bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metamorphosis of English Preparatory Program Instructors as Researchers
Authors: Ballıdağ Sezgin , Dikilitaş Kenan
Published: July 2024

Transformation of the Turkish EFL teachers working at tertiary level as researchers has received relatively little attention in the relevant literature. Furthermore, most studies in the field sought to explain the transformation of the teachers through interventions. Therefore, drawing on the underpinnings of transformative learning theory proposed by Mezirow, this study aims to investigate how the three EFL teachers have changed since starting their research careers. Unlike most of the studies in the literature, this study aims to find out the transformation of the participants as researchers with no specific intervention. This is a qualitative study, and the data were collected online through semi-structured interviews. In order to see if the participants went through the stages suggested by the theory, the recorded interviews was analyzed deductively. The results revealed that despite not following a linear order, the participants pass through all the suggested stages. The participants were found to pass through transformation at distinct stages, and how they changed was presented under the steps of the theory. Overall, this study sheds light on the longitudinal development of researchers initiated by a disruptive event, which is followed by iterative reflections which leads to the feeling of confidence in their researcher identities.
A Fast and robustColor Image Encryption Scheme by Huffman Compression, 5D Chaotic Map and DNA Encoding
Authors: Navaneethan S. , Kalamathipriya G. , Keyasudeen M. S. Mohamed , Parthiban K.
Published: July 2024

In the era of information technology, securing the real-time digital image is the greatest challenge especially colour image. In this paper, a colour image encryption scheme is introduced to secure the image based on compression-then-encryption concept. Theproposed method is a hybrid combination of the Chaos techniques for key generation, Huffman Encoding/compression for compression and avoiding colour decomposition, scrambling for more confusion and DNA Encoding for reducing storage size. In order to enhance security, scrambled data are converted to the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence, make ADD operation and apply the complementary rules to attain the cipher image. Experimental results have been proved as robustness, accurate and high security against attacks, malicious attacks, differential attacks and statistical attacks. Furthermore, results show that the time speed is faster minimum storage space than the existing colour image encryption scheme.
Infective Spondylodiscitis of Unknown Origin in a Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease – Case report
Authors: Patel Jenil ,   Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India,, Patil Maitreya , Nair Vishnu Vikraman , Kundnani Vishal , Chodavadiya Sunil , Ashra Jugal ,   Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India,,   Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India,,   Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India,,   Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India,,   Department of Orthopaedics, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Infective spondylodiscitis, resulting from bacterial or fungal infections in intervertebral discs and adjacent vertebral bodies, poses diagnostic dilemmas due to its rare occurrence and subtle symptomatology. This report underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in navigating the complexities of infective spondylodiscitis, particularly in patients with concomitant chronic kidney disease (CKD). Case Report: A 53-year-old male, 5 years into renal dialysis for CKD, presented with a 3-month history of severe neck pain radiating to both arms, accompanied by tingling sensations. Neurological evaluation revealed weakness and gait imbalance. Laboratory findings indicated elevated serum creatinine, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein. Imaging confirmed vertebral destruction, necessitating a staged treatment plan involving surgical intervention, corpectomy, mesh placement, and fusion. Intraoperative cultures yielded negative results, prompting continued broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy intravenously for 2 weeks, followed by an additional 4 weeks orally. Discussion: The case discussion explores common risk factors for infective spondylodiscitis, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach in patients with immunocompromised conditions, such as CKD. Despite negative cultures, the patient's favorable clinical response and neurological recovery underscore the intricate nature of infectious processes, especially in individuals with underlying health concerns. Conclusion: This case report serves as a poignant reminder of the challenges associated with infective spondylodiscitis in CKD patients on hemodialysis. The classic triad of pain, fever, and neurological deficits should trigger a thorough diagnostic investigation, leveraging advanced imaging techniques for accurate diagnosis. A multidisciplinary approach and regular follow-ups are essential in managing such complex cases, contributing to improved patient outcomes and overall healthcare quality. Keywords: Infective spondylodiscitis, chronic kidney disease, unknown origin, hemodialysis, corpectomy, anterior cervical discectomy with fusion, fusion.
Optimization-based approach for high-fidelity phase retrieval from sparse interferometric data: implications for industry and biological research
Authors: Tayal Shilpa , Kuila Surajit , Khare Kedar , Mehta Dalip Singh
Published: July 2024

