bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remediating Ripley
Authors: Miller Bronwyn
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines Ellen Ripley’s adaption into video games and traces the evolution of Ripley’s representation in this medium, since the character’s first video game appearance in 1984, by comparing Alien Resurrection (1997) in its respective film and video game (2000) form. After comparatively analysing the film and game, the study explores how gaming tropes are continuing to problematically structure the representation of Ellen Ripley or female avatars within the Alien game franchise and where there has been resistance to these tendencies. This research demonstrates that adopting feminist-psychoanalytic film analysis for video games highlights where patriarchal systems effect the representation and processes of spectatorial identification with Ellen Ripley. Overall, the study concludes that the video game remediation of Alien Resurrection (1997) marginalizes the avatar body of Ripley through the substitution of a previously established male first-person shooter perspective, eroding the possibility of spectatorial identification with Ripley’s cinematic character and her objectives. Furthermore, that the gaming industry’s desire to predict its financial gains by catering to a consumer contributes to the entrenchment of tropes that force players’ subject identification through a video-game-specific male gaze and weaponized action. While this problematic form of representation continues in various Alien franchise games, such as Alien vs. Predator (2010) and Aliens: Colonial Marines (2013), Alien: Isolation (2014) provides an interesting alternative to female representation in the Alien video game universe.
Environmental Hazards & Risks
Authors: Nemhauser Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Chapters in this section include: 1. Sun Exposure 2. Extremes of Temperature 3. Air Quality & Ionizing Radiation 4. Scuba Diving: Decompression Illness & Other Dive-Related Injuries 5. High Elevation Travel & Altitude Illness 6. Mosquitoes, Ticks & Other Arthropods 7. Zoonotic Exposures: Bites, Stings, Scratches & Other Hazards 8. Zoonoses—The One Health Approach 9. Bringing Animals & Animal Products into the United States 10. Food Poisoning from Marine Toxins 11. Safety & Security Overseas 12. Injury & Trauma 13. Death During Travel Injury, trauma, or death among international travelers; recommended safety and security practices for international travelers; international animal and animal product importation into the United States; health issues associated with animal bites, stings, scratches; protecting international travelers against the bites of mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods; preparing people for high elevation travel and altitude illness prevention; scuba diving; indoor and outdoor air quality when traveling internationally; protecting international travelers against sun exposure; protecting international travelers extremes of temperature.
Complicated Family Networks
Authors: Offutt Stephen
Published: March 2023

Family systems draw evangelicals and gang members into what are often intimate relationships. I explain the complicated family structures of lower-class El Salvador. I then present five findings from my research: 1) evangelicals and gang members populate the same families; 2) evangelicals and gang members within the same families often find ways to support one anothmer; 3) conflict can emerge between gang members and evangelicals within families; 4) children in evangelical households who grow up within a gang environment often become gang members; and 5) gang members often seek out evangelical organizations for help in raising their own children. These findings build on each other and are intended to tell part of the story of how, and the extent to which, evangelicals and gangs have become entangled.
Introduction
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces key concepts of perception, cognition, concept, proposition, high-level properties, low-level properties, iconic representations, nonconceptual state, nonpropositional state, associative agnosia, apperceptive agnosia, the global broadcasting approach to consciousness, the recurrent processing view of consciousness, the distinction between perception and a minimal immediate direct perceptual judgment, core cognition, the difference between intrinsic and derived intentionality, peripheral inflation, fragile visual short-term memory, working memory, slot vs. pool models of working memory, conceptual engineering, the language of thought, and the default mode network. It explains the three-layer methodology of the book: It starts with prescientific ways of thinking of perception and cognition, using them to identify apparent indicators of perception and cognition; then considers whether the indicators depend on constitutive properties of perception and cognition or mere symptoms; and then leverages those conclusions to find the constitutive features of perception and cognition. The chapter explains how work on the neural and psychological basis of consciousness can be repurposed to isolate the psychological and neural basis of perception. The chapter ends with a consideration of consequences outside philosophy of mind of the views presented.
Perception is iconic; cognition is discursive
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

This chapter distinguishes iconic from discursive representation in the context of a discussion of format and function. It discusses the determinacy of iconic representation, analog magnitude representation, mental imagery, holism, and integral vs. separable dimensions. It rebuts dualistic views of perception that treat object perception as discursive. That discussion concerns object-file representations in perception and memory. The chapter argues that the term “object-file” is a locus of confusion since it can be used to denote nonconceptual nonpropositional perceptual representations and also conceptual propositional representations in working memory. This discussion depends on distinguishing iconic memory, fragile visual short-term memory, and working memory.
Top-down effects that are probably not cases of cognitive penetration
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

