bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Osteoarthritis of Knee
Authors: Thati Srinivas
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

The global burden of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is on the rise with advancing age, as life expectancy is improving worldwide. The literature shows a higher prevalence and incidence of KOA in women. The gender differences are seen not only in the developing world but also in the developed world. KOA at advanced stage can be quite disabling affecting the individuals' functioning capacity. The available treatment modalities can improve the quality of life significantly. The aim of this review is to study the gender differences in epidemiological and clinical aspects of KOA in Indian population.

Methods:

The keywords “knee osteoarthritis, Gender, India,” “knee osteoarthritis, Sex, India,” and “knee osteoarthritis, Prevalence, India” are used for data search for retrieving data from Indian studies in MEDLINE and Google Scholar. The broad inclusion criteria were clinical and radiological diagnosis of KOA, inclusive of both men and women and excluded articles with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory arthritis, and secondary causes of arthritis.

Results:

A total of 18 articles were found to fulfill the broad inclusive criteria. Majority of the articles were cross-sectional prevalence studies either done in a community setup or in tertiary care hospitals. The overall prevalence of KOA in these studies ranges from 27.1% to 66.1%, depending on the lower age limit of the study population. Postmenopausal women are affected more than premenopausal women. High body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis were the common comorbid conditions.

Discussion & Conclusion:

The gender difference in the incidence and prevalence is seen in several cross-sectional studies and case series in the Indian literature. However, there is a paucity of data on clinical presentation, progression of the diseases, disability scoring at various stages of the KOA, and management.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Menopause in Forty Plus Women
Authors: Sharma Sudhaa , Mahajan Neha
Published: April 2021

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age group, but it affects women's health and quality of life across the life course. During different stages of life, the PCOS phenotype can change, which requires a personalized diagnostic approach and treatment. With increasing age, the syndrome evolves from a reproductive disease to a more metabolic disorder. Along with various metabolic disturbances like insulin resistance and abnormalities of energy expenditure, PCOS is recognized as a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in later life. The aim of the current review was to conduct a nonsystematic review of published literature and research that has been presented so far regarding menopausal women with PCOS as well as the associated changes in hormone profile, their lipid profile, and various metabolic changes that occur. The current review may also contribute to raise awareness about the risk of hypertension and CVDs in postmenopausal women with PCOS.
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Symptomatic Uterine Leiomyoma in Women with Hypovitaminosis D
Authors: Suneja Amita , Faridi Fahmina , Bhatt Shuchi , Guleria Kiran , Mehndiratta Mohit , Sharma Richa
Published: April 2021

Objective:

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of Vitamin D3 on symptoms, uterine and leiomyoma volume in women with symptomatic leiomyoma and hypovitaminosis D.

Materials and Methods:

In this pilot, interventional, prospective study, 30 premenopausal women with uterine leiomyoma and concomitant hypovitaminosis D (<30 ng/ml) received Vitamin D3 in doses of 60,000 IU weekly for 8 weeks followed by 60,000 IU every 2 weeks for another 8 weeks. Change in symptoms, uterine, and leiomyoma volume was evaluated at 8 weeks and 16 weeks. Serum Vitamin D3 levels were repeated at 16 weeks of therapy.

Results:

A significant negative correlation was observed between the baseline 25-hydroxy Vitamin D (25(OH) Vitamin D3) and leiomyoma volume (r = –0.434, P < 0.001). There was significant reduction of menstrual blood loss by 29.89% (P = 0.003) and severity of dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, and backache by 44.12%, 35%, and 50% (P < 0.001, 0.019, and 0.002), respectively, at 16 weeks. At end of therapy, there was 6% reduction in mean uterine volume and 11% in leiomyoma volume which was not significant. Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D3 was significantly higher than baseline level (17.44 ± 5.82 vs. 39.38 ± 8.22, P < 0.001) at end of therapy.

Conclusion:

Vitamin D3 supplementation is effective in reducing leiomyoma-related symptoms and stabilizing uterine and leiomyoma volume.
Endodontic management of permanent mandibular first molar with middle mesial canal
Authors: Alfahadi Hadi Rajeh , Alkazman Fawaz Hamad , Bamanie Ahmed , Alwadai Mesfer Saleh
Published: April 2021

Endodontic treatment of a permanent mandibular first molar is often difficult due to its related complex variations. The root cause of endodontic failure is the inability of a practitioner to recognize and manage an irregular root canal system. Knowledge of dental anatomy, thorough examination, and utilization of recent diagnostic tools are required for an effective root canal treatment. A 31-year-old Saudi male patient presented to the endodontic clinic for endodontic treatment of the mandibular left first molar (#36). Clinical examination using a dental operating microscope (DOM) followed by radiographic examination including cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) revealed the diagnosis of asymptomatic apical periodontitis in a previously attempted root canal therapy which was incomplete. The periapical disease involved middle mesial canal (MMC) intermingling with the mesiobuccal (MB) in the mesial root. The root canal treatment was successfully carried out with no symptoms during 6 months of follow-up period. This case reports the presence of unusual presentation of MMC and MB canal in the mandibular first molar, which had resulted in postendodontic complications, which was diagnosed using CBCT and successfully managed with good prognosis. Dentists can use technical and imaging advancements including the DOM and CBCT to recognize anatomical variations in the root canal system, especially in cases of postendodontic failures or complications.
Oral health status and use of sugary products among adolescents in urban and rural schools in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alwabari Mostafa Ahmed , Alquraini Ali Malik , Albakheet Ali Saeed , Alsaljah Reham Saad , Alkuhl Huda , Ashraf Javed , Alotaibi Abdel Raouf , Bokhari Syed Akhtar Hussain
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

Diet of an individual plays a remarkable role in maintaining health. Urbanization has had a great impact on the food habits of the society with the balance shifting to sweetened and refined food consumption. Dietary habits also has remarkable contribution to dental and overall health status. Aim: This study was designed to evaluate oral health awareness, practices, status, and the use of sugary products among urban and rural high school adolescents of Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.

