bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Screening of FxxLF-Like Peptide Motifs Identifies SMARCD1/BAF60a as an Androgen Receptor Cofactor that Modulates TMPRSS2 Expression
Authors: van de Wijngaart Dennis J. , Dubbink Hendrikus J. , Molier Michel , de Vos Carola , Trapman Jan , Jenster Guido
Published: September 2009

Androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity is tightly regulated by interacting cofactors and cofactor complexes. The best described cofactor interaction site in the AR is the hormone-induced coactivator binding groove in the ligand-binding domain, which serves as a high-affinity docking site for FxxLF-like motifs. This study aimed at identifying novel AR cofactors by in silico selection and functional screening of FxxLF-like peptide motifs. Candidate interacting motifs were selected from a proteome-wide screening and from a supervised screening focusing on components of protein complexes involved in transcriptional regulation. Of the 104 peptides tested, 12 displayed moderate to strong in vivo hormone-dependent interactions with AR. For three of these, ZBTB16/PLZF, SMARCA4/BRG1, and SMARCD1/BAF60a, the full-length protein was tested for interaction with AR. Of these, BAF60a, a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, displayed hormone-dependent interactions with AR through its FxxFF motif. Vice versa, recruitment of BAF60a by the AR required an intact coactivator groove. BAF60a depletion by small interfering RNA in LNCaP cells demonstrated differential effects on expression of endogenous AR target genes. AR-driven expression of TMPRSS2 was almost completely blocked by BAF60a small interfering RNA. In summary, our data demonstrate that BAF60a directly interacts with the coactivator groove in the AR ligand-binding domain via its FxxFF motif, thereby selectively activating specific AR-driven promoters.
The Mayor of San Juan del Norte? Nicaragua, Martin Delany, and the “Cotton” Americans
Authors: Mattox Jake
Published: September 2009

According to his 1868 biography, in 1852 Martin Delany had been elected mayor of the Nicaraguan town of San Juan del Norte, a port attracting gold rush travelers, international capitalists, canal engineers, Miskito Indians, free African Americans, and British subjects. This claim was especially notable because Delany, the African American doctor, antislavery lecturer, journalist, and author, had never set foot in Central America. Mattox's essay examines archival accounts of the actual election that took place in San Juan del Norte, including items in the African American press; in the election, a “native and colored party” opposed the “Cotton” party, which included Anglo-Americans from the U.S. South. Mattox reads these accounts in context with addresses Delany gave on the topic of emigration and with two of his major published works: his multigenre The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States (1852) and his serially published novel of circum-Caribbean slave insurrection, Blake (1859, 1861–62). Mattox argues that in an antebellum era marked by struggles over the rights of black Americans and by growing U.S. hemispheric claims, the attention of Delany and others in the United States to Nicaragua, a globally crucial location of transit, encompasses both the multiple ideologies of mobility and an expansive and contested definition of American nationality and citizenship.
“Geographical Morality”: Place and the Problem of Patriotism in John W. De Forest's Civil War Realism
Authors: LeMenager Stephanie
Published: September 2009

John William De Forest's Miss Ravenel's Conversion from Secession to Loyalty was written from 1864 to 1867, when Reconstruction still had a chance of changing the face of American reality. It could be called the only U.S. realist novel that reports to us from within this moment of tremendous potential, an imaginative hiatus between the Civil War's derealization of the national culture and the post-Reconstruction emergence of a powerful nation-state. The novel foreshadows contemporary debates about cultural nationalism versus liberal, rights-based citizenship as it works through compelling counternarratives to constitutional patriotism, models of local attachment that De Forest recognizes as the political sensibility of “geographical morality.” Geographical morality implies allegiance to a prediscursive and so-called natural state whose limits are set by climate and human biology. Like Walt Whitman, who was also fascinated by the erotics of patriotism, De Forest explores the durability of local passions, of sectionalism and sex, in the face of constitutional idealism, the Unionism that became the hegemonic feeling-state decided by the Civil War. Through discussion of Miss Ravenel alongside Whitman's Specimen Days and De Forest's short fiction, essays, and later novels, this essay explores the larger question of how literature has attempted to make the “social passion” of patriotism available to the senses.
Disappeared Men: Chicana/o Authenticity and the American War in Viet Nam
Authors: Cutler John Alba
Published: September 2009

Although Chicanos died in the American war in Viet Nam in disproportionate numbers, they do not figure significantly into well-known literary accounts of the war. Nor do Chicana/o narratives of the war begin to appear in substantial numbers until the 1990s, two decades after the war ended. This gap results in part from familiar ethnocentrism in publishing and in part from a deleterious formulation of masculine authenticity in Chicano nationalist texts, which favored representations of aggressive Chicano protestors over those of ambivalent Chicano soldiers. In contrast to the masculine bravado of Oscar Zeta Acosta's Revolt of the Cockroach People (1975), for example, Alfredo Véa's 1998 novel Gods Go Begging demonstrates the tension between the warrior male ideal of Chicano nationalism and the divided loyalties of Chicano soldiers. Gods Go Begging also continues a tradition in Chicano Viet Nam war literature of analogizing Chicanos and Vietnamese revolutionaries, a potentially radical kinship undercut by the material realities of national and cultural loyalties. Patricia Santana's 2002 novel Motorcycle Ride on the Sea of Tranquility suggests the centrality of the war for a rising generation of Chicana activists, highlighting how the absence of young men from Mexican families laid bare the gender dynamics of family life. Véa's and Santana's novels revise familiar narratives of the Chicana/o movement, calling attention not to the way the movement was parochial and sexist, an oversimplification, but rather to how problems of gender and ethnic authenticity have complicated the movement from the beginning.
Weighted faces of Poisson hyperplane tessellations
Authors: Schneider Rolf
Published: September 2009

