bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recherche Tomodensitométrique sur la Topographie Stéréotaxique des Espaces Méningés de la Vache (Bos taurus L.)
Authors: Lignereux Y. , Fargeas J. , Marty M.‐H. , Bénard P.
Published: June 2007

Tomodensitometric examinations of the stereotaxic anatomy of the bovine intrameningeal spaces

The head of a Holstein cow was selected from seven available ones in order to produce a series of tomodensitometric transverse and sagittal sections according to Horsley‐Clarke. These sections make it possible to show the stereotaxic topography of the intrameningeal spaces (Sinus epidurales and Cisternae arachnoideales) in Bos taurus.

The discussion includes suggestions for new terms for three of the spaces—Sinus condylaris, Cisterna cerebrocerebellaris and Cisterna basilaris.
Zur Entwicklung der Eierstocks‐ und Eileiterarterien Japanischer Wachteln (Coturnix coturnix japonica) nach dem Schlupf
Authors: Hashimoto Y. , Vollmerhaus B. , Roos H. , Waibl H. , König H. E. , Vollmerhaus B.
Published: June 2007

On the post‐hatching development of the arteries supplying the female reproductive organs of Japanese quails

A total of 57 Japanese quails of the following age groups were used for this study: 2 days, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks after hatching. Tensol cement for the corrosion casts was injected via the aortic arch.

In the female Japanese quails, the A. ovarica (sinistra) to the ovar the following four arteries related to the oviduct were typically present: A. oviductalis cranialis, A. oviductalis cranialis accessoria, A. oviductalis media, and A. oviductalis caudalis.

The A. oviductalis cranialis and A. oviductalis cranialis accessoria appeared first at the age of about 4 weeks and from then on developed uniformly. At the age of 5 weeks a surprisingly rapid development of the A. oviductalis media and A. oviductalis caudalis could be observed. Thus at the age of 6 weeks all four oviduct arteries were well developed and often demonstrated in the already laying (sexually mature) animals an enormous amount of hypertrophy.
Ultrastructural Morphology of Plasma Cells in Normal Ovine Hemal Lymph Nodes
Authors: Al‐Bagdadi Fakhri K. , Seger Cameron L. , Titkemeyer Charles W. , Archbald Louis F.
Published: June 2007

The fine structure of plasma cells from the hemal lymph nodes of five healthy sheep was examined. The plasma cells showed many cytoplasmic processes, indicating motility and phagocytic activity. They were randomly located in the medullary cords of the hemal lymph nodes. Their perinuclear spaces were irregular and contained granular material similar in density to that of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Some of the plasma cells provided morphological evidence of erythrophagocytosis at different levels. Such a phenomenon was previously reported only in pathological conditions. The red blood cell being engulfed by the plasma cell appeared smaller than normal. Most of the examined plasma cells showed Russell's Bodies inside the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the healthy hemal lymph nodes. Some of these Russell's Bodies had fuzzy borders. They were separated from the rough endoplasmic reticulum by evenly spaced halos.

Many plasma cells showed physical contacts with mast cells in the form of cell junctions, and some showed cytoplasmic continuity between the two cells. Such relations have been discussed in this article.
Morphologie und Entwicklung der A. ovzrica. beim Rind in der Fetal‐ und Neonatalperiode2
Authors: Wyrost P. , Molenda O. , Radek J. , Radek T.
Published: June 2007

Morphology and development of the bovine ovarian artery during the fetal and postnatal periods

Development and morphology of the ovarian artery was studied in 106, 9–40 week‐old fetuses and 14, 2–14 day‐old calves. Different factors were considered such as time‐dependent position and mode of branching from the aorta, the course of the ovarian artery in relation to the ovarian vein, and the artery's secondary distribution. Marked developmental changes which in time disappeared, become more prominent, or were reduced, could be demonstrated.
Zur Topographie der Ventilebene des Herzens bei Pferd, Rind und Hund
Authors: Habermehl K.‐H. , Schmack K.‐H.
Published: June 2007

The topography at the level of the valves of the equine, bovine and canine hearts

Some morphological features at the level of the valves of the canine, bovine and equine hearts have been compared and their functional importance in relation to the hearts' physiology has been discussed.
Le Muscle urétral (Musculus urethralis) du Veau mâle, données anatomiques, histologiques et morphométriques5
Authors: Wouk A. F. P. , Sautet J. Y. , Cabanie P. , van Haverbeke G.
Published: June 2007

The gross and microscopic anatomy and the morphometry of the Musculus urethralis in the male calf

Parts of the male urethra were examined topographically and microscopically in the male calf. The thickness and the straight course of the fibres of the urethral muscle could best be analyzed in the ventromedian region of the urethra. The results produced data on the surface area and the distribution of the two primary metabolic fibre types. This showed that the m. urethralis is capable of contracting quickly with predominantly anaerobic metabolism. The different relationships between type I and type II fibres could be determined also in relation to the position of the disseminate part of the prostate.
Radiological Study of the Movements of the Cervical Spine in the Dog Compared with Those in Man
Authors: Penning L. , Badoux D. M.
Published: June 2007

Six dogs were used for a radiological investigation of movement of the cervical vertebrae for comparison of range of motion, instantaneous centers of motion and patterns of flexion and extension with those determined for man. Five dogs were embalmed and one live dog was investigated under the influence of general anesthesia. All animals were adult with the exception of one of the embalmed animals. None of the animals exhibited any abnormalities of cervical vertebrae or intervertebral discs. It was demonstrated that range of motion of the dog cervical spine exceeds that of man, largely due to a greater flexion‐extension range of the atlanto‐occipital joint and of lateral flexion of the cranial and caudal cervical spine. Patterns of flexion and extension of the cranial and caudal cervical spine of the dog are similar to that of man with no differences in the location of centers for these movements. Other differences were primarily due to the organization of intervertebral articulations.

