Lefkowitz Joel
Published: April 2010

This review focuses primarily on personality characteristics of policemen. The data substantiate, with some qualifications, the existence of a nonpathological “modal police personality.” Methodological weaknesses prevent, however, an assessment of the relative developmental contributions of predisposing self‐selection effects, socioeconomic class determinants, organizational selection and selective attrition, occupational socialization, and role‐specific behaviors.
Police‐Community Relations Units: A National Survey
Authors: Reasons Charles E. , Wirth Bernard A.
Published: April 2010

A national survey of Police‐Community Relations Units was made to analyze their size, emergence, purpose, structure and recruitment procedures, internal and external support, handling of complaints and evaluation, rapport and dress, and extent of racial integration. While these units appear to be leaders in certain areas, problems of internal support and substantive external change are noted. The survival of Police‐Community Relations Units may necessitate their stopping short of promoting the kind of substantive change necessary to alleviate conflict.
A Longitudinal Study of Attitude Shifts among Black and White Police Officers
Authors: Teahan John E.
Published: April 2010

Radical increases in racial animosity between white and black officers were found from the time of entering the academy until eighteen months later. All officers seemed to become more hedonistic, impersonal, and detached, and to develop feelings of hostility toward authority figures. As black officers progressed through the academy and on into regular police work, they became increasingly negative toward whites and disillusioned with the department; they began to shift in the direction of a greater sense of black unity and polarity against whites. While blacks saw greater preference being given to whites, white officers perceived the converse with the result that they became also more ethnocentric and polarized. Little evidence was found to indicate that a police experience molds men to feel a greater sense of social concern, or that it motivates them to improve relationships between races.
Police Action—Community Action
Authors: Singer Henry A.
Published: April 2010

An experimental model was used in two cities in Connecticut to bring about improved police‐community relations. Participants in the program were 300 police officers up through the grade of captain and 150 civilians representing militant, conservative, and community organizations. Questionnaires given to the police before and after the six‐week program indicated dramatic favorable change in the policeman's attitudes toward himself, youth, and Puerto Ricans. However, attitudes toward blacks did not improve and in some cases regressed.
Laboratory Training for Police Officers
Authors: Sata Lindbergh S.
Published: April 2010

In a retreat‐like setting, a voluntary group of police officers was given several days training in better communication and learning about oneself and others. In the midst of the training, the trainees were recalled to active duty to help deal with a race riot. After the riot they returned to training. The total program appeared to be successful.
Community Relations Training in the Seattle Police Academy
Authors: Stotland Ezra , Guppy William
Published: April 2010

Community relations training by social and behavioral scientists was incorporated into the Seattle Police Academy during the 1960s. Initially all of the training was of the stand‐up‐and‐lecture type. But in the late sixties, role playing of difficult interracial and other police situations was conducted. The role‐playing procedures and situations were planned and carried out in a collaborative effort between the police and the role‐playing experts from the behavioral science community.
A Police Officer Reacts
Authors: Gustin Anton C.
Published: April 2010

Questions are raised about articles in this issue, specifically about the use of questionnaires in research on the police, the difficulties and shortcomings of survey research, a tendency to ignore the effects of training programs on the street experience. Training in race relations underestimates both minority prejudice against the police and some inherent conflicts between blacks and whites. In the question of police killings, the extreme difficulty of making split‐second decisions to protect one's own life in a society that is positive about handguns needs to be considered as does the fact that one of the reasons police kill more than they are killed is simply their technical superiority in the use of guns. Police‐community relations should deemphasize “show‐biz” and turn to social advocacy by police jointly with community to solve the latter's problems.
The Impact of Cooperative Learning Experiences on Cross‐Ethnic Relations and Attitudes
Authors: Weigel Russell H. , Wiser Patricia L. , Cook Stuart W.
Published: April 2010