We study lower-dimensional volume-weighted typical faces of a stationary Poisson hyperplane tessellation in d-dimensional Euclidean space. After showing how their distribution can be derived from that of the zero cell, we obtain sharp lower and upper bounds for the expected vertex number of the volume-weighted typical k-face (k=2,…,d). The bounds are respectively attained by parallel mosaics and by isotropic tessellations. We conclude with a remark on expected face numbers and expected intrinsic volumes of the zero cell.
Selective sweep and the size of the hitchhiking set
Authors: Leocard Stephanie
Published: September 2009

Just after the fixation of an advantageous allele in the population (this spread is called a selective sweep), the neutral genes close to the site under selection tend to have the same ancestor as the gene under selection. However, some recombinations may occur during the selective sweep and break the link, which reduces the number of hitchhiking alleles. We consider a large selection coefficient α and extend the results of Etheridge, Pfaffelhuber and Wakolbinger (2006) and the work of Pfaffelhuber and Studeny (2007) about genetic hitchhiking, where the recombination rate scales with α/log α. We first describe the genealogy at an arbitrary number of partially linked neutral loci, with an order of accuracy ofin total variation. Then, we use this framework to obtain an approximate distribution for the size of the hitchhiking set at the end of the selective sweep, with the same accuracy.
Aggregation of rapidly varying risks and asymptotic independence
Authors: Mitra Abhimanyu , Resnick Sidney I.
Published: September 2009

We study the tail behavior of the distribution of the sum of asymptotically independent risks whose marginal distributions belong to the maximal domain of attraction of the Gumbel distribution. We impose conditions on the distribution of the risks (X,Y) such that P(X+Y>x) ∼ (constant) P(X>x). With the further assumption of nonnegativity of the risks, the result is extended to more than two risks. We note a sufficient condition for a distribution to belong to both the maximal domain of attraction of the Gumbel distribution and the subexponential class. We provide examples of distributions which satisfy our assumptions. The examples include cases where the marginal distributions ofXandYare subexponential and also cases where they are not. In addition, the asymptotic behavior of linear combinations of such risks with positive coefficients is explored, leading to an approximate solution of an optimization problem which is applied to portfolio design.
A central limit theorem, and related results, for a two-color randomly reinforced urn
Authors: Aletti Giacomo , May Caterina , Secchi Piercesare
Published: September 2009

We prove a central limit theorem for the sequence of random compositions of a two-color randomly reinforced urn. As a consequence, we are able to show that the distribution of the urn limit composition has no point masses.
Large deviations for the leaves in some random trees
Authors: Bryc Wlodek , Minda David , Sethuraman Sunder
Published: September 2009

Large deviation principles and related results are given for a class of Markov chains associated to the ‘leaves' in random recursive trees and preferential attachment random graphs, as well as the ‘cherries’ in Yule trees. In particular, the method of proof, combining analytic and Dupuis–Ellis-type path arguments, allows for an explicit computation of the large deviation pressure.
Integrating Volatility Clustering Into Exponential Lévy Models
Authors: Bender Christian , Marquardt Tina
Published: September 2009

We introduce a class of stock models that interpolates between exponential Lévy models based on Brownian subordination and certain stochastic volatility models with Lévy-driven volatility, such as the Barndorff-Nielsen–Shephard model. The driving process in our model is a Brownian motion subordinated to a business time which is obtained by convolution of a Lévy subordinator with a deterministic kernel. We motivate several choices of the kernel that lead to volatility clusters while maintaining the sudden extreme movements of the stock. Moreover, we discuss some statistical and path properties of the models, prove absence of arbitrage and incompleteness, and explain how to price vanilla options by simulation and fast Fourier transform methods.
Asymptotics of Implied Volatility far from Maturity
Authors: Tehranchi Michael R.
Published: September 2009

This note explores the behaviour of the implied volatility of a European call option far from maturity. Asymptotic formulae are derived with precise control over the error terms. The connection between the asymptotic implied volatility and the cumulant generating function of the logarithm of the underlying stock price is discussed in detail and illustrated by examples.
On the Height and Length of the Ancestral Recombination Graph
Authors: Pardoux Etienne , Salamat Majid
Published: September 2009

The goal of this paper is to provide formulae for the expectation and variance of the height and length of the ancestral recombination graph (ARG). While the formula for the expectation of the height is known (see, e.g. Krone and Neuhauser (1997)), the other formulae seem to be new. We obtain in particular (see Theorem 4.1) a very simple formula which expresses the expectation of the length of the ARG as a linear combination of the expectations of both the length of the coalescent tree and the height of the ARG. Finally, we study the speed at which the ARG comes down from infinity.
Local Limit Approximations for Markov Population Processes
Authors: Socoll Sanda N. , Barbour A.D.
Published: September 2009