Materials and methods:

A cross-sectional mixed study was conducted using questionnaire and clinical examination among two female and two male urban and rural schools. Information on oral health awareness, practices, and use of sugar products were obtained using a self-reported structured questionnaire. Oral health status was assessed using decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, gingival index, Angle's classification at University dental clinics. The Chi-square test and t-test were performed using SPSS.

Results and Discussion:

Ninety-seven urban and one hundred and twenty-eight rural students with a median age of 17 years for males and 16 years for females completed the study. Eighty-five percent urban and 86% rural students demonstrated oral health awareness and practices, showing significant level for rural females (54%, P = 0.002) and urban females (72%, P = 0.006). Ninety-four percent urban and 89% of rural students used sugary products with a significant level for rural females (P = 0.001) for carbonated drinks only. Eighty-six percent of students had decayed, 22% missing and 38% filled teeth. Mean DMFT was 7.0 ± 4.7. Ninety-five (95%) participants showed mild-to-moderate gingivitis, 35% malocclusion, 11% other oral pathologies. Rural and urban difference for oral health parameters was significant only for filled teeth (P = 0.001) for urban and missing teeth (P = 0.019) among 15 years old for rural adolescents.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates a good level of oral health awareness, but poor oral health status among both urban and rural students with an insignificant difference for most of the parameters studied.
Knowledge and awareness of basic life support among nonhealth-care providers in Riyadh
Authors: Khashaba Ahmed Sayed , Alharbi Mogbel Khalaf , Alghunaim Madawi Saleh , Alsemari Leena Abdulrahman , Almohaimeed Wasaif Saleh
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

Sudden cardiac arrest is a life-threatening emergency and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in Saudi Arabia.

Aims:

This study aims to evaluate the level of knowledge and awareness toward basic life support (BLS) among nonhealth-care professionals in Riyadh.

Methods:

This cross-sectional descriptive survey was done using random sampling during the time period of June 2020. Data were collected using self-administered online questionnaire which was adapted from a validated questionnaire that was used previously in a similar study. The questionnaire contained three parts: (i) demographic data, (ii) questions on awareness related to BLS, and (iii) questions on the level of BLS knowledge. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 25, and Chi-square test was used to find association between the level of knowledge and demographic factors.

Results and Discussion:

A total of 429 respondents completed the questionnaire: 80% were females and majority were 21–30 years old (39.4%). Our results demonstrated that only 22% had previous BLS training of which 43% had good knowledge and 56% had poor knowledge about BLS. There was a significant association between the level of BLS knowledge with gender (P = 0.007), education (P = 0.006), and occupation (P = 0.049). Nearly 84.4% of the respondents were aware that their knowledge in BLS was insufficient.

Conclusions:

Overall, the level of knowledge and awareness among nonhealth-care professionals in Riyadh are poor. Introduction of BLS courses in the education curriculum is highly recommended.
Prevalence of carotid artery calcifications in Riyadh from digital panoramic radiographs and its relationship with cardiovascular disorders
Authors: Sinjab Alaa Ziad , Soman Cristalle , Sahab Lujain Ahmed
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

Atherosclerosis of the external division of the carotid artery contributes to approximately 20% among all the reasons leading to stroke. The strategies for the prevention of stroke remain underutilized despite the advancements in healthcare. Dentists can contribute in the prevention of stroke by identifying patients at risk from the details revealed in radiographic imaging.

Aim:

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of carotid artery calcifications (CACs) detected on digital panoramic radiographs in Riyadh and its relationship with cardiovascular disorders.

Methodology:

A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh Elm University using digital panoramic radiographs. A total of 158 panoramic radiographs were analyzed with patients aged ≥18 years. The presence of CAC was determined and confirmed by an oral radiologist. Medical records were retrieved and collected from the digital data base after ethical approval. Chi-square test of independence was performed to examine the relationship between variables (age, gender, and medical problems) and the presence of calcification.

Results and Discussion:

From the data scrutinized, 158 panoramic radiographs were included for the study. 111 radiographs did not have any calcifications. 47 radiographs depicted the presence of soft tissue calcification, out of which 20 radiographs were of CAC and the remaining contributed to other soft tissue calcifications seen in the neck region. There was significant correlation between age and calcification, P = 0.003 with the highest prevalence in 40–69 years. Correlation between gender, CAC, and medically compromised conditions associated with cardiovascular systems was not significant.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of CAC in the Riyadh population was 1.12%. CAC comprised of 12.66% among all the soft tissue calcifications of the neck in this study. Patients are not aware of the underlying cardiovascular risk that CAC can pose. Dentists' diagnostic efficiency in analyzing CAC, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular events, can reduce further morbidities or mortality rates enhancing the quality of life and life span.
Antimicrobial effect of different calcium silicate – Based bioceramic endodontic sealers against Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Abduljabbar Salah M. , Abumostafa Ammar
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

A successful root canal treatment ensures complete sealing of the root canal to abstain from re-infections. The efficiency of antimicrobial activity of the sealers is important for achieving long term success in root canal therapy.

