bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in Myoelectric and Body-Powered Upper-Limb Prostheses: Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Carey Stephanie L. , Lura Derek J. , Highsmith M. Jason
Published: September 2017

The choice of a myoelectric or body-powered upper-limb prosthesis can be determined using factors including control, function, feedback, cosmesis, and rejection. Although body-powered and myoelectric control strategies offer unique functions, many prosthesis users must choose one. A systematic review was conducted to determine differences between myoelectric and body-powered prostheses to inform evidence-based clinical practice regarding prescription of these devices and training of users. A search of 9 databases identified 462 unique publications. Ultimately, 31 of them were included and 11 empirical evidence statements were developed. Conflicting evidence has been found in terms of the relative functional performance of body-powered and myoelectric prostheses. Body-powered prostheses have been shown to have advantages in durability, training time, frequency of adjustment, maintenance, and feedback; however, they could still benefit from improvements of control. Myoelectric prostheses have been shown to improve cosmesis and phantom-limb pain and are more accepted for light-intensity work. Currently, evidence is insufficient to conclude that either system provides a significant general advantage. Prosthetic selection should be based on a patient’s individual needs and include personal preferences, prosthetic experience, and functional needs. This work demonstrates that there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding functional differences in upper-limb prostheses.
Pediatric Strokes: The Who, What, When, and Beyond...
Authors: Thompson Gina , Stafford Tonya
Published: September 2017

The prevalence of pediatric strokes, incidence of delay in treatment, and misdiagnosis has become an epidemic in healthcare. The purpose of this poster presentation is to provide education to healthcare professionals related to the extensive care required for pediatric stroke patients, from diagnosis until adulthood. As healthcare professionals, we must be educated and aware that pediatric strokes (one of the top 10 causes of death in children aged 1–19 years) occur and their recovery includes a multidisciplinary approach. We have developed an educational booklet for patients and parents that includes diagnoses through all stages of childhood. Topics discussed are risk factors, types of strokes, signs and symptoms, treatment options, therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, local and national resources, and common terms. Information is presented in road maps for each age group.
VV-ECMO–Assisted High-Risk Endobronchial Stenting as Rescue for Asphyxiating Mediastinal Mass
Authors: Nokes Brandon T. , Vaszar Laszlo , Jahanyar Jama , Swanson Karen L.
Published: September 2017

The use of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) has traditionally been limited to a narrow set of clinical circumstances, such as acute hypoxic respiratory failure, submassive pulmonary embolism, and cardiopulmonary collapse. Within the pediatric population, there have been cases of VV-ECMO in the context of extrinsic airway compression by a mediastinal mass, typically in the setting of either a lymphoma or germ cell tumors. However, the use of VV-ECMO for adults with extrinsic airway compression is comparatively limited. More specifically, VV-ECMO has been used as a bridge for tracheal reconstruction in both children and adults. Although, it has not been used in adults in the context of palliative endobronchial stent placement. We present a case of a 49-year-old woman with refractory multiple myeloma and extramedullary plasmacytoma presenting with acute hypoxic respiratory failure from extrinsic airway compression by a mediastinal plasmacytoma. We were able to use VV-ECMO to assist with endobronchial stent placement, followed by radiation therapy, and ultimately hospital discharge. In this article, we also review the literature surrounding VV-ECMO for extrinsic airway compression.
Changes in Proteases, Antiproteases, and Bioactive Proteins From Mother's Breast Milk to the Premature Infant Stomach
Authors: Demers‐Mathieu Veronique , Nielsen Søren Drud , Underwood Mark A. , Borghese Robyn , Dallas David C.
Published: September 2017

Objective:

Our previous studies suggested that human milk proteases begin to hydrolyze proteins in the mammary gland and continue within the term infant’ stomach. No research has measured milk protease and pepsin activity in the gastric aspirates of preterm infants after human milk feeding. This study investigated how the concentrations of human milk proteases and protease inhibitors changed in the premature infant stomach.

Methods:

Human milk and infant gastric samples were collected from 18 preterm‐delivering mother–infant pairs (24–32 week gestational age). Paired human milk and gastric samples were collected across postnatal age (2–47 days). Protease concentrations were determined by spectrophotometric or fluorometric assays, and the concentrations of protease inhibitors and bioactive proteins were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Paired t tests were applied to compare enzymes, antiproteases, and bioactive proteins between human milk and gastric samples.

Results:

Our study reveals that although human milk proteases, including carboxypeptidase B2, kallikrein, plasmin, cathepsin D, elastase, thrombin, and cytosol aminopeptidase, are present in the preterm infant stomach, only plasmin and cathepsin D can actively hydrolyze proteins at gastric pH. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and peptidomic evidence suggest that all milk antiproteases as well as lactoferrin and immunoglobulin A are partially digested in the preterm stomach.

