bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Conceptualization and Measurement of Diversity
Authors: Mcdonald Daniel G. , Dimmick John
Published: April 2003

This article defines dual-concept diversity as a two-dimensional construct that holds a central place of study in many fields, including communication. The authors present 12 measures of dual-concept diversity appearing in the literature and assess the differential sensitivity of these measures in capturing the two dimensions. After assessing each measure and eliminating measures that are redundant or computationally intractable, the article compares the remaining measures of diversity in a time series of 30 years of network radio programming. Graphic and statistical interrelationships are presented to facilitate comparison and choice between measures in future research.
The Mediating Roles of Liking and Obligation on the Relationship between Favors and Compliance
Authors: Goei Ryan , Lindsey Lisa L. Massi , Boster Franklin J. , Skalski Paul D. , Bowman Jonathan M.
Published: April 2003

This study examines two accounts to explain why doing a favor for someone leads to increased compliance from that person. Feelings of obligation and liking are posited as independent mediators of the relationship between favors and compliance. A model was tested with a sample of 73 female undergraduate participants. The model posited that attitude similarity leads to perceived similarity and subsequent feelings of liking, that favors lead to liking and obligation, and that liking and obligation lead to increased compliance. Findings indicated that favors increased liking and obligation and that liking affected compliance but obligation had no effect on compliance. The results challenge conventional wisdom concerning the influence of the norm of reciprocity.
Antidotes for Anthrax Anecdotes
Authors: Berger Charles R. , Johnson Joel T. , Lee Eun-Ju
Published: April 2003

Two experiments, conducted approximately 6 weeks apart, examined the conjoint effects of participant rationality, as assessed by the Rational- Experiential Inventory, and base-rate information on apprehension about a threat. Experiment 1 predicted and found that high-rationality individuals who first received context-expanding information about a relatively likely hazard (traffic deaths) manifested less apprehension in response to a subsequent news story about a less likely threat (anthrax death) than did highs who read only the anthrax-death story. It was further predicted and found that among low-rationality individuals this relationship was reversed. Experiment 1 was conducted when the anthrax threat was perceived to be quite serious. The interaction was not found in Experiment 2, after national attention to anthrax decreased. Findings are discussed in terms of how high- and low- rationality individuals process threat-related information and how they respond to changes in the perceived seriousness of threat.
Psychopathy as a Predictor of Institutional Misbehavior Among Sex Offenders
Authors: Buffington-Vollum Jacqueline , Edens John F. , Johnson Darryl W. , Johnson Judy K.
Published: April 2003

This study compares the utility of two measures of psychopathic traits, the Antisocial Features (ANT) scale of the Personality Assessment Inventory and the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL-R), to predict serious institutional misconduct among incarcerated sex offenders over a 2-year follow-up period. Archival disciplinary data for 58 offenders were classified as major infractions involving physical aggression, verbal aggression/acts of defiance, or nonaggressive offenses. Significant correlations were obtained between both measures of psychopathy and each type of disciplinary offense except physical aggression, the occurrence of which was rare in this sample. Regression analyses indicated that each measure accounted for unique—or incremental—variance in one of the criterion measures. Overall classification accuracy based on standard cut scores was somewhat more positive for ANT than for the PCL-R.
Violence Risk Assessment at Federal Capital Sentencing
Authors: Cunningham Mark D. , Reidy Thomas J.
Published: April 2003

The application of group statistical data to violence risk assessment enjoys strong empirical support. Accordingly, this method has dominated expert testimony regarding future dangerousness at federal capital sentencing trials across the past 5 years. Standards for admissibility of violence risk assessment testimony in federal capital sentencing are being considered but remain ambiguous. Challenges to violence risk assessment testimony in these cases have broadly centered on issues of relevancy and reliability. Corollary questions include when such assessments are sufficiently individualized, whether group data can be generalized across American correctional settings, what scientific evidence supports a given methodology, and how information regarding special conditions of confinement is relevant to risk. Conceptual perspectives and scientific evidence regarding each of these issues are discussed.
A Multiple Models Approach to Assessing Recidivism Risk
Authors: Silver Eric , Chow-Martin Lynette
Published: April 2003

This study used a large recidivism data set to develop and validate a multiple models tool for predicting recidivism risk. Consistent with prior research, the authors found that the multiple models tool was more accurate than tools built using the traditional single-model approach. In addition, they demonstrated that the predicted recidivism rates produced by the multiple models tool could be summarized in a usable format consisting of four to five statistically distinct risk classes offering an impressive degree of base-rate dispersion. Given that public protection ranks as a primary focal concern of judges, the authors believe that their results justify renewed attention to the potential uses of actuarial tools within the context of judicial decision making.
Risk Assessment of Stalkers
Authors: Kropp P. Randall , Hart Stephen D. , Lyon David R.
Published: April 2003