In this paper we are concerned with the equilibrium distribution ∏nof thenth element in a sequence of continuous-time density-dependent Markov processes on the integers. Under a (2+α)th moment condition on the jump distributions, we establish a bound of order O(n-(α+1)/2√logn) on the difference between the point probabilities of ∏nand those of a translated Poisson distribution with the same variance. Except for the factor √logn, the result is as good as could be obtained in the simpler setting of sums of independent, integer-valued random variables. Our arguments are based on the Stein-Chen method and coupling.
The Stationary Distributions of Two Classes of Reflected Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Processes
Authors: Xing Xiaoyu , Zhang Wei , Wang Yongjin
Published: September 2009

In this paper we consider two classes of reflected Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) processes: the reflected OU process with jumps and the Markov-modulated reflected OU process. We prove that their stationary distributions exist. Furthermore, for the jump reflected OU process, the Laplace transform (LT) of the stationary distribution is given. As for the Markov-modulated reflected OU process, we derive an equation satisfied by the LT of the stationary distribution.
Importance Sampling for Failure Probabilities in Computing and Data Transmission
Authors: Asmussen Søren
Published: September 2009

In this paper we study efficient simulation algorithms for estimating P(X›x), whereXis the total time of a job with ideal time T that needs to be restarted after a failure. The main tool is importance sampling, where a good importance distribution is identified via an asymptotic description of the conditional distribution ofTgivenX›x. IfT≡tis constant, the problem reduces to the efficient simulation of geometric sums, and a standard algorithm involving a Cramér-type root, γ(t), is available. However, we also discuss an algorithm that avoids finding the root. IfTis random, particular attention is given toThaving either a gamma-like tail or a regularly varying tail, and to failures at Poisson times. Different types of conditional limit occur, in particular exponentially tilted Gumbel distributions and Pareto distributions. The algorithms based upon importance distributions forTusing these asymptotic descriptions have bounded relative error asx→∞ when combined with the ideas used for a fixedt. Nevertheless, we give examples of algorithms carefully designed to enjoy bounded relative error that may provide little or no asymptotic improvement over crude Monte Carlo simulation when the computational effort is taken into account. To resolve this problem, an alternative algorithm using two-sided Lundberg bounds is suggested.
Double Kernel Estimation of Sensitivities
Authors: Elie Romuald
Published: September 2009

In this paper we address the general issue of estimating the sensitivity of the expectation of a random variable with respect to a parameter characterizing its evolution. In finance, for example, the sensitivities of the price of a contingent claim are called the Greeks. A new way of estimating the Greeks has recently been introduced in Elie, Fermanian and Touzi (2007) through a randomization of the parameter of interest combined with nonparametric estimation techniques. In this paper we study another type of estimator that turns out to be closely related to the score function, which is well known to be the optimal Greek weight. This estimator relies on the use of two distinct kernel functions and the main interest of this paper is to provide its asymptotic properties. Under a slightly more stringent condition, its rate of convergence is the same as the one of the estimator introduced in Elie, Fermanian and Touzi (2007) and outperforms the finite differences estimator. In addition to the technical interest of the proofs, this result is very encouraging in the dynamic of creating new types of estimator for the sensitivities.
Limit Theorems for Random Triangular URN Schemes
Authors: Aguech Rafik
Published: September 2009

In this paper we study a generalized Pólya urn with balls of two colors and a random triangular replacement matrix. We extend some results of Janson (2004), (2005) to the case where the largest eigenvalue of the mean of the replacement matrix is not in the dominant class. Using some useful martingales and the embedding method introduced in Athreya and Karlin (1968), we describe the asymptotic composition of the urn after thenth draw, for largen.
Bounds on Variances of Lifetimes of Coherent and Mixed Systems
Authors: Jasiński Krzysztof , Navarro Jorge , Rychlik Tomasz
Published: September 2009

We consider coherent and mixed reliability systems composed of elements with independent and identically distributed lifetimes. We present upper bounds on variances of system lifetimes, expressed in terms of variances of single components. We also discuss attainability conditions and some special cases and examples.
Asymptotics of Iterated Branching Processes
Authors: Piau Didier
Published: September 2009

Gaweł and Kimmel (1996) introduced and studied iterated Galton–Watson processes, (Xn)n≥0, possibly with thinning, as models of the number of repeats of DNA triplets during some genetic disorders. Our main results are the following. If the process indeed involves some thinning then extinction, {Xn→0}, and explosion, {Xn→∞}, can have positive probability simultaneously. If the underlying (simple) Galton–Watson process is nondecreasing with mean m then, conditionally on explosion, the ratios (log Xn+1)/Xn converge to logm almost surely. This simplifies the arguments of Gaweł and Kimmel, and confirms and extends a conjecture of Pakes (2003).
Developmental switch in NF-κB signalling required for neurite growth
Authors: Gavaldà Núria , Gutierrez Humberto , Davies Alun M.
Published: September 2009

For a given cell type, particular extracellular signals generate characteristic patterns of activity in intracellular signalling networks that lead to distinctive cell-type specific responses. Here, we report the first known occurrence of a developmental switch in the intracellular signalling network required for an identical cellular response to the same extracellular signal in the same cell type. We show that although NF-κB signalling is required for BDNF-promoted neurite growth from both foetal and postnatal mouse sensory neurons, there is a developmental switch between these stages in the NF-κB activation mechanism and the phosphorylation status of the p65 NF-κB subunit required for neurite growth. Shortly before birth, BDNF activates NF-κB by an atypical mechanism that involves tyrosine phosphorylation of IκBα by Src family kinases, and dephosphorylates p65 at serine 536. Immediately after birth, BDNF-independent constitutive activation of NF-κB signalling by serine phosphorylation of IκBα and constitutive dephosphorylation of p65 at serine 536 are required for BDNF-promoted neurite growth. This abrupt developmental switch in NF-κB signalling in a highly differentiated cell type illustrates an unsuspected plasticity in signalling networks in the generation of identical cellular responses to the same extracellular signal.
Akt-dependent Pp2a activity is required for epidermal barrier formation during late embryonic development
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Ryan F. L. , Welti Jonathan C. , Sully Katherine , Byrne Carolyn
Published: September 2009