Conclusions:

Most human milk proteases are active in milk but not at preterm infant gastric pH. Only cathepsin D and plasmin have potential to continue degrading milk proteins within the preterm infant stomach.
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 With Electrolytes Versus Polyethylene Glycol 4000 for Constipation
Authors: Bekkali Noor L.H. , Hoekman Daniël R. , Liem Olivia , Bongers Marloes E.J. , van Wijk Michiel P. , Zegers Bas , Pelleboer Rolf A. , Verwijs Wim , Koot Bart G.P. , Voropaiev Maksym , Benninga Marc A.
Published: September 2017

Objective:

The long‐term efficacy and safety of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in constipated children are unknown, and a head‐to‐head comparison of the different PEG formulations is lacking. We aimed to investigate noninferiority of PEG3350 with electrolytes (PEG3350 + E) compared to PEG4000 without electrolytes (PEG4000).

Methods:

In this double‐blind trial, children aged 0.5 to 16 years with constipation, defined as a defecation frequency of <3 times per week, were randomized to receive either PEG3350 + E or PEG4000. Primary outcomes were change in total sum score (TSS) at week 52 compared to baseline, and dose range determination. TSS was the sum of the severity of 5 constipation symptoms rated on a 4‐point scale (0–3). Noninferiority margin was a difference in TSS of ⩽1.5 based on a 95%‐confidence interval [CI]. Treatment success was defined as a defecation frequency of ≥3 per week with <1 episode of fecal incontinence.

Results:

Ninety‐seven subjects were included, of whom 82 completed the study. Mean reduction in TSS was −3.81 (95% CI: −4.96 to −2.65) and −3.74 (95%CI: −5.08 to −2.40), for PEG3350 + E and PEG4000, respectively. Noninferiority criteria were not met (maximum difference between groups: −1.81 to 1.68). Daily sachet use was: 0 to 2 years: 0.4 to 2.3 and 0.9 to 2.1; 2 to 4 years: 0.1 to 3.5 and 1.2 to 3.2; 4 to 8 years: 1.1 to 2.8 and 0.7 to 3.8; 8 to 16 years 0.6 to 3.7 and 1.0 to 3.7, in PEG3350 + E and PEG4000, respectively. Treatment success after 52 weeks was achieved in 50% and 45% of children, respectively (P = 0.69). Rates of adverse events were similar between groups, and no drug‐related serious adverse events occurred.

Conclusions:

Noninferiority regarding long‐term constipation‐related symptoms of PEG3350 + E compared to PEG4000 was not demonstrated. However, analysis of secondary outcomes suggests similar efficacy and safety of these agents.
The Relationship Between Remoteness and Outcomes in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Sample Megan , Acharya Anand , O’Hearn Katharine , Livingstone Shane , Menon Kusum
Published: September 2017

Objective:

A significant number of children live in remote geographic areas without direct access to tertiary care PICU. Our objective was to explore the relationship between remoteness and outcomes of critically ill children in Canada.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to the PICU from February 1, 2015, to January 31, 2016.

Setting:

Pediatric tertiary care PICU in Canada.

Patients:

All children admitted to PICU during the study period.

Interventions:

None

Measurements and Main Results:

Four hundred fifty-five unique PICU admissions were included. One hundred sixty-nine patients were transported from another center of whom 28 lived in remote areas. For transported patients, remoteness (hazard ratio, 2.76, p < 0.001; hazard ratio, 2.22, p = 0.006), admission Pediatric Risk of Mortality (hazard ratio, 1.11; p = 0.001; hazard ratio, 1.05, p = 0.016), and transport by a noncritical care trained team (hazard ratio, 0.61, p = 0.021; hazard ratio, 0.66, p = 0.045) were associated with increased PICU and hospital lengths of stay, respectively. PICU mortality increased with duration of transport (odds ratio, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.09–1.97; p = 0.012). The odds of a remote-area patient being refused admission during the winter were significantly higher (odds ratio, 8.2; 95% CI, 3.0–22.3; p < 0.001) than a patient not requiring transport. Admission Pediatric Risk of Mortality score (4, interquartile range, 1–8 vs 2, interquartile range, 0–5; p = 0.001) and mortality rate (7.1%, 12/169 vs 0%, 0/286; p < 0.001) were significantly higher for transported than for nontransported patients.

Conclusions:

Remoteness was associated with increased PICU and hospital length of stay, and duration of transport was associated with higher admission Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) scores and mortality rates. Patients requiring transport had a significantly higher PICU mortality rate than those presenting directly to a tertiary care center. Further studies are needed to explore potential policy and healthcare resource implications of these findings.
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Markers in HIV-Infected Youth
Authors: Eckard Allison Ross , O'Riordan Mary Ann , Rosebush Julia C. , Ruff Joshua H. , Chahroudi Ann , Labbato Danielle , Daniels Julie E. , Uribe-Leitz Monika , Tangpricha Vin , McComsey Grace A.
Published: September 2017

Background:

Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a significant comorbidity in HIV. However, studies evaluating vitamin D supplementation on bone health in this population are limited. This study investigates changes in bone health parameters after 12 months of supplementation in HIV-infected youth with vitamin D insufficiency.

Methods:

This is a randomized, active-control, double-blind trial investigating changes in bone parameters with 3 different vitamin D3 doses [18,000 (standard/control dose), 60,000 (moderate dose), and 120,000 IU/monthly (high dose)] in HIV-infected youth 8–25 years old with baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations <30 ng/mL. BMD and bone turnover markers were measured at baseline and 12 months.

