bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Post-Bureaucracy
Authors: Johnson Phil , Wood Geoffrey , Brewster Chris , Brookes Michael
Published: January 2009

Theories of post-bureaucracy point to a breakdown of traditional modes of managerial authority in the face of a range of pressures commonly associated with globalization and technological advance. This may make for a proliferation of alternative practices and/or allow for a genuine sharing of power in the workplace, associated with higher levels of responsible autonomy. Based on the findings of a series of transnational surveys, this article confirms a tendency, over time, for organizations to make greater use of mechanisms to promote responsible autonomy, in a wide range of national contexts. This would seemingly support a central proposition of theories of post-bureaucracy: a tendency for organizations to delegate more power to employees over time, reflecting the breakdown of traditional bureaucratically ordered power relations. At the same time, however, the research highlighted an uneven and contested process of change, reflecting both the persistent effects of national, regional and sectoral modes of regulation, and the non-linear and episodic nature of organizational change.
The future of research monographs: an international set of perspectives
Authors: Ward Kevin , Johnston Ron , Richards Keith , Gandy Matthew , Taylor Zbigniew , Paasi Anssi , Fox Roddy , Serje Margarita , Yeung Henry Wai-chung , Barnes Trevor , Blunt Alison , McDowell Linda
Published: January 2009

This Forum makes four points. First, it expands our knowledge on the writing and publishing of research monographs in different countries and so it moves beyond accounts which generalize from the UK experience. Second, the Forum considers international differences in the ways in which the assessment of academic performances affects the writing and publishing of geography research monographs. Third, it considers the ways in which structural changes in the global publishing industry affect different national contexts unevenly. Finally, the Forum's different contributions reflect on how publishing books matters (or) not to geography as a discipline.
Unemployment and Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Hald Andersen Signe
Published: January 2009

An analysis is conducted as to whether social class position matters for the negative change in subjective well-being experienced from unemployment. Theory on work identification and work conditions is used to formulate hypotheses on the differential impact on well-being of entering unemployment from different social classes. Data are analyzed from 14 waves of the British Household Panel Survey, and fixed effects methods are used. Main results are that the negative effect of job loss on subjective well-being is highest for individuals who are in the middle classes prior to becoming unemployed.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ordinary
Authors: Sengupta Sukanya , Edwards Paul K. , Tsai Chin-Ju
Published: January 2009

Much debate exists about postbureaucratic organizational forms that are sometimes felt to strengthen the polarization between good and bad jobs. Small firms provide one test in that they lack bureaucracy. Such firms from two contrasting sectors, food manufacture and the media, are used to assess, respectively, the models of good and bad jobs. Data from 66 firms and 203 employees show a mixed picture: Food jobs are bad for pay but relatively good for autonomy. Media jobs offer autonomy, but this is constrained by tight performance demands and low pay. These results help to explain why national surveys find no polarization in terms of autonomy and are explained by the economic contingencies of the two sectors. Ordinariness rather than stark polarization is the key picture.
Lessons From the Policy World
Authors: Lambert Susan J.
Published: January 2009

Work and employment scholars interested in jobs and workers at the lower end of the labor market have much to learn from a recent set of volumes authored by policy scholars. These volumes focus on how shifts in the macroeconomy, work supports, and postsecondary education affect the well-being of workers both on and off the job. This essay identifies some of the more subtle contributions of these volumes to knowledge on the nature of employment. It explains how many of the analyses could benefit, however, from additional consideration of the jobs low-earners perform. The essay concludes by offering specific suggestions for incorporating additional measures of job conditions into policy-relevant research.
Palaeohydrology of Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord), West Greenland during the last ~8000 years
Authors: Aebly Frank A. , Fritz Sherilyn C.
Published: January 2009

Major fluctuations of hydroclimate in West Greenland are recorded in palaeoshoreline terraces that encircle several lakes near Kangerlussuaq, Greenland (67°01′N, 50°40′W). Geomorphic and stratigraphic analyses were used to construct a lake-level curve for Hunde Sø, a large closed-basin lake in this region. Changes in lake volume associated with lake-level fluctuations were calculated, and a water-balance model was used to determine the primary factors influencing lake volume and the changes in those factors necessary to affect reconstructed lake-level change. Sensitivity tests suggest that mean annual precipitation and the relative proportion of summer versus winter precipitation are the primary climate drivers of lake-level change. Temperature effects are less important unless coupled with changes in one of the other variables. Two pluvial periods occurred centred around 4600 and 2000 cal. yr BP, with mean annual precipitation estimated at 130 mm and 70 mm higher than modern, respectively. In contrast, a low-stand prior to 6070 cal. yr BP with water levels as much as 18 m below modern was a result of summer temperatures ~ 2—3° above modern, coupled with a 14 day increase in the length of the ice-off period and a reduction in mean annual precipitation of ~80 mm relative to modern.
High-resolution palaeoclimatology of the last millennium: a review of current status and future prospects
Authors: Jones P.D. , Briffa K.R. , Osborn T.J. , Lough J.M. , van Ommen T.D. , Vinther B.M. , Luterbacher J. , Wahl E.R. , Zwiers F.W. , Mann M.E. , Schmidt G.A. , Ammann C.M. , Buckley B.M. , Cobb K.M. , Esper J. , Goosse H. , Graham N. , Jansen E. , Kiefer T. , Kull C. , Küttel M. , Mosley-Thompson E. , Overpeck J.T. , Riedwyl N. , Schulz M. , Tudhope A.W. , Villalba R. , Wanner H. , Wolff E. , Xoplaki E.
Published: January 2009