These relationships are discussed in regard to the significance of individual groups of cervical muscles, joint functions and influence of movement on the spinal cord.
Observaciones en el punto de unión neuroectodermo‐ectodermo no neural en embriones de pollo en neurulación tratados con citocalasina B ≪in ovo≫
Authors: Fernandez‐Caso M. , Fernandez‐Alvarez J. G. , Chamorro C. A. , Paz P. de , Villar J. M.
Published: June 2007

Observations in the point of union of the neuroectoderm with the nonneural ectoderm in chick embryos after treatment “in ovo” with cytochalasin B during neurulation

Treatment of “in ovo” chick embryos with cytochalasin B during neurulation resulted in the failure of formation of the neural folds, producing an alteration in the point of union of the neuroectoderm with the nonneural ectoderm in its final development. This alteration consisted in the appearance of folding and superposition of both epithelia in this zone. The results support a possible role of the apical microfilaments in neuroectoderm and nonneural ectoderm in the process of neurulation.
Nuevas Aportaciones al Estudio Macroscopico y Ultrastructural de la Irrigacion Renal del Toro de Lidia
Authors: Layunta M.J. Blanquez , Roldan Martin , Gonzalez M. E.
Published: June 2007

A study of the ultrastructural and gross organization of the kidney vascular supply of the fighting bull (Toro de Lidia)

A study of the ultrastructural and gross organization of the morphologic architecture of the arteries and veins of the kidney of the fighting bull (Toro de Lidia) was carried out through the study of 30 kidneys. These organs were perfused with polyvinyl followed by digestion in hydrochloric acid. The blood vessels were then described and illustrated through gross and scanning electron microscopic photography. Special attention was given to the organization of the glomerular and stellate veins.
Contribucion de los ramos ventrales cervicales a la inervacion de los Mm. rhomboideus, serratus ventralis y trapezius en los mamiferos domesticos. Part I: perro, gato y cerdo
Authors: Arias M. , Garcia C. , Ramos J. , Sandoval J.
Published: June 2007

In consideration of the sparcity of data regarding the anatomic organization of the innervation of the Rhomboideus, Serratus ventralis and Trapezius muscles in the general veterinary literature, a study of the innervation of these muscles was carried out. This work was done in the dog, the cat and the pig. Nerves supplying these muscles were studied through gross dissection, and described in regard to their origin, distribution and termination. The conclusions present a discussion of the relationship of muscle innervation to the ascending and descending branches of the ventral rami of spinal nerves. The pattern of innervation is discussed in relationship to the embryologic development and function of these muscles.
Periodos del Desarrollo Intrauterino de los Compartimentos gástricos del Caprino (Capra hircus)1,2
Authors: Molinari E. , Jorquera B.
Published: June 2007

Intrauterine developmental stages of the gastric compartments of the caprine (Capra hircus)

A chronological and systematic scheme for intrauterine development stages of the composed stomach of caprine is proposed. Twenty one embryos (1.69 cm to 5.90 cm S. C.) and 16 fetuses (5.90 to 35 cm S. C.) for studying morphogenesis, histogenesis and relationships of gastric compartments were used. Six developmental stages were conventionally determined from the most relevant anatomical and histological characteristics.

The first four stages are characterized by appearance of the different compartments, their morphological modifications and progressive positional changes until their semi‐final form and relations.

The two last stages are characterized by histological differentiation of both the reticulum wall and abomasum mucosa. They can also be recognized by observing the volume relationships between rumen and abomasum. Comparative aspects with bovine and ovine intrauterine development are commented together with considerations concerning the unitary origin of the stomach compartments.
Vascularisation artérielle de l'intestin du Rat musqué (Ondatra zibethicus)
Authors: Bisaillon A. , Bousquet R. , Grenier A.
Published: June 2007

The arterial vascularization of the intestines of the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)

This study is based on dissection of 12 adult muskrats whose arteries were injeced with latex. The main branching patterns of the cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries for the different segments of the gut are described. The position and the branching of the arteries of the muskrat are comparable to those of the laboratory rat and the American beaver. In general, the distribution patterns are reminiscent of the laboratory rat and less so of the American beaver.
The Neocortex of the Dog
Authors: Salazar I. , Pesini P. Ruiz , Troconiz P. Fdez. , Soriano J. Gonzalez , Alvarez P. Fdez.
Published: June 2007

This article describes the structural organization of the neocortex of the dog from purely morphological point of view. Series of 50 urn transverse sections were cut from the frozen right hemiencephala of adult greyhounds, stained by Nissl's method, and drawn. His's method was then used to construct life‐size lateral, dorsal and medial views of the hemiencephalon from 38 sections located at regular intervals. Once the cytoarchitectonic criteria to be used had been established on the basis of preliminary observations, all the sections of each hemiencephalon were examined microscopically and the cytoarchitectonic types observed in each mapped on the corresponding drawing. These maps were then projected onto lateral, dorsal and medial views of the whole hemiencephalon to produce a classical cytoarchitectonic map of the neocortex made up of 21 types, 7 of them agranular (with no inner granular layer), 2 dysgranular (with a granular layer with diffuse boundans) and the rest granular (with a well‐defined layer IV). Various areas of cortex whose characteristics were intermediate between those of adjoinin areas were classified in a residual typus intermedius.
The Ultrastructure of the Trophoblast Fossal Regions in the Pig Placenta During Pregnancy: Its Steroidogenic Features*
Authors: Czarnowska Elzbieta
Published: June 2007

The fine structural changes of the trophoblast covering the fossae of the porcine placenta between the 21st day of pregnancy and term are described.

