bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining satisfiability techniques from AI and OR
Authors: DIXON HEIDI E. , GINSBERG MATTHEW L.
Published: July 2002

The recent effort to integrate techniques from the fields of artificial intelligence and operations research has been motivated in part by the fact that scientists in each group are often unacquainted with recent (and not so recent) progress in the other field. Our goal in this paper is to introduce the artificial intelligence community to pseudo-Boolean representation and cutting plane proofs, and to introduce the operations research community to restricted learning methods such as relevance-bounded learning. Complete methods for solving satisfiability problems are necessarily bounded from below by the length of the shortest proof of unsatisfiability; the fact that cutting plane proofs of unsatisfiability can be exponentially shorter than the shortest resolution proof can thus in theory lead to substantial improvements in the performance of complete satisfiability engines. Relevance-bounded learning is a method for bounding the size of a learned constraint set. It is currently the best artificial intelligence strategy for deciding which learned constraints to retain and which to discard. We believe these two elements or some analogous form of them are necessary ingredients to improving the performance of satisfiability algorithms generally. We also present a new cutting plane proof of the pigeonhole principle that is of size n2, and show how to implement some intelligent backtracking techniques using pseudo-Boolean representation.
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS.Thomas Scovel. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1998. Pp. xiii + 135. $11.25 paper.
Authors: Patterson Janet P.
Published: July 2002

The series to which this volume belongs was designed to provide, “. . . a large scale
view . . . of language study” (p. ix), with the goal of the present volume being to
introduce the reader to the “comprehensive discipline” of psycholinguistics. The
volume begins with a survey of the topic in four chapters: introduction, language acquisition,
language competence (comprehension and production), and language dissolution. Section 2
contains abstracts of selected readings followed by study questions, and section 3 lists annotated
references. Both of these sections are organized by topic area in order to guide further study. The
fourth section is a succinct glossary. The author has accomplished the goal for this volume,
producing a text that is comprehensive, scholarly, and easily readable.
MORPHOLOGY AND LONGER DISTANCE DEPENDENCIES
Authors: Ellis Nick C. , Schmidt Richard
Published: July 2002

This paper illustrates the advantages of laboratory research into SLA by describing two
studies of acquisition of second language syntax. The first addresses the question of whether
human morphological abilities can be understood in terms of associative processes or whether it
is necessary to postulate rule-based symbol processing systems underlying these skills. We
demonstrate that acquisition of L2 morphology shows frequency effects for both regular and
irregular forms and that the acquisition course of learners' accuracy and reaction time can
be accurately simulated by connectionist systems. The second concerns a bootstrapping account
of SLA whereby processes of chunking in phonological memory underpin the acquisition of
long-term memory for utterances and abstractions of grammatical regularities. It shows that
phonological short-term memory is particularly important in the acquisition of long-distance
dependencies. In both cases, it is argued that these aspects of SLA reflect associative learning
processes. When SLA research is properly focused on acquisition, laboratory research allows
investigation of the learners' exposure to evidence, their processes of perception and
learning, and their resultant language representations.
PRINCIPLES OF STATISTICAL DATA HANDLING.Fred
Davidson. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996. Pp. xii + 319. $49.95 cloth, $23.50
paper.
Authors: Cook H. Gary
Published: July 2002

Have you ever read a book and said to yourself, “Boy I wish I had that back
then?” In the area of data handling and manipulation, this is that book. Davidson has
compiled 30 principles by which one can effectively handle data. The audiences for this text are:
“(a) graduate students and novice researchers who want to expand their knowledge of the
use of computers in the social sciences, including education, and (b) educators who want to
improve data gathering in their teaching institutions” (p. x). Davidson offers this book as
a companion to statistical texts. If you are looking for the equation for a dependent
t-test or want to review the assumptions for ANOVA, this is not the book you are
looking for. If you want to know how to efficiently handle information, for instance, research
data, this is the text for you.
A UNIFIEDAPPROACH TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF SWEDISH AS L2
Authors: Pienemann Manfred , Håkansson Gisela
Published: July 2002

This paper has two main objectives: (a) to put the vast body of research on Swedish as a
second language (SSL) into one coherent framework; and (b) to test the predictions deriving
from processability theory (Pienemann, 1998a, 1998b) for Swedish against this empirical
database. We will survey the 14 most prominent research projects on SSL covering wide areas of
syntax and morphology in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. This survey is the first to be
carried out for Swedish, and it will bring the body of two decades of research into one unified
framework. We proceed in the following steps: First, a brief summary of processability theory is
given. Then the theory is used to generate a unifying framework for the development of the
specific L2 grammatical system (Swedish). Finally, the new framework is tested in the
above-mentioned empirical studies.
Lexically-based learning and early grammatical development
Authors: LIEVEN ELENA V. M. , PINE JULIAN M. , BALDWIN GILLIAN
Published: July 2002

Pine & Lieven (1993) suggest that a lexically-based positional
analysis

can account for the structure of a considerable proportion of children's

early multiword corpora. The present study tests this claim on a second,

larger sample of eleven children aged between 1;0 and 3;0 from a

different social background, and extends the analysis to later in development.