Acquisition of epidermal barrier function occurs late in mouse gestation. Several days before birth a wave of barrier acquisition sweeps across murine fetal skin, converging on dorsal and ventral midlines. We investigated the molecular pathways active during epidermal barrier formation. Akt signaling increased as the barrier wave crossed epidermis and Jun was transiently dephosphorylated. Inhibitor experiments on embryonic explants showed that the dephosphorylation of Jun was dependent on both Akt and protein phosphatase 2A(Pp2a). Inhibition of Pp2a and Akt signaling also caused defects in epidermal barrier formation. These data are compatible with a model for developmental barrier acquisition mediated by Pp2a regulation of Jun dephosphorylation,downstream of Akt signaling. Support for this model was provided by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Ppp2r2a (Pr55α or B55α), a regulatory subunit of Pp2a expressed in an Akt-dependent manner in epidermis during barrier formation. Ppp2r2a reduction caused significant increase in Jun phosphorylation and interfered with the acquisition of barrier function, with barrier acquisition being restored by inhibition of Jun phosphorylation. Our data provide strong evidence that Ppp2r2a is a regulatory subunit of Pp2a that targets this phosphatase to Jun, and that Pp2a action is necessary for barrier formation. We therefore describe a novel Akt-dependent Pp2a activity that acts at least partly through Jun to affect initial barrier formation during late embryonic epidermal development.
‘There are too many of us to fix.’ Patients’ views of acceptable waiting times for hip and knee replacement
Authors: Conner-Spady Barbara , Sanmartin Claudia , Johnston Geoffrey , McGurran John , Kehler Melissa , Noseworthy Tom
Published: September 2009

Objectives:

To assess patients’ views of maximum acceptable waiting times (MAWT) for hip and knee replacement, associated factors and the accuracy of self-reported waiting times.

Methods:

We mailed 1000 questionnaires each to two random samples of patients either waiting for or who had received an arthroplasty within the preceding 3-12 months. We used linear regression to assess the determinants of patient MAWT, and content analysis to assess reasons for MAWT and ideal waiting time.

Results:

Of the 1330 responses, 1127 had MAWT data. The sample was 57% women; mean age was 70+11 years. Median self-reported and actual waiting time was eight months (Spearman correlation 5 0.70). Median MAWT was four months and ideal waiting time was two months. The most frequent reasons for MAWT were pain, quality of life and needing time to prepare for surgery. A longer MAWT was associated with younger age, group (waiting), a longer self-reported waiting time, better EQ-5D index, an acceptable waiting time, a perception of fairness and a view that others worse off on the list should go ahead.

Conclusions:

Patients’ views of acceptable waiting times are important for a fair process of establishing waiting time benchmarks for joint replacement.
Thematic Analysis and Its Reconceptualization as ‘Saliency Analysis’
Authors: Buetow Stephen
Published: September 2009

Thematic analysis is characteristic of most qualitative research. Themes are groups of codes that recur through being similar or connected to each other in a patterned way. Thematic analysis ignores codes that do not recur yet may nonetheless be important. This paper proposes the concept of ‘saliency analysis’ as an enhancement of thematic analysis. Saliency analysis assesses the degree to which each code recurs, is highly important or both. Codes of high importance are ones that advance understanding or are useful in addressing real world problems, or both. Thus saliency analysis can expose what is non-recurrent but potentially important to the aims of a study.
Popliteal vein compression syndrome: obesity, venous disease and the popliteal connection
Authors: Lane R J , Cuzzilla M L , Harris R A , Phillips M N
Published: September 2009

Objectives

Obesity and venous disease are commonly encountered together. The aetio- logical relationship, however, has not been clear. Popliteal venous compression (PVC) has been encountered both on ultrasound and venographically. In this study, patients with symptoms and/or signs of chronic venous hypertension with PVC were investigated and the relationship to obesity was defined.

Methods

A total of 89 patients were included in the study, of which 49 limbs were classified as having PVC defined as a greater than 90% reduction in the maximum internal diameter (ID) of the popliteal vein (POPV) with knee locking. Forty consecutive limbs with venous disease with no evidence of PVC were used as controls. The body mass index (BMI) of each group was calculated and the clinical symptoms and signs were documented. After the failure of conservative treatment, 30 of the 49 underwent open popliteal decompression.

Results

Patients with PVC were found to have a BMI of 34.6 ± 6.2 compared with 25.3 ± 3.0 of the controls. The POPV ID in the PVC group before and after knee locking changed from 11.7 ± 5.0 to 1.0 ± 2.1 mm, respectively. Postoperatively, the POPV ID before and after knee locking changed from 10.2 ± 2.2 to 9.0 ± 1.5 mm, respectively. At 16.2 ± 12.1 months follow-up, all the major clinical parameters improved at a statistically significant level.

