bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global mitigation efforts cannot neglect emerging emitters
Authors: Cui Can , Guan Dabo , Wang Daoping , Meng Jing , Chemutai Vicky , Brenton Paul , Zhang Shaohui , Shan Yuli , Zhang Qiang , Davis Steven
Published: April 2022

International efforts to avoid dangerous climate change have historically focused on reducing energy-related CO2 emissions from countries with either the largest economies (e.g., the EU and the U.S.) and/or the largest populations (e.g., China and India). However, in recent years, emissions have surged among a different and much less-examined group of countries, raising concerns that a next generation of high-emitting economies will obviate current mitigation targets. Here, we analyze the trends and drivers of emissions in each of the 59 countries where emissions 2010-2018 grew faster than the global average (excluding China and India), project their emissions under a range of longer-term energy scenarios, and estimate the costs of decarbonization pathways. Total emissions from these “emerging emitters” reach as much as 7.5 Gt CO2/year in the baseline 2.5° scenario— substantially greater than the emissions from these regions in previously published scenarios that would limit warming to 1.5°C or even 2°C. Such unanticipated emissions would in turn require non-emitting energy deployment from all sectors within these emerging emitters, and faster and deeper reductions in emissions from other countries to meet international climate goals. Moreover, the annual costs of keeping emissions at the low level are in many cases 0.2%-4.1% of countries’ GDP, pointing to potential trade-offs with poverty reduction goals and/or the need for economic support and low-carbon technology transfer from historically high-emitting countries. Our results thus highlight the critical importance of ramping up mitigation efforts in countries that to this point have been largely ignored.
The mechanisms conditioning doctoral supervision development in public universities across South Africa
Authors:   , Motshoane Puleng Lorraine
Published: April 2022

This study offers a social realist account of how South African public institutions develop emerging supervisors. The study addresses the need for supervision development across South African public higher education universities. The purpose of the study was to answer the question “What mechanisms condition the development and support of emerging doctoral supervisors across South African public universities?” To examine this question, analytical dualism was used to separate the roles of the ‘people’ (agents) from the ‘parts’ (structure and culture) to examine their interplay. The study was qualitative, and the data was generated through documents, an online survey, and semi-structured interviews. One hundred and eighty-six participants responded to the survey and fifty-four people were interviewed. The participants came from twenty of the twenty-six public higher education universities and represent a large range of disciplines. The study findings revealed that emerging supervisors were often simply ‘thrown into the deep-end’ as they had to work out how to supervise by learning from their students and using the experience gained while they were being supervised. This was experienced as highly problematic by the participants who shared this understanding. Secondly, the findings suggest that where there were developmental events in place, some were not well received. For example where those providing the training were not regarded as credible because they lacked the supervision experience or because the interventions were seen to be too ad hoc and generic. There were calls for more discipline-specific interventions and collaborative spaces where emerging supervisors could engage with experienced supervisors rather than being instructed in a generic best-practice of ‘how to supervise’. The findings indicated that the lines between co-supervision and mentoring were often blurred, and both were used as another form of supervision development. Such relationships provided a useful means for emerging supervisors to come to understand the complex pedagogy of postgraduate supervision but were at times constrained by power imbalances. It was evident across the data that supervision is a special form of teaching and needs to be conceptualised at least in part as a pedagogy. Moreover, the issue of institutional differentiation needs to be considered for the sector to achieve its intended goals of increasing doctoral output and to be able to participate fully in the knowledge economy.
An investigation of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) in the SANAE HF radar data
Authors:   , Atilaw Tsige Yared
Published: April 2022

This thesis aims to study the characteristics of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) as identified in the radar data of the South African National Antarctic Expedition (SANAE) Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar located in Antarctica. For this project, 22 TIDs were identified from visual inspection of range time-intensity (RTI) plots of backscattered power and Doppler velocity parameters of the SANAE radar between 2005âAS2015. These events were studied to determine their characteristics and driving mechanisms. Where good quality data were available, the SANAE HF radar data were supplemented by Halley radar data, which has large area of overlapping field of view (FOV) with the SANAE radar, and also by GPS TEC data. This provided a multi-instrument data analysis of some TID events. Different spectral analysis methods, namely the multitaper method (MTM), Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the Lomb-Scargle periodogram were used to obtain spectral information of the observed waves. The advantage of using multiple windowing in MTM over the traditional windowing method was illustrated using one of the TID events. In addition, the analytic signal of the wave from the MTM method was used to estimate the instantaneous phase velocity and propagation azimuth of the wave, which was able to track the change in the characteristics of the medium-scale TID (MSTID) efficiently throughout the duration of the event. This is a clear advantage over other windowing techniques. The energy contribution by this MSTID through Joule heating was estimated over the region where spectral analysis of both SANAE and Halley data showed it to be present. The majority of the TIDs (65.4%) could be classified as MSTIDs with periods of 20–60 minutes, velocities of 50–333 ms􀀀1 and wavelengths of 129–833 km. The TID occurrence rate was high around the March equinox with 12 out of the 16 event days being during March–May. March had a particularly high number of occurrences of TIDs (46%). The majority of the TIDs observed during this month propagated northward or southeastward. In terms of prevailing geomagnetic conditions, 6 out of 16 event days were geomagnetically quiet, while 10 occurred during geomagnetic storms and substorms. During quiet conditions, TIDs could be linked to Es and polarised electric fields in 2 of these events. The other quiet time events could not be related to Es instability and polarised electric field either because their exact propagation direction could not be determined or data quality from the Es region scatter was too poor to perform spectral analysis. The storm-/substorm-related TIDs are possibly generated through Joule heating, the Lorentz force and energetic particle precipitation.
Self-Consciousness and the Priority Question: A Critique of the “Sensibility First” Reading of Kant
Authors: Ellis Addison
Published: April 2022