Results:

One hundred two subjects enrolled. Over 12 months, serum 25(OH)D concentrations increased with all doses, but the high dose (ie, 120,000 IU/monthly) maintained serum 25(OH)D concentrations in an optimal range (≥30 or ≥20 ng/mL) throughout the study period for more subjects (85% and 93%, respectively) compared with either the moderate (54% and 88%, respectively) or standard dose (63% and 80%, respectively). All dosing groups showed some improvement in BMD; however, only the high-dose arm showed significant decreases in bone turnover markers for both procollagen type 1 aminoterminal propeptide (−3.7 ng/mL; P = 0.001) and Β-CrossLaps (−0.13 ng/mL; P = 0.0005).

Conclusions:

High-dose vitamin D supplementation (120,000 IU/mo) given over 12 months decreases bone turnover markers in HIV-infected youth with vitamin D insufficiency, which may represent an early, beneficial effect on bone health. High vitamin D doses are needed to maintain optimal serum 25(OH)D concentrations.
Incidental Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma on 68Ga-Labeled Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT
Authors: Patel D. , Loh H. , Le K. , Stevanovic A. , Mansberg R.
Published: September 2017

A 66-year-old man with history of prostate carcinoma underwent 68Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen PET/CT for surveillance of rising prostate-specific antigen. Intense tracer uptake was noted in segments 2, 7, and 8 of the liver. The lesions were not FDG avid on 18F-FDG PET/CT. Further characterization with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with Gd-EOB (Primovist) contrast revealed ill-defined arterially enhancing lesions with central washout in the venous phase. CT-guided core biopsy was performed, and histopathology confirmed well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma.
The Liver Tunnel
Authors: Torzilli Guido , Procopio Fabio , Viganò Luca , Costa Guido , Fontana Andrea , Cimino Matteo , Donadon Matteo , Del Fabbro Daniele
Published: September 2017

Objective:

This prospective intention-to-treat validation study evaluated the liver tunnel (LT) technique for patients having ≥1 deep centrally located liver tumor, with or without middle hepatic vein (MHV) invasion.

Background:

Conservative surgery has been proposed for patients with deep liver tumors having complex relationships. LT is one such novel technique.

Methods:

Eligible patients were prospectively enrolled for LT. LT relies on tumor-vessel detachment, and the presence of communicating veins if MHV resection is necessary.

Results:

Twenty consecutive patients met the inclusion criteria: 17 had colorectal liver metastases, 1 had hepatocellular carcinoma, 1 had mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma, and 1 had mixed hepatocellular carcinoma—mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma. Nineteen patients underwent LT. The MHV was resected in 6 patients, always sparing segments 4i and 5. Overall, 180 lesions were removed (median 7; range 1–37): 79 lesions were included in the LT specimen (median 3; range 1–13). There was no in-hospital 90-day mortality. Overall morbidity occurred in 10 (50%) patients: major in 2 (10%). All complications were managed conservatively. After a median 15-month follow-up (range 6–48), 2 instances of cut-edge local recurrences were observed.

Conclusions:

This study shows that LT is technically feasible and safe. Further studies are needed for standardizing its use.
ALPPS Improves Resectability Compared With Conventional Two-stage Hepatectomy in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Liver Metastasis
Authors: Sandström Per , Røsok Bård I. , Sparrelid Ernesto , Larsen Peter N. , Larsson Anna L. , Lindell Gert , Schultz Nicolai A. , Bjørnbeth Bjorn A. , Isaksson Bengt , Rizell Magnus , Björnsson Bergthor
Published: September 2017

Objective:

The aim of the study was to evaluate if associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) could increase resection rates (RRs) compared with two-stage hepatectomy (TSH) in a randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Background:

Radical liver metastasis resection offers the only chance of a cure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients with colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) and an insufficient future liver remnant (FLR) volume are traditionally treated with chemotherapy with portal vein embolization or ligation followed by hepatectomy (TSH). This treatment sometimes fails due to insufficient liver growth or tumor progression.

Methods:

A prospective, multicenter RCT was conducted between June 2014 and August 2016. It included 97 patients with CRLM and a standardized FLR (sFLR) of less than 30%. Primary outcome—RRs were measured as the percentages of patients completing both stages of the treatment. Secondary outcomes were complications, radicality, and 90-day mortality measured from the final intervention.

Results:

Baseline characteristics, besides body mass index, did not differ between the groups. The RR was 92% [95% confidence interval (CI) 84%–100%] (44/48) in the ALPPS arm compared with 57% (95% CI 43%–72%) (28/49) in the TSH arm [rate ratio 8.25 (95% CI 2.6–26.6); P < 0.0001]. No differences in complications (Clavien–Dindo ≥3a) [43% (19/44) vs 43% (12/28)] [1.01 (95% CI 0.4–2.6); P = 0.99], 90-day mortality [8.3% (4/48) vs 6.1% (3/49)] [1.39 [95% CI 0.3–6.6]; P = 0.68] or R0 RRs [77% (34/44) vs 57% (16/28)] [2.55 [95% CI 0.9–7.1]; P = 0.11)] were observed. Of the patients in the TSH arm that failed to reach an sFLR of 30%, 12 were successfully treated with ALPPS.