Risk assessment of stalkers is difficult due to the diversity of stalking-related behaviors and the lack of research. The authors discuss three problems. First, stalking is a form of targeted violence, that is, violence directed at specific people known to the perpetrator. Second, stalking may include acts that are implicitly or indirectly threatening. Third, stalking can persist for many years, even decades. In contrast, most research on violence risk assessment ignores the relationship between victim and perpetrator, defines violence solely in terms of physical harm, and tracks perpetrators for limited time periods. The authors conclude that these problems make it impossible to rely on actuarial approaches when assessing risk for stalking at the present time, although it is possible to use structured professional judgment. They discuss some basic principles that can be used to guide stalking risk assessment within the framework of structured professional judgment.
A Prevention-Based Paradigm for Violence Risk Assessment
Authors: Douglas Kevin S. , Kropp P. Randall
Published: April 2003

The rationale for this article was to outline and describe an emerging model of prevention-based violence risk assessment and management and to discuss attendant clinical and research implications. This model draws on structured professional judgment rather than on actuarial prediction or unstructured clinical prediction. Its purpose is to prevent violence through the assessment of relevant violence risk factors and the application of risk management and intervention strategies that flow directly from these factors. The authors discuss the nature of the clinical tasks that stem from the model as well as a four-step validation procedure required to evaluate it.
Transcending the Actuarial Versus Clinical Polemic in Assessing Risk for Violence
Authors: Webster Christopher D. , Hucker Stephen J. , Bloom Hy
Published: April 2003

Much energy has been expended over recent years in debating the relative merits of actuarial versus clinical approaches to violence risk prediction. Although it has gradually become apparent that scores based on more or less static factors obtainable from the record do indeed associate with outcome violence over years of follow-up, there is no reason to suppose that, at least potentially, dynamic variables do not hold as much or more promise when it comes to projections over weeks or months. Clinicians involved in release decision-making might wish to consider the following, in order of importance: (a) the legal framework within which the decision is being made, (b) the thoroughness with which scientific methods have been applied to the particular case at issue, (c) the precision of the individualized statement of violence risk being offered, (d) the steps which could be taken to reduce that risk, and (e) if available, the individual's violence risk assessment score in relation to already amassed pertinent statistical data.
Involuntary Treatment Within a Prison Setting
Authors: Prendergast Michael L. , Farabee David , Cartier Jerome , Henkin Susan
Published: April 2003

Given the high proportion of criminal justice treatment clients in the United States, a major policy and program issue in drug treatment is the appropriateness and effectiveness of coercing offenders to enter and remain in treatment. As part of a comprehensive evaluation of a large treatment facility in California, the authors conducted an analysis of during-treatment psychosocial changes of inmates admitted voluntarily and those admitted involuntarily. The main focus was on psychological functioning (self-esteem, depression, anxiety, decision making, and selfefficacy) and social functioning (hostility, risk taking, and social conformity). Regardless of voluntary or involuntary admission status, treatment participants exhibited significant during-treatment change on most measures of psychosocial functioning, although significant change was more likely on measures of psychological than on social functioning. In addition, similar percentages of both groups were paroled from treatment (as opposed to being discharged from the program prior to parole) and agreed to attend community treatment.
Impacts of Perceived Legal Pressure on Retention in Drug Treatment
Authors: Young Douglas
Published: April 2003

Drug courts, Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime programs, and other mandatory treatment models have proliferated as policy makers strive to reduce reliance on costly custodial responses to drug-related crime. Although past research supports this approach, little is known about different forms of legal pressure used to compel treatment participation and their effects on client outcomes. Results from a study of 161 offenders mandated from different criminal justice sources to attend long-term residential treatment are presented. Scores on an experimental perception of legal pressure measure covaried predictably with the coercive strategies employed by the mandating sources, and multivariate analyses showed these scores to be relatively powerful, independent predictors of retention. Findings suggest providing information to clients about conditions and contingencies of treatment participation and convincing them they will be enforced are effective coercive approaches. There was less support for other forms of coercion—tight monitoring and use of severe penalties for failure.
Correctional Officer Burnout
Authors: Morgan Robert D. , Van Haveren Richard A. , Pearson Christy A.
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of several variables that have led to inconsistent results in previous studies on correctional officer stress, as well as expand previous research by exploring the relationship of two new variables (i.e., occupational title and work station) with correctional officer stress. Participants in this study consisted of 250 correctional officers from a Southwestern state department of corrections. Results indicated that older and more educated officers reported increased levels of personal accomplishment, whereas less experienced officers and officers with increasing job responsibilities experienced increased levels of depersonalization and emotional exhaustion and decreased levels of personal accomplishment. Furthermore, gender comparisons indicated that female correctional officers were less likely to respond impersonally to inmates than their male counterparts. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.
Underlying Common Factors of Adolescent Problem Behaviors
Authors: Zhang Lening , Welte John W. , Wieczorek William F.
Published: April 2003