This essay presents a critique of what Robert Hanna has recently called the “sensibility first” reading of Kant. I first spell out, in agreement with Hanna, why the contemporary debate among Kant scholars over conceptualism and non-conceptualism must be understood only from within the perspective of what I dub the “priority question”—that is, the question whether one or the other of our “two stems” of cognition may ground the objectivity and normativity of the other. I then spell out why the priority question may be asked only from within the perspective of self- consciousness. Specifically, the central issue to be dealt with is how what Kant calls the original combination of understanding and sensibility is a synthesis internal to an act of self-consciousness. Only then can we ask what that original synthesis might tell us about the possibility of prioritizing one capacity over another in a story of cognition generally. Once we see the central issue more clearly, then I will look at the “sensibility first” view in its most general form and propose that it should be criticized for its failure to account for Kant’s notion of an objective unity of self-consciousness.
Aristas trascendentales en la argumentación de Aristóteles en favor de los primeros principios
Authors: Spangenberg Pilar
Published: April 2022

En el contexto del tratamiento de los primeros principios de la ciencia del ser y de la física, Aristóteles presenta un especial tipo de prueba en favor del principio de no contradicción y el principio del movimiento. Este trabajo investiga la naturaleza de dichas pruebas e intenta exhibir importantes paralelismos entre ellas: en ambos casos, en efecto, Aristóteles se sirve de argumentos dialécticos que apuntan a mostrar que quien niega tales principios debe sin embargo asumir una serie de compromisos en relación con el lenguaje que involucran los principios en cuestión. Expongo cómo los principios discutidos constituyen condiciones de posibilidad del discurso mismo. Así, estos argumentos exhiben aristas trascendentales que, sobre todo en lo concerniente a la discusión con el monista, en muchas ocasiones han sido pasadas por alto, y que nos muestran el alcance de la dialéctica a la hora de abrir camino hacia los principios.
Il fatto della ragione e la conoscenza adeguata: Kant con Spinoza
Authors: Campo Alessandra
Published: April 2022

Recentemente la letteratura dedicata alla ricezione kantiana di Spinoza ha conosciuto un sensibile incremento. Diversi sono gli studi consacrati alla mappatura della presenza di quest’ultimo negli scritti sia precritici che critici del primo, e diversi sono i risultati conseguiti da ciascuno. Eppure, con l’eccezione di qualche richiamo alla sezione in cui lo spinozismo è presentato come l’unica alternativa all’idealismo trascendentale, la Critica della ragion pratica non è quasi mai menzionata né, tanto meno, si è soliti guardare ad essa nel tentativo di trovare qualcosa che attenui il contrasto tra le due prospettive. Scopo del presente saggio è mostrare come sia proprio nella seconda Critica, e in particolare introducendo il Faktum della ragione, che Kant pensa, per così dire, assieme a Spinoza. Nel 1788, la legge morale si comporta come un’idea adeguata che ci rende cause attive, e l’esperienza della libertà procurata dalla coscienza che ne abbiamo risulta essere, perciò, analoga all’esperienza dell’eternità illustrata dal V libro dell’Etica.
Analogia temporal e analogia da pessoa em Edith Stein: para além da fenomenologia e da ontologia
Authors: Pires Lopes Nunes Etelvina
Published: April 2022

Este artigo apresenta o processo que Stein elabora para estabelecer a relação do ser finito e temporal com o ser infinito e eterno. Contextualizando a sua investigação no âmbito da fenomenologia e da ontologia, Stein ultrapassa estes domínios. Na esteira de Tomás de Aquino, será recorrendo à analogia que Stein traça a ascensão para o sentido do Ser. No entanto, este processo tornar-se-á mais próximo da posição de S. Agostinho. Pois, a autora elabora primeiro uma analogia temporal e depois uma analogia pessoal. Parte de duas evidências: a certeza do “eu sou” de Agostinho, Descartes e Husserl e o “eu sou” divino, segundo o nome que Deus revelou de si próprio: “Eu sou aquele que sou” (Ex 3,14). Através da analogia pessoal a autora ultrapassa a fenomenologia e a ontologia, enquanto a categoria “pessoa” compreende tanto o ser como uma plenitude atribuída.
INVESTIGATION OF FUNCTIONAL STATUS, BALANCE AND KINESIOPHOBIA IN WOMEN WITH HALLUX VALGUS UNDERWENT CHEVRON OSTEOTOMY, A PILOT STUDY
Authors: MERAN Meltem , KINIKLI Gizem İrem , ÇAĞLAR Ömür
Published: April 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study, was to investigate functional status, balance and kinesiophobia after Chevron osteotomy in women with Hallux Valgus (HV) in comparison to non-surgical women with HV.
Methods: A total of 38 individuals were included in the study, including those aged 20-70 years 19 women with an average of 28 months after surgery, and 19 HV women diagnosed with non-surgical. Individuals' pain intensity (Visual Analogue Scale), thumb joint range of motion (ROM) (universal goniometer), static balance (Single-Leg-Stance Test), dynamic balance (Timed Up and Go Test), functional status, and cosmetic concern (Multidimensional Nil Hallux Valgus Scale), kinesiophobia (Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale) was evaluated.
Results: Pain severity, cosmetic concern, range of motion of the thumb, and HV angle (HVA) were lower in women with HV following surgery than non-surgical HV women (p
Extreme Learning Machine model for assessment of stream health using the Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index
Authors: Aredah Ahmed S. , Ertugrul Omer Faruk , Sattar Ahmed A. , Bonakdari Hossein , Gharabaghi Bahram
Published: April 2022

The Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) approach was used to predict stream health with a Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI), and watershed metrics. A dataset of 112 sites in Ontario, Canada with their Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) and richness values was used in the development of two ELM models. Each model used 70 and 30% of the dataset for training and testing respectively. The models show a great fit with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)=0.12 and 0.33 for HBI and richness test models, respectively. Then, features elimination based on ELM coefficients and coefficient of variation showed a slight increase in the models' RMSE to reach 0.09 and 0.33 correspondingly. Accordingly, this high predictability of the models in this research provide better insights into which factors influence HBI or richness, and suggests that ELM has a better architecture than other machine learning models and ANN to learn complex non-linear relationships. Also, sensitivity analysis expressed channel slope as the most affecting stream-health parameter for stream health.
Some Minor Characteristics of Spectrophotometric Determination of
Antioxidant System and Phenolic Metabolism Enzyme Activity in Wood
Plant Tissues of Pinus sylvestris L.
Authors: Ershova Maria A. , Nikerova Kseniya M. , Galibina Natalia A. , Sofronova Irina N. , Borodina Marina N.
Published: April 2022

A comprehensive study of enzymes of the antioxidant system (AOS) and phenolic
metabolism is an actual subject of biochemical research; changes in the activity of these enzymes
can be used as a diagnostic sign. At the same time, practically little attention has been paid to
describing the regularities of these enzymatic reactions. The article presents the chemical kinetics
study of reactions catalyzed by superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and
phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in Scots pine trunk tissues (Pinus sylvestris L.). The dependence of
the enzyme reaction rate on the enzyme concentration and the substrate concentration is presented,
and the pH-optimum for each reaction is established.

Background:

Determination of AOS enzyme activity and PAL activity in woody plants has many
difficulties. The chemical composition of pine trunk tissues affects determining AOS enzyme
activity and PAL activity. Spectrophotometric determination of AOS enzyme activity and PAL
activity gives perfect results when considering all additional controls by taking into account minor
characteristics.

Objective:

This study aimed at determining the AOS enzyme activity in 40-year-old Scots pine
(Pinus sylvestris L.) plants growing in the Karelian (Russia) forest seed plantation.

Method:

Plant tissues were ground in liquid nitrogen to a uniform mass and homogenized at 4 °C
in the buffer containing 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 3 mM DTT, 5 mM
MgCl2, and 0.5 mM PMSF. After 15-min of extraction, the homogenate was centrifuged at 12000 g
for 10 min (MPW-351R centrifuge, Poland). The supernatant was purified on 20 cm3 columns with
Sephadex G-250. Aliquots with the highest protein amount were collected. In tissues, the protein
concentration was 10-50 μg/ml. Proteins in the extracts were quantified by a Bradford assay. The
enzyme activity was determined spectrophotometrically on a SpectroStar Nano plate
spectrophotometer (BMG Labtech, Germany).

Results:

Our study made it possible to modify the methods for determining the activity of
superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
in Scots pine trunk tissues. The enzymatic reaction rate dependence on the enzyme concentration
and the substrate concentration was determined, and pH-optimum was also noted. This
methodological article also provides formulas for calculating the activities of the enzymes.

Conclusion:

We found that determining AOS enzyme activity and PAL activity in woody plants is
challenging. The chemical composition of the xylem and phloem of pine affects determining AOS
enzyme activity and PAL activity. Spectrophotometric determination of AOS enzyme activity and
PAL activity gives perfect results when considering all additional controls by taking into account
minor characteristics.
WITHDRAWN: A Study on Variable Viscosity and Activation Energy for
Unsteady MHD Bioconvection of Nano Fluid Over a Sheet with Stretch
and Electric Field
Authors: Siddique Imran , Habib Danial , Salamat Nadeem , Perveen Zahida , Alrowaili Dalal , Abdal Sohaib
Published: April 2022

The article has been withdrawn by agreement between the editors and publisher, because the authors are not responding to the
editor’s requests to provide the edited version.

Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused.