Considering the characteristic features of cells, six morphological stages in the development of the fetal placental fossae were distinguished. Three types of trophoblast cells were recognized: light, dark and intermediates. The light cells were characterized by whorls of strongly convoluted SER channels, dense granules were sometimes associated with these whorls and by lipid droplets. They were particularly numerous in the second month and the last week of pregnancy.

With the ultrastructural investigation, ultracytochemical and histochemical methods were used for the detection and localization of 3 β‐hydroxysterols and 3 β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity.

The localization of 3 β‐hydroxysterols was studied by the digitonin reaction adapted to electron microscopy by Ökrös (1968). The digitonin 3 β‐hydroxysteroid complexes were most numerous during the second month and last week of pregnancy. They were located mainly in contact with granules in the region of the SER whorls and in the matrix of mitochondria.

The 3 β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was investigated with the use of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroisoandrosterone as substrates. The enzyme activity in the trophoblast determined with dehydroepiandrosterone increased in the 52nd and 106th day of pregnancy. The cells of the fossae showed higher activity than that observed on the sides and tops of the folds. Lower activity was exhibited by dehydroepiandrosterone.

The finding suggest that the trophoblast of the fossae is a region where synthesis of steroid hormones takes place and that the light cells are involved in this process. The results correspond to biochemical findings regarding progesterone and estradiol concentrations in the maternal and fetal circulation and estrogen distribution in fetal organs and placenta.
Density of Toruli Tactiles in the Japanese Monkey
Authors: Wakuri Hidekazu
Published: June 2007

Two Japanese monkeys of both sexes were examined for density of Toruli tactiles (TT) on the shaved skin stained with methylene blue solution. Each Torulus tactilis was located by the aid of a binocular loupe and marked with white lacquer. The distribution of marked TT was estimated by a mean of TT per 2cm square (2CS) of skin on the body surface. The results obtained are as follows. The mean per 2CS on the entire body surface was approximately 8.7 in the female specimen and approximately 10.0 in the male specimen. The density of distribution of TT was highest in the temporal and buccal areas, on the neck, loins and the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the arms and forearms. Density was moderate in the parieto‐occipital and gluteal areas, the back, the ventral surface of the cranial half of the trunk and the lateral surface of the thigh. Density was low, to near absence in the circumanal area, on the nose, upper eyelids, cars, ischial callosities, external genitals, palms and soles.
Centrifugal Fibers in the Chick Retina
Authors: Chmielewski C. E. , Dorado M. E. , Quesada A. , Geniz‐Galvez J. M. , Prada F. A.
Published: June 2007

This work is a morhological study of the centrifugal fibers in the chick retina. We have classified these fibers in two types: type I centrifugal fibers and type II centrifugal fibers. Type I centrifugal fibers constitute a new model of axonic terminal in the birds retina. These fibers terminate exclusively in the inner plexiform layer where they show long tangential trajectories. Type II centrifugal fibers are coincident with classical ones previously described in the avian retina. With the Golgi method we describe new levels of terminations of these type II centrifugal fibers.
Hair Dye Effects on the Hair Coat and the Skin of the Dog: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Al‐Bagdadi F. K. , Ruhr L. P. , Archbald L. F. , Titkemeyer C. W. , Foil C. S.
Published: June 2007

Eight healthy dogs of mixed breeds with short hair coats were used in this study. The skin and the hair of a small area on the left side of the saddle region were dyed 80 times once every day with a permanent hair dye, Clairol Hair Dye Flaxen Blonde. The dyed regions were red and dry toward the last two weeks of the experiment. None of the dogs had abnormal hair shedding. Four of the dogs were restless, and their epidermis were parakeratotic and hyperkeratotic.

The cuticular cells of the hair shafts of two dogs upon examination showed deep fractures at the lower part of the hair shaft. The fractures extended through the whole thickness of the cuticular cells leading to splitting of the hair shaft. Secondary hairs showed excessive peeling of their cuticle cells causing distortion and deterioration of the cortex of the hair. Cuticular cells of large numbers of hairs lost their apical parts and some of them were deformed due to partial dissolution attributed to the intensive use of the hair dye. The intensive usage of the hair dye on the compound type of hair coat of the dog caused damage to the hair shafts and to the skin in the form of irritation, dryness and parakeratosis of the epidermis. Also, some of the dogs became restless and hyperactive during the later part of the experiment.
Growth of Body Weight and Length of Bovine Fetuses
Authors: Szuba Z. , Kalisinska E. , Babula Z.
Published: June 2007

A. The weight (X) — Length (Y) relationship was studied on 302 Black‐White cattle fetuses (147 females and 155 males; weight range of 80—31,300 g).