A field experiment examined the effects of cooperative interethnic contact on ethnic relations and attitudes in the setting of newly desegregated junior and senior high schools. Cooperative interethnic contact was induced in the experimental classrooms by means of a teaching method which emphasized the use of small interdependent student work groups composed of white, black, and Mexican‐American students. Results indicated that the interethnic group method received a favorable endorsement from the teachers, produced substantially more cross‐ethnic helping behavior, promoted greater relative respect and liking for Mexican‐American classmates among white students, and elicited more frequent friendship choices for Mexican‐Americans by whites.
Civil Liberties Attitudes and Personality Measures: Some Exploratory Research
Authors: Zalkind Sheldon S. , Gaugler Edward A. , Schwartz Ronald M.
Published: April 2010

Questionnaires containing civil liberties and personality measures were administered in two different years to samples of adults in the metropolitan New York City area. Attitudes towards civil liberties issues consistently correlated positively with flexibility, self‐reliance and independence measures, even when age, education, and socioeconomic status were simultaneously held constant. Anomie and fate control measures had low negative relationships to some but not all civil liberties attitude measures. Anxiety scores did not relate to attitudes.
Dimensions of Civil Liberties and Personality: Relationships for Measures of Tolerance and Complexity
Authors: Gaugler Edward A. , Zalkind Sheldon S.
Published: April 2010

Groups of “constricted” (N = 59) and “nonconstricted” (N = 49) individuals were selected from a New York City survey sample on the basis of three personality scores: anger expression‐retention, independence‐yielding, and anomie. Civil liberties attitude dimensions were then obtained for each group. Contrary to hypothesis the two groups did not differ on measures of cognitive complexity derived from the factor structures for their civil liberties attitudes, but the nonconstricted group was more tolerant than the constricted group on several dimensions. When controlled for demographic variables, the differences in tolerance held only for a dimension dealing with admitted Communists. Thus, even though the constricted may be less tolerant, for the multidimensional domain of civil liberties attitudes constricted individuals do not have simpler cognitive structures than nonconstricted individuals.
Work Experience, Socialization, and Civil Liberties
Authors: Korman Abraham K.
Published: April 2010

This paper examines the effects of both permanent and temporary work experience on attitudes and behaviors in the area of civil liberties. An overall paucity of directly relevent research is noted but there is theory and work in related areas which provides some guidelines. Hierarchical structure, rigidity, and specialization seem to generate negative affect toward civil libertarian concerns, but the effects are not consistent. A theoretical model designed to predict the conditions under which work experience may be significant in this area is proposed.
A Prediction of Delayed Stress Response Syndromes in Vietnam Veterans
Authors: Horowitz Mardi J. , Solomon George F.
Published: April 2010

It is posited that over the next years civilian mental health professionals will encounter stress response syndromes in Vietnam veterans, will misread etiological factors, and will be unable to treat such persons effectively. This paper attempts to describe the types of problems which may be expected and suggests special approaches which will be required and may assist the treatment process.
The Impact of Vietnam on Trust in Government
Authors: Bachman Jerald G. , Jennings M. Kent
Published: April 2010

Trust in government dropped dramatically during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Data spanning this period are presented from two nationwide studies of young males. The results show that views about the role of the United States in the Vietnam War played a substantial part in the decline in government trust; however, actual service in the armed forces did not seem to produce a disproportionate drop in that trust. Along a number of other dimensions distinctions emerged between those who did and did not serve; nevertheless, the similarities outweighed the differences.
Premarital Pregnancy and Marital Instability
Authors: Furstenberg Frank F.
Published: April 2010

This paper examines the existing evidence on the association between premarital pregnancy and marital dissolution, deriving possible explanations to account for the link between the timing of conception and the marital outcome, and testing certain of these explanations using selected data from a five year longitudinal study on the social consequences of unplanned parenthood. Information was collected on the marital careers of 203 young women who became premaritally pregnant in their early teens and 90 of their classmates most of whom married before pregnancy. The marital histories of the two samples show that disruption in the courtship process and limited economic resources are the most important factors contributing to marital dissolution.
Breakups Before Marriage: The End of 103 Affairs
Authors: Hill Charles T. , Rubin Zick , Peplau Letitia Anne
Published: April 2010