The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php

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of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.
1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives with Anti-breast Cancer Potential
Authors: Wu Xinyi , Wang Jun , Xia Shiqi , Cheng Shishuo , Shi Yumin
Published: April 2022

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignant diseases, and one of the main causes of mortality among women across the world. Despite advances in chemotherapy, drug resistance remains a major clinical concern, creating an urgent need to explore novel anti-breast cancer drugs. 1,2,3-triazole is a privileged moiety, and its derivatives could inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Accordingly, 1,2,3-triazole derivatives possess profound ac-tivity against various cancers, including breast cancer. This review summarizes the latest progress related to the anti-breast cancer potential of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, covering articles published from January 2017 to December 2021. The mechanisms of action and structure-activity relation-ships (SARs) are also discussed for the further rational design of more effective candidates.
First Multigram Scale-Up and Synthesis of Novel Valerolactam-
Benzimidazole Hybrid Anthelmintic
Authors: Ramos Juan Carlos , Manta Eduardo , Colobbio Maximiliano , Duarte Gerardo , Melian María Elisa , Silvera Mauricio , Teixeira Ramiro , Dominguez Laura
Published: April 2022

Background:

Infections caused by helminth parasites are the main cause of economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. The rapid resistance acquired by different parasites against commercially available drugs motivates the search, design and development of new compounds capable of overcoming this situation. Previously, our group reported the novel hybrid valerolactam-fenbendazole (VAL-FBZ) compound with in vitro anthelmintic activity and good ex vivo parasite permeation.

Objective:

Optimization of the novel hybrid VAL-FBZ compound synthesis and scale-up to multigram order necessary for in vivo assays.

Methods:

For the hybrid VAL-FBZ synthesis, convergent strategy was utilized. To obtain the benzimidazole core, widely available fenbendazole and L-Ornithine hydrochloride synthesis were used. The key step was the coupling reaction, for which an inexpensive coupling agent of uronium salt family was used. Optimization was carried out searching the minimizing risks and costs at up scaling to multigram level.

Results:

In the first stage, the most precursors of Valerolactam and Benzimidazole cores were synthesized on a decagram scale getting better results than previous reports. Also, the coupling reaction was carried out using HBTU to obtain VAL-FBZ with above 99% HPLC purity, and an overall yield of 48%. The successful synthesis was developed without chromatographic purification in any step to minimize few risks for the operator.

Conclusion:

Successfully, an efficient multigram and economic process is reported.
The Most Important Medicinal Herbs and Plants in Traditional Chinese
and Iranian Medicinal Sciences with Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Sun Wenli , Shahrajabian Mohamad Hesam , Cheng Qi
Published: April 2022

The review is aimed at summarizing the most important and common natural antioxidants and
their resources from traditional Irani and Chinese medicinal sciences. The most important medicinal
plants with antioxidant activities in Iran are Artemisia, berberry fruit, borage, calendula, coriander, cumin,
green tea, hawthorn, jujube, pomegranate, rose, rosemary, black zira, tea, and thyme. Important traditional
medicinal plants with antioxidant activities in China are Asparagus, bindii, blueberries, camellia, Chinese
bayberry, Chinese bitter melon, Chinese cabbage, Chinese cherry, Chinese jujube, Chinese olive, pomegranate,
Chinese rose tea, Chinese toon, Chinese watermelon, black tea, knotweed, Chinese quince, Chinese
rhubarb, sumac, wolfberry, dendrobium, drumstick tree, Fiscus species, ginger, ginkgo, goji berry,
grape, Jerusalem thorn, kiwifruit seed oil, and licorice root. The present review article highlights the most
important medicinal plants which have been used in Iran and China as traditional herbal medicines for
hundreds of years due to their tremendous antioxidant activities.
Nutraceutical Approach to the Management of Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Medithi Srujana , Chindarkar Manali
Published: April 2022

Background:

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive monogenic disease
marked by a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. Cystic
fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene mutations affect respiratory, digestive and
reproductive functions and impede bicarbonate, bile acid, and sweat secretion. Moreover, the
current trend indicates that CF is no longer only a paediatric disease, but has progressively
become a disease that also affects adults. This calls for addressing the condition with an
appropriate nutraceutical approach.

Objective:

The study aims to find and collate nutritional targets in the management of cystic
fibrosis.

Method:

Studies highlighting the benefits of nutrients or nutraceuticals in the management of
cystic fibrosis were included from previously published research articles (1971 to 2020). Data
including nutrients, nutraceuticals, study design, study model, sample size, age, dose and
duration of the dose of the supplement were extracted from the studies included and explored to
understand their role.

Results:

About 26 studies were included in the present review. It was found that nutrient interventions
comprising nutraceuticals, including dietary fibre, proteins and amino acids (taurine,
arginine, glutathione), fats (medium-chain triglycerides, polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3
fatty acids), phytochemicals (apigenin, genistein, quercetin, curcumin, allicin, beta-carotene,
Pulmonaria officinalis L, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate), micronutrients, including vitamin A,
vitamin D, vitamin K, magnesium and zinc in addition to antioxidants exhibit improvement in
the symptomatic condition of cystic fibrosis patients.

Conclusion:

The advent of nutraceuticals in the food industry and studies indicating their
promising benefits have paved a path for targeted therapies in cystic fibrosis.
Bioactive Molecule-incorporated Polymeric Electrospun Fibers for Bone
Tissue Engineering
Authors: Purushothaman Aarkampoondi Elumalai , Abhinandan Ranganathan , Adithya Senthilkumar Pranav , Sidharthan Dharmaraj Saleth , Balagangadharan Kalimuthu , Selvamurugan Nagarajan
Published: April 2022