Aim:

This study compared the antibacterial properties of three calcium silicate-based root canal sealers against Enterococcus faecalis at varying incubation time periods.

Materials and Methods:

This in vitro cross sectional experimental study was designed with three root canal sealers, namely, Endosequence/BC Sealer, CeraSeal, and BioRoot RCS. Freshly mixed selars were placed in agar plates infused with Enterococcus faecalis. Incubation at 37°C under anaerobic conditions was done for 1 week, during which measurements of the inhibition zones were recorded at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days. Data were compared using ANOVA, and Tukey's tests (P < 0.05).

Results and Discussion:

Bacterial growth inhibition was demonstrated by all the sealers tested, with antimicrobial activity being highest for BioRoot RCS and least for CeraSeal. An increase in duration of incubation, positively affected the antimicrobial properties.

Conclusion:

Significant difference (P < 0.05) of bacterial inhibition was observed among different time duration of 24 h compared to 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days, for all tested materials. Moreover, BioRoot RCS showed significant bacterial inhibition to tested microorganism.
Interruptions to Attending Physician Rounds and Their Effect on Resident Education
Authors: Armendariz Julia , Tamayo Carla , Slade Justin , Belitskaya-Lévy Ilana , Gray Caroline , Allaudeen Nazima
Published: April 2021

Background

Daily attending rounds (AR) are a cornerstone of teaching and patient care in academic health centers. Interruptions in health care are common and can cause increased risk of errors, incomplete work, and decreased decision-making accuracy. Interruptions to AR may diminish a trainee's capacity to learn and retain information.

Objective

We characterized and quantified interruptions that occur during AR.

Methods

We used a mixed-methods design combining a prospective observational study with a qualitative study. AR were observed January to March 2020 to characterize interruptions, followed by semi-structured interviews with the observed physicians to elucidate the effect of interruptions on workflow and the educational value of rounds.

Results

There were 378 observed interruptions over the course of 30 AR sessions, averaging 12.6 (range 1–22, median 13) interruptions per rounding session. Bedside nursing staff was the most common source of interruptions (25%) and consultant recommendations was the most common topic of interruption (21%). Most interruptions occurred during patient presentations (76%), and the most common method of interaction was text message (24%). Most team members described negative effects of interruptions, including loss of focus and missing critical clinical information; some also reported that certain interruptions had positive effects on education and clinical care. Interns were more likely to report negative emotional reactions to interruptions.

Conclusions

AR are frequently interrupted for non-urgent topics by a variety of methods and sources. Negative effects included loss of focus, missed information, and increased stress. Proactive communication, particularly between physicians and nurses, was suggested to reduce interruptions.
Parental Leave Policies in Canadian Residency Education
Authors: Stratton Tara , Cook-Chaimowitz Lauren , Pardhan Alim , Snelgrove Natasha , Chan Teresa M.
Published: April 2021

Background

In recent decades, the gender makeup of Canadian medical residents has approached parity. As residency training years coincide closely with childbearing years and paid parental leave is associated with numerous benefits for both parents and children, it is important for there to be clarity about parental leave benefits.

Objectives

We aimed to conduct a comprehensive review of maternity and parental leave policies in all residency education programs in Canada, to highlight gaps that might be improved or areas in which Canadian programs excel.

Methods

We searched websites of the 8 provincial housestaff organizations (PHOs) for information regarding pregnancy workload accommodations, maternity leave, and parental leave policies in each province in effect as of January 2020. We summarized the policies and analyzed their readability using the Flesch Reading Ease.

Results

All Canadian PHOs provide specific accommodations around maternity and parental leave for medical residents. All organizations offer at least 35 weeks of total leave, while only 3 PHOs offer extended leave of about 63 weeks, in line with federal regulations. All but 2 PHOs offer supplemental income to their residents, although not for the full duration of offered leave. All PHOs offer workplace accommodations for pregnant residents in their second and/or third trimester.

Conclusions

Although all provinces had some form of leave, significant variability was found in the accommodations, duration of leave, and financial benefits provided to medical residents on maternity and parental leave across Canada. There is a lack of clarity in policy documents, which may be a barrier to optimal uptake.
Simulation-Based Assessments and Graduating Neurology Residents' Milestones: Status Epilepticus Milestones
Authors: Mikhaeil-Demo Yara , Holmboe Eric , Gerard Elizabeth E. , Wayne Diane B. , Cohen Elaine R. , Yamazaki Kenji , Templer Jessica W. , Bega Danny , Culler George W. , Bhatt Amar B. , Shafi Neelofer , Barsuk Jeffrey H.
Published: April 2021

Background

The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) developed Milestones that provide a framework for residents' assessment. However, Milestones do not provide a description for how programs should perform assessments.

Objectives

We evaluated graduating residents' status epilepticus (SE) identification and management skills and how they correlate with ACGME Milestones reported for epilepsy and management/treatment by their program's clinical competency committee (CCC).

Methods

We performed a cohort study of graduating neurology residents from 3 academic medical centers in Chicago in 2018. We evaluated residents' skills identifying and managing SE using a simulation-based assessment (26-item checklist). Simulation-based assessment scores were compared to experience (number of SE cases each resident reported identifying and managing during residency), self-confidence in identifying and managing these cases, and their end of residency Milestones assigned by a CCC based on end-of-rotation evaluations.

