bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perencanaan Drainase Vertikal Di Jalan Cendana 2 Perumahan Bumi Sumekar Asri Kecamatan Kota Kabupaten Sumenep
Authors: Chayati Cholilul , Rezi Nur Hikma
Published: April 2019

Genangan adalah peristiwa tergenangnya air karena volume air yang meningkat. Juga dapat diartikan  sebagai keluarnya air di suatu kawasan sehingga kurang kapasitas penampang saluran pembuang. Genangan berawal dari peningkatan jumlah penduduk dan perubahan tata guna lahan. Kapasitas drainase yang kecil dan banyaknya sedimen dalam saluran drainase menyebabkan genangan. Permasalahan lain juga muncul dari air buangan rumah tangga. Metode yang dipakai adalah deskriptif kuantitatif . Data yang diperlukan data curah hujan dan jumlah penduduk. Data Curah hujan yang digunakan adalah data curah hujan harian maksimum menggunakan 3 stasiun dengan perbandingan stasiun lainnya. Data curah hujan dianalisis dengan metode Gumbel. Data curah hujan kemudian diterapkan dalam intensitas hujan per jam dengan metode mononobe. Intensitas hujan berguna untuk menghitung debit puncak. Berdasarkan data dan analisa perhitungan, menyimpulkan bahwa debit air limbah dan debit air kotor yang dihasilkan sebesar 2,7339905918 m3/det. Secara keseluruhan jumlah sumur resapan yang dihasilkan berjumlah 4 sumur diantaranya 2 sumur untuk Blok A, 2 sumur untuk Blok B dengan dimensi 1,4 m, kedalaman  4,01 m
Studi Perbandingan Waktu Dan Biaya Dengan Metode Konstruksi Yang Berbeda (Studi Kasus Dalam Proyek Pembangunan Villa Grand Sinensis)
Authors: Aisyah Siti Nur , Yakin Kusnul , Bustamin Maulidya Octaviani
Published: April 2019

Lawang merupakan sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur. Lawang dikenal sebagai kota peristirahatan sejak zaman penjajahan belanda. Karena itu tidak mengherankan bila sampai saat ini masih banyak ditemui bangunan kuno bergaya belanda di lawang, termasuk stasiun kereta api yang merupakan salah satu persinggahan kereta api jalur selatan dari Surabaya ke Malang. Namun dewasa ini lawang terbawa modernisasi dengan munculnya banyak villa-villa. Seiring dengan perkembangan waktu pembangunan villa semakin banyak 90% seluruh pembangunan villa sudah menggunakan metode kontruksi dengan penambahan alat bantu. Pada proyek pembangunan villa grand sinensis ini tidak menggunakan bantuan alat berat untuk pembangunannya, maka pada Tugas Akhir ini menganalisis percepatan waktu dan pengaruhnya terhadap biaya dengan metode yang berbeda dimaksudkan dengan membandingkan beberapa jenis pekerjaan yang menggunakan alat berat dan tanpa alat berat. Proses percepatan waktu dimulai dari perhitungan durasi/waktu beberapa pekerjaan yang ditambahkan alat berat dengan metode AON (Activity On Node). Dari lintasan kritis tersebut didapatkan hasil berdasarkan dengan metode penambahan alat berat kemudian didapatkan hasil penghematan waktu dari durasi normal 362 hari menjadi 316 hari setelah penambahan alat berat, untuk biaya normal dari Rp. 19.324.921.775,22 menjadi Rp. 21.037.675.404,99 kenaikannya mencapai 4,3 %.
Kajian Risiko Kecelakaan Kerja Terhadap Manajemen Kesehatan Dan Keselamatan Kerja (K3) (Proyek Pembangunan Villa Grand Sinensis PT.Wahana Karya Wijaya)
Authors: Nugroho Doni Feby , Yakin Kusnul , Bustamin Maulidya Octaviani
Published: April 2019

Indonesia merupakan negara berkembang, banyak proyek konstruksi yang sedang dikerjakan. Pelaksanaan proyek tersebut sering terhambat oleh hal yang tidak diinginkan seperti kecelakaan kerja. Besarnya kecelakaan kerja yang terjadi tergantung dari jenis industri, teknologi serta upaya pengendalian risiko yang dilakukan. Secara garis besar kejadian kecelakaan kerja disebabkan oleh tindakan manusia yang tidak memenuhi keselamatan kerja dan keadaan lingkungan yang tidak aman (Suma’mur, 1984). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan rangking dan pengendalian risiko K3. Oleh sebab itu perusahaan atau jasa konstruksi perlu menerapkan progaram kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja (K3) untuk mengurangi risiko terjadinya kecelakaan kerja. Penelitian ini fokus pada kajian analisis risiko kecelakan kerja terhadap sistem manajemen K3 pada proyek konstruksi. Metode penelitian menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data kualitatif dengan melakukan penyebaran kuisioner untuk mendapat tanggapan mengenai potensi bahaya atau risiko kecelakaan kerja dilapangan. Data diolah menggunakan program aplikasi komputer SPSS.16 untuk memperoleh validitas dan reliabilitas. Setelah didapat nilai validitas dan reliabilitas, data responden dilakukan Analisa risiko dengan melakukan perhitungan probability dan impact yang bersumber dari AZ/NZS 4360:2004. Hasil dari perhitungan probability dan impact yang masih dalam bentuk prosentase diskalakan kemudian dilakukan perkalian matriks untuk mengetahui variabel tersebut masuk ke dalam level risiko rendah, sedang, tinggi atau sangat tinggi. Hasil penelitian diperoleh risiko paling tinggi (very hight Risk) sebanyak 14 sub variabel dari variabel pekerja, peralatan, metode, dan lingkungan kerja. Untuk risiko tinggi (Hight Risk) sebanyak 4 sub variabel dari variabel pekerja dan metode kerja. Sedangkan untuk risiko sedang (Medium Risk) sebanyak 2 sub variabel dari variabel peralatan dan lingungan kerja. Pengendalian yang dilakukan berdasarkan sub variabel yang memiliki risiko tertinggi. Dari 20 sub variabel terdapat 14 sub variabel yang memiliki risiko tinggi. Dari beberapa metode pengendalian risiko, dipilih pengendalian secara administratif, eleminasi dan penggunaan APD.
Kajian Kebutuhan Air Irigasi Pada Daerah Irigasi Tawangsari, Kabupaten Jombang
Authors: Ramadhani Safira , Rosytha Anna , Huda Miftachul
Published: April 2019

