bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Developed Optical-Feedback Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer and its Application
Authors: Tan Zhongqi , Long Xingwu
Published: April 2012

A developed spectrometer based on optical-feedback cavity ring-down spectroscopy (OF-CRDS) has been demonstrated with a distributed feedback laser diode and a V-shaped glass ceramic cavity. The laser is coupled to the V-shaped cavity, which creates an absorption path length greater than 2.8 km, and resonance between the laser frequency and the cavity modes is realized by modulating the cavity length instead of tuning the laser wavelength to obtain a higher resolution. A noise-equivalent absorption coefficient of ∼2.6 × 10−8 cm−1Hz−1/2 (1σ) is determined with spectral resolution of ∼0.003 cm−1 and spectral range of 1.2 cm−1. As an application example, the absorption spectrum measurement of water vapor in the spectral range of 6590.3∼6591.5 cm−1 is demonstrated with this spectrometer.
Book Reviews
Authors: Kabanova Daria , Hedling Olof
Published: April 2012

Selected Works, Sergei Eisenstein, trans. Richard Taylor (Vol. 1), Michael Glenny (Vol. 2) and William Powell (Vol. 3); ed. Richard Taylor (Vols. 1, 2, 3) and Michael Glenny (Vol. 2), (2010) London: I.B. Tauris, 334 pp. (Vol. 1), 428 pp. (Vol. 2), 405 pp. (Vol. 3), ISBN 9781848853584
(pbk), £49.50

Hollywood and the Cultural Elite: How the Movies Became American, Peter Decherney, (2005) New York: Columbia University Press, 269 pp., ISBN 9780231133777 (pbk), $26.00
Drumming in the transcultural imagination: Taiko, Japan and community music making in Aotearoa/New Zealand
Authors: Johnson Henry
Published: April 2012

This article discusses one community taiko (Japanese drumming) group, called Takumi, in Aotearoa/New Zealand as a case study for understanding multicultural community music-making in the transcultural imagination. The group under study operates by a community of performers working together
with a shared purpose, and is essentially the result of its members’ existence amongst the Japanese diaspora. Takumi can be seen as an example of a distinctly bottom-up community music activity that was established with a specific group of people in mind and primarily based on ethnicity
and expressions of cultural and diaspora identity. Local community musicians such as those in Takumi occupy a place that is based on their dedication to their music, and usually receive little or no funding resources to maintain the group’s existence, yet are an integral part of any
creative community.
A place for singing: Active music engagement by older Chinese Australians
Authors: Li Sicong , Southcott Jane
Published: April 2012

Positive, active engagement in community singing groups can provide emotional, social, cognitive and physical benefits to older participants. This article explores these benefits through the experiences of a group of older Chinese Australians still active in their local community. Using
a qualitative, phenomenological case study approach, it draws on the participants’ own understandings and experiences with singing and music. In settings such as this, language barriers can compound social isolation and loneliness in individuals, and may hamper studies of culturally
and linguistically diverse older people. Thus, participants were interviewed in their first language, Mandarin Chinese. The data from these interviews were thematically analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), which explores how participants make sense of their personal
and social world. Four broad themes were identified from the data: Emotional well-being, connections with the past, shared interests and mental and physical well-being. Each of these themes is explored in the article through the words and experiences of the participants.
Density Functional Theory (DFT) Computations of Biological Molecules for Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Korn Michael R. , Estep Marissa L.
Published: April 2012

To assist in the development of biomolecule-based organic semiconductors, the current project uses DFT-based computations at the B3LYP/6-31G* and 6-31G** level to screen 24 small biomolecules for desirable HOMO, LUMO, and Eg energy levels. Biomolecules and their derivatives include purines, indigos, medicinal compounds, and thienyl-based molecules. Several promising compounds have been identified, including indigo and several of its derivatives.
Parâmetros e paradigmas em meta-avaliação: uma revisão exploratória e reflexiva
Authors: Furtado Juarez Pereira , Laperrière Hélène
Published: April 2012

A avaliação da avaliação não é um simples jogo de palavras ou uma indagação sobre quem avalia a avaliação. Muito mais do que isso, trata-se de avaliar os diversos componentes de um processo avaliativo e os próprios avaliadores. No presente artigo, pretendemos abordar algumas possibilidades da meta-avaliação no campo da avaliação de programas e serviços: fomentar a interação entre a produção teórica e prática no campo; auxiliar no balizamento de métodos e estratégias em uma área marcada por interesses políticos e pela profusão de possibilidades metodológicas; e fomento do rigor ético e científico das práticas avaliativas. Concluiremos esta resenha exploratória da literatura discutindo algumas questões históricas e políticas envolvendo a avaliação e a meta-avaliação de programas e serviços, apresentando críticas às pretensões universalistas e igualitárias presentes em alguns posicionamentos.
Educating Patients and Providers About Online Pharmacies
Authors: Brent Thalia J.
Published: April 2012

Pharmaceuticals sold online market products directly to consumers. Regulation of these pharmacies is variable. This manuscript provides information for patients and providers about this industry.
A Seamless Progression: Preparing Accelerated Second Degree Nursing Students for Entry Into Baccalaureate and Masters Nursing Education
Authors: Davis Denise , DeWitty Vernell , Millett Catherine
Published: April 2012

