bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criza rachetelor din Cuba, factor al distanțării României față de U.R.S.S.
Authors:   Consiliul Naţional pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securităţii, Banu Florian
Published: April 2024

The outbreak of the most powerful political crisis since the end of World War II, by secretly deploying Soviet medium-range missiles in Cuba, has taken not only the West, but also Moscow’s allies by surprise. The decision to move such missiles into Cuba was kept in full secrecy by the USSR leadership, so the Warsaw Pact allies were surprised by the vehement U.S. reaction and the possibility of WWIII. The leadership of the Romanian Workers’ Party (PMR) has learned with astonishment that Romania could find itself involved overnight in a devastating conflict, without even being consulted. The reaction of Gheorghiu-Dej, the Leader of PMR, and his team was vehement and led to unprecedented measures in the direction of widening the freedom of political and diplomatic action in the international arena and to strengthen the national control over the Romanian armed forces. A political and military crisis consumed thousands of kilometers away has produced major and long-term effects in Bucharest, reconfiguring the country’s domestic and foreign policy for the next three decades.
A treia și ultima prezență a lui Richard M. Nixon în România lui Nicolae Ceaușescu, 28-30 iunie 1982
Un document inedit, III
Authors:   Consiliul Științific al I.N.S.T, Suciu Mircea-Dorel
Published: April 2024

The unpublished document – here, the third and last part of it - contains the transcript of the discussions, from June 28-30, 1982, between Nicolae Ceaușescu, the president of the Socialist Republic of Romania (SRR), and Richard M. Nixon, the former president of the United States, who, during the mentioned period, was for the third and last time in Bucharest, in a private visit. In Romania, Ceaușescu and Nixon had met, for the first time, in March 1967, also in the context of a private visit of the American politician (former, at that time, vice president - in two terms - of the USA), the second time, on the occasion of the historic visit official visit to SRR by President Nixon (August 2-3, 1969), the first visit of an American president not only to Romania, but also to a communist state. In 1982, the interlocutors addressed a wide range of issues discussed, from the Romanian-American relations at that time to the examination of the international political situation (for example, the relations between the great powers or the tense reality in the Middle East).
Carol Király (1930-2021)
Authors:   Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, Academia Română, Cătănuș Ana-Maria
Published: April 2024

Carol Király (Király Károly) was born on 26 September 1930 in Târnăveni, Mureș County, into a Hungarian family. He attended four primary classes between 1939 and 1943, after which he worked as a construction worker in various construction sites in Luduș, Cluj region. In April 1946, Carol Király volunteered at the Salva-Vișeu construction site, and in 1949, he went to the Danube-Black Sea Canal construction site, where he also worked as a carpenter. He attended evening party courses. In October 1954, he was accepted as a member of the Communist Party, but remained a U.T.M. activist. In September 1956, he was sent to attend the Central School of the Moscow Comsomol for a year. After graduation in August 1957, he was appointed first secretary of the regional U.T.M. committee of the Hungarian Autonomous Region. His real rise began after Nicolae Ceausescu came to power. He became a member of the Council of State and afterwards member of the CC of the Communist Party of Romania and substitute member of the Executive Committee. On 1 April 1972 he sent a letter to the party leadership announcing that he was resigning as First Secretary of Covasna County and alternate member of the Executive Committee. In 1973, he was appointed president of the Union of Craft Cooperatives in Mureș County. In 1975 he ceased to be a member of the State Council. In the late 1970s and 1980s, he was an exponent of the rights of the Hungarian minority in Romania, publicly denouncing their violation through open letters to the state leadership, interviews and material published abroad. In the context of the 1989 revolution, Carol Kiraly was co-opted into the country’s new leadership. He died on 4 November 2021.
Represiunea împotriva scriitorilor
sub regimul comunist
Authors: Jianu Octaviana
Published: April 2024

This is a review of the book Romanian writers between refusal of compromise and adaptation. Social exclusion and political condemnation (1944-1964), by Raluca-Nicoleta Spiridon, Eikon Publishing House, 2022, 559 p.
Japón y Perú en 150 años de amistad y socios estratégicos unidos a través del Océano Pacífico
Authors: Katayama Kazuyuki
Published: April 2024

Este año se celebran los 150 años de relaciones diplomáticas entre Japón y Perú, una conexión histórica que representa una amistad duradera y fructífera. Perú juega un papel crucial al ser el primer país latinoamericano en establecer relaciones con Japón, marcando el inicio de una colaboración significativa. A través de eventos conmemorativos, se destacan hitos como la primera inversión japonesa en el extranjero, fortaleciendo la cooperación económica. La migración japonesa ha enriquecido la trama cultural peruana, evidenciando la diversidad que caracteriza la relación. La elección del primer presidente nikkei del Perú subraya la integración exitosa de la comunidad japonesa en la vida política del país. Se reconoce la importancia estratégica de Perú en la región y su papel como socio clave para Japón en diversas áreas. La percepción japonesa sobre América Latina se ha enriquecido, facilitando un mayor entendimiento cultural y oportunidades comerciales. Frente a los desafíos futuros, se renueva el compromiso de construir sobre la base de estos 150 años de amistad sólida. Se anticipa un futuro colaborativo y próspero entre Japón y Perú, basado en esta rica historia compartida.
El rol de las políticas de datos en la adopción de la inteligencia artificial en países emergentes
Authors: Andía Mejía Carlos Rodrigo
Published: April 2024