Factors that predicted breakups before marriage, investigated as part of a two‐year study of dating relationships among college students, included unequal involvement in the relationship (as suggested by exchange theory) and discrepant age, educational aspirations, intelligence, and physical attractiveness (as suggested by filtering models). The timing of breakups was highly related to the school calendar, pointing to the importance of external factors in structuring breakups. The desire to break up was seldom mutual; women were more likely than men to perceive problems in premarital relationships and somewhat more likely to be the ones to precipitate the breakups. Findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for the process of mate selection and their implications for marital breakup. (“The best divorce is the one you get before you get married.”)
Couple Strains in Communal Households: A Four‐Factor Model of the Separation Process
Authors: Jaffe Dennis T. , Kanter Rosabeth Moss
Published: April 2010

A four‐factor model is proposed for understanding the separation process of couples living in urban communes. The factors influencing separation are considered to be contextual conduciveness, systemic strain, generalized beliefs, and precipitating events. Case studies of separating couples who were members of a larger sample living in communal households are presented to illustrate ways in which couples exhibited each of the above factors. Separation is seen as dependent on these factors, singly and in combination. The ways in which communal households deal with separation are also discussed.
Dimensions of Verbal Racial Attitudes: Interracial Marriage and Approaches to Racial Equality
Authors: Brigham John C. , Woodmansee John J. , Cook Stuart W.
Published: April 2010

The empirical approach to the analysis of attitude organization suggests that verbal racial attitudes are not organized in terms of cognitive, affective, and conative (or behavioral) components but rather in terms of content areas that cross‐cut this structural trichotomy. A racial attitude inventory made up of nine empirically identified dimensions successfully predicted whites' membership in attitudinal criterion groups. In this study two additional dimensions were hypothesized: (a) reactions to interracial marriage and (b) preference between an approach to racial equality for black Americans which stresses changes in society and one stressing changes in blacks themselves. Cluster analyses confirmed the existence of these two additional dimensions as well as the original nine. A validation study indicates that both new dimensions as well as the original nine successfully differentiate groups of whites known to differ in racial attitude.
Attitudinal and Behavioral Effects of Initial Integration of White Suburban Neighborhoods
Authors: Hamilton David L. , Bishop George D.
Published: April 2010

Interviews were conducted in 18 white suburban neighborhoods into which a new family had recently moved — in 8 neighborhoods a new black family, in the other 10 a white. Prior interviews in some neighborhoods indicated a high degree of comparability between residents of the two sets of neighborhoods. Interviews conducted one month, three months, and one year after the families had moved in assessed a variety of attitudinal and behavioral indicators of residents' reactions to new neighbors. Results not only showed marked differences in how black and white families are received by white residents but also revealed patterns of change over time which reflect the processes inherent in the integration experience.
Clean is Beautiful: Identification and Preference as a Function of Race and Cleanliness
Authors: Epstein Yakov M. , Krupat Edward , Obudho Constance
Published: April 2010

The classic studies of doll preference conducted by Clark and Clark have stimulated more than 25 years of research investigating self‐acceptance and self‐rejection in black children. These studies, however, have failed to consider the importance of nonracial factors as determinants of preference. In an investigation of the importance of cleanliness as well as race as a determinant of preference, 60 white and 56 black children of both sexes in grades 2, 3, and 4 of a nonsegregated New York City public school indicated their relative preferences for four photographs varying in cleanliness and race. Results indicate that cleanliness is a more potent determinant of preferences than is the race of the stimulus person.
Relative Deprivation, Rising Expectations, and Black Militancy
Authors: Abeles Ronald P.
Published: April 2010

