bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tailoring Next Generation Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms as Versatile Tools beyond Soil Desalinization: A Road Map towards Field Application
Authors: Cherif-Silini Hafsa , Silini Allaoua , Chenari Bouket Ali , Alenezi Faizah N. , Luptakova Lenka , Bouremani Nawel , Nowakowska Justyna Anna , Oszako Tomasz , Belbahri Lassaad
Published: April 2021

Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been the target of intensive research studies toward their efficient use in the field as biofertilizers, biocontrol, and bioremediation agents among numerous other applications. Recent trends in the field of PGPB research led to the development of versatile multifaceted PGPB that can be used in different field conditions such as biocontrol of plant pathogens in metal contaminated soils. Unfortunately, all these research efforts lead to the development of PGPB that failed to perform in salty environments. Therefore, it is urgently needed to address this drawback of these PGPB toward their efficient performance in salinity context. In this paper we provide a review of state-of-the-art research in the field of PGPB and propose a road map for the development of next generation versatile and multifaceted PGPB that can perform in salinity. Beyond soil desalinization, our study paves the way towards the development of PGPB able to provide services in diverse salty environments such as heavy metal contaminated, or pathogen threatened. Smart development of salinity adapted next generation biofertilizers will inevitably allow for mitigation and alleviation of biotic and abiotic threats to plant productivity in salty environments.
Determinants of Sustainable Waste Management Behavior of Malaysian Academics
Authors: Muniandy Gangga , Anuar Marhana Mohamed , Foster Bob , Saputra Jumadil , Johansyah Muhamad Deni , Khoa Tran Tien , Ahmed Zafar U.
Published: April 2021

The global increase of urban solid waste in developing countries is creating highly significant challenges. There is a lack of research on sustainable waste management behavior (SWMB) among university academic staff. Hence, this study aims to examine the effect of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control on SWMB. This study employed the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as the underlying theory. This study’s sample consisted of 252 academic staff from the top three sustainable universities in Malaysia listed by the UiGreenMetric in 2018. The academic staff were surveyed by using an online and self-administered survey and analyzed by using PLS-SEMThe results showed that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control positively affect SWMB. This study makes significant contributions to both theory and practice. The study fills in the literature gap and supports the TPB theory. This study provides empirical evidence on the effect of main TPB variables, such as attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control on SWMB through a quantitative research approach, exploring all three of the 3Rs to study academic staff’s waste management behavior on campus. From the managerial perspective, this study’s results provide empirical evidence on factors that affect SWMB among academic staff. This information is crucial to managers and policymakers to plan strategies to engage academic staff with SWMB. Managers and policymakers should focus on conducting more campaigns on sustainable waste management for academic staff. The campaigns would enhance academic staff’s attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control towards practicing SWMB for a more sustainable campus in the future.
Does a Manager Respond to a Going-Concern Audit Opinion with an Asymmetry in Gain and Loss?
Authors: Kim Taewoo
Published: April 2021

In this paper, I investigate the relationship between previous going-concern audit opinions and subsequent asymmetric timeliness in accounting. Using the time-series and price-based models and conservatism proxy, I find that firms with going-concern audit opinions subsequently report losses in a more timely manner than firms that did not receive going-concern audit opinions. Furthermore, I also find that firms exiting going-concern audit opinions are more likely to report losses rather than gains in a timely manner, compared to firms non-exiting from going-concern opinions. This study extends the prior research by exploring the association between going-concern opinions and accounting conservatism from the perspective of client firms—that is, how firms behave strategically and conservatively to bypass going-concern opinions, once the firms had received previous going-concern opinions.
Safety-Critical Event Identification on Mountain Roads for Traffic Safety and Environmental Protection Using Support Vector Machine with Information Entropy
Authors: Wen Zihao , Zhang Hui , Zhang Ronghui
Published: April 2021

Traffic accidents, which cause loss of life and pollution, are a social concern. The complex traffic environment on mountain roads increases the harm caused by traffic accidents. This study aimed to identify safety-critical events related to accidents on mountain roads to understand the causes of the accidents, improve traffic safety, and protect the environment. In this study, a naturalistic-driving data collection system, consisting of approximately 8000 km of naturalistic-driving data from 20 drivers driving on mountain roads, was developed. Using these data, a comparative analysis of the identification performance of the support vector machine (SVM), backpropagation neural network (BPNN), and convolutional neural network (CNN) methods was conducted. The SVM was found to yield optimal performance. To improve the identification performance, the yaw rate and information entropy of the data were added as input variables. The improved SVM method yielded an identification accuracy of 90.64%, which was approximately 15% higher than that yielded by the traditional SVM. Moreover, the false positive and false negative rates of the improved SVM were reduced by approximately 10% and 20%, respectively, compared with the traditional SVM. The results demonstrated that the improved SVM method can identify safety-critical events on mountain roads accurately and efficiently.
Antecedents of the Green Behavioral Intentions of Hotel Guests: A Developing Country Perspective
Authors: Saleem Farida
Published: April 2021