Results

Sixteen of 21 (76%) eligible residents participated in the study. Average SE checklist score was 15.6 of 26 checklist items correct (60%, SD 12.2%). There were no significant correlations between resident checklist performance and experience or self-confidence. The average participant's level of Milestone for epilepsy and management/treatment was high at 4.3 of 5 (SD 0.4) and 4.4 of 5 (SD 0.4), respectively. There were no significant associations between checklist skills performance and level of Milestone assigned.

Conclusions

Simulated SE skills performance of graduating neurology residents was poor. Our study suggests that end-of-rotation evaluations alone are inadequate for assigning Milestones for high-stakes clinical skills such as identification and management of SE.
Analysis of Supervisors' Feedback to Residents on Communicator, Collaborator, and Professional Roles During Case Discussions
Authors: Lafleur Alexandre , Côté Luc , Witteman Holly O.
Published: April 2021

Background

Literature examining the feedback supervisors give to residents during case discussions in the realms of communication, collaboration, and professional roles (intrinsic roles) focuses on analyses of written feedback and self-reporting.

Objectives

We quantified how much of the supervisors' verbal feedback time targeted residents' intrinsic roles and how well feedback time was aligned with the role targeted by each case. We analyzed the educational goals of this feedback. We assessed whether feedback content differed depending on whether the residents implied or explicitly expressed a need for particular feedback.

Methods

This was a mixed-methods study conducted from 2017 to 2019. We created scripted cases for radiology and internal medicine residents to present to supervisors, then analyzed the feedback given both qualitatively and quantitatively. The cases were designed to highlight the CanMEDS intrinsic roles of communicator, collaborator, and professional.

Results

Radiologists (n = 15) spent 22% of case discussions providing feedback on intrinsic roles (48% aligned): 28% when the case targeted the communicator role, 14% for collaborator, and 27% for professional. Internists (n = 15) spent 70% of discussions on intrinsic roles (56% aligned): 66% for communicator, 73% for collaborator, and 72% for professional. Radiologists' goals were to offer advice (66%), reflections (21%), and agreements (7%). Internists offered advice (41%), reflections (40%), and clarifying questions (10%). We saw no consistent effects when residents explicitly requested feedback on an intrinsic role.

Conclusions

Case discussions represent frequent opportunities for substantial feedback on intrinsic roles, largely aligned with the clinical case. Supervisors predominantly offered monologues of advice and agreements.
Surveying Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents About Their Residency Applications, Interviews, and Ranking
Authors: George Karen E. , Gressel Gregory M. , Ogburn Tony , Woodland Mark B. , Banks Erika
Published: April 2021

Background

Residency applications have increased in the last decade, creating growing challenges for applicants and programs.

Objective

We evaluated factors associated with application and match into obstetrics and gynecology residency.

Methods

During the annual in-training examination administered to all obstetrics and gynecology residents in the United States, residents were surveyed on the residency application process.

Results

Ninety-five percent (5094 of 5347) residents responded to the survey. Thirty-six percent reported applying to 30 or fewer programs, 26.7% applied to more than 31 programs, and 37.1% opted not to answer this question. Forty-nine percent of residents received honors in their obstetrics and gynecology clerkship and 37.1% did not. The majority of residents (88.6%) reported scoring between 200 and 250 on USMLE Step 1. Eighty-six percent matched into one of their top 5 programs. The only factor associated with matching in residents' top 5 programs was receiving honors in their clerkship (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.08–1.54; P < .005). The only factor associated with matching below the top 5 programs was a couples match (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.43–0.72; P < .001). In choosing where to apply, residents identified program location and reputation as the most important factors, while for ranking, location and residency culture were the most important.

Conclusions

Most obstetrics and gynecology residents reported matching into their top 5 choices. Receiving an honors grade in the clerkship was the only factor associated with matching in applicants' top 5 programs. Location was the most important factor for applying to and ranking of programs.
KÜRESEL EKONOMİK POLİTİK BELİRSİZLİĞİN (GEPU) DÖVİZ KURU, ENFLASYON ve BORSA ETKİSİ: TÜRKİYE`DEN KANITLAR
Authors: GÜRSOY Samet
Published: April 2021

Küreselleşmenin bir sonucu da finansal piyasaları birbirine bağlı ve bağımlı hale getirmesidir. Bu nedenle bir ülkede yatırım yapmak isteyenlerin bir yandan ülke içindeki gelişmeleri takip ederken bir yandan da dış şoklar, belirsizlikler ve gelişmeleri takip etmek durumundadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada Türkiye için dış belirsizliklerin iç piyasadaki finansal etkileri ölçülmek istenmiştir.
Bu çalışma Türkiye için sınırlı sayıda değişken seçilerek küresel ekonomik ve politik belirsizlik (GEPU) endeksinin etkileri ölçülmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada GEPU endeksi ile Dolar/TL, Euro/TL, enflasyon ve BİST100 endeksi değişkenleri arasında Ocak 2013-Ekim 2020 arasında aylık veriler kullanılarak Hatemi-J Asimetrik Nedensellik testi çalıştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda GEPU endeksinden hem dolar hem de euro döviz kurları üzerinde pozitif bir nedensellik yayılımı görülürken diğer değişkenler üzerinde herhangi bir nedensellik ilişkisi olmadığı bulgusuna erişilmiştir.
Socio-economic and management concepts
Authors:   International Science Group
Published: April 2021