Optical profilometers provide a non-contact, non-destructive method for
swiftly profiling 3D surfaces. White light interferometers, often used
for this purpose, employ a 5-phase shifting technique for precise
phase maps. However, capturing multiple frames introduces mechanical
movement, which impedes imaging of dynamic objects. White light’s low
spatial-temporal coherence mitigates speckles and spurious fringes
while offering high axial resolution. Creating a high fringe density
interferogram with low-coherence light is challenging. Introducing a
tilt angle in the interferometer can increase the fringe density,
which is still insufficient for phase map retrieval using the
single-shot Fourier transform method. We propose an adaptive
optimization framework to recover phase maps from single low fringe
density interferograms. This method iteratively extracts reference
beam information, eliminating mechanical movement and enhancing system
stability while reducing costs and system bulkiness. The simulation
and experimental results on a step-phase object (etched on silicon)
and biological MG63 osteosarcoma cells validate the efficacy of a
single-shot optimization scheme. For comparison, the phase maps of the
same objects were obtained using the single-shot Fourier transform and
multi-shot 5-phase shifted methods. The single-shot optimization
technique shows efficient performance, yielding phase maps with
reasonable accuracy, potentially replacing the 5-phase shifting
technique in industrial and biological diagnostics.
Hierarchical agglomerative clustering approach for direct and obstructed link classification in IsOWC systems
Authors: Suman Subhash , Raut Subhradeep , Mishra Jitendra K.
Published: July 2024

A novel. to the best of our knowledge, technique based on hierarchical
agglomerative clustering (HAC) is proposed to classify the direct and
obstructed links in intersatellite optical wireless communication
(IsOWC) systems. Prior to the training phase, an exploratory data
analysis and preprocessing technique are conducted on a dataset
composing 250 instances with four unlabeled input features: relative
intensity noise, propagation distance, pointing error, and insertion
loss. These datasets extract from IsOWC systems utilizing on-off
keying modulation. The HAC technique demonstrates exceptional
performance, achieving a classification accuracy of 92.7%, surpassing
other machine learning techniques. Additionally, the impact of input
feature combinations is discussed in detail using dendrogram plots and
various performance metrics. The results provide valuable insights for
localizing satellite constellations in earth orbit and advancing
global Internet accessibility.
Temporal reflection from short pump pulses inside a dispersive nonlinear medium: the impact of pump parameters
Authors: Zhang Junchi , Donaldson William R. , Agrawal Govind P.
Published: July 2024

We have studied, through a series of experiments and numerical
simulations, how temporal reflection from an intense pump pulse inside
a photonic crystal fiber is affected by parameters of the pump pulse
used to form a moving high-index boundary. We used femtosecond pump
pulses, which slow down inside the fiber as their spectrum red-shifts
because of intrapulse Raman scattering. Temporal reflection of probe
pulses occurs from such decelerating pump pulses. We changed the width
and chirp of our pump pulses with a 4f pulse shaper capable of
providing both spectral filtering and frequency chirping. We found
that temporal refection exhibited novel features, to our knowledge,
when pump pulses were made wider or chirped. In both cases, two or
more reflected pulses were produced at different wavelengths in a
specific range of the initial pump-probe delays. Numerical simulations
reveal that the origin of such novel features is related to the
complex nonlinear evolution of pump pulses inside optical fibers.
The Jaynes–Cummings model: 60 years and still counting
Authors: Larson Jonas , Mavrogordatos Themistoklis , Parkins Scott , Vidiella-Barranco Antonio
Published: July 2024

2023 marked the 60th anniversary of the Jaynes–Cummings model, a foundational model in quantum optics. Over the years, its importance has expanded beyond traditional light–matter interaction systems, such as cavity QED. This special issue presents a collection of articles that showcase the evolution of the model’s applications, blending traditional topics with contemporary developments.
Topologically-protected optical bistability based on two-dimensional photonic crystal L6 nanocavity dimer array
Authors: Yang Yuqing , Zhang Tianyue , Yan Jieyun , Li Peigang , Li Zhitong
Published: July 2024

We numerically investigate the optical bistability from a two-dimensional photonic crystal L6 nanocavity dimer array structure configured under the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model. The localized electric field in the topological edge state is highly enhanced, which gives rise to strong nonlinear phenomena such as optical bistability. In comparison, a topologically trivial nanocavity is also designed and its field strength distribution and optical bistable response are also simulated. In order to test the robustness, three types of defects and interferences are introduced in both the topologically non-trivial and trivial cavities. Benefiting from the topological feature, the proposed topological cavity exhibits superior optical bistable performance with low threshold power and high switching contrast compared to that in the trivial cavity. Our work suggests what we believe to be a novel avenue toward the insertion of optical bistable devices with high robustness into future photonic integrated circuits and photonic neural networks.
Chirally-coupled-ring fibers for arbitrary-order orbital angular momentum mode generation and detection
Authors: Rao Xiongfeng , Yang Li , Qin Suwan , Liu Shuo , Su Jue
Published: July 2024

