bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Borders and Social Distinction in the Global Suburb
Authors: Maher Kristen Hill
Published: February 2007

What happens in historical white-flight suburbs when social hierarchies can no longer be marked easily by physical distance? What kinds of anxieties about boundaries and borders are evident, and with what consequences? This study examines these questions through a 1997 ethnographic study of a largely white, middle-class neighborhood in Irvine, California ("Ridgewood") that depended heavily upon service labor by working-class immigrant Latinos. The Ridgewood case suggests that the social landscape of the household service economy is unlikely to usher in a new era of pluralist integration or to promote a cosmopolitan outlook in global suburbs. Instead, it appears to generate anxieties about both physical and social boundaries. Middle-class residents of Ridgewood marked social distinction through a wide range of everyday practices: through the "talk of crime" and the fortification of physical boundaries, through the legal and informal regulation of aesthetics, and through daily practices that regulated the behavior of service workers within community space. Such practices maintained social distance in circumstances of spatial proximity and even intimacy. These patterns are not entirely new, of course: in many ways they resurrect the dynamics of servitude and social distinction in colonial contexts or in the antebellum American South. However, the Ridgewood case also illustrates what we might expect of emerging global suburbs, and how concerns about local and national border control intersect.
The Battle of Los Angeles: The Cultural Politics of Chicana/o Music in the Greater Eastside
Authors: Viesca Victor Hugo
Published: February 2007

East Los Angeles is the center of a flourishing musical cultural scene with a renewed "Chicana/o" sensibility. This scene is being led by a collective of socially conscious and politically active Latin-fusion bands that emerged in the 1990s, including Aztlán Underground, Blues Experiment, Lysa Flores, Ozomatli, Ollin, Quetzal, Quinto Sol, Slowrider, and Yeska. Along with visual artists, activists, and audiences, the musicians of the Eastside scene comprise an emergent cultural movement that is grounded in the new spatial and social relations generated in Los Angeles in the transnational era. The East L.A. scene's history of formation, the multiplicity of its sounds, and its commitment to political activism and coalition building all illuminate the relations between culture and politics at the present moment. The musical practices of the East L.A. scene echo the dislocations and displacements endemic to global cities in the transnational era, but they also reflect the emergence of new forms of resistance that find counter-hegemonic possibilities within contradictions. In culture and in politics, groups in the Eastside scene proceed through immanent critiques and creative reworkings of already existing social relations, rather than through transcendant teleologies aimed at the establishment of utopian sites and subjects. Rather than a politics of "either/or" that asks people to choose between culture and politics, between class and race, or between distinct national identities, this cultural movement embraces a politics of "both/and" that encourages dynamic, fluid, and flexible stances and identity categories.
Priapus's Two Rapes in Ovid's Fasti
Authors: Frazel Thomas D
Published: February 2007

This essay considers the dynamics of joking discourse in two passages in Ovid's Fasti (1.391-440; 6.319-348): both are attempted rapes by Priapus and both are offered by the narrator as humorous tales. I explore the social implications of making a woman the Butt of a joke and the object of an attempted rape. That the second woman here is Vesta, one of Augustus' primary religious concerns, necessarily adds a further dimension: now the joke can be read by some Audience members as imagining a world that looks nothing like the one offered by Augustus to his contemporaries.
Early Burmese Urbanization: Research and Conservation
Authors: Miksic John N.
Published: February 2007

Urbanization in Southeast Asia is sometimes assumed to have been synonymous with the development of orthogenetic structures such as religious centers under external influence. An alternative hypothesis proposes that social structures stimulated by local cultural and environmental conditions and regional historical events emerged in several parts of Southeast Asia, marked by evolution rather than stasis. One of the major stumbling blocks in the path toward a new theory is a lack of appropriate archaeological data with which to test this hypothesis. A thorough research program is therefore needed to refine and implement a methodology for gathering data on a wide range of characteristics from several sites. Myanmar affords one of the best laboratories for such a program. Restoration projects have seriously affected both structures and distributions of artifacts such as pottery before they were thoroughly studied. Previous research in Thailand and Java can provide models on which planners of a project to investigate ancient urbanization in Myanmar can draw. Sustainable heritage tourism can contribute positively to both archaeological research and public education.
No Performances in Gaichi
Authors: Kagaya Shinko
Published: February 2007

The word " gaichi " was once used by the Japanese to refer to "overseas." Shinko Kagaya's essay focuses on the political importance of gaichi with regard to performances of no theatre given in Asia in the half-century or so prior to World War II. She examines, among other things, the role that no may have played as an implement of colonization during that era.
A Chinese Director's Theory of Performance: On Jiao Juyin's System of Directing
Authors: Su Min , Zuo Lai , Yu Shiao-Ling
Published: February 2007