The Buffalo Longitudinal Study of Young Men was used to address the possibility of a common factor underlying adolescent problem behaviors. First, a measurement model with a single first-order factor was compared to a model with three separate correlated first-order factors. The three-factor model was better supported, making it logical to conduct a second-order factor analysis, which confirmed the logic. Second, a substantive model was estimated in each of two waves with psychopathic state as the common factor predicting drinking, drug use, and delinquency. Psychopathic state was stable across waves. The theory that a single latent variable accounts for large covariance among adolescent problem behaviors was supported.
The Reliability and Validity of the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised in a Sample of Female Offenders
Authors: Vitale Jennifer E. , Smith Stevens S. , Brinkley Chad A. , Newman Joseph P.
Published: April 2003

The reliability and validity of the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL–R) was examined in a sample of 528 nonpsychotic female offenders participating in a study assessing the generalizability of the instrument to females using personality, attitudinal, and laboratory behavioral measures. Results showed good interrater reliability and adequate internal consistency. Correlations with a number of self-report validity measures and previous criminal behavior provide support for the convergent validity of the instrument. A lack of association with general psychopathology provides support for the discriminant validity of the instrument. However, significant correlations with anxiety, negative affectivity, and intelligence run counter to expectations and to findings with male offenders. Furthermore, the low base rate of psychopathy in this sample, relative to base rates among male prisoners, raises the concern that either psychopathy is less prevalent in females than in males or the PCL–R is not adequately assessing the construct in female offenders.
Internship Training Opportunities in Correctional Psychology
Authors: Ax Robert K. , Morgan Robert D.
Published: April 2003

Seventy-nine training directors of internship programs based in prisons, jails, and selected forensic settings received surveys concerning several aspects of their programs. Fifty-three responded for a return rate of 67%. Whereas these programs are seen to exist on a continuum with few sharp lines of distinction between them, there are enough differences to warrant applying the term correctional psychology internship specifically to those programs offering training experiences primarily in general population prison/jail settings. Different training emphases and staffing patterns were among factors distinguishing corrections-based internships from their more traditionally forensic counterparts. Both forensic and prison programs offer a wide variety of training experiences and continue to enjoy administrative support.
Is the PCL-R Really the “Unparalleled” Measure of Offender Risk?
Authors: Gendreau Paul , Goggin Claire , Smith Paula
Published: April 2003

The declaration that the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) is the “unparalleled” measure of offender risk prediction is challenged. It is argued that such an assertion reflects an ethnocentric view of research in the area and has led to unsubstantiated claims based on incomplete attempts at knowledge cumulation. In fact, another more comprehensive risk measure, the Level of Service Inventory–Revised, notably surpasses the PCL-R in predicting general (φ = .37 vs. .23) and violent recidivism, albeit only modestly so in the case of the latter (φ = .26 vs. .21). In addition, other problematic issues regarding the PCL-R are outlined. Finally, it is suggested that a more useful role for psychopathy in offender risk assessment may be in terms of the responsivity dimension in case management. Finally, the authors suggest further research directions that will aid in knowledge cumulation regarding the general utility of offender risk measures.
The Future of Criminal Attitudes Research and Practice
Authors: Simourd David J. , Olver Mark E.
Published: April 2003

This study sought to explore the underlying dimension(s) of the criminal attitude construct. Exploratory factor analyses using an oblique rotation method were conducted separately on the subscales of the Criminal Sentiments Scale–Modified among a sample of 381 violent male offenders. These procedures yielded four factors reflecting generic criminal attitudes, specific attitudes about the law, generic rationalizations consistent with criminal subcultures, and criminally oriented self-views (i.e., a criminal self-concept). Confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling found these factors to be relatively robust. Supplemental analyses revealed the factors were linked to criminal conduct outcome criteria. These results are discussed in terms of potential future theory, research, and practice of the criminal attitude construct.
Reporting Sexual Victimization To The Police And Others
Authors: Fisher Bonnie S. , Daigle Leah E. , Cullen Francis T. , Turner Michael G.
Published: April 2003