Conclusion:

ALPPS is superior to TSH in terms of RR, with comparable surgical margins, complications, and short-term mortality.
New PET markers for the diagnosis of dementia
Authors: Payoux Pierre , Salabert Anne Sophie
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review

To present the new PET markers that could become in the coming years, relevant to advanced clinical approaches to dementia diagnosis, drug trials, and treatment strategies and discuss their advantages and limitations.

Recent findings

The most advanced new PET tracers are the markers of the amyloid plaques, the τ compounds and the tracers of the translocator protein as markers of neuroinflammation. The main advantages but also the weaknesses of each of these markers are discussed. The main pitfall remains the heterogeneity of the available results that cast doubt to a rapid introduction of these new ligands in clinical practice.

With the advent of biomarkers in clinical management and findings of molecular neuroimaging studies in the evaluation of patients with suspected dementia, the impact of functional neuroimaging has increased considerably these last years and has been integrated into many clinical guidelines in the field of dementia. In addition to conventional single PET brain perfusion and dopaminergic neurotransmission, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET is used in advanced diagnosis procedures. Furthermore, new tracers are being developed to quantify key neuropathological features in the brain tissue as highly specific diagnosis is crucial to comply with the global medical and public health objectives in this domain. A strategic road map for further developments, adapted from the approach to cancer biomarkers, should be proposed so as to optimize the rationale of the PET-based molecular diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders.
Human oncogenic viruses: nature and discovery
Authors: Chang Yuan , Moore Patrick S. , Weiss Robin A.
Published: September 2017

Seven kinds of virus collectively comprise an important cause of cancer, particularly in less developed countries and for people with damaged immune systems. Discovered over the past 54 years, most of these viruses are common infections of humankind for which malignancy is a rare consequence. Various cofactors affect the complex interaction between virus and host and the likelihood of cancer emerging. Although individual human tumour viruses exert their malignant effects in different ways, there are common features that illuminate mechanisms of oncogenesis more generally, whether or not there is a viral aetiology.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human oncogenic viruses’.
Temporary mate removal during incubation leads to variable compensation in a biparental shorebird
Authors: Bulla Martin , Valcu Mihai , Rutten Anne L. , Kempenaers Bart
Published: September 2017

Biparental care for offspring requires cooperation, but it is also a potential source of conflict, since one parent may care less at the expense of the other. How, then, do parents respond to the reduction of their partner’s care? Theoretical models predict that parents that feed offspring should partially compensate for the reduced care of their partner. However, for incubating birds partial compensation is unlikely the optimal strategy, because the entire brood can fail with reduced care. Although biparental incubation dominates in non-passerine birds, short-term manipulations of parental care and evaluations of individual differences in the response, both crucial to our understanding of parental cooperation, are scarce. Here, we describe the response of semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) parents to a 24-hour removal of their partner during the incubation period, explore factors that can explain individual variation in the response, and describe how incubation rhythms changed after the removed parent returned. On average, the parents compensated partially for the absence of their partner’s care (59%; 95%CI: 49-70%,N= 25 individuals). The level of compensation did not differ between the sexes. However, individual responses varied from no to full compensation (2-101%). In seven nests where the removed parent never returned, the widowed parent attended the nest for 0-10 days (median: 4 days). In contrast to patterns observed in undisturbed nests or in uniparental species, nest attendance during compensation tended to be higher during the warmer part of the day. Although the level of compensation was not related to the before-experimental share of incubation, more responsive parents (that left the nest earlier upon human approach) compensated more. The quality of incubation in the after-experimental period was lower than usual, but improved quickly over time. Our findings suggest that full compensation might be limited by energetic constraints or by variation in responsiveness to the absence of the partner. Nevertheless, semipalmated sandpiper parents are able to adjust their subsequent incubation behaviour to take full responsibility for the nest when widowed. Because (nearly) full compensation was the most common response, we speculate that all individuals attempt full compensation, but that some fail because their energy stores get depleted, or because they are less responsive to the absence of their partner.
Filtering Methods to Improve the Accuracy of Indoor Positioning Data for Dairy Cows
Authors: Pastell Matti , Frondelius Lilli , Järvinen Mikko , Backman Juha
Published: September 2017

Several indoor positioning systems for livestock buildings have been developed to be used as a tool in automated animal welfare monitoring. In many environments the measurements from positioning systems still contain unwanted noise and the quality of the measurement data can be enhanced using filters.

The aim of this study was to develop an efficient filter for positioning data measured from dairy cows with UWB-based indoor positioning system in a free stall barn. We developed and tested a heuristic jump filter combined with median filter and extended Kalman filter. The performance of the filters were compared against reference data collected from Insentec Roughage intake feeders and scan sampling of animal presence in a specific lying stall with over 1500 reference observations from both methods.