This review of late-Holocene palaeoclimatology represents the results from a PAGES/CLIVAR Intersection Panel meeting that took place in June 2006. The review is in three parts: the principal high-resolution proxy disciplines (trees, corals, ice cores and documentary evidence), emphasizing current issues in their use for climate reconstruction; the various approaches that have been adopted to combine multiple climate proxy records to provide estimates of past annual-to-decadal timescale Northern Hemisphere surface temperatures and other climate variables, such as large-scale circulation indices; and the forcing histories used in climate model simulations of the past millennium. We discuss the need to develop a framework through which current and new approaches to interpreting these proxy data may be rigorously assessed using pseudo-proxies derived from climate model runs, where the `answer' is known. The article concludes with a list of recommendations. First, more raw proxy data are required from the diverse disciplines and from more locations, as well as replication, for all proxy sources, of the basic raw measurements to improve absolute dating, and to better distinguish the proxy climate signal from noise. Second, more effort is required to improve the understanding of what individual proxies respond to, supported by more site measurements and process studies. These activities should also be mindful of the correlation structure of instrumental data, indicating which adjacent proxy records ought to be in agreement and which not. Third, large-scale climate reconstructions should be attempted using a wide variety of techniques, emphasizing those for which quantified errors can be estimated at specified timescales. Fourth, a greater use of climate model simulations is needed to guide the choice of reconstruction techniques (the pseudo-proxy concept) and possibly help determine where, given limited resources, future sampling should be concentrated.
Fire and climate change impacts on lowland forest composition in northern Congo during the last 2580 years from palaeoecological analyses of a seasonally flooded swamp
Authors: Brncic Terry M. , Willis Kathy J. , Harris David J. , Telfer Matt W. , Bailey Richard M.
Published: January 2009

The mixed semi-evergreen forests in lowland central equatorial Africa can contain many elements of secondary vegetation. This raises the question of what factors have determined the current forest composition in this region. Is this forest in the process of succession after natural climatic variation and/or anthropogenic disturbances in the past, or is it a stable forest type? This paper presents a multiproxy palaeoecological analysis of a sedimentary sequence taken from a small sedimentary basin located in logged semi-evergreen lowland forest in northern Congo-Brazzaville which addresses these questions. Analyses undertaken included fossil pollen, geochemical and microscopic charcoal. Geochemical results were interpreted as a proxy for rainfall, and showed that northern Congo has experienced changes in rainfall during the past 2580 years, while microscopic charcoal concentrations indicated increased burning from approximately 1240 cal. yr BP to the present. Analysis of the fossil pollen assemblages showed that although light-demanding taxa were a major constituent of this forest throughout the sequence, shade-tolerant taxa were more abundant in the forest prior to 1345 cal. yr BP. Increases in aridity and/or droughts after 1345 cal. yr BP, and an increase in fire after 1240 cal. yr BP resulted in a semi-evergreen forest with abundant pioneers that persisted with minor changes in composition during the last 900 years, even during a period of increased rainfall from 400 to 100 cal. yr BP. These data may guide conservation policy by predicting potential consequences of future climate change and the impact of logging.
Palaeoceanographic evolution of the central Red Sea during the late Holocene
Authors: Edelman-Furstenberg Yael , Almogi-Labin Ahuva , Hemleben Christoph
Published: January 2009