Beginning with Koss, Gidycz, and Wisniewski’s pathbreaking study, the sexual victimization of female college students has emerged as salient research and policy concern. Building on this earlier work, we used a national, random sample of 4,446 female college students to focus on an issue of continuing importance: the level and determinants of victims’ willingness to report their sexual victimization. The analysis revealed that although few incidents—including rapes—are reported to the police and/or to campus authorities, a high proportion are disclosed to someone else (mainly to friends). Incidents were more likely to be reported to the police when they had characteristics that made them more “believable” (e.g., presence of a weapon or assailant who was a stranger). The use of alcohol and/or drugs by offenders and/or victims had a unique effect, causing students to be more likely to disclose their victimization to friends but not to campus authorities. The implications of the findings for extant debates and for future research are also explored.
The Conditioning Effects Of Neighborhood Ecology On Burglary Victimization
Authors: Capowich George E.
Published: April 2003

The systemic theory of social disorganization maintains that opportunities for victimization are conditioned by neighborhood social order. Systemic social control emanates from the strengths of a neighborhood’s private, public, and parochial social orders. Using neighborhood-level data from eight Chicago neighborhoods, this study tested a theoretically derived hypothesis that burglary victimization would vary across neighborhoods with different social orders. Neighborhoods were classified into three groups according to ecological measures of social orders and then analyzed for different levels of residential burglary risk. The results mainly supported the framework, although certain findings suggested some refinements to the model were in order. These and other implications are discussed.
The Decision To End Abusive Relationships
Authors: Stroshine Meghan S. , Robinson Amanda L.
Published: April 2003

Much research has focused on the ways in which various community and criminal justice agencies attempt to intervene to break the cycle of domestic violence. Ultimately, this is the victim’s decision, yet few researchers have attempted to identify the factors involved in the decision to end an abusive relationship. In particular, researchers have tended to ignore the role offender characteristics may play in this decision. This study, based on interview data collected from domestic violence victims by members of an innovative community-based victim assistance program, suggests that these factors are important. Logistic regression analyses demonstrate that the most important predictors of women attempting to end abusive relationships were (a) when offenders kept weapons in the home and (b) when there had been a formal criminal justice response (i.e., arrest, prosecution) to the violence.
The Effects Of Domestic Violence Batterer Treatment On DomesticVIOLENCE RECIDIVISM
Authors: Gordon Jill A. , Moriarty Laura J.
Published: April 2003

This study determines the influence of domestic violence batterer treatment on the recidivism rate of domestic violence offenders and certain demographic characteristics associated with recidivism. The study population (N = 248) consisted of male domestic violence offenders sentenced to Community Corrections Services in Chesterfield County, Virginia, between January and December 1999. This analysis revealed treatment does not affect recidivism; however, the number of treatment sessions attended was an important factor in predicting domestic violence recidivism in the treatment group, and successful completion of all treatment sessions reduces the likelihood of domestic violence rearrest and reconviction among those who received treatment. The treatment provider in this sample did not affect recidivism.
Are Judicial Status Hearings A Key Component Of Drug Court? During-Treatment Data From a Randomized Trial
Authors: Marlowe Douglas B. , Festinger David S. , Lee Patricia A. , Schepise Maria M. , Hazzard Julie E. R. , Merrill Jeffrey C. , Mulvaney Francis D. , McLellan A. Thomas
Published: April 2003

This article reports during-treatment outcomes from a randomized, controlled evaluation of different schedules of judicial status hearings in a misdemeanor drug court. Contrary to expectations, more frequent status hearings with the drug court judge were not associated with more favorable outcomes for participants during the first 14 weeks of drug court in terms of counseling attendance, urinalysis-confirmed abstinence, self-reported substance use, or illegal activity. More frequent hearings were, however, associated with greater detection of infractions by the drug court judge and more remedial interventions with participants. Future research will address 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up outcomes for these individuals and will examine the generalizability of the findings across several adult drug courts.
Comparing The Influence Of Parents And Peers On The Choice To Use Drugs
Authors: Allen Mike , Donohue William A. , Griffin Amy , Ryan Dan , Turner Monique M. Mitchell
Published: April 2003

This literature summary, using meta-analysis, compares the influence of parents versus peers on substance use. The data indicated that the average relationship for peer effects on substance use was larger than the effect for parental influence. Several moderating influences (such as youth age and type of substance) are considered. The findings indicate that the relative size of parental and peer influence varies with the age of the adolescent and the type of substance. The results indicate that both parents and peers influence decisions about substance use. Future educational interventions concerning substance use should consider how best to combine these two sources of influence.
Using The Theory Of Planned Behavior To Understand The STD Risk Behaviors Of Incarcerated Women
Authors: Hogben Matthew , St. Lawrence Janet S. , Hennessy Michael H. , Eldridge Gloria D.
Published: April 2003