The current study sought to extend the literature on antecedents of the green behavioral intentions of hotel guests in a developing country context. Building on the theory of planned behavior and moral norm-activation theory, antecedents of the green behavioral intentions of hotel guests were proposed and tested using a developing country as a field of study. Data were collected from 203 hotel guests, and the proposed model was analyzed using a structural equation modeling technique. The results showed that altruism helps in developing positive attitudes, and these attitudes have a significant influence on hotel guests’ green behavioral intentions. Similarly, cognitive aspects, including quality attributes and value for money, also play a role in developing positive intentions for willingness to pay more and revisit intentions. Inconvenience has a significant negative impact on revisit intentions, and quality attributes have a significant positive impact on willingness to pay more.
Valorized Food Processing By-Products in the EU: Finding the Balance between Safety, Nutrition, and Sustainability
Authors: Rao Madhura , Bast Aalt , de Boer Alie
Published: April 2021

Food businesses in the European Union are preparing for a carbon-neutral future by gradually transitioning to a circular way of operating. Building upon results from the EU REFRESH project, we consider the most valuable food processing by-streams in Europe and discuss potential food safety risks that must be considered while valorizing them for human consumption. These risks are weighed against the nutritional benefits offered by these products and their potential applications in food supply chains. Broadly, we examine whether it is possible for spent grains, cheese whey, fruit and vegetable scraps, meat processing waste, and oilseed cakes and meals to be safe, sustainable, and nutritionally valuable at the same time. The discussion highlights that valorizing by-products obtained from food processing operations is feasible on a large scale only if consumers deem it to be a safe and acceptable practice. Extracting valuable compounds from by-products and using them in the preparation of functional foods could be a way to gain consumer acceptance. Furthermore, we find that current EU food safety legislation does not sufficiently accommodate food processing by-products. A way to bridge this regulatory gap could be through the adoption of private food safety standards that have shown proclivity for sustainability-related issues in food supply chains. Finally, by proposing a decision tree, we show that it is indeed feasible for some food processing by-products to be valorized while ensuring sustainability, food safety, and nutritional relevance.
Sustainable Development in the Digital Age of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Stawicka Ewa
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this article is to present a research model that examines dependencies of how aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR)—specifically, communication with stakeholders, knowledge management, and strategy—influence the building of a sustainable development model in enterprises. An instrument with four constructs (CSR-communication with stakeholders, CSR-knowledge management, CSR-strategy, and sustainable development) was prepared and served to entities from medium-sized enterprises. The collected data was analyzed by modeling the partial least squares structural equations using the least squares method. The results showed that all three constructs (CSR-communication with stakeholders, CSR-knowledge management, CSR-strategy) were positively and strongly associated with sustainable development model building in enterprises. The practical implications were intended to provide an understanding of behavior related to the development of business models oriented towards sustainable development in the small business sector. Research can help companies identify the advantages and disadvantages of retaining existing users and attracting new users by communicating with stakeholders, managing knowledge, and creating responsible strategies. This study enriches the literature by contributing to general knowledge about creating a model of sustainable development. Social reports on actions for sustainable development are of particular importance, and this topic is also important for the small and medium sized enterprises (SME) sector.
Nature Tourism on the Colombian—Ecuadorian Amazonian Border: History, Current Situation, and Challenges
Authors: Mestanza-Ramón Carlos , Jiménez-Caballero José Luis
Published: April 2021

Global conflicts can severely affect a nation’s tourism activities. Tourism can also be seriously affected by health problems such as epidemics or pandemics. It is important to establish strategies to be prepared for adverse situations. The objective of this study focused on analyzing nature tourism from a post-conflict and post-COVID-19 situation in the Amazonian border of Colombia (Department of Putumayo) and Ecuador (Province of Sucumbíos), which will contribute to establishing future strategic management scenarios. In order to respond to this objective, a systematic bibliographic review was carried out, accompanied by fieldwork (interviews). The results indicate that in the face of adverse situations, the tourism industry has the capacity to be resilient. The success of its recovery will be directly proportional to its capacity to create policies and strategies that allow it to take advantage of natural resources and turn them into an opportunity for the socioeconomic development of its population.
Overview of Farmers’ Perceptions of Current Status and Constraints to Soybean Production in Ratanakiri Province of Cambodia
Authors: Nget Raby , Aguilar Edna , Cruz Pompe , Reaño Consorcia , Sanchez Pearl , Reyes Manuel , Prasad P.
Published: April 2021