Although, as argued in Chapter 9, cognitive penetration occurs in the case of ambiguous stimuli especially when feature-based attention is deployed, cognitive penetration is not as common as many suppose. This chapter discusses the question of whether knowledge of what is depicted by a figure has an effect on whether it is seen as a figure or as ground, concluding that classic effects are more likely to be a product of familiarity, a non-cognitive form of memory and of standard gestalt principles than of knowledge. The only clear cases of cognitive penetration in figure/ground perception are effects of feature-based attention of the sort discussed in Chapter 9. Experiments are discussed that appear to show that knowledge of the color of fruits and vegetables affect how they look. The chapter argues that these effects, if they exist, are probably due to associations within the visual system. The chapter also discusses experiments that suggest the effects are not visual at all.
Modularity
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

One approach to the perception/cognition distinction is based on the cognitive architecture of the mind, the relatively fixed structures within which perception and cognition operate. One type of architectural theory is the modularity view. Another is the dimension restriction hypothesis. But even if the mind is not modular, there are significant partial truths in modularity theses. For example, perception has significant dimensions of informational encapsulation. Jerry Fodor (1983) characterized modules in terms of a list of nine diagnostic properties that are supposed to apply to input systems but not to central cognition. Those properties are: domain specificity, mandatory operation, limited central accessibility, fast processing, informational encapsulation, “shallow” outputs, fixed neural architecture, characteristic and specific breakdown pattern, and characteristic ontogenetic pace and sequencing. Each module was supposed to have its own “database” and its own algorithms which were available to the computations of that module but not to other modules. This chapter discusses Fodor’s notion of modularity and goes through his criteria one by one, concluding that there is some truth in the modularity thesis but that it is substantially wrong.
Consciousness
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

This chapter argues that nonconceptual conscious perception as explored earlier in the book challenges cognitive theories of consciousness such as the global workspace and higher order thought approaches. The chapter starts with a discussion of whether the neural basis of consciousness is centered in the “front” of the head or the “back” (using the shorthand version of the opposition). This discussion is coupled with appeals to the distinction between contingent and causal factors in the neural basis of consciousness. With those ideas as background, the discussion turns to the difference between phenomenal and access consciousness. The heart of the chapter is an argument, based on the discussion of Chapter 6 that infants between 6 and 11 months old have phenomenal-consciousness of color without access-consciousness of color. The discussion then turns to empirical arguments given by Hakwan Lau and Richard Brown involving appeals to hallucination and to two forms of “inflation,” peripheral inflation and inattentional inflation. The discussion then turns to overflow, biological reductionism, direct awareness and teleological views. Then David Chalmers’ Fading Qualia argument is addressed. The chapter ends with a discussion of consciousness and free will.
Conclusions
Authors: Block Ned
Published: March 2023

The view that perception is constitutively iconic, nonconceptual, and nonpropositional is far from new, having been debated pro and con for many years, with many philosophers and many scientists on both sides of the debate. The purpose of this book has been to clarify these debates, to sketch actual experimental evidence for the positive side and to draw conclusions about the nature of consciousness, including in particular an argument for phenomenal consciousness without access consciousness. This chapter lists sixteen questions with which the book opened and summarizes the responses to the questions. It reviews the arguments of each chapter in turn.
Neurobiology
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines the various biological factors that may be involved in depersonalization/derealization (dpdr) and depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD). The role of sensory association cortical areas and corticocortical dysconnectivity models are discussed, vis-à-vis the perceptual alterations characteristic of the disorder. The role of the limbic system and the cortico-limbic disconnection hypothesis, as relating to the hypoemotionality of DDD, are explored. Findings related to the autonomic system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are presented. The putative role of the serotonergic and endogenous opioid systems is examined. Finally, we discuss brain rhythm findings related to dissociation, as well as the neuroscience of selfhood.
Vines
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

The meaning of “species” and “clone” is changing in the wine world, thanks to new breeding techniques for hybridizing valuable characteristics such as disease resistance or heat tolerance into desirable vine backgrounds. How should we classify the variety of vines that are now available? That depends on what differences matter most. Classification is always a matter of prioritizing some similarities and differences over others, and different groups don’t always share the same priorities. This chapter reviews the genetic and cultural basis for wine grape taxonomy, clone designations as they have emerged following the phylloxera crisis, and classification challenges presented by contemporary hybridization and genetic modification efforts.
Minerality
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