Women in American correctional facilities make up an at-risk group for STDs/HIV, both in terms of disease history and STD risk behaviors. Using a sample of incarcerated women in two southern states, a theoretically driven model of incarcerated women’s risk behaviors prior to and during incarceration was described and tested. The model is based on links among beliefs, attitudes, perceived behavioral control and norms, and behavioral intentions. Results indicated that beliefs related to condoms were associated with favorable attitudes toward condoms. Condom attitudes were related to positive behavioral intentions to use condoms and also mediated some belief/intention associations. Perceived behavioral control and norms were also associated with intentions; norms were especially strongly related. The model provides a structure for measuring the predicates of incarcerated women’s risk behaviors and for testing the efficacy of risk reduction interventions.
Morphology and Tensile Properties of Polycarbonate-Polyethylene Alloy in Phase Inversion Region
Authors: Li Zhong-Ming , Yang Ming-Bo , Huang Rui , Feng Jian-Min
Published: April 2003

The phase inversion region of polycarbonate-polyethylene (PC-PE) alloy was experimentally a range between about 45 and 55% PC concentration by weight, quite different from theoretical prediction. The morphological structures were very different between the alloy with PC particles dispersed in PE matrix and that with PE domains in PC continuous phase. The PC particles in PE matrix were sphere and ellipsoid shaped particles, which were embedded tightly by the matrix. However, the PE domains in PC matrix were mainly ellipsoids and rods, and there were voids between the particles and the matrix. Moreover, the PC particles in PE held their original shape, whereas the PE particles were split into two halves when the PC-PE alloy was brittlely fractured in liquid nitrogen. In the curves of the tensile properties of the alloy as a function of PC concentration, a sharp increase was found from 40 to 55 wt.% of PC content. However, the tensile strength and modulus of the alloy with lower or higher than PC content in inversion region were increased slightly with PC concentration in the entire PC composition range tested. Moreover, the experimental data of the tensile modulus are generally in agreement with the result from the Tagayanagi equation for the polymer alloy with perfect interfacial adhesion, where the rule of additivity average based on the Tagayanagi equation was used to calculate the modulus values of the alloy in cocontinuous structure which can not be calculated from the Takayanagi equation.
Sulphur Vulcanisation of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Using New Binary Accelerator Systems
Authors: Aprem Abi Santhosh , Thomas Sabu , Joseph Kuruvilla , Barkoula Nektaria Marianti , Kocsis J. Karger
Published: April 2003

The influence of the newly developed binary accelerator 1-phenyl-2,4-dithiobiuret (DTB) in combination with sulphenamides like DCBS, MBS, TBBS on the cure characteristics, mechanical properties, viscoelastic behaviour and network characteristics of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is studied. Kinetics of vulcanisation is followed at three different temperatures. Mechanical properties are found to be improved upon DTB addition. Attempts have been made to correlate the observed properties with extent of crosslinking of DTB. Effect of aging on tensile properties of the vulcanisates was also done. The extent of crosslinking was also improved with DTB cured vulcanisates. Dynamic mechanical analysis has been done and the influence of the new accelerator systems on the modulus, glass transition and entanglement densities of the vulcanisates was investigated. The effect of fillers like carbon black and silica on DTB on technological properties of SBR vulcanisates and the extent of reinforcement caused by the fillers were also studied.
Policy Makers, Practitioners, Citizens
Authors: Meyer-Emerick Nancy
Published: April 2003

The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA) is the most comprehensive legislation to date to address violence against women in the United States. Three theoretical perspectives, derived from Foucault, Habermas, and MacKinnon, were used to examine the legislation. These perspectives were the basis of questions that were asked of VAWA policy makers, local practitioners, citizens, and survivors and perpetrators of intimate violence. The results highlight divergent perceptions between these groups. The research implies that public administrators may need to redefine and communicate the problem to more effectively formulate policy because the state is limited in its response to social problems.
Prenatal Care Use Among Women of Low Income: A Matter of "Taking Care of Self"
Authors: Sword Wendy
Published: April 2003

The grounded theory study discussed in this article provides a theoretical explanation of prenatal care use among women of low income. The author recruited 26 women from two communities in Ontario, Canada, to participate in an individual or focus group interview and analyzed data using descriptive coding, interpretive coding, and constant comparison. Perceptions of the health care system were identified as important influences on usage behavior. This broad theme included two subthemes: (a) program and service attributes and (b) service provider characteristics. Within each subtheme, both barriers to and facilitative factors for prenatal care became apparent. The author examined relationships among categories to identify a unifying construct. Taking care of self emerged as the central phenomenon that explained usage behavior. Women weigh the pros and cons when deciding whether to access prenatal care, and then take charge, ultimately making a decision in terms of its meaning for self.
Work-First or Work-Only: Welfare Reform, State Policy, and Access to Postsecondary Education
Authors: Mazzeo Christopher , Rab Sara , Eachus Susan
Published: April 2003