Recientemente las tecnologías dependientes de datos como la inteligencia artificial (IA) han capturado el interés de las potencias económicas y los gigantes tecnológicos. Sin embargo, los países en vías de desarrollo se enfrentan a un desafío inicial significativo: la brecha de datos. Esta disparidad entre los datos disponibles en países en desarrollo y las economías avanzadas dificulta su incorporación efectiva en la revolución digital.
La primera sección de este documento examina los beneficios potenciales de desarrollar una estrategia nacional de IA y destaca la importancia de contar con políticas de datos sólidas como base fundamental. La segunda parte de la investigación se enfoca en evaluar la infraestructura existente, las iniciativas educativas y la regulación pertinente en estos países, con el objetivo de crear un marco integral que identifique los elementos clave para el éxito en la implementación de la IA en contextos de desarrollo.
Generative Artificial Intelligence Era: a view from the Global South
Authors: Aliaga Vanessa , Miyagusuku Ríos Verónica
Published: April 2024

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) is transforming societal structures; its hyper evolutionary nature and autonomous learning capabilities have put States in check, struggling to safeguard their interests and improve their positioning on the global power table. Given that this new technological wave has a global impact, it must also be regulated at a global level, which means that the multilateral system is the one to lead discussions in search of guidelines at the international level.From a Global South perspective, the technical capabilities and financial resources to invest in GAI are very limited compared to more developed countries. This is why GAI innovations pose a risk of widening the existing gap between North and South. Unfortunately, although developing countries are the most vulnerable to the negative impacts of new technologies, their voices are precisely the least represented in global debates. Given this scenario, it is imperative that the Global South - and in particular, Peru - be present in the negotiations to mitigate GAI potential adverse effects.
Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Keberhasilan Usaha Pada Usaha Litha Catering Tentena
Authors: Kawani Fredrik Bastian
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan usaha Litha Catering Tentena. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode analisis regresi berganda, dengan menggunakan uji t dan uji F. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial variabel Pendidikan Ketrampilan terdiri Keahlian (X1), Teknologi(X2) dan Permodalan(X3) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap Keberhasilan Usaha Litha Catering Tentena. Hasil uji F (Uji signifikansimultan) disimpulkan bahwa variabel yang terdiri dari variable Kealian (X1), Teknologi (X2) dan Permodalan(X3) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Keberhasilan Usaha Litha Catering Eklesia Tentena
Perencanaan Pariwisata Berbasis Karakteristik Wilayah Pedesaan (Studi Sosiologi Pariwisata Di Desa Dulumai Kecamatan Pamona Puselemba Kabupaten Poso)
Authors: Ngguna Yakin , Ulungi Sofian Melangi , Tobondo Adriani Galry Adoniram
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan melakukan model perencanaan pariwisata berbasis karakteristik wilayah pedesaan. Lokasi penelitian ini adalah di desa Dulumai Kecamatan Pamona Puselemba Kabupaten Poso. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif.  Berdasarkan rangkaian penelitian maka diperoleh hasil bahwa perencanaan pengembangan desa Dulumai sebagai daerah tujuan wisata dapat dilaksanakan dengan melibatkan seluruh elemen masyarakat dalam setiap pengambilan keputusan melalui musyawarah Desa. Pemerintah Desa perlu melakukan pembinaan dan pemberdayaan terhadap masyarakat dalam upaya mengelola potensipotensi yang ada di Dulumai. Masyarakat perlu melestarikan kembali kearifan lokal yang saat ini sudah tidak ada lagi. Agar Dulumai dapat menjadi daerah tujuan wisata maka pemerintah setempat perlu melakukan beberapa hal yakni perlu dilibatkan seluruh masyarakat dalam setiap pengambilan keputusan ataupun kebijakan di setiap musyawarah Desa. Perlu juga dilakukan pemberdayaan dan pembinaan terhadap masyarakat agar mampu mengolah potensi-potensi yang dimiliki. Kearifan lokal yang dahulu ada perlu dilestarikan kembali serta mempertahankan yang masih ada hingga saat ini.
Legal Aspects in Implementing an Informed Consent System in Patient Health Practices
Authors: Irsyam Risdawati
Published: April 2024

This research explores the legal aspects related to the implementation of the Informed Consent System in patient health practice. This system is a crucial ethical foundation in the relationship between medical personnel and patients, ensuring thorough understanding before patients consent to medical procedures or research. The research focus includes analysis of legal requirements, authority rights, and legal consequences related to Informed Consent. Additionally, this research investigates recent developments in health law, such as data protection and patient privacy regulations, and explores legal cases that can shape the framework for practice. By detailing the legal aspects involved, this research aims to provide a holistic view of the implementation of the Informed Consent System, strengthen regulatory compliance, and encourage a better understanding of rights and responsibilities in healthcare practice. It is hoped that the implications of this research will provide solid guidance for health practitioners and researchers in ensuring legal and ethical compliance in administering Informed Consent.
Neuroengenharia e as melhorias no sistema nervoso. Uma prespectiva neurocientifica sobre a Obesidade
Authors: Chaves Carvalho Luiz Felipe , Agrela Rodrigues Fabiano de Abreu
Published: April 2024