Minerality, as a perception and a wine descriptor, has nothing to do with minerals. Like so much else in wine language, minerality is a metaphor by which we make sense of something intangible by comparing it to something else. What we’re talking about when we’re talking about minerality, in chemical terms, is still up in the air, because minerals in the soil bear no identifiable relationship to minerals in your glass. Nevertheless, minerality can be a useful wine descriptor because tasters can reliably use it to communicate about socially constructed perceptions. This chapter introduces recent research into how minerality relates to the biochemical composition of wine and the language of tasting notes.
Climate
Authors: Szymanski Erika
Published: March 2023

Cool-climate wines are trendy, but defining cool calls for more than just following temperature trends. Climate can be quantified according to several major metrics and any number of minor variations on those themes, but they don’t all measure the same thing for the same purpose. Whether climate is most about the lived experience of the vine, the identity of a region, its location on a map, or the style of wine produced there has everything to do with why we’re talking about climate in the first place. “Cool-climate” isn’t collectively defined or regulated. Consequently, the descriptor has as much to do with story as with science—which doesn’t necessarily make it any less helpful for understanding what’s going on inside a bottle. This chapter reviews approaches to classifying winemaking climates and how they are changing in light of global heating.
Introduction
Authors: Bronner Yigal
Published: March 2023

The book’s introductory chapter explores the broad contours of the Asian story of Dandin’s Mirror (Kāvyādarśa) by comparing it to the tale of Aristotle’s Poetics. The introduction also places Dandin’s work in the context of Sheldon Pollock’s theory of the Sanskrit cosmopolis and its subsequent vernacularization. The chapter shows that the Mirror’s amazing success in Kannada, Sinhala, Pali, Tamil, Tibetan, and other literary cultures can our expand understanding of the cosmopolitan values and of its transmission networks (here emphasizing the Buddhist monastic and intellectual network, in addition to Pollock’s focus on the royal court). The introduction also offers an overview of textual strategies used in response to the Mirror, with a focus on selectivity and retention, playfulness and distinction, and, finally, remodeling and repurposing. The introduction concludes with a comment on the future orientation of Dandin as related to its lasting impact in different parts of Asia.
The Best of Times, the Worst of Times
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Levendusky Matthew , Pasek Josh , Renninger Andrew
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the effects that the economic collapse trigged by pandemic-related disruptions had on the 2020 election. This part of the chapter, Part 1, details Trump’s and Biden’s arguments about the economy, which were intimately connected to how they approached the COVID-19 pandemic. In Part 2, we show how the economy played out electorally. All voters—even Biden supporters—thought the economy was one of Trump’s strongest issues. Across the course of the year, voters experienced a K-shaped recovery, with those at the top of the economic ladder doing much better than those at the bottom, a phenomenon that shaped both the experiences of our respondents and their perceptions of the economy. The fact that those at the bottom experienced genuine economic desperation (i.e., an inability to afford basic necessities such as food and shelter) affected their electoral participation.
Music for the Masses
Authors: Celenza Anna Harwell
Published: March 2023

This chapter looks at the connections between professional music performance and human flourishing, specifically the ways in which changes in technology have influenced the performers’ participation in “emotional labor” and the effects these changes have had on the complex nature of their connection with fans. The chapter begins in the nineteenth century, when virtuoso performers connected with listeners directly via extended, transcontinental concert tours. The discussion then moves to the rise of recording technology in the twentieth century and its impact on the performer/fan relationship. Finally, the appearance of social media and streaming services is considered. With each technological advance, the role of the performer has changed, especially with regard to his/her/their participation in emotional labor. The central question this chapter proposes to answer is: What happens to human flourishing when the performer/fan relationship is commodified?
Individuals and Identity
Authors: Lascano Marcy P.
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines Margaret Cavendish’s and Anne Conway’s view on the nature of individuals. It explains how Cavendish and Conway, who are both monists, explain the fact that there are multiple individuals in the world and how these individuals can be distinguished from other individuals. It argues that both Cavendish and Conway track identity over time by the ordering and arrangements of parts of individuals. For Cavendish, this involves the arrangement and ordering of all the matter of an individual from birth to death. For Conway, this involves tracking the changes of ordering of the central spirit. The chapter explores each philosopher’s views on the generation, growth, and death of individuals, and their views on the unity of the mind.
Becoming Jihadis
Authors: Chernov Hwang Julie
Published: March 2023

Why does someone join an extremist group? What are the pathways via which individuals join such groups? How does one show commitment to an extremist group? Why does someone participate in acts of terrorism? Drawing on 175 interviews with current and former members of Islamist extremist groups in Indonesia and the Philippines, Becoming Jihadis: Radicalization and Commitment in Southeast Asia answers these questions by exploring the socio-emotional underpinnings of joining an extremist group. This book argues that social ties play a critical role at every juncture in the joining process, from initial engagement to commitment to participation in jihad experiences, paramilitary training, and terrorism. It unpacks the process by which members build a sense of community, connection, solidarity, and brotherhood; how they come to trust and love one another; and how ideology functions as a binding agent, not a cause. Becoming Jihadis draws its conclusions from broad patterns data based on nearly a decade of iterated interviews with current and former members of Islamist extremist groups between 2010 and 2019 as well as partial life histories detailing the journeys of specific men and women from joining to commitment to participation in high-risk activism.
Introduction
Authors: Medina José
Published: March 2023