As a result of the 1996 welfare reform—Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF)—the number of welfare recipients enrolled in postsecondary education has decreased dramatically. The new welfare law also gives states significant discretion to support and even promote postsecondary education for low-income adults; consequently, state policies regarding access vary widely. This study uses qualitative data from three states to examine the sources and consequences of state variation in access to postsecondary education for disadvantaged individuals. Our cross-state comparison shows that competing ideas about welfare, work and the role of education in the lives of welfare recipients help structure and shape political debates, and policy outcomes, in the each of the states. Ideas influenced policies via four key channels: the state human service agency; advocacy organizations; the persistence of the “work-first” idea within implementation processes; and the power of policy “signals” to drive state welfare reform.
Faith-Based Organizations, Charitable Choice, And Government
Authors: Wilson Patricia A.
Published: April 2003

This article discusses the positive and negative aspects of “charitable choice.” Although the author challenges the validity of the “separation of Church and State” argument against charitable choice, perhaps the most popular argument against this concept is that it violates the separation of Church and State principles. On the other hand, the greatest value of the charitable choice concept is its inclusion of diversity and the resulting governmental responsiveness because of such diversity. The American public is becoming more diverse, and in turn, social issues concerning various communities are becoming more complex. In such an environment, a rich variety of inputs from diverse groups should be encouraged by public agencies. No one single entity (not government, education, or business) can solve all society problems alone. The WHOLE community—faith-based organizations, education, and public and private agencies, together—must all play a role in finding solutions and committing to action.
Market Organizations And Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Mintrom Michael
Published: April 2003

Two distinct approaches have been proposed for tackling bureaucratic inefficiency and insensitivity. One replaces political control and government supply with citizen/consumer sovereignty and market forces. The other supports greater citizen involvement in public decision making. But market forces and citizen participation can be mutually reinforcing. The author shows this by comparing the practices of charter schools and traditional public schools. Charter schools are shown to provide opportunities for yoking citizen voice with consumer choice. As such, they create spaces where deliberative democracy might be encouraged and they present organizational models that could inform other areas of public service delivery.
Foucault’s Theory Of Governance And The Deterrence Of Internet Fraud
Authors: Beresford Annette D.
Published: April 2003

In his major works, Michel Foucault explored ways in which humans have been made subjects throughout history—by virtue of direct governmental control and by virtue of a more subtle power: the construction of individual identity through a design of permissible behaviors and thoughts. Foucault also explored in his works a model of governance premised on a hypothesis of networked relations of people, communication, and capacities for change. This article argues that Foucault’s model of governance can be used to discover and develop strategies for deterring Internet fraud through the network of relations and capacities within the Internet community.
Humorous Stories And The Identification Of Social Norms
Authors: Yarwood Dean L.
Published: April 2003

The literature of formal organizations holds that stories handed down by word of mouth are important for understanding prescribed behavior and attitudes in organizations. In this study, the author analyzes humorous stories told and retold in the U.S. Senate as a source for the inculcation of senate norms. The author asks, “Is it possible that by drawing on the oral tradition of telling humorous stories in the Senate, we can identify the same norms that Matthews identified in his pioneering study of senate folkways?” “Might these data point to the existence of still other norms?” This study suggests that stories passed along by the oral tradition are a source of useful data for understanding the informal processes in political institutions.
Public Administration In A Time Of Grace
Authors: Dennard Linda F.
Published: April 2003

Tragedy has two faces. It is a source of horror, shame, and grief. It is also the opportunity to reflect on the possibility of a different future and a different path for human social evolution. The tragedy of September 11th also provides the circumstances for considering how we might proceed once we have grieved and acknowledged our losses. It is respectful of the human condition to consider what we might learn from this horror and what new guiding principles we might set in motion because of it. A second even more compelling tragedy looms if we learn only how to better defend ourselves and not also how to create a more peaceful and democratic world from the ashes of our sorrow.
The role of controlled and dynamic process environments in group decision making: An exploratory study
Authors: Dasgupta Subhasish
Published: April 2003

Information systems have focussed on controlling the decision-making environment, whereas in real life groups operate in an uncontrolled, asynchronous environment. In this article, we examine existing information system research on groups, analyze the role played by the process environment on the quality of group decisions, and argue the need for the design and research into information systems for uncontrolled dynamic environments. The recent growth of the Internet and Internet-mediated simulations provide unique uncontrolled environments for group decision making. We recommend that researchers in information systems and in group decision making these Internet-mediated simulations for additional research in the area of decision making in uncontrolled dynamic environments.
Cultivating Consciousness
Authors: O’Hara Maureen
Published: April 2003