We were able to improve the quality of the positioning data significantly using filtering. The 9thorder median filter provided best estimates for cow position when the cows were not moving with median 100% of measurements located in correct stall and 84% in correct feeding trough when compared to the reference observations and measurements. The extended Kalman filter also improved the positioning accuracy significantly when compared to raw data and provides better of estimates of the trajectory of moving cows.
Reliable sensory processing in mouse visual cortex through inhibitory interactions between Somatostatin and Parvalbumin interneurons
Authors: Rikhye Rajeev V. , Hu Ming , Yildirim Murat , Sur Mriganka
Published: September 2017

Cortical neurons often respond to identical sensory stimuli with large variability. However, under certain conditions, the same neurons can also respond highly reliably. The circuit mechanisms that contribute to this modulation, and their influence on behavior remains unknown. Here we used novel double transgenic mice, dual-wavelength calcium imaging and temporally selective optical perturbation to identify an inhibitory neural circuit in visual cortex that can modulate the reliability of pyramidal neurons to naturalistic visual stimuli. Our results, supported by computational models, suggest that somatostatin interneurons (SST-INs) increase pyramidal neuron reliability by suppressing parvalbumin interneurons (PV-INs) via the inhibitory SST→PV circuit. Using a novel movie classification task, we further show that, by reducing variability, activating SST-INs can improve the ability of mice to discriminate between ambiguous stimuli. Together, these findings reveal a novel role of the SST→PV circuit in modulating the fidelity of neural coding critical for visual perception.
Antisense transcription-dependent chromatin signature modulates sense transcription and transcript dynamics
Authors: Brown Thomas , Howe Françoise S. , Murray Struan C. , Seward Emily , Rata Scott , Angel Andrew , Mellor Jane
Published: September 2017

Antisense transcription is widespread in genomes. Despite large differences in gene size and architecture, we find that yeast and human genes share a unique, antisense transcription-associated chromatin signature. We asked whether this signature is related to a biological function for antisense transcription. Using quantitative RNA-FISH, we observed changes in sense transcript distributions in nuclei and cytoplasm as antisense transcript levels were altered. To determine the mechanistic differences underlying these distributions, we developed a mathematical framework describing transcription from initiation to transcript degradation. AtGAL1, high levels of antisense transcription alters sense transcription dynamics, reducing rates of transcript production and processing, while increasing transcript stability, which is also a genome-wide association. Establishing the antisense transcription-associated chromatin signature through disruption of the Set3C histone deacetylase activity is sufficient to similarly change these rates even in the absence of antisense transcription. Thus, antisense transcription alters sense transcription dynamics in a chromatin-dependent manner.

Abstract Figure

Graphical Abstract

In this work, Brown et al. provide a mechanistic understanding of the effect of antisense transcription on the production and fate of sense transcripts. Antisense transcription buffers genes against the action of the Set3 lysine deacetylase, thus altering rates of transcript production, processing and stability.

Conserved antisense transcription-dependent chromatin architecture near promoters

Antisense transcription alters sense transcription dynamics and transcript stability

Antisense transcription functions in a chromatin-dependent manner

Increased acetylation byset3Δmimics high antisense transcriptional dynamics
A genome-wide RNAi screen identifies MASK as a positive regulator of cytokine receptor stability
Authors: Fisher Katherine H , Fragiadaki Maria , Pugazhendhi Dhamayanthi , Bausek Nina , Brown Stephen , Zeidler Martin P
Published: September 2017

In order for cells to sense and thus respond to their environment, they require transmembrane receptors, which bind extracellular ligands and then transduce this signal within the cell. A subset of receptors, with single-pass transmembrane domains are known as cytokine receptors and act via the Janus Kinase and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. These receptors are essential for processes such as haematopoiesis, immune responses and tissue homeostasis. In order to transduce ligand activation, cytokine receptors must dimerise. However, mechanisms regulating their dimerisation are largely unknown. In order to better understand the processes regulating cytokine receptor levels, activity and dimerisation, we used the highly conserved JAK/STAT pathway inDrosophila, which acts via a single receptor, known as Domeless. We have performed a genome-wide RNAi screen inDrosophilacells, identifying MASK as a positive regulator of Domeless dimerisation and protein levels. We show that MASK is able to regulate JAK/STAT signalling bothin vitroandin vivo. We go on to show that MASK is able to bind to Domeless via its Ankyrin repeat domains and alters the stability of the receptor. Finally, we extend our observations to the human homologue, ANKHD1, and demonstrate functional conservation, with ANKHD1 able to regulate JAK/STAT signalling and the levels of a subset of pathway receptors in human cells. Taken together, we have identified MASK as a conserved regulator of cytokine receptor levels, which may have implications for human health.
Intratumoral Heterogeneity of Tumor Infiltration of Glioblastoma Revealed by Joint Histogram Analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Li Chao , Wang Shuo , Yan Jiun-Lin , Piper Rory J. , Liu Hongxiang , Torheim Turid , Kim Hyunjin , Zou Jinjing , Boonzaier Natalie R. , Sinha Rohitashwa , Matys Tomasz , Markowetz Florian , Price Stephen J.
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Glioblastoma exhibits profound tumor heterogeneity, which causes inconsistent treatment response. The aim of this study was to propose an interpretation method of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) using joint histogram analysis of DTI-p and-q. With this method we explored the patterns of tumor infiltration which causes disruption of brain microstructure, and examined the prognostic value of tumor infiltrative patterns for patient survival.