Three multicores were studied in the Central Red Sea off Port Sudan at a W—E transect in order to reconstruct palaeoceanographic conditions of the past ~6000 years. Downcore fluctuations in the relative abundance of the epipelagic planktic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber versus that of the deeper dweller G. sacculifer, together with the presence/absence pattern of the mesopelagic pteropod Limacina bulimoides, reflect variations in the mixed layer and intermediate water column properties and enabled a division of the past ~6000 years into five zones. These palaeoceanographic changes reflect late-Holocene climate fluctuations. Two distinct climate systems regulate the hydrography of the central Red Sea: the Mediterranean climate system to the north controls the formations of the deeper waters, at times of drier and harsher winters, with periods of increased abundance of G. sacculifer reflecting a vigorous deep-water formation in the northern Red Sea. The second is the monsoonal climate system that regulates the nutrient input from the south and the shifting northward position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) at times of monsoon intensification. Increasing abundances in G. ruber indicate greater influence of the monsoonal climate system. The most arid interval (4200—3400 yr BP) is associated with high abundance of G. sa cculifer and maximum abundance of Limacina bulimoides , linked to the Mediterranean climate system. This period is of a wide regional scale and also coincides with a pulse of weakening in the Indian Ocean monsoonal system.
An evolutionary model for the Holocene formation of the Pearl River delta, China
Authors: Zong Y. , Huang G. , Switzer A.D. , Yu F. , Yim W.W.-S.
Published: January 2009

This paper reconstructs the evolutionary history of the Pearl River delta over the last 9000 years and investigates land—sea interaction in a large deltaic complex which formed under the influence of Asian monsoon climate. Specifically, this research examines the delta evolution in the context of three driving mechanisms: (1) rising sea level that influences the available accommodation space, (2) fluvial discharge as influenced by monsoon climate and (3) human activities that alter sedimentation within the deltaic system. Results reveal that the formation of deltaic sequences was initiated as a consequence of rapid sea-level rise between 9000 and 7000 cal. yr BP. The rate of sea-level rise slowed down markedly around 7000 cal. yr BP and sedimentation switched from transgressive to regressive. Initially, both the progradation of the delta plains near the apex and aggradation of delta front sedimentation in the central and lower parts of the receiving basin were fast owing to strong monsoonal-driven runoff. The progradation rate gradually slowed down between 6800 and 2000 cal. yr BP as monsoonal-driven runoff weakened. Rapid shoreline advances during the last 2000 years were the result of significantly increased human activities, a practice that trapped sediments in the encircled tidal flats along the front of delta plains. The evolutionary history of the Pearl River delta demonstrates the interplay between the three driving mechanisms.
The Holocene history of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in eastern Washington state, northwestern USA
Authors: Lee Lyman R.
Published: January 2009

Historical data are incomplete regarding the presence/absence and distribution of bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis) in eastern Washington State. Palaeozoological (archaeological and palaeontological) data indicate bighorn were present in many areas there during most of the last 10 000 years. Bighorn occupied the xeric shrub-steppe habitats of the Channeled Scablands, likely because the Scablands provided the steep escape terrain bighorn prefer. The relative abundance of bighorn is greatest during climatically dry intervals and low during a moist period. Bighorn remains tend to increase in relative abundance over the last 6000 years. Bighorn were present in eastern Washington in the nineteenth century, but were largely locally extirpated by the twentieth century. A collection of prehistoric bighorn astragali that likely includes specimens spanning the terminal Pleistocene and the entire Holocene consists of specimens that are, with one exception, the same size as a collection of modern bighorn astragali from Wyoming. The single exceptionally large specimen falls in the middle of the size range of specimens from the late Pleistocene of northern Wyoming, suggesting that Washington's prehistoric bighorn, like those from other areas, were larger than modern bighorn.
Late Pleistocene and early Holocene climate and the beginnings of cultivation in northern Syria
Authors: Willcox George , Buxo Ramon , Herveux Linda
Published: January 2009

Climate change has been interpreted as a contributing factor to the emergence of agriculture in the Near East. We examine how climate change may have affected the availability of food plants and their cultivation in northern Syria at the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene. Charred plant remains from sites representing 11 archaeological levels indicate that during the late Pleistocene rye was commonly used, together with seeds gathered from the floodplain. During the early Holocene, rye and floodplain plants go out of use and barley then emmer wheat become common, pulses, lentils, peas and vetches increase in use and figs, chickpeas and horse beans were introduced. Pre-domestic cultivation is difficult to identify in the absence of morphologically domesticated plants. We cannot identify precisely when cultivation started but the possibility of cultivation is not excluded for the late Pleistocene, however we argue that it did not become a reliable means of subsistence until the Holocene. This period coincides with a decrease in the amplitude of climatic oscillations and global warming. With these conditions, combined with an increase in rainfall, we suggest cultivation developed into a sustainable economy. The earliest morphologically domestic cereals found in this area date to about 10 000 cal. yr BP. These may have been slow to become established because seed for sowing may have occasionally been replenished from the wild.
Estimating pollen diversity from pollen accumulation rates: a method to assess taxonomic richness in the landscape
Authors: van der Knaap W.O.
Published: January 2009