Collection of scientific articles published is the scientific and practical publication, which contains scientific articles of students, graduate students, Candidates and Doctors of Sciences, research workers and practitioners from Europe and Ukraine. The articles contain the study, reflecting the processes and changes in the structure of modern science.
Keban Magmatik Kayaçları’nın Petrografik Ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri (Keban-Elazığ)
Authors: RİZELİ Mustafa Eren , SAR Abdullah , ERTÜRK Mehmet Ali
Published: April 2021

Bu çalışmada, Keban-Elazığ bölgesindeki Geç Kretase-Orta Eosen yaşlı Keban Magmatik kayaçlarının petrografik ve jeokimyasal özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışılan bölgede Keban Magmatik Kayaçları dışında Geç Devoniyen-Geç Triyas yaşlı Keban Metamorfitleri, Paleosen-Neojen sedimanter birimleri ve Plio-Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyonlar yüzeylemektedir. Çalışmanın konusunu oluşturan kayaçlar Keban metamorfik kayaçlarını kesen Keban Magmatik kayaçlarına ait siyenit ve kuvars-monzonitlerle temsil edilmektedir. İncelenen kayaçlar genel olarak porfirik, porfirik holokristalen, poiklitik doku özelliği gösteren K-feldispat (mega-fenokristal), plajiyoklas, amfibol, biyotit ve kuvars mineralleri ana mineral içeriğini oluşturur. İncelenen tüm örnekler şoşonitik karakterli olup A-tipi granitoid alanlarına düşmektedir. İncelenen kayaçların tektonik ortamı olarak çarpışma sonrası granitleri bölgesi önerilmektedir.
1-heptanol/benzin karışımlarının kullanıldığı buji ateşlemeli motorun çalışma parametrelerinin Taguchi tasarım metodu ile iyileştirilmesi
Authors: YAMAN Hayri , YEŞİLYURT Murat Kadir , USLU Samet
Published: April 2021

Bu çalışmada, optimum motor çıkışına karşılık gelen motor değişkenlerinin optimum değerlerini saptamak için varyans analizi (ANOVA) destekli Taguchi tasarım metodu kullanılmıştır. Tasarım için 1-heptanol oranı (HO), sıkıştırma oranı (SO) ve motor yükü, motor değişkenleri olarak seçilirken, bu değişkenlere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan fren efektif verim (FEV) ve fren özgül yakıt tüketimi (FÖYT) motor cevapları olarak seçilmiştir. Motor değişkenlerinden HO için %0, %5 ve %15, SO için 6.0:1, 8.0:1 ve 10.0:1, yük için 9, 18 ve 27 Nm olmak üzere üç farklı değer seçilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, en iyi FEV ve FÖYT değerlerinin elde edilmesi için gereken optimum motor çalışma parametreleri %5 HO, 10.0:1 SO ve 27 Nm yük olarak bulunmuştur. Optimum çalışma parametrelerine istinaden ortaya çıkan FEV ve FÖYT ise sırasıyla %33.1195 ve 0.2782 kg/kWh olarak bulunmuştur. Optimizasyondan elde edilen sonuçlar ile deney sonuçları kıyaslandığında ise %10’dan daha az bir hatayla optimizasyonun başarılı bir şekilde yapıldığı ortaya çıkmıştır.
Farklı Yöntemlerle Sentezlenmiş olan ZnO’in Organik Güneş Hücrelerinde Verim Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: YURTDAŞ Semih , KARAMAN Mustafa , TOZLU Cem
Published: April 2021

Bu çalışmada ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/MoO3/Ag yapısına sahip güneş hücresi üretilmiş olup farklı yöntemlerle sentezlenmiş olan ZnO’in aygıt verimi üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Sentez yöntemi olarak, sol-jel, nanokristal ve çözelti prosesi kullanılmıştır. Öncelikle her bir farklı sentez yöntemi için XRD ile karakterizasyon yapılmıştır. Daha sonrasında ise elde edilen ZnO çözeltileri ile kaplamalar yapılarak aygıtlar üretilmiştir. Yapılan aygıtların verim değerleri, 100 mw/cm2 güneş ışıması altında Keithley 2400 kaynak ölçer cihazı yardımı ile belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre en yüksek verime (%2,90) sol-jel yöntemiyle sentezlenen ZnO ile ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca sol-jel yönteminin, diğer yöntemlere göre daha ucuz ekipmanlara ve nispeten zararsız kimyasallara gereksinim duymasından dolayı ekstra avantajları vardır. Sonuç olarak organik güneş hücrelerinde kullanılacak olan ZnO için en uygun sentez yöntemi sol-jel yöntemi olduğu belirlenmiştir
Ekmeklik Buğday Islah Programlarında Gluten Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: KARADUMAN Yaşar , AKIN Arzu , YILMAZ Emel , DOĞAN Seda , BELEN Savaş
Published: April 2021