The New Careers in Nursing (NCIN) scholarship program provides grant support for minority, male, and disadvantaged students to pursue an accelerated second degree in nursing. A review of nursing school reports and student surveys concluded that students could benefit from more information
at the start of their program. The Pre-Entry Immersion Program (PIP) was designed to support stu- dents with a seamless progression from their prior educational experiences into the nursing profession. Although nursing schools customized the PIP program, there was core consistency in the sessions
provided. Students reported sessions on policies, procedures and preparation for nursing school were most helpful. The PIP program has the potential to contribute to the academic success of accelerated degree students, increasing the proportion of nurses with baccalaureate degrees while enhancing
career progression of these students to the doctorate degree, and addressing recommendations 4 and 5 in
The Effect of an 810‐nm Diode Laser on Postoperative Pain and Tissue Response After Modified Widman Flap Surgery: A Pilot Study in Humans
Authors: Sanz‐Moliner Javier D. , Nart José , Cohen Robert E. , Ciancio Sebastian G.
Published: April 2012

Background: The purpose of this single‐masked pilot clinical study is to compare the tissue response and postoperative pain after the use of a diode laser (810 nm) (DL) as an adjunct to modified Widman flap (MWF) surgery to that of MWF alone.

Methods: Thirteen patients with generalized severe chronic periodontitis completed the study. Control sites were randomly selected to receive an MWF and the contralateral test sites an MWF in conjunction with a DL. The study tooth/site was treated plus any additional teeth in the quadrant in which the site was located, if needed. Randomization was done using a coin flip. The DL was used to de‐epithelialize the inner part of the periodontal flap and photo‐biostimulate the surgical area. Pain scale assessment (PS), pain medication consumption (PM), tissue edema (TE), and tissue color (TC) were evaluated 1 week after surgery.

Results: Statistically significant differences were seen for TE (P = 0.041), PM (P <0.001), and PS (P <0.001) favoring test sites. TC did not show a statistically significant difference (P = 0.9766). Patients rated the first surgical treatment (test or control; random assignment to first treatment) performed as more painful than the second (P <0.002).

Conclusion: The use of an 810‐nm diode laser provided additional benefits to MWF surgery in terms of less edema and postoperative pain.
Mast Cells Act as Phagocytes Against the Periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Lima Heliton G. , Pinke Karen H. , Gardizani Taiane P. , Souza‐Júnior Devandir A. , Carlos Daniela , Avila‐Campos Mario J. , Lara Vanessa S.
Published: April 2012

Background: Evidence to date shows that mast cells play a critical role in immune defenses against infectious agents, but there have been no reports about involvement of these cells in eliminating periodontopathogens. In this study, the phagocytic ability of mast cells against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans compared with macrophages is evaluated.

Methods: In vitro phagocytic assays were conducted using murine mast cells and macrophages, incubated with A. actinomycetemcomitans, either opsonized or not, with different bacterial load ratios. After 1 hour, cells were stained with acridine orange and assessed by confocal laser‐scanning electron microscopy.

Results: Phagocytic ability of murine mast cells against A. actinomycetemcomitans was confirmed. In addition, the percentage of mast cells with internalized bacteria was higher in the absence of opsonization than in the presence of opsonization. Both cell types showed significant phagocytic activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans. However, the percentage of mast cells with non‐opsonized bacteria was higher than that of macrophages with opsonized bacteria in one of the ratios (1:10).

Conclusions: This is the first report about the participation of murine mast cells as phagocytes against A. actinomycetemcomitans, mainly in the absence of opsonization with human serum. Our results may indicate that mast cells act as professional phagocytes in the pathogenesis of biofilm‐associated periodontal disease.
Efficacy of Using PDGF and Xenograft With or Without Collagen Membrane for Bone Regeneration Around Immediate Implants With Induced Dehiscence‐Type Defects: A Microcomputed Tomographic Study in Dogs
Authors: Al‐Hazmi Bann Ahmad , Al‐Hamdan Khalid Saleh , Al‐Rasheed Abdulaziz , Babay Nadir , Wang Hom‐Lay , Al‐Hezaimi Khalid
Published: April 2012

Background: Use of collagen membrane (CM) with xenograft and recombinant human platelet‐derived growth factor (rhPDGF) in guided bone regeneration (GBR) is debatable. The aim of this microcomputed tomographic experiment was to assess the efficacy of using PDGF and xenograft (with or without CM) for GBR around immediate implants with dehiscence defects.

Methods: Ten beagle dogs underwent atraumatic bilateral second and fourth premolar extractions from both arches. A standardized dehiscence defect (6 × 3 mm) was created on the buccal bone and immediate implants were placed in distal sockets in each site. Animals were randomly divided into three groups: 1) group 1, xenograft with rhPDGF was placed and covered with CM; 2) group 2, xenograft with rhPDGF was placed over the defects; and 3) group 3, four immediate implants were associated with dehiscence (controls). After 16 weeks, animals were sacrificed and jaw segments were assessed for buccal bone thickness (BBT), buccal bone volume (BBV), vertical bone height (VBH), and bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) using microcomputed tomography.