A new method is presented to estimate pollen diversity on the basis of pollen-accumulation rates, rather than on a constant count of pollen as is traditional. Accumulation-based estimates of pollen diversity can be interpreted in terms of taxonomic richness on the landscape. The traditionally used constant-count estimates, on the other hand, reflect the evenness in the vegetation much more than its taxonomic richness, but they reflect this in a distorted way because of the real but mostly unknown differences in pollen productivity among plant taxa. Pollen-accumulation rates might also be used to estimate turnover of plant species from pollen assemblages. Differences in pollen productivity among plant taxa also have effects on various other data-summarizing techniques, including estimates of rates of change.
Softening Suffering Through Spiritual Care Practices: One Possibility for Healing Families
Authors: Wright Lorraine M.
Published: January 2009

Nurses are engaged and encounter suffering routinely and commonly in their everyday practice. It is therefore a moral and ethical obligation for nurses to soften the emotional, physical, and spiritual suffering of the individuals and families in their care. Softening suffering is the heart of nursing. However, this article ponders the question, “What happened to suffering in nursing care?” A discussion of suffering is explored from many aspects, such as what invites suffering and the connection of suffering to spirituality. Lessons learned from the author's clinical practice and research are described, such as acknowledging suffering, social support, hope and prayer, and individual and family counseling. Finally, seven spiritual care practices within the Trinity Model that have shown to be useful in softening suffering are offered. An actual clinical example is woven throughout to illustrate the benefits of these spiritual care practices in the mission of softening illness suffering.
Family Nursing Practice and Education
Authors: Moriyama Michiko
Published: January 2009

Significant developments in family nursing in Japan are described and analyzed beginning with the political and health care legislation in the country that stimulated a need for family nursing and the early adoption of family nursing theories and models by visionary leaders in nursing education. In 1994, Japan was the first country in the world to establish a national family nursing association, the Japanese Association for Research in Family Nursing, that provided the necessary infrastructure and leadership for family nursing in Japan to flourish. The strengths and challenges of family nursing in Japan are identified and a call is made for innovations in nursing curricula as well as global networking of family nurses around the world.
Family Nursing Practice, Education, and Research
Authors: Wacharasin Chintana , Theinpichet Suntharawadee
Published: January 2009

This article highlights 20 years of family nursing development and evolution in Thailand in the areas of education, practice, and research. The progress of family nursing in Thailand has been impressive and steady despite the challenges of nursing policy, conceptualization controversies, and knowledge transfer. One of the most unique and hopeful developments has been the establishment of health centers that have a designated family nurse responsible for approximately 300 households. Future dreams for family nursing in Thailand are also offered.
Excellence in Nursing
Authors: Kolbrun Svavardottir Erla
Published: January 2009

An innovative opportunity is being created by nursing leaders from practice and education in Iceland to implement Family Systems Nursing at an institutional level on all units and divisions with the Landspitali University Hospital. This article describes the phases of the implementation model for knowledge translation that will be operationalized over four years. The goals of implementing Family Systems Nursing at the Landspitali University Hospital are to (a) educate all practicing nurses in Family Systems Nursing and, in particular, the Calgary family assessment and intervention models; (b) strengthen practicing nurses' clinical skills for intervening with families by offering specific clinical training courses to all nurses using family skills labs; and (c) explore and assess the difference that the theoretical and clinical programs make for the nurses, the patients and their families, and the nurses' practice (the family—nurse relationship).
Intention to Engage in Digital Piracy
Authors: Taylor Steven A. , Ishida Chiharu , Wallace David W.
Published: January 2009

Digital piracy represents a significant threat to the marketers of digital service products. Industry efforts to attenuate the practice, often deterrent in nature, have largely failed. We propose that one reason for this failure is the absence of a commensurably accepted model of the social psychological foundations underlying digital piracy behaviors. A modified version of Perugini and Bagozzi's (2001) Model of Goal Directed Behavior is advocated and empirically validated across both movie and music industry settings for this purpose. The results support the theoretical and empirical efficacy of the proposed model and highlight the importance of attitudes toward the act of digital piracy, the frequency of past digital piracy behaviors, and the motivations and intentions underlying digital piracy. A normative framework is proposed with five actionable recommendations to assist digital service marketers in better addressing digital piracy. The research implications of the reported study are also presented and discussed.
How Commitment Influences the Termination of B2B Exchange Relationships
Authors: Tsiros Michael , Ross William T. , Mittal Vikas
Published: January 2009