The Introduction explains why the book focuses on protest under conditions of oppression. It argues against two widespread misconceptions about protest: that protesting is an easy thing to do in Western liberal democracies with formal freedoms of assembly and expression, and that protest has epistemic value only as an instrument of public information and persuasion. Against these assumptions, the Introduction argues (1) that it is not easy for people to come to protest even in democratic societies because it requires a difficult process of critical awakening about experiences of injustice and overcoming communicative and epistemic challenges against speaking up posed by oppressive conditions, and (2) that protesting has intrinsic communicative and epistemic value that goes beyond informing and persuading others and consists in transforming the public sphere by creating new publics and attempting to transform social sensibilities. The introduction also provides a roadmap for the book and a brief synopsis of the seven chapters.
No Justice, No Peace: Uncivil Protest and the Politics of Confrontation
Authors: Medina José
Published: March 2023

Chapter 2 argues for the contextual legitimacy of uncivil protest: when there is no communicative justice, protesting publics have to resort to uncivil protests in order to be heard in the public sphere and in order to be able to resist the insensitivity of publics and institutions that ignore them. The chapter argues both against conservative views for which protests are legitimate only if previously authorized and in full conformity with law and order, and against liberal views that allow for civil disobedience but, either for principled or for strategic reasons, allow only for protests that remain civil. The author argues that oppression and radical exclusion call for a politics of confrontation and introduces epistemic activism as a crucial component of such politics. On the author’s view, contexts of oppression and radical exclusion warrant the use of incivility and mild forms of violence for protesting injustice. Elucidating the history of protests in sports, the activism of ACT UP, and the counter-protests of Black Lives Matter, I argue that, under conditions of oppression and radical exclusion, protest movements can legitimately use incivility and mild forms of violence (i.e., those involved in coercive and confrontational, guerrilla protest tactics) while still being committed to the mitigation of violence.
Protest as Critique
Authors: Medina José
Published: March 2023

Chapter 6 develops a discussion of the evaluative dimension of protest through an analysis of the political emotions expressed in protest acts. The first section of this chapter explains how emotions contain critical evaluations and I argue that emotional expressivity is crucial for social criticism. The rest of the chapter examines how the critical evaluations expressed in protest are grounded in political emotions and how the emotional expressivity of protest can be elaborated into critical discourses. The chapter draws from Alison Jaggar’s distinction between conventional emotions and outlaw emotions to shed light on the different evaluative attitudes and critical reactions to injustice of protesting publics. The chapter argues that, through linguistic elaboration, the critical evaluations contained in conventional and outlaw emotions lead to two different kinds of critical discourses: meliorative and radical forms of social criticism. The chapter elucidates the distinction between meliorative critique and radical critique through an analysis of queer activism and the critical discourses of the marriage equality movement, ACT UP, and Queer Nation. The guerrilla protest tactics of ACT UP illustrate well how, under conditions of communicative and epistemic injustice, when publics and institutions refuse to listen or are affectively and epistemically ill-equipped to listen properly, aggressive communicative action is needed to break social silences and actively resist insensitivity.
Protest as a Source of Demands
Authors: Medina José
Published: March 2023

Chapter 7, Protest as a Source of Demands: Polyphony and the Radical Imagination of Liberation Movements, elucidates what counts as giving proper uptake to the demands of a protest and the kinds of communicative obstacles and injustices that prescriptive protest acts issuing those demands can encounter. The general thesis of this chapter is that, as part of our general obligation to listen and give proper uptake to legitimate protests, publics and institutions have a prima facie obligation to maintain a live dialogue with the plural voices of grassroots protest movements so as to avoid the silencing or communicative downgrading of their heterogeneous (and not always consistent) demands and the communicative neglect of the voices (or factions of the group) that do not raise to the top or do not become centered. Through an analysis of some of the demands of Black Lives Matter in its policy platform “A Vision for Black Lives: Policy Demands for Black Power, Freedom, and Justice,” the chapter elucidates the difficult communicative engagements that the radical demands of a protest movement require and often fail to secure, arguing for obligations that audiences and institutions have to make special communicative efforts to listen to and communicatively engage with the radical political imagination of protest movements.
Introduction
Authors: Brick David
Published: March 2023