A novel chirally-coupled-ring fiber (CCRF) is proposed for efficiently generating and detecting arbitrary-order orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in ring-core fibers (RCFs). The CCRF comprises inner and outer cores, N angularly uniformly distributed dielectric rods, and a cladding layer. These rods, twisted along the fiber axis between the cores, introduce angular geometry perturbations to manipulate the core modes. Through meticulous theoretical modeling and systematic analysis grounded in coupled-mode theory, we reveal CCRF eigenmodes carrying spin-entangled OAM, elucidate the mode coupling and power transfer in CCRFs, and present the CCRF design principle. Utilizing the full-vector beam propagation method, we carry out a proof-of-principle experimental system to demonstrate the capability of CCRFs in OAM mode manipulation and their feasibility and superiority in system-level applications. Additionally, we generate OAM modes across a wide range of topological charges from ℓ = −8 to ℓ = 8 using CCRFs, with conversion efficiencies from 92.10% to 99.63% and mode purities from 90.28% to 99.48%. Attributed to a coaxial dual-core structure with core-separated geometry perturbations, CCRFs enable flexible manipulation of arbitrary-order OAM modes without altering core geometry parameters, effectively solving design flexibility and compatibility problems in conventional single-core fiber devices. The proposed CCRF holds great promise for fiber-based OAM applications, especially for RCF-based OAM multiplexing communications.
Polarization splitter-rotator on thin film lithium niobate based on multimode interference
Authors: Wang MengKe , Yao Hao , Deng JiaYao , Hu ZheFeng , Tang TingTing , Chen Kaixin
Published: July 2024

Polarization splitter-rotators (PSRs) are the key elements to realize on-chip polarization manipulation. Current PSRs on thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) rely on sub-micron gaps to realize mode separation, which increases the difficulties of lithography and etching. In this paper, a PSR on TFLN based on multimode interference (MMI) is demonstrated. Mode division is achieved by an MMI-based mode demultiplexer. The minimum feature size of the PSR is 1.5 µm, which can be fabricated with low-priced i-line contact aligners. Experimental results show a polarization extinction ratio (PER) > 16 dB and an insertion loss (IL) < 1.0 dB are achieved in a wavelength range of 1530-1578 nm for TE-polarized light. And a PER > 10.0 dB and an IL <2.1 dB are achieved in a wavelength range of 1530-1569 nm for TM-polarized light. This PSR could find application in the low-cost fabrication of dual-polarization TFLN-integrated photonic devices.
Joint optimization of coded aperture metasurface and residual self-attention network for snapshot full-Stokes imaging
Authors: Xia Huai , Chen Bingliang , Zhang Changwei , Zhu Xi , Wang Chang , Zheng Zhenrong
Published: July 2024

Traditional full-Stokes polarization imaging typically relies on the movements or segmentation of imaging systems, often accompanied by sacrifices in temporal or spatial resolution. Therefore, simultaneous encoding of full-Stokes vectors at the pixel scale is of great significance. Benefiting from the multi-dimensional light field control capability of metasurfaces, a coded aperture metasurface for polarization imaging is proposed in this paper, which can achieve pixel-level encoding of four Stokes vectors in a single imaging session. In addition, a Stokes residual self-attention network is designed to restore the encoded image, where the introduction of a channel-wise self-attention mechanism can effectively address the impact of intensity differences between Stokes vectors. Since the control of polarization states by metasurfaces is a differentiable physical process, the front-end metasurface encoding and back-end recovery network parameters can be jointly optimized, and this work achieves high-quality polarization imaging via such co-optimization methods. The proposed work demonstrates the flexibility and designability of metasurfaces in compact computational full-Stokes imaging systems.
15.5 W, pulsed 630 nm generation based on Raman fiber laser and second-harmonic generation
Authors: Lee Dal Yong , Kim Kyungseung , Lee Chungman , Kim Jongwan , Yoon Changjun , Kim Jinju , Jun Changsu
Published: July 2024

We present a high-power, nanosecond 630 nm beam generation based on Raman conversion and second-harmonic generation (SHG). 116.2 W, single-mode 1080 nm fiber laser based on 10/125 µm optical fiber is used as a pump source for Raman conversion and the 1260 nm seed laser diode helps the amplification of third-order Raman conversion, which results in 63.7 W at 1260 nm with 54.8% Raman conversion efficiency. SHG to 630 nm is based on type-I noncritical phase-matching conditions with bismuth triborate (BIBO) nonlinear crystal. The average power of 630 nm is 15.5 W at a repetition rate of 9.26 MHz, a pulse width of 16.0 ns, and a SHG efficiency of 24.4%. This result can facilitate the generation of a high-power visible light source with good beam quality at a specific wavelength.
Examination of acute spin exercise on GABA levels in aging and stroke: The EASE study protocol
Authors: McGregor Keith M. , Novak Thomas , Nocera Joe R. , Mammino Kevin , Wolf Steven L. , Krishnamurthy Lisa C.
Published: July 2024

Background

Changes in regional levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may indicate the potential for favorable responses to the treatment of stroke affecting the upper extremity. By selectively altering GABA levels during training, we may induce long-term potentiation and adjust excitatory/inhibitory balance (E/I balance). However, the impact of this alteration may be limited by neural damage or aging. Aerobic exercise has been shown to increase GABA levels in the sensorimotor cortex and improve motor learning by widening the dynamic range of E/I balance. The cross-sectional project, Effects of Acute Exercise on Functional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Measures of GABA in Aging and Chronic Stroke (EASE), is designed to assess the functional relevance of changes in GABA concentration within the sensorimotor cortex before and after an acute aerobic exercise session.