Commitment is a key construct determining relationship outcomes, especially in B2B relationships. However, the processes by which commitment affects relationship outcomes—specifically likelihood to terminate a B2B relationship—are not well understood. Using a number of decision-process models, we propose three mechanisms by which commitment influences supplier termination. We suggest that commitment may (a) curtail search, (b) bias supplier evaluation, or (c) curtail action. These are tested using an experimental study as well as a survey. Convergent findings from both studies demonstrate that a combination of all three processes is involved in determining how commitment affects termination likelihood.
Predicting Customer Wallet Without Survey Data
Authors: Glady Nicolas , Croux Christophe
Published: January 2009

A single company provides only a part of the total volume of products or services required by a customer. From the company perspective, this total business volume conducted by a customer, the customer's size-of-wallet, is generally unobservable. The percentage of this business done with the company, the customer's share-of-wallet , is unobservable as well. This article focuses on the prediction of these values and on the derived concept of potential-of-wallet, which is the difference between the size-of-wallet and the actual business volume the customer does with the focal company. In the existing literature, the models predicting the customer wallet need survey data to estimate the model parameters. The authors propose an approach to predicting customer wallet without using survey data. In the empirical application, the authors show that a company can generate substantial gains by targeting customers with a large potential-of-wallet.
The Relationship of Employee Perceptions of Organizational Climate to Business-Unit Outcomes
Authors: Cooil Bruce , Aksoy Lerzan , Keiningham Timothy L. , Maryott Kiersten M.
Published: January 2009

There has been an extensive exploration of how organizational climate is related to various business outcomes, but these studies have generally examined outcomes separately or developed univariate measures that combine outcomes. These approaches fail to (a) accommodate the multivariate character of important business results and (b) facilitate the firm's need to achieve success on several dimensions. This research proposes a methodological approach new to the service domain to address these issues. Using data from a large, multinational retail grocery superstore based in continental Western Europe, this study illustrates how multivariate partial least squares (MPLS) models can be used. MPLS provides three interpretable factors of climate—Overall Organizational Climate, Self-Efficacy Versus Leader's Efficacy, and Personal Empowerment Versus Management Facilitation —that are important predictors of three business outcomes: employee retention, customer satisfaction, and scaled revenue. The use of the MPLS approach in other services domains is also explored.
The Effect of Service Price Increases on Customer Retention
Authors: Dawes John
Published: January 2009

This study examines the impact of actual price increases on customer retention in a service context and how the effect of a price increase is moderated by both tenure and breadth of the customer's relationship. The study finds that tenure is associated with lowered customer sensitivity to price increases as well as having a favorable direct effect on customer retention rates. The study also finds that relationship breadth can exacerbate the adverse effect of price increases on customer retention. Finally, relationship breadth is found to have a favorable direct effect on retention rates only among newer customers. The managerial implication is that marketers must pay extra attention to short-tenure and broad-breadth customers when implementing price increases. The study represents a unique contribution to the service marketing literature, which to date reports little research examining the effect of actual price changes on consumer behavior.
Evaluating the Intra–regional Exports and Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Effects of Trade Agreements in SAARC Countries
Authors: Moktan Suresh
Published: January 2009

Notwithstanding the persevering endeavours of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries to enhance economic cooperation and intra–regional trade, contentions exist amongst analysts on the objective that has remained rather elusive for over two decades. Against this backdrop, this article investigates the impact of trade agreements amongst SAARC countries on intra–regional exports by employing an augmented gravity model and a pooled panel data for the period 1980–2005. Empirical tests find scant evidence of the impact of trade agreements on exports in the pre–SAARC and pre–South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) periods, but discern a statistically significant and positive impact in the post–SAARC and post–SAPTA periods. Further tests suggest a clear evidence of trade creation above and beyond the catalytic effect of SAPTA, but only for those countries that have trade agreements in place, while the reverse is true for those that do not have such agreements. Also, the increased exports in the latter half of the period under consideration emanates as a combined effect of SAPTA as well as the delayed impact from the existing bilateral trade agreements amongst the member states.
How Have the Poor in South Asia Fared between 1980 and 2004? An Assessment of Living Conditions
Authors: Wagle Udaya R.
Published: January 2009

Development literature reports significant progress towards reducing poverty in the recent past in South Asia. The consistently positive rates of economic growth support this conclusion, as do the declining poverty headcount ratios. Policymakers facing enormous resource constraints, however, assess the progress in terms of a reduction in the poverty headcount, since any policy measure ought to target improvements in the living conditions of people with different characteristics. Slightly declining headcount ratios and poverty gaps in South Asia do not necessarily indicate meaningful progress in reducing poverty. In fact, the actual poverty headcount in the region has not declined; if anything, it has increased during the last 25 years. The relative economic conditions of the poor have also worsened considerably. Although the overall human development statistics have improved, it is far from certain that the genuine poor have equally benefited, since they are often difficult to reach out with services. This article calls for using comprehensive, economic and noneconomic measures of living conditions together with appropriate poverty lines.
Why Privatize? The Decline of Public Ownership in India and its Impact on Industrial Performance
Authors: Majumdar Sumit K.
Published: January 2009