Diversos estudos têm sido realizados em diversas áreas relacionadas à saúde, que vão desde questões de diminuição da contaminação bacteriana com a retirada de interruptores e controles comuns e a utilização de Chatbots até métodos e tratamentos do Parkinson e demais doenças neurodegenerativas. De fato, são diversas as possibilidades de melhorias, tratamentos e prevenções relacionadas à saúde que podem advir da neuroengenharia. Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a neuroengenharia e sua utilização no tratamento de doenças neurológicas, e uma análise acerca dos benefícios desta ciência a pesquisas na área da saúde. Através da literatura é possível evidenciar as grandes contribuições da neuroengenharia ao SNC e as enfermidades neurodegenerativas que esta apresenta.
Segurança da informação na pesquisa científica
Authors: Pontes Marcelo , Borges Fernando , Cruz Maria
Published: April 2024

Este artigo destaca a importância da segurança e eficiência de sistemas computacionais nas instituições de ensino e pesquisa devido ao aumento no volume de dados gerados. As interfaces de Programação de Aplicativos (APIs, do inglês Application Programming Interfaces) baseadas em REST (Representation State Transfer) são utilizadas para automatizar a integração de softwares, principalmente na pesquisa científica. A segurança destas APIs é crucial, pois configurações inadequadas podem torná-las vulneráveis a ataques cibernéticos, resultando em vazamento de dados. Neste sentido, o desenvolvimento orientado a testes de software e o uso de UUIDs (Identificadores Únicos Universais) devem ser práticas essenciais a serem consideradas no desenvolvimento de sistemas computacionais nesta área. O propósito do artigo é destacar vantagens do uso de UUIDs (Universally Unique Identifier) nas URLs (Uniform Resource Locator) das APIs como recurso adicional visando reduzir o risco de vazamento acidental ou intencional de informações, de modo a tornar as identificações exclusivas e, desta forma, mais seguras.
Forecasting Prices and Production of Pulses in Faisalabad Market, Pakistan
Authors: Bakhsh Khuda , Akhtar Muhammad Hassan , Adhikari Rajendra
Published: April 2024

Forecasting values of prices and production are important for value chain actors because they can plan their activities while considering these values in mind for improving profitability. The present study is designed to determine forecasting values of production and prices of mung bean, lentil and chickpeas using arrival quantity of pulses in the big market of pulses in Punjab, i.e. Faisalabad. Similarly price data is used to forecast future prices of pulses. ARIMA model is employed to determine forecasting arrival quantities and prices of pulses using monthly data from January, 2018 to June, 2023. Results show that there is no smooth price increases in mung beans during different months of a year. A declining value of lentil and chickpeas is an alarming indications for all value chain actors. Estimated values based on ARIMA models for price and arrival quantities of pulses have important implications for the producers and wholesalers dealing in pulses particularly chickpeas, mung beans and lentil. A declining forecasting value of lentil and chickpeas leaves a serious thought on the sustainability of value chain of these pulses in the province. A declining supply in the market with an increase in the price of lentil in future will affect stakeholders of supply chain of lentil.
Adaptation of Menopausal Spousal Support Questionnaire into Turkish: Validity and reliability study
Authors: Şimşek Küçükkelepçe Didem , İnan Kırmızıgül Ebru , Küçükkelepçe Osman
Published: April 2024

Aim: This study focused on the pivotal role of spouses in providing comprehensive and enduring support for menopausal women. The primary objectives were to assess the validity and reliability of the Menopause Spousal Support Scale and to adapt it for use in the Turkish context.
Methods: The research involved a cohort of 384 women aged 45-60, living with their husbands and not undergoing hormone replacement therapy. Data were gathered through face-to-face interviews utilizing an "Introductory Information Form" and the "Menopausal Spousal Support Questionnaire." The scale's validity was assessed through examinations of language, content, and construct, while its internal consistency and test-retest reliability were also evaluated.
Results: Exploratory factor analysis unveiled a four-factor structure, accounting for 60.2% of the total variance in the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the compatibility of the scale. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.96. Furthermore, item-total score correlations and test-retest analysis outcomes demonstrated strong, positive, and statistically significant results.
Conclusion: The Turkish adaptation of the Menopause Spousal Support Scale has been proven to be a highly valid and reliable instrument for assessing the support received by menopausal women from their spouses.
Traditional practices on neonatal and puerperal care in Türkiye
Authors: Koçak Gülşah , Kaynak Ekici K. Büşra , Kurtulmuş Zeynep
Published: April 2024

Aim: Understanding traditional care practices can provide in-depth knowledge and perspective within the scope of education and health services to be offered to the newborn and puerperal mother for welfare. This study investigated traditional practices and beliefs about the newborn and puerperal period.
Methods: Culture analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in this study. The study group consisted of 35 women from six regions of Türkiye determined by an appropriate sampling method. The data was collected through a semi-structured interview form prepared by the researchers. The questions were directed to the participants face-to-face.
Results: This study, in which women in six different regions of Türkiye determined behavior patterns, perceptions and beliefs, and the similarities and differences of the practices and beliefs of women about newborn and puerperal. The findings showed some crucial areas in the similarities of traditional practices in neonatal and puerperal care in Türkiye.
Conclusion: Findings reflected the cultural richness and diversity of traditions. The research supported the view that traditional care practices in Türkiye continued to exist and were still significant in the neonatal and puerperal periods.
Transaction Cost of Sunflower Seed Production in Tanzania: Application of Transaction Cost Economics Theory
Authors: Ngaruko Deus , Lyanga Timothy
Published: April 2024