Results: BBT was higher in group 2 (1.533 ± 0.89 mm) than group 1 (0.745 ± 0.322 mm) (P <0.001) and group 3 (0.257 ± 0.232 mm) (P <0.05). BBV was higher in group 2 (67.87 ± 19.83 mm3) than group 1 (42.47 ± 6.78 mm3) (P <0.05) and group 3 (19.12 ± 4.06 mm3) (P <0.001). VBH was higher in group 2 (6.36 ± 1.37 mm) than group 3 (0.00 ± 0.00 mm) (P <0.001). VBH was higher in group 1 (3.91 ± 2.68 mm) than group 3 (0.00 ± 0.00 mm) (P <0.05). BIC was higher in group 2 (67.25% ± 13.42%) than group 1 (36.25% ± 12.78%) (P <0.05) and group 3 (30.25% ± 7.27%) (P <0.01).

Conclusion: GBR around immediate implants with dehiscence defects using PDGF and xenograft alone resulted in higher BBT, BBV, VBH, and BIC than when performed in combination with CM.
Mosasauroids from Colombia
Authors: Páramo-Fonseca María Eurídice
Published: April 2012

An overview of the main traits of the mosasauroid remains found in Colombia is presented. Three stratigraphic levels have been identified as mosasauroid-bearing beds. In adition to the already known Turonian material, new fossils found in Coniacian and Campanian rocks are preliminary described. The taphonomic and geological features of the findings, as well as the differences in age and anatomical morphology of the new Colombian mosasauroid remains open new perspectives for the analysis of processes of adaptation to marine life that occurred in mosasaurs during the Cretaceous.
On the last mosasaurs: Late Maastrichtian mosasaurs and the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in New Jersey
Authors: Gallagher William B. , Miller Kenneth G. , Sherrell Robert M. , Browning James V. , Field M. Paul , Olsson Richard K. , Sugarman Peter J. , Tuorto Steven , Wahyudi Hendra
Published: April 2012

New data regarding the placement of the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary in New Jersey is presented based on a recent campaign of drill coring boundary sections in the Atlantic coastal plain of southern New Jersey. The occurrence of late Maastrichtian mosasaurs worldwide and in New Jersey is reviewed in light of the continuing controversy over the rate and cause of the extinction at the K/Pg boundary. At the Meirs Farm site in Monmouth County, NJ, the biostratigraphic position of mosasaur specimens (Halisaurus platyspondylus, Mosasaurus hoffmann) is related to the occurrence of an iridium excursion of 0.5 ppb (5x background levels) in the basal Hornerstown Formation just above the upper Maastrichtian New Egypt Formation. Other specimens in museum collections obtained during the acme of nineteenth century marl mining are from this area of the Maastrichtian outcrop belt in New Jersey. It is concluded that late Maastrichtian mosasaurs show no diminution of their biogeographic ranges and are not particularly rare in New Jersey in comparison to older mosasaur faunas. Mosasaurs became extinct in association with the collapse of the marine food web at the K/Pg boundary, and were replaced as apical marine predators in the early Danian by a variety of crocodilians.
Dental microstructure and geochemistry of Mosasaurus hoffmanni (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Turkey
Authors: Chinsamy Anusuya , Tunoǧlu Cemal , Thomas Daniel B.
Published: April 2012

Mosasaurus hoffmanni from Devrekani, Turkey is among the geologically youngest of the ancient aquatic predators. In addition, M. hoffmanni is the only Mesozoic vertebrate reported from Turkey, and has proven useful in the understanding of paleogeographic segregation within Mosasauridae. Here we provide an analysis of the histology and geochemistry of a functional maxillary tooth of this Turkish mosasaur. Dental histology included descriptions of lines of von Ebner and contour lines of Owen in dentine, as well as microstructural details pertaining to the enamel structure. Considering the spacing of the lines of von Ebner, the odontoblast deposition of the dentine (at the level of sectioning of the crown) was estimated to have taken approximately 511 days. A replacement tooth was fortuitously discovered upon sectioning the functional tooth, and given the thickness of the dentine visible, it is estimated that it took 233 days to deposit the centripetal layer of dentine. Energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffractometry, fusion disc x-ray fluorescence and Sr isotope measurements suggested that the tooth had undergone heterogeneous diagenetic alteration. Despite signs of alteration, the anatomy and chemistry of the M. hoffmanni teeth provided significant paleobiological and paleo-environmental insight.
Campanian and Maastrichtian mosasaurs from Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Fernández Marta S. , Gasparini Zulma
Published: April 2012