This article examines patterns of decline in the public ownership of the corporate sector in Indian industry over a 25–year period, 1973–74 to 1997–98, to assess whether a transformation in ownership has taken place and whether the boundaries of the state as a participant in industry have significantly declined. The data cover the entire industrial population of India, albeit at an aggregate level, with the findings having immediate salience and applicability to current concerns. Privatization has not taken place in India in a significant way; nevertheless, the boundaries of the state as an industrial participant have shrunk significantly as a result of the growth of private entrepreneurship in India. The numbers of private companies being established in India have grown and the volume of equity capital being invested has risen substantially, both in absolute volume terms as well as in investment per company. This trend has been pronounced in the post–1991 period after reforms were introduced in India. Associated with this relative shrinking of government ownership is a significant increase in industrial performance. When the data for 1973–74 to 1997–98 are augmented with data for the 1998–99 to 2001–02 periods, the shrinkage of the boundaries of the state is seen to be further enhanced. Autonomous private sector growth has had a substantial impact in enhancing performance. Thus, the role of privatization as a mechanism to enhance performance becomes moot in the Indian context, especially since the costs of adjustment can be high if the decline in relative government shareholding comes about as a result of other means such as the growth of entrepreneurship in India. Simultaneously, the resources of the state can be better spent on actively encouraging investment activities rather than in undertaking divestment activities.
Impact of Mining on Agricultural Productivity
Authors: Mishra Prajna Paramita , Pujari Ayan Kumar
Published: January 2009

This article attempts to analyze agricultural productivity in a coal mining region of Orissa. Our analysis focuses on paddy production, as this is the main produce in the study region. Fisher and Tornqvist indices are used to analyze the study. A number of t–tests are performed to examine whether the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) pattern in mining villages is different from that in the control villages. Our analysis provides evidence that there is loss in agricultural productivity due to mining activities. Apart from this, we observe a shift in livelihood from agriculture to mining related work. This social change is an indicator of rural development in the mining area, in spite of a reduction in agricultural productivity.
An Examination of the Resiliency of Sri Lanka's Tax System
Authors: Jayawickrama Ananda
Published: January 2009

The government revenue–income ratio of Sri Lanka has fallen sharply over the years, especially from 1990. The trend can be observed in many revenue components too. As the declining revenue–income ratio casts serious concerns over the resiliency of the country's tax system, this article sheds light on the issue by estimating the buoyancy parameters of tax functions. Results show that the long–term responsiveness to income is absolutely low in corporate income taxes. Further, the buoyancy of general goods and service tax is biased downwards due to non–structural factors. Nonetheless, personal income, excise and import taxes grow in relation to their tax bases. The non–tax revenue component also reports an almost one–for–one relation–ship with the base variable proxy. Depending on the estimated results, we claim that the low buoyancy of corporate income tax and the susceptibility of general goods and service tax to unexpected non–structural shocks are the main causes of the declining revenue–gross domestic product (GDP) ratio.
Financial Development and Economic Growth in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Muhammad Arshad
Published: January 2009

In this study, the relationship between financial development and economic growth is examined in an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) framework, for Pakistan, utilizing annual data over the period 1961–2005. The main empirical findings suggest that in the long and short run, financial development and investment exerted a positive impact on economic growth. The findings also suggest that in the long–run, real deposit rate is positively related to economic growth but exerted an insignificant impact; however, in the short–run, the relationship between real deposit rate and real output is significant. The long– and short–run responses of the real interest rate are very low as compared to financial development variable, implying that the availability of funds is more important than their cost. To achieve sustainable eco–nomic growth, the study suggests a further acceleration of liberalization process in Pakistan with confidence and strong commitment.
Economic Development and Political Conflict
Authors: Abeyratne Sirimal
Published: January 2009

Political conflict in developing countries has been a topical issue in recent development literature. While the sources of political conflict encompass a wide range of disciplinary areas, the preoccupation with the ethnocentric perspectives on the issue appears to have concealed the importance of underlying economic factors. The purpose of this article is to redress this gap through a comparative analysis of the experiences of Malaysia and Sri Lanka, which shared much in common with respect to their initial economic, political and social conditions in multi–ethnic societies. The findings of the study suggest that Malaysia could abate the possibilities of its potential political conflict, primarily through the rapid economic development process of the country. Having failed to achieve a development process in a sustainable manner, Sri Lanka, in a deep and prolonged economic stagnancy, nurtured its political conflict in two facets — the southern Sinhala militant uprising and the northern Tamil separatist struggle.
Water Footprint of India and its Implications for International Trade in Food Products
Authors: Gupta Kriti Bardhan
Published: January 2009