The case is made for the need for a new educational praxis that can cultivate the levels of consciousness necessary to succeed in the new emerging global contexts. The work of Carl R. Rogers is discussed as a transformational pedagogy. In particular, his work in large person-center community group processes during the past 15 years of his career is described where rapid growth in individual consciousness levels and group consciousness occurs. Elaborated are various configurations of individual and group conscious and how they are related to each other. Also considered is an extraordinary consciousness state observed within groups where high levels of individual consciousness and high levels of group consciousness are aligned. Some facilitative attitudes that may create the enabling conditions for consciousness alignment are described.
What Is The Second Ghetto?
Authors: Seligman Amanda Irene
Published: April 2003

Arnold Hirsch’s landmark book Making the Second Ghetto offers a temporal answer to the question, “What is the second ghetto?” Hirsch argues that the second ghetto, which lasted from 1933 to 1968, was distinguished by federal intervention. Government funds sponsored the creation of high-rise public housing in Chicago, a new source of racial segregation in the United States. Hirsch’s thesis does not fully account for continuing racial segregation in private housing.
Revisiting The Second Ghetto
Authors: Sugrue Thomas J.
Published: April 2003

Arnold Hirsch’s Making the Second Ghetto, published in 1983, responded to the ghettoization school of African American urban history but simultaneously provided an agenda for more recent histories of race relations, white identity, civil rights, and grassroots politics. Making the Second Ghetto shared the pessimism of earlier studies of the “ghetto” but challenged the notions of a timeless, enduring racism in American life. Hirsch anticipated many of the major themes of the new scholarship on whiteness by focusing on the contingent and contested nature of white identity. By turning attention to the understudied realm of local politics, Hirsch set an agenda for twentieth-century historians who integrate social and political histories. Finally, Hirsch offered a rigorous historical framework for examining the spatialization of racial inequality in modern urban America.
The Second Ghetto Thesis And The Power Of History
Authors: Mohl Raymond A.
Published: April 2003

This article discusses the work of historian Arnold R. Hirsch, author of Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (1983). The second ghetto thesis emphasizes the role of government policy and decision making, especially public housing location and urban renewal, in triggering racial transitions of formerly white neighborhoods and, subsequently, in concentrating and containing African Americans in these newer, “second” ghettos. The article also demonstrates the applicability, with some variations, of the second ghetto thesis to the housing history of Miami, Florida. The article concludes by discussing the relevance of the second ghetto thesis for contemporary civil rights litigation.
The Israeli School Psychologist
Authors: Raviv Amiram , Mashraki-Pedhatzur Sharon , Raviv Alona , Erhard Rachel
Published: April 2003

This study investigated the role perception and level of job satisfaction of Israeli school psychologists. A total of 1113 (873 women and 240 men) school psychologists participated in the study. Each participant was asked to fill out a questionnaire addressing four central aspects of the school psychologist's job: personal and professional background information, information regarding their job performance, preferred activities and further education preferences and information regarding the level of satisfaction from different aspects of the job. The questioning of most of the school psychologists in Israel allowed us to achieve a complete sense of what the school psychologists do and how they experience their job. Our findings showed that most Israeli school psychologists wish to practice as clinicians and prefer to spend most of their time working with children in individual therapy, counselling their parents, and to a certain extent, consulting teachers. However, both job perception and satisfaction were found to vary as a function of level of expertise.
Perceived Domain-Specific Competence and Global Self-Worth of Primary Students in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan David W
Published: April 2003

Self-evaluations on five specific domains of competence or adequacies and on global self-worth were assessed in a sample of 151 Hong Kong Chinese boys and girls (grade 3 to 6) using the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC). Although self-perceptions on the five domains of Scholastic Competence, Social Acceptance, Athletic Competence, Physical Appearance, and Behavioural Conduct could be regarded as articulated and differentiated, these domains did not emerge as independent dimensions of self-evaluations. Hong Kong Chinese children appeared to associate school performance with behavioural conduct, and athletic prowess with physical appearance. Evaluation of the indexes representing the manner in which different specific domains of competence were integrated into global self-worth suggested that the independent assessment of global self-esteem was justified. The use of the SPPC with Chinese children and cross-cultural comparisons are discussed.
A Conceptual Framework of the Evolution of School Psychology
Authors: Hatzichristou Chryse
Published: April 2003