Results indicate that the positional analysis can account for

a mean of 60% of all the children's multiword utterances and that
the

great majority of all other utterances are defined as frozen by the

analysis. Alternative explanations of the data based on hypothesizing

underlying syntactic or semantic relations are investigated through

analyses of pronoun case marking and of verbs with prototypical agent–patient

roles. Neither supports the view that the children's utterances

are being produced on the basis of general underlying rules and

categories. The implications of widespread distributional learning in

early language development are discussed.
When is it best to hear a verb? The effects of the

timing and focus of verb models on children's learning of verbs
Authors: AMBALU D. , CHIAT S. , PRING T.
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the effects of certain aspects of verb input
on verb

acquisition. It has been observed that the timing of a verb model affects

children's learning of the verb (Tomasello & Kruger, 1992). It
has also

been observed that the focus of the event to which the verb refers affects

the argument structure children assign to the verb (Pinker, 1989). This

experiment investigated the interaction between the timing of verb

models and the focus of the events to which they refer. Thirty children

aged from 2;3 to 3;6 heard two novel verbs, one movement focused and

the other result focused. Half heard the verbs before the event

(impending condition) and half after it (completed condition). An

interaction of verb timing and verb focus was found. The movement verb

was learned better in the impending condition and the result verb in the

completed condition. The contribution of this finding to our understanding

of the processes involved in verb acquisition is considered.
Pragmatic directions and children's word learning
Authors: CLARK EVE V. , GROSSMAN JAMES B.
Published: July 2002

The present study tested the hypothesis that children as young
as two
use what adults tell them about meaning relations when they make
inferences about new words. 18 two-year-olds (mean age 2;2) and 18
three-year-olds (mean age 3;2) learned two new terms (a) with instructions

either (i) to treat one term as a superordinate to the other, or (ii)
to replace one term with another; and (b) with no instruction given
about how two new words might be related. Children were attentive to
both kinds of instructions or pragmatic directions, and made use of them

in their word-learning. When they received no instruction relating the

two new words, they resorted to a range of coping strategies to assign

and relate meanings to each other. These findings support the view that

children's learning of new word meanings is guided by the pragmatic

directions adults offer.
Orthogonal measures and absorbing sets for Markov chains
Authors: CHEN PEI-DE , TWEEDIE R. L.
Published: July 2002

For a general state space Markov chain on a space (X,
[Bscr ](X)),
the existence of a Doeblin decomposition, implying the state space can
be written as a countable
union of absorbing ‘recurrent’ sets and a transient set, is
known to be a consequence
of several different conditions all implying in some way that there is
not an uncountable
collection of absorbing sets. These include

([Mscr ]) there exists a finite measure which gives positive mass to
each absorbing subset
of X;

([Gscr ]) there exists no uncountable collection of points (xα)
such that the measures Kθ(xα,
·)[colone ](1−θ)ΣPn(xα,
·)θn are mutually singular;

([Cscr ]) there is no uncountable disjoint class of absorbing subsets
of X.

We prove that if [Bscr ](X) is countably generated and separated
(distinct
elements in X can be separated by disjoint measurable sets), then
these conditions
are equivalent. Other results on the structure of absorbing sets are also
developed.
Digital Selective Calling: The Weak
Link of the GMDSS
Authors: Patterson Anthony H. , McCarter Philip S.
Published: July 2002

Digital Selective Calling (DSC) is causing serious problems for
Search and Rescue (SAR)
providers. Administrations must seriously consider the humanitarian and
legal implications
of continuing the implementation of DSC. They may be in violation of the
Safety of Life at
Sea Convention, the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue,
1979, and
the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, by knowingly
implementing
communications technology that may jeopardize lives at sea even though
the primary intent
of DSC is to establish a suitable distress alerting method. States may
very well open
themselves to legal liability if loss of life or environmental damage can
be linked in any way
to the known faults of DSC.
Technical and Programmatic
Features of the FAA's LAAS
Authors: Swider R. , Kaser K. , Wullschleger V. , Warburton J. , Braff R.
Published: July 2002

The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is developing and planning to field the
Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS). LAAS is a Ground-Based Augmentation
System (GBAS) to GPS, and is designed to serve all categories of precision approach. The
purpose of this paper is to provide the latest technical and status information on the LAAS
programme. The technical aspects of the LAAS specification are discussed, followed by a
description of specification validation field testing and results. Institutional and programmatic
aspects are then summarized along with a chronology of events leading up to the
Government Industry Partnership (GIP) for the initial development and fielding of LAAS.
Automatic Ship Handling of the
Maritime Search Mission using a
Self-Tuning Fuzzy Gain Scheduling
PD Controller
Authors: Yu Ker-Wei , Hwang Rey-Chue , Hsieh Jer-Guang
Published: July 2002