The introduction begins by explaining the scholarly value of an exhaustive history of widows under Hindu law. For scholars of colonial and modern India, such a history provides crucial context for understanding important colonial debates on Hindu widows. For scholars of premodern India, however, it allows one to see how dominant male attitudes toward women changed over time in premodern South Asia. The introduction then proceeds to explain why widows in particular were the subjects of so much controversy within the Hindu legal tradition and why Hindu legal texts, despite their acknowledged limitations, provide a uniquely powerful lens for studying widows and, by implication, women in general in early India. Thereafter, the introduction gives a brief overview of the Hindu legal tradition (i.e., Dharmaśāstra); discusses the fraught issue of its value for understanding historical social practice; and explains the structure of the book.
Widows’ Rights of Inheritance
Authors: Brick David
Published: March 2023

This chapter focuses on one particular legal issue involving widows over which there was much disagreement in Dharmaśāstra works of the ancient and medieval periods. This issue is a widow’s right to inherit her husband’s property. In particular, the chapter outlines how views on this issue within the Hindu legal tradition evolved over time, from the earliest Dharmaśāstra writings, which effectively deny widows any right to inherit their husbands’ estates, until around the twelfth century CE, when there was a decisive turn in favor of a widow’s right to inherit. The chapter concludes by citing evidence from inscriptions and non-Brahmanical literature to show that, on the issue of widows’ increasing rights of inheritance, developments within Dharmaśāstra likely reflect historical developments in the actual practice of inheritance law in medieval South Asia.
A History of Securities Law in the Supreme Court
Authors: Pritchard A.C. , Thompson Robert
Published: March 2023

This book explores how the Supreme Court has made (and remade) securities law. It covers the history of the federal securities laws from their inception during the Great Depression, relying on the justices’ conference notes, internal memoranda, and correspondence to shed light on how they came to their decisions and drafted their opinions. That history can be divided into five periods that parallel and illustrate key trends of the Court’s jurisprudence more generally. The first saw the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt—aided by his filling of eight seats on the Court—triumph in its efforts to enact the securities laws and establish their constitutional legitimacy. The arrival of Roosevelt’s justices brought an end to the Court’s long-standing hostility to the regulation of business. These new justices, all committed to social control of finance, ushered in an era of deference to the SEC’s expertise that lasted through the 1940s and 1950s. The 1960s brought an era of judicial activism—and further expansion—by the Warren Court, with purpose taking precedence over text in statutory interpretation. The arrival of Lewis F. Powell, Jr., in 1972, brought a sharp reversal. Powell’s leadership of the Court in securities law produced a counterrevolution in the field and an end to the SEC’s long-winning streak at the Court. Powell’s retirement in 1987 marked the beginning of the final period of this study. In the absence of ideological consensus or strong leadership, the Court’s securities jurisprudence meandered, taking a random walk between expansive and restrictive decisions.
Boundaries
Authors: Pritchard A.C. , Thompson Robert B.
Published: March 2023

The growth of the administrative state could be expected to trigger recurring boundary issues. How does the law reconcile overlapping regulatory schemes? Regulated entities will inevitably engage in regulatory arbitrage to avoid more restrictive approaches. What happens when the regulatory conflict involves more than one level of government? The definition of what is a security, raising the first issue, has been the most litigated issue in securities law at the Supreme Court. Across nine decades of litigation, we see a familiar pattern with expansive interpretations dominating the early decades and a more restrictive countermovement growing in the 1970s. In a parallel way, early results supported latitude for SEC action that might overlap with other regulators. That deference later receded, giving way to a more critical view restricting the SEC’s reach.
The Essential Skill of Advocacy
Authors: Schenck David , Neely Scott
Published: March 2023

The five dialogues presented in Part II invite readers to join in the continuous exploration of what healing is and how they can sustain one another as healers. These conversations were held between the author, David Schenck, and his collaborator, Scott Neely. They explore more fully skills involved in finding the other side of burnout, as well as the spiritual dimensions of the healing vocation. Dialogue allows one to practice the skills of attentive listening and apposite sharing. In dialogue, partners accompany one another into ever-evolving, ever-deepening understanding. The dialogues in Part II remind readers that the conversation continues, that learning never ends, and that they are not alone.
Bach’s Handwritten Entries in His Bible
Authors: Marissen Michael
Published: March 2023