This translation consists of excerpts from a book on Jiao Juyin,
who was a distinguished director of Chinese spoken drama. The selections
translated here highlight Jiao's two principal theories: the Theory of
Mental Images and "On Nationalizing Spoken Drama." The first represents
his adaptation of the Stanislavsky system; the second outlines his
ideas for integrating Western realistic drama, which gave birth to
Chinese spoken drama, with the techniques and aesthetic principles of
traditional Chinese opera.
Insurance against Germ Theory: Commerce and Conservatism in Late-Victorian Medicine
Authors: Alborn Timothy
Published: February 2007

This article highlights the role played by commercial life insurance companies in determining the response to tuberculosis in Britain between 1865 and 1920. Late-Victorian life offices hired two sorts of physicians to help them screen out high-risk proposals: provincial medical examiners, who collected fees for examining candidates; and salaried medical advisors, who developed guidelines for the medical examination and interpreted the examiners' findings for the head office. The latter set of physicians, many of whom worked at specialist consumption hospitals in London, established an orthodoxy among life offices that privileged hereditarian explanations for the cause of tuberculosis. The provincial examiners resisted that orthodoxy, arguing that advances in public health and treatment rendered irrelevant any apparent correlation between family history and tuberculosis. In adjudicating this internal dispute, life offices stood by their salaried advisors, but in the process pushed them away from viewing disease in terms of specific causes and toward viewing disease in terms of statistical correlation. This victory of statistics over etiology preserved, at least for the rest of the twentieth century, the institutional prominence of insurance as a technique for coping with medical uncertainty.
The Chapel and the Operating Room: The Struggle of Roman Catholic Clergy, Physicians, and Believers with the Dilemmas of Obstetric Surgery, 1800-1900
Authors: Ryan Joseph G.
Published: February 2007

By 1800, the Roman Catholic Church and organized medicine faced the dilemma of how to resolve cases of obstructed births. American physicians usually practiced destructive operations, like craniotomy, in an attempt to save the lives of mothers. The church allowed such operations after the death of the infant. A new technique of surgery, the cesarean operation, offered hope that both patients would survive childbirth. Medical progress, and an emerging Catholic belief that the fetus was human, prompted Catholic physicians to advocate the new operation, and stirred a renewed debate among European theologians on the propriety of craniotomy. In America, the broad Christian tradition promoted by the Catholic Church began to inform medicine on the moral and ethical parameters of surgery. American physicians, for their part, engaged in their own debate on the propriety of the cesarean operation. This article, focusing on the cesarean debate, reveals the intersections of Catholicism and medical progress amid the growth of obstetric surgery from 1800 to 1900.
"What Do These Women Want?" Feminist Responses to Feminine Forever, 1963-1980
Authors: Houck Judith A. (Judith Anne)
Published: February 2007

In 1963, Brooklyn gynecologist Robert A. Wilson
and his wife, Thelma, published a paper in the Journal of the American
Geriatrics Society arguing that untreated menopause robbed women
of their femininity and ruined the quality of their lives. In 1966
Robert Wilson published a best-selling book, Feminine Forever,
in which he maintained that menopause was an estrogen-deficiency disease
that should be treated with estrogen replacement therapy to prevent the
otherwise inevitable "living decay." This paper explores the issues
raised by the convergence of Wilson's campaign and the emergence of
the women's movement. Between 1963 and 1980, feminists did not respond
with one voice to Wilson's ideas: at first, some embraced them as a
boon for aging women, while others resisted regarding female aging
as pathological. In 1975, studies linking ERT and endometrial cancer
challenged the wisdom of routine hormone therapy; this shifted the
tenor of the feminist discussion, but it did not create a consensus
about the meaning of menopause or its treatment. Nevertheless, the
feminist discussion of menopause revealed a larger women's health
agenda—namely, the unyielding belief that women should retain
control of their bodies and participate fully in the decision-making
efforts regarding their health. By controlling their bodies, all women,
whether feminist or not, could ultimately control their lives.
Why Support a Women's Medical College? Philadelphia's Early Male Medical Pro-Feminists
Authors: Peitzman Steven J. (Steven Jay)
Published: February 2007

The male founders and early faculty of Philadelphia's Woman's
Medical College were mostly abolitionist physicians, zealous moralists for
whom medical feminism formed only one of the cherished causes they could
"manfully" and righteously defend. Male faculty of the late nineteenth
century comprised "self-made" men, mostly new specialists, for whom strict
sexism probably seemed inconsistent with progressive medicine. For some of
these physicians—obviously a small minority—defending medical
women and breaking the barriers of fraternity could be consistent with
"manly" responsibility. The outcome of the collaboration of women and the
dissident men physicians in nineteenth-century Philadelphia amounted to
another seeming paradox: the majority of the male medical profession,
both locally and nationally, tyrannically hindered women's entry into
the profession, yet medicine opened its doors in advance of law and the
clergy; and where this first occurred, such as in the community centered
on Woman's Medical College, a novel gender rearrangement arose based on
collaboration and friendship.
What Is Disease?: In Memory of Owsei Temkin
Authors: Rosenberg Charles E
Published: February 2007