In this paper, the ship manoeuvring problems particular to maritime search and rescue are
investigated. A solution to such problems is necessary for successful ship handling to save
human life. A fuzzy gain scheduling Proportional Derivative (PD) controller, using a back-propagation algorithm, is developed to solve these maritime search and rescue problems. The
parameters of the proposed PD controller are determined on-line by fuzzy rules and
adjustable fuzzy reasons. The proposed controller is self-adaptive and can accommodate the
effects caused by wave or wind disturbance. Some computer simulations are provided to
illustrate the use of the main ideas.
First-year impacts of shelterwood logging on understory vegetation in an old-growth pine stand in central Ontario, Canada
Authors: QUINBY PETER A.
Published: July 2002

There is evidence in the literature that a variety of logging practices may result in significant short and long-term changes to vegetation in the forest understory, however, these changes are still largely unknown for many forest types. The objective of this study was to determine the short-term effects of shelterwood logging on tree and non-arboreal plant species composition and diversity in both the understory and sapling strata within the Owain Lake Stand of old-growth red and eastern white pine located in Temagami, Ontario. The most significant changes were increases of white birch (800%), red maple (363%) and bracken fern (110%) in the understory. The most significant decreases within the understory occurred in mosses and liverworts (110%), Canada mayflower (49%) and starflower (28%). Bracken fern, red maple, and bush honeysuckle were the three most abundant species in the post-harvest understory plant community and will probably increase in their abundance under the present disturbed condition. A second shelterwood cut in 20 to 40 years may further facilitate an increase in these three species primarily by increasing light levels at the forest floor. All three species are very vigorous and are likely to dominate the forest understory until the upper canopy closes resulting in decreased light intensity at the forest floor.
Deforestation and forest regeneration following small-scale gold mining in the Amazon: the case of Suriname
Authors: Peterson Garry D. , Heemskerk Marieke
Published: July 2002

Despite scientific concern about Amazon deforestation and the impacts of the Amazon gold rush, few researchers have assessed the long-term impacts of small-scale gold mining on forest cover. This study estimates deforestation from gold mining and analyses the regeneration of abandoned mining areas in the Suriname Amazon. Fieldwork in December 1998 included observations and ecological measurements, as well as qualitative interviews with local miners about mining history and technology. Vegetation cover of abandoned mining sites of different ages was compared with that in old-growth forest. By present estimates, gold miners clear 48–96 km2 of old-growth forest in Suriname annually. Based on different assumptions about changes in technology and the amount of mining that takes place on previously mined sites, cumulative deforestation is expected to reach 750–2280 km2 by 2010. Furthermore, the analysis of abandoned mining sites suggests that forest recovery following mining is slow and qualitatively inferior compared to regeneration following other land uses. Unlike areas in nearby old-growth forest, large parts of mined areas remain bare ground, grass, and standing water. The area deforested by mining may seem relatively small, but given the slow forest recovery and the concentration of mining in selected areas, small-scale gold mining is expected to reduce local forest cover and ecosystem services in regions where mining takes place.
Use them or lose them? Conservation and the consumptive use of marine turtle eggs at Ostional, Costa Rica
Authors: CAMPBELL LISA M.
Published: July 2002

'Sustainable use' of wildlife resources and 'community based conservation' are two themes recurrent in contemporary statements of wildlife conservation policy, and their use is in response to a perceived 'deep conservation crisis' which has in part arisen from exclusionary and restrictive conservation practices. The extent to which the legal harvest of marine turtle eggs in Ostional, Costa Rica, is an example of sustainable use and community based conservation is evaluated in this paper. Field research using in-depth interviewing and a household questionnaire was undertaken in Ostional during 1994 and 1995, to investigate local perceptions of the egg harvesting project, both positive and negative. Socio-economic benefits from, and legal and administrative structures supporting, the project were found to be fundamental to community support for a limited egg harvest and allowed for community participation in, and control of, resource use. Participation and control were key to local support for conservation of nesting marine turtles and their eggs. Attempts to use wildlife sustainably must be considered on a case by case basis, to account for the biological nature of the wildlife resource and environment in question and for local socio-economic, political and historical conditions. Nevertheless, some of the lessons learned from the attempt to implement sustainable use and community based conservation in Ostional may be more widely generalized, and may help inform other efforts to reconcile wildlife conservation objectives with local development needs.
Conceptual and legal issues in the designation and management of conservation areas in Nepal
Authors: HEINEN JOEL T. , MEHTA JAI N.
Published: July 2002

The modern era of wildlife and protected area conservation in Nepal began in 1973 with the passage of comprehensive legislation, and has evolved very quickly as new priorities and problems have emerged. Here we explore the legal and managerial development of conservation areas, a recently-defined category of protected area designed to promote conservation through local-level participation and development. A review of the Conservation Area Management Regulations of 1996 shows that there are several potential problems inherent in this designation. As written, the regulations move power from the government to organizations under governmental contract. Thus, management authority largely remains top-down from the standpoint of local users. We also question how well the designation will protect some sensitive wildlife species, since organizations do not have law enforcement authority under Nepalese legislation.