1. The relationship for all the fetuses examined (n # 302) is described by the regression equation and correlations coefficient (r): logY # 0.34 logX + 0.37; r = 0.93.

2. The relationships in the consecutive growth periods are described by the following regression equations:

I. early fetal period (n # 82; weight range 80–990g) logY # 0.37 logX + 0.71; r = 0.93;

II. middle fetal period

a) (initial phase) (n # 88; weight range 1000–3490g) logY # 0.28 logX + 0.57; r = 0.82;

b) (terminal phase) (n # 69; weight range 3500–7990g) logY # 0.37 logX + 0.26; r = 0.84;

III. late fetal period (n # 63; weight range 8000—31,300g) logY # 0.36 logX + 0.31; r = 0.91.

B. Regression coefficients calculated in the present work for the Black‐White cattle fetuses were compared with corresponding literature data for various cattle races, camel and water buffalo.
Osteología del Tepezcuinte (Cuniculus paca) Cinturas y Miembros
Authors: Quesada Rafael , Gloobe Hanan
Published: June 2007

Apendicular Skeleton of the Paca (Cuniculus paca)

Six specimens (4 male and 2 female) were used to describe the apendicular skeleton of the paca. These animals were captured in various regions of Costa Rica and prepared for maceration and radiographic studies of skeletal structures. The results of this study are compared with those carried out in domestic carnivora.
Dermal‐Epidermal Relationships in the Skin of the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncates)1
Authors: Stromberg M. W.
Published: June 2007

Using a variety of methods the outer surface of the dolphin dermis presents as a rather regularly arranged series of mainly longitudinal and approximately parallel ridges which are surmounted by laterally flattened, regularly distributed dermal papillae. At variable intervals groups of dermal ridges are supported by shallow elevations referred to here as basal dermal elevations. These tend to contain vessels and/or nerves for distribution to two or more dermal ridges. The opposing epidermal surface reveals an irregularly edged series of nearly parallel epidermal ridges alternating with the grooves which in the living state contain the dermal ridges. In the depths of these grooves are the crypts which in the intact skin contain the dermal papillae. Nothing is observable which could correspond to the epidermal pegs referred to in the literature. Small irregular epidermal projections (knobs) appear along the free edge of the epidermal ridge. Topographical variations in density and height of dermal ridges, height of basal dermal elevation plus dermal ridge and papillae as well as total epidermal thickness are illustrated by means of skin maps. Inconsistencies in the literature on Cetacean skin are discussed.
An Immunohistochemical Study on the Embryonic Development of Renin‐containing Cells in the Mouse and Pig
Authors: Kon Y. , Hashimoto Y. , Kitagawa H. , Kudo N.
Published: June 2007

The prenatal occurrence and distribution of renin‐containing (RC) cells were investigated immunohistochemically in mouse and pig embryos.

The RC cells of the mouse embryo were first observed at the 13th day of gestation at the walls of the renal, the mesonephric, the adrenal, the abdominal arteries, the adrenal glands and the testis. As the gestation of the mouse progressed, the RC cells had a tendency to localize in areas of the vascular pole of the metanephric glomerulus. In pig, when CRL was 0.8–2.0cm, RC cells first appeared at the ventral walls of the dorsal aorta, the omphalo‐mesenteric (i.e., the cranial mesenteric), the mesonephric, the mesonephric afferent glomerular arteries/arterioles and the inside of the mesonephric glomenilus. As the length of the pig embryo increased, no renin‐immunoreactivity could be demonstrated at the degenerated mesonephros, while in the metanephros marked immunoreactivities were found only at the terminal regions of intralobular arteries, i. e., afferent arterioles or the vascular pole of the glomerulus.
The M. soleus in the Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Spoor C. F. , Badoux D. M.
Published: June 2007

In six among a series of forty hind limbs of the domestic dog, the M. flexor digit, superficialis revealed an additional head, which otherwise manifests itself as a tendonless muscular slip, fused with the superficial digital flexor. The comparative anatomy of the M. soleus in various terrestrial carnivores leads to the conclusion that this additional head and the homologue muscular slip represent the M. soleus.
Muscle Fibre Composition of the Bovine Tail: A Pilot Study
Authors: Young O. A. , Kenrick Paula M.
Published: June 2007

A bovine tail was cross‐sectioned at four vertebrae, to expose its muscles – dorsal extensors, ventral flexors and the lateral flexors that pass between the transverse processes. Muscle cross‐sectional areas were measured at these faces and muscle sections were stained to distinguish slow and fast fibre types. From the muscle and fibre area data and fibre type occurrences, preliminary conclusions are drawn about the role of different muscles. The tail as a model for muscle studies is briefly discussed.
Anatomical and Radiological Observations of the Sesamoid Bone of the Popliteus Muscle in the Adult Dog and Cat
Authors: McCarthy P. H. , Wood A. K. W.
Published: June 2007

In a random selection of 50 adult dogs (25 males and 25 females) and 50 adult cats (25 males and 25 females), the incidence of ossification of the sesamoid structure of the popliteus muscle was characterized through anatomical dissection and radiographie techniques. The incidence of ossification was 84% in the dogs and 100% in the cats. In both anatomical and radiologie studies, it was demonstrated that when the knee was fully extended, the sesamoid bone was adjacent to the caudodistal part of the articular surface of the lateral tibial condyle in both dogs and cats. When the knee was flexed, the sesamoid bone articulated progressively with the more craniodorsal part of the tibial articular surface and when full flexion is obtained, it articulated with the articular part of the lateral surface of the lateral meniscus. The probable functions of the sesamoid bone are discussed.
The Globule Leucocyte: Morphology, Origin, Function and Fate, A Review
Authors: Akpavie S. O. , Pirie H. M.
Published: June 2007