A study was undertaken in Koun Mom district of Ratanakiri province in Cambodia to analyze the perceptions of the current status and constraints to soybean production and identify solutions to improve production and the management practices. Primary data were collected by personal interviews at field level of 130 producers. Most respondents were in the medium age category, Grade 4 education, with an average land holding of 2.96 ha and annual income of KHR 6,195,548 Riels (about 1548 USD). In terms of economic and production constraints, the high cost of fertilizers, severe insect and disease infestation, were identified as most important. Association with independent characteristics and scientific orientation were not significant, but education, land holding, annual income, socioeconomic status, and risk preference were significantly associated with constraints to soybean production. Within the context of sustainable agricultural production practices, it is suggested to improve high-yielding genotypes, ensure timely availability of high-quality seeds, and identify appropriate crop management practices (planting dates, planting density, nutrient and water management practices) and find ways to efficiently and effectively disseminate information to farmers to enhance soybean production in the region. In addition, extension agents and other agencies should provide soybean farmers marketing information, establish viable links between farmers and relevant stakeholders and private sector to improve access to inputs and modern technologies while the local and state governments should establish rural markets with good market infrastructure to enable farmers have high returns from soybean production.
Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings Using an Interactive Mathematical Programming Approach
Authors: Diakaki Christina , Grigoroudis Evangelos
Published: April 2021

Improving energy efficiency in buildings is a major priority and challenge worldwide. The employed measures vary in nature, and the decision analyst, who is typically the architect, the engineer, or the building expert that has undertaken the task to suggest energy efficient solutions, faces a complex decision problem comprising numerous decision variables and multiple, usually competitive objectives. The solution of such multi-objective problems typically involves some sort of objectives aggregation, which reflects the preferences of the involved final decision maker that is the building’s user, occupant, and/or owner. The preferences elicitation, however, is a difficult task, and this paper aims to provide an interactive framework that will allow their consideration in a relatively easy manner. More specifically, a mathematical programming approach is proposed herein, which allows the elicitation and incorporation of the decision maker’s preferences in the decision model via the assessment of his/her utility function with the assistance of the multicriteria decision aid method UTASTAR. To study the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed approach, the case of a simple building is examined as an application example. The study results suggest that the proposed approach is capable of helping the decision analyst to suggest energy measures that satisfy, as much as possible, the decision maker’s preferences, without having to precisely prescribe them beforehand.
Critical Determinants of Household Electricity Consumption in a Rapidly Growing City
Authors: Ali Sharif Shofirun Sharif , Razman Muhammad Rizal , Awang Azahan , Asyraf M. R. M. , Ishak M. R. , Ilyas R. A. , Lawrence Roderick John
Published: April 2021

Despite growing urban electricity consumption, information on actual energy use in the household sector is still limited and causal factors leading to electricity consumption remain speculative due to urban expansion and its growing complexity, particularly in developing countries such as Malaysia. This study aims to examine the critical determinants of household electricity consumption by evaluating the patterns and flows of consumption and analysing relationships and their effects on electricity usage among 620 urban households in Seremban, Malaysia. Results suggest that the average urban household electricity consumption is 648.31 kWh/month; this value continues to grow with the increase in the household monthly income (r = 0.360; p < 0.01) and number of rooms (r = 0.360; p < 0.01) as quality of life improves. A large portion of electricity is allocated for kitchen/home consumption, followed by cooling and lighting. Multiple linear regressions revealed that married households with a high monthly income and living in spacious houses together with three to five people are important predictors of electricity consumption in Seremban. This study empirically identified that the number of rooms is the most critical factor of electricity consumption and strategies to increase energy efficiency, maintain resource sustainability and minimise greenhouse gas threat on the urban ecosystem are vital. Therefore, promoting low carbon initiatives for energy conservation and technology improvement and implementing policies in the domestic sector are essential to achieve the greatest potential energy consumption reduction in urban regions.
Sustainable Use of Geosynthetics in Dykes
Authors: Rimoldi Pietro , Shamrock Jonathan , Kawalec Jacek , Touze Nathalie
Published: April 2021

Dykes, or levees, are structures designed and constructed to keep the water in a river within certain bounds in the event of a flood. In relation with climate change, more frequent floods, of higher intensity, can be expected due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The objective of this review paper is to address the many ways in which geosynthetics contribute to sustainable construction of dykes and thus to water systems management. This review paper, prepared by the four Technical Committees and the Sustainability Committee of the International Geosynthetics Society, briefly describes geosynthetics and their function, dykes and dyke failure modes, before presenting the main focus of the use of geosynthetics for the design and construction of durable dykes to ensure the protection of life and infrastructure. The optimization of dyke construction with geosynthetics to increase their resilience not only results in performance advantages, but also in economic advantages. The way geosynthetics can contribute to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions for a sustainable river management is discussed. This is done not only by allowing more economic construction methods to be implemented, but also solutions with increased resilience to face the extreme stresses related to climate change, while at the same time bringing about a positive contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions during the construction process itself. Finally, it is shown that by following state of the art standards and design practice any possible risk associated with the use of geosynthetics in dykes can be mitigated.
Evaluation of Multimodal External Human–Machine Interface for Driverless Vehicles in Virtual Reality
Authors: Dou Jinzhen , Chen Shanguang , Tang Zhi , Xu Chang , Xue Chengqi
Published: April 2021