Conclusions

There appears to be a relationship between obesity, chronic venous disease and PVC. POPV compression syndrome may clarify the previously unexplained venous presentations. Surgical decompression provides good results in patients unresponsive to conservative treatment.
Pyoderma gangrenosum; a rare complication of sclerotherapy
Authors: De Felice Elisabeth , Allen Bronwen
Published: September 2009

Pyoderma gangrenosum may develop at sites of minor trauma and in surgical wounds. In susceptible people, even minimal trauma or irritation to the skin can result in the production of pyoderma gangrenosum lesions. This paper reports an unusual case of pyoderma gangrenosum following ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy.
Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Wieser Michael E. , Berglund Michael
Published: September 2009

The latest evaluation of atomic weight determinations and other cognate data has warranted five changes for the standard atomic weights of the elements, A
r(E), from those published previously in the Table of Atomic Weights 2005. The revised standard atomic weight of nickel, A
r(Ni), is 58.6934(4); zinc, A
r(Zn), is 65.38(2); molybdenum, A
r(Mo), is 95.96(2); ytterbium, A
r(Yb), is 173.054(5); and lutetium, A
r(Lu), is 174.9668(1). Standard atomic weight tables abridged to four and five significant figures were also evaluated. The Commission-recommended value for the isotope-amount ratio of n(40Ar)/n(36Ar), which is of importance in geochronology and geochemistry, has been changed to 298.56(31) from 296.03(53) based on new measurements. Atmospheric O2 is recognized as an international measurement standard, along with Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) and Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) carbonate for measurement and reporting of differences in relative oxygen isotope-amount ratios δ(17O) and δ(18O).
Oxygen Fire Hazards in Valve-Integrated Pressure Regulators for Medical Oxygen
Authors: Forsyth Elliot T. , Newton Barry E. , Chiffoleau Gwenael J. A. , Forsyth Brad
Published: September 2009

In recent years, medical oxygen regulators that incorporate a cylinder isolation valve have increased in popularity. These devices, often called valve-integrated pressure regulators (VIPRs), essentially combine several components into one highly compact manifold design, typically including a fill valve, shut-off valve, residual pressure valve, regulator, and relief valve. Combining these components into a single manifold block presents unique oxygen fire hazards that can differ greatly from those found in the stand-alone versions of the components. In order to avoid fires, these hazards must be understood and addressed in the design of the VIPR. This paper presents the most common oxygen fire hazards found in VIPR devices as well as the ASTM analysis and testing methods used to qualify a new design, specifically considering oxygen compatibility of materials, toxicity of combustion products, ignition mechanisms, and reaction effects of a fire.
Long-term benefits of testosterone replacement therapy on angina threshold and atheroma in men
Authors: Mathur Atish , Malkin Christopher , Saeed Basil , Muthusamy R , Jones T Hugh , Channer Kevin
Published: September 2009

The authors and journal apologize for errors in the above paper which appeared in 161 (3) 443–449. On page 444 in the second paragraph under the heading ‘Subjects’ myocardial ischaemia (MI) should read myocardial infarction (MI). On page 448 the two instances of MI should read myocardial ischaemia.
Paternal DNA packaging in spermatozoa: more than the sum of its parts? DNA, histones, protamines and epigenetics
Authors: Miller David , Brinkworth Martin , Iles David
Published: September 2009

Haploid male germ cells package their DNA into a volume that is typically 10% or less that of a somatic cell nucleus. To achieve this remarkable level of compaction, spermatozoa replace most of their histones with smaller, highly basic arginine and (in eutherians) cysteine rich protamines. One reason for such a high level of compaction is that it may help optimise nuclear shape and hence support the gametes' swimming ability for the long journey across the female reproductive tract to the oocyte. Super-compaction of the genome may confer additional protection from the effects of genotoxic factors. However, many species including the human retain a fraction of their chromatin in the more relaxed nucleosomal configuration that appears to run counter to the ergonomic, toroidal and repackaging of sperm DNA. Recent research suggests that the composition of this ‘residual’ nucleosomal compartment, a generally overlooked feature of the male gamete, is far more significant and important than previously thought. In this respect, the transport and incorporation of modified paternal histones by the spermatozoon to the zygote has been demonstrated and indicates another potential paternal effect in the epigenetic reprogramming of the zygote following fertilisation that is independent of imprinting status. In this review, the most recent research into mammalian spermatozoal chromatin composition is discussed alongside evidence for conserved, non-randomly located nucleosomal domains in spermatozoal nuclei, all supporting the hypothesis that the spermatozoon delivers a novel epigenetic signature to the egg that may be crucial for normal development. We also provide some thoughts on why this signature may be required in early embryogenesis.
The role of ‘educated native speakers’ in providing language analysis for the determination of the origin of asylum seekers
Authors: Fraser Helen
Published: September 2009

This paper speaks to a debate which has arisen across various branches of linguistics (see Eades, 2009) regarding the relative levels of responsibility that should be given to (a) qualified linguists with professional expertise in a particular language, and (b) ‘educated native speakers’ of the language, in conducting Language Analysis for the Determination of the regional or social Origin of asylum seekers (LADO). It reviews existing evidence from the phonetic and sociolinguistic literature regarding the reliability of accent judgments by linguists and non-linguists. It argues that, while LADO is a valid form of assistance to offer in the asylum process, careful evaluation of its limitations, in general and in specific cases, is crucial - ,as in other branches of forensic linguistics. The paper concludes by calling for (a) a proper research program to investigate people’s actual abilities in recognising, discriminating and identifying accents under various sociolinguistic conditions; (b) collaboration between LADO agencies and linguists to develop analysis and testing procedures; and (c) a system of accreditation by an independent, international authority for the agencies that carry out LADO.
A response to the UK Position Statement on forensic speaker comparison
Authors: Rose Phil , Morrison Geoffrey Stewart
Published: September 2009