A review of the literature concerning the origin, function and fate of the globular leukocyte is presented. The possible relationship of this cell to other cells such as erythrocytes, mast cells and lymphocytes in general is discussed with an aim toward delineating the probable functions of the cell. Although the globular leukocyte has been described in many species and in a variety of organs, its origin, fate and function remain to be clearly elucidated.
Zelluläre Spezifität der Lektinbindung in der Niere der Wachtel (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: Wittmann P. , Sinowatz F.
Published: June 2007

Cellular Specificity of Lectin Binding in the Kidney of the Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The goal of this study was to demonstrate the distribution of glycoproteins in the various segments of the Japanese Quail nephron, using lectins labeled with HRP or FITC. Each one of the six labeled lectins had a characteristic distribution pattern along the nephron. The study shows that lectins are useful markers for certain nephronal segments or for cell types in certain segments of the renal tubules. PNA marks the thin portion of the medullary loop, DBA marks the thick portion; it is thus possible to differentiate the nephronal segments in the medullary cone of the kidney. Con A binds selectively with the epithehoid, granular cells of the tunica media of the vasa efferentia. The histochemical technic using labeled lectins makes it possible to identify certain renal structures that could not, or only with difficulty, be differentiated using conventional histology. Therefore, lectins as specific markers are gaining in importance for further studies of the morphology and physiology of the kidney.
Studies on the Ovarian Development in Zebu Cattle (Bos indicus)
Authors: Mbassa Gabriel K.
Published: June 2007

In a study of 71 female foetuses, gonadal blastema was observed at 1.5 cm crown rump length (CRL). Oogonial cells entered the meiotic prophase at 3.5–6.0 cm CRL, which was arrested at the dictyotene stage to produce primary oocytes which formed primordial follicles. Primordial follicles were observed at 6–8 cm CRL. All germinal cells were at dictyotene by 20–24cm CRL and follicles developed to primary and secondary stages. Folliculogenesis dominated further ovarian development and reached a peak between 32 and 35 cm CRL. In seven of the 12 foetuses measuring between 41 and 72 cm CRL, many follicles were atretic and some luteinized. The luteal bodies were composed of hypertrophied theca and granulosa cells with homogeneous and eosinophilic cytoplasm.
Etude en Microscopie Optique et Electronique a Balayage de l'Evolution Structurale des Parois du Caecum et du Colon, Durant la Periode Perinatale, Chez le Lapin (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.)
Authors: Dorier A. , Piery Y. , Bacques Cl.
Published: June 2007

Study through photonic and electronic scanning microscopy of the structural development of the caecum and colon walls among Rabbits during the perinatal period

The study through photonic and scanning microscopy at evolutive states, from the 24th day of gestation to the 13th day after birth, shows a quick development of the structures of the caecal and colic mucosal coming to the settling of adult forms, from the very first week of postnatal life.

The distal colon part is full grown before the other parts of the alimentary canal, and is particulary rich in mucous cells. The caecum is the place where an early lymphoid defense is provided, from the 30th day of gestation.
Mecanismos de Desarrollo de la Cúpula en los Conductos Semicirculares de las Aves: I. Secreción Celular
Authors: Sequeros O. Gonzalez , Pablos J. E. Guijarro de , Rubio J. R. Moral , Gonzalez J. A. Ramirez
Published: June 2007

Mechanisms of development of the cupula of the semicircular canals of birds (Gallus gallus) I. Secretory cells

A study of the crista ampullaris of the vestibular apparatus was carried out in chicken embryos. The study group included embryos between stages 24 and 39 of Hamburger‐Hamilton. This study elucidates the relationship of the cupula with respect to the epithelium of the crista ampullaris. With electron microscopic examination, the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the crista epithelial sustentacular cells at developmental stage of 31 H‐H, demonstrated dilatations containing secretory material. Vesicles, with adhering ribosomes appear to be formed from these dilatations. At later stages of development, the vesicular material took on the characteristics of the fibrillary material composing the cupula. In some cells, secretory vesicles are seen near the apical border of these cells, where they apparently secrete vesicular contents into the endolymphatic space, contributing to the formation of the cupula.
Involución de Germenes Dentarios en la Oveja (Ovis aries)
Authors: Montenegro M. A. , Rojas M. A. , Lemus D. , González E. , Blánquez M. J.
Published: June 2007

Early odontogenesis in sheep (Ovis aries)

In this study we examined some histologic and histochemical characteristics of the embryonic sheep dental epithelium in early odontogenesis. During the first trimester of development, a shortlived dentral lamina was observed. Apparently in the sheep, the interactions between epithelial and ectomesenchymal cells required for tooth normal morphogenesis are altered.
Morphological Analysis of the Cervicothoracic Ganglion of the 10 Week Old Pig Fetus
Authors: Pospieszny N.
Published: June 2007