This chapter argues that on account of their lack of proper familiarity with the Lutheran historical background and foreground of Johann Sebastian Bach’s life and works, leading scholarly and popular writers have seriously misread both Bach’s music and Bach’s handwritten annotations in his Calov Study Bible as “modern.” They have interpreted his annotations as supporting their images of the composer as a quasi-Freudian, identity-crisis-ridden genius; or as a quasi-scientific, learned empiricist scholar; or as a quasi-pantheistic, broadly ecumenical aesthete; or as a Great Artist finding special creative stimuli to compose individual works. With wider and deeper knowledge of relevant historical materials, however, these views rather look like contextually improbable anachronisms—impositions of a modern mindset on an early-eighteenth-century figure.
Bach’s Christmas Oratorio and a Blessed End
Authors: Marissen Michael
Published: March 2023

This chapter argues that Johann Sebastian Bach, in his fiftieth year and pondering his death, set the end of his Christmas Oratorio in a particular way in light of his individual (and communal) hope for what his Lutheranism called “a blessed end” (namely, to depart from this life into the glory of a blessed afterlife in heaven). For these and other reasons, the oratorio focuses less on the birth of Jesus per se than on what God’s human-divine Messiah will do for believers at the end time. That is to say, Bach’s approach in composing the Christmas Oratorio suggests that he did not long for posthumous fame and glory as a modern, autonomous Great Artist.
Bach’s Sacred Brandenburg Concertos
Authors: Marissen Michael
Published: March 2023

Arguing against the persistent myth that Johann Sebastian Bach’s music is marked by a fundamental conflict between the sacred and the secular, this chapter suggests that the listeners and scholars who speak in this way about Bach understand the terms “sacred” and “secular” in a modern, anachronistic way, namely, to mean “having to do with God” versus “not having to do with God.” The chapter argues, further, that Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos, which are typically now regarded as quintessentially “pure” instrumental music, can with greater historical awareness be thought of as a wordless “sacred” repertory that does project theological and social meanings.
Is It Feasible to Reduce Inequality?
Authors: Malleson Tom
Published: March 2023

This chapter investigates the major tools available for reducing income inequality, particularly income tax and market regulations. It begins by analyzing the possibility of high income taxes, demonstrating that high taxes have successfully been used in many countries throughout the 20th century. The two most prominent obstacles to successfully imposing income taxes on the rich are avoidance and emigration. Yet the evidence shows that both of these obstacles can be overcome through careful policy design. The chapter then considers the major labor market reforms that could reduce income inequality, such as fostering unions, enacting full employment, increasing access to quality educational opportunities, establishing minimum wages, and reducing CEO pay. Finally, the chapter points to a number of complementary strategies for reducing inequality: the reduction of monopolies, housing support, universal child care, basic income, and the democratization of the firm.
Is It Feasible to Reduce Inequality?
Authors: Malleson Tom
Published: March 2023

Although most of the focus on inequality is on unequal income, the bigger and more fundamental problem is inequality of wealth. This chapter examines the major tools for reducing wealth inequality: inheritance tax and wealth tax. A wealth tax is an annual tax applied to a person’s net global wealth above an exemption threshold. However, to date, the practical experience of wealth taxes has been disappointing. This is because wealth taxes commonly face a number of significant obstacles, including liquidity, widespread undervaluation, large-scale avoidance through loopholes and deductions, and high levels of evasion to tax havens. Nevertheless, the wealth tax has the potential to become a major policy tool with much promise for an egalitarian future. Inheritance tax can work effectively too, but only when loopholes are closed, rates are raised, and thresholds are lowered. Ideally, inheritance taxes should take the form of an income tax on the lifetime receipt of bequests and gifts.
Do the Skilled and Hardworking Deserve More Than Others?
Authors: Malleson Tom
Published: March 2023

This chapter argues that even if there were a level playing field in terms of class and economic opportunity, individuals would still not deserve their income because of the luck of possessing uneven mental resources and bodily capacities. Since real, empirically variable human beings differ all the way down, the playing field can never be level and the competition never truly fair. Disadvantaging people on the basis of arbitrary facts about their bodies and minds, as meritocracy does, is inherently ableist. The chapter suggests that we should be highly skeptical of the twin notions of desert and meritocracy. It argues that society should not aim for absolute equality of income but rather a highly compressed income scale with robust guarantees for everyone to access the social and material conditions necessary for good and flourishing lives (called Good Life Egalitarianism).
Fueling State Capitalism
Authors: Cheon Andrew
Published: March 2023