Water is very important for the survival of living things in this world. Therefore there needs to be a balance between the needs and availability of water, including the need for water in agricultural areas. Water requirements in agricultural areas such as Tawangsari irrigation areas, especially paddy fields, are influenced by several factors, namely; Evapotranspiration, layer replacement, and effective rainfall. The availability of Tawangsari irrigation water from the very limited Tawangsari Dam is a major problem in the Tawangsari irrigation area. From the above problems, it is necessary to study the efficiency of water requirements in the irrigation area by analyzing effective rain, irrigation water needs and the availability of irrigation water. The analysis referred to the Irrigation Planning Criteria 01. From the results of the analysis it could be concluded that the water discharge was very sufficient and could be used to irrigate new land, while the calculation of the amount of water needs was greater than the water available in the dry season. Then from that another alternative was needed, namely by a water distribution rotation system and replacement of the water layer according to the available water so that the available water discharge could be sufficient for the needs.
Assessing the Calculation of Exchange Coupling Constants and Spin Crossover Gaps Using the Approximate Projection Model to Improve Density Function Calculations
Authors: Sheng Xianghai , Thompson Lee , Hratchian Hrant
Published: April 2019

This work evaluates the quality of exchange coupling constant and spin crossover gap calculations using density functional theory corrected by the Approximate Projection model. Results show that improvements using the Approximate Projection model range from modest to significant. This study demonstrates that, at least for the class of systems examined here, spin-projection generally improves the quality of density functional theory calculations of J-coupling constants and spin crossover gaps. Furthermore, it is shown that spin-projection can be important for both geometry optimization and energy evaluations. The Approximate Project model provides an affordable and practical approach for effectively correcting spin-contamination errors in molecular exchange coupling constant and spin crossover gap calculations.
PENINGKATAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS KALIMAT BAHASA JERMAN SISWA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN COURSE REVIEW HORAY (CRH)
Authors: Astuti Astuti , Mannahali Misnah
Published: April 2019

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan keterampilan menulis kalimat sederhana siswa melalui model pembelajaran Course Review Horay (CRH). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang terdiri dari dua siklus. Teknik penumpulan data dalam penelitian tindakan kelas ini terdiri dari dua jenis, yaitu data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data kualitatif, yaitu data yang mendeskripsikan proses hasil belajar yang diperoleh melalui observasi. Sedangkan kuantitatif diperoleh dari hasil tes siklus I dan siklus II. Nilai rata-rata hasil tes siswa pada siklus I adalah 4,64 (66,28%) dan pada siklus II diperoleh nilai rata – rata  siswa 5,97 (85,28%) Hal ini berarti bahwa keterampilan menulis kalimat sederhana bahasa Jerman siswa kelas X Bahasa dan Sastra 2 SMA Negeri 5 Bulukumba menggunakan model pembelajaran Course Review Horay (CRH) mengalami peningkatan
INTERFERENSI POLA KALIMAT BAHASA INDONESIA TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN BERBICARA BAHASA JERMAN SISWA
Authors: Rahmayana Rahmayana , R Mantasiah , Hasmawati Hasmawati , Muddin Muddin
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this study was to find out how to use Indonesian sentence patterns on German speaking skills in class XI students of SMA 2 Bantaeng. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The population of this study were all students of class XI SMA 2 Bantaeng. The sample in the study amounted to 32 students. The data obtained were analyzed using percentage techniques. The results of the data analysis showed that the interference with the use of Indonesian sentence patterns on students' German speaking skills was 11.4%.
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION TOWARD TEACHERS’ TEACHING STYLES AND THE USE OF LEARNING STRATEGIES IN TEACHING ENGLISH
Authors: Lamatokan Alfonsus
Published: April 2019

The aim of the study was to find out students’ perception toward teachers’ teaching styles and the use of learning strategies in teaching English. This study was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Tobelo in all grades. The instrument used in the data collection was a questionnaire that consists of six indicators where these indicators refer to variables. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and display in pie diagram. The finding indicates that the majority of students at SMA Negeri 1 Tobelo are aware that their teachers’ teaching styles and the use of learning strategies gave positive impact in do their learning. Their perception of their teachers’ teaching styles and learning strategies which covers attitudes, behavior, interaction, method, teaching material and media during teaching and learning process influenced the success of students in developing English skills. Most students of their conviction stated that their English teachers were responsible for their career as a good teacher. Thus, in doing them job, their awareness to make an effective teaching to support students’ success in learning English. Further studies might be conducted using interview to students to gain more information.
SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS ON SELECTED OPPO SMARTPHONE’S ADVERTISEMENTS
Authors: Sagimin Eka Margianti , Priyani Anisa Linda
Published: April 2019

This study is attempted to explain and analyze the semiotic process and the messages implied on Oppo Smartphone’s advertisment. The semiotic approach is used to identify and to analyze the data which focuses on Representament, Object and Interpretant by using Triadic Semiosis Concept of C.S. Pierce’s theory. The objective of this study is to analyze how semiosis proses occurs and to interpret the messages conveyed by the sign in Oppo Smartphone’s Advertisement. The study employed descriptive qualitative as the data were collected in the form of written words which produce the descriptive information. Based on the result finding, there are five advertisments of Oppo’s selected advertisments; Oppo F1,F5,N1 Mini, R1 and R5. Those advertisments have hidden messages which make the viewers or customers unable to catch the messages properly. From the result analysis, it can be affirmed that all aspects in the advertisments have the same messages to persuade the readers to buy the product even though the sign in each advertisement is different.
Penerapan Metode Sab’ah Pada Pembelajaran Ashwat Bagi Penutur Bahasa Arab Dewasa Tingkat Pemula di LTQ. Azkiya Kab. Bandung Jawa Barat
Authors: Susiawati Susiawati
Published: April 2019