Methods/design

EASE will enroll 30 participants comprised of healthy younger adults (18–35 years; n = 10), older adults (60+ years; n = 10), and persons with chronic stroke (n = 10) affecting distal upper extremity function. We will use resting magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure all participants’ GABA levels at rest before and after aerobic exercise. In addition, we will employ functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy using motor skill acquisition and recall tasks in healthy adults. We hypothesize that acute aerobic exercise will increase resting sensorimotor GABA concentration and that higher GABA resting levels will predict better motor learning performance on measures taken both inside and outside the magnet. We also hypothesize that a higher dynamic range of GABA during task-based spectroscopy in healthy adults will predict better motor skill acquisition and recall.

Discussion

The EASE project will evaluate the effect of acute exercise on GABA levels as a biomarker of upper extremity motor skill learning with two populations (aging adults and those with chronic stroke). We predict that acute exercise, higher sensorimotor GABA levels, and broader dynamic range will be related to better motor skill acquisition.
Puzzle Hi-C: An accurate scaffolding software
Authors: Lin Guoliang , Huang Zhiru , Yue Tingsong , Chai Jing , Li Yan , Yang Huimin , Qin Wanting , Yang Guobing , Murphy Robert W. , Zhang Ya-ping , Zhang Zijie , Zhou Wei , Luo Jing
Published: July 2024

High-quality, chromosome-scale genomes are essential for genomic analyses. Analyses, including 3D genomics, epigenetics, and comparative genomics rely on a high-quality genome assembly, which is often accomplished with the assistance of Hi-C data. Curation of genomes reveal that current Hi-C-assisted scaffolding algorithms either generate ordering and orientation errors or fail to assemble high-quality chromosome-level scaffolds. Here, we offer the software Puzzle Hi-C, which uses Hi-C reads to accurately assign contigs or scaffolds to chromosomes. Puzzle Hi-C uses the triangle region instead of the square region to count interactions in a Hi-C heatmap. This strategy dramatically diminishes scaffolding interference caused by long-range interactions. This software also introduces a dynamic, triangle window strategy during assembly. Initially small, the window expands with interactions to produce more effective clustering. Puzzle Hi-C outperforms available scaffolding tools.
EU space security–An 8-Step online discourse analysis to decode hybrid threats
Authors: Reis João
Published: July 2024

Space security has emerged as a concern for the European Union (EU), given that space systems have become integral to ensuring the safety of all European society. This strategy reflects the interaction of geopolitical dynamics and the rising specter of hybrid threats. However, grappling with hybrid threats targeting the EU space presents distinct challenges, primarily owing to their elusive nature. Hence, our objective is to develop practical methodologies to identify and mitigate such threats effectively. To meet this objective, we propose an innovative 8-step process. This approach streamlines the systematic identification and analysis of discourses of hybrid threats within online platforms dedicated to EU space discussions. Our methodology underwent rigorous scrutiny, including a comprehensive literature review that prioritized peer-reviewed manuscripts from sources such as Web of Science and Elsevier Scopus. Additionally, we selected documents from Google Scholar to ensure comprehensive coverage of diverse scholarly contributions, enriching the depth of our analysis. Our research yielded a conceptual framework for Online Discourse Analysis (ODA) tailored to evaluate hybrid threats targeting EU space defense and security. The results highlight the importance of leveraging advanced ODA techniques to deepen our understanding of emerging threats. In conclusion, we advocate for the adoption of these innovative methods to enhance the robustness of EU space defense strategies in the face of evolving security scenarios. The establishment of the 8-step ODA framework marks a pivotal milestone, offering a structured approach to deciphering hybrid threats. Looking ahead, we aim to empirically validate this framework by creating and deploying custom-tailored software designed to identify potential hybrid threats jeopardizing the security of European space assets. Through continued research and practical implementation, we endeavor to fortify the EU’s defenses against emerging threats in the space domain.
Measuring competition in primary care—Evidence from Sweden
Authors: Vengberg Sofie , Fredriksson Mio , Winblad Ulrika , Isaksson David
Published: July 2024

Introduction

In many tax-based healthcare systems, policymakers have introduced reforms that promote provider competition with the intention of improving the quality and efficiency. Healthcare competition is usually defined spatially, with local markets often being identified as a circle around each provider. We argue that existing local market definitions can be improved to better capture actual local markets. For pro-competition reforms to potentially lead to the gains envisioned by policymakers, a crucial condition is the actual emergence of competitive markets. However, limited research has been conducted on competition in primary care markets, despite primary care constituting a vital part of a healthcare system.