Despite these concerns, there have been several successful conservation area programmes in existence in Nepal since the 1980s and most of the issues addressed are surmountable with the current regulations, providing that several criteria are met. We propose that His Majesty's Government and organizations under contract develop more definitive methods of disbursing funds for local-level projects, and institute social impact assessments. In addition, more attention must be paid to wildlife law enforcement; independent assessments of important wild populations and unique habitats are needed. Finally, we discuss some broader issues that should be better addressed in Nepal and elsewhere, including cross-sectoral coordination within the government.
Special Section: Topological representation and reasoning
in design and manufacturing
Authors: BRAHA DAN
Published: July 2002

Topology deals with geometric properties that are
dependent only on the relative positions of the components
of figures and not on such concepts as length, size, and
magnitude. Topology supports design and representation
of mechanical devices, communication and transportation
networks, topographic maps, and planning and controlling
of complex activities. In addition, aspects of topology
are closely related to symbolic logic, which forms the
foundation of artificial intelligence. By approaching engineering
design from this abstract point of view, it is possible
to use topological methods to study collections of geometric
objects or collections of entities that are of concern
in design analysis or synthesis. The importance of topological
representation and reasoning in analysis, design, and manufacturing
is heightened by the contemporary view that stresses the
need for conceptual design.
The role of outbreaks in developing food safety policy: population based surveillance of salmonella outbreaks in Wales 1986–98
Authors: PALMER S. , PARRY S. , PERRY D. , SMITH R. , EVANS M. , NEHAUL L. , ROBERTS R. , WALAPU M. , WRIGHT D.
Published: July 2002

In developing public policy on food safety, systematic identification and thorough investigation
of all general outbreaks is necessary in order to avoid bias towards highly publicised
outbreaks. In Wales, from 1986 to 1998, 87 general foodborne outbreaks of salmonellosis were
identified. Most outbreaks occurred at functions or were associated with small catering outlets
such as bakeries and sandwich bars. In 50 outbreaks, a vehicle of infection was confirmed
microbiologically and/or epidemiologically. The most common food vehicles were those
containing shell eggs. Salmonella enteritidis outbreaks were significantly more likely than
outbreaks of other serotypes to be associated with vehicles containing shell eggs, suggesting
that eggs were also the source of infection in many outbreaks. The routine use of analytical
epidemiological studies to identify vehicles in outbreaks is recommended.
The serotype distribution of Campylobacter jejuni and

C. coli isolated from patients with diarrhoea and controls at
Tikur

Anbassa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: ASRAT D. A. , HATHAWAY A. , SJÖGREN E. , EKWALL E. , KAIJSER B.
Published: July 2002

Sixty-eight isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and C.
coli

isolated from patients with diarrhoea (n=630) and controls

(n=220) at Tikur Anbassa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia were

serotyped on the basis of the heat-labile (HL) and the heat-stable (HS)
antigens,

by using 16

and 34 antisera, respectively, for the two methods. With the antisera against

heat labile

antigens, 89–3% of the C. jejuni and 75% of the C. coli

were typable. The HL serotypes 1, 2,

3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were the most common among the C. jejuni while
HL

serotypes 1 and 2 were

dominant among the C. coli isolates. These serotypes accounted
for

63·2% of all isolates. For

the heat-stable antigens, 60% of the C. jejuni and 83·3%
of the

C. coli isolates were typable.

The HS serotypes 1, 3, 8, 26 and 34 were most common among the C. jejuni,

while serotypes 3

and 8 were dominant among C. coli isolates. This study shows that
the

most common HL and

HS antigens among campylobacter isolates from Ethiopia correspond to the
most

frequent

antigenic types from other parts of the world. A limited number of antisera

were sufficient to identify the majority of the isolates.
Molecular characterization of Coxiella burnetii isolates
Authors: JÄGER C. , WILLEMS H. , THIELE D. , BALJER G.
Published: July 2002

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used for the
differentiation of 80
Coxiella burnetii isolates derived from animals and humans in

Europe, USA, Africa and Asia.
After NotI restriction of total C. burnetii DNA and
pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) 20
different restriction patterns were distinguished. The index of discrimination
for this typing
system was 0·86. Comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the
different RFLP patterns revealed
evolutionary relationships among groups that corresponded to the geographical
origin of the
isolates. This finding was confirmed by genetic mapping. No correlation
between restriction
group and virulence of isolates was detected.
Nosocomial outbreak of colonization and infection with
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in preterm infants associated
with contaminated tap water
Authors: VERWEIJ P. E. , MEIS J. F. G. M. , CHRISTMANN V. , VAN DER BOR M. , MELCHERS W. J. G. , HILDERINK B. G. M. , VOSS A.
Published: July 2002