This research aims to find out the effectiveness of learning model of Ashwat. This research employs qualitative approach with a class action research technique. Results of this research is an Arabic language learning product about contrastive sound to improve Arabic language sound mastery for beginner native. The writer also found significant improvement, before and after learning. The comparative result shows, before the learning process participants who get excellent: 0%, very good: 0%, good: 0%, fair: 30%, minus: 10%, bad: 60% and after the treatment (post-test) the result is, Excellent: 90%, very good: 10%, good: 0%, fair: 0%, minus: 0%, bad: 0%.
The Duty Consult as the Authority to Recognize
Authors: Brodziak Regan
Published: April 2019

This essay performs an analysis of the duty to consult and accommodate principle, a legal mandate that requires the Canadian state to consult and accommodate Indigenous nations when taking action that might interfere with established Aboriginal or treaty rights. Though Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British did make progress in terms of providing Indigenous peoples with more authority in the consultative process, the power still ultimately remains with the Crown in dictating whether or not the interference on Aboriginal or treaty rights is justified. That is, the Indigenous nation is invited to participate in the process, but they are not granted the authority to truly determine what happens on their land. In light of this limitation, this essay claims that this principle still operates within the presumption of Crown sovereignty, and therefore ultimately fails to confer upon the Indigenous nation their rightful political independence. In order to truly reconcile the relationship between Indigenous nations and the Canadian state, this essay concludes that it is necessary to establish a relationship premised on the rightful treaty-federalist framework.
Pendapatan dan Nilai Tambah Pengolahan Primer Kopi Arabika di Desa Sait Buttu Saribu, Kecamatan Pamatang Sidamanik, Kabupaten Simalungun
Authors: Saragih Jef Rudiantho
Published: April 2019

Primary processing is the most important aspect in enhancing the added value at farm business level, but some farmers have not done yet. This study aims to analyze the income of arabica coffee farm business, the difference in farmers’ income that sells coffee in parchment and cherry red, and  the added value of selling in parchment. Data were analyzed with Revenue Cost Ratio (RCR), Independent Sample t Test, and added value analysis method of Hayami et al. (1987). The results showed that arabica coffee farming with parchment had a higher RCR and was significantly different from cherry red, and which sold both parchment and cherry red. Income of farmers who sell parchment is differs significantly from who sell cherry red and those who sell both parchment and cherry red.  The added value of primary processing is 30%, while the income of family labor from the primary processing is 69%.
Model Perencanaan Kawasan Pertanian di Kabupaten Karangasem, Provinsi Bali Pasca Erupsi Gunung Agung
Authors: Widhianthini Widhianthini , Djelantik A.A.A. Wulandira Sawitri
Published: April 2019

Karangasem is one of the regencies in Bali Province that has potential in the agricultural sector, in addition to Tabanan Regency. Contribution of the agricultural sector of Karangasem Regency amounted to 14.74% of the GDP of Bali Province. Large potential of the agricultural sector can also be seen from the livelihoods of the population, where majority (50.61%) work as farmers (Statistics of Bali Province, 2017). In November 2017, Mount Agung erupted, impacted the development of sectors in Karangasem Regency, including the agricultural sector. This research is intended to determine the competitiveness of the agricultural sector (especially the food crop subsector) and the planning model of agricultural areas in the regency. Location selection is done purposively with the consideration that it has the lowest economic growth rate after Jembrana Regency and has experienced Mount Agung eruption in 2017. Research method used are Shift Share Analysis and Dynamic Modeling. Especially for Dynamic Modeling, an analysis of economic aspects was carried out. Results shows that agricultural sector in Karangasem Regency can still compete with other regions in Bali Province. The agricultural sector, especially paddy fields in the last five years (in 2012-2017), was still able to contribute to the increase of the regency's Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) and community income if the agricultural area management model is implemented in an integrated manner between farmers, Village Credit Institutions, and local customary villages.
Sinergitas Jejaring Klaster MEP Sekarbela dalam Kerangka Sistem Inovasi Daerah
Authors: Lestari Sri Apriani Puji , Kurniawan Agus , Ridha Rasyid
Published: April 2019

Industrial cluster is one of the approaches used as an effort to develop economic activities within the framework of regional innovation systems. The cluster approach is expected to be able to stimulate innovation through sharing of information, experience and knowledge between actors, and encouraging increased linkages of expertise in cluster networks. This study aims to identify stakeholders involved and the extent of stakeholder relations in the Sekarbela pearl, gold and silver (MEP) industry cluster network within the framework of regional innovation systems. This study usedsurvey method with qualitative and quantitative descriptive approaches on secondary and primary data. Analysis conducted were descriptive qualitative analysis and social network analysis. Results shows that actors involved in the network cluster consisted of various elements, such as the central and local governments, private sector, financing institutions, academicians, and associations. Based on the measurement of betweenness centrality and closeness centrality, the Department of Industry, Cooperatives and SMEs of Mataram City, Local Development Planning Agency (Bappeda) of Mataram City, Mataram City Trade Office, NTB Province Cooperative and MSME Office, and the Ministry of Industry are liaison actors in a network chain that facilitates the dissemination of information in the network, as well as the ease and proximity to communicate with each other. The role of academics and funding institution inadequate and this affects the development of cluster innovation. More active role is required from various parties involved, as well as knowledge transfer and information sharing between actors in the cluster network, in order to create innovative and competitive products.
PENGEMBANGAN FLIPBOOK PRODUK KHAS KALIMANTAN BARAT BERBASIS FERMENTASI SEBAGAI PENUNJANG PEMBELAJARAN BIOTEKNOLOGI DI SMA KUBU RAYA
Authors: Mardhatillah Machicha Icha , Rahayu Hanum Mukti , Qurbaniah Mahwar
Published: April 2019

Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dengan guru khususnya di SMAS Taman Mulia, SMAS Kemala Bayangkari Kubu Raya, SMAN 1 Sungai Raya, dan MA Al-Mustaqim diketahui guru selama ini dalam mengajarkan materi bioteknologi hanya menggunakan buku paket dan lembar kerja siswa (LKS) hanya memberikan contoh produk bioteknologi secara umum sehingga siswa tidak tahu produk bioteknologi yang ada di sekitarnya. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan media atau bahan ajar yang inovatif yang dapat memasukan konteks kelokalan dan budaya setempat dalam bentuk flipbook dengan nuansa lokal sehingga media pembelajaran yang digunakan dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan media flipbook produk khas Kalimantan Barat berbasis ferentasi sebagai penunjang pembelajaran bioteknologi di SMA dan MA Kubu Raya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan menggunakan metode (R&D)  model 4-D yang telah dimodifikasi, yaitu tahap Define, Design, Develop dan Disseminate. Penelitian ini hanya sampai pada tahap develop yaitu sampai tahap validitas. Data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah hasil penelitian dari 15 validator yang terdiri dari 5 validator materi, 5 validator bahasa, dan 5 validator media. Hasil penelitian menujukan kevalidan berdasarkan aspek materi sebesar 68,13%, aspek media sebesar 81,33%, dan aspek bahasa 88,50%. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah media flipbook produk khas Kalimantan Barat berbasis ferentasi layak
فعالیة استخدام الألعاب اللغویة لترقیة مھارة القراءة المعاصرة )بحث تجریبي لطلاب قسم تدریس اللغة العربیة بالجامعة الإسلامیة الحكومیة كدیري السنة الدراسیة
Authors: Munjiyat
Published: April 2019

Terminologi game seringkali diasumsikan sebagai kegiatan yang kontra produktif dan identik dengan anak usia dini. Pelbagai kajian teoritis dan aplikatif telah mendialektikakan antara game dengan berbagai disiplin ilmu, termasuk bidang pendidikan. Dalam kontekspembelajaran bahasa, game dipakai dalam pembelajaran listening dan speaking skills (maha<ra<tu al-ittis}al al-shafahy), sangat jarang ditemukan pembelajaran reading atau writting skills (maha<ra<tu al-ittis}al al-kita<by) dengan menggunakan game bahasa. Penelitian ini mencoba keluar frame dengan menakar efektifitas game bahasa dalam meningkatkan kompetensi membaca (reading skills) mahasiswa. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif, sedangkan instrumen pengumpulan datayang digunakan adalah 1. Tes, 2. Interview, dan 3. Angket. Dari penelitian tersebut dapt disimpulkan bahwa game bahasa berdampak signifikan terhadap perkembangan kemampuan membaca siswa, hal tersebut ditunjukkan dengan perubahan rata-rata nilai pretest yang mencapai 57,70 meningkat menjadi 77,40 pada rata-rata nilai posttestnya. Hasil tersebut diperkuat dengan t test yang dilakukan peneliti serta hasil analisa angket dan interview.
مشكلات تعلیم الكتابة على المستوى الجامعي وعلاجھا
Authors: Permata Bagus Andrian
Published: April 2019

Keterampilan menulis bahasa Arab (maha>rah kita>bah) sejauh ini masih membutuhkan perhatian lebih dari para praktisi, pengajar dan pegiat bahasa Arab khususnya bagi non native speaker, hal tersebut disebabkan oleh berbagai kesulitan yang kerap dihadapi oleh para siswa mulai dari jenjang paling bawah hingga perguruan tinggi. Pada akhirnya, hal tersebut juga berimbas pada problem pembelajaran di kelas. Tulisan ini mencoba menjelaskan problem pembelajaran maha>rah kita>bah di perguruan tinggi dan bagaimana tawaran solusi atas problem tersebut. Beberapa data primer dalam tulisan ini diperoleh dari observasi lapangan ketika penulis mengajar maha>rah kita>bah di IAIN Kediri dan STAI-BA Kediri, dan diperkuat dengan pendapat para praktisi dan pegiat pembelajaran bahasa Arab bagi non native speaker. Kesimpulan dari tulisan ini adalah, bahwa secara umum problem pembelajaran maha>rah kita>bah di tingkat perguruan tinggi tidak terlepas dari 3 (tiga) hal: 1. Perbedaan pengalaman belajar antar individu mahasiswa dan budaya berbahasa. 2. Kurang memperhatikan keterampilan membaca (maha>rah qira>â€™ah) yg sebagai syarat mutlak keterampilan menulis. 3. Kurang tepat dalam memberikan evaluasi dan 5. Minimnya penggunaan media dan tehnik pembelajaran yang mendukung. Adapun untuk mengatasi problem tersebut maka dibutuhkan evaluasi mendalam dan dilanjutkan dengan usaha-usaha perbaikan dari kekurangan-kekurangan dalam pembelajaran yang menjadi problem.
PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR MATERI KLASIFIKASI KATA BAHASA ARAB MENURUT PERSPEKTIF TAMMAM HASSAN
Authors: Rasyid Mufti
Published: April 2019

Sebagaimana yang kita ketahui bahwa para ulama Nahwu klasik membuat klasifikasi kata Bahasa Arab menjadi 3 bagian yaitu: Isim, Fiâ€™il , dan Huruf. Klasifikasi ini tidak pernah menerima kritik dan pembaruan hingga datangnya Tammam Hassan yang membuat klasifikasi kata Bahasa Arab menjadi 7 bagian yaitu: Isim, Shifah, Fiâ€™il, Dhamir, Khalifa, Zharaf, dan Adat. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan materi klasifikasi kata berdasarkan pemikiran Tammam Hassan dan mengetahui sejauh mana efektifitas pengembangan materi klasifikasi kata berdasarkan pemikiran Tammam Hassan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Research & Development (Penelitian dan Pengembangan) dengan membentuk dua kelompok (kelompok kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen), dengan penggunaan pre-test dan post test (pre-test post-test control group design). Dengan sampel penelitian siswa MA Salafiyah Syafiâ€™iyah Tebuireng Jombang. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) Bentuk pengembangan materi klasifikasi kata Bahasa Arab berdasarkan pemikiran Tammam Hassan telah berhasil tersusun dalam produk buku ajar yang berjudul: â€œKlasifikasi Kata Bahasa Arab Menurut Pendapat Tammam Hassanâ€. Produk ini memiliki banyak kelebihan yaitu: desain latihan yang penuh warna dan ilustrasi, kolom Fun Zone, serta pendekatan komparatif antara kaidah bahasa Arab dan Bahasa Inggris dalam materi klasifikasi kata (2) Setelah dilaksanakannya ujicoba produk di MASS Tebuireng, peneliti melakukan Uji-T (T-test). Dari hasil Uji -T diperoleh nilai T-hitung sebesar 2,29. Dengan dk= 4 pada persentase kolom 5% diketahui nilai T-tabel adalah 1,67. Disini bisa dilihat bahwa nilai T-hitung lebih besar dari T-tabel. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Hipotesi Nol (Ho) ditolak dn Hipotesis Alternatif (Ha) diterima. Dari sini bisa disimpulkan bahwa pengembangan bahan ajar klasifikasi kata bahasa Arab menurut perspektif Tammam Hassa terbukti efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan siswa.
تطویر المواد التعلیمیة على المنھج التكاملي لترقیة مھارة القراءة
Authors: Firdaus Mohamad Anang
Published: April 2019