With the development and promotion of driverless technology, researchers are focusing on designing varied types of external interfaces to induce trust in road users towards this new technology. In this paper, we investigated the effectiveness of a multimodal external human–machine interface (eHMI) for driverless vehicles in virtual environment, focusing on a two-way road scenario. Three phases of identifying, decelerating, and parking were taken into account in the driverless vehicles to pedestrian interaction process. Twelve eHMIs are proposed, which consist of three visual features (smile, arrow and none), three audible features (human voice, warning sound and none) and two physical features (yielding and not yielding). We conducted a study to gain a more efficient and safer eHMI for driverless vehicles when they interact with pedestrians. Based on study outcomes, in the case of yielding, the interaction efficiency and pedestrian safety in multimodal eHMI design was satisfactory compared to the single-modal system. The visual modality in the eHMI of driverless vehicles has the greatest impact on pedestrian safety. In addition, the “arrow” was more intuitive to identify than the “smile” in terms of visual modality.
Gravitational Interaction in the Chimney Lattice Universe
Authors: Eingorn Maxim , McLaughlin Andrew , Canay Ezgi , Brilenkov Maksym , Zhuk Alexander
Published: April 2021

We investigate the influence of the chimney topology T×T×R of the Universe on the gravitational potential and force that are generated by point-like massive bodies. We obtain three distinct expressions for the solutions. One follows from Fourier expansion of delta functions into series using periodicity in two toroidal dimensions. The second one is the summation of solutions of the Helmholtz equation, for a source mass and its infinitely many images, which are in the form of Yukawa potentials. The third alternative solution for the potential is formulated via the Ewald sums method applied to Yukawa-type potentials. We show that, for the present Universe, the formulas involving plain summation of Yukawa potentials are preferable for computational purposes, as they require a smaller number of terms in the series to reach adequate precision.
Genetic Characterisation and Comparison of Three Human Coronaviruses (HKU1, OC43, 229E) from Patients and Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) from Cattle with Respiratory Disease in Slovenia
Authors: Jevšnik Virant Monika , Černe Danijela , Petrovec Miroslav , Paller Tomislav , Toplak Ivan
Published: April 2021

Coronaviruses (CoV) are widely distributed pathogens of human and animals and can cause mild or severe respiratory and gastrointestinal disease. Antigenic and genetic similarity of some CoVs within the Betacoronavirus genus is evident. Therefore, for the first time in Slovenia, we investigated the genetic diversity of partial 390-nucleotides of RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase gene (RdRp) for 66 human (HCoV) and 24 bovine CoV (BCoV) positive samples, collected between 2010 and 2016 from human patients and cattle with respiratory disease. The characterized CoV strains belong to four different clusters, in three separate human clusters HCoV-HKU1 (n = 34), HCoV-OC43 (n = 31) and HCoV 229E (n = 1) and bovine grouping only as BCoVs (n = 24). BCoVs from cattle and HCoV-OC43 were genetically the most closely related and share 96.4–97.1% nucleotide and 96.9–98.5% amino acid identity.
Five Antigen Tests for SARS-CoV-2: Virus Viability Matters
Authors: Homza Miroslav , Zelena Hana , Janosek Jaroslav , Tomaskova Hana , Jezo Eduard , Kloudova Alena , Mrazek Jakub , Svagera Zdenek , Prymula Roman
Published: April 2021

Antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2 (AGT) is generally considered inferior to RT-PCR testing in terms of sensitivity. However, little is known about the infectiousness of RT-PCR positive patients who pass undetected by AGT. In a screening setting for mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic patients with high COVID-19 prevalence (30–40%), 1141 patients were tested using one of five AGTs and RT-PCR. Where the results differed, virus viability in the samples was tested on cell culture (CV-1 cells). The test battery included AGTs by JOYSBIO, Assure Tech, SD Biosensor, VivaChek Biotech and NDFOS. Sensitivities of the ATGs compared to RT-PCR ranged from 42% to 76%. The best test yielded a 76% sensitivity, 97% specificity, 92% positive, and 89% negative predictive values, respectively. However, in the best performing ATG tests, almost 90% of samples with “false negative” AGT results contained no viable virus. Corrected on the virus viability, sensitivities grew to 81–97% and, with one exception, the tests yielded high specificities >96%. Performance characteristics of the best test after adjustment were 96% sensitivity, 97% specificity, 92% positive, and 99% negative predictive values (high prevalence population). We, therefore, believe that virus viability should be considered when assessing the AGT performance. Also, our results indicate that a well-performing antigen test could in a high-prevalence setting serve as an excellent tool for identifying patients shedding viable virus. We also propose that the high proportion of RT-PCR-positive samples containing no viable virus in the group of “false negatives” of the antigen test should be further investigated with the aim of possibly preventing needless isolation of such patients.
Effects of Grazing and Nutrients on Phytoplankton Blooms and Microplankton Assemblage Structure in Four Temperate Lakes Spanning a Eutrophication Gradient
Authors: Rose Vanessa , Rollwagen-Bollens Gretchen , Bollens Stephen M. , Zimmerman Julie
Published: April 2021