This paper analyses the effects of transaction costs of production of the sunflower seeds by small scale farmers in Tanzania. The study utilises cross-sectional farm household data collected from a randomly selected sample of 120 small scale farmers in two central regions of Singida and Tabora in Tanzania. The results showed that transaction cost variables associated with information search and negotiation had negative effect on total output of sunflower seed production while contractual enforcement cost had positive effect on sunflower production. The effects were however not supported statistically (at p<0.05). Transaction costs associated with inputs information, access to means of communication and transportation, had significant negative effects on sunflower seed production. We recommend that policies aimed at improving rural road infrastructure, market information systems, small scale asset accumulation, human capital and promotion of farmer association could reduce transaction costs and enhance sunflower production by small scale commercial farmers.
Nutritional Prospects and Phyto-Therapeutical Potentials of the Selected Indigenous Green Leafy Vegetables Commonly Used in Tanzania
Authors: Saria Josephat
Published: April 2024

A purposive interview and laboratory analysis of green leafy vegetables commonly used in Tanzania was carried out to determine nutritive prospects as well as therapeutic value. Nine (9) common green leafy vegetables believed to have therapeutical potential on: dietary, anemia, stomach pain, blood pressure, diabetics and peptic ulcers were selected for this study. The micronutrients Ca, Mg, K and P contents were determined using extracts of fresh ALVs, where the effects of cooking were taken into consideration. Calcium level ranged from 496.0 to 1763.5 mg/kg, phosphorus ranged from 309.8 to 572.3 mg/kg, sodium ranged from 72.4 to 187.3 mg/kg and potassium ranged from 309.8 to 595.3 mg/kg. The ratio between Ca and P was 1.30:1 in Ipomoea sp while in Solanum sp was 3.14:1. These values are within the acceptable ratio for the people who are diabetic. The ratio of Na/K in all green leafy vegetables is less than one, hence consumption of these vegetables is beneficial to people with high blood pressure as they tend to reduce their blood pressure. It is recommended that future studies should consider other aspects of green leafy vegetables such as the biological evaluation of the nutrient content in order to determine the bioavailability of the nutrients. Also, it is important to determine the effects of food processing such as cooking on the chemical components and nutritive value of the green leafy vegetables.
Utilization of Extended Postpartum Family Planning among Post-Delivery Women in Mvomero District, Morogoro-Tanzania
Authors: Ibrahim Rogate Phinias , Mtae Harrieth G.
Published: April 2024

This study aimed at examining factors associated with the use of Extended Postpartum Family Planning (EPPFP) methods among post delivery women in Mvomero District, Morogoro, Tanzania. Based on cross-sectional design, the data collection activity was conducted on March 2020 to 256 post delivery women who delivered a child between January 1, 2019 and January 31, 2020. Purposive and convenience sampling were used to get respondents of the study. Data were collected using questionnaire. Through SPSS tool, descriptive analyses comprising of Pearson’s chi squire test was employed to establish association between independent and dependent variables. The prevalence of extended postpartum family planning utilization was 46%, the utilization of EPPFP was significantly associated with awareness of the reason for EPPFP use (P-value=0.013), awareness of EPPFP method (P-value=0.014), awareness of EPPFP side effects (P-value= 0.024), counselling sessions (P-value=0.000), menses resumption (P-value=0.010), duration of sexual activity (P-value=0.011) and history of previous pregnancy (P-value=0.000). Prevalence of EPPFP utilization among post delivery women is still low in Mvomero district. Enhancement of the utilization of EPPFP during the postpartum period needs effective response by stakeholders through provision of family planning education particularly during all maternal and child health contacts.
Land Tenure Security and Urban Agriculture: Focusing on the Vegetable Cultivation in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
Authors: Mntambo Betty David
Published: April 2024

Land tenure insecurity is one of the challenges facing urban dwellers given the increasing demand on land as the population increases in Tanzania. The main objective of this study was to examine the tenure security within urban agriculture on access to land. Specifically, it assessed different ways farmers’ access land for cultivation, the extent of land security among farmers, and implications of land tenure insecurity on vegetable cultivation. The study employed a cross-sectional design whereby snowball sampling was used to select 69 male and female vegetable farmers at the open space in Morogoro Municipality. Data was collected through household survey, in-depth interviews, observation and informal conversation. Results indicated that farmers access land through informal means by renting from the landlords who have legal land rights. Hence, social relationships have become important to access land while close relationship with the landlord determine the extent of land security a farmer has. Lastly, land tenure insecurity not only affects gardener’s vegetable cultivation but also creates uncertainty and hatred between farmers and their landlords. It is therefore imperative to integrate urban agriculture into urban development planning to enhance land tenure security of farmers since it has become permanent economic activity.
Perceptions and Practices of Heads of Schools’ Instructional Leadership in Public Secondary Schools in Biharamulo District, Tanzania
Authors: Logation Logatus , Mabagala Daphina L. , Malingumu Winifrida
Published: April 2024

The study aimed at examining the perceptions and practices of heads of schools’ instructional leadership in public secondary schools in Biharamulo district, Tanzania. A concurrent triangulation design using a sample of 75 was used. Data were collected using questionnaires for teachers, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) for heads of schools and interviews for district secondary education officers. The quantitative data from questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive statistics while the qualitative data from interviews and FGDs were analyzed through thematic techniques. The study found that heads of schools perceived instructional leadership in terms of showing right direction about the teaching and learning process, ensuring the presence of teaching and learning resources and enhancing teachers’ teaching capacity. The study also found that heads of schools practiced instructional leadership in terms of supervising preparation of schemes of work and lesson plans, providing teaching and learning resources, promoting programme development, and in some occasions visiting teachers in classrooms. Furthermore, the study revealed that heads of schools’ instructional leadership is affected by lack of financial support, lack of training, teachers’ negligence, and heavy workload. Finally, the study recommends regular in-service trainings to be organized for heads of schools and more research to be carried out to examine the extent to which heads of schools employ instructional leadership practices.
Agencification and Minorization in Tanzania: A Case of Registration Insolvency and Trusteeship Agency (RITA)
Authors: Mallya Emmanuel Joseph
Published: April 2024