This essay outlines a contextual approach to disease (and thus
medicine) in society. The work of Owsei Temkin is retrospectively
evaluated and shown to rest on an assumed (if often implicit)
contextualism. The key components of historical contextualism are then
articulated, including the historicity of disease, the reification of
specific disease categories in terms of language and social practice,
and finally, in contemporary society, the value placed on diagnosis,
the bureaucratization of disease, and a logically consistent focus on
boundary management and boundary disputes. It is a contextualism that
demands a role for the biological as well as the cultural, for practice
as well as pathological theory.
"The Greater Part of My Life Has Been Spent in India": Autobiography and the Crisis of Empire in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Procida Mary A.
Published: February 2007

British men and women in India linked the intimate personal events of their individual and family histories with the public, political questions of empire during the twentieth century. In their autobiographies they conflated the personal and the political to validate not only their own lives, but the role of British imperialism in India as well.
Biography Theory and Method: The Case of Samuel Johnson
Authors: Rollyson Carl
Published: February 2007

In the Life of Savage , Samuel Johnson exemplifies his enlightenment biographical method, which stresses the biographer's effort to overcome the differences between himself and his subject. Contrary to romantic doctrine, Johnson's theory values the biographer's empathy for, rather than identification with, the biographee.
An Interview with Ángela Hernández Núñez
Authors: González Carolina
Published: February 2007

The interview that follows was conducted with Ángela Hernández in the offices of Cemujer (Centro de Solidaridad para el Desarrollo de la Mujer), of which she was the director, in Santo Domingo on May 19, 1993. The interview was conducted during my tenure as a Fulbright scholar in the Dominican Republic 1992-1993, and forms part of a project on Dominican women's writing.
Challenging the Silence: A Dialogue with Pedro Vergés
Authors: Olmos Margarite Fernández
Published: February 2007

Pedro Vergés is one of the Dominican Republic's most noted authors. His novel Sólo cenizas hallarás (bolero) (1980) received the Spanish award "Premio Internacional Vicente Blasco Ibáñez" in 1980 and in 1981 the Spanish Critics International Award. Vergés left the Dominican Republic in the 1960s and lived and studied for many years in Spain and France before his return to the island after the publication of his novel in Europe. The following interview took place in New York in November 1994 during the "Dominican Writers in the Context of the Americas" Conference, held in New York at the Americas Society under the auspices of the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute of City College.
"Will the big boys finally love you": The Impossibility of Black Male Homoerotic Desire and the Taboo of Black Homosexual Solidarity in Thomas Glave's "Whose Song?"
Authors: Tettenborn Eva
Published: February 2007

Problematizes the role of male compulsive heteronormative behavior in Thomas Glave's short story. The short story focuses on the portrayal of a crime, the gang rape of a young black lesbian, Cassandra, committed by three young black men, Robbie, Bernard, and Dee. The article argues that while the three men appear to commit the atrocity instead of embracing their own varied homosexual identities, Cassandra's gang rape actually functions as their covert homoerotic bonding ritual. In a society that views black gay identities as one of the biggest taboos, the three criminals choose to veil their true identities by acting like and as stereotypical black rapists. Faced with contemporary identity politics, they find it easier to conform to the stereotype rather than challenge the taboo and live in solidarity with each other and Cassandra. The article underlines that Glave's sustained focus on the perspective of the perpetrators (rather than the victim) heightens his critique of the social effects of compulsive heterosexuality within and beyond the black community.
The Big Picture: Theatrical Moviegoing, Digital Television, and Beyond the Substitution Effect
Authors: Corbett Kevin J.
Published: February 2007

This article traces the cultural history of the movie theater, revealing that both cultural forces and industrial imperatives are likely to preserve the theater, despite the threat that it will be "substituted for" by digital television, with its promise of filmlike screen size and picture/sound quality.
The Genre Film as Booby Trap: 1970s GenreBending and The French Connection
Authors: Berliner Todd
Published: February 2007

Genre-bending films rely on viewers' habitual responses to generic codes, misleading audiences into expecting conventional outcomes. The French Connection (1971) exploits spectators' expectations of police-detective-film formulas and thereby catches viewers offguard, creating a more unsettling experience than the genre traditionally provides.
The Wild East: Deconstructing the Language of Genre in the Hollywood Eastern
Authors: Eisele John C.
Published: February 2007

This article argues for the existence of a genre of films termed the eastern that deals with the Middle East. Subgenres of the eastern (Arabian nights, sheik, foreign legion, foreign intrigue, and terrorist) vary in the degree of identification allowed the character of the Arab other, reflecting the political-historical context of their development, yet they share a number of narrative tropes that function as unifying attributes of the category as a whole.
Before and after the Fact: Writing and Reading Hitchcock's Suspicion
Authors: Worland Rick
Published: February 2007

This article combines a historical investigation with critical analysis of Suspicion (1941), a film long undervalued because of misinformation about its production history. This essay provides a documented account of Suspicion from novel to screenplay to release, considering issues of script adaptation, censorship, responses of preview audiences, and the promotion of Hitchcock as the movie's third star.
Film Censorship and Political Legitimation in South Korea, 1987-1992
Authors: Park Seung Hyun
Published: February 2007