Between March and May 1996 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
was
cultured from endotracheal
aspirate samples from five preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care
unit (NICU). Four
infants were superficially colonized, but a fifth died due to S. maltophilia

septicaemia. S. maltophilia was cultured from tap water
from three outlets in the NICU including one with a
previously unnoticed defective sink drain. Water from these outlets was
used to wash the
preterm infants. Environmental and clinical S. maltophilia
isolates yielded identical banding
patterns on random arbitrary polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR analysis. The outbreak
was
controlled by reinforcement of hand disinfection, limitation of the use
of tap water for hand
washing and by using sterile water to wash the preterm infants. We conclude
that tap water
should not be used for washing preterm infants in the NICU, unless steps
are taken to prevent
microbial growth in the outlets.
Outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with eating uncooked
tomatoes: implications for public health
Authors: HEDBERG C. W. , ANGULO F. J. , WHITE K. E. , LANGKOP C. W. , SCHELL W. L. , STOBIERSKI M. G. , SCHUCHAT A. , BESSER J. M. , DIETRICH S. , HELSEL L. , GRIFFIN P. M. , McFARLAND J. W. , OSTERHOLM M. T. , THE INVESTIGATION TEAM
Published: July 2002

Laboratory-based surveillance of salmonella isolates serotyped at four state health departments
(Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin) led to the identification of multistate outbreaks
of salmonella infections during 1990 (176 cases of S. javiana) and 1993 (100 cases of S.
montevideo). Community-based case-control studies and product traceback implicated
consumption of tomatoes from a single South Carolina tomato packer (Packer A) MOR 16·0;
95% CI 2·1, 120·6; P<0·0001 in 1990 and
again in 1993 (MOR 5·7; 95% CI 1·5, 21·9;
P=0·01) as the likely vehicle. Contamination likely occurred at the packing shed, where field
grown tomatoes were dumped into a common water bath. These outbreaks represent part of a
growing trend of large geographically dispersed outbreaks caused by sporadic or low-level
contamination of widely distributed food items. Controlling contamination of agricultural
commodities that are also ready-to-eat foods, particularly fruits and vegetables, presents a
major challenge to industry, regulators and public health officials.
African horse sickness in Portugal: a successful eradication programme
Authors: PORTAS M. , BOINAS F. S. , SOUSA J. OLIVEIRA E. , RAWLINGS P.
Published: July 2002

African horse sickness (AHS) was diagnosed for the first time in southern Portugal in autumn
1989, following outbreaks in Spain. AHS virus presence was confirmed by virus isolation and
serotyping. An eradication campaign with four sanitary zones was set up by Central Veterinary
Services in close collaboration with private organizations. Vaccination began on 6 October. In
February 1990, vaccination was extended to all Portuguese equines (170000 animals). There
were 137 outbreaks on 104 farms: 206 of the equidae present died (16%) or were slaughtered
(14%); 81·5% were horses, 10·7% were donkeys and 7·8% were mules. Clinical AHS occurred
more frequently in horses than donkeys and mules. In the vaccinated population, 82 animals
(62·2% horses and 37·8% mules and donkeys), died or were slaughtered due to suspected or
confirmed AHS. One year after ending vaccination, December 1991, Portugal was declared free
of AHS. Cost of eradication was US$1955513 (US$11·5/Portuguese equine).
An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 infections and
haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with consumption of
unpasteurized apple cider
Authors: HILBORN E. D. , MSHAR P. A. , FIORENTINO T. R. , DEMBEK Z. F. , BARRETT T. J. , HOWARD R. T. , CARTTER M. L.
Published: July 2002

During October 1996, an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 infections among Connecticut
residents occurred. An epidemiologic investigation included enhanced surveillance and a case-control study. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 were typed by pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis (PFGE). Implicated cider samples were analysed by culture and polymerase
chain reaction (PCR). Consumption of implicated cider was associated with illness; (matched
odds ratio = undefined, 95% confidence interval = 3·5–infinity). Ultimately, a total of 14
outbreak-associated patients were identified. All isolates analysed by PFGE yielded the
outbreak-associated subtype. Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 was not cultured from three cider
samples; PCR analysis detected DNA fragments consistent with Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 in
one. This outbreak was associated with drinking one brand of unpasteurized apple cider.
PFGE subtyping supported the epidemiologic association. PCR analysis detected microbial
contaminants in the absence of live organisms. Washing and brushing apples did not prevent
cider contamination.
Vibrio gastroenteritis in the US Gulf of Mexico region: the role of raw oysters
Authors: ALTEKRUSE S. F. , BISHOP R. D. , BALDY L. M. , THOMPSON S. G. , WILSON S. A. , RAY B. J. , GRIFFIN P. M.
Published: July 2002

We examined clinical and epidemiological features of 575 laboratory-confirmed cases of vibrio
gastroenteritis in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas from 1988 to 1997 (the US Gulf of
Mexico Regional Vibrio Surveillance System). Illnesses occurred year round, with peaks in
spring and autumn. Illnesses lasted a median of 7 days and included fever in half of patients
and bloody stools in 25% of patients with relevant information. Seventy-two percent of
patients reported no underlying illnesses. In the week before onset, 236 (53%) of 445 patients
for whom data were available ate raw oysters, generally at a restaurant or bar. Educational
efforts should address the risk of vibrio gastroenteritis for raw oyster consumers, including
healthy individuals. Further studies should examine environmental conditions affecting vibrio
counts on seafood and processing technologies to enhance the safety of raw oysters.
An integrated model to predict the atmospheric spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: SØRENSEN J. H. , MACKAY D. K. J. , JENSEN C. Ø. , DONALDSON A. I.
Published: July 2002