Materials and methods

A total of 115 primary glioblastoma patients (mean age 59.3 years, 87 males) were prospectively recruited from July 2010 to August 2015. Patients underwent preoperative MRI scans and maximal safe resection. DTI was processed and decomposed into p and q components. The univariate and joint histograms of DTI-p and-q were constructed using the voxels of contrast-enhancing and non-enhancing regions respectively. Eight joint histogram features were obtained and correlated with tumor progression and patient survival. Their prognostic values were compared with clinical factors using receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results

The subregion of increased DTI-p and decreased DTI-q accounted for the largest proportion. Additional diffusion patterns can be identified via joint histogram analysis. Particularly, higher proportion of decreased DTI-p and increased DTI-q in non-enhancing region contributed to worse progression-free survival (hazard ratio = 1.08,p< 0.001) and overall survival (hazard ratio = 1.11, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Joint histogram analysis of DTI can provide a comprehensive measure of tumor infiltration and microstructure change, which showed prognostic values. The subregion of decreased DTI-p and increased DTI-q in non-enhancing regions may indicate a more invasive habitat.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress engenders immune-resistant, latent pancreatic cancer metastases
Authors: Pommier Arnaud , Anaparthy Naishitha , Memos Nicoletta , Kelley Z Larkin , Gouronnec Alizée , Albrengues Jean , Egeblad Mikala , Iacobuzio-Donahue Christine A. , Lyons Scott K. , Fearon Douglas T.
Published: September 2017

Patients who have had their primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) surgically resected often develop metastatic disease, exemplifying the problem of latent metastases. Livers from patients and mice with PDA contained single, disseminated cancer cells (DCCs) with an unusual phenotype of being cytokeratin-19 (CK19)-and MHC class I (MHCI)-. We created a mouse model to determine how DCCs develop, their relationship to metastatic latency, and the role of immunity. Intra-portal injection of immunogenic PDA cells into pre-immunized mice seeded livers only with single, non-replicating DCCs lacking MHCI and CK19; naïve recipients had macro-metastases. Transcriptomic analysis of PDA cells with the DCC phenotype demonstrated an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Relieving ER stress with a chemical chaperone, in combination with T cell-depletion, stimulated outgrowth of macro-metastatic lesions containing PDA cells expressing MHCI and CK19. The ER stress response is the cell-autonomous reaction that enables DCCs to escape immunity and establish latent metastases.

One sentence summary:

Latent pancreatic cancer metastases are created when T cells select disseminated cancer cells in which immune resistance and quiescence have been imposed by endoplasmic stress.
Synthesis and crystal structures of two new tin bis(carboranylamidinate) complexes
Authors: Harmgarth Nicole , Liebing Phil , Hillebrand Philipp , Busse Sabine , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: September 2017

Reaction of 2 equiv. of the lithium carboranylamidinate Li[o-(C2H10B10)C(NCy)(NHCy)] with SnCl2in THF afforded the stannylene compound bis(N,N′-dicyclohexylamidinatocarboranate)tin(II), SnII[o-(C2H10B10)C(NCy)(NHCy)]2(1). A similar reaction of SnCl4with 2 equiv. of Li[o-(C2H10B10)C(NiPr)(NHiPr)] unexpectedly afforded the known solvated pentachloridostannate(IV) salt [Li(THF)4][SnCl5(THF)] as the main reaction product. Small amounts of the new chlorido-tin(IV) bis(carboranylamidinate) bis(N,N′-diisopropylamidinatocarboranate)chloridotin(IV), SnIVCl[o-(C2H10B10)C(NiPr)(NHiPr)][o-(C2H10B10)C(NiPr)2] (2), were isolated as a by-product. Single-crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed aκC,κN-chelating coordination of the carboranylamidinate ligands in both1and2. The Sn atom in1adopts a pseudo-trigonal–bipyramidal coordination under participation of a stereoactive lone pair. In2, a trigonal–bipyramidal coordination of Sn is completed by a chlorido ligand.
5-(7-Methanesulfonyl-2-morpholin-4-yl-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamine mesylate
Authors: Aoki Masahide , Ichige Takahiro , Shiina Junichi , Tanida Satoshi , Shiraki Koji , Ishigai Masaki
Published: September 2017

In the title compound, C15H20N7O3S+·CH3O3S−(CH5132799 mesylate), two molecular entities form a salt with proton transfer from methanesulfonic acid to the aminopyrimidine moiety of CH5132799. In the crystal, methanesulfonate is retained by bifurcated O...H—N hydrogen bonds and an N+—H...O−charge-assisted hydrogen bond.
Inherited organizational performance? The perceptions of generation Y on the influence of leadership styles
Authors: Nazarian Alireza , Soares Anabela , Lottermoser Benjamin
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Leadership has a major impact on organizational performance (Agleet al., 2006; Felfe and Schyns, 2004; Petersonet al., 2003). However, results are still conflicting regarding these effects and research has yet to focus on the expectations and perceived impact from the point of view of young professionals (the future senior employees and managers). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how leadership is perceived and how leadership styles influence performance from the perspective of young professionals.

Design/methodology/approach

A quantitative research strategy was implemented by using a self-completion online questionnaire and the data were analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis to demonstrate the impact of each leadership style on organizational performance. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Bass and Avolio, 1995) was used to measure leadership styles (passive/avoidant, transactional and transformational leadership) and organizational performance was measured based on the balanced scorecard performance dimensions (financial, learning and growth, customer orientation and organizational effectiveness) (Kaplan and Norton, 2005).