This article explores the relation between film censorship and political legitimacy in South Korea during the period from 1987 to 1992. Not only did censorship prevent local filmmakers from making films that the authorities thought would be offensive or detrimental to the government's political agenda, it also played a role in legitimating the hard-line right-wing regime.
"How We Know": Kwara'ae Rural Villagers Doing Indigenous Epistemology
Authors: Gegeo David Welchman , Watson-Gegeo Karen Ann
Published: February 2007

We examine Kwara'ae (Solomon Islands) indigenous epistemology and indigenous critical praxis, including sources of knowledge and strategies for validating and critiquing evidence and knowledge construction. To illustrate indigenous epistemology in action, we focus on the Kwara'ae Genealogy Project, a research effort by rural villagers aimed at creating an indigenous written account of Kwara'ae culture. In recording, (re)constructing, and writing Kwara'ae culture, project members are not only doing indigenous epistemology, but also reflecting on and critiquing their own indigenous strategies for knowledge creation. We hope that the work illustrated here will inspire other Native Pacific Islander scholars to carry out research on their native or indigenous epistemologies.
Creating Options: Forming a Marshallese Community in Orange County, California
Authors: Hess Jim , Nero Karen L , Burton Michael L
Published: February 2007

Founded by individuals pursuing higher education in the United States, the Marshallese community in Orange County today also represents family and national interests in access to business opportunities, employment, education, medical services, and other goals. This community has become an "official" Marshallese overseas community, site of the first Marshallese consulate in the mainland United States, and a link between overseas Marshallese and the home islands. Individuals and family units traverse networks of inter-linked households, highlighting processes of Islanders' investments, including at least a short-term reversal of theoretically expected remittance flows. We explore the process of community formation, and compare rural and urban sites in the Marshall Islands to call attention to the community's place in a system of geographically dispersed locations within the global political economy.
L(o)osing the Edge
Authors: Teaiwa Teresia
Published: February 2007

In this paper, I reflect on the evolution of Native Pacific Cultural
Studies with a partial professional history of Pacific conferences
over the last ten years. I ask what constitutes the edge for each of
the components of Native, Pacific, Cultural Studies and whether
such an aggregate is viable. There are unresolved tensions and conflicts
between each of the components--Native and Pacific studies, Native
and Cultural studies, Pacific and Cultural studies--which are
highlighted in the paper. I situate my own work in this history and in
these tensions, and discuss the changes in direction in my intellectual
and theoretical approach to the Pacific.
Cultural Studies for Oceania
Authors: Wood Houston
Published: February 2007

A new research perspective is emerging in Oceania, one based on combining
practices drawn from both Pacific Islander and continental cultures. This
emerging perspective, here labeled "cultural studies for Oceania,"
differs from most Pacific Studies research as well as from continental
cultural studies. This new practice is characterized by combinations
of the following: an emphasis on personal identities and on specifying
distinct research roles for Pacific Islanders and non-Natives; efforts
to forge a unifying regional identity; research focused on processes
more than on final products; reciprocity between researchers and those
they study; prominent use of Oceania epistemologies; unconventional
research-reporting genres; reliance on oral practices and traditions;
dependence on Pacific Islander models, concepts, and theories. Research
programs that embrace these features offer a promising alternative to the
dominant research practices in the region, which continue to perpetuate
earlier colonizations.
A Qualitative Investigation of U.S. Students' Experiences in an International Peer Program
Authors: Geelhoed Robyn J , Abe Jin , Talbot Donna M
Published: February 2007

This qualitative study was designed to gather information, using focus
groups, about U.S. host students' experiences in a U.S.-international
peer program and about how the program influenced their cross-cultural
awareness. Researchers of this study noticed host students' unconscious
need for guidance to become interculturally competent and heard their
suggestions to maximize their experiences in a cross-cultural peer
program.
Using Emotional and Social Factors to Predict Student Success
Authors: Pritchard Mary E , Wilson Gregory S. (Gregory Scott)
Published: February 2007

College academic success and retention have traditionally been predicted
using demographic and academic variables. This study moved beyond
traditional predictors. A survey of 218 undergraduate students from a
private Midwestern university revealed that emotional and social factors
(e.g., stress, frequency of alcohol consumption) related to GPA and
emotional factors (e.g., self-esteem, fatigue) related to attrition.
Maximizing What Students Get Out of College: Testing a Learning Productivity Model
Authors: Hu Shouping , Kuh George D
Published: February 2007

This study tests a learning productivity model for undergraduates
at four-year colleges and universities using hierarchical linear
modeling. Data were from 44,238 full-time enrolled undergraduates from
120 four-year colleges and universities who completed the College Student
Experiences Questionnaire (CSEQ) between 1990 and 1997. Perceptions
of the campus environment influenced student learning productivity
by affecting institution-level student effort, learning efficiency,
and student gains. Student affairs professionals and other educators
can promote higher levels of student learning by helping to create
environments that enhance learning efficiency and engage students in
educationally purposeful activities.
Understanding the Identities of Mixed-Race College Students Through a Developmental Ecology Lens
Authors: Renn Kristen A
Published: February 2007