Mosasaurs from Antarctica have been recovered from the late Campanian and early and late Maastrichtian in James Ross, Vega and Seymour Islands within the James Ross basin. Tylosaurinae are represented by the late Campanian-early Maastrichtian remains of Taniwhasaurus antarcticus [Novas et al., 2002] and by late Maastrichtian Tylosaurinae indet.; Plioplatecarpinae by late Maastrichtian Plioplatecarpus sp.; and Mosasaurinae by late Maastrichtian “Liodon” sp., Mosasaurus sp. and Mosasaurinae indet. Materials from Cape Lamb, recently identified in the Museo de La Plata collection (Argentina), suggest that the stratigraphic range of Plioplatecarpus and “Liodon” within the James Ross basin extends back to the early Maastrichtian. At present, the holotype of T. antarcticus is the most complete specimen exhumed from Antarctica. In northern Patagonia, mosasaurs have been recovered from the late Maastrichtian of the Jagüel Formation, Neuquén basin. Patagonian mosasaurs are represented by Mosasaurus sp. aff. M. hoffmanni, Plioplatecarpus sp., Prognathodon sp., and Mosasaurinae indet. Presently, no Tylosaurinae have been found in Patagonia. Both in the James Ross and Neuquén basins, Mosasaurus sp. and Plioplatecarpus sp. occurred close to the K/Pg. boundary.
Evolution of the African Rice: A Historical and Biological Perspective
Authors: Nayar N. M.
Published: April 2012

The usual assumption is that African rice (Oryza glaberrimaSteud.) originated about 3500 yr ago from the annual wild rice,Oryza barthiiA. Chev., and Asian rice (Oryza sativaL.) was introduced into West Africa in the late 15th century CE) by the Europeans. Evidences from several social science and biological science disciplines have been collated and/or reinterpreted to draw the following inferences: (i) There are several accounts of rice culture in northern and western Africa from early centuries of the Common Era; (ii) The Senegambian monoliths, linked to the time of origin of African rice as 3500 yr ago, have been carbon dated to the 7th century CE; (iii) Neolithic culture had hardly reached tropical West Africa 3500 yr ago; (iv) The characteristics ofO. barthiivis‐à‐vis the two cultivated rices—bigger grains, higher yields, easy crossability with both intermediate features, and weediness—may suggest its hybrid nature; and (v) The rarity ofO. glaberrimabeginning with the time of its initial identification, acceptance of local farmers to having both rices growing together, repeated discovery ofO. glaberrima–like forms in non‐African rice regions, and prevalence of close colinearity between the two cultivated rices at molecular and chromosomal levels suggest their close relationships. These factors indicate that African rice might have evolved from Asian rice, and that the wild rice,O. barthii, might be a hybrid derivative of the two cultivated rices.
Genome Selection Sweep and Association Analysis Shed Light on Future Breeding by Design in Wheat
Authors: Ge Hongmei , You Guangxia , Wang Lanfen , Hao Chenyang , Dong Yushen , Li Zhensheng , Zhang Xueyong
Published: April 2012

Two sets of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties and their respective founder parents (St2422/464 and Abbondanza) in China were genotyped at 481 microsatellite loci. The selection sweeps detected almost completely overlapped with one another across the two sets on the 21 chromosomes although a cluster analysis showed that they do represent distinct subpopulations with Fst = 0.0734 (minor allele frequency [MAF] = 0.1, –log10p = 5). About 38.7% of the loci appeared to have experienced some selection sweep. Important agronomic traits were usually associated with these selection sweep valleys. The alleles present at key loci in these valleys were often in common between the two founders. Marker–trait association based on three seasons of field data suggested the association of one, four, and six loci with, respectively, the number of fertile tillers per plant, grain number per spike, and thousand grain weight. Five, 14, and 21 loci were associated with the three yield components in two of the three seasons. We suggest that the breeding potential of a line can be predicted from its allelic state at certain critical marker loci, which represent major targets for breeding by design in wheat. Genotypic descriptions of major cultivars and the analytical approach we have described here provide a path toward the a priori selection of favorable breeding parents.
Identification of Cold‐Tolerant Breeding Lines by Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Cold Tolerance in Rice
Authors: Jena K. K. , Kim S. M. , Suh J.P. , Yang C. I. , Kim Y.G.
Published: April 2012

Low temperature or cold stress is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and productivity in the temperate rice growing regions as well as in tropical high lands worldwide. Low temperature at the reproductive stage causes high sterility and decreases production. In this study, we assessed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) that possessed cold‐tolerance genes and/or quantitative trait loci (QTL) from the donor line IR66160‐121‐4‐4‐2 in the genetic background of a cold‐sensitive japonica cultivar, Geumobyeo. The selected 15 RILs with QTL for cold tolerance were phenotyped for three main agronomic traits—culm length (CL), days to heading (DTH), and spikelet fertility (SF)—which were most affected during cold stress. The RILs with cold‐tolerant and cold‐sensitive parents were evaluated under cold‐water (18–19°C) irrigation in the field and cold‐air temperature (17–18°C) in the temperature‐controlled greenhouse. The RILs showed significant differences in these traits compared to the cold‐sensitive parent. Traits CL and DTH exhibited positive correlation with SF in the selected breeding lines. The SF of the selected breeding lines was higher (51–81%) than that of the cold‐sensitive parent, Geumobyeo (7%). Our results confirmed that cold tolerance was associated with SF but the traits CL and DTH were differently associated with cold tolerance. The cold‐tolerant breeding lines selected in this study had at least one of the three QTL associated with cold tolerance. The breeding lines confirmed to have cold tolerance are useful to breed cold‐tolerant cultivars and increase our understanding of the mechanism of cold tolerance in rice.
Tiller Characteristics of Timothy and Tall Fescue in Relation to Herbage Mass Accumulation
Authors: Virkajärvi Perttu , Pakarinen Kirsi , Hyrkäs Maarit , Seppänen Mervi , Bélanger Gilles
Published: April 2012