Aim

The study aims to contribute to the debate on how to define local markets geographically and to examine provider competition in Swedish primary care.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted using data on all individuals and all primary care providers in Sweden. Local markets were defined as: fixed radius (1 km and 3 km); variable radius; and variable shape—our new local market definition that allows markets to vary in both size and shape. Competition was measured using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index and a count of the number of competitors within the local market.

Results

Fixed radius markets fail to capture variation within and across geographical areas. The variable radius and variable shape markets are similar but do not always identify the same competitors or level of competition. Furthermore, competition levels vary significantly in Swedish primary care. Many providers operate in monopoly markets, whereas others face high competition.

Conclusions

While the variable shape approach has the potential to better capture actual markets and more accurately identify competitors, further analyses are needed. Moreover, Swedish policymakers are advised to decide whether to still pursue competition and if so, take measures to improve local market conditions in monopolies.
Spatial organisation within the earliest evidence of post-built structures in Britain
Authors: Bates Jessica , Milner Nicky , Conneller Chantal , Little Aimée
Published: July 2024

This paper explores tool-using activities undertaken in and around the earliest known evidence of post-built structures in Britain. Microwear results associated with at least three structures identified at the Early Mesolithic site of Star Carr, North Yorkshire, are examined as a means of identifying activity zones associated with the diverse stone tools used to process a variety of materials (e.g. wood, bone, antler, plant, hide, meat, fish). With 341 lithic artefacts analysed, this research represents the first microwear study focused on the post-built structures at Star Carr. A combination of spatial and microwear data has provided different scales of interpretation: from individual tool use to patterns of activity across the three structures. Different types of tool use observed have aided interpretations of possible activity areas where objects were produced and materials were processed. Zones of activity within one of the structures suggest that the working of some materials was more spatially restricted than others; even where there are high densities of flint deposition, spatial patterns in tool-using activity were observed. From this, it is interpreted that social norms and behaviours influenced the spatial organisation of different spaces. Our results demonstrate the importance of combining microwear analysis with GIS to explore function and variability in the use of Mesolithic structures—providing new insights into their role as social spaces.
Amazon tropical fishes of commercial interest show human-cell contamination but no SARS-CoV-2 in a real-life scenario
Authors: de Sá Leitão Carolina Sousa , dos Santos Carlos Henrique dos Anjos , Valente Jefferson , Maia Bernardo , Pereira Rogério Santos , Batista Larissa Matos , Amorim Felipe Guedes , Fé-Gonçalves Luciana Mara , Lacerda Marcus , Almeida-Val Fernando , Val Adalberto Luis
Published: July 2024

Background

Amazonas was one of the most impacted Brazilian states by the COVID-19 pandemic. Mortality rates were high, and the health systems collapsed. It is important to identify possible intermediate reservoirs to avoid animal-to-human contamination. Several tropical fish are of commercial interest and are sold in large open-air markets in the region, representing a large economic and dietary importance.

Objectives

This study aimed to verify if fish species of commercial importance, aerosols, and fish wastewater in local open-air markets, at a major capital city in the western Brazilian Amazon, are contaminated by SARS-CoV-2.

Methods

488 fish, 50 aerosol, and 45 wastewater samples were analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2. The samples were subjected to extraction using the BIOGENE Viral DNA/RNA Extraction kit, and the molecular diagnosis was tested for SARS-CoV-2 using the Bio-Manguinhos SARS-CoV-2 (EDx) Molecular Kit.

Results

It was not possible to detect the virus (Ct≤40, for Gene E) in these samples, however, in 181 samples of fish it was possible to detect the human RP gene (Ct≤35, for the RP Gene), indicating human contact. There was a high number of COVID-19 diagnoses in all city districts in which the samples were collected, showing that SARS-CoV-2 was circulating.

Conclusion

This study indicates that fish of local commercial importance do not carry SARS-CoV-2 viral particles, despite circulation of SARS-CoV-2, and are not an important source of animal-to-human contamination. Despite these results, the human RP gene was found detectable in fish, air, and fish wastewater, showing that such places may carry human pathogens.
Improving the performance of mutation-based evolving artificial neural networks with self-adaptive mutations
Authors: Hiraga Motoaki , Komura Masahiro , Miyamoto Akiharu , Morimoto Daichi , Ohkura Kazuhiro
Published: July 2024

Neuroevolution is a promising approach for designing artificial neural networks using an evolutionary algorithm. Unlike recent trending methods that rely on gradient-based algorithms, neuroevolution can simultaneously evolve the topology and weights of neural networks. In neuroevolution with topological evolution, handling crossover is challenging because of the competing conventions problem. Mutation-based evolving artificial neural network is an alternative topology and weights neuroevolution approach that omits crossover and uses only mutations for genetic variation. This study enhances the performance of mutation-based evolving artificial neural network in two ways. First, the mutation step size controlling the magnitude of the parameter perturbation is automatically adjusted by a self-adaptive mutation mechanism, enabling a balance between exploration and exploitation during the evolution process. Second, the structural mutation probabilities are automatically adjusted depending on the network size, preventing excessive expansion of the topology. The proposed methods are compared with conventional neuroevolution algorithms using locomotion tasks provided in the OpenAI Gym benchmarks. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods with the self-adaptive mutation mechanism can achieve better performance. In addition, the adjustment of structural mutation probabilities can mitigate topological bloat while maintaining performance.
A qualitative investigation of dental internships in Saudi Arabia: Exploring the experiences of dental interns
Authors: Sarhan Mohammed Mahmoud , Alwadi Maram Ali M. , Alzahrani Saleha Ali , Hasubah Saad Mahrous , Alhammad Reem Hussain , Alhussain Ali Muhammed , Qarras Leen Ahmed , Sharbib Shadan Hani
Published: July 2024