Metode Integratif dalam desain bahan ajar belum menjadi opsi pilihan bagi guru dan pelajar, terutama di kalangan pesantren. Kebanyakan guru pesantren masih menggunakan metode tradisional "al-QawÄid wa al-Tarjamah" dalam pendidikan mereka. Meskipun para ulama dan pendidik di Arab telah meninggalkan pendekatan ini sejak tahun 1960-an dan mengubah pendekatan mereka dengan metode "al-Sam'iyyah al Shafahiyyah". Namun, pemerintah Indonesia, dalam hal ini Kemendikbud dan Kementerian Agama telah menerbitkan materi pendidikan berupa buku ajar yang dirancang dengan pendekatan metode Integratif ini, setelah pemerintah menetapkan kurikulum pendidikannya dengan pendekatan baru ini di tingkat nasional yaitu Kurikulum 13 (K13). Sejak tahun 2015, buku ini telah digunakan oleh beberapa sekolah negeri dan sekolah swasta yang berada di bawah naungan Kementerian Agama. Akan tetapi metode pendidikan di pesantren masih tetap dengan kurikulum lamanya.
ATSAR NAMUDZAJ JIGSAW BI MUSA’ADAH LU’BAH AL-ALGHAZ ‘ALA DAWAFI’ WA NATAIJ TA’LLUM AL-TALAMIDZ FI MAADDAH AL-SHARF BI AL-MADRASAH AL-MUTAWASSITHAH AL-SALAFIYYAH AL-SYAFI’IYYAH TEBUIRENG JOMBANG
Authors: Mazidatulfaizah
Published: April 2019

Kepedulian pakar ilmu pendidikan telah meningkat dalam merevisi kegiatan pembelajaran dan kita tahu keinginan mereka untuk mengubah teori pembelajaran dari teori perilaku behavior menjadi teori struktural. Model ta'lim menjadi model ta'allum yaitu perubahan model yang semula dipusatkan pada guru menjadi model yang dipusatkan pada siswa, guru ingin membentuk siswa yang aktif, kreatif, dan inovatif. Untuk merealisasikan hal tersebut kita dapat menggunakan model jigsaw. Dalam model jigsaw, siswa akan bekerja dalam team yang terdiri dari team asli dan team ahli. Peneliti memberikan permaianan teka-teki kepada team asli untuk membiasakan siswa bekerja sama dengan teman yang lain dan menghilangkan rasa ragu diantara mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan model jigsaw melalui permainan teka-teki pada pelajaran shorof, untuk meneliti pengaruh model jigsaw melalui permainan teka-teki terhadap motivasi dan hasil belajar siswa pada pelajaran shorof. Menggunakan pendekatan eksperimental dengan melaksanakan uji coba. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di MTS salafiyah as syafi'iyah Tebu Ireng Jombang. Adapun objek penelitian merupakan siswa dari dua kelas yang memeliki kemampuan berbeda. Untuk mengukur hasil nilai siswa peneliti menggunakan ujian kesatu(sebelum) dan ujian kedua(sesudah). Untuk mengukur motivasi siswa peneliti menggunakan kuis tertutup dengan jumlah item 40 pertanyaan. Untuk analisis motivasi dan hasil belajar siswa peneliti menggunakan uji T. dan kami menemukan potensi dari analisa hasil kuis 0,000. Dan karena potensi 05,0 < 0,000 maka dari itu H0 tidak dapat diterima. Mungkin dapat kita simpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan besar antara motivasi belajar pada variabel kontrol dan variabel uji. Adapun hasil uji yang tidak diterima(H0) yang diungkapkan : "Tidak ada pengaruh model pembelajaran jigsaw melalui permainan teka-teki terhadap motivasi belajar pada pelajaran shorof", yaitu tidak dapat diterima. Maka dari itu, kita dapat ambil kesimpulan bahwa "terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran jigsaw melalui permainan teka-teki terhadap motivasi belajar siswa dalam pelajaran shorof". Dan kita menemukan potensi dari analisis hasil belajar siswa 0,000 Dan karena potensi 05,0 < 0,000 maka H0 tidak dapat diterima. Mungkin dapat kita simpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan besar antara motivasi belajar pada variabel kontrol dan variabel uji. Adapun hasil uji yang tidak diterima(H0) yang diungkapkan : "Tidak ada pengaruh model pembelajaran jigsaw melalui permainan teka-teki terhadap motivasi belajar pada pelajaran shorof", yaitu tidak dapat diterima. Maka dari itu, kita dapat ambil kesimpulan bahwa "terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran jigsaw melalui permainan teka-teki terhadap motivasi belajar siswa dalam pelajaran shorof".
Al-Manhaj al-Takamuli Fi Ta’lim Maharat al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah Li al-Nathiqiy Bi Ghairiha Fi Dlau’i Manhaj Silsilah Ta’lim al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah
Authors: Wahyuddin
Published: April 2019

Salah satu kelebihan dari rangkaian kurikulum pembelajaran bahasa Arab adalah Mengajar bahasa Arab dengan pendekatan terpadu. Sekiranya jika di situ terdapat keserasian kesepakatan antara pengajar dan pelajar spesialis di dalam pembelajaran bahasa arab untuk orang arab dan selain arab, karena pendekatan yang baik adalah mengajar bahasa arab, yang di tunjang dari kesempurnaan antara beberapa maharoh. Selain itu pengamatan pendekatan dalam pengenalan bahasa arab sebagai gerbang untuk menyebarkan budaya islam, penyebaran konsep-konsep islam di dalam kitab-kitab bahasa, memfokuskan pada informasi dan konsep agama dalam budaya Islam, dan buku agama adalah buku yang digunakan dalam belajar bahasa arab. Terlepas dari itu, sebagian isi buku ini belum cocok untuk pelajar Indonesia yang belajar bahasa arab di Indonesia. Begitu juga dalam hal budaya, yang memiliki bahasa khusus bagi pemilik bahasa ini yang tidak di ketahui pelajar Indonesia Ini tidak berarti bahwa itu tidak tepat, tetapi pendekatan ini sangat baik di dalam bidangnya.
(مشكلات الطالبات فى قدرة قواعد اللغة العربية على مهارة القراءة (دراسة الحالة بمعهد دار السلام كونتور الخامس للبنات كاندانجان كديري
Authors: Faruq Umar , Mudzakiroh Chanifah Al
Published: April 2019