Phytoplankton assemblage dynamics are sensitive to biotic and abiotic factors, as well as anthropogenic stressors such as eutrophication, and thus are likely to vary between lakes of differing trophic state. We selected four lakes in Washington State, USA, ranging from oligo- to hypereutrophic, to study the separate and interactive effects of enhanced nutrient availability and zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton net growth rates and overall microplankton (phytoplankton and microzooplankton) assemblage structure. We collected water quality and plankton samples monthly in each lake from May to October 2014, and also conducted laboratory incubation experiments using ambient plankton assemblages from each lake with amendments of zooplankton grazers (5× ambient densities) and nutrients (Nitrogen + Phosphorus) in June, August, and October. In each set of monthly experiments, nested two-way ANOVAs were used to test the effects of enhanced grazers and nutrients on net chlorophyll a-based phytoplankton growth rates. Nested PERMANOVAs were used to test the effects of each factor on microplankton assemblage structure. Enhanced grazing reduced phytoplankton net growth in oligotrophic Cle Elum Lake and oligo-mesotrophic Lake Merwin in August (p < 0.001) and Merwin again in October (p < 0.05), while nutrient enhancement increased phytoplankton net growth in Lake Merwin in June (p < 0.01). Changes in microplankton assemblage composition were not detected as a result of either factor, but they were significantly different between sites (p < 0.001) during each month, and varied by month within each lake. Significant effects of both enhanced grazers and nutrients were detected in systems of low, but not high, trophic state, although this varied by season. We suggest that it is critical to consider trophic state when predicting the response of phytoplankton to bottom-up and top-down factors in lakes.
Treatment of Combined Dairy and Domestic Wastewater with Constructed Wetland System in Sicily (Italy). Pollutant Removal Efficiency and Effect of Vegetation
Authors: Licata Mario , Ruggeri Roberto , Iacuzzi Nicolò , Virga Giuseppe , Farruggia Davide , Rossini Francesco , Tuttolomondo Teresa
Published: April 2021

Dairy wastewater (DWW) contains large amounts of mineral and organic compounds, which can accumulate in soil and water causing serious environmental pollution. A constructed wetland (CW) is a sustainable technology for the treatment of DWW in small-medium sized farms. This paper reports a two-year study on the performance of a pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow system for DWW treatment in Sicily (Italy). The CW system covered a total surface area of 100 m2 and treated approximately 6 m3 per day of wastewater produced by a small dairy farm, subsequent to biological treatment. Removal efficiency (RE) of the system was calculated. The biomass production of two emergent macrophytes was determined and the effect of plant growth on organic pollutant RE was recorded. All DWW parameters showed significant differences between inlet and outlet. For BOD5 and COD, RE values were 76.00% and 62.00%, respectively. RE for total nitrogen (50.70%) was lower than that of organic compounds. RE levels of microbiological parameters were found to be higher than 80.00%. Giant reed produced greater biomass than umbrella sedge. A seasonal variation in RE of organic pollutants was recorded due to plant growth rate Our findings highlight the efficient use of a CW system for DWW treatment in dairy-cattle farms.
Modeling of Flow and Transport in Saturated and Unsaturated Porous Media
Authors: Younes Anis , Fahs Marwan , Ackerer Philippe
Published: April 2021

Modeling fluid flow and transport processes in porous media is a relevant topic for a wide range of applications. In water resources problems, this topic presents specific challenges related to the multiphysical processes, large time and space scales, heterogeneity and anisotropy of natural porous media, and complex mathematical models characterized by coupled nonlinear equations. This Special Issue aims at collecting papers presenting new developments in the field of flow and transport in porous media. The 25 published papers deal with different aspects of physical processes and applications such as unsaturated and saturated flow, flow in fractured porous media, landslide, reactive transport, seawater intrusion, and transport within hyporheic zones. Based on their objectives, we classified these papers into four categories: (i) improved numerical methods for flow and mass transport simulation, (ii) looking for reliable models and parameters, (iii) laboratory scale experiments and simulations, and (iv) modeling and simulations for improved process understanding. Current trends on modeling fluid flow and transport processes in porous media are discussed in the conclusion.
Using the General Regression Neural Network Method to Calibrate the Parameters of a Sub-Catchment
Authors: Cai Qing-Chi , Hsu Tsung-Hung , Lin Jen-Yang
Published: April 2021

Computer software is an effective tool for simulating urban rainfall–runoff. In hydrological analyses, the storm water management model (SWMM) is widely used throughout the world. However, this model is ineffective for parameter calibration and verification owing to the complexity associated with monitoring data onsite. In the present study, the general regression neural network (GRNN) is used to predict the parameters of the catchment directly, which cannot be achieved using SWMM. Then, the runoff curve is simulated using SWMM, employing predicted parameters based on actual rainfall events. Finally, the simulated and observed runoff curves are compared. The results demonstrate that using GRNN to predict parameters is helpful for achieving simulation results with high accuracy. Thus, combining GRNN and SWMM creates an effective tool for rainfall–runoff simulation.
Determination of Optimal Meshness of Sewer Network Based on a Cost—Benefit Analysis
Authors: Reyes-Silva Julian D. , Frauches Ana C.N.B. , Rojas-Gómez Karen L. , Helm Björn , Krebs Peter
Published: April 2021