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is based on the participation and combination of different biomaterials,
cells, and bioactive molecules to generate biosynthetic grafts for bone regeneration. Electrospinning
has been used to fabricate fibrous scaffolds, which provide nanoscale architecture comprising
interconnecting pores, resembling the natural hierarchy of tissues and enabling the formation of artificial
functional tissues. Electrospun fibers for BTE applications have been mostly produced from polymers
(chitosan, alginate, polycaprolactone, polylactic acid) and bioceramics (hydroxyapatite). Stem cells are
among the most prolific cell types employed in regenerative medicine owing to their self-renewal and
differentiation capacity. Most importantly, bioactive molecules, such as synthetic drugs, growth factors,
and phytocompounds, are consistently used to regulate cell behavior inducing differentiation towards the
osteoblast lineage. An expanding body of literature has provided evidence that these electrospun fibers
loaded with bioactive molecules support the differentiation of stem cells towards osteoblasts. Thus, this
review briefly describes the current development of polymers and bioceramic-based electrospun fibers
and the influence of bioactive molecules in these electrospun fibers on bone tissue regeneration.
Is there Cholinesterase Activity in the Eye?
Authors: Durán-Cristiano Sandra Carolina
Published: April 2022

The nervous system regulates the visual system through neurotransmitters that play an
important role in visual and ocular functions. One of those neurotransmitters is acetylcholine, a
key molecule that plays a variety of biological functions. Moreover, acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme
responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, is implicated in cholinergic function. However,
several studies have demonstrated that in addition to their enzymatic functions, acetylcholinesterase
exerts non-catalytic functions. In recent years, the importance of evaluating all possible
functions of acetylcholine-acetylcholinesterase has been shown. Nevertheless, there is evidence
suggesting that cholinesterase activity in the eye can regulate some biological events both in structures
of the anterior and posterior segment of the eye and, therefore, in the visual information that
is processed in the visual cortex. Hence, the evaluation of cholinesterase activity could be a possible
marker of alterations in cholinergic activity in both ocular and systemic diseases.
Prediction of Risk of Frailty Among Institutionalized Older Adults in
India
Authors: Nandakumar Girish , Kulal Nisha , Vaishali K
Published: April 2022

Background:

Frailty is a state of age-related physiological vulnerability resulting from impaired homeostatic reserve and a reduced capacity of the individual to withstand stress and an independent predictor of deleterious health outcomes among the aged. Early identification of people who are at risk for frailty is vital in prevention and minimizing its socio-economic consequences in low-resource countries like India. However, risk factors for frailty among Indian institutionalized older adults have been seldom explored.

Objective:

To develop a prediction model for the risk of frailty among institutionalized older adults

Method:

This study adopted a case-control design, wherein institutionalized adults were categorized into frail and non-frail, using Fried’s criteria. Individuals above 55 years of age, who could follow instructions; without severe motor and cognitive impairment and terminal illness were recruited from nine conveniently selected institutions. Socio-demographic, lifestyle, behavioral, and; physical performance factors were evaluated one hundred participants.

Results:

Among the fourteen independent variables, age, cognition, income, functional mobility, polypharmacy and presence of more than 3 comorbidities were significant in univariate analysis. But adjusted odds ratio showed a statistical significance for low educational status, low income, poor functional mobility, and presence of more than 3 co-morbidities only, hence they were used for developing the prediction model.

Conclusion:

Low education status, low income, poor functional mobility, and presence of more than 3 comorbidities were found to have a significant association with the risk of frailty. A model has been developed to predict the risk and early identification of frailty among institutionalized older adults.
Vitamin C and D Supplements to Prevent the Risk of COVID-19
Authors: Shahrajabian Mohamad Hesam , Sun Wenli , Cheng Qi
Published: April 2022

Background:

Virus is a tiny agent, around one-hundredth the size of a bacterium which can infect cells of plants and animals. Seven coronaviruses are known to infect humans, three of them are serious, namely, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome, China, 2002), MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome, Saudi Arabia, 2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) (2019-2020).SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV belong to betacoronaviruses (betaCoVs).

Objective:

In this mini review, we want to consider the important vitamin D and C, especially plants containing these two vitamins in fight against COVID-19.

Methods:

The manuscript includes review articles, randomized control experiments, analytical studies and observations, which have been gathered from different sources such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct and PubMed. A review of the literature was carried out using the keywords such as vitamin D, vitamin C, COVID-19, influenza, Plant, and Coronaviruses.

Results:

Various sources of vitamin D for humans are food, dietary supplements and the skin by exposure to 7-dehydrocholesterol to ultraviolet light. There are some new findings on influence vitamin D in prevent and control of influenza and COVID-19. Vitamin D may play roles in preventing influenza and covid-19 by production of large quantities of IL-1 and IL-6, or modulating the production of the interleukins.

Conclusion:

Vitamin D deficiency is a potential link between respiratory infection and immune evasion, and vitamin D is a pleiotropic factor known to modulate immune response against pathogen.
Are Histamine H3 Antagonists the Definitive Treatment for Acute Methamphetamine
Intoxication?
Authors: Kitanaka Nobue , Kitanaka, Junichi , Hall F. Scott , Tanaka, Koh-ichi , Tomita Kazuo , Igarashi Kento , Nishiyama Nobuyoshi , Sato Tomoaki , Uhl George R.
Published: April 2022

Background:

Methamphetamine (METH) is classified as a Schedule II stimulant drug
under the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. METH and other amphetamine
analogues (AMPHs) are powerful addictive drugs. Treatments are needed to treat the
symptoms of METH addiction, chronic METH use, and acute METH overdose. No effective
treatment for METH abuse has been established because alterations of brain functions under the
excessive intake of abused drug intake are largely irreversible due in part to brain damage that
occurs in the course of chronic METH use.