The anomalous relationship between improvements in the socioeconomic condition of blacks and the rise of the civil rights movement and urban riots of the 1960s is frequently explained by social scientists in terms of theories of relative deprivation (RD) and rising expectations (RE). The present paper investigates the role of RD and RE as mediating variables between social structure and black militancy through secondary analyses of survey data of blacks living in Cleveland and Miami in the late 1960s. While the results are generally supportive, the mediating roles of RD and RE are not as important as originally anticipated. Alternative explanations and implications derived from the present data and the theories for the future of black militancy are discussed.
Can a Black “Culture Assimilator” Increase Racial Understanding?
Authors: Landis Dan , Day Harry R. , McGrew P. L. , Thomas James A. , Miller Albert B.
Published: April 2010

A programmed instruction approach to race relations training in the United States Army involved the development of the technique (culture assimilator) and its field test. In the development phase 65 black officers, 90 black enlisted men, 65 white officers, and 90 white enlisted men participated; in the field test 84 white junior grade officers and 85 black junior grade officers participated. Results indicated: (a) the sample of problems used in the assimilator represents a set of events far more familiar to black officers than the white officers; (b) blacks obtain higher scores on the assimilator (indicative of greater knowledge of the black perspective on race relations in the army) than whites; (c) significant evidence of learning of acculturative materials on the part of white officers was obtained; and (d) there was significant improvement on an independent test of intercultural understanding.
Methodological Problems in Assessing the Impact of Television Programs
Authors: Ball Samuel
Published: April 2010

The impact of television in general cannot be accurately assessed, but it is argued that reasonable assessments can be made of the impact of specific television programs. The components of three areas that pose special problems to the evaluation of television programs are discussed: design, sampling, and measurement. Methods for ameliorating difficulties in these problem areas are suggested.
Warning: The Surgeon General's Research Program May Be Dangerous to Preconceived Notions
Authors: Rubinstein Eli A.
Published: April 2010

The complex problem of discovering effective procedures for translating social science research into social policy and social action is examined through the history of the surgeon general's research program on television and social behavior, a case study for understanding the relationship between social science research and social policy. Recent history makes clear that a committee of stature providing a report of significance does not ensure social change, verbal warnings do not, laws mandating change do not. Nevertheless there are indications that the surgeon general's research program was effective in alerting the target audience and in affecting some change in programming trends. The rather curious way in which controversy and accusations of committee bias interacted to yield a positive impact is discussed. Finally, recommendations made to the senate subcommittee by the author as vice‐chairman of the surgeon general's advisory committee are cited.
Children and the Perceived Reality of Television
Authors: Greenberg Bradley S. , Reeves Byron
Published: April 2010

Children's perceptions of reality in television are examined as an intervening variable between exposure to the medium and the effect of TV messages. Findings from previous work and data from schoolchildren in grades 3–6 indicate that: (a) perceptions of the reality of TV increase as the specificity of content increases, (b) interpersonal communication about television is a significant predictor of children's reality perceptions, and (c) TV usage is positively related to perceptions of reality while age and IQ are negative predictors. Questions about children's experiences with real‐life counterparts of TV characters were not related to reality perceptions.
Continuities and Discontinuities in Media Usage and Taste: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Himmelweit Hilde , Swift Betty
Published: April 2010

In England in 1951, as part of a larger inquiry, 13–14‐year‐old boys from middle and working class homes were systematically assessed as to the role of media in their lives. In 1962, when they were 24–25, 365 of the group completed a questionnaire about leisure and the media; and in 1970, 246 of the sample, then aged 32–33 were again questionned. The relative role of social, personality, and outlook factors in accounting for media usage and taste was examined at the several developmental stages, as well as longitudinally across the 20 year span of the study, which encompassed the period during which television was introduced and absorbed into the leisure space of the sampled population.
The Power of Nonconflict
Authors: Boulding Kenneth E.
Published: April 2010