This study explores the impact of the creation of executive agencies on minorities in Tanzania. Using the Registration Insolvency and Trusteeship Agency (RITA) as a unit of analysis, the study highlights the role institutions play in reshaping societal dynamics particularly in reformed institutions that serve as agents for distributing opportunities to various societal groups. Specifically, the study carried out a critical analysis of RITA and found that despite the agency’s concerted efforts towards providing services to the wider community, its structure and funding have inadvertently resulted in unequal provision of services to different groups contrary to its mandate. The study, therefore, emphasises the need to monitor and scrutinise on continual basis the existing, reformed and newly-created institutions as well as mechanisms put in place to minimise the effects of structural marginalisation, which contribute to the minorization of certain groups in society.
Hospital wastewater physico-chemical and biological characteristics in the Coastal Zone Hospitals of Tanzania: A case of Muhimbili and Tumbi Hospitals
Authors: Sabai Shadrack M. , Balengayabo Jonas G.
Published: April 2024

Hospitals wastewater contains a wide range of contaminants which may pose potential risks to the environment, public health, and ecological damage. However, knowledge on the extent to which the hospital wastewater is contaminated in Tanzania is still limited. The study aimed to investigate the quality of hospital wastewaters discharged from Muhimbili national (MNH) and Tumbi regional referral (TRH) hospitals. Eight sampling points were established and sampled in triplicates at each of the two hospitals and analyzed for physical, chemical and biological parameters following the standard methods as presented in APHA- AWWA-WEF  (1998) and TZS 860:2005. The results showed that pH, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, cadmium, chromium, zinc and Nickel are within Tanzania Standards. However, MNH, PO4 NO3 Pb and COD quality exceed the Tanzania standards. The COD ranged from 53 mg/l to 776 mg/l and 92 mg/l to 1099 mg/l for MNH and TRH, respectively.   The COD has value higher than permissible level of 60 mg/l. Bacteriological results indicated that hospital wastewater is contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Faecal coliform (FC) and total coliform (TC) for MNH ranged from 5-23 x 106 cfu/100ml and 14 -41 x 106  cfu/100ml, respectively, while FC and TC ranged from 0.5 - 4x106  cfu/100 ml and 0.5-9 x 106  cfu/100ml for wastewater from TRH. The results of FC and TC from both hospitals are far higher than the allowable standard as specified in Tanzania standard (TZS 860:2005) which limits to 0.01x106  cfu/100ml, which may render the human health and other ecosystems.  The hospital wastewater is polluted physically, chemically  and  biologically  which  need  treatment  before  disposal  in order to protect human health and another ecosystems’ life.
Investigation on the effective substrate for high yields of Pleurotus ostreatus: A case study of Kinyerezi Tanzania
Authors: Washa Washa B.
Published: April 2024

Investigation on what substrate combination is more effective in producing high yields of Pleurotus ostreatus in local greenhouses was conducted at Kinyerezi (6°50'27.2"S, 39°10'26.5"E) in Dar es Salaam in 2020 aiming to produce a substrate protocol which will maximize yielding of mushrooms in local greenhouses. Sugar, grain chaff, and lime were added in specified ratios to the compost of sliced banana leaves and sawdust and followed by sterilization for 4 hours and cooling for 24 hours before being packaged in 1 kg bags for fungal inoculation. 450 plastic bags of compost were inoculated with mushroom spores and left for 28 days for colonization. The compost was sparingly watered to maintain the optimal humidity, temperature, and pH for the germination of mushrooms. Mushroom germination in 100 bags with additional sugar,100 bags with additional grain chaff, and 100 bags with additional lime were monitored for four months where germination percentage and germination number were recorded monthly and used for statistical analysis. Bags with additional sugar indicated a significant difference in the monthly germination percentage (P=0.002248, df = 2). Additional sugar descriptively increased germination number from 30 to 173 than other substrates which increased from 0.5 to 16.5. However, the increase was statistically not significant P=0.25246, df = 2. Mushroom growers are advised to use the compost formula as indicated in this investigation as a new knowledge contributed by the research. The use of added sugar as a substrate in the compost is mandatory.
An Examination of the Humanitarianism-Disaster Management Nexus in Tanzania’s Policy and Legal Framework
Authors: Majamba Hamudi Ismail
Published: April 2024

The use of law, the main tool for implementing policy, to regulate and coordinate disaster management, preparedness and response systems features in many jurisdictions. Also, international guidance on the use of effective laws and policies, which emphasize taking on board critical stakeholders, including humanitarian responders is available.  Consequently, the government of Tanzania has promulgated a new disaster management law as part of a wider reform of the legal framework to regulate disaster management and response systems which seek to involve stakeholders at all stages. This article analyses the extent to which the restructured legal framework and supporting policy address humanitarian responders who provide informal assistance, often before formal government intervention. The article traces the history of disaster management policies and laws in the country in the context of the humanitarianism – disaster management nexus. It focuses on the aftermath of the earthquake that ravaged Kagera Region in Bukoba district in the northern west part of the country in September 2016. This analysis is supported with field data from Bukoba district. The findings reveal that the legal framework for regulating disaster management and response system does not reflect international and regional clarion calls for engaging informal humanitarian responders.  Recommendations on how this gap can be addressed are provided, laying emphasis on incorporating the clarion calls in order to improve the country’s legal and policy framework for disaster response and management systems.
Role of Reward System on Teacher Motivation in Public Secondary Schools in Ilala Municipality
Authors: Swai Daniel Lazaro , Malingumu Winifrida Saimon
Published: April 2024