Objective:

Modulation of brain histamine neurotransmission is involved in several neuropsychiatric
disorders, including substance use disorders. This review discusses the possible mechanisms
underlying the therapeutic effects of histamine H3 receptor antagonists on symptoms of methamphetamine
abuse.

Conclusion:

Treatment of mice with centrally acting histamine H3 receptor antagonists increases
hypothalamic histamine contents and reduces high-dose METH effects while potentiating lowdose
effects via histamine H1 receptors that bind released histamine. On the basis of experimental
evidence, it is hypothesized that histamine H3 receptors may be an effective target for the treatment
METH use disorder or other adverse effects of chronic METH use.
EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK DAUN ECENG GONDOK (Eichhornia crassipes) TERHADAP VIABILITAS Porphyromonas gingivalis SECARA IN VITRO
Authors: Sidharta Rudhanton , Nora Santi Afizah , Sutanti Viranda , Diah Diah
Published: April 2022

Latar belakang: Penyakit periodontal merupakan penyakit mulut yang sering ditemukan pada masyarakat Indonesia. Insiden kasus periodontitis di Indonesia sebesar 74,1%. Periodontis kronis sering dikaitkan dengan keberadaan bakteri periodonto-patogen. salah satu bakteri periodonto-patogen penyebab periodontitis kronis adalah Porphyromonas gingivalis. Daun eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) mengandung senyawa flavonoid, fenol, saponin dan steroid yang dapat digunakan sebagai antibakteri. Tujuan: Untuk membuktikan bahwa ekstrak daun eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan P.gingivalis secara isolat klinik. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pengenceran serial metode dilusi pada media BHI-cair dengan pembagian perlakuan menjadi 6 kelompok (1,56%; 3,25%; 6,25%; 12,5%; 25%; 50%) dan dilakukan penanaman bakteri pada media BHI-agar yang diinkubasi pada suhu 37oC selama 24 jam. Hasil: Uji Kruskal Wallis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,005) pada pertumbuhan koloni P.gingivalis pada seluruh konsentrasi E. crassipes yang digunakan dibandingkan dengan klorheksidin 0,2% dan metronidazole 50 mg. Ekstrak daun eceng gondok dapat menghambat pertumbuhan P.gingivalis pada konsentrasi 833,3 mg/ml dan bersifat bakteristatik pada konsentrasi 1.666,6 mg/ml. Hasil dari Uji Korelasi Spearman menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang sangat kuat (Sig 2-tailed<0,05) dan tidak searah antara konsentrasi ekstrak daun eceng gondok terhadap viabilitas P.gingivalis (correlation coefficient = -0,886). Kesimpulan: Ekstrak daun eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) efektif sebagai antibakteri terhadap viabilitas P.gingivalis dengan nilai Kadar Hambat Minimum (KHM) pada konsentrasi 6,25% dan nilai Kadar Bunuh Minimal (KBM) pada konsentrasi 12,5%
STUDI LABORATORIS PENGARUH PASTA GIGI CHARCOAL DAN WHITENING TERHADAP KEKASARAN PERMUKAAN ENAMEL
Authors: Priyanto Rahmavidyanti , Patricia Irene
Published: April 2022

Latar Belakang : Perubahan warna pada gigi dapat disebabkan oleh kebiasaan merokok, konsumsi kopi dan teh dalam jangka waktu panjang, obat-obatan serta fluorosis. Adanya perubahan warna gigi menyebabkan orang tidak nyaman saat tersenyum maupun berbicara. Penggunaan pasta gigi whitening menjadi upaya untuk mengatasi hal tersebut. Saat ini, penggunaan pasta gigi charcoal menjadi popular untuk mencerahkan warna gigi. Pasta gigi charcoal mengandung charcoal powder yang merupakan bahan abrasif. Penggunaan bahan abrasif sebagai pasta gigi dapat mempengaruhi permukaan enamel. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati peningkatan kekasaran permukaan pada enamel gigi akibat penggunaan pasta gigi charcoal dan pasta gigi whitening. Metode : Penelitian eksperimental laboratoris dilakukan pada tiga puluh gigi premolar satu permanen rahang atas yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok sampel yang dilakukan penyikatan menggunakan bahan berbeda. Kelompok A: kelompok kontrol menggunakan distilled water, Kelompok B: pasta gigi whitening dan Kelompok C: pasta gigi charcoal. Penyikatan dilakukan dengan asumsi waktu setara penggunaan 1 dan 3 bulan. Nilai kekasaran permukaan pada enamel gigi sebelum dan setelah perlakuan diukur menggunakan Surface Roughness Tester Mitutoyo SJ-210. Hasil : Analisis statistik menggunakan repeated ANOVA menunjukkan perbedaan peningkatan kekasaran yang signifkan (p < 0,05) pada setiap kelompok setelah penyikatan dengan asumsi waktu sama dengan penggunaan 1 dan 3 bulan. Kesimpulan: Peningkatan kekasaran permukaan enamel akibat penggunaan pasta gigi charcoal lebih besar dibandingkan dengan penggunaan pasta gigi whitening
PENGARUH NANOLIPOSOM EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI PEPAYA (Carica Papaya L.) 96% SEBAGAI ANTIINFLAMASI TERHADAP JUMLAH NEUTROFIL PADA MODEL DIABETIK PERIODONTITIS TIKUS Sprague Dawley
Authors: Nugraeni Yuli , Elfahma Arfaza
Published: April 2022