Background

For dental graduates, internships are a vital transitional phase that gives them the invaluable opportunity to close the gap between their academic studies and the reality of professional dentistry. Research on dental internships remains limited and most of the existing studies focus on the clinical aspects of dental internships with little attention given to dental interns’ experiences overall. This study aims to bridge this gap in the literature by gaining an in-depth understanding of Saudi dental graduates’ range of experiences as dental interns.

Methods

To achieve the research objective, this study adopted a qualitative approach. Using purposive and snowball sampling, the study recruited 23 dental interns from Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia, who had completed at least nine months of their internship. Data was gathered across three months via diaries and virtual semi-structured interviews based on participants’ preferences. The data was then analysed thematically using an inductive analytical strategy.

Results

The data analysis revealed three major themes and four sub-themes regarding the experiences of dental interns. The core three themes were “activities”, “autonomy” and “transitioning to a balanced life” whereby interns have the time and freedom to explore their interests, rekindle their social lives and focus on self-care, resulting in a better work-life balance.

Conclusion

This study suggests that dental interns will benefit from the retention and strengthening of key internship activities such as research, community work and clinical rotations. Additionally, the experiences of dental interns can be improved by encouraging interns to progress in their clinical training with a high level of autonomy. Also, due to the limited research in this area, further studies are required to improve our understanding of the lived experiences of dental interns and dental internships in general.
Sequencing of Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV) genomes from persons of diverse ethnicities and provenances with KSHV-associated diseases demonstrate multiple infections, novel polymorphisms, and low intra-host variance
Authors: Marshall Vickie A. , Cornejo Castro Elena M. , Goodman Charles A. , Labo Nazzarena , Liu Isabella , Fisher Nicholas C. , Moore Kyle N. , Nair Ananthakrishnan , Immonen Taina , Keele Brandon F. , Polizzotto Mark N. , Uldrick Thomas S. , Mu Yunxiang , Saswat Tanuja , Krug Laurie T. , McBride Kevin M. , Lurain Kathryn , Ramaswami Ramya , Yarchoan Robert , Whitby Denise
Published: July 2024

Recently published near full-length KSHV genomes from a Cameroon Kaposi sarcoma case-control study showed strong evidence of viral recombination and mixed infections, but no sequence variations associated with disease. Using the same methodology, an additional 102 KSHV genomes from 76 individuals with KSHV-associated diseases have been sequenced. Diagnoses comprise all KSHV-associated diseases (KAD): Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), KSHV-associated large cell lymphoma (KSHV-LCL), a type of multicentric Castleman disease (KSHV-MCD), and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). Participants originated from 22 different countries, providing the opportunity to obtain new near full-length sequences of a wide diversity of KSHV genomes. These include near full-length sequence of genomes with KSHV K1 subtypes A, B, C, and F as well as subtype E, for which no full sequence was previously available. High levels of recombination were observed. Fourteen individuals (18%) showed evidence of infection with multiple KSHV variants (from two to four unique genomes). Twenty-six comparisons of sequences, obtained from various sampling sites including PBMC, tissue biopsies, oral fluids, and effusions in the same participants, identified near complete genome conservation between different biological compartments. Polymorphisms were identified in coding and non-coding regions, including indels in the K3 and K15 genes and sequence inversions here reported for the first time. One such polymorphism in KSHV ORF46, specific to the KSHV K1 subtype E2, encoded a mutation in the leucine loop extension of the uracil DNA glycosylase that results in alteration of biochemical functions of this protein. This confirms that KSHV sequence variations can have functional consequences warranting further investigation. This study represents the largest and most diverse analysis of KSHV genome sequences to date among individuals with KAD and provides important new information on global KSHV genomics.
N-glycosylation of viral glycoprotein is a novel determinant for the tropism and virulence of highly pathogenic tick-borne bunyaviruses
Authors: Shimojima Masayuki , Sugimoto Satoko , Taniguchi Satoshi , Maeki Takahiro , Yoshikawa Tomoki , Kurosu Takeshi , Tajima Shigeru , Lim Chang-Kweng , Ebihara Hideki
Published: July 2024