Gluten kalitesi, ekmeklik buğdayın birçok farklı son ürüne uygunluğunu belirleyen ana faktördür. Ekmeklik buğday hatlarının nihai ürüne uygunluğunun belirlenmesinde gluten kalitesini değerlendirmek için buğday ıslah programlarında birçok kimyasal ve enstrümantal test kullanılmaktadır. Numune sayısının fazla olduğu, seçim süresinin kısa olduğu ve analizlerin maliyetinin yüksek olduğu durumlarda, gluten kalitesinin değerlendirilmesinde az miktarda numune gerektiren ve hatta doğrudan tam buğday unuyla yapılan küçük ölçekli kimyasal testler tercih edilirken ileri aşamalarda ise daha kapsamlı testler yapılır. Bu çalışmada, Eskişehir Geçiş Bölgesi Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü (GKATE) ekmeklik buğday ıslah programının farklı ıslah evrelerinde materyalleri gluten kalitesinin belirlenmesinde uygulanan yöntemler değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, özellikle seleksiyonda ıslah programlarına önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır.
The Idea of Civilization and the Making of the Global Order
Authors: Linklater Andrew
Published: April 2021

Exploring the significance of Norbert Elias's reflections on civilization for international relations, this book explains the working principles of an Eliasian approach to civilization and demonstrates how the interdependencies between state-formation, colonialism and an emergent international society shaped the European 'civilizing process.'
Understanding SARS-CoV-2 features of infectivity, aggressiveness, and transmissibility: an insect-vector theory for SARS-CoV-2 dissemination
Authors: Lazar Angela Madalina
Published: April 2021

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a ribonucleic acid–based (RNA-based) lineage B β-coronavirus characterized by 10-20 times higher infectivity and transmissibility even across species than previous coronaviruses. The significant infectivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 is due to its different host cell entry mechanisms that are mainly via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors contrasting earlier coronaviruses that used mainly the endosomal route. Due to the widespread distribution of ACE2 receptors throughout our body, various routes of infectivity are possible, highlighting the necessity of employing multiple forms of protection besides face masks to limit inter-human transmissibility. SARS-CoV-2 exhibits other remarkable features such as the ability to escape the immune system repeated genomic mutations that make it difficult to design a vaccine to address all viral strains and form huge host cell syncytia leading to massive tissue destruction. If we accept SARS-CoV-2 primary reservoir from bats, we should investigate the routes of viral inter-species propagation. In this article, a new theory is proposed- that the dissemination of the virus from the bats to other species and humans could have been possible via an insect vector, as insects possess significant amounts of both ACE2 receptors and a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM-17) enzymes that are essential for virus infectivity.

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Factors Influencing Changes in the Rate of the National Currency and the Ways of Its Stabilization
Authors:   Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Tashkent Institute of Finance, Kadirov Ermat
Published: April 2021

This scientific article analyzes the influence of such factors as the growth rate of prices of gross domestic product, the growth rate of prices for goods, works and services during the year, the state of the foreign trade balance, the balance of the state budget on the rate of the national currency of Uzbekistan, while considering their positive or negative impact , as well as a forecast of its further changes. On the basis of the study, individual proposals were formulated to stabilize and strengthen the exchange rate of the national currency in Uzbekistan, among them the development and implementation of a fundamentally new economic policy with the orientation of market reforms in sectors whose share is small in the creation of the country's domestic product, to develop measures using market instruments to reduce the financial pressure of foreign currencies, which exert significant pressure on the domestic financial market, developing measures to increase the minting of gold coins and establishing the issuance of treasury gold bonds, active privatization of inefficient state assets, stimulating exports and expanding the localization of imports, as well as to achieve a positive balance of payments by market mechanisms , an increase in state budget spending on economic development by reducing spending on the social sphere, defense and management, and more.
Post-Soviet State - Building in Kyrgyzstan: Behind and Beyond the Revolutions
Authors:   Eurasia Institutes, Terzyan Aram
Published: April 2021

This paper explores post-Soviet state-building in Kyrgyzstan, with a focus on the root causes of the three revolutions faced by the country. It suggests that the revolutions have not produced significant results in terms of fundamental economic and political reforms. Rather, Kyrgyzstan has turned into the Central Asian “island of instability”. The situation is compounded by deep- rooted inter-ethnic tensions, the prevalence of traditional informal institutions and weakness of democratic institutions, as well as country’s heavy reliance on international donors. The presidential elections and constitutional referendum of 2021 have provided grounds for cautious optimism. A question remains of whether and to what extent Sadyr Japarov’s ambitious agenda will translate into reality, thus leading the country to prosperity and stability.
Socio-Economic Characteristics and Marriage Decisions of Chadian Households
Authors: Kouladoum Jean-Claude , Ngouhouo Ibrahim
Published: April 2021

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the socio-economic characteristics of men and women on the marriage decision in Chad. The methodology used refers to the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The data used come from the Demographic and Health Multiple Indicator Survey in Chad (EDS-MICS, 2014-2015) and the Third Survey on Consumption and the Informal Sector in Chad (ECOSIT3, 2011). Results show that, firstly, with regard to the marriage decision of men, their socioeconomic category and the age of women enhance their decision to marry; while the absence of education of man significantly delays his marriage decision. Secondly, about the marriage decision of women, their socioeconomic category (including agricultural, non-farm, and private sectors) and the age of men significantly improve the marriage decision. In addition, the lack of education of man and the socio-professional category of father of woman (senior-middle manager) delays the marriage decision of woman. Moreover, the level of education of woman (higher level) significantly delays the marriage decision. that the Chadian government develop educational and employment policies for all to improve the accumulation and enhancement of human capital.
Upshot of Foreign Capital Flows on Real Sector Growth in Nigeria
Authors: Clement Abur Cyprian
Published: April 2021