Using an ecology model of human development (Bronfenbrenner, 1979,
1993), I frame the exploration of racial identities of 38 college students
with multiple racial heritages. I map the influence of interactions
within and between specific environments on students' decisions to
identify in one or more of five patterns of mixed race identity found
in a previous study.
The Effect of Undergraduate Student Involvement on Critical Thinking: A Meta-Analysis of the Literature 1991-2000
Authors: Gellin Alan
Published: February 2007

A meta-analysis of eight studies from 1991 to 2000 determined the
effect of Greek life, clubs and organizations, faculty interaction,
peer interaction, living on campus, and employment on critical
thinking. Students involved in these activities experienced a .14 gain
in critical thinking compared to students who were not involved.
Increasing fertility in cohabiting unions: Evidence for the second demographic transition in the United States?
Authors: Raley R. Kelly
Published: February 2007

As cohabitation becomes increasingly common and accepted, one might expect the meaning of this arrangement to change. In some countries in Europe (e.g., Sweden), as cohabitation became more prevalent, it moved from a deviant status to an acceptable alternative to marriage. Will the same thing happen in the United States? To investigate this question, I examine increases in the proportion of births occurring in cohabiting unions, using data from the 1987–1988 National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) and the1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). The standardization and decomposition procedure shows that most of the growth in the proportion of births to cohabitors is the result of increases in the proportion of women cohabiting, rather than changes in union formation behaviors surrounding pregnancies.
Behavior genetic modeling of human fertility: Findings from a contemporary danish twin study
Authors: Rodgers Joseph Lee , Kohler Hans-Peter , Kyvik Kirsten Ohm , Christensen Kaare
Published: February 2007

Behavior genetic designs and analyses can be used to address issues of central importance to demography. We use this methodology to document genetic influence on human fertility. Our data come from Danish twin pairs born from 1953 to 1959, measured on age at first attempt to get pregnant (FirstTry) and number of children (NumCh). Behavior genetic models were fitted using structural equation modeling and DF analysis. A consistent medium-level additive genetic influence was found for NumCh, equal across genders; a stronger genetic influence was identified for FirstTry, greater for females than for males. A bivariate analysis indicated significant shared genetic variance between NumCh and FirstTry.
How do family planning workers’ visits affect women’s contraceptive behavior in bangladesh?
Authors: Arends-Kuenning Mary
Published: February 2007

In Bangladesh, family planning workers’ visits reduce the costs of contraception and may increase the demand. If visits increase demand or if workers are targeting their visits, past visits by family planning workers should have a positive and significant effect on later probabilities of adopting contraceptive methods. Longitudinal data show that past visits are not significant in hazard models for adoption of contraceptive methods, whereas visits in the current round are significant. Therefore family planning workers’ visits affect women’s contraceptive behavior by decreasing the costs of contraception. Results of contraceptive discontinuation hazard models further support this hypothesis.
Education and survival: Birth cohort, period, and age effects
Authors: Lauderdale Diane S.
Published: February 2007

Previous studies have found that educational differences in mortality are weaker among the elderly. In this study I examine whether either cohort or period effects may have influenced the interpretation of age effects. Six 10-year birth cohorts are followed over 30 years through decennial censuses. Differential survival is inferred from changes in the relative proportions of a cohort in each education category as the cohort ages. In cross-section, younger persons generally show stronger education effects on survival, although this pattern is clearer for women than for men. There is evidence of period effects. Within cohorts, relative survival tends to increase with age.
Life expectancies in specific health states: Results from a joint model of health status and mortality of older persons
Authors: Portrait France , Lindeboom Maarten , Deeg Dorly
Published: February 2007

With the trend toward aging, increases in health care expenditures are expected. Insight into (future) needs for care services requires a taxonomy of older persons’ health conditions: how health status develops as people age and how these health conditions determine residual life expectancy. In this paper we provide this information for the Netherlands. We apply a flexible nonparametric method—he Grade of Membership method—to a national database and summarize the multidimensional concept of health status into a limited set of interpretable indices. We then use these indices in our panel data model for health status and mortality. The model results are used to calculate age-health profiles and expected residual lifetimes in specific health states.
Changing chronic disease rates and longterm declines in functional limitation among older men
Authors: Costa Dora L.
Published: February 2007

Functional limitation (difficulty walking, difficulty bending, paralysis, blindness in at least one eye, or deafness in at least one ear) in the United States fell at an average annual rate of 0.6% among men aged 50 to 74 from the early twentieth century to the early 1990s. Twenty-four percent of this decline is attributable to reductions in the debilitating effects of chronic conditions, 37% is attributable to reduced rates of chronic diseases, and the remainder is unexplained. The findings have implications for theories of the impact of declining mortality rates on the health of elderly people.
Social networks and changes in contraceptive use over time: Evidence from a longitudinal study in rural Kenya
Authors: Behrman Jere R. , Kohler Hans-Peter , Watkins Susan Cotts
Published: February 2007