Morphological analysis of the cervicothoracic ganglion of the 10 week old pig fetus life was carried out. A description of the topographic location, shape and neural connections of the ganglion are described. Associated with these observations, the location of the fetus within the uterus and the sex of the fetus were considered.
Motor Fibers in the Canine Distal Caudal Cutaneous Sural Nerve—Dual Innervation of the Hind Limb Plantar Muscles
Authors: Cuddon P. A. , Kitchell R. L. , Johnson R. D.
Published: June 2007

The function of the communicating branch of the distal caudal cutaneous sural (DCCS) nerve to the tibial nerve was investigated in 7 adult dogs and was found to contain the motor component of this nerve. This function was studied by direct visualization of the contraction of the hind limb plantar muscles and by direct electrophysiologic recording of motor unit action potentials in these muscles, following stimulation of the DCCS nerve. Contraction of all of the mm. interossei, the mm. lumbricales, the m. adductor digiti quinti and the m. adductor digiti secundi was observed with the stimulation of either the tibial or the DCCS nerves, although there was a qualitative variability in the plantar muscles exhibiting the strongest contraction with stimulation of the latter nerve. This communicating branch was not found in one of the experimental dogs, suggesting some individual variability in the DCCS nerve anatomy and subsequent function. This study conclusively demonstrated that the canine DCCS nerve contains both motor and sensory nerve fibers, which is similar to this nerve in the rat, but anatomically and functionally different to that in the human and the cat.
Über die Lymphknoten des Magens von Schaf (Ovis aries) und Ziege (Capra hircus)
Authors: Vollmerhaus B. , Roos Heide
Published: June 2007

The lymph nodes of the stomach of the sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus)

The lymph nodes of the stomachs taken from 31 sheep and 35 goats were described and measured. Compared with lymph nodes of cattle (Baum 1912) marked differences were found regarding the position, number and presence of the nodes, as well as in regard to the lymphatic vessels leaving them. The results are discussed in the light of the decisions that may have to be made during meat inspection.
El Desarrollo del Estomago del Vacuno: Análisis Desde el Prisma Morfológico y Morfométrico Parte II: Observaciones Morfogénicas Asociadas al Bloque Omaso‐Abomásico
Authors: Vivo J. M. , Robina A.
Published: June 2007

On the Development of the Bovine Stomach: A Morphological and Morphometric Analysis. Part II. Observations on the Morphogenesis of Omasum and Abomasum

This study represents a continuation of part 1 of a study of the development of the bovine stomach. Material and methods are more fully described in part i of the study. In this part 2 of the study further developmental stages and morphometric analysis is presented.
Zum Bau der Milchdrüse des Rindes während der Trockenstehperiode unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Involutionsprozesse: 2. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen
Authors: Heinz Margit , Michel G.
Published: June 2007

Morphology of the bovine mammary gland during the nonlacting period

According to the electron microscopic investigations the most evident sign of the phase of the active involution of the mammary gland in cattle is the occurrence of different great vacuoles with a diffuse content in the cytoplasma of the secretory cells till the 30th day after the beginning of the dry period. Secretory cells which go over in the rest phase show a great reduction of the cell organelles and many filaments and secundary lysosomes or residual bodies. One can observe many macrophages and lymphocytes in the partly enlarged intercellular rooms between the secretory cells and the myoepithelial cells. The myoepithelial cells are adapting to the changing forms of alveoles. The phase of the colostrogenesis is characterised by the enlargement of the cell organelles and the reappearence of vacuoles.
Spinal Root Origin of the Radial Nerve and Nerves Innervating Shoulder Muscles of the Dog
Authors: Sharp J. W. , Bailey Cleta Sue , Johnson R. D. , Kitchell R. L.
Published: June 2007

The ventral spinal root origin of the radial nerve, its muscle branches, and brachial plexus nerves which supply shoulder and thoracic musculature was determined in the dog. Electrophysiological signal averaging techniques measured evoked potential from specific ventral spinal roots to individual muscle nerves. The entire radial nerve received input from the sixth cervical (C6) through the second thoracic (T2) spinal roots. The most significant (p < .05) input to triceps brachii came from C8 while the deep ramus of the radial nerve received its largest input from C7. The brachiocephalicus, suprascapular, and subscapular nerves all received their most significant (p < .05) innervation from C6. Approximately 90 % of the evoked potential to the axillary nerve originated from C7. The thoracodorsal nerve received most of its innervation from ventral roots C7 and C8. The lateral thoracic nerve which innervates the cutaneous trunci muscle was supplied by ventral roots C8–T2. Examination of innervation patterns suggests that only modest variation of spinal root input to specific nerves occurred between individual dogs.
Die Weisheit des Tierkörpers
Authors: Preuss Fritz R.
Published: June 2007

The wisdom of the animal body

In 1932 Cannon described the physiological wisdom of the body. This cannot exist without morphological wisdom. Since morphology is a formative process, both kinds of wisdom depend on the same formative forces. These forces are the forces of consciousness at all levels. Their existence is proved by the fact that they can be eliminated by narcosis.