Urban pluvial flooding occurs when the capacity of sewer networks is surcharged due to large amounts runoff produced during intense rain events. Rapid urbanization processes and changes in climate increase these events frequency. Effective and sustainable approaches for the reduction in urban floods are necessary. Although several gray, green and hybrid measures have been studied, the influence of network structure on flood occurrence has not yet been systematically evaluated. This study focuses on evaluating how different structures of a single urban drainage network affect flood volumes and their associated damages. Furthermore, a cost–benefit analysis is used to determine the best network structure. As a case study, a sewer subnetwork in Dresden, Germany was selected. Scenarios corresponding to different layouts are developed and evaluated using event-wise hydrodynamic simulation. The results indicate that more meshed structures are associated with lower flood volumes and damage. Moreover, all analyzed scenarios were identified as cost-effective, i.e., the benefits in terms of flood damage reduction outweighed the costs related to pipe installation, operation and maintenance. However, a predominantly branched structure was identified as the best scenario. The present approach may provide a new cost-effective solution that can be integrated into the development of different mitigation strategies for flood management.
Cesare Ripa lecteur d’Alciat : Emblématique et Iconologie
Authors: Laurens Pierre , Vuilleumier Laurens Florence
Published: April 2021

Dans la riche production d’ouvrages de librairie illustrant l’intérêt des contemporains pour tous les aspects de la pensée symbolique, deux livres se détachent, l’un dans le premier tiers, l’autre dans les toutes dernières années du XVIIe siècle, l’un et l’autre porteur d’un titre appelé à une grande fortune : les Emblèmes d’André Alciat et l’Iconologie de Cesare Ripa. Les liens entre les deux ouvrages sont nombreux, le premier étant une des sources principales du second et tous deux pouvant servir une fin décorative ; la confusion est même si naturelle que la traduction anglaise du livre de Ripa sera Iconologia or Moral Emblems. Il n’en est que plus urgent de mettre en évidence, par l’analyse des compositions inspirées par le même sujet et parmi lesquelles nous avons privilégié celles qui dérivent de sources monétaires, la différence qui existe entre un projet qui vise une portée morale et un autre, porteur d’une ambition encyclopédique.
XIV. yüzyıl Orta Anadolu Türkçesi ve Günümüz Orta Anadolu Ağızları Arasında Fiillerin Çekiminde Görülen Biçim Birimsel Değişim ve Alt Biçim Birimsel Gelişimler
Authors: AKYILDIZ AY Didem
Published: April 2021

Çalışmanın özü, genel anlamda aynı coğrafi bölgede farklı iki zaman diliminde kullanılan aynı dil dizgesinin ortaklaşan ve farklılaşan yönlerini belirlemektir. Özel anlamda ise günümüz Orta Anadolu Bölgesinde konuşulan ağızların Batı Türkçesinin kuruluş dönemi içerisinde yer alan XIV. yüzyılda, yine aynı coğrafyada kullanılan Türkçe ile ilişkisini tespit etmeye yöneliktir. Bu bakımdan bu çalışma XIV. yüzyıl Orta Anadolu’sunda kullanılan Türkçenin günümüz Orta Anadolu ağızlarındaki izlerini sürmesi açısından tarihî ağız araştırmalarının içerisinde yer alabilecek bir çalışmadır.Bu çalışmada, Oğuzca esaslı Batı Türkçesinin Anadolu coğrafyasındaki gelişim seyrinde, aynı coğrafi bölgede farklı zamanlardaki durumu tarihsel ve karşılaştırmalı dilbilim metodu çerçevesinde fiil çekimi unsurlarına odaklanılarak incelemeye tâbi tutulmuştur. İncelemenin sonucunda XIV. yüzyıl Orta Anadolu Türkçesine ait fiil çekim eklerindeki birçok biçimbirimsel özelliğin modern standart Türkçenin aksine günümüz Orta Anadolu ağızlarında korunduğu, bir kısmının ise kullanımdan düşerek zamanla yerlerini başka biçimbirimlerin aldığı, ayrıca türlü fonolojik olaylar neticesinde ortaya çıkan alt biçimbirimlerle de çeşitlenerek gelişimlerini devam ettirdikleri görülmüştür.
Reconciliation in the Cathedral: Isaac's Religion in “Owen-Mass”
Authors: Насонов Роман Александрович
Published: April 2021

Статья представляет собой исследование религиозной символики и интерпретацию духовного смысла «Военного реквиема» Бриттена. Воспользовавшись Реквиемом Верди как моделью жанра, композитор отдал ключевую роль в драматургии сочинения эпизодам, созданным на основе военных стихов Оуэна; в результате произведение воспринимается подобно циклу песен в обрамлении частей заупокойной мессы. Военная реальность предстает у Бриттена амбивалентно. Совершая надругательство над древней верой и разбивая чаяния современных людей, война дает шанс возрождению религиозных чувств и символов. Опыт веры, порожденный войной, переживается остро, но при всей своей подлинности зыбок и эфемерен. Церковная традиция хранит веру прочно, однако эта вера в значительной мере утрачивает чистоту и непосредственность, которыми она обладает в момент своего возникновения. Бриттен целенаправленно выстраивает диалог между двумя пластами человеческого опыта (церковным и военным), находит те точки, в которых между ними можно установить контакт. Но это не отменяет их глубокого противоречия. Вера, рождаемая войной, представляет собой в произведении Бриттена «отредактированный» вариант традиционной христианской религии: в ее центре находится не триумфальная победа Христа над злом, а пассивная, добровольно отказавшаяся защищать себя перед лицом зла жертва - не Бог Сын, а «Исаак». Смысл этой жертвы - не в преображении мира, а в защите гуманности человека от присущего ему же стремления к агрессивному самоутверждению.