N/A
Análise crítica das recomendações da Associação Americana de Diabetes para doença cardiovascular no diabetes melito
Authors: Santos Ana Luiza Teixeira dos , Weiss Tanara , Duarte Camila Kümmel , Azevedo Mirela J.de , Zelmanovitz Themis
Published: September 2009

A doença cardiovascular (DCV) é a principal causa de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes melito (DM), sendo essencial a intervenção dietética no manejo dessa complicação. O objetivo deste manuscrito foi revisar as evidências científicas que fundamentam as recomendações dietéticas da American Diabetes Association (ADA) para prevenção e tratamento da DCV nos pacientes com DM. As diretrizes da ADA baseiam-se, em sua maioria, em estudos com pacientes com DCV, porém sem DM. Nos pacientes com DM, um aumento na ingestão de peixe e de fibras solúveis são as recomendações dietéticas com benefício comprovado. Embora o DM possa ser considerado um equivalente de DCV estabelecida, a adoção das recomendações dietéticas de pacientes sem DM e com DCV para todos pacientes com DM é questionável - em especial quando são consideradas as peculiaridades da DCV no DM. Ensaios clínicos aleatorizados em pacientes com DM deverão fundamentar melhor os benefícios das intervenções dietéticas sobre a DCV.
O efeito da restrição calórica na longevidade
Authors: Genaro Patrícia de Souza , Sarkis Karin Sedó , Martini Ligia Araújo
Published: September 2009

A restrição calórica (RC) é uma das formas de intervenção nutricional mais amplamente discutida para se estender o tempo de vida em uma variedade de espécies, inclusive seres humanos. A RC parece reduzir a incidência de doenças relacionadas à idade. O mecanismo clássico que poderia explicar o efeito do consumo calórico no envelhecimento está relacionado à redução da gordura corporal e à sinalização da insulina, somada às espécies reativas de oxigênio produzidas durante a respiração que causam danos oxidativos ao DNA e ao RNA das células, promovendo o processo de envelhecimento e o aumento do risco de doenças. No entanto, o efeito da RC na longevidade em humanos ainda não está bem estabelecido e mais estudos são necessários para que os mecanismos celulares e moleculares responsáveis pelos efeitos terapêuticos da restrição calórica sejam elucidados. Além disso, é necessário diferenciar os efeitos benéficos da restrição calórica daqueles relacionados a hábitos alimentares saudáveis.
Nomenclatura de intervenções de enfermagem para clínica médica de um hospital escola
Authors: Lima Cláudia de Lourdes Henriques de , Nóbrega Maria Miriam Lima da
Published: September 2009

Estudo exploratório-descritivo desenvolvido com o objetivo de construir afirmativas de intervenções de enfermagem, tendo como base o Banco de Termos da Linguagem Especial de Enfermagem, a Nomenclatura de Diagnósticos de Enfermagem da Clínica Médica e o Modelo de Sete Eixos da CIPE®. As afirmativas construídas foram submetidas a um processo de validação, considerando-se como validadas quando alcançaram um índice de concordância > 0,80, por enfermeiros que atuam na referida clínica, e que concordaram em participar do estudo. Espera-se que o uso desta nomenclatura, enquanto instrumento tecnológico, permita o emprego do raciocínio clínico, a individualização da assistência e, conseqüentemente, impulsione os enfermeiros a questionar e modificar sua atuação profissional na assistência, na gestão, no ensino e na pesquisa.
Desempenho da atenção básica no controle da tuberculose
Authors: Figueiredo Tânia Maria Ribeiro Monteiro de , Villa Tereza Cristina Scatena , Scatena Lúcia Marina , Cardozo Gonzales Roxana Isabel , Ruffino-Netto Antonio , Nogueira Jordana de Almeida , Oliveira Arleusson Ricarte de , Almeida Sandra Aparecida de
Published: September 2009

OBJETIVO: Analisar o acesso ao tratamento para tuberculose em serviços de saúde vinculados ao Programa Saúde da Família e em ambulatório de referência. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo do tipo inquérito descritivo, em 2007, com 106 pacientes que receberam tratamento para tuberculose no período de julho/2006 a agosto/2007 em Campina Grande, PB, vinculados ao Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) e em ambulatório de referência. Para avaliação de serviços de saúde, foi utilizado o instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool, validado e adaptado para atenção à tuberculose no Brasil. As principais variáveis analisadas se referiam a locomoção e distância ao serviço e supervisão dos doentes. RESULTADOS: Dos 106 doentes, 83,9% realizaram tratamento auto-administrado e 16,0% tratamento supervisionado. Os indicadores das unidades PSF e ambulatório de referência, considerados semelhantes (p>0,05), foram: 65,1% "perder o turno de trabalho para consultar"; 65,0% "utilizar o transporte motorizado"; 50,0% "sempre pagar pelo transporte motorizado" e 69,0% não fazer o "tratamento em unidades de saúde perto do seu domicílio". Os indicadores "utilizar transporte motorizado", "pagar pelo transporte para consultar", "fazer tratamento perto de casa" foram estatisticamente diferentes (p<0,05) entre os serviços. Os coeficientes alfa de Cronbach não padronizados e padronizados foram, respectivamente, 0,7275 e 0,7075, com base nos oito itens do questionário. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de o município ter 85 equipes de PSF, o tratamento supervisionado foi incorporado por poucos. Embora o tratamento da tuberculose seja disponibilizado pelo serviço público de saúde, ainda representa um custo econômico para o paciente em função da necessidade de deslocamento até o serviço de saúde, bem como a perda do turno de trabalho para ser consultado.
Improving node number simulation in soybean
Authors: Streck Nereu Augusto , Paula Gizelli Moiano de , Oliveira Felipe Brendler , Schwantes Ana Paula , Menezes Nilson Lemos de
Published: September 2009