Qowaidl dalam bahasa khususnya bahasa arab penting untuk mempelajarinya karena qowaidl sebagai alat untuk menguasai bahasa dengan baik dan sempurna. Pokok pembahasan tersebut adalah tentang permasalahan siswi-siswi dalam menguasai qowaidl bahasa arab karena mereka banyak yang belum mampu menguasai qowaidl bahasa arab dengan baik sedangkan kemampuan maharoh qiroah mereka baik. Subjek dari pembahasan ini adalah ma'had Darus Salam Gontor Putri V Kediri. Karena ma'had ini terkenal dengan kemampuan mencetak lulusan yang ahli bahasa arab dan bahasa inggris, namun kemampuan berbicara dengan bahasa arab tersebut tidak setara kemampuan qowaidl yang mengatur susunan dan kualitas membaca bahasa arab. Pokok pembahasan Karya ilmiyah ini adalah tentang (1) bagaimana pembelajaran qowaidl bahasa arab di ma'had Darus Salam Gontor Putri V Kandangan Kediri. (2) apa problematika siswi-siswi dalam penguasaan bahasa qowaidl bahasa arab pada maharah qiroah di ma'had Darus Salam Gontor Putri V Kandangan Kediri. (3). Bagaimana kemampuan maharoh qiroah siswi-siswi di ma'had Darus Salam Gontor Putri V Kandangan Kediri. Untuk mencapai tujuan pembahasan penulis menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif menggunakan observasi, wawancara, tes dan dokumentasi. Maka kesimpulannya. (1). Metode pengajaran qowaidl dengan metode induktif. (2). Secara umum, siswi-siswi menghadapi permasalahan dalam menguasai qowaidl bahasa arab dilatarbelakangi oleh siswa itu sendiri karena sisiwi-siswi tidak belajar sungguh-sungguh dan tidak mengetahui makna-makna dan memper banyak hafalan. Adapun permasalahan yang khusus adalah karena mereka tidak membaca harokat terakhir, serta banyak teori dan meremehkan woqaidl bahasa arab. (3) kemampuan qiroah mereka baik dan kemampuan qowaidl mereka lemah.
RELEVANSI ISLAM NUSANTARA SEBAGAI EPISTEMOLOGI PANCASILA Upaya Merangkai Sebab, Menyemai Tanggungjawab
Authors: Majid Mohamad Arif
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Nusantara Islam is ala Indonesian Islam, a combination of theological values of Islam and Local traditions of Nusantara. The characteristics of Nusantara Islam show local wisdom in Nusantara which does not disobey Islamic teaching, yet they synergize it to local customs all over Indonesia. The coming of Islam in Nusantara did not break nor challenge the local traditions but it enriched and simultaneously Islamized them. The constant contact between local traditions and Islamic soul resulted in mutual binding and complement to form an excellent character believed and preserved from generation to generation for centuries. Hence, the value had been so close and attached to Indonesian character. For years such character stayed in the womb of Nusantara Islam and ready to be born, and then Bung Karno together with the nation founding fathers helped the birth of this nation value as the foundation of Indonesian Independence. This was the most wanted Pancasila which is believed now has been left by Indonesians and some faults and deviations on the life of state management and social system occurred. Muslims, therefore, must be responsible for this and take strategic steps at once to face this by carrying out the right and precise Islamic education.
Evaluation of Implementation of Post-Transition Management Post Report by Provincial Government (Case Study at State Senior High School 19 and State Senior High School 20 Surabaya)
Authors: Roekminiati Sri
Published: April 2019

Precisely As of January 2017, Senior High School / Senior Vocational School officially managed the province. Naming Online Reports become an e-report card. Online report cards can be accessed by guardians and students wherever located. While the online report card still can not be accessed publicly. Accessible only by teacher, admin / operator. Match Evaluation Research Results: The e-Rapor Policy is appropriate and feasible to maintain. The e-Rapor policy does not require a new policy as a replacement. Evaluation of Effectiveness: Facilitate the incorporation of scores, chart student scores and also counseling guidance and connect with DAPODIK Center. Service Performance B or Satisfactory, Evaluation Efficiency: Input issued with the output / output of e-report cards is comparable. Effect of e-Rapor is efficient. Meta Evaluation: This e-Rapor evaluation is performed by Provincial School Trustees professionally per semester Evaluation result e - Reports into school considerations in taking policy. Factors That Become Constraints: The e-Rapor application often updates the system. Have not yet adjusted the e-Rapor Application with the revised 2013 curriculum. Technically e-Rapor application is classified as heavy application.4) Limit Description KIKD 60 characters. Suggestions and recommendations: For School Parties: Continue to upgrade server and speed in order to increase e-Rapor access. For Kemendikbud: The application of e-Rapor is technically not a heavy application. 3) No Limitations of 60 characters for KIKD description. In the future e-Rapor can be accessed by parents.
Mereda Konflik; Menghargai Identitas (studi kasus pada aliran-aliran kepercayaan yang ada di Indramayu)
Authors: Umam Khaerul
Published: April 2019

The existence of schools’ belief is often seen as the others, whose presence is underestimated, even eliminated. Both through persecution and using state power to pressure them on behalf of the majority.

Using a field approach as well as various official reports from the government and mass media coverage, this article explains the existence of religious schools in Indramayu Regency after the issuance of the MUI and Pakem Decree regarding the existence of them as an organization deemed heretical.