This study sought to link performance, the level of teachers’ motivation and the reward systems existing in public secondary schools in Ilala Municipality. The study involved a total of 397 respondents including teachers, quality assurers, and heads of schools as key respondents to whom questionnaires and interviews were administered (only 20 participants were involved in the interview out of 397). Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study findings revealed that there was no relationship between the level of teachers’ motivation and the reward systems existing in public secondary schools. While the reward system such as timely salary payment, the existence of timely rewarding system with clear performance standards set for rewarding, and existence of fair opportunities for professional development among teachers are linked to performance. However, findings further revelaed that the majority of teachers were demotivated by factors such as lack of transport, office space, housing facilities, poor working conditions, such as, shortage of classrooms, which resulted into having packed classrooms. Other factors include unclear reward system and low salaries compared to other professions. It is recommended that rewarding systems should be clear and communicated to teachers. Ilala Municipality should ensure the availability of teachers houses in school proximity, adopting clear guidelines for rewarding teachers, ensure that teachers are paid reasonable salaries, improving teacher working environment such as ensuring availability of teaching resources in schools. It is also recommended that, future research should be expanded to other regions of Tanzania; and includes more variable; such as issues of workload, stress and stress management and mental health towards employees’ performance. The analysis techniques also should include multilevel analysis as it is expected to have groups and nested data. To conclude, the government should improve teaching and learning environment.
A Review and Future Directions of Brand Experience Research in Tourism
Authors: Matonya Juma
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a review of brand experience studies in tourism using a systematic literature review while utilizing a total of 44 articles that were published in 30 journals. Four databases were used to search for the articles including Taylor and Francis, Google Scholar, Emerald, and Science Direct. The objectives of this review were to discuss the extant state of brand experience literature in the tourism industry, summarize the antecedents, mediators, moderators, and outcomes of brand experience and identify the gaps in the current studies and suggest the areas of future research. The results indicate that the quantitative research approach, convenience sampling technique, cross-sectional survey strategy, and structural equation modeling have dominated brand experience research. Various theories used, contexts, methodologies, antecedents, mediators, moderators, and outcomes of brand experience are also discussed in the paper. It is concluded that brand experience influences the majority of customer-related and brand-related constructs. Thus, it is recommended that tourist agencies, destination practitioners, and other tourism stakeholders should invest in generating pleasurable experiences at every touch point of their service to differentiate themselves from their competitors.
Market Policy Reforms and Education Quality in Public Higher Education in Tanzania: The Role of Quality Assurance Mechanisms
Authors: Mkunde Neema Mariki , Dachi Hilary
Published: April 2024

Globally, following financial austerity facing universities, many Higher Education (HE) systems have introduced Market Policy Reforms (MPR) as an alternative way of providing solutions on how states should finance higher education, increase access, and manage HE systems efficiently and effectively. The study used a qualitative research approach and a multiple case study design. Qualitative data collected from interviews, focus group discussions, and documentary reviews were subjected to content and thematic analysis. The study findings showed how mechanisms of quality assurance work to ensure quality in HE institutions. For instance, institutionalising quality assurance guidelines policies from the Tanzania Commission for universities is an essential mechanism that forces universities to comply with the set guidelines and circulars. Also, the directorates of Quality Assurance (QA) play a significant role in inculcating a culture of quality assurance practices to achieve the university's core mission. The implementation of MPR has influenced the access of a significant number of students, but expansion of access does not commensurate with available resources. The study recommends that at times of massification, external and internal QA mechanisms are indispensable for promoting and maintaining quality standards in HEIs.
Assessment of Reasonable Accommodations and Adaptations for Learners with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Inclusive Elementary Schools of Tanzania
Authors: Laiser Miriam Loivotoki , Msoroka Mohamed Salum , Shavega Theresia Julius
Published: April 2024

This study investigated the reasonable accommodations and adaptations for learners with Autism Spectrum Disorders in inclusive education settings. The study employed multiple case study design, with unstructured interviews, non-participant observation and focus group discussions as data gathering tools. A total of 24 respondents participated in the study. Data were thematically analysed method with the aid of Nvivo12 computer software. The study revealed that learners with autism spectrum disorders do not have the right support structures and appropriate reasonable accommodations and adaptations. The findings also earmarked the use of different materials and methods for learners with Autism spectrum disorders. Insufficient sensory stimulation and the shortage of trained teachers compromised effective learning for autism disorder individuals. The study concludes that the practice of inclusive education for learners with autism spectrum disorders in Tanzanian elementary schools has a long way to go. The need to have clear guidelines and directives on the appropriate implementation of the National Strategy for Inclusive Education (NSIE), particularly for learners with ASD in elementary schools, is highly recommended.
The Constraints in the Implementation of Inclusive Education in Public Primary Schools in Njombe Town Council, Tanzania
Authors: Mwambe Zubeda , Mrema KaKaroli John
Published: April 2024