Latar Belakang: Penyakit inflamasi kronis rongga mulut prevalensi tinggi di Indonesia adalah periodontitis. Diabetes melitus dapat meningkatkan keparahan penyakit periodontal sehingga memicu peningkatan jumlah neutrofil. Alternatif pengobatan obat herbal adalah dari biji pepaya (Carica papaya L.) yang mengandung flavonoid dan fenol. Nanoliposom digunakan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penetrasi liposom sehingga dapat menembus berbagai membran lipid dengan baik dan melindungi pengiriman obat tepat ke jaringan periodontal. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh nanoliposom ekstrak etanol biji pepaya 96% terhadap jumlah neutrofil pada model diabetik periodontitis tikus Sprague Dawley. Metode: Hewan coba diinduksi LPS P. gingivalis pada sulkus gingiva, serta injeksi STZ dan nikotinamid. Kelompok penelitian dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari kelompok kontrol (K), aplikasi ekstrak etanol biji pepaya 96% (P1), dan aplikasi nanoliposom ekstrak etanol biji pepaya 96% (P2) sekali sehari dosis 0,5 ml secara oral dan 0,03 ml diteteskan pada sulkus gingiva, terbagi atas 3 time series; hari ke-3, 7, dan 14. Pengamatan jumlah neutrofil menggunakan pewarnaan HE. Data yang diperoleh diuji statistik. Hasil: Berdasarkan uji one-way ANOVA (p<0.05), terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada kelompok K, P1, dan P2. Rerata neutrofil terendah, yaitu P2 dengan aplikasi nanoliposom ekstrak etanol biji pepaya 96% sekali sehari dosis 0,5 ml oral dan 0,03 ml diteteskan pada sulkus gingiva. Kesimpulan: Terdapat pengaruh pemberian nanoliposom ekstrak etanol biji pepaya 96% terhadap jumlah neutrofil, serta terdapat perbedaan penurunan jumlah neutrofil yang signifikan hari ke-3, 7, dan 14 pada Kelompok K, P1, P2.
HUBUNGAN OBESITAS DENGAN PENYAKIT PENYAKIT PERIODONTAL YANG DIUKUR MENGGUNAKAN COMMUNITY PERIODONTAL INDEX OF TREATMENT NEEDS (CPITN)
Authors: Khila Firani Novi , Putri Alvianti Kurnia , Munika Listari Khusnul
Published: April 2022

Latar belakang: Obesitas merupakan masalah kesehatan dunia dengan kecenderungan terjadi peningkatan tiap tahun. Obesitas adalah kelebihan berat badan akibat penimbunan lemak berlebih yang beresiko menimbulkan berbagai komplikasi penyakit sistemik, dan diduga juga menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan periodontal. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara obesitas dan penyakit periodontal. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional pada pasien di Puskesmas Janti, Kota Malang, dari Agustus hingga November 2019. Terdapat 107 responden obesitas dan non obesitas (21 laki-laki dan 86 perempuan), yang bersedia berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Kriteria obesitas berdasarkan kriteria WHO Asia Pasifik yaitu indeks massa tubuh â‰¥25 kg/m2. Kriteria eksklusi adalah pasien dengan kelainan sistemik, merokok, menggunakan protesa atau alat ortodontik, hamil, menyusui, memiliki penyakit pada kelanjar saliva, dan pasien yang mengkonsumsi obat-obatan. Analisis statistik menggunakan chi-square dan Spearman's correlation test. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0.002) pada skor keparahan indeks CPITN antara obesitas dan non obesitas. Uji korelasi spearman menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi positif yang signifikan (p<0.01) antara obesitas dan skor CPITN. Kesimpulan: Obesitas memiliki hubungan dengan penyakit periodontal yang ditunjukkan dengan meningkatnya skor CPITNKeywords: CPITN, Obesity, Periodontal disease, Body mass indexÂ
Dieta y abundancia relativa de la zorra gris Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Carnivora: Canidae) en el Área Natural Protegida Altas Cumbres, Tamaulipas, México
Authors: Wong-Smer Jesse Ricardo , Soria-Díaz Leroy , Horta-Vega Jorge Víctor , Astudillo-Sánchez Claudia C. , Gómez-Ortiz Yuriana , Mora-Olivo Arturo
Published: April 2022