This study examines the upshot of foreign capital inflows on real sector growth in Nigeria from 1986 to 2019. The study sets out to achieve the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign portfolio investment (FPI), and official development assistance (ODA) on real sector growth in Nigeria. The study employed the SVAR model to achieve the study objective and the data sets used for this study were secondary sources. The study found that the inflows of FDI and ODA influence the industrial sector output significantly than the agricultural sector, thereby making the sector unattractive to foreign investors. The study concludes that inflows of foreign direct investment and official development assistance exert influence on industrial sector output than the agricultural sector. The study recommends that policymakers must develop policies that are foreign agricultural capital friendly to attract more foreign capital to the agricultural sector for the growth of economic activities in the industry.
Empirical Analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Co2 Emissions in Nigeria: The Role of Industrialization and Urbanization
Authors: O. Okon Emmanuel
Published: April 2021

The proposed inverted U-type relationship between environmental degradation and per capita income under EKC hypothesis has been examined in this paper for Nigeria over the period 1970-2019. Using the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration and ECM (OLS Approach), the EKC hypothesis does not seem to hold both in short-run and long-run. The estimated coefficients of the long-run relationship shows that LOGCO2(-1) is the only statistically significant variable explaining environmental degradation while the short run results indicate that D(LOGCO2(-1)) is the most significant variable in explaining environmental degradation in Nigeria followed by D(LOGIND(-1)).
Niveles de microorganismos eficaces en el rendimiento del cultivo de zanahoria (Daucus carota L.) variedad chantenay en condiciones edafoclimaticas de Cayhuayna – 2016
Authors: Villanueva- Reátegui Juan Diolando
Published: April 2021

La investigación niveles de microorganismos eficaces en el rendimiento del cultivo de zanahoria (Daucus carota l.) variedad Chantenay en condiciones edafoclimaticas de Cayhuayna, se llevó a cabo en el Distrito de Pillcomarca, Provincia y Región Huánuco; con la finalidad de evaluar el efecto de los abonos orgánicos en el rendimiento del cultivo de zanahoria. Se empleó el Diseño de Bloques Completamente al Azar, con 12 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones utilizando las pruebas paramétricas de F (ANVA), y Duncan, se probó la incorporación de Compost con EM: 4, 6 y 8 t/ha, Dosis de EM-A (Foliar): 1,0 y 2,0 l/mochila. Se evaluó rendimiento en peso por área neta experimental para luego transformar a rendimiento por hectárea; Los resultados obtenidos en rendimiento de zanahoria fue en promedio de 43,33 toneladas con la aplicación foliar de 1 litros de microorganismos eficaces y la incorporación de 8 toneladas de compost. Por lo que se considera necesario fomentar, promocionar y difundir entre los agricultores y productor es que cultivan la zanahoria la tecnología de los microorganismos eficaces, para la obtención de buenos rendimientos y fomentara la agricultura orgánica.
Contenido de almidón nativo de variedades nativas de papa (Solanum spp.)
Authors: Ignacio - Cárdenas Severo , Pérez- Trujillo Eugenio. F , Gonzáles - Pariona Fernando. J
Published: April 2021

El estudio consistió en determinar el contenido de almidón nativo en los tubérculos de siete variedades de papas nativas de color, realizado en el marco del enfoque cuantitativo. Los muestreos de tubérculos se realizaron a través de la técnica del transect o, en tres lugares de producción del centro poblado de Quío. La concentración de almidón de los tubérculos fue determinada en el laboratorio de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la UNHEVAL a través del método de decantación. Los datos fueron analizados mediante técnicas de la estadística descriptiva, tablas de contingencia y análisis de conglomerados. Se encontró variación en el contenido de almidón entre las variedades de papas nativas, desde 12.44% para la variedad Tarmeña hasta 20.19% en Ishcupuru en promedio. Los resultados preliminares mostraron que es necesario enfocar la ejecución de otros estudios con mayor profundidad que abordan integralmente alternativas para la promoción del consumo de las papas nativas de alta calidad nutricional, su uso en la industriade alimentos, así como realizar investigaciones de mejoramiento genético de las papas nativas.
Contenido de carbono en un sistema de producción de palto (Persea americana Mill) en Pillco Marca - Huánuco – 2018
Authors: Huayanay -Yan Andrés
Published: April 2021

La investigación se realizó en un sistema de producción de palto (Persea americana Mill) var. Hass y fuerte, ubicado en el Centro de Investigación Frutícola Olerícola (CIFO) Huánuco. El objetivo fue determinar el contenido de carbono orgánico (COS) en tres profundidades del suelo y estimar el carbono fijado en la biomasa aérea y subterránea de las plantas de palto mediante la utilización de las ecuaciones alométricas. La metodología empleada fue de muestreo en campo de COS probabilístico Aleatorio Compuesto, mientras para la biomas aérea y subterránea en su forma de muestreo estratificado. Se determinó que el almacenamiento de carbono orgánico total en el suelo por superficie entre planta y bajo el árbol de 0 a 10 cm de profundidad presenta la menor tendencia a almacenar menor cantidad de carbono 9,45 y 10,37 t C/ha respectivamente. Sin embargo, a medida que aumenta la profundidad de suelo la tasa de fijación de carbono orgánico en el suelo tiende a incrementar 17,79 y 10,98 t C/ha de 20 a 30 cm de profundidad. Como también se estimó la biomasa área y subterránea de las plantas de palto de 7 años de edad. Los paltos evaluados llegaron almacenar 30,239 t C/ha en la biomasa aérea y 6,918 t C/ha en la biomasa subterránea. La tasa de fijación de carbono en las plantas del palto hasta la actualidad almacena 5,308 t/ha en la biomasa total.
Valoración económica de la agricultura familiar en la Amazonía peruana en los contextos actuales de crisis ecológica y social
Authors: Panduro -Meléndez Rider , Sangama -S. Kike Maikol
Published: April 2021