The wisdom of these forces is twofold: Firstly, the wisdom of need sensation which lasts only until the need is satisfied. This is the conscious intelligence of the body which is responsible for restraint in all living beings. Secondly, the wisdom, or better, the prudence of need satisfaction which requires knowledge and appropriate tools. The organs of the body are these tools. Knowledge belongs to the intellect which knows how to handle material. This is achieved in all prehuman species subconsciously and is demonstrated in all structures built by cells and animals. Only the human mind can be unwise and imprudent; but man, being free, is also able to be wise and prudent and so prevent the extinction of the earthly creation.
The Stomach of the Kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis)
Authors: Stafford K. J. , Stafford Y. M.
Published: June 2007

The Kafue lechwe is endemic to the Kafue Flats area of Zambia. It is semi‐aquatic in habit, feeding upon grasses above and below the waterline. The volume of the lechwe rumen is 17 L in the male and 14 L in the female. It has strong and definite pillars. The interior of the rumen is papillated except in the roof area and on the pillars. The omasum has more than 70 laminae which are papiliated on the reticular end. The anatomy of the lechwe stomach is similar to the stomachs of other water dependent grazers such as Bohor Reedbuck, Waterbuck, Uganda Kob and Puku.
Zur Feinstruktur des Nucleus nervi hypoglossi von Schaf und Ziege*
Authors: Störmer R. , Goller H. , Schubert S.
Published: June 2007

On the fine structure of the nucleus nervi hypoglossi of the sheep and goat

In the small domesticated ruminants the nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve is situated in close relationship to the median line in the middle of the elongated medulla. The nucleus is divided by the obex into a rostral and a caudal portion. In the sheep, four distinct subnuclei can be recognized, whereas in the dwarf goat great variations in the arrangement of cell groups exists. In both animals large and medium sized neurones are observed. The large neurones are characterized by densely packed small organelles. The medium sized neurones vary between a pale and an electron dense type. According to the size and morphology of the vesicles three types of synaptic contacts can be differentiated. Synapses of type 2 contain clear round and flattened vesicles and are partially accompanied by subsurface cisterns.
Fine Structure of the Pecten Oculi of the Red‐Tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
Authors: Braekevelt Charlie R.
Published: June 2007

The pecten oculi of the red‐tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) has been examined by light and electron microscopy. In this species the pecten is very large and of the pleated type. It consists of 17–18 accordion folds which are joined apically by a heavily pigmented bridge of tissue which holds the pecten in a fan‐like shape, widest at its base. It is situated over the optic nerve head and extends into the vitreous. Within each fold are numerous capillaries, larger supply and drainage vessels and melanocytes. The capillaries are specialized and display extensive microfolds on both the luminal and abluminal borders. The endothelial cell bodies are thin with most organelles present in a paranuclear location. The capillaries are surrounded by thick fibrillar basal laminae which are probably structurally important and which often enclose pericytes. The melanocytes which are most plentiful in the bridge region and peripherally in the pecten, form an incomplete sheath around the capillaries and other blood vessels. These melanocytes are also felt to be fulfilling a structural role within the pecten. The morphology of the pecten of the red‐tailed hawk is indicative of a heavy involvement in the transport of materials to the avascular avian retina.
Morphology of the Ependymal Cells of the Bovine Area Postrema
Authors: Lindberg L. ‐A. , Sukura A. , Talanti S.
Published: June 2007

This communication describes the ultrastructure of the ependyma of the bovine area postrema. The polygonal cells possessed an abundant apical array of microvilli but were nonciliated with the exception of occasional cells at the periphery of the area, which had a central kinocilium. The low squamous cells contained moderate numbers of cytoplasmic organelles. The cells do not appear to be typically secretory, but may function in fluid exchange.
Sur l'Anatomie Microscopique et Fonctionnelle de la Papille iléale (Papilla ilealis) de la Valve caeco‐colique (Valva caecocolia) et de la Courbure pelvienne (Flexura pelvina) chez le Cheval (Equus caballus)
Authors: Roger T. , Cabanie P.
Published: June 2007

On the microscopic and functional anatomy of the ileo‐caecal and caeco‐colic junctions, and on the colic pelvic flexure in the Horse

The histologic study on six horses of the ileo‐caecal and caeco‐colic junctions confirms their sphincteral structure. It appears that the activity of the muscular fibres, identified in the ileo‐caecal and caeco‐colic plica, modulates the curvature of the junctions and thus, blocks, as sphincters, the reflux of contents from the caecum into the ileum and from the colon into the caecum. But on the other hand, the pelvic flexure does not possess any microscopic organization to stop the reflux of contents from the dorsal colon into the ventral colon.
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Fine Structure in the Red‐Tailed Hawk (Buto jamaicensis)
Authors: Braekevelt C. R.
Published: June 2007

As part of a comparative morphological study, the fine structure of the retinal epithelium (RPE), choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) has been studied by electron microscopy in the red‐tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). In this species the RPE consists of a single layer of low cuboidal cells which display numerous basal (scleral) infoldings and extensive apical (vitreal) processes which interdigitate with photoreceptor outer segments. These epithelial cells are joined laterally by a series of basally located tight junctions. Internally SER is the most abundant cell organelle while only small amounts of RER are present. Polysomes are however abundant as are mitochondria. The RPE cell nucleus is large and vesicular. Melanosomes are mainly located in the apical processes of the RPE cells in light‐adaptation. Myeloid bodies are large and numerous in light‐adaptation and often show ribosomes on their outer border. Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) shows the typical pentalami‐nate structure noted in most vertebrates but with only a poorly defined central elastic layer. The endothelium of the choriocapillaris is very thin facing the RPE but is only moderately fenestrated. The choriocapillaris in this species is unusual however in that many of the fenestrae show a double‐layered diaphragm.
Gibt es eine innere Zungenmuskulatur beim Papagei?
Authors: Knospe C.
Published: June 2007

Does the parrot have an internal tongue musculature?