This deafness comes to the discovery that differences in beliefs are natural in the dynamics of life. Bad stigma attached to different parties, born and developed because of unilateral information without trying to do tabayyun (clarification) to the intended party. Dialogical dialogue is an effective step in reducing conflict with a religious background, to equally respect each other's choices without having to force or use violence.
Assessment of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant in Wild and Farmed Çoruh trout (Salmo coruhensis) Spermatozoa
Authors: KOCABAŞ Mehmet , KUTLUYER Filiz , BENZER Fulya , ERİŞİR Mine
Published: April 2019

Behaviour and

physiology in fish are affected from environmental factors. Particularly,

habitat and culture environment in aquatic animals are essential for life

stages. In this study, biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant were

compared in wild and farmed Çoruh trout (Salmo

coruhensis) spermatozoa. In spermatozoa of Çoruh trout, lipid peroxidation

(malondialdehyde), glutathione and enzymatic antioxidant activities (catalase,

superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase) were assessed. Our data

demonstrated that superoxide dismutase (0.44±1.25 Umg-1 protein), catalase (15.21±4.69 k.g-1 protein), glutathione peroxidase (42.89±0.61 Ug-1 protein), glutathione (0.18±4.01 µmolg-1 cell) and malondialdehyde (2.49±0.12 nmol.g-1 cell) levels in wild fish were low compared to spermatozoa of farmed

fish. Overall, alterations in malondialdehyde levels and the antioxidant status

could be differences in habitat.
Arsenik Stresine Maruz Kalan Kavun (Cucumis melo L.) Fidelerinde Antioksidan Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: SURGUN-ACAR Yonca
Published: April 2019

Arsenik (As) tüm organizmalar için
toksik bir metaloiddir. Bitki dokularına As alımı bitki metabolizmasını
etkileyerek çeşitli fizyolojik ve yapısal bozukluklara neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada
farklı konsantrasyonlarda arsenat [As(V)] uygulamalarına maruz bırakılan kavun
(Cucumis melo L.) fidelerinin
antioksidan profili araştırılmıştır. Filtre kağıt içeren magenta kaplarına 4’er
adet tohum ekimi yapılmış ve ekimi takiben on gün sonra kavun fidelerine 10 gün
boyunca 0, 50, 100, 150 ve 200 mg L-1 di-sodyum hidrojen arsenat
heptahidrat (Na2HAsO4.7H2O) içeren
Hoagland solüsyonu uygulanmıştır. Deneme,
tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak bitki büyütme
kabininde yürütülmüştür. Kavun
fidelerine ait yaprak ve kök dokularında antioksidan sistemin anahtar
enzimlerinden olan süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) (EC 1.15.1.1) ve katalaz (CAT) (EC
1.11.1.6) enzim aktiviteleri, toplam antioksidan ve lipid peroksidasyon
seviyeleri, fotosentetik pigment (toplam klorofil ve karotenoid) ve serbest
prolin içerikleri tespit edilmiştir. Arsenatın yüksek konsantrasyonda (200 mg L-1)
yapılan uygulaması yapraklarda toplam klorofil ve karotenoid miktarının
sırasıyla %26 ve %33 azalmasına neden olmuştur. SOD ve CAT enzim aktiviteleri
ve toplam antioksidan seviyesi kök dokusunda 100, 150 ve 200 mg L-1
As(V) uygulamaları sonucu artmıştır. Yapraklarda, SOD ve CAT enzim aktiviteleri
50 ve 100 mg L-1 As(V) uygulamalarıyla artarken, 150 ve 200 mg L-1
As(V) uygulamaları sonucu enzim aktiviteleri diğer As(V) uygulamalarına kıyasla
azalmıştır. Oksidatif hasarın indikatörlerinden biri olan lipid peroksidasyonu As(V)
stresi altında yaprak ve kök dokularında kontrole nazaran artmıştır. Ayrıca,
tüm As(V) uygulamaları her iki dokuda da serbest prolin miktarının anlamlı
olacak şekilde artmasına neden olmuştur.
Sulu Koşullarda Bazı Ekmeklik Buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotiplerinin Tarımsal Özellikler Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: KARAMAN Mehmet
Published: April 2019

Çalışma,

2014-2015 yetiştirme sezonunda sulu koşullarda tesadüf blokları deneme desenine

göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak Diyarbakır ve Ceylanpınar’da (E1 ve E2) yürütülmüştür.

Araştırmada amaç, tescil adayı olabilecek hatları belirlemektir. Materyal

olarak ileri kademeye getirilmiş 20 ekmeklik buğday hattı ve 5 kontrol çeşidi

kullanılmıştır. İncelenen tüm özellikler bakımından %1 düzeyinde önemli

farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre; tane

veriminde (TV) G12 (961.5 kg da-1), hektolitre ağırlığında (HL) G3

(86.0 kg hl-1) ve G7 (86.0 kg hl-1), bin tane ağırlığında

(BTA) G12 (49.5 g) protein oranında (PR), G9 (%15), G11 (%15), Cemre (%15),

Sagittario (%15) ve G21 (%15), sedimantasyonda (Zel) (ZS), G21 (60.5 ml)’in öne

çıktığı görülmüştür.  Çalışma sonucunda

G3, G8 ve G12’nin çeşit adayı olabileceği belirlenirken, ilgili özellikler

yönünden öne çıkan genotiplerin ıslah programlarında ebeveyn olarak

değerlendirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Tarımsal Kalkınma, Sulama ve Su Ürünleri Kooperatiflerinde Kurumsal Yapı ve Yönetici Profilinin Tespiti: Çanakkale İli Örneği
Authors: EVEREST Bengü , YERCAN Murat , TAN Sibel
Published: April 2019

Tüm ülkelerde olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de özel bir

öneme sahip olan kooperatifler üzerine geliştirilen çeşitli stratejiler vardır.