The objective of this study was to improve the simulation of node number in soybean cultivars with determinate stem habits. A nonlinear model considering two approaches to input daily air temperature data (daily mean temperature and daily minimum/maximum air temperatures) was used. The node number on the main stem data of ten soybean cultivars was collected in a three-year field experiment (from 2004/2005 to 2006/2007) at Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Node number was simulated using the Soydev model, which has a nonlinear temperature response function [f(T)]. The f(T) was calculated using two methods: using daily mean air temperature calculated as the arithmetic average among daily minimum and maximum air temperatures (Soydev tmean); and calculating an f(T) using minimum air temperature and other using maximum air temperature and then averaging the two f(T)s (Soydev tmm). Root mean square error (RMSE) and deviations (simulated minus observed) were used as statistics to evaluate the performance of the two versions of Soydev. Simulations of node number in soybean were better with the Soydev tmm version, with a 0.5 to 1.4 node RMSE. Node number can be simulated for several soybean cultivars using only one set of model coefficients, with a 0.8 to 2.4 node RMSE.
Genetic variability of Brazilian rice landraces determined by SSR markers
Authors: Borba Tereza Cristina de Oliveira , Mendes Clistiane dos Anjos , Guimarães Élcio Perpétuo , Brunes Tuliana Oliveira , Fonseca Jaime Roberto , Brondani Rosana Vianello , Brondani Claudio
Published: September 2009

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability of rice (Oryza sativa) landraces collected in Brazilian small farms. Twelve simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers characterized 417 landraces collected in 1986, 1987 and 2003, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The number of landraces with long and thin grain type increased in the evaluated period, probably due to market demand. Based on the molecular data, the genetic variability increased during this period and, as per to the factorial correspondence analysis, most of the accessions were grouped according to the year of collection. The incorporation of modern rice cultivars in landrace cultivation areas and the selection carried out by small farmers are the most probable factors responsible for increasing landrace genetic variability, during the evaluated period. Genotype exchange between farmers, selection practice and local environmental adaptation are able to generate novel adapted allele combinations, which can be used by breeding programs, to reinitiate the process.
In situ and genetic characterization of Gossypium barbadense populations from the states of Pará and Amapá, Brazil
Authors: Almeida Vanessa Cavalcante de , Hoffmann Lúcia Vieira , Yokomizo Gilberto Ken It , Costa Joaquim Nunes da , Giband Marc , Barroso Paulo Augusto Vianna
Published: September 2009

The objective of this work was to characterize the populations of Gossypium barbadense in the states of Amapá and Pará, Brazil. In situ characterization was conducted through interviews with the owners of the plants and environmental observations. Leaf or petal tissue as well as seed samples were collected for genetic characterization by single sequence repeats markers and for storage in germplasm banks, respectively. The plants were maintained in dooryards and used mainly for medical purposes. The genetic analysis showed no heterozygous plants at the loci tested (f = 1), indicating that reproduction occurs mainly through selfing. The total genetic diversity was high (He = 0.39); and a high level of differentiation was observed between cotton plants from the two states (F ST = 0.36). Conventional methods of in situ maintenance of G. barbadense populations are not applicable. The conservation of the genetic variability of populations present in the two states could be achieved through germplasm collection and establishing of ex situ seed banks.
Meta-análise do uso de ácido linoleico conjugado na alimentação de suínos
Authors: Andretta Ines , Lovatto Paulo Alberto , Lehnen Cheila Roberta , Hauschild Luciano , Rossi Carlos Augusto Rigon
Published: September 2009

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma meta-análise da associação do ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) com o desempenho e a qualidade de carcaça e de carne em suínos (Sus scrofa domesticus). A base de dados utilizada contemplou 15 artigos publicados entre 1999 e 2006, e totalizou 216 dietas e 5.223 animais. A meta-análise foi realizada por meio de análises gráficas (para observar coerência biológica dos dados), de correlação (para identificar variáveis correlacionadas) e de variância-covariância. O modelo da análise de variância incluiu apenas as variáveis de carne e carcaça mais correlacionadas com o consumo de CLA pelos animais, além das codificações para os efeitos inter e intra-experimentos. A inclusão do ácido linoleico apresentou correlação negativa com a eficiência alimentar e positiva com o consumo de ração e o ganho de peso dos animais. Não houve alteração do consumo de ração, do ganho de peso e da eficiência alimentar dos suínos. O ácido linoleico conjugado aumentou em 9% o conteúdo de carne magra na carcaça, e seu consumo variou a espessura média de toucinho. O ácido linoleico conjugado aumenta o conteúdo de carne magra e reduz a espessura de toucinho na carcaça, sem influenciar o desempenho e a qualidade da carne em suínos.
Estimativa da área foliar de Cissampelos glaberrima usando dimensões lineares do limbo foliar
Authors: Bianco S. , Pitelli R.A. , Carvalho L.B.
Published: September 2009