The high cost of violence has sparked an interest in the power of nonviolence and in nonviolent techniques of conducting conflict. Of the three types of violence and nonviolence — the cult, the extermination, and the breakdown of threat systems — the third is most important. Nonviolence involves threat in more subtle and less costly ways than does violence. Conflict is relatively unimportant in biological evolution, except in the very indirect sense of unconscious competition; it is more important in social dynamics and operates as a facilitator or a limiter. Most human activity and most developmental processes are nonconflictual, and where conflict exists it is frequently dealt with by ritualization. The control of violence may be achieved more easily by expanding the nonconflictual aspect of human behavior than by trying to substitute nonviolent for violent conflict. The main problem is dialectical thinking in terms of only two alternatives or two parties, which almost always is a gross oversimplification. A “trialectic” of violence, nonviolence, and nonconflict is a much more realistic approach to the problems of the dynamics of society.
An Ecological Approach to the Study of International Relations
Authors: North Robert C.
Published: April 2010

As living organisms, individual human beings can be viewed as dependent upon the continuing operation of two subsystems, one involving resource processing functions (food, water, air, and so forth) and the other concerned with information or signal processing (cognitions, affects, decision‐making, and the like). Something similar can be said of interpersonal systems such as the family, the community, or whole societies, which must be capable of acquiring, transforming or transmitting, processing, and allocating resources and information among their human components. The way a social system performs these functions will affect power relations and condition the behaviors of its human components, but it is also true that people — both as individuals and through their organizations — affect their encompassing social, economic, and political environments. In responding to events and maintaining themselves, people alter their surroundings in ways that then push their lives in directions that often were not anticipated. Thus, we all tend to influence our futures in ways that may be indirect, complex, and difficult to perceive or understand.
Processes and Consequences of International Negotiations
Authors: Druckman Daniel , Mahoney Robert
Published: April 2010

The results of laboratory and field investigations are used to suggest approaches to the analysis of international negotiation. A framework is developed in terms of the way in which nations arrive at their positions or postures, the process of negotiating, and the consequences of negotiation outcomes for the international system. Position formation is considered from the standpoint of the national attribute and policymaking process perspectives. Aspects of the negotiating process emphasized include preconditions and preparations, commitment tactics and concession‐making strategies, and such interferences as cultural differences, personal style, attributions, and stresses. Consequences are discussed in terms of conflict and cooperation among nations and the relationship between behaviors and structures in international relations. The strategies of moving between levels of analysis and of weaving together diverse data sources into a mosaic of influences yield insights that contribute to an understanding of negotiating in the international context.
The Nature of Threat
Authors: Milburn Thomas W.
Published: April 2010

In the nature of advice to threateners, taking perceptions of the threatened into account, this article might have been called the limits to threats. It attacks the idea that size of threat is the major determinant of responses to it. It postulates need for control on the part of the threatened as a key aspect of the threat situation as a two‐party transaction. The argument is that contingent threats which permit the threatened party a sense of control — and of cognitive control which clearly permits him in his eyes to avoid the danger the threatener communicates — are far more effective as persuasive messages than either noncontingent threats or threats which appear to be noncontingent. Some data may be interpreted as suggesting that being powerful may lead one to threaten sufficiently as to delay reaching a solution between parties.
Crime and Punishment in Sports and Society
Authors: Brickman Philip
Published: April 2010

A distinction is drawn between equity‐based penalties, whose primary purpose is to restore fairness, and deterrent‐based penalties, whose primary purpose is to prevent deviance. Sports are offered as an example in which deviance is successfully encapsulated by the use of equity‐based penalties. Current criminal law is seen as deterrent‐based rather than equity‐based. Advantages of an equity‐based system of justice for criminals, for victims, and for society are outlined. An equity‐based system could reconcile the generally incompatible goals of deterrence and rehabilitation. While it might require an imaginative reformation of our criminal justice system, the viability of equity‐based justice has already been demonstrated through its use in familial, primitive, and civil proceedings.
Misperception in the Arab‐Israeli Conflict
Authors: White Ralph K.
Published: April 2010