El presente trabajo corresponde a cinco estudios de casos diferentes de agricultura campesina y de 2 tipos sociales: una amazónica y otro inmigrante andino, ubicados en cuatro pisos ecológicos diferentes. Se realizó en los distritos de Pilluana y Tres Unidos, provincia de Picota, departamento de San Martín, Amazonía Alta del Perú. Se realizaron entrevistas abiertas y semiestructurada y, observaciones directas de las diversas actividades que en cada predio familiar existe con recorridos por cada una de las parcelas que tiene en sus predios con el objetivo de registrar in-situ información referida a la diversidad que conservan, los usos y destinos que tiene esta diversidad, concentrándose en el valor de la diversidad que está orientada al mercado; se analizó a base de datos de producción diversificada, volúmenes de producción, valores a cada uno de ellos, valores ambientales y en la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria; constatando su resiliencia, adaptación y mitigación a los desórdenes de los contextos que se presentan actualmente.
Comportamiento de la broca del café (Hypothenemus Hampei) ante efectos del biocida Neem (Azadirachta Indica) e Higuerilla (Ricinus Communis) en Monzón, Perú
Authors: Alejos - Loyola Gloria Luz , Valverde - Rodríguez Agustina
Published: April 2021

Se evaluaron los efectos del biocida Neem (Azadirachta indica) e Higuerilla (Ricinus communis) en el comportamiento de la broca (Hypothenemus hampei), en plantaciones de café variedad Limani en el distrito de Monzón, Huánuco, Perú a 1100 msnm. Se ocuparon 2 dosis de cada biocida (1L y 4L de extracto de Neem/20LH2O, 1L y 4L de extracto de Higuerilla/20LH2O) (Testigo absoluto), con frecuencia de aplicaciones a 8 días y muestreos a 5 días después de cada aplicación en la etapa de floración y maduración de los frutos del café. Entre los resultados se observa que la dosis de 4L de extracto de Neem/20LH2O presenta menor porcentaje de infestación (2.13 %), menor número de cerezos brocados (1.67) en contraste con el tratamiento testigo (10.83 %) , en cuanto al número de brocas por cerezo se registran rangos mínimo de broca (1 a 1.33) siendo superado por el testigo (7.50 brocas/cerezo), en la posesión de ataque se registra la B (1 a 2.75 "brocas" se encuentra en el canal de penetración, es decir en el mesocarpo del fruto de café ) en tanto el testigo con posesión D (13 "brocas" dentro de la semilla y tienen descendencia huevos, larvas, pupas).
Género, biodiversidad y soberanía alimentaria en los ecosistemas del Alto Mayo, Pósic, Rioja, San Martín-el caso de la campesina Carolina Ocampo Soplac-
Authors: Panduro-Meléndez Rider
Published: April 2021

El presente documento se sustenta en un estudio de caso de la pequeña agricultura campesina y en este caso vinculada a una mujer campesina conservadora de biodiversidad; se realizó en el distrito de Pósci, provincia de Rioja, departamento de San Martín, Amazonía Alta del Perú. Se realizaron entrevistas abiertas y semiestructurada y, observaciones directas de las diversas actividades que esta familia campesina, que en sus predios familiares existe, con recorridos por cada una de sus parcelas que tiene en sus parcelas, con el objetivo de registrar in-situ información referida a la diversidad que recolectan, conservan, los usos y destinos que tiene esta diversidad, concentrándose en el valor de la diversidad que está orientada al mercado y la seguridad alimentaria; se analizó a base de datos de producción diversificada, volúmenes de producción, valores a cada uno de ellos y, los destinos de la producción a la seguridad alimentaria; constatando su resiliencia, adaptación y mitigación a los desórdenes de los contextos que se presentan actualmente.
Fenología y rendimiento de las variedades de chia (Salvia hispánica l.) en el distrito de Monzón Huánuco
Authors: Evangelista -Vargas Yonson
Published: April 2021

La investigación tuvo como propósito evaluar la fenología y rendimiento de dos variedades de chía introducidas al valle de Monzón; para ello se empleó el Diseño de Bloques Completamente al Azar (DBCA) con 2 tratamientos y 5 repeticiones, analizándose con la técnica estadística ANDEVA y la prueba de Duncan al 5% y 1% de significación. Las variables evaluadas fueron: Número de ramilletes por planta, longitud de ramilletes por planta, peso de granos por área neta experimental, días a la emergencia, floración, fructificación y cosecha. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 (variedad blanca) y T2 (variedad negra). En la fase vegetativa las variables días a la emergencia, floración, fructificación y cosecha no mostraron significación estadística mientras que en la fase reproductiva el peso de granos por área neta experimental y longitud de ramilletes por planta mostraron significación estadística, significativo en cuanto al rendimiento; superando en promedio variedad negra con1 940.4 kg/ha y la variedad blanca con 1720.8 kg/ha.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Christian
Published: April 2021

The intention in this final chapter is to draw the findings of this book together and suggest what the implications might be in terms of both teaching and possible future research. This chapter begins by giving four implications for teaching and then four for research before briefly listing some limitations of this book and then offering a final word.