A conceptual framework is presented for exploring the evolution of school psychology in different countries. The proposed integrative framework provides a synthesis and expands transnational considerations of the following basic domains: (1) role and specialty definition-professional practice; (2) legal issues: (a) state and federal/ national laws and statutes impactingpsychology, education and provision of services and (b) certification/licensure; (3) education/preparation, accreditation; (4) scientific and professional associations; (5) scientific foundation for practice and (6) professional identity. The six interrelated domains described in this conceptual framework are examined in light of the evolution of school psychology in two countries that differ considerably in their educational and cultural systems-the USA and Greece. The framework attempts to provide guidelines leading to a deeper understanding of the evolving common phases across interrelated domains at a transnational level. Future perspectives are discussed combining innovative perspectives and insightful crosscultural professional considerations.
The Relationship between Student Behaviour Patterns and Teacher Burnout
Authors: Hastings Richard P. , Bham Mohammed S.
Published: April 2003

A wide range of factors have been proposed as antecedents of burnout in teachers, including student behaviour in the classroom. Several studies have shown associations between student misbehaviour and teacher burnout. However, researchers have rarely incorporated a direct measure of teachers' perceptions of student behaviour in their own classroom. The main aims of the present study of 100 British primary school teachers were: (a) to explore the properties of a measure of student behaviour in the classroom (the Pupil Behaviour Patterns scale PBP; Friedman, 1995) and (b) to test the prediction of burnout dimensions from dimensions of student behaviour assessed by the PBP. An exploratory factor analysis confirmed the PBP domains of disrespectful behaviour, sociability and attentiveness. Furthermore, reliability analyses supported the internal consistency of the scales. Regression analysis of teacher burnout showed differential prediction by PBP sub-domains: disrespect predicted emotional exhaustion and depersonalization burnout, and lack of sociability predicted depersonalization and personal accomplishment burnout. Methodological problems are discussed along with suggestions for future theoretical and empirical development. In particular, we focus on the potential role of psychological variables such as teacher self-efficacy and coping strategies in explaining how teacher well-being is affected by student behaviour in the classroom.
The Theory of the Market Economy and the Social Foundations of Innovative Enterprise
Authors: Lazonick William
Published: April 2003

The author argues that the theory of the market economy propounded by western economists is more a hindrance than a help in understanding the difficult economic problems that nations, both rich and poor, now face. The fundamental problem is that western economists who propound the theory of the market economy - including those who recognize that markets often work `imperfectly' or `faill'-lack a theory of economic development that can explain the successful growth of the wealthy economies. The author argues further that a theory of economic development must be rooted in a theory of innov,ative enterprise. Lacking such a theory, `market' economists tend to see developed markets in labour, capital and products as cauuses rather than consequences of economic development. The 'market economy' is, of course, a very real phenomenon with great economic and political advantages if it can be achieved and controlled. But, in reality, well-functioning markets are much more the consequences than the causes of economic development. To reap the advantages of a 'market economy', a society must first put in place the organizations and institutions that generate the innovative capabilities that underpin economic development and that make possible the emergence of wellfunctioning markets in capital, labour and products. With these capabilities and markets in place, a society can then turn to the ongoing tasks of promoting the innovation process and controlling the operation of markets to achieve stable and equitable economic growth. Understanding the social foundations of innovative enterprise is, the author argues, critical to the formulation of policies to achieve this end.
Schemata As Moderators of Clinical Effectiveness of a Comprehensive Cognitive Behavioral Program for Patients with Depression Or Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Halford W. Kim , Bernoth-Doolan Sharenne , Eadie Kathy
Published: April 2003

The authors examined the clinical effectiveness of a comprehensive cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) program offered to patients with depression or anxiety disorders. They also tested the prediction, based on Young’s schema-focused approach to therapy, that endorsement of maladaptive cognitive schemata predicts poor response to standard CBT. One hundred thirtyfour consecutive referrals were assessed on a battery of self-report measures at the commencement of the program, and 121 of these patients (90%) completed the program and provided posttreatment data. Two thirds of the patients showed statistically reliable symptom reduction, and half had large effect size (0.8 standard deviations or more) symptom reduction. Contrary to predictions, greater initial endorsement of schemata did not predict poor therapy response. The CBT program was effective for most patients, including patients with high endorsement of maladaptive schemata.
The Maintenance of Behavior Change as an Indicator of Social Validity
Authors: Kennedy Craig H.
Published: April 2003

This article reviews research pertaining to use of social validity and presents a rationale for expanding the conceptualization and use of this construct. It is proposed that the degree to which obtained treatment gains maintain across time within natural contexts be considered as a primary indicator of social validity. Traditional forms of social validation-subjective evaluation and normative comparison are presented as measures that, when used within the framework of maintaining behavior change, form an iterative and heuristic process in which behavior change goals, procedures, and outcomes are altered to increase and/or sustain their social value. Procedural guidelines for research using maintenance as the benchmark of social validity are discussed.