The application of a computer model called Rimpuff for simulating the airborne spread of
foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is described. Rimpuff is more sophisticated and accurate than
other FMD simulation models previously described. It can be run on a desktop computer and
performs analyses very quickly. It can be linked to a geographical information system and so
the information generated can be integrated with geographical and demographical data for
display in a format that can be easily assimilated and transmitted electronically. The system
was validated using historical data from outbreaks of FMD in France and the UK in 1981,
and from Denmark and the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1982. A very
good fit was obtained between the direction of the plumes of virus simulated by the model and
the spread of disease from France to the UK in 1981. Although cattle in the UK were infected
during the episode, the concentrations of airborne virus in the plumes simulated by the model
were beneath the infectivity threshold for cattle. It was concluded from the analysis that the
number of pigs infected in France, and therefore the source concentration of airborne virus,
was probably much higher than was recorded at the time of the outbreaks. Analysis of the
Denmark/GDR episode pointed to the possibility that the source of virus for the 1982
epidemic in Denmark could have been one or more unreported outbreaks involving pigs in the
former GDR.
Improved methods of detection of meningococcal DNA from
oropharyngeal swabs from cases and contacts of meningococcal disease
Authors: SADLER F. , BORROW R. , DAWSON M. M. , KACZMARSKI E. B. , CARTWRIGHT K. , FOX A. J.
Published: July 2002

In the UK the increasing use of pre-admission parenteral antibiotic therapy in meningococcal
disease has lessened the value of routine cultures as a tool to confirm diagnosis, and laboratory
confirmation of invasive meningococcal infection is achieved increasingly by non-culture,
nucleic acid amplification methods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a DNA
extraction and meningococcal-specific DNA amplification methodology for detection of
meningococci from oropharyngeal swabs.

One hundred and six swabs from suspected or confirmed cases of meningococcal disease, and
94 swabs from contacts of meningococcal disease cases were examined. Of laboratory-confirmed
cases, 38/65 (58·5%) yielded a positive oropharyngeal swab PCR result and 5/24
(20·8%) swabs from suspected but laboratory-unconfirmed cases were PCR positive. No
significant differences in PCR positivity rates were found between the types of swab transport
systems utilized, but transport time to the testing laboratory was found to affect PCR positivity
(P < 0·05).

Application of meningococcus-specific PCR to oropharyngeal swabs, in addition to routine
culture of swabs, can provide valuable epidemiological information as well as case confirmation
for contact management. PCR amplification of meningococcal PCR from oropharyngeal swabs
will also increase the ascertainment in swabbing surveys carried out as part of meningococcal
disease outbreak investigation and management.
Alan S. Kaye (ed.) (1997). Phonologies of Asia and Africa
(including the Caucasus). Technical advisor: Peter T. Daniels.
Winona Lake, Indiana:
Eisenbrauns. 2 vols. Pp. xxi+1041.
Authors: McCarthy John J.
Published: July 2002

This is an unusual book. For one thing, it is huge: two volumes,
over 1000
pages, with articles on fifty different languages or groups. For another,
the list
of contributors is quite diverse, including a few phonologists with specific
language interests (Shmuel Bolozky, Robert D. Hoberman, Maria-Rosa Lloret
and Joseph L. Malone), a few linguists who are better known for their work
in
areas other than phonology (Bernard Comrie, Jeffrey Heath, H. Craig Melchert
and Johanna Nichols) and a group of distinguished experts on particular
languages or families (including Giorgio Buccellati, Gene Gragg, Robert
Hetzron, Wolf Leslau, Paul Newman and others).

The goals of this book are also a bit unusual. In his introduction,
the editor
says this:

The idea for this volume came about as I searched in vain for a book
which would enable
my students to gain a concrete familiarity of solid phonological work by
subjecting them
to the exposure of many of today's (hard-)working linguists who would
concisely describe
and comment on the phonological processes in and structures of languages
which they
have carefully scrutinized, both ancient or medieval and modern. (p. xvi)

This is an attractive concept; undergraduate and beginning graduate
students
would undoubtedly benefit from studying and perhaps attempting to reanalyse
a carefully presented description of the phonemic system and morphophonemic
processes of an unfamiliar language. More advanced graduate students or
established scholars could also benefit from having access to compact descriptions
that summarise potentially interesting phenomena and give references to
consult for further research.
Predator–prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review
Authors: Heithaus Michael R.
Published: July 2002