The impacts of social networks on changes in contraception in rural Kenya are investigated using special data from a longitudinal household survey. An analytic model, informed by detailed knowledge of the setting, yielded estimates that indicate that (1) social networks have substantial effects even after unobserved factors (e.g., homophily) that may determine social networks are controlled; (2) controlling for these unobserved factors may substantially alter the estimated effects of networks (these controls were not used in previous studies); (3) network effects are important for both men and women; and (4) network effects are nonlinear and asymmetric, suggesting that networks provide information primarily through social learning, rather than by exerting social influence.
Declining sex differences in mortality from lung cancer in high-income nations
Authors: Pampel Fred C.
Published: February 2007

After decades of widening, the difference in mortality from lung cancer between men and women has begun to narrow in recent years. Recognizing that the increase in smoking among women relative to men is the proximate cause of the changing sex difference in rates of lung cancer, I analyzed two approaches to identify the more distant sources of the changes. A gender-equality argument suggests that the difference is related to the more general equalization of women’s and men’s work and family roles, which also encourages the adoption of harmful behaviors such as smoking by women. An alternative explanation suggests that the convergence in mortality from lung cancer among men and women is the byproduct of a lag in the adoption, diffusion, and abatement of smoking by women. Using mortality data on 21 nations from 1955 to 1996, an analysis of logged rates of men’s and women’s lung cancer mortality and the logged ratio of the rates demonstrated little relationship between the sex difference and gender equality. However, I found a strong and consistent relationship between the sex difference and the stage of diffusion of the use of cigarettes.
Do amnesty programs reduce undocumented immigration? Evidence from Irca
Authors: Orrenius Pia M. , Zavodny Madeline
Published: February 2007

This article examines whether mass legalization programs reduce future undocumented immigration. We focus on the effects of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, which granted amnesty to nearly 2.7 million undocumented immigrants. We report that apprehensions of persons attempting to cross the U.S.-Mexico border illegally declined immediately following passage of the law but returned to normal levels during the period when undocumented immigrants could file for amnesty and the years thereafter. Our findings suggest that the amnesty program did not change long-term patterns of undocumented immigration from Mexico.
An evaluation of population projections by age
Authors: Smith Stanley K. , Tayman Jeff
Published: February 2007

A number of studies have evaluated the accuracy of projections of the size of the total population, but few have considered the accuracy of projections by age group. For many purposes, however, the relevant variable is the population of a particular age group, rather than the population as a whole. We investigated the precision and bias of a variety of age-group projections at the national and state levels in the United States and for counties in Florida. We also compared the accuracy of state and county projections that were derived from full-blown applications of the cohort-component method with the accuracy of projections that were derived from a simpler, less data-intensive version of the method. We found that age-group error patterns are different for national projections than for subnational projections; that errors are substantially larger for some age groups than for others; that differences in errors among age groups decline as the projection horizon becomes longer; and that differences in methodological complexity have no consistent impact on the precision and bias of age-group projections.
Macrina's Scar: Homeric Allusion and Heroic Identity in Gregory of Nyssa's Life of Macrina
Authors: Frank Georgia
Published: February 2007

The starting point for this essay is a postmortem episode from the Life of Macrina, when the saint's brother (and biographer)
recalls finding a scar on his sister's body as he prepared it
for burial (chap. 31). Close analysis of the language and literary
structure of the episode suggests that Gregory of Nyssa modeled it on
a famous scene from the Odyssey, the discovery of Odysseus'
scar (Ody. 19). Guided by literary theorist E. Auerbach's
analysis of Odysseus' scar, this essay argues that the scar flashback
is significant for establishing Macrina's identity. Why Gregory
would have presented Macrina as a scarred and "baptized Odysseus" is
the central question of this essay, which explores the legacy of Homer
in Christian late antiquity and the construction of heroic identity in
early saints' lives.
Women, Human Identity, and the Image of God: Antiochene Interpretations
Authors: Harrison Nonna Verna
Published: February 2007

Most early Christian writers regard the divine image as the core
of human identity and affirm that women, who are fully human,
bear the image of God. Diodore of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia are
exceptions. Though stating clearly that women share the same human nature
as men, they read Gen 1.26 in terms of 1 Cor 11.7 and identify the divine
image as a kind of exclusively male authority. Theodore specifies
that the human imago Dei is a visible viceroy representing the
invisible God to created beings. Adam failed in this task, which the
assumed man Jesus fulfilled. For Theodore the divine likeness, which
women also share, is an imitation of many divine attributes, including
creativity. Theodoret of Cyrrhus moves toward the Greek patristic
mainstream, stating that woman is at least "image of the image" and
eliding Theodore's distinction between image and likeness, thus including
many human characteristics besides authority in the imago Dei.
The Cave of Treasures on Swearing by Abel's Blood and Expulsion from Paradise: Two Exceptional Motifs in Context
Authors: Ruzer Serge
Published: February 2007