This study explored the constraints in the implementation of inclusive education in public primary schools in Njombe Town Council, Tanzania. The methodology of the study was qualitative. It employed multiple case study design. The study engaged a total sample of 19 respondents namely; special need education officers, heads of schools and subject teachers who were selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Data collection methods were semi-structured interviews, focus group discussion, non-participant observation and documentary review. Data were subjected to content analysis. The findings of the study revealed that teachers in public school’s face constraints in implementing inclusive education namely inadequate of teaching and learning materials, unfriendly environment to pupils with disability, small budget allocation, inadequate classrooms, less motivation to teachers, absence of in-service training, and curriculum in use is not in favor to pupils with disability. Hence, the constraints in the implementation of inclusive education are an impediment towards achieving the World Education Agenda for all by 2030. The study recommended that; the government should find out suitable ways on how to solve the aforementioned constraints for smooth running of the inclusive schools so as to maintain the teachers’ positivity in the implementation of inclusive education.
باتسي تاكيموتو مينك (Patsy Takemoto Mink) ودورها في الكونغرس الأمريكي (1927-2002)
Authors: م. د فيان حسن عزيز
Published: April 2024

كان للنساء في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية دوراً مهماً في السلطة التشريعية ولاسيما بعد حصول المرأة على حق التصويت في عشرينيات القرن الماضي ، فقد اُنتخب عدد منهن عضوات في الكونغرس ومثلن شريحة مهمة من الشعب الأمريكي ، ومن بين هؤلاء النسوة باتسي تاكيموتو مينك أول أمريكية من أصول أسيوية تصل إلى الكونغرس ، بدأ نبوغها وصفات شخصياتها القيادية منذ وقت مبكر من حياتها، فجرى انتخابها رئيسة للهيئة الطلابية لمدرسة هاواي الثانوية عام 1943، كما ناضلت في شبابها ضد الفصل العنصري في الجامعة وحصلت على شهادة في علم الحيوان والكيمياء من جامعة هاواي عام 1948 وعلى شهادة القانون من جامعة شيكاغو عام 1951 ، انضمت للحزب الديمقراطي وتمكنت من الحصول على مقعد في المجلس التشريعي لإقليم هاواي عام 1956، وفي عام 1964 تم انتخابها لعضوية مجلس النواب الأمريكي وقد خدمت فيه لمدتان منفصلتان الأولى (1964-1976) والثانية (1990-2002) أسهمت فيهما بتشريع عدد من القوانين وكان لها مواقف سياسية ثابتة في الكونغرس الأمريكي .
هوية الشهرستاني العقدية ، إسماعيلية أم أشعرية ؟
Authors: م.د. طه حسين عيسى
Published: April 2024

من البديهي ان يكون المختص بالفرق الإسلامية متهم قبل غيره من قبل معاصريه بالتحيز الى فكر ومعتقد آخر لانه عندما شرعَّ بالبحث في هذه الفرق والملل  ، فإن حروفه سوف تحسب عليه قبل أنفاسه  وبالتالي نجده قد وضع نفسه بمخاض عسير ومعادلة لا يخرج منها الا ذو حظ عظيم ، كما نجد ان الباحث في هذا المعترك سوف تتلقفه هذه الفرق في حال إلتماسها ميل او شيء من التعاطف نحو معتقدها  أو رموزها وهذا ماسنجده ونحن نبحث عن الشهرستاني في دائرة  معتقده .
دور العمالة الاجنبية في ارتفاع مؤشر الفقر في الدول النامية - العراق انموذجاً
Authors: م.د. رندا طلال حسن
Published: April 2024

لا يمكن لأي اقتصاد في العالم ان يستغني عن العمالة الأجنبية ، خاصةً تلك التي تمتلك العالية في بعض المجالات والمهن ، أذ إن استقطاب هذا النوع من القوى العاملة وتمكينها أمر ضروري، لتعزيز الدخل القومي ، كما اولت بعض الدول المتقدمة اهتماماً خاصً بهم لدرجة منحهم الجنسية الوطنية للإبقاء عليهم بشكل دائم في البلاد.
اما فيما يخص الدول النامية لاسيما العراق فالفقر من أكثر الظواهر تعقيداً وتشابكاً في التأثير على الوضع الاجتماعي والاقتصادي للناس، ليس فقط في جوانبه المادية، وانما في المجال الصحي والتعليمي وحتى في الحرمان من السكن اللائق، فضلاً عن حق الإنسان في التعبير عن رأيه والمشاركة في صنع القرار ، ولهذا السبب، تهتم العديد من المنظمات الدولية والبنك الدولي والعديد من الحكومات بتبني عدد من البرامج للتخفيف من حدة الفقر، والتي تعتمد على تشخيص مؤشرات الفقر والوضع الاقتصادي للبلد والمستوى الثقافي والاقتصادي الذي يتمتع به المجتمع.
وفي ضوء ما تقدم، تحدد هذه الدراسة الواقع العام للفقر وعلاقته بسوق العمل العراقي، وتتناول الاستراتيجيات التي تتبناها الدولة للحد من الفقر ومدى نجاحها، وتحدد معوقات هذه الجهود، وتبين العلاقة غير المباشرة بين البطالة وسوق العمل والفقر في المجتمع العراقي ، وسعت الدراسة إلى دراسة دور تخطيط التنمية الاقتصادية وسياسات الاقتصاد الكلي في رفع مستويات الدخل الحقيقي للفرد العراقي والوصول بمؤشرات التنمية البشرية (الدخل والتعليم والصحة) إلى مستوى الدول المتقدمة.
بديع الزمان بن الرزاز الجزري ودوره في التطور التكنولوجي في العالم المعاصر
Authors: ا.م.د. سرمد صلاح محي الدين  , ا.د. ندوى محمد محمد شريف
Published: April 2024