Herbage dry matter (DM) yield of grasses is a function of the density and size of vegetative (VEG), generative (GEN), and elongating vegetative (ELONG) tillers. We determined the contribution of these three tiller types to DM yield accumulation along with their main morphological characteristics on three sampling dates during each of the primary growth and the regrowth of field‐grown swards of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Our results provide the first quantitative characterization of ELONG tillers, which contributed to timothy DM yield by up to 28% in primary growth and 58% in regrowth. In tall fescue, VEG tillers were dominant in primary growth and regrowth (74 to 100% of DM yield). The GEN tillers were dominant (67 to 74% of DM yield) in the primary growth of timothy while in the regrowth, VEG tillers were dominant early (84% of DM yield) but ELONG tillers represented 58% of DM yield later on. Timothy and tall fescue had similar rates of DM accumulation. The greater DM yield on all sampling times of the regrowth of tall fescue confirms a greater growth before the first sampling, most likely due to the greater proportion of VEG tillers. The GEN tillers were large with low leaf to weight ratio (LWR) and proportion of attached senesced material whereas VEG tillers were small with high LWR and large proportion of attached senesced material. The ELONG tillers were intermediate in size and LWR but they had a low proportion of attached senesced material.
The Maize Leaf Starch Mutation agps‐m1 Has Diminished Field Growth and Productivity
Authors: Schlosser Alanna J. , Martin John M. , Hannah L. Curtis , Giroux Michael J.
Published: April 2012

Modification of enzymes involved in sink or source strength has been one common method used in attempts to improve cereal yield. In this regard, ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) has received considerable attention because it controls the rate‐limiting step in starch biosynthesis in both leaves and seeds. Previous studies, focused on increasing AGPase activity in seeds, indicate that productivity increases occur only when environmental resources are nonlimiting. The objective of this study was to determine the importance of leaf starch on the productivity and growth of maize. Field trials of BC4F2:3 plants segregating for the agps‐m1 mutation and leaf starch were conducted. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of normal leaf starch levels to maize productivity. The starchless agps‐m1 plants were 6 to 15 cm shorter, flowered 2 to 6 d later, and were 30% lower yielding than their wild‐type sister lines. Photosynthetic rates were not significantly different between wild‐type and agps‐m1 plants. However, agps‐m1 leaves were significantly lower in the levels of major photosynthetic proteins such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate phosphate dikinase, and RuBisCO until the end of the photoperiod. The results demonstrate a link between leaf starch and whole plant productivity under agronomic conditions. Further study would help to define how leaf starch regulates the production of leaf photosynthetic proteins.
Variation for Canopy Morphology in Little Bluestem
Authors: Springer T. L.
Published: April 2012

Little bluestem, Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash, is a native grass that has been shown to have high levels of genetic variation for traits such as biomass yield, disease resistance, plant height, leafiness, maturity, and seed yield. If high levels of genetic variation exist for these traits, it is likely that it would exist for other traits as well. Thus, the objectives were to describe the variation in traits that contribute to canopy morphology within and among little bluestem parental lines, an F1 plant population, and selected F1 populations. Plants were classified as not upright (NU), upright compact (UC), or upright open (UO) on the basis of their shape. As expected, all parental lines expressed considerable variation for frequencies of discrete morphological traits and for continuous morphological traits. The F1 plant population was characterized by 12.2% NU plants, 22.4% UC plants, and 65.4% UO plants. The selected populations were fixed for several discrete variables, including growth form, lack of lodging, and little or no leaf rust. To fully exploit the genetic variability of little bluestem, it would be necessary to obtain ecotypes from throughout its natural range and breed and select for new genetic variation that could be captured through recurrent selection. Little bluestem is an ideal species for breeding new cultivars and/or germplasm lines for pasture and rangeland renovation, roadside revegetation, wildlife habitat, and recreation areas.
Influence of Growing and Storage Conditions on Bakery Quality of Traditional Maize Varieties under Organic Agriculture
Authors: Revilla Pedro , Landa Arsenio , Rodríguez Almudena , Ordás Amando , Malvar Rosa Ana
Published: April 2012

Maize (Zea mays L.) used for human consumption is frequently processed following traditional methods with unknown effects. The objectives of this research consist of studying genotypic and environmental effects on grain quality for human consumption and evaluating traditional grain processing methods. Three maize varieties were evaluated for 2 yr in two locations. Populations were significantly different for grain quality while grain yield and pericarp damage were mostly affected by environment. Moisture content varied from 24% for early harvest to 20% for late harvest, pericarp damage from 24 to 19%, and germination from 62 to 84%. Environments explained most of the variation while harvest dates affected mainly grain hardness and germination. In addition, white flint maize grains were processed with a combination of drying, freezing, vacuum, and storage treatments. Drying with warm air after natural drying increased grain quality compared to natural drying alone. Medium term storage increased grain quality but reduced germination. Traditional processing was adequate for adapted varieties and typical uses but additional drying, freezing, or vacuum can be worthwhile depending on grain conditions and final use. To optimize quality, the key issues are appropriate growth cycle and proper harvest time. Furthermore, quality and agronomic performance can be managed independently of each other except for the negative correlation between moisture and milling test.
Cytohistological Analysis and Mobilization of Reserves in Jatropha curcas L. Seed
Authors: Reale Lara , Ricci Anna , Ferranti Francesco , Torricelli Renzo , Venanzoni Roberto , Falcinelli Mario
Published: April 2012