The importance of interactions between sharks and cetaceans has been a subject of much conjecture, but few studies have addressed these interactions. Sharks (order Selachii) have been hypothesized to be important predators on dolphins and porpoises (suborder Odontoceti). Unfortunately, there are often few data to back up claims that certain shark species are major threats to cetaceans. To help identify potential shark predators in specific locations, available data on interactions with odontocetes for all shark species that may include cetaceans in their diet are reviewed. Shark species are categorized into groups based on predatory interactions with dolphins and porpoises (regular predators, occasional predators, potential predators, ectoparasites and insufficient data). Several shark species that have been overlooked in the cetacean literature are identified as potentially important predators while others that have been suspected to be important predators are probably at most occasional predators. How shark predation can influence dolphin populations, habitat use, group size and behaviour is discussed. How risk of shark predation can vary with habitat attributes in both nearshore and pelagic waters is also discussed. Predator–prey interactions have been the focus of most studies of shark–dolphin interaction, but competitive interactions may also occur. The first analysis of shark–dolphin dietary overlap is presented, which shows it to be significant between common dolphins and several species of sharks, including species that prey upon these dolphins.
Burrowing activity in the sand‐bubbler crab, Dotilla fenestrata (Crustacea, Ocypodidae), inhabiting a mangrove swamp in Kenya
Authors: Gherardi Francesca , Russo Silvia
Published: July 2002

Several species of crabs belonging to the family Ocypodidae are burrowers; they inhabit tropical sandy and muddy shores, including mangrove swamps, exposed to extreme conditions of intertidal areas. Dotilla fenestrata, the only East African representative of the subfamily Scopimerinae, exhibits high flexibility in its burrowing activity. Only part of the population has an exclusively burrow‐orientated activity, whereas most individuals form dense aggregations or droves, that during the phase of diurnal low water move away from the normal distribution zone. Burrows are built according to two different architectural designs, the feeding‐trench burrow and the igloo, which then constitute their territory. A resident will lose a contest for the burrow when the attacker is larger. When the ground is uncovered at low tide, emergence can be delayed or even fail to occur, and some crabs remain buried during the entire low water period. Only 50+ of crabs remain faithful to the original burrow, while the others either leave it to occupy an empty one or dig a new burrow, or join the wandering drove. The spatial distribution of burrows from the high water neap level (our reference point) to the sea, differs during both spring and neap tides, and both diurnal and nocturnal tides. The differences may be due partly to the change of physical conditions, such as drainage and substrate grade (although within a mangrove swamp these do not follow a consistent gradient), but mostly may be related to the trade‐off between the benefits and costs of living at different intertidal levels. With its burrowing and feeding activity leading to the re‐deposition of excavated and pseudofaecal pellets, Dotilla plays a role as a sediment mover in this very specialized habitat. The results obtained from this study are compared with those reported in other ocypodids.
Consistent significant variation between individual males in spermatozoal morphometry
Authors: Morrow Edward H. , Gage Matthew J. G.
Published: July 2002

Comparative studies show that variation in sperm morphometry across taxa is associated with the environment in which sperm function, and the species' mating pattern dictating the risk of sperm competition. Accordingly, sperm have evolved to function in a non‐self environment (in contrast to somatic cells) and sperm morphometry is predicted to be optimized independently of the individual male producing them, but is the result of selective forces arising directly from the fertilization and competitive environment in which sperm will operate. Males within a population are therefore under stabilizing selection to produce an optimal distribution of sperm sizes. The nature of this distribution was explored using consistent techniques to measure detailed sperm morphometry for 10 species in a range of taxa from insects to humans. Although we expected variance in sperm morphometry to be optimized by every individual male through stabilizing selection at a population or species level, we found the exact opposite; for every species examined there was significant variation between individual males in the total lengths of the sperm they produced. A significant variation is reported between individual males for every species in the sizes of each sperm head, mid‐piece and flagellum component. The between‐male variation exists consistently in wild, domestic and human populations, subject to a wide range of levels of inbreeding. In gryllid crickets sperm length is shown to be male‐specific and is repeatable between successive ejaculates. Between‐female variation in ova size (data are presented for trout) is explainable by individual female fecundity optimization strategies; however, the adaptive significance of widespread between‐individual variance in male gamete size is counter‐intuitive and difficult to interpret, particularly as the limited evidence available shows that sperm morphometry is not condition‐dependent or resource‐constrained. The differences, however, do suggest negligible influences from haploid expression in the development of sperm morphometry – if haplotypic expression were manifested we would expect more profound variation within a male's sperm population (to reflect the inherent within‐male variance in haplotypes derived from recombination) rather than the significant between‐male differences we found that suggests the diploid control of spermatozoal phenotype
Gonadal development and mode of sexuality in a coral‐reef damselfish, Dascyllus trimaculatus
Authors: Asoh Kazue , Kasuya Maiko
Published: July 2002