الملخص:
   أسهم المسلمون الأوائل في بناء حضارتنا الحالية فلولا ابداعات الحضارة الإسلامية لتأخرت حضارتنا المعاصرة عدة قرون، هدف البحث الحالي إلى التعرف على جانب مهم في تاريخ التكنولوجيا، وهو الكشف عن دور العالم المسلم المهندس الميكانيكي المبدع (بن الرزاز الجزري) في التطور التكنولوجي في العالم المعاصر، ومزاوجته بين الجانبين النظري والتطبيقي، اتبع الباحثان المنهج التاريخي الوصفي التحليلي الاستقرائي لتحقيق هدف البحث، وتناول الباحثان منهجه العلمي التجريبي وابرز تصاميمه واختراعاته ودورها في التطور التكنولوجي الذي نشهده اليوم والتطبيقات العملية لابتكارات الجزري في حياتنا المعاصرة، وتوصل الباحثان الى انه كان للتراث العلمي العربي اثرا كبيرا في تقدم الحركة العلمية ووصولها الى ما وصلت اليه الآن، وان الكثير مما جاء في كتب علم الحيل تعد قواعد أساسية للعلم لا يستغني عنها الدارسون،  فقد قام بن الرزاز الجزري بإختراع مضخات للماء وعدد من الآلات الموسيقية والساعات المائية وساعة الفيل، واهتم أيضا بالمسائل العلمية لعلم الهيدروليكا والآلات ذاتية الحركة، وكان علم الجزري أحد أسس النهضة العلمية في الحضارة الاسلامية التي انتقلت فيما بعد إلى أوروبا باعتراف الكثير من علماء الغرب، اذ يمكننا ان نجد أثار اختراعاته في تصميم المحرك البخاري ومحركات الاحتراق الداخلي والانسان الالي وغيرها، وأخيرا قدم الباحثان عددا من التوصيات.
Alfabetización digital mediante un curso en línea basado en el modelo instruccional ASSURE para los alumnos del CECATI 81
Authors:   Centro de Capacitació para el Trabajo Industrial No. 81, Félix Navarro Mauricio Enrique , Pereyra López Sahara Araceli ,   Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas
Published: April 2024

En este capítulo se presenta una investigación que se llevó a cabo en el Centro de Capacitación para el Trabajo Industrial No. 81, donde se detectó que el alumnado tiene un conocimiento bajo en cuanto al manejo de tecnologías de información se refiere. Tareas básicas que se realizan en una computadora, tales como administrar archivos y carpetas; personalizar una interfaz; crear usuarios; instalar o desinstalar programas, entre otras, son actividades que se les complica llevar a cabo. De igual forma, al utilizar el Internet les son desconocidos conceptos básicos, tales como navegador, buscador o página web, teniendo como consecuencia que muchos de los alumnos no sepan realizar búsquedas, recopilar información o interactuar con otras personas haciendo uso de herramientas de comunicación como el correo electrónico.
TİNNİTUSU OLAN BİREYLERDE MASKELEMENİN İŞİTSEL UYARILMIŞ BEYİNSAPI YANITLARINA ETKİSİ
Authors: Arslan Murat , Hançer Arslan Gülçin , Uysal Elif Tuğçe , Kozan Yağmur , Yılmaz Şüle , Taş Memduha , Bulut Erdogan
Published: April 2024

Amaç: Normal işitmeye sahip tinnitusu olan ve olmayan bireylerin işitsel beyin sapı yanıtları (ABR) sonuçlarını karşılaştırmaya ek olarak tinnitus tedavisinde sıklıkla kullanılan maskeleme terapisi yönteminin tinntusa sahip olan bireylerdeki ABR sonuçları üzerine etkisini incelemektir.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya normal işitmeye sahip kronik subjektif tinnituslu (KST) 12 birey ve normal işitmeye sahip tinnitusu olmayan 20 birey dahil edilmiştir. Bireylere kulak burun boğaz uzmanı tarafından ayrıntılı bir fiziki muayene yapıldıktan sonra saf ses/konuşma odyometri, immitansmetrik ölçümler, tinnitus değerlendirmesi, distortion product otoakustik emisyon (DPOAE), ABR testleri ve Tinnitusu Engellilik Anketi (TEA) uygulandı. Terapi sonrasında ise ABR testi ve TEA tekrarlandı.
Bulgular: Tinnitusa sahip bireylerin maskleme terapisi sonrasında ABR I. dalga amplitüd değerlerinin terapi öncesine göre artış gösterdiği ve latansının ise kısaldığı gözlenmiştir. Bu değişim bireylerin TEA skorlarına da yansımış olup maskelem terapisi sonrası anket skorlarında azalma gözlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda tinnitusa sahip bireylerde DPOAE 6-8 ve 10kHz frekanlarındaki Signal-Noise Ratio (SNR) değerlerinin normallere kıyasla azaldığı gözlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Normal işitmeye sahip ama KST’ si olan bireylerdeki tinnitus sebebinin koklear sinaptopati kaynaklı olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışmamızda bu durumun etkilerinin maskeleme terapisiyle azaltılabileceği ABR testi ve TEA sonuçlarında gösterilmiştir. Aynı zamanda DPOAE testinin de normal işitmeye sahip olsa dahi tinnitus varlığında özellikle yüksek frekans bölgesindeki SNR değerlerini azalttığı; bu da bizlere tinnitus takibi sürecinde bu testin kullanımının önemini bir kere daha göstermiştir.