In this essay, the version found in
The Cave of Treasures
(CT) of the expulsion from Eden and the story of Cain and Abel is analyzed. A
peculiar combination of two exegetical motifs, discerned in this Syriac
composition, is outlined: the canceling of the immediate effects of
Adam's fall and the introduction of the salvific swearing by
Abel's blood. While suggestions concerning possible points of contact
with other--both Jewish and Christian--exegetical trends are raised,
the peculiarities and the polemical overtones of the
CT
stance are duly emphasized. It is suggested that these peculiarities
should be taken into consideration in the discussion on
CT's provenance.
Jewish Flesh and Christian Spirit in Athanasius of Alexandria
Authors: Brakke David
Published: February 2007

This paper examines Athanasius' construction of the Jews as symbols of
difference within the Christian community, specifically as the
embodiment of the particularity or locality of heresy ("flesh")
in opposition to the catholicity or universality of orthodoxy
("spirit"). Athanasius developed his notion of Judaism as particularity
during his efforts to reform the Alexandrian (local) practices of Lent
and Easter along more international (catholic) lines. Anti-Jewish rhetoric
served to stigmatize Christians who resisted these efforts. Once in place,
the model of Jewish fleshliness could be applied to other "heretical"
Christians, especially the Arians, whose biblical hermeneutic was
allegedly characterized by a similar attention to the local at the expense
of the global. The rhetorical contrast of fleshly particularity with
spiritual universality was, in its Athanasian incarnation, one ideological
aspect of the fourth-century project of creating a "catholic" Church.
The Christological Ramifications of Theodore of Mopsuestia's Understanding of Baptism and the Eucharist
Authors: S.J. Frederick G. McLeod
Published: February 2007

This paper probes how Theodore of Mopsuestia understood "type," "participation" and "real presence" in his sacramental thought at a time when a linguistic shift was occuring within the church. It first summarizes the main arguments of W. DeVries, I. Oñatibia, and L. Abramowski over the effects Theodore sees present in baptism and the eucharist. It applies Theodore's understanding of the roles of the "image of God" and the "body of Christ" as a way to grasp the real functional relationship Theodore posits between a sacrament and its heavenly fulfillment. To remain bonded to the body of Christ is to be guaranteed immortality.
Technical Efficiency of Small-and Medium-Scale Enterprises: Evidence from a Survey of Enterprises in Tanzania
Authors: Admassie. Assefa , Matambalya Francis A. S. T
Published: February 2007

The significance of small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) is acknowledged worldwide. SMEs form the vanguard of the modern enterprise sector and present the propelling force of economic modernization and growth in developing economies. But it is imperative to examine their efficiency levels in order to formulate appropriate policies for the development of SMEs. In this study, the level of technical efficiency of SMEs in Tanzania has been examined using a Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function. The findings indicate that high levels of technical inefficiency, which reduce their potential output levels significantly, characterize the Tanzanian SMEs. Assisting these firms to improve their technical efficiency through adequate supply of inputs, markets, and credit facilities, and undertaking extensive infrastructural development and training could be important measures.
The Historical Origin of African Debt Crisis
Authors: Fole. Alemayehu Geda
Published: February 2007

The literature about the origin of the African debt crisis lists a number of factors as its causes. The oil price shocks of 1973-74 and 1978-79, the expansion of the Eurodollar, a rise in public expenditure by African governments following rising commodity prices in the early 1970s, the recession in industrial countries and the subsequent commodity price fall, and a rise in real world interest rate are usually mentioned as major factors. Surprisingly, almost all the literature starts its analysis either in the early 1970s or, at best, after independence in the 1960s. The main argument in this paper is that one has to go beyond this period not only to adequately explain the current debt crisis, but also to propose its possible solution. The conclusion that emerges from such analysis is that the African debt problem is essentially a trade problem.
The Enlightenment Literary Market: Rousseau, Authorship, and the Book Trade
Authors: Turnovsky Geoffrey
Published: February 2007

This essay proposes an examination of Rousseau's engagement with the
book trade, particularly in the wake of his departure from Paris in
the 1750s. It focuses on his epistolary construction of the literary
market, considered not as an objective commercial domain, but as a
conceptualized authorial space that gave expression to an evolving set
of hopes and anxieties. In his letters to publishers, Rousseau produced
an ambiguous image of the book trade as a medium that both facilitated
and obstructed the new forms of self-expression that he came to identify
as authorship. In this contradiction, the literary market took shape as
a modern literary field.
Vichy Rule in French West Africa: Prelude to Decolonization?
Authors: Ginio Ruth
Published: February 2007