The study of religious symbolism and the interpretation of the spiritual meaning of “War Requiem” by Britten have presentation in this article. Using Verdi's Requiem as a model of the genre, the composer gave a key role in the drama to the episodes based on the war poems by Wilfred Owen; as a result, the work is perceived as a song cycle framed by parts of the funeral mass. The military reality appears ambivalent. While committing a blasphemy against the ancient belief and shattering the aspirations of modern people, the war offers a chance to revive religious feelings and symbols. This experience of war-born faith is felt keenly, but for all its authenticity, it is shaky and ephemeral. The church tradition keeps faith firmly, but this faith largely loses the original purity and immediacy. Britten purposefully builds a dialogue between the two layers of human experience (church and military), finds those points where contact can be established between them. But this does not change their profound antagonism. In Britten's work, faith born of war is an “edited” version of the traditional Christian religion: in its center is not the triumphant victory of Christ over evil, but a passive sacrifice that voluntarily refused to defend itself in the face of evil-not God the Son, but “Isaac.” The meaning of this sacrifice is not in transforming the world, but in protecting the humanity of a person from his inherent desire for aggressive self-assertion.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PRIMARY INTRA-ABDOMINAL COMPLICATIONS: ABSCESSES AND INFILTRATES
Authors: Skyba V. , Rybalchenko V. , Ivanko O. , Voytyuk N. , Akhmed Dar Yasin
Published: April 2021

Purpose of the work. improving the results of surgical treatment of patients with primary intra-abdominal infiltrates and abscesses.

Material and methods. From 2006 to 2019, 191 patients with primary intra-abdominal infiltrates and abscesses were treated. The patients' age ranged from 16 to 85 years. There were 96 male patients (50.26%), 95 female patients (49.74%).

Results. The patients were divided into 3 subgroups depending on the underlying disease. The first group included 74 (38.74%) patients with destructive appendicitis, of which 39 (20.42%) were in the control group, and 35 (18.32%) were studied. The second group included 48 (25.13%) patients suffering from perforated gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer, of which the control group was 26 (13.61%), and the studied group was 22 (11.52%). The third group included 69 (36.13%) patients with cholecystitis, of which 37 (19.37%) were in the control group, and 32 (16.76%) were studied. All patients were operated on.

Conclusions. Surgical treatment is individualized depending on the disease, so with destructive appendicitis from 74 (38.74%) laparotomic in 42 (21.99%), laparoscopic in 32 (16.75%), and in 12 (6.28%) with conversion; perforated gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer in 48 (25.13%) open laparotomy; with cholecystitis from 69 (36.13%) in 48 (25.13%) laparotomic and in 21 (11.00%) laparoscopically. The use of water-jet technologies in 64 (33.51%) patients made it possible to minimize damage to the serous membrane and cleanse the peritoneum from acquired formations.
FEATURES OF ENDOMETRIUM STRUCTURE IN ALCOHOL-ABUSING HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Lytvynenko M.
Published: April 2021

Background. Patients with comorbid pathology occupy leading positions in the practice of a doctor of any specialty especially in patients with HIV. Reproductive system is known to be the gateway for viruses. This fact could explain the severity of changes developing in the female reproductive system infected with HIV, in particular in the endometrium.

The purpose of this study was to assess morphological changes in the endometrium caused by the combined effects of HIV infection and chronic alcoholism.

Materials and methods: The study included sectional material taken from 60 women of reproductive age (20-40 years). They were all divided into two groups. The first group (30 people) consisted of HIV-positive individuals who, according to a survey of relatives and according to an autopsy (the main symptom is the presence of alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver), alcohol abuse was confirmed. The following parameters were determined: the average diameter of the endometrial glands (proliferative type), the minimum diameter of the endometrial glands (proliferative type), the maximum diameter of the endometrial glands (proliferative type), wall thickness (proliferative type), the relative volume of the epithelium (proliferative type), the average diameter of the glands (secretory type), the minimum diameter of the glands (secretory type), the maximum diameter of the glands (secretory type), the relative volume of the epithelium (secretory type), the thickness of the epithelium.