Short version (150): Foreign investments by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the oil and gas sector began a dramatic climb in the late 1990s amid rising oil prices. These investments are widely perceived to be politically driven, raising concerns about resource mercantilism and asymmetric interdependence. The book begins with the premise that the investments are commercial ventures by ambitious SOEs seeking to become global players. Applying the principal agent model, the book argues that the realization of their global ambitions depends on two domestic structural factors. First, democracies can limit investments with questionable viability, as it can be politically costly for elected leaders to endorse SOE decisions that prove unprofitable for the state. Second, bureaucratic structures overseeing the SOEs can help prevent counterproductive behavior, conditional upon a clear line of authority among bureaucratic principals on matters pertaining to SOE operations. The argument differs from previous approaches by exploring a range of institutional alternatives to privatization for solutions to problems of oil sector governance. Long version (240): In a resurgence of state capitalism, foreign investments by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the oil and gas sector called national oil companies (NOCs) began a dramatic climb in the late 1990s amid rising oil prices. These investments are widely perceived to be politically driven, raising concerns about resource mercantilism and asymmetric interdependence. The book begins with the premise that the investments are also commercial ventures by ambitious NOCs seeking to become global players. Applying the principal agent model, the book argues that the realization of NOCs’ global ambitions depends on two domestic structural factors. First, democracies can limit investments with questionable viability, as it can be politically costly for elected leaders to endorse NOC decisions that prove unprofitable for the state. Second, bureaucratic structures overseeing the NOCs can help prevent counterproductive behavior, conditional upon a clear line of authority among bureaucratic principals on matters pertaining to NOC operations. By considering a wider set of institutional alternatives to privatization in managing NOCs, this book contributes to the resource curse literature. It demonstrates its argument through a statistical analysis of NOC outward investments over the years 2000–2013 and case studies of China, India, Brazil, Norway, and Russia. Based on the experience of NOC global expansion, the book concludes that to achieve decarbonization that not only helps governments meet their political objectives, but also helps NOCs ensure their longer-term commercial viability via a managed transition to renewables, the role of bureaucratic institutions will be even more crucial.
Introduction
Authors: Cheon Andrew
Published: March 2023

In a resurgence of state capitalism, governments have encouraged their national oil companies (NOCs) to invest vast sums in foreign oil and gas assets. Existing explanations, including energy security and asymmetric interdependence, fail to consider commercial interests of NOCs. Applying the principal agent model, the chapter introduces the central argument of the book: NOC investments depend on two domestic structural factors. First, democracies limit political and economic capital available for investments, as opposition parties can politicize them. Second, though multiple bureaucratic principals can produce counterproductive NOC behavior, a clear line of authority among them can reduce the danger. The chapter then underscores the book’s theoretical contributions: By calling for a clear line of authority among principals, the book contributes to the bureaucratic performance literature. By considering a wider set of institutional alternatives to privatization in managing NOCs, the book contributes to the resource curse literature. Finally, the chapter previews the book’s empirical contributions, a statistical analysis of NOC investments 2000–2013 and case studies of China, India, Brazil, Norway, and Russia.
Designated Principals in Brazil and Norway
Authors: Cheon Andrew
Published: March 2023

A comparison of Brazil and Norway reveals that democracy can be compatible with state capitalism, as well as successful NOCs. Resource scarcity and government encouragement had played a vital role in pushing Petrobras (during the oil crises of the 1970s) and Statoil (beginning in 1988) to invest in assets abroad. However, Brazil and Norway had an early start, as many NOCs would not begin investing abroad until the late 1990s. By this period, Brazil and Norway had already established a set of governance institutions to rein in potentially counterproductive NOC behavior. Most important among them were powerful ministries that had a prerogative in energy, as well as competent regulatory agencies whose specialization allowed them to cooperate with the ministries and NOCs. These institutions were not created in a vacuum, but emerged from major legislative acts that followed often contentious democratic deliberations surrounding how to best manage their resource endowment.
Professionalization as an Alternative Explanation
Authors: Cheon Andrew
Published: March 2023

To weigh the evidence for professionalization as an alternative explanation, the chapter revisits the five countries of the case study chapters—China, India, Brazil, Norway, and Russia—taking note of events conducive to NOC capacity-building and assessing their impact. While the chapter finds capacity-building to be an essential piece of the puzzle, it argues that it is no substitute for a domestic structural explanation because capacity-building itself is contingent on well-functioning governance mechanisms. Early efforts at professionalization, to varying degrees, helped governments equip their NOCs with the managerial and financial capacity to respond when the outward investment push came during the late 1990s. However, the success of NOC capacity build-up was in part contingent on bureaucratic capacity—the presence of governance institutions that could help ensure that NOCs are given the autonomy to achieve efficiency gains and the oversight to avoid pursuing political or economic interests that contradict the national interest.
Multiple head-movement in Innu-aimûn
Authors: Branigan Phil
Published: March 2023