Jatropha curcas L. is gaining interest as a promising energy crop whose oil is suitable for biodiesel production. The aim of our investigation was to study the type, localization, and dynamics of the reserves in J. curcas seed, which is considered the principal product of this species, utilized for biodiesel production. We investigated the cyto‐anatomical structure of the mature and germinating seeds and the storage substances localization in their different tissues. To this aim different techniques of light and electron microscopy were utilized (toluidine blue and periodic acid‐Schiff [PAS] staining and transmission electron microscope [TEM] observations). The results showed that, in mature seeds, protein vacuoles and oil bodies were present in the endosperm, embryo, and cotyledons. During germination the endosperm reserves were mobilized and the endosperm was characterized by vacuolated cells without protein and oil reserves; the oil and protein content also decreased in the cotyledons where, at this stage, starch grains appeared. Starch grains were also detected in the hypocotyl, where oil and protein reserves were not observed. Our studies confirmed that all portions of the mature seed (except the seed coat) contributed to store reserves and were a good source of oil, while immediately after germination the distribution of reserves was significantly modified and seeds were not a good source of the oil.
Field Evaluation of Rice Genotypes from the Two Cultivated Species (Oryza sativa L. and Oryza glaberrima Steud.) and Their Interspecifics for Tolerance to Drought
Authors: Ndjiondjop Marie Noelle , Futakuchi Koichi , Cisse Fousseyni , Baimey Hugues , Bocco Roland
Published: April 2012

A total of 327 rice (Oryza spp.) genotypes were screened for tolerance to drought at the Africa Rice Center in Cotonou, Benin, in 2007 and 2008. Plants were subjected to full irrigation from sowing to harvest or to 21‐d drought from 34 d after sowing. Drought‐affected plants showed narrower leaves, reduced grain yield, and shorter stature. Tillering and plant maturity were negatively affected by drought whereas values for leaf temperature and leaf greenness were significantly higher under drought than under control condition. Under control condition, for 54% of genotypes, flowering occurred between 71 and 90 d after sowing. But under drought, flowering occurred at 90 or more days after sowing for the majority of genotypes. Significant genotype × environment interactions were observed for plant height, leaf greenness, flowering, grain yield, maturity, leaf rolling, and leaf tip burning. More traits were correlated with grain yield under drought for Oryza glaberrima Steud. than for other genotype groups. No relationship was observed between plant recovery ability and all other traits selected. More than 90% of plants evaluated resumed growth after drought in both years. TOG6208, TOG5691, TOG5591, TOG6594, and RAM122 were identified as best performing genotypes in terms of grain yield under drought. Their performance was similar to that of most of the 24 top yielding in terms of leaf rolling, leaf tip burning, and plant recovery after drought release.
Diallel Analysis of Photosynthetic Traits in Maize
Authors: Cai Q. S. , Wang L. L. , Yao W. H. , Zhang Y. D. , Liu L. , Yu L. J. , Fan X. M.
Published: April 2012

Capability to intercept and utilize sunlight is important in maize (Zea mays L.) for its growth and dry matter accumulation. Little research has been conducted on the combining ability of maize physiological traits related to photosynthesis, such as light saturation point (LSP), light compensation point (LCP), apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), maximum photosynthesis (Pmax), total protein content (PRO), and activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC). The five photosynthesis‐related traits and two key enzymes were examined for their combining abilities using a six‐parent diallel design. The objectives were to (i) evaluate general combining ability (GCA) and maternal (MAT) effects of the six maize lines and specific combining ability (SCA) and nonmaternal (NMAT) effects for crosses and (ii) determine if GCA effects were different among three maize heterotic groups. Results revealed that the additive gene effects were more important than nonadditive effects for LSP, LCP, Pmax, PRO, PEPC, and RuBPC. Maternal effects for LCP, PRO, and RuBPC were significant and positive for some lines, which could be used as female parents in hybrid development. Information on means of parental lines, combining ability, and heterosis values suggested that RUBPC, PEPC, and PRO might be the key traits that make the Suwan 1 heterotic group different from the Reid and non‐Reid groups and should be explored fully in future hybrid maize breeding programs.
Comparison of Phenotypic Methods and Yield Contributions of Quantitative Trait Loci for Partial Resistance to Phytophthora sojae in Soybean
Authors: Wang Hehe , St. Martin Steven K. , Dorrance Anne E.
Published: April 2012