India has been the fifth largest exporter of virtual water in the world. Based on the water footprint of the country, the magnitude of use of inland water resources for the export of crop products from India has been quite significant. The trends in the volume of virtual water being exported to the world through 283 crop products at 6–digits Harmonized System (HS) Codes helped in identifying products that are contributing the maximum to the export of virtual water from India. Although the export of virtual water helps in improving global water use efficiency and in achieving regional and global water security, the extent of over–exploitation of water resources in different regions of India that produce such crops indicate that on a long–term basis, the export of products with a large volume of virtual water should be taken up based on a larger framework encompassing not only the issues related to foreign exchange, food security, food sovereignty and employment, but also the extent of water availability at the regional level.
The Mincer Human Capital Model in Pakistan
Authors: Abbas Qaisar , Foreman-Peck James
Published: January 2009

This article estimates and interprets returns to education for three sub–sectors of the labour market, by gender, in Pakistan, using the most recent data set of the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey, 2004–05. The results show two distinctive features of Pakistani education: the high apparent returns to female education outside agriculture and the remarkable increase of returns with successive levels of education, which are to be explained primarily by two departures from the basic Mincer model—generally poor quality primary schooling and family unwillingness to invest in female education because of a lack of earning opportunities. There is some signalling in Pakistani education investment, but the education is mainly a productivity–enhancing investment in human capital, according to a comparison of self–employed and paid employed earnings equations. Returns to the public spending of education are extremely high, suggesting considerable state underinvestment. The policy challenge is in the low wages and high education in the female paid employment sector, and the low participation rate.
Dangerous Spaces of Citizenship: Gang Talk, Rights Talk and Rule of Law in Brazil
Authors: Holston James
Published: January 2009

This article considers an apparently perplexing aspect of democratization in Brazil: the use by notorious criminal gangs ( comandos) from the poor urban peripheries and prisons of the discourses of democratic citizenship, justice, and rule of law to represent their own organizations and intentions. I situate this use within an unsettling development in Latin America generally during the last 30 years: the coincidence of increasing political democracy and increasing everyday violence and injustice against citizens. My discussion considers these new territorializations of power and violence and their consequences for citizenship, democracy, and urbanization. To bring them to light, I focus on public pronouncements by Brazilian criminal gangs that typically combine rationalities of crime with those of democracy, citizen rights, rule of law, and revolution. I also compare them with public declarations made by the police. I analyze both in relation to the historically dominant paradigm of Brazilian citizenship that democratization destabilizes. I then evaluate this destabilization with regard to the new kinds of violence and paradigms of insurgent citizenship that have emerged as characteristics of urbanization and democratization worldwide.
Insurgent Planning: Situating Radical Planning in the Global South
Authors: Miraftab Faranak
Published: January 2009

This article revisits the notion of radical planning from the standpoint of the global South. Emerging struggles for citizenship in the global South, seasoned by the complexities of state—citizen relations within colonial and post-colonial regimes, offer an historicized view indispensable to counter-hegemonic planning practices. The article articulates the notion of insurgent planning as radical planning practices that respond to neoliberal specifics of dominance through inclusion — that is, inclusive governance. It characterizes the guiding principles for insurgent planning practices as counter-hegemonic, transgressive and imaginative. The article contributes to two current conversations within planning scholarship: on the implication of grassroots insurgent citizenship for planning, and on (de)colonization of planning theory.
People's Spaces: Familiarization, Subject Formation and Emergent Spaces in Colombo
Authors: Perera Nihal
Published: January 2009

In between and besides official plan-making, ordinary people produce more quantity and variety of spaces than the authorities and professionals. They both adapt to and adjust extant spaces for their daily activities and cultural practices, thus producing lived spaces out of abstract space. Yet we know very little about these basic space-making processes. This article aims to acknowledge and `understand' the processes of familiarizing space employed by ordinary people to create milieus that can support their everyday activities and cultural practices. Relying on subjects' vantage points of critique, it examines the space-making processes of four social actors in late 19th-century Colombo, then Ceylon, now Sri Lanka.
Theoretical Notes On `Gray Cities': the Coming of Urban Apartheid?
Authors: Yiftachel Oren
Published: January 2009