The result of this study shows that the tongue of the parrot has voluntary muscle that runs dorsally to the apex of the tongue. This musculature can be regarded as evidence that a reduced internal musculature exists.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Haaren von Pudu pudu und europäischen Cerviden
Authors: Feder Fritz‐H. , Arias V. Patricio
Published: June 2007

Comparative examinations on the hair of Pudu pudu and european red deer

The awn and the fur hair of Pudu were investigated. Values of the length are between 14 and 56 mm for the awn hair, and 9 to 36 mm for the fur hair. Hair thickness – especially at the thickest point – ranges from 140 to 236 um for the awn hair and from 19 to 106 urn for the fur hair. The values of the cuticle scales are between 12 and 18 um for the length and between 41 and 66 um for the width. The shape of the scales is rectangular in the basal three quarters (R) and becomes crenated (R/Z) in the apical quarter. The medulla is continuous with large hollow vesicles. The similarity to the hair of european red deer is surprising.
Sexual dimorphism of the kidney in the NMRI mouse as shown by Dolichos biflorus agglutinin labelling
Authors: Plendl Johanna , Schoenlejber Barbara , Schmahl W. , Murray A. Beatrice , Sinowatz F.
Published: June 2007

The histological affinity pattern of Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) in kidneys from mice (NMRI, Balb/c, CBA) and rats (Wistar) fixed by perfusion with formalin, Bouin, or HgCl2 was investigated with a horseradish peroxidase conjugate. The animals were examined from fetal stage to adulthood.

Adult female NMRI mice exhibited constant DBA labelling, with DBA binding to cells of the proximal and collecting tubules. Moreover the vascular endothelium of the renal papilla was found to be DBA‐positive in 50% of adult female animals. In contrast, there was only very little DBA binding in the kidneys of male adult NMRI mice.

There was no sexual dimorphism in lectin labelling in kidneys from other strains of mice or from rats.
Die Arterien der männlichen Geschlechtsorgane Japanischer Wachteln (Coturnix coturnix japonica) und ihre Entwicklung nach dem Schlupf
Authors: Okamoto T. , Vollmerhaus B. , Roos H. , Waibl H. , König H. E.
Published: June 2007

The arteries supplying the male reproductive organs of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and their post‐hatching development

A total of 83 male Japanese quails of the following age groups were used for this study: 11, 18, 25,32, 35, 37,39,41,43 days, and 7,9,17 weeks after hatching. Neopren‐Latex®, Tensol‐Cemenr®, and the china ink were injected via the aortic arch.

In most of male Japanese quails, the testes are supplied by the A. testicularis originated from the Aorta descendens through a common trunk with the A. renalis cranialis. But in only 3 quails had this artery originated directly from the Aorta descendens on either side. In 9 quails had the A. testicularis accessoria originating independently from the Aorta descendens and running cranially or caudally in short distance to the normal A. testicularis.

The arteries for the Ductus deferens were divided into 3 categories. The Rami ureterodeferentia‐les craniales were spread out from A. testicularis or Rami epididymales. The Rami ureterodeferentiales medii came from the A. renalis media and the A. renalis caudalis. The Rami ureterodeferentiales caudales originated from the A. caudae lateralis and A. pudenda.

The Receptaculum ductus deferentis, the Corpus vasculare paracloacalis and the Phallus nonprotrudens in the Cloaca were supplied from the thick Ramus cloacalis of the A. pudenda.

The Ramus bursalis of this artery supplied the Glandula proctodaealis and the Bursa cloacalis, and was also thick.

The arteries to the genital organs were observed in the 11 day old male quail. The A. pudenda began developing at about 30 days after hatching when the quai's body maturated. While the A. testicularis began developing at about 40 days after hatching when the male Japanese quail was full of the spermatogenic activity.
Immunocytochemical Study of the Diffuse Neuroendocrine System Cells in Equine Lungs
Authors: Rodríguez A. , Peña L. , Flores J. M. , González M. , Castaño M.
Published: June 2007

This study was undertaken to investigate the presence of neuroendocrine cells (N.E.C.) by immunocytochemical means in equine lungs during three distinct evolutionary periods: fetal, neonatal and adult. The authors identified bombesin, somatostatin and calcitonin secretory cells. In the fetal lungs the N.E.C. were located in the interstitial tissue and exhibited greater immunoreactivity to bombesin than to the other two neuropeptides studied. A large number of calcitonin‐producing cells and a smaller number of bombesin‐positive cells were seen in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium of newborn Equidae. In the adult equine lungs far fewer N.E.C. were observed than in the earlier stages. Somatostatin‐producing cells were not seen in neonatal or adult lung tissue.
Arrangement of the Branches of the Aorta Abdominalis in the Wood Mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus)
Authors: Jose Maria , Fuster Lopez , Ventura Jacint
Published: June 2007

Data on the distribution and variation of the abdominal arteries in the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, are given. Seventy specimens (44 males and 26 females) caught in the field were analyzed by injection of green latex solution and dissection.

The general branching pattern of the aorta abdominalis is similar to those described in other rodents. There are certain differences, however, especially in the branching of the coeliac trunk, the origin of the genital arteries and the arrangement of the caudal mesenteric artery. Significant variability was detected in the distribution of the iliolumbar arteries about the testicular and ovaric arteries. Based on the observations and measurements carried out, some branching patterns of the aorta abdominalis are presented.