Findings

The main findings supported the literature suggesting a statistically significant positive impact of both transactional and transformational leadership on organizational performance. Conversely, the relationship between the passive/avoidant leadership style and organizational performance was statistically significant but negative. This suggests that leaders in organizations driven by German culture should reconsider their approaches and practices.

Originality/value

The present study has focused on the responses from young German professionals who represent future organizational success. Consequently, it is of major importance to know how these groups assess the leadership style of their leaders and how this has an influence on organizational performance.
Identifying the needs and usage habits of university study room users
Authors: Ruleman Alice B. , Kaiser Anthony
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Study rooms are recognized as a popular feature in academic libraries. The purpose of this paper is to understand how students use the study rooms at the library of the University of Central Missouri.

Design/methodology/approach

A short survey was given to students who checked out study rooms keys. Students were asked how they used the rooms and what technology they used in the rooms. In total, 341 valid surveys were returned for analysis.

Findings

Students used the rooms mainly for academic reasons. In total, 73 percent of respondents frequently studied alone in the rooms while 56 percent frequently studied in groups. Use of the technology in the rooms, other than the computers (89 percent) was limited.

Research limitations/implications

Due to the voluntary nature of the surveys, results may not be applicable to all study room users. The researchers were particularly interested in the international students but demographic data from the survey indicated that the number of responses from this group may not be representative of the number that are actually using the rooms.

Practical implications

Students indicated they rarely used peripheral equipment, i.e. webcams and microphones, and the library removed them from the rooms and made them available at the circulation desk.

Originality/value

The authors found little research specific to the use of study rooms although available research of library space in general indicated study rooms are highly valued. The findings of this survey suggest that students may be more interested in individual/private spaces for academic work than “group” study rooms.
Risk factors of post‐ endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis in biliary type sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in Japanese patients
Authors: Miyatani Hiroyuki , Matsumoto Satohiro , Mashima Hirosato
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVE

Suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is a well‐known risk factor for post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP). The indication of ERCP for suspected SOD patients was very low in Japan compared to other countries. Therefore, the risk of PEP may be different in Japanese SOD patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of PEP in suspected biliary type SOD in Japan.

METHODS

From December 1996 to January 2017, 72 patients were suspected as having biliary type SOD, by questionnaire, liver function tests, hepatobiliary scintigraphy, abdominal ultrasonography, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Finally, 60 patients who underwent ERCP were included in this study, and the factors associated with PEP were evaluated.

RESULTS

The overall PEP rate was 23.3% (n = 14). Diagnostic ERCP alone for SOD did not increase the risk of PEP. The correlation of PEP incidence with pancreatic duct guidewire (PGW) technique and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) was indicated in univariate and multivariate analysis. Pancreatic stent placement was a risk in univariate analysis but not in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

PGW technique and EST for biliary type SOD were important risk factors for PEP. Pancreatic stenting was ineffective for prevention of PEP.
Prehospital Supraglottic Airway Was Associated With Good Neurologic Outcome in Cardiac Arrest Victims Especially Those Who Received Prolonged Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Park Min Ji , Kwon Woon Yong , Kim Kyuseok , Suh Gil Joon , Shin Jonghwan , Jo You Hwan , Kim Kyung Su , Lee Hui Jai , Kim Joonghee , Lee Se Jong , Kim Jeong Yeon , Cho Jun Hwi
Published: September 2017

Objectives

We performed this study to investigate the association of prehospital supraglottic airway (SGA) on neurologic outcome in cardiac arrest victims with adjustment of postresuscitation variables as well as prehospital and resuscitation variables.

Methods

This study was a retrospective study based on a multicenter prospective cohort registry from December 2013 to April 2016. According to the 28‐day cerebral performance categories (CPCs) scale, patients were divided into the good‐outcome group (CPC 1–2) and the poor‐outcome group (CPC 3–5). We compared the two groups with respect to demographic variables, prehospital and in‐hospital resuscitation variables, and postresuscitation variables.

Results

A total of 869 cardiac arrest victims who received in‐progress cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were delivered to the emergency department of three hospitals, and 310 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit. The use of a prehospital SGA was independently associated with 28‐day good neurologic outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 7.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.33–46.53; p = 0.023] when postresuscitation variables were adjusted, although there were no significant association with the acquisition of sustained return of spontaneous circulation (OR = 0.992; 95% CI = 0.591–1.666; p = 0.976). Furthermore, a prehospital SGA was significantly associated with good neurologic outcome, especially in patients who received prolonged CPR (low flow time > 15 minutes; OR = 3.41; 95% CI = 1.23–9.45; p = 0.018) rather than in patients with nonprolonged CPR (OR = 4.50; 95% CI = 0.75–27.13; p = 0.101).