The author analyzes the political geography of globally expanding urban informalities. These are conceptualized as `gray spaces', positioned between the `whiteness' of legality/approval/safety, and the `blackness' of eviction/destruction/death. The vast expansion of gray spaces in contemporary cities reflects the emergence of new types of colonial relations, which are managed by urban regimes facilitating a process of `creeping apartheid'. Planning is a lynchpin of this urban order, providing tools and technologies to classify, contain and manage deeply unequal urban societies. The author uses a `South-Eastern' perspective to suggest the concept of `planning citizenship' as a possible corrective horizon for analytical, normative and insurgent theories.
Elegy to an iconographic place: reconstructing the regionalism/ landscape dialectic in L'Horta de València
Authors: Prytherch David L.
Published: January 2009

This paper explores the dialectical relationship between regionalist discourses and landscapes in the contested making and unmaking of an iconographic European place: the millennia old, irrigated croplands of L'Horta de València (in Valenciano-Catalan) surrounding Valencia, Spain. Drawing upon archival and interview research I ask: How does the regionalism/landscape dialectic function within the historical co-construction of regional politics and places? The regional capital of Valencia has developed in symbiosis with (and often at the expense of) its surrounding croplands. If L'Horta has served as a traditional referent for Valencian regionalist discourse, however, accelerating urbanization has caused some to rearticulate Valencianism as nationalist resistance to urban speculation and economic globalization, contesting the legitimacy of regional government. But this regionalist landscape continues to disappear in the face of new Valencian spaces and the new regional imaginaries they are said to represent. Tracing the historical co-construction of regional politics and place highlights the dynamic importance of the regionalism/landscape dialectic in Europe. Elsewhere I have analyzed the hyper-modern landscapes of entrepreneurial regionalism emerging in Spain. Here I explore the iconographic landscapes that preceded them, revealing the ongoing process by which regional difference can be placed, contested, and perhaps displaced.
Contested memory in the birthplace of a king: a case study of Auburn Avenue and the Martin Luther King Jr. National Park
Authors: Inwood Joshua F.J.
Published: January 2009

A critical element in the process of racializing place is the construction of memorial landscapes. Using the Martin Luther King Jr National Historic Site and the surrounding Auburn Avenue community as a case study this paper argues that the sites dedicated to Dr King along Auburn Avenue embody a normative Civil Rights discourse which emphasizes national unity and non-violence and serves to silence and reframe more radical interpretations of Dr Martin Luther King Jr's social thought and action. More specifically the King National Historic Site represents King as a mainstream leader who used the existing democratic structure of US society to affect social change. This is related to the role the King National Historic Site plays in the construction of hegemony. A critical aspect of this process is the way this normative Civil Rights vision is used to market an understanding of the City of Atlanta. Thus the King memorials along Auburn Avenue are important sites to examine the connections between race, place and nation and the way the memorial landscape dedicated to Dr King embodies particular social values and ideas about the historic legacy of race in the United States.
Just Say No
Authors: Lehmkuhl Heather D. , Storch Eric A. , Rahman Omar , Freeman Jennifer , Geffken Gary R. , Murphy Tanya K.
Published: January 2009

Psychiatric comorbidity is common in pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and may negatively affect treatment outcome. In particular, comorbid disruptive behavior disorders have been associated with attenuated treatment response in youth undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for OCD. This article presents the case of a 10-year-old female with a primary diagnosis of OCD and secondary diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder who was successfully treated with parent management training (PMT) prior to initiation of CBT. PMT was effective in reducing oppositional behaviors and resulted in improved adherence to the treatment protocol. The current report provides preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of PMT in youth with OCD and comorbid disruptive behavior. Clinical recommendations are provided to foster improved outcomes in this population.
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Postpartum Onset
Authors: Christian Lisa M. , Storch Eric A.
Published: January 2009

This case study describes the application of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) with postpartum onset. Sara, a 29-year-old woman, presented with aggressive obsessions of strangling and drowning her 5-month-old son. When she presented at the clinic, Sara had recently begun pharmacological treatment and was highly motivated to supplement this treatment with CBT. She showed marked improvement over the course of 8 CBT sessions using exposure and ritual prevention. This case study highlights cognitive and behavioral risk factors for OCD with postpartum onset, key considerations in differential diagnosis, and the utility of CBT for OCD with this population.
Confusion Between Depression and Autism in a High Functioning Child
Authors: Cooper Kristina L. , Hanstock Tanya L.
Published: January 2009

Autism is a diagnosis characterized by social and communication impairments. Onset of autism occurs before the age of 3. However, there can be delays in identification, diagnosis, and treatment. A number of symptoms of autism overlap with other childhood mental health disorders, often accounting for a delay in correct diagnosis. The following case highlights how a high-functioning female child with autism was misdiagnosed as having depression at a relatively late age. Clinicians with high-functioning child clients, who appear to have a flat affect and social isolation, are advised to be aware of the possibility of autism in such presentations. Issues around differentiating the diagnosis between depression and autism in children will be discussed, along with assessment and treatment of this particular case.