The process of early gonadal development and the mode of sexuality were examined in the three‐spot damselfish Dascyllus trimaculatus. All gonads developed an ovarian lumen and primary‐growth‐stage oocytes after an initially undifferentiated state. From this ovarian state or from more developed ovaries, some gonads redifferentiated into testes. None of 130 individuals examined had a gonad containing degenerating vitellogenic oocytes and proliferating spermatogenic tissue. Nineteen individuals, however, had a gonad containing degenerating cortical–alveolus stage oocytes and proliferating spermatogenic tissue. The size of these individuals overlapped with the female size range in which most females were still in the middle of the maturation process or the smallest female size class in which most females had vitellogenic oocytes. This suggests that the transition toward maleness in these individuals is likely to have occurred after oocytes in their gonads attained cortical–alveolus stage, but before their final maturation and spawning as females, and that the protogynous pattern of gonadal development in D. trimaculatus is non‐functional. The observed protogynous pattern seems to have been present in the common ancestor of the genus and have been retained in this descendant species.
Maternal directive and facilitative interaction styles: Associations with language and

cognitive development of low risk and high risk toddlers
Authors: MURRAY ANN D. , HORNBAKER ARDETH V.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the relation of maternal interaction styles to the

development of a sample of 56 toddlers (19 low risk, 37 high risk) seen at 12 and 24 months of

age. At 12 months, videotapes of mother–child interaction were coded for directiveness,

sensitivity, and elaborativeness. At 12 and 24 months, cognitive and language measures were

collected. A directive maternal style was negatively correlated with sensitivity and

elaborativeness, whereas sensitive and elaborative ratings were positively correlated, suggesting

a facilitative style. Regression models significantly predicted receptive language and cognitive

development at 24 months but not expressive language. Maternal directiveness at 12 months was

negatively related to later receptive language skills, whereas elaborativeness at 12 months was

positively predictive of later cognitive development. Child status variables and maternal

interactional styles contributed about equally to the prediction of later cognitive and language

outcomes.
Psychopathology as adaptive development along distinctive pathways
Authors: FISCHER KURT W. , AYOUB CATHERINE , SINGH ILINA , NOAM GIL , MARAGANORE ANDRONICKI , RAYA PAMELA
Published: July 2002

Contrary to the standard assumption that psychopathology stems from developmental

immaturity (retardation, fixation, regression), people diagnosed with psychopathology typically

develop along distinctive pathways in which they build complex, advanced skills. These

pathways are based on adaptation to trauma, such as maltreatment, or to problems in

affective–cognitive regulation, such as those in autism. They do not fit normative

developmental frameworks. Research has characterized several types of distinctive pathways,

especially those arising from maltreatment; they are marked by normal developmental

complexity but distinctive affective–cognitive organization. In one study sexually abused

depressed adolescent girls admitted for treatment in a mental hospital described

themselves-in-relationships with age-appropriate, complex developmental levels equal to those

of both nonabused depressed girls and other adolescents. At the same time, they showed a

powerful negativity bias contrasting with the positivity biases of other girls. Many of them

produced dramatic switches in affective–cognitive organization across assessments

contrasting with the similar organization showed by other girls. In another study toddlers from

maltreating families showed a consistent negativity bias in play and representations of

interactions. We show how to portray these distinctive developmental pathways through the

example of Hidden Family Violence, in which people dissociate their private violent world from

their public, good-citizen world.
If memory serves, will language? Later verbal accessibility of
early memories
Authors: BAUER PATRICIA J. , KROUPINA MARIA G. , SCHWADE JENNIFER A. , DROPIK PATRICIA L. , WEWERKA SANDI SAEGER
Published: July 2002

Of major interest to those concerned
with early mnemonic process and function is the question of whether early memories likely
encoded without the benefit of language later are accessible to verbal report. In the context of a
controlled laboratory study, we examined this question in children who were 16 and 20 months
at the time of exposure to specific target events and who subsequently were tested for their
memories of the events after a delay of either 6 or 12 months (at 22–32 months) and then
again at 3 years. At the first delayed-recall test, children evidenced memory both nonverbally and
verbally. Nonverbal mnemonic expression was related to age at the time of test; verbal
mnemonic expression was related to verbal fluency at the time of test. At the second
delayed-recall test, children evidenced continued accessibility of their early memories. Verbal
mnemonic expression was related to previous mnemonic expression, both nonverbal and verbal,
each of which contributed unique variance. The relevance of these findings on memory for
controlled laboratory events for issues of memory for traumatic experiences is discussed.
The initial time layer problem and the quasineutral limit in the semiconductor drift-diffusion model
Authors: GASSER INGENUIN , LEVERMORE C. DAVID , MARKOWICH PETER A. , SCHMEISER CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2002

The classical time-dependent drift-diffusion model for semiconductors is considered for small
scaled Debye length (which is a singular perturbation parameter). The corresponding limit is
carried out on both the dielectric relaxation time scale and the diffusion time scale. The latter
is a quasineutral limit, and the former can be interpreted as an initial time layer problem.
The main mathematical tool for the analytically rigorous singular perturbation theory of this
paper is the (physical) entropy of the system.
Vibrations of multi-structures
including elastic shells:
Asymptotic analysis
Authors: ASLANYAN A. G. , MOVCHAN A. B. , SELSIL Ö.
Published: July 2002

We consider an eigenvalue problem of three-dimensional elasticity for a multi-structure
consisting of a finite three-dimensional solid linked with a thin-walled elastic cylinder. An
asymptotic method is used to derive the junction conditions and to obtain the skeleton model
for the multi-structure. Explicit asymptotic formulae have been obtained for the first six
eigen-frequencies.