Conclusions

When postresuscitation variables were adjusted, the prehospital SGA was independently associated with 28‐day good neurologic outcome in cardiac arrest victims.
Terrorists are Other People: Contested Memory of the 1914 Sarajevo Assassination
Authors: Subotić Jelena
Published: September 2017

This article analyzes the contested remembrance of the assassination of Habsburg Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian radical Gavrilo Princip in 1914 in Sarajevo. I place the politics of the assassination centennial commemoration in the context of Serbian and Bosnian contemporary anxieties about their respective ontological insecurities. In Serbia, these anxieties centre on Serbia's fear of losing its international reputation as a state that was seen as historically generous and self‐sacrificing and a victim of historical injustice at the hands of great powers. In Bosnia, anxieties revolve around its persistently unresolved international status, failure to create any cohesive post‐war Bosnian identity, and deep internal ethnic divisions. The article explores ways in which the memory of the 1914 assassination is utilized for contemporary memory‐building purposes in both Serbia and Bosnia, as part of a larger narrative of state‐building, in which both states see themselves as “indispensable nations” that cracked open the historical arc of the twentieth century. The article demonstrates the profound anxiety historical commemorations provoke in internationally insecure states and illustrates ways in which states can respond.
The Inquiry and the Birth of International Relations, 1917–19
Authors: McCourt David M.
Published: September 2017

The centenary approaches of the establishment of the first chair in International Relations (IR) at Aberystwyth in 1919. In this paper, I argue that while revisionist historians are correct to claim that IR did not emerge in a “Big Bang”, 1917–19 was nevertheless an important moment in the history of IR — particularly in the US — which should be appreciated a century later. 1917 saw the creation of “The Inquiry”, a secret organization composed of academics set up by President Woodrow Wilson tasked with preparing the American delegation to the Paris peace negotiations. Continuing in the revisionists' spirit, through the lens of the Inquiry, I suggest that early IR should be viewed as a social formation at the intersection of government, civil society, and academia, not as an academic specialty only. Rather than disbanding after Paris, crucially, the Inquiry was incorporated into the fledgling Council on Foreign Relations. Such a perspective prompts comparisons between 1917 and today. Empirically, how influential are the think tanks and research institutes that try to shape US foreign policy? Normatively, we might ask whether the limited yet elitist network represented by the Inquiry was better or worse than the expansive world of policy‐making of today? Drawing on diverse sources, including original research at the Inquiry's archive, I revisit the Inquiry and pose these questions to contemporary IR scholars.
Party Rules: Dilemmas of Political Party Regulation in Australia
Authors: Arklay Tracey
Published: September 2017

Party Rules: Dilemmas of Political Party Regulation in Australia. Edited by Anika Gauja and Marian Sawer (Canberra: ANU Press, 2017), pp. vii + 215. Nine Figures, 18 Tables. AU$34.99 (pb).
The Boy Who Would Be Premier: A Political Biography of Jack Duggan. Volume 1
Authors: Megarrity Lyndon
Published: September 2017

The Boy Who Would Be Premier: A Political Biography of Jack Duggan. Volume 1. By Maurice French (Tabletop Publishing, Toowoomba, 2016).
Tom Hughes QC: A Cab on the Rank
Authors: Burnside Sarah
Published: September 2017

Tom Hughes QC: A Cab on the Rank. By Ian Hancock (Sydney: The Federation Press, 2016), pp. vii + 402. Twenty‐three photographs. AU$59.95 (cloth).
Minding Her Own Business: Colonial Business Women in Sydney
Authors: Temby Anna
Published: September 2017

Minding Her Own Business: Colonial Business Women in Sydney. By Catherine Bishop (Sydney: NewSouth Publishing, 2015), pp. xiv +302. AU$39.99 (pb).
Harmful and Undesirable. Book Censorship in Nazi Germany
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G.
Published: September 2017

Harmful and Undesirable. Book Censorship in Nazi Germany. By Guenter Lewy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp.xi + 268, b/w illustrations. £18.63 (cloth).
War Stories: The War Memoir in History and Literature
Authors: Crotty Martin
Published: September 2017

War Stories: The War Memoir in History and Literature. Edited by Philip Dwyer (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2017). 324 pp. US$130.00 (cloth).
Physical activity may decrease the likelihood of children developing constipation
Authors: Seidenfaden Sandra , Ormarsson Orri Thor , Lund Sigrun H. , Bjornsson Einar S.
Published: September 2017

Aim

Childhood constipation is common. We evaluated children diagnosed with constipation, who were referred to an Icelandic paediatric emergency department, and determined the effect of lifestyle factors on its aetiology.

Methods

The parents of children who were diagnosed with constipation and participated in a phase IIB clinical trial on laxative suppositories answered an online questionnaire about their children's lifestyle and constipation in March–April 2013. The parents of nonconstipated children that visited the paediatric department of Landspitali University Hospital or an Icelandic outpatient clinic answered the same questionnaire.

Results

We analysed responses regarding 190 children aged one year to 18 years: 60 with constipation and 130 without. We found that 40% of the constipated children had recurrent symptoms, 27% had to seek medical attention more than once and 33% received medication per rectum. The 47 of 130 control group subjects aged 10‐18 were much more likely to exercise more than three times a week (72%) and for more than a hour (62%) than the 26 of 60 constipated children of the same age (42% and 35%, respectively).

Conclusion

Constipation risk factors varied with age and many children diagnosed with constipation had recurrent symptoms. Physical activity may affect the likelihood of developing constipation in older children.