En este estudio se analizó la dieta y se estimó la abundancia relativa de la zorra gris (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) a través del registro de excretas colectadas en el Área Natural Protegida Altas Cumbres (ANPAC), Tamaulipas, México. El muestreo se realizó de agosto de 2017 a noviembre de 2018. Las excretas fueron lavadas y separadas para identificar a las especies presa que conforman la dieta de la zorra gris y la abundancia se estimó con un índice de abundancia relativa (IAR = número de excretas/kilómetros recorridos). Con 938 excretas, se determinó que la dieta de la zorra gris fue generalista y estuvo conformada por tres categorías; materia vegetal, invertebrados y vertebrados. Dentro de la materia vegetal, las especies más representativas fueron Brahea berlandieri o palma de la sierra madre que es endémica del noreste de México y Litsea glaucescens, también conocida como laurel de la sierra. Ambas especies son de gran importancia debido a que no habían sido descritas como parte de la dieta de la zorra gris y porque la palma está sujeta a protección especial y el laurel está en peligro de extinción. En los invertebrados la presa de mayor consumo fue el Orden Miriapoda y en los vertebrados el Orden Rodentia. La abundancia de la zorra gris fue variable durante el muestreo de este estudio (intervalo de IAR = 0.9 a 7.9) y se consideró abundante con respecto a otros carnívoros presentes en el ANPAC.
PROPERTY CRIME INCIDENCE AND PATTERNS IN MALAYSIA FROM 2007 TO 2017
Authors: Mohd Hakim Hashom , Lalung Japareng , Omar Khan Hussein , Hamzah Hafezul Helmi , Othman Mohammad Faiz , Rasudin Nur Syahmina , Pati Siddhartha , Nelson Bryan Raveen , Mat-Ghani Siti Nor Assyuhada , Chambers Geoffrey Keith , Edinur Hisham Atan
Published: April 2022

Crime is a social problem faced by all communities and ranges from property loss or damage to violent events such as murder and robbery. Crime trends are associated with many factors including mental health, unemployment rates, educational status and policing strategies. In this article, we provide property crime datasets for Malaysia from 2007 to 2017. The data were gathered from all reported cases at district police stations and contingent (state and federal territory levels) headquarters. This information was extracted from the Malaysian Police Reporting System (PRS) and divided into five categories; theft, car theft, motorcycle theft, van/lorry/heavy machinery theft and housebreaking. Overall, there were 1,361,320 property crime cases were reported from 2007 to 2017. Theft and motorcycle theft were observed to be the most common types of property crime in Malaysia. In general, property crime cases continue to decline from 163,317 cases in 2007 to only 77,562 in 2017 due to government initiatives and a proactive policing policy. The same downward trend in overall property crime was also observed at state and federal territory levels and is mainly due to a drop in the volume of theft and motorcycle theft cases.
INVESTIGATING THE CURRENT RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS PRACTICE IN MALAYSIAN LANDSCAPE PLANNING PROJECTS
Authors: S. Muthuveeran Adam Aruldewan , Mohd Tahir Osman , Hassan Mohd Azren , Yin Izuandi
Published: April 2022

The Malaysian landscape planning projects are dynamic, subjective, and fasttracked, causing multiple risks. Hence, risk management practice is needed to manage risks. However, the risk management process is not managed comprehensively despite the considerable capability of project practitioners to predict, analyse, and treat project risks, causing the project to underperform. This study has investigated the current risk management process in Malaysian landscape planning projects. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with twenty-four landscape architect practitioners from Klang Valley. The information from the interviews was analysed utilising the content and thematic analysis method. The six steps of the risk management process were not managed following the suggested methodology, whereby the procedure was carried out in an ad hoc, unstructured, and incomplete manner. This action has caused extensive risk impact which affected project performances. This finding will teach project practitioners to evaluate their current practice and recommend the adoption of formal risk management in landscape planning projects.
TOURIST PREFERENCES AND EXPECTATIONS OF URBAN PARK: A CASE STUDY IN KITAKYUSHU, JAPAN
Authors: Hartabela Dadang , Dewancker Bart , Vidyana Cipta , Mori Yurika
Published: April 2022

The quality of an urban park can be evaluated by understanding the tourist’s reasons, preferences, and expectations. This study analyzes several variables based on answers to field survey questionnaires using 425 respondents. Furthermore, Green Park, located in Kitakyushu, Japan, serves as the case study. The result found six essential variables: 1) “Playing with children” is the most popular reason for visiting this park; 2) Tourists living closer to the area frequently visit; 3) The existence is necessary; 4) The relationship between the importance and the origins of the tourists is related to a sense of place; 5) Tourist preferences are affected by seasonality; 6) The most favorite expectation is the availability of water facilities. This further can contribute to tourism development in urban parks with similar climatic and environmental characteristics.
A PARADOXICAL PROPOSITION OF CONNECTEDNESS TO NATURE, RECYCLING BEHAVIOUR AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESTORATION RELATIONSHIP IN URBAN PARK CONTEXT: A PATH ANALYSIS EVIDENCE
Authors: Mohd Salleh Mohd Zahid , Othman Noriah , Abd Malek Nurhayati , Suddin Leny Suzana
Published: April 2022

About 29.2% of Malaysians have been diagnosed with psychological distress, especially young adults. The B40 low-income group is most afflicted due to financial restrictions and limiting access to medication. Therefore, urban parks’ connectedness and pro-environmental behaviour towards psychological restoration are inexpensive ways to alleviate distress. This study examines the relationship between Connectedness to Nature (CN), Pro-Environmental Behaviour (PEB), and Psychological Restoration (PR). Three hypotheses were used to create a structural model to guide the cross-sectional methodology used for the study. A total of 161 students responded to the Google Form questionnaire. SPSS v21 and Smart-PLS 3.2.7 were used to examine the model relationship. The results showed that all hypotheses were supported by substantial statistical evidence. This study provides an important direction to motivate people to utilize urban parks for obtaining psychological restoration benefits costeffectively. Green behaviour is also beneficial for humans and the environment in promoting healthy living.