In several host–pathogen systems, the detection of an individual quantitative trait locus (QTL) differed depending on the specific pathogen isolate or phenotypic assay that was used. Moreover, the contribution of a QTL toward yield is an important factor for selecting specific QTL candidates for resistance breeding. The first experiment in this study compared the QTL identified previously in a ‘Conrad’ × ‘Sloan’ F4:6 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] population challenged with Phytophthora sojae Kaufmann and Gerdemann isolate 1.S.1.1 to the QTL identified when this same population was challenged with isolates PT2004C2.S1 and OH25 using a tray test assay. In the second experiment, QTL were mapped in the same population with P. sojae isolate 1.S.1.1 using a different phenotypic assay, the layer test. In the third experiment, the impact of these QTL on soybean yield was evaluated using 20 selected recombinant inbred lines (RILs) grown in a field infested with P. sojae. Resistance QTL with smaller effects, especially those from the susceptible parent, were not consistently detected with the three isolates or the two phenotypic assays. Composite interval mapping identified a major Conrad QTL on chromosome 18 and one on 19 that were detected with all three isolates and both phenotypic assays. Recombinant inbred lines with resistance alleles at these QTL had significantly higher yields (∼1000 kg ha−1 more) than RILs with susceptible alleles. These results indicate the important role these QTL play in conferring partial resistance to P. sojae.
Small‐Scale Circulations Caused by Complex Terrain Affect Pollen Deposition
Authors: Viner Brian J. , Arritt Raymond W.
Published: April 2012

We combined a high‐resolution atmospheric dynamical model and a Lagrangian dispersion model to assess the influence of complex terrain (e.g., mountains and valleys) on the movement of pollen from a source of genetically modified bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). We simulated 6 d (22–27 June 2003) from a reported case where gene flow in bentgrass was observed at distances greater than 20 km near Madras, OR (44°44′24″ N, 121°9′30″ W). Our model resolves the effects of complex terrain and local turbulence on pollen dispersion that were not considered by previous studies. We simulated pollen deposition over 20 km from its source and at locations where gene flow was previously observed. Our simulations showed that local terrain strongly affected deposition; for example, pollen grains were not deposited in large quantities within valleys or on the windward sides of mountains. Examination of the flow in these regions indicated that complex terrain creates local circulations that must be considered when predicting the potential for gene flow.
Development of Functional Markers for a Lipoxygenase Gene TaLox‐B1 on Chromosome 4BS in Common Wheat
Authors: Geng Hongwei , Xia Xianchun , Zhang Liping , Qu Yanying , He Zhonghu
Published: April 2012

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in grain influences the color and processing quality of wheat (Triticum spp.)‐based products. Characterization of LOX genes and development of functional markers are of importance for marker‐assisted selection in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding. In the present study, the full‐length genomic DNA (gDNA) sequence of a LOX gene (designated TaLox‐B1) located on chromosome 4BS was characterized by in silico cloning and experimental validation. Two complementary dominant sequence tagged site (STS) markers, LOX16 and LOX18, were developed based on the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of two alleles at the TaLox‐B1 locus, amplifying 489‐ and 791‐bp fragments in cultivars with higher and lower LOX activities, respectively. The two markers were mapped on chromosome 4BS using a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from Zhongyou 9507 × CA9632, a set of Chinese Spring nullisomic–tetrasomic lines, ditelosomic line 4BS, and Langdon (LDN) 4D(4B) chromosome substitution line. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis indicated that TaLox‐B1 co‐segregated with the two functional markers and was closely linked to simple sequence repeat (SSR) locus Xgwm251 on chromosome 4BS with a genetic distance of 1.8 cM. LOX16 and LOX18 were validated on 198 Chinese wheat cultivars and advanced lines and showed highly significant (p < 0.01) associations with LOX activity. These results suggested that LOX16 and LOX18, co‐segregating with TaLox‐B1, could be used for the improvement of color attributes of noodles and other wheat‐based products in wheat breeding programs.
Steer and Plant Responses to Chemical Suppression of Seedhead Emergence in Toxic Endophyte‐Infected Tall Fescue
Authors: Aiken Glen E. , Goff Ben M. , Witt William W. , Kagan Isabelle A. , Sleugh Byron B. , Burch Patrick L. , Schrick F. Neal
Published: April 2012

Chaparral herbicide has been shown to suppress seedhead emergence in tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh] and potentially mitigate the effects of fescue toxicosis. A two‐year grazing experiment evaluated steers grazed on endophyte‐infected fescue–Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) pastures either treated or untreated with Chaparral herbicide to determine if seedhead suppression alleviates fescue toxicosis and increases average daily gain (ADG). Treatments were assigned to six, 3.0‐ha fescue‐bluegrass pastures in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Pastures were grazed with 48 steers (2.7 steers ha−1) from 9 Apr. to 1 July 2009 and 6 Apr. to 7 July 2010. Reproductive tiller densities in treated pastures were low in both years (<7 m−2) in comparison with untreated pastures (113 and 69 tillers m−2 in 2009 and 2010, respectively). Ergovaline and ergovalinine concentrations were three‐ to sixfold greater in seeds than in leaf blades and sheaths of vegetative and reproductive tillers. Crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, and in vitro digestible dry matter concentrations of tillers declined over time at a greater rate in untreated than in treated pastures. Steers on treated pastures had greater (P < 0.01) ADG, lower (P < 0.10) rectal temperatures, and greater (P < 0.01) serum prolactin concentrations. Results indicated that Chaparral herbicide can suppress reproductive development of fescue to increase ADG and reduce the severity of toxicosis.
Specific Adaptation and Genetic Progress for Grain Yield in Great Plains Hard Winter Wheats from 1987 to 2010
Authors: Graybosch Robert A. , Peterson C. James
Published: April 2012