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus, a tick-borne bunyavirus, causes a severe/fatal disease termed SFTS; however, the viral virulence is not fully understood. The viral non-structural protein, NSs, is the sole known virulence factor. NSs disturbs host innate immune responses and an NSs-mutant SFTS virus causes no disease in an SFTS animal model. The present study reports a novel determinant of viral tropism as well as virulence in animal models, within the glycoprotein (GP) of SFTS virus and an SFTS-related tick-borne bunyavirus. Infection with mutant SFTS viruses lacking the N-linked glycosylation of GP resulted in negligible usage of calcium-dependent lectins in cells, less efficient infection, high susceptibility to a neutralizing antibody, low cytokine production in macrophage-like cells, and reduced virulence in Ifnar-/- mice, when compared with wildtype virus. Three SFTS virus-related bunyaviruses had N-glycosylation motifs at similar positions within their GP and a glycan-deficient mutant of Heartland virus showed in vitro and in vivo phenotypes like those of the SFTS virus. Thus, N-linked glycosylation of viral GP is a novel determinant for the tropism and virulence of SFTS virus and of a related virus. These findings will help us understand the process of severe/fatal diseases caused by tick-borne bunyaviruses.
The polarizing politics of breaking’s inclusion in the Olympics
Authors: Ng Jason , Fogarty Mary
Published: July 2024

As nations across the world incorporate breaking into their national sports systems in anticipation of the 2024 Paris Olympic Games, the new dancesport classification has resulted in a number of tensions and possibilities among dancers. The increased support from state governments and commercial sponsors in recent years has noticeably impacted dancers and their prospective careers. While this development has been promising in some countries, a range of disparities has become apparent across the globe, particularly in relation to funding, stipends, salaries, and contracts from state agencies or local DanceSport organizations. This disparity between the global north and south is becoming more pronounced in the lead-up to the Olympics. This creates a contradiction our issue explores: on the one hand, the Olympic opportunity is a sign that breaking is thriving around the world, while on the other, the resources required to participate successfully will, as ever, favour the globally powerful. Furthermore, the articles and statements in this issue seek to situate the Olympic project’s impacts on the dance, particularly in terms of colonizing mindsets, misogyny and unequal power relations more generally.
Social entrepreneurship as cultural intermediation: Negotiating support for breaking in the Olympics from Japan
Authors: Ng Jason
Published: July 2024

With breaking set to debut at the 2024 Paris Olympic Games, apprehensions have emerged around the World DanceSport Federation’s scope of control and representation of the dance. However, some of Japan’s breaking communities have placated these concerns as they hastily organize in anticipation. With the multidimensional appreciation for hip hop in Japan – visible across cultural communities, creative industries, non-governmental organizations, government agencies, small- to medium-sized businesses, global conglomerates and educational institutions – the work of passionate community leaders and cultural intermediaries is critical as ever in navigating institutional interventions in breaking’s Olympic co-option and representation. This article draws on ethnographic research and a series interviews conducted in Japan during 2016–21 to explore the conditions that foster favourable local reception to breaking in the Olympics. Using the case study of b-boy Katsu One – the director of the Japan DanceSport Federation Breaking Division and Japan’s breaking Olympic Coach – this article explores how Japan, an East Asian centre for hip hop globalization, is repositioning breaking as a cultural disruptor within institutional frameworks as the art form enters the world of sport. Katsu’s work highlights the importance of exerting agency between institutions and cultural communities in negotiating new perspectives and prospects for generations to come.
Potential distribution of malaria vectors in Central Vietnam: A MaxEnt modeling approach
Authors: Tam Le Thanh , Thinkhamrop Kavin , Suttiprapa Sutas , Suwannatrai Apiporn T.
Published: July 2024

Background and Aim: In Central Vietnam, Anopheles dirus and Anopheles minimus are the primary malaria vector species. These Anopheles spp.’ distribution and prevalence are determined by environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic conditions. This study aimed to predict the potential distribution of these two Anopheles spp. in this region.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 15 Central Vietnamese provinces. From 2014 to 2018, we utilized An. dirus and An. minimus presence records. Proxy data from the Google Earth Engine platform for the study area, encompassing environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic factors. MaxEnt software predicted the potential environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic suitability of these two Anopheles spp. in Central Vietnam.

Results: The test area under the curve values for An. dirus and An. minimus MaxEnt models averaged 0.801 and 0.806, respectively, showing excellent performance. Minimum air temperature had the greatest impact on the distribution of both species. A negative correlation between precipitation and normalized difference water index influences the occurrence of An. dirus. In the temperature range of 13–19.5°C, An. minimus is most likely to be present, with nighttime light detrimentally influencing its distribution. The Central Highlands region is inhabited by both species, with some presence in North-Central and South-Central Coastal areas.

Conclusion: The importance of temperature in determining the presence of both species is emphasized by our findings, with subtle differences in the temperature-related factors shaping their distributions. The results highlight the need for focused malaria vector control and surveillance initiatives in the study area.