Results. the average diameter of the endometrial glands (proliferative type) decreased from 51.71 ± 2.90 x 10-6 m in the comparison group to 39.42 ± 2.35 x 10-6 m in the HIV-infected group, which was 23.77%. The minimum diameter of the endometrial glands (proliferative type) reduced from 32.47 ± 1.83 x10-6 m to 27.13 ± 1.73x10-6 m (16.45%), the maximum diameter from 72.14 ± 2.21 x10-6 m to 63.84 ± 3.29 x10-6 m (11.5%). the relative volume of the epithelium (proliferative type) decreased by 5.41% (from 54.43 ± 1.79% in the study group to 49.02 ± 2.65% in the control group). The thickness of the uterine wall was also significantly reduced from 15.18 ± 1.60 x10-6 m to 14.52 ± 1.19 x10-6 m, which was 4.35%. The maximum volume of glands (secretory type) changed from 127.98 ± 2.10 x10-6 m to 97.18 ± 3.12 x10-6 m (24%). Changes by 3.6% were also observed when examining the wall thickness (from 13.02 ± 1.36 x10-6 m to 12.55 ± 1.68 x10-6 m).

Conclusion. The study evaluated features of endometrial restructuring in alcohol-abusing HIV-infected women.
BIOSTRATIGRAPHY (CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS AND MOLLUSCS) OF THE PANNONIAN DEPOSITS FROM TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA (GUŞTERIŢA QUARRY – SIBIU)
Authors: Chira Carmen Mariana , Aroldi Carlo , Popa Mirela Violetta , Șerban Sergiu-Nicolae , Suciu Traian-Ioachim , Bindiu-Haitonic Raluca
Published: April 2021

Three sections from the upper Miocene (Pannonian) of the Guşteriţa quarry – Sibiu (the southern border of the Transylvanian Basin) were investigated in detail. The main part of the research was based on calcareous nannofossil analysis to which some aspects on molluscs and ostracods fauna, together with sedimentological remarks were added. The calcareous nannofossil assemblages from Guşteriţa quarry were compared with seven other previously analyzed sections from the western border of the Transylvanian Basin: Aiud area (Geoagiu, Gârbova, Gârboviţa, Lopadea exposures and Decea quarry) and Sibiu area (Vurpăr and Apoldu exposures). The Pannonian calcareous nannofossil assemblages are abundant at some levels and contain mostly species of the genera Isolithus and Noelaerhabdus.
Builder of Enthusiasm: Shaping a New Profession for the Machine Age
Authors:   Seoul National University, Choi Choon
Published: April 2021

A closer study of the profession of industrial design, as an antithetical practice to architecture, reveals more than what architecture is not; it brings to light some of the residual values in the architectural profession, and inert forces within it, responsible for the dilating disparity between architecture and society at large. By illuminating the historical context in which industrial design as a profession emerged in the post-war America against the backdrop of rapidly expanding middle class and unprecedented material abundance, architects can recalibrate the future trajectory of the profession in alignment with shifting economic contexts.
Bringing Bauhaus Back: Digital Architecture + Contemporary Craft
Authors:   Iowa State University, Doyle Shelby Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

“The Bauhaus believes the machine to be our modern medium of design and seeks to come to terms with it.”—Walter Gropius, The Theory and Organization of the Bauhaus German architect Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus in 1919 and after fourteen prolific years, it closed. Despite its short tenure, the ramifications of the Bauhaus are still present in architectural education and practice. Its core objective was a radical, and still unrealized, concept: the unity of art and technology. The introduction of contemporary digital tools, techniques, and materials make this unity possible in new and profound ways thereby extending the Bauhaus project into the present day as a meaningful model for architectural education and digital craft.
Architecture & Practice: Pre-Modern Training for Post Modern Practice International Design Build: Educational & Professional Experiments
Authors:   University of Colorado Denver, Gallegos Phillip , Delgado Maria ,   University of Colorado Denver
Published: April 2021

In order to bridge the radical gap between education and practice, the undergraduate program at the University of Colorado Denver has experimented with study abroad programs in the undergraduate curriculum to match architectural practice with education. The strategy has been to develop a curriculum in international design-build that can employ traditional studio skills of research, design and cultural criticism. This paper explores the options and the outcomes of the strategic inclusion of international study and practice in the form of an undergraduate design/build course sequence.
Re-Inventing Public Housing
Authors:   Pratt Institute, Biehle Frederick
Published: April 2021

In Public Housing that Worked Nicholas Bloom championed the success of the New York City Housing Authority, but to do so had to champion bureaucratic workability over architectural value. In fact, his assessment had to disregard the fact that nearly all of the high-rise low-income housing projects are psychologically partitioned island wastelands, anticities within the city. Louis Wirth, Jane Jacobs and now Steven Johnson have offered their generational testaments to density, diversity, mixed use, and continuity- what they considered made urban life meaningful. Steven Connsummarized- “the problem of the 21st century will be how we re-urbanize, how we fix the mistakes of our anti-urban 20th century.”The Pratt Institute UG urban design studio, Re-inventing Public Housing, is intended as one step toward meeting the challenge starting with the question-must we really accept the super block public housing estate for what it is or is there a way to transform and reinterpret it, and by doing so eliminate its stigma, its isolation, and anti-urban grip on the city?