La Deuxième Guerre mondiale est depuis longtemps
considérée comme un tournant décisif dans
le déclenchement du processus de décolonisation en
Afrique après-guerre. Dans les territoires français,
les Africains ont témoigné leur occupant colonial dans
son heure la plus difficile. Vichystes et Gaullistes ont fait tous
deux appel aux sujets coloniaux pour obtenir leur soutien. Cet article
examine l'impact de la période de Vichy sur les réformes
adoptées en Afrique Occidentale Française (A.O.F.) lors
de la conférence de Brazzaville en 1944 qui ont conduit, par
la suite, à l'indépendance des possessions coloniales
françaises en Afrique sub-saharienne. Soulignant le rôle
important joué par les intellectuels africains dans la politique
d'après-guerre, cet article décrit les relations de
cette élite autochtone avec les autorités coloniales de
Vichy. Se référant à des mémoires et à
des correspondances interceptées à l'époque,
ainsi qu'à des entretiens menés récemment, il
examine la façon dont la période de Vichy en A.O.F. a
transformé les attitudes fondamentales des membres de cette
élite vis-à-vis du colonialisme français,
leur montrant son vrai visage dénué des oripeaux
républicains et laissant peu d'espoir à leurs aspirations
à l'égalité et à l'assimilation.
Le Gouvernement de la Louisiane FranÃ§aise, 1731-43: Essai d'Histoire Comparative
Authors: Saadani Khalil
Published: February 2007

The withdrawal of the Company of the Indies in 1731 simplified the
administrative structure of the Louisiana colony. The council that had
heretofore represented the company disappeared. Royal letters patent of
22 May 1731 re-established the Conseil Supérieur according
to the 1716 edict, while abolishing the right of some company directors
to sit there. These changes implied that the Louisiana government,
separated since 1720 from Canada's, again became dependent upon the
latter. Then the king named new administrators and councilors, notably
Bienville (who arrived in 1733) as gouverneur particulier. As
before, the Louisiana government was soon paralyzed by disagreements
among its directors. Comparison of Louisiana's government with colonial
governments in Canada and in the French West Indies shows that every
colonial administration—even though based on the Coutume de
Paris—was influenced by the milieu in which it operated.
Georges Hardy and Educational Ethnology in French Morocco, 1920-26
Authors: Segalla Spencer D
Published: February 2007

Cette étude décrit les tentatives de Georges Hardy,
directeur de l'instruction publique du Maroc français,
de créer une pédagogie coloniale adaptée
aux attributs ethniques des musulmans marocains. Depuis 1912,
le résident général Hubert Lyautey a pris
en charge des recherches ethnologiques dans le protectorat, dans
l'espoir que ces recherches conduiraient à des politiques
adaptées aux circonstances du Maroc. Mais dans l'enseignement,
les tentatives de baser des politiques sur des recherches empiriques
ont été minées par l'urgence des décisions
politiques, par la préférence romantique de Lyautey
à privilégier l'action sur l'intellectualisme, et par la
méthode psychologique intuitive de Hardy. La psychologie coloniale
de Hardy reflète une image simple de "l'âme marocaine,"
et ses programmes pédagogiques restrictifs pour les musulmans
étaient une synthèse d'exemples importés de la
métropole et de l'Afrique Occidentale Française. L'image
psychologique de l'âme marocaine contredit l'idée d'une
distinction ethnologique entre les arabes et les berbères. Par
conséquent, le discours officiel de l'enseignement public n'a
pas soutenu la politique berbère du protectorat. Tout comme les
nationalistes qui ont protesté le Dahir Berbère de 1930,
Georges Hardy a soutenu que les Marocains étaient un groupe
unifié psychologiquement.
More than Symbolic: Pierre Clement de Laussat's Municipal Council and French Louisianian Protest against American Territorial Government
Authors: Vernet Julien
Published: February 2007

Le 26 mars 1803, Pierre Clément de Laussat, préfet
de la Louisiane, arriva à la Nouvelle-Orléans afin de
préparer la colonie pour l'arrivée d'une expédition
militaire française envoyée par Napoléon. Mais
son mission changea quand Napoléon vendit la Louisiane aux
États-Unis le 30 avril. Laussat gouvernait la colonie entre le
30 novembre et le 20 décembre pendant sa cession de l'Espagne
à la France et puis aux États-Unis. A cause de la
nature symbolique de son gouvernement, Laussat pourrait simplement et
paisiblement passer son temps. Mais il a institué une série
de réformes destinées à assister les résidents
français, dont la plus importante fut un nouveau conseil à
la Nouvelle-Orléans composé des amis de la France. Entre
1803 et 1809, ces hommes étaient à la tête des
protestations organisées contre le gouvernement territorial
américain.
Rethinking the Costume Drama: Agnieszka Holland's Washington Square (1997)
Authors: Raw Laurence
Published: February 2007

This article looks at Agnieszka Holland's film of "Washington
Square" (1997) as an example of a costume drama, focusing
especially on the ways in which it tries to attract attention
though the use of historically accurate locations, sets and
costumes. However, it will also suggest that Holland uses
"movement images" (e.g. the woman at the window) to reinvent many
of the conventions of the genre and thereby demonstrate how
Catherine Sloper transcends the patriarchal conventions of her
society in her search for an independent existence.