Some consensus exists as to what a fair, peace‐promoting settlement would be. Both sides reject it. Why? Some nonrational reasons are considered. Four wars are reviewed. Each side tends not to perceive the real fear and realistic anger on the other side and not to perceive its own actions that have largely created and are now sustaining the other's fear and anger. Sullivan, Freud, Heider, S‐R theory, and Jones‐and‐Nisbett are invoked. Circular processes in the Arab‐Israeli conflict‐system predominate; they are unlikely to be reversed unless strong influences from outside the system are brought to bear.
Conceptions of Privacy: Current Status and Next Steps
Authors: Margulis Stephen T.
Published: April 2010

Meanings of privacy in everyday speech, in behavioral and social science, and in American law are compared. A variety of independent meanings emerge within each domain, and these distinctions are repeated across domains. A common‐core definition is proposed that appears to be consistent with these meanings. One behavioral theory that attempts to bring conceptual order to the various meanings of privacy is reviewed, and the review is extended to a general commentary on the current status of behavioral theories of privacy. Future tasks and directions for establishing a more complete understanding of privacy are indicated, including the explication of theoretical systems and the creation of linkages across disciplines and concepts.
Privacy as a Concept and a Social Issue: A Multidimensional Developmental Theory
Authors: Laufer Robert S. , Wolfe Maxine
Published: April 2010

If we are to understand privacy as a future as well as a contemporary social issue, we must understand privacy as a concept. Individuals' concepts of privacy are tied to concrete situations in everyday life. These situations are described in terms of three dimensions: self‐ego, environmental, and interpersonal. In combination with the dynamic of time, both developmental and sociohistorical, this situational analysis helps us to understand individual perceptions of privacy and privacy invasion, to predict potential privacy or invasion experiences, and to see the potential effects of the absence of certain privacy‐related experiences.
Bisexuality: Some Social Psychological Issues
Authors: Blumstein Philip W. , Schwartz Pepper
Published: April 2010

This paper presents an overview of our interview study with 156 men and women having a history of more than incidental sexual experience with both men and women. Data from other studies that point to the existence of bisexuality are reviewed and suggestions are made about why bisexuality has not been incorporated into scientific thinking about sexuality. Our study is described and some of the findings are presented to address the following questions: How does bisexuality fit into the erotic careers of respondents? What factors contribute to the adoption of bisexual self‐identification? What circumstances are conducive to the development of bisexuality in individuals? What are the differences between the processes of becoming a bisexual female and becoming a bisexual male?
Moral Reasoning and Premarital Sexual Behavior: Toward Reasoning about Relationships
Authors: D'Augelli Judith Frankel , D'Augelli Anthony R.
Published: April 2010

Sexual behavior is the result of a relationship‐based decision‐making process focusing on the morality of the contemplated behaviors and the implications of those behaviors for the relationship. Kohlberg's cognitive‐developmental theory of moral reasoning is used as a framework for understanding the moral reasoning processes involved in sexual decision‐making. Research which examines the association of moral reasoning to sexual standards, sexual philosophy, sex guilt, and sexual behavior is discussed. It is suggested that sexual involvement is a moral issue reflecting decisions about the quality of interpersonal relationships desired by the partners. A cognitive‐developmental model for understanding interpersonal relationships is proposed and three levels of relationship reasoning are described.
Sexual Behavior in Adolescence
Authors: Hopkins J. Roy
Published: April 2010

Surveys conducted between the 1930s and 1970s on the sexual behavior of adolescents are reviewed. The paper, concentrating on coitus, focuses on the issue of liberalization in sexual behavior. Although there are large discrepancies in data from various surveys, and methodological difficulties associated with most of them, three major conclusions seem warranted. (a) A larger number of older adolescents (in the college years) are sexually experienced now than in earlier generations. (b) There has been a greater increase in incidence of premarital intercourse for females than males, although most surveys still report a higher absolute incidence for males. (c) While data for younger adolescents are less clear, they suggest a trend toward earlier sexual experience for both males and females.