The model of multiple head-movement presented here is employed to produce a comprehensive account of the complex morphology of nouns and verbs in Innu-aimun and other Algonquian languages. This new approach explains the Bloomfieldian tripartite word structures, and reconciles the grammatical analysis of such languages with the premises of minimalist generative morpho-syntax. Specific technical questions in the analysis of conjunct versus independent orders are resolved, as well as the semantics of initial, medial, and final components in complex verbal and nominal complexes.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Jordan P.
Published: March 2023

This edited volume includes a collection of stories and studies shedding light on older adults’ wisdom and knowledge; commitment to Indigenous ways of knowing and being; and the application of Indigenous knowledge to improve programs, services, policies, and future development to ensure today’s older adults age in a good way and have opportunities to be generative. This book immerses the reader in stories of resiliency, innovation, and solutions that can apply to a variety of settings, even in the face of poverty, marginalization, and exclusion. There is an international population of aging Indigenous people with specific cultural-, age- and gender-related concerns, disparities, and social needs as well as complex health issues and end-of-life considerations that reflect their unique values, traditions, customs, and needs. Increasing the awareness and understanding of their aging and end-of-life needs among policymakers and health professionals in palliative care and social care fields is critical to planning, preparing, and executing good care for those who are in the final cycle of life and during end-of-life care. This book addresses the theoretical, philosophical, traditional, and customary aspects of aging using a strength-based lens that places Indigenous people at the forefront.
Locating Aging in India
Authors: Lyngdoh Juster , Adusumalli Malathi
Published: March 2023

Aging and its conceptual dimensions manifestly emanated from particular cultural axioms within a Euro-American temporal context. With the expansion of such axioms obscured within the imported modernism, understanding of institutions such as family and its role have been inundated by so-called expert knowledges framed within and only from a colonial system of cultural archive. This suggested framework seems convincing, but in practice, the reality in Indigenous communities is different. Without acknowledging the historical nuances and cultural archive from an Indigenous worldview, aging as a concept can be a poor fit or be seen as an instrument of power knowledge for a captive mind. This chapter discusses the conceptual construction of aging from activity, disengagement, and other critical theoretical frameworks; it argues that these lenses deny Indigenous structure and its ways of organizing. The chapter seeks to place aging in a cross-cultural context using the framework of “indigenization from within” to bring to the fore concepts and knowledge that are located within specific cultural contexts. Furthermore, it examines the subtle power relations in the transitions with modern bureaucratic-politico structure and socialization that relegate older persons as “service receivers,” threatening the relevance of Indigenous elders. The chapter also explores understanding in two Indigenous communities, the Khasis of Meghalaya and Jad Bhotiyas in Uttarakhand, India, about older persons and their roles and status in the community. A model, the cultural paragon, is applied to this subject in relation to Indigenous communities, particularly in the context of India.
Development of the Indigenous Long-Term Care System Between 2007 and 2016 in Taiwan
Authors: Itei Umin , Ru Hung-Yu
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines the developmental trajectory of an Indigenous long-term care system that was implemented by the government between 2007 and 2016 in Taiwan. To address the needs and demands of long-term care in Taiwan, the government announced the 10-year long-term care project (LTCP) in 2007. The aim of the LTCP was to construct a multiple, universal quality, and community-based elderly long-term care system with consideration of the differences in sex, urbanization, ethnicity, culture, occupation, economy, and health. The services of the LTCP included daily care services (e.g., home services), home nursing, home and community-based rehabilitation, respite care, meal services, reimbursement and rental of medical auxiliary equipment (e.g., wheelchairs, walkers, and medical beds), transportation services, and long-term care institution services. To explore how the LTCP contributed to Indigenous long-term care, quantitative and qualitative data that included 16 Indigenous peoples in 55 Indigenous townships were collected in 2016. The results of this study revealed that all services of the LTCP were not easily accessed in most Indigenous townships due to an insufficient number of caregivers and professional health providers and limited long-term care institutions.
Honoring and Preserving Culture Through Indigenous Cultural Generative Acts to Reduce Generative Mismatch and Improve the Health of All Generations
Authors: Lewis Jordan P.
Published: March 2023

The gerontological literature predominantly focuses on aging-related losses and less on the gifts people acquire as they age. Alaska Native Elders have experienced a lifetime of adversity but have also remained resilient. One characteristics of successful aging among Alaska Native Elders is their commitment and passion for sharing their teachings with the youth. Generativity is concerned with using personal resources to improve the quality of life for future generations. Although not commonly used in gerontological social work research, it is a cultural practice among Indigenous Elders. For this chapter, 108 interviews with Alaska Native Elders explored successful aging. This chapter examines how generativity can be adapted to meet the changing needs and desires of the younger generations and bridge the generative mismatch happening between generations. It also explores innovative and culturally responsive ways to teach the youth and provide a sense of purpose and meaning for Elders.