Com o objetivo de obter uma equação matemática que, através de parâmetros lineares dimensionais das folhas, permitisse a estimativa da área foliar de Cissampelos glaberrima, estudaram-se relações entre a área foliar real (Sf) e os parâmetros dimensionais do limbo foliar, como o comprimento ao longo da nervura principal (C) e a largura máxima (L) perpendicular à nervura principal. As equações lineares simples, exponenciais e geométricas obtidas podem ser usadas para estimação da área foliar da falsa parreira-brava. Do ponto de vista prático, sugere-se optar pela equação linear simples envolvendo o produto C x L, usando-se a equação de regressão Sf = 0,7878 x (C x L), que equivale a tomar 78,78% do produto entre o comprimento ao longo da nervura principal e a largura máxima, com coeficiente de correlação de 0,9307.
Uma análise crítica da literatura sobre a oferta e a circulação de moeda metálica no Brasil nos séculos XVI e XVII
Authors: Lima Fernando Carlos G. de Cerqueira
Published: September 2009

Este artigo examina os principais fatores determinantes da oferta e da circulação de moeda metálica no Brasil nos séculos XVI e XVII. O objetivo é contribuir para o debate, até hoje pouco explorado, sobre a escassez de moeda no Brasil colonial. O trabalho é dividido em seis seções, além da introdução e considerações finais. A primeira apresenta as principais características do sistema bimetálico então vigente em Portugal e de sua política de desvalorização da unidade de conta. A análise da oferta de moeda no Brasil é desenvolvida nas quatro seções seguintes, destacando o início do processo de monetização, os fluxos de entrada e saída de metais, os impactos da política de cunhagem metropolitana e os episódios de remarcação e cunhagem de moeda no Brasil. Os determinantes do entesouramento são discutidos a seguir. Uma última seção resume os argumentos apresentados ao longo do trabalho.
Caracterização da assembléia fitobentônica da praia do Kutuca, ilha da Marambaia, baía de Sepetiba, RJ, Brasil
Authors: Reis Renata Perpetuo
Published: September 2009

Devido aos potenciais problemas ambientais na baía de Sepetiba, sítios de monitoramento ambiental nesta baía se tornam necessários. A praia do Kutuca foi selecionada para este propósito por possuir dados pretéritos sobre a sua estrutura da comunidade, com coletas realizadas em 1999, que detectou alta diversidade. Durante 21 meses, dezembro de 2003 a julho de 2005, foram coletados 63 táxons (Chlorophyta, 22%; Ochrophyta, 16% e Rhodophyta, 62%). Na amostragem destrutiva, foram usados seis quadrados aleatórios (25×25 cm), colocados em cada uma das duas linhas de 20 m horizontais ao costão. Os resultados de 1999 foram comparados com estes e se observou que a biomassa passou de 490,9±201,2 g.m-2 para 199,57±29,33 g.m-2, a riqueza de 13,0±4,5 para 5,06±1,72, a diversidade H'=2,2±0,41 para H'=1,3±0,39 e a equitabilidade J'= 0,65± 0,06 para J'= 0,55±0,17.Quatro táxons (Sargassum spp., Caulerpa sertularioides (S.G. Gmel.) M. Howe, Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen in Jacquin) J.V. Lamour. e Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J. Agardh) mais representativos contribuíram com 15 a 33% de biomassa, enquanto que em 1999, oito táxons (Caulerpa sertularioides,Dictyopteris delicatula J.V. Lamour., Gracilaria cervicornis, Sargassum spp., Codium taylorii P.C. Silva, Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder, Galaxaura marginata (Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux e Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) Kütz.) contribuíram com 5 a 20% de biomassa. Esses resultados mostraram a existência de distúrbios, provavelmente decorrentes das dragagens para aumento do canal de navegação para o Porto de Sepetiba, além da entrada de frentes meteorológicas. Apesar da avaliação do potencial invasivo da espécie exótica Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex Silva ter sido negativo neste período, se recomenda que o seu monitoramento seja permanente.
Organização estrutural da casca de Persea major Kopp (Lauraceae)
Authors: Maranho Leila Teresinha , Preussler Karla Heloise , Rocha Ledyane Dalgallo
Published: September 2009

O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de contribuir ao conhecimento da estrutura da casca de Persea major Kopp (Lauraceae), espécie nativa da América do Sul. No Brasil, é conhecida, popularmente, como "pau de andrade" e utilizada na cultura tradicional na cicatrização dos ferimentos. A análise da casca foi feita usando microscopia de óptica. A casca se distingue, principalmente, pelo tipo e distribuição dos tecidos esclerenquimáticos e a presença de células oleíferas e mucilaginosas. As características encontradas na estrutura da casca desta espécie mostram grande importância para a identificação e servem como parâmetros no controle de qualidade. Estas células oleíferas e mucilaginosas com uma distribuição restrita nas dicotiledôneas constituem uma característica taxonômica e diagnóstica particularmente valiosa.