Bu stratejiler kooperatifçiliğin gelişerek üçüncü bir sektör haline dönüşmesi

üzerine kurgulanmıştır. Kooperatiflerden sorumlu ilgili bakanlıkların

stratejileri ve Birleşmiş Milletler (BM), Uluslararası Kooperatifler Birliği

(ICA), Ekonomik Kalkınma, İşbirliği Örgütü (OECD) gibi uluslararası

kuruluşların stratejilerinin başarısı mevcut kooperatiflerin kurumsal

yapılarına ve yönetici profillerine göre değişecektir. Bu çalışmada tarımsal

kooperatiflerden olan tarımsal kalkınma, sulama ve su ürünleri

kooperatiflerinin kurumsal yapıları ve yönetici profillerinin ortaya konulması

amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarından kooperatif yöneticilerinin %4,66’sının

üniversite mezunu olması, kooperatif büro personeli sayısının ortalama 0,17 kişi

olması, su ürünleri kooperatiflerinin%50’sinde kooperatif hizmet binasının

olmaması ilgi çeken bulgulardan bazılarıdır. Kooperatiflerin kurumsal yapıları ve

yönetici profilleri kooperatifçilik bilincinin geliştirilmesinde etkilidir.

Örneğin kooperatif yöneticilerinin kooperatif konusunda eğitim alma

isteklerinde tarımsal yayınlara üye olmaları, internet kullanmaları, arazi

varlıkları, kooperatifin bina varlığı, kooperatifin türü etkili olmaktadır.

Araştırma bulguları neticesinde tarımsal kooperatiflerin kurumsal güçlendirmeye

ihtiyacı olduğu söylenebilir
Türk Askeri Disiplin Hukukunun Güncel Sorunları ve Amirlerin Suçta Kıyas Yetkisine Farklı Bir Bakış
Authors: YILDIRIM Tolga
Published: April 2019

Disiplin hukuku son yıllarda uluslararası insan hakları hukukunun gelişen

etkisiyle –tıpkı hukukun diğer dallarında olduğu gibi– kendini yenilemektedir.

Türk askeri disiplin hukuku –Türk disiplin hukukunun bir alt dalı olarak– 16

Şubat 2013’te 6413 sayılı Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Disiplin Kanununun yürürlüğe

girmesi ile çarpıcı biçimde yenilenmiştir. Yeni yasa ile askeri personel lehine,

disiplin suç ve cezalarında kanunilik ilkesinin katı bir şekilde uygulamaya geçilmesi gibi ciddi kazanımlar elde edilmiştir. Ancak 6413 s. K. 8/2’nci maddesi,

nadir ve spesifik olaylara cezai düzenleme öngörülmediği takdirde, amirlere

disiplin suçlarında kıyas yapma yetkisi vermektedir. Yine de Anayasa Mahkemesi nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege ilkesinin disiplin hukukunda mecburi

olduğunu belirtmiştir, bu nedenle bu ilkeye tamamen zıt olan mezkûr madde

kanunilik ilkesinin açık ihlalidir. Bu makalede, özellikle amirlere kanunla kıyas

yetkisi verilmesi olmak üzere Türk disiplin hukukunun genel güncel problemleri

incelenmiş ve bu problemlere yönelik bazı pratik çözümler ortaya konmuştur.
Birlikte Kira
Authors: BAYRAM Aziz Erman
Published: April 2019

Kira sözleşmesinin en az bir tarafında birden fazla kişinin bulunması, birlikte

kirayı meydana getirir. Birlikte kira, sözleşmenin kurulması, kurulan sözleşmenin değiştirilmesi ya da kira ilişkisinde yaşanan değişiklikler yoluyla oluşabilir.

Kira sözleşmesinin kiraya veren tarafında birden fazla kişinin bulunmasının

tipik örnekleri, kiralanana elbirliğiyle veya belli paylarla malik olmaktır. Kira

sözleşmesinin kiracı tarafında birden fazla kişinin bulunmasının tipik örnekleri

ise, kiracılar arasında elbirliği veya evlilik birliği ilişkisinin bulunması ya da

kiracıların evli olmamakla birlikte aynı konutta birlikte yaşamasıdır. Birlikte

kirada iç ilişkide geçerli olan hukuk kuralları, kiracıların ya da kiraya verenlerin oluşturduğu topluluk bakımından geçerli olan kurallardır. Birlikte kira

sözleşmesinde dış ilişkide geçerli olan hukuk kuralları, her iki tarafında da tek

bir kişi bulunan kira sözleşmesinden kural olarak farklılık göstermez. Birlikte

kirada, kiraya verenlerin ve kiracıların her biri, kira sözleşmesinin tarafı ve

dolayısıyla sözleşmenin alacaklısı ve borçlusudur. Birlikte kiraya verenlerin ya

da kiracıların müteselsilen borçlu veya alacaklı olduğu, sözleşmede açıkça kararlaştırılmamışsa ya da kanundan doğan bir müteselsil borçluluk ya da alacaklılık

bulunmuyorsa, kiraya verenler ya da kiracılar kısmen borçlu veya alacaklıdır.

Birlikte kira sözleşmesinin birkaç kiracı ya da kiraya veren tarafından yahut

birkaç kiracı ya da kiraya verene karşı feshedilmesi mümkün değildir; birlikte

kira sözleşmesinin bir bütün olarak feshedilmesi gerekir.
Anglo Sakson Hukukunda Şirketler Topluluğunda Tek İşletme Sorumluluğu Teorisi ve Bu Teorinin Türk Hukukundaki Yansımaları
Authors: KÜÇÜK Damla
Published: April 2019

Sınırlı sorumluluk ve ayrılık ilkelerinden nihai ortaklar kadar, şirket ortaklar

da yararlanmaktadır. Ancak tek şirket ve onun nihai ortağı göz önüne alınarak

geliştirilen bu ilkeler, şirket toplulukları söz konusu olduğunda bir yandan

kabul edilmelerini sağlayan faydaları bakımından zemin kaybederken, diğer

yandan tabiatlarında olan zararlar da artmaktadır. Çözüm olarak tüzel kişilik

perdesinin kaldırılmasında kullanılan geleneksel teoriler ise bünyelerinden

doğan katı uygulamalar nedeniyle özellikle haksız fiil mağduru alacaklıların

mağduriyetini gidermekte yetersiz oldukları gerekçesiyle eleştirilmektedir. Bu

nedenle, ortaya çeşitli teoriler atılmaktadır ki bunlardan birisi de tek işletme

sorumluluğu teorisidir. Teoriye göre ortak ticari bir hedefe yönelmiş olan şirketler tek bir işletme olarak kabul edilmekte ve hakim şirket başta olmak üzere,

topluluğun bir bütün olarak sorumlu olması hedeflenmektedir. 