Keywords: Anopheles dirus, Anopheles minimus, Central Vietnam, MaxEnt.
When Perfect Is the Enemy of Good: Results of a RAND Appropriateness Panel on Treat to Target in Asymptomatic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Systrom Hannah K. , Rai Victoria , Singh Siddharth , Baidoo Leonard , Cheifetz Adam S. , Devlin Shane M. , Gecse Krisztina B. , Irving Peter M. , Kaplan Gilaad G. , Kozuch Patricia L. , Ullman Thomas , Sparrow Miles P. , Melmed Gil Y. , Siegel Corey A.
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:

A treat-to-target strategy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) recommends iterative treatment adjustments to achieve clinical and endoscopic remission. In asymptomatic patients with ongoing endoscopic activity, the risk/benefit balance of this approach is unclear, particularly with prior exposure to advanced therapies.

METHODS:

Using the RAND/University of California Los Angeles Appropriateness Method, 9 IBD specialists rated appropriateness of changing therapy in 126 scenarios of asymptomatic patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and active endoscopic disease. Disease extent and behavior, prior treatment, prior complications, and recent disease progression were considered, as were factors that might influence decision-making, including age and pregnancy. Ratings were collected through anonymous survey, discussed at an in-person meeting, and finalized in a second anonymous survey.

RESULTS:

Panelists rated change in therapy as appropriate (i.e., expected benefit sufficiently outweighs potential harms from continuing therapy) in 96/126 scenarios, generally in patients with progressive, complicated, and/or extensive disease, while changing therapy was rated uncertain in 27 scenarios of mild and/or stable disease. Changing therapy was rated inappropriate in ulcerative colitis patients with mild and stable disease previously exposed to ≥3 therapies or with improved endoscopic activity, and in Crohn's disease patients with only scattered aphthous ulcers. The validated threshold for disagreement was not crossed for any scenario. Patient age older than 65 years and a plan for pregnancy in the next year might influence decision-making in some settings.

DISCUSSION:

Appropriateness ratings can help guide clinical decision-making about changing therapy to achieve endoscopic remission in asymptomatic patients with IBD until data from ongoing randomized studies are available.
Mucosal Healing Among Black and White Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Dixit Devika , Ruiz Nicole C. , Shen Steve , Daneshmand Arvin , Rodriguez Vanessa I. , Qian Steve , Neal Dan , Rampertab S. Devi , Zimmermann Ellen M. , Kamel Amir Y.
Published: July 2024

INTRODUCTION:

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Mucosal healing (MH) is a therapeutic goal in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current data suggest that Black patients may experience worse clinical outcomes than White patients with IBD. This study assessed MH between Black and White patients with IBD.

METHODS:

Retrospective analysis was performed on Black and White adults with IBD who were hospitalized for an active flare. The presence of MH was assessed at 6–18 months after hospitalization. IBD treatments received before and during hospitalization, within 6 months, and 6–18 months after discharge were recorded. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were collected at hospitalization and 6–18 months after discharge; the difference was reported as delta CRP.

RESULTS:

One hundred nine patients were followed up after hospitalization. Of those 88 (80.7%) were White patients, and 21 (19.3%) were Black patients. White and Black patients received similar proportions of IBD treatment before (P = 0.2) and during (P = 0.6) hospitalization, within 6 months (P = 0.1), and 6–18 months (P = 0.1) after discharge. Black patients achieved numerically higher rates of MH (15/21 = 71.4% vs 53/88 = 60.2%, P = 0.3) and delta CRP (P = 0.2) than White patients, however, not statistically significant.

DISCUSSION:

In patients admitted to the hospital with an IBD flare with similar treatment and care, there was a trend toward higher rates of MH in Black patients compared with White patients. These data suggest that MH is likely not the only factor that is associated with Black patients experiencing worse clinical outcomes when compared with White patients.
Drug advertising in Brazil
Authors: Stacciarini João Henrique Santana
Published: July 2024

Researchers from various scientific fields have been dedicated to investigating the multiple characteristics of the pharmaceutical sector. Aiming to contribute to this debate and provide a basis for discussion, this study set out to analyze the history and current context of drug advertising in Brazil. Through an extensive collection of data and information, it was noted that the pharmaceutical sector is among the largest investors in marketing in the country. In the last few years, three or four pharmaceutical companies have appeared on the list of the ten biggest advertisers in Brazil, some of which have invested more than R$1 billion in a single year. A brief historical review of pharmaceutical marketing in the country has revealed the presence of several deceptive advertisements since the beginning of the 20th century. These included cases in which harmful substances, such as cocaine, were promoted as remedies for various illnesses and ineffective medicines were presented with unfounded promises of cures for diseases. Nowadays, advertising and marketing strategies have become increasingly complex and sophisticated. Multi-million dollar studies and sponsorships have ensured the insertion of advertising on several platforms, especially television and the Internet. The emergence of digital marketing strategies, driven by improved algorithms, social networks and influencers, along with advertising campaigns that are potentially harmful to public and collective health, highlight a challenging scenario.