Wearable Masks Integrated with Conducting Polymer and Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for VOC and Breath Monitoring
Authors: Wu Guodong , Du Haishun , Kim Wonhyeong , Cha Yoolim , Zhang Xinyu , Kim Dong-Joo 
Published: August 2024

There has been considerable effort to develop wearable electronics from life-supporting devices for solders to fashion accessories such as smartwatches. The research of gas sensors has also attempted to adapt wearables with the power of nanotechnology. On the wearable platform, miniature gas sensors will provide real-time information about the atmosphere to protect each personnel from possible hazardous chemical attacks. In addition, wearable gas sensors can be facilitated to monitor human’s breath as medical applications. [1] Continuous monitoring of respiratory rate in real-time can act as a crucial benchmark for non-invasively detecting cardiac or arterial vascular function. Anomalies in respiratory rate serve as a significant indicator of a patient's health deterioration. Furthermore, it has been reported that aberrations in respiratory rate, as a physiological parameter, can be utilized to monitor common COVID-19 symptoms [2]. The analysis of breath through identifying biomarkers in exhaled breath proves to be an effective method for assessing metabolic disorders or dysfunctions in the human body. Conducting polymers (CPs) have generated significant interest in constructing flexible gas sensors. The inherent issue with pure CPs lies in their tendency to deprotonate in the presence of air, leading to a notable decline in long-term stability. Furthermore, limited gas response on diverse gaseous species demands the exploration of hybridizing CPs and other nanomaterials. When nanomaterials are hybridized with CPs, a synergistic effect, which comes from the benefits of each material, can improve sensing performance.

In this study, polyaniline (PANI) conducting polymer and carbon-based nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, or MXene were synthesized in a composite form and deposited into disposable masks. The developed gas sensor demonstrates remarkable stability attributed to the presence of van der Waals forces and π–π interactions between carbon-based nanomaterials and polyaniline (PANI). This stability is crucial for its reliable performance over time. The sensor's sensitivity is notably improved due to enhanced charge transfer channels and a porous structure that facilitates the adsorption of target gas. Additionally, the composite sensors detect breathing patterns in real-time, which demonstrates noninvasive human breath monitoring. A noteworthy aspect is that a significant portion of breath signals originates from the presence of target gases and moisture in exhaled breath. Although volatile sulfur compounds, CO2, and volatile organic compounds in the exhaled breath have a minimal influence on the sensing signals, the sensor remains highly responsive to the key components, particularly target gas by selecting carbon-based nanomaterials [3, 4]. The proposed gas sensing mechanism of the CP-based composites is discussed.

References

[1] Patel, S., Park, H., Bonato, P., Chan, L., & Rodgers, M. (2012). A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 9(1), 21.

[2] Liu, Y., Shukla, D., Newman, H., Zhu, Y. (2021). Soft wearable sensors for monitoring symptoms of COVID-19: A review. Progress in Biomedical Engineering 2022, 4(1), 012001.

[3] Wu, G., Du H, Cha, Y. L., Lee, D., Kim, W., Feyzbar-Khalkhali-Nejad, F., Oh, T.-S., Zhang, X., Kim, D.-J. (2023). A wearable mask sensor based on polyaniline/CNT nanocomposites for monitoring ammonia gas and human breathing. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 375, 132858.

[4] Wu, G., Du H, Lee, D., Cha, Y. L., Kim, W., Zhang, X., Kim, D.-J. (2022). Polyaniline/Graphene-Functionalized Flexible Waste Mask Sensors for Ammonia and Volatile Sulfur Compound Monitoring. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14(50), 56056-56064.