A previous investigation, using region‐wide data from Great Plains wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding trials, indicated a possible plateau in the rate of genetically determined yield potential. Data from the same USDA‐Agricultural Research Service (ARS) coordinated long‐term regional performance nurseries was used to further examine the rate of genetic improvement of Great Plains winter wheats in specific agro‐ecological or production zones over the time period 1987 to 2010. The absolute grain yield of all entries and of the top five most productive entries increased in the majority of production zones over this time period. The relative rate of genetic improvement, obtained by comparing grain yields to those of the long‐term control cultivar Kharkof, ranged from not significantly different from zero to 1.98% yr−1. This rate of change, however, was statistically significant (α = 0.05) in only two of the 12 zones evaluated. Variance components identified production zone and locations within production zone as being the largest sources of variation in grain yields. Variance due to either genotype or genotype × environmental factors remained both constant over the 24‐yr time period and small, relative to the environmental variances. Genetic progress for enhanced wheat yield in the region might be limited by the magnitude of these environmental variances and by constraints arising from continuous evolution of pest and pathogen populations.
Toward the Systematic Conservation of Global Crop Wild Relative Diversity
Authors: Maxted Nigel , Kell Shelagh , Ford‐Lloyd Brian , Dulloo Ehsan , Toledo Álvaro
Published: April 2012

Growing concern over the potentially devastating impacts of climate change on biodiversity and food security, considered together with the growing world population, means that taking action to conserve crop wild relative (CWR) diversity is no longer an option—it is an urgent priority. Crop wild relatives are species closely related to crops, including their progenitors, which have the potential to contribute beneficial traits for crop improvement, such as biotic and abiotic resistances, leading to improved yield and stability. Having already made major contributions to crop improvement in the 20th century, CWR are recognized as a critical resource to sustain global food security; therefore, their systematic conservation is imperative. However, extending their conservation and promoting more systematic exploitation is hindered by a lack of understanding of their current and potential value, their diversity, and practically how they might be conserved. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to (i) demonstrate the current and potential use of CWR in crop improvement, (ii) estimate how many CWR species exist and how many are a global priority for active conservation, and (iii) describe how a global network for the in situ conservation of CWR might be established that could help to underpin future food security.
Preharvest Neutral Detergent Fiber Concentration of Temperate Perennial Grasses as Influenced by Stubble Height
Authors: Parsons David , McRoberts Keenan C. , Cherney Jerome H. , Cherney Debbie J.R. , Bosworth Sidney C. , Jimenez‐Serrano Felix R.
Published: April 2012

Regression equations were developed to estimate the preharvest neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration of temperate perennial grasses at variable cutting height. These equations can be used by producers to improve harvest timing to optimize the nutritive value of spring grass forages. The objective of this experiment was to develop equations that incorporate stubble height to estimate NDF concentration of pure grass stands. Stands of first‐cut orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were sampled in experimental sites and producers’ fields in New York in 2009, cut into 5‐cm segments, and analyzed for dry matter (DM) production and NDF concentration. Predictive NDF and DM equations were developed for each segment. Equations describing the change with grass height in the contribution of each segment to the overall DM were used to develop equations for predicting whole‐plant NDF. Two evaluation data sets from Vermont and New York were used to test the equations. Dry matter loss equations were promising and merit further evaluation. Whole‐plant NDF equations had some merit but may have limited predictive capacity under conditions and years different than those used in equation development.
Pea Germplasm with Partial Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Extends the Time Required by the Pathogen to Infect Host Tissue
Authors: Porter Lyndon D.
Published: April 2012

White mold, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, can be a serious disease in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Currently there are no pea genotypes with complete resistance to this pathogen. The objective of this research was to identify pea germplasm with partial resistance to S. sclerotiorum, focusing on initial infection and severity as influenced by environment. Selected pea genotypes from the USDA‐ARS Pisum core collection and two cultivars were assessed for the time required by S. sclerotiorum to severely infect these genotypes at all combinations of five temperatures (15.6, 18.3, 21.1, 23.9, and 29.4°C) and four periods of high relative humidity (PHRH) (12, 24, 48, and 72 h) under controlled environmental conditions. Severe infection is defined as the death of all plant tissue above a stem inoculation point, preventing reproduction. The commercial genotypes ‘Bolero’ and ‘1204‐3’ did not prevent severe infection at any temperature × PHRH combination. However, pea genotypes PI 164972, PI 169603, PI 197044, PI 240515, PI 270536, and PI 280611 prevented severe infection at 15.6, 18.3, 29.4, and either 21.1 or 23.9°C following a 12 h PHRH in repeated trials. Plant Introduction 164972, PI 169603, and PI 280611 also prevented severe infection following a 24 h PHRH but only at 29.4°C. Severe infection occurred for all genotypes after a 48 or 72 h PHRH at all temperatures tested. Plant Introduction 169603 and PI 240515 are recommended to pea breeders as the best germplasm to extend the time required for